Nagri Pracharini Patrika Part 16

Author(s): Shyamsundardas
Publisher: Nagri Pracharini Sabha
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/034975/1

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@kkhllide IF Ibollekic bol dAdAsAheba, bhAvanagara, slo: ORUC-RYR4322 3008285 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat, www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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viSaya-sUcI viSaya pRSTha 14-dvigata (Dugara) deza ke kavi [lekhaka-ThAkura kAMtasiMha bilauriyA, jammU ] zeSa aMza 385 15-zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya [lekhaka-zrI padmanArAyaNa zrAcArya, ema0 e0, kAzI] ... 16-tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa [ lekhaka-zrI caMdrabalI pAMDeya, ema0 e0, kAzI] ...397 ...443 sUcanA pracAra kI dRSTi se samA ne nimnalikhita pustakoM kA mUlya ghaTAkara isa samaya nIce likhe anusAra kara diyA hai| tulasI graMthAvalI prathama khaMDa tulasI graMthAvalI dUsarA khaMDa pAzcAtya darzana kozotsava smaark-sNgrh| karuNA kAhiyAna (sajilda) ... vIsaladeva rAso azoka kI dharmalipiyA~ ... bhUSaNa graMthAvalo zazAMka prAcIna mudrA mudrAzAstra citrAvalI go0 tulasIdAsajI kA cinna-bar3hiyA kAgaja ,,-sAdhAraNa kAgaja maMtrI nAgarImacAriNI sabhA, kAzI "

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dvigarta ( Dugara) deza ke kavi dohA-kie jAi jvAlAmukhI Dere juri sama bhUpa / bhAi milyo udumAla vahA~ gopIcaMda anUpa // 20 // bhAvArtha-phira saba rAjAoM ne milakara jvAlAmukhI meM DerA kiyaa| vahA~ DaDahAla ( DADApati) rAjA gopIcaMda mA milaa| savaiyA borI nadauna kaToca tabai jasumAla sameta kalezara pAe / kyAhu na laMdhi sake jamutrAlaya dIjiya jAni ghano hulasAe / phauja kalUka paThAi guhAsana rAta meM Apa vahA~ puni mAe / sUrana ko samujhAya bhale tatkAla kalezarahu~ ko sidhAe // 21 // bhAvArtha-phira kaToca nAdona ko chor3akara jasumAloM ke sameta kalezara meM A ge| jamumAla vahA~ lAMghakara gae aura khuzI se kucha phauja guhAsana ko bheja phira vahIM mA ge| saba zUra-vIroM ko samajhAkara kalezara ko sidhAre / dohA-dekhi jarata nija deza ko loka bar3o DarapAi / ghara ghara aise kahata haiM Apasa meM prakulAi // 22 // bhAvArtha-apane deza ko jalatA humA dekhakara usa deza ke loga bhayamIta hue / prApasa meM vyAkulatA se ghara ghara meM aisA kahane lge| kavica bhae ho na mIta raNajItadeva bhUpatI ko, bAMgyA tumhe vaira jo murephA saradAra se| borayo haiM paThAnie gulera uDuhAla tumheM, kauna kAja mela kIno jAi jamumAla seo / deza ko jarAyo prI luTAya ke kharAba karayo, datta bhane kauna phala pAyo paThiyAra sau / kauna samujhAve isa mUrakha ghamaMDAjU ko, koSa kara khaMtA mila bhUpati kumAra sau // 23 // ___30

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nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA bhAvArtha -- loga kahane lage ki mahArAjA raNajItadeva se na Darakara eka bar3e saradAra se vaira kiyaa| tumane ( ghamaMDacaMda kaToca rAjA ne ) paThAnie ( paThAna ke rAjA ), gulerie (gulera ke rAjA), DaDuhAla ( DADA ke rAjA ) ko chor3akara jamunAla ( jasutroM ke rAjA) se jAkara mitratA kI; deza ko jalAkara aura lUTakara kharAba kiyA / paThiyAra ( kilA ) lekara kyA phala pAyA ? isa rAjA ghamaMDacaMda ko kauna samajhAve ki vaha gale meM talavAra rakha rAjA ke putra ( vRjarAjadeva ) kI zaraNa meM jAe / kavitta kiyA nA vicAra paThiyAra jo chinAi lInhA, vaira ehi kAla caMbyAla se jagAyA hai / vairI hai gulera terA mela nA paThANiyA~ soM, eka abhirAyasiMha tere sAtha Ayo hai // kahA aba kIje tana choje dhUma dekhata hIM, baiTha ke nAdAna sAre deza ko jarAyo hai / kahe eka rAkhI yoM ghumaMDAjU ko, vANI kauna ke bharose raNajItade rusAyo hai // 24 // bhAvArtha - rAjA ghumaMDacaMda kaTAca kI eka rAnI rAjA se pUchatI hai ki Apane binA vicAra kie paThiyAra kA durga chInakara caMDayAla rAjA se vaira kara liyA hai / gulera tumhArA pahale se hI vairI hai, paThAnie ( paThAnakoTa ke rAjA ) se bhI tumhArI koI mitratA nahIM; eka abhirAyasiMha (jasupati) tumhAre sAtha AyA hai| aba kyA kareM ? dhuA~ dekhakara dila dukhI hai / Apane nAdAna baiThakara sAre deza ko jalA diyA hai| Apane kisake bharose raNajItadeva ko krodhita kiyA hai ? dohA - uta puni hota prabhAta hI zrI vRjarAja kumAra / sAtha sakala asuara le gayA bayAsA pAra // 25 // 386

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dvigarta (Dugara ) deza ke kavi 387 bhAvArtha-upara prAta:kAla hote hI kuMvara vRjarAjadeva sAre azvArohiyoM ko sAtha le vyAsa nadI ke pAra cale ge| savaiyA dUra teM ghUma nihAra koU jana cAra kalezara jAi pukaaryo| soe kahA uThi bhAgo sabhI jamupAlana ko dala laMdhi sidhaaryo| yo suni koU na kAhU ko pUchata bhAgata nAma jagAtta suhArayo / bhAgi gae jasumAla kaToca tabai kachu aura nA maMtra vicArayo // 26 // bhAvArtha-kisI puruSa ne dUra se dhUla dekhakara kalezara meM prAkara pukArA ki kyoM soe ho, saba mAga clo| jamumAlo (jammU) kI phauja nadI lAMgha pAI hai| yaha bAta sunakara kisI ne kisI se nahIM pUchA aura bhAgane lge| isa taraha jasumAla aura kaToca ne bhAgane ke binA koI maMtra na vicaaraa| Age calakara kavi ne kaToca aura jasuvAlo ke bhAgane kA eka kaTAta dikhalAyA hai| yathA savaiyA rAkhI rahI kara bANa kumANa tuNIrahu te kaTi tIra na sA~dhe / pAi banAi banAva ke kopa baMdUkeM bharI te gharI rahiM kAMdhe // koSa rahIM taravAre sabhI kulavAra paI janu lAja ke phA~dhe / datta kaTocahu te hathiyAra banAi ke bhUSaNa hai tehi bAMdhe // 27 // bhAvArtha-bAya-kamAna aura tIra pIThoM para hI baMdhe rhe| pAnAva ke paradoM meM bharI baMdUke kaMdhe para hI dharI rahoM aura talavAreM mI koSa ke aMdara hI mAno tAroM ke lAja kI mAre baMda rhiiN| isa taraha kaToco ne mAno saba hathiyAra bhUSaNa jAnakara pahane the| savaiyA DAri ke saja sabhe dharaNI tatkAla turaMga pai dInI phiraakii| pAi kapAi bar3o dukha daurata dauri thakAe suraMga marA kI //

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388 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA chori ke lAja bhage doU bhUpati Asa tajI dhana prANa dharA kii| bhAgata jora jagI garamI taba bAya takI ThaMDI rAjapurA kI // 28 // bhAvArtha-sabhI ne pRthvI para saba hathiyAra pheMkakara ghor3I para pharAkI mArI aura paidala senA atyanta parizrama se bhaagii| ghor3e bhI thaka ge| donoM rAjA (kaToca aura jasuAla ) lajjA parityAga kara bhAga nikale mAno dhana, prANa, rAjya kI prAzA chor3a dii| bhAganevAloM ko garmI prA gaI jinheM rAjapura kI TaMDI vAyu ne vizrAma diyaa| savaiyA jAri canaura guhAsana ko taba zrI vRjarAja kalezara aayo| lUTata jArata dezahitA china chUTa paThAi nadauna jarAyo / / jAni ke mIta kharo apano tatkAla karahara ko bhUpa bulAyo / kaupi uThe maeNDiyAla jabai vRjarAja niveza nadauna meM Ayo // 26 // bhAvArtha-vRjarAjadeva canaura aura guhAsana nagaroM ko jalAkara kalezara meM Ae aura rAjA kahalara ( vilAsapura ) ko apanA parama mitra jAnakara bulaayaa| vRjarAjadeva ko nAdauna meM AyA humA sunakara maMDI kA rAjA bhayabhIta ho gyaa| mAge calakara kavi ne mahArAjA raNajItadeva kI stuti meM eka kavitta kahA hai| vaha isa prakAra hai kavica thori pAna mAna rahe zAha pAtazAhana kI, pITha jina dekhI hai dInA begaSAna kii| maMDI prI ghalUra prAi dAkhila hajUra bhae, chori ke garUra zUravIra ke gumAna kI // prasarayo pratApa jo yuprAdha mahArAjahu~ ko, kaunahU na ThAnI mata mIyA~ so milAna kii|

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dvigarna (Dugara ) deza ke kavi 386 devadara bhUpa rakhajItadeva Upara hI, hai vo saba dekha hetu ThAI bhagavAna kI // 30 // bhAvArtha-bAdazAhoM kI kicit AjJA mAnanevAle jisane dInA begaSAna ko harAyA; maMDI aura kahalUra (bilAsapura) paryaMta ke rAje usake pAsa hAjira hote rahe; jinhoMne mada, zUra-vIratA ko tyAgA; usake pratApa se yuprAdha ( kAMgar3A) deza adhIna humA / aise mahArAjA raNajItadeva para bhagavAn kI ati kRpA thii| savaiyA bATi diyo saba deza kaToca ko bhUpana ko vRjarAja kumaarhiiN| lAyo panaura guhAsana sAtha gulera so bAgara dve bala haarhiiN| pAlama deza diyo canyAla ko prAge huto unako ptthiyaarhiiN| aura diyo kiledAra ko deza nadauna dhare apane saradArahoM // 31 // bhAvArtha-vRjarAja kumAra ne kaToce (kAMgar3A) kA deza samIpastha rAjoM ko bA~Ta diyaa| canaura ko guhAsana se milAyA, kucha guleroM ko de diyA, pAlama kA deza caMbyAla (caMbA rAjya) ko diyaa| pahale kevala paThiyAra unake adhIna thaa| kucha bhAga kiledAroM ko dekara nAdauna meM apane saradAra chodd'e| dohA-dInoM devIcaMda ko mahala moriyA deza / le dhana kiyo kisAna nyo sakala yubhASa nareza // 32 // bhAvArtha-devIcaMda (DADA ke rAnA) ko mahasamorI kA ilAkA diyaa| isa taraha dhana lekara yunASa deza ke rAjoM ko kisAno kI bhauti kara diyaa| soraThA-bar3abhAgI vRjarAI bATi kAMgar3A deza ko| ___karI kalezara mAi kuTalehaDa para chUTa puni // 33 // bhAvArtha--bar3e bhAgyavAle vRjarAjadeva ne kAMgar3A deza ko bAMTakara, kalezvara ke mukAma para prAkara, kuTalahaDa rAjya para par3hAI kii|

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360 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA savaiyA hAra rahe saba bhUpa ghalUra ke jAke liye bahuto dhana lAyo / hAre paThAna uThAna sabhI puni jo gar3ha kAhu ke hAtha nA aayo|| jo lagI kaida bhayo devIcaMda jo de dhana zrI raNajIta chudd'aayo| so kuTalehaDa zrI vRjarAja prasAdahu~ teM bina kheda hI pAyo // 34 // __ bhAvArtha-jisa ( kuTalehaDa deza ) ke kAraNa kahalUra ke rAje bahuta dhana vyaya karane para bhI hAre rahe, jisa deza ke pIche paThAna ityAdi hAre rahe para vaha durga kisI ke hAtha na AyA, jisake pIche rAjA devIcaMda (DADApati) kaida rahA; jise dhana dekara mahArAjA raNajItadeva ne chur3AyA thA vaha kuTalehaDa kA deza vRjarAjadeva ne binA parizrama ke hI le liyaa| , dohA-kUca kalezvara teM kiyo senA calI apAra / ___ lUTa jAri chinamA~ kiyo sIvA mulaka ujAra // 35 // bhAvArtha-kalezvara se kUcakara senA liye eka kSaNa meM sIvA deza ko lUTakara aura Aga se jalAkara vidhvaMsa kara diyaa| soraThA-sIvApura ko rAi nAma narAyaNacaMda puni / prAi milyo akulAi bhUpati bhUpakumAra soM // 36 / / bhAvArtha-sIvA deza kA rAjA nArAyaNacaMda vyAkula huA aura vRjarAjadeva kI zaraNa meM prAkara milaa| soraThA-zrI vRjarAjakumAra jIti sabai yA bhUpa ko| __ grAma pRthIpura sAra dono goviMdacaMda ko // 37 // bhAvArtha kumAra vRjarAjadeva ne rAjA sIvA ko jItakara usakA grAma pRthvIpura rAjA goviMdacaMda ( DADApati ) ko de diyaa| dohA-jIti sabai yA bhUpa ko gae guhAsana phere / gopIpura Dere kie rAjapurA mahagera // 38 //

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dvigarta (Dugara ) deza ke kavi 361 bhAvArtha-sIvA ko jItakara phira guhAsana se hokara gopIpura meM Dere kie| __ kavitta kAgada paTAyo abhirAyahu~ ko vRjarAja, aise likhI devadatta dUta samujhAi ke / hote prAdamI ta jamunAla jasavAla jAte, kaho eka ziSya jAko jAno cita lAi ke|| pApina ko bhUpatI ghumaMDA yo nikAra dIjai, bIjai saba vAko deza gopIpura Ai ke| nAhI to tiyAra hUje bhUpata se larabe ko, prAvata haiM zUravIra prati hI risAi ke // 36 // bhAvArtha-vRjarAjadeva ne eka dUta ko patra dekara aura samajhAkara abhirAyasiha ( jasApati) ko likha bhejA ki jamubAloM (jammUpati), jasavAloM (jasumA~pati) kI prAdi se mitratA calI pAtI hai isa kAraNa hama bhApako eka zikSA dete haiM, citta lagAkara zravaNa kreN| pApI rAjA ghumaMDacaMda (kAMgar3Apati ) jo mApake pAsa hai use apane deza se nikAla dIjie aura usakA deza gopIpura mAkara hamase liijie| asvIkAra ho to yuddha ke liye taiyAra ho jaaie| hamAre zUra-vIra kruddha hue pA rahe haiN| soraThA-par3hi kAgada prabhirAya hitakara mAnI zISa vaha / jAni mIta vRjarAya mAi milyo vRjarAja se // 40 // mAvArtha-rAjA mabhirAyasiMha ne patra par3hakara rAjakumAra (vRjarAjadeva) kI hitakara zikSA mAna lI aura turaMta vRjarAjadeva se prA milaa| kavitta paMcana meM mAni ke bulAyo prati prAdara se, dIno paha deza cita mAnaMda bar3hAi ke /

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392 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA jAke heta kIno hai akAja vRjarAjadeva, lIno kuTalehaDa jo rAnI se chirAya ke / harayo jaba pAche nRpa Ayo nija samara mAhI, karayo hai vicAra jabai vakata ko guAi ke| nekahu~ na mAnyo upakAra datta mItana ko, prApanI bhalAI saba dInI hai bahAi ke // 41 // bhAvArtha-vRjarAjadeva ne AdarapUrvaka rAjA ke sAtha bheTa kI aura bahuta deza dekara sammAna kiyaa| isa para rAjA ghumaMDacaMda ko bhI sudha AI paraMtu belA gujArakara / isake Age kavi ne apanI kavitA meM aitihAsika ghaTanA ke sAtha sAtha kucha kucha hAsyarasa kA varNana kiyA hai| kAraNa yaha ki ye vaMza ke nAte riztedAra haiN| soraThA-prAi milyo jasuAla devIcaMda bidA bhayo / lAgI karana zRMgAra yoM suni nAra gulera kI // 42 // bhAvArtha-jasuA~pati ( rAjA abhayarAyasiMha ) A milA aura rAjA devIcaMda (ghalUra vilAsapura kA rAjA ) bidA huaa| isake pIche yaha samAcAra pAkara gulera kI yuvatiyoM zrRMgAra karane lgiiN| kuMDaliyA devIcaMda bidA bhayo Ai milyo jasapAla / yo suni nAra gulera kI lAgI karana zRMgAra / lAgI karana zrRMgAra kaMta Avata ghara jAne / sareM sakala abhilAkha raina dina yo mata ThAneM / devadatta cita lAi jAna varadAyaka sevii| so tUThI jagamAi saMta sukhadAyaka devI // 4 // haripura kI tiriyAna ko bAnyo amita anaMda / prAvata haiM ghara ko sunyo bhUpa guvardhanacaMda / /

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dvigarva ( Dugara ) deza ke kavi bhUpa guvardhanacaMda zakuna saba hovana laage| lapi pAvata ghara kaMva viraha dUkhana saba bhaage| datta phurI dRga vAma uruja bAI bhuja pharakI / ghara ghara karata si~gAra cAra nArI haripura kI // 44 // bhAvArtha-devIcaMda (rAjA vilAsapura) ke vidA hone aura jasumAla (jasuaApati abhirAyasiMha) ke milane para gulera kI yuvatiyoM zrRMgAra karane lagI ki unake pati aba mAe~ge; unakI sArI kAmanAe~ pUrI hoNgii| ve dina-rAta yahI vicArakara citta lagAkara varadAyinI bhagavatI kI ArAdhanA karatI thiiN| bhagavatI ne varadAna diyA, jisako sunakara haripura (gulera) kI yuvatiyoM ko pAnaMda humaa| jaba rAjA guvardhanacaMda (gulerapati) kA mAgamana sunA taba acche acche zakuna hone lge| kaMta ke ghara pAne se sAre duHkha miTa gae; bAI AMkha aura bhujA pharakane lgii| isa kAraNa ghara ghara haripura meM zrRMgAra hone lgaa| Age calakara kavi ne jammU kI DogarI bhASA meM eka kavitta vRjarAjadeva kI rAniyoM kI tarapha se likhA hai| yathA kavitta ThaMDe ThaMDe pANI jinheM pIte barphANI, khuuN| to hiyAdA pANI huna cete kusa pAu~dA / mIThe mIThe vAlI jinheM cUpe graMba paMjale de, kuthe kharabUjA huvA ude mana bhAu~dA / likhI likhI thake naina pakve rAha dikhI dikhI, datta bhane nAaiM chela choDI kuNa pAu~dA / paI barasAta na unhA manAta, vadau~de bakha kesakI prAsADA mana pAU~dA // 45 // bhAvArtha-vRjarAjadeva kI rAnI apanI DogarI bhASA meM likhatI hai ki jinhoMne barpha ke sarda pAnI pie unako tavI nadI (jammU

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364 __ nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ke nIce bahanevAlI ) kA garama jala kaba bhAtA hai ( unako kaba yAda AtA hai ) ? jinhoMne paMjala ke mIThe mIThe mAma cuna-cuna khAe haiM aba unheM yahA~ kA kharabUjA kaba bhAtA hai ? hama likha likhakara thaka gaI aura A~kheM dekha-dekhakara paka gaI paraMtu nae svarUpa ko chor3akara kauna pAtA hai| yahA~ aba barasAta A gaI, unakA mana zAMta hai, unakA dhyAna idhara kaba AtA hai ! yaha kavi kA kaTAkSa rAjakumAra ke prati ha~sI kA sUcaka hai| dohA-kAhU mIta kaToca ke likhi patiyA~ yaha bAta / datta na aura vicAra kachu yahI milana kI bAta // 46 // bhAvArtha-kaToca rAjya ke kisI mitra ne rAjA ghumaMDacaMda (kA~gar3Apati ) ko patra likhA ki aura koI vicAra mata karo, yaha milane kA samaya hai| savaiyA deza videza narezana dezahi mAnata haiM inako zira nAi ke / jo kari prIti milyo inase so rahyo nirabhIta sirI thira pAi ke|| zrI yadurAya kRpA kari datta rahyo inako yaza bhUtala chAi ke| tAte kaToca saMkoca karo mata bega milo vRjarAja se prAi ke||47|| __ bhAvArtha-pratyeka deza ke rAjA nitya inako ( jammUpati ) zira navAte haiN| jo koI inase prIti kara milatA hai vaha sadA nirbhIka rahatA hai| zrIkRSNa mahArAja kI kRpA se inakA yaza pRthvI para chAyA huA hai isaliye Apa (rAjA kA~gar3A ) koI vicAra na karake turaMta vRjarAjadeva se prAkara mile| dohA-par3hi kAgada vaha mIta ko milyo ghumaMDA paai| mIyA~' ko jayadeva kari baiThyo zIza nivAi // 48 // (1) yahA~ rAjaputroM kI padavI mIyAM thii|

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dvigarta (Dugara ) deza ke kavi 365 bhAvArtha-rAjA ghumaMDacaMda ( kaToca ), mitra ke patra ko par3hakara, vRjarAjadeva se prA mile aura jayadeva ko mAthA navAkara baiTha ge| savaiyA de puni rAja ghumaMDa ko tUThI kisAna jyoM dhAna uSAri lagAi ke| jIti jalaMdhara ko vRjarAna calyo ghara ko yazakhaMbha gar3Ai ke|| sohata zAna sameta nizAna jo phera ghare haiM nadauna bhulAi ke| bhUpata ve apane gharahU~na ko kIne bidA saba dehare Ai ke // 46 // ___ bhAvArtha-phira ghumaMDacaMda ko rAjya de diyA, mAno kisAna ne ukhAr3e hue dhAna phira se lagAe haiN| isa taraha jA ghara kA deza jItakara aura yaza ke khaMbha gAr3akara vRjarAjadeva ghara ko cle| vaha nizAna phira nAdauna meM bhUkhane lage aura saba ( kAMgar3A deza va jAlaMdhara prAMta ke ) rAje mukAma deharA se vidA kara die ge|

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(15) zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya [ lekhaka-zrI padmanArAyaNa prAcArya, ema0 e0 kAzI] mASA sabakI sAdhAraNa saMpatti hai| eka ajJa bhI usase kAma letA hai| vijJa kevala usakI vizeSa jAnakArI rakhatA hai| para kamI koI vizeSajJa usake itane nikaTa pahu~ca jAtA hai ki vANI use prAtma-samarpaNa kara detI hai, usa vipazcit vAgyogavid-tapasvI se tanika bhI durAva nahIM karatI, saba rahasya kholakara kaha devI hai| sudUra vaidika kAla meM aise hI eka RSi the| unase eka dina ghula ghulakara bAteM karate hue vAgdevI ne apane bAre meM kahA thA maiM rudroM ke sAtha vicaratI hU~, vasumoM ke sAtha sAtha ghUmatI hU~, mAdityoM aura vizva-devoM ke sAtha vihAra karatI huuN| maiM mitra aura varuNa donoM kA bharaNa-poSaNa karatI huuN| maiM hI iMdra, agni aura donoM azvinIkumAroM ko pAlatI huuN| x x x x x maiM ( jagat kI ) rAnI hU~; dhana kI saMprAhikA dene-dilAnevAlI huuN| maiMne sabase pahale pUjya prajApatiyoM ko pahacAnA thaa| maiM bahutere sthAnoM meM sthira hokara apanA pAsana jamA ho rahI thI ki unhoMne mujhe pahacAnakara anya sudUra dezoM meM bheja diyaa| dekhane-sunanevAle sabhI prANI mujhase mAhAra pAte haiM / (prAzcarya to yaha hai ki ) ve mujhe jAnate nahIM para rahate haiM mere hI sahAre / tumane vo bahuta kucha sunA hai| tumase hI maiM kahatI huuN| suno aura isa para vizvAsa (adivaM ) kro| __ maiM svayaM yaha kahatI haiM ki koI aisA nahIM jo merI sevA nahIM karatA / maiM jisa jisako cAhatI hU~, bar3A banA detI hai-kisI ko

Page #16
368 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA brahmA ( karttA aura kavi ), kisI ko RSi ( draSTA ) aura kisI ko medhAvAn ( catura bhAvaka ) / x x x x maiM hI vAyu ke samAna vega se bahA karatI hU~; akhila bhuvanoM ko chUkara prANadAna kiyA karatI hU~ / AkAza ke usa pAra se lekara pRthivI ke isa pAra taka maiM rahatI huuN| apanI mahimA se maiM itanI bar3I ( arthAt vividharUpA ) ho gaI huuN| (Rgveda 10 / 168) vANI ke isa kala- kUjana meM saccA zrAtmaparicaya hai / yaha kevala kAvya- pralApa nahIM hai / vAstava meM jagat vANI kA lIlAsthala hai / zabda hI isa arthamaya jagat kA utpAdaka hai / vahI use aMdhakAra meM se prakAza meM lAtA hai / usI ke prakAza se vizva meM jJAna phailatA hai / koI bhI vicArakara dekha sakatA hai ki koI bhI sAmAnya se sAmAnya jJAna ' binA zabda ke nahIM ho sakatA / taba binA zabda ke loka nirvAha kaise ho sakatA hai ? tabhI to vANI ne kahA hai ki 'jAneM cAhe na jAneM, para rahate haiM sabhI mere sahAre / ' prAcIna aura navIna donoM DhaMga ke dArzanika vicAroM ne siddha karake dikhA diyA hai ki binA zabda ke jJAna nahIM ho sakatA / binA jJAna aura vicAra ke loka-yAtrA kA nirvAha bhI nahIM ho sakatA / grIka dArzanika vANI kI vibhUtiyoM ko jAnakara, usake 'virATU' rUpa kA darzana karake itane mugdha hue ki unhoMne 'logasa' ( Logos ) - ( 1 ) na so'sti pratyayo leAke yaH zabdAnugamADate / anusyUtamiva jJAnaM sarve zabdena bhAsate // ( bhatRharikRta vAkyapadIya ) ( 2 ) Ajakala ke manAvaijJAnika Stout aura Ward ne bhI yahI bikhA hai| (dekho - Analytic Psychology by Stout Vol. II)

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 366 ke siddhAMta kI sthApanA kara ddaalii| bhArata ke dArzanikoM ne to zabda' kA eka darzana hI banAkara chodd'aa| upAsakoM ne usakI zrI; zakti Adi ke rUpoM meM vividha prakAra se upAsanA kii| para isa DhaMga ke vicAraka aura upAsaka bhAva ke Aveza meM vyavahAra se kucha dUra jA pdd'e| kevala vaiyAkaraNoM aura AlaMkArikoM ne vyavahAra kI maryAdA kA ullaMghana na karate hue bhI zabda kI zakti kA vicAra kiyA hai| ata: hama unhIM kI sahAyatA se zabda-zakti se paricita hone kA thor3A prayAsa kreNge| sAdhAraNatayA loga vAkya ke alpatama (choTe se choTe) sArthaka avayava ko zabda kahate haiN| zabda kA prasiddha artha yahI hai / saMskRta zabdAnuzAsana ke kartA pataMjali se zabda kA vyAvahArika artha " lekara prAja taka ke deza-bhASAoM ke vaiyAkaraNa zabda kA isI artha meM vyavahAra karate haiM, para 'zabdArthI kaavym| aura 'ramaNIyA-pratipAdakazabdaH kAvyam' kahanevAle prAcAryoM ne zabda ko vANI, mASA athavA vAkya sAmAnya kA upalakSaNa bhI mAnA hai arthAt vAkya aura zabda-donoM ke artha meM 'zabda' kA (.) dekho-pANinIya darzana ( sarvadarzanasaMgraha) athavA vAkyapadIya / sAmAnyatayA to nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhyayoga, mImAMsA, vedAMta, jaina, baud bhAdi samI darzanoM ne 'zabda' kA mahatvapUrNa vivecana kiyaa| aura taMtra-graMthoM meM zabda-zakti kA varNana aura bhI vizada rUpa se humA hai| (1) lo-Sweet's Grammar of English. (1)dekho-mahAmANya pRSTha 1.2 ( Keilhorn's edition. Vol. I) / (.) dezo-mAmaha, kadara, vAmana, mammaTa mAdi kI kAvya kI paribhASAeM (kAmyAlaMkAra, kAvyaprakAza maadi)| (1) agasApa-kRta rasagaMgAdhara /

Page #18
400 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA prayoga kiyA hai| zabda-zakti ke prakaraNa meM bhI zabda kA vaisA hI vyAvahArika tathA vyApaka artha liyA jAtA hai| anyathA pratyaya se lekara pada, vAkya tathA mahAvAkya taka kI zaktiyoM kA aMtarbhAva zabda-zakti meM na ho paataa| zabda tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-vAcaka, lakSaka tathA vyaMjaka / mukhya aura prasiddha artha ko sIdhe sIdhe kahanevAlA zabda vAcaka kaha _ lAtA hai| lakSaka athavA lAkSaNika zabda bAta zabda ke tIna bheda 5 ko lakhA bhara detA hai, abhipreta artha ko lakSita mAtra karatA hai; aura vyaMjaka zabda ( mukhya athavA lakSya artha ke atirikta ) eka tIsarI bAta kI vyaMjanA karatA hai, usase prakaraNa, deza, kAla Adi ke anusAra eka anokhI dhvani nikalatI hai| udAharaNArtha yaha merA ghara hai-isa vAkya meM ghara zabda vAcaka hai, apane prasiddha artha meM prayukta huA hai| para sArA ghara khela dekhane gayA hai-isa vAkya meM 'ghara' usameM rahanevAloM kA lakSaka hai arthAt yahA~ ghara zabda lAkSaNika hai| aura yadi koI apane oNphisara mitra se bAta karate karate kaha uThatA hai, 'yaha ghara hai, khulakara bAteM kro|' taba 'ghara' kahane se yaha dhvani nikalatI hai ki yaha oNphisa nahIM hai| yahA~ ghara zabda vyaMjaka hai| __ ina sabhI prakAra ke zabdoM kA apane apane artha se eka saMbaMdha rahatA hai| usI saMbaMdha ke bala se pratyeka zabda apane apane artha ____ kA bodha karAtA hai| binA saMbaMdha kA zabda kA vA arthahIna hotA hai-usameM kisI bhI artha ke bodha karAne kI zakti nahIM rhtii| saMbaMdha use arthavAna banAtA hai, usameM zakti kA saMcAra karatA hai| saMbaMdha kI zakti se hI zabda isa arthamaya jagat kA zAsana karatA hai, lokecchA kA saMketa pAkara cAhe jisa artha ko apanA letA hai, cAhe jisa artha ko chor3a detA

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 401 1 hai / isI saMbaMdha-zakti ke ghaTane-bar3hane se usake artha kI hAsa - vRddhi hotI hai / isI saMbaMdha ke bhAva athavA prabhAva se usakA janma athavA maraNa hotA hai arthAt saMbaMdha hI zabda kI zakti hai. saMbaMdha hI zabda kA prANa hai / isI se zabdatattva ke jAnakAroM ne kahA hai 'zabdArthasaMbaMdhaH zaktiH' / ( zabda aura artha ke saMbaMdha kA nAma zakti hai ) / zabda aura artha ke 'vRtti' isa saMbaMdha ko kisI kisI prAcArya ne 2" aura kisI kisI ne 'vyApAra' nAma diyA hai, isase zabdArthasvarUpa ke prakaraNa meM sAmAnyatayA zabdArthasaMbaMdha, zabda-zakti, zabda-vRtti aura zabda- vyApAra kA prabheda se vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai para pratyeka nAma meM apanA nirAlApana hai / zakti meM bala aura oja hai, vRtti meM prazrita rahane kA bhAva hai, vyApAra meM kiyA aura utpAdanA kI ora jhukAva hai / 'kAraNa' jisake dvArA kArya karatA hai use 'vyApAra' kahate haiN| ghar3e ke banAne meM kuMbhakAra, miTTI, Adi kAraNa haiM / cAka kA ghUmanA, kuMbhakAra kA use ghumAnA Adi vyApAra haiN| ghar3A kArya hai / isI prakAra zabda se artha kA bodha karAne meM zabda 'kAraNa' hotA hai, artha-bodha kArya aura zabda-zakti kAraNa kA vyApAra hai / cAka zakti ke anya paryAya vAcI zabda (1) mImAMsakoM, vaiyAkaraNoM tathA bhAlaMkArikoM kA yahI mata hai para naiyAyika 'Izvara - saMketa' ko zakti mAnate haiN| deza1 - 10 la0 maM0 (4-12) / (2) dekho - zrabhidhAvRttimAtRkA aura pa0 ba0 maM0 ( 'sA ca vRttividhA' ) / (3) dekho - mammaTa kA 'zabda-vyApAra-vicAra' - yaha nAma hI 'abhidhAvRttimAtRkA ke samAna vyApaka hai / mammaTa ne prAyaH zakti ke artha meM vyApAra kA prayoga kiyA hai / ( dekho - kAvya - prakAza ) 31

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402 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zabda aura artha ke isa saMbaMdha kI tAttvika samIkSA karake zabda ... tattvajJoM ne use tAdAtmya' saMbaMdha mAnA hai| zakti kA pAramArthika naiyAyikoM kA Izvara-saMketa ko zabda aura artha arthAt tAttvika svarUpa 'ke bIca kA saMbaMdha mAnanA yadi tarpha se siddha bhI ho jAya to vyavahAra kI kasauTI para kharA nahIM utrtaa| zabda aura artha kA loka meM abheda se vyavahAra hotA hai| 'artha sunanA' aura 'zabda samajhanA bahuta prasiddha prayoga haiN| isI prakAra naiyAyikoM kA yaha sAdhAraNa tarka ki zakti zaktimAna vastu se bhinna kucha nahIM hai, zabdavid vaiyAkaraNoM ko mAnya nahIM hai| ve mImAMsakoM kI bhA~ti zakti ko eka svataMtra padArtha mAnate haiN| zakti dravyaparataMtra avazya rahatI hai para usakA eka siddha svabhAva bhI hai| Age calakara vaiyAkaraNa zakti kA svarUpa bhI nirAle DhaMga kA mAnate haiN| ve vAstavika zakti to sphoTaniSTha 3 mAnate hI haiM, usake vyAvahArika rUpa kI bhI cAra kalAe~ mAnate haiN| dika, kAla, sAdhana aura kriyA, unake anusAra, zabda-zakti kI cAra kalA haiM jo vastu kA abhidhAna karatI haiN| ina cAroM rUpoM meM zakti prakaTa hotI hai aura apane asIma aura agamya rUpa ko vyavahAra kI sImA meM lAkara gamya aura jJeya banA detI hai| ataH zakti kA deza-kAla Adi se raMgA huaA rUpa hI dekhane ko mila sakatA hai| dika aura kAla ko nyAya-vaizeSikavAloM ne dravya mAnA hai| unako zakti kA rUpa mAnanA kevala zabda-zAstriyoM kI sUjha hai| sAdhana kA artha bhI bar3A vyApaka hai| vyAkaraNa meM vaha kAraka kA (1) zabdArthayoH saMbaMdhazca zaktirUpaM tAdAtmya meveti / (pradIpodyota ) (2) bhatRhari ne vAkyapadIya meM isakA savistara varNana kiyA hai| (3) vaiyAkaraNa-mUSaNa meM sphoTa kA suMdara varNana hai| (7) dekho vAkyapadIya-dika sAdhanaM kriyA kAla ityAdi 31,pR.157

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 403 ata: zabdoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha zabda kI paryAya mAnA jAtA hai / zakti kA eka rUpa mAna liyA jAtA hai| pataMjali muni ke anusAra sAdhana kA artha kucha aura vistRta ho jAtA hai / guNoM ke samUha ko hI mahAbhASya ne sAdhana mAnA hai| 1 guNa kA zrAzraya dravya hotA hai / sAdhana-rUpa zakti kA Azraya zabda hotA hai / guNa bhedaka aura vyAvartaka hotA hai / sAdhana bhI apane Azraya ko dUsare se bhinna batAne kA kAma karatA hai / isI prakAra kriyA ko pataMjali ne 'dhAtu kA' artha' mAnA hai / nairuktoM aura Adhunika bhASA - zAstriyoM ke anusAra dhAtu arthAt kriyA se hI bhASA kI sRSTi huI hai| itane se hI zakti ke kriyAtmaka rUpa kA mahattva prakaTa ho jAtA hai 1 yadi zAstrIya aura rUr3ha arthoM ko chor3akara zakti ke ina cAra rUpoM para vicAra kiyA jAya to eka bar3e rahasya kI bAta mAlUma ho jAtI hai| dik meM bhUgolazAstrIya dRSTi se zabda-zakti kA samAveza hotA hai| 'kAla' kI lIlA itihAsa meM dekhane ko milatI hai / zabda meM kAlavaza zakti kA hAsa tathA upacaya huA karatA hai / bhASA - zAstriyoM se zabda-zakti para bhUgola - itihAsa kA prabhAva chipA nahIM hai / isI prakAra sAdhana kA artha vaha zakti hai jisake dvArA koI bhI vastu apanA vyApAra siddha karatI hai 1 kAraka isI liye sAdhana ke aMtargata prA jAte haiM; kyoMki zabda kI isI zakti ke dvArA vAkya kI kriyA niSpanna hotI hai / bhartRhari ne isa artha ko bilakula spaSTa kara diyA hai aura unhoMne cha: kArakoM se milate-julate (1) dekho - mahAbhASya - dhAtvaryaH kiyA | (2) dekho - nAma ca dhAtujamAha niruke / vyAkaraNe zakaTasya ca tokam // Adhunika Root-theory kA vivecana dekho - ( 1 ) Science of Language by Maxmuller and (2) Introduction to Nirukta by Dr. Laxman Sarupa. ( Oxford ) (3) dekho - kipAyAmamividhacau sAmarthya sAdhanaM viduH / ( vAkyapadIya)

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404 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zakti ke bhI chaH rUpa mAne haiN| praba sAdhana kA itanA vyApaka artha mAnane para prazna uThatA hai ki kriyA kA kyA artha hai| kriyA se yahA~ prAlaMkArikoM ke zabda-vyApAra kA abhiprAya hai| lakSaNAvyApAra ko mammaTa ne 'pAropitA kriyaa| kahA bhI hai| sAdhana aura kriyA ( vyApAra ) meM aMtara spaSTa hai| sAdhana ke dvArA vAkya kI kriyA (arthAt dhAtvartha ) niSpanna hotI hai-vaha vAkya ke pratyeka zabda ko Apasa meM saMbaddha kara detI hai para vyApAra-rUpa kriyA dvArA zabda apane artha se saMbaddha hotA hai| sAdhana eka zabda ko dUsare zabda se jor3atA hai, kriyA ( athavA vyApAra ) zabda ko usake hI artha se jor3atI hai| yadyapi donoM zabda kI hI zakti haiM para eka bahiraMga hai, dUsarI aNtrNg| isa prakAra kriyA kA artha eka zabda-bheda nahIM raha jaataa| kriyA se yahA~ zabda kI artha-bodha karAne kI kriyA kA bodha hotA hai| zabdArtha-samIkSA kI dRSTi se isI zabda-kriyA arthAt zabda-vyApAra kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai| isI se zabdArtha-svarUpa ke nirNAyaka sAhityAcAryoM ne isa vyApAra-rUpa zakti ko hI zakti mAnA hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhI zabda ke vyApAra meM hI zabda kI zakti dekhane ko milatI hai| ata: prAlaMkArikoM ne isI rUpa kI vivecanA kI hai| __ zakti ke isa vyAvahArika svarUpa kI vyAkhyA karane ke liye usase saMbaddha zabda aura artha-donoM kI hI aAMzika vyAkhyA karanI par3atI hai| ata: zabda-zakti kA vidyArthI zabda kI tIna zaktiyoM ko (1) dekho-...lakSaNA''ropitA kriyaa| (kAvya-prakAza 26) (2) mammaTa, vizvanAtha Adi ne zabda kI tIna hI zaktiyA~ mAnI haiN| una logoM ne cauthI zakti 'tAtparyArtha vRtti' kA ullekha mAtra karake chor3a diyA hai| dekho-(i) tAH syustisraH zabdasya shktyH| (sA. darpaNa 23) aura tAtparyAkhyA vRttimAhuH....... (sA* dapaNa 2120)(ii) tAtparyArthosf: keSucit / (kA0 pra0)

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* zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 405 arthAt abhighA, lakSaNA tathA vyaMjanA ko -- aura una zaktiyoM ke prAzrayabhUta vAcaka, lakSaka tathA vyaMjaka tInoM prakAra ke zabdoM ko apanA pradhAna viSaya banAtA hai / zabda kI vyAkhyA meM thor3I artha kI bhI artha ke liye hI to zabda vyApAra prabaMdha meM vyAkhyAta viSaya (yA varNya viSaya ) vyAkhyA A hI jAtI hai| karatA hai 1 ( abhidhA ) vAcaka zabda kI zAstrIya vyAkhyA zAstrIya DhaMga se sUtra -rUpa meM kaheM to sAcAt saMketita' artha ko kahanevAlA zabda vAcaka kahalAtA hai 1 sAdhAraNatayA vyavahAra meM dekhA jAtA hai ki logoM meM jo 'saMketa' athavA 'samaya' pracalita rahatA hai usI ke sahAre zabda apane artha kA bodha karAtA hai se zrotA ko artha kA bodha nahIM ho sakatA / yadi kahA jAya ki 'gAya lAo' to vaha isa usake liye ina zabdoM meM koI nahIM ki ina zabdoM se kisa vaha jAnatA hI para vahI manuSya kisI jAna arthAt kevala zabda kisI anabhijJa se vAkya se kyA samajha sakatA hai ? artha hI nahIM hai| artha kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai / kAra ko kahate sunatA hai ki gAya lAbho aura dekhatA hai ki dUsarA gAya le AtA hai / ina donoM ke isa vyavahAra ko dekhakara vaha vAkya kA artha samajha letA hai / isI prakAra vyavahAra se vaha 'gAya bA~dho', 'ghor3A lAbho' Adi vAkyoM kA bhI jJAna prApta kara letA hai / kucha vAkyoM kA jJAna ho jAne para vaha apanI anvayavyatirekavAlI buddhi se 'gAya' aura 'lAbha' Adi ko pRthak pRthak (1) sAcAtsaMketitamarca yo'bhidhatte sa vAcakaH / ( kAvyaprakAza )

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406 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA samajhane lagatA hai| pahalI bAra usane vAkya kA artha to samajha liyA thA para usakA vyAkaraNa na samajha sakA thaa| dhIre dhIre 'gAya' zabda ko kaI anya zabdoM ke sAtha usI vyakti kA artha-bodha karAte hue dekhakara usakA artha samajha liyA, arthAt yaha jAna liyA ki gAya zabda kA kisa vastu-vizeSa meM saMketa hai| isI prakAra 'lAmo' kriyA kA kaI vAkyoM meM anvaya dekhakara vyatireka dvArA usakA bhI saMketa samajha letA hai| aba saMketa' jJAna ho jAne se ve hI zabda use artha kA bodha karAne lagate haiN| bAlaka kI bhASA sIkhane kI prakriyA para dhyAna dene se saMketa jJAna kI bAta bilakula spaSTa ho jAtI hai| eka sayAnA AdamI _ kahatA hai--'gAya laao'| dUsarA usake vyavahAra dvArA saMketa-graha AjJAnusAra gAya le AtA hai| bAlaka yaha saba dekha-sunakara usa vAkya kA artha samajha jAtA hai| bhAge calakara 'gAya bA~dho', 'ghor3A lAmo' Adi vAkya bhI vaha apane bar3e-bUDhoM ke vyavahAra ko dekhakara samajhane lagatA hai| taba kahIM usakI anvaya-vyatireka dvArA socane kI sahaja pravRtti 'gAya' aura 'lAmo' kA avayavArtha bhI use samajhA detI hai| pahale bAlaka vyavahAra se pUre vAkya kA artha samajhatA hai| yaha bhASA-vijJAna dvArA siddha ho cukA hai| phira dhIre dhIre vyavahAra se hI vaha alaga alaga zabdoM kA artha samajhane lagatA hai, arthAt use isa bAta kA spaSTa jJAna ho jAtA hai ki kisa zabda kA kisa artha meM saMketa hai| jaba bAlaka vyavahAra se kucha zabda samajhane lagatA hai, gurujana use bahuta se zabda vyavahAra ke bAhara ke bhI samajhA dete haiN| vaha (.) dekho-kAvyaprakAza-saMketasahAya eva pandaH ityAdi / sAhityavapaNa, ekAvalI Adi graMthoM meM saMketa-graha kA samyaka vivecana huA hai|

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 407 unheM cupacApa mAna letA hai| prApta puruSa bacce ko eka padArtha dikhAtA hai aura kahatA hai yaha pustaka hai| bAlaka isa zabda ke saMta ke anya sAta grAhaka ___saMketa ko jhaTapaTa samajha jAtA hai| Age calakara bAlaka vyAkaraNa par3hatA hai; prakRti, pratyaya Adi kA jJAna arjana karatA hai| aneka zabdoM ko tathA zabdoM ke aneka rUpoM ko sahaja hI samajhane lagatA hai| kucha zabdoM kA artha vaha upamAna ke bala se lagA letA hai| vaha gAya pahacAnatA hai to 'gavaya' kI bAta sunakara usako gAya jaisA eka pazu samajha letA hai| vaha manuSya kA artha vyavahAra se sIkha cukA hai| isa. liye upamAna kI sahAyatA se vaha deva, yakSa Adi yoniyoM kI bhI kalpanA kara letA hai| eka deva zabda ke ajara, amara Adi aneka paryAya vaha koSa se sIkha letA hai| saMdeha hone para vaha vAkya-zeSa se saMketa-nirNaya karatA hai| gaMgA zabda kA saMketa nadI aura lar3akI donoM meM hai para jaba isa zabda kA vAkya meM prayoga hotA hai to dUsare zabdoM se isakA bhI artha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 'gaMgA kI dhArA meM Aja kitanA vega hai' isa vAkya kA gaMgA zabda spaSTatayA nadIvAcaka hai| 'yava' kA artha 'java' bhI hotA hai aura 'kaMgunI' kA cAvala bhii| vAkyazeSa arthAt prasaMga se isakA bhI prartha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| pArya logoM ke prasaMga meM yava kA artha 'java' hotA hai para mleccha loga 'yava' se kaMgunI kA cAvala samajhate haiN| kucha zabda mamajhe hue zabdoM ke sAtha prAne se anAyAsa hI samajha meM prA jAte haiN| jaise 'vasaMte pika: kUjati' ( vasaMta meM pika bola rahI hai) isa vAkya meM pika zabda dUsarI bhASA' kA hai para pAThaka 'vasaMta meM bolatI hai-itanA aMza samajha (.) 'pika' chanda saMskRta meM dUsarI bhASA se pAyA hai| aise anya zabdoM kA bhI mImAMsA-sUtrazAvaramApya meM ullekha milatA hai|

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408 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA lene para pika zabda kA bhI artha lagA letA hai| 'madhupa kamala para maeNDarA rahe haiN| isa vAkya ke 'madhupa' zabda ko kamala Adi zabdoM ko samajhanevAlA sahaja hI lagA letA hai| isa prakAra siddha padoM kI sannidhi se bAlaka bahuta se zabdoM kA saMketa-jJAna kara letA hai| itane para bhI jo zabda samajha meM nahIM Ate unheM spaSTa karane ke liye vaha vivRti kI sahAyatA letA hai| vyAkhyA dezI-videzI sabhI bhASAoM ke zabda spaSTa kara detI hai / yadi bAlaka rasAla zabda nahIM samajhatA to zikSaka yA to rasAla ke rUpa-raMga kI vyAkhyA karake usakA artha samajhA detA hai athavA rasAla kA aisA paryAyavAcI zabda batAtA hai jo vidyArthI ko pahale se jJAta ho| usI bhASA meM athavA dUsarI paricita bhASA meM anuvAda karake samajhAne kA hI nAma vivRti hai| vicAra karane para anya sabhI saMketa ke grAhaka vyavahAra meM aMtarbhUta ho jAte haiN| vyavahAra se bAlaka sabhI zabda sIkha sakatA vyavahAra saMketa-grAhakoM .. hai; para apanI A~khoM se dekhane sunane meM bar3A meM pradhAna hai "samaya lagatA hai| thor3e varSoM kA choTA sA jIvana saMsAra kI asaMkhya vastuoM kA kaise anubhava kara sakatA hai ? isI se aise upAyoM se kAma lenA par3atA hai jinase adhika se adhika zabda kama se kama samaya meM sIkhe jA skeN| koSa, vyAkaraNa, prAptopadeza, vivRti Adi sAto saMketa ke grAhaka aise hI upAya haiM / yadyapi vyavahAra saMketa ke grAhako' (1) prAjakala ke zikSA zAstrIya zabdoM kA prayoga kareM to vyavahAra ko Direct Method aura vivRti ko Translation Method kaha sakate haiN| (2) dekho-mukkAvalI-zaktiyaha vyAkaraNopamAnakoSAptavAkyAd vyavahAratazca / vAkyasya zeSAd vivRtevaMdanti sAnidhyata: siddhapadastha vRddhaaH|

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 406 meM ziromaNi hai tathApi ina anya upAyoM kA bhI saMketa graha ke liye kama mahattva nahIM hai / jisa isa prakAra ina vyavahArAdi grAhakoM dvArA saMketa kA jJAna ho jAne para hI zAbda bodha hotA hai arthAt saMketa kI sahAyatA se hI zabda dvArA artha- bAgha hotA hai / ataH pratyeka artha meM saMketa kA honA svayaM siddha sA hai / kisI meM sAkSAt saMketa rahatA hai aura kisI meM sAkSAt saMketa / artha se jisa zabda kA saMbaMdha logoM meM prasiddha hai usa artha meM usa zabda kA sIdhA sAkSAt saMkaMta rahatA hai, jaise 'baila' gAr3I khIMca rahA hai - isa vAkya meM baila zabda kA artha loka- prasiddha hai, isase baila zabda kA apane artha meM sAkSAt saMketa hai / para jaba kabhI koI zabda prayojanavaza kisI zraMprasiddha artha se saMbaMdha jor3a letA hai, usakA saMketa sAkSAt nahIM raha jAtA / usa zabda kA eka prasiddha artha meM saMketa rahatA hai ata: dUsare artha meM usakA saMketa usa prasiddha artha kI paraMparA meM se hokara prAtA hai jaise yaha lar3akA baila hai - isa vAkya meM baila zabda kA saMketa 'baila' meM na hokara baila ke sAdRzya meM haiN| baila zabda kA saMketa mukhya artha meM se hokara dUsare artha meM pahu~catA hai| ata: baila zabda kA 'pazu' meM sAcAtsaMketa hai aura mUrkha ke artha meM prasAcAtsaMketa / sAkSAtsaMketita arthavAle zabda ko vAcaka kahate haiM, isase pahale vAkya kA baila zabda hI vAcaka hai, dUsare vAkya kA nahIM / yaha vAcaka zabda jisa zakti ke dvArA apane artha kA bodha karAtA hai use abhidhA kahate haiM / vAcaka zabda se artha-bodha kaise hotA hai ? isa prazna ko samafane ke liye saMketa kA samyakU jJAna apekSita hai / saMketa kyA hai ? 'saMketa' ke gha yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki yahA~ 'zakti' vaiyAkarathoM ke meM prayukta huA hai /

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kA svarUpa 410 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saMketa kA jJAna kaise hotA hai ? saMketa kaise banatA hai ? saMketa se prAhya kyA hai ? saMketa kAhe meM hotA hai ke prakaraNa arthAt saMketa-viSaya kyA hai-saMketita artha meM saMketa-jJAna kA mahatva kA svarUpa kyA hai? ityAdi praznoM para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| pahale do praznoM para vicAra ho cukA hai| .. 'saMketa' samaya ko kahate haiN| isa zabda se saMketa kA svarUpa para isa artha kA bodha honA cAhie-isa artha ke liye isa zabda kA prayoga karanA cAhie- aisA 'samaya' hI saMketa kahalAtA hai| isa saMketa kA jJAna pradhAnatayA vyavahAra _ se hotA hai| anya saMketa ke grAhaka vyavahAra saMketa kA grAhaka - ke rUpAMtara mAtra haiN| yaha saba spaSTa ho cukA hai| saMketa banane athavA banAne kA prazna thor3A vivAdagrasta para bar3A manorama hai| jo naiyAyika IzvarecchA, saMketa aura zakti ko paryAya mAnate _ haiM, ve to sahaja hI usa saMketa kA kartRtva saMketa kA kartA " Izvara ko de dete haiM para zabda ke varNa taka ko nitya mAnanevAle mImAMsakoM ne saMketa ko zakti se bhinna mAnakara lokecchA ko usakA vidhAtA mAnA hai| unake anusAra zabda nitya hai| zabda kI zakti nitya hai; para usa zakti kA grAhaka (arthAt jJAna karAnevAlA) saMketa anitya hai| use lokecchA banAtI bigAr3atI hai| yahA~ lokecchA vyaktigata icchA kA nAma nahIM hai kiMtu usase sarvasAdhAraNa kI icchA kA abhiprAya hai| lokecchA bilakula pAzcAtya dArzanikoM kI General Will hai| mImAMsakoM ne isa lokecchA kA prabhutva mAnakara zabda ke sAmrAjya meM prajAtaMtra kI ghoSaNA kara dI thI to bhI zabda kI nityatA akSuNNa banI rhii| zabda to na jAne kaba se calA A rahA hai aura na jAne kaba taka clegaa| vaha anAdi hai, anaMta hai aura isI se nitya bhI hai|

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 411 kevala saMketa-nirdhAraNa karanA prayoktA (loka) ke hAtha meM hai| zabda sadA kisI na kisI rUpa meM rahatA hai; jaba loga jaisA saMketa banA lete haiM vaisA hI ( saMketita ) artha usa zabda se bhAsane lagatA hai| vizva meM kahIM na kahIM artha ulajhA par3A rahatA hai; jaba loga saMketa ko zabda kI sevA meM bhejate haiM, zabda usakI sahAyatA se artha ko mulajhAkara prakAza meM lA detA hai| logoM ko artha-bodha hone lagatA hai| artha-bodha vAstava meM hotA hai zabdArtha-saMbaMdha ke jJAna se-zabda-zakti ke jJAna se; para saMketa hI usa saMbaMdha kA paricAyaka hotA hai-uma zakti kA jJAna karAtA hai, prataH saMketa kA mahattva pahale A~khoM ke sAmane AtA hai| saMketa hotA bhI hai artha . bodha kA sahakArI kaarnn| isa prakAra mImAMsA aura zAmda bAdhA anasAra lokecchA saMketa banAtI hai| loka-vyavahAra se saMketa-graha hotA hai| saMketa dvArA zakti-praha hotA hai aura zakti dvArA artha-graha arthAt zAbda bodha hotA hai| vaiyAkaraNa aura pAlaMkArika donoM hI mImAsakoM kI ina sabhI bAtoM kA samarthana karate haiN| ve bhI loka ko prabhu mAnate haiM .. zakti ko saMketagrAhya svataMtra padArtha vaiyAkAyoM aura pAlaMkArikoM ne nyAya mAnate haiN| hA~, ve loka ke paryavekSaNa meM tathA mImAMsA kA sama* eka paga aura prAge bar3ha gae haiN| ve zakti ko nvaya kiyA hai nitya to mAnate haiN| zakti' zabda meM sadA rahatI hai-kabhI supta, kamI prabuddha para usakA prAzraya zabda nitya bhI hai, pranitya bhii| isa prakAra ve siddhAMta aura vyavahAra kA samanvaya kara lete haiN| zabda ke tattvara ko ve nitya mAnate haiM (1) dekho-sambandha sthApi myavahAraparamparayAnAdisvAcityatA / (kaipaTa) aSavA nityo pvtaamyaamisNbNdhH| (mahAmApya, Vol. I, p. 7.) (2) pataMka nazada ke do rUpa mAna haiM-pramyaka sphoTa aura myaka

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412 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA para vyAvahArika zabda ko ve bhI naiyAyikoM kI bhA~ti anitya mAnate haiM / mImAMsakoM kI nAI ve dhvani aura varNa ko nitya nahIM mAnate / vyavahAra se hI dhvanyAtmaka zabda kI anityatA spaSTa hai / zabda ke nAda aura rUpa meM lopa, Agama, viparyaya, vikAra Adi kArya pratyakSa dekha par3ate haiM I isI prakAra saMketa kA viSaya kyA hai, arthAt saMketa kisa vastu meM hotA hai-- isa prazna para bhI bar3A matabheda hai / naiyAyika, saMketita zrarthaM zrarthAt mImAMsaka, bauddha Adi sabhI apanA apanA saMketa kA viSaya eka nirAlA 'vAda' lekara sAmane Ate haiM I naiyAyika to sadA se vyavahAra aura loka kI duhAI dete Ae haiM / yadyapi tarka ke maMdira meM pahu~cane para ve loka ko bilakula hI bhUla jAte haiM to bhI ve prAraMbha sAmane kI dekhI-sunI vastuoM se hI karate 1 nitya ke vyavahAra meM vyakti hI sAmane AtA hai / vyakti meM hI pravRtti aura nivRtti kI yogyatA rahatI hai / 'gAya lAo' meM go-vyakti kA lAnA aura 'gAya na lAo' meM go-vyakti hI kA na lAnA abhipreta hai / lAnA aura na lAnA Adi saprayojana kriyAe~ go-vyakti meM hI ghaTita ho sakatI haiM; ata: vyakti meM saMketa mAnanA cAhie / prayoktA sadA zabda se eka athavA aneka vyaktiyoM kA bodha karAtA hai ataH zabda kA vAcyArtha kevala vyaktivAda vyakti' hI ho sakatA hai| yahI vyakti jAti kA upalakSaNa hotA hai, isI liye zabda se jAti kA bhI bodha hotA hai / dhvani / donoM ke liye ve zabda kA prayoga karate haiN| dekho - ' tasmAt dhvaniH zabda:' aura 'tahi sphoTaH zabdaH ' / ( mahAbhASya ) ( 1 ) zabdasya vyaktireva vAcyA / ( pradIpa ) (2) jAte stUpalacaNabhAvenAzrayaNAdAnandayAdide / pAnavakAzaH / ( kaiyaTa )

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 413 mImAMsakoM dvArA khaMDana yaha naiyAyikoM kA vyaktivAda vyavahAra tathA siddhAMta donoM dRSTiyoM se suMdara hai / usakI vyavahAropayogitA to pratyakSa hI hai aura saMketa ko Izvara - kRta mAnane se siddhAMta meM bhI koI doSa nahIM A sakatA / Izvara sarva samartha hai I usane akhila vyaktiyoM meM saMketa nizcita kara diyA hai / vaktA aura prayoktA kA saMketa-jJAna jyoM jyoM bar3hatA jAyagA tyoM tyoM arthajJAna Apase Apa bar3hatA jAyagA / para jo saMketa ko Izvara-kRta na mAnakara lokakRta mAnate haiM unheM svabhAvataH isa vAda meM doSa dekha par3ate haiM / yadi sabhI vyaktiyoM meM saMketa mAnA jAya to eka pada kI arthopasthiti hI asaMbhava ho jAyagI / vyakti anaMta hote haiM / una sabako dekha-sunakara unameM saMketa - sthApanA karanA asaMbhava hai / aura yadi eka vyakti meM saMketa mAneM to niyama kA vyabhicAra hogA / zabda aneka vyaktiyoM kA bodha karAtA hai, yaha vyavahAra se siddha hai / taba eka vyakti meM saMketa kA niyama kaise nirdoSa mAnA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra 'AnaMtya" aura 'vyabhicAra ke doSoM se dUSita hone ke kAraNa kaMvala 'vyaktivAda' grAhya nahIM ho sakatA / ataH mImAMsakoM ne jAti meM saMketa kI kalpanA kI / jAti maura vyakti sAmAnya aura vizeSa -- Universal and Particular kA bheda sabhI mAnate haiM / eka prAkRtivAlI aneka ( 1 ) dekhe / - tathA'dhyAnanyAiyabhicArAca tatra saMketaH katuLe na yujyate iti / ( kAvyaprakAza 2|7 ) ( 2 ) cAkRtistu kriyArthasyAt (pU0 mI0 1 / 3 / 33 ) aura prAkRtireva zabdArtha iti siddham ( tNtrvaartik)| yahI mImAMsA meM prAkRti 'jAti' kA paryAya mAnI jAtI hai / ( 2 ) Universal aura Particular ke vicAra ke liye dekhoStout's Analytic Psychology Vol. II. ( chapters on Thought and Language).

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414 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vyaktiyoM meM nitya rahanevAlI eka sAmAnya sattA 'jAti' kahalAtI hai| yaha vyaktyAzrita rahatI hai, isase mImAMsAjAtivAda - siddhAMta ke anusAra vaha ( jAti ) vyakti kA vizeSaNa mAnI jAtI hai| jaba zabda kA jAti meM saMketa hotA hai to zrApa se Apa vyakti kA AkSepa (anumAna athavA lakSaNA) dvArA bodha ho jAtA hai| pahale zabda se sAmAnyare sattA (arthAt jAti) kA bodha hotA hai; pIche se vyakti ke liye AkAMkSA uThatI hai, vaha AkSepa dvArA zAMta ho jAtI hai| isa jAtivAda se vyavahAra kA spaSTa virodha hai| vyavahAra meM zabda dvArA pahale vyakti kI hI upasthiti hotI hai| zabda kA mukhya __ artha vyakti hI dekha par3atA hai, para jAtivAda ke anusAra jAti ko mukhyArtha aura vyakti ko pAkSipta arthAt lakSyArtha mAnanA par3atA hai| zabda eka bAra jaba jAti kA bodha karA cukatA hai to usakI zakti kSINa ho jAtI hai arthAt vyakti ko vaha lakSaNA (mAkSepa)dvArA hI upasthita kara sakatA hai abhidhA dvArA nhiiN| mImAMsA ke anusAra vyakti mukhyArtha nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra vyakti ko amukhya aura lakSya artha mAnanA naiyAyikoM ko samIcIna nahIM pratIta hotA / ata: ve loga jAti-viziSTa vyakti a meM zakti (arthAt saMketa) mAnate haiN| ghaTa zabda jAti-viziSTavyaktivAdAtA para usase usI a eka hI rahatA hai para usase usI prAkRti ke (athavA viziSTazaktivAda) "anya ghaToM kA bhI bodha hotA hai| ataH 'ghaTa' zabda 'vyakti ke sAtha hI sAtha ( kaMbugrIvAdimatva ) Akati dvArA khaMDana (1) jAteH prathamamupasthitatvAt vyaktilAbhastu bhAkSepAdineti / (kaiyaTa) (2)prathamaM ca sAmAnyameva zabdAgamyate pazcAcca vyakiSvAkAMsAmAnaM jAyate tatastadevAbhidheyaM na vyaktivizeSaH / (zAstradIpikA) (3) 'vizeSyaM nAbhighA gacchet cINazaktivizeSaNe' iti nyAyaH /

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 415 vyaMgya jAti kA bhI bodha karAtA hai| isa prakAra isa 'vAda' meM kevalavyaktivAda aura kevalajAtivAda kA suMdara samanvaya ho jAtA hai| vyaktivAda ke anusAra vyakti zabda kA mukhyArtha hai| jAti vyakti se upalakSita hotI hai| jAtivAda meM krama ulaTa jAtA hai| jAti kI upasthiti pahale hotI hai| phira jAti meM hI vyakti kA prAkSepa kara liyA jAtA hai| mAti-viziSTavAda ke anusAra vizeSaNa aura vizeSya-jAti aura vyakti donoM barAbarI para rahate haiN| zabda se donoM kI arthopasthiti eka hI sAtha hotI hai| isa prakAra jAti aura vyakti donoM hI zabda ke mukhya artha hote haiN| ___ nAgeza, dIkSita Adi vaiyAkaraNa isI viziSTa-zaktivAda ko mAnate the| kAzI ke navIna saMpradAya ne isa vAda meM kucha sudhAra kiyA hai| vyavahAra sadA jAti aura ___ khaMDazaH zaktivAda vyakti donoM kA zabda se eka hI sAtha bodha (pariSkAra skUla nahIM karAnA caahtaa| ata: ina navIna ... karaNoM ne viziSTavAda kA thor3A aura pariSkAra kiyaa| uhAna zabda meM kharaDazaH zakti kA pratipAdana kiyA; arthAt unameM anusAra kisI zabda se jAti aura vyakti kI eka sAtha upasthiti to hotI hai para vakkA icchAnusAra cAhe jisa aMza kA moSa (lopa) athavA (mAropa) kara sakatA hai; isa prakAra zabda kA vyAvahArika prartha kamI kevala jAti ho sakatA hai, kabhI kevala vykti| isa pariSkRta rUpa meM yaha vAda kAzI meM prAja bhI cala rahA hai| bhAjakala ke vaiyAkaraNoM ke samAja meM pariSkAra kA bar3A prAdara hai| (1)dekho-yacyAkRtijAtabastu padArthAH / (nyAyasUtra II. 2 / 18) aura............jAti-viziSTayatI eva zakikalpanAt / (tara-dIpikA) (2) isa parikAra ke poSaka kAzI ke tIna vidvAn the-kAzInASa, rAjArAma tathA baalshaacii| ye tIne svargIya vaiyAkaraNa parikAra-skUla ke trimuni kahe pAte haiN| inake adhyayana se artha-vicAra kA bar3A upakAra ho sakatA hai| thA

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA isa prakAra nyAya kA Azraya lenevAle vaiyAkaraNa isa viziSTa zaktivAda se saMtuSTa ho jAte haiM, para prAlaMkArika aura sAhityajJa prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM ke upAdhivAda ko hI suMdara samaupAdhivAda yA jAtyA jhate haiM / pataMjali,bhartRhari Adi prAcIna vaiyAdivAda karaNoM kA darzana hI bhinna thaa| ve nyAya ke siddhAMtoM ko hI nahIM mAnate the phira una siddhAMtoM ke AdhAra para siddha vAda ko kaise mAna sakate the| vaiyAkaraNoM kA darzana bilakula vedAMtiyoM kA advaitavAda jaisA hai| yaha vizva usI eka kI upAdhi hai| vyakti eka hI hai para vaha upAdhi dvArA itane rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai| upAdhi hI use pravRtti-nivRtti yogya banAtI hai| upAdhi hI samasta vyApAra aura vyavahAra kA kAraNa hai / ataH upAdhi meM hI zabda kA saMketa honA cAhie / zabda upAdhi kA hI grahaNa karatA hai| (vyakti kI) yaha upAdhi do prakAra kI hotI hai-vastudharma aura vaktyadacchAsani / kabhI vaktA vastu kA dharma dekhakara nAma detA hai aura kabhI kisA kA manamAnA nAma rakha letA hai| 'go' zabda se gotva dharma kA bodha hotA hai ata: go zabda vastu-dharma kA vAcaka hai; para yadi pitA apane lar3ake kA nAma kRSdhA athavA sumana rakhatA hai to vaha kevala apanI icchA se kAma letA hai| aisA vaktA ke icchAnusAra prayukta nAma 'vaktRyadRcchAsanivezita upAdhi' kahalAtA hai| vastu-dharma upAdhi ke do aura bheda hote haiM-siddha aura sAdhya / siddha vastu-dharma upAdhi ke bhI do bheda hote haiN| eka prANaprada aura dUsarA vizeSAdhAnahetu / jAti vastu ko prANa detI hai aura guNa usakI vizeSatA aura bhinnatA prakaTa karatA hai| ata: jAti vastu kI prANaprada upAdhi hai aura guNa vizeSAdhAnahetu upAdhi hai| jAti aura guNa siddha upAdhiyA~ haiM para kriyA' (.) dekho-vAkyapadIya--guNabhUtairavayavaiH samUhaH kramajanmanAm / buddhayA prakalpitAbhedaH niveti vyapadizyate //

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 417 sAdhya hotI hai ata: vaha sAdhya vastudharma upAdhi hai| isa prakAra upAdhi' ke cAra bheda hote haiM--jAti, guNa, kriyA aura dravya ( arthAt saMjJA athavA vykti)| ina cAroM meM hI zabda kA saMketa rahatA hai| isI se prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa aura mammaTa, jagannAtha mAdi prAlaMkArika upAdhivAdI athavA jAtyAdivAdI kahe jAte haiN| ___yaha saMketita artha kA caturdhA bheda vyavahAra meM bar3A upAdeya hotA hai| vyaMjanA Adi kAvyApekSita vastuoM kI bhI isase . sahaja hI meM siddhi ho jAtI hai| para mImAmImAMsakoM kA bhAva "saka ina upAdhivAdiyoM ke siddhAMta ko sadoSa aura usakA nirAkaraNa " samajhate haiN| upAdhi aura vizeSaNa meM koI bheda nahIM hai| isase mImAMsaka kahate haiM ki kevala jAti ko hI upAdhi mAnane se saba kAma cala sakatA hai| guNa, kriyA tathA ( vyaktivAcaka ) saMjJA, sabhI meM to eka sAmAnya jAti hotI hai| hima, zaMkha, dugdha prAdi aneka padArtha sapheda hote haiM para ina sabakI upAdhi vastudharma vayaracchAsanivezita (saMjJA vA gya) sira sAdhya (kriyA) prAprada (jAti) vizeSAdhAna hetu (guru) (2) do mahAmAvya-tuSTapI zamdAnA pravRttiH jAtiyA: guruzamdAH kriyAzayAH paradhArAmdAracati /

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418 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saphedI eka sI nahIM hotii| bhaiMsa ke kAlepana aura lar3ake ke kAlepana meM aMtara hotA hai| ata: ina saba bhinna bhinna guNoM meM eka jAti mAnanI hotI hai| isI prakAra sevA karanA, parizrama karanA, bhojana karanA Adi kriyAoM meM 'karanA' kA eka artha nahIM hai para karane kA sAmAnya bhAva una sabhI kriyAoM meM hai ata: kriyA meM bhI eka jAti mAnI jA sakatI hai| vyaktivAcaka saMjJA meM bhI jAti kA lakSaNa pAyA jAtA hai| kisI kA nAma rAma hai| vaha bAlaka thA taba bhI usakA yahI nAma thaa| aba vaha yuvA hai taba bhI vahI nAma hai| zatru-mitra, totA-mainA Adi sabhI rAma-nAma se use pukArate haiM para sabake abhipreta arthoM meM bheda rahatA hai| ata: ina bhinna bhinna rAmoM meM bhI eka sAmAnya sattA hotI hai| isa taraha vizva kA kevala jAti aura vyakti inhIM do bhedoM meM vibhAga ho sakatA hai| para vaiyAkaraNa isa bhrama kA nirAkaraNa kara detA hai| guNa kriyA prAdi kI aneka hone kI bAta vAstavika nahIM hai / jisa prakAra eka hI mukha choTe darpaNa meM choTA, bar3e meM bar3A, talavAra meM laMbA aura gola rakAbI meM gola dikhAI par3atA hai usI prakAra eka 'sapheda' guNa zaMkha, dUdha Adi meM Azraya-bheda' se bhinna aura aneka sA pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra kriyA athavA saMjJA bhI sadA eka hI rahatI hai| ata: jAti, guNa, kiyA tathA dravyacAroM prakAra ke arthoM meM zabda kA saMketa mAnanA par3atA hai| saMketa kA yaha sAdhAraNa paricaya vAcaka zabda aura usakI zakti abhidhA-donoM kA svarUpa spaSTa kara detA hai| jaba saMketa sIdhe samajha meM A jAya taba zabda ko vAcaka, usake artha ko vAcya aura usa zabda ke artha-bodha karAnevAle vyApAra ko abhidhA kahate haiN| zabda kI yaha abhidhA-zakti mukhya aura (1.) dekho-mukuna-kRta amidhAvRcimAtRkA, pR01|

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 416 abhidhA ke tIna bheda 1 agrima hone se 'mukhyA' athavA 'aprimA' bhI kahI jAtI hai / vaha kabhI kabhI kevala 'zakti' nAma se hI pukArI jAtI hai; kyoMki kucha loga abhighA ko hI zabda kI vAstavika zakti samajhate haiM / isa abhidhA zakti ke tIna sAmAnya bheda hote hai - rUr3hi, yoga aura yogarUr3hi / isI zakti-bheda ke anusAra zabda aura artha bhI rUr3ha, yaugika athavA yogarUr3ha hote haiN| mathi nUpura, gau, hariNa Adi zabda, jinakI vyutpatti nahIM ho sakatI, rUr3ha kahalAte haiM / ina zabdoM meM rUr3hi kI zakti vyApAra karatI hai / aura jina zabdoM kI zAstrIya prakriyA dvArA vyutpatti kI jA sakatI hai ve yaugika kahalAte haiN| jaise pAcaka, sevaka Adi zabda yaugika haiM; kyoMki unakI vyutpatti ho sakatI hai / kucha zabda aise hote haiM jinakI vyutpatti to kI jAtI hai para vyutpattilabhya artha zabda ke mukhya artha se mela nahIM khaataa| aise zabda yogarUr3hara kahe jAte haiN| paMkaja kA vyutpattilabhya artha hai 'paMka se utpanna honevAlA' / para aba yaha zabda eka vizeSa artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai / bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to kevala dhAtue~ hI rUr3ha kahI jA sakatI haiN| caMdrAloka' ke kartA jayadeva ne bhI dhAtuoM ko hI niryoga mAnA hai / dhAtu ke atirikta anya zabdoM ko rUr3ha (1) dekho - 10 kha0 maMjUSA, pR0 4 | ( 2 ) yogarUr3hi kI dUsarI paribhASA bhI hai| jina zabdoM kA yaugika artha eka vizeSa artha meM sImita arthAt rUpa ho AtA hai jaise paMkaja athavA abdhi kamala aura samudra ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gae haiN| yahI paribhASA adhika suMdara pratIta hotI hai / (3) caMdrAloka meM jayadeva ne rUdra, yaugika tathA yogarUr3ha zabdoM kA bar3A suMdara vivecana kiyA hai| dekho - avyaktayoga niryo gye| gaam|sai vidhA'dimaH / ityAdi ( 1 / 10-13 caMdrAloka ) /

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420 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA mAnanA ajJAna kI svIkRti mAtra hai| sabhI zabdoM kI utpatti dhAtu aura pratyaya ke yoga se hotI hai| jina zabdoM kI utpatti ajJAta rahatI hai unheM vyavahArAnurodha se rUr3ha mAna [ga-liyA jAtA hai| vAstava meM ve 'avyaktayoga' rUr3hi kA bhASA-vaijJA " mAtra haiM, unake yogArtha kA hameM jJAna nahIM hai| ata: dhAtu meM hama zabda kI niryoga aura rUr3ha avasthA kA darzana karate haiN| dUsarI avasthA meM dhAtu se pratyaya kA yoga hotA hai aura yaugika zabda sAmane AtA hai / saMskRta vyAkaraNa kI pA~coM vRttiyaaN| isa avasthA kA suMdara nidarzana karAtI haiN| pahale dhAtu se kRt pratyaya lagatA hai jaise paca dhAtu se pAcaka banatA hai / phira dhAtuja zabda se taddhita pratyaya lagatA hai to pAcakatA Adi zabda bana jAte haiN| ina donoM prakAra ke yaugika zabdoM se samAsa bana jAte haiN| eka yaugika zabda dUsare yaugika zabda se milakara eka samasta ( yaugika ) zabda ko janma detA hai| kabhI kabhI do zabda itane adhika mila jAte haiM ki unameM se eka apanA astitva hI kho baiThatA hai| zabda kI isa vRtti ko ekazeSa kahate haiN| jaise mAtA aura pitA kA yoga hokara eka yaugika zabda banatA hai 'pitrau'| ina cAra vRttiyoM se nAma-zabda hI banate haiN| para kabhI kabhI nAma ke yoga se dhAtueM bhI banatI haiN| jaise pAcaka se pAcakAyate banatA hai| aisI yogaja dhAtueM nAmadhAtu kahalAtI haiM aura unakI vRtti 'dhAtuvRtti' kahalAtI hai / vicArapUrvaka dekhA jAya to bhASA ke sabhI yaugika zabda ina pAMca vRttiyoM ke aMtargata A jAte haiN| kadaMta, taddhiAMta, samAsa, ekazeSa aura nAmadhAtuoM ko nikAla lene para bhASA meM kevala (,) 'vRtti' vyAkaraNa meM kisI bhI aisI paugika racanA ko kahate haiM jisakA vigraha kiyA jA ske|

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 421 do hI prakAra ke zabda zeSa raha jAte haiM-dhAtu aura mAtipadika (avyutpanna rUr3ha zabda ) / isa prakAra bhASA rUr3ha aura yaugikainhoM do prakAra ke zabdoM se banatI hai para arthAvizaya kI dRSTi se eka prakAra ke zabda aise hote haiM jo yaugika hote hue bhI rUDha ho jAte haiN| aise zabda yogarUr3ha kahe jAte haiN| yaha zabda kI tIsarI avasthA hai| jaise dhavalagRha kA artha hotA hai 'saphedI kiyA huprA ghara'; para dhIre dhIre dhavalagRha kA-prayogAvizaya se-'mahala' artha hone lgaa| isa avasthA meM dhavalagRha yogarUr3ha zabda hai| dhavala: gRhaH aura dhavalagRha kA aba paryAya jaisA vyavahAra nahIM ho sktaa| yahI yogarUr3hi saMskRta ke nitya samAsoM kA mUla kAraNa hai| kRSNasarpaH hai to yaugika zabda, para ghore dhIre usakA saMketa eka sarpa-vizeSa meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai ata: vaha samastAvasthA meM hI usa vizeSa artha kA bodha karA sakatA hai, arthAt kRSNasarpaH meM nitya samAsa hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne to sabhI samAsoM ko yogarUr3ha mAnA hai| vigraha-vAkya se samAsa meM artha-vaiziSTaya avazya rahatA hai; isI se naiyAyikoM ke anusAra samAsa' meM eka vizeSa zakti prA jAtI hai| saca pUchA jAya to prayogAtizaya se samRddha bhASA ke adhika zabdoM meM yogarUr3hi hI pAI jAtI hai| prarthAtizaya ke vidyArthI ke liye yogarUr3hi2 kA adhyayana bar3A lAbhakara hotA hai| (lakSaNA) bhASA aura bolI donoM meM zabdoM kA mukhyArtha hI sadA paryApta nahIM hotaa| prayokA asAkSAtsaMketita arthoM meM bhI kamI kamI zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiN| zabdoM ko apane bAbA kA svarUpa mukhya prartha se saMbaddha dUsare prarthoM kA bodha karAnA par3atA hai| kamI to aisI rUr3hi bana jAtI hai jisase ve (,) samAse khalu mirava zaktiH / (zabaNakiprakAzikA) 2) yogar3i kI dUsarI paribhASA bhI milatI hai /

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422 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sahaja hI apane mukhya artha ko chor3a dUsare artha ko lakSita karane lagate haiM; aura kabhI kabhI prayoktA kA prayojana vyaM jita karane ke liye unheM apane mukhya artha se bhinna kisI dUsare artha kA bodha karAnA par3atA hai| jaise 'Ajakala mere gAMva meM bar3A mela hai'isa vAkya kA 'gA~va' zabda rUr3hi se gA~va meM rahanevAloM kA bodha karAtA hai| aura eka 'haDDI kI ThaTharI' sAmane Akara khar3I ho gaI-isa vAkya meM 'haDDI kI ThaTharI' kA saprayojana prayoga huA hai| vaktA kisI manuSya kI durbalatA aura kRzatA kA Adhikya vyaM jita - karanA cAhatA hai| isI se 'haDDI kI ThaTharI' apane mukhya artha ko chor3a eka kSoNa aura durbala manuSya ko lakSita kara rahI hai| aise rUr3hi athavA prayojana ke anurodha se asAkSAtsaMketita artha meM prayukta zabda lakSaka kahalAte haiN| unase bodhya artha lakSya kahalAte haiM aura unakI artha-bodha karAne kI zakti lakSaNA kahalAtI hai| vicArapUrvaka dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki lakSaNA meM tIna' bAteM prAvazyaka hotI haiN| sabase pahale zabda ke mukhyArtha kA bAdha _ honA cAhie arthAt jaba vAkya meM zabda kA lakSaNA ke tIna hetu 10 prasiddha artha ThIka nahIM baiThatA tabhI lakSaNA kI saMbhAvanA hotI hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki mukhyArtha se lakSyArtha kA kucha na kucha saMbaM: avazya honA caahie| zabda lakSaNA se usI artha kA bodha karA sakatA hai jisakA usake pradhAna aura prasiddha artha se kucha na kucha saMsarga ho| aura lakSaNA ke liye tIsarI Avazyaka bAta yaha hai ki rUr3hi athavA prayojana usakA nimitta honA caahie| ina tInoM hetuoM meM se eka ke bhI abhAva meM lakSaNA kA vyApAra prasaMbhava ho jAtA hai| binA prayojana prathavA rUr3hi ke koI zabda dUsare artha kI ora jAyagA hI kyoM ? (1) mukhyAdhabodhe tadyoge rUDhito'dha prayojanAt / ( kAvyaprakAza 26)

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423 zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya aura yoga arthAt saMbaMdha' to lacaNA kA prAya hai| saMbaMdha lakSaNA kA dUsarA nAma hai| para kabhI kabhI zabda kA mukhyArtha-bAdha nahIM hotA to bhI zabda dUsare artha kA bodha karAne lagatA hai| jaise eka lar3ake ne saMdhyA ko sinemA jAne kA nizcaya kara liyA hai| aura jaba vaha kahatA hai, "saMdhyA ho gaI" taba vaha 'saMdhyA' se sinemA mAne kA samaya sUcita karatA hai| yahA~ 'saMdhyA' kA mukhyArtha bhI banA rahatA hai aura usase eka minna artha bhI nikala pAtA hai| aise zabdoM meM lakSaNA nahIM mAnI jAtI; kyoMki yahA~ mukhyArtha-AdhavAlA hetu vidyamAna nahIM hai| bhASA meM aura vizeSata: sAhityika bhASA meM lakSaNA ke na jAne kitane rUpa dekhane ko milate haiN| prAdhunika prAtizayare ke vive papaNA kA sAmAnya cako ne unakA bar3A savistara varNana kiyA vargIkaraNa hai| bhASA kI arthavRddhi lakSaNA se hI adhika hotI hai| prata: lakSaNA ke aneka bheda ho sakate haiN| para sAmAnya dRSTi se kharaNA ke cAra bheda kie jA sakate haiN| kabhI kabhI zabda apane mukhyArtha ko bilakula chor3a detA hai, kevala satyArtha kA bodha karAtA hai| zabda ke isa vyApAra ko lakSaNalakSaNA kahate haiM; kamI kabhI zabda apanA artha bhI banAe rakhatA hai, use chor3atA nahIM aura sAtha hI dUsare prartha ko bhI lakSita karane lagatA hai arthAta dUsare artha kA apane meM upAdAna kara letA hai| aise zabda meM upAdAna lakSaNA hotI hai| kabhI kabhI eka zabda ke artha para dUsare (1) mammaTa ke zabda-myApAra-vicAra meM saMbaMdha kA vizada paryana diyA dupA hai| no-pRSTha / (2) Semantics. (3) isa rahi se par3ane para jayadeva-kRta caMdrAloka kA navama mayUba rAsyapUrva deva par3atA hai| usa tArkika ne eka parA mayUkha (sarasA ke meda spaSTa karane meM) prakAravAhI nahIM pyapa kiyA hai|

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424 nAgarIpracAriNA patrikA zabda ke artha kA Aropa kiyA jAtA hai| Aropa sahita hone ke kAraNa aisI lakSaNA sAropA kahalAtI hai| aura kabhI kabhI yahI Aropa itanA adhika bar3ha jAtA hai ki Aropa kA AdhAra ( arthAt viSaya ) prAropyamANa meM apanA astitva kho baiThatA hai, viSaya kA viSayI meM abhyavasAna ho jAtA hai| isa sthala meM honevAlI lakSaNA sAdhyavasAnA kahI jAtI hai| suvidhA ke liye sAropA aura sAdhyavasAnA ke do do bheda aura kara lie jAte haiN| Aropa-viSaya aura AropyamANa ke bIca koI na koI saMbaMdha avazya rahatA hai| kabhI donoM meM kisI guNa kA sAdRzya rahatA hai, kabhI kAryakAraNabhAva, kabhI aMgAMgibhAva, kabhI tAdarthya, tAtkarmya Adi koI saMbaMdha / guNa-sAdRzya se honevAlI lakSaNA 'gauNI' aura zeSa anya saMbaMdhoM se siddha honevAlI 'zuddhA' kahI jAtI hai| pahale cAra vibhAga arthAnusAra kie gae the ye aMtima do vibhAga saMbaMdha kI dRSTi se kie gae haiN| isa prakAra lakSaNA chaH prakAra kI mAnI jAto hai| yathA(1) lakSaNalakSaNA, (2) upAdAna lakSaNA, (3) gauNI sAropA . lakSaNA, (4) gauNI sAdhyavasAnA lakSaNA, lakSaNA ke chaH bheda (5) zuddhA sAropA lakSaNA, (6) zuddhA sAdhyavasAnA lkssnnaa| lakSaNA kA yaha SaDadhA vibhAga' bar3A vyAvahArika aura vyApaka hai| zabda ke sabhI lAkSaNika prayoga isake aMtargata prA jAte haiN| udAharaNoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAyagA / (1) lapaNalakSaNA aura upAdAna baghaNA meM sAdRzya saMbaMdha-nimitta nahIM rahatA; ve kevana zuddhA hI hotI haiN| kisI kisI ke anusAra unake bhI gudA aura gANI, do do bheda hote haiN| dekho-sAhitya-darpaNa (22) / para yaha meda vyAvahArika nahIM hotaa|

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 425 (1) lakSaNalakSaNA ( 1 ) paMjAba vIra hai / (2) vaha gA~va bhUkhoM mara rahA hai| ( 3) donoM gharoM meM bar3I lar3AI hai| ( 4 ) mApane usakA ghara nIlAma karAke usakA bar3A upakAra kiyA hai| maiM bhI prApake saujanya para mugdha huuN| (5) Apa parizrama itanA adhika karate haiM ki prApakA saphala honA asaMbhava dIkhatA hai| __prathama tIna vAkyo meM paMjAba, gAMva aura ghara-ina tInoM zabdoM ne apanA mukhyArtha bilakula chor3a diyA hai, unase kevala vahA~ 'rahane. vAlo' kA bodha hotA hai| ata: unameM lakSaNalakSaNA spaSTa hai| cauthe aura pAMcaveM vAkyoM meM lakSaNA ke vicitra udAharaNa haiN| yahA~ upakAra, saujanya, mugdha, adhika Adi zabdoM se apakAra, daurjanya prAdi viparIta artho kA bodha hotA hai| apane artha kA tyAga hone se inameM bhI lakSaNalakSaNA mAnI jAtI hai (2) upAdAna lakSaNa ( 1 ) hAtha-paira bacAkara kAma karo / (2) tumhAre sabhI ghor3e teja haiM para vaha kAlA bejor3a hai| ( 3 ) sAla pagar3I pAI aura vaha ghara meM ghusaa| (4) kaMvala do baMdakeAM ke bhaya se itane bhAle-ghara saba mAga khar3e hue| (5) dahI rakhA hai| kaue se bcaanaa| ___'hAtha-paira' se zarIra kA lakSyArtha nikalatA hai| zarIra meM hAthapaira kA bhI upAdAna ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra 'kAlA' kA artha kAlA ghodd'aa| yahA~ 'kAlA' kA svArtha chUTatA nahIM hai| mAge ke vAkya meM lAla pagar3I se sipAhI kA boSa hotA hai| yahAM mI

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426 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA pagar3I kA mukhyArtha sAtha rahatA hai, chUTatA nahIM hai| isI prakAra 'baMdUka' aura 'bhAle-barache' ina akhoM ko lie hue logoM kA bodha karAte haiN| ina akhoM kA upAdAna spaSTa hI hai| bhaya baMdUka aura usake calAnevAle puruSa donoM se hI hotA hai| aMtima vAkya ke 'kAe' se kuttAbillI, kITa-pataMgAdi dahI ko dUSita karanevAle sabhI jaMtuoM kA abhiprAya liyA jAtA hai| isa vicitra lakSaNA meM bhI 'komA' zabda kA artha chaTA nahIM hai| kauoM kA artha aura adhika bar3ha gayA hai| (3) gANI sAropA lakSaNA (1) vaha bAlaka siMha hai| (2) usakA mukhakamala khila utthaa| (3) vaha strI gAya nahIM, sA~pina hai / (4) merA lar3akA haMsa hai| (5) saccA kavi bhamara hotA hai / ina sabhI udAharaNoM meM guNa-sAdRzya ke kAraNa Aropa huA hai| bAlaka siMha ke samAna vIra hai| mukha sauMdarya meM kamala ke samAna hai| strI gAya jaisI sIdhI nahIM, sA~pina jaisI duSTa aura kuTila hai| lar3akA haMsa ke samAna vivekI hai| kavi apane rasa-saMgraha karane ke guNa meM bhramara ke samAna hai| isa prakAra ina sabameM lakSaNA kA nimitta guNa dekha par3atA hai| ataH saba meM gauNI lakSaNA haiN| mAropa-viSaya aura prAropyamANa donoM kA spaSTa ullekha' hone se lakSaNA sAropA hai| (4) gauNI sAdhyavAsanA lakSaNA adbhuta eka anUpama baag| jugala kamala para gaja krIData hai, tApara siMha karata amuraag|| (1) dekho-kAvyaprakAza-sAropA'nyA tu yatroko viSayI viSayastathA / ( 1)

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 427 hari para saravara sara para girivara vApara phUle kaMja parAga / rucira kapota base tA Upara, tA Upara amRtaphala lAga / / phala para puhupa, puhupa para pallava, tApara suka pika mRgamada kaag| khaMjana dhanuSa caMdramA Upara. tA Upara eka manidhara nAga / / xx xx xx4 xx (sUradAsa) isa eka hI pada meM sAmyavasAnA ke aneka udAharaNa mila jAte haiN| rASA ke aMga aMga kA sauMdarya-varNana kavi ne upamAnoM dvArA hI kara diyA hai| upamAnoM meM upameyoM kA adhyavasAna ( tAdAtmya ) ho gayA hai| yahI sAdhyavasAnA lakSaNA rUpakAtizayokti alaMkAra ke mUla meM rahatI hai| aura isa lakSaNA kA prayoga kavi kI uktiyoM meM hI adhika dekha par3atA hai| isI se yahA~ kAvya se udAharaNa khenA hI samIcIna jAna pdd'aa| (5) zuddhA sAropA lakSaNA (1) davA merA jIvana hai| (2) ghRta Ayu hai| (3) dUdha hI merA bala hai| (4) avirata sukha bhI duHkha hai| (5) yaha graMtha raghuvaMza hai| (6) vaha brAhmaNa pUrA bar3hAI hai| ina saba udAharaNoM meM prAropa pratyakSa dekha par3a rahA hai| paramAropa kA nimitta saMbaMdha-sAdRzya nahIM hai| davA para jIvana kA prAropa humA hai kyoMki donoM meM kArya-kAraNa saMbaMdha hai| isI prakAra ghRta aura dUdha para mAyu aura bala kA prAropa janya-janaka saMbaMdha se humA

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428 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hai| avirata sukha bhI du:kha kA kAraNa hotA hai isase sukha para duHkha kA prAropa kiyA gayA hai| graMtha meM raghuvaMza kA varNana hai, isa. liye yahA~ bhI mAropa kA nimitta sAdRzya nahIM hai| brAhmaNa tAtkarmya saMbaMdha se bar3haI mAnA gayA hai, isase guNa dvArA yahA~ sAdRzya-saMbaMdha nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isa prakAra ina sabhI meM Aropa kA kAraNa sAdRzya-saMbaMdha na hone se zuddhA sAropA lakSaNA mAnI jAtI hai| (6 ) zuddhA sAdhyavasAnA lakSaNA (1) lo tumheM prAyu hI de rahA huuN| (2) bar3haI bhI AyA thaa| (3) isa duHkha se kaise chuTakArA mile / ( 4 ) raghuvaMza pddh'o| ina vAkyoM meM prasaMgAnusAra prAyu, bar3haI, duHkha aura raghuvaMza se kramazaH ghRta, brAhmaNa-vizeSa, avirata sukha aura graMtha-vizeSa kA artha nikalatA hai| arthAt ina prAropyamANoM meM Aropa viSayoM kA adhyavasAna dekha par3atA hai| ata: ina sabameM sAdhyavasAnA lakSaNA hai| adhyavasAna kA kAraNa sAdRzya nahIM hai isase lakSaNA zuddhA hai| kucha loga ina cha: vibhAgoM meM se pratyeka ke rUr3hi aura prayojana ke anusAra do do bheda aura karate haiM; para mammaTa, jagannAtha, appaya dIkSita Adi bar3e prAcArya rUr3hi lakSaNA ke bheda-prabheda nahIM karate arthAt ve prayojanavatI lakSaNA ke hI uparyukta chaH bheda mAnate haiN| unakA aisA karanA bilakula akAraNa nahIM hai| saca pUchA jAya to vyavahAra meM rUr3ha lakSaNA hotI hI nhiiN| 'kuzala' aura dvirepha Adi zabdoM kI loka meM itanI prasiddhi ho gaI hai ki kabhI ina zabdoM meM mukhyArtha-bAdha kI kalpanA hI nahIM hotii| kuzala kahane (.) dekho-sAhityadarpaNa (II) aura kAvyAnuzAsana (hemcNdr-kRt)|

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 426 se catura kA bodha hotA hai| yaha usakA prasiddha artha hai| koI bhI sAdhAraNa manuSya ise lakSyArtha nahIM mAna sktaa| kevala zAstrajJa vidvAn kuzala se kuza lAnevAle kA artha samajhatA hai| ata: usakI dRSTi meM yaha aitihAsika artha mukhyArtha hai; aura prAjakala kA prasiddha artha lAkSaNika artha hai| isa prakAra zAstrakAra aura zAsana avazya ina rUr3ha praura prasiddha zabdoM ko aprasiddha aura lAkSaNika mAna sakate haiM para jana sAdhAraNa nhiiN| isI se prAcAryoM ne nirUr3ha lasaNA ko kevala zAlopayogI samajhakara usakA nirdeza mAtra kara diyA hai| vyaMjanA ke vicAra se bhI rUr3hi meM koI camatkAra nahIM rhtaa| kevala prayojanavatI lakSaNA meM vyaMgya rahatA hai; isase usI ke do bheda aura kie jAte haiM-gUDhavyaMgyA aura aguuddhvyNgyaa| agUDhavyaMgyA lakSaNA kA prayojana sabako spaSTa samajha meM A jAtA hai para gUDhanyaMgyA ke prayojana ko kevala catura jana samajha pAte haiN| jaise vaha bAlaka siMha hai-isa vAkya meM lakSaNA kA vyaMgya prayojana bilakula spaSTa hai| siMha kahane se bAlaka ke vizeSa bala aura vIrya kI vyaMjanA hotI hai| ata: siMha meM pragUDhA lakSaNA hai| usI artha meM yadi kaheM ki isa bAlaka kI garjanA sunakara sabhI prativAdI cupa ho gae to 'garjanA' zabda meM gUDhA lakSaNA hotI hai| 'garjanA' kA lANika artha-prarthAt projasvI vaktRtA kA artha-sabako samajha meM prAtA hai para sAtha hI isa lakSaNA se lar3ake kA siMha ke samAna tejasvI aura vijayI honA vyaMgya hai; isa vyaMgya ko samajhadAra hI samajha pAte haiN| kyoMki vicAra karane para yaha samajha meM mAtA hai ki bAlaka para siMha kA mArApa kiyA gayA hai aura taba kahIM bhayaMjanA kA paradA haTatA hai| isI prakAra adhikAMza muhAviredAra prayogoM meM gRDhavyaMgyA ( arthAt chipI ) lakSaNA hotI hai|

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430 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA isa prakAra prayojanavatI lakSaNA ke bAraha bhedoM meM nirUr3hA kA kevala eka prakAra milA dene se lakSaNA ke teraha bheda ho jAte haiM / bar3e AcAryoM ne itane hI bheda mAne haiM aura lakSaNdha ke kula teraha bheda sAhitya-samIkSA ke liye itane bheda paryApta haiM, para arthAtizaya kI dRSTi se lakSaNA ke anekAneka bheda karanA bhI saMgata ho sakatA hai / eka bhASAzAstrI kI dRSTi se zabda ' meM, padArtha meM, vAkyArtha meM, liMga, vacana, kAraka Adi sabhI meM lakSaNA kA adhyayana karanA cAhie / sAdhAraNa loga avazya liMga vacana zrAdi meM lakSaNA kI bAta sunakara caiki sakate haiM para billI, hAthI Adi zabdoM kA vyavahAra kyoM donoM liMgoM meM hone lagA, Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kevala bahuvacana praznoM kA uttara lakSaNA hI detI hai / vizeSatAoM ko lakSaNA hI kholatI hai / vivecana kA mahattva spaSTa hai / kyo 'varSA': ' ' sabhA : ' meM hone lagA, ityAdi AlaMkArika prayogoM kI ataH lakSaNA ke vizeSa ( vyaMjanA ) lakSaNA kA kSetra itanA vistIrNa aura vyApaka hai ki aneka vidvAn lakSaNA ko hI saba kucha mAna baiThe / AkSepa, anumAna, I arthApatti, zrutArthApatti Adi sabhI ko lakSaNA ke aMtargata samajhane lage / kucha dArzanika hI nahIM, mukula bhaTTa jaise prAlaMkArika bhI bhrama meM par3a gae / para vicAra karane para mAlUma par3atA hai ki zabda meM eka tIsarI zakti bhI rahatI hai / nitya ke anubhava meM dekhA jAtA hai ki kisI kisI zabda se vAcyArtha athavA lakSyArtha ke atirikta (1 ) dekho zabde padArtha vAkyArthe saMkhyAyAM kArake tathA / liMge ceyamalaMkArAMkura bIjatayA sthitA // ( caMdrAloka 6 / 16 )

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya eka tIsarA artha nikalatA hai| sIdhe zabda se ( lakSaNA athavA pramidhA dvArA ) eka hI bAta kA bodha hotA hai para sunanevAle ko usI se na jAne kitanI dUsarI bAteM sUjha jAtI haiN| zanda kI yaha mujhAnevAlI zakti prabhidhA athavA lakSaNA nahIM ho sktii| yaha eka mAnI' huI bAta hai ki zabda kI zakti eka prakAra kA artha-bodha karA cukane para kSINa ho jAtI hai| usakA eka vyApAra eka hI artha kA bodha karA sakatA hai| abhidhA apanA kAma karake cupa ho jAtI hai| lakSaNA apanA artha siddha karake virata ho jAtI hai| ataH donoM zaktiyoM ke kSINa ho jAne para zanda jisa nya janA kA svarUpa - zakti se kisI dUsare prartha ko sUcita karatA hai use vyaMjanA kahate haiN| isa vyaMjanA zakti dvArA bomya artha ko vyaMgyArtha aura aise artha se saMpanna zabda ko vyaMjaka kahate haiM / zabda kI anya do zaktiyAM zabda ke dvArA hI apanA kAma karatI haiM para vyaMjanA zakti kamI kamI artha ke dvArA bhI apanA ___ vyApAra karatI hai, isI se vyaMjanA zAbdI vyaMjanA ke do bheda aura prArthI-do prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai| zAndI vyaMjanA kabhI abhiSAmUlA hotI hai, kabhI lakSaNAmUlA; aura prArthI vyaMjanA kamI vAcyArthasaMbhavA, kamI lakSyArthasaMbhavA aura kamI vyaMgyArthasaMbhavA hotI hai| isa prakAra zAbdI vyajanA do prakAra kI paura prArthI tIna prakAra kI hotI hai| 'abhidhAmUlA zAbdI vyaMjanA pramiSA dvArA mI eka zabda se aneka prayoM kA doSa hotA hai| aisA kyoM hotA hai ? isa prazna kA uttara prarthAvizaya kA zAla (1) 'ganyabuddhirmapA viramya myApArAmAvaH' / maTTalolaTaprabhRti kaSa vidvAnoM ne isa sirAMta kA virodha kiyA thA para unakA mammaTa ne apane kAmpaprakAza meM muMhatoDa stara diyA hai| dekho-kAmyaprakAza, caturtha uklAsa /

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432 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA degA para itanA hama pratyakSa vyavahAra meM dekhate haiM ki eka zabda ke vAcyArtha bhI aneka hote haiN| bahuta se vyaktivAcaka nAma aura aneka niryoga dhAtue~ taka anekArthaka hotI haiM phira yaugika zabdoM kA kyA pUchanA hai ? aisI dazA meM prayukta zabda kA iSTa artha kyA hai, yaha nizcita karane ke liye saMyogAdiH artha-niyAmakoM kA vicAra karanA par3atA hai| kisI kisI zabda kA saMyoga artha niyamita kara detA hai| hari zabda kA viSNu, ziva, iMdra, sUrya, baMdara, siMha prAdi aneka arthoM meM vyavahAra hotA hai| para jaba 'hari' ke sAtha zaMkha-cakra kA saMyoga rahatA hai to 'hari' zabda kA artha viSNu hI hotA hai| kabhI kabhI viprayoga ( saMyoga kA viparyaya ) bhI zabda ke vizeSArtha kA nirNaya kara detA hai| vajra-hIna hari se iMdra kA hI bodha hotA hai| vajravAle ( deva ) se hI vajra kA viyoga ho sakatA hai| sAhacarya aura virodha kabhI kabhI vAcyArtha nizcita kara dete haiN| rAdhA ke sahacara 'hari' se sadA kRSNa kA aura mRga ke virodhI 'hari' se siMha kA bodha hotA hai| kabhI kabhI artha arthAt prayojana kA vicAra vAcyArtha spaSTa kara detA hai| 'sthANu' kA artha 'ziva' aura 'khaMbhA' donoM hotA hai, para 'mukti ke liye sthANu kA bhajana karo' meM sthANa se ziva kA hI bodha hotA hai| mukti kA prayojana ziva se hI siddha ho sakatA hai| kahIM kahIM prakaraNa se artha kA nirNaya ho jAtA hai; jaise saiMdhava kA artha ghor3A tathA namaka donoM hotA hai, para bhojana ke prakaraNa meM prayukta 'saiMdhava' namaka kA hI vAcaka ho sakatA hai| (1) dekho-saMyogo viprayogazca sAhacarya virodhitaa| arthaH prakaraNaM liGga zabdasyAnyasya snidhiH|| sAmaya maucitI deza: kAlo vyaktiH svarAdayaH / zabdArthasyAnavacchede vizeSasmRtihetavaH // (vAkyapadIya)

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 433 liMga' arthAt guNa- vizeSa dvArA bhI kisI kisI zabda kA vAcyArtha nirUpita hotA hai / jaise 'kruddha makaradhvaja' se kAmadeva kA artha nikalavA hai 1 makaradhvaja kA artha samudra bhI hotA hai para samudra kisI yuvaka athavA yuvatI para kruddha nahIM ho sakatA / isa krodha ke liMga se yahA~ artha-nirNaya ho jAtA hai| dUsare, zabda kI sannidhi se bhI kaI zabdoM kA artha spaSTa ho jAtA hai / 'kara se sAhava nAga' meM nAga zabda kI samIpatA se 'kara' kA artha 'hAthI kI sUMr3a' nizcina ho jAtA hai / kabhI sAmarthya hI artha nirNAyaka ho jAtI hai / 'madhu se matta kokila' kahane se 'madhu' kA artha vasaMta nizcita ho jAtA hai / 'madhu ke anya artha bhI hote haiM para kokila ko matta karane kI sAmarthya vasaMta meM hI hotI hai / aucitya ke anusAra bhI zabda kA vizeSa artha nizcita ho jAtA hai 1 'eka' zabda saMkhyA aura parimANa donoM kA vAcaka hotA hai para 'veda kA eka paricaya' meM eka kA saMkhyAvAcaka artha ThIka nahIM baiThatA ataH yahA~ eka kA 'alpa' artha lenA cAhie / zabda kA artha nirNaya karane meM. deza aura kAla kA bar3A mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / jo zabda vaidika kAla meM eka artha meM rUr3ha thA vahI Aja dUsare artha meM prayukta hotA hai / jo 'bAI' zabda dakSiNa bhArata meM kulIna mahilA kA bodha karAtA hai vahI uttara bhArata meM prAyaH vArAMganA kA bodha karAtA hai / vyakti arthAt liMga-bheda se bhI artha-nirNaya kabhI kabhI ho jAtA hai / 'budhi cha bala kari raakhihai| pati terI nava bAla' - yahA~ pati kA artha lAja hai / yadi usakA prayoga puMlliMga meM huA hotA to artha dUsarA hotA / vaidika saMskRta jaisI sasvara bhASAoM meM svara bhI ( 1 ) liMga kA artha yahA~ to aisA dharma athavA guma hai jisase eka dravya kI anya dravyoM se mitratA prakaTa ho para mImAMsA meM liMga kA artha adhika vyApaka hai dekho - pratiH jiMga...... ( nyAya - mAlA* 1 * ) / 33

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434 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA artha-nirNAyaka hotA hai| ina caudaha hetuoM ke atirikta abhinaya Adi bhI zabda ke vizeSa artha ke jJAna meM sAdhaka hote haiN| isa prakAra kisI na kisI hetu ke vaza hokara jaba zabda eka hI artha meM niyamita ho jAtA hai taba bhI yadi usa (zabda) se koI bhinna artha abhidhAmUlA vyaMjanA nikale to usa artha kA kAraNa abhidhAkI paribhASA mUlA vyaMjanA ko samajhanA caahie| isa artha kA hetu abhidhA nahIM ho sktii| vaha to pahale se hI eka artha meM niyaMtrita ho cukI hai| udAharaNArtha-- cirajIvI jorI, jurai kyoM na saneha gaMbhIra / ko ghaTi, e vRSabhAnujA, ve haladhara ke bIra // bihArI ke isa dohe meM vRSabhAnujA kA artha 'vRSabhAnu kI lar3akI rAdhA' aura 'haladhara ke bIra' kA 'haladhArI balarAma kA bhAI kRSNa' hai| prakaraNa meM yahI artha ThIka baiThatA hai arthAt prakaraNa ne vAcyArtha nizcita kara diyA hai| isa dohe meM ina zabdoM kA koI dUsarA mukhyArtha ho hI nahIM sktaa| to bhI ina donoM zabdoM se parihAsa kI vyaMjanA ho rahI hai| rAdhA vRSabha kI bahina arthAt gAya haiM aura kRSNa haladhara ( baila ) ke bhAI arthAt baila haiN| gAya baila kI acchI jor3I banI hai ! ina donoM zabdoM meM se eka ke bhI haTA dene se yaha ( parihAsa kI) vyaMjanA na raha skegii| haladhara ke sthAna meM baladeva athavA anya koI samAnArthaka zabda rakhane se mukhya artha to vahI rahegA para yaha vyaMgyArtha jAtA rhegaa| isa prakAra vyaMjanA zabda para Azrita hone ke kAraNa zAbdI hai; aura abhidhA dvArA hI vyaMgyArtha bhI nikala AtA hai isase vyaMjanA abhidhAmUlA hai| yahA~ eka bAta aura dhyAna dene yogya hai| ina donI zabdoM meM zleSa nahIM hai| zleSa sA mAlUma par3atA hai; para prAcAryoM ke anusAra zleSAlaMkAra meM donoM artha mukhya hone cAhie~ aura yahA~, jaisA hama

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 435 dekha cuke haiM, eka hI artha pradhAna hai| dUsarA artha kevala sUcita hotA hai| aise sthala meM zAbdI vyaMjanA mAnI jAtI hai, zleSAlaMkAra nhiiN| lakSaNAmUlA zAbdI vyaMjanA prayojanavatI lakSaNA meM prayojana vyaMgya rahatA hai| jisa prayojana arthAt vyaMgyArtha ko sUcita karane ke liye lakSaNA kA prAzraya liyA jAtA hai arthAt lAkSaNika zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha (prayojana athavA vyaMgya ) jisa zakti se pratIta hotA hai use lakSaNAmUlA zAbdI vyaMjanA kahate haiN| / jaise 'baMbaI bilakula samudra meM basA hai' isa vAkya meM 'samudra meM lAkSaNika pada hai| vaktA usase jana-pavana kI prArdratA vyaMjita karanA cAhatA hai| abhidhA yahA~ hai hI nhiiN| samudra meM zahara nahIM basa sktaa| ata: 'samudra kA kinArA' artha karanA par3atA hai arthAt lakSaNA karanI par3atI hai| isI larayA meM mAtraya lekara vyaMjanA prayojana ko vyaMjita karatI hai| ata: yahA~ lakSaNAmUnA zAndI vyaMjanA hai| prayojanavatI sabhI savAnoM meM aisI vyaMjanA hotI hai| prAya: sabhI lAtahika prayogoM meM kucha na kucha vyaMgya rahatA hai| ArthI vyaMjanA vAcyasaMbhavA jaba vAkya ke vAcyArtha se kisI anya artha kI vyaMjanA hotI hai, taba use vAcyasaMbhavA prArtho vyaMjanA kahate haiN| yadi koI nitya (1) dekho-yasya pratItimAdhAtupAyA samupAsyate / phale zamdaikagamye'tra vyajanAbAparA liyA / (kAmyaprakAza 2 / 14) (2) kyoMki eka prayogoM meM bamba nahIM sA rahatA hai / dekho--'sahitA upayojena' (kA. pra. 2 / 13) /

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436 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sinemA jAnevAlA lar3akA kahatA hai ki "aba saMdhyA ho gaI; par3hanA samApta karanA cAhie" to usake vyasana se paricita zrotA turaMta usake vyaMgyArtha ko samajha jAtA hai| isa vAcyArtha meM usakI sinemA jAne kI icchA chipI huI hai| isa prakAra yaha vAcyArtha vyaMgyArtha kA vyaMjaka hai| aura vAcyArtha dvArA ghaTita hone ke kAraNa vyaMjanA vAcyasaMbhavA hai| saMdhyA, par3hanA Adi ke sthAna meM sAyaMkAla, adhyayana Adi zabda rakha deM to bhI vyaMjanA banI rhegii| vaha zabda para nahIM, artha para Azrita hai| lakSyasaMbhavA jaba lakSya prartha meM vyaMjanA hotI hai, vaha lakSyasaMbhavA ( prArthI vyaMjanA) kahalAtI hai| koI pitA apane putra ke ayogya zikSaka se kahatA hai ki aba lar3akA bahuta adhika sudhara gayA hai| vidyA ne use vinaya bhI sikhA dI hai| maiM usake AcaraNa se bar3A prasanna huuN| viparIta lakSaNA se isakA yaha lakSyArtha nikalatA hai ki lar3akA pahale se aba adhika bigar3a gayA hai| jo kucha par3hA-likhA hai usase bhI usane avinaya hI sIkhI hai| maiM usase bilakula aprasanna huuN| isa lakSyArtha se zrotR-vaiziSTya dvArA yaha vyaMgya sUcita hotA hai ki zikSaka bar3A ayogya hai| yadi koI dUsarA manuSya sunanevAlA hotA to yaha vyaMjanA na ho sktii| pitA zikSaka se hI kaha rahA hai, isase yaha abhiprAya nikala pAtA hai| yaha vyaMgya abhiprAya lakSyArtha ke dvArA sAmane AtA hai, ata: yahA~ lakSyasaMbhavA prArthI vyaMjanA hotI hai| ___ isa prasaMga meM eka bAta dhyAna dene kI hai ki jahA~ lakSyasaMbhavA prArthI vyaMjanA hotI hai vahA~ lakSaNAmUlA zAbdI vyaMjanA bhI rahatI hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki jo vyaMgya lakSaNA kA prayojana hotA hai usake liye zAbdI vyaMjanA hotI hai aura jo dUsarA vyaMgya

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 437 lakSyArtha dvArA pratIta hotA hai usake liye prArthI vyaMjanA hotI hai| pahalI vyaMjanA prayojana ko aura dUsarI anya artha ko prakaTa karatI hai| jaise uparyukta udAharaNa meM lar3ake ke durAcaraNa aura avinaya kA atizaya lakSaNAmUlA zAbdI vyaMjanA dvArA vyaMjita hotA hai aura zikSaka kI ayogyatA aura sAparAdhatA lakSyasaMbhavA prArtho vyaMjanA dvArA sUcita hotI hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prArthI vyaMjanA zAndI ke aMtargata nahIM, kiMtu umase bhinna hotI hai| vyaMgyasaMbhavA jaba eka vyaMgyArtha dUsare vyaMgyA ko sUcita karatA hai taba usa artha ke vyApAra ko vyaMgyasaMbhavA prArthI vyaMjanA kahate haiN| do kaidI prAgho rAta ko nikala bhAgane kA nizcaya kara cuke haiN| unameM se eka kahatA hai, "dekho rajanIgaMdhA kI kaliyA~ kaisI khila uThI hai| unake saurama se pavana kI gati bhI maMda ho gaI hai|" ina vAkyoM ke vAcyArtha se yaha vyaMgya sUcita hotA hai ki AdhI rAta ho gaI hai| cAroM ora ni:stabdhatA chAI huI hai| isa vyaMgyArtha se usa provA kaidI ke liye eka aura vyaMgya kI pratIti hotI hai| vaha yaha ki isa velA meM nikala bhAganA caahie| isa prakAra eka vyaMgya ke dvArA dUsare vyaMgya kI utpatti hone se yaha prArI vyaMjanA vyaMgyasaMbhavA kahalAtI hai| ina samI udAharakho meM eka bAta spaSTa hai ki kisI na kisI prakAra kA vaiziSTya hI prArthI vyaMjanA kI pratIti kA hetu hotA hai| pahale udAharaNa meM 'saMdhyA ho gaI' ityAdi meM vakA kA vaiziSTya hI vyaMjanA kA hetu hai| vajA kI vizeSatA se aparicita zrotA ke liye usa vAkya meM koI vyaMjanA nahIM hai| dUsare udAharaNa meM bodhanya (arthAt jisase kahA jAya usa) kI vizeSatA ke kAraNa

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438 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hI vyaMgyArtha saMbhava huA hai| aura tosare udAharaNa meM prakaraNa aura bodhavya (zrotA ) donoM kI vizeSatA vyaMjanA kA hetu ho gaI hai| rajanIgaMdhA ke khilane Adi kI bAta sunakara koI bhI sahRdaya kAla-vaiziSTaya se pahalI vAcyasaMbhavA vyaMjanA avazya samajha legA, arthAt nizItha velA kI pratIti use ho jAyagI / para isa vyaMgya se utpanna dUsare vyaMgya ko prakaraNa aura bodhavya ke jJAna dvArA hI koI samajha sakatA hai| kaidIvAle prakaraNa ko jAnanA isa vyaMjanA ke liye Avazyaka hai| uparyukta ina sabhI bAtoM kA vicAra kara prAcAryoM ne prArthI vyaMjanA artha ke usa vyApAra ko mAnA hai jo vaktA, bodhavya (otA), kAku, vAkya, vAcya artha, anya sannidhi, prastAva, deza, kAla Adi ke vaiziSTaya ( arthAt vizeSatA ) ke kAraNa marmajJa pratibhAzAlI sahRdaya vyakti ko dUsare artha kI arthAt (abhidhA aura lakSaNA dvArA na jAne hue ) vyaMgyArtha kI pratIti karAtA hai / vaktA, zrotA ( bodhavya ) aura prakaraNa kA artha Upara spaSTa ho cukA hai| kAku svara-vikAra ko kahate haiN| svara kA artha yahA~ vaidika pada-svara nahIM hai| svara kA sAmAnya artha 'AvAja' athavA dhvani hI yahA~ abhipreta hai| eka hI vAkya kA svara badala badalakara par3hane se artha dUsarA dUsarA ho jAyA karatA hai| maiM doSo huuN| sAdhAraNa svara se kahane para yaha vAkya sAdhAraNa artha detA hai; para thor3e sura se 'maiM' para thor3A bala dekara par3hane se isakA ulaTA artha nikalatA hai| usI vAkya se niraparAdha hone kI vyaMjanA (1) dekho-vakta bodhavyakAkUnAM vAkyavAcyAnyasavidheH / pravAvadezakAlAdevaiziSTayArapratibhAjuSAm / yo'rthasyAnyAyadhIhetuApAro vyaktireva saa|| (kaa.pr.3|21-21)

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zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya 436 TapakatI hai| yahI kAku-siddha vyaMjanA kahalAtI hai| isI prakAra vAkya-vaiziSTaya, vAcyArtha-vaiziSTya, kisI dUsare kA sAmIpya, prastAva arthAt prakaraNa aura deza-kAla mAdi kA vaiziSTaya bhI pArSI vyaMjanA kA hetu hotA hai| ina hetuoM ke anusAra pahale ginAe hue vIna medoM ke aneka bheda ho sakate haiM; jaise, vaktRvaiziSTaya se prayukta vAcyasaMbhavA ko ( jisakA udAharaNa 'saMdhyA ho gaI...' meM mA cukA hai) vAcya-saMbhavA-vaktR-vaiziSTaya-prayuktA kaha sakate haiN| phira bodhavya se honevAlI ko vAcya-saMbhavA-bodhanya-vaiziSTaya-prayuktA kheNge| isI prakAra aura aura vaiziSTayoM se anya bheda ho jAyeMge, para pradhAna bheda tIna hI hote haiM, kyoMki prArthI vyaMjanA kA prAdhArasvarUpa artha tIna hI prakAra kA hotA hai| - prArthI vyaMjanA ke saMbaMdha meM eka bAta avazya dhyAna meM rakhanI caahie| isakA vyApAra pradhAnata: arthaniSTha hotA hai para zabda sadA sahakArI kAraNa rahatA hai| prArthI vyaMjanA ko pratIta karAnevAlA artha svayaM zabda ke dvArA abhihita, lakSita athavA vyaMjita hotA hai| ata: zabda kA sahakArI kAraNa honA spaSTa hai| yaha bhrama kamI na honA cAhie ki prArtho vyaMjanA zabda kI zakti nahIM hai| vAstava meM dekhA jAya to zanda se bAdhita hokara prartha vyApAra karatA hai aura zabda bhI prartha kA sahArA lekara hI ( vyaMjanA) nyApAra karatA hai-donoM kA anyonyAzraya saMbaMdha hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki zAdI vyaMjanA meM pahale zabda meM vyaMjana-vyApAra hotA hai phira usake artha meM bhI vahI kriyA hotI hai-isa prakAra dono milakara kAma karate haiM, para zanda kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa vyaMjanA (.) sambapramAyaco'rtho myanatta yaryAntaraM yataH / aryasampajakarave tadasya sahakAritA // (kA. pra0, 3 / 23)

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440 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zAbdI kahalAtI hai| isI prakAra jaba vyaMjanA kI kriyA pahale artha meM hotI hai aura pIche se zabda meM, to aisI kriyA prArthI vyaMjanA mAnI jAtI hai| ____yadi artha ke vicAra se vyaMjanA ke bheda kie jAya~ to aneka ho sakate haiN| kaI loga vastu-vyaMjanA, alaMkAra-vyaMjanA aura bhAva-vyaMjanA-ye tIna bheda mAnate haiM, para artha kI dRSTi se dhvani ke ikyAvana bheda-prabheda bhI vyaMjanA ke aMtargata A jaayeNge| kAvya ke uttama, madhyama Adi hone kA vicAra bhI vyaMjanA ke bhItara pA sakatA hai| sAhitya arthAt kavi-nibaddha vAGmaya meM cAroM aura vyaMjanA kI hI lIlA to dRSTigocara hotI hai| ata: vyaMjanA. vyApAra ke bhedoM kA vivecana karanA hI yahA~ samIcIna samajhA gayA hai| mammaTa, vizvanAtha Adi prAcAryoM ne bhI vyaMjanA ke prakaraNa meM dhvani aura rasa kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA hai| vyaMjanA unake mUla meM avazya rahatI hai| ye saba vyaMjanA ke hI phala to haiM / upasaMhAra isa prakAra saMkSepa meM zabda-zakti ke vyAvahArika svarUpa kA darzana kara lene para hameM do bAtoM para aura dhyAna denA caahie| vaiyAkaraNoM ne zabda ke pAramArthika aura dArzanika rUpa kI vyAkhyA kI hai| unhoMne usakI saccI zakti kA darzana kiyA hai| vyavahAra meM varNAtmaka aura dhvanyAtmaka zabda hI sAmane AtA hai para vAstavika zakti isa anitya ( bhautika vAyu se utpanna ) aura prayoga meM abhi. jvalita zabda meM nahIM rhtii| zakti-tInoM meM se kisI bhI prakAra kI zakti-zabda ke avyakta rUpa meM rahatI hai| usa avyakta rUpa ko vaiyAkaraNa sphoTa kahate haiN| unake anusAra sphoTara hI zabda (-2)-dekho mahAbhASya...'dhvaniH zabdaH' aura 'sphoTaH zabdaH /

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441 zabda-zakti kA eka paricaya hai / vAstavika zakti sphoTa meM hI rahatI hai / ata: sphoTa aura sphoTaniSThA zakti kA adhyayana bhI zakti ke samyak paricaya ke liye paramAvazyaka hai / dUsarI bAta prAjakala ke arthAtizaya' zAstra kI dRSTi hai| Ajakala bhASA - vijJAna ke vidyArthI zabda-zakti kA bar3A savistara adhyayana kara rahe haiM / jisa prakAra bhArata kI sUtra - zailI prasiddha hai usI prakAra Adhunika vaijJAnika adhyayana meM vistAra kI praNAlI eka sAmAnya bAta ho gaI hai / yadyapi bhAratIyoM kI trividhA zakti kI vivecanA meM sabhI bAteM A jAtI haiM para usI kA navIna arthAtizaya kI dRSTi se vicAra karanA bhI kama upAdeya nahIM hotA / kucha logoM ke anusAra to nae DhaMga kA zakti kA adhyayana eka anokhI cIja hai| kyoM na ho ! prasthAnabhedAdarzanabheda: 2 / dUsare mArga se jAnevAle ko vahI - bilakula vahI - vastue~ dUsarI dekha par3atI haiM / isI kAraNa to eka hI vizva ko bhinna bhinna vidvAnoM ne bhinna bhinna rUpa meM, apane apane DhaMga se, dekhA aura itane vibhinna aura parasparavirodhI darzana - zAstroM kI racanA kI / taba kyoM na hama Adhunika arthAvizaya vidyA ko zabda-zakti ke adhyayana meM ucita aura prAdarabIya sthAna deM ! isa trividhAtmikA dRSTi se zabda-zakti kA darzana kara lene para hI zabda- brahma kA darzana ho sakatA hai| pratyeka jijJAsu isa darzana ke liye lAlAyita rahatA hai| yahA~ kevala digdarzanamAtra karA diyA gayA hai 1 (1) dekhA - Essai de Semantique by H. Breal aura Intellectual Laws by H. K. Sarkar, ( Ashutosh Volume III) ( 2 ) dekho - madhusUdana sarasvatI kRta prasthAnabheda /

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(16) tasavvupha zrathavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa [ lekhaka - zrI caMdrabalI pAMDeya, ema0 e0, kAzI] ( 1 ) sUphImata' ke udbhava ke saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM gaharA matabheda hai / yaha matabheda sUphImata ke dArzanika pakSa kI gaharI chAna-bIna kA phala nahIM hai / mata to kisI vAsanA, bhAvanA yA dhAraNA kI saMrakSA athavA usake uccheda ke prayatna kA pariNAma hotA hai / prata: jo loga usake marma se paricita honA cAheM unheM sarvaprathama usake itihAsa para dhyAna denA cAhie / itihAsa ke AdhAra para adhyayana karane se kisI mata kA sathA svarUpa apane zuddha aura nikhare rUpa (1) sUphI zabda kI vyutpatti ke viSaya meM bhI aneka mata haiM / kucha logoM kI dhAraNA hai ki madInA meM masajida ke sAmane eka suphphA ( cabUtarA ) thA / usI para jo phakIra baiThate the ve sUphI khlaae| dUsare logoM kA kahanA hai ki sUphI zabda ke mUla meM saphpha (paMkti) hai| nirNaya ke dina jo loga apane sadAcAra evaM vyavahAra ke kAraNa auroM se alaga eka paMkti meM khar3e kie jAyeMge vAstava meM unhIM ko sUphI kahate haiN| tIsare dala kA kathana hai ki sUphI vastutaH svaccha aura pavitra hote haiN| saphA hone ke kAraNa unako sUphI kahate haiN| cauthe dala ke vicAra meM suphI zabda sophiyA (grIka) kA rUpAMtara hai / jJAna ke kAraNa hI unako sUphI kahA jAtA hai / mata hai ki sUphI zabda vAstava meM supha ( ana ) se banA hai / sUkadhArI hI bAstava meM suphI ke nAma se khyAta hue / nikalsana, brAuna, mArago libadha prabhRti vidvAnoM ne siddha kara diyA hai ki vAstava meM sUphI zabda supha se banA hai| aneka musalima prAlimoM ne bhI ise svIkAra kiyA hai / prastu, hamako yahI vyutpatti mAnya hai / bapatismA denevAlA jAna yA bohavA bhI sUkadhArI thA, para aba sUphI kA prayoga musalima saMta yA phakIra ke liye hI niyata sA samajhA jAtA hai para adhikatara vidvAnoM kA I

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444 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA meM prakaTa hotA hai aura usake udbhava tathA vikAsa kA ThIka ThIka patA bhI cala jAtA hai| paraMtu pazcima ke paMDitoM ne sUphImata ke vivecana meM, usake mUla srota kI upekSA kara, yA to usake isalAmI svarUpa athavA kevala usake prArya-saMskAra para hI adhika dhyAna diyA hai| jina manISiyoM ne niSpakSa bhAva se sUphImata ke udbhava ke viSaya meM jijJAsA kI hai unake niSkarSa bhI prAyaH bhramAtmaka hI rahe haiN| saMskAra lAkha prayatna karane para bhI apanI jhalaka dikhA hI jAte haiN| ata: kisI mata ke vivecana meM saMskAroM kA bar3A mahattva hotA hai| unhIM ke paricaya ke AdhAra para kisI mata ke sacce svarUpa kA AbhAsa diyA jA sakatA hai| sUphImata isalAma kA eka pradhAna aMga mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi aneka sUphiyoM ne apane ko muhammadI mata se alaga rakhane kI pUrI ceSTA kI tathApi unake vyAkhyAna meM muhammada sAhaba kA pUrA prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| svayaM muhammada sAhaba apane mata-isalAma-ko ati prAcIna siddha karate the| unakA kahanA thA ki mUsA aura masIha ke upAsakoM ne isa prAcIna-mata-isalAma ko bhraSTa kara diyA thA; ata: allAha ne usake sacce svarUpa ke prakAzana ke liye muhammada ko apanA rasUla cunaa| sUphiyoM meM jinakA dhyAna muhammada sAhaba kI isa pravRtti kI ora gayA unako prAdama' hI sarvaprathama sUphI dikhAI pdd'e| kiMtu jo sUphI muhammada sAhaba ko isalAma kA pravartaka mAnate haiM unake vicAra meM aMtima rasUla hI tasavvupha ke bhI vidhAtA the / sUphiyoM ko vyApaka vicAra-dhArA ke liye kurAna meM paryApta sAmagrI na thii| nidAna unameM kucha aise pratibhAzAlI vyakti nikale jo hadIsa ke AdhAra para siddha karane lage ki guhya vidyA kA pracAra svayaM muhammada sAhaba ne nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne kapA kara usakA bhAra alI yA ( 9 ) Studies in Tasawwuf p. 118

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 455 kisI anya sAthI ko, usakI guhyatA ke kAraNa, saupa diyaa| musalamAnoM meM jo kaTTara the unako sUphiyoM ke vicAroM meM kucha gaira. isalAmI bhAvoM kA samAveza dekha par3A; ata: unhoMne tasavvupha ko isa nAma se kucha minna smjhaa| isa prakAra svata: isalAma meM tasavvupha ke saMbaMdha meM matabheda rhaa| kabhI usake viSaya meM musalima ekamata na ho ske| musalamAnoM ke patana ke bAda masIhiyoM kA sitArA camakA / sUphiyo aura masIhI saMtoM meM bahuta kucha sAmya thA ho| masIhiyoM ne ucita samajhA ki sUphiyoM ko pUrA nahIM to kama se kama AdhA vo avazya hI masIhI siddha kiyA jaay| nidAna, unhoMne kahanA zurU kiyA ki prAraMbha ke sUphI jAna yA masIha ke ziSya the| pAda. riyoM ke liye to itanA kaha denA kAphI thaa| para masIhI manoSiyoM ko itane se saMtoSa na ho skaa| unhoMne dekhA ki jaise kurAna kI sahAyatA se tasavvupha isalAma kA prasAda nahIM siddha ho sakatA vaise hI iMjIla ke prAdhAra para bhI usako masIhI mata kA prasAda nahIM kahA jA sktaa| taba tasavvupha pAyA kahA~ se ? prArya-udgama' to unako rucikara na thaa| phira bhI, unheM una vidvAnoM ko zAMta karanA thA jo tasavvupha ko prArya-saMskAra kA abhyutthAna athavA vedAMta kA madhura gAna samajhate the| prastu. unhoMne nAstika aura manI-mata ke sAtha hI sAtha nava-pleTo-mata kI zaraNa lii| nava-plaTo-mata kI sahAyatA se una pramANoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA jinake kAraNa tasavvupha bhArata kA prasAda samajhA jAtA gaa| jaba usase bhI pUrA na par3A taba, itihAsa ke prAdhAra para, bAda ke sUphiyo para unhoMne bhArata kA prabhAva mAna liyA aura (1) A Literary History of Persia p. 301

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446 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA tasavvupha ko aMzata: prAcIna Arya-saMskRti kA prabhyutthAna bhI svIkAra kiyA | i musalima sAhitya ke marmajJa paMDitoM ke sAmane sUphImata ke udbhava kA prazna barAbara banA rahA / aMta meM unako ucita jAna par3A ki isalAma kI bhA~ti hI usako bhI kurAna kA mata mAna liyA jAya / nidAna nikalsana tathA brAuna sadRza marmajJoM ne sUphImata kA mUla srota kurAna meM mAnA / nissaMdeha kurAna meM katipaya sthala sUphiyoM ke sarvathA anukUla haiM aura unhIM ke AdhAra para sadA se sUphI apane mata ko isalAma ke aMtargata siddha karate A rahe haiM / para vicAraNIya prazna yahA~ para kevala yaha hai ki sUphiyoM kA samUcA artha kahA~ taka vAstava meM akSaraza: ThIka hai / sUphiyoM ne zabdoM ko tor3a-maror3akara islAma aura tasavvupha ko eka karane kI jo ghora ceSTA kI usakA pradhAna kAraNa hai ki phakIra ( dharmazAstrI ) sadaiva phakIroM ke pratikUla rahe haiN| yadi hama sUphiyoM kI isa bAta ko mAna bhI leM ki unakA mata kurAna pratipAdita hai to bhI sUphImata kA udbhava kurAna se nahIM siddha ho pAtA / hama dekha cuke haiM ki kurAna athavA muhammada sAhaba kA mata prAcIna paraMparA kA eka vizeSa rUpa hai I yahI kAraNa hai ki isalAma meM prAcIna nabiyoM, vizeSata: mUsA, IsA aura dAUda kI pUrI pratiSThA hai, aura musalamAna tAreta, iMjIla aura jabUra ko AsamAnI kitAba mAnate haiM / kucha sUphiyoM kA kahanA hai ki sUphImata kA prAdama meM bIja - vapana, noha meM aMkura, ibrAhIma meM kalI, mUsA meM vikAsa, masIha meM paripAka evaM muhammada meM madhu kA phalAgama huA / eka aura pravAda hai ki sUphiyoM " ( 1 ) A Literary History of the Arabs p. 23. ( 2 ) The Awariful Marif p. 7 (3) tasavvupha isalAma, pR0 36 /

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 447 ke aSTaguNoM kA AvirbhAva kramaza: ibrAhIma, isahAka, ayUpa, jakariyA. yahI, mUsA, IsA evaM muhammada sAhaba meM huaa| kahane kA sArAMza yaha ki sUphImata ke prAdi-srota kA patA lagAne ke liye isalAma se pare, muhammada sAhaba se prAge bar3hakara zAmI jAtiyoM kI usa bhAvabhUmi para vicAra karanA cAhie jisake garbha meM sUphImata kA mUla Aja bhI chipA hai| sUphImata ke mUla-srota kA patA lagAne ke liye yaha parama prAvazyaka hai ki hama usake sAmAnya lakSaNoM se bhalI bhAMti abhijJa hoN| isameM to kisI ko bhI saMdeha nahIM ho sakatA ki jisa vAsanA, bhAvanA yA dhAraNA ke AdhAra para sUphImata kA mahala khar3A kiyA gayA usake mUla meM prema kA nivAsa hai| prema para sUphiyoM kA itanA vyApaka aura gaharA adhikAra hai ki loga prema ko sUphImata kA paryAya samajhate haiN| sUphiyoM ke pAramArthika prema ke saMketa para pazcima meM prema kA itanA guNagAna kiyA gayA ki isakA loka se kucha saMbaMdha hI na raha gyaa| prema ke sunahare paMkha para baiThakara loga na jAne kahA~ kahA~ ur3ane lge| bAta yaha thI ki masIha kA mUlamaMtra virAga thaa| sUphiyo ke prema-pakSa kI prabalatA athavA unake rAga kI varSA se jaba yUropa prAptAvita ho gayA taba use masIhI mata meM bhI viravi ke sAtha ravi kA samAveza karanA pdd'aa| phalataH prema meM pASaMDa kA pracAra hone lgaa| Ajakala prema kA lakSya prema hI jo siddha kiyA jAtA hai, jagaha jagaha svargIya prema ke jo gIta gAe jAte haiM, prema ko duniyA se jo alaga khar3A kiyA jAtA hai, usakA pradhAna kAraNa ukta dharma-saMkaTa hI hai| masIha kI dulahinoM athavA maka saMto ne prema ko jo pralaukika rUpa diyA usake mUla meM vahI (.) A Short History of Women p. 250 The Legacy of The Middle Ages p. 407

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448 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA rati-bhAva hai jisako lekara sUphI sAdhanA ke kSetra meM utare the aura zAmI sudhArakoM ke kaTTara virodha ke kAraNa usako kucha divya banAkara janatA ke sAmane rakhate the| prema ke saMbaMdha meM yaha sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vaha eka mAnasI prakriyA hai jisakA dhyeya AnaMda hai| aMtarAyoM ke dvArA rati meM jitane vighna par3ate haiM unake kAraNa kAmavAsanA aura bhI parimArjita ho prema kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai| isI parimArjana ke prasAda se rati ko prema kI saMjJA prApta hotI hai| devaparaka hone para yahI rati bhakti kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai| pravRttimArgI isalAma meM vivAha AdhA svarga samajhA jAtA thA, ata: premamArgI sUphiyoM ko rati ke saMbaMdha meM itanA DhoMga nahIM racanA par3A jitanA nivRtti-mArgI masIhI saMtoM aura unhIM kI dekhAdekhI Adhu'nika premapaMthI kaviyoM ko pratidina karanA par3atA hai| sUphiyoM ne jisa sahaja rati para apanA mata khar3A kiyA usakA virodha bahuta dinoM se zAmI jAtiyoM meM ho rahA thaa| Adama ke svarga se nikAle jAne kI kathA ke mUla meM rati kA niSedha spaSTa jhalakatA hai| dAvA ke anurodha se Adama kA patana huaa| strI-puruSa kA sahaja saMbaMdha garhita samajhA gyaa| phira kyA thA, zAmI jAtiyoM meM rati kI niMdA prAraMbha huI aura Age calakara vaha masIhI mata meM pAkhaMDa meM pariNata ho gii| mUsA apane pUrvajoM kI bhUmi para adhikAra jamAnA cAhate the| muhammada sAhaba ko bhI araba, yA banI-isamAIla kA kaI prakAra se utthAna karanA thaa| saMnyAsa se unheM cir3ha aura saMyata saMbhoga se prema thaa| nidAna mUsA aura muhammada ne pravRtti-mArga para jora diyA aura saMyata saMbhoga kA vidhAna kiyaa| para masIha aura unake pradhAna ziSya pAla ne virati kA patrA pkdd'aa| unake prabhAva se loga laukika rati se vimukha ho ge| udhara pleTo ne guhya ToliyoM kI sahaja rati ko parama ravi kA colA

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 446 de alaukika prema kA pratipAdana kiyA thaa| idhara sUphiyoM ke prema. pracAra se rati ko protsAhana milaa| phalata: yUropa meM masIhI saMto kA udaya huA jo kumArI mariyama yA masIha ke prema meM marane lge| saMyoga ke liye tar3apa utthe| nidAna, masIha ke nivRtti-pradhAna mArga meM prAdhyAtmika praNaya kA svAgata huaa| laukika rati pralaukika prabaya meM pariNata huii| gata vivecana se spaSTa pravagata hotA hai ki kAma-vAsanA yA rati-mAvanA ko hI virodha evaM aMtarAyoM ke kAraNa prema kA rUpa milatA hai aura unhIM ke kAraNa ghore dhIre bhItara hI bhItara parimArjita hone se sAmAnya rati ko parama prema kI padavI milatI hai| sUphI prAja mo izka majAjI ko izka hakIkI kA jInA samajhate haiM aura kisI 'buta' se dila lagAne meM nahIM hickte| unakI isa buta-parastI kA makasada izka nahIM bakA hai| bakA yA paramAnaMda ke liye ho suphI kisI prANI se prema kara parama priyatama ke viraha kA anubhava karate haiN| vicAraNIya prazna yahA~ para yaha uThatA hai ki sAmAnya rati ko parama rati kI padavI kyoM milI 1 sUphI kisa prakAra zaka hakIkI ko mahatva de usake rahasyodghATana meM lge| zAmI jAtiyoM meM rati kA virodha kyoM chir3A aura loga bhItara bhIvara usake svAgata meM mama kyoM rahe ? unako apane gusa-prayAsa meM kahA~ taka saphalatA milI aura aMta meM sAdhana-mAva ko vyApaka rUpa kisa taraha mila gayA ? isameM vo saMdeha nahIM ki parama prema ke liye prAlaMbana kA parama honA anivArya hai| prANI parama ke liye lAlAyita tabhI hotA hai jaba sAmAnya se use sukha-saMtoSa nahIM hotaa| sukha-saMtoSa ke prabhAva kA pradhAna kAraNa bhaviSya kA maya hai| prANo yadi mukhI rahe aura maraNa ke bhaya se baca jAya to use kisI paramezvara kI bhI 34

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450 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA AvazyakatA na par3e, kisI anya devI-devatA kI to bAta hI kyA ? Atma-rakSA ke liye manuSya ne na jAne kisakI kisakI upAsanA kI, para use sukha-saMtoSa kahIM nahIM milaa| aMta meM zithila ho usane kisI paramezvara kI zaraNa lI aura usake prasAda evaM saMyoga ke liye tar3apanA prAraMbha kiyaa| usane divya dRSTi se dekha liyA ki vAstava meM usake atirikta isa prapaMca meM aura kucha bhI nahIM hai| vahI saba kucha hai aura saba kucha usI kA rUpa hai| advaita kI isa bhAvanA se vaha Age na bar3ha skaa| usake paramezvara bhI usI meM lIna ho gae aura vaha brahma bana gyaa| amRta aura AnaMda ho gyaa| amRta evaM prAnaMda kI kAmanA se manuSya anya prANiyoM se Age bddh'aa| usane dekhA ki rati, prajAti aura AnaMda kA vidhAna strIpuruSa ke sahaja-saMbaMdha meM nihita hai| prAraMbha meM zAyada usako isa bAta kA patA na thA ki janana sRSTi kI eka sAmAnya kriyA hai| apanI zakti kI kamI kA anubhava kara usakI pUrti ke liye manuSya ne kisI alaukika zakti kA patA lagA liyA thaa| usane mAna liyA thA ki saMtAna kA udaya kisI devatA kA prasAda hai| saMtAnoM ke maMgala ke liye usane ucita samajhA ki sarvaprathama saMtAna ko usa devatA ko car3hA de jisakI kRpA se use sukha aura saMtoSa milatA hai aura jisake kopa se sarvanAza ho jAtA hai| ___manuSya ne dekhA ki strI-puruSa ke sahaja saMbaMdha meM jo sukha milatA hai usakI kAmanA usake devatA ko bhI avazya hogii| yadi usake devatA ko usakI jarUrata na hotI to vaha usake sukha meM duHkha upasthita kara kisI prANI ko usake bIca se uThA kyoM le jAtA aura nidhana ke anaMtara bhI svapna meM una prANiyoM kA darzana use kyoM hotaa| ataH manuSya ne ucita samajhA ki prathama saMtAna' ko apane (1) prathama prasava ko kisI devatA para car3hAne kI prathA ajIba nahIM / bhArata

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 451 devatA para car3hA de aura usake AnaMda ke liye usakA vivAha bhI usI saMtAna se kara de| __ itanA to spaSTa hI hai ki vivAha se rati kI bAr3ha sImita ho jAtI hai| praNaya kA artha prema nahIM, rati kI maryAdA ko nizcita karanA hai| praNaya kI pratiSThA ho jAne para rati kA kSetra nirdhArita ho jAtA hai| rati ke kSetra ke nirdhArita ho jAne se prema kA parimArjana prAraMbha hotA hai| parimArjana se prema ko parama prema kI padavI prApta hotI hai| yadi yaha ThIka hai to samarpita saMtAna kI kAmavAsanA ke parimArjana meM hI sUphiyoM kA parama prema chipA hai / upaniSadoM meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki prajAti aura prAnaMda kA ekAyana upastha hai / parama puruSa ne ramaNare kI kAmanA se dvidhA phira bahudhA rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| ramaNa ke liye hI ramaNI kA sRjana kiyaa| RSiyoM ne dekhA ki upastha meM prajAti aura rati kA vidhAna to hai para usameM amRta maura zAzvata AnaMda kahA~ hai ? saMtAna bhI martya hotI hai aura prAnaMda bhI kSaNika hotA hai| prastu, sahajAnaMda meM to zAzvata prAnaMda nahIM mila sktaa| zAzvata mAnaMda to tabhI meM bhI isa prathA kA patA btaaii| bhavAnI ko saMtAna kA car3AnA yapi gAkhI sAho gayA hai tathApi prathama phaja ko loga svapaM nahIM khAte, kisI maMta phakIra ko de dete haiN| dara meM devadAsiyAM abhI milatI hai aura bahuta se yoga bhAja bhI dikhAI par3ate haiM jinako unake mAtA-pitA ne kisI sAdhu ko de diyA aura phira par3A hone para usase mola le liyA thA, sAdhu ho jAne diyaa| praNaya kI bhI kucha yahI dazA hai| sa evaM vApI taka kA vivAha mA dete haiN| zAmI bAtiyoM meM vizeSatA yaha thI ki samarpita saMtAna paraspara deva-rUpa meM sabhoga karanA sAdhu samajhatI thI, usako pratIka ke rUpa meM prANa nahIM karatI thiiN| (.) . mA. vi. pa. ca. yA.", vR. bhA. ca. bha. paM. vA. 17 . u. bhU. 102.bha.3, kI. vA. pra. .. / (2) .pA. pra. bha. pa. vA. 3 /

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452 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA upalabdha ho sakatA hai jaba sahajAnaMda ke upAsaka bhI sahaja rati kA prAlaMbana kisI zAzvata sattA ko banA leN| bhArata meM paramAtmA ke sAkAra svarUpa ko khar3A kara jisa mAdhurya-bhAva kA pracAra kiyA gayA usI kA prasAra zAmI jAtiyoM meM nirAkAra kA pAlaMbana le mAdanabhAva ke rUpa meM huaa| zAmI jAtiyoM meM bAla, kadeza, IsTara prabhRti jo devI-devatA the unake maMdiroM meM samarpita saMtAnoM kA jamaghaTa thaa| ukta maMdiroM meM jo atithi Ate the unake satkAra kA bhAra unhIM samarpita saMtAnoM para thaa| atithi-satkAra kI unameM itanI pratiSThA thI ki kisI prakAra kA rati-dAna puNya hI samajhA jAtA thaa| praNaya kI pratiSThA aura satItva kI maryAdA nirdhArita ho jAne se sattva-pradhAna saMtAna ne ukta dAna se apane ko alaga rakhanA ucita smjhaa| apane priyatama ke saMyoga ke liye ve sadaiva tar3apatI rhiiN| kisI anya atithi ko rati-dAna de usake sukha se sukhI nahIM huii| sUphiyoM ke vyApaka viraha kA udaya unhIM meM huaa| yadyapi saMsAra ke sabhI dezoM meM devadAsiyoM kA vidhAna thA; para vAstava meM sUphiyoM kA parama prema usI prema kA vikasita aura parimArjita rUpa hai jisakA AbhAsa hameM abhI abhI zAmI jAtiyoM kI samarpita saMtAnoM meM milA hai| iMja2 mahodaya evaM katipaya anya manISiyoM ne, grIsa kI guhya ToliyoM meM mAdana-bhAva kA prasAra aura pleTo ke alaukika prema ke pratipAdana ko dekhakara, yaha ucita samajhA ki grIsa hI ko mAdana-bhAva ke pravartana kA sArA zreya diyA jaay| paraMtu, jaisA ki hama dekha cuke haiM. ukta guhya maMDaliyoM kA saMbaMdha kisI deza-vizeSa se nahIM, pratyuta usa satva se hai jisakI (.) The Religion of the Semites p. 515 (2) Christian Mysticism p. 369,349-55

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vasanyupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 453 preraNA se sadbhAvanA kA udaya aura saMvedanA kA prasAra hotA hai aura manuSya-mAtra kA jisa para samAna adhikAra hai| prastu, sUphImata ke udbhava ke saMbaMdha meM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki usake mAdana-bhAva kA udaya zAmI jAtiyoM ke bIca meM humaa| apanI purAnI bhAvanA tathA dhAraNA kI rakSA ke liye sAraprAhI sUphiyoM ne anya jAtiyoM ke darzana tathA adhyAtma se sahAyatA le dhIre dhIre eka navIna mata kA sRjana kiyaa| sUphImata ke udbhava ke saMbaMdha meM jo matameda cala par3e haiM unake mUla meM isa tathya kI avahelanA hI , kAma karatI hai ki kisI bhI mata ke samIkSaNa meM sarva-prathama isakI bhAvanA, svAbhAvika vAsanA aura saMskAroM para dhyAna denA caahie| kyoki unhIM ke vizeSa vizeSa rUpoM kI rakSA ke liye anyatra se sAmagrI lI jAtI hai aura usakI sahAyatA se auroM se kucha pRthaka kisI vizeSa darzana kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai| tasavvupha, navapleTo-mata aura vedAta meM ciMtana kI ekatA hone para bhI unake prasAra meM bar3I vibhinnatA spaSTa jhalakatI hai jo unake pracArakoM meM deza-kAla kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa mA jAtI hai| nidAna, sUphomata ke udbhava ke liye hameM zAmI jAtiyoM kI prAdima pravRttiyoM ko DhU~DhanA hai| unhIM meM usake prAdi-srota kA patA bagAnA hai, anyatra kadApi nhiiN| hama pahale hI kaha cuke hai ki bAla, kadeza, IsTara prabhRti devIdevatAmoM ke viyogI zAmI jAtiyoM meM viraha jagA rahe the| para vAstava meM inameM adhikAMza kAmuka the jo maMdiroM ke akhAr3oM meM apanI kAma-palA dikhAte tathA nara-nAriyoM ko bhraSTa karate the| devadAsa tathA devadAsiyA~ kAmuko ke zikAra ho gae the| virale hI vyakti pAtivrata ke pAlana meM saphala ho rahe the| vastuta: maMdira vyabhicAra ke mahe bana gae the| samAja kA bana-bIrya pratidina naSTa

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454 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hotA jA rahA thaa| ataeva yahA ke kaTTara upAsakoM ne maMdiroM ke pavitra vyabhicAra' kA ghora virodha kiyaa| yahA eka rudra-senAnI thaa| usane nabiyoM se spaSTa kaha diyA ki yadi banI-isarAIla usakI chatrachAyA meM anya devI-devatAoM ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara ekadama nahIM prA jAte to unakA vinAza nizcita hai| phira kyA thA, dekhate hI dekhate yahA kA AtaMka chA gayA aura anya devI-devatAoM ke maMdira naSTa kara die ge| unake praNayI bhakta yA to yahvA ke saMgha meM bhartI ho gae yA pracchanna rUpa se rati-vyApAra karate rhe| karmazIla nabiyoM ke ghora kAMDoM kA prabhAva sattvazIla premiyoM para acchA hI pdd'aa| devadAsiyA~ parade meM bAhara jAne lagI aura kAmavAsanA kA bhAva maMda pdd'aa| premiyoM ke pratyakSa priyatama jyoM jyoM parokSa hone lage tyoM tyoM unakA viraha bar3hatA aura prema kharA hotA gayA aura aMta meM usane isa dabAva ke kAraNa parama prema kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| upastha meM jo saMbhoga kI pravRtti thI vaha isa upAsanA meM bhI banI rahI aura sUphI vasla ke liye sadaiva tarasate rhe| sUphiyoM ke prema ke prasaMga meM jo kucha nivedana kiyA gayA hai usake puSTIkaraNa meM mIrA aura praudAla ke prema bhI pramANa haiM / mIrA (1) yahA ke saMbaMdha meM lokamAnya tilakajI kA mata hai ki vaha vaidika 'yaha' kA rUpAMtara hai| yahA zabda ke likhane kI koI paripATI nizcita nahIM ho sakI hai| itanA to spaSTa hai ki yahvA eka videzI devatA thA aura usake likhane kA prAcIna rUpa adhikatara yahvA ke samAna thaa| ataeva hamane isI rUpa kA prayoga kiyA hai| yahA ke itihAsa para vicAra karane se aneka tathyoM kA patA calatA hai| (2) Jeromiah XXVI.7-16 I Kings XIV. 24,XV. 22' Amos II. 7 Hosea IV. 14

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vasanyupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 455 bacapana meM apanI mAM se suna cukI thI ki giradhara gopAla kI mUrti se usakA praNaya hogaa| phalata: use giradhara gopAla ke prema meM 'lokalAja' khAnI par3I aura saMtamata meM prA jAne ke kAraNa kucha adhika unmatta honA pdd'aa| prAMdAla' saMbhavata: devadAsI thii| vaha mAdhavamUrti para prAsakta thI aura svayaM kRSNa se praNaya cAhatI thii| kRSNa kI mUrti meM bhagavAna kA vyApaka amUrta rUpa bhI virAjamAna thaa| vAstava meM vahI usakA prAlaMbana thA aura kahA jAtA hai ki usI meM vaha samA gii| usake praNaya ko kRSNa ne svIkAra kiyaa| masIha kI kumArI dulahinoM ke prema meM bhI yahI bAta hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sUphI sApha sApha kaha dete haiM ki izkamajAjI izkahakIkI kA jInA hai maura usI ke prAdhAra se iMsAna khudI kA gumAna miTA khudA bana jAtA hai| sUphiyoM kA prema Aja bhI mUrta se amUrta kI ora jAtA hai; ve yohI amUrta kI tAna nahIM chodd'te| ho, itanA avazya hotA hai ki sUphI allAha ko amUrta hI rahane dete haiM / vAstava meM isa pramUrta kA kAraNa dharma-saMkaTa hI hai; nahIM to isakA bhI mAdi-svarUpa mUrta hI thaa| kurAna taka isake mUrta svarUpa kA kAyala hai. go kisI anya ko isakA sAnI nahIM maantaa| nidAna hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki vAstava meM sUphiyoM ke prema kA udaya ukta devadAsa evaM devadAsiyoM ke bIca meM huprA aura karmakAMDI nabiyoM ke ghora virodha ke kAraNa usako parama prema kI padavI milii| nabiyoM ke ghora virodha kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki kisI nayI meM mAdanabhAva ke prati anurAga nahIM raha gayA / bAyabila meM na jAne kitane sthala aise haiM jinameM mAdanabhAva kI pUrI pratiSThA hai| mAdanamAva ke saMbaMdha meM adhika na kaha hameM kevala itanA kaha denA hai ki ilahAma ke vidhAtA ve nabI hI the jo zAmiyoM meM nabI (1) Studies in Tamil Literature p. 113

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456 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA saMtAna' ke nAma se khyAta the aura vizeSa vizeSa avasaroM para devatA ke utara Ane ke kAraNa prabhuprAte aura khelate the / unakA dAvA thA ki devatA unake sira para Ate the / ve bhaviSya ke maMgala ke liye bhI kabhI kabhI kucha nirdeza kara dete the / kabhI kabhI to unakA iSTadeva kA pratyakSa darzana mila jAtA thA aura usakI AjJA unheM spaSTa sunAI par3atI thI / jaba kabhI kisI deva-sthAna yA vizeSa utsava meM una para devatA AtA thA taba jo kucha unake mu~ha se nikalatA thA vaha usa devatA kA pradeza samajhA jAtA thA / unakI bhAvabhaMgiyA~ devatA kI bhAvabhaMgiyA~ hotI thIM / kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki ilahAma hI unako sAmAnya janatA se bhinna rakhatA aura unakA devatA kI kRpA kA pAtra samajhane kI preraNA karatA thA / jina karmakAMDI nabiyoM ne mAdanabhAva kA anumodana nahIM kiyA, 'pavitra vyabhicAra' tathA anya devI-devatAoM kA vidhvaMsa kiyA aura senAnI yahnA kI chatracchAyA meM usakI ekAkI sattA kI munAdI kI, unakI bhI ilahAma para pUrI AsthA rahI / ilahAma ke AdhAra para hI unakA mata khar3A rahA / sUphiyoM ne ilahAma ko kabhI nahIM chor3A | unake mata meM, ilahAma para saba kA adhikAra hai / rasUloM ke liye sUphImata meM 'vahI' kA vidhAna hai aura janasAmAnya ke liye ilahAma kA / thA, (1) A History of Hebrew Civilization p. 361 Israel p. 444-6 The Religion of the Hebrews p. 116,171 Asianic Element in G. Civilization p. 192 (3) I Samuel X. 11,12 I Kings XIX. 18-19, XVII 1, 42 II Kings II. 15

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 457 ilahAma ke saMpAdana ke liye kucha sAdhana bhI avazya hote haiM / saca bAta to yaha hai ki kucha mAdaka dravyoM ke sevana se manuSya kI bhAvanAoM meM jo vilakSaNa sukhada parivarttana prA jAte haiM, prAya: usI ko prAraMbha kAla meM loga devatA kA prasAda samajhate the / uttejaka dravyoM ke sevana kA pradhAna kAraNa AnaMda kI vaha umaMga hI hai jisameM prANI saMsAra ke jhaMjhaToM se mukta ho, kucha kAla ke liye, AnaMda-ghana aura samrAT bana jAtA hai / mAdaka dravyoM kA prayoga sAdhu-saMta vyartha hI nahIM karate; unake sevana se unake phakkar3apana meM pUrI sahAyatA milatI hai 1 jina nabiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM hama vicAra kara rahe haiM unakI bhI gur3a maMDalI kI dRSTi meM "pRthivyAM yAni karmANi jihvopastha nimittata: / jihopasthaparityAgI karmaNA kiM kariSyati" prataraza: satya thA / upastha meM jisa rati aura AnaMda kA vidhAna hai usakA nidarzana hama kara cuke haiN| jihA ke saMbaMdha meM yahA~ itanA jAna lenA paryApta hai ki ukta maMDalI surApAna khUba karatI thI / jaba suga kA raMga jamatA thA taba loga nAnA prakAra kI uchala-kUda, lapaka-jhapaka aura bakajhaka meM mana ho jAte the; aura nAca-gAna meM itanI tatparatA dikhAte the ki umra upadravoM ke kAraNa unako mUcrchA prA jAtI thI / phira kyA thA, unake sira para devatA mA jAtA bA aura ve ilahAma kI ghoSaNA karane lagate the / nAca-gAna kI prathA bahuta purAnI hai / jIvamAtra meM usakI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai / sUphiyoM ke 'samA' aura tajjanita 'hAla' kA pracAra nabiyoM kI ukta (1) kulArNava tantram, na0 u0 133 / (2) At all times amongst all races, at all levels of culture, moments such as these have given rise to howling, dancing, jumping, rallying, quaking shaking, and orgastic manifestation of all sorts ( Carl kabu, Science and Religious Life p. 140

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458 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA guhya-maMDalI meM bhI acchI taraha thaa| bhAvAveza ke pariNAma kabhI kabhI anarthakArI bhI hote the| ukta nabiyoM meM katipaya aise bhI the jo apane zarIra para ghAva' karate the aura janatA para prakaTa karate the ki una AghAtoM se unheM tanika bhI kaSTa nahIM hotA thA; kyoMki una para devatA kI asIma kRpA thI aura usake vijJApana ke liye hI ve vaisA kiyA karate the| prAge calakara sUphiyoM ne ghAva ko jo phUla samajha liyA usakA mukhya kAraNa yahI hai| ghAva to use loga taba samajhate jaba una para devatA savAra na hotaa| devatA ke prasAda ko phUla samajhanA hI ucita thaa| hiMdI kavi bihArI ne bhI sUphiyoM kI dekhAdekhI 'sarasaI' ko kabhI sUkhane nahIM diyA, khAMTa khAMTakara use barAbara tAjA rakhA; kyoMki unakI nAyikA ko vaha kSata usake priyatama se prasAda ke rUpa meM milA thA jo usake prema ko sadA harA-bharA rakhatA thA / apanI zakti meM kamI dekha manuSya jisa devatA kI kalpanA karatA hai usakI zakti apAra hotI hai| phalataH devatA jisa vyakti para kRpAlu hotA hai usameM prasaMbhava ko saMbhava karane kI kSamatA prA jAtI hai| ukta nabiyoM para devatA kI kRpA thI hii| janatA unake pIche lagI phiratI thii| loga unako apanA dukhar3A sunAte aura unheM upahAra se lAdate rahate the| dhanI-mAnI bhI unakI zaraNa meM jAte the| pAnI barasAne, upaja bar3hAne, rogI ko acchA karane kyA mRtakara ko jilA dene taka kI samatA unameM mAnI jAtI thii| karAmAta se ve janatA meM apanI dhAka jamAe rahate the aura kabhI kabhI rAjakIya AdolanoM meM bhI yoga dete the| unakA rahana-sahana (1) Hosea VII, 14 , A History of H. Civilization p. 100 (2) Israel p. 446

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tasavvupha prathavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 456 sAmAnya na thaa| unakI nirAlI cAla-DhAla tavA visacaNa veza-bhUSA eka haMsI kI cIja hotI thii| ve nagna yA ardhanama rahate aura jhuMDa meM calA karate the| kabhI kabhI unakI saMkhyA 400 taka pahu~ca jAtI thii| unakI maMDalI meM kisI saMpanna vyakti kA zAmila honA Azcarya kI bAta samajhI jAtI thii| unameM eka mukhiyA hotA thA jisakA mAdeza sabhI mAnate the| usakI mAjhA ke pAlana aura sevA-zubhaSA meM loga itanA tatpara the ki usakI maMDalIvAle usake liye kisI bhI garhita kAma ke karane meM saMkoca nahIM karate the| saMkSepa meM vaha unakA guru yA murazida thaa| unameM pIrI-murIdI kI pratiSThA thii| ukta nabiyoM ke atirikta kucha mahAnubhAva aise bhI the jinako loga kAhina' yA roha kahate the| nabI ullAsa evaM bhAvAvezavAlA makta hotA thaa| vaha janatA meM bahuta kucha alaukika rUpa meM pratihita rahatA thaa| paraMtu kAhina usase sarvathA bhinna eka vicakSaNa vyakti hotA thaa| loga usake pAsa bhaviSya kI ciMtA meM jAte the| usase zubhAzubha aura kuzala-maMgala ke prazna karate the| jo bAteM unakI samajha meM nahIM pAtI thIM unakA rahasya ve usase jAnanA pAhate the| vaha mo zakuna-vicAra meM magna rahatA thaa| svapna tathA anya bAba lakSaNoM ke prAdhAra para vaha apanI sammati detA thaa| kabhI kabhI kisI jina yA preta se bhI use sahAyatA mila jAtI yo| saMkSepa meM, vaha eka jyotiSo ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA thaa| usameM sUphiyoM kA najUma thaa| kamI kamI usako pujArI kA kAma (.) Israel p. 442-3 A. H. of H. Civilization p. 139 Religion of the Hebrews p. 75,121

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460 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bhI karanA par3atA thaa| zaimuala aura erana isake liye khyAta the| mUsA bhI yahA~ ke pujArI the| / prAyaH loga kaha baiThate haiM ki pora-parastI yA samAdhi-pUjA sUphiyoM meM bhArata ke saMsarga se aaii| jo loga zAmI jAtiyoM ke itihAsa se sarvathA anabhijJa haiM, mAnava-svabhAva se bhI acchI taraha paricita nahIM haiM, unakI bAta jAne diijie| hama Apa to jAnate haiM ki sUphiyoM kI bali-pUjA ati prAcIna hai| yahvA ke kaTTara karmakAMDI kara upAsakoM ke pratApa se bAla Adi prAcIna devatAoM kI pratiSThA naSTa ho gaI, kiMtu unakA prabhAva barAbara kAma karatA rahA / yahA kI ekAkI sattA kA vidhAna kara usake phaujI upAsakoM ne jisa zAsana kA anuSThAna kiyA vaha itanA saMkIrNa evaM kaThora thA ki usameM hRdaya kA samucita nirvAha na ho skaa| jisa bAla ko bhraSTa kara yahvA kI pratiSThA huI thI usake katipaya guNoM kA Aropa yadyapi yh| meM ho gayA tathApi usase janatA kI tRpti na huii| usane valI ke rUpa meM bAla kI pArAdhanA kAyama kii| pharizte bhI vAstava meM unhIM devI-devatAoM ke rUpAMtara haiM jinakA nAza yahvA athavA allAha ke krUra bhaktoM ne kara diyA thA aura jo mAnava-svabhAva kI rakSA ke liye phira dUsare rUpa meM pratiSThita ho ge| prAcIna kAla se hI yaha dhAraNA calI AtI hai ki maraNare ke uparAMta bhI jIvana rahatA hai| zava ko miTTI kahakara usakA tiraskAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, pratyuta vidhi-vidhAnoM ke sAtha usako daphanAyA jAtA hai / (!) I Samuel IX 9 Religion of the Hebrews p. 75 (2) Israel p. 229,427,232 I Kings 11,6,9 Genesis XXX VII,35

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 461 vaha usI kabra meM par3A par3A duHkha-sukha bhogatA aura apane upAsakoM kI dekha-rekha karatA hai| svayaM muhammada sAhaba katra ke isa jIvana ke kAyala the| zAmiyoM kI to yahA~ taka dhAraNA thI ki shv| apane vAhakoM ko mArga batAtA hai| bAta yaha hai ki mAnava-hRdaya jisakI ArAdhanA karatA hai usase sahasA alaga nahIM ho pAtA / vaha usakI sArI cIjoM kA dhyAna rakhatA hai| pora-parastI yA samAdhi-pUjA kA yahI rahasya hai| zAmI jAtiyoM meM pAdapa-pUjA bhI pracalita thii| sIriyA meM bhAja taka usakI pratiSThA hai| prastu, sUphiyoM kI samAdhi-pUjA paraMparAgata hai| ve prAja bhI pora kI samAdhi ko haja samajhate haiN| sUphImata meM 'jina' kI bar3I pratiSThA hai| jina kI paddhati-vizeSa ke saMbaMdha meM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki usake svarUpa meM deza. kAla ke anukUla parivarjana hotA rahatA hai| ukta nabiyoM meM jina kA kyA sthAna thA, yaha hama ThIka ThIka nahIM kaha skte| paraMtu itanA avazya jAnate haiM ki unameM upavAsa aura mudrA-vizeSa kA pracalana thaa| elijA yahA kI prArAdhanA meM ghaMTo ghuTanoM ke bIca sira davAe par3A rahatA thaa| pratIta hotA hai ki elijA ke pahale bhI katipaya yoga-mudrAmo kA pracAra thA aura navI unake abhyAsa meM lage rahate the| ukta nabiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM aba taka jo kucha nivedana kiyA gayA hai usakA sArAMza yaha hai ki yahA kI pratiSThA se prathama hI inAnI jAti meM jo guhya maMDalo thI usameM udhAsa kA pUrA vidhAna thaa| uvAsa ke saMpAdana ke liye mAdaka danyo, vizeSataH surA kA sevana kiyA jAtA thaa| surA ke prabhAva se jo prAnaMda utpanna hotA thA (.) Israel p. 427 (2) I Kings XVII, 42

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462 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA vaha to thA hI; saMgIta ke Aveza meM jo abhinaya, uchala-kUda, lapaka-jhapaka, baka-jhaka prAdi upadrava hote the unase ullAsa kA raMga aura bhI cokhA ho jAtA thA aura usI ko loga devatA kA prasAda samajhane laga jAte the / nATyoM kI adhikatA evaM bhAvoM ke prabala udreka ke kAraNa nabiyoM ko mUrchA A jAtI thI / isa dazA meM jo kucha unake mu~ha se nikala par3atA thA vahI ilahAma hotA thA / unakI cetanA devatA kI cetanA samajhI jAtI thI / Aja bhI bahuta sI azikSita jAtiyoM meM isa hAla aura ilahAma kA darzana ho jAtA hai aura hama unake pAtroM ko 'darzaniyoM' ke rUpa meM pAte haiM 1 eka ora se to nabiyoM kA yaha ullAsa kAma kara rahA thA aura dUsarI ora se yahA ke kaTTara sipAhiyoM kA virodha cala rahA thA / virodha evaM vidhvaMsa ke kAraNa bAla, kadeza evaM IsTara prabhRti devI-devatAoM kI maryAdA bhaMga ho gaI aura unake vivAhita vyaktiyoM ko yA to una para azraddhA ho jAne ke kAraNa unako tilAMjali de yahA ke saMgha meM bhartI honA par3A yA unake viyoga meM unakI amUrtta sattA kA mUrtta ke AdhAra para viraha jagAnA par3A / zAmI jAtiyoM meM mUrttiyoM ke cuMbana, AliMgana Adi kI jo vyavasthA thI vaha mUrttiyoM ke sAtha pratyakSa rUpa meM to naSTa ho gaI, para parokSa rUpa se vahI Aja taka sUphiyoM ke bose aura vasla meM badastUra banI hai / Aja bhI makkA ke saMga prasavada ke cuMbana tathA haja ke anya vidhAnoM meM usakI jhalaka spaSTa dikhAI detI hai / uparyukta samIkSaNa ke siMhAvalokana meM hama bhalI bhA~ti kaha sakate haiM ki sUphImata ke sarvasva mAdana-bhAva kA mUla srota vahI guhya maMDalI hai jisameM kahIM surA sevana ho rahA hai, kahIM rAga alApA jA rahA hai, kahIM uchala-kUda macI hai, kahIM koI tAna chir3I hai, kahIM galA phAr3A jA rahA hai, kahIM svA~ga racA jA rahA hai, kahIM hAla

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 463 pA rahA hai, kahIM ilahAma ho rahA hai, kahIM jhAr3a-phUka macI hai, kahIM karAmAta dikhAI jA rahI haiM, kahIM kucha ho rahA hai, kahA~ kuch| kahIM koI kisI hAla meM behAla hai to kahIM koI kisI mauja meM mgn| saMkSepa meM sarvatra unhIM kriyA-kalApoM kA vyApAra ho rahA hai jo Ajakala kI daraveza-maMDalI meM pratiSThita haiM aura jinakaM vyAkaraNa meM sUphI Aja bhI tatpara haiN| ukta nabiyoM kI dhAka taba taka jamI rahI, unakA raMga taba taka. cokhA rahA jaba taka yahA ke kaTTara sipAhI jora meM na pAe / yahA kI pUrI pratiSThA sthApita ho jAne para bhI unakA prabhAva kAma karatA rhaa| sAla ke samAna pratiSThita vyakti bhI unake cakkara meM mA gyaa| eliza aura elijA bhI unase prabhAvita ho ge| eliza ke yuga meM to unakA saMgha sthApita ho gayA thA aura pavitra nagaroM meM prAya: unake maTha bhI bana gae the| paraMtu yahA ke dhurIba sevakoM ko saMtoSa na humaa| jaramiyA' unake vinAza para tula gyaa| emA, emasa aura hosiyA ne bhI kucha uThA nahIM rakhA / phalataH amarada kutte kahalAe aura devadAsiyoM kI durgati hone bgii| paraMtu sata nabiyoM kI vetasI-vRtti aura mAnava-bhAva-bhUmi ne unakI sadaiva rasA kI aura unakI paraMparA samaya samaya para phalatI-phUlatI rhii| vastuta: unhIM kI bhAvanA kA prasAda pracalita sUphImata hai jo anya mato se itanA prota-prota ho gayA hai ki usake udgama ke viSaya meM na jAne kitane mata cala par3e haiN| nissaMdeha, sUphiyoM ke paradAdA ukta navI hI haiM jo sahajAnaMda ke upAsaka aura uhAsa ke parama bhakta the| sarava-zuddhi ke liye unameM nAnA --- (1) Jeromiah XXVI 7-16, XXIII 9-40 (2) Deuteronomy xXIII 18

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464 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA prakAra ke upacAra pracalita the aura ve priyatama' ke saMyoga ke liye parama prema kA rAga alApate the| jina manISiyoM ne unakI pUrI chAna-bIna aura mAdhunika daravezoM kA pratyakSa darzana kiyA hai unakI bhI kucha yahI rAya hai| ho, masIha yA muhammada taka hI dRSTi daur3AnevAle samIkSaka abhI usako svIkAra nahIM krte| phira bhI prAzA hotI hai ki ukta vivecana ke AdhAra tathA anya paMDitoM ke pramANa para kisI manISI ko usameM mApatti na hogI ki vAstava meM mAdana-bhAva ke janmadAtA ukta nabI hI haiM aura unhIM kI bhAvanA evaM dhAraNA kI rakSA kA saccA prayatna sUphImata yA tasavvupha hai / gata prakaraNa meM hamane dekha liyA ki senAnI yahA ke sAhasI sipAhI nabiyoM ke ullAsa ke virodha meM kisa tatparatA se kAma kara rahe the| bAta yaha hai ki yahA eka videzI devatA thaa| usakI kRpA na jAne kyoM banI-isarAIla para itanI ho gaI ki usane mUsA dvArA usakA uddhAra kiyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki isarAIla kA artha hI hotA hai ki devatA yuddha karatA hai| yahA raNakSetra meM svayaM (1) isarAIla nAmaka pustaka ( pR0 243 ) meM lAisa mahodaya likhate haiM ki deva-saMtAnA yA devatAoM kA vivAha manuSya kI putriyoM ke sAtha yahA ke upAsakoM kI dRSTi meM bhI ho jAtA thaa| araSa bhI isa vizvAsa ke kAyala the ki kisI jina kA praNaya kisI iMsAna ke sAtha ho jAtA hai| arabI sA udbhaTa vidvAn bhI isa prakAra ke praNaya meM vizvAsa karatA thaa| kahane kA tAtparya yaha ki isa prakAra ke praNaya meM usa samaya janatA kA pUrA vizvAsa thA aura priyatama ke parama hone ke kAraNa prema ko bhI parama honA pdd'aa| dekhie--jenesisa, 6, 1-4 / (2) Israel p. 444, The Spirit of Islam p. 471 Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization p. 192 The Religion of the Hebrevs p. 116

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 465 i pratIka ke rUpa meM rahatA aura senA kA saMcAlana karatA thA / jisa saMpuTa meM usakA pratIka rakhA rahatA thA usako kisI anya bhUmi para rakha denA ucita nahIM samajhA jAtA thA / eliza ( mR0 781 pa0 ) ko usake saMpuTa kI saMsthApanA ke liye miTTI lAdakara raNakSetra meM le jAnI par3I thI / kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki yahA ke upAsakoM kI isa saMkIryatA aura kaThoratA meM mAdana-bhAva kA nirvAha na thA / paraMtu bhAvoM evaM matoM ke itihAsa se spaSTa avagata hotA hai ki kisI bhI bhAva athavA mata kA vinAza nahIM hotA; adhika se adhika unakA tirobhAva ho jAtA hai / avasara pAne para unameM phira bahAra AtI hai aura unakI surabhi se masta ho saMsAra phira unhoM kA gIta gAtA hai / mAdana-bhAva ke vikAsa meM bhI yahI bAta hai / yahA ke kaTTara karmakAMDI mAdana-bhAva ke virodha meM jIjAna se mara miTe, para yahnA meM 'bAla' prAdi devI-devatAoM ke guNoM kA? Aropa ho ho gayA / jo striyA~ anya jAtiyoM se banIisarAIla ke ghare meM prAtI thIM unakaM devatA bhI unake sAtha lage prAte the / ghora virodha karane se kisI prakAra anya devoM kA bahiSkAra to ho gayA, para sAtha hI sAtha yahA meM unake guthoM kA prAropa bhI ho gayA / pariNAma yaha nikalA ki yahA kI dhArAdhanA meM mAdana-bhAva kI jhalaka barAbara banI rahI aura samaya pAkara 'kAlA' ke rUpa meM usakI kalA phUTa nikalI / yahA~ yahUdiyoM ke 'kubAlA'3 evaM 'tAlamaMda' ke viSaya meM adhika na kaha kevala itanA kaha denA paryApta hai ki unameM gujha-vidyA kA bahuta kucha sanniveza hai aura ve haiM bhI eka prAcIna paraMparA ke ujjvala ratna / unake avalokana se mAdana-bhAva ke itihAsa para pUrA prakAza par3atA hai / (, ) II Kings V. 1 ( 2 ) Israel p. 405, 407. ( 3 ) Hebrew Literature, Introduction. 35

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA yahvA isarAIla kI saMtAnoM kA nAyaka thA, netA thA, svAmI thA, zAsaka thA, adhipati thA, saMkSepa meM priyatama ke atirikta sabhI kucha thaa| usakI dRSTi meM usake sAmane kisI anya devatA kI upAsanA akSamya vyabhicAra hI nahIM, ghora pAtaka evaM bhISaNa pApa kI jananI bhI thii| unake vicAra meM yahA rati-kriyA se sarvathA mukta thA, ataH usake maMdira athavA bhAva-bhajana meM kisI prakAra ullAsa ko prAzraya nahIM mila sakatA thaa| phira bhI hama spaSTa dekhate haiM ki yahA ke maMdiroM meM devadAso tathA devadAsiyoM kI cahalakadamI to thI hI; usake bhAvuka bhaktoM ne usake liye patnI kA vidhAna bhI kara diyA thaa| yadyapi yahA ke sAhasI sevakoM ne dhIre dhIre usake bhavana se pavitra vyabhicAra ko khader3a diyA tathApi usakA sUkSma rUpa yahA ke upAsakoM meM banA rahA / yahvA vyakti-vizeSa kA pati bhale hI na banA ho, para banI-isarAIla kA bhartA to avazya thA / hosiyAre ne yahvA ke isa rUpa para dhyAna diyaa| usako apanI patnI ke prema-prasAra meM yahvA kA pramANa milaa| usane usI prakAra gomara ko, jo saMbhavataH devadAsI thI, pyAra kiyA, usase vivAha kiyA, usake vyabhicAra ko kSamA kiyA, jisa prakAra yahA ne isarAIla kI saMtAnoM se prema kiyA, unakA pANi-grahaNa kiyA, unake vyabhicAroM ko kSamA kara sadaiva unakA pAlana-poSaNa kiyaa| yahvA aura hosiyA ke prema-prasAra meM vAstava meM kevala prAlaMbana kA vibheda hai, rati-prakriyA kA kadApi nhiiN| jAti aura vyakti, samaSTi evaM vyaSTi kI yaha bhAvanA masIhI mata meM bhI phUlatI-phalatI rahI aura Age calakara usameM mAdhurya yA mAdana-bhAva kA pUrA pracAra ho gyaa| (1) Israel p. 124. (2) Social Teachings of the Prophets & Jesus p.54

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vasanvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 467 mAdana-mAva athavA devAtmaka ravi-vidhAna meM pAvana kI vizepatA ho mukhya hotI hai| yaha prAlaMbana jitanA ho mohaka hotA hai utanA hI alabhya bhii| saca bAta to yaha hai ki isa alabhyatA ke kAraNa hI rati ko parama prema kI padavI milatI hai| yadi prAlaMbana sahaja meM upalabdha ho jAya to zAyada prema ko alaukika siddha karane kA sAhasa kisI bhI vicArazIla vyakti ko na ho| sUphiyoM ne izka majAjI ko izka hakIkI kA jInA mAnakara yaha spaSTa kara diyA ki izka majAjI bhI koI cIja hai| binA usakI sahAyatA liye izka hakIkI kA gIta gAnA pASaMDa hai| sUphiyoM ne izka hakIkI ko izka majAjI ke parade meM isa taraha dikhAyA hai ki usako dekhakara sahasA yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki unakA vAstavika prAlaMbana amarada hai yA allAha hai| 'gItoM ke gota' athavA 'sulemAna ke gIta' meM bhI prema kI ThIka yahI dazA hai| adhikAMza arvAcIna vidvAnoM kA, jo mAdana-bhAva ke virodhI tathA vijJAna ke kaTTara makta haiM, mata hai ki prakRta gItoM meM Izvara ke prema kA varNana nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM vivAha ke avasara para jo gIta gAe jAte the unhIM ke (.) amarada phArasI kA pracalita mAzUka hai| isake saMbaMdha meM zrI hariauSajI kA kathana hai "ika bhASAmoM ( arabI, phArasI aura dU) meM mAzUka mAma taura se amarada hotA hai" (rasakalasa, bhUmikA, pR. 121) / bhApa anyatra bikhate haiM-"taba bhalA maradAnagI kaise rahe, mUka banavA japa marada amarada bane / " spaSTa bhaisakA yaha hai ki maMda banavAkara marada amarada arthAt masaka yA hijar3A vA janAnA bana jaave| paraMtu zleSa se vyaMjanA yaha hai ki binA mUka kA lauDA bana jAve, kyoMki phArasI meM vinA maMca-pAr3hI ke caure ko amarada karate hai" (bobacAna, bhUmikA, pR. 6.) / amarada vAstava meM bharabI zamma, phArasI ke pracalita zama mada se usakA kuSa bhI saMbaMdha

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468 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saMgraha kA nAma 'sulemAna ke gIta' hai| jo loga ukta gItoM ko eka hI vyakti kI racanA samajhate haiM unameM bhI kucha aise haiM jo inako vivAhaparaka hI batalAte haiM, unheM Izvaraparaka nahIM kahate / paraMparAgata vicAroM ke pramANoM se siddha hotA hai ki unakA dhArmika mahattva avazya hI akSuNNa rahA hai| phIlo, origana, TaTuMlliyana aadi| manISiyoM kI dRSTi meM AdhyAtmika vivAha hI ina gItoM meM iSTa hai| paramAtmA aura jIvAtmA, Izvara aura bhakta hI ina gIto ke dulahA tathA dulahina haiN| dhyAna dene se ina gItoM kI kriyAoM tathA sarvanAmoM meM liMga-viparyaya gocara hotA hai| strIliMga ke sthala para pulliMga kA prayoga bhI inameM mila jAtA hai| jAna par3atA hai ki ina gItoM meM strI aura puruSa donoM hI kramaza: Azraya tathA prAlaMbana haiM / ekibare inako sarvapunIta aura jojephasa3 inako Izvaraparaka samajhatA thaa| hosiyA bhI inase anabhijJa na thaa| sArAMza yaha ki ina gItoM ke adhyAtma kA AbhAsa bAyabila meM bhI milatA rahA hai aura inhIM ke AdhAra para masIha dulahA aura carca yA vyakti-vizeSa dulahina banate cale Ae haiN| saca bAta to yaha hai ki inameM sUphiyoM kA izka hakIkI izka majAjI ke parade meM chipA hai| laukika prema ke AdhAra para alaukika prema kA nirUpaNa hI inakA pratipAdya viSaya hai| Aja bhI sUphI ina gItoM kI paddhati para pada-racanA kara rahe haiN| nidAna ina gItoM ko una nabiyoM kA prasAda samajhanA cAhie jo ullAsa ke vidhAyaka aura mAdana-bhAva ke bhakta the| ___ ukta gItoM ke atirikta prAcIna bAyabila meM katipaya sthala aura bhI aise haiM jinake AdhAra para bhalI bhA~ti siddha kiyA jA sakatA (,) Christian Mysticism p. 370 (2) The song of songs p. 8 (3) The song of songs p. 88

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 468 hai ki nabiyoM kI ukta paraMparA barAbara calatI rahI / prema ke anaMtara sUphiyoM meM saMgIta kA pracAra hai / prAcIna bAyabila meM saMgIta -priya nabiyoM' kI kamI nhiiN| eliza ko yahA kI prasannatA ke liye usake maMdira meM saMgIta kA vidhAna karanA par3A dAUda ra yahA ke saMpuTa 3 ke sAmane nAcatA thA / striyA~ saMgIta ke sAtha vIroM kA svAgata karatI thIM / ibrAnI zabda haga ( utsava ) kA artha hI nAca hotA hai / prema-gIta kA pradhAna bAjA ugAva thA jisakA dhAtvartha utkaMThita karanA hotA hai| prema aura praNaya ke gIta ke sAtha hI sAtha surA ke bhI gIta gAe jAte the / isa prakAra unameM prema, saMgIta aura surA kA pracAra thA / izAyA meM prAcIna nabiyoM kA ullAsa thA / vaha tIna varNa taka yUrusalama meM nagna bhramaNa karatA rahA / usane pratIka kA prayoga kara mAdana-bhAva ko protsAhita kiyaa| eka mahAzaya kI dRSTi meM to usane 'ahaM brahmAsmi' kI ghoSaNA kara zradvaya kA pratipAdana kiyA / sacamuca hI usake gAna meM vedanA hai, karuNA hai, kAmukatA hai / saMkSepa meM vaha aMzata: sUphI hai| usake atirikta anya nabiyoM meM bhI hAla, ilahAma aura karAmAta kI pUrI pratiSThA thI / jozubhAra ( ) Israel p. 275 ( 2 ) II Samuel VI, 14 (3) prAyaH logoM kI dhAraNA hai ki yahA kI upAsanA meM pratimA yA pratIka kI pratiSThA na thI, kiMtu khoja se patA calatA hai ki yahA kA pratIka eka saMpuTa meM rakhA jAtA thA aura loga use saMgrAma meM bhI sAtha rakhate the / isa dRSTi se usakI upAsanA zAligrAma kI upAsanA ke tulya thI / ( The Religion of the Hebrews p. 92, 94 Israel p. 427) ( 4 ) A History of H. Civilization p. 323, 327. The Religion of the Hebrews p. 170 ( 2 ) Joshua VIII. 18, 26 X 12-13 ""

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470 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kI AjJA kA pAlana mArtaDa taka karatA thaa| tAtparya yaha ki mAdana-bhAva ke anya avayavoM kA bhI AbhAsa prAcIna bAyabila meM barAbara milatA hai| yahvA ke upAsakoM meM bhI mAdana-bhAva kA kucha na kucha prasAra avazya thA, jo avasara pAkara apanA pUrA raMga dikhA jAtA thaa| masIha ke AvirbhAva se zAmI jAtiyoM meM nivRtti-mArga kI pratiSThA huii| masIha ke guru jAna ( yohannA ) eka esIna the| esIna saMpradAya ke viSaya meM eka samIkSaka kA niSkarNa hai ki esInoM kA yadi eka aMza zAmI hai to tIna aMza bauddha / nivRttipradhAna esInoM se masIha ko saMsAra se alaga rahane kI zikSA milii| ve AjIvana brahmacArI rahe aura virati pakSa ko dRr3ha karate rhe| unakA hRdaya mUsA se kahIM adhika udAra aura komala thA / ataeva unakI bhakti-bhAvanA meM paramapitA kI pratiSThA huI, senAnI yahvA kI nhiiN| jisa karuNA aura jisa maitrI ko lekara masIha Age bar3he unameM hRdaya kI udAtta vRttiyoM kA pUrA prabaMdha thaa| para unake uparAMta hI unake upAsakoM kI dRSTi saMkIrNa ho gaI, aura masIhI saMgha meM pAla aura jAna ke mata cala pdd'e| pAla kA dAvA thA ki svayaM alaukika athavA divya masIha ne use dIkSA dI thii| phira kyA thA, usake saMdeza cAroM tarapha jAne lge| vaha masIha kA kaTTara khalIphA bana gayA / yadyapi vaha masIhI saMgha kA udbhaTa paMDita aura pracAraka thA, svayaM brahmacArI aura praNaya kA virodhI thA tathApi usane vivAha kA rUpaka liyaa| usakA saMdeza hai "tuma (romaka) bhI anya se vivAhita ho sako, jo mRtaka se jI uThA hai|" spaSTata: pAla ke isa kathana meM upAsaka aura upAsaka ke saMbaMdha meM pati-patrIbhAva nihita hai| pAla ke ( : ) Was Jesus influenced by Buddhism p. 114 (2) Romans VII. 4

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 471 anya saMdezoM se patA calatA hai ki usa samaya nabiyoM kI prAcIna paraMparA kAyama thii| pAla ke uparAMta jAna ne masIha ko jo rUpa diyA vaha dArzanika tathA bahuta kucha a-zAmI hai| usakA prabhAva zAmI matoM para itanA gahana par3A ki usakI mImAMsA yahA~ nahIM ho sktii| usake prajAtmaka vivecana para vivAda na kara hameM spaSTa kaha denA hai ki usameM bhI mAdana-bhAva kI jhalaka milatI hai| usane paramezvara ko premarUpa to siddha hI kiyA; ekara sthala para masIha ko dulahA tathA unake guru jAna ko unakA mitra kahalAkara masIha ke bhaktoM ko dulahina banane kA saMketa bhI kara diyaa| ho sakatA hai ki pAla tathA jAna para roma tathA prosa kI guhya ToliyoM kA prabhAva bhI par3A ho aura pleTo ke prema ne bhI kucha apanA asara dikhAyA ho| jAna aura gItA kA sAmya bhI vicAraNIya hai| pleTo ne3 jisa prema kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA vaha usakI vAsanA aura ciMtana kA pariNAma thaa| yUnAniyoM athavA Arya jAtiyoM meM buddhi kI upAsanA thii| zAmiyoM kI taraha prArya buddhi ko pApa kI jananI nahIM samajhate the| phalata: pleTo ne jisa prema kA pravacana kiyA usakA prasAra zIghra hI zAmI saMgha meM ho gyaa| jisa mAva kI prArAdhanA meM loga unmatta the usI kA eka prakAra poSaka mila gyaa| phira bhI pleTo ke mAghAra para yaha nahIM kahA jA (D)I Corinthians XIV. 37, XI, 3; Ephesians v 22-23, 25, Christian Mysticism p. 172 (2) Johu III 29 (1)oTo para vicAra karate samaya ramje mahodaya ke ina gandoM para dhyAna rakhanA cAhie Plato was guided by ancient ideas, and was not inventing novelties: his model is often to be sought in Autolia or farther eas t." Asiatic elements in Greek civilization p. 254

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472 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sakatA ki mAdana-bhAva kA udaya prIsa kI guhya ToliyoM meM hI huaa| hama pahale hI kaha cuke haiM ki vAsanA kA mukta vilAsa, saMbhoga kI svacchaMda lIlA, prAveza kA alaukika prAdara, vyabhicAra kA pavitra svAgata, saMgIta kA utkrAMta vidhAna evaM nAnA prakAra kI ajIba bAtoM ke sAtha surA-sevana prabhRti anokhe kRtyoM kA pUrA prasAra saMsAra ke sabhI dezo kI guhya maMDaliyoM meM thaa| ina maMDaliyoM kI rati-prakriyA aura ullAsa ke sAdhya, AnaMda kA prAsvAdana Age calakara alaukika prema ke rUpa meM parisphuTita huA aura loga . sahajAnaMda ke upAsaka bane rhe| bhArata meM sahajAnaMda ke jo vyAkhyAna hue unake saMbaMdha meM kucha nivedana karane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| yahA~ kevala yaha spaSTa karanA hai ki prArya jAtiyoM ne buddhi ke bala para sahajAnaMda kA jaisA nirUpaNa kiyA vaisA zAmI jAtiyoM meM na ho sakA, para ve usake prasAda se vaMcita na rhe| zAmI jAtiyoM meM anya jAtiyoM se bhAva-grahaNa karane kI tatparatA barAbara thii| yahUdI jAti to vyApAra meM kuzala thI aura bhArata tathA prosa ke vyApAra meM madhyastha kA kAma karatI thii| phalataH usa para Arya-saMskRti kA pUrA prabhAva pdd'aa| isa prabhAva meM paNi, hiTTI. mitannI Adi jAtiyoM kA pUrA yoga thaa| yahUdI jAti meM jo kaI saMpradAya cala par3e the usakA pradhAna kAraNa bAharI prabhAva hI thaa| prIsa, phArasa aura bhArata ke saMsarga meM prA jAne se zAmI jAtiyoM meM "buddhau zaraNamanviccha" kA siMhanAda AraMbha huaa| phIlo (mR0 67 50 ) ne mUsA aura pleTo ke matoM kA samanvaya iSTa smjhaa| yahUdI saMgha meM vAda-vivAda varka-vitarka hone lge| esInoM meM guhya vidyA kA pracAra ho gayA aura ve eka prakAra ke saMnyAsI yA bhikSu bana ge| masIha prAraMbha meM esIna the| yadyapi (1) Was Jesus influenced by Buddhism p. 114-15

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 473 una para Arya-prabhAva kama na the tathApi unameM jJAna kI apekSA bhakti hI pradhAna thii| unake utsAhI bhakta jJAna kI upekSA kara jisa 'prasAda' ko lekara Age bar3he usameM AzvAsana kI apekSA abhizApa hI adhika thaa| unakI dRSTi meM paramapitA ke ekAkI putra para hI vizvAsa lAnA mukti kA mArga thaa| kiMtu manuSya svabhAvata: ciMtanazIla prANI hai| aMdhakAra meM vaha adhika dina taka nahIM Thahara sakatA / prataeva, jinakA masIha para vizvAsa nahIM jamA unameM buddhi kA vyApAra bddh'aa| masIhI saMgha ne unako nAsTika kI upAdhi dii| kahA jAtA hai ki nAsTika mata kA pravartaka sAimana nAmaka maga thaa| maga jAti kA tasavvupha meM kitanA yoga hai, isakA anumAna zAyada isI se kiyA jA sakatA hai ki sUphI Aja bhI 'pIremugA' kA jApa japate haiM aura unase madhu-pAna kI yAcanA karate haiN| isase spaSTa pravagata hotA hai ki nAsTika mata vastuta: sUphI mata kA sahAyaka thaa| nAsTika mata yathArtha meM eka yaugika mata kA nAma thaa| usameM usa samaya ke sabhI pracalita matoM kA yoga thaa| sAramAhI jIvoM ne apanI madhukarI vRtti se jijJAsA ke prAdhAra para jisa tatva kA saMgraha kiyA vahI nAsTika mata ke nAma se jyAta humaa| nAsTika mata ke vyartha ke vizleSaNa meM na par3a, hama itanA hI kaha denA palaM samajhate haiM ki usameM kevala mAdana-bhAva kA pracAra hI na thA, apitu usakA pratipAdana bho ho rahA thaa| saphiyoM kA eka purAnA nAma' nAsTika bhI thaa| pAla ke saMdezoM meM jina vivAdiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve vAstava meM nAsTika hI the| samvupha para nAsTika mata kA prabhAva sabhI mAnate haiM, para isa (1) En. of Religions and Ethics (*) The Early development of Mohammeda nism p. 144

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474 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bAta para dhyAna nahIM dete ki sUphI mata kA eka purAnA rUpa nAsTika mata bhI thaa| vAstava meM donoM eka hI mata ke do bhinna rUpa haiM jo apanI prAcIna paraMparA kA pUrA pUrA patA dete haiN| nAsTika kI bikharI zakti kA saMpAdana kara manI ne jisa mata kA pravartana kiyA vaha sahasA bhArata se spena taka phaila gyaa| masIhI usase dahala utthe| mAdana-bhAva ke vikAsa athavA sUphI. mata ke itihAsa meM manI-mata ke yoga para pUrA dhyAna nahIM diyA jaataa| manI ne matoM kA samanvaya kara jo vAtAvaraNa utpanna kiyA usakA prabhAva svayaM muhammada sAhaba para kama na pdd'aa| muhammada sAhaba ne masIha ke jIvana tathA maraNa ke saMbaMdha meM jo saMdeha kiyA usakI preraNA isI mata kI ora se huI thii| una para bhI prAraMbha meM manI-mata kA Aropa kiyA gayA thaa| kucha loga unheM bhI manI kA anuyAyI samajha rahe the| yahI nahIM, hallAja ko isI mata kA pracAraka kahakara daMDa diyA gayA aura Age calakara manI-bhakta jiMdIka ke nAma se khyAta hue| masIhI saMgha ko vyAkula karane tathA apane ko masIha evaM buddha ghoSita karanevAlA manI' janmata: pArasI thaa| usakA janma saMvat 272 meM bagadAda meM huA thaa| jijJAsA kI prabala preraNA se usane bhArata tathA cIna kI yAtrA kii| usa para bauddhamata kA prakatha prabhAva pdd'aa| masIhI lekhaka usako Tirivithasa (triviMzata) buddha kahate haiN| pIroja kI mudrAoM para usakA nAma 'bulda'maya aMkita hai| kahA gayA hai ki vAstava meM yaha 'bulda' buddha kA rUpAMtara hai| manI-mata meM buddha-mata kI bhAMti hI strI-puruSa donoM hI (1) Origin of Manicheism p. 15 (2) Theism in Medieval India p. 91 (1) Origin of Manicheism p.16 (Muslim Review)

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 475 dIkSita hote the| manI-mata bhI vyApaka, zAMta, tapI aura prasaMsArI thaa| buddhi, viveka, vicAra, bhAvanA praura kalpanA usake mata ke pradhAna aMga yA paMcaguNa the| usane Izvara ko kevala prakAza prati. pAdita kiyaa| usake mata meM Izvara kI kRpA kA vizeSa mahattva thaa| saMkSepa meM, guru-ziSya-paraMparA kA vidhAna kara, mUrtiyoM kA khaMDana tathA janmAMtara kA nirUpaNa kara manI ne jisa samanvayavAdI mata kA pracAra kiyA usakA darzana sUphI mata ke rUpa meM prAya: milA karatA hai| sUphiyoM kA svataMtra dala, jo jiMdIka ke nAma se prasiddha hai, vastuta: manI-mata kA avaziSTa hai| svayaM manI ko prApa-daMDa milA aura usake mata kI prANa-pratiSThA tasavvupha meM ho gii| eka vidvAn ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki manI-mata ke pravaziSTa' padoM meM mAdhuryamAva kA arcana karanA caahie| anya mahAzaya kA upAlaMbhara hai ki kevala rati ke prAdhAra para paramezvara kI mArAdhanA karanA manI-mata kA aparAdha hai| ina jiMdIkoM ko kAma-vAsanA meM Izvara kI bhakti sUjhatI hai| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki sUphImata kA sAmAnya rUpa manI-mata meM khila uThA thaa| zAmI zAMti ke bhUkhe the| para zAMti kI proTa meM masIhiyoM ne jisa prazAMti kA pIja-vapana kiyA usase hameM kucha matalaba nahIM / hamako to kevala itanA dekha lenA hai ki roma tathA prIsa meM pahu~cakara masIhI mata kisa rUpa meM Dhala gyaa| romaka zakti ke upAsaka the| unakA adhikatara saMbaMdha zAsana se rahA hai| unameM bhI guhya ToliyAM boM, kiMtu unase prakRta viSaya meM kucha vizeSa sahAyatA nahIM miltii| grIka saudarya ke bhaka the| unakI jijJAsA ne kAma-vAsanA ko jo parama rUpa diyA vaha sadA paJcavita hotA rhaa| pleTo kI pratimA (1) Origin of Manicheism p. 30 ia) Studies in the psychology of the mystics p. 161-2

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476 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ne jisa prema kA nirUpaNa kiyA vaha viSaya-janya hone para bhI alaukika ho gayA / prajJA aura prema ke prAya se pleTo ne jisa samAja kA sRjana kiyA usakA pratyakSa darzana bhale hI kisI ko na milA ho; kiMtu usake prabhAva se sArA deza lahalahA uThA / grIsa meM usake uparAMta jo jJAna-dhArA umar3I usameM zAmI mata prAyaH DUba se gae / pholo ke samAna yahUdI paMDita ne mUsA aura pleTo kA samanvaya iSTa samajhA aura mAdana-bhAva kA pakSa liyA / pAla aura jAna ke saMbaMdha meM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki una para prArya jAti kA prabhAva nirvivAda hai / pAla' ne maraNa meM jIvana evaM Adarza meM jo parama prakAza kA pratipAdana kiyA, jAna ne masIha ko jo 'prema', 'prakAza' aura 'pragati' kaha unako 'zabda' siddha kiyA, ina saba bAtoM kA sArA zreya zrArya jAti ko hI hai / phIlo kI bhA~ti hI klemeMTa (mR0 277 pa0) ne bhI masIha aura pleTo ke matoM ko eka meM jor3a diyA / grIsa ke dArzanika vicAroM meM bhArata kA kitanA yoga thA, isakA nizcaya abhI taka na ho sakA / para itanA vA nirvivAda hai ki ploTinasa (mR0 317 10) ne bhAratIya darzana ke AdhAra para pleTo ke prema aura paMtha ko puSTa kiyA / bhArata ke saMsarga se yUnAna meM jo dArzanika lahara uThI, sikaMdariyA meM jo jijJAsA jagI, unake pravAha se zAmI matoM meM ciMtana kA pracAra ho gyaa| phIlo, pAla, jAna, klemeMTa taka hI usakA prabhAva sImita na rahA, origana ( mR0 310 pa0 ), TaTTulliyana, AgasTIna (mR0 487 10) aura DAyonIsiyasa ( * ) Christian Mysticism p. 20, 67 ( 2 ) ramje mahodaya kA kathana hai "Every attempt to create a European Greek domination on the Asianic coasts has resulted in disaster and ruin" (A.E. in G. Civilization p. 301)

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 477 (mR0 482 pa0 ) prabhRti saMta bhI isake pravAha meM abhiSika hue| origana ne sulemAna ke gIta kI TokA kI, zikSitoM tathA azikSitoM ke dharma meM vibheda sthApita kiyaa| sTuliyana ne spaSTa kahA ki yadi jIvAtmA dulahina hai to zarIra daheja hai| mAgasTIna apane ko brahma kahanA hI cAhatA thA ki zAmI-saMkIrNatA ke kAraNa ruka gyaa| DAyonIsiyasa masIhI saMto meM eka pahelI sA ho gyaa| nava-jeTo-mana ke seka ke prabhAva se usane masIhI mata meM bhakti-bhAva ko jo rUpa diyA vaha sarvathA sUphiyoM ke anukUla thaa| bahuta se loga to DAyonIsiyasa ko sUphI mata kA sArA zreya de dene meM bhI nahIM hickte| sArAMza yaha ki pArya jAti kI kRpA se mAdana-bhAva kI. dhArA svaccha, saMyata evaM sabala ho zAmIsaMgha ko prAplAvita karatI rahI aura apanI rakSA ke liye kucha tarka-vitarka bhI karane lgii| ploTinasa saMsAra ke una ine-gine vyaktiyoM meM hai jo kisI Izvara kA saMdeza lekara nahIM mAne, pratyuta apanI anubhUti se use kaNa kaNa meM dekhate hI nahIM balki auroM ko usa divya cakSu kA patA bhI batA dete haiM jo manuSyamAtra kI thAtI hai aura jise vibhu ne prAdarza-rUpa se sabake hRdaya meM rakha diyA hai| prasiddha hI hai ki tRSNA ke zamana ke liye vaha pArasa taka mAyA thaa| usa para vedAMta kA itanA byApaka evaM gahana prabhAva hai ki vaha sahaja hI bhArata kA RNI siddha ho jAtA hai| pRthivI se lekara nakSatra-maMDala taka use jisa ekAkI sattA kA pAloka milA usakA nidarzana usane (1) Christian Mysticism p. 101 ,, Appendix D. (1) The Mystics of Islam p. 118 (.) A Literary History of Persia p. 420 (5) The Philosophy of Plotinus p. 12, 14, 23

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478 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA itane anUThe tathA manorama DhaMga se kiyA ki usake uparAMta sabhI usa para mugdha ho usa eka kI mArAdhanA meM tallIna ho ge| sUphomata ke adhyAtma meM usakA yoga acala hai| bAhya dRSTi ko pherakara abhyaMtara kI jo usane parIkSA kI to usameM usako usa eka kA darzana milA jisako dekhakara phira aura kucha dekhanA zeSa nahIM raha jaataa| usane hRdaya ke bhItara jhAMkane kA anurodha kiyA aura saMsAra se ur3a bhAgane kI dIkSA dii| usakI dRSTi meM AtmA kA na to janma hotA hai na maraNa / usake vicAra meM 'satyaM zivaM suMdara kA AdhAra dRzya se pare aura ajJeya hai| samAdhi meM usakA sAkSAkAra hameM ho jAtA hai; ata: hama paramAnaMda se vaMcita nahIM raha skte| plATinasa kA yaha AnaMda prajJA evaM prema kA prasava hai, kisI umaMga yA ullAsa kA phala nhiiN| isameM saMyama hai, niyama hai, tapa hai; kiMtu haTha kA nAma nhiiN| ploTinasa dRr3hatA ke sAtha Agraha karatA hai ki yadi AtmA paramAtmA ke anurUpa na hotI to usako usakA sAkSAtkAra kisa prakAra saMbhava thaa| saMkSepa meM, ploTinasa ne jijJAsu premiyoM ke liye eka rAjamArga nirdhArita kara diyA, jisa para calakara na jAne kitane pathika apane lakSya meM lIna hue| sUphiyoM ne usake RNa ko svIkAra kara use 'zekha akabara ke rUpa meM apanA liyaa| sikaMdariyA kA yaha anupama prasava zAmI saMtoM kA sadguru ho gyaa| vAstava meM plATinasa ne saMta-mata ko jIvana-dAna diyA aura sAkSAtkAra ke mArga ko prazasta kara diyaa| __phIlo, plATinasa tathA DAyonIsiyasa ke prayatna se mAdana-bhAva ko jo protsAhana milA isase usake bAhya tathA AbhyaMtara donoM pakSa puSTa ho cale the; kiMtu vaha paMkha pasAra saMsAra meM svacchaMda vihAra nahIM kara sakatA thaa| mAdana-bhAva ke saMbaMdha meM aba taka jo kucha nivedana kiyA gayA usase itanA to spaSTa hI hai ki usako sadaiva

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 406 samajha-bUjhakara Age bar3hanA evaM phUka phU~kakara kadama rakhanI par3AsaMbhavata: isI se usameM adhika ramaNIyatA bhI A gaI / yahA ke upAsakoM ne usake viSvaMsa kI jo umra ceSTA kI usase hama bhalI bhA~ti paricita hai / masIhI pracArakoM ko bhI vaha kSamya na thA / masIha ne 'pitA' kA rAjya pRthivI para sthApita karane kA saMkalpa kiyA, capata khAkara gAla pherane kI zikSA dI, janatA meM prema-bhAva kA pracAra kiyA / kiMtu bhaktoM ne gAla pherakara cakamA denA AraMbha kiyA / khAkara mu~ha pheranA ucita smjhaa| mu~ha' ne pyAra karanA AraMbha kiyA aura hAtha ne vadha / eka masIhI marmajJa ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki masIhiyoM kA prema kevala pArasparika thA; vaha bhI isa - liye ki loga samajha sakeM ki unameM prema hai / phalata: masIhIsaMgha kA dhyeya dhAvA aura dhvaMsa ho gayA / saMgraha evaM zAsana meM use 'pitA kA rAjya' dIkha par3A / usameM jo sAdhu the unakI bhI dRSTi meM masIha hI paramapitA ke ekAkI putra the| inakI lAr3alI dulahina ukta saMsthA hI thI / phira yaha kisa prakAra saMbhava thA ki usake dekhate kisI anya ko suhAga mile| sevA evaM prema kA bhAva unameM itanA avazya thA ki dalitoM ke sAtha sahAnubhUti prakaTa kara unake ghAva ko gho yA unheM bapatismA de deM / dharmAdhikAriyoM kI dhAka itanI jamI thI ki unakI vyavasthA meM kisI ko Apatti karane kA adhikAra na thA / deviyoM kI yaha dazA thI ki unakI dRSTi hI pApa kI jananI thI / hauvA kI saMtAna patana kI pratimA samajhI jAtI thI / dharmoM kI isa ghora vyavasthA meM saMsthA ko hI dula = (1) The Religions of India (Hopkins) p. 566 ( 2) The Fourth Gospel (Scott ) p. 115 ( 4 ) A Short History of Women p. 219 4 ) devadAsiyoM kI maryAdA naSTa hone para bhI zAmI matoM meM alaukika

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480 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hina kA saubhAgya milA thaa| vyakti-vizeSa to luka chipakara ho masIha ke viraha kA anubhava kara sakatA thaa| yahUdiyoM kI bhI yahI pravRtti thii| unakI dRSTi meM banI-isarAIla ke atirikta kisI anya jAti para Izvara kI anukaMpA na thii| saca pUchie to zAmI jAti sikur3akara 'banI-isarAIla' kI kRpA-kora joha rahI thii| usI kA bolabAlA thaa| saMyogavaza araba ke kureza vaMza ke kAhina-kula kA eka dIna bAlaka samaya ke prabhAva se eka saMpanna ramaNI kI cAkarI karatA thaa| vaha apanI kuzalatA evaM zIla-svabhAva ke kAraNa usakA svAmI bana gyaa| vyApAra meM jo vicAra hAtha Ae, makA ke maMdira meM jo dRzya upasthita hue, satsaMga meM jina matoM kA paricaya milA, unase usakA citta vyAkula tathA vihvala ho gyaa| vaha socane lagA ki allAha kI sArI kRpA ibrAhIma ke eka hI putra kI saMtAnoM para kyoM huI? isamAIla kI saMtAnoM ne usakA kyA bigAr3A hai| dhIre dhIre usameM jAti tathA allAha kI ciMtA bddh'ii| araba svabhAvata: svataMtra hote haiN| mata kI parAdhInatA use khalane lagI vyagra ho vaha allAha kI ArAdhanA meM tanmaya ho gyaa| vaha nagara ke bAhara calA jAtA aura hIrA kI ekAMta guphA meM allAha kI ArAdhanA meM ghaMToM par3A rhtaa| aMta meM allAha kA sAkSAtkAra praNaya kisI na kisI rUpa meM banA rhaa| pAla prabhUti masIhI pracArakoM ne kevala saMsthA yA masIhI saMgha para dhyAna diyaa| sUphiyoM ke prabhAva se jaba yUropa meM prema kA pravAha umar3A aura krUseDa tathA zivAlarI ke kAraNa puruSoM kA abhAva ho gayA taba yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki masIhI saMba ramaNiyoM ke prati udAra ho| sUphiyoM ke alaukika prema se protsAhita ho masIhiyoM ne bhI masIha aura mariyama ko rati kA alaukika prAlaMbana cunaa| dharma kA sahArA mila jAne ke kAraNa ina premiyoM kI pratiSThA bar3hI aura masIha kI dulahinoM kA sammAna hushraa|

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 481 use eka kizora ke rUpa meM ho hI gayA / vaha bhAvAveza meM Ane lagA / allAha ne jibarIla ke dvArA usake pAsa, vyakta aura avyakta, pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa meM banI isamAIla ke liye eka graMtha bhejanA prAraMbha kara diyA / vaha par3ha na sakA / kahA - 'par3ha' / basa, kurAna kI racanA AraMbha ho gaI / jibarIla ne muhammada sAhaba ( mR0 686 pa 0 ) karmazIla nabI bana gae the / unheM vizvAsa ho gayA thA ki yahUdiyoM aura masIhiyoM kI AsamAnI kitAbeM apane vAstavika rUpa meM nahIM haiM / ataH unhoMne ghoSaNA kara dI ki yahUdI aura masIhI 'graha' kitAba' hote hue bhI sacce mata se bhraSTa ho gae haiM aura ibrAhIma ke asalI mata kI avahelanA kara anya matoM kA pracAra kara rahe haiM / unakA yaha bhI dAvA thA ki allAha pratyeka jAti ko, usI kI bhASA meM, eka AsamAnI kitAba bhejatA hai / araboM ke liye usakI AsamAnI kitAba kurAna hai jo usake AkhirI rasUla para nAjila ho rahI hai / muddammada sAhaba ne kurAna ke pramANa para apane ko rasUla siddha kiyA aura nAnA devI-devatAoM kA khaMDana kara allAha kA ekAkI zAsana pratiSThita kiyA / araboM ko sahasA una para vizvAsa na huA / unakA virodha prAraMbha huA / unakI ora se kahA gayA ki muhammada sAhaba ummI hai, par3hanA-likhanA jAnate hI nahIM, phira bhalA kurAna unakI racanA kisa prakAra ho sakatI hai ? jaba logoM ne vizvAsa na kiyA taba unako cunautI dI gaI ki ve eka dUsarI kitAba kurAna ke Takkara kI banA deM I phira bhI logoM ko saMtoSa na huA / be muhammada sAhaba ko zAyara kAhina, majanUna, grahalAma, nakUla, ajagAsa Adi na jAne kyA kyA kahate rahe / (1) Studies in Islamic Mysticism p. 83 (2) Mystical Elements in Mohammad p. 79 36

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482 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA muhammada sAhaba ko jAna bacAkara makA se madInA prasthAna karanA pdd'aa| vidra ke saMgrAma meM muhammada sAhaba ajIba DhaMga se vijayI hue| logoM ko vizvAsa ho gayA ki muhammada allAha ke rasUla haiM, aura kurAna eka AsamAnI kitAba hai| muhammada sAhaba kA pakSa puSTa ho claa| aneka vIra-dhurINa araba unake dala meM A ge| bahutoM se saMbaMdha bhI sthApita kara liyaa| aneka pArivArika aura rAjanItika prazna utthe| sabakA samAdhAna kurAna se kara diyA gayA / muhammada sAhaba kA mahattva bddh'aa| allAha ke sAtha unakA bhI nAma jor3a diyA gyaa| unake uThane-baiThane, calane-phirane, pAne-jAne, khAne-pIne, kahane-sunane Adi sabhI vyApAroM para pUrA dhyAna diyA gyaa| saMkSepa meM, unake mata-isalAma kA pracAra hone lgaa| muhammada sAhaba kI manovRttiyoM ke viSaya meM athavA unake sUphItva ke saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM gaharA matabheda hai| vijJAna ke kaTTara bhakta to unako apasmAra se grasta hI samajhate haiN| aise mahAnubhAvoM kA bhI prabhAva nahIM jo unako pracchanna rasUla evaM catura nItijJa mAnate haiN| kucha logoM kA kahanA hai ki muhammada Izvara ke mada meM masta rahanevAlAre kavi thaa| vaha apanI tarala bhAvanAoM kI parIkSA nahIM kara pAtA thA aura sadA bhAva-bhakti meM magna rahatA thaa| usakA aMtima jIvana praur3hAvasthA se kama sUphiyAnA thaa| yathArthataH vaha dhArmika athavA bhakta nItijJa thaa| Arcara3 mahodaya ke mata meM muhammada sAhaba mana evaM kriyA se vAstava meM bhakta the| araba ke nikaTavartI prAMtoM meM usa samaya kisI prakAra kI yoga-prakriyA pracalita thii| katipaya araba usase paricita the| muhammada sAhaba (1) The Idea of Personality in Sufism p. 4 (2) Aspects of Islam p. 187, 259.76 (a) Mystical Elements in Mohammad p. 87-26

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 483 ko dharma-jijJAsA meM usakA patA calA / phalata: usake upArjana meM ve lIna hue / yadyapi abhISTa bhAvAveza meM unake vicAra tathA zabda vyakta hote the tathApi unake daivI hone meM saMdeha nahIM / muhammada sAhaba ke jIvana kA jo paricaya diyA gayA hai usase spaSTa hai ki muhammada sAhaba ke bhakta hone meM kucha saMdeha nahIM / vaNika-vRtti se muhammada sAhaba ne jo kucha jJAna arjita kiyA, hIrA kI guhA meM ekAMta bhAva se usI kA parimArjana kara allAha kI preraNA se usake pracAra para dhyAna diyA / muhammada sAhaba kA zeSa jIvana eka bhakta senAnI kA jIvana ho gayA / prApa saMcA. laka aura saMsthApaka bana gae / allAha kA Adeza aba vyavasthA kA kAma karane lagA / muhammada sAhaba aba allAha se kahIM adhika usake saMdeza kI ciMtA karane lage / unako kisI prakAra allAha kI ekatA aura apanI dUtatA kA pracAra karanA Avazyaka jAna pdd'aa| unhoMne ImAna aura dIna se kahIM adhika isalAma para jora diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki loga unako saccA sUphI nahIM samajhate aura kevala eka kuzala nIvijJa mAnate haiN| svayaM sUphiyoM kA kahanA hai ki muhammada sAhaba ne svataH guhyatA ke kAraNa sUphImata kA pracAra nahIM kiyA; usakI dIcA alI yA kisI anya sAthI ko kRpA kara de dii| sUphI isa adhikAra-bheda se pUrA lAbha uThAte aura ise apane mata kA durga samajhate haiM / muhammada sAhaba ke saMbaMdha meM aba taka jo kucha nivedana kiyA gayA hai usakA niSkarSa yaha hai ki muhammada sAhaba vAstava meM sUphI nahIM the| unameM dArzanika saMtoM kI kSamatA nahIM thii| unakI bhakti-bhAvanA ko dekhakara hama unheM abhyAsI karmazIla bhakta kaha sakate haiM / unakI bhakti-bhAvanA meM dAsya bhAva kI pradhAnatA hai, mAdhurya yA mAdana-bhAva ' ( 11 ) Idea of Personality in Sufism p. 9

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484 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kA prAmoda nhiiN| muhammada sAhaba prAmoda-priya jIva the| pramadA para unakI vizeSa mamatA thI, phira bhI unako strI-puruSa ke sahajasaMbaMdha meM kisI sanAtana sattA kA saMketa nahIM milatA thaa| allAha ke ve eka prapanna sevaka the, virahI yA saMbhogI kadApi nhiiN| unameM 'hAla' thA, 'ilahAma' thA, karAmata thI, vAsanA thI; para prema aura saMgIta kA unameM nizAna na thaa| saMgIta se to unheM cir3ha thii| prema evaM saMgIta ke atirikta sUphiyoM ke prAyaH sabhI lakSaNa muhammada sAhaba meM the| prema kA vAsanAtmaka bhAva unameM paryApta thA, prabhAva usakI alaukikatA athavA pariSkAra kA thaa| muhammada sAhaba ke isalAma se zAmI jAtiyoM meM navIna rakta kA saMcAra huaa| isalAma ke udaya ke pahale hI sUphImata ke sabhI aMga puSTa ho cale the| unake ekIkaraNa kI AvazyakatA thii| muhammada sAhaba ke AMdolana se usako tatkAlIna lAbha to na ho sakA para Age calakara amarabeli kI bhA~ti usane muhammadI pAdapa ko chA liyA aura usI ke rasa se apanA rasa-saMcAra karatA rahA / yahA ke lAr3aloM meM utanI zakti na thI jitanI allAha ke kaTTara upAsakoM meN| phalata: mAdana-bhAva ke bhAvakoM ko adhika sAvadhAnI aura tatparatA se kAma lenA pdd'aa| kucha bAta hI vicitra hai ki sImA sauMdarya ko ugA detI hai| isalAma ke sImita kSetra meM mAdanabhAva lahalahA utthaa| yuvatI ko paridhAna milaa| parade meM prA jAne ke kAraNa sUphImata ko isalAma meM pratiSThA milii| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki muhammada sAhaba meM na to sUphImata kA udaya huA aura na isalAma meM usakA vikaas| muhammada sAhaba ke janma se prathama hI usakA udbhava tathA vikAsa ho cukA thaa| sulemAna ke gIta sUphI sAhitya ke anamola ratna haiM to sahI kiMtu unameM vaha Ava kahA~ jo jijJAsA ko bhI zAMta kara de|

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 485 DAyonIsiyasa ne bhakti-bhAvanA kA pratipAdana evaM mahAmilana kA prAmAsa to diyA, para usameM vaha mAloka kahA~ jo draSTA aura dRzya ko dRSTi meM laya kara AkAza banA de! yahUdI aura masIhI ullAsa ko itanA na tapA sake ki vaha sabA suvarya bntaa| isalAma ke parita: vyavadhAna meM sUphImata ko jo puTapAka milA usI meM mAdana-bhAva kA sakhA prema-rasAyana taiyAra huaa| mAdana-bhAva ke isI paripAka meM sUphImata ko dArzanika rUpa milaa| sUphiyoM kI saMcita sAmagrI ko lekara isalAma ne usako kisa prakAra tasavvupha kA rUpa diyA, isakA nidarzana hama pragale prakaraNa meM kreNge| yahA~ to hameM itanA hI kaha kara saMtoSa karanA hai ki muhammada sAhaba ne bhAvAveza meM jo kucha kahA vaha sarvathA sUphiyoM ke pratikUla na thA; usameM unake liye bhI kucha jagaha thii| sUphiyoM ne unhIM sthaloM ko cunA aura unake prAdhAra para samUce kurAna para apanA adhikAra jamA liyA / unake zIla, saMtoSa, tyAga mAdi sadguSoM ne unakI sahAyatA kI aura ve zAzvata zAha bana ge| mAdana-bhAva ne kisa prakAra mata kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA, isakA kucha nidarzana gata prakaraNa meM ho gyaa| aba hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki kisa prakAra usako isalAma meM pratiSThA milI aura vaha sUphImata ke rUpa meM vikhyAta humaa| sUphImata kA vAstava meM isalAma se vahI saMbaMdha hai jo kisI darzana kA kisI mArga se hotA hai| sUphImata bhI isalAma kI taraha apanI prAcInatA kA pacapAtI hai| isanAma kI mAMti hI usake prasAra meM bhI kurAna kA pUrA hAtha rahA hai| kucha logoM kA to kahanA hI hai ki sUphI zabda kI vyutpati madIne ke usa cabUtare se hai jisa para bahuta se saMta bhAkara peThave (1) Studies in Tasawarif p. 121

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486 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA the aura masajida ke dAna se apanA jIvana-nirvAha karate the| kucha bhI ho, itanA to spaSTa hai ki hIrA kI guhA meM muhammada sAhaba kA jo darzana hameM milA vaha sarvathA sUphiyAnA thaa| kurAna usI abhyAsa kA phala thaa| samajha meM nahIM AtA ki muhammada sAhaba ne usa mArga kI ucita vyavasthA kyoM nahIM kI. jisake prasAda se unako allAha ke aMtima aura priya rasUla hone kI sanada milI / kurAna meM allAha ke jisa svarUpa kA paricaya diyA gayA usakI jisa zakti, anukaMpA aura kSamA kA prastAva kiyA gayA, usakA samIkSaNa anyatra kiyA jaaygaa| yahA~ to kevala yaha kahanA hai ki kurAna meM katipaya sthala isa DhaMga ke avazya haiM jinake AdhAra para zabda-zakti kI kRpA se sUphImata kA pratipAdana isalAma ke aMtargata bhalI bhAMti kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhakti meM, cAhe usakI bhAvanA kisI prakAra kI kyoM na ho, upAsya kI sannikaTatA anivArya hotI hai| prapanna muhammada jaba kabhI senA, zAsana, saMgrAma Adi se zithila ho kisI ciMtana ke uparAMta prallAha kI zaraNa lete aura usake Aloka kA AbhAsa dete taba usameM kucha na kucha vaha jhalaka A hI jAtI thI, jo na jAne kitane dinoM se araba ke pathikoM ko gumarAha hone se bacAtI, mArga dikhAtI aura tyAgI yatiyoM kI parNakuTI kI zobhA bar3hAtI thii| allAha kI vyaktigata sattA kA svargastha vidhAna saMgrAma meM sahAyaka to thA kiMtu dalita hRdayoM kA uddhAra, unakA parita: parimArjana, usakA sAmIpya hI kara sakatA thaa| yadi kurAna ke avataraNa kA vidhAna-allAha, jibarIla, muhammada, janatA-banA rahatA to sUphI mahAmilana kA svapna na dekha paate| sUphiyoM ko to priyatama ke gale kA hAra bhI duHkhada thA, phira bhalA ve kisI madhyastha ko kaba taka kabUla karate / nidAna unako apane mata ke pratipAdana (1) "khudA usa vaka (kayAmata ke dina) kahegA-ai muhammada ! jinako tumane

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 487 ke liye kurAna ke padoM kA abhISTa artha lagA muhammada sAhaba ko 'mahabUba' aura 'nUra' banAnA pdd'aa| muhammada sAhaba ke satkAra se unake bahuta se aMtarAya dUra hue aura sUphI isalAmI jAme meM apane mata kA pracAra karane lge| dhIre dhIre isalAma meM unako zAzvata pada mila gayA aura tasavvupha isalAma kA' darzana ho gyaa| isalAma kI dIkSA meM yadi allAha ananya hai to muhammada usakA aMtima dUta / muhammada sAhaba ne apanA nAma jo allAha ke sAtha jor3a diyA usase isalAma kara aura saMkIrNa ho gayA / becAre sUphiyoM ko bhI isalAma kI rakSA ke liye muhammada sAhaba ko bahuta kucha siddha karanA pdd'aa| musalima saMsAra meM allAha aura kurAna ke pranaMtara muhammada aura hadIsa kA sthAna hai| vAstava meM muhammada sAhaba ne jo kucha Aveza kI dazA meM kahA vaha kurAna aura jo kucha hoza kI hAlata meM kahA vaha hadIsa ke nAma se khyAta hupraa| Aveza devAtmaka hone ke kAraNa pradhAna aura hadIsa sAmAnya hone ke kAraNa gauNa hai| hadIsa ke sAtha hI sunA kA bhI mahattva isalAma ko mAnya hai| munnA meM rasUla ke kriyA-kalApo kA vidhAna hai| isalAma meM viSi-niSedha, nimittanitya, kAmya prAdi karmoM kI mImAMsA sunA ke prAdhAra para hotI rhii| isa prakAra saMto ke sAmane kurAna ke sAtha hI hadIsa evaM peza kiyA ve to bAnate haiM, mujhe nahIM jaante| ye khoga (sUphI) mujhe jAnate hai, tumheM nahIM jaanteN"| jAyasI-graMthAvatnI, bhUmikA pu. 158 / (.) isalAma kA vAstava meM koI nijI darzana nahIM hai| zAmI matoM meM pAsamAnI kitAboM para itanA jora diyA gayA ki inameM darzana ke liye jagaha na rahI aura buddhi pApa kI jananI mAnI gii| para mAryoM ke prabhAva se isavAma meM ciMtana prAraMbha ho gyaa| musalima philAsapha ko yUnAna kA prasAda samayate / tasamyupha se hI musalima manISiyoM ko saMtoSa humA aura usI meM isabAma kI rA bhI dikhAI pdd'ii|

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488 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saMpradAyoM kI mana sunnA kA bhI prazna thA / dhArmika graMthoM meM kurAna kSepakoM se bahuta hI surakSita hai / usamAna (mR0 712 ) ne cAhe usameM kucha parivartana kiyA ho, para unake anaMtara kurAna kA rUpa sthira aura vyavasthita ho gayA / paraMtu hadIsa aura sunnA, sugama hogA yadi donoM hI ko hadIsa kaheM, bahuta dinoM taka sthira rahe / cAhI vyAkhyA ke liye hadIsa ciMtAmaNi yA kalpalatA kA kAma karate A rahe haiM / usamAna ke vadha ke kAraNa isalAma meM jA vibheda hue unake pratipAdana ke liye hadIsa hI upayukta the; kyoMki kurAna kA rUpa usa samaya taka sthira ho gayA thA aura usameM kucha heraphera karanA asaMbhava thA / pakSa ke puSTIkaraNa evaM vipakSa ke nirAkaraNa ke liye hadIsa kA vyApAra cala par3A / pakSApakSa kI khIMca-tAna, vAdiyoM kI chIna jhapaTa meM hadIsa kA vistAra bahuta dinoM taka hotA rahA / saMta bhI sajaga the : unhoMne bhI paristhiti se lAbha uThA aneka hadIsa gar3ha DAle / cch jaba isalAma ke kaTTara anuyAyI kAma, krodha, lobha Adi duSTa vRttiyoM ke liye anRta hadIsa gar3ha rahe the, pAkhaMDa kA pracAra kara rahe the, taba sAragrAhI saMta AtmarakSA, jIvoddhAra evaM bhagavadbhakti ke liye yadi isa kSetra meM utara par3e to koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM / vaha bhI usa samaya jaba unako bahuta kucha artha - pravartana karanA thA, hadIsoM kA duSTa nirmANa nahIM | prAya: yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki jana-samAja bhAve kI upekSA kara kriyA ke anusaraNa meM adhika tatparatA dikhAtA hai / isalAma isakA apavAda nahIM / muhammada sAhaba araboM ke utthAna meM magna the / araboM ke liye arabI meM kurAna utara rahI thI / kiMtu unake (1) The Mystics of Islam p. 53 (3) The Traditions of Islam p. 13 (3) murA 12 2, 13. 37, 33. 26, 41.2 /

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 488 anuyAyiyoM ne unake bhAvoM para dhyAna nahIM diyaa| unake sAmane senAnI muhammada kA vaha rUpa nAca rahA thA jo isalAma ke prasAra ke liye saMgrAma meM nirata thA, saMhAra meM mama thA, saMgraha meM lagA thA, vaMsa aura dhAvA ko dhyeya samajhatA thaa| caTa unhoMne usI kA tAMDava prAraMbha kiyaa| muhammada ke ekadezIya saMdeza ko, arabI kurAna aura aravI dIkSA ke AdhAra para vizvavyApaka banAne kI upra peSTA prAraMbha huii| bhAgyavaza umara (10 700) sarIkhA paTu, vicakSaNa, tyAgI, kuzala vIra nItina milaa| umara kI chatrachAyA meM isalAma ko jo gaurava milA thA vaha sahasA naSTa ho gayA / usamAna usakI rakSA na kara ske| umara ke prabhutva se misra tathA pArasa jaise sabhya aura saMpanna deza isalAma ke zAsana meM A ge| zAma bhI achUtA na bcaa| isalAma ko sa~bhalakara kAma karanA pdd'aa| isalAma vikaTa paristhiti meM par3a gyaa| eka ora to jo loga svarga ke lobha athavA svarNa kI lAlasA se lar3a rahe the unheM saMbhoga kI vAsanA satAne lagI, dUsarI ora jo bhadra musalima bana gae the unakI pratimA isalAma kA marma samajhanA cAhatI thii| buddhi vimeda kI jananI aura vijJAna kI mAtA hai| lobhavaza isalAma meM prarava aura paravevara kA prazna utthaa| zAsana aura sAmrAjya ke liye musalima prApasa meM bhir3a ge| jijJAsA ne isalAma, ImAna evaM dIna kA prazna khar3A kiyaa| muhammada sAhaba ne isalAma para vizeSa jora diyA thA, para ImAna aura dIna ke saMbaMdha meM prAyaH ve mauna hI raha gae the| kama se kama kurAna meM inakA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| isalAma ko yahUdI, masIhI, pArasI bhAdi aneka mate ko pacAnA thaa| usameM dharma-jijJAsA utpanna huii| isalAma ke sAmane (v) The Muslim Creed p. 3

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4-60 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA para " jo prazna Ae unakA samanvaya vaha na kara sakA / pArasa ko jItakara isalAma svayaM pArasI banane lagA / araba muhammada sAhaba ko araba netA mAnakara unake saMgha meM zAmila ho gae the aura unakI saphalatA aura pratibhA ke kAraNa unako rasUla bhI mAna baiThe the, IrAniyoM kI bhA~ti muhammada sAhaba ko ve kabhI usa pada para pratiSThita nahIM kara sakate the jisase kevala unhIM ke vaMzaja isalAma ke zAsaka baneM / astu, araboM ne alI ( mR0 717 ) kI avahelanA kara bakara ko khalIphA cunA / putrI ke pati se patnI ke pitA ko adhika mahattva diyaa| phAtimA aura AyazA kA virodha cala par3A / alI ziSTa, suzIla, kavi, vyAkhyAtA, vIra evaM udAtta the / kUTanIti kI kutsita cAloM se unakA mastiSka mukta thA / musalima saMsAra meM alI sA suzIla vIra utpanna na huA / unameM bhaktibhAvanA kA pUrA prasAra thA / pravAda hai ki muhammada sAhaba ne guhya . vidyA kA prakAzana kevala alI se kiyA thA / jo kucha ho, alI apanI udAttavRttiyoM ke kAraNa isalAma kA saMcAlana bahuta dina taka na kara sake / unake vadha ke anaMtara umayyA vaMza kA zAsana ( saM0 718-806 ) AraMbha huA / kucha hI dinoM ke bAda (saM0 737 ) karabalA ke kSetra meM unakI pyArI saMtAnoM kI jo durdazA kI gaI usakA smaraNa kara Aja bhI citta vyAkula ho jAtA hai aura zIyA to unake mAtama meM chAtI pITakara mara se jAte haiM / unake vilApa ko sunakara hRdaya dahala uThatA hai aura karabalA ke hatyAkAMDa ko isalAma kA kalaMka samajhane ko vivaza ho jAtA hai / isalAma ke nAma para jo musalamAnoM meM pArasparika saMgrAma chir3a gayA thA usameM sAMkhya kA udaya honA anivArya thA / isalAma ke liye mara miTanevAle vyaktiyoM kI aba bhI kamI nahIM thI / hauM, unako apane dala meM lAne ke liye apane pakSa kA puSTIkaraNa isalAma

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 461 ke AdhAra para avazya karanA thA / janatA kI ghoSaNA thI ki vaha isalAma kA sAtha degI, kisI vyaktivizeSa se usakA kucha saMbaMdha nahIM / ataeva apane apane mata ke anusAra isalAma, ImAna aura dIna kI vyAkhyA anivArya ho gaI / isalAma meM nAnA saMpradAya cala par3e / sunnI aura zIyA kA virodha AraMbha huA / jo taTastha raha gae unako khArijI kI upAdhi milI / musalima vAMDava ne masIhI lAsya ko dabAkara jisa Avartta ko janma diyA usameM kisI ke svarUpa kA ThIka ThIka patA lagAnA eka dustara kAma hai / phira bhI AsAnI ke sAtha kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMtamata ke yogya yaha vAtAvaraNa isI aMza meM thA ki isameM kucha nirveda kA udaya ho jAtA thA / udbhava ke prakaraNa meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki yuddha meM prAcIna nabiyoM kA kAphI hAtha rahatA thA / isa samaya unakA hAtha apanI kalA kahA~ taka dikhAtA rahA, isase hamArA mukhya prayojana nahIM / kyoMki unakA yaha kAma bhaktoM kA nahIM, paMDA-purohitoM kA karma samajhA jAyagA / isa samaya una mahAnubhAvoM kA bhI darzana nahIM saMgIta evaM prema kA pracAra karate haiM / manovijJAna kI to yaha eka sAmAnya bAta hai ki saMgrAma zAMti cAhatA hai, utsAha nirveda meM samApta hotA hai / raNa meM jo bhISaNa raktapAta aura karuNa evaM vIbhatsa dRzya sAmane Ate haiM ve udAra puruSoM ko kisI samAja meM nahIM rahane dete, balki unako saMsAra se virakta kara kahIM ekAMtasevana karane ke liye vivaza karate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki hameM jina ' tyAgI, saMtoSI, udAra aura bhakta vyaktiyoM kA kurAna meM darzana hotA hai unakA bhI isa yuga meM paryApta patA nahIM calatA isa vAtAvaraNa meM zAMta tapasvI vyaktiyoM kA ekAMta darzana hI svAbhAvika hai (1) tasamvupha isalAma pR0 12 / Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat sAtha hI hamako mila sakatA jo www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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462 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA jinako saMsAra kI caNika kSaNadA pasaMda nahIM unako yati-mArga kA anusaraNa karanA pdd'aa| umayyA-vaMza kA rAjya kAma, krodha, lobha Adi kA rAjya thaa| sameM dharma kA dhyAna na thaa| usakI paddhati muhammada sAhaba se pUrva kI araba-paddhati thii| pArasa se usakA virodha bar3hatA hI gyaa| alI ke pratikUla prAyazA ne jo yoga diyA thA, karabalA ke kSetra meM jo hatyAkAMDa hue the unakA ghara duSpariNAma isalAma ko barAbara bhoganA hI pdd'aa| alI ke virodha ke kAraNa ukta vaMza apane pakSa meM pramANoM ko gar3hatA aura unake pakSa ke pramANoM ko naSTa karatA rhaa| kucha samaya meM isalAma ke aMtargata itane vibheda utpanna ho gae ki usameM aneka paMtha cala pdd'e| sIriyA meM grIkadarzana kA pracAra masIhI mata ke AdhAra para cala rahA thaa| pArasa apanI saMskRti ke ghara meM alaga par3A thaa| siMdha meM isalAma kA DerA par3a gayA thaa| saMkSepa meM, isalAma meM itane matoM kA praveza ho gayA thA ki unako eka sUtra meM bA~dha rakhanA atyaMta kaThina thaa| vaha bhI usa samaya jaba zAsaka bhoga-vilAsa ke dAsa ho gae the| umayyA-vaMza ke zAsana ke pahale hI jo jijJAsA cala par3I thI vaha itanI prabala ho gaI ki isalAma meM eka aise dala kA udaya ho gayA jo sarvathA buddhivAdI thaa| pravAda hai ki ukta dala kA nAmakaraNa basarA ke hasana ne motajila kiyA thaa| sUphImata ke samIkSaka hasana kA nAma nahIM bhuulte| hasana usa samaya kI jijJAsA kA keMdra thaa| usameM mAdana-bhAva kA prasAra vA na ho sakA, kiMtu usake prabhAva se saMta-mata ko protsAhana milA aura sUphI mata ke aneka aMga puSTa ho ge| prasiddha hai ki eka ramaNIra ne hasana ko * (3) Tradition of Islam p. 47 (a) Saints of Islam p. 22

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kamika vikAsa 463 isa bAta kA upAlaMbha diyA thA ki yadi vaha pravAha ke izka meM usI taraha magna rahatA jisa taraha vaha pramadA apane priya ke prema meM mana thI to use usake nagna aMga kadApi gocara nahIM hote| hasana (mR. 785 ) prema-prasAda kA vitaraNa na kara skaa| vaha udAra, zAMta aura tapasvI thaa| usakI dRSTi meM udAratA' kA eka kaNa bhI prArthanA tathA upavAsa se sahasra guNa adhika mahattva rakhatA hai| hasana prema kA pujArI nahIM, sadbhAvoM kA vidhAyaka thaa| prema kI avahelanA adhika dinoM taka na ho skii| isalAma meM usakI pratimA kA udaya humaa| sUphI-sAhitya meM rAbiyA kA nAma amara hai| rAbiyA (mR0 806) kI prema-prakriyA para vicAra karane ke pUrva hI hamako yaha mAna lenA parama prAvazyaka hai ki araboM meM bhI anya jAtiyoM kI taraha manuSya kA vivAha kisI jina, deva yA alakha se ho jAtA thaa| isa dhAraNA' kA nirvAha pramI taka paraba meM ho rahA hai| rAbiyA eka dAsI thii| vaha apane ko allAha kI patnI samajhatI thii| usake viSaya meM prattAra kA pravacana hai ki jaba eka pramadA paramezvara ke mArga para puruSa kI bhAMti agrasara hotI hai taba vaha sI nhiiN| yadi siyAM usI kI taraha maka hotI to unheM kona kosa sakatA thA! rAbiyA paramAtmA kI priya dulahina thii| vaha kahatI hai"-"he nAtha! tAre camaka rahe haiM, logoM kI prAMkheM muMda cukI haiM, samrATI ne apane dvAra baMda kara lie haiM, pratyeka premI apanI priyA ke sAtha ekAMta sevana kara rahA hai, aura maiM yahA~ . . . .. -..-...-- (1) J. R. A. Society 1906 p. 305 (2) The Religious Life and attitude in Islam ___p. 143-148. (3) Rabia the Mystic p. 4. (5) , p. 27. - .

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464 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA akelI aApake sAtha huuN|" usakA nirdeza' hai-"he nAtha! maiM Apako dvidhA prema karatI huuN| eka to yaha merA svArtha hai ki maiM Apake atirikta kisI anya kI kAmanA nahIM karatI, dUsare yaha merA paramArtha hai ki Apa mere parade ko merI A~khoM ke sAmane se haTA dete haiM tAki maiM ApakA sAkSAtkAra kara Apako surati meM nimagna huuN| kisI bhI dazA meM isakA zreya mujhe nahIM mila sktaa| yaha to ApakI kRpA-kora kA prasAda hai|" musalima rAbiyA ko muhammada sAhaba kA bhaya thaa| usane unase prArthanA kI2-"he rasUla ! bhalA aisA kauna prANI hogA jise Apa priya na hoN| para merI to dazA hI kucha aura hai| mere hRdaya meM paramezvara kA itanA prasAra ho gayA hai ki usameM usake atirikta kisI anya ke liye sthAna hI nahIM hai|" prema kA punIta paricaya, bhAvanA kA divya darzana, muhammada kI madhura upekSA, kAmanA kA kalita kallola, vedanA kA vipula vilAsa Adi sabhI guNa rAbiyA ke roma roma se prema kA ArtanAda kara rahe haiN| usakA jIvana paramezvara ke prema se prAplAvita thaa| sacamuca rAbiyA mAdhurya-bhAva kI jItI-jAgatI pratimA thii| vaha isa loka meM rahatI aura usa loka kA paricaya detI thii| maikDAnalDa mahodaya to mAdana-bhAva kA sArA zreya rAbiyA, athavA strI-jAti ko hI denA saMgata samajhate haiN| rAbiyA ke atirikta bahuta sI anya deviyoM ne mahAmilana ke svapna meM parama priyatama kA viraha jagAyA thA aura isalAma ke kara zAsakoM kA darpa dekhA thaa| vajA ke hAtha-paira kATe gae, para usako isakA duHkha na rhaa| bhaviSya kI vibhUti ne use ghora saMtApa se vimukha kara diyaa| vaha parama prema meM matta rhii| (1) A Literary History of the Arabs p. 234. " p. 234. ) Muslim Theology p. 173.

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 495 mAdana-mAva ke jisa vibhava kA darzana rAbiyA tathA usakI sakhiyoM meM milA usakA mUla-srota vastuta: vAsanAtmaka hai| bAyabila' meM jisa vedanA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA thA usakA vimala vilAsa rAbiyA meM huaa| paraMtu usake nirUpaNa kA jo zrama pleTo tathA plATinasa prabhRti paMDitoM ne kiyA thA usakI pratiSThA abhI isalAma meM na ho skii| isalAma meM prema kA pratipAdana navIna paddhati para karanA parama Avazyaka pratIta hone lgaa| zAsakoM ke bhoga-vilAsa se prema ko protsAhana milaa| usakA kala ninAda sphuTa huaa| umayyA-vaMza ke bAdala ko vicchinna kara pArasa kA sitArA cmkaa| abbAsiyoM ke zAsana meM pArasa ko jo pratiSThA milI usakA isalAma para itanA gaharA prabhAva par3A ki pada pada meM isI kI prAbhA phUTane lgii| saMskRti kI dRSTi se araba pArasa ke vijayI bhRtya bana ge| unako adhyAtma kA gUr3ha vivecana nahIM bhAtA thA, para kisI mata meM mIna-meSa kara lenA ve jAnate the| pArasa ke saMparka meM to paraba bahuta pahale se the, aba usake bIca meM basakara use isalAma kI dIkSA dene lage the| unakA ekamAtra dhArmika prasa kurAna thaa| hadIsa kA upayoga bhI kara liyA jAtA thaa| pArasa kAphI buddhi-vaibhava dekha cukA thaa| pravAsiyoM kI kRpA se bagadAda vidyA kA keMdra bana gyaa| na jAne kitane graMthoM ke anuvAda parabI meM kie ge| prosa evaM bhArata ke manISI marmajJa bagadAda meM mAmaMtrita hue| barAmakAra pahale bola the| unake maMtritva meM bagadAda ne jo vidyA-pracAra kiyA vaha isalAma kI nasa nasa meM mina gyaa| anUdita graMthoM evaM anya viSAvyApArI kA samINa na kara hama itanA kaha denA pralaM samajhate haiM (1) Joce I. 8. (2) arava aura bhArata ke saMbaMdha pU. 14

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466 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ki yaha isalAma kA svarNayuga thaa| isameM bhinna bhinna matoM, darzanoM, kalA, vicAroM Adi kA vinimaya vyApaka rUpa se ho rahA thA; duddhi-vyAyAma parita: cala rahA thA aura pArasa kI Arya-saMskRti isalAma kI raga raga meM daur3ane kI ceSTA kara rahI thii| saMkSepata: yaha isalAma meM ciMtana kA yuga thaa| isameM kurAna ke kore pramANa aura hadIsa kI saccI gavAhI mAtra se isalAma kA sikkA nahIM cala . sakatA thaa| usako sahaja jijJAsA ko zAMta karanA thaa| pArasa isalAma kA sadA se eka ajIba upaniveza rahA hai| isalAma meM pArasIkoM kA cAhe jitanA yoga rahA ho, para isalAma ko kabUla kara pArasIkoM ne eka navIna mata dhAraNa kiyaa| isalAma meM zAyada hI koI aisA dhArmika AMdolana chir3A ho jisakA pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se pArasa se kucha bhI saMbaMdha na rahA ho| tasavvupha to bahuta kucha pArasa kA prasAda hai| sUphI mata ko vyavasthita rUpa dene meM isalAma ke una saMpradAyoM ne vizeSa sahAyatA dI jo kurAna, hadIsa, ImAna, karma, bhAgya, nyAya Adi prasaMgoM para vivAda karate aura apane apane matoM kA alaga alaga nirUpaNa karate the| kurAna ke viSaya meM sabase vikaTa prazna usake svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM thaa| muhammada sAhaba ke pahale vaha kahA~ aura kisa rUpa meM thaa| jo loga kurAna kA upahAsa prathavA usakA anukaraNa kara eka dUsarA kurAna raca rahe the unako daMDa diyA gayA aura kurAna kI pratiSThA bhalI bhA~ti sthApita ho gii| apane pakSa ke pratipAdana evaM vipakSa ke nirAkaraNa ke liye kurAna pramANa to kabhI kA bana cukA thA, aba dharma-saMkaTa se bacane aura Atma-tuSTi ke liye bhI usakA pramANa anivArya ho gyaa| usamAna ke samaya meM usako jo rUpa mila gayA thA usameM kisI prakAra parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA thA, ata: usakI zabda-zakti para dhyAna diyA gyaa| abhidhA kA

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 487 sthAna lacaNA evaM vyaMjanA ko mila gayA / hadIsa kI sImA bhI aba parimita ho calI thI / usako lekara rUr3hi aura viveka, nakla aura akla kA jhagar3A khar3A ho gayA / karttA aura karma. bhAgya evaM vyakti kA vivecana bhI AraMbha ho gayA / nyAya kI jijJAsA pratidina bar3hatI gaI / prAjJA aura prasAda meM vivAda chir3A / sArAMzata: isalAma ke nAnA saMpradAya apane mata ke nirUpaNa meM lage 1 mota jila saMpradAya ne sUphiyoM ke anukUla vAtAvaraNa utpanna kiyA / usane kurAna kI adbhuta vyAkhyA, nyAya kA ucita pratipAdana. tauhIda kA vAstavika vivecana karane kI jo ceSTA kI usameM cAhe usako saphalatA bhale hI na milI ho; kiMtu usane isalAma ko jhakorakara satarka kara diyaa| murjI dala usako roka na sakA / khArijI bhI taTastha na raha sake / kAdirI bhI prayatnazIla hue / sUphiyoM kI madhukarI vRtti khyAta hI hai 1 ve jJAnArjana meM magna rahe / isa yuga ke pramukha sUphI ibrAhIma, dAUdatAI tathA sakatI kahe jA sakate haiM / ibrAhIma meM mullAoM kI upekSA tathA karmakArDoM kI avahelanA thI / paramezvara ke prAjJA-pAlana aura saMsAra kI sAra-hInatA para ve vizeSa jora dete the / dAUda kahA karate the'"manuSyoM se usI taraha dUra bhAgo, jisa taraha zera se dUra bhAmate ho / saMsAra kA vrata raho aura nidhana kA pAraNa karo / " spaSTata: ina sajjanoM meM anurAga se kahIM adhika virAga kA bolabAlA hai / prabhI saMgrAma-janita cobha kA upazamana aura paramezvara kI prAjJA kA pAlana hI sAdhuoM ke liye svAbhAvika thA / prAcIna saMskAra isalAma se Dara ekAMta sevana meM hI apanA hita samajhate the / prema ke saMbaMdha meM itanA jAna lenA ucita hai ki aba turka aura maga bacce (1) J. R. A. Society 1906 p. 347. 37 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat -- www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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498 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA mAzUka' bana cale the| usake zlIla evaM prazlIla rUpa kA vyApAra bar3ha rahA thaa| sUphI zabda prayoga meM A gayA thA aura damizka meM maTha bhI sthApita ho gayA thaa| maMsUra (mR0 831) tathA hArU~ razIda kI utkaTa jijJAsA ne jo vAtAvaraNa utpanna kiyA vaha isalAma kI paridhi ko pAra kara cukA thaa| saMskRtiyoM ke saMgrAma se vibheda maMgaladAyaka ho gyaa| abU hanIphA ne dharmazAstra kA pAlocana kiyaa| damizka ke jAna ne masIhI darzana kA anuzIlana kiyA, aura bhakti-bhAvanA para ucita prakAza ddaalaa| bhArata meM siMdha ke musalamAna bhI mauna na rhe| multAna3 vidyA tathA tasavvupha kA keMdra bana rahA thaa| katipaya bauddha bhI isalAma svIkAra kara cuke the| sarana dvIpa meM prAgaMtuka musalamAnoM para bekaura (vIra-kola) kA prabhAva par3a rahA thaa| araba aura bhArata ke saMyoga se somarA aura besara nAmaka saMkara jAtiyA~ utpanna ho cukI thii| saMkSepa meM, isalAma cAroM ora se rasa khIMca rahA thA / __ bhAgya yA durbhAgyavaza mAmUna (mR0 86 ) sA dRr3ha aura prAgrahI vyakti isalAma kA zAsaka banA / muhammada sAhaba ne musalima saMgha evaM sAmrAjya ke vibheda para dhyAna nahIM diyA thaa| unakA pratinidhi sAmrAjya tathA saMgha donoM kA saMcAlaka thaa| mAmUna saMsAra ke una adhipatiyoM meM thA jo dharma para bhI zAsana karate haiN| usane ghoSita kara diyA ki kurAna kI zAzvata sattA allAha kI ananyatA ke pratikUla hai; jo loga usako nitya mAneMge unheM daMDa bhoganA pdd'egaa| mAmUna ko isa ghoSaNA kI preraNA motajiloM kI ora se milI thii| mAmUna ko matoM kI mImAMsA pasaMda thii| (1) zairula ajama ca0 bhA0 pR0 87 (2) The Mystics of Islam p. 3. (3) araba aura bhArata ke saMbaMdha pR0 312

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vasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 486 baha sAraNAhI dabaMga zAsaka thaa| usake vyApaka aura kaThora hastakSepa ne isalAma ko subdha kara diyaa| alI ke upAsakoM ko utkarSa milaa| mehadI aura imAma ke viSaya meM jo vivAda cala rahe the unakA nidarzana anyatra kiyA jaaygaa| yahA~ mApAtata: yaha vicAranA hai ki prastuta vAtAvaraNa meM sUphImata kI kyA dazA thii| sUphImata ke abhyutthAna meM mArUpha karakho kA vizeSa hAtha thaa| usane tattva-bodha evaM partha-tyAga ko tasavvupha kI upAdhi dii| prema aura madhu kI udbhAvanA kii| usakI dRSTi meM prema vyakti vizeSa kI zikSA nahIM, paramezvara kA prasAda hai| karakhI ne tyAga, vasva evaM prema kA udbodhana kara sUphomata ke prajAtmaka rUpa kA nirdeza kiyaa| udhara sIriyA ke abU sulemAna dArAnI ne hRdaya ko paramezvara kI pratimA kA prAdarza tathA dehaja vastuoM ko usakA mAcchAdaka khaa| usane jJAna kA gaurava vyAkhyA se kahIM adhika mauna meM samajhA / usake vicAra meM jaba kisI padArtha ke abhAva meM jI kalapatA hai taba mAtmA haMsatI hai; kyoMki yahI usakA vAstavika lAbha hai| karakhI meM ciMtana evaM dArAnI meM tapa kI pradhAnatA hai| sacamuca karakho meM katipaya una navIna tathyoM kA mAna hotA hai jo mAja bhI sUphI mata meM mAnya haiM aura jinakA samAdhAna isalAma yA muhammadI mata nahIM kara sktaa| unako hRdayaMgama karane ke liye una srotoM kA patA lagAnA par3egA jo isalAma ko sIMca rahe the| kahanA na hogA ki basarA aura bagadAda hI isa samaya sUphI mata ke keMdra rahe jo mAryasaMskRti se sarvathA abhiSikta the| ____ mAmUna ke nidhana ke uparAMta tarka kA paca durbala par3a gyaa| janatA bhAva kI bhUkhI hotI hai, tarka se usakA peTa nahIM bhrtaa| usako kisI Thosa padArtha kI mAvazyakatA par3atI hai| vaha sadAcAra kA anukaraNa karatI hai, jJAna kA anuzIlana nhiiN| ahamada

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500 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA ibna haMbala ( mR0 -812 ) mAmUna ke kRtyoM kA kaTTara virodhI thA / usako ucita avasara mila gayA / vaha apanI sajjanatA, zraddhA evaM tapa ke kAraNa janatA meM pUjanIya ho gayA / mAtajiloM kA tarka janatA ke kAma kA na thA / unakI bAtoM para marmajJa manISI hI dhyAna de sakate the / haMbala ne unake khaMDana kA prayatna kiyA / bala tathA isalAma ke anya AcArya usako kurAna, hadIsa evaM sadAcAra ke bhItara ghera rahe the; idhara hRdaya ke vyApArI usako vyApaka banAne meM magna the / vivAda itanA bar3ha gayA thA ki buddhi kI sarvathA avahelanA asaMbhava thI / prema itanA pakva ho gayA thA ki usakA AsvAdana anivArya thA / isI paristhiti meM misra kA jUlanUna prAge bar3hA / rAbiyA ne jisa prema kA AnaMda uThAyA thA jUlanUna ne usakA nidarzana kiyA / ilma aura mAripha', jJAna aura prajJAna kA rahasya - dUdghATana kara jUlanUna ne prema ko prajJAtmaka rUpa diyA / usakI dRSTi meM mAriphata kA saMbaMdha khudA kI muhabbata se thA / usake pahale haphI ne paramezvara ko habIba kahA thA, kiMtu usane usakA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA / isalAma meM tauhIda kA rAga alApA jAtA thA, para isa bAta para dhyAna nahIM diyA jAtA thA ki allAha kI ananyatA tabhI pakkI ho sakatI hai jaba usake atirikta kucha bhI zeSa na rahe, kevala anya devatA ke niSedha se nahIM / motajiloM ne isa kSetra meM mArgapradarzaka kA kAma kiyA thA, kiMtu unakA adhikatara dhyAna kurAna kI anityatA taka hI raha gayA thA / astu, jUlanUna ne tauhIda kA prakAzana kara isalAma ko prema kI ora agrasara kiyA aura bAyajIda ne apane ko dhanya kaha anubhavAdvaita kA AbhAsa diyA / jUlanUna (mR0 816 ) kA kahanA hai ki paramezvara kA jJAna hameM para ( 1 ) The Idea of Personality in Sufiism p. 9 ( 2 ) J. R. A. Society 1906 p. 310.

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tasavvupha akSavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 501 mezvara se prApta hotA hai| usake viSaya meM hama jo kucha kalpanA karate haiM vaha usake viparIta hotA hai| sarva-samarpaNa kara jo paramezvara ko varatA hai vahI jana hai, kyoMki paramezvara bhI usI ko cune rahatA hai| jUlanUna ne vanda, samA, tauhIda, rasAyana, taMtra Adi para bhI prakAza DAla prema ko pratIka siddha kara diyaa| phalata: use malAmatI' jiMdIkara kI upAdhi, kutva kI padavI tathA kArAvAsa kA daMDa milaa| ___jUlanUna ke atirikta aura bhI aneka sUphI isa kAla meM idharaudhara apanI chaTA dikhA rahe the| sUphiyoM kI tAlikA upasthita karane kI prAvazyakatA nhiiN| kevala una sUphiyoM kA paricaya prApta karanA cAhie jinakA sUphI mata ke itihAsa meM kucha vizeSa sthAna hai| yaha dekhakara citta prasanna hotA hai ki isa samaya basarA ke muhAsibI ne rijA para jora de eka sUphI-saMpradAya kA pravartana kiyA jo usI ke nAma se khyAta humaa| yajIda (mR0 631) zuddha pArasI saMtAna thaa| usakA pitA jarathuSTa kA upAsaka thaa| usake yoga se sUphI mata meM advaita kA anuSThAna claa| usane paramAtmA ko aMtaryAmI siddha kiyA aura kaNa kaNa meM usI kA vimava dekhA / prAtma-darzana meM usane paramezvara kA sAkSAtkAra kiyaa| vaha jIvAtmA ko paramAtmA se minna nahIM samajhatA thaa| usakA pravacana hai ki paramAtmA ke prati jIvAtmA ke prema se jIvAtmA ke prati paramAtmA kA prema purAnA hai| jIva prajJAnavaza samajhatA hai ki vaha (.) Encyclopedia of Islam p. 946. (.)jiMdIka zabda kI bharati ke saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| pratIta hotA hai ki vastutaH isa zamakA mUla bhaI pArasiyoM kA ghotaka thA aura isakA vadha unake dharmagraMtha jaida se paa| dhIre dhIre isa zabda kA prayoga svataMtra vicArogesi hone lgaa| musalamAnoM meM jo svataMtra vicAra rakhate the aura pAtapAta meM pAsamAnI kitAboM kI dAda nahIM dete the susalima garne jiMdIka kAne lge|

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502 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA paramAtmA se prema kara rahA hai| vAstava meM to vaha usa parama prema ke pIche pIche cala rahA hai jisakA Azraya paramAtmA hai / karakhI (mR0 872 ) ne jisa prema aura surA kA saMketa kiyA thA usako yajIda ne bhar3akA diyA / virahI tar3apa uThe aura 'prema piyAlA ' cala pdd'aa| loga usake mada meM masta ho ge| yajIda ne siddha kara diyA ki prema kI dazA meM bAhya kRtyoM kA kucha mahattva nahIM / usako tRpti to taba milI jaba usake priyatama ne usase 'o tU maiM' kahA / yajIda ne apane ko dhanya kaha isa bAta kI ghoSaNA kI ki usake paridhAna ke nIce paramAtmA ke atirikta aura kucha bhI nahIM hai / usane 'phanA' kA pratipAdana kara sUphI mata meM Arya-saMskAroM ko bhara diyA aura bhaviSya ke sUphiyoM ke liye advaita kA mArga khola diyA / jUlanUna evaM yajIda ne pIrI-murIdI' para bhI pUrA dhyAna diyA / jUlanUna ne sacce ziSya ko guru bhakta banane kA yahA~ taka Adeza diyA ki vaha paramAtmA kI bhI upekSA kara guru kI AjJA kA pAlana kare / yajIda ne ghoSaNA kI ki yadi vyakti-vizeSa guru nahIM karatA to usakA imAma zaitAna hotA hai / isa prakAra jUlanUna aura yajIda ne sUphI mata ke mukhya aMgoM ko paripuSTa kara mAdana-bhAva ko vyavasthita kara diyA / damizka, khurAsAna, bagadAda prabhRti sthAnoM meM jo maTha sthApita ho gae the unameM sUphI mata kI kasarata ho rahI thI / idhara basarA meM muhAsivI ne jisa saMsthA kA saMcAlana kiyA vaha apane mata ke pracAra meM magna thI / kurAna meM jisa 'jikra' kA vidhAna thA usakA maMtavya kucha bhI rahA ho, sUphiyoM ne sAmUhika rUpa se usakA saMpAdana kiyA / unakA 'sumirana' salAta se bahuta Age bar3ha gayA / rAmabharosA unako itanA thA ki kAma-kAja chor3a sadaiva sumirana meM (9) J. R. A. Society 1906 p. 322.

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 503 bage rahate the| unakI yaha paddhati isalAma ke anukUla na thii| prAcIna nabiyoM kI bhAMti unakA bhI upahAsa kiyA jAtA thaa| muhAsivI tathA vAyajIda ko kahane mAtra se saMtoSa na ho skaa| unhoMne tasavvupha para kucha likhA bhii| unakI ina kRtiyoM kA mahatva kucha isI se samajha meM A jAtA hai ki imAma gajAlI ne bhI inakA adhyayana kiyaa| prastuta kAla meM abbAsI zAsakoM meM na to vaha zakti rahI, na vidyA-prema hii| saca bAta to yaha hai ki isa samaya musalima saMgha evaM sAmrAjya nAnA prakAra kI dalabaMdiyoM meM phaMsa gayA thaa| na jAne isalAma ke kitane vibhAga hote jA rahe the| idhara sUphI tasavvupha kI paribhASA' meM lage the| yadi hAda tasavvupha ko prAtmazikSaNa mAnatA hai to tustarI usako mitabhojana, prapatti evaM ekAMtavAsa samajhatA hai| nUrI kI dRSTi meM to satya ke liye svArtha kA sarvathA tyAga hI tasavvupha hai| usake vicAra meM nirlipta hI sUphI hai| paribhASAoM ke prAdhikya se pratIta hotA hai ki aba sUphI mata kA satkAra ho rahA thA aura loga usakA paricaya bhI mAMgane lage the| yajIda ke anaMtara sUphI mata kA marmajJa evaM isalAma kA jJAtA junaida (mR0 666) humaa| junaida una vyaktiyoM meM eka hai jinakA sammAna mukhA aura phakIra donoM hI karate haiM / havAja (mR0 678) jaba yAtanAe~ jhela rahA thA, junaida usa samaya bhI mukta thaa| vaha svayaMra kahatA thA ki hamAja aura usake matoM meM vibhinnavA na thI / hamAna ke daMDa kA kAraNa usakA tarka yA guhya vidyA kA prakAzana thA aura usake sammAna tathA saMrakSA meM sahAyaka usakA pramAda athavA durAva thA / junaida avasara dekhakara kAma karatA thA / gupta rUpa (.) J. R. A. Society 1906 p. 335-347. (.) Studies in Taswwuf p. 132.

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504 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA para se guhya vidyA kI zikSA detA aura bAhara se kaTTara musalima banA rahatA thA / vaha Upara se isalAma ke kriyA-kalApoM kA pracAra, bhItara bhItara gupta tattva kA prasAra karatA thA / usakI dRSTi meM tasavvupha umra hotA hai| usake vicAra meM vahI sUphI hai jo paramezvara meM itanA nirata rahatA hai ki usake atirikta kisI anya sattA kA use bhAna bhI nahIM hotaa| junaida ke gupta-vidhAnoM se tasavvupha ko cAhe jitanI madada milI ho, para usake nibaMdhoM se gajAlI ko pUrI sahAyatA milI / illAja to junaida kA ziSya hI thA / junaida kA mAna vyAkhyAna ziSyoM kI manovRttiyoM ko sAkSAtkAra ke liye lAlAyita karatA thA / vaha svataH prAveza kI dazA meM sUphI mata kA vidhAna karatA aura isalAma ke nRzaMsa zAsakoM ko zAMta rakhatA thA / sUphA mata kA ziromaNi, tasavvupha kA prANa, advaita kA AdhAra, zahIdoM kA Adarza sacamuca hallAja hI thA / hallAja kA pracalita nAma maMsUra hai / maMsUra kA 'analahaka' sUphI mata kI parAkASThA ho nahIM parama gati bhI hai / yaha udghoSa hallAja kI svAnubhUti kA prasAda hai, kisI kore ullAsa kA udbhAva nhiiN| jina masIhI paMDitoM' ko isameM saMdeha hai aura jo hallAja ko masIha kI chAyA mAtra samajhate haiM unako yaha acchI taraha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki masIha pitA kA rAjya pRthivI para sthApita karane Ae the, priyatama meM tallIna hone nahIM; masIha caMgA karane Ae the, viraha jagAne nahIM / phalataH masIha ke upAsakoM ne rakta se bhUmaMDala ko ra~gA aura hallAja ke prazaMsakoM ne apane rakta se saMsAra ko anurakta kara prema kA prasAra kiyA / masIha ne par3osI ke sAtha sAdhu vyavahAra karane kA vidhAna kiyA to maMsUra ne par3osI ko AtmarUpa dekhane (1) Studies in the Psychology of the Mystics p. 258.

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tasavvupha athavA sUphomata kA kramika vikAsa 505 kA anurodh| sArAMza yaha ki maMsUra ke marma ko samajhane ke liye zAmI saMkIrNatA se Upara uTha mukta bhAva-bhUmi para pAkara vicAranA caahie| maMsUra evaM masIha ke mArga sarvathA bhinna the| samaya bhI unakA eka na thaa| maMsUra masIha kA bhAdara karatA thA, unake mAtmotsarga ko uttama samajhatA thA; para itane se hI vaha unakA anuyAyI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| masIha ke pitA ke rAjya' aura maMsUra ke 'manalhaka' meM bar3A aMtara hai| masIha saMdeza sunAne Ae the, maMsUra isI saMsAra ke parizIlana meM 'pranalhaka' kI anubhUti dikhA rahA thaa| maMsUra to satya jijJAsA kI preraNA se bhArata mAyA thA, usI bhArata meM jahA~ 'ahaM brahmAsmi' kA nirUpaNa ho rahA thaa| usake isa dezATana kA dhyeya rajjukalA yA nATya na thaa| hA~, vaha sUtra avazya thA jisakA pariNAma usakA 'manalahaka' hai| yajIda paramAtmA meM itanA anurakta thA ki aMta meM usane 'o tU maiM' kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA; maMsUra Atma-ciMtana meM itanA nirata thA ki usane apane ko satya khaa| ca paMDita maisiganana ke anusaMdhAnoM se maMsUra ke saMbaMdha meM jahA~ aneka tathyoM kA patA calA hai vahIM usake prata udghoSa kA udghATana bhI saMdigdha ho gayA hai| sUphI mata ke prakAra paMDita usako dvaitI siddha karanA cAhate haiM, para hallAja dvaitavAdI kadApi na thA; adhika se adhika vaha viziSTa madvaitI thaa| sUphiyoM ne vo use advaita kA vidhAtA mAnA hai| hallAja ke mAvirbhAva se vasavvupha saphala ho gyaa| usane prema ko paramAtmA ke sarava kA sAra siddha kiyaa| usakA kathana hai-"maiM vahI hU~ jisako pyAra karatA hU~, jise pyAra karatA hU~ vaha (i) A Literary History of Persia Vol. I p. 431. (.) Studies in Islamic Mysticism p. 84.

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506 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA maiM hI hU~ / hama eka zarIra meM do prANa haiM / yadi tU mujhe dekhatA hai to use dekhatA hai aura yadi use dekhatA hai to hama donoM ko dekhatA hai / " hallAja ke adhyAtma' ke saMbaMdha meM vicArane kA yaha avasara nahIM / yahA~ to itanA hI spaSTa karanA ucita hai ki hallAja 'hulUla' kA pratipAdaka thA / usane devaloka kI udbhAvanA kI aura 'lAhUta' evaM 'nAsUta' - svarga evaM martya--kA vivecana kiyaa| maMsUra ne ibalIsa ko mitra bhAva se dekhA / usakI dRSTi meM ibalIsa hI allAha kA saccA bhakta hai; kyoMki anya phariztoM ne allAha ke Adeza para Adama kI upAsanA kI, para ibalIsa apane praNa para TikA rahA aura ananya bhAva se usane allAha kI ArAdhanA kI / maMsUra ke prayatna se muhammada sAhaba ko bhI utkarSa milA / hallAja ne 'nUra muhammadI ko nabiyoM kA udgama siddha kiyA, 'amra' kA pAlana anivArya 'mAnA; phira bhI musalima usake 'analahaka' ko na saha sake, usako prANadaMDa kA bhAgI siddha kara diyA / maMsUra kA vadha 'rakta- bIja' kA badha thA / mullAoM kA daMDavidhAna tasavvupha kA khAdya bana gayA / usa samaya sUphI mata ke prasAra kA ekamAtra kAraNa aMtaHkaraNa kA pravAha hI nahIM thA; mAtajiloM ke zamana tathA isalAma kI pratiSThA ke liye jina bAtoM kI AvazyakatA thI unakA bhAMDAra bahuta kucha sUphiyoM ke hAtha meM thA / zrI ikabAla kI to dhAraNA hI hai ki hallAja apane 'analhaka ' se mAta jiloM ko cunautI de rahA thaa| 'kazpha 3 kI udbhAvanA se ( ) The Idea of Personality in Sufiism p. 29-33. ( 2 ) Six Lectures p. 134. ( 3 ) billA kaipha kA tAtparya hai kisI bAta ko binA mIna-meSa ke svIzAra kara lenA / ahamada ibna haMbala ne isa bAta para jora diyA ki hameM kurAna ke

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 500 isalAma bahuta kucha surakSita ho gayA / akla kI praviSThA ghaTI aura nakla kI maryAdA bddh'ii| 'vilA kaipha kA mAhAtmya bddh'aa| 'karaphulmahajUba' ke dekhane se patA calatA hai ki isa samaya sUphiyoM ke kaI silasile kAma kara rahe the| tasavvupha meM prANAyAma kI praviSThA ho gaI thii| vaha durUha aura guhya samajhA jAtA thaa| zibalI ke padyoM meM azlIla bhAva jhalakate haiN| phArAbI (mR. 1000)ne kurAna evaM darzana kA samanvaya kara sUphI mata kA mArga svaccha karane kI ceSTA kI; para sUphI mata ko isalAma kI pakkI sanada na mila skii| sUphiyo kI dhAka jama calI thii| katipaya sUphiyoM ne apane ko nabiyoM se adhika pahu~cA humA siddha kiyaa| abU saIda ( mR0 1106 ) eka isI kar3e kA sUphI thaa| usake jIvanacarita se avagata hotA hai ki usa samaya janatA meM sUphI mata kA kAphI satkAra baa| eka prAmINa ne rahasya ke udghATana meM usakI pUrI sahAyatA kI2 / saIda ne spaSTa kaha diyA ki yadyapi sUphI mata kA mUlAdhAra pIra hai tathApi anya logoM se bhI jJAnArjana karanA sAdhu hai| dIca-guru ke atirikta zikSA-guru mI mAnya hai| khirakA aura pIra kA kSetra vyApaka aura udAra hai| mata meM svataMtratA mAvazyaka hai| saIda samA kA pakA pratipAdaka aura bhakta thaa| usakI bharya meM kisI prakAra kA saMdeha nahIM karanA caahie| usakA bhArazaH mAna denA hI ThIka hai| (.) sakhAma bhAsamAnI kisAnoM kA kAyala thaa| hetuvAdiyoM ke ke sAmane rAma kI zAzvata sattA kAyama na raha skii| aMta meM kahA gayA ki bachAha sakSma tattva hai| maloM ke maMgala liye apanA vyaktIkaraNa pApa hI karatA hai| isake mAvirbhAva se usake svarUpa kA bodha ho jAtA hai| yahI kazpha kA tAtparya hai| (2) Studies in Islamic Mysticism Chapter I.

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508 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dRSTi meM viSaya-vAsanA ke vinAza ke liye samA eka anupama sAdhana hai| usake vicAra meM aMta:karaNa kI preraNA para dhyAna rakhanA kurAna kA vidhAna hai| haja kI avahelanA kara saIda ne pIroM kI samAdhi ko haja maanaa| vaha itanA udAra thA ki kurAna par3hate samaya naraka ke kaSToM ko dekhakara ro par3atA thA aura paramezvara se uddhAra ke liye prArthanA karatA thaa| khudI se vaha itanA bhayabhIta thA ki sadA apane liye anya puruSa kA prayoga karatA thaa| vaha kisI paMtha kA pravartaka yA kisI mata kA prAcArya na thaa| usakA tasavvupha usakI sAdhanA kA phala thA, ciMtA kA prasava nhiiN| vaha prAcIna sUphiyoM ke mArga para calatA aura aMtarAtmA kI pukAra para bhyAna rakhatA thaa| vaha eka bhAvuka pracAraka thA / usako kurAna kI vyAkhyA meM adhika AnaMda nahIM milatA thaa| vaha to janatA ko prema-pATha par3hAtA aura allAha kA bhajana karatA thaa| usane sUphI mata ko janatA meM bakhera diyA aura loga usake saMcaya meM magna hue| __sUphI mata ne kara to saba kucha liyA, para use isalAma kI sanada na milii| isalAma ke kaTTara upAsaka usako rokane meM tatpara the| paraMtu yaha vaha roga thA jo davA karane se aura bhI bar3ha rahA thaa| naraka ke abhizApa se unakA kAma nahIM bana pAtA thA; sUphI bhI apane mata ko kurAna pratipAdita athavA muhammada sAhaba kI thAtI kahate the| mullAoM kA daMDabala hRdaya ke pravAha ko rokane meM asamartha hotA jA rahA thaa| prema ke pracAraka udAtta sUphiyoM ke sAmane kisI darabArI kAjI kA janatA kI dRSTi meM kucha bhI mahattva na thaa| janatA prema cAhatI thI, hRdaya khojatI thI, phatavA se use saMtoSa nahIM thaa| pratibhA samAdhAna cAhatI thI, bheda kholatI thI, nakla aura bilA kaipha se use tRpti nahIM milatI thii| saMskRtiyoM

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 506 ke saMgrAma meM jo matameda uTha par3e the unakA saMghaTana anivArya thaa| tasavvupha ke liye isalAma aura isalAma ke liye tasavvupha kA virodha hitakara na thaa| loga prayatnazIla bhI hote to kisI eka hI pakSa meM phaMsa jAte the| anubhavI sUphI evaM vicakSaNa paMDita na jAne kitane hue para kisI ko tasavvupha aura isalAma ke samanvaya kA yaza na milaa| sUphI janatA kA mana mohane meM saphala ho rahe be, unakA saMghaTana bhI ho gayA thA, unakA sAhitya bhI bar3ha rahA thA, unakI pUjA bhI cala par3I thI, unake maTha bhI bana gae the; sabhI kucha unake pakSa meM thA to sahI, kiMtu unako prANadaMDa kA khaTakA bhI barAbara lagA rahatA thaa| kisI samaya jiMdIka kI upAdhi de sanakI durgati kI jA sakatI thii| isalAma kI avahelanA unako iSTa na thii| isalAma bhI tasavvupha ke binA ujAr3a thaa| sAmagrI saba upalabdha thii| kamI kevala eka aise vyakti kI thI jisameM donoM kA vizvAsa ho, jise donoM jAnate-mAnate ho, jisameM donoM eka meM do aura do meM eka ho skeN| saMyogavaza isalAma meM eka aise hI mahAnubhAva kA udaya hupraa| usake prakAza meM prApasa kA vaimanasya naSTa ho gyaa| usane siddha kiyA ki vasavvupha isalAma kA jIvana aura isalAma tasavvupha kA sahAyaka hai| usakI dhAka isalAma meM pahale hI se jama cukI thii| loga sunanA bhI yahI cAhate the| phira kyA thA, tasavvupha ko isalAma kI sanada milii| usakA vyavasAya isalAma meM khulakara hone lgaa| vasanvupha isalAma kA darzana aura sAhitya kA rAmarasa ho gyaa| prema ke viyogI aura paramAtmA ke virahI bhAtura vyaktiyoM kA zaraNya yaha rasAyana hI bA jo unako bAra bAra miTAtA-banAvA,mAravA-jilAvA mahAmisana kI ora agrasara karatA humA pradvaita kA anubhava karA rahA thaa|

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510 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA samanvaya kI bhavya bhAvanA ne imAma gajAlI (mR. 1168) ko janma diyaa| isalAma usakI pratibhA se camaka utthaa| gajAlI isalAma kA vyAsa hai| usane dharma, darzana, samAja aura bhakti-bhAvanA kA samanvaya kara isalAma ko paritaH paripuSTa kiyA / usane isalAma ko ImAna kI kriyA sAvita kara donoM kA upasaMhAra dIna meM kara diyaa| ulajhanoM ke sulajhAne aura par3acanoM ko dUra karane meM adhikAra-bheda bar3A kAma karatA hai| gajAlI ne 'na buddhi bhedaM janayet' kA Adeza de guhya vidyA ko gupta rakhane kA vidhAna * kiyaa| paraMtu usane isa prakAra kI vyavasthAre ke sAtha hI sAtha isa bAta para bhI pUrA dhyAna diyA ki janatA pratibhA ke utkarSa ke sAtha darzana evaM adhyAtma kA anuzIlana kara ske| usane bhaya kI pratiSThA kii| usake vicAra meM isalAma kA prAcIna bhaya janatA ke liye maMgalaprada aura atyaMta Avazyaka thaa| vaha 'binu bhaya hoi na prIti ko akSaraza: satya samajhatA thaa| bhaya ko manorama banAne ke liye usane prema kA pakSa liyaa| kurAna ke artha athavA ImAna ke viSaya meM jo vivAda cala par3e the unakA samAdhAna lokoM kI kalpanA kara gajAlI ne bar3I hI paTutA ke sAtha kara diyaa| usakA kathana hai ki manuSya 'mulka' kA nivAsI hai| rUha 'malakUta' se AtI aura phira vahIM calI jAtI hai| saMdeza-vAhaka pharizte 'jabarUta' ke nivAsI haiN| anya pharizte malakUta meM rahate haiN| isalAma malakUta tathA kurAna jabarUta se saMbaddha hai| sUphI jo apane ko haka kahate haiM usakA rahasya yaha hai ki allAha ne Adama ko (1) Muslim Theology p. 237-240. (2) The History of Philosophy in Islam p. 167-8. (3) Muslim Theology p. 234.

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tasavvupha athavA sUphImata kA kramika vikAsa 511 apanA rUpa diyA, usameM apanI rUha phU~kI / hadIsa hai ki jo apanI rUha ko jAnatA hai vaha Izvara ko jAnatA hai / vastuta: rUha aMza aura Izvara aMzI hai / ataeva sUphiyoM kA analahaka isalAma ke pratikUla nahIM hai / svayaM muhammada sAhaba rasUla hone ke pahale ' sUphI the / sUphiyoM ko sacamuca ilahAma hotA hai / rasUla evaM sUphI kA pradhAna aMtara yaha hai ki jahA~ sUphItva kA aMta hai vahA~ dUtatva kA prAraMbha hotA hai / gajAlI vAda-vivAda ko vyartha samajhatA thA / usakI dRSTi meM satsaMga, svAdhyAya, abhyAsa evaM niyama kA pAlana hI yatheSTa thA / tarka-vitarka tathA kalAma se usakI vizeSa prema na thA, yadyapi vaha 'hubjatula isalAma' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita thA / kalAma aura nIti ke viSaya meM usane jo kucha kahA usakA svAgata to isalAma ne kiyA hI; para usake usa aMga ko usane apanA AdhAra hI banA liyA jo 'cakla' kI dhajjiyA~ bar3A, 'nakla' kI saMrakSA karate hue, 'kazpha' kA nirUpaNa karatA hai / imAma gajAlI kI kRpA se tasavvupha kI pratiSThA sthira ho gaI / usako isalAma kI pakkI sanada milI / junaida ke kAma ko imAma gajAlI ne khUbI ke sAtha pUrA kara diyA / gajAlI ke uparati tasavvupha meM jilI, arabI, rUmI prabhRti sUphiyoM ne jo yoga diyA usake saMbaMdha meM kucha kahane kI jarUrata nhiiN| vastu nahIM jisakA vikAsa ruka jAya / gatizIla rahA / usake dvAra bhAvoM tathA liye sadaiva khule rhe| jisake jI meM jaba usakI raunaka bar3hAe / nidAna hama usake yahA~ para kevala usa dRSTi se kara rahe haiM ki sthita rUpa mila gayA / use apane kisI aMga ko pUrA nahIM karanA sUphImata koI aisI tasavvupha kA pravAha sadA vicAroM ke svAgata ke Ae usameM dAkhila ho vikAsa kA upasaMhAra aba usako eka vyaba ( 1 ) The Idea of Personality in Sufism p. 44. www.umaragyanbhandar.com * Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat

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512 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hai| usako isalAma kI sanada mila gaI hai| sanada kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki sUphiyoM ko Age calakara isalAma ke kaTTara kAjiyoM kA bhaya na rhaa| isa prakAra kI dhAraNA sarvathA asatya hogii| hama jAnate haiM ki bahuta sAvadhAnI se kAma lene para bhI saphI apane vicAroM ke liye krUra zAsakoM se bhISaNa daMDa pAte rahe haiN| prastu, hamAre kahane kA sIdhA-sAdA artha yaha hai ki gajAlI ke anaMtara tasavvupha isalAma se abhaya ho gayA, kiMtu sUphiyoM ko kabhI bhI isalAma se abhayadAna nahIM milaa| abhaya kI kalpanA bhI isalAma ko asahya hai; gajAlI to bhaya kA samarthaka hI thaa| sUphiyoM ke prANa tar3apate hI rahe, unako svataMtra jIvana na milaa| sUphiyoM kI tar3apa ne jo rUpa dhAraNa kiyA vaha saMsAra ke sAhitya meM apanA alaga mUlya rakhatA hai, usakI gati nirAlI hai| tasavvupha vAstava meM marusthala kA naMdana hai|

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA arthAt prAcIna zodhasaMbaMdhI traimAsika patrikA [navIna saMskaraNa] bhAga 16-saMvat 1962 pina saMpAdaka vAmadaradAsa kAzI-nAgarIpracAriNI sabhA dvArA prakAzita

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lekha-sUcI viSaya pR0 saM0 1-samrAT 'azoka' athavA 'saMprati [ lekhaka-zrI sUrya nArAyaNa vyAsa, ujjaina] 2-jaMbUdvIpa kA dharma, itihAsa tathA bhUgola [ lekhaka DAkTara prANanAtha, DI0 esa-sI0, kAzI] ... 3-bhArata meM hUNa-zAsana [lekhaka-zrI vAsudeva upAdhyAya, ema0 e0, kAzI] ... .. ... 126 4-kuzAnakAlIna bhArata [lekhaka-zrI vRMdAvanadAsa, bI0 50, ela-ela0 bI0, mathurA] ... ... 171 5-rAmacarita-mAnasare saMvAda lekhaka-zrI caMdrabalI pAMDeya, ema0 e0, kAzI] ... ... ... 183 6-mAratavarSa ke sAmrAjya-kAla kA eka saMskRta itihAsa [lekhaka-rAyabahAdura zrI baijanAtha paMDyA, kAzI]... 223 -viviSa viSaya ... ... ... 231 -rAmasthAnI hiMdI aura kabIra [ lekhaka-zrI sUryakaraNa pArika, ema0 e0, pilAnI] ... ... 233 -zaka-saMvat [ lekhaka-zrI veNIprasAda zukla, prayAga] 241 10-caMdela rAjA paramAla (paramArdideva) ke samaya kA eka jaina zilAlekha lekhaka-zrI hIrAbAsa jaina, ema0 e0, ela-ela0 bI0, amarAvatI] ... ... 273 11-mahAmahopAdhyAya mahAkavi zrI zaMkaralAla zAtrI kI jIvanI davA unake graMthoM kA saMcipta paricaya [ lekhaka-zrI zivadatta zarmA, dehalI ] ... 206

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thazo IcPbb karI. Here SER Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat, www.umaragyanbhandar.com