Tirthankar Mahavira Smruti Granth

Author(s): Ravindra Malav
Publisher: Jivaji Vishwavidyalaya Gwalior
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/012001/1

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514 tIrthakara mahAvAra jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya,gvAliyara Jain Education intern Only me anywjalnelibrary.org

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tIrthaMkara mahAvIra smRti grantha N a talion international For Private & Personal use only

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tAthakara 5. smRtigrantha mahAvAra sampAdaka ravIndra mAlava saMyojaka, mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava samiti sadasya-mahAsabhA, vidyApariSada sAmAjika vijJAna saMkAya kalA pakSa vizvamitra vAsavAnI APP prakAzaka ajayakumAra bhaTTAcArya kula saciva, - jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya,gvAliyara mudraka sAdhanA presa, gvAliyara-1 onare Only

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krama krama Amukha prastuti prAkkathana -harasvarUpa -ajaya kumAra bhaTTAcArya --gobinda nArAyaNa TaNDana - ravIndra mAlava -ghanazyAma gautama pUrvA xxiii kRtajJatA jJApana zubha kAmanA sandeza prathama khaNDa kAvyAMjali (1-8) -kundakundAcArya -raviSeNAcArya maMgala sUtra mahAvIra stavana (prAkRt) mahAvIra stavana (saMskRta) vandanA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caraNoM meM manoyoga dvArA suno vIra vANI bhAca puSpAMjali - upAdhyAya amara muni - kalyANa kumAra jaina "zazi" 7 -zAntIlAla jaina "madhukara" 8

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dvitIya khaNDa jinavANI (9-22) antarAtmA-11, aparigraha-11, abhayadAna-11, abhogI -11.arahaMta-11, asteya (acaurya)-11, ahiMsA-12, AcArya-13,Atmatatva 13, AtmavijetA-13, AtmazraddhA-13, Atmazuddhi-14, AtmA-14, AtmajJAna-14, AcaraNa-15, AcAra-15, Arjava-15, upabhoga-15, karma-15, kaSAya-15, kevalajJAna-16, kevalI-16, caritra-.16, jIva-16, tapa-17, tIrtha-17, dravya-17, duHkha-17, dharma-17, dhyAna-18, paramANu-18 paramAtmA-18, parigrahaNa-18, paryAya-18, pramANa-19, pudagala-19, bhaya-19, bhASA-19, mArdava-19, mokSamArga-19, lobha-20, vinaya-20, brahmacarya-20, zramaNa-20, zramaNadharma-20, saMta-20, saMyama-21, samatA-21, satya-21, samyakatva-21, samyaka darzana-21, samyaka jJAna-22, samyaka cAritra-22, jJAna-22 / tRtIya khaNDa bhagavAna mahAvIra, jIvana-darzana-dena (23--76) 1. bhagavAna mahAvIra, jIvana aura darzana 2. tIrthakara mahAvIra aura unakI sAmAjika krAnti 3. vartamAna yuga meM mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI sArthakatA 4.' bhagavAna mahAvIra aura nArI mukti 5. mahAvIra kI vANI kA maMgalamaya krAntikArI svarUpa 6. mahAvIra kA sAmyavAda 7. vizvazAnti ke sandarbha meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA sandeza 8. mAnavadharma ke praNetA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra 9. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA sarvodya zAsana 10. Message of Bhagavan Mahavira 11. Pearls -paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI siddhAntAcArya 25 -candanamala vaida - yazapAla jaina -paM. sumatIvAI zahA -DA0 mahAvIra zaraNa jaina -paripUrNAnanda varmA yU0 ena0 vAcchAvata - saradAra siMha caurar3iyA - sumeracandra divAkara zAstrI --T. K. TUKOL caturtha khaNDa- jaina dharma-darzana (77-152) 83 1. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA anekAnta evam syAdvAda darzana ___-AcArya zrI tulasIjI 2. vartamAna yuga meM zramaNa -upAdhyAya muni zrI vidyAnandajI 3. jaina yoga meM kuDalinI - muni zrI nathamalajI 4. parigraha kA svarUpa -muni zrI candanamalajI N 91. iv

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93 99 5. jaina darzana meM anumAna paribhASA 6. jaina saMgha aura sampradAya bhagavAna mahAvIra kA aparigraha, eka dArzanika vivecana 8. jaina karma siddhAnta 9. jaina darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa, eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana -DA.daravArI lAla koThiyA -DA. bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara -pro. zrIcandra jaina -zyAmalAla pANDavIya - DA. sAgaramala jaina . 135 141 paMcama khaNDa jaina saMskRti evam kalA, (153-214) 1. jaina purAtatva evam kalA -madhusUdana narahari dezapANDe 155 2. jaina mUrtizAstra (madhyapradeza kI jaina mUrtikalA ke sandarbha meM) -pro. kRSNadatta vAjapeyI 168 3. jaina dharma aura saMgIta -gulAbacandra jaina 171 bhAratIya zilpakalA ke vikAsa meM jaina zilpakalA kA yogadAna-DA. zivakumAra nAmadeva 181 5. jaina citrakalA -zrImatI uSAkiraNa jaina 193 6. Contribution of Mahavira To Indian Culture -Dr. Kailash Chandra Jain 200 7. Jaina Images And Their Predominant Styles : Dahala And South Kosala Region -Dr. R. N. Misra 205 SaSTam khaNDa jaina sAhitya (215-270) 217 224 231 237 1. jaina sAhitya -agaracanda nAhaTA 2. madhyakAlIna hindI sAhitya meM varNita sadagurU-satsaMga kI mahattA-DA. zrImatI puSpalatA jaina 3. jaina sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke vikAsa meM bhaTTArakoM kA yogadAna -DA. kastUracanda kAsalIvAla 4. jaina sAhitya ke Adya puruskartA ----DA. jyotiprasAda jaina prAcIna jaina rAma sAhitya meM sItA -DA. lakSmInArAyaNa dube jaina AcAryoM kA saMskRta kAvya zAstra meM yogadAna ----DA. amaranAtha pANDeya 7. rAjasthAna ke kavi- "ThakurasI" -paM. paramAnanda jaina zAstrI 8. mahApaMDita ToDaramala -DA. hukumacandra bhArilla 241 249 256 265

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saptama khaNDa vaijJAnika sandarbho meM jaina dharma (271-302) 1. paramANu aura loka 2. jaina gaNita vijJAna kI zodha dizAe~ 3. zAkAhAra : vaijJAnika evaM cikitsAzAstrIya dRSTikoNa -pro. jI. Ara. jaina -lakSmIcandra jaina ---DA. padamacandra jaina 273 281 291 aSTama khaNDa -- gvAliyara aura jaina dharma (vividha sandarbha) (303-360) 1. gopAcala kA eka vismRta mahAkavi, "raIdhU" ---DA. rAjArAma jaina 305 gvAliyara evaM usake nikaTavartI kSetroM meM sthita : jaina sAMskRtika kendra-DA. vI. vI. lAla 3:8 3. gopAdrI devapattane -hariharanivAsa dvivedI 325 4. gvAliyara ke sAMskRtika vikAsa meM jaina dharma -ravIndra mAlava 337 navama khaNDa vividhA (361-410) 363 375 1. samIkSA evaM samAlocanA zrI 2500 vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava varSa meM prakAzita jaina sAhitya 2. bhagabAna mahAvIra kA paccIsa sauM vA nirvANa mahotsava aura gvAliyara saMbhAga : eka rapaTa bhagavAna mahAvIra mahAparinirvANa mahotsava parva kI sthAI upalabdhi : "zrI 2500 vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava smAraka nyAsa" jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA Ayojita zrI 2500 vAM, bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava, vyAkhyAna mAlA : eka riportAja 5. lekhaka paricaya 6. vijJApana 385 389 393 411

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1): 50 Amukha bhArata kI gauravazAlinI sAMskRtika saMracanA kI nirmiti meM sahasrAdviyoM kI avicchinna paramparA ke tatva sannihita haiN| saMbhavataH saMsAra ke anya kisI bhI deza kA itihAsa hamArI taraha sAMskRtika sAtatya kI viziSTatA se anuprANita nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Arthika bhautika nirdhanatAoM ke saMtrAsa meM bhI bhArata bhUmi kI asmitA aparAjita aura garvonnata rahatI calI AI hai, aura tamas - pratAr3ita mAnavatA ne sadaiva hI usakI ora AsthA tathA vizvAsa kI prakAza kiraNoM ke lie AzA marI dRSTi se dekhA hai / vii parasparopakA bhArata kA vaividhya pUrita sAMskRtika vyaktitva yoM to aneka saMzliSTa tatvoM kI pArasparika kriyA-vikriyA kA pariNAma hai, tathApi isakI samagra racanA ko sudUra atIta meM do mahApuruSoM ne sarvAdhika prabhAvita kiyA, vaha the mahAvIra aura gautama buddha, jinake udAtta cintana ke saMsparza bhAratIya manISA para itane suspaSTa aura sthAyI the ki zatAbdiyoM bAda, ekadama bhinna aura vaijJAnika - Adhunika saMsAra meM ekabAra phira vyApaka sarvAnumati aura svIkRti prApta karane vAle mahApuruSa mahAtmA gAMdhI ke vyaktitva meM usI cintana kA parAvartana parilakSita huA sAMskRtika sAtatya kA yaha anupama udAharaNa thaa|

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tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke mahAnirvANa kI paccIsavIM - prathama dRSTipAta hI yaha batA detA hai ki isakI sAmagrI zatI-puti ke avasara bhArata meM hI nahIM saMsAra bhara meM kitanI gahana, zodhapUrNa, bahuAyAmI aura sthAyI mahatva samArohoM kA Ayojana saMpanna huA, unake dhamika- kI hai, nissaMdeha isakA Ayojana, saMkalana aura prakAzana naitika mUlyoM ke punagavalokana kA upakrama kiyA gayA zrama aura dhIraja kA parIkSAkAla rahA hogaa| ata: isa aura unake dvArA pradazita jIvana-paddhati kI samakAlIna saphala pariNati ke avasara para maiM isa samAyojana se saMdabhoM meM prAsaMgikatA ekabAra phira se kendrIbhUta cintana sambaddha samasta sahayogiyoM ke prati sAdhuvAda saMbodhana ke kA viSaya bnii| vastuta: yaha hama sabake lie zlAghA avasara ko nahIM chor3anA cAhatA / kA hI viSaya hai ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara mujhe vizvAsa hai ki prastuta smRtigraMtha jIvAjI kA bhI isa sabameM eka vinamra yogadAna rahA / mera vizvavidyAlaya dvArA tIrthakara mahAvIra kI smati meM pUrvavartI kulapati zrI govinda nArAyaNa TanDana ke kArya- .. samarpita eka aisI zraddhAMjali hai, jo jJAnarAzi ke saMcita kAla meM yaha Ayojana saMpanna hae aura unake tathA unake koSa meM apanA yogadAna sArthaka karegI aura jise prabuddha sahayogiyoM ke parizrama, lagana tathA utsAha ke pramANa janoM kI sarAhanA milegii| tIrtha kara mahAvIra ke ke rUpa meM prastuta smati graMtha itane sundara svarUpa meM Apake caraNoM meM isa zraddhA sumana ko Apa taka bhejate hae mujhe hAthoM meM soMpane kA dAyitva anAyAsa hI sadbhAgyavaza itanA hI nivedana karanA hai| majhe milA hai, jo mere lie vyaktigata prasannatA aura sukha kA kAraka hai| smRti gratha kI viSaya sUcI para tIrthakara mahAvIra nirvANa divasa vIra nirvANa samvat 2504 dinAMka 11 navambara, 1977 harasvarUpa kulapati jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara

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tIrthakara mahAvIra kI smRti meM prakAzita isa ramRti-grantha ko pAThakoM ko prastuta karate hue mujhe atyAdhika harSa kA anubhava ho rahA hai| jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya ke lie yaha parama saubhAgya kA viSaya hai ki vaha apane isa prakAzana ko, eka mahatvapUrNa grantha ke rUpa meM prakAzita kara apane kartavya nirvahana ke kSetra meM eka aura mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi ko prApta kara skaa| ___ tIrthakara mahAvIra ke paccIsa sau ve mahAparinirvANa varSa ke avasara para jaba vizvavyApI stara para vividha kAryakramoM kA Ayojana ho rahA thA, taba vizvavidyAlaya parivAra ke kucha pramukha sadasyoM ke mana meM bhI isa avasara para kucha racanAtmaka kArya karane kI kalpanA ujAgara hone para isake kriyAnvayana kI samasyA utpanna huii| vikAsa kI zaizavAvasthA se gujara rahe, pragati patha para gatizIla isa vizvavidyAlaya ke samakSa kucha Arthika kaThinAiyA~ thiiN| vizvavidyAlaya ne isa hetu madhyapradeza zAsana dvArA gaThita mahAvIra nirvANa samiti, madhyapradeza ke sammukha eka pAMca divasIya vyAkhyAnamAlA ke Ayojana kA prastAva bhejakara Arthika sahAyatA kI mAMga kI / yadyapi vizvavidyAlaya kI ora se prastAva bhejane meM kucha vilamba ho gayA thA, tathApi vizvavidyAlaya mahAsabhA ke sadasya zrI saradArasiMhajI caurar3iyA tathA

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zrI ravIndra mAlava ne vyaktigata ruci lekara pradeza samiti prastuta hone para, usane bhI isakI puSTi kara dI, tathA kI baiThaka ke avasara para madhyapradeza ke tatkAlIna mukhya- vyAkhyAnamAlA ke saMyojaka zrI ravIndra mAlava ko hI mantrI zrI prakAzacandrajI seThI tathA pradeza samiti ke isa grantha ke sampAdana kA bhAra sauMpA gyaa| sadasyoM se, isa vyAkhyAnamAlA ko sahayoga ke lie vizeSa Agraha kiyA, jise samiti ne udAratApUrvaka mujhe prasannatA hai ki jisa vizvAsa ke sAtha unheM yaha svIkAra kara vizvavidyAlaya kI kaThinAI hala kara dii| kArya sauMpA gayA thA, usase bhI adhika niSThA ke sAtha unhoMne apane jIvana kA eka mahatvapUrNa varSa isa grantha pradeza samiti se prApta Arthika sahAyatA se jIvAjI ko samarpita kara, jahA~ isake lie AcAryoM, rASTrIya vizvavidyAlaya ne nirvANa mahotsava varSa ke samApana ___ khyAtiprApta vidvAnoM, zikSA manISiyoM tathA zodhArthiyoM samAroha ke avasara para dinAMka 6 navambara se 10 se uccastarIya zodhapUrNa lekha evaM nibandha ekatrita kara navambara 1975 taka eka pAMca divasIya vyAkhyAnamAlA aura unheM yojanAvaddha rUpa se saMkalita evaM sampAdita Ayojita kI, jisameM vividha viSayoM para rASTrIya khyAti kara isa grantha ko sundara svarUpa pradAna kiyA vahA~ prApta vidvAnoM evaM zikSA manISiyoM ke vyAkhyAna hue| nirantara prayAsa kara Arthika sAdhana juTAne aura isake prakAzana ko sulabha banAne meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA vyAkhyAnamAlA kI samApti ke pazcAta saMyojaka hai| isa grantha ke pariprekSya meM unakA kaThina parizrama, zrI ravIndra mAlava, ne vyAkhyAnamAlA meM hue vyAkhyAnoM; dRr3ha saMkalpa aura nizcita uddezya ke prati kArya karane tathA Ayojana ke silasile meM prApta aise zodha patroM, kI asIma niSThA nihita hai| jinake raciyatAoM ke vyAkhyAna vibhinna sImAoM tathA kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa vyAkhyAnamAlA meM Ayojita nahIM prabuddha pAThakoM ke hAthoM meM "tIrtha kara mahAvIra kiye jA sake the, ko saMkalita kara, prakAzita karane kI smRti-grantha" ke rUpa meM vibhinna zIrSakoM se nau vividha yojanA nirmita kara jaba kUlapatijI tathA anya adhi- khaNDoM meM vibhAjita tathA cAlIsa zodhapatroM evaM nibaMdhoM kAriyoM ke samakSa prastuta kI to yaha atyanta duSkara tathA anya upayogI jJAnavarddhaka sAmagrI vAlA yaha saMkakArya pratIta hotA thA / kyoMki vyAkhyAnamAlA ke lana tIrthakara mahAvIra, unake darzana aura unakI paramparA pazcAta isa koSa meM atyalpa rAzi hI zeSa thI, tathA jaina mAhitya evaM saskRti ke adhyayana, manana tathA jisase mukhya vyAkhyAnoM ko bhI prakAzita karanA saMbhava ina viSayoM para upalabdha vizAla jJAna bhaNDAra ke kucha nahIM thaa| parantu zrI mAlava ne isa yojanA ko kriyA- mahatvapUrNa pakSoM para prakAza DAlane tathA vividha pakSoM para nvita karane hetu saMkalpavaddha rahakara kArya karane tathA zodha-kArya karane hetu zodhArthiyoM ko AkaSita karane ke sAdhana juTAne kA vizvAsa dilAyA to kulapatijI ne mahatvapUrNa uddezyoM meM saphala ho sakegA / aisA mujhe isa mahatvapUrNa kArya meM vizeSa ruci lekara ise apanA vizvAsa hai| AzIrvAda pradAna kara diyaa| yojanA kArya pariSada meM ajayakumAra bhaTTAcArya gAMdhI jayantI kula saciva 2 akTUbara 1977 jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara kula sacina

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prAkkathana mAnava sabhyatA ke udayakAla se hI bhArata kI puNyabhUmi mahAna AdarzoM kI pratipAlaka rahI hai| sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA ke pratIka, pratimAe~ aura avazeSa bhArata kI mahAn AdhyAtmika paramparAoM ke pratyakSa sAkSI haiM / ve isa bAta ke bhI pratyakSa pramANa haiM ki bhAratIya cintana ne sadaiva, bhautika tatvoM para Atmika tatvoM kI zreSThatA, para bala diyA hai tathA vaha AdhyAtmika pakSa kI ora adhika kendrita rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja se tIna sahastrAbdi pUrva jaba mAnava cintana prAkRtika adhyayana se haTakara mAnavIya cintana kI ora agrasara huA aura vizva kSitija para yUnAna meM pIthAgorasa, sukarAta aura aphalAtUna; jUDiyA meM paigambaroM kI paramparA; cIna meM lAotse aura kanphyUzasa va IrAna meM jaratuzta kA udaya huA; taba bhArata meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra, mahAtmA gautama buddha tathA upaniSadoM ke racayitA pAvana RSiyoM kA udaya haA, jinhoMne na

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kevala mAnava-jagata meM citana ke naye AyAma sthApita kiye, pratyeka vyakti apane pAsa Avazyaka sampatti yA parigraha varan aise mAnavatAvAdI darzana ko janma diyA jisase rakhane kA parimANa kare aura zeSa sampatti dUsaroM ke hita AnevAlI sabhyatA bhI hajAroM-hajAroM varSoM taka preraNA meM de ddaale| AvazyakatA aura parimANa se adhika tathA digdarzana prApta kara ske| sampatti rakhane ko unhoMne pApa nirUpita kiyA / mAnava jAti ke ina mahApuruSoM meM se eka jisa prakAra bIja kI niSpatti 'per3a hai, aura per3a "mahAvIra", vaizAlI ke rAjakumAra varddhamAna ke rUpa meM kI niSpatti phala usI prakAra darzana kI niSpatti eka sampanna rAja parivAra meM janme / ve bhautika aizvarya dharma hai aura dharma kI niSpatti maitikatA pUrNa kI carama sImA ko sparza kara, usake upabhoga meM bhI vyavahAra; isI ko bAhara se dekhane para naitikaeka gambhIra riktatA kA anubhava kara, unase mukta ho vyavahAra se dharma aura dharma se darzana kI niSpatti pratIta krAntipuruSa ke rUpa meM ubhare aura dhArmika jar3atA, andha- hotI hai / isa pariprekSya meM tIrtha kara mahAvIra kA darzana zraddhA, jAti evaM vargabheda tathA sAmAjika vaiSamya kI antara se bAhara kI ora agrasara hotA hai| unhoMne sImAoM ko tor3akara Atma-vijetA bne| unhoMne apane samyaka dharma, darzana evaM caritra para bala diyaa| jisakA yuga meM sAmAjika, dhArmika, Arthika, bauddhika, evaM dRSTikoNa samyaka hai, vaha vratI hogaa| aisA vratI ahiMsaka AdhyAtmika sabhI kSetroM meM nava-krAnti kA sUtrapAta rahegA aura apane AzritoM evaM karmakAroM ke prati sdkiyaa| ve sAMsArika yuddhoM se vimukta rahakara, Atmika vyavahAra karegA tathA unakI AjIvikA arjana meM vighna saMgrAma meM vijayI ho 'jina' arthAt vijetA khlaae| nahIM DAlegA / vaha satya vrata kA pAlana karegA aura vizvAsaghAta nahIM karegA, chalapUrNa vyavahAra, vilAsitA, yahI nahIM unhoMne apane vyApaka evaM sarvAGgINa pUrNa sAmagrI se vimukta rahakara jIvana kI mUlabhUta darzana dvArA bhAvI cintana kA mArga prazasta kara sakane AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti yogya hI saMgraha kara naitikatAyogya maulika evaM sudRr3ha AdhAroM kI sthApanA kii| pUrNa jIvana vyatIta kregaa| unhoMne jAti, varNa evaM yadi hama Aja bIsavIM sadI meM mAnava cintana ko prabhA- vargabheda kA tIvra virodhakara use Izvara pradatta vyavasthA vita karanevAlI pramukhatama vicAradhArAoM, samAjavAda kahanevAlI dhAraNAoM kA khaNDana kiyA tathA ise manuSyaaura gA~dhIvAda ke mUla meM jhAMkeM to pAeMge ki jina janya kAlpanika evaM bhedapUrNa vyavasthA kahA / yahI nahIM, AdhAroM para ina do pramukha vicAradhArAoM kA vikAsa varana unhoMne tatkAlIna samAja meM pUrva pracalita sAmAjika huA, unakI parikalpanA tIrthakara mahAvIra ne Aja se durvyavasthAoM ke viruddha jana-jAgaraNa kiyaa| DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva hI kI thii| isa prakAra tIrtha kara mahAvIra kA darzana ahiMsaka bIsavIM sadI ke krAntikArI vicAraka tathA vartamAna pariveza meM samAjavAdI vyavasthA ke una sabhI mUlAdhAroM samAjavAdI vicAradhArA ke preraka tathA unnAyaka kArla ko sa~joye hue hai, jina para Aja kA samAjavAdI darzana mArksa ke darzana ke mUlAdhAra vargasaMgharSa, tathA dvandvAtmaka TikA hai| mArsa ne jo bAda meM kahA, use unhoMne bahuta bhautikavAda kI parikalpanA tIrthakara mahAvIra ke jIvana- pahale dekhA / unhoMne aparigrahavAda kI sthApanA kara darzana meM spaSTataH parilakSita hotI hai| unhoMne saMgraha vRtti zrAvaka ke parigraha kI maryAdA nizcita kI tathA aparikA virodhakara AvazyakatAnusAra saMgraha para bala diyA graha ke rUpa meM kisI bhI vastu ke prati mamatva ko bhI aura aparigraha darzana kI sthApanA kii| unhoMne kahA ki tyAgane tathA zvAnuzAsana kA pAlana kara maryAdA ke xii

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anurUpa samAna vitaraNa, AcAra-vicAra meM samanvaya aura usane unake mAnavadarzana kA aura vyApaka pracAra kara, svecchika anuzAsana para bala diyA tathA zrama bhAva kI vizeSakara ahiMsA darzana ke uccatama zikharoM kI pratiSThA kii| svayaM unake jIvana meM indra dvArA apanI sthApanA ke mAdhyama se mAnava jAti kI mahAn sevA kI sevAeM prastuta karane para unhoMne use asvIkAra kara kahA hai| unakI paramparA ne jahA~, tIrtha kara mahAvIra ke ki maiM apane zrama, bala evaM puruSArtha se hI siddhi prApta upadezoM kA vyApaka pracAra kiyA, vahA~ zaikSaNika evaM karUMgA, kisI anya kA sahayoga prApta karake nhiiN| sAhityika dRSTi se unake siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA kara unhoMne kahA ki zrama kabhI niSphala nahIM jaataa| yahI tathA unheM lokabhASAoM meM lipibaddha kara jaina vAGgamaya kAraNa hai ki tIrthakara mahAvIra zramaNa kahalAe aura ko itanA adhika sampanna banA diyA ki jJAna kI koI unakI paramparA ko zramaNa saMskRti kA nAma nirUpita bhI vidhA, inase achUtI na rahI / prAyaH sabhI pracalita kiyA gayA / evaM lupta bhAratIya bhASAoM meM Aja jo bhI prAcIna sAhitya upalabdha hai usakA eka bar3A bhAga jaina vAGagamaya bhAratIya darzana para to tIrtha kara mahAvIra dvArA na sthApita mAnadaNDoM kA tIvra prabhAva par3A, aura usameM ahiMsaka pravRttiyA~ tIvratA se pratiSThita haI / bIsavIM mAnava sabhyatA ke udayakAla se hI mAnavatAvAdI sadI meM mahAtmA gA~dhI ke rUpa meM jina bhAratIya vicAraka cintana meM saMlagna gauravamayI bhAratIya sabhyatA ne jahA~ ne ahiMsaka svatantratA saMgrAma kI saphalatA se, aNu anekoM ucca AdarzoM evaM mAnadaNDoM kI sthApanA evaM AyudhoM kI kagAra para baiThI mAnava sabhyatA ko nayA utkRSTa kalA tathA sAhitya kI racanA kI vahA~ durbhAgyamAnavatA vAdI jIvana sandeza de sampUrNa vizva ko cauMkA vaza isa daza ma itihAsa vaza isa deza meM itihAsa likhane aura prAcIna smArakoM, diyA, unake mUla preraNA srotoM meM gA~dhIjI ke svayaM ke kalAtmaka pratIkoM evaM granthoM tathA pANDulipiyoM kI anusAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA mAnavatAvAdI darzana surakSA surakSA para vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyaa| isa deza kI prAcIna sabhyatA kI pratIka bahuta-sI purAtatvika sampadA pramukha thaa| aura prAcIna sAhitya, surakSA ke abhAva meM naSTa ho gayI, sarvAGgINa pratibhA ke dhanI varddhamAna mahAvIra ne bahuta kucha videzI zAsakoM dvArA naSTa kara dI gayI, kaThora sAdhanA ke dvArA jahA~ tyAga aura tapasyA ke anta tathA kucha unake sAtha videza calI gii| meM uccatama mAnadaNDoM kI sthApanA kI vahA~ unake prasannatA kI bAta hai ki svAdhInatA prApti ke mAnavatAvAdI darzana ne mAnava cintana ko eka naI dizA uparAnta isa dizA meM kucha prayAsa prArambha hue haiM / dii| apane vicAroM ko jana-jana taka pahu~cAne ke liye / / purAtatvika sampadA kI surakSA aura purAtatva tathA unhoMne tatkAlIna samAja meM, sudura kSetroM kI padayAtrA sAhityika kSetra meM zodha-kArya kI dizA meM bhI prayAsa kara lokabhASA meM apane mAnava dharma kA pracAra kiyA prArambha hue haiM, tathApi, isa deza kI mahAna sabhyatA, vipula aura kaThora sAdhanA ke pazcAt jJAna kA jo vipula purAtatvika sampadA tathA vizAla vAGgamaya ko dRSTigata bhaNDAra ajita kiyA thA. use jana-sAmAnya meM bikhera rakhane kA yaha prayAsa akSaNya dI hai. isameM tIvatA lAne diyA / hajAroM-lAkhoM nara-nArI unake matAnusAra dIkSita prAcIna granthoM ke punarmadraNa tathA una para zodha-kArya ko ho ge| sampAdita karane kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| Aja se paccIsa sau varSoM pUrva nirvANa ko prApta jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya ne apane sImita sAdhanoM hone ke pazcAta tIrtha kara mahAvIra ne jo paramparA chor3I ke anurUpa isa dizA meM mahatvapUrNa prayAsa kiye haiN| xiii

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inakI eka kar3I ke rUpa meM madhyapradeza zAsana dvArA gaThita mujhe prasannatA hai ki vizvavidyAlaya kI yaha kalpanA mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava samiti ke Arthika sahayoga Aja sAkAra ho rahI hai| grantha ke sampAdana, sAmagrI se isa vizvavidyAlaya dvArA 6 se 10 navambara 1975 saMkalana evaM prastutIkaraNa meM bahata adhyayana aura cintana taka bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 veM mahAparinirvANa ke se kAma liyA gayA hai, jisakA pramANa isake pratyeka avasara para eka vyAkhyAnamAlA Ayojita kara eka laghu pRSTha para milatA hai| sampAdaka ne grantha ko vyApaka tathA prayAsa kiyA thA, jisameM anekoM rASTrIya khyAtiprApta sarvAGgINa svarUpa pradAna karane meM kuzala buddhi kA paricaya vidvAnoM ke vyAkhyAna Ayojita kiye gye| diyA hai| isa hetu isa grantha ke sampAdaka aura jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya kI mahAsabhA ke sadasya vyAkhyAnamAlA kI saphalatA se prabhAvita hokara zrI ravIndra mAlava badhAI ke pAtra haiM, jinakI tIvra lagana jaba samiti ne isa vyAkhyAnamAlA meM hue vyAkhyAnoM evaM kartavyaniSThA tathA athaka parizrama evaM sahayoga se tathA paThita zodhapatroM ke prakAzana kI yojanA nirmita kI vizvavidyAlaya apane ina prayAsoM ko mUrta rUpa pradAna kara taba yaha kArya kAphI kaThina pratIta hotA thA, tathApi sakA / vizvavidyAlaya ke isa prayAsa ko gatizIla banAne vizvavidyAlaya ne isa prayAsa ko Age bar3hAte hue ina ke mUla meM unakA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai / mujhe isa bAta vyAkhyAnoM ko prakAzita karane kA nizcaya kiyaa|saath kI bhI prasannatA hai ki vizvavidyAlaya ke vikAsa evaM hI yaha bhI nizcaya kiyA ki isameM ina vyAkhyAnoM ke prakAzana vibhAga ne bhI isa kArya meM pUrNa ruci lekara atirikta anya mahatvapUrNa viSayoM para, jina para kinhIM grantha ke prakAzana meM sakriya sahayoga diyaa| kAraNoM se vyAkhyAna Ayojita nahIM ho sake the, rASTrIya jisa kalpanA ko lekara isa smRti-grantha ke prakAzana khyAtiprApta vidvAnoM tathA pratiSThita lekhako Adi se kA vicAra nirmita haA thA, yaha grantha usase bhI kahIM zodhapatra evaM nibandha prApta kara, unako bhI sammilita kara uttama svarUpa meM prakAzita ho rahA hai yaha atyAdhika harSa eka aise smRti-grantha kA prakAzana kiyA jAve jisameM __ kA viSaya hai| merA vizvAsa hai ki isameM prakAzita sAmagrI vividha kSetroM meM tIrthakara mahAvIra evaM jaina saMskRti kI se jaina darzana, sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke anekoM ajJAta tathya dena eva upalabdhiyoM se sambandhita mahatvapUrNa viSayo para ujAgara hoMge, sAtha-hI-sAtha yaha grantha zodha chAtroM evaM zodhapatroM kA saMkalana ho| prabuddha pAThakoM ke liye bhI upayogI siddha hogaa| govinada nArAyaNa TaNDana ananta caturdazI vIra nirvANa saM0 2503 26 sitambara 1977. kulapati xiy

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bAlaTimi pUrvA bhArata kI pAvana bhUmi para Aja se do hajAra pA~ca sau tihattara varSa pUrva janme tIrthaMkara varddhamAna mahAvIra, bhAratIya janamAnasa ke hI nahIM, sampUrNa mAnaba samAja ke liye, gaurava, pratiSThA aura sammAna ke paramAdhikArI mahAmAnava the| unake paramodAtta caritra aura pavitra upadezoM ne bhAratIya paramparA ko gauravAnvita kiyA / unakI taponiSThA (tapa-titIkSA), Atma vijaya, vyApaka maitrI bhAvanA aura nirvANa prApti ne prANImAtra ko Alokita kiyA / hiMsA, bali, pAkhaMDa, baira ghaNA aura viSamatA ke yuga meM janme varddhamAna ne vaicArika, sAmAjika evaM Arthika krAnti ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna mAnava samAja ko ahiMsA aura saha-astitva para AdhArita navIna jIvana-darzana pradAna kara tatkAlIna samAja-vyavasthA ko jhakajhora diyaa| unake upadezoM ne yugapravAha ko badalakara navIna yugapravartana kiyA jisake kAraNa tatkAlIna samAja kA eka bahuta bar3A bhAga unake mAnavatA,

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bhrAtatva, dayA, prema aura Atma-kalyANa ke sandeza se sarvatomukhI thaa| kaivalya prApti hote hI ve apane Apa prabhAvita haA, aura eka navIna samAja kI racanA ko ekAnta se haTAkara samAja meM le aae| ve baiThe sambhava huii| nahIM, nirantara calate hI ge| unhoMne jo kucha bhI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke DhAI hajAra varSa ajita kiyA saba meM vA~Ta diyaa| yahI nahIM, unhoMne grahaNa karanevAloM se bhI do Taka bAta kahI, ki--"jo pazcAt, Aja bhI jaba hama unake jIvana aura darzana para / kucha bhI maiM kahatA hU~, use hI pramANa rUpa yA AjJA se mAnya dRSTipAta karate haiM, to Aja bhI hameM usameM AzA aura taba taka na karo, jaba taka tumheM svayaM AbhAsa yA jJAna na vizvAsa kI vaisI hI kiraNa parilakSita hotI hai, jo ho jAya ki yaha satya hai|" unakA yaha vizAla unake samakAlIna mAnava samAja ko unase prApta huii| dRSTikoNa unake cintana kI vyApakatA aura vaijJAnikatA hogI / aNu AyudhoM ke kagAra para baiThI tathA pArasparika ko siddha karatA hai| baira aura vaimanasya se vicalita vizva mAnavatA Aja bhI tIrthakara mahAvIra ke ahiMsA darzana se ahiMsA aura IzvaravAda aura avatAravAda kI pUrvamAnya vizvazAnti para AdhArita mAnavatAvAdI samAja kI dhAraNAoM kI lIka se haTakara unhoMne AjJA pradhAna ke racanA kI sumati prApta kara sakatI hai / unakA darzana sthAna para parIkSA yA viveka pradhAna darzana pradAna kiyA; Aja bhI mAnavamAtra kI hita-sAdhanA meM utanA hI aura jAtivAda, varNabheda, viSamatA, va dharma, ke nAma para sakSama hai| hiMsA kA khaNDana kiyA tathA dalitoM evaM pIr3itoM ke tIrthakara mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki saccI vIratA prati udAratA kA sandeza diyaa| AdhyAtmika vikAsa apane para vijaya prApta karane meM hai, kisI anya para ke carama zikhara para pahuMcakara vartamAna mahAvIra ne makAna meM nahI vijayI vahI hotA hai. Atmavijaya kI sahAyatA se, tairakara sAMsArika sAgara jo Atma vijaya karatA hai| unhoMne apane jIvana meM ke pAra karane, kA sandeza dekara "navIna dharma tIrtha' arthAta samAja darzana ko eka navIna dizA hI nahIM dI, varana "tairAkara pAra utAranevAle dharma" kI sthApanA kii| isI jo kucha kahA usakI sArthakatA bhI siddha kii| eka kAraNa varddhamAna mahAvIra; tIrthakara, arthAta tIrtha kI kSatriya rAja parivAra meM janme varddhamAna ne apane tyAga, sthApanA karane vAle kahalAe / tapa aura sAdhanA ke mAdhyama se svayaM para vijaya prApta navIna mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA kara tIrthakara kii| rAga-dveSa ko naSTa kara ve AtmavijetA bane aura mahAvIra ne dharmatIrtha kI sthApanA ke sAtha-sAtha "jina" arthAta svayaM ko jItanevAle khlaae| unhoMne vaicArika, sAmAjika evaM Arthika krAnti ko janma apane AtmajJAna se jo kucha ajita kiyA, diyA aura inake mUlabhUta sAmAjika mUlya ke rUpa meM vaha saba meM barAbara bA~Ta diyaa| unake paMcavrata-- unhoMne ahiMsA, aparigraha, tathA anekAnta aura syAdvAda ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha; ko grahaNa kiyaa| inameM ahiMsA darzana tIrtha kara mahAvIra samasta mAnava samAja ke liye upayogI haiM / ke jIvana-darzana kI AtmA; aparigraha hAtha-paira; unhoMne jo kucha bhI vicArA aura anubhava kiyA, anekAnta mastiSka evaM netraH tathA syAdvAda mukha haiN| usakI satyatA kA svayaM para parIkSaNa kiyaa| parIkSaNa meM jo kharA utarA use arjita kiyaa| ahiMsA ke binA unakA darzana eka kSaNa bhI khar3A samasyA utpanna haI to samasyA nidAna hetu prayoga nahIM raha sakatA / ahiMsA mAnava jAti ko unakI zAlA ke rUpa meM tapa kiyaa| unakA sampUrNa jIvana amUlya dena hai| jisa para unhoMne saba se adhika bala xvi

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dayA / mahAvIra kI ahiMsA jIvAtmAoM kI sattA aura arthAta--"mana vacana aura kAyA, inameM se kisI svAdhInatA ko svIkAratI hai| vastutaH yaha bodha eka ke dvArA bhI kisI prakAra ke jIvoM kI hiMsA na apramatta athavA nirantara jAgaruka avasthA ke Upara ho, aisA vyavahAra hI saMyamI jIvana hai, aura aise jIvana nirbhara karatA hai / jisa aMza meM hRdaya evaM mastiSka kI kA nirantara dhAraNa hI ahiMsA hai|" isa prakAra jAgarukatA utpanna hotI hai, usI anupAta meM jIvAtmAoM tIrthakara mahAvIra ne mana, vacana aura kAya tInoM ke kI sattA aura svAdhInatA kA bodha bhI utpanna hotA dvArA hiMsA, yA usakI kalpanA, sabhI ko hiMsA kahA / ve jAtA hai / isa pAvana unnati kA caramotkarSa hI ahiMsA svayaM sadaiva ahiMsA ke isa kaTTaratama svarUpa ke pAlaka hai| tIrtha kara mahAvIra ne pratyeka kSetra meM isakI mahattA rhe| ko mAnate hue "ahiMsA paramodharmaH" kA darzana diyaa| unakI ahiMsA sArvabhaumika evaM sArvalaukika hai, jisakI svayaM tIrthakara mahAvIra sAre jIvana mAnavatAsArthakatA isa yaga meM ahiMsA darzana ke kadara anayAyI vAdI samAja-racanA tathA vizvazAnti kI khoja meM lage mahAtmA gA~dhI dvArA siddha kI jA cakI hai| mahAvIra rhe| unhoMne isake mUla meM mukhya kAraka ke rUpa meM kI ahiMsA, hiMsA se virata rahane kA hI nAma nahIM hai, asamAnatA ko paayaa| asamAnatA se pIr3ita mAnava varan usameM, mana meM bhI hiMsaka vicAra na lAne kA saMkalpa samAja se varddhamAna kI AtmA kuThita ho uThI / jIvana nihita hai| mahAvIra ne vaicArika hiMsA ko bhI jIva ke Arthika pakSa para bhI unake pAvana sandeza mukharita hiMsA ke samAna hI dUSita maanaa| unakI ahiMsA meM prema, he| unhoMne mamatva ko kama kara anAvazyaka saMgraha na aura saha-astitva bhI samAhita hai| unakA "jio karane kA sandeza diyA aura kahA ki saMsAra meM jhaTha, aura jIne do" kA sandeza isakI puSTi karatA hai| corI, anyAya, hiMsA, chala, kapaTa Adi jo pApa hote haiM, unake mUla meM vyakti kI parigraha bar3hAne kI bhAvanA AcArya umAsvAmI ne mokSazAstra meM mahAvIra hai| ata: mUlabhUta rUpa se ina sAre pApoM se mukti kA kI ukti "parasparopagraho jIvAnAm" kI carcA kI hai, eka hI mArga hai "aparigraha"; arthAt - parigraha kA tyaag| jisase tAtparya hai ki "samasta jIvoM kA paraspara upakAra isa dRSTi se aparigraha-parigraha kA nakArAtmaka pakSa hai| sAMsArika vastuoM evaM sambandhoM ke prati Asakti se ho|" isameM bhrAtRtva kA abhUtapUrva sandeza hai, sambhavataH isI kAraNa paccIsasau ve nirvANa mahotsava hetu vyakti (jIvAtmA) jitane azoM meM mukta hotA jAtA nirdhArita pratIka ke sAtha dhyeya vAkya ke rUpa meM isI hai, utane aMza meM hI aparigraha bhAva vikasita ho jAtA ukti kA cayana kiyA gayA hai| yaha sandeza saha astitva hai / yaha vikAsa prArambhikI stara aNuvrata se, uccatama stara mahAvrata taka hotA hai / isaliye unhoMne sAdhuoM kA sandeza hai / mahAvIra kI ahiMsA aura saha-astitva eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| saha-astitva sAmAjika ko aparigraha tathA zrAvakoM ko parigraha parimANa vrata ke pAlana kI zikSA dii| jaina dharma kA aparigraha darzana jIvana kI dhurI hai to ahiMsA mAnava jIvana kii| isa jisakI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne vistRta vyAkhyA kI hai, prakAra mahAvIra ko ahiMsA apane meM atyanta vyApaka mAnava jAti ko unakI apUrva aura anUThI dena hai| artha sameTe hue hai / isI kAraNa kahA hai Aja vizva meM jisa sAmyavAdI aura samAjavAdI vicAra dhArA kI dhUma macI hai, usameM krAnti aura kAnUna tesi acchaNa jo eva, nicca hoya svayaM siyA / ke mAdhyama se samAjavAda lAne kI bAta hai / mahAvIra ne maNasA kAyavakkeNa, evaM havaha saMjaya // Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva hI anAdi, jaina darzana kI Xvii

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sarvaprathama, vistRta evaM sUkSmatama vyAkhyA kara mAnavamAtra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne apane jIvana-darzana ke se, aparigraha vrata ko grahaNa kara, samAja kI ikAI kriyAtmaka satra ke rUpa meM "samyaka darzana jJAna cAritrANi ke mAdhyama se samAjavAdI samAja racanA kI dizA dii| mokSamArgaH" kA vicAra dekara ratnatraya dharma kI pratipAdanA isa dRSTi se ve ugra samAjavAdI vicAradhArA ke kii| unhoMne isa sUtra ke mAdhyama se IzvaravAda evaM janaka the| unake dvArA jIvana ke Arthika pakSa ke sambandha avatAravAda tathA karma aura mokSa ke sambandha meM pUrva meM jo kucha bhI kahA gayA, vaha vartamAna samAjavAdI pracalita dhAraNAoM kA dArzanika vivecana kara, khaNDana vicAradhArA se bhI adhika ugra aura pragatizIla thaa| kiyaa| unhoMne Adarza darzana, Adarza jJAna evaM Adarza antara kevala itanA hI hai ki unakA yaha darzana caritra ko hI mokSaprApti kA mArga kahA / karmavijJAna ahiMsAtmaka AdhAra para khar3A hai, jabaki samAjavAda kI ke sambandha meM bhI navIna evaM vaijJAnika vicAra dete hue vartamAna vicAradhArAoM meM ahiMsA ko yA to koI unhoMne kahA ki koI bhI manuSya apane karmoM kA svayaM sthAna diyA hI nahIM gayA, yA diyA bhI gayA hai, to hI bandha hai, azubha karmoM ke bandha se mukti aura zubha atyanta gauNa / isa prakAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA Arthika karmoM ke kriyAnvayana ke dvArA hI vaha karmabandha se darzana ahiMsaka sAmyavAda kA unnAyaka hai| chuTakArA pAkara apanA Atma-kalyANa karate hue mokSa ko prApta ho sakatA hai| unhoMne bhAgyavAda kI dhAraNA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra sarva dharma samabhAva meM vizvAsa kA khaNDana karate hue kahA ki manuSya svayaM hI apane karate the / isakI puSTi unake anekAnta darzana se hotI karmo kA sacAlaka hai| koI anya zakti usakA na to hai, jisakA tAtparya; bodha meM vibhinna dRSTiyoM ke samanvaya nirdhAraNa hI karatI hai, na usake azubha kAryoM se use se hai / darzana ke isa vaicArika pakSa ke sAtha unhoMne mukti dilA sakatI hai| manuSya svayaM ke kRtyoM se hI vANI ke dvArA una dRSTikoNoM kI samanvita abhivyakti apanI AtmA ko zuddha banA sakatA hai| "zaddha AtmA ke rUpa meM, syAdvAda darzana pratipAdita kiyaa| se paramAtmA" kI ukti unake isa darzana kA mala isa prakAra tIrtha kara mahAvIra ne prANImAtra ke mantra hai| kalyANArtha eka sampUrNa evaM sArthaka jIvana-darzana pradAna kiyA jo sArvabhaumika evaM sArvalaukika hai| tI kara isa prakAra AtmavijetA tIrtha kara mahAvIra jana-jana mahAvIra ke darzana ke sambandha meM apane vicAra prakaTa ke zikSaka bana ge| unhoMne pUrva dhAraNAoM evaM karate hue DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne kahA hai ki-"vyakti paramparAoM ko tor3a, lokabhASA meM apane upadeza diye / svAtantrya tathA sAmAjika nyAya donoM kI mAnava kalyANa isa sambandha meM zUbiMga ne apane vicAra prakaTa karate hue ke liye jarUrata hai| hama kisI eka kI taraphadArI yA kahA hai ki-"tIrthakara mahAvIra zikSaka ke nAte bar3e kI avahelanA kara sakate haiM, lekina jo jainamata ke hI saphala rahe aura unakI vivecana zailI avaiyaktika anusAra anekAnta, saptabhaMgI bhaya yA syAdvAda kA AcaraNa rhii| avaiyaktika tathA kaThora rahanA zAyada unake svabhAva karatA hai, usameM sAMskRtika Agraha kA abhAva hogA, usameM kI vizeSatA thii|" unakI sabhAoM meM rAjA se raka sadviveka buddhi hogI tathA vaha virodhI dRSTikoNa meM bhI taka, brAhmaNa se zUdra taka tathA dhanikoM se dInoM taka samanvaya khojane kI koziza kregaa| aise dRSTikoNa ko sabhI vargoM aura varNoM ke, nara-nArI hI nahIM, pazu-pakSI hameM apanAnA caahiye| hama bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra aura anya jIva bhI, unake dvArA mukharita vANI ko se saMyama, ahiMsA kI sAdhanA, paramata sahiSNutA Adi grahaNa karate the| jo bhI unake samparka meM AyA, unakA kucha zikSA sIkha sakate haiN|" ho gyaa| xviii

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tIrthakara jahAM jina kahalAte the vahA~ inake anuyAyI apabhraMza, saMskRta tathA madhyayugIna aura aneka Adhanika jaina, aura inakA darzana evaM saMskRti jaina darzana evaM bhAratIya bhASAoM meM jaina dharma kA pracUra sAhitya jaina saMskRti kahalAe / isa prakAra jaina se tAtparya hai upalabdha hai / sambhavata: jJAna kA koI aisA pakSa nahIM ki jo jina dharma meM arthAt svayaM ko vijaya karane meM hai jo jana vAGgamaya se achUtA ho / aneka bhASAoM meM vizvAsa kare arthAta AtmavijetA banane kA prayAsa kre| to yaha itanA sampanna hai, ki yadi ise pRthak kara diyA sana 1897 meM eka kanvenzana laikcara meM enI beseNTa ne jAya to usakI AtmA hI naSTa ho jaaegii| isa dRSTi jaina dharma kA sAra spaSTa kara kahA thA ki-"jaina dharma se jaina vAGgamaya bhArata kA sampannatama vAGgamaya hai| kA vAtAvaraNa eka vacana meM grahita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha vacana hameM sUtrakRtAMga meM milatA hai ki mAnava isa prakAra tIrthakara mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana ne kisI jIva ko du:kha na pahuMcAkara nirvANa kI zAnti jahAM-mAnavatA ko nayA prakAza diyA vahAM jaina vAGgamaya prApta karatA hai| yaha eka vacana hai jo jaina darzana ne sAhitya ko pracura mAtrA meM jJAna kA bhaNDAra pradAna kA sArA darzana sAtha meM liye hue hai| zAnti: mAnava, kiyA / jaina saMskRti aura sabhyatA ne bhI ahiMsA ke mAnava meM zAnti, mAnava aura pazuoM meM zAnti, saba vyApaka pracAra aura vizvazAnti evaM mAnavatA kI dizA jagaha aura saba vastaoM meM zAnti; saba jIvoM meM pUrNa meM kiye gae prayAsoM dvArA mAnava samAja kI utanI hI bandhutA jaina dharma kA aisA hI Adarza hai aura isa Adarza sevA kI hai| vizva itihAsa meM jainoM dvArA sAmpradAyika ko hara jaina, saMsAra meM mUrta svarUpa meM lAne kI koziza vidveSa phailAne yA dharma ke nAma para kisI bhI prakAra ke karatA hai|" hiMsAtmaka kRtyoM ke sampAdana kA raMca mAtra bhI udAharaNa, Aja taka, upalabdha nahIM hai| isa dRSTi se bhI jaina tIrtha kara mahAvIra kA yaha jIvana-darzana apane saMskRti gauravazAlI evaM advitIya hai| tathApi tIrtha kara vaijJAnika svarUpa aura tAkikatA ke kAraNa usa kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke DhAI hajAra varSa pazcAt hama yadi ke pramukha cintakoM aura buddhijIviyoM ke bahuta bar3e bhAga sampUrNa jaina saMskRti kA punarmUlyAMkana kareM to pAeMge ki ko bhI apanI ora AkarSita karane meM saphala haa| isa bIca jahAM eka ora jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne jaina unake pazcAt tIrtha karoM ke vicAra evaM darzana ko unake saMskRti evaM jaina vAGgamaya kA parivarddhana, vikAsa evaM anuyAyI jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne lipibaddha kiyA, usakI saMrakSaNa kara mAnava jAti kI bar3I mahatvapUrNa sevA kI vistRta vyAkhyAeM kIM tathA una para TIkAe~ likhI gii| hai; vahAM--dUsarI ora isa bIca vibhinna saMskRtiyoM ke unakI smati ko cirasthAyI svarUpa pradAna karane ke prabhAva tathA samayAnukUla paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa apane liye unakI vizAla pratimAoM kA nirmANa evaM citroM ko mahAvIra kA anuyAyI kahaneva meM bhI unake kA aMkana prArambha haa| zanaiH-zanaiH mandira aura maTha dvArA pradazita jIvana-paddhati kA svarUpa kucha vikRta ho bhI nirmita hone lge| gayA hai / apane vastroM, AbhUSaNoM aura rAjapATa Adi sabhI parigrahoM kA tyAgakara pUrNa aparigraha ko prApta jaina dharma kI ahiMsA ne jahAM mAnava hRdaya ko tIrtha kara mahAvIra kI mUlyavAna pattharoM va dhAtuoM kI mArdava pradAna kiyA, vahAM jaina dharma kI preraNA ne bhAratIya pratimAoM tathA mandiroM ke nirmANa para adhika vala zilpa ko, patthara ko moma banA dene kI adbhuta kSamatA diyA jAne lagA hai| tIrthakara mahAvIra ne jahAM ahiMsA dI-jaina sthApatya isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| jaina vAGgamaya ke vaicArika evaM AcArika pakSa para bala dete hae prANI jaina zilpa se bhI adhika sampanna hai / arddhamAgadhI, mAtra ke prati dayA, bhrAtRtva evaM prema para adhika bala diyA xix

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thiA vahAM vartamAna meM sAmAnya jaina dharmAvalambiyoM svarUpa ko pUnaH adhikAdhika ujAgara kara use janake madhya ahiMsA kA tAtparya aba khAnapAna meM jIvoM sAmAnya meM pracalita kiyA jAkara mAnava mAtra ke kI hiMsA na karane mAtra se samajhA jAne lagA hai| isa kalyANArtha evaM sthAyI vizvazAnti ke prayojanArtha prakAra unake madhya ahiMsA kA svarUpa rasoIghara taka brahmAstra ke rUpa meM prayukta kiyA jaave| hI simaTakara raha gayA hai| aparigraha unake madhya mAtra darzanazAstra evaM vyAkhyAnoM kA tatva banatA jA sambhavata isa vicAra ne deza ke buddhijIviyoM ke rahA hai| parigraha, lobha, krodha, mAyA, moha. dveSa va eka bar3e varga ko prabhAvita kiyA, aura yahI kAraNa hai ghaNA para AdhArita karmoM meM saMlagna vyakti bhI khAnapAna ki tIrtha kara mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke paccIsasau ve varSa meM hiMsA se virata rahane ke AdhAra mAtra para apane ko ko upayukta avasara mAnakara isa dizA meM rASTrIya evaM pUrNa ahiMsaka mAnakara mahAvIra ke kadara anuyAyI hone antarrASTrIya stara para vyApaka rUpa se prayAsa svarUpa kA dama bharate haiM aura yaha apekSA karate haiM ki isake vibhinna kAryakramoM kA Ayojana evaM yojanAoM kA pAlana mAtra ke samakSa unake anya sabhI doSa kSamya haiN| prArambha kiyA gyaa| anekoM prAcIna evaM durlabha granthoM kA prakAzana, jaina dharma, darzana va saMskRti ke vibhinna pakSoM ___yaha bhI durbhAgyapUrNa hI kahA jAyagA ki Aja se para zodha kAryoM; saMgoSThiyoM, vyAkhyAna mAlAoM kA paccIsa sau varSa va tIrthakara mahAvIra ke jisa jIvana- prakAzana tathA isa dizA meM sthAyI rUpa se tathA dra tagati darzana ne IzvaravAda evaM avatAravAda kI dhAraNA ke khaNDana / se kArya, paccIsa sauM veM nirvANa mahotsava varSa kI aura apane vaijJAnika karma darzana ke kAraNa, jana-sAmAnya mahatvapUrNa upalabdhiyAM hI kahI jaaveNgii| meM atyAdhika lokapriyatA prApta kI thI, vaha aba janetara vyaktiyoM meM apane prasAra ke abhAva meM pUrvAnurUpa jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA 6 navambara 1975 se lokapriyatA prApta nahIM kara pA rahA hai / "manuSya janma 10 navambara 1975 taka Ayojita pAMca divasIya se nahIM kama se mahAna hai" kA darzana dene vAle tIrthakara vyAkhyAnamAlA. isa varSa ke vibhinna kAryakramoM kI zrRMkhalA mahAvIra ke anuyAyI, janma ke AdhAra para jaina likhane meM eka kaDI hI kahI jAegI, jisameM vibhinna mahatvaparNa aura kahane meM saMlagna ho gae haiN| jina doSoM aura viSayoM para deza ke kucha dune hae vidvAnoM ke zodhapUrNa karItiyoM ke viruddha tIrthakara mahAvIra ne sAmAjika vyAkhyAna Ayojita hae / anya kaI viSayoM para krAnti kI pratipAdanA kI, unameM se bahuta-soM kI vyAkhyAna sAdhanoM tathA samaya ke abhAva meM usa samaya kAlimA ne jaina darzana aura saMskRti ke mUla svarUpa ke cAhakara bhI Ayojita na ho sake paranta isa sambandha meM eka baDe bhAga ko, prabhAvita kara jaina dharmAvalambiyoM meM viziSTa sAmagrI kisa prakAra prakAza meM lAyI jAe aura pracalita vartamAna AcaraNa paddhati evaM mAnyatAoM ko vyAkhyAnamAlA meM hae vyAkhyAnoM ko lipivaddha kara dUSita kara saMkucita kara diyA hai| unake prakAzana ke dvArA unheM kisa prakAra sthAyI svarUpa pradAna kiyA jA sake, yaha bicAra nirantara hI mana ko Aja yaha nitAnta Avazyaka hai ki paccIsa sau varSa kacoTatA rhaa| vyAkhyAnamAlA hetu pradeza zAsana se parva tIrthakara mahAvIra ne mAnavamAtra ke kalyANArtha jo prApta anudAna kA alpAMza hI zeSa thA, aura usake darzana diyA tathA tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita ___ sadupayoga kI samasyA bhI banI huI thii| parantu isa atyalpa durvyavasthAoM evaM mAnyatAoM ke viruddha saMgharSa kara jisa rAzi se vyAkhyAnamAlA meM hue dasa vyAkhyAnoM kA sAmAjika krAnti kA sUtrapAta kiyA usake vAstavika prakAzana bhI sambhava na thaa| ina saba paristhitiyoM meM XX

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jaba vijJApanoM se kucha dhanarAzi prApta kara, vibhinna kI samasyA utpanna ho gayI, kintu sAdhya kI pavitratA viSayoM para deza bhara ke mUrdhanya vidvAnoM tathA pratiSThita tathA use prApti ke prati tIvra niSThA ke kAraNa sAdhana lekhakoM se kucha cune hue viSayoM para aprakAzita zodha- bhI sulabha hote gae / hAM, isa saba ke kAraNa grantha kA patroM evaM nibandhoM ke eka saMgrAhya saMgraha prakAzita karane mudraNa avazya, kaI bAra sthagita karanA par3A, jisa kAraNa kA vicAra jAgRta huA, to usakA kriyAnvayana anekoM sahayogiyoM meM adhIratA bar3hane lagI aura aisA atyAdhika duSkara pratIta hotA thA, tathApi eka pavitra anubhava hone lagA ki sambhavataH yaha prakAzana pUrNa na ho kArya mAnakara, pratyeka dazA meM isa kalpanA ko sAkAra sake / banAne kA nizcaya kara liyA aura isa yojanA kI prArambhika rUparekhA banAkara do sau ke lagabhaga pRSTha mujhe prasannatA hai ki do varSa pUrva Ayojita vyAkhyAnamAlA ke prakAzana ke rUpa meM saMjoyA vicAra saMkhyA vAlI eka smArikA prakAzita karane kA vicAra kulapati jI ke sammukha prastuta kiyA / vizvavidyAlaya "mahAvIra smRti grantha" ke vRhad rUpa meM pariNita ho, ke adhikAriyoM ko Arthika sAdhanoM ke saMgrahaNa kA kArya pUrNa ho rahA hai| isake kriyAnvayana meM mujhe vibhinna sahayogiyoM se prApta preraNA evaM AzIrvAda ke liye maiM atyanta duSkara pratIta ho rahA thA, cUki vizvabidyAlaya unakA kRtajJa hU~ / pramukhata: lekhakoM kA, jinhoMne mere ke liye kisI bhI mada se isake liye dhana vyaya karanA nivedana ko svIkAra kara grantha hetu navIna evaM aprakAzita sambhava nahIM thA / parantu jaba kulapatijI ko yaha zodhapatra athavA nibandha prastuta kara isa grantha kI vizvAsa dilAyA ki yojanA ke liye sampUrNa sAdhana yojanA ko mUrtarUpa dene meM sakriya sahayoga diyaa| jana-sahayoga se juTAe jAeMge to unhoMne tatkAla svIkRti de dii| ___ maiMne bharasaka prayAsa kiyA hai ki upalabdha sAdhanoM kA adhikatama dohana kara grantha ko adhikAdhika upayogI prakAzana ke nizcaya ke sAtha hI deza ke aneka gaNamAnya vidvAnoM evaM lekhakoM ko isa hetu zodhapatra evaM nibandha banAyA jA sake, use aisA svarUpa pradAna kiyA jA sake jisase baha durlabha evaM lupta jJAna bhaNDAra ke kucha prastuta karane ko nivedana kiyA to adhikAMza ne mahatvapUrNa pakSoM para upAdeya evaM sthAyI mahatva kI atyAdhika samayAbhAva ke uparAnta bhI mere nirantara saMgrahaNIya tathA zoSapUrNa sAmagrI prastuta kara sake; sAtha Agraha ko svIkAra kara yojanA ko apanA AzIrvAda hI una athavA una jaise viSayoM para zodha-kArya karane de diyaa| prakAzanArtha prApta sabhI zodhapatra aura nivandhoM hetu zodhArthiyoM ko AkarSita kara sake / ke liye pUrva vicArita AkAra aparyApta thA, parantu sabhI racanAeM aprakAzita, uccastarIya tathA mahatvapUrNa grantha apane uddezyoM kI pUrti meM kitane aMzoM meM hone ke kAraNa maiM unameM se kisI ke bhI aprakAzita saphala huA hai, isakA vAstavika mUlyAMkana to vijJa rahane kA duHsAhasa, tathA sabhI ke sadupayoga kA lobha pAThaka evaM samIkSaka-samAlocaka hI kareMge / maiM to saMbharaNa bhI nahIM kara sakatA thA / ataH yojanA kA yahI kaha sakatA hU~ ki, maiMne apane vartamAna jIvana kI vistAra evaM parivartana kara smArikA ke sthAna para mahatvapUrNa sAdha mAnakara pUrNa niSThApUrvaka, upalabdha "mahAvIra smRti grantha" ke prakAzana kA nizcaya kara, sAdhanoM meM, grantha ko adhikAdhika upayogI evaM saMgrahaNIya liyA; parantu isake sAtha hI aura adhika sAdhana juTAne svarUpa pradAna karane kA yathAzakti prayAsa kiyA hai, xxi.

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taduparAnta bhI sampAdana kI dRSTi se yadi koI truTiyAM apanI isa sAdha kI pUrti ke rUpa meM yaha grantha zeSa raha gayI hoM, to usake liye maiM sahRdaya pAThakoM prastuta karate hue mujhe jisa atIva harSa kA anubhava ho evaM samIkSakoM se savinaya kSamAprArthI haiN| rahA hai, vaha anirvacanIya hai / tIrthaMkara mahAvIra jayantI 2 aprela 1977 ravIndra mAlava--sampAdaka prema zAntI bhavana phAlake bAjAra, gvAliyara-474001 saMyojaka-"mahAvIra smRti grantha" prakAzana samiti jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara xxii

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AbhAra tIrthakara mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI paccIsavIM zatI kI pUrti ke avasara para vizvabhara meM Ayojita kAryakramoM kI zrakhalA meM va jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA Ayojita vyAkhyAnamAlA ke krama meM "tIrthakara mahAvIra smati-grantha" Apake hAthoM meM prastuta hai / isa avasara para grantha ke prakAzana meM vizvavidyAlaya ko vibhinna mahAnubhAvoM evaM saMsthAnoM se prApta sahayoga ke prati kRtajJatA vyakta karanA maiM apanA punIta kartavya samajhatA huuN| sarvaprathama maiM grantha kI prakAzana samiti ke saMyojaka evaM grantha ke sampAdaka tathA vizvavidyAlaye mahAsabhA ke sadasya zrI ravIndra mAlava ke prati kRtajJatA vyakta karanA param kartavya samajhatA huuN| prastuta grantha ke prakAzana meM unakA dRr3ha niSThApUrNa vizvAsa evaM kar3A parizrama nihita hai / vizvavidyAlaya ke isa sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa prakAzana meM unase prApta sakriya evaM racanAtmaka sahayoga ke liye vizvavidyAlaya unakA AbhArI hai| grantha meM prakAzita vibhinna sAmagrI ke lekhakoM ke prati bhI vizvavidyAlaya atyAdhika kRtajJa hai, jinhoMne vizvavidyAlaya ke nivedana ko svIkAra kara apane vyasta jIvana meM se kucha vahamUlya samaya nikAlakara grantha hetu

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aprakAzita zodhapatra evaM nibandha likhane tathA bhejane kI vizvavidyAlaya, jaina samAja ke pramukha pratinidhiyoM kRpA kara, kRtArtha kiyaa| unake kAraNa hI yaha grantha sarvazrI mAnikacandra gaMgavAla, nirmala apane vartamAna svarUpa ko grahaNa kara sakA hai| mAnikacanda jaina, mizrIlAla pATanI, rAmajIta jaina, jJAnacandra jaina, devendra kumAra koThArI, padamacandra jaina grantha ke prakAzana hetu sAdhana juTAne meM evaM rAmacandra jaina Adi mahAnubhAvoM kA bhI AbhArI zrI saradAra siMha jI caurar3iyA kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai jinhoMne vyAkhyAnamAlA ke Ayojana eva grantha ke hai| unake sahayoga se hI isa grantha ke prakAzanArtha "zrI prakAzana meM ullekhanIya sahayoga pradAna kara kRtArtha 2500vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava smAraka kiyaa| vyAkhyAnamAlA ke Ayojana meM vitta adhikArI nyAsa" se eka hajAra rupayoM kA Arthika anudAna bhI ! zrI Ara. ke pitale, pustakAlayAdhyakSa zrI pI. ke. bainarjI, prApta ho skaa| vizvavidyAlaya samasta vijJApanadAtAoM vikAsa vibhAga ke kAryAlaya adhIkSaka zrI ela. ena. kA bhI AbhArI hai, jinhoMne A saMsthAnoM ke vijJApana zarmA tathA lipika zrI Ara. ke. guptA; kulapati ke upalabdha karAkara, grantha prakAzanArtha sAdhana saMgrahaNa meM saciva zrI pI. sI. jaina, vizvavidyAlaya yaMtrI zrI ke. sahAyatA kii| ela. mahAjana ne bhI vividha dAyitvoM kA atyadhika laganpUrvaka nirvAha kara saiyoga pradAna kiyA nadartha ye granya kI sAja-sajjA kI dRSTi se grantha kA kalevara / sabhI dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| tathA vartamAna svarUpa sampAdaka zrI ravIndra mAlava, sadasya mahAsabhA evaM vidyA pariSada, pro. vizvamitra vAsavANI, vizvavidyAlaya kI ora se maiM una sabhI sahavibhAgAdhyakSa, zAsakIya lalita kalA mahAvidyAlaya, yogiyoM kA bhI hArdika AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne isa prakAzana tathA mudraka-sAdhanA presa ke sarvazrI nArAyaNasiMha varmA ko sulabha banAne meM pratyakSa yA apratyakSa sahayoga pradAna evaM lakSmInArAyaNa agravAla, tathA unake sahayogIyoM kiyaa| una sabhI ke sadaprayAsoM ke kAraNa hI Aja ke athaka parizrama evaM lagana kA hI pariNAma haiN| isa grantha kA prakAzana sambhava ho sakA hai| merA vizvavidyAlaya ke vikAsa vibhAga meM lipika zrI bhAskara kiyA vizvAsa hai ki jina AkAMkSAoM ke sAtha isa grantha kA vizvanAtha jozI ne grantha ke prakAzana sambandhI kAryAla prakAzana kiyA gayA hai, unakI pUrti meM yaha pUrNa saphala yIna dAyitva kA kuzalatApUrvaka nirvahana kara ullekhanIya hogaa| sahayoga diyA hai / isake liye maiM unheM sAdhuvAda detA hai| vizva maitrI dibasa (kSamAvANI parva) bIra nirvANa saM. 2503 dinAMka 28 sitambara 77 ghanazyAma gautama upa kulasaciva (vikAsa evaM prazAsana) jIva jI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara xxiv

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bhArata ke uparASTrapati ke saciva naI dillI-110011 priya mahodaya, uparASTrapati jI ko yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki Apa jIvAjI vizva vidyAlaya, gvAliyara kI ora se bhagavAna mahAvIra jI ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava ke avasara para Ayojita pA~ca divasIya vyAkhyAnamAlA meM paThita zoSapatroM evaM vyAkhyAnoM ko sthAyI rUpa pradAna karane ke lie eka "smArikA" prakAzita karane jA rahe haiM / uparASTrapati jI Apake vizvavidyAlaya ko isa "smArikA" kI saphalatA ke lie apanI hArdika zubha kAmanAe~ bhejate haiM / ApakA vi0 phar3ake -saMdeza RAJ BHAVAN im PERSNES priya ravIndra jI, yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara, zrIbhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava ke upalakSa para zodhapatroM aura vyAkhyAnoM ke prakAzanArtha "smArikA' ke prakAzana kA nizcaya kiyA gayA hai| Apake isa prayatna ke dvArA sarva-sAdhAraNa ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sadupadezoM ko jAnakArI sulabha hogii| __ maiM Apake satprayatnoM kI saphalatA cAhatA hU~, aura isa suavasara para zubha kAmanA prakaTa karatA huuN| ApakA mohanalAla sukhAr3iyA rAjyapAla

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rAja bhavana bhopAla-3 .. mujhe yaha jAnakara hArdika prasannatA huI ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya gvAliyara dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava ke avasara para pAMca divasIya vyAkhyAnamAlA kA Ayojana kiyA gayA thA aura ukta avasara para paThita zodhapatroM aura vyAkhyAnoM kA saMkalana smArikA ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai / AzA hai, yaha prakAzana bhagavAna mahAvIra ke AdarzoM aura vicAroM tathA jaina dharma ke adhyetAoM aura zodhakartAoM ke lie upayogI siddha hogaa| zubhakAmanAoM shit| satyanArAyaNa siMha rAjyapAla madhya pradeza ----saMdeza - mantrI rasAyana evaM urvaraka bhArata zAsana jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke paccIsa sauM ve nirvANa mahotsava varSa ke avasara para Ayojita vyAkhyAnamAlA ko sthAyI svarUpa pradAna karane ke uddezya se smArikA kA prakAzana kiyA jA rahA hai, yaha jAnakara prasannatA huii| . : yaha jAnakara aura bhI prasannatA huI ki isameM vyAkhyAnamAlA meM hue vyAkhyAnoM ke atirikta rASTrIya khyAtiprApta vidvAnoM ke zodhapatra tathA nibandha bhI prakAzita kiye jAveMge / merA vizvAsa hai yaha grantha buddhijIvI pAThakoM ko uccakoTi kI sAmagrI pradAna kregaa| isa avasara para maiM hArdika zubhakAmanAe~ preSita karatA huuN| prakAza candra seThI

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JAL -- mukhya mantrI bhopAla NA PATH mujhe yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava ke avasara para Ayojita vyAkhyAnamAlA meM paThita zodhapatroM evaM vyAkhyAnoM ko smArikA ke rUpa meM prakAzita karane kA nizcaya kiyA gayA hai| maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki isa prakAzana se vyAkhyAnamAlA meM vyakta vidvAnoM ke matoM evaM dhAraNAoM ko sthAyitva prApta hogA aura bhaviSya meM bhI hama unase mArgadarzana lete rheNge| ramArikA ke liye zubha kaamnaaeN| zyAmAcaraNa zukla -saMdeza upamantrI zikSA tathA samAja kalyANa bhArata naI dillI-1 TV mujhe yaha jAnakara bar3I prasannatA huI ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara ke tatvAvadhAna meM zrI 2500veM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava ke zubha avasara para vyAkhyAnamAlA kA Ayojana kiyA gayA evaM ukta pAMca divasIya vyAkhyAnamAlA meM zrotAvRnda ko aneka vidvajanoM ke vicAra sunane kA zubha avasara milA / ahiMsA evaM satya ke naye pratimAnoM kA Aja ke isa vAtAvaraNa meM kyA mahatva hai isa para prabuddhajanoM ke vicAra-vimarza se logoM ko sahI mArgadarzana milA hogA, aisA merA vizvAsa hai| ukta ucca vicAroM kA smArikA hetu prakAzana sadA ke lie sthAyI svarUpa preraNA kA srota banA rhegaa| maiM smArikA kI saphalatA kI kAmanA karatA haiM aura samajhatA hai ki Ama janatA ko jAnakArI dene meM lAbhadAyaka siddha hogii| aravinda netAma

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vitta mantrI, rAjasthAna jayapura bhujhe yaha jAnakara bar3I prasannatA ho rahI hai ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara dvArA 2500vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava ke avasara para Ayojita pA~ca divasIya vyAkhyAnamAlA meM paThita zodhapatro evam vyAkhyAnoM ko sthAyI svarUpa pradAna karane ke lie smArikA kA prakAzana kiyA jA rahA hai| mahAvIra bhagavAna ke siddhAnto kI Aja ke yuga meM bar3I AvazyakatA hai / uparokta Ayojana ke avasara para prakaTa kie gae vicAro ko smArikA meM prakAzita kara samiti AnevAlI pIr3hI kI bar3I madada kara rahI hai / isa avasara para maiM apanI zubha kAmanAe~ preSita karatA huuN| candana mala vaida -saMdeza baMsatarAva uyake mantrI, zikSA madhyapradeza ___ jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500veM nirvANa mahotsava ke sandarbha meM Ayojita vyAkhyAnamAlA ke vyAkhyAnoM ko smArikA ke rUpa meM prakAzita karane kA nizcaya kiyA hai, yaha jAnakara mujhe prasannatA huii| maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki vidvAno dvArA die gae ina bhASaNo se pAThako ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vyaktitva aura kRtitva ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milegii| merI zubha kaamnaaeN| . vasaMtarAva uyake

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gulAva candra tAmoTa mantrI loka nirmANa bhopAla mujhe yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500veM nirvANa mahotsava ke avasara para Ayojita pA~ca divasIya vyAkhyAnamAlA ke antargata paThita zodhapatroM aura vyAkhyAnoM ko eka smArikA ke rUpa meM prakAzita karane kA nizcaya kiyA hai| vyAkhyAnamAlA ke antargata vidvAnoM dvArA paThita ina bhASaNoM kI apanI upAdeyatA hai aura mujhe vizvAsa hai ki smArikA meM saMkalita hone se inheM sthAyI svarUpa prApta ho skegaa| isa sadprayAsa ke lie merI zubha kaamnaaeN|| gulAba candra tAmoTa --- ----saMdeza---- Achal Singh 87 North Avenue, New Delhi M.P.. mujhe yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa mahotsava para Apa eka mahAna grantha prakAzita kara rahe haiM / isase jaina darzana va sAhitya evaM itihAsa para eka bahumUlya grantha taiyAra ho jaavegaa| isase deza va samAja kI sevA hogii| __Apake prayAsa kI maiM sarAhanA karatA huuN| Apake zubha kArya ke lie merI zubha kAmanAe~ haiN| ApakA acalasiMha zrI ravIndra mAlava jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya kI ora se Apane vyAkhyAnamAlA Ayojita kI aura isake upalakSya meM eka "smRti grantha" kA prakAzana kara rahe haiM yaha jAnakara prasannatA huii| ___isa "smRti grantha" dvArA Apa loga bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza ko samAja meM pracAra karane meM saphala hoM, aisI maiM zubha kAmanAe~ preSita karatA hU~ / praNAma / kastUrabhAI lAlabhAI adhyakSa, bhagavAna mahAvIra 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava mahAsamiti

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avadheza pratApa siMha vizvavidyAlaya kulapati priya mahodaya, mujhe yaha jAnakara vizeSa Ananda hai ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava ke avasara para Ayojita vyAkhyAnamAlA se sambandhita zodhapatroM evaM vyAkhyAnoM ko eka smArikA ke mAdhyama se mahotsava samiti dvArA sthAyI svarUpa pradAna kiyA jA rahA hai / yaha sahI hai ki sabhI dharmoM kI utpatti isa saMsAra meM mAnava kalyANa ke lie hI huI hai / parantu yaha bhI eka kaTu satya hI hai ki svArtha meM lipta ho jAne ke kAraNa manuSya dharma ke mUla tatvoM ko bAra-bAra bhUlatA rahA hai / bhramita mAnava samAja ne bhale hI sadaiva dharma-vRkSa ke pallavoM ko sIMcA ho, athavA usake AvaraNa ko sajAyA ho, parantu, dharma kI jar3oM ko bahudhA sukhAyA hI hai / avatArI puruSoM ne apane jIvana, kRtitva aura zikSA ke mAdhyama se bAra-bAra isa pRthvI para Akara bhramita samAja ko prakAza, dizA aura preraNA dI hai, tathA samAja kI DUbatI naukA ko apane sabala hAthoM dvArA DUbane se bacAyA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhAratIya samAja kA dharma ke mUla tatvoM kI ora dhyAna AkarSita kiyA, hisAmaya samAja meM parama dharma ahiMsA kI punarsthApanA kI, tathA dIna-dukhiyoM ko rAhata aura sahArA diyA / mujhe vizvAsa hai ki yaha RNI bhAratIya samAja unake jIvana aura AdarzoM se sadaiva zikSA aura preraNA grahaNa karatA rahegA / vidvAna vaktAoM aura lekhakoM ke vicAroM kA smArikA ke mAdhyama se sthAyIkaraNa niHsandeha rUpa se anekoM pAThakoM ko Age AnevAle varSoM meM lAbha pahu~cAtA rahegA / rIvA (ma. pra. ) maiM isa sadprayAsa kI hRdaya se sarAhanA karatA hU~, tathA prakAzana kI pUrNa saphalatA kI kAmanA karatA hU~ / nArAyaNa siMha -saMdeza kulapati vizvavidyAlaya bhavana, indaura yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 nirvANa mahotsava para paThita zodhapatroM ko smArikA ke rUpa meM prakAzita karane jA rahA hai| maiM prayAsa kI saphalatA hetu kAmanA karatA hU~ / pu. ga. deva kulapati

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Gulab Chand Jain Vice-Chancellor Indira Kala Sangit Vishwavidyalaya KHAIRA GARH (M. P.) Pin. : 491881 mujhe yaha jAnakara atyaMta hI prasannatA huI ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava para Ayojita 5 divasIya vyAkhyAnamAlA meM paThita zodhapatroM tathA vyAkhyAnoM ko sthAyI svarUpa pradAna karane kI dRSTi se eka "smArikA" prakAzita karane kA nizcaya kiyA gayA hai / jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya kA yaha nizcaya niHsandeha atyaMta hI prazaMsanIya kArya hai kyoMki smArikA ke prakAzana ke mAdhyama se vidvatajanoM ke zodhapatroM se jana-samAja ko bar3A lAbha milegA jo vAstava meM eka stutya kArya hogaa| maiM nirvANa mahotsava samAroha kI saphalatA ke liye apanI zubha kAmanAe~ preSita karatA huuN| gulAbacanda jaina kulapati -saMdeza javAharalAla neharU kRSi vizvavidyAlaya jabalapura, madhyapradeza kRSi nagara javalapura-482004 (ma. pra.) Ara. ela. kauzala kulapati yaha jAnakara atyanta prasannatA huI ki jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara dvArA 2500 vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava ke avasara para paThita zodhapatroM evaM vyAkhyAnoM ko sthAyI rUpa pradAna karane kI dRSTi se "smArikA" kA prakAzana kiyA jA rahA hai| zodhakartAoM evaM saMkalanakartAoM ke vyAvahArika jJAna ke uddezya se yaha eka uttama prayAsa hai| bAzA hai, yaha smArikA dharma meM ruci rakhanevAle sabhI vyaktiyoM ke liye upayogI siddha hogii| smArikA prakAzana kI saphalatA hetu maMgala zubha kAmanAe~ preSita karatA huuN| Ara. ela. kauzala

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zrI ravIndra jI jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA "mahAvIra smati grantha' kA prakAzana, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana aura darzana ke vividha pakSoM para racita, zodhapatroM va lekhoM ke mAdhyama se, bhagavAna ke upadezoM ko janasAmAnya taka pahu~cAne, aura buddhijIviyoM ko cintana hetu dizAdarzana ke apane uddezyoM meM saphala ho, isa hetu merI hArdika shubhkaamnaaeN| sAhU zAntI prasAda jaina zrI ravIndra jI mAlava bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava ke avasara para jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya "mahAvIra smati grantha" prakAzita kara rahA hai yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI / isa avasara para maiM hArdika zubha kAmanAeM preSita karatA huuN| lAlacandra hIrAcandra _-saMdeza .... SHRIYANS PRASAD "NIRMAL'' 3Rd Floor Nariman Point Bombay-400021 priya zrI ravIndra mAlava mujhe yaha jAnakara atyanta prasannatA huI ki ahiMsA ke sandezavAhaka, syAdvAda siddhAnta ke praNetA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava ke upalakSya meM "mahAvIra smati grantha" kA prakAzana kiyA jArahA hai / yaha bhI harSa kA viSaya hai ki Apa isa grantha meM sAmayika viSayoM para rASTrIya khyAtiprApta vidvAnoM ke lekha evaM zodhapatroM kI vyApaka sAmagrI kA saMkalana kreNge| vastuta: yaha jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya kA prazaMsanIya kArya hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra vizva itihAsa ke una mahAna jyoti stammoM meM se haiM, jinake batAe 'hae satya, ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke sanmArga para unmukha hokara zAnti prApta kI jA sakatI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sabase bar3I zikSA hai, apane ko jAno, yAni "AtmA ko jaano"| vartamAna saMdarbha meM, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sandeza lokopayogI haiM evaM jana-jana ke jIvana meM vizeSa mahatva rakhate haiN| ina sandezoM ke pracAra-prasAra dvArA rASTra kI yuvA pIr3hI ko anuzAsana, sadAcAra tathA rASTrIya ekatA ko sudRr3ha banAye rakhane kI dizA meM avazya preraNA milegii| grantha ke sundara evaM saphala prakAzana ke liye merI aneka maMgala kaamnaaeN| ApakA zreyAMsa prasAda jaina

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kAvyAMjalI pazama ravA Jain Educ a tional

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maMgala - sUtra Namo arahatANaM / Namo siddhaannN| namo aayriyaannN| mo uvjjhaayaannN| Namo loe sambamAhaNaM // 1 // mahaMtoM ko nmskaar| middhoM ko nmskaar| AcAryoM ko namaskAra / upAdhyAyoM ko nmskaar| lokavI sarvasAdhuoM ko namaskAra / eso paMcaNamokkAro, savva paavppnnaasnno| maMgalANaM ca sambesi, paDhama havaI maMgalaM // 2 // yaha paMca namaskAra maMtra, saba pApoM ko vinAza karanevAlA hai| aura samasta maMgaloM meM, prathama maMgala hai // cattAri maMgalaM arahatA magalaM / middhA maMgalaM / sAhU maMgalaM / kevalipaNNatto dhammo magala // 3 // cAra maMgala haiN| arhata maMgala haiN| siddha maMgala haiN| sAdhu maMgala haiN| ke bali-praNIta dharma maMgala hai| cattAri loguttamA / arahaMtA loguttamA / siddhA loguttamA / sAhU loguttamA / kevalipaNNatto dhammo logUttamo // 4 // cAra lokottama haiN| arhata lokottama haiN| siddha lokottama haiN| sAdhu lokottama haiN| kevali-praNIta dharma lokottama hai| cattAri zaraNaM paccajjAmi / arahaMto zaraNaM pavvajjAmi / siddha zaraNaM pavvajjAmi / mAhU zaraNaM pavvajjAmi / kevalipaNNatto dhammo zaraNa pAvajjAmi // 5 // vAroM ko zaraNa letA haiN| ahaMtoM ko zaraNa letA haiM middhoM kI zaraNa letA mAdhuoM ko zaraNa letA huuN| ke balipraNIta dharma kI zaraNa letA hai The tee hee shch once

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mahAvIra stavana prAkRtaesa surAsuramaNusiMdavaMdidaM dhoi ghAi kammamalaM / paNamAmi vaDaDhamANaM titthN-dhmmsskttaarN| vIra visAla NayaNaM ratta ppala komalassamappAyaM / tiviheNa paNamiUNa sIla guNANaM NisAmeha / tiloe savvajIvANaMhidaM dhammovadesiNaM / vaDaDhamANaM mahAvIraM vaMdittA savvavediNaM / / NamiUNa jiNavIraM aNaMta vara NANaMdasaNa sahAvaM -kundakundAcArya * anuvAda--- 1. sura, asura aura manuSyoM ke indroM (rAjAoM) se vandanIya, ghAtiyA karma rUpI mala ko dhokara naSTa kara diyA jina ne, aura jo dharma rUpI tIrtha ke kartA haiM, una zrI varddhamAna svAmI ko namaskAra karatA huuN| . (bAhya meM) jinake vizAla netra haiN| aura caraNa lAla kamala jaise komala haiM, (antaraMga meM) jo kevala jJAna rUpI vizAla netroM ke dhAraka haiM, aura jinakI rAgadveSa rahita komala vANI rAgadveSa ko dUra karanevAlI hai, zIla guNoM kI prAptyartha una zrI vIra prabhU ko, mana-vaca-kAya se praNAma karatA hai| tIna lokoM ke samasta jIvoM kA hita karanevAle dharmopadezaka sarvajJa varddhamAna mahAvIra kI vandanA karatA huuN| ___ ananta aura utkRSTa jJAna-darzana svabhAva se yukta mahAvIra jinendra ko namaskAra ho / saMskRtatvayA nAtha jagatasuptaM mahAmoha nizAgatam / jJAna bhAskara vimvena bodhitaM pUrutejasA / / namaste vItarAgAya sarvajJAya mahAtmane / yAtAya durgamaM kulaM saMsArodanvataH param // : bhavatA sArthavAhena bhavya cetana vANijAH / yAsyanti vitanusthAnaM doSa caarairlussttitaaH|| pravartitastvayA panthA vimalaH siddhagAminAm / karmajAlaM ca nirdagdhaM jvalita dhyaanvnhinaa| nirbandhUnAmanAthAnAM duHkhAgni parivartinAm / bandhu thazca jagatAM jAto'si paramodayaH / / kathaM kuryAttava stotraM yasyAntaparivarjitAH / upamAna nimuktA guNaH kevligocraaH|| -raviSaNAcAryaH anuvAda he vIranAtha ! mahAmahi rUpI nizA ke madhya soye par3e isa saMsAra ko Apane apane amita tejapUrNa jJAna sUrya dvArA jagAyA hai| he bhagavAna ! Apa vItarAga ho, sarvajJa ho, mahAtmA ho, aura saMsAra rUpI sAgara ke durgama aMtima taTa para pahuMca gae ho, ataH ASako namaskAra ho| Apa aise uttama sArthavAha ho ki bhavya jIva rUpI aneka vyApArI Apake netRtva meM Apake sAtha nirvANadhAma ko prApta hoMge, aura rAha meM doSa rUpI luTere unheM nahIM lUTa skeNge| Apane mokSAbhilASiyoM ko nirmala mokSa kA mArga dikhAyA hai, aura dhyAna rUpI agni se karmoM ke samUha ko bhasma kara diyA hai| jinakA koI bandhu nahIM hai, jinakA koI nAtha nahIM, una duHkharUpI agni meM jalate hue saMsArI jIvoM ke Apa hI vandhu ho, Apa hI nAtha ho, aura Apa hI unheM parama abhyudaya prApta karAnevAle ho| he bhagavan ! hama Apake guNoM kA stavana kaise kara pAveM, javaki ve ananta haiM, upamA rahita haiM, aura kevala jJAniyoM ke viSaya haiN|

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vandanA hatthIsu erAvaNamAha NAte, sIho migANaM satilANa gaMgA / pakkhIsu yA garulaM veNudeve, NivvANavAdINiha NAyaputte // 1 // hAthiyoM meM erAvata, pazuoM meM siMha, nadiyoM meM gaMgA pahiyoM meM veNadeva garuNa zreSTha haiM, vaise hI nirvANavAdiyoM meM mahAvIra zreSTha haiN| johesu NAe jaha vIsaseNe, pupphesu vA jaha araviMdamAhu / khattINa seDhe jaha daMtavakke, isINa seThe taha vadamANe // 2 // yoddhAoM meM vAsudeva, puSpoM meM aravinda kSatriyoM meM datavAkya zreSTha hai, vaise hI RSiyoM meM mahAvIra zreSTha haiN| thaNitaM va saddANa aNuttaraM Da, caMde va tArANa mahANubhAve / / gadhesu vA caMdaNamAhu seThTha, evaM muNINaM apaDiNNa mAhu // 3 // - zabdoM meM megha kA garjana, tArAoM meM candramA, gaMdha vastuoM meM candana zreSTha hai, vaise hI muniyoM meM mahAvIra zreSTha haiN| jahA sayaMbhU udahINa seThe, NAgesu vA dharaNiMdamAhu seThaM / khoodae vA rasa vejayaMte, tahovahANa muNi vejayate // 4 // samudroM meM svayambha, nAgadevoM meM dharaNendra, rasoM meM ikSu rasa zreSTha hai, vaise hI tapasviyoM meM mahAvIra zreSTha haiM / dANANa seTa abhayappayANaM, saccesa yA aNavaNjaM vayaMti / tavesu vA uttama vaMbhaceraM, loguttame samaNe NAyaputte // 5 // dAnoM meM abhayadAna, satya meM niravadya vacana tapa meM brahmacarya zreSTha hai, vaise hI zramaNoM meM mahAvIra zreSTha haiN| nivvANaseTA jaha savvadhammA, Na NAyaputtA paramasthi nnaannii| dharmoM meM nirvANavAdI dharma zreSTha hai vaise hIlAniyoM meM mahAvIra zreSTha hai| unase adhika koI jJAnI nahIM hai|

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bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caraNoM meM he jyotipuMja jayavIra ! satya kA jJAtA dRSTA tU / he mahAprANa ! mUrcchita janamana kA jIvana sRSTA tU // he jina ! prabhAta tU saghana tamas se ghiratI saMsRti kaa| he nivikAra ! parizodhaka mAnavatA kI saMskRti kA // tane apane antaratama kA moyA deva jagAyA / tUne nara se nArAyaNa taka apane ko pahuMcAyA / / sImita naratana meM asIma kI jJAna cetanA jAgI / janma-janma kI dhUmita kaluSita moha cetanA jAgI / terI vANI jaga kalyANI, prakhara satya kI dhArA / khaNDa-khaNDa ho gayI dambha kI, andhAgraha kI kArA / / 'satya eka hai' usa para, tere mere kA kyA aMkana / vizva samanvaya kara detA hai, terA yaha udbodhana / / tU una andhoM kI A~kha, bhaTakate Thokara khAte jo / tU una abaloM kI lAThI, pratAr3ita azru vahAte jo // mAnavatA ke mahAmantra kA jo dAtA, tU guruvara hai / astaMgata jo kabhI na hogA, aisA tU dinakara hai / / jAti-paMtha-bhedoM me Upara, tU savakA saba tere / dezakAla vaha kauna tujhe, jo mImAoM meM ghere / / tU ananta hai, ajara amara hai, terA jIvana darzana / akhila vizva kA tava caraNoM meM ho nirvANagAmI vandana / --upAdhyAya amaramuni

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mahAzakti kA srota tumameM bharA hai tumhIM se taraMgita udita yaha dharA hai kahA, vIra ne Apako jAna jAo sarala paMtha, vasu-karma kI nirjarA hai manoyoga dvArA suno vIra vANI svayam kA aham yadi manuja jAna jAye saphala vizva usako sahaja / mAna jAye manoyoga dvArA suneM vIra vANI yahI mAna TikegA jagata chAna Aye kalyANakumAra jaina "zazi" svayam meM simaTa, Atma ko yadi nihArA pradarzita milegA yahA~ vizva sArA kahA vIra ne, bhaTakaneM taba miTeMgI caleM yadi isI mArga para jJAna dvArA samajhAnA par3egA sadAcAra kyA hai samajhanA par3egA ahaMkAra kyA hai anekAnta kA bheda vijJAna jAne tiraskAra kyA hai puraskAra kyA hai

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"bhAva puSpAMjali" kara diyA Aloka se jagamaga ye sArA vizva hI jaba dIpakoM kI jyoti se kyA AratI terI utArU / cAhatA hU~ meM tumhAre caraNa patha meM, hai, prabhU jI, hara caraNa para nija hRdaya kI bhAva puSpAMjali savArU / vizva ke ho deva prabhu mahimA kahU~ kaise tumhArI, jagata kI utkRSTatA nA chU sakI sImA tumhArI, krodha mAyA mAna matsara lobha, saba hI haiM parAjita, kAma jaise vIra ne bhI dhvaMsa ho jaya kI tumhArI, nAdA kara ajJAna kA adhera pAyA jJAna anupama, jagamagAyA vizva, usako dIpa maiM kaise ujArU / cAhatA hU~ maiM tumhAre caraNa patha meM, he, prabhU jI, hara caraNa para nija hRdaya kA bhAva puSpAMjali savArU ||1|| tor3a kara duHkhadeya baMdhana vizva ke tumane prabhujI, karma AThoM ko kiyA cakacUra jyoM ripu krUra haiM ve, the anante kAla se jo moha aura mamatA ke baMdhana, kATa dIne kSaNaka meM tumane jyoM kacce sUta haiM ve, duHkha bharA jaga chor3a kara prabhu jA rahe sukhagAra ko, tuma chor3a kara jisako cale kaise vahA~ jIvana gujArU / cAhatA hU~ maiM tumhAre caraNa patha meM hai, prabhUjI, hara caraNa para nija hRdaya kI bhAva puSpAMjali savArU // 2 // jA rahe ho tuma prabhU, kaise rahU~ maiM ? yaha batAo, dekha kara yaha duHkha bharA jaga, hUka uThatI hai hRdaya meM, kintu yaha saMtoSa mujhako, jagata ke uddhAra karttA ! jyoti jo tumane dikhAI, chA rahI hai aba hRdaya meM, hai alaukika aura anupama jJAna kA Aloka mana meM, jagamagAtI jA rahI ratnatrayI nidhi ko sa~bhAlU / cAhatA hU~ meM tumhAre caraNa patha meM he prabhUjI, hara caraNa para nija hRdaya kI bhAva puSpAMjali sa~vArU // 3 // kAmanA kucha hai nahIM, basa prArthanA itanI prabhUjI, zakti kA aisA udaya ho jAya aba mere hRdaya meM. cala sakU hara kadama va kadama saMga tere caraNa patha ke, ho amiTa ciMtana nirAkula-zAMti kA mere hRdaya meM, tor3a jaga ke neha baMdhana cala par3U sukhadhAma ko, jahA~ pA cattaSThaya maiM anantAnanta yuga sukha ko sa~bhAlU / cAhatA hU~ maiM tumhAre caraNa patha para hai, prabhujI, hara caraNa para nija hRdaya kI bhAva puSpAMjali savArU // 4 // [] zAntIlAla jaina "madhukara"

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- - - - jinavANI -- - S - - - - - - - - - titIrA ravA

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antarAtmA akkhANi bahirappA, aMtarappA hu appasaMkapo / kammakalaMka - vimukko, paramappA bhaNNae devo // aparigrahamucchA pariggaho vRttI abhaMtarabAharie savve gaMthe tumaM vivajjehi viteNa tANaM na labhe pamatte pariggahaniviTThANaM veraM tesiM pavaDDhaI || savvattha appavasio NissaMgo Nivbhao ya savvattha abhaya dAna jaM kI rai parirakkhA, NiccaM maraNa - bhayabhIru - jIvANaM / taM jANa abhayadANaM, siMhAmaNi savvadANANaM 11 abhogI bhogI bhai saMsAre, abhogI vippamuccaI / arahaMta sasarIrA arahaMtA, kevalaNANeNa muNiya-sayalatthA / pANasarIrA siddhA, savvuttama sukkha-saMpattA 11 asteya (acaurya) - vajjijjA tenAhas - takkarajogaM viruddharajjaM ca / kUDatulakUDamANaM tappaDitvaM ca vavahAraM // indriya samUha ko AtmA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane vAlA bahirAtmA hai / Atma saMkalpa - deha se bhinna AtmA ko svIkAra karanevAlA antarAtmA hai| karma kalaMka se vimukta AtmA paramAtmA hai / mUrcchA-mamatA bhAva parigraha hai / bhItara aura bAhara kI sampUrNa granthiyoM ke unmocana kA nAma aparigraha hai / 11 manuSya dhana se apanI rakSA nahIM kara sakatA / parigraha meM pha~se hue haiM, ve baira ko bar3hAte haiM / parigraha se rahita vyakti svAdhIna aura nirbhaya rahatA hai / mRtyubhaya se bhayabhIta jIvoM kI rakSA karanA hI abhayadAna hai / yaha abhayadAna saba dAnoM kA ziromaNi hai / bhogI janmamaraNa ke cakra se nahIM chUTatA / abhogI mukta ho jAtA hai / kevalajJAna se samasta padArthoM ko jAnanevAle sa- zarIrI jIva arhata haiM tathA sarvottama sukha (mokSa) ko saMprApta jJAna- zarIrI jIva siddha kahalAte haiM / acaryavratI zrAvaka ko na corI kA mAla kharIdanA cAhiye, na corI meM preraka bananA cAhiye / na hI rAjya viruddha arthAt kara Adi kI corI va niyama viruddha koI

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kArya karanA cAhiye / vastuoM meM milAvaTa Adi nahIM karanA cAhiye / jAlI sikke yA noTa Adi nahIM calAnA caahiye| icchA, mucchA, tavhA gehi asaMjamo, krvaa| hatya lahuttaNaM parahaDaM teNikkaM kUDayA adatte / / paradhana kI icchA, mUrchA, tRSNA, gupti, asaMyama, kAMkSA, hastalAghava / (hAtha kI saphAI) paradhana haraNa, kUTa-tola-mApa aura binA dI huI vastu lenA yaha saba kRtya corI haiN| citamaMtamacitraM vA appaM vA jai vA vh| datasohaNamittaMpi uggahaM si ajAiyA / / cAhe koI sacetana vastu ho yA acetana-jar3a / alpamolI vastu ho yA bhumolii| binA usake svAmI kI AjJA liye binA nahIM lenA cAhiye, aura to kyA, dA~ta kuredane ke liye eka tinakA bhI binA AjJA ke na leveN| ahiMsAsavve pANA piAuyA / suhasAyA dukkhpddikuulaa| appiyavahA, piyajIvaNo / jIviDakAmA / savesiM jIviyaM piyN| nAivAejja kaMcaNaM / saba prANiyoM ko apanA jIvana pyArA hai| sukha sabako acchA lagatA hai aura duHkha burA / vadha sabako apriya hai aura jIvana priya / saba prANI jInA cAhate haiN| kucha bhI ho, sabako jIvana priya hai| ata: kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA mata kro| eyaM khu nANiNo sAraM jaM na hiMsai kiMcaNa / ahiMsA samayaM ceva etAvantaM kyiaanniyaa| jJAnI hone kA sAra yahI hai ki kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na kare / ahiMsAmUlaka samatA hI dharma kA sAra hai, basa itanI bAta sadaiva dhyAna meM rakhanI caahiye| savve jIvA vi icchaMti, jIviDaM na marijjiu / tamhA pANavahaM ghoraM, niggaMthA vajjayaMti NaM / / sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM, maranA nhiiN| isaliye prANavadha ko bhayAnaka jAnakara nigrantha usakA varjana karate haiN| jahate na pirsa dukkhaM, jANia emeva savvajIvANaM / saMmvAyaramuvautto, attovammeNa kuNasu dayaM / / jaise tumheM duHkha priya nahIM haiM, vaise hI saba jIvoM ko duHkha priya nahIM hai-aisA jAnakara, pUrNa Adara aura sAvadhAnIpUrvaka, Atmaupamya kI dRSTi se saba para dayA kro|

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jIvavaho appavaho, jIvadaya appaNo dayA hoI / tA savvajIvahiMsA, paricattA attakAmehiM / / jIva kA vadha apanA hI vadha hai| jIva kI dayA apanI hI dayA hai| ataH AtmahitaiSI (AtmakAma) puruSoM ne sabhI taraha kI jIvahiMsA kA parityAga kiyA tuMga na maMdarAo, AgAsAo visAlayaM natthi / / jaha taha jayaMmi jANasu, dhammamahiMsA samaM nasthi / jaise jagata meM meru parvata se U~cA aura AkAza se vizAla aura kucha nahIM hai, vaise hI ahiMsA ke samAna koI dharma nahIM hai| hiMsA pAvaM ti mado, dayApahANo jado dhammo / hiMsA pApa hai, kyoMki dayA saba dharmoM meM pradhAna tumaMsi nAma sa ceva ja hatavvaM ti manasi / tU jise mAranA cAhatA hai (jisako kaSTa va pIr3A pahuMcAnA cAhatA hai) vaha anya koI tere samAna hI cetanAvAlA prANI hai, aisA samajha / vAstava meM vaha tu AraMbhajaM dukkhamiNaM / saMsAra meM jitane bhI duHkha haiM, ve saba AraMbhaja-hiMsA se utpanna hote haiN| AcAryajaha dIvA dIvasayaM, paippae so ya dipae dIvo / dovasamA AyariyA, dipati paraM ca dIveMti / / jaise ekadIpa se saikar3oM dIpa jala uThate haiM, aura vaha svayaM bhI dIpta rahatA hai, vaise hI AcArya dIpaka ke samAna hote haiN| ve svayaM bhI prakAzavAna rahate haiM, aura dUsaroM ko bhI prakAzita karate haiN| AtmatatvataccANa parama-taccaM jIvaM jANeha nnicchydo| sabhI tatvoM meM parama tatva 'Atma tatva' ko 'nizcaya' dRSTi se jaano| Atma vijetAappA beca, dabheyamvo, appA hu khalu duddamo / appA daMto sUhI hoI, assi loe parattha ya / / svayaM para hI vijaya prApta karanA cAhiye / apane para vijaya prApta karanA hI kaThina hai| Atma vijetA hI isa loka aura paraloka meM sukhI hotA hai| Atma zraddhAatthi me AyA ddvvaaie| ye AyAvAdI, loyAvAdI, kammAvAdI, kiriyaavaadii| yaha merI AtmA aupapAtika hai, karmAnusAra punajanma grahaNa karatI hai, AtmA ke punarjanma sambandhI

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siddhAnta ko svIkAra karanevAlA hI vastutaH Atma vAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI evaM kriyAvAdI hai| je attANaM abbhAikkhati se logaM abbhAikkhati / jo apanI AtmA kA apalApa (avizvAsa) karatA hai, vaha loka (anya jIva samUha) kA bhI apalApa karatA puNyakarma kA mUla Atmazuddhi hai / Atma zuddhivisohi-mUlANi puNNANi AtmA appA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa ya / appA mittamamittaM ca, duppaTThiya suppaThio / / AtmA hI sukha-duHkha kA kartA hai aura vikartA (bhoktA) hai| satpravRtti meM sthita AtmA hI apanA zatru hai| jIva (AtmA) zAzvata bhI hai, azAzvata bhI / dravyadRSTi (mUla cetana svarUpa) se zAzvata hai| bhAva dRSTi (manuSya-pazu Adi paryAya) se azAzvata hai| jIvA siya sAsayA siya asAsayA, davvaTThayAe sAsayA bhAvaTThayAe asAsayA / je AyA se vinnAyA, je vinnAyA se aayaa| jeNa viyANai se AyA taM paDucca paDisaMkhAe / jo AtmA hai vaha vijJAtA hai| jo vijJAtA hai, vaha AtmA hai / jisase jAnA jAtA hai, vaha AtmA hai| jAnane kI isa zakti se hI AtmA kI pratIti hotI arasamarUvamagaMdhaM, avvattaM cedaNAguNamasa / jANa aliMgaggahaNaM, jIvamaNihiTa ThasaMThANaM / / zuddha AtmA vAstava meM arasa, arUpa, agaMdha, avyakta, netanya-guNavAlA, azabda, aliGgagrAhya (anumAna kA aviSaya) aura saMsthAna rahita hai| AtmajJAna jo appANaM nA Nadi, so satyaM jANade savve / jo AtmA ko jAnatA hai vaha saba zAstroM kA jJAtA hai| visae virattacitto joI, jANei appANaM / viSayoM se virakta cittavAlA yogI AtmA ko jAna letA hai| taM jhAyaha sasahAvaM saMsaraNa jeNa NAsei / AtmA ke apane (zuddha) svabhAva ko dhyAo, tAki janmamaraNa se chuTakArA mila ske| 14

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uddeso pAsagassa natthi / AtmajJAnI ko upadeza kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| AcaraNa NANe NANuvadese avaTTamANo u aNNANI jo jJAna prApta kara tadanusAra AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vaha jJAnI bhI vAstava meM ajJAnI hai| ___ dharmAcaraNa meM pravRtta raho aura pApocaraNa se dUra rho| dhamma Ayaraha sayA pAve dUreNa pariharaha / AcAra sIlaguNavajjidANaM niratthayaM mANasaM jamma AcAra (zIla) hIna manuSya kA janma nirarthaka hai / Arjava jo citei Na vaka, Na kuNadi vakaM Na jaMpade vaMkaM / Na ya govadi NiyadosaM, ajjava-dhammo have tassa // jo kuTila vicAra nahIM rakhatA, kuTila kArya nahIM karatA, kuTila vacana nahIM bolatA aura apane doSoM ko nahIM chipAtA, usake Arjava-dharma hotA hai| upabhoga kadappaM kukkuiyaM, mohariyaM sajuyAhigaraNaM ca / uvabhogaparIbhogA-ireyagayaM cittha vajjai // anarthadaNDa-virata zrAvaka ko kandarpa (hAsyapUrNa aziSTa vacana prayoga), kautkucya' (zArIrika kuceSTA), maukharya (vyartha bakavAsa), hiMsA ke adhikaraNoM kA saMyojana tathA upabhoga-paribhoga kI maryAdA kA atireka nahIM karanA caahiye| karma suciNNA kammA suciNNa phalA bhavati / acche karmoM kA phala acchA hotA hai| jahA kaDaM kamma, thaasibhaare| jaisA kiyA huA karma hai, vaisA hI usakA bhoga hai| rAgo ya doso viya kammavIyaM, kammaM ca mohappabhavaM vayati / roga aura dvaSa ye donoM karma ke bIja haiM / karma moha kammaM ca jAimaraNassa mUlaM, dukkhaM ca jAimaraNaM vyNti|| se utpanna hotA hai, aisA jJAniyoM kA kathana hai / karma janma-maraNa kA mUla hai aura janma-maraNa duHkha kI paramparA kA kAraNa hai| kaSAyaubasameNa haNe kohaM, mANaM machavayA jiNe / mAya cajjavabhAveNa, lobhaM saMtosao jiNe / / krodha ko kSamA se, mAna ko madutA se, mAyA ko saralatA se aura lobha ko saMtoSa se jItanA cAhiye /

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cattAri ee kasiNA kasAyA, siMcati mUlAiM punnvbhvss| ye cAra kaSAya (krodha-mAna-mAyA-lobha) janma-maraNa rUpI latA ke mUla ko sIMcate haiN| kaSAya se janma-maraNa kI paramparA bar3hatI hai| kasAyA aggiNo vuttA sUya sIla tavo jalaM / kaSAya agni hai, zru ta (jJAna), zIla (sadAcAra) aura tapa use bujhAne vAle jala haiN| kevala jJAna saMbhinnaM pAsato, logamalogaM ca savvao savvaM / taM nasthi jaMna pAsai, bhUyaM bhavvaM bhavissaM ca / / kevala jJAna loka aura aloka ko sarvataH paripUrNa rUpa se jAnatA hai| bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna meM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jise kevalajJAna nahIM jAnatA / kevalI kevlnnaanndivaayr-kirnnklaav-ppnnaasiassnnaanno| nnvkevlldhuggm-paaviyprmppvveso||| asahAyaNANedaMsaNa-sahio vihu kevalI ha joeNa / jatto tti sajoijiNo, aNAiNihaNArise vRtto // kevalajJAna rUpI divAkara kI kiraNoM ke samUha se jinakA ajJAna andhakAra sarvathA naSTa ho jAtA hai, tathA nau kevalalabdhiyoM (samyakatva, anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasukha, anantavIrya, dAna, lAbha, bhoga va upabhoga) ke prakaTa hone se jinheM paramAtmA kI saMjJA prApta ho jAtI hai, ve indriyAdI kI sahAyatA kI apekSA na rakhane vAle jJAna-darzana se yukta hone ke kAraNa kevalI aura kAya yoga se yukta hone ke kAraNa sayogI kevalI (tathA ghAtikarmoM ke vijetA hone ke kAraNa) jina kahalAte haiM / aisA anAdinidhana jinAgama meM kahA gayA hai| cAritra caraNaM havai sadhammo, dhammo so havai appasamabhAvo / cAritra dharma hai| yaha dharma AtmA kA sAmya bhAva eyaM cayarittakaraM caritaM hoi AhiyaM / karmoM ke caya-rAzi ko rikta (zUnya) karane ke kAraNa ise cAritra kahA gayA hai / jIva nANaM ca dasaNaM ceva, carittaM ca tavo thaa| vIriyaM uvaogo ya evaM jIvassa lakkhaNaM // jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, vIrya aura upayoga ye jIva ke lakSaNa haiN|

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tapa 'bhavakoDI-saMciyaM kamma tavasA nijarijjaI / jaise tAlAba kA jala sUrya-tApa se athavA ulIcane se rikta ho jAtA hai, vaise hI tapa ke dvArA karor3oM bhavoM ke karma naSTa ho jAte haiN| chandaM niroheNa uvei mokkhaM / icchAoM kA nirodha karanA tapa hai aura usase mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| tIrtharayaNattaya-saMjutto, jIvo vi havei uttamaM titthaM / saMsAra' tarai jado, rayaNattaya-divva-NAvAe / (vAstava meM) ratnatraya se sampanna jIva hI uttama tIrtha (taTa) hai, kyoMki vaha ratnatraya rUpI divya naukA dvArA saMsAra-sAgara se pAra karatA hai| dravya guNANamAsao davvaM, egadamvassiyA guNA / lakkhaNaM pajjavANaM tu, umao assiyA bhave / / dravya, guNoM kA Azraya yA AdhAra hai| jo eka dravya ke Azraya rahate haiM, ve guNa haiM / paryAyoM kA lakSaNa dravya yA guNa donoM ke Azrita rahanA hai| dhammo adhammo AgAsaM, kAlo puggala jantavo / esa logo tti paNNato, jiNehi varada sihi // paramadarzI jinavaroM ne loka ko dharma, adharma, AkAza kAla, pudagala aura jIva isa prakAra chaha dravyAtmaka kahA hai| duHkhaaNNANaM parama dukkhaM / ajJAna parama duHkha hai| dharma dhammeNa hodi pujjo| devA vi taM namassati, jassa dhamate sadA maNo cattAri dhammadArA khaMtI, muttI, ajjave, maddave / dhammo vatthusahAvo, khamAdibhAvo ya dasa vaho dhammo / rayaNattayaM ca dhammo, jIvANaM rakkhaMNa dhammo / dharma se prANI pUjya hotA hai / devatA bhI dharmAtmA vyakti ko namaskAra karate haiN| dharma ke cAra dvAra haiMkSamA, saMtoSa, saralatA aura vinaya / vastu kA svabhAva dharma hai| kSamA Adi bhAvoM kI apekSA se yaha dasa prakAra kA hai| ratnatraya (samyaka darzanasamyaka jJAna, samyaka cAritra) tathA jIvoM kI rakSA karanA dharma hai| 17

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uttamakhamamaddavajjava-saccasauccaM ca saMjamaM ceva / tavacAgamakiMcaNhaM, bamha idi dasaviho dhammo / / uttama kSamA, uttama mArdava, uttama Arjava, uttama satya, uttama zauca, uttama saMyama, uttama tapa, uttama tyAga, uttama AkiMcanya tathA uttama brahmacarya-ye dasa dharma haiN| dhyAna jaM thiramajjhavasANaM, taM jhANaM jaM calaMtayaM cittaM / taM hojja bhAvaNA vA, aNupehA vA ahava ciMtA / / sthira adhyavasAna arthAt mAnasika ekAgratA hI dhyAna hai| aura jo citta kI caMcalatA hai, usake tIna rUpa haiM-bhAvanA, anuprekSA aura cintaa| paramANuaMtAdimajjhahINaM, apadesaM idi ehiM Nahu gejjhaM / jaM davvaM avibhattaM, ta paramANaM kahaMti jiNA / / jo Adi madhya aura anta se rahita hai, jo kevala eka pradezI hai jisake do Adi pradeza nahIM haiM aura jise indriyoM dvArA grahaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, vaha vibhAga vihIna dravya paramANu hai| paramAtmA jIvA havaMti tivihA, vahirappA taha ya aMtarappA ya / paramappA vi ya duvihA, arahaMtA taha ya siddhA ya / / jIva AtmA meM tIna prakAra kA hai:-bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura prmaatmaa| paramAtmA ke do prakAra haiM:--ahaMta aura siddha / akkhANi vahirappA, aMtarappA hu appasaMkappo / kammakalaMka-vimukko, paramappA bhaNNae devo / / indriya-samUha ko AtmA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane vAlA vahirAtmA hai / AtmasaMkalpa-deha se bhinna AtmA ko svIkAra karanevAlA antarAtmA hai| karma-kalaMka se vibhukta AtmA paramAtmA hai| parigrahaNana so pariggaho vutto, nAya pusaiNa tAiNA / mucchA pariggaho vutto, ii vuttaM mhesinnaa|| jJAta putra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne (vastugata) parigraha ko parigraha nahIM kahA hai / una maharSi ne mUrchA ko hI parigraha kahAM hai| paryAyaguNANamAsao davvaM, egadavvassiyA guNA / lakkhaNaM pajjavANaM tu, ubhao assiyA bhave / / dravya, guNoM kA Azraya yA AdhAra hai / jo eka dravya meM Azraya' rahate haiM, ve guNa haiN| paryAyoM kA lakSaNa dravya yA guNa donoM ke Azrita rahanA hai|

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pramANa-- gehaNai vatthusahAvaM, aviruddha sammarUvaM jaM jANaM / bhaNiyaM khu taM pamANaM, paccakkhaparokkhabheehiM / / jo jJAna vastu-svabhAva ko-yathArtha svarUpa kosamyaka rUpa se jAnatA hai, use pramANa kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM-pratyakSa aura prokss| pudagala saddaDandhayAra ujjoo, pahA chAyA''tave ivaa| vaSNa rasa gandha phAsA puggalANaM tu lakkhaNaM / / zabda, andhakAra, udyota, prabhA, chAyA, AtaSa, varNa, rasa, gandha aura sparza ye pudagala ke lakSaNa haiM / bhaya sammaviTThI jIvA, NissaMkA hoti NibbhayA teNa / sattabhayavippamukkA, jamhA tamhA du NissaMkA // samyagdRSTi jIva ni:zaMka hote haiM aura isI kAraNa nirbhaya bhI hote haiM / ve sAta prakAra ke bhayoM--isa loka kA bhaya, paraloka bhaya, arakSA maya, agupti bhaya, mRtyu bhaya, vedanA bhaya aura akasmAta bhaya--se rahita hote haiM, isIliye ni:zaMka hote haiN| (arthAt niHzaMkatA aura nirbhayatA donoM eka sAtha rahane vAle guNa haiN|) bhASA asaccamosaM saccaM ca aNavajjamakakkasa / samuppehamasaMdiddha gira bhAsejja pannave // buddhimAna ko aisI bhASA bolanI cAhiye jo vyavahAra meM satya ho, tathA nizcaya meM bhI satya ho niravadya ho, akarkaza-priya ho, hitakArI ho tathA asaMdigdha ho| mArdava kularUvajAdivuddhisu, tavasudasIlesu gAravaM kiMci / jo Navi kuvvadi samaNo, maddavadhamma have tassa // jo zramaNa kula, rUpa, jAti, jJAna, tapa, zruta aura zIla kA tanika bhI garva nahIM karatA, usake mArdavadharma hotA hai| mokSamArga dhammAdI saddahaNaM, sammattaM NANabhagapuvvagadaM / ciTaThA tavaMsi cariyA, bavahAro mokkhamaggo tti / / chaha dharma (chaha dravya) tathA tatvArtha Adi kA zraddhAna karanA samyagdarzana hai| aMgoM aura pUrvo kA jJAna samyagjJAna hai / tapa meM prayatnazIlatA samyakacAritra hai| yaha vyavahAra mokSa mArga hai|

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lobha koho pIiM paNAsei, mANo viNayanAsaNo / mAyA mittANi nAsei, loho svvvinnaasnno| krodha prIti ko naSTa karatA hai, mAna vinaya ko naSTa karatA hai mAyA maitrI ko naSTa karatI hai, aura lobha saba kucha naSTa karatA hai| ubasameNa haNe kohaM, mANaM mahavayA jinne| mAyaM ca'jjavabhAveNa, lobhaM saMtosao jiNe // kSamA se krodha kA hanana kareM, mArdava se mana ko jIteM, Arjava se mAyA ko aura santoSa se lobha ko jIteM / vinaya biNao mokkhaddAra, viNayAdo saMjamo tavo NANaM vinaya mokSa kA dvAra hai| vinaya se saMyama tapa aura jJAna prApta hotA hai| brahmacaryasIla mokkhassa sopaannN| brahmacarya mokSa kI sIr3hI hai| zramaNa samaNo tti saMjado tri tha, risi muNi sAdhu tti vIdarAgo ti| zramaNa, saMyata, RSi, muni, sAdhu, vItarAga, avaNAmANi suvihidANaM, aNagAra bhadata da'to ti / / gAra, bhadanta, dAnta-ye saba zAstra-vihita AcaraNa karane vAloM ke nAma haiN| zramaNa dharmadasavihe samaNadhamme paNNatte, taM jahA khaMtI, muttI, ajjave, mahave, lAghave, sacce, saMjame, tave, ciyAe, vNbhcekhaaai| zramaNadharma dasa prakAra kA hai. yathA (1) kSamA (2) nirlobhatA (3) saralatA (4) mRdutA (5) laghutA, (6) satya, (7) saMyama, (8) tapa, (9) tyAga, (10) brhmcry| saMtanimmamo nirahaMkArI nissaMgo cattamAravo / samo ya samvabhUesa, taaiK thAvaresu yN|| saMta,mamatA rahita, ahaMkAra se mukta, saba prakAra kI Asakti (saMga) se dUra, gaurava (mada) kA tyAga kara trasa evaM sthAvara sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samadaSTi rakhatA

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saMyama vaya-samidi-kasAyANaM, daMDANaM taha iMdiyANa pNcnnddN| dhAraNa-pAlaNa-Niggaha-cAya-jao saMjamo bhaNio / / vrata dhAraNa, samiti pAlana, kaSAya nigraha, manavacana-kAyA kI pravRti rUpa daNDoM kA tyAga, paMcendriyajaya-ina sabako saMyama kahA jAtA hai| samatAcArittaM khalu dhammo, dhammo jo so samo tti nniddittttho| mohakkhohavihINo, pariNAmo apaNo hu samo / / vAstava meM caritra hI dharma hai / isa dharma ko zamarUpa kahA gayA hai| mokSa va kSobha se rahita AtmA kA nirmala pariNAma hI zama yA samatArUpa hai| satya avissAso ya bhUyANa tamhA mosaM vivjje| jhUTha bolane vAlA sabhI logoM kA vizvAsa kho baiThatA hai, isaliye asatya bhASaNa karanA ucita nhiiN| saccaM hi tavo saccammi saMjamo taha ya aisayA vi gaNA saccaM NivaMdhaNaM hi ya guNANamudadhIva macchANaM / / satya hI tapa hai| satya meM hI saMyama aura roSa sabhI guNa samAhita haiN| jaise samudra machaliyoM kA Azraya sthala hai, baise hI satya sabhI guNoM kA Azraya sthala hai| asaccamosaM saccaM ca aNavajjamakakkasaM / samuppehamasaMdiddha gira bhAsejja pannava / / buddhimAna ko aisI bhASA bolanI cAhiye jo vyavahAra meM satya ho, tathA nizcaya meM bhI satya ho, nibaMdha ho, akarkaza priya ho, hitakArI ho tathA asaMdigdha ho| samyakatva jIvAdi saddahaNaM, sammattaM jiNavarehi paNNattaM / vavahAro Nicchayado, appA NaM havai sammattaM / / vyavahAra laya se jIvAdi tatvoM ke zraddhAna ko jina deva ne samyaktaba kahA hai| nizcaya se to atmA hI samyaggarzana hai| tahiyANaM tu bhAvANaM sabbhAve uvaesaNa / bhAveNaM saddahaMtassa sammattaM taM viyAhiyaM / / svayaM hI apane viveka se athavA kisI ke upadeza se sadbhuta tatvoM ke astitva meM Antarika zraddhA, vizvAsa karanA samyaktva kahA gayA hai| samyaka darzana jamoNaM taM samma, jasammaM tamahi hoi moNaM ti / nicchayao iyarassa u, samma sammattaheU vi / / nizcaya se jo mauna hai vahI samya gdarzana hai, aura jo samyagdarzana hai, vahI mauna hai| vyavahAra se jo nizcaya samyagdarzana ke hetu haiM, ve bhI samyagdarzana haiN| 21

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samyaka jJAna appA appammi rao, sammAiTThI havei phuDa jiivo| jANai taM saNNANaM, caradiha cArittamaggu tti // AtmA meM lIna AtmA hI samyagdaSTi hotA hai / jo AtmA ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai vahI samyagjJAna hai, aura usameM sthita rahanA hI samyak cAritra hai| samyaka cAritra NicchayaNayasya evaM, appA appammi appaNe suurdo| so hodi ha sUcaritto, joI solai NivvANaM // nizcayanaya ke abhiprAyAnusAra AtmA kA AtmA meM AtmA ke liye tanmaya honA hI (nizcaya) samyaka cAritra hai| aise cAritrazIla yogI ko hI nirvANa kI prApti hotI hai| jJAna jANaM Narassa sAro NANujjAvassa Natthi pnnidyaado| jJAna manuSya kA sAra hai jJAna ke prakAza ko koI naSTa nahIM kara sktaa|

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bhagavAna mahAvIra jIvana-darzana-dena tRtIya khaNDa

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bhagavAna mahAvIra jIvana aura darzana -paM. kailAza candra zAstrI siddhAntAcArya bhagavAna mahAvIra, jinake nirvANa | sakatI, isa vizvAsa ke AdhAra para apanA tIrthaMkaratva sunizcita jAna kI paccIsavIM rajata zatI kI pUrti ke | vaha madamatta ho utthaa| aura usane apane karmAnusAra aneka gatiyoM meM avasara para sarvatra mahotsava manAye | bhramaNa kiyaa| prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrvajanmoM kA gaye haiM, jaina dharma ke antima tIrthakara | itivRtta vistAra se varNita hai| eka bAra vaha siMha kI paryAya meM eka the| aura prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna | mRga para jhapaTate haiN| udhara se jAte hae munirAja kI dRSTi una para RSabhadeva the| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke | par3atI hai| apane jJAna se yaha jAnakara ki yaha jIva bhaviSya meM tIrthaMkara putra marata cakravartI the| unhIM ke nAma | honevAlA hai, ve use sambodhate haiM aura yahIM se unake jIvana kA utthAna se yaha deza bhAratavarSa khlaayaa| prArambha hotA hai, aura anta meM vaha vaizAlI ke rAjA siddhArtha kI rAnI trizalA ke garbha meM avatarita hokara mahAvIra ke rUpa meM janma lete haiN| jaba bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko pUrNa- aura 28 varSa kI yuvAvasthA meM prabajita hokara 12 varSa taka kaThora jJAna kI prApti huI aura unhoMne apane sAdhanA ke dvArA pUrNa jJAna prApta karake tIrthaMkara hote haiM aura sarvatra upadeza meM kahA ki mere pazcAt teIsa | vihAra karake apane dharma kA upadeza karate haiM / anta meM bihAra prAnta ke tIrthakara aura hoMge to kisI ne prazna | hI pAvAnagara meM unakA nirvANa hotA hai / usI ke upalakSa meM jaina zAstroM kiyA-kyA yahA~ upasthita jana samu- | meM dIpAvalI kA tyauhAra pravartita hone kA ullekha milatA hai| yataH dAya meM koI aisA vyakti hai jo | bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa amAvasyA ko brAhma muharta meM huA thA, ataH bhaviSya meM tIrthakara honevAlA hai ? | andhakAra dUra karane ke liye dIpaka jalAye gaye the| ve bhagavAna ke jJAnabhagavAna ne uttara diyA-bharata kA | dIpa ke pratIka bhI the| putra marIci antima tIrthaMkara hogaa| yaha bAta marIci ne bhI sunii| aura bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yaha jIvanadarzana unake darzana kA bhI paricAbhagavAna kI vANI anyathA nahIM ho yaka hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke darzana meM avatAravAda ko sthAna nahIM hai 25

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aura pratyeka AtmA ko paramAtmA bana sakane kI zakti sarvathA asata kA utpAda nahIM hotaa| phira bhI vastu meM se sampanna mAnA hai| apane hI duSkarmoM se jIva durgati prati samaya utpAda-vinAza huA karatA hai| kA bhAgI hotA hai aura apane hI puruSArtha se nirvANa prApta karatA hai| IzvaravAdI darzana jIva ko kama karane meM anekAntasvataMtra aura usakA phala bhogane meM parataMtra mAnate haiN| kahA hai __ jainAgama ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mukha se jo prathama vAkya nisTata huA, vaha thA- 'uppannei vA, ajJo janturanIzo'yamAtmanaH sukha du:khayoH / vigameivA, dhuvei vA' arthAt pratyeka vastu utpanna hotI Izvara prerito gacchet svarga vA zvabhrameva vA / / hai, naSTa hotI hai aura dhrava hotI hai / ise jaina darzana meM utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya kahate haiN| ye tInoM pratyeka vastu meM arthAt--yaha ajJAnI jIva apane sukha-duHkha kA svAmI prati samaya sadA huA karate haiN| tabhI vastu sat hotI nahIM hai| Izvara kI preraNA se svarga athavA naraka meM hai| ata: jaina darzana meM sata kA lakSaNa hI utpAda-vyayajAtA hai| dhrauvya hai| isI se tatvArtha satra meM kahA hai-'utpAda vyaya dhrauvya yukta st| kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra ke darzana meM isa prakAra ke Izvara kI koI sthiti nahIM hai| isa dRSTi se unakA udAharaNa ke liye- jaba kumhAra cAka dhumAkara darzana nirIzvaravAdI hai| jaise zarAba pIne se nazA svayaM miTTI kA baratana banAtA hai to prati samaya miTTI kI hotA hai aura dUdha pIne se svayaM zarIra meM puSTi AtI purAnI dazA naSTa hokara naI dazA utpanna hotI hai aura hai, usameM Izvara kA koI hAtha nahIM hai / usI taraha miTTI rUpa avasthA dhra va rahatI hai| purAnI dazA ke duSkarma karane vAle manuSya kI pariNati svayaM aisI hotI naSTa hone aura naI dazA ke utpanna hone meM kAla bheda hai ki vaha apane karma se prerita hokara naraka jAtA hai nahIM hai, pUrAnI dazA kA vinAza hI naI dazA kA aura zubhakarma karanevAlA svarga jAtA hai| jaina siddhAnta utpAdana hai| meM karmasiddhAnta apanA eka viziSTa svataMtra sthAna rakhatA hai| usakI prakriyA ko samajha lene para phaladAna kI sthiti vinAza ke binA utpAda nahIM, utpAda ke binA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| jagata kA samasta vyApAra binA vinAza nahIM, aura dhrauvya ke binA utpAda vinAza nahIM kisI niyantA ke kAryakAraNa bhAva kI paramparA para tathA utpAdana vinAza ke binA dhauvya nhiiN| ataH jo svayaM calatA rahatA hai| jagata kI prakriyA hI aisI hai| utpAda hai vahI vinAza hai| jo vinAza hai vahI utpAda use na koI banAnevAlA hai aura na koI vinaSTa karane- hai, jo utpAda vinAza hai vahI dhrIvya hai aura jo dhrauvya vAlA hai| hai vahI utpAda vinAza hai| jaise ghar3e kI utpatti hI miTTI kI piNDa avasthA kA vinAza hai kyoMki bhAva pratyeka vastu svataH svabhAva se hI pariNamanazIla bhAvAntara ke abhAva rUpa se avabhAsita hotA hai| jo hai| kintu vaha pariNamana aisA nahIM hotA ki vastu kA miTTI ke piNDa kA vinAza hai vahI ghaTa kA utpAda hai sarvathA vinAza ho jAye yA eka tatva badalakara dUsare kyoMki abhAva bhAvAntara ke bhAvarUpa se avabhAsita hotA tatva rUpa ho jaaye| darzanazAstra kA eka sAmAnya hai / tathA jo ghaTa kA utpAda aura miTTI ke piNDa kA niyama hai-sat kA sarvathA vinAza nahIM hotA aura vinAza hai vahI miTTI kI dhra vatA hai kyoMki anvaya kA 26

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prakAzana vyatireka mukha se hI hotA hai| tathA jo miTTI paryAya nahIM aura paryAya ke binA dravya nahIM hotA, jaise kI dhra vatA hai vahI ghaTa kA utpAdana aura miTTI ke utpAda vyaya ke binA dhrauvya aura dhrauvya ke binA utpAda piNDa kA vinAza hai kyoMki vyatireka anvaya kA ati- vyaya nahIM hote| utpAda vyaya paryAya yA pariNamana kA kramaNa nahIM krtaa| sUcaka hai ora dhrovya sthiratA yA dravyarUpatA kA sUcaka yadi aisA na mAnA jAye to utpAda bhinna, vinAza bhinna aura dhrauvya bhinna ThaharatA hai| aisI sthiti meM dravya svarUpa se sat hai aura pararUpa se asat hai| kevala ghaTa kA utpAda koI cAhe to ghaTa utpanna nahIM na vaha sarvathA sat hI hai aura na vaha sarvathA asat hI ho sakatA kyoMki miTaTI ke piNDa kA vinAza hae binA hai| yadi pratyeka vastu ko sarvathA sat mAnA jAya to ghaTa utpanna nahIM hotA / vahI usakA kAraNa hai| usake saba vastuoM ke sarvathA sat hone se unameM jo bheda hai binA to asata kA utpAda mAnanA hogA aura taba usakA lopa ho jAyegA aura usake lopa hone se saba AkAza ke phUla jaise asaMbhava vastuoM kA bhI utpAda vastue~ paraspara meM eka ho jaayeNgii| udAharaNa ke liye hogaa| tathA kevala vinAza cAhane para miTTI ke piNDa kA ghaTa aura paTa ye do vastu haiN| jaba hama kisI se ghaTa vinAza nahIM hogA kyoMki AgAmI paryAya ke utpAda ke lAne ko kahate haiM to vaha ghaTa hI lAtA hai paTa nahIM lAtA, binA pUrvaparyAya kA vinAza nahIM hotaa| yadi aisA ho aura jaba paTa lAne ko kahate haiM to paTa hI lAtA hai to sata kA vinAza mAnanA hogaa| ghaTa nahIM laataa| isase siddha hai ghaTa ghaTa hI hai aura paTa paTa hI hai / na ghaTa paTa hai aura na paTa ghaTa hai / ataH ghaTa pUrvaparyAya se yukta dravya upAdAna kAraNa hotA hai ghaTa rUpa se hai aura paTa rUpa se nahIM hai| isI ko dArzaaura uttaraparyAya se yukta vahI dravya upAdeya kArya hotA nika bhASA meM kahate haiM ghaTa hai aura nahIM hai| usakA hai| AptamImAMsA meM kahA hai vizleSaNa hotA hai ghaTa ghaTa rUpa se hai paTa rUpa se nahIM hai aura paTa paTa rUpa se hai ghaTa rUpa se nahIM hai| isI 'kAryopAdaH kSayo hetoniyamAt lakSaNAt pRthk| prakAra pratyeka vastu svarUpa se hai aura para rUpa se nahIM upAdAna kA pUrva AkAra rUpa se vinAza kArya kA hai| ataH saMsAra meM jo sata hai vaha kisI apekSA asata utpAda hai kyoMki jo kArya ke utpAda kA kAraNa hai vahI bhI hai| sarvathA sat yA sarvathA asat koI vastu nahIM hai| pUrva AkAra ke vinAza kA kAraNa hai / isa prakAra pUrva ataH eka hI samaya meM dravya sata bhI hai aura asat bhI paryAya uttara paryAya kA kAraNa hotI hai aura uttara paryAya hai| svarUpa se sata hai aura para rUpa se asata hai| pUrva paryAya kA kArya hotI hai| isa taraha vastu ke pUrva aura uttara pariNAma ko lekara tInoM kAloM ke pratyeka isI taraha eka hI samaya meM vastu nitya bhI hai aura samaya meM kAryakAraNa bhAva huA karatA hai / jo paryAya anitya bhI hai| dravya kI apekSA nitya hai kyoMki dravya apanI pUrva paryAya kA kArya hotI hai vahI paryAya apanI rUpa kA nAza nahIM hotA aura parthAya kI apekSA anitya uttara paryAya kA kAraNa hotI hai| isa taraha pratyeka hai kyoMki paryAya vinAzazIla hai| vizva ke dArzanikoM dravya svayaM hI apanA kAraNa aura svayaM hI apanA kArya kI bhI dRSTi meM AkAza nitya hai aura dIpaka kSaNika hotA hai / kAryakAraNa kI yaha paramparA pratyeka dravya meM hai| kintu jaina dRSTi se dIpaka se lekara AkAza dravya sadA pravartita rahatI hai| usakA anta nahIM hotA / ataH taka sama-svAbhAvI haiM / dravya rUpa se dIpaka bhI nitya hai vastu ko dravyaparyAyAtmaka kahA hai kyoMki dravya ke binA aura paryAya rUpa se AkAza bhI kSaNika hai| 27

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isI taraha eka hI samaya meM vastu eka bhI hai aura eka kA pitA aura putra honA paraspara viruddha jaisA aneka bhI hai| paryAya kI apekSA aneka hai kyoMki vastu lagatA hai kintu vaha apane pitA kA pUtra aura apane patra prati samaya pariNamanazIla hai aura dravya rUpa se vastu eka kA pitA hai, ata: eka kA pitA hone se vaha saba kA hai| tathA eka hI samaya meM vastubheda rUpa bhI aura abheda pitA yA putra nahIM hotaa| aura na ina bahuta sambandhoM rUpa bhI hai| dravya rUpa se abheda rUpa hai aura guNoM tathA kA puruSa ke ekatva ke sAtha virodha hai| isI taraha paryAyoM ke bheda se bheda rUpa hai| isa taraha vastu paraspara astitva-nAstitva Adi dharma bhI eka vastu meM nirvirodha meM viruddha pratIta honevAle aneka dharmAtmaka hone se rahate haiN| anekAntAtmaka hai| anta zabda dharmavAcaka hai| yoM to sabhI dArzanika vastu meM aneka dharma mAnate hai| kevala dUsarA dRSTAnta diyA hai andhoM aura hAthI kaa| kucha eka hI dharma vAlI koI vastu nahIM hai| kinta jana andha eka hI hAthI ke eka-eka aMga ko sparza dvArA darzana apekSA bheda yA dRSTi bheda se eka hI vastu meM aise jAnakara apane jAne hue hAthI ke eka aMga ko hI hAthI aneka dharma mAnatA hai jo paraspara meM viruddha jaise pratIta mAnakara paraspara meM jhagar3ate haiN| taba eka dRSTi sampanna hote haiM-jaise sat-asat, eka-aneka, nitya-anitya, vyakti jisane pUrA hAthI dekhA hai unheM samajhAtA hai ki bheda-abheda aadi| AcArya samanta bhadra ne apane Apta tumane hAthI kA eka-eka aMga dekhA hai, vaha asatya nahIM mImAMsA prakaraNa meM aura AcArya siddhasena ne apane hai / hAthI kI sUDa laTTha sarIkhI hotI hai ataH hAthI sanmati prakaraNa meM isakI vyavasthApanA kI hai| vaisA bhI hai| usake paira stambha jaise hote haiM ataH hAthI stambha jaisA bhI hai| isa taraha vaha sabakA samanvaya karake bhakalaMka deva ne apanI aSTazatI meM kahA hai- pUrNa hAthI unheM batalA detA hai / isI taraha vastu ke saba dharmoM kA darzana anekAnta hai aura eka dharma kA darzana 'sadasannityAnityAdi sarva thaikAnta pratikSepala kSaNo ekAnta hai| yadi vaha ekAnta anya dharmoM kA niSedha na anekAntaH' / sarvathA sat, sarvathA asat, sarvathA nitya, karake unakI sApekSatA svIkAra karatA hai taba vaha ekAnta sarvathA anitya ityAdi sarvathA ekAnta kA pratikSepa... samyak hai aura yadi vaha apane ko hI samyak mAnatA hai lakSaNavAlA anekAnta hai arthAt sarbathA ekAnta kA aura anya ekAntoM ko asatya ThaharAtA hai to vaha niSedhaka hai kintu apekSA bheda se ekAnta ko svIkAra ekAnta mithyA hai| anekAntavAdI jaina darzana samyaka karatA hai| yadi ekAnta ko sarvathA na mAnA jAye to ekAntoM ko svIkAra karatA hai kintu mithyA ekAntoM anekAnta bhI nahIM bana sakatA kyoMki ekAntoM kA samUha kA khaNDana karatA hai| hI to anekAnta hai / kahA hai eka anekAtmaka hotA hai yaha prAyaH anya darzanoM ne 'eyaMto eyaNao hoi aNeyaMta tassa samUho' nayacakra 180 / bhI mAnA hai| sAkhya darzana meM satva, raja aura tama kI sAmyAvasthA ko pradhAna kahA hai| sattvaguNa kA svabhAva eka dRSTi ko ekAnta kahate haiM aura usakA samUha prasAda aura lAdhava hai / rajoguNa kA svabhAva zoSa aura anekAnta hai| anekAnta ko samajhAne ke liye zAstrakAroM tApa hai| tamoguNa kA svabhAva AvaraNa aura sAdana hai| ne do laukika dRSTAnta diye haiN| eka hI puruSa meM pitA, isa prakAra ina bhinna svabhAvavAle guNoM kA na to putra, pautra, mAneja, bhAI Adi aneka sambandha hote haiN| paraspara meM virodha hai aura na pradhAna rUpa se virodha hai eka hI samaya meM vaha pitA bhI hotA hai aura putra bho| kyoMki sAMkhya darzana meM kahA hai ki ina guNoM se bhinna 28

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koI alaga pradhAna nahIM hai kintu sAmya avasthA ko prApta anizcitatA nahIM hai kyoMki pratyeka vastu svarUpa se sat ve hI guNa pradhAna nAma se kahe jAte haiN| ata: pradhAna ke aura para rUpa se asat hotI hai yaha nizcita hai| isake avayava rUpa guNoM kA aura unake samudAya rUpa pradhAna kA binA vastu vyavasthA nahIM banatI / vastu kA vastutva do paraspara meM koI virodha nahIM hai| muddoM para sthApita hai-svarUpa kA grahaNa aura para rUpoM kA tyAga / yadi inameM se eka bhI mudde ko asvIkAra baizeSika darzana meM sAmAnya ko anuvRtti rUpa aura kiyA jAya to vastu kA vastutva kAyama nahIM raha sktaa| vizeSa ko vyAvRtti rUpa mAnA gayA hai| kintu pRthivItva yadi vastu kA apanA koI svarUpa na ho to binA Adi ko sAmAnya vizeSa rUpa svIkAra kiyA hai| eka svarUpa ke vaha vasta nahIM ho sakatI / isI taraha svarUpa hI pRthivItva apane bhedoM meM anugata hone se sAmAnya rUpa / kI taraha yadi vaha para rUpa ko bhI apanAle to bhI usakI aura jalAdi se vyAvatti karAne se vizeSa rUpa mAnA apanI sthiti nahIM rhtii| vaha to sarvAtmaka ho gayA hai, isI se use sAmAnya vizeSa kahA gayA hai| jaayegii| vijJAnAdvaitavAdI eka hI vijJAna ko grAhyAkAra, syAdvAdagrAhakAkAra aura saMvedanAkAra isa prakAra tIna AkAra rUpa svIkAra karate haiN| tathA sabhI dArzanika pUrva isa prakAra jaba vastu paraspara meM viruddha pratIta honeavasthA ko kAraNa aura uttara avasthA ko kArya svI- vAle dharmoM kA samUha hai to usako jAnanA utanA kaThina kAra karate haiM / ataH eka hI padArtha meM apanI pUrva aura nahIM hai jitanA use kahanA kaThina hai| kyoMki eka uttara paryAya kI dRSTi se kAraNa aura kArya kA vyavahAra jJAna aneka dharmAtmaka vastu ko eka sAtha jAna sakatA nirvirodha hotA hai| usI taraha sabhI padArtha vibhinna hai kintu zabda ke dvArA eka samaya meM vastu ke eka hI apekSAoM se aneka dharmavAle hote haiN| ise hI anekAnta dhama kA kahA jA sakA dharma ko kahA jA sakatA hai| usa para bhI zabda kI kahate haiN| pravatti vaktA ke adhIna hai| vaktA vastu ke aneka dharmoM meM se kisI eka dharma ko mukhya karake bolatA hai| jaise isa anekAntavAda kA khaNDana bAdarAyaNa ke sutra devadatta ko usakA pitA putra kahakara bulAtA hai aura 'naikasminnasaMbhavAta' (2/5/33) meM milatA hai| isakI putra pitA kahakara pukAratA hai| kintu devadatta na kevala vyAkhyA meM svAmI zaMkarAcArya ne anekAntavAda para jo pitA hai aura na kevala putra hai| vaha to donoM hai| kintu sabase bar3A dUSaNa diyA hai vaha hai 'anizcitatA' / pitA kI dRSTi se devadatta kA putratva dharma mukhya hai aura unakA kahanA hai ki 'vastu hai aura nahIM bhI hai' aisA putra kI dRSTi se pitatva dharma mukhya hai| zeSa dharma gauNa kahanA anizcitatA ko batalAtA hai| aura anizcitatA hai kyoMki aneka dharmAtmaka vastu ke jisa dharma kI vivakSA saMzaya ko paidA karatI hai / kintu Upara spaSTa kiyA gayA hotI hai vaha dharma mukhya aura zeSa dharma gauNa hote haiN| hai ki vastu svarUpa se sat hai aura para rUpa se asat hai| ata: vastu ke aneka dharmAtmaka hone aura zabda meM eka yaha nizcita hai-isameM anizcitatA ko sthAna nahIM samaya meM una saba dharmoM ko kahane kI zakti na hone se hai| devadatta pitA bhI hai aura pUtra bhI hai, isameM jaise tathA vaktA kA apanI-apanI dRSTi se vacana vyavahAra koI anizcitatA nahIM hai kyoMki vaha apane putra kI karate dekhakara, vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane meM apekSA pitA aura apane pitA kI apekSA putra hai, usI zrotA ko koI dhokhA na ho, isaliye anekAntavAda meM se taraha vastu sat bhI hai aura asat bhI, isameM koI syAdvAda kA AviSkAra huaa| 26

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AcAryoM ne anekAntAtmaka artha ke kathana ko kintu loka meM aura zAstra meM pratyeka pada aura syAdvAda kahA hai| 'syAdvAda' ke anusAra vaktA vastu ke pratyeka vAkya ke sAtha syAt pada kA prayoga to nahIM jisa dharma ko kahatA hai usase itara zeSa dharmoM kA sUcaka dekhA jAtA / taba usake binA anekAnta kI pratipatti 'syAt' zabda samasta vAkyoM ke sAtha prakaTa yA aprakaTa kaise ho sakatI hai ? isake uttara meM AcArya vidyAnanda rUpa se sambaddha rahatA hai jo batalAtA hai ki vastu meM ne kahA hai-syAt pada kA prayoga nahIM hone para bhI kevala vahI dharma nahIM hai jo kahA jA rahA hai kintu usako jAnanevAle use samajha lete haiN| usake sivAya anya bhI dharma hai| 'syAt' zabda kA artha 'kathaJcit' yA kisI 'apekSA se' hai / ___ koI-koI Adhunika vidvAna zAyada ko syAt kA sthAnApanna samajhate haiM kintu yaha ThIka nahIM hai| 'zAyada' AcArya samantabhadra ne kahA hai zabda to sandeha ko vyakta karatA hai kintu 'syAt' zabda sandehaparaka nahIM hai| vaha kevala isa bAta kA sUcaka yA syAdvAdaH sarvathaikAntatyAgAta kiNvttcidvidhiH| dyotaka hai ki vaktA vivakSAvaza vastu ke jisa dharma ko kahatA hai vastu meM kevala vahI eka dharma nahIM hai anya saptabhaMganayApekSo heyAdeya vizeSakaH / / bhI pratipakSI dharma haiN| -aaptmiimaaNsaa-104| upayoga arthAt 'kathaJcit' kathaJcana Adi syAdvAda ke yaha syAdvAda yA apekSAvAda na kevala dArzanika paryAya haiM, syAdvAda ko kahate haiN| yaha syAdvAda anekAnta kSetra meM hI upayogI hai kintu lokavyavahAra bhI usake ko viSaya karake sAta bhaMgo aura nayoM kI apekSA se binA nahIM calatA / isake liye do laukika dRSTAnta svabhAva aura parabhAva se sat asat Adi kI vyavasthA Upara diye gaye haiN| yaha anekAntavAda kI dena hai aura kA kathana karatA hai| eka vastu ko vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se dekhanevAle vibhinna vyaktiyoM meM sAmanjasya sthApita karanA isakA kAma hai| ataH vAkya ke sAtha prayukta 'syAt' zabda prakRta pratyeka vyakti apane hI dRSTikoNa ko ucita aura dUsaroM ke artha ke dharmoM ko pUrNa rUpa se sUcita karatA hai / isa taraha dRSTikoNa ko galata mAnatA hai / yadi vaha apane dRSTikoNa akalaMka deva ke abhiprAya se 'syAt' zabda anekAnta kA kI taraha dUsare dRSTikoNoM ko bhI sahAnubhUtipUrvaka apanAye sUcaka hai aura unake vyAkhyAkAra AcArya vidyAnanda ke to pArasparika vivAda samApta ho jAtA hai| yadyapi abhiprAya se anekAnta kA dyotaka bhI hai kyoMki nipAta anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda dArzanika kSetra kI dena hai yotaka bhI hote haiN| yadi kevala 'syAta' zabda kA prayoga aura inakA upayoga bhI dArzanika kSetra ke vivAdoM ko kiyA jAye to anekAnta sAmAnya kI hI pratipatti sulajhAne meM hI huA hai / AcArya samantabhadra ne AptamIhotI hai, ataH usake sAtha jIva Adi pada kA prayoga mAMsA meM do virodhI ekAntavAdoM meM doSa dikhAkara yaha kiyA jAtA hai yathA 'syAt jIva' arthAt kathaMcita batAne kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai ki yadi inakA samanvaya -au kI apekSA jIva hai tathA pararUpa kI syAdvAda ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai to ye virodhI vATI apekSA jIva nahIM hai| syAt zabda ke binA anekAnta aviruddha ho jAte haiM / bhAvakAnta abhAvaikAnta, nityakAnta artha kI pratipatti nahIM ho sktii| anityakAnta, bhedaikAnta abhedaikAnta, advetakAnta dvata

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kAnta, Adi sabhI virodhI ekAntabAdoM kA jaba hai| ataH ahiMsA kA hI eka nAma anekAnta aura samanvaya saMbhava hai taba kaunasI samasyA isake dvArA hala syAdvAda hai yadi aisA kahA jAye to koI atyukti nahIM nahIM kI jA sktii| kintu usakA prayoga karane kI hai| ise hama satyAgraha bhI kaha sakate haiM kyoMki anekAntI AvazyakatA hai| isake liye mUla meM mahAvIra kI satya ke prati AgrahI hotA hai| jo satya hai vaha aneahiMsaka bhAvanA honA Avazyaka hai| ahiMsaka bhAvanA kAnta rUpa hai aura jo anekAnta rUpa hai vahI satya hai| kI hI dena anekAnta aura syAdvAda hai / vicAra ke kSetra anekAnta dRSTi ke binAsatya taka pahu~canA saMbhava nahIM meM jo hiMsA kA tANDava hotA thA use miTAne ke liye hai| ataH satya ke khojI ko anekAnta dRSTi se sampanna hI anekAnta aura syAdvAda kA sarjana huaa| inake binA honA cAhiye tabhI vaha satya iSTA ho sakatA hai| vicAra ke kSetra meM pravartita hiMsA kA miTanA azakya

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vaizAlI ke rAjakumAra varddhamAna eka aise krAnti- varSa taka kaThora sAdhanA ke uparAnta kevalajJAna ko dRSTA yuga puruSa the jo kaThora sAdhanA ke pariNAma prApta varddhamAna ne deza ke kone-kone meM bhramaNa kara janasvarUpa kevalajJAna ko prApta kara AtmavijayI ho mata jAgrata kiyA aura tatkAlIna samAja meM vyApta doSamahAvIra bane jina paristhitiyoM ne varddhamAna ko mahAvIra pUrNa vyavasthA ke viruddha ahiMsaka krAnti kA sUtrapAta banane ko prerita kiyA unake mUla meM mukhyataH tatkAlIna kara aisI sAmAjika krAnti ko janma diyA jisane sAmAjika paristhitiyAM hI thIM, jinameM rAjanItika sampUrNa deza kI sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ko jhakajhora asthiratA, hisA, kalaha, tathA zoSaNa para AdhArita kara jana-jana meM Atma vizvAsa kI lahara jagA dii| samAja vyavasthA, IzvaravAda, pAkhaMDavAda, andha vizvAsa va bali prathA para AdhArita dhArmika vyavasthA tathA bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tatkAlIna samAja meM, dhArmika inakI pratikriyA svarUpa dAsa prathA, bhedabhAva pUrNa varNa kSetra meM dharma pramukhoM dvArA pracalita una samasta vicAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI sAmAjika krAnti candanamala vaida vyavasthA kA prAdhAnya thA jisake kAraNa sAmAjika dhArAoM aura andha vizvAsoM ko khaNDita kiyA jisake evama cAritrika mAnadaNDa caramarA rahe the / rAjya zAsaka anusAra dharmaguruoM ne IzvaravAda kI dhAraNA pracalita varga meM tIbra vidvaSa ke kAraNa hiMsAmaya vAtAvaraNa kara rAjA ko Izvara kA avatAra, brAhmaNa ko Izvara kA vyApta thA, dAsI ko pazu tulya tathA nArI ko bhogya pravaktA tathA parAjita vyakti ko dAsa aura vijetA ko sAmagrI samajhA jAtA thA, jisake kAraNa sampUrNa deza svAmI mAnA jAtA thaa| mahAvIra ne kahA ki rAjA aura sabhyatA patana ke garta meM samAtI jA rahI thii| deva yA IzvarIya avatAra nahIM hai, vaha eka zakti sampanna vartamAna ne jaba yaha saba dekhA to unakA mana ghRNA puruSa mAtra hai| Izvara yA usake avatAra jaisI kisI aura glAni se dravita ho uThA aura vaha rAja parivAra cIja kA koI astitva nahIM hai| vizva meM koI dasarI choDa krAntipatha para agrasara ho ge| nirantara bAraha aisI zakti nahIM hai jo vyakti kI gatividhiyoM ko

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zAsita yA nirdhArita karatI ho athavA saMsAra ko calAtI unhoMne nara ke samAna sammAna evam sthAna pradAna ho / manuSya svayaM apanA svAmI hai, vaha jo kucha karatA kiyaa| hai usakA pariNAma use svayaM ko hI janma janmAntara meM bhoganA hogaa| koI dUsarI zakti use isase mukta nahIM isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sAmpradAyika bhedoM karA sakatI, isase to vaha svayaM ke hI sadakarmoM se mukti ko samApta kara pAkhaMDavAda va varNa evaM varga bheda kI pA sakatA hai| jauMjIroM ko tor3akara prANI mAtra ke sahaastitva va lokakalyANa kA; tathA manuSya kI janmagata mahAnatA ke tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unase pUrva tIrthakaroM dvArA sthAna para sadakAryoM se unakI mahAnatA va Izvara avatAravAda kI dhAraNA kA khaNDana kara una para mAna- samba ma sambandhI avatAra vAdI vicAra ke sthAna para zuddha AtmA vIya mUlyoM kI mahattA, unake dharma kA viziSTa guNa hai| hI paramAtmA kA vicAra dekara mAnava dharma kI sthAanya saMskRtiyoM meM jahAM vibhinna mahApuruSoM ko dharma panA kara mAnavIyatA ko naI dizA dii| guruoM ne IzvaravAda ke caukhaTe meM jar3a, mAnava se alaga kara unheM IzvarIya avatAra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA tIrthakara mahAvIra ne apane krAntikArI vicAroM ke aura unake vyaktitva ko vikRta kara avatAravAdI DhAMce kAraNa samAja vyavasthA ke sabhI kArakoM ko Andolita meM jar3a diyaa| vahAM tIrthakara mahAvIra ke anuyAyIyoM kI kara navIna svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| unhoMne pratyeka manuSya yaha mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi hI kahI jAyagI ki unhoMne ko puruSArtha pradarzita karane ko prerita kiyA tathA zrama ko apane ko isase mukta rakha mahAvIra ko tIrthakara yA mahA jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga batAte hue usakI anivAryatA mAnava ke rUpa meM hI pratiSThita kiyA jisake kAraNa siddha kara tatkAlIna samAja meM Arthika viSamatA ke mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA meM jaina saMskRti agraNI kAraNa utpanna varga bheda para bhI prahAra kiyA jisake mAnI jAtI hai| kAraNa tatkAlIna samAja do vargoM meM baMTa gayA thA, eka kulIna tathA zoSaka varga aura dUsarA nimna tathA zoSita sAlIna bhArata jalita vrg| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svayaM rAjapUtra hone ke nAte varNa vyavasthA tathA dAsa vyavasthA para bhI prahAra kiyA saMgrahavRtti se utpanna doSoM tathA samasyAoM se paricita jisameM manuSya kI janmagata mahAnatA sthApita hotI thii| the / isa vyavasthA ke vikalpa meM unhoMne aparigraha darzana unhoMne kahA ki sabhI manuSya eka se paidA hote haiM, sabhI de, manuSya ko apanI mUlabhUta AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ko apanA vikAsa karane kA samAna adhikAra hai / manuSya hetu parigraha brata dhAraNa karane kI zikSA dii| kI pratiSThA aura sthAna janmagata vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para nahIM varana usake guNoM evam sadakarmoM para AdhArita isa prakAra jahAM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra naM sAmAjika ho, isaliye unhoMne jana jAgRti kA mAdhyama apanAyA vyavasthA meM mUlabhata parivartana kara Adarza unhoMne anekoM zUdroM ko dIkSita kiyA tathA dAsoM ko sthApanA para bala diyA vahAM sampUrNa jIvana darzana pradAna mukta karAkara unheM sammAna janaka sthAna diyaa| unake kara Adarza parivAra para bhI bala diyA thA tathA grahastha upadezoM ke samaya sabhI jAti, varga aura varNa ke nara- eva sAdhu ke liye prathaka-prathaka AcAra saMhitA dii| nArI hI nahIM varana sabhI prakAra ke jIva sAtha baiThakara unhoMne ikAI ke sudhAra para bala dete hue pratyeka vyakti upadeza sunate the / anekoM nAriyoM ko dIkSita kara ko dazalakSaNa dhama tathA paMca mahAvratoM ke pAlana kA

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upadeza de svayaM anuzAsana vaddha jIvana paddhati ke pAlana asaMtulana tathA zoSakavRtti Aja bhI navIna svarUpoM meM kA upadeza diyaa| isake liye unake sarvAGgINa zikSA samAja ke kor3ha kI taraha vidyamAna hai, jinake viruddha para bala diyA jisake AdhAra para dhArmika sahiNNutA kI tIbra kintu ahiMsaka sAmAjika krAnti kI nitAnta sthApanA tathA Adarza vizva kA nirmANa ho sakatA haiN| AvazyakatA hai| yuga puruSa mahAtmA gAMdhI ne tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke vicAroM ko navIna pariveSoM meM sthApita kara tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke siddhAnta aura upadeza pUrNa vartamAna bhArata meM jisa sAmAjika krAnti ko janma diyA zAsvata evaM maulika hone se Aja bhI utane hI upa- tathA svAdhInatoparAnta hamAre navIna saMvidhAna, meM yogI haiN| jina-sAmAjika durvyabasthAoM ne unheM tatkA- varNita nirdezaka siddhAntoM ne jise gati dI hai. unakI lIna samAja meM sAmAjika krAnti ko prerita kiyA thA pati ke liye tathA Adarza samAja kI sthApanA ke liye unameM se aneka doSa parivartita pariveSoM meM vartamAna Aja tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM ke pracAra va prasAra samAja meM bhI vyApta hote jA rahe haiM / Arthika asa- kI jitanI AvazyakatA hai utanI pahale kabhI nahIM thii| mAnatA, asprazyatA evaM bhedabhAva, vidveSa, sAmAjika

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yazapAla jana vartamAna yuga mahAvIra ke kI sArthakatA san 1969 meM jaba mahAtmA gA~dhI kA janma zatAbdI samAroha deza-videza meM manAyA gayA thA, kucha vyaktiyoM ne khule Ama kahA thA ki aba logoM ke socane kA DhaMga kucha aura ho gayA hai, samAja kI mAnyatAe~ badala gaI haiM, deza kA muMha dUsarI ora ho gayA hai, aisI dazA meM gA~dhI jI ke nAma aura siddhAntoM kA DhiMDhorA pITane se lAbha kyA hai ? una logoM kI dhAraNA yaha thI ki gA~dhIjI ke usUla purAne par3a gaye haiM, aura Aja yuga ke lie unakI koI sArthakatA nahIM hai / pAThaka bhUle nahIM hoMge ki isa saMdarbha meM bahuta-sI goSThiyAM Ayojita kI gaI, samAcAra-patroM meM lekha likhe gaye, kAphI sAhitya kA prakAzana kiyA gayA aura yaha siddha karane kI bharapUra koziza kI gaI ki gA~dhIjI ke siddhAnta Aja bhI upayogI haiM aura ki ve yuga-yugAntara tarka saMgata evaM upayukta raheMge / meM upadezoM jinake nidhana ko muzkila se 27 varSa hue haiM, una gA~dhIjI ke bAre meM jaba aisA kahA jA sakatA hai, taba bhagavAna mahAvIra ke viSaya meM yahI bAteM kahI jAaiM to Azcarya kyA, jinake nirvANa ko 2500 varSa ho gaye / saca yaha hai ki hamAre deza meM mahApuruSoM ke siddhAMtoM kI mUla AtmA ko samajhakara Atmadarzana karane kA prayAsa bahuta kama huA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahApuruSoM kA nirantara guNAnuvAda karake bhI hama unake Atma-zodhaka tathA lokakalyANakArI mArga kA anusaraNa nahIM kara pAye / 35 bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava ko 13 navambara, 1974 se 15 navambara 1975 taka deza videza meM manAne kI yojanA bar3I bhAvanA, umaMga aura utsAha se banAI gaI / rASTrIya samiti banI, jaina mahAsamiti kA gaThana huA, vibhinna prAntoM meM samitiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA, choTI-bar3I anya saMsthAoM ne bhI apane-apane kSetra meM, apane-apane sAdhanoM ke anusAra isa mahAyajJa meM apanA havirbhAga arpita karane kI ceSTAe~ kIM / yojanAeM

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banIM, unheM kriyAnvita karane ke lie nijI evaM sAmU- diyA / rAjaputra ne apane paricAraka se pUchA, "yaha kyA hika prayAsa bhI hue| kucha yojanAeM pUrI huI, kucha hai ? jAo patA lagAkara aao|" paricAraka gayA, thor3I adhUrI raha gaI, zAyada bhaviSya meM pUrI hoN| lekina dera meM lauTakara usane batAyA, 'mAlika apane dAsa ko kula milAkara mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki itanI bhAvanA pITa rahA hai|" aura sAdhanA ke bAda bhI rASTrIya evaM antarrASTrIya "kyoM ?" mahAvIra ne Akula hokara puuchaa| jIvana para mahAvIra aura unake siddhAntoM kA jo prabhAva par3anA cAhie, vaha par3A dikhAI nahIM detaa| "isalie ki vaha kharIdA huA hai|" isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki mahAvIra kI bhUmikA kyA hamAre zAsana ne yaha adhikAra de rakhA hai ki ke bAhyarUpa para to bala diyA gayA, lekina unake eka AdamI dUsare kI kharIda le ?" Antarika rUpa ko gaharAI se samajhane aura pakar3ane kI koziza nahIM kI gii| isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki Aja "jI ho, kharIdane kA hI nahIM, balki dAsa ko yuga kI dhArA atyanta uhama gati se bhautikatA kI mArane taka kA bhI adhikAra zAsana ne de rakhA hai| ora pravAhita ho rahI hai aura usakI dizA ko badalanA AsAna nahIM hai, phira bhI yadi mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM ke __ mahAvIra kA samvedanazIla hRdaya isa ghaTanA se marmAhata ho uThA / aisA zAsana kisa kAma kA, jo eka sthUla pratipAdana ke sAtha-sAtha unakI bhUmikA ko samajha vyakti ko dusare ko kharIdane aura mArane kA adhikAra kara usakA vaiyaktika evaM sAmUhika jIvana meM praveza karAne ke lie prayatna kiye gaye hote to Aja sthiti kucha aura hI hotii| hamArA itihAsa batAtA hai ki ariSTanemi pazuoM - Aiye, Aja ke badale saMdarbho meM hama mahAvIra ke kA cItkAra sunakara ahiMsA ke mArga ke pathika' bana gaye upadezoM kI upayogitA ko dekhane aura samajhane kA the, pArzvanAtha ne jalatI lakar3I meM sAMpoM ke eka jor3e prayatna kreN| ko arddhadagdha dekhakara jIvana kI naI dizA meM mor3a diyA thA, buddha saMsAra se roga, jarA aura mRtyu kI mukti kA mArga khojane ke lie gRha-tyAga kara sAdhanA meM lIna ho / pAThaka jAnate haiM ki mahAvIra rAja-gharAne meM janme gaye the| mahAvIra ke mana meM bhI isa ghaTanA se raajthe| unake cAroM ora vipula sampadA thI, apAra vaibhava sattA ke prati vidroha kI bhAvanA jAgRta huI aura unakA thA, atulita sattA thI; lekina dhana-sampadA athavA sattA mana aisA jIvana jIne ke lie Atura ho uThA, jisameM ke dvArA unhoMne samAja kA bhalA karane kI bAta kyoM na koI kisI kA svAmI ho, na koI kisI kA dAsa nahIM socI ? ho, balki jisameM mAnavIya mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA ho| isa prazna kA uttara unake jIvana kI eka ghaTanA / dhana-sampadA meM bacapana se hI unheM rasa nahIM thA, isa detI hai| choTI-sI ghaTanA ne unheM sattA se bhI vimukha kara diyaa| unake hRdaya meM svataMtratA kI lau pradIpta ho utthii| - eka dina mahAvIra kahIM jA rahe the| acAnaka muni nathamala jI 'zramaNa mahAvIra' meM likhate haiM, "vaha lau bastI ke eka bhavana se unheM kisI kA krandana sunAyI itanI uddama thI ki, aizvarya kI havA kI prakhara jhAMkI

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bujha gii|" bhI use bujhA nahIM pA rahI thI / kumAra ghara kI dIvAroM bhI nahIM dekha sakatA / " isalie unhoMne AvhAna * meM banda rahakara bhI mana kI dIvAroM kA atikramaNa karane kiyA : lge| kisI vastu meM baddha rahakara jIne kA artha unakI dRSTi meM thA svatantratA kA hanana / unhoMne svatantratA viyANiyA dukkha vivaDDhaNaMgaNaM kI sAdhanA ke tIna AyAma eka sAtha khola diye, eka mamatabaMdha ca mahabbhaya / thA ahiMsA, dUsarA satya aura tIsarA brahmacarya / suhAvhaM dhammadhuraM janutaraM, ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie unhoMne maitrI kA vikAsa dhArejja nivvANa guNavahaM mhN|| kiyA / unase sUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA bhI asaMbhava hogii| satya kI sAdhanA ke lie ve dhyAna aura bhAvanA kA "dhana ko dukha bar3hAnevAlA, mamatva-bandhana kA kAraNa abhyAsa karane lge| maiM akelA haiM, isa bhAvanA ke dvArA . aura bhayAvaha jAnakara usa sukhAvaha, anupama aura unhoMne anAsakti ko sAdhA aura usake dvArA AtmA kI mahAna dharmadhurA ko dhAraNA karo, jo nirvANa-guNoM ko upalabdhi kA dvAra kholA / brahmacarya kI sAdhanA ke lie vahana karane vAlI hai| unhoMne asvAda kA abhyAsa kiyaa| zarIra ke mamatva se mukti pA lI, abrahmacarya kI Aga apane-Apa hamAre du:khoM kA mUla kAraNa mana kI caMcalatA hai| sote-jAgate, uThate-baiThate, dina-rAta, mana daur3a lagAtA rahatA hai| use jitanA do, utanA hI vaha aura mAMgatA vartamAna yuga meM hama dhana-sampatti aura sattA kI hai| kabhI santuSTa nahIM hotaa| usakI cAha bar3hatI hI prabhutA dekhate haiM, lekina mahAbIra ne unheM tyAgA. kyoMki jAtI hai / isalie mahAvIra ne sabase pahalA kadama mana unhoMne isa sacAI ko bhalI prakAra hRdayaMgama kara liyA ko vaza meM karane ke lie utthaayaa| unhoMne ghara meM ki saccA sUkha aisA jIvana vyatIta karane meM hai. jisameM sAdhanA kI aura samaya Ane para sArI sampadA aura choTe-bar3e, U~ca-nIca, dhanI-nirdhana Adi kA bheda-bhAva na vaibhava ko tyAga, rAjasattA ko tilAMjali dI aura mana ho aura vyakti Atmika sampadA kA uttarottara vikAsa __ ko niyaMtrita karake pUrNa svataMtratA arjita karane ke lie kre| kaThora sAdhanA ke mArga para cala pdd'e| vastroM taka kA tyAga, ekAnta-bAsa, khAna-pAna kI upekSA, dhyAna meM hamArI sArI manobhUmikA Aja isa prakAra kI tallInatA Adi-Adi unake prayAsa usI dizA ke the| ho gayI hai ki hama padArtha ko sukha kA sAdhana mAna mana para jaise-jaise niyaMtraNa hotA gayA. vaise-vaise prakAza baiThe haiM aura usI kI upAsanA kara rahe haiN| hama yaha se jagamagAte eka nUtana loka meM vaha praviSTa hote gaye / bhUla gaye haiM ki jo nAzavAna hai vaha sthAyI sukha kabhI de nahIM sktaa| mahAvIra ne kahA thA, "yadi dhanadhAnya saba jAnate haiM ki mana kI sabase adhika uchalakUda se paripUrNa yaha sArA loka bhI kisI eka manuSya ko de usa samaya hotI hai, jaba ki vaha kisI bhI prakAra ke diyA jAe, to bhI use santoSa hone kA nhiiN|" mada se AkrAnta hotA hai| bIte yuga kI smRtiyA~ aura bhaviSya kI kalpanAe~ mAnavamana ko satata Alor3ita ... "hAtha meM do raka hone para bhI jaise usake bujha jAne karatI rahatI haiM / mahAbIra ne una smRtiyoM aura kalpapara sAmane kA mArga dikhAI nahIM detA, usI taraha dhana nAoM ke duScakra se apane mana ko mukta karane kA upakrama ke asIma moha meM mUr3ha manuSya nyAyamArga ko dekhatA huA kiyA aura jyoM-jyoM unase unakA nAtA TUTatA gayA, 37

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unakA mana nirbhIka hotA gyaa| bAraha barSa ke unake "rUpa cakSu kA viSaya hai| A~khoM ke sAmane Aye sAdhanAkAla kI kaisI-kaisI bhayaMkara ghaTanAe~ par3hane ko hae rUpa ko na dekhanA zakya nhiiN| A~khoM ke sAmane milatI haiN| par3ha kara roMgaTe khar3e ho jAte haiN| merI Aye hae rUpa meM rAga-dveSa kA parityAga kro| mAnyatA hai ki una para hAthI, nAga Adi ke jo Akra "gandha nAka kA viSaya hai| nAka ke samIpa AyI maNa hue, ve unake apane vikAra hI the / vyakti vikAra- duI gandha ko namana huI gandha ko na sUcanA zakya nhiiN| nAka ke samIpa prasta tabhI hotA hai, jaba usakA mana usake niyaMtraNa meM AI huI gandha meM rAga-dveSa kA parityAga kro| nahIM hotA / mahAvIra ke mana ke niyatrita hote hI unake "rasa jihA kA viSaya hai| jihvA para Aye hae rasa vikAroM ke lie koI sthAna na rahA / ata: yaha svA- kA AsvAda na lenA zakya nhiiN| jihvA para Aye hue bhAvika hI thA ki nirAzraya ho jAne para vikAroM ne ___ rasa meM rAgadveSa kA parityAga kro| kUpita hokara mahAvIra ko bhayaMkara-se-bhayaMkara yAtanAe~ "sparza zarIra kA viSaya hai| sparza kA viSaya pahuMcAI thIM / nAga Adi to pratIka mAtra the / mahAvIra upasthita hone para usameM rAga-dveSa na kro|" ko apane vikAroM se kisa hada taka jUjhanA par3A hogA, deza-kAla ke anusAra sandarbha badalate rahate haiM, usakI sahaja hI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| yuga nayA pariveza dhAraNa karatA hai| lekina zAzvata .. manuSya sAmAjika prANI hai / vaha samAja meM rahatA mUlyoM meM kabhI parivartana nahIM hotA / bhagavAna mahAvIra aura jItA hai| kisI ke sAtha usakA rAga hotA hai, ne jina mUlyoM kI pratiSThA kI, ve zAzvata haiN| unakA kisI ke sAtha duss| jinheM vaha prema karatA hai, jo usake Arambha vaiyaktika jIvana se hotA hai| satya, ahiMsA, kAma Ate haiM, unake sAtha usakA rAga hotA hai; jinase aparigraha, brahmacarya Adi kA samAveza jaba taka vyakti ke jIvana meM nahIM hogA, ve samAja meM praviSTa ho hI nahIM prati vaha dveSa rakhatA hai / lekina mahAvIra kA mana jaise skte| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA hI niyaMtraNa meM AyA unake lie apane aura parAye kA bheda samAja kA adhiSThAna banatI hai| jAtA rahA, saba unake apane ho gaye, sabake sAtha unakA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava AtmIyatA kA nAtA jur3a gyaa| vaha vItarAga aura ko manAne kI yojanA banAte samaya eka kamI yaha raha vIta-dveSa ho gye| unake antasa meM sabake prati prema kA gayI ki mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM ko samAja meM sthApita nirmala-pAvana srota phUTa utthaa| sabake sAtha samatA-bhAva karane para jitanA bala diyA gayA, utanA vyakti ke sthApita ho gyaa| unhoMne kahA : / jIvana meM unheM sthApita karane para nahIM diyA gyaa| "rAga-dveSa aise do pApa haiM, jo sAre pApa karmoM ko| yahI kAraNa hai ki pUrA varSa bIta jAne para bhI hamAre janma dete haiN|" prayatnoM kA pratyakSatayA vizeSa pariNAma sAmane nahIM A "rAga dvaSa ko paidA karane meM zabda, rUpa, gandha, pAyA / rasa aura sparza ye pA~ca vastue~ vizeSa sahAyaka hotI sandarbha kitane hI badaleM lekina mahAvIra ke siddhAMta haiN|" mahAvIra ne usa sambandha meM mAnava kI durbalatA ko himAlaya kI taraha aTala haiM, gaMgA kI taraha pAvana haiM / dhyAna meM rakhakara mArga sujhAte hue kahA / ataH hama smaraNa rakheM ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ko jaba taka "zabda zrotendriya kA viSaya hai| kAna meM par3e hue apane Antarika jIvana meM pratiSThita nahIM kareMge taba zabdoM ko na sunanA zakya nhiiN| kAma meM par3e hae zabdoM taka na hamArA maMgala ho sakatA hai, na samAja kA, na meM rAga-dveSa kA parityAga kro| rASTra kaa|

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mAnava samAja ke vikAsa meM strI va puruSa donoM ko samAna sthAna prApta hai| strI aura puruSa donoM hone se eka ghaTaka ko adhika mahatva diyA jAtA hai to samAja sarvAgINa unnatI nahIM kara sktaa| isalie samAja kI nirmitI ba mAnava kA vikAsa aura sAmAjika pragati ke lie nArI puruSa ke sAtha barAbara kAma karatI rahI hai| prAcIna kAla meM RSabhanAtha tIrthakara ne boyA thaa| unhoMne gRhasthAvasthA meM brAmhI aura sundarI ina donoM kanyAoM ko akSaravidyA aura adhyAtmavidyA pradAna kI thii| itanA hI nahIM bha. vRSabhanAtha se una donoM ne AyikAbrata kI dIkSA lI thI / caturvidha saMgha ke AryikA saMgha gaNinI (pramukha) AryikA vrAmhI hI thii| dIkSA grahaNa karane kA adhikAra striyoM ko usa kAla meM prApta honA yaha AdhyAtmika jagata meM krAnti hI thii| yaha paramparA Aja bhI akSuNNa rUpa meM calI A rahI hai| anya kisI bhI dharma kI apekSA jaina dharma meM nArI ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| isI dharma ne purAne mUlyoM ko badala kara usake sthAna para pariSkRta mUlyoM kI sthApanA kI hai| jaina dharma kI dRSTI se nara aura nArI donoM samAna hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne pratyeka jIva kI svataMtratA svIkAra kI hai| isalie brata dhAraNa karane kA jitanA adhikAra zrAvaka ko diyA gayA hai, utanA hI adhikAra zrAvikA kA batAyA hai| jaina zAstroM meM nArI jAti ko gRhastha jIvana meM dhammasahAyA (dharma sahAyikA) dharma-sahacAriNI, deva gurujanasaMkAzA ityAdi zabdoM meM jagaha jagaha prazaMsita kiyA hai| nArI ko samAja meM sammAnIya aura AdaraNIya mAnA gayA hai| rAjA agrasena kI kanyA rAjulamatI neminAtha ke dIkSA grahaNa karate hI ayikA kI dIkSA grahaNa kara AtmakalyANa kI aura agrasara haI / vaizAlI bhagavAn mahAvIra aura nArI-mukti padmazrI paM. sumatIbAI zahA ke ceTaka rAjA kI kanyA candrAsanI ne AjIvana brahmacarya brata svIkAra kara bhagavAna mahAvIra se dIkSA lii| satI candanavAlA ne vaivAhika baMdhana meM na baMdhakara bhagavAna mahAvIra se AyikA kI dIkSA lI aura sAdhviyoM kI pramukha mahilAoM ko sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika kSetra meM die hue samAna adhikAra kA bIja jaina dharma ke atyanta 26

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bniiN| isa prakAra jaba anya dharma manISiyoM ne strIyoM bhagavAna jinendra kA nAma smaraNa karate usane ihaloka ko puruSoM kA anuvati mAnA usa samaya bhagavAna mahAvIra kI yAtrA samApta kii| ne striyoM kI svataMtratA aura unake samAna adhikAra kI ghoSaNA kii| Aja bhI bhArata meM hajAroM sAdhviyA~ vijaya nagara kI saradAra caMpA kI kanyA rAnI AyikA kA kaThina brata dhAraNa kara AtmakalyANa ke bhairavadevI ne rAjya naSTa hone ke bAda apanA svataMtra rAjya sAtha-sAtha mahilAoM meM Atmika jAgRtI kA kArya kara sthApita kiyA thA aura vahA~ mAtRsattAka paddhati se kaI barasoM taka rAjya calAyA thaa| nAlajakoMDa dezake adhi kArI nAgArjana kI matyu ke bAda kadaMbarAja ne unakI sAmAjika kArya aura jaina nArI :--jaina devI vIrAMganA jakkamava ke kaMdho para rAjyakArya bhAra zAstroM ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke kI jimmedArI rakhI / Alezo meM ise 'yuddha-zakti muktA samaya meM aura usake pUrva mahilAoM ko Ajanma avi- aura 'jineMdra zAsana bhaktA' kahA gayA hai| apane aMta bAhita rahakara samAjasevA aura AtmakalyANa karane kI kAla taka usane rAjya kArya bhAra kI jimmedArI anujJA thii| AdipurANa parva 18 zloka 76 ke anusAra sNbhaalii| isa kAla meM puruSoM ke sAtha hI kanyAoM para bhI vividha saMskAra kiye jAte the| rAjya parivAra se saMbaMdhita gaMga rAjavaMza kI aneka nAriyoM ne rAjyakArya bhAra mahilAoM ko vizeSAdhikAra prApta the| kanyA pitA kI ___ kI jimmedArI saMbhAlakara aneka jina maMdira va tAlAba saMpatti meM se dAna bhI kara sakatI thii| udAharaNa ke bnaae| campalA rAnI kA nAma jina maMdira nirmitI lie sulocanA ne apanI kaumAryAvasthA meM ratnamayI jina aura jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA ke lie adhika prasiddha pratimA kI nirmitI kI thI aura una pratimAoM hai| usI prakAra zravaNa bela gola zilA lekha kra. 496 ko pratiSThA karane ke lie bar3e DhaMga se prajIbhiSeka se patA calatA hai ki Nikkamabve zubhacandra deva kI ziSyA vidhi kA bhI Ayojana kiyA thaa| thii| yogyatA aura kuzalatA se rAjyakAryabhAra karane ke sAtha hI dharma pracAra ke lie inhoMne aneka jaina ___kucha jaina mahilAeM rAjya vyavahAra meM pUrNa nipuNa pratimAoM kI sthApanA kI thii| thI sAtha meM unhoMne rAjya kI rakSA ke lie yuddha meM pratyakSa bhAga liyA thaa| isake lie aneka aitihAsika jaina nAriyoM ke dvArA zilpa va maMdiroM kA nirmANa udAharaNa die jA sakate hai| paMjiri deza ke prasiddha kiyA gyaa| isakA ullekha zilAlekhoM meM milatA hai| savidha rAjA kI kanyA ardhAMginI ne khAravela rAjA ke kaliMgapati rAjA khAravela kI rAnI ne kumArI parvata para viruddha kiye gaye AkramaNa meM use sahayoga diyA thaa| jaina guphAoM kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| sore kI rAjA kI itanA hI nahIM usane isa yuddha ke lie mahilAoM kI patnI ne apane pati kA roga haTAne ke lie eka maMdira svataMtra senA bhI khar3I kI thii| yuddha meM rAjA khAravela va tAlAba kA nirmANa kiyA thA / yaha maMdira Aja bhI ke vijaya pAne para khAravela rAjA ke sAtha usakA 'muktakanere' nAma se prasiddha hai| Ahavamalla kI rAjA ke vivAha huA thaa| gaMga gharAne ke saradAra nAma kI lar3akI senApati mallama kI kanyA 'aMtimababve' dAnazara va aura rAjA vikhara loka vidyAdhara kI patnI sAmimabane jaina dharma para zraddhA rakhane vAlI thii| usane cA~dI aura yata kI sabhI kalAoM meM pAraMgata thii| sAmimabane ke sone kI aneka jaina pratimAoM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| marmasthala para bANa lagane se use mUrchA A gaI aura usane lAkhoM rupayoM kA dAna diyA thaa| use aneka

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grathoM meM 'dAnacitAmaNI' padavI se vibhUSita kiyA gayA paristhitI meM jaina nAriyoM ne jo mahatvapUrNa kArya kie hai| viSNUvardhana rAjA kI rAnI zAMtala devI ne man unakA mUlya bar3ha jAtA hai| unheM jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra 1123 meM zravaNabelagola meM bhagavAna jinendra kI meM pragati karane ke avasara prApta honA yaha bhagavAna vizAlakAya pratimA sthApita kI thii| san 1131 meM mahAvIra ke dvArA strI mukti kI ghoSaNA ke kAraNa hI sallekhanA vrata kA pAlana kara zarIra-tyAga kiyA thaa| saMbhava ho sakA, yadi aisA kahA jAe to atizayokti nahIM hogii| jisa yuga meM striyA~ veda yA dhArmika sAdhvI sAhitya kSetra meM kArya :-aneka jaina nAriyo veza dhAraNa karake mukti-mArga para nahIM cala sakatI ne lekhikA aura kaviyitrI ke rUpa meM sAhitya jagata meM thii| use sAmAnya krAnti hI kahI jA sakatI hai| svaprasiddhi prApta kI hai| sana 1566 meM kaviyitrI 'raNamati' nabha aura tantratA aura samAnatA prApta karane ke lie saikar3oM varSa ne 'yazodhara kAvya' nAmakA kAvya likhA / AyikA striyoM ko saMgharSa karanA par3A hai| parantu jaina dharma ke ratnamatI kI 'samakitarAsa' yaha hindI-gujarAtI mizrita manISiyoM ne bahata pahane hI strI-svAtaMtrya kI ghoSaNA kAvya-racanA upalabdha hai| mahAkaviyitrI ratna ne apanI kara dI thii| yaha jaina dharma kA strI-puruSa ko alaga na kA amarakRti ajitanAtha purANa kI racanA dAna citAmaNI mAnane kA daSTikoNa arthAta donoM ko pratyeka kSetra meM atimabbe ke sahakArya se hI I.sa.993 meM pUrNa kI thii| kArya karane ke avasara pradAna karanA vizeSa ullekhanIya zvetAmbara sAhitya meM cAradatta-caritra likhane vAlI padmazrI, kanakAvatI-AkhyAna likhane vAlI hemazrI mahilAe~ prasiddha hai / anulakSmI, avantI, sundarI, mAdhavI isa prakAra prAcIna kAla meM jaina mahilAeM pratyeka Adi viduSiyA~ prAkRta bhASA meM likhane vAlI prasiddha kSetra meM agrasara thii| parantu madhya yuga meM videzI AkrakaviyitrIyA~ hai| unakI racanAe~ prema, saMgIta, AnaMda, maNoM ke kAraNa striyoM ko surakSita rakhane ke nAma vyathA, AzA-nirAzA / jinendra bhakti Adi gaNoM se para samAja ne striyoM para aneka bandhana lagAe / isakA yukta hai| prabhAva jaina mahilAoM para bhI pdd'aa| parantu bhagavAna mahAvIra ko strI-mukti kI ghoSaNA ke kAraNaM aisI isake alAvA natya, gAyana, citrakalA, zilpakalA paristhitiyoM meM bhI aneka jaina mahilAoM ne kArya kie Adi kSetroM meM jaina mahilAoM ne asAmAnya pragati kI hai| isakA ullekha Upara A cUkA hai| phira bhI unakI hai / prAcIna aitihAsika kAla meM jaina nArI ne jIvana ke svatantratA aura svavikAsa meM bAdhA avazya aaii| sabhI kSetroM meM apanA sahayoga diyA hai| samAja use isI kAraNa zikSA, dharma-saMskAra tatvajJAna Adi meM nArI sammAna kI daSTI se dekhatA thaa| samAja ne nArI ko bahuta pIche rhii| eka bAra lage hae bandhana AjAdI usakI pragati ke lie saba suvidhAe~ dI thii| gRhastha milane para bhI TUTa na sake / dharma pAlana karate hue usakI pragati apane putra-putriyoM ko susaMskArita karanA, rAjakArya, samAjakArya, dhArmika Aja phira se sAre jagata meM nArI jAgRti kI lahara kArya meM sakriya sahayoga denA vaha apanA kartavya samajhatI AI hai| mahilA-varSa kA Ayojana isI jAgratikA thiiN| paricAyaka hai| isakA prabhAva jaina mahilAoM para bhI par3A hai / isa vaijJAnika yuga meM jaina mahilAoM ne aneka isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra yA unake pUrva kI kSetroM meM mahatvapUrNa kArya kie haiN| bhAratIya jJAnapITha ke sAmAjika paristhiti yadi dekhI jAe~ to usa pratikUla mAdhyama se zrImatI ramA jaina ne sAhitya aura dhArmika 41

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kSetra meM jo kArya kie haiM unheM kauna bhulA sakatA hai| sakSipta meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne DhAI hajAra varSa zrImatI kaMkUbAI ke dAtRtva aura netRtva ke kAraNa pahale jo nArI meM mukti kI ghoSaNA kI thI, vaha Aja aneka zaikSaNika saMsthAe~ aura aspatAla Aja samAja phira se nArI-samAja meM gajita ho rahI hai| hameM usa kI sevA kara rahe haiN| zrImatI kastUrabAI ke dvArA svara ko sunane kI AvazyakatA hai / abhI bhI azikSA, sthApita kasturabAI TrasTa ke dvArA Aja aneka saMsthAeM aMdhavizvAsa, daheja Adi kuprathAe~ nArI-vikAsa ke mArga kAryarata hai| solApura meM kSu. rAjulamatIbAI dvArA meM rukAvaTeM haiM inheM haTAnA hamArA kartavya hai| usI sthApita 'zrAvikA sasthA nagara' Aja zaikSaNika dhArmika prakAra nArI ko bhI apane atIta ke khoe hae gaurava ba sAmAjika kArya meM agrasara hai| candAbAI ke dvArA aura adhikAra ko pAne ke lie prayatnazIla honA jaina bAlAzrama ArA kI sthApanA jaina mahilAdarza kA cAhie / nArI-jAgaraNa ke lie hara suzikSita krAntisaMpAdana, akhila bhAratIya mahilA pariSada kI sthApanA kArI va pragatizIla vicAra kI nArI ko Age AnA Adi mahatvapUrNa kArya kiye gae hai| caahie| nArIyoM ne adhikAroM kI mAMga to karanI hI cAhie parantu pAzcAtya jagata ke prabhAva se phaizana Adi sAhitya nirmANa meM bhI aneka jaina mahilAe~ Aja ke rUpa meM jo naI kurItIyA~ striyoM meM A rahI haiM unheM mahatvapUrNa sthAna banA rahI hai| udAharaNa ke lie sAdhvI rokanA bhI jarUrI hai| nArI-krAnti kA artha kevala candanAdarzanAcArya ke dvArA aneka graMthoM kA lekhana aura bAhya veza-bhUSA yA ucchakhala vicAroM kI krAnti nahIM saMpAdana kiyA gayA hai| sau. surekhA zahA ke upanyAsa hai| pradhAna maMtrI zrImatI iMdirA gAMdhI ke zabdoM meM prasiddha mAsikoM meM prakAzita ho rahe hai| zrImatI 'mahilA-mukti' bhArata ke lie mauja kI bastu nahIM hai / kalaMtreakkA, zrImatI lekhavatI jaina (hariyANA vidhAna balki eka mahatvapUrNa AvazyakatA hai| tAki, rASTra sabhA adhyakSA) sau. lIlAvatI marcanTa, zrImatI iMdumatI bhautika, bauddhika aura AdhyAtmika dRSTi se adhika seTha, zrImatI omaprakAza jaina Adi mahilAe~ rAjanaitika saMtoSajanaka jIvana kI ora agrasara ho ske| kSetra meM agrasara rahI hai| itanA hI nahIM audyogika kSetra meM bhI ve kArya kara rahI hai| 1

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mahAvIra kI vANI kA maMgalamarA krAMtikArI svarUpa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jisa dharma evaM dazana kA pracAra prasAra kiyA; jisa satya kI suspaSTa vyAkhyA kI, jina dArzanika pratipatikAoM ko suvyavasthita r3haMga se abhivyakta kiyA, unake sUtra yadyapi bhAratIya prAk-vaidika yuga se hI poSita evaM vikasita hote Aye haiM tathApi mahAvIra ne zramaNa-darzana kI nigrantha paramparA meM teIsaveM tIrtha kara tathA aitihAsika vyaktitva pArzvanAtha ke bA yama dharma ke sthAna para "paMca mahAvrata" kA upadeza dekara tathA Atmajaya kI sAdhanA ko apane hI puruSArtha evaM caritra se siddha karane kI vicAraNA ko lokonmukha banAkara bhAratIya manISA ko nayA mor3a diyA / unhoMne dharma ke utkRSTa maMgalamaya svarUpa kI vyAkhyA hI nahIM kI, "dhammo maMgalamuvikaTaThaM" kahakara dharma ko maMgalamaya sAdhanA kA paryAya banA diyA / unakA jIvana AdhyA DA0 mahAvIra zaraNa jaMna tmika ciMtana manana evaM saMyamI jIvana kA sAkSAtkAra hai; niSkarmadarzI ke niSkarma AtmA ko dekhane kA darpaNa hai; AtmA ko AtmasAdhanA se pahacAnane kA mApadaNDa hai: tapa dvArA karmoM kA kSaya karake Atma svabhAva meM ramaNa karane kI prakriyA hai tathA sabase bar3I bAta yaha ki kisI ke Age jhukakara anugraha kI vaizAkhiyoM ke dvArA Age bar3hane kI paddhati nahIM pratyuta apanI hI zakti evaM sAdhanA ke bala para jIvAtmA ke paramAtmA banane kI vaijJAnika prayogazAlA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhautikavAdI eva saMzayamUlaka jIvana darzana ke matAnuyAyI cintakoM ne samasta dhArmika mAnyatAoM, cira saMcita AsthA evaM vizvAsa ke prati praznavAcaka cinha lagA diyA thaa| pUraNakassapa makkhala gosAla, ajitakesakambali, pakudha 43

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kaccAyana, saMjaya bailaTi Thaputra Adi ke vicAroM ko prati zraddhA evaM ananyabhAva ke sAtha "anurAga" evaM par3hane para hamako AbhAsa ho jAtA hai ki usa yuga ke "samapaMNa" kara saMtoSa pA letA thaa| janamAnasa ko saMzaya, trAsa, avizvAsa, anAsthA, praznA Aja kA vyakti svatantra hone ke lie abhizApita kUlatA Adi vRttiyoM ne kisa sImA taka Abaddha kara hai| Aja vyakti parAvalambI hokara nahIM, svatantra liyA thaa| ye cintaka jIvana meM naitika evaM AcAra nirNayoM ke kriyAnvayana ke dvArA vikAsa karanA cAhatA mUlaka siddhAntoM kI avahelanA karane evaM unakA tira hai| andhI AstikatA evaM bhAgyabAda ke sahAre jInA skAra karane para bala de rahe the| mAnavIya sauhArda evaM nahIM cAhatA apitu isI jIvana meM sAdhanoM kA bhoga karmavAda ke sthAna para ghora bhogavAdI, akriyAvAdI karanA cAhatA hai| samAja se apanI sattA kI svIkRti evaM ucchedavAdI vRttiyA~ panapa rahI thii| tathA apane astitva ke lie sAdhanoM kI mAMga karatA hai inhIM paristhitiyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne prANI tathA isake abhAva meM sampUrNa vyavasthA para hathaur3A mAtra ke kalyANa ke lie, apane hI prayatnoM dvArA ucca calAkara use naSTa bhraSTa kara denA cAhatA hai / tama vikAsa kara sakane kA AsthApUrNa mArga prazasta kara mAnavIya samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie jaba hama anekAMtavAdI jIvana dRSTi para AdhArita, svAdvAdvAdI udyata hote haiM to hamArA dhyAna dharma ko aura jAtA hai| kathana praNAlI dvArA bahudharmI evaM bahuguNI vastu ko isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki dharma hI aisA tatva hai jo vyakti pratyeka koNa, dRSTi eva saMbhAvanAoM dvArA unake bAsta kI asIma kAmanAoM ko sImita karatA hai tathA usakI vika rUpa meM jAna pAne evaM pahacAna pAne kA mArga dRSTi ko vyApaka banAtA hai| isa pariprekSya meM hameM yaha batalAkara sAmAjika jIvana ke lie aparigrahavAda Adi jAna lenA cAhie ki rUr3higata dharma ke prati Aja kA kA saMdeza diyaa| mAnava kiMcita bhI vizvAsa juTAne meM asamartha hai| zAstroM meM yaha bAta kahI gayI hai ki kevala isI kAraNa Aja Aja bhI bhautika vijJAna kI carama unnati mAnavIya kA mAnava evaM vizeSa rUpa se bauddhika samudAya etaM yuvaka cetanA ko jisa stara para le gayI hai vahA~ usane hamArI use mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hai| samasta mAnyatAoM ke sAmane praznavAcaka cinha lagA diyA hai| samAja meM paraspara ghaNA evaM avizvAsa tathA Aja vahI dharma evaM darzana hamArI samasyAoM kA tathA vyaktigata jIva meM mAnasika tanAva evaM azAnti samAdhAna kara sakatA hai jo unmakta dRSTi se vicAra ke kAraNa vicitra sthiti utpanna hotI jA rahI hai| karane kI preraNA de ske| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne mAnavIya evaM vaijJAnika satyAnveSaNa meM anavarata pravRtta zramaNa Aja ke aura pahale ke vyakti aura usake cintana paramparA ke dhArmika sUtroM ke sahAre bhaTake hue mAnava meM antara bhI hai / sampUrNa bhautika sAdhanoM evaM jIvana kI ko navIna dizA evaM jyoti pradAna kii| bAharI pradarzana anivArya bastuoM se vaMcita hone para bhI pahale kA vyakti evaM dikhAve kI pravRttiyoM para prahAra kiyaa| nirbhaya samAja se lar3ane kI bAta nahIM socatA thA; bhAgyavAda hokara ghoSaNA kI ki prAta: snAnAdi kara lene se mokSa evaM niyativAda ke sahAre jIvana ko kATa detA thaa| nahIM hotA; jo prAtaH saMdhyA jala snAna kara lene se apane vartamAna jIvana kI sArI musIbatoM kA kAraNa mukti batalAte haiM ve ajJAnI haiM, bahuta se mukti batalAne vigata jIvana ke karmoM ko mAna letA thaa| athavA vAle bhI ajJAnI haiN| bali denevAloM ke kAle kAraapane bhAgya kA vidhAtA paramAtmA" ko mAnakara usake nAmoM ko ujAgara karate hue unhoMne ghoSaNA kI ki

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jIvoM ko duHkha denA mokSa kA mArga nahIM hai| dharmoM ke jagata kI avahelanA huI thI / Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga ApasI bhedoM ke viruddha AvAja uThAyI tathA dharma ko meM bauddhikatA kA atireka vyakti ke arntagata kI vyApaka Aropita sImAoM ke ghere se bAhara lAkara khar3A kiyA sImAoM ko saMkIrNa karane evaM usake bahirjagata kI tathA kahA ki dharma ke pavitra anuSThAna se AtmA kA sImAoM ko prasArita karane meM yatnazIla hai| Aja ke zuddhikaraNa hotA hai / dharma na kahIM gA~va meM hotA hai ora dhArmika evaM dArzanika manISiyoM ko vaha mArga khojanA na kahIM jaMgala meM balki vaha to antarAtmA meM hotA hai jo mAnava kI bahirmukhatA kA bhI vikAsa kara sake / hai| unhoMne dharma sAdhanoM kA nirNaya viveka aura samyag pAralaukika cintana vyakti ke Atma vikAsa meM cAhe jJAna ke AdhAra para karane kI bAta kahI / jIvAtmA kitanA hI sahAyaka ho kintu usase sAmAjika sambandhoM hI brahma hai yaha maha vIra kA atyanta krAntikArI vicAra kI sambaddhatA, samarasatA evaM samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM thA jisake AdhAra para ve yaha pratipAdita kara sake ki adhika sahAyatA nahIM milatI hai / Aja ke bhautikabAhya jagata kI kalpita zaktiyoM ke pUjana se nahIM apitu bAdI yuga meM kevala vairAgya se kAma calanevAlA nahIM antarAtmA ke darzana evaM pariSkAra se hI kalyANa sambhava hai| Aja hameM mAnava kI bhautikavAdI dRSTi ko sImita hai / unakA spaSTa mata thA ki vedoM ke par3hane mAtra se karanA hogA; bhotika svArthaparaka icchAoM ko saMyamita udvAra sambhava nahIM hai| unhoMne vyakti ko saceta kiyA karanA hogA, mana kI kAmanAoM meM tyAga kA raMga ki yadi hRdaya meM paramANu mAtra bhI rAga dveSa hai to milAnA hogaa| Aja mAnava ko eka aura jahA~ isa samasta AgamoM kA niSNAta hote hue bhI AtmA ko prakAra kA darzana prabhAvita nahIM kara sakatA ki kevala nahIM jAna sakatA / unhoMne AtmA dvArA AtmA ko brahma satya hai, jagata mithyA hai vahA~ dUsarI aura bhautika jAnane kI bAta khii| tatvoM kI hI sattA ko satya mAnanevAlA dRSTikoNa jIvana ke unnayana meM sahAyaka nahIM ho sakatA / Aja isa prakAra mahAvIra kI vANI ne vyakti kI dRSTi bhautikatA aura AdhyAtmikatA ke samatva kI AvazyakatA ko vyApaka banAyA; citana ke lie satata jAgarUka hai| isake lie dharma evaM darzana kI vartamAna sAmAjika bhUmikA pradAna kI; Atma sAdhanA ke nigar3hatama rahasya saMdarbho ke anurUpa evaM bhAvI mAnavIya cetanA ke nirNAdvAroM ko vaijJAnika r3haga se Atma-bala ke dvArA kholane yaka rUpa meM vyAkhyA karanI hai / isa saMdarbha meM AdhyAkI prakriyA batalAyI tathA sahaja bhAva se sRSTi ke kaNakaNa ke prati rAga-dveSa kI sImAoM ke pare karuNA evaM tmika sAdhanA ke RSiyoM evaM muniyoM kI dhArmika apanatva kI bhAvabhUmi pradAna kii| sAdhanA evaM gRhastha sAmAjika vyaktiyoM kI dhArmika sAdhanA ke alaga-alaga staroM ko paribhASita karanA dharma evaM darzana kA svarUpa aisA honA cAhie jo Avazyaka hai| prANI mAtra ko prabhAvita kara sake evaM use apane hI prayatnoM ke bala para vikAsa karane kA mArga dikhA ske| dharma evaM darzana kA svarUpa aisA honA cAhie jo aisA darzana nahIM honA cAhie jo AdamI-AdamI ke bIca vaijJAnika ho / vaijJAnikoM kI pratipattikAoM ko khojane dIvAreM khar3I karake cale dharma ko pAralaukika evaM laukika kA mArga evaM dhArmika manISiyoM evaM dArzanika tatvadonoM staroM para mAnava kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke cintakoM kI khoja kA mArga alaga-alaga ho sakatA hai, lie tatpara honA hogaa| prAcIna darzana ne kevala kintu unake siddhAntoM evaM mUlabhUta pratyayoM meM virodha adhyAtma sAdhanA para bala diyA thA aura isa laukika nahIM honA caahie|

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Aja ke manuSya ne prajAtaMtrAtmaka zAsana vyavasthA eka dravya tathA usake guNoM evaM paryAyoM kA anya dravya ko Adarza mAnA hai| hamArA dharma bhI prajAtaMtrAtmaka yA usake guNoM aura paryAyoM ke sAtha kisI prakAra kA zAsana paddhati ke anurUpa honA caahie| koI sambandha nahIM hai| prajAtaMtrAtmaka zAsana vyavasthA meM pratyeka vyakti isa dRSTi se saba AtmAyeM svataMtra haiM: bhinna-bhinna ko samAna adhikAra prApta hote haiM ! isa paddhati ke sva- haiM, para ve eka-sI avazya haiN| isa kAraNa unhoMne kahA batA evaM samAnatA do bahata bar3e jIvana-mUlya haiN| isake ki saba AtmAyeM samAna haiM, para eka nhiiN| samAnAntara darzana ke dharAtala para bhI hameM vyakti mAtra svataMtratA evaM samAnatA donoM kI isa prakAra kI kI samatA evaM svataMtratA kA udghoSa karanA hogaa| parasparAvalambita vyAkhyA anya kisI darzana meM durlabha hai| Aja aise darzana kI AvazyakatA hai jo samAja ke mahAvIra ne usa mArga kA pravartana kiyA jisase sadasyoM meM paraspara sAmAjika sauhArda eva baMdhutva kA gAnA / sAhAda eva baghutva kA vyakti-mAtra apane hI bala para uccatama vikAsa kara bha vAtAvaraNa nirmita kara sake / yadi yaha na ho sakA to sakatA hai| pratyeka AtmA apane bala para paramAtmA bana kisI bhI prakAra kI vyavasthA evaM zAsana paddhati se / sakatI hai| unhoMne pratipAdita kiyA ki jIva apane hI samAja meM zAnti sthApita nahIM ho paayegii| kAraNa se saMsArI banA hai aura apane hI kAraNa se isa dRSTi se hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki bhagavAna mukta hogaa| vyavahAra se baMdha aura mokSa ke hetu anya mahAvIra ne DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva anekAntavAdI cintana padArtha ko jAnanA cAhie kintu nizcaya se yaha jIva para AdhArita aparigrahavAda evaM ahiMsAvAda se saMyukta _svayaM baMdha kA hetu hai aura svayaM mokSa kA hetu hai| AtmA jisa jyoti ko jagAyA thA usakA Aloka hamAre Aja apane svayaM ke upAjita karmoM se hI vaMdhatI hai| AtmA ke aMdhakAra ko dUra kara sakatA hai yA nhiiN| kA dukha svakRta hai kintu vyakti apane hI prayAsa se uccatama vikAsa bhI kara sakatA hai kyoMki AtmA parivartita yuga ke samayAnukala dharma evaM darzana ke sarvakarmoM kA nAza kara siddhaloka meM siddhapada prApta karane saMdarbha meM jaba hama jaina darzana evaM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI kI kSamatA rakhatI hai| vANI para vicAra karate haiM to pAte haiM ki jaina darzana isI kAraNa bhagavAna ne udghoSa kiyA ki puruSa samAja ke pratyeka mAnava ke lie samAna adhikAra juTAtA hai / sAmAjika samatA evaM ekatA kI dRSTi se svaya hA apanA mitra hai 'purisA! tumameva tamaM mittaM / ' unhoMne jIva mAtra ko AsthA evaM vizvAsa kA amogha zramaNa paramparA kA apratima mahatva hai| isa paramparA ' maMtra diyA, ki baMdhana se mukta honA tumhAre hI hAtha meM mAnava ko mAnava ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai; varNa, vAdoM, meM hai| sampradAyoM Adi kA lebila cipakAkara mAnava ko bAMTanevAle darzana ke rUpa meM nahIM / mAnava mahimA kA kintu isake lie AtmArthI sAdhaka ko jitendriya jitanA joradAra samarthana jaina darzana meM huA hai vaha honA par3atA hai| samasta prakAra ke parigrahoM ko choDanA anapama hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AtmA kI svataMtratA par3atA hai; rAgadveSa rahita honA par3atA hai| satya ke kI prajAtaMtrAtmaka udaghoSaNA kii| unhoMne kahA ki sAdhaka ko bAra-bAra bAharI pralobhana abhibhUta karate samasta AtmAyeM svataMtra haiN| pratyeka dravya svataMtra hai| rahate haiN| sAdhanA kA patha bAra-bAra vilAsitA kI usake guNa aura paryAya bhI svataMtra haiM / vivakSita kisI raMgIna cAdara or3hanA cAhatA hai / dharma kI Ar3a meM apane

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svArtha kI siddhi cAhanevAle dalAla AdhyAtma ke satya ko bhautikavAdI vyavasthAoM se bAra-bAra DaeNkane kA prayAsa karate haiM / zatAbdI meM ekAdha vyakti hI aise hote jo dharma ke kSetra meM vyApta pAkhaNDa kadAcAra, amAnavIyatA para prahAra kara vAstavika satya kA udghA Tana karate haiM / upaniSadkAra ke yuga meM bhI yAjJika dharma kI vikRtiyA~ itanI ujAgara ho gaI thIM ki use kahanA par3A ki amRta tatva sone ke pAtra se huA hai| madhyayugIna sato ne bhI dharma ke bAhyADambaroM para coTa kI / santa nAmadeva ne 'pAkhaNDa bhagati rAma nahIM rIjha' kahakara dharma ke tAtvika svarUpa kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA to kabIra ne 'jo ghara jAre ApanA cale hamAre sAtha' kA AhvAna kara sAdhanA patha para dvidhArahita saMzayahIna manaHsthiti se kAmanAoM kA sarvathA tyAga kara Age bar3hane kI bAta kahI / paMDita loga par3ha par3hakara veda bakhAnate haiM, kintu usakI sArthakatA kyA hai ? jIvana kI caritArthatA to isameM hai ki AtmavicAra pUrvaka samadRSTi kI sAdhanA kI jAve aura aisI sAdhanA ke bala para hI dAdUdayAla yaha kahane meM samartha ho sake ki kAyA antara pAiyA, saba devana ko deva / " upaniSadoM meM jisa 'tatvamArsa' siddhAnta kA ullekha huA hai jaina darzana meM usI vicAraNA kI vikasita eva navarUpAyita ami vyakti hai jahAM prANI mAtra kI svataMtratA, samatA evaM svAvalambita sthiti kA digdarzana karAyA gayA hai / " saMsAra meM ananta prANI haiM aura unameM se pratyeka meM jIvAtmA vidyamAna hai / karmabaMdha ke phalasvarUpa jIvAtmAyeM jIvana kI nAnA dazAoM, nAnA yoniyoM, nAnA prakAra ke zarIroM evaM avasthAoM meM parilakSita hotI haiM kintu sabhI meM jJAnAtmaka vikAsa ke dvArA uccatama vikAsa kI samAna zaktiyAM nihita haiN| jaba sabhI prANI apanI mukti cAhate haiM tathA svayaM ke prayatnoM se hI usa mArga taka pahu~ca sakate haiM tathA koI kisI ke mArga meM tatvataH bAdhaka nahIM taba phira kisI se saMgharSa kA prazna hI kahA~ uThatA hai ? zArIrika 47 evaM mAnasika viSamatAoM kA kAraNa karmoM kA bheda hai| jIvana zarIra se bhinna evaM caitanya kA kAraNa hai| jaba sarva karmoM kA kSaya hotA hai to pratyeka jIva ananta jJAna, ananta zraddhA evaM ananta zakti se svataH sampanna ho jAtA hai mahAvIra ne vyakti ke carama puruSArtha ko hI nahIM jagAyA; prajJA, viveka evaM AcaraNa ke bala para adhyAtma patha kA anuvartana karanevAle dhArmika mAnava ko devatAoM kA bhI upAsya banA viyA / unhoMne kahA ki ahiMsA, saMyama evaM tapa rUpa dharma kI sAdhanA karanevAle sAdhaka ko devatA bhI namaskAra karate haiN| isake atirakti jaina darzana meM ahiMsAvAda para AdhArita kSamA maMtrI, svasaMyama tathA paraprANiyoM ko Atma tulya dekhane kI bhAvanA para bahuta bala diyA gayA hai| Atma svarUpa ko pahacAnane meM apane ko galAnA par3atA hai, mamatva bhAva ko tyAganA par3atA hai aura usa sthii meM AtmA ko jAnane kA artha 'sambhAva' ho jAnA hotA hai / AtmAnusaMdhAna prakriyA meM yadi vyakti apane ko saMsAra kI pUjA-pratiSThA kA adhikArI mAna baiThatA hai to sAdhanA kA dambha sArI tapasyA ko niSphala kara detA hai use sadaiva saMpata suvrata, tapasvI evaM Atma- gaveSaka rahanA caahiye| satat AtmAnusadhAna hI sAdhanA hai| aise sAdhaka ke mana meM apanI prazaMsA sunane kA prazna hI upasthita nahIM hotA kyoMki vaha sarakAra tathA pUjApratiSThA kI icchA hI nahIM rakhatA, namaskAra tathA vaMdanA karAne kI bhAvanA hI nahIM rakhatA 'sva' ko pUrI taraha se tyAgakara Atma- gaveSaka eka ko jAnakara saba ko jAna letA hai eka ko jAnane kA artha hI hai sabako jAnanA tathA sabako jAnanA hI eka ko jAnanA hai / yaha darzana sAdhanA kI paramparA avichinna rahI aura isane 'ikAI' ko parama paramArthatA, anantatA evaM sarvavyApakatA ke guNa pradAna kiye| jaba zaMkarAcArya 'ahaM bramhAsmi' kI bAta karate haiM yA kabIra "maiM saba hinha

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mahi aurani maiM haiM saba" kA svara gu jAte haiM to jaina apane ko bA~dhakara hI prema kA vistAra hotA hai| darzana kI isa vicAradhArA ke samIpa pahuMca jAte haiM yaha karmoM kA baMdhana nahIM; saMyama kA sahaja AcaraNa hai| jahA~ jIva hI paramezvara ho jAtA hai| itanA antara mana ke kapATa khula jAte haiM; jagata ke samasta jIvoM meM avazya hai ki jahA~ zaMkarAcArya evaM kabIra piNDa meM apanI AtmAtulyatA dRSTigata hone lagatI hai; rAgabrahmANDa tathA brahmANDa meM piNDa kI bAta karate haiM vahA~ dvaSa kI sImAoM se Upara uThakara vyakti samyag jJAna, jaina darzana meM AtmAyeM anantAnanta haiM tathA pariNAmI samyag darzana evaM samyag cAritrya se yugoM-yugoM ke karmasvarUpa haiM kintu cetanA svarUpa hone ke kAraNa eka baMdhana kATa pheMkatA hai| isI kAraNa bhagavAna ne kahA jIvAtmA apane rUpa meM rahate hue bhI jJAna ke ananta ki jo jJAnI AtmA isa loka meM choTe-bar3e sabhI payAryoM kA grahaNa kara sakatI hai| prANiyoM ko Atmatulya dekhate haiM, SaTadravyAtmaka isa mahAna loka kA sUkSmatA se nirIkSaNa karate haiM tathA apramattavyakti kI icchAyeM AkAza ke samAna ananta haiN| bhAva se saMyama meM rata rahate haiM-ve hI mokSa ke adhikArI AtmArthI sAdhaka Amyantara evaM vAhya donoM parigrahoM haiN| isI kAraNa AcArya samantabhadra ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ko tyAga detA hai| kAmanAoM kA anta karanA hI dukha ke upadeza ko "sarvodaya tIrtha" kahA hai| kA anta hai Adhunika bauddhika evaM tAkika yuga meM darzana aisA usa sthiti meM sAdhaka ko vastu ke prati mamatva bhAva honA cAhiye jo Agraha-rahita dRSTi se satyAnveSaNa kI nahIM raha jaataa| apane zarIra se bhI mamatva chaTa preraNA de ske| isa dRSTi se jaina-darzana kA anekAntajAtA hai| vAda vyakti ke ahaMkAra ko jhakajhoratA hai; usakI usI sthiti meM sAdhaka kI dRSTi vistRta se vistRta- Atyantika dRSTi ke sAmane praznavAcaka cinha lagAtA hai| tara hotI hai aura use patA calatA hai ki svarUpata. anekAntavAda yaha sthApanA karatA hai ki pratyeka padArtha meM sabhI AtmAyeM eka haiN| vividha guNa evaM dharma hote haiN| satya kA sampUrNa sAkSAtkAra sAmAnya vyakti dvArA ekadama sambhava nahIM isI kAraNa bhagavAna ne samasta jIvoM para maitrIbhAva ho paataa| apanI sImita dRSTi se dekhane para hameM vastU rakhane evaM samasta saMsAra ko samabhAva se dekhane kA ke ekAMgI guNa-dharma kA jJAna hotA hai| vibhinna koNoM nirdeza kiyaa| 'zramaNa' kI vyAkhyA karate hue usakI se dekhane para eka hI vastu hameM bhinna prakAra kI laga sArthakatA samasta prANiyoM ke prati samadRSTi rakhane meM sakatI hai tathA eka sthAna se dekhane para bhI vibhinna batalAyI / samabhAva kI sAdhanA vyakti ko zramaNa dRSTAoM kI pratItiyA~ bhinna ho sakatI haiN| bhArata meM banAtI hai| jisa kSaNa koI vyakti "sUryodaya' dekha rahA hai, saMsAra bhagavAna ne kahA ki jAti kI koI vizeSatA nahIM; meM dUsare sthala se usI kSaNa kisI vyakti ko 'sUryAsta" jAti aura kula se trANa nahIM hotA; prANI mAva Atma- ke darzana hote haiN| vyakti eka hI hotA hai usase tulya hai| isa kAraNa prANiyoM ke prati Atmatulya bhAva vibhinna vyaktiyoM ke alaga-alaga prakAra ke sambandha hote rakho; AtmatUlya samajho, sabake prati maitrI bhAva rakho, haiN| eka hI vastu meM paraspara do viruddha dharmoM kA samasta saMsAra ko samabhAva se dekho / samabhAva ke mahatva astitva sambhava hai / isameM anizcitatA kI mana:sthiti kA pratipAdana unhoMne yaha kahakara kiyA ki Arya banAne kI bAta nahIM hai; vastu ke sApekSa dRSTi se mahApuruSoM ne ise hI dharma khaa| virodhI guNoM ko pahacAna pAne kI bAta hai| sArvabhaumika

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dRSTi se dekhane para jo tatsvarUpa hai, eka hai, satya hai, karake apanI sImA nahIM mAna letA pratyuta samasta nitya hai, vahI sImita evaM vyAvahArika dRSTi se dekhane sambhAvita sthitiyoM kI khoja karane ke anantara parama para atat, aneka, asatya evaM anitya hai| evaM nirapekSa satya ko udghATita karane kA prayAsa karatA hai / padArtha ko pratyeka koNa se dekhane kA prayAsa karanA caahiye| hama jo kaha rahe haiM-kevala yahI satya hai syAdvAdI darzana meM "syAta" "nipAta" "zAyada", yaha hamArA Agraha hai| hama jo kaha rahe haiM -- yaha bhI "sambhavataH", "kadAcit" kA arthavAhaka na hokara samasta apanI dRSTi se ThIka ho sakatA hai| hameM yaha bhI dekhanA sambhAvita sApekSya guNoM evaM dharmoM kA bodha karAkara cAhiye ki vicAra ko vyakta karane kA hamAre evaM dUsare dhra va evaM nizcaya taka pahuMca pAne kA vAhaka hai; "byavahAra" vyaktiyoM ke pAsa jo sAdhana hai usakI kitanI sImAeM meM vastu meM antavirodhI guNoM kI pratIti kara lene ke haiM / kAla kI dRSTi se bhASA ke pratyeka avayava meM uparAnta "nizcaya' dvArA usako usake samagra evaM parivartana hotA rahatA hai| kSetra kI dRSTi se bhASA ke akhaNDa rUpa meM dekhane kA darzana hai| hAthI ko usake rUpoM meM antara hotA hai| hama jina zabdoM evaM vAkyoM bhinna-bhinna khaNDoM se dekhane para jo virodhI pratItiyA~ se saMpreSaNa karanA cAhate haiM usakI bhI kitanI sImAeM hotI haiM usake anantara usako usake samagra rUpa meM haiM / "rAdhA gAne vAlI hai" isakA artha do zrotA alaga- dekhanA hai| isa prakAra yaha saMdeha utpanna karanevAlA alaga lagA sakate haiN| pratyeka zabda bhI "vastu" ko darzana na hokara sandehoM kA parIkSaNa karane ke uparAnta nahIM kisI vastu ke bhAva ko batalAtA hai jo vaktA evaM unakA parihAra kara sakanevAlA darzana hai| yaha darzana zrotA donoM ke sandarbha meM buddhistha mAtra hotA hai| to zogha kI vaijJAnika paddhati hai / "vivecya" ko usake "pratyeka vyakti apane ghara jAtA hai" kintu pratyeka kA pratyeka starAnurUpa vizleSita kara vivecita karate hue "ghara" alaga hotA hai / saMsAra meM eka hI prakAra kI vargabaddha karane ke anantara saMzliSTa satya taka pahu~cane vastu ke lie kitane bhinna zabda haiM -- isakI nizcita kI vidhi hai / vijJAna kevala jar3a kA adhyayana karatA hai| saMkhyA nahIM batalAyI jA sakatI / eka hI bhASA meM eka syAdvAda ne pratyeka satya kI khoja kI paddhati pradAna kI hI zabda bhinna arthoM aura artha-chAyAoM meM prayukta hotA hai| isa prakAra yadi hama prajAtantrAtmaka yuga meM vaijJAnika hai, isI kAraNa abhipreta artha kI pratIti na karA pAne DhaMga se satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA cAhate haiM to para vaktA ko zrotA se kahanA par3atA hai ki merA yaha anekAnta se daSTi lekara syAdvAdI praNAlI dvArA hI vaha abhiprAya nahIM thA apitu mere kahane kA matalaba yaha kara sakate haiN| thA-dUsare ke abhiprAya ko na samajha sakane ke kAraNa mahAna vaijJAnika AinsTIna kA sApekSavAda evaM isa vizva meM kitane saMgharSa hote haiM ? syAdvAda vastu ke jaina darzana kA anekAntavAda vaicArika dharAtala kAphI virodhI gurgoM kI pratItiyoM dvArA usake antima satya nikaTa hai| AinsTIna mAnatA hai ki vividha sApekSya taka pahuMca sakane kI kSamatA eva paddhati pradAna karatA hai| sthitiyoM meM eka hI vastu meM vividha virodhI guNa pAye jaba koI vyakti khoja ke mArga meM kisI vastu ke jAte haiN| "syAta" artha kI daSTi se "sApekSya" ke sambandha meM apane "sandhAna" ko antima mAnakara baiTha sabase nikaTa hai| jAnA cAhatA hai, taba syAdvAda saMbhAvanAoM evaM zakyatAoM kA mArga prazasta kara anusandhAna kI preraNA AinsTIna ke matAnusAra satya do prakAra ke hote detA hai| syAdvAda kevala sambhAvanAoM ko hI vyakta haiM-(1) sApekSya satya, aura (2) nitya satya / 43

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AinsTIna ke matAnusAra hama kevala sApekSa satya vaijJAnika evaM sAmAjika donoM taraha kI samasyAoM kA ko jAnate haiM; nitya satya kA jJAna to sarva vizvadaSTA / ahiMsAtmaka samAdhAna hai| yaha darzana Aja kI prajAko hI ho sakatA hai| tantrAtmaka zAsana-vyavasthA evaM vaijJAnika sApekSavAdI cintana ke bhI anurUpa hai| isa sambandha meM sarvapallI jainadarzana ekatva evaM nAnAtva donoM ko satya mAnatA hai| astitva kI dRSTi se saba dradhya eka haiM, rAdhAkRSNana kA yaha vAkya ki "jaina-darzana sarva sAdhAraNa ko purohita ke samAna dhArmika adhikAra pradAna ata: ekatva bhI satya hai; upayogitA kI dRSTi se dravya karatA hai" atyanta saMgata evaM sArthaka hai / "ahisA paramo aneka haiM ataH nAnAtva bhI satya hai| dharmaH" ko cintana-kendraka mAnane para hI sasAra yuddha evaM vastu ke guNa-dharma cAhe naya-viSayaka ho cAhe hiMsA kA vAtAvaraNa samApta ho sakatA hai| AdamI ke pramANa-viSayaka, ve sApekSa hote haiM / vastu ko akhaNDa bhItara kI azAnti, udvega evaM mAnasika tanAvoM ko bhAva se jAnanA pramANa-jJAna hai tathA vastu ke eka aMza yadi dUra karanA hai aura antata: mAnava ke astitva ko ko mukhya karake jAnanA nayajJAna hai| vanAye rakhanA hai to bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI ko yugIna samasyAoM evaM paristhitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM vyAkhyAvijJAna kI jo adhyayana-pravidhi hai, jaina-darzana meM yita karanA hogaa| yaha aisI vANI hai jo mAnava-mAtra jJAnI kI vahI sthiti hai| jo naya-jJAna kA Azraya ke lie samAna mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA karatI hai| letA hai vaha jJAnI hai| anekAntAtmaka vastu ke eka-eka sApekSavAdI sAmAjika saMracanAtmaka vyavasthA kA aMza ko grahaNa karake jJAnI jJAna prApta karatA calatA cintana prastuta karatI hai; pUrvAgraha-rahita udAra dRSTi se hai / ekAnta ke Agraha se mukta hone ke lie yahI paddhati eka-dUsare ko samajhane aura svayaM ko talAzane-jAnane ke ThIka hai| lie anekAntavAdI jIvana dRSTi pradAna karatI hai| samAja isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jisa jIvana-darzana ke pratyeka sadasya ko samAna adhikAra evaM sva-prayatna ko pratipAdita kiyA hai, vaha Aja ke mAnava kI mano- se vikAsa karane kA sAdhana juTAtI hai|

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mahAvIra CT sAmyavAda paripUrNAnanda varmA Ajakala sAmyavAda kI bar3I carcA hai aura bahuta se loga jAnanA cAhate haiM ki mahAvIra kA mata isa viSaya meM kyA hai| sAmyavAda ke liye "sozalijma" zabda sabase pahale sana 1838 meM phrAMsa ke piyara lUre ne gar3hA thaa| isakA sakriya rUpa banAne meM 18-19 vIM sadI meM seMTa sAimana, TAma pena, viliyana goDavina aura viliyana gauDavina ne bhUmikA taiyAra kI thii| phrAMsa ke phuTiyara tathA iglaiMDa ke raubarTa auvena ne isakI rUpa rekhA taiyAra kI para isakA vAstavika rUpa kArlamAksa tathA phrIDariza eMjIlA ke san 1848 kI vijJapti meM prakaTa huaa| isI ko, isI sAmyavAda ko "kamyUnijma' kahate haiN| cUMki kamyUnijma meM Izvara ko koI sthAna nahIM hai isIliye kucha logoM kA vicAra hai ki jaina sAmyavAda ke adhika nikaTa haiN| para isI videzI sAmyavAda ke liye jarmana kavi hInariza hIna (1797-1856) ne likhA thA ki "yaha bhUkha IrSyA tathA mRtyu kA dUta hai|" Aja kI sthiti meM yaha bAta satya se dUra nahIM hai| eka amerikana pAdarI epha. DI. haTiMgaTana (1819-1904) ne likhA thA ki "sAmyavAda svataMtratA tathA samAnatA ke liye aMdhI bhUkha hai|" ebanejera iliyaTa (1781-1849) nAmaka briTiza kavi ne ise "apanA eka paisA dekara ApakA eka rupayA chInane vAlA" vAda kahA thaa| Ajakala loga kyA kahate haiM, yaha hama denA nahIM caahte| rAjanIti para hama nahIM likha mahAvIra kA sAmyavAda ina sabhI doSoM se mukta hai| jaba ve kahate haiM ki hara eka meM prANa haiM, jIva hai, kisI ko kaSTa na do, sabako apane samAna samajho, "jIo aura jIne do", "dhana kA saMcaya mata karo", "aparigraha dhAraNa karo", "dhana dene ke liye hai", sammRddhi kA abhimAna choDa do, dAna karo, apanA dhana bAMTa do, mana bacana yA karma se bhI na kisI kA kucha apaharaNa . karo, na kaSTa pahacAo, taba sAmyavAda meM aura kyA bAkI rhaa| dUsare kI sampatti chInanA 51

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asthAyI sAmyavAda hai| hiMsaka sAmyavAda hai| apanI jisa dharma meM kevala apane Apako jItanA sabase sampatti dUsaroM meM bA~Takara upayoga karanA ahiMsaka bar3I vijaya ho, vaha vAstavika sAmyavAdI dharma hai| sAmyavAda hai / mahAvIra kahate haiM : Aja ke laukika sAmyavAda se na kahIM sukha hai, na kahIM zAnti, kevala azAnti kA eka hAhAkAra macA huA hai| jahA~ lAhau tahA~ loho lAhA loho pavaDaDhaI / vaha sAmyavAda saMgharSavAda bana gayA hai| ahiMsA aura do mAsakaya kajjaM koDIe vi na niThThiyaM / / syAbAda meM zraddhA rakhane vAlA apaharaNakartA nahIM ho jaise lAbha hotA hai. vaise lobha hotA hai, lAbha se / sakatA / bhagavat gItA meM vaNita samatva kI bhAvanA tathA lobha bar3hatA hai| do mAze sone se pUrA hone vAlA kAma bhagavAna mahAvIra kA samabhAva hI asalI sAmyavAda karor3a se bhI pUrA nahIM huaa| mahAvIra ne kitanA sundara bacana kahA hai :ve kahate haiM : nimmamo nirahaMkAro nissaMgo cttgaarvo| suvaNNa rUppassa tu pavvayA bhave, samoyo saba bhUesu tasesu thAvaresu ya // siyA hu kailAsa sabhA asaMkhyA / "mamatva rahita, ahaMkAra rahita, nirlepa gaurava ko narassa luddhassa na tehiM kiMci, tyAgane vAlA, trasa aura sthAvara sabhI jIvoM meM samabhAva icchA u AgAsa samA aNantiyA rakhane vAlA muni hotA hai|" yuga kA varadAna kadAcit sone aura cA~dI ke kailAza parvata ke samAna jaina dharma ke manoyoga, bacanayoga tathA kAmayoga ke asaMkhya parvata ho jAye to bhI lobhI puruSa ko unase kucha jAtako koI nahIM kATa sakatA. haThayoga kI koI bhI bhI nahIM hotA, kyoMki icchA AkAza ke samAna ananta kriyA binA ina tIna ke pUrI nahIM ho sktii| jIva meM do prakAna ke bhoga hote haiM--abhisaMdhibhoga--jisameM vaha apane se kAma karatA hai jaise calanA, uThanA, kAma karanA, punaH kahA hai : tathA dUsarA hai anubhisaMdhi yoga jo kArya nidrA. dhyAna, "dhaNeNa kiM dhmmdhuuraahigaare|" cintana ke samaya hotA rahatA hai| jIva kA yahI caitadhana se dharma kI gAr3hI kaba calatI hai| nyatva hai| jIva ajIva kA saMbhoga, jIva pudgala tathA "na e nittAsae parama / " paryAya ke siddhAnta, padArtha dvArA karma baMdhana inako dUsaroM ko trasta mata kro| vaijJAnika rUpa se bhI jisane samajhane kI ceSTA kI, vaha isa "satya" kI garimA ko svIkAra karegA, cAhe vaha mahAvIra ke anusAra : kisI dharma ke sambandha meM bhI vivecana kre| jaina darzana ne duSkarma kA vicAra uThAnA bhI pApa aura bandhana kA sale kAmI vise kAmA AsI visovamA / kAraNa batalAyA hai| Aja kA nyAya zAstra "vicAra kAme patthemANA akAmA janti do gaI / yA nIyata" para bahuta jora detA hai / bauddha dharma meM "kAma bhoga zalya haiM, viSa haiM aura AzI viSa sarpa "gupta guNa" kahA gayA hai jisameM ki manuSya binA kisI ke tulya hai| kAma-bhoga kI icchA karane vAle, unakA kI jAnakArI ke sadvicAra rakhatA hai aura usakA pAlana sevana na karate hue bhI durgati ko prApta karate haiN|" karatA hai| 52

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jaina dharma ke sadAcAra meM sadvicAra parama "mahAvIra ke upadeza eka usa vijayI AtmA ke Avazyaka hai| mahAvIra ne paryAya kI, dravya kI pudgala vijaya gAna ke samAna haiM jisane isI saMsAra meM chuTakArA kI jo vyAkhyA kI hai tathA jIva-ajIva, jIva tathA svataMtratA tathA mukti prApta kara lI hai--unake Adeza padArtha kI jisa milIjulI sattA kA vivecana kiyA hai, hara eka ke liye anivArya nahIM haiN| jo binA unako svIusI ko dUsare zabdoM meM tapasvI aravinda ghoSa ne bhI kAra kiye bhI anubhava se jJAna prApta kiye binA hI usa svIkAra kiyA hai| mArga para calane lagate haiM, ve bhI apanI AtmA kI eka svaritA naSTa hone se aura usake gandalA hone ke bhaya jaina dharma kI prAcInatA ke bAre meM aba koI vivAda se vaca jAte haiN|" bhI nahIM rhaa| jaikobI ke anusAra pArzva aitihAsika DA. phailiksa vAlvo likhate haiM :-- satya haiM / lekhaka kItha ke anusAra pArzva kA janma IsApUrva 740 meM huA thaa| jaina mahApurANa (uttara __ "binA kisI zaMkA yA sandeha ke, nizcaya pUrvaka purANa, parva 74, pRSTha 462) ke anusAra pAzve mahAvIra mahAvIra apane hI udAharaNa se yaha dikhalA dete haiM ki ke pUrva 23veM tIrthakara the / pArzva ke ziSya zrI kumAra mAnava ke mastiSka ko kisa prakAra saMyama meM lAyA jA ne mahAvIra ke pitA ko jaina dharma kI dIkSA dI thI / sakatA hai aura usa para aisA anuzAsana ho sakatA hai DA. bAthama ne pArzva dvArA jaina dharma ke pracAra kA varNana ki eka hI jIvana meM uccatama bauddhika tathA AdhyAtmika kiyA hai| DA. glasenepa ne apane graMtha meM likhA hai ki sImA para pahuMca jaay|" bauddha dharma ke bahuta pahale se jaina dharma bhArata meM pracalita thaa| uttara purANa (74/2) ke anusAra inake vAlya kAla meM hI vardhamAna kA darzana kara unake teja ko dekhakara mahAvIra ne purAnI zramaNa paramparA ko aura jAga saMjaya tathA vijaya nAmaka do tapasviyoM ne unakA nAma rUka aura paripakva kiyA hai| DA. alaphreDa pArkara ke "sanmati" rakhA thaa| mahAvIra kaliyuga ke varadAna haiN| zabdoM meM : hama unase "sanmati" kI yAcanA karate haiM / "mahAvIra ke vicAra-mAnava karttavya zAstra kI uccatama abhivyakti haiM / ahiMsA kA mahAna niyama, sabase balavAna maulika siddhAnta hai jisake AdhAra para mAnava mAtra ke kalyANa ke liye eka naitika jagata kI racanA ho sakatI hai|" Aja manuSya punaH vicAra karane lagA hai ki Atmacintana tathA ekAnta meM svarUpa lakSaNa kitanA Avazyaka hai| binA Atma-cintana hama asalI tatva taka nahIM pahu~ca sakate / svAmI satyAnanda sarasvatI ne san 1975 meM hI prakAzita apanI pustaka meM likhA hai ki binA Atmacintana ke Atma jJAna nahIM hI sktaa| pUrI mImAMsA ke sAtha jaina mata yahI kahatA hai / itAliyana vidvAna DA. alabarTI pogI likhate haiM: -

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vizva zAnti ke sandarbha meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA sandeza prajAtantra kI rakSA aura sthAyI zAnti kI sthApanA ke nAma para lar3e gae dvitIya vizvayuddha ke antima daura meM amarIkA dvArA nAgAzAkI aura hIrozimA para bamavarSA ke mAdhyama se yuddha vijaya kA mArga prazasta ho jAne 0 yU0 ena0 vAcchAvata ke bAda se vizva kI pramukha zaktiyoM meM aNu AyudhoM kI aisI hor3a macI, jisane Aja unheM pragati ke usa sopAna sampUrNa vizva Aja azAnti aura asurakSA ke gambhIra daura se gujara taka pahuMcA diyA hai, jahA~ se kucha kSaNa rahA hai / sampUrNa mAnava samAja yuddha kI vibhISikA se bhayagrasta hai| vikAsa meM hI sampUrNa mAnava sabhyatA ko samApta ke kAlacakra meM mAnava sabhyatA ko bhautika pragati ke kSetra meM ullekhanIya kiyA jA sakatA hai / pariNAmasvarUpa upalabdhiyA~ prApta kara jahA~ eka ora bhautika dRSTi se sazakta evaM vikAsa- vizva ke pramukha zaktizAlI deza do zIla banAyA hai vahA~ dUsarI ora mAnavIya pakSa kI dRSTi se vaha nitya khemoM meM veTa gae, aura kaI choTe aura prati nirbala hotI jA rahI hai| bhautika pragati kI daur3a meM aMdhI vartamAna azakta deza asurakSA ke bhaya se unake sabhyatA kA rukha mAnava kalyANa se haTakara zakti upArjana kI ora ho sAtha ho liye| jAne ke pariNAmasvarUpa mAnavIya AdhAroM para bhotika pragati kI sthApanA kI dizA se haTakara, mAnanIya samAja vyavasthA bhautika AdhAroM para vizvavijaya kI duSkalpanA kI nirbhara hotI gii| bhautika pragati ke nita nae kIrtimAnoM kI sthApanA aMdhI dIr3a meM ina vizva zaktiyoM ne aise kI hor3a meM mAnava sabhyatA jitanA adhika bhautikavAdI jaMjAla meM phaMsatI astra-zastra nirmANa kara liye haiM, jisase jitanA vipakSI ke astitva ko rahI, mAnavIya mUlya utane hI adhika naSTa hote rhe| bhaya hai, unake svayaM ke Astitva ko - yoM to itihAsa ke pRSTha sattA lipsA ke kAraNa honevAle yuddhoM, nara- bhI usase kama bhaya nahIM haiM / saMhAra aura raktapAta jaisI hiMsAtmaka ghaTanAoM se bhare par3e haiN| ghaNA, Aja yaha spaSTa hai ki yadi deSa aura sattAlipsA ke kAraNa samaya-samaya para tathAkathita yoddhAoM tIsarA vizvayuddha haA to usameM ina evaM rAjanetAoM dvArA rAjanItika evaM dhArmika kAraNoM se "zAnti ke saMhAraka AyudhoM kA prayoga nizcita hai, liye yuddha" kI duhAI dekara jana zakti ko yuddha kI vibhISikA meM jhoMka- jo sampUrNa mAnava sabhyatA ko naSTa kara kara mAnavIya malyoM kA galA ghoMTA jAtA rahA hai| isI zatAbdI meM degaa| pariNAmasvarUpa var3I zaktiyA~ pichale do vizvayuddha bhI isI AdhAra para lar3e gae, parantu ina sabake bhI vizvayUddha se bacane ko tatpara to bAvajada bhI mAnava sabhyatA ke astitva ko itanA bar3A khatarA kabhI nahIM rahIM, para unake madhya vyApta pa ra rahA jitanA Aja hai| svArtha poSaNa, sattA lipsA tathA 54

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vaicArika saMgharSa ne "zIta yuddha' ko janma diyA 1 karate haiN|" isa prakAra mahAvIra ne prANImAtra para dayA jisa mAnavIya svarUpa meM isakA saMcAlana haA hai usane karane aura unase samAna vyavahAra kA vicAra dekara yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki zItayuddhoM aura gRhayuddhoM kA uccatama ahiMsaka pratimAnoM kI sthApanA kii| bistAra Aja kisI bhI samaya aise vizvayuddha kA rUpa le ahiMsA brata ke pAlana meM unhoMne prANImAtra para sakatA hai jo sampUrNa mAnava sabhyatA ko naSTa kara de| dayA karane aura vaicArika evaM vyAvahArika donoM hI azAnti aura surakSA ke isa khataranAka daura ke svarUpoM meM pratyeka jIva ke prati dayAmaya rahate hue unase mUla meM jhAMkane aura usake nidAna para vicAra karane samAna vyavahAra karane para bala diyaa| unhoMne ahiMsA para barabasa hI hamArI dRSTi una sArI bAtoM para hI kI sakArAtmaka vyAkhyA kI aura kahA ki "sabhI prANI jAkara ThaharatI hai jo tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne Aja se samAna hai, sabhI jIvoM kI AtmA eka-sI hai, koI paccIsa zatAbdiyoM pUrva kahI thiiN| tIrtha kara mahAvIra kisI se U~cA yA nIcA nahIM hai| isa kAraNa sabhI kA yaga bhI hiMsA, ghaNA, dveSa, viSamatA aura vaimanasya jIvoM ko dUsare prANiyoM se vaisA vyavahAra karanA ke viSAkta vAtAvaraNa se grasta thA / vartamAna mahAvIra cAhie, jaisA ki vaha dUsaroM se apekSA karatA hai|" isI vAtAvaraNa se preraNA grahaNa kara, rAjapATa chor3a, isa prakAra mahAvIra ne samAja kI ikAI manuSya ke mAnava samAja ko azAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa se mukta karAne vyaktigata jIvana meM ahiMsaka rahane, sadAcaraNa kA pAlana kA mArga khojane ko sakalpabaddha ho, sthAyI zAMti kI kara rAjana ritra banane para bala diyaa| khoja meM nikala pdd'e| anekoM varSoM kI kaThora sAdhanA Aja vizva zAnti ko khatarA hone kA mUla kAraNa aura cintana ke pazcAta kevalajJAna kI sthiti ko yahI hai ki usameM rASTra yA varga ke astitva para to prApta kara mahAvIra ne prANImAtra ke kalyANArtha jo atyadhika mahatva diyA jA rahA hai, usakI pragati kI sandeza diyA, usakA mUlAdhAra unakA satya, ahiMsA, bAta kI jAtI hai, parantu usake samakSa vyakti ko, prema, karuNA, sahaastitva, aparigraha, anekAntabAda aura arthAta mAnavIya jIvana aura caritra ko gauNa banA diyA syAdvAda kA zAzvata sandeza hai| gayA hai| mahAvIra ne pratyeka ikAI ke sudhAra para bala tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne kahA ki "sabhI prANiyoM ko diyA aura sabhI ke prathak prathak astitva ko svIkArA apanA jIvana pyArA hai, sukha sabako acchA lagatA haiM, mahAvIra ne na kevala prANImAtra kI rakSA para varan duHkha buraa| sabhI jovoM ke prati maitrI bhAva rakhanA pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ke jIvoM kI caahie| saMsAra meM jitane duHkha haiM, ve saba hiMsA se rakSA para bhI bala diyaa| unhoMne kisI prANI kI hatyA utpanna haiM, ata: kisI kI hiMsA mata karo, kisI ko ko hI hiMsA nahIM kahA, varan mana meM yA vaicArika trAsa mata pahu~cAo" unhoMne na kevala manuSya para varana dRSTi se kiye gaye hiMsaka kAryoM ke samarthana ko bhI hiMsA prANImAtra para dayA kA upadeza de, hiMsA ko hI sabhI kahA / Aja jaba kahIM zAnti kI bAta kI jAtI hai, duHkhoM kA kAraka tatva batAyA / isa kAraNa unhoMne jIvana vahA~ kevala yuddha ko TAlane athavA mAnavIya hiMsA se meM ahiMsA brata kA pUrNa pAlana karane ko prerita kara kahA, virata rahane ko hI ahiMsA mAnakara vicAra hotA hai, "jo svayaM ke lie tumheM nahIM rucatA hai. usakA vyavahAra jabaki mana kI hiMsA yA vaicArika hiMsA para na to dUsaroM ke lie mata kro| kisI bhI prANI kA ghAta vicAra hI hotA hai, na hI koI use chor3ane ko taiyAra mata kro| jisa prakAra tumheM sukha-duHkha kA anubhava hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sthAyI vizva zAnti kI sthAhai usI prakAra dUsare prANI bhI sukha-dukha kA anubhava panA kI dizA meM kie gaye prayAsa viphala ho jAte haiM / 55

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Aja meM rAjanItijJa yuddha ko sthAyI zAnti sthApanA ke donoM ke sAdhya samAna haiM, kevala sAdhanoM kA hI antara lie prayAsa nirusUti karane lage haiM, aura yuddha virAma hai, kyoMki mahAvIra kA aparigrahavAda ahiMsAmUlaka ko zAnti sthApanA / unakI najara meM yuddha vijaya se samAjavAda kA janaka hai, ahiMsA usakI AtmA hai, bar3I vIratA aura yuddha virAma se bar3I zAnti nahIM hai| jisase use alaga nahIM kiyA sakatA / isa prakAra yahI sabase bar3A bhrama hai / yahI sabase bar3A chala hai, jo mahAvIra kA aparigrahavAda ahiMsAmUlaka samAjavAda rAjanItijJa aura kUTanItijJa mAnavatA ke sAtha khela rahe kI sthApanA para bala detA hai, jo ki vicAradhArAoM arthazAstroM ke bala para yuddha kSetra meM nirbala para vijaya ke nAma para vizvazAnti ko utpanna khatare se mukti kA prApta kara lene meM kauna-sI bahAdurI hai, bahAdurI to sarvottama hala hai / / hiMsaka ke sammukha bhI nizcala, niSkAma bhAva se niDara mahAvIra ne apane sAre darnana meM vibhinna satroM kI hokara sthira rahane aura burAI tathA hiMsA kA Atmabala zrakhalA meM jo sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa aura nitAnta ke dvArA mukAbalA karane meM hai / isa prakAra ahiMsA maulika satra diyA vaha hai unakA anekAnta darzana jo vIroM kA astra hai, Aja mAnava jAti ko isake pAlane vibhinna vicAradhArAoM ke samanvaya para bala detA hai| kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai / hiMsA se nirmika zAnti, isa darzana ne vaicArika vyApakatA ke dvAra khola die. maraghaTa kI hI zAnti ho sakatI hai, kintu sthAyI zAnti isa dRSTi se yaha sarvAdhika pragatizIla vicAra hai jisameM kevala ahiMsA ke dvArA hI saMbhava hai / bastu ko ekAMgI svarUpa se na dekhakara vibhinna dRSTiyoM ahiMsA ke atirikta jina anya bAtoM para mahAvIra ke samanvaya karane ko kahA gayA hai| anekAnta darzana ne sarvAdhika bala diyA vaha hai samatAvAda aura apari- haThavAditA, ekAMgI dRSTikoNa evaM durAgraha rUpI doSoM grahavAda / unhoMne kahA ki sabhI jIva samAna haiM, unameM ko samApta kara vyApaka dRSTikoNa apanAne para bala AtmA kA samAna astitva hai, ataH sabhI ke astitva detA hai / Aja ina doSoM ke kAraNa bhI vizvazAnti ko ko svIkArA jAnA caahie| mahAvIra kA samatAvAda, pramukha khatarA hai| rASToM ke madhya paraspara vizvAsa kA Aja bhI vizva ke kaI kSetroM meM vyApta raMgabheda, vargabheda abhAva hai, unakI tItiyoM ke kriyAnvayana aura rAjajAti evaM varNabheda kA sarvottama hala hai / ye bheda Aja nItika vicAroM evaM praNAlI meM ekAMgI dRSTikoNa bhI vizvazAnti ke mArga meM bAdhA aura mAnavatA ke nihita hone se bhI sthAyI vizvazAnti sthApita nahIM mAthe para kalaMka ke rUpa meM bAdhaka Arthika ho pA rahI hai| kucha zAntipriya dezoM tathA rAjanItiyoM vaivamva evaM zoSaNa prakRti se mukti ke liye mahAvIra ne dvArA pradatta guTa nirapekSatA ke vicAra ke mala meM aparigrahavAda kA sandeza diyaa| unhoMne vastu yA dhana hameM anekAnta darzana hI saralakSita hotA hai / se lagAva yA mamatva ko aparigraha kaha isase vimukta isa prakAra vizvazAnti kI sthApanA pariprekSya rahane para bala diyA aura kahA ki AvazyakatA se meM jaba bhI hama tIrthakara mahAvIra ke darzana para vicAra saMgraha mata karo, sAtha hI apanI AvazkatAoM ko bhI karate haiM to Aja bhI vaha utanA hI nUtana, maulika, nAkAni evaM zAzvata pratIta hotA hai / unake hazcAta paccIsa zatAbdiyAM bIta jAne para bhI ahiMsA, samatA, aparikI unnAyaka mArksavAda aura samAjavAdI vicAra graha aura anekAnta ke siddhAMta sthAyI vizva zAti kI dhArAoM ke pariprekSya meM yadi hama mahAvIra ke aparigraha sthApanA hetu utane hI zAzvata aura kAragala haiM jitane vAda para dRSTipAta kareM to nizcita rUpa se vaha inase be unake kAla meM the Aja bhI unameM sthA bhI kahIM adhika pragatizIla siddhAMta pratIta hotA hai, kI sthApanA kA mArga nihita hai|

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bhAratIya kSitija para udita mahApuruSoM kI mahAna paramparA meM tIrthakara mahAvIra eka aise mahAmAnava the jinhoMne pracalita paramparAgata mAnyatAoM se haTakara uccatama mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA kii| unase pUrva kA samAja paramparAgata tathA kRtrima mUlyoM para AdhArita hone se viSamatA, pAkhaNDa, andhavizvAsa, rUr3higrastatA tathA saMkucita bhAvanAoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa jarjarita hotA jA rahA thA / canda-ucca sattA, pratiSThA evam adhikAra prApta zaktizAlI vyaktiyoM kA sampUrNa mAnava samAja vyavasthA para niyantraNa thaa| ise sthira rakhane ke uddezya se unhoMne samAja meM aisI dUSita vyavasthA ko janma de rakhA thA jisameM mAnavIya mUlyoM ko tilAMjali de dI gaI thii| Sama 30 mArca, I. pU. 599 (caitra zuklA trayodazI) ko vaizAlI ke rAjaparivAra meM janme rAjakumAra barddhamAna ne tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM se preraNA grahaNa kara, zramaNa tIrtha karoM kI paramparA ko Age bar3hAte hae ahiMsA mAnava dharma ke praNetA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ko samatAmayI bhUmikA meM pratiSThita kara usa yuga kI cintanadhArA ko sarvatra cunautI dI / zAsvata evam sarvAgINa darzana ke mAdhyama se unhoMne tatkAlIna samAja meM vyApta doSapUrNa vyavasthA ke vibhinna pakSoM, IzvaravAda, pAkhaNDavAda, vahudevopAsanA, karmakANDa, lokabhASA kA abhAva, narabali, pazavali tathA nArI jAti ke sAtha durvyavahAra jaisI kuprathAoM evaM vyavasthAoM se grasta sAmAjika vyavasthA para prahAra kara mAnavIya jIvana ke maulika pakSa ko prastuta kara mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA kii| saradArasiMha coraDiyA varNa vyavasthA kA khaNDana : varddhamAna mahAvIra ko jisa vyavasthA ke viruddha sarvAdhika saMgharSa karanA par3A, vaha thI tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita varNa vyavasthA, jo janmanA jAti ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hone se viSamatA kI pramukha 57

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ghaTaka thI brAhmaNa janmanA ucca evaM zudra janmanA tuccha, isa mAnyatA para AdhArita vyavasthA ne mAnava-mAnava meM bahuta bar3A bheda paidA kara diyA thA / mahAvIra ne isa vyavasthA kA tarkasaMgata khaNDana kara tatkAlIna samAja ko Andolita kara diyaa| tIrtha kara mahAvIra ne sabhI varNa aura jAti ke logoM ko samAna mAnava khaa| varddhamAna mahAvIra svayaM janmajAta jaina nahIM the| janma se ve kSatriya varNa ke kula meM paidA hue the| unhoMne Atmavijaya dvArA dveSa va moha kA nAza kara AtmA ko jItA, isa kAraNa ve jina khlaae| unake samavazaraNa ke dvAra na kevala mAnava mAtra ko varana prANImAtra ko khule the / usameM sabhI milajulakara baiThate the| unhoMne bAraha varSa kI kaThora tapasyA ke pazcAta niraMtara tIsa varSa taka bhramaNa kara jJAniyoM, alpazoM ucca evaM dalitoM tathA chata evam achUtoM ko jaina dharma meM dIkSita kara samAja meM pracalita anyAya, atyAcAra, kuprathA evaM durAcAra ke viruddha AvAja uThAyI aura sanmArga dikhAyA unake saMgha meM bhI sabhI varga va jAti ke loga the, unake gaNadhara indrabhUti Adi brAhmaNa kulotpanna tathA anekoM zrAvaka-zrAvikAeM vaizya kula kI thiiN| unake ziSyoM meM sakar3Ala kumhAra, arjuna mAlI, kaMsA DAkU, anurakta bhadrA nAmaka rAja karmacArI kI beTI tathA pApI aura nIca samajhe jAnevAle loga bhI the / dalitoddhAra : prANImAtra ke madhya samAnatA sthApanA kA vicAra dekara unhoMne mAnava samAja meM vyApta bhaya, kAyaratA, durAgraha pAkhaNDa evaM andhavizvAsa ko dUra kiyA tathA patitoM evaM dInoM ko gale lagAyA aura dhArmika jar3atA tathA anya zraddhA ko tor3akara jAtibheda va sAmAjika vaiSamya ke viruddha lokamata jAgrata kiyA tathA sudUra kSetroM meM apane upadeza de, jana jAgaraNa kara sAmAjika 58 krAMti kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| dalitoM evaM zoSitoM ke prati anyAya se vyathita mahAvIra ne unake uddhAra ko apanA eka pramukha lakSya bnaayaa| ve jahA~ bhI gae, unhoMne aise logoM ko prAthamikatA dI / unhoMne dRr3ha saMkalpa ho, zUdroM evaM evaM nArI jAti ke logoM ko apane dharma meM dIkSita kiyaa| harikezI cAMDAla, sahAsapUta kumbhakAra aura dAsI candavAlA (strI) ke lie unhoMne dharma ke dvAra khola die bihAra karate samaya eka bAra polAsapura gA~va ke bhramaNa meM daurAna sakar3Ala kumhAra kI prArthanA para ve saharSa usake yahA~ Thahare / isa prakAra dalitoM evaM zoSitoM ko samAja meM samAna evaM sammAnapUrNa sthAna dilAne ke lie kaTibaddha varddhamAna mahAvIra ne isa dizA meM navIna krAMti ko janma de unake lie AdhyA tmika sAdhanA ke dvAra khola die| avatAravAda kA khaNDana : tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne pUrva pracalita isa dhAraNA kA, ki-"sRSTi nirmAtA Izvara hI sabakA bhAgya vidhAtA hai" khaNDana kiyaa| unase pUrva dharmagurU isa dhAraNA para hI bala dete the, unhoMne isakI vyAkhyAoM meM ise aura jaTila banAte hue "rAjA ko Izvara kA avatAra " tathA "saMskRta ko devatAoM kI bhASA" bhI nirUpati kara diyA, aura yaha vizvAsa jAgrata evaM paidA kiyA ki manuSya kA kalyANa isa sRSTi nirmAtA Izvara kI pUjA arcanA se hI sambhava hai| rAjA, purohita eva paMDita svayaM isa Izvara ke pratIka evaM madhyastha bana gae aura unhoMne Izvara kI pUjA arcanA ko bhI jAti tathA varNa vizeSa kA hI adhikAra ghoSita kara diyaa| isa sArI vyavasthA ne samAja ko burI taraha jakar3a rakhA thaa| mahAvIra ne ina bandhanoM ko tor3A aura kahA ki sRSTi kA koI nirmAtA nahIM hai, vaha anAdi aura anaMta hai / yaha duniyA~ kisI eka Izvara ke bharose nahIM cala rahI hai| unhoMne buddhivAdI karmavAda kI dhAraNA pracalita kara hara vyakti ko lokabhASA meM mokSamArga DhUMr3hane kA

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mandeza diyA / isa dhAraNA kA ki rAjA Izvara kA avatAra manuSya svayaM bhAgyavidhAtA : hai, saMskRta devatAoM kI bhASA hai, aura usameM likhe kucha tIrthakara mahAvIra ne bhAgyavAda kA khaNDana kara grantha IzvarIya hai, khaNDana kara unhoMne kahA ki koI bhI kahA ki manuSya svayaM hI apane bhAgya kA vidhAtA hai, grantha IzvarIya nahIM hai, ve manuSya kI hI kRti haiM, manuSya koI anya zakti na to usake bhAgya ko nirdhArita hI pahale AyA aura grantha bAda meM / rAjA deva nahIM, na hI karatI hai, na hI usake karmoM ko saMcAlita / manuSya vaha Izvara kA avatAra haiM / mahAvIra ne kahA ki "rAjA bhAgya yA karma ke yaMtra kA pUrjA nahIM hai, bhAgya manuSya ko manuSya hai, use devatA mata kaho, eka sampanna manuSya kho|" nahIM banAtA, manuSya svayaM hI apane bhAgya kA nirmANa devoM para mAnava kI mahAnatA : karatA hai, vaha svayaM hI apanA bhAgya vidhAtA hai| vaha svayaM hI apane sukha duHkha kA kartA hai| isa prakAra tIrthakara mahAvIra ne samakAlIna mAnava ko mAnava mAnA, tathA svayaM ko bhI mAnava hI khaa| puruSArtha para bala : yahI kAraNa hai ki anya dharmoM kI taraha jaina dharma tIrtha- sukha prApti ke lie tIrtha kara mahAvIra ne puruSArtha karoM ke sAtha IzvarIya avatAra kI dhAraNA nahIM jaDI kA sandeza de sahajatA aura svAbhAvikatA para bala diyA hai| ve tapa va saMyama dvArA karmoM ko kSaya karake, AtmA unhoMne kahA ki-"tuma sukha-kahA~ DhUr3hate ho, vaha to tumameM ko sAdhanA se pahacAna kara, AtmasvabhAva ke ramaNa hI sthita hai, sukha bAhara nahIM bhItara hai / jisa rAga dveSa, karane kI prakriyA se, tIrtha kara bane / unhoMne caritra kI apane parAe meM tuma sukha duHkha kI kalpanA kara rahe ho, AvazyakatA tathA paMca mahAbata ahiMsA, satya, asteya, parigraha samRddhi meM sukha khoja rahe ho, vaha sukha kahA~ hai ? brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ke pAlana para bala diyA / vahA~ to duHkha kA aparampAra pArAvAra laharA rahA hai / unhoMne spaSTa kahA ki koI IzvarIya avatAra nahIM, "sukha anta: meM sthita hai, jise puruSArtha se hI prApta sabhI prANI samAna AtmA ko grahaNa karate haiM, deva kiyA jA sakatA hai|" mAnava se ucca nahIM, varan unake AdhIna haiM, jaina vAGa karmavAda : maya meM aise aneko udAharaNa bhare par3e haiM jinameM devoM dvArA mahAmAnavoM kI zaraNa va svAgata satkAra meM upa- yahI kAraNa hai ki apane jIvana darzana meM tIrtha kara sthita hone ke prasaMga haiM, javaki aisA eka bhI udAharaNa mahAvIra ne karmavAda ke mUlamaMtra kA prayoga kiyaa| nahIM jisameM mokSa prApti het Izvara yA devatAoM unhoMne kahA ki "sira muDAne mAtra se koI zramaNa nahIM yA unake avatAroM kI pUjA arcanA kA mArga apanAyA ho jAtA, OM raTane mAtra se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, unane anusAra pratyeka mAnava satkarmoM ke dvArA vanavAsa bhogane se koI muni nahIM bana jAtA, balki duSkarmo ko kSaya kara, AtmasAdhanA ke dvArA hI mokSa samatA se hI vyakti zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya se hI ko prApta kara sakatA hai| tIrthakara mahAvIra karuNA aura brAhmaNa, jJAna se hI muni tathA tapa se hI tpsvii| AdamI saMvedanA ke pratIka the / unhoMne kahA ki manuSya kI kSatriya, brAhmaNa vaizya, zUdra sirpha apane kArya se banatA hai|" mattA sarvocca hai| pratyeka AtmA kA apanA svatantra astitva hai, usameM ananta zakti vidyamAna hai / isa prakAra manuSya janma se nahIM karma se mahAna hai : tIrthakara mahAvIra ne devoM para mAnava kI mahAnatA siddha tIrthakara mahAvIra ne karmavAda kI dhAraNA de kara yaha kahA ki "manuSya janma se nahIM karma se mahAna hotA

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hai|" jAti vizeSa ko hI mokSa kI prApti kA adhikAra jJAna evaM karma kA savanvaya : hai isa dhAraNA kA khaNDana kara unhoMne kahA ki dharma ke isake lie mahAvIra ne jJAna aura karma ke samanvaya patha kA anuzaraNa janma dvArA nirdhArita na hokara usake para bala diyaa| mokSa prApti ke lie unhoMne samyaka bhAvanArUpI karma para Azrita hotA hai / jaisA kriyA darzana, samyaka jJAna evaM samyaka caritra rUpI ratnatraya ke kameM hogA, vaisA hI usakA bhoga hogaa| jIvAtmA svayaM pramANabaddha samanvaya para bala diyA / akelA jJAna, karma karatA hai aura svayaM hI phala bhogatA hai aura svayaM akelA darzana athavA akelA caritra hI manuSya ko du:kha hI vizva meM bhramaNa karatA hai / tathA svayaM bandhana se mukti ko aura nahIM le jA sktaa| isake lie jJAna, sadA ke lie mukta bhI ho jAtA hai| jaisA karma hogA, darzana aura AcaraNa kA samanvaya Avazyaka hai| jJAna vaisA milegaa| jaba taka pUrva karmoM kA kSaya nahIM hotA hIna karma aura karmahIna jJAna donoM hI vyartha haiM / jJAna taba taka mokSa prApta nahIM ho sktaa| satya kA AcaraNa aura Acarika satya kA jJAna donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| zuddha AtmA hI paramAtmA : samanvayavAdI darzana : ___mokSa prApti ke lie mahAvIra ne Atmazuddhi para mahAvIra kA darzana atyAdhika vyApaka hai jisameM bala diyaa| "zuddha AtmA hI paramAtmA kI dhAraNA de unhoMne kahA ki Izvaratva prApta karane ke sAdhanoM para so samanvayavAda para bala diyA gayA hai| anekAnta evaM syAkisI varga yA vyakti vizeSa kA adhikAra nahIM hai| dvAda darzana kA siddhAnta jaina darzana kI aisI maulika vaha to svayaM meM svatantra, mukta, nirlepa aura nivikAra upalabdhi hai jisane darzana zAstra ke jagata meM jJAna evaM hai / hara vyakti cAhe vaha kisI jAti, varga, dharma yA vikAsa ke nae dvAra khola die haiM, tathA vizva bhara ke cintakoM ko naI dizA dI hai| liMga kA ho, mana kI zuddhatA aura AcaraNa kI pavitratA ke bala para use prApta kara sakatA hai / isake isa prakAra tIrthakara mahAvIra ne aise mAnavadharma kI lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane kaSAyoM, krodha-mAna- sthApanA kI jisane prANImAtra kI mukti kA dvAra khola moha-lobha ko tyAga deM / manuSya ko mokSa prApti ke diyA aura eka aise jIvana darzana kI sthApanA kI lie apanI tRSNA se, vaira se, krodha se, moha se, bilAsa, jisane mAnava jagata ko naI dizA to dI hI, sAtha hI ahaMkAra evaM pramAda se mukti prApta karanA Avazyaka mAnava samAja meM uccatama mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA hai / inase mukti prApta AtmA hI zuddha AtmA hai aura kI, jo ki tIrthakara mahAvIra ke mAnavadharma kI mahatva vahI paramAtmA hai| pUrNa upalabdhi hai| do

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA sarvotarA zAsana sumera candra divAkara zAstrI asaMyama aura svacchandatA se sambandhita Aja ke bhayAvaha sthiti : vijJAna ne samasta vizva kI bar3I bhayAvaha sthiti utpanna kara dI hai / hiMsA kA viSAkta vAtAvaraNa aura AdhyA prAyaH pratyeka rASTra svArtha kI parAkASThA para tmika aMdhiyArI upra rUpa se bar3ha rahI hai| bar3e-bar3e pratiSThita dikhAI de rahA hai| lokanAyakoM kI hArdika rASTranAyaka zAnti, ekatA, ahiMsA aura zAMtipUrNa sthiti kA akabara ne ThIka citraNa kyiA hai: sahaastitva (Peaceful co-existence) kI sumadhura kauma ke gama meM pArTiyAM khAte haiM hakkAma ke saath| carcA karate haiM, kintu ve prayAsa isalie viphala hote haiM ki unake antaHkaraNa meM saccI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA nahIM raja lIDara ko bahuta hai, magara ArAma ke sAtha / hai / ve loga to zeksapiyara ke nATaka maikabetha vizva zAMti aura ahiMsA kI vANI dvArA carcA (Macbeth) ke ina zabdoM ke pratIka pratIta hote haiN| karate samaya hamAre monanIya rAjanItijJa karuNAmaya leDI maikabetha apane pati ko mAyAcAra kI isa prakAra AcaraNa kI ora tanika bhI dhyAna nahIM dete / DAiniMga zikSA detI hai, Tebila para vizva kalyANa kI maMtraNA karate samaya ye niraparAdha pazuoM kA mAMsa bar3I ruci se apane udara meM Look like an innocent flower praveza karAte hue tathA zarAba ko sUdhA tulya mAna pIte But be the serpent under it hae ahiMsA ke prakAza ko khojA karate haiN| aisI AsurIvRtti pUrNa sthiti meM ahiMsA se bheMTa hogI yA tuma puSpa ke samAna apanA nirdoSa rUpa darzAnA, kintu krUratApUrNa rAkSasI vRtti dikha par3egI ? vizvakavi ravi apane hRdaya meM viSadhara kI ghAtaka vRtti ko chipAe bAbU ne kahA thA "mahAzAMti kA saMbaMdha 'mahAprema' ke rakhanA (tAki zatruDaMkana kA vinAza kArya saMpanna ho sAtha hai" / kheda hai ki Aja loga jIvana kI pavitratA sake) / Aja rASTra ke karNadhAra haMsa kI manojJa mudrA (Sanctity of life) ke sthAna meM rI kI pavitratA dhAraNa kara bakarAja kA AcaraNa karate haiN| (Sanctity of knife) ko apane antaHkaraNa meM mAna

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baiThe haiM bhautika vijJAna ne jo ArAma kI sAmagrI ke sAtha meM sarvanAza karane vAle araNutrama Adi astra pradAna kiye haiM, usase sArA vizva gaharI cintA meM DUba gayA hai / sarvatra bhaya aura sneha zUnyatA kI pracaNDa pavana baha rahI hai / DaoN. ikabAla ne vartamAna hiMsAtmaka vikAsa kI vyaMgyAtmaka zailI meM ina zabdoM meM samIkSA kI hai jAna hI lene kI hikamata meM tarakkI dekhii| mauta kA rokanevAlA koI paidA na huA / dArzanika baTreMDa rasila ne likhA hai jisa arabama ke pheMke jAne para jApAna kA hirozimA nagara naSTa ho gayA, Aja usase paccIsa hajAra gune bama kA nirmANa ho cukA hai| unhoMne apanI pustaka Impact of Science on Sociology' meM likhA hai Some eminent authorities including Eienstein hav epointed out that there is a danger of the extinction of all life on this planet (P. 126 ) - AiMsTIna Adi kucha pramukha vizeSajJoM ne kahA hai ki vartamAna sthiti itanI bhayAvaha hai ki usase isa bhUmaMDala para vidyamAna jIvamAtra ke vinAza kI saMbhAvanA hai / svargIya rASTrapati DA. rAjendraprasAda ne apane eka vaktavya meM kahA thA, "jinhoMne ahiMsA ke marma ko samajhA hai, ve hI isa aMdhakAra meM koI rAstA nikAla sakate haiN| jaina dharma ne saMsAra ko ahiMsA kI zikSA dI hai / Aja saMsAra ko ahiMsA kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa ho rahI hai / jainiyoM kA Aja manuSya samAja ke prati sabase bar3A karttavya yaha hai ki vaha koI rAstA DhUMr3ha nikAleM / " bhagavAna mahAvIra ne saMsAra ke duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa hiMsAtmaka bhAvanA aura AcaraNa ko kahA hai| unakA yaha sUtra atyanta mArmika hai, "hisA prasUtAni sarvaduHkhAni samanta duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa hiMsA hai jJAnArNava meM AcArya zubhacaMdra ne kahA hai yatkicit saMsAre zarIriNAM duHkha zoka bhaya bIjam / daurbhAgyAdi samastaM tadvisAsaMbhavaM jJeyam / isa saMsAra meM jIvoM ke duHkha zoka evaM bhaya ke bIja svarUpa durbhAgya Adi kA darzana hotA hai, vaha hiMsA se hI utpanna samajhanA cAhiye / zuddha tathA svArthI vyakti "jIvo jIvasyabhakSaNam" jIva kA AhAra dUsarA jIva hai athavA samartha ko hI jIne kA adhikAra hai ( Survival of the fittest ) socA karatA hai / yathArtha meM ukta bAta pazu jagata se saMbaMdha rakhatI hai / manuSya pazu jagata se zreSTha hai / vaha viveka aura vicAra zakti samalaMkRta hai / use apanI dRSTi ko udAra banAnA caahie| saMta vANI hai 62 jaise apane prAna haiM vaise para ke prAna / kaise harate duSTa jana binA baira para prAna // sarvodaya patha : sarvajJa tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne sarvodaya mArga kA upadeza diyA hai| unakA sarvodaya bahuta vyApaka hai| usameM sarva jIvoM kA, sarvakAlIna tathA sarvAMgINa udaya vidyamAna hai| hiMsA kI bhAvanA para nirmita vikAsa yA vilAsa kA bhavana zIghra dharAzAyI ho jAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zikSaNa ke viSaya meM AcArya samantabhadra ne kahA hai "sarvApadA mantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tadeva ||" yuktamanuzAsana 61 ApakA tIrtha ( zAsana ) samasta saMkaToM kA anta karanevAlA tathA svayaM vinAza rahita sarvodaya rUpa hai / ahiMsA kI mahattA : bhagavAna kI karuNAmayI dRSTi jIvamAtra ke utthAna kI thI ve svArtha pUrti ke stara para ahiMsAhiMsA kA vizleSaNa nahIM karate the| unakI karuNAmayI /

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candrikA sarva jagata ko prakAza aura AnaMda pradAna karatI rAdhanA dvArA hotI hai / AcArya amRtacandra ne kahA haithii| ahiMsA meM apAra zakti hai| gAMdhIjI ne usakA "amRtatvahetubhUtaM paramahiMsA rasAyanam" / 78 / Azraya lekara bhArata ko svAdhIna bnaayaa| isase ahiMsA ahiMsA dvArA amata pada, (parama nirvANa) prApta hotA kI mahattA, zakti tadhA upayogitA spaSTa ho gaI hai| hai| yaha zreSTha rasAyana hai| isameM madhuratA kA rasa bhagavAna ne kahA hai "satthassa satthaM AC asaMsthassa bharA hai tathA isase AtmA kI prasupta anaMta divya satyaM Natthi" zastra ke mukAbale meM bar3A zastra bana zaktiyA vikasita ho jAtI haiN| sakatA hai kintu azastra arthAt ahiMsA se bar3A koI dUsarA zastra nahIM hai / zastra prayoga zatru kA nAza karatA Izvarabhakta bhagavAna ko karuNA kA sAgara kahA hai; vaha zatrutA kA nAza nahIM karatA hai / azoka ne karatA hai, isalie jisa vyakti meM jitanI mAtrA meM kaliMga para car3hAI kara use harAyA thA, kintu kucha karuNA kA sadabhAva rahegA usameM utanI mAtrA meM divyatA samaya bAda kaliMga samrATa mahAmeghavAhana khAravela ne kI upalabdhi rhegii| zeksapiyara ne kahA hai Mercy magadha ko jItakara kaliMga ko jayazrI pradAna kii| is an attribute to God Himself" dayA Izvara ahiMsAtmaka hathiyAra kA camatkAra yaha hai ki zatru kA kA hI guNa hai| nAza na kara zatrutA kA nAza karatA hai| gAMdhIjI ne aMgrejI zAsana ko bhArata se samApta kara diyA, kintu . Atmabala bhArata aura agrejoM ke bIca duzmanI kA viSa nahIM panapA tathA unake sAtha maitrI kI dRSTi vikasita hii| ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie Atmabala tathA vAsanAoM para vijaya Avazyaka hai| isameM sAdhaka yaha bAta smaraNa yogya hai ki vahI ahiMsA zakti ko adhogAminI prabattiyoM ko urdhvagAminI banAne zAlI hai, jisa para mAyA yA kapaTAcAra kI chAyA nahIM kA sakacA puruSArtha aura parAkrama karanA par3atA hai| sAdhAraNatayA jala kA adhogamana hotA hai| nadI ko nimnagA isase kahate haiM, ki usakA pAnI sadA ahiMsA amara jIvana pradAna karatI hai| jisa ahiMsA- nIcI bhUmi kI ora pravAhita hotA hai, usa jala ko mayI sAdhanA ke dvArA yaha sAdhaka amatatva tathA parama U~cAI para pahu~cAne ke lie vizeSa zrama aura udyoga brahma pada ko prApta kara sakatA hai, usake dvArA laukika jarUrI haiM, isI prakAra AtmA ko ahiMsA ke udAtta patha tathA mAnasika zAMti ko prApta karanA kaThina nahIM hai| para pahuMcAne ke lie vizeSa prayatna tathA Atmabala 'hiMsA' kA paryAyavAcI zabda 'mRtyu' hai ataH hisA kA bAMchanIya hai / kAkA kAlelakara ne kahA hai, "binA pariniSedhavAcaka 'ahiMsA' kA paryAyavAcI 'amatyU' hogaa| zrama kie hama ahiMsaka nahIM bana sakate / ahiMsA kI upaniSada meM maitreyI ne yAjJavalkya meM kahA thA, Aja sAdhanA bar3I kaThina hai| eka ora podgalika bhAva tapovana ko amRtatva ke lie prayANa kara rahe haiM, to khIMcatAna karatA hai, dUsarI ora AtmA saceta banatA hai| maiM dhanAdi sAmagrI ko lekara kyA karUgI, jabaki usase dUsaroM kA hita hRdaya meM rahane se AtmA dhArmika zraddhAamRtatva kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI hai| "kimahaM tena bAna banatA hai| Aja kI mAnavatA ko yuddha ke dAbAnala kUrmAm menAhaM nAmatA syAma"--usa amata pada (Life se mukta karane kA eka mAtra upAya bhagavAna mahAvIra immortal) kI prApti ahiMsA kI zreSTha samA- kI ahiMsA hI hai|"

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vyasana tyAga AcAra, vicAravAle mahApuruSoM kA anubhava hai ki AhAra kI zuddhatA kA vicAroM para prabhAva pratyakSa gocara vyakti tathA samaSTi ke hita kI dRSTi se ahiMsA hai / apane rAjayoga meM svAmI vivekAnaMda likhate haiM, ke sAdhaka ko apanI pravRttiyoM ko sadAcAra se samalaMkRta "hameM usI prakAra kA AhAra grahaNa karanA cAhie, jo karanA Avazyaka hai| ina sapta vyasanoM kA parityAga hameM sabase adhika pavitra mana de| hAthI Adi bar3e atyanta Avazyaka hai, kAraNa ina vyasanoM se AtmA jAnavara zAnta aura namra mileNge| siMha aura cIte kI kA patana hotA hai tathA vizva ko bhI hAni pahuMcatI ora jAoge, to ve utane hI azAnta mileNge| yaha antara AhAra bhinnatA ke kAraNa hai|" hiraNa zAkAhArI hai, billI mAMsAhArI hai| donoM ke jIvana kA nirIkSaNa juA, AmiSa, madirA, dArI, AkheTaka, corI, prnaarii| batAtA hai ki hiraNa jahA~ zAnta rahatA hai, vahA~ mArjAra ye hI sAta vyasana duHkhadAI, duritamUla dUragati ke bhAI / kra ratApUrNa AcaraNa ke kAraNa azAMta avasthA meM pAyA ahiMsA kI sAdhanA dvArA hI saccI sarvodaya kI jAtA hai| gAMdhIjI ne apanI AtmakathA meM likhA hai sthiti upalabdha hotI hai| satya, acaurya, zIla, apari "mana kA zarIra ke sAtha nikaTa saMbaMdha hai / vikAra graha, nirabhimAnatA, saMyama Adi satyapravRttiyAM ahiMsA mukta mana vikAra paidA karane vAle bhojana kI hI khoja ke aMtargata haiM / tatvArtha sUtra meM kahA hai, pramattayogAtprANa meM rahatA hai| vikRta mana nAnA prakAra ke svAdoM aura vyaparopaNaM hiMsA"-pramatta yoga arthAt krodhAdi vikAroM bhogoM ko DhUDhatA phiratA hai aura phira usa AhAra aura se mukta ho prANoM kA ghAta karanA hiMsA hai| aisI hiMsA bhogoM kA prabhAva mana ke Upara par3atA hai| mere anubhava kA tyAga nirmala manovRtti para nirbhara hai| usa nirmala ne to mujhe yahI zikSA dI hai, ki jaba mana saMyama kI mana:sthiti ke hetu bAhya pravRttiyA~ ujjavala rahanI ora jhukatA hai, taba bhojana kI maryAdA tathA upavAsa caahiye| mAMsa sevana karane se manovRtti malina hotI khUba sahAyaka hote haiN| inakI sahAyatA ke binA mana ko hai| zarAba kA sevana bhI AtmA meM vikArI bhAvoM ko nirvikAra banAnA asaMbhava-sA hI mAlUma hotA hai|" utpanna karatA hai| eka zarAba premI kahatA hai ki mA- (AtmakathA kha. 5 pR. 112-131) vaijJAnikoM ne isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki mAMsa, madirA Adi ke dvArA pAna se AtmA ko koI hAni nahIM pahu~catI / majahaba meM pakkA vizvAsa rakhane para bAharI svacchanda AcaraNa kucha zakti tathA Arogya kA prApta karanA aisA hI hai jaise bhI kSati nahIM pahuMcA sktaa| khAne-pIne se Atma cAbuka ke jora se susta ghor3e ko teja krnaa| vikAsa tathA dharma kA sambandha hai| vaha vilAsI jIvana yUropa ke manISI mahAtmA TAlsaTAya ne kahA hai, kA pratinidhi bana pUchatA hai 'mAMsa khAne se manuSya kI pAzAvika pravRttiyA~ bar3hatI haiM, jAhida zarAba pIne se kAphira banA maiM kyoM? kAma uttejita hotA hai, vyabhicAra karane aura zarAba kyA Der3ha cullu pAnI meM ImAna baha gyaa| pIne kI icchA hotI hai / ina saba bAtoM ke pramANa sacce aura zuddha sadAcArI navayuvaka, vizeSakara striyA~ aura satpuruSoM kA anubhava taruNa lar3akiyAM haiM jo isa bAta ko sApha sApha kahatI yahI dhAraNA hamAre vizvahita kI cintA meM nimagna haiM, ki mAMsa khAne ke bAda kAma kI uttejanA aura anya rahanevAle pramukha logoM ko mAMsa, madirA Adi ko pAzavika vRttiyAM apane Apa prabala ho jAtI hai|" sevana karane meM utsAhita karatI hai kintu sAtvika unake ye zabda vivekI tathA sacce sudhAra ke premI ko

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dhyAna meM rakhane yogya haiM, "mAMsa khAkara sadAcArI bananA rasIlI vanaspatiyA~ haiM / aneka prakAra ke anna haiM, jinheM asaMbhava hai| varnAdazA kI yaha ukti mananIya hai, "maiM Aga ke dvArA mRdu evaM supAcya banAyA jA sakatA hai| yaha bAta dRr3hatApUrvaka kahatA hU~, ki madirA tathA mRta poSaka dUdha hai| udAra pRthvI mAtA vividha bhAMti kI zarIroM kA bhakSaNa karane vAlA mAnava aise zreSTha kArya vipula khAdya sAmagrI detI hai tathA raktapAta ke binA nahIM kara sakatA jisakI kSamatA usameM vidyamAna rhtii| madhura evaM zaktiprada bhojana detI hai| nIcI zreNI ke prANI apanI kra ra bhUkha ko mAMsa ke dvArA zAnta karate haiM, parantu sabhI aise nahIM haiM / ghor3A, gAya, bakarI, bher3a, zaMkA baila ghAsa para hI jIvita rahate haiN| are maraNazIla mAnavo ! tuma mAMsa ko chor3a do| mAMsAhAra ke doSoM koI-koI zAkAhAra aura mAMsAhAra ko samAna para dhyAna do| mAre gae baila ke lothar3e jaba tumhAre mAnate hae kutarka karate haiM, jaise jIva kA ghAta mAMsa meM sAmane Ave, taba yaha samajha aura anubhava kara ki tU hotA hai, vaise hI vanaspati sevana meM jIva kA ghAta samAna anna-phala paidA karanevAloM ko khAne jA rahA hai|" rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai| prANI kA aMgapanA vanaspati aura mAMsa meM samAna rUpa se hai, kintu unake svabhAva meM aMtara hai / anna bhojana hai tathA mAMsa, aNDA Adi padArtha sarvathA mUla guNa tyAjya haiN| strIyoM kI apekSA mAtA aura patnI samAna bhagavAna mahAvIra ne saccI unnati ke lie sAdhaka haiM, kintu bhogyatva kI apekSA patnI hI grAhya kahI jAtI ko apane manomaMdira meM bhagavatI ahiMsA ko pratiSThita hai, mAtA nhiiN| eka bAta aura hai| banaspati ko pAnI karake mAMsa, madya, madhu, sthUla hiMsA, sthUla asatya, sthUla se utpanna hone ke kAraNa 'AbI' (jala se utpanna) steya, parastrI sevana tathA amaryAdita parigraha vRtti kA kahate haiM / mAMsa ko raja, vIrya se utpanna hone ke kAraNa tyAga karanA caahie| AtmavikAsa ke lie ye aSTa pezAbI kahA jAtA hai / mUtrAdi se utpanna zarIra piNDa mUla guNa Avazyaka hai / ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra meM kA bhakSaNa karanA sabhya tathA susaMskRta vyakti ke lie samaMtabhadra AcArya ne likhA hai| ucita nahIM hai| madya mAMsa madhu tyAgaH sahANuvratapaMcakam // aSTau mUlaguNAbAhu hiNAM shrmnnottmaaH| // 661 jo loga Izvara ko vizva nirmAtA tathA jagat pitA kahate haiM, unheM TI. ela. vasvAnI kahate haiM, "pakSI yA pazu ko prema na karanA mere lie prabhu ko prema na karanA hai, kyoMki pazu-pakSI bhI usake isI taraha bacce haiM jaise mAnava praannii|" zramaNottama bhagavAna RSabha deva, bhagavAna mahAvIra Adi ne madya, mAMsa, madhu ke tyAga ke sAtha ahiMsA Adi paMca aNuvratoM ko gRhasthoM ke ATha mUla guNa kahA hai / gRhastha kI ahiMsA pAyathogorasa yUnAnI tatvavettA kI vANI bar3I mArmika hai, "ai nazvara manuSyo / apane zarIra ko ghRNita AhAra se apavitra karanA banda kro| jagat meM tumhAre lie rasabharI phala rAzi hai jinake bojha se zAkhAe~ jhuka gaI haiN| madhura drAkSAoM se ladI huI latAe~ haiM, isa ahiMsA kI sAdhanA gRhastha aura zramaNa ke bheda se do prakAra kI hai| kRSi, vANinya, rASTra saMrakSaNa tathA

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anya uttaradAyitvoM ke hote hue gRhastha pUrNa rIti se cakra Na yaH zatrubhayaMkareNa jityA nRpaH sarvanarendracakram / ahiMsA kA pAlana nahIM kara sakatA hai| usake lie yaha samAdhicakraNa pujigAya mahodayo durjapa mohacakram / ucita hai ki apanI jimmedAriyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue adhika-se-adhika karuNAzIla banane kA prayatna kre| jaina graMthoM ke adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai kama-se-kama irAdatana-saMkalpI hiMsA (Intentional) tentional ki kama ki kama-se-kama bhI ahiMsA kA pAlana karanevAlA kA parityAga avazya kare / mAMsabhakSaNa, zikAra apanI kamajoriyoM para vijaya pAtA huA zreSTha ahiMsaka khelanA Adi kra rakama saMkalpI hiMsA ke aMtargata hone zramaNa kI avasthA ko prApta karatA hai, tathA anta meM se tyAjya haiN| jaina kSatriya svayaM mAMsAdi kA tyAga parama nirvANa ko prApta kara janma, jarA, maraNa ke cakkara karatA huA loka saMrakSaNa, nyAya-paritrANa, tathA satpuruSoM se sadA ke lie vimukta ho jAtA hai| ke rakSaNArtha astra zastrAdi kA bhI prayoga karatA hai, kyoMki usa prakriyA ke dvArA vyApaka anyAya, atyAcAra AkAMkSAoM para niyaMtraNa Adi kA damana hone se prakArAntara se karuNA, zIla, ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie gRhastha ko dhana-vaibhava sadAcAra Adi ahiMsAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA saMrakSaNa evaM Adi kI lAlasA ko kama karanA cAhie; AtmA cetanA saMvardhana hotA hai / maharSi jina sena ne mahApurANa meM kahA jyoti svarUpa hai; dhanAdi parigraha AtmA se bhinna haiM, hai, "prajAH daNDadharAbhAve mAtsyaM nyAyaM zramantmam" jo usakI mRtyu ke samaya yahA~ hI par3e rahate haiN| ataH (16-252) yadi zAsaka daNDa dhAraNa karane meM pramAda vivekI gRhastha kA kartavya hai ki vaha apane pAsa kI dikhAve, to jagat meM hAhAkAra maca jAyagA / mAtsya adhika saMpatti ko satkAryoM meM vyaya kre| saMgrahazIla nyAya-jisameM bar3I machalI choTI machalI ko khA jAtI vyakti kI zahada kI makkhI ke samAna durdazA hotI hai-pravRtta ho jAyagA / atyAcArI sazakta vyaktiyoM kA bolabAlA ho jaaygaa| apabhra za bhASA ke mahAkavi puNyadanta ne kahA hai, "raNa caMgau dINa parirakkhaNeNa, makkhI baiThI zahada para paMkha lie lipaTAya / porusu saraNAgama rakkhaNeNa"-dInoM ke rakSaNArtha yuddha hAtha malai aru sira dhUna lAlaca burI blaay| karanA acchA hai, zaraNAgata kA rakSaNa yathArtha pauruSa hai| gRhastha kSatriya nareza jaina dharmAnusAra apanA vyaktigata manuSya svAmAvika AkAMkSAoM ko pUrA kiyA jA jIvana karuNApUrNa rakhate hue apane uttaradAyitva ko sakatA hai, dhanAdi kI lAlasA kRtrima abhilASA ko dhyAna meM rakha zastrAdi kA saMcAlana karate the| tIrthakara nahIM pUrA kiyA jA sakatA hai| sikandara se bhAratIya zAntinAtha bhagavAna ne cakravartI narendra kI avasthA meM saMta daMdamisa (Dandamis) ne kahA thA, "svAbhAvika cakra ke dvArA narendra samudAya ko jItA thA, pazcAt icchAeM jaise pyAsa ko pAnI dvArA dUra kiyA jA sakatA rAjya tyAga kara zramaNa vRtti aMgIkAra karane para unhoMne hai, bhUkha ko bhojana dvArA pUrti ho sakatI hai, kintu samAdhi Atma dhyAna ke dvArA moha kI senA ko parAsta dhanAdi kI lAlasA asvAbhAvika hone se vaha bar3hatI hI kiyA thaa| AcArya samantabhadra ne kahA hai : jAtI hai aura kabhI bhI pUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai|" o to Dandamis told Alexander that natural desires are quenched easily, thirst by water hunger by food but the craving for possessions is an artificial one. It goes on unceasingly and never is fully satisfied (Speech by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan in inaugurating XXVI International Congress of Orientalists, New Delhi 1964)

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zreSTha sAdhaka jaina dharma meM digambara muni parigraha mAtra kA tyAga karake zreSTha ahiMsA tathA AtmazAMti kA sajIva udAharaNa upasthita karate haiN| parigraha tyAgI ke caraNoM ke samIpa vizva kA vaibhava natamastaka hotA hai| eka kavi kahatA hai : cAha ghaTI cintA haTI manuA be paravAha | jinheM kachU nahi cAhiye ve zAhanapati zAh / aparigrahatva tathA akiMcana vRtti para gAMdhIjI ke zabda bar3e anubhavapUrNa haiM, "sacce sudhAra kA saccI sabhyatA kA lakSaNa parigraha bar3hAnA nahIM hai, balki usakA vicAra aura icchApUrvaka ghaTAnA hai| jyoM-jyoM parigraha ghaTAiye tyoM-tyoM saccA sukha aura saMtoSa bar3hatA hai, sevA zakti bar3hatI hai| Adarza aura AtyaMtika aparigraha to usI kA hogA jo mana se aura karma se digambara hai / matalaba vaha pakSI kI bhAMti binA ghara ke binA vastroM ke binA 'anna ke vicaraNa karegA ( gAMdhI vANI pR. 98 ) avidyA se abhibhUta vyakti IsA ke isa upadeza ko bhUla jAtA hai ki Naked I came from my mother's womb and naked shall I go thither. maiM apanI mAtA ke udara se digambara rUpa meM AyA thA, tathA usI " avasthA meM yahAM se usI sthala para calA jAUMgA / AcArya guNabhadra AtmAnuzAsana meM mArmika zikSA dete haiM : avo jikSayo yAnti yAntvaM majighRkSavaH / iti spaSTa vadantau vA nAmogrAmo tulAntayo // | 154 || tarAjU ke donoM palar3e yaha batAte haiM ki lene kI icchAvAlA prANI lade palar3e ke samAna nIce jAtA hai| aura na lene kI icchAvAlA prANI khAlI palar3e ke samAna unnata dazA ko pAtA hai| sukarAta ne bar3I sundara bAta kahI hai, The fewer are our wants the more we resemble gods hamArI jitanI jitanI AvazyakatAe~ kama hotI haiM utanA hama divyatA ke samIpa pahu~cate haiN| bhISaNa sthiti vartamAna yuga kI yAMtrika paddhati ke kAraNa jagat meM panavAna aura dhanahInoM ke bIca bar3I gaharI khAI bana gaI hai| isake kAraNa hiMsA kA jvAlAmukhI sarvasaMhAra hetu jAgRta ho rahA hai| isa mahA vipatti se bacane kA upAya bhagavAna mahAvIra kA sImita parigraha rakhanA tathA anAvazyaka saMpatti ko satkarmoM meM svecchA se lagAnA hai| rAjakIya aneka kadama dhanikoM ko unake aMdhakAramaya bhaviSya kA udbodhana karA rahe haiN| eka kavi kahatA hai : dAtavyaM bhoktavyaM sati vibhave saMcayo na kartavyaH yaha madhukarINAM saMcitamarthaM harantyanye / dhana vaibhava ke prApta hone para sarakAryoM meM saMpatti kA viniyoga karo tathA svayaM bhI usakA upayoga kro| dekho usa bhramarI ko, jisakA saMcita madhu dUsare chIna lete haiM / mahAvIra kI zikSA 67 bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA thA anityAni zarIrANi vibhavonaiva zAzvataH / sannihitaM ca sadA mRtyuH karttavyo dharma saMgrahaH // zarIra anitya hai, vaibhava sadA nahIM rahegA, mRtyu sadA samIpa hai, ataH dharma kA saMgraha karanA caahie| akabara kA kathana satya hai AgAha apanI mauta se koI vazara nahIM / sAmAna sau barasa kA hai pala kI khabara nahIM / seTha jI ko phikra thI eka-eka ke dasa kIjiye / mauta A pahuMcI ki hajarata jAna vApisa kIjie /

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nahIM aparigraha ke samarthana meM kabIra kI vANI Aja ke vyakta karane meM asamartha hai, ataH tumhArI dRSTi meM yaha gaganacubI bhavana nirmAtAoM ko cetAvanI detI hai, bAta rahanI cAhie ki maiMne satya kA eka aMza grahaNa kahA cunAva meM diyA lAvI bhIta usAra // kiyA hai, vaha pUrNa satya nahIM hai| dUsare vyakti ne satya ke / ghara to sADhe tIna hatha dhanA ki paune cAra // anya aMza ko grahaNa kiyA hai| usakI dRSTi se vaha bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AtmA ko usake utthAna tathA satya hai / satya para merA sarvAdhikAra (monopoly) patana meM svataMtra kahA hai / sattacUr3AmaNi meM kahA hai- nahIM hai| isa samanvaya dRSTi ko syAdvAda darzana kahate tvameva karmaNAM kartA bhoktA ca phalasaMtateH / haiM / san 1935 meM maiM gA~dhIjI se vardhA ke Azrama meM bhoktA ca tAta ki muktI svAdhInAyAM na ceSTa se milA thA usa samaya unhoMne kahA thA, "jaina dharma kA // 11-45 // syAdvAda siddhAnta mujhe atyanta priya hai|" kabIra ne he Atman ! tU hI apane karmoM ko bAMdhatA hai. unake sundara bAta kahI hai-- phaloM ko tU hI bhogatA hai tathA tu hI unakarmoM kA nadiyA eka ghATa bhutere| kSaya karane kI kSamatA saMpanna hai| isa prakAra terI mukti kahata kavIra vacana ke phere| tere hAtha meM hai, usake lie kyoM nahIM ceSTA karatA hai ? isa ciMtana paddhati ke dvArA dhAmika maitrI kA mahA mukti mArga prAsAda nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhagavAna ne kahA, zakti rUpa se saMsArI jIva paramAtmA hai, karmoM ke kAraNa ___ tatvArtha sUtra meM kahA hai 'samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritrANi vaha dIna bana rahA hai| paramAtma prakAza meM kahA hai-- mokSamArga' :--samyagdarzana (AtmazraddhA), samyagjJAna ehu ji appA so paramappA kammavisese jAyau jppaa| (AtmajJAna) tathA samyakcAritra (Atma svarUpa meM jAmaha jANaha appe appA tAmaha so gi deu prmppaa| sthiratA) meM tInoM mokSa ke mArga hai| ise hI bhakti, jJAna tathA vairAgya kA saMgama rUpa triveNI kahA jAtA hai| yaha AtmA yathArtha meM paramAtmA hai, karmoM ke kAraNa TenIsana ne isa ratnatraya nAma se vikhyAta jaina tatvajJAna vaha saMsArI AtmA banatA hai| vaha jaba apanI AtmA ko isa prakAra kahA hai-- ko apane rUpa meM jAnatA hai taba vaha paramAtmA ho jAtA Self reverence, Self-knowledge Self-Control hai| These thre alone lead life to Soverign power. sAraAtmazraddhA, AtmajJAna tathA Atma nimaMtraNa (sayama) sarvodaya ke lie bhagavAna ne kahA thAye tInoM milakara jIva ko pUrNa zakti saMpannatA (paramAtma abhayaM yaccha jIveSu kuru maitrI maninditAma / pradAna karate haiN| pazyAtma sadRzaM vizvaM jIvalokaM carAcaram / / samanvaya dRSTi saMpUrNajIvoM ko abhaya pradAna karo, sabake prati nirmala bhagavAna ne vastu ko anaMtaguNoM kA puja batAte hue maitrI dhAraNa karo tathA carAcara vizva ko apane samAna kahA hai, ki tumhArI vANI pUrNa satya ko eka sAtha smjho| 68

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Message of TK Tukol Bhagavan Mahavira dence to show that as far as the first century B. C., there were people who were worshipping Rishabhadeva, the first Tirthankara There is no doubt that Jainism prevailed before Vardhamana or Parsvanatha. The Yajurveda mentions the names of three Tirthankaras-Rishabha, Ajitanath and Arishtanemi. The Bhagavata Purana endorses the view that Rishabhadeva was the founder of Jainism." The year commencing from November 13. 1974 to November 15, 1975 was ob served throughout the world as the 2500th Nirvana Mahotsava day of that great teacher, Bhagavan Mahavira, who preached the doctrines of Ahimsa, Satya, Achaurya, Brahmacharya and Aparigraha as holding the key to the spiritual advancement of an individual as also to public peace and morality. He did not preach these doctrines for the first time but merely reiterated what had been taught to humanity by his predecessors for thousands of years before him. As Dr. Hermann Jacobi has observed, "Jainism is an original system, quite distinct and independent of all others and that, therefore, it is of great importance for the study of philoso. phical thought and religious life in ancient India." Dr. Radhakrishnan confirms this view in one of his volumes on Indian Philosophy (Vol II Page 287): "Jain tradition ascribes the origin of the system to Rishabhadeva (the first Tirthankara), who lived many centuries back. There is evi- Though Mahavira was a historical person, not many details of his life are available. His father Siddartha was a King in Vaisali, part of modern Bihar and his mother was Trishaladevi. Since marvelous prosperity to the royal family and to the kingdom heralded the birth of the child who was destined to be a Tirthankara, the parents named the child Vardhamana. The child was brought up amidst royal grandeur and comfort; one would have expected him to grow to manhood with fondness for pleasures and soft comforts of palace life. That was not to be. EC

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Vardhamana, who was subsequently named Mahavira, the great hero, on account of his remarkable deeds of prowess exhibited by him even during his childhood. He had a bent of mind which was at once philosophic and spiritual. As regards his marriage, the Digambaras and the Svetambaras differ in their traditions. While former hold that he was unmarried, the latter adhere to the view that he was married to one Yasoda and had a female child of that wedlock. Both are agreed that in the very prime of youth, he renounced the world and became a naked monk, as nudity was considered most essential for maintenance of mental detachment from all worldly objects and endurance of all bodily sufferings, paving the way for liberation. He believed that mental peace could result only from external peace by elimination of all attachments from one's mind. (swadosha Santyavihitatma santih.) Omniscience dawns only on those who destroy their four distructive Karmas : Jnanavaraniya (knowledge-covering), Dars anavaraniya (perception of vision-covering). Antaraya (the obstructie karmas) and Mohaniya (the deluding karma). He preached for 30 years and atained salvation at Pavapuri (at a distance of 27 miles from Patna) when he was deeply absorbed in Meditation in the early hours of the Divali Amavasya which is observed as a festival of lights all over India. His message is today as practical and convincing as it was in his time. He affirmed that there are four things of paramount value which it is difficult for a living being to obtain : human birth, instruction in religion of the law of Dharma belief in the law and energy in self-control. The universe is eternal It is not created by any external agency. There is therefore none either to lift you up or throw you down. You are the architect of your fortune and your salvation. During the period of his monkhood, Mahavira led a life of great austerity and concentrated his mind by meditation on the true attributes of a liberated soul : infinite knowledge, infinite vision or faith, infinite power and infinite bliss. Rains, storms and hunger never deterred him from the path of meditation as he felt convinced that all these afflictions pertained to the body and not to the soul which was distinct from the body. After arduous penances and undisturbed meditations for a period of twelve years, he attained Omniscience when he was deeply sunk in pure meditation (sukla dhyana) on the shore of river Rjukula on the 10th day of the bright half of the month of Vaisakha. The critics of the message of Mahavira regard it as pure atheism. The word atheism has varied in meaning. The word itself is of Greek origin, derived from the word 'theos' meaning God. Jainism does believe in the existence of soul which, in its purest state, posseses the divine attributes of infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite power and infinite bliss. Jainism does not believe in the existence of God as the creator of the Universe. Modern science and the well-established theories in physics and geology support the theory that the world is a natural creation with

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life and matter existing in different forms. Another meaning which is ascribed to the word in India is that athiests are those who do not believe in the Vedas. There are many religions which do not believe in the Vedas since they have their own sacred literature. only because it wanted to cry halt to sacrifices of living beings in the name of religion but also to inculcate the virtue of humanism which exudes the milk of human kindness all around. Man is supreme among all the living creatures not only on account of his intelligence, knowledge and intiution but also on account of the all pervasive and protective quality of compassion. Bhagavan Mahavira has said : So the religion preached by Mahavira is not a theistic religion bu lit is a religion which gives full freedom to every soul or living creature to work out its own salvation. He preached : The universe is peopled by manifold creatures, they are born in different states, climes and conditions. It is our thoughts, deeds and actions that constantly entangle us with karmas which are either auspicious or inauspicious according as our activities are pure, wicked or mixed ones. As Shakespeare has said in his Hamlet : Sarve praninah priyausah. sukhaswadah dukkhaprat kulah Apriyavadhah priyajivinah, jivilukamah. Acaranga. 2.37. "All heings love to live long; they experience happiness; they hate misery. Since life is dear to them, they are against every kind of injury. All beings long to live." There is nothing either good or bad, But our thinking makes it so. It is the mind that can make a hell of heaven or a heaven of hell." It is by elimination of Karmas that living beings can reach in due course a pure state and be born as human beings The living beings are not at the mercy of any god or evil spirit but they are their own masters, working out a hell or heaven for themselves. In such a world, Himsa, or injury of any type, whether to the mind or to any of the faculties becomes in human, as such action is a degradation of human qualities. That is why Himsa which is born of passions like attachment, anger, greed, pride or delusion has been regarded first as injury to one's own self and next as injury to some other being. All transgressions of the vows of truthfulness, honesty, celibacy and aparigraha are the direct progeny of one or the other of passions. That is why Bhagavan Mahavira advised; "Do no injury to living beings of the six orders, abstaining from lying and from taking what is not freely given, renouncing property, women, pride, and deceit, men How do you work out your salvation ? The foundation for spiritual edifice has to be built on the practice of sound ethics. Ahimsa (non-violence) is the very lifebreath of all Jain ethics. It proclaimed that Ahimsa was the supreme religion not

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even in his attempts to reach the fringe of his ambitions. should live under self-restraint." (Uttaradhyayana Sutra, 12.41). One should not permit or consent to the killing of living beings. A careful man will not injure living beings. In thoughts, words, and acts, one should do nothing injurious to beings who people the world, whether they move or not. Mahatma Gandhi, who was very much influenced by the religion of Ahimsa and Truth, made Non-Violence his philosophy of life and Truth its goal. He said: "Abimsa and Truth are so intertwined that it is practically impossible to disentangle and separate them ..Ahimsa is the means and Truth is the end A steadfast pursuit of Ahimsa is inevitably bound to truth-not so violence. That is why I swear by Ahimsa." In these days when violence, lying and excesses in private and public life have become the order of the day, there is the greatest need to understand and practise these doctrines in daily There are two other vices in the public life of today. The difference between the West and the East in these matters is only a difference in degree. Promiscuousness in sexual matters has ruined many families and personal lives of many unmarried persons. The use of contraceptives has further added to the evil instead of solving it. Bhagavan Mahavira has said that for those who long for liberation and life according to the Dharma, there is nothing in this world which offers so many difficulties like the want of celibacy; it is only the ignorant that delight in sexual attraction. The problem of population is closely associated with the vow of celibacy. That is indeed a healthy solution. If our saints emphasised the need of education on Brahmachara during the student days, today we are emphasising on the need of sex-education without emphasis on celibacy as essential to moral character. "If we begin to believe" says Gandhiji, that indulgence is animal passion is necessary, harmless and sinless, we shall want to give reins to it and shall be powerless to resist it. Whereas if we educate ourselves to believe that such indulgence is harmful, sinful, unnecessary and can be controlled, we shall discover that self-restraint is perfectly possible. What formerly appeared to me to be extrvagant praise of brahmacharya in our religious books seems now, with increasing clearness every day, to be absolutely proper and founded on experience." * Brahmacharya must be observed in thought, word and deed," life. There is dishonesty in various forms: corruption, black-marketting, adulteration, misappropriation and cheating. All these are traceable to human greed. Bhagavan Mahavira asked his followers to control greed and acquire purity of thought and action : "The more you get, the more you want, your desires increase with your means. Though two mashas would do to supply your want, still you would scarcely think ten million sufficient." (Uttara. 8.17). There are no limits to human greed, not even the whole space of the Universe. When a person becomes its prey, he falls down to the abyss of misery 72

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Aparigraha which requires an indivi- dual to impose voluntary restrictions on the limits on one's own earnings is based both on material and spiritual considerations. Concentration of wealth in a few hands hads to revolution against the rich; in fact it is a negation of samatavada or the doctrine of equality which religious teachers, socialists and jurists have emphaised as offering the best solution for social harmony and peace. In this conection, Bhagavan Mahavira has preached the twofold path for achievement of this objective. The principle of Ahimsa which in its posi-" tive aspect stands for universal love and compassion naturally envisages a society in which all live in peace and comfort. It was Samantabhadra Acharya who in his book Yuktyanusasana said that the kind life which Bhagavan Mahavira wanted for all living beings was Sarvodaya-tirtha, that is, a holy message for universal peace and prosperity with mutual tolerance. Having given to the humanity the secrets purposeful living with compassion, truthfulness, honesty, celibacy and voluntary limitations on earnings and and accumylation, Bhagavan Mahavira preached the doctrine of Syadvada so that the followers of Jainism could avoid conflicts due to dogmatism and intolerance. Syadvada endeavoured to abolish metaphysical fanaticism and rejected blind ritualism. The first is that we should always remember that the grace of living consists in mutual help (parasparopagraho Jivanam). If we have to follow this advice in practice, we must help each other and that would not be possible if we live a selfish life. Einstine also said : "Man is here for the sake of other men". Selfscrifice needs both self-restraint and selfdetachment It is our greed and our love for greater comforts than what are needed for a healthy mind and body that are responsible for the instinct of accumulation. Today, the gulf between the rich and poor has become so wide that there is rivalry between the capitalist and communist nations. That is not happy either for those countries or for the whole world in general. The doctrine of peaceful coexistence needs mutual adjustment by equitable distribution of food, clothing and shelter. With this ethical back-ground, if properly utilized for personal enlightenment and purification, then the path of liberation would be free from material thorns. Right Perception, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct together constitute the path of liberation. While some faiths have emphasised on devotion, others on Knowledge or Jnana and still others on Karma or conduct, Jainism considers that all the three in unison and harmony are essential for attainment of liberation. Faith without knowledge and knowledge without faith can only amount to misconceptions; conduct without the other two will be only an aimless march in the wilderness of worldly existence. All the three jewels together can form a safe The other path is the creation of a society based on equality and tolerance. 73

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guide on the path of liberation lighting the dark corners on the way. substances; by his perception, he acquires the intense purity of his Faith; and by the Force of his Right Conduct, he can break the shackles of Karma. By austerities, he can maintain the serenity of his mind and attain to greater purity. If purity of life is reinforced by Dharma-dhyana, he can go nearer the goal. If you bury your mind within the Soul in you, you would have marched very near your goal of liberation. Right faith and knowledge will help in the cultivation of self-restraint which is the sheet-anchor for self-conquest. Bhagawana Mahavira advised his disciples : *Subduey our Self, for the Self is difficult to subdue; if your Self is subdued, you will be happy in this world and in the next. Better it is that I should subdue my Self by self-control and penance than be subdued by others with fetters and corporal punishment.' (Uttara. I. 15, 16). He who wants to be a better man spiritually, must heed this advice and follow it in letter and spirit. We should remember that unless the ash is cleared, the bright fire within, cannot be visible and cannot give light. So also, unless we purify our thoughts and actions by self control we can never see the nature of the Self. We will ever continue to grope in the dark for light without the lamp. In fine, Jainism offers a practical solution to miseries of life. Right Conduct is the stepping stone to salvation. Attain purity of mind by subduing your passions; by purity of mind, you can acquire purity of soul. It is by attaining the purity of soul that the Atman can become the Paramatman. Be free from external and internal attachments and you will see the light of liberation. You cannot acquire purity without truth and Ahimsa. You cannot get the benefit of your religion, unless you have purity within you. Without realizing the core of the religion, you cannot reach the goal. Without liberation, there cannot be eternal bliss. The veils of Karmas make us blind to the light of infinite perception, knowledge, bliss and power which are the emiable attributes of our own Self. The veils must be destroyed by Right understanding backed up by unstinted faith. It is the passions that bind us with fresh Karmas. He who has subdued the passions will find light from his own Soul. A blurred mirror can show only a dim image; so also, a person who has become a slave to his passions like anger, hatred, attachment etc caunot experience the joy of his own Soul. By Knowledge, the Self understands the principles of Jiva and the nature of It is given to everyone to be in constant search. For the avrage individual. the message of Bhagavan Mahavira is that one should create an awareness in oneself that Knowledge of the Atman is bliss and white ignorance only involves one into interminable transmigrations. No one is high by birth; our virtues raise us high while our vices reduce us to lower state of existence. Whether to use our

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human birth for Self-elevation or demotion, is entirely dependent upon our own personal exertion, gradual advancement from the first Gunasthana to the next higher, step by step by step till we reach the fourteenth stage of final beattitude shonld be our constant endeavour. the juice of happiness produced by contact with sons and others begins to trickle down. The Jiva gets a strong desire to taste the juice. The bees that had gathered round about begin to bite the Jiva. Yet the Jiva begins wasting its time in tasting the juice thinking that it alone constitutes the happiness. A food gets addicted like this: while the wise men instead of spending their time getting absorbed in tasting such sensual pleasures, renounce the attachments and spend their time in difficult austerities, The only way of progressive enhancement of consciousness is to develop a conviction about the distinction between the soul and the body, about the futility of developing the latter at the cost of the former and about the ceaseless search for the light within. Remember the most realistic following picture of a Jiva in mundane existence as drawn by a great Jaina Acharya : These are the realities of life. Bhagavan Mahavira woke up right from his childhood and renounced all attachments, including his royal throne and its grandeur, adopted a life of stringent austerities and attained liberation. The duty of those who desire to be free from the miseries of this life is clear; Acuire Right Faith, Right Knowledge and cultiva Right Conduct and note that your salvation lies in trying to get hold of the three jewels and get light from them to guide you in life. A Jiva is wandering in the garden of mundane existence; an intoxicated angry elephant in the form of Death started running after it; the Jiva also starts running; the moment it becames exhausted by running, it hides itself in a big tree; at the root of the tree a number of creepers like gotra, low birth, etc have spread all round; just then, the Jiva is about to fall into a well but it catches hold of a creeper in the form of Ayus (life-span). Catching hold of it, it remains dangling and struggling. Just then, micc in the form of dark half and bright half of a month begin to bite that creeper, Serpants in the seven bells begin moving about with mouths open to eat away the Jiva. From the tree, Jainism is a practical way of life. It does not advise evry one to jump high because all cannot reach the highest rung of the ladder by a single jump. Life is a long pilgrimage attended with the dangers of a long journey. Those who are cautious and possess the eternal lamp shall alone be able to wade through safely to liberation or some other place of happiness.

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PEARLS As all rivers one after the other Merge their self in the ocean So merge all religions In bhagavati ahimsa -Sambodha-sittari, 16 Truth is God The very quintessence of worldly life, Deeper than the ocean,1 Steadier than the mountain, More tranquil than the moon, More radiant than the sun, More transparent than the autumnal sky More fragrant than the Gandhamadana. : - Prasna-vyakaran, 2 Truth uttered under rage is virtually falsehood. -Dasavaikalika Churni, 7.7

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jaina dharma-darzana caturthaM khaNDa

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darzana ke kSetra meM jJAna aura jJeya kI mImAMsA cirakAla se hotI rahI hai| AdarzavAdI aura vijJAnavAdI darzana jJeya kI svataMtra sattA svIkAra nahIM karate / ve kevala jJAna kI hI sattA ko mAnya karate haiM / anekAnta kA mUla AdhAra yaha hai ki jJAna kI bhA~ti jJeya kI bhI svataMtra sattA hai / dravya jJAna ke dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, isalie vaha jJeya hai / jJeya caitanya ke dvArA jAnA jAtA hai. isalie vaha jJAna hai / jJeya aura jJAna anyonyAzrita nahIM haiM / jJeya hai, isalie jJAna hai aura jJAna hai, isalie jJeya hai| isa prakAra yadi eka ke hone para dUsare kA honA siddha ho to jJeya aura jJAna donoM kI svataMtra sattA siddha nahIM ho sakatI / dravya kA honA jJAna para nirbhara nahIM hai aura jJAna kA honA dravya para nirbhara nahIM hai / isalie dravya aura jJAna donoM svataMtra haiM / jJAna ke dvArA dravya jAnA jAtA hai, isalie unameM jJeya aura jJAna kA saMbaMdha hai / jJeya ananta hai aura jJAna bhI ananta hai / ananta ko ananta ke dvArA jAnA jA sakatA hai / jAnane kA agalA paryAya hai kahanA / ananta ko jAnA jA sakatA hai. kahA nahIM jA sakatA / kahane kI zakti bahuta sImita hai / jisakA jJAna anAvRta hotA hai, vaha bhI utanA hI kaha sakatA hai, jitanA koI dUsarA kaha sakatA hai / bhASA kI kSamatA hI aisI hai ki usake dvArA eka kSaNa meM eka sAtha eka hI zabda kahA jA sakatA hai / hamAre jJAna kI kSamatA bhI aisI hai ki hama anantadharmA dravya ko nahIM jAna skte| hama ananta dharmAtmaka dravya ke eka dharma ko jAnate haiM aura eka hI dharma kA pratipAdana karate haiM / eka dharma ko jAnanA aura eka dharma ko kahanA naya hai / yaha anekAnta aura syAdvAda kA maulika svarUpa hai / unakA dUsarA svarUpa hai pramANa / anantadharmAtmika dravya tIrthaMkara mahAvIra 79 kA anekAMta aura syAdvAda darzana ko jAnanA aura usakA pratipAdana karanA pramANa hai / hama anantadharmA dravya ko kisI eka dharma ke mAdhyama se jAnate / isameM mukhya aura gauNa do dRSTikoNa hote haiM / dravya ke ananta dharmoM meM se koI eka dharma mukhya ho jAtA hai aura zeSa dharma gauNa / naya hamArI vaha jJAna paddhati hai, jisase hama kevala dharma ko jAnate haiM, dharmoM ko nahIM jAnate / pramANa hamArI vaha jJAna paddhati hai, jisase hama eka dharma ke mAdhyama se samagra dharmI ko jAnate haiM / hama a~dhere meM baiThe haiM / koI AdamI gulAba ke phUla le AtA hai / hama nahIM dekha pAte ki usake pAsa kyA hai ? para sugaMdha se patA cala jAtA hai ki usake pAsa gulAba ke phUla haiM / gulAba ke phUloM meM kevala sugaMdha hI nahIM hai / unameM raMga bhI hai, sparza bhI hai aura bhI aneka dharma hai / yadi prakAza hotA to hama unheM AMkhoM se dekhakara jAna lete / aneka dharmoM meM se jo bhI dharma mukhya hokara hamAre sAmane AtA hai, vahI usake AvArabhUta dravya ko jAnane 0 AcArya zrI tulasI

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kA mAdhyama bana jAtA hai| isa jJAna-paddhati meM dravya aura kara sakate ki satya ke samagra rUpa ko kahane kI kSamatA dharma kI abhitA kA bodha banA rahatA hai| yaha pramA- kisI meM bhI nahI hotii| isalie satya kI sArI NAtmaka anekAnta hai / dravya aura dharma yA paryAya sarvathA vyAkhyA naya ke AdhAra para hotI hai| hama akhaNDa ko abhinna nahIM hai| unakI abhinnatA eka apekSA yA eka khaNDa rUpa meM jAnate haiM aura khaNDa rUpa meM hI usakA dRSTikoNa se siddha hai| isa apekSA ke sUtra ko dhyAna meM pratipAdana karate haiM / ata: kisI khaNDa ko jAnakara use rakhakara dharmI aura dharma kI abhinnatA ko svIkAra karane akhaNDa kahane kA Agraha hameM nahIM karanA cAhie / khaNDa vAlI jJAna-paddhati kA nAma anekAnta hai| ekAnta jJAna kA Agraha na bane, isIlie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sApekSa se hama dharmI aura dharma kI abhinnatA ko svIkAra nahIM dRSTi kA sUtra kiyaa| sonA pIlA haiM, yaha sone kA eka kara skte| dharmI eka dravya hai aura dharma usameM hone dharma hai| usameM aura bhI aneka dharma haiM / yaha pratyakSa dekhate vAle paryAya haiM, ve donoM abhinna nahIM ho sakate / ananta hue bhI hameM nahIM kahanA cAhie ki sonA pIlA hI hai| dharmAtmaka dravya kA kisI eka dharma ke mAdhyama se prati- pIlA raMga vyakta hai, isalie hameM sonA pIlA dikhAI pAdana karanA syAdvAda (yA pramANa vAkya) haiN| detA hai / avyakta meM na jAne aura kyA-kyA hai ? usake sUkSma rUpa meM prabeza kie binA kevala sthala rUpa ke jJAna paddhati anekAnta hai aura pratipAdana paddhati AdhAra para hama kaise kaha sakate haiM ki sonA pIlA hI syAdvAda / anekAnta ke do rUpa haiM -pramANa aura ny| hai| kyA isase vyavahAra kA atikramaNa nahIM hogA? pratipAdana kI do paddhatiyA~ haiM-samagra dravya ke pratipAdana sonA jaba pratyakSata: pIlA dikhAI de rahA hai, harA kAlA kA nAma syAdvAda haiM aura eka dharma ke pratipAdana kA dikhAI nahIM de rahA hai, taba hameM kyoM nahIM kahatA cAhie nAma ny| ki sonA pIlA hI hai| vyakta paryAya meM sonA pIlA hI - vastu ke jitane dharma hote haiM, utane hI naya hote haiN| hai, yaha hama kaha sakate haiM, kintu traikAlika aura avyakta jitane naya hote haiM, utane hI vacana ke prakAra ho sakate paryAyoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue hama nahIM kaha sakate ki sonA haiN| kintu kahA utanA hI jAtA hai, jitanA kAlamAna hotA pIlA hI hai| isalie sonA pIlA hI hai, yaha nirUpaNa hai| anekAnta kA pahalA phalita hai anAgraha, satya ke prati- sApekSa ho sakatA hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| sone meM vidyamAna pAdana kI akSamatA kA bodha / saba logoM meM satya (yA aneka dharmoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue bhI hama yaha kaha sakate dravya) ke samagra rUpa ko jAnane kI kSamatA nahIM hotii| haiM ki sonA pIlA hI hai| zabda kA prayoga yaha sUcita hama isa bAta ko chor3a bhI deN| satya ko jAnane kA karatA hai ki sone kA pIlA honA saMdigdha nahI hai| kucha adhikAra saba ko hai, saba use jAna sakate haiM, yaha mAna loga mAnate haiM ki syAdvAda saMdehavAda hai| kintu yaha kara cleN| phira bhI hama isa tathya ko asvIkAra nahIM vAstavikatA nahIM hai| saMdeha ajJAna kI dazA meM hotA 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 450 / uvakosayasutaNANI vi jANamANo vi te'bhilappe vi / Na tarita savve vottuga pahuppati jeNa kAlo se // ' -iha tAnutkRSTazra to jAnano'bhilApyAnapi sarvAn (na) bhASate, anantatvAt, parimitatvAccAyuSaH, kramavartinItvAd vAca iti / / 80

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hai| hama jAnate haiM ki sonA pIlA hai, kintu sAtha-sAtha hai| kevala pramANa ko mAnanevAle tAkika isIlie yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki vaha kevala pIlA hI nahIM hai, kucha ekAntavAdI haiM ki ve naya ko nahIM mAnate / anekAnta aura bhI hai| sApekSatA kI dRSTi se hama kahate haiM sonA kA mUla AdhAra naya hai / dravya ke ananta dharmoM yA paryAyoM pIlA hai| sonA pIlA hai, yaha kahanA sadigdha nahIM hai, ko ananta dRSTikoNoM se dekhe binA ekAntika Agraha se vyakta paryAya kI dRSTi se yaha asaMdigdha hai, isalie mukti nahIM mila sktii| dravya ke ananta dharmoM meM yadi myAdvAda kI bhASA meM hama kahate haiM ki sonA pIlA hI apekSA sUtra na ho to ve eka-dUsare ke pratipakSa meM khar3e ho jAte haiN| nityatA-anityatA ke pratipakSa meM khar3I hai anekAnta meM naya kA sthAna pradhAna rahA hai| aura anityatA nityatA ke pratipakSa meN| yaha AmaneAgamasAhitya meM pramANa kI apekSA naya kA adhik| sAmane khar3I hone vAlI sainika manovatti ko naya dRSTi vyApaka prayoga milatA hai| nyAyazAstra ke vikAsa ke dvArA hI TAlA jA sakatA hai| ke sAtha pramANa kI carcA prArambha hotI hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM pAMca jJAna upalabdha hote haiM / unameM dravyAthika naya dhra va aMza kA nirUpaNa karatA hai, mati, avadhi, mana : paryava aura kevala-ye cAra jJAna isalie usake matAnusAra dravya nitya hai / paryAyArthika zrata jJAna svArtha aura parArtha donoM naya parivartana aMza kA nirUpaNa karatA hai, isalie hotA hai / naya zrata jJAna ke vikalpa haiN| anya dArzanika usake matAnusAra paryAya anitya hai| yadi dravya nitya pramANa ko mAnate the para naya kA siddhAnta kisI bhI aura paryAya anitya ho to ve eka-dUsare ke pratipakSa meM darzana meM nirUpita nahIM hai| pramANa kI carcA ke pradhAna khar3e ho sakate haiM / para dravyAthika naya isa apekSA ko hone para yaha prazna uThA ki naya pramANa hai yA apramANa? nahIM bhUlatA ki paryAya ke binA dravya kA koI astitva yadi apramANa hai to usase koI arthasiddhi nahIM ho nahIM hai aura paryAyAthika naya isa bAta ko nahIM bhUlatA sktii| yadi vaha pramANa hai to phira pramANa aura naya ki dravya ke binA paryAya kA koI astitva nahIM hai| taba eka hI ho jAte haiM, do nahIM rhte| jaina tAkikoM ne nityatA aura anityatA sApekSa ho jAtI hai| dravya aura isakA samAdhAna pramANa aura naya ke svarUpa ko dhyAna meM paryAya sarvathA bhinna nahIM haiM, isalie nitya aura anitya rakhate hue diyaa| unhoMne kahA-jJAnAtmaka nayana bhI sarvathA bhinna nahIM haiM / ve donoM paraspara sApekSa haiN| apramANa hai aura na pramANa / vaha pramANa kA eka aMza sApekSatA ke mUla sUtra ye haihai| dharmI meM pravRtta honevAlA jJAna jaise pramANa hotA hai, vaise hI dharma (eka paryAya) meM pravRtta jJAna naya hotA 1 dravya ananta dharmAtmaka hai| 1. pramANanayatatvAlokAlaMkAra 7714 zru tArthAzAMza eveha yo'bhiprAyaH pravartate / itarAMzApratikSepI sa nayaH suvyavasthitaH / / tatvAryazlokavAtika, pa0 123, zloka 21 nApramANaM pramANaM vA nayo jJAnAtmako mataH / syAtpramANekadezastu sarvathApyavirodhataH / /

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2 dravya meM provya aura parivartanIya donoM dharma hote haiN| unheM kabhI pRthaka nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 3 ghrauvya aura parivartanIya dharma abhivakta hote hue bhI apane-apane svabhAva meM rahate haiM, isalie dradhya kI nityatA aura anityatA meM koI nirodha nahIM hai / 4 astitva aura nAstitva bhI sApekSa haiM / ve ekadUsare ke virodhI nahIM haiN| 5 hama dravya ko eka dharma ke mAdhyama se jAnate haiM, samagra dravya ko nahIM jAna sakate / 82 6 hama eka kSaNa meM dravya ke eka hI dharma kA pratipAdana kara sakate haiM / 7 dharmoM kI nirapekSatA mAnane se virodha kI pratIti hotI hai / sApekSatA se virodha kA parihAra ho jAtA hai / ina sUtroM ke AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMca sakate haiM ki anekAnta aura svAdvAda kA jitanA dArza nika mUlya hai, utanA hI AdhyAtmika aura ahiMsAtmaka mUlya hai| 2222

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vartamAna yuga meM zramA O upAdhyAya muni zrI vidyAnanda jo ujjavala zramaNa paramparA zramaNa saMskRti kI ujjvala paramparA ne zIla, saMyama; tapa aura zauca ko cAritra meM parivartita kara mAnava-jIvana ko yugoM-yugoM se vibhUtimaya kiyA hai / AcAra aura vicAra ke kSetra meM yugAntarakArI parivartana upasthita kie haiN| mAnava ko mAnava samajhane kA viveka jana-mAnasa meM aMkurita kiyA hai aura akhila maMgalamaya ahiMsAmUlaka vizva maMtrI kA sandeza diyA hai / samayasamaya para AnevAle duranta upasargoM ko pAra kara Aja bhI vaha apane ardha dharAtala para avasthita hai aura kAla prabhAva se prabhAvita na hote hue kAla-doSoM ko nirasta karane meM hI saMlagna hai / Aja jabaki vizva meM kAle, gore tathA paraspara bhinna jAti sattAka mAnavoM meM ekadUsare ko samApta karane kI spardhA lagI huI hai, jijJAsu vRtti se sImAtikramaNa kiye jA rahe haiM, mAnava ko pari trANa dene kA pAtheya kevala udara zramaNa saMskRti meM haiM / kSamA aura ahiMsA ke maNi pITha se bhagavatI jinavANI pukAra-pukAra kara kahatI hai / "khammAmi savvajIvAn savve jIvA khamantu me" maiM saba jIvoM ko kSamA karatA hU~ aura sAre jIva mujhe kSamA kareM / sampUrNa bhUgola aura khagola para ekAdhipatya cAhane vAloM ko "parigrahaparimANa ke sUkta zramaNa saMskRti ne hI die haiN| jahAM zarIra bhI parigraha hai vahA~ saMgraha vRtti ke lie sthAna kahA~ ? aisI udAra, karuNAvatAra tIrthaM karavANI kA prasAra kartA nirmala mana, kAya, vacana dikhalAtA, jana ko mokSa dvAra / samyaktva - zilA para likhe yahA~ darzana jJAna cAritra - lekha, sampUrNa vizva ko abhayadAna dete jinavANI ke pradeza | isakI kalpa vRkSa chAyA meM sthita hokara mAnava dharma ne apanA sarvasva prApta kiyA hai / zramaNa-saMskRti kA mAnava-jAti para upacAra : isa saMskRti ne mAnava ko bhakti mArga diyA, mukti patha ke ratna-sopAnoM kI racanA kI aura vizvabandhutva ke bhAva diye / isameM Azraya meM pala kara manuSya 83

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ne ahisaka samAja kI racanA kI aura apane ko karate hai aura apane ekAMgI ekAnta jJAna ko satya vyasanoM se mukta kiyA / vrata-rahita-gantavya mAna se ThaharAte haiM, usI prakAra mokSa mArga ke triratna-satya ko ajAna mAnava ko brata-niSTa kiyA tathA indriyoM kI vibhakta kara eka dUsare se nirapekSatA rakhanevAle sAmAdAsatA se mukta kiyA / isI ke netRtva meM manuSya jikoM ne sarvodayI tIrtha ke tIna maNisopAnoM kA Adarzo ke U~ce mArgoM kA ArohI banA aura isI ke alaga-alaga apaharaNa kara liyA hai| AcArya mArga se calakara usane kaivalya prApta kiyaa| bhAvAtmaka vibhinnatA ke duSpariNAma na dhaudhAmirkavinA yadi vicArapUrvaka dekhA jAya to isa apaharaNa aisI nirdoSa saMskRti meM Aja jAna bUjhakara vikaaroN| kANDa se samAja meM girAvaTa hI AI hai / eka ke pAsa kA praveza karAyA jA rahA hai / jahA~ zramaNa zramaNI karma ke saMvara karane kA divyAraga raha gayA hai to aura zrAvaka zrAvikA (catuHsaMgha) milakara dharma ke isa / nirjarA kA amodhAstra nahIM hai to dUsare ke pAsa nirjarA mahAratha ko khIcate the, vahIM Aja ye pRthaka-pRthaka mAtra rahakara 'saMvara' kA abhAva ho gayA hai| pariNAma hokara 'mahAratha' ko gati dene meM asamartha ho gaye haiN| svarUpa visaMvAda aura zithilAcAra kA praveza ho gayA aMga aMgI ke samAna dharma aura dhArmika kA nitya saMbandha hai| samAja apane saMgaThana kI zakti ko khotA jA rahA hai| na dharmoM dhArmikaivinA yaha avyabhicArI sUtra haiN| hai| 'nAgendrA api badhyavante saMhataistaNasaMcayaH' tinakoM tIna ratnoM kI mAlA kI rassI banAkara usase gajarAja ko bAMdha liyA jAtA hai / kintu yadi tinakA-tinakA pRthaka kara diyA jAe mokSa mArga kA nirUpaNa karate hue samyagdarzana-jJAna to spaSTa hai ki usameM gajendrabandhana kA sAmarthya nahIM cAritrANi mokSa-mArga: kahA gayA hai| "mokSamArga" pada hai| samyaktavAnupUvika darzana-jJAna-cAritra ko eka baMTI ekavacanAnta hai aura samyagdarzana-jJAnacAritrANI' bahu huI rassI ke rUpa meM dekhanevAlA hI usase parama puruSArtha vacana hai| mokSa mArga meM 'tritayamidaM vyAgriyate' ye tInoM kI upalabdhi kara sakatA hai| isa samanvita dRSTi koNa sAdhana hai| inameM se kisI eka aMga ko lekara pravarta- ko catuHsaMgha kI bhAvAtmaka ekatA se hI prApta kiyA mAna honevAle samyakatva kI akhilatA ko jAnakara jA sakatA hai| AhAra denevAlA aura use grahaNa karane usake khaNDa se cipake hue hai| samAja kA paNDita varga vAlA tathA AhArazAstra kI vyavasthA denevAlA samyaktava paricchinna jJAna ko lie ghUmatA hai| zrAvaka (zrAvaka-zramaNa aura paNDita) tInoM yadi saMgha prema se samadarzana se santuSTa hai, aura tyAgI cAritra mAtra meM kartavya-niyojita hoM to AcArazaithilya A hI nahIM apane zrAmaNya ko kRtArtha samajhate haiM / eka sUtra meM paaegaa| apanA hAtha apane muha meM viSAkta kavala nahIM pirone para jo mAlA nirmANa kI jAtI hai, usI kI detaa| kintu apane hAtha aura muMha jo zarIra ke aMga eka-eka maNi ko vikIrNa karane meM mAlA kA gumpha nahIM haiM tathA agI ke lie karttavya samarpita haiM yadi apanA A pAtA / samyakatva se viziSTa darzana jJAna aura 'gAMgI' bhAva bhUla jAeMge to viSakavala denA hAtha ke cAritra kI yaha mAlA hI apane atruTita jApya se mokSa lie aura use udarasAt karanA muha ke lie kaThina siddhi de sakatI hai / ise ekaikaza: vibhakta karanevAle nahIM hogaa| 'ekodarAH pRthaggrIvA anyonyaphalabhakSiNa: to 'andhagajanyAya' ke anugAmI haiN| jaise 'andhagajanyAya- ta eva nidhanaM yAnti' yaha eka kathA hai jisameM batAyA vAdI paraspara apane 'gaja' sambandhI jJAna para vivAda gayA hai ki eka pazu ke peTa to eka thA, kintu mukha do

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the / eka dina donoM mukha kisI bAta para jhagar3ane lage / paraspara kI baira bhAvanA se unameM se eka mukha ne viSa khA liyaa| peTa to eka hI thA / pariNAma yaha huA ki vaha mara gayA / jo ekodara hokara visaMvAdI mukha rakhate haiM ve apanI hI mRtyu ke nimaMtrayitA banate haiM / parasparopagraha- ekamAtra samAdhAna bhAvAtmaka ekatA meM kabhI-kabhI aisA hI hotA hai ki dUsare ke aniSTa cintana meM apanA ahita hama kara baiThate hai / apane sampUrNa aMga se pra ema karane vAlA aMga ke kisI aMza ke dUSaNa ko dUra karane meM apanA sampUrNa yatna lagA degA / yadi pA~va meM kA~TA cubha gayA hai aura suI pAsa nahIM hai to vaha apane nakhoM se bhI use nikAla bAhara karegA / yahI aMga dharma hai / catuHsaMgha meN| jaisA ki Aja sunane meM A rahA hai, yadi AcAra zaithilya praveza kara gayA hai to aMgAMgI bhAva se usakA nirAkaraNa karanA adhika zreSTa hai / eka dUsare para doSAropaNa na karake 'parasparopagraha' se apane Apako thiya ko dUra kara sakeM to vaha acchA rhegaa| koI bhI vinAzaka tatva sUcImukha hokara praveza karatA hai aura jaba nikalatA hai to golI ke samAna nikalane ke mArga ko vistIrNa kara detA hai / zithilAcAra ke viSaya meM bhI aisA hI kahA jA sakatA hai / lokaiSaNA kA anucita rUpa Ajakala ke chape dhArmika granthoM meM artha sahAyatA karanevAle dhanika ke phoTo chApe jAte hai / jinakI preraNA se grantha chapate hai una zramaNoM ke bhI citra unameM hote haiM / jo loga rAta dina hajAroM lAkhoM rupayoM se khelate haiM, ve dhArmika granthoM ke pRSThoM se anyatra apanA artha-vyaya karate samaya kabhI 'phoTo' nahIM chapavAte kintu dharmadhvaja hone kI tRSNA meM lokaiSaNA sAtha milI hotI / kevala dharma bhAva se 'guptadAna" Ajakala nahIM kiyA jAtA / bhale hI adharmaM karate samaya vyaya kiye gaye lAkhoM rupayoM para unakI 'phoTo' na lage, kintu dharma zarIra para unakI mudrA (dravya) amudrita kaise rahe ? apane mAna ko karate samaya dharma granthoM kI maryAdA ko bhulAnevAle svayaM apane kRtya para soceM / idhara kucha samaya se muni mUrtiyA~ banAI jA rahI haiN| pahale jinavANI ke sAtha phoTo chapate the aba 'jina' bhagavAna ke sAtha mUrti bhI rakhI jAyA karegI / dhIre-dhIre pragati kI jA rahI hai / eka ve tyAgI the, jinhoMne jinavANI ko grantha racanA kA rUpa dekara bhI apane Apako parde meM rakhA, paricaya taka nahIM likhA aura dharma dhyAna karate hue jIvana ko sArthaka kiyA / zrAvakoM ne bhAvanA se abhibhUta hokara unakI 'caraNa pAdukA' virAjamAna kara dI / una caraNa pAdukAoM kA itihAsa bhI vizeSa vistRta nahIM / paMcama kAla ke zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu AcArya aura jJAna jyoti se bhAsamAna kundakunda AcArya jaisoM kI samAdhi maraNottara pratiSThA ke rUpa meM 'pada pAdukAe~' milatI haiM / candragiri pahAr3I kA zilA lekha hai 'jinazAsanA yAvanavarata 'bhadrabAhu candra gupta' munipaticaraNa mudrAkita vizAlazI.... 162 / kundAdri Adi kSetroM meM bhI AcArya kundakunda kI caraNa pAdUkAeM hI milatI haiM, mUrtiyA~ nahIM / Aja to paMcama kAla apanI sampUrNa grabhaviSNutA ke sAtha tAla dekara nAca rahA hai / zarIra ko bhI parigraha mAnanevAle muni pratimAoM ke lie preraNA de rahe haiM / kintu nAtastvamasi no mahAn " kahane kA sAhasa rakhanevAle parIkSA pradhAniyoM ko Agama viruddhatA se utkIrNa ye prastara kyA mAnya hoMge ? samaya kI mA~ga samaya kI mA~ga to yaha hai ki sahasUtrAtisahastra mUrti se sampanna jaina-jagata navIna mUrti nirmANa se pUrva apane mandiroM, caityAlayoM meM pratiSThApita jina bimboM kI pUjA prakSAla kI vyavasthA kare / granthoM aura mUrtiyoM 85

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kI saMkhyA kama nahIM hai| kabhI hai to unake svAdhyAyiyoM aura upAsakoM kI hai / isa saMkhyA ko bar3hAne kI ora dhyAna denA atIva Avazyaka hai| bhagavAna kI mUrtiyAM, eka eka mandira meM aneka hai| deva darzana ke niyamoM kA pAlana karane meM apanI dharma pravRtti lgaao| dharma aura jIvana ko ekAkAra karo mata samajho ki mandira se lauTane para mUrti A~khoM se parokSa ho gaI / bhAvacakSuoM meM use aharniza virAjamAna rkho| daza dinoM meM daza 856 lakSaNa parvo ko samarpita mata kro| pratyeka dina ahiMsA kA hai, kSamAvANI kA hai / jaba taka dharma kI isa dArzanika vyAkhyA hRdayaMgama nahIM karoge, dharma jIvana kA aMga banegA / agni aura usakA dAhakatva, pAnI aura usakA zItatva, agni se pRthak hokara nahIM rhtaa| dharma aura dharmI eka nIDa hokara rahate haiN| zramaNa saMskRti kI surakSA ke lie yaha smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai / [] D

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jaina yoga meM ka~DalinI 0 muni zrI nathamala yoga kI upayogitA jaise-jaise vaDhatI jA rahI hai hai| agni jvAlA ke samAna lAla varNa vAle padagaloM ke vaise-vaise usa viSaya meM jijJAsAe~ bhI bar3hatI jA rahI haiN| yoga se hone vAlI caitanya kI pariNati kA nAma tejoyoga kI carcA meM kuDalinI kA sarvopari mahatva hai| lezyA hai| yaha tapa kI vibhUti se honevAlI tejasvitA bahuta loga pUchate haiM ki jaina yoga meM kUDalinI sammata hai| hai yA nahIM? yadi vaha eka vAstavikatA hai to phira koI bhI yoga-paraMparA use asvIkRta kaise kara sakatI hama zarIradhArI haiM / hamAre zarIra do prakAra ke hai ? vaha koI saiddhAntika mAnyatA nahIM hai kintu eka haiM---sthUla aura sUkSma / hamArA asthi-carmamaya zarIra sthUla hai| taijasa aura karma-ye do zarIra sakSama haiM / yathArtha zakti hai| use asvIkRta karane kA prazna hI nahIM hamArI sakriyatA, tejasvitA aura pAcana kA mula ho sktaa| taijasa zarIra hai / vaha sthUla zarIra ke bhItara rahakara jaina paramparA ke prAcIna sAhitya meM kUDalinI dIpti yA tejasvitA utpanna karatA rahatA hai| sAdhanA ke zabda kA prAyoga nahIM milatA / uttaravartI sAhitya meM dvArA usakI zakti vikasita karalI jAtI hai| taba isakA prayoga milatA hai| vaha taMtrazAstra aura haThayoga usameM nigraha aura anugraha kI kSamatA utpanna ho jAtI kA prabhAva hai| Agama aura usake vyAkhyA sAhitya meM hai| isa zakti kA nAma tejolabdhi hai| yaha tejasa zakti kuMDalinI kA nAma tejolezyA hai| ise isa prakAra bhI uSNa aura zIta-donoM prakAra kI hotI hai / uSNa kahA jA sakatA hai ki haThayoga meM kuDalinI kA jo tejolabdhi ke prahAra ko zItala-tejolabdhi niSphala banA narNana hai, usakI tejolezyA se tulanA kI jA sakatI detI hai| bAlatapasvI vaizyAyana se gozAlaka ko jalAne ke 1. ThANaM 11164, vRtti patra 26: teja-agnijvAlA, tada varNAni yAni dravyANi lohitAnI tyarthaH, tatsAcivyAjjAtA tejolezyA, shubhsvbhaavaa| 87

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lie uSNa-tejolabdhi kA prayoga kiyA taba mahAvIra ne zItala-tejolabdhi kA prayoga kara use niSphala banA diyA / gozAlaka ne mahAvIra se pUchA- 'bhaMte ! yaha tejolezyA kaise prApta kI jA sakatI hai ?' taba bhagavAn ne use upalabdha karane kI sAdhanA batalAI / usakI carcA hama Age kreNge| vaha tejolezyA aprayogakAla meM saMkSipta aura prayogakAla meM vipula ho jAtI hai / " vaha vipula avasthA meM sUrya-bimba ke samAna durdarza hotI hai' - itanI cakAcauMdha paidA karatI hai ki AdamI use khulI A~khoM se dekha nahIM sakatA / yahI tathya haThayoga meM 'sUryakoTisamaputram' isa vAkya ke dvArA vyakta kiyA gayA haiM / tejolabdhi kA prayoga karanevAlA jaba apanI isa tejasa zakti ko bAhara pheMkatA hai taba vaha mahAjvAlA ke rUpa meM vikarAla ho jAtI hai / " taijasa zarIra kI zakti ke do kArya haiM- dAha (zApa yA nigraha) aura anugraha / taijasa zarIra do prakAra kA hotA hai - svAbhAvika aura labdhihetuka | svAbhAvika taijasa zarIra 2. bhagavaI 1566, vRtti patra 66 : 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. sabako prApta hotA hai / tapo vizeSa yA vizeSa prakAra kI sAdhanA karanevAle vyakti ko labdhihetuka tejasa zarIra upalabdha hotA hai / " jise labdhihetuka taijasa zarIra prApta hotA hai vaha kruddha hone para apanI tejasa zakti ko bAhara nikAlatA hai aura lakSya ko zAka-bhAjI kI taraha pakA detA hai / vaha zakti apanA kAma kara phira lauTa AtI hai, phira usI meM samAhita ho jAtI hai| yadi vaha zakti bahuta samaya taka bAhara ThaharatI hai to usa lakSya ko jalAkara bhasma kara DAlatI hai/ 17 tejasa zarIra kI vikasita avasthA kA nAma tejolezyA yA tejolabdhi hai aura usake prayoga kA nAma taijasa samudghAta hai / saMkSipta prayogakAle, vipulA prayogakAle / ThANaM 3386, vRtti patra 136 : vipulApi - vistIrNApi satI anyathA Adityavimbavat durdarzaH syAditi / ThANaM 3386, vRtti patra 136 : tejolezyA - tapovibhUtijaM tejasvitvaM, taijasazarIra - pariNatirUpa mahAjvAlAkalpam / tattvArthavArtika 246, pRSTha 154 : tejasasya sAmarthya kopaprasAdApekSaM dAhAnugraharUpam / tatvArtha 248 jo sAdhanA ke dvArA tejolezyA' ko prApta kara letA hai vaha sahaja Ananda kI anubhUti meM calA jAtA hai / isa avasthA meM viSaya-vAsanA aura AkAMkSA kI sahaja nivRtti ho jAtI hai / isIlie isa avasthA ko 'sukhAsikA' (sukha meM rahanA) kahA jAtA hai / " viziSTa dhyAnayoga kI sAdhanA karane vAlA eka varSa meM itanI tejo tatvArthavArtika 2046, pRSTha 153 : yaterupracAritrasyAtikra uddhasya jIvapradezasaMyukta bahirniSkramya dAhya parivRtyAbatiSThamAnaM niSpAvaharitapari pUrNAM sthAlImagniriva pacati paktvA ca nivartate, atha ciramavatiSThate agnisAd dAhyo'rtho bhavati / bhagavaI 14 / 136, vRtti patra 657 : tejolezyAM - sukhAsikAM, tejolezyA hi prazastalezyopalakSaNaM sA ca sukhAsikAheturiti kAraNe kAryopacA rAt tejolezyAzabdena sukhAsikA vivakSiteti / 88

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lezyA ko upalabdha hotA hai ki jisase utkRSTatama bAlasUrya yA pradIpazikhA ke samAna lAla hotA hai| bhautika sukhoM kI anubhUti atikrAnta ho jAtI hai| usakA rasa pake hue Ama ke phala ke rasa se atyadhika use itanA sahaja sukha prApta hotA hai jo kisI bhI madhura hotA hai| usakI gaMdha surabhi kusuma se atyadhika bhautika padArtha se prApta nahIM ho sktaa| sukhada hotI hai| usakA sparza navanIta yA sirISa kusuma . tejolezyA ke do rUpa se bhI atyadhika mRdu hotA hai / hama caitanya aura paramAragu-pudgala - donoM ko sAtha tejolezyA kA vikAsa sAtha jI rahe haiN| hamArA jagat na kevala caitanya kA jagat hai aura na kevala paramANu-pudgala kaa| donoM ke tejolezyA ke vikAsa kA koI eka hI srota nahIM saMyoga kA jagata hai| caitanya kI zakti se paramANu hai / usakA vikAsa aneka srotoM se kiyA jA sakatA pudgala sakriya hote haiM aura paramANu-pudgaloM kI sakri hai / saMyama, dhyAna, vairAgya, bhakti upAsanA, tapasyA AdiyatA se caitanya kI unake anurUpa pariNati hotI hai| Adi usake vikAsa ke srota haiN| ina vikAsa-srotoM kI isa niyama ke AdhAra para tejolezyA ke do rUpa banate pUrI jAnakArI likhita rUpa meM kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM haiM-bhAvAtmaka aura pudgalAtmaka / bhAvAtmaka tejo hotii| yaha jAnakArI AcArya ziSya ko svayaM detA thaa| lezyA citta kI viziSTa pariNati yA citazakti hai| gozAlaka ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchA---'bhaMte ! tejotejolezyAvAle vyakti kA citta namra, acapala lezyA kA bikAsa kaise ho sakatA hai ?' bhagavAn ne aura Rju ho jAtA hai / usake mana meM koI kutUhala nahIM isake uttara meM use tejolezyA ke eka vikAsa-srota kA hotaa| usakI indriyA~ sahaja zAnta ho jAtI haiN| vaha jJAna kraayaa| unhoMne kahA--'jo sAdhaka niraMtara do-do yogI (samAdhi-sampanna) aura tapasvI hotA hai| use / upavAsa karatA hai, pAraNA ke dina muTThI bhara ur3ada yA dharma priya hotA hai| vaha dharma kA kabhI atikramaNa nahIM maga khAtA hai aura eka cUllU pAnI pItA hai, bhujAoM krtaa| ko U~cA kara sarya kI AtApanA letA hai vaha chaha pudgalAtmaka tejolezyA ke varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura mahInoM ke bhItara hI tejolezyA ko vikasita kara letA sparza viziSTa prakAra ke hote haiN| usakA varNa hiMgUla, hai|1 9. 10. - eyajANata bhagavaI 14 / 136 / uttarajjhayaNANi 34 / 27, 28 : nIyAvittI acavale, amAI akUUhale / viNIyaviNae dante jogavaM uvahANavaM / / piyadhamme daDhaghamme, vajjabhIrU hiese| eyajogasamAutto, teulesaM tu pariName / / bhagavaI 15 // 66, 70 : tae NaM se gosAle maMkhalipatte mamaM vaMdai namasai, vaMdittA namaMsittA evaM vayAsI-kahaNNaM bhate / sakhittaviulateyalesse bhavati ? tae NaM ahaM goyamA ! gosAlaM makhaliputtaM evaM vayAsIjeNaM gosAlA ! egAe saNahAe kumbhAsapiDiyAe egeNa ya viyaDAsaeNaM chaThaMchaTheNaM aNikkhitteNaM tavokammeNaM ur3ar3ha bAhAo pagijjhiya-pagijjhiya surAbhimUhe. AyAvaNabhUmIe AyAvemANe viharai / se gaM aMto chaNha mAsANaM saMtiviulateyalesse bhavada /

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sthAnAMga satra meM tejolezyA ke tIna vikAsa-srota dekha paate| usake sahAyaka paramANa-pUgala sUkSmadRSTi se batalAe haiM12-- dekhe jA sakate haiN| dhyAna karanevAloM ko unakA yat1. AtApanA-sUrya ke tApa ko sahanA / kiMcita AbhAsa hotA rahatA hai| . 2. kSAMtikSamA--samartha hote hae bhI krodha-nigraha tejolezyA aura prANa pUrvaka apriya vyavahAra ko sahana tejolezyA eka prANadhArA hai| kintu prANadhArA krnaa| aura tejolezyA eka hI nahIM hai| hamAre zarIra meM aneka 3. jala pie binA tapasyA karanA / prANadhArAe~ haiN| indriyoM kI apanI prANadhArA hai| mana, vANI aura zarIra kI apanI prANadhArA hai| . inameM kevala kSAMtokSamA nayA hai| zeSa do usI vidhi / zvAsa-prazvAsa aura jIvana zakti kI bhI svatantra prANake aMga haiM jo vidhi mahAvIra ne gozAlaka ko sikhaaii| dhArAe~ haiN| hamAre caitanya kA jisa pravatti ke sAtha thI / tejolezyA ke nigraha-anugraha svarUpa ke vikAsa ke yoga hotA hai vahIM prANadhArA bana jAtI hai| isalie srotoM kI yaha saMkSipta jAnakArI hai| usakA jo sabhI prANadhArAe~ tejolezyA nahIM haiN| tejolezyA eka AnandAtmaka svarUpa hai usake vikAsa-srota bhAvAtmaka prANadhArA hai| ina prANadhArAoM ke AdhAra para zarIra tejolezyA kI avasthA meM honevAlI cittavRttiyA~ haiN| kI kriyAoM aura vidyata-AkarSaNa ke saMbaMdha kA adhyayana cittavattiyoM kI nirmalatA ke binA tejolezyA ke vikAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| kA prayatna khataroM ko nimaMtrita karane kA prayatna hai| ve prANa kI sakriyatA se manuSya ke mana meM aneka khatare zArIrika, mAnasika aura cAritrika--tInoM prakAra kI vRttiyA~ uThatI haiM aura jaba taka tejolezyA prakAra ke ho sakate haiN| ke AnandAtmaka svarUpa kA vikAsa nahIM hotA taba taka tejolezyA kA sthAna ve uThatI hI rahatI haiN| kucha loga vAyu-saMyama se unheM taijasa zarIra hamAre samUce sthUla zarIra meM rahatA rokane kA prayatna karate haiN| yaha unake nirodha kA eka hai| phira bhI usake do vizeSa kendra haiM--mastiSka aura upAya avazya hai| kintu vAyu-saMyama (yA kamaka) eka nAbhi kA pRSTabhAga / mana aura zarIra ke bIca sabase kaThina sAdhanA hai / usameM bahuta sAvadhAnI baratanI hotI bar3A sambandha-setu mastiSka hai| usase tejasa zakti hai| kahIM thor3I-sI asAvadhAnI ho jAtI hai athavA (prANazakti yA vidyutazakti) nikalakara zarIra kI sArI yogya gurU kA patha-darzana na ho to kaThinAiyA~ aura bar3ha kriyAoM kA saMcAlana karatI hai| nAbhi ke paSThabhAga meM jAtI haiN| mana: saMyama se citta vRttiyoM kA nirodha karanA khAe hue AhAra kA prANa ke rUpa meM parivartana hotA nirvighna mArga hai| isakI sAdhanA kaThina hai, para yaha hai / ataH zArIrika dRSTi se mastiSka aura nAbhi kA usakA sarvottama upAya hai / prekSA dhyAna ke dvArA usakI pRSThabhAga ye donoM tejolezyA ke mahatvapUrNa kendra bana kaThinatA ko miTAyA jA sakatA hai| citta kI prekSA jAte haiM / yaha tejolezyA eka zakti hai| use hama nahIM cittavRttiyoM ke nirodha kA mahatvapUrNa upAya hai| 12. ThANa 3 / 386 : tihiM ThANehi samaNe Niggathe saMkhitaviulateulesse bhavati, tejahA-AyAbaNatAe, khaMtikhamAe, apANageNa tavokammeNaM /

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parigraha kA svarUpa UM hI ahaM namaH parigraha kA yadi nirukta kiyA jAya to "pari-samantAt gahayate ---badhyate prANI anena iti parigraha; "jisake dvArA prANI cAroM ora se pakar3A jAtA hai, jakar3ana meM AtA hai| nigRhIta hotA hai use parigraha kahA jAtA hai / " vyAvahArika dRSTi se bAhya vastuoM ko Apa loga parigraha mAnate haiM / unheM tyAganevAlA aparigrahI kI koTi meM A jAtA hai, parantu bhagavAna mahAvIra kI painI dRSTi bahuta gaharAI taka pahu~catI hai, mUla ko pakar3atI hai aura kAraNoM ko lakSita karake naNya dizA detI hai / ve parigraha ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta karate haiM: 1- karma parigraha, 2-zarIra parigraha aura 3-bAhyamaNDopakaraNa parigraha / muni zrI candanamala jI karma parigraha se jJAnAvaraNIyAdi jo pApa puNya ke kAraNa haiM unako grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / saMsAra meM AtmA ko bAMdhanevAle vAstava meM puNya-pApa hI haiN| kyoki puNya-pApa kA samUla nAza hI to mokSa hai / yadyapi puNya sone kI sAMkala hai aura pApa lohe kI, para hai to sA~kala hI / calate samaya donoM hI avarodha paidA karatI haiM / piMjar3A cAhe sone kA ho yA lohe kA, pakSI ko ur3ane na dene meM to donoM samAna hI haiN| jaba taka eNya-pApa kA astitva rahegA taba taka bhava-baMdhana se AtmA chuTa nahIM sakatI aura bAra-bAra nava-nava zarIra ko dhAraNa karatI rhegii| isa pahale kAraNa kA kArya hI dUsarA 'zarora parigraha" hai jo mamatva kA bhISaNa hetu aura dehAdhyAsa kA prabala sAdhana hai| isIlie jJAniyoM ne kahA hai ki--'mala saMsAra vakSasya deha ekAtmadhIstata: "sasAra vRkSa kA mUla dehAdhyAsa hI hai| yathArtha meM dekhA jAya to sArA saMsAra deha kA hI phailAva hai| sarvaprathama bacce ke mAtA-pitA deha ke sambandha se hI banate haiN| choTe-bar3e, bhAI. bahana bhI isI ke kAraNa kahalAte haiM / pazcAt saMyoga meM strI bhI deha se hI sambandhita hai / phira pUtra-putriyAM, pote-parapote bhI isI kA vistAra haiN| zarIra ke sukha meM, sukha aura zarIra ke duHkha meM, duHkha prati samaya ajJAnI mAnatA rahatA hai| zarIra ko khilAne-pilAne, nahalAne-dhulAne meM kitanA samaya vyatIta hotA hai| isa zarIra kI pari-tRpti ke liye hI phira tIsarA maNDopakaraNa parigraha kA vyAkhyAna huA hai| isakI sukha-suvidhA ke liye hI dhana-dhAnyAdika kI cAha hai, udyAna kSetra gahAdika kI apekSA hai| isakI surakSA ke liye hI sadIM-garmI ke naye-naye paridhAnoM kI lipsA hai| ise sajAne ke liye hI to ratnAdi AbhUSaNoM kA AkarSaNa hai / isaliye ina bAhya vastuoM ko parigraha kI saMjJA milI hai| yaha bAhya parigraha phira 61

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nava-bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| jaise kSetra-vAstu, vaise murchA behozI ko bhI kahate haiM / yathArthataH ajJAnI hiraNya-suvarNa, dhana-dhAnya, dvipada-catuSpada, aura kuMbhI mUcchita hI hai, behoza hI hai jo para dravya ko sva dravya dhAtu navavA parigraha hai jo bAhya maMDa-kuNDa, mAce- mAnatA hai| unake lAbha-alAbha meM sukha-duHkha kA anubhava Dholiye, Adi vividha prakAra se gaha sAmAna se saMbaddha karatA hai / mUrchA hI jJAnAvaraNIyAdi dhana ghAtika koM hai| isa prakAra yaha eka parigraha kI zrakhalA bana jAtI kA upAdAna banatI hai, ataH uparyukta karma parigraha, hai| ina sabhI kA yadi saMgrahIta rUpa eka hI zabda meM zarIra parigraha evaM maNDopakaraNa parigraha mUrchA kA hI kahA jAya to dazavakAlika sUtra kA vaha pada bahuta mahatva- vistAra hai / isa liye mUrchA kA tyAga hI sarvotkRSTa pUrNa hai / jaise "mucchA pariggaho butto'| isI kA anUdita hai| bAhya padArthoM kA tyAga cAhe kitanA hI karo, para rUpa vAcaka mukhya upAsvAti ne tatvArtha satra meM likhA hai zarIra ko to AyuSyAvadhi nahIM tyAga skte| zarIra ki "murchA parigrahaH" / yaha bahuta tAtvika evaM gambhIra kA tyAga ho bhI jAya phira bhI taijasa kArmaNayukta vyAkhyA hai| vastutaH vastu parigraha nahIM, mUrchA hI zarIra to sAgAmI bane hI rahate haiN| isI viSaya ko parigraha hai| vastu to apane svarUpa meM upasthita hai, vaha spaSTa karate hue vidvadvara zrI mohana vijaya likhate haiMparigraha aura aparigraha kyA ? usase sambaddha hamArI "bAhara kriyA kalApa thI nirmala na bhayo koya / " .. Asakti mamatA hI parigraha hai / jimi viSa dhara kaMcalI taje, nija niviSa nahIM hoya / ___ eka vyakti ne pazuoM ke mele meM se gau kharIdI / kaMculI ke tyAga se sA~pa niviSa thor3e hI bana jAtA usake muha para baMdhe hue rasse ko apane hAtha meM lapeTa hai| kaMculI to Upara kI AvaraNa hai viSa to usakI kara vaha gau ko khIMcatA huA le jA rahA thaa| eka dAr3a meM vidyamAna hai| vaise hI bAhya tyAga se AMtarika mahAtmA mArga meM mile / unhoMne usa byakti se savAla zuddhi kaise ho sakatI hai ! isa bhAva ko lekara santa kiyA-"tU gau se ba~dhA huA hai yA gau tere se ba~dhI kavIra kI sAkhI karArI coTa karatI hai usa vyakti ne kahA-"yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki gau bAMbI kuTe bAMpar3A, sAMpa na marayo jAya / bAMbI to khAvai nahIM, sAMpa jagata ko khAya // mere se ba~dhI hai|" ajJAnI becAre sA~pa kI bAMbI ko roSa karake pITate ___ mahAtmA ne kahA-"nahIM, tU gau se ba~dhA hai / ". vyakti ne kahA-"kaise ?" hai| para sAMpa ko mAra nahIM sakate / are ! bAMbI kisI ko DasatI nahIM, DaMsane vAlA to sAMpa hai / phira bAMbI mahAtmA ne kahA-"yadi rassA tur3Akara gau daur3a para roSa karane se kyA lAbha? jAe to tU gau ke pIche daur3egA yA gau tere pIche ?" Aja baijJAnika yuga hai| pratyeka vyakti cintanazIla pratyuttara meM usane kahA-"mahArAja ! maiM gau ke pIche hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nizcaya aura vyavahAra, jJAna dauDagA / kyoMki gau merI hai na / " aura kriyA, vAha ya aura Abhyantara donoM pakSoM ko smita mudrA meM mahAtmA ne kahA-"phira tU kaise svIkAra kiyA hai| ataH mUrchAtyAga ke dvArA hI sahI kahatA hai ki gau tere se ba~dhI hai ? vAstava meM tU hI gau se rUpa se aparigrahavRtti apanAnA Aja kI samasyA kA ba~dhA huA hai" / vastu parigraha nahIM, hama vastu se mapratva hala hai / ke kAraNa parigRhIta haiM /

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jaina darzana pratyakSa kI hI taraha pramANa evaM arthasiddhi kA savala sAdhana mAnA hai| yoM to anumAna kA bhAratIya darzanoM meM vistRta vivecana upalabdha hai aura saMkhyAbaddha granthoM kA nirmANa huA hai, kintu yahA~ hama usake mAtra svarUpa para vimarza prastuta kreNge| anumAna paribhASA anumAna zabda kI nirukti anu+mAna ina do zabdoM se anumAna zabda niSpanna huA hai, jisakA artha hai pazcAdvartI jJAna, aura aisA jJAna hI anumAna hai| DaoN. darabArI lAla koThiyA prazna uThatA hai ki pratyakSa ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI (smRti, pratyabhijJA, cintA Adi) jJAna pratyakSa ke pazcAt hI hote haiN| aisI sthiti meM ye sava jJAna bhI anumAna kahe jAyeMge / ataH anumAna se pUrva vaha kaunasA jJAna vivakSita hai, jisake pazcAt hone vAle jJAna ko bhAratIya darzanoM meM pratyakSa kI taraha anumAna ko anumAna kahA hai ? bhI arthasiddhi kA mahatvapUrNa sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| sambaddha aura vartamAna, Asanna aura sthUla padArthoM kA isakA uttara yaha hai ki anumAna se avyavahita jJAna indriya pratyakSa se kiyA jA sakatA hai| para pUrvavartI vaha jJAna vizeSa hai, jisake avyavahita uttaraasambaddha aura avartamAna, atIta-anAgata tathA dUra . kAla meM anumAna utpanna hotA hai / vaha jJAna-vizeSa hai, aura sUkSma arthoM kA jJAna usase sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki vyApti-nirNaya (tarka-UhA-cintA) / usake anantara ukta prakAra ke padArthoM ko jAnane kI kSamatA indriyoM meM niyama se anumAna hotA hai| liMgadarzana, vyAptismaraNa nahIM hai| ataH aise padArthoM kA jJAna anumAna dvArA aura pakSadhamaMtAjJAna inameM se koI bhI anumAna kA kiyA jAtA hai| ise cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara, zeSa avyavahita pUrvavartI nahIM hai / liMgadarzana vyAptismaraNa se, sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai aura use vyAptismaraNa pakSadharmatAjJAna se aura pakSadharmatAjJAna 1. vyApti viziSTapakSadharmatAjJAna janma jJAna manumitiH / tatkaraNamanumAnam / -- gaMgeza upAdhyAya, tattva ci., anu., jAgadIzI, pR. 13 /

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vyApti-nizcaya se vyavahita haiM / ataH liMgadarzana, vyApti- liga parAmarza ko anumAna mAnanA nyAyayukta hai / isa smaraNa aura pakSadharmatAjJAna vyApti-nizcaya se vyavahita taraha udyotakara ke matAnusAra laga parAmarza vaha jJAna hai hone se anumAna ke sAkSAt pUrvavartI nahIM haiN| yadyapi jisake pazcAt anumiti utpanna hotI hai| kintu tathya pAramparya se unheM bhI anumAna kA janaka mAnA jA yaha hai ki liMgadarzana Adi vyApti-nizcaya se vyavahita sakatA hai| para anumAna kA avyavahita pUrvavartI jJAna haiN| ataH vyAptijJAna hI anumAna se avyavahita vyApti nizcaya hai, kyoMki usake avyavahita uttarakAla pUrvavartI hai| meM niyama se anumAna AtmalAbha karatA hai / ataH vyApti kI paribhASAnizcaya hI anumAna kA pUrvavartI jJAna hai| jaina tArkika vAdirAja bhI yahI likhate haiM anumAna zabda kI nirukti ke bAda aba dekhanA hai ki upalabdha jaina tarkagranthoM meM anumAna kI paribhASA 'anu vyAptinirNayasya pazcAd bhAvi mAnamanu maanm|' kyA kI gayI hai ? svAmI samantamad ne AptamImAMsA meM 'anumeyatva' hetu me sarvajJa kI siddhi kI hai| Age vyApti-nirNaya ke pazcAt honevAle mAna-pramANa aneka sthaloM para 'svarUpAdicatuSTayAt', 'vizeSako anumAna kahate haiN| vAtsyAyana' anumAna zabda kI NatvAta' Adi aneka hetuoM ko diyA hai / aura unase nirukti isa prakAra batalAte haiM-'mitena liMgena ligino. anekAntAtmaka vastu kI vyavasthA tathA syAdvAda' kI 'rthasya pazcAnmAnamanumAnam'-pratyakSa pramANa se jJAta sthApanA kI hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki samantabhadra ke liMga se liMgI-artha ke-anu-pazcAt utpanna hone vAle kAla meM jaina darzana meM vivAdagrasta evaM apratyakSa padArthoM jJAna ko anumAna kahate haiM / tAtparya yaha ki liMgajJAna ke kI siddhi anamAna se kI jAne lagI thii| jina upAdAnoM pazcAt jo liMgI-sAdhya kA jJAna hotA hai vaha anu- se anumAna niSpanna evaM sampUrNa hotA hai una upAdAnoM mAna hai| ve eka dUsare sthala para aura kahate haiM ki- kA ullekha bhI unake dvArA AptamImAMsA meM bahulatayA 'smatyA liMga darzanena cApratyakSo'yo'namIyate / -liMga- A hai| udAharaNArtha hetU, sAdhya, pratijJA, sadharmA, liMgI sambandha smRti aura liMgadarzana ke dvArA apratyakSa avinarabhAva, sapakSa, sAdharmya, vaidharmya, dRSTAnta jaise artha kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra vAtsyAyana anumAnopakaraNoM kA nirdeza isameM kiyA gayA hai / para kA abhiprAya 'anu' zabda se sambandha smaraNa aura liMga paribhASA grantha na hone se unakI paribhASAe~ isameM nahIM darzana ke pazcAt artha ko grahaNa karane kA pratIta hotA haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki anumAna kI paribhASA isameM hai| nyAyavArtikakAra udyotakara' kA mata hai ki 'yasmA- upalabdha nahIM hai / eka sthala para hetu (naya) kA lakSaNa lliga parAmargAdanantaraM zeSArthapratipattiriti / tasmA- avazya nibaddha hai, jisameM anyathAnupapatti viziSTa vilakSaNa lliga parAmarzonyAyya iti |'--ytH liMga parAmarza ke hetu ko sAdhya kA prakAzaka kahA hai, kevala vilakSaNa ko anantara zeSArtha (anumeyArtha) kA jJAna hotA hai, ataH nhiiN| akalakA aura vidyAnanda dvArA prastuta usake 2. nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa, dvi. bhA. 211; 3. nyAyabhASya 11153; 4. vahI, 11115; 5. nyA. vA. 1 / 115, pR. 45; 6. Apta mI. kA.5; 7 vahI, kA. 15 ; 8. vahI, kA. 17, 18; 9. vahI, kA. 16, 17, 106 Adi; 10. A. mI. kA. 106; 11. aSTa za. aSTha sa. pR. 286% 12. aSTa sa. pR. 286%

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vyAkhyAnoM se bhI yahI avagata hotA hai / Azaya yaha ki nizcaya ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai| jaba taka sAdhana AptamImAMsA ke isa sandarbha se itanA hI jJAta hotA ke sAdhyAvinAbhAva kA nizcaya na hogA taba taka usase hai ki samantabhadra ko anyathAnupapannatvaviziSTa vilakSaNa sAdhya kA nirNaya nahIM ho sktaa| hetu se honevAlA sAdhyajJAna anumAna iSTa rahA hai| yahA~ prazna hai15 ki isa anumAna-paribhASA se aisA siddha sena ne spaSTa zabdoM meM anumAna lakSaNa pratIta hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM sAdhana ko hI anudiyA hai mAna meM kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, sAdhana ke jJAna ko nahIM? isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki16 ukta 'sAdhana' pada se 'nizcayasAdhyAvinAbhuno liMgAt sAdhyanizcaddAyakaM smRtm| patha prApta sAdhana' artha vivakSita hai, kyoMki jisa dhUmAdi anumAna tadabhrAntaM pramANatvAt samakSavat / / ___ sAdhana kA sAdhyAvinAmAvitvarUpa se nizcaya nahIM hai vaha sAdhana nahIM kahalAtA / anyathA ajJAyamAna dhUmAdi sAdhya ke binA na honevAle liMga me jo mAdhya kA liMga se supta tathA agRhIta dhUmAdi liMgavAloM ko bhI nizcAyaka jJAna hotA hai vaha anumAna hai| isa anamAna bahni Adi kA jJAna ho jAegA / ataH 'sAdhana' pada se lakSaNa meM samantabhadra kA hetulakSaNagata 'avirodhataH' pada, 'avinAbhAvarUpa se nirNIta sAdhana' artha abhipreta hai, jo anyathAnupapatti-avinAbhAva kA bodhaka hai, bIja rUpa kevala sAdhana nhiiN| nyAyavinizcaya ke vivaraNakAra meM rahA ho, to Azcarya nahIM hai| . AcArya vAdirAja ne bhI usakA yahI vivaraNa kiyA hai / yathAakalaMka ne nyAyavinizcaya aura ladhIyastraya donoM 'sAdhanaM sAdhyAvinAbhAvaniyamanirNayakalakSaNaM meM anumAna kI paribhASA aMkita kI hai| nyAyavinizcaya kI anumAna-paribhASA nimna prakAra hai-- vakSyamANaM liMgam / sAdhana vaha hai jisake sAdhyAvinAbhAvarUpa niyama sAdhanAtsAdhya vijJAna manumAnaM tadatyaye / / kA nizcaya hai / isI ko liMga (lInamapratyakSamartha gamasAdhana (hetu) se jo sAdhya (anumeya) kA viziSTa yati)--chipe hae apratyakSa artha kA avagama karAne vAlA (niyata) jJAna hotA hai vaha anumAna hai / bhI kahA hai| akalaMkadeva svayaM ukta artha kI prakAzikA eka akalaMka kA yaha anumAna-lakSaNa atyanta sarala aura dUsarI anumAna-paribhASA laghIyastraya meM nimna prakAra sugama hai| paravartI vidyAnanda, mANikyanandi, vAdirAja, prabhAcandra. hemacandra, dharmabhaSaNa prabhati tAkikoM ne isI ko karate haiMapanAyA hai| smaraNIya hai ki jo sAdhana se sAdhya kA liMgAtsAdhyAvinAbhAvAbhinibodhakalakSaNAt / niyata jJAna hotA hai vaha sAdhanagata avinAbhAva ke liMgidhIranumAna tatphalaM dAnAdibuddhayaH / / 13. nyAyAvatAra kA. 5; 14. nyAyavinizcaya. dvi. bhA. 212; 15. 'nanu bhavatAMmate sAdhanamevAnumAne heturnatu sAdhana jJAnaM sAdhanAtsAdhyavijJAnamanumAnamiti |'-dhrm bhUSaNa nyA. dI. pR. 67; 16. 'na, 'sAdhanAt' itya nizcayapatha prAptAddhamAderiti vivkssnnaat'| vahI, pR. 67; 17. vAdirAja, nyA. vi. vi. dvi. bhA. 211, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI; 18. akalaMkadeva ladhIyastraya kA. 12 / na sAdhanAta

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sAdhya ke binA na hone kA jisameM nizcaya hai, aise liMga se jo liMgI (sAdhya artha ) kA jJAna hotA hai use anumAna kahate haiM / hAna, upAdAna aura upekSA kA jJAna honA usakA phala hai / 19 isa anumAnalakSaNa se spaSTa hai ki sAdhya kA gamaka vahI sAdhana athavA liMga ho sakatA hai jisake avinAbhAva kA nizcaya hai / yadi usameM avinAbhAva kA nizcaya nahIM hai to vaha sAdhana nahIM hai| " bhale hI usameM tIna rUpa aura pA~ca rUpa bhI vidyamAna hoN| jaise 'sazyAmaH tasputratvAt, itara putravat', 'bajra lohatekhyaM pArthivatvAt kASThavat' ityAdi hetu tIna rUpoM aura pA~ca rUpoM se sampanna hone para bhI abinAbhAva ke abhAva se saddhe tu nahIM haiM, apitu hetvAbhAsa haiM aura isI se ve apane sAdhyoM ke gamaka-anumApaka nahIM haiM / isa sambandha meM aura vizeSa vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / vidyAnanda ne akalaMkadeva kA anumAnalakSaNa Arata kiyA hai aura vistArapUrvaka usakA samarthana kiyA hai / yathA sAdhanAtsAdhya vijJAnamanumAnaM vidurbudhAH / sAdhyAbhAvAsambhavaniyamalakSaNAta zakyAbhipretAprasiddhatvalakSaNasya tadanumAnaM AcAryA viduH sAdhanAdeva sAdhyasyaiva yadvijJAnaM tAtparya yaha ki jisakA sAdhya ke abhAva meM na hone kA niyama hai aise sAdhana se honevAlA jo zakya (avAdhita), abhipreta (iSTa) aura aprasiddha sAdhya kA vijJAna hai use AcArya (akala deva) ne anumAna kahA hai| vidyAnanda anumAna ke isa lakSaNa kA samarthana karate hue eka mahatvapUrNa yukti upasthita karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki anumAna ke AtmalAbha ke lie ukta prakAra kA sAdhana aura ukta prakAra kA sAdhya Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya hai / yadi ukta prakAra kA sAdhana na ho to kevala sAdhya kA jJAna anumAna pratIta nahIM hotA / isI taraha ukta prakAra kA sAdhya na ho, to kevala ukta prakAra kA sAdhanajJAna bhI anumAna jJAta nahIM hotA / Azaya yaha hai ki anumAna ke mukhya do upAdAna haiMsAdhanajJAna aura sAdhyajJAna / isa donoM kI samagratA hone para hI anumAna sampanna hotA hai / 66 AcArya mANikyanandi akalaMka ke ukta anumAnalakSaNa ko sUtra kA rUpa dete haiM aura use spaSTa karane ke lie hetu kA bhI lakSaNa prastuta karate haiN| yathA sApanAtsAdhya vijJAnamanumAnam / sAdhyAvinAbhAvitvena nizcito hetuH 124 19. vidyAnanda ta zlo. 1130200, pR. 206 20. vahI, 1|13|120, pR. 167; 1 / 13 / 120, pR. 167 ; 23. maNikyanandi, parIkSAmukha 3114; 24. vahI, 3 / 15; 1 / 2 / 7 pR. 30 26. dharmabhUSaNa nyAya dI. pR. 65, 67 vIra sevA mandira, dillI; 28. udyotakara, nyAya vA. 115, pR. 45 / hemacandrAcArya ne bhI mANikyamandi kI taraha akalaMka kI hI anumAna- paribhASA akSarazaH svIkAra kI hai aura use unhIM kI bhA~ti sUtra rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| - nyAyadIpikAkAra dharma bhUSaNa ne bhI akalaMka kA nyAyavinizvayokta anumAna-lakSaNa prastuta karake usakA vizadIkaraNa kiyA hai| isake atirikta unhoMne udyotakara dvArA upajJa tathA vAcaspati Adi dvArA samarpita 'liMga parAmarNo'numAnam' isa anumAnalakSaNa kI samIkSA bhI upasthita kI hai| unakA kahanA hai ki yadi ligaparAmarza (ligajJAna- liMgadarzana) ko anumAna 21, 22. vahI, 25. pramA. mI. 27. vahI, pR. 66 ;

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mAnA jAya to usase sAdhya (anumeya) kA jJAna nahIM ho unhoMne 'bhavatu vA'yamoM laiMgikI pratipattiranumAnam, sakatA, kyoMki liMgaparAmarza kA artha liMgajJAna hai aura iti / '30 arthAta liMgI kA jJAna anumAna hai' kahakara liMgajJAna kevala liMga-mAdhana sambandhI ajJAna ko hI sAdhyajJAna ko anumAna mAna liyA hai / jaba unase kahA dUra karane meM samartha hai, sAdhya ke ajJAna ko nahIM / yathArtha gayA ki sAdhyajJAna ko anumAna mAnane para phala kA meM liMga meM honevAle vyAptiviziSTa tathA pakSadharmatA ke abhAva ho jAyegA. to ve uttara dete haiM ki 'nahIM, hAna, jJAna ko parAmarza kahA gayA hai.--'vyAptiviziSTa pakSa- upAdAna aura upekSA buddhiyA~ usakA phala hai| udyotadharmatA jJAnaM parAmarzaH' / ataH liMgaparAmarza itanA hI kara yahA~ eka mahattvapUrNa bAta aura kahate haiN| vaha yaha jJAna karA sakatA hai ki dhUmAdi liMga agni Adi sAdhyoM ki sabhI pramANa apane viSaya ke prati bhAvasAdhana haiMke sahacArI haiM aura ve parvata Adi (pakSa) meM haiM / aura 'pramitiH pramANama, arthAt pramiti hI pramANa hai aura isa taraha liMgaparAmarza mAtra liMga sambandhI ajJAna kA viSayAntara ke prati karaNasAdhana haiM--'pramIyate'neneti' nirAkaraNa karatA hai evaM liMga ke vaiziSThya ko prakaTa arthAt jisake dvArA artha (vastu pramita (sujJAta) ho use karatA hai, anumeya (sAdhya) sambandhI ajJAna kA nirAsa pramANa kahate haiM / isa prakAra ve anumAna kI ukta kara usakA jJAna karAne meM vaha asamartha hai| ataevaM sAdhyajJAnarUpa paribhASA bhAvasAdhana meM svIkAra karate liMgaparAmarza anumAna kI sAmagrI to ho sakatA hai, para haiN| dharmabhUSaNa ne isI tathya kA Upara udghATana kiyA svayaM anumAna nahIM / anumAna kA artha hai anumeya tathA sAdhyajJAna hI anumAna hai, isakA samarthana kiyA hai| sambandhI ajJAna kI nivRttipUrvaka anumeyArtha kA jJAna / isalie sAdhyasambandhI ajJAna kI nivRttirUpa anu- isa taraha jaina darzana meM anumAna kI paribhASA kA miti meM sAdhakatama karaNa to sAkSAt sAdhyajJAna hI ho mUla svAmI samantabhadra kI 'sadharmaNava sAdhyasya sAdhAsakatA hai / ataH sAdhyajJAna hI anumAna hai, liMgaparAmarza davirodhataH' (AptamI : 106) isa kArikA meM nihita nhiiN| yahA~ dharmabhUSaNa itanA aura spaSTa karate haiM ki hai aura usakA vikasita rUpa siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra jisa prakAra dhAraNA nAmaka anubhava smRti meM, tAtkAlika (kA. 5) se Arambha hokara akalaMka deva ke upayukta anubhava aura smRti donoM pratyabhijJAna meM tathA sAdhya evaM laghIyastraya (kA. 12) aura nyAyavinizcaya (dvi. bhA. sAdhana viSayaka smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna aura anubhava tarka meM 211) gata donoM paribhASAoM meM parisamApta hai / laghI. kAraNa mAne jAte haiM, usI prakAra vyAptismaraNa Adi yastraya kI anumAna paribhASA to itanI vyavasthita, yukta sahita liMgajJAna (liMgaparAmarza) anumAna kI utpatti meM aura pUrNa hai ki usameM kisI bhI prakAra ke sudhAra, kAraNa hai| saMzodhana, parivartana yA pariSkAra kI bhI gajAyaza nahIM hai| anumAna kA prayojaka tattva kyA hai aura svarUpa yahA~ jJAtavya hai ki liMgaparAmarza ko anumAna kI kyA hai, ye donoM usameM samAviSTa haiN| paribhASA mAnane meM jo Apatti dharmabhUSaNa ne pradarzita kI hai vaha udyotakara ke bhI dhyAna meM rahI jAna par3atI akSapAda gautama kI 'tatparvakamatamAnam',32 prazastahai athavA unake samakSa bhI uThAyI gayI hai| ataeva pAda kI 'liMgadarzanAta saMjAyamAnaM laiMgikama'33 aura 29. dhAraNAkhyo'nubhavaH smRtau hetuH / ... tadvalligajJAnaM vyApti smara gAdisaha kRtamanumAnotvattI nivandhanabhityetsusaMgatameva |-nyaa dI. pR. 66,67 / 30. nyAya vA. 11113, pR. 28 26 / 31. vahI 1 / 1 / 3, pR. 26 / 32. nyAya sU. 1 // 1 / 5 / 33. praza. bhASya pR. 66 / 67

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udyotakara kI 'liMgaparAmarzo'numAnam' paribhASAoM jaina tArkika akalaMkadeva kA liMgAtsAdhyAvinAmeM hameM kevala kAraNa kA nirdeza milatA hai, svarUpa kA bhAvaminibodhaka lakSaNAta / ligidhIramAnunaM tatphala nhiiN| udyotakara kI eka anya paribhASA 'laiMgikI hAnAdibuddhayaH / / ' yaha anumAnalakSaNa ukta doSoM se pratipattiranumAnam' meM svarUpa kA hI ullekha hai, mukta hai| isameM anumAna ke sAkSAtkAraNa kA aura kAraNa kA usameM sUcana nahIM hai| diGnAga kI 'liMgA- usake svarUpa donoM kA pratipAdana hai| sabase mahatvadarthadarzanam'38 anumAna-paribhASA meM yadyapi kAraNa aura pUrNa bAta yaha hai ki isameM unhoMne 'tatphalaM hAnAdi svarUpa donoM kI abhivyakti hai parantu usameM liMga ko baddhayaH' zabdoM dvArA anumAna ke hAna, upAdAna aura kAraNa ke rUpa meM sUcita kiyA hai, liMga ke jJAna ko upekSA buddhirUpa phala kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| sabhavataH nhiiN| kintu tathya yaha hai ki ajJAyamAna dhUmAdi liMga inhIM saba vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa sabhI jaina tAkikoM ne agni Adi ke janaka nahIM haiM / anyathA jo puruSa soyA akalaMka deva kI isa pratiSThita aura pUrNa anumAnahaA hai yA jisane sAdhya aura sAdhana kI vyApti kA paribhASA ko hI apane tarka granthoM meM apanAyA hai| grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai use bhI parvata meM dhUma ke sadbhAva mAtra vidyAnanda jaise tArkika mUrdhanya manISI ne to anumAna se anumAna hojAnA cAhie / kintu aisA nahIM hai / parvata vidurbudhAH' kahakara aura AcAryoM dvArA kathita batalA meM agni kA anumAna usI puruSa ko hotA hai jisane kara usake. sarvAdhika mahatva kA bhI khyApana kiyA hai| pahale mahAnasa (bhojanazAlA) Adi meM dhUma-agni ko eka sAtha aneka bAra dekhA aura unakI vyApti grahaNa yathArtha meM anumAna eka aisA pramANa hai, jisakA kI hai, phira parvata ke samIpa pahuMcakara dhuma ko dekhA, pratyakSa ke bAda sabase adhika vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai| agni aura dhUma kI gRhIta vyApti kA smaraNa kiyA, ata: aise mahatvapUrNa pramANa para bhAratIya tAkikoM ne aura phira parvata meM unakA avinAbhAva jAnA, taba usa adhika UhApoha kiyA hai| jaina tAkika bhI unase pIche puruSa ko 'parvata meM agni hai' aisA anumAna hotA hai, nahIM rhe| unhoMne bhI apane tarka granthoM meM usa para kevala liMga ke sadbhAva se hI nhiiN| ataH diGnAga ke vistRta cintana kiyA hai| yahAM hamane anumAna ke mAtra ukta anumAnalakSaNa meM 'liMgAt' ke sthAna meM 'liMga- svarUpa para yatkicita vimarza prastuta kiyA hai| tarka darzanAt' pada hone para hI vaha pUrNa anumAnalakSaNa ho / granthoM meM usake bhedoM. avayavoM aura aMgoM Adi para sakatA hai| vistRta vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jo una granthoM se jJAtavya hai| 37. nyA. dI. 34. nyAya vA. 1 / 115, pR. 45; 35. nyAya vA. 1313; 36. nyAya phale. pR. 7 ; pR. 67; 38. tarka mA. pR. 78,76; 39. ladhI. kA. 12 /

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jaina saMgha -aura sampradAya pratyeka dharma meM yathAsamaya saMgha aura sampradAya ko kaise jAnegA? tU mithyA dRSTi hai, maiM samyakadRSTi hU~ khar3e ho jAte haiN| unake pIche saiddhAntika matabheda kI merA kathana sArthaka hai, terA kathana nirarthaka hai| pUrva kathapRSThabhUmi rahatI hai / saiddhAntika matabheda dharma aura nIya bAta tUne pIche kahI aura pazcAt kathanIya bAta Age sampradAya ke vikAsa kI kahAnI hai| itihAsa isakA kahI / terA vAda binA vicAra kA ulTA hai / tUne vAda sAkSI hai ki jina panthoM meM matabheda nahIM ho pAye ve Arambha kiyA para nigRhIta hogyaa| isa vAda se bacane prAyaH apane pravartakoM athavA prasArakoM ke sAtha hI ke lie idhara-udhara bhaTaka / yadi isa vAda ko sameTa kAlakavalita ho gaye aura jinameM vaicArika matabheda sakatA hai to sameTa / isa prakAra nAtaputtIya nigaNThoM meM paidA hue ve uttarottara vikasita hote gaye / mAnoM yuddha hI ho rahA thaa| jainadharma bhI isa tathya se dUra nahIM rahA / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke uparAnta hI unake saMgha meM matabheda DA0 bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara pragaTa ho gaye / pAli tripiTaka isakA sAkSI hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki eka bAra bhagavAna buddha zAkya deza meM evaM me sutaM eka samayaM bhagavA sakkesu viharati sAmagrAma meM bihAra kara rahe the| usI samaya nigaNTha- sAmagAme / tena kho pena samayena nigaNTho nAtaputto nAtaputta kA nirvANa pAvA meM ho gayA thaa| unake pAvAyaM adhunAkAlaGkato hoti / tasya kAlaGki nirvANa ke bAda hI unake anuyAyiyoM (nigaNThoM) meM kariyAya bhinnA nigaNThA dvadhika jAtA maNDanajAtA matabheda paMdA ho gaye / ve do bhAgoM (pakSoM) meM vibhakta kalahajAtA vivAdApannA aJjamaja mukhasattIhi ho gaye the aura paraspara saMgharSa aura kalaha kara rahe vitadantA viharanti- "na tvaM imaM dhammavinayaM aajaathe| nigaNTha eka-dUsare ko vacana-bANoM se bIMdhate hue nAsi, ahaM chamaM dhammavinayaM AjAnAmi / kiM tvaM dhammavivAda kara rahe the-"tuma isa dharma vinaya ko nahIM jAnate, vinayaM AjAnissasmi ? micchApaTipanno tvamasi, maiM isa dharma vinaya ko jAnatA huuN|" tU isa dharma vinaya ahamasmi sammApaTipanno / sahitaM me asahitaM te / 1. vizeSa dekhiye, lekhaka ke grantha Jainism in Buddhist Literature tathA bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsaprathama adhyAya (Aloka prakAzana, naagpur)|

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pure vacanIyaM paccha avaca pacchA vacanIyaM pure avaca / isa prakAra mahAvIra nirvANa ke 162 varSa adhiciNNaM te viparAvataM / Aropito te vaado| (62+100) paryanta kevalI aura zratakevalI rahe / niggahitosi, cara vAdapyamokkhAya; niSpaThehi vA sace zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM pahosI" ti / vatho yeva kho maje niggaNThe su nAtapatti- hI 9 gaNadharoM kA nirvANa ho gayA thaa| mAtra indrabhUti yesu vattati / gautama aura Arya sudharmA zeSa raha gaye the| mahAvIra nirvANa meM uttaravartI AcAryoM kI kAlagaNanA sthavirAAcArya kAlagaNanA valI meM isa prakAra dI gaI hai bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda digambara paramparAnusAra 62 varSa meM kramaza tIna kevalI aura 100 varSa meM pA~ca zratakevalI isa prakAra hue| - kevalI 1. sudharmA 2. jambU 3. prabhava 4. zappaMbhava 5. yazobhadra 6. saMbhUtivijaya 7. bhadrabAhu 8. sthUlabhadra -20 varSa -44 varSa -11 varSa -23 varSa -50 varSa ~8 varSa -14 varSa -45 1. gautama gaNadhara -12 varSa 2. sudharmA svAmI (lohArya) -12 varSa 3. jambU svAmI -38 varSa 62 varSa 215 varSa zrutakevalI 1. viSNukumAra (nandi) 2. nandimitra 3. aparAjita 4. govardhana 5. bhadrabAhu -14 varSa -16 varSa -22 varSa -19 varSa -29 varSa yahA~ yaha dRSTavya hai ki jaina paramparAnusAra hemacandra ne 'pariziSTaparvana' meM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa ke 155 varSa bAda candragupta maurya kA rAjyakAla batAyA hai / AcArya hemacandra avantI rAjA pAlaka ke rAjyakAla ke 60 varSoM kI gaNanA ko kisI kAraNavaza bhUla gaye the / arthAt mahAvIra ke nirvANa (155+60) 215 varSa bAda candragupta kA rAjyAbhiSeka huA hogA / 100 varSa ukta AcArya kAlagaNanA ke anusAra digambara paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa ke 12 varSa taka gautama 2. suttapiTaka, majjhimanikAya, sAmagAmasuttanta ; dIdhanikAya, pathikavagga. pAsAdikasutta, saMgItisutta. 3. ghavalA, bhAga 1, pR0 66, tiloyapaNNatti, 4. 1482-84; jayaghavalA: bhAga 1, pR0 85, indrazru tAvatAra - 72-78, nandisaMdhIya prAkRta pAvalI-jana siddhAnta bhAskara, bhAga 1, kiraNa 4. 100

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gaNadhara kA kAla mAnA hai / aura unake bAda unake uttarAdhikArI kramazaH sudharmA aura jambUsvAmI ko rakhA hai para sthavirAvalI meM gautama ke sthAna para sudharmA kA kAla 20 varSa ( 12820) rakhA hai jabaki kalpasUtra pUrvavartI paramparA ko hI svIkAra kara mahAvIra nirvANa ke bAda 12 varSa gautama kA aura 8 varSa sudharmA kA kAla nirdhAraNa karatA hai / yaha kAlagaNanA jo jaisI bhI ho, para donoM paramparAeM bhadrabAhu ke kuzala netRtva ko saharSa svIkAra karatI huI dikhAI detI haiN| antara yahA~ yaha hai ki digambara paramparA mahAvIra nirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda bhadrabAhu kA nirvANa samaya mAnatI hai jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA 170 varSa bAda yahA~ lagabhaga ATha varSa kA koI vizeSa antara nahIM para samasyA yaha hai ki isa kAlagaNanA se bhadrabAhu aura 1. gautama 2. supa 3. jambU 4. prabhava 5. svayaMbhU 6. yazobhadra AcArya kAlagaNanA 7. saMbhUtivijaya 8. bhadrabAhu 9. sthUlabhadra - 12 varSa 8 varSa - 44 varSa - 11 varSa - 23 varSa -50 varSa 8 varSa -14 varSa - 45 varSa - 215 varSa candragupta maurya kI samayakAlInatA siddha nahIM hotI / una donoM mahApuruSoM ke bIca vahI prasiddha 60 varSa kA antara par3atA hai / arthAt yadi bhadrabAhu ke samaya vIra ni. 162 meM 60 varSa bar3hA diye jAyeM to candragupta maurya aura bhadrabAhu kI samaya kAlInatA ThIka bana jAtI hai athavA candragupta maurya ke kAla meM se 60 varSa pIche haTA diye jAyeM jaisA ki hemacandrAcArya ne mahAvIra nirvANa se 215 varSa kI paramparA ke sthAna meM 155 varSa pazcAt candragupta kA rAjA honA likhA hai to dotoM kI samayakAlInatA bana sakatI hai / " : 4. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrva pIThikA, pR0 342. 5. paTTAvalI samuccaya, pR0 17. zvetAmbara papamparAnusAra mahAvIra nirvANa ke uparAnta jaina saMgha paramparA isa prakAra dI jAtI hai 101 pAlaka navananda rAjakAla -- 60 varSa - 155 varSa -215 varSa

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215 -30 varSa -46 varSa 32 varSa maurya vaMza -108 varSa 10. mahAgiri 11. suhasti 12. guNasundara 13. guNasundara-zeSa 14. kAlika 15. skandila 12 varSa -30 varSa 40 varSa puSyamitra balamitra (2) bhAnumitra / 38 varSa -60 varSa 16. revatImitra 17. Arya bhaMgu 36 varSa -20 varSa (1) naravAhana (2) gardabhilla (3) zaka -40 varSa -13 varSa - 4 varSa -60 varSa 18. bahula 19. zrIvrata 20. svAti 21. hAri 22. zvAmArya 23. zANDilya Adi 24. bhadragupta 25. zrIgupta 26. vajsvAmI (1) vikramAditya (2) dharmAditya (3) bhAilla -40 varSa =111 varSa -11 varSa 580 varSa 581 varSa isa prakAra mahAvIra nirvANa ke 581 varSa vyatIta digambara paramparAnusAra jisa dina bha. mahAvIra he| usake bAda puSyamitra aura nAhar3a kA rAjyakAla kA parinirvANa haA, usI dina gautama gaNadhara ne kevala24 varSa kA rhaa| tadanantara / (581+24=605 jJAna prApta kiyaa| gautama ke siddha ho jAne para sudharmA varSa bAda) zaka saMvat kI utpatti huii| Age bha0 / svAmI kevalI hue / sudharmA svAmI ke siddha ho jAne para mahAvIra nirvANa ke 980 varSa pUrNa ho jAne para mahA- jambUsvAmI antima kevalI hue| ina tInoM kevaliyoM giri kI paramparA meM utpanna devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ne kA kAla 62 varSa hai| unake bAda nandI, nandimitra, kalpasUtra kI racanA kii| aparAjila, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca tha takevalI 6. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI. 7. jayaghavalA, bhAga-1, prastAvanA, pR0 23-30. harivaMzapurANa 102

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hue jinakA samaya 100 varSa hai| unake bAda vizAla, proSThila, kSatriya, jaya, nAga, siddhArtha, dhRtisena, vijaya, buddhila, gaMgadeva aura sudharma meM gyAraha AcArya kramaza: daza pUrvadhArI hue| unakA kAla 183 varSa hai| unake bAda nakSatra, jayapAla, pANDu prabasena aura kasa ye pA~ca AcArya gyAraha aMga ke dhArI hue / unakA samaya 220 varSa haiM / unake bAda bharata kSetra meM koI bhI AcArya gyAraha aMga kA dhArI nahIM huA / tadanantara subhadra, yazomadra, yazovAha aura loha ye cAra AcArya AcAraMga ke dhArI hue| ye sabhI AcArya zeSa gyAraha aMga aura caudaha pUrva ke ekadeza ke jJAtA the unakA samaya 118 varSa hotA hai / isa prakAra gautama gaNadhara se lekara lohAcArya paryanta kula kAla kA pariNAma 683 varSa huA ahaMbalI Adi AcAyoM kA samaya isa kAla parimANa ke bAda AtA hai / (1) tIna kevalI (2) pA~ca zrutakevalI (3) 11 daza pUrvadhArI - 62 varSa - 100 varSa - 183 varSa ( 4 ) pA~ca gyAraha aMga ke dhArI -- 220 varSa (5) cAra AcAraMga vArI - 118 varSa kula 683 varSa - nandisaMdha kI prAkRta paTTAvalI kucha bhinna hai| usameM uparyukta lohAcArya taka kA samaya kula 565 varSa batAyA hai / pazcAt ekAMgadhArI arhadbali, mAghanandida, gharasena, bhUtabali, aura puSpadanta ina pA~ca AcAryoM kA kAla kramaza: 28, 21, 191 30 aura 20 varSa nirdiSTa hai| isa dRSTi se puSpadanta aura bhUtabalI kA samaya 683 varSa ke hI antargata A jAtA hai| isa prakAra dhavalA Adi granthoM meM ullikhita aura nandisaMgha kI prAkRta paTTAvalI meM meM uddhRta ina donoM paramparAoM meM AcAyoM kI kAlagaNanA meM 118 varSa ( 683-565= 118 ) kA antara dikhAI detA hai para yaha antara ekAdazAMgadhArI AcArAMgadhArI AcAyoM meM hI hai, kevalI, zrutakevalI aura dazapUrvadhArI AcAryoM meM nahIM / AcArya bhadrabAhu AcArya kAlagaNanA kI ukta donoM paramparAoM ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa hai ki jambUsvAmI ke bAda honevAle yugapradhAna AcAryoM meM bhadrabAhu hI eka aise AcArya hue haiM, jinake vyaktitva ko donoM paramparAoM ne eka svara meM svIkAra kiyA hai / bIca meM / bIca meM honevAle prabhava, zayyaMbhava, yazobhadra aura sabhRtivijaya AcAryoM ke viSaya meM ekamata nahIM / bhadrabAhu ke viSaya meM bhI jo manabheda haiM vaha bahuta adhika nahIM / digambara paramparA bhadrabAhu kA kAryakAla 29 varSa mAnatI hai aura unakA nirvANa mahAvIra nirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda svIkAra karatI hai para zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra yaha samaya 170 barSa bAda batAyA jAtA hai aura unakA kAryakAla kula caudaha varSa mAnA jAtA hai| jo bhI ho donoM paramparAoM ke bIca ATha varSa kA antarAla koI bahuta adhika nahIM hai / paramparAnusAra zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu nimittajJAnI the| unake hI samaya saMghabheda prArambha huA hai| apane nimittajJAna ke bala para uttara meM honevAle dvAdaza varSIya duSkAla kA Agamana jAnakara bhadrabAhu ne bAraha hajAra muni saMgha ke sAtha dakSiNa kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| candragupta maurya bhI unake sAtha the| apanA anta nikaTa jAnakara unhoMne saMgha ko cola, pANDaya pradezoM kI bora jAne kA Adeza diyA aura svayaM zramaNavelagola meM hI kAlamapra nAmaka pahAr3I para samAdhimaraNa pUrvaka deha 8. ghavalA, AdipurANa tathA zrutAvatAra Adi granthoM meM bhI lohAcArya taka ke AcAryoM kA kAla 683 varSa hI diyA gayA hai| 103

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tyAga kiyA / isa Azaya kA chaTI zatI kA eka lekha vArasa aMga viyANaM caudaza pUvvaMga viDalavittharaNaM / punAr3a ke uttarI bhAga meM sthita candragiri pahAr3I para sUyANi bhaddAbAha gamaya gurU bhayavao jayao / / 62 / / upalabdha huA hai / usake sAmane bindhyagiri para ___ bohapAhur3a kI ina donoM gAthAoM se yaha spaSTa hai cAmuNDarAya dvArA sthApita gomaTezvara bAhabali ke 57 hai ki AcArya kundakunda ke samaya taka bhadrabAhu nAma ke phITa U~cI eka bhavya mUrti sthita hai / uttarabhArata meM raha do AcArya ho cuke the / prathama zra takevalI bhadrabAhu jAne vAle sAdhuoM aura kSulakoM meM durbhikSa janya paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa AcAra zaithilya ghara kara gayA aura jinheM kundakunda ne gamakagurU kahA hai aura dvitIya uttarakAla meM yahI ghaTanA saMghabheda kA kAraNa bnii| pari bhadrabAhu jo kundakunda ke sAkSAta gurU the| ye dono vyaktitva pRthaka pRthaka hue haiM anyathA kundakunda donoM ziSTaparvana ke anusAra bhadrabAhu duSkAla samApta hone ke bAda gAthAoM meM bhadrabAha zabda kA prayoga nahIM karate / dakSiNa se magadha vApisa hae aura pazcAt mahAprANa dhyAna karane nepAla cale gaye / isI bIca jaina sAdhu saMgha ne AcAraMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sUryaprajapti, vyavahAra, kalpa anabhyAsavaza bismRta zrata ko kisI prakAra se sthUla- dazAzra taskandha, uttarAdhyAyana, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika bhadra ke netatva meM ekAdaza aMgoM kA sakalana kiyA aura aura RSibhASita granthoM para kisI anya bhadrabAha avaziTa dvAdazaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke saMkalana ke lie nepAla nAmaka vidvAna ne niyuktiyA~ likhI haiM. aisI eka parameM avasthita bhadrabAha ke pAsa apane kucha ziSyoM ko bhejA mparA hai| ye niyaMtikAra tatIya bhadrabAha honA cAhie unameM sthUlabhadra hI vahA~ kucha samaya ruka sake jinhoMne jo cheda strakAra bhadrabAha se bhinna rahe hoNge| niyuktiyoM usakA kucha yathAzakya adhyayana kara pAyA / phira bhI meM Aryavaja, AryarakSita, pAdaliptAcArya, kAlikAcArya, dRSTivAda kA saMkalana avaziSTa hI raha gyaa| zivabhUti Adi aneka AcAryoM ke nAmoM ke ullekha milate haiN| ye AcArya nizcita hI ukta prathama aura devasena ke bhAva saMgraha meM bhadrabAhu ke sthAna para dvitIya bhadrabAha se uttarakAla meM hue haiN| zAnti nAmaka kisI anya AcArya kA ullekha hai / bhadrAraka ratnanda ne saMbhabatA devasena aura hariSeNa kI bhadrabAhu ke carita viSayaka bhadrabAhacaritra ke kathAoM ko sambaddha karake bhadrabAhacaritra likhA hai| atirikta ora bhI aneka grantha upalabdha haiM-devAdhiprathama bhadrabAhu kA koI bhI grantha prAmANika taura para kSamAzramaNa kI sthavirAvalI, bhadrezvara sUrI kI kahAnahIM milatA / cheda sUtroM kA kartA unheM avazya kahA vali, titthogAli prakIrNaka, Avazyaka cUrNi, Avazyaka gayA hai para yaha koI sunizcita paramparA nhiiN| para haribhadrIyA vRtti tathA hemacandrasUrI ke triSaSThiza lAkA puruSacarita kA pariziSTaparvan / unameM upalabdha AcArya kundakunda ne bohapAhuDa meM apane guru kA vividha kathAe~ aitihAsika satya ke adhika samIpa nahIM nAma bhadrabAha likhA hai aura una bhadrabAhu ko gamaka gurU lagatI / merutuMgAcArya kI prabandha cintAmaNi aura kahA hai| kUndakunda ke ye gamakagurU nizcita ho thata- rAjezvara sari kA prabandha koSa. bhI isa sambandha meM kevalI bhadrabAhu rahe hoNge| dRSTavya hai| mila sahaviyAro hao bhAsAsutta sU jaM jiNe kahiyaM / prabandhacintA maNi' meM eka kiMvadanti kA ullekha hai so taha kahiyaM NayaM rIseNa ya bhaddabAhussa // 61 ki bhadrabAhu barAhamihira ke sahodara the / brAhmaNa parivAra 9. prabandhacintAmaNi, saM. muni jinavijaya, siMghI jaina sIrija prakAza 5,5-118.

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meM utpanna ye donoM bhAI kuzala nimittavettA the| ina bhadrabAha saMhitA Adi granthoM kI racanA tathA naimittika donoM bhAiyoM meM bhadrabAha ne jaina dIkSA le lI para barAha hone kA kataI ullekha nahIM / ata: cheda sUtrakAra bhadrabAha mihira ne svadharma parityAga nahIM kiyA / barAhamihira tathA niyaktikAra bhadrabAha donoM kA vyaktitva nizcita ke putra ke sandarbha meM bhadrabAhu kA nimittajJAna barAha- hI pRthaka pRthaka rahA hogaa| barAhamihira ne apanI mihira kI apekSA prabala nikalaphalataH barAhamihira paMca siddhAMtikA zaka saMvata 427 (I. 505) meM jainoM se dveSa karane lge| isa dvaSabhAva ke pariNAma samApta kI thii| ataH tRtIya bhadrabAhu kA bhI yahI samaya svarUpa barAhamihira kAlakavalita hone para vyantara nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| jAti ke deva hae aura jainoM para ghanaghora upasarga karane lge| ina upasargoM ko dUra karane ke lie bhadrabAhu ne prazna hai, barAhamihira ke bhrAtA bhadrabAhu ne prastuta upasaggaharastotra likhA / prabandhakoSa meM isase bhinna bhadrabAhu saMhitA kI racanA kI yA nahIM ? hameM aisA anya kathA kA ullekha hai / tadanusAra barAhamihira aura lagatA hai ki barAhamihira kI vRhatsaMhitA ke samakakSa bhadrabAhu donoM ne jaina munibrata grahaNa kie / inameM bhadra meM koI anya jana saMhitA rakhane kI dRSTi se kisI bAhu caturdaza pUrvajJAna ke dhArI the / jinhoMne niyuktiyoM digambara jaina lekhaka ne zru takevalI bhadrabAhu ko sarvA- . tathA bhadrabAhasaMhitA jaise granthoM kI racanA kii| parantu dhika zreSTha evaM upayogI AcArya samajha aura unhIM ke svabhAva se uddhata hone ke kAraNa AcArya barAhamihira ke nAma para eka sahinA grantha kI racanA kara dii| ko jaina muni dIkSA tyAgakara pUnaH vrAhmaNabrata dhAraNa vRhatsaMhitA kA vizAla sAMskRtika koSa, viSada nirUpaNa karanA pdd'aa| isI ke pazcAta unhoMne vRhatsaMhitA likhI udAtta kavitva zakti, sUkSma nirIkSaNa aura agAdha vidvatA Adi jaisI vizeSatAe~ bhadrabAha saMhitA meM yahA yaha ullekhanIya hai ki prabandhakoSa ke pUrvavartI anya kisI grantha meM bhadrabAhu ko bhadrabAha saMhitAkAra athavA dikhAI nahIM detiiN| ataH yaha nizcita hai ki bhadrabAhu barAhamihira kA sahodara nahIM batAyA gyaa| prabandhakoSA0 saMhitAkAra ne hI vRhatsaMhitA kA AdhAra liyA hogaa| meM bhI isI se milatI julatI ghaTanAkA ullekha milatA "bhadrabAhuvano yathA" Adi zabdoM se bhI yahI bAta spaSTa hotI hai / bhadrabAhu saMhitA meM chandobhaMga, byAkaraNa doSa, pUrvApara virodha, vastu varNana zaithilya', kramabaddhatA kA parampa ra barAhamihira ke sahodara bhadrabAha abhAva, prabhAvahIna nirUpaNa ityAdi aneka akSamya doSa ne hI upayukta niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI hai / jina bhI ukta kathana kI puSTi karate haiN| granthoM meM zra takevalI bhadrabAhu kA caritra citraNa milatA hai| unameM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla, nepalA, prayANa, mahAprANa sva. paM. jugalakizora mukhtAra, DaoN. gopANI kA dhyAna kA ArAdhana, sthUlabhadra kI zikSA cheda sUtroM kI anusaraNa karate hue bhadrabAha saMhitA ko idhara-udhara kA racanA Adi kA varNana to milatA hai parantu barAha- ber3hegA saMgraha mAnate haiM jise 16-17 vIM zatI meM saMkamihira kA bhAI honA, niyuktiyoM, upasaggaharastotra tathA lita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha ThIka nahIM kyoMki 16-17 vIM 10. prabandhakoza-saM. muni jinavijaya siMghI jaina sIrija. 1.2 11. bhadrabAhu saMhitA, saM.-e. esa. gopANI, puSpikA, pR. 70 12. vahI, prAkkathana, pa. 3-4 105

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zatI taka kA sAMskRtika athavA aitihAsika koI (1) cAturvarNya vyavasthA tathA varNasaMkara kA ullekha pramANa isameM nahIM milatA jisake AdhAra para mukhtAra bha0 sa0 meM aneka sthAnoM para vikasita avasthA meM huA sAhaba ke mata ko samarthana diyA jA ske| muni jina- hai| jaina saMskRti meM cAturvarNya vyavasthA jinasena dvArA vijaya ne yaha samaya 11-12vIM zatI nizcita kiyA kI gaI jisakA paripoSaka rUpa somadeva ke granthoM meM haiN| yaha mata kahIM adhika upayukta jAna par3atA hai| milatA hai| vaise grantha ke anta pramANoM ke AdhAra para isa samaya ko bhI eka do zatAbdI Age kiyA jA sakatA hai| (2) ariSToM ke varNana ke prasaMga meM durgAcArya aura elAcArya kA ullekha hai / dargAcArya kA grantha riSTa samuccaya kA racanAkAla 1032 I. hai| / kucheka varSoM pUrva bhAratIya jJAnapITha se DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI dvArA sampAdita evaM anuvAdita bhadrabAhu saMhitA (3) candra, varuNa, rudra, indra, baladeva, pradyumna, kA prakAzana haA thaa| usakI prastAvanA meM DaoN. zAstrI sarya, lakSmI, bhadrakAlI, indrANI. dhanvantari, parazarAma, ne eka sthAna para bhadrabAhu ko barAhamihira se prabhAvita rAmacandra' tulasA, gar3a, bhUta, arhanta, varuNa, rudra, sUrya batAyA / dUsare sthAna para unhoMne likhA ki kucha viSayoM zakra, droNa, indra, agni, vAya, samadra, vizvakarmA, prajAkA varNana barAhamihira se bhI adhika bhadrabAhu saMhitA pati, pArvatI, rati Adi kI pratimAoM kA varNana isa meM milatA hai aura yahI navInatA prAcInatA kI poSikA grantha meM hai| ina sabhI ke rUpa 12vIM zatI taka vikahai / phalataH bhadrabAhu barAhamihira ke pUrvavartI ho sakate sita ho cuke the| haiM aura anta meM DaoN. zAstrI ne isa kRti kA samaya 8-9 vIM zatI bhI batA diyaa| ina tIna matoM meM kauna (4) bhadrabAhu vaco yathA (I. 64), yathAvadanusA mata unakA mAnA jAya, nizcita nahIM kiyA jA pUrvazaH (91) Adi jaise vAkyoM kA prayoga milatA sktaa| lagatA hai, ve svayaM isa samaya kI paridhi ko hai| isase spaSTa hai ki bha. saM. kI racanA zratakevalI nizcita nahIM kara paaye| bhadrabAha ne to nahIM kii| unake anusAra anya kisI bhadrabAha ne kI ho athavA unake nAma para kisI yadvA . isa sandarbha meM merA apanA mata hai ki bhadrabAhu tadvA vidrAna ne| 11-12 vIM zatI ke honA cAhie, jo na to zratakevalI bhadrabAhu haiM, na kunda kunda ke sAkSAta gurU aura na hI (5) bhaugolika aura rAjanItika varNana / niyuktikAra bhadrabAha / inake atirikta anya koI (6) vRhatsaMhitA kI apekSA viSaya varNana meM caturtha bhadrabAhu hI honA cAhie, kyoMki niyuktikAra nviintaa| bhadrabAhu kI bhASA prAyaH zuddha aura samIcIna jAna par3atI hai jabaki prastuta grantha isa dRSTi se aspaSTa tathA ina sabhI pramANoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki bhadrabAhu vyAkaraNa doSo se paripUrNa hai| saMhitA kI racanA 11-12 vIM zatI se pUrvavartI nahIM honA cAhie / mUla grantha prAkRta meM rahA ho yaha bhI bhadrabAhu saMhitA kI racanA 12-13 vIM zatI kI samIcIna nahIM jAna pdd'taa| bauddha sAhitya kI zreNI meM hai / isa mata ke samarthana meM nimnalikhita pramANa prastuta ise nahIM rakhA jA sakatA kyoMki prAkRta ke rUpa kiye jA sakate haiM itane adhika bha0 saM0 meM nahIM milate / ataH isa grantha 106

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kI uparitama sImA 12-13vIM zatI mAnI jAnI anuyAyiyoM meM paraspara viSAda aura kalaha ho rahA hai| caahie| ye eka dUsare kI bAtoM ko galata siddha kara rahe haiN| budhda ne isakA kAraNa batAga ki nigaNThoM ke tIrthakara saMgha bheda nigaNTanAtaputta na to sarvajJa haiM aura na TIka taraha se unhoMne dharmadezanA dI hai| aTaThakathA meM isakA vizleprAyaH hara tIrtha kara athavA mahApuruSa ke parinirvata SaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki nigaNThanAtaputta ne apane athavA dehAvasAna ho jAne ke bAda usake saMgha athavA apane siddhAMtoM kI nirarthakatA ko samajha kara apane anuyAyiyoM meM matabheda paidA ho jAte haiM / isa matabheda anuyAyiyoM se kahA thA ki ve budhda ke siddhAMtoM ko ke mUla kAraNa Arthika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika svIkAra karaleM / Age vahAM batAyA gayA hai ki unhoMne paristhitiyoM ke parivartita rUpa huA karate haiN| matabheda antima samaya meM eka ziSya ko zAzvatabAda kI zikSA kI goda meM vikAsa nihita hotA hai jise jAgRti kA dI aura dUsaroM ko ucchedavAda kii| phalataH ve donoM pratIka kahA jA sakatA hai / pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra paraspara saMgharSa karane lge| saMghabheda kA mUla kAraNa ke saMgha meM bhI unake nirvANa meM bAda matabheda utpanna yahI hai / , honA Arambha ho gayA thaa| usa matabheda ke pIche bhI Arthika aura sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke badalate hue ukta udhdaraNa kahAM taka sahI hai, kahA nahIM jA rUpa the| sakatA para yaha avazya hai ki zAsana bheda nigaNThanAta patta ke parinirvANa ke bAda kisI na kisI aMza meM isa prakAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda unakA prArambha ho gayA thaa| saMgha antima rUpa meM do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gayAdigambara aura zvetAmbara / saMghabheda ke saMdarbha meM donoM isa zAsanabheda ko zvetAmbara paramparA meM ninhava sampradAyoM meM apanI apanI paramparAeM haiM / digambara kahA gayA hai| unakI saMkhyA sAta batAI gayI hai| sampradAya pUrNataH acelatvaya ko svIkAra karatA hai para jAmAli, tiSyagapta, ASAr3ha, vizvamitra, gaMga, roha. zvetAmbara sampradAya savastra avasthA ko bhI mAnyatA gupta aura goSThAmAhila / ninhava kA tAtparya hai--kisI pradAna karatA hai| donoM paramparAoM kA adhyayana karane vizeSa dRSTikoNa se Agamika paramparA se viparIta se yaha paSTa hai ki matabheda kA mUla kAraNa vastra thaa| artha prastuta karanevAlA / yaha yahAM dRSTavya hai ki pratyeka ninhava jainAgamika paramparA ke kisI eka pakSa ko pAli sAhitya se patA calatA hai ki nigaNTha nAta- asvIkAra karatA hai aura zeSa pakSoM ko svIkAra karatA patta ke parivartana ke bAda hI saMghabheda ke bIja prArambha hai ata: vaha jaina dharma ke hI antargata apanA eka pRthaka ho cuke the| Ananda ne buddha ko cunda kA samAcAra mata sthApita karatA hai| ye sAtoM ninhava saMkSepataH isa diyA thA ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke uparAnta unake prakAra haiM / 13. mAjjhimanikAya bhA. 2. pR.-243 (ro.); dIghanikAya mA. 3- 1. 117, 120 {ro.) 14. dIdhanikAya bhA. 3, pR. 121. 15. dIdhanikAya : aTThakathA bhA-2, pR. 996 107

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1. prathama ninhava - ( jAmAli); bahurata siddhAnta : 3. tRtIya ninhava- ( ASAr3ha AcArya); avyakta mata zvetAvikA nagarI meM ASAr3ha nAmaka eka AcArya the / ve akasmAta marakara deva hue aura punaH mRta zarIra meM Akara upadeza dene lge| yoga sAdhanA samApta hone para unhoMne apane ziSyoM se kahA- "maiMne asaMyamI hote hue bhI Apa logoM se Aja taka bandanA karAI zramaNo, mujhe kSamA karanA / " itanA kahakara ve cale gaye taba ziSya kahane lage- kauna sAdhu bandanIya hai, kauna nahIM, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ataH kisI kI bhI bandanA nahI karanI caahie| vyavahAra naya ko na sama jhane ke kAraNa yaha ninhaba paidA huA / 18 4. caturtha ninhava - (kauNDiNya ) ; sAmucchedaka : kauNDiNya kA ziSya azvamitra mithalA nagarI meM 2. dvitIya ninhava - (tiSyagupta ) ; jIvaprAdezika anupravAda nAmaka pUrva kA adhyayana kara rahA thA / usameM siddhAMta eka sthAna para prasaMga AyA ki vartamAna kAlIna nAraka vicchinna ho jAyege dvitIyAdi samaya ke nAraka bhI vicchinna ho jAyege / ataH usake mana meM AyA ki utpanna hote ho jaba jIva naSTa ho jAtA hai to karma kA phala kaba bhogatA hai| yaha kSaNabhaMvAda paryAyanaya ko na mAnane ke kAraNa utpanna huaa| ise samucchedaka nAma diyA gayA haiM / isakA artha hai --- janma hote hI atyanta vinAza ho jAtA haiM 5. paJcama ninhava dvikriyA (gaMga) dhanagupta kA ziSya gaMga eka bAra zaradaRtu meM ulukAtIra nAmaka nagara se AcArya kI vandanA karane jAmAli bha0 mahAvIra kA ziSya thA / zrAvastI meM usane apane ziSya se eka bAra bistara lagAne ke liye khaa| ziSya ne kahA- vistara laga gaye / jAmAli ne jAkara jaba dekhA ki abhI bistara laga rahA hai to use mahAvIra kA kahA huA "kiyamANaM kRta", ( kiyA jAne vAlA kara diyA gayA) vacana asatya pratIta huA / taba usane usa sidhdAMta ke sthAna para barahuta siddhAMta kI sthApanA kI jisakA tAtparya hai ki koI bhI kriyA eka samaya meM na hokara aneka samaya meM hotI hai| mRdAnayana Adi se ghaTa kA prArambha hotA hai para ghaTa to anta meM hI dikhAI detA hai| yaha Rju sUtramaya kA viSaya hai jise jAmAli ne nahIM smjhaa|" tiSyagupta vasu kA ziSya thaa| eka samaya RSabhapura meM Atma pravAda para carcA cala rahI thI / prazna thA - kyA jIva ke eka pradeza ko jIva kaha sakate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne uttara diyA- nahIM / sampUrNa pradeza yukta hone para hI 'jIva' kahA jAyagA taba tiSyagupta ne kahA ki jisa pradeza ke kAraNa vaha jIva nahIM khlaayegaa| usI carama pradeza ko jIva kyoM nahIM kahA jAtA, yahI usakA jIva prAdezika mata hai| evaMbhUtanaya na samajhane ke kAraNa hI usane yaha mata sthApita kiyA / " 16. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya gAyA 2308-32. 17. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA-2333-2355. 18. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya gAthA - 2356-2388. 19 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAyA -2389-2433. 108

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ke lie nikalA mArga meM usane garmI aura ThaNDa donoM kA kahA ki sAdhu ke mArga meM aneka anartha utpanna karane vAle anubhava eka sAtha kiyA / taba usane yaha mata pratipA- isa kambala ko grahaNa karanA ucita nahIM / para zivabhUti dita kiyA ki eka samaya meM do kriyAoM kA anubhava ko usa kambala meM Asakti utpanna ho gaI thii| yaha ho sakatA hai| nadI meM calane para Upara kI sUrya uSNatA samajhakara AyaMkRSNa ne zivabhUti kI anupasthiti meM usa aura nadI kI zItalatA, donoM kA anubhava hotA hai| ke pAdaprocchanaka banA diye / yaha dekhakara zivabhUti ko gaMga ne apane dvikriyA mata kI sthApanA krlii| tathya kaSAya utpanna ho gaI / eka samaya AryakRSNa jinakAlpiyoM yaha yaha hai ki mana kI sUkSmatA ke kAraNa yaha bhAna nahIM kA varNana kara rahe the aura kaha rahe the ki upayukta saMhanana hotA kriyA kA vedana to kramazaH hI hotA hai| Adi ke abhAva hone se usakA pAlana sambhava nahIM / zivabhUti ne kahA-'mere rahate hae kaise ho sakatA hai / 6. SaSTha ninhava-rAzika (rohagupta) yaha kaha kara abhinivezavaza nirvastra hokara yaha mata __eka bAra antaraMjikA nagarI meM rohagupta apane sthApita kiyA ki vastra kaSa ya kA kAraNa hone se parigurU kI bandanA karane jA rahA thaa| mArga meM use aneka graha rUpa hai ataH tyAjya hai| pravAdI gile jinhaiM usane parAjita kiyaa| apane vAda ye ninhava kisI abhiniveza ke kAraNa Agamika sthApana kAla meM usane jIva aura ajIva ke sAtha hI paramparA se viparIta artha prastuta karane vAle hote haiM / nojIva kI bhI sthApanA kI gahakikilAdi kI usane prathama ninhava mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM hI unakI 'nojIva' btlaayaa| samAbhisDha naya ko na samajhane ke jJAnotpatti ke caudaha varSa bAda haa| isake do varSa kAraNa usane isa mata kI sthApanA kI ise mairAzika bAda hI dvitIya ninhava huaa| zeSa ninhava mahAvIra ke kahA gayA hai| ke nirvANa hone para kramaza: 214,220, 218, 544, 7. saptama ninhava-abadhda (goSThAmAhila) 584, ora 609 varSa vAda utpanna hue| siddhAnta bheda se prathama sAta ninhavoM kA ullekha milatA hai / para jinaeka bAra dazapura nagara meM goSThAmAhila karmapravAda bhadra ne vizeSyAvazyaka bhASya meM eka aura ninhava joDa paDha rahA thA usameM AyA ki karma kevala jIva kA sparza kara unakI saMkhyA 8 krdii| isI aSTama ninhava ko karake alaga ho jAtA haiN| isa para usane siddhAnta digambara kahA gayA hai| Azcarya kI bAta hai, ina nibanAyA ki jIva aura karma abaddha rahate haiM / unakA bandha havoM ke viSaya meM digambara sAhitya bilakula mauna hai| hI nahIM hotA vyavahAranaya ko na samajhane ke kAraNa hI prathama sAta ninhavoM ke kAraNa kisI sampradAya vizeSa kI goSThAmAhila ne yaha mata prasthApita kiyaa| utpatti nahIM hii| ThANAMGga sUtra (587) meM kevala sAta ninhavoM kA ullekha haiM para Avazyakaniyukti 8. aSTama ninhava-boTika- (zivabhUti) (gAthA-779-783) meM sthAna kAla kA ullekha karate rathavIrapura nAmaka nagara meM zivabhUti nAmaka sAdhu samaya ATha ninhavoM kA aura upasaMhAra karate samaya mAtra rahatA thaa| vahAM ke rAjA ne eka bAra eka bahumUlya ratna sAta ninhavo kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha kaMbala bheMTa kiyaa| zivabhUti ke gurU AryakRSNa ne spaSTa hai ki jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne hI sarvaprathama 20. evaM ee kahiA osappiNie u niShayA santa / vIra varassa pavayaNe saMsANaM pavayaNe natthi 178411 106

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aSTama ninhava ke rUpa meM digambara mata kI utpatti kI muniyoM-nirgranthoM ko bhI rAtri bhojana prArambha karanA kalpanA kI haiN| unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki upayukta pdd'aa| eka bAra aMdhakAra meM bhikSA kI khoja meM nikale saMhananAdi kA abhAva hone se jinakalpa kA dhAraNa nirgrantha ko dekhakara bhaya se eka gabhiNI kA garbhapAta karanA aba zakya nhiiN| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara ho gyaa| isa ghaTanA ke mUla kAraNa ko dUra karane ke sampradAya kI utpatti arvAcIna nahIM, prAcInatara hai| liye zrAvakoM ne muniyoM ko "ardhaphalaka' (ardhavasyaRSabhadeva ne jinakalpa kI hI sthApanA kI thI aura khaNDa) dhAraNa karane ke liye nivedana kiyA / sabhikSa vaha avicchinnarUpa se zvetAmbara sampradAya ke anusAra ho jAne para rAmilla, sthavira sthala aura bhadrAcArya ne bhI jambUsvAmI taka calA aayaa| bAda meM usakA to munivrata dhAraNa kara liye para jinheM vaha anukUla viccheda hua / zivabhUti ne usakI puna: sthApanA kii| nahIM lagA, unhoMne jinakalpa ke sthAna para ardhaphalaka ataH jinakalpa ko ninhava kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ! sampradAya kI sthApanA kara lii| uttarakAsA meM isI aura phira boTika kA sambandha digambara sampradAya se ardhaphalaka sampradAya se kAmbala sampradAya, phira yApanIya kaise liyA jAya, isakA spaSTIkaraNa zvetAmbara sAhitya saMgha aura bAda meM ibetAmbara saMgha kI utpatti hii| meM nahIM miltaa| sambhava hai, boTika nAma kA koI pRthaka sampradAya hI rahA hogA jisakA adhika samaya taka devasena ke 'darzanasAra' (vi. saM. 999) meM astitva nahIM raha skaa| etat sambandhI kathA isa prakAra milatI hai zvetAmbara sampradAya kI utpatti vikramAdhipati kI mRtyu ke 136 varSa bAda saurASTa deza ke balabhIpUra meM zvetAmbara saMdha kI utpatti hii| digambara sAhitya meM zvetAmbara sampradAya kI utpatti ke viSaya meM jo kathAnaka milate haiM be isa prakAra isa saMgha kI utpatti meM mUla kAraNa bhadrabAhugaNi ke AcArya zAnti ke ziSya jinacandra nAmaka eka zithi lAcArI sAdhu thaa| usane strI-mokSa, kavalAhAra, sava. hariSeNa ke vRhatkathAkoza (zaka saMvat 853) stra mukti, mahAvIra kA garbha parivartana Adi jaise mata meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki govardhana ke ziSya zruta- prasthApita kiye the / / kevalI bhadrabAha ne ujjayinI meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ko nikaTa bhaviSya meM jAnakara muni vizAkhAcArya (candra- darzanasAra meM vyakta ye mata ni sandeha zvetAmbara gupta maurya) ke netRtva meM munisaMgha ko dakSiNApathavartI sampradAya se sambaddha haiN| unake saMsthApaka to nahIM, punAra nagara bheja diyA aura svayaM bhAdrapada deza meM jAkara prabala poSaka koI jinacandra nAmaka AcArya hue hoNge| samAdhimaraNa pUrvaka zarIra tyAga diyaa| idhara duSkAla para cUki AcArya zAnti aura unake ziSya jinacandra kI samApti ho jAne para vizAkhAcArya sasaMgha vApasa A kA astitva devasena ke pUrva nahIM milatA ata: ye jinacandra 'gye| saMgha meM se rAmilla, sthavira sthUla aura bhadrAcArya jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa (saptama zatI) honA caahiye| sindhu deza kI ora cale gaye the| vahA~ durbhikSa pIr3itoM unhoMne vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM ukta matoM kA bharapara ke kAraNa loga rAtri meM bhojana karate the| phalataH samarthana kiyA hai| 21. darzanasAra-11-14.

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eka anya devasena ne bhAvasaMgraha meM bhI zvetAmbara saMgha kI utpatti isI prakAra batAyI hai| thor3A-sA jo bhI antara hai, vaha yaha hai ki yahA~ zAnti nAmaka AcArya saurASTra dezIya balabhI nagara apane ziSyoM sahita pahuMce para vahA~ bhI duSkAla kA prakopa ho gayA / phalataH sAdhuvarga yatheccha bhojanadi karane lagA / duSkAla samApta ho jAne para zAnti AcArya ne unase isa vRtti ko chor3ane ke lie kahA para use unhoMne svIkAra nahIM kiyA / taba AcArya ne unheM bahuta smjhaayaa| unakI bAta para kisI ziSya ko krodha AyoM aura usane gurU ko apane dIrgha daNDa se sira para prahAra kara unheM svarga loka pahuMcAyA aura svayaM saMgha kA netA bana gayA / usI ne savastra mukti kA upadeza diyA aura zvetAmbara saMgha kI sthApanA kI / 22 maTTAraka ratnanandi kA eka bhadrabAhucaritra milatA hai, jisameM unhoMne kucha parivartana ke sAtha isa ghaTanA kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki durbhikSa par3ane para bhadrabAhu sasaMgha dakSiNa gaye / para rAmalya, sthUlAcArya Adi muni ujjayinI meM hI raha gye| kAlAntara meM saMgha meM vyApta zithilAcArya ko chor3ane ke lie jaba sthUlAcArya ne mAra ddaalaa| una zithilAcArI sAdhuoM se hI bAda meM artha phalaka aura zvetAmbara saMgha kI sthApanA huI / ina kathAnakoM se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki bhadrabAhu kI paramparA digambara sampradAya se aura sthUlabhadra kI paraMparA zvetAmbara sampradAya se jur3I huI hai| yaha zvetAmbara sampradAya ardhaphalaka saMgha kA hI vikasita rUpa hai| ardhaphalaka sampradAya kA yaha rUpa mathurA kaMkAlI TIle se prApta zilApaTTa meM aMkita eka jaina sAdhu kI 2 bhAvasagraha-gA 53 - 70, pratikRti meM dikhAI detA hai / vahA~ eka sAdhu 'kaNha' bAyeM hAtha se vastrakhaNDa ke madhya bhAga ko pakar3akara nagnatA ko chipAne kA yatna kara rahA hai| haribhadra ke samboprakaraNa se bhI zvetAmbara sampradAya ke isa pUrva rUpa para prakAza par3atA hai| kucha samaya bAda usI vastra ko kamara meM dhAge se badha diyA jAne lagA / yaha rUpa mathurA meM prApta eka AyAgapaTTa para uTaMkita rUpa se milatA-julatA hai| isa vikAsa kA samaya prathama zabtAdi ke Asa pAsa mAnA jA sakatA hai| Upara ke kathAnakoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki digambara aura zvetAmbara sampradAya ke bIca vibhedaka rekhA khIMcane kA uttaradAyitva vastra kI asvIkRti aura svIkRti para hai| uttarAdhyayana meM kezI aura gautama ke bIca hue saMvAda kA ullekha hai| kezI pArzvanAtha paramparA ke anuyAyI hai aura gautama mahAvIra paramparA ke pA nAtha ne santastara (sAntarotara ) kA upadeza diyA aura mahAvIra ne acelakatA kaa| ina donoM zabdoM ke artha kI ora hamArA dhyAna zrI0 paM0 kailAzacandrajI zAstrI / AkarSita kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki uttarAdhyayana kI TIkAoM meM sAntanettara kA artha mahAmUlyavAn aura aparimita vastra ( sAnta ra pramANa aura varma meM viziSTa tathA uttara-pradhAna) kiyA gayA hai aura usI ke anurUpa acela kA artha vastrabhAva ke sthAna meM kramaza: kutsitacela, alpacela aura amUlyacela milatA hai / kintu AcAraMga sUtra 209 meM Aye 'saMtarusara' zabda kA artha dRSTavya hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki tIna vastradhArI sAdhu kA kartavya hai ki vaha jaba zIta Rtu vyatIta ho jAya jAya aura zrISma Rtu A jAye aura vastra yadi jINaM na hue hoM to kahIM rakha de athavA sAntarottara ho jAye / zIlAMka ne sAntarottara kA artha kiyA hai-- sAntara hai uttara or3hanA jisakA arthAt, jo AvazyakatA hone para 111

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vastra kA upayoga kara letA, hai anyathA use pAsa rakhe isakA mUla kAraNa hai ki pAzvaM paramparA meM brahmacarya vrata rahatA hai| ko aparigraha brata meM sammilita kara diyA gayA thaa| kezI aura gautama ke saMvAda meM Aye hae sAnta- 'paJcAzaka vivaraNa' meM kahA gayA hai ki prathama rottara kA tAtparya bhI yahI hai ki pArzvanAtha paramparA aura antima tIrthakaroM ke anuyAyI sAdhu svabhAvataH ke sAdhu acelaka to the para AvazyakatA par3ane para ve kaThina aura vakrajar3a hote the| isalie unheM acelAvavastra bhI dhAraNa kara lete the jabaki mahAvIra ke dharma meM sthA kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka batAyA gayA jabaki sAdhu pUrNata: acelaka avasthA meM rahatA thaa| sAdhu sace- bIca ke bAIsa tIrtha karoM ke anuyAyI sAdhu svabhAvataH laka vahI ho sakatA thA jo acelaka hone meM asamartha sarala aura buddhimAna the, ata: unheM AvazyakatA par3ane rahatA thaa| pAli sAhitya meM niggaNTha sAdhuoM ko jo para sacelAvasthA ko bhI vihita banA diyA gayA 128 'ekasATakA' kahA gayA hai vaha bhI hamAre mata kA poSaNa karatA hai| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM bhI sAdhu ko aparigrahI honA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai / 29 AcAraMgasUtra - pArzvanAtha paramparA meM mahAvIra ke samaya taka usameM etadartha dvaSTavya hai| usameM acelaka sAdhu kI prazaMsA kI cAritrika patana ho gayA thaa| isalie usa paramparA ke gayI hai aura use vastrAdi se nizcinta batAyA gayA anuyAyI sAdhuoM ko 'pAsAvajjiya ( pArvApatyIya) hai| 30 ThANAMga (sUtra 171) meM vastra dhAraNa karane ke athavA 'pAsajja' (pArzvastha) kahA jAne lagA / pAsa- tIna kAraNoM kA ullekha milatA hai-lajjA nivAraNa, jja kA tAtparya hai karma se baMdhA huA sAdhu / yaha zabda glAni nivAraNa aura pariSaha nivAraNa / Age pA~ca itanA adhika pracalita ho gayA ki caritra se patita kAraNoM se acelAvasthA kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai-pratisAdhu kA vaha paryAyavAcI bana gayA / 26 sUtrakRtAMga meM lekhanA kI alpatA, lAghavatA, vizvastarUpatA, tapapArzvastha sAdhuoM ko anArya, bAla, jinazAsana se zIlatA aura indriya nigrahatA / aura bhI anya AgamoM vimukha evaM striyoM meM Asakta kahA gayA hai| bhagavatI meM acelAvasthA ko prazasta mAnA ArAdhanA (gAthA 1300, Adi meM bhI pArzvastha asamarthatA hone para hI vastra grahaNa karane kI anajJA sAdhuoM kA caritra citraNa isI prakAra kiyA gayA hai| dI gaI hai| 23. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa: pUrva pIThikA-397-98. 24. uttarAdhyayana, 23-29-33. 25. tatridaM bhante, pUraNena kassapena lohitAbhijAti paJcatA, niggaNThA ekasATakA, aguttaranikAya 6-6-3. 26. sUtrakRtAMga-1-1-2-5 vRtti; 27. sUtrakRtAMga--3-4-3 vRtti. . 28. paJcaHzaka vivaraNa 17-8-10; 29. AcAraMga-5,150-152. 30. AcAraMgasUtra-182. 31. ThANAMgasUtra-5 112

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kAlAntara meM vastra grahaNa kI pravRtti bar3hatI gaI aura usI prArambha ho gaye the jo bhadrabAha ke kAla meM bhikSa kI ke sAtha AgamoM kI TIkAoM aura cUNiyoM Adi meM samApti para kucha adhika ubharakara sAmane aaye| 'pariacelakatA ke artha meM parivartana kiyA jAne lagA / jina- ziSTa parvana' (9-55.76) tathA titthogAlI painnaya bhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ke kAla taka sthiti bilakula badala (gA0 730-33) ke anusAra bhI pATaliputra meM huI gii| phalataH unheM AcAra ke do rUpa karanA par3e-jina- prathama vAcanA kAla meM saMghabheda prArambha ho gayA thA / kalpa aura sthavirakalpa / jinakalparUpa acelakatA kA yaha vAcanA bhadrabAhu kI anupasthiti meM huI thii| isI daka banA tathA sthavirakalpa sacelakatA kaa| ke phalasvarUpa donoM paramparAoM kI gubarbAvaliyoM meM bhI jambasvAmI ke mokSa jAne ke bAda jinakalpa ko vicchinna antara A gyaa| yaha gvAbhAvika bhI thaa| uttarakAla batA diyA gyaa| va hatkalpasUtra aura vizeSAvazyaka meM isa antara ne AcAra-vicAra kSetra ko bhI prabhAvita bhASya (gAthA 2598-2601) meM isakA vizeSa vivecana kiyA aura devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke kAla taka digambara milatA hai| vahA~ acela ke do bheda kara diye gaye haiM.- aura zvetAmbara paramparAyeM sadaiva ke liye eka-dUsare se saMtAcela aura asaMtAcela / saMtAcela (vastra rahate hae pRthaka ho gii| bhI acela) jinakalpI Adi sabhI prakAra ke sAdhu kahalAte haiM aura asantAcela ke antargata mAtra tIrthakara Ate bhadrabAhu ke samaya taka bauddhadharma ke madhyamamArga kA pracAra apane pUre jora para thaa| jaina saMgha ke AcAra zaithilya meM vaha vizeSa kAraNa banA / vicAroM meM bhI parivartana . uttarakAla meM isa prakAra ke artha karane kI pravRtti huA jo vibhinna vAcanAoM ke bIca hue saMvAdoM se jJAta aura bhI bar3hatI gii| haribhadrasUri ne dazavakAlika sUtra hotI hai| yahA~ vastra aura pAtra ke rakhane ke taraha-taraha meM Aye zabda nagna kA artha upacaritanagna aura nirUpa- se vidhAna bane / mahAvIra bhagavAna ke sAtha devadvasya vastra caritanagna kiyA hai| kucelavAn sAdhU ko upacaritanagna kI kalpanA kA sambandha bhI aise hI vidhAnoM se rahA aura jinakalpI sAdhu ko nirUpacarita nagna kahA gayA hogaa| itanA hI nahIM, prathama aura antima tIrthakaroM kA hai| bAda meM acela kA artha alpamUlyacela bhI kiyA dharma acelaka kahA gayA tathA zeSa bAIsa tIrthakaroM ko gayA hai / siddhasenamaNi ne bhI dasakalpoM meM Aye Ace- acelaka aura sacelaka donoM mAnA gayA / lakya kalpa kA artha yahI kiyA gayA hai| dhIre-dhIre sAdhu bastiyoM meM rahane lage, katvivastra ke sthAna para cUla- Acelakko dhammo pustrisma ya. pacchimassa jiNassa / paTa kA prayoga hone lagA aura upakaraNoM meM vadi ho majjhimagANa jiNANa hoi sacelo acelo y|| paMcAzaka gii| lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI taka zvetAmbara sampradAya meM yaha vikAsa ho cukA thA / AcArAMga sUtra kI TIkA meM zIlA~ka ne acelaka kA jinakalpa kA aura sacelaka ko sthavirakalya kA AdhAra ukta vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki zithilAcAra kI batAyaH hai| isa mata meM dRr3hatA lAne ke liye eSaNA paSThabhUmi meM saghabheda ke bIja jambasvAmI ke bAda se hI samiti meM vastra aura pAtra eSaNA ko sammilita kiyA 32. dazavakAlika sUtra, gAthA-64 Ni. 33. tatvArthasUtra-9.9, vyAkhyA, 113

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gyaa| pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ko sacela batAne ke lie nivAsa karane lge| lagabhaga 10 vIM zatAbdI taka yaha kezI-gautama saMvAda ko jor3A gayA / strImukti, savastra- pravatti adhika dRr3ha ho gaI / vizuddha AcAravAn bhikSuoM mukti, kevalimukti Adi sambandhI vAkya bhI antamukta ne isakA virodha kiyA aura zithilAcArI sAdhUoM kI kara diye gaye / jinadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa ne to antamukta bhartsanA kara unheM jainAbhAsI aura mithyAtvI jaise ke lopa kI bhI bAta kara dii| (vizeSAvazyaka asya, sambodhanoM se sambodhita kiyaa| ina sabhI kAraNoM se 2593 gA.) paM. becaradAsa dosI ne aise hI kathanoM digambara sampradAya meM aneka saMghoM kI sthApanA ho gii| yA ullekhoM kI bhartsanA kI hai / (jaina sAhityamAM vikAra devasena ne darzanasAra meM zvetAmbara, yApanIya, dravir3a, thalAthayelI, hati, pR. 103) isI prakAra kI pravRttiyoMne kASThA saMgha aura mAthura saMgha ko jainAbhAsa batAyA hai| saMgha aura sampradAya ko janma diyaa| mUlasagha digambara saMgha aura sampradAya zithilAcArI sAdhUoM ke virodha meM vizuddhatAvAdI digambara paramparA saMdhabheda ke bAda aneka zAkhA- sAdhuoM ne jisa Andolana ko calAyA use mUla saMgha prazAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gii| vIra nirvANa se 683 kahA gayA hai| mUla saMgha ke sthApakoM ne yaha nAma dekara varSa taka calI AyI lohAcArya taka kI paramparA meM gaNa, apanA sIdhA sambandha mahAvIra se batAne kA prayatna kiyA kula, saMgha Adi kI sthApanA nahIM huI thii| usake bAda aura zeSa saMgha ko amUlya batA diyaa| isa saMgha kI aMga pUrva ke ekadeza ke jJAtAcAra ArAtIya muni hue| utpatti kA sthAna aura samaya abhI taka nizcita nahIM unameM AcAya zivagupta athavA ahaMdabalI se navIna saMdha ho pAyA para yaha nizcita hai ki isa saMgha kA vizeSa aura gaNoM kI utpatti huii| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke sambandha kundakunda se rahA hai| sAdhAraNataH kundakunda kA lagabhaga ina 700 vaSoM meM AcAra-vicAra meM paryApta samaya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| kAlAparivartana ho cukA thaa| samAja kA Arthika, sAmAjika ntara meM mUla saMgha jaise hI kASThA, drAvir3a Adi aura rAjanItika aura sAMskRtika DhAMcA badala cukA thaa| saMgha bhI sthApita he| ina sabhI saMghoM para nigrantha zithilAcAra kI pravRtti bar3hane lagI thii| isI kAraNa aura yApanIya saMghoM kA prabhAva adhika hai / naye-naye saMdha aura sampradAya khar3e ho gaye / malasaMgha kA prAcInatama ullekha 'noyA maMgala' ke kadamba evaM gaMgavaMzI lekhoM se patA calatA hai ki dAnapatra meM pAyA jAtA hai, jisakA samaya zaka saM. 347 samUce digambara saMdha ko nirgrantha mahAzramaNa saMdha kahA (vi. saM. 482) ke AsapAsa hai| AcArya indranandi jAtA thaa| kAlAntara meM jaba zithilAcAra bar3hane lagA (11 vIM zatAbdI) ne malasaMgha kA paricaya dete hue likhA to usakI vizuddhi ke lie naye-naye Andolana prArambha hai ki puNDavardhanapura (bogarA, baMgAla) ke nivAsI AcArya ho gye| bhaTrAraka yugIna saMgha to isa zithilAcAra kA ahaMdvalI (lagabhaga vi. .saM 275) pAMca varSa ke anta meM sau bahuta adhika zikAra huaa| phalasvarUpa vibhinna saMgha- yojana meM rahane muniyoM ko ekatra kara yugapratikramaNa kiyA sampradAya bana gye| ina saMgha sampradAyoM meM matabheda karate the| ekabAra isI prakAra pratikramaNa ke samaya unhoMne kA vizeSa AdhAra AcAra-prakriyA thii| vicAroM meM muniyoM se pUchA-'kyA sabhI muni A cuke ? muniyoM bheda adhika nahIM A pAyA / vanoM meM nivAsa karane vAle se uttara milA-hoM, sabhI muni A cuke / arhadvalI ne muni nagara kI ora Ane lage, mandiroM aura caityoM meM uttara pAkara yaha socA ki samaya badala rahA hai| aba 114

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jaina dharma kA astitva gaNapakSapAta ke AdhAra para hI raha meM tathA harivaMza kathAkoSa meM bhI milatA hai| 'senagaNa' sakegA, udAsIna bhAva se nhiiN| taba unhoMne saMgha athavA nAma bhI uttarakAlIna hI pratIta hotA hai| yaha dakSiNa gaNa sthApita kiye / guhAoM se AnevAle muniyoM ko bhArata ke bhaTTArakoM meM adhika pracalita rahA hai| 'nandi' aura 'vIra' saMjJA dI, azoka vATikA se AnevAloM ko "deva" aura "aparAjita" kahA, paJcastUpa mUlasaMgha ke antargata jo zAkhAe~ prazAkhAeM upalabdha se AnevAloM ko" sena yA 'bhadra" nAma diyA, zAlma- hotI haiM, unheM hama nimna prakAra se vibhAjita kara livRkSa se AnevAloM ko "guNadhara" yA gupta batAyA sakate haiM / tathA khaNDakezara vRkSoM se AnevAloM ko siMha aura candra kahakara pukArA / isI saMdarbha meM indranandi ne kucha 1. anvaya -koNDakundAnvaya, zrIpurAnvaya, kitta, . matabhedoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jisase patA calatA hai rAnvaya, candrakavAyanvaya, citrakUTAnvaya nigamAnvaya Adi / ki indranandi ko bhI saMghabheda kA spaSTa jJAna nahIM thA / para yaha nizcita hai ki usa samaya vizeSataH nandi / sena , sana 2. bali-inasoge yA panasoge iMgalezvara evaM vANada deva aura siMha gaNa hI pracalita the / unhoMne gopu- ali Adi / cchika, zvetAmbara, draviDa, yApanIya, aura nipiccha ko jainAbhAsa kahA hai| 3. gaccha-citrakUTa, hottage, tagarika, hogari, pAri jAta, meSapASANa, titriNIka, sarasvatI, inameM nandi saMgha prAcInatama saMgha pratIta hotA hai| pustaka, vakragaccha Adi / isa saMgha kI eka prAkRta paTTAvalI bhI milI hai / ye kaThora tapasvI huA karate the / yApanIya aura drAvir3a 4. saMgha-nAvitmUrasaMgha, mayurasaMgha, kicUrasaMgha, kozalasaMgha meM bhI nandisaMgha milatA hai| lagabhaga 14-15 vIM nUra saMgha, ganezvarasaMgha, gaur3asaMgha, zrIsaMgha, zatAbdI meM nandisaMgha aura mUlasaMgha ekArtha vAcI se ho siMhasaMgha, paralUrasaMgha Adi / gaye / nandisaMgha kA nAma "nandi" nAmAntadhArI muniyoM se huA jAna par3atA hai| 5. gaNa-balAtkAra, sUrastha, kAlona, udAra, yoga riya, pulAgavRkSa mUlagaNa, paMkura, devagaNa, senasaMgha kA nAma bhI senAnta AcAryoM se hA senAgaNa, sUrasthagaNa, krANUragaNa Adi / hogA / jinasena eka saMgha ke pradhAna nAyaka kahe jA sakate haiN| unake pUrva saMbhava hai use paJcastUpAnvaya ye gaNa dakSiNa bhArata meM adhika pAye jAte haiM, kahA jAtA ho / jinasena ne apane gurU vIrasena ko uttara bhArata meM kama / unameM pradhAnataH ullekhanIya haiMisI anvaya kA likhA hai / isa anvaya kA ullekha koNDakundAnvaya, sarasvatIpustaka gaccha, sUrasthagaNa, pahAr3apura (baMgAla) ke pA~cavI zatAbdI ke zilAlekhoM krANUramaNa eva balAtkAragaNa / 34. zru tAvatAra, 96. 35. nItisAra, 6-8; 36. caudharI gulAbacandra-digambara jaina saMgha ke atIta ko jhAMkI, AcArya bhikSu smRti grantha, dvitIya khaNDa, pR. 295. 115

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koNDa kundAnvaya kA hI rUpAntara kundakundAnvaya hai, mUlasaMgha ke AcAryoM ne itara saMghoM ko jainAbhAsa jisakA sambandha spaSTataH AcArya kundakunda se hai| yaha kahA hai| aise saMghoM meM unhoMne drAvir3a kASThA evaM yApaanvaya dezIgaNa ke antargata ginA jAtA hai| isakA nIya kI gaNanA kI hai / jainAmAsa batAne kA mUla (dezIgaNa) udbhava lagabhaga 9vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM deza kAraNa yaha thA ki unameM zithilAcAra kI pravRtti nAmaka grAma (pazcimaghATa ke uccabhUmibhAga aura godA adhika A cukI thI / ve mandira Adi kA nirmANa varI ke bIca) meM huA thaa| karnATaka prAnta meM isa gaNa kA karAte the aura tannimitta dAna svIkAra karate the| vizeSa vikAsa 10-11 vIM zatAbdI taka ho gayA thaa| para yaha ThIka nahIM / kyoMki AzAdhara jaise vidvAna isI tathAkathita jainAbhASa saMghoM meM se the, jinhoMne zithilAmalasaMgha ke anya prasiddha gaNoM meM sUrasthagaNa, krANUra nya prasiddha gaNA ma sUrasthagaNa, krANUra cAra kI kaThora nindA kI hai / gaNa aura balAtkAragaNa vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / sUrastha gaNa saurASTra dhAravAr3a aura bIjApura jile meM lagabhaga drAvir3a saMgha 13 vIM zatI taka adhika lokapriya rahA hai| krANUragaNa drAvir3a saMgha kA sambandha spaSTata: tamila pradeza se kA astitva 14 vI zatI taka upalabdha hotA hai / isakI rahA hai / I0 pUrva caturtha zatAbdI meM vahA~ jaina dharma tIna zAkhAeM thiiN| tanmiNI gaccha, meSapASaNa gaccha aura pahuMca cukA thaa| siMhala dvIpa meM jo jainadharma pahu~cA pustaka gaccha / balAtkAragaNa ke prabhAva se ye zAkhAeM vaha tamila pradeza hokara hI gayA / AcArya devasena ne hataprabha ho gaI thiiN| inake anuyAyI bhaTTAraka padmanandi isa saMgha kI utpatti ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki bajranandi ko apanA pradhAna AcArya mAnate rahe hai| padmanandI ne vi saM. 526 meM mathurA meM isa saMgha kI sthApanA kI svabhAvata; AcArya kundakunda kA dvitIya nAma thA / balA thii| isa saMgha kI dRSTi meM vANijya vyavasAya se jIvitkAragaNa kA udbhava balagAra grAma meM huA thA / yaha . - kArjana karanA aura zItala jala se snAnAdi karanA kahA jAtA hai ki balAtkAragaNa ke udbhAbaka padmanandi vihita mAnA gayA hai| tamila pradeza meM zaiva sampradAya ne giranAra para pASaNa se nirmita sarasvatI ko vAcAla kI pratiSThA bahuta adhika thii| saptama zatAbdI meM usake kara diyA / isalie balAtkAragaNa ke antargata hI sAtha aneka saMgharSa bhI hue| isa saMgha ko adhikAdhika eka sArasvata gaccha kA udaya huA / isakA sarvaprathama lokapriya banAne kI dRSTi se isake yakSa yAkSiNiyoM ullekha zaka saM. 993-994 ke zilAlekha meM milatA kI pUjA-pratiSThA Adi kI bhI svIkAra kara liyA hai| karnATaka prAnta meM isa gaNa kA vikAsa adhika haA gyaa| padmAvatI kI mAnyatA yahIM se prArambha haI hai para isakI zAkhAeM kAraMjA, malayakheDa, lAtUra, pratIta hotI hai| dehalI, ajamera, jayapura, sUrata, IDara, nAgaura, sonAgira Adi sthAnoM para bhI sthApita haI haiN| hoyasala narezoM ke lekhoM se patA calatA hai ki ve bhaTTAraka padmanandI aura sakalakIrti Adi jaise kuzala isa saMgha ke saMrakSaka rahe haiN| unhIM ke lekha isa saMgha ke sAhityakAra isI balAtkAragaNa meM hue haiM / rAjasthAna viSaya meM sAmagrI se bhare hue haiM / drAvir3a saMgha ke sAtha madhyapradeza aura mahArASTra meM isa balAtkAragaNa hI isa saMgha meM koNDakundAnvaya, nandisaMgha, pustakagaccha kA kAryakSetra adhika rahA hai| eka anya zAkhA senagaNa aura agalAnvaya ko bhI jor3a diyA gayA hai| saMbhava kI paramparAaiM kolhApUra, jinakAMcI (madrAsa). hai apane saMgha ko adhikAdhika prabhAvazAlI banAne kI penugoNDa (Andhra) aura kAraMjA (vidarbha) meM upalabdha dRSTi se yaha kadama uThAyA gayA ho maisUra hotI haiN| pracAra prasAra kA kendra rahA hai / 116

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drAvir3a saMgha meM aneka prasiddha AcArya hue haiN| unameM vAdirAja aura mAlliSeNa vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / unake granthoM meM maMtra tatra ke prayoga adhika milate haiN| bhaTTAraka prathA kA pracalana vizeSataH drAviDa saMpa se hI huA hogA / kASTha saMgha kASThAsaMgha kI utpati mathurA ke samIpavartI kASThA grAma meM huI thI / darzanasAra ke anusAra vi. saM. 753 meM isakI sthApanA vinayasena ke ziSya kumArasena ke dvArA kI gaI thii| tadanAnusAra mayUra pikSa ke sthAna para gopiccha rakhane kI anumati dI gaI vi.sa 853 meM rAmasena ne mAthura saMgha kI sthApanA kara gopiccha rakhane ko bhI anAvazyaka batAyA hai| bulAkIcanda ke vacana koza (vi.saM. 1737) meM kASThA saMgha kI utpatti umA svAmI ke ziSya lohAcArya dvArA nirdiSTa hai| " kASThA saMgha kA prAcInatama ullekha zravaNabelagolA ke vi. saM. 1119 ke lekha meM milatA hai / murendra kIrti (vi. saM. 1747 ) dvArA likhita paTTAvalI ke anusAra lagabhaga 14 vIM zatAbdI taka isa saMgha ke pramukha cAra avAntara bheda ho gaye the - mAthuramaccha, bAga lATa vAgaDagaccha evaM nanditagaccha / bArahavIM zatI taka ke zilAlekhoM meM ye nanditagaccha ko chor3akara zeSa tInoM gaccha svatantra saMgha ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiN| unakA udaya kramazaH mathurA, bAgaDa (pUrva gujarAta) aura lATa dakSiNa gujarAta ) deza meM huA thaa| caturtha gaccha nanditaTa kI utpatti nAnder3a (mahArASTra) meM huI darzanasAra ke anusAra nAnder3a mahArASTra hI kASThA saMgha kA udbhava sthAna hai / saMbhava hai isa samaya taka ukta cAroM gacchoM 37. SaDdarzana samuccaya, padprAbhUtaTIkA, pR. 7. 38. amogha vRtti 1-2-201-4. ko ekIkaraNa kara kASThAsaMgha nAma de diyA gayA ho isa saMca meM jayamena mahAsena Adi jaise aneka prasiddha AcArya aura granthakAra hue haiM / agravAla, khaNDelabAla Adi upa jAtiyAM isI saMgha ke antaragata nirmita huI hai| yApanIya saMgha darzanasAra ke anusAra isa saMgha kI utpatti vi. saM. 205 meM zrI kalaza nAmaka zvetAmbara sAdhu ne kI thI / saMghabheda hone ke bAda zAyada yaha prathama saMgha thA jisane zvetAmbara aura digambara, donoM kI mAnyatAoM ko ekAkAra kara donoM ko milAne prayatna kiyA thaa| isa saMgha ke AcAra ke anusAra sAdhu nagna rahatA, mathurapincha dhAraNa karatA, pANitalabhojI hotA aura nagna mUrti kI pUjana karatA thA / " para vicAra kI dRSTi se ve zvetAmbara sampradAya ke samIpa the / tadanusAra ve strImukti, kevalIkavalAhAra aura savastramukti mAnate the unameM Avazyaka sUtra niyukti, dazakA lika Adi zvetAmbarISa granthoM kA bhI adhyayana hotA thA / " AcAra vicAra kA yaha saMyoga yApanIya saMgha kI lokapriyatA kA kAraNa bnaa| isalie ise rAjya saMrakSaNa bhI paryApta milA / kadamba, cAlukya, gaMga rASTrakUTa, raTTha Adi vaMzoM ke rAjAoM ne yApanIya saMgha ko prabhuta dAnAdi dekara usakA vikAsa kiyA thaa| isa saMgha kA astitva lagabhaga 15 vIM zatAbdI taka rahA hai, yaha zilAlekhoM se pramANita hotA hai / ye zilAlekha vizeSataH karnATaka pradeza meM milate haiM / yahI isakA pradhAna kendra rahA hogA / belagAMva, vIjApura, dhAravAr3a kolhApura Adi sthAnoM para bhI yApanIya saMgha kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai / 117 7

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yApanIya saMgha bhI kAlAntara meM aneka zAkhA prazA- donoM zabda zvetAmbara sampradAya meM adhika pracalita hae khAoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| usakI sarvaprathama zAkhA digambara sampradAya meM unakA sthAna kramazaH mUlasaMgha aura 'nandigaNa, nAma se prasiddha hai| kucha anya gaNoM kA bhI drAvir3a saMgha ne le liyaa| bAda meM to malasaMghI bhI . ullekha zilAlekhoM meM milAtA hai jaise-kanakopalasambhU caityavAsI banate dikhAI dene lge| AcArya guNabhadra tavRkSamUla gaNa, zrImUlagaNa, punnAgavRkSamUlagaNa kaumudIgaNa (navIM zatAbdI) ke samaya sAghuoM kI pravRtti nagaravAsa maDuvagapa vAndiyUragaNa, kaNDaragaNa, balahArIgaNa Adi kI ora adhika jhukane lagI thii| isakA unhoMne tIbra ye nAma prAyaH vRkSoM ke nAmoM para rakhe gaye haiM / sambhava hai virodha bhI kiyA / isa saMgha ne una vRkSoM ko kisI kAraNavaza mahatva diyA madhyayuga taka Ate-Ate jainadharma kI AcAra ho / lagatA hai, bAda meM yApanIya saMgha mUlasagha se sambaddha vyavasthA meM kAphI parivartana A gyaa| sAdhu samAja meM ho gayA hogaa| lagabhaga 11 vIM zatAbdI taka nandisaMgha parigraha aura upabhoga ke sAdhanoM kI ora khicAva kA ullekha draviDasaMgha ke aMtargata hotA rahA aura 12 adhika dikhAI dene lagA / zvetAmbara sampradAya meM to vIM zatAbdI se vaha mUlasaMgha ke aMtarbhUta hotA huA yaha pravRtti bahata pahale se hI prArambha ho gaI thii| para dikhatA haiN| digambara sampradAya bhI aba vastra kI ora AkarSita yApanIya saMgha ke AcArya sAhitya sarjanA meM bhI hone lagA / isakA prArambha vasantakIti (13 vIM agraNI the| pAlyakIrti kA zakaTAyana vyAkaraNa, aparA- zatAbdI) dvArA maNDapadurga (mAMDalagar3ha, rAjasthAna) meM jita kI mUlArAdhanA para vijayodayA TIkA aura zivArya kiyA gayA 140 bhaTTAraka prathA bhI lagabhaga yahIM se prArambha kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA vizeSa ullekha yahA~ kiyA jA ho gaI / yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki ve digambara bhaTTAsamatA hai| raka nagna mudrA ko pUjya mAnate the aura yathAvasara use dhAraNa karate the / snAna ko bhI ve varjita nahIM mAnate bhaTTAraka sampradAya the / picchI ke prakAra aura upayoga meM bhI antara AyA ukta saMghoM kI AcAra vicAra paramparA kI samIkSA dhIre-dhIre ye sAdhU-maThAdhIza hone lage aura apanI pITha karane para yaha spaSTa AbhAsa hotA hai ki jaina saMgha meM __ sthApita karane lage / usa pITha kI pracura sampadA ke bhI samaya aura paristhitiyoM ke anusAra parivartana hotA ve uttarAdhikArI hone lage / isake bAvajUda unameM nirvastra rahane athavA jIvana ke antima samaya nagna rahA hai| yaha saMgha mUlataH niSparigrahI aura vanavAsI mudrA dhAraNa karane kI prathA thI / prasiddha vidvAna bhaTTAthA, para lagabhaga cauthI pA~canI zatAbdI meM kucha sAdhu caityoM meM bhI AvAsa karane lge| yaha pravRtti zvetAmbara raka kumudacandra pAlakI para baiThate the, chatra lagAte the. aura digambara, donoM paramparAoM meM lagabhaga eka sAtha aura nagna rahate the|" panapI / isa taraha nahA~ sAdhu sampradAya do bhAgoM meM lagabhaga bArahavIM zatI taka Ate-Ate bhaTTAraka vibhakta ho gayA vanavAsI aura caityavanI para ye samudAya kA AcAra mUlAcAra se bahuta bhinna ho gyaa| 39. AtmAnuzAsana, 197. 40. bhaTTAraka sampradAya, vidyAdhara johagapura kara, AcArya bhikSu smRti grantha, dvitIya khaNDa pa. 37. 41. jaina nibandha ratnAvalI 405.

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AzAdhara ne unake AcAra ko mlecchoM ke AcAra ke Tana karate aura vaidyaka yantra, mantra, gaNDA, tAbIja Adi samAna batAyA hai / somadeva ne bhI yazastilaka campU meM kuzala hote haiN| meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai / ibetAmbara caityavAsiyoM meM ye zrAvakoM ko suvihita sAdhuoM ke pAsa jAte hue bhI isI prakAra kA kutsita AcaraNa ghara kara gayA thA, rokate haiM, zApa dene kA bhaya dikhAte haiM, paraspara virodha jisakA ullekha haribhadra ne saMbodha prakaraNa meM kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki ye kusAdhu caityoM aura maThoM meM rahate haiM. rakhate haiM, aura celoM ke lie eka dUsare se lar3a marate haiN| pUjA karane kA Arambha karate haiM, deva dravya kA upabhoga jo loga ina bhraSTacAriyoM ko bhI muni mAnate karate haiM, jina mandira aura zAlAaiM cinavAte hai, raMga-biraMge the, unako lakSya karake haribhadra ne kahA hai, "kucha ajJAnI sugandhita dhUpavAsita vastra pahinate haiM, binA nAtha ke bailoM kahate haiM ki yaha tIrthakaroM kA veSa hai. ise bhI namaskAra ke sadRza striyoM ke Age gAte haiM, AyikAoM dvArA lAye karanA cAhie / aho ! dhikkAra ho inheM / maiM apane gaye padArtha khAte haiM aura taraha taraha ke upakaraNa rakhate ta zira ke zUla kI pukAra kisake Age jAkara kruuN|" haiM / jala, phala, phUla Adi saMcitta dravyoM kA upabhoga karate haiM. do tIna bAra bhojana karate aura tAmbUla digambara sAdhuoM meM bhI lagabhaga isI prakAra kA lavaMgAdi bhI khAte haiN| AcaraNa pracalita ho gayA thaa| mahendrasUri kI zatapadI (vi. sa. 1263) isakA pramANa hai| tadanusAra digambara ye muhUrta nikAlate haiM, nimitta batalAte haiM, bhabhUta muni nagnatva ke prAvaraNa ke lie yogapaTTa (rezamI vastra) bhI dete hai / jyonAroM meM miSThAhAra prApta karate haiM, Adi dhAraNa karate the| uttara kAla meM usakA sthAna AhAra ke lie khuzAmada karate hai aura pUchane para bhI vastra ne le liyaa| zra tasagara kI tatvArthasUtra TIkA meM yaha satya dharma nahIM batalAte / bhI likhA hai ki zItakAla meM ye digambara mani kambala svayaM bhraSTa hote hae bhI dUsaroM se AlocanA prati- Adi bhI grahaNa kara lete the aura zItakAla ke vyatIta kamaNa karAte haiM / snAna karate, tela lagAte, zragAra hone ke uparAnta ve unheM chor3a dete the| dhIre-dhIre Rtu karate aura itra phulela kA upayoga karate haiM / apane kAla kA bhI bandhanatva dUra ho gayA aura sAdhu yatheccha hInAcArI mRtaka gurUoM kI dAhabhUmi para stapa banavAte vastra dhAraNa karane lage / sAtha hI gadde, takiye, pAlakI haiN| striyoM ke samakSa dhyAkhyAma dete haiM aura striyA~ chatra, caMvara, maTha, sampatti Adi vilAsI sAmagrI kA unake guNoM ke gIta gAtI haiN| bhI parigraha bar3hane lagA / aise sAdhuoM ko bhaTTAraka athavA caityavAsI kahA gayA hai / sArI rAta sote, kraya-vikraya karate aura pravacana ke bahAne bikathAyeM kiyA karate haiM / celA banAne ke ukta tathyoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki madhyakAlIna jaina lie choTe-choTe baccoM ko kharIdate, bhole logoM ko ThagAte saMgha meM yaha zithilAcAra surasA kI bhA~ti bar3hatA calA aura jina pratimAoM ko bhI becate kharIdate haiM / uccA- jA rahA thaa| vizuddhatAvAdI AcAryoM ne usakI ghanaghora 42. anAgAra dharmAmRta, 2,96. 43. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa-pR. 489. 44. saMbodha prakaraNa, 76: jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 480-81. 116

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nindA kI phira bhI usakA vizeSa prabhAva nahIM pdd'aa| mUrtikalA aura sthApatyakalA ko gaharA AghAta dUsarA mUla kAraNa thA ki samAja kA mAnasika parivartana pahucA diyA thaa| unhone ina sabhI sA~skRtika dharobaDI tIbratA se hotA calA jA rahA thaa| bhaTa Ta rakoM haroM ko adhikAdhika parimANa meM naSTa bhraSTa kara diyA kA mukhya kArya mUrtiyoM kI pratiSThA, mandiroM kA nirmANa thA / ye acetana matiyA~ isa kArya kA koI virodha nahIM aura unakI vyavasthA, yAntrika, mAntrika aura tAntrika kara skii| pratyata unhoMne ApattiyoM ko nimantrita pratipAdana tathA yakSa-yakSaNiyoM aura devI-devatAoM kA kiyA / phalasvarUpa digambara sampradAya ke hI vyakti ke bhajana-pUjana ho gayA / sAdhAraNa samAja meM ye kArya bar3e mana meM Taara gaI lokapriya ho gaye the / ata: upAsakoM meM bhaTTAraka aura usane apanA nayA pantha prArambha kara diyaa| kAlAsamAja ke prati zraddhA jAgrata ho gaI thii| bhaTTArako ntara meM isa pantha ke saMsthApaka tAraNataraNa svAmI ke ke kAraNa mUrti aura sthApatya kalA ko adhikAdhika nAma se prasiddha huA / san 1515 meM unakA svargavAsa protsAhana milA / jaina granthabhaNDAra sthApita kiye malhAragar3ha (gvAliyara) meM huA / yahI sthAna Aja gaye, sAhitya sRjana aura saMrakSaNa kI ora abhiruci nasiyA jI kahalAtA hai, jo Aja eka tIrtha sthAna bana jAgrata haI tathA jainadharma kA prabhAvanA-kSetra baDha gyaa| gayA hai / isa pantha kA vizeSa pracAra madhyapradeza meM jaina saMgha aura sampradAya ko bhaTTAraka sampradAya kI yaha huaa| isake anuyAyI mUrti ke sthAna para zAstra kI dena avismaraNIya hai| pUjA karate haiM / ye digambara sampradAya meM mAnya sabhI terahapantha aura vIsapantha granthoM ko svIkAra karate haiM / tAraNataraNa svAmI ne tAraNataraNa zrAvakAcAra, paNDitapUjA, mAlArohaNa, - bhaTTAraka sampradAya kA ukta AcAra-vicAra jaina kamalabacIsI, upadezazuddhasAra, jJAnasamucyamAra, aMmala dharma ke kuzala jJAtAoM ke bIca AlocanA kA viSaya pAhur3a, caubIsa ThANa, tribhaGgIsAra Adi 14 choTe-moTe banA rhaa| kahA jAtA hai ki usake virodha meM paNDita granthoM kI racanA kI haiM unameM zrAvakAcAra pramukha haiN| pravara banArasI dAsa ne satrahavIM zatAbdI meM AgarA meM eka Andolana claayaa| isI Andolana kA nAma teraha . zvetAmbara saMgha aura sampradAya pantha rakhA gyaa| isake nAma ke viSaya meM koI nivivAda siddhAnta nahIM hai| isa terahapantha kI dRSTi meM bhaTa TA. .. jaisA hama pahale kaha cuke haiM, zvetAmbara sampradAya rakoM kA AcAra samyaka nahIM / vaha to mahAvIra ke kI utpatti eka vikAsa kA pariNAma hai| kucha samaya dvArA nirdiSTa mUlAcAra ko hI mUla siddhAnta svIkAra taka zvetAmbara sAdhu vastra ko apavAda ke rUpa meM hI karatA hai| yaha pantha samAja meM kAphI lokapriya ho kaTivastra dhAraNa kiyA karate the| para bAda meM lagabhaga gyaa| dUsarI ora bhaTa TArakoM athavA caityavAmiyoM AThavIM zatI meM unhoMne unheM pUrNataH svIkAra kara liyaa| ke anayAyI apane Apa ko vIsapanthI kahane lage / isa sAdhAraNataH unake pAsa ye caudaha upakaraNa hote haiMpantha ke anuyAyI pratimAoM para kesara lagAte tathA pAva, pAtrabandha, pAtrasthApana, pAtrapramArjanikA, paTalaM, paMSpamAlAyeM aura hare phala Adi car3hAte haiM / terahapantha rajasmANa, gucchaka, do cAdara, kambala (UnI vastra), ke anuyAyI isake virodhaka hai / rajoharaNa, mukhavastrikA, mAtraka aura colaka / mahAvIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga 1000 varSa bAda devadhigaNi kSamAtAraNapantha zramaNa ke netRtva meM zvetAmbara sampradAya ne apane granthoM pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka muslima AkramaNoM ne jaMna kA saMkalana zruti paramparA ke AdhAra para kiyA jinheM 129

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digambaroM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| isakA mUla kAraNa thA 2. kharataragaccha-jaisA upara kahA jA cukA hai, ki vahA~ katipaya prakaraNoM ko kATa-chA~Ta aura tor3a- kharataragaccha kI sthApanA meM durlabhadeva kA vizeSa hAtha maror3akara upasthita kiyA gayA thaa| zvetAmbara sagha meM rahA hai| unake atirikta vardhamAnasari ke ziSya jinenimnalikhita pradhAna sampradAya utpanna hue| zvarasari ne caityavAsiyoM ke sAtha zAstrArtha kiyA thA / caityavAsI 3. tapAgaccha-vi. saM. 1285 meM jagaccandrasari zvetAmbara sampradAya meM vanavAsI sAdhuoM ke vipa- kI kaThora sAdhanA ko dekhakara mevAr3a ke rAjA ne unheM rIta lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdo meM eka caityavAsI sAdhu 'tapA' abhidhAna diyaa| tabhI se unakA saMgha tapAgaccha sampradAya khar3A ho gayA, jisane vanoM ko chor3akara caityoM ke nAma se pukArA jAne lgaa| kAlAntara meM unhIM ke (mandiroM) meM nivAsa karanA aura prantha saMgraha ke lie anyatama ziSya vijayacandrasari ne zithilAcAra ko Avazyaka dravya rakhanA vihita mAnA / isI ke poSaNa meM protsAhana diyaa| unhoMne yaha sthApita kiyA ki sAdhu unhoMne nigama nAmaka zAstroM kI racanA bhI kii| hari- aneka vastra rakha sakatA hai, unheM dho sakatA hai, ghI, dUdha bhadrasUri ne ina caityavAsiyoM kI hI nindA apane saMbodha zAka, phala Adi khA sakatA hai, sAdhvI dvArA ajita prakaraNa meM kI hai| caityavAsiyoM ne 45 AgamoM ko bhojana grahaNa kara sakatA hai / pramANika svIkAra kiyA hai / vi. saM. 802 meM aNahilapura paThANa ke rAjA 4. pArzvanAthagaccha - vi. saM. 1515 meM tapAgaccha cAvar3A ne apane caityavAsI gurU zIlagaNasari kI AjJA se pRthak hokara AcArya pArvacandra se isa gaccha kI se yaha nirdeza diyA ki isa nagara meM vanavAsI sAdhaoM sthApanA kii| ve niyukti, bhASya, cuNi, aura cheda kA praveza nahIM ho skegaa| isase patA calatA hai ki granthoM ko pramANa koTi meM nahIM rakhate the / lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI taka caityavAsI sampradAya kA prabhAva kAphI bar3ha gayA thaa| bAda meM vi. saM. 1070 5. sArdha paurNamIyakagaccha-AcArya candraprabhasari meM durlabhadeva kI sabhA meM jinezvarasari aura buddhisAgara meM pracalita kriyAkANDa kA virodhakara paurNamIyaka sari ne caityavAsI sAdhUoM se zAstrArtha karake ukta gaccha kI sthApanA kii| ve mahAnizItha satra ko pramANa nideza ko vApisa kraayaa| isI upalakSya meM rAjA nahIM mAnate the / kumArapAla ke virodha ke kAraNa isa durlabhadeva ne vanavAsiyoM ko kharatara nAma diyaa| isI gaccha kA koI vizeSa vikAsa nahIM ho paayaa| kAlAntara nAma para kharataragakcha kI sthApanA huii| meM sumatisiMha ne isa gaccha kA udvAra kiyaa| isalie ise sArdha paurNamIyakagaccha kahA jAne lgaa| zvetAmbara sampradAya kAlAntara meM vividha gacchoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| una gacchoM meM pramukha gaccha isa prakAra haiM : 6. acalagaccha-upAdhyAya vijayasiMha (Arya rakSitasUri) ne mukhapaTTI ke sthAna para aMcala (vastra kA 1. upadezagaccha --pArzvanAtha kA anuyAyI kezI chora) ke upayoga karane kI ghoSaNA kii| isIlie isakA saMsthApaka kahA jAtA hai / aMcalagaccha kahA jAtA haiM / 45. vistAra se dekheM-jaina dharma-kailAzacandra zAstrI, pR. 290-2. 121

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7. Agamikagaccha-isa gaccha ke saMsthApaka zIla- terApantha guNa aura devabhadra pahale paurNameyaka the, bAda meM AMcalika sthAnakavAsI sampradAya meM AcAra-vicAra kI hue aura phira Agamika ho gye| ve kSetrapAla kI pUjA ko anucita batAte the| solahavIM zatI meM isI gaccha zithilatA bar3ha rahI thI |shraavkoN meM usakI pratikriyA ke kI eka zAkhA 'kaTuka' nAma se prasiddha huii| isa zAkhA darzana ho rahe the| unakA mAnasa bhikSuoM ke prati zraddhA se vidUra ho rahA thaa| yaha saba dekhakara sthAnakavAsI ke anuyAyI kevala zrAvaka hI the| . . sampradAya meM dIkSita AcArya bhikSa (janma vi. sa. ina gacchoM kI sthApanA choTe-moTe kAraNoM se huI / 783, kanTAliyA--jodhapura) ne vi. saM. 1817. caitrhai| pratyeka gaccha kI sAdhu-caryA pRthak-pRthak hai / ina zuklA 9 ke dina apane pRthak sampradAya kI sthApanA gacchoM meM Ajakala kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha aura AMca- kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| lagabhaga tIna mAha bAda unhoMne likagaccha hI asttiva meM haiN| terApantha kI dIkSA svIkAra kI / isa avasara para unake sAtha teraha sAdhu the aura teraha zrAvaka / sthAnakavAsI isI saMkhyA para isa sampradAya kA nAma "terApantha" rakha diyA gayA / 'terA' zabda se yaha bhI Azaya nikasthAnakavAsI sampradAya kI utpatti caityavAsI latA hai ki he bhagavAna ! yaha tumhArAhI mArga hai jisa sampradAya ke virodha meM huii| pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM ahamadAbAdavAsI muni jJAnazrI ke ziSya lokAzAha ne para hama cala rahe haiN| Agamika granthoM ke AdhAra para yaha prasthApita kiyA ki sthAnakavAsI sampradAya ke samAna terApantha bhI mUrti pUjA aura AcAra-bicAra jo Aja ke samAja meM battIsa AgamoM ko prAmANika, mAnatA hai| tadnusAra pracalita hai vaha Agama vihita nahIM haiN| ise lokAgaccha pramukha mAnyatAyeM isa prakAra haiMnAma diyA gyaa| (1) SaSTha yA SaSThottara guNasthAnavartI supAtra saMyamI uttarakAla meM sUratavAsI eka sAdhu ne lokAgaccha ko yathAvidhi pradata dAna hI puNya kA mArga haiN| kI AcAra paramparA meM kucha sudhAra kiyA aura DhaM diyA sampradAya kI sthApanA kI / lokAgaccha ke sabhI anuyAyI (2) jo AtmazuddhipoSaka dayA hai vaha paramArthika hai isa sampradAya ke anuyAyI ho gye| isake anusAra aura jisameM sAdhya aura sAdhana zuddhi nahIM hai, vaha mAtra apanA dhArmika kriyAkarma mandiroM me na kara sthAnakoM lokika hai.|| athavA upAzrayoM meM karate haiN| isalie isa sampradAya (3) mithyAdRSTi ke dAna, zIla, tapa Adi anako sthAnakavAsI sampradAya kahA jAne lgaa| ise vadya anuSThAna mokSa prApti ke hI hetu haiM aura nirjarA sAdhumArgI bhI kahate haiM / yaha sampradAya IrthayAtrA dharma ke antargata haiN| meM bhI vizeSa zraddhA nahIM rkhtaa| isake sAdhu zvetavastra pahanate aura mukhapaTTI bAMdhate haiN| aThArahavIM zatI meM isa sampradAya meM eka hI AcArya hotA hai aura salyavijaya paMyAsa ne sAdhuoM ko zvetavastra ke sthAna para usI kA nirNaya antima rUpa se mAnya hotA hai| isase pIta vastra pahinane kA vidhAna kiyA, para Aja yaha saMgha meM phaTa nahI ho paatii| abhI taka terApantha ke AcAra meM dikhAI nahIM detA / bhaTTAraka prathA bhI isI ATha AcArya ho cuke haiM-bhikSu (bhIkhama), bhAramala, samaya prArambha huii| - . rAmacandra, jItamala, machavAgaNI, mANakagaNI, DAlagaNI, 122

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aura kaaluugnnii| isI zrakhalA meM AcArya tulasI jI adhika bana jAtI haiM / vikAsa meM bAdhaka hotI haiM rur3hiyA navam AcArya haiN| jo terApantha meM yathA samaya bhagna hotI calI jAtI haiN| AcAra-vicAra kI dizA meM bhI yaha pantha Age haiN| terApantha kI saMgha vyavasthA vizeSa prazaMsanIya hai| udAharaNataH (1) sAdhu ke bhojana, vastra, pustaka Adi isa prakAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda jaina saMgha jaisI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kA sAmudAyika uttara- aura sampradAya aneka zAkhA-prazAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho dAyitva saMgha para hai| (2) prati varSa sAdhu-sAdhviyA~ gyaa| para unakA AcAra-vicAra jaina dharma ke mUla rUpa AcArya ke sAnnidhya meM ekatrita hokara apane-apane kAyoM se bahuta dUra nahIM rhaa| isalie unameM baha-hAsa nahIM kA vivaraNaM prastuta karate haiM aura AgAmI varSa kA AyA jo bauddhadharma meM A gayA thaa| jaina saMgha kI yaha kAryakrama taiyAra karate haiN| ise maryAdA mahotsava kahA vizeSatA janetara saMghoM kI daSTi se niHsadeha mahatvajAtA hai / (3) saMgha meM dIkSita karane kA adhikAra mAtra pUrNa hai / AcArya ko hai, anya kisI ko nahIM / isa vyavasthA se saMgha kA eka ora jahA~ sAmudAyika vikAsa hotA hai vahA~ vaiyaktika vikAsa kI bhI saMbhAvanAe~ 123

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA aparigraha saMgraha - eka dArzanika vivecana - eka ciraMtana pravRtti - anAdi kAla se manuSya saMcaya evaM saMgraha kI ora AkarSita hotA calA A rahA hai / kevala AkarSaNa hI nahIM apitu vividha prakAra ke saMgrahoM meM isa mAnava ne svayaM ko itanA saMlagna kara rakhA ki vaha apane udAtta astitva ko bhUlA evaM apanI AdhyAtmika cetanA ko bhI vismata kara baiThA isa saMdarbha usane guruoM se bahuta kucha sunA sAMsArika parivartanoM ne use aneka bAra jhakajhorA, svAnubhUti ke Aloka meM usane apanI kamajoriyoM ko vividha rUpoM meM parakhA apane sAthI ke samparka meM Akara apanI bhUloM ko bhI pahacAnA tathA dhArmikatA evaM sAmAjikatA ke AdAna-pradAna meM vanAdi kI saMgrAhaka anubhUti kI nissAratA ko anubhUta kiyA, phira bhI vaha apanI lalaka lAlasA kI upekSA na kara skaa| apane khule netroM se isI mAnava ne dhanavAn kI pratiSThA dekhI, dIna-hIna kA anAdara dekhA aura zrImAna ke atyAcAroM se prapIr3ita karAhatI huI mAnavatA nindA karane vAle una vidvAnoM ko jaba isa insAna ne ko eka bAra nahIM aneka bAra dekhA / dhana-vaibhavAdi kI dhanavAnoM ke prazasti gAna meM salagna pAyA to usakA aparigrahavAdI unmeSa bAlukA- nirmita mitti kI bhAMti zIghra bikhara gayA / tathya to yaha hai ki sA~sArika jIvana yApana meM ghanAdi kI AvazyakatA anivArya hai phira bhI inake prati amaryAdita gRdhratA akSamya hai / 1. yasyAtivittaM sa naraH kulInaH sa paMDitaH sa zrutabAnguNajJaH / sa eva vaktA sa ca darzanIyaH sarve guNAH kAJcanamAzrayanti / bhartari jaise anubhavI manISI kA yaha kathana ki sabhI guNa suvarNa ( dhanAdi) meM rahate hai sArvabhaumika satya kI paridhi meM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai,' dhana-saMgraha kI yaha ekadezIya upayogitA kahI jAyagI / pro0 zrIcandra jaina sabhI guNa suvarNa meM nivAsa karate haiN| (kyoMki) jisake pAsa dhana hai bahI AdamI AdamI acche kula kA hai, vahI vidvAna, vahI zAstrajJa aura guNoM kA pArakhI hai, vahI bhASaNa dene meM kuzala hai aura usI kA darzana karanA caahie| (bhartRhari kRta zatakatrayam, anuvAdaka zrIkAMta khare, nIti zatakam, pRSTha 34 ) 124

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paripraha-eka mAnasika saMgharSa ekatrita karatA haA vyabhicArI taka bana jAtA hai| zaMtAna kI eka anukRti hai, parigraha pazatA hai, gaMbhIratA se vicAra karate para yaha satya hameM prabhAvita ulajhana hai, saMgrAma hai, zoSaNa hai. anartha hai, saMkIrNatA hai, karatA hai ki aparigrahI hI saccA jaina banatA hai / kAlimA hai, viSa hai, madirAlaya hai aura mAyA kA mAnava kahalAtA hai aura sadguNI banakara vizva kI jaghanyarUpa hai| dharatI para sammAnita hotA hai| santoSa kI upalabdhi kA artha hai ki mAnava ke mAnasa meM saMcaya kI bhAvanA parigrahI kA AcaraNa itanA heya hotA hai ki sarva- nahIM hai| sAdhAraNa meM bhI usakI pratiSThA kalaMkita ho jAtI hai aura usakA AcaraNajanya gherAva usakI Atmika bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kathana haizakti ko kuThita kara detaa| phalataH usakA mAnasika saMganimitti mArai, bhaNai atnI karei corikkaM / tanAva itanA asaMtulita ho jAtA hai ki naha sva para sebai mehaNa macchaM, apparimANa kaNai jIvo // kA vibheda bhI bhUla uThatA hai / ulajhanoM se lipaTA huA usakA cintana saMkIrNa hokara aneka anarthoM ko janma jIva parigraha ke nimitta hiMsA karatA hai, asatya detA hai aura pApa kAlimA se kaluSita usakI jIvana bolatA, corI karatA hai| maithuna kA sevana karatA hai saritA kuThita dhUmila ho jAtI hai| parigrahI kI dhana aura atyadhika mUrchA karatA hai| (isa prakAra parigraha lipsA pazutA kA hI dUsarA rUpa hai, jisameM na karuNA hai pA~coM pApoM kI jar3a hai|) aura na udAratA / bhogoM ke jAla meM Abaddha aisA saMgrAhaka viSaya bAsanA kI kalpita pUrti meM hI apane lakSya kI rAga dveSa kI agni ko prajvalita karane vAlA yaha samApti mAna letA haiM jo usake patana kA prArambhika parigraha hI hai jisane yatra-tatra sarvatra vibhISikA ke azobhaevaM carama rUpa donoM hI haiN| nIya dRzyoM ko adhamAdhama dharAtala para pradarzita kiyA hai| kavivara sva. duSyaMtakumAra kI ye paMktiyAM samAja ke raktasampUrNa pranthiyoM kA AgAra yaha anAvazyaka raMjita itihAsa ke kAle pannoM ko hamAre Age vicArArtha saMgraha yadyapi kAMcana-AkarSaNa avazya hai lekina isakI rakha rahI haiM / inameM darda hai, vedanA hai dIna kI cItkAra caramovalabdhi ghRNita mRtyu mAnI gaI hai| hai aura zoSaNa kA ArtanAda hai:saba pApoM kA mUla parigraha kaise maMjara sAmane Ane lage haiM, vizva meM jitane anartha pApa duSkarma hote haiM unakA eka ___ gAte-gAte loga cillAne lage haiM / aba nayI tahabIja ke peze najara hama, mAtra kAraNa parigraha hai| isI dhana dhAnyAdi ke anAvazyaka saMgraha saMcaya ne isa puSpa bhUmi ko narakIya rUpa meM pari AdamI ko bhUnakara khAne lage haiN| vartita kara diyA hai / Aja nahIM apitu eka bar3e samaya se iMsAna artha lolupatA ke kAraNa apanA saba kucha bhUla mUrchA hI parigraha hai cukA hai| choTe-bar3e saMgharSa isIlie ho rahe haiM, ki manuSya lAlasA, lalaka, AkAMkSA, unmAda, mAyA, loluapanI lAlasA bar3hAtA jA rahA hai aura bar3hatI huI usakI patA Adi ko mUrchA kahA gayA hai / isIlie eka kAmanA jaba apUrNa raha jAtI hai taba vaha hiMsA karatA hai arddhanagna banavAsI aparigrahI nahIM hai kyoMki usake mAnasa mithyA bolatA kukarma karatA, corI karake dhanAdi ko meM dhanAdi ke saMgraha kI kAmanA bhAvanA nirantara jIvita 125

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rahatI hai jo apUrNa hone ke kAraNa usakI vihvalatA jaba taka manUja-manuja kA yaha, . ko dahakAtI hai / isake viparIta eka nRpati jo vizAla sukha bhoga nahIM kama hogA / / vaibhava kA svAmI hai / jo rAjyazrI se asaMprakta hai use ___ zAMta na hogA kolAhala, aparigrahI kahA gayA hai| isa saMbaMdha meM aneka dhArmika saMgharSa nahIM kama hogA / kathAoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| mokSa zAstra parigraha ke bheda : ke saptama adhyAya meM varNita hai-. . parigraha do prakAra kA hai-AbhyAMtara aura bAhya mUrchA parigrahaH / / 17 / AbhyAMtara parigraha caudaha prakAra kA hai: 1. mithyAtva, 2. strIveda, 3. puruSaveda, 4. napusakaveda, 5. hAsya, mUrchA ko parigraha kahate haiM / mUrchA kA artha hai -- 6. rati, 7. arati, 8. zoka, 9. bhaya, 10. bAhya dhana, dhAnyAdi tathA antaraMga krodhAdi kaSAyoM jugupsA, 11. krodha, 12. mAna, 14. mAyA, 14. meM ve mere haiM aisA bhAva rahanA / lobha / . cAra saMjJAoM meM parigraha saMjJA ko bhI parigaNita ___bAhya parigraha. dasa prakAra kA hai :karake tatvArtha sAra meM batAyA gayA hai ki aMtaraMga meM 1. kheta, 2. makAna, 3. dhana-dhAnya, 4. vastra, 5. lobha kaSAya kI udAraNatA hone se tathA bahiraMga meM bhANDa, 6. dAsa-dAsI, 7. pazU, 8. yAna, 9. zayyA, upakaraNoM ke dekhane, parigraha kI ora upayoga jAne tathA 10. Asana / (dRSTavya-samaNa sutta, pRSTha 47) . mubhiAva-mamatA bhAva ke hone se jo icchA hotI hai use parigraha saMjJA kahate hai / yaha saMjJA dazama guNasthAna Antarika zuddhi aura bAhya zuddhi ke lie donoM taka hotI hai| (dekhie zrImadamRtacanda sUri kRta tatvArtha prakAra ke parigraha kA krama se parityAga Avazyaka hai| sAra, sampAdaka-paMDita pannAlAla sAhityAcArya, pR. 46) lekina AbhyAMtara parigraha ke tyAga se vAhya ADambara (parigraha) ke prati anurakti svataH naSTa ho jAtI hai| parigraha kA saMcaya na hokara yadi isakA AvazyakatA: mAnasika parizuddhi, AtmotthAna ke lie sarvadA nusAra vitaraNa hotA rahe to saMsAra kI viSamatA zIghra vAnchita kahI gaI hai| samApta hogI aura saMgharSoM meM khanakhanAte hue tar3atar3Ate hue astra-zastroM kA pralApa samApta ho jaavegaa| anyathA avinazvara vizrAnti ke hetu indriyanigraha pramukha yaha virodha kabhI na samApta hogA aura sadA bhavAturatA sAdhana hai tathA etadartha parityAga sarvapradhAna hai| kahA vyApta rhegii| kavivara dinakara kI ye cAra paMktiyA~ gayA hai ki sampUrNa grantha (parigraha) se mukta, zItIbhata parigraha se AtaMkita becainI ko ughAr3atI haiM ujAgara prasanna citta zramaNa jaisA muktisUkha pAtA hai, vaisA sUkha karatI haiM : cakravartI ko bhI nahIM miltaa| . 2. tatvArthasAra meM bhI isI tathya.ko isa prakAra pramANita kiyA gayA hai:- mamedamiti saMkalpa rUpA mUrchA parigrahaH // 77 / ' -'yaha merA hai isa prakAra ke saMkalpa rUpa mUrchA ko parigraha kahate haiM / 126

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jaise hAthI ko vaza meM rakhane ke lie aMkUza hotA adhogati meM le jAnevAle haiM, isase ina tInoM ko tyAga hai, aura nagara kI rakSA ke lie khAI hotI hai vaise hI denA caahie| indriya-nivAraNa ke lie parigRha kA tyAga (kahA mAyA ke vividha rUpoM ko vaNita karake saMta kavi gayA) hai| asaMgatva (parigraha-tyAga) se indriyA~ vaza meM kabIra ne ise pApaNI kahA hai| ..... hotI haiM / (samaNa sutta pRSTha 47) mAyA taju tajI nahiM jAI / mAyA kA tyAga---saMtoSa se anurAga phiri phiri mAyA mohi lapaTAI / / mAyA . Adara mAyA mAna / parigRha-tyAga kA vAstavika artha hai mAyA se mAyA nahIM tahaM brahma giyAna / virAga / yahI mAyA hai jisane brahmANDa kI zAnti ko mAyA rasa mAyA kara jAMna / kuThita kara diyA hai, paMgu banA diyA haiM aura aharniza mAyA kArani tajai parAMna / isa vizrAnti ke AMgana meM prasphuTita komala aMkuroM mAyA mAtA mAyA pitA / ko yahI vidhAtinI tor3a rahI hai / yahI lobha ati mAyA astarI sutA // Asakti samatva kI virodhinI haiM, samatA ko nAzinI mAyA mAri karai vyauhAra / hai, naraka kA dvAra hai| saMsAra ke samasta saMtoM ne isI- kahai 'kabIra' mere rAma adhAra / lie mAyA kA tiraskAra kiyA hai| kabIra mAyA pApaNI, hari sU karai harAma / zrImadbhagavadagItA meM (adhyAya 16) kahA gayA hai- mukhi kar3iyAlI kumati kI kahaNa na deI rAma / trividhaM narakasyedaM dvAraM nAzanamAtmanaH / -- (kabIra granthAvalI) kAmaH krodhastathA lobhastasmAdetattrayaM tyajet / / AzArUpI nadI kI jananI yahI mAyA hai aura he arjuna ! kAma, krodha tathA lobha ye tIna prakAra ise jisa mahAnAnava ne 'saMtoSa' ke mAdhyama se jItA haike dvAra AtmA kA nAza karanevAle haiM / arthAta pAra kiyA hai-vahI dhanya hai|' Atma saMtuSTi kA nAma - 3. moha se mahAna UMce parabata soM Dara AI, tihU~ jagamUtala ko pAya bistarI hai| vibidha manoratha meM bhUri jala bharI vahai, tisanA taraMginasoM AkulatA dharI hai| parai bhrama bhauMra jahAM rAga so magara tahA~, ciMtA cita taTa huMga dharma bRkSa DhAya parI hai| aisI yaha AzA nAma nadI hai agAdha, tAko dhanya sAdhu dhIraja jahAja car3hi tarI hai (jaina zataka chaMda 76)

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ho saMtoSa hai / isase nirlobha kI bhAvanA balavatI hotI patrikA ke aneka pada isa sadarbha meM paThanIya hai / kAmahai, dayA kI vRddhi hotI hai, aura udAratA meM satya kA nAoM ko tyAga karanevAlA saMtoSI hI hai jise apari anubhava hone lagatA hai| yahI santoSa ananta kAmanA grahI bhI kahA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA haiko samApta karatA hai aura AtmA meM hI virATa vizva kAme kamA hI kamiyaM khu-dukkhaM / ' kI kalpanA ko sAkAra banAtA hai| santoSa hI parama sukha hai| ata: parigraha ke parityAga meM isI guNa jo kAmanAoM ko tyAga detA hai vaha samasta du:khoM (santoSa) kA vizeSa mahatva hai / AzA tRSNA ko se chuTakArA pA letA hai / kyoMki :nirmUla karanevAlA santoSa hI hai jo Atma ciMtana ko saphala banAkara nara ko nArAyaNatva pradAna karatA icchA ha AgAsa samA aNaMtiyA / utta0 hai| kavivara banArasIdAsa kA nimnastha pada yahA~ ullekhya icchAe~ (kAmanAe~) AkAza ke samAna anaMta haiM, evaM inakI pUrti asaMbhava hai / eka hI pUrti dUsarI re mana, kara sadA saMtoSa, (kAmanA) ko janma detI hai| jAta miTata saba duHkha doSa / eka saMta kavi kA yaha dohA santoSa kI vyAkhyA re mana kara sadA santoSa / meM paryApta hai :bar3hata parigraha moha bAr3hata, adhika tisanA hoti / godhana, gajadhana, ratnadhana, kaMcana khAna sukhAna / bahata Idhana jarata jaise, agini U~cI joti, re mana, kara sadA saMtoSa / jaba Ave saMtoSa dhana, saba dhana dhUla samAna / / lobha lAlaca mUDha jana so kahata kaMcana dAna / gosvAmI tulasIdAsa saMtoSa kI mahimA aMkita phirata Arata nahiM bicArata, dharama dhana kI haan| karate hue kahate haiMre mana kara sadA saMtoSa, saMtoSa ke binA koI bhI Atmika zAnti prApta nahIM nArakina ke pAdasevata sakuca mAnata sNk| kara sktaa| jJAna kari bUjhai 'banArami' ko nRpati ko raka / soraThAre mana, kara sadA satoSa / AdhyAtma-padAvalI, pRSTha 105 / / kou vizrAma ki pAva, tAta sahaja saMtoSa binu / cale ki jala binu nAva, koTi jatana paci paci mgmi| sva-para-bheda kA prakAzaka saMtoSa hai jisane-saMtoSa (dohAvalI 275) ne-mAyAjanita vikAroM ko naSTa kiyA evaM mana ke samasta doSoM kA parimArjana kara use (mana ko) zuddha svabhAvika saMtoSa ke binA kyA koI zAMti pA citana meM lagAyA hai / gosvAmI tulasIdAsa dvArA vinaya sakatA hai ? cAhe karor3oM prakAra se jatana karate-karate 4. mAyA marI na mana marA, mara mara gayA zarIra / AzA tRsinA nA marI, so kaha gae dAsa kabIra / -saMta kabIra 128

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mara jAya, jala ke binA sUkhI jamIna para kyA kabhI parahita-nirata nirantara, mana krama vacana nema nivahauMgo nAva cala sakatI hai ? parihari deha janita ciMtA, dukhasukha samabuddhi sahauMgo tulasIdAsa prabhu yaha pathi rahi, avicala haribhakti lahoMgo 'jaina dharmAmata' meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa puruSa ko saMtoSa rUpI AbhUSaNa prApta hai usake samIpa meM sadA (vinaya patrikA pada 172) nidhiyA~ vidyamAna rahatI haiM, kAmadhenu anugAminI bana jAtI hai aura amara kiMkara bana jAte haiM : svahita evaM rASTra-hita meM parigraha-maryAdA Ava zyaka haiN| sannidhau nidhayastasya kAmagavyanugAminI / amarAH kiGkarAyante saMtoSo yasya bhUSaNam / parigraha-paridhi ke lie hameM sadA sajaga rahanA (caturtha adhyAya, pRSTha 135) cAhie / yaha sarvamAnya hai ki jaina zrAvaka--gRhastha ke ke lie dhana-dhAnyAdi kI AvazyakatA nirantara rahatI prANI kI tapti honA asaMbhava sA hai' jaise Idhana hai| phira bhI unakA parimANa nizcita honA jarUrI hai| se agni kI, aura hajAroM nadiyoM se lavaNa samudra kI digambara mani-sAdhaka ke lie to pUrNarUpeNa aparigrahI tapti nahIM hotI, vaise hI tIna loka kI sampatti prApta honA paramAvazyaka hai| ho jAne para bhI jIva kI tRpti nahIM hotI / yaha asAdhya roga saMtoSa se hI sAdhya banatA hai aura zanaiH use parigraha tyAga mahAvratI honA, jarUrI haizanaiHnirmUla ho jAtA hai| anyathA usakA svarUpa hI kalaMkita ho jaaygaa| vAhya parigraha kA digambara sAdhu tyAgI rahatA hI hai aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki kAmanA aura bhaya se atIta hIkara yathAlAbha saMtuSTa rahanevAle sAtha hI sAtha AbhyAMtara parigraha ke parityAga meM vaha medhAvI pApa nahIM karate : sadaiva saMlagna mAnA gayA hai / jaina muni kI isa sAdhanA meM na aticAra AnA cAhie aura na anAcAra / lekina mehAviNo loma bhayAvaIyA saMtoSiNo va pakareMti paavN| jaina zrAvaka ke lie parigraha pariNAma brata kA vizeSa saMtapravara gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ne bhI isI saMtoSa mahatva hai / kahA bhI hai :vRti kI kAmanA kI hai : dhana-dhAnya Adi vAhya dasa prakAra ke parigraha kA kabahuka hauM yahi rahani rahauMge / parimANa karake usase adhika vastuo meM nispRhatA zrI raghunAtha-kRpAlu-kRpA te saMta-subhAva ghauNgo| rakhanA so icchA parimANa nAmakA pAMcavA parigraha jathA lAma saMtoSa sadA, kAhU soM kachu na chauNgo| parimANa vRta hai| 5. cetanetara bAhyAntaraga vivarjanae / jJAna saMyamasaMgo vA nimmtvmsgtaa| (jana dharnAmRta pacama adhyAya) cetana aura acetana tathA vAhya aura aMtaraMga sarva prakAra ke parigraha ko chor3a denA aura nirgamatva bhAva ko aMgIkAra karanA athavA jJAna aura saMyama kA hI saMgama karanA so asaMgatA nAmaka parigraha tyAga mahAbata jAnanA caahie| 126

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dhanya-dhAnyAdi granthaM parimAya tato'dhikeSu nisprahatA / parimita parigrahaH syAdicchA parimANa nAmApi / (jaina dharmAmRta caturtha adhyAya) isI prakAra pratyeka zrAvaka ko yaha jAnanA cAhie ki saMsAra ke mUla kAraNa Arambha haiM, aura ina ArambhoM kA mUla kAraNa parigraha hai. isalie zrAvaka ko cAhie ki vaha apane parigraha ko dina pratidina kama karatA jAtre / sasAra mUlamAraMbhAsteSAM hetuH parigrahaH / tasmAdupAsakaH kuryAdalpamalyaM parigraham // jaina dharma vizvadharma hai aura isakA pratyeka siddhAMta jana-jana kA hitakArI hai, kalyANa kArI hai maMgalakArI hai / haraeka jaina sAdhaka deva pUjA meM loka kalyANa kI kAmanA karatA hai / " tathA mAnava samAja meM kalpita bhedabhAva ko bhUla kara prANI mAtra ke hita meM apane jIvana ko samarpita karane kA saMkalpa karatA hai / aisI sthiti 6. ( jaina dharmAmRta, caturtha adhyAya, 72) meM dUsaroM ko pIr3ita kara anya ke deya ko har3apakara dIna kI kuTiyA ko naSTa kara evaM janatA kI harI-bharI kAmanA ko miTAkara apanA mahala banAnA, gupta gRhoM ko dhana-dhAnyAdi se bharanA, apane parivAra ke sadasyoM ko sone-cAMdI ke AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta karanA tathA rezamI gaddoM para leTakara apanI thakAna miTAnA kahA~ taka ucita ? loka kalyANa meM saMlagna hamArI mAnanIyA pradhAna maMtrI ke bIsa sUtrIya Arthika kAryakrama kI pUrNa saphalatA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke parigraha meM hI sannihita hai / pratyeka bhAratIya ko isa para vicAra karanA cAhiebA~ke khAie, baikuTha jAie - yaha eka grAmINa kahAvata hai, jinameM jana kalyANa kI bhAvanA mukharita huI hai / eka dUsarI kahAvata hai jisakA bhAva hai ki jo dUsaroM ke hAtha se chInakara khAtA hai, vaha narakagAmI hotA hai / isalie hameM kAmanAoM ko kama karake dUsaroM ke dukha dardoM kI cintA karanI cAhie, anyathA manuSya evaM pazu meM kyA bheda hai ? parigraha parimANa pA~ca aNuvratoM meM aMtima hai aura cAra vratoM kA saMrakSaNa karanA evaM bar3hAnA isake adhIna (ka) hove sArI prajA ko sukha balayuta dharma dhArI narezA / hovai varSA samaM paM tilabhara na rahai byAdhiyoM kA andezA | hobe corI na jArI susamaya varate hoM na duskAla bhArI / sAre hI deza dhAreM jinavara vRSako jo sadA saukhyakArI / (zAMtipATha ) (kha) sattveSumaitrI guNISu pramodaM / kliSTeSu jobeSu kRpAdaratvaM / mAdhyastha bhAva biparItavRttau / sadA mamAtmA vidadhAtu deva // (sAmayika pATha) (ga) maMtrI bhAva jagata meM merA, sava jIvoM se nitya rahe / dIna dukhI jIvoM para mere ura se durjana-krUra kumArga ratoM para, kSobha sAmya bhAva rakkha maiM una para aisI (gha) parasparopagraho jIvAnAm / ( jaina dharma kA pramukha siddhAMta -- tattvArtha sUtra ) karuNA srota vahai / nahIM mujhako Abe / pariNati ho jAbe / (merI bhAvanA) 130

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hai, parigraha ko ghaTAne meM hiMsA, asatya, asteya, kucha kSaNoM ke lie avazya kabhI-kabhI mAnava cetanA ko kuzIla, ina cAroM para roka lagatI hai / isa brata ke sajaga banAtA hai lekina yaha sajagatA nirarthaka hI rahatI pariNAmasvarUpa jIvana meM zAnti aura santoSa prakaTa hai| vastutaH yaha kitanI bar3I ma r3hatA hai ki saMcaya hone se sUkha kI vRddhi hotI hai / nizcintA aura sagraha ke duSpariNAmoM ko hama nitya prati dekha rahe haiM nirAkulatA AtI hai| aisI sthiti hone se dharma kriyA phira bhI pazu ke samAna pArasparika vidveSa bar3hAkara kI ora manuSya kA citta adhikAdhika AkarSita hotA saMgraha meM hama lIna haiM / hai / isa brata ke ye vaiyaktika lAbha haiM / kintu sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI yaha brata atyanta upayogI hai / Aja jo yadi hama mAnava haiM, amIra-garIba kI khAI ko Arthika vaiSamya dRSTigocara hotA hai, isa brata kA pAlana pATanA cAhata ha, dAna-hAna pATanA cAhate haiM, dIna-hIna ke bheda ko miTAnA cAhate na karane kA hI pariNAma hai| Athika vaiSamya isa yuga haiM to hameM aparigraha ko zIghra apanA lenA cAhie, kI eka bahuta bar3I samasyA hai Aja kucha loga anyathA pariNAma bar3e dukhada hoNge| samAjavAda ke prati yaMtroM kI sahAyatA se pracara dhana ekatra kara lete haiM to bhAratIya janatA vizeSataH AkarSita hai, yaha AkarSaNa dUsare loga dhanAbhAva ke kAraNa apane jIvana kI ani- sarvathA ucita hai, yaha vAda zoSaNa se mukti dilAtA hai, vArya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane se bhI vaMcita rahate sabako bharapeTa roTI detA hai atyAcAroM evaM anAcAroM haiN| unheM peTa bhara roTI, tana Dhakane ko vastra aura se prapIr3ita jana ko sukha kI sAMse lene kA pUrA avasara auSadhi jaisI cIjeM bhI upalabdha nhiiN| isa sthiti kA detA hai aura samAnatA kI bhAvanA ko niraMtara mUrta rUpa sAmanA karane ke lie aneka vAdoM kA janma huA hai| detA rahatA hai| isake (samAjavAda) antargata saba ko samAjavAda, sAmyavAda, sarvodayavAda Adi isI ke samAna adhikAra prApta hote haiM saba apanI yogyatAnaphala haiN| prAcIna kAla meM parigraha vAda ke dvArA isa sAra kArya karane ke lie sAdhana sampanna karAye jAte haiM samasyA kA samAdhAna kiyA jAtA thaa| .... . ataeva tathA Arthika dRSTi se saba meM ekarUpatA lAne kA saphala agara parigraha brata kA vyApaka rUpa meM pracAra aura prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai vastuta: yaha vAda bhArata ke lie aMgIkAra ho to na artha-vaiSamya kI samasyA vikarAla varadAna ke rUpa meM vareNya hai| rUpa dhAraNa kare aura na varga-saMgharSa kA avasara upasthita ho|' aise to aparigraha sabhI dharmoM kA AdhAra hai / apa rigraha kahane se nahIM karane se hotA hai| samAja ke sabhI saba isa tathya se paricita haiM ki yaha saba bAhya dharmoM meM aparigraha kI sAdhuoM aura gRhasthoM ke lie vaibhava hai, kSaNika hai aura mRtyu hone para mAnava kI AtmA alaga-alaga vyAkhyAeM haiN| hameM vyAkhyA karanI hai apane ekAkI ho jAtI hai| anyAyopAjita saba dravyAdi yahIM liye nA ki dUsaroM ke lie .......aparigraha ke lie prathama para par3e rahate haiM, phira bhI mohavaza manuSya unmattavat isa bAta hai ki icchA ko jaise cAhe moDe, burI icchA na vyApaka tatba se ajJAta sA rahatA hai / zmazAna vairAgya kareM aura yadi sadicchA bhI kareM to use paramita hI rakhoM 7. AcArya-zrI hastImala jI, ma. sA.-parigraha-maryAdA, vyakti aura samAja ke saMdarbha meM, jinavANI, mArca 1976 se sAbhAra. samAjavAda meM utpAdana, vitaraNa evaM upabhoga para sAmAjika niyaMtraNa hotA hai| 131

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aparigraha kI vyAkhyA hai ki koI bhI apanI jarUrata nizcayataH dhana viSa hai kAmanA kI atRpti hai, se jyAdA na rakhe...aparigraha kA siddhAnta samAjavAda se aura mAyA kA mohaka rUpa hai| bhI Age hai| jahA~ samAjavAda kI sImA hai usase Age bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA - aparigraha hai samAjavAda aparigraha meM hI nihita hai, aparigraha kA lakSya hai bhagavAna aura manuSya ko eka bnaanaa| dharma (1)-mucchA parigraho vutto| kyA hai ? dharma eka hai, mAnava dharma, mAnava dharma ki manuSya manuSya kA zoSaNa na kareM samAja meM UMca nIca kA bheda (vastu ke prati rahe hue mamatva bhAva ko parigraha kahA hai|) na ho / Arthika asamAnatAeM kama hoM, samAjavAda meM saba manuSya samAna hote haiN| isa prakAra aparigraha aura (2) vitteNa tANaM na labhe pamatte samAja kA aTUTa sambandha hai samAjavAda lokatAMtrika immi loe aduvA paratthA / tarIke se AtA hai tAnAzAhI se nhiiN|' (pramatta puruSa dhana ke dvArA na to isa loka meM apanI rakSA kara sakatA hai aura na paraloka meM hii|) dhana zApa hai varadAna nahIM (3) natthi eriso pAso paDibaMdho atthi, sAMsarika saMgharSa kA pramukha kAraNa dhana hai jisake savva jIvANaM savva loe / lie pitA patra kI hatyA karatA hai, pati patnI ko ma tya ke mukha meM DAlatA hai, aura bhAI bahana ke gale ko davAte (vizva ke sabhI prANiyoM ke lie parigraha ke samAna hue bhI nahIM hicakatA hai| eka aMgrejI kahAvata hai dUsarA koI jAla nahIM baMdhana nahIM / ) jisameM kahA gayA hai ki dhana hI saba anarthoM kI jar3a hai| (4) bahupi laddhaM na nihe isa dhana arjana meM dukhaH hai saMrakSaNa meM kaSTa hai tathA isake pariggahAo appANaM avasavikajjA / vyaya meM vedanA hotI hai isalie yaha dhana niraMtara pIDA dAyaka hai isameM sukha kahA~ ? (bahuta milane para bhI saMgraha na kare / parigraha-vRtti __ se apane ko dUra rkhe|) arthAnAmarjane duHkhaM ajitAnAJcarakSaNe / (5) jayA nividae bhoge, je divve je ya mANuse / Aye duHkhaM vyaye duHkhaM ghigartha zoka bhAjanam / / tayA cayai saMjogaM, sabhitara-bAhiraM / , __eka saMskRta kavi (jaba manuSya daivika aura mAnuSika (manuSya saMbaMdhI) dhana kA sadupayoga yahI hai ki hama isakA saMcaya bhogoM se virakta ho jAtA hai, taba Abhyantara aura bAhyana kareM apitu jarUratamaMdoM meM ise bAMTa deM: parigraha ko chor3akara Atma sAdhanA meM jUTa jAtA hai|) pAnI bAr3ha nAba meM, ghara meM bAr3he dAma / donoM hAtha ulIciye, yahI sayAno kAma / / (6) je pAvakammehi dhaNaM maNUsA, samAyantI amayaM gahAya // 9. morArajI desAI-samAjavAda-aparigraha ke siddhAnta meM nihita-'tIrtha kara', jUna 1972., pRSTha 37.

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pahAya te pAsa paryATTie nre| (koI bhI kisI dUsare ke liye duHkha kI icchA verANubaddhA narayaM unati // na kreN|) (jo manuSya dhana ko amRta mAnakara aneka pApa (14) savve sattA averino hontu mA verino| karmoM dvArA usakA upArjana karate haiM, ve dhana ko chor3akara (sabhI vyakti abaira baneM koI bhI kisI ke sAtha mauta ke muMha meM jAne ko taiyAra haiM, ve baira se ba~dhe hue| marakara narakavAsa prApta karate haiN|) (15) savve sattA bhavantu, sukha vattA / (7) pariggaha niTThiANaM, vairaM tesi pvddddhii| (saMsAra ke sabhI jIva sukhI hoM, sukhI raheM!) (jo parigraha saMgraha vatti meM vyasta haiM, ve saMsAra meM (zrI gaNeza muni zAstrI, saM.-bhagavAna mahAvIra ke apane prati baira kI hI abhivRddhi karate haiM / ) hajAra upadeza) (8) thovAhAro thovabhaNio ya, jo hoithovanichoya yaha zarIra bhI parigraha hai thovovahi uvagaraNo, tatsa hu devA vi paNamaMti / jisa zarIra ke liye itane adhika ADambara ekatrita (jo sAdhaka mitAhArI, mita-bhASI mita-zAyI kie jAte haiM tathA jisakI saMrakSA ke hetu rAta-dina aura mita parigrahI hai, use devatA bhI namaskAra karate haiN|) citita rahanA par3atA hai vaha tana bhI kama vighAtaka nahIM (9) je mamAia maI jahAi se jahAi mmaaiaN| hai / karor3oM ke saundarya prasAdhana isI deha kI kamanIyatA kI buddhi ko adhika AkarSaka banAne ke lie kharIde (jo sAdhaka apanI mamatva buddhi kA tyAga kara jAte haiM / isa bhautika yuga meM cacala taruNAI adhika sakatA hai vahI parigraha kA tyAga karane meM samartha ho bhramita hai jisakA kAraNa zArIrika sundaratA kahI jA sakatA hai|) sakatI hai| (10) etadeva egesiM mahabbhayaM bhavai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne parigraha ko tIna rUpoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai jisameM zarIra ko bhI parigraha batAyA gayA hai (parigraha hI isa loka meM mahAbhaya kA kAraNa hotA (11) lohassesa aNupphAso, manne annayarAvi / karmaparigraha, zarIraparigraha, vAhyabhaNDa-mAtra-upa karaNa parigrahaH (saMgraha karanA, yaha aMdara rahane vAle lobha kI jhalaka hai|) tivihe pariggahe paNNate, ta jahAkamma-pariggahe, bAhira bhaMDamatta pariggahe / (12) mA no dvikSata kazcana / (hama kisI se dveSa na kareM) (13) nAjhamAssa dukkhamiccheya / parigrahI naraka meM jAtA hai arthAdi saMgraha meM lolupI jitanA para-pIr3ana karatA hai usase hajAra gunA kaSTa use bhoganA nyAyata: samucita 133

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hI hai| isalie parazoSaka ko nArakIya jIvana ro-ro aura bece jAte the| vilAsatA, vaibhava kA ucchakhala kara bitAnA hI cAhie anyathA zubhAzubha karmoM kA tANDava nRtya thaa| bhagavAna ne sAmAjika viSamatA pratiphalana kaise pramANita hogaa| AcArya zrI umA- ko samajhA evaM usake parimArjana meM saphala prayAsa kiye| svAmI ne mokSazAstra (tatvArthasUtra) ke adhyAya 6 meM (dekhie mahAvIra yuga meM samAja aura dharma kI sthiti kahA hai ki bahvArambha parigrahatva nArakasyA yaSaH / lekhaka DA. jyoti prasAda jaina, bhagavAna mahAvIra smati bahuta AraMbha aura parigraha kA honA naraka Ayu kA grantha khaNDa 3, pRSTha 3 1) astitva hai| isI prakAra mAyA (chala-kapaTa) tiryaJca Ayu kA Astrava hai:--mAyA tairyagyonasya (mokSazAstra jisa prakAra svastha zarIra ke lie zuddha AcAra adhyAya 6 sUtra 16) niSpakSa vicAraka isa mAnyatA ke vicAra Avazyaka hai usI prakAra mAnavatA ke udAtta pUrNa samarthaka haiM ki parigraha jaba svaya~ naraka hai taba upake saMrakSaNa meM aparigrahavAda sarvopari hai| isa sajanAtmaka snehI ko pAtakI banakara naraka meM rahanA aura tar3apanA satya ke dRSTikoNa ko bhagavAna ne bhalI mAMti aMgIkAra svAbhAvika hI hai| kara aparigraha kI garimA ko bahurUpoM meM samAja ke sanmukha prastuta kiyA aura karAhatI haI insAniyata ko vIra-yuga-aneka dvandoM kA AtaMka zuddha jijIviSA pradAna kii| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yahI mahAvIra ke samaya ko yadi AtmadhAtau kahA jAya to aparigraha hai aura yahI jaina mata kA mUlAdhAra hai| kucha sImA taka anucita nahIM hai| isa yuga meM mAnavatA khaMDita thI, dharmoM ke rUpa prazastana, the svArthapUrNa manovR. yadIyA bAMggaMgA vividh-ny-kllol-vimlaa| ttiyAM janatA ke mAnasa ko khasoTa rahI thIM evaM dIna bahad jJAnAmbhobhirjagati janatAM yA snapayati / amIra kA bheda vyApakatA le cukA thaa| nArI kA karuNa idAnImapyeSA budhajana-marAlaH paricitA / krandana kisI hdaya ko prabhAvita karane meM asamartha thA / mahAvIra svAmI nayasa-patha-gAmI bhavaMtu naH / dAsa dAsiyA~ bAjAroM meM mUka pazuoM kI taraha kharIde -paMDita bhAgacandra. mahAbIrASTaka. 134

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jaina karma siddhAnta zyAmalAla pANDavIya bhAratIya saMskRti prArambha se hI AdhyAtmikatA ke AdhAra mAna kara hI apane vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| adhika nikaTa rahI hai| samaya-samaya para anekoM divya tIsarA artha hai-jIva ke sAtha baMdhane vAle vizeSa jAti evaM mahAna AtmAoM dvArA vibhUSita isa deza kA iti- ke skandha / yaha artha aprasiddha hai, kevala jaina siddhAnta hAsa dharma evam darzana se atyAdhika prabhAvita rahA hai| hI isakA vizeSa prakAra se nirUpaNa karatA hai| bhAratIya darzana ke vividha pakSoM ke rUpa meM nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga. mImAMsA, vedAnta, jaina, bauddha tathA bhAratIya darzana meM karma siddhAntacArvAka darzana meM hameM mAnava jIvana ke prati vividha nyAya darzana ke anusAra mAnava zarIra dvArA matoM ke darzana hote haiN| inameM se cArvAka ko choDakara sampanna vividha karma; rAga, dveSa aura moha ke vazIanya samasta bhAratIya darzanoM ne paraloka, punarjanma, karma bhUta hokara kiye jAte haiN| acchA AcaraNa puNya pravRtti aura mokSa kI dhAraNA ko grahaNa kiyA hai| ye sabhI hai, jo dharma ko utpanna karatI hai| dharma karane se puNya mAnate haiM ki mAnava jaise karma karatA hai, vaisA hI phala tathA adharma karane se pApa utpanna hotA hai / dharmAdharma ko bhogatA hai| adRSTa bhI kahate haiN| adRSTa karmaphala ke utpAdana meM zAbdika dRSTi se karma ke tIna artha pramakha haiN| kAraNa hotA hai| kintu adRSTa jar3a hai aura jar3a meM pahalA-karma kAraka; karma kA yaha artha jagata prasiddha phalotpAdana zakti cetana kI preraNA ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai| dUsarA artha hai-kriyaa| isake aneka prakAra haiN| hai| ataH Izvara kI preraNA se hI adRSTa phala dene meM sAmAnyataH vividha dArzanikoM ne karma ke dvitIya artha ko saphala hotA hai|| 1. jaina karma siddhAnta aura bhAratIya darzana, pro. udayacandra jaina, jaina siddhAnta bhAskara-kiraNa 1, pra. zrI devendra kumAra jaina oriyanTala risarca insaTITyUTa, ArA / pR. 38 / 135

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vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra ayaskAnta maNi kI dyotaka hai| zaMkarAcArya ne isIliye apUrva ko karma kI ora sUI kI svAbhAvika gati, vRkSoM ke bhItara rasa kA sUkSmA uttarAvasthA yA phala kI pUrvAvasthA mAnA hai| nIce se Upara kI ora car3hanA, agni kI lapaToM kA vedAnta darzana ke anusAra karma se vAsanA utpanna Upara kI ora uThanA, vAyu kI tirachI gati, mana tathA hotI hai aura vAsanA se saMsAra kA udaya hotA hai / paramANuoM kI prathama parispandAtmaka kriyA, ye saba vijJAna dIpikA meM yaha batalAyA gayA hai, ki jisa kArya adRSTa dvArA hote haiM / prakAra ghara meM tathA kSetra meM sthita anna kA vinAza sAMkhya darzana ke mata meM--kleza rUpI salila se vividha rUpa se kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu mukta anna kA siktA bhUmi meM karma bIja ke aMkUra utpanna hote haiM, vinAza pAcana dvArA hI hotA hai, parantu prArabdha karma kA parantu tatvajJAna rUpI grISma ke kAraNa kleza jala ke kSaya bhoga ke dvArA hI hotA hai| sukha jAne para Usara jamIna meM kyA kabhI karma-bIja bauddha dharma meM bhI, jo ki anAtmavAdI hai karmoM kI utpanna ho sakate haiN| bibhinnatA ko hI prANiyoM meM vyApta vividhatA kA yoga darzana ke anusAra pAtaJjala yogasatra meM kAraNa mAnA hai / aMgutara nikAya meM samrATa milinda ke kleza kA mUla karmAzaya vAsanA ko batalAyA hai| yaha praznoM ke uttara meM bhikSa nAgasena kahate haiM?-"rAjana ! karmAzaya isa loka aura paraloka meM anubhava meM AtA hai| karmoM ke nAnAtva ke kAraNa sabhI manuSya samAna nahIM hote / bhagavAna ne bhI kahA hai ki mAnavoM kA sadbhAva mImAMsA darzana ke anusAra--pratyeka karma meM apUrva karmoM ke anusAra hai / sabhI prANI karmoM ke uttarAdhikArI (adRSTa) ko utpanna karane kI zakti rahatI hai / karma se haiN| karmoM ke anusAra hI yoniyoM meM jAte haiN| apanA apUrva utpanna hotA hai, aura apUrva se phala utpanna hotA karma hI bandhu hai, Azraya hai. aura vaha jIva kA ucca hai| ataH apUrva, karma tathA phala ke bIca kI avasthA kA aura nIca rUpa meM vibhAga karatA hai / 2. maNigamanaM sUcabhisarpaNa mitya dRSTa kAraNam / --vai. mU. 5 / 1:15 vRkSAbhisarpaNamityadRSTakAraNam |-vai. sU. 5 / 2 / 7 3. klezasalilAvasiktAyAM hi buddhi bhUmau karmavIjAnyaMkuraM prasuvate / tatvajJAna nidAghaNItasakalaklezasalilAyAM USarAyAM kutaH karmavIjAnAmaMkura prasana / --tatva kaumudI sAMkhya kA0 67 klezamUlaH karmAzayaH dRSTAdRSTavedanIyaH / -yoga sUtra 2 / 12 5. nacApyanutpAdya kimapi apUrva karma vinazyat kAlAntaritaM phalaM dAtuM zaknoti / ataH karmaNo vA sUkSmA kAciduttarAvasthA phalasya vA pUrvAvasthA apUrvanAbhAstIti taya'te / --zA. bhA. 3 / 2 / 40 jaina karma siddhAnta aura bhAratIya darzana; pUrvAkta, pR. 40 "mahArAja kammAnaM nAnAkaraNena manussA na savve samakA / bhAsitaM etaM mahArAja bhagavatA kammassa kAraNena mANavasattA, kammadAyAdA kammayonI, kammabandhu kammaparisaraNA kamma satte vibhajati yadida honappaNItatAyIti / " --aMguttara nikAya

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__yahI nahIM bhArata ke lagabhaga sabhI pramukha dhArmika 'karma' kA artha - graMthoM meM karma siddhAnta kI mahattA tathA prakRti kA yathA maulika artha kI dRSTi se to karma kA artha bAstava saMbhava ullekha milatA hai| gItA kA mAnya siddhAnta hai meM kriyA se hI sambandhita hai| mana, vacana evaM kAya ke ki-prANI ko karma kA tyAga nahIM karanA cAhiye, dvArA jIva jo kucha karatA hai, vaha saba kriyA yA karma kintu karma ke phala kA tyAga karanA cAhiye / prANI kA hai| mana, vacana aura kAya ye tIna usake mAdhyama haiN| adhikAra karma karane meM hI hai, phala meM nhiiN| mahAbhArata ise jIva karma yA bhAva karma kahate haiM, yahAM taka karma kI meM bhI AtmA ko bAMdhane vAlI zakti ko karma kahA dhAraNA sabhI ko svIkAra hai / yaha dhAraNA kevala saMsArI hai| gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ne bhI rAmacarita mAnasa meM jIvoM kI kriyA para hI vicAra karatI hai, arthAta kevala karma ko pradhAna kahA hai cetana kI kriyAeM hI isakI viSaya vastu haiM, jar3a kI karma pradhAna vizva kari raakhaa| kriyAoM athavA jar3a evaM cetana kI kriyAoM meM sambandhoM jo jasa karahi so tasa phala cAkhA / / para anya dhAraNAoM meM vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, jaina darzana ina donoM ke sambandha meM bhI gambhIratA pUrvaka isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM karma siddhAnta ko vicAra karatA hai| isa kAraNa usameM karma kI vyAkhyA pramukhatA dI gaI hai| lagabhaga sabhI dArzanikoM ne karma adhika vyApaka evaM vistRta hai| jaina dArzanika karma siddhAnta ke viSaya meM apane-apane dRSTikoNa se vicAra zabda kI bhautika vyAkhyA karate haiN| prakaTa kara ise jIvana-darzana kA pramukha AdhAra mAnA hai| paribhASA evaM vyAkhyAjaina karma darzana zrI kSu. jinendra varNI ke anusAra- "bhAvakarma se karma siddhAnta kA jitanA savistAra prabhAvita hokara kucha sukSma jar3a pudagala skandha jIva ke vivecana kiyA gayA hai, vaha anya darzanoM meM karma siddhAnta pradezoM meM praveza pAte haiM aura usake sAtha baMdhate haiM, yaha ke vivecana se kaI gunA hai / jaina bAGmaya meM isa saMbaMdha bAta kevala jainAgama hI batAtA hai| yaha sUkSma skandha meM vipula sAhitya bhaNDAra upalabdha hai| prAkRta bhASA ajIva karma yA davya karma kahalAte haiM aura rUpa rasAdi kA jaina graMtha "mahAbandha", karma siddhAnta para vizva kA dhAraka mUrtIka hote haiM / jaise karma, jIva karatA hai, vaise sabase vRhada graMtha hai, jisameM cAlIsa hajAra zloka haiN| hI svabhAva ko lekara dravya karma usake sAtha baMdhate haiM isake atirikta SaTkhaNDAgama, gommaTTasAra karmakANDa, aura kucha kAla pazcAta paripakva dazA ko prApta hokara labdhisAra tathA kSapaNAsAra Adi karma siddhAnta viSayaka udaya meM Ate haiN| usa samaya inake prabhAva se jIva ke vRhada graMtha haiM / isa prakAra jaina darzana meM karma darzana ko jJAnAdi gaNa tirobhUta ho jAte haiN| yahI unakA phalavizeSa mahatva diyA gayA hai, tathA usakI sakSma vivecanA dAna kahA jAtA hai| sUkSmatA ke kAraNa ve dRSTa nahIM kI gaI hai| 8. karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phaleSu kadAcana / / mA karmaphalaheturbhU: mA te saMgo'stavakarmaNi ||--bhagavadgItA 2147 "karmaNA badhyate jantuvidyayAtu vimucyate", mahAbhArata--zAntiparva (240-7) jainendra siddhAnta koSa, bhA. 1,-jinendra varNI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, pR. 25 137

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isa prakAra jaina dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki yadi pravakta hotA hai, taba karma rUpI raja jJAnavaraNAdi rUpa se 'karma' bhautika svarUpa kA hai, to 'kAraNa' bhI bhautika Atma pradezoM meM praviSTa hokara sthita ho jAtA hai / svarUpa kA hogaa| arthAta jaina dharma yaha mAnatA hai ki- zrI akalaMka deva ne karma kI sodahAraNa vyAkhyA karate cUMki vizva kI sabhI vastueM sUkSma skandhoM yA para- hue kahA hai ki --- "jisa prakAra pAtra vizeSa meM rakhe mANuoM se banI haiM, ata: paramANu hI vastu kA kAraNa' gae aneka rasa vAle bIja, puSpa tathA phaloM kA madirA haiM aura cUMki paramANu bhautika tatva hai, ata: vastuoM ke rUpa meM pariNamana hotA hai, usI prakAra, krodha, mAna, 'kAraNa' bhI bhautika tatva haiN| isa sambandha meM AlocakoM mAyA aura lobha rUpI kaSAyoM tathA mana, vacana aura kI isa Apatti kA ki "anekoM kriyAe~, yadA-sukha, kAya yoga ke nimitta se Atma pradezoM meM sthita pudagala duHkha, pIr3A Adi vizuddha rUpa se mAnasika haiM, isaliye paramANuoM kA karmarUpa meM pariNamana hotA hai|" unake kAraNa bhI mAnasika hone cAhiye, bhautika nhiiN|" isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ne karma kI viSada evaM sUkSma uttara dete hue kahA hai ki- ye anubhava zArIrika kAraNoM se sarvathA svatantra nahIM haiM, kyoMki sukha, duHkha vyAkhyA kI hai jo anya darzanoM meM kI gaI vyAkhyAoM se nitAnta bhinna hai| jahAM anya darzana pariNamanarUpa bhAvAityAdi anubhava, udAharaNArtha- bhojana Adi se sambandhita hote haiM / abhautika sattA ke sAtha sUkha Adi kA tmaka paryAya ko karma na kahakara kevala parispandana rUpa koI anubhava nahIM hotA, jaise ki AkAza ke sAtha / / kriyAtmaka paryAya ko hI karma kahate haiM, vahAM jaina karma ataH yaha mAnA gayA hai ki - ina anubhavoM ke pIche siddhAnta ina donoM ko hI karma kahatA hai / jaina darzana meM karma kI yaha vyAkhyA atyanta vyApaka hai| 'prAkRtika kAraNa' haiM, aura yahI karma hai| isI artha meM sabhI mAnavIya anubhavoM ke liye sukhada yA duHkhada karma aura AtmAtathA pasaMda yA nApasaMda--karma jimmevAra haiN| lagabhaga sabhI darzana, jo karma kI dhAraNA para vicAra isI kAraNa vibhinna jaina dArzanikoM ne jIva ke karate haiM, karma ko AtmA se sambandhita avazya mAnate rAgadveSAdika pariNAmoM ke nimitta se jo kAmaNa vargaNA haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra AtmA anAdikAla se rUpa pudagala-skandha jIva ke sAtha bandha ko prApta hote haiM, karmabandhana se yukta hai, kama bandhana janma janmAtara AtmA ko unheM karma kahA hai| AcArya kunda-kunda ke anusAra- bAMdhe rahate haiM, isa dRSTi se AtmA aura karma kA sambandha "jaba rAgadveSa se yuktA AtmA acche yA bure kAryoM meM anAdi hai| parantu eka dRSTi se vaha sAdi bhI hai; jisa 11. 'karma grantha', 1.3 12. jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, esa. gopAlana, vAIlI isTarna li., pR. 151. 13. pariNamadi jadA appA suhammi asuhammi rAgadosa judo| taM pavisadi kammarayaM NANAvaraNAdibhAvehi // -pravacana sAra-15 14. yathA bhojana vizeSe prakSiptAnAM vividharasabIja pUSpalatAnAM madirAbhAbena parimANaH tathA pudagalAnAmapi Atmani sthitAnAM yogakaSAyavazAt parimANo veditavyaH / --tatvArthabArtika pR. 264 138

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prakAra vRkSa aura bIja kA sambandha santati kI dRSTi se mukti para hI mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| isa prakAra anAdi hai, aura paryAya kI apekSA se vaha sAdi hai. isI jaina darzana meM mokSa kI dhAraNA kA vikAsa, karma darzana prakAra karmabandhana santAna yA utpatti kI dRSTi se anAdi ke vikAsa para hI AdhArita hai| aura paryAya kI dRSTi se sAdi hai| jaina darzana meM karma ___ karma ke bheda --- aura AtmA ke sambandha meM isa vyAkhyA ke kAraNa hI Age calakara use vaijJAnika rUpa diyA hai jisa kAraNa jaina dArzanikoM ne karma kI vRhada vyAkhyA karate hue vaha anya darzanoM se alaga hai| jaina darzana karmabandhana ko kahA hai ki--karma mithyAtva, ajJAna, avirati, yoga, anAdi aura paryAya kI dRSTi se sAdi mAnakara hI Age moDa tathA krodhAdi kaSAya ye bhAva jIva aura ajIva ke yaha aura vyAkhyA karatA hai, ki--paryAya kI dRSTi se meda se do-do prakAra ke haiN| isa prakAra karma ko do sAdi hone ke kAraNa pUrva ke karmabandhanoM ko tor3A bhI AdhAroM bhautika tathA mAnasika ke AdhAra para do bheda jA sakatA hai| koI bhI sambandha anAdi hone se ananta kiye gae haiM--'dravya karma' evaM 'bhAva krm'| dravya karma nahIM ho ja te, virodhI kAraNoM kA samAgata hone para kA artha hai jahAM dravya kA AtmA meM praveza ho gayA ho anAdi sambandha TUTa bhI jAte hai, jisa prakAra bIja aura arthAta jahAM rAgadveSAdi rUpa bhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara vRkSa kA sambandha anAdi hote hue bhI, paryAya vizeSa meM jo kArmaNa bargaNArUpa pudagala paramANu AtmA ke sAtha sAdi hotA hai, aura paryAya vizeSa meM kisI bIja vizeSa baMdha jAte haiM unheM dravyakarma kahate haiM / yaha paudagalika haiM, ke jala jAne para, arthAta virodhI kAraNoM ke samAgama aura inake aura bhI bheda kiye gae haiN| ke kAraNa usameM aMkura utpanna nahIM hotaa| isa viSaya meM AcArya akalaMka deva tatvArtharAja vAtika (2/7) meM bhAva karma, AtmA ke caitanya pariNAmAtmaka haiN| aisA hI dRSTAMta dekara samajhAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra inameM icchA tathA anicchA jaisI mAnasika kriyAoM kA bIja ke jala jAne para aMkura nahIM utpanna hotA, usI samAveza hotA hai| arthAta jJAnaraNAdirUpa dravya karma ke prakAra karmabIz2a ke bhasma ho jAne para bhavAMkura utpanna nimitta se hone vAle jIva ke rAga dveSAdi rUpa bhAvoM nahIM hotaa| ko bhAvakama kahate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki, jaina dArzanikoM ne AtmA ke dravya kama aura bhAva karma kI pArasparika kAryasvabhAva kI sakArAtmaka vyAkhyA karate hue use vizuddha kAraNa paramparA anAdikAla se calI ArahI hai| ina evaM amIma kSamatAoM vAlI kahA hai| unake anusAra donoM meM naitika sambandha hai| bhAvakrama kA nimitta karma ke duSTa pranAva ke kAraNa vaha apane ko sImita dravyakarma hai aura dravya karma kA nimitta bhAbakarma hai| anubhava karatI hai| karma ke isa duSTa prabhAva se AtmA rAga dvaSAdirUpa bhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara dravyakarma AtmA ko mukta karA pAne para hI sadakarmoM kI utpatti hotI se baMdhatA hai aura dravyakarma ke nimitta se AtmA meM rAga hai, sadakarmoM se karmabandha TUTate haiM aura karmabandhoM se pUrNa dveSAdi mAvoM kI utpatti hotI hai / 15. micchatta puNa duvaha jIbamajoba taheva aNNANa / aviradi jogo moho kohAdiyA ime bhAvA / samayasAra / mUla / 87 / pra.-ahiMsA mandira prakAzana, dehalI 16. jaina karma siddhAnta aura bhAratIya darzana, pUrvAkta, pR. 47 136

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karma bandha- jaina darzana ke anusAra donoM hI prakAra ke karmoM se utpanna karmANa vibhinna kAlAvadhiyoM ke liye manuSya ko bAMdhakara rakhate haiN| isa prakAra karmabandha karma ora AtmA ke sambandha ke pariNAmasvarUpa utpanna avasthA hai| yaha avasthA kaSAya evaM yoga ke kAraNa utpanna hotI hai / AcArya gRddhapiccha ne kahA hai ki "-- "jIva kaSAya sahita hone ke kAraNa karma ke yogya pudagaloM ko grahaNa karatA haiM / isI kA nAma bandha hai| zuddha AtmA meM karma kA bandha nahIM hotA hai, kintu kaSAyavAn AtmA hI karma kA vandha karatA hai| AcArya jina senAcArya ne bhI karmabandha kI lagabhaga aisI hI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki- "yaha ajJAnI jIva iSTa aura aniSTa saMkalpa dvArA vastu meM priya aura apriya kI kalpanA karatA hai, isase rAgadveSa utpanna hotA hai aura isa rAgadveSa se karma kA bandha hotA hai, isa prakAra rAgadveSa ke nimitta se saMsAra kA cakra calatA rahanA hai|" isa prakAra rAgadva eSa rUpa bhAvakarma kA nimitta pAkara yakarma AramA se baMdhatA hai aura dravyakarma ke nimitta se AtmA meM rAgadveSa rUpI bhAva karma utpanna hotA hai / ina karmoM se utpanna paramANu pratyeka samaya baMcate rahane se anantAnanta hote haiN| yaha bandha kevala jIvapradeza ke kSetravartI karma paramANuoM kA hotA hai, bAhara ke kSetra meM sthita karma paramANuoM kA nahIM / Atma pradezoM meM hone vAlA yaha karmabandha prati samaya hotA hai| yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki kisI samaya kinhIM Atma pradezoM ke sAtha bandha ho aura kisI samaya anya AtmapradezoM ke sAtha karmaphala- IzvaravAdI darzana Izvara ko karma kA phaladAtA mAnate haiN| unake anusAra yaha ajJa prANI apane sukha aura duHkha meM asamartha hai| yaha jIva Izvara kI preraNA se svarga meM yA naraka meM jAtA hai / " jaina darzana ke anusAra karma svayaM apanA phala dete haiM, kisI ke mAdhyama se nahIM / isI kAraNa kahA hai ki usa kama se utpanna kiyA jAne vAlA sukha duHkha karmaphala hai 120 yaha karmaphala karma kI prakRti se prabhAvita hotA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra zubha eva azubha bhAvoM se kiye gae karmoM meM jIva para acchA aura burA prabhAva DAlane kI zakti hotI hai, ataH ina bhAvoM kA prabhAva karma paramANuoM para bhI hotA hai, aura isI ke anusAra ve karma apane udaya ke avasara para tadanurUpa sukha aura duHkha pradAna karate haiN| * isa prakAra jaina darzana meM karma siddhAnta kI atyanta sUkSma evaM viSada tathA vaijJAnika vivecanA kI gaI hai jo yaha batalAtI hai ki manuSya svayaM apane karma kA suSTA evaM bhAgya vidhAtA hai| Izvara yA anya koI zakti na to usake karma ko nirdhArita karatI hai, na hI usake phala ko| yahI nahIM IzvarIya yA anya koI aisI zakti use bure karmoM ke udaya yA phala bhogane se mukta bhI nahIM karA sakatI / karmoM se mukti ke liye kartA dvArA svayaM karmakSaya karanA Avazyaka hai / karmakSaya se koI bhI jIva zuddha avasthA arthAta mukti yA mokSa ko prApta kara sakatA hai / isI kAraNa svAmI kArtikeya ne kahA hai ki na to koI lakSmI detA hai, aura na koI isakA upakAra karatA hai| zubha aura azubha karma hI jIva kA upakAra aura avakAra karate haiM / - tatvArtha sUtra 82 17. sakaSAyatvAjjIvaH karmaNo yogyAna pudagalAnAdatte sa bandhaH / 18. saMkalpayazo mUDhaH bastviSTA niSTatAM nayeta, rAgadveSa tatastAbhyAM bandhaM durmocamaznute / mahApurANa 24 / 21 19. ajJo janturanIzo'yamAtmanaH sukha duHkhayoH / Izvara prerito gaccheta svarga vA vameva vA // 20 tasya karmaNo yanniSyAdya sukha duHkha tatkarma phalama Naya ko bi dedi lacchI Na ko vi jIvassa kuNaI uvayAra udayAraM avavAraM kamma pi suhAsuhaM kuNadi // - svAmI kArtikeyAnuprekSA 318 x x - mahAbhArata, vana parva 30128 pravacanasAra / sa. pra. / 124.

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jaina darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa, eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana * jaina darzana ke anusAra saMvara ke dvArA karmoM ke Agamana kA nirodha ho jAne para aura nirjarA ke dvArA samasta purAtana karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne para AtmA kI jo niSkarma zuddhAvasthA hotI hai use 'mokSa' kahA jAtA hai / karma maloM ke abhAva meM karma janita AvaraNa yA bandhana bhI nahIM rahate aura yaha bandhana kA abhAva hI mukti hai" / mokSa AtmA kI zuddha svarUpAvasthA hai / anAtmA meM mamatva Asakti rUpa AtmAbhimAna kA dUra ho jAnA yahI mukti hai / yahI AtmA kI zuddhAvasthA hai / bandhana aura mukti kI yaha samagra vyAkhyA paryAya dRSTi kA viSaya hai / AtmA kI virUpa paryAya ho bandhana hai aura svarUpa paryAya mokSa hai| para padArthaM, pudgala paramANu yA jar3a karma vANioM ke nimatta se AtmA meM jo paryAyeM utpanna hotI haiM aura jinake kAraNa para maiM ( merA pana) utpanna hotA hai yahI virUpa paryAya hai, paraparigati hai, sva kI para meM avasthiti hai, yahI bandhana hai aura isakA abhAva hI mukti hai / bandhana aura mukti donoM eka hI Atma dravya yA cetanA kI do avasthAeM mAtra haiM, jisa prakAra svarNa kuNDala aura svarNa mukuTa 1. kRtsna karmakSayAn mokSaH, tatvArtha sUtra 101 2. bandha viyogo mokSaH - abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR. 431 svarNa kI do avasthAeM haiN| lekina yadi mAtra vizuddha tatva dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe to bandhana aura mukti donoM kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki Atmatatva svarUpa kA parityAga kara parasvarUpa meM kabhI bhI pariNita nahIM hotA / vizuddha tatvadRSTi se to AtmA nitya mukta 3. mukkho jIvassa zuddha rUbassa - bahI, khaNDa 6, pR. 431 4. tulanA kIjie (a) AtmA mImAMsA (dalasukhabhAI), pR. 66-67 DA~. sAgaramala jaina ( ba ) mameti badhyate janturnamameti pramucyate / - garur3a purANa / 141

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hai| lekina jaba tatva kI paryAyoM ke sambandha meM vicAra aura nyAya, vaizeSika jJAna aura darzana ko bhI asvIkAra prArambha kiyA jAtA hai to bandhana aura mukti kI kara dete haiM / bauddha zUnyavAda astitva ko bhI nirAza sambhAvanAeM spaSTa ho jAtI hai, kyoMki bandhana aura kara detA hai aura cArvAka darzana mokSa kI dhAraNA ko mukti, paryAya avasthA meM hI sambhava hotI hai| mokSa ko bhI samApta kara detA hai| vastutaH mokSAvasthA ko tatva mAnA gayA hai lekina vastuta: mokSa bandhana ke abhAva anirvacanIya mAnate hue bhI vibhinna dArzanika mAnyakA hI nAma hai| jainAgamoM meM mokSa tatva para tIna tAoM ke prati uttara ke lie hI mokSa kI isa bhAvAtmaka dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA hai 1. bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa avasthA kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| bhAvAtmaka dRSTi se 2. amAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa 3. anirvacanIya dRSTi- jaina vicAraNA mokSAvasthA meM ananta catuSThaya kI upkonn| sthiti para bala detI hai| ananta jJAna ananta darzana ananta saukhya aura ananta zakti ko jaina vicAraNA meM mokSa para bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa se vicAra- ananta catuSThaya kahA jAtA hai| bIja rUpa meM yaha ananta catuSThaya sabhI jIvAtmAoM meM upasthita hai mokSa dazA meM jaina dArzanikoM ne mokSAvasthA para bhAvAtmaka dRSTi- inake avarodhaka karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se yaha pUrNa rUpa koNa se vicAra karate hue use nibAgha avasthA kahA meM pragaTa ho jAte haiM / yaha pratyeka AtmA ke svabhAvika haiN| mokSa meM samasta bAdhAoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa guNa hai jo mokSAvasthA meM pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakta ho AtmA ke nija guNa pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa ho jAte haiM, mokSa jAtA hai| ananta catuSTaya meM anantajJAna, anantadarzana, bAdhaka tatvoM kI anupasthiti aura pUrNatA pragaTana hai| ananta zakti aura ananta saukhya (avyAvAghasukha) Ate AcArya kUnda-kunda ne mokSa kI bhAvAtmaka dazA kA haiN| lekina aSTa karmoM ke prahANa ke AdhAra para siddhoM ke citraNa karate hue use zuddha, ananta catuSThaya yukta akSaya, ATha guNoM kI mAnyatA bhI janavicAraNA meM pracalita hai| avinAzI, nirbAdha, atIndriya anupama, nitya, avicala, 1. jJAnavaraNIya karma ke naSTa ho jAne se muktAtmA anAlamba kahA hai / AcArya usI grantha meM Age calakara ananta jJAna yA pUrNa jJAna se yukta hotA hai / 2. darzanAmokSa meM nimna bAtoM kI vidyamAnatA kI sUcanA karate varaNIya karma ke naSTa ho jAne se ananta darzana se sampanna haiN| (1) pUrNajJAna (2) pUrNadarzana (3) pUrNasaukhya hotA hai| 3. vedanIya karma ke kSaya ho jAne se (4) pUrNavIrya (zakti) (5) amUrtatA (6) astitva vizuddha, anazvara, AdhyAtmika sukhoM se yukta hotA hai / (7) sapradezatA / AcArya kunda-kunda ne mokSa dazA ke 4. moha karma ke naSTa ho jAne se yathArtha dRSTi (kSAyika jina sAta bhAvAtmaka tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve sabhI samyakatva) se yukta hotA hai| moha karma ke darzana moha bhAratIya darzanoM ko svIkAra nahIM hai / vedAnta sapradezatA aura cAritramoha aise, do bhAga kie jAte haiN| darzana moha ko asvIkAra kara detA hai / sA~khya, saukhya evaM vIrya ko, ke prahANa se yathArtha dRSTi aura cAritra moha ke yathArtha 5. abvAvAhaM avatthANaM --abhidhAna rAjendra, khaNDa 6, pR. 431 6. niyamasAra 176-177 7. vijjadi kevalaNANaM, kevalasokkha ca kevalaviriyaM / kevaladidri amUta atthitta sappadesata / / -niyamasAra 151 102

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se cAritra (kSAyikacAritra) kA pragaTana hotA hai, lekina mAnane vAlI vaibhASika bauddhoM aura nyAya-baizeSika darzana mokSa dazA meM kriyA rUpa cAritra nahIM hotA, mAtra kI dhAraNA kA pratiSedha kiyA gayA hai| muktAtmA ke dRSTi rUpa cAritra hI hotA hai. ataH use kSAyika samya- astitva yA akSayatA ko svIkAra kara mokSa ko abhAktva ke antargata hI mAnA jA sakatA hai, vaise ATha karmoM vAtmaka rUpa meM mAnane vAle jar3avAdI tathA sautrAntika kI 31 prakRtiyoM ke prahANa ke AdhAra para siddhoM ke bauddhoM kI mAnyatA kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| isa 31 guNa mAne gaye haiM, usameM yathAkhyAta cAritra ko prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mokSa dazA kA samagra bhAvAtmaka svataMtra guNa mAnA gayA hai| 5 Ayukarma ke kSaya ho jAne citraNa apanA niSedhAtmaka mUlya hI rakhatA hai| yaha se muktAtmA azarIrI hotA hai ataH vaha indriyAgrAhya vidhAna bhI niSedha ke lie hai / nahIM hotaa| 7 gotra karma ke naSTa ho jAne se vaha aguruladhutva' se mukta ho jAtA hai arthAt sabhI siddha abhAvAtmaka dRSTi se mokSa tatva para vicAra-- samAna hote haiM unameM choTA bar3A yA U~ca nIca kA bhAva nahIM hotaa| 8. antarAyakarma kA prahANa ho jAne se jainAgamoM meM mokSAvasthA citraNa niSedhAtmaka rUpa bAdhA rahita hotA hai, arthAt ananta zakti sampanna hotA se bhI haA hai| prAcInatama jainAgama AcArAMga meM hai| ananta zakti kA yaha vicAra mUlataH niSedhAtmaka muktAtmA kA niSedhAtmaka citraNa nimna prakAra se prastuta hI hai yaha mAtra bAdhAoM kA abhAva hai| lekina isa kiyA gayA hai| mokSAvasthA meM samasta karmoM kA kSaya ho prakAra aSTa karmoM ke prahANa ke AdhAra para muktAtmA ke ra para muktAtmA ke jAne se muktAtmA meM samasta karma janya upAdhiyoM kA ATha guNoM kI vyAkhyA kA mAtra eka vyavahArika saMka- bhI abhAva hotA hai ataH mUktAtmA na dIrgha hai, na hvasva lpanA hI hai| usake vAstavika svarUpa kA nirvacana nahIM hai. na vRtAkAra hai, na trikoNa hai na catuSkoNa haiM, na hai / vyavahArika dRSTi se use samajhane kA prayAsa mAtra parimaNDala saMsthAna vAlA hai| vaha kRSNa, nIla, pIta, hai isakA mAtra vyavahArika mUlya hai| vastutaH to baha rakta aura zvetavarNa vAlA bhI nahIM hai, vaha sugandha aura anirvacanIya hai| AcArya nemIcandra gommaTasAra meM dargandhavAlA bhI nahIM hai| na vaha tIkSNa kaTaka, khaTTA, moThA spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM, siddhoM ke ina guNoM kA vidhAna evaM amla rasa vAlA hai| usameM gurU, laghu, kAmala, mAtra siddhAtmA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM jo ekAntika kaThora. snigdha kakSa, zIta evaM uSNa Adi sparza guNoM mAnyatAeM haiM unake niSedha ke lie hai|| muktAtmA meM kA bhI abhAva hai| vaha na strI hai, na puruSa hai, na napusaka kevala jJAna aura kevala darzana ke rUpa meM jJAnopayoga hai| isa prakAra muktAtmA meM rUpa, rasa, vaNa, gandha Ara aura darzanopayoga ko svIkAra karake muktAtmA ko jar3a sparza. bhI nahIM hai| AcArya kundakunda niyamasAra meM 8. kucha vidvAnoM ne agurUlaghutva kA artha na halkA na bhArI aisA bhI kiyA hai| 9. pravacanasAroddhAra dvAra 276, gAthA 1563-1564 10. sadAsiva sakho makkaDi buddhau yAiyo ya vesesii| Isara maMDali daMsaNa vidUsaNaTheM kayaM edaM // -gommaTasAra (nemicandra) 11. se nadIhe, na hasse, na vaTe, na taMse, na caurase, na parimaMDale, na kiNhe, na nIle,na lohie, na hAlidde, na sukille, na surabhigandhe, na durabhigandhe, na titte, na kaDrae, na kasAe, na aMbile, na mehare, na kakkhar3e, na maue, na gurUe, na lahue, na sIe, na uNhe, na niddha. na lukkhe, na kAU, na rUhe, na saMge, na itthI, na purise, na annahA,-se na sadde, na rUve, na gaMdhe, na rase, na phAse / AcArAMgasUtra 115 / 6 143

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mokSadazA kA niSedhAtmaka citraNa prastuta karate hue arthAt vaha vANI, vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai| likhate hai mokSadazA meM na sukha hai na duHkha hai, na pIlA kisI bhI upamA ke dvArA bhI use nahIM samajhAyA ja hai, na bAdhA hai, na janma hai, na maraNa hai| na vahAM sakatA, hai kyoMki use koI upamA nahIM dI jA sakatI, indriyAM hai, na upasarga hai, na moha hai, na vyAmoha hai, na vaha anupama hai, arUpI sattAdhAna hai| usa apada kA nidrA hai; na vahA cintA hai, na Arta aura raudra vicAra koI pada nahIM hai arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai jisake hI, vahA~ to dharma (zubha) aura zukla (prazasta) vicAroM dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske| usake bAre kA bhI abhAva hai12 | mokSAvasthA to sarva saMkalpoM kA meM kevala itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai, vaha arUpa, arasa abhAva hai, vaha buddhi aura vicAra kA viSaya nahIM hai vaha avarNa, agaMdha aura asparza hai kyoMki vaha indriya grAhya pakSAtikrAMta hai| isa prakAra muktAvasthA kA niSedhAtmaka nahIM hai| vivecana usakI anirvacanIyatA ko batAne ke lie hai| gItA meM mokSa kA svarUpamokSa kA anirvacanIya svarUpa gItA kI samagra sAdhanA kA lakSya paramatatva, brahma mokSatatva kA niSedhAtmaka nirvacana anivArya rUpa akSara puruSa athavA puruSottama kI prApti kahA jA sakatA se hameM usakI anirvacanIyatA kI aura hI le jAtA hai| hai| gItAkAra prasaMgAntara se use hI mokSa nirvANapada, pAramArthika dRSTi se vicAra karate hae jaina dArzanikoM ne avyaya pada, paramapada, paramagati aura paramadhAma bhI use anirvacanIya hI mAnA hai| kahatA hai| jaina evaM bauddha vicAraNA ke samAna gItA kAra kI dRSTi meM bhI saMsAra punarAgamana yA janma maraNa AcArAMga sUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai kI prakriyA se yukta hai jabaki mokSa punarAgamana yA samasta svara vahAM se lauTa Ate haiM, arthAt muktAtmA janma maraNa kA abhAva hai| gItA kA sAdhaka isI dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRti kA viSaya nahIM preraNA ko lekara Age bar3hatA hai (jarAmaraNamokSAya hai, vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kadApi samartha nahIM 7.29) aura kahatA hai, "jisako prApta kara lene para hai| vahAM vANI mUka ho jAtI, tarka kI vahAM taka pahu~ca punaH saMsAra meM nahIM lauTanA hotA hai usa parama pada kI nahIM hai, buddhi (mati) use grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai, gavaiSaNA karanA cAhie'"1" | gItA kA Izvara bhI sAdhaka 12. Navi daHkhaM Navi sukkhaM Navi pIDANevavijjade bAhA / Navi maraNaM Navi jaNaNaM tattheva ya hoI NivvANaM / / Niva iMdiya uvasaggA Niva moho vimhiyo Na NiddAya / Na ya tiNhA va chuhA tattheva havadi NivvANaM // --niyamasAra 178-176 13. sabve sarA niyaTThati, takka jattha na vijjai, maI tattha na gahiyA oe appaiTThANassa khayanna -uvampa na vijjae arUvI sattA apayassa payaM ntthi| -AcArAMga 1 / 5 / 6 / 171 tulanA kIjieyato vAco nivartante aprApya manasA saha-taittarIya zaha na cakSuSA gRhyate nA'pi vAcA -muNDaka 3 / 1 / 8 14. tataH padaM tatparimAgitavya, yasmingatA na nivartanti bhUyaH / --gItA 15 / 4 144

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ko Azvasta karate hue yahI kahatA hai ki "jise prApta brahma paramatatva, svabhAva (AtmA kI svabhAva dazA) kara lene para punaH saMsAra meM AnA nahIM hotA, vahI aura AdhyAtma bhI kahA jAtA hai / gItA kI dRSTi meM merA paramadhAma (svasthAna) hai|" paramasiddhi ko prApta mokSa nirvANa hai paramazAnti kA adhisthAna hai| / jaina hue mahAtmAjana mere ko prApta hokara duHkhoM ke ghara isa dArzanikoM ke samAna gItA bhI yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki asthira purnajanma ko prApta nahIM hote haiN| brahmaloka mokSa sukhAvasthA hai| gItA ke anusAra muktAtmA brahmabhUta paryanta samana jagata punarAvRti yukta hai / lekina jo bhI hokara atyanta sukha (ananta saukhya) kA anubhava karatA mujhe prApta kara letA hai usakA purnajanma nahIM hotaa| hai1 / yadyapi gItA evaM jaina darzana meM muktAtmA meM jisa "mokSa ke anAvRtti rUpa lakSaNa ko batAne ke sAtha hI sukha kI kalpanA kI gaI hai vaha na aindriya sukha hai na vaha mokSa ke svarUpa kA nirvacana karate hue gItA kahatI hai mAtra du:khAbhAva rUpa sukha hai| varan vaha atIndriya "isa avyakta se bhI pare anya sanAtana avyakta tatva haiM, jJAnagamya anazvara sukha hai| jo sabhI prANiyoM meM rahate hue bhI unake naSTa hone para naSTa nahIM hotA hai arthAt cetanA paryAyoM meM jo avyakta bauddha darzana meM nirvANa kA svarUpahai unase bhI pare unakA AdhAra bhUta Atmatatva hai| bhagavAna buddha kI dRSTi meM nirvANa kA svarUpa kyA cetanA kI avasthAe~ nazvara hai, lekina unase pare rahane hai? yaha prazna prArambha se vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| vAlA yaha Atmatatva sanAtana hai jo prANiyoM meM cetanA svayaM bauddha darzana ke Avantara sampradAyoM meM bhI nirvANa (jJAna) paryAyoM ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hote hue bhI una ke svarUpa ko lekara Atyanti virodha pAyA jAtA hai| prANiyoM tathA unakI cetanA paryAyoM (cetana avasthAoM) Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI isa sambandha meM paraspara virodhI ke naSTa hone para bhI naSTa nahIM hotA hai| usI AtmA niSkarSa nikAle haiM jo eka tulanAtmaka ardhyatA ko ko akSara aura avyakta kahA gayA hai, aura use hI adhika kaThinAI meM DAla dete haiN| vastutaH isa kaThinAI paramagati bhI kahate haiM vahI paramadhAma bhI hai vahI merA kA mUla kAraNa pAli nikAya meM nirvANa kA vibhinna paramAtma svarUpa AtmA kA nija sthAna hai, jise prApta dRSTiyoM se alaga-alaga prakAra se vivecana kiyA jAnA kara lene para punaH nivartana nahIM hotaa| use akSara hai| AdaraNIya zrI puseM eyaM prophesara nalinAkSa datta 15. (a) yaMprApya na nirvatante tadhdAma paramaM mama / -gItA 8 / 21 (ba) yaMgatvA na nivartante taddhAma paramaM mm| -gItA 1546 (sa) mAmupetya purnajanma duHkhAlayamazAzvatam / ____ nApnuvanti mahAtmAnaH saMsiddhi paramAM gatAH / -gItA 8 / 15 16. giitaa-8|20-21 17. akSaraM brahma paramaM svabhAvo'dhyAtmucyate / -gItA 8 / 3 18. zAntiM nirvANaparamaM / -gItA 6.15 19. sukhena brahmasaMsparzabhatyantaM sukhamaznute / -gItA 6 / 28 20. sukhamAtyantikaM yatAd buddhigrAhyamatIndriyam / -gItA 6 / 21 21. inasAiklopeDiyA Apha ithiksa eNDa rilIjana 22. AspekTasa oNpha mahAyAna ina rilezana TrahInayAna 145

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ne bauddha nirvANa ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke dRSTikoNoM dharma hai| prophesara zaravAtskI ne vaibhASika nirvANa ko nimna rUpa se vargIkRta kiyA hai| kI ananta mRtyu kahA hai / unake anusAra nirvANa AdhyAtmika avasthA nahIM varan cetanA evaM (1) nirvANa eka abhAvAtmaka tathya hai / kriyA zUnya jar3a avasthA hai| lekina samAdaraNIya (2) nirvANa anivarcanIya avyakta avasthA hai| esa. ke. mukarjI, prophesara nalinAkSa datta aura prophesara mUrti ne prophesara zAravAtsa ke isa dRSTikoNa kA (3) nirvANa kI buddha ne koI vyAkhyA nahIM dI hai| virodha kiyA hai| ina vidvAnoM ke anusAra vaibhASika (4) nirvANa bhAvAtmaka vizuddha pUrNa cetanA kI nirvANa nizcita rUpa ke eka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hai| avasthA hai| jisameM yadyapi saMskAroM kA abhAva hotA lekina phira bhI usakI asaMskRta dharma ke rUpa meM bhAvAtmaka sattA bauddha darzana ke Avantara pramukha sampradAyoM kA hotI hai| vaibhASika nirvANa meM cetanA kA astitva hotA nirvANa ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM nimna prakAra se dRSTi hai yA nahIM hai ? yaha prazna bhI vivAdAspada hai, bheda haiM zaravAtsakI nirvANa dazA meM cetanA kA abhAva mAnate haiM lekina prophesara mukrjii| isa sambandha meM eka (1) vaibhASika sampradAya ke anusAra nirvANa pariSkArita dRSTikoNa prastuta karate haiM, unake anusAra saMskAroM yA saMskRta dharmoM kA abhAva hai kyoMki saMskRta yazomitra kI abhidharmakoSa kI TIkA ke AdhAra para dharmatA hI anityatA hai, yahI bandhana hai, yahI duHkha hai, nirvANa kI dazA meM vizuddha mAnasa yA cetanA rahatI hai| lekina nirvANa to du:kha nirodha hai, bandhanAbhAva hai aura isalie vaha eka asaMskRta dharma hai aura asaMskRta dharma ke DA. lADa ne apane zodha prabandha meM evaM vidvatvarya rUpa meM usakI bhAvAtmaka sattA hai| vaibhASika mata ke baladeva upAdhyAya ne bauddha darzana mImAMsA meM vaibhASika nirvANa ke svarUpa ko abhidharma koSa vyAkhyA meM nimna bauddhoM ke eka tivvatIya upa sampradAya kA ullekha kiyA prakAra se batAyA gayA hai "nirvANa nittha asaMskRta hai| jisake anusAra nirvANa kI avasthA meM kevala svatantra sattA, pRthaka-bhUta, satya padArtha (dravyasata) hai" | vAsanAtmaka evaM valezotpAdaka (sAstrava) cetanA kA hI nirvANa meM saMskAra yA paryAyoM kA abhAva hotA hai lekina abhAva hotA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki nirvANa kI yahAM saMskAroM ke abhAva kA artha anasitva nahIM hai, dizA meM anAstrava vizuddha cetanA kA astitva banA varan eka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hI hai| nirvANa asaMskRta rahatA hai| vaibhASikoM ke isa upa sampradAya kA yaha 23. dravyaM sat pratisaMkhyA nirodhaH satyacatuSTaya-nirdeza-niddhiSTatvAta mArga satyeva iti vaibhASikA: / -yazomitra-abhidharma koSa vyAkhyA, pR. 17 / 24. buddhisTa nirvANa, pR. 27 25. AspekTsa oNpha mahAyAna ina rilezana Tu hInayAna, pR. 162 26. seMTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhijma, pR. 272-73 27. buddhisTa philAsaphI Apa yunivarsala phlaksa pR. 252 28. e kampareTiva sTeDI oNpha dI kAnasepTa Apha libarezana ina iMDiyana philAsaphI, pR. 66 (ba) bauddha darzana mImAMsA pa. 147

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dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA ke nirvANa ke ati samIpa A ke bauddha nirvANa ko abhAvAtmaka evaM anastitva ke rUpa jAtA hai / kyoMki yaha jaina vicAraNA ke samAna nirvA- meM dekhate haiN| nirvANa ke bhAvAtmaka, abhAvAtmaka aura NAvasthA meM sattA (astitva) aura cetanA (jJAnopayoga anirvacanIya pakSoM kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para aisA evaM darzanopayoga) donoM ko svIkAra karatA hai / vaibhASki pratIta hotA hai ki sautrAntika vicAraNA nirvANa ke dRSTikoNa nirvANa ko saMskAroM kI dRTi se abhAvAtmaka, abhAvAtmaka pakSa para adhika bala detI hai| yadyapi isa dravya satyatA kI dRSTi se bhAvAtmaka evaM bauddhika vive- prakAra sautrAntika sampradAya kA nirvANa abhAvAtmaka canA kI dRSTi se anirvacanIya mAnatA hai, phira bhI dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA ke virodha meM jAtA hai| lekina usakI vyAkhyAoM meM nirvANa kA bhAvAtmaka yA sattAtmaka sautrAntikoM meM bhI eka aisA upasampradAya thA, jisake pakSa adhika ubharA hai| sautrAntika sampradAya vaibhASika anusAra nirvANa pUrNatayA abhAvAtmaka dazA nahIM thaa| sampradAya ke samAna yaha mAnate hue bhI ki nirvANa unake anusAra nirvANa avasthA meM bhI vizuddha cetanA saMskAroM kA abhAva hai, vaha svIkAra nahIM karatA hai ki paryAyoM kA pravAha nirvANa kI avasthA meM rahatA hai| asaMskRta dharma kI koI bhAvAtmaka sattA hotI haiM / inake yaha dRSTikoNa jaina vicAraNA kI isa mAnyatA ke nikaTa anusAra kevala parivartanazIlatA hI tatva kA yathArtha ___AtA hai, jisake anusAra nirvANa kI avasthA meM bhI svarUpa hai / ataH sautrAntika nirvANa kI dazA meM kisI AtmA meM pariNAmIpana banA rahatA hai arthAt mokSa dazA asaMskRta aparivartanazIla nitya tatva kI sattA ko meM AtmA meM caitanya jJAna dhArA satata rUpa se pravAhita svIkAra nahIM karate / unakI mAnyatA meM aisA karanA hotI rahatI hai| buddha ke anityavAda aura kSaNikavAda kI avahelanA karanA hai / zaravAtskI ke anusAra sautrAntika sampradAya (3) vijJAnavAda (yogAcAra)-mahAyAna ke pramukha meM nirvANa kA artha hai jIvana kI prakriyA samApta ho graMtha laMkAvatArasUtra ke anusAra nirvANa sapta pravRti jAnA jisake pazcAt aisA koI jIvana zUnya tatva zeSa vijJAnoM kI apravRtAvasthA hai; citta pravRttiyoM kA nirodha nahIM rahatA hai, jisameM jIvana kI prakriyA samApta ho hai|29 sthiramati ke anusAra nirvANa klezAvaraNa aura gaI hai" / nirvANa kSaNika cetanA pravAha kA samApta ho jJeyAvaraNa kA kSaya hai|30 asaMga ke anusAra nivRta citta jAnA hai, jisake samApta ho jAne para kucha bhI avazeSa (nirvANa) ucita hai kyoMki vaha viSayoM kA grAhaka nahIM nahIM rhtaa| kyoMki inake anusAra parivartana hI satya hai| vaha anupalamma hai kyoMki usako koI bAhya Alahai / parivartanazIlatA ke atirikta tatva kI koI mbana nahIM hai aura isa prakAra Alambana rahita hone se svataMtra sattA nahIM hai| aura nirvANa dazA meM parivartanoM lokottara jJAna hai| dauSThUlya arthAta AvaraNa (klezAkI zRkhalA samApta ho jAtI hai, ataH usake pare koI varaNa aura jJeyAvaraNa) ke naSTa ho jAne se nivRta citta sattA zeSa nahIM rahatI hai| isa prakAra sautrAntika nirmANa AlayavijJAna) parAvRta nahIM hotA pravRta nahIM hotA / mAtra abhAvAtmaka avasthA hai vartamAna meM varmA aura laMkA vaha anAvaraNa aura AstravadhAtU hai, lekina asaMga kevala 29. laMkAvatAra sUtra--2162 30. klezajJeyAvaraNa prahANamapi mokSa sarvajJatvAghigamArthama / -sthiramati triziko ko vi. bhA. pR. 15 31. acitto'nupalambho so jJAnaM lokottaraM catata / AzrayasyaparAvRtidvighAdauSThulya hAnitaH / --trizikA 26 147

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isa niSedhAtmaka vivecana se santuSTa nahIM hote, ve nirvANa Alaya vijJAna ko aparivartanIya yA kUTastha mAnA hai|83 kI anirvacanIya evaM bhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA bhI lekina AdaraNIya baladeva upAdhyAya use pravAhamAna prastuta karate haiM / nirvANa acintya hai kyoMki tarka se yA parivartanazIla hI mAnate haiN|4 (4) nirvANAvasthA use jAnA nahIM jA sakatA lekina acintya hote hue bhI sarvajJatA kI avasthA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra vaha kuzala hai, zAzvata hai, sukha rUpa hai, vimuktakAya hai, usa avasthA meM kevala jJAna aura kevala darzana hai / asaMga aura dharmAkhya hai| isa prakAra vijJAnavAdI mAnyatA meM ne mahAyAna sUtrAlaMkAra meM dharmakAya ko, jo ki nirvANa nirvANa kI abhAva paraka aura bhAvaparaka vyAkhyAoM ke kI paryAyavAcI hai, svAbhAvika kAya kahA hai 135 jaina sAtha-sAtha unakI anirvacanIyatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA vicAraNA bhI mokSa ko svabhAva dazA kahA jAtA hai| gayA hai vastuta: nirvANa ke anirvacanIya svarUpa ke vikAsa svAbhAvika kAya aura svabhAva dazA aneka arthoM meM arthakA zreya vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ko hI hai| laMkA- sAmya rakhate haiN| vatAra sUtra meM nirvANa ke anirvacanIya svarUpa kA sarvocca vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai| laMkAvatAra sUtra ke anu- (4) zUnyavAda-bauddha darzana ke mAdhyamika samprasAra nirvANa vicAra kI koTiyoM se pare hai lekina phira dAya meM nirvANa ke anivarcanIya svarUpa kA sarvAdhika bhI vijJAnavAda nirvANa ko isa AdhAra para nitya vikAsa huA hai| jaina tathA anya dArzanikoM ne zUnyatA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki nirvANa lAbha se jJAna utpanna / kA abhAvAtmaka artha grahaNa kara mAdhyamika nirvANa ko hotA hai| abhAvAtmaka rUpa meM dekhA hai, lekina yaha usa sampradAya ke dRSTikoNa ko samajhane meM sabase bar3I bhrAnti hI kahI tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para vijJAnavAdI jA sakatI hai / mAdhyamika dRSTi se nirvANa anivarcanIya nirvANa kA jaina vicAraNA se nimna arthoM meM sAmya hai| hai, catuSkoTi vinimukta hai, vahI paramatatva hai| vaha na (1) nirvANa cetanA kA abhAva nahIM haiM, varan vizuddha bhAva hai, na abhAva hai| yadi vANI se usakA nirvacana cetanA kI avasthA hai| (2) nirvANa samasta saMkalpoM karanA hI Avazyaka ho to mAtra yaha kahA jA sakatA kA kSaya hai, vaha cetanA kI nirvikalpAvasthA hai| (3) hai ki nirvANa aprahANa, asamprApta anuccheda azAzvata, nirvANAvasthA meM bhI caitanya dhArA satata pravAhamAna rahatI aniruddha, anutpanna hai / nirvANa ko bhAva rUpa isalie hai (AtmapariNamIpana) yadyapi DA. candradhara zarmA ne nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai ki bhAvAtmaka vastu yA to 32. sa evAnAstravo dhAturacintyaH kuzalo dhra vaH / -trizikA 30 33. dekhiye-A critical survey of Indian Philosophy-ty C. D. Sharma 34. bauddha darzana mImAMsA 35. mahAyAna sUtrAlaMkAra 6 / 60 (mahAyAna-zAntibhikSu pRSTha 73) 36. bhAvAbhAva parAmarzakSayo nirvANaM ucyate / -mAdhyamikakArikA vRti pRSTha 524 [uddhRta dI seMTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhIjma (TI. Ara. vhI. murtI) pRSTha 274] 37. aprahINama samprAptamanucchinnamazAzvatam / anirUddhamanutpannametannirvANa mucyate // -mAdhyamika kArikA vRti pR. 521 148

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nitya hogI yA anitya / nitya mAnane para nirvANa ke lie kiye prayAsoM kA koI artha nahIM hogA / anitya mAnane para binA prayAsa hI mokSa hogaa| nirvANa ko abhAva bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathA tathAgata ke dvArA usakI prApti kA upadeza kyoM diyA jAtA / nirvANa ko prahANa aura samprApta bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathA nirvANa kRtaka evaM kAlika hogA aura yaha mAnanA par3egA / vaha kAla vizeSa meM utpanna huA aura yadi vaha utpanna huA to vaha jarAmaraNa ke samAna anitya hI hogA / nirvANa ko uccheda yA zAzvata bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA anyathA zAstA ke madhyama mArga kA ullaMghana hogA aura hama ucchedavAda yA zAzvatavAda kI mithyA dRSTi se grasita hoNge| isalie mAdhyamika naya meM nirvANa bhAva aura abhAva donoM nahIM haiM / vaha to sarva saMkalpanAoM kA kSaya hai, prapaMcopazamatA hai / / bauddhadArzanikoM evaM vartamAna yuga ke vidvAnoM meM bauddha darzana meM nirvANa ke svarUpa ko lekara jo matabheda dRSTigata hotA hai usakA mUla kAraNa buddha dvArA nirvANa kA vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para vividha rUpa se kathana kiyA jAnA hai| pAlI- nikAya meM nirvANa ke ina vividha svarUpoM kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai / udAna nAmaka eka laghu grantha meM hI nirvANa ke ina vividharUpoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai (nirvANa ) ajAta abhUta, akRta, asaMskRta hai| bhikSuoM yadi vaha ajAta, abhUta, akRta, asaMskRta nahIM hotA to jAta, bhUta, kRta aura saMskRta kA vyupazama nahIM ho sakatA / bhikSuoM kyoMki vaha ajAta, abhUta, akRta aura asaMskRta hai isalie jAta bhUta, kRta aura saMskRta 1 39 kA vyupazama jAnA jAtA hai"| dhammapada meM nirvANa ko parama sukha acyuta sthAna amRta pada " kahA gayA hai jise prApta kara lene para na cyuti kA bhaya hotA / hai, na zoka hotA hai / use zAnta sasAMropazama evaM sukha pada bhI kahA gayA hai" / iti vRttaka meM kahA gayA vaha dhruva, na utpanna hone vAlA, zoka aura rAga rahita hai, sabhI duHkhoM kA vahA nirodha ho jAtA hai, vahAM saMskAroM kI zAnti evaM sukha hai" / AcArya buddha ghoSa nirvANa kI bhAvAtmakatA kA samarthana karate hue vizuddhimA likhate haiM - nirvANa nahIM hai, aisA nahIM kahanA cAhie / prabhava aura jarAmaraNa ke abhAva se nitya hai -- azithila, parAkrama siddha, vizeSa jJAna se prApta kie jAne se aura sarvajJa ke vacana tathA paramArtha se nirvANa avidhamAna nahIM hai / nirvANa kI abhAvAtmakatA nirvANa kI abhA vAtmakatA ke sambandha meM udAna ke rUpa meM nimna buddha vacana hai, "lohe para dhana kI coTa par3ane para jo cina gAriyAM uThatI hai so turanta hI bujha jAtI hai-kahAM gaI kucha patA nahIM cltaa| isI prakAra kAma bandhana se mukta ho nirvANa pAe hue puruSa kI gati kA koI isa sandarbha meM buddha vacana isa prakAra hai "bhikSuoM bhI patA nahIM lagA sakatA 44 | nirvANa eka bhAvAtmaka tathya hai 7744 / 38. udAna 8 / 3 pR. 110 111 ( aisA hI varNana itivRttaka 226 meM bhI hai ) 39. dhammapada 203, 204 ( nivvANaM parama su) 40. amataM santi nivvANa padamatvRtaM - suttanipAta pArAyaNa vagga 41 pada santa sakhArUpasamaM sakhadhammapada 368 - - 42. ittivRttaka 226 43. vizuddhi magga (pariccheda 16 ) bhAga 2, pR. 1916-121 ( hindI anuvAda - bhikSudharma rakSi ) 44. udAna pATaligrAma varga 8 / 10 146

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zarIra chor3a diyA, saMjJA niruddha ho gaI, usakA lakSaNa svarUpataH nahIM batAyA jA sakatA kintu sArI vedanAoM ko bhI bilakUla jalA diyaa| guNataH dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM kahA jAsakatA hai ki jisa prakAra saMskAra zAnta hogae; vijJAna asta ho gyaa| jala pyAsa ko zAnta karatA hai, nirvANa trividha tRSNA ko zAnta karatA hai| nirvANa ko akRta kahane se bhI usakI ekAnta abhAvatmakatA siddha nahIM hotI / Arya lekina dIpa zikhA aura agni ke bUjha jAne athavA (sAdhaka) nirvANa kA utpAda nahIM karatA phira bhI vaha saMjJA ke niruddha ho jAne kA artha abhAva nahIM mAnA jA usakA sAkSAtkAra (sAkSIkaroti) evaM pratilAbha sakatA, AcArya buddhaghoSa vizuddhimagga meM kahate haiM nirodha (prApnoti) karatA hai / vastutaH nirmANa ko abhAvAtmaka kA vAstavika artha tRSNAkSaya athavA virAga hai / rUpa meM isIlie kahA jAtA hai ki anirvacanIya kA prophesara kItha evaM prophesara nalinAkSadatta aggi vaccha nirvacana karanA bhAvAtmaka bhASA kI apekSA abhAvAtmaka gottamutta ke AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki bujha jAne bhASA adhika yuktipUrNa hotI hai| kA artha abhAvAtmakatA nahIM hai, varana astitva kI rahasyamaya, avarNaNIya avasthA hai| prophesara kItha ke nirvANa kI anirvacanIyatA--nirvANa kI anirvacaanasAra nirvANa abhAva nahIM varan cetanA kA apane mUla nIyatA ke sambandha meM nimna buddha vacana upalabdha hai-- zuddha) svarUpa meM avasthita honA hai| prophasara "bhikSao; na to maiM use agati aura na gati kahatA hU~, nilanAkSadatta ke zabdoM meM nirvANa kI agni zikhA ke na sthiti aura na cyati kahatA hai. use utpatti bhI bajha jAne se, kI jAne vAlI tulanA samucita hai, kyoMki nahIM kahatA huuN| vaha na to kahIM ThaharA hai, na pravartita bhAratIya cintana meM Aga ke bujha jAne se tAtparya usake hotA hai aura na usakA koI AdhAra hai yahI duHkhoM kA anasttitva se na hokara usakA svabhAvika zuddha adRzya anta hai / bhikSuo ! ananta kA samajhanA kaThina hai, avyakta avasthA meM calA jAnA hai, jisameM kI vaha apane nirvANa kA samajhanA AsAna nahIM / jJAnI kI tRSNA dRzya pragaTana ke pUrva rahI haI thii| bauddha dArzanika naSTa ho jAtI hai use (rAgAdikleza) kucha nahIM hai / saMghabhadra kA bhI yahI nirUpaNa hai ki agni kI upamA jahA~ (nirvANa) jala, pRthvI, agni aura vAyu nahIM ThaharatI, se hamako yaha kahane kA adhikAra nahIM hai ki nirvANa vahA~ na to zukra aura na Aditya prakAza karate hai / vahA~ abhAva hai| milinda prazna ke anusAra bhI nirvANa candramA kI prabhA bhI nahIM hai, na vahA~ aMdhakAra hI hotA asti dharma (asthidhamma) ekAnta sukha evaM apratibhAga hai hai / jaba kSINAzrava bhikSu apane Apako jAna letA hai 45. udAna 816 46. vizuddhimagga, pariccheda 8 evaM 16 47. bauddha dharma darzana, pR. 264 para udaghRta 48. udAna 81 49. mula pAlI meM, yahA~ pAThAntara hai--tIna pATha milate hai 1. anattaM 2. anata 3. anantaM / hamane yahA~ "ananta' zabda kA artha grahaNa kiyA hai / AdaraNIya kAzyapajI ne anata (anAtma) pATha ko adhika upa. yukta mAnA hai lekina aTThakathA meM donoM hI artha lie gae haiN| 50. udAna 8 / 3

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taba rUpa-arUpa tathA sukha-duHkha se chUTa jAtA hai| udAna kA abhAva hai| lekina jisa prakAra roga kA abhAva, kA yaha vacana hameM gItA ke usa kathana kI yAda dilA abhAva hote hae bhI sadbhuta hai, use Arogya kahate haiM detA hai, jahA~ zrIkRSNa kahate haiM jahA~ na pavana bahatA hai, usI prakAra tRSNA kA abhAva bhI sadbhUta hai use sukha na candra sUrya prakAzita hote haiM, jahA~ jAne para puna: isa kahA jAtA hai| dUsare use abhAva isalie bhI kahA saMsAra meM AyA nahIM jAtA vahI merA (AtmA kA) parama jAtA hai ki sAdhaka meM zAzvatavAda kI mithyA dRSTi bhI dhAma (svasthAna) hai| utpanna nahIM ho / rAga kA prahANa hone se nirvANa meM maiM boddha nirvANa kI yaha vizada vivecanA meM hama (atta) aura merApana (attA) nahIM hotA isa dRSTikoNa niSkarSa para le jAtI hai ki prArambhika bauddha darzana kA ke AdhAra para use abhAva kahA jAtA hai| nirvANa rAga nirvANa abhAvAtmaka tathya nahIM thaa| isake lie nimna kA ahaM kA pUrNa vigalana hai| lekina ahaM yA mamatva tarka prastuta kie jA sakate haiM : kI samApti ko abhAva nahIM kahA jA sakatA / nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka kalpanA 'anata' zabda kA galata artha (1) nirvANa yadi abhAva mAtra hotA to vaha tatIya samajhane se utpanna haI hai| bauddha darzana meM anAtma Arya satya kaise hotA? kyoMki abhAva Aryacita kA (anatta) zabda Atma (tatva) kA abhAva nahIM batAtA Alambana nahIM ho sakatA / varan yaha batAtA hai ki jagata meM apanA yA merA koI nahIM hai, anAtma kA upadeza asakti ke prahANa ke lie, (2) tRtIya Arya satya kA viSaya dravya sata nahIM tRSNA ke kSaya ke lie hai, nirvANa 'tatva' kA abhAva hai to usake upadeza kA kyA mUlya hogA ? nahIM varan apanepana yA ahaM kA abhAva hai| vaha (3) yadi nirvANa mAtra nirodha yA abhAva hai to vaiyaktikatA kA abhAva hai, vyaktitva kA nhiiN| uccheda dRSTi samyaka dRSTi hogI lekina buddha ne to sadaiva anatta (anAtma) vAda kI pUrNatA yaha batAne meM hai ki hI uccheda dRSTi ko mithyA dRSTi kahA hai| jagata meM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jise merA yA apanA kahA jA sake / sabhI anAtma hai| isa zikSA kA saccA (4) mahAvAna kI dharma kAya kI dhAraNA aura artha yahI hai ki merA kucha bhI nahIM hai| kyoMki jahA~ tA tathA vijJAnavAda ke merApana (atta bhAva) AtA hai vahA~ rAga evaM tRSNA kA Alaya vijJAna kI dhAraNA nirvANa kI abhAvAtmaka udaya hotA hai| sva para meM avasthita hotA hai, Atma vyAkhyA ke viparIta par3ate haiN| ataH nirvANa kA tAtvika dRSTi (mamatva) utpanna hotI hai / lekina yahI Atma svarUpa abhAva siddha nahIM hotA hai| use abhAva yA nirodha dRSTi sva kA para meM avasthita honA athavA rAga eva kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki usameM vAsanA yA tRSNA tRSNA kI vRtti bandhana hai, jo tRSNA hai, vahI rAga hai; 51. yastha Apo na paThavI tejo vAyo na gAdhati / na tattha sukkA jovanti Adicco na ppakAsati / / ma tastha candimA bhAti tamo tattha na vijjati / udAna 1110 tulanA kIjie-na tamdAsayate sUryoM na zazAMko na pAvakaH / yadgatvA na nivartante taddhAma paramaM mama / / gItA 156 151

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ga hai vahI apanApana hai| nirvANa meM tRSNA kA bhASA usakA yathArtha citra prastuta karane meM samartha nahIM kSaya hone se rAga nahIM hotA, rAga nahIM hone se apanA hai kyoMki bhAva kisI pakSa ko batAtA hai aura pakSa ke pana (attA) bhI nahIM hotA / bauddha nirvANa kI abhAvA- lie pratipakSa kI svIkRti anivArya hai jabaki nirvANa tmakatA kA sahI artha isa apanepana kA abhAva hai vaha to pakSAtikrAMta hai| niSedhamUlaka kathana kI yaha vizeSatA tatva abhAva nahIM hai| vastutaH tatva lakSaNa kI dRSTi se hotI hai ki usake lie kisI pratipakSa kI svIkRti nirvANa eka bhAvAtmaka avasthA hai| mAtra vAsanAtmaka ko Avazyaka nahIM bar3hA sakatA / ataH anirvacanIya kA paryAyoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa hI vaha abhAva kahA jAtA nirvacana karane meM niSedhAtmaka bhASA kA prayoga hI adhika hai| ataH prophesara kItha aura nalinAkSadatta kI yaha samIcIna hai| isa niSedhAtmaka vibecanAzalI ne nirvANa mAnyatA ki bauddha nirvANa abhAva nahIM hai, bauddha vicAraNA kI abhAvAtmaka kalpanA ko adhika prabala banAyA hai| kI mUla vicAradRSTi ke nikaTa hI hai| yadyapi bauddha vastutaH nirvANa anirvacanIya hai| nirvANa eka bhAvAtmaka tathya hai phira bhI bhAvAtmaka ARE 152 |

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dara sa - m -naamw-on menue - jaina saMskRti evam kalA - - - [H_q[S

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jaina purAtatva evaM kalA madhusUdana narahari dezapAnDe jaba hama prAcIna bhAratIya sthApatya-zilpa aura citra- rahatI hai, lekina isa zailI ke aise parivartana meM Azaya, kalA ke vikAsa kA vihaMgAvalokana karate haiM taba hameM eka preraNA aura prANatatva kI dRSTi se mUlabhUta parivartana kamI viziSTatA pratIta hotI hai ki ina kalAoM ke vikAsa hotA hI nahIM / apitu parivartana ke svarUpa meM parivardhana, kA eka akhaNDa aura zaktizAlI pravAha rahA hai| jo saMzodhana aura saMvardhana hotA hai| isIlie mAratIya loga aisA samajhate haiM ki bauddha, hindU aura jaina dharmA- kalA ke prAMgaNa meM Azaya, preraNA aura prANadhiSThita kalA kA pRthaka-pRthak pravAha rahA hai; vAstava meM tatva kI dRSTi se sarvatra ekarUpatA hI dRSTigocara hotI unako bhAratIya saMskRti kA marma hI jJAta nahIM hai, aisA hai| aise kalA-pravAha meM alaga-alaga srota kI kalpanA kahanA pdd'egaa| bhAratIya kalA ke vikAsa meM dhArmika karanA, vaisA hI hAsyAspada hogA, jaisA ki triveNI sthaloM ko saundarya pUrNa vikAsa karane kI bhAvanA, mUti- pravAha se gaMgA, yamunA aura sarasvatI ke srotoM ko pUjA aura tadanusaMgika dharmAcaraNa meM preraNAdAyaka hotI alaga krnaa| bhAratIya saMskRti ke garbha se paidA hue hai| rAjA ho yA dhanika dAtA ho yA sAmAnya mAnava AcAra, vicAra aura saMskArita hue kalAtmaka mAnaho, hara eka ne apanI-apanI ruci ke anurUpa bhAratIya bindu, jaba tatkAlIna kalA mAdhyama se apanA rUpa saMskRti ke kalA bhaNDAroM se adbhuta evaM sundara ratna dhAraNa karate haiM taba unameM pRthakatva dekhanA bhAratIya nikAle haiN| aura apanI-apanI niSThA aura zraddhA ke kalA saMskRti kI mahatI paraMparA para anyAya karane ke anurUpa kalAtmaka vastu yA vAstu kA nirmANa kiyA samAna hai| hai; una sabhI kA mUlyAMkana aura rasAsvAdana bhI bhAratIya kalA ke AviSkAra ke rUpa meM hI honA caahie| hara eka jaisA ki IsA pUrva tIna zatAbdi se mathurA nagarI zailI meM kama yA adhika vaiziSTya jarUra hotA hai parantu bauddha, hindU aura jaina kalA kA mAyakA mAnA jAtA bhAratIya kalA ke puSpahAra meM dharmaniSTha pRthakatva kI hai| parantu vahA~ kI kalA "bhAratIya kalA" isI nAma kalpanA karanA sarvathA ayogya aura anucita hai| vaise se jAnI pahacAnI jAtI hai| vahA~ ukta tInoM dharma dekhA jAya to zailI bhI kAlAnurUpa parivartita hotI pracalita the| apane-apane dharma ke anuyAyI ahamahamikA 155

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kI bhAvanA se stUpa, mUrti, bhavana aura prAsAda nirmANa saMskRta bhASA ko tyAga karake unhoMne ahiMsA aura karane lge| hara-eka ke pIche jo Azaya aura racanA tyAgamaya naitika jIvanayukta tatvajJAna kA upadeza kA DhaMga thA, usake pIche thor3I-sI bhinna (alaga) preraNA lokabhASA meM diyaa| itanA hI nahIM unhoMne mokSa kA thI paraMtu kalAmUlya aura kalA mAdhyama kI dRSTi se una dvAra janasAdhAraNa ke lie khola diyaa| yajJa kAMDa saba meM eka vilakSaNa sAmya pratIta hotA hai| gupta pracura brAhmaNI varcasva aura jAtiniSTha paraMparA se kAlottara banAe hue jaina aura hindU mandira sthApatya janatA ko nikAlakara mukti kA eka prazasta mArga aura kalA kI dRSTi se alaga nahIM haiN| viSaya alaga dikhAyA / unhoMne brAhmaNa kI vyAkhyA hI badala ho sakate haiM lekina unakA kalAtmaka rUpa sampUrNa DAlIekAtmaka evaM bhAratIya hai| isa pArzvabhUmi meM bhAratIya kalA meM jainoM kA yogadAna kyA rahA hai ? isakA na hi muDie samaNo, na oMkAreNe bambhaNo / na maNI raNavAseNa, kasacIreNa, na taavso|| sAmAnya paricaya isa saMkSipta lekha meM diyA jA rahA hai| paraMtu isase pahale jaina dharma ke udgama aura vikAsa samayAe samaNo hoI, bambhacAreNa bambhaNo : nANeNa ca muNI hoI, taveNa hoi taavso|| para dRSTipAta karanA upayukta hogaa| (uttarAdhyayanasUtra) zrI varddhamAna mahAvIra svAmI jainoM ke caubIsaveM tIrthakara mAne jAte haiN| isa varSa hama unake mahAnirvANa ___ arthAt muDana karane se koI zramaNa nahIM hotA, kI 25 vIM zatAbdI manA rahe haiM / unase pahale oMkAra kA japa karane se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, paraMparA ke anusAra 23 tIrthakara ho cuke the| unameM araNyavAsa karane se koI muni nahIM hotA aura kuzavastra se teIsaveM tIrtha kara pArzvanAtha the, jo mahAvIra svAmI pahanane se koI tapasvI nahIM hotaa| apitu samabhAva se ke mahAnirvANa se 250 varSa pUrva ho cuke the| aise zramaNa; brahmacarya pAlana karane se brAhmaNa, jJAna se muni vizvasanIya pramANa milate haiM ki ve eka zreSTha aiti aura tapa se tapasvI hotA hai| hAsika puruSa the| unhoMne "cAujjAma dhamma" (cAra vratoM kA dharma) pratipAdita kiyaa| usI ko "paMca bhagavAna mahAvIra lokAbhimukha netRtva se sAmAnya sikhkhio" (paMca mahAvratayukta) banAkara mahAvIra jI ne janoM ko tarkapradhAna vicAra karane meM baDI sahAyatA punaH pratipAdita kiyA aisA ullekha uttarAdhyayana sUtra milii| isa prakAra IsA pUrva 6vIM zatAbdI meM lagAyA meM milatA hai| "cAujjamoM yA jo dhammo, jo imo gayA nava vicAra aura navadharma kA nanhA-sA paudhA aba paca sikkhio / desio baddhamANeNa pAseNa ya mahAmunI" mahAvakSa bana gayA hai aura usake puSpaparimala se Asetu yaha caturyAma dharma hai, jisakA pratipAdana mahAmuni himAcala paryanta kI bhArata bhUmi sugandhita ho gayI hai| pArzvanAtha ne kiyA thA aura yaha paMcazikhA yukta dharma hai jisakA pratipAdana varddhamAna mahAvIra jI ne kiyaa| prAkRta (ardha-mAgadhI bhASA) meM racita Agama bhagavAna mahAvIrajI kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha thI sAhitya, zvetAmbara aura digambara jaina sAhitya, ki unhoMne isa dharma kA upadeza loka bhASA meM kiyA, mahArASTrI apabhraMza meM aura saMskRta bhASA ke antargata "savvANugAmiNIe sakkara madhurAe bhASAe" arthAt vividha TIkA sAhitya paitRka daina ke rUpa meM bhArata kI sabako sahajarUpa se samajha meM AnevAlI zarkarA ke saba bhASAoM ko prApta huA hai| isa sAhitya sampadA samAna madhura bhASA kA sahArA liyaa| ucca varga kI kA parIkSaNa bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sabhI 156

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strotoM para prakAza DAlatA hai, jaise sAhitya, sthApatya, kalA, tatvajJAna, sAmAjika jIvana, dharmAcaraNa aura bhAratIya bhASAoM kA kramika vikAsa ityAdi / isa dharma ke vikAsa meM cedi kaliMga nRpati khAravela se kuSANa, gupta, cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, cola, pAMDya, gaMga, paramAra, candela, yAdava, hoyasala, vijayanagara Adi aneka rAjavaMza nRpatiyoM aura ghanika zreSThiyoM tathA zrAvakazrAvikAoM kA ullekhanIya yogadAna rahA hai / itanA hI nahIM mugala samrATa akabara ke vicAroM para bhI jaina mata kA prabhAva par3A thA / mahAtmA gAMdhIjI kI vicAradhArA para bhI jaina dharma aura AcAra kA gaharA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai / prAcIna bhArata meM isa dharma kI nIMva samaNa (zramaNa ) nAma se saMbaMdhita kiye jAnevAle aura eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para akhaMDa paribhramaNa karanevAle atyanta kaThina vratadhArI sAdhuoM ne DAlI thI / zramaNoM kI eka bahuta prAcIna paraMparA hai| prAcIna jaina aura bauddha bAGamaya meM aise zramaNa samudAyoM kA ullekha milatA hai: - "saMbahulA nAnAtiththiyA nAnA diThikA nAnA rucikA, nAnAdiThinissarthAnassitA, " arthAt " bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM aneka guruoM ko mAnanevAle, vividha AcAra-vicAra, vividha yoga, pravRti ke vividha rucivAle aura vividha dArzanika vicAradhArA meM vizvAsa karane vAle aise vividha sampradAya vAle bhAratasamAja kI pArzvabhUmi para buddha aura mahAbIra dIpastambha jaise dikhAI dete haiN| unhoMne dIrgha aura gaharA vicAra maMthana karake apanI svatantra anubhUti se navIna dharma kI nIMva DAlI / bauddha dharma ko mAdhyama mArga ( majjimA paTipadA) ke rUpa meM hama saba jAnate haiM / jaina mata meM umra tapasyA abhipreta hai| parantu aise kaThora tapasyA mArgI paMtha ne bhI kalA ke kSetra meM atyanta mahatva kA kArya kiyA hai, yaha eka bar3A virodhAbhAsa hai / lekina vastusthiti aisI hai ki eka tarapha zramaNoM ne apane jIvana meM asidhArA jaise vratI jIvana kA Adarza sa~bhAlA aura sAtha hI sAtha sAhitya aura kalApremI zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ne apane svAbhAvika kalA prema se isa dharma ke tatvajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha susaMgata kalA sAdhanA bhI Arambha kii| jaina dharmAvalambI dhanika zreSThiyoM ne sthApatya kalA meM agragaNya mAne jAne vAle jina - devAlaya banAye aura bhAratIya sthApatya kalA ko samRddha banAyA / bhagavAna mahAvIra jI kI pramukha kAryabhUmi bihAra rAjya thI / unakA janma vaizAlI ke nikaTa kuMDalapura grAma meM huA thA aura kevala jJAna kI prApti ke uparAMta mahAvIra jI ne magadha deza kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha meM aMgadeza kI rAjadhAnI campA meM, videha ke antargata mithilA meM tathA zrAvastI meM apane varSAvAsa vyatIta kie / jaina kalA kA pahalA AviSkAra jaina mUrtikalA kA pahalA AviSkAra yathArtha rUpa se hamako bihAra meM dikhAI detA hai| paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM rakhI eka mastakahIna digambara tIrthaMkara pratimA, jo lohAnIpura se prApta huI thI, maurya mUrtizilpa kI taraha camakadAra pAlizayukta hai| bihAra meM baksara ke nikaTa causA grAma meM pAI gaI eka zatAbdI IsA pUrva kI, kuSANakAlIna RSabha va pArzvanAtha kI kAMsya pratimAe~ jaina dhAtu zilpa meM atyanta prAcIna mAnI jAtI haiM / ye donoM pratimAe~ paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiM / ve kaliMga, saurASTra aura mahArASTra kI prAcIna jaina guphAe~ maurya varcasva ke pazcAt kaliMga deza ke cedi nRpati khAravela ne IsA pUrva kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM jaina dharmI zramaNoM ke lie kalAtmaka guphA -samUha utkIrNa karake 157

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rANI gumphA kA suvikhyAta dumaMjilA zailagRha, udayagiri (IsA pUrva, 2-rI zatAbdI) rANI gumphA meM utkIrNa zilpapaTTa udayagirI (IsA pUrva, 2-rI zatAbdI)

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eka apratima kalA Adarza prastuta kiyaa| ye gUphA samUha saurASTra meM jUnAgar3ha ke nikaTa aura bhAvanagara ke bhuvanezvara nagara ke nikaTa khaMDagiri aura udayagiri pAsa talAjA meM jaina guphA samuha kSatrapoM ke kAla meM nAmaka pahAr3oM meM sthita haiN| udayagiri pahAr3a para hAthI utkINita mAnA jAtA hai| uparakoTa kI guphA meM sthita nAmaka guphA meM khAravela kA eka suprasiddha zilAlekha hai, stambha zIrSa vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / jisakA prArambha hI "namo arihaMtANaM namo sabasidhAna" arthAt arhat aura siddha ke namaskAra se hI huA hai| mahArASTra meM sahayAdri parvata mAlA para IsA pUrva khAravela kI agramahiSI ne svapnapurI ke lekha meM likhA dUsarI zatAbdI se lekara 6vIM aura 7vIM zatAbdiyoM hai-"arahaMta pasAdAya kaliMgana samanAnaM leNasiri taka ke zaila mandira pAye jAte haiM / jisameM ajantA, khAravelasa agama mahisina kaariyaam'| udayagiri sthita elaurA kAralA, bhAjA, pitarakhorA, elIphainTA Adi rANI gumphA aura gaNeza gumphA nAma se suvikhyAta dumaMjile bauddha aura hiMdU, guphAeM suvikhyAta haiN| hAla hI meM zilAgRhoM meM sundara zilpapaTa utkIrNa kiye gaye haiN| pUnA ke pAsa kAralA aura bhAjA bauddha guphAoM ke pAsa inakA viSaya pArzvanAtha ke jIvana se sambaddha prasaMgoM se pAlegA~va kI eka guphA meM IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI kA hogA, aisA kaI vidvAnoM kA mata hai| ye sundara zilApaTa zilAlekha milA hai| "namo arahaMtANaM' se yaha lekha zailI kI dRSTi se bhAjA aura bharahuta zilpakalA ke Arambha kiyA gayA hai / yaha prAcIna guphA jaina sAdhuoM samAna dikhAI dete haiN| khaMDagiri guphA samUha meM AThavIM ke nivAsa ke lie sAtavAhana rAjAoM ke varcasva kAla aura navamIM zatAbdI meM utkIrNa kaI jina-pratimAe~ meM banAI gaI hogI, aisI sambhAvanA hai| upalabdha huI haiN| pAlegAMva (pUnA) kI guphA meM prApta navIna zilAlekha 156

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mathurA nagarI aura jaina kalA zilApaTTa para loNazodhikA nAma kI vaizyA kI putrI mathurA eka kalAnagarI ke rUpa meM prAcIna bhArata vasu dvArA arahata devakula ko dAna dene kA ullekha hai / meM aneka zatAbdiyoM taka vikhyAta rahI hai| kuSANa isa paTTa para eka stUpa va sopAnayukta toraNa aura aura guptakAla meM kalAvaMtoM ne isa nagarI ko devAlayoM, pradakSiNApatha bahuta hI kalAtmaka r3haga se citrita kiyA arhata AyatanoM, stapa aura matiyoM se suzobhita kiyaa| gayA ha / kuSANakAla gayA hai| kuSANakAlIna pArzvanAtha kI mUrti, jo mathurA yahA~ kI zilpa zAlAoM meM banAI huI lAla raMga saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai, eka utkRSTa kuSANakAlIna kI prastara mUrtiyA~ sAranAtha, baudhagayA Adi zilpakalA kA namUnA mAnI jAtI hai / mahAvIrajI kI sthAnoM para bhejI jAtI thIM / mathurA meM kaMkAlI janmakathA se saMbandhita hariNa-gamezI kI mUrtiyA~ bhI TIlA nAmaka eka prAcIna sthAna hai / aisA anumAna milI haiN| gae tIna sAla se kaMkAlI TIle para puna: lagAyA jAtA hai ki isa TIle ke sthAna para IsA pUrva utkhanana kArya ho rahA hai| isake phalasvarUpa yahA~ eka dvitIya zatAbdI meM eka jaina bastI rahI hogii| vartamAna atIva sundara pakkI IToM kI banI kUSANakAlIna zatAbdI ke Arambha meM yahA~ para khadAI karane para puSkariNI milI hai / isameM eka khaMDita pratimA jo kuSANakAlIna AyAgapaTTa milA, jisa para aSTamaMgala lekhAMkita hai, prApta huI hai| eka vizeSa ullekhanIya sahita madhyavartI jina pratimA utkIrNa hai / dUsare eka lekha kI upalabdhi, jo isa pUSkariNI se huI hai, usameM AyAgapaTra para maMgala cinha sahita madhyavartI jina pratimA (mathurA se prApta) dUsarI zatAbdI

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mathurA se prApta dUsarA AyAgapaTTa sopAnayukta toraNa aura pradakSiNApatha sahita kuSANakAlIna stUpa (mathurA myUjiyama) kaniSka prathama ke paMcama varSa meM vizAkhamitrA dvArA guptakAlIna jaina kalA kiye dAna kA ullekha, kadAcita isI puSkariNI se sambandhita hai / dUsarI bhI kaI sundara jaina pratimAyeM sa guptakAla meM hindU mandiroM kA prAthamika svarUpa prApta huI haiN| nizcita hone lagA thaa| madhyapradeza meM sAMcI, devagaDha, 161

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nAcanA kuthArA, tigovA Adi sthaloM para hindU maMdiroM akoTA (prAcIna aMkoTaka) nAmaka sthAna gujarAta kA nirmANa ho rahA thA / devagar3ha ke pAsa aneka jaina meM bar3audA ke nikaTa hai / yahA~ 1949 meM DA. yU. pI. devAlaya aura unake avazeSa maujUda haiM / unakA kAla zAha ke prayatnoM se eka advitIya 68 jaina dhAtu mUrtiyoM guptakAlottara 8 yA 9vIM zatAbdI kA batAyA kA saMgraha prakAza meM aayaa| yahA~ para aMkoTaka-vasati jAtA hai| yahA~ ke aneka zilpoM para guptakAla kA nAma kA jaina maMdira rahA hogA / isa saMgraha kI kAMsya prabhAva dikhAI detA hai / devagaDha, lalitapUra, caMderI, matiyoM para gUptazilpa kalA kA prabhAva dikhAI detA cA~dapura, Adi sthaloM para sahastroM kI saMkhyA meM jaina hai| RSabhanAtha kI kAyotsarga pratimA aura jIvanta pratimAoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA aura tatkAlIna svAmI kI pratimA ke Upara guptakAla kA saundarya yathArtha maMdiroM meM unakI pratiSThApanA kI gii| isa pradeza rUpa se dikhAI detA hai| yahA~ 7, 8, 9, 10vIM zatAbdI meM guptakAlIna jaina maMdira milane kI saMbhAvanA kI kAMsya pratimAe~ bhI pAI gaI haiM, jo bar3audA ke hai| vidizA se do jina pratimAoM para rAmagupta saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiM / yaha mUrti saMgraha bar3audA kA ullekha milA hai isI upalabdhi para merA yaha anu- saMgrahAlaya kA alaMkAra mAnA jAtA hai| mAna hai ki guptakAla meM bhI jaina devAlaya madhyapradeza meM bane hoNge| ailorA sthita jaina guphA prAMgaNa meM ekAzya maMdira ( 9vIM,-10vIM zatAbdI) 162

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elaurA ko jaina guphAeM meM lagabhaga 6vIM zatAbdI se eka akhaMDita kalA sAdhanA kA strota dikhAI detA hai / jahA~ hindu guphAe~ samApta cAlukya aura rASTrakUTa Adhipatya meM bhI mahAna hotI haiM vahA~ se hI jaina gaphA hotI haiM vahA~ se hI jaina guphAoM kA Arambha hotA haijaina-zaila-gRha karnATaka meM banAye gaye haiM / sAtavIM zatAbdI choTA kailAsa, jagannAtha sabhA aura indra sabhA jainoM kI pramukha meM badAmI aura aiholI meM cAlUkyakAlIna jaina guphAe~ guphAe~ haiM / ina jaina guphAoM kA kAla 9 aura 10vIM aura rASTrakUTakAlIna elaurA kI guphAe~ apanI zatAbdI kA mAnA jAtA hai aura ye guphAe~ jainamata premI vizeSatA rakhatI haiN| badAmI aura aiholI guphAoM meM rASTrakUTa nRpati govinda aura amodhavarSa ke zAsanakAla pArzvanAtha aura bAhubalI ke zilpapaTa utkIrNa haiN| meM khodI gii| inameM pArzvanAtha aura bAhubalI kI mUrti elorA kI guphAoM meM sthApatya, zilpa aura citrakArI kA zilpapaTa bahuta hI prekSaNIya hai / pArzvanAtha para kA manohara triveNI saMgama dRSTigocara hotA hai| elorA kamaTha kA kiyA gayA AkramaNa aura dharaNendra yakSa dvArA kiyA gayA saMrakSaNa bahuta hI AkarSaka hai| isa zilpapaTTa ko dekhakara buddha para mAra dvArA kiye AkramaNa kI yAda A jAtI hai jisako ajaMtA kI citrakalA aura zilpakalA paToM para sUndara DhaMga se dikhAyA gayA hai| yahA~ kI yakSa-yakSiNI kI mUrtiyA~ bhI prekSaNIya haiN| elorA kI jaina guphAoM ke bhitti citroM kA bhAratIya kalA meM pramukha sthAna mAnA jAtA hai| jaina guphAoM kI chatoM aura bhittiyoM para jo zeSa citrapaTala haiM, ve ajatA aura madhyayugI tADapatrIya aura hastalikhita citrakalA kI zrRkhalA kI eka kar3I mAnI gaI haiN| inhI bhitti citroM meM bhAratIya citrakalA kA akhaMDa vikAsa samajha meM AtA hai| pazcima bhAratIya jaina hastalikhita grantha jisameM kaI citra aMkita haiM, gujarAta ke pATana vora khaMbhAta meM aura rAjasthAna ke jaisalamera ke jJAna bhaNDAra meM upalabdha haiN| ina grantha ke saMrakSaNa ke lie, jo lakar3I ke paTala Upara aura nIce rakhe jAte the, ve bhI sundara citroM se alaMkRta haiN| yaha citra sampadA 12 vIM aura 16 vIM zatAbdI ke bIca kI hai| ina citra paTaloM para citra pradarzanoM meM nATyapUrNa gatimAnatA ke sAtha-sAtha citra aMkita kiye gaye haiN| supArzvanAtha svAmI kI pratimA (bAdAmI kI guphA) guphA kra. 4 (7vIM zatAbdI) karnATaka meM jaina kalA vAstu karnATaka meM jaina dharma kA pracAra ati prAcIna hai| mauryakAla meM uttarI bhArata meM jaba bhISaNa akAla par3A 163

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thA, usase bacane ke lie bhadrabAha muni ke netRtva meM kaI karnATaka hI nahIM apitu samasta bhAratavarSa kA atyanta zramaNa dakSiNa kI ora cale gaye / bhadrabAhu muni ne anUThA bhavya zilpa jisako kahA jA sakatA hai vaha hai zramaNa-vela-gola ke nikaTa karnATaka rAjya meM candragirI gomeTezvara ko zrAvaNa belagola sthita zaila pratimA, yaha nAmaka parvata para tapasyA karate hue deha tyAga kiyaa| ekAzya zilpa rAchamalla satyavAka gagarAjA ke kAla meM aiholI meM megutI kA jaina maMdira 644 I0 meM cAlukya usake matrI cAmaNDaya rAya ne banavAyA thaa| isa pracaNDa nareza dvitIya pulakezI ke kAla meM banAyA gayA hai| mati kA samaya 983 I. mAnA jAtA hai| karnATaka meM gomadezvara (vAhubali) svAmI kI ekAzya zaila pratimA, zravaNa belagolA, (karnATaka),983 IsvI

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cAlukya-Adhipatya ke uttara kAla meM aneka jaina mandiroM gujarAta-eka mahatvapUrNa jaina kalA kendra kA nirmANa huaa| lakaguDI, jilA dhAravAr3a meM bArahavIM zatAbdI kA pArzvanAtha kA mandira hai / isa mandira ___ gujarAta meM jaina dharma kA prabhAva bahuta hI gaharA aura prAcIna hai| talAjA aura giranAra kA ullekha to meM tathA anya mandiroM meM aneka sundara jina pratimAe~ haiM / belagA~va meM kamala bastI nAma kA eka jaina mandira maiMne pahale hI kiyA hai isake bAda ballabhI yA bllbhiihai| isa devAlaya kI chatoM kI kalA saundarya bahuta hI pura eka prasiddha jaina kendra rahA thaa| mahAvIra ke nirvANa preSaNIya hai / kAnarA jile ke bhaTakala gAMva meM aura ke pazcAt lagabhaga 980 varSa ke uparAnta yahA~ devadhimaMgalaura ke pAsa muDabinadrI sthaloM para jaina maMdiroM kI gaNI kSamA-zramaNa ke netatva meM eka jainamUni sammelana aisI viziSTa racanA hai jise dekhakara nepAlI sthApatya huA thA, jisameM zvetAmbara jaina Agama kA saMkalana kA AbhAsa hotA hai| bhaTakala ke mandira ke sAmane eka kiyA gayA / zvetAmbara paramparA ina Agama granthoM ko U~cA stambha hai jina para tIrtha karoM kI cahamakha prtimaaeN| pramANabhUta mAnatI hai / ballabhI meM jaina bastI ke avazeSa utkIrNa haiN| aura kAMsya pratimAe~ milI haiN| tAmila deza meM jaina prabhAva gujarAta meM cAlukyoM ke abhipatya kAla meM kumAratAmilanADu rAjya ke padakoTAI jile meM kaI pAla rAjA ne tAraMgA meM ajitanAtha kA maMdira prAcIna jana guphAaiM milI haiM / ina guphAoM meM jaina banavAyA, jo eka prasiddha jaina tIrtha hai, yaha jilA muniyoM ke lie pattharoM para tarAzI huI zayyAe~ milatI mehasAnA meM siddhapura ke nikaTa hai / saurASTra meM giranAra haiM aura yahAM pAye gaye brAhmaNI lekha IsA pUrva pahalI parvata para aura zatrujaya pahAr3I para aneka jaina maMdira zatAbdI ke haiN| tAmilanADu meM aura dUsare jaina sthA tya sthita haiM / ye donoM sthAna mahatvapUrNa jaina-tIrtha mAne kalA ke kendra sthAna haiM kintu inameM ullekhanIya haiM jAte hai| giranAra meM neminAtha ke bhavyamandira kA sittannavAsala kI jaina guphA meM ajantA zailI ke 7 vIM jIrNoddhAra 1278 I. meM kiyA gayA thaa| zatrujaya zatAbdI ke bhitti citra surakSita haiN| dUsarA mahatvapUrNa parvata para; jisako pAlitAnA bhI kahate haiM, gyAraha sthala kAMcIpurama, jise jina-kAMcI bhI karate haiN| prAkAroM ke bIca 500 jaina mandira haiM / inameM se 640 I. meM hayUena tsaMga ne likhA hai ki kAMcI meM kucha to 11 vIM zatAbdI ke haiM / parantu bahuta se mandira jainoM kI eka bar3I bastI thii| kAMcIpurama kI isa bastI 16 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda ke haiM / 1618 I. meM yahA~ ko tirupati kuNDam bhI kahate haiN| yahA~ cola rAjAoM eka 3 eka sundara zikhara yukta do maMjilA mandira ahamadAbAda ke Adhipatya kAla meM candraprabha-vardhamAna svAmI aura ke eka zreSThI ne banavAyA / isa mandira ke stambha trikUTa bastI nAma ke jaina mandiroM kA parivardhana kiyA / zIrSa para nartaka aura vAdaka vanda utkIrNa haiM / yahA~ gyaa| yahA~ saMgIta maMDapa nAma kA eka bhAga vijayA 19 vIM zatAbdI meM bhI ahamadAbAda ke eka nagara nagara rAjAoM ke Adhipatya meM citrAMkita kiyA gyaa| theSThI ne eka mandira banavAyA thA jisane pAMca tIrthoM kA mAnacitra bhI utkIrNa karAyA thaa| isa maMDapa aura mukhamaMDala kI chatoM para mahAvIra svAmI ke samavaraNa ke prasaMga citrita kie gaye haiM inake sAtha alAkika AbU hI RSabhadeva aura neminAtha Adi tIrthakaroM ke jIvana rAjasthAna ke AbU parvata ke atyanta prasaMga citrita kiye gaye haiM aura hara eka prasaMga ke nIce saramya sthala para cAra pramukha devAlaya haiM / ucita lekha bhI hai| inameM vimalazA aura tejapAla ne kramazaH 1032 I. 165

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aura 1232 I. meM zubha saMgamaramara ke mandira banavAye mITara U~cA mAnastambha sthApatya kalA kA utkRSTa jo apane vilakSaNa saundarya se darzakoM ko maMtramugdha kara namanA hai, isa stambha para AdinAtha aura anya tIrtha - dete haiN| yahA~ kA utkIrNa kalAkauzala bahuta hI komala karoM kI pratimAeM utkIrNa haiM / jodhapura jile meM aura bArIkI kA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki zubhra pASANa ko tarAza kara nirmANa kiyA gayA hai / yaha janatha ti pracalita hai ki hathaur3A aura chainiyoM se patthara ko kATA nahIM gayA apitu choTe aujAroM dvArA tarAzane se nikale hue cUrNa kI mApa ke anusAra kArIgaroM ko majadUrI dI jAtI thii| isake maMDapa kI chata para utphulla kalAkRti kA akana aura apsarAoM kA mUrti zilpa dekhakara aisA lagatA hai ki itanA komala aura kalApUrNa kAma kaise kiyA gayA hogaa| kalApUrNa cAturya ke caramotkarSa kI anubhati isa mandira ke dRSTigocara se hotI hai / madhyapradeza meM khajurAho ke candela rAjAoM ne jo mandira banavAye haiM unameM eka jaina mandira samUha bhI hai| isameM se pArzvanAtha mandira candela napati dhaMga kI preraNA se eka jaina zrAvaka ne 955 I. meM banavAyA thA / isakI racanA khajurAho ke mandira se thor3I alaga hai parantu isakA vAstu kauzala aura zilpa saundarya atyanta manohArI hai / bhAratIya zilpa kalA kA paramotkarSa yahAM ke mUrti zilpa meM parilakSita hotA hai| rAjasthAna meM aura kaI jaina sthApatya ke kendra haiN| jinameM se 3 yA 4 kA ullekha karanA anivArya hai / 1439 I. meM rANakapura kA 26 maMDapa aura 420 stambha yukta AdinAtha kA ca mukha mandira sthApatya kalA kA utkRSTa namUnA hai / garbhagRha catu mukhI hai aura pratyeka dizA meM prAMgaNa yukta cAra maMdira haiM, jinakI racanA atyanta kauzala pUrNa hai / prAkAra meM 86 laghu deva kulikAe~ hai / itanA saba hote hue bhI prakAza yojanA aisI hai ki mandira kA pratyeka konA prakAzita rahatA hai, jisase usake kalApUrNa stambhoM aura chatoM kI nakkAzI ke kAma ko mana bhara ke dekhA jA ske| cittauDa kile para sthita caityAlaya ke sAmane kA 25 ambikA (sarasvatI) kI kalAtmaka saMgamaramara pratimA (pallUgAMva-rAjasthAna se prApta) 166

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osiyA nAma ke grAma meM eka prekSaNIya mahAvIra mandira ko adhika prabhAvita karatI haiM / madhyayugIna jaina dharma hai| isa mandira ke stambhoM kI nakkAzI bahuta sundara zilpakalA kA sarvotkRSTa namUnA mAnane yogya rAjasthAna hai yaha mandira gurjara pratihAra nareza vatsarAja (770- ke pallU grAma se prApta sarasvatI kI mUrti hai jo dillI 840) ke samaya kA hai parantu isakA sabhA maMDala 10 ke rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya meM saMgrahIta hai| yaha mUrti bhAratIya vIM zatAbdI meM san 926 kA hai| jaisalamera meM 15 vIM kalA ko pradAna kI gaI amola bheMTa hai| yathAyogya rUpa, zatAbdI ke jaina mandira haiN| jaba bhArata varSa ke uttarI bheda pramANa baddhatA aura lAvaNya kA suyogya mizraNa pradezoM meM mandira sthApatya nirmANa samApta ho gayA thA isa mUrti meM dikhAI detA hai| taba yahA~ eka kalAtmaka jaina mandira samaha kA nirmANa huaa| jaina kalA sampadA kA maiMne vihaMgamAvalokana hI kiyA hai inake atirikta aneka vastu aura vAstu haiM / guphAoM aura zaila mandiroM kI nimiti meM lagabhaga jinakA maiMne ullekha hI nahIM kiyA / ina cIjoM kA aMtima prayoga gvAliyara ke durga ke parisara meM haa| adhyayana vidyA premI vidvAnoM ko karanA cAhie / merI yahA~ kI guphA meM utkIrNa vizAla jina pratimAeM tomara AzA hai ki 2500 vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa rAjA DUMgara siMha aura kIti siMha ke jamAne meM banAI mahotsava ke nimitta se isa sundara viSaya kI aneka gaI / ina pratimAoM ke saundarya se unakI bhavyatA darzakoM chaTAaiM prakAza meM aaygii| 167

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jaina mUrtizAstra (madhyapradeza kI jaina mUrtikalA ke sandarbha meM) bhAratIya sthApatya yA bhavana nirmANa kalA kA paraMparA vikasita huI / ur3IsA ke bhuvanezvara ke samIpa kaI aitihAsika vivecana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina baDI guphAe~ patthara kI caTTAnoM ko kATakara banAyI gyiiN| devAlayoM kA nirmANa maurya-zAsanakAla meM hone lagA thaa| vahA~ khaNDagiri tathA udayagiri nAmaka jaina guphAaiM bahuta bihAra meM gayA ke samIpa barAbara nAmaka parvata gaphAoM meM prasiddha haiN| tIsarI guphA kA nAma hAthIgaphA hai| usameM kaI zilAlekha mile haiN| unase jJAta haA hai ki maurya kaliga ke jaina zAsaka khAravela kA eka zilAlekha khadA samrATa azoka ne AjIvika nAmaka eka saMpradAya ke huA hai / lekha se jJAta huA hai ki IsavI pUrba cauthI sanyAsiyoM ke nivAsa ke lie pahAr3a kI caTTAnoM ko zatI meM magadha ke rAjA mahApadmananda tIrtha kara kI eka kATakara zaila-gahoM kA nirmANa kraayaa| usake vaMzaja mUti kaliMga se apanI rAjadhAnI pATilapatra uThA le gae dazaratha nAmaka zAsaka ne bhI isa kArya ko Age the| khAravela IsavI pUrva dUsarI zatI ke madhya meM usa bddhaayaa| AjIvika saMpradAya ke prAraMbhakartA AcArya ko pratimA ko magadha se apane rAjya meM lauTA lAe aura tIrthakara mahAvIra kA samakAlIna mAnA jAtA hai| use unhoMne apane mukhya nagara meM pratiSThApita kiyA / barAbara kI pahAr3I se kucha dUra nAgArjunI nAmaka pahAr3I hai| vahA~ bhI mauryakAla meM sAdhUoM ke nivAsa ke lie kaI pro0 kRSNadatta bAjapeyI zaila-gRha banavAe ge| bhAratIya sAhitya meM parNazAlAoM ke ullekha milate haiN| bhUmi meM moTI lakar3I isa zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki tIrtha kara matiyoM ke baDe Tukar3oM ko gADakara una para patte chA die jAte kA nirmANa nandarAja mahApadmananda ke kucha pahale prArambha the / isa prakAra patte kI kuTiyA~ yA parNazAlAe~ banAyI ho cukA thaa| jaina sAhityika anuzra ti se bhI patA jAtI thIM / unhIM ke DhaMga para zaila-gRhoM kA nirmANa calatA hai ki candana kI tIrtha kara mUrtiyA~ bhagavAna kiyA gyaa| jaina sAdhuoM ke lie zaila-gRha banAne ke mahAvIra ke samaya se yA unake nirvANa ke pazcAta hI kaI udAharaNa tAmilanADu meM bhI mile haiN| banane lI thii| IsavI pUrva dUsarI aura pahalI zatI meM ur3IsA tathA pazcimI bhArata meM parvatoM ko kATakara devAlaya banAne kI uttara bhArata meM jaina kalA ke jitane kendra the unameM mathurA kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa hai / IsavI pUrva dUsarI zatI . 168

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se lekara IsavI bArahavIM zatI taka ke dIrghakAla meM mathurA bhUmi para patthara aura IToM dvArA kiyA jAtA thaa| meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa hotA rahA / yahA~ ke cittIdAra uttara pradeza, rAjasthAna, gajarAta, baMgAla aura madhyapradeza lAla balue patthara kI banI huI kaI hajAra jaina kalA- me samatala bhUmi para banAe gae jaina maMdiroM kI saMkhyA kRtiyA~ aba taka mathurA aura usake AsapAsa ke jiloM bahuta bar3I hai / kabhI-kabhI ye maMdira jaina stUpoM ke sAtha se prApta ho cukI haiN| unameM tIrtha kara Adi pratimAoM banAe jAte the / ke atirikta caukora AyAgapaTra vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| una para prAyaH bIca meM tIrthakara mUrti tathA jaina stUpoM ke saMbaMdha meM pracura sAhityika tathA usake cAroM ora vividha prakAra ke manohara alaMkaraNa abhilekhIya pramANa upalabdha haiN| unase jJAta hotA hai milate haiN| svastika, nandayAvarta, vardhamAnakya, zrIvatsa, aneka prAcIna sthaloM para unakA nirmANa huaa| mathUrA, bhadrAsana, darpaNa, kalaza aura mIna yugala-ina aSTamaMgala kauzAMbI Adi kaI sthAnoM meM prAcIna jaina stUpoM ke bhI dravyoM kA AyAgapaTToM para sundaratA ke sAtha citraNa avazeSa mile haiN| unase yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki ina kiyA gayA hai| eka AyAgapatR para kSATha divakumAriyA~ stUpoM kA nirmANa IsavI pUrva dUsarI zatI se vyavasthita eka-dUsare kA hAtha pakar3e hae AkarSaka DhaMga se maMDala rUpa meM hone lagA thaa| prAraMbhika stUpa arghavRttAkAra nRtya meM saMlagna dikhAI gaI haiN| maNDala yA 'cakravAla' hote the| unake cAroM ora patthara kA bAr3A banAyA abhinaya kA ullekha 'rAyapaleniya satra' nAmaka jaina natha jAtA thA / use 'vedikA' kahate the| vedikA ke staMbhoM meM bhI milatA hai / eka dUsare AyAgapaTTa para toraNa dvAra para AkarSaka mudrAoM meM striyoM kI mUrtiyoM ko vizeSa tathA vedikA kA atyanta sundara aMkana hai| vAstava meM rUpa se aMkita karanA prazasta mAnA jAtA thaa| gapta ye AyAgapaTra prAcIna jaina kalA ke utkRSTa udAharaNa kAla se jaina stUpoM kA AkAra laMbotarA hotA gyaa| haiN| inameM se adhikAMza abhilikhita haiM, jina para bauddha stUpoM kI taraha jaina stupa bhI paravartI kAla meM brAhmIlipi meM lagabhaga I. pa. eka sau se lekara IsavI adhika U~ce AkAra ke banAe jAne lge| prathama zatI ke madhya taka ke lekha haiN| mathurA kI jaina madhya kAla meM jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa vyApaka rUpa kalA kA prabhAva madhyapradeza meM vidizA, tumaina Adi sthAnoM kI kalA para pdd'aa| meM hone lagA / bhArata ke sabhI bhAgoM meM vividha pratimAoM se alaMkRta jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa haa| pazcimI bhArata, madhya bhArata tathA dakSiNa meM parvatoM isa kArya meM vibhinna rAjavaMzoM ke atirikta vyApArI ko kATakara jaina devAlaya banAne kI paraMparA dIrghakAla varga tathA jana-sAdhAraNa ne bhI prabhUta yoga diyaa| taka milatI hai| vidizA ke samIpa udayagiri kI pahAr3I meM do jaina guphAe~ haiM / vahA~ saMkhyA eka kI guphA ca candeloM ke samaya meM khajarAho meM nirmita jaina maMdira meM guptakAlIna jaina mandira ke avazeSa upalabdha haiN| prasiddha hai / ina mAdarA ke bAhabhAga khajurAhA kA udayagiri kI saMkhyA 20 vAlI guphA bhI jaina maMdira viziSTa zailI meM ukere gae haiN| maMdiroM ke bAharI bhAgo hai| usameM gupta samrATa kumAragupta prathama ke samaya meM para samAnAMtara alaMkaraNa padrikAe~ utkhacita haiN| unameM nirmita kalApUrNa tIrtha kara pratimA milI hai| devI-devatAoM tathA mAnava aura prakRtijagata ko atyanta sajIvatA ke sAtha Alekhita kiyA gayA hai / khajurAho jaina maMdira-sthApatya kA dUsarA rUpa bhUmija mandiroM ke jaina maMdiroM meM pArzvanAtha maMdira atyadhika vizAla hai| meM milatA hai| ina maMdiroM kA nirmANa prAya: samatala usakI UMcAI 68 phuTa hai| maMdira ke bhItara kA bhAga

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mahAmaNDapa, antarAla tathA garbhagRha-ina tIna mukhya maMdira pAsa-pAsa bane hue haiN| madhyapradeza meM papaurA, bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| unake cAroM ora pradakSiNA mArga ahAra, thUbona, kuNDalapura, sonAgiri Adi aneka sthaloM hai / isa maMdira kI chata kA kaTAva vizeSa kalAtmaka hai para jaina maMdira-nagara nirmita hue| aise maMdira-nagaroM ke aura khajurAho ke sthApatya vizeSajJoM kI dakSatA kA lie parvata zRkhalAeM dhizeSa rUpa se cunI gyiiN| paricAyaka hai| maMdira ke praveza-dvAra para garur3a para bhArata ke aneka rAjavaMzoM ne jaina-kalA kI unnati dasabhujI jaina devI ArUr3ha hai / garbhagRha kI dvArazAkhA meM yoga diyaa| gupta zAsakoM ke bAda cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, para padmAsana tathA khaDgAsana meM tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM kalacuri, gaMga, kadamba cola tathA pAMDya vaMza ke aneka ukerI gaI haiN| khajurAho ke ina maMdiroM meM vividha rAjAoM ne jaina-kalA ko saMrakSaNa tathA protsAhana diyaa| AkarSaka mudrAoM meM surasudariyoM yA apsarAoM kI bhI ina vaMzoM ke kaI rAjA jaina dharmAnuyAyI the| inameM siddhamUrtiyAM utkIrNa haiM / ina mUrtiyoM meM devAMganAoM ke aMgapratyaMgoM ke cAruvinyAsa tayA unakI bhAvabhaMgimAe~ rAja jayasiMha, kumArapAla, amodha varSa, akAlavarSa tathA vizeSa rUpa se darzanIya haiM / khajurAho kA dUsarA mukhya gaMgavaMzI bhArasiMha dvitIya ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| ina zAsakoM ko jaina dharma kI ora pravarta karane kA zreya jaina saMdira AdinAtha kA hai| isakA sthApatya pArzvanAtha maMdira ke samAna hai| svanAmadhanya hemacandra, jinasena, guNabhadra, kundakunda Adi jaina AcAryoM ko hai| rAjya-saMrakSaNa prApta hone evaM vidizA jile ke gyArasapUra nAmaka sthAna meM mAlA- vidvAna AcAryoM dvArA dhArmika pracAra meM kriyAtmaka devI kA maMdira hai| usake bahirbhAga kI sajjA tathA yoga dene para jaina sAhitya tathA kalA kI bar3I unnati garbhagRha kI vizAla pratimAeM kalAtmaka abhiruci kI huI / madhyakAla meM aThArahavIM zatI ke anta taka prAyaH dyotaka hai| madhya bhArata meM madhyakAla meM gvAliyara, samasta bhArata meM jaina maMdiroM evaM pratimAoM kA nirmANa devagar3ha, canderI, ajayagar3ha, ahAra Adi sthAnoM meM jArI rahA / sAmAjika-dhArmika itihAsa kI jAnakArI sthApatya tathA mUrtikalA kA pracura vikAsa huaa| ke lie yaha sAmagrI mahattva kI hai| jaina sthApatya tathA mUrtikalA kA prAcurya 'devAlayanagaroM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| aise sthaloM para saikar3oM 170

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jaina dharma aura saMgIta bhagavAna mahAvIra ne saMsAra ko anAdi-anaMta kahA usakA kAla kitanA laMbA hai, yaha sAdhAraNa mAnava ke hai| saMsAra kA na Adi hai aura na aMta / isaliye jaina buddhigrAhya ke bAhara kI bAta hai| vartamAna meM mAnava, darzanakAroM ne kahA hai ki saMsAra ke utthAna aura patana jinakI buddhi sImita hai aura anuprekSA se rahita hai, kA krama calatA rahatA hai / isI utthAna aura patana kI uparokta tathya ko mAnane ko Aja bhI taiyAra nahIM haiM avasthA meM tIrthaMkaroM kA janma hotA hai aura ve isa parantu jo navIna vastuoM ko puna: prakAzita karanA kramAnusAra ananta ho gaye haiM aura hote raheMge / jitane cAhate haiM ve tathyoM ko kabhI bhI asvIkAra nahIM krte| bhI pUrvakAla meM tIrthakara ho gaye haiM unhoMne apanA pravacana unakA kahanA hai ki bhUtakAla meM jo zakti utpanna haI rAga 'mAlakoza' meM hI diyA aura bhaviSya meM hone vAle hai unakA nAza kabhI nahIM huA hai| ve isI AkAza pradeza meM vidyamAna haiM kyoMki yadi hama vastuoM kA vinAza mAna lete haiM to vastuoM kA abhAva ho jAtA gulAbacandra jaina hai / vastuoM ke hI abhAva hone para utpatti ke AdhAra kA abhAva hotA hai jo yukti saMgata nahIM hai| jisa prakAra bhI 'mAlakoza' kI dhvani meM hI deveMge / saMgIta ke viSaya vAyu asthira rahatI hai usI taraha pratyeka paramANu bhI kI utpatti kA nizcaya karanA bAlaceSTA hI hai| itanA sthira nahIM rahate ve niraMtara gamanAgamana kArya karate avazya hai ki rAgoM meM utthAna aura patana samayAnukUla, rahate haiM / vAyu ko jisa prakAra ekatrita kara usameM prakRti ke parivartanAnusAra hotA hI rahatA hai| isI zakti paidA kI jAtI hai usI prakAra paramANu ko bhI saMgrahIta kara usase manacAhA kAma liyA jAtA hai / dekara usameM ulajhane lagate haiM aura dhvani kI vAstavika pratyeka paramANu meM rUpa, raMga, gaMdha, sparza evaM zabda Adi taraMgoM aura usake kriyA evaM zakti se hama vaMcita ho guNa eka dUsare se bhinna aura abhinna rahate haiN| isaliye jAte haiN| jaina darzana meM rAgoM kA kitanA mahatva hai aura unake saMgrahIta karane meM isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhanA par3atA 171

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hai ki kisa prakAra ke kaMpana kA aura kitanI mAtrA meM upa- yogaH' / arthAt mana, bacana aura kAyA ke yoga se jo yoga kiyA jAya ki paramANuoM kA samUha hamArI icchA eka prakAra kA vizeSa rUpa se kaMpana hotA hai athavA ke anusAra kAryarUpa meM pariNata ho / bhagavAna mahAvIra jise kaMpana kriyA kahA jAtA hai usa kampanAnusAra hI kahA hai ki hamAre muMha se jo zabda nikalate haiM ve paramANuoM kA svataH saMcaya hotA rahatA hai| jisa hameM yA dUsaroM ko sunAI nahIM pdd'te| jo bhASA yA prakAra cumbakIya zakti se loha ke paramANa svata: khica zabda hamAre muMha se nikalate haiM, ve itane sUkSma aura kara usameM A milate haiM usI prakAra apane guNoM ke tIbra gatizIla hote haiM ki eka samaya jisakA do bhAga anusAra svadharmI svadharmI meM Akara milate rahe haiM aura nahIM ho sakatA, utane samaya meM sAre lokAkAza meM ve kAryarUpa meM pariNata hote rahate rahate haiN| usameM utAraphaila jAte haiM aura dUsare samaya meM lokAkAza ke aMtima caDhAva athavA hAni aura vaddhi jo hotI rahatI hai usakA hisse se TakarAkara samUha rUpa meM pariNita hote haiM taba kAraNa Apasa meM milakara aura punaH alaga-vilaga ho sAmUhika paramANu meM dhvani utpanna hotI hai jo hameM jAne meM hotI hai| sAmAnya dRSTi se kampana kI mAtrA sunAI par3atI hai| isakI puSTi zakabhASya ke prathama khaNDa eka saikeNDa meM 240 mAna lI hai aura usa dhvani ko aura bhagavatIsUtra, paramANu uddezaka, pudagala uddezaka manda, madhya tathA tIbra meM vibhAjita kI hai jo 22 aura bhASA uddezaka meM milatI hai| uparokta uddezakoM zratiyoM ke nAma se kahI jAtI hai| tIbra meM 3800 se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'paramANu' pudagala ke rUpa mAtrAyeM saMgIta ke rUpa meM mAna lI gayI hai| usase meM kisa prakAra parivartita hotA hai aura bhASA vargaNAoM adhika mAtrA hone para vaha dhvani saMgIta na kahalAkara ke liye kitane paramANuoM evaM paramANuoM ke skaMdhoM kI kolAhala kI zreNI meM AtI hai| kahane kA Azaya yaha AvazyakatA par3atI hai, jo zrotendriyoM ke grahaNa yogya hai ki sagIta-zAstra meM jo zra tiyoM aura dhvani mAtrAoM banatI haiN| kI rUparekhA taiyAra kI hai, vaha sakSma dRSTi se na kara sthUla dRSTi se hai, kyoMki kArya rUpa meM aura iMdriyoM ke vaizeSika aura nyAya darzana meM bhI paramANa ke viSaya grAhya yogNa kitanA kampana kama se kama Avazyaka hai, meM batAyA gayA hai ki sUrya kI kiraNeM chidra meM se hokara tAki vaha vyavahAra meM sucAru rUpa se upayoga ho sake / bAhara AtI haiM tathA usameM jo choTe-choTe ati sUkSma isaliye usa dhvani kA nAma saMgIta rakhA-'sama' arthAt rajakaNa dikhAI par3ate haiM unakA sAThavAM bhAga paramANu samyaka prakAra meM zrotendriya kI zakti meM kisI prakAra se mAna liyA gayA hai| parantu jaina darzanakAroM kA kathana vikAra paidA na kare usakI zakti se vRddhi aura sucArU hai ki ananta paramANuoM kA skaMdha banane para bhI ve rUpa se usameM sahAyaka bhUta ho vaha samyaka dhvani hI dRSTigocara nahIM ho skte| jaina darzanAnusAra ananta saMgIta kahI jAtI hai / saMgIta meM tIna akSara hai paramANu ke skaMdha vAle, skaMdhoM se bhI jo ananta ho saM-gI-ta bIca ke akSara 'gI' arthAt grIvA vANI ko aura jaba usakA piNDa banatA hai taba ve indriya-grAhya nikAlane se, 'saMta' bacatA hai| saMtoM kI 'gI'--arthAta banate haiN| Upara kaha Aye haiM ki hara eka paramANa meM vANI ko saMgIta kahate haiN| rAgadveSa se rahita saMtoM ke apanI vizeSa vargaNa zakti rahatI hai / jisa paramANuoM hRdaya ke bhAva, unake udgAra jo nikalate the, usameM se bhASA banatI hai unheM jaina darzana meM bhASA vargaNA kahA aisI zakti thI ki loga AkarSita ho jAte the aura hai| paramANuoM kA skaMdha kisa taraha banatA hai isake usako hI bhavya prANI lakSya mAnakara anukaraNa karate viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki, 'kAya vAGagrA mana : karma- aura vahI saMgIta kahA jAtA thaa| 172

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yazodharA meM kavi maithilIzaraNa gupta ne bhI gIta kI paribhASA kahI hai - "adhara para muskarAhaTa hai, nainoM se nIra bahatA hai, hRdaya kI hUka ha~sa par3atI, jise jaga gIta kahatA hai / " jaina AgamoM meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa samaya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAna se khIle khIMca kara nikAle gaye usa samaya unheM itanI adhika vedanA huI thI ki unake mukha se aisI teja dhvani ( cIkha ) nikalI ki jisa pahAr3I ke tale ve kAusagga meM khar3e the usameM darAra par3a gyii| Aja ke yuga meM isa bAta ko zAyada hI koI viralA vyakti mAnane para taiyAra ho; para adhikAMza mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM hai| saMgIta kI dhvani meM itanI zakti hai tathA AkarSaNa hai ki vaha bar3e-bar3e pahAr3oM meM bhI darAreM paidA kara detI hai| prANiyoM ko "saMgIta" dhvani taraMgoM ke anusAra sAtvika, rAjasa tathA tAmasa prakRtiyoM meM badala detA hai / fna taraMgoM kA kitanA akATya prabhAva par3atA hai jisakA sAkSAtkAra hameM nRtya meM aura sarakasoM meM, mauta kI sIr3hI para car3hane vAloM meM lar3AI meM aneka karttavyoM ko dekhakara hotA hai / zAstroM meM jo likhA gayA hai ki dhvani se aneka bImAriyAM kaTa jAtI haiM; use Aja vaijJAnika bhI svIkAra karate haiM / prazna yahAM yaha raha jAtA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tathA inake pUrva meM jitane bhI tIrthakara huye ve sabhI ne "mAlakoza" kI dhvani meM ho kyoM pravacana diye haiN| isa viSaya ke liye jijJAsuoM ko cAhiye ki naMdI sUtra, Avazyaka bhAvya dravyAnayoga aura bhagavatI sUtra Adi AgamoM ko sUkSma dRSTi se dekheM isakA sAmAnya eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki mAlakoza rAga meM teja tatva vizeSa rUpa se rahe huye haiN| vaizeSika jisake karttA kaNAda, nyAya sUtra jisake karttA gautama haiM tathA tarka-saMgraha jisake karttA annabhaTTa hai, unhoMne apane graMthoM meM teja kA svarUpa batAte huye batAyA ki teja meM eka vizeSa nitya samavAya saMbaMdha teja-guNa, rUpa rahA huA hai, vahI rUpa, teja, hara prANI ko AkarSita karatA hai aura usako grahaNa karane vAlI A~kha hai / ina saba bAtoM se yaha saralatA se samajha meM A sakatA hai ki mAlakoza kI dhvani kA yahI abhiprAya hai ki mAnava ke andara ajJAna, aMdhakAra, mithyA jJAna, aviveka jo rahA huA hai use nikAlane ke liye teja zakti tApa aura vaise hI rUpa kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai ki vaha aMdhakAra rUpI mithyAbhimAna se nikalakara vAstavika apane svarUpa ko dekhe aura usa teja ko grahaNa kara aMdhakAra se chuTakArA pAye kahAvata bhI hai ki jisake cahare aura vANI meM teja (nUra) nahIM, vaha nara hote huye bhI narAdhama hai| hama Apa sabhI yahI bAta kahate haiM ki sAmAnya mAnava kI vANI kitanI gaMbhIra aura tejapUrNa hai ki usake vANI ko sunakara krUra se krUra hiMsaka prANI bhI; jisa taraha AMca pAkara lohA pighala kara bahane lagatA hai, usI prakAra usameM bhI rahe huye bure vicAra pighalakara bahane lagate haiM / aisI avasthA meM yadi hama mithyA abhimAna ko eka bAjU meM rakhakara zAnta citta se vicAra kareM to vAstavikatA hamAre samajha meM A jAvegI ki sAmAnya jana kI vANI meM dhvani kA itanA prabhAva hai to jo tIrthakara yA avatArI puruSa yA bhagavAna hote haiM unakI vANI kI dhvani kitanI teja yukta rahatI hogI ki usa vANI ke prabhAva se tInoM loka ke prANI apanI bhUloM ko svIkAra karake unake caraNoM meM mastaka jhukAkara apane ko ahobhAgya samajhate haiN| jaina darzana saMsAra ko jaba anAdi - anaMta mAnatA hai taba yaha kathana prAgetihAsika kAla kA ho jAtA hai| isaliye hama aitihAsika dRSTi se isake viSaya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI upasthiti meM saMgIta kA jaina darzana meM kitanA sthAna thA isI ko lakSya kara hI isakA pratipAdana karate haiM / AgamoM meM jo saMkalana kiyA gayA vaha kramabaddha na hokara prasaMgAnusAra pAyA jAtA hai| hamAre sAmane isa samaya jo saMkalana hai vaha vAcanA devavRddhi 173

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gaNikA hai / isake pUrva 3 vAcanA kA saMkalana huA thA zaMkhikA, (4) kharamuhI, (5) peyA (6) pIripiriyAjo lipibaddha nahIM miltaa| isase anumAna lagAyA jA zUkara-puTAvanaddhamukhovAdya vizeSa, (7) paNava-laghu paTaha, sakatA hai ki ve vAcanAyeM punarAvartI ke rUpa meM mukhAgrahI (8) paTaha, (9) horaMbha (10) mahADhakkA, (11) merI, karA dI gayI hoNgii| yadi lekha rUpa meM hote to kucha aMzoM (12) jhallarI, (13) dudubhi-vRkSa ke eka bhAga ko meM avazya milte| jaina AgamoM ke sivAya anya prakaraNoM bhedakara banAyA gayA vAdya, (14) muraja-zaMkaTamukhI, meM aura svataMtra rUpa se bhI ati sUkSma dRSTi se likhe (15) madaMga Adi 60 prakAra ke vAdyoM kA ullekha gaye grantha saMpUrNa nahIM milte| una granthoM kA nAma anya kiyA gayA hai| granthoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| isameM anumAna lagAyA vRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 24 vRtti jAtA hai ki kucha asAvadhAnI se kharAba ho gaye, kucha bAhara videza cale gaye aura isake pUrva bhAratIya darzana isa pustaka meM vAdyoM ke nAmoM kA nimna prakAra se kA adhikAMza bhAga jaina, vaidika Adi sabhI darzanoM sahita ullekha milatA hai:naSTa kara diyA gyaa| isaliye hamAre sAmane jo varta (1) bhaMbhA (2) mukunda (3) maddala (4) kaDaMba mAna meM grantha Agama Adi haiM unhIM ke AdhAra para kucha (5) jhallari (6) huDukka (7) kAMsyatAla (8) kAhala digdarzana karAyA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna anusaMdhAnakartA (9) talimA (10) vaMza (11) paNava tathA (risarca karane vAle) vartamAna granthoM ke AdhAra para hI aMtima chApa lagA baiThate haiM / para yaha vicAraNIya hai ki (12) zaMkha / aMtima chApa to vaha lagA sakatA hai jo sarvajJa aura sthAnADa ga7,u.3 evaM anuyoga dvAra aMtarayAmI ho| chadmastha yadi aisA karatA hai to yaha usakI anAdhikAra ceSTA hai| uparokta granthoM meM "saMgIta" kI vyAkhyA vizada rUpa se kI gayI hai| isameM gIta ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye vAdyoM se saMbaMdhita graMtha sthAnAga 4 (1) prArambha meM mRdu (2) madhya meM te (3) anta prastuta grantha meM vAdyoM ke cAroM prakAroM ke vargI- meM manda / karaNa kA ullekha hai / jaise : gIta ke doSa (1) tat --taMtuvAdya, vINA Adi, (1) bhItaM-bhayabhIta mAnasa se gayA jAya, (2) titata-maMDhe huye vAdya, paTaha Adi, (2) drutaM-bahuta zIghra zIghra gAyA jAya, (3) ghana-kAMsyatAla (3) apitvaM-zvAsa yukta zIghra gAyA jAya athavA hasva svara laghu svara se hI gAyA jAya / (4) jhuzira-zuSira-phUka dvArA bajane vAle vAdya, bAMsurI aadi| (4) uttAlaM-ati uttAla svara se va avasthAna tAla se gAyA jaay| rAjapraznIya sUtra 64 (5) kAkasvaraM-kaue kI taraha karNa-kaTu zabdoM prastuta grantha meM (1) zaMkha, (2) zRga, (3) se gAyA jAya / 174

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(6) anunAsikama-anunAsikA se gAyA jaay| akSarAdi sama bhI sAta prakAra kA hai : (1) akSara sama-hasva, dIrgha, pluta, sAnunAsikA se yukta / gIta ke ATha guNa (1) pUrNa-svara, laya aura kalA se yukta gAyA jaay| (2) rakta-pUrNa tallIna hokara gAyA jAya / (3) alaMkRta-svara vizeSa se alaMkRta hokara gAyA jAya / (4) vyakta-spaSTa gAyA jAya / (5) avidhuSTaM-aviparIta svara se gAyA jAya / (6) madhuraM - kokilA kI taraha madhura gAyA jaay| (7) sama-tAla, vaza, va svara se samatva gAyA jaay| (8) sulalitaM-komala svara se gAyA jaay| (2) pada-sama : pada vinyAsa se yukta / (3) tAla-sama : tAla ke anukUla kara Adi kA hilaanaa| (4) graha-sama : bAMsurI yA sitAra kI taraha gaanaa| (5) laya-sama : vAdya yaMtroM ke sAtha svara milA kara gaanaa| (6) nizvasittocchavasito-sama : zvAsa grahaNa karane aura nikAlane kA krama vyavasthita / (7) saMcAra-sama : vAdya yaMtroM ke sAtha gAnA / prakArAntara se anya ATha guNa : anya ATha guNa (1) urovizuddha-akSasthala se vizuddha hokara niklnaa| (2) kaNThavizuddha-jo svara bhaMga na ho| (3) zirovizuddha-mUrdhA ko prApta hokara bhI jo svara-nAsikA se mizrita nahIM hotaa| (4) mRduka-jo rAga komala svara se gAI jaay| (5) riMgita-AlApa ke kAraNa svara aThakheliyAM karatA sA pratIta ho|| (6) padabaddha-jo geya pada viziSTha lAlitya yukta bhASA meM nirmita kiye gaye hoN| (7) samatAla pratyutkSepa-nartakI kA pAda nikSepa aura tAla Adi paraspara mile hoN| (8) sapta svara somara-sAtoM svara akSarAdi se milAna khAte hoN| (1) nirdoSa-gIta ke vattIsa doSa se rahita gaanaa| (2) sAravantaM-viziSTha artha se yukta gaanaa| (3) hetuyukta-gIta se nibaddha, artha kA gamaka aura hetu yukt| (4) alaMkRtaM-upamAdi alaMkAroM se yukt| (5) upanItaM-upanaya se yukta / (6) sopacAraM kaThina na ho, vizuddha ho / (7) mitaM--saMkSipta va sAra yukta / (8) madhuraMbha--mogya zabdoM ke cayana se zrati madhura / . chanda ke tIna prakAra : (1) sama-cAroMpAda ke akSaroM kI saMkhyA smaan| . (2) arghasama-prathama aura tRtIya, dvitIya aura caturtha pAda samAna saMkhyA bAle hoN| 175

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ho| (3) viSamasama-kisI bhI pAda kI saMkhyA eka SaDaja grAma ko sAta mUrcchanAe~ : dUsare se nahIM milatI ho| (1) mArgA (2) kauravI (3) haritA (4) ratnA sapta-svara : (5) sArakAntA (6) sArasI (7) zuddha ssddjaa| (1) SaDaja : nAsikA, kaMTha, chAtI, tAlu, jivhA, madhya grAma kI sAta mUrcchanAeM : dAMta ina chaha sthAnoM se utpanna / (1) uttaramaMdA (2) ratnA (3) uttarA (2) RSabha : jaba vAyu nAbhi se utpanna hokara (4) uttarAsamA (5) samakAntA (6) suvIrA kaNTha aura murvA se Takkara khAkara (7) amiruupaa| vRSabha ke zabda kI taraha nikalatA gAMdhAra grAma ko sAta mUrcchanAeM : (1) nadI (2) kSudrikA (3) pUrimA (4) zuddha (3) gAMdhAra : jaba vAyu nAbhi se utpanna hokara hRdaya aura kaNTha ko sparza karatA gAMdhAra (5) uttaragAMdhAra (6) suSThutara mAyAmA (7) uttarAyata kottiyaa| huA sagaMdha nikalatA ho / (4) madhyama : jo zabda nAbhi se utpanna hokara ra saMgIta-zAstra meM mUrcchanAoM ke nAma anya upalabdha hote ga hRdaya se Takkara khAkara puna: nAbhi meM pahuMce / arthAt andara hI andara (1) lalitA (2) madhyamA (3) citrA (4) gUMjatA rhe| rohiNI (5) mataMgajA (6) sauborI (7) ssnnmdhyaa| (5) paMcama : nAbhi, hRdaya, chAtI, kaMTha aura (1) paMcamA (2) matsarI (3) mRdumadhyamA sira ina pAMca sthAnoM se utpanna (4) zuddhA (5) atrA (6) kalAvatI (7) tIvA / hone vAlA svara / (1) raudrI (2, brAhmI (3) vaiSNavI (4) khevarI 16) ghevata : anya sabhI svaroM kA jisameM mela (5) sUrA (6) nAdAvatI (7) vishaalaa| ho, isakA apara nAma dhevata bhI hai| vartamAna kI upalabdhiyoM se vaidika granthoM ke AdhAra . (7) niSAda : jo svara apane teja se anya svaroM para bharata kA nATyazAstra Adi mAnA jAtA hai, jisameM ko dabA detA hai aura jisakA saMgIta vibhAga (28 saMgIta vibhAga (28 se 36 taka) hai| usameM gIta aura devatA sarya ho| vAdyoM kA vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai kintu rAgoM ke nAma aura unakA vivaraNa nahIM batAyA gyaa| grAma aura mUrcchanAe~ : bharata ke ziSya dattila, kohala aura vizAkhiya ina sAta svaroM ke tIna grAma haiM : tInoM ne grantha kI racanA kI thii| prathama kA dattilam, (1) SaDaj grAma (2) madhya grAma tathA (3) dUsare kA kohalIyama aura tIsare kA vizA khiliyama gAMdhAra grAma / grantha thaa| vartamAna meM vizAkhilam aprApta hai| 176

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AriyenTala sIrIja, bar3audA se prakAzita ho gayA hai| yaha grantha svayaM sudhAkalaza dvArA vi.saM. 1380 meM racita "saMgItopaniSada" kA svarUpa hai| isa graMtha meM 6 adhyAya haiM aura 610 zloka haiN| prathama adhyAya meM gIta prakAzana, dUsare meM prazasti saupAzraya-tAla prakAzana, tIsare meM guNasvara rAgAdi prakAzana aura chaThe meM nitya paddhati prakAzana hai| madhyakAla meM hindustAnI aura karNATaka kI paddha- tiyoM kA pracAra huA aura usake sAtha AcAryoM ne saMgIta para aneka grantha bhI likhane prAraMbha kara diye| san 1200 meM saba paddhatiyoM kA maMthana kara zAraMgadeva ne, "saMgIta ratnAkAra" nAmaka graMtha likhaa| usa para chaH TIkA graMtha bhI likhe gye| inameM se cAra TIkA graMtha upalabdha nahIM haiM / ardhabhAgadhI (prAkRta) meM racita "anuyoga dvAra" sUtra meM saMgIta viSayaka sAmagrI padya meM milatI hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki prAkRta saMskRta meM bhI aneka graMtha rahe hoMge kyoMki koI bhI graMtha likhane ke liye usake pUrva kI AdhArazilA Avazyaka rahatI hai| uparokta jaina AgamoM aura anya granthoM ke AdhAra para jaina AcAryoM ne bhI saMgIta para kucha granthoMki racanA ati painI dRSTi se kI hai| yaha kRti "saMgIta makaraMda" aura saMgIta pArijAta se bhI viziSThatara aura adhika mahatva kI hai| isa graMtha meM naracandra sUri kA, "saMgItajJa" ke rUpa meM bhI ullekha huA hai| prazasti meM apanI "saMgItopaniSat" racanA ke vi. saM. 1380 hone kA ullekha bhI hai| "saMgIta samayasAra" (yaha grantha trivendrama saMskRta granthamAlA meM chApA gayA hai)| maladhArI, amayadevasari kI paramparA meM abhIcandra sUri ho gaye haiN| ve saMgIta-zAstra meM vizArada the, aisA ullekha sudhAkalaza muni ne kiyA hai / digambara jaina muni abhayacanda ke ziSya mahAdevAcArya "saMgItopaniSata" aura unake ziSya pArzvacandra ne, 'saMgIta samayasAra" nAma ke grantha kI racanA lagabhaga vi. saM. 1380 meM kI ___ AcArya rAjazekhara sUri ke ziSya sudhAkalaza ne hai| isa grantha meM nava adhikaraNa hai, jinameM nAda, dhvani, "saMgItopaniSata" grantha kI racanA saM. 1308 meM kI sthAyI, rAga, vAdya, abhinaya, tAla, mastAra aura aisA ullekha granthakAra ne svayaM saM. 1406 meM apane Adhvayoga-isa prakAra aneka viSayoM para prakAza DAlA "saMgItopaniSata sArodAra" nAmaka grantha kI prazasti meM gayA hai / isameM pratApa digambara aura zaMkaranAmaka granthoM kiyA hai| yaha bahuta bar3A thA jo abhI taka upalabdha nahIM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai aura bhoja, sAmezvara, para- ho paayaa| mardI ina tIna rAjAoM kA nAma bhI pAyA jAtA hai| (vizeSa paricaya ke liye dekheM jaina siddhAMta bhAskara sudhAkalaza ne "ekAkSaranAma mAlA" kI bhI racanA bhAga-9 aMka-2 aura bhAga-10 aMka-10) / kI hai| "saMgItopaniSat sArobAra" "saMgIta maMDana" yaha grantha AcArya rAjazeSara sUri ke ziSya sudhAkalaza mAlavA-mAMDavagar3ha ke sulatAna AlamazAha ke matrI ne vi. saM. 1406 meM likhaa| yaha graMtha gAyakavAr3A maMDana ne vividha viSayoM para aneka graMtha likhe haiM / unameM 177

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"saMgIta maMDala" mI eka hai| isa graMtha kI racanA saM. se zikSA-dIkSA Adi dekara sAdhaka kI ruci ke anusAra 1490 ke Asa-pAsa huI hai| isakI hasta-likhita prati / usameM use pravINa karA diyA jAtA hai| kisI bhI kArya milatI hai| graMtha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| kI pUrti ke liye mukhya do sAdhana hote haiM / prathama AMta rika tathA dUsarA vAhya / vAhma sAdhana AMtarika kA "saMgIta dIpaka, saMgIta ratnavAlI, saMgIta piMgala" pUraka hai| isaliye graMthoM kA prakAzana zikSA-dIkSA jitane bhI kArya kiye yA karAye jAte haiM, AMtarika mAvoM kI - ina tInoM graMthoM kA ullekha jaina granthAvalI meM jAgRti vizeSa ke liye hI hote haiN| vaha jAgRta avasthA milatA hai| parantu inake viSaya meM abhI taka nAma ke cAhe bhautika vastu kI prApti ke liye ho athavA AdhyAsivAya vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM miltii| tmika niHzreya mArga ko prApta karane ke liye ho; yaha to sAdhaka ke mAnasika vicAroM aura usake pakSa para nATya hI AdhArita hai| RSi-muniyoM ne jo mArga darzana hameM karAyA unakA ekamAtra lakSya nizreya mArga arthAta apayo yaM svabhAvo lokasya sukha duHkha smnvit:| / varga mArga kA hI vizeSa lakSya rahA hai| paraMtu bhautika soAMgAdyabhinayo yeto, naattymitybhidhiiyte|| yA artha kI ora jinakA lakSya rahA, unhoMne isakA upayoga artha prApti ke liye hI kiyaa| isase ina duHkhI, zokArta, zrAMta evaM tapasvI vyaktiyoM ko kalAoM meM svAbhAvika guNa aura zakti kA hrAsa hone vizrAMta dene ke liye nATya kI sRSTi kI gyii| sukha lagA hai kyoMki lakSya, loka ruci kI ora hone se loka duHkha se yukta loka svabhAva hI AMgika, vAcika ityAdi ruci anusAra raMjakatA lAne ke liye ina rAgoM, mudrAoM abhinavoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa nATya kahalAtA hai| aura nATya kalAoM meM parivartana karanA par3atA hai| isase nATya mudrAyeM aura citrakalA-prANiyoM ke liye eka vahAM kI vastukalA vAstavikatA se haTakara apane svarUpa vizeSa svAbhAvikatA rahI hai, jisake AdhAra para hI ko kho baiThatI hai| yaha apane mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika bhAvoM kA dUsaroM para prabhAva DAlatA hai| nATyakalA, mudrAkalA "nATaya varSaNa".. . aura saMgIta kalA ye tInoM kalA Apasa meM isa taraha milI huI haiM ki jisa prakAra sUrya se tApa yA prakAza alaga . . , kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandra sUri ke do ziSyoM kavi nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| mAnaba ke aMta:sthala meM jana kahArayala viruddhadhAraka rAmacandra sUri aura unake guru bhAvAveza kI jAgRti hotI hai| tadanukUla usakI mAna mAI guNacandra gaNi ne milakara "nATyadarpaNa" kI racanA sika, vAcika tathA kAyika ceSTAyeM svataH svAbhAvika vi. saM. 1200 ke Asa-pAsa kI hai| (necurala) prakaTa hone lagatI haiM / ye tInoM kalAyeM sIkhanI nATyadarpaNa meM cAra viveka haiM jinameM saba milakara nahIM pdd'tiiN| vaha (mAnava) janma se hI sAtha lekara 207 padya haiN| janmatA hai aura maraNoparAMta bhI punarjanma ke samaya usake sAtha banI rahatI haiN| loka AkarSaNa ke liye mAnasika prathama viveka "nATyadarpaNa" meM nATaka saMbaMdhI saba pravatti na hone para bhI vaisA bhAva dikhAnA jaba kabhI bAtoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM 1 nATaka 2 Avazyaka hotA hai aura usakA nirAkaraNa karanA bhI prakaraNa, 3 nATikA, 4 prakaraNI, 5 vyAyoga, 6 samavaAvazyaka hotA hai aisI avasthA meM usameM vizeSa rUpa kAra, 7 bhANa, 8 prahasana, 9 Dima, 10-uttasrAsti '. gh| 178

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kArtaka. 11 rAmRtA tathA 12 vIthI - isa prakAra bAraha prakAra ke rUpaka batAye gaye haiN| pAMca avasthAoM aura pAMca saMdhiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai / dvitIya viveka " prakaraNAdyakAdazanirNaya" meM prakaraNa se lekara bothI taka ke 11 rUpakoM kA varNana hai / isameM vRtti, rasa, bhAva aura abhinaya kA vivecana hai / tRtIya viveka "vRttirasa bhAvAbhinaya vicAra" meM cAra vRttiyoM, nava rasoM, nava sthAyI bhAvoM, taiMtIsa vyabhicArI bhAvoM, rasa Adi ATha anubhAvoM aura abhinavoM kA nirUpaNa hai / AcArya rAmacandra sUri aura guNa candra gaNi ne apane nATyadarpaNa para svoSajJa vivRtti kI racanA kI caturthaM viveka "sarvarUpaka sAdhAraNa lakSaNa nirNaya" hai / isameM rUpakoM ke udAharaNa 55 granthoM se diye gaye meM sabhI rUpakoM ke lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM / haiM / svaracita kRtiyoM se bhI udAharaNa liye haiM / isameM uparUpakoM ke svarUpa kA Alekha kiyA gayA hai| AcArya rAmacandra sUri samartha Azukavi ke rUpa meM prasiddha the; guNa-dopo ke bar3e parIkSaka the / inhoMne nATaka Adi aneka graMthoM kI racanA kI / guru hemacandracArya ne jina nATaka Adi granthoM para nahIM likhA thA una viSayoM para inhoMne apanI lekhanI claaii| ye prabaMdha zatakartA bhI mAne gaye haiN| prabaMdha zataka grantha abhI taka prApta nahIM huA hai / aise samaya kavi kI akAla mRtyu saM. 1230 ke Asa-pAsa rAjA ajayapAla ke nimitta huI / aisI sUcanA prabaMdha se milatI hai| inake gurubhAI guNacandra sUri bhI samartha vidvAna the / unhoMne "savRttika dravyAlaMkAra" AcArya rAmacandra sUri ke sAtha racanA kI hai| AcArya rAmacandra sUri ne jo grantha likhe haiM, unameM vartamAna samaya meM nimnalikhita grantha upalabdha haiM : (1) kaumudImiyANaMda ( prakaraNa ), ( 2 ) nalavilAsa (nATaka), (3) nirbhaya, (4) mallikAmakaraMda ( prakaraNa ), ( 5 ) yAdavAbhyudaya (nATaka), (6) raghuvilAsa (nATaka), ( 7 ) rAghavAbhyudaya (nATaka), (8) rohiNI mRgAMka ( prakaraNa ), ( 9 ) banamAlA ( nATikA ), ( 10 ) satya - harizcandra (nATaka). (11) sughAkalaza ( koSa), (12) Adidevastavana, (13) kumAra vihArazatake, ( 14 ) jinattetra, (15) nemistva, ( 16 ) manasubrastva, ( 17 ) duvilAsa ( 18 ) siddha hemacandra, zabdAnuzAsana, laghunyAsa, ( 19 ) solaha sAdhAraNa jinastva, (20) prasAddhAtri zikara ( 21 ) yugAdidvAtrizikA (22) vyatirekadvAtriMzikA, (23) prabaMghazata - yaha graMthi abhI taka aprApta hai / "AcArya darpaNavRtti" dhanaMjaya ke " dazarUpaka" graMthoM ko Adarza rUpa meM rakhakara yaha vivRtti likhI gayI / bivRttikAra ne kahIM-kahIM ghanaMjaya ke mata se bhinna mata bhI pradarzita kiyA hai| bharata ke nATya meM pUrvApara viroSa hai, aisA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / apane guru AcArya hemacandrAcArya ke "kAvyAnuzAsana" meM bhI kahIM-kahIM bhinna mata kA bhI nirUpaNa milatA hai / isa dRSTi se yaha kRti vizeSa taura se adhyayana karane yogya hai / nATyadarpaNa svapota vivRtti ke sAtha gAyakavADA oriyenTala sIrIja meM do bhAgoM meM chapA hai| isa grantha kA ke. eca. trivedikRta AlocanAtmaka adhyayana lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, ahamadAbAda se prakAzita huA hai / "prabaMdha zataka" AcArya hemacandra sUri ke ziSyatva AcArya rAmacandra sUri ne 'nATyadarpaNa" ke atirikta nATyazAstra viSayaka "prabaMdha zataka" nAmaka graMtha kI bhI racanA kI thI jo aprApya hai / 176

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"kalA-kalApa". "citravarNa saMgraha vAyaDa gacchIya jinadata sUri ke ziSya amaracandra somarAja racita "ratna parIkSA" grantha ke aMta meM sUri kI kRtiyoM ke bAre meM prabaMdha koza meM ullekha haiM, "citravarNa" saMgraha ke 42 zlokoM kA prakaraNa atyaMta jisaneM "kalA-kalApa" nAmaka kRti kA bhI nirdeza hai / upayogI hai| isa graMtha kA zAstra rUpa meM ullekha hai / parantu abhI taka yaha aprApya hai| isameM 72 yA 74 prakaraNoM kA nirUpaNa isameM mittacitra banAne ke liye bhitti kaisI honI hai, aisI saMbhAvanA hai / cAhiye, raMga kaisA banAnA cAhiye, ityAdi byorevAra varNana hai| "masI-vicAra" prAcIna bhArata meM sittanabAsala, ajaMtA, vAgha Adi "masI-vicAra" nAmaka grantha jesalemara bhaMDAra meM hai, guphAoM meM aura rAjA-mahArAjoM tathA zreSThiyoM ke jisameM tADapatra aura kAgaja para likhane kI syAhI prasAdoM meM citroM ko jo Alekhita kiyA jAtA thA, banAne kI prakriyA batAyI gayI hai| isakA jaina granthAusakI vidhi isa choTe se graMtha se banAI gaI hai| yaha valI . 362 meM ullekha hai| prakaraNa aprakAzita hai| 18

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bhAratIya zilpakalA ke vikAsa meM jaina zilpakalA kA yogadAna bhArata kI prAcya saMskRti ke lie jahA~ jaina sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai, vahIM jaina kalA ke adhyayana kA bhI kucha kama mahatva nahIM hai / jena kalA apanI kucha viziSTa vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa bhAratIya kalA meM apanA viziSTa mahatva rakhatI / jaina dharma kI svarNima - gaurava garimA ko pratIka pratimAe~, purAtana maMdira, vizAla staMbhAdi prAcIna bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke jvalaMta nidarzana haiM / atIta inameM aMtarnihita hai / sambatA evaM saMskRti kI rakSA evaM abhivRddhi meM sAhityakAra jahA~ lekhanI ke mAdhyama se samAja meM apane bhAvoM ko vyakta karatA haiM, vahIM kalAkAra pArthiva upAdAnoM ke mAdhyama dvArA Atmastha bhAvoM ko apanI sadhI huI chainI se vyakta karatA hai / mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM jainakalA ne arhantoM kI agaNita kAyotsarga evaM padmAsana dhyAna magna mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai jo pASANa se lekara mUMgA, hIrA, pukharAja, nIlama Adi se nirmita hai / mAmUlI tA~bA, pItala se lekara rajata, svarNa jaisI bahumUlya dhAtuoM se nirmita AkAra meM choTI se choTI evaM bar3I se bar3I jaina dharma kI ina pratimAoM meM kitanI hI to caturmukha evaM kitanI hI sarvatobhadra haiM / jaina purAtatva kI pramukha vastu pratimA hai / bhArata ke vibhinna bhUbhAgoM meM jaina mUrtiyoM kI upalabdhi hotI rahatI hai, jinakI maulika mudrA eka hote hue bhI parikara meM prAMtIya prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai / mukhAkRti para bhI asara hotA hai / DA0 zivakumAra nAmadeva jaina mata meM mUrtipUjA kI prAcInatA evaM vikAsa kA itihAsa atyanta prAcIna hai / jaina mata do pramukha paMtha zvetAMbara evaM digambara meM vibhAjita hai / zvetAMbara sadaiva hI apanI pratimAoM ko vastrAbhUSaNa Adi se susajjita rakhate the / ye puSpAdi dravyoM kA prayoga karate haiM tathA apane devAlayoM meM dIpaka bhI nahIM jalAte / digambara mUrtiyA~ nagna rahatIM thIM / 1. jaina mata meM mUrti pUjA kI prAcInatA evaM vikAsa- zivakumAra nAmadeva, anekAMta, maI 1974 181

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bhArata kI prAcInatama mUrtiyA~ sindhu ghATI meM bhAratIya kalA kA kramabaddha itihAsa mauryakAla se mohana jodar3o evaM har3appA Adi sthaloM ke utkhanana se prApta hotA hai / mauryakAla meM magadha jaina dharma kA pramukha prApta huI haiN| isa sabhyatA meM prApta mohana jodar3o ke kendra thaa| isa kAla kI tIrtha kara kI eka pratimA pazupati ko yadi zaiva dharma ko deva mAneM to har3appA se lohAnIpura se prApta huI hai / mUrti ke hAtha evaM mastaka prApta nagna dhar3a ko digambara kI khaMDita mUrti mAnane meM TUTa gaye haiN| para bhI jaMghA ke pAsa se nahIM haiN| pratimA Apatti nahIM honI caahie| para mauryakAlIna uttama pAliza hai| taMga vakSasthala tathA kSINa zarIra jainoM ke tapasyArata zarIra kA uttama namUnA sindhu sabhyatA ke pazuoM meM eka vizAla skaMdha hai| pITha prAya. caurasa hai, pIche se kATha se pratIta hotI yukta vRSabha tathA eka jaTAjUTadhArI kA aMkana hai| . hai| yaha pratimA kisI tAkha meM rakhakara pUjArtha prayukta vRSabha tathA eka jaTAjUTa ke kAraNa ise prathama jaina tIrtha kI jAtI rahI hogii| pArzvanAtha kI eka kAMsya mUti jo kara AdinAtha kA anumAna kara sakate haiN| har3appA se , mauryakAla kI mAnI jAtI hai, kAyotsargAsana meM hai| prApta mudrA kramAMka 300, 317 evaM 318 meM aMkita yaha pratimA bambaI ke saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita hai| pratibhA ajAnalaMbita. bAhadvaya sahita kAyotsarga madrA meM hai / haDappA ke atirikta uparokta sAkSya hameM mohanajodar3o meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai|' zugakAla (185 I. pU. se 72 I. pU.) meM jaina dharma ke astitva kI dyotaka katipaya pratimAyeM upalabdha mathurA evaM udayagiri-khaNDagiri kA purAtatva bhI huI. haiM / lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya' meM saMrakSita zugayugIna jina mUrtiyoM ke prAcIna Astitva ko siddha karate haiN| mathurA se prApta eka kapATa para RSamadeva ke sammukha jana stUpa para mUrtiyAM aMkita rahatI thIM / IsA kI apsarA nIlAMjanA kA nRtya citrita hai / kapATa meM aneka pahalI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM vaha prAcIna stUpa vidyamAna narezoM sahita RSamadeva ko baiThe hue dikhAyA gayA hai, thA jo isa kAla meM deva-nirmita samajhA jAtA thA aura nartakI kA dakSiNa paira nRtya mudrA meM uThA huA hai tathA jise bulhara tathA smitha ne bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke kAla dakSiNa hAtha bhI nRtya kI bhaMgimayA ko prastuta kara kA batAyA thaa| hai| saMgata-rAza nikaTa hI baiThe hue haiN| . .. - - "2. sTeDIja ina jaina ArTa -yU. pI. zAha, citra phalaka kramAMka 1 3. saravAibala oNpha di har3appA kalcara-TI. jI. amUthana, pRSTha 55 / 4. haDappA gratha 1, vatsa ema. esa., pRSTha 129-130, phalaka 931 5. bahI, pRSTha 28, mArzala-mohana jodar3o enDaM inDasa balI sivilAijezana, graMtha 1, phalaka 12, AkRti 13. 14. 18, 19, 22 / 6. nihAraraMjana re-maurya enDa zuga ArTa, citra phalaka 28, kAmprihenasiva hisTrI oNpha inDiyA -saMpAdaka ke. e. nIlakaMThazAstrI, citra phalaka 38, sTeDIja ina jaina ArTa-yU. pI zAha, citra phalaka 1 kramAMka 2, maurya sAmrAjya kA itihAsa-satya ketu vidyAlaMkAra, citra phalaka 10, bhAratIya kalA ko bihAra kI dena-vindhyezvarIprasAda siMha, citra saMkhyA 301 7. sTeDIja ina jaina ArTa-yU. pI. zAha, citra phalaka 2, AkRti / 182

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priMsa oNpha velsamyUjiyama bambaI meM jaina tIrtha kara kuSANa yuga ke aneka kalAtmaka udAharaNa mathUrA pArzvanAtha kI prAcIna kAMsya pratimA saMgrahIta hai / yaha ke kaMkAlI TIle kI khudAI se upalabdha hue haiN| yahA~ kAyotsargAsana meM hai, unakA sarpaphaNoM kA vitAna evaM se prApta eka AyAgapaTTa jisa para mahAsvastika kA dakSiNa kara khaMDita hai / oSTha laMbe evaM hRdaya para cinha banA hai, ke madhya meM chatra ke nIcepadmAsana meM zrIvatsa cinhAMkita nahIM hai. jo paravartIkAla meM prApta tIrthakara mUrti hai, unake cAroM ora svastika kI cAra hotA hai| zrI yU.pI. zAha ne pratimA kA kAla 100 I. bhujAeM haiN| tIrtha kara ke maNDala kI cAra dizAoM meM pU. ke lagabhaga siddha kiyA hai / cAra triratna dikhAye gaye haiN| kalAtmaka dRSTi se lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita AyAgapaTTa' (kramAMka je. ___ zaM gakAlIna kaMkAlI TolA (mathurA) se jaina stUpa 249) mahatvapUrNa hai / isakI sthApanA siMhanAdika ne ke avazeSa prApta hue haiM isake sAtha hI usI kAla ke arhat pUjA ke lie kI thI / madhya meM padmAsana para pUjA paTTa bhI upalabdha hue hai jinheM AyAga paTTa bhI baiThI huI tIrthaka ra mUrti hai / paTTa kI bAhya caukhaTa para kahA jAtA thA / yaha prastara alaMkRta haiM tathA ATha ATha maMgalika cinha haiN| mAMgalika cinhoM se yukta hai| pUjA nimitta amohinI ne ise pradAna kiyA thA / isa yuga kA eka pradhAna kendra AyAgapaTTa para jo mAMgalika cinha haiM unakI ur3IsA meM thaa| yahA~ kI udayagiri pahAr3iyoM para jaina sthiti se mUrti ko jana pratimA mAnane meM saMdeha nahIM dharma se sambandhita gRhAyeM utkIrNa haiN| raha jAtA ye cinha haiM =svAstika, darpaNa, bhasmapAtra, zuMga evaM kuSANa yuga meM mathurA jaina dharma kA prAcIna veMta kI tipAI (bhadrAsana), do machaliyA~, puSpamAlA kendra thA / yahA~ ke kaMkAlI TIle ke utkhanana se baha- evaM pustaka / kuSANa yuga ke anya AyAgapaTa Ta para jo saMkhyaka mUrtiyA~ prApta haI haiN| ye mUtiyA~ kisI samaya mAMgalika khude haiM unameM darpaNa tathA naMdhAvarta kA abhAva mathurA ke do stUpoM meM lagI haI thIM / ahaMta naMdhAvarta hai| saMbhavataH kaniSka ke kAla (prathama sadI I.) taka kI eka pratimA jisakA kAla 89 I. hai, isa stUpa ke aSTamAMgalika cinhoM kI aMtima sUcI nizcita na ho utkhanana se prApta huI hai| sakI thii| yahA~ se upalabdha jaina mUrtiyAM, boTa mUrtiyoM se vivecya yuga meM pradhAnataH tIrtha kara kI pratimAeM itanA sahazya rakhatI haiM ki donoM kA vibheda karanA taiyAra kI gaI jo kAyotsarga evaM Asana avasthA meM kaThina ho jAtA hai| yadi zrIvatsa para dhyAna na diyA haiN| mathurA ke zilpayoM ke sammukha yakSa kI pratimAyeM hI jAya to UparI aMgoM kI samAnatA ke kAraNa jaina ko Adarza thIM, ataH kAyotsarga sthiti meM tIthaM kara kI bauddha evaM bauddha ko jaina mUrti kahane meM koI Apatti nahIM vizAlakAya nagna mUrtiyA~ banane lgiiN| kaMkAlI TIle ke hogI / kAraNa yaha thA ki kuSANa yuga ke prArambha meM utkhanana se prApta vahasaMkhyaka nagna tIrtha kara kI pratimAyeM kalA meM dhArmika kaTTaratA nahIM thii| lakhanaU ke saMgrahAlaya meM haiM / tIrtha kara pratimAoM meM 8. vahI, AkRti 31 9. bhAratIya kalA- vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, pRSTha 281-282, citra phalaka 3161 10. vahI. pRSTha 282-283, citra saMkhyA 318 | .... ...

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adhovastra kA samAveSa kuSANayuga ke pazcAta kiyA pratimAoM kI saMkhyA paryApta rUpa se milatI hai| tAMtrika gayA / isa yuga meM tIrtha karoM ke vibhinna pratIkoM kA bhAvanA ne kalA ko prabhAvita kiyA / kalAkAroM kA parijJAna na ho sakA thA / vibhinna tIrtha karoM ko paha- kAryakSetra vistRta ho gayA, parantu zAstrIya niyamoM se cAnane ke lie tIrtha karoM kI caukiyoM para aMkita baddha hone ke kAraNa jaina kalAkAroM ko svataMtratA na lekhoM meM nAma kA ullekha hI paryApta thaa| rahI / isa yuga meM 24 tIrthakaroM se sambandhita caubIsa yakSa-yakSiNI ko bhI kalA meM sthAna diyA gyaa| ..kuSANa yuga meM mathurA kalA meM tIrtha karoM ke lAMchana nahIM pAye jAte haiM, jinase kAlAMtara meM unakI pahacAna prAcIna bhArata ke mahatvapUrNa nagara vidizA ke kI jAtI thI / kevala AdinAtha ke kaMdhoM para khule nikaTa durjanapUra grAma se kucha varSa pUrva rAmaguptakAlIna hae kezoM kI laTeM dikhAI gaI hai aura supArzvanAtha ke tIna abhilesana tIna abhilekha yukta jaina pratimAyeM prApta haMI thii| ina niyA meM mastaka para sarpaphaNoM kA ATopa hai| tIrtha kara mUrtiyoM pratimAoM kI prApti se bhAratIya itihAsa meM ardazatI ke vakSa para zrIvatsa evaM mastaka ke pIche tejacakra yA se cale A rahe isa vivAda kA nirAkaraNa saMbhava ho prabhAmaNDala pAyA jAtA hai| phaNATopa vAlI mUrtiyoM meM __ sakA ki rAmagupta gupta zAsaka thA yA nhiiN|" kA prabhAmaNDala nahIM rhtaa| caukI para kevala cakra dhvaja yA jinamUrti yA siMha kA aMkana pAyA jAtA haiN| upayukta tInoM pratimAoM meM se do pratimAyeM candra prabha evaM eka arhata puSpadaMta kI haiN| yadyapi mUrtiyA~ bhAratIya itihAsa meM svarNayuga ke nAma se vikhyAta kucha nagna haiM tathApi kalAtmaka dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiM / guptakAla meM yadyapi jainadharma adhika lokapriya nahIM thA, candraprabha kI prathama mUrti ke dakSiNa karNa meM eka kar3A parantu aneka sAkSyoM se isa kAla meM jaina dharma para prakAza evaM vakSa para zrIvatsa cinhAMkita haiN| padamAsanastha isa paDatA hai| isa yuga meM kalA prauDhatA ko prApta ho cukI . pratimA ke pAThapITha para madhya meM cakra evaM donoM pArzva meM thii| jaina pratimAyeM sundaratA evaM kalAtmaka dRSTi se siMha utkIrNa hai / mUrti kA zarIra gaThIlA hai / mastaka . uttama haiM / adhovastra tathA zrIvatsa ye vizeSatAyeM gupta ke pIche AbhAmaNDala thA jo naSTa ho gayA hai / candrala meM parilakSita hotI haiN| jaina mUrtiyA~ banAvaTa kI prabha kI dvitIya pratimA kA mukha bhAga pUrNarUpeNa khaMDita dRSTi se uccakoTi kI haiN| pratimAoM meM cakra, caukI hai| pIche tejomaNDala jisakA ardhabhAga hI zeSa hai| ke madhya taiyAra kie gaye, jisake donoM pArzva meM do vakSa para zrIvatsa aMkita yaha pratimA bhI padmAsanastha hiraNa yA vRSabha khode gae haiM / sire para tIna (cakra) hai / pAdapITha ke madhya cakra utkIrNa haiN| donoM pArzva rekhAoM kA chatra dikhalAyA gayA hai jisake donoM ora - para cAmaradhArI haiM / tRtIya pratimA arhata puSpadaMta kI harita sthita haiN| guptayugIna jaina pratimAoM meM yakSa hai jo uparivarNita pratimA ke hI saddazya hai / yakSiNI, mAlAvAhI gaMdharva Adi devatulya mUrtiyoM ko bhI sthAna diyA gayA thaa| uttara guptakAla meM jana kalA baksara ke nikaTa causA (bihAra) se upalabdha sambandhI aneka kendra kAma karane lge| ataH sthAnIya kucha kAMsya pratimAyeM paTanA ke saMgrahAlaya meM hai / ina 11. vidizA se prApta jaina pratimAyeM evaM rAmagupta-zivakumAra nAmadeva, anekAMta maI 1974 / vidizA se prApta pratimAyeM evaM rAmagRpta-zivakumAra nAmadeva, madhyapradeza saMdeza, 28 akTUbara 1972 / vidizA se prApta jaina pratimAyeM evaM rAmagupta kI aitihAMsikatA-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, apraila 1974 / 184

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pratimAoM meM se kucha para gaMdhAra kalA kA spaSTa prabhAva meM nirmita mahAvIra kI eka pratimA mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM dRSTigocara hotA hai / yahAM se upalabdha RSabhanAtha kI hai| yaha utthita padmAsana meM hai|16 eka sthAnaka pratimA mahatvapUrNa hai| pratimA kA prabhA / maNDala evaM zarIra gaThana kalA kI dRSTi se sundara nhiiN| ____sIrA pahAr3a kI jana guphAye tathA unameM utkIrNa manohara tIrthakara pratimAoM kA nirmANa isI kAla meM hai / oSTha moTe pratIta hote haiM / huaa| yahAM se prApta pArzvanAtha kI mUrti saptaphaNoM se yukta rAjamiri kI vaibhAra pahAr3I para eka khaMDita devA- padamAsanarUDha hai| bhArata kalA bhavana kAzI meM saMrakSita laya ke Ale meM eka pratimA padamAsanastha dhyAnAvasthita rAjaghATa se prApta dharaNendra evaM padamAvatI sahita pAvahai, pratimA ke mUrtitatva para madhya meM eka yuvA rAja- nAtha kI pratimA kalA kI dRSTi se sundara hai| kumAra akita hai jinake donoM pArzva meM pairoM ke nikaTa zaMkha haiN| prabhAmaNDala se yukta isa pratimA ko kucha vardhamAna mahAvIra ko dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pUrva vidvAnoM ne neminAtha ko mAnA thA, parantu vAstava meM jIvaMta svAmI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thA / jIvaMta yaha pratimA cakra-puruSa kI hai jo guptayugIna vicAra svAmI kI guptayugIna do pratimAyeM bar3audA saMgrahAlaya17 meM dhArA hai / isa pratimA ke donoM ora do jina padamAsana surakSita haiM / rAjakIya paridhAna meM hone se unakI meM baiThe haiN| mastaka prabhAmaNDala se suzobhita haiM / anya pahacAna saralatA se ho jAtI hai| akoThA18 se prApta AloM meM bhI tIrthakara pratimAyeM haiM / zailI kI dRSTi se prathama tIrthakara RSabhanAtha kI eka kAMsya pratimA kalA ye I. cauthI sadI kI jJAta hotI hai| kI dRSTi se sundara hai / pratimA nagna hai evaM usake murtitala kA patA nahIM hai| pratimA ke ardha nimIlita guptayugIna besanagara (gvAliyara saMgrahAlaya) se netra yoga kI dhyAnamudrA kI ora saMketa karate haiN| pratimA prApta eka pratimA ke prabhAmaNDala ke donoM ora ur3ate kA kAla 450 I. jJAta hotA hai| hue mAlAdhArI aMkita haiM / prabhAmaNDala kuSANa zailI kA hai / vivecya yugIna mathurA saMgrahAlaya kI do prati chaThavIM sadI ke tRtIya caraNa meM pANDavaMziyoM ne maayeN| zailI kI dRSTi se banArasa skUla ke zilpa kI saramapUrIya rAjavaMsa ko samApta kara dakSiNa kozala ko taraha haiN| sAranAtha se prApta ajita nAtha kI pratimA kA apane adhikAra meM kara zrIpura (sirapura, rAyapura jilA) DaoN. sAhanI ne gupta saMvat 61 mAnA hai, yaha kAzI ko apanI rAjadhAnI bnaayaa| isa kAla kI pArzvanAtha kI saMgrahAlaya meM hai / gupta nareza kumAragupta prathama ke kAla eka pratimA" sirapura se upalabdha huI / dhyAnAvasthA meM 12. sTeDIja ina jaina ArTa-yU. pI. zAha, citra phalaka 6, kramAMka 171 13. vahI, AkRti 18 / / 14. vahI, citra phalaka 10, Akati kramAMka 241 15. vahI, citra phalaka 11, AkRti kramAMka 25-261 16. impIriyala gupta, Ara. DI. banarjI, phalaka 28 / 17. akoThA bonja-yU. pI. zAha, pR. 26-28 / / 18. sTeDIja ina jaina ArTa-yU. pI. zAha, phalaka 8, AkRti 191 19. mahata ghAsIrAma smAraka saMgrahAlaya rAyapura kA sUcI patra bhAga 2, citra phalaka 3 k| 185

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padmAsanarUr3ha isa pratimA ke keza ghugharAle evaM uSNISa- kalacuri kAlIna tIrtha kara pratimAyeM Asana eva baddha haiM, karNa kI lauMDI lambI evaM hRdaya para zrIvatsa sthAnaka mudrA meM prApta huI hai / kucha saMyukta pratimAye cinha aMkita hai| unakA lAMchana nAga takiyA ke rUpa bhI upalabdha huI haiN| tIrtha karoM meM sarvAdhika pratimAye kuNDalI mAre baiThA hai jisake sAtoM phaNa unake Upara tIrtha kara RSamadeva kI haiN| chatra kI bhAMti tane hue haiN| kalacuri yugIna bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI sarvAdhika uttaraguptakAla meM kalA ke aneka kendra the| kalA pratimAyeM kArItalAI se upalabdha huI haiM / ye zveta tAMtrika bhAvanA se ota-prota thii| yadyapi isa kAla meM baluA pASANa se nirmita haiN| samprati ye sabhI pratimAye kalAkAroM kA kSetra vistata ho gayA thA parantu ve pratimA rAyapUra saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita haiM / kArItalAI ke nirmANa meM svataMtra nahIM the apitu apanI racanAoM ko atirikta tevara (jabalapura), mallAra evaM ratanapura zAstrIya niyamoM ke AdhAra para hI rUpa pradatta karate the| (bilAsapUra) Adi se bhI AdinAtha kI pratimAye baMdhana ke phalasvarUpa madhyayugIna jaina kalA niSprANa sI upalabdha huI haiN| tevara se upalabdha, samprati jabalapura ke ho gaI thii| isa kAla kI eka pramukha vizeSatA jo hameM hanumAnatAla jaina maMdira meM saMrakSita 7 phuTa 4 ica parilakSita hotI hai, vaha hai-kalA meM caubIsa tIrthakaroM UMcI RSabhanAtha kI pratimA atikalApUrNa evaM prabhAvo kI yakSa-yakSiNI ko sthAna pradAna kiyA jaanaa| madhya tpAdaka haiN| pratimA ke aMga pratyaMga sundara evaM suDaula hai kAlIna jaina pratimAoM meM caukI para ATha grahoM kI mastaka para dhugharAle keza AkarSaka haiM / ubhaya skaMdha para AkRti kA aMkana hai jo hinduoM ke nava-grahoM kA hI keza guccha laTaka rahe haiN| anukaraNa hai| dvitIya tIrthakara ajitanAtha kI Asana mudrA meM do madhyakAla meM madhyapradeza meM jaina dharma kI pratimAyeM baha evaM candraprabha, zAMtinAtha, neminAtha kI eka-eka mUrti latA se upalabdha hotI haiN| madhyapradeza ke yazasvI rAja- prApta huI hai| tIrtha kara zAMtinAtha kI eka Asana eka vaMza, kalacuri, paramAroM evaM caMdela narezoM ke kAla meM do sthAnaka mudrA meM prApta pratimAyeM vizeSa ullekhanIya unakI dhArmika sahiSNutA ke phalasvarUpa jaina dharma bhI haiN| bAIsaveM tIrthakara neminAtha kI eka sundara pratimA isa bhU bhAga meM puSpita evaM pallavita huA / bhAratIya dhubelA ke saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita haiN| vivecya yugIna jaina kalA meM madhyapradeza kA yogadAna mahatvapUrNa hai| pArzvanAtha kI pratimAyeM siMhapura (zahaDola), penDrA akhila bhAratIya paramparAoM ke sAtha-sAtha madhyapradeza (bilAsapura) kArItalAI (jabalapura) Adi se upalab kI apanI vizeSatAoM ko bhI yahA~ kI kalA ne ucita huI haiN| mahAvIra kI Asana pratimAoM meM kArItalAI sthAna diyaa| se upalabdha pratimA mahatvapUrNa hai| mahAvIra kI zyAma 20. kArItalAI kI advitIya bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI pratimAyeM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, anekAMta, akTUbara disambara 19731 21. kalicurI kAlIna bhagavAna zAMtinAtha kI pratimAyeM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, agasta 1972 / 22. dhubelA saMgrahAlaya kI jaina pratimAyeM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa-jUna 1974 / 186

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baluA pASANa nirmita kAyotsargAsana kI eka pratimA madhyapradeza ke vizva prasiddha kalA tIrtha khajurAho meM jabalapura se upalabdha huI thI jo samprati philjelaphiyA candela narezoM ke kAla meM nirmita nAgara zailI ke devAmyUjiyama Apha ArTa meM saMgrahIta hai / mUrti meM aMkita laya vAstu vaiziSTya evaM mUrti saMpadA ke kAraNa gauravasiMha ke kAraNa yaha mahAvIra kI jJAta hotI hai| zAlI hai| yahA~ ke jaina maMdiroM meM jina matiyAM pratiSThita haiM aura praveza dvAra tathA rathikAoM meM vividha jaina vivecya Asana evaM sthAnaka pratimAoM ke atirikta deviyA~ / devAlayoM ke lalATa biba meM cakra zvarI yakSI tIrthakaroM kI dvimUrtikAyeM bhI prApta huI haiM / ye bhI pradarzita hai evaM dvAra zAkhAoM tathA rathikAoM meM adhisthAnaka evaM Asana mudrA meM haiN| kArItalAI se prApta kAMzataH anya jaina devI devatA jaise jinoM, vidyAdharoM dvimatikA pratimAyeM rAyapura saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita haiN| zAsana devatAoM Adi kI mUrtiyA~ haiN| vardhamAna kI mAM ne jo solaha svapna dekhe the ve saba jaina devAlayoM kalacuriyUgIna pAzrvanAtha evaM neminAtha kI eka (pArzvanAtha ko chor3akara) ke praveza dvAra para pradarzita mUrtikA samprati philDelaphiyA myUjiyama oNpha ArTa meM haiM / jaina mUrtiyAM prAyaH tIrthaMkaroM kI haiM, jinameM se saMrakSita hai / kRSNa bAdAmI prastara se nirmita dasavIM - vRSama, ajita, sambhava, abhinandana, padmaprabhu, zAMtinAtha sadI kI isa dvimUrtikA meM tIrtha kara eka vaTa vRkSa ke evaM mahAvIra kI mUrtiyA~ adhika haiN|30 nIce kAyotsargAsana meM hai| bundelakhaNDa ke jaina tIrtha ahAra (TIkamagaDha se 12 vivecyayugIna jaina zAsana- deviyoM kI mUrtiyA~ mIla ke prAcIna devAlaya meM bAIsa phuTa ke AkAra kI bahutAyata se prApta huI haiM / ye sthAnaka evaM Asana donoM eka vizAla zilA hai, isI zilA para aThAraha phuTa U~cI taraha kI hai| uparokta varNana se spaSTa hai ki kalacuri bhagavAna zAMtinAtha kI eka kalApUrNa mUrti suzobhita narezoM ke kAla meM nirmita adhikAMza pratimAyeM dasavIM hai| ise paramAdideva candela ke kAla meM saMvat 1237 evaM bArahavIM sadI ke madhya nirmita huI thIM / mUrtiyA~ vi. meM sthApita kiyA gayA thaa| bAyIM ora kI bAraha zAstrIya niyamoM para AdhArita haiN| usa mUrti kalA para / phuTa kI kunthunAtha kI mUrti bhI sundara hai / guptakAlIna mUrtikalA kA prabhAva avazya par3A hai phira bhI kalacuri kAlIna jaina pratimAoM meM kucha rUr3hiyoM kA prayAga nagarasabhA ke saMgrahAlaya meM khajurAho se dRr3hatA pUrvaka pAlana kiyA gayA hai / 23 upalabdha 10 vIM sadI kI nirmita pArzvanAtha kI eka 23. sTailA kemarica-inDiyana skalpacara ina da philDelaphiyA myUjiyama Apha ArTa, pRSTha 82 / 24. kArItalAI kI dvimUrtikA jaina pratimAyeM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, sitambara 1975 / 25. sTalA kamarica-inDiyana skalpacara ina da philDelaphiyA myUjiyama oNpha ArTa, pR. 83 / 26. kalacurI kalA meM jaina zAsana deviyoM kI mUrtiyAM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, agasta 1974 / 27. bhAratIya jana zilpa kalA ko kalacuri narezoM kI dena, zivakumAra nAmadeva, jaina pracAraka, sitambara akTUbara 19741 28. bhAratIya jaina kalA ko kalacuri narezoM kA yogadAna-zivakumAra nAmadeva, anekAMta-agasta 1974 / 29. jana kalA tIrtha-khajurAhoM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, akTUbara 1974 / 30. khajurAho kI advitIya jaina pratimAyeM-zivakumAra nAmadeva, anekAMta, pharavarI 19741 31. khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava-muni kAMtisAgara pR. 246-47 /

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vilakSaNa pratimA saMgrahIta hai / jinake samIkaraNa ke jaina dharma kA Astitva pUrva mauryakAla se lekara AdyAviSaya meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya hai| vadhi niraMtara dRSTigocara hotA hai| pratihAroM ke patana ke pazcAta mAlavA meM paramAroM uttarapradeza meM madhyakAlIna jaina pratimAyeM bahalatA kA rAjya sthApita haA / inake samaya meM jaina dharma se prApta huI hai jo isa pradeza ke vibhinna saMgrahAlayoM meM mAlavA meM apane svaNima kAla meM thaa| bhojapura se tIna devAlayoM evaM yatra-tatra avasthita hai / uttara pradeza ke mIla AzApUrI nAmaka gAMva meM zAMtinAtha kI paramAra- adhikAMza sthaloM se upalabdha jaina pratimAyeM prayAga saMgrahAkAlIna pratimA hai| nimAr3a ke maidAna meM Una nAmaka ke laya meM haiM, yahA~ saMgrahIta RSabhanAtha kI cunAra pASANa avazeSoM meM lagabhaga eka darjana mandira paramAra rAjAoM se nirmita pratimA ullekhanIya hai| saMgrahAlaya meM sthita kI sthApatya kalA ke uttama namune haiN| kendrIya saMgrahAlaya halke hare raMga ke AkarSaka prastara para caturvizatiiMdaura meM paramAra yugIna tIrtha karoM kI lekhayukta prati- paTTa utkIrNa hai / pratimAoM kA aMga vinyAsa svAbhAvika mAyeM haiN| hai, yaha 13vIM sadI kI kRti hai| pUrva madhya evaM madhyakAla meM jaina kalAkRtiyA~ nagara sabhA saMgrahAlaya ke udyAna kUpa ke nikaTa eka madhyapradeza ke vibhinna bhUbhAgoM se upalabdha hotI haiN| choTe se chappara meM ambikA debI utkIrNa hai| isakA murainA ke siMhoniyA, paDhAvalI, gunA ke tirAhI evaM parikara na kevala jaina zilpa sthApatya kalA kA samujjaindaura, pannA ke TUDA grAma, sivanI meM ghaMsaura evaM vala pratIka hai, apitu bhAratIya zilpa sthApatya kalA meM barahaTA, gvAliyara ke nikaTa murAra, nAgauda evaM jaso janoM kI maulika dena hai| pratimA kA kAla 12-13vIM ke atirikta dakSiNa kauzala ke anekoM sthala jaina zilpa sadI ke madhya kA jJAta hotA hai| uttarapradeza ke vibhinna kalA se bhare par3e haiN| mAlava bhUmi ke sA~cI, dhAra, sthaloM se jaina yakSI padamAvatI kI pratimAyeM upalabdha dazapura, badanAvara, kAnavana, bar3anagara, ujjaina, jAvarA, haI haiN| bar3avAnI Adi aise kalA kendra haiM, yahA~ brAhmaNa dharma kI pratimAoM ke sAtha-sAtha jaina matiyA~ saMrakSita haiN| uttara pradeza ke gorakhapura jile ke khuravandogrAma meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI prAcIna mUrti sthApita hai| uparokta varNana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ati jhA~sI jile ke caMderI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI lAvavyaprAdhyakAla se hI madhyapradeza ke vibhinna bhUbhAgoM meM mayI pratimA AbhA se paripUrNa hai / isake atirikta 32. madhyapradeza meM jaina dharma evaM kalA-zivakumAra nAmadeva, sanmati saMdeza, apraila-maI 19751 33. jaina dharma evaM ujjayinI-zivakumAra nAmadeva, sanmati vANI, julAI 19751 34. bhAratIya jaina kalA ko madhyapradeza kI dena--zivakumAra nAmadeva, sanmati vANI, maI-jUna 19751 35. khaNDaharoM kA vaibhaba-muni kAMti sAgara, pha. 232 evaM aage| 36. khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava-muni kAMtisAgara pRSTha 250-253 1 37. uttara bhArata meM jaina yakSI padamAvatI kA pratimA nirUpaNa-mArutinaMdana prasAda tivArI, anekAMta agasta 19741 188

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mahAvIra kI pratimAyeM ilAhAbAda meM sthita paphosA, devagar3ha ke mandira kramAMka 21 Adi meM surakSita haiM / zrAvastI ke pazcimI bhAga meM jaina avazeSa pracura mAtrA meM milate haiM / yahIM para bhagavAna saMbhavanAtha kA jIrNa-zIrNa mandira hai / yahA~ para anekoM pratimAyeM utkIrNa haiM / 39 jilA goMDA ke mahaMta se AdinAtha kI eka sundara pratimA upalabdha huI hai / padamAsana ke nIce do siMha aura vRSama haiN| Asana ke nIce kamala hai jisa para AdinAtha padamAsana para baiThe haiM / hRdaya para dharma cakra banA hai / mastaka ke pIche prabhAmaNDala evaM tIna chatroM vAlA chatra hai / sabhI ora aneka tIrthaMkara dhyAna magna haiM / 10 barelI jile ke ahicchatra se anekoM jaina pratimAyeM upalabdha huI haiN| yahAM se upalabdha pArzvanAtha kI eka sAtizaya pratimA harita pannA kI padmAsana mudrA meM virAjamAna hai / pratimA atyanta saumya evaM prabhAvaka hai| mUrti ke nIce siMhAsana ke pITha ke sAmane vAle bhAga meM 24 tIrtha kara pratimAyeM utkIrNa haiM / " karnATaka meM jaina dharma kA astitva prathama sadI I. pU. se 11vIM sadI I. taka jJAta hotA hai / hoyazala vaMzI nareza isa mata ke prabala samarthaka the / pUrvakAlIna jaina devAlaya evaM guphAyeM aihola, bAdAmI evaM paTTaDakala Adi meM hai / inake atirikta jaina devAlaya lakuNDI (lokiguNDI), baMkapura, belagAma, halzI, balligave, guNDa Adi meM haiM / ye devAlaya vibhinna deva pratimAoM se vibhUSita haiM / isa kAla kI vRhatAkAra pratimAyeM zrAvaNabelagola, kArkala evaM venUra meM sthApita hai / karnATaka meM padmAvatI sarvAdhika lokapriya yakSI rahI haiN| 12 yadyapi padmAvatI kA saMpradAya kAphI prAcIna rahA hai: parantu 10vIM zatI ke bAda ke abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM niraMtara padmAvatI kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / kannaDa kSetra meM prApta pArzvanAtha mUrti ( 10vIM11vIM sadI) meM eka sarpaphaNa se yukta padmAvatI kI do bhujAoM meM padama evaM abhaya pradarzita hai / 13 kannaDa zodha saMsthAna saMgrahAlaya kI pArzva mUrti meM caturbhuja padmAvatI, padama, pAza, gadA yA aMkuza evaM phala dhAraNa karatI haiM / " isI saMgrahAlaya meM caturbhujI padmAvatI kI lalitAsana mudrA meM do svatantra mUrtiyA~ haiN| bAdAmI kI guphA pA~ca, ke samakSa kI dIvAra para lalita meM mudrA AsIna caturbhujI yakSI AmUrtita hai / Asana ke nIce vAhana sambhavataH haMsa hai / sarpaphaNoM se vihIna yakSI ke karoM meM abhaya, aMkuza pAza evaM phala pradarzita haiM / 15 padmA vatI kI tIna caturbhujI karnATaka se prApta pratimAyeM priMsa oNpha velsa myujiyama bambaI meM saMrakSita hai / " 38. bhAratIya purAtatva evaM kalA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra - zivakumAra nAmadeva, zramaNa, navambara-disambara 1974 / 39. jaina tIrtha zrAvastI - paM. balabhadra jaina - anekAMta, julAI-agasta 1973 / 40. bhAratIya pratIka vidyA - janArdana mizra, citra saMkhyA 79 / 41. ahicchatra - zrI balibhadra, jaina, anekAMta, akTUbara-disambara 1973 42. jainijma ina sAutha inDiyA - desAI, pI. vI. pRSTha 163 | 43. noTsa oNna TU jaina meNTala imejeja - hADave, DablyU esa, rUpama, aMka 17 janavarI 1924, pR. 48 44. gAiDa TU da kannaDa risarca insaTITyUTa myujhiyama dhAravAr3a - 1958 pR. 19 / 45. jaina yakSAja aiNDa pakSiNIja- sAMkaliyA, kaleTina Dekkana kaoNleja risarca insTITyUTa, khaNDa 9, 1940 pRSTha 169 / 46. vahI pRSTha 158 159 1 186

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karnATaka meM gommaTa kI aneka mUrtiyA~ haiM / cAlukyoM zrI padmaprabhu svAmI kI pratimA hai| isI sthala ke eka ke kAla meM nirmita I. san 650 kI gommaTa kI eka madira meM RSabhanAtha kI pAMca pratimAyeM haiN| jinameM do pratimA bIjApura jile ke bAdAmI meM hai / talakADu ke gaMga caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI pratimA parisara yukta haiN| rAjAoM ke zAsana kAla meM gaMga rAjA rAyamalla satya ur3IsA kI khaNDa giri kI navamuni evaM bArabhujI vAkya ke senApati va mantrI cAmuNDarAja dvArA velagola guphAoM (8vIM-9vIM sadI) ke sAmUhika aMkanoM meM bhI meM I. sana 982 meM sthApita vizva prasiddha gommaTa mUrti pArzvanAtha ke sAtha padamAvatI AmUtita hai| navamuni hai| gommaTa girI meM bhI 14 phuTa U~cI eka gommaTa gRphAoM meM pArzva ke sAtha utkINita dvibhUjI yakSI mUrti hai / isake atirikta hosakoTe hallI, kArkala evaM lalitamudrA meM padamAsana para virAjamAna hai / 40 bArabhujI veNura meM paitIsa phuTa U~cI pratimA hai / guphA meM pArzva ke sAtha pAMca sarpaphaNoM se maMDita aSTabhujI baMgAla48 meM jaina dharma kA Astitva prAcIna kAla se padmAvatI hai| purI jile se upalabdha AdinAtha kI hI rahA hai| yahA~ ke dharApAta ke eka pratimA vihIna eka sthAnaka pratimA iMDiyana myUjiyama kalakattA kI devAlaya ke tInoM ora ke tAkoM meM vizAla pratimAyeM nidhi hai| 60 virAjita thIM jinameM pRSTha bhAga vAlI meM RSamadeva, tAmilanADu se bhI jaina dharma se sambaMdhita anekoM vAmapakSa se pradakSiNA karate prathama zAMtinAtha aura anta pratimAyeM upalabdha haI haiN| kalagumalAI se caturbhujI meM tIsare Ale meM jainetara mUrtiyA~ haiN| ye sambhavataH 8vIM SadamAvatI ko lalita mudrA meM (10 vIM-11 vIM sadI) sadI kI haiN| bahulArA nAmaka sthala ke eka mandira ke mUrti prApta huI hai| zIrSa bhAga meM sarpaphaNa se maMDita sAmane vedI para tIna pratimAyeM haiM / madhyavartI pratimA yakSI, phala, sarpa, aMkuza evaM pAza dhAraNa karatI haiM / 1 bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI haiM jo aSTa pratihArya aura madurA tAmilanADu kA mahatvapUrNa nagara hai| yahAM para dharaNendra-padamAvatI se yukta hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI jaina saMskRti kI gaurava garimA meM abhivaddhi karane vAlI pratimA ke nimna bhAga meM dharaNendra-padamAvatI hai aura kalAtmaka sAmagrI kA pracura parimANa vidyamAna haiN| mati nirmANaka dampatti bhI hai| bAMkuDA jile ke hI hADamAsarA grAma ke jaMgala meM eka pArzvanAtha pratimA hai| bihAra pradeza se upalabdha anekoM pratimAyeM paTanA aMbikAnagara meM sthita aMbikA devI ke maMdira ke pRSTha saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita haiN| saMgrahAlaya meM causA ke bhAga meM avasthita eka jaina madira meM saparikara RSabha- zAhAbAda se prApta jaina dhAtu mUrtiyAM surakSita haiM / nAtha kI pratimA hai| pAkabeDarA meM anekoM pratimAyeM RSabhanAtha kI pratimA kAyotsarga sthiti meM kaMdhe para saMrakSita haiN| inameM 7 phuTa U~cI khar3agAsana sthita bikhare bAla tathA laMbI bhujAoM ke sAtha banAI gaI thiiN| 47. karnATaka kI gommaTa mUrtiyAM-AcArya paM. ke. bhujabala zAstrI, anekAMta, agasta 1972 / 48. baMgAla ke jaina purAtatva kI zodha meM pAMca dina-bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA, anekAMta, julAI-agasta 19731 49 zAsana devIja ina da khaNDagiri kebasa-mitrA devala, jarnala eziyATika sosAyaTI (baMgAla) khaNTa / aMka 2, 1959, 4.-139 / 50. sTeDIja ina jaina ArTa-yU. pI. zAha, AkRti 36 / 51. jainijma ina sAutha inDiyA-pI. bI. desAI, pa. 651 160 .in

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pArzvanAtha kI dhAtu pratimA kAyotsarga tathA pIche sarpa- ke jaina maMdira kI dakSiNI vedikA baMdha para utkIrNa hai| phaNa ke sAtha hai| yahAM se upalabdha dhAtu pratimAyeM lalita mudrA meM madrAsana para virAjamAna yakSI kI kamalAsana para khar3I haiN| rAjagraha nivAsI kanhaiyAlAlajI bhujAoM meM barada, vaja, padmakalikA, kRpANa, kheTaka, zrImAla ke saMgraha meM eka prastara paTrikA hai / isake nimna ghaNTa evaM phala pradarzita hai| bhAga meM mahAbIra kI pratimA hai| Upara ke eka bhAga meM vimalazAha gujarAta ke pratApI nareza bhImadeva ke bhAva zilpa hai jisakA sambandha mahAvIra se jJAta hotA maMtrI the| inhoMne gyArahavIM sadI meM vimalavasahI kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| isake gaDhamaNDapa ke dakSiNI dvAra nAlaMdA se upalabdha evaM nAlaMdA saMgrahAlaya meM para caturbhujI padmAvatI kI AkRti utkIrNa hai| saMrakSita lalita mudrA meM padma para virAjamAna caturbhUjI vimalavasahI kI devakUlikA 49 ke maNDapa vitAna para devI ke mastaka para pAMca sarpaphaNa pradarzita haiN| devI utkIrNa SoDazabhujI devI kI sambhAvita pahacAna mahAkI bhujAoM meM phala, khar3aga, parazu evaM cinamudrA meM vidyA vairoTyA evaM yakSI padmAvatI donoM hI se kI jA padamAsana kA sparza karatI devI kI bhujA meM padma nAlikA sakatI hai| sarpa ke saptaphaNoM kA maNDana jahAM devI bhI sthita hai| 53 kevala sarpaphaNa se ho isakA samI- padmAvatI kI pahacAna kA samIkaraNa karatA hai, vahIM karaNa padamAvatI se karanA ucita nahIM hai| kukkuTa sarpa ke sthAna para vAhana ke rUpa meM nAga kA citraNa evaM bhujAoM meM sarpa kA pradarjhana mahAvidyA rAjasthAna ke osiyA 54 nAmaka sthala meM mahAvIra vairoTyA se pahacAna kA AdhAra prastuta karatA hai| kA eka prAcIna maMdira hai| yaha 9 vIM sadI kI racanA hai| maMdira meM virAjamAna mahAvIra ko eka vizAlakAya jayapura ke nikaTa cAMdanagAMva eka atizaya kSetra hai| mUrti hai / isI sthala se pArzvanAtha kI eka dhAtu pratimA "yahAM mahAvIra jI ke vizAla maMdira meM mahAvIra kI upalabdha huI thI jo samprati kalakattA ke eka maMdira meM bhavya sundara mUrti hai| jodhapura ke nikaTa gA~dhANI tIrtha hai / isa devAlaya ke mukhamaNDala ke UparI chajje para meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI dhAtu mUrti 937 I. ko hai / padmAvatI kI pratimA utkIrNa hai| kukkuTa-sarpa para vadI 56 se 20 varSa pahale kucha pratimAyeM prApta huI thiiN| virAjamAna dvibhuja yakSI kI dAhinI bhujA meM sarpa aura unameM se tIna ahicchatra le jAkara sthApita kI gaI haiN| vAyIM meM phala sthita hai / spaSTa hai ki padmAvatI ke sAtha tInoM kA raMga halkA katthaI hai, eyaM tInoM zilApaTTa para 8bIM sadI meM hI vAhana kukkUTa-sarpa evaM bhUjA meM sarpa ko utkIrNa haiM / eka para pArzvanAtha utkIrNa haiN| sambaddha kiyA jA cukA thaa| cauhAna jAti kI eka upa-zAkhA devar3A ke zAsakoM gyAravIM sadI kI eka aSTabhuja padmAvatI kI kI bhatapUrva rAjadhAnI sirohI kI bhaugolika sImAoM pratimA rAjasthAna ke alavara jile meM sthita jhAlarapAdana meM sthita delavADA ke hindU evaM jaina maMdira prasiddha haiN| 52, khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava-muni kAMtisAgara, pR. 126 / 53. AkiyAlAjIkala sarve Apha inDiyA, ainuala riporTa 1930-34, bhAga 2, phalaka 68, citra bii| 54. osiyA kA prAcIna mahAvIra mandira-agaracanda jaina nAhaTA, anekAMta, maI 19741 55. khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava-muni kAMtisAgara-pU. 71 / 56. ahicchatra-zrI balibhadra jaina, anekAMta, akTUvara-disambara 1973 / 191

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dilavADA ke pAMca jaina mandira zveta sagamaramara se nirmita pratimAyeM haiN| racanA zelI kI dRSTi se ye 13vIM sadI hai| vimalazAha kA mandira jisakA nirmANa 1030 I. kI jJAta hotI haiN| meM tathA vastupAla evaM tejapAla ke mandira 1231 I. meM banavAye gaye the| vimalazAha ke mandira meM jaina tIrtha kara gajarAta jaina zilpakalA kI daSTi se samaddha rAjya AdinAtha aura anya do maMdiroM meM neminAtha jI kI hai| gujarAta ke cAlukya rAjAoM ke kAla meM aneka matiyA~ haiN| sAdar3I se 14 mIla dUra arAvalI kI jena madiroM kA nirmANa huaa| gujarAta ke banAsakAMThA pahAr3I Tekar3I meM rANApura (rANApura) ke maMdiroM meM jile meM sthita kumAriyA 57 eka prAcIna jaina tIrtha hai / nemInAtha, AdinAtha evaM pArzvanAtha ke mandira pramukha haiN| yahAM pAMca zvetAmbarIya, zveta saMgamaramara se nirmita jaina yahAM ke AdinAtha mandira meM RSabhadeba kI vizAla maMdira haiN| inameM mahAvIra kA maMdira sabase prAcIna evaM padamAsana mUrti atyanta manojJa evaM AkarSaka hai kula bhavya hai| mUlanAyaka ke atirikta gUTamaMDapa meM parikara milAkara vediyoM meM 425 mUrtiyAM haiN| isI prakAra nemi- yukta do anya kAyotsargAsana kI pratimAyeM haiN| kalApUrNa nAtha evaM pArzvanAtha mandira meM anekoM jaina pratimAyeM haiN| koraNIyukta raMga maDapa ke dUsare bhAgoM kI chata meM AbU ke vimalavarAhI jaise jaina caritroM ke vibhinna drazya hai| mahArASTra pradeza meM bhI jaina pratimAyeM bahusaMkhyA meM gar3ha maNDapa meM do vizAla kAyotgarga mUrtiyA~-zAMtinAtha upalabdha hotI haiN| digaMbara kendra elorA (9vIM sadI) evaM ajitanAtha kI haiM / zvetAmbara paraMparA kA nirvAha kI guphAyeM tIrtha kara pratimAoM se bharI par3I haiM / choTA karane vAlI bArahavIM sadI kI do caturbhuja padamAvatI kailAsa gahA saMkhyA 30) meM RSabhanAtha, pArzvanAtha tathA kI pratimAyeM kUmAriyA ke neminAtha mandira kI pazcimI mahAbIra kI baiThI pASANa mUrtiyAM padamAsana evaM dhyAna devakulikA kI vAhya bhiti para utkIrNa hai / 8 gujarAta madA meM hai| pratyeka tIrthakara ke pAvaM meM cAMvara dhAraNa ke anya mandiroM meM zAMtinAtha, kubhezvara, saMbhavanAtha kiye yakSa tathA gaMdharva haiN| RSabhanAtha ke kaMdhe para keza Adi mukhya haiM / gujarAta ke baDanagara meM cAlukya nareza vikhare haiN| pAzvanAtha ke sira para sAta sarpaphaNa haiM / mUlarAja (642-997 I.) ke kAla kA AdinAtha sihAsana para baiThe mahAvIra kI pratimA ke UparI bhAga meM manbira hai / mandira ke devakUlikAoM meM AdinAtha kI chatradIkha paDatA hai| elorA kI 30 se 34 kramAMka yakSayakSiNI aMkita haiM / yahIM para cakra zvarI kI bhI taka kI guphAyeM jaina dharma se sambandhita haiN| indrasabhA pratimA hai| gukA (saMkhyA 33) kI uttarIya dIvAra para pArzvanAtha, dakSiNa pArzva meM gommaTezvara-bAhavali ke atirikta uparokta varNana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra evaM anya tIrthakara mUrtiyAM haiN| jagannAtha guphA bhAratIya zilpakalA ke vikAsa meM jaina zilpakalA ke barANDA meM pAzrvanAtha tathA mahAvIra ke atirikta kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhArata kI prAcIna saMskRti stara para caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI choTI-choTI mUrtiyAM ko jAnane ke liye jaina zilpakalA kA adhyayana haiN| elorA kI eka guphA meM aMbikA kI mAnava kada Avazyaka hai| bhinna-bhinna kAloM aura DhaMgoM para banI pratimA hai| mUrtiyoM se mUnikalA ke vikAsa para gaharA prakAza par3atA hai| ye isake atirikta vibhinna kAlIna yogiyoM ke Asana aMkAI-taMkAI meM jainoM kI sAta guphAye haiN| ye choTI mudrA, keza aura pratihAryoM para bhI kAphI prakAza DAlatI hote hA bhI zilpa kalApekSayA atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiN| haiN| ina mUrtiyoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya logoM kI tIsarI gaphA ke chora para indra aura indrANI haiN| isake vezabhUSA Adi kA jJAna hotA hai / atirikta zAMtinAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM gavAkSa meM jina 57. bhAriyA kA mahAvIra mandira-zrI harIharasiMha, zramaNa, navambara-disambara 1974, kubhAriyA kA kalA / pUrNa mahAvIra mandira-zrI agaracanda nAhaTA, zramaNa apraila 19741 58. brIpha sarve Apha da AikanogrAphika DaiTA eTa bhAriyA-nArtha gujarAta, sambodhi, khaNDa 2, aka 1, apraila 1973, pR. 131 162

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jaina citrakalA zrImatI uSA kiraNa jaina kalA AtmAbhivyakti kA sandaratama svarUpa hai| citra atyanta sajIva, rocaka aura kalAtmaka hote the| isa dharA para mAnava jAti ke vikAsa kA itihAsa kalA inake pazcAt kAgajoM para bhI citrAMkana kA kArya ke sundaratama hAthoM hI likhA gayA hai / bhAratIya saMskRti prArambha huaa| isa dRSTi se bar3I sampanna hai, bhAratIya sabhyatA ke udaya ke sAtha hI bhAratIya kalA kA itihAsa bhI prArambha jaina citrakalA kI prAcInatA aura usake udaya ke hotA hai / yoM to sindhu kAlIna sabhyatA ke kAla meM bhI sambandha meM itihAsakAroM ke vibhinna mata haiN| isa dizA bhAratIya citrakalA ke pramANa upalabdha hote haiM, parantu meM abhI kAphI zodha kArya apekSita hai / abhI taka upacitrakalA ke AdhAra sAmAnyataH prAcIna makAna aura labdha pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha avazya kahA jA vastra Adi adhika surakSita na rahane ke kAraNa, adhika sakatA hai ki bhAratIya citrakalA ke abhinna aMga ke prAcIna kAla ke pramANa kama hI prApta hote haiM / aitihA. rUpa meM yaha paramparA usake udaya ke samaya se hI sika dRSTi se mahAvIra ke bAda ke kAla se jana-sAmAnya vidyamAna thI / vAcaspati gairolA ke anusAra" jaina kalA kI ruci citrakalA meM nirantara baDhane sambandhI aneka ke prAcIna astitva kI khoja nikAlane ke lie hamArA pramANa upalabdha haiM / isa kAla se bhAratIya citrakalA kA dhyAna isa aitihAsika dizA kI ora unmukha hotA hai paryApta vikAsa aura haA, samayAnukala paristhitiyoM ke to hameM lagatA hai ki usakI dayanIyatA na kevala usake anurUpa usameM vibhinna paramparAoM kA bhI vikAsa huA veSa vinyAsa evaM bhAvavicArAMkana ke kAraNa vizrata hai. inameM jaina citrakalA kI bhI apanI viziSTa paramparA apitu bhAratIya citrakalA ke itihAsa meM kAgada para rhii| paramparA ke prArambhika kAla meM yadA-kadA bhitti kI gaI citrakArI kI dizA meM usakA pahalA sthAna citroM ke rUpa meM tathA taduparAnta vyApaka rUpa se tADa- hai / rAjapUta paramparA kI bhAMti jaina kalA aisI prAcIna patroM, kASTha paTikAoM ke aneka namune Aja bhI jaina paramparA para AdhArita hai, jo rAjapUta kalama se prApta bhaNDAroM meM prApya haiM / inameM adhikatara apabhraMza kAlIna sabase prAcIna citroM se bhI eka zatAbdI pahale kI siddha yUga ke haiN| tADa-patroM, vastroM aura kAgajoM para bane ye hotI hai|" 1. AratIya citrakalA; vAcaspati gairolA, (pra. saM. 1963) pRSTha 138

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samagra bhAratIya citra zailiyoM meM jitane bhI prAcIna vibhinna prAcIna jaina granthoM meM jaina citrakalA ke citra prApta haiM unameM mukhyatA aura prAcInatA jaina citroM vividha pakSoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| kalpasUtra Adi kI hai / ye citra digambara jainiyoM se sambandhita haiM jinheM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA citramaya varNana milatA apane sampradAya ke granthoM ko citrita karane va karAne hai| "prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra" (2/5/16) meM citroM kI kA bar3A zauka thaa| prAkRta bhASA meM racita jaina granthoM aneka zreNiyoM kA ullekha hai| isa vyAkaraNa grantha meM kA adhyayana karane se tatkAlIna samAja meM vidvAnoM citroM kI tIna pramukha zreNiyoM sacitta (mAnava, pazu, sAhityakAroM evaM jana-sAmAnya meM citrakalA ke prati pakSI), acitta (nadI, nada, pahAr3a, AkAza) aura mizra anurAga tathA niSThA kA bodha hotA hai| dasavIM zatI se (saMyuktA) meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| lakar3I, kapar3e aura pandrahavIM zatI ke madhyakAla meM bhAratIya citrakalA kI patthara para aneka raMgoM ke yoga se urehe gae citroM ko paramparA meM jaina va bauddha kalA kA bAhulya hai| isase "lepakampa" kahA hai| lokakalA ke unnata svarUpa ke rUpa pUrva ke kAla meM jaina kalA kA samRddha rUpa mUrtiyoM tathA meM isa kAla meM alpanA citroM kA bhI aMkana kiyA mandiroM ke zilpa meM parilakSita hotA hai| isa kAla jAtA thaa| sAtha hI miTrI-patthara va hAthIdAMta para bhI meM isakA svarUpa nikhara AyA thaa| citrakalA ke jo citra urehe jAte the / eka kathAkRti "nAyA-dhamma namUne Aja upalabdha haiM unameM adhikatara jaina sAhitya kI kahAo" (1/16/77-80) se vidita hotA hai ki camvA vibhinna kRtiyoM ke madhya vibhinna sandoM meM citrAMkita haiN| nAmaka nagarI meM lalita goSTI (laliyAeNAmaM goThaThI) nAma kI eka pramoda sabhA vidyamAna thii| isa grantha meM jaina kalA meM jahA~ mUrtikalA aura zilpa evama likhA hai (1/1/17) ki mahArAja zroNika ke mahala meM sthApatya ke kSetra meM digambara paramparA kA bAhalya hai. dIvAroM para bar3e acche citra urehe hue the| isI grantha meM vahA~ citrakalA ke kSetra meM zvetAmbarIya janoM kA mahatva- isa prakAra ke anya aneka udAharaNoM kA bhI ullekha hai| pUrNa yoga rahA hai| jaina kA mahattvapUrNa yoga rahA hai| isa kalA kI aneka jaina sAhityika racanAoM meM jaina citrakalA gujarAta kI zvetAmbara kalama se pUrNa bhI citrakalA sambandhI ullekha haiN| zrI gerolA ke vikAsa kI ora agrasara hokara varSoM taka rAjapatAne meM anusAra "11vIM-12vIM zatAbdI meM racita jaina sAhitya apanA vikAsa karAtI rahI aura bAda meM IrAnI prabhAvoM kI kathA kRtiyoM meM citrakalA ke sambandha meM bar3I hI se mukta hokara "rAjapUta kalama" meM hI vilayita ho upayogI carcAeM dekhane ko milatI haiN| mAgadhI prAkRta gii| 12vIM sadI ke pUrva jahA~ mugala zailI kI vikA- kI kathA kRti "sura sundarI kahA" (racanAkAla 1338 sAvasthA meM jaina citrakalA kI pragati zithila par3a gaI I.) meM zleSokti ke dvArA kisI nAyaka kI ekAnta vahA~ 12 vIM sadI ke bAda mahamUda gajanavI ke vidhvaMzoM premAsakti ko bhramara aura kumudanI kA citra banAkara ke bAvajUda bhI jaina citrakalA AbU aura giranAra ke vyakta kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta bhASA kI dUsarI kathAkRti kendroM meM apane pariveza meM nava nirmANa kI ora agrasara "taraMgavatI" (sambhavataH AMdhrabhRtya rAjAoM ke Azraya meM huii| bAda meM jaina citrakAroM ne rAjapUta aura mugala nirmita) meM nAyikA taraMgavatI dvArA eka citra pradarzanI kA zailiyoM se preraNA grahaNa kara apane kSetra ko aura bhI Ayojana isa uddezya se kiye jAne kA ullekha hai ki kadAvyApaka bnaayaa| cita isa lobha se usakA rUThA haA premI vahAM A jaay| 2. bhAratIya citrakalA-vAcaspati gairolA, pRSTha 93 /

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"AcArAMga sUtra " ( 2/2/3/13) meM jaina sAdhuoM aura brahmacAriyoM ko citra zAlAoM meM jAne aura Thaharane se varjita kiyA gayA hai / jainAcArya hemacandra ( 10821172 I.) ke mahAkAvya " triSaSTi zalAkA puruSacarita" meM tatkAlIna rAja darabAroM meM aneka citrakAroM kI sabhA hone kA varNana hai, jo bhitticitroM se susajjita huA karatI thI / prabhAvaka caritra ke " vappabhaTTa sUri caritra" (samvata 1334) meM navIM zatAbdI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke citrapaToM ke banAne kA ullekha hai / " vappabhaTTi sUrI jI ko citrakAra ne mahAvIra kI mUrti vAle cAra citrapaTTa taiyAra karake diye / sUra jI ne unakI pratiSThA karake eka kannauja ke jaina mandira meM, eka mathurA meM, eka aNahilla pATaNa meM, eka sattArakapura meM bheja diye gaye jinameM se pATaNavAlA paTTa musalamAnoM ne pATaNa ko naSTa kiyA taba taka vahA~ ke mor3hagaccha ke jaina caitya meM vidyamAna thA / navIM zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke cAra citrapaTTa banAye jAne kA ullekha bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai / parantu kheda hai ki Aja unameM se eka bhI prApta nahIM hai / haribhadra sUri ne Avazyaka vRtti meM samavazaraNa citrapaTTa kA ullekha kiyA hai|" bArahavIM se solahavIM zatI ke madhya zvetAmbarI jainoM dvArA apabhraMza zailI ke aneka tADapatrIya grantha citroM kI racanA kI gii| inameM se kucha, yadA-"nizItha cUrNI" "aMga sUtra", "dazavaikAlika laghuvRtti", "odha niyukti", "triSaSTi zAlAkA puruSa carita", "neminAtha carita", " kathA saritsAgara " " saMgrahaNIya sUtra", "uttarAdhyayana sUtra", "kalpa sUtra" aura " zrAvaka pratikramaNa cUrNI" Aja bhI pothiyAM, pATana, khaMbhAta, Master aura jaisalamera Adi ke granthakAroM tathA amarIkA ke bosTana saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiM / isa kAla ke citroM kI zailI ke sambandha meM kalA marmajJoM ke vibhinna mata haiM / prArambha meM to ise "jaina zailI ke nAma se hI sambodhita kiyA jAtA thA parantu bAda meM isa AdhAra para ki isa zailI ke citra jainetara aura vaiSNava granthoM meM bhI prApta hote haiM, rAyakRSNadAsa ne ise apabhraMza zailI ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA hai| jaunapura isa zailI kA pramukha kendra mAnA jAtA hai / ahamadAbAda ke zrI sArAbhAI mANika lAla ne apabhraMza zailI se saikar3oM sAde aura raMgIna citroM se yukta eka mahattvapUrNa jisakA lipi kAla 1465 I. (1522 vi.) hai; isa grantha "citra kalpadra uma" ( kalpasUtra) prakAzita kiyA hai zailI ke kAgada para nirmita grantha citra aura sphuTa citra bar3I saMkhyA meM prApta hue haiM / inameM se eka rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, bambaI meM aura dUsarI lIbhaNI ke seTha AnaMda jI kalyANa jI ke pAsa batAI jAtI haiM / inakA lipikAla 1415 I. hai | jaunapura kI "kalpasUtra" isakI tIsarI prati hai jo svarNAkSaroM meM aMkita hai aura saMprati bar3audA ke narasiMha jI pola ke jJAna mandira meM surakSita hai| yaha prati 147 I. meM jaunapura ke bAdazAha husaina zAha zarkI ke samaya citrita kI gaI thI / kalpasUtra kI eka cauthI prati ahamadAbAda nivAsI muni dayA vijaya jI ke saMgraha meM hai, jisako 15 vIM zatI ke uttarArddha kA mAnA jAtA hai / yaha bhI svarNAkSaroM meM aMkita hai, isameM aMkita citra apabhraMza zailI ke sarvazreSTha citra mAne jAte haiM / kisI bhI kalA yA usakI kisI zailI kI rUpa-' rekhA kA paricaya prApta karane ke liye usake pramukha pratIkoM kA adhyayana nitAnta Avazyaka hai / isa dRSTi se jaina kalA meM jo pramukha pratIka hameM prApta hote haiM unameM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI mAtA trizalA ko hue svapnoM ke citra bahutAyAta meM prApta hote haiM / unameM erAvata hAthI, 3. bhagavAna mahAvIra citrAvalI - agaracandra nAhaTA, vIra parinirvANa sitambara 1974, pRSTha 11 165

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kezarI siMha, vRSa (baila), padmAvatI (kamala ke siMhAsana zvarI tathA solaha vidyA deviyoM ke citra aMkita kiye para baiThI lakSmI), puSpa mAlAeM, sUrya, candra, svarNa kalaza, gae haiM / sarovara, samudra, vimAna (pAlakI), ratna bhaNDAra, agni raMga yojanA kI dRSTi se jana kalAkRtiyoM kA mIna yugala va vizAla gaganacumbIbhavana Adi pramukha haiN| abalokana karane para pratIta hotA hai ki prArambhika kAla inake atirikta svAstika, zrIvatsa, naMdiyAvata, baddha meM inameM haldiyA raMgoM kA prayoga adhika mAtrA meM hotA mAnakya, bhadrAsana, darpaNa Adi pratIkoM ko AyAgapaToM thaa| bAda meM lAla raMga kA prayoga adhikAdhika mAtrA meM para bahata hI kuzalatApUrvaka citrita kiyA gayA hai / hone lgaa| isake atirikta AsamAnI, pIle, nIle tathA isake sAtha hI cauvIsa tIrtha karoM aura unake pratIkoM va / zveta raMgoM kA bhI samAveza kiyA gayA hai| bAda meM cinhoM ko bhI citrita kiyA gyaa| inameM bhI cAra tIrtha karoM mahAvIra, pArzvanAtha, neminAtha aura RSabhanAtha inameM sunaharI syAhI kA bhI adhikAdhika prayoga hone laga gyaa| ke citra adhikAMza mAtrA meM prApta hote haiM / inakA varNa kramazaH pIta (pIlA), nIlA, kAlA tathA svarNima, vastrAbhUSaNoM kI dRSTi se jaina kalA meM mukuToM aura pratIka cinha kramazaH kesarI siMha, sarpa, zaMkha va vaSa tayA mAlAoM kI sajjA para adhika dhyAna diyA gayA hai| dIkSAtaru kramazaH azoka, ghAtakI, vedhasa, kadalI aMkita striyoM kI zrRMgAra sajjA ke rUpa meM mAthe para bindI, kiye gae haiN| kAnoM meM kuNDala aura bAhoM meM bAjUbanda aMkita kiye gae haiN| gale meM ratnamAlAoM ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai tIrthakaroM ke Asana ke rUpa meM 'ISatprabhabhAra' yA jo lagabhaga sabhI citroM meM prApta hotI haiM tathA gale se 'siddha zilA' aMkita kI gaI hai jo tiryak arddha candrA- lekara pairoM taka sArI Akati ko gheranevAlI mAlAoM kAra ke svarUpa kI haiN| isake atirikta samavazaraNa kI taka, anekoM prakAra se aMkita haiN| vastroM meM dhotiyoM kI bhI racanA kI gaI hai / yaha vaha sthAna hai jahA~ baiThakara sajjA mohaka hai| prArambhika citroM meM vastroM meM motI tIrthakara upadeza dete the| isa sthAna kA svarUpa sAmAnyataH jaise zveta tathA svaNima raMga kI pradhAnatA hai, jisakA vattAkara aura yadAkadA vargAkAra bhI prApta hotA hai| sthAna bAda meM IrAnI prabhAva ke kAraNa halkI chApa, ise maNi-mANikya evaM sUvarNa se sajAyA jAtA thaa| isake bela-baToM kI jagaha paccIkArI tathA svarNIya raMgoM ke atirikta jaina darzana ke anusAra bhailokya racanA, brahmANDa kAma ne le liyaa| pazcAtavartI citroM meM mukuToM ke sRSTi' aura paurANika citra bhI pracuratA se prApta hote haiN| sthAna para pAga (pagar3iyoM) kA bhI aMkana kiyA gyaa| jahA~ puruSoM ke vastroM meM dhotI va dupaTTe pramukha haiM jaina kalA ke pratIka ke rUpa meM nArI-rUpoM kA citraNa vahA~ nArI citroM meM kaMcukI, raMgIna dhotI, cUnarI aura bahuta hI kama huA hai / nArI citroM ke nyUnatama upayoga kaTipaTa kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ke vAvajUda bhI jaina kalA kI samRddhi usakA aisA mahatvapUrva guNa haiM jo vizva meM prApta citrakalA kI vibhinna citroM meM AkAra evaM anupAta kA bhI pUrA dhyAna vidhAoM meM use maulika pratiSThA pradAna karatA hai| jaina rakhA gayA hai| prakhyAta kalA samIkSaka zrI vAcaspati kalA meM yadAkadA hI nArI citra prApta hote haiN| nArI gairolA ke anusAra "citroM kA AkAra ekacazma, Der3ha citraNa ke kSetra meM kucha citroM meM tIrtha karoM ke donoM pAzvoM cazma aura docazma hai| eka cazma yA Der3ha cazma vAle meM yakSa-yakSaNiyoM ke citra tathA tIrthakaroM kI adhiNThAtrI citroM meM Thor3hI seba kI taraha bAhara kI ora ubhara deviyA~ ambikA, padamAvatI, sarasvatI, zAsana, cakra- AyI hai aura usake nIce kI rekhA meM gaurava, garva tathA 166

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abhimAna ko prakaTa karane ke uddezya se jhola de diyA indra varuNa, kAlI Adi yakSa-yakSiNI tathA anya gayA hai| do cazma AkAra ke khar3e hae jaina muniyoM kI rUpAntaroM meM jaina kalA meM bhI prApta hote haiN| pazcAtaThor3I meM trizala kI bhA~ti tIna rekhAe~ aura nAsikA, vartI kAla meM jaina kalA hindU kalA ke sAtha ekAkAra bhAla kI noka kI taraha aMkita hai| bhaveM aura nayanoM karatI pratIta hotI hai| eka mukhya asamAnatA jo jaina kA phailAva samarUpa hai| eka cazma tathA Der3ha cazma ceharoM aura hindU kalA ke madhya sadeva vidyamAna rahI vaha thI meM nAsikA zukacaMcu kI bhAMti nukIlI aura anupAta se hindU kalA meM nArI citroM tathA ati thrAMgArika citroM adhika lambI ho gayI hai| netra uThe hae tathA bAhara kI ke aMkana ke sambandha meM / hindU kalA sthUla mAMsalatA ora ubhare hue haiN| unakI lambAI karNabhAga ko chUtI kI ora agrasara ho, rAga-rAginI, nakha-zikha tathA hai , vastuta: netroM aura nAsikA ke citraNa meM jaina kalA- bArahamAsA Adi viSayoM meM saMlagna hotI gayI taba bhI kAroM kI nipuNatA kI tulanA nahIM hai|"" jaina kalA meM apanI paramparAgata dhArmika niSThA sthira rhii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jyoM-jyoM hindU kalA rAjaisa prakAra jaina citrakalA kI paramparA ke prasAdoM meM simaTatI gaI aura vilAsitAmayI jIvana antargata jo kArya huA usane bhAratIya citrakalA ke ke citraNa meM lagatI gaI, tyoM-tyoM jaina citrakalA kI vikAsa kA mArga prazasta kiyA / citrakalA ke kSetra meM nihita hotI gii| rAjapUta aura mugala zailiyoM ke pUrva bhI mahatvapUrNa kArya isa deza meM jaina citrakalA ke mAdhyama se huaa| bauddha kalA bhI jaina kalA se kaI sthAnoM para sAmaMbhAratIya citrakalA ko jaina citrakalA ne aisI anupama jasya karatI pratIta hotI hai| jaina kalA meM jisa prakAra sacitra kRtiyAM dI haiM jo bhAvAbhivyakti, saundarya bodha. kathAoM ko kaI sthAnoM para AdhAra banAyA gayA hai, raMga yojanA, varNa-AkAra-sajjA ke adabhata sAmaMjasya usI prakAra buddhakalA kA bhI mukhya AdhAra jAtaka ke kAraNa sajIva bana par3I haiM / isane citrakalA kI kathAe~ haiN| pandrahavIM zatI ke pUrva jaina evaM bauddha kalAoM agalI paramparAoM rAjapUta aura mugala zailiyoM ko kI hI kRtiyA~ upalabdha haiM / jaina kalA ne bauddha kalA navIna pravRttiyA~ tathA pragatizIla tatva diye haiN| kI alaMkaraNa pravRtti se sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA hai / eka mukhya antara jo ina donoM meM pAyA jAtA hai vaha jaina citrakalA ne apane se uttarakAlIna sabhI yaha ki bauddha kalA bhitti citroM para adhika kendrita zailiyoM para apanI gaharI chApa chor3I hai| hindU rahI jabaki jaina kalA meM bhitti citroM ke pazcAt rAjapUta kalA jaina citrazailI se atyadhika prabhAvita tAr3apatroM tathA kAgaja para citrAMkana ko pramukhatA dI huii| bhAratIya citra zailiyoM meM belabUToM kI banAvaTa gaI aura vaha grantha citroM kI ora adhika AkarSita kI janmadAtrI sarvaprathama jaina kalA hI rahI / jaina haI / bauddha kalA ne rAjya saMrakSaNa prApta kara tathA citrakalA hindU citrakalA zailiyoM ke ati nikaTa rahI vilAsitA pUrNa, zragArika citroM tathA nArI citroM kA hai| viSaya vastu ke rUpa meM bhI jana kalA meM svayaMbhU aMkana apane kSetra ko aura vyApaka banAte hue jahA~ rAma aura neminAtha hindU kalA ke rAma aura kRSNa ke antarrASTrIya kSetra meM apanA vikAsa kiyA vahA~ jaina samAna evaM samakAlIna haiM / hindU zailiyoM kI sarasvatI, kalA ne siddhAMtoM ke mUlya para kabhI paristhiti se 4. bhAratIya citrakalA--vAcaspati gairolA, pRSTha 1421 167

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samajhautA nahIM kiyA aura sadaiva dhArmika AdhAroM kA sarvazreSTha paTTa citra mAnA jAtA hai| nAhaTA kalA kaThoratApUrvaka pa.lana kiyA / bhavana bIkAnera meM bhI isa prakAra ke sundara vastracitra surakSita haiN| bhAratIya citrakalA ke vikAsa meM jaina kalAkAroM ne atyadhika mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyA hai| bhAratIya citrakalA jaina kalApremiyoM ke kalAtmaka dasavIM se pandrahavIM zatI ke bIca kA kAla to vastuoM kI surakSA ke viziSTa guNa ko bhI vizeSa zaddha rUpa se mukhyata: jaina kalA kA hI kAla rahA RNI hai jisake kAraNa caudahavIM-pandrahavIM zatI ke hai| isa yuga meM pUrva paramparA ko jIvita rakhakara jisa krAMtimaya samaya meM bhI, jabaki allAuddIna khilajI niSThA aura lagana ke sAtha jaina kalAkAroM ne jaina jaise saradAroM ne jahA~ bhI hinda kalAkati dekhI naSTa zailI ko vikasita kiyA aura bhaviSya meM rAjapUta karadI, jaina vidvAnoM ne jI jAna se apanI kalA paraevaM mugala zailI ko jo naye prayoga evaM bhAva mparA yA yoM kaheM ki tatkAlIna bhAratIya kalA paramparA vidhAna diye, unake lie bhAratIya citrakalA jaina / kI rakSA kii| ina dinoM kAgaja ke sthAna para kAzmIrI citrakalA kI paramparA kI RNI hai| tibbata, nepAla kAgaja svarNamayI evaM rajatamayI syAhI se mUlyavAna aura gar3havAla meM kapar3e para citrAMkana kI prAcIna paramparA citroM evaM pothiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA / muni ke anarUpa bhAratIya kalA meM vastroM para aMkana va lekhana kAntisAgara ke anasAra "kalpasatra" kI eka prati, kI sAmagrI jaina kalA meM hI upalabdha hotI hai / zraddha ya jo ahamadAbAda meM surakSita hai, itane mahatva kI pramAmani kAMti sAgara ne apane eka gaveSaNAtmaka lekha meM Nita ho cukI hai ki usakA malya savA lakSa rupaye taka tADapatroM, vastroM tathA kAgajoM Adi para nirmita jaina bhI A~kA jA cukA hai| bhAratIya nATya, saMgIta aura citroM, unake citrakAroM evaM granthakAroM kA vRhada varNana citrakalA tInoM STiyoM meM uma kiyA hai| unake saMgraha ke atirikta lakhanaU, ilAhA- ina citroM meM rAga-rAginI, marchanA, tAna Adi kI bAda, kalakattA Adi ke saMgrahAlayoM tathA yojanA saMgIta zAstra ke anusAra hai, aura AkAzacArI, aneka vyaktigata saMgrahoM meM vastracitroM ke mUlyavAna evaM pAdacArI, momacArI, vagairaha bharatamuni ke "nATyadurlabha namUne prApta hote haiM / vAziMgaTana kI pheyara ArTa zAstra" meM varNita nATya ke vibhinna rUpa bar3e hI bhAva gailarI meM surakSita "vasaMta vilAsa" nAmaka kRti (1508 pUrNa haiM / pratyeka ke mukhamudrA unake hRdayagata bhAvoM kA vi. meM likhita) vastra para citrita vijJapti patroM kI spaSTIkaraNa karate hue vividha rUpa utpanna kara sAdhAraNa apane DhaMga kI vizva bhara meM citrakalA meM advitIya kRti mAnava ko bhI apanI ora AkRSTa karatI hai yahI ukta mAnI jAtI hai / briTiza myUjiyama meM bhI jinabhadrasUri prati kI kucha vizeSatAe~ haiN| ke samaya kA jaina zAstroM para mahatvapUrNa prakAza DAlane vAlA eka bahumUlya evaM vRhata paTTa citra Aja bhI jaina citrakAroM dvArA raMgoM aura rekhAoM ke prati surakSita hai jise mugala-rAjapUta zailiyoM se pUrva kA pUrNa sajagatA baratI gaI hai / inakA sabase sundara svarUpa 5. "jainoM dvArA pallavita citrakalA" -- lekhaka-muni kAMtisAgara, "vizAla bhArata" disambara 1947; bhAga 40, aMka 6, pRSTha 341-348 / 6. tadaiva / 198

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tAr3apatroM para nirmita citroM meM dekhane ko milatA hai jahA~ bArIka rekhAoM dvArA alpa sthAna meM hI nirmita citroM meM kalAkAroM ne apanI pratibhA evaM kauzala kA pUrNa pradarzana kiyA hai| jaina zailI ke citroM meM netroM kI banAvaTa para vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai / tAGapatroM para aMkita sUkSma rekhAaiM itanI sArthaka haiM ki unake kAraNa citra meM pUrNa sajIvatA pratIta hotI hai jinheM dekhakara koI bhI kalAkAra inakI prazaMsA kiye binA nahIM raha sakatA / jaina pothiyoM ke bAhara surakSA ke lie ba~dhI lakar3iyoM kI takhtiyoM para bhI sundara citrakArI dekhane ko milatI hai / jaisalamera ke jaina mandiroM meM aisI jitanI bhI lakar3I ko sacitra takhtiyA~ thIM unake citra lekara unheM surakSita rakhA gayA hai, anya jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM meM bhI aisA kie jAne kI AvazyakatA hai / isa prakAra jahA~ jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ne karor3oM rupayA vyaya kara kalA kA poSaNa kiyA hai vahA~ jaina muniyoM ne bhI ekAgrabhAva se tanmayatApUrvaka hajAroM granthoM kI pratilipi evaM svatantra racanA kara kalA kI samRddhi meM mahAna yoga diyA hai / jaina granthakAroM kI kRtiyoM meM eka aura viziSTa vizeSatA dekhane ko milatI hai, ki aneka kRtiyoM meM likhane ke bIca-bIca isa DhaMga se khAlI sthAna chor3A gayA hai ki apane Apa chatra, kamala, svastika Adi ubhara Ate haiM / jaina citrakAroM meM jahA~ jaina paramparA ke vikAsa kA bar3A mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai vahA~ anya paramparAoM ke vikAsa meM bhI kaI jaina kalAkAroM ne mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| caudahavIMpandrahavIM zatI meM jaina kalAkAroM dvArA jahA~ " mArkaNDeya purANa" tathA "durgA saptamI" jaise jaise vaiSNava granthoM ke citra nirmita kie gaye haiM, vahA~ solahavIM satrahavIM zatI meM jahAMgIra ke darabArI citrakAroM meM sAlivAhana nAmaka jaina citrakAra dvArA " AgarA kA vijJapti patra" (1667 vi . ) tathA matisAra citra " dhannAzAlibhadracaupaI, kA bhI citrAMkana kiyA gayA / isI prakAra akabara ke kAla meM samaya sundara nAmaka jaina muni dvArA "artha ratnAvalI" nAmaka eka grantha kI racanA kara bAdazAha ko bheMTa kiyA gayA / isa prakAra jaina dharma ke prati apanI aTUTa niSThA ko sthira rakha jaina kalAkAroM ne jaina kalA kA jisa dhairya, niSThA va vizvAsa ke sAtha citrAMkana kiyA vaha vizva meM apanI sAnI nahIM rakhatA / rAjyAzrayoM ke vilAsitApUrNa vAtAvaraNa se vilaga tathA dhArmika sImAoM se ba~dhe rahane ke kAraNa jaina citrakalA meM loka jIvana kI vAstavika abhivyakti huI hai / usakI AkRtiyoM, rekhAoM aura sAja-sajjA Adi sabhI meM lokakalA kA samartha rUpa vidyamAna hai usameM vaise hI loka saundarya evaM loka saMskRti ke tatva chipe haiM jaise sAMcI aura bharahuta kI kRtiyoM meM hai / isalie lokakalA kA jo vAstavika pratinidhitva jaina kalA meM samAhita hai, vaisA na to bauddha kalA meM dikhAI detA hai aura na rAjapUta kalA meM hai|" 7. bhAratIya citrakalA - vAcaspati garolA, pRSTha 143 P&E

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CONTRIBUTION OF MAHAVIRA TO INDIAN CULTURE KAILASH CHAND JAIN Mahavira, who lived in the sixth century B. C., made distinct and special contributions, to Indian culture. He is described as a supreme personality, and acknowledged as a great Brahmana, a great guardian, a great guide, a great preacher, a great pilot and a great recluse. There were several religious thinkers and sects contemporary to Mahavira, but their philosophical dogmas had a merely temporary vogue, and gradually faded away. Inspite of the opposition from time to time, Mahavira's religion came to stay, and influenced the Indian culture in different ways. derable time. is very helpful. As it was codified much afterwards with certain interpolations and changes, it should be used with caution. This literary evidence is twofold: direct and collateral. The direct evidence is that which is furnished by the Jaina literary works specially the Purvas and the Avigas, and the collateral one is gathered from the Buddhist literary works known as Nikayas. The most important contribution of Mahavira to Indian Culture is the doctrine of ahimsa or non-violence. Previously there was too much slaughter of animals and injury to creatures, and this practice of violence polluted the whole atmosphere of the society. Animals were killed even in the religious sacrifices which were performed to please the gods. For the For the true understanding of Mahavira's contributions to Indian culture, his contemporary literature, which remained in the form of oral traditions for a consi- poo

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masses who formed the different castes such as the Osavalas, the Khandelavalas and the Poravalas etc. blissfulnes of the entire being, Mahavira inculcated the doctrine of ahimsa or nonviolence in thought, word and action. 1 The visible effect of this doctrine was sought to be proved by alpractical demonstration. Already in Mahavira's time and even afterwards, the righteous kings of India made it a point of duty to vouchsafe lawful protection to all forms of life within the sacred precincts of a religious establishment. 2 They even prohibited the slaughter of animals on certain sacred days of the year. This principle of causing no harm to any being had a salutary effect on man's habitual diet. Those, who came under the influence of Mahavira's personaltiy and teaching, gave up the eating of meat and fish, and adhered to a strictly vegetarian diet. The next contribution of Mahavira is that he observed no distinction of caste and creed. According to him, salvation is the birthright of everyone, and it is assured if one follows the prescribed rules of conduct. His doctrine of Karma(action) made the individual conscious of his responsibility for all actions. One becomes a Brahmana or a Kshatriya or a Vaisya or Sudra by one's actions. Though he was Kshatriya, he himself was styled 'Mahana' or Mahamahana (Great Brahamana). His religion was accepted by a large number of men and women belonging to different castes and classes. The contemporary kings, queens, princes and ministers became his followers. Among the kings, Srenika, Kunika and Chetaka are the prominent. His chief eleven disciples known as Ganadbaras were also Brahmanas who helped the master to spread his faith. Besides, he attracted a large number of rich bankers and merchants. Mahavira also tried bis best to improve the general condition of these down-trodden people. Harikeshabala, born in the family of Chandalas, became a monk possessing some of the highest virtues. 4 Several contemporary clans such as the Lichchhav After Mahavira's death, this vegetarian habit seems to have influenced the entire population The Brahmanas, Vaisyas and even Rajaputs became vegetarians because of the influence of Jainism. The principle was at the back of many philanthropic and humanitarian deeds performed, and institucions established from time to time. The practice of feeding and sustaining the insects, birds and animals followed in ancient times was the result of the doctrine of ahimsa. It is perhaps due to this principle that Jainism appealed to the 1. Uttaradhyayana Sutra. VIII, 10 2. Majjhimanikaya, II, p. 101. 3. Uvasagada-sao, 7. 4. Uttaradhyayana Sutra, XII PO

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is, the Vajjis, the Jnatrikas, the Mallas, the Ugras and the Bhogas came under the influence of Mahavira. 5 Another notable contribution of Mahavira is that he made no distinction of sex by admitting women into his Order. Some of them distinguished themselves as teachers and preachers. They used to lead a life of celibacy, with the aim of understanding and following the eternal truths of religion and philosophy. Ajita Chaudana became the first disciple of Mahavira under whom a large number of nuns practised the rules of right conduct and attained salvation. Another famous lady Jayanti, the sister of king Sayaniya of Kosambi, abandoned her royal robe and became a devout nun. some time, in the merits and benefits of monastic life without obliging them to renounce the world altogether. The type of organization gave the Jaina a root in India, and that root firmly planted amongst the laity enabled Jainism to withstand the storm that drove Buddhism out of India. The next remarkable contribution of Mahavira is that he established strict discipline in the Jaina monastic order by laying down certain rules of conduct for ascetics. These rules are classified under such general heads as begging, walking, modes of speech, entry into others possessions, postures; place of study and attending to the calls of nature. Here begging included begging food and drink, begging a bowl, begging clothes, and begging a residence of a couch under these subheads are to be found the rules governing the modes of eating, drinking and lying down. Walking includes travelling. crossing, swimming and other forms of movement. The postures are those that are involved in religious exercises. These rules have been prescribed so that a monk may not to prey to the worldly disputes. The noble conduct of the monk is essential, for he is regarded as an ideal example to be followed by the people. He is actually the guide, the guardian, and the leader of the society. The ultimate object taught by Mahavira is the conception of Nirvana which consists in the attainment of peace and infinite bliss, 6 This highest goal is to As Mahavira was born and brought up in republican atmosphere he organized the monastic order efficiently on democratic principles. He possessed a unique power of organization. There were four orders of his community: monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen. He made laily the participants of the monastic order. These laymen were householders who could not actually renounce the world but they at least could observe the five small vows colled anuvrata. The similarity of their religious duties, differing not in kind but in degree, brought about the close union of laymen and monks. Most of these regulations meant to govern the conduct of laymen were intended apparently to make them participate in a measure and for 5. Sacred Books of the east XLV (Sutrakritanga) pp. 71, 321, 339. 6. Satrakritarlga, I, 11. 11. 202

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the soul. Thus, the soul is not passive in the sense that it remains untouched or unaffected by what a person does, but is susceptible to the influence of Karma.? be attained though annihilating the old Karmans by the practice of austerities, and to step the influx of new Karmans by the practice of self-restraint, called Samvara with regard to the body, speach and mind. Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct are the three essential points which lead to perfection by the destruction of Karmans. Without Right Faith, there is no Right Knowledge; without Right Knowledge, there is no Virtuous Conduct, without virtues, there is no deliverance and without deliverance, there is no perfection. The next great contribution of Mahavira is the theory of Karma. According to him, birth is nothing, caste is nothing, Karma is cverything, and that on the destruction of Karma, all future happiness depends. This theory of Karma is known as the notion of the freedom of the will. According to it, pleasure and pain, and happiness and misery of the individual depend upon his free will, exertion and manly strength. Karma is the deed of the soul. It is a material forming a subtle bond of extremely refined karmic matter which keeps the soul confined to its place of origin or the natural abode of full knowledge and everlasting peace, According to this theory. there are as many souls as living individuals, and Karma consists of acts, intentional and unintentional, that produce effects on nature of The doctrine of Naya as propounded by Mahavira in opposition to the agnosticism of Sanjaya 8 is no less contribution to Indian Culture. The early canonical texts just mention Nayas without fixing up their number four or seven. 9 In course of time, this doctrine of Nayas was called Syadvada (Saptabhanginyaya), according to which there can be seven alternatives to a decisive conclusion. Nayas were actually the ways of expressing the nature of things from different points of view; they were the ways of escaping from the tendencies of insenstivity and dogmatism which Mahavira disliked. It is a midway between scepticism and dogmatism. There were many religious sects and philosophical views prevalent in his time. Mahavira was tolerant in religious matters and this theory of Naya laid stress on the fact that there should be room for the consideration of teachings and views of all religious sects which avoided squabbles and quarrels among religious exponents. This attitude in religious matters produced an atmosphere of mutual harmony among the followers of different sects who began to appreciate the views of their opponents as well. Jainism has survived the ravages 7. Sutrakritanga I, II, II. 8. Sacred books of the East X IV, p. XXVII. 9. Sutrakritanga II 5.3,Acharanga 1. 7.3. 203

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of time because of this tolerant attitude imbibed in the doctrine of Naya. Another great message of Mahavira to mankind is the doctrine of aparigraha or freedom from possession. By becoming a monk, he renounced everything by breaking all worldly ties. This doctrine enables a person to cut off the ties of attachment and desire, making him indifferent to all agreeable and disagreeable sensations of sound, touch, colour and smell. 10 It leads to the feeling of contentment; which cannot be bought by wealth, pomp and power of the world. Had it been possible, the kings and wealthy persons would certainly have attained it. It can certainly be realized through patience, forbearance, self-denial, forgiveness, humanity, compassion, suffering and sacrifice. This doctrine created healthy atmosphere in the society. Several kings, ministers and wealthy merchants led simple lives thinking wealth and power not for their own but for the welfare of all living beings. was a decay of morals of the monastic order. He considered it to be the highest austerity. This vow of chastity requires the avoidance of sexual pleasure. For its attainment, a person should desist from continually discussing topics relating to women. He should not regard and contemplate the lovely forms of women. He should not recall to his mind the pleasures and amusements he formerly had with women. He should not eat and drink too much. He should not drink liquer or eat highly seasoned food. He should not eccupy a bed or a couch belonging to women. 1 2 One special contribution of Mahavira is that he preached his doctrines in the language of the masses known as the old Ardha Magadhi dialect which soon grew as literary language. Traditionally the eleven Angas based on the teaching of Mahavira were originally in ArdhaMagadhi. This literature seems to have been handed down orally in the form of traditions, and it took literary form after much considerable time. It underwent many changes in language and subjectmatter. The prscentcanon does not belong to one period, but the language of the available canon, however, shows a great influence of Maharashtrian Prakrit. While Parsva taught only four vows for the realization of absolute happiness, Mahavira taught five in all making chastity a separate vow altogether. 11 He was compelled to do this because there 10. Acharanga 15-i-v. 11. Uttaradhyayanasutra, XXIII, 26-27 11. Uttaradhyayanasytiy, XVI. 204

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JAINA IMAGES AND THEIR PREDOMINANT STYLES : DAHALA AND SOUTH KOSALA REGION Dr. R. N. MISRA The paper attempts to make a brief study of Jaina sculpures in Central India and their stylistic evolution within an over-all pattern of sculptural style that shaped the images of the region under the Kalachuris of Dahala and South Kosala, 1 dedicated to Jinas, while prolific remains of sculptures of Jinas, the seated couples (variously identified as DharanedraPadmavati, Ambika-Sarvanha or the parents of Jina), the Jaina sasana devatas and Upasakas indicate the patronage - both royal and individual--that Jainism seems to have enjoyed during the Kalachuri rule. That some of these images are related to a distinct iconic tradition which is sui geeris has also been sometimes stressed. 2 It is of interest to note that although the Kalachuris were devout Saivas, their faith did not come in way of development of Jainism in the region under their control Some official records of the Kalachuris testify to the construction of temples 1. Many of the sites in these regions were explored by Cunningham and his assistants Baglar and Garrick in the last century. Among others who worked on this region mention may be made of Bhandarkar and Cousens, Only R. D. Banerji made a study of some consequence in which he attempted to present a systematic survey of the monuments of Haihayas (also known as Chedis or Kalchuris) of Tripuri. Despite these studies no serious attempt was made till recently to systematise the vast amoun of Archaeological evidence in terms of sculptures and monuments in the region. These monuments are however are now reeiving some attention. 2. The authors' Yakshini images and the Matrika Tradition in Central India', Prachya Pratibha, IIT, (i), pp, 29-34. 205

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Quanti a ively the epigraphic evidenc: with regard to Jaina monuments in the region under the survey is scanty. We have an inscription of K. E. 900/ 1149 A. D. referring to the setting up of a Tirthankara image (at Tripuri) by Jasadeva and Jasadhaval of Mathura. This short dedicatory inscription is engraved on the pedestal of this image which is now in the collection of Sir Hari Singh Gour Archaeological Museum of University of Sagar. 3 In the Bahoribandha Jaina image inscription of the time of Gayakarna (1123-1153) we find a reference to the construction of a temple of Tirthankara Santinath by Mhabhoja, son of Sarvadhara. This inscription affords. information regarding the construction of a mandira, temple', along with a very white. ritana, canopy', in front of it.. During its heyday, as the inscription testifics. the shrine was a ramy 1, 'beautiful', construction Similarly the vitana was very white' and 'extremely beautiful'. The name of the sutradhana, architect', who made it was Sreshthin and the acharya who conscerated the image was Subhadra. This acharya belongs to the anvaya, 'line', of the Desigana in the Amnaya of holy Chandrakara, 5 The Alhaghat inscription of V. S. 1216/1159 A. D. refers to the construction of a shatishadika ghat and a temple dedicated to Ambika on the road leading to the ghat. This deed was performed by Ranaka Chihula who belongs to the line of the Rautiyas of Kausambi. The Ranaka himself was a feudatory of the Kalachuri Narsimhadeva (1153-1163). It is difficult to say whether this temple was dedicated to Ambika, the sasanadevi of Neminath or to the Brahmanical deity of the same name. But the coincidence of the existence of a Jaina temple at Patyan Dae (Satna) district) is interesting in this connection.. That this temple is a Jain monument is beyond doubt. It may be dated to about 12th century. Stylisticaly, the figures of Jinas on the lintel of the doorway and the other decorative figures on the doorframe. 3. Cf. Dikshit, M. G, Madhya Pradesh p. 70; Tripuri-1952 (Sagar, 1955); p. 4. Cf., Mi ashi, V. V., Inscription of the Chedi Kalachuri Era, Corpus Inscriptionum. Indicarum, vol. IV (i) (Ootacamound. 1955, inscription no. 59, p. 310-311; Cunningham, A., Archaeological Survey of India Reports. Vol. IX. p. 40; Bhandarkar, P. R. A S. W. I. for 1903-04, pp. 54-55. e puratatva ki ruprekha (in Hindi; Sagar 1954). 12. pl. VII. B. 5. According to Mirashi this may be identical with the Chandrakapat Gaccha of Digambar sect, Cf., C. I. I, IV (i), p. 310, note 3; Indian Antiquary, XXI. p. 73. It is also of Interest to note that Sarvabhadra the father of donor belong to a line namely Golla parva anvaya which stil has several adherents in M. P. 6. Mirashi. V. V., opcit. p. 323-24. 206

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appear to belong to a period of the art of Dahala when decadence had already set in. But it is curious to note that housed in this temple was an image of Ambika of about 10th century. The image now fiills the collection of the Allahabad Municipal Museum. Incidentaly, it may be noted here that the Alhaghat inscription refers to several craftsmen also who might have been associated with the construction of the ghat and the Ambika temple. No less than five craftsmen are mentioned in it, namely the Sutradhara Kamlasinha and his team consisting of Some, Kokasa, Palhana, and Dalhana. The inscription seems to indicate that the number of craftsmen and artisans was growing while the patronage and style was fast dwindling by now. This is all that the Kalchuri epigraphs tell about art activity related to Jainism. The Jainaremains in the region however are prolific though scattered. Although most of the remains are in nature of loose sculptures, it may be surmised on their basis that Jaina temples must have existed at Bilhari and Karitalai besides the Patyan 7. For the details of this image of Ambika, cf., Saraswati, S. K., Jisoa., VIII. 148; Shah, U. P.. Studies in Jain Art, Banaras, 1955), p. 18; Journal of University of Bombay, Sept. 1941. Dae temple of the Satna district and the Bahoridhandha shrine of Santinatha in the Jabalpur district. The speculation regarding the former two places is based on the doorframes which still exist at Karitalai and Bilhari. The connected monuments have disappeared now and their ruins shifted to the Rani Durgavati Museum (Jabalpur) and Mahant Ghasidas Memorial Museum (Raipur). Among these places Bilhari came into prominence architecturally when Nohala, the queen of Yuvarajadeva 1 (915-945) built the reputed Nohalesvara matha and Somanath temple there. The remains of these constructions can still be seen in the reconstructed Vishnu-Varaha temple of Bilhari. Karitalai became famous for its temples one of which was built in 840-41 A. D. and the other some time during the reign of Lakshmanaraja II (945-70). These cons tructions define the background of building activity which eventually seems to have influenced the content of Jaina art also, for it was a significant part of a whole in which sharp lines of division in respect. of stylistic details get blurred. These circumastances also explain as to why in 8. Cf. Jain, B. C., Sculptures from Karitalai in Raipur Museum' Journal of Indian Museums, Vol. XIV-XVI (1958-60). pp. 19-20. ef also Prachya Pratibha, vol. III (i), 1975, p. 89 During the course of my field work which covered the areas of Vindhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh most of the sites covered contain Jaina Sculptures, This Temple at Karitalai was dedicated probably to the Trinity of Hindu Pantheon. The opening verses of the Karitlai inscription of K. E. 593/840-41 A. D. have: om namostu Druhinopendrarudrebhyayah. cf. Mirashi. V. V,, opcit., p. 181, 207

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the otherwise wholly Jainistic images there is often a distinctive iconographic touch which does not conform to the conventional Jaina iconography. Any number of examples may be cited to indicate this phenomenon of mutual adjustment in the details of images and iconography. A major example of this is to be seen in the Jaina temple of Arang which is an architec tural marvel interpreting the bhumija style of architecture usually reserved for Saiva temples. 10 Another typical example of iconographic adjutments in Jaina sculpture is afforded by the Hanumantal (Jabalpur) Jina image. A Jaina image from Karitalai (now displayed in the Raipur Museum) similarily interprets a variation of the same idion which is predominent in the Hanumantal image. Stylistically these images conform to the idiom of sculptures of Karitalai and Tripuri-Jabalpur region as a whole, as obtaining in the 10th and 11th century. Sagar and Narsinghpur regions also. have several sites abounding in Jaina remains. At Bina-Barha ard Ranital (Sagar district) there are rich remains exhibiting. nine Tirthankara images such as Adi 10. For a detailed study of Bhumija mode in temple architecture, see Krishna Deva, Bhumija Temples', in Studies in Temple Inian Architecture, Ed. Pramod Chandra (1975) pp. 90-113. 11. Cf. Munikanta Sagar, khandaharon ka baibhava in (Hindi), pp. 199-200. 12. Banerji, R. D., The Haihayas of Tripuri and their Monuments (M. A S.I. No. XXIII), p. 100, pl. XLI, B; p. 102. pl. XLVIII, B. 13. Bajpai, K. D.. in the Bulletin of Ancient Indian History and Archaeology, (Sagar 1967), p. 74. natha, Sambhavanatha, Santinatha, etc. and Ambika. Some of these images have now been spoiled due to liberal dabs of oil applied on them. Iconographically however a pillar now standing in the compound of the Town Council office at Narsinghpur is interesting This pillar originaily was decorated with the surmounting sarvatobhadrika images whose pedestals with their empanelled sasanadevi figures have fortunately escaped damage. Thus on them we have the figures of Padmavati, Ambika and Chakreshwari (the fourth figure is damaged),11 A Jina image in the Subhash Park of Narsinghpur is also of interest and seems to articulate the same breadth of style which interprets the Jina images of Sohagpur (the Thakur's collection) and Jabalpur (Cursetjee's collection) published by Banerji. 12 Images of Jinas sasandevis and upasakas having their bearing on the Jaina art and iconography are 18 fairly abundant in the region of Shadol, (Antara, Singhpur), Jabalpur (Tewar, Karitalai, Bilhari, Darshani Gurji, Bahoribaodha), Sagar (Bina-Barha, Deori, Ranital), Satna (Ramvan Museum collection, Patyan Dae), all of which once formed the part of an 208

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extensive Dhala Mandala. In the South Kosala region similarly images are known from Bilaspur and Raipur districts at such places as Sirpur, Malhar, Dhanpur, Ratanpur, Padampur, etc. 14 Among these notable examples are from Arang and Malhar All in all, the content of Jaina art in the regions under observation here is fairly rich in types, iconography and style. It is the last aspect which has been discussed in the following pages. IL In the period following the Guptas, Central Indian region indicates a very definite idiom of style in sculptures which seems to have derived itself from the classical mannerisms of art that came up mainly of the Gupta-Vakataka tradition of the north and the Deccan. Although securely dated images of the post-Gupta phase in Central India are mostly absent, the stylistic features of evolving images are to some extent traceable in stages from ccrtain dated examples known from Eran, Mandoor and certain other regions in Rajasthan. In the Dahala however the images from Nandchand (Panna district) and Sagar (Ardhanarisvara image in the Sir H.S. Gouar Museum), provide stylistic indices to the evolution of modes and mannerism in sculptural art and help in establishing its forms that obtained during the transitional phase. A study of transformation of classical idiom into Medieval has reference here geographically to two different regions of Central India namely the Dahala and the South Kosala 1 5 In terms of patronage, it appears that the Panduvamsis in the South Kosala and the Kalachuris in Dahala were mainly responsible for developing different styles. Of these to the South Kosala idiom has a greater sophistication artistry and a concerted historikal tradition. The inscriptions of the Sarabhapuriyas, 16 Pandus?? and Nalas 18 in the South Kosala indicate that this region had come to assume an important position in the wake of political conflicts and change of power following the dissolution of the Guptas and the Vakatakas. Even as the different dynasties of the South Kosala succeeded the Guptas and the Vakatakas, the prevalent art idiom of the region underwent a change. 19 Although the majority of 14. Raipur District Gazetteer, pp. 65-66; Bilaspur District Gazetteer, p. 61. 15. Cf. Pramod Chandra, Sculptures in the Allahabad Museum, (1970), pp, 33 ff. 16. Cf. Dikshit, M. G. opcit, (1954. pp. 58-61). 17. Cf. Mirashi, V. V., "The Pandva Dynasty of Mekala", Indica (Silver Jubilee Volume of Indian Historical Institute, St. Xavier College, Bombay), pp. 268-73. 18. Dikshit, M. G., opcit (1954), pp. 60-61; Mirashi, V. V., E. I., XXVI. 54. 19. The brick-temples of South Kosala have been assigned to the period of 6th and 7th century A. D. A transformation from the Gupta-Vakajaka to the Traditional phase in the monuments of the area may be traced through the recently discovered temple at Tala near Sirpur. The credit for this discovery goes to Sri Vishnu Singh Thakur of Raipur and Mr. Don Stadner of California Universtty, U. S. A. POE

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monuments existing in this region belonged to the Budhist and Brahmanical sects, some Jaina images coeval in time and Mannerism to these are known from Malhar (Bilaspur district). These images are housed in a dilapidated enclosure koown as Parghania Deva temple. Some other Jina images of a later date are studded in the walls near the house of Sri Amarnath Sao of Malhar. Important among these and belonging to late 7th (or probably to 8th) century are the images of Adinatha inside the Parghania Deo temple and of another Jina, buried outside the said temple. This latter seated image is of massive proportions; both the images however, reflect a sophistication and purity, distinguished by a balanced conglomeration of conver surfaces bounded with a rhythmic move ment. In the meilowed and sensitive form of the torso, the sophistry is accentuated by a balanced dispersal of solidity and mass. The modelling of these images is superb to the extent that even the somewhat stiff thrust of limbs seems subdued. These features represent a re-statement of classical' idiom and in articulating it the images seem to follow dintictly the breadth of a style which flourished in such areas as Ratanpur (Kalyansundera panel in the Raipur Museum), Dhamtari (same collection), Kharod (doorframe of the Sondaridevi temple), Rajim (Rajibalochan and Ramachandra temple sculptures and Mukhlingham in the Parlakimedi Taluk of Ganjam district in Orissa. Although the form of sculptures evident in these reliefs seems to have declined in course of time in the South Kosala, it did not conpletely disappear. On the other hand, the Orissan monuments of early phase (e. g. Mukteshvara), particularly seem to have imbibed in them the features of this artistic traditon. 20 It has been suggested that the art and architecture of the upper Mahanadi valley made a deep impact when it travelled Utkal. In that region it helped in initiating a "revival of artistic conception with certain modifications, 21 Not much is known regarding the sculptural tradition of South Kosala next to the Pandus and Nalas till the advent of 20 The Harbingers of this South Kosala tradition in the Orissan region were primarily the Somuvamsis. The Brahmeshwar inscription indicate that Janmejaya, the Scmvansi conqurred odra and during the reigns of his successors, the regions of Kosala, Utkala, Kongoda and the parts of what then was knon as Kalinga assumed a unity distinguished by cultural and linguistics bonds. Panigrahi, K. C. Archaeo.'ogical Remains of Bhuvaneshwer (Orient Longmen, 1961) p. 251. Ibid, p, 251. For special characterstics of Orissan sculptures of the period under the Somavamsis, cf. Panigrahi, K. C.. pp. 251 ff. be (pp. 158 ff. says that three temples of the formar Baudha State in the upper Mahanadi valley also indicate a similars sophistications. 21. 210

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the Kalchuris, except for a short interlude of the kings of the Bana dynasty, 22 During the Kalchuris who first started as a branch of the main line of Tripuri and sometime during the reign of Jajjlldeva I (1090-1120) became independent, Jina images seem to have come up at various places specified above. These images cut in black stone (Ratanpur, Bilaspur) or in greyish sandstones (Malhar), reflect the same modes of style which inform the other sculptures of the region in their lenghthening limbs tending towards extreme lateralism, swollen faces, broad plump chest suddenly constructing to an almost triangular waist with a central lump near the navel, below which are attached feet which look more like unhappy appendages, the sculptures of the South Kosala during this phase interpretan idiom which is emphatically provincial. Kosala is peculiar for its artistic idiom which was sufficiently wide-spread. Geographically, it covered almost the whole of the present Chhattisgarh and Baster regions besides such other places as Amarkantak and Marakanda (Maharashtra). The origins of this idiom may have their moorings in the Mahanadi valley. While in the Orissan region it assumed a greater sophistication in various stages at Jajapur. Ranipur Jharial, Bhuvaneshwar and Puri, its form in Chhattisgarh remained almost changeless, certain inspired phases here notwithstanding. The exuberant or languorous variations of this idiom are fairly recurrent in the art of South Kosala from about 10th cent. to 14th cent. The images of Chadraprabh, Rishabhadeva and othe:s in black stone from Ratanpur (C. 12th cent.) have such features. The seated Jina type of images seem to have helped in evolving the devotee images of black stone found at several places such as Ratanpur, Kharod, Chhapari, Amarkantak and Malhar. On the whole the Kalachuri phase of South Exceptional in this regard are the images on the Bhand-Dewala at Arang (Raipur district). This Jaina temple, stellate in plan stands on a lofty pitha decorated with seven mouldings in which the major ones consist of Gajapitha, aswapitha and narapitha. The jangha of the temple has six verticle butteresses decorated with two bands of sculptures. The sculptured bands are demarcated from each other by a moulding called vidyadhara pattika. The images on the jangha represent Jaina sasanadevis on the Bhadra niches and minor deities, dikpalas and Apsaras on the other projections. The recesses alternating with buttresses have the usual motifs of erotic couples which became an essential feature of the Kalachuri temples from 11th century onwards in the Dahala 22. Mirashi, (C. I. I., vol. 1V), intro. p. CXV; CXVII.) Ascribes the costruction the Pali temple to the Bana king Vikramaditya in C. 9th century. Stylistically however the temple in its reconstred form, door-way excluded, is ascribable to 12th century. cf. Krishna Deva, Temples of North India, p. 53. 211

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its importance has recently been proven beyond doubt by Krishna Deva. 29 Stylistically, the decorative images on this temple do not show the contortion of limbs, a feature which otherwise is predominent in this region. So the inspiration as well as the execution of the temple should he traced to some other locality preferably the Dahala region. That the Virateshwara temple of Sohagpur might have influenced the Bhandadeval is a probability accepted by Krishna Deva. as well as South Kosala region. Certain mouldings on jangha have figures of Yakshas and Jinas. No less than twentyone figures of Yakshas appear here. How- ever it is difficult to relate them to any definite iconographic tradition in absence of their clear cognizances. The recesses and projections on the jangha follow a definite scheme of decoration regarding placement of motifs such as Apsaras, erotic figures, sansanadevis, upasakas, dik pulas, etc. But the vyala figures so commonly used in the other Kalachuri temples eveywhere are conspicuous by their absence here. The only notable exception in this is a loan vyala figure occupying a recess by the side of the Central Bhadra projection on the south face of the temple. The figures of non-Jaina deities e. g. Bhairawa (South face), Natesa (in a recess on south face) and Krishna Lila scene (in a recess of north face) also occur on the jangha of the temple. But the most spirited decorative figures belong to the miscellaneous group thrown around the various places on the walls of the temple representing dance groups, Warriors, wrestlers, etc. One such figure on the south face, upper band represents a flute player having two torsos aligned to a single head. Below him we have a drummer. The sikhara of the temple, a bhumija type, has the usual latas rising from bhadra; the lates have on them a series of panels containing Jina figures in a group of two or more. As regards the Dahala region, it is possible to determine the predominant idiom of sculptural style, their epicentres and their spread. Roughly stated, the carly images following the Ardhanarishwara of Sagar University, tend to indicate simple decoration unencumbered with profuse ornamental features of the parikara. In the anthropomorphic form the distinctive features in images reflect an ovaloid face, a simple hair style or crown wherever found, and a short almost squatting proportions devoid of any exaggerated later. alism. The images of Jinas at Bina-Barha and those of Natesa from Marh-Piparias and Bina Barha indicate these feature rather imphatically. These forms may be related to the 9th century. The 10th century however was a turning point in the artistic tradion of Dahala when the Kalachuri rulers invited the saints of Mattamayura sect into their territory and established several mathas for them. This seems to have brought out an upsurge both in quality as well as artistry of sculp The temple on the whole is a unique monuments coming from this region and 23. Krishna Deva, Bhumija Temples (1975), pp. 110 ff. 212

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ture. The Jina images rom Bilhari and Kalitalai mentioned above seem to belong to this tradition. Stylistically, the doorways and other art remains at Baijnath, Marai, Gurgi, Mehsaon, Bilhri and Arjula in that order seem to mark the various stages of development of sculpture during the period extending from 10th through 11th century. They indicate a style in which figures are elongated, torso triangular instead of squarish, resting on thin waist, and feet sometimes columnar. The whole standing posture has an rlegance attenuated by the bhanga on the main axis of body. The close parellel to this idiom is found in the images of the Lakhamaneshwar temple of Khajuraho. 24 The images of Karitalai (Raipur Museum) and Bilhari (Dharmasala Compound) have these features adjusted to the canonical requirements from Jina images. Among these, of particular significance are the images of Parshvanatha and of Chandraprabha, Padmaprabha and Parshwanatha at Bilhari. However in the comparatively remote regions of Sagar, Damoh and Narsinghpur a variation of the same idiom is reflected in the Jina images which have otherwise the features similar to the Bilhari-Karitalai idiom with the exception that the face is more squarish than oval. The idiom has an anterior history in the region, but in the notable examples of 10th century,reference may be made to the images of Jinas and their Yakshis from Narsinghpur. Close to Narsinghpur at at Barahata and Naunia there are figures of Adinatha, Parshwanatha and Mahavira which also seem to belong to this period. The 11th century, particularly the second and third quarter of it, witnessed the effloroscence of sculptures in the Dahala region. The decorative details increased in the parikara of the sculptures. A very delicate scroll work elegantly covering the portions of halo and the whole background of relief highetens the aesthetic. quality of sculptures of this period. The tracerred scroll work, beaded festoons regularly looped through the span of pedastals or seats, the filigried crowns of the attendant deitties and minutely fretted and carved chhatras on the head of the Jinas leave the viewer spell bound at the wealth of carving displayed on the individual images. Although the Jina images are monotonously similar in their seated or standing postures, the wealth of decorative details on the parikara is what makes the images of this period very distinctive. As regards the images them 24. Krishna Deva. Temples of North India, p. 62. He assigns the Lakhamaneshwar temple to 950 A. D. 25. Prof, K. D. Bajpai deals with these images while describing the Jaina art of the Central India during A. D. 1300-1800. He however has Indicated that the Jaina. art flourished here from about 11th to 13th century A. D. For his comments c. f. Jain Art and Architecture, vol. II. Ed. A. Ghosh (Bhartiya Jnanpitha, New Delhi, 1975), p. 353. 313

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selves, although their stiffness is mitigated by the profuse ornamentation, none the less, angularities lateralism and idealisation seems to have started showing up in them now. Some typical examples of this 'sort are known from Jabalpur (the Aranatha image in the Jaina temple), Sohagpur (the Thakur's collection), Lakhanadaun, Narsingpur and Bilhari. In these we have variations of the same style but the angularities are always present in them. proliferate and have such motifs as elephants, attendants, Jinagroups standing or seated and fly-whisk bearers. Below the Jina images we usually have a couch from which in the middle, hangs an astaraka which is sometimes decorated with festoons and carries the cognizance of Jinas. Pedastals indicate balusters with the inset figures of devotees or the lions or such symbols. The garland bearing vidyadharas and the attendants flanking Jina figures are sometimes striking similar in almost all the details to those found on the images of other deities including the Brahmanical ones. This similarity seems to suggest that same artists or their guilds brought out images as required and where iconograhic considerations could be relaxed, they took liberty in experimenting with details irrespective of the secterian plurality. We may conclude by some remarks on the parikaras of the Jaina images from Dahala region. The early images of 9th century lack in details except for the garland bearers at the top of stele and an attendant or attendants on the either side of the Jinas. In the 10th century images, the details of parikara tend to * * *

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jaina sAhitya SaSTama khaNDa

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jaina sAhitya ve mahAna aviSkartA the / unhoMne apanI bar3I putrI brAhmI ko jo lipi sikhAI vaha bhArata kI prAcInatama lipi brAhmI ke nAma se prasiddha huI aura choTI putrI sundarI ko aMka Adi sikhAye, jisase gaNita kA vikAsa haA / pUruSoM kI 72 tathA striyoM kI 64 kalAe~ yA vidyAe~ bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI hI viziSTa dena haiN| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke bar3e putra bharata 6 khaNDoM ko vijaya kara cakravartI samrATa bane, aura unhIM ke nAma se isa deza kA nAma bhArata prasiddha huaa| vyAvahArika zikSA dene ke bAda bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne pichalI Ayu meM sanyAsa grahaNa kiyA aura tapasyA tathA dhyAna Adi / sAdhanA se Atmika jJAna prApta kiyA / usa paripUrNa aura viziSTa jJAna kA nAma kevala 'jJAna' jaina dharma meM prasiddha hai| isake bAda unhoMne AdhyAtmikaagaracanda nAhaTA sAdhanA kA mArga pravartita kiyA, Atmika unnati aura mokSa kA mArga sabako batalAyA isIlie bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA jaina sAhitya meM sarvAdhika jaina dharma bhArata kA prAcInatama dharma hai / usake mahatva hai yadyapi unako hae asaMkhyAta varSa ho gaye, pravartaka aura pracAraka 24 tIrtha kara sabhI ima bhArata- isalie unakI vANI yA upadeza to hameM prApta nahIM haiM, bhami meM hI janme, sAdhanA karake viziSTa jJAna prApta para unakI paramparA meM 23 tIrthakara aura hae / unhoMne kiyA aura janatA ko dharmopadeza dekara bhArata meM hI bhI sAdhanA dvArA kevala jJAna prApta kiyA aura sabhI nirvANa ko prApta hue| jaina paramparA ke anusAra bhaga- kevaliyoM kA jJAna eka jaisA hI hotA hai| isaliye vAna RSabhadeva prathama tIrtha kara the| unhoMne yugalika RSabhadeva kI jJAna kI paramparA aMtima tIrtha kara dharma kA nivAraNa karake asI zAstra kI masI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI aura upadeza ke rUpa meM likha kRSi, tathA vidyAoM aura kalAoM kI Aja bhI hameM prApta hai| samasta jaina sAhitya kA mUla zikSA dekara bhAratIya saMskRti ko eka nayA rUpa diyaa| AdhAra vahI kevala jJAnI-tIrtha karoM kI vANI hI hai| 217

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prAcInatama jaina sAhitya kara bAkI meM raciyatA kA nAma nahIM milatA unameM se raciyatA ke nAmavAle granthoM meM sabase pahalA sUtra hai bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pahale ke tIrtha karoM ke dazavakAlpika, jinameM jaina muniyoM kA AdhAra saMkSepa meM muniyoM kA jo vivaraNa AgamoM meM prApta hai, usase vaNita hai| isa sUtra ke raciyatA rAyyaMbhava sUri mahAmAlUma hotA hai ki 'pUrvo' kA jJAna usa paramparA meM cAlU vIra nirvANa ke 98 varSa meM svargastha 5 veM pakSadhara hue thaa| Age calakara unako 14 pUrvo meM vibhAjita kara ra haiN| isake bAda AcArya bhadrabAhu zrutakevalI ne vRhadadiyA mAlUma detA hai| ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra meM samaya kalpa, byavahAra aura dazAtha ta skandha nAmaka ucheda sUtroM aura usake kaI zatAbdiyoM taka 14 pUrvo kA jJAna kI racanA kii| 10 AgamoM kI niyuktiyA~ rUpa prAcIna pracalita rhaa| 'kramazaH' usameM kSINatA hotI gaI aura , Ata viTara TIkAe~ bhI bhadrabAhu racita haiM / para AdhukarIba 2 hajAra varSoM se 14 pUrvo ke jJAna kI vaha nika vidvAnoM kI rAya meM unake kartA dvitIya bhadrabAha viziSTa paramparA lupta sI-ho gyii| pIche hue haiM / isake bAda syAmAcArya ne patravaNA sUtra bnaayaa| isa taraha samaya-samaya para anya kaI AcAryoM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jo 30 varSa taka aneka aura vidvAnoM ne graMtha banAkara jaina sAhitya kI abhisthAnoM meM vicarate hue dharmopadeza diyA, use aneka vRddhi kii| pravAna gautama Adi gaNadharoM ne sutra rUpa meM nibaddha kara / diyaa| vaha upadeza 12 aMga sUtroM meM vibhakta kara diyA saMskRta meM jaina sAhitya - gayA jise 'dvAdazAMga gaNi-piTaka' kahA jAtA hai| inameM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tatkAlIna lokabhASA arddhase 12vAM dRSTibAda aMga satra jo bahata bar3A aura viziSTa mAthI meM paTeDA diyA thA bahuta bar3A aura viziSTa mAgadhI meM upadeza diyA thA aura usI paramparA ko aura na jJAna kA stotra thaa| para vaha to lupta ho cukA hai| jainAcAryoM ne bhI 500 varSoM taka to barAbara nibhAyA / bAkI "aMga sUtra karIba hajAra varSa taka maukhika rUpa ataH usa samaya taka kA samasta jaina sAhitya prAkRta / se pracalita rahe, isalie unakA bhI bahuta-sA aMza bhASA meM hI racita hai / isake bAda saMskRta ke bar3hate vismata ho gyaa| vIra nirvANa saMvata_980 meM devadhi hae pracAra se jaina vidvAna bhI prabhAvita hue aura gaNi kSamAzramaNa ne saurASTra kI vallabhI nagarI meM usa unhoMne prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha saMskRta meM bhI racanA karanA samaya taka jo aMga maukhika rUpa se prApta the unako prArambha kara diyA / upalabdha jaina sAhitya meM sabase lipibaddha kara diyA / ataH prAcInatama aura jaina pahalA saMskRta graMtha AcArya umAsvAti racita 'tvArtha sAhitya meM rUpa ke ve 11 aMga aura unake upAMga tathA / gi tathA sUtra mAnA jAtA hai, jo vikrama kI dUsarI tIsarI zatAbdI unake AdhAra para bane hue jo bhI Agama Aja prApta kI racanA hai| isameM choTe-choTe sUtroM ke rUpa meM jaina haiM unheM prAcInatama jaina sAhitya mAnA jAtA hai| siddhAntoM kA bahata khubI se saMkalana kara diyA gayA hai| digambara sampradAya meM to ye aMga sUtrAdi lupta ho gaye yaha 10 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| zvetAmbara aura digamAnA jAtA hai, para zvetAmbara sampradAya meM ve hI Agama mbara donoM sampradAya ise samAna rUpa se mAnya karate graMtha prApta aura mAnya haiN| haiM, aura donoM sampradAyavAloM kI isa para sahI TIkAe~ prApta haiM / zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra to tatthyArthakA prAcInatama jaina sAhitya sutra kI bhASya to svaya umAsvAti ne hI racI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAda kaI jainAcAryoM ne bahuta- sutra granthoM kI paramparA kA yaha mahatvapUrNa saMskRta se sUtra graMtha banAye, para una sUtroM meM se 2-4 ko chor3a- jaina grantha hai| 218

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isake bAda to samaMtabhadra' siddhasena, pUjyamAda, kI ba~galA Adi anya prAMtIya bhASAoM meM bhI jainoM kI akalaMka haribhadra Adi zvetAmbara digambara donoM racita prApta haiN| hindI, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI meM sampradAyoM ke vidvAnoM dvArA dArzanika, nyAya gratha aura to lAkhoM zloka parimita gadya aura padya kI jaina racaTIkAe~ Adi saMskRta meM barAbara racI jAtI rhii| nAeM prApta haiM evaM prAcInatama racanAeM jainoM kI hI aura Age calakara to saMskRta meM kAvya, caritra aura prApta haiN| sabhI viSayoM ke jaina grantha saMskRta meM khUba likhe gaye / kathAoM kA bhaMDAra jaina-sAhityaapabhraMza evaM lokabhASAoM meM jaina sAhitya-- lokabhASA kI taraha lokakathAoM aura dezI jaina bhASA meM nirantara parivartana hotA hI rahA saMgIta ko bhI jainoM ne vizeSa rUpa se apnaayaa| isIhai ataH prAkRta bhASA apamraza ke rUpa meM lie lokakathAoM kA bhI bahuta bar3A bhaMDAra jaina parivartita ho gayI / apabhraMza meM bhI jainoM ne hI sAhitya meM pAyA jAtA hai| aura lokagItoM kI cAla sarvAdhika sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA hai / vaise to thA 'tarja' para hajAroM stavana, sajhAya, DhAla Adi prAcIna nATakoM meM bhinna jAti evaM sAdhAraNa choTe-bar3e kAvya race gaye haiN| una DhAla Adi ke prArambha puruSoM aura striyoM kI bhASA kI 'racanAeM 8 vIM meM kisa' loka gIta kI tarja para isa 'gIta' racanA 9vIM zatAbdI se milane lagatI haiM, aura 17 vIM ko gAnA cAhie, isakA kucha ullekha karate hue usa zatAbdI taka choTI-bar3I saikar3oM racanAe~ jaina kaviyoM lokagIta kI prArambhika kucha paMktiyA~ bhI uddhRta kara kI racita Aja bhI prApta hai| kavi svayaMbhU puSpadaMta, dI gaI haiM jisase hajAroM vismRta aura lupta lokadhanapAla Adi apabhraza ke jaina mahAkavi haiM / jainetara gItoM kI jAnakArI milane ke sAtha-sAtha kaunasA gIta raktigraMtha apabhraMza meM nahIM milatA kyoMki unhoMne kitanA purAnA hai, isake nirNaya karane meM bhI suvidhA prArambha se hI saMskRta ko pradhAnatA dI thI; ataH ho gaI hai| isa sambandha meM mere kaI lekha prakAzita ho unakA sarvAdhika sAhitya saMskRta meM hai| cuke haiN| apabhraza se uttara bhArata kI prAntIya bhASAoM eka-eka lokakathA ko lekara anekoM jaina racanAe~ kA vikAsa haA / 13vIM zatAbdI se rAjasthAnI, prAkRta, saMskRta, rAjasthAnI Adi bhASAoM meM jaina gujarAtI aura hindI meM sAhitya milane lagatA hai| vidvAnoM ne likhI haiN| isase ve lokakathAeM kaunasI yadyapi 15vIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza kA prabhAva kitanI purAnI hai, unakA mUla rUpa kyA thA una racanAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| usa samaya taka aura kaba-kaba kaisA aura kitanA parivartana unameM hotA rAjasthAna aura gujarAta meM to eka hI bhASA bolI rahA, ina saba bAtoM kI jAnakArI jaina kathA sAhitya jAtI thI, jise rAjasthAna vAle purAnI rAjasthAnI evaM se hI adhika mila sakatI hai / una lokakathAoM ko gujarAtavAle jUnI-gujarAtI kahate haiM ataH kaI vidvAnoM dharma pracAra kA mAdhyama banAne ke lie unameM jaina ne use 'maru-gUjara' bhASA kahanA ucita adhika mAnA siddhAMtoM aura AcAra vicAra kA puTa de diyA hai| Age calakara rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI aura hindI meM gayA hai jisase janatA una kathAoM ko sunakara pApoM se prAntIya bheda adhika spaSTa hotA gyaa| aura ina bace aura acche kAryoM kI preraNA prApta kare / kyoMki tInoM bhASAoM meM jaina vidvAnoM ne pracUra racanAe~ kathAe~, bAlaka, yuvA-vRddha strI-puruSa sabhI ko samAna banAyI haiN| vaise kucha racatAe sindhI, marAThI rUpa se prabhAvita karatI hai isalie jaina lekhakoM ne 2.6

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kathAoM sambandhI sAhitya bahata bar3e parimANa meM racA se prakAzita hai| bhASA vijJAna ke adhyApana meM jaina hai aura isase jana-sAdhAraNa ke jIvana meM sadAcAra aura sAhitya kI upayogitA--bhASA vijJAna kI dRSTi se jaina naitikatA kA khUba pracAra haA / jaina sAhitya kI sAhitya kA mahatva sabase adhika hai kyoMki jaina muni eka sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nirantara ghUmate rahate haiM aura saba prAntoM meM dharma pracArArtha vikAra varddhaka aura vAsanAoM ko ubhAranevAle aura tIrtha yAtrA Adi ke lie unakA yAtAyAta hotA sAhitya ko sthAna nahIM milaa| isase lokajIvana kA rahA hai| unakA jIvana bahuta saMyamita hone se unhoMne naitika-pada U~cA uThA, usase bhArata kA gaurava bddh'aa| sAhitya nirmANa aura lekhana meM bahuta samaya lagAyA, isI kA pariNAma hai ki alaga-alaga prAntoM kI sAhitya saMrakSaNa meM jainoM kA viziSTa yogadAna bhASAoM meM jaina vidvAna barAbara likhate rahe / isase una bhASAoM kA vikAsa kisa taraha hotA gayA, zabdoM jaina sAhitya kI eka dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ke rUpoM meM kisa taraha kA parivartana huA, isakI jAnavaha barAbara likhA jAtA rahA aura usakI surakSA kA kArI jaina racanAoM se jitanI adhika milatI hai jainebhI bahuta acchA prayatna kiyA jAtA rahA / isalie tara racanAoM se nahIM milatI / kyoMki eka to ve hastalikhita pratiyoM ke jJAna-bhaNDAra jainoM ke pAsa bahuta itanI surakSita nahIM rahIM aura pratyeka zatAbdI ke pratyeka bar3I va acchI saMsthA meM surakSita haiM / prAcIna aura zuddha caraNa kI jaina racanAeM jisa taraha kI milatI haiM vaisI pratiyoM kI upalabdhi svarUpa jJAna bhaNDAra meM eka tAr3a jainetaroM kI nahIM miltii| patrIya prati, 10vIM zatAbdI se 15vIM zatAbdI taka kI tADapatrIya pratiyA~ jaisalamera, pATaNa, khaMbhAta, bar3audA prAkRta bhASA ke do pradhAna bheda haiM-khere senI aura Adi meM karIba eka hajAra surakSita haiM / 13vIM ___ mhaaraassttrii| khere senI meM digambara aura mahArASTrI meM zatAbdI se kAgaja para grantha likhe jAne lage / taba se vetAmbara sAhitya racA gayA / inase apabhraza aura aba taka kI lAkhoM pratiyA~ kAgaja kI prApta haiN| inameM ja kA prApta hai / inameM apabhraza se uttara bhArata kI prAntIya bhASAoM kI kevala jaina sAhitya hI nahIM hai| aisA bahutasA janetara zakhalA jaDatI hai| sAhitya bhI hai jo anyatra kahIM nahIM miltaa| aura yadi milatA hai to bhI una jainetara granthoM kI prAcIna uttara bhArata kI prAntIya bhASAoM kI taraha va zuddha pratiyAM jaina bhaNDAroM meM jitanI va jaisI milatI dakSiNI bhArata kI pramukha bhASA 'kannaDa' aura 'tamila, haiM utanI aura vaisI janetara saMgrahAlayo meM nahIM ina donoM meM bhI jaina sAhitya bahuta adhika milatA hai| milatIM / arthAt sAhitya ke nirmANa meM hI nahIM, AcArya bhadrabAha, dakSiNI bhArata meM apane saMgha ko lekara saMrakSaNa meM bhI jainoM kA ullekhanIya yogadAna rahA hai| padhAre kyoMki uttara bhArata meM una dinoM bahuta bar3A sacitra, svarNAkSarI, gaiSyAkSarI, paMcapATha, tripATha Adi duSkAla par3A thaa| unake dakSiNa bhArata meM padhArane se aneka zailiyoM kI viziSTa pratiyA~ bahuta hI ullekhanIya unake jJAna aura tyAga tapa se prabhAvita hokara dakSiNa haiN| lekhanakalA aura citrakalA kA jainoM ne khUba bhArata ke aneka logoM ne jaina dharma ko svIkAra kara liyA vikAsa kiyA / isa sambandha meM saujanya mUrti, mahAna aura unakI saMkhyA kramazaH bar3hatI hI gii| AsapAsa ke sAhitya sevI svargIya pUjya vijayajI likhita 'bhAratIya kSetroM meM jaina dharma kA khUba pracAra huA / jaina muni zravaNa saMskRti ane lekhanakalA' nAmaka gUjarAtI grantha cAturmAsa ke sivAya eka jagaha rahate nahIM bahata hI paThanIya haiM jo sArAbhAI nabAva, ahamadAbAda haiM, isalie unhoMne ghUma-phirakara jaina dharma kA sandeza 220

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jana-jana meM phailAyA / loka samparka ke lie vahAM jo aba upalabdha bhI nahIM hote / bahuta se janetara graMthoM ko kannaDa aura tamila bhASAeM alaga-alaga pradezoM meM antara banAye rakhane kA zreya janoM ko prApta hai| bolI jAtI thIM, unameM khUba sAhitya nirmANa kiyA / aitihAsika dRSTi se jaina sAhitya bahuta mahatvapUrNa ataH ina donoM bhASAoM kA prAcIna aura mahatvapUrNa hai| bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti aura lokajIvana sAhitya jainoM kA hI prApta hai| isa taraha uttara aura sambandhI bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI jaina graMthoM va prazadakSiNa bhArata ko pradhAna bhASAoM meM jaina sAhitya kA stiyoM evaM lekhoM Adi meM pAyI jAtI hai| jaina Agama pracura parimANa meM pAyA jAnA bahata hI ullekhanIya sAhitya meM do-aDhAI hajAra varSa pahale kA jo sAMskRaura mahatvaparNa hai| bhAratIya sAhitya ko jainoM kI yaha tika vivaraNa milatA hai, usake sambandha meM jagadIza candra biziSTa dena hI samajhI jAnI caahie| jaina likhita "jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja'', viSaya vaividhya-- nAmaka zodha prabandha caukhambA vidyA bhavana-vArANasI viSaya vaividhya kI dRSTi se bhI jaina sAhitya bahuta se prakAzita huA hai, usase bahuta-sI mahatvapUrNa vAtoM mahatvapUrNa hai kyoMki jIvanopayogI prAyaH pratyeka kA patA calatA hai / jaina prabandha saMgraha paTTAbaliyA~, viSaya ke jaina grantha race gaye haiN| isalie jaina sAhitya tIrtha mAlAe~ aura aitihAsika gIta, kAvya Adi meM kevala jainoM ke lie hI upayogI nahIM, usakI sArvajanika aneka choTe-bar3e grAmanagaroM vahA~ ke zAsakoM, pradhAna upayogitA hai / vyAkaraNa, koza, chanda, alaMkAra, kAvya- vyaktiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / jinase choTe-choTe zAstra, vaidyaka, jyotiSi maMtra-taMtra, gaNita, ratna parIkSA gA~voM kI prAcInatA, unake purAne nAma aura vahA~ kI Adi aneka viSayoM ke jaina grantha prAkRta, saMskRta, kannaDa, sthiti kA paricaya milatA hai / bahuta se aise zAsako tamila, aura rAjasthAnI, hindI, gujarAtI meM prApta hai| ke nAma jo itihAsa meM kahIM nahIM milate, unakA inameM se koI grantha to itane mahatvapUrNa haiM ki jainetaroM jaina grathoM meM ullekha mila jAtA hai| bahuta se rAjAoM ne bhI unakI mukta kaMTha se prazaMsA kI hai aura unheM Adi ke kAvya nirNaya meM bhI jaina sAmagrI kAphI sUcaapanAyA hai / jaina vidvAnoM ne sAhityaka kSetra meM bahata nAe~ detI hai, va sahAyaka hotI hai| gurdAvalI to bahuta udAratA rakhI / kisI bhI viSaya kA acchA natha mahatvapUrNa hai| kahIM bhI unheM prApta ho gayA to jaina vidvAnoM ne usakI prati yadi mila sakI to le lI yA kharIda karavAlI, . jaina sAhitya kI guNavatA - nahIM to nakala karavA ke bhaNDAra meM rakha lii| jainetara aba yahA~ kucha aise jaina graMthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya granthoM kA paThana-pAThana bhI ve barAbara karate hI the| ataH karAyA jAyagA jo apane DhaMga ke eka hI haiN| AvazyakatA anubhava karake unhoMne bahuta se jainetara inameM kaI grantha to aise-aise bhI haiM jo bhAratIya sAhitya granthoM para mahatvapUrNa TIkAe~ likhI haiN| isase una grathoM hI meM nahIM vizva sAhitya meM bhI ajor3a haiN| prAcIna kA artha yA bhAva ko samajhanA sabake lie sulabha ho bhArata meM jJAna-vijJAna kA kitanA adhika vikAsa haA gayA aura una granthoM ke pracAra meM abhivaddhi hii| jaine- thA aura Age calakara usameM kitanA hrAsa ho gayA, tara grathoM para jaina TIkAoM sambandhI merA khojapUrNa isakI kucha jhA~kI Age diye jAnevAle vivaraNoM se lekha 'bhAratIya vidyA' ke 2 aMkoM meM prakAzita ho cukA pAThakoM ko mila jaaygii| aise kaI graMthoM kA to prkaahai| jaina nathoM meM aneka bauddha aura vaidika graMthoM ke zana bhI ho cukA hai para unakI jAnakArI virale hI udAharaNa pAye jAte haiN| unameM se kaI janetara gratha to vyaktiyoM ko hogii| vAstava meM jaina sAhitya aba taka 221

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bahuta hI upekSita rahA hai aura bahuta se vidvAnoM ne to dRSTi se bar3e mahatva kA hai / phalAdeza viSayaka yaha grantha yaha galata dhAraNA banA lI hai ki jaina sAhitya, jaina- eka pAribhASika grantha hai / DaoN. agravAlajI ne ise dharma Adi ke sambandha meM ho hogA / sarvajanopayogI kuSANa gupta yuga kI sandhi kAla kA batalAyA hai arthAta sAhitya usameM nahIM hai / para vAstava meM sarvajanopayogI yaha grantha bahuta purAnA hai isa taraha ke na mAlUma kitane jaina sAhitya bahuta bar3e parimANa meM prApta hai jisase mahatvapUrNa grantha kAla meM samA gaye haiN| lAbha uThAne para bhAratIya samAja kA bahuta bar3A upakAra hogaa| bahuta-sI naI aura mahatvapUrNa jAnakArI prAkRta bhASA kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa grantha hai saMgha jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana se prakAza meM A skegii| dAsa gaNi racita 'vasUdeva hinDI' yaha bhI tIsarI aura pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke bIca kI racanA hai / isameM mukhyataH prAkRta bhASA kA eka prAcIna grantha 'aMgavijjA' to zrIkRSNa ke pitA vasudeva ke bhramaNa aura kaI mUni pUNya vijaya jI saMpAdita prAkRta grantha pariSada se vivAhoM kA varNana hai, para isameM prAsaMgika rUpa meM aneka prathama granthAGka ke rUpa meM san 1947 meM prakAzita huA paurANika aura laukika kathAoM kA samAveza bhI pAyA hai| 1 hajAra zloka parimita yaha grantha apane viSaya kA jAtA hai / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM aura DaoN. jagadIza candra sAre bhAratIya sAhitya meM eka hI grantha hai| isameM itanI jena tathA DaoN. sAMDesarA Adi ke anusAra yaha dRhad kathA vipula aura vividha sAMskRtika sAmagrI surakSita hai ki nAmaka lupta graMtha kI bahuta aMzoM meM pUrti karatA hai| samaya ke jainAcArya kA kina-kina viSayoM kA kaisA sAMskRtika adhyayana kI dRSTi se isakA bahata hI mahatva vizada zAna thA yaha jAnakara Azcarya hotA hai| DaoN.vAsu- hai / isa sambandha meM 2 bar3e-bar3e zodha prabaMdha grantha likhe deva zaraNa agravAla ne hindI meM aura DA. motIcandra jA cuke haiM / vasudeva hindI va madhyama khaNDa bhI asaMkhya ne aMgrejI meM isa grantha kA jo vivaraNa diyA hai, usase mile haiM - prAkRta bhASA kA tIsarA ullekhanIya graMtha isakA mahatva spaSTa ho jAtA hai / nivitta zAstra ke hai-RSi jaina bauddha aura vaidika tInoM dharmoM ke haiN| 8 prakAroM meM pahalI 'aMga vidyA' hai| agravAlajI ne apane r3haga kA yaha eka hI graMtha hai| isI taraha haribhadra likhA hai ki aMga vidyA kyA thI ? isako batAnevAlA sUri kA dhurtAkhyAna bhI prAkRta bhASA kA anUThA natha ekamAtra prAcIna grantha yahI jaina sAhitya meM aMga vijjA hai / ye donoM gratha. prakAzita ho cuke haiM / ke nAma se baca gayA hai| bhAratIya mudrA zAstra sambandhI eka mahatvapUrNa graMtha yaha aMga vijjA nAmaka prAcIna zAstra sAMskRtika dRSTi hai 'dravya parIkSA' jisakI racanA alAuddIna khilajI se ati mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI se paripUrNa hai| aMga vijjA ke koSAdhyakSa yA bhaNDArI kharatara gacchIya jaina zrAvaka ke AdhAra para vartamAna prAkRta koSoM meM aneka naye Thakkura pheru' ne kI hai| usa samaya kI pracalita sabhI zabdoM ko jor3ane kI AvazyakatA hai| muni puNya mudrAoM ke tIla, mApa mUlya Adi kI jo jAnakArI vijayajI ne jo graMtha ke anta meM zabdakoza diyA hai, usameM isa graMtha meM dI gaI hai, vaisI aura kisI bhI natha meM hajAroM nAma va zabda Aye haiM jinameM se bahata soM kA nahIM miltii| Thakkura pheru ne isI taraha dhApatti sahI artha batalAnA bhI Aja kaThina ho gayA hai| muni- vAstunusAra gaNitasAra, jyotiSasAra ratna parIkSA Adi zrI ne likhA hai ki sAmAnyatayA prAkRta vAkayA meM jina mahatvapUrNa natha banAye haiM / ina sabakI prAcIna hastakriyApadoM kA ullekha sagraha nahIM haA hai, unakA saMgraha likhita prati kI khoja maiMne hI kI. aura mani jina isa grantha meM vipulatA se huA hai jo prAkRta samRddhi kI vijayajI dvArA sabhI graMthoM ko eka saMgraha pratha meM 222

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prakAzita karavA diyA hai / rAjasthAna prAcya vidyA rUpa meM prakAzita ho cukA hai| vaise dvisaMdhAna, pacasaMdhAna pratiSThAna jodhapura se yaha prakAzita hai / Adi to kaI kAvya milate haiM para saptasaMdhAna kAvya vizvabhara meM yaha eka hI hai / grathakAra ne aisA kAvya saMskRta bhASA meM eka vilakSaNa grotha hai 'pAzvabhyui 3 pahale AcArya hemacanda ne banAyA thA, ullekha kiyA daya kAvya jisakI racanA A. jinasena ne kI hai| __ hai, para vaha prApta nahIM hai / isameM meghadUna ke samagracaraNoM kI pAdapUrti rUpa meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kA caritra diyA hai / kAlidAsa ke dakSiNa ke digambara jaina vidvAna hasadeva racita, maga padyoM ke bhAvoM ko AtmasAta karake aisA kAvya yaha sabase pakSI zAstra, bhI apane r3haga kA eka hI natha hai| isameM pahale samagra pAdapUrti ke rUpa meM banAkara graMthakAra ne pazu-pakSiyoM kI jAti evaM svarUpa kA nirUpaNa hai| apanI asAdhAraNa pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| isa natha kA vizeSa vivaraNa merI preraNA se zrI jayaMta ThAkura ne gujarAtI meM likhakara 'svAdhyAya patrikA' meM vizva sAhitya meM ajor3a anya jaina saMskRta gratha hai prakAzita kara diyA hai| isa gratha kI pratilipi bar3audA 'aSTha lakSI' / ise samrATa akabara ke samaya meM maho ke prAcyavidyA mandira meM hai / pazu-pakSiyoM sambandhI pAdhyAya samaya sUndara ne saMvata 1649 meM prastuta kiyaa| aisI jAnakArI abhI kisI bhI prAcIna graMtha meM nahIM thaa| isa AzcaryakArI prayatna se samrATa bahuta hI prasanna miltii| ra haa| isa graMtha meM 'rAjA noda date sokhyama' ina ATha akSaroMvAle vAkya ke 10 lAkha se bhI adhika kannaDa sAhitya kA eka vilakSaNa gratha hai 'bhuuvly'| artha kiye haiN| raciyatA ne likhA hai ki kaI artha saMgati yaha aMkoM meM likhA gayA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki isameM meM ThIka nahIM baiThe to bhI 2 lAkha zabdoM ko bAda dekara anekoM graMtha saMkalita haiM evaM anekoM bhASAeM prayukta haiN| ATha lAkha artha to isameM vyAkaraNa siddha haiM hI isIlie isakA eka bhAga jaina mitra maMDala dillI se prakAzita isakA nAma 'aSTa lakSI' rakhA hai| yaha graMtha devacanda haA hai| rASTrapati rAjendraprasAda jI ke samaya to isa lAla bhAI pustakodvAra phaNDa sUrata se prakAzita 'anekArtha graMtha ke sambandha meM kAphI carcA huI thii| para usake ratna maMjUSA' meM prakAzita ho cukA hai| bAda usakA pUrA rahasya sAmane nahIM A skaa| saMskRta kA tIsarA apUrva graMtha hai-sapta saMdhAna hindI bhASA meM eka bahuta hI ullenIya racanA hai mahAkAvya, yaha 18vIM zatAbdI ke mahAna vidvAna 'arddha kathAnaka' / 17vIM zatAbdI ke jainasukavi banArasI upAdhyAya meghavijaya racita hai / isameM bhI RSabhadeva, dAsajI ne apane jIvana kI AtmakathA bahuta hI zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ina pA~ca rocaka rUpa meM isa graMtha meM dI hai isa AtmakathA kI tIrthaMkaroM aura zloka prasiddha mahApurUSa rAma aura prazaMsA zrI banArasI dAsa caturvedI ne mukta kaMTha se kI kRSNa, ina saMtoM-mahApuruSoM kI jIvanI eka sAtha calatI hai| isa taraha ke aura bhI aneka mahatvapUrNa graMtha jaina hai / yaha racanA vilakSaNa to hai hI / kaThina bhI itanI sAhitya-sAgara meM prApta haiM, jisase bhAratIya sAhitya hai ki binA TIkA ke sAtoM mahApuruSoM meM sajIvana pratyeka avazya hI gauravAnvita huA hai| vAstava meM isa zloka kI saMgati baiThAnA vidvAnoM ke lie bhI saMbhava viSaya para to eka svataMtra graMtha hI likhA jAnA nahIM hotaa| yaha mahAkAvya TIkA ke sAtha patrAkAra apetikSa hai| yahA~ to kevala saMkSipta jhA~kI hI dI hai 223

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- marAkAlIna hindI sAhitya meM affid sataguru-masaMga kI mahattA DA0 zrImatI puSpalatA jaina sAdhanA kI saphalatA aura sAdhya kI prApti ke jo koI bhI kalyANakArI upadeza prApta hote haiM ve saba lie sadagUrU kA satsaMga preraNA kA srota rahatA hai| gurUjanoM kI vinaya se hI hote haiN| isaliye uttarAdhyagurU kA upadeza pApanAzaka, kalyANakAraka, zAnti aura yana meM gurU aura ziSyoM ke pAramparika karttavyoM kA Atmazakti karane vAlA hotA hai| usake lie zramaNa vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isI sandarbha meM mapAtra aura aura vaidika sAhitya meM AcArya, buddha, pUjya, dharmAcArya, kupAtra ke bIca bhedaka rekhA bhI khIMcI gaI hai| upAdhyAya, bhante, bhadanta, sadagurU, gurU Adi zabdoM kA paryApta prayoga haA hai| jainAcAryoM ne arhanta aura siddha jaina sAdhaka muni rAmasiMha aura AnaMdatilaka ne ko bhI gurU mAnA hai aura vividha prakAra se gurUbhakti gurU kI mahattA svIkAra kI hai aura kahA hai ki gurU pradarzita kI hai| ihaloka aura paraloka meM jIvoM ko kI kRpA se hI vyakti mithyAtva rAgAdi ke bandhana se uttarAdhyayana, 1.27. 2. je kei vi uvaesA, iha para lora suhAvahA saMti / viNaeNa gurujaNANaM savve pAuNai te purisA // vasunandi-thAvakAcAra, 339; tulanAthaM dekhiye-dheraMDa __ saMhitA, 3,12-14. uttarAdhyayana, prathama skandha / zvetAzvetaropaniSad 3-6,22; Adi parva, mahAbhArata, 131.34-58. tAma kutitthaI paribhamaI dhuttima tAma karei / guruhu pamAe~ jAma Navi appA deu munnei|| yogasAra, 41, pR. 380. guru diNa yaru gurU himakiraNa gurU dIvau gurU deu / appAparahaM paraMparahaM jo darisAvai bheu // dohApAhaDa, 1 garU jiNavarU gurU siddha siu, gurU rayaNataya sAru / so darisAvai appa paru ANaMdA ! bhava jala pAvai pAru // ANaMdA, 36. 220

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. mukta hokara bheda vijJAna kara apanI AtmA ke vizuddha .. yurU kI dI huI usa vastu ko sulagA detA hai / " jAyasI rUpa ko jAna pAtA hai / isalie unhoMne gurU kI ke bhAvamUlaka rahasyavAda kA prANabhUta tatva prema hai aura vandanA kI hai| AnandatilakaM bhI gurU ko jinavara siddha, yaha prema pIra kI mahAna dena hai / padmAvatake stutikhaNDa ziva aura sva-para kA bheda darzAnevAlA mAnate haiN| meM unhoMne likhA hai-- jaina sAdhakoM ke hI samAna kabIra ne bhI gurU ko brahma ..." (govinda) se bhI zreSTha mAnA hai| usI kI kRpA se saiyada asarapha pIra piyArA, govinda ke darzana sambhava haiN|' rAgAdika vikAroM ko dUra jehi mohiM paMtha dInha ujiyaaraa| kara AtmA jJAna se tabhI prakAzita hotI hai jaba gurU lesA hie prema kara diyA, uThI joti bhA niramala hIyA / 15 kI prApti ho jAtI hai| unakA upadeza sazayahAraka aura patha pradarzaka rahatA hai / gurU ke anugraha evaM kRpA sara kI gopiyA~ to binA garU ke yoga sIkha hI dRSTi se ziSya kA jIvana saphala ho jAtA hai| sadagurU nahIM skiiN| ve uddhava se mathurA le jAne ke lie kahatI svarNakAra kI bhA~ti ziSya ke mana se doSa aura durguNoM haiM jahA~ jAkara ve gurU zyAma se yoga kA pATha grahaNa ko dUra kara use tapta svarNa kI bhAMti kharA aura nirmala kara skeN|" bhakti-dharma meM sUra ne gurU kI AvazyakatA banA detA hai| sUphI kavi jAyasI ke mana meM pIra anivArya batalAI hai aura usakA ucca sthAna mAnA hai| (gurU) ke prati zraddhA dRSTavya hotI hai| vaha unakA prema sadagurU kA upadeza hI hRdaya meM dhAraNa karanA cAhie kA dIpaka hai| hIrAmana totA svayaM gurU kA rUpa hai| kyoMki vaha sakalabhrama kA nAzaka hotA haiaura saMsAra ko usane ziSya banA liyA hai| unakA vizvAsa hai ki gurU sAdhaka ke hRdaya meM viraha kI cina sadagurU ko upadeza hRdayadhari, gArI prakSipta kara detA hai aura saccA sAdhaka ziSya jina bhrama sakala nivarAyau // 7. gurU govinda doU khar3e kAke lAgU pAyeM / balihArI gurU ApakI jinha govinda diyo dikhAya // saMta vANI saMgraha, bhAga 1, pR. 2. 8. balihArI gurU ApaNe dyau hAr3o ke baar| jini mAniSa teM devatA karata na lAgI bAra // kabIra graMthAvalI, pR. 1. 9. saMsai khAyA sakala jaga, saMsA kinahUM na khaddha, vahI, pR .2-3. 10. vahI, pR. 4 / 11. jAyasI granthamAlA pu. 7 / 12. gurU suA jei paMtha dekhAvA / binu guru jagata ko niraguna pAvA // padmAvata.. 13. gurU hoi Aya, kInha ucelA / jAyasI granthAvalI, pR. 33. 14. gurU viraha cinagI jo melA / jo sulagAi lei so celA // vahI, pR. 51. 15. jAyasI granthAvalI, stutikhaNDa, pR. 7. 16. jogavidhi madhubana sikhihaiM jaai| ...... binu gurU nikaTa saMdesani kaise, avagAhyo jAi / sUrasAgara (samA) pada 4328. 17. vahI, pada 3361 . 225

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sUra gurU mahimA kA pratipAdana karate hue kahate haiM ki hari aura guru eka hI svarUpa haiM aura gurU ke prasanna hone se hari prasanna hote haiN| gurU ke binA saccI kRpA karanevAlA kauna hai ? gurU bhavasAgara meM DUbate hue ko bacAnevAlA ora satpatha kA dIpaka hai / " sahajobAI mI kabIra ke samAna gurU ko bhagavAna se bhI bar3A mAnatI haiN|" dAdU laukika gurU ko upalakSya mAtra mAnakara asalI guru bhagavAna ko mAnate haiM mAnaka bhI kabIra ke samAna gurU kI hI balihArI mAnate haiM jisane Izvara ko dilA diyA anyathA govinda kA milanA kaThina thA | sundaradAsa bhI "gurUdeva binA nahIM mAraga sUjhaya" kahakara isI tathya ko prakaTa karate haiM / " tulasI ne bhI moha bhrama dUra hone aura rAma ke rahasya ko prApta karane meM gurU ko hI kAraNa mAnA hai| rAmacarita mAnasa ke prArambha meM hI gurU vandanA karake use manuSya ke rUpa meM karuNAsindhu bhagavAna mAnA hai| gurU kA upadeza ajJAna ke aMdhakAra ko dUra karane ke lie aneka sUryo ke samAna hai - baMdaU~ gurupada kaMja kRpAsindhu nararUpa hari / mahAmoha tama puMja jAsu vacana ravi kara nikara // 23 -- 22. sundaradAsa granthAvalI, prathama khaNDa, pR. 8 23. rAmacaritamAnasa, bAlakANDa 1-5 18. sUrasAgara, pada 416-417; sUra aura unakA sAhitya, 19. paramesura se gurU bar3e gAvata veda purAna saMtasudhAsAra pR. 182. 20. AcArya kSitimohana sena dAdU aura unakI dharma sAdhanA, pATala santa vizeSAMka bhAga 1, pR. 112. 21. balihArI guru ApaNya yo hAr3I ke baar| jini mAniSateM devatA karata na lAgI baar| guru graMtha sAhiba, ma 1, AsAdIvAra, pU-1 " kabIra ke samAna hI tulasI ne bhI saMsAra sAgara ko pAra karane ke lie gurU kI sthiti anivArya mAnI hai| sAkSAt brahmA aura viSNu ke samAna bhI, binA guru ke saMsAra se mukta nahIM ho sakatA 124 sadagurU hI eka aisA karNadhAra hai jo jIva ke durlabha kAmoM ko bhI sulabha kara detA hai karanaghAra sadagurU dRr3ha nAvA, durlabha sAja sulabha kari pAvA / 226 madhyakAlIna hindI jaina kaviyoM ne bhI gurU ko isase kama mahatva nahIM diyaa| unhoMne to gurU ko vahI sthAna diyA hai jo ahaMta ko diyA hai| paMca parameSThiyoM meM siddha ko deva mAnA aura zeSa cAroM ko gurU rUpa svIkArA hai | ye sabhI ' durita harana dukhadArida dona" ke kAraNa hai| kavIrAdi ke samAna kuzalalAbha ne zAzvata sukha kI upalabdhi ko gurU kA prasAda kahA hai - - " zrI guru pAva prasAda sadA sukha sapaMjai 200 rUpacanda ne bhI yahI mAnA" banArasI dAsa ne sadagurU ke upadeza ko megha kI upamA dI hai jo saba jIvoM 24. guru binu bhavanidhi tarai na koI bhI viraMci saMkara sama hoI / 1 bina guru hohi ki jJAna-jJAna ki hoI virAga binu rAmacaritamAnasa uttarakANDa, 93. 25. vahI, uttarakANDa, 43/4. 26. banArasI vilAsa, paMcapada vidhAna 1 10. pR. 162-163. 27. hindI jaMna bhakti kAvya aura kavi, pR. 117.

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kA hitakArI hai.128 mithyAtvI aura ajJAnI use grahaNa "jo tajaM viSe kI AsA, dyAnata pAvai sivavAsA / nahIM karate para samyagdRSTi jIva usakA Azraya lekara yaha sadagurU sIkha batAI, kAhU~ viralai ke jiya jAI" . bhava se pAra ho jAte haiN| eka anyatra sthala para banArasI dAsa ne use "saMsAra sAgara tarana tArana garU ke rUpa meM apane sadagurU se pathapradarzana milA / jahAja vizekhiye" kahA hai| 30 santoM ne guru kI mahimA ko do prakAra se vyakta mIrA ne "sagurA" aura 'nigurA' ke mahatva ko kiyA hai-sAmAnya gurU kA mahatva aura kisI viziSTa STi meM rakhate hue kahA ki sagarA ko amata kI prApti vyakti kA mahatva / kabIra aura nAmaka ne prathama prakAra hotI hai aura nigurA ko sahaja jala bhI pipAsA kI ko apanAyA tathA sahajobAI Adi anya.santoM ne prathama tRti ke lie upalabdha nahIM hotaa| sadagarU ke milana prakAra ke sAtha hI dvitIya prakAra ko svIkAra kiyA se hI paramAtmA kI prApti hotI hai| rUpacanda kA hai| jaina santoM ne bhI ina donoM prakAroM ko apanAyA. kahanA ki sadagurU kI prApti bar3e saubhAgya se hotI hai| hai / arhanta Adi sadaguruoM kA to mahatvagAna prAyaH sabhI isalie ve usakI prApti ke lie apane iSTa se jainAcAryoM ne kiyA hai para kuzalAbha jaise kucha bhaktoM ne abhyarthanA karate haiM 12 dhAnatarAya ko apane laukika guruoM kI bhI ArAdhanA kI hai|" - 28. jyoM varaSA varaSa samai megha akhaMDita dhAra / tyo sadagurU vAnI khire, jagata jIva hitakAra // nATaka samayasAra, 6, pR. 338. 29. vahI, sAdhyasAdhaka dvAra, 15.16, pR. 342-3. 30. banArasIvilAsa, bhASAsUkta muktAvalI, 14, pR. 24. 31. satagurU miliyA suja pichAnI aisA brahma maiM paatii| sagurA sUrA amRta pIve nigurA pyAsA jaatii| magana bhayA merA mana sukha meM govinda kA gunngaatii| mIrA kahe ika Asa ApakI auroM sU sakucAtI // saMtavANI saMgraha, bhAga 2, pR. 69. 32. aba mohi sadagurU kahi samajhAyo, to so prabhu bar3e bhAgani paayo| rUpacanda naTu vinave tohI, aba dayAla pUrI dai mohI // hindI pada saMgraha, pR. 49. 33. vahI, pR. 127; tulanArtha dekhiye mana vacakAya joga thira karake tyAgo viSaya kaSAI / dyAnata svarga mokSa sukhadAI satagurU sIkha batAI // vahI, pR. 133. 34. hindI na bhakti kAvya aura kavi, pR. 117. 227

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ne 2 gurU ke isa mahatva ko samajhakara hI sAdhaka kaviyoM gurU ke satsaMga ko prApta karane kI bhAvanA vyakta kI hai / paramAtmA se sAkSAtkAra karAne vAlA hI sadagurU hai / satsaMga kA prabhAva aisA hotA hai ki vaha majITha ke samAna dUsaroM ko apane raMga meM raMga letA hai / 30 kAga bhI haMsa bana jAtA hai| 7 raidAsa ke janma-janma ke pAza kaTa jAte haiM " mIrA satsaMga pAkara hI hari carcA karanA cAhatI haiM / " satsaMga se duSTa bhI vaise hI sudhara jAte haiM jaise pArasa ke sparza se kudhAtu lohA bhI suvarNa bana jAtA hai / 10 isalie sUra duSTa janoM kI saMgati se dUra rahane ke lie prerita karate haiM / 42 madhyakAlIna hindI jaina kaviyoM ne bhI satsaMga kA aisA hI mahatva dilAyA hai| banArasIdAsa ne tulasI ke samAna satsaMgati ke lAbha ginAye haiM 35. bhAI koI satagurU saMta kahAve, mainana alakha lakhAve" kabIra, bhakti kAvya meM rahasyavAda, pR. 146. 36. dariyA saMgata sAdhu kI, sahaje palaTeM aMga / jaise saMga majITha ke kapar3A hoya suraMga // 37. sahajo saMgata sAdha kI kAga haMsa ho jaay| 38. kaha raidAsa mile nijadAsa, janama janama ke kATe pAsa-raidAsa vAnI, pR. 32. 39. taja kusaMga satasaMga baiTha nita, hari carcA suna lIjo-saMtavANI saMgraha, bhAga 2, pR. 77. 40. jalacara thalacara nabhacara nAnA je jar3a cetana jIva jahAnA / mIta kIrati gati bhUmi milAI, jaba jehi jasaMna jahA~ jehi paaii| jo jAnava satasaMga prabhAU, lokahu~ veda na Ana upAU / binu satasaMga viveka na hoI, rAma kRpA binu sulabha na soI / satasaMgati guda maMgala mUlA, soi phala sidhi saba sAdhana phUlA // saTha sudhara 41. tajI mana hari vimukhana ko saMga | kumati nikaMda hoya mahA moha maMda hoya; jagabharga suyaza viveka jagai hiyasoM / nIti ko diThAva hoya vinaiko bar3hAva hoya; upaje uchAha jyoM pradhAna pada liye soM // dharma ko prakAza hoya durgaMti ko nAza hoya, barate samAdhi jyoM viSa piyesoM / toSa pari pUra hoya, doSa dRSTi dUra hoya, ete guna hohi sata-saMgati ke kiyesau // rasa 42 1 dariyA 8 saMta vANI saMgraha bhAga 1, pR 129. sahajobAI, vahI pR. 158 satasaMgati pAI, pArasa parasa kudhAta suhAI / tulasIdAsa rAmacaritamAnasa, bAlakANDa 2-5. jinake saMga kumati upajata hai parata bhajana meM bhaMga / kahA hota paya pAna karAye viSa nahi tajata bhujaMga / kAhi kahA kapUra cugAe svAna nhavAe gNg| sUradAsa khala kArI kAmari, car3he na dUjo raMga // sUrasAgara, pR. 176. 42. banArasI vilAsa, bhASAsUkta muktAvalI, pR. 50. 228

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. dyAnavarAya kabIra ke samAna unheM kRtakRtya mAnate haiM jinheM satsaMgati prApta ho gayI hai| bhUdharadAsa satsaMgati ko durlama mAnakara narabhava ko saphala banAnA cAhate haiM-- prabhu guna gAya re, yaha ausara phera na pAya re / / mAnuSa bhaba joga duhelA, durlabha satasagati melaa| saba bAta bhalI bana AI, arhanta bhajo re bhAI // 10 // candra krAMti mani pragaTa upala sau, jala sasi dekha jharata sarasAI / / laTa ghaTa palaTi hota SaTapada sI, jina ko sAtha bhramara ko - thAI / vikasata kamala nirakhi dinakara koM, loha kanaka hoya pArasa chAI / / bojha tirai saMjoga nAva ke, nAga damani lakhi nAga na khAI / pAvaka teja pracaDa mahAbala, jala paratA sItala ho jAI / / saMga pratApa bhayaMgama jai hai, caMdana zItala tarala pttaaii| ityAdika ye bAta ghaNerI, kauloM tAhi kahIM ju bar3hAI // dariyA ne satsaMgati majITha ke samAna batAyA aura navalarAma ne use candrakAntamaNi jaisA batAyA hai| kavi ne aura bhI dRSTAnta dekara satsaMgati ko sUkhadAyI kahA hai satasaMgati jaga meM sukhadAyI / deva rahita dUSaNa gurU sA~co, dharma dayA nizcai citalAI // suka ati mainA saMgati nara kI kari, paravIna vacanatA paaii| isI prakAra kavivara chatrapati ne bhI saMgati kA mahAtmya dikhAte hue usake tIna bheda kiye haiM-utkRSTa, madhyama aura jaghanya 146 43. kara-kara sapata saMgata re bhAI // pAna parata nara narapata kara so to pAnani sau kara asanAI / / candana pAsa nIMva candana hai kATha caDhayo loha trjaaii| pArasa parasa kudhAta kanaka va bUda urddha padavI pAI // karaI tovara saMgati ke phala madhura madhura sura kara gaaii|| viSa guna karata saMga auSadha ke jyoM baca khAta miTai vAI / / doSa ghaTai pragaTai guna manasA niramala ha taja cplaaii| dyAnata dhanna dhanna jinake ghaTa sata saMgati srdhaaii|| hindI pada saMgraha, pR. 137. 44. hindI pada saMgraha, pR. 155. 45. vahI, pRSTha 185-86. 46. dekho svAMti brada sIpa mukha parI motI hoya : keli meM kapUra bAMsa mAhi bNslocnaa| Ikha meM madhura puni nIma meM kaTuka rasa; pannaga ke mukha parI hoya prAna mocanA / / 226

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isa prakAra madhyakAlIna hindI jaina sAdhakoM ne sandeha satsaMgati kA prabhAva hai| yahAM yaha dRSTavya hai ki vibhinna upameyoM ke AdhAra para sadagurU aura unakI jainetara kaviyoM ne satsaMgati ke mAdhyama se darzana kI satsaMgati kA sundara citraNa kiyA hai| ye upameya eka- bAta adhika nahIM ki jabaki jaina kaviyoM ne use darzana dasare ko prabhAvita karate hue dikhAI dete haiM jo ni:- mizrita rUpa meM abhivyakta kiyA hai| aMbuja dalamipari parI motI sama dipa, sapana tabelai parI nasa kachu socnaa| utakisTa madhyama jaghanya jaisI saMga mile, taiso phala lahai mati poca mati pocanA 1114711 malaya suvAsa dekho nibAdi sugaMdha karai, pArasa pakhAna loha kaMcana karata hai| rajaka prasaMga paTa samalateM zveta karai, bheSaja prasaMga viSa rogana harata hai| paMDita prasaMga jana mUrakhateM budha kara, kASTha ke prasaMga loha pAnI meM tarata hai| jaso jAko saMga tAkI teso phala prApati hai, sajjana prasaMga saba dukha niravata hai / / 14811 mana modana paMcazatI, pR. 70-71. 230

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jaina sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke vikAsa meM bhaTTArakoM kA yogadAna bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pazcAt honevAle adhikAMza AcAryoM ne sAhitya nirmANa meM vizeSa ruci lI aura usake pracAra-prasAra ke lie athaka parizrama kiyA / prAkRta bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha unhoMne saMskRta, apabhraMza evaM prAdezika bhASAoM ko bhI prazraya diyA aura jana-sAdhAraNa kI ruci ke anusAra vividha viSayoM meM vizAla sAhitya kA sarjana kiyA / aise AcAryoM meM AcArya kundakunda (prathama zatAbdI), umA svAmI (tRtIya zatAbdI) samantabhadra (tRtIya- caturtha zatAbdI), siddhasena (paMcama zatAbdI), devanandi, pAtrakesarI, akalaMka (sAtavIM zatAbdI), vIra sena ( AThavIM zatAbdI) vidyAnandi mANikya nandi, jinasena, guNabhadra, nemicandra siddhAnta cakravatI, amRta candra, devasena, padmanandi Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| ye sabhI AcArya apane-apane samaya ke atyadhika ojasvI evaM sazakta vidvAna the / lekina jaba deza kI rAjanaitika ekatA samApta hone lagI aura samrATa harSavardhana ke bAda jaba koI bhI zAsaka deza ko ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dhane meM asamartha DA0 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla rahA taba deza meM ekatA ke sthAna para anekatA ne sira uThAyA / cAroM ora azAnti kA vAtAvaraNa chAne lagA / 11vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha se hI bhArata para musalamAnoM ke AkramaNa hone lage aura 13vIM zatAbdI ke Ate-Ate vahA~ musalamAnoM kA hamezA ke liye zAsana sthApita ho gayA / deza meM AtaMka kA sAmrAjya chA gayA / musalamAnoM ke bhayapUrNa zAsana meM ahiMsakoM kA jInA dUbhara ho gayA / nagna sAdhuoM kA vihAra aura / bhI kaThina ho gayA mandiroM ko lUTanA, mUrtiyoM ko tor3anA evaM strI-puruSoM tathA baccoM ko mauta ke ghATa utAranA sAdhAraNa-sI bAta ho gayI / aise samaya meM bAdazAha alAuddIna khilajI ke zAsanakAla meM nandi saMgha ke bhaTTAraka prabhAcaMndra ne dillI meM apanA kendra sthApita kiyA aura isa prakAra sAre uttara bhArata meM bhaTTAraka paramparA ko nava svarUpa pradAna kiyA / ke bhaTTAraka prabhA candra ( saMvat 1314 se 1408) pazcAt sAre deza meM bhaTTArakoM ne zanaiH zanaiH lokapriyatA prApta kI aura eka ke pazcAt eka dUsare prAntoM - 231

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meM meM maTaTAraka gAdiyA~ sthApita hone lagIM / rAjasthAna meM cittaur3a, campAvatI takSakagar3ha, Amera, sAMgAnera, jayapura, zrI mahAvIra jI, ajamera, nAgaura, jauvanera, madhyapradeza meM gvAliyara eva sonAgiri jI, bAgar3apradeza meM DaMgarapura, sAgavAr3A, bAsavAr3A evaM riSabhadeva, gujarAta meM navasArI, sUrata, khambhAta, dhodhA, giranagara, mahArASTra kAraMjA evaM nAgapura, dakSiNa meM mUr3avidrI, hummaca evaM zravaNa belagolA Adi sthAnoM meM bhaTTArakoM kI gAdiyA~ sthApita ho gayIM / ina bhaTTArakoM ne apane-apane gaNa saMgha va gaccha sthApita kara lie| apane prabhAva se kSetra baTa lie aura apanI-apanI sImAoM meM dharma ke ekamAtra stambha bana gaye / 16vIM zatAbdI meM dehalI gAdI ke bhaTTArakoM ne apane hI adhIna maMDalAcArya pada banAye jo bhaTTArakoM kI ora se pratiSThA, pUjA evaM samAroha Adi kA netRtva karane lage / ina bhaTTArakoM ne jaina sAhitya aura saMskRti ke vikAsa meM apanA mahatvapUrNa yoga diyA / 1350 se 1850 taka bhaTTAraka hI AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM muni rUpa meM janatA dvArA pUje jAte rahe tathA jaina saMskRti ke pradhAna stambha rhe| ina 500 varSoM meM jitane bhI : pratiSThA mahotsava Ayojita hue unameM inakI preraNA evaM AzIrvAda ne jabaradasta kArya kiyA / saMvat 1548, 1664, 1783, evaM 1826 meM deza meM vizAla pratiSThA samAroha Ayojita hue, ina saba meM bhaTTArakoM kA bola bAlA rhaa| hajAroM mUrtiyA~ pratiSThApita hokara deza ke vibhinna mandiroM meM virAjamAna kI gii| uttara bhArata ke. adhikAMza jaina mandiroM meM Aja ina saMvatoM meM pratiSThApita mRttiyA~ prApta hotI haiN| Aja sArA bAgar3apradeza 'mAlavA' koTA dI evaM jhAlAvAr3a kA pradeza, campAvatI, Tor3ArAma siMha evaM raNathambhaura kA kSetra jitanA jaina purAtatva se samRddha hai utanA deza kA anya kSetra nahIM / saMvat 1548 meM bhaTTAraka jinacandra ne muMDAsA nagara meM hajAroM murtiyoM kI pratiSThA karavA kara sAre deza meM jaina saMskRti ke pracAra-prasAra meM vizeSa yoga diyaa| deza ke gA~va-gA~va meM mandiroM kA nirmANa huA jisameM saMskRti hI punarjIvita nahIM huI apitu mUrtikalA, sthApatyakalA Adi kalAoM ko bhI protsAhana prApta huA / 1664 meM mojamAbAda ( rAjasthAna) meM tIna zikharoMvAle mandira ke jIrNodvAra ke pazcAt jo vizAla pratiSThA huI thI use to bAdazAha akabara evaM Amera ke mahArAja mAnasiMha kA bhI AzIrvAda prApta thA / karor3oM rupayA pAnI kI taraha bahAyA gayA : isI taraha 1826 meM savAI mAdhopura ke bhaTTAraka surendra kIrti ke tatvAdhAna va preraNA se jo abhUtapUrva pratiSThA mahotsava Ayojita huA saMbhavataH vaha apane DhaMga kA pahalA mahotsava thA / rAjasthAna meM Aja koI aisA mandira nahIM hai jisameM 1826 meM pratiSThApita mUrti na ho / jayapura, sAgavAr3A, cAMdakher3I, jhAlarApATana meM jo vizAla evaM kalApUrNa mUttiyA~ haiM una sabakI pratiSThA meM ina bhaTTArakoM kA pramukha hAtha thA / jaba ina bhaTTArakoM kI kIrti apanI carama sImA para pahuMcane lagI to inakI nizedhikAe~ va kIrtistambha banane lage / AvAM (rAjasthAna) meM pahAr3a para bhaTTAraka prabhAcandra, jinacandra aura zubhacandra kI isI taraha kI tIna niSedhikAeM haiM jo bhaTTArakoM meM tatkAlIna janatA kI zraddhA evaM bhAvanA ko vyakta karanevAlI haiM / isI taraha cittaur3a kile meM pratiSThApita kIrtistambha cAkasU meM banavAyA gayA jisameM bhaTTArakoM kI mUrtiyoM ke atirikta unake hone kA bhI samaya diyA huA hai / isI taraha kA kIrtistambha Amera ke bAhara kI bastI meM sthApita kiyA huA hai / ye saba kIrtistambha bhaTTArakoM ke utkarSa ke to pramANa haiM hI kintu unake dvArA sampA dita sAMskRtika sevAoM ko bhI ghoSita karanevAle haiN| jayapura ke kAlA chAvar3A ke mandira meM pArzvanAtha kI eka dhAtu kI mUrti hai jisakI pratiSThA saMvat 1413 meM vaizAkha sudI 6 ke dina huI thii| isameM bhaTTAraka prabhAcandra kA ullekha huA hai| isI taraha ovA tathA 232

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bayAnA meM saMvata 1400 tathA 1404 kI mUttiyA~ haiM inhoMne saMvata 1502 meM baizAkha sudI 3 ke dina pAvajisameM bhaTTAraka prabhAcandra evaM unake ziSya padmanandi nAtha pratimA kI sthApanA karavAyI thI / isake agale donoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bhaTTAraka padmanandi varSa saMvat 1503 meM pratiSThApita caubIsI kI eka (saMvat 1385 se 1450) ko gujarAta meM pratiSThA pratimA jayapura ke eka mandira meM virAjamAna kii| mahotsava ke saMcAlana ke lie hI bhaTTAraka pada para saMvata 1504 meM nagara (rAjasthAna) meM Ayojita sthApita kiyA gyaa| kavivara vakhtarAma zAha ne apane pratiSThA mahotsava meM bhAga liyA thA / inhIM bhaTTAraka buddhi vilAsa meM nimna prakAra vyakta kiyA hai jinacandra ke ziSya bhaTTAraka prabhAcandra dvitIya ne kitane hI mandiroM ke nirmANa evaM pratiSThA mahotsavoM ko savat teraha sau picihatasyau jAni vai apanA AzIrvAda diyA thaa| maMDalAcArya dharmacanda jo bhaye bhaTTAraka prabhAcandra gunakhAni vai / bhaTTAraka prabhAcandra ke pramukha ziSya the, ne, AvAM tinako AcArija ika ho gujarAta meM, (rAjasthAna) meM saMvata 1583 meM jisa vizAla pratiSThA tahA~ savai paMcani mili ThAnI bAta meM / / samAroha kA netRtva kiyA thA vaha itihAsa meM apanA kI ika pratiSThA to subha kAja havaM vizeSa sthAna rakhatI hai / dharmacandra ne bhaTTAraka jinacandra karana lage vidhivata saba tAkI sAja vai kA nimna zabdoM meM smaraNa kiyA haibhaTTAraka bulavAye to pahuMce nahIM, tavaM sabai paMcani mili yaha ThAnI sahI / tatpahastha-zrutAdhArI prabhAcandra triyA nidhiH| sUri maMca vAhi AcArija ko diyo| dIkSito po lasatkItiH pracaNDa paNDitA gaNI // padmanandi bhaTTAraka nAma su yaha kiyau // somakIti apane samaya ke lokapriya bhaTTAraka the| bhaTTAraka padmanandi dvArA pratiSThita saiMkar3oM mUttiyA~ saMvata 1527, 1532, 1536, evaM 1540 meM inake rAjasthAna meM milatI haiM / sAMgAnera ke saMghIjI ke dvArA pratiSThita kitanI hI mUrtiyAM rAjasthAna ke vibhinna mandira meM inhIM ke dvArA pratiSThApita zAntinAtha mandiroM meM upalabdha hotI haiM / apane samaya ke musalasvAmI kI mUtti hai jisakI pratiSThA saMvat 1464 meM mAna zAsakoM se inakA acchA sambandha thaa| 16vIM haI thii| isI saMvata kI pratiSThita mUrti pArzvanAtha zatAbdI meM bhaTTAraka jJAnabhUSaNa bhaTTAraka sakalakIti digambara jaina mandira meM ToMka meM virAjamAna hai / bhaTTA- paramparA meM atyAdhika prabhAvazAlI bhaTTAraka hue raka sakala kIti ne apane jIvana meM 14 bimba prati- jinhoMne prAcIna mandiroM kA jIrNoddhAra, navIna mandira SThAoM kA saMcAlana kiyA thA / inake dvArA saMvat nirmANa, paMca kalyANaka pratiSThAe~ sAMskRtika samAroha, 1490, 1492 evaM 1497 meM pratiSThApita mUttiyA~ utsava evaM meloM Adi ke AyojanoM ko protsAhita udayapura, DUgarapura evaM sAgavAr3A ke jaina mandiroM meM kiyA / inake dvArA saMvat 1531, 1534, 1535, milatI haiN| saMvata 1548 meM jIvarAja pApar3IvAla ne 1540, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1552, 1557 va jo vizAla pratiSThA mahotsava sampanna karAyA thA usa 1560 tathA 1561, meM pratiSThApita saiMkar3oM mUrtiyA~ mahotsava ke pradhAna the bhaTTAraka jinacandra / sarvaprathama bAgar3a pradeza ke nagaroM meM upalabdha hotI haiN| 1. mUrti lekha saMgraha bhAga 1 pRSTha 68 evaM bhAga 2 pRSTha saM. 305 (mahAbIra bhavana jayapura dvArA sNgrhit)| 2. vIra zAsana ke prabhAvaka AcArya--pRSTha saM. 135 233

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bhaTTAraka jJAnabhUSaNa ke samAna bha. vijayakIrti kA the / bhaTTAraka ratnakoti, kumudacandra, somakoti, jaya bhI apane samaya meM bahuta hI prabhAva thA / inake kAla sAgara, bhaTTAraka mahIcandra Adi pacAsoM bhaTTArakoM ne meM kitane hI mandiroM kA nirmANa huA tathA saMvat sAhitya nirmANa meM atyadhika ruci lI thI / java 1557,60, 61, 64 68, 70 meM jo pratiSThA sAhitya kA nirmANa, zAstra bhaNDAroM kI sthApanA, mahotsava hue, unake sampAdana meM inakA vizeSa yoga navIna pANDulipiyoM kA lekhana evaM unakA saMgraha Adi rahA / bhaTTAraka vijayakIti rAjasthAna evaM gujarAta sabhI inake advitIya kArya the| Aja bhI jitanA adhika ke kitane hI zAsakoM dvArA sammAnita the| eka gIta meM saMgraha bhaTTArakoM ke kendroM para milatA hai utanA anyatra bha. vijaya kIti kI nimna prakAra prazaMsA kI gaI :-- nhiiN| ajamera, nAgaura evaM Amera jaise nagaroM meM sthita zAstra bhaNDAra isa tathya ke pratyakSa udAharaNa haiM / ye aneka rAjA caraNa sekhi mAlavI mevADa bhaTTAraka jJAna kI jvalaMta mRtti the| prAkRta evaM apagUjara soraTha sindhu sahijI aneka bhaDa bhUpAla / bhraza ke sthAna para inhoMne saMskRta aura hindI meM anya dakSaNa marahaTha cINa kukaNa pUravi nAma prasiddha / racanA ko adhika protsAhana diyA aura svayaM bhI inhIM chatrIsa lakSaNa kalA bahutari aneka vidyAvAridhi / bhASAoM meM sAhitya nirmANa karate rahe / ve sAhitya kI kisI eka vidhA se bhI nahIM cipake rahe kintu sAhitya ke bha. vijayakIrti ke pazcAt aura bhI aneka sabhI aMgoM ko pallavita kiyaa| unhoMne carita kAvyoM ke bhaTTAraka hue jinameM bha. zubha candra, bha. ratnakIti, ma. kumudacandra, bha. candrakIrti, bha. devendrakIrti (prathama) sAtha sAtha purANa, kAvya, veli, rAsa, paMcAsikA, zataka, bha. devendrakIrti (dvitIya) Adi kitane hI bhaTTAraka hue paccIsI vAbanI, vivAha lo, AkhyAna, pada va gItoM kI racanA meM gaharI ruci lI aura saMskRta va hindI meM jinhoMne deza va samAja ke sAMskRtika vikAsa meM jabaradasta saikar3oM racanAoM kA nirmANa karake eka nayA kIrtimAna yoga diyA / saMvat 1664 meM tIna vizAla zikharoM se yukta AdinAtha ke mandira ke nirmANa aura usakI bhavya sthApita kiyA / pratiSThA samAroha meM ma. devendrakIti (dvitIya) kA nAya) kA bhaTTAraka sakala kIti (15vIM zatAbdI) ne apane pramukha yogadAna thA / isa samAroha meM bhavya aura jIvana ke antima 22 varSoM meM 26 se bhI adhika vizAla AkAra kI mUttiyA~ pratiSThita kI gayIM jo saMskata evaM 8 rAjasthAnI racanAe~ likhiiN| ve maMgIta, Aja bhI deza ke vibhinna mandiroM meM virAjamAna haiN|' tathA chanda zAstra meM nipuNa the tathA apanI kRtiyoM ko vAstava meM ina 500 varSoM meM (saMvat 1350 se 1850 jana-jana meM pracAra kI dRSTi se sarala evaM AkarSaka taka) ina bhaTTArakoM kA jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa meM zailI meM likhate the| sakala kIrti kI pramakha racanAoM yogadAna rhaa| ke nAma isa prakAra haiMsAhityaka kSetra ke vikAsa meM bhaTaTArakoM kA yoga- saMskRta kRtiyA~ : dAna sarvAdhika ullekhanIya hai / bhaTTAraka sakala kIrti Adi purANa, uttara purANa, nemijina caritra, evaM unakI paramparA ke adhikAMza vidvAna , sAhitya sevI zAnti nAtha caritra, pArzvanAtha caritra, varddhamAna caritra, 3. mUrti lekha saMgraha prathama bhAga--pRSTha saM. 176 / 234

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mallinAtha caritra. sadbhASitAvali, jambU svAmI caritra, jo chanda saMkhyA kI dRSTi se rAmAyaNa se bhI bar3I hai / zrIpAla caritra, tatvArthasAra dIpaka sukumAla caritra / bahana jinadAsa 15vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAna the tathA mIrA va sUradAsa ke pUrva hI unhoMne hindI ke pracArarAjasthAnI kRtiyA~: prasAra meM mahatvapUrNa yoga diyA tathA jana-sAdhAraNa kI ArAdhanA prativodhasAra, nemizvara gIta, muktAvali bhASA meM sabase adhika racanAe~ likhiiN| bahana jinadAsa gIta, NamokAraka gIta, solahakAraNa rAsa, sArasIkhA kI hindI kI pramukha racanAe~ nimna prakAra haiMmaNirAsa tathA zAntinAtha phAgu / ' rAma sItArAsa, yazodhara rAsa, nAgakumArarAsa, AcArya somakIrti (saMvat 1516-40) ne bhI paramahaMsarAsa, Adi purANarAsa, harivaMza purANa, zrIvika saMskRta va hindI ko apanI racanAoM kA mAdhyama rAsa, jambU svAmIrAsa, bhadrabAhu, cAUdanta sabangharAsa, bnaayaa| inakI sAtavyasana kathA, pradya mna caritra evaM dhanya kumArarAsa, bhaviSya dantarAsa, jIvandhara rAsa. yazodhara caritra saMskRta meM nibaddha racanAe~ haiM tathA gurvA- karakaNDurAsa, puSpAMjalirAsa, subhauma cakravartIrAsa, vali, yazodhara gasa, RSabhanAtha kI dhUli, trepanakriyA- dhanapAlarAsa, sudarzanarAsa / gIta, AdinAtha evaM mallagIta inakI rAjasthAnI kRtiyA~ haiM / sabhI kRtiyA~ bhASA evaM zailI kI dRSTi jJAnabhUSaNa bhaTTAraka bhuvanakIrti ke ziSya the / bhaTTAse uttama racanAeM haiM / kavi ne ina racanAoM meM jana- raka banane se pUrva hI ve sAhitya nirmANa meM laga gaye the sAdhAraNa kI bhAvanAoM ko acchI taraha pradarzita kiyA aura bhaTTAraka pada chor3ane ke pazcAta bhI ve isI hai tathA usakI dRSTi meM vahI nagara evaM grAma zreSTha mAne dizA meM lage rhe| AdIzvara phAga unakI sarvazreSTha jAne cAhie jinameM jIvavadha nahIM hotA / satyAcaraNa va pariSkRta racanA hai / isameM 501 phAga haiM jinameM kiyA jAtA ho tathA nArI samAja kA jahAM atyAdhika 262 hindI ke tathA zeSa 239 padya saMskRta meM nivaddha sammAna ho / yahI nahIM yahA~ ke loga apane parigraha haiN| AdIzvara phAga ke atirikta inakI anya racanAoM saMcaya kI pratidina sImA bhI nirdhArita karate hoM tathA meM poSaha rAsa, jalagAlana rAsa tathA SaTakarma rAsa ke jahA~ rAtri ko bhojana karanA bhI vajita ho| nAma ullekhanIya haiN| - bha. sakala kIti ke ziSya evaM laghu bhrAtA bahana 17vIM zatAbdI meM honevAle bhaTTArakoM meM bhaTTAraka jinadAsa saMskRta evaM hindI ke prakAzamAna nakSatra haiN| ratnakIrti evaM bhaTAraka kumudacandra kA nAma vizeSataH unhoMne hindI kI sabase adhika sevA kI aura usameM ullekhanIya hai / ye gurU va ziSya donoM hI bar3e loka60 se bhI adhika kRtiyA~ nibaddha karake isa dizA meM eka priya santa the tathA jana-jana meM bhagavad bhakti ko ubhAnayA kIrtimAna sthApita kiyaa| unakI rAmasItArAsa rane ke liye choTe-choTe bhaktiparaka padoM kI racanA (saMvata 1520) rAjasthAnI kI prathama rAmAyaNa hai kiyA karate the| nemi rAjula ko lekara bhI donoM hI 4. mo pUjyo nRpa malli bhairava mahAdevendra mukhya nRpai / SaTtakIgama zAstra kovida mati jAgraMta mazazcandramA / bhavyAmbhosaha bhAskaraH zubha karaH saMsAra vicchedkH| so'vyAchI vijayAdi kIti maniyo bhadArakAdhIkSavaraH / 235

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kaviyoM ne aneka padoM kI racanA kI / ratnakIrti ke nIca nahIM hai| karmoM ke kAraNa hI use U~ca va nIca kI padoM kI saMkhyA 38 hai tathA kumudacandra ke bhI itane saMjJA dI jAtI hai tathA brAhmaNa, kSatriya Adi nAmoM hI pada hoMge / ratnakIti kA eka pada dekhiye--- se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| AtmA to rAjA hai vaha zUdra kaise ho sakatI hai| sakhI rI nemi na jAnI pIra / bahota divAje Aye mere ghari, saMga leI haladhara viir| U~ca nIca navi adha huyi, karma kalaMka taNo kItu soI / nemi sukha nirakhi haraSI manasU', aba to hoI mana dhiir| brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya na zUdra, adhA rAjA navi hoya zUdra / tAme pasUya pukAra sunI kari, gayo girivara ke tIra / candavadanI pokAratI DAratI, maNDana hAra ura ciir| inake pazcAt eka ke bAda eka bhaTTAraka hote ratnakIratI prabhu bhaye vairAgI, rAjula citta kiyo dhiir| gaye / ajamera, nAgora, Amera, jayapUra, DUMgarapura, gAliyA koTa, kAraMjA, udayapura Adi sthAnoM meM kumudacandra ke padoM meM adhyAtma, viraha aura bhakti unakI gAdiyA~ sthApita huI tathA vahIM se ve bihAra tInoM kA sAmaMjasya hai| 'maiM to nara bhava vAri gayA yoM' karake jana-jana meM sAhitya ke prati ruci paidA kiyA pada yadi adhyAtmaparaka hai to 'sakhI rI aba to rahayo karate, apane ziSyoM ko sAhitya nirmANa kI ora protsAnahiM jAta, virahaparaka pada haiM / ina donoM santoM ne hita kiyA karate rahate / vra. jinadAsa, brahmarAya malla, hindI sAhitya meM jo pada sAhitya likhane kI paramparA bakhtarAma zAha, lakSmIrAma cAMdavAr3A jaise vidvAn inhIM DAlI vaha bhaviSya meM honevAle kaviyoM ke liye varadAna bhaTTArakoM ke ziSya the jinhoMne sAhityika vikAsa kI siddha huii| ora vizeSa dhyAna diyA aura deza ke sAhityika pakSa ko majabUta kiyaa| ina bhaTTArakoM ne saMskRta bhASA 16vIM 17vIM zatAbdI meM eka aura prabhAvazAlI ko apanA kara deza meM use ucca sthAna diyA tathA apane bhaTTAraka hue jinakA nAma bha. zubhacandra hai| bha. zubha kAvyoM ke mAdhyama se use jana-sAmAnya meM loka-priya candra zAstroM ke pUrNa marmajJa the| unheM SaTabhASA kavi banAyA gyaa| eka ora saMskRta tathA dUsarI ora hindI cakravartI kahA jAtA thA / inhoMne jo sAhitya sevA apane rAjasthAnI donoM hI bhASAoM ko apanAkara inhoMne jIvana meM kI vaha itihAsa meM svarNAkSaroM meM likhane sAhitya kSetra meM udAra vAtAvaraNa ko sthAna diyaa| yogya hai| inhoMne saMskRta meM 40 racanAe~ tathA hindI vAstava meM 500 varSoM taka ina bhaTTArakoM ne deza meM 7 racanAoM ko nibaddha karake bhAratIya sAhitya kI kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTi se jo vikAsa abhUtapUrva sevA kii| inakI sabhI hindI kRtiyA~ laghu kiyA vaha itihAsa meM svarNAkSaroM meM likhane yogya hai / haiM kintu bhAva va zailI kI dRSTi se uttama haiM "tatva lekina abhI taka inakI sevAoM kA jitanA mUlyAMkana hI sAra dahA, inakI sundara kRti hai / isameM dohe va honA cAhie thA utanA nahIM ho sakA hai aura usakI caupAI haiM / racanA choTI hone para bhI atyadhika mahatva va mahatI AvazyakatA hai| pUrNa haiM / eka sthAna para AtmA kA varNana karate hue kavi ne kahA ki kisI kI bhI AtmA ucca athavA 236

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jaina sAhitya ke Adya puraskartA DA0 jyotiprasAda jaina jaina anuzruti ke anusAra lekhana kalA kA Avi - sarra karmabhUmi, yA sabhya yuga, ke udayakAla meM Adi puruSa bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne kiyA thaa| unakI prathama ziSyA, jisake nimitta se unhoMne isa krAntikArI kalA kA AviSkAra kiyA thA, svayaM unakI suputrI brAhmI thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata kI prAcIna lipi brAhmI lipi ke nAma se prasiddha huI / sindhu ghATI kI prArgetihAsika sabhyatA ke avazeSoM meM prApta lekhAMkita mudrAe~ isa bAta kA asaMdigdha pramANa haiM ki aba se cha:sAta sahasra varSa pUrva bhI bhAratavAsI lekhanakalA se bhalIbhA~ti paricita the aura loka vyavahAra meM usakA paryApta upayoga karate the / isake pazcAt eka aisA dIrghakAlIna antarAla par3A pratIta hotA hai jisameM lekhanakalA bahuta kucha upekSita rahI tathAkathita vaidika yuga meM lekhana kA pracAra bahuta virala rahA pratIta hotA hai / tathApi Rgveda vizva pustakAlaya kA adhunAjJAta sarvaprAcIna grantha mAnA jAtA hai, aura isakA racanAkAla do sahasra varSaM se lekara eka sahasra IsvI pUrva ke madhya anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| vedoM kI 'brAhmaNa' aura 'AraNyaka' nAmaka prAraMbhika vyAkhyAoM meM se kucha eka, kaI eka upaniSad mUla dharmazAstra aura saMbhavatayA kucha eka dArzanika sUtra bhI, 6ThI - 5vIM zatI IsvI pUrva taka ra aura likhe jA cuke vizvAsa kiye jAte haiM / indra aura pANini ke vyAkaraNa, suzruta kI saMhitA (vaidyaka zAstra ), aura kauTilya kA mUla arthazAstra bhI 5vIM aura 3rI zatI IsvI pUrva ke madhya likhe jA cuke the, aisA kahA jAtA hai / kintu, sindhughATI kI ukta mudrAoM ke atirikta prAyaH aura koI bhAratIya zilAlekha yA abhilekha aisA abhI taka prApta nahIM huA hai jisakA samaya nizcita rUpa se chaThI zatI I. pUrva se pahile kA sthira kiyA jA sake / brAmhaNoM, bauddhoM yA jainoM ke kisI bhI grantha kI prAyaH eka bhI aisI prati abhI taka prApta nahIM huI hai jise asaMdigdha rUpa se do purAnA bhI kahA hajAra varSa jA ske| Upara jina granthoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve avazya hI maurya yuga ke anta ( lagabhaga 200 I. pU.) ke pUrva kI sahasrAbdi meM race jA cuke the / kintu race jAne ke sAtha-hI-sAtha ve lipibaddha bhI kiye jA cuke the, yaha kevala anumAna hI hai, nizcaya ke sAtha kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / astu, yadyapi isa bAta meM prAyaH sandeha nahIM hai ki saMsAra kI prAcIna sabhya jAtiyoM meM bhAratIya jAti hI lekhana kalA kA AviSkAra evaM prayoga karanevAlI 237

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kadAcit sarvaprathama jAti thI, tathApi yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya taka likhane kA pracAra atyanta vigna rahA thaa| kama-se-kama jahA~ taka dharma zAstroM yA dhArmika sAhitya kA sambandha hai, bhArata ke prAcIna RSi muni aura AcArya apanI smRti para hI adhika nirbhara rahate the aura likhane ke jhaMjhaTa meM par3anA pasanda nahIM karate the / zruti, smRti, Agama Adi zabda bahuta pIche Akara dharmika sAhitya ke aGgaka vizeSoM ke liye rUr3a hue, prArambha meM yaha saba prAyaH paryAyavAcI the jo paramparA se smRti meM surakSita rahatA AyA hai, maukhika dvAra se upadezA jAtA rahA hai aura kAnoM se jise sunate cale Aye haiM vahI smRti, Agama yA zruti rUpa dharmazAstra thA mahAvIra aura buddha ke pazcAt bhI zatAbdiyoM paryanta bhAratavarSa meM parmopadeza, maulika zikSaNa-prazikSaNa tathA vyaktigata evaM rAjanaitika lokavyavahAra bhI maukhika zAbdika hI rahatA rhaa| likhane yA likhita vastuoM kA sahArA bahuta kama liyA jAtA thaa| yadi aisA na hotA to pAda, mahAvIra, vuddha Adi ke upadeza turanta hI athavA thor3e samaya uparAnta hI lipibaddha kara liye jAte yaha kArya ukta dharmopadeSTAoM ke cAra-pA~ca sau varSa pazcAt hI Arambha huaa| tIsarIdUsarI zatI I. pUrva se bhAratavarSa meM likhane kA pracAra, aneka kAraNoM se, paryApta druta vega se bar3hA / usI ke phalasvarUpa bhArata ke pustaka sAhitya kA vAstavika praNayana prArambha huA jainoM ora bauddhoM ke pustaka sAhitya nirmANa kA itihAsa dUsarI pahalI zatI isvI pUrva se Age nahIM jAtA aura brAmhaNa paramparA ke viSaya meM bhI vaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki ve isa sambandha meM jainoM aura bauddhoM se kucha bahuta Age rahe haiM / antara itanA hI hai ki jainI loga apane sAhityika itihAsa ke viSaya meM bahuta sAvadhAna, ImAna dAra aura yathArthavaktA rahe haiM, bauddhoM kA sAhityika / itihAsa bhI siMhalI, cInI, tibbatI, varmI Adi bhAratetara sAdhanoM ke AdhAra para bahuta kucha ThIka ThIka nirmANa ho cukA hai / kintu vaidika paramparA ke anu- / yAthiyoM kA sAtvika itihAsa abhI taka paryApta aspaSTa eva vivAdagrasta banA huA hai vaha adhikAMzataH anumAnoM, kalpanAoM, dhAraNAoM aura manamAnI mAnyatAoM para AdhArita hai| AcArya zaMkara aura mahAkavi kAlidAsa jaise paryApta paravartI vyaktiyoM kI tithiyoM ke sambandha meM bhI abhI taka ekamata nahIM ho pAyA hai| vibhinna vidvAnoM ke bIca ina viSayoM meM do-cAra varSo yA do-cAra dazakoM ke nahIM varan zatAbdiyoM kA, aura kabhI-kabhI sahasrAbdiyoM kA matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| isake atirikta, uttarottara sammilita kiye jAte rahe kSetrakoM, saMvardhanoM, parivardhanoM Adi ke kAraNa IsvI san kI prathama sahasrAbdi meM rane gaye granthoM ke bhI vartamAna meM upalabdha saMskaraNa bahuta hI kama aise haiM jo nizcayapUrvaka mUla racanAoM kI yathAvat pratilipi kahe jA sakeM / ataeva, jahA~ hama tIrthaMkara pArzva aura mahAvIra ke sambandha meM, mahAvIra kI ziSya pramparA meM honevAle guruoM ke sambandha meM jaina sAhitya praNayana ke prA raMbhika itihAsa ke sambandha meM prAcIna jainAcAryo evaM granthakAroM aura unakA kRtiyoM ke sambandha meM prAya: nizcayapUrvaka yaha kaha sakate haiM ki amuka vyakti, racanA yA ghaTanA kI tithi yaha hai usakA pUrvApara yaha hai, ityAdi, aura isI prakAra jahA~ hama yaha bhI prAyaH nizcayapUrvaka kaha sakate haiM ki pAli tripiTaka sarvaprathama IsvI pUrva prathama zatAbdI ke madhya ke lagabhaga siMhala deza meM saMkalita evaM lipibaddha hue aura bhArata bauddhoM ke pustaka sAhitya kA itihAsa kuSANa kAla (2rI zatI I.) meM mahAkavi azvaghoSa aura dArzanika nAgArjuna ke sAtha prArambha huA, brAhmaNa paramparA ke granthakAroM aura dhArmika athavA laukika granthoM ke sambandha meM vaisI koI bAta nizcayapUrvaka kahanA nitAnta kaThina hai| tathApi, jina vizeSajJa vidvAnoM ne isa sambandha meM vaijJAnika paddhati se vidhivat anusaMdhAna kiyA hai, unakA yaha prAyaH nizcita mata hai ki vartamAna hindU paramparA ke 238

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pustaka sAhitya ke itihAsa kA vAstavika prArambha zuga the| inakA sanizcita samaya 877-777 I. pUrva hai| kAla meM brAhmaNa punarutthAna se hI kiyA jAnA caahiye| inake dvArA upadezita dvAdazAMga zrata kA pracAra vAstava meM isa paramparA ke vartamAna meM upalabdha mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya taka barAbara banA huA thaa| pustaka sAhitya kA adhikAMza, jisameM vaidika saMhitAe~ antima tIrthaMkara varddhamAna mahAvIra 'nirgrantha jJAtaputra' (apane antima rUpa meM), nirukta, adhikAMza upaniSadeM, (599-527) vrAtya kSatriyoM kI bajji jAti ke vaizAlI zra tiyA~, smati yA dharmazAstra, dArzanika sUtra, gaNatantra (gaNarAjya saMgha) ke argata kuNDagrAma ke vAlmIki kI rAmAyaNa, sauti kA mahAbhArata (jo licchaviyoM ke jJAtaka vaMzI rAjaputra the| tIsa varSa mUlataH daza-sahasrI thI, aba jaisI zata-sahasrI nahIM), kI avasthA meM isa bAlabramhacArI ne gRha kA parityAga tathA viSNu purANa Adi prAcInatama purANagrantha, karake bAraha varSa paryanta kaThina AtmasAdhanA kI / phalazuga kAla aura gupta kAla ke madhya, arthAta 3-2rI zatI svarUpa kaivalya kI prApti karake arhata tIrthakara ke I. pU. se lekara 4-5vIM zatI IsvI ke bIca hI race gaye rUpa meM tIsa varSa (557-527 I pU.) paryanta deza-videza haiM / laukika kAvya nATakAdi, klesikala saMskRta sAhitya meM vihAra karate hae 'sarva satvAnaM hita sukhAya' tIrthaMkaroM tathA jyotiSa, gaNita, vaidyaka Adi vaijJAnika sAhitya ke dvavAda zAMga meM nihita siddhAntoM kA nirantara pracAra adhikatara gupta kAla evaM guptottara kAla kI dena haiN| kiyaa| unake pradhAna gaNadhara indra bhUti gautama ne pUrvavartI isa brAmhaNa punarutthAna evaM pustaka sAhitya pravartana tIrthaMkaroM ke gaNadharoM kI bhAMti hI, apane guru tIrthake pramukha Adya puraskartA maharSi pataJjali, kAmandaka, kara mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA sAra dvAdazAGaga zrata vAlmIki, sauti, yAska, vAtsyAyana, kAtyAyana, Izvara ke rUpa meM saMkalita kiyA arthAt use bAraha aGgoM aura kRSNa, Adi vidvAna the| caudaha prakIrNakoM meM vibhAjita kiyaa| pratyeka aMga __ meM bhI kaI upavibhAga haiM, vizeSakara bArahaveM dRSTipravAha astu, kyA Azcarya hai ki usa samaya ke pUrva aMga ke pA~ca vibhAga haiM:-jinameM eka kA nAma 'pUrva' kA bhI prAyaH koI ullekhanIya pustaka sAhitya vidyamAna hai / pUrvo kI saMkhyA 14 hai| isa prakAra dvAdazAGga nahIM thaa| unakA dharmazAstra yA Agama jo dvavAdazAGaga zruta kahalAtA hai, sarvaprathama atyanta prAcIna samaya meM zrata ko bahudhA gyAraha aGka-caudaha pUrva' bhI kahate haiM / bArahaveM aMga kA hI eka anya bheda 'prathamAnuyoga' hai sabhya yuga ke udaya kAla meM hI-prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA thaa| unake pazcAta jisa para samasta jaina purANa sAhitya AdhArita hai / ye eka ke bAda eka aThAraha tIrthakaroM ne usI satya kA aMGaga pUrva vidhivat 'vastuoM, adhikAroM' aura 'prAbhRtoM' pratipAdana kiyaa| tadanantara, rAmAyaNa meM vaNita ghaTanAoM meM vibhAjita haiN| yahI bhASAbaddha mUla jinAgama yA aura rAma-rAvaNAdi ke samaya meM 20veM tIrthakara jaina dhArmika sAhitya hai| sarvajJa vItarAga hitopadezI jA muni suvRtanAtha ne usI upadeza kI prAyaH pUnarAvatti kii| guNoM se viziSTa tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadezita aura parama itihAsakAra ina ghaTanAoM kA samaya lagabhaga 2000 jJAnI-dhyAnI tapasvI gaNadharoM dvArA guthita evaM saMkalita I. pU. anumAna karate haiN| 21veM tIrthakara naminAtha jinAgama yA dvavAdazAGaga zra ta meM sampUrNa mAnavI AdhyAthe aura 22veM tIrthakara ariSTanemi the jo nArAyaNa tmika jJAna kA sAra samanbita hai / gautamAdi gaNadharoM kRSNa ke tAujAta bhAI the aura mahAbhArata kAla (anu- ke pazcAt vaha Agama jJAna yA jaina tha ta sAhitya gurumAnataH 15vIM zatI I. pUrva) meM vidyamAna the| 23 veM ziSya paramparA meM maukhika dvAra se pravAhita huA aura tIrthakara pArzvanAtha vArANasI ke uragavaMzI rAjakumAra lagabhaga sAta zatAbdiyoM taka mokhika pravAha kI isa 236

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paramparA ko pUrNa sakSama jJAnI-dhyAnI tapasvI vigranthA- the| dUsarI zAkhA jo kAlAntara meM zvetAmbara nAma se cAryoM ne surakSita banAye rkhaa| prasiddha huI vaha apanI paramparA meM surakSita avaziSTa zrutAgama ko hI mAnya karatI thii| usane bhI usakI maukhika dvAra se guru-ziSya paramparA meM zra tajJAna vA~canA evaM saMkalana karane kA prayAsa kiyA / ataeva kA pravAha to calatA rahA, kintu aneka kAraNoM se, usameM eka-eka karake AgamoM kI tIna bA~canAe~ huIMcauthI zatI IsA pUrva ke madhya ke uparAnta usake vistAra do mathurA meM aura eka vallabhI meM / saurASTra ke vallabhI meM dra tavega se hrAsa hone lagA, matabheda aura pAThabheda nagara meM AcArya devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM, bhI utpanna hone lge| ataeva dUsarI zatI IsAparva ke pA~cavI zatI IsvI ke madhya ke lagabhaga sampanna tIsarI madhya ke lagabhaga kaliMga cakravartI mahAmeghavAhana khAravela vAcanA meM hI isa paramparA meM surakSita AgamoM kA kI preraNA se mathurA ke jaina saMgha ke AcAryoM ne zrata saMkalana evaM lipibaddhIkaraNa huaa| yaha bhI mUla dvAdasaMrakSaNa kI bhAvanA se sarasvatI andolana calAyA, zAMga zruta kA atyanta alpAMza hI thaa| tathApi, AgamoM jisakA pradhAna uddezya Agama sAhitya ko pustakArUr3ha ke isa prakAra pustakArUr3ha hone se una para race jAnevAle karanA tathA dhArmika pustaka praNayana thA / jJAna kI niyukti, cUNi, bhASya, TIkA Adi atyanta vipula vyAkhyA adhiSThAtrI pustakadhAriNI sarasvatI devI ko ukta sAhitya ke lie dvAra unyukta ho gyaa| vividha viSayaka, Andolana kA pratIka banAyA gyaa| phalasvarUpa IsvI vibhinna bhASAoM aura zailiyoM meM anaginata svatantra sana ke prArambha ke AsapAsa digambarAcArya kundakunda, racanAe~ bhI racI jAne lagI, aura ubhaya sampradAya ke lohArya, zivArya Adi ne paramparAgata zruta ke AdhAra manISI AcArya jaina bhAratI ke bhaDAra ko uttarottara se pAhur3a Adi grantha race, aura guNadharAcArya evaM dharasenA samRddha se samRddhatara karate gye| cArya ne tathA unake suyogya ziSyoM AcArya AryamaMkSu, nAgahasti, puSpadanta, bhUtabali Adi ne avaziSTa AgamoM ke astu, jaina dhArmika sAhitya ke Adya prastotA to mahatvapurNa aMzoM kA upasaMhAra karake unheM pustakArUr3ha RSabhAdi-mahAvIra paryanta caubIsa tIrthakara bhagavAna haiM... kiyaa| umAsvAti, vimalasUri, samantabhadra, yativRSabha unake bAda gautamAdi gaNadhara bhagavAna aura bhadrabAhu Adi anya kaI AcAryapuMgavoM ne bhI dhArmika sAhitya ke prabhRti zrutakevali haiM, aura anta meM kundakundAdi-devaddhi vividha aMgoM kA AgamAdhAra se praNayana kiyaa| paryanta zrutadhara AcArya puMgava haiN| isa kAla meM jaina saMgha do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho cukA thaa| digambara AmyanA ke muni svayaM ko mUlasaMdhI kahate 240

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prAcIna jaina rAma-sAhitya meM sItA DA0 lakSmInArAyaNa dube prAkRta meM cAra grantha likhe gaye jinameM sItA kA caritra-citraNa samyakarUpeNa milatA hai--vimala sUri kA paumacariyaM. zIlAcArya kI rAmalakkhaNa cariyam bhadrezvara kI kahAvatI meM rAmAyaNam aura bhUvanatuga sUri kA rAmalakkhaNacariya / saMskRta meM raviSeNa ke padmacarita AcArya hemacandra ke jaina rAmAyaNa, jinadAsa ke rAmadeva purANa, padmadeva vijayagaNi ke rAmacarita, somasena ke rAmacarita, AcArya somaprabhakRta laghutriyazalAkApuruSa carita, meghavijaya gaNivara ke laghutriyaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / apabhraMza meM svayaMbhU kA paumacariu, raidhU kA padmapurANa Adi prasiddha haiM / kannar3a meM nAgacandra ke rAmacandra carita purANa, kumundendu ke rAmAyaNa, devadha ke rAmavijayacarita, devacandra ke rAmakathAvatAra aura candrasAgara ke jina rAmAyaNa ko vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina sItA-sAhitya isI paramparA meM sItA ko lekara bhI katipaya kAvya likhe gaye the jo ki vizeSa ullekhanIya haiMbhuvanatuga sUri kA sIyA cariya (prAkRta), AcArya hemacandra kA sItA rAvaNa kathAnakam (saMskRta), brahma nemidatta, zAMta sUri aura amaradAsakRta sItAcaritra jaina rAma-sAhitya : (saMskRta); hariSeNa kA sItAkathAnam / haritamalla ne jaina vAGgamaya meM vipula rAmakathA tathA rAma kAvya 'maithilI kalyANa' nAmaka nATaka saMskRta meM likhA thA / milatA hai / jaina rAmakathA sAmAnyatayA Adikavi jaina-rAmakathA kI dvitIya paramparA ke janaka guNavAlmIki se prabhAvita hai / jaina rAma-sAhitya prAkRta, bhadra the jinakA 'uttara purANa' aura kRSNadAsa kavi kRta saMskRta, apabhraza tathA kannar3a meM milatA hai yaha isakA 'puNya candrodaya purANa' saMskRta meM likhA gayA / prAkRta purAtana rUpa hai| meM puSpadanta kA tisaTThI-mahApurisa guNAlaMkAra aura vimala sari kI paramparA meM nimnalikhita sAhitya kannar3a meM cAmuNDarAya kA triSaSTi zalAkApuruSa purANa milatA hai : likhA gyaa| 241

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jaina- rAmakathA meM vimala sUri kI paramparA ko adhika prazraya milA hai| yaha zvetAmbara tathA digambara donoM sampradAyoM meM pracalita hai, parantu guNabhadra kI pari pATI sirpha digambara sampradAya meM hI milatI hai / kAvya ke atirikta sItA ko lekara nATaka - sAhitya tathA kathA sAhitya meM bhI likhA gyaa| jaina kavi hastimalla ne san 1290 ke AsapAsa saMskRta meM 'maithilI kalyANa' likhA jisakA vivecya viSaya zrRMgAra hai / isake prathama cAra aMkoM meM rAma aura sItA ke pUrvAnurAga kA citraNa milatA hai / ve milana ke pUrva kAmadeva maMdira tathA mAdhavI vana meM milate haiN| tRtIya tathA caturtha aMka meM abhisArikA sItA kA varNana milatA hai / paMcama tathA aMtima aMka meM rAma-sItA ke vivAha kA varNana hai| saMpadAsa ke 'vasudevahiNDi' meM jaina mahArASTrIya gadya jo rAmakathA milatI hai usameM sarvaprathama sItA kA janmasthala laMkA mAnA gayA hai / vaha maMdodarI tathA rAvaNa kI putrI hai parantu parityakta hokara rAjarSi janaka kI dattaka putrI bana jAtI hai| sItA svayaMvara meM sItA aneka rAjAoM meM se rAma kA cayana evaM varaNa karatI hai| saMcadAsa ne guNabhadra ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA thA kyoMki 'uttara purANa' meM rAvaNa kI vaMzAvalI evaM sItA kI janma-gAthA paryApta rUpa meM 'vasudevahiNDi' se sAdRzya rakhatI hai / kAlakramAnusAra prAcIna jaina rAma sAhitya ke pramukha stambha nimnalikhita mahAkavi the - raviSeNa - 'padmacarita' ( 660 I.) prAcInatama jaina saMskRta grantha ( saMskRta ) (ga) svayaMbhU - 'paumacariu' yA 'rAmAyaNa purANa' ( aSTama zatAbdI I.) (apabhraMza) (gha) guNabhadra - 'uttara purANa' ( navama zatAbdI I.) (saMskRta) uparilikhita granthoM meM sItA ke caritra ke vividha pakSoM kA sampaka udghATana milatA hai| 'uttara purANa' meM bhI rAma parIkSA ke binA sItA ko svIkAra karate haiM / sItA aneka rAniyoM ke sAtha ( ka ) vimala sUri paumacariyaM' (tRtIya- caturtha dIkSA letI hai| aMta meM sItA ko svarga milatA hai| zatAbdI I.) ( prAkRta ) vimala sUri aura guNabhadra kI sotA : vimala sUri ne sItAharaNa kA kAraNa isa prakAra vivecita kiyA hai zambUka ne sUryahAsa saMga kI prApti ke hetu dvAdaza varSa kI sAdhanA kI thii| saMga ke prakaTa hone para lakSmaNa use uThAkara zambUka kA mastakacchedana kara dete haiM | candranakhA putra viyoga meM vilApa karatI hai / vaha rAma-lakSmaNa kI patnI bananA prastAvita karatI hai lakSmaNa kharadUSaNa kI senA ko roka dete haiN| rAvaNa sItA para mugdha ho jAtA hai| vaha avalokanI vidyA se jAna letA hai ki lakSmaNa ne rAma ko bulAne hetu siMhanAda kA saMketa nizcita kiyA hai| isalie vaha yukti pUrvaka siMhanAda karake sInA se lakSmaNa ko pRthak kara sItAharaNa karane meM saphala ho jAtA hai / 242 'pauma cariyaM ke vittaraveM parva meM laMkA meM zrI rAma praviSTa hokara sabase pahale sItA ke pAsa jAte haiN| donoM kA milana dekhakara devagaNa phUla barasAte haiM aura sItA meM niSkalaMka tathA punIta sAtvika caritra kA sAkSya dete haiM / isa grantha meM zrIrAma kI kisI zaMkA yA sItA kI agni parIkSA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / svayaMbhU ko sotA svayaMbhU ke 'paumacariu' meM prArambha meM mUka sItA ke darzana hote haiN| sAgara vRddhi bhaTTAraka tathA jyotiSI

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sItA ke kAraNa rAvaNa evaM rAkSasoM ke vinAza kI bhaviSyavANI kara dete haiM tehiM haNevau rakkhu mahArage / jaga rAhiva taNayaheM kAraNe / aura Ahe kaNNaheM kAraNeNa hoisa / viNAsu bahu-rakta hU~ | vana meM sItA ke caritra kA vikAsa mauna rUpa meM hotA hai / sItA yuddhoM ke viparIta hai kara calaNa deha - sira- khaNDaNahu / nivtriNa mAe hauM bhaNDaNa // hauM tAeM diNNI kehAhuM / kali-kAla-kiyantahuM jehAhu~ || sItA haraNa ke samaya vaha apane ko bar3I abhAginI mAnatI hai ko saMthavaI maI ko suhi kahIM dukkhu mahantau | jahiM jahi nAmi hauM taM taM ji paesu palittau // rAvaNa ke pralobhanoM tathA upasargoM se sItA kA himAlaya jaisA acala aura gaMgA jala jaisA pavitra caritra raMcamAtra bhI vicalita nahIM ho pAyA / sItA agni parIkSA meM saphala hotI hai ki kijai aNNai divve, jeNa visujjhaho mahu maNaho / jiha kaNaya lAli DAhuttara, acchaNi majjhe ArahaNa ho // aMta meM sItA kA virAgI mana strI na banane kI ghoSaNA kara detA hai evahi tiha karemi puNu rahuvai / jiha Na homi paDivArI tiyamai || svayaMbhU ne sItA ke caritra ko anupama tathA divya svarUpa pradAna kiyA hai / jaina - rAma - sAhitya meM sItA- nirvAsana prasaMga : rAma kathA ke samAna sItA- nirvAsana ke AkhyAna ko bhI prastuta karane kA sarvaprathama zreya maharSi vAlmIki ko hai / guNabhadra ke 'uttara purANa' meM sItA-tyAga kI koI carcA nahIM milatI / isakI zrRMkhalA meM mahAbhArata, harivaMza purANa, vAyu purANa, viSNu purANa, nRsiMha purANa aura anAyaka jAtakaM bhI Ate haiM jinameM sItAnirvAsana AkhyAna kA abhAva hai / parantu sItA-tyAga ko adhikAMza jaina rAma - sAhitya svIkAra karatA hai / sItA - nirvAsana ke mukhya cAra kAraNa the (ka) lokAtpavAda - jaina - rAma sAhitya meM isakA pratipAdana vimala sUri ke 'pauma cariyaM' tathA raviSeNa ke 'padma carita' meM milatA hai / svayaMbhU ne apane mahAkAvya 'pauma cariu' meM isakI pRSThabhUmi kA vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai : ayodhyA kI katipaya puzcalI nAriyoM ne apane patiyoM ke samakSa yaha tarka kiyA ki yadi itane dinoM taka rAvaNa ke yahA~ rahakara AnevAlI sItA rAma ko grAhya ho sakatI hai to eka-do rAta anyatra bitA kara unake ghara lauTane meM patiyoM ko Apatti kyoM ho ? - isa carcA ko lekara nagara meM sItAviSayaka pravAda phailatA hai para-purisu ramevi dumbhahilau, deMti paDuttara paha-ya ho / ki rAmaNa bhujai jaNaya-suya, afry vasevi dhare rAmaNa ho / rAma kula kI maryAdA ke kAraNa sItA ko niSkAsita kara dete haiM / 'pauma cariu' aneka mArmika tathA bhAvapravaNa prasaMgoM se paripUrNa hai parantu sItA-tyAga kA 243

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prasaMga sarvAdhika kAruNika aura vidagdha hai| vibhISaNa dIvau hoi sahAveM kAlau / sItA ke pavitra caritra kI nirdoSitA siddha karane ke vaTTi-sihaeM maNDijjai Alau / / lie apanI sArI zakti lagA dete haiN| laMkA se trijaTA Nara NArihi evaDDau annau / Akara gavAhI detI hai| aMta meM sItA kI agni parIkSA maraNe vivelliNa melliya taruvaru / / hotI hai / dUsare dina jaba sItA ko sabere sabhA meM aMta meM sItA tapazcaraNa ke lie prasthita ho jAtI lAkara Asana para biThAyA jAtA hai, taba sItA vara hai| svayaMbhU ne sItA ke caritra ko samvedanazIlatA se Asana para saMsthita aisI zobhAyamAna hotI hai jaise jina ApUrNa kara diyA hai| vaha pAThakoM kI dayA, samvedanA Asana para zAsana-devatA tathA sahAnubhUti kI adhikAriNI bana jAtI hai / sIya paiTTa NivaTTha varAsaNe / ___ svayaMbhU ke pUrva vimala sUri, raviSeNa tathA AcArya sAsaNa devae jaMz2iNa-sAsaNe // hemacandra ne sItA-tyAga ke prasaMga kA samyaka pratipAdana kiyA hai| prakhara tathA spaSTavAdinI sItA kA, zaMkAlu tathA nArI-caritra kI bhartsanA karane vAle zrI rAma ko kitanA 'pauma cariyaM' ke pUrva 92 94 meM sItA-tyAga kA AtmAbhimAnapUrNa evaM sateja uttara hai ki gaMgA jala vistRta varNana milatA hai| lakA se lauTa Ane ke samaya gaeNdalA hotA hai, phira bhI saba usameM snAna karate haiN| bhI janatA ke apavAda kI carcA milatI hai| zrI rAma candramA sakalaMka hai, lekina usakI prabhA nirmala, megha svataH garbhavatI sItA ko vana meM vibhinna jaina caityAlaya kAlA hotA hai parantu usameM nivAsa karanevAlI dikhalA rahe the ki ayodhyA ke aneka nAgarika unake vidyutchaTA ujjvala / pASANa apUjya hotA hai, yaha sarva- pAsa Ae aura abhayadAna pAkara unhoMne apane Agamana vidita hai parantu usase nirmita pratimA meM candana kA kA nimitta nirUpita kiyA / unase zrI rAma ko sItA lepa lagAte haiM / kamala paMka se utpanna hotA hai lekina kA apavAda vidita hotA hai aura ve apane senApati usakI mAlA jinavara para car3hatI hai, dIpaka svabhAva se kRtAMtavadana ko jina-maMdira dikhalAne ke bahAne sItA kAlA hotA hai lekina usakI zikhA bhavana ko Alo- ko gaMgA pAra ke vana meM chor3a Ane kA Adeza dete haiN| kita karatI hai| nara tathA nArI meM yahI antara hai jo saMyoga se vana meM puNDarIkapura ke nareza bajrajaMgha ne sItA vRkSa aura beli meM / beli sUkha jAne para bhI vRkSa ko / kA karuNa krandana suna liyA jisa para vaha unheM apane nahIM chor3atI bhavana meM le AyA aura usake yahA~ sItA ke do putra sANuNa keNa vi jaNeNa gaNijjai / gaMgA gaihiM taM ji Na hAijjai // sasi klaMka tahiM ji paha Nimmala / kAlau meha tahiM jeM taNi ujjala / / uvalu apuiju Na keNa vi chippai / tahi ji paDipa candaNeNa vilippai / / dhujjai pAu paMku jai laggai / kamala-bhAla puNu jiNahI balaggai / 'padamacarita' ke chiyAnnave parva meM sItA ke grahaNa svarUpa duSpariNAmoM meM prajA kA maryAdAvihIna svarUpa aura nAriyoM kA haraNa, pratyAvartana tathA unakI svIkRti batalAI gayI hai| _ 'yogazAstra' (dvAdaza zatAbdI) meM sItA nirvAsana ke tadantara eka ghaTanA kA vRttAMta milatA hai / tadanusAra zrI rAma apanI bhAryA ke anveSaNa meM bana gaye hue the 244

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kintu sItA kahIM nahIM mila paayii| rAma ne yaha vicAra parantu unheM na pAkara yaha samajha liyA ki ve kisI karake ki sItA kisI hiMsaka pazu dvArA samApta ho hiMsaka jAnavara kA grAsa bana gaI haiN| cukI hai, ataeva, unhoMne parAvartita hokara sItA kA hemacandra ke 'jaina rAmAyaNa' (dvAdaza zatAbdI) meM zrAddha kiyaa| bhI yahI gAthA hai| nAgarikoM ne bhI sItA ke lokApa(kha) dhobI kA AkhyAna : vAda kI carcA kI jise rAma ne ThIka paayaa| jaina-rAma-sAhitya meM isakI carcA nahIM miltii| devavijayagaNi ke 'jaina rAmAyaNa' (san 159) meM nAriyA~ rAma se zikAyata karatI haiM ki sItA (ga) rAvaNa kA citra : rAvaNa ke caraNoM kI pUjA-arcanA karatI haiisa vRttAMta ko prastuta karane kA sarvaprathama evaM svAmin eSA sItA rAvaNa mohitA rAvaNAMhI prAcInatama zreya jaina-rAma-sAhitya ko hai| bhUmau likhitvA puSpAdibhi: pajayati / / haribhadra sUri ke (aSTama zatAbdI) upadeza pada meM jaina rAvaNa-citra-kathA kA bhAratIya rAmAyaNoM para prabhAva : sItA dvArA rAvaNa ke caraNoM ke citra nirmita karane kA jaina rAma-sAhitya meM AyI, sItA dvArA rAvaNa ke satra milatA hai| TIkAkAra municcandra . sUri (dvAdaza citra ke nirmANa kI ghaTanA kA bhAratIya rAmAyaNoM para zatAbdI) ke kathAnAnusAra sItA ne apanI IrSyAlu sapatnI vyApaka prabhAva par3atA dikhalAyI detA hai| ke protsAhana se rAvaNa ke pairoM kA citra banAyA thaa| isa para sapatnI ne rAma ko yaha citra dikhalA diyA baMgAla meM kRtivAsa ojhA dvArA likhita rAmakathA diyA aura unhoMne sItA kA tyAga kara diyaa| 'kRtivAsa rAmAyaNa' yA 'zrIrAma pAMcAlI' (pandrahavIM zatAbdI kA aMta) meM sakhiyoM se prerita hokara sItA bhadrezvara kI 'kahAvalI' (ekAdaza zatAbdI) meM rAvaNa kA citra khIMcatI hai| yaha AkhyAna AyA hai ki sItA ke garbhavatI ho jAne sikkhoM ke dazameza guru govindasiMha ne 'rAmAvatAra para IrSyAlu tathA dvaSamayI sapatniyoM ke Agraha para sItA ne rAvaNa ke pairoM kA citra nimita kiyA jise kathA' yA govinda 'rAmAyaNa' (san 1668) meM rAvaNaunhoMne sItA dvArA rAvaNa ke smaraNa ke pramANa svarUpa citra ke kAraNa rAma ke sItA para saMdeha hone kA vRttAMta milatA hai| rAma ke samakSa upasthita kara diyA / rAma ne isakI upekSA karadI / sautoM ne rAvaNa citra kA kissA saMskRta kI 'Ananda rAmAyaNa' (pandrahavIM zatAbdI) dAsiyoM ke dvArA janatA meM phailA diyaa| tatpazcAta ke tRtIya sarga meM kaikayI ke Agraha para sItA rAvaNa ke rAma gupta veSa dhAraNa kara nagarodyAna meM gaye jahA~ sirpha aMgUThe kA citra banAtI hai jise kaikayI parA unhoMne apanI isa hetu niMdA sunI / guptacaroM ne bhI karatI hai, aura rAma ko bulAkara nArI-caritra kI lokApavAda kI carcA kI / rAma kA nirdeza pAkara AlocanA karatI hai-- kRtAMtavadana tIrthayAtrA ke bahAne sItA ko vana meM chor3a yatra-yatra manolagnaM smaryate hadi tatsadA / aayaa| usake bAda rAma ne lakSmaNa evaM anya vidyA- striyAzca caritra ko vetti zivAdyA mohitA: dharoM ke sAtha vimAna meM car3hakara sItAnveSaNa kiyA striyA // 245

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kAzmIrI rAmAyaNa' athavA 'rAmAvatAra carita' mArgoM na gAMga gaMgaliyA gaMgAjala pAnI, gaMgAjala pAnI ho (aTThArahavIM zatAbdI) meM divAkara bhaTTa ne rAvaNa ke nanadI samuhe ke ovarI liyAvau tau khanA urehoM ho|| citra ke hI kAraNa sItA-tyAga ko caritArtha hote mAMgina gAMga gaMguliyA gaMgAjala pAnI, gaMgAjala pAnI ho nirUpita kiyA hai / rAma kI sagI bahina sItA se hei ho, samuheM ke obarI lipAina to khanA urehaiM ho| citra banavAtI hai| hathavA urehI sItA gor3avA urehI avara urehI dRinoM __ AMkhi / narmadA dvArA racita gujarAtI rAmAyaNa 'rAmAyaNa- hei ho, Ai gaye sirIrAma AMcara chori mUdini ho / nosAra' (unnIsavIM zatAbdI) ke anusAra rAma sItA ko rAvaNa kA citra khIMcate hae aura apanI dAsI se ___lokagItoM meM sarvatra sItA-parityAga kA kAraNa rAvaNa ke citra kA nirmANa hI batAyA gayA hai| sItA rAvaNa kA vRttAMta kahate hae sunate haiN| pahale se hI citrakalA vizAradA thI aura lokagItoM meM jaina hindI rAmakathA 'padama purANa' (san 1661) vivAha ke pUrva bhI kaI sthaloM para sItA ke citrakalA meM daulata rAma ne bhI rAvaNa ke citra kA ullekha kiyA prAvINya kA vRttAMta milatA hai| ataeva, laMkA se lauTane ke bAda sItA ke dvArA rAvaNa ke citra ke nirmANa meM koI asvAbhAvikatA AtI pratIta nahIM hotii| eka samrATa jahA~gIra ke samaya meM mUllA masIha yA bhojapurI lokagIta mohara meM bhI isI bhAvanA kI parama sAdullAha kairAnavI takhallusa masIha ne phArasI meM puSTi milatI hailikhita 'rAmAyaNa masIhI' athavA 'hadIsa-i-rAma-usItA' ke anusAra rAma kI bahina ne sItA se rAvaNa rAma avaru lachumana bhaiyA, kA citra khicavAkara kahA ki sItA rAta-dina isa citra Are ekalI bahiniyA~ haihoM kii| kI pUjA karatI hai| e jIvA rAmajI baiThele jevanakhA, bahina laiyA lakhe re kI / jaina rAvaNa citra-kathA kA lokagItoM para prabhAva : e bhaiyA bhaujI ke danA banavasavA, jini . khanA urehe le kii| isa mUlasrota ko hamAre lokagItoM ne bhI svI jini sItA bhUkhA ke bhojana delI, kAra kiyA hai| lokagItoM meM sItA-parityAga kI ghaTanA aura lAgA ke bahataravA / / kA atyanta mArmika varNana tathA sItA kA caritra-citraNa honI se ho sItA gahabAi re AsApati, milatA hai| eka avadhI sohara lokagIta meM nanada ke kaise banavAsina ho ki / kahane se sItA ne rAvaNa kA citra banAyA thA isI prakAra eka bundelI lokagIta meM bhI sItAnanada bhaujAI duinoM pAnI gayIM are pAnI gyiiN| nirvAsana kA kAraNa rAvaNa ke citra kA nirmANa haibhaujI jauna khana tumheM hari lei ga urehi dekhAvahu ho / jaumeM khanA urehoM urehi dekhAvauM, urehi dekhAva unaa| cauka caMdana bina AMgana sanau koyala bina amarAI / nanadI sani paihaiM biranA tohAra tau desavA nikari haiM ho // rAmA vinA morI sUnI ajodhyA lachamana bina ThakurAI / / lAkha dohaiyA rAjA dazaratha rAma mathavA chuvo, sItA binA morI sanI rasoiyA kauna kare caturAI / rAma mathavA chuvonaa| Ama imaliyA kI nanhIM nanhIM patiyA~, nIma kI zItala bhaujI lAkha dohaiyA lachimana bhaiyA jau bhaiyA batAva ho

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oI tareM baiThI nanada bhojAI kara rahI rAvana kI bAta / kara usase rAvaNa kA citra aMkita karAtI hai aura isa jona khanA bhaujI tumeM hara legava hameM urei btaav| citra meM praviSTa ho jAtI hai| isake pariNAmasvarUpa ra vana ure hoM jabaI bArI nanadI ghara meM khabara na hoy| sItA prayAsa karane ke bAda bhI usa citra ko miTA jo suna pAheM bIrana tumhAre ghara meM deMya nikaar| nahIM pAtI hai, aura aMtataH hatAza hokara palaMga ke nIce rAma kI saugaMdha lakhana kI saugaMdha dasaratha lAkha duhaaii| use chipA detI hai / taduparAMta rAma ke isa palaMga para hamArI saugaMdha khAo bArI nanadI tumako kahA ghaTa jaaii| leTa jAne para unako teja bukhAra ho AtA hai / jaba apanI saugadha khAta hoM bhaujI, sijiyA pAvana deuu| unheM usa citra kA patA calatA hai to ve lakSmaNa ko surahana gaU ke gobara magAoM vaiyA miTiyA deva lipaaii| sItA ko vana meM le jAkara mAra DAlane kA Adeza dete hAtha banAye, pAMva banAye aura battIsaI dAMta / haiN| Upara ko mastaka likhana nahi pAo, A gae raajaaraam| - zyAmadeza kI racanA 'rAma kiyena' meM adula nAmaka lyAva ne baiyA pichauriyA likhanA deMya lukAya / zUrpaNakhA kI putrI sItA se rAvaNa kA citra aMkita jaina rAvaNa citra-kathA kA videzI rAmakAvya para prabhAva : karavAtI hai aura tatpazcAta isI citra meM praveza kara jAtI hai jisase sItA use miTA nahIM pAtI hai| jAvA ke 'sarata kANDa' meM kaikayI svataH sItA ke zyAma ke uttara pUrvIya prAMtoM ke lAo bhASA meM paMkhe para rAvaNa kA citra aMkita karatI hai aura suSuptA solahavIM zatAbdI meM 'rAma jAtaka' kI racanA huI thI vasthA meM lIna sItA ke paryaka para rakha detI hai| hikAyata jisameM bhI rAvaNacitra ke kAraNa sItA-tyAga hotA hai| serI rAma' meM kIkavI devI bharata-zatrudhana kI sahodarI hai| sItA ne kIkavI devI ke Agraha ke kAraNa paMkhe para lAosa ke 'brahmacakra' yA 'pompakA' meM zurpaNakhA~ rAvaNa kA citra khIMca diyaa| kIkavI ne use sItA ke svataH chadamaveza meM sItA ke pAsa Akara unase citra vakSasthala para rakha diyA aura yaha AkSepa kiyA ki sone banavA letI hai| ke pUrva sItA ne usa citra kA cumbana kiyA thaa| rAma ne kIkavI para vizvAsa kara liyaa| thAIlaiNDa kI 'thAI rAmAyaNa' meM bhI isI citra kI paryApta carcA hai| hindesiyA ke 'hikAyata mahArAja rAvaNa' meM yaha vRttAMta AyA hai ki rAvaNa vadha ke uparAnta ra ma ko siMhalI rAmakathA meM umA sItA ke pAsa Akara laMkA meM rahate sAta mAha ho gaye / rAvaNa kI putrI unase kele ke patte para rAvaNa kA citra aMkita karavAtI apane pitA kA citra sotI sItA kI chAtI para rakha hai| akasmAta rAma ke Agamana para sItA isa citra detI hai| sItA nidrAvasthA meM usa citra kA cumbana ko palaMga ke nIce phaka detI hai| rAma usa palaMga para karatI hai, usI kSaNa rAma unake pAsa Ate haiM aura usa baiTha jAte haiM aura palaMga kAMpane lagatA hai| kAraNa vidita dRzya ko dekhakara rAma Aga babUlA ho jAte haiN| hone para rAma atyanta Rddha ho jAte haiM / hindacIna arthAta rumera-vAGmaya kI sarvAdhika rAvaNa ke citra kA mUla utsa jaina-sAhitya hai sazakta kRti 'rAmaketi' (satrahavIM zatAbdI) hai| isake jisane videzoM meM jAkara bar3A ugra tathA viziSTa rUpa pacahattaraveM sarga meM atulaya rAkSasI sItA kI sakhI bana- dhAraNa kara liyA hai| 247

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(gha) parokSa kAraga hindI kI jaina-rAma-kathA kI madhyakAlIna paramparA ___'pauma cariyaM' ke pUrva 103 meM yaha kathA AyI hai meM mukhya kRtiyA~ nimnalikhita haiM:ki sItA ne apane pUrva janma meM muni sudarzana kI burAI (ka) munilAvaNya kI 'rAvaNa mandodarI smvaad'| kI thI aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa vaha svayaM lokApavAda kI pAtra bana gyiiN| (kha) jinarAjasUrI kI 'rAvaNa mandodarI samvAda' aura (ga) brahmajinadAsa kA 'rAmacarita' yA 'rAmarasa' aura samAkalana : 'hanumaMta rasa' / sampUrNa jaina rAma-sAhitya sItA kI vibhinna inameM sItA ke caritra ke aneka ujjvala tathA chabiyoM tathA bimboM se paripUrNa hai / unako jaina kaviyoM sarasa pAzvoM ko saphalatApUrvaka udaghATita kiyA gayA ne apane dharma-sampradAya tathA siddhAnta ke anusAra gar3hane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| bhAratIya vADa maya ko jaina rAma-sAhitya kA yaha apratima pradeya hai ki usane sItA ko dharatI-putrI ke samAna hI Akalita kiyaa| 248

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jaina- AcAryoM kA saMskRta kAvyazAstra meM yogadAna DA0 amaranAtha pANDeya saMskRta sAhitya ke vibhinna kSetroM meM jainoM kA yogadAna rahA hai / kAvyazAstra ke kSetra meM bhI unakI sevA mahanIya hai / aise aneka AcArya hue haiM, jinhoMne kAvyazAstra ke siddhAntoM kI sUkSma parIkSA kI hai aura aneka udbhAvanAyeM prastuta kI haiM / yahA~ saMkSepa meM ina AcAryoM ke yogadAna kI carcA kI jA rahI hai / hemacandra' aise jaina AcArya haiM, jinhoMne aneka granthoM kI racanA kI hai / inhoMne apanI sevA aura sAdhanA se vidvatparamparA kI sarjanA kii| inakA janma 1090 I. meM gujarAta prAnta ke dhundhukA grAma meM vaizya vaMza meM huA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma carcibha aura mAtA kA nAma cAhiNI yA pAhaNI thA / dIkSita hone ke pahale inakA nAma caGgadeva thA / inhoMne ATha varSa kI avasthA meM devacandrasUri se jaina dharma kI dIkSA grahaNa kii| ikkIsa varSa kI avasthA meM 'sUri' pada prApta hone para ye 'hemacandra ' nAma se prasiddha hue / jayasiMha siddharAja ( 1093 1143 I.) aura kumArapAla (1143-1173 I.) se AcArya hemacandra ko atyadhika sammAna milA thA / hemacandra ke aneka yogya ziSya the, jinameM rAmacandra, guNacandra, vardhamAnagaNi, mahendrasUri devacandramuni, yazazcandragaNi Adi the / hemacandra ne vyAkaraNa, sAhitya, darzana Adi ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai / inakA kAvyazAstra viSayaka grantha 'kAvyAnuzAsana' atyadhika prasiddha hai / isa para lekhaka kI apanI TIkA hai / isa grantha ke tIna bhAga haiMsUtra (gadya), vRtti aura udAharaNa / sUtrabhAga kA nAma kAvyAnuzAsana, vRttibhAga kA nAma alaGkAracUDAmaNi 1. hemacandra ke jIvana ke sambandha meM vizeSa jJAna ke lie draSTavya -- prabhAcandra viracita prabhAvakacarita, merutuGgasUri viracita prabandhacintAmaNi, rAjazekharasUri viracita pravandhakoSa, somaprabhasUri viracita kumArapAlapratibodha, bUlara - kRta 'lAipha oNpha hemacandra' Adi / 206

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tathA udAharaNabhAga kA nAma viveka hai / isameM ATha vidyAtrayIcaNamacumbitakAvyatandra adhyAya haiN| prathama meM kAvya ke uddezya, hetu Adi, dvitIya kastaM na veda sukRtI kila rAmacandram / / meM rasa, tRtIya meM doSa, caturtha meM guNa, paJcama meM zabdA rAmacandra 'prabandhazatakartA' ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| laGkAra, SaSTha meM arthAlaGkAra, saptama meM nAyaka-nAyikA inakI 39 kRtiyoM kA patA calatA hai, jinameM nATyadarpaNa, ke guNa aura prakAra tathA aSTama meM dRzya aura zravya nalavilAsanATaka, nirbhayabhImavyAyoga, satyaharizcandra kAvya ke bhedopabhedoM tathA lakSaNoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| ' nATaka, kumAravihArazataka, kaumudImitrANanda Adi kAvyAnuzAsana ke atirikta inake grantha siddhama- amukha h| rAmacandra aura gUNacandra ne nATayadarpaNa kI racanA mana, dvayAzraya mahAkAvya, saptasandhAna mahAkAvya, kI hai| nATyadarpaNa cAra vivekoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM viSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, pramANamImAMsA Adi haiN| kArikAe~ haiM aura una para granthakAroM kI vivati hai| isameM dazarUpakoM ke atirikta do saMGkIrNa bhedoM-nATikA hemacandra ke ziSyoM meM rAmacandra aura gaNacandra prati- aura prakaraNI kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai| bhA sampanna vidvAn the / rAmacandra ke jIvana kA anta duHkhamaya thA, kyoMki ye andhe ho gaye the / jaryAsaha granthakAroM ne aneka sthaloM para dazarUpakakAra ke siddharAja ne rAmacandra ko 'kavikaTAramalla' upAdhi se mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| alakRta kiyA thaa| rAmacandra-nyAya, vyAkaraNa aura dazarUpakakAra ke anusAra nATaka kA nAyaka dhIronAhitya meM niSNAta the| unhoMne raghuvilAsa kI prastAbanA dAtta honA cAhie,, kintu nATyadarpaNa ke AcAryoM ke meM apane ko 'vidyAtrayIcaNa' kahA hai anusAra dhIralalita bhI nATaka kA nAyaka ho sakatA hai|' 'paJcaprabandhamiSapaJcamukhAnakena vidvanmanaHsadasi nRtyati yasya kItiH / dazarUpakakAra amAtya ko dhIraprazAnta nAyaka mAnate haiN| rAmacandra aura guNacandra amAtya ko dhIrodAtta 2. nATyadarpaNa (dillI vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskaraNa) kI prastAvanA, pR. 16 3. 'abhigamya guNayukto dhIrodAttaH pratApavAn / ___ kItikAmo mahotsAhastrayyAstrAtA mahIpatiH // '. dazarUpaka (cau. saM.) 3/22-23 4. 'ye tu nATakasya netAraM dhIrodAttameva pratijAnate, na te muninayAdhyavagAhinaH / nATakeSu dhIralalitAdInAmapi ___nAyakanA darzanAta kavisamayabAhyAzca / nATyadarpaNa 1/7 kI vivRti / 5. atha prakaraNe vRttamutpAdya lokasaMzrayam / amAtyavipravaNijAmekaM kuryAcca nAyakam // dhIraprazAntaM sApAyaM dharmakAmArthatatparam / dazarUpaka 3139-40 250 .

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mAnate haiN| ve dazarUpakakAra dvArA diye gaye amAtya ke pramAcandrAcArya ke prabhAvaka carita se jJAta hotA hai 'dhIraprazAnta' vizeSaNa ko ThIka nahIM maante| ki vAgbhaTa ne apane dhana se jaina-mandira kA nirmANa karAyA thA, jisameM zrImahAvIra kI pratiSThA saMvat granthakAroM ne aneka sthaloM para dhanaJjaya ke mata 1 179 meM kI gayI thIkA ullekha anye, kecita Adi ke dvArA kiyA hai| athAsti bAhaDo nAma dhanavAna dhAmikAgraNIH / nATyadarpaNakAroM ne mammaTa ke bhI mata kA khaNDana garUpAdAn praNamyAtha cakra vijJApanAmasau // kiyA hai mammaTa ne aGga-rasa ke ativistAra ko rasa- AdizyatAmatizlAdhyaM kRtyaM yatra dhanaM vyaye / doSa mAnA hai ora hayagrIvavadha ke hayagrIva-varNana ko prabhUrAhAlaye jaine dravyasya saphalo vyayaH / / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / ' nATyadarpaNa ke zatakAdazake sASTasaptatau vikramArkataH / AcAryoM kI mAnyatA hai ki yaha vRtta (kathA) kA doSa vatsarANAM vyatikrAnte zrImunicandrasUrayaH // hai, rasa kA doSa nhiiN|' ArAdhanAvidhizrISThaM kRtvA prAyopavezanam / zamapIyuSakallolaplatAste tridivaM yayuH / rAmacandra aura guNacandra ke maulika vicAra aneka vatsare tatra caikena pUrNe zrIdevasUribhiH / sthAnoM para upalabdha hote haiN| unakA parIkSaNa aura zrIvIrasya pratiSThAM sa bAhaDo'kArayanmudA / / mUlyAGkana svatantra nibandha kA viSaya haiN| vAgbhaTa kA nivAsasthAna aNahillapaTTana batalAyA jaina-AcArya vAgbhaTa (prathama) jayasiMha siddharAja jAtA hai / vAgbhaTAlaGkAra ke adholikhita zloka se ke mantrI the| inakA prAkRta-nAma bAhaDa thA aura inake vAgbhaTa kI jaina-dharma ke prati zraddhA aura AsthA prakaTa pitA kA nAma soma thA hotI haibambhaNDasutisampuDamuktiamaNiNo pahAsamUhavva / zriyaM dizatu bo devaH zrInAbheyajinaH sadA / siri bAhaDa tti taNao Asi baho tassa somassa // mokSamArga satAM bra te yadAgamapadAvalI // '10 6. 'sacivo rAjyacintakaH / ayaM vaNiraviprayormadhyapAtyapi dhIrodAtta--dhIraprazAntau prakaraNe netArau bhavata iti pratipAdanArtha pRthagupAttaH / yastvamAtya netAramyUpagamya dhIraprazAntanAyakamiti 'prataraNaM' vizeSayati, sa vRddhasampradAyavandhyaH / ' nATyadarpaNa 211 kI vivRti / 7. kAvyaprakAza (jhalakIkara kI TIkA se samanvita, 1950 I.), pR. 441 / 8. 'kecidatra hayagrIvavadhe hayagrIvavarNanamudAharanti |s punarvRttadoSo vRttanAyakasyAlpavarNanAt / tatra hi vIro ___rasaH / sa vizeSato vadhyasya zauryavibhUtyatizayavarNanena bhUSyata iti / nATyadarpaNa 3123 kI vivRti / 9. vAgbhaTAlaGkAra (cau. saM.), 41147 10. vahI 1 / 1 / isa para dekhie-siMhadevargANa kI TIkA, jisameM unhoMne atizayacatuSTaya tathA ratnatraya kA nirdeza kiyA hai| 251

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vAgbhaTa ne vAgmaTAlaGkAra kI racanA kI hai| isameM kAvyAlaGkArasUtrANi svAni kiJcid vivaNmahe / pA~ca pariccheda haiM / isameM kAvyaphala, kAvyotpatti, tanmanastanmaryAkRtya vibhAvyaM kovidottamaiH // kAvyazarIra, doSa, guNa, alaGkAra aura rasa ke viSaya ___ alaGkAramahodadhi ATha taraGgoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama meM saMkSepa meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| prathama pariccheda meM meM kAvyaprayojana Adi, dvitIya meM zabda-vaicitrya, tRtIya 26 zloka, dvitIya meM 29 zloka, tRtIya meM 181 zloka, meM dhvaninirNaya, caturtha meM gaNIbhUtavyaGa gya, paJcama meM caturtha meM 152 zloka, aura paJcama meM 33 zloka haiN| doSa, SaSTha meM guNa, saptama meM zabdAlaGkAra aura aSTama narendraprabhasari ne mantrIzvara vastapAla kI preraNA meM arthAlaGkAra kA nirUpaNa huA hai| se alaGkAramahodadhi kI racanA 1225-26 I. meM kii|| ajitasena ne alaGgAracintAmaNi aura zaGgArarAjazekharasUri ne nyAyakandalIpajjikAprazasti meM narendra maJjarI kI racanA kI zaGgAramaJjarI choTI racanA prabhasUri ko alaGkAramahodadhi kA kartA batalAyA hai----- hai / ajitasena ne zRGgAramajarI kI racanA 1245 I. ke lagabhaga aura alaGkAracintAmaNi kI racanA 1250tasya guroH priyaziSyaH prabhunarendraprabhaH prabhAnATyaH / 1260 I. meM kii| alaGkAracintAmaNi kA prakAzana yo'laGkAramahodadhimakarot kAkutsthakeli ca // 12 bhAratIya jJAnapITha se 1973 I. meM huA hai| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne vistRta bhUmikA aura anuvAda ke naracandrasUri narendraprabhasUri ke gurU the| narendraprabhasUri sAtha isa grantha kA sampAdana kiyA hai| isameM pA~ca ne gurU kI AjJA para zrIvastupAla kI prasannatA ke lie pariccheda haiM / prathama (106 iloka) kA nAva alaGkAramahodadhi kA nirmANa kiyA kavizikSAprarUpaNa, dvitIya (1891 zloka) kA nAma tanme mAtisavistaraM kavikalAsarvasvagarvodara / citrAlaGkAraprarUpaNa, tRtIya (41 zloka) kA nAma zAstraM brUta kimapyananyasadRzaM bodhAya durmedhasAm / yamakAdivacana, caturtha (345 zloka) kA nAma arthAityabhyarthanayA pratItamanasaH zrIvastupAlasya te / laGkAravivaraNa tathA paJcama (406 zloka) kA nAma rasAdinirUpaNa hai| zrImanto naracandrasUriguravaH sAhityatattvaM jaguH / / teSAM nidezAdatha sadguruNAM zrIvastupAlasya mude tdett| arisiMha tathA amaracandra kI kRti kAvyakalpalatA cakAra lipyakSarasaMniviSTaM sUrinarendraprabhanAmadheyaH // ke nAma se prasiddha hai / arisiMha ne isake sUtroM kI racanA alaGkAramahodadhi (oriyanTala insTITyUTa bar3odA saM. 1942 I.) ke antima zloka meM grantha kA racanAkAla saMvat 1282 diyA gayA hai'nayanavasusUri (1282) varSe niSpannAyAH pramANametasyAH / ajani samasracatuSTayamanuSTubhAmupari paNcazatI / ' isa iloka se grantha kA pramANa 4500 zloka jJAta hotA hai| 12. vahI, prastAvanA, pR. 16 / 13. vahI, 1118.20 14. alaGkAracintAmaNi kI prastAvanA, pa. 33-341 252

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kI hai aura amaracandra ne vatti / amaracandra ne ala. DrAramahodadhi ke pariziSTa ke rUpa meM prakAzita huA hai| kAraprabodha kI bhI racanA kii| arisiMha aura amara- isameM ATha adhyAya haiN| prathama meM kAvyaphalahetu, dvitIya candra kA samaya trayodaza zatAbdI hai| meM zabdArtha, tRtIya meM zabdArthadoSa, caturtha meM guNa, paJcama meM zabdAlaGkAra, SaSTha meM arthAlaGkAra, saptama meM rIti vAgbhaTa (dvitIya) nAmaka eka anya jaina-AcArya aura aSTama meM rasa kA nirUpaNa huA hai| isakI zlokahue haiN| ye vAgbhaTAlaGkAra ke kartA vAgbhaTa se bhinna sakhyA 132 hai| ATha adhyAyoM meM kramazaH 5, 15, haiN| inakA samaya sambhavataH caturdaza zatAbdI hai / inake 24. 13. 13.49,5 aura 8 zloka haiN| pitA kA nAma nemikUmAra thA aura kA mAtA nAma vasundharA / ye rAdhApura meM rahate the / inhoMne kAvyAnuzAsana kI mantrimaNDana zrImAla vaMza meM utpanna hue the| inakA racanA kii|"kaavyaanushaasn vAgbhaTa kI alaGkAratilaka samaya vikramIya pandrahavIM zatAbdI hai| inhoMne alaGkAraTIkA ke sAtha nirNayasAgara se prakAzita ho cukA hai| maNDana nAmaka grantha kI racanA kii| isameM pA~ca pariccheda haiM / kAvyamaNDana-campUmaNDana-zaGgAramaNDana-saGgItamanDanaisake sUtra gadya meM haiM / yaha grantha pA~ca adhyAyoM meM sArasvatamaNDana-kAdambarImaNDana-candravijaya Adi bhI vibhakta hai / prathama meM kAvyaprayojana, kAvyahetu, dvitIya meM doSa-guNa, tRtIya meM arthAlaGkAra, caturtha meM zabdA inakI racanAeM batalAyI jAtI haiN| laGkAra tathA paJcama meM rasa, nAyaka-nAyikAoM ke prakAra aura rasa-doSoM kA vivecana haA hai| vAgbhaTa ne apanI aNuratnamaNDana yA ratnamaNDanagaNi (15vIM zatAbdI) TIkA meM vibhinna pradezoM, nadiyoM, vakSoM aura aneka . ne kavizikSAviSayaka grantha 'jalpakalpalatA' kI racanA kii| inakI anya kRti mugdhamedhAkara hai, jisameM mukhya viziSTa vastuoM kA sthala-sthala para ullekha kiyA hai| inhoMne chando'nuzAsana tathA RSabhadevacarita kI bhI ra ___ rUpa se alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| racanA kI thii| jayamakalAcArya-kRta kavizikSA aura AcArya bhAvadevasUri ne kAvyAlaGkArasAra nAmaka laghukAya vinayacandra-kRta kavizikSA meM kaviyoM ke lie Avazyaka grantha kI racanA kI / yaha narendraprabhasUri-viracita ala- nirdezoM kA pratipAdana huA hai / 15. alaGkAramahodAdhi kI prastAvanA; pR. 20 / 16, 17. 'navyAnekamahAprabandharacanAcAturya visphajita sphArodArayazaH pracArasatatavyAkIrNabizvatrayaH / zrImannemikumArasUnurakhilaprajJAlucUDAmaNiH kAvyAnAmanuzAsanaM varamidaM cakra kavirvAgbhaTaH / / kAvyAnuzAsana (nirNayasAgara saM., 1915 I0) kA antima zloka / 18. kRSNamAcArya, hisTrI oNpha klaisikala saMskRta liTarecara, pR. 7641 19. alaGgAramahodadhi kI prstaavnaa| 20. kRSNamAcArya, hisTrI oNpha klaisikala saMskRta liTarecara, 4 780 / 253

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jaina-TIkAkAra kAvyAlaGkAra ke anya jaina-TIkAkAra AzAdhara haiN| aneka jaina-AcAryoM ne kAvyazAstra ke utkRSTa inhoMne apane pitA kA nAma sallakSaNa aura putra kA granthoM para TIkAoM kI racanA kI hai| nAma chAhaDa batalAyA hai| inhoMne TIkA kI racanA 1239.43 I. meM kii| inakI anya racanAe~ haiM-amaravAdisiMha ne daNDI ke kAvyAdarza kI TIkA kI 122 koza kI TIkA, vAgbhaTa-kRta aSTAGgahRdaya kI TIkA, rUdraTa ke kAvyAlaGkAra ke kaI jaina-TIkAkAra hue triSaSTismRtizAstra, ratnatrayavidhAnazAstra Adi / 24 haiN| namisAdhU kAvyAlaGkAra ke prasiddha TIkAkAra haiN| inake garU zIlabhadra the| inhoMne apanI TIkA kI racanA kAvyaprakAza kI sabase prAcIna TIkA mANikyacandra1069 I. meM kI kRta saGkata hai| mANikyacandra sAgarendu ke ziSya the| inhoMne TIkA kI racanA 1159 I. meM kii|25 mANikya__evaM rudraTakAvyAlaMkRtiTippaNakaviracanAt puNyam / candra gurjaradeza ke nivAsI the / inakI TIkA meM kisI - yadavApi mayA tasmAnmanaH paropakRti rati bhUyAt / / TIkA yA TIkAkAra ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| thArApadrapurIyagacchatilaka: pANDityasImAbhavat - abhidhAvRttimAtRkAkAra mukula aura sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNasUribhU riguNakamandiramiha zrIzAlibhadrAbhidhaH / / kAra bhojarAja kA ullekha milatA hai / 26 tatpAdAmbujaSaTpadena naminA saGa kSepasamkSiNaH / so mugdhadhiyo'dhikRtya racitaM saTippaNaM lahavadaH / / gaNaratnagaNi ne kAvyaprakAza kI sAradIpikA nAmaka paJcaviMzatisaMyuktarekAdazasamAzataiH / TIkA kI racanA kI tathA bhAnucandra-siddhacandra ne kAvyavikramAta samatikrAntaH prAvaSIdaM samathitama / / 23 prakAzavikRti kA praNayana kiyA / 21.. 22. alaGkAramahodadhi kI prastAvanA / 23. kAvyAlaMkAra kI namisAdhu-kRta TIkA ke antima shlok| 24. kANe, saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa (motIlAla saM., 1966 I.), pR. 197.98 aura alaGkAramahodadhi __ kI prstaavnaa| 25. gaNAnapekSigI yasminnarthAlaGkAratatparA / prauDhApi jAyate buddhiH saGketaH so'yamadbhutaH // 1 // madamadanatuSArakSepapUSAbibhUSA jinavadanasarojAvAsivAgIzvarIyA / dya mukhamarivalatarkagranthapaGkahANAM tadanu samajani zrIsAgarendurmunIndraH // 10 // mANikyacandrAcAryeNa tadadhrikamalAlinA / kAvyaprakAzasaGketaH svAnyopakRtaye kRtaH / / 11 / / rasavaktragrahAdhIzavatsare (saMvat 1216) mAsi maadhve| kAvye kAvyaprakAzasya saGketo'yaM samarthitaH // 12 // kAvya prakAza (jhalakIkara kI TIkA) kI prastAvanA ke pa. 21-22 para maGkata ke zloka uddhata / / 26. vahI, pR. 21 / 27. alaGkAramahodadhi kI prastAvanA /

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aneka jainoM ne vAgbhaTAlaGkAra kI TIkA kI / vAgbhaTAlaGkAra ke anya jaina-TIkAkAra haiM-jinasiMhadevagaNi kI TIkA caukhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita vardhanasUri, kSemahaMsagaNi, jJAnapramodagaNi, vAdirAja, (1957 I.) huI hai| inhoMne mugdhajanoM ke prabodha aura rAjahaMsopAdhyAya, samayasundara Adi / apanI smRti kI vRddhi ke lie TIkA kI racanA kI AjaDa ne sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa tathA jinaprabha, zivavAgbhaTakavIndraracitAlaMkRtisatrANi kimapi vivaNomi / candra, vinaya ratna, vidyAsAgara Adi ne dharmadAsa-kRta mugdhajanabodhahetoH svasya smRtijananavRddhyai ca // vidagdhamukhamaNDana kI TIkA kii| 28. kAvyAlaGkAra kI TIkA ke prArambha meM dvitIya zloka / 29. alaGkAramahodadhi kI prastAvanA, pa. 19 tathA kRSNamAcArya-kRta hisTrI oNpha klai sikala saMskRta liTarecara, pR. 762-63 / 30. alaGkAramahodadhi kI prastAvanA / 255

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rAjasthAna ke kavi paramAnanda jaina zAstrI rAjasthAna bhAratIya itihAsa kA mahatvapUrNa aMga hai / yahA~ kI bhUmi vIra prasava rahI hai| yahA~ ke vIroM kI vIratA, sAhasa, zaurya kI garimA se rAjasthA gauravAnvita hai / usI taraha vaha sAhitya aura saMskRti ke lie bhI gaurava kA sthAna rahA hai / yahA~ ke sAhitya 'manISiyoM ne vIra yoddhAoM kI taraha saMskRti ke saMra kSaNa aura sAhitya nirmANa dvArA dezabhakti, naisikatA aura sAMskRtika jAgarUkatA kA paricaya diyA hai / isa dRSTi se rAjasthAna kI mahattA loka gaurava kA pratIka hai / rAjasthAna ke vipula zAstra bhaMDAroM meM vividha bhASAoM meM kaviyoM kI racanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM / vahA~ aneka jainAcAryoM, vidvAnoM, bhaTTArakoM aura kaviyoM kA yatra-tatra vihAra rahA hai, jisase deza meM jAgRti aura dhArmika maryAdAoM kA saMrakSaNa huA hai / unhoMne aneka ThakurasI saMkaToM aura bhayAvaha samayoM ke jhaMjhAvAtoM se bhAratIya sAhitya ko saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyA hai / isa kAraNa ve abhinaMdanIya haiM / kavi ThakurasI rAjasthAna kI isa mahAna paramparA ke eka pramukha kavi the, bhAratIya sAhitya ko unakI dena avismaraNIya hai / afa ThakurasI kavivara ghelha ke putra the / inakI mAtA bar3I dharmiSThA thii| gotra pahADyA, jAti khaMDelavAla aura dharma digambara jaina thA / " yaha solahavIM zatAbdI ke acche kavi kahe jAte the / kavitA karanA eka prakAra se Apa kI paitRka sampatti thI; kyoMki Apake pitA bhI acchI kavitA karate the / parantu adyAvadhi unakI koI racanA avalokana meM nahIM AI / saMbhava hai anveSaNa karane para prApta ho jAya / 1. papaDa pahAsihaM vaMsa ziromaNi, ghelhA garU tasu tiyavara dharamiNI / tAha taNai kavi ThAkuri sundari, yaha kahi kiya saMbhava jiNamaMdiri // meghamAlAvaya prazasti 256

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kavi kI isa samaya sAta kRtiyA~ upalabdha haiN| saMlagna rahatA thA, ki kisI taraha se sampatti saMcita ve sabhI kRtiyA~ abhI taka aprakAzita haiN| unakA ava- hotI rahe parantu ure kharca na karanA pdd'e| usane kabhI "lokana karane se jahA~ kavi kI kAvya-zakti kA paricaya dAna, pUjA, mAlA, utsava Adi dhArmika kAryoM meM milatA hai vahA~ unakI pratibhA kA darzana hae binA nahIM dhana kharca na kiyA thA / mA~ganevAloM ko kabhI bhUlarahatA / racanAoM meM svAbhavataH mAdhurya aura prAsAda hai, kara bhI nahIM detA thA, aura na kisI deva mandira, goTha aura gati meM pravAha hai, unheM par3hate hae jI aruci nahIM yA sahabhoja meM hI dhana ko vyaya karatA thA / bhAI, hotI, kintu zurU karane para use pUrI kiye binA chor3ane vahina, buA, bhatIjI aura bhANijI Adi ke nyotA ko jI nahIM cAhatA / ApakI sAtoM racanAoM ke nAma Ane para kabhI nahIM jAtA thA, kintu sadA rUkhA-sA nimna prakAra haiM banA rahatA thaa| usane kabhI sira meM tela DAlakara snAna nahIM kiyA thA / dhana ke lie jhUTa bolatA thA, kRpANa caritra, pArasanAtha zravaNa sattAisI, jina- jhUThA lekha likhAtA thA, kabhI pAna nahIM khAtA thA aura caubIsI, meghamAlA bratakathA, paMcendriya veli. nemisara kI na kisI ko khilAtA thA / na kabhI sarasa bhojana hI veli, aura cintAmaNi jayamAla / inameM se prathama racanA karatA thA, aura na kabhI candanAdi dravya kA lepa hI kA paricaya paM. nAtharAmajI premI bambaI ne apane karatA thaa| na kabhI nayA kapar3A pahinatA thA, kabhI hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM karAyA thaa| kRpaNa khela-tamAze dekhane bhI nahIM jAtA thA, aura na gIta rasa carita kI eka pratilipi mere pAsa hai, jise maiMne san hI suhAtA thA, kapar3A phaTa jAne ke bhaya se unheM kabhI 1945 meM jayapura ke kisI gucchaka para se noTa kI se noTa kI nahIM dhotA thaa| kabhI-kabhI abhyAgata yA pAhanA A nahA dhAtA thA thii| kavi ne isameM apanI A~khoM dekhI eka ghaTanA kA mI A~khoM dekhI eka ghaTanA kA jAne para bhI use nahIM khilAtA thA-muha chipAkara mAre ghaTatA mAjIta aura navina kase hara jAtA thA isI se patnI se rojAnA kalaha 35 padyoM meM aMkita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| racanA hotI thI, jaisA ki kavi kI nimna paMktiyoM se sarasa aura prasAda guNa se bharapUra hai| aura kavi ne prakaTa hai :use vi. saM. 1580 ke pauSa mahIne kI paMcamI ke dina pUrNa kiyA hai, ghaTanA kA saMkSipta paricaya nimna __ "jhUTha kathana nita khAi lekha lekhau nita jhUThI, prakAra hai jhUTha sadA sahu kara, jhUTha, nahu hoi apUTho / jhUThI bola sAkhi, jhUThe jhagar3e nitya upAba, jahi tahi bAta visAsi dhUti dhanu ghara mahi lyAvaM eka prasiddha kRpaNa vyakti usI nagara meM rahatA thA, lobha kola yoM cete na citi jo kahijai soi khavai, jahA~ kavivara nivAsa karate the / vaha jitanA adhika dhana kAja jhUTha bola kRpaNu manukhajanama lAdho gavai / / 5 / / kRpaNa thA usakI dharmapatnI utanI hI adhika udAra aura viduSI thii| vaha dAna-pUjA-zIla Adi kA pAlana kadena khAi taMbolu sarasu bhojana nahIM bhakkha, karatI thii| kRpaNa ne sampadA ko bar3e bhArI yatna aura kade na kApar3a navA pahiri kAyA sukha rakkhai / aneka kauzaloM se prApta kiyA thA / dhana saMcaya kI usa kade na sira meM tela ghAli mala mUrakha nhAvaM, kI lAlasA itanI adhika bar3hI huI thI, vaha usakA kade na candana carace aMga avIru lagAvai / jor3anA jAnatA thA, kintu kharca karane kA use bhArI peSaNo kade dekha nahIM zravaNu na suhAI gIta-rasu / bhaya lagA rahatA thA / vaha rAta dina isI cintA meM ghara ghariNI kahai ima kaMta syauM daI kAi dInhIM na yasu / / 6 / / 257

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/ vaha de na khANa kharacaM na ki duvai karahi dini kalaha ati saMgI bhatIjI bhuvA vahiNi bhaNijI na jyAve rahe rUso moDi Apu gyoto jaba Aye / pAhUNo sago Ayo surNa rahe chippo mukha rakhakara jiva jAya tivahi nIsarai yoM dhanu saMcyo kRpaNa nara // " kRpaNa kI patnI, jaba nagara kI dUsarI striyoM ko acchA khAte-pIte aura acche vastra pahinate tathA dharma karma kA sAdhana karate dekhatI to apane pati se bhI vaisA hI karane ko kahatI / isa para donoM meM kalaha ho jAtI thii| taba vaha socatI hai ki maiMne pUrva meM aisA kyA pApa kiyA hai jisase mujhe aise atyanta kRSNa pati kA samAgama milA / kyA maiMne kabhI kudeva kI pUjA kI, suguru sAdhuoM kI nindA kI, kabhI jhUTha bolA, dayA na pAlI, rAtri meM bhojana kiyA, yA vratoM kI saMkhyA kA apalApa kiyaa| mAlUma nahIM mere kisa pApa kA udaya huA jisase mujhe aise kRpaNa pati ke pAle par3anA par3A, jo na kharace, na kharacane de, nirantara lar3atA hI rahatA hai / eka dina patnI ne sunA ki giranAra kI yAtrA karane saMgha jA rahA hai / taba usane rAtri meM hAtha jor3a kara ha~sate hue pati se saMgha yAtrA kA ullekha kiyA aura kahA ki saba loga saMgha ke sAtha giranAra aura zatruMjaya kI yAtrA ke lie jA rahe haiM / vahA~ nemijinendra kI vandanA kareMge, jinhoMne rAjamati ko chor3a diyA thA / ve vandanA - pUjAkara apanA janma saphala kareMge, jisase ve pazu aura naraka gati meM na jAyeMge, aura naraka gati meM na jAyeMge, kintu amara pada prApta kreNge| ataH Apa bhI calie / isa bAta ko sunakara kRpaNa ke mastaka meM silavaTa par3a gaI, vaha bolA ki kyA tU bAvalI huI hai, jo dhana kharacane kI terI buddhi huI / maiMne dhana corI se nahIM liyA aura na par3A huA pAyA, dina rAta nIMda, bhUkha, pyAsa kI vedanA sahI, bar3e duHkha se use prApta kiyA hai| ataH kharacane kI bAta aba muMha se na nikAlanA / taba patnI bolI he nAtha ! lakSmI to bijalI ke / samAna caMcalA hai / jinake pAsa aTUTa dhana aura navanidhi thI, unake sAtha bhI dhana nahIM gyaa| jinhoMne kevala saMcaya kiyA, unhoMne use pASANa banAyA, jinhoMne dharma kArya meM kharca kiyA, unakA jIvana saphala huA / isalie avasara nahIM cUkanA cAhie, nahIM mAlUma kina puNya pariNAmoM se ananta dhana mila jAya / taba kRpaNa kahatA hai ki tU isakA bheda nahIM jAnatI / paise binA Aja koI apanA nahIM hai| dhana ke binA rAjA harizcandra ne apanI patnI ko becA thA tava patnI kahatI hai ki tumane dAtA aura dAna kI mahattA nahIM smjhii| dekho, saMsAra meM rAjA karNa aura vikramAditya se dAnI rAjA ho gaye haiM, sUma kA koI nAma nahIM letA, jo nispRha aura santoSI haiM vaha nirdhana hokara bhI sukhI hai kintu jo dhanavAna hokara bhI cAha dAha meM jalatA rahatA hai vaha mahAdukhI hai| maiM kisI kI hor3a nahIM karatI, para puNya kArya meM dhana kA lagAnA acchA hI hai / jisane kevala dhana saMcaya kiyA, kintu sva-para ke upakAra meM nahIM lagAyA vaha cetana hokara bhI acetana jaisA hai, jaise use sarpa ne Dasa liyA ho| itanA sunakara kRpaNa gusse se bhara gayA aura uTha kara bAhara calA gayA / tava rAste meM use eka purAnA mitra milaa| usane kRpaNa se pUchA, mitra ! Aja terA mana mlAna kyoM hai ? kyA tumhArA dhana rAjA ne chIna liyA, yA ghara meM cora A gae, yA ghara meM koI pAhunA A gayA hai, yA patnI ne sarasa bhojana banAyA hai / kisa kAraNa se terA mukha Aja mlAna dIkha rahA hai / kRpaNa ne kahA - mitra ! mujhe ghara meM patnI satAtI hai, yAtrA meM jAne ke lie dhana kharacane ke lie kahatI hai, jo mujhe nahIM mAtA, isI kAraNa meM durbala ho rahA hU~ / rAta-dina bhUkha nahIM lagatI / mitra merA to maraNa A gayA hai / taba mitra ne kahA, he kRpaNa ! suna, tU mana meM duHkha na kara / pApinI ko pIhara paThAya de, jisase tujhe kucha sukha mile| yaha sunakara kRpaNa ko ati harSa huA / 258

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eka AdamI ko bulAkara eka jhUThA lekha likha diyA. isa taraha kRpaNa vicAra kara hI rahA thA ki ki tere jeThe bhAI ke ghara putra huA hai, ataH tujhe bulAyA jIbha thaka gaI, vaha bolane meM asamartha ho gayA, aura hai / yadyapi patnI pati ke isa prapaMca ko jAnatI thI, vaha isa saMsAra se vidA ho gayA aura kugati meM gayA / kintu phira bhI vaha usa puruSa ke sAtha pIhara calI pazcAt patni Adi ne usa saMcita dravya ko dAna gii| dharmAdi kAryoM meM lagAyA / kavi kI dUsarI kRti 'pArasanAtha zravaNa sattAisI' jaba saMgha yAtrA se lauTa kara AyA, taba Thaura hai, jisameM jainiyoM ke tevIsaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kA Thaura jyoMnAreM kI gaI, mahotsava kie gaye aura jIvana-paricaya aura stavana diyA huA hai / racanA meM mAMganevAloM ko dAna diyA gayA, aneka bAje baje, aura logoM ne asaMkhya dhana kama yaa| jaba isa bAta ko 27 padya akita haiM / racanA sAdhAraNa hote hue bhI sundara aura pravAhayukta hai, aura solahavIM dAtAbdI ke kRpaNa ne sunA to apane mana meM bahuta pachatAyA / yadi hindI bhASA ke vikAsa krama ko prastuta karatI hai| isa maiM bhI gayA hotA to khUba jyonAra khAtA, vyApAra kRti meM kavi ke nivAsa sthAna campAvatI (cAkasa) karatA, aura dhana kamAkara lAtA / para hAya maiM kucha bhI meM saMvat 15:8 ke lagabhaga ghaTita eka aitihAsika nahIM kara skaa| daiva yoga se kRpaNa bImAra ho gyaa| ghaTanA ke A~khoM dekhe dRzya kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai usakA anta samaya samajhakara kuTambiyoM ne use sama jisase usakA aitihAsika mahatva ho gayA hai| kavi ne jhAyA aura dAna-puNya karane kI preraNA kI / taba kRSaNa isa kRti kI racanA saMvat 1578 ke mAgha mahIne ne gusse se bharakara kahA ki mere jIne yA marane para zukla pakSa kI doija ke dina pUrA kiyA thA jaisA ki kauna merA dhana le sakatA hai| maiMne dhana ko bar3e yatna se usake nimna padya se spaSTa hai :rakhA hai| rAjA, cora, aura Aga se usakI rakSA kI hai / aba maiM mRtyu ke sammukha hU~, ataH he lakSmI tU gheDha NaMdaNa ThakarasI nAma, jiNa pAya paMkaya bhasala / mere sAtha cala, maiMne tere kAraNa aneka duHkha sahe haiN| teNa pAsa yama kiyau saco javi / taba lakSmI kapaNa se kahatI hai ki paMdarAsaya aThahattara mAha mAsa siya pakha duya javi / par3hahi guNahiM je NAri-Nara taha pUriya mana Asa / "lacchi kahai re kRpaNa jhUTha hoM kade na boloM, iuM jANe piNu nitta tuhu par3hi paMDita mallidAsa / / 27 ju ko calaNa dui dei gailatmAgI tasu caaloN| prathama calaNa mujha ehu deva-dehure Thavijje, __ zAha ibrAhIma ne jaba raNathambhaura para AkramaNa dUje jAta-pati? dANu cau saMghahiM dijjai / kiyA, aura usakA prabala sainyadala nagara meM aura usake ye calaNa duvai ta bhaMjiyA tAhi vihaNI kyoM calauM, AsapAsa ke sthAnoM meM lUTa-khasoTa aura mAra-kATa karane jhakhamAri jAya tU hauM rahI vahaDi na saMgi thAre calauM / " lagA, taba campAvatI ko chor3akara anya nagaroM ke jana saMtrasta hokara idhara-udhara bhAgane lage unheM dekhakara merI do bAteM haiM, unameM se prathama to maiM deva mandiroM campAvatI ke nivAsI jana bhI ghabar3Ane lage, aura meM rahatI hai| dUsare yAtrA, pratiSThA, dAna aura caturvidha unameM se kitane hI jana bhAgane ko udyata hue / taba saMgha ke poSaNAdi kArya haiN| unameM se tane eka bhI nagara ke pramukha paMDita mallidAsa Adi sajjanoM ne nahIM kiyaa| ataH maiM tumhAre sAtha nahIM jA sktii| pArzva bhavana meM jAkara bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI milakara 256

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stuti kI, aura yaha prArthanA kI, ki bhagavan ! hameM cauthI kRti 'meghamAlA bratakathA' hai| isa kathA ApakA hI sahArA hai, hama saba logoM kI, isa vipatti kI upalabdhi bhaTTAraka harSakIrti ajamera ke zAstra se rakSA ho / aisA kahane ke pazcAt bhI logoM ko yaha bhaMDAra ke eka guTake para se huI hai| yaha kathA 115 vizvAsa na thA ki isa vipatti se hamArA saMrakSaNa ho kauvaka aura 211 zlokoM ke pramANa ko lie hue hai| jaavegaa| kintu usI samaya janatA ko yaha svayaM AbhAsa isa grantha kI Adi anta prazasti meM isa kathA ke racane hone lagA, ki ghabar3Ao nahIM, zAnta citta se raho, meM preraka, tathA kathA kahAM banAI gaI, vahAM ke rAjA saba zAnti ho jaayegii| aura logoM ke dekhate-dekhate aura kathA kA racanA kAla diyA huA hai| hI vaha bhayaMkara vipadA sahasA Dhala gaI / logoM ko abhaya milA, prajA meM zAnti hogaI, citta meM nirbhayatA meghamAlA vrata bhAdrapada mAsa kI prathama pratipadA se aaii| yaha dRzya dekha janatA pArzvanAtha kI jaya bolane zurU kare, usa dina upavAsa kare, aura jina pUjA lgii| jo loga bhaya se bhAga gaye the, ve adhika duHkhI vidhAna tathA abhiSeka kare, sArA dina dharma dhyAna meM huye, kintu nagara meM rahanevAle jana sukhI rhe| yaha vyatIta kare / aura pAMca varSa paryanta isa brata kA anukavi kA A~khoM dekhA ghaTanA varNana kavi ke zabdoM meM SThAna kare / pazcAta usakA udyApana kare, udyApana kI isa prakAra hai : zakti na ho to dune dinoM taka vrata paale| jina logoM ne usa samaya isa vrata kA pAlana kiyA thA, kavi ne jaba sulIya u rANi saMgrAma, raNathaM muvi dugga gaDhu / unakA nAma bhI prazasti meM aMkita kiyA hai / usase jaba ibrAhima sAhi kopiu, balu bolI mokliu| jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya campAvatI meM isa vrata ke bolu kabala sabU teNa lopiu, jivalaga ugjhali hAya sauM aneka anaSThAtA the, jinhoMne niSThA se brata kA pAlana meccha mUDha bhaya vajji, caMpAvati biNu desa saba,gaNadahai kiyA thaa| usa samaya vahA~ rAjA rAmacandra kA rAjya disabhaji // 21 thA, aura bhaTTAraka prabhAcandra vahA~ maujUda the| tabahi kaMpiu sathala puralou, koi na kasu vara jiu rahai bhAji dahai disi jANa lage, milivikarI taba biintii| isa grantha kI Adi prazasti meM batalAyA hai ki pArasaNAha svAmI su agai, savaNA jotika kevali / ki r3hAhaDa deza ke madhya meM campAvatI (jayapura rAjya citu na karai visAsu, kAli paMcamai pAsa pahu, juga vartamAna cArasU) nAma kI eka nagarI hai, jo usa samaya lagau tu Asa // 22 // dhana-dhAnyAdi se vibhUSita thI aura jisake zAsaka rAjA rAmacandra the / vahA~ bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kA mandira bhI ema jaM pi vikari vithuI pujja, mallidAsa paMDita pmuh| banA huA thA jisame tAtkAlika bhaTTAraka prabhAcandra sa iha thA samIpu cAyau, uccAvaMta na uccyu| gautama gaNadhara ke samAna baiThe the aura jo nagara huvo jANi suragiri savIyau, iNavidhi prtiuvaartihu| nivAsI bhavyajanoM ko dharmAmRta kA pAna karA rahe the / pUri vi harI bhaNaMti, jayavaMtaha ho pAsa pahu, jeNa karI unameM mallidAsa nAmaka vaNika putra ne kavi ThakurasI se sukha sAMti // 24 // meghamAlA brata kathA kahane kI preraNA kI / usa samaya kavi kI tIsarI kRti 'jana caubIsI' hai, jisameM campAvatI nagarI meM anya samAjoM ke sAtha khaMDelavAla jainiyoM ke caubIsa tIrtha karoM kA stavana kiyA gayA jAti ke aneka ghara the jinameM ajamerA aura pahADayA hai / stavana sundara hai| gautrAdi ke sajjanoM kA nivAsa thA, jo zrAvakocita 260

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kriyAoM kA sadA anuSThAna karate rahate the| vahA~ toSaka samajhAyA hai / kavi ne likhA hai ki sparzana indriya nAma ke eka vidvAna bhI rahate the / zrAvakajanoM meM usa prabala hai, use vaza meM karanA duSkara kArya hai kintu samaya jINA, tAlha, pArasa, vAkulIvAla, nemidAsa, jinhoMne use vaza meM kiyA ve saMsAra meM sukhI haenAthasi aura bhUllaNa Adi zrAvakoM ne meghamAlA brata kA pAlana kiyA thA / yahAM hAthuva sAha nAma ke eka vana taruvara phala khAtu phira, paya pIvatI suchaMda / parasaNa indriya preriyo, baha dukha sahaI gayaMda / / mahAjana bhI rahate the, unake aura bhaTTAraka prabhAcandra ke upadeza se kavi ne meghamAlA vrata kI vidhi-vidhAna kavi ne Age padya meM sparzana indriya kI Asakti kA ullekha karate hae saMvata 1580 meM prathama zrAvaNa se honevAle duHkhoM kA varNana karane hue likhA hai ki sudI chaThavIM ke dina ukta kathA ko pUrNa kiyA thA kAmAtura hAthI kAgaja kI hathinI ke kAraNa gaDDhe meM jaisA ki usake nimna padya se prakaTa hai : par3akara chuvA-tRSAdi ke ghane duHkha sahatA hai, vaha vahA~ se bhAga bhI nahIM sktaa| usake duHkha kA kauna kavi hAthuva sAha mahatti mahaMte, pahAcaMda guruuvae sNte| varNana kara sakatA hai| kahA~ to usakA sUchanda vanabhramaNa, paNadaha sai ji asIte, Agala sAvaNa mAsi chaTThiya vanoM ke uttama phala. aura nadiyoM kA nirmala nIra, aura __maMgala // kahA~ parAdhIna hue hAthI kI prANa ghAtaka aMkuza kI kavi kI pAMcavI kRti 'paMcendriya kI beli, hai| coTeM ? kavi ne sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura zrotra (karNa) ina pAMcoM indriyoM ke rUpaka dvArA jo zikSA yA anubhUti 'bahu dukha sahai gayaMdo, tuma hoya gaI mati mNdo| kAgaja ke kujara kAjai, paDi khADai sa kyoM na bhaajai|| pradAna kI hai / vaha kevala sundara hI nahIM hai, kintu mAnava jIvana ko Adarza banAne ke liye pIyUSadhArA tihi sahIya ghaNI tithi bhUkho, kavi kauna kahai tisa duukho| hai| kavi ne eka-eka indriya ke viSaya meM acchA vicAra kiyA hai aura dRSTAntoM dvArA use pUSTa kiyA isa taraha sparzana indriya ke kAraNa aneka mAnavoM hai| usa para dRSTi DAlane se mAnava janoM ne bhI dukha bhoge haiN| rAvaNa bhI isI kAraNa mRtyu ko se virakta hokara AtmasAdhanA kI ora agrasara ho prApta huA, usakI kathA prasiddha hai / isake vega ke kAraNa sakatA hai| kavi ko apanI isa kRti para svAbhimAna mAnava andhA ho jAtA hai; use hita-ahita kA viveka hai| usakI mAnyatA hai ki- 'kari veli sarasa guNa nahIM rahatA / isako vaza meM karane se loka meM yaza aura gAyA cita catura manuSa samajhAyA' / kavi ko apanI sukha milatA hai| saphalatA para dRr3ha vizvAsa hai| usane spaSTa zabdoM meM rasanA indriya ke vaza huA mAnava bhI apanA likha diyA hai-'jihna manu indriya vasi kIyA, tiha saMtulana kho baiThatA hai, vaha viveka ko tAka meM rakha detA harata parata jaga jIyA' / jisa mAnava ne apanI indriyoM ko vaza meM kara liyA hai, usane jagata ko jIta liyA hai| hai| rasa ke svAda meM anurakta huA apane ko bhUlakara svAdu bana jAtA hai, jo anta meM usake maraNa kA kAraNa kavi ne prastuta veli meM indriyoM kA vivecana hotA hai| kavi ne mAnava rUpI machalI ke rUpaka dvArA jAtiyoM ke krama se kiyA hai| prArambha meM eka dohe meM isa satya kI vizada vyaMjanA kI hai| dohe meM rUpaka kI sparzana indriya kA svarUpa hAthI kA udAharaNa dekara chaTA dekhate hI banatI hai 261

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'keli karatA janama jala, gAlyo lobha dikhAli / / jaba Uga lo ravi vimalo, saravara vikasai lau kmlo| mIna mUnikha saMsAra sari, kADhayo dhIvara kAli / / nIsara syoM tava yaha choDe, rasa lesyo Ai vahoDai / / citavate hI gaja Ayau, dinakara ugavA na pAyo / isa dohe meM janma ko jala, manuSya ko machalI, jala peTho sakhara pIyau, nIsarata kamala khaDa lIyo / saMsAra ko saritA aura kAla ko dhIvara ke rUpa meM dekhanA gahi sUDi pAvatala caMpyo, alimAsro dhara hari kNpyau| kitanA sArthaka hai| kavi ne Age likhA hai iha gaMdha viSama chai bhArI, mani dekha havyo na vicArI // 'so kAr3hayo dhIvara kAla, tiNa gAlyo lobha dikhaale| ghrANa indriya kI zakti bar3I prabala hai| vaha dUra se matha nIra gahIra paITho, diThi jAya nahIM jahAM dITho // hI chipI huI vastu kA patA lagA letI hai| billI ko iha rasanA rasako ghAlyo, ghali Ai savai dukha saalyo| dUdha kA patA jaldI laga jAtA hai aura bhore ko kamala iha rasanA rasa ke nAI, nara musa bApa guru bhaaii|| kA, cIMTI ko miThAI kA / surabhita suvAsa milane para ghara pheDai vA pAMDai vAMTA, nita karai kapaTa ghaNa ghaattaa| hama pramadita hote haiM aura bIbhatsa gaMdha milane para nAkamUkha jhUTha sAMca nahi bola, ghara choDi disAvara ddol|| muha sikor3a lete haiM aura usase dUra bhAgane kA yatna kala U~ca nIca nahi lekhai, mUrakha mAhi bhali lekhi| karate haiN| jisa taraha gaMdha lolupI bhramara kamala kI yaha rasa ke lIye nara, kuNa-kuNa karama na kIye // parAga kA rasa letA haA, usameM itanA Asakta ho jAtA rasanA rasa viSaya bikArI, vasi hoya na auguNa vaagaarau| hai ki kamala kI kalI se nikalanA bhUla jAtA hai| jiha iha viSaya vasi kIyau, tihi munikha janama phala ditAsta meM kA dinAsta meM kamala kalI sampUTa ho gaI / aura rasa kI lIyau // " khumArI meM besudha huA bhramara aneka raMgIna kalpanA karatA hai--rAtabhara khUba rasa piU~gA, jaba prAtaHkAla isa padya meM kavi ne rasanA kI Asakti se hone sUryodaya hogA, kamala kaliyAM vikasita hoMgI. maiM usase vAle pariNAma kA digdarzana karAyA hai| rasanA ke jAla nikala jAU~gA / isI vicAra mudrA meM eka hAthI saromeM par3akara loga ghara kI pUMjI aura pratiSTA ko dhUli vara meM jala pIne AyA, aura jala pIkara kamala ko meM milA dete haiM aura chala-kapaTa kA sahArA liye bhale ukhAr3a liyA, aura paga tale dAbakara use khA gyaa| mAnuSa idhara-udhara bhaTakate phirate haiN| svAda ke sAmrAjya vecArA bhauMrA apane prANoM se hAtha dho baiThA / astu bhauMre meM kula paramparA aura satya ko tAka meM rakhakara disAvaroM ke maraNa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue gaMdha kA lobha aura meM Dolate phirate haiM / yaha kitanA cubhatA haA vyaMga hai, Asakti kA parityAga karanA cAhiye / jisameM koI kAMTA aura cubhana nahIM hai parantu baha hRdaya ko udvelita kara detA hai| anta meM kavi ne vaha bhAvanA A~khoM kA kAma dekhanA hai / yaha jIva netroM dvArA rUpa vyakta kI hai ki jisane rasa viSaya para vijaya prApta dekhane kA AdI hai| jaba yaha rUpa-saundarya ke avalokana karalI, usI kA jIvana saphala hai meM Asakta ho jAtA hai, taba apanA ApA kho baiThatA hai| Aja saMsAra meM rUpAsakti ke kAraNa kitanA vyabhicAra "bhramara paiTTho kamala dini, ghrANa gandhi rasa rUDha / ho rahA hai| pataMga jyoti rUpa ko dekhakara apane prANa reNa paDayA so saMkucyo, nIsara sakyo na mUDha // nichAvara kara detA hai, usake aMga-pratyaMga vidagdha ho uThate sonIsara savayo na mUDhI, ati ghrANa gaMdhi rasa guuddhii| haiN| usI taraha puruSa bhI nArI ke apratima saundarya ko manacite rayaNi savAyau, rasa lesyoM Aja aghaayo| nirakhakara rUpAsakta ho apanA sarvasva khokara prANoM se 262

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. bhI hAtha dhone baiThatA hai| kavi ThakUrasI ne rUpaka ke sahAre ThIka hI kahA hai--yaha nAda. suNaMto sAMpo, bila chor3a isa tathya ko prANavAna banA diyA hai-'diThi dekha take nIsaracI Apo'-usI taraha yaha mAnava bhI hiraNa kI para gorI' vAkya meM kitanI sarala vyaMjanA kI hai| taraha madhura nAda ke vazavI hokara apane prANoM kA pariitanA hI nahIM kintu kavi ne ahilyA aura tilottamA tyAga kara detA hai| kA udAharaNa dekara apane kathana ko puSTa kiyA hai| ina vega pavana mana sArisau, vanavAsai laya bhItu / pA~coM hI indriyoM kA svAmI mana hai, vaha indriyoM kA sabala hai, vahI inakA preraka hai| yadi use vaza me kara __vadhika bANa mAryo hiraNa, kAMni suNato gItu // dhaNu kheci vadhika sara haNiyo, rasa vIdho bANa na ginniyo| liyA jAya to indriyoM kI viSayoM meM pravRtti hI na ho aura ve nirdoSa banI raheM; kyoMki mana hI unheM kAmAsakta iha nAda suNato sAMpo, bila chor3i nIsaryo aapo||" banAtA hai / ataeva kavi ne ThIka hI kahA hai - 'loyaNe isa taraha kavi ne isa racanA meM pAMcoM indriyoM ke dosa ko nAhIM, mana prare dekhana jaaNhiiN|' ataH vivekI viSayAsakta pA~ca pratIkoM dvArA mAnava ko udbodhita manISiyoM kA kartavya hai ki ve mana ko vaza meM karane kA karate hae pAMcoM indriyoM ko basa meM karane kA nirdeza prayatna kreN| usase sukha milatA hai kiyA hai / jo mAnava ina pA~coM indriyoM ko vaza meM kara letA hai, vaha ubhayaloka meM sukha pAtA hai kintu jo inake neha acAgala telatasu, vAnI vacana suraMga / vazavatI hokara indriyoM meM viSayAsakta rahatA hai, vaha rUpa jyoti para tiya dikhe, paDaiti puruSa pataMga / / jaldI apanI jIvana lIlA se hAtha dho baiThatA hai-- paDaiti puruSa pataMgo, dukha dIvai dahai ti aMgo / paDi hoi tahAM jIvi pAkhai, diThi khaMci na mUrakha rAkhai / ali, gaja, mIna, pataMga, mRga, eke ke dukha dIddha / diThi dekha karai nara corI, diThi dekha take para gorii|| jAyata bhau-bhau dukha sahai, jihi vasi paMca na kIddha / / diThi dekha kara nara pAyo, diThi dIDhA badhai staayo| diThi dekhi ahilyA iMdo, tanu vikala gaI mati maMdo / kavi kI isa kRti kA racanA kAla saMvat 1585, diThi dekhi tilottama bhUlyo, tapa tapo vidhAtA ilyo| kAtika sudI trayodazI hai| e loyaNa laMpaTa kUThA, varajyA nahiM hoya apUThA / saMvata paMdare se paMcAse terisa sUda kArtika mAse / jyoM varajaM tyoM rasa vAyA, raMga dekhe ApaNa bhAyA / / jihimana indriya vasi kIyA, tiha harata parata jaga jiiyaa|| loyaNe dosa ko nAhIM, mana prerai dekhana jaahii| jo nayaNa hu te vasi rAkhai, so harata parata sukha vAkhai / / kavi kI chaThavIM kRti nemIsura kI veli hai jisameM jainiyoM ke 22veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna neminAtha aura zrotra indriya kA viSaya zabda kI madhuratA, ko. rAjala kA jIvana-paricaya aMkita kiyA gayA hai| racanA malatA, aura priyatA para prANa nichAvara karanA jIva kA zikSAprada hai| kavi ne isameM racanA kAla nahIM diyaa| svabhAva hai| sagIta kI svaNima laharI mAnava ko apanI aura AkRSTa karatI hai| ke kI kA rava bAdaloM kI ghaTA kavi kI sAtavIM kRti 'cintAmaNi jayamAla' hai| phor3akara sAgara laharA detA hai| kUraMga vadhika kA gIta yaha 11 padyoM kI jayamAla hai jisameM pArzvanAtha ke sunakara prANa ghAtaka tIra se vyathita ho prANoM ko chor3a stavana rUpa meM mAnava ko saMyamita jIvana vyatIta detA hai| sarpa bhI nAda se maMtramugdha ho bila se nikala- karane ke liye prerita kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki asaMyama kara manuSya ke AdhIna ho jAtA hai, isaliye kavi ne durgaNoM kI khAna hai| saMyama ke prabhAva se hI zUlI se

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siMhAsana aura sapa se phUloM kI mAlA bana gaI thii| isase saMyama kI mahattA spaSTa hai / racanA saMkSipta hote hae bhI rocaka hai / antima padya ninna prakAra hai kavi kI prAyaH sabhI racanAe~ purAnI hindI kI hai, unameM apabhraMza bhASA ke puTa ke atirikta dezI bhASA ke zabdoM kI bahulatA hai| inakA prakAzana va ina para zodha kArya honA caahiye| dhattA- iya vara jayamAlA guNaha~ visAlA, ghelha sutana ThAkura khe| jo Naru suNi sikkhavai, diNa-diNa aMkkhai, so suhumaNa vaMchi ulahae //

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mahApaMDita ToDaramala DA. gautama ke zabdoM meM "jaina hindI gadyakAroM meM ToDaramalajI kA sthAna bahuta UMcA hai| unhoMne TIkAoM aura svatantra granthoM ke rUpa meM donoM prakAra se gadya-nirmANa kA virATa udyoga kiyA / ToDaramalajI kI racanAoM ke sUkSmAnuzIlana se patA calatA hai ki ve AdhyAtma aura jaina dharma ke hI bettA na the, apitu vyAkaraNa, darzana, sAhitya aura siddhAnta ke jJAtA the / bhASA para bhI inakA acchA adhikAra thA / " IsavI kI aThArahavIM zatI ke antima dinoM meM rAjasthAna kA gulAbI nagara jayapura jainiyoM kI kAzI bana rahA thA / AcAryakalpa paMDita ToDaramalajI kI agAva vidvatA aura pratibhA se prabhAvita hokara saMpUrNa bhAratavarSa ke vibhinna prAntoM meM saMcAlita tatvagoSThiyoM aura AdhyAtmika maNDaliyoM meM carcita gUr3hatama zaMkA yeM samAdhAnArtha jayapura bhejI jAtI thIM aura jayapura se paMDitajI dvArA samAdhAna pAkara tatva- jijJAsu samAja apane ko kRtArtha mAnatA thA / sAdharmI bhAI bra. rAyamala ne apanI "jIvana patrikA" meM tatkAlIna jayapura kI dhArmika sthiti kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai 0 DA0 hukamacanda bhArilla " tahA~ nirantara hajAroM puruSa strI devaloka kI sI nAMI caityAle Aya mahApuNya upAraje, dIrghakAla kA saMcyA pApa tAkA kSaya kareM / so pacAsa bhAI pUjA karane vAre pAIe, sau pacAsa bhASA zAstra bAMcane vAre pAIe, dasa bIsa saMskRta bAMcane vAre pAIe, sau pacAsa janeM caracA karane vAre pAIe aura nityAna kA sabhA ke zAstra bAMcane kA vyAkhyAna viSe pAMca se sAta saM puruSa tIna se cAri se strIjana, saba milI hajAra bArA se puruSa strI zAstra kA zravaNa kareM bIsa tIsa vAyAM zAstrAbhyAsa kareM, deza deza kA prazna ihA~ Ave tinakA samAdhAna hoya uhAM pahuMce, ityAdi adbhuta mahimA caturthakAlavata yA namra viSai jinadharma kI pravati pAIe hai / "2 188 1 1 hindI gadya kA vikAsa : DA0 premaprakAza gautama, anusaMdhAna prakAzana, AcArya nagara kAnapura, pR0 2. paMDita ToDaramala, vyaktitva aura kRtRtva, pariziSTa 1, prakAzaka : paMDita ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, e-4 bApUnagara, jayapura / 265

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yadyapi sarasvatI mA~ ke varada pUtra kA jIvana se-adhika upasthiti ke lie unake nAma kA prayoga AdhyAtmika sAdhanAoM se otaprota hai, tathApi sAhityika AkarSaNa ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA thaa| gRhastha hone para va sAmAjika kSetra meM bhI unakA pradeya kama nahIM hai| bhI unakI vRtti sAdhUtA kI pratIka thii| AcAryakalpa paMDita ToDaramalajI una dArzanika sAhityakAroM evaM krAntikAriyoM meM se haiM jinhoMne AdhyAtmika paMDitajI ke pitA kA nAma jogIdAsajI evaM mAtA kSetra meM AI haI vikRtiyoM kA sArthaka va samartha khaNDana kA nAma rambhAdevI thaa| ve jAti se khaNDelavAla the aura hI nahIM kiyA. varan unheM jar3a se ukhAr3a pheMkA / unhoMne gotra thA godIkA, jise bhauMsA va bar3ajAtyA bhI kahate tatkAlIna pracalita sAhitya bhASA braja meM dArzanika haiN| unake vaMzaja DholAkA bhI kahalAte the| ve vivAhita the para unakI patni va sasurAla pakSavAloM kA kahIM viSayoM kA vivecaka aisA gadya prastuta kiyA jo unake koI ullekha nahIM milatA / unake do putra the-harIcandra pUrva virala hai| aura gamAnIrAma / gumAnIrAma bhI unake samAna ucca paMDitajI kA samaya IsvI kA aThArahavIM sadI kA koTi ke vidvAna aura prabhAvaka AdhyAtmika pravaktA madhyakAla hai| vaha saMkrAntikAlIna yuga thaa| usa samaya the| unake pAsa bar3e-bar3e vidvAna bhI tatva kA rahasya rAjanIti meM asthiratA sampradAyoM meM tanAva, sAhitya samajhane Ate the| paMDita devIdAsa godhA ne "siddhAntasAra meM zRgAra, dharma ke kSetra meM rUr3hivAda, Arthika jIvana meM saMgraha TIko prazasti" meM isakA spaSTa ullekha kiyA viSamatA evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM ADaMbara, ye saba hai| paMDita ToDaramala jI kI mRtyu ke uparAnta ve paMDitajI apanI carama sImA para the| una saba se paDitajI ko saMgharSa dvArA saMcAlita dhArmika krAnti ke sUtradhAra rahe / unake karanA thA jo unhoMne DaTakara kiyA aura prANoM kI nAma se eka paMtha bhI calA jo 'gumAna paMtha' ke nAma se bAjI lagAkara kiyaa| jAnA jAtA hai| paMDita ToDaramalajI gambhIra prakRti ke AdhyAtmika paMDita ToDaramalajI kI sAmAnya zikSA jayapura kI mahApuruSa the / ve svabhAva se sarala, saMsAra se udAsa, dhuna eka AdhyAtmika (terApatha) zailI meM huI, jisakA bAda ke dhanI, nirAbhimAnI, vivekI adhyayanazIla, pratibhAvAna meM unhoMne saphala saMcalana bhI kiyaa| unake pUrva bAdA bAhyADaMbara virodhI, dRr3ha zraddhAvI, krAntikArI, siddhAntoM baMzIdhara jI ukta zailI ke saMcAlaka the / paMDita ToDarakI kImata para kabhI na jhukanevAle, AtmAnubhavI, malajI gUDha tatvoM ke to svayaMbaddha jJAtA the / 'labdhisAra' lokapriya pravacanakAra, siddhAnta granthoM ke saphala TIkAkAra va "kSapaNAsAra" kI saMdRSTiyA~ Arambha karate hue ve evaM paropakArI mahAmAnava the| likhate haiM "zAstraviSalikhyA nAhIM aura batAvane vAlA milyA naahiiN'| ..ve vinamra dRr3hazraddhAnI vidvAna evaM sarala svabhAvI the| ve prAmANika mahApuruSa the / tatkAlIna AdhyAtmika saMskRta, prAkRta, aura hindI ke atirikta unheM samAja meM tatvajJAna saMbaMdhI prakaraNoM meM unake kathana pramANa kannar3a bhASA kA bhI jJAna thaa| mUla rathoM ko ve kannar3a ke taura para prastuta kie jAte the| ve lokapriya AdhyA- lipi meM par3ha-likha sakate the / kannar3a bhASA aura lipi tmika pravaktA the| dhArmika utsavoM meM janatA ko adhika kA jJAna evaM abhyAsa bhI unhoMne svayaM kiyA / ve kannar3a 3. indradhvaja vidhAna mahotsava patrikA / 266

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bhASA ke prathoM para vyAkhyAna karate the evaM unheM kannar3a prANadaNDa hI nahIM diyA balki gaMdagI meM gar3avA dipa lipi meM likha bhI lete the| bra. rAyamala ne likhA hai- thaa| yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki unheM hAthI ke paira ke ra nIce kucalavA kara mArA gayA thaa| "dakSiNa deza saM pAMca sAta aura grantha tAr3apatrAMviSe / karNATI lipi meM likhyA ihA~ padhAre haiM, tAka ToDaramalajI paMDita ToDaramalajI AdhyAtmika sAdhaka the / unhoMne bA~ce hai / vAkA yathArtha vyAkhyAna kara hai, vA karNATI jaina darzana aura siddhAntoM kA gahana adhyayana hI nahIM lipi meM likhate haiN| kiyA apitu use tatkAlIna janabhASA meM likhA bhI hai| usameM unakA mukhya uddezya apane dArzanika cintana ko . paramparAgata mAnyatAnusAra unakI Ayu kula 27 jana sAdhAraNa taka pahuMcAnA thaa| paMDitajI ne prAcIna varSa kahI jAtI rahI, parantu unakI sAhityika sAdhanA, ' jaina grathoM kI vistRta, gahana parantu subodha bhASA-TIkAe~ jJAna va prApta ullekhoM ko dekhate hue merA yaha nizcita likhiiN| ina bhASA-TIkAoM meM kaI viSayoM para bahuta mata hai ki ve 47 varSa taka avazya jIvita rahe / isa hI maulika vicAra milate jo unake svataMtra cintana ke sambandha meM sAdharmI bhAI bra. rAyamala dvArA likhita cArcA pariNAma the| bAda meM inhIM vicAroM ke AdhAra para saMgraha grantha kI alIgaMja (eTA u. pra.) meM prApta hasta unhoMne katipaya maulika granthoM kI racanA bhI kii| likhita prati ke pRSTha 173 kA nimnalikhita ullekha unameM se sAta to TIkAgrantha haiM aura pAMca maulika vizeSa dRSTavya hai -- racanAe~ / unakI racanAoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA ____"bahari bArA hajAra trilokasArajI kI TIkA kaa| sakatA hai :bArA hajAra mokSamArga prakAzaka grantha unake zAstroM ke (1) maulika racanAe~ (2) vyAkhyAtmaka rcnaaeN| anusvari aura AtmAnuzAsanajI kI TIkA hajAra tIna maulika racanAe~ gadya aura padya donoM rUpoM meM haiN| yAM tInAM granthoM kI TIkA bhI ToDaramalajI saiMtAlIsa. gadya racanAe~ cAra zailiyoM meM milatI haiM :basa kI Ayu pUrNa kari paraloka viSaM gamana kii|" . (ka) varNanAtmaka zailI, (kha) patrAtmaka zailI unakI mRtyu tithi vikrama saMvat 1823-24 ke (ga) yantra racanAtmaka (cArTa) zailI, (gha) vivecanAtmaka lagabhaga nizcita hai, ata: unakA janma vikrama savat shailii| 1776-77 meM honA caahie| ___ varNanAtmaka zailI meM samIsaraNa Adi kA sarala - paMDita vakhatarAma zAha ke anusAra kucha matAMdha bhASA meM sIdhA varNana hai / paMDitajI ke pAsa jijJAsu logoM dvArA lagAye gae zivapiNDI ke ukhAr3ane ke Aropa loga dUra-dUra se apanI zaMkAe~ bhejate the, usake samAdhAna ke sadarbha meM rAjA dvArA sabhI zrAvakoM ko kaida kara meM vaha jo kucha likhate the, vaha lekhana patrAtmaka zailI ke liyA gayA thA aura terApaMthiyoM ke guru mahAna dharmAtmA, antargata AtA hai| isameM tarka aura anubhUti kA sundara mahApuruSa paDita ToDaramalajI ko mRtyu daNDa diyA gayA samanvaya hai / ina patroM meM eka patra bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| thA / duSToM ke mar3akAne meM Akara rAjA ne unheM mAtra solaha pRSThIya yaha patra 'rahasyapUrNa ciTThI' ke nAma se 4. buddhi vilAsa : bakhatarAma sAha, chandaM 1303, 13041 5. (ka) vIravANI : ToDaramala aMka pR0 285, 286 / (kha) hindI sAhitya. dvitIya khaNDa, 10 500 / / 267

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AtI haiN| prasiddha hai| yaMtra racanAtmaka zailI meM cArTI dvArA viSaya eka kA adhyayana dUsare ke adhyayana meM sahAyaka jAnakara ko spaSTa kiyA hai| artha saMdRSTi adhikAra isI prakAra unhoMne ukta cAroM TIkAoM ko milAkara eka kara kI racanA hai| vivecanAtmaka zailI meM saiddhAntika viSayoM diyA tathA usakA nAma "samyagjJAna candrikA" rakha ko praznottara paddhati meM vistRta vivecana kara ke yukti diyaa| va udAharaNoM se spaSTa kiyA hai| mokSamArga prakAzaka isI zreNI meM AtA hai| __ 'samyagjJAna candrikA' vivecanAtmaka gadyazailI meM likhI gaI hai| prArambha meM ikahattara pRSTha kI pIThikA hai| padyAtmaka racanAe~ do rUpoM meM upalabdha haiM : Aja navIna zailI meM sampAdita granthoM kI bhUmikA kA (1) bhakti paraka, (2) prazasti paraka / bar3A mahatva mAnA jAtA hai| zailI ke kSetra meM do sau bIsa varSa pUrva likhI gaI samyagjJAna candrikA kI pIThikA bhaktiparaka racanAoM meM gommaTasAra pUjA evaM granthoM Adhunika bhUmikA kA AraMbhika rUpa hai. usameM halakAke Adi, madhya aura anta meM maMgalAcaraNa ke rUpa meM pana kahIM bhI dekhane ko nahIM milatA hai| isake par3hane se prApta phuTakara padyAtmaka racanAeM haiN| granthoM ke anta meM graMtha kA pUrA hArda khula jAtA hai evaM isa grantha ke par3hane likhI gaI paricayAtmaka prazastiyA~ prazastiparaka zreNI meM meM AnevAlI pAThaka kI samasta kaThinAiyA~ dUra ho jAtI haiM / hindI AtmakathA sAhitya meM jo mahatva . paMDita ToDaramalajI kI vyAkhyAtmaka TIkAe~ do mahAkavi banArasIdAsa ke arddha kathAnaka ko prApta hai, rUpoM meM pAI jAtI haiM : vahI mahatva hindI bhUmikA sAhitya meM 'samyagjJAna candrikA' kI pIThikA kA hai| 1. saMskRta pranthoM kI ttiikaaeN| 2. prAkRta granthoM kI ttiikaaeN| mokSamArga prakAzaka paMDita ToDaramalajI kA eka saMskRta granthoM kI TIkAeM AtmAnuzAsana bhASA mahatvapUrNa grantha hai / isa grantha kA AdhAra koI eka TIkA aura puruSArtha siddhayupAya bhASA TIkA hai / prAkRta grantha na hokara sampUrNa jaina sAhitya hai / yaha sampUrNa granthoM meM gaummaTasAra jIvakANDa, gommaTasAra karmakANDa, jaina sAhitya ko apane meM sameTa lene kA eka sArthaka labdhisAra-kSapaNAsAra aura trilokasAra haiM, jinakI prayatna thA, para kheda hai ki yaha grantharAja pUrNa na ho sakA, bhASA-TIkAe~ unhoMne likhI haiN| anyathA yaha kahane meM saMkoca na hotA ki yadi sampUrNa jaina bAGgamaya kahIM eka jagaha sarala, subodha aura janagommaTasAra jIvakANDa, gommaTasAra karmakANDa bhASA meM dekhanA ho to mokSamArga prakAzaka ko dekha labdhisAra aura kSapaNasAra kI bhASA-TIkAe~ paMDita liijie| apUrNa hone para bhI yaha apanI apUrvatA ke ToDaramalajI ne alaga-alaga banAI thIM, parantu una cAroM lie prasiddha hai / yaha eka atyanta lokapriya grantha hai moM ko paraspara eka-dUsare se sambandhita evaM paraspara jisake kaI saMskaraNa nikala cuke haiM evaM khar3I bolI meM 6. (ka) bAbU jJAnacandajI jaina lAhaura, (vi0 saM0 1954) / (Da) sastI granthamAlA, dillI (kha) jaina grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI (san 1911) / (ca) vhii| (ga) bAbU pannAlAlajI caudharI, vArANasI (vI. ni0 saM0 2451) / (cha). vhii| (gha) ananta kIrti granthamAlA, bambaI (vI0ni0 saM0 2463) / (ja) vahI / 268

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isake anuvAda bhI kaI bAra prakAzita ho cuke haiN| yaha para jisa viSaya ko uThAyA gayA hai usake sambandha meM urdU meM bhI chapa cukA hai| marAThI aura gujarAtI meM uThanevAlI pratyeka zaMkA kA samAdhAna prastuta karane kA isake anuvAda prakAzita ho cuke haiN| abhI taka saba saphala prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| pratipAdana zailI meM manokula milAkara isakI 51200 pratiyAM chapa cukI haiN| vaijJAnikatA evaM maulikatA pAI jAtI hai| prathama zaMkA isake atirikta bhAratavarSa ke digambara jaina mandiroM ke ke samAdhAna meM dvitIya zaMkA kI utthAnikA nihita zAstra bhaNDAroM meM isa grantharAja kI hajAroM hastalikhita rahatI haiM / grantha ko par3hate samaya pAThaka ke hRdaya meM jo pratiyA~ pAI jAtI haiM / samUce samAja meM yaha svAdhyAya prazna upasthita hotA hai use hama agalI paMkti meM likhA aura pravacana kA lokapriya grantha hai| Aja bhI paMDita pAte haiN| grantha par3hate samaya pAThaka ko Age par3hane kI ToDaramalajI digambara jaina samAja meM sarvAdhika par3he jAne- utsukatA barAbara banI rahatI hai| vAle vidvAna haiN| mokSamArga prakAzaka kI mUla prati bhii| upalabdha hai| evaM usake phoTopriMTa karA lie gae haiM, vAkya racanA saMkSipta aura viSaya pratipAdana zailI jo jayapura", bambaI, dillI aura sonamar3ha meM tAkika evaM gambhIra hai| vyartha kA vistAra usameM nahIM surakSita haiN| isa para svataMtra pravacanAtmaka vyAkhyAe~ hai para vistAra ke saMkoca meM koI viSaya aspaSTa nahIM bhI milatI haiN| rahA hai| lekhaka viSaya kA yathocita vivecana karatA huA Age bar3hane ke lie sarvatra hI Atura rahA hai / jahA~ / yaha grantha vivecanAtmaka gadyazailI meM likhA gayA kahIM bhI viSaya kA vistAra huA hai vahA~ uttarottara hai| praznottaroM dvArA viSaya ko bahuta gaharAI se spaSTa navInatA AtI gaI hai| vaha viSaya vistAra sAMgopAMga kiyA gayA hai| isakA pratipAdya eka gambhIra viSaya hai. viSaya vivecanA kI preraNA se hI 7. (ka) a0 bhA0 digambara jaina saMgha, mathurA (vI. ni0 saM0 2005) / ... (kha) zrI digambara jaina svAdhyAya mandira TrasTa, sonagar3ha (vI0 ni0 saM0 2023) / (vi0 saM.. 2026) / (vi0 saM0 2030) / 8. dAtArAma ceriTebila TrasTa, darIbAkalAM, dillI (vi0 saM0 2027) / 9. (ka) zrI digambara jaina svAdhyAya mandira TrasTa, sonagar3ha (kha) mahAvIra brahamacaryAzrama, kaarNjaa|| . zrI digambara jaina mandira, dIvAna bhadIcandajI, ghIvAloM kA rAstA, jayapura / 11. vahI, jypur| 12. zrI digambara jaina sImaMdhara jinAlaya, javerI bAjAra, bambaI / zrI digambara jaina mumukSa maNDala, zrI digambara jaina mandira, dharmapurA, dehlii| 14. zrI digambara jaina svAdhyAya mandira TrasTa, sonagar3ha AdhyAtmika satpuruSa zrI kAnajI svAmI dvArA kie gaye pravacana, mokSamArga prakAzaka kI kiraNa nAma se do bhAgoM meM zrI digambara jaina svAdhyAya mandira TrasTa, sonagar3ha se hindI va gujarAtI bhASA meM kaI bAra prakAzita ho cuke haiM / 15. 269

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ko unhoMne chuA usameM "kyoM" kA praznavAcaka samApta ho gayA hai| zailI aisI adbhuta hai ki eka aparicita viSaya bhI sahaja hRdayaMgama ho jAtA hai / paMDitajI kA sabase bar3A pradeya yaha hai ki unhoMne saMskRta, prAkRta meM nivandha AdhyAtmika tatvajJAna ko mAyA gadya ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA aura tatva vivecana meM eka naI dRSTi dI / yaha navInatA unakI krAntikArI dRSTi meM hai / TIkAkAra hote hue bhI paMDitajI ne gadyazailI kA nirmANa kiyA hai| DaoN. gautama ne unheM gadya nirmAtA svIkAra kiyA hai 119 unakI zailI dRSTAntayukta prazno taramayI tathA sugama hai| ve aisI zailI apanAte haiM jo na to ekadama zAstrIya hai aura na AdhyAtmika siddhiyoM aura camatkAroM se bojhila unakI isa zailI kA sarvottama nirvAha mokSamArga prakAzaka meM hai| tatkAlIna sthiti meM gadya ko AdhyAtmika cintana kA mAdhyama banAnA bahuta sUjhabUjha aura zrama kA kArya thA / unakI zailI meM unake ciMtaka kA caritra aura tarka kA svabhAva spaSTa akatA hai| eka AdhyAtmika lekhaka hote hue bhI unakI gadyazailI meM vyaktitva kA prakSepa unakI maulika vizeSatA hai / / uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki paMDita ToDaramala kevala na TIkAkAra the balki AdhyAtma ke maulika vicAraka bhI the| unakA yaha cintana samAja ko tatkAlIna pari sthitiyoM aura bar3hate hue AdhyAtmika zithilAcAra ke sandarbha meM ekadama saTIka hai| lokabhASA kAvyazailI meM 'rAmacarita mAnasa' likhakara mahAkavi tulasIdAsa ne jo kAma kiyA, vahI kAma unake do sau varSa bAda gadya meM jina AdhyAtma ko lekara paMDita ToDaramalajI ne kiyaa| jagata ke sabhI bhautika dvandvoM se dUra rahanevAle nirantara AtmasAdhanA va sAhitya-sAdhanArata isa mahAmAnava ko jIvana kI madhyavaya meM hI mAmpradAyika vidva eza kA zikAra hokara jIvana se hAtha dhonA par3A / inake vyaktitva aura katRtva ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie lekhaka ke zodha prabandha " paMDita ToDaramala : vyaktitva aura kasUrava" kA adhyayana karanA cAhiye / inakI bhASA kA namUnA isa prakAra hai : 16. prakAzaka paMDita ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, e-4, bApUnagara, jayapura-41 17. mokSamArga praka. naka, pRSTha-313 / "tA bahara kahA kahie" jaise rAgAdi miTAvane kA zraddhAna hoya so hI samyagdarzana hai / bahuri jaise rAgAdi miTavAne kA jAnanA hoya sohI sammayajJAna hai| bahuri jaise rAgAdi miTe so hI samyakvAritra hai| aisA hI mokSamArga mAnanA yogya hai 118 270. * 00

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- - - - - - vaijJAnika sandarbho meM jaina dharma - - - - - - saptama va SD

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"aNuraNoyAna mahatomahIyAn" yadi Apa jala-skaMdha ko tor3ane kA prayatna kareMge to jala, jala nahIM rahegA / jala-skaMdha hAiDrojana aura (isa dharA para jo sUkSma-se-sUkSma vastu hameM dRSTi oNksIjana ke paramANuoM se milakara banA hai, yaha gocara hotI hai usase bhI aura adhika sUkSma vastuoM kA paramANu pRthak ho jaaveNge| astitva hai aura jo bar3e-se-bar3A bhUkhaNDa dRSTigocara hotA hai usase bhI aura adhika bar3e bhUkhaNDa maujUda haiM / ) tatvArtha adhigama sUtra ke adhyAya 5 kA 11vAM sUtra ' pro0 jI0 Ara0 jaina hai "nANoH" jisakA artha hai ki aNu se choTI aura koI vastu nahIM hai aura Age calakara sUtra 27 meM kahA aba hama hAiDrojana ke paramANu kA vizeSa varNana gayA hai "bhedAdaNaH" jisakA artha hai ki jar3a vastuoM ke karate haiN| paramANu, cAhe vaha kisI bhI padArtha kA ho, anantaveM bhAga ko agu kahate haiM / usakA aura vikhaNDana patthara kI geMda kI taraha Thosa nahIM hai, vaha andara se nahIM ho sakatA / jise hama sAinsa kI bhASA meM eTama khokhalA hai| paramANu ke kendra meM eka bIja hai jise kahate haiM vaha jaina darzana kA araNu nahIM hai, parantu hama nAbhi (nyuklIyasa) kahate haiM aura usake cAroM ora Apako pahale Adhunika eTama kA hI vRttAnta sunAte haiM- paryApta dUrI para RNa-vidyuta (ilekTrona) ke kaNa ThIka paramANu aura loka ( ATOM AND THE UNIVERCE ) __ yadi hama jala kI eka bUMda leM aura usake khaNDa usI prakAra cakkara kATate rahate haiM jisa prakAra sUrya ke karate cale jAyeM to sabase antima choTe se choTA khaNDa cAroM ora niyata paridhiyoM meM graha cakkara lagAte haiM jisameM jala ke sabhI guNa vidyamAna hoM usa choTe jala- athavA jisa prakAra bhagavAna kRSNa kI rAsalIlA meM kaNa ko jala skaMdha kahate haiM / tIsa grAma jala meM ina gopiyA~ kRSNa ke cAroM ora cakkara lagAyA karatI thiiN| skaMdhoM kI saMkhyA itanI adhika hai ki yadi saMsAra ke yaha paramAraNa saMsAra ke pratyeka padArtha meM asIma saMkhyA meM samasta prANI-strI puruSa, bAla aura vRddha-una skaMdhoM ko vyApta haiM; udAharaNasvarUpa samudra ke jala kI eka bUMda ginanA prArambha karadeM aura rAta-dina ginate hI raheM aura meM svarNa ke 50 araba paramANu pAye jAte haiN| yaha bAta bahuta jaldI-jaldI 1 se kiDa meM 5 kI gati se ginate raheM sunakara tuma turanta bAlTI lekara bambaI kI ora na daur3a to skaMdhoM kI pUrI saMkhyA ko ginane meM 40 lAkha varSa par3anA, kyoMki paramAraNu bahuta hI sUkSma vastu hai| samudra lageMge / isase skaMdhoM kI sUkSmatA kA bhI AbhAsa milatA ke 60 Tana jala meM se yadi sone ke sabhI paramANu ekatrita karane meM Apa saphala bhI ho gaye to, taba bhI 2733

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una paramANuoM kA taula cauthAI rattI bhI na baiThegA / paramANu kI sUkSmatA kA anumAna isa bAta se bhI lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki hAiDrojana ke 20 karor3a paramANu yadi eka paMkti meM rakha diye jAyeM to paMkti kI lambAI kevala 1 iMca hogI aura 40 hajAra zaMkha paramAtuoM kA taula kevala 1 khasakhasa ke dAne ke barAbara hogA / itanA choTA hone para bhI yaha andara se polA hai / jitane sthAna meM paramANu kI nAbhi sthita hai usase 1 lAkha gunA dUrI para ilekTrona cakkara lagA rahe haiN| yUM samajhiye ki jaise eka 30 phITa vyAsa ke gole ke kendra meM eka Alapina kI noka rakhI ho / ThIka usI prakAra paramANu ke madhya meM usakI nAbhi sthita hai / nAbhi aise padArtha se banI hai jisake 1 ghana seMTImITara kI taula 24 karor3a Tana hai jabaki 1 ghana seMTImITara sone kI taula kevala Der3ha tolA hI hotI hai / paramANuoM ke andara kI pola ko dekhakara hI eka vaijJAnika ne kahA thA ki "manuSya kA zarIra jina paramANuoM se banA hai una paramANuoM kI andara kI pola ko yadi samApta kara diyA jAya aura saba ilekTrona proTona eka sthAna para ekatrita kara liye jAyeM to manuSya kA zarIra kevala itanA sA raha jAyegA ki naMgI A~kha se to nahIM kintu zAyada sUkSmadarzI leMsa se dikhAI de jAya / " sociye to sahI, isa khokhalepana para bhI yaha bholA manuSya apane rUpa aura zakti ke ahaMkAra meM cUra hai / jaba paramANuoM ke bIca kI pola nikala jAtI hai aura kevala nAbhiyA~ hI eka sthAna para ekatrita ho jAtI haiM to usa bhArI padArtha kI utpatti hotI hai jo lubdhaka ( sIriyasa) tAre ke prakAzahIna sAthI tAre meM pAyA jAtA hai aura jo plaiTinama ne 2000 gunA adhika bhArI hai, ise 'nyukliyara maiTara' kahate haiM aura bhAratIya bhASA meM 'vajra' kaha sakate haiN| isa prakAzahIna tAre kA vyAsa sUrya ke vyAsa kA 30 vAM bhAga hai kintu isakI taula sUrya kI taula kA tIna-cauthAI hai| hisAba lagAne se patA calatA hai ki jisa padArtha kA yaha banA huA hai 274 yadi Apa usakA itanA bar3A Tukar3A tor3a leM jo ApakI jAkaTa kI jeba meM samA jAya to usakA vajana 1 Tana se bhI adhika hogA / jo dhanuSa bhagavAna rAma ne tor3A thA, bAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke anusAra vaha dadhIci RSi kI vajramayI haDDiyoM kA banA huA thA aura kevala 10 phITa lambA thA / sambhavata: isI kAraNa vaha itanA bhArI thA ki rAvaNa jaise mahAyodvA bhI use hilA na sake / paramANu kI nAbhi ke cAroM ora cakkara kATane vAle ilekTrona 1 iMca lambAI meM 50 kharaba samA jAte. haiM aura 8 karor3a zaMkha ilekTronoM kI taula kevala posta ke dAne ke barAbara hotI hai / yaha ilekTrona 1300 mIla prati sekaMDa kI gati se ghUmate rahate haiM, jabaki bandUka kI golI 1 sekiDa meM AdhA mIla hI jAtI hai / paramANuoM kI nAbhi meM na kevala proTona hI pAye jAte haiM apitu vahAM nyUTrona nAma kA eka aura kaNa bhI hotA hai | nyUTrona nAma ke kaNa, udAsIna kaNa hone ke kAraNa, paramANuoM ke vakSa ko bhedane meM bar3e kuzala hote haiN| inake sambandha meM bihArI kI yaha ukti ThIka baiThatI hai ki 'dekhana meM choTe lageM, kareM ghAva gambhIra / ' kaI-kaI phITa moTe zIze kI cAdaroM ke pAra nikala jAne kI inameM kSamatA hai, jinheM eksa kiraNa bhI nahIM pAra kara pAtIM / inhIM nyUTrona kaNoM kI sahAyatA se eTama bama kA visphoTa hotA hai| jisa vAyu se hama sAMsa lete haiM usameM bhI nyUTrona vidyamAna haiN| vAyu ke 1 araba paramANuoM meM kevala 5 nyUTrona kaNa haiM / yadi manuSya ke zarIra meM yUreniyama ( vaha dhAtu jisakA eTama bama banatA hai) hotA to sAMsa ke sAtha jAnevAle yaha nyUTrona hamAre zarIra kA usI prakAra visphoTa kara dete, jaise eTama bama meM hotA hai / paramapitA paramAtmA kI lIlA dekhiye ki usane manuSya kA zarIra banAne meM usa miTTI kA prayoga kiyA hai jisameM lohA, tAMbA Adi dhAtueM to thIM, kintu yUreniyama nahIM thA /

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bhinna-bhinna tatvoM ke paramANu 92 prakAra ke haiM / ye 1 mana bhArI pAnI pRthaka kiyA jAtA hai| nirA bhArI saba proTona, nyUTrona aura ilekTrona kI bhinna-bhinna pAnI viSa hai / usake pIne se manuSya mara jAtA hai / saMkhyAoM se milakara bane haiM / arthAt inameM koI maulika kintu jisa prakAra manuSya kucalA, saMkhiyA Adi viSa antara nahIM hai| dIvAlI ke tyauhAra para bikanevAle atyanta alpa mAtrA meM tAkata ke liye vyavahAra karate haiM khAMDa ke khilaunoM ke samAna koI bandara dikhatA hai aura usI prakAra prakRti ne bhArI jala jaise viSa ko alpa koI rAnI; kintu ve haiM saba eka hI khAMDa ke bane huye| mAtrA meM sAdhAraNa jala meM milA diyA hai---una abhAge rAnI ke khilaune ko galAkara bandara banAyA jA sakatA hai| vyaktiyoM ke liye jo jIvana paryanta nirdhanatA apane bhAgya meM likhAkara lAye haiN| yahI kAraNa hai asAdhAraNa parihAiDrojana paramANu ke kendra meM 1 proTona hai aura sthitiyoM meM manuSya isa mArI jala kI canda bUMdoM ke usake cAroM ora eka hI ilekTrona ghUmatA hai / hIliyama sahAre kaI-kaI dina bhUkhe kATa dete haiN| vidhi kA vidhAna gaisa ke paramANu ke kendra meM 2 proTona aura 2 nyUTrona haiM vilakSaNa hai| aura 2 ilekTrona bAhara kI paridhi me ghUmate haiM / lIthiyama ke kendra meM 3 proTona aura 4 nyUTrona haiM aura uparokta vivecana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sonA, 3 ilekTrona bAhara kI paridhi meM ghUmate haiM / isI prakAra cA~dI, lohA Adi jo bhinna-bhinna padArtha isa dharA para yaha saMkhyA bar3hatI calI gaI hai / tAMbe ke paramANu meM 29, dRSTigocara ho rahe haiM, ina sabakA nirmANa eka hI prakAra cAMdI meM 47, sone meM 79, pAra meM 80 aura sabase kI ITa-cUne se huA hai / unakA nAma hai-proTona, nyUTrona bhArI paramANu reniyama meM 92 proTona hote haiN| aura ilekTrona / proTona aura nyUTrona kI taula lagabhaga barAbara hai| pudgala-saMsAra kI racanA meM do dravyoM kA pramukha halke hAiDrojana ke paramANu kendra meM kevala 1 proTona hai, bhAga hai-pahalA jIva (cetana) yA AtmA aura dUsare ko usa paramANu kI taula 1 hai| bhArI hAiDrojana ke paramANu prakRti (jar3a) yA acetana kahA jAtA hai / jainAcAryoM ne kI taula 2 hai, usake kendra meM 1 proTona aura 1 nyUTrona prakRti (jar3a) ko pudgala ke nAma se pukArA hai aura haiN| hIliyama ke paramANu kI taula 4 hai isaliye usameM pudgala zabda kI vyAkhyA usake nAma ke anurUpa hI 2 proTona aura 2 nyUTrona haiM / tAMbe ke paramANu kI taula . unhoMne kI hai 'pUrayanti galayanti iti pudgalAH' arthAt 65 hai ataeva usameM 29 proTona aura 36 sTrona haiN| pudgala use kahate haiM jisameM pUraNa aura galana kriyAoM pAre ke paramANu kI taula 200 hai aura usameM 80 ke dvArA naI paryAyoM kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai / vijJAna kI proTona aura 120 nyUTrona haiN| aura yUreniyama ke paramANu bhASA meM ise phyUjana aura phizana yA inTIgrezana aura kI taula 238 hai aura usake paramANu kendra meM 92 DisainTIgrezana kahate haiM / eTama bama ko phizana bama aura proTona aura 146 nyUTrona haiM / hAiDrojana bama ko phyUjana bama isI kAraNa kahA gayA hai| eTama bama meM eTama ke Trakar3e-Tukar3e ho jAte haiM aura jisa bhArI hAiDrojana kA abhI ullekha kiyA hai taba zakti utpanna hotI hai aura hAiDrojana bama meM eTama usase 'bhArI jala' kA nirmANa huA hai jisa prakAra paraspara milate haiM taba usameM zakti kA prAdurbhAva halke hAiDrojana se nityaprati vyavahAra meM AnevAle jala hotA hai| kA nirmANa huA hai| yaha bhArI pAnI prakRti ne halke pAnI meM hI milA rakhA hai-6 sera pAnI meM kevala 20 'tatvArtha sUtra' ke paMcama adhyAya sUtra naM0 33 meM baMda / lagabhaga 13000 Tana pAnI meM se vidyuta dvArA kahA gayA hai-'gnigdharukSatvAbaMdha:' arthAt snigdha aura 275

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* rukSatva guNoM ke kAraNa eTama eka sUtra meM ba~dhA rahatA hai / pUjyapAda svAmI ne 'sarvArthasiddhi' TIkA meM eka sthAna para likhA hai 'snigdharukSa guNanimitto vidyut' arthAt bAdaloM meM snigdha aura rukSa guNoM ke kAraNa vidyuta kI utpatti hotI hai / isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki snigdha kA artha cikanA aura rukSa kA artha khuradarA nahIM hai / ye donoM zabda vAstava meM vizeSa Teknikala arthoM meM prayoga kiye gaye haiM / jisa taraha eka anapar3ha moTara DrAyavara baiTarI ke eka tAra ko ThaMDA aura dUsare tAra ko garama kahatA hai ( yadyapi unameM se koI tAra na ThaMDA hotA hai aura na garama) aura jinheM vijJAna kI bhASA meM pojiTiva va nigeTiva kahate haiM, ThIka usI taraha jaina dharma meM snigdha aura rukSa zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / DA0 bI. ena. sIla ne apanI kaimbrija se prakAzita pustaka 'poji Tiva sAinsija oNpha enaziyanTa hindUja' meM spaSTa likhA hai ki jainAcAryoM ko yaha bAta mAluma thI ki bhinna-bhinna vastuoM ko Apasa meM ragar3ane se pojiTiva aura negeTiva bijalI utpanna kI jA sakatI hai / ina saba bAtoM ke samakSa, isameM koI sandeha nahIM raha jAtA ki snigdha kA artha pojiTiva aura rukSa kA artha nigeTiva vidyut hai / eTama kI racanA kA jo vaijJAnika svarUpa hamane Upara khIMcA hai usase spaSTa hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI paramANu, cAhe vaha kisI bhI padArtha ke hoM, proTona ( snigdha kaNa ) aura nyUTrona ( udAsIna kaNa ) bhinna-bhinna saMkhyAoM meM inake milane se bane haiN| isa bAta se 'snigdharukSAtvAdbaMdha : ' sUtra kI prAmANikatA sampUrNa rUpa se siddha ho jAtI hai / jaba snigdha athavA rukSa kaNoM kI saMkhyA bar3hAnI par3atI hai to use 'pUraNa' kriyA kahate haiM aura jaba ghaTAnI par3atI hai taba use 'galana' kriyA kahate haiM / ataH isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki Ajakala ke vaijJAnika vizleSaNa ke ThIka anukUla jainAcAryoM ne isa vilakSaNa 'pudgala' zabda kA prayoga apane granthoM meM bahuta varSoM pahale kiyA thaa| jise hama galana kriyA kahate haiM yUreniyama aura reDiyama nAma ke padArthoM meM svataH hI svAbhAvika rUpa se hotI rahatI hai aura naye padArthoM kA janma hotA hai / yUreniyama kI eka DalI meM alphA, bITA, gAmA kiraNeM abAdha gati se nirantara nikalatI rahatI haiM aura lagabhaga 2 araba varSoM meM yUreniyama kI AdhI DalI reDiyama meM parivartita ho jAtI hai| yahI galana kI pratikriyA reDiyama meM bhI rAta-dina huA karatI hai / reDiyama kI eka DalI kA AdhA bhAga lagabhaga 6 hajAra varSoM meM sIse ( laiDa) meM parivartita ho jAtA hai / vaijJAnikoM ne isI prakriyA ko kRtrima rUpa se prayogazAlAoM meM utpanna kiyA hai / isa kriyA meM atizIghragAmI nyUTrona kaNoM ko golI ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / ina goliyoM se jaba kisI paramAra para prahAra kiyA jAtA hai taba usa paramAtu kA hRdaya vidIrNa ho jAtA hai / paramANu kA rUpAntara ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra se vaijJAnikoM ne nAiDrojana ko oNksIjana meM, soDiyama ko maeNgneziyama meM, maigneziyama ko elyUmIniyama meM, elyUmIniyama ko silIkana meM, silIkana ko phAsa. phorasa meM, bairIliyama ko kArbana meM badala kara dikhA diyA hai / isase pudgala zabda kI vyAkhyA pUrNa rUpa se satya siddha hotI hai / sabase Azcaryajanaka ghaTanA pAre ko sone meM parivartita karane kI hai / pAre kA aNu bhAra 200 hai aura proTona kA bhAra 1 hai / jaba gare ke paramANu para proTona kA AghAta hotA hai to pUraNa kriyA ke dvArA 201 bhAra kA paramANu banA jAtA hai| aba isa paramANu para nyUTrona kI golI dvArA prahAra kiyA jAtA hai to usameM se galita hokara eka alphA kaNa bAhara nikala AtA hai| alphA kaNa kA bhAra 4 hai| 201 meM se 4 kama huye to 197 bhAra kA paramANu raha jAtA hai | sone kA astu bhAra 197 hai / dUsare zabdoM meM pUraNa aura galana kI pratikriyAoM ke dvArA pAre kA paramANu sonA bana gayA / ( sonA banAne kI yaha vidhi bahuta mahaMgI par3atI 276

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hai)| yahAM para hameM yAda AtA hai ki navIM zatAbdI meM nAlandA ( bihAra ) vizvavidyAlaya ke eka vidyArthI nAgArjuna ne yaha ghoSaNA kI thI ki maiM pAre kA sonA banAkara duniyAM kI daridratA ko dUra kara dUMgA / usakI bhaviSyavANI to pUrI ho gaI, kintu daridratA kA vinAza abhI bahuta dUra hai / vigata 10 varSoM se paramANu kI eka aura tasvIra vijJAna jagata meM ubhara rahI hai, jise paramANu kA kvArka maoNDala kahA jA rahA hai| isa kvArka kI amerikA aura anya dezoM meM hara tarapha bar3I khoja ho rahI hai vAyu maNDala kI U~cAiyoM meM aura samudra kI gaharAiyoM meM; kintu lAkhoM AdamiyoM ke athaka prayAsa ke bAvajUda abhI taka yaha milA nahIM hai / kinhIM saiddhAntika kAraNoM se vaijJAnika isa bAta se sahamata nahIM haiM ki proTona, nyUTrona, ilekTrona astu ke mUlabhUta tatva haiN| unake vicAra meM yaha tInoM kisI aise padArtha ke saMyoga se bane haiM jise unane vArka kA nAma diyA hai / Age-pIche jaba isa kvArka kI khoja ho jAyegI to yahI kvArka jainoM kA pudgala hogA / kitanI vilakSaNa bAta hai ki vaijJAnikoM ne kvArka ko SaTkoNI mAnA hai aura jainoM ne apane pudgala paramANu ko 'gomaTTasAra' meM SaTkoNI kahA hai| hameM apane pUrva AcAryoM ke isa jJAna para garva hai| unhoMne aja se hajAroM varSa pUrva yaha bAta batalAI thI ki tApa, prakAza aura vidyuta jo zakti ke rUpa haiM, pudgala kA sthUla sUkSma rUpa hai / yahI bAta Age calakara san 1905 meM saMsAra ke mahAna vaijJAnika AinsaTAina ne btaaii| unhoMne itanA batalAyA ki 3000 Tana patthara ke koyale ko jalAne se jitanI uSmA utpanna hotI hai, yadi use ekatrita karake taulanA sambhava ho to usakA taula 1 grAma hogA / paramANu kI kahAnI yahAM samApta hotI hai / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra yaha loka chaH dravvoM kA samudAya hai, arthAt yaha brahmANDa chaH padArthoM se banA hai - - jIva, ajIva (maiTara eNDa enarjI), dharma (mIDiyama oNpha mozana) vaha mAdhyama jisameM hokara prakAza kI lahareM eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka pahu~catI haiM, adharma ( mIDiyama oNpha resTa) yAnI phIlDa oNpha phorsa, AkAza aura kAla (TAima) | jaina graMthoM meM jahAM-jahAM dharma dravya kA ullekha AyA hai vahAM dharma zabda kA eka vizeSa pAribhASika artha meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yahAM dharma kA artha na to karttavya hai aura na usakA abhiprAya satya, ahiMsA Adi satkAryoM se hai / 'dharma' zabda kA artha hai eka adRzya, arUpI (nona maTIriyala) mAdhyama jisameM hokara jIvAdi bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke padArtha evaM UrjA gati karate haiM / yadi hamAre aura tAroM ke boca meM yaha mAdhyama nahIM hotA to vahA~ se AnevAlA prakAza, jo laharoM ke rUpa meM dharma dravya ke mAdhyama se hama taka pahu~catA hai, vaha nahIM A sakatA thA aura ye saba tAre adRzya ho jAte / yaha mAdhyama vizva ke kone-kone meM aura paramANu ke bhItara bharA par3A hai / yaha dravya nahIM hotA to brahmANDa meM kahIM bhI gati najara nahIM AtI / yaha eka sarvamAnya siddhAnta hai ki kisI bhI vastu ke sthAyitva ke liye usakI zakti avicala rahanI cAhiye / yadi usakI zakti zanaiH zanaiH naSTa hotI jAya yA bikharatI jAya to kAlAntara meM usa vastu kA astitva hI samApta ho jaayegaa| isa brahmANDa ko kucha loga to aisA mAnate haiM ki isakA nirmANa Aja se kucha araba varSa pahale kisI nizcita tithi para huaa| dUsarI mAnyatA yaha hai ki yaha brahmANDa anAdi kAla se aisA hI calA A rahA hai aura aisA hI calatA rhegaa| AinsaTAina kA vizva sambandhI belana (siliNDara ) siddhAnta meM isI prakAra kI mAnyatA hai / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra yaha brahmANDa tIna dizAoM ( lambAI, caur3AI aura UMcAI) meM siliMDara kI taraha sImita hai kintu sImA kI dizA meM ananta hai / dUsare zabdoM meM hamArA brahmANDa ananta kAla se eka sImita piNDa kI bhAMti vidyamAna hai / 277

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vaise to agara hama yaha socane lage ki ye AsamAna aura loka anAdi kAla taka sthAyI banA rahatA hai| kitanA UMcA hogA, to usakI sImA kI koI kalpanA yadi vizva kI zakti zanaiH zanaiH ananta AkAza meM phaila nahIM kI jA sktii| hamArA mana kabhI yaha mAnane ko jAtI to eka dina isa loka kA astitva hI miTa taiyAra nahIM hogA ki koI aisA sthAna bhI hai jisake Age jAtA / isI sthAyitva ko kAyama rakhane ke liye AkAza nahIM hai| jaina zAstroM meM bhI vizva ko anAdi AinsaTAina ne karvecara oNpha spesa kI kalpanA kii| ananta batAyA hai aura usake do vibhAga kara diye haiM- isa mAnyatA ke anusAra AkAza ke jisa bhAga meM jitanA eka kA nAma 'loka' rakhA hai. jisameM sUrya, candramA adhika pudgala dravya (maiTara) bidyamAna rahatA hai usa sthAna tAre Adi sabhI padArtha gabhita haiM aura isakA Ayatana para AkAza utanA hI adhika gola ho jAtA hai| isa 343 ghanarajjU hai| AinsaTAina ne bhI loka kA kAraNa brahmANDa kI sImAyeM golAIdAra haiM / zakti jaba Ayatana ghana-mIloM meM diyA hai| eka mIla lambA, eka brahmANDa kI gola sImAoM se TakarAtI hai taba usakA mIla cauDA aura eka mIla UMce AkAza khaNDa ko eka parAvartana ho jAtA hai aura vaha brahmANDa se bAhara nahIM ghanamIla kahate haiN| isI prakAra eka rajju lambI, eka nikala pAtI / isa prakAra brahmANDa kI zakti akSuNNa rajju caur3I aura eka rajju Uce AkAza khaNDa ko eka banI rahatI hai aura isa taraha vaha ananta kAla taka ghanarajju kahate haiM AinsaTAina ne brahmANDa kA Ayatana calatI rahatI hai|| 1037x1063 ghanamIla vatAyA hai arthAt 1037 livakara usake Age 63 bindu lagAne se jo saMkhyA pudgala kI vidyamAnatA se AkAza kA gola ho banegI (kula aMkoM kI saMkhyA 67) utane ghanamIla vizva jatana dhanamola vizva jAnA eka aise lohe kI golI hai jise nigalanA AsAna kA Ayatana hai| isako 343 ke sAtha samIkaraNa karane nhiiN| AinsaTAina ne isa brahmANDa ko ananta kAla para eka rajju 15 hajAra zaMkha mIla ke barAbara taka sthAyI rUpa dene ke liye aisI anUThI kalpanA kii| hotA hai| dUsarI ora jainAcAryoM ne isa masale ko yU kahakara / / hala kara diyA ki jisa mAdhyama meM hokara vastuoM, brahmANDa ke dUsare bhAga ko 'aloka' kahA gayA hai| jIvoM aura zakti kA gamana hotA hai, loka se pare vaha loka se pare sImA ke bandhanoM se rahita yaha alokAkAza haiM hI nhiiN| yaha bar3I yuttisaMgata aura buddhigamya bAta hai| loka ko cAroM ora se ghere haye hai| yahAM AkAza ke jisa prakAra jala ke abhAva meM koI machalI tAlAba kI sivAya jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura kAla kisI sImA se bAhara nahIM jA sakatI, usI prakAra loka se dravya kA astitva nahIM hai| aloka meM zakti kA gamana Ithara ke abhAva ke kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA / jaina zAstroM kA dharma dravya maiTara yA Ithara loka aura aloka ke bIca kI sImA kA nirdhAraNa ke abhAva ke kAraNa nahIM ho sktaa| jaina zAstroM kA karanevAlA dharma dravya arthAta 'Ithara' hai| cUki loka dharma dRdhya maiTara yA enarjI nahIM hai, kinta sAinsavAle kI sImA se pare Ithara kA abhAva hai isa kAraNa loka Ithara ko eka sUkSma podgalika mAdhyama mAnate A meM vidyamAna koI bhI jIva yA padArtha apane sUkSma-se- rahe haiM aura anekAneka prayogoM dvArA usake paudgalika sakSma rUpa meM arthAta enarjI ke rUpa meM bhI loka kI astitva ko siddha karane kI ceSTA kara rahe haiM, kintu somA se bAhara nahIM jA sakatA / isakA anivArya ve Aja taka isa dizA meM saphala nahIM ho pAye haiN| pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki vizva ke samasta padArtha aura hamArI dRSTi se isakA ekamAtra kAraNa yaha hai ki Ithara usakI sampUrNa zakti loka ke bAhara nahIM bikhara sakatI arUpI padArtha hai / kahIM to vaijJAnikoM ne Ithara ko havA 278

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se bhI patalA mAnA hai aura kahIM sTIla se bhI adhika kI Ayu 4 araba 60 karor3a varSa nizcita hotI hai| majabUta / aise paraspara virodhI guNa vaijJAnikoM kA Ithara sRSTi kI Ayu se abhiprAya yaha hai ki Aja jisa rUpa meM pAye jAte haiM aura cUMki prayogoM ke dvArA ve usake meM hama sRSTi ko dekha rahe haiM vaha rUpa lagabhaga sAr3he cAra astitva ko siddha nahIM kara sake haiM isaliye AvazyakatA- araba varSa purAnA hai / nusAra ve kabhI usake astitva ko svIkAra kara lete haiM aura kabhI inkAra / vAstavikatA yahI hai jo jainAgama sRSTi kI utpatti kisa prakAra huI ? vijJAna ke meM batalAI gaI hai ki Ithara eka arUpI dravya hai jo kSetra meM isa sambandha meM mukhya do siddhAnta haiM-(1) brahmANDa ke pratyeka kaNa meM samAyA haA hai aura jisameM mahAna Akasmika visphoTa kA siddhAnta, aura (2) satata se hokara jIva aura pudagala kA gamana hotA hai| yaha utpatti kA siddhAnta / Ithara dravya preraNAtmaka nahIM hai, yAnI kisI jIva yA mahAna Akasmika visphoTa kA siddhAnta jise sana pudgala ko calane kI preraNA nahIM karatA varan svayaM 1922 meM rUsI vaijJAnika DA0 phaiDamaina ne janma diyA, calanevAle jIva yA pudagala kI gati meM sahAyaka hinduoM kI kalpanA se mela khAtA hai / jisake anusAra jAtA hai, jaise aiMjina ke calane meM rela kI paTarI (lAineM) brahmANDa kA janma hiraNya garbha (sone kA aNDA) se sahAyaka haiM / isa dravya ke binA kisI dravya kI gati huaa| sonA dhAtuoM meM saba se bhArI hai / dUsare zabdoM sambhava nahIM hai| meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jisa padArtha se vizva kI aba hama pAThakoM ko vizva kI utpatti ke sambandha racanA huI hai vaha bahata bhArI thaa| usakA ghanatva saba meM kucha bAteM batAte haiM-hindaoM ke saMkalpa mantra ke se adhika thA / bar3hate-bar3hate yahI aNDA vizvarUpa ho anusAra isa pRthvI kA janma Aja se 1 araba 97 karoDa gayA / 29 lAkha 49 hajAra 76 varSa pUrva huA / saMkalpa maMtra amerikA ke prophesara candrazekhara ne gaNita ke AdhAra isa prakAra hai-o'm tatsat brahmaNe dvitAye parAddha, para batalAyA hai ki vizva racanA ke prArambha meM padArtha zrI zveta vArAha kalpe, vaivasvata manvantare aSTA kA ghanatva lagabhaga 160 Tana prati ghana iMca thaa| jabaki viMzatitame yuge, kaliyuge, kali prathama caraNe ityAdi / ' 1 ghana iMca sone kA tola kevala 5 chaTAMka hotA hai| (saMkalpa mantra meM se sRSTi samvat kI yaha saMkhyA dUsare zabdoM meM vaha padArtha atyanta bhArI thaa| kisa prakAra nikalatI hai, lekha kA kalevara bar3ha jAne ke bhaya se hama yahA~ batalAnA ucita nahIM samajhate / ) Ajakala ke vaijJAnika isa prazna para do samudAyoM meM ba~Te huye haiM-eka vaha jinakA mata hai ki yaha brahmANDa kucha samaya pUrva sAinsa kI bhI yahI dhAraNA thI anAdikAla se aparivartita rUpa meM calA A rahA hai aura ki pRthvI kA janma lagabhaga 2 araba varSa pUrva huA, kintu dUsarA vaha jo yaha vizvAsa karate haiM ki Aja se aba yaha mAnyatA badala gaI hai| eka mAnyatA aisI hai anumAnataH 10 yA 20 araba varSa pUrva eka mahAna ki pRthvI ke prazAnta mahAsAgara se candramA kA janma Akasmika visphoTa ke dvArA isa vizva kA janma huaa| huaa| amRta-maMthana kI kathA meM isI bAta kA saMketa hAiDrojana gaisa kA eka bahuta bar3A dhadhakatA huA babUlA milatA hai| jaba candramA pRthvI se pRthak huA to usakI akasmAta phaTa gayA aura usakA sArA padArtha cAroM gati bhinna thI aura yaha gati aba ghaTa gaI hai aura jisa dizAoM meM dUra-dUra taka chiTaka par3A aura Aja bhI vaha reTa se yaha ghaTa rahI hai usakA hisAba lagAne se sRSTi padArtha hama se dUra jAtA huA dikhAI de rahA hai /

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brahmANDa kI sImA para jo kvaisara nAma ke tAraka piMDoM isa samaya inameM se koI sA bhI siddhAnta sampUrNa rUpa se kI khoja huI hai jo sUrya se bhI 10 karor3a gunA adhika vastu sthiti kA varNana nahIM krtaa|" camakIle haiM, hama se itanI tejI se dUra bhAge jA rahe haiM ki inase Akasmika visphoTa ke siddhAnta kI puSTi isa sambandha meM hama saMsAra ke mahAna vaijJAnika hotI hai bhAgane kI gati 70.000 se 150.000 mIla pro0 AinsaTAina kA siddhAnta Upara varNana kara cuke haiM, prati sekiNdd)| kintu bhAgane kI yaha kriyA eka dina jisake anusAra yaha saMsAra anAdi ananta siddha samApta ho jAyegI aura yaha sArA padArtha pUnaH pIche hotA hai| kI ora girakara eka sthAna para ekatrita ho jAyegA vizva kI utpatti ke sambandha meM lekha kA niSkarSa aura visphoTa kI punarAvRtti hogii| isa sampUrNa kriyA yaha nikalatA hai ki mahAna Akasmika visphoTa siddhAnta meM 80 araba varSa lageMge kSaura isa prakAra ke visphoTa ke a ke anusAra isa brahmANDa kA prArambha eka aise visphoTa ananta kAla taka hote raheMge / jainAAryoM ne ise pariNamana ke rUpa meM huA, jaisA AtizabAjI ke anAra meM hotA kI kriyA kahA hai / isameM SaTaguNI hAni vRddhi hAtI hai| anAra kA visphoTa to kevala eka hI dizA meM rahatI hai| hotA hai| yaha visphoTa saba dizAoM meM haA aura jisa prakAra visphoTa ke padArtha punaH usI bindu kI ora gira - dUsarA pramukha siddhAnta satat utpatti kA siddhAnta hai jisa apAravatanazIla avasthA kA siddhAnta bhI kahA par3ate haiM. isa visphoTa meM bhI aisA hI hogA / sArA brahmANDa puna: aNDe ke rUpa meM saMkucita ho jAyegA / puna: jAtA hai / isake anusAra yaha brahmANDa eka ghAsa ke visphoTa hogA aura isa prakAra kI punarAvRtti hotI kheta ke samAna hai jahA~ purAne ghAsa ka tinake marate rahate rhegii| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra bhI brahmANDa kI haiM aura usake sthAna para naye tinake janma lete rahate hai| utpatti zUnya meM se nahIM huii| padArtha kA rUpa cAhe jo pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki ghAsa ke kheta kI AkRti sadA rahA ho, isakA astitva anAdi ananta hai| eka-sI banI rahatI hai| yaha siddhAnta jaina dharma ke 'ha siddhAnta se adhika mela khAtA hai / jisake anusAra isa dUsarA siddhAnta satata utpatti kA hai| isakI to jagata kA na to koI nimANa karanevAlA hai aura na yaha mAnyatA hai hI ki brahmANDa rUpI camana anAdi kAla .. kitI kAla vizeSa meM isakA janma huaa| yaha anAdi se aisA hI calA A rahA hai aura calatA rhegaa| isa kaa| se esA hI calA A rahA hai aura ananta kAla siddhAnta ko AinsaTAina kA AzIrvAda bhI prApta hai / taka aisA hI calatA rahagA / hamArI mAnyatA gItA ko ataeva jagata utpatti ke sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kA usa mAnyatA ke anukUla hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai - siddhAnta solahoM Ane pUrA utaratA hai| "na kartRtva na karmANi, na lokasya sRjati prabhu / " isa lekha kI samApti hama yaha kahakara kara rahe haiM ema0 AI0 TI0 (amarIkA) ke DA0 philipa ki 343 ghana rajju isa loka meM ilekTrona, proTIna ora norIsana isa sambandha ma kahate haiM-"jyotiSiyoM ne nyUTrona Adi mUlabhUta kaNoM kI saMkhyA 107 se lekara jo aba taka parIkSaNa kiye haiM unake AdhAra para yaha 10deg taka hai, arthAt 1 kA aMka likhakara 73 yA 75 nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki khagola utpatti ke bindu lagAne se yaha saMkhyA bnegii| bhinna-bhinna siddhAntoM meM se kaunasA siddhAnta sahI hai| aNuraNoyAna mahatomahIyAna 280

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bhiin Uini-bini bi ga saJIU menter * vartamAna vaijJAnika AdhAroM para huI khojoM ke vijJAna para prakAzita ho cuke haiM / ye lekha satahI saMdarbha meM abhinava avadhi meM aneka lekha jaina gaNita evaM athavA sAhityika nahIM haiM, kintu eka vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa 1. (a) Datta B. B., The Jaina School of Mathematics, Bull. Cal. Maths. Soc., 21 (1929) pp. 115-145. (a) Datta B. B., Mathematics of Nemicandra, The Jaina Antiquary, Arrah, 1, no. ii (1935) pp. 25-44. (#) Singh A. N., Mathematics of Dhavala - I, Satkhandagama, book iv, edited by Dr. H. L. Jain and others, Amaraoti, 1942. pp, v- xxi. (a) Singh, A. N., History of Mathematics in India from Jaina Sources, The Jaina Antiqary, 15, no. ii, (1949), pp. 46-53; and 16, no. ii (1950), pp. 54-69. The Central Jaina Oriental Library, Arrah. (6) Jain, L. C., Tiloapannatti ka Ganita, Reprinted from introduction to Jambu Divapannatli Samgaho, Jivaraj Granthamala. Sholapur, 1958, pp. 1-109. (*) Jain L. C., On the Jaina School of Mathematics, Babu Chotelal Jaina Smriti Grantha, Calcutta, 1967, pp. 265-292. (*) Jain, L. F., Set Theory in Jaina School of Mathematics, I. J. H. S. vol, 8, no. 1, 1973, pp 1-27. (a) Jain, L. C., The Kinematic Motion of astral real and counter Bodies in Trilok asara, I. J. H. S., vol. II, no. 1, 1976, pp. 58-74. () Das, S. R., The Jaina Calendar, The Jaina Antiquary, Arrah, vol. 3, no. ii, sep. 1973, pp. 31-36

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apanAkara prastuta kiye gaye haiN| valodI ne zrIdhara TIkAkAra bhAskara prathama kI TIkA meM pUrvavartI prAkRta tathA mahAvIrAcArya para vizeSa zodha lekha likhe haiN| grathoM kI AryAoM aura gAthAoM ko khojA hai / agravAla sikadAra ke lekhoM meM jahA~ darzana aura vijJAna ko yathA- kA zodha prabandha vistRta rUpa meM jaina gaNita aura jyotiSa yogya maryAdAoM taka vistRta kara navInatA prakhara uThI kI jAnakArI detA hai| isa prakAra aba taka jo kArya hai, vahA~ mahendra kumAra evaM jaina ke lekhoM meM itihAsa, ho cUkA hai vaha naI zodha dizAoM kI ora iMgita gaNita evaM vijJAna ke vibhinna pahaluoM ko saMyukta kSetroM karatA hai tathA vibhinna vidyA ke kendroM meM jaina gaNitakI khoja prastuta kI gayI hai| datta aura siMha ne vijJAna meM zodha hetu yathocita prabandha karAne kI ora buniyAdI kArya kiyA hai gaNita itihAsa kA, tathA guptA preraNA detA hai| dhyAna rahe ki yaha saba zodha mukhyata: ne gaNita itihAsa kI ajJAta gaharAiyoM meM pahaMca kI hai| aise sthAnoM meM haA hai jahA~ jaina natha kendra nahIM haiM ata: ye lizka evaM zarmA ne jaina jyotiSa ke gaNitAnuyoga para aneka graMthoM ke abhAva meM hue haiN| gommaTasAra di grayoM kArya kiyA hai tathA sarasvatI ne prAkRta graMthoM ke gaNita kI vRhad TIkAoM kI sAmagrI meM paMDita ToDaramala dvArA para abhivyaMjanA kI hai| zuklA ne AryabhaTTa prathama ke bar3A aMzadAna hai aura ukta prAyaH 3000 pRSThoM kI (gha) Shastri, N. C., Bhartiya Jyotisa ka Posaka Jaina Jyotisa. Varni Abhinan dana Grantha, Saugor, 1962, pp. (ca) Sikdara, J.C., Jaina Atomic Theory, I. J. H. S., 5.2 (1970), pp. 197-218. (0) Shukla, K. S. Hindu Mathematics in the seventh century as found in Bhaskara I's commentary on Aryabhatiya (iv), Ganita, vo'. 23, Dec, 1972, no. 2, ____pp. 41-50. (a) Gupta. R. C., Circumference of the Jambudvipa in Jaina Cosmography, vol. 10, no. 1. 1975, 38-46. (1) Volodarsky, A. I., Articles on Sridhara and Mahavira, Fiziko matematicheskie nauki V stranakh vostoka 1 (1966) and 2 (1969). Ci. also a special chapter on India, History of Mathematics from the earliest Times to the Beginning of the 19th Century, vol. I, edited by A. P. Yushkevich (Moscow 1970-1972). (T) Lishk S. S., and Sharma S. D., The Evolution of Measures in Jain Astronomy, Tirthankar, vol 1, nos. 7-12, Jul.-Dec. 1975. pp. 83-92. (8) Jain, L. C., Aryabhata the Astronomer and Yativrsabha, the Cosmographer, ibid, pp. 102-106. (Da) pramukha zodha prabandhoM meM mukuTa bihArI agravAla dvArA prastuta, "gaNita evaM jyotiSa ke vikAsa meM jainAcAryoM kA yogadAna" AgarA vizvavidyAlaya, 1972 hai, tathA lizka, sajjanasiMha dvArA jaina jyotiSa-bedAMgottara evaM helenayugapUrva, nAmaka zodha prabandha paMjAba vizvavidyAlaya meM akTUbara '76 meM prastuta hone jA rahA hai| mahAvIrarAja gelar3A dvArA bhI rasAyana vijJAna meM zodha agrasara hai| 282

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sAmagrI zodha chAtroM hetu zIghra hI chapAnA aba ati itihAsa sambandhI gaNita jyotiSa evaM karmagaNita Avazyaka pratIta ho rahA hai| siddhAnta kI zodhajaina laukika gaNita evaM jyotiSa ko (vyAvahA- isa lekha meM hama mukhyataH lokottara gaNita-vijJAna rika) gaNita rUpa meM mahAvIrAcArya, zrIdharAcArya tathA zodha kA vivaraNa prastuta kareMge / lokottara gaNitAdi ke rAjAditya Thakkara pherU ne vikasita kiyA / jyotiSa ke pramANa yUnAna, bhArata aura cIna meM bebilanIya srota ke gaNita ko vikasita karane meM pramukha rUpa se kAlakAcArya, kucha aMza lekara prakaTa hue haiM, jinameM ravAnI lAne kA haribhadra, candralekha, mahendra sUrI, labdhacandra gaNi ke zreya varddhamAna mahAvIrakAlIna muni maMDala ko hai aMzadAna bhI ullekhanIya haiN| jinake aMzadAna pazcima aura pUrva ke ucca mastipkoM ke lie preraNA evaM kautUhala kI vastu bana gaye / yaha uparokta laukika rUpa lokottara gaNita-jyotiSa se nizcata hai ki mahAvIra pUrva paramparAoM kI abhilekhabhinna rUpa se vikasita huA pratIta hotA hai| vizeSakara baddha sAmagrI mizra, cIna, bebilina, sumeru Adi sthaloM karma-siddhAnta sambandhI gaNita ko vikasita karane ke para jisa rUpa meM upalabdha hai vaha bhArata meM sindhu har3appA lie tiloya paNNattI' jaise graMthoM meM AdhAra nirmita ke ajJAta rUpa meM dikhAI detI hai, kintu una sabhI meM kiyA gayA hai| SaTakhaMDAgama ke prathama pA~ca khaMDoM meM vaha zakti nahIM thI ki ve vizva kI mahAvIrakAlIna bhUmikA DAlI gayI hai tathA mahAbandha graMthoM meM bandha jAgati kI jyoti meM naye gaNita kA udabhava kara skeN| tattva kA nirUpaNa rAzi siddhAnta ke Azraya se kiyA isI hetu itihAsa kA yaha pakSa ubhAranA zreyaskara gayA hai| punaH kasAya pAhaha' meM upazama aura kSapaNA ke hogA ki karma siddhAnta kA nirmANa karane meM jisa gaNita gaNitIya rUpa kA nikhAra hai| ina grathoM ke sAra vidyA kI AvazyakatA huI vaha lokopakArI pravatti ko rUpa evaM TIkA rUpa grathoM meM tathA itara zvetAmvara lekara huI tathA use unnata karane meM vizva ke pratyeka kAryAdi graMthoM meM gaNita vijJAna kI sAmagrI itihAsa bhAga meM vibhinna gaNita kI zAkhAe~ prasphuTita hotI calI tathA prayoga evaM vizleSaNa zodha kArya hetu advitIya hai| gyiiN| alaukika preraNA kA srota bhArata, yUnAna tathA 2. gommaTasAra, labdhisAra evaM kSapaNAsAra, (vR. tIna TIkAoM sahita), gAMdhI haribhAI devakaraNa graMthamAlA, kalakattA, 1919 / inameM paM ToDaramala kRtaM samyaqajJAna candrikA TIkA hai jisameM artha saMdRSTi adhikAra alaga se diye gaye haiN| 3. dekhiye, nemicandra zAstrI, bhAratIya jyotiSa, jJAnapITha, vArANasI, 1970 pR. 125-160 / 4. tiloya paNNattI bhAga 1 (1943), tathA bhAga 2 (1952), zolApura / 5. SaTkhaNDAgama, (dhavala TIkA sa.) bhAga 1-16, DA. hIrAlAla Adi, (amarAvatI vidizA 1939 1959) 6. mahAbaMdha, bhAga 1-7, jJAnapITha-kAzI (paM. su. caM. divAkara evaM paM. phU. caM. siddhAntazAstrI dvArA sampAdita), 1947-:958 7. kasAyapAhuDa-sUtra aura cUNi anuvAdAdi, paM. hIrAlAla si. zA. kalakattA-1955 / mAtha hI, kasAya pAhuDa (jayadhavala TIkA), mathurA 1944 Adi / 8. dekhiye, B. L. Vander Waerden, Science Awakening, Holland. 19451 283

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rUpoM kA kR cIna rahA, kintu ahiMsA aura satya ke citraNa jisa rUpa meM varddhamAnakAlIna bhArata meM huA, tathA unakI vicAradhArA meM huA vaha anyatra upalabdha mahAhe niy keke gaNita itihAsakAra bhale hI aise srota kI upasthiti kI parikalpanA bebilana meM kyoM na kareM kintu gaNitIya vidhiyoM meM AmUla-mUla parivartana prAkRta thoM meM hI - nyAyAyika samanvaya lie, paryApta rUpa meM AvazyakIya kAraNoM se huA dRSTigata hotA hai / karmAsa meM hI anAdi ananta viSayaka dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva rAziyA~, unake alpa- bahutva, unakA Adi salagA gaNana, unakA vaizleSika adhyayana vikiyA gayA hai| sarvAdhika rahasya usa itihAsa kAma krAMtikArI sisTama siddhAnta ke tathyoM ko karmo ke sAmayika vilakSaNa parivartanoM meM prakaTa karatA hai / ka jahA~ iTalI meM jIno (460 I. pU.) ke anaMtakANA vibhAjyatA sambandhI tarka vismaya aura kautUhala utpanna kA karate haiM tathA yUnAniyoM ko ananta kI gaNanA se kara 10 bhayabhIta karate haiM, " tathA jahA~ cIna meM 'huI ziha' (pAMcavI se sahasambaddha pratIta hote haiM vahA~ prAkRta graMthoM meM ve siddhAnta rUpa se upacArita sadI 6 pU.) ke asadbhAsa I. 11 TSH F kiye jAkara dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI prarUpaNA JETE 2 kA AdhAra banate haiM / (ghavala pu. 3 evaM 4 ) / kaNAda se prAyaH 200 varSa pUrva jahA~ umAsvAti ne pudgala paramANu aura usake avibhAgI praticcheda (zakti- aMzoM) kI carcA kI hai vahA~ usI AdhAra para sImita kSetra meM ananta-vibhAjyatA kA khaNDana karane vAle jInoM ke tarka aura moziMga (370 I. pU.) kI bindu paribhASA sahasambandhita pratIta hote haiM / 13 avibhAgI samaya sambandhI prakaraNa jInoM ke aMtima do tarkoM kA viSaya banate haiN| prAkRta graMthoM meM aneka prakAra ke avibhAgI praticcheda yathArtha anantoM ke itihAsa kA nirmANa karate haiM tathA aneka prakAra ke dravyAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka, kAlAtmaka evaM kSetrAtmaka anantoM ke alpa- bahutva ko dekara itihAsa meM amaratva pradAna karate haiN| (ye prakaraNa dhavala pu. 3 tathA 4 meM tathA mahAbandha granthoM meM vizeSa rUpa se nirvacanIta kiye gaye hai|) anantoM ke alpabahutva ke prakaraNa yUropa meM punaH gaililiyo (1564-1642) kI eka-eka saMvAda carcAoM meM prakaTa hote haiM 14 tathA jArja keNTara (18451958) ke jIvana bhara ke athaka aTUTa, dussAhasapUrNa prayAsoM meM janma lete haiM 15 tathA vRkSa rUpa meM pallavita hote haiN| usake phalasvarUpa prAyaH 25 varSa se prasphuTita hue sisTama sAyavanaeNTika siddhAnta haiM jinheM karma siddhAnta dekhiye, mahAvIrAcArya - gaNita sAra saMgraha - prastAvanA, zolApura 1963 / 10. T. Heath, Greek History of Mathematics, vol. I (1921) pp. 275 et seq. 11. Needham J. and Ling W., Science and Civilization in China, vol. 1, Cambridge, p. 144 (1954), vol. 3. (1959). 12. dekhie Ray, P. History of Chemistry in Ancient and Medieval India, Calcutta, 1956, pp. 46, 291, et seq. 19:15 dekhiye, nIdhama, bhAga 1, pR. 155 | dhavalA pustaka 3 tathA 4 bhI dekhie / Aja kA gaNita aparibhASita bindu ko lekara vyavahAra karatA hai| 14. Bell E. T., Development of Mathematics, 1945, p. 273. 15. Fraenkel A. A., Abstract Set Theory, 1953, introduction. 284

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2. saMkhyAe~ likhane tathA vyakta karane meM dasAA~ Adi paddhatiyoM kA prayoga kA gaNita, navIna sAmagrI apane rAzi siddhAnta para AdhArita kara de skegii| 16 (dekhiye labdhisAra evaM ksspnnaasaar-vhdttiikaaeN|) jahAM jArja kenTara ko koI aisI AvazyakatA kA koI AdhAra nahIM thA vahA~ prAkRta graMthoM ke isa gaNita ko karma-siddhAnta pratipAdita karane kI kaThora AvazyakatA kA vizAla evaM gahana AdhAra thA / pariNAmoM kI atIba nirmalatA kA uddezya jagata itihAsa kI upekSA karane meM apane nAmoM ko chipAkara amara ho gayA / prAyaH pratyeka ghaTanA meM sAMtatA, anumAna aura abhibindutA prasthApita kara samAdhAna kara liyA jAtA hai| kintu asIma gaharAiyoM aura ananta UcAiyoM meM pahuMca karane hetu nabIna gaNitIya upakaraNoM kA AviSkAra karanA hotA hai-vaha Aja kI Adhunika jyAmiti aura bIjagaNita jinakA sahasambandha prAkRta graMthoM ke kSetroM aura bIjoM se karane parane para itihAsa ke pRSTha svaNima kie jA sakate haiN| 3. hrAsita guNya rAziyoM ke likhane meM sthAnArhA paddhati kA prayoga (a. saM.) ___4. salAgA gaNana kA upayoga (dhavala, pu. 3-4) 5. eka-eka, eka-bahu tathA bahu-bahu saMvAda vidhi kA prayoga (dhavala, pu.-3) 6. viralana-deya guNana tathA vargana saMvargana vidhiyoM kA prayoga (dhavala evaM tiloyapaNNattI) 7. kSetra prayoga vidhi tathA kAla prayoga vidhi kA upayoga (dhavala, pu. 3) 8. vargAdi sthAnoM meM khaNDita, bhAjita, varalita, apahrata, pramANa, kAraNa, nirukti evaM vikalpa vidhiyoM kA prayoga / dhavala, pu. 3, pR. 40, Adi) _spaSTa hai ki varddhamAna yuga meM eka navIna patha kI ora mor3a dene ke lie, sarvadaSTiyoM se Adarza ko taulane ke liye, bhArata tathA videzoM meM bhI pracalita laukika gaNitoM ko sAdhana rUpa meM avazya cunA gayA hogA / usameM navIna prasAdhana apane sAdhyoM ke AdhAra para AviSkRta kiye gaye hoMge aura yugAntara meM unakA pracalana puna:-punaH hAramonIya bhAvoM meM deza-dezAntaroM meM hotA cala gayA hogA / abhilekhabaddha sAmagrI se pratIta hotA hai ki navIna paddhatiyoM kA upayoga sambhavataH nimnarUpa meM vikasita huA hogA :-- 9. dhArAoM dvArA aneka anantAtmaka evaM asaMkhyA tmaka tathA saMkhyeya rAziyoM ke pada evaM padasthAnoM kA niruupnn|" (trilokasAra, pra. adhyAya ) 10. sUcyaMgula jagazreNi, aMtarmuhUrta, palya, sAgara, avibhAgI praticcheda, pradeza, samaya Adi ikAiyoM evaM saMkhyA tathA upamA mAnoM ke nirUpaNa aura tInoM loka ke khaMDoM dvArA vibhinna rAziyoM ke nirUpaNa / 1. vividha pratIkatva kA vikAsa (dekhie ti. pa. evaM a. saM.) 16. Kalman R. E., Falb, P. L. and Arbib M. A.. Topics in Mathematical System Theory, T M H, Bombay, 1969. 17. AcArya nemicaMdra si. ca., "trilokasAra" mAdhavacaMdra bhaividya kRta TIkA, bambaI, 1920 / 285

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11. 109800 gagana khaMDoM ke koNIya mApa tathA yojana ke dUrIya mApadvArA jyotiSa bimboM kA sthira evaM gatizIla pramANoM kA nirdhAraNa | 18 12. jyotiSa bimboM kA yugmIya vidhi se sammukha prasthApana kara gatizIla ghaTanAoM ke Akalana | kuMtala - dIrghavRttIya bimbagamanazIlatA eka kSetrIya siddhAnta / " kA uparokta AviSkAroM ko Thoka tithiyA~ nirdhAraNa karanA kaThina hai, kintu smRti maMda hone ke phalasvarUpa unakA uttarottara abhilekhana varddhamAna ke bAda kI prakriyA avazya pratIta hotI hai, jisakA zrRMkhalAbaddha prasphuTana Aja kA vizAlatama vaijJAnika gaNitIya sAhitya rUpa meM darzanIya hai / uparokta sAmagrI kA aMtima aitihAsika rUpa paMDita ToDaramala kRta gommaTasArAdi kI vRhada TIkAoM meM dRSTavya hai / 30 isameM unhoMne RRNa pratIka ke lie pA~ca cinhoM kA prayoga batalAyA hai / zUnya kA vibhinna arthoM meM pratIkabaddha upayoga hai / usameM salagA gaNana ke bhI prayoga haiM jinameM phalana ke phalana ke pratIka kI avadhAraNA ko vikasita karane kI ora asaphalatA milI pratIta hotI hai / yadi ve prayAsa isa ora bar3hate aura bhAratIya gaNita vidvAnoM kA jhukAva isa ora adhika hotA, to kucha zatAbdiyoM pUrva hI Aja kA yuga upasthita hotA aura yaha zreya bhArata ko yathocita miltaa| isameM prayukta hue kucha pratIka giranAra eva azoka kAla se pUrva ke zilAlekha kAlIna pratIna hote haiM / azoka ke pUrva ke bar3alI grAma ( ajamera) tathA nepAla kI tarAI ke 18. dekhiye 1 ( kha ) / 19. vahI / 20. dekhiye 2 21. dekhiye 1 (pha) / 22. nIdhama, bhAga 1, pR. 150 - 151 Adi / pripAbA nAmaka sthAna meM upalabdha sAmagrI meM jo 'I' kA cinha hai, usase RNa ( riNa athavA ri) ke lie prayukta cinhoM kA saMbaMdha saMbhavataH sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai / 21 (dekhiye, ojhA racita bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, pR. 2, 47, 1959 dillI) / jahA~ arastU (384 I. pU. se 322 I. pU.) AtmAoM kI zraddhi ke siddhAnta kA prarUpaNa karate haiM, vahA~ cIna meM aisA hI siddhAnta zuinatjU ( 298 I. pU. - 238 I. pU., Hsun Tzu yA Hsun Chhing) dvArA prarUpita kiyA gayA hai, aura yahI bhArata meM jIvoM ke mArgaNA sthAnAdi rUpa meM nirUpita hai / ( nIdhama, bhAga 1, pR. 155 ) / cIna se lekara yUnAna taka aisI avadhAraNAoM kA yugapat prakaTa honA itihAsa kI samasyA hai| isI prakAra candramA ke bar3hane ghaTane ke kAraNa samudroM ke nIce kI pAtAla vAyu kA phailanA ( ti pa bhAga 1, 4-2403, zolApura, 1943 ), cIna aura yUnAna meM kramaza: lU ziha cuna viu (cauthI se tIsarI zatAbdI I. pU. ) aura arastU dvArA candramA kI kalAdi ke kAraNa samudrI rIr3hahIna jantuoM ke phailane Adi kI carcA se samanvaya rakhatA pratIta hotA hai / ina tathyoM ke hajAroM mIla dUra phailanevAlA srota kahA~ thA yaha itihAsa kI samasyA hai 122 bhArata se eka aura pithegorasa ora dUsarI ora kanphyUzana (chaThI sadI 50 ) dvArA pazcima aura pUrva meM navIna pratibhA kA netRtva saMcAlana eka adbhuta krAMti ko prakaTa karatA hai / pithegorasa sambandhI aneka kiMva 286

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daMtiyA~ unake ahiMsA patha aura gaNitAdi ke vilakSaNa cIna tathA misra dezoM ke kalana se zreSTha hai| cIna meM jJAna ko batalAtI haiN| loka meM jIvasaMkhyA kI acalatA salagAgaNana (I. pU. 4thI zatAbdI meM), bhArata meM prAyaH ke AdhAra para janatA ko hiMsA tathA mAMsAhAra kI ora 6vIM sadI athavA katipaya grathoM (SaTa khaNDAgamAdi) meM se mor3akara zAkAhArI tathA hariyAlI rahita bhojana I. pazcAt 2rI sadI meM upalabdha haiM / jahA~ cIna meM kI ora pravRtta karane kA prayatna pithegorasa kI nijI varga aura ghanamala I. pa prathama sadI meM dRSTigata haiM vahA~ pratibhA kA dyotaka hai (E. T. Bell, Magic of SaTkhaNDAgama meM sImita kSetra meM sthiti pradeza binduoM kI Numbers, 1946, pp. 87, 88, 91,92) / saMkhyA kA bArahavA~ vargamUla nikAlane kA ullekha hai yadi koI sAdhAraNa srota yUnAna aura cIna ke madhya aura jisake tulya mAna kSetra, kAla, bhAva meM pradatta haiM / rahA, to aise prakaraNa cIna meM kanphyUzasa yA tAo kAla cIna meM jyAmitIya sAmagrI I. pU. tRtIya sadI meM upalabdha meM dRSTigata honA caahie| nIdhama ke anusAra bauddha dharma hai, vahIM tiloyapaNNattI meM pAMcavI sadI tathA itara graMthoM kA cIna meM prathama praveza I. pazcAt 65 meM huA jisake meM I. pU. bhI dRSTigata hai| jahAM cIna meM prAya: 1000 varSa prAyaH 100 varSa pazcAt prathama sUtroM kA cInI bhASA meM pUrva bIjagaNita tathA jyAmiti kI mUlabhUta tAdAtmya loyAMga meM anuvAda prArambha haA / (nIghama, bhAga 1, prakaTa hai vahAM dhavala (9vIM sadI) tathA alakhvArijnI pR. 112) / misra deza kI jAgRti kA kAla bhI prAyaH (9 vIM sadI) meM dRSTavya hai| cIna meM kUTa sthiti ke yahI hai, jabaki sAyaTika yuga (663-525 I.) meM vahA~ prayoga bhI prAkRta graMthoM meM upalabdha haiN| isI prakAra ahiMsaka kUphU kAlIna prAcIna paramparAoM kA akasmAta ani ta vizleSaNa suna tjU (4thI sadI) tathA prAkRta anusaraNa prArambha haA thA aura narasiMha (Sphinx) graMthoM meM dRSTigata hai| pratIka punaH pUjA kI vastu bana gayA thaa| sambhavataH yahI AkarSaNa pithegorasa ke pUrva deza bhramaNa kA kAraNa banA lokottara gaNita vijJAna meM jyotiSa bimboM kI hogA / saMkhyA kA nirdhAraNa, unakI gamanazIlatA, sumeru se durI, citrAtala se UcAI, bimboM ke AkAra, tathA mApa, avibhAgI pudgala paramANu ke AdhAra para paribhASita Adi vividha prakAra kI sAmagrI vikasita kI gyii| vindra ke prayoga meM vIrasena dvArA katipaya navIna vidhiyoM ina prAcIna tatvoM ko hajAroM varSoM se aparivartita kA upayoga prakaTa huA hai| inameM se nizzeSaNa vidhi rakhA gayA (ti.pa.,pa. 16-17) / yanAna se ye vidhiyA~ vizeSa rUpa se mahattvapUrNa hai| isake dvArA zaMku ke atyaMta bhinna haiM / samacchinnaka kA ghanaphala nikAlA gayA hai / isase kA mAna nikAlane ke aise sUtra kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai karma siddhAnta ke gaNita kA itihAsa vigata 25 jo cIna meM tsu zuga-cihna (prAyaH pA~cavI sadI varSa ke vizva vijJAna meM prodbhUta gaNitIya sisTama Tsu Chhung-Chih) dvArA prayukta huA hai| jaina siddhAnta se prArambha huA hai| niyaMtraNa yogyatA tathA nathoM-dhavala-meM rAzi siddhAnta meM prayukta bhinna kalana pariNAma yogyatA ke Akalana gaNitIya rUpa meM vizva ke 23. Salem Hossan, The Sphinx, Its History in the Light of Recent Excavations, Cairo, pp. 219-221, (1949). 24. dekhiye 1 (kh)| 287

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itihAsa meM kevala karma siddhAMta meM hI nihita haiN| isameM se phalita jyotiSa Adi kA vikAsa svAbhAvika hai / 25 mahattva taba siddha hotA hai, jaba ki vaha Adhunika siddhAntoM kI samasyAoM ko hala karane meM yogadAna dekara navIna phalita ko nikAlane kA patha-pradarzana kara sake / vijJAna-vikAsa sambandhI zodha dizA : karma siddhAnta meM sannihita tattvoM meM nimnalikhita pramukha dhAraNAoM kA sanniveSa hai : 1. anantoM yA ananta rAziyoM kA pUrNAMkoM para AdhArita, dhArA jJAna se upadhArita, alpabahatvAdi aneka rAzi sambandhI siddhAnta 128 jisa prakAra Aja ke vijJAna kA AdhAra rAzisiddhAnta hai, usI prakAra karma vijJAna kA AdhArabhUta gaNita rAzi-saiddhAntika hai| sikadAra dvArA paramANu siddhAnta para vistRta zodha prabandha tathA aneka zodha lekha prastuta kiye gaye haiM jinameM vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa liyA gayA hai| vAstava meM karma siddhAnta kA eka AdhAra paramANa siddhAnta hai| karma siddhAnta eka-strI tathA saMgata siddhAnta ke rUpa meM aneka upadhAraNAoM (Postulates) tathA parikalpanAoM (Hypothesis) kA AdhAra lekara nirmita kiyA gyaa| yaha prisapila thyorI ke rUpa meM vikasita haA na ki kansaTrakTiva thyorI ke rUpa meM 126 2. samaya kI avibhAjyatA ke AdhAra para mahattama evaM laghuttama pravega kI avadhAraNA, jisase kAla aura kSetra ke kvAMTama kA prAdurbhAva 120 3. pudgala paramANu kI avibhAjyatA tathA unakI rAzi kI yathArtha gaNAtmaka updhaarnnaa| yaha rAzi jIva rAzi se ananta gunI hai| 4. pudgala paramANu kA ananta pudgala paramANuoM ke sAtha eka hI pradeza meM avagAhana / abhI taka jo vijJAna sambandhI adhyayana jI. Ara. jaina, evaM kola je. epha. Adi dvArA hue haiM unase sthiti AzAjanaka to pratIta hotI hai / ghaTanAoM kA isa prakAra kA AMzika samAdhAna hI kisI siddhAnta ko saMgata siddha nahIM kara sakatA hai| apitu siddhAnta kA 5. dravyoM tathA unake guNa paryAyoM kA eka-dUsare ke guNa paryAyoM meM anyonyAbhAva evaM atyantA 25. jyotiSa sambandhI cIna meM upalabdha sAmagrI hetu dekhiye, 11, bhAga 3 / mizra, yUnAna tathA bebilana Adi meM prApta sAmagrI hetu dekhiye Neugebauer, O., The Exact Sciences in Antiquity, Providence. 1957 / karma siddhAnta meM phalita jyotiSa saMvAda ke rUpa meM svabhAvataH upasthita ho jAtA hai| Aya, vyaya, puNya, pApa Adi bhAvoM kA sattva, Asrava nirjarA se sambandha adhika upayukta pratIta hotA hai| 26. ina siddhAntoM kA vivecana DA. AinsTAIna ne The London Times, Nov. 28, 1919 meM diyA thaa| 27. Jain, G. R., Cosmology, Old and New, Lucknow 1942, Kohl, J. F., Physikalische und Biologische Weltbild der Indischen Jaina Sekte, Aligang, 1956. 28. dhArAoM se sambandhita eka lekha zIghra prakAzita hone vAlA hai -Jain, L.C., Divergent Seque nces Locating Transfinite Sets in Trilokasara (I.J. H. S. Calcutta) 29. dekhiye Jain, L. C., Mathematical Foundations of Jaina Karma System, Bhagwan Mahavira and his relevance in modern times, Bikaner, 1976, pp. 132-150. 288

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bhAvAdi / ise dravya svAtantrya bhI kahate haiM jo kevala jinAgama meM hI upalabdha hai, anyatra nhiiN| 11. yoga aura moha rUpI adhyavasAya (input functions) vicaraNa se guNa sthAnoM (control stations) sambandhI pariNAma (output functions) / inakA citraNa sisTama siddhAnta kA eka aMga hai| 6. sparza guNa ke avibhAgI praticchedoM (UrjA staroM) ke nizcita AdhAra para pudgala paramANuoM kA bandha / 7. samayoM ke bItane kI atIta-anAgata dizA athavA kramabaddha paryAyoM se saha sambandha / yaha Causality kA siddhAnta hai jisakA upayoga sisTama siddhAnta meM huA hai / / 12. Asrava (input values) tathA udayAdi nirjarA (output values) yukti se sattva (State) kA jJAna / isakA citraNa sisTama siddhAnta kA dUsarA aMga hai| 13. karma siddhAnta meM misTama siddhAnta kI apekSA bandhAdi tattvoM kA samAveza / isa prakAra karma siddhAnta ekasUtrI saMgata siddhAnta se sisTama siddhAnta meM aneka sujhAva tathA unnayana hetu navIna patha kA anusaraNa / 32 8. upAdAna zaktiyoM ke sivAya pudgala kA anya dravyoM se udAsIna anugraha (sahakAritA) se gamana, pariNamana, avagAhana tathA sthiratA honaa| 9. pudgala meM varNa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza vizeSa guNoM ke sivAya sAmAnya guNoM (prameyatva, agurulaghutva, ananta guNI hA nivRddhi, Adi) kA honA / 14. jyotiSa siddhAnta meM ekasUtrI siddhAnta (jo tiloya paNNattI prabhUti granthoM meM upalabdha hai) dvArA gaNitIya gamanazIlatA ke navIna niyamoM kI vyutpatti / kuntala-dIrghavRttIya jyotiSa bimbagamana dvArA paMcAMga sambandhI samasta jAnakArI kA Anayana 133 10. kevala jIva tathA pudgala meM kriyAvatI evaM bhAva vatI zakti kA astitva / (dravyoM ke dezAntara prApti hetu pradezoM ke halana-calanarUpa parirapanda ko kiyA kahate haiN| unameM honevAle avirala pravAha rUpa pariNamana ko bhAva kahate haiM / ) 15. Adhunikatama bIjagaNitIya evaM jyAmitIya jJAna ke upayoga se karma siddhAnta kI yathArtha gaharAiyoM meM pahu~ca kI pUrNa saMbhAvanA / 30. dekhiye, vhii| 31. dekhiye, Jain L. C., The Jaina Theory of Ultimate Particles, paper read at the univerity of Indore on 8-4-1976. 32. dekhiye, 291 33. dekhiye 1 (kha, / / rer at afga. Jain L. C.. On Spiro elliptic orbit of the Sun in Tiloyapanna paper read at the Univerity of Saugar. 34. isa viSaya para vistRta lekha System Theory in Jaina School of Mathematics prAyaH samApti para hai| 286

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jahA~ taka pratyakSa darzana aura jJAna kA prazna hai, kSaNa vastu hai| isase bhI vilakSaNa tathya hai sukamabaddhI unakI sambhAvyatA kA prAkRta graMthoM meM Adhunika kAla sAdhya (well-ordering theorem) gabhita prakriyA ke lie niSedha hai| taba mati aura zruta se parokSa kA astitva, "ki sarvadhArA meM 1, 2, 3, se prArasbha darzana aura jJAna kA prakaraNa sammukha AtA hai| pudgala karate hae, samasta saMkhyeya, asaMkhyeya tathA ananta rAziyA~ dravya viSayaka darzana jJAna kI upalabdhi zrata ke sivAya pAra karate hae kevala jJAna rAzi taka phNcnaa|" isa mati se hotI hai| gati kA AkAra saMdezavAhaka, sAdhya ko siddha karane kA AzvAsana jArja keNTara ne pudagalaka kriyAe~ haiN| saMdeza bAhana kAla para AdhArita diyA thaa| kintu yaha sAdhya aba kathaMcita siddha kiyA hone se sApekSatA siddhAnta kI AvazyakatA spaSTa hai| jA sakatA hai| sApekSatA siddhAnta meM jaba mahattama pravega kI upadhAraNA anantoM ke alpa-bahutva sthApita karane meM keNTara kI jAtI hai, to bhautika vijJAna ke prAraMbhika Adhunika aura DeDikeMDa kI jyAmitIya vidhiyoM meM spaSTa antara prayogoM kI puSTi hotI hai| sAtha hI alpatama kriyA hai| jahA~ Aja saralarekhA athavA vyavahAra kAla kI (action) ke kvANTama kI upadhAraNA se kvAMTama atIta-anAgata dizAyeM kinhIM bhI do binduoM ke yA~trikI kA AdhAra banatA hai, jisameM anizciti ke antarAla meM agaNya (non-denumerable) rAzi kI anubandha bhI prayukta hote haiM / 35 Adhunika sApekSatA siddhAnta meM jahA~ eka ora mahattama pravega ko upadhArita mAnyatA hai, vahA~ prAkRta graMthoM meM binduoM kI rAzi kI kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ use alpatama pravega tathA avibhAgI sImita (asaMkhyeya athavA saMkhyeya) saMkhyA kI mAnyatA samaya se achatA rakhA gayA hai| kvANTama yAMtrikI meM hai| 39 asaMkhyAta kAlANaoM se lokAkAza-dravya kI padagala kI daMtamaya (taraMgAtmaka evaM kaNikAtmaka) akhaDatA pUNarUpaNa sammAtA h| dazAoM tathA gati aura sthiti ke sambandha meM samAdhAna isI prakAra karma-siddhAnta viSayaka aneka tathyoM ko nahIM milatA hai kyoMki yaha kansTrakTiva thyorI hai, Adhunika tathyoM kI talanA meM rakhate hae navIna aMzadAna sApekSatA siddhAnta kI bhA~ti priMsIpala thyorI nahIM hai| kA prayAsa karanA hogA / jyAmiti kI apekSA sisTama ina samasyAoM kA samAdhAna jaina samaya tathA maMda tama / tathA karma siddhAnta meM bIjagaNitIya dRSTi vikasita kI pravega kI avadhAraNAe~ karatA pratIta hotA hai / gayI hai jo ghaTanA-cakra kI jAnakArI atyaMta sahaja DhaMga se detI hai| isa AdhAra para bIjagaNitIya adhyayana kA prAkRta graMthoM meM atIta kAla samaya rAzi se anAgata zodha-kSetra lAbhadAyaka siddha hotA pratIta hotA hai|" kAla rAzi anantaguNI batalAnA gaNita kI eka vila 35. dekhiye, 291 36. dekhiye, vhii| 37. dekhiye, z lot, W. L., The Role of the Axiom of Choice in the Development of the Abstract Theory of Sets, Library of Congress, Mic 57-2164, Columbia University Thsis (1957) 38. dekhie 1 (i)| 39. dekhiye, Kalman, R. E. Introduction to the Algebriac Theory of Linear Dynamical Systems, Lecture notes, vol. II, Springer Verlag, 1969. 260

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pratyeka prANI ko sarvAdhika priya usakA jIvana hai| | karanevAle vibhinna pakSa kyA haiM ? isa prasaMga para vaha jInA cAhatA hai, aura mukhyataH jIne ke hI liye | dArzanikoM, aura vaijJAnikoM ke vicAroM ke AdhAra para yA yathAsaMbhava sukhI jIvana jIne ke ho liye apane | nizcita rUpa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki manuSya ke jIvana ke vividha upakrama karatA hai| koI bhI jIva AcaraNa ko prabhAvita karanevAlA sarvapramukha tatva hai, anAyAsa hI maranA nahIM cAhatA / yahI kAraNa hai ki usakA AhAra / manuSya kA AhAra, usako buddhi, mahApuruSoM aura dharmAvatAroM ne sabhI ko jIne ke adhi- | vicAra zakti, zArIrika saMracanA, vyavahAra aura kAra kA samarthana kiyA hai| sabhI mahApuruSa hiMsA ke saMskAroM para atyAdhika prabhAva DAlatA hai| yahI kAraNa virodhI rahe haiM, yA yoM bhI kaha sakate haiM ki sasAra ne hai ki darzanikoM ne isa para tIbra citana aura vaijJAnikoM yA mAnava jAti ne unhIM ko mahApuruSa yA dharmAvatAra ke ne gahana anusaMdhAna kiye haiN| unhoMne manuSya ke AhAra rUpa meM mAnya kiyA hai jinhoMne hiMsA ke kucakra se / ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai-zAkAhAra aura dUsarA zAkAhAra vaijJAnika evaM cikitsAzAstrIya haTikoNa DA0 padamacandra jaina nikalakara sabhI jIvoM ke jIne ke samAna adhikAra kA | mA~sAhAra / dArzanika aura vaijJAnika donoM dRSTiyoM se samarthana kiyA hai, sukha aura zAnti kA ahiMsaka mArga | prathama prakAra ke AhAra "zAkAhAra" ko manuSya kA batAyA hai| sambhavata: koI bhI dharma yA darzana aisA prAkRtika AhAra mAnA jAtA hai, aura mAMsAhAra ko nahIM hai, jisameM jIva-hatyA yA jIva bhakSaNa ko ucita | aprAkRtika / isa prakAra zAkAhAra hI zreSTha AhAra mAnA ho| sabhI ne manuSya dvArA hisA ko aprAkRtika mAnA gayA hai, isakI zreSThatA para vicAra karane ke liye mAnA hai aura prAkRtika rUpa se jIne aura dUsaroM ko jIne | isake vibhinna pakSoM para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai - dene ke liye aura uttama AcaraNa ke liye upadeza diye haiM / prAkRtika pakSa jahA~ uttama AcaraNa kI carcA AtI hai vahA~ hamArA prAkRtika dRSTi se zAkAhAra kA pakSa atyAdhika dhyAna isa prasaMga para jAtA hai ki AcaraNa ko nirmita | sabala hai / isakA sabase bar3A pramANa manupya kI zArI 261

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rika saMracanA hai| usake muha, dA~toM, hAtha kI uMgaliyoM phor3a ddaalo| he agni ! mAMsa bhakSaNa karanevAloM ko evaM nAkhUnoM kI banAvaTa ke AdhAra para prasiddha zarIra- apane muMha meM rakha lo|" atharvaveda, manu smati aura racanA zAstrI evaM vaijJAnika use praNa-kuzAcArI mahAbhArata meM bhI isI prakAra kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gaI pazuoM kI bhA~ti vanaspatyAhArI athavA zAkAhArI hai| jainAgamoM meM kahA hai-"kisI bhI prANI kA ghAta prANiyoM meM ginate haiM, mA~sAhArI prANiyoM meM nhiiN| karanA svayaM apanA ghAta karanA hai| bhojana jihvA ke lArensa, kiMgsaphorDa, kuviyara, paoNzeTa, vaizana, liniyasa svAda ke liye nahIM khAyA jAtA-zarIra kI rakSA ke evaM laMkAsTara Adi anekoM pAzcAtya vizeSajJoM kA liye khAyA jAtA hai| mAMsa-bhakSaNa, madyapAna, pazumata hai ki mAtra zAkAhAra hI manuSya kI prakRti pakSiyoM kA zikAra, corI, dya ta krIr3A (juA khelanA) aura usakI zArIrika saMracanA ke sarvathA anukUla hai| aura vyabhicAra bhArI pApa haiM jo manuSya kI durgati DA0 alekjeMDara hega ke anusAra bher3iyA, cItA, siMha karate haiN|" bhagavAna buddha ne laMkAvatAra sUtra meM kahA Adi mAMsAhArI pazuoM kA pacanataMtra mAMsAhAra ko hai--''mA~sAhArI dUsaroM ke prANoM ko balapUrvaka lene ke pacAkara viSAkta dravyoM ko zarIra se niSkAsita karane kAraNa DAkU samAna haiN| jo vyakti lobhavaza dUsaroM ke ko kSamatA rakhatA hai, jabaki manuSya kA pAcanataMtra vasA prANa harate haiM tathA mA~sa ke utpAdana meM dhanAdika se yoga nahIM kara sakatA, na vaha usa prakAra mAMsa bhojana ko dete haiM ve pApI haiM, duSTa haiM, ghora naraka meM jAkara mahAupayukta rasa-rakta Adi sapta dhAtuoM meM bhalI prakAra duHkha uThAte haiN| maiM mAnatA hU~ ki jo vyakti dUsare parivartita kara sakatA hai| pro. lArensa ne mAMsAhAra ke prANiyoM kA mAMsa khAtA hai vaha vAstava meM apane putra samarthakoM ke isa tarka kA ki mAMsAhAriyoM meM zArIrika kA mAMsa khAtA hai|" bala aura sAhasa adhika hotA hai, khanDana karate hue kahA hai ki -zAkAhAra ke sAtha zArIrika daurbalya evaM IsA masIha ne kahA hai-"dekho maiMne pRthvI para saba kAyaratA kA utanA hI kama sambandha hai, jitanA ki prakAra kI jar3I-bUTiyA~ tathA unake bIja diye haiN| sAtha mA~sAhAra ke sAtha zArIrika bala aura sAhasa kaa| hI, taraha-taraha ke phaloM se lade per3a-paudhe bhI diye haiM vastuta: zAkAhArI kI apekSA mA~sAhArI meM sahanazakti, tathA unake bIja bhii| ina saba zAkAhArI padArthoM ko zaurya aura sAhasa kahIM adhika kama hotA hai| pazu jagata khaao| ve tumhAre liye mAMsa se adhika lAbhaprada haiN| tuma meM hAthI, dariyAI ghor3A, ghor3A, UMTa, geMDA, baila, mahiSa mere nikaTa sadaiva eka pavitra AtmA bane rahoge, yadi tuma Adi zuddha zAkAhArI jIva vizva ke vibhinna mAMsAhArI kisI kA bhI mA~sa na khaao|" paigambara mohammada ne jIvoM kI apekSA atyadhika zaktizAlI, sAhasI, bhI kurAna zarIpha meM kahA hai--"kisI bhI prakAra kA sphUrtiyukta evaM dIrghajIvI hote haiM / mA~sa Izvara ko nahIM pahu~catA, na kimI kA rata, hii| parantu jitanI kucha dayA pAloge vahI allAtAlA ko dArzanika pakSa kabUla hogii|" hajarata alI ne aura bhI sazakta rUpa se kahA hai ki - "he insAna / pazu pakSiyoM kI dArzanika dRSTi se to zAkAhAra kA pakSa aura bhI kaba tu apane peTa meM mata bnaa|" guru nAnaka deva ne prabala hai, vizva ke lagabhaga sabhI dArzanikoM evaM kahA haimahApuruSoM ne zAkAhAra kA prabala samarthana kiyA hai| yahI nahIM use jIvana meM apanAyA bhI hai| Rgveda meM kahA "je rakta lage kApar3e, jAme hove palitta / hai -- "he mitra ! jo pazu kA mAMsa khAte haiM, unakA sira jo rasa pIve mAnuSA, tina kyoM nirmala citta / / " 262

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sUphI santa abula alI ne eka prasaMga meM likhA hai - " kasAI ko churI calAte dekha bakarI ne kahA- harI ghAsa khAne para mujhe yaha sajA mila rahI hai, taba merA mA~sa khAnevAle kasAI kA kyA hAla hogA / " kabIradAsa kahate haiM mA~sa ahArI mAnavA, paratacha rAkSama aMga / tinakI saMgata mata karo, parata bhajana meM bhaMga // jori kara jibaha kareM, kahata kareM halAla / jaba daphtara dekhegA daI, taba hogA kauna havAla // prasiddha dArzanika sukarAta, cANakya, jarayukta, pAithAgorasa, aphalAtUna (pleTo ), tirakakurala, svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI svAmI vivekAnanda Adi ne zAkAhAra kA prabala samarthana kiyA hai / samrATa akabara ne to bar3e hI kar3e zabdoM meM kahA hai- mere liye kitane sukha kI bAta hotI yadi merA zarIra itanA bar3A hotA ki mA~sAhArI loga kevala mere zarIra ko hI khAkara santuSTa ho jAte, tAki ve phira dUsaroM ko mArakara na khAte / " vizva ke sabhI pramukha sAhityakAroM, vaijJAnikoM, vicArakoM ne bhI isa pakSa meM apane sazakta mata vyakta kiye haiM / TAlasTAya ne kahA hai- "mA~sa khAne se pAzavika pravRttiyA~ bar3hatI haiM, kAma uttejita hotA hai, vyabhicAra karane aura madirA pIne kI icchA hotI hai / ina saba bAtoM ke pramANa sacce zuddha aura sadAcArI navayuvaka haiM / vizeSakara striyA~ aura javAna lar3akiyA~ haiM jo isa bAta ko sApha-sApha kahatI haiM ki mA~sa khAne ke bAda kAma kI uttejanA aura anya pAzavika pravRtiyA~ Apa hI Apa prabala ho jAtI haiN| mA~sa khAkara sadAcArI bananA asaMbhava hai / " cArlsa DAravina ne likhA hai - "prAcIna kAla meM manuSya bhArI saMkhyA meM zAkAhArI hI the / (Descent of Man, P. 156 ) aura maiM vismita hU~ ki aise asAdhAraNa majadUra mere dekhane meM kabhI nahIM Ae. jaise ki cilI kI khAnoM meM kAma karate haiM / ve bar3e dRr3ha, balavAna haiM aura ve saba zAkAhArI haiM / inake atirikta alavarTa AIMsTIna, hamavolTa, I. ela. preTa, mi. horesa grIle, pro. johenare, e. I. verisa, ravIndranAtha Taigora, jArja barnADa zA, kAkA kAlelakara Adi aneka vidvAnoM ne bhI zAkAhAra kA prabala samarthana kiyA hai / bIsavIM sadI meM ahiMsaka vaicArika krAnti ke unnAyaka mahAnatama dArzanika rAjanItijJa evaM santa mahAtmA gAMdhI to na kevala isake prabala samarthaka hI the, varan isake pracAraka bhI the| zAkAhAra unake gAMdhIvAdI jIvana-darzana kA pramukha aMga hai| unhoMne likhA --- "DaoNkTara kiMgsaphorDa aura hega ne mA~sa kI khurAka se zarIra para honevAle bure asara ko bahuta hI spaSTa rUpa se batalAyA hai / ina donoM ne yaha bAta sAbita kara dI hai ki dAla khAne se jo esiDa paidA hotA hai, bahI esiDa mA~sa khAne se banatA yA paidA hotA hai / mA~sa khAne se dAMtoM ko hAni pahu~catI hai, saMdhivAta ho jAtA hai / yahIM taka basa nahIM, isake khAne se manuSyoM meM krodha utpanna hotA hai / hamArI ArogyatA kI vyAkhyA ke anusAra krodhI manuSya niroga nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kevala mA~sa-bhojiyoM ke bhojana para vicAra karane kI jarUrata nahIM, unakI dazA aisI adhama hai ki usakA svAlakara hama mA~sa khAnA kabhI pasanda nahIM kara sakate / mA~sAhArI kabhI niroga nahIM kahe jA sakate / " sAmAjika pakSa sAmAjika dRSTi se yadi hama mAnavIya AhAra kA mUlyAMkana kareM to bhI zAkAhAra kA pakSa atyAdhika prabala hai / asAmAjika tathA AparAdhika tatvoM ke sambandha meM kiye gae vibhinna sAmAjika anudhAnoM se jo tathya sAmane Ae haiM, unase spaSTa hai ki yuddha, kalaha, raktapAta, hiMsA evaM anya bhISaNa aparAdha mA~sAhAriyoM meM hI adhika pAe jAte haiN| mA~sAhAra aura madyapAna kA bhI ghaniSTa sambandha hai / sAmAnyataH mA~sAhArI madyapAna kI ora prerita hote haiM / ina donoM ke saMyoga se yauna icchAe~ ugra hone ke kAraNa ye loga yauna aparAdhoM meM 263

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saMlagna hote haiN| isase yauna vikAra utpanna hote haiM tathA kAraNa karoDoM vyaktiyoM ko jo kaSi evaM unase sambaddha samAja meM avyavasthA evaM kalaha ko protsAhana milatA rojagAroM meM lage haiM tathA karor3oM jIvoM ko jo dugdha hai| yaha eka sarvamAnya tathya hai ki mAMsAhAra krodha evaM utpAdana yA kRSi utpAdana meM lage haiM, ko jIvikA yauna icchAoM ko protsAhita karatA hai| ye donoM hI pradAna karatA hai| pravattiyA~ mAnava ko asAmAjika kAryoM ke liye prerita karatI haiM / mAMsAhAra ke liye nirIha pazuoM kA vadha vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa kiyA jAne ke kAraNa mAMsAhAriyoM meM prema, dayA aura mAnavIya AhAra ke sambandha meM anekoM vaijJAnika ahiMsA kI bhAvanA lupta hotI jAtI hai, isake kAraNa anusaMdhAna hue haiM / ina anusaMdhAnoM se yaha tathya spaSTataH kra. ratA, adayA evaM hiMsA kI pravRtti ko protsAhana rUpa se ujAgara hue haiM ki zAkAhArI vyakti adhika milatA hai / yahI nahIM, isake kAraNa anekoM pazu-pakSiyoM dIrghajIvI, sudRDha evaM svastha hote haiM jabaki mA~sAhAra kI jAtiyA~ sarvathA samApta hotI jA rahI haiN| isa aneka doSoM kA kAraka hai| ajaravejAna (soviyata rUsa) prakAra sAmAjika daSTi se bhI zAkAhAra atyadhika ke 168 varSIya zirAlI misAlinova ne mAMsAhAra upayukta AhAra hai, isase Adarza samAja kI sthApanA meM aura madirA donoM ko grahaNa na karane ko apane dIrgha sahAyatA milatI hai| aura custa jIvana kA rahasya batAyA hai| Arthika pakSa vaijJAnika anusaMdhAnoM ke anusAra svastha evaM puSTa Arthika dRSTi se zAkAhAra mA~sAhAra kI tulanA zarIra nirmANa ke liye nimnalikhita tatvoM kI pUrti AhAra meM Avazyaka mAnI gayI haimeM sastA, sulabha, sahaja evaM pracura hotA hai| yaha racanAtmaka utpAdana kA pariNAma hone se prAkRtika hai| / / prakRti pratyeka samaya samayAnukUla anna, phala tathA mabjiyAM Adi utpAdana pradAna karatI hai| Aja manuSya paidA kara zarIra kI kSatipUrti karatI hai| yaha zArIrika vikAsa, utsAha, zakti aura sphUrti jAti kA eka bahuta bar3A bhAga kRSi utpAdana meM lagA hai| inake parizrama tathA prakRti ke AzIrvAda se prAkRtika 2. phaiTa (cikanAI)utpAdanoM meM jitanI vividhatAe~ upalabdha haiM, vaha yaha zarIra meM zakti aura garamI paidA karatI hai| mAMsAhAra ke liye kalpanA kI hI bAta hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sambhavataH vizva meM zAyada hI koI mAnava aisA 3. khanija lavaNa - ho jo mAtra mAMsAhAra para hI jIvita rahatA ho aura ye haDDiyoM ko majabUta banAte haiM tathA bhojana prAkRtika bhojana anna, phala, vanaspatiyoM, sabjiyoM Adi zakti ko acchA rakhate haiN| ko grahaNa karatA ho jabaki vizva meM karor3oM aise loga haiM jo pUrNata: zAkAhAra para hI jIvita haiM aura kisI 4. kArbohAiDreTsabhI daSTi se mA~sAhAriyoM ke samakSa hIna nahIM haiM varana ye zarIra meM zakti aura garamI paidA karate haiN| kaI dRSTiyoM se unase unnata haiN| 5. jala (namI)-- zAkAhAra na kevala mUlya kI dRSTi se sastA tathA yaha zarIra kI saphAI kara gande pavArthoM yathA. upalabdhatA kI dRSTi se sahaja va sulabha hI hai varan isake pasInA, mala-mUtra Adi, ko zarIra ke bAhara nikAlane 264 ,

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87 // tathA bhojana ke pAcana evaM khUna ke daure meM madada detA hai 6. ghI tathA zarIra ke tApakrama ko samAna rakhatA hai| 7. dUdha 60 ,, 8. mAMsa 28 , 6. kailaziyama 9. machalI yaha haDiDayoM aura dAMtoM ko majabUta banAne, zarIra kA raMga nikhArane, bAloM ko ghane tathA majabata banAne vibhinna dezoM ke sandarbha meM vahAM ke nivAsiyoM ke kA kArya karatA hai| liye dainika rUpa se Avazyaka vibhinna pauSTika tatvoM ke sandarbha meM kiye gae anusaMdhAna ke AdhAra para jo 7. lohA tathya prakAza meM Ae haiM, aura isa AdhAra para pratyeka yaha khUna ke pratyeka tantu taka AksIjana pahu~cAne vyakti ke liye jo santulita AhAra sujhAye gaye haiM tathA khuna kI lAlI bar3hAne evaM banAe rakhane kA kAma unase bhI yaha bAta spaSTataH pramANita huI hai ki zAkAkaratA hai| hAra meM ye sabhI pauSTika tatva paryApta evaM pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha haiN| iNDiyana kAunsila oNpha meDIkala 8. viTAmina risarca dvArA sana 1968 meM bhAratavAsiyoM ke liye ye zarIra ko svastha tathA rogamukta rakhate haiM / Avazyaka santulita bhojana kI jo tAlikAe~ (dekhiye 9. kailorI-- tAlikA kramAMka 3) prakAzita kI gaI haiM unase bhI yaha spaSTataH pramANita hai ki zAkAhAra hI santulita yaha zarIra meM zakti va garamInApane kA paimAnA hai arthAta zarIra meM utpanna garamI aura zakti mApane kI bhojana upalabdha karAne ko paryApta rUpa se sakSama mApa hai| AhAra hai| vibhinna khAdya padArthoM meM pAe jAnevAle uparokta cikitsA zAstrIya dRSTikoNa tattvoM kI mAtrA ke AdhAra para yaha tathya sunizcita rUpa vaijJAnikoM evaM cikitsA zAstriyoM ne AhAra ke se kahA jA sakatA hai ki anAja va vanaspatiyoM meM paryApta sambandha meM kiye gaye vibhinna anusaMdhAnoM meM saMtulita mAtrA meM poSaka tatva upalabdha hote haiM, (dekhiye tAlikA AhAra tathA vibhinna AhAroM meM upalabdha poSaka tatvoM kramAMka 4) na kevala yahI varana vahata sI vanaspatiyoM meM ke saMbaMdha meM paryApta anusaMdhAna kiye haiN| unase jahA~ inakI mAtrA mAMsAhArI vastuoM kI apekSA kAphI AhAroM ke guNAtmaka pakSa para prakAza par3A hai, vahA~ gata adhika hai, jaisA ki nimna tAlikA se spaSTa hai: zatAbdI meM cikitsA zAstriyoM ne vibhinna AhAroM dvArA mAnavIya zarIra para par3anevAle kuprabhAvoM para bhI tAlikA kramAMka 1 paryApta mAtrA meM zodha-kArya kiye haiM, ina anusaMdhAnoM se poSaka aMzoM kI mAtrA jo naye tathya prakAza meM Aye haiM ve mA~sAhAriyoM ke 1. bAdAma 91 pratizata liye cauMkA denevAle evaM gambhIra cetAvanI svarUpa haiN| 2. canA, maTara anekoM cikitsA zAstriyoM ke matAnusAra mA~sAhAra 3. cAvala gaThiyA, kainsara, pakSAghAta, rAjayakSamA, magI, raktAmla, 4. geMhU~ kuSTa Adi kitane hI bhayAnaka rogoM ko protsAhita 5. jI . ... 84 , karatA hai / vigata meM hue anusaMdhAnoM se mAMsAhAriyoM vastu 00000 87 87 86 , , , 295

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kA yaha tarka ki mA~sAhAra mA~sa tathA zakti kI vRddhi hotI hai, bhI khaNDita huA / cikitsA vijJAna ke anusAra mA~sAhAra mA~sa tathA carbI bar3hAkara moTApe meM vRddhi avazya karatA hai, parantu zakti yA sphUrti meM nahIM / mA~sAhAra se sphUrti yA oja prakaTa nahIM hotA, yahI kAraNa hai ki ghAyala, bImAra, azakta, garbhiNI athavA prasUtA ko mA~sAhAra niSiddha rahatA hai aura use dUdha, phaloM kA rasa tathA halkA zAkAhArI bhojana diyA jAtA hai / cikitsA zAstrIya anusaMdhAnoM meM pratyeka AhAra kI sUkSmatama bArIkiyoM kI jA~ca kara jo tathya prakAza meM Ae haiM unase yaha spaSTa hai ki vibhinna vastuaiM mAnava zarIra ke liye atyadhika mAnavIya AhAra kI carcA karate samaya vibhinna hArI vastuoM ke isa pakSa para bhI vicAra Avazyaka hai / aNDe mA~sAhArI ghAtaka haiM / mA~sA - karanA Ajakala kucha loga aNDoM ko nirjIva batAkara use zAkAhAra ke antargata batAkara zAkAhAriyoM ko unake upayoga kA tarka dene lage haiM, yA yoM kaheM ki kucha zAkAhArI aNDoM ke upayoga ko uparokta tarka se siddha kara dUsaroM ko bhI aNDe khAne kI salAha dene lage haiM aura isa prakAra idhara kucha varSoM meM aNDoM kA prayoga bar3hA hai, parantu vAstavika rUpa se yaha tarka nirarthaka hai / mA~sa aura haDDI na hone ke AdhAra para aNDe ke tarala ko zAkAhAra kahanA mUrkhatA hI hai / yaha kahanevAle yaha jAnakara bhI ki - pratyeka jIva kI utpatti tarala padArtha se hI hotI hai, isa prakAra kA tarka dete haiM, yaha durbhAgyapUrNa hai / vigata anusaMdhAnoM ne yaha siddha kiyA hai ki aNDe kI jaradI aNDe kA bar3A khataranAka bhAga hai| isameM kolesTrola nAmaka bhayAnaka viSa eka cikanA elakohala hotA hai, jo jigara meM pahuMcakara jamA hotA hai aura hRdaya se rakta le jAnevAlI nAr3iyoM meM rukAvaTa paidA 1 karatA hai, isake kAraNa dila kI bImArI hAI blaDa prezara, gurde kI bImArI, pitta kI thailI bImArI meM patharI aura jor3oM meM darda ho jAtA 1 kRSi vibhAga, phloriDA (amerikA) ne apane hailtha bulaiTina (akTUbara 1967 ) meM prakAzita zodha prativedana ( risarca riporTa) meM kahA hai ki 18 mAha ke parIkSaNa ke bAda 30 pratizata aNDoM meM DI. DI. TI. nAmaka viSa pAyA gayA / " DA. je. ema. vilakiMsa ne likhA hai - " aNDe kI saphedajaradI mukhyatayA alavumina hI hai, jo ki proTIna kI eka kisma hI hai| zarIra alabumina ko naSTa tatva ke rUpa meM bAhara nikAlatA hai| aNDe kA pIlA bhAga kolesTarola nAmaka padArtha apane andara rakhatA hai jo ki eka prakAra kI cipacipI zarAba hai jo yakRta aura khUna kI raMgoM meM jamA ho jAtA hai aura khUna kI dhamaniyoM (ragoM) meM jamA ho jAtA hai tathA khUna kI dhamaniyoM (ragoM) meM jakhma aura kar3Apana paidA kara detA hai / " DA. i. va. maikakolama ne jaba bandaroM ko aNDoM para hI rakhA to unameM sar3AnevAle kITANu adhika hone lage aura ve susta ho gae, unake pezAba kI mAtrA kama aura raMga gaharA ho gayA / jaba unheM dUdha va aMgUra kI zarkarA dI gaI to mAnasika va zArIrika donoM parivartana unameM punaH lauTa Ae aura be ThIka ho ge| unhoMne apane anusaMdhAna ke AdhAra para yaha pariNAma nikAlA ki aNDoM meM cune kI kamI hotI haiN| aura unameM zarkarA bhI nahIM hotI hai / ataH aNDoM meM AMta ke andara sar3Ane kI rujhAna hotI hai banisbata ki hAjamA durusta karane kii| ve viSAkta tatvoM ko zarIra meM paidA kara dete haiM aura sustI lAte haiM / iMgalaiNDa ke DA. rAbarTa grAma kA likhanA hai kimurgI ke bacce meM bahuta-sI bImAriyA~ hotI haiM una bImAriyoM ko vizeSatayA TI. bI., peciza Adi ke kITANuoM ko apane sAtha lAte haiM aura inako khAnevAloM meM paidA kara dete haiM / " DA. i. vI. maikkalima ne 266

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likhA hai - " aNDoM meM kailaziyama kI kamI aura kArbohAiDreTsa kA bilkula abhAva hotA hai, isa kAraNa se bar3I A~toM meM jAkara sar3Ana mArate haiN|" DA. govindarAja kA kahanA hai ki " aNDoM meM nAiTrojana, phAsphorika esiDa aura carbI kI adhika mAtrA hotI hai, isa kAraNa ye zarIra meM tejAvI mAddA paidA karate haiM aura manuSya ko rogI banAte haiN| isa prakAra antarrASTrIya khyAtiprApta cikitsakoM dvArA kiye gae anusaMdhAnoM ke AdhAra para yaha bAta spaSTataH pramANita ho gaI hai ki aNDe manuSya ke liye upayukta AhAra nahIM haiM / mA~sa evaM machaliyA~ mA~sa ke prabhAvoM kI carcA karate hue hArvarDa skUla oNpha amerikA ke DA. e. vAcamaina aura DA. DI. esa. varmasTIna' ne likhA hai - "mA~sAhArI logoM kA pezAba prAyaH tejAbayukta hotA hai| isa kAraNa zarIra ke rakta kA tejAva aura kSAra kA anupAta ThIka rakhane ke liye haDDiyoM meM se kSAra ke namaka khUna meM milate haiM, aura isake viparIta zAkAhAriyoM kA pezAba kSAravAlA hotA hai / isaliye unakI haDDiyoM kA kSAra khUna meM nahIM jAtA aura haDDiyA~ majabUta rahatI haiN| unakI rAya meM jina vyaktiyoM kI haDDiyA~ kamajora hoM unako vizeSa taura para adhika phala, sabjiyoM ke proTIna aura dUdha kA sevana karanA cAhiye, mA~sa eka dama chor3a denA cAhiye / " landana ke DAkTara elekjeNDara hega ke vaijJAnika parIkSaNa ke anusAra machalI aura mA~sa meM yUrika esiDa viSa hotA hai / yaha viSa jaba khUna meM milatA haiM tava dila kI bImArI, TI. bI. jigara kI kharAbI, zvAMsa roga, khUna kI kamI, gaThiyA, hisTIriyA, sustI, ajIrNa 1. leMseMTa 1968 bolyuma pRSTha 958 ( sAinsa nyUja : dillI vijJAna saMgha se uddhRta) aura taraha-taraha ke darda paidA kara detA apane anusaMdhAna ke AdhAra para isa tAlikA prastuta kI hai- khAdya padArtha kA nAma tAlikA kramAMka 2 machalI va mA~sa meM yUrika esiDa viSa machalI bher3a, bakarI bachar3A sUara cUjA 267 gAya gAya kI bhunI voTI gAya kA jigara mA~sa kA zorabA... 1" DA. hega ne sandarbha meM nimna prati pauMDa yUrika esiDa viSa kI mAtrA 5 grena 6 8 8 11 17 9 9 14 19 50 11 21 yaha yUrika esiDa viSa java rakta meM milatA hai taba hArTa DijIja, TI. bI, sAMsa roga, jigara kI bImArI hisTIriyA, khUna kI kamI, gaThiyA, ajIrNa, adhika nIMda AnA, taraha-taraha ke darda, inaphlueMjA jaise aneka prakAra ke bukhAra Adi saikar3oM roga paidA hote 1 17 murge kA mAMsa - pazu cikitsA sevAoM ke saMghIya nirdezaka DA. esa. burAsiMhama ne anusaMdhAna ke AdhAra para yaha pramANita kiyA hai ki murge khAne se puruSoM kA pauruSa qhatare meM par3a sakatA hai| murgoM meM vajana bar3hAnevAle hArmonsa hone ke kAraNa isake khAne se puruSoM meM strIyocita guNoM kA

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vikAsa ho sakatA hai| jo puruSa muga kI dukAnoM meM niSkarSa kAma karate haiM aura murge kI gardana khAte haiM unake stanoM isa prakAra jahA~ prAkRtika dArzanika, sAmAjika meM vRddhi ke lakSaNa pAe gae haiN| evaM Arthika dRSTikoNa se zAkAhAra hI ucita evaM Avazyaka mAnavIya AhAra hai vahA~ vaijJAnika evaM vibhinna rogoM sambandhI anusaMdhAna cikitsAzAstrIya dRSTikoNa se bhI zAkAhAra hI vibhinna rogoM ke sambandha meM kiye gae anusaMdhAnoM sarvAdhika upayukta AhAra hai / zAkAhAra jahA~ pUrNAhAra : meM bhI adhikatara rogoM kA kAraNa mAMsAhAra pAyA gayA hone ke sAtha-sAtha poSaka, sulabha, sphUrti evaM zakti hai| DA. Ara. je. viliyamsa evaM rAbarTagrAMsa ke anusAra hai vahA~ mA~sAhAra meM moTApA bar3hAne ke atirikta anya . aNDe kI saphedI meM evImAna nAmaka bhayAnaka tatva koI vizeSa guNa nahIM haiN| ulTe mAMsAhAra ke kAraNa, pazu- - ekjImA utpanna karatA hai / jina jAnavaroM ko aNDe kI pakSiyoM ke zarIra meM pAye jAnevAle aneka rogANu saphedI khilAI gaI unheM lakavA mAra gayA aura camar3I mAnava zarIra meM praveza kara anekoM vikAra utpanna karate. sUjha gii| DA. robarTa grAMsa va pro. iraviMga DeviDasana ke haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki cikitsA zAstrIyoM ke anusAra-"eka aNDe meM lagabhaga 4 grena kolesTarola navInatama anusaMdhAnoM ke AdhAra para pazcimI dezoM meM kI mAtrA pAI jAtI hai / isakI adhika mAtrA dila jo vizeSakara mA~sAhArI kSetra haiM, vahA~ zAkAhAra kA kI bImArI, hAIvlaDa prezara, gurdo ke roga, pitta kI prabala pracAra ho rahA hai va mAMsAhAra ke prati janathailI meM patharI Adi rogoM ko paidA karate haiN| nyUara sAmAnya ko AgAha kiyA jA rahA hai| aisI sthiti meM kaoNleja Apha nyUTrizana ke DA. i. vI. melkAlama ke bhArata jaise deza meM jahA~ kI bar3I saMkhyA zAkAhArI hai, anusAra aNDoM meM korbohAiDreTsa bilkula nahIM hote aura pazcima ke andhAnukaraNa ke kAraNa mA~sAhAra kA bar3hatA kailaziyama bhI bahuta kama hotA hai, ataH isase peTa meM prayogacintanIya hai, aisI dazA meM Avazyaka hai ki sar3ana paidA hotI hai| DA. raoNbarTa grAMsa ne kahA hai ki logoM ko unake AhAra ke sambandha meM adhikatama jJAna mugiyoM meM bahuta sI bImAriyAM hotI haiM, aNDe una diyA jAye tAki vaha ucita-anucita kA nirNaya kara bImAriyoM ko vizeSatayA TI.bI. evaM peciza Adi ko sakeM, isI uddezya se isa lekha meM saMkSipta meM pAThakoM ko apane sAtha le jAte haiM aura inako khAnevAloM meM paidA unake ucita AhAra ke bAre meM tarkasaMgata jAnakArI karate hai| dene kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| 268

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tAlikA kramAMka 3 - saMtulita bhojana (iNDiyana kAunsila Apha meDIkala risarca dvArA 1968 meM prastAvita) (a) vayaska puruSa kA santulita bhojana khAdya padArthoM kA nAma baiThakara kAma karanevAle sAdhAraNa kAma karanevAle adhika parizrama karane ke lie (grAma meM) ke liye (grAma meM) vAle ke liye (grAma meM) anAja 400 475 dAleM 70 TUTe patte vAle sAga 100 125 anya sAga 75 100 jar3IlI tarakAriyAM 75 100 100 30 30 200 200 cikanAI va tela 35 40 50 cInI va gur3a mUgaphalI 650 80 80 125 75 phala 30 200 55 50* * agara mUgaphalI na khAnA cAhe to usake sthAna para 30 grAma cikanAI va tela bar3hA sakate haiN| (ba) vayaska strI kA santulita bhojana khAdya padArtha baiThakara kAma sAdhAraNa kAma adhika parizrama atirikta bhojana / kA nAma karanevAlI se liye karanevAlI ke liye karane vAlI ke liye garbhAvasthA, dhAtrAvasthA (grAma meM) (grAma meM) (grAma meM) (grAma meM) (grAma meM) anAja 350 100 dAleM 300 60 125 .70 125 hare patte vAle sAga anya sabjIyAM jar3IlI tarakAriyAM 475 70 125 100 100 50 75 phala 30 30 30 30 35 15 200 200 200 cikanAI va tela 40 cInI va gur3a 30 30 20 mUMgaphalI 40+ * agara 40 grAma mUgaphalI na khAnA cAheM to usake sthAna para 25 grAma cikanAI yA tela le sakate haiN| 40 296

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(sa) kizorAvasthA vAle lar3ake va lar3akiyoM kA santulita bhojana - - khAdya padArtha kA nAma ___13 se 15 varSa (grAma meM) lar3ake 17 se 18 varSa (grAma meM) . lar3akI 13 se 18 varSa (grAma meM) anAja 430 70 dAleM 350 70 150 100 hare patte vAle sAga anya sAga jar3IlI tarakAriyAM phala 450 70 100 75 100 30 250 45 75 75 30 250 75 30 250 cikanAI va tela cInI va gur3a mUgaphalI 35 30 50 + agara mUgaphalI na khAnA cAheM to usake sthAna para 30 grAma cikanAI va tela le sakate haiN| (da) baccoM ke lime santulita bhojana skUla jAne ke pUrva Ayu ke bacce / 1 se 3 varSa 4 se 6 varSa (grAma meM) (grAma meM) skUla jAne vAle bacce 7 se 9 varSa 10 se 12 varSa (grAma meM) (grAma meM) 150 .50 200 60 anAja dAleM hare patte vAle sAga anya sAga aura jar3ole sAga phala 250 70 75 320 70 100 50 ___30 75 50 50 50 300 20 250 250 25 250 30 50 cikanAI va tela . gur3a va cInI 35 30 40 50.

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tAlikA kramAMka-4 zAkAhAra evaM mAMsAhAra ke pauSTika tatvoM ko tulanAtmaka tAlikA (a) zAkAhArI khAdya proTIna pAnI kailorI vasA (sneha) khanija kArvo- kailaziyama lohA lavaNa hAiDreTsa (mi. grA.) gehUM kA ATA makaI cAvala 2.8 1.5 0.9 3.6 3.4 3.6 2.1 69: 4 66.2 774 56.6 60.3 57-2 59.7 352 343 349 334 350 333 346 14 12:2 14.9 12.6 10.4 10.9 15-2 12.4 9 .9 112 12.0 8 .1 13.7 2:3 62.5 358 ur3ada arahara masUra bhunA maTara bhunA canA loviyA var3A soyAvIna methI vAdAma kAjU bhunI mUgaphalI pistA akharoTa makkhana 12.1 17 11. 1 3 .6 8.5 0.6 24.0 1.3 24.0 14 22.3 25.1 0.7 22.9 22.5 5.2 24.6 0.6 43:2 19.5 26.2 58 28.8 58.9 21: 2 469 31.5 39.8 19.8 53.5 15. 5 64.5 --- 80.8 -- 1000 24.1 25.1 14.6 312 3800 372 0.04 11.5 0.01 2.1 0.01 28 0.148.5 0-20 9.8 0.14 8.8 0-13 20 0.03 5. 0 0.07 8.9 0.07 3.8 0.24 11. 5 0.16 14.1 0:23 3.5 0.05 5.0 005 0.3 0.14 13:7 0.10 4:8 2.2 3: 2 4.6 3.0 2.8 58. 9 55.7 20.9 44.1 10.5 22.3 19:3 16.2 110 5-2 327 432 333 655 596 661 626 2.3 28 5.9 __4.0 5.6 ____4.5 687 ghI panIra 4: 2 6 .3 3.1 20.5 68 510 -- -- 2140-3 5.8 30.6 1441 0.79 065 1.37 khoyA 730 900 348 420 347 sapreTA dUdha pAvaDara

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(ba) mAMsAhArI khAdya proTIna pAnI kailorI vasA khanija kArvo- kailaziyama lohA (sneha) lavaNa hAIDreTsa (mi. grA.) murgI kA aNDA batakha kA aNDA kalejI(bher3a) bakarI kA gozta sUara kA gozta gAya kA gozta machalI 133 13.3 13.5 13.7 19: 3 7 .5 18.5 13.3 18. 7 4 .4 22.6 . 26 22.6 0.6 1.0 -- 100.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.15 0.03 21 30 6.3 2.5 2.3 0. 8 73.7 710 70.4 71.5 77.4 73.4 78.4 173 180 150 194 114 114 91 1.0 0.01 0.1 0.8 0.01 302

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- -- gvAliyara aura jaina dharma (vividha sandarbha) - - aEG. ravA Jalludininternational

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gopAcala kA eka vismRta mahAkavi - raidhU bhAratIya vAGgamaya ke unnayana meM jina vareNya sAhityakAroM ne athaka parizrama evaM anavarata sAdhanA karake apanA ullekhya yogadAna kiyA hai, unameM mahAkavi raidhU apanA pramukha sthAna rakhate haiM / unakA avataraNa eka aise samaya meM huA thA jaba rAjanItika viSamatAoM evaM yuddha - viSikAoM se jana-jIvana jarjara ho rahA thA, talavAroM aura bhAloM kI nirantara bauchAroM se zAnti mI zAnti kI khoja kara rahI thI, taba raghu ne janamAnasa kI vedanA kA anubhava kiyA aura eka lokanAyaka kavi ke rUpa meM apanI amRtasrotasvinI ko pravAhita kiyA / unakI racanAoM kA viSaya- vaividhya, saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM hindI bhASAoM para asAdhAraNa pANDitya, itihAsa evaM saMskRti kA talasparzI jJAna, samAja evaM rASTra ko sAhitya, saMgIta, kalA evaM rASTra dharma ke prati jAgarUka karane kI kSamatA anyatra durlabha hai| mahAkavi kA nivAsa-sthala dhU ke janmasthAna evaM janmatithi viSayaka spaSTa ullekha abhI taka prakAza meM nahIM A sake / kintu isa tathya ke pracura pramANa upalabdha haiM ki kavi kI sAhitya sAdhanA kA pramukha sthala gopAcala (gvAliyara) durga thA / usane gopAcala kI mahimA kA gAna bar3e hI zraddhAsamanvita bhAva se vistArapUrvaka kiyA hai| usake sAhitya meM sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika prasaMgoM meM kaI aise varNana evaM zabdAvaliyA~ prApta haiM, jinase yahI siddha hotA hai ki ukta kavi gopAcala kA nivAsI thA / " DA0 rAjArAma jaina kAla-nirNaya mahAkavi kA janma kaba evaM kisa varSa huA, yaha jAnakArI bhI abhI taka aprApta hai, kintu kavi ne apanI eka racanA 'sukkosalacariu' kI antya - prazasti meM usakA racanA samApti kAla vi0 saM0 1496 diyA hai' tathA usameM apanI pUrvavartI kaI racanAoM ke ullekha kiye haiM evaM unhIM ullikhita racanAoM kI prazastiyoM meM bhI apanI pUrva - pUrva- racita racanAoM ke ullekha kiye haiM, jinakI saMkhyA 18 hai| isase vidita hotA hai ki kavi vi0 saM0 1496 ke pUrva hI eka vizAla sAhitya kA praNayana kara cukA thA, kyoMki vi0 saM0 1496 ke bAda hI usakI mAtra pA~ca racanAe~ hI prApta 1 pUrvokta 18 graMthoM ke parimANa ko dekhate hue tathA unake prathama guru guNakItti bhaTTAraka vi0 saM0 1455 ke 1. - sAhitya kA Alocana smaka parizIlana (DA0 rAjArAma jaina) pR0 44-45 / 2. sukkosala cariu 4/23/1-3 305

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AsapAsa) ke samaya ko dekhane se yaha vidita hotA hai ki kavi kA janmakAla vi0 saM0 1440 ke AsapAsa honA cAhie / isI prakAra kavi ne apanI racanAoM meM gopAcala nareza kIrtisiMha tomara evaM bhaTTAraka zubhacandra ( mAthuragaccha puSkaragaNIya) ke ullekha vistAra ke sAtha kie haiM, jinakA ki samaya vi0 saM0 hai / ina ullekhoM tathA anya tathyoM se yaha spaSTa vidita hotA hai ki kavi ukta samaya taka sAhitya sAdhanA karatA rahA aura isa prakAra usakA kula jIvanakAla anumAnata: vi0 saM0 1440 se 1536 ke madhya taka pratIta hotA hai / 1536 ke AsapAsa vaMza-paramparA - sAhitya kI prazastiyoM meM madhukarI vRtti se unakI pArivArika paramparA kA paricaya mila jAtA hai / usake anusAra kavi ke pitAmaha kA nAma saMdhAdhipa devarAja tathA pitA kA nAma harisiMha thA aura mAtA kA nAma thA vijayazrI / raidhU tIna bhAI the - bAhola, mAhaNasiMha evaM raidhU / raidhU kI patnI kA nAma sAvitrI thA tathA putra kA nAma udayarAja / kavi ne udayarAja ke janma ke dina hI apanI 'harivaMzacarita' nAmaka racanA samApta kI thI / sAhitya sAdhanA mahAkavi radda kI sAhitya sAdhanA gambhIra vizAla evaM adbhuta rahI hai| unhoMne apane jIvanakAla meM teIsa se bhI adhika granthoM kI racanA kI, jinakI bhASA prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM hindI hai / kaI granthoM meM apane AzrayadAtAoM ke prati AzIrvacana sUcaka saMskRta zlokoM kI bhI unhoMne racanA kI hai / inheM dekhakara pratIta hotA hai ki ve saMskRta ke bhI adhikArI vidvAn 3. 4. the / bhAratIya vAGgamaya ke itihAsa meM itane vizAla sAhitya kA praNetA evaM prAyaH sabhI pramukha prAcyabhASAoM kA jAnakAra anya dUsarA kavi jJAta nahIM hotA / raidhU viracita sAhitya kI vargIkRta sUcI nimna prakAra hai :-- (ka) carita sAhitya (1) harivaMzacariu ( 14 sandhiyA~ evaM 302 kaDava tathA 14 saMskRta zloka ); (2) balahaddacariu ( 11 saM0, 240 kaDavaka evaM 11 saM0 zloka ) (3) mahesaracariu (13 saM0, 304 kaDavaka evaM 12 saM0 zloka ), ( 4 ) jasahacariu (4 saM0, 104 kaDavaka 4 saM 0 zloka ) ; ( 5 ) sammaicariu ( 10 saM0, 246 kaDavaka evaM 10 saM0 zloka ); ( 6 ) tisaTTamahApurANapurisaAyAraguNAlaMkAru ( 50 sandhiyA~, 1357 kavaka); (7) sirisirivAlacariu ( 10 saM0; 202 kaDavaka evaM 10 saM0 zloka ) ; ( 8 ) saMtiNAhacariu (sacitra, apUrNa, mAtra ATha sandhiyA~ hI prApta haiM); (9) pAsaNAhacariu (7 saM. 137 kaDavaka 7 saM. zloka) (10) jimaMdharacariu ( 13 saM0, 301 kaDavaka tathA 13 saM0 zloka ); ( 11 ) sukkosalacariu (4 saM0, 74 kar3avaka evaM 4 saM0 zloka ) ; ( 12 ) ghaNNakumAracariu (4 saM0, 74 kaDavaka evaM 4 saM0 zloka ) ; (kha) AcAra evaM siddhAnta sAhitya ( 13 ) sAvayacariu ( 6 saM0 125 kaDavaka); ( 14 ) puNNA savakahA ( 13 saM0, 250 kaDavaka), (15) sammattaguNaNihANakavva ( 4 saM0, 104 kaDavaka), ( 16 ) appasaMvAhakavva ( 3 saM0 58, kaDavaka ), ( 17 ) siddhantatthasAra ( prAkRta bhASA nivaddha - 13 aMka evaM 850 gAthAe~); ( 19 ) vittasAra ( prAkRta bhASA nibaddha, 6 aMka, evaM 850 gAthAeM ) ; vizeSa ke lie dekhie raidhU sA0 kA A0 pari0 pR0 116-120 vahI, pR0 35-40 306

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(ga) adhyAtma evaM anya sAhitya jinameM samakAlIna rAjA, nagaraseTha, pUrvavartI evaM (20) solahakAraNa jayamAlA (27 padya); samakAlIna sAhitya evaM sAhityakAra tathA anya rAjanaitika, sAmAjika evaM dhArmika paristhitiyoM para (21) dahalakkhaNajayamAlA (11 padya); (22) bArA sundara prakAza DAlA hai| ina prazastiyoM meM gopAcala bhAvanA (hindI, 37 padya) / / ke madhyakAlIna itihAsa evaM saMskRti kI pracara anya grantha anupalabdha haiN| ukta granthoM meM se kramAMka prAmANika sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai| 8 evaM 9 ke grantha sacitra haiM aura madhyakAlIna citrakalA rAjAoM meM kavi ne samakAlIna tomaravaMzI rAjA ke adbhuta udAharaNa haiM / uparyukta samasta sAhitya DUMgara siMha, kItisiMha evaM pratAparudra cauhAna ke ullekha adyAvadhi aprakAzita hai| karate hue unakA vistRta paricaya evaM kAryakalApoM kA sundara varNana kiyA hai| kavi ke anusAra ukta tInoM raidhU-sAhitya ko vizeSatAe~ prazastiyA~ rAjA zUravIra evaM parAkramI hone ke sAtha-sAtha sarva dharma raidhu-sAhitya kI sarvaprathama vizeSatA usakI samanvayI evaM sAhitya tathA kalA-rasika the| gopAcala vistRta prazastiyA~ haiM / kavi ne apane prAyaH pratyeka grantha durga meM DUMgarasiMha evaM kItisiMha ne rAjya kI ora se ke Adi evaM anta meM vistRta prazastiyA~ aMkita kI haiM, zreSTha mUrtikalA ke vizeSajJoM ko nimantrita kara lagAtAra pisAbasamARRIISTRvidimiramAlArAmamAyAkArayAmajasvAlA usamayAgAvarudAvAlaTAkAritorikavi mAriyAsarAva bAlasvArAgiribabAnikAyabAyomabAhAmA mANatibadaDavara pAlAmAmAHiETrAjabipicha kakSA jasaharacariu (mausamAvAda prati); sandarbha- rAjA yazodhara apane manoraMjana graha meM 5. sacitra granthoM ke paricaya kI jAnakArI hetu hamAre dvArA likhita vistRta nibandhoM ke lie dekhie-jaina siddhAnta bhAskara (ArA) 25/2/62-69 (sacitra jasaharacariu ke lie) anusandhAna-patrikA (jana0. mArca) 1973) pravezAMka pR0 50-57, (sacitra pAsaNAhacaritra ke lie) tathA ra idhU sA0 kA A0 pari0 pRSTha 551-552 (sacitra satiNAha cariu ke lie)| 6. raidhU sA0 kA A0 pari0 pR0 95-116 307

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33 varSoM taka jainamUrtiyoM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| longer and smaller size. On the south rart janarala kaniMghama ne ukta mUrtikalA se prabhAvita hokara of it is a large size which may be about 40 likhA hai feet in height. These figures are perfectly naked without even a rag to cover the The (Jaina) Rock Sculptures of parts of generation. Adiva is for from Gwalior are unique in Northern India as being being a mean place on the contarary, it is well for their number as for their gigantic extremely pleasant. The greatee fault size. consists in the idol figures all about it. I directed these idols to be destroyed." prastuta prasaMga meM suprasiddha itihAsakAra zrI hemacandra rAya kA nimnakathana bhI atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiM : raidhU ke anusAra pratAparudra cauhAna candravADapaTTana kA rAjA thA, jisane apane parAkrama se muslima ___He (Dungar Singh) was a great patron AkrAntAoM ke chanake chur3A diye the aura apanA rAjya of the Jaina faith and held the Jainas in high esteem. During his eventful reign, the work vistAra kiyA thA / usake rAjya meM sabhI dharmoM ke of carving Jaina images on the rocks of the loga saumanasya evaM sauhArdapUrvaka nivAsa karate the| Fort of Gwalior was taken in hand; it was rAjya kI samRddhi aTUTa thI / pratAparudra ke eka amAtya brought to completion during the reigm of kunthUdAsa ne candravADapaTTana meM hIre, motI, mANikya his successor Raja Karni Singh (or Kirti Adi kI kaI sandara jainamatiyA~ banavAkara baDe hI Singh). All around the base of the Fort, ___ samAroha ke sAtha unakI pratiSThA karAI thii| .. the magnificent Statues of the Jaina pontiffs antiquity gaze from their tall niches like mighty Guardians of the great Fort and its raidhU-sAhitya kI prazastiyoM ke anusAra gopAcala surrounding landscape. Babur was much evaM candravADapaTTana meM sAhityakA kA sammAna rAjya annoyed by these rock-sculptures as to issue ke sarvazreSTha sammAnoM meM zreSThatama mAnA jAtA thaa| orders for their destruction in 1557 A. D. raidhU ne jaba gopAcala meM 'samma saguNaNihANaka bva' nAmaka apanA kAvyagrantha samApta kiyA thA, taba kavi ko ukta samrATa bAbara ke mUrti tor3anevAle ukta Adeza kA grantha ke sAtha hI airAvata ke sadRza sundara hAthI para janarala kanidhama ne aMgrejI anuvAda isa prakAra kiyA hai.-8 virAjamAna karAkara nagara bhara meM ghuma yA gayA thA / 10 ..They have hewn the solid rock of isI prakAra candravADapaTTana meM jaba kavi ne this Adiva and sculptured out of it idols of 'puNNasavakahA' nAmaka grantha kI samApti kI, taba Murry's Northern India. Pages 381-2 8. Murry's Northern India. Pages 3819. puNNAsava kahA 15/6/-11. 10. sammatta guNa0 1/5/6-10. 308 h

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agale hI dina use hAthI para baiThAkara nagara parikramA sAdhana sampanna hone ke kAraNa ye navIna-navIna pratibhAoM karAkara usakA rAjakIya sammAna kiyA gayA thaa|" kI khojakara unheM ekatrita karate the tathA batti Adi dekara unheM sAhitya ke kSetra meM prazikSita karate the / yahI ukta ghaTanAoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki gopAcala kAraNa hai ki gopAcala meM vi0 saM0 1440 se 1540 evaM candra vADapaTTana kI rAjya paramparAeM Adarza thI aura taka lagabhaga 100 varSoM meM jitanA sAhityika kArya sacamuca hI raidhu dvArA ullikhita ukta tInoM rAjA huA hai, utanA zAyada hI anyatra haA ho| ina sau samrATa azoka evaM rAjarSi kumArapAla kI koTi meM varSoM meM AkrAntAoM dvArA pichale varSoM meM sAhitya kI Ate haiN| jo holiyA~ jalAI gaI thIM, tathA mUttiyoM kA vidhvasa kiyA gayA thA, usakI pUrti kA athaka prayAsa kiyA bhaTTAraka gyaa| raidhU-sAhitya kI prazastiyoM meM kaI bhaTTArakoM ke ullekha milate haiN| ina bhaTTArakoM ne gopAcala meM sadaiva raidhu-prazastiyoM meM ullikhita bhaTTArakoM ko do hI sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika vAtAvaraNa utpanna kara vargoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM -- (1) raidha-parva-bhaTTAraka svastha-samAja ke nirmANa meM amUlya yogadAna kiyA hai| eva (2) ra ighu-samakAlIna bhaTTAraka / pUrvavartI braja evaM bundelI kA jo bhI sAhitya nirmita huA, usake bhaTTArakoM meM devasenagaNi, vimalasena, dharmasena, bhAvasena liye mUla preraNA ina bhaTTArakoM se milI / dhArmika evaM sahastrakIti tathA samakAlIna bhaTTArakoM meM guNakIti sAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha inameM saMgaThana kI pravRtti bhI yaga:katti pAlha bramha, khemacandra evaM kumArasena ke adabhUta thii| rAjAoM evaM nagaraseThoM ko prabhAvita kara nAmollekha milate haiN| ye sabhI bhaTaTAraka kASThAsaMgha unase Arthika sahAyatA lene meM bhI ye paTa the / ata: mAthuragaccha evaM puSkaragaNa zAkhA se sambandha rakhate haiN| TARANmAsamakSA samAnArAmanAra pakAra pani jasaharacariu; sandarbha-rAjA yazodhara apane pramukha matriyoM se gambhIra vicAra vimarza kara rahe haiN| jasaharacariu, maujamAvAda, jayapura prati 11. puNNAsavakahA 13/12/3. 306

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ina sabhI bhaTTArakoM ne sAhitya evaM kalA ke kSetra meM kAMcIsaMdhe mAthurAnvayo puskaragaNa bhaTTAraka zrI gaNakIti mahatvapUrNa kArya kiye / / deva ta pade yatyaHkIrtidevA pratiSThAcArya zrI paMDita radhu tepaM AmAe agrotavaMze modgala gotrAsA / / dhurAtmA bhaTTAraka zubhakIti ne apane guru bhaTTAraka kamala tasya putraH sAdhu bhopA tasyA bhAryA nAlhI / / putra prathama kIti ke Adeza se suvarNagiri (Adhunika sonAgiri, sAdhu kSemasI dvitIya sAdhu mahArAjA tRtIya asarAja jhA~sI) para eka bhaTTArakIya paTTa kI sthApanA kara caturtha dhanapAla paJcama sAghu pAlkA / sAdhu kSemasI svayaM hI usakA kArya saMcAlana kiyA thA tathA use bhAryA norAdevI putra jyeSTha putra bhadhAyi pati kaul..|| prAcyavidyA kA pramukha kendra banAyA thaa| vahAM ke vizAla bha-bhAryA ca jyeSThastrI sarasUtIpUtra mallidAsa dvitIya zAstra bhaNDAroM meM Aja bhI mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI apane bhAryA sAdhvIsarA putra candrapAla kSemasIputra dvitIyA sAdhu prakAzana kI rAha dekha rahI hai tathA kaI aitihAsika zrI bhojarAjA bhAryA devasyapatra pUrNapAla / eteSAM gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne ke lie utkaNThita hai| madhyezrI / / tyAdi jinasaMghAdhipati 'kAlA' sadA praNamati / bhaTTAraka kamalakIti ke eka anyatama ziSya maNDalAcArya zrI ratnakIti ne vi0 saM0 1516 meM ukta lekha meM rekhAMkita pada vicAraNIya haiN| yaha baDavAnI (bAvanagajA-pazcima nimAr3a) sthita 84 phITa to sarvavidita hI hai ki gopAcala (gvAliyara) meM vi0 U~cI AdinAtha tIrtha kara kI mUrti ke AsapAsa eka saM0 1497 meM tomaravaMzI rAjA iMgarasiMha kA rAjya vasati kA jIrNodvAra karAyA thA / 3 ye ullekha vastuta: thaa| unake samaya meM gopAcala kASThAsaMgha mAthurAnvaya bar3e hI mahatvapUrNa haiM aura madhyapradeza ke purAtatva kI evaM puSkaragaNIya bhaTTArakoM kA gar3ha thaa| unameM bhaTTAraka saddhi ke lie amUlya nidhi haiN| guNakIrti ke ziSya yaza.kIti tathA unake ziSya mahAkavi raidhu ne DUMgara siMha ke Agraha se unake durga meM rahakara gopAcala darga meM sthita 57 phITa UMcI AdinAtha hI sAhitya sAdhanA kI thii| mahAkavi ke bAlasakhA evaM kI mUrti para bhI eka lekha aMkita hai / sva. zrI DUgarasiMha ke amAtya kamalasiMha ne durga meM 57 phITa rAjendralAla hAr3A ne kaThora parizrama kara usakA adhyayana U~cI AdinAtha kI mUrti kA nirmANa karAyA thA, kiyA thA, kintu mahAkavi raidhU kRta sammataguNa- jisakI pratiSThA DUgarasiMha kI sahAyatA se kamalasiMha gihANakavva kI Adyaprazasti kA adhyayana evaM mUti ne raidha dvArA karAI thii| lekha se usakI tulanA karane se zrI hAr3A kA adhyayana paryApta bhramapUrNa siddha hotA hai| unake paThanAnusAra mati ukta vaktavya ke rekhAMkita padoM kI, mUrtilekha ke lekha nimna prakAra hai rekhAMkita padoM se tulanA karane para saMgati ThIka hI baiTha jAtI hai| ukta saMgati kA mUlAdhAra raidhu kRta zrI AdinAthAyanamaH / saMvat 1497 varSe vaizASa 'sammattaguNaNihANakavva' hI hai, jise raidhU ne kamalasiMha 7 ke punarvasunakSa ne zrI 'gopAcala durge' ke Azraya meM rahakara usake svAdhyAya hetu taiyAra kiyA mahArAjAdhirAja zrI Duga..." saMvartamAno zrI thA tathA usane usakI prazasti meM kamalasiMha kA vaMzavRkSa, 12. vizeSa ke lie dekhie raidhU, sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana pR0 69-83. 13. de0 bar3avAnI bhittilekha. 310

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DUMgara siMha kA vistRta varNana evaM gopAcala kI rAjanaitika evaM sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM kA sundara citra khIMcA hai| mUrtilekha meM aMkita sAmagrI nimna prazasti meM dRSTavya hai : *--- gopAcala DuMgararAya rajji / siva UsaiNA vihiya kajji || tahi Niva sammAneM tosiyaMgu / buha~ bihiu jaM Nicya saMgu // karuNAvallI vaNa-dhavala- kaMdu | siriaravAla-kula- kumuya caMdu // siri bhoSANAmeM huvau sAhu | saMpatta jeNa dhammeM jilAhu || tahu NAlhAhI NAmeNa bhajja / aisAvahANa sA puNNakajja || tahuNaMdaNa cAri guNoha vAsa / sasiNiha jasabhara pUriya disAsa // masIhu pasiddhau mahi garichu / maharAju mahAmai tahu kaNiTTu | asarAja duhiya jaNa Asakara / pAlhA kula-kamala- viyAsa suru || ehu garuvau jo khemasIhu / varNiyau eccha bhavabhamaNa vIhu || tahu NiurAde bhAmiNi utta / guru deva saccha-paya-kamala- bhatta || tahi uvari uvaNNa viNiNaputta / viSNANa - kalA-guNa-se Ni jutta // par3hamau saMghAviu kamalasIhu / jo palu mahIyala sivasamIhu || NAmeNa sarAsai tahu kalatta / vII ji sasipiya pAya bhatta // cauviha dANeM pINiya supatta / aNi viraiya jiNaNAhajatta // tahuNadaNu NAmeM mallidAsu / so saMpattau suhagai NivAsu // saMghAhiva kamalahu lahuu bhAu / NAmeNa pasiddhau bhoyarAu || tahu bhAmiNi devai NAma utta / vihu putahi sA sohai sautta || NAmeNa bhaNiu guru caMdaseNu / puNu puNNapAlu lahuvau areNu // ghattA iya pariyaNa juttau ecchaNiru / kamalasIhu saMghAhiva ciraNaMdau || 318 ecchu pasaNu maNu Niya / duhiya jaNa Ai 11 sammata 0 4/35 isa prakAra mahAkavi raidhU ke 'sammataguNaNihANakanya' kI prazasti ko sammukha rakhakara ukta mUrtilekha ke azuddha par3he gaye pAThoM ko saralatA se zuddha kiyA jA sakatA hai / gopAcala ke bhaSThijana raidhU ne apanI prazastiyoM meM prasaMgavaza kaI nagara zreSThiyoM kI vistRta carcA kI hai| inameM se kucha zra eSThijana raithU kI kavitvazakti se atyanta prabhAvita hokara unheM apanA guru mAnakara calate the tathA ve nirantara hI apane svAdhyAya hetu unase kAvyagrantha likhane kA AgrahabharA nivedana kiyA karate the / yahA~ do-eka udAharaNa prastuta kara yaha darzAne kA prayAsa kiyA jAyagA ki madhyakAlIna nagara zreSThijana aizvarya aura bhogoM ke bIca rahate hue bhI kitane sAhitya rasika evaM sAhityakAroM ko mukuTamaNi ke samAna samajhate the / kavi raidhU ke eka bhakta the - kamalasiMha saMghavI, jo tomara rAjA DUMgarasiMha

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ke amAtya the tathA aizvarya meM kisI bhI rAjA se kama na kAvyarUpI eka bhI sUndara maNi nahIM hai| usake binA the / ve kavi se kahate haiM "he kavivara, zayanAsana, hAthI, merA sArA aizvarya phIkA-phIkA lagatA hai| he kAvyarUpI dhoDe, dhvajA, chatra, camara, sundara-sundara rAniyA~, ratha, ratnoM ke ratnAkara, tuma to mere snehI bAlamitra ho, senA, sonA-cA~dI, dhana-dhAnya, bhavana, sampatti, koSa, tumhIM hamAre sacce puNya-sahAyaka ho / mere mana kI icchA nagara, deza, grAma, bandhu-bAndhava, sundara santAna, putra, ko pUrNa karanevAle ho / isa nagara meM bahuta se vidvajjana bhAI, Adi sabhI mujhe upalabdha haiN| saubhAgya se kisI rahate haiM, kintu mujhe Apa jaisA koI bhI anya sukavi bhI prakAra kI bhautika-sAmagrI kI mujhe kamI nahIM, kintu nahIM dikhatA / ata: he kavizreSTha, maiM apane hRdaya kI itanA saba hone para bhI eka vastu kA abhAva mujhe gA~Tha kholakara Apase saca-saca kaha rahA hai ki Apa mere nirantara khaTakatA rahatA hai, aura vaha yaha ki mere pAsa nimitta eka kAvya kI racanA kara mujha para apanI mahatI mogarAyA DAyanAsvAda malanasAvakalATAvaDAmAzayamAnatA bhAvAnIgAdAsara milA kimaDAniyAvAsAdAyaka janAvarAmavAsanA kavanapaddhAmAyAvatI topidaasaan| RE bnggaalocnaa smaajer ei rAvikamA sAzrayA sarakArAlakAlA jabAmAlAmAlavASIS raIdhUkRta pAsaNAha cariu pratilipi kAla-vi0 sa0 1493 sandarbha-rAjA aravinda apane mantrI vAyabhUti se usake bhAI kamaTha ke caritra ke viSaya meM pacha rahA hai tathA kamaTha ko tatkAla hI deza nirvAsana kI salAha kara rahA hai| 312

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kRpA kIjie 14 kavi raidhU ne kamalasiMha kI yaha binA dhAge se ratnoM kI mAlA koI gUMtha sakatA hai ? mArmika-prArthanA svIkAra kara usake nimitta 'sammataguNa- binA buddhi ke isa vizAla kAvya kI racanA karane meM maiM NihANakavva' nAmaka eka kAvya-grantha kI racanA krdii| kaise pAra pA sakU~gA ?" mahAkavi kA eka dUsarA bhakta thA harisiMha sAhU / ukta prakAra se uttara dekara kavi ne sAhU kI bAta usakI tIvra icchA thI ki usakA nAma candra vimAna meM ___ ko sambhavataH TAla denA cAhA, kintu sAhU bar3A catura likhA jAya / ataH vaha kavi se nivedana karatA hai-"heM thaa| ataH aise avasara para usane vaNikbUddhi se kArya mitra, mujha para anurAgI banakara merI vinatI suna lIjie kiyA / usane kavi ko apanI pUrva-maitrI kA smaraNa evaM mere dvArA icchita 'balabhadra carita' nAmaka racanA dilAte hae kahA: "kavivara, Apa to nirdoSa kAvya likhakara merA nAma candra-vimAna meM aMkita karA racanA meM dhurandhara haiM, zAstrArtha Adi meM nipUNa haiM, Apake diijie|' harisiMha kI yaha prArthanA sunakara kavi ne kaI zrI mukha meM to sarasvatI kA vAsa hai| Apa kAvyakAraNoM se apanI asamarthatA vyakta karate hue tathA praNayana meM pUrNa samartha haiM, ata: icchita-grantha kI racanA 'balabhadra carita' kI vizAlatA kA anubhava karate hue avazya hI karane kI kRpA kiijie|"18 antataH kavi ne uttara diyA : ukta grantha kI racanA krdii| ghaNaeNa bharai ko uvahi-tou / raidhU-sAhitya meM vaNita gopAcala ko phaNi-siramaNi payaDai vinnou| paMcANaNa-muhi ko khivai hatthu / raidhU-sAhitya meM gopAcala kA bar3A hI samRddha viNu sutne mahi ko rayai batthu / varNana milatA hai| kavi ne usakI upamA svargapurI, indrapurI, evaM kuberapurI se dI hai, kintu pratIta hotA hai viNu-buddhie taha~ kavvahaM pasAru / ki use isa tulanA se bhI santoSa nahIM hai, kyoMki eka viraeppiNu gacchami kema pAru / santa kahAkavi kI dRSTi meM jJAna evaM gurU hI sarvopari hote haiM, bhautika samRddhi to unake samakSa nagaNya hai / ataH vaha balabhadra0 1/4/1.4 gopAcala ko 'nagaroM kA gurU' athavA 'paNDita' ghoSita arthAt-"he bhAI, balabhadra-carita kA likhanA karatA hai / vaha kahatA hai:sarala kArya nhiiN| usake likhane ke lie mahAn sAdhanA, kSamatA evaM dAkti kI AvazyakatA hai| Apa hI batAiye mahivIr3hi pahANau~ NaM girirANau~ / ki bhalA ghar3e meM samasta samudra-jala ko koI bhara sakatA suraha~ vi maNi vibhau jaNiu~ / hai? sA~pa ke sira se maNi ko koI le sakatA hai ? kausIsaha. maMDiu NaM ihu / prajjvalita paMcAgni meM koI apanA hAtha DAla sakatA hai ? paMDiu govAyalu NAmeM bhaNiu~ / 14. sammataguNa 1/15/1-6. 15. balahaddacariu 1/4/6-12, 16. balahadda0 1/5/5-6.

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pAsa0 1 / 2/15-16 arthAt "pRthvI-maNDala meM pradhAna, girirAja (sumeru) ke samAna vizAla, devatAoM ke mana meM bhI vismaya utpanna karanevAlA, bhavana zikharoM se maNDita tathA pRthvI- maNDala ke zreSTha paNDita ke samAna gopAcala nAmaka eka nagara kahA gayA hai / " suhanancha jarAvara Na buhayaNa juhu NaM satyatyahiM sohiu jaNamaNu / mohiu NaM varaNayaraha~ ehu guru // yungpoffint paNa di simi tilakarAjavi sa AtAra yambaracha piyavAlA sAmudi ka viyoga kiyA vari vidhAnapari Wood rayaNAvaru / iMdauru || pa Rakipa cANaka mAsi viza visara savAtavaraNA parivAra bhArasaDimA bahI 1 / 3/17-18 arthAt "sukha-samRddhi evaM yaza ke lie yaha gopAcala ratnAkara ke samAna Akara thA, budhajanoM ke samUhoM se yukta vaha nagara mAnoM indrapurI hI thA zAstrArthI se / suzobhita tathA jana-mana ko AkarSita karanevAle sarva zreSTha nagaroM kA mAnoM yaha gurU hI thA / " 314 vahA~ ke sAmAjika jIvana kA bhI vaha sundara varNana karatA hai / kavi ke anusAra vahA~ ke AbAla-vRddha, naranArI durvyasanoM se kosoM dUra the / prAtaHkAlIna kriyAoM se nivRtta hokara vahAM kI nAriyA~ sundara vastra dhAraNakara ma pAvarajasAmAnAdira manokaladiya sta hariyA sivanAdinanayami mahAkavi raIkRta apabhraMza kA eka adhAvadhi arakAzita durlabha pratva, "nilaTTha mahApurANapurisa AvazadaguNAlaMkAru" ke antima pRSTha ko phoTo kApI ja ratori

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pavitra mana se prabhAtI-gIta gAtI huI jaba devAlayoM kI jiha maimattu gaiMdu Ni raMkusu / ora jAtI thIM, taba nagara kA sArA vAtAvaraNa sAtvika jaM bhAvai taM bolai jiha sisu // evaM dharma-mahimApUrNa ho jAtA thaa| kulavadhueM satpAtroM jAyaMdhu vi jaha maggu Na jANai / ko bhojana karAe binA bhojana nahIM karatI thIM, tathA caudisu dhANamANu duhU mANai / / dIna-dukhI evaM anAthoM ke prati ve nirantara dayAlU rahatI tihi rANau lajjA mellivi / thiiN|17 jaM ruccai taM cavai uvellivi / / ___ eka ora jahA~ raidhU-varNita mahilAeM itanI udAra vahI02/5/8-11 thIM, vahIM dUsarI ora dharma-viruddha kAryoM kA ghora virodha karanevAlI, satsAhasI evaM vIrAMganAe~ bhI vahA~ thiiN| arthAt "jisa prakAra madonmatta hAthI niraMkuza ho kavi ne apane 'sirisiri-vAlakahA' nAmaka grantha meM jAtA hai, usI prakAra hamArA pitA bhI niraMkuza ho gayA ujjayinI kI rAjakumArI mayaNAsundarI kA ullekha hai / ajJAnI baccoM ke samAna hI jo mana meM AtA hai, karate hue batAyA hai ki rAjA prabhUpAla ne kisa prakAra so bolatA hai| jisa prakAra janmAndha vyakti mArga nahIM mayaNAsundarI kI kalA-vidyAoM kI kuzalatA se prasanna jAnatA aura cAroM dizAoM meM daur3atA huA duHkha-bhAjaka hokara use svayaM hI apane yogya vara ke cunAva kara lene banatA hai, ThIka usI prakAra yaha bhI mAna-maryAdA chor3akA Adeza diyA / 18 kintu mayaNAsundarI ise bhAratIya- kara jo mana meM AtA hai, vahI karatA hai aura bolatA paramparA ke viparIta hone ke kAraNa Apattijanaka mAna- hai|" isake bAda vaha apane pitA ko nirbhIkatA ke sAtha kara usakA ghora virodha karatI hai / kavi ne isa prasaga uttara detI huI kahatI hai :kI carcA paryApta vistAra ke sAtha kI hai| pratIta hotA hai ki mayaNAsundarI ke mAdhyama se kavi ne vahA~ ke bho tAya-tAya-pai~ Niru ajuttu / nArI varga ke prati apanI hArdika zraddhAMjaliyA~ arpita kI jaMpiyau Na muNiyau jiNahu suttu / / vara-kuli uvaNNa jA kaNNa hoi / sAlajja Na mellai eccha loya // ukta prasaga ke anusAra pitA ke vivAha sambandhI vAdAvavAu nau juttu tAu / prastAva sunakara mayaNAsundarI vicAra karatI hai : taha~ puNu tua avakhavami NisuNi raau| viha-loya-viruddhau ehu kammu / kulamaggu Na yANai aliyabhAsi / jaM suva saiMvaru NiNhai suchmmu|| niyageha ANai avajasaha-rasirA // pai~ maNa icchai kijjai vivAhu / sirivAla0 2/4/8 to loya suhillau iya pavAhu // arthAt yaha (merA pitA) kula-paramparAoM ko vahI0 2/6/5 jAnatA nahIM, vaha asatyabhASI hai aura aba apane ghara meM arthAt "he pitAjI, Apane jinAgama-sUtroM ke apayazoM ko lA rahA hai| viruddha hI mujhe apane Apa pati ke cunAva kara lene kA 17. sammattaguNa. 1/4. 18. sirivAla. 2/4/5. 315

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dama Adeza diyA hai / kintu jo kanyAeM kulIna hotI haiM, ve paramaNa gahaNAyara vayaNiyabhAyaru / kabhI bhI aisA nirlajjatA kA kArya nahIM kara sktiiN| he jiNapayapayaruha Nabiya siru / / pitAjI, isa viSaya meM maiM vAda-vivAda nahIM karanA cAhatI / isalie, merI prArthanA dhyAnapUrvaka suneM / pAsa0 7/11 ApakA yaha kArya loka-viruddha hogA ki ApakI kanyA ____ arthAt "sampUrNa deza upadravoM se rahita rahe, nareza svayaMvara karake apane pati kA nirvAcana kare / ataH prajA kA pAlana karatA huA Anandita rahe / jina-zAsana mujhase kahe binA hI ApakI icchA jahA~ ho, vahIM para phale-phUle / nirdoSa munigaNa viSaya-vAsanA se dUra rahakara merA vivAha kara deM...... Anandita rheN| jo zrAvakagaNa jIva-ajIva Adi padArthoM kA zravaNa karate haiM, be pAparahita hokara Ananda se rheN|" bharata vAkya raidhu-sAhitya kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usake prAyaH dUsaroM ke guNa grahaNa karanevAle, vrata evaM niyamoM sabhI granthoM meM vistRta bharata-vAkya bhI upalabdha hote kA AcaraNa karanevAle, mAtsarya-mada se rahita evaM zAstra haiM / unake mUla meM kavi ke antas kA ujjvala rUpa hI meM pravINa paNDitagaNa cirakAla taka Ananda kareM evaM sabhI jana jinendra ke caraNa-kamaloM meM nata-mastaka rhaiN|" pratibhASita hotA hai| kavi-hRdaya lokamaMgala kI kAmanA se otaprota hai / usakI abhilASA hai ki rAjA kalyANa- raDadha-sAhitya meM prayakta Adhanika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke mitra bane, prajA use apanA pitA samajhe, rAjA bhI use zabda apanI santati ke samAna sneha kare / samasta AdhiyA~ evaM vyAdhiyA~ naSTa hoN| Rtue~ samayAnusAra suphala deN| mahAkavi raidhU yadyapi mUlata: apabhraMza kavi haiM sarvatra sukha-santoSa evaM zAnti kA sAmrAjya ho / kavi kintu unake sAhitya meM aisI zabdAvaliyA~ bhI prayukta haiM kahatA hai : jo Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI zabdAvaliyoM se , samakakSatA rakhatI haiM / udAharaNasvarUpa yahA~ kucha zabdoM Nikhaddau Nivasau sayaludesu / ko prastuta kiyA jAtA hai :payapAlau NaMdau puNu Naresu // TopI (jasahara0 1/5/7), Dhora (appa0 1/4/2), jiNasAsaNu NaMdau dosamukku / coju (Azcarya, sukko0 1/6/3), sAlA-sAlI (appa0 muNigaNa NaMdau tahiM visy-cukku|| 3/4/2), rasoi (sukko0 4/5) gaDDI = gAr3I, (ghaNNa gaMdahu sAvayayaNa galiyapAva / 2/7), gAlI (appa0 1/8), jaMgala (appa0 2/3/1), jeNisuNahi~ jIvAjIva bhAva // poTalI (dhaNNa. 2/6/4), vukkaDa=bakarA-dhaNNa NaMdau mahi Nirasiya asuhukammu / 2/7/5), thaTTa =bhIr3a sammai0 1/17/4-khaTTa jo jIvadayAvaru paramadhammu // =khATa-dhaNNa0 2/14/8-sutta-sUtanA=sonA, dhaNNa0 3/15/3), paTavArI (dhaNNa0 4/20/5), pattA vakkala=bakalA- chilakA-sukko0 2/5/12), Dhilla= DhIlA-appa0 1/12/6), purAnA (appa0 maccharamayahINau~ satthapavINau~ / 1/19/3), jhUThe jhagar3e (appa0 1/20/5), aMgochA paMDiyayaNu NaMdau suciru // =dhotI, (sammatta0 5/10/13) muggadAli=mUMga 316

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kI dAla (harivaMza0 4/7/8), paur3A gannA, (pAsa0 dIpa ko prajjvalita kara mA~ bhAratI ke zrIcaraNoM ko 6/1/6) laigau=legayA (appa0 3-8-10) mAmA Alokita kiyA hai / usane vividha AkramaNoM se jarjara mAmA (haribaMsa0 4/8/6), kappar3a= kapar3A (appa0 mAlavabhUmi ke girate gaurava ko apanI samartha-lekhanI se 1/12/5), paija =pratijJA, (pRNNa0 3/4/7), kukura unnatakara usake pada ko punaH pratiSThita kiyA hai tathA puNNA0 (12/25/11) khAjA (puNNA0 1/10/5) andhakAra meM vilIna hote hue usake kaI aitihAsika aMthau = sUryAsta pUrva kA bhojana, (puNNA0 12/3/4) tathyoM ko apanI prazastiyoM ke mAdhyama se prakAzita cullU (puNNA0 1/14/7), sA~kala (puNNA0 1/3/4), kiyA hai| niHssandeha hI raidhU-sAhitya mAlava pradeza kA mola (puNNA 5/1/10), dehalI (puNNA0 8/2/8), galA hI nahIM samagra bhAratIya-vAGgamaya kA bhI eka svarNima (puSNA0 13/4/12), talavara=kotavAla, (pugNA0 adhyAya hai| usane zikSA jagat kA mahAn upakAra kiyA 9/7/10) Adi aise zabda haiM, jo Aja bhI bundelI, hai| ataH gopAcala ke isa vareNya kavi ke aprakAzita baghelI, braja, bhojapUrI, avadhI evaM paMjAbI meM prayukta sAhitya ko prakAzadAna dene se hI ma0pra0 usake RNoM hote haiN| se uRNa ho sakegA aura isI prakAra raidhU ke prati racanAtmaka samartha zraddhAMjaliyA~ bhI samarpita kI jA raidhU sAhitya kA mahatva skeNgii| isa prakAra mahAkavi raidhU ne vividha bhASAoM evaM sAhityika-zailiyoM meM eka vizAla sAhitya rUpI bhAskara 00

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gvAliyara evaM usake nikaTavartI kSetroM meM sthita = jaila sAskRtika 6. DA0 vI. vI0 lAla bhArata kI prAcInatama saMskRtiyoM meM se eka jaina gvAliyara uttarI madhyapradeza ke prAcInatama kSetroM meM saMskati, jise zramaNa saMskRti bhI kahA jAtA hai, kI se eka hai / gvAliyara ke nikaTa pavAyA nAma ke grAma vyApakatA usakI eka pramukha vizeSatA rahI hai| yoM to ko vedoM meM padmAvatI nAmaka aitihAsika nagarI mAnane sampUrNa bhAratavarSa meM jaina saMskRti ke pratIka svarUpa meM anekoM itihAsakAra ekamata haiN| yahA~ prApta prAcIna anekoM tIrtha, mandira, mUrtiyAM Adi aneka prakAra ke purAtatvIya sAmagrI se yaha tathya bahuta kucha puSTa hotA hai| murainA jile meM sihoniyA, datiyA jile meM svarNAsmAraka upalabdha hote haiM, parantu uttara bhArata aura girI, zivapurI jile ke naravara, gunA jile meM caMderI, madhya bhArata ke bIca kA kSetra isa dRSTi se aura bhI tumaina aura jharakona jaigara (bajaraMga gar3ha) tathA gvAliyara adhika sampanna kSetra hai / gvAliyara ke nikaTavartI kSetra ke amaraula va durga Adi sthala bhI prAcIna aitihAsika jaina purAtatva ke vaibhava se bhare par3e haiM, vibhinna aMcaloM mahatva va purAtatvika sampadA kI dRSTi se sampanna kSetra meM yagayagIna jaina saMskRti ke anekoM pratIkAtmaka smAraka haiN| ina sabhI kSetroM meM jo kucha bhI prAcInatama pUrAtatvika upalabdha haiN| isakA eka pramukha kAraNa sambhavataH yaha avazeSa avazeSa evaM anya sAmagrI upavabdha haI hai usakA bar3A anya mAmI ure bhI hai ki vibhinna jaina tIrtha karoM va sAdhuoM ne deza bhara bhAga jaina saMskRti se sambandhita hai| isa prakAra meM paidala vihAra kara apane dharma kA pracAra kiyA aura gvAliyara aura usakA nikaTavartI sampUrNa kSetra jaina logoM ko ahiMsAtmaka jIvana paddhati apanAne kA upadeza purAtatva kI dRSTi se atyadhika sampanna kSetra hai tathApi diyaa| jo kSetra tIrtha karoM ke vihAra meM pramukha rahe unameM jaina saMskRti ke kucha pramukhatama kendroM ke rUpa meM kucha bihAra, uttarapradeza aura uttarI madhyapradeza ke kSetra kSetroM kA aitihAsika dRSTi se bar3A hI mahatva hai| pramukha haiN| yahA~ aise hI kucha pramukha sthaloM kI carcA kI gaI hai| 318 --

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siddhakSetra svarNAgirI datiyA sTezana se tIna mIla kI dUrI para sthita svarNAgirI ( saunAgirI ) dhArmika dRSTi se siddhakSetra mAnA jAtA hai / jisa grAma meM yaha kSetra sthita hai vaha sanAvala kahalAtA hai, jo "zramaNAcala" kA apabhraMza rUpa pratIta hotA hai, jisakA tAtparya zramaNa saMskRti ke pramukha aMcala se hai / jisase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha kSetra zramaNa digambara jaina sAdhuoM kI prAcInatama tapobhUmi rahI hai / vartamAna meM yahA~ eka pahAr3I banI hai jisa para kula 77 mandira bane hue haiM / nIce ke nikaTavartI bhU-bhAga meM bhI solaha bhavya mandira bane haiN| ina sAre mandiroM meM pahAr3I ke zIrSastha sthAna para bane tIrthaM kara candraprabhU ke mandira kA vizeSa mahatva hai| pahAr3I kI sarvocca zilA para utkIrNa tIrthakara candraprabhU kI pratimA ke cAroM ora bhavya mandira banA hai, jisameM bAda meM samaya samaya para anya anekoM tIrtha kara pratimAe~ bhI virAjamAna kI gaI haiN| tIrthaMkara candraprabhU kI pratimA yahA~ kI prAcInatama evaM isa mandira kI mUla nAyaka pratimA hai / jaina zAstroM ke ullekha ke anusAra isa sthala para tIrthaMkara candraprabhU svAmI kA samavazaraNa vihAra karate samaya ThaharA thA, aura unhoMne kAphI samaya taka yahA~ upadeza diye the / isa kAraNa isa sthAna kA atyAdhika dhArmika mahatva hai| isa ghaTanA ke pratIka svarUpa hI yahA~ tIrthaMkara candraprabhU kI yaha pratimA utkIrNa kI gaI yaha manojJa pratimA khar3agAsana mudrA meM hai jisakI U~cAI sAr3he sAta phITa hai| pratimA ke nIce ke bhAga meM utkIrNa hindI lekha meM jo ki kisI prAcIna lekha ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, isa pratimA aura mandira ko samvat 335 vi. meM nirmita darzAyA hai| isa lekha ke anusAra zrI zravaNasena kanakasena ne isa mandira kA nirmANa saM. 335. vi. me Ding karavAyA tathA saM. 1883 meM punaH mathurA ke seTha lakSmIcandrajI dvArA isa mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karavAyA gayA / isa jIrNodvAra ke samaya mUla zilAlekha caraNoM ke nIce hone se daba gayA para seTha lakSmIcandra jI ne isakA anuvAda karAkara lagA diyA jise avizvasanIya mAnane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai / jaina granthoM ke ullekhoM ke anusAra yaha parvata jaina sAdhuoM kI pramukha sAdhanA sthalI rahA hai, va lagabhaga sAr3he pA~ca karor3a sAdhuoM ne ise apanI siddhabhUmi hone kA gaurava pradAna kiyA hai / sAdhuoM ke saMgha ke vihAra ke sambandha meM ullekhanIya prAcInatama ghaTanA san 258 I. ke lagagabha kI batAI jAtI hai jaba ki samrATa candragupta maurya ke samaya meM mahAkAla par3ane para jaina sAdhU saMgha kA eka aMza calakara yahA~ Akara tthhraa| unhoMne vahAM jo apanA zilAlekha lagavAyA vaha abhI taka upalabdha hai / samrATa azoka ke zAsana kAla meM eka upazAsaka kumArapAla kI yahA~ niyukti kiye jAne kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra apane prAraMbhika kAla meM jaba samrATa azoka kA jhukAva jaina dharma kI ora thA, una dinoM samrATa azoka ne bhI isa sthAna kI bandanA kI thI / 316 pahAr3a se mokSa ko prApta sAr3he pA~ca karor3a muniyoM meM sarvAdhika prAmANika aitihAsika ullekha muni naMgaanaMga kumAra kA upalabdha hotA hai / inake smAraka ke rUpa meM tIrtha kara candraprabhU ke mandira ke nikaTa hI inake caraNa pratiSThApita haiN| pahAr3I para bane anya mandira bhI atyAdhika bhavya hai tathA unameM virAjamAna pratimAoM meM se anekoM kAphI prAcIna haiN| vyavasthApana samiti dvArA eka mandira ke varAmadoM meM purAtatva saMgrahAlaya ke rUpa meM eka bIdhikA banA dI gaI hai| isameM bhI san 300 I. taka kI anekoM prAcIna jaina pratimAyeM khaNDita rUpa meM upalabdha haiM / inake sAtha hI samavazaraNa Adi ke kucha avazeSa bhI isa saMgrahAlaya meM haiN| pahAr3I para prAkRtika rUpa se bane eka kuNDa kA AkAra nAriyala jaisA hone se

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vaha nAriyala kuNDa, tathA eka vizAla zilA Thokane para pAMca karor3a sAdhUoM kI siddha sthalI hone ke kAraNa jaina AvAja karane ke kAraNa bajanI zilA ke nAma se jAnI saMskRti kA yaha prAcIna kenda aitihAsika daSTi se jAtI haiN| nIce ke mandiroM meM bhaTTAraka harendrabhUSaNa jI mahatvapUrNa hone ke sAtha-sAtha dhArmika dRSTi se bhI atyAdhika kA mandira prAcIna bhI kAphI hai| mahatvapUrNa siddha kSetra (tIrtha) mAnA jAtA hai| vigata kucha samaya pUrva bane bAhubalI svAmI kA sihoniyAmandira, mAnasAmbha tathA kucha anya mandira bhI bhavya haiN| murainA jile meM sthita siMhoniyA nAmaka nagarI isa tIrtha kara candraprabhU ke samavazaraNa kI vizrAma sthalI tathA kSetra kI prAcInatama aitihAsika nagariyoM meM pramukha hai| caitranAtha kI pratimAeM siMhoniyA (jilA murainA) (zrI harihara nivAsa jI dvivedI ke saujanya se) 320

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prAcIna granthoM meM nAga samrAToM kI rAjadhAnI krAntipUrI prAcInatama nagaroM meM se eka hai| anekoM itihAsakAroM isI nagarI kA aitihAsika nAma hai| yahA~ sthita mAtA ke anusAra bhAratIya vedoM meM vaNita padamAvatI nAmaka ke mandira ke cAroM ora tathA nikaTavartI anya mandiroM aitihAsika nagarI yahI pavAyA hai| yahA~ atyAdhika meM pahalI se pandrahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya purAtatvika prAcIna purAtatvika sampadA upalabdha hai| upalabdha avazeSa bhare par3e haiM, inameM anekoM jaina dharma se sambandhita avazeSoM meM se kucheka isa kSetra meM jaina saMskRti ke haiM, abhI taka ina para paryApta zodha ke abhAva meM inake pracuratApUrNa prasAra kI sAkSya prastuta karate haiM / yahA~ bAre meM bahuta se tathya ajJAta haiN| yahIM gvAliyara ke upalabdha prAcIna avazeSoM para abhI paryApta zodha kI tomara rAjA vIramadeva ke samaya meM banA vizAla evaM AvazyakatA hai / yahA~ prApta mUrtiyoM meM eka mUrti vicitra bhavya caitranAtha mUrti samUha abhI bhI surakSita hai| isameM prakAra kI upalabdha huI hai jisameM eka vyakti apane sira caitranAtha ko jaina mUrti para vi. saM. 1467 (san ke Upara eka dhyAnastha nagna AkRti kI pratimA ko 1410 I.) kA eka zilAlekha aMkita hai / / virAjamAna kiye hue hai| yaha pratimA jaina pratimA pratIta hotI hai, jo aba taka upalabdha pratimAoM kI tulanA meM dUbakuNDa (zyopura) vicitratAe~ liye hue evaM anUThI hai / isake atirikta murainA jile meM hI zyopura tahasIla meM sthita duva- kucha anya prAtamAe A kucha anya pratimAeM Adi bhI upalabdha haiN| kuNDa nAmaka sthAna bhI jaina saMskRti kA prAcIna kendra amaraula tathA sohajanArahA hai / yahA~ bhI kaI prAcIna jaina mUrtiyoM ke avazeSa prApta hote haiN| yahA~ prApta vi. saM. 1145 (sana gvAliyara jile meM hI gvAliyara ke dakSiNa pUrva meM 1088 I.) ke vikramasiMha ke zilAlekha se pratIta hotA sthita anya grAma amarola meM bhI anekoM ullekhanIya hai ki isa kSetra ke kacchapaghAta rAjAoM kA prazraya bhI pratimAe~ upalabdha huI haiN| inameM pUrva madhyakAla kI jaina sUriyoM ko prApta huA thaa| zAntiSeNa sUri aura pArzvanAtha aura AdinAtha kI pratimA kA sUkSmatA ke unake ziSya vijayakIti dvArA eka prazasti likhI gaI sAtha pratirUpaNa huA hai jisameM tIrtha kara ke cAroM ora thii| yahA~ ke jaina mandira ke zilAlekha vi. saM. 1152 yakSoM kI vAmana AkRtiyA~ padma pIThoM para sukhAsana-mudrA (san 1095 I.) se jJAta hotA hai ki yahA~ kASThA saMgha meM baiThI huI darzAyI gayI haiN| padmapITha kamalapatrAvalI ke mahAcAryavarya zrI devasena ke pAdukA cinha kI pUjA dvArA bhavya rUpa se alaMkRta haiN| hotI thii| pavAyA (padmAvatI) gvAliyaragvAliyara jile meM DabarA ke nikaTa sthita pavAyA gvAliyara nagara svayaM bhI jaina saMskRti ke prAcInanAmaka grAma aitihAsika dRSTi se isa sAre kSetra meM sthita tama kendroM meM se eka hai / yahA~ jaina saMskRti se sambandhita 1. Arko. sarve.ri. bhAga 2, pR. 396 / 2. gvAliyara rAjya abhilekha, kra. 54 / 3. gvAliyara rAjya abhilekha, kra. 58 / 4. jainakalA evaM sthApatya, khaNDa 1, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, bhAga 4, vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA (600 se 1000 ii.| adhyAya 16, madhya bhArata kRSNadeva / pR. 177-781 321

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(suhajanA se prApta prAcIna jaina pratimA) (zrI harihara nivAsajI dvivedI ke saujanya se) pramANa AThavIM zatI taka ke prAcIna upalabdha hote haiN| kacchapaghAta rAjAoM ke kAla meM yahA~ jaina gyArahavIM zatI meM gvAliyara durga (gopAcala gar3ha) ke saMskRti kA prasAra avazya hI kucha kama huA thA parantu Upara eka jaina mandira upalabdha hone ke paryApta pramANa caudahavIM-pandrahavIM zatI meM tomara rAjAoM ke kAla meM upalabdha haiM / durga ke atirikta gvAliyara nagara gvAliyara meM jaina saMskRti kA vyApaka evaM abhUtapUrva ke nikaTavartI kSetroM meM bhI anekoM prAcIna pratimAeM pracAra huaa| tomara kAla meM gvAliyara meM jaina dharmAvava avazeSa upalabdha hote haiN| inameM tigharA bAMdha ke pAsa lambI apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhate the| isa kAla meM sthita saujanA (suhajanA) grAma meM prApta prAcIna jaina anekoM jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa huA, jo Aja upapratimAe~ ullekhanIya haiN| labdha nahIM haiN| gvAliyara durga ke cAroM ora nirmita

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guhA mandira aura vizAla tIrtha kara pratimA samUha bhAratIya purAtatva kI advitIya upalabdhi haiM / bAbara ke zAsana kAla meM khaNDita ye jaina pratimAe~ Aja bhI AkarSaka evaM manojJa svarUpa liye haiM tathA inakA atyadhika aitihAsika evaM purAtatvika mahatva hai / uravAI dvAra para sthita AdinAtha kI pratimA isa sampUrNa madhya bhAratIya kSetra meM sthita vizAlatama pratimA hai tathA eka patthara kI bAvar3I para sthita guhA mandira evaM vizAla mUrtiyoM kA samUha deza meM advitIya hai / itanI vizAla pratimAe~ itanI bar3I saMkhyA meM eka sthAna para eka sAtha kahIM nahIM milatIM / gvAliyara meM bane jaina mandiroM meM bhI anekoM prAcIna evaM bhavya mandira haiM, jinameM prAcIna pratimAe~ evaM sAhitya upalabdha hai / isa prakAra gvAliyara nagara svayaM bhI jaina saMskRti kA eka pramukha kendra rahA hai tathA usake sAMskRtika vikAsa meM jainoM kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI 1 naravara zivapurI jile meM zivapurI se 40 kilomITara uttara-pUrva sthita naravara nagara nala aura damayantI ke kAla meM nala dvArA basAyA gayA nagara mAnA jAtA hai / prAcIna ullekhoM meM ise nalapura kahA gayA gayA hai / yahA~ aneka jaina mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa huA / ina mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM ke upayoga meM Ae zveta pASANa para yahA~ itanA acchA pAliza kiyA gayA ki vaha saMgamaramara-sA dikhatA hai / naravara ke yajvapAla, gopAla deva aura Asalla deva nAmaka rAjAoM ne kalA ke vikAsa meM vyApaka yoga diyaa| terahavIM aura caudahavIM zatAbdI meM naravara aura isake AsapAsa jaina dharma kA 5 bahuta prasAra huA / vi. saM. 1314 se 1324 ke mUrtilekhoM yukta saikar3oM jaina mUrtiyA~ naravara meM prApta huI haiM / jajvavela rAjAoM ke adhikAMza zilAlekhoM ke prazastikAra jaina muni haiM / yahA~ ke bar3e jaina mandira meM vi. saM. 1475 ( san 1418 I.) kA eka tAmrapatra bhI upalabdha hai jisameM mahArAjAdhirAja vIramendra tathA unake maMtrI sAdhu kuzarAja kA ullekha hai / naravara ke jaina mandiroM meM jaina sAhityakAroM kI anekoM prAcIna racanAe~ va dharmagrantha bhI upalabdha hote haiM jo isa kSetra meM jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahatva - pUrNa haiM / canderI ( gunA ) gunA jile meM canderI aura tumaina jaina kalA ke mahatvapUrNa kendra the / canderI meM anekoM prAcIna evaM vizAla jaina mandira sthita haiM / canderI aura usake samIpavartI kSetra meM isa kAla kI pASANa mUrtiyA~ bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM prApta huI haiM / unameM tIrthaMkaroM aura deviyoM ke atirikta anya mUrtiyA~ bhI haiM, jinameM bahuta-sI abhilikhita haiM / lagabhaga 1400 I. meM canderI paTTa kI sthApanA huii| zrI bhaTTAraka devendra kIrti aura unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne usa kSetra meM jaina dharma ke prasAra meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAyI / vidizA jile kA siroMja, canderI ke bhaTTArakoM ke kAryakSetra meM AtA thA / ina mandiroM meM bahuta-sA prAcIna sAhitya evaM abhilekha bhI upalabdha hai / upalabdha pracura sAmagrI ke saMrakSaNa evaM zodha kI AvazyakatA isa prakAra gvAliyara aura usake nikaTavartI kSetroM meM jaina saMskRti kA vyApaka pracAra-prasAra rahA hai, aura 5. jaina kalA evaM sthApatya, khaNDa 1, bhAga 6, bhAratIya jJAnapITha; vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA ( 1300 se 1800 I.) adhyAya 27 - madhya bhArata, pRSTa 356 1 6. jaina kalA evaM sthApatya, khaNDa 2, adhyAya 27, madhya bhArata pRSTha 356 bhAratIya jJAnapITha / bhAga 6, vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA ( 1300 se 1800 I.) 323

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isakI puSTi hetu pracura mAtrA meM paryApta aitihAsika meM jaina saMskRti, purAtatva evaM prAcIna sAhitya se sAmagrI bhI upalabdha hai, parantu yaha bar3e hI kheda kA sambandhita itanA vizAla bhaNDAra upalabdha hai ki usake prasaMga hai ki jaina saMskRti ke poSakoM ne jahA~ saikar3oM varSoM saMgraha se eka rASTrIya stara kA vizAla saMgrahAlaya nirmita taka apanI isa prAcIna sAMskRtika sampadA kA saMrakSaNa evaM kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAtha hI usake sambandha meM zodhasamvarddhana kiyA vahA~ ve aba isa para adhika dhyAna nahIM kArya ko protsAhita karane ke liye eka niyamita zodha de rahe haiN| Aja prAcIna sampadA ke saMrakSaNa evaM usake saMsthAna calAyA jA sakatA hai| mahAvIra nirvANa saMgrahIkaraNa kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai jisakI pUrti mahotsava ke 2500veM varSa meM isa dizA meM ruci rakhane hI kI jAnA cAhiye / sAtha hI isa dizA meM vAle kucha loga Age Ae~ to isa kSetra kI prAcIna paryApta zodha kI bhI AvazyakatA hai tAki isa saMskRti saMskRti ko ujAgara karane kI dizA meM mahatvapUrNa eva kSetra ke prAcIna evaM gauravamayI pakSa ko ujAgara sahayoga tathA bhAratIya saMskRti ke vizAla jJAna bhaNDAra kiyA jA sake / gvAliyara aura isake nikaTavartI kSetra ko mahatvapUrNa yogadAna pradAna kara sakate haiN| 324 .

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- gopAdau devapattane vi0 saM0 1469 (san 1412 I0 ) meM kundakundAcArya ke pravacanasAra kI AcArya amRta candakRta "tatvadIpikA " TIkA kI eka pratilipi vIramendradeva ke rAjyakAla meM gvAliyara meM kI gaI thii| isake pratilipi kAla aura pratilipi sthala ke viSaya meM usameM nimna likhita paMktiyAM prApta hotI haiM - vikramAditya rAjye'smizcaturdaparezate / navaSaSThyA yute kiMnu gopAdrI devapattane // vIramendradeva gvAliyara ke tomara rAjA (san 14021423 I0 ) the aura TIkA ke pratilipikAra ne unake gar3ha gopAdri ko "devapattana" kahA hai / kucha jaina tIrthamAlAoM meM bhI gvAliyara kA ullekha prasiddha jaina tIrtha ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / " ina ullekhoM se aisA jJAta hotA hai ki kabhI gvAliyara kI gaNanA prasiddha jaina tIrthoM meM kI jAtI thI aura jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ke lie vaha "devapattana" thA / 1. gar3ha gavAlera vAvana gaja pratibhA bandu RSabha raMgarolI jI // 14 bAbana gaja pratimA gar3ha guvAleri sadA sobhatI // 33 // gvAliyara kI vaha mahimA aba nahIM rahI hai / vaha mahimA kisa prakAra upalabdha huI thI aura vaha phira kisa prakAra naSTa ho gaI isake itihAsa kI khoja abhI taka samyak rUpa se nahIM kI gaI hai, yadyapi isa kArya ko sampanna karane ke liye bahuta adhika sAmagrI abhI bhI upalabdha hai / isa viSaya se sambaddha itane adhika zilAlekha, mUrtikhaNDa tathA sAhityika ullekha prApta hote haiM ki unakI ora aba taka samartha vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkarSita honA cAhiye thA / usa sAmagrI ke AdhAra para na kevala uttarI madhyapradeza meM jaina dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa supuSTa rUpa se likhA jA sakatA hai, varan usa pradeza ke madhyayuga kA rAjanItika aura sAMskRtika itihAsa bhI prAmANika rUpa se jAnA jA sakatA hai / 325 tomaroM ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI kI khoja karate samaya mujhe aisA jJAta huA ki aba taka hama jisa sAmagrI ko itihAsa - nirmANa kA pramukha AdhAra mAna kara cale haiM, vaha bahuta prAmANika nahIM hai| isa krama meM yaha dhAraNA bhI puSTa huI hai ki samakAlIna jaina sAhitya * hariharanivAsa dvivedI // saubhAgya vijaya tIrthamAlA, pR0 98 / - tIrthamAlA, pR0 111 /

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meM aisI aitihya sAmagrI prApta hotI hai jisake AdhAra samyak rUpa se nahIM kiyA hai, varan, ina kSetroM ke para madhyayuga ke itihAsa kI khoI huI kar3iyoM ko jor3A rAjanItika aura sAMskRtika itihAsa se paricaya prApta jA sakatA hai aura kucha bahuta bar3I bhUloM ko sudhArA karane ke lie hI jaina srotoM kA adhyayana kiyA hai| jA sakatA hai| yahA~ eka udAharaNa hI paryApta hai| usI AnuSaMgika adhyayana ke krama meM jaina dharma ke vikAsa lagabhaga cAra zatAbdiyoM se bhAratIya itihAsa meM yaha kI kucha rUparekhA bhI sAmane AI hai| dillI meM jaina bAta nirvivAda mAnI jAtI hai ki pRthvIrAja cauhAna dharma ke vikAsa kI gAthA yahAM asambaddha hai, yahAM kevala dillI kA rAjA thA, aura yaha rAjya use usake pUrvaja gvAliyara kSetra meM jaina dharma ke vikAsa kI upalabdha vigraharAja caturtha se dAya meM milA thA; arthAt, vigraharAja sAmagrI para kiMcita prakAza DAlanA abhISTa hai| caturtha ne kabhI san 1151 I0 meM tomaroM se dillI jIta lI thii| yadyapi IsavI caudahavIM aura pandrahavIM jaina dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa atyanta prAcIna zatAbdI ke kucha jaina muni bhI isa bhrama se abhibhUta the, hai / parantu gvAliyara kSetra meM usake vikAsa kA itihAsa tathApi, samakAlIna jaina racanAeM yaha nirvivAda rUpa se bahuta prAcIna nahIM hai, athavA yaha kahanA ucita hogA ki siddha karatI haiM ki cauhAnoM ne tomaroM se dillI kabhI IsavI sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva ke isa kSetra ke nahIM jItI thI aura pathvIrAja cauhAna kA dillI se jaina dharma ke vikAsa ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI kI abhI kabhI koI sambandha nahIM rahA thaa| usakA rAjya khoja nahIM kI jA sakI hai| . zAkambharI pradeza taka sImita thA aura usakI rAjadhAnI sadA ajamera hI rahI / yadi ye jaina grantha usa samaya saba se prAcIna anuzru ti padmAvatI kI prApta upalabdha ho jAte jaba bhArata kA itihAsa likhe jAne hotI hai| IsavI prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa mathurA, kA prArambhika prayAsa kiyA jA rahA thA, taba hamArI kAntipurI, padmAvatI aura vidizA meM nAga rAjAoM aneka pIr3hiyAM dillI kA azuddha itihAsa par3hane se baca kA rAjya thaa| unameM se kucha ko nirvivAda rUpa se jaatiiN| aba vaha azuddhi hamAre mastiSka paTala para itanI samrAT kahA jA sakatA hai| ina cAroM nagaroM meM gaharI khacita ho gaI hai ki use miTAne meM bhI bahuta kAntipurI aura padmAvatI gvAliyara kSetra meM haiN| samaya laga sakatA hai| padamAvatI vartamAna samaya meM pavAyA nAmaka choTe-se grAma ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai aura kAntipurI ke sthAna para gvAliyara pradeza ke madhyayugIna itihAsa granthoM meM kutavAra nAmaka grAma hai / jisa samaya ye donoM sthAna hatanI bhayaMkara bhaleM to nahIM thIM, phira bhI kucha thIM mahAnagaroM ke rUpa meM base hue the usa samaya gopAdri avazya / samakAlIna jaina grantha, jaina mUrtilekha Adi se gopoM arthAt gopAloM kI bhUmi thA aura usakA vizeSa na kevala una bhaloM ko sadhArA jA sakatA hai, varana jo mahatva nahIM thaa| tathya aba taka ajJAta hI haiM una para viSada prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki gvAliyara kSetra meM jaina durbhAgya se padmAvatI (pavAyA) tathA kAntiparI dharma ke vikAsa ke itihAsa kA adhyayana na kevala jaina (kutavAra) kA abhI taka vistRta purAtAtvika anveSaNa dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie upayogI evaM sphUrtidAyaka nahIM huA hai| ina sthAnoM para utkhanana karane para aisI hai, varana bhArata ke rAjanItika aura sAMskRtika itihAsa prAcIna sAmagrI prApta hogI jisase yahAM jaina dharma kI ko bhI Thosa dharAtala pradAna karatA hai| maiMne gvAliyara sthiti para prakAza pdd'egaa| Aja jaisI sthiti hai usameM yA dillI kSetra meM jaina dharma ke vikAsa kA adhyayana kevala anuzra ti se kAma calAnA pddegaa| 326

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jainiyoM kI caurAsI upajAtiyoM meM eka "padmAvatI hai vaha jainoM dvArA bhI pUjita ho sakatI hai, parantu puravAla" bhI hai| isI upajAti meM pandrahavIM zatAbdI nizcayAtmaka rUpa se use jaina pratimA nahIM kahA jA meM raidhU nAmaka jaina kavi huA thA / vaha apane Apako sakatA / usa yuga ke sabhI vyApArI yakSa pUjA karate "pomAvai-kula-kamala-divAyaha" likhatA hai / padmAvatI the| kubera ko bhI ve yakSa hI mAnate the / yahI kAraNa puravAla apanA udgama brAhmaNoM se batalAte haiM aura hai ki prAcIna rAjamArgoM para base nagaroM meM yakSoM kI apane Apako pUjyapAda devanandI kI santAna kahate haiN| mUrtiyAM bahuta milatI haiM / ve usa samaya ke sArthavAhoM jaina jAtiyoM ke Adhunika vivecakoM ko padmAvatI ke ArAdhya devatA the| una sArthavAhoM meM adhikAMza jaina puravAla upajAti ke brAhmaNa-prasUta hone meM ghora Apatti hote the| hai| parantu, itihAsa padmAvatI puravAloM meM pracalita anuzruti kA samarthana karatA hai| jise ve "pUjyapAda isake Age lagabhaga pAMca-chaha zatAbdiyoM taka devanandI" kahate haiM vaha padmAvatI kA nAga samrAT cambala aura sindhu ke bIca ke pradeza ke sandarbha meM jaina devanandI hai / vaha janma se brAhmaNa thaa| usakI mudrAeM dharma ke vikAsa yA astitva kA koI pramANa hameM nahIM atyadhika saMkhyA meM padmAvatI meM prApta hotI haiM jina mila sakA hai / yahA~ para ullekhanIya hai ki isI bIca para "cakra" kA lAMchana milatA hai aura "zrI devanAgasya" gopAcalagar3ha para kucha halacala hone lagI thii| vahAM yA "mahArAja devendra" zru tivAkya prApta hote haiN| kisI rUpa meM kucha vastI basa gaI thii| san 520 I0 devanAga kA anumAnita samaya pahalI IsavI zatAbdI meM arthAt, mihirakula hUNa ke rAjya ke pandrahaveM varSa meM hai / padmAvatI puravAloM meM pracalita anuzru ti tathA mAtRceTa ne gopAgiri para sUrya kA mandira banavAyA thA, padmAvatI ke devanAga kA itihAsa eka-dUsare ke pUraka yaha tathya zilAlekha kI sAkSya se siddha hai| mAtRceTa ke haiM / jJAta yaha hotA hai ki devanandI athavA usake kisI zilAlekha meM gopAdri kA varNana saMkSipta rUpa meM diyA putra ne jaina dharma grahaNa kara liyA thA aura usakI saMtati gayA hai-"gopa nAma kA bhUdhara jisa para vibhinna dhAtueM apane Apako padmAvatI puravAla jaina kahane lgii| prApta hotI haiM / '' ina dhAtuoM ko prApta karane ke lie jaina muni aura jaina vyApArI kabhI eka sthala para baMdha- mAnava zrama Avazyaka rahA hogA, aura AsapAsa mAnava kara nahIM rahate / ye padmAvatI puravAla samasta bhArata nivAsa ho gayA hogA / kucha sAdhu-santa bhI vahAM rahane meM phaila gae, tathApi ve na to pUjyapAda devanandI ko bhUle lage hoMge, parantu ve siddha yogI the| aura na apanI dhAtrI padamAvatI ko hI bhUla ske| gopAcalagar3ha aura usake Asa-pAsa jaina dharma ke ___ padmAvatI meM abhI taka koI prAcIna jaina mUrti vikAsa ke krama meM yazovarmana ke rAjakumAra Ama kA nahIM khojI jA sakatI hai| usakA kAraNa yahI hai ki nAma ullekhanIya hai| prabandhakoza ke anusAra, gopAlagiri usa sthala para abhI koI vistRta utkhanana huA hI durga-nagara kAnyakubja deza meM thA aura use kannauja ke nahIM hai| vahAM para jo mANimadra yakSa kI pratimA milI pratApI rAjA yazovarmana ke pUtra Ama ne apanI rAjadhAnI 2. dvivedI, madhyabhArata kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 471 / 3. dvivedI, gvAliyara rAjya ke abhilekha kra. 6161 327

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banAyA thaa| isa Ama ne bappabhaTri sUri kA ziSyatva bIca meM sthita thaa| usa para eka vi0 saM0 1165 grahaNa kiyA aura gopagiri para eka sau eka hAtha lambA (sana 1108 I.) kA zilAlekha bhI milA thA, jisameM mandira banavAyA jisameM vardhamAna mahAvIra kI vizAla kevala varSa hI par3hA jAtA thaa| zrI kaniMghama ne anumAna pratimA sthApita kI gaI / bappabhaTTicarita tathA prabhAvaka yaha kiyA thA ki yaha mandira san 1108 I0 meM nirmita carita se bhI isa anuzruti kI puSTi hotI hai / "Ama" huA thA / yaha kathana ThIka jJAta nahIM hotA / yaha vahI yadi yazovarmana kA rAjakumAra hai taba usakA samaya jaina mandira thA jo sana 750 I. ke AsapAsa Ama 750 I0 mAnA jaaegaa| gopAcalagar3ha para jaina mandira ne banavAyA thaa| vi0 saM0 1165 kA zilAlekha nirmANa kA yaha prathama ullekha hai| Ama dvArA nirmita jIrNoddhAra se sambandhita hogaa| vi0 saM0 1165 meM jaina mandira bahuta samaya taka astitva meM rahA / saMbhavataH koI navIna jaina mandira gopAcalagaDha para nirmita nahIM use terahavIM zatAbdI meM kabhI tor3a diyA gayA thaa| yaha duA thA. na ho sakatA thaa| dRr3hatApUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa mandira meM utkIrNa mUrtiyAM atyanta puSTa mUrtizilpa kA udAharaNa kannauja ke pratIhAra rAjA parama vaiSNava the / rAmadeva thiiN| abhI hAla hI meM sindhiyA pablika skUla ke tathA bhojadeva ne gopAcalagar3ha ko apanI dUsarI itihAsa ke prAdhyApaka zrI Arthara hya ja ko gar3ha para rAjadhAnI banAyA thaa| caturbhuja mandira ke zilAlekha gaMgolAtAla ke kacare meM eka mUrtikhaNDa prApta huA tathA anya zilAlekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki rAmadeva hai| bhAratIya mUrtikalA ke avazeSa kI yaha apratima pratIhAra ne gopAcalagar3ha para svAmi kArtikeya kA upalabdhi hai aura AThavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt kI nahIM mandira banavAyA thA aura AnandapUra (gujarAta) ke hai| usa samaya gvAliyara ke AsapAsa anya jaina bAillabhadra ko "maryAdAdhUrya" (sImAoM kA rakSaka) niyukta mandiroM kA bhI nirmANa huA thA / lekhaka ke saMgraha meM kiyA thA / vi0 saM0 932 (san 875 I0) ke zilAjo jaina caukhambhA hai vaha use murAra nadI ke pAsa eka lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki isa bAillabhaTTa kA putra alla baMgale meM prApta huA thaa| vaha bhI AThavIM zatAbdI kI gar3ha kA koTrapAla thA aura usane apane pitA kI smati kRti jJAta hotA hai| telI ke mandira ke prAMgaNa meM aneka meM bAillabhaTTa svAmin viSNu kA mandira banavAyA thaa| jaina mUrtiyAM rakha dI gaI haiN| unameM se aneka AThavIM parantu isakA yaha Azaya kadApi nahIM hai ki pratIhAroM aura nauvIM zatAbdI kI jJAta hotI haiM / gUjarImahala ke samaya meM jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM para koI pratibaMdha saMgrahAlama meM bhI AThavIM aura nauvIM zatAbdiyoM kI lagAyA gayA thaa| bhArata kA rAjatantra samasta prajAaneka jaina mUrtiyAM haiM, parantu unake upalabdha hone ke dharmoM ke poSaNa kI nIti apanAtA thA / sthaloM kA patA nahIM cltaa| unameM se aneka gvAliyara gar3ha athavA gvAliyara nagara se prApta huI hoNgii| jisa samaya kannauja ke pratIhAroM kA pratApa sUrya pUrNa bApabhaTri sUri upadeza se Ama ne jo vizAla jaina mandira prabhAmaya hokara astAcalagAmI ho rahA thA, usI samaya banavAyA thA, usake avazeSa mejara janarala kaniMghama ne cambala kI upatyikA meM eka navIna asijIvI varga bhI dekhe the / vaha sAsabahU mandira tathA hathiyA paura ke saMgaTita ho rahA thaa| sthAnIya kacchapAnvaya varga ko 4. Arkolojikala sarve riporTa, bhAga 2, pR0 363 / 5. dvivedI, gvAliyara rAjya ke abhilekha, kra0 8 tathA 415 328

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parAjita kara usane kacchapaghAta viruda dhAraNa kiyA / isI vaMza meM parama pratApI vajradAman kacchapaghAta huA jisane nagAr3e bajAte hue kannauja ke rAjA ko parAjita kara usase gopAdrigar3ha jIta liyA / isa vajradAmana kacchapaghAta ke rAjyakAla kI eka jaina pratimA suhAniyA prApta huI hai jisa para vi. saM. 1034 (san 977 I.) kA mUrtilekha hai aura mahArAjAdhirAja vajradAmana ke rAjyakAla kA ullekha hai / " jJAta yaha hotA hai ki isa navodita kacchapaghAta zakti ke pIche jaina muniyoM kA mastiSka kArya kara rahA thA / zyopura jile ke dubakuNDa nAmaka sthAna para vi. saM. 1145 ( san 1088 I.) ke vikramasiMha ke zilAlekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki vikramasiMha ke pitA arjuna kacchapaghAta ne rAjapAla pratIhAra ko mAra DAlA thA / " yaha arjuna vidyAdhara candela kA mitra thA / vikramasiMha ke zilAlekha ke racayitA haiM zAntiSeNa ke ziSya vijayakIrti / vajradAmana ke samaya ke jaina mUrtilekha tathA vikrama siMha ke dubakuNDa ke zilAlekha ke bIca 110 varSa kA antara hai / jJAta yaha hotA hai ki isa bIca uttarI gvAliyara kSetra meM digambara jaina sampradAya paryApta prabhAvazAlI ho gayA thA / sAsabahU ke mandira (bar3e) arthAt padmanAbha viSNu ke mandira ke vistRta zilAlekha kA racayitA yadyapi govinda kA putra maNikaNTha hai, tathApi vaha digambara yazodeva dvArA likhita hai / " yaha spaSTa hai ki gvAliyara ke kacchapaghAtoM kI rAjasabhA meM digambara jaina muniyoM kA paryApta sammAna thA / vi. saM. 1152 (san 1095 I.) ke dubakuNDa ke jaina mandira ke vahI kra. 61 / zilAlekha' se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki usa mandira meM mahAcAryavarya devasena kI pAdukA kA pUjana hotA thA / mahAcArya devasena ne isa kSetra meM dharma kI pratiSThA bahuta adhika bar3hAI thI / sabase vicitra zilAlekha madhusUdana kacchapaghAta ke ziva mandira kA hai / vi. saM. 1161 (san 1104 I.) ke ziva mandira ke isa zilAlekha ke racayitA nirgranthanAtha yazodeva haiM / 10 usa samaya bhI gvAliyara meM hindU aura jainoM meM pUrNa sauhArdra thA / parantu parama vaiSNava aura zaiva kacchapaghAtoM ke rAjyakAla meM kabhI-kabhI unake rAjyAdhikArI jainiyoM ko saMkaTa utpanna kara dete the / kacchapaghAta mUladeva (bhuvanaikamalla) ke rAjyakAla meM kucha rAjyAdhikAriyoM ne gopAcalagar3ha para sthita vardhamAna mahAvIra ke mandira pUjA-arcA ke lie jainiyoM kA abAdha praveza banda kara diyA / maladhArI gaccha ke zrI abhayadeva sUri gvAliyara padhAre aura unhoMne bhuvanaikamalla ko upadeza diyA / rAjA ne punaH samasta jainiyoM ko vardhamAna ke mandira meM pUjA-arcA kI anumati de dI / 6. dvivedI, gvAliyara rAjya ke abhilekha kra. 20 / 7. vahI, kra. 54 / 8. dvivedI, gvAliyara rAjya ke abhilekha, kra. 55 tathA 56 / 9. vahI, kra. 58 10. kacchapaghAtoM ke pazcAt gvAliyaragar3ha punaH pratIhAroM ke adhikAra meM AyA / hameM koI aisA sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai jisase yaha jJAta sake ki gvAliyara ke ina pratIhAroM ke samaya meM jaina dharma kI isa kSetra meM sthiti thii| parantu yaha sunizcita hai ki unhoMne jaina dharma ko utsanna karane kA koI kArya nahIM kiyA / 326

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antaHsalilA ke samAna jaina muni apanA pracAra karate rahe / parantu isa kSetra kA gulAma sultAnoM dvArA vijita kiyA jAnA sabhI bhAratamUlIya dharma sAdhanAoM ke lie ghAtaka siddha huA thA / iltutamiza ne Ama ke prasiddha mahAvIra mandira ko bhI dhvasta kara DAlA aura use masjida banA diyA / isI bIca jaina dharma naravara meM vikAsa kara rahA thaa| jaina dharma kI naravara meM vAstavika unnati jajjapella vaMza ke samaya meM huI hai / cAhaDadeva se gaNapatideva (san 1247-1298 I.) taka yaha rAjavaMza naravara para rAjya karatA rahA; una rAjAoM ke rAjyakAla meM naravara meM jaina dharma kA bahuta adhika vikAsa huA / vi. saM. 1314 ( san 1257 I.) se vi. saM. 1324 (san 1267 I.) ke bIca nirmita saikar3oM jaina mUrtiyA~ naravara meM prApta huI haiM" naravara ke ina rAjAoM ke zilAlekhoM ke adhikAMza pATha jaina sAdhuoM dvArA viracita haiM / isI bIca kabhI svarNagiri kSetra meM bhI jainapaTTa sthApita ho gayA thA / raidhU ne sammaicarita meM svarNagiri ke kASThAsaMgha ke bhaTTArakoM kI vaMza paramparA dI hai / usameM dubakuNDavAle devasena ko prathama bhaTTAraka batalAyA hai / san 1411 I. ke pUrva isa paTTa para devasena, vimala sena, dharmasena tathA sahasrakIrti paTTAsIna ho cuke the / agale bhaTTAraka guNakIrti (san 14111429 I.) ne apanA paTTa gvAliyara meM sthAnAntarita kara liyA thA aura yahIM se svarNagiri tathA naravara ke jaina saMghoM kA niyaMtraNa hone lagA thA / cambala ke kinAre sthita aisAha ke choTe-se tomara jAgIradAra vIrasiMhadeva ne san 1394 I. meM gopAcalagar3ha para adhikAra kara liyA thA aura dillI ke sultAna nAsiruddIna ko parAjita kara apanI svataMtra sattA sthApita kara lI thI / " isa ghaTanA ke pUrva gvAliyara kSetra meM jaina dharma ke vikAsa ke kucha bikhare hue pramANa hI upalabdha hue haiN| isa kSetra meM san 1400 I. ke pUrva kA na to koI jaina grantha hI upalabdha huA hai aura na jaina muniyoM evaM zrAvakoM kI gatividhiyoM kI koI jAnakArI hI prApta huI hai / kucha mUrtiyoM evaM zilAlekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki isa kSetra meM jaba-jaba kisI sthAnIya zakti ne turka sultAnoM ke varcasva se sampUrNa yA AMzika trANa prApta kiyA tabhI bhAratamUlIya dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM ne apane ArAdhanA sthaloM kA nirmANa yA punarnirmANa prAraMbha kara diyA / yaha bhI sunizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki hindU tathA jaina dharmoM ke anuyAyI, donoM binA kisI jhagar3e ke sAtha-sAtha apane mArga apanAte rahe ! parantu mUrtiyoM aura mandiroM kA nirmANa mAtra dhArmika cintana ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlane ke lie paryApta nahIM hai / ina mUrtiyoM ko prazraya denevAle mandira sAMskRtika pravRttiyoM ke prazraya ke pramukha sthala hote the / durbhAgya se jo -- kucha avaziSTa hai vaha usa dharma sAdhanA kA bAhya rUpa hI hai, usakI AtmA hameM upalabdha nahIM ho sakI hai / usa samaya ke samasta mandira tathA unameM viracita sAhitya kAlagati athavA mAnava dvArA naSTa kara die gae aura ve pramANa anupalabdha ho gae jinase usa yuga ke cintana ke svarUpa ko jAnA jA sakatA / parantu yaha mAnanA bhUla hogI ki usa samaya ke isa kSetra ke jaina sAhitya kA aba astitva hai hI nahIM / svarNagiri, naravara, gvAliyara, magaraunI, jhAMsI Adi ke jaina mandiroM ke jJAna bhaNDAroM meM hajAroM grantha abhI bhI surakSita haiM, jinakI prati varSa dhUpadIpa dekara 11, naravara aura zivapurI kSetra meM vi. saM. 1206 ( 1149 I.) se hI jaina mUrtiyA~ prApta hone lagatI haiM / dekhiye, dvivedI, gvAliyara rAjya ke abhilekha kra. 72, 73, 74, 76, 77 tathA 84 / 12. dvivedI, tomaroM kA itihAsa, dvitIya bhAga, pR. 28-29 | 330

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pUjA kI jAtI hai, durbhAgya se unheM koI par3hatA nahIM hai, kevala nayacandra kI sAkSI ke AdhAra para yaha na unakI sUciyAM banI haiN| jisa dina yaha kArya sampanna mAnanA kaThina hai ki zAGgadhara jayasiMha sUri se zAstrArtha ho sakegA, isa kSetra ke jaina dharma ke vikAsa ke itihAsa meM parAjita hue the, parantu yaha sunizcita hai ki tomarako sajIva rUpa diyA jA skegaa| rAjasabhA sUrijI kI jJAna garimA se bahuta adhika prabhAvita huI aura gvAliyara meM jaina dharma ke advitIya san 1394 I. meM gvAliyara ke tomara rAjya kI vikAsa kA sUtrapAta huaa| sthApanA ke sAtha hI isa kSetra ke itihAsa paTala para se andhakAra kA pardA haTa jAtA hai / rAjanItika evaM vIrasiMhadeva ke pazcAt unake yuvarAja uddharaNadeva sAMskRtika itihAsa ke sAtha-sAtha jainadharma ke vikAsa (sana 1400-1402 I.) rAjA bne| unake choTe-se kA itihAsa bhI atyaMta sajIva rUpa se pratyakSa hone rAjyakAla kI koI ghaTanA jJAta nahIM ho sakI hai| jaina lagatA hai| jaina mUrtiyoM ke zilAlekha aura jaina muniyoM dharma ke vikAsa ke lie atyadhika mahatvapUrNa uddharaNadeva evaM jaina paNDitoM kI racanAe~ bahuta vistRta aura atruTa ke yuvarAja vIramadeva (san 1402 ---1423 I.) kA jAnakArI prastuta karatI haiM / unake AdhAra para gvAliyara rAjyakAla hai / kSetra kA aura sAtha hI jaina dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa bahuta vistAra ke sAtha prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vIramadeva svayaM ambikAdevI aura ziva ke bhakta the| sAtha hI ve jaina dharma ko bhI prazraya dete the| unakA gvAliyara ke tomara rAjya ke saMsthApaka vIrasiMhadeva pradhAna maMtrI kuzarAja jaina thA / (san 1375-1400 I.) ziva aura zakti ke upAsaka the| vi. saM. 1439 (san 1382 I.) meM unhoMne vIra- vIrama tomara ke samaya meM gvAliyara meM jaina dharma kA siMhAvaloka nAmaka vaidyaka grantha kI racanA kI thii| ve prabhAva apane viziSTa rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai| deza ke jyotiSa, dharmazAstra evaM vedoM ke prakANDa paNDita the| anya bhAgoM meM usa samaya hindU aura jaina Apasa meM unake dvArA durgAmakti taraMgiNI kI bhI racanA kI gaI paryApta bhedabhAva mAnane lage the aura do naTakhaTa bhAiyoM thii| parantu sAtha hI ve jaina dharma ke prati bhI anUdAra ke samAna digambara aura zvetAmbara sampradAya ke anunahIM the| unake samaya meM zrIkRSNagaccha ke prasiddha AcArya yAyI bhI Apasa meM jhagar3ate the| parantu yaha manamuTAva zrI jayasiMha sUri gvAliyara Ae the| vIrasiMhadeva ke kevala UparI thaa| vaha jo ho, vIramadeva ke samaya meM sabhApaNDita zAI gadhara tathA jayasiMha sUri ke bIca gvAliyara meM kucha aura prakAra kA dRzya dikhAI detA hai| zAstrArtha bhI huA thaa| usa zAstrArtha kA vivaraNa yahA~ kA rAjA ziva-zakti kA ananya upAsaka aura maMtrI jayasiMha sUri ke ziSya nayacandra sUri ne apane hammIra atyanta dharmaparAyaNa jaina thA / parantu donoM ke nijI dharma mahAkAvya meM diyA hai / nayacandra sUri ne likhA hai, eka-dUsare ke pUraka dikhAI dete haiM / usa samaya gvAliyara "sUriyoM ke isa cakra ke krama meM, jinake carita vismaya ke jaina paTTa ke bhaTTAraka the guNakIti ( san 1411ke AvAsa the, zrI jayasiMha sUri hue, jo vidvAnoM meM 1429 I.) / bhaTTAraka guNakIrti ne jaina kAvya yazodhara cUDAmaNi the, unake dvArA sAraMga ko vAdavivAda meM carita likhAyA ajaMna kavi padamanAtha kAyastha se / yadyapi parAjita kiyA gyaa| yaha sAraMga una kaviyoM meM zreSTha usI samaya vIramadeva kI rAjasabhA meM nayacandra sari jaise thA jo SaDbhASA meM kavitA kara sakate the, tathA vaha mahAkavi bhI the, tathApi unhoMne jaina carita na likhakara prAmANikoM (nyAya zAstriyoM) meM agraNI thaa|" hammIra mahAkAvya tathA rammA maMjarI likhe, arthAta jaina 331

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sari kA kArya karatA hai vaiSNava kAyastha aura rAja- vIramadeva kI rAjasabhA ke eka ratna nayacandra sUri nIti kA upadeza dete haiM jaina sri| vIramadeva ke maMtrI kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| zrIkRSNagaccha ke kuzarAja jaina ne gvAliyara kSetra meM jaina dharma ke vikAsa nayacandra para kASThA saMgha ke bhaTTAraka guNakIrti kA ke lie bahata kArya kiyA thaa| isa kArya meM use rAjA kitanA prabhAva thA, yaha jJAta nahIM hai| yaha avazya ne bhI pUrA sahayoga diyA thaa| vi. saM. 1367 (san kahA jA sakatA hai ki gvAliyara ke tomaroM ke rASTra1410 I.) meM suhAniyAM meM vIramadeva ne ambikAdevI kavi nayacandra sari ne apane rAjA kI rAjasabhA meM aisA ke mandira kA punanirmANa kiyA aura usI varSa pAsa meM vAtAvaraNa utpanna kara diyA thA jisake kAraNa jainetara hI caitranAtha kI vizAla jina mUrti kI pratiSThA kI nAgarikoM meM jaina muni bahata AdarAspada bana gye| Age gii| eka zatAbdI taka gvAliyara meM jaina dharma kI jo unnati huI usameM nayacandra sUri kA bahuta hAtha thaa| kuzarAja ne svayaM gvAliyara meM candraprabhu kA vizAla mandira banavAyA aura usakI pratiSThA kA utsava bahuta usa samaya isa pradeza ke hinda tathA jaina, sabhI turko samAroha ke sAtha kiyaa| usI samaya usane padmanAtha ke atyAcAra se pIr3ita the| usa samaya zAsaka aura se yazodhara carita kAvya likhane kA Agraha kiyA thaa| zAsita varga meM vidveSa kI khAI bahata bar3ha gaI thI / padmanAtha kAyastha ko isa racanA ke lie bhaTaTAraka zAsita varga ne yadyapi bahusaMkhyaka thA, tathApi vaha apanI yazaHkIrti kA AzIrvAda prApta huA thA aura kuzarAja jIvana-paddhati ko apanAne ke lie svataMtra nahIM thaa| ina jaina dvArA prazraya milA thaa| paristhitiyoM meM jo bhI vIra kisI turka sultAna se yuddha karane kA sAhasa karatA thA, use tatkAlIna bahusaMkhyaka kuzarAja kA eka tAmrapatra bhI prApta huA hai| yaha samAja rASTrIya vIra ke rUpa meM sammAna detA thA / vi. saM. 1375 (san 1418 I.) meM utkIrNa kiyA nayacandra sUri me rASTra kI isa bhAvanA kA samAdara gayA thaa| isake lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki kuzarAja kiyaa| hindU-jaina vivAda se bahuta Upara uThakara usane isa yaMtra kI pUjA pratidina kiyA karatA thA / apane yuga kI AkAMkSAoM aura AvazyakatAoM ko samajhA / brAhmaNa aura jaina sampradAyoM ke vandanIya vIramadeva ke rAjya kAla meM saMbhavataH bhaTTAraka devatAoM kI dviarthaka vaMdanA ke maMgala-zloka likhakara guNakIti kI preraNA se AcArya amRtacandrakRta pravacana usane apane hammIra mahAkAvya kA uddezya spaSTa karate sAra kI tatvadIpikA TIkA kI gii| amarakIti ke hue likhA-14 SaTakarmopadeza kI usa samaya gvAliyara meM pratilipi kI gaI thii| isa prakAra vIramadeva ke samaya se isa kSetra meM na la meM mAndhAtA, sItApati rAma aura kaMka kevala jaina mandiroM evaM mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa punaH prAraMbha (yudhiSThira) Adi pRthvI para kitane rAjA nahIM ho gae, huA, varan prAcIna jaina granthoM kA avagAhana bhI para una saba meM apane satvaguNa ke kAraNa, hammIra deva prAraMbha huaa| advitIya aura stavana yogya puruSa haiM / isa sAtvika vRtti 13. tomaroM kA itihAsa, dvitIya bhAga, pR. 50 / 14. hammIra mahAkAvya kra.8,9 tathA 10 / 332

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vAle puruSa ne vidharmI zaka (alAuddIna) ko apanI putrI ... apanI vidvattA aura rASTra prema ke kAraNa nayacandra tathA apane zaraNa meM Ae vidharmI vyaktiyoM (mAhi- sUri ne tatkAlIna tomara rAjA, usakI "sAmAjika masAhi) taka ko na dene ke lie rAjalakSmI, sukhavilAsa saMsada" tathA anya nAgarikoM ko bahuta adhika prabhAvita aura apane jIvana taka ko tRNavat samajhakara usakA kiyA thaa| isa prabhAva kA upayoga bhaTTAraka yazaHkIrti, tyAga kara diyaa| jaina zreSTha aura zrAvakoM ne gvAliyara meM jaina dharma ko pratiSThita karane meM bahuta buddhimatApUrvaka kiyaa| "isalie rAjanyajana ke mana ko pavitra karane kI icchA se maiM usa vIra ke ukta guNoM ke gaurava se prerita vIramadeva tomara ke rAjyakAla meM hI kAlapI ke hokara usakA thor3A-sA carita varNana karatA huuN|" sultAna gvAliyara ke tomara rAjya ko ghera rahe the aura use har3apa jAnA cAhate the| kAlapI ke sultAnoM kA nayacandra sUri ne vIramadeva tomara ke samakSa hammIra- rAjya gvAliyara ke pAsa bhANDera taka phaila gayA thaa| deva kA Adarza rakhA thA / apane AtmasammAna kI rakSA sana 1435 I. meM gvAliyara ke tomara rAjA DUMgarendrasiMha ke lie tathA zaraNAgata kA pratipAlana karane ke lie, ne kAlapI ke sultAna mubArakazAha ko bhANDera para pUrNataH bhale hI vaha kisI dharma kA anuyAyI ho, yuddha meM prANa parAjita kara diyaa| isa yuddha meM DUgarendrasiMha ko bahuta denA zreyaskara hai| mahAkavi ke isa udbodha ne usa yuga adhika dhana bhI milA thA aura pratiSThA bhI / isa ke aneka rAjanyajana ke manoM ko pavitra kiyA thA aura vijaya ke upalakSya meM gvAliyara meM bahata bar3e samAroha ve apanI jIvana-paddhati kI rakSA ke lie yuddharata manAe gae / mahArAja iMgarendrasiMha ne apane rAjakavi viSNudAsa se pAMDava caritu (mahAbhArata) kI racanA kraaii| udhara sthAnIya jaina samAja ne bhI isa utsava nayacandra sUri kI dUsarI racanA raMbhAmaMjarI hai| meM parNa yogadAna diyaa| sAha khetasiMha ke putra kamalasiha rambhAmaMjarI meM sUtradhAra ne vyakta kiyA hai ki "grISma / ne gyAraha hAtha U~cI jaina pratimA kA nirmANa karAyA Rtu kI vizvanAtha yAtrA ke lie ekatrita bhadrajanoM kA aura vijaya kI isa zabha velA meM, mahArAja DUgarendrasiMha prabandha-nATya dvArA manoraMjana kiyA jaae|" nayacandra dra se isake pratiSThotsava ke lie AjJA maaNgii| rAjA ne ko jJAta thA ki jisa samAja ke lie vaha nATaka likha svIkRti dete hae kahA, "Apa isa dhArmika kArya ko rahA hai, usameM adhikAMza vizvanAtha kA bhakta hai, ataeva sampanna kiijie| majhase Apa jo mAMgeMge so duuNgaa|" usane usake abhinIta kie jAne ke lie vizvanAtha yAtrA kA samaya hI sunizcita kiyaa| raMbhAmaMjarI ke isI pratiSThotsava samAroha ke avasara para prasiddha maMgala zloka meM viSNu ke varAha rUpa kI vaMdanA kI gaI jaina kavi paNDita raidhU ne apanI prathama racanA sammatahai / jaina muni dvArA yaha maMgala zloka sAbhiprAya likhA guNa-nihAna prastuta kii| gayA thA aura vaha nayacandra sUri kI mahAna rASTrIya bhAvanA kA dyotaka hai| paMka meM phaMsI vizvA-pRthvI ko daMSTrAgra san 1435 I. kI isa ghaTanA ne gvAliyara ke para uThAkara uddhAra karanevAlI zakti kI tatkAlIna itihAsa ko bahata adhika prabhAvita kiyaa| agale 40 bhArata ko parama AvazyakatA thii|15 varSoM meM dillI, hisAra, candavAra Adi sthaloM se aneka hue the| 15. yaha smaraNIya hai ki varAhAvatAra ko gvAliyara ke tomaroM ne apanA rAjacihna banAyA thaa| ... 333

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(eka patthara kI bAvar3I, para sthita, guhA mandira; jaina mUrti samUha ) jaina vyApArI gvAliyara Ate rahe / unameM se aneka yahA~ basa gae aura lagabhaga sabhI ne gopAcala ke kisI na-kisI kone meM guhAmandira banavAe tathA jaina granthoM kI racanA kI preraNA dI aura aneka prAcIna jaina granthoM kI pratilipiyA~ kraaii| ina samasta kAryoM ke pIche bhaTTAraka yazaH kIrti kI preraNA thI / raghU ke granthoM se tathA isa samama ke upalabdha lagabhaga 40 mUrtilekhoM se DUMgarendrasiMha aura kIrtisiMha ke samaya meM gvAliyara meM hue jaina dharma ke vikAsa kA bahuta spaSTa aura vistRta itihAsa likhA jA sakatA hai| darjanoM saMbAdhipatiyoM, tathA saikar3oM zrAvakoM kA pUrNa vivaraNa sajIva rUpa meM jJAta ho jAtA hai| kisane kyA karAyA, 334 isakA bhI pUrA vivaraNa prApta ho jAtA hai / vaha samasta vivaraNa yahA~ dene se prasaMga bahuta bar3ha jaaegaa| yahA~ ekado udAharaNa denA hI paryApta hai / raghU ne "sammaijina cariu" meM hisAra nivAsI eka agravAla jaina vyApArI kA bahuta vistRta vivaraNa diyA hai / sAhu narapati kA putra bIlhA phIrojazAha tugalaka dvArA sammAnita vyApArI thA / usI ke vaMza meM saMghAdhipati sahajapAla huA, jisane giranAra kI yAtrA kA saMgha calAyA thA aura usakA samasta vyaya bhAra vahana kiyA thA / sahajapAla kA putra sAhu sahadeva bhI saMghAdhipati thA / usakA choTA bhAI tosar3a thA / tosar3a kA putra khelhA thA / bhaTTAraka yazaHkIrti kA AzIrvAda

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prApta karane ke lie khelhA ne gopAcala para candraprabhu kI usane gopAcalagar3ha para yugAdinAtha kI pratimA kA vizAla mUrti kA nirmANa kraayaa| usane hI raidhU se nirmANa kraayaa| isa mUrti ke lekha meM gvAliyara ke "sammaIjinacariu" grantha kI racanA kraaii| mahArAja kIrtisiMha deva ko "hindU-suratrANa' kahA gayA - raidhU ne meghezvara carita tathA pArzvanAtha carita meM eka aura vyApArI-parivAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| yaha isI samaya eka aura sAhu padmasiMha ke darzana hote parivAra dillI se Akara gvAliyara meM basa gayA thaa| haiN| inhoMne apanI "caMcalA lakSmI" kA sadupayoga sAha kheU dillI se gvAliyara Akara yahA~ nagara seTha karane ke lie 24 jinAlaya banavAe, puSpadanta ke bana ge| kheU dvIpAntaroM se vastra aura ratna ma~gA- AdipurANa kI pratilipi karAI tathA eka lAkha grantha kara vyApAra karate the| usane gopAcalagaDha para vizAla pratilipi karAkara bhaTTAraka yazaHkIti ko bheMTa kie| jina mUrti banabAI / isa mUrti ke lekha se jJAta hotA hai kacha jaina sAdhviyoM ne bhI aneka gRhAmandira banavAki usake pratiSThAcArya raidha hI the| kheU ke pUtra . kara unake mUrtilekhoM para apane nAma aMkita karA die / kamalasiMha bhI gvAliyara meM hI rahe / unake dvArA AdinAtha kI gyAraha hAtha U~cI pratimA banavAI gaI / cAlIsa varSoM ke samaya meM gvAliyara meM jaina dharma ke raidhU ne kamalasiMha ke putra hemarAja kA bhI ullekha kiyA vikAsa ke lie jo kucha huA thA, usameM DUM garendrasiMha hai| hemarAja kA vyApAra gvAliyara jora dillI, donoM aura kIrtisiMha kI udAra dhArmika nIti to pradhAna sthaloM para calatA thaa| hemahAja saMghAdhipati bhI bnaa| thI hI, tathApi isakA pramukha zreya bhaTTAraka guNabhadra ke (ukhAI dvAra sthita khaNDita jaina pratimAeM) 16. dvivedI, gvAliyara rAjyake abhilekha, kra. 293 / 335

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choTe bhAI aura ziSya bhaTTAraka yaza:kIrti ko hai| mAnasiMha ke rAjyakAla taka tomaroM kA gvAliyara unhIM kI preraNA se uttarI bhArata ke samRddha jaina vyApArI jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke lie "devapattana" banA rahA / gvAliyara kI ora AkarSita hae aura unhoMne gar3ha aura san 1523 I. meM mAnasiMha kA rAjakumAra vikramAditya nagara, donoM ko jainatIrtha kA svarUpa de diyA / bhaTTAraka (san 1516--1523 I.) ibrAhIma lodI dvArA parAyazaHkIti kI preraNA se hI paNDita ra idha ne aneka jaina jita huA aura use gopAcalagar3ha chor3a denA par3A / usake grantha likhe / tathApi bhaTTAraka yazaHkIrti kA bahuta / uparAnta "gopAdrI devapattane" meM kyA hotA rahA, yaha mahatvapUrNa kArya prAcIna jaina sAhitya kA punaruddhAra thaa| hamArA yahA~ varNya viSaya nahIM hai / hama eka bAta kaha sakate Aja svayaMbhU aura puSpadanta jaise mahAkaviyoM kI racanA haiM, usake uparAnta jaina sampradAya ke anuyAyI bhI yaha upalabdha na hotI, yadi gvAliyara ke jaina maTha meM bhaTAraka bhUla gae ki deza ke isa bhAga meM unake dharma ke vikAsa, yaza:kIti unakI pratilipiyA~ karAkara na rakhate / jisa pracAra aura prasAra ke lie kyA-kyA kiyA gayA thA, prakAra IsavI gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM gujarAta meM hemacandrA- kaisI mahAn vibhUtiyoM ne kitane ucca pratimAna sthApita cArya ne jaina dharma ke vikAsa ke lie bahamakhI prayAsa kiye the ? bhaTTArakagaNa guNakIrti aura yazaHkIrti ke kiyA thA, vaisA hI prayAsa mahAmuni yazaHkIti ne / gauravazAlI kRtyoM kA Aja kise smaraNa hai ? raidhU gvAliyara meM kiyA thaa| mAtra jaina-kathA lekhaka ke rUpa meM prakhyAta hai, usane - nItimida (mana 1459-1480 parata "tIrthezovRSabhezvaro gaNanuto gaurIzvaro zaMkaro" likhagvAliyara para kalyANa malla (san 1480-1486 I.) _kara RSabhadeva aura zaMkara kI ekarUpatA pratipAdita kara kA rAjya huaa| usa samaya taka bhaTTAraka yazaHkIrti kI dhArmika sahiSNutA kA bhI mArga prazasta kiyA thA, yaha kitanoM ko jJAta hai? kuzarAja jaina tathA zrI toDara mRtyu ho cukI thI / usI samaya dakSiNa ke kundakundAnvaya kSemazAha jaise pradhAna maMtriyoM ne, sAhu khelhA, kheDa, sarasvatIgaccha kA paTTa bhI gvAliyara meM sthApita ho gayA thaa| usa paTTa para bhaTAraka zubhacandra deva kamalasiMha Adi ne jaina dharma aura gvAliyara kI samRddhi AsIna the| ke lie kyA-kyA kiyA thA ye saba tathya pUrNataH mAnasiMha tomara (san 1486-1516 I.) ke bhulAye jA cuke haiN| kucha patthara bolanA cAhate haiM, inakI yazogAthA ve zatAbdiyoM se apane hRdaya-paTaloM rAjyakAla meM bhI gvAliyara meM jaina dharma kI pUrNa pratiSThA para aMkita kie par3e haiM, parantu unheM koI sunanA nahIM rhii| usakA pradhAna matrI khemazAha jaina thaa| usane caahtaa| vAstava meM san 1523 I. meM gvAliyara kA bhI saMghAdhipati yA siMghaI yA viruda liyA thaa| unake antima svataMtra rAjA vikramAditya hI parAjita nahIM samaya meM kASThAsaMgha ke paTTa para bhaTTAraka vijayasena huA thA, usake pradeza kI usake pUrva kI aneka pIr3hiyoM AsIna the| kucha navIna jaina mandira bhI bane the| dvArA kie gae sAMskRtika jAgaraNa ke kAraNabhUta sirImala ke putra catarU ne vi. saM. 1469 (san mahApuruSoM kI yazogAthA bhI bhulA dI gii| vijetAoM 1512 I.) meM nemIzvaragIta likhA thA / isameM kI vijayavAhiniyoM ke ghora du'dubhinAda meM unakI vANI tatkAlIna jaina samAja ke viSaya meM usane likhA hai tirohita homaI aura una senAoM ke prayANa se uDI dhula eka sovana kI laMkA jisI, tovara rAu sabala balavIra meM vaha gauravazAlI atIta daba gyaa| parAjaya kI yaha bhUyabala Apunu sAhasa dhIra, mAnasiha jaga jAnie / anivArya niyati hai| usa devapattana ke itihAsa-nirmANa tAke rAja sUkhI saba loga, rAja samAna karahi dina bhoga kI ora sakSama aura samartha vyakti AkarSita hoM, yaha jaina dharma bahuvidhi calai, zrAvaga dina ju kareM ssttkrm|| maMgala kAmanA hai|

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gvAliyara sAMskRtika vikAsa jaina dharma -ravIndra mAlava bhArata ke hRdaya-sthala para sthita deza ke isa bhAga kA itihAsa atyAdhika prAcIna hai| yadyapi vibhinna itihAsakAroM ne samaya-samaya para prakAzita apane aitihAsika lekhoM evaM pustakoM meM isa kSetra kI prAcInatA ke sambandha meM likhA hai tathApi yahA~ ke itihAsa ke sambandha meM paryApta zodha na hone ke kAraNa anekoM aitihAsika tathya prakAza meM nahIM A pAye haiN| isI kAraNa anekoM sthAnoM para isake abhAva meM itihAsakAroM evaM lekhakoM ko kalpanAzakti kA sahArA lene ko vivaza honA par3A hai| yoM to sAre bhArata meM hI itihAsa viSaya para paryApta zodha-kArya nahIM haA hai aura na hI vizeSa likhA hI gayA hai, parantu gvAliyara ke sambandha meM yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se kahI jA sakatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki yahA~ ke prAcIna itihAsa kA adhikAMza bhAga andhakAramaya hai| saca pUchA jAye to isakA pramukha kAraNa hamArI saMskRti hI rhii| prArambha meM isa deza meM itihAsa likhane kI paramparA nahIM thii| zAsakagaNa apanA adhikatara samaya 337

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rAjya kA kSetra bar3hAne, apanI vicAradhArA kA pracAra karane Adi meM vyatIta karate the / tathApi sabhI ke viSaya meM aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / anekoM rAjAoM ne ina sabake atirikta kalA evaM sAhitya ke vikAsa tathA sthApatya para bhI dhyAna diyaa| adhikatara nirmANa-kArya maMdiroM aura mahaloM ke hI rUpa meM karAye gye| Age calakara zilAlekha khudavAne kI paramparA bhI pAI jAtI hai| lekina jahA~ taka lekhana kA prazna hai prAcIna samaya meM dhArmika granthoM ke atirikta bahuta kama hI likhA gayA / yadi thor3A-bahuta likhA bhI gayA hai to vaha rAjAoM kI prazaMsA Adi ke sambandha meM hai| hA~ videzoM se Aye vibhinna dUtoM dvArA likhA gayA varNana avazya anekoM aitihAsika tathyoM ko prakAzita karatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prAcIna samaya meM itihAsa likhane kI paramparA nahIM thI / anya jo kucha likhA bhI gayA, vaha surakSita nahIM hai| hA~ zilAlekha aura dharmagrantha avazya thor3A-bahuta prakAza DAlate haiN| anekoM prAcIna aitihAsika nagaroM padmAvatI tathA sihoniyAM Adi se milakara banA yaha bhAga bhArata ke itihAsa meM apanA atyAdhika mahatva rakhatA hai, parantu isake sambandha meM bhI yahI dazA hai / yahA~ ke bahuta se aitihAsika tathya aura grantha naSTa ho gae haiM aura jo haiM bhI una para paryApta zodha na hone ke kAraNa kucha sImita jAnakArI ke sahAre tathA anya sthAnoM para kalpanA zakti ke hI sahAre Age bar3hanA par3atA hai / phira bhI prAcIna granthoM Adi se isa kSetra ke aitihAsika dRSTi se dhanavAna hone ke udAharaNa milate haiN| anekoM prAcIna granthoM meM padmAvatI, sihoniyA, gopAdrI, gopAgirI aura gopAcala Adi zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai / pramANa sUryakuNDa para sthita hUNa aura mihirakula ke eka zilAlekha dvArA prApta hotA hai| jisakA kAla laga bhaga 515 I. mAnA jAta hai| isa kAla ke bAre meM vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM miltaa| isa kAraNa jainoM kI sthiti ke bAre meM kucha nizcita mata vyakta nahIM kiye jA skte| para itanA nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa nagara nirmANa ke kAla se hI pAna-pAna: jaina dharmAvalambI isa nagara meM Akara basane lage the| isa samaya gvAliyara para toramana aura usake putra mihirakula kA Adhipatya thA / inakA zAsana kAla bar3A dukhadAyI rhaa| san 533 I. meM yazovarmana dvArA parAjita kiye jAne para vaha kAzmIra bhAga gayA para sthiti meM koI sudhAra nahIM huA / yazovarmana aura usake putra nAgavarmana ne san 550 I. taka yahAM rAjya kiyaa| isa prakAra ina 80 varSoM meM rAjya kI dazA bar3I hI asthira rhii| isake pazcAt harSa ke samrATa hone para usane gvAliyara para bhI kabjA kara use apane rAjya meM milA liyaa| isake rAjya meM zAnti rahI, yadyapi vaha svayaM bauddha matAvalambI thA parantu vaha dharmAndha nahIM thA / ataH isane sabhI vargoM ko samAna rUpa se pragati ke avasara pradAna kiye / isake kAraNa usake kAla meM yahA~ jaina paryApta mAtrA meM the aura isa kSetra meM tabhI se kriyAzIla ho uThe the| ve dharma pracAra aura sAdhanA ke atirikta aba saMgaThana, tathA maMdiroM ke nirmANa para bhI dhyAna dene lage the / prasiddha cInI yAtrI huenasAMga inhIM ke rAjyakAla meM bhArata AyA thaa| usane apanI pustaka meM eka sthAna para jaina sAdhuoM kI carcA karate hue likhA hai-"nirvrantha sAdhU apane zarIra ko nagna rakhate haiM aura vaise isa durga ke sambandha meM sarvaprathama aitihAsika bAloM ko noca DAlate haiM / unakI pradhAnatA sAre deza meM 1. A. sa. I. riporTa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 339, tathA bhAga 20, pRSTha 107 1 338

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thI, balki bhArata ke bAhara bhI ve phaile hue the|" san zatI meM gopAcala kSetra meM jaina dharma kA kramabaddha 648 meM harSa kI mRtyu ho gaI aura punaH eka bAra isa vikAsa prArambha ho gayA thaa| kannauja ke pratApI yazokSetra meM arAjakatA jaisI sthita nirmita ho gii| varmana ke putra Ama ne gopAcala gar3ha ko san 750 I. meM apanI rAjadhAnI banAyA thaa| Ama ne vappabhaTTa sUri gvAliyara ke do zailotkIrNa zilpAMkana bhI kA ziSyatva grahaNa kiyA thaa| jaina prabandhoM ke anusAra isI kAla ke aMta kI hI racanAe~ pratIta hotii| Ama nAmaka nareza ne jo nau vIM zatAbdI meM kannauja aura haiN| inameM se eka pratimA meM tIrtha kara ko kAyotsarga / gvAliyara para zAsana karatA thA kannauja meM eka mandira mudrA meM tathA dUsarI ko padmAsanastha dhyAnamudrA meM kA nirmANa karAyA thA, jo 100 hAtha U~cA thA aura aMkita kiyA gayA hai| padmAsana-mUdrAbAle tIrthakara ke| jisameM usane tIrthakara mahAvIra kI svarNa pratimA pArzva meM aMkita sevaka pUrNa vikasita kamala puSpoM para sthApita karAyI thii| usane gvAliyara meM 23 hAtha khar3e hue haiN| ina kamala puSpoM ko baune (vAmana) logoM U~cI mahAvIra kI pratimA sthApita kI thii| yaha bhI ne thAma rakhA hai, jo svayaM moTe kamalanAla jaise dikhAI kahA jAtA hai ki usane mathurA, anahila vAr3a, mor3herA dete haiN| aisA hI lambI tAlayukta kamala puSpoM para Adi meM bhI jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| khar3e yakSoM kA aMkana mathurA saMgrahAlaya kI (bI 6 tathA jaina paramparAoM meM ullikhita nareza Ama pratihAra nAgabI 7 kramAMkita) do sundara mUrtiyoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA bhaTaTa dvitIya (matyu 883 I.) rahe hoMge, jo jaina dharma ke hai| khar3agAsana tIrtha kara-pratimA ke mUrtana kI tulanA prati apanI AsthA ke liye prasiddha rahe haiN| isa jaina rAjagiri kI vaibhAra pahAr3I sthita do khaDgAsana prati paramparA kI satyatA ina sthAnoM se prApta madhyakAlIna mAoM ke mUrtana se kI jA sakatI hai / gvAliyara kI jaina avazeSoM dvArA pramANita hotI hai / ina donoM tIrtha kara pratimAoM meM gRpta-zailI kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai| sevaka alaMkRta TopI jaise mukaTa tathA gvAliyara ke kile meM aMbikA yakSI aura gomeda gale meM ekAvalI dhAraNa kiye hue haiN| tIrtha karoM kA yakSa kI zailotkIrNa saparikara pratimAe~ upalabdha haiN| parikara paravartI guptakAlIna pratimAoM kI bhA~ti lalitAsana meM baiThI aMbikA ke pAvaM meM, unakI sebikAe~ susajjita na hokara yahA~ bhI sAdA rahA / ' haiN| ina pratimAoM kA nirmANakAla lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| ye pratimAe~ AThavIM zatI ke sambandha meM upalabdha aitihAsika bhArI AkAra aura racanA sauSThava ke liye vizeSa pramANoM se se isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai ki AThavIM ullekhanIya haiM, tathA kuSANa evaM guptakAlIna pAMcika 2. Trevelsa Apha huenasAMga, pRSTha 2241 3. jaina kalA evaM sthApatya, khaNDa 1; bhAga 3 (vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA) (300 se 600 I.), adhyAya 12 (madhyabhArata)-DA. umAkAnta premAnanda zAha / 4. prabandha koSa, pRSTha 27; prabhAvaka carita, pRSTha 99 / 5. majUmadAra (Ara. sI.) tathA pusAlakara (e. DI.) sampAdaka-eja Apha impIriyala kannoja, 1955, bambaI, pRSTha 2891 6. vana (klAsa) jina imejeja Apha devagar3ha, 1969, lIDana, citra 18-18 A | 336

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evaM hArIti pratimAoM ke samanurUpa haiN| aMbikA yakSI kI pratiSThA kara use vahAM sthApita kraayaa| isase kI mukhAkRti aNDAkAra hai, netra addha nimIlita lagatA hai ki bhojadeva ke kAla meM jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM kI haiM, keza sajjA ghammilla AkAra kA hai, kase hue gola acchI dazA thii| inhoMne 10 vI. zatAbdI taka zAsana stana haiM, grIvA aura kukSI para trivaliyA~ haiM, udara bharA kiyaa| dasavIM zatAbdI meM punaH varajumana kachavAhA ke huA tathA nitamba caur3e haiM / yakSa kI pratimA sthalakAya netRtva meM rAjapUtoM ne isa kSetra tathA durga para apanA aura lambI-caur3I hai| usakI toMda maTake jaisI hai| zAsana sthApita kiyaa| gvAliyara ke kile meM tIna svatantra jaina pratimAeM bhI vidyamAna haiM jo lagabhaga usI kAla kI haiN| inameM se vartamAna sAsa-bahU ke mandiroM kA bhI nirmANa isI eka pratimA kAyotsarga madrA meM AdinAtha kA aMkana hai kAla meM hmaa| isa mandira ke lambe zilAlekha kA pATha jisake cAroM ora padamAsana mudrA meM teIsa tIrtha kara digambara yazodeva dvArA racita hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai aMkita haiN| isa prakAra yaha pratimA eka caturviMzati-paTa ki mahIpAla kacchapaghAta ke samaya meM bhI gvAliyara meM ke rUpa meM hai| dUsarI pratimA meM nandIzvara dvIpa sahita jaina sampradAya kI pUrNa pratiSThA thii| aisA mAnA jAtA tIrtha kara AdinAtha aMkita haiN| tIsarI pratimA kAyo* hai ki 105 phuTa lambA, 75 phuTa caur3A aura 100 sarga mudrA meM pArzvanAtha kI hai| unake zIrSa para nAgaphaNa phuTa U~cA yaha mandira mahIpAla nAmaka rAjapUta zAsaka kA chatra aMkita hai tathA sUndara addha mAnavAkRti nAgoM dvArA nandIzvara dvIpa aSTAnikA ke vrata ke upalakSa meM dvArA tIrthakara kA jalAbhiSeka karate dikhAyA gayA hai| jinamAndara ka hai| jinamandira ke rUpa meM vanavAyA gyaa| yahI kAraNa hai nAgoM ke sira para lahariyA keza sajjA hai| isa ki usameM deva-devAMganAoM kI nRtya tathA anya mudrAoM prakAra AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI meM gvAliyara meM jaina dharma meM mUrtiyA~ khudI haiM / isakI pratiSThA meM padmanAma kA kAphI prabhAva thA aura isI kAraNa jaina zilpAMkana kSullaka Adi ne bhI bhAga liyA thaa| yaha lagabhaga kI dizA meM bhI isa kAla meM bahuta kArya huaa| san 1036 meM banakara pUrNa huaa| isake dvAroM, chata aura dIvAroM kI khudAI darzanIya hai| yaha sAsa-baha ke kannauja ke parihAra rAjA bhojadeva ne bhI kucha samaya mandira ke nAma se prasiddha hai| vartamAna meM kucha itike liye isa durga para apanA zAsana sthApita kiyA hAsakAroM ne isakA prAcIna nAma sahastrabAhu kA mandira jisakA pramANa hameM kile ke nIce sAgara tAla para sthita batAte huye ise viSNu mandira bhI kahA hai| sana 875 tathA sana 876 ke caturbhuja mandira ke zilAlekhoM se prApta hotA hai| inake zAsana kAla meM bhArata sarakAra dvArA san 1869 meM gvAliyara bhI zrI vaccadAna nAmaka jaina sAgha dvArA saM. 1034 durga meM kucha aitihAsika mahatva ke sthaloM ke utkhanan ke (san 977) meM baizAkha vadI paMcamI ke dina jaina mUrti avasara para prApta, eka tAmra caitya tathA cAra tIrtha karoM 7. jaina kalA evaM sthApatya, khaNDa 1, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, bhAga 4, vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA (600 se 1000 I.) adhyAya 16, madhyabhArata, kRSNadeva, pRSTha 177-78 / 8. meIstara (mAikela DablyU); Ama, amrola eNDa jainijma ina gvAliyara phorTa, jarnala Apha di oriyanTala insTITyUTa, bar3audA, 22; 354-58 / 9. gvAliyara kA atIta, pRSTha 141 340

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kI tAmra pratimAe~ prastuta kI gaI haiN| ye caitya evaM tIrthaMkara pratimAe~ 10-11 vIM sadI ke lagabhaga kisI samaya kI pratIta hotI haiM 1120 nandIzvara - kalA kI dRSTi se inameM tAmracaitya, pramukhataH ullekhanIya hai / yaha nIce vargAkAroM tathA Upara pirAmiDa ke AkAra kA banA hai| 1 phITa 6.75 iMca U~ce isa nandIzvara caitya ke vargAkArI AdhAra kA kSetraphala 6.25 vargaiMca hai| nIce ke bhAga meM tIna vargAkAra maMjileM haiM, tIsare varga ke Upara pirAmiDa AkAra kA AmAlaka yukta gumbada banA hai / pratyeka varga ke cAroM kone para stambha bane haiN| ina vargAkArI maMjiloM kI U~cAI nIce se Upara kI ora kramazaH kama hai / ina vargoM meM caubIsa tIrtha karoM ke citra haiM, sabase nIcevAle (tala) varga meM pratyeka aura khaDgAsana mudrA meM tIna-tIna tIrthakara isa prakAra kula bAraha tIrthaMkara mudrAe~ banI haiM / isake UparavAle (madhya) varga para pratyeka ora padmAsana (sampraya~ka) mudrA meM do-do tIrtha kara isa prakAra ATha tIrthaMkara mudrAe~ banI haiN| yaha varga U~cAI meM tala varga kI apekSA kama U~cA hai / isake bhI Upara sabase kama U~cAI vAle tIsare varga meM pratyeka ora eka-eka isa prakAra kula cAra tIrtha kara mudrAe~ aMkita haiM / inameM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI mudrA sabhI se alaga prakAra kI hone ke kAraNa AsAnI se pahacAnI jA sakatI hai / isameM zIrSa ke Upara paMcaphaNI sarpa aMkita hai / pratyeka tIrthaMkara mudrA ke vakSa para pratIka svarUpa zrIvatsa aMkita hai / 10. yaha pratimA jaina kAsmolaoNjI ke anusAra varNita dvIpoM meM se eka dvIpa nandIzvara dvIpa kI pratIka svarUpa hai / isa dvIpa meM 52 devoM evaM pavitrAtmAoM dvArA jina (tIrthaMkara) pUjA kI jAne kA jaina zAstroM meM varNana prApta hotA hai / tadanusAra yaha dvIpa mandiroM, sabhAgRhoM; nATyagRhoM; sajjita maMcoM, sundara stUpoM, mUrtiyoM evaM pratimAoM, pavitra caitya vRkSa, indradhvaja tathA kamalayukta jhIla Adi se yukta hai| ina sabhI mandiroM meM arhata evaM jina se sambandhita pavitra dinoM para ATha divasIya parva manAe jAte haiM / jaina dharmAvalambI isa varNana ke anusAra varSa meM tIna bAra ASAr3ha, kArtika tathA phAlguna mAhoM meM aSTamI se pUrNimA taka ATha divasIya aSTAnikA parva manAkara isa avasara para vrata evaM pUjA Adi kate haiM / caitya para aMkita zabda kSatigrasta ho gae haiN| tala maMjila para eka ora "....hIM nA . dA... dhI" zabda par3he gaye haiM, inake AdhAra para kaI purAtatva vettAoM ne ise 4-5vIM zatI meM nirmita mAnA hai, tathApi yaha caitya 9 10vIM zatI ke lagabhaga yA isase pUrva kA avazya hai / chaThaveM tIrthaMkara padmaprabha - anya cAra jina pratimAoM meM eka chaThaveM tIrthaMkara padmaprabha kI hai jisakI U~cAI AdhAra sahita sAr3he pA~ca iMca, tathA binA AdhAra ke sAr3he tIna iMca hai / padmAsana (samprayaMka) avasthA meM baiThI isa mudrA ke pRSTha bhAga meM nAlandA kAMsya kI zailI ke ca~vara bane haiN| AdhAra ke "Jaina Images & Places of first class Importence", T. N. Ramachandran. (Presidential adress during the All India Jaina Sasana Conference 194; Held on the occasion of the 2500th Anniversary of the first Preaching of lord Mahavir Swami; Calcutta) Publisher-Hony. Secy. Vira Sasana Sangha, 82 Lower Chitpur Road, Calcutta. 341

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rUpa meM bane Asana ke.madhya padamAsana ke nIce sAmane jIrNa-zIrNa avasthA meM sthita 35 phuTa lambe tathA 15 kI ora tIrtha kara padmaprabha kA lAMchana kamala va pratimA phuTa caur3e khaMDahara kamare ke saMbaMdha meM kiye gaye zodhake zIrSa para USNisa evaM ghugharAle bAla dRSTavya haiN| kArya ke AdhAra para use jainiyoM ke 23veM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kA mandira mAnA hai, aura isakA nirmANadUsarI pramukha pratimA AThaveM tIrthakara candraprabha kI kArya san 1108 I. ke lagabhaga sampanna honA mAnA hai| hai / kula sAr3he dasa iMca U~cI isa pratimA meM tIrtha kara usake pUrNa sarvekSaNa, AsapAsa kiye gaye khudAI ke kArya mudrA mAtra hI sAr3he pAMca iMca U~cAI kI hai| samprayaka aura stambhoM ke AdhAra para usakA kSetra pIche 50 phuTa meM bhadrAsana avasthA meM baiThI mudrA kI isa jina pratimA ke aura honA batAyA hai| usake anusAra yaha mandira pRSTha bhAga meM nAlandA jaisI unnata kalA darzanIya hai| lagabhaga 69 phITa lambe tathA 15 phITa caur3e kSetra meM pratimA ke pRSTha bhAga meM prabhAmaNDala kalAtmaka svarUpa liye| phailA thaa| hue hai / pratIka svarUpa tIrthakara candraprabha kA lAMchana arddhacandra tathA vakSa ke madhya zrIvatsa kA cinha aMkita isake nirmANa kA samaya (san 1108 I.) isa bAta hai| inakI zailI ke AdhAra para sunizcita rUpa se inakA kI sAkSI detA hai ki yaha mandira kachavAhoM ke zAsana kAla nirmANa kAla 10-11vIM zatI kahA jA sakatA hai| meM hI nirmita kiyA gyaa| isase isa bAta para prakAza kacchapaghAta bajradAmana ne bhI jaina sampradAya ko par3atA hai ki inake zAsana kAla meM bhI jaina acchI prazraya diyA thaa| vi. saM. 1034 (sana 977 I.) meM avasthA meM the| vistRta aitihAsika vivaraNa ke abhAva vajradAmana ke rAjyakAla meM gvAliyara meM jaina matiyoM meM yaha kahanA atyaMta kaThina hai ki kisa rAjA ne durga para kI sthApanA kI gaI thii| isa mandira kA nirmANa karavAyA athavA nirmANa hetu svIkRti pradAna kii| isase bhI yaha pratIta hotA hai ki isake isa prakAra yaha nizcita hai ki 11vIM zatAbdI meM bhI zatAbdiyoM pUrva se jaina isa kSetra meM apanA astitva eka jina mandira tathA kucha jaina mUrtiyA~ gopAcagalar3ha para rakhate the aura zanaiH-zanaiH ve itane prabhAvazAlI ho gaye nizcaya hI sthita thiiN| kacchapaghAta mUladeva (bhuvanaikamalla) ki ve zAsaka evaM zAsana ko bhI prabhAvita kara mandira ke rAjya meM rAjyAdhikAriyoM ne isa mandira meM jaina bhaktoM nirmANa karA sake / kA nirvAdha praveza banda kara diyA thA / maladhArI gaccha ke , isa kAla ke gvAliyara ke nikaTavartI kSetroM meM bhI jaina zrI abhayadeva sUri ke Agraha para mahAvIra svAmI ke mUrtiyoM va zilAlekhoM kA nirmANa huaa| dUbakuNDa (zyopura) isa mandira ke dvAra samasta jaina janatA ke liye unmukta ke vi. saM. 1145 (san 1088 I.) ke vikramasiMha ke kara diye gae the| zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki isa kSetra ke kacchapaghAta sana 1844 I. meM janarala kaniMghama ne gvAliyara bhI jaina sariyoM ko prazraya dete the| zAntiSeNa sari aura durga para sthita sAsa-baha ke mandiroM ke nikaTa atyanta unake ziSya vijayakIrti dvArA vaha prazasti likhI gayI 11. gvAliyara rAjya abhilekha, kra. 20 / 12. saMgItopaniSatsAra, gAyakavAr3a oriyanTala sIrija, prastAvanA, pRSTha 7 / 342

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thii|dvknndd ke jaina mandira ke vi. saM. 1152 (sana kile se nikalakara musalamAnoM se yuddha kiyaa| yuddha ke 1095 I.) ke zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki vahA~ liye rAjA ko jAte dekha rAniyoM ne kahAkASThAsaMgha ke mahAcAryavarya zrI devasena ke pAdUkA cinha kI pUjA hotI thii| naravara meM bhI vi. saM. 1314 ____ "pahale hameM ju jauhara pArI, (san 1257 I.) se 1324 (san 1267 I.) ke taba tuma jUjho kantha samhArI' mUrtilekhoM se yukta saikar3oM mUrtiyA~ naravara meM prApta huI haiN| yaha kahakara 70 rAniyAM kile meM Aga meM kUdakara jo kucha bhI jJAna upalabdha hai usake AdhAra para yaha balidAna ho gii| Aja bhI isa jauhara kI smRti meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki yahA~ jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM ke paribAra jauharatAla kA nAma vikhyAta hai| uravAI darabAje mAtra nivAsa hI nahIM karate the varana yahA~ jainiyoM para isa ghaTanA kA ullekha karanevAlA zilAlekha ke saMgha bhI saMcAlita the jinameM saMghAdhipati tathA anvaya san 1805 I. taka pAyA gayA hai| isa yuddha meM rAjA huA karate the| itanA hI nahIM ve niyamita vidyApITha kA bhI apane 15 sAthiyoM ke sAtha kAma Ae taba kahIM bhI saMcAlana karate the| 15vIM zatAbdI meM banI mUrtiyoM musalamAna isa kile para kadama rakha paaye| isake bAda se prApta jAnakArI se ye tathya punaH parIkSita hote haiN| san 1318 I0 taka yaha durga musalamAnoM ke adhikAra meM rhaa| unhoMne ise rAjakIya kaidakhAne ke rUpa meM prayoga san 1122 I. meM parihAroM ne isa vaMza ke antima kiyaa| isa prakAra gvAliyara kA yaha pradeza 166 varSoM rAjA tejakaraNa ko nikAla diyA aura svataH rAjA bana taka lUTa-khasoTa aura atyAcAra se AtaMkita rhaa| baiThe the| parihAra vaMza ke kala 7 rAAoM ne isa darga para rAjya kiyaa| isa bIca meM eka bAra san 1196 I. para kabhI kisI kA zAsana sthAyI nahIM rahA / jaba meM kutubuddIna ne gvAliyara para AkramaNa kara durga para taimUra laMga ne bhArata ke andara Udhama macAyA to muslima apanA adhikAra sthApita kiyA parantu unake hAthoM meM sattA DAMvADola ho gaI aura vIrasiMha taMvara, jo ki yaha durga adhika na raha sakA aura 16 varSa bAda san san 1375 I meM muslimoM kI ora se kiledAra niyukta 12 meM parihAroM ne punaH durga ko vApasa le liyA haA thA, ne avasara pAkara duzmanoM ko paraspara lar3Aka aura sana 1232 taka apane adhikAra meM rakhA / san baDI caturAI ke sAtha isa kile para apanA adhikAra kara 1232 meM altamaza ne tatkAlIna parihAra zAsaka sAraMga liyaa| isane sambhavataH san 1380 I. meM apanA rAjya deva para bhArI phauja sahita AkramaNa kiyA aura 11 sthApita kiyaa| yaha bar3A parAkramI aura vivekI tathA mAsa taka durga ko ghere rahA / anta meM sAraMgadeva ne svayaM rAjanIti meM dakSa zAsaka thaa| 13. gvAliyara rAjya ke abhilekha, ka. 241 14: vahI, kra. 58 / 15. jAta. zrIvIrasiMhaH sakalari pukulavAtanirdhAtapAto, vaMze zrItomarANAM nijavimalayazokhyAtadikcakravAlaH / dAnAne viveka bhavati samatA yena sAkaM napANAM, ke zAmeSA kavInAM prabhavati ghiSaNA varNane tadguNAnAM / / -yazodharacarita prazasti 343

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isake pazcAt isakA putra uddharaNadeva apane pitA kI gaddI para baiThA / 16 zAsana prApti ke bAda yaha kula do varSa hI jIvita rhaa| isake kAla ke saMbaMdha meM vizeSa vivaraNa prApta nahIM hai / san 1402 I. ke lagabhaga uddharaNadeva kA putra vIramadeva gaddI para baiThA / " yaha bar3A parAkramI thaa| isake kAla meM mallU ikabAla khA~ ne isa para AkramaNa kiyA parantu vaha vIramadeva ko harAne meM asaphala rahA / isake darabAra meM kuzarAja nAma kA vizvAsapAtra mahAmAtya thA / yaha jaisavAla jaina kula meM utpanna huA thA, isake pitA kA nAma jainapAla aura mA~ kA nAma loNA devI thA / yaha rAjanIti meM bar3A hI dakSa aura parAkramI thA / 18 yaha sadA jainendra kI sevA meM rata rahatA thA / yaha apanI bhAryA ralho aura lakSmaNazrI tathA putra kalyANamalla aura usakI bhAryA jayata mhide 18. vaMze'bhUjjaisavAle vimalaguNabhUlaNaH sAdhuratnaM, ityAdi parivAra ke kalyANa ke liye usa yaMtra kI pUjA karatA thA / isakI eka tIsarI bhAryA kauzIrA thI / isane bha. vijaya kIrti ke upadeza se gvAliyara meM candraprabhu kA eka vizAla mandira banavAyA thA aura bhArI dhUmadhAma se usakA pratiSThotsava samAroha Ayojita kiyA / isa avasara para jonAra (sAmUhika bhoja) bhI Ayojita kI gaI / candraprabhu kA yaha mandira hI bAda meM zekha mohammada gausa kA nivAsa sthAna banA jise Ajama humAyU~ ne bhraSTa kara diyA thA / isa ghaTanA kA vistRta ullekha Age upalabdha hai / 16. Izvara cUDAratnaM vinihata karaghAtavRtta saMhAtaH / candra iva dugdhasiMdhostasmAduddharaNabhUpatirjanitaH // 17 tatputro vIramendraH sakalavasumatI pAla cUr3AmaNiryaH / prakhyAtaH sarvaloke sakalabudhakalAnandakArI vizeSAt / tasmin bhUpAlaratne nikhilanidhigRhe gopadurge prasiddhi, bhu' jAne prAjyarAjyaM vigataripumayaM suprajaH sevyamAnaH // - yazodharacarita prazasti rAjA kA vizvAsapAtra mahAmAtya jaina hone ke kAraNa vIramadeva ke zAsana kAla meM jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM ko vikAsa kA acchA avasara milA / kuzarAja ne sAdhuzrI jainapAlo bhavaduditayAstatsuto dAnazIlaH / jainendraH rAghanesu pramudita hRdayaH sevakaH sadgurUNAM, loNAkhyA satyazIlA'jani vimalamatirjanapAlasya bhAryA jAtaH SaTtanayAstayoH sakRtinoH zrIhaMsarAjobhavat, teSAmAdyatamastatastadanujaH saurAjanAmA'jani / rairAjobhavarAjakaH samajani prakhyAtakIrtimahAsAdhuzrI kuzarAjakastadanu ca zrI kSemarAjo laghuH ||6|| jAtAH zrIkuzarAja eva sakalakSmApAlacUDAmaNeH, zrImattomara-vIramasya vidito vizvAsapAtraM mahAn / maMtrI maMtravicakSaNaH kSaNamayaH kSINAripakSaH kSaNAt / kSeNImIkSaNarakSaNamati jainendra pUjArataH // 7 // 344 - yazodharacarita prazasti ? - yazodharacarita prazasti

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darabAra ke hI eka anya kAyastha vidvAna padamanAma se sAtha samarpita kI thI jise paMDita rAmacandra ne likhA bha. guNakIrti ke AdezAnusAra "yazodhara caritra" (dayA thaa| yaha prati Amera ke bhaNDAra meM surakSita hai / sundara vidhAna) nAmaka kAvya kI racanA krvaaii| isake zAsanakAla kI saMvat 1460, 1468, 1469 vIramadeva ke pazcAt usakA putra gaNapatideva gaddI aura 1479 kI likhI haI cAra granthalipi para baiThA / usakA rAjyakAla atya rahA, jisakA vivaraNa prazastiyAM abhI bhI upalabdha haiN| saM. 1460 meM gopA- upalabdha nahIM hai / cala meM sAha varadeva ke caityAlaya meM bha. hemakIrti ke ziSya mani dharmacanda ne mAgha vadI dazamI ke dina __san 1424 meM gaNapatideva ke putra DUMgarasiMha taMvara "samyakatva kaumudI" kI prati AtmapaThanArtha lipibaddha gaddI para AsIna hue| yaha bar3e hI vIra aura parAkramI kii| saM. 1468 meM ASADha vadI 2, zakravAra ke dina zAsaka the| usane zAsana sa~bhAlate hI apanI senA saMgakASThA saMgha, mAthurAnvaya ke AcArya zrI bhAvasena, sahastra Thita kara mAlave kI rAjadhAnI mAMDU para AkramaNa kara kIti aura bha. guNakIti kI AmnAya meM sAhU marUdeva vahA~ ke rAjA huzaMgazAha ko parAsta kiyaa| saMbhavata: isI vijaya meM inake hAtha kohinura nAmaka vizvaprasiddha kI putrI devasari ne 'paMcAstikAya" TIkA kI pratilipi lipibaddha karAI thii| jo isa samaya kAraMjA ke hIrA lgaa| isa prakAra usane apane rAjya kI sImA aura bar3hAkara apanI sthiti aura sudRr3ha kara lii| isake zAstra bhaNDAra meM upalabdha hai| kAla meM rAjya meM sabhI prakAra kI sukha zAMti thii| saMvat 1469 meM AcArya amRtacanda kRta pravacana isase nikaTavartI rAjyoM ke zAsakoM kI lalacAI dRSTi sArthI kI "tatbadIpikA" TIkA likhI gii| sana 1479 sadaiva isake rAjya para lagI rahatI thI aura yadA-kadA meM ASAr3ha sudI 5 budhavAra ke dina gar3hotpura ke neminAtha gvAliyara para AkramaNa hote rahate the / rAjA DUgarasiMha cetyAlaya meM jautukA strI saro ne apane jJAnavarNI karNoM ne sabhI kA DaTakara mukAbalA kiyA aura sabhI meM ke kSayArtha "SaTakarmopadeza" kI eka prati likhakara jaita vijayI rahe / vibhinna lekhakoM ne isakI vIratA kA varNana zrI kI ziSyA vimalamati ko pUjA vidhAna mahotsava ke karate hue likhA hai ki "vaha aneka rAjAoM dvArA pUjita 19. samvat 1460 zAke 1325 SaSThAbdayormadhye virodhI nAma saMvatsare pravartata gopAcala durgasthAne rAjA vIramadeva rAjya pravartamAne sAha varadeva caityAlaye bha. zrI hemakItideva tatziSya muni dharmacandraNa AtmapaThanArtha pustakaM likhitaM mAgha vadi 10 bhaumadine / -terApaMthI mandira jayapura, zAstra bhaNDAra 20 saMvatsaresmina vikramAditya gatAbda 1468 varSa ASAr3ha vadi 2 zukra dine zrI gopAcale rAjA vIramedeva vijaya rAjya pravartamAne zrI kASThAsaMghe mAthUrAnvaye puSkara gaNa AcArya zrI bhAvasanadevA: tatpaTTe zrI sahastrakIrtidevAH tatpaTTe bhaTTAraka zrI guNakIrtidevAsteSAmAmnAye saMghaI mahArAjavadhU sAdhu maradeva pUtrI devasirI tathA idaM paMvAstikAyasAra graMtha likhApitama / -kAraMjA bhaNDAra, jayapura 345

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tayA sammAnita thaa| aura zatruoM kA mAna mardana karane cAroM ora jaina pratimAoM ke khudavAne kA kArya prArambha meM dakSa thA 12" yuddha-sthala meM usake samAna koI vIra kara diyaa| ina abhilekhoM meM jainAcArya devasena, yoddhA nahIM thaa| naravara gar3ha meM sthita vijaya stambha yazakIti, jayakIti, Adi bhaTTArakoM kA bhI ullekha (jaita stambha) abhI bhI isakI sAkSI de rahA hai| milatA hai| isa kArya para karor3oM rupaye vyaya hue tathA kula 33 varSa kA samaya lgaa| DU'garasiMha apane paranta ina saba vijaya abhiyAnoM meM vyasta rahate hue jIvanakAla meM ise pUrA nahIM karA skaa| taba usaka bhI usakA dhyAna vidvAnoM, dhArmika samArohoM aura priya putra kIrtisiMha ne use pUrA kraayaa| nirmANoM kI ora bhI gyaa| isane jaina dharma ke siddhAMtoM ko apane jIvana meM apanAyA / jaina dharma se usakA anurAga DUMgarasiMha ke rAjya meM anya nirmANa aura mUti pratiSThA mAtra hI nahIM thA kintu usa para usakI parama AsthA thii| ve jaina dharma ke prabala poSaka the| vaha jaina vidvAnoM mUrti nirmANa ke atirikta rAjA DUMgarasiMha ke samaya evaM saMtoM ko bar3e hI Adara kI daSTi se dekhatA thaa| meM gvAliyara ke jaina dharmAnuyAyI zrAvakoM ne grantha nirmANa __aura mUrti pratiSThA kA bhI kArya sampanna kraayaa| san isake rAjyakAla meM hI gvAliyara gar3ha kI caTTAnoM 1429 meM ma. guNakIrti ke ziSya bha. yazakIrti ne Atma meM jaina pratimAoM ke utkhanana ke kArya kA prArambha huaa| paThanArtha, "sukumAla carita".3 aura kavi zrIdhara kI san 1440 I. ke tIna zilAlekha isa bAta ke sUcaka haiM "saMskRta bhaviSya data paMcamI" kathA kI pratiyA~ likhaki inake Azraya meM aneka jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne durga ke vAI thiiN| isake atirikta unhoMne harivaMza purANa, 21. zrI tomarAnurkAzakhAmaNitvaM, yaH praapbhuupaalshtaacitaaNghriH|| zrI rAjamAno hatazatrumAnaH / , zrI DUMgaredo'tra, narAdhiposti / / samayasAra lipi pra0 senagaNa bhaNDAra, kAraMjA ................ bhupabala parANu, samaraMgaNi aNNu Na tahu samANu / Niruvama avirala guNa maNi Nikeu, .............. / sAhaNasamudu jayasiriNivAsu, jasa Uyari pauriyadahadisAsu / jasa karavAla NihAeM ari-kavAla, toDi vi dhalliu NaM kamalaNAlu / dupiccha miccha raNaraMgu mallu, ariyaNakAmiNimaNa diNNa sallu / .. sammatattaguNanidhAna prazasti 23. -savat 1468 varSa azvaNi vadi 13 somadine gopAcaladurge rAjA DUMgarasiMhatheva devavijayarAjya pravartamAne zrI kASThAsaMghe mAthurAncaye AcArya zrI bhAvasena devAstatpaTTe zrI sahastrakIti devAstatpaTTe zrI guNakIrti devAstaziSyena zrI yazaH kItidevana nijajJAnAvaraNI karma kSayArtha idaM sukamAla carita likhApitaM / kIyastha yAjanAputra thalU lekhanIyaM / ...... jayapura bhaNDAra / 24. saMvat 1486 varSa ASAr3ha vadi 9 gurudine gopAcaladurge rAjA DUMgarasiMha rAjya pravartamAne zrI kASThAsaMgha mAthurAnvaye puSkaragaNe AcArya zrI sahastrakIrti devAstatpaTTe AcArya guNakIrti devAstacchiSya yaza:kIti devAstena nijajJAnAvaraNI karma kSayArtha idaM bhaviSyadatta paMcamI kathA likhApitaM ..... nayA maMdira dharmapurA dillI 346

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rAtri bhojana kathA, ravivAra vrata kathA, candranAtha caritra cariu prazasti meM meghazvara carita, triSaSThi mahApurANa, Adi 23 grantha bhI likhe the| ye saM. 1486 taka rhe| siddhacakravidhi, balahada cariu, sudarzana carita aura dhanya kumAra carita nAmaka granthoM kA bhI ullekha hai| saMbhavataH __ samvat 1492 se pUrva agravAla vaMzaja sAhU khemasiMha ye sabhI grantha kavi raIghu ne saM. 1492 aura 1496 ke ke putra sAha kamalasiMha ne 11 hAtha U~cI AdinAtha kI kAla meM likhe haiN| inameM eka aura grantha "Atma saMbodha eka vizAla mUrti kA nirmANa kraayaa| isake pratiSThotsava kAvya" kI 29 patrAtmaka jIrNa prati bhI upalabdha haI meM rAjA DUMgarasiMhajI ne zAsana se pUrA sahayoga pradAna hai| jo saMvat 1448 kI likhI haI hai| raIdhU ke kAla kiyA aura tAmbUla Adi se usakA sammAna kiyaa|25 meM gvAliyara meM jaina dharma evaM saMskRti atyadhika sampanna saMvat 1492 meM sAhU kamalasiMha ne kavi raIghU se avasthA meM thii| DUMgarendrasiMha aura kIrtisiMha ke kAla meM "sammata gUNa nidhAna" nAmaka grantha kI racanA karavAI gar3ha ke nIce nagara meM bahuta se jaina mandira bane the| jo bhAdrapAda mAsa ke pUrNimA ke dina samApta huI / isa raIdhU ne likhA hai ki-"nagara jaina mandiroM se vibhUSita grantha kI racanA karane meM kavi ko 3 mAsa kA samaya thA aura zrAvaka dAna-pUjA meM nirata rahate the / "....... lgaa| isake bAda kavi raIdhu ne "neminAtha caritra". ... "naiminAtha, candraprabhu aura vartamAna ke jaina "pArzvanAtha caritra" tathA "balabhadra caritra" (rAmAyaNa) mandira the aura unake pAsa bihAra bhI bane the|" svayaM nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kii| saM. 1496 meM race gaye raIghu aise hI bihAra meM rahatA thaa| alavara aura "sukauzala caritra" nAmaka granthoM meM ina granthoM kI caurAsI mathurA ke jaina mandiroM meM gvAliyara ke taumaroM racanA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / ye jAti ke ke ullekha yukta pratimAe~ inhIM jaina mandiroM kI haiN| padamAvatI puravAla the| inake pitA kA nAma harisiMha isase pratIta hotA hai ki kavivara raIghU dIrghajIvI rahe siMgI thaa| hoNge| upalabdha granthoM se unakA racanAkAla saM. 1448 se balahadda cariu meM kevala harivaMza purANa (nemi jana ' jana saM. 15 25 taka kA upalabdha hotA hai| cariu) ke race jAne kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| harivaMza saM. 1497 meM "paramAtma prakAza" grantha kI saTIka purANa meM triSaSThizalAkA carita (mahApurANa), meghe- prati kI racanA kI gii| isI varSa pAMDu purANa bhI zvara caritra, yazodhara caritra, vattasAra aura jIvaMdhara apamraza bhASA meM likhA gyaa| saM. 1506 meM dhanapAla nAmaka 6 anya granthoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| kI "bhaviSyadatta paMcamI kathA" tathA saM. 1510 meM ye sabhI saM. 1496 se pUrva ke race gaye haiN| sammaIjina "samaya sAra" nAmaka granthoM kI pratilipi kI gii| 25. -jo devAhideva titthaMkaru, AiNAhu titthoya suhaMkaru / taha paDimA dugga-NiNNAsaNi, jAmicchata-girida-sarAsaNi, jAmahiro-soya duha-NAsaNi 26. saMvata 1448 varSe phAlguNa vadi 1 gurau dine mvAvaga laSmaNa kammakSaya vinAzArtha likhitaM / "- yaha Amera bhaNDAra jayapura meM abhI bhI surakSita hai / 27. yaha abhI bhI jayapura ke TholiyoM ke mandira ke zAstra bhaNDAra meM surakSita hai| 28. yaha abhI bhI kAraMjA ke zAstra bhaNDAra meM surakSita hai / 347

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unake atirikta jJAnArNava, candraprabhU caritra tathA parimAla yaha jaina dharma meM atyAdhika AsthA rakhatA thA / kavi AgarA dvArA zrIpAla caritra Adi likhe gye| saM. isane apane pitA dvArA adhare chor3e gaye mUrtiyoM ke 1497 aura saM. 1510 meM pratiSThApita mUrtiyoM ke lekha utkhanana ke kArya ko pUrA kraayaa| isakA kAla saM. upalabdha haiM / 1522 se 1531 taka milatA hai| isa kAla meM anekoM naI mUrtiyAM bhI pratiSThita huI, jinameM akita lekhoM meM zAha ToDaramala jI, dola jI kAzalIvAla bhI unake kIrtisiMha kA ullekha milatA hai| udAharaNArtha-bAbA kAla meM hI mAravAr3a se gvAliyara Aye the| usa samaya kI bAbar3I ke dAhinI ora banI pArzvanAtha kI mUrti tomara va kachavAya jaina mata pAlate the| unhoMne pahAr3I para likhe abhilekha meM mahArAjA kIrtisiMha kA vivaraNa para guphA va jaina mandira ke nirmANa bhI kraaye| diyA hai| isa khar3agAsana murti ke nikaTa hI nau anya ve jainadharma se bar3A prabhAvita the / tatkAlIna mUrtiyA~ bhI khudI haiM jinameM kucha padamAsana bhI haiN| inake bha. guNakIti ke prati isake hadaya meM asIma zraddhA thii| mukha khaMDita kara diye gaye haiN| unake upadezAmata se isane jaina dharma svIkAra kiyaa| ___ina mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM isa isa kAla meM guNakIrti unake ziSyoM tathA praziSyoM kA pradeza ke kArIgaroM kA abhinava prayAsa thA jisake bhI jaina dharma evaM jaina saMskRti ke pracAra evaM prasAra meM antargata vi. saM. 1530 taka ke 33 varSa ke thor3e samaya sarvAdhika yogadAna rahA / isake kAla meM anekoM mUrtiyoM meM hI durga kI ye beDola aura mUka caTTa ne vizAlatA, kA nirmANa haA tathA pratiSThAyeM karavAI gii| isake vItarAgitA, zAnti, evaM tapasyA kI bhAva vyaMjanA se kAla meM prajA sukhI tathA samRddha thii| isane kula 30 varSa mukharita ho utthiiN| gar3ha ke cAroM ora khadI huI ina taka gvAliyara para zAsana kiyaa| vizAla mUrtiyoM ko dekhakara aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ina isake pazcAta kItisiMha yA kIrtipAla gaTTI para baitthaa| mUtiyoM ke nirmANakartA apanI zraddhA aura bhakti ke anukala vizAla pratimAoM kA nirmANa karanA athavA yaha DUMgarasiMha kA putra thaa| yaha apane pitA ke samAna karAnA cAhate hoMge / ataH isase prerita hokara utkIhI guNajJa, balavAna aura rAjanIti meM catura thA / yaha rNakoM ne nirmApaka kI nirmala bhAvanAoM ko sAkAra rUpa parAkramI hone ke sAtha-sAtha dayAlu, sahRdaya aura prajA vatsala bhI thaa| isane lagabhaga sana 1424 meM zAsana pradAna karane ke uddezya se usa vizAlatA meM saundarya kA bhAra grahaNa kiyaa| aura samAveza kara kalA kI apUrva kRtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| pratimAoM ke ye samaha durga ke vibhinna aMcaloM isane apane rAjya ko aura bhI bddh'aayaa| isake meM bane haiM jo guhA mandiroM ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM / samaya ke do lekha 1468 aura 1473 I. ke mile haiN| ye asaMkhya choTe-bar3e mandira saMkhyA aura AkAra kI daSTi isakI mRtyu san 1479 meM huI thI ata: isakA se uttara bhArata meM advitIya haiM / mUrtikalA aura mandira rAjyakAla 1479 taka mAnA jAtA hai| sthApatya donoM meM adbhuta sAmaMjasya sthApita hai| sabase 29. dekho janarala eziyATika sosAiTI, bhAga 31,pa. 423 gopAcala durge tomaravaMze rAjA zrI gaNapati devAsta putroM mahArAjAdhirAja zrI DUMgarasiMha rAjye (pratiSThitaM) caurAsI mathurA kI mUlanAyaka mUrti kA lekha / kavi raIdhU-zrIpAla caritra 31. samayasAra lipi, pra0 zAstra bhanDAra, kaarNjaa| 30. 34%

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pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki inakA nirmANa rAjAoM ne vAstava meM yaha 57 phuTa U~cI hai / isakI caraNa caukI nahIM varan tatkAlIna jaina vyApAriyoM va anya para saM. 1497 likhA hai| vartamAna meM isake nIce kA zrAvakoM ne krvaayaa| aneka jaina mahilAoM ne bhI isake kucha bhAga miTTI meM daba gayA hai| yaha caraNoM ke pAsa nirmANa ke liye dAna diye the| isa kArya meM hajAroM 9 phUTa caur3I hai| yahIM 22 nambara kI neminAtha ke zilpakAroM ne bhAga liyA, jinake kuzala hAthoM ne padamAsana mUrti hai| jo 30 phuTa U~cI hai| neminAtha kI lagabhaga Der3ha mIla lambe gopAcala durga ko utkIrNa karane itanI vizAla mUrti zAyada hI anyatra kahIM ho / yogya koI konA zeSa nahIM choddaa| ina sArI pratimAoM ko 5 samUhoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| (2) dakSiNa pazcima sama haH -- yaha khaMbhA tAla ke nIce urabAI dvAra kI bAhara kI zilA para hai| isameM (1) urabAhI sama haH-urabAI dvAra para kula 22 5 mUtiyA~ haiN| 1 nambara ke pratimA samUha meM eka strI, jaina mUrtiyA~ haiN| inameM se 6 murtiyoM para saM. 1497 puruSa tathA bAlaka kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / 2 nambara meM eka 8 (san 1440 I.) se saM. 1510 (san 1453 I.) phUTa lambI leTI haI strI kI pratimA hai jo 8 phuTa lambI ke abhilekha khade haiM / inameM 20 nambara kI AdinAtha kI hai| isa para oSa kiyA haA hai| prArambha meM kucha loga mati sabase vizAla hai| bAbara ne apane "bAbaranAmA' ise buddha bhagavAna kI mUrti batAte the| parantu vizeSa meM isakI U~cAI 20 gaja anumAna kI thii| parantu zodha karane ke pazcAta itihAsakAra isI niSkarSa para (gvAliyara durga para utthita padamAsasa mudrA meM vizAla jaina pratimA) 346

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11 eka patthara kI bAvar3I para sthita guhA mandira meM utkhanita vizAla jaina pratimAoM ke samUha kA eka dRSTi ) isa samUha meM lagabhaga 20 pratimAyeM 20 se 30 phuTa taka kI U~cAI kI aura lagabhaga itanI hI 8 se 15 phuTa taka kI U~cAI liye huye haiM / isameM AdinAtha, neminAtha, padmaprabhu, candraprabhu, saMbhavanAtha, kuntanAtha, aura mahAvIra Adi kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / inameM kucha eka mUrtiyoM para 1525 se 1530 taka ke abhilekha khude huye haiM / pahu~ce ki ye jaina mUrtiyAM haiN| saMbhavatayA yaha trizalA mAtA tathA mahAvIra kI mUrti hai| kalA kI dRSTi se ina mUrtiyoM kA vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai / ( 3 ) uttara pazcima samUha :isameM AdinAtha kI eka mahattvapUrNa mUrti banI hai jisa para saM. 1527 kA abhilekha akita hai| yaha vizeSa kalAtmaka nahIM hai / (4) uttara pUrva samUha :- isameM bhI choTI-choTI mUrtiyA~ haiM aura una para bhI koI lekha na hone se etihAsika dRSTi se adhika mahatva nahIM rakhatI haiM / kalA kI dRSTi se bhI unakA koI vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai / (5) dakSiNa pUrva samUha :- isa samUha kI mUrtiyA~ kalA kI dRSTi se atyAdhika mahattvapUrNa haiM / ye mUrtiyA~ phUlabAga ke daravAje se nikalate hI lagabhaga Adhe mIla ke kSetra meM khudI huI dikhAI detI haiM / anya mUrtiyoM kI apekSA kucha bAda meM banane ke kAraNa ye abhyasta hAthoM dvArA nirmita hone ke kAraNa inameM aMgoM ke anupAta aura sauSThava meM kahIM nyUnatA nahIM dikhAI detI / inameM kalA kA rUpa nikhara uThA 1 ina samUhoM meM tIrtha karoM ke atirikta aMbikA, yakSa, yakSiNI tathA vibhinna pratIka bhI utkIrNa kiye gae haiN| inake atirikta telI kI lATa ke pAsa tathA gUjarI mahala saMgrahAlaya meM rakhI pratimAyeM bhI adhikatara inakI sama kAlIna pratIta hotI haiN| isase pratIta hotA hai uparokta samUhoM ke atirikta anya pratimAoM kA bhI nirmANa huA thA / grantha nirmANa mUrti pratiSThAyeM : inake zAsanakAla meM hI kuzA sAha jI jaisavAla vaMzaja ne gopAcala pahAr3I ke bAharI tarapha kucha guphAoM meM mUrtiyA~ khudavAI tathA mandira banavAkara pratiSThAyeM 350

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karavAI jisameM karor3oM rupaye vyaya huye / eka anya agra- saM. 1521 meM "jJAnArNava" nAmaka grantha kI eka vAla vaMzaja goyala gotrI khalhA nAmaka jaina sajjana ne pratilipi lipibaddha kI gii| bha. guNabhadra ne bhI bhI gopAcala ke bAharI ora guphA mandira banavAkara gvAliyara nivAsI jaina zrAvakoM kI preraNA se anekoM AcArya mahIcandajI mahArAja dvArA pratiSThA krvaaii| kathAoM kI racanA kii| isameM bhI karor3oM rupaye vyaya haye / saM. 1515 meM bAbar3I kI ora golAlAre vaMzaja kamUda candra ne pArzvanAtha kI ___ kItisiMha kI mRtyu ke pazcAt unake putra kalyANa mala (mallasiha) ne zAsana kI bAgaDora sNbhaalii| mUrti kI pratiSThA karAI jisameM siMhakIti nAmaka inhoMne saM. 1481 I. se 1486 I. taka hI zAsana bhaTTAraka ne bhI bhAga liyaa| kiyaa| inake samaya meM koI ullekhanIya ghaTanA nahIM saM. 1521 meM gvAliyara ke jaisavAla kUla bhUSaNa huii| saMbhavata apane zAsanakAla ke 7 varSoM meM inhoMne kIrtisiMha ke una kAryoM ko, jo adhUre the, pUrNa kiyaa| ulhA sAhU ke neSTha putra sAhU padamasiMha ne apanI caMcala lakSmI kA upayoga karane ke liye 24 jinAlayoM kA inakA kAla bahata zAntipUrvaka biitaa| inake kAla kA saM. 1552 kA kevala eka hI mUrtilekha upalabdha hai|" nirmANa karavAyA tathA eka lAkha grantha likhavAkara meMTa kiye / inake rAjyakAla meM jaina sAhitya racanA kA _san 1486 I. meM kalyANamala kI mRtyu ke pazcAt bhI kArya huaa| kavivara raIghU ne inake rAjya kAla unakA putra mAnasiMha gaddI para baiThA / yaha rAjA, bar3A meM "samyaktva kaumudI" tathA "zrAvakAcAra" kI racanA pratApI, saMgIta premI aura kalA premI thA aura jisa kii| kisI prakAra se apane pUrvajoM dvArA saMrakSita evaM saMvardhita rAjya ko svataMtra rakhane meM samartha ho tukA thA / uparokta mandiroM meM se kucheka samApta ho gaye haiM ise apane zAsanakAla meM anekoM bAra bahalola lodI aura kucha kA jIrNoddhAra hokara naye mandira bana gaye haiM aura usakI matyU para usake pUtra sikandara lodI se jo abhI bhI gvAliyara meM apane parivartita rUpa meM sthita lohA lenA pdd'aa| isane saMgIta aura kalA ko apanA haiN| sAhitya kA adhikatara bhAga naSTa ho gayA hai, bahata / sarakSaNa pradAna kiyaa| isake kAla meM yahA~ eka saMgIta kama hI zeSa hai| . vidyAlaya bhI thaa| suprasiddha gAyaka tAnasena ne isI 32. vijjula caMcalu lacchIsahAu, Aloibihuu jinndhmmmaau| jiNa gaMthu lihAvau lakvu eku, sAvaya lakkhA hArIti rikkhu / muNi bhojana bhuMjAviya sahAsu, cauvIsa jiNAlau ki u sumAsu - jaina grantha prazasti, jaina grantha prazasita saM0, pR0 144 bArAbaMkI zAstra bhaMDAra. / 33. yaha grantha jaina siddhAnta bhavana ArA meM upalabdha hai| 34. jaina lekha saMgraha -pUrNacandra nAhara bhAga 2 / 35. ___ eka sobanakI laMkA jisi, to varU rAu sabala vrviir| bhuyabala Ayu ju sAhasa dhIra, mAnasiMha jaga jAniye / tAke rAja sukhI loga, rAja samAna karahiM dinabhoga / jainadharma bahuvidhi caleM, zrAvagadina ju kareM SaT karma / -namIzyavara gIta 351

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vidyAlaya meM saMgIta zikSA grahaNa kI thii| isake dvArA ukta zilAlekha se prakaTa hotA hai ki mAnasiMha ke banavAyA gayA mahala mAna mandira (citra mahala) hindU kAla meM bhI kucha jaina pratimAeM utkIrNa kI gaI thiiN| sthApanya kalA kA adabhuta namUnA hai / bAbara ne bhI isa ukta pratimA kI sthApanA sarasvatI gaccha ke bhadrArakoM ne mahala kI kArIgarI kI prazaMsA kI hai / isake atirikta karAI thii| isane mRganayanI gUjarI ke liye gUjaro mahala banavAyA / dya pada gItoM kA AviSkAra bhI sarvaprathama mahArAjA bhaTTAraka maNicandra deva ke pazcAt jo muni hae mAnasiMha dvArA hI haa| inhoMne "mAna kutuhala" ke / unakA nAma ukta zilAlekha meM nahIM par3hA jA sakA, tathApi nAma se eka saMgIta grantha kI racanA kii| parantu ina unheM bhaTTAraka ke sthAna para muni kahane se prakaTa hotA hai sabake bAvajUda isake zAsanakAla meM isake dvArA kisI ki mUlasaMgha kI isa zAkhA kA mUla paTTa gvAliyara ke bAdara kahIM sthApita ho gayA thaa| 37 pratibhA sampanna sAhityakAra ko prazraya nahIM diyA jAne se, isa samaya taka upalabdha apabhraMza kI racanAoM kI prAcIna sAhitya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai paramparA samApta ho gaI jisake kAraNa Aja anya anekoM ki mahArAjA DUgarasiMha evaM kIrtisiMha ke rAjyakAla tathya a~dhere ke garta meM DUba gaye haiN| meM samAdRta jaina sAdhuoM evaM bhaTTArakoM ke prati unakA vyavahAra kaisA thA tathApi isa bAta kI saMbhAvanA kama - mahArAjA mAnasiMha ke kAla kA san 1495 I. kA hI hai ki saMgIta, bhavana nirmANa, kalA ko saMrakSaNa deneeka zilAlekha avazya gvAliyara gar3ha kI eka jaina pratimA kI caraNa caukI para milA thA, jisase isa pradeza kI vAle tathA yuddhoM meM vyasta mahArAjA dhArmika vivecana ke jaina dharma kI tatkAlIna sthiti para prakAza par3atA hai| liye samaya de sake hoNge| sAhityika pramANoM ke abhAva ' usakI prathama tIna paMktiyA~ mahattvapUrNa haiN| ... meM inake kAla ke saMbaMdha meM koI zodha-kArya nahIM ho pAyA hai / phira bhI eka-do ullekha milate haiM jinake anusAra zrImada gopAcalagar3ha mahArAjAdhirAja san 1501 meM caitra sudI 10 somavAra ke dina kAmaThAsaMgha zrI mallasiMhadeva vijayarAjye pravartamAne / saMvata 1552 naMdigaccha vidyAgaNa ke bhaTTAraka somakIrta aura bha. varSe jyeSTha sudi 9 somavAsare zrI mUlasaMghe valatkaragaNe vijayakIti ke ziSya vrahyakAlA dvArA gopAcala durga meM sarasvatIgacche / kudakudAcAryAnviye / bha. zrI padma- Atma paThanArtha amara kIti ke "SaTkarmopadeza' kI prati nandideva tat paTTAlaMkAra zrI zubhacandra deva / tatpaTTa likhavAe jAne kA ullekha milatA hai / isake atibha. maNicandra deva / tatpaTTe paM. muni ...' gaNi kacara rikta san 1512 meM gopAcala meM zrAvaka sirImala ke deva tadanvaye bAraha zreNI vaMze sAlama bhAryA va ..... pUtra catarU ne 44 padyoM ke "nemIzvara gIta""kI racanA 36. gvAliyara rAjya ke abhilekha, ka0 341, pUrNacandra nAhara, jaina abhilekha-bhAga 2, kra0 1429 / 37. gvAliyara ke tomara-harihara nivAsa dvivedI, pra0 1 / .8. atha napati vikramAditya saMvat 1558 varSa caitra sudI 10 somavAsare azlekhA nakSatre gopAcalagar3ha duga mahArAjAdhirAja zrI mAnasiMha rAjye pravartamAne zrI kASThAsaMghe naMdigacche vidyAgaNe bha0 zrI somakIrti devAstatpaTe bha. zrI vijayasena devAstata ziSya brahmakAlA ida SaTkarmopadezazAstra likhApye aatmpttnaa| -prazasti saM0 Amera pR0 173 352 .

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kii| isameM jainiyoM ke 23 veM tIrtha kara neminAtha kA ina paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ne san 1669 meM prakAzita jIvana-paricaya aMkita hai|30 gvAliyara jaina DAyarekTarI meM apane eka lekha "atIta kI ora eka dRSTi' meM itihAsakAroM kA dhyAna isa ora udhara sikaMdara lodI kI mRtyu ke pazcAt ibrAhIma AkarSita kiyA thA, aura bar3I prasannatA kA viSaya hai lodI ne zAsana sa~bhAlate hI apane pUrvajoM kI mahattvA ki san 1976 meM prakAzita zrI harihara nivAsa jI kAMkSA ko sAkAra karane ke uddezya se gvAliyara durga para dvivedI kI pustaka "gvAliyara ke taumara" meM isa sambandha punaH AkramaNa kara diyaa| isI bIca san 1519 I. meN| meM upalabdha aitihAsika pramANa evaM tathya ujAgara hue mahArAjA mAnasiMha kI mRtyu ho gaI aura talavAroM kI - haiN| isa sambandha meM khaDgarAya kI pustaka "gopAcala hai| chAyA meM unake putra vikramAditya gaddI para baitthe| unake AkhyAna" meM vaNita sUtra paryApta prakAza DAlatA hai :netRtva meM rAjapUta jI tor3akara lar3e para apane se anupAta meM kaI gunI lodiyoM kI senA para vijaya na pA sake aura jo vidhinA vidhi Apana kara, soI hoI na TArI Tarai / lodiyoM ke senApati hamAyUse sandhi karanA pdd'ii| ve dekho vidhanA ko saMjoga, janameM kahU~ kahU~ rahaiM loga / aba zamasAbAda ke eka jAgIradAra mAtra raha gae aura pUrava gAjIpura ko ThAU, kumaragar3hA tAko rahi nAU / unheM lodiyoM kI ora se pAnIpata meM bAbara ke viruddha mohammada gausa jahAM te AI,rahe gvAliyara meM sukha paai|| yuddha karane bhejA gyaa| isa bIca ta~vara vaMza ke eka dUsare tejasvI rAjakumAra rAmasiMha tomara ne gvAliyara vidhinA vidhi aise chaI, soI bhaI ju aaii| durga para AkramaNa kara kile ke aphagAna adhikArI candraprabhU ke thohareM, rahe gausa sukha pAI // " tAtAra khAM ko parAsta kara durga para apane jhaNDe gADa diye| isa bIca tAtAra khAM durga meM hI chipA rahA aura jaise hI bAbara dillI kA mamrATa banA, tAtAra khAM ne ___ lagabhaga isI kAla meM san 1523 I. ke AsapAsa use gupta saMdeza bhejakara usase sahAyatA prApta kI aura kabhI zekha mohammada gausa nAmaka phakkar3a sAdhU gAjIpura mohammada gausa sAhaba kI kRpA se khvAjA rahIma aura (mUlanAma kumAragar3ha) se gvAliyara A base / ve Akara zekha gorana ke netRtva meM vizAla senA se durga para AkracandraprabhU ke mandira meM Thahare / yaha candraprabhU kA mandira maNa kara, use apane Adhipatya meM le liyA aura mahArAjA vahI vizAla jaina mandira thA jise vIramadeva tomara ke rAmasiMha tomara mevAr3a kI ora bhAga gye| isa prakAra maMtrI kuzarAja ne banavAyA thaa| yaha mandira Ajama san 1559 meM durga punaH mugaloM ke hAtha meM calA gayA / humAyU ke AkramaNa ke samaya (san 1518-23) kSati- udhara vikramAditya pAnIpata yuddha meM vIragati pA gaye / grasta kara diyA gayA thaa| zekha gausa ne isI meM apanI isI ke sAtha hI tomara vaMza kA sUrya sadA ke liye asta khAnakAha banAI aura Aja vahIM usakA majAra banA hai| ho gayA / isake sAtha-sAtha hI dhArmika, sAhityika evaM 39. yaha grantha abhI Amera bhaNDAra meM surakSita hai| saMvata pandraha se che gameM, gunahattari tAUpara bhane bhAdoM vadi paMcamIvAra, soma naSita revatI sAra / / 40. gvAliyara ke tomara-hariharanivAsa dvivedI pR0 63 / 41. pUrvokta, pR0 203-4 / 353

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kalAtmaka gatividhiyAM samApta ho gii| vikramAditya uravA burA sthAna nahIM hai| yaha banda sthAna hai| kA paribAra aba humAyU' ke adhIna ho gyaa| usakI mUrtiyAM hI isa sthAna kA sabase bar3A deSa hai / maiMne unake sadabhAvanA pAne ke uddezya se unhoMne ta~varoM dvArA mAMDU naSTa karane kA Adeza de diyaa| . ke sultAnoM para prApta vijaya kI nizAnI ratnoM kA saratAja (kohinUra) nAmaka vizvaprasiddha hIrA humAyU uravA se nikalakara hama punaH kile meM praviSTa hue| ko bheMTa kara diyaa| hamane sultAnI pula kI khir3akI se saira kii| yaha kAphiroM ke samaya se abhI taka banda rahI hogii| hama loga mugaloM kA pUrNa adhikAra ho jAne ke bAda jaba sAyaMkAla kI namAja ke samaya rahImadAda ke vagIce bAdazAha bAbara svayaM gvAliyara AyA taba isa durga kA meM phuNce| vahIM Thahara kara hama so ge| hama logoM ne avalokana karate samaya san 1527 meM usakI dRSTi isa bagIce se prasthAna karake gvAliyara ke mandiroM kI durga para sthita jaina mUrtiyoM para bhI pdd'ii| saira kii| kucha mandiroM meM do-do aura kucha meM tIna-tIna maMjileM thiiN| pratyeka maMjila prAcIna prathAnusAra nIcIbAbara ne "bAbaranAmA" meM apanI gvAliyara yAtrA nIcI thiiN| unake patthara ke stambha ke nIce kI caukI para (28 sitambara 1528 I.) kA varNana karate hue patthara kI mUrtiyAM rakhI thIM / kucha mandira madarasoM ke likhA hai:-42 samAna the| unameM dAlAna tathA Uce gumbaja evaM madarasoM isa bAharI dIvAra ke nIce tathA bAhara eka bahata baDI ke kamaroM ke samAna kamare the| pratyeka kamare ke Upara jhIla hai| yaha (kabhI-kabhI) itanI sUkha jAtI hai ki pattha patthara ke tarAze hae sakare gUmbaja the| nIce kI koThariyoM jhIla nahI raha paatii| isameM se Ava dunda jala saMgraha) meM caTTAna se tarAzI huI mUrtiyAM thIM, jJAta hotA hai ki meM jala jAtA hai| uravA ke bhItara do anya jhIleM haiN| ye Ajana humAyU' ke ghere ke samaya apUjya aura bhaSTa kara kile ke nivAsI inake jala ko sabase adhika uttama diye gae the; aura phira bAvara ke vaMzajoM ke adhikAriyoM samajhate haiN| ne inheM tur3avA diyaa| uravA ke tIna ora Thosa caTTAneM haiN| inakA raMga eka janazruti ke anusAra kahA jAtA hai ki eka vayAnA kI Thosa caTTAnoM ke samAna nahIM hai, apitu rAtri ko vaha aura usake sainika itane vizAla AkAra phIkA-phIkA hai| ina dizAoM meM logoM ne patthara kI digambara jaina matiyoM ko dekhakara cakita evaM bhayakI mUrtiyAM kaTavA rakhI haiN| ve choTI-bar3I sabhI prakAra bhIta ho gaye / usake krodha kI sImA na rhii| vaha jaina kI haiN| eka bahuta bar3I mUrti, jo ki dakSiNa kI ora dharma se itanA kra ddha huA ki agale divasa hI usane hai, sambhavataH 20 kArI UMcI hogii| yaha mUrtiyAM pUrNataH apanI senA ko durga para sthita sabhI mUrtiyoM ko samala nagna haiM aura gupta aMga bhI Dhake hue nahIM haiN| uravA kI rUpa se naSTa kara dene kA Adeza pradAna kiyA parantu yaha ina donoM bar3I jhIloM ke cAroM ora 20-30 kUe bhI koI AsAna kArya nahIM thA ataH mugala sainika pratikhude haiM / inake jala se tarakAriyAM, phUla tathA vRkSa mAoM ko samUla rUpa se naSTa na kara sake, unheM khaNDita lagAe jAte haiN| kara gye| aura isa prakAra kuzala kArIgaroM kI 33 42. gvAliyara ke tomara-zrI harihara nivAsa dvivedI, pR0 358

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varSoM ke kaThina parizrama se banI matiyoM ke saundarya ko candraprabhU ke mandira meM jahA~ zekha kI khAnakAha thI unheM kucha hI divasoM meM naSTa kara diyA gayA / kra ra bAbara ne daphanA diyA gayA; aura vahIM utakA makabarA vanA isa kRtya kA apanI AtmakathA (bAbaranAmA) meM bar3e diyA gayA / gaurava ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai| isa prakAra yadi saca pachA jAye to isa sArI ghaTanA meM jaina hI usake sarvA usake bAda lagabhaga 200 varSoM taka gvAliyara para dhika kopabhAjana rhe| isa thor3e kAla meM usane durga para mugaloM kA hI adhikAra rhaa| isa kAryakAla meM durga kA sthita ina mUrtiyoM ko dhvasta karane ke atirikta nagaroM prayoga kevala baMdI gRha ke rUpa meM hI kiyA gayA mugala zAsakoM dvArA anekoM aise zahajAde, jAgIradAra, bar3e meM sthita mandiroM ko bhI dhvasta kiyA, jahA~ unako yaha saMbhava na dikhA vahA~ matiyoM aura vediyoM ko hI naSTa saradAra tathA anya mahatvapUrNa vyakti jinheM janatA ke samakSa kara apanI santuSTi kara lii| mRtyu daNDa denA ahitakara pratIta hotA thA, isa durga meM lAye jAne lge| yahAM unheM yA to manda jahara de diyA parantu bAbara bhI adhika kAla taka isa durga ko jAtA thA yA aisI yAtanAyeM dI jAtI thIM jinase vaha upabhoga na kara sakA aura san 1540 meM yaha durga pAgala hokara svayaM prANAnta kara lete the| isa taraha mugaloM ke hAtha se nikalakara zerazAha sUrI ke hAthoM meM vibhinna kSetroM se lAye gaye rAja vidrohI hAthI pola se A gyaa| unhoMne ise rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM prayoga car3hAkara kile meM lAye jAte the aura phira ve saMsAra ke kiyaa| aura yahAM se be zeSa rAjya para zAsana karate / darzana karane ke liye kabhI nahIM lauTate the| rhe| san 1559 I. meM akabara ne sarI vaMza ko akabara kI mRtyu ke bAda jaba jahAMgIra dillI ke naSTakara gvAliyara ko apane adhikAra meM le liyaa| takhta para baiThA taba yaha durga usake adhikAra meM A gyaa| usane likhA hai ki takhta para baiThane ke avasara para usane isa bIca zekha mohammada gauma gvAliyara meM mahattva mugala sAmrAjya ke samasta kaidiyoM ko bandIgRha se mukta pUrNa vyakti bane rahe / gvAliyara durga para mugala rAjAoM karane kI AjJA dii| usa samaya gvAliyara durga se 7 hajAra kA adhikAra karAne aura hara saMkaTa ke samaya unheM mArga kaidI chor3e gye| unameM kaI logoM kI Aya 40 varSa ke darzana va sahAyatA pradAna kara anake rAjya ko sthAyI lagabhaga thii| parantu bAda meM bAdazAha jahAMgIra ne bhI banAne meM zekha gausa ne pramukha bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyaa| isa durga ko bandIgRha ke rUpa meM hI prayoga kiyaa| isa kAraNa vibhinna mugala zAsakoM bAbara, humAyU aura akabara kI najara meM ve sadaiva sammAnIya vyakti bane rhe| jahAMgIra ke hI zAsanakAla meM eka bAra bhaTrAraka brajagvAliyara durga para niyukta mugala adhikArI bhI unase bhUSaNa ke ziSya padamAvatI puravAla vaMzaja, TApU nivAsI atyAdhika prabhAvita rahe / hijarI san 970 (somavAra zrI brahmagulAla jI muni hone ke bAda bhramaNa karate haye 10 maI 1563 I.) ko AgarA meM zekha mohammada gaus| the| san 1618 I. meM inhoMne yahAM para "trepana kriyA" 43. gvAliyara ke tomara, harihara nivAsa dvivedI pR. 209 / 44. agaracanda nAhaTA--- madhya pradeza ke kavi 'brahmagulAla" madhyabhArata sadeza, 31 disambara 1955 355

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nAmaka grantha kI racanA kii| isameM zrAvakoM kI trepana kadA avasara prApta hone para jaina dharmAvalambI apanI dhArmika kriyAoM kA sarala va sundara bhASA meM varNana kiyA gayA gatividhiyoM ko saMcAlita karate rhe| daulatagaMja meM banA hai| isake anta meM ve likhate haiM ki huA pArzvanAtha mandira lagabhaga isI kAla meM nirmita huaa| isake atirikta anya kisI mandira Adi ke nirmANa ke e trepana vidhi karahu kriyA bhava pApa samUhana cUre ho| saMbaMdha meM koI vivaraNa prApta nahIM hai| soraha se saThi samacchara kAtika tIja andhiyArI ho| bhaTTAraka jagabhUSaNa celA brahmagulAla vicArI ho / / idhara 18vIM zatAbdi ke uttarAddha ke prAraMbha se hI brahmagulAla vicAri banAI gar3ha gopAcala thAne / maraThe loga atyAdhika zaktizAlI ho uThe aura dillI chatrapati cahu caka virAje sAhe salema muga lAne / / 1 / / taka hamale karane lge| bAjIrAva pezavA ne rANojI sindhiyA ko mAlavA rAjya kI kamAna sauMpa dii| unhoMne jahAMgIra ke bAda auraMgajeva usakA uttarAdhikArI uttara bhArata meM rAjya vistAra karane kA abhiyAna prAraMma bnaa| usane bhI isa durga ko bandIgRha ke rUpa meM prayoga kara diyaa| aura gvAliyara ko isakA kendra bnaayaa| kiyaa| apane bhAI murAda ko usane isI durga meM bandI rANojI kI mRtyu ke pazcAta unake putra jayappA aura banAyA thaa| dArA ke putra sulemAna zikoH ko bhI isI mAdhojI ne unakA kAryabhAra sNbhaalaa| isI bIca sna durga meM kaida rakhA gayA / apane putra sulatAna muhammada ko 1761 meM pAnIpata meM yuddha vibhISikA prajvalita ho uThI bhI auraMgajeba ne yahIM kaida rakhA / murAda ko phAMsI bhI aura bhArata bhara meM vibhinna pakSoM ke vIroM kI talavAreM isI durga meM dI gaI / ina saba kAraNoM se gvAliyara kA khiMca gaI / mAdhava jI isameM ghAyala ho gaye / isa bIca kilA mRtyu kA dvAra kahA jAne lgaa| bharatapUra ke jAToM ne lokendra siMha ke cAcA ke netatva meM isa prakAra do zatAdviyoM ke isa kAla meM gvAliyara 3 durga para adhikAra kara liyaa| udhara uttara bhArata kA durga bandI para ke rUpa meM hI prayukta hotA rhaa| nagara aura bhI tamAma bhAga marAThoM ke hAtha se nikala cukA thaa| kSetra tathA usake vikAsa ke Upara koI dhyAna nahIM diyA para zIghra hI pAnIpata se lauTakara marAThA bIroM ne gayA aura bAdazAha ke dvArA niyukta numAyande hI rAjya mahAdajI ke netRtva meM punaH uttara bhArata meM vijaya abhiyAna kI dekhabhAla karate rhe| isa kAla meM jainiyoM kI dazA prAraMbha kara diyA aura gvAliyara durga ko apane adhikAra meM le liyaa| inhoMne ise phaujI kendra ke rUpa meM ke vAre meM kucha bhI lekha Adi nahIM milate haiN| saMbhavata: isa kAla meM zAsana kI virodhI nIti ke kAraNa jainiyoM prayoga karane ke uddezya se gvAliyara durga ke dakSiNa meM 1 kI kyA, bhAratIya mUloM ke sabhI dharmoM kI dazA acchI lAkha sainikoM kI bar3I phaujI chAvanI kA kaimpa lagAyA aura ise lazkara nAma diyA / pAtra banane ke uddezya se yA to svayaM-musalamAna ho gaye yuddha ke isa vAtAvaraNa ke madhya bhI dharmika gatiyA jabaradastI musalamAna dharma meM dIkSita kara diye gye| vidhiyA~ yadAkadA saMcAlita hotI rahIM / san 1768 ke zAsakoM dvArA dhArmika svataMtratA kA khulakara hanana kiyA lagabhaga seTha mathurAdAsa lakSmIcandra jI agravAla dvArA gyaa| isa prakAra rASTrIya saMrakSaNa samApta honA aura lazkara kSetra meM atyanta bhavya evaM kalAtmaka zrI digambara dharma pAlana para pratibaMdha hI isake mUla kAraNa rhe| jaina bar3A mandira purAnI sahelI kA nirmANa karAyA gyaa| tathApi itane sabake bAbajuda bhI jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM isa kAla meM hI eka anya bhavya evaM kalAtmaka mandira kI gatividhiyA~ pUrNata: samApta na kI jA skiiN| yadA- zrI digambara jaina mandira campAbAga kA nirmANa kArya

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sampanna haa| ye donoM mandira vartamAna meM gvAliyara meM dUra sthita bAnor3I nAmaka grAma meM inakA dehAnta upalabdha jaina mandiroM meM kalAtmaka dRSTi se advitIya haiN| ho gyaa| ina dinoM gvAliyara meM mahAdajI kA adhikAra thaa| inake koI putra na thA ataH inakI mRtyu ke pazcAt unhoMne ujjaina ko apanI rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM prayoga tukojIrAva ke 14 varSIya putra AnaMdarAva inake uttraakiyaa| yaha bar3e pratApI zAsaka the / inakA sArA jIvana dhikArI banAye gaye aura unakA nAma daulatarAva rakhA yuddhoM meM bItA / jisameM inhoMne uttara meM eka bar3e bhAga para gyaa| kAryamAra sa~bhAlane ke eka varSa bAda hI inheM adhikAra kara liyA aura yaha kalakatte ke samAna eka nijAma se yuddha karanA par3A jisameM ye vijayI haye aura mahatvapUrNa sthAna bana gayA / dillI ke zAsaka bhI isake inheM karor3oM rupayoM kA lAbha haa| isake bAda ye anya Azraya ko utsuka rahate the| vArena hesTigja isa bar3hatI rAjAoM ke sahayoga se kArya calAte rhe| kinta inhIM zakti ko sahana na kara sakA aura 3 agasta dinoM uttara bhArata meM phira se azAnti phaila gaI / ataH san 1760 ko AdhI rAta ke samaya kile kI pazcimI mahArAjA daulatarAva punA se uttara bhArata kI ora aaye| dIvAra se car3ha-kara usane apanI phaujoM ko durga meM rAste meM inhoMne indaura ke holkara rAjA ko parAsta kara praviSTa karA diyaa| durga kA yaha bhAga abhI bhI phiraMgI unake rAjya ko khUba lUTA / parantu anta meM Apako aMgrejoM pahAr3I ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isa prakAra durga aMgrejoM ke se yuddha karanA pdd'aa| isa lar3AI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hAtha meM calA gyaa| 13 akTUbara san 1781 ko punaH sthita ahamadanagara, aura azIdagar3ha ke bar3e-bar3e kile inake eka saMdhi meM yaha durga rANA lokendra siMha ko milaa| hAtha se nikala gaye / idhara uttara bhArata meM bhI lArDa leka ne dhAvA bola diyaa| jisameM dillI, alIgar3ha, mathurA lagabhaga isI kAla meM gvAliyara nagara meM "jatI jI aura AgarA ke ilAke inake hAtha se jAte rahe / san ke mandira" ke nAma se jAne vAle mandira kA nirmANa 1802 meM gvAliyara durga bhI inake hAtha se calA gyaa| huaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki azAnti ke isa vAtA inake adhikAMza sainika yuddha meM kAma A cuke the| aura varaNa meM bhI mandiroM Adi kA nirmANa kArya hotA rahatA koI rAstA na dekhakara inheM san 1805 meM majabUrI meM thA / aMgrejoM se sandhi karanI par3I jisameM inheM gvAliyara aura sana 1783 meM sindhiyA zAsakoM ne aMgrejoM kI AsapAsa kA kSetra vApisa kara diyA gyaa| san 1812 madada prApta kara eka paharedAra kI sahAyatA se isa durga meM meM inhoMne apane pitAjI dvArA sthApita phaujI kaimpavAle punaH praveza kiyaa| rANA ko mAlUma par3ate hI usane maidAna lazkara para punaH chAvanI ddaalii| san 1812 meM gulAmI se bacane ke liye AtmahatyA kara lii| isa bIca yahAM nagara basAkara isI ko gvAliyara rAjya kI mahAdajI ne lazkara nAmaka phaujI chAvanI ke pAsa eka rAjadhAnI banAyA tathA isakA nAma lazkara hI rkhaa| bAr3A kacaharI bhI sthApita kii| jisameM ve yuddhoM se avakAza nikAlakara prazAsana evaM nyAya kA kArya kahA jAtA hai ki isI phaujI chAvanI meM eka jaina ovarasiyara bhI kArya karate the| jaba murAra meM chAvanI dekhate the| sthApita kI gaI to ve vahA~ rahane lage / inakI mAM bar3I ve dakSiNa ke rAjya ko bhI isI rAjya meM milAkara dhArmika pravRtti kI thIM tathA nityaprati darzana karane ke eka bar3A hindU rAjya sthApita karanA cAhate the| isI pazcAt hI anna grahaNa karatI thIM / murAra meM mandira na bIca 12 pharavarI sana 1794 I. ko punA se 2 kosa hone ke kAraNa unheM bar3I parezAnI hotI thI aura darzana 357

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karane ke liye unheM bar3AgAMva jAnA par3atA thaa| ataH hI sana 1857 meM bhArata ke rASTrabhakta vIroM dvArA unhoMne apane putra se murAra meM eka mandira sthApita svatantratA saMgrAma cher3a diyA gyaa| mahArAjA aMgrejoM ke karane ko kahA / putra ne apanI mAM kI suvidhA kI dRSTi paramabhakta the / ataH isa avasara ko aMgrejoM ko prasanna se murAra meM eka kamare ke andara mUrti pratiSThA karAkara karane ke liye upayukta samaya mAnakara unhoMne apanI mandira kI sthApanA kii| jo Aja apane bar3e rUpa meM bhakti bhAvanA kA pUrNa paricaya dene kA saMkalpa kiyaa| banA huA hai| lazkara meM kaserA olI meM sthita rAjA pariNAma yaha huA ki 28 maI ko svatantratA premI jI kA caityAlaya bhI isI kAla kA banA huA hai| sainikoM ne vidroha kara diyaa| udhara mahArAjA aMgrejoM kI isa prakAra isa kAla meM mahArAjA daulatarAva surakSA kA prabaMdha karane meM jI jAna lagAkara juTa gaye / aMgrejoM ke sahayoga se rAjya kArya calAte rhe| san parantu samUha eka zakti hotI hai| 14 jUna 1857 kI rAtri ko kanTinjenTa phauja ne bhI rASTrapremiyoM ke samarthana 1827 meM inakA svargavAsa ho gyaa| inake pazcAta unakI priya patnI ne eka 11 varSIya nAbAliga lar3ake meM vidroha kara diyaa| anekoM aMgreja aphasara mauta ke ghATa utAra diye gaye / mahArAjA ne apanI bhakti kA paricaya ko goda liyA aura usakA nAma janakojIrAva rkhaa| dete huye zeSa sabhI jIvita aMgreja puruSoM ko mahilAoM va unake yuvA hone taka mahArAnI ne hI rAjya saMcAlana kA kArya kiyA / yuvA hone para unhoMne svayaM zAsana kA baccoM sahita AgarA pahuMcA diyaa| dinAMka 28 maI sana bhAra saMbhAla liyA inake kAla meM koI vizeSa ghaTanA 1858 I. ko nAnA pezavA, tAtyA Tope aura mahArAnI lakSmIbAI ke netRtva meM svAtaMtrya vIroM kI senA rASTadhaTita nahIM hii| dinAMka 7 pharavarI 1843 I. ko drohiyoM ko khudatI haI gvAliyara kI chAtI para car3ha AI alpAyu meM hI inakA svargavAsa ho gyaa| aura 1 jUna se bhayaMkara rUpa meM yuddha zurU kara diyaa| nayA bAjAra lazkara meM sthita digambara jaina mandira gvAliyara ke sAre rASTrapremI svAtantra vIroM ne unakA aura gvAliyara nagara meM sthita gokulacandra kA mandira sAtha diyA jisase bhayabhIta hokara jiyAjIrAva yuddhainhIM ke kAla meM nirmita huye the / sthala se bhAga khar3e haye aura aMgrejoM kI zaraNa meM AgarA mahArAjA janakojIrAva ke kailAzavAsI hone para A pahuMce / mahArAnI tArAbAI ne unakA putra na hone ke kAraNa eka 8 idhara svAtaMtra vIroM ne sabhI zAsakIya kendroM para varSIya bAlaka ko goda liyA / unakA nAma jIvAjIrAva kabjA kara liyA aura gvAliyara para apane jhaMDe gAr3a siMdhiyA rakhA gyaa| mahArAjA kI nAvAligI meM kauna diye / gorakhI meM sthita zAsakIya khajAne ko laTa liyA pravandha kare isa viSaya ko lekara saradAroM meM khUba jhagaDe gyaa| isa samaya amaracandra vAMThiyA nAmaka eka jaina haye / aMgrejoM ne mauke kA phAyadA uThAkara san 1845 meM dharmAvalaMbI mahArAjA ke khajAMcI the / lUTa ke samaya ve eka 6 sadasyIya kauMsila Apha rijensI kAyama kara dii| vahIM maujUda the| unhoMne svAtaMtrya vIroM kA koI prati9 varSa taka rAjya kA sArA prabaMdha isI kauMsila ne kiyaa| kAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne khulakara lUTa kI aura sArA isa kauMsila ke zAsanakAla meM san 1848 meM lazkara meM khajAnA lUTa liyaa| vIra putroM kA saMrakSaNa pA gvAlidAnAolI meM jaisavAla paMcAyata dvArA mandira kA nirmANa yara kI bhUmi nihAla ho utthii| kArya sampanna huaa| 1854 meM mahArAjA ke vAliga hone para ve svayaM parantu dUsarI ora sara hya roja ne vIroM se anapAta aMgrejoM ke mArgadarzana meM kArya karane lge| 3 varSa pazcAt meM kaI gunI senA lAkara unheM cAroM ora se ghera liyaa| 358

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dinAMka 18 jUna ko bhayaMkara yuddha huaa| jisameM anekoM rahe aura aMgreja yadA-kadA unheM khuza rakhane ke liye vIroM sahita vIrAMganA lakSmIbAI bhI zahIda huI / ava- sammAnita karate rahe / sara pAkara aMgreja punaH sattArUr3ha ho gaye / zAnti sthApita hone para mahArAjA jayAjIrAva sindhiyA bhI gvAliyara inake kAla meM azAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa hote huye bhI vApisa lauTa aaye| gvAliyara Ane ke pazcAt unhoMne anekoM mandira Adi ke nirmANa kArya saMpanna huye / san 1864 svAtaMtrya premI nivAsiyoM ko daNDa dene kA abhiyAna cAlU ke lagabhaga rAmakUI para nasiyAM jI ke mandira kI sthaakiyaa| jisakA sarvaprathama zikAra gvAliyara rAjya ke panA huii| lagabhaga 1 varSa bAda hI chatrI bAjAra sthita koSAdhyakSa osavAla jainavaMzI zrI amaracandra vAMThiyA mandira kA nirmANa huA / gvAliyara meM khaccArAma muha llA meM sthita mandira bhI isI kAla kA banA haA hai| banAye gaye aura unheM mahArAnI lakSmIbAI Adi se mila sana 1878 meM mAmA ke bAjAra meM bhI eka jaina mandira kara zAsakIya khajAne kI lUTa karavAne ke Aropa meN| kA nirmANa kArya saMpanna karAyA gayA / mRtyu daNDa dene kA Adeza diyA / bhaviSya meM anya nagaravAsI kabhI isa prakAra kA qatya na kara sakeM ataH unheM sana 1885 ke lagabhaga mahArAjA ko jalodhara roga bhayabhIta karane ke uddezya se amaracandra vAThiyA ko ho gayA jisakI pIDA se parezAna hokara ve dila bahalAne sarAphA bAjAra meM sthita eka vizAla nIma ke vRkSa para ke uddezya se yAtrA para bhI gaye parantu dinAMka 20 jUna laTakAkara phAMsI dI gii| zahIda kA mRta zarIra 1886 ke dina bar3e kaSTapUrvaka unakA prANAMta ho gyaa| 3 divasa taka nIma para hI TaeNgA rakhA gyaa| jisase anya nagaravAsI bhaviSya meM kabhI isa prakAra kA kArya inakI mRtyu ke samaya inake putra mAdhavarAva kevala karane kA sAhasa na kreN| yaha vRkSa abhI bhI khunI nIma dasa varSa ke hI the| parantu paramparA ke anusAra pitA kI ke nAma se prasiddha hai| mRtyu ke pazcat unakA hI rAjyAbhiSeka kara diyA gyaa| avayaskatA ke kAla meM aMgrejoM dvArA niyukta eka kauMsila bAda meM mahArAjA jayAjIrAva sindhiyA ke ina dvArA saradAroM aura adhikAriyoM ke sahayoga se rAjya bhaktipUrNa kRtyoM se prasanna hokara dinAMka 30 navambara kArya kA saMcAlana kiyA gyaa| ko AgarA meM eka samAroha Ayojita kara gavarnara janarala lArDa kainiMga ne purAne gvAliyara rAjya meM tIna lAkha sana 1888 meM mAmA ke bAjAra meM eka digambara rupaye kA rAjya aura zAmila kara unheM pUnaH aupacArika tathA san 1893 meM sarAphA bAjAra meM eka zvetAmbara jaina rUpa se rAjyabhAra sauMpate hae aMgrejoM kI bhakti ke lie mandiroM kA nirmANa karavAyA gyaa| inameM sarAphA bAjAra unakI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI aura sAtha hI mahArAjA ke zvetAmbara mandira atyanta bhavya evaM kalAtmaka hai| aura bakAyA lAkhoM rupaye kI rakama bhI chor3a dii| . dinAMka 15 disambara 1894 ke dina isa kSetra ke unheM anekoM utkRSTa padaviyoM se vibhUSita kara briTiza gavarnara janarala ne eka samAroha meM 30 hajAra varga mIla senA kA AnarerI janarala niyukta kiyA / parantu durga para meM phaile 32 lAkha kI AbAdI aura Der3ha karor3a kI AyaabhI bhI aMgejoM kA hI Adhipatya rahA / mahArAjA vAle tatkAlIna gvAliyara ke zAsana kA kAryabhAra mAdhavadvArA anekoM bAra yAcanA karane para san 1886 meM rAva siMdhiyA ko sauMpa diyA / puna: yaha durga sindhiyA rAjavaMza ko pradAna kara diyA gayA / mahArAjA apane sAre rAjyakAla meM aMgrejoM ko aMgrejoM kA saMrakSaNa hone ke kAraNa ye sAre zAsanaprasanna karane va svAmibhakti kA paricaya dene meM hI lage kAla meM yuddha Adi ke bhaya se nizcinta rahe / ata: prajA aura bakAyA lAkhA 91 kara briTiza janarala ne eka samAroha mAya 356

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ke lAbha ke kAryoM meM apanA kAphI samaya diyA / inake kAla meM kSetra ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI ora kAphI dhyAna diyA gyaa| Apane sabhI dharmoM ko pragati kA samucita avasara diyA / ve svayaM sabhI dharmoM ke vizeSa utsavoM meM bhAga lete the / inake zAsanakAla meM anekoM jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa kArya saMpanna huA / san 1903 meM mAmA ke bAjAra meM eka aura jaina mandira kA nirmANa karAyA gayA, jo bar3A mandira mAmA ke bAjAra ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / mAdhavarAva siMdhiyA ke kAla meM rAjya meM anekoM vikAsa kAryakrama saMcAlita hue| isa bIca sampUrNa deza meM kAMgresa aura mahAtmA gAMdhI ke netRtva meM svAdhInatA Andolana kI lahara ne dezI rAjyoM meM bhI jana jAgRti ko protsAhita kiyA | gvAliyara bhI isase achUtA na rahA / gAMdhIjI ke vicAroM meM ahiMsA kI pradhAnatA ne jainoM ko sarvAdhika kiyata kiyaa| gvAliyara meM 1917 I. meM zrI zyAmalAla pANDavIya ne gvAliyara rAjya meM "gaspa patrikA" ke nAma se sarvaprathama samAcAra-patra prakAzita kara patrakAritA ke mAdhyama se rAjanIti meM praveza kiyaa| apane ugra vicAroM ke kAraNa ve kaI bAra daNDita hue va jelayAtrA bhI kii| 30 apraila 1938 ko vidizA ke prasiddha abhibhASaka zrI takhtamala jaina ke sadprayatnoM se gvAliyara meM sArvajanika sabhA kI sthApanA huI jo bAda meM gvAliyara sTeTa kAMgresa meM parivartita ho gii| isI krama meM samAjavAdI vicAradhArA ke zrI bhIkamacanda jaina ne bhI rAjanItika evaM jana-jAgaraNa AndolanoM meM evaM gatividhiyoM meM sakriya evaM ullekhanIya bhAga liyaa| inake atirikta anya kaI jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM ne bhI gvAliyara ke rAjanItika evaM sAMskRtika vikAsa meM gatizIla yogadAna diyaa| isa prakAra gvAliyara ke sAMskRtika vikAsa meM jainoM atyadhika mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nirvAha ko hai| gvAliyara ke itihAsa, sAhitya evaM purAtatva kA eka bar3A bhAga jainoM se prabhAvita rahA hai / Aja isa sambandha meM jo bhI sAhityAdi pramANa upalabdha haiM, unakI rakSA meM bhI jainoM ne atyAdhika mahatvapUrNa yoga diyA hai, unake isa guNa ke kAraNa surakSita sAdhanoM ne hI Aja gvAliyara ke iti hAsa ke upalabdha jJAna ko ujAgara kiyA hai, tathApi Aja bhI isake bahuta se pakSa lupta haiM, jinheM ujAgara karane ko paryApta zodha kI AvazyakatA hai / 660

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samIkSA evaM samAlocanA zrI 2900vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsaba varSa meM prakAzita jaina sAhitya tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke 2500veM nirvANa mahotsava varSa ke avasara para Ayojita vibhinna kAryakramoM kI zrRMkhalA meM sAhitya prakAzana ke kSetra meM kiyA gayA kArya sarvAdhika ullekhanIya evaM mahatvapUrNa hai| isa krama meM vibhinna saMsthAoM tathA prakAzakoM dvArA anekoM prAcIna evaM durlabha kRtiyoM kA prakAzana, una para TIkAe~ tathA AlocanAtmaka evaM zodhapUrNa sAmagrI ke sAtha-sAtha vividha adhyayanapUrNa, sAmayika evaM jJAnabarddhaka granthoM, saMgrahoM evaM pustakoM kA prakAzana kiyA gayA hai| aisI dazA meM yaha Avazyaka hI hai ki ina prakAzanoM para vibhinna dRSTikoNa sAmane AeM, jisase utkRSTa zreNI ke uccastarIya sAhitya ke prakAzana ko bala mile; sAtha hI adhikAdhika prabuddha pAThakoM ko isake sambandha meM paryApta vivaraNa prApta ho ske| isa uddezya se yahA~ kucha cunI huI pustakoM kI samIkSA prastuta kI jA rahI hai / 363

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aMga suttANi (tIna khaNDa) aura vivAgasUyaM (vipAka) kA saMgraha hai| isameM bhI kati paya upalabdha tADapatrIya evaM kargalIya hastapratiyoM ke sampAdaka-muni zrI nathamala, vAcanA pramukha AdhAra para pATha-saMzodhanoM ke sAtha avaziSTa aMga-granthoM AcArya talasI, prakAzaka-jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| (rAjasthAna), mUlya-prathama khaNDa-picyAsI rupayAdvitIya khaNDa-nabbe rupaye, tatIya khaNDa-assI rupyaa| sampUrNa grantha Agama sAhitya ke prakAzana kI dizA meM eka mahatvapUrNa dena hai / grantha kA sampAdana ucca koTi kA AcArya zrI tulasIjI ke nirdezana meM munizrI nathamala hai, bandha sampAdaka aura prakAzana saMsthA ke Agama aura dvArA sampAdita yaha grantha Agama sAhitya ke prakAzana meM sAhitya prakAzana ke nidezaka zrIcandra rAmapuriyA ne mahatvapUrNa kar3I kahA jA sakatA hai| grantha ke sampAdana grantha ko sundara banAne meM kAphI parizrama kiyA hai| grantha meM munizrI dulaharAjajI ne sahayogI tathA sudarzanajI, kA mudraNa evaM bAiNDiMga bhI uttama koTi kA hai| zrI madhukarajI va hIrAlAlajI ne pATha saMzodhana ke mahatvapUrNa jayacandralAlajI sUrajamalajI gorI parivAra (saradAradAyitva kA nirvAha kiyA hai| zahara) tathA zrI rAmalAla haMsarAja golachA, (virATazrI 2500vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsaba / nagara, bhopAla) ne grantha ke prakAzana hetu sAdhana upalabdha varSa ke avasara para jaina vizva bhAratI dvArA prathama granthamAlA ke rUpa meM prakAzita isa grantha meM gyAraha aMga granthoM viSaya aura bhASA ke pUrva aitihAsika krama ko ke mUla saMzodhita pAThoM ko tIna khaNDoM meM prakAzita kiyA dhyAna meM rakhate hue aspaSTa tathA saMdigdha pAThoM ko cUNiyoM gayA hai| evaM vRttiyoM ke Aloka meM nirdhArita kara unake pATha prathama khaNDa meM prathama cAra aMgoM AyAro (AcAra), saMzodhana mAvadhAnI pUrvaka prastuta kiye gae haiM / Agama mati manizrI nathamalajI evaM Agama sAhitya ke liye sUyagaDo (sUtrakRta , ThADaM (sthAna) evaM samavAyoM (samavAya) samarpita vyaktitva zrIcandra rAmapUriyA evaM usa dala ke kA saMgraha hai| inameM se AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM sAdhU-sAdhviyoM ke athaka parizrama se jaina vidyA ko prayukta AdarzoM meM cUNi evaM vRtti ke sandarbha meM pAThoM ko isa grantha meM navIna upalabdhiyA~ haI haiN| isake liye unake tulanAtmaka evaM gambhIra samIkSA ke pazcAta, sAhitya jagata AbhArI rhegaa| "ThArDa" meM kucha hasta pratiyoM ke AdhAra para tathA 'samavAyAMga" meM tIna prAcIna Adarza pratiyoM evaM vatti ke AdhAra para taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| zramaNa mahAvIra dvitIya khaNDa meM pA~cavA aMga "bhagavaI"(bhagavatI sUtra) prakAzita kiyA gayA hai, jise tAr3apatra evaM karga- lekhaka-munizrI nathamala / sampAdaka-munizrI lIya sAta hastapratiyoM tathA Agamodaya-samiti dvArA dUlaharAja prabandha sampAdaka - zrIcandra rAmapuriyA / prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| prakAzaka-jaina vizvabhAratI lAunU (raajsthaan)| mUlya-solaha rupyaa| . tRtIya khaNDa meM chaha aMganAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtAdharma kathA), uvAsagaDhasAo (upAsaka dazA), aMtagar3ada- prastuta grantha zramaNa mahAvIra ke sambandha meM upalabdha sAo (antakRtadazA),paNDAvAgaraNAI (prazna vyAkaraNa), prAcInatama pramANoM ke AdhAra para bhagavAna mahAbIra ke 364

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jIvanadarzana sambandhI zodha-grantha hai| lekhaka mUni nathamala- pahaluoM ko chuA hai| unakI racanAeM kahIM-kahIM hRdaya jI ne addhamAgadhI Agama granthoM evaM unake TIkA granthoM ko sparza kara letI haiM aura mAnavatA kI rasa varSA karatI meM upalabdha, carcita etaM acacita prAyaH sabhI sandamoM meM haiN| nizcaya hI zrI zazijI kA yaha kAvya saMgraha zreSTha isa grantha kA saMyojana karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unmukta eva anUThI kRti hai| vicAraka amara muni ke zabdoM meM "yaha bhagavAna mahAvIra kA prathama mAnavIya citraNa hai / " andhakAra meM chipe aneka strotoM kA yaha vivecana AhlAdaka hI nahIM hai, varan "kharAda"aneka nae tathyoM ko udghATita bhI karatA hai| raciyatA -- kalyANa kumAra jaina "zazi" / prakAzaka bhASA zailI kI dRSTi se prastuta grantha itanA sundara " -bAbU Ananda kumAra jaina saMsthAna, rAmapura / mUlya bana par3A hai ki, aisA pratIta hotA hai, mAno vartamAna tIna rupyaa| antarrASTrIya evaM rASTrIya rUparekhA mahAvIrakAlIna ho| aise prasaMgoM meM asaMgraha kA vAtAyana, abhaya kA Alokana prastuta pustaka meM kavi ne apanI sazakta kAvyazakti AdivAsiyoM ke bIca pragati ke saMketa, nArI kA bandha kA paricaya dekara muktakoM ke mAdhyama se mAnavajIvana vimocana, sevA, jAtivAda, janabhASA, janatA ke liye, ke vibhinna pakSoM ko kasauTI para kasA hai| "zazi" jI sahaastitva, samanvaya kI dizA kA udghATana, sarvajana- kA prastuta saMgraha pAThakoM ko dRr3hatApUrvaka kArya karane kI hitAya-sarvajana sukhAya Adi prakaraNa paThanIya evaM vicAra- preraNA pradAna karane meM mizcita hI pUrNa rUpa se saphala NIya haiM / tIrthakara kI mAtA ke satraha svapnoM (pR. huA hai| saM0 2-3) kA vicAra ati navIna hai| caritra, itihAsa, saMskRta, bhUgola, darzana, AcAra siddhAnta evaM AdhyAtma kA adbhuta saMyojana evaM paDita cainasukhadAsa nyAyatIrtha smRti grantha . aupanyAsika zailI meM prastuta yaha caritra grantha sabhI kSetroM meM samAdara prApta karegA, aisI AzA hai| prabandha sampAdaka zrI jJAnacandra bindUkA / sampAdaka-sarvazrI paM. milApacandra zAstrI, DA. kamala candra sogANI DA. kastUracandra kAsalIvAla / prakAzakakalama sAhitya zodha, vibhAga, zrI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI prabandha kAriNI samiti, savAI mAnasiMha raciyatA-kalyANa kumAra jaina 'shshi"| prakAzaka hAIve, jypur| mUlya-cAlIsa rupyaa| -bAbU Ananda kumAra jaina saMsthAna, raampur| mUlyatIna rupyaa| zrI mahAvIrajI, jaina darzana ke manISI prakAMDa viddhAna paMDita cainasukhadAsajI kI sAdhanA-sthalI rahI hai| unakI "kalama" Azukavi zrI kalyANa kumAra jaina "zazi" smati meM kSetra ke sAhitya zodha vibhoga dvArA smRti grantha kA kArya saMgraha hai| kalamakAra ne apanI sazakta kalama prakAzita kara unheM saccI zraddhAMjali arpita kI hai| jaina se sarvathA maulika racanA ko janma de, jIvana ke vibhinna vidyA kA yaha sundara sandarbha granya viSaya-sAmagrI kI

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dRSTi se cAra khaNDoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prathama tathA sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika jIvana ke nirmANa meM ina khaNDa meM paMDitajI ke prati bhAvabhInI zraddhAMjaliyA~ tathA mahApuruSoM kI bhUmikA para prakAza DAlanevAlI hindI tathA unake jIvana, vyaktitva evaM kRtitva para battIsa kI yaha prathama pustaka hai / vibhinna viSayoM para lekha tathA saMsmaraNa saMgrahita kie gaye hai jo paMDitajIke bahumukhI vyaktitva ke vibhinna pakSoM para prakAza DAlate haiN| dvitIya khaNDa meM dharma aura darzana se jaina darzana kI rUparekhA sambandhita vibhinna viSayoM para caudaha lekha, tatIya khaNDa meM sAhitya evaM saMskRti se sambandhita unnIsa lekhoM tathA lekhaka-esa. gopAlana / bhASAntara-guNAkara caturtha khaNDa meM itihAsa evaM purAtatva se sambandhita viSayoM mule, / prakAzaka-vAIlo IsTarna limiTeDa, naI dillii| para teraha lekhoM kA saMgraha hai| dvitIya, tRtIya tathA caturtha malya-solaha rupyaa| khaNDoM meM prakAzita lekhoM meM adhikatara sAmagrI zodhapUrNa hai, jinake dvArA jaina vAGgamaya ke kaI ajJAta evaM lupta pakSoM pUstaka zrI esa. gopAlana kI mala aMgrejI pustaka ko ujAgara kiyA-gayA hai| kaI zodhapatra atyanta ucca- Outlines of Jainism kA hindI anuvAda hai| yadyapi koTi ke haiN| sampAdana va mUdraNa para paryApta parizrama pustaka meM sakSipta meM ho, jana paramparA ke udgama se adhukiyA gayA hai, jisane grantha ko aura bhI sundara banA nAtam vikAsa kA sarvatomukhI paricayAtmaka adhyayana diyA hai| prastuta kiyA gayA hai, tathApi pustaka meM jaina siddhAntoM ke sabhI Avazyaka tatvoM kA samAveza hai / jaina jJAnamImAMsA, manovijJAna, tatva mImAMsA tathA nItizAstra ke bAre meM lekhaka ne atyanta kuzalatApUrvaka viSaya vivecana kiyA hai| caubIsa tIrthakara pustaka kA bhASAntara bhI uttama hai / jaina darzana ke vidyAlekhaka -DA. gokulacandra jaina / AzIrvacana- thiyoM ke liye sarala bhASA tathA saMkSiptAkAra meM upalabdha AcArya zrI tulsii| prakAzaka-parAga prakAzana, vizvAsa yaha atyanta upayogI pustaka hai| nagara, zAhadarA, dillI 32, mUlya-chaha rupyaa| pAkeTa buka AkAra meM prakAzita prastuta pustaka meM jaina siddhAnta bhAskara janasAmAnya ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se sarala bhASA tathA AkarSaka zailI maiM caubIsoM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA sajIva caritra (julAI 1975 bhAga----28-1 kiraNa (The Jain citraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / prArambha meM "Ao tIrtha - Antiquary), jaina purAtatva sambandhI SaNmAsika patra / kara-baneM" zIrSaka se lekhaka ne tIrtha kara banane kI yogyatA prakAzaka-zrI deva kumAra jaina orienTala risarca insakA sazakta vizleSaNa kiyA hai, tatpazcAta kramazaH caubIsoM TITayaTa evaM jaina siddhAnta TITyUTa evaM jaina siddhAnta bhavana, ArA (bihAra) / mUlyatIrthakaroM kA varNana hai| vivAdAspada tatvoM ke sandarbha eka prati-dasa rupayA, vArSika-bIsa rupyaa| meM lekhaka ne anekAntika cintana ke AdhAra para anAgrahI dRSTikoNa ko abhivyakta kiyA hai / yadyapi-kUcheka tIrtha- prastuta SaNmAsika patrikA jaina purAtatva sambandhI karoM ke bAre meM atyanta saMkSipta vivaraNa diyA hai, tathApi advitIya zodha patrikA hai / jUlAI aMka meM "prAkRta jaina vaha mAnanIya hai| caubIsoM tIrtha karoM ke jIvanacaritra srotoM kA bhakti evaM darzanamalaka vizleSaNa: gautama gaNadhara

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kRta IsA se chaH sadI pUrva kA di. jaina grantha, apabhraza candra, agaracandra nAhaTA, bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA tathA jyoti kA adyAvadhi prakAzita durlabha grantha "tisaTTamahApurANa- prasAdajI jaina ke sAta maulika, evaM zodhapUrNa nibandha purisaAyAraguNAlaMkAra"; mahAna AcArya vappabhadrasUri prakAzita kiye gae haiN| kA gauDezvara dharmapAla, bauddhAcArya na kujara aura kavi vAkpatirAja para prabhAva, jaina karma siddhAnta aura bhAratIya darzana, zIrSakoM se sarvazrI DA. kedAranAtha paMDita ToDaramala: vyaktitva aura kartatva brahmacArI, esa. sI. divAkara, DA. rAjArAma jaina, agaracandra nAhaTA' evaM pro. udayacandra jaina ke zodhapatra lekhaka-DA. hukamacandra bhArilla, prakAzaka-4 prakAzita kiye gae haiN| sabhI zodhapatra maulika tathA ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, e-4 bApUnagara, jayapura 4 purAtatvIya adhyayana evaM zodha kI dRSTi se uccastarIya mUlya-sAta rupyaa| haiN| pustikA jaina purAtatva meM zodhakArya ke duSkara kArya kI pUrti kI dizA meM vizeSa mahatva kI hai| indaura vizvavidyAlaya dvArA pI-eca. DI. ke lie svIkRta yaha zodha-prabandha AcAryakalpa paMDita pravara ToDaramala ke jIvana, vyaktitva aura unake sAmAjika, dhArmika va sAhatyika kAryoM kA prAmANika vivecana kara unakA janarala Apha pUranacandra nAhara mUlyAMkana prastuta karatA hai| pustaka kI viSaya-sAmagrI-sAta insTITyUTa Apha jainolAjI adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama adhyAya meM pUrva dhArmika (navambara 75 evaM apraila 76 aka) va sAmAjika vicAradhArAe~ aura paristhitiyA~, dvitIya adhyAya meM AcArya pravara kA jIvanavRta, tRtIya adhyAya sampAdaka-ke. sI. llvaanii| prakAzaka-pUranacandra meM AcArya pravara kI racanAeM aura unakA vargIkaraNa tathA nAhara insTITyUTa Apha jainolAjI, kumArasiMha hAla, 46 racanAoM kA paricayAtmaka anuzIlana, caturtha adhyAya meM iDiyana mirara sTrITa, kalakattA 13 / mUlya-prati aMka varNya-viSaya aura dArzanika vicAra tathA vividha vicAra, do rupayA, bArSika-pAMca rupyaa| paMcama adhyAya meM gadya zailI, SaSTama meM bhASA tathA sva. pUranacandrajI nAhara kI smRti meM sthApita saptama meM upasaMhAraH upalabdhiyAM aura mUlyAMkana zIrSakoM insTITyUTa Apha jainolAjI dvArA jaina vidyA para zodha- se paDitajI ke vyaktitva aura kartatva kA zodhaparNa kArya ko protsAhita karane ke uddezya se prakAzita yaha vivecana kiyA gayA hai| paMDitajI ke sambandha meM navIna patrikA zodha-patrikAoM kI zRkhalA meM eka mahatvapUrNa sandoM meM prAmANika vivaraNa upalabdha karAnevAlA yaha kar3I hai| patrikA kA navambara 75 aMka pUranacandra nAhara zodha prabandha bhASA evaM zailI kI utkRSTatA ke kAraNa zatAbdI aMka hai jisameM nAharajI kI sevAoM ke prati ati sundara bana par3A hai| zraddhAMjaliyoM evaM saMsmaraNoM ke atirikta munizrI suzIla kumAra va sarvazrI e. ena. upAdhye tathA bhAgacandrajI ke maulika evaM zodhapUrNa nibandha prakAzita kiye gae haiN| tIrtha kara mahAvIra aura unakA sarvodaya tIrtha apraila 76 aMka meM sarvazrI ke. sI. lalavAnI, pUranapandra nAhara, DI. pI. ghoSa, pI. vI. paMDita, munizrI rUpa- lekhaka - DA. hukamacandra bhArilla / prakAzaka-paM.

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ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, e-4, vApUnagara, jypur| dazavakAlika ati pracalita aura ati vyavahRta mUlya-pu. saM.--pAMca rupayA; pAkeTa buka-do rupyaa| Agama grantha hai| isake dasa adhyayana haiM / vikAla meM racA jAne ke kAraNa isakA nAma dasarvakAlika rakhA gyaa| prastuta pustaka meM vidvAna lekhaka DA. hukumacandra grantha ke kartA zratakevalI zayyaMbhava, racanAkAla vIra saMvata bhArilla ne tIrtha kara mahAvIra ke jIvana aura siddhAntoM 72 ke AsapAsa, tathA racanA sthalI "campA" hai| grantha kA saMkSipta kintu prAmANika vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| ke sampAdaka-vivecaka muni nathamalajI ne grantha ke do khaNDoM meM vibhakta isa kRti ke prathama khaNDa meM bAlaka sampAdana evaM vivecana meM kar3A parizrama kara ise aura vartamAna se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kevalajJAnI hone taka upayogI evaM mAnanIya banA diyA hai| Agama granthoM ke se jIvana kI saMkSipta rUparekhA prastuta kI gaI hai| prakAzana kI zrRMkhalA meM yaha grantha eka mahatvapUrNa dvitIya khaNDa meM unake dvArA pravartita sarvodaya tIrtha kA karIbI. varNana hai jisameM unake dvArA pratipAdita mukti mArga kA sakSipta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| samyagdarzana ke antargata sapta tatva devazAstra-guru, bheda-vijJAna aura AtmAnubhUti kA mArmika citraNa hai, to samyaka jJAna ke antargata dazavakAlika aura uttarAdhyayana anekAnta, syAdvAda aura pramANa naya kA tAkika vivecana hai| samyaka caritra kI bhI prAmANika vivecanA sampAdaka evaM anuvAdaka - muni navanamala, rahakI gaI hai| anta meM upasaMhAra zIrSaka se bhagavAna yogI-muni mIThAlAla, eni dulaharAja, vAcanA pramukhamahAvIra ke siddhAntoM kA Adhunika sandarbho meM vivecana AcArya zrI talasI / prakAzaka-jaina vizvabhAratI. kiyA gayA hai| lADanU (rAjasthAna) / mUlya-pandraha rupyaa| grantha ke prastuta saMskaraNa meM jaina AcAra-gocara aura dArzanika vicAradhArA ke pratinidhi do mahatvapUrNa dasaveM AliyaM Agama granthoM "dazavakAlika" aura "uttarAdhyayana" kara hindI anuvAda prastuta kiyA hai| jaina paramparA meM lekhaka-munizrI nathamala, vAcanA-AcArya zrI unakA adhyayana, vAcana aura manana bahulatA se hotA tulasI / prakAzaka-jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU hai| dazavakAlika meM ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya (rAjasthAna) / mUlya-picyAsI rupyaa| aura aparigraha Adi dharma tatvoM aura AcAra-vicAra kA vistRta evaM sUkSma vivecana hai tathA uttarAdhyayana zrI jaina zvetAmbara terApanthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA ke meM vairAgyapUrNa kathA prasaMgoM ke dvArA dhArmika jIvana dvArA prakAzita pUrvokta saMskaraNa kI samApti ke bAda jaina kA ati prabhAvazAlI citrAkana tathA tAtvika vicAroM vizvabhAratI ne dUsare saMskaraNa ke rUpa meM isa grantha kA kA hRdaya-grAhI saMgraha kiyA hai| pustaka kA anuvAda punaH prakAzana kiyA hai| grantha meM, mUlapATha ke sAtha bhASA va zailI kI dRSTi se mUlatA liye hae hai| saMskRta chAyA, hindI anuvAda aura TippaNI kA prakAzana kara ise prathama saMskaraNa kI apekSA adhika prAmANika __Agama granthoM ke prakAzana kI zrRMkhalA meM mUla sUtroM evaM sarvAGgINa banAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| dazavakAlika aura uttarAdhyayana ke prastuta hindI saMskaraNa 368

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una vyaktiyoM ke liye jo hindI ke mAdhyama se AgAmI bhagavAna mahAvIra smRti grantha kA anuzIlana karanA cAhate haiM, eka nayI upalabdhi hone se unake liye nitAnta upayogI siddha hogii| pradhAna sampAdaka-DA. jyotiprasAda jaina / prakAzakazrI mahAvIra nirvANa samiti, uttarapradeza / prApti sthAna-zrI ajIta prasAda jaina, upasaciva, zrI mahAvIra nirvANa samiti, uttara pradeza, pArasa sadana, Aryanagara, lakhanaU--226,004 / mUlya-pacAsa bhagavAna mahAvIra Adhunika sandarbha meM rupayA / zrI mahAvIra nirvANa samiti, uttarapradeza dvArA sampAdaka-DA. narendra bhAnAvata, prAdhyApaka, hindI prakAzita "bhagavAna mahAvIra smRti grantha' meM vividha vibhAga, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura, saha sampAdaka viSayoM para deza ke suprasiddha vidvAnoM ke lekhoM ko suniyoDA. zAntA bhAnAvata / prakAzaka-zrI akhila bhArata jita DhaMga se saMkalita kara viSaya-sAmagrI ko sAta khaNDoM varSIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha, samatA bhavana rAmapuriyA meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| jinameM kramaza: mahAvIra sar3aka, biikaaner| prakha vitaraka-motIlAla vanArasIdAsa, vacanAmata. mahAvIra stavana, mahAvIraH yagaH jIvana aura baMglo roDa, javAhara nagara, dillii-7| malya-cAlIsa dena, jaina dharma, darzana aura saMskRti, zAkAhAra, uttrrupyaa| pradeza aura jainadharma, tathA zrI mahAvIra nirvANa samiti, uttarapradeza zIrSakoM ke antargata vividha sAmagrI saMkalita pustaka meM vibhinna viSayoM para rASTrIya khyAti kI gaI hai| grantha meM assI ke lagabhaga nibandhoM, lekhoM prApta adhikArika vidvAnoM ke pacAsa lekhoM, zodhapatroM tathA zodha-patroM kA saMgraha hai| anekoM lekha zodhapUrNa evaM evaM nibandhoM kA saMgraha hai| pustaka kI sAmagrI nau khaNDoM uccastarIya hone se grantha vividha viSayoM para eka uttama meM vibhAjita kI gaI hai| prathama khaNDa meM jIvana, vyakti saMkalana prastuta karatA hai| tva aura vicAra, dvitIya khaNDa meM sAmAjika sandarbha, tatIya khaNDa meM Arthika sandarbha, caturthe khaNDa meM rAjanItika sandarbha. paMcama khaNDa meM dArzanika sandarbha, SaSTama khaNDa meM vaijJAnika sandarbha, saptama khaNDa meM bharata bAhubali mahAkAvyama manovaijJAnika sandarbha, aSTama khaNDa meM sAMskRtika sandarbha, evaM navam khaNDa meM paricarcA zIrSakoM ke antargata prastuti-munizrI nthml| AzIrvacana-AcArya uccakoTi ke lekhoM evaM nibandhoM dvArA anekoM navIna zrI tulasI / avAraka-muni dulaharAja / prakAzakaviSayoM ko chuA gayA hai, jisase navIna sandarbho meM jaina vizvabhAratI-lAunU (rAjasthAna) / mUlya-tIsa tIrthakara mahAvIra ke siddhAMtoM para cintana ko bala milA rupyaa| hai| pustaka zodhAthiyoM evaM pAThakoM ke lie nitAnta __ zrI puNya kuzalamaNi dvArA vi. saM. 1641 se upayogI hai| 1659 ke madhya viracita saMskRta mahAkAvya kI do upalabdha hastapratiyoM ke AdhAra para munizrI nathamala dvArA usakA pATha saMzodhana tathA truTita zloka khaNDoM kI

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pUrti sampanna hokara munizrI dulaharAjajI ne isakA sarvaprathama sampAdana tathA anuvAda kara yaha adyAvadhi aprakAzita mahAkAvya, mUlAnugAmI hindI anuvAda ke sAtha isa grantha ke rUpa meM prakAzana kiyA gayA hai / prastuta mahAkAvya meM aThAraha sarga evaM 535 zloka haiM / pratyeka sarga ke prArambha meM sampAdaka ne pratipAdya viSaya, zloka parimANa, salakSaNa chandanAma, tathA sarga saMkSepa dekara adhyetAoM kI suvidhA ke liye sargAnukUla bhAva-bhUmikA prastuta kI hai| prastuta mahAkAvya meM prathama tIrtha kara AdinAtha ke do putroM bharata- bAhubali ke jIvana ke eka pakSa - yuddha se sambandhita prasaMga kA kAvyAtmaka varNana hai / bharata bAhubali kA jIvana bar3A hI lokapriya evaM AhlAdakArI rahA hai aura isa para anekoM kaviyoM dvArA svatantra racanAe~ kI gaI haiM parantu puNya kuzalamaNi jI kA yaha mahAkAvya ina pustakoM kI zrRMkhalA meM atyadhika ucca koTi kA mAnA jAtA hai / pustaka kA anuvAda bhASA evaM zailI kI utkRSTatA ke kAraNa maulika-sA pratIta hotA hai / grantha ke pUrva, grantha kI vistRta prastAvanA meM grantha kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai| AvaraNa pRSTha para zravaNavelagolA kI bAhubalI kI pratimA ke rekhAcitra ne grantha ke bAhya saundarya ko dIptimAna kara diyA hai| mahAvIra zrI citrazataka sampAdaka evaM lekhaka - kamalakumAra jI zAstrI "kumuda," ," kavi zrI phUlacandrajI puSpendu | prakAzakabhokamasena ratanalAla jaina, 1286 bakola purA, dehalI 110,006 | mUlya dasa rupayA / pustaka tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke sambandha meM apane prakAra kA anUThA prakAzana hai| pustaka ke prArambha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke prati anekoM rASTrIya khyAtiprApta kaviyoM dvArA arpita kAvyamayI zraddhAMjali sambandhI kavitAoM kA saMgraha hai / tatpazcAt bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana va saMdeza sambandhI do nibandha tathA kAvyamayI jIvana cakra ( hIyamAna se varddhamAna) prastuta kiyA gayA hai / anta meM bhagavAna mahAvIra citrazataka ke antargata sau citroM tathA unake kAvyamayI varNana ke mAdhyama se bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pUrva bhavoM se lekara parinirvANa taka kI gAthA kA sarjIva citraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / prastuta pustaka bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAre meM sarvopayogI zailI meM jana-sAmAnya ko jAnakArI dene kI dizA meM uttama prayAsa hai / 370 vacana dUtam racayitA - paM. mulacandra zAstrI / prakAzakasAhitya zodha vibhAga, zrI di. jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI, mahAvIra bhavana, savAI mAnasiMha hAIve, jayapura | mUlya-pAMca rupayA / prastuta kAvya saMskRta ke mandAkrAntA chanda meM likhita meghadUta eMva pAzrvAyudaya - zailI meM racita dutakAvya hai / isameM meghadUta ke padyoM ke caturtha pAda kI samasyApUrti ke sAtha rAjula kI antarvedanA kA mArmika citraNa hai / zatAbdiyoM ke uparAnta etAdRza paramparAzIla racanA dekhakara aisA vizvAsa hone lagA ki saMskRta meM sarjanAtmaka sAhitya kI gati manda bhale hI par3a gaI ho kintu abhI sarvathA samApta nahIM huI hai| pustaka saMskRta sAhitya kI isa zatAbdI kI eka mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi hai /

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vajraGgAvalI-hanumAna nahIM thIM aura lagabhaga pandraha sau varSoM se digambaroM aura zvetAmbaroM meM alagAva kI dUHkhada sthiti calI A rahI sampAdaka-kamala kumAra jaina zAstrI 'kumuda," thii| prastuta grantha dillI meM sarvamAnyatA ke liye Ayophala candra jaina 'puSpendu' / prakAzaka-bhIkamasena jita saMgati meM sammilita sabhI AmnAyoM ke sAdhuoM, ratanalAla jaina, 1286, vakIlapurA, dehalI 6 / vidvAnoM, zrAvakoM aura sevakoM kI sarvamAnya upalabdhi hai| mUlya-bo ruupyaa| ise sarvaprathama kSullaka zrI jinendra varNI ne digambara evaM zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama granthoM se kucha sArabhUta jaina rAmAyaNa "padama purANa" meM hanumAnajI ke gAthAoM kA saMkalana kara sampAdita kiyaa| tatpazcAta sandarbha meM varNita sthaloM ke AdhAra para racita yaha khaNDa santa kAnajI svAmI, dalasukha mAI mAlavaNiyA Adi ne kAvya kavivara zrI brahmarAya racita "hanumAna carita" usakA saMzodhana kara use "jiNa dhambha" nAma diyaa| kA saMzodhita svarUpa hai| jaina rAmAyaNa ke sandarbha meM usakA bhI DA. AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye, upAdhyAya vajrAGa gavalI hanumAna kA sundara caritra-citraNa prastuta munizrI vidyAnandajI, munizrI suzIla kumAra jI prabhRti karanevAlI yaha apane prakAra kI anUThI pustaka hai| santoM evaM muniyoM ke sAnidhya meM vAcanakara use anta meM "samaNa suttANi" nAma diyaa| samaNa sutta (zramaNa sUtram) grantha kI viSaya-sAmagrI ko jyotirmaya, mokSamArga tatvadarzana, eva syAdvAda nAmaka cAra khaNDoM aura cavAanuvAda-paM. kailAzacandrajI zAstrI, munizrI lIsa prakaraNoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| isakA mUlAnathamalajI, saMskRta chAyA parizodhana-paM, becaradAsajI nugAmI-hindI anuvAda paM. kailAzacandra jI zAstrI, doshii| prakAzaka-sarva sevA saMgha prakAzana, rAjaghATa, vArANasI tathA muni zrI nathamalajI mahArAja evaM saMskRta vArANasI, / mUlya-pepara baMka-basa rupayA, sajilda- chAyA parizodhana paM. becaradAsajI doSI, ahamadAbAda bAraha rupyaa| dvArA sampanna huA hai| sarva sevA saMgha vArANasI ke saMcA laka zrI kRSNarAja mehatA ne isa kArya ke saMyojana evaM ___ sarvodayI santa AcArya vinobA bhAve kI mUla preraNA prakAzana meM prazaMsanIya evaM cirasmaraNIya kArya kiyA se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke paccIsa sauveM nirvANa mahotsava hai| sarvamAnya hone ke kAraNa yaha pustaka jaina darzana meM ke avasara para prakAzita yaha grantha samanvaya ke pratIka ke ruci rakhanevAle prabuddha pAThakoM hetu abhUtapUrva evaM rUpa meM sarva pramukha upalabdhi mAnI jAtI hai| isase pUrva advitIya upalabdhi hai / kI tIna vAcanAe~ zramaNa sampradAya ke eka varga ko mAnya 371

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ENGLISH BHAGWAN MAHAVIRA AND HIS RELEVANCE IN MODERN TIMES in logic and mataphysics obtained the titles of Upadhyaya, Nyaya Visharad and Nyayacharya. Editor - Dr. Narendra Bhanawat & Dr. Prem Sagar Jain; Associate Editor - Dr V. P. Bhatt; Published by -- Akhil Bharatvarshiya Sadhumargi Jain Sangha, Samta Bhawan, Rampuria Road, Bikaner (Rajasthan); Price- Twenty five Rupees. The work is divided in three Chapters, viz (i) Valid Knowledge - Pramana, (ii) koowledge from particular standpoints Nayas, and (iii) Imposition, - Niksepa. It also discusses Vyaptigraha, induction or process of ascertaining a universal connection between the middle term and the major term. The book is an embodiment of the great labour of the distinguished eminent scholares of almost all parts of India, deals with various subqects like Religion, Philosophy, Science, language and literature, etc. based on the teachings of Bhag. wan Mahavira. The book corporates twe- nty nine articles on different topics depict- ing Tirthankar Mahavira's thoughts and teachings, few of which have been taken from the proceedings of various Seminars. This work presents the viewpoints of the Non - Jaina opponents also, viz, Baneld has, Naiyavikas, Sankhyas and it repudicates them in a very plain, simple and lucid way. It contains a literal english translation, notes and critical introduction. An index of sanskrit words with their english meaning is also added. JAIN TARKA BHASA LORD MAHAVIRA AND HIS TIMES By - Dayananda Bhargava; Published by Motilal Banarsidas, Bunglow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi 7; Price - Twenty Rupees. By - Dr. Kailash Chandra Jain; Publisbed by - Motilal Banarsidas, Bunglow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi 7; Price - Sixty Rupees. The present book is a popular tratise of well known Jain Logician Sri Yasovijaya Gani who flourished in the 17th century, and who, on account of his vast erudition The book deals with the history and culture of India during the age of Mahavira in the Sixth Century B. C. It discus. 372

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ses the antiquity of Jainism by ascertain ing the traditions of Jaina Scriptures with the recent archeological discussions and also describes the teachings of Lord Mahavira based on historical fact. The subject matter of the book is divided into ten chapters. Chs. I & II deals with the origin of Jainism, its antiquity and long continuous history depicting the circumstances that gave birth to lord Mahavira. Chs. III & IV are devoted to the life of the great Lord and his teachings. Chs V to VIII describe the religious sects, political conditions and institutions, social organrisations and economic planning in Mahavira's time. Ch. IX brings out the special features of art and architecture and gives in detail the description of currency produced during the period. Ch. X describes the progress achieved in the literacy, technical and scientific fields The study is also documented with bibliography, general index & maps. have beautifully sketched the ideal life of Lord Mahavira and brilliantly given expression to his noble teachings. This book, edited by Sri. Akshaya Kumar Jain, eminent journalist & writer of the nation, starts with the massage of H. H. Muni Sushil Kumar, President to World Fellowship of Religions, New Delhi and forwarded by Dr. Karan Singh, Minister of Health and Family Planning, Union of India. The book contains contribution of nine articles in all, from eminent scholars of the world, Mr. Hermann Jacobi, Bonn; Mr. Heinrich Zimmer, Germany; Mr. Max Weber; Mr. Paul Tuxen; Mr. J. N. Farquhar, Germany; Mr. A. C. Bouquet, Cambridge University; Mr. Rev. E. Os. bern Martin; Mr Edmund Buckley, U. S. A; and Mrs. N. R. Guseva, U. S. S. R. Each article is thoroughly an original and documented piece of work with graphic narrations in a penetrating style. Altogether the book throws a new light on some of the important aspects of Jainism and could be regarded as a va.uable addition to existing literature on Indian Religions, LORD MAHAVIRA IN THE EYES OF FOREIGNERS Edited by - Akshaya Kumar Jain; Published by - Meena Bharti., 1508 Wazir Nagar, New Delhi 110,003; Price - Fourty Rupees. Employing the most authentic sources, the scholars have explored new fields in tracing the emergence of Jainism as a faith and have dealt in greater details with its multifarious aspects such as history and culture, language and literature, This book, as its title denotes, includes scholary contributions by eminent scho- lars from various parts of the world, who

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religion and philosophy, art and architecture, customs and conventions, mythology and legend, reform and development. The subject matter of the book is divided into five parts, viz - I Introduction, II. Epistemology, III. Psychology, IV. Metaphysics and V. Ethics. OUTLINES OF JAINISM TIRTHANKAR MAHAVIRA, LIFE AND PHILOSOPHY By - S. Gopalan, Centre of Advanced study in Philosophy, University of Madras; Published by - Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi; Price - Fourteen Rupees. By - Vidwat Ratna, S. C. Diwaker, Sastri; Published by - Jain Mitra Mandal, Dharam pura, Delhi, Price - Ten Rupees. This book is an introductory work on Jaip Philosophy with comprehensive coverage of the whole Jain tradition from its ancient beginings to the present day deve. lopments. The book is written in such a manner that it covers all the essentials in short and concise manner. The author; has made a sympathetic study of Jaina tenents; and his discussions about Jaina epistemology, psychology and metaphysics are thought provoking and testify to his scholarly approach to the subject. The book presents in brief, the life of Tirthankar Mahavira and Jain Teachings. This book contents 18 Chapters. Most of them are new and written for this took particularly and few of them are esseys and lectures of the author which were published as "Glimpses of Jainism" A new chapter "Gems of Jinavani", has been written so that the seekers after truth can enjoy the wisdom, depth, beauty and sublimity of Jain teachers and seers at a glance.

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA paccIsa sauM vA nirvANa mahotsava aura gvAliyara saMbhAga UD PC bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI paccIsavIM zatA- prArambha kI gaI jo gvAliyara saMbhAga ke nAgarikoM ke bdi pUrti ke avasara para vizvabhara meM "bhagavAna mahAvIra liye eka abhUtapUrva upalabdhi hai| "mahAparinirvANa mahotsava varSa " kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM Ayojana samitiyoM kA gaThana-saMbhAga ke sabhI ke pracAra tathA prasAra tathA loka-kalyANa ke uddezya se jiloM meM tIna staroM para isa varSa meM vibhinna kAryakramoM anekoM mandiroM, kIti-stambhoM, smArakoM evaM loka- ke AyojanArtha vibhinna samitiyoM kA gaThana kiyA gyaa| kalyANakArI saMsthAnoM ke nirmANa, grantha evaM anya sAhi- prathamata: pratyeka jile meM jaina samAja ke vibhinna AmnAyoM tya prakAzana, baiddhika kAryakrama (pravacana, vyAkhyAnamAlA, kI jilA samitiyA~ gaTita huii| ina samitiyoM kI paricarcA, goSThI evaM sabhA Ayojana Adi), dhArmika tahasIla, vikAsa khaNDa evaM grAma stara para bhI zAkhAe~ samAroha Adi ke Ayojana ke anekoM kArya sampanna hue gaThita kI gii| dvitIyata : sampUrNa jaina samAja kI athavA prArambha kiye ge| gvAliyara saMbhAga ke nAgarikoM sammilita jilA samitiyAM gaThita kI gaI tathA ne bhI isa punIta varSa meM yathAzakti vividha samArohoM tatIyata: zAsakIya stara para pratyeka jilA mukhyAlaya kA Ayojana kiyA tathA anekoM sthAI nimArNa kArya para jilAdhyakSa kI adhyakSatA meM jana samitiyA~ gaThita evaM yojanAe~ prArambha kI, jinake dvArA na kevala kI gii| ina sabhI samitiyoM ne apane-apane stara para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA pracAra-prasAra saMbhava vibhinna kArya hAtha meM liye jinake prayAsoM se gvAliyara huA, varana unake mAnava dharma kI bhAvanA ke anurUpa saMbhAga meM ullekhanIya kAryakrama samAroha evaM nirmANa anekoM mAnava hitaiSI loka-kalyANakArI yojanAe~ bhI Ayojita hue|

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dharmAcAryoM kA Agamana evaM mArgadarzana-samA- se tIna anya navIna mandiroM kA nirmANa haa| bhiNDa roha varSa kI yojanAoM ko anekoM AcAryoM se preraNA meM mehagAMva, phUpha tathA goramI grAmoM meM; zivapurI jile muni zrI candanamalajI va unakA saMgha jile ke sirasauda; gunA jile ke piparaI tathA murenA jile isa sampUrNa varSa meM gvAliyara saMbhAga meM vibhinna sthaloM ke sabalagaDha nAmaka sthAnoM para bhagavAna mahAvI para rahA va, ve, nirvANa varSa ke mahatva ko pratipAdita mandiroM kA nirmANa kArya sampanna huaa| isI krama meM karate hae isa varSa meM sthAyI mahatva ke kAryoM ke sacA- saMbhAga meM sthita anekoM prAcIna jaina mandiroM kA vikAsa lana ko nirantara preraNA dete rhe| unhoMne nirantara cAra evaM jIrNodvAra bhI karAyA gayA jina para lagabhaga Der3ha cAturmAsa (1973-76) bhI gvAliyara meM hI kiye, tathA lAkha rupaye vyaya kiye ge| inameM mAdhavagaMja mandira gvAliyara meM nirvANa varSa ke kAryakramoM ko mArgadarzana lazkara meM panihAra kI prAcIna evaM vizAla jina pratipradAna kiyaa| unake atirikta nirvANa varSa meM digambara mAoM kI punasrthApanA va vedI nirmANa. bar3A mandira, AmnAya ke bhI cAra pramukha AcArya zrI 108 munizrI gasta kA tAjiyA lazkara meM svarNAdi kA kalAtmaka sambhava sAgarajI mahArAja, zrI 108 munizrI vIra kArya, nayA bAjAra mandira lazkara meM zikhara nirmANa, sAgarajI mahArAja, zrI 108 munizrI puSpadaMta sAgarajI caMpAbAga mandira lazkara meM navIna vedI nirmANa, vAsamahArAja tathA zrI 105 elaka sanmatta sAgarajI pUjya paMcAyatI mandira gvAliyara nagara meM zikhara nirmANa mahArAja apane saMghoM sahita gvAliyara padhAre aura kucha tathA magaraunI (zivapurI), Arauna (gunA) evaM divasoM gvAliyara meM rahakara dharmaprabhAvanA kI tathA ambAha (murenA) meM mandira nirmANa kArya pramukha haiN| nirvANa varSa ke kAryakramoM ko preraNA eva mArgadarzana pradAna kiyaa| tIrtha kara mahAvIra kIti-stambha-dezabhara meM tIrthakara mahAvIra ke upadezoM ke pracArArtha sthApita lokakalyANakArI evaM nirmANa kArya tIrthakara mahAvIra kIrti-stambhoM kI zrRMkhalA meM gvAliyara saMbhAga meM pandraha sthAnoM para kIti-stambhoM kI sthApanA - maMdira nirmANa :- isa varSa meM gvAliyara saMbhAga kA nizcaya kiyA gyaa| gvAliyara jile meM mahAvIra meM bAraha nae mandiroM kA nirmANa huA jisapara laga udyAna, hAyakorTa roDa, lazkara, gvAliyara meM; bhiNDa jile bhaga 6.35 lAkha rupayoM kI lAgata kA anumAna hai| meM bhiNDa nagara, mau evaM meMhagAMva meM; zivapurI jile meM inameM lazkara meM zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI agravAla dvArA zivaparI nagara va magaraunI meM: marainA jile meM murainA pradatta dAna se zrI pArzvanAtha TrasTa gvAliyara dvArA evaM zyopara meM; datiyA jile meM siddhakSetra saunAgirajI va lagabhaga 85 hajAra rupaye kI lAgata se dAnAolI meM datiyA nagara meM; gunA jile meM gunA nagara, azokanagara va nirmita "ahiMsA bhavana evaM jina mandira", bhiNDa jile jA Arona meM sthApita honevAle kIti-stambhoM meM se adhikake mau grAma ke jaina samAja dvArA lagabhaga Der3ha lAkha rupayo tara kA nirmANa kArya lagabhaga pUrNa bhI ho cukA hai va kI lAgata se evaM zivapUrI meM pramukhataH zrI nemIcandajI zeSa kA zIghra hI parNa hone kI AzA hai| inake nirmANa goMdavAloM dvArA pradatta dAna se lagabhaga do lAkha rupayoM kI para lagabhaga 5.25 lAkha rupayoM ke vyaya kA anumAna hai| lAgata se nirmita jaina mandira vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| inake atirikta lazkara meM zrI satyanArAyaNa mahAvIra bhavana- bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM ke pahADiyA para "jina mandira" dAnAolI meM "jaina bhavana" pracArArtha bahuuddezIya yojanAoM ke kriyAnvayana ke uddezya tathA DabarA maNDI meM varaiyA paMcayAtI mandira" ke nAma se kendrIya samiti ke nirdeza para deza ke pramukha kendroM para

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tapersusurprMURAT R angerous dharmacakra yAtrA kA jhalakiyAM -dharmacakra ke gvAliyara Agamana para Ayojita zobhA yAtrA kA eka citra / +-indra ke dharmacakra para ArUr3ha zrI pArasa kumAra gaMgavAla ko tilaka karate hue jilAdhyakSa zrI rAmakRSNa gupta / -dharmacakra ke gvAliyara Agamana para usake svAgata ke avasara para bhASaNa karate hue gvAliyara ke jilAdhyakSa zrI rAmakRSNa gupta / cakra vAhana para virAjita zrI mAnikacanda gaMgavAla tathA khar3e hue vAMye se dAMye-dharmacakra pravAcaka DA. prakAzacandra jaina, mAnika candra jaina eDavo., mizrIlAla paattnii| -sonagar3ha (gujarAta) se bhArata yAtrA ke daurAna gvAliyara padhAre dharmacakra kI zobhA yAtrA kA eka citra / mAtA trizalAkesoraha Jall a tion tergational personal Use Only

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jhalakiyAM - kezalu cana samAroha ( vAMye se dAye ) - zrI 105 kSullaka dharmasAgara jI, zrI 108 muni saMbhava sAgara jI, zrI 108 muni suvarNa sAgara jI, va muni zrI candanamala jI (pravacana karate hue) / sajA - mahAvIra bhavana nirmANa sthala para yojanA kA avalokana karate hue prasiddha udyogapati zrI ghanazyAmadAsajI biralA, unakI vAMyI ora prasiddha udyoga vizeSajJa zrI durgAprasAdajI maMDeliyA tathA vAMyI ora mahAvIra nyAsa ke upAdhyakSa zrI rAmaavatAra zarmA / - (vAyIM ora) - zrI 108 muni saMbhava sAgara jI dhArmika pravacana karate hue / ( dAhinI ora ) - prasiddha udyogapati zrI ghanazyAmadAsa jI biralA ko mahAvIra bhavana kI yojanA samajhAte hue mahAvIra nyAsa ke mahAmaMtrI zrI mAnikacandra gaMgavAla / - (nIce) - mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava samAroha para eka sabhA ko sambodhita karate hue madhyapradeza ke mukhya nyAyAdhipati nyAyamUrti zrI zivadayAla jI /

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"mahAvAra bhavana" ke nirmANa kA kAryakrama nizcita kiyA sampatti ke dAna tathA jana sahayoga se "zrImatI kasturI gayA thA / isa sandarbha meM gvAliyara meM vizAla mahAvIra devI jaina prasUti gRha" kA nirmANa prArambha kiyA gyaa| bhavana ke nirmANa kA nizcaya kiyA gyaa| isa hetu vayovRddha samAjasevI zrI zyAmalAla jI pANDavIya ne ma. pra. zAsana se 60 hajAra vargaphITa bhUmi kI mAMga kI isakA zilAnyAsa kiyaa| isake bhavana nirmANa kA kArya gaI, jisa para zAsana dvArA kampU prAMgaNa meM 30 hajAra lagabhaga pUrNa ho cukA hai va zIghra isakA prArambha hone kI vargaphaTI bhUmi pradAna kara dI gaI hai va zeSa nikaTavartI AzA hai / isa pUrI yojanA para lagabhaga do lAkha rupayA bhUmi kI prApti ke prayAsa jArI haiN| isa vizAla bhavana vyaya honA anumAnita hai / isake atirikta lazkara meM meM eka Adhunika ADiToriyama, sabhA, evaM goSThI kakSa, nayAbAjAra sthita jaina mandira tathA zivapurI jile ke zodha saMsthAna purAtatvIya saMgrahAlaya, AdhyAtmika granthA- sirasauda evaM rannoda grAmoM meM jaina auSadhAlaya bhavanoM gAra, pustakAlaya evaM vAcanAlaya, sAdhu, santa evaM vidvAnoM kA nirmANa prArambha kiyA gyaa| ke vizrAma kakSa, vAlodyAna evaM puSpavATikA hoNge| isa pUrI yojanA para lagabhaga 20 lAkha rupayoM kA vyaya anu . pustakAlaya evaM vAcanAlaya-loka sevA, zaikSamAnita hai / isI krama meM datiyA jilA mukhyAlaya para bhI Nika prasAra evaM caritra nirmANa ke uddezya se saMmAga meM eka lAkha rupayoM kI lAgata se mahAvIra bhavana ke nirmANa anekoM sthAnoM para pustakAlaya evaM vAcanAlaya prArambha / kI yojanA hai| kiye gae / lazkara meM zrI nayA mandira dAnAolI zrI caMpAbAga bIsapaMthI paMcAyatI mandira, jaina bhavana dAnAchAtrAvAsa nirmANa evaM vikAsa-chAtrAvAsoM ke olI, tathA zrI vIra jaina chAtrAvAsa meM; bhiNDa jile meM nirmANa evaM vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI isa varSa meM mahatva- bhiNDa nagara tathA mau, mehagAMva evaM amAyana grAmoM meM; sampanna hue jinapara lagabhaga Der3ha lAkha rupayoM zivapurI jile meM zivapurI nagara tathA sirasauda evaM kI lAgata kA anumAna hai| lazkara sthita "vIra jaina sunArI grAmoM meM; gunA jile meM sAr3haurA, Arona evaM chAtrAvAsa" meM "DA0 oMkAraprasAda dIvAna smAraka vAmanakhAsa grAmoM meM pustakAlayoM evaM vAcanAlayoM kA pustakAlaya evaM vAcanAlaya bhavana", "zrI zyAmalAla prArambha tathA kahIM-kahIM isa hetu bhavana nirmANa kA bhI pANDavIya sTeDiyama " tathA dasa naye kamaroM va vizrAMti prArambha kiyA gyaa| ina para lagabhaga paune tIna lAkha gRha kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| zivapurI meM zrI nemIcandra- rupayoM kA vyaya anumAnita hai| jI goMdavAloM dvArA tathA mau grAma jilA bhiNDa meM sthAnIya jaina samAja dvArA jaina chAtrAvAsoM kA nirmANa mahAvidyAlaya vidyAlaya evaM pAThazAlAe~ -saMbhAga prArambha kiyA gyaa| isI krama meM bhiNDa nagara meM bhI eka meM zikSA prasAra aura caritra nirmANa ke uddezya se jaina chAtrAva sa ke nirmANa kI yojanA hAtha meM lI gaI hai| anekoM vidyAlayoM evaM pAThazAlAoM kA nirmANa evaM prArambha kiyA gayA, jina para lagabhaga 5.4 lAkha cikitsAlaya evaM prasUtigRha-mahAparinirvANa rupayoM ke vyaya kA anumAna hai| miNDa nagara meM 'zrImatI varSa ke antargata vibhinna sthAnoM para cikitsAlayoM evaM kusumabAI jaina kanyA mahAvidyAlaya" prArambha kiyA prasUtigRhoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| ina para lagabhaga DhAI gayA tathA isa hetu bhavana nirmANa kA kArya prArambha kiyA lAkha ru. kI lAgata kA anumAna hai| isa krama meM gvAliyara gyaa| yahIM pUrva se saMcAlita "jaina mahAvidyAlaya" meM do ke upanagara murAra meM zAsana me ni:zulka prApta bhUmi para bar3e kamaroM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| isake atirikta zrI seTha dIpacandajI jaina murAra dvArA apanI sampUrNa bhiNDa jile meM mau, aTera, amAyana, paradhanA, gohada, phUpha 376

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evaM goramI grAmoM meM pAThazAlAe~ prArambha kI gaI / zivapurI jile meM zivapurI nagara tathA sirasauda, magarauMnI, poharI, evaM khaniyAdhAnA meM pAThazAlAe~ prArambha kI gaI / gunA jile meM mugAvalI, IsAgaDha, rAghogar3ha, azokanagara nAmaka kasboM meM vidyAlaya prArambha kiye ge| maraMnA jile meM murainA nagara meM vidyAlaya bhavana nirmANa tathA ambA, porasA, zyopura nAmaka kasboM meM pAThazAlAe~ evaM vidyAlaya prArambha kiye ge| gvAliyara jile meM lazkara meM pArzvanAtha jaina mandira, dAnAolI, DabarA tathA magaraunI meM pAThazAlAe~ prArambha kI gii| inake atirikta zrI 13 paMthI digambara jaina mandira mAdhavagaMja lazkara meM tathA mugAvalI ( gunA ) meM zivaNakalA prazi"kSaNa vidyAlaya prArambha kiye gae / dharmazAlA evaM vizrAMti graha - saMbhAga meM anekoM navIna dharmazAlAoM evaM vizrAMti gRhoM kA nirmANa tathA vikAsa kiyA gayA jina para lagabhaga 22.5 lAkha rupayoM kA vyaya anumAnita hai| inameM gvAliyara meM digambara jaina dharmazAlA, cika santara murAra meM savA lAkha kI lAgata se vizAla hAla nirmANa zivapurI meM zrI nemIcandra jI goMdavAloM dvArA pradatta dAna evaM sahayoga se eka lAkha rupayoM kI lAgata se navIna dharmazAlA nirmANa, siddha kSetra zrI saunAgirijI meM savA bAraha lAkha rupayoM kI lAgata se eka navIna dharmazAlA nirmANa tathA purAnI dharmazAlAoM meM navanirmANa evaM vikAsa, murainA, gunA evaM azokanagara meM eka-eka lAkha rupaye lAgata kI navIna dharmazAlAoM ke nirmANa kI yojanAe~ prArambha kI gaI / inake atirikta gvAliyara upanagara meM bAsapUjya paMcAyatI mandira dharmazAlA; bhiNDa jile meM phUpha, amAyana; zivapurI jile meM magaraunI meM; murainA jile meM zyopura nagara evaM ambAha meM gunA jile meM thovanajI va muMgAvalI meM; gvAliyara jile meM amarola meM tathA datiyA jile meM datiyA nagara meM navIna dharmazAlA nirmANa evaM pUrva sthita dharmazAlAoM kA vikAsa kiyA gayA / vibhina jaina sAMskRtika kendroM ke lie sar3aka nirmANa - nirvANa mahotsava varSa ke avasara para pradeza zAsana dvArA sambandhita vibhAgoM ko purAtatvika mahatva ke jaina saMskRti ke kendroM evaM darzanIya sthala taka ke lie pakkI sar3akoM ke nirmANa ke prayAsa kiye gae jinameM thovanajI (gunA) evaM eka patthara kI bAvar3I ( gvAliyara durga ) pramukha haiN| isa hetu yojanAe~ nirmita evaM svIkRta bhI kI jA cukI haiM parantu durbhAgyavaza abhI inakA kriyAnvayana nahIM ho sakA hai / anya vividha loka kalyANakArI kArya - bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mahAparinirvANa ke avasara para vividha prakAra ke anekoM janasevI evaM loka-kalyANakArI kArya bhI sampAdita kiye ge| ina para lagabhaga do lAkha rupaye vyaya kiye gae / inameM bhiNDa nagara, mau phUpha (bhiMDa), zivapurI meM kuA nirmANa, ambAha (murainA), vAmanadhAra, IsAgar3ha, azokanagara - ( gunA) meM pyAU nirmANa tathA ambAha (murainA), bhiNDa nagara, mau evaM mehagAMva (bhiNDa ) meM bAlodyAna evaM krIr3AMgana nirmANa kI yojanAe~ prArambha kI gaI / dhArmika utsava evaM samAroha dhArmika samAroha - bhagavAna mahAvIra ke paccIsa sau veM nirvANa mahotsava varSa ke avasara para anekoM dhArmika samAroha Ayojita kiye ge| gvAliyara saMbhAga meM isa varSa meM bhiNDa, zivapurI tathA porasA (murainA) meM vizAla paMca kalyANaka samAroha Ayojita hue, jinapara lagabhaga 6.5 lAkha rupaye vyaya kiye ge| inake atirikta vibhinna mandiroM Adi meM teraha dvIpa maNDala vidhAna, siddha cakka maNDala vidhAna, paMcakalyANaka vidhAna, dasa lakSaNa vidhAna ke pUjA samAroha, varagoMr3A yAtrA, rathayAtrAe~, nirvANa lADU mahotsava, sAmUhika kSamA vANI samArohoM Adi ke anekoM Ayojana kie gae, jinameM anekoM dharmAcAryoM evaM vidvAnoM ke pravacana Ayo 380

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jita hue| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pA~coM kalyANa sambandhI divasoM para eka-eka saptAha ke kAryakrama Ayojita kiye gae / pradarzanI - nirvANa varSa meM sthAna-sthAna para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana-dena ke sambandha meM jana sAmAnya ko jAnakArI dene ke uddezya se gvAliyara meM do prakAra kI pradarzaniyoM ke pradarzana ko saMgaThita kiyA gayA nayAmandira, dAnAolI kI prabandha samiti ke tatvAdhAna meM eka prAcIna sAhitya evaM kalA pradarzanI saMgaThita kI gii| isameM prAcIna jaina sAhitya, citra evaM hastazilpa, vibhinna jaina tIrthoM ke citra, pramukha jaina grantha evaM zAstrAdi, saMkalita kiye gae haiN| inameM svarNa akSarI guTake, cAvala ke eka dAne para 35 akSarI NamokAra maMtra; sphaTika-marAripukharAja pannA - kasauTI pASANa Adi kI jina pratimAeM vizeSa rUpa se darzanIya haiN| jaina navayuvaka saMgha, nayA bAjAra paMcAyatI mandira dvArA "bhagavAna mahAvIra paMca kalyANaka pradarzanI" saMgaThita kI gii| isameM citramaya jhAMkiyoM ke dvArA varddhamAna mahAvIra ke sampUrNa jIvanadarzana ko sarala evaM subodha polI meM pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| yaha pradarzanI deza ke anekoM bhAgoM meM lagAI gaI jise lagabhaga DhAI lAkha vyaktiyoM ne dekhA / dharmacakra svAgata samAroha - rASTrIya evaM prAntIya stara para sthApita samitiyoM dvArA dezabhara meM dharmacakra kA paribhramaNa kiyA gayA | gvAliyara meM bhI do dharmacakra pdhaare| prathamataH madhyapradeza kI rAjya samiti dvArA indaura se prArambha dharmacakra gvAliyara pdhaaraa| isa dharmacakra ne, sAraMgapura, byAvarA, bInAgaMja, kuMbharAja, rAghogar3ha, rUThayAI, gunA, Arona, sAThorA, azokanagara, oNDara, bahAdarapura muMgAvalI, canderI, khaniyAdhAnA IsAgar3ha, kolArasa, zivapurI, arthAkher3A, bajaraMga gar3ha, choTo bAmora, muhArI kalA~, camarUDa, naMravara, magaraunI, pIroTha, khatorA, lukavAsA, zivapurI, DabarA, lazkara, gvAliyara, murAra, gohada, mau, mehagAMva, goramI, bhiNDa, phUpha, aTera, porasA 381 ambAha bare, murainA, bAmora, jIrA, sabalagar3ha, zyopurakalA~, datiyA, sonAgiri, karairA, bhitaravAra va kailArasa sthAnoM para bhramaNa kiyaa| sabhI sthAnoM para isake svAgata meM samAroha Ayojita kiye gae va vibhinna boliyoM tathA guptadAna ke rUpa meM 2,59,553 rupaye dAnasvarUpa prApta hue| taduparAnta sonagar3ha se prArambha dharmacakra bhI gvAliyara padhArA / yaha dharmacakra bhI gvAliyara saMbhAga meM anekoM sthaloM para gayA jahAM isake svAgata meM vizAla samArohoM tathA isakI zobhA yAtrAoM kA Ayojana huaa| isa avasara para Ayojita vibhinna sabhAoM meM anekoM vidvAnoM ke pravacana hue| dharmacakra ke rakSaka, vAhaka, dhvaja rakSaka Adi kI bolI meM bhI gvAliyara saMbhAga ke vibhinna sthAnoM se ullekhanIya dAnarAzi prApta huI / pravacana vyAkhyAna, goSTI, sabhA evaM sAMskRtika kAryakrama samAroha varSa meM saMbhAga meM vibhinna sthAnoM para anekoM pravacanoM, sabhAoM Adi ke Ayojana kiye ge| gvAliyara meM padhAre (pUrva varNita ) vibhinna dharmAcAyoM ne apanI dainika sabhAoM meM dhArmika pravacana kiye jisase dharma prabhAvanA evaM janajAgaraNa kA mahatvapUrNa kArya sampanna huaa| munizrI candanamalajI sampUrNa varSa yahIM rahe, unake pravacanoM se prabhAvita hokara anekoM harijanoM evaM dalitoM ne mAMsAhAra evaM madyapAna tyAga ke vrata liye evaM ina doSoM kA sAmUhika tyAga kiyA / varSa ke prArambha meM Ayojita nirvANa mahotsava saptAha meM vIra zikSA samiti va jaina navayuvaka saMgha ke sahayoga se vIra jaina chAtrAvAsa meM eka saptAha taka jaina melA Ayojita kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para paricarcA, goSThI, yuvaka sammelana evaM vAda vivAda pratiyogitA Ayojita huii| mahAvIra jayantI para bhI eka saptAha ke kAryakrama Ayojata kiye ge| inameM samA bAlapratiyogitAeM, khelakUda evaM sAMskRtika kAryakrama pramukha the| isake atirikta varSa bhara anekoM avasaroM para pravacana,

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vyAkhyAna, goSThI, sabhA, vAdavivAda-khelakUda, evaM sAMskR- makkhanalAla zAstrI murenA, paM. jJAna canda vANIbhUSaNa tika pratiyogitAe~, nATaka, nRtya nATikA, dhArmika vidizA, paM. rAjamala zAstrI mopAla, pro. Ara. sI. saMgIta sabhAeM Adi Ayojita kI gii| varSa samApana mehatA gvAliyara, mukhya nyAyAdhipati zivadayAla ke avasara para bImapaMthI campAbAga dharmazAlA, naI sar3aka zrIvAstava, nyAyamUrti sI. ema. lor3A, nyAyamUrti yU. ena. meM jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA pAMca divasIya vyAkhyAna vAcchAvata, nyAyamUrti esa. Ara. vyAsa, pI. ke. mAlA Ayojita kI gii| sAtha hI sthAnIya samiti dvArA zrIvAstava gvAliyara paM. abhayacandra zAstrI vidizA, dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika kAryakrama evaM sAmUhika rathayAtrA mizrIlAla codharI gunA, zrImatI mAyAdevI coraDiyA Ayojita kI gii| gvAliyara,pa.dharmacandra zAstrI sAgara,paM.kapUracandra varaiyA gvAliyara, satyanghara kumAra seThI ujjaina, candanamala baMda varSabhara meM sthAnoM-sthAnoM para anekoM vyAkhyAnoM, jinameM vitta maMtrI rAjasthAna, paM. harihara nivAsa dvivedI eDavo. paricarcAoM evaM goSThiyoM eva sabhAoM ke Ayojana kiye gvAliyara gvAliyara, ramezacandra khAMDekara pUrva sAMsada gvAliyara, candra gae jinameM sarvazrI mohanalAla sukhADiyA, rAjyapAla mohana nAgorI patrakAra gvAliyara, ravIndra mAlava gvAtAmilanADu, agaracanda nAhaTA bIkAnera, DA0 hukumacanda liyara, zrImatI suzIlA khANDekara gvAliyara, AtamadAsa, bhArilla jayapura, paM0 dayAcanda zAstrI sAgara, mukhyamatrI pUrva sAMsada gvAliyara DA. dharmavIra gvAliyara, rAjendra zrI prakAza canda seThI, lokanirmANa maMtrI gulAbacanda siMha, loka nirmANa rAjya maMtrI, gvAliyara, nirmala kumAra tAmoTa bhopAla, gorelAla zukla sadasya ma. pra. rAjasva jaina eDavo., DA. vIrendra gaMgavAla, gvAliyara, Avi aneka maMDala RSi kumAra pANDe sabhAgIya Ayukta gvAliyara, vidvAnoM zikSAvidoM evaM samAjaseviyoM ke vyAkhyAna zyAmalAla pANDavIya bhU.pU. udyoga maMtrI gvAliyara, Ayojita hue| zrImatI jJAnavatI saksenA jabalapura, zrImatI candrakalA sahAya bhU. pa. upa zikSAmaMtrI gvAliyara, brigeDiyara padama- bhagavAna mahAvIra ke paccIsa sau veM nirvANa mahotsava zrI bhavana candra pAnDe, zrImatI rUpavatI kiraNa jabalapura, ke avasara para varSa bhara gvAliyara saMbhAga ke kone-kone ema. ena. dezapAnDe DAyarekTara janarala AkiyAlAjI- meM mahAvIra svAmI ke sandezoM evaM upadezoM ke pracArArtha kala sarve Apha iNDiyA dillI, DA. vI. vI. lAla insa- anekoM kAryakrama Ayojita hae, sAtha-hI-sAtha isa TITayaTa Apha / DavAnsa sTaDIja, zimalA, paM. kailAzacandra uddezya se sthAI rUpa se kArya karane heta vibhinna saMsthAoM zAstrI siddhAntAcAyaM vArANasI, paM0 parasarAma zAstrI, evaM nyAsoM kA nirmANa tathA anekoM janasevI evaM lokaindaura, saradArasiMha corar3iyA gvAliyara bra. zakuntalA kalyANakArI kAryoM kA Ayojana evaM sampAdana kiyA devI lalitapura, bhAratabhUSaNa tyAgI gvAliyara, DA. ke. gayA / gvAliyara saMbhAga meM isa sandarbha meM nirmita aisI DI. vAjapeyI sAgara, yazapAla jaina dillI, hIrAlAla vibhinna yojanAoM ke kriyAnvayana para lagabhaga cAlIsa zrImAla gvAliyara, paM. DA. lAlabahAdura zAstrI dillI, lAkha rupayoM kA vyaya anumAnita hai| isa prakAra bhagavAna govindanArAyaNa TaNDana kulapati jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya mahAvIra kA mahAparinirvANa mahotsava gvAliyara saMbhAga gvAliyara, mizrIlAla gaMgavAla indaura, DaoN. mahendra, ke jana-sAmAnya ko varSoM smata rahegAva isa avasara para sAgara pracaMDiyA alIgar3ha, devakumAra siMha kAsalIvAla nirmita vibhinna smAraka evaM loka-kalyANa saMsthAna Aneindaura, bAbUlAla jaina jamAdAra baDota (meraTha), vAle yagoM taka jana-sAmAnya ke preraNA srota bane paM. zyAmasundara lAla zAstrI phirojAbAda paM0 aura 382

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"mahAvIra bhavana" zilAnyAsa samAroha 1 Upara (vAMye ) - madhyapradeza ke mukhyamaMtrI zrI prakAzacandra jI seThI ko vaija lagAte hue mahAvIra nyAsa ke maMtrI zrI mizrIlAla pATanI / (Upara dAMye ) - mahAvIra bhavana ke zilAnyAsa ke avasara para bhUmi pUjana karate hue mukhyamaMtrI zrI prakAzacandra seThI / madhya meM - mahAvIra nyAsa ke adhyakSa zrI saradArasiMha coraDiyA, upamaMtrI zrI candraprabhASa zekhara (vAMye) tathA zikSAmaMtrI zrI arjunasiMha (dAhine) kA svAgata karate hue / nIce (vAMye ) - mukhyamaMtrI zrI seThI samAroha ke adhyakSa vayovRddha samAjasevI zrI zyAmalAla pANDavIya bhU. pU. udyoga maMtrI kA abhinandana karate hue| (dAhine) mahAvIra bhavana ke zilAnyAsa ke avasara para Ayojita ain E samAroha meM sabhA ko udabodhita karate hue mukhya atithi zrI prakAzacandra seThI /

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A NRARANA ma. pra. ucca nyAyAlaya bhavana ke nikaTa sthita "mahAvIra udyAna" meM nirmita "tIrthakara mahAvIra kIrti stambha"

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bhagavAna mahAvIra mahAparinirvANa mahotsava varSa kI sthAI upalabdhi "zrI 2500vA~ bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava smAraka nyAsa" e0 PC tIrthakara mahAvIra ke 2500veM nirvANa mahotsava uddezyavarSa ke antargata jahA~ rASTrIya tathA antarASTrIya stara nyAsa ke nimnalikhita uddezya hoMge: para anekoM kAryakramoM evaM samArohoM kA Ayojana kiyA gayA vahA~ vibhinna staroM para sthAyI prakRti ke bhI (ka) bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500veM nirvANa mahoanekoM kArya sampanna hae athavA prArambha kiye gae / tsava ko sthAI rUpa dene ke liye gvAliyara gvAliyara meM bhI jilA stara para kAryarata zAsakIya nagara ke pramukha sthAna para zAsana dvArA prApta samiti tathA sAmAjika samitiyoM kI paraspara sahamati bhUmi para mahAvIra bhavana kA nirmANa karanA se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM ke pracAra, prasAra tathA evaM usake sAtha pustakAlaya kA bhI prAvadhAna tatsambandhI sthAyI smArakoM ke nirmANa, vikAsa, saMrakSaNa karanA evaM usameM mahAvIra kI vANI evaM unake upadezoM ko aMkita karanA tathA mahAvIra tathA saMcAlana Adi ke uddezya se sthAyI rUpa se kArya karane ke liye "zrI 2500 vo bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa bhavana kA unake siddhAMtoM ke anurUpa usakA prayoga karanA, sArvajanika upayoga meM lAnA / mahotsava smAraka nyAsa, gvAliyara" kA gaThana kiyA gayA tathA yaha nizcita kiyA gayA ki yaha nyAsa nimna (kha) bhagavAna mahAvIra ke siddhAMtoM kA pracAra va uddezyoM kI pUrti hetu vibhinna kArya kregaa| prasAra karanA tathA unakI smRti meM smAraka, 385

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pustakAlaya, vAcanAlaya, svAdhyAya bhavana, saMgra patrikAyeM, parace, smArikAyeM Adi kA hAlaya, sabhA bhavana, bAla krIr3A kendra Adi prakAzana / nirmita krnaa| (tha) samaya-samaya para svayaM yA vibhinna zaikSaNika (ga) bhagavAna mahAvIra kI smRti ko sthAyI rUpa dene samAjasevI saMsthAoM ke sahayoga se bhagavAna hetu pASANa stambha, zilAlekha, abhilekha, kIrti mahAvIra eva unake darzana se sambandhita viSayoM stamma, Adi kA nirmANa karanA, jina para para vAda-vivAda, nibandha, lekha, kahAnI, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana se sambandhita citrakalA para pratiyogitAyeM Ayojita karanA / ghaTanAoM kA aMkana karanA Adi / vijayI pratiyogiyoM ko puraskRta karanA aadi| (gha) purAtatva, kalA evaM sthApatya kA sacitra prAmA Nika sarvekSaNa karanA tathA zAstroM se saMkalita (da) bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dhArmika siddhAntoM evaM upadezoM, saktiyoM kA saMgraha vibhinna bhASAoM upadezoM ke pracAra-prasAra ko racanAtmaka evaM meM krnaa| kriyAtmaka rUpa dene hetu uparokta kAryoM se milate-julate anya kArya krnaa| (ca) bhAratIya darzana, jaina darzana eva prAcIna bhAratIya sarakRti, samAja, kalA va sthApatya Adi viSayoM (pa) sabhI dharmoM meM sahiSNutA evaM sAmaMjasya kA para zodha kArya karanevAle chAtroM ko padaka, vAtAvaraNa nirmANa karanA evaM usake liye chAtravRtti athavA zodhavRtti pradAna karanA tathA sarvadharma-sammelana Adi kA Ayojana karanA isa prakAra ke adhyayana ko protsAhita karanA / (pha) bhagavAna mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM ke anurUpa (cha) bhAratIya saMskRti meM bhagavAna mahAvIra evaM janasAdhAraNa kI AdhyAtmika, sAMskRtika, darzana kA kyA yogadAna hai isa bAbata aMgrejI naitika unnati ke liye tathA usakI jJAna vRddhi va bhAratIya bhASAoM meM anuvAdoM, pustikAe~ ke kArya karanA, unako protsAhita karanA tathA prakAzita kara janasAdhAraNa meM vitaraNa krnaa| ukta uddezyoM kI pUrtI hetu saMsthAyeM sthApita (ja)vizvavidyAlaya tathA anya zikSaNa saMsthAoM karanA tathA ina uddezyoM ke hetu cala rahI anya tathA nagara meM samaya-samaya para vicAragoSThiyoM, saMsthAoM, samitiyoM tathA saMghoM kI sahAyatA bhASaNa mAlAoM,semInAroM Adi kA Ayojana krnaa| karanA jinameM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vizeSa nyAsa maNDala hetu do prakAra ke sadasya varga rakhe siddhAnta, ahiMsA, aparigraha, anekAMta Adi ke gae haiN| prathamataH sasthAe~ evaM saMsthAna, jo nyUnatama sambandha meM vicAra-vimarza karanA aura jIvAjI DhAI hajAra rupayA nyAsa ko pradAna kareM, tathA dvitIyataH vizvavidyAlaya meM jainolaoNjI para risarca vyaktigata sadasya jo nyUnatama eka hajAra rUpayA nyAsa adhyayana hetu pathaka ceyara kI sthApanA krnaa| ko pradAna kreN| nyAsa ko prArambhika sadasya ke rUpa meM (ta) bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita siddhAntoM prathama varga ke teIsa (23) tathA dvitIya varga ke bAsaTha tathA upadezoM ke pracAra-prasAra hetu patra- (62) sadasyoM kI svIkRti prApta huii| nyAsa maNDala

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kI prathama baiThaka meM nyAsa kA vidhAna svIkRta kara prathama kAryakAriNI nirvAcita kI gaI jisameM zrI saradArasiMha coraDiyA adhyakSa sarvazrI tejamala harSAvata, rAmaavatAra zarmA tathA kezarImala gaMgavAla upAdhyakSa zrI mAnikacandra gaMgavAla eDavokeTa mahAmaMtrI, sarvazrI mAnikacandra jaina, TIkamacandra bApanA tathA mahendra kumAra jaina maMtrI tathA zrI gaMgAdhara sarAvagI koSAdhyakSa tathA bAIsa anya mahAnubhAva kAryakAriNI ke sadasya manonIta kiye ge| mahAvIra bhavana myAma ne apanI prArambhika gatividhi ke rUpa meM jahA~ nirvANa varSa meM gvAliyara meM Ayojita pramukha kAryakramoM meM sakriya sahayoga diyA, vahA~ gAliyara meM sthAyI rUpa se racanAtmaka gatividhiyoM ke saMcAlana hetu "mahAvIra bhavana" ke rUpa meM eka aise sthAyI evaM Adhunika kendra ke nirmANa kA nizcaya kiyA jisameM eka vizAla sabhAgraha (ADIToriyama) ke atirikta zodha saMsthAna, purAtatvIya saMgrahAlaya, kalA vIthikA, adhyAtmika pustakAlaya evaM vAcanAlaya, sAdhu-santoM tathA vidvajanoM ke svAdhyAya evaM vizrAma kakSa kI paryApta suvidhAeM upalabdha hoN| isake nirmANa hetu prasiddha vAstuvida zrI lAlapara evaM aisoziyeTsa ArkaTikTara eNDa injIniyarsa, naI dillI se isakA DijAyana tathA esTImeTa taiyAra karAyA gayA, jisake anusAra isa para lagabhaga 20 lAkha rupayA vyaya hone kA anumAna hai| nyAsa ne madhyapradeza zAsana se isa hetu kampU maidAna meM 300x200 phITa kA bhUkhaNDa pradAna karane kI mAMga kI jisa para zAsana ne prArambhika rUpa se 200 x 150 phITa kA bhUkhaNDa lIja para nyAsa ko pradAna karane kI svIkRti de dI, zeSa ke liye nyAsa abhI bhI prayAsarata hai / kampU maidAna sthita isa bhUkhaNDa para budhavAra, dinAMka 17 julAI 1974 ko prAtaH dasa baje madhyapradeza ke tatkAlIna mukhyamaMtrI mAnanIya prakAzacandrajI seThI dvArA isa bhavana kI AdhAra zilA rakhI gyii| isa avasara para bayovRddha samAjasebI zrI zyAmalAlajI pANDavIya (bhU0pU0 udyoga maMtrI0 ma0mA0zAsana) kI adhyakSatA meM padamA vidyAlaya ke sarasvatI bhavana meM udaghATana samA roha meM pUjya muni zrI candanamala ne bhI isa yojanA ko apanA AzIrvAda diyA tathA nyAsa adhyakSa zrI saradArasiMhajI coraDiyA ne isa yojanA kA vistRta paricaya prastuta kiyaa| isa avasara para zilAnyAsa meM prayukta kabhI evaM tasalI ke vikraya kI bolI ke rUpa meM nyAsa ko cAlIsa hajAra rupayoM ke dAna ke bhI vacana prApta hue| isake sAtha hI isa yojanA ke hetu madhyapradeza zAsana se pacAsa hajAra rupaye tathA nagarapAlika nigama, gvAliyara se eka lAkha rupayoM kA anudAna bhI svIkRta kiyA gayA / 680 nyAsa maNDala ke vizeSa anurodha para deza ke prasiddha udyogapati mAnanIya ghanazyAmadAsa jI biralA ne nirmANa sthala para di. 18 mArca 1975 ko unake sammAna me Ayojita eka samAroha meM bhavana kI yojanA kA avalokana kiyA tathA usa para apane sujhAva diye / isa avasara para mAnanIya viralAjI ne "mahAbIra bhavana" ke nirmANa hetu udAratApUrvaka DhAI lAkha rupayoM kI dhanarAzi dAnasvarUpa pradAna karane kI ghoSaNA kI / isa prakAra vyAsa ko Arthika sAdhana juTAne kI dizA meM paryApta evaM protsAhaka AzvAsana evaM sahayoga upalabdha huA jisase isake nirmANa kArya ko zIghra pUrA karane ke prayAsa kiye gae / sthAna ke prasaMga ko lekara durbhAgyavaza nagara ke kucha rAjanItika tatvoM ne apane virodha ke mAdhyama se use rAjanItika rUpa dene kA prayAsa kiyA, phalasvarUpa nirmANa kArya sthagita kara diyA gayA / isase yojanA ke protsAhakoM ko tIvra vedanA huI / nyAsa maNDala ke adhyakSa zrI saradArasiMha coraDiyA ne ghoSaNA kI ki yadi nagara kA eka bhI vyakti yA varga isakA virodha karegA to nyAsa, isa yojanA ko jo ki gvAliyara ke janasAmAnya ke hitArtha eka abhUtapUrva upalabdhi ke rUpa meM

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kriyAnvita kiyA jAnA hai, sthagita kara degaa| jisake cAroM ora bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pramukha upadeza pariNAmasvarUpa yaha yojanA vimata meM eka bar3e antarAla aMkita kiye gae haiN| stambha ke cAroM ora kA udyAna taka sthagita rahI, parantu yaha prasannatA kI bAta hai ki vikasita kiyA jA rahA hai. jisake zIghra pUrNa hone kI ava isa prakAra ke saMketa mile haiM ki gvAliyara ke sabhI AzA hai / aisI apekSA hai ki AgAmI mahAvIra nirvANa voM ke nAgarika. isake nirmANa meM tIbra ruci rakhate haiM, divasa taka isa stambha kA udghATana bhI sampanna ho va isI sthAna para isake nirmANa ke liye pUrNa sahayoga skegaa| dene ko tatpara haiN| aisI AzA kI jAtI hai ki parivartita pariveza meM zAsakIya vAdhAe~ bhI zIghra hI bhAvo kAyakrama-nyAsa ke bha samApta ho jaaveNgii| rUpa meM pramukha, 'mahAvIra bhavana" kA nirmANa hai, jisake AgAmI vIra nirvANa divasa taka prArambha ho jAne / mahAvIra kIrti stambha- tIrtha kara mahAvIra ke kI AzA hai| isake sAtha hI usameM saMgrahAlaya, pusta2500veM nirmANa mahotsava varSa ke avasara para kAlaya evaM zodha saMsthAna kI sthApanA kA kArya bhI dezabhara meM sthApita kIrti stambhoM ke nirmANa kI hAtha meM liyA jaavegaa| mahAvIra bhavana kI samparNa zRkhalA meM nyAsa ne gvAliyara meM eka bhavya "mahAvIra yojanA ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI AdhyAtmika, zaikSaNika kIrti stambha" kI sthApanA kA nizcaya kiyaa| isa hetu tathA bauddhika vikAsa kI dizA meM gvAliyara ko isa nyAsa ke nivedana para nagarapAlika nigama gvAliyara ke mahatvapUrNa saMsthAna kI bahamukhI sevAeM upalabdha hoMgI dvArA madhyapradeza ucca nyAyAlaya bhavana ke nikaTa sthita jo gvAliyara ke vikAsa ko naI dizA deNgii| udyAna meM "mahAvIra kIrti stambha" va "mahAvIra udyAna" ke nirmANa kI svIkRti pradAna karanA svIkAra kara liyaa| isa sAre punIta kArya meM abhI taka paryApta janatadanurUpa dinAMka 1375 sitambara 75 ko nagarapAlika sahayoga prApta huA hai, jisake liye nyAsa saubhAgyanigama, gvAliyara ke tatkAlIna prazAsaka zrI rAmakRSNa zAlI hai| aura aimI apekSA hai ki bhaviSya meM bhI use guptA dvArA ukta kIti stambha kI AdhArazilA rakhI aisA hI sakriya janasahayoga prApta hotA rahegA aura gyii| zveta maMgamaramara se nirmita teIsa phITa UMcA yaha vaha apane uddezyoM kI pUrti meM saphala hokara gvAliyara vizAla kIrti stambha aba pUrNataH nirmita ho cukA hai, kI bar3I mahatvapUrNa sevA kara skegaa| 318

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jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA Ayojita zrI 2500vAM, bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava, vyAkhyAna mAlA eka riportAja zrI 2500vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava karane ke sAtha-sAtha jana-sAmAnya ko bhI lAbhaprada jJAna ke avasara para dezabhara meM Ayojita vibhinna kAryakramoM upalabdha kraayegii| prathama divasa ke mukhya vaktA ke rUpa ke krama meM jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA Ayojita meM bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa vibhAga, naI dillI ke vyAkhyAnamAlA gvAliyara ke buddhijIvI jagata ke liye mahAnidezaka zrI madhusadana narahari dezapANDe ne "jaina abhUtapUrva kAryakrama ke rUpa meM varSoM taka avismaraNIya purAtatva evaM kalA" viSaya para vRhada evaM sArabhita rahegI. jisameM nirantara pA~ca divasa taka vibhinna viSayoM vyAkhyAna diyA tathA parAtatva evaM kalA ke sandarbha meM para deza ke murdhanya vidvAnoM ne apane uccastarIya evaM jainoM ke mahatvaparNa yogadAna para bhI apane vicAra prakaTa zodhapUrNa vyAkhyAnoM se isa kSetra ke buddhijIviyoM ke madhya kiye / DaoN. dezapANDe ne apane vyAkhyAna ke krama meM jJAnagaMgA pravAhita kii| sandarbhita purAtatvIya sthaloM evaM avazeSoM ke slAiDsa jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya ke kalapati zrI govinda kA bhI pradarzana kiyaa| sabhApati DaoN. bajavAsIlAla, nArAyaNa TaNDana ne dinAMka 6 navambara 1975 ko vAraSTha AcAya evaM adhyakSa, prAcAna bhAratIya itihAsa, Ayojita udghATana samAroha meM vyAkhyAnamAlA kaa| saMskRti evaM purAtatva adhyayanazAlA, jIvAjI vizvaudghATana karate hae apekSA kI ki yaha vyAkhyAnamAlA vidyAlaya ne apane adhyakSIya bhASaNa meM gvAliyara aura deza kI prAcInatama saMskRtiyoM meM se eka jaina saMskRti isake nikaTavartI kSetroM meM jaina purAtatva evaM kalA ke tathA deza kI sAhitya sampadA ke vizAlatama bhAga jaina vizAla bhaNDAra kA zodhapUrNa vivecana prastuta karate hue vAGgamaya ke aneka lupta prasaMgoM ko ujAgara karegI aura isa dizA meM vRhada zodha-kArya tathA isa sampadA ke saMrakSaNa isa dizA meM kArya karane ke liye zodhAthiyoM ko AkarSita kI AvazyakatA pratipAdita kii| . se

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dvitIya sabhA (dinAMka 7 navambara 1975) ke atithi dillI ne 'vartamAna yuga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM vaktA ke rUpa meM syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya vArANasI ke kI sArthakatA" viSaya para apane sAragarbhita vyAkhyAna prAcArya, jaina darzana ke prakANDa vidvAna pa kailAzacandra meM jaina darzana ke vaijJAnika, vyAvahArika, tathA samAjajI zAstrI siddhAntAcArya ne "bhagavAna mahAvIra : jIvana zAstrIya pakSa kA sUkSma vivecana kiyaa| sabhApati nyAyamUrti aura darzana" viSaya para apane vicAra prakaTa karate hue zrI yU. ena. vAcchAvata ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ahiMsA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva bhavoM kI ghaTanAoM ke tAratamya darzana aura vizva zAnti ke sandarbha meM usakI upayogitA meM jaina darzana ke vikAsa kI vistRta rUparekhA prastuta viSaya para vivecanAramaka vicAra prakaTa kiye| kara tAvika dRSTi se usakA vivecana kiyA tathA usake mahatva para prakAza DAlA / sabhApati birakhA udyogoM ke paMcama evaM antima sabhA ( dinAMka 10 navambara mahA prabandhaka zrI saradArasiMhajI coraDiyA ne tIrtha kara 10 ' 1975) ke atithi baktA jaina sAhitya evaM itihAsa ke mahAvIra aura unake darzana ke mAnavIya pakSa kA vivecana mUddhanya evaM AdhakArika vidvAna zrI agaracandrajI prastuta kiyaa| nAhaTA, bIkAnera te "jaina sAhitya' viSaya para apane zodhapUrNa evaM sAragabhita vyAkhyAna meM bhAratIya sAhitya tRtIya sabhA (dinAMka 8 navambara 1975) ke atithi meM jaina sAhitya ke sthAna aura usake vikAsa evaM yogavaktA zrI kRSNadatta vAjapeyI, prAcArya evaM adhyakSa, prAcIna dAna kA sUkSma vivecana kiyaa| sabhA meM vizeSa rUpa se bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtatva vibhAga, sAgara upasthita muni zrI candanamalajI ne aparigraha darzana vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara ne apane zodhapUrNa evaM sAragabhita kI vivecanA kI tathA sabhApati zrI candanamala vaida, vyAkhyAna meM "jaina mUrtizAstra' ke dArzanika evaM vitta maMtrI, rAjasthAna zAsana ne tIrthakara mahAvIra aura kalAtmaka pakSa kI vRhada rUparekhA prastuta kara isa sandarbha unakI sAmAjika krAnti viSaya para apane vicAra meM madhyapradeza meM jaina mUrtikalA ke yogadAna para bhI prakaTa kiye| vicAra prakaTa kiye| sabhA ke adhyakSa prasiddha sAhityakAra : zrI harihara nivAsa dvivedI ne tomara zAsanakAla meM vyAkhyAnamAlA ke saMyojaka jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya ja nA mAthikA mahAsabhA evaM vidyA pariSad ke sadasya zrI ravIndra mAlava kalAkAroM ke slAiDsa bhI pradarzita kiye| sAtha hI me atyadhika kuzalatApUrvaka sabhAoM kA saMcAlana kiyA, santabhita citroM ke yogadAna ke sandarbha meM zodhaparNa tathA atithiyoM kA paricaya prastuta kiyaa| upa kula maciva zrI ghanazyAma gautama ne vizvavidyAlaya kI vyAkhyAna diyaa| ora se atithiyoM kA svAgata tathA AbhAra pradarzana .... caturtha sabhA (dinAMka 9 navambara 1975) ke atithi kiyaa| pA~ca divasa taka Ayojita ina sabhAoM meM vaktA rASTrIya khyAtiprApta sAhityakAra evaM patrakAra nitya prati lagabhaga eka hajAra kI saMkhyA meM zrotAgaNa zrI yazapAla jaina, maMtrI, sastA sAhitya maNDala, naI upasthita hue|" 360

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jIvAjI vizvavidyAlayIna, mahAvIra mahA parinirvANa vyAkhyAna mAlA POLPOUNTRIE 4samIpArI Upara (vAMye se dAMye)-vyAkhyAna mAlA ke prathama divasa Ayojita udghATana samAroha meM (1) atithiyoM kA svAgata karate hue vyAkhyAna mAlA ke saMyojaka zrI ravIndra mAlava (2) udghATana bhASaNa karate hue kulapati zrI gobinda nArAyaNa TaNDana (3) atithi vaktA zrI ema. ema. dezapANDe dvArA vyAkhyAna, (4) sabhApati zrI DA. vI. vI. lAla dvArA adhyakSIya sambodhana, tathA (5) maMca kA eka dRzya / madhya (vA~ye se dAMye)-dvitIya sabhA meM (1) mukhya vaktA zrI paM. kailAzacandrajI zAstrI siddhAntAcArya tathA (2) sabhApati zrI saradArasiMha corar3iyA kA svAgata karate hue kulapati zrI govinda nArAyaNa TaNDana (3) maMca kA eka dRzya / nIce (vAMye se dAMye)-(1) tRtIya sabhA ke mukhya vaktA DA. ke. DI. vAjapeyI, sAgara va sabhApati zrI harihara nivAsa dvivedI kA svAgata karate hue kulapati zrI govinda nArAyaNa TaNDana (2) mukhya vaktA DA. kRSNadatta vAjapeyI dvArA vyAkhyAna /

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Upara (vAMye se dAMye)--caturtha sabhA meM-kulapati zrI govinda nArAyaNa TaNDana dvArA-(1) mukhya vaktA zrI yazapAla jaina dillI, (2) sabhApati jasTisa yU. ena. vAcchAvata kA svAgata, (3) mukhya vaktA zrI yazapAla jaina dvArA vyAkhyAna / madhya (bAMye se dAMye)-(1) samApana samAroha ke avasara para upa kulasaciva zrI ghanazyAma gautama dvArA mukhya atithi zrI candanamala vaida kA svAgata, (2) mukhya vaktA zrI agaracandra nAhaTA, bIkAnera dvArA vyAkhyAna, (3) mukhya atithi zrI candanamala vaida dvArA samApana bhASaNa / nIce (vAMye se dAMye)-muni zrI candanamala jI dvArA AzIrvAda, (2) zrI saradArasiMha coraDiyA dvArA svAgata bhASaNa, (3) upa kulasaciva zrI ghanazyAma gautama dvArA AbhAra, tathA (4) upasthita darzaka samUha kI eka jhalaka / www.jainelibrat

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lekhaka paricaya upAdhyAya zrI amaramuni jI pratiSThita jainAcArya, AdhyAtmika santa / prakharavaktA evaM cintaka, bhAvanAtmaka kavi / jaina dharma evaM darzana ke prakANDa vidvAna / anekoM bhASAoM ke jnyaataa| zramaNa saMskRti ke pracAraka evaM tadartha samarpita / anekoM kAvya racanAeM prakAzita / anekoM pustakoM ke racayitA / AcArya zrI tulasI jI AdhyAtmika santa evaM vaktA / pratiSTita, jainAcArya, anuzAstA, prakhara cintaka / aNuvrata dharma ke pracAraka evaM isake mAdhyama se rASTra eva mAnava mAtra ke kalyANArtha, naitika cariya nirmANa ke mahAna yajJa meM saMlagna evaM tadartha samarpita / anekoM bhASAo ke jJAtA / jaina dharma evaM darzana kA viSada adhyayana / anekoM dharma granthoM va pustakoM ke racayitA, sampAdaka, anuvAdaka evaM preraka / santoM kI pratiSTita paramparA / saMgha ke sahayogI santoM ke preraka / saMgha ke dvArA jaina Agama granthoM ke sampAdana, anuvAda, eva prakAzana kA etihAsika kArya / upAdhyAya muni vidyAnanda jI saMta prabara, prakhara adhyetA, cintaka, lekhaka evaM vaktA / zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvayakArI unnAyaka, vizvadharma ke praNetA / dakSiNa bhArata ke zaDava la (vela grAma) meM eka sampanna parivAra meM janma : dinAMka 22 apraila 1922 I0 / zrI 108 muni zAMta sAgara vidyAlaya zeDavAla meM adhyayana, taduparAnta vahIM AcArya-pradhanAcArya / 1942 kI janakrAnti meM kArAvAsa yAtrA / tayomUti zrI 108 AcArya mahAkoti mahArAja meM brahmacarya dIkSA, sAdhanArata rahakara pArzva kIti nAma se allaka avasthA meM dIkSita, 25 julAI 63 ko zraddheya zrI 108 AcArya dezabhuSaNajI mahArAja kI preraNA se parama disambara munivarma meM dIkSita hokara muni vidyAnandajI mahArAja ke nAma se vibhUSita / badrInAtha va jogImaTha jame durgamatama sthAnoM sahita deza ke sudura kSetroM meM digamba ratva svarUpa meM padayAtrA kara zramaNa saMskRti kA prasAra kiyaa| saMskRta hindI, kannaDa, marAThI, aMgrejI, tAmila, gujarAtI bhASAoM evaM saMgIta meM nipUNa / aneko granthoM evaM pustakoM ke rcyitaa|

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w muni zrI nathamala jI jaina dharma aura darzana ke marmajJa vidvAna, prakhara vicAraka, lekhaka / aguvana anuzAstA AcArya zrI tulasI ke variSTha shyogii| hindI, nI, saskRta, prAkRta, apabhraza Adi aneka bhASAoM ke jJAtA / anekoM durlabha Agama granthoM kA sampAdana tathA saMzodhana evaM pUrti kara unhe prakAzita kiyaa| anekoM zodhagrantha, maulika grantha, tathA TIkAe~ prakAzita samparka- Adarza sAhitya saMgha, carU (rAjasthAna) / TEare muni zrI candanamala jI prakhara lekhaka-kavi, apabhraMza evaM prAkata ke mUrdhanya vidvAna, prabhAvazAlI vaktA / aNubrata anuzAstA AcArya zrI tulasI ke variSTha saha. yogI / hindI, apabhraza, prAkRta, saMskRta, aMgrejI bhASAoM ke jJAtA / gvAliyara ke eka madhyamavargIya pratiSThita parivAra meM janma, kizorAvasthA meM hI sAdhUtva kI dIkSA grahaNa kii| anekoM kAvya saMkalana, prAkata grantha, maulika racanAe~, zodha-pravandha prakAzita / agaracanda nAhaTA hindI va rAjasthAnI ke prasiddha gaveSaka vidvAna va lekhaka; jaina dharma, darzana, sAhitya evaM kalA ke vizeSajJa / jainAcArya zrI kRpAcandra jI surI kI ziSyamaMDalI kI preraNA se jaina vAGgamaya ke adhyayana ko prerita / rAjasthAna ke mahAna kavi zrI samAjasundara para sarvaprathama zodhakArya se . zodha pravRtiyoM ko prerita / apane bar3e bhAI kI smati meM "abhaya jaina graMthAlaya' kI sthApanA kara isameM hajAroM jJAta-ajJAta kaviyoM va lekhakoM kI paitAlIsa hajAra mudrita va mATha hajAra prAcIna hastalikhita evaM durlabha pustakoM kA viSada saMgraha kiyaa| apane pitAzrI kI smati meM "zrI zaMkaradAna kalA bhavana" kI sthApanA kara isameM prAcIna eva kalAtmaka sAmagrI kA saMgraha kiyaa| hajAroM jJAta-ajJAta kaviyoM va lekhakoM ke sAhitya kA viSada adhyayana va una para zodhakArya kara lupta sAhitya ko prakAzavAna kiyaa| prAcIna sAhitya, itihAsa, kalA, darzana va dharmazAstra sambandhI viSayoM para cAra hajAra se bhI adhika zodhapatra, lekha va nibandha prakAzita / likhita va sampAdita 45 grantha prakAzita evaM lagabhaga 20 yaMtrastha / anekoM patrapatrikAoM kA sampAdana / anekoM zodha chAtroM ko mArgadarzana va sahayoga / samparka --nAhaToM kI guvADa, bIkAnera (rAjasthAna) / 364

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DA. amaranAtha pANDeya ema. e., DI. phila. / adhyakSa-saMskRta vibhAga, kAzI vidyApITha, vaaraannsii| saMskRta va hindI, sAhitya ke prakhara vidvAna, prakhara cintaka, sazakta lekhaka / saMskRta sAhitya ke anekoM viSayoM para zodhakArya / saikar3oM zodhapatra evaM nibandha tathA pustakeM prakAzita / "mArga darzana meM anekoM zodha chAtra DAkTareTa kI upAdhi se vibhUSita, tathA anekoM tadartha kAryarata / samparka-60,adhyApaka nivAsa, kAzI vidyApITha, vaaraannsii| uSA kiraNa jaina ema. e., bI. eDa., ri. skA., / lekhikA, sAmAjika kAryakartA, vidussii| janma 20 disambara 1949 / anekoM samAjasevI saMsthAoM se sambaddha / samAjasevI evaM racanAtmaka kAryoM meM tIvra abhiruci / vibhinna sAmAjika viSayoM para samaya-samaya para anekoM lekha evaM nibandha tathA zodhapatra prakAzita / samparka-prAthamika cikitsA kendra, kuzalagar3ha, vAMsabAr3A (raaj.)| zrIcandra jaina ema. e., ela-ela. bii.| hindI ke pramukha sAhityakAra / janma-22 janavarI 1910 / cIpha sekreTarI tathA jilAdhIza padoM para kArya, tadantara zikSAjagata meM praveza / rIvAM, kharagauna, gvAliyara, evaM jabalapUra meM vibhinna mahAvidyAlayoM meM prAdhyApaka evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa padoM para kArya kiyA, avakAza prApti ke bAda se sandIpani snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya, ujjaina meM prAcArya evaM adhyakSa - hindI vibhAga, ke rUpa meM kAryarata / lagabhaga tIsa pustakeM prakAzita / anekoM racanAe~ puraskRta / loka sAhitya meM vizeSa abhiruci / samparka-mohana nivAsa, koThI roDa, vizvavidyAlaya mArga, ujjaina (ma. pra.) / 395

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paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, siddhAntAcArya jaina dharma va darzana ke mUrdhanya evaM adhikArika vidvAna, prabuddha cintaka evaM vicAraka tathA ojasvI vktaa| janma-kArtika zukla dvAdazI, savat 1960, nahaTaura jilA bijanaura / zrI syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya vArANasI meM adhyayana aura san 1927 se usI meM adhyApana / mahAvidyAlaya ke aneka varSoM taka prAcArya rahe; vartamAna meM sevAnivRta / prakAzita kRtiyA~-jainadharma, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa (3 bhAga), bha. RSabhadeva, namaskAra maMtra, nyAya kumudacandra (prathama bhAga) kI prastAvanA, jaina nyAya, dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma / anUdita tathA sampAdita-upAsakAdhyayana, kundakunda prAbhUta sagraha, tatvArtha sUtra, satprarUpaNA sUtra, svAmI kIrtikeyAnupro, nayacakra / sampAdaka-jIvarAja granthamAlA, zolApura tathA mUtidevI granthamAlA, bhAra. tIya jJAnapITha; jaina sandeza / bhUtapUrva adhyakSa, bhA. di. jaina vidvatpariSad / maMtrI-sAhitya vibhAga, bhA. di. jaina sNgh| sadasya..- parAmarza samiti, bhAratIya jnyaanpiitth| samparka-syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, bhadainI, vArANamI (u. pr)| DA. kastUracandra kAsalIvAla ema. e., po-eca. DI., zAstrI / pratiSThita sAhityakAra eva itihAsa kAra; itihAsa ratna evaM vidyAvAridhi kI upAdhi dvArA alaMkRta / gata 30 varSoM se sAhityika jagata kI sevA meM rata / anekoM zodhapatra, nibandha, lekha va lagabhaga 20 pustakeM prakAzita / pramukha kRtiyA~- rAjasthAna ke jaina saMta, vyaktitva evaM kRtitva" (puraskRta , mahAkavi daulatarAya kAsalIvAlavyaktitva evaM kRtitva" (puraskRta), rAjasthAna ke jaina zAstra bhaNDAroM kI graMtha sucI (5 bhAga) kA sampAdana / nirdezaka-sAhitya zodha vibhAga, zrI atizaya kSetra mhaaviirjii| jaina darzana tathA itihAsa ke vibhinna viSayoM para satat zodhakArya meM rt| samparka-sAhitya zodha vibhAga, mahAvIra bhavana, savAI mAnasiMha hAIve, jayapUra /

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DA. kailAzacandra jaina ema. e., pI-eca. DI., DI. liTa. / pratiSThita itihAsakAra evaM pUrAtatva vettaa| janma-21 apraila 1930 maroTha (rAjasthAna) / mahArAjA mahAvidyAlaya, jayapura; zAsakIya mahAvidyAlaya, ajamera; va rAjaRSi kAleja, alavara, meM prAdhyApaka rahe / 1964 se, adhyakSa --- prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti vibhAga, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina / sadasya- inTaranezanala kAnphrensa Apha oriyanTa lisTasa, 1963, Ala iNDiyA orienTala kAnphrensa, iNDiyana hisTrI kAMgresa, insTITyUTa Apha hisTorikala sTaDIja, epIgrAphIkala sosAyaTI Apha iNDiyA, nyumismaiTika sosAyaTI Apha iNDiyA / prakAzanaJainism in Rajasthan, Ancient cities and towns of Rajasthan, Malwa through the Ages, Lord Mahavira & his times, prAcIna bhArata meM sAmAjika evaM Arthika saMsthAeM / lagabhaga 70 zodhapatra prakAzita / gata bIsa varSa se zodhakArya meM rata / 1966 meM ullekhanIya zodhakArya hetu rAjasthAna zAsana dvArA puraskRta / samparka-mohana nivAsa, devAsa roDa, ujjaina 456 001 / DA. kRSNadatta vAjapeyI pI-eca. DI. / prasiddha itihAmajJa evaM purAtattva vettaa| mathurA, lakhanaU meM kyUreTara sAgara vizvavidyAlaya meM Taigora prophesara tathA adhyakSa-prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti vibhAga / adhyakSa, nyU maismeTika sosAyaTI Apha innddiyaa| upAdhyakSa, epIgrAphIkala sosAyaTI Apha innddiyaa| bhAratIya abhilekha saMsthA / nelasana rAiTa iNDiyA maiDila (bhAratIya mudrA pariSada se sammAnita); aiziyeTika sosAyaTI, kalakattA se Ara. pI. candA maiddil| bir3alA myUjiyama ke adhyakSa / lagabhaga 26 pustake prakAzita / 450 zodha prabandhoM ke mArgadarzaka / 28 zodha chAtroM ko mArgadarzana meM DAkTareTa kI upAdhi prApta / tripurI, erana va devagar3ha meM utkhanana evaM purAtatvIya zodhakArya / samparka-adhyakSa, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saskRti vibhAga, sAgara vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara /

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duo kalyANa kumAra jaina "zazi" prasiddha Azukavi rAjanItika evaM sAmAjika kaarykrtaa| janma-- 8 mArca 1918 / sana 1930 meM asahayoga Andolana meM jelyaatraa| anekoM bAra sammAnita / "pArzvanAtha pUjana" para puraskRta (1972) / deza ke pramukha patroM tathA patrikAoM meM saikar3oM kAvya racanAe~ prakAzita / samparka-jaina phArmesI, bAjAra nasarullA khAM, rAmapura (u. pra.) / gulAbacandra jaina vI. e., ela-ela. bI. / bhAratIya saMgIta, jaina dharma-darzana va saMskRti ke adhikArika vidvAna, prakhara baktA, pratiSThita sAmAjika kaarykrtaa| kulapati, indirA kalA saMgIta vizvavidyAlaya, khairAgar3ha (ma. pra.) : janma-22 julAI 1924 / prasiddha jaina vidvAna sva. megharAja munota ke suputra / jaina dharmazAstra, tathA kAnUna viSayoM meM viSada adhyayana / saMvidhAnika vidhi ke vizeSajJa / jaina dharma darzana va saMskRti se sambandhita vividha viSayoM para aneko sammelanoM meM vyAkhyAna / a. bhA. zvetAmbara jaina esoziyesana ke dvArA jana 1976 meM upa rASTrapati dvArA pradatta mvarNa padaka se sammAnita / pUrva adhyakSa-zikSA samiti, janapada sabhA khairAgar3ha pUrva mAnasevI saciva ----- vIrendra ko-ApareTiva baiMka, pUrva koSAdhyakSa evaM pUrva sadasya kAryakAraNI-indirA kalA saMgIta vizvavidyAlaya / samparka-kulapati, indirA kalA saMgIta vizvavidyAlaya khairAgar3ha (ma. pra.) govinda nArAyaNa TaNDana ema. e. (arthazAstra) arthazAstra ke pratiSThita vidvAna / janma20 maI 1916 / kulapati-jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara / vikToriyA kAleja, gvAliyara meM arthazAstra vibhAga meM vyAkhyAtA (1939.43) evaM prAdhyApaka (1943-48) rahe / prAdhyApaka evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa, arthazAstra vibhAga, mahArAnI lakSmIbAI kalA evaM vANijya mahAvidyAlaya, gvAliyara (1948-58) / prAcArya, zAsakIya mahAvidyAlaya, gunA (1958-61) / prAcArya, zAsakIya kalA evaM vANijya mahAvidyAlaya, indaura (1961-64) / kUlasaciva, indaura vizvavidyAlaya, (1964.73) / vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM anekoM samitiyoM ke sadasya rahe / samparka-gAMdhI roDa, gvAliyara / 368

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jI. Ara. jaina ema. esa-sI. / bhautikazAstrI, jaina vijJAna ke adhikArika vidvAna, prakhara cintaka, pratiSThita lekhaka evaM samAjasevI / janma -2 disambara 1902, zrInagara (gar3havAla), u. pra. / DA. meghanAtha zAha, epha. Ara. esa. aura DA. nIlA ratnadhara jaise prakhara vaijJAnikoM ke mArgadarzana meM ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya meM shikssaa| vyAkhyAtA-bhautikazAstra (1926-28), meraTha kAleja, mertth| vikToriyA kAleja, tathA mAdhava injIniyariMga kAleja, gvAliyara meM bhautikazAstra vibhAga ke adhyakSa tathA prAdhyApaka rhe| jaina dharma-darzana para vizada adhyayana / bAlyAvasthA se jaina jIvana-darzana meM dIkSita / sAtavIM kakSA meM pAMca sau rupaye mAsika se adhika grahaNa karane kA parigraha parimANa vrata liyA tathA usakA jIvana paryanta pAlana kiyaa| pAMca sau rUpaye se adhika prApta samasta Aya jIvanabhara dAna ko / pUrva adhyakSa, jaina esoziyasana, vIra zikSA samiti, gvAliyara / kartavyapradhAna jIvana ke dRr3ha saMkalpI / vijJAna aura darzanazAstra para lagabhaga bAraha pustake prakAzita / mahatvapUrNa prakAzana-kAsmolAjI (olDa eNDa nyu), prakAzaka-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vaaraannsii| samparka-vijaya bhavana ? 23/5 thAparanagara, meraTha / / candanamala vaida prasiddha lokanetA evaM smaajsevii| svAdhInatA Andolana meM sakriya bhAga liyA / anekoM samAjasevI saMsthAoM tathA kAMgresa saMgaTana meM vibhinna padoM para rhe| rAjasthAna zAsana meM vibhinna vibhAgoM kA kuzalatApUrvaka dAyitva nirvahana / maMtrI--- vitta, svAsthya evaM parivAra niyojana bibhAga | ojasvI vaktA tathA prabhAvazAlI lekhaka / samparka-vitta maMtrI, rAjasthAna zAsana, jayapura /

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jyoti prasAda jaina vidyAvAridhi - ema. e., ela.ela. bI., pI-eca. DI., itihAsa ratna / jaina itihAsa, saMskRti aura sAhitya ke praur3ha manISI evaM adhikArika vidvAna janma san 1912, mertth| anekoM zaikSaNika evaM samAjasevI saMsthAoM se sambaddha / anekoM bAra sammAnita / itihAsaratna evaM vidyAvAridhi kI upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita saikar3oM zodhapatra evaM nibandha prakAzita / pramukha pustakeM - Jaina's Sources of Ancient India. Jainism, The oldest Religion, Religion & culture of the Jains, bhAratIya itihAsa: eka dRSTi, ruhelakhaNDa kumAyU~ aura jainadharma, prakAzita jaina sAhitya, hastinApura, tIrthakaroM kA sarvodaya mArga, Adi / sampAdaka - Voice of Ahimsa | jaina sandeza ( zodhAMka), jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, Adi zodha patrikAe~ / insTITyUTa oNpha prAkRta eNDa jenolojI, vaizAlI kI kAunsila ke sadasya pradhAna saMcAlakaakhila vizva jaina mizana / samparka - jyoti nikuMja, cArabAga, lakhanaU 2260011 TI. ke. Tukola | - ema e ela ela. bI. nyAyamUrti ucca nyAyAlaya, baMgalora, / karnATaka pUrva kulapati baMgalaura vizvavidyAlaya prasiddha vidhivettA, jaina dharma evaM darzana ke prakhara vidvAna janma 8 maI 1908 ra (bIjApura) bambaI vizvavidyAlaya meM dvitIya sthAna prAptakara aMgrejI sAhitya meM snAtakottara parIkSA uttIrNa kI (1931) sahAyaka kAleja (pUnA) / jilA prAdhyApaka, (a~grejI sAhitya ) - phargyUsana kAleja nyAyAlaya bIjApura meM vakAlata prArambha kI ( 1934 ) / nyAyAdhIza manonIta hI nyAyika sevA meM (1938) dezI rAjyoM ke vilaya ke meM vizeSa adhikArI sambandha meM vidhika parAmarzadAtA ke rUpa manonIta (1948-50 ) atirikta jilA evaM satra nyAyAdhIzakolhApura (1950) jilA evaM satra nyAyAdhIza (1955) bhraSTAcAra nirodhaka adhiniyama ke antargata vizeSa nyAyAdhIza evaM ilekzana TribyUnala ke sadasya ke padoM para kArya / ati. vivi saciva (1957), vidhi saciva (1961) maisUra maisUra uccanyAyAlaya meM nyAyamUrti manonIta / afaa kulapati vizvavidyAlaya 19 972) lakhapati bhAI -- baMgalaura ina bhAI insTITyUTa oNpha inDolAjI meM Sallekhna is not Suicide, viSaya para nImAna prakAzita pustakeM "Compend / ium of Jainism" ( Sardar Patel University ). Saying of Bhagwan Mahavira". samparka-kubera nivAsa, 115 elIphenTa zeka roDa, jaya nagara, baMgalaura, 560,0 11 1 1 / ---- - -- 400 , -

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DA. daravArI lAla koTiyA ema. e., pI-eca. DI / darzana zAstra ke prakhyAta vidvAna, jaina darzana ke prakANDa paNDita, prakhyAta AdhyAtmika vktaa| jaina dharma va darzana para zodhakArya va tadartha mArgadarzana / lagabhaga do sau zodhapatra va nibandha prakAzita / anekoM pustake prakAzita / samparka --camelI kuTIra, 1/128 DumarAva kAlaunI, assI, vAgaNasI-51 DA. padamacandra jaina ema. bI. bI. ema. / prabuddha lekhaka, sevAbhAvI cikitmaka evaM sAmAjika kAryakartA / meDIkala kAleja, ajamera meM prathama zreNI meM ema. bI. bI. ema. parIkSA uttIrNa kii| cikitsA vijJa na, pramukhata : zAkAhAra cikitsA zAstrIya pakSa tathA bhAratIya darzana ke pariprekSya meM viSaya para anekoM lekha prakAzita / samparka -- meDIkala AphIsara, pI. eca. sI., kuzalagar3ha, jilA bAMsavAr3A, (rAjasthAna) paramAnanda jaina zAstrI jaina darzana evaM sAhitya ke prakhara vidvAna / janma-zrAvaNa vadI caturthI, saM. 1965 vi. / nidezaka, vIra sevA mandira, sarasAvA aura dillI (1936-72) lagabhaga 325 mahatvaparNa zodhaparaka lekha prakAzita, jinase aneka lupta mAhityika evaM aitihAsika tathya prakAzita, tathA tatsambandhI anveSita mAmagrI saMkalita / sampAdaka --anekAnta ( mAsika zodha ptrikaa)| likhita evaM sampAdita grantha-mokSamArga prakAzaka, sukha ko eka jhalaka (prathama bhAga), anubhava prakAza, cidvilAsa jaina graMtha prazasti saMgraha, jaina mahilA zikSA saMgraha, prAcIna jaina itihAsa (dvitIya bhAga), mahAvIra paramparA aura pazcAtavartI rAjAoM kA paricaya, hindI jaina kaviyoM kA itihAsa, Adi / anuvAda --samAdhitaMtra iSTopadeza, ekIbhAvastrota Adi / samparka-epha 95, javAhara pArka, vesTa lakSmInagara dillI 51 / DA. zrImato puSpalatA jaina ema. e. (hindI, bhASA vijJAna), pI.-eca. DI. / prabuddha sAhityakAra lekhikA evaM samAlocaka / janma - 20 sitambara 1942, sAgara / anekoM samAjasevI saMsthAoM se smbddh| hindI meM bhASA vijJAna para zodhakArya para DAkTareTa kI DigrI se sammAnita / lagabhaga tIsa zodhapatra eba nibandha prakAzita / prakAzita pustake madhyakAlIna hindI jaina sAhitya meM rahasya bhAvanA / samparka-nyU eksaTenzana eriyA, sadara, nAgapura /

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paripUrNAnanda varmA rASTrIya khyAtiprApta lekhaka evaM vicAraka, pratiSThita samAjasevI, ojasvI vaktA / anekoM sAhityika eva samAjasevI saMsthAoM se sambaddha | adhyakSa, Ala iNDiyA krAima privenzana sosAyaTI / pacAsa ke lagabhaga pustakeM tathA pAMca sau ke lagabhaga lekha va nibandha prakAzita / anekoM purakRsta / pramukha racanAe~-aparAdha - aparAdhI aura abhiyukta, tIna aitihAsika nATikAe~, aisA-vaisA, nArI ratna, patana kI paribhASA, prANadaNDa, vAlaratna, bhArata kI vibhUtiyA~, mRtyudaNDa kI prathA aura itihAsa, merA praNAma, rUpa aura rupaiyA, pratIkazAstra, maraghaTa kA murdA, AtmahatyA aura vAsanA ke aparAdha / samparka - 4 lakSmIratana bagalA, kAlapI roDa, kAnapura 12 / DA. vRjavAsI lAla ema. e., pI-eca. DI. / prakhyAta itihAsakAra evaM purAtatva vettA | pUrva nidezaka- ArkiyolAjIkala sarve Apha iNDiyA, bhArata zAsana / pUrva adhyakSa - prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti vibhAga, jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara / vartamAna meM, nidezaka - purAtatva vibhAga, insTITyUTa Apha eDavAnsa sTaDIja, zimalA | rAmAyaNakAlIna sthaloM ke utkhanana ke mahatvapUrNa kAryoM meM saMlagna | aitihAsika mahatva ke anekoM sthaloM ke utkhanana kA nirdezana kara bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke anekoM lupta pakSa ujAgara kiye| anekoM zodhapatra evaM nibandha prakAzita / samparka - nidezaka, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti vibhAga, insTITyUTa Apha eDavAnsa sTaDIja, rASTrapati nivAsa, samara hila, zimalA (himAcala pradeza) 171005 | DA. bhAgacandra jaina ema. e. (saMskRta, pAli; prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti aura purAtatva), sAhityAcArya, sAhitya ratna, pI-eca. DI. ( sIlona ) / prasiddha itihAsajJa, jaina sAhitya ke prakhara vidvAna / janma - 1 janavarI 1939 bamhaurI, chatarapura (ma. pra. ) aneka zaikSaNika va samAjasevI saMsthAoM se sambaddha va unameM vibhinna padoM para sevArata / adhyakSa - pAli - prAkRta vibhAga evaM prAdhyApaka-pAli-prAkRta tribhAga, na gapura vizvavidyAlaya, naagpur| prakAzita pustakeM - Jains in Buddhist Literature, bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa, catu zatakam (saMpA. anu.) pAtilovakha (saMpA. anu.), pAliko saMgraho (saMpAdana), jaina dharma aura saMskRti, bha. mahAvIra aura unakA cintana, jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa, bhAratIya saMskRtIlA vauddha dharmAce yogadAna ( marAThI ), lagabhaga assI zodha nibandha prakAzita / sampAdana - ratnatraya (mAsika) kolhApura / samparka - nyU eksaTenzana eriyA, sadara, nAgapura / 402

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DA. mahAvIra sarana jaina ema.e., DI. phila., DI. liTa. / prasiddha sAhityakAra evaM samAlocaka / anekoM samAjasevI va zaikSaNika saMsthAoM se sambaddha, aneka akhila bhAratIya saMsthAoM ke AjIvana sadasya / snAtakottara hindI evaM bhASA vijJAna vibhAga, jabalapura vizvavidyAlaya meM variSThatama pravAcaka evaM prazAsakIya vibhAgAdhyakSa / ceyaramaina, snAnakotara hindI sammilita adhyApana, DAyaraikTara -hindI brija korsa projekTa / 4 uccastarIya grantha evaM 60 se adhika zodha nibandha prakAzita / nirdezana meM aneka chAtroM ko pI-eca. DI. va DI. liTa. kI upAdhiyA~ prApta / "pariniSThit hindI kA dhvanigrAmika adhyayana" zIrSaka pustaka uttara pradeza zAsana dvArA puraskRta / samparka-adhyakSa - hindI va bhASA vijJAna vibhAga, jabalapUra vizvavidyAlaya, jabalapura (ma. pra.) / madhusUdana narahari dezapANDe prakhyAta kalAmarmajJa, pugatatva vettA evaM samIkSaka / mahAnidezaka ----- bhAratIya purAtatvIya sarvekSaNa vibhAga, bhArata zAsana / bhAratIya purAtatva paba maskati ke aneka pakSoM para zodhakArya / pUrva meM tAmralipi se lekara dakSiNa bhArata ke aneka sthaloM kA purAtatvIya sarvekSaNa / uttara bhArata ke ambakher3I, bar3agAMva ityAdi sthaloM kA utkhanana kara tAmrapASANa yugIna (siMdhu sabhyatA ke antima kAlIna avazeSoM kA punarjAgaraNa / dakkhana ke pItala vIrA nAmaka sthala kA unnvanana kara yakSa paramparA se sambandhita nabIna AyAmoM kI khoja kii| ajantA guphA ke kalA pakSa para zodha evaM smiikssaa| anekoM zodhapatra ba nibandha prakAzita / samparka-nidezaka, bhAratIya purAtatvIya sarvekSaNa vibhAga, janapatha naI dillii| yU. ena. bAcchAvata ema. e., ela-ela. bI. / kuzala vaktA evaM lekhaka, prakhyAta vidhi bettA, nyAyamUrti, ma. pra. ucca nyAyAlaya / ma. pra. uccanyAyAlaya kI indaura khaNDapITha ke variSTha evaM khyAtiprApta abhibhASaka rhe| bhAratIya saMvidhAna evaM nirvAcana vidhi ke vizeSajJa / san 1974 meM madhyapradeza ucca nyAyAlaya meM nyAyAdhIza pada para niyukta / vidhi ke atirikta sAmAjika vijJAnoM meM vizeSa ruci / samparka-gAMdhI mArga, gvAliyara / 403

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yazapAla jaina bI. e., ela-ela. vI. / antarrASTrIya khyAti prApta lekhaka, patrakAra, gAMdhIvAdI vicAraka / janma-sitambara 1912, alIgar3ha (u. pr.)| prayAga vizvavidyAlaya se ela-ela. bii.| 1937 meM vakAlata kA vyavasAya chor3akara patrakAritA jagata meM praviSTa / prasiddha sAhityakAra / saikar3oM kahAniyA~ va lekha prkaashit| lagabhaga eka sau pustakoM ke rciytaa| sampAdaka "jIvana sAhitya" / pUrva sampAdaka - "jIvana sudhA" "madhukara" evaM "vIra" / maMtrI-sastA sAhitya maNDala, naI dillii| adhyakSaa. bhA. aNuvata samiti / hindI bhavana, rASTrabhASA pracAra samiti evaM citrakalA saMgama, Adi saMsthAoM ke saMsthApaka sadasya evaM padAdhikArI / sadasya kA. kA-a. bhA. 2500 vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava samiti / paMca mahAvratadhArI / lagabhaga 35 dezoM kI yAtrA kii| samparka7/8 dariyAgaMja, dillI 6 / DA. rAjArAma jaina ema. e. (hindI), pI-eca. DI., zAstrAcArya / hindI-saMskata va prAkRta bhASAoM ke adhikArika vidvAna, mUrdhanya sAhitkAra / sampAdaka---- jJAnodaya (1954--55) / prAdhyApaka, hindI vibhAga - rAjakIya mahAvidyAlaya, zahaDola (1955-56) evaM rAjakIya prAkata zodha saMsthAna (1956-61); saMskana-prAkRta vibhAga, hA. dA. jaina kAleja, ArA, magadha vizvavidyAlaya (1961 se) / anekoM zodhanibandha, lekha va pustake prakAzita / prakAzita pramukha pumnaka . raIdhU sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana (puraskRta), 'vaDamANa cariu', raidhU granthAvalI (16 khaNDoM meM prakAzya, 2 khaNDa prakAzita), vIra jiNaMda cariu (raIdhUkRta), prAkUna grantha saMgraha, ArAmasohAkahA, zramaNa sAhitya meM varNita vihAra kI kucha jaina tIrthabhumiyAM, saMskRta prAkata viSayaka 5 zodha chAtroM ko pI-eca. DI. hetu nirdeshn| sampAdaka, "jaina siddhAnta bhAskara / "Jain Antiquary" / kITaka vizvavidyAlaya meM Ayojita Ala iNDiyA orienTala kAnphrensa ke 28vai adhivezana (1976) meM "prAkata evaM jainijma vibhAga" ke adhyakSa / magadha vizvavidyAlaya dvArA devakumAra jaina oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa ArA ke sanmAnya nidezaka manonIta / a. bhA. zA. puraskAra (vaDIta), vIra nirvANa bhAratI puraskAra (dillI) tathA vIra nirvANa bhAratI svarNapadaka puraskAra prApta / samparka-mahAjana TolI naM 2, ArA (bihaar)| 404

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ravIndra mAlava DI.ema. I., ema. e.(samAjazAstra, rAjanIti vijJAna). ela-ela. vI., vizArada / sazakta lekhaka evaM patrakAra ojasvI vattA, pratiSThita sAmAjika kAryakartA / janma-28 maI 1948 / kizorAvasthA se hI bahumukhI pratibhA ke dhanI / anekoM pratiSThita mamAcAra-patroM evaM saMvAda samitiyoM ke pratinidhi va sampAdaka rhe| phrI lA~sara / pUrva mA. vyAkhyAtA-samAjazAstra vibhAga - DaoN. bhagavatasahAya smAraka mahAvidyAlaya, gvAliyara evaM zAsakIya snAtakottara kanyA mahAvidyAlaya, gvAliyara-6 / abhibhASaka ---- ma. pra. ucca nyAyAlaya gvAliyara / madamya mahAsabhA, vidyA pariSada evaM mAmAjika vijJAna saMkAya (1972 se) jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara / jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya kI anekoM samitiyoM ke sadasya / anekoM smArikAoM tathA jaina DAirekTarI gvAliyara, kA sampAdana / anekoM zaikSaNika tathA samAjasevI saMsthAoM se sambaddha / adhyakSa, bhAratI vividha kalA saMsthAna, upAdhyakSa -- phanakAra (urdU sAhitya maMca), mahAmaMtrI, ravIndra zikSA samiti, saha maMtrI--vIra zikSA samiti evaM mAdhava pustakAlaya gvAliyara / pravandha nyAbhI-zyAmalAla pANDavIya sUkRta sevA nyAma, gvAliyara / nyAmI evaM sadasya kA. kA. zrI 2500 vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra smAraka nyAsa, gvAliyara / vizva yUvaka kendra tathA gAMdhI zAnti pratiSThAna ke saMyukta tatvAvadhAna meM "rASTrIya yuvA nIti' ke nirdhAraNa hetu Ayojita a. bhA. yuvaka mammelana, dillI (1977) meM pratinidhi / lagabhaga gyAraha godhapatra va nivandha tathA Der3ha sau sAmayika lekha prakAzita / samparka-prema zAnti bhavana, phAlake bAjAra, gvAliyara 474,001 / Ara. ena. mizra ema. e., pI-eca. ddii.| prasiddha itihAsajJa evaM purAtatvavettA / vanArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya se prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti meM ema. e. (1957) / mAgara vizvavidyAlaya se prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti tathA purAtatva viSaya meM DAkTareTa kI upAdhi prApta kI (1968) / bhAratIya ucca adhyayana saMsthAna, rASTrapati nivAsa, zimalA meM DAhala aura dakSiNa komala (ma. pra.) kI mUrtiyoM para ucca adhyayana (mArca 1973 se jUna 1975) / 1959 se 1976 taka sAgara vizvavidyAlaya meM snAtakottara kakSAoM meM adhyApana / adhyakSa tathA pravAcaka,prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtatva adhyayana maNDala evaM upAcArya evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa adhyayana zAlA-prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtatva vibhAga jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara / prakAzita pustakeM- "bharahuta" (ma. pra. hindI grantha akAdamI), "AncientArtist and Art Activity" (bhA. u. a. sN.--shimlaa)| prakAzya pustakeM-bhAratIya mUrtikalA (maikamilana, bhArata), Sculptures of Dahal & South Kosal (I. I. A. S., Simla), "Yaksha Cult and Icography (Motilal Banarsidas), lagabhaga cAlIsa zodhapatra prakAzita. samparka--"mamatA", balavantanagara, gAMdhI mArga, gvAliyara 51

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DA. lakSamInArAyaNa duve ema. e. (hindI, itihAsa), pI-eca. DI., sAhitya ratna / janma-1932 / sAhityaratna parIkSA meM zrIdhara svarNa padaka mohanalAla caube padaka dvArA sammAnita / a. bhA. kalA-sAhitya-saMskRti pariSada, mathurA dvArA 'sAhitya mArtaNDa' kI mAnada upAdhi se vibhUSita / sahAyaka AcArya, hindI vibhAga-sAgara vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara / anekoM zodhapatra (130), nibandha (1000) saMgraha eva sampAdita pustakeM (27), pustikAe~ (3) va grantha (5) prkaashit| nirdezana meM do chAtra pI-eca. DI. upAdhi se vibhUSita, sAta chAtra pI-eca. DI. hetu zodhakAryarata / pramukha kRtiyAM-"navIna tathA rASTrIya kAvya" / "navIna' viSayaka zodha grantha para ma. pra. zAsana dvArA a. bhA. rASTrIya puraskAra pradatta / sAgara vizvavidyAlaya meM, "praNAmI sampradAyaH sAhitya tathA siddhAnta' viSaya para DI. liTa. hetu paMjIkRta / samparka-sa-44 gauranagara, sAgara vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara 470,003 / DA. lakSamIcandra jaina ____ ema.esa-sI., DI. eca. vI., gaNita ke adhikArika vidvAna, kuzala lekhaka evaM prakhara vaktA / jaina skUla oNpha maithamaiTiksa, esTronAmI kAsmolAjI evaM anya Exact Sciences meM vizeSajJa / prAdhyApaka eva vibhAgAdhyakSa-gaNita vibhAga, zAsakIya snAtakotara mahAvidyAlaya khaNDava (ma. pra.) / eka sau ke lagabhaga zodhapatra va nibandha prakAzita / samparkaprAdhyApaka eva vibhAgAdhyakSa, gaNita vibhAga, zAsakIya snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya, khaNDavA (ma. pr.)| sumati bAI zahA rASTrIya khyAti prApta viduSI, pratiSThita samAjasevI evaM zikSAvid / sampUrNa jIvana janasevA tathA mahilA zikSaNa evaM nArI jAgaraNa ko samarpita / adhyakSa-zrAvikA saMsthAnagara (mahilA vidyApITha), zolApUra (mhaaraassttr)| bhArata zAsana dvArA "padmazrI' ke alaMkaraNa se vibhUSita / samparka-zrAvikA saMsthAnagara, vudhavAra solApura-2 (mahArASTra) 406 |

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PROYAHOON saradArasiMha coraDiyA prakhyAta udyoga vizeSajJa, prakhyAta samAjasevI evaM kuzala vktaa| mahAprabandhaka, biralA udyoga samUha gvAliyara / karmaTha samAja sevI, kSetrIya tathA pradeza kI anekoM samAjasevI tathA audyogika saMsthAoM se sambaddha / gvAliyara ko adhikAMza pramukha samAjasevI saMsthAoM va nyAsamaNDaloM ke preraka, sarakSaka, unnAyaka evaM padAdhikArI / sarvadharma mAnava mandiroM ke preraka basasthApaka / samanvayavAdI vicAradhArA se otaprota, sarvadharma samabhAva ke hAmI / adhyakSa, zrI 2500 vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava smAraka nyAsa tathA zrI 2.00 vAM bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava samiti, gvAliyara saMbhAga / sadasya mahAsabhA--jIvAjI vizva vidyAlaya, gvAliyara / samparka --biralAnagara, gvAliyara 474,004 / paM. sumeracandra divAkara zAstrI, bI. e; ela-Ala vI., nyAyatIrtha, vidvaratna / jaina darzana ke prakANDa vidvAna, prakhara lekhaka va vaktA / janma--8 akTUmbara 190, sivanI (ma. pr.)| 19 | meM amahayoga Andolana meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ke AvhAna para aMgrejoM dvAra' macAlita aMgrejI vidyAlaya tyAgakara marainA ke jaina gurukula meM saMskRta eva dharma kA a yayana prArambha kiyA / mya dvAda mahAvidyAlaya, vArANasI meM nyAyatI kI upAdhi prApta kii| vairisTara campata gayajI kI preraNA me hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI meM punaH adhyayana prArambha kara --vI. e. evAlala. bI. kI parIkSA uttaM Na kii| Ajanma brahmacayaM brata dhAraNakara sampUrNa jIvana samAja eva saskRti kI sevA ko samarpita / a. bhA. di. jaina mahAsabhA dvArA "vidvatrana' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita, caritra nakravartI AcArya zigamaNi 108 . yogIzvara zrI zAntisAgara jI mahArAja dvArA 'dharma divAkara'' kI padavI pradatta / bhArata ke mUDavI maTha ke savadhAcona digambara jaina prakRta atha gaja 'mahAdhavala' (mahAbaMdha) ko prApta kara usakA sampAdana kiyaa| sampAdaka-kaSAya pAhur3a mahAvandha; pUrva sampAdaka -- jaina gajaTa / Tokiyo (jApAna) meM Ayojita sarvadharma sammelana meM jainadharma kA pratinidhitva kiyaa| aMgrejI va hindI meM aneko maulika granthoM ke racayitA / pramukha racanAe~---jainazAsana, caritra cakravartI, mahAzramaNa mahAbIra, thamaNa - velagolA, saiddhAntika carcA, campa pUrI sammeda zikhara, adhyAtmika jyoti, tIrtha kara Nudity of Jain Saints, Religion & Peace, Tirthankar Mahavir Life & Philosophy samparka ...divAkara sadana, sivanI (ma. pra.)

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DA. sAgaramala jaina . ema. e., pI-eca. DI. / jaina darzana ke prakhara vidvAna, prabuddha lekhaka / jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA darzanazAstra meM jaina AcAra darzana" viSaya para prastuta zodha prabandha para DAkTareTa kI upAdhi se sammAnita / adhyayana ke mukhya viSaya - jaina evaM vauddha darzana / prAdhyApaka evaM adhyakSadarzanazAstra vibhAga, hamIdiyA kalA evaM vANijya mahAvidyAlaya, bhopaal| anekAnta kI jIvana dRSTi evaM vividha lekha prakAzita / anekoM zodhapatra prakAzita / samparka-prAdhyApaka evaM adhyakSa-darzanazAstra vibhAga, hamIdiyA kAleja, bhopAla / zyAmalAla pANDavIya vatantratA senAnI, lokanetA, yazasvI lekhaka evaM patrakAra, prakhyAta samAjasevI / janma-14 disambara 1896 murAra (gvaaliyr)| 1917 meM gvAliyara rAjya meM sarvaprathama, 'galpa patrikA" nAma se mAsika patra kA prakAzana kiyaa| 23 varSa kI alpAyu meM hI asahayoga Andolana meM bhAga lene ke kAraNa (1920 meM briTiza bhArata meM) daNDita / 1921 meM pAkSika "samaya" kA prakAzana, jo bAda meM sAptAhika ho gyaa| 1938 meM aMgrejI sAptAhika State Herald kA prakAzana kiyaa| 1 disambara 1939 ko ugra bhAvanAoM ke kAraNa binA vAraNTa giraphtArI, jela yAtrA / sArvajanika sabhA (gvAliyara sTeTa kAMgresa) ke adhyakSa nirvAcita (1940) / 1941 meM jela mukt| sadasya, rAjya dhArAsamA (1944), sampAdaka -- galpapatrikA, sA. samaya, State Herald (w), nArada (pA.), muni, praNavIra, sA. prajApUkAra, dai. hamArI AvAja / madhyabhArata nirmANa para prathama maMtrImaNDala meM saMsadIya saciva (1948) / dvitIya maMtrimaNDala meM maMtrI (1949) manonIta; taba se madhyabhArata vilayana (1956) taka vibhinna mahatvapUrNa vibhAgoM meM maMtrI va maMtrImaNDala ke variSTha sadasya rahe / adhyakSa, a. bhA. digambara jaina pariSada (1972) / anekoM rASTrIya, prAntIya evaM sthAnIya saMsthAoM meM vibhinna mahatvapUrNa padoM para rhe| vibhinna viSayoM para saikar3oM lekha va lagabhaga dasa pUstake prakAzita / samparka-prema zAntI bhavana, phAlake bAjAra, gvAliyara 474,00 / / 408

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zAntIlAla jaina "madhukara" vI. kAma. / sazakta kavi, lekhaka evaM pratiSThita samAjasevI / anekoM samAjasevI saMsthAoM se sambaddha, samAjasevI kAryoM meM agraNI vastra vyvsaayii| bhAvAtmaka kavitAoM ke prnnetaa| deza kI anekoM pramukha patra-patrikAoM meM lagabhaga DeDa sau kAvya racanAe~ prakAzita / samparka8 vI., Ara. jI. kara ror3a, zyAma bAjAra, kalakattA 4 / DA. zivakumAra nAmadeva ema. e., pI-eca. DI. / janma -30 jUna 1944, zahapurA, maNDalA (ma. pr.)| jabalapura vizvavidyAlaya se prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtatva viSaya meM prathama zreNI meM snAtakottara parIkSA uttIrNa / jabalapUra vizvavidyAlaya se "kalacurI mUrtikalA kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana" viSaya para prastuta zodha grantha para DAkTareTa kI upAdhi se vibhUSita / vyAkhyAtA-prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtatva vibhAga, zAsakIya mahAvidyAlaya DinDorI (mnnddlaa)| zramaNa (banArasa), sanmati sandeza (dillI), jaina pracAraka (dillI) sanmati vANI (indaura), anekAnta (dillI), madhya pradeza sandeza (bhopAla) Adi anekoM patra patrikAoM meM jaina evaM jainetara viSayoM para sau se bhI adhika zodhapatra evam nibandha prakAzita / samparka-vyAkhyAtAprAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtatva vibhAga, zAsakIya mahAvidyAlaya, DinDorI (maNDalA) ma. pra. / 406

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harihara nivAsa dvivedI prasiddha itihAsakAra, vidhi vizeSajJa, sAhityakAra, patrakAra / abhibhASaka - uccatama nyAyAlaya / itihAsa, purAtatva, hindI sAhitya tathA vidhi sambandhI viSayoM para sau adhika zodha grantha, maulika grantha tathA TIkAe~ prakAzita / saikar3oM zodhapatra prakAzita / prasiddha pustakeM''madhyabhArata kA itihAsa" (4 bhAga), "dillI ke tomara", "gvAliyara ke tomara", "bhArata kI mUrtikalA" "kIti stambha", "vipurI", "tAnasena", "gvAliyara rAjya ke abhilekha", gvAliyara rAjya kI mUrtikalA", "madhya dezI bhASA", eka lAkha se adhika mudrita pRSThoM kA hindI evaM aMgrejI kA vidhi mAhitya / sampAdana-'vikrama smati grantha", bhAratI (mAsika) sarvocca nyAyAlayIna nirNaya, maMgala prabhAta (sAptAhika), dainika navaprabhAta, jabalapura lA jarnala, ma. pra. rAjasva nirNaya, ma. pra. vIkalI noTsa / samparka--dvArA lA jarnala pablikezansa, jayendragaja. gvAliyara 474001 DA. hukumacandra bhArilla zAstrI, nyAyatIrtha sAhitya ratna, ema. e., pI-eca. ddii.| jaina dharmadarzana ke prakANDa vidvAna, prabuddha lekhaka vicAraka evaM ojasvI vaktA / janma-barodAsvAmI, jhA~sI (u. pra.) AdhyAtmika cintaka / taka saMgata evaM adabhUta zailI ke lokapriya AdhyAtmika pravaktA / kuzala lekhaka evaM uccakoTi ke AdhyAtmika nivandhakAra / anekoM pustakoM ke rciytaa| saikaDoM zodhapatra evam nivandha prakAzita / anekoM pustakoM kA gujarAtI, marAThI, va asamI meM anuvAda prakAzita / gata pAMca varSo meM Apake dvArA racita sAr3he cAra lAkha se bhI adhika pustakeM vikrIta / paM. ToDaramala jI ke sAhitya para zodhakArya meM saMlagna / 'paM. ToDaramala vyaktitva evaM kartatva" nAmaka zodhaprabandha para indaura vizvavidyAlaya se DAkTareTa kI upAdhi se vibhuSita / saMcAlaka---samprati paM. ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa jayapUra / kUla saciva-zrI vItarAga vijJAna vidyApITha / pramukha pustake --- paM. ToDaramalavyaktitva evaM kartatva', 'bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unakA sarvodaya tIrtha". "tIrtha kara bhagavAna mahAvIra" samparka-paNDita ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, e 4) vApU nagara, jayapura-4 (rAjasthAna) S

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prativedana jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita "mahAvIra smRti graMtha" meM mahAvIra nirvANa varSa meM gvAliyara meM hae kAryoM kA ullekha sAmayika, sarAhanIya evaM abhinandanIya hai| isa varSa meM sampanna kAryoM evaM kAryakramoM meM anekoM mahAnubhAvoM kA ullekhanIya sahayoga prApta huA hai| gvAliyara meM isa kArya meM samAjasevA meM atyAdhika tatpara zrI mizrIlAla jI pATanI ne dinAMka 1-2-70 se kArtika vadI 30 saM. 2053 taka samiti ke maMtrI rahakara sabhI kAryoM meM tana mana dhana se pUrNa sahayoga pradAna kiyaa| samiti ke adhyakSa zrI vRdhamala gaMgavAla tathA kAryAdhyakSa zrI mAnikacandra jI gaMgavAla rhe| samiti ne gvAliyara saMbhAga ke aneka jilA evaM tahasIloM meM bhramaNa kara 235 samitiyAM tathA kAryasampAdana meM sahayogArtha upasamitiyAM gaThita kI jinameM 1200 ke lagabhaga mahAnubhAvoM ne saMlagnatA se tana mana dhana se kArya sampAdana kiyaa| gvAliyara saMbhAgIya samiti kI anuzaMsA para kendrIya samiti ke adhyakSa zrI sAhU zAntIprasAda jaina dvArA gvAliyara ke karmaTha kAryakartAoM ko svarNa padaka va mAnapatra dvArA sammAnita kiyA gyaa| isa mahAna avasara para lazkara nagara meM eka karor3a rupaye ke lagabhaga vyaya se aneka dhArmika kArya hue, gvAliyara saMbhAga ke aneka nagaroM meM jaina samAja kI ora se janatA ke lAbhArtha jaina auSadhAlaya, vAcanAlaya, jaina dharmazAlAeM,pyAU, vAlakrIr3Alaya, prasUtigRha, puSpavATikAeM, mahAvIra kIrti stambha, navIna jaina maMdira nirmANa va prAcIna maMdiroM kA jIrNoddhAra haa| suganacandra pATanI mAdhavagaMja kI ora se lazkara meM zivaNakalA zikSAlaya bhI prArambha kiyaa| aneka sthAnoM para naitika zikSAlaya, mahAvidyAlaya va chAtrAvAsa sthApita hae / jilAdhyakSa kI adhyakSatA meM vanI arddha zAsakIya samiti ne mahAvIra bhavana hetu bhUmiprApti meM sahayoga kiyA / mahotsavoM meM zAsana, jilAdhyakSa zrI Ara. ke. guptA, nigama AyuktA adhikAriyoM ke sahayoga, jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya dvArA vyAkhyAnamAlA ke Ayojana, va smRtigrantha ke prakAzana meM upakUlapati zrI govinda nArAyaNa TaNDana va saMyojaka zrI ravIndra mAlava ke sahayoga hetu samAja unakA AbhArI hai| digambara jaina nirgrantha muniyoM va saMta candana munijI ne nirantara upadeza va AzIrvAda diye va zrI saradAra siMha coraDiyA ne tana mana dhana se sahayoga dekara atyAdhika parizrama ke sAtha pratyeka kArya meM sahayoga pradAna kiyaa| ma. pra. ke bhramaNa hetu Ae dharmacakra meM bhI gvAliyara sambhAga se DhAI lAkha rupayoM kA prazaMsanIya sahayoga diyA gyaa| kendrIya kAryAlaya ko bhI kAphI dhanarAzi sahayogArtha bhijvaaii| mizrIlAla pATanI kA kArya-sahayoga prazaMsanIya rhaa| Maww.jainelibrary.org

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