Jain Kala evam Sthapatya Part 2

Author(s): Lakshmichandra Jain
Publisher: Bharatiya Gyanpith
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001959/1

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S ENTERash jaina kalA sthApatya mddaa dhiin

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100

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| .... " rtulunnuglykunlltunumtknngtjnyynkntulttt haa ln yvvn

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jaina kalA sthApatya evaM khaNDa 2

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ujjaina, madhya pradeza tIrthaMkara gyArahavIM zatAbdI

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jaina kalA evaM sthApatya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava ke pAvana avasara para prakAzita mUla-saMpAdaka amalAnaMda ghoSa bhUtapUrva mahAnidezaka, bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa tIna khaNDoM meM prakAzita khaNDa prakAzita khaNDa 2 (SIDO (O- papAsarya EVE bhAratIya jJAnapITha naI dillI

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mUla aMgrejI se hindI meM anUvita hindI saMpAdaka : lakSmIcandra jaina 1975 bhAratIya jJAnapITha tIna khaNDoM kA mUlya ru0 550 prakAzaka : lakSmIcandra jaina, maMtrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, bI-45/47 kanaoNTa plesa naI dillI-110001. mudraka : omaprakAza, saMcAlaka, kaiksTana presa, prA. li., 2-I, rAnI jhAMsI ror3a, naI dillI-110055.

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sampAdakIya TippaNI isa graMtha kI pariyojanA isake prathama khaNDa meM pRSTha 10 para spaSTa kI gayI thii| dvitIya khaNDa usI yojanA-krama ke anurUpa hai, aMtara kevala itanA hai ki bhAga 5 (vAstu-smAraka aura mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0) meM dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata ko eka hI adhyAya 24 meM sammilita kara diyA gayA hai (jaisAki pRSTha 10 para saMketa kiyA gayA thA ki kSetrIya sImAoM kA nirdhAraNa sarvatra sarala nahIM hotA), aura bhAga 6 (vAstu-smAraka aura mUrtikalA : 1300 se 1800 I0) meM dakSiNa bhArata para koI adhyAya nahIM hai kyoMki usakI sAmagrI kA upayoga adhyAya 24 meM kara liyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM, pRSTha 326-328 para DaoN0 raMgAcArI caMpakalakSmI ne isa parivartana kA samucita kAraNa eka TippaNI meM batAyA hai jo unhoMne mere anurodha para likhii)| kSetragata aura kAlagata sImA-rekhAoM ke prAyaH aspaSTa hone se adhyAya 18, 19, 24 aura 26 meM jo vyatikrama AyA hai vaha isI kAraNa kSamya hai| yaha khaNDa adhyAya 30 (bhitti-citra) ke sAtha samApta hotA hai| yaha adhyAya bhAga 7 ke aMtargata hai jo tIsare khaNDa meM samApta hogA, aura usI meM bhAga 8 (abhilekhIya aura madrA saMba srota), bhAga ha (mUrtikalA aura sthApatya ke siddhAMta aura pratIka) aura bhAga 10 (saMgrahAlayoM kI kalA-vastue~) bhI sammilita haiN| prathama khaNDa meM pRSTha 8 para maiMne likhA hai ki bhArata se bAhara koI jaina purAvazeSa hone kA pramANa, nahIM miltaa| mAno isa mAnyatA meM parivartana lAne ke lie hI hameM agralikhita kalAkRtiyoM kI sUcanA dI gayI hai| zrI munIzacaMdra jozI isI khaNDa ke pRSTha 256 para uttara-pUrva balgAriyA se prApta eka kAMsya-nirmita tIrthaMkara-mUrti prakAzita kara rahe haiM, jise prAcIna kAla meM koI jaina bhakta vahA~ pUjA ke lie le gayA hogaa| utanI hI, yA kadAcit usase bhI adhika, mahattvapUrNa aphagAnistAna se prApta tIrthaMkara kI kAyotsarga-mudrA meM saMgamaramara se nirmita vaha mUrti (khaNDita mastaka) hai jisakI sUcanA seminAra phaoNra prorieNTala ArTa-hisTrI, yUnivarsiTI oNpha baoNna ke mere mitra DaoN0 klaoNz2a fizara ne dene kI kRpA kii| unhoMne isa mUrti kA citra bhI bhejA, jisakA rekhAMkana (rekhAcitra 10)aura usapara

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sampAdakIya TippaNI eka TippaNI yahA~ prastuta hai| zailI kI dRSTi se yaha mUrti prAraMbhika madhyakAla kI hai para usake nirmANa kA sthala ajJAta hai; saMgamaramara kI hone se vaha pazcima bhArata se saMbaddha ho sakatI hai para saMgamaramara kA prayoga aphagAna-smArakoM meM bhI hayA hai| prathama khaNDa meM pRSTha 11 para pAda-TippaNI 4 meM maiMne likhA thA ki mahArASTra meM usmAnAbAda ke nikaTa sthita dhArAziva (dharasinva) guphAe~-mUlataH bauddha dharma se saMbaddha rahI ho sakatI haiM jinakA IJ ... JAPAN P 1 rekhAcitra 10. kareja emIra (aphagAnistAna) : tIrthaMkara upayoga jainoM ne bAda meM kiyaa| isapara kucha matabheda sAmane AyA hai jisase isa viSaya para pUnavicAra kI AvazyakatA par3I hai| sva. dhavalIkara aura mirAzI ne isa prazna para vicAra kiyA hai| prathama vidvAn to ina guphAoM ke mUlataH bauddha hone kI hI puSTi karate haiM, kintu dUsare vidvAn ise 1 apanI TippaNI meM DaoN0 fizara likhate haiM ki yaha citra kAbula ke kareja-emIra meM liyA gayA thA jahAM afagAnistAna ke rAjA ne naye bhavanoM kA nirmANa karAyA thA aura unheM rAjagharAne ke saMgrahoM se lAyI gayI mUrtiyoM se pralaMkRta kiyA thaa| pro0 Deniyala sklumbargara se prApta sUcanA ke AdhAra para DaoN0 fizara likhate haiM ki yaha mUrti g2az2anI meM apraila 1955 meM eka purAvastuoM kI dukAna meM lAyI gayI thii| DaoN. fizara ne do aura jaina kalA-kRtiyoM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai jo bhArata-pAka sImA ke usa pAra se prApta huiiN| eka hai saMgamaramara kI tIrthaMkara-mUrti jo aphagAnistAna ke bamiyAna nAmaka prasiddha bauddha sthAna se lAyI gayI (klaoNja phizara, vaoNyasa oNpha ahiMsA 1956, aMka 3-4), aura dUsarI hai pUrvI tukistAna ke tufona prosisa kI guphAoM meM eka jaina muni kA citrAMkana (e, vaoNna le kaoNka, di buddhisTizca spAtantika, 3 citra 4; I. vAlvazcmita, gandhAra-kutzca-turphAna, lIpajiga, 1925, citra 43 bI). 2 dhavalIkara (ema ke). jarmala praoNpha vi eziyATika sosAyaTI maoNpha bAmbe, 39-40. 1964-65, 4 183-90, aura jarnala maoNpha iNDiyana hisTrI, 46. 1968.1 405-12.

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sampAdakIya TippaNI vivAdagrasta mAnate haiN| isa saMbaMdha meM hamArI mAnyatA una AkhyAnoM se nahIM jur3anI cAhie jo ina guphAoM ke saMbaMdha meM kucha jaina graMthoM meM vidyamAna haiM aura jinako ina donoM vidvAnoM ne atyadhika vizvasanIya mAnA hai| yahA~ to vicAra kA mukhya AdhAra guphA-2 ke garbhAlaya meM virAjamAna zailotkIrNa mUrti ke mUrtizAstrIya lakSaNa hone cAhie, jinakI sUkSma parIkSA ina donoM vidvAnoM ne pUrNatayA nahIM kI hai| yaha mUrti dhyAna-mudrA meM sthita eka aise vyaktitva kI hai jo sarpa kI sapta (?)-phaNAvalI kI chAyA meM AsIna hai, nIce pAdapITha para donoM prora eka-eka mRga kA aMkana hai jinake madhya eka khaNDita aMkana hai jo nizcita hI cakra hai| yadi yaha mUrti buddha kI mAnI jAye to sarpa-phaNAvalI kA saMbaMdha buddha ke jIvana ke nAga-muliMda nAmaka upAkhyAna se jor3anA hogA, parantu taba usase mRga-aura-cakra pratIkoM kI saMgati nahIM banegI, kyoMki yaha pratIka (mRga-dAva) sarvatra yA adhikatara, kevala buddha kI usa mati ke sAtha milatA hai jo dharmacakra pravartana-madrA meM hotI hai| isake viparIta, isa mRga-aura-cakra pratIka kI saMgati tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyoM ke sAtha pUrNatayA banatI hai jinake pAdapIThoM para usakA aMkana sarvatra milatA hai| isake prAcIna jJAta udAharaNa, lagabhaga 600 I0 ke haiM, akoTA kI eka kAMsya-mati aura IDara kI eka pASANa-mUrti / isa tathya para bala nahIM diyA jAnA cAhie ki dhArAziva-guphA aura ajaMtA kI vAkATaka-guphAoM kI vinyAsa-rekhAe~ milatI-julatI haiM, kyoMki saMketa bAra-bAra milatA hai ki bhAratIya sthApatya meM rUpAkAra, paraMparA-bheda hone para bhI prAyaH bhinnabhinna nahIM hote| ataeva, ina guphAoM ke mUlata: bauddha hone ke saMbaMdha meM jo maiM pahale kaha cukA hU~ usameM saMzodhana karatA huuN| isa graMtha ke prakAzana meM mere jina mitroM ne apanI sahAyatA dI hai unakA ullekha prathama khaNDa meM pRSTha 12-14 para diyA jA cukA hai| unheM maiM kRtajJatApUrvaka puna: dhanyavAda detA hU~ aura unase nirantara sahayoga kI apekSA rakhatA huuN| 5 apraila, 1975 amalAnaMda ghoSa 1 (mirAzI) vAsudeva viSNu . jarnala oNpha iNDiyana hisTrI. 51. 1973. pR. 315-27. 2 draSTavya prathama bhAga meM pR 5. 3 yaha sUcanA nijI patrAcAra meM DaoN0 umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha ne kRpApUrvaka pradAna kii| ve aura likhate haiM : 'chaThavIM zatAbdI se pUrva kI adhikatara mUrtiyoM meM, yadi cakra ke donoM ora eka-eka muga dikhAyA gayA ho to vaha mUrti zAMtinAtha kI mAnanI hogI jinakA cihna mRga hai|'

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viSaya-sUcI pRSTha sampAdakIya TippaNI citra-sUcI ... ... ... ... (11) bhAga 4 adhyAya 19 vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 (samApana) dakSiNa bhArata ___. ke. bhAra0 zrInivAsan, bhUtapUrva adhIkSaka purAvid, bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa, madrAsa tathA hariviSNu sarakAra, nidezaka, bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa, naI dillI .. 211 211 bhAga 5 adhyAya 20 vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 uttara bhArata munIza caMdra jozI, adhIkSaka purAvid, bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa, naI dillI adhyAya 21 pUrva bhArata sarasI kumAra sarasvatI, bhAratIya kalA ke bhUtapUrva prophesara, banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya adhyAya 22 madhya bhArata kRSNadeva, bhUtapUrva nidezaka, bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa, naI dillI

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adhyAya 23 adhyAya 24 adhyAya 25 adhyAya 26 adhyAya 27 adhyAya 28 adhyAya 29 adhyAya 30 pazcima bhArata kRSNadeva tathA DaoN0 umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha, bhUtapUrva upanidezaka, orieNTala insTITyUTa, bar3audA dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata ke0 vI0 sauMdara rAjan nidezaka, bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa, naI dillI tathA isI meM eka TippaNI kI lekhikA DaoN0 raMgAvArI caMpakalakSmI, asoziyeTa aitihAsika prophesara adhyayana keMdra, javAharalAla neharU vizvavidyAlaya, naI dillI uttara bhArata munIza caMdra jozI viSaya-sUcI pUrva bhArata sarasI kumAra sarasvatI madhya bhArata kRSNadatta bAjapeyI bhAga 6 vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 pazcima bhArata DaoN0 azoka kumAra bhaTTAcArya, vyAkhyAtA, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa aura saMskRti vibhAga, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya dakSiNApatha pI0 prA0 zrInivAsan, adhIkSaka purAlipijJa, bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa, maisUra bhAga 7 citrAMkana aura kASTha zilpa bhitti citra kalambUra zivarAmamUrti nidezaka, rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, naI dillI : (bhAga 7 kA samApana tRtIya khaNDa meM hogA ) (10) : 302 312 339 351 354 360 370 387

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citra-sUcI chAyAcitroM yA rekhAcitroM ke zIrSakoM ke Age koSThakoM meM kaoNpIrAiTa ke dhAraka kA nAma diyA gayA hai| saMgrahAlayoM meM kucha chAyAcitra anya dhArakoM dvArA bheje hue haiN| aisI sabhI sthitiyoM meM kaoNpIrAiTa kA adhikAra saMbaMdhita saMgrahAlaya tathA usa dhAraka kA hai| chAyAcitra ke lie kevala citra zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isa sUcI meM nimnalikhita zabda saMkSipta rUpa meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai: bhA pusa bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa, naI dillI chAyAcitra sammukha-citra ujjaina : tIrthakara, gyArahavIM zatI (nIraja jaina) adhyAya 19 127 ka zittannavAsala : guphA-maMdira (bhA pu sa) kha tirupparuttikkuNram : caMdraprabha-maMdira (bhA pu sa) 128 ka tirupparuttikkuNram : maMdiroM ke vimAna (bhA pusa) kha caTTIpaTTI : bhagna maMdira aura usake adhiSThAna para sthApita mUrtiyA~ (bhA pusa) 129 ka sembaTUra : bhagna maMdira aura usake adhiSThAna para sthApita mUrtiyA~ (bhA pusa) kha zravaNabelagolA : caMdragupta-bastI kA maMdira-samUha (bhA pu sa) 130 ka kambadahalli (zravaNabelagolA) : paMcakUTa-bastI (bhA pu sa) kha zravaNabelagolA : cAmuNDarAya-bastI (bhA pusa) 131 zravaNabelagolA : gommaTezvara-mUrti (bhA pusa) zravaNabelagolA : gommaTezvara-mUrti kA zIrSa (bhA pu sa) tirakkola : zailotkIrNa tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ (nIraja jaina) (11)

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134 tirumalai : neminAtha maMdira (bhA pusa ) 135 ka vallimale tIrthakaroM aura pakSiyoM kI lorakIrNa mUrtiyA~ (bhA pusa ) E 136 ka ciTThAmUra yakSI sahita mahAvIra kI zailotkIrNa mUrti (iMstIta phAMsa ) 141 142 kha uttamapalaiyam : tIrthaMkaroM kI paMktibaddha zailotkIrNaM mUrtiyA~ (bhA pusa ) : 137 kalugumale dhanucaroM sahita tIrthaMkaroM kI lorakIrNa mUrtiyAM (bhA pusa ) kalugumalaM yakSI aura tIrthaMkaroM kI ailotkIrNa mUrtiyAM (bhA pusa ) kalugumalai : tIrthaMkaroM kI paMktibaddha zailotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ (bhA pusa ) citarAla zailAzraya (bhA pusa ) : 138 139 ka kha 140 ka kallila zailAzraya ( bhA pusa ) 149 143 144 145 146 147 148 ka kha 150 151 ka kha 152 biTTAmUra paricArikAoM sahita bAhubalI aura tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI zailotkIrNa mUrtiyAM (iMstIta phrAMse da' iNdolaoNjI, pANDicerI) : citra-sUcI citarAla tIrthaMkaroM kI zailotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ (bhA pusa ) : : kha kallina sAthaya ke sAmane kA maMdira (bhA pusa ) pAlaghATa maMdira aura usake sAmane pUrvavartI maMdira kA aviSThAna (bhA pusa ) pAlaghATa : tIrthaMkara tathA anya mUrtiyA~ (bhA pusa ) adhyAya 20 prosiyA : mahAvIra - maMdira, devakulikAeM (bhA pusa ) osiyA : mahAvIra maMdira, toraNa (bhA pusa ) phalaudI pArzvanAtha maMdira (bhA pusa ) ajamera ar3hAI dina kA jhoMpar3A, chata (bhA pusa ) ajamera ar3hAI dina kA jhopar3A, aMtaHbhAga ( bhA pusa ) : nIlakaNTha : vAstu khaNDa (bhA pusa ) : dhAvastI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha (lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya) (amerikana iMsTITyUTa oNpha iNDiyana sTaDIja, vArANasI, purAtatva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, lakhanaU ke saujanya se) kaTarA : tIrthaMkara neminAtha ( bharatapura saMgrahAlaya ) ( amerikana iMsTITyUTa, purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, lakhanaU saujanya se) ajamera : tIrthaMkara - mUrti ( rAjapUtAnA saMgrahalAya ) ( vipina kumAra jaina, purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, rAjasthAna ke saujanya se ) bIkAnera saMgrahAlaya : eka mUrti kA parikara ( amerikana iMsTITyUTa, purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, rAjasthAna ke saujanya se ) jayapura saMgrahAlaya tIrthaMkara munisuvrata ( amerikana iMsTITyUTa, purAtatva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, rAjasthAna ke saujanya se) ( 12 )

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citra-sUcI 153 bharatapura saMgrahAlaya : tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha (amerikana iMsTITyUTa, purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, rAjasthAna ke saujanya se) pallU : vAgdevI (bIkAnera saMgrahAlaya) (amerikana iMsTITyUTa, purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, rAjasthAna ke saujanya se) ___154 adhyAya 21 155 ka maNDoila : tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha (AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya) (AzutoSa myUjiyama praoNpha iNDiyana ArTa, kalakattA) ___ kha mAyatA : tIrthaMkara RbhaSanAtha (AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya) (AzutoSa myUjiyama) 156 ka gar3ha jayapura : tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha (AzutoSa myuujiym)| kha uttara baMgAla : eka mUrti (myUjiyama oNpha varendra risarca sosAyaTI, rAjazAhI) 157 ka devapAr3A : eka mUrti (myUjiyama oNpha varendra risarca sosAyaTI, rAjazAhI) kha alaurA : aMbikA kI kAMsya-mUrti (paTanA saMgrahAlaya) (bhA pu sa, paTanA myUjiyama ke saujanya se) 158 ka mAnabhUma : tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha kI kAMsya-mUrti (prAzutoSa myUjiyama) kha palamA : tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha (paTanA saMgrahAlaya) 159 ka puruliyA : caturmukha (AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya) (prAzutoSa myUjiyama) kha deuliyA : caturmukha (AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya) (prAzutoSa myUjiyama) 160 ka jhavArI : maMdira kI kAMsya-nirmita anukRti (bhAratIya saMgrahAlaya) kha bAnapura : tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha kI kAMsya-mUrti (bhuvanezvara saMgrahAlaya) (bhAratIya saMgrahAlaya) 161 ka bAnapura : tIrthakara cadraprabha kI kAMsya mUrti (bhuvanezvara saMgrahAlaya) (purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, ur3IsA) kha ur3IsA : tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha (khiciMga saMgrahAlaya) (purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, ur3IsA) 162 ka ur3IsA : yakSI-mUrti (bAripada saMgrahAlaya) (purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, ur3IsA) kha kAkaTapura : caMdraprabha kI kAMsya-mUrti (pAzutoSa myUjiyama) adhyAya 22 163 164 165 166 167 168 khajurAho : zAMtinAtha-maMdira, tIrthaMkara ke mAtA-pitA (bhA pusa) khajurAho : ghaNTAI-maMdira (bhA pu sa) khajurAho : ghaNTAI-maMdira, garbhagRha kI chata (bhA pu sa) khajurAho : pArzvanAtha-maMdira (bhA pusa) khajurAho : pArzvanAtha-maMdira, pRSThabhAga (bhA pusa) khajurAho : pArzvanAtha-maMdira, dakSiNI bahibhitti kA eka bhAga (bhA pusa) ( 13 )

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citra-sUcI 169 khajurAho : pArzvanAtha maMdira, maNDapa kI chata (bhA pu sa) 170 khajurAho : pAzrvanAtha-maMdira, pRSThavartI garbhagRha kA pravezadvAra (bhA pusa) 171 khajurAho : AdinAtha-maMdira (bhA pu sa) khajurAho : AdinAtha-maMdira, dakSiNI bahibhitti kA eka bhAga (bhA pusa) khajurAho : pArzvanAtha maMdira, mahAmaNDapa meM caturviMzati-paTTa (bhA pu sa) 174 ka khajurAho : pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahibhitti para sarasvatI (bhA pu sa) kha khajurAho : pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahibhitti para deva-mUrtiyA~ (bhA pu sa) 175 khajurAho : pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahirbhAga, ziva-mastaka (bhA pu sa) 176 khajurAho : pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahibhitti para surasuMdarI (bhA pu sa) 177 AraMga : bhANDa devala-maMdira (bhA pu sa) 178 AraMga : bhANDa devala-maMdira, garbhagRha meM tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ (bhA pu sa) 179 cAMdapura : navagraha-paTTa (bhA pu sa) 180 prahAra saMgrahAlaya : yakSI cakrezvarI (purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, madhya pradeza) 181 ka lakhanAdona : tIrthaMkara-mUrti (purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, madhya pradeza) kha lakhanAdona : tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha (purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, madhya pradeza) 182 ka gaMdhAvala : yakSI cakrezvarI (purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, madhya pradeza) kha mAMdhAtA : pItala-nirmita tIrthaMkara-mUrti kA parikara adhyAya 23 183 mAuNTa AbU : vimala-vasahi-maMdira, raMga-maNDapa kI chata (bhA pu sa) 184 mAuNTa pAbU : vimala-vasahi-maMdira, raMga-maNDapa ke staMbhoM para toraNa (bhA pu sa) 185 mAuNTa AbU : vimala-vasahi-maMdira kA eka pravezadvAra (bhA pu sa) 186 ka mAuNTa AbU : vimala-vasahi-maMdira, mukha-maNDapa kA chata meM kAliyA-damana (bhA pusa) kha mAuNTa AbU : vimala-vasahi-maMdira, mukha-maNDapa kI chata meM narasiMha (bhA pu sa) 187 ka mAuNTa AbU : vimala-vasahi-maMdira, maNDapa kI stUpI para yakSI aMbikA (bhA pu sa) kha mAuNTa AbU : vimala-vasahi-madira, raMga-maNDapa kI stUpI para yakSI-mUrti (bhA pusa) mAuNTa AbU : vimala-vasahi-maMdira, mukha-maNDapa (bhA pu sa) 189 kuMbhariyA : neminAtha-maMdira, bahirbhAga kA aAMzika dRzya (bhA pusa) 190 mAuNTa AbU : lUNa-vasahi-maMdira, raMga-maNDapa kI chata (bhA pusa) 191 mAuNTa AbU : lUNa-vasahi-maMdira, nava-caukI ke staMbha (bhA pu sa) 192 mAuNTa AbU : lUNa-vasahi-maMdira, chajjA (bhA pu sa) 188 mAu

Page #21
193 194 195 ka kha 196 197 198 ka kha 199 200 201 202 citra-sUcI mAuNTa prAbU : lUNa-vasahi-maMdira, vIthi kI chata para ariSTanemi ke jIvana ke dRzyAMkana (nIraja jaina, satanA) mAuNTa AbU : lUNa sahi-maMdira, vIthi kI chata para samavasaraNa, dvArikA tathA giranAra tIrthaM ke dRzyAMkana ( bhA pusa ) mAuNTa AbU vimala vasahi-maMdira sabhA maNDapa kI chata para vidyAdevI mAnavI ( umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha ) mAuNTa dhAvU vimala-saha-maMdira sabhA maNDapa kI char3a para vidyAdevI mahAmAnasI (umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha) kuMbhariyA : mahAvIra maMdira, tIrthaMkaroM ke mAtA-pitA aura pArzvanAtha ke jIvana-dRzya ( umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha) mAuNTa AbU : vimala-vasahi-maMdira, eka chata para mahAvidyA vajrAMkuzI kA aMkana ( umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha) mAuNTa ghAbU vimala sahi-maMdira prapsarA-mUrti (umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha) varAvana tIrthaMkara mUrti (priMsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya ) khaMbhAta : eka dAnI- dampati ( umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha ) barAvana : sAhadeva ( umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha ) mAuNTa AbU : lUNa vasahi-maMdira, hastizAlA meM vastupAla aura usakI patniyA~ ( umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha) vAya tIrthaMkara kI kAMsya mUrti (umAkAMta premAnaMda sAha ) 203 ka lavakuNDI brahma-jinAlaya (bhA pusa ) adhyAya 24 la la kuNDI brahma-jinAlaya, paravartI maNDapa (bhA pusa ) zravaNabelagolA : pArzvanAtha - bastI ( bhA pusa ) 204 205 ka zravaNabelagolA : akaNNa bastI ( bhA pusa ) va hanuma koNDA kadalAlaya hastI (bhA pusa ) 206 hanumakoNDA tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI zailotkIrNa mUrti (bhA pusa ) kha hanumakoNDA : anucara sahita tIrthaMkara kI zailotkIrNa mUrti (bhA pusa ) sittAmUra maMdira kA gopura (iMstItUta phrAMsa da iNdolaoNjI, pANDicerI ) sitAmUra maMdira meM navIna vAstu-kRti (iMstItUta phA~sa ) 207 208 209 tirupparuttikkuTam : maMdira (bhA pusa ) 210 tirupparuttikkuTam : vardhamAna maMdira, saMgIta- maNDapa ( bhA pusa ) tirupparuttikkuTam : mahAvIra maMdira ( bhA pusa ) 211 212 ka vijayamaMgalam : caMdranAtha maMdira (zAMtilAla kapUracaMda, koyambattUra ) ( 15 )

Page #22
citra-sUcI 212 kha vijayamaMgalama : caMdranAtha-maMdira, gopura (zAMtilAla kapUracaMda, koyambattUra) 213 tirumala : maMdira, vihaMgama dRzya (bhA pusa) 214 tirumalai : maMdira kA prAkAra aura gopura (bhA pusa) 215 tirumala : dharmAdevI-maMdira meM gommaTa kI zailotkIrNa mUrti (bhA pu sa) 216 veMkuNram : tIrthaMkaroM kI kAMsya-mUrtiyA~ (bhA pu sa) 217 ka dAnavulapaDu : tIrthakara pArzvanAtha (bhA pusa) kha dAnavulapaDu : vartulAkAra pITha meM caumukha (bhA pu sa, zAsakIya saMgrahAlaya, madrAsa ke saujanya se) 218 ka dAnavulapaDu : vartulAkAra pITha ke kinAroM para deva-deviyA~ (bhA pu sa) kha villivakkam : tIrthaMkara-mUrti (bhA pu sa) adhyAya 25 219 cittaur3a : kIrtistaMbha aura maMdira (nIraja jaina, satanA) 220 cittaur3a : zRgAra-caurI (nIraja jaina) 221 ka cittaur3a : zRgAra-caurI, yakSI-mUrti (bhA pu sa) kha ayodhyA : kaTarA jaina maMdira, sumatinAtha kI ToMka (harIzacaMdra jaina, dillI) 222 cittaur3a : sAta-bIsa Devar3hI (bhA pusa) 223 jaisalamera kilA : sumatinAtha-maMdira (bhA pu sa) jayapura : paTodI kA maMdira, bhitti-citra (nIraja jaina) 225 trilokapura : pArzvanAtha-maMdira-zikhara (harIzacaMdra jaina) 226 vArANasI : digaMbara jaina maMdira, aMtaHbhAga (harIzacaMdra jaina) 224 adhyAya 27 227 digaMbara jaina saMgrahAlaya, ujjaina : sarvatobhadra (nIraja jaina, satanA) 228 ka pajanArI : maMdira meM tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ (rameza jaina, sAgara) kha paTanA : tIrthaMkara-pArzvanAtha (rameza jaina) 229 ka gvAliyara kilA : tIrthakara kI zailotkIrNa mUrti (bhA pusa) kha gvAliyara kilA : tIrthaMkaroM kI zailotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ (bhA pu sa) 230 ka digaMbara jaina saMgrahAlaya, ujjaina : tIrthaMkara-mUrti kA parikara (nIraja jaina) ___kha naravara : tIrthaMkara mUrti kA parikara (gvAliyara saMgrahAlaya) (bhA pu sa, purAtatva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, madhya pradeza ke saujanya se) 231 ka digaMbara jaina saMgrahAlaya : bAlayatiyoM kI mUrti (nIraja jaina) kha marImAtA-guphA : vidyAdhara kI mUti (bhA pu sa)

Page #23
citra-sUcI 232 ka zivapurI : aMbikA (purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, madhya pradeza) kha digaMbara jaina saMgrahAlaya, ujjaina : zAsana devI kI mUrti (nIraja jaina) 233 ka baDoha : maMdira-samUha (bhA pu sa) kha pajanArI : maMdira (rameza jaina) 234 ka malhAragar3ha : maMdira kA UparI bhAga (purAtattva saMgrahAlaya, sAgara vizvavidyAlaya) kha kolhA : maMdira kI alaMkRta chata (bhA pu sa) adhyAya 28 235 236 237 238 239 240 raNakapura : prAdIzvara-maMdira, bahirbhAga (bhA pusa) raNakapura : prAdIzvara-maMdira, madhyavartI garbhagRha (nIraja jaina, satanA) zavaMjaya : maMdira-nagara kA eka bhAga (bhA pusa) giranAra : maMdira-nagara kA eka bhAga (bhA pusa) raNakapura : prAdIvara-maMdira, eka maNDapa (bhA pu sa) raNakapura : prAdIzvara-maMdira, eka chata (bhA pusa) raNakapura : prAdIzvara-maMdira, eka chata (nIraja jaina) raNakapura : pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahibhitti kA eka bhAga (nIraja jaina) raNakapura : pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahibhitti kA eka bhAga (bhA pusa) raNakapura : zakuMjaya-giranAra-paTTa (nIraja jaina) raNakapura : naMdIzvara-dvIpa-paTTa (nIraja jaina) raNakapura : sahasraphaNa pArzvanAtha (nIraja jaina) 241 242 243 244 245 246 adhyAya 29 247 hampI / gaMgiTTi-maMdira aura usake sAmane ke staMbha (bhA pu sa) 248 hampI : hemakUTa parvata para maMdira-samUha (bhA pusa) 249 ka hampI / hemakUTa parvata para trikUTAcala maMdira (bhA pu sa) kha mUDabidrI : sahana staMbhoM-vAlA maMdira (bhA pu sa) 250 ka mUDabidrI : bhairAdevI-maNDapa ke staMbha (bhA pu sa) kha mUDabidrI : bhairAdevI-maNDapa ke staMbha (bhA pusa) 251 mUDabidrI : muniyoM ke samAdhi-smAraka (bhA pusa) 252 ka kArkala : caumukha-bastI (bhA pu sa) kha veNUra : zAMtIzvara-bastI ke sAmane ke staMbha (bhA pu sa) ( 17 )

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citra-sUcI 253 bhaDakala : caMdranAthezvara-bastI ke sAmane ke staMbha (bhA pusa) 254 ka kArkala : brahmadeva-staMbha (bhA pu sa) kha mUDabidrI : eka staMbha kA zIrSa (bhA pu sa) 255 kArkala : gommaTezvara-mUrti (bhA pu sa) 256 ka vAraMgala kilA : tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha (rAjya saMgrahAlaya, haidarAbAda) (purAtattva evaM saMgrahAlaya vibhAga, mAMdhra pradeza) kha mUDabidrI : tIrthaMkara kI dhAtu-mUrti (phoTo pArTa sa, mUDabidrI) 257 ka mUDabidrI : tIrthaMkara kI dhAtu-mUrti (phoTo pArTsa sa, mUDabidrI) kha mUDabidrI : dhAtu-nirmita caturmukha mUrti (phoTo pArTa sa, mUDabidrI) 258 mUDabidrI : dhAtu-nirmita meru (bhA pu sa) adhyAya 30 259 zittannavAsala : guphA kI chata meM citrAMkana (bhA pu sa) 260 ka zittannavAsala : staMbha aura toraNa para citrAMkana (bhA pu sa) kha zittannavAsala : staMbha para citrAMkita nartakI (bhA pusa) 291 tirupparuttikkuNram : mahAvIra maMdira meM citrAMkana / Upara ko paMkti meM RSabhanAtha aura laukika devatA, __nIce kI paMkti meM dIkSA ke lie udyata RSabhanAtha (bhA pu sa) tirupparuttikuNram : mahAvIra maMdira meM citrAMkana / Upara kI paMkti meM RSabhadeva kA vairAgya aura kaccha mahAkaccha kA pAkhyAna, nIce kI paMkti meM nabhi aura vinami kA pAkhyAna (bhA pusa) tirupparuttikuNram : mahAvIra-maMdira meM citrAMkana / Upara kI paMkti meM nami aura vinami kA abhiSeka samAroha, nIce kI paMkti meM RSabhanAtha kI prathama caryA (bhA pu sa) 264 tirupparuttikkuNram : mahAvIra-maMdira meM citrAMkana, kRSNa lIlA ke dRzya raMgIna citra adhyAya 30 zittannavAsala : kamala-sarovara meM sumana-saMcaya (bhA pusa) zittannavAsala : sarovara meM kamala aura haMsa (bhA pusa) zittannavAsala : haMsa-paMkti (bhA pusa) zittannavAsala : kamala-sarovara meM sumana-saMcaya (bhA pu sa) zittannavAsala : nRtya-rata apsarA (bhA pusa) elorA : puSpopahAra liye ur3atI deva-deviyA~ (bhA pu sa) ( 18 )

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raMgIna citra 7 elorA / vyomacArI deva-deviyA~ (bhA pu sa) 8 elorA / vyomacArI deva-deviyA~ (bhA pusa) 9 elorA / vyomacArI deva-deviyA~ (bhA pu sa) 10 elorA / vyomacArI deva-deviyA~ (bhA pu sa) 11 elorA / vyomacArI deva-deviyAM (bhA pu sa) 12 aura 13 mUDabidrI kI eka pANDulipi / vAhana para kAlI; bhaktarAja (rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, mUDabidrI jaina vasadi ke saujanya se) 14 aura 15 mUDabidrI kI eka pANDulipi / padmAsana tathA khaDgAsana-mudrA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra (rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, mUDabidrI jaina vasadi ke saujanya se) 16 aura 17 mUDabidrI kI eka pANDulipi / yakSa ajita aura bhaktagaNa (rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, mUDabidrI jaina vasadi ke saujanya se) 18 aura 19 mUDabidrI kI eka pANDulipi : tIrthakara pArzvanAtha aura dharaNeMdra-padmAvatI tathA zrutadevI (rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, muDabidrI jaina vasadi ke saujanya se) 20 aura 21 mUDabidrI kI eka pANDulipi : bAhubalI aura unakI bahineM tathA zrutadevI (rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, mUDabidrI jaina basadi ke saujanya se) rekhA-citra sampAdaka kA abhimata 10 karez2a emIra (aphagAnistAna) : tIrthakara (klaoNz2a phizara) adhyAya 19 11 zittannavAsala : guphA-maMdira kI rUparekhA (bogela ke anusAra) (bhA pusa) adhyAya 20 12 zrAvAstI : neminAtha-maMdira kI rUparekhA 13 ilAhAbAda-saMgrahAlaya : devakulikA (pramodacaMdra ke anusAra) (pramodacaMdra) 14 ilAhAbAda-saMgrahAlaya : maMdira (pramodacaMdra ke anusAra) (pramodacaMdra) 15 prosiyA : mahAvIra-maMdira-samUha kI eka devakulikA (munIza caMdra jozI) 16 kemalA (bulagAriyA) : kAMsya tIrthaMkara-mUrti (betajesa ke anusAra) (iMsatitUto itAliyano para ila mIdiyo eda estremo moriyaMta) 17 kaMkAlI TIlA : kisI rAjA kA dhar3a (smitha ke anusAra) (bhA pu sa) 18 kaMkAlI TIlA : tIrthakara-mUti (smitha ke anusAra) (bhA pu sa) (16)

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rekhA-citra adhyAya 21 19 hamvAjA (proma, varmA) : lemetthanA kI rUparekhA aura vibhAga (purAtattva vibhAga, varmA) 20 pagAna (varmA) : AnaMda-maMdira kI rUparekhA (purAtatva vibhAga, varmA) 21 pahAr3apura, (bAMglA deza) : maMdira kI rUparekhA (bhA pusa) adhyAya 22 22 khajurAho : zAMtinAtha-maMdira kI rUparekhA (bhA pusa) adhyAya 28 23 raNakapura : yugAdIzvara-maMdira kI (rUpa-rekhA) kaz2insa ke anusAra (bhA pu sa) adhyAya 30 24 zittannavAsala : citrita nartakI (kalambUra zivarAmamUrti) 25 zittannavAsala : citrita rAjadaMpati (kalambUra zivarAmamUrti) (20)

Page #27
bhAga 4 vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0

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Page #29
adhyAya 19 dakSiNa bhArata jaina dharma kI lokapriyatA sAtavIM se dasavIM zatAbdiyoM kA samayAMtarAla dakSiNa aura dakSiNApatha meM choTe-bar3e jaina saMsthAnoM ke sakriya nirmANa kA sAkSI hai| isI avadhi meM zaiva aura vaiSNava saMsthAnoM aura unake maMdiroM kA bhI vikAsa haa| tamilanADa meM zaiva aura vaiSNava-nAyanamAra aura pAlavAra--saMtoM ke sAMpradAyika virodha ke hote hae bhI jaina saMsthAnoM ke sakriya nirmANa kI prakriyA vikAsonmukha hI rhii| dhvaMsAvazeSoM, vidyamAna purAvazeSoM aura saikar3oM tamila, telugu tathA kannar3a abhilekhoM meM jaina maMdiroM aura saMsthAnoM ko diye gaye dAnoM ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina matAvalaMbI sarvatra vidyamAna the aura lagabhaga pratyeka grAma meM unakI pracura janasaMkhyA thii| 1000 I0 ke pazcAt, vizeSakara rAmAnujAcArya dvArA hoyasala-nareza viSNavardhana ke jaina dharma se vaiSNava dharma meM mata-parivartana karane se aura liMgAyata zaiva mata ke udbhava aura vikAsa se kannar3a aura nikaTavartI telugu kSetroM meM jaina dharma kI avanati hii| tamilanADu ke zailotkIrNa maMdira tamilanADa ke zailotkIrNa jaina gaphA-maMdira sAtavIM zatAbdI se milate haiN| sAmAnyataH ye una parvatazreNiyoM meM vidyamAna haiM jo pahale jaina saMnyAsiyoM ke dvArA IsA-pUrva lagabhaga dUsarI zatAbdI' se adhivAsita thIM aura jinameM se kucha aise udAharaNa prastuta karatI haiM jinase inakA zaiva aura vaiSNava keMdroM meM parivartita honA pramANita hotA hai| suvidhAjanaka guphAoM, IMTa aura gAre se nirmita maMdira aura garbhagRhoM se yukta ina parvatIya adhiSThAnoM meM se aneka caityavAsoM aura zrAvikAzramoM ke mahattvapUrNa keMdra bana gaye the| aise hI sthaloM para pallavoM aura pANDyoM ne bahusaMkhyA meM zailotkIrNa maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA jinameM se aneka mUlataH jaina the kintu bAda meM brAhmaNya keMdroM meM parivartita kara diye gye| ina kSetroM meM prastara (grenAiTa, nAisa, cAranokAiTa) zilpa-sulabha na hone ke kAraNa utkhananaprakriyA kI bhinnatA tathA zrama aura samaya kI dRSTi se ye layana yA guphA-maMdira sarala racanA-zailI aura 1 [draSTavya: adhyAya 9--saMpAdaka.] 211

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 sAmAnya maNDapa-prakAra ke haiN| inameM AyatAkAra maNDapa ke sAtha agrabhAga meM staMbha aura choTe-bar3e sapATa bhitti-staMbha haiM jinakA alaMkaraNa uthale urekhana ke rUpa meM hai| pichalI pora pArzabhittiyoM meM devakoSTha utkIrNa haiN| maNDapa ko bahudhA agale aura pichale bhAgoM meM staMbhoM kI aMta:paMkti athavA unake abhAva meM pharza aura chata ke stara ke dvArA vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| pRSTha-bhitti ke devakoSTha kI saMkhyA eka se adhika aura kahIM-kahIM eka paMkti meM tIna, pA~ca, athavA sAta taka hotI hai| devakoSTha kA mukhabhAga maNDapa kI ora prakSipta hotA hai aura usakA AkAra-prakAra prAyaH dakSiNI vimAna-zailI ke anurUpa hotA hai| sarvAdhika prAcIna jaina guphA-maMdira tirunelavelI jile meM malaiyaDikkUricci sthAna para hai jise bAda meM ziva maMdira meM pariNata kara diyA gyaa| yaha guphA-maMdira sAmAnya maNDapa-zailI kA hai jisake agrabhAga meM do staMbha aura do bhitti-staMbha haiM jinapara kalA-piNDa tathA mAnava, pazu, pakSiyoM Adi ke kalApratIkoM jaise sAmAnya alaMkaraNa haiN| mAnava-AkRtiyA~ spaSTataH jaina zailI kI haiN| inake atirikta anya mUrtiyA~ jaina prAkRtiyA~ hone kA AbhAsa detI haiM, jo guphA ke zaiva mata ke anurUpa parivartana ke sAtha pUrNatayA athavA aMzataH parivartita kara dI gayIM / inameM se eka mUrti para hAthI para ArUr3ha catubhUjI devatA, saMbhavataH iMdra, athavA brahma-zAstA, athavA kubera-yakSa kA aspaSTa rekhAMkana hai| isa guphA ko zaiva maMdira ke rUpa meM parivartita karane kA patA eka paravartI pANDya abhilekha meM ziva ko samarpita karane ke ullekha se calatA hai| yaha rUpAMtaraNa saMbhavata: zaiva saMta jJAnasaMbaMdara ke prabhAva se kana pANDya (ari-kezarI-mAravarmana, 670-700 I0) dvArA jaina mata se zaiva mata meM parivartana kA pariNAma thaa| isa ghaTanA kA prabhAva jaina nirmANa kAryoM ke acAnaka ruka jAne ke rUpa meM par3A; anyathA tirunelavelI jile ke peccippAra ke jaina guphA-maMdira kA sauMdarya atyaMta nikharA hA hotA jisakA utkhanana bhI sAtavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima caraNa meM huA thaa| madurai ke upanagara tirupparanakuNrama kA vizAla guphA-maMdira saMbhavataH rUpAMtaraNa kA dUsarA udAharaNa hai jisake mUla jaina maMdira ko lagabhaga 773 I0 meM zaiva rUpa diyA gyaa| tirupparanakUNrama kI usI pahAr3I kI eka anya zailotkIrNa guphA ko bhI isI prakAra parivartita kiyA gyaa| yaha sthAna aba subrahmaNya kI pUjA kA keMdra hai| prAnaimala bhI jaina keMdra se brAhmaNya keMdra meM rUpAMtaraNa kA eka anya udAharaNa prastuta karatA hai| yahA~ kA narasiMha ko samarpita zailotkIrNa guphA-maMdira eka sucitita vaiSNava utkhanana kA udAharaNa hai, jise pANDyoM ke rAjyakAla meM lagabhaga 770 I0 meM utkIrNa kiyA gyaa| jaina keMdroM ke zaiva yA vaiSNava keMdroM meM parivartana ke aneka udAharaNa haiM, jo pillaiyarapaTTi aura kUnnakkaNDi (rAmanAthapurama jilA), ariTTApaTTi (madurai jilA) natamale aura kudumiyamalai (tiruccirApalli jilA), tiruccirApalli, vIrazikhAmaNi aura kalugumalai (tirunelavelI jilA), dalavanUra (dakSiNa arkATa jilA) sIyamaMgalama aura mAmaMdUra (uttara arkATa jilA) meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| kevala pudukkoTTa 212

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adhyAya 19] dakSiNa bhArata ke nikaTa zittannavAsala (tiruccirApalli jilA) meM hI isa prakAra ke parivartanoM se surakSita jaina purAvazeSa vidyamAna haiN| yaha eka prasiddha jaina keMdra ke rUpa meM IsA-pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI se nauvIM zatAbdI IsavI taka niraMtara jainoM ke prabhutva meM rahA hai| zittannavAsala ke zailotkIrNa jaina guphA-maMdira ko usake zilAlekha meM aNNalavAyila kA arivara-kovila (annavAzala sthita arhat kA maMdira) kahA gayA hai, jo apane astitva meM sAtavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha athavA AThavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvAddha meM AyA hogA, jaisA ki zailotkIrNa maNDapa kI uttarI ora ke laghu abhilekha kI purAlipi se jJAta hotA hai| yaha viziSTa maNDapa-zailI kA guphAmaMdira hai jisameM pAyatAkAra zailotkIrNa maNDapa aura usake agrabhAga meM do staMbha aura do bhitti-staMbha (rekhAcitra 11, citra 127 ka) haiN| usake bhItara caukora garbhagRha hai, jisake pharza kA stara U~cA hai| vahA~ taka pahu~cane ke lie tIna sIr3hiyoM kA mArga tathA sAmAnya-sA dvAra hai| garbhagRha kA mukhabhAga yathArIti kiMcit maNDapa kI ora prakSipta hai| maNDapa kI do aMtaHbhittiyoM meM devakoSTha utkIrNa haiN| dakSiNI devakoSTha meM pArzvanAtha kI pratimA. trichatra aura nAgaphaNa ke sAtha, padamAsana-mudrA meM aMkita hai| nikaTavartI staMbha para tamila nAmAbhilekha meM ulokAdittan (lokAditya) ke rUpa meM isa pArzvanAtha-pratimA kA ullekha hai / uttarI devakoSTha meM dhyAna-mudrA meM chatrayukta mUrti aMkita hai tathA nikaTavartI staMbha para tamila nAmAbhilekha meM tiruvAziriyana (zrI prAcArya) likhA hai| ise prAcArya kI mUrti samajhA jAtA hai| donoM hI zilAlekha nauvIM zatAbdI kI lipi meM haiN| maNDapa aura garbhagRha kI bhittiyA~ aura chata cikanI haiM, garbhagRha kI chata para chatra kI ubharI kinAriyoM kA alaMkaraNa hai / pRSThabhitti para eka paMkti meM dhyAnastha mudrA meM tIna mUrtiyA~ urekhita haiN| inameM se do ke sira ke Upara trichatra haiM, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki ve tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ hai| tIsarI mUrti ke Upara kevala eka chatra hai, jisase mUrti kI pahacAna prAcArya athavA cakravartI ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai / maNDapa ke agrabhAga ke dakSiNI zilAkhaNDa ke mukha para tamila bhASA kA eka abhilekha hai, jo pANDya nareza avanipa-zekhara zrIballabha (zrImAra zrIballabha, 815-862 I0) ke samaya kA hai| isake anusAra jainAcArya ilana gautamana ne, jinheM madurai Aziriyana bhI kahA jAtA thA, ardha-maNDapa ke jIrNoddhAra tathA punarnimANa kI vyavasthA kI aura citroM tathA mUrtiyoM se punaH alaMkRta karAyA aura sAmane ke bhAga meM mukha-maNDapa kA nirmANa karAyA, jisakA mUlarUpa meM nirmita adhiSThAna aAja bhI vidyamAna hai| isa abhilekha meM mAna-staMbha ke nirmANa kA ullekha hai jisakA padama 1 I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI se tIsarI zatI I0 taka ke sabhI prAcIna jaina keMdroM ke lie adhyAya 9 draSTavya. 2 enuala riporTa praoNna iNDiyana epIgrAphI, 1960-61; sa. 324. 3 enuala riporTa praoNna sAutha iNDiyana epIgrAphI, 1904; 368. 4 prastara-maNDapa kI vartamAna racanA, jisameM cAra prastara-staMbha aura zilApaTToM se AcchAdita vitAna hai, mUla maNDapa ke avazeSoM para isa adhyAya ke lekhaka dvArA surakSA kI dRSTi se usa samaya karAyI gayI thI, jaba vaha pudukkoTTai meM 1946 se pahale rAjya kA purAtattvAdhikArI thaa| isameM prayukta staMbha kuDumiyamale ziva (zikhAnAtha svAmI) maMdira ke zata-staMbhIya bhagna maNDapa se liye gaye haiM / isakA adhiSThAna mUla rUpa meM hI vidyamAna hai| 213

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 puSpAMkita caukora zIrSaphalaka maMdira ke sAmane saphAI karAte samaya upalabdha huA thaa| yaha guphA-maMdira pANDya sAmrAjya ke uttarI bhAga meM avasthita thA, jise pallava-zakti 862 I0 ke pUrva kabhI bhI AkrAMta nahIM kara sakI / ataeva yaha kabhI bhI pallava nirmita guphA-maMdira nahIM thA, jaisA ki kucha lekhakoM kA vicAra hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isakA utkhanana mUlataH sAtavIM zatAbdI ke aMta meM athavA pAThavIM zatAbdI ke L e ! 3 METRES 4.2.0_ rekhAcitra 11. zittannavAsala : guphA-maMdira kI rUparekhA 4__ FEET prathama caraNa meM, pANDya mArana zendana (654-670 I0) aura arikezarI mAravarmana (670-700 I0) ke rAjyakAla meM tathA mAravarmana ke jaina mata se zaiva mata meM dharma-parivartana ke pahale huA hai, jaisI ki malaiyaDikukurucci aura peccippAra ke guphA-maMdiroM kI sthiti hai| agrabhAga ke staMbhoM ke nIce pUrvokta do abhilekhoM ke UparI bhAga ke palastara para bhavya citrAMkana, jo madurai Aziriyana kI punanirmANa aura punaHsajjA kI ghoSaNA ke anusAra citrita haiM, kevala nauvIM zatAbdI ke madhyakAla ke hone caahie| 1 vistRta vivecana ke lie draSTavya : zrInivAsana (ke Ara). e noTa oNna da DeTa oNpha da zittanavAsala peMTiMgsa. 214

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata tamilanADu ke nirmita maMdira prastara-nirmita jaina maMdiroM kA krama tamilanADu meM pallava-zailI ke maMdiroM se prAraMbha hotA hai| udAharaNArtha, kAMcIpurama ke upanagara tirupparuttikkuNram athavA jina-kAMcI ke jaina-maMdira-samUha meM caMdraprabha-maMdira (citra 127 kha) hai, jo Aja bhI jaina dharma kA lokapriya keMdra hai| vizAla prAkAra ke bhItara cAra bar3e maMdiroM tathA tIna laghu maMdiroM ke samUha meM (citra 128 ka) yaha maMdira nitAMta uttaravartI saMracanA hai| yaha tIna tala kA caukora vimAna-maMdira hai, jisake sAmane mukha-maNDapa hai| tInoM taloM meM sabase nIce kA tala Thosa hai aura jo madhya tala ke lie caukI kA kAma detA hai jisapara mukhya maMdira hai| yaha tatkAlIna jaina maMdiroM kA pracalita rUpa hai| isa maMdira kA bhUmi-tala sthAnIya bhare raMga ke balue patthara kA banA hai, vaise hI, jaise pallava nareza rAjasiMha dvArA nirmita anya maMdira haiN| rAjasiMha kI rAjadhAnI kAMcI meM adhiSThAna kI goToM ke lie grenAiTa patthara upayoga meM lAyA gayA hai| rAjasiMha tathA usake uttarAdhikAriyoM dvArA nirmita maMdiroM kA yaha vizeSa lakSaNa hai| maMdira kI bAharI bhitti para vyAlAdhArita staMbha aura bhitti-staMbhoM kA aMkana hai aura unake madhya uthale devakoSTha utkIrNa haiN| devakoSThoM ke Upara makara-toraNa bane haiN| sabhI devakoSTha rikta haiN| prathama tala para hAra, konoM para caukora karNakuTa aura unake bIca meM AyatAkAra bhadrazAlAeM nirmita haiN| madhya tala nIce kI apekSA kama caukora hai aura usake cAroM ora pradakSiNA-patha hai| isakI bAharI bhitti para balae patthara ke bhitti-staMbha haiN| bhittiyA~ IMToM kI haiM aura unheM balue patthara ke bhittistaMbhoM se jor3A gayA hai| zIrSabhAga meM laghu devakoSTha paMktibaddha aMkita haiN| ina laghu devakoSThoM kI pramukha vizeSatA unake agrabhAga meM aMkita tIrthaMkaroM aura anya devatAoM kI pratimAe~ haiN| lagha devakoSThoM ke hAra ke pIche tIsare tala kA uThAna kama hai, jisameM caturbhuja sapATa bhitti-staMbha hai aura cabUtare para cAra ukar3a baiThe hue siMha haiN| isa tala ke Upara caukora grIvA hai, jisake Upara caukora zikhara aura usake Upara caukora stUpI hai| zikhara ke cAroM ora tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ haiM / madhya tala kA garbhagRha caMdraprabha ko samarpita hai| isa garbhagRha meM praveza nIce ke Thosa tala meM banAyI gayI do sIr3hiyoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| samagra dRSTi se yaha maMdira AThavIM zatAbdI kI nirmiti mAnA jA sakatA hai; yadyapi isakA UparI bhAga vijayanagara-zAsanakAla meM IMToM dvArA punanirmita kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| vijayamaMgalama kA upagrAma meTupputtUra koyambattUra jile ke koMgumaNDalama kA eka prAcIna jaina keMdra hai| yahA~ kA caMdranAtha-maMdira gaMga-zailI kI racanA hai, jisameM IMTa nirmita dakSiNamukhI vimAna lagabhaga prosIDigsa oNpha di iNDiyana hisTrI kAMgresa. 1944. pR168. (adhyAya 30 bhI draSTavya, jahA~ pallava tathA paravartI narezoM dvArA guphA-maMdira ke nirmANa kA ullekha hai aura jisameM pUrvavartI tathA paravartI citrAMkanoM kA sacitra varNana hai--saMpA.) 215

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vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 samakAlIna yA kucha paravartI prastaranirmita ardha aura mahA-maNDapa haiM / nIMva se zIrSastha kaMgUroM taka IMToM kA vimAna gaMga-zailI kI dvitalI vargAkAra saMracanA hai, jisameM aSTabhujI grIvA aura zikhara haiM / cUne aura gAre dvArA kI gayI paravartI marammata se utpanna kucha parivartana isa saMracanA meM dRSTigocara hote haiM / mahAnAsikA meM cUne se nirmita torthaMkara - pratimAe~ haiM / garbhagRha ke aMtarbhAga meM caMdraprabha kI pratimA hai aura zeSa bhAga praSTabhujI grIvA aura zikhara se lagI huI duchattI hai / vargAkAra saMracanA kI bhittiyoM ke caukoM para dhuMdhale par3a cuke citrAMkana haiM, jinameM yatra-tatra, vizeSa kara do nicale caukoM meM, kamalapuSpoM aura nRtyarata yuvatiyoM kI rUparekhA dRSTigocara hotI hai / agale cauka meM jaina paurANika citra haiM aura sabase Upara ke cauka meM gavanikA -zailI kI kuNDalita baMdanavAra hai, jisakI kuNDalI ke bhItara rekhAcitroM kA aMkana hai| isase Upara ke stara bhI citrita dikhAI par3ate haiM / prastara nirmita ardha-maNDapa caur3AI meM prathama tala ke vimAna ke samAna hI hai, jabaki sAmane kA mahA-maNDapa kucha laMbA hai / mahA-maNDapa kI pArzvabhittiyoM ke madhya meM devakoSTha, kapota aura zAlA zikhara haiM / usI bhitti ke aMtima choroM para prastara aura zikharayukta bhitti-staMbhoM ke Upara toraNa-pratIka haiM / toraNa ke bhItara jaina paurANika dRzyoM kA citraNa hai / isa maMdira samUha ke bAhara kI atirikta saMracanAe~ jinameM vizAla mukha-maNDapa aura agra-maNDapa, prAkAra aura gopura sammilita haiM, vijayanagara -zAsanakAla kI racanAe~ haiM / mahA-maNDapa ke bhItara pUrva se pazcima kI bhittiyoM ke pArzvo meM cAra saMzliSTa staMbha haiM, jo una bhittiyoM ko nIcI chata kI pArzvavIthiyoM ke sAtha tIna bhAgoM meM bA~Tate haiN| keMdrIya bhAga kI muNDera se madhya vIthI bana gayI hai / madhya vIthI kI chata ke madhyabhAga para eka vizAla zilApaTTa hai, jisapara kamalapuSpa laTaka rahA hai / muNDera ke donoM ora ke saradala para kar3iyoM ke siroM ke nikaTa vyAla, nartaka, baila, azva Adi kA aMkana pUrvI aura pazcimI paktiyoM meM haiM tathA uttarI aura dakSiNI paMktiyoM meM nRtya - phalakoM ke atirikta caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ aura eka mAtra mahilA, saMbhavataH gaMga ke maMtrI cAmuNDarAya kI bahana pullappA, hai jisakA abhilekhAMkita nizidikA staMbha mukha maNDapa ke staMbhoM meM sammilita hai / isa nizidikA - staMbha ke dakSiNI bhAga para azvanAla ke samAna devakoSTha kA aMkana hai jisake bhItara padmAsanastha tIrthaMkara mUrti hai aura usake nIce ke devakoSTha meM eka mahilA kI pratimA utkIrNa hai | staMbha ke anya tIna ora graMtha aura tamila abhilekha meM isa staMbha kA cAmuNDarAya kI bahina pullappA kI nizidikA ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai / arddha-maNDapa kA bhItarI bhAga pratimArahita aura sAdhAraNa hai kintu usake pharza para eka pITha hai, jisake eka aura prakSipta jAlI tathA sAmane kI ora siMha hai, jisapara caMdranAtha kI laghu abhiSeka mUrti rakhI hai| tamila vyAkaraNAcArya tathA nannUla ke lekhaka prasiddha jainAcArya pavaNaMdi isa sthAna ke nivAsI the / cola aura pANDya kSetroM ke toNDaimaNDalama ke dakSiNa meM nirmita zailI ke anekoM jaina maMdira, muttaraiyAra aura pANDyoM ke dvArA prastara ke banavAye hue haiM / isa tathya kI puSTi purAlekhIya sAkSyoM, pratimAoM aura bhagna maMdiroM ke TIloM ke avazeSoM se, jinheM mahattvapUrNa sthAnIya nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai, hotI hai / inameM sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa haiM ceTTIpaTTI (pudukkoTTe-tiruccirApalli ) ( citra 128 kha ) ke saMpUrNa prastara- maMdira ke utkhanana se prApta avazeSa, jinase maMdira samUha ke adhiSThAna, prAkAra aura 216

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata pUrva meM gopura-praveza kA patA calA / isa samUha meM do pAsa-pAsa nirmita keMdrIya maMdira aura unake pIche do laghu maMdira the| isa sthala se ukar3a baiThe hue siMhoM para AdhArita do staMbha, do siMha-zIrSoM para daNDarahita staMbha aura anya vAstu-avazeSa upalabdha hue haiN| adhiSThAna para cola-nareza rAjarAja-prathama (985-1014 I0) ke khaNDita abhilekha se maMdira kA nirmANa-kAla isa samaya se pUrva muttaraiyAra zAsanakAla meM nauMvIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha aura dasavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha nizcita hotA hai| eka anya zilAlekha meM dasavIM zatAbdI ke prAcArya matisAgara kA ullekha hai| anya saMdarbho ke anusAra prAcArya matisAgara dayApAla aura vAdirAja ke dharmaguru the| aura adhika mahattvapUrNa haiM eka darjana se adhika tIrthaMkaroM kI bhavya pratimAeM jinameM mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha kI pratimAeM sammilita haiM, anya pratimAeM anugAmI devoM kI haiN| maMdira kI mUlanAyaka tIrthaMkara-pratimA, jise utkhanana-sthala se haTAkara aba grAma ke nikaTa sthApita kara diyA gayA hai, siddhAsana-mudrA meM trichatra ke nIce avasthita atyaMta bhavya hai| mUrti ke zilApaTTa para eka abhilekha hai jisameM likhA hai ki tiruveNNAyila ke aiMyuka~va perumapallai (jisakA purAnA nAma ceTTIpaTTI hai) ke pA~ca sau vyApAriyoM ke maNDala ne maMdira ke gopura kA nirmANa jayavIra perilamaiyAna ke dvArA karavAyA thaa| dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI lipi meM isa zilAlekha kI tithi isa maMdira-samUha ko kiMcit pUrvavartI kAla kA ThaharAtI hai| sembattUra (citra 126 ka), maMgadevanapaTTi, vellanUra aura kaNNaMgarakkuDi, sabhI pUrvokta jile meM aura kovilaMgulama aura pallimadama, rAmanAthapurama jile meM jaina nirmita maMdiroM ke purAvazeSa milate haiN| jina sthAnoM kA ullekha pahale kiyA gayA hai unameM tIrthaMkaroM aura anya jaina pratimAoM ke atirikta siMhAdhAra-staMbha bhI milate haiM jo muttaraiyAra zAsakoM dvArA rAjasiMha aura usake paravartI pallavarAjAoM ke samaya kI anukRtiyA~ haiM / dakSiNa karnATaka ke nimita maMdira dakSiNa ke saMpUrNa-prastara-nirmita prAcIna maMdiroM meM sarvAdhika prAcIna vidyamAna jaina maMdiroM ke rUpa meM tIna sAdhAraNa vimAna-maMdiroM kA samUha hai jise caMdragupta-bastI (citra 126 kha) kahA jAtA hai / yaha maMdira-samUha zravaNabelagolA (hAsana) kI caMdragiri pahADI athavA cikkabeTTA para hai| pratyeka vimAna nIce se do mITara laMbA-caur3A hai tathA eka saMyukta AyatAkAra adhiSThAna ke choroM para sthita hai| ina donoM vimAnoM ke madhya meM tIsarA maMdira samatala vitAna kA hai| donoM vimAnoM kI bAhya pArzvabhittiyoM aura cabUtare ko Age bar3hAkara pratyeka ke sAmane eka ardha-maNDapa kI racanA kI gayI hai jisase saMpUrNa parisara eka vizAla cauka-jaisA dikhAI detA hai| yaha vimAna-samUha aba bahuta kAla pazcAt nirmita vizAla kaTTale-bastI ke maNDapa kA uttarI pArzva aMga bana gayA hai| caMdragupta-bastI maNDapa kA agrabhAga bArahavIM zatAbdI meM bhavya zilpAMkana aura selakhar3I kI sUkSmAMkita jAlI se DhaMka diyA gyaa| madhya meM praveza-dvAra banAyA gayA jo varNanAtmaka mUrtiyoM kI citra-vallariyoM dvArA alaMkRta hai| dvAra para caMdragupta maurya aura bhadrabAha ke saMbaMdhoM kI pAraMparika gAthAoM kA bodha karAnevAlI 217

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 pratimAoM kI dRzya-paMkti aura kucha anya jaina pratimAe~ rekhAMkita haiN| caMdragupta se pAraMparika rUpa se jur3e hae ye tInoM vimAna-maMdira yA trikaTa zravaNabelagolA aura usake nikaTavartI kSetra ke sarvAdhika / prAcIna vidyamAna vAstu-smAraka haiM, jo lagabhaga 850 I0 ke kahe jA sakate haiM / do pArzva vimAnoM meM pratiSThApita mUla pratimAoM kA mUla rUpa aba jJAta nahIM hai kintu Ajakala ina maMdiroM kA mahattva apekSAkRta kama hai aura inameM do yakSiyoM--padmAvatI aura kuSmANDinI--kI pratimAe~ pratiSThApita haiN| madhyavartI garbhagRha meM pArzvanAtha kI pratimA pratiSThApita hai| yaha vimAna-maMdira pratIta hotA hai, jisakA UparI DhA~cA lupta ho gayA hai aura jo Ajakala mukhya maMdira ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai| bhitti ke UparI bhAga meM dharana ke nikaTa haMsoM kI zilpAkRtiyA~ aMkita haiN| Upara ke vakrAkAra kapota para tIna kaMgUroM se yukta kuDu-toraNa haiM jinakI saMkhyA nIce ke bhitti-staMbhoM ke samAna hai| kapota ke Upara saradala ke UparI bhAga meM vyAla-AkRtiyA~ aMkita haiN| saMpUrNa-vimAna-samUha meM saradalaaMkana kA yahI rUpa rahA hai| isa adhiracanA ke Upara pratyeka vimAna ke aMta meM coTI para caukora grIvA aura zikhara eka choTI stUpI ke sAtha huA karate haiM, jo aba nahIM hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki do vimAnoM ke zikharayukta aMtarAla ke madhya meM bhI isI prakAra ke grIvA-zikhara kI adhiracanA thI, jo mUlataH eka paMkti meM tIna vimAnoM ke samUha kA dakSiNamukhI trikUTa banAtI thii| dUsarA tala bahuta choTA aura sAdhAraNa hai aura paravartI jIrNoddhAra ke samaya banI bhArI jagatI ke kAraNa anagar3ha lagatA hai| prathama tala kI sarala saMracanA ke kAraNa ina aSTAMga athavA aSTavarga vimAnoM kA dUsarA tala eka tala kA SaDaMga athavA SaDvarga-jaisA dikhAI detA hai| yaha sAmAnya U~cAI ke prAraMbhika aSTAMga-vimAna nirmita karane kI paripATI ke anusAra huA hai| zravaNabelagolA ke bAhya aMcala meM sthita kambadahalli kI paMcakUTa-bastI kA (citra 130 ka) dakSiNI-vimAna-vAstukalA meM atyaMta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai kyoMki yaha sthAna dakSiNI vAstuzAstra, zilpazAstra aura pAgama graMthoM meM varNita tattvoM aura zailiyoM kA sacitra udAharaNa prastuta karatA hai| prAkAra ke bhItara yaha pA~ca vimAnoM kA samUha hai tathA sAmane gopura hai / pUrvavartI samaya meM yaha tIna vimAnoM kA trikUTAcala thA jinake sAmane eka saMyukta caukora maNDapa aura uttara kI ora se tInoM ke lie saMyukta praveza-dvAra thA / paridhIya rekhA meM keMdrIya mukhya vimAna gopura sahita uttaramukhI hai aura pArzva ke donoM vimAna kramazaH pUrva aura pazcimonmukhI haiM tathA sabhI vargAkAra aura dvitala haiN| keMdrIya athavA uttaramukhI dakSiNI vimAna kI vargAkAra adhiracanA para vargAkAra grIvA aura zikhara dakSiNa kI nAgaravimAna-zailI ke anurUpa haiM tathA pUrvonmukhI pazcimI vimAna kI vargAkAra saMracanA para aSTabhujI grIvAzikhara use drAvir3a rUpa pradAna karate haiM; aura pUrva meM, usake sAmane ke bhAga meM, pazcimonmUkhI golAkAra grIvA-zikhara hai jo vesara-zailI kI prastuti hai| isa prakAra tInoM vimAna nizcita rUpa se dakSiNI vAstukalA kI nAgara, drAvir3a aura vesara-zailI kI kRtiyA~ haiM jinakA vargIkaraNa grIvA aura zikhara 1 zilpI kA nAma balligrAma (belagAma) kA dAsojA aneka sthAnoM para utkIrNa hai / yaha vahI vyakti hai jise belUra ke prasiddha hoyasala-maMdira kI aneka pratimAoM ke nirmANa kA yaza prApta hai. 218

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata kI AyojanA aura rUpa-prakAra para AdhArita hai| ye rUpa haiM - caukora, aSTabhujI athavA bahubhujI aura vRttIya yA vkrrekhiiy| ye tInoM hI vimAna apane ardha-maNDapoM ke dvArA saMyukta mahA-maNDapa se jur3e hue haiN| vimAna kI pratyeka bhitti para AdhAra se zIrSa taka chaha caturbhajI ardha-staMbha haiN| pallava, muttaraiyAra aura gaMga maMdiroM kI zailIgata vizeSatA ke anusAra inake saradaloM para haMsoM kI zilpAkRtiyA~ haiN| prakSipta evaM vakrAkAra kapota para tIna paMktiyoM meM tIna-tIna kaMgaroM sahita kuDa-toraNa haiM aura sabake zIrSa para aMtima stara ke rUpa meM vyAla-mAlA aMkita hai| pratyeka aora ke keMdrIya ardha-staMbha ke zIrSa para toraNa se AcchAdita devakoSTha meM tIrthaMkara-pratimA virAjamAna hai / toraNa vibhinna prakAra ke haiM, yathA patra-toraNa, yA puSpa-pallavoM kI mAlA, citra-toraNa jisameM pazu-pakSI tathA dhanuSAkAra bhujAoM meM aMkita vyAlaArohI sammilita haiM evaM vidyAdhara-toraNa jisameM ur3ate hue vidyAdharoM kI zilpAkRtiyA~ haiN| inameM aMtima toraNa-prakAra dakSiNetara maMdiroM meM bahata kama pAyA jAtA hai| ardha-maNDapa meM isI prakAra ke devakoSTha haiN| caukora pAvRta mukha-maNDapa meM bhI pUrvokta vimAnoM aura unake ardha-maNDapoM ke samAna ardha-staMbha haiM / cAlukya-zailI ke selakhar3I ke gola staMbhoM kA khulA huA agra-maNDapa mahA-maNDapa ke sAmane bAda meM jor3a diyA gyaa| mahA-maNDapa ke bhItara pracalita pallavazailI ke cAra keMdrIya staMbha haiM jinake kalaza-zIrSayukta daNDa caukora AdhAra aura sudRr3ha padmapIThoM para avasthita haiM / anya ATha staMbha maNDapa-zailI ke haiM jo nIce aura Upara caukora zadurama aura madhya meM aSTakoNIya kaTTa se yukta haiM / madhyavartI cAra aura unake samIpavartI ATha staMbhoM kI AyojanA navaraMga-zailI kI pratIta hotI hai jisakI mUla utpatti cAlukya-zailI se huI hai| zailiyoM kA yaha racanAtmaka sAdRzya aura adhika spaSTa hotA hai-keMdrIya vIthi kI chata ke zilApaTTa ke choroM para dikpAloM ke aMkana se tathA unake madhya meM dvibhujI dharaNendra-yakSa kI pratimA se, jo kodaNDadhArI rAma ke samAna dhanuSa pakar3e aura mu~ha se zaMkha bajAne ko udyata-mudrA meM aMkita hai| yakSa ke sira para paMcaphaNa nAga-chatra hai| donoM ora camaradhArI haiN| madhyavartI maMdira mahAvIra ko samarpita hai jo alaMkRta siMhAsana para AsIna haiM aura unake donoM ora camaradhArI haiN| bAhara pratyeka vimAna ke saradala ke Upara kA hAra vedikAnoM para avasthita hai; konoM para cAra karNakUTa aura cAroM dizAoM meM cAra bhadrazAlAe~ haiN| dUsare tala kI racanA adhika sAmAnya hai| isakI pratyeka harmya-bhitti para cAra-cAra ardha-staMbha haiN| pratyeka ora madhya ke do ardha-staMbha kucha Age ko nikale hue haiM aura unapara toraNoM se AcchAdita devakoSTha nirmita haiN| nIce ke tala kI bhA~ti saradala para haMsa-balabhI banI huI hai| dUsare tala ke harmya-prastara ke UparI bhAga para vyAla-mAlA kI citra-vallarI hai aura konoM para ukar3a baiThe hue cAra siMhoM ko sthApita kiyA gayA hai| kevala grIvA se Upara hI tInoM vimAnoM kI bhinna nimiti dikhAI par3atI hai| madhyavartI 219

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [bhAga 4 vimAna meM nAgara-zailI kI vargAkAra grIvA aura usake Upara zikhara hai| pazcimI vimAna kI rUparekhA meM drAvir3a-zailI kA aSTabhujI grIvA-zikhara hai| vesara-zailI kA pUrvI vimAna golAkAra hai aura usakI grIvA tathA zikhara bhI gola haiN| tInoM vimAnoM ke Upara kI stUpiyA~ lupta ho gayI haiM / svastikAkAra racanA ke isa keMdrIya trikuTAcala (caMdragupta-bastI kI sIdhI jar3AI ke viparIta) meM eka khulA staMbhIya agra-maNDapa bAda meM jor3A gayA jisake staMbha paravartI cAlukya-zailI meM selakhar3I se nirmita haiM aura jo chata ko konoM para AdhAra pradAna karate haiM / agra-maNDapa ke sAmane eka ardhya-pITha hai jo AdhArIya upAna para nirmita hai jisakI racanA uttarottara ghaTate hue mApa aura vibhinna AyojanA kI hai| nIce kA bhAga caukora, usase agalA aSTabhujI, jisakI AThoM bhujAoM para dikpAloM kI pratimAe~ haiM aura sabase Upara kA gola hai / ye sabhI vargAkAra, aSTabhujI aura gola saMracanAe~ nAgara, drAvir3a aura vesara-zailiyoM ke vimAna-zikharoM ke anurUpa haiN| ardhya-pITha ke sAmane kucha hI dUrI para paravartI kAla kI atirikta nimitiyA~ saMbhavataH dasavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima caraNa kI haiM / ye donoM dvitala vargAkAra aSTAMga nAgara vimAna (donoM ora eka-eka) apane-apane ardha-maNDapa aura mahA-maNDapa sahita eka dUsare ke sAmane pUrva aura pazcima meM haiN| unake mahA-maNDapa eka dUsare ke samAnAMtara eka saMyukta khule mukha-maNDapa se jur3e haiN| pazcimI vimAna meM pratyeka pora triratha-zailI ke tIna prakSipta khaNDaka haiM / vimAna ke ina prakSipta khaNDakoM kA sAdRzya prastara ke Upara pratyeka aora ke karNakUToM aura bhadrazAlAoM se haiM / madhyavartI khaNDaka meM samAna UMcAI ke cAra ardha-staMbha haiM jinameM se bhItara ke do ke madhya meM devakoSTha haiN| sabhI ardha-staMbha (jo vAstava meM pUrva nirmita staMbha the) keMdrIya trikUTAcala ke samAna apane zikhara-bhAgoM ke sAtha caturbhujI racanAe~ haiN| saradala ke Upara kA hAra cAra karNakUToM aura cAra bhadrazAlAoM se yukta hai| dUsarA tala pUrvokta racanAoM se adhika bhinna nahIM hai| isameM konoM para cAra siMha aura keMdra meM piNDI ke Upara caukora grIvA aura zikhara haiN| pUrvI vimAna kI racanA adhiSThAna se saradala taka sIdhI aura binA kisI rathAkAra khaNDaka ke hai| vaha ThIka keMdrIya trikUTa kI racanA ke samAna aura apane pazcimI vimAna se asamAna hai| sabhI ardha-staMbha caturbhujI haiM / Upara ke saradala kI valabhI haMsoM kI zilpAkRtiyoM se alaMkRta hai / isa tala ke harmya kI bhittiyA~ sAdhAraNa haiM aura unake UparI konoM para cAra siMha aMkita haiN| vargAkAra piNDI vargAkAra grIvA aura zikhara ke sAtha hai, usI prakAra jaise sAmane ke vimAna aura keMdrIya vimAna meM hai| ina Amane-sAmane vAle maMdiroM ke navaraMga-zailI ke mahA-maNDapoM ke apane cAroM staMbhoM kI racanA meM vividhatA hai| pUrvI saMracanA ke cAroM madhyavartI staMbha gola haiM aura selakhar3I ke bane haiM, jabaki pazcimI saMracanA ke sabhI staMbha sAmAnya staMbhoM ke samAna nirmita haiN| cAroM staMbhoM ke Upara ke keMdrIya khaNDakoM kI chata para donoM hI mahA-maNDapoM meM samAna AkRti kA dikapAla keMdrIya prAkRti ke sAtha aMkita hai, jaisA trikaTa-vimAnoM ke mukhya mahA-maNDapa kI chata meM hai| 220

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata saMpUrNa-maMdira-samUha ke sAmane laghu gopura meM, jo lagabhaga keMdrIya trikUTa ke hI samAna hai, usI prakAra kA adhiSThAna hai jaisA ki tIna pramukha maMdiroM meM hai aura devakoSThoM para kucha bhinna prakAra ke toraNa haiM / toraNa ke UparI sire ke vyAla se prakSipta do kuNDalita aMga haiM jo dakSiNa-pUrva ke eziyAmaMdiroM ke dvAroM ke kAla-makara-toraNoM ke prAraMbhika svarUpa se milate-julate haiN| toraNa ke bhItara nIce padmAsanastha tIrthaMkara-pratimAe~ haiM, jabaki nIce ke devakoSThoM meM tIrthaMkara-pratimAe~ kAyotsargamudrA meM thIM, jaisAki kucha vidyamAna udAharaNoM se vidita hotA hai / ve selakhar3I kI nirmiti haiM / gopura kI adhiracanA naSTa ho cukI hai| do pratimukhI aura eka sAmane kA paravartI vimAna mahAvIra ko samarpita hai| trikUTa-samUha ke tInoM maMdiroM meM se uttaramukhI keMdrIya maMdira meM AdinAtha, pUrvonmukhI meM neminAtha aura pazcimonmukhI meM zAMtinAtha (maisUra rAjapatra ke pUrvavartI abhilekha ke anusAra) pratiSThApita haiN| padmAsanastha tIrthakaroM kA siMhAsana grenAiTa prastara kA hai, jabaki tIrthaMkara aura unake anucara camaradhArI selakhar3I ke haiN| isI sAmagrI se eka bhavya yakSI-mUrti agra-maNDapa ke sammukha banI huI hai tathA khaNDita pArzvanAtha. camaradhArI aura kucha vAstukhaNDa evaM mUrtikhaNDa, zayanarata hAthI tathA gaMga-narezoM ke vijayAstra Adi sabhI maMdiroM se bAhara ke parisara meM par3e hue haiN| parisara ke sAmane lagabhaga 40-50 mITara para eka bahata saMdara aura U~cA abhilekhAMkita staMbha hai jisameM zikhara sahita staMbha ke sabhI upAMga vidyamAna haiN| zikhara para yakSa kI mUrti hai| sabhI nirmitiyA~ grenAiTa patthara kI haiM aura maMdira kI samakAlIna haiN| apane samagra rUpa evaM tri-caraNIya racanA-prakriyA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa yaha maMdira tatkAlIna vAstu evaM mUrtikalA kI una paripATiyoM kA pratIka hai jo pallava-pANDya aura cAlukya-rASTrakUTa-kSetroM meM, vizeSataH pallava-pANDya-kSetra meM, pracalita thiiN| yaha alaMkaraNa kI pracalita paddhatiyoM ke udbhava aura vikAsa, prAyojanA-vaibhinya, vinyAsa, parimANa, nirmANa ke prakriyAgata vikAsa kI zailiyoM aura samakAlIna sthApatya ke vividha rUpoM kA citraNa prastuta karatA hai| maMdira-sthApatya kI anugAmI mUrtikalA meM 100 aura 1000 I0 ke samayAMtarAla meM pracalita pallava-pADaNya aura samIpavartI pUrvI kSetroM kI kalA-paraMparA evaM ThIka uttaravartI cAlukya-rASTrakUTa-srotoM se vyutpanna rUpoM aura prabhedoM ke darzana hote haiN| ina donoM hI paraMparAoM ne prAyaH samAna siddhAMtoM evaM zilpa-graMthoM kA anugamana kiyA hai| kintu donoM ke nirmANa se saMbaMdhita sAmagrI ke prayoga meM bhinnatA hai, yathA kaThora prastara aura komala prastara dvArA prayogagata kaThinAiyA~ aura suvidhAe~ unakI apanI-apanI rahI haiN| nirmANa kArya ke lie zveta grenAiTa prastara kA cunAva, shuknaas| kA abhAva, uttIrAMga tattvoM sahita bahu zAkhAoM se alaMkRta uparidvAroM kA abhAva, cAlukya aura cAlukyavarga kI vizeSatAe~ haiM jisameM uttarI prAsAda bhI sammilita haiN| ina vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa ina prAdya pazcimI gaMga-maMdiroM ko tamilanADu ke pallava-pADaNya udbhava kA kahA jaayegaa| tathApi yaha ullekhanIya hai ki prathama tala ke sAmane ke saMkeMdrita maNDapoM ke zIrSabhAga para hAra kI racanA kA prayoga anavarata 221

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 rUpa se vyApaka rahA / yaha prayoga vAstava meM 850 I0 ke lagabhaga pallavottara maMdiroM se lupta ho gayA, kintu karnATaka aura dakSiNApatha ke cAlukya aura rASTrakUTa narezoM tathA unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke vimAna-maMdiroM meM niraMtara pracalita rahA aura yaha maNDapa ke aMtaHbhAga ke staMbha ke sAtha isa varga ke maMdiroM kA vizeSa lakSaNa ho gyaa| isa prakAra apane pA~ca vimAnoM ke sAtha yaha paMcakUTa-bastI eka mahattvapUrNa pratIka bana gayI hai| zravaNabelagolA meM caMdragiri pahAr3I para caMdragupta-bastI ke uttara meM kucha dUrI para cAmuNDarAyabastI athavA cAmuNDarAja-basadi (citra 130 kha) sthita hai jo vivecya avadhi ke jaina maMdiroM meM sarvopari evaM bhavyatama kRti hai aura kalA-kauzala kI dRSTi se kisI bhI anya kI apekSA adhika saMdara hai| isakA nirmANa rAcamalla-caturtha ke gaMga-maMtrI cAmuNDarAya ne dasavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima caraNa meM karAyA thA / isa maMdira-samUha meM tIna tala kA pUrvonmukha vargAkAra drAvir3a vimAna (nIMva para 11.5 mI0varga ) hai aura usake nIce ke taloM meM garbhagRha haiM, jinameM tIrthaMkara pratiSThApita haiN| eka choTA aMtarAla hai jise prathama tala ke bAhara se dekhA jA sakatA hai, aura vimAna ke hI samAna caur3AI kA lagabhaga vargAkAra vizAla mahA-maNDapa hai| vimAna meM pA~ca khaNDakoM aura unake bIca meM cAra aMtarAla haiM jo mukhya bhavana ko paMcaratha AkAra pradAna karate haiN| prathama tala kI saMracanA meM lagha maMdiroM kI zrRMkhalA, konoM para karNakaTa, madhya meM AyatAkAra koSTha yA zAlAeM aura unake madhya meM ardhavRttAkAra paMjara yA nIr3a nirmita haiN| vimAna-bhitti kI pratyeka ora ke keMdrIya bhadroM para tathA maNDapa ke donoM ora madhya meM sAde aura AyatAkAra devakoSTha haiM jo khaDgAsana pratimAoM ke lie banAye gaye haiN| Upara ke uttIra para haMsa aMkita haiM / haMsoM kI isa citra-vallarI para latA-pallava aura kamala-kalikAeM isa prakAra utkIrNa kiye gaye haiM ki ve haMsoM ke paMkha aura pUMcha sadaza pratIta hote haiN| kapota alaMkRta hai| usapara ikaharA ghumAva hai aura kinArI para choTe-choTe gulAba ke puSpoM kI sajjA hai| nIce kI bhitti ke ardha-staMbhoM kI urdhva rekhAoM ke bIca kuDu-yugala aMkita hai| saradala kI UparI paMkti vyAla-mAlA ke rUpa meM hai jisameM gaja-vyAla aura siMha-vyAla aMkita haiN| vimAna kI bhitti aura adhiSThAna ke samAna hI saradala ke bhI prakSepa haiN| saradala aura usake vyAlavari bhAgoM para laghu maMdiroM kA hAra nirmita hai jo cAra karNakaTa yA vargAkAra vimAna ke rUpa meM haiN| tIna bhadrazAlAe~ aura ardhavRttAkAra paMjara uttara, dakSiNa aura pazcima dizAoM meM haiN| yaha hAra anapita zailI kA hai aura madhya tala ke haya se svataMtra hai tathA use eka saMkIrNa aura khule hue pradakSiNA-patha ke dvArA pRthak rakhA gayA hai| hAra kI yaha racanA kambadahallimaMdira ke viparIta hai jahA~ hAra arpita-prakAra kA hai aura jar3AU kArya ke samAna UparI tala ke harmyabhittiyoM se jar3A haA hai| aise anarpita hAra maMdiroM meM sAMdhAra-zailI kI doharI bhittiyoM aura prAvata 222

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madhyAya 19] dakSiNa bhArata pradakSiNA-patha se yukta prathama tala para hI saMbhava haiM, jo cAlakya-maMdiroM kI pracalita zailI hai| bhittiyoM kI atyadhika moTAI aura aMtaH tathA bAhya bhittiyoM se bananevAle aMta:mArga ke abhAva meM yahA~ kI sAMdhAra racanA spaSTa nahIM bana pAyI hai / tathApi, isakI ardha-sAMdhAra racanA anarpita-hAra ke lie upayukta hai| isase hAra ke mukha aura pRSThabhAgoM ke sarvAMgINa nirmANa meM sahAyatA milI hai, vizeSakara ardhavRttAkAra paMjaroM kI gaja-pRSThAkRti kI racanA meM jisakA arpita-hAroM meM kevala sAmane kA bhAga hI prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| hAra kA vistAra usake kUToM, koSTho aura paMjaroM sahita maNDapa ke Upara taka hai / hAra ke sabhI aMga alaMkRta haiN| usake devakoSThoM meM suMdara-sughar3a pratimAeM nirmita haiM; udAharaNArtha, eka koSTha meM uttara-pUrva aura dakSiNa-pUrva ke karNakUToM meM kubera kI pratimAe~ athavA aMtarAla ke sAmane ke karNakaToM meM padmAsanastha tIrthaMkaroM yA agale pairoM ko khar3A karake baiThe hue siMha kI AkRtiyA~ haiN| bhadrazAlAoM kI keMdrIya nAsikAoM meM bhI tIrthaMkara-pratimAe~ aMkita haiM, jabaki pratyeka zAlA ke do-choroM para dahAr3ate hue siMhoM kA aMkana hai| isI prakAra paMjaroM ke agrabhAgoM para bhI tIrthaMkara-pratimAeM aMkita haiM / hAra-avayavoM ke madhyavartI dvArAMtaroM meM kSudra-nAsikAeM nirmita haiM, inameM bhI yakSa-yakSiyoM aura bhakta nara-nAriyoM kI pratimAeM haiN| isa zRMkhalA meM sarvottama pratimA padmAvatI yakSI kI hai jo mahAbalIpurama kI gajalakSmI kI mUrti kI mudrA aura zailI kA smaraNa dilAtI hai, kintu aMtara itanA hI hai ki isa mUrti meM jala-snAna karate hue gaja-yugala nahIM hai| dakSiNI aMtarAla kI kSudra-nAsikAnoM para gaja-mUrtiyoM kA isa rUpa meM aMkana, jo gaMga-narezoM kA rAjakIya cihna thA, isa maMdira ko gaMga-narezoM kI nirmiti siddha karatA hai / mahA-maNDapa meM bhI Upara laghu maMdiroM kA hAra hai| isake pUrvI bhAga ke keMdrIya laghu maMdira kI rUparekhA dvitala adhiracanA vAle gopura ke samAna hai| isa gopUra athavA dvAra-zAlA ke donoM ora kI kSadra-nAsikAyoM meM AsIna mahilAoM kI do pratimAe~, saMbhavataH isa maMdira meM mAnavIya pratimA ke sarvottama udAharaNa haiN| mahA-maNDapa ke sAtha eka agra-maNDapa kI racanA bAda meM huii| isa maNDapa ke bAhya dvAra meM cAlakya-zailI kI bhavya rUpa se zilpAMkita caukhaTa jar3I haI hai| maNDapa ke bhItara solaha staMbha svataMtra rUpa se sthita haiM parantu unameM se bIca ke cAra ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI maNDapa-prakAra ke zadurama AdhAra aura zIrSayukta haiN| unake bIca-bIca meM kaTu alaMkaraNa haiM aura ve bhadrapIThoM para AdhArita haiN| cAroM keMdrIya staMbha bIca meM gola haiM tathA unake zikhara meM kalaza, tADi aura kuMbha sammilita haiM / aMtima staMbhoM para dharana AdhArita haiM kyoMki vahA~ pAli aura zilApaTTa nahIM haiN| ye pAlizadAra prastara-staMbha gola bhadrAsana adhiSThAnoM para AdhArita haiM aura apekSAkRta sAde haiN| ye staMbha paravartI cAlukya-zailI ke alaMkaraNa-prAcurya se rahita haiN| maNDapa ke madhyavartI pharza kA stara kucha uThA huA hai, jabaki Upara kI chata para patralatA ke ghere meM vistIrNa kamala kA aMkana hai| keMdrIya pUSpAsana sAdA hai| mahA-maNDapa ke bhItara kI staMbha-paMktiyoM ke samAna hI, aMtaHbhittiyoM para caturbhajI sAde ardha-staMbha haiN| maNDapa ke pRSThabhAga ke aMtarAla para prAcIna citrAMkanoM ke cihna haiN| garbhagRha meM selakhar3I se nirmita neminAtha kI pratimA pratiSThApita hai| unake pIche tiruvAci aura do anucara haiN| yaha mUla pratimA ke sthAna para paravartI sthApana hai, jaisAki unake pAdapITha para likhe abhilekha meM ullekha 223

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 hai| isake samarUpa yakSa aura yakSI kI pratimAeM bhI usI prastara se nirmita haiM, vizeSakara yakSI kI mUrti bhavya rUpa se zilpAMkita kRti hai| maNDapa ke dakSiNI-pUrvI kone se sIr3hiyoM kA car3hAva hai jo dUsare tala ke maMdira ke sAmane kI khulI chata para pahu~catA hai| prathama tala kI apekSA isa harmya ke cauka kA parimANa choTA hai aura usakI cAroM pArzvabhittiyoM ke bAharI bhAgoM para ardha-staMbha haiN| dakSiNI, pazcimI aura uttarI bhittiyoM ke do-do keMdrIya ardha-staMbhoM ke bIca ke aMtarAla meM uthale devakoSTha haiM jinameM cUne se nirmita tIrthaMkaroM kI khaDgAsana pratimAe~ uthalI rekhAMkana zailI meM aMkita haiM / nicale tala ke samAna hI yahA~ ke saradala para bhI haMsoM kI zilpAkRtiyA~ haiM, kevala konoM para siMhoM kA aMkana hai| kapota para karNakUToM aura bhadrazAlAoM kA hAra hai| kUToM aura zAlAoM ke mukhabhAgoM para tIrthaMkara-pratimAeM utkIrNa haiM jabaki kSudra-nAsikAnoM para bhakta nara-nAriyoM kI pratimAe~ haiN| uttara aura dakSiNa kI aMtarAla-bhittiyoM ke Upara ke saradala para do ardhavRttAkAra nIr3a athavA paMjara haiM jinake Age-pIche pUrNa gaja-pRSThAkRti kA aMkana hai| unake sAmane ke toraNoM ke devakoSThoM meM tIrthaMkara-pratimAe~ dhyAna-mudrA meM aMkita haiN| aMtarAla ke AyatAkAra kSetra ke pIche maMdira ke praveza-dvAra para sAdI caukhaTa jar3I huI hai jabaki garbhagRha meM selakhar3I se nirmita pArzvanAtha kI paravartI pratimA hai| tIsarA tala cAroM ora se AvRta, kama UMce choTe cauka ke rUpa meM hai jisakA uThAna dUsare tala ke hAra ke Upara huA hai| isameM sAmAnya ardha-staMbha aura tIrthaMkara-pratimAoM se yukta devakoSTha haiN| yaha vAstavika grIvA ke uThAna meM upagrIvA kA kArya karatA hai aura isa prakAra vimAna kI kula U~cAI kI usake AdhAra ke samAnupAtika sauMdarya ke anusAra abhivRddhi karatA hai, anyathA vAstuzilpa kI dRSTi se yaha baunI aura asuMdara racanA mAtra raha jaatii| isake Upara aSTakoNa zikhara se AcchAdita aSTakoNa grIvA hai jo kambadahalli kI apekSA kama suMdara hai| grIvA-zikhara ke pAThoM koNoM para mahAnAsikAeM prakSipta haiM jinake cAroM ora ke devakoSThoM meM tIrthaMkara-pratimAeM tathA konoM ke devakoSThoM meM bhakta nara-nAriyoM kI pratimAe~ aMkita haiN| sabase Upara kI stUpI eka hI zilAkhaNDa se nirmita nahIM hai, varana saMzliSTa hai| yaha cAra bhAgoM meM saMpUrNa grenAiTa kI racanA hai, jabaki sabase Upara kI stUpikA kAlI selakhar3I kI hai aura kalaza se saMyukta kara dI gayI hai| cAmuNDarAya-bastI ke AdhAra-zilAlekha ke anusAra maMdira kA nirmANa cAmuNDarAya ke dvArA san 182 I0 meM karAyA gayA thaa| UparI tala ke garbhagRha meM pArzvanAtha kI pratimA kI pratiSThApanA san 965 meM karAyI gayI thI jaisAki ukta pratimA ke pAdapITha para maMtri-putra ke abhilekha se vidita hotA hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki pitA aura putra ke dvArA maMdira ke nirmANa meM teraha varSa lge| sAmane ke agra-maNDapa kA nirmANa saMbhavataH hoyasala viSNavardhana ke samaya kiyA gyaa| isa pahAr3I ke prAkAra ke dakSiNI praveza-dvAra ke bhItara eka uttaMga staMbha ATha hAthiyoM ke AdhAra ke Upara banAyA gayA hai| prAkAra ke bhItara kaI maMdira haiM / staMbha ke zikhara para brahmadeva kI pUrvonmukha 224

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata (ka) zittannavAsala - guphA-maMdira (kha) tirupparuttikkuNram - caMdraprabha-maMdira citra 127 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 (ka) tirupparuttikkuNram - maMdiroM ke vimAna (kha) caTTIpaTTI - bhagna maMdira aura usake adhiSThAna para sthApita mUrtiyA~ citra 128 [ bhAga 4

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adhyAya 19] dakSiNa bhArata (ka) sembaTUra - bhagna maMdira aura usake adhiSThAna para sthApita mUrtiyA~ (kha) zravaNabelagolA - caMdragupta bastI kA maMdira-samUha citra 129

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 (ka) kambadahalli (zravaNabelagolA) - paMcakUTa-bastI (kha) zravaNabelagolA -cAmuNDarAya-bastI citra 130

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adhyAya 191 dakSiNa bhArata zravaNabelagolA- gommaTezvara-mUrti citra 131

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 zravaNabelagolA gommaTezvara mUrti kA zIrSa citra 132 ra [ bhAga 4 .

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata tirakkola - zailotkIrNa tIrthakara-mUrtiyA~ citra 133

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 tirumalai - neminAtha-maMdira citra 134 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata (ka) vallimalai - tIrthaMkaroM aura yakSiyoM kI zailotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ (kha) ciTTAmUra - paricArikAoM-sahita bAhubalI aura tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI zailotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ citra 135 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 (ka) ciTTAmUra - yakSI-sahita mahAvIra kI zailotkIrNa mUrti CHECKED (kha) uttamapalayam - tIrthaMkaroM kI paMktibaddha zailotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ citra 136

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata (ka) kalugumalai - anucaroM-sahita tIrthaMkaroM kI zailotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ (kha) kalugumalai - yakSI aura tIrthaMkaroM kI zailotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ citra 137 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 kalugumalai - tIrthaMkaroM kI paMktibaddha zailotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ citra 138

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adhyAya 191 dakSiNa bhArata (ka) citarAla - zailAzraya (kha) citarAla - tIrthaMkaroM kI zailotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ citra 139 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 (ka) kallila - zailAzraya (kha) kallila -- zailAzraya ke sAmane kA maMdira citra 140

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata pAlaghATa - maMdira aura usake sAmane pUrvavartI maMdira kA adhiSThAna citra 141

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vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 pAlaghATa tIrthakara tathA anya mUrtiyA~ citra 142 [ bhAga 4

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madhyAya 19 ] bakSiNa bhArata mUrti hai| staMbha para utkIrNa abhilekha ke anusAra isakA nirmANa gaMga nareza mArasiMha kI san 174 meM haI mRtyu ke smAraka ke rUpa meM kiyA gyaa| dakSiNa karnATaka aura tamilanADu kI mUrtikalA zravaNabelagolA kI iMdragiri pahAr3I para gommaTezvara kI vizAla pratimA (citra 131) mUrtikalA meM gaMga rAjAoM kI aura, vAstava meM, bhArata ke anya kisI bhI rAjavaMza kI mahattama upalabdhi hai| pahAr3I kI 140 mITara U~cI coTI para sthita yaha mUrti cAroM ora se paryApta dUrI se hI dikhAI detI hai| ise pahAr3I kI coTI ke Upara prakSipta grenAiTa kI caTTAna ko kATakara banAyA gayA hai jisakI ekarUpatA aura patthara kI saMdara ravedAra ukerane nizcaya hI mUrtikAra ko vyApaka rUpa se saMtuSTa kiyA hogaa| pratimA ke sira se jA~ghoM taka aMga-nirmANa ke lie caTTAna ke avAMchita aMzoM ko Age, pIche aura pArzva se' haTAne meM kalAkAra kI pratibhA zreSThatA kI carama sImA para jA pahuMcI hai| jA~ghoM se nIce ke bhAga, TA~geM aura paira, ubhAra meM utkIrNa kiye gaye haiM, jabaki mUla caTTAna ke pRSThabhAga tathA pArzvabhAga pratimA ko prAdhAra pradAna karane ke lie surakSita rakhe gaye haiN| pArzva ke zilAkhaNDoM meM cITiyoM Adi kI bA~biyA~ aMkita kI gayI haiM aura kucheka meM se kukkaTa-sarpo athavA kAlpanika saryoM ko nikalate hue aMkita kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra donoM hI aora se nikalatI huI mAdhavI latA ko pA~va aura jA~ghoM se lipaTatI aura kaMdhoM taka car3hatI huI aMkita kiyA gayA hai, jinakA aMta puSpoM yA beriyoM ke gucchoM ke rUpa meM hotA hai| gommaTa ke caraNa (pratyeka kI mApa 2.75 mITara) jisa pAdapITha para haiM vaha pUrNa vikasita kamala-rUpa meM hai / khaDgAsana-mudrA meM gommaTezvara kI isa vizAla vakSayukta bhavya pratimA ke donoM hAtha ghaTanoM taka laTake hue haiN| donoM hAthoM ke aMgaThe bhItara kI ora mar3e hue haiN| sira kI racanA lagabhaga gola hai aura U~cAI 2.3 mITara hai (citra 132) / yaha aMkana kisI bhI yuga ke sarvotkRSTa aMkanoM meM se eka hai| nukIlI aura saMvedanazIla nAka, ardhanimIlita dhyAnamagna netra, saumya smitaaoSTha, kiMcit bAhara ko nikalI huI Thor3I, supuSTa gAla, piNDayukta kAna, mastaSka taka chAye hue ghugharAle keza Adi ina sabhI se AkarSaka, varan devAtmaka, mukhamaNDala kA nirmANa huA hai| ATha mITara caur3e baliSTha kaMdhe, car3hAva-utAra rahita kuhanI aura ghuTanoM ke jor3a, saMkIrNa nitamba jinakI caur3AI sAmane se tIna mITara hai aura jo beDaula aura atyadhika gola haiM, aise pratIta hote haiM mAno mUrti ko saMtulana pradAna kara rahe hoM, bhItara kI ora urekhita nAlIdAra rIr3ha, sudRr3ha aura aDiga caraNa, sabhI ucita anupAta meM, mUrti ke apratima sauMdarya aura jIvaMtatA ko bar3hAte haiM, sAtha hI ve jaina mUrtikalA kI una pracalita paraMparAoM kI ora bhI saMketa karate haiM jinakA daihika prastuti se koI saMbaMdha na thA-kadAcita tIrthaMkara yA sAdhu ke alaukika vyaktitva ke kAraNa, jinake lie mAtra bhautika jagata kA koI astitva nhiiN| kevalI ke dvArA tyAga kI paripUrNatA-sUcaka pratimA kI nirAvaraNatA, dRr3ha nizcayAtmakatA evaM AtmaniyaMtraNa kI paricAyaka khaDgAsana-mudrA aura dhyAnamagna hote hue bhI mukhamaNDala para jhalakatI smiti ke aMkana meM mUrtikAra kI mahat parikalpanA aura usake kalA-kauzala ke darzana hote haiN| sira aura mukhAkRti ke atirikta, hAthoM, u~galiyoM, nakhoM, pairoM tathA er3iyoM kA aMkana isa kaThora durgama caTTAna para jisa dakSatA ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai, vaha Azcarya kI vastu hai| saMpUrNa pratimA ko vAstava 225

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I. [ bhAga 4 meM pahAr3I kI U~cAI aura usake AkAra-prakAra ne saMtulita kiyA hai tathA paraMparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra jisa pahAr3I coTI para bAhubalI ne tapazcaraNa kiyA thA vaha pIche kI ora avasthita hai aura Aja bhI isa vizAla pratimA ko pairoM aura pAzvoM ke nikaTa AdhAra pradAna kiye hue hai, anyathA yaha pratimA aura bhI U~cI hotii| jaisAki phagryusana ne kahA hai : 'isase mahAna aura prabhAvazAlI racanA mizra se bAhara kahIM bhI astitva meM nahIM hai aura vahA~ bhI koI jJAta pratimA isakI UMcAI ko pAra nahIM kara sakI hai| mizra kI vizAla pratimAoM meM raimajesa kI mUrti tathA aphagAnistAna meM bAmiyAna parvatazrRMgoM ke agrabhAgoM para utkIrNa mahAna buddha kI pratimAe~ sarvottama zilpAMkana haiM jabaki gommaTezvara-mUrti ghuTanoM se Upara kI U~cAI meM golAkAra hai aura usakA pRSThabhAga agrabhAga ke samAna suracita hai| isake atirikta hai samUce zarIra para darpaNa kI bhA~ti camakatI pAliza jisase bhUre-zveta grenAiTa prastara ke dAne bhavya ho uThe haiM; aura bhavya ho uThI hai isameM nihita sahasra varSa se bhI adhika samaya se vismRta athavA naSTaprAya vaha kalA jise samrATa azoka aura usake prapautra dazaratha ke zilpiyoM ne uttara bhArata meM gayA ke nikaTa barAbara aura nAgArjunI pahAr3iyoM kI AjIvika guphAoM ke suvistRta aMtaHbhAgoM kI pAliza ke lie apanAyA thA / UMce pahAr3I zikhara para khule AkAza meM sthita pratimA ko dhUpa, tApa, zIta, varSA gharSaNakArI dhUla aura varSA bharI vAyu ke thaper3oM se bacAne meM isa pAliza ne rakSAkavaca kA kArya kiyA hai / yaha aisA tathya hai jise isa pratimA ke nirmAtAoM ne bhalI-bhA~ti samajha liyA thaa| elorA aura anya sthAnoM kI gommaTa-pratimAoM se bhinna, isa mUrti kI deha ke cAroM ora sarpila latAe~ bar3e hI niyaMtrita kauzala ke sAtha aMkita kI gayI haiM aura unake pallava eka dUsare se ucita pAnupAtika dUrI para isa prakAra aMkita kiye gaye haiM ki unase pratimA kI bhavyatA kama na ho| karnATaka pradeza ke kArkala (1342 I0), veNUra (1604 I0) aura bagalaura ke nikaTavartI eka sthAna (gommaTagiri) kI tIna paravartI gommaTa-pratimAoM kA isa mUrti ke zilpa-sauMdarya yA AkAra se koI sAmya nahIM hai| zarIra ke sAmAnya AkAra ke anupAta meM ghuTanoM se nIce TA~goM kA ucita mApa meM aMkana, chaTa hai jo mUla caTTAna ke mApa ke anusAra kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai, pArzvavartI zilA aura usapara aMkita cITiyoM kI bAbiyoM, soM aura latAoM kI apekSA kahIM adhika spaSTa hai| mUrti ke zarIrAMgoM ke anupAta ke cayana meM mUrtikAra pahAr3I-coTI para nirAvRta mUrti kI asAdhAraNa sthiti se bhalI-bhAMti paricita thaa| yaha sthiti usa aNDAkAra pahAr3I kI thI jo mIloM vistRta prAkRtika dRzyAvalI se ghirI thii| mRti vAstavika artha meM digaMbara honI thI, arthAt khulA AkAza hI usakA vitAna aura vastrAbharaNa hone the| mUrtikAra kI isa nissIma vyoma-vitAna ke nIce avasthita kalAkRti ko spaSTa rUpa se isa pRSThabhUmi ke aMtargata dekhanA hogA aura vaha bhI dUravartI kisI aise koNa se jahA~ se samagra AkRti 1 phagyUsana (jemsa). hisTrI praoNpha iNDiyana eka IsTarna prAkiTekcara. 1910. laMdana. pR 72. 226

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adhyAya 19] dakSiNa bhArata darzaka kI dRSTi-sImA meM samAhita ho ske| aise koNa se dekhane para hI zarIrAMgoM ke ucita anupAta aura kalAkRti kI utkRSTatA kA anubhava ho sakatA hai| AdhAra ke donoM pArzva ke prastara-khaNDoM para utkIrNa tamila-graMtha, nAgarI (prAcIna marAThI) aura kannar3a-tIna lipiyoM ke abhilekhoM aura anyatra upalabdha abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki gommaTezvara kA nirmANa gaMga nareza rAjamalla satyavAkya athavA rAcamalla (974-684 I0)ke maMtrI cAmuNDarAya ne san 678 (cAmuNDarAya kRta cAmuNDarAya-purANa kI racanA-tithi jisameM isa mahAn upalabdhi kA ullekha nahIM hai) ke uparAMta kabhI karAyA thaa| vaise isa pratimA kI nirmANa-tithi 983 I0 mAnI jAtI hai, yadyapi aneka sAhityika saMdarbho ke AdhAra para usakI pAraMparika pratiSThA-tithi kAlacakrIya vibhava varSa meM caitra zukla paMcamI, ravivAra, hai jo lagabhaga 1028 I. ke barAbara hotI hai| AdhAra para utkIrNa eka abhilekha meM bhI ullekha hai ki mUrti ke cAroM ora caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke maMdiroM ke sAtha zattAla athavA staMbhIya caityavAsa kA nirmANa hoyasala-nareza viSNavardhana ke senApati gaMgarAja ne karavAyA thA / isa prakAra, pratimA ke pIche samatala-vitAnayukta maNDapa ke kucha bhAga ke nirmANa ke lie, pArzva AdhArIya zilA ke eka bar3e bhAga ke zIrSa ko, jo bahutala maNDapa ke aMtarima pArzva ke rUpa meM hai, kATanA pdd'aa| maNDapa aMtataH vizAla pratimA kA pramukha AdhAra bana gayA / gaMga narezoM kI eka anya mahattvapUrNa kRti gommaTezvara bAhubalI ke bhAI bharatezvara kI mUrti hai jo unake pUrvAzrama kI sthiti kI hai| yaha ghaTanA se nIce TUTI huI hai aura lagabhaga upekSita dazA meM khar3I hai| vidyamAna pratimA samabhaMga-mudrA meM lagabhaga tIna mITara U~cI hai| lalita samAnupAta meM, ise bhI caMdragiri pahAr3I ke parisara ke pazcimI bhAga meM eka sthAna para par3e hue vizAla zilAkhaNDa ko kATakara banAyA gayA hai| kintu durbhAgya se isake cAroM ora una pattharoM ke Dhera laga gaye haiM jo darzanArthiyoM dvArA pratyAvartita saMgItAtmaka dhvani sunane ke lie pheMke gye| aneka prAkRtika guphAoM yA zailAzrayoM, paranAloM, pAlizadAra zayyAoM tathA tamila-brAhmI abhilekhoM se yukta pahAr3iyoM ke atirikta yahA~ jaina AvAsa ke dvitIya yA paravartI caraNa kI aura bhI aneka kRtiyA~ haiM jo dakSiNa kerala aura tamilanADu ke jiloM meM prAyaH sarvatra upalabdha haiM / tamilabrAhamI abhilekhoM ke abhAva meM unameM adhikAMzataH tamila lipi aura bhASA ke abhilekha anya saMgatiyoM ke sAtha haiM, jinameM bahudhA jaina pratimAe~ yA to zilAmukhoM para utkIrNa pratimAoM ke rUpa meM haiM yA phira pRthak uthale urekhana ke rUpa meN| unameM se kucha meM prAMtarika parivardhana dikhAI par3atA hai, yathA-- toraNAkAra racanA aura IMTa-nirmitiyoM ke avazeSa / citrAMkana bho draSTavya hai| isa prakAra ke AvAsa aura punaH upayoga ke sAkSya paravartI caraNa kI pUrvakAlika guphAoM aura zailAzrayoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiM, jo paravartI kAla taka unake niraMtara prayoga kI puSTi karate haiN| 1 [brAhmI abhilekhoM aura zailotkIrNa zayyAoM se yukta prAraMbhika prAkRtika guphAoM ke lie draSTavya : adhyAya 9 -saMpAdaka.] 227

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I. [ bhAga 4 - ciMgalapaTa jile ke proraMbakkama grAma kI paMcapANDavamalai pahADI kI zaila-zayyAoM se yukta prAkRtika guphAoM meM hAla hI meM isI prakAra ke jaina adhiSThAna mile haiN| unameM se eka ke samIpa AdinAtha kI pratimAeM milI haiM / AdinAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke zilpAMkanoM ko zilAmukha para hI utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai jabaki pArzvanAtha kI mUrti pUrNAkAra maMdira-mukha ke bhItara usI kAra aMkita hai jaise mahAbalIpurama meM arjuna ke tapazcaraNa ke bhavya dazya meM viSNa ko khaDI madrA meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai| isake pArzva meM utkIrNa graMtha aura tamila ke abhilekhoM meM ullekha hai ki tevArama (bhItara aMkita devamUrti ke sAtha maMdira) kA nirmANa caturviMzati ke nirmAtA jainAcArya vasudeva siddhAMta-bhaTAra ne karavAyA thaa| paryApta gaharA devakoSTha, vAstuparaka abhiracanA ko bhalI-bhA~ti prastuta karatA hai| isameM pArzvanAtha kI eka kAyotsarga-pratimA pratiSThApita hai jisakA zIrSa paMcaphaNanAga-chatra se AcchAdita hai| vAstuparaka rUpa-prakAra, pratimAe~ aura saMbaddha abhilekhoM kI purAlipi ke anusAra anya do pratimAoM kI nirmANa-tithi sAtavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha athavA AThavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha nirdhArita kI jA sakatI hai; arthAt yaha tInoM pallava kRtiyA~ haiN| AdinAtha ko samaparyaMka (padmAsana) dhyAna-mudrA meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai| sira ke Upara trichatra tathA donoM pAzvoM meM ur3ate hue vidyAdhara tathA camaradhArI aMkita haiN| mahAvIra kI pratimA bhI isI mudrA meM aMkita kI gayI hai| prAkRtika guphAoM ke nikaTavartI zilAkhaNDoM para, jo prAyaH sarvatra upalabdha haiM, isI prakAra ke uthale urekhana haiM, kintu pArzvanAtha kI mUrti se suzobhita maMdira kA zilpAMkana advitIya hai| uttara arkATa jile ke vilappakkama meM paMcapANDavamalai athavA tiruppAnamale meM jaina saMracanAoM se yukta eka prAkRtika guphA hai| isameM eka tiryaka bhitti ke nirmANa ke phalasvarUpa eka mora giritAla bana gayA hai aura dUsarA bhAga aba muslima daragAha ke rUpa meM hai| inameM sarvAdhika AkarSaka to AThavIM se gyAharavIM zatAbdiyoM taka kI pallava-cola pratimAe~ aura abhilekha haiN| inameM yakSI kI eka pratimA ullekhanIya kalAkRti hai| yahA~ eka tIrthaMkara-mUrti zilpAMkita hai jisake nIce cola-rAjacihna cItA aMkita hai| pahADI ke nicale pUrvI bhAga para eka vizAla zailotkIrNa guphA-maMdira hai| yadyapi yaha aneka dRSTiyoM se apUrNa hai phira bhI apane bhArI anagar3ha staMbhoM, palastara kI huI bhittiyoM aura chatoM se yukta jaina maMdira ke rUpa meM prayukta ho rahA hai / isake agrabhAga meM chaha staMbha aura donoM choroM para do bhitti-staMbha haiN| maNDapa ke bhItara inhIM ke anurUpa staMbha nirmita haiM jo ise kramazaH caur3e tathA saMkIrNa aMtaH evaM bAhya bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karate haiN| pRSThabhitti meM sAta devakulikAeM haiM jo sabhI rikta haiN| guphA-maMdira ke agrabhAga ke paranAle ke nikaTa keMdra meM eka tIrthaMkara-mUrti siddhAsana-mudrA meM aMkita hai| yaha jaina ajikAoM kA eka vizAla keMdra thaa| ina ajikAoM meM tiruppAnamalai ke 1 campakalakSmI (Ara). ena ananoTisDa jaina kaivarna niyara madurAMtakama, jarnala oNpha da madrAsa yUnivarsiTI. 41, 1-2%; 1969%; pR 11-13. 2 zrI nivAsana (ke prAra). pallava pAkiTekcara oNpha sAutha iNDiyA. eMzyeiNTa iNDiyA. 14; pu 129, citra 17. 3 zrInivAsana (ke pAra). keva Tempalsa praoNpha da pallavAja. pAkiTekcarala sarve oNpha Tempalsa. 1.1964. pAhUyaoNlaoN jikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, naI dillI. pR 94-98. 228

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adhyAya 19] dakSiNa bhArata ariSTanemi-bhaTAra kI ziSyA pattinikkuratti ko cola nareza parAMtaka-prathama ke zAsanakAla meM kucha mahattva prApta thaa| 945 I0 ke eka abhilekha se isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| uttara arkATa jile ke tirakkola meM eka mahattvapUrNa zilAkhaNDa hai jisapara jaina mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM (citra 133) / isI jile meM armAmale meM khaNDita jaina pratimAe~ aura guphA ke bhItara kI paravartI nimitiyoM ke sAkSya mile haiN| vizAlAkAra armAmala guphA ko IMToM se trikUTa-zailI ke tIna garbhagRhoM vAle jaina maMdira kA rUpa diyA gyaa| khaNDita pratimAoM ke avazeSoM meM zilApaTToM para utkIrNa do dvArapAloM ke uthale urekhana haiM / yaha aura inake sAtha ke do anya zilApaTTa haiM jinake eka ora kamala-pratIkoM kA aMkana hai aura kucha khaNDita bhittistaMbha haiN| mAtra yahI mUrti evaM vAstu-kalA ke alaMkaraNa ke avazeSa bace haiN| kamala-pratIkAMkita zilApaTTa ke keMdra meM eka cUla hai jisase yaha saMketa milatA hai ki yaha zilApaTTa kASTha ke staMbhAdhAra ke rUpa meM, saMbhavata: mAna-staMbha yA dhvaja-staMbha ke rUpa meM, prayukta hotA rahA hai| do dvArapAla kadAcit caNDa aura maMcaNDa kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / dvArapAloM ke nimna-uddhRtoM kI rUpa-rekhA aura zailI, pallava kI apekSA rASTrakUTa-gaMga kalA kI adhika sajAtIya pratIta hotI hai| vastutaH trikUTa kA madhyavartI garbhagRha pArzvavartI garbhagRhoM kI apekSA adhika vizAla hai| isase vidita hotA hai ki trikUTa madhyavartI garbhagRha meM pratiSThApita mukhya pratimA ko samarpita hai, jabaki pArzvavartI garbhagRhoM meM saMbhavataH anya tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ yA cUne dvArA nirmita yakSa-yakSI rahe hoN| isakI bhittiyoM aura palastara kI gayI chata para manohArI bhitti-citroM ke avazeSa haiN| maMdira aura isakI pratimAnoM evaM bhitti-citroM ke nirmANa kA samaya nauMvI zatAbdI kA uttarArdha aura dasavIM zatAbdI kA prathamAMza saMbhAvita hai, jaisAki isake citrAMkanoM se pratIta hotA hai, jo elorA kI rASTrakUTa-zailI ke anurUpa haiN| aisA hI saMketa colalipi meM lagabhaga dasavIM zatAbdI ke eka lagha abhilekha se milatA hai| isI prakAra isI jile meM tirumale ke prakhyAta jaina keMdra meM, jise zilAlekhoM meM vaikAvara kahA gayA hai, pahAr3I para jaina maMdira-samUha (citra 134) hai jo prAkRtika guphA ke bhItara aura bAhara nirmita hai tathA mallinAtha aura neminAtha ko samarpita hai| yahA~ kI kuSamANDinI aura dharmA devI-yakSiyA~ tathA pArzvanAtha kI suMdara pratimAe~ tathA yahA~ ke citrAMkana vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / zilpAMkanoM kI zailI Adya cola-pratimAoM ke anurUpa hai, jabaki gyAharavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha ke samakAlIna citrAMkana atyadhika paraMparAgata haiM, jaise jaina citrAMkana prAyaH hote haiN| yahA~ bhI rASTrakUTa nareza kRSNa-tRtIya ke rAjyakAla ke unnIsaveM varSa (637-38 I0) aura pUrvavartI cola nareza parAMtaka-prathama ke 612-13 I0 ke zilAlekha mile haiN| uttara arkATa jile meM vallimalai bhI prAkRtika guphAoM aura zailotkIrNa jaina mUrtiyoM se samRddha hai (citra 135 ka) / inameM se eka guphA vartamAna subrahmaNya-maMdira-samUha ke garbhagRha ke rUpa meM hai kintu Aja bhI Upara laTakI huI caTTAna ke lalATa para utkIrNa tIrthaMkara-mUrti spaSTa dikhAI detI hai| yahA~ 1 [draSTavya : adhyAya 30-saMpAdaka.] 229

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bAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 utkIrNa eka zilAlekha ke anusAra yahA~ ke eka maMdira kA zilAnyAsa pazcimI gaMga nareza rAcamallaprathama ke dvArA huA thaa| yahA~ kI pratimAe~ pallavoM kI apekSA gaMga-zailI kI adhika sajAtIya haiN| eka guphA meM yugala tIrthakara-pratimA siMhAsana para padmAsana-mudrA meM AsIna hai aura Upara do camaradhAriyoM kI laghu prAkRtiyA~ haiN| tIrthakara-yugala ke pArzva meM siMha para ArUr3ha aMbikA aura dAyeM pArzva meM hAthI para ArUr3ha brahmazAstA ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| anya zilpAMkanoM meM analikhita sammilita haiM : caukora devakulikA meM utkIrNa vardhamAna pratimA; eka laghu devakulikA meM kAyotsarga-mudrA yA pratimA-yoga meM aMkita gommaTa kI laghu mUrti ; nAgachatra ke nIce Asanastha pArzvanAtha kI cAra pratimAeM; do yakSiyA~, jinameM se bRhattara mUrti padamAvatI kI hai aura eka gajArUr3ha yakSa; eka paMkti meM pA~ca Asanastha tIrthaMkara jinake pAdapITha para abhilekha haiM; tIna phalakoM meM se eka meM yakSI aMbikA, dUsarI meM trichatra ke nIce Asanastha vardhamAna jinake pAsana para do camaradhArI anucara tathA Upara ur3ate hue do vidyAdhara aura unake Upara aSTamaMgala dravya haiM tathA tIsarI phalaka meM trichatra aura nAgaphaNa se AcchAdita pArzvanAtha kI kAyotsarga pratimA; ye sabhI makara-toraNa tiruvAci ke bhItara aMkita haiN| isa zRMkhalA kI sarvotkRSTa mUrti sthAnIya logoM dvArA valli kI mUrti batAyI jAtI hai| yaha AkarSaka tribhaMga-mudrA meM jhakI huI nArI kI mUrti hai jo pA~va taka ghAgharA pahane khar3I hai| kaTi meM ghAghare ke Upara mekhalA hai| gale meM gulUbaMda aura hAra dhAraNa kiye hai jo usake stanoM ke bIca laTaka rahA hai| usakI keza-sajjA meM sira para dhammila jur3A hai| usakA dAhinA hAtha kaTaka-jaisI mudrA meM hai jabaki bAyeM hAtha ko vaha aise uThAye hai jaise usameM pyAle-jaisI koI vastu pakar3e ho| ___ dakSiNa arkATa jile meM cittAmUra sthAna meM kucha mahattvapUrNa jaina zailotkIrNa pratimAoM kA samUha nauvIM-dasavIM zatAbdiyoM ke lagabhaga kA hai, jisake cAroM ora colakAlIna madhya aura aMtima caraNa ke nirmita maMdira haiM / ina pratimAoM meM bAhubalI, anucaroM sahita pArzvanAtha (citra 135 kha) aura yakSI siddhAyikA sahita mahAvIra (citra 136 ka) kI pratimAe~ ullekhanIya haiN| cittAmUra tamila jainoM ke eka maTha kA pramukha keMdra hai|| pahAr3iyoM se rahita taMjAvura jilA aise smArakoM se vaMcita hai kintu isa kAla ke viziSTa jaina purAvazeSa cendalai, jJAnanAdapurama, kuhUra, maruttuvakkuDi, devaMkuDi aura palayara meM draSTavya haiN| madurai ke nikaTa zamanaramala meM 600 se 1000 I0 kI samayAvadhi kI jaina pratimAeM haiM jinakI gaNanA sarvotkRSTa aura sarvAdhika manohArI pratimAoM meM kI jAtI hai| isa pahAr3I para guphA ke bhItara, pAdapITha para avasthita eka tIrthaMkara-pratimA hai jabaki Upara laTakI huI zilA ke lalATa para devakoSThoM meM dasavIM zatAbdI ke baTTejuttu abhilekha sahita do anya tIrthaMkaroM ke uthale urekhana haiN| isI pahAr3I ke dakSiNa-pazcimI DhalAna para sthita zeTTIpoDavu nAmaka prAkRtika guphA (poDavu athavA puDai arthAt guphA) hai| usake praveza-dvAra ke samIpa hI pahAr3I para utkIrNa Asanastha vizAla tIrthaMkara-pratimA hai jisake nIce vaTTejuttu abhilekha hai| guphA ke bhItara toraNAkAra chata para pratimAoM ke pA~ca samUha aMkita haiN| inameM keMdrIya samUha ke nIce vajattu abhilekha hai| pahale samUha meM siMhArUr3ha yakSI aMbikA pratyaMcA khIMce 230

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zradhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata hue, dhanuSa ko dAyeM hAtha se aura vANa ko bAyeM hAtha se saMdhAna kI sthiti meM pakar3e hue, prastuta kI gayI hai / siMhavAhana ke samakSa apane hAthoM meM DhAla - kRpANa liye gajArUr3ha puruSa hai / yaha saMyojana pUrvokta malaiDikkuruci ke zailotkIrNa guphA maMdira kI vikRta mukhI pratimAyukta phalakoM kI smRti dilAtA hai (pR 212) / isake pazcAta trichatroM ke nIce pAdapITha para Asanastha tIrthaMkaroM kI tIna phalakeM haiM / pA~cavIM aura aMtima phalaka para bAyeM paira ko mor3akara tathA dAyeM ko nIce laTakAkara baiThI huI yakSI aMkita hai| vaha dAyeM hAtha meM kamalakalI liye hue hai jabaki bAyA~ hAtha usakI goda meM rakhA hai / spaSTataH vaha padmAvatI hai| pahAr3I kI pUrvI DhAla ke ThIka dakSiNI chora para peccipallama nAmaka sthAna hai jahA~ UparI caTTAna ke sAmane eka samatala -sA dharAtala hai / yahA~ jaina pratimAoM kI eka paMkti hai jinameM supArzvanAtha kI pA~ca kAyotsarga-pratimAe~ haiM / yahA~ para ina pratimAoM se saMbaddha chaha vaTTejutta abhilekha haiM ! anya do mUrtiyA~ Asanastha tIrthaMkaroM kI haiN| jaisAki zilAlekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ye mUrtiyA~ samarpaNa ke lie haiM / isI prakAra kI sunirmita pratimAe~ madurai ke nikaTa nAgamale pahAr3I para milI haiM / kileyUra - kIlavalavu kI paMcapANDavamale bhI isa avadhi kI vizAla zilAkhaNDoM para utkIrNa jaina pratimAtra ke lie ullekhanIya sthAna hai / inameM tIrthaMkara aura yakSI jaisI deviyoM kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / isa sthAna ko pallikkuDama kahate haiM / isI prakAra kuppalanAthama kI poyagemale aura uttamapalaiyama kI karuppannasAmi caTTAna para ( citra 136 kha ) jaina pratimAeM utkIrNa haiM / unameM adhikAMzataH prAdinAtha, neminAtha aura anya tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAe~ haiN| unase saMbaddha abhilekhoM se inakI pUjanIya sthiti aura nirmANa-kAla kA saMketa milatA hai / aivaramalai nAmaka prAkRtika guphA meM bhI jaina tIrthaMkaroM aura pakSiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ vaTTettu lipi meM samarpaNa abhilekhoM ke sAtha haiM / unameM se 670 I0 kI eka pratimA pANDya nareza varguNa varmana ke rAjyakAla kI hai jisameM isa sthAna para pratiSThApita pArzvanAtha kI pratimA ke hetu pradatta dAna kA ullekha hai / tirunelavelI jile ke iruvaDi nAmaka sthAna kI iraTTapoTTe caTTAna para eka prAkRtika guphA hai / isa guphA ke para laTakate hue zilAkhaNDa ke para nimna uddhRta zailI kI jaina mUrtiyoM kI eka zrRMkhalA vaTTettu lipi meM samaparNa - abhilekhoM ke sAtha aMkita hai / uttamapalayama aura prayyamapa taiyama (aivaramala) ke samAna jainAcArya ajjamaMdi kA ullekha yahA~ ke abhilekhoM meM bhI hai jo unake samasAmayika hone kA saMketa karatA hai / siMgIkulama ko pahAr3I para sthita bhagavatI maMdira pahale eka yakSI kA jaina maMdira thA / sAkSI ke rUpa meM isake garbhagRha meM vidyamAna tIrthaMkara kI eka pratimA hai jise aba gautama RSi kahA jAtA hai / sarvAdhika ullekhanIya AThavIM - nauvIM zatAbdiyoM ko jaina pratimAoM (citra 137 ka, 137 kha, aura 138 ) kI eka zrRMkhalA vaTTejuttu abhilekhoM ke sAtha kalugumale meM milI hai / ina zilpAMkanoM meM dharaNeMdra aura padmAvatI ke sAtha pArzvanAtha, aMbikA aura anya tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ ullekhanIya haiM / isa prakAra dekhA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna zayyAnoM se yukta aura brAhmI abhilekhAMkita prAkRtika guphAe~ 600 se 1000 I0 kI avadhi meM vikAsa ke dUsare caraNa taka AvAsa ke hetu prayoga meM 231

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vAstu -smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 lAyI jAtI rahIM; jaisAki isa kAla meM pratimAoM kI abhivRddhi, IMToM dvArA bhavana-nirmANa aura vaTTa jutta tathA tamila lipiyoM ke zilAlekhoM se pramANita hotA hai| isake atirikta anya guphAe~ aura zailAzraya jainAcAryoM aura sAdhuoM ke dvArA AvAsita pallI ke rUpa meM upayoga meM Ate rahe; jisakI sAkSI haiM zilAmukhoM para utkIrNa aura anya svataMtra-udbhuta prtimaaeN| isa prakAra ke aneka udAharaNa haiM kintu yahA~ kevala ati-viziSTa aura prakhyAta kRtiyoM kA hI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / tathApi, yaha kahanA paDegA ki digaMbara jaina sAmagrI ke samRddha bhaNDAra kA adhyayana aura kramabaddha pratimA-vaijJAnika sarvekSaNa tamilanADu meM honA abhI zeSa hai| kanyAkumArI jile meM citarAla ke samIpa tiruccAraNattumala se prApta pratimAoM kA varNana isI adhyAya meM Age kiyA gayA hai| zailotkIrNa aura svataMtra donoM hI prakAra ke nimna-uddhRtoM ke atirikta kucha vizeSa mUrtiyA~ bhI upalabdha huI haiN| AMdhrapradeza meM kuDDapaha jile ke dAnavalapaDu ke bhagna maMdira se kucha pratimAeM madrAsa rAjya ke saMgrahAlaya meM lAyI gayI thIM, ve kAle prastara para rASTrakUTa-kalA ke suMdara udAharaNa haiN| tirunelaveli jile ke tUtIkorina kI mahAvIra svAmI kI pratimA grenAiTa para pANDya-kalA kA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai| eka mITara se adhika U~cAI kI Asanastha tIrthaMkara kI pratimA puTTambara (puDukkoTTa-tiruccirApallI jilA) ke eka TIle para IMToM ke maMdira ke bhagnAvazeSa se upalabdha huI hai jo ucita samAnupAta kA ullekhanIya cola udAharaNa hai| puDukkoTTai saMgrahAlaya meM mosakuDi se prApta Asanastha tIrthaMkara kI pratimA grenAiTa se nirmita eka ati-sAmAnya prastuti hai jabaki grenAiTa kI hI maMgaTTa vanapaTTI se prApta isI saMgrahAlaya kI pArzvanAtha kI kAyotsarga-pratimA kA zilpAMkana kucha adhika kalAtmaka hai| ke0 prAra0 zrInivAsana kerala ke purAvazeSa kerala meM aise vAstu-smAraka kama hI haiM jinakA nirmANa nauMvI se gyArahavIM zatAbdiyoM ke madhya haa| isa avadhi meM prAya zAsakoM ne dakSiNa meM, aura cera zAsakoM ne madhya kerala meM isa dharma ko saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyaa| prAcIna cera deza meM jaina dharma kA pracalana aura bhI pahale se thA kyoMki isa vaMza ke kucha zAsakoM ne tamila-saMgama-yuga meM isa dharma ke lie kArya kiyA thaa| udAharaNa ke lie, tiruccirApallI jile meM karUra ke nikaTavartI pugalUra meM eka zailAzraya ke UparI bhAga para paranAle ke ThIka nIce lagabhaga dUsarI zatI IsavI ke do cera abhilekha haiN| ina abhilekhoM ke anusAra yaha zilA (kala)cekAyapana nAmaka eka jaina muni ke hetu ko-pAtana cerala irumporai ke prapautra dvArA utkhanita (arupita) karAyI gayI thii| zayyAoM aura sirahAnoM ke pAsa utkIrNa abhilekhoM meM se kucha meM unake upayoga-kartAoM ke 1 enuala riporTa praoNna sAutha iNDiyana epigrAphI, 1927-28. 1929. madrAsa . kramAMka 341-49, 4 50./ enuala riporTa praoNna iNDiyana epigrAphI, 1963-64. 1967. dillI./mahAdevana (Ai). kaoNrpasa oNpha da tamila 232

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata nAma ullikhita haiM aura aisI eka zayyA (adiTTANama) svayaM ceNkAyapana ke lie thii| pugalUra eka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa jaina keMdra thA, yaha tathya vahA~ ke eka vizAla pratiSThAna se pramANita hotA hai| isameM usI parvata para cAra zailAzraya haiM jinameM lagabhaga tIsa muniyoM ke AvAsa kI vyavasthA hai| jaisAki abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai, ye muni adhikatara samIpavartI grAmoM ke nivAsI the| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma ke prAraMbhika kAla kA pratinidhitva pUrvI taTa para yatra-tatra vidyamAna ye zailAzraya karate haiM, kintu pazcimI taTa para, vizeSa rUpa se kerala kI vartamAna rAjanItika sImAoM ke aMtargata, isa yuga ke nirmANa kArya ne koI pragati nahIM kii| kerala meM jaina dharma kA udaya kadAcit usa samaya huA jaba nauvIM zatAbdI meM cera vaMza apanI nayI rAjadhAnI mahodayapurama (Adhunika tiruvaMcikulama, jilA tricUra) meM punarujjIvita huaa| abhilekhIya aura sAhityika tathyoM ke anusAra isa kAla meM, cera rAjadhAnI ke samIpa kahIM sthita tirukkuNavAya maMdira eka vizAla jaina keMdra thaa| kannAnora jile meM talakka kI jaina bastI meM upalabdha eka abhilekha meM AThavIM zatI ke AraMbha meM tirukkuNavAya-maMdira kI sthApanA kA ullekha hai| nissaMdeha, ye nirmita-zailI ke maMdira the, kintu jaina AvAsoM ke rUpa meM zailAzrayoM ke upayoga kI paraMparA nauvIM zatAbdI meM kerala meM bhI thii| isa kAla meM nirmita kerala ke sabhI vAstu-smAraka do vargoM meM rakhe jA sakate haiM-zailAzraya aura nirmita-maMdira / prathama varga ke maMdira abhI taka surakSita haiM, bhale hI ve bhagavatI-maMdira ke rUpa meM parivartita kara liye gaye hoM, kintu nirmita-maMdiroM ke mUlasvarUpa ko khoja pAnA kaThina hai| prAcIna pAya rAjya kA sarvAdhika prabhAvazAlI zailAzraya (citra 136 ka) kanyAkumArI jile meM citarAla ke nikaTa tiruccaraNattumalai nAmaka pahAr3I para sthita hai / prAkRtika guphA ke pArzva meM Upara laTakatI huI zilA se bane zailAzraya meM bahuta-sI tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ (citra 136 kha) aura dUra-dUra se Aye darzanArthiyoM dvArA abhilekha sahita utkIrNa karAyI gayI pUjArtha mUrtiyA~ haiN| ina zilpAMkanoM meM brAhmI iMskripzaMsa, seminAra maoNna iMskripzaMsa. 1966. 1968. madrAsa. pR 65-67./kRSNana (ke jI). cera kiMgz2a oNpha da pugalUra iMskripzaMsa. jarnala oNpha eMzyeNTa iNDiyana hisTrI. 4; 1970-71; pR 137-43. / [ 104 bhI draSTavya-saMpAdaka]. 1 nArAyaNana (ema jI esa). nyU lAiTa oNna kuNvAyirkoTTama eNDa da DeTa oNpha zilappadikArama. jarnala praoNpha iNDiyana hisTrI. 48; 1970; 691-703./ nauvIM se gyArahavIM zatAbdiyoM meM aneka maMdira isa maMdira ke Adarza para bane aura jaisI ki anuzruti hai, zilappadikArama ke lekhaka ilaMgo aDigala ne yahA~ saMnyAsa ke anaMtara pAzraya liyA thaa| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke do maMdiroM-kojIkoDa jile ke kinalUra sthita ziva maMdira aura kojIkoDa sthita ardhavRttAkAra prAyojanA kA tiruvannura maMdira--ke abhilekhoM meM parokSa ullekha hai ki tirukkuNavAya meM eka jaina maMdira thaa| 2 rAva (TI e gopInAtha). jaina eNDa bauddha vesTijez2a ina trAvana kora. trAvanakora prAkyioNlaoNjikala sIrIja. 2, bhAga 23 1919. trivendrama. pR 125-27. 233

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra aura padmAvatI kI mUrtiyA~ sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa haiM / padmAvatI devI apane vAhana siMha ke Upara padmAsana pITha para grAsIna haiN| kucha anucara bhI padmAvatI ke donoM zrora aMkita haiM / vAstava meM, yahA~ kI sabhI pramukha mUrtiyoM para bhakta yA ur3ate hue vidyAdhara aMkita haiN| adhikAMza tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyoM ke mastaka para chatratraya haiM aura ve satvaparyaMka - mudrA meM AsIna haiM, kintu pArzvanAtha kI mUrti nAga kI triphaNAvalI ke nIce saumya khaDgAsana - mudrA meM aMkita kI gayI hai / prAya-nareza vikramAditya varaguNa ( lagabhaga 885 - 925 I0 ) kA eka abhilekha yahA~ kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa abhilekha hai jisameM tiruccAraNattumalai ke bhaTAriyAra ko diye gaye kucha svarNa AbhUSaNoM ke upahAra kA ullekha hai / sabhI pUjArtha mUrtiyoM ke Asana ke nIce vaTTejuttu lipi meM saMkSipta abhilekha haiM jinameM dAtA ke nAma aura sthAna kA ullekha hai / ina abhilekhoM se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki yaha jaina pratiSThAna kama-se-kama terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka sakriya rahA, jisake pazcAt ise bhagavatI maMdira meM parivartita kara diyA gayA / erNAkulama jile meM peruMbavura ke nikaTa kallila meM eka aura jaina zailAzraya hai ( citra 140 ka ) ; ise bhI paravartI kAla meM bhagavatI maMdira ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyA gayA ( citra 140 kha ) / isa zailAzraya ke mukhabhAga para mahAvIra kI eka apUrNa padmAsanastha mUrti utkIrNa hai / isake atirikta, bhagavatI maMdira kI pRSTha - bhitti para siMhAsana para AsIna mahAvIra kI mUrti satvaparyaMka - mudrA meM utkIrNa hai / isa mUrti meM bhI mahAvIra ke mastaka para chatratraya kA aMkana hai / unake pIche do anucara dikhAye gaye haiM jinameM se eka camara dhAraNa kiye hue haiN| dhAtu-patra se mar3hI huI padmAvatI kI pASANa mUrti ukta mahAvIra - mUrti ke pAsa sthApita hai aura use aba bhagavatI ke rUpa meM pUjA jAtA hai 2 / kerala meM zrAzrayoM ke prAyaH samakAlIna kucha nirmita maMdiroM ke khaNDahara milate haiM, jinameM se eka atyaMta mahattvapUrNa maMdira pAlaghATa jile meM alathura ke nikaTa godApurama meM hai / zAkkayAra bhagavatImaMdira ke sthAnIya nAma se prasiddha isa sthAna se do jaina mUrtiyA~ milI thIM jo aba tricUra saMgrahAlaya meM haiM / mahAvIra kI mUrti satvaparyaMka - mudrA meM siMhAsana para grAsIna hai aura usake mastaka para chatratraya kA aMkana hai / pAdapITha para cAra ardha-staMbhoM ke madhya sAmane mukha kiye tIna siMha lAMchana ke rUpa meM utkIrNa haiM / donoM ora dahAr3ate hue siMhoM ke Upara eka-eka anucara dAyeM hAtha meM camara liye hue aMkita kiyA gayA hai / bAyA~ hAtha kaTi para hai| pArzvanAtha kI mUrti yugala - patroMvAle padmapuSpoM se nirmita pITha para kAyotsarga - mudrA meM aMkita hai aura usake mastaka para nAga kI triphaNAvalI hai / nAga kI pU~cha pAdapITha aura jaMghAoM ko lapeTatI huI pIche kI ora jAtI hai / mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki kallila aura cita 1 rAva (TIe gopInAtha). citarAla inskripzana oNfa vikramAditya varaguNa. trAvanakora prAkyioNlaoNjikala sIrIja. 1, bhAga 12. 1912. pR 193-94. rAva, pUrvokta, 1919, pR 130. 2 234

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata rAla kI bhA~ti yaha sthAna bhI bhagavatI-maMdira ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| isa paraMparA se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki isa maMdira-samUha meM pahale padmAvatI kI mUrti bhI sthApita thii| godApurama sthAna para vartamAna meM nirmitiyoM ke kucha khaNDahara aura yatra-tatra bikhare hue vAstukhaNDa hI vidyamAna haiN| yaha kSetra eka choTe TIle ke samAna dikhAI detA hai / utkhanana se isameM nirmiti ke milane kI pUrI-pUrI saMbhAvanA hai| isake eka khule hae bhAga se grenAiTa pASANa se nirmita kisI maMdira kA aMza aura usakA maMcaka-zailI kA adhiSThAna spaSTa dikhAI par3atA hai| sAtha hI, bikhare par3e vAstu-khaNDoM meM adhiSThAna ke avayava, yathA-upAna, jagatI, tripaTTa-kumuda, kampoM sahita kaNTha-paTTikA Adi tathA vRtta-kumuda ke kucha khaNDa bhI, jo nizcita rUpa se kisI aura maMdira ke haiM, dekhe jA sakate haiM / isa jaina adhiSThAna ke sabhI maMdiroM kI rUpa-rekhA, jaisAki inakI goToM se pratIta hotA hai, mUlataH vargAkAra yA AyatAkAra thI aura unameM padmAsana yA khaDgAsana tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ sthApita thiiN| zailI ke AdhAra para ye mUrtiyA~ nauvIM-dasavIM zatAbdI kI mAnI jA sakatI haiN| isa tithi kI puSTi dasavIM zatAbdI kI vaTTejutta lipi meM utkIrNa eka tamila abhilekha kI khoja se bhI ho cukI hai| isa tithirahita abhilekha meM ukta mUrti kA ullekha tirukkuNavAyattevara ke nAma se huA hai jisase kuNvAyirkoTTama kA smaraNa ho pAtA hai jahA~ zilappadikArama ke lekhaka ne apane cera rAjyAdhikAra ko chor3akara Azraya liyA thaa| isa jaina abhilekha ke samaya aura prApti-sthAna se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki dvitIya cera rAjavaMza ke udaya ke samaya jaina dharma apane utkarSa kAla meM thaa| pAlaghATa nagara meM bhI AThaveM tIrthaMkara caMdraprabha ko samarpita eka jaina maMdira hai para usake nirmANakAla kA anumAna nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA kyoMki vartamAna kAla meM kiye gaye jIrNoddhAra-kAryoM ne usako sarvathA nayA rUpa de diyA hai| vartamAna maMdira ke sAmane eka prAcIna maMdira kA adhiSThAna hai (citra 141) aura dakSiNa ke kisI bhI brAhmaNya maMdira kI bhA~ti isake sAmane bhI eka ardhapITha hai| isa dhvasta maMdira kA grenAiTa pASANa se nirmita adhiSThAna maMcaka-zailI kA hai| isa sthAna se vajraparyaMkamudrA meM pAsIna zIrSavihIna jaina mUrti (citra 142) milI thii| isakA zilpAMkana dakSiNa bhArata meM sAdhAraNataH milanevAle zilpAMkanoM kI apekSA adhika svAbhAvika hai| isake unnata evaM puSTa kaMdhe aura ikaharI dehayaSTi uttara-bhAratIya zailI kA smaraNa dilAte haiN| yaha sAmAnya rUpa se svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai ki brAhmaNya dharma ke punarjAgaraNa ke sAtha bahuta se jaina maMdira brAhmaNya maMdiroM ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diye gye| udAharaNa ke lie, tricara jile ke iriMgalakUDa kA kuDalamaNikkama-maMdira, jo aba rAma ke bhrAtA bharata ke lie samarpita hai, pracalita 1 iNDiyana praoNkyioNlAjI, 1968-69, e rivyU . 1971. naI dillI. pR. 86. 2 enuala riporTa praoNna iNDiyana epigrAphI. 1959-60. kramAMka 438. / janana aoNpha iNDiyana hisTrI. 44; 1966, 4537 tathA saM0 48; 1970; 692. 235

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 600 se 1000 I0 [ bhAga 4 paraMparA ke anusAra mUlataH bharatezvara muni ke lie banavAyA gayA thA / yadyapi isa tathya kA nizcaya kara pAnA kaThina hai, kintu jaina maMdiroM ke brAhmaNya maMdiroM ke rUpa meM kramaza: parivartana kI prakriyA citarAla aura kallila ke udAharaNoM se bhalI-bhA~ti pramANita hotI hai| isa prakriyA kI punarAvRtti kanyAkumArI jile meM nAgara koila ke nAgarAja-maMdira meM bhI dRSTigata hotI hai jisameM staMbhoM aura bhittiyoM para utkIrNa brAhmaNya mUrtiyoM ke AsapAsa jaina zilpAMkana aba bhI baca rahe haiN| yaha maMdira kama se kama kollama 667 (1522 I0) taka jaina rahA, jaba ise trAvaNakora ke rAjA bhUtalavIra udaya mArtaNDavarmana se dAna prApta huA / isa maMdira meM utkIrNa mahAvIra, pArzvanAtha aura unakI zAsanadevI padmAvatI kI mUrtiyA~ zailI ke AdhAra para solahavIM zatAbdI kI mAnI jA sakatI haiN| tathApi, ekaeka AsIna mUrti se lipaTe hue paMcaphaNa nAgoM kI do vizAla mUrtiyAM dasavIM zatAbdI kI mAnI jAnI cAhie--jabaki prAya rAjya meM jaina dharma apane utkarSa kAla meM thaa| kollama 764 (1586 I.) meM nirmita anaMta-maMdira ke saMdarbha meM gopInAtha rAva ne likhA hai ki pArzvanAtha kI mUrti kadAcit paravartI kAla meM viSNu ke AdizeSa arthAt nAgara tiruvanantAlvAna ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gayI thii| zailAzrayoM aura kucha nirmita-maMdiroM ke rUpa meM jaina dharma ne kerala meM par3osa ke pANDaya deza se preraNA prApta kI hogii| tirunelveli jile ke kalugumala kI eka vizAla caTTAna para abhilekhoM sahita utkIrNa agaNita nimna-uddhRtoM kI citarAla ke zilpAMkanoM se pratyeka dRSTi se tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| kintu kerala meM, vizeSata: uttara kerala meM, isa dharma ke utkarSa ko maisUra kSetra se bhI kisI sImA taka preraNA milI hogii| kucha jaina pratiSThAna Aja bhI kojIkoDa jile ke vAinADa kSetra ke kalapeTA, mAnaNToDI tathA anya sthAnoM meM vidyamAna haiN| isI jile meM sulatAna kI baiTarI ke samIpa eDakkala pahAr3I ke pazcimI DhalAna para jo zailAzraya hai use kucha adhikArI vidvAn jaina paraMparA kA mAnate haiN| yadyapi, isa zailAzraya meM abhilekha haiM jinameM se eka chaThavIM zatAbdI kA hai, aura zilpAMkana bhI haiM, tathApi isameM aisA koI cihna nahIM jisase use jaina kahA jA ske| kintu, gaNapati-paTTama ke nAma se bhI prasiddha aura eDakkala zailAzraya ke nikaTa sthita sultAna kI baiTarI meM eka bar3I jaina bastI ke khaNDahara haiM jinakI tithi yadi aura pahale kI na bhI ho tathApi terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI kI to honI hI caahie| pUrNa-rUpa se grenAiTa pASANa dvArA nirmita yaha maMdira caityavAsa kA eka udAharaNa hai| isakI akSavata rUpa-rekhA meM eka vargAkAra garbhagRha, ardha-maNDapa aura mahA-maNDapa haiM jinheM bAda meM eka AvRta bhavana kA rUpa dekara do khaNDoM meM vibhakta kara diyA gayA hai| isake atirikta eka mukha-maNDapa bhI hai jo keralIya 1 menana (e zrIdhara). e sarve praoNpha ke la hisTro. 1967. koTTAyama. pR 88-89. 2 rAva, pUrvokta, 1919, pR 127-28: 3 bahI, pR 129, pAdaTippaNI, 2. 4 menana, pUrvokta, pR. 89. / pillaM (elamakulama pI ena kujana). sTaDIja ina kerala hisTrI. 1970. koTTAyama. pR 261. 5 phaoNseTa (epha). noTsa oNna da raoNka kAvigsa ina di eDakkala keva, vAinADa. iDiyana eNTikverI. 30; 19015 pU409-21. 236

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adhyAya 19 ] dakSiNa bhArata paraMparA ke namaskAra-maNDapa se milatA-julatA hai| kintu kerala kI maMdira-zailI ke viparIta isa maMdira kI pASANa-nirmita chata kiMcit DhaluvA~ hai jisapara do aspaSTa stUpikAeM nirmita haiM--eka garbhagRha para aura dUsarI mahA-maNDapa para / kadAcit isa maMdira kI mUla adhiracanA pUrNa rUpa se naSTa ho gayI hai| apane mUla rUpa meM yaha maMdira eka staMbhAvali se jur3A rahA hogA jisake adhikatara staMbhoM ke kaTTa aSTakoNa aura zadurama catuSkoNa haiN| mahA-maNDapa ke staMbha apekSAkRta adhika vikasita haiM aura unake zuNDAkAra daNDa aura alaMkaraNa vijayanagara-paraMparA kA smaraNa dilAte haiM / yadyapi garbhagRha meM aba koI mUrti nahIM hai, kintu usake praveza-dvAra ke lalATa-bimba para eka padmAsana tIrthaMkara-mUrti hai / ardha-maNDapa ke saradala para bhI eka aisI hI mUrti utkIrNa hai| dazAbdiyoM pUrva sultAna kI baiTarI ke nikaTa aneka khaNDita jaina mUrtiyA~ prApta huI thIM, kintu yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai ki ve saba uparyukta maMdira kI hI mUrtiyA~ thiiN| kadAcit gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI kI eka kAyotsarga-tIrthaMkara-mUrti inameM se eka hai| isake mastaka para chatratraya hai aura keza ghugharAle haiN| yaha nissaMdeha toraNa para utkIrNa mUrti hai kyoMki isake cAroM ora praveza-dvAra ke toraNa kI AkRti hai / upalabdha sAmagrI meM eka paTTikA ke bhI bahuta se khaNDa haiM jinapara paMktiyoM meM laghu tIrthaMkaramUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiN| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki ye khaNDa kisI caturvizatipaTTa ke haiN| AsIna mUrtiyoM meM adhikAMza vajraparyaMka-mudrA meM haiM aura unameM se eka ke pAdapITha ke madhya meM siMha aMkita hai| haribiSNu sarakAra 237

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bhAga 5 vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0

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adhyAya 20 uttara bhArata aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi gyArahavIM aura bArahavIM zatAbdiyoM meM bhArata ke uttarI bhAga ke adhikAMza kSetra para jina do pramukha rAjanItika zaktiyoM ne apanA prabhutva sthApita kiyA ve thIM cAhamAna aura gAhar3avAla zaktiyA~ / isa kAlAvadhi ke kalAtmaka, sAhityika aura dhArmika kriyA-kalApa na kevala vikAsa ke ucca stara kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiM apitu isa dRSTi se bhI ki ve hamAre yugIna sAMskRtika vikAsa kI satata zrRMkhalA ke aMtima caraNa ke pratIka haiN| madhyayuga meM, bhArata ke uttarI bhAga meM, eka ora jahA~ kalA aura sAhitya ne pAraMparika vikAsa kA mArga apanAyA, vahIM dhArmika vikAsa ne, parasparavirodhI dArzanika vicAradhArAoM ke hote hue bhI, deza, jAti aura kuladharma kI sImA ke bhItara rahate hue, anukUlanIyatA evaM sahiSNutA kA paricaya diyaa| jaina, brAhmaNa aura anya mata sAtha-sAtha phale-phUle aura rAjakuloM ne vilakSaNa udAra dRSTikoNa banAye rakhA tathA dhArmika saMskAroM evaM vizvAsoM ke viSaya meM apane prajAjanoM ke prati sammAna pradarzita kiyaa| zAkaMbharI ke cAhamAna, jinhoMne dasavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM khyAti prApta kI, kalA aura sAhitya ke AzrayadAtA the| yadyapi ve brAhmaNa matAvalaMbI the, tadapi unhoMne paryApta sImA taka jaina dharma ko protsAhita kiyaa| caMdrasUri ke munisuvrata-carita (vikrama saMvat 1193 = 1136-37 IsavI) ke anusAra pRthvIrAja-prathama ne raNathambhaura ke jaina maMdira para svarNakalaza car3hAkara jaina dharma ke prati apanA Adara vyakta kiyA thaa| usake putra ajayarAja ne na kevala apanI nayI rAjadhAnI ajayameru (ajamera) ko jaina maMdiroM se suzobhita hone kA avasara diyA apitu vahA~ sthita pArzvanAtha-maMdira ko svarNakalaza bhI samarpaNa kiyaa| isI prakAra yaha kahA jAtA hai ki arNorAja ne jaina AcArya jinadatta-sUri ke anuyAyiyoM ko eka maMdira ke nirmANa ke lie bhUmi pradAna kI thI tathA yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki ve zvetAMbara AcArya dharmaghoSa-sUri aura digaMbara paNDita guNacaMdra ke bIca zAstrArtha meM nirNAyaka bhI bane the| 1 puharAyeNa sayaMbharI-narindeNa jassa-leheNa raNakhaMbhaura jiNahare caDaviyA kanaya-kalazA-zarmA (dazaratha). proM cauhAna DAyanesTIja, 1959. dillI. 38. 241

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 vigraharAja-caturtha ne na kevala apanI rAjadhAnI meM eka jaina maTha kA nirmANa karAyA apita apane vizAla rAjya meM mAsa ke kucha vizeSa dinoM meM pazuoM ke badha kA bhI niSedha kara diyA thaa| raviprabha racita dharmaghoSa-sUri-stuti ke anusAra arisihA (zarmA ke sujhAva ke anusAra mevAr3a kA saMbhavataH arisiMha) tathA mAlavA ke eka zAsaka ne ajamera ke eka jaina maMdira rAja-vihAra para patAkA phaharAne meM usakI sahAyatA kI thii| bijoliyA2 sthita pArzvanAtha-maMdira ko pRthvIrAja-dvitIya ne eka gA~va dAna meM diyA thaa| arNorAja ke putra somezvara ne bhI bijoliyA sthita jaina maMdira ko eka grAma dAna kiyA thA / pRthvIrAja-tRtIya ne vikrama saMvat 1236 (1182 IsavI) meM jinapati-sUri ko eka jayapatra pradAna kiyA thA tathA jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM ko aneka uttaradAyI padoM para niyukta bhI kiyA thaa| nAdola ke cAhamAna, jo gujarAta ke caulukyoM (solaMkiyoM) ke adhika nikaTa the, jaina dharma ke prati adhika anurakta the| cAhamAnoM kI nAdola zAkhA ke azvarAja ne, jo svayaM jaina thA, kucha nirdiSTa dinoM meM pUrNarUpeNa ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie Adeza jArI kiye the| azvarAja ke samaya ke sevar3I ke 1110 I0 ke eka zilAlekha meM yaha ullekha hai ki mahAsahanIya uppalarka ne dharmanAthadeva ke dainika pUjana ke lie cAra grAmoM meM avasthita arahaTavAle pratyeka kueM se eka hAraka ke barAbara dAna kiyA thaa| isI sthAna ke 1115 I0 ke eka anya zilAlekha meM yaha ullekha hai ki rAjA kaTukarAja ne zivarAtri ke avasara para yazodeva ke khattaka meM zAMtinAtha ke pUjana ke lie dAna diyA thaa| san 1132 meM rAjA rAyapAla ke putroM tathA rAnI ne rAjaparivAra ke apane bhAga meM se pratyeka kolha se tela kI eka nizcita mAtrA dAna kI thii| nAdaloI ke san 1138 ke eka zilAlekha meM bhI yaha varNita hai ki isa zahara meM Ane aura bAhara jAnevAle vyApArika mAla para lagAye kara kA bIsavA~ bhAga neminAtha ke pUjana ke lie dAna-svarUpa diyA jAtA thaa| san 1152 ke zivarAtri-divasa para alhaNadeva ne amArI-ghoSaNA (pazuoM kA badha nahIM karane kI ghoSaNA) kI thI tathA brAhmaNoM, purohitoM evaM maMtriyoM ko bhI isa rAjAdeza kA sammAna karane kI AjJA dI gayI thii| isa vaMza ke zAsaka brAhmaNa dharma ke devatAoM, yathA sUrya, IzAna Adi kI pUjA karate the kintu brAhmaNoM ke sAtha hI sAtha jaina maMdiroM evaM prAcAryoM kA bhI sammAna karate the| sahiSNutA kI yaha bhAvanA isa yuga meM sAmAnyataH sAdhAraNa janoM ne bhI apanAyI thI, yadyapi kabhI-kabhI vibhinna dharmoM ke prAcAryoM meM zAstrArtha tathA saMgharSa ho jAyA karate the| kannauja tathA vArANasI ke gAhar3avAla zAsakoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI yahI bAta caritArtha hotI hai| yadyapi jaina samAja aura dharma ke prati unake dRSTikoNa ke bAre meM hamAre pAsa koI pratyakSa pramANa nahIM 1 vahI, pR 62. 2 tajjyeSTha bhrAtRputro'bhUt pRthvIrAjaH pRthupamaH / tasmAdajjitahemAGgo hemaparvatadAnataH / / atidharmaratenApi pAzvanAtha-svayaMbhuve / dattaM morAjharIgrAmaM bhuktimuktezca hetunA // epigrAphiyA iNDikA. 26; 1952; 105. 242

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adhyAya 20] uttara bhArata hai, phira bhI eka hI udAharaNa yaha siddha karane ke lie paryApta hai ki unake dhArmika vicAra udAra aura sahiSNu the / apane pUrvavartI rAjAoM kI bhA~ti gAhar3avAla zAsaka goviMdacaMdra kaTTara brAhmaNamatAvalaMbI thA kintu usakI rAnI kumAradevI bauddha thii| usake pati ne use sAranAtha meM bauddha dharma-cakrajina-vihAra kA jIrNoddhAra karAne kI anumati dI thii| goviMdacaMdra ne zrAvastI ke bauddha saMgha ko eka gA~va kA dAna bhI kiyA thA / kauzAmbI, matharA, zrAvastI aura anya sthAnoM se prApta jaina pratimAoM se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki gAhar3a vAloM ke zAsana-kAla meM jaina dharma bhI bhalI-bhA~ti phlaa-phuulaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa vaMza ke kucha zAsakoM kA gujarAta ke caulukyoM se rAjanayika saMbaMdha thaa| kumArapAlacarita meM yaha ullekha hai ki caulukya kumArapAla ne pazanoM kA badha rokane ke lie apane maMtriyoM ko kAzI bhejA thaa| kAzI kA vizvezvara nAmaka kavi, jo prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi ke anusAra, kumArapAla ke zAsanakAla meM pATana meM mahAn jainAcArya hemacaMdra dvArA prAyojita eka sAhitya-goSThI meM sammilita hanA thA, saMbhavata: gAhar3avAla zAsaka dvArA manonIta rAjapratinidhi thA / kAzI kA adhipati, jisane prasiddha jaina kavi abhayadeva ko vAdisiMha kI upAdhi dI thI, saMbhavataH paravartI gAhar3avAla zAsaka thaa| jaunapura kI lAla-daravAjA-masjida ke eka staMbha-zIrSa para utkIrNa abhilekha (vikrama saMvat 1207%= 1151 I0) meM kisI bhaTTAraka bhAvibhUSaNa kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jise usakI upAdhi ko dekhate hue eka mahattvapUrNa jaina sAdhu mAnA jA sakatA hai / vaha saMbhavataH jaunapUra kSetra ke kisI jaina dhArmika saMsthAna se saMbaddha thaa| uttara meM zivAlika se dakSiNa meM cittara taka aura rAjasthAna ke vizAla marusthala ke pUrvI chora se vArANasI taka yA usase bhI kucha Age taka kA vizAla bhU-bhAga cAhamAna aura gAhar3avAla samrAToM ke rAjyoM meM sammilita thaa| sAhityika aura purAtAttvika ullekha tathA bhautika avazeSa isake dyotaka haiM ki gyArahavIM aura bArahavIM zatAbdiyoM meM bhArata ke isa hRdaya-pradeza meM janatA, rAjAoM tathA sAmaMtoM ne aneka jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| saMbhavataH ye bhavana jaina kalA aura sthApatya ke mahattvapUrNa pakSoM kA pratinidhitva karate the, kintu isa samaya hameM jo sAkSya upalabdha hai, vaha durbhAgya se deza aura kAla kI dRSTi se sImita hai| rAjasthAna meM zAkaMbharI, ajayameru, Amera, nAgaura, palla, sAMgAnera aura raNathambhaura tathA DhillikA (dillI-meharaulI kSetra) aura hariyANA ke pAsikA (hAMsI), piMjaura tathA kucha anya sthAnoM ke bhavya cAhamAnakAlIna maMdiroM kA yA to kucha patA nahIM hai yA unake avazeSa itane khaNDita avasthA meM haiM ki unase maMdira ke ThIka-ThIka rUpa kA varNana aura unakI sthApatya-vizeSatAoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAnA asaMbhava hai| hA~, caulukyoM ke sAmaMta nAdola ke cAhamAnoM ke zAsana-kAla meM nirmita kucha mahattvapUrNa maMdira aba bhI apane mUla rUpa meM surakSita bace haiN| 1 niyogI (romA). hisTrI oNpha da gAhar3avAla DAyanesTI. 1959. kalakattA. pR 82. 2 kaniMghama. (e) prAyaoNlaoNjikala sarve praoNpha iNDiyA, riporTa. 1871. 11; (punarmudrita) vArANasI. 1966 pR 126. 243

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 gAhar3avAla zAsana-kAla meM nirmita smArakoM kI sthiti isase bhI adhika gayI-bItI hai / gAhar3avAloM ke saMpUrNa rAjya (uttara pradeza aura pazcimI bihAra ke kucha bhAga ) meM eka bhI aisA jaina maMdira yA brAhmaNya maMdira apane sahI rUpa meM nahIM baca sakA hai ki jisase ukta rAjavaMza ke zAsana kAla meM deza ke usa bhAga meM maMdira - nirmANa kA sAmAnya paricaya bhI prApta ho sake / jainamatAnusAra, saMpUrNa bhArata meM madhya deza ( hariyANA aura uttara pradeza ) itanI pavitratama bhUmi hai ki usapara aThAraha tIrthaMkaroM ne janma liyA thA aura tIrthaMkara kAla bitAyA thA / prAcIna kAla meM yaha bhUmi jaina saMskRti kI srota bhUmi bhI thI / gAhar3avAloM ke utkarSa kAla meM yahA~, vizeSakara hastinApura, ahicchatra, mathurA, kAnyakubja, kauzAmbI, vArANasI, ayodhyA, zrAvastI Adi sthAnoM tathA anya aneka sthaloM para asaMkhya maMdiroM evaM anya pavitra bhavanoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hogA; kintu Aja kucha pratimAoM, khaNDita staMbhoM, ardha-staMbhoM yA bhavanoM ke anya aMgoM ko chor3akara kucha bhI upalabdha nahIM hai / isa ukta pradeza ke madhyakAlIna jaina kalA - itihAsa ko ThIka-ThIka samajha pAnA atyaMta kaThina hai / kAraNa sthApatya isa yuga meM nirmita jaina dhArmika bhavana kaI prakAra ke rahe hoMge, jaise - maMdira ( prAsAda), devakuli - kAe~, sahasrakUTa ( sAmAnyataH pirAmiDa ke AkAra kI Thosa saMracanA jisapara sahasrAdhika tIrthaMkara - mUrtiyA~ nirmita hotI haiM), mAna-staMbha, niSidhikAe~ ( smAraka - staMbha), maTha Adi, jinake saMbaMdha meM hameM vibhinna srotoM se jAnakArI prApta hotI hai / cAhamAna rAjya saMbhavataH prabhAvotpAdaka catuHzAlAoMoM se yukta suspaSTa lakSaNoM vAle jaina bhavanoM se paripUrNa thA / ye bhavana una choTe-choTe maMdiroM yA yatra-tatra banI devakulikAnoM ke atirikta rahe hoMge jinake sAmane praveza maNDapa hote the aura ve prAkAra sahita, yA binA prAkAra ke hote the, kyoMki ina maMdiroM kA nirmANa nirmAtA kI kSamatA, icchA aura AvazyakatA ke anusAra kiyA jAtA thA / jaina maMdiroM kA sAmAnya rUpa brAhmaNya maMdiroM se adhika bhinna nahIM hotA thA / hA~, mUrtiyA~ avazya bhinna hotI thIM kyoMki unakA nirmANa jaina dharma ke paurANika AkhyAnoM, dArzanika siddhAMtoM tathA saMskAra saMbaMdhI saMkalpanAoM ke anusAra kiyA jAtA thA / vAstukAra, rAja aura zilpI usI varga ke hote the jo vibhinna pradezoM meM brAhmaNya yA anya bhavanoM ke nirmANa kA kArya karate the / isa yuga ke jaina maMdira, brAhmaNya bhavanoM ke hI samAna, kSetrIya vibhinnatAoM tathA zailIgata vizeSatAoM ko pradarzita karate haiM / cAhamAna kAla meM jina mukhya bhavana-nirmANa-zailiyoM ne maMdira nirmANa gatividhi ko rUpa dene meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAyI ve rAjasthAna kI usa mUla bhavana-nirmANa-paraMparA se jur3I thIM jinakA sIdhA saMbaMdha eka ora pratIhAra vAstu smArakoM se thA aura dUsarI ora gurjara devakoSThoM kI zailI se / pUrvI bhAgoM kI sAdagIpUrNa sthAnIya zailI kA anukaraNa bhI atirikta rUpa se hotA 1 DhAkI ( ema e ) . mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya golDena jubalI vaoNlyUma 1968 bambaI. pR 306 tathA paravartI. 244

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adhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata thA / yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki mAlavA - dakkhina ke sthApatya kI paraMparA se saMbaMdhita kucha maMdiroM kA prabhAva kisI sImA taka rAjasthAna para bhI par3A ho| mUla rAjasthAnI zailI bhavya, kalyANakArI kintu saMyata alaMkaraNa se yukta tathA zreSTha kalA kauzala saMpanna hai / aneka sthaloM para to madhyakAlIna maMdiroM meM, vizeSakara una maMdiroM meM jinakA nirmANa praur3ha cAhamAna kAla meM huA, ina nirmANa-zailiyoM kA mohaka sammilana dekhA jA sakatA hai| ina zailiyoM meM sarvAdhika prabhAvazAlI zailI gurjara deza kI bhavya alaMkaraNa-zailI siddha huI jo apanI udgama bhUmi se bahuta dUra madhya deza taka pahu~ca gayI, yadyapi usameM kucha parivartana bhI huA / DhAkI' ne yaha ThIka hI kahA hai ki : donoM hI zailiyA~, mahAgurjara aura mahAmAru, adhika samaya taka pRthak aura eka dUsare se aprabhAvita nahIM raha skiiN| ekadama to nahIM, kintu rasAkarSaNa kI dhImI para nizcita rUpa se unnatizIla prakriyA ke pariNAmasvarUpa, donoM zailiyoM ne pahale to vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna kiyA aura bAda meM ve 'gahana pariNayaAliMgana' meM baddha ho gayIM, jisake phalasvarUpa ve eka dUsare meM samAhita hotI gayIM tathA gyArahavIM zatAbdI " prAraMbha meM eka pUrNataH sammilita prabhAvazAlI, atyadhika alaMkRta, saMkara kintu asAdhAraNa rUpa se mAnakIkRta zailI -- mAru gurjara --- kA prAdurbhAva huA / viziSTa rUpa se isa nayI zailI meM yatra-tatra sthAnIya svarUpa bhI jhalakatA thA jisameM kahIM to mahA-mAru aura kahIM mahA - gurjara zailI kI vizeSatAe~ adhika ubharatI thIM / yaha zailI pazcima bhArata ke adhikAMza bhAga meM samAna rUpa se phailatI gayI / " cAhamAna maMdiroM kI sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ isa prakAra haiM: paMcaratha zikhara-yukta garbhagRha ( mUla prAsAda), dvAra-maNDapa, prAkAra yukta saMlagna maNDapa ( sAmAnyata: baMda), staMbhoM se yukta aMtaHbhAga jisakI chateM ( vitAna ) alaMkRta hotI thIM, tathA praveza maNDapa / kahIM-kahIM maMdiroM meM toraNa yA alaMkRta caukhaTeM bhI huA karatI thIM / cAhamAna yuga ke jaina toraNa kA eka utkRSTa udAharaNa caudahaveM adhyAya meM varNita prosiyA sthita prasiddha mahAvIra maMdira meM dekhA jA sakatA hai, jahA~ zikharoM kI sajjA choTe-choTe zRMgoM ke samUha se kI gayI hai jo karNa, bhadra ( keMdrIya) tathA bhavana ke anya staroM se Upara uThe hue haiN| jo bhI ho, garbhagRha ke Upara aMga zikharoM se rahita ekAkI zikharoM ke udAharaNa bhI milate haiM / vibhinna kaTAvadAra sthaloM (jinameM prakSipta trikoNa - zIrSa bhI sammilita haiM) se nirmita zikharoM kA alaMkaraNa adhikAMzataH bhUmi vibhAjanoM tathA aMtargrathita aMkanoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai; vizeSakara una zikharoM kA jinapara gurjara-nirmANa-kalA kI chApa hai yA ThIka-ThIka kahA jAye to, jaisA ki DhAkI ne sujhAyA hai, una zikharoM kA jo ki mAru-gurjara zailI meM banAye gaye haiM / kintu isa yuga meM vizuddha rAjasthAnI zailI ke namUne apanI saMyata mUrti-sajjA ke sAtha kadAcit adhika prabhAvazAlI bane rhe| inameM jaMghA ke Upara AdhAra-dhArI hAthI, mAnavamUrti paTTa tathA daNDachAdya nahIM hote the / bhavanoM tathA maNDapoM kI chatoM para suMdara saMkedrita staroMvAlA urekhana - yukta AkarSaka vinyAsa hotA thA / ina vargoM ke maMdiroM ke staMbhoM ko do samUhoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai : 1 vahI, pu311. 245

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 eka to ve jinameM alaMkRta tathA saghana mUlyaMkana hai aura dUsare ve jinakA rUpa pAraMparika hai aura jinameM staMbhAvalI para tathA usase Upara zrRMkhalAyukta ghaNTikA, caturbhujI TikiyA Adi lokapriya kalA-pratIkoM kA nirbhIka kintu sImita alaMkaraNa hai| kucha staMbha to sapATa bhujAoM vAle evaM sAde haiM / rAjasthAna aura dillI ( kutuba kSetra meM ) ke jaina maMdiroM ke kucha avazeSoM meM paravartI zailI ke udAharaNa dekhe jA sakate haiN| gAhar3avAla- yuga kI jaina sthApatya kalA kA adhyayana kaThina hai kyoMki isake lie hamAre pAsa zrAvastI sthita zobhanAtha ( saMbhavanAtha maMdira sthala ( rekhAcitra 12 ) se prApta atyaMta kSatigrasta, IMTa nirmita bhavana ke atirikta aura koI sAmagrI vAstava meM hai hI nahIM / baTezvara ( jilA AgarA ) tathA pArasanAtha (bijanaura) se prApta jaina maMdira ke purAvazeSoM se hameM ukta yuga kI maMdira-nirmANa SCALE OF SCALE OF OM 10 5 0 ......... 18.10M. X 14.94M. 10 246 20 50 15 40 METRES FEET rekhAcitra 12. zrAvastI : zobhanAtha maMdira kI rUparekhA ( vogela ke anusAra ) kalA ko samajhane meM sahAyatA nahIM milatI / baTezvara ke eka U~ce TIle ke bAre meM kArlAila' ne eka mahattvapUrNa vicAra prakaTa kiyA hai "meM turaMta yaha jAna gayA ki aneka khAiyoM ke avazeSoM tathA usapara aura usake AsapAsa bhittiyoM kI nIMva ke avazeSoM se yukta yaha TIlA pratyaMta prAcIna : YUTA 1 begalara (je DI) tathA kArlAila ( e sI ). Ak yaoNlaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, riporTa, 1871-72, khaNDa 4. ( punarmudrita vArANasI). 1966. 266. d.N.GANDHI

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adhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata maMdiroM (saMbhavataH prAkArayukta maMdiroM) kA sthala rahA hogaa|" isa TIle se eka jaina caumukha, bAlaka ko liye hue mahilA (aMbikA ? ) kI mUrti, tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke zIrSa tathA chatra bhI upalabdha hue the| kyA isase yaha AbhAsa nahIM milatA ki prAkAra-yukta yaha U~cA TIlA madhyayugIna jaina maMdira rahA ? madhyayuga meM uttara-bhArata ke brAhmaNya yA bauddha maMdiroM ke cAroM ora UMce prAkAra nahIM humA karate the| IMTa sadA hI gaMgA-yamunA ghATI kI mukhya nirmANa sAmagrI rahI hai, kyoMki use banAnA sarala hai| patthara kevala usake nikaTavartI kSetroM, yathA, himAlaya kI pahAr3iyoM, dillI aura mathurA ke nikaTa arAvalI parvata ke vistAra, dakSiNa tathA dakSiNa-pUrva meM vArANasI taka viMdhya parvata-zreNiyoM meM hI pAyA jAtA thaa| gAhar3avAla-yuga ke adhikAMza maMdira, cAhe ve brAhmaNoM ke hoM, athavA jainoM ke, IMToM se hI banAye gaye hoMge aura isa prakAra ke maMdiroM kA vikAsa-krama pattharoM se nirmita maMdiroM kI saMracanA se bhinna rahA hogaa| unake kucha prakAroM, jinakI racanA koNIya (catuSkoNIya, aSTakoNIya, dazakoNIya tathA SoDazakoNIya) yA vartulAkAra huA karatI thI, kA jJAna sAranAtha sthita dharmacakrajina-vihAra ke atirikta, isa yuga se pUrva phatehapura, kAnapura aura sultAnapura jiloM meM nirmita IMToM ke maMdiroM se prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| naye maMdiroM ke nirmANa meM pUrva-nirmita dhvasta bhavanoM kI sAmagrI kA upayoga mukta rUpa se kiyA jAtA thaa| isa tathya kI puSTi zrAvastI-sthita zobhanAthamaMdira ke avazeSoM se bhI hotI hai / bhavana ke alaMkaraNa ke lie DhalI huI tathA utkIrNa iMTo kA prayoga sAmAnya rUpa se kiyA jAtA thA / pASANa-nirmita maMdiroM ke svarUpa kI kucha jAnakArI ilAhAbAda saMgrahAlaya (rekhAcitra 13) meM saMgRhIta pASANa-nirmita eka laghu devakulikA se prApta kI jA sakatI hai| usakI tithi gyArahavIM zatAbdI mAnI gayI hai / devakulikA kI rUparekhA se jJAta hotA hai ki jahA~ taka zikhara kA saMbaMdha hai usake zailI-parivAra kA saMbaMdha khajurAho ke AdinAtha aura vAmana-maMdiroM se hai| ilAhAbAda saMgrahAlaya meM eka aura devakulikA kI alaMkRta pratikRti hai ( rekhAcitra 14), jisakI tithi dasavIM zatAbdI mAnI gayI hai| eka ora to yaha pratikRti pratIhAra-zailI ke mUla-prAsAda se nikaTa rUpa se saMbaMdhita jAna par3atI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha AgAmI yuga ke zikhara-yukta garbhagRha ke lie eka bhAvI Adarza rahA hai| isakA pramANa hameM almor3A jile ke dvArahATa nAmaka sthAna ke maNyAmaMdira-samUha meM lagabhaga caudahavIM zatI kI jaina devakulikAoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| gAhar3avAloM kI maMdira-nirmANa-zailI para saMbhavataH, alpa sImA taka hI sahI, rAjasthAna, madhyabhArata aura yahA~ taka ki bihAra kI kalA-paraMparAoM kA prabhAva par3A thaa| kintu mUla-prAsAda ke saMbaMdha meM aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pratIhAra-zailI kucha parivartanoM ke sAtha jArI rahI; parantu usameM kucha aisI bojhilatA A gayI ki aMta 1 jozI (ema sI). bhAratI, buleTina oNpha da kaoNleja oNpha iNDolaoNjI, banArasa hiMdU yUnivarsiTI. 8, 1; pR 66 tathA paravartI. 2 pramodacaMdra. sTona skalpacara ina di ilAhAbAda myUjiyama. 1971 (?). pUnA. citra 174. 247

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 SEE thAnALIT LAITHILJTAK EDIT rekhAcitra 13. ilAhAbAda saMgrahAlaya : devakulikA (pramodacaMdra ke anusAra) rekhAcitra 14. ilAhAbAda saMgrahAlaya : maMdira (pramodacaMdra ke anusAra) meM vaha ghisI-piTI zailI hI raha gayI / ina maMdiroM meM kadAcita maNDapa aura staMbha-yukta kakSa huA karate the, kintu unake AkAra aura nirmANa-vivaraNoM ke bAre meM nizcayapUrvaka kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| maMdira cAhamAna sAmrAjya ke aMtargata aneka jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| jaina sAhitya aura samasAmayika zilAlekhoM meM isa prakAra ke bhavanoM ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| maMdiroM ke avaziSTa bhAgoM evaM avaziSTa mUrtiyoM se bhI yaha saMketa milatA hai ki isa avadhi meM aneka jaina maMdira vidyamAna the / durbhAgyavaza, adhikAMza cAhamAna maMdira aura anya bhavana paravartI kAla meM naSTa kara diye gaye aura jo bace rahe ve bhI jIrNoddhAra yA navInIkaraNa kI prakriyA meM itane parivartita ho gaye ki unheM pahacAnanA kaThina hai| isa avadhi kI jaina nirmANa-kalA kA kadAcit eka mAtra acchA udAharaNa osiyA (prAcIna upakeza) sthita prasiddha mahAvIra-maMdira-samUha (rekhAcitra 15) meM dekhA jA sakatA hai / isa sthAna kA ullekha siddhasena-sUri ke sakala-tIrtha-stotra meM eka jaina tIrtha-sthAna ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| yaha maMdira apane mUlarUpa meM pratIhAra zAsaka vatsarAja (783-762 I0) ke zAsanakAla meM banA thaa| isameM 248

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adhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata pradakSiNA-patha sahita garbhagRha, dvAra-maNDapa, gUr3ha-maNDapa, mukha-maNDapa aura eka mukha-catuSkI the| kintu san 656 meM usakA AMzika rUpa se jIrNoddhAra kiyA gyaa| mukhya maMdira ke AsapAsa kI devakUlikAe~, mukhya zikhara aura eka toraNa gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM jor3e gaye / mUla garbhagRha kevala kapota-stara taka hI surakSita raha sakA hai, jabaki kaMgaroM kI tIna paMktiyoM ke samUha se yukta zikhara kA Age calakara rAjasthAna kI vikasita madhyakAlIna zailI meM pUnaruddhAra kiyA gayA hai|| ANDEWCHUTENIWNILIAN rekhAcitra 15. prosiyA : mahAvIra-maMdira-samUha kI eka devakulikA ina atirikta nirmitiyoM ke hote hae bhI, maMdira meM eka prakAra kI racanAtmaka saMgati raha sakI hai| nikaTavartI devakulikAoM ke vyaMga-vinyAsa meM sAmAnyataH pravaNita pITha, jaina devatAoM kI mUrtiyoM se alaMkRta jaMghA, chajjoM se yukta mukha-catuSkI, alaMkRta chateM tathA aMtaHbhAga rahe haiN| phira bhI jaisA ki DhAkI kA vicAra hai, inake sUkSma nirmANAtmaka parIkSaNa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki ye gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke vibhinna caraNoM meM nirmita kiye gaye the| alaMkaraNa pakSoM ke atirikta, ukta mUrtiyA~ apane yuga kI jaina mUrtikalA ke vaividhya kA suMdara udAharaNa prastuta karatI haiM / 1 kRSNadeva. Tempalsa praoNpha nArvanaM iNDiyA. 1969. naI dillI. pR 31. 2 DhAkI, pUrvokta, 1 319 tathA paravartI. 249

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vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 ina mUrtiyoM meM tIrthaMkara, vidyAdeviyA~, apsarAe~, digpAla Adi sammilita haiM / sthApatya kI dRSTi se ina devakulikAoM para paryApta gurjara prabhAva hai| inase bhI prAcIna mUrtiyoM meM aba bhI prAcIna rAjasthAnI (mAru) zailI kI vizeSatAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM ( citra 143 ) | san 1015 meM nirmita alaMkRta toraNa meM pracura saMkhyA meM mUrtiyoM se yukta do staMbha haiM, jo eka mahApITha para banAye gaye haiM / inapara pazcima bhAratIya prakAra kI vizeSa goTeM haiM, jinameM gaja-stara aura nara-stara sammilita haiM aura ve saradala ko AdhAra pradAna karate haiM ( citra 144) / saradala para belabUTe tathA anya alaMkaraNa - pratIka utkIrNa haiM / usapara dhArIdAra caMdobA hai aura usake sabase Upara keMdra meM eka trikoNa tilaka hai jisameM tIrthaMkara kI pratimA aura usake donoM ora eka alaMkRta caukhaTe ke bhItara mora utkIrNa haiM / isa caukhaTe ke pArzva meM pratyeka aura eka-eka gauNa tilaka bhI utkIrNa hai| staMbha-daNDoM para sIdhI alaMkRta dhAriyA~ utkIrNa haiM jinameM tIrthaMkaroM evaM vidyAdharoM kI mUrtiyA~ aMkita haiM / isa yuga meM toraNoM ko mukhya bhavana kA mahattva bar3hAnevAle sAdhana ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA thA / san 1166 ke eka rAjasthAnI zilAlekha meM maMdira ko uttuMga - toraNa- prAsAda kahA gayA hai / isa prakAra ukta mahAvIra maMdira pratIhAra se cAhamAna yuga taka kI jaina maMdira nirmANa zailI ke vikAsa krama kA udAharaNa prastuta karatA hai / isa saMbaMdha meM DhAkI' kA mata sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai : "isa prosiyA maMdira samUha kA yogadAna jaina kalA aura sthApatya ke adhyayana ke lie mahattvapUrNa hai, kyoMki yaha usakA prAraMbhika sImA-cihna hone ke sAtha hI hameM kalA kauzala kI mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI detA hai| mukhya maMdira jo mahAmAru sthApatya kA sudaMra namUnA hai, jaina zailI ke trika-maNDapa yA mukha-maNDapa kA prAcInatama udAharaNa prastuta karatA hai / maMdira alaMkaraNa - zailI ke pariprekSya meM jaina mUrti saMbaMdhI usakI atizaya samRddhi abataka jJAta maMdiroM meM saba se prAcIna hai| svayaM devakulikAe~ hI sthApatya kI sarvotkRSTa laghu kRtiyA~ haiM aura ve vikAsAdhIna pazcimI zailI ke aura adhika vikAsa kI jAnakArI detI haiM / isake sAtha hI ve jaina mUrtikalA meM huI unnati kA bhI udAharaNa prastuta karatI haiM / isa tathya se ki ve AThavIM zatAbdI meM nahIM banAyI jAtI thIM aura ve saMkhyA meM kama haiM tathA pratyakSa hI nirmita haiM, sammilita rUpa meM nahIM, yaha AbhAsa ho sakatA hai ki maMdira - vinyAsa kI jaina zailI AThavIM zatAbdI meM ajJAta thI aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM bhI usapara koI prabhAva nahIM par3A thA kyoMki vaha mUla vinyAsa se bemela hai / jaina maMdiroM kI gaurava kRti, raMga- maNDapa ( nRtya-bhavana ) kA bhI abhI prAdurbhAva nahIM huA thA / " saMbhavataH bArahavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mukhya maMdira ke AsapAsa devakulikAoM kA nirmANa kara usake sauMdarya evaM mahattA ko bar3hAne kI paddhati rAjasthAna ke jainoM meM bahuta lokapriya ho gayI thI, jaisA ki bijoliyA (prAcIna viMdhyAvalI ) ke eka zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai / isa purAlekha meM yaha ullikhita 1 vahI, pR 326-27. 250

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adhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata hai ki loliga yA lollaka ne, jo poravAr3a mahAjana thA, pArzvanAtha kA eka maMdira tathA usake sAtha sAta choTe maMdira banavAye the| yaha saMbhava hai ki ina sAta devakulikAoM meM se cAra maMdira-prAMgaNa ke cAroM konoM meM banavAyI gayI hoM tathA zeSa usakI tIna bhujAyoM meM se pratyeka ke keMdra meM nirmita kI gayI ho / saMbhavataH mukhya maMdira ke sAmane eka dvAra rahA hogaa| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki bijoliyA meM paMcAyatana prakAra kA eka pArzvanAtha-maMdira hai, jisapara kisI tIrthayAtrI ne vikrama saMvata 1226 (1166 I.) kA yAtrA-vRttAMta utkIrNa kara diyA hai| kintu usakA zilpa-kauzala ucca koTi kA na hone ke kAraNa vidvAn use lolaka yA loliga dvArA nirmita nahIM mAnate / purAlekha meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki lollaka ke pUrvajoM ne ToDArAyasiMha, bhagerA, narainA, naravara aura ajamera meM jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| uparyukta maMdiroM meM se koI bhI maMdira isa samaya vidyamAna nahIM hai kintu ina sthAnoM meM se adhikAMza sthaloM para pAyI jAnevAlI madhyakAlIna jaina pratimAe~ tathA anya avazeSa yaha sUcita karate haiM ki inakA mahattva jaina tIrthoM ke rUpa meM thaa| cAhamAna-yuga ke eka jaina maMdira ke avazeSa mAravAr3a ke jaina tIrtha phalodhI, (prAcIna phalavadhikA) meM bhI pAye gaye haiM / yahA~ lagabhaga 1147 meM pArzvanAtha kA eka maMdira banAyA gayA thA, usakI pratiSThApanA vAdideva-sUri ne karAyI thii| zIghra hI muslima AkrAmakoM ne ise naSTa kara diyA kintu bAda meM saMbhavataH isakA jIrNoddhAra kiyA gayA hai / yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA ki jIrNoddhAra-utsava jinapAlasarine saMpanna karAyA thaa| maMdira meM par3e hue eka saMgamaramara-khaNDa para utkIrNa abhilekha (vikrama saMvat 1221) meM yaha ullekha hai ki phalavadhikA sthita pArzvanAtha-maMdira ko caNDaka ne, tathA poravAr3a ropimani aura bhaNDArI dasAr3ha ne zrI-citrakUTIya-zilAphaTa kA dAna kiyA thaa| eka anya purAlekha meM seTha manicaMdra dvArA uttAnna-paTTa ke nirmANa kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki phalodhI sthita maMdira meM paravartI jIrNoddhAra aura punaHpratiSThA (citra 145) ke cihna vidyamAna haiM, tathApi usameM apanI aneka saMracanAtmaka vizeSatAe~ surakSita raha sakI haiM, yathA mUla-prAsAda, dvAra-maNDapa aura gar3hamaNDapa / yaha bArahavIM zatAbdI ke vikasita maMdiroM ke varga meM AtA hai aura usake pazcima-bhAratIya tattva suspaSTa haiN| maNDapa apekSAkRta sAdagIpUrNa hai kintu mUla-prAsAda kI saMracanAtmaka vizeSatAe~ AkarSaka haiN| kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha mata hai ki ajamera sthita masjida, ar3hAI-dina-kA-jhoMpar3A, mUla rUpa se eka jaina maMdira thA / apane mata ke samarthana meM ve yaha vicAra prakaTa karate haiM ki isa masjida ke pAsa aura usake bhItara jaina mUrtiyAM pAyI gayI thiiN| kucha loga usakI pahacAna usa jaina maTha se karate haiM jo rAja-vihAra ke nAma se vikhyAta thA tathA jisapara vigraharAja ne jhaNDA phaharAyA thaa| kaz2insa ne isa mata kA yadyapi dRr3hatA se khaNDana kiyA hai, tathApi yaha svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki masjida ke parivartita rUpa meM bhI usakI saMracanA catuSkoNa jaina maMdiroM tathA unakI aMlakRta chatoM (citra 146) se milatIjUlatI hai| staMbhoM kA rUpAMkana sabala hai aura usameM suspaSTa alaMkaraNa-yojanA hai (citra 147) / 1 (jaina) kailAzacaMda. eMziyeNTa siTIja eNDa TAunsa oNfa rAjasthAna. 1970. dillI. pR 426. 251

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 Amera meM bhaNDArakara ko tIna aise jaina maMdiroM kA patA calA jo mUla rUpa se jaina maMdira the, kintu bAda meM unheM ziva maMdiroM kA rUpa de diyA gyaa| inameM se sabase prAcIna lAlazAha-kA-maMdira jAna par3atA hai / isameM gUr3ha-maNDapa sahita tIna maMdira eka dUsare ke nikaTa sthita haiN| maMdira tathA maNDapa ke saradaloM aura caukhaToM para tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiN| yahA~ sAMgAnera sthita siMghIjI ke maMdira kA bhI ullekha karanA Avazyaka hai / isa bhavana ke mahattvapUrNa aMga surakSita raha pAye haiN| isa maMdira kI mahattvapUrNa vizeSatAoM meM haiM-do bar3e kakSa, zikhara-yukta garbhagRha, susajjita dvAra aura mUtyaMkana-yukta aMta:bhAga, jisameM devatAoM kI AkRtiyA~ tathA alaMkaraNa-pratIka aMkita haiN| isameM cAhamAna-yuga kI pASANa-pratimAe~ tathA zilAlekha haiN| isase pazcimI rAjasthAna evaM gujarAta ke caulukya-maMdiroM kA smaraNa ho AtA hai| jo bhI ho, bhaNDArakara ne use paravartI kAla kA mAnA hai| alavara jile ke nIlakaNTha nAmaka sthAna meM, jisakA ullekha pUrvavartI kAla ke maMdira-avazeSoM tathA mUrtiyoM ke saMdarbha meM Upara kiyA jA cakA hai (adhyAya 14), isa kAla ke mUrti-yukta vAstu-khaNDa bhI vidyamAna haiM (citra 148 ka), jinapara pazcimI bhArata kA kucha prabhAva hai| dillI yA DhillikA cAhamAna-kAla meM eka mahattvapUrNa rAjanItika aura dhArmika keMdra thA / yahA~ aneka jaina maMdira the, jinameM pArzvanAtha kA eka vizAla maMdira bhI thaa| kuvvatula-islAma-masjida ke avazeSoM ke dakSiNa-pUrvI kone meM eka jaina maMdira ke spaSTa avazeSa haiM, jisameM sAde staMbha tathA ardha-staMbha paMktibaddha nirmita kiye gaye haiM aura jinameM se kucha para tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ banI huI haiN| isake UparI tala para tIrthaMkaroM, sevakoM tathA pazuoM kI citra-vallarI se yukta alaMkRta chateM aba bhI surakSita haiN| jo bhI ho, vAstu-avazeSoM tathA mUrtiyoM se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki dillI meM aura bhI suMdara jaina maMdira the| hAMsI (AsikA) meM bhI jainoM ke dhArmika pratiSThAna banAye gaye the, aisA pratIta hotA hai| cAhamAna-yuga ke aMta meM inameM jo eka aura vaddhi haI, vaha thI pArzvanAtha-jinAlaya kii| jinapati-sUri ne usakI pratiSThA kI thI / piMjaura (paMcapura) meM, jo cAhamAna-rAjya meM sammilita thA, bIkAnera-kSetra kI mUrtiyoM ke sadRza jaina avazeSa tathA anya khaNDita vastue~ pAyI gayI haiM, jinase yaha AbhAsa milatA hai ki madhyakAla meM vahA~ jaina maMdira the / kAMgar3A ke kile meM bhI aneka jaina pratimAeM pAyI gayI haiM, jinase yaha dhAraNA banatI hai ki pazcimI himAlaya kI pahAr3iyoM ke aMtaHvartI kSetra meM bhI jaina maMdira vidyamAna the| aneka jinAlayoM ke sAmane saMbhavata: mAna-staMbha huA karate the aura sarvatobhadra jaina pratimAe~ ina mAna-staMbhoM ke zIrSa kA kAma detI hoNgii| 1 prAyaoNlaoNjikala sarve praoNfa iNDiyA. (vesTarna sakila), progresa riporTa, 1909-10, Rs 47. 252

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adhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata zAha ke vicAra se pATha taloMvAlA citaur3agar3ha sthita kIrtistaMbha, jisakI UMcAI lagabhaga 24.38 mITara hai, apane mUla rUpa meM san 1100 ke lagabhaga banAyA gayA thA aura san 1460 ke lagabhaga usakI marammata kI gayI thii| yaha staMbha digaMbara jainoM se saMbaMdhita hai| usameM saba se Upara ke maNDapa meM caumukhI pratimA thii| rAjasthAna meM kizanagar3ha ke pAsa rUpanagara nAmaka sthAna meM DI0 Ara0 bhaNDArakara ko tIna smAraka-staMbha yA niSidhikAe~ prApta hii| inameM se eka para vikrama saMvata 1018 (sana 161) utkIrNa hai aura usake Upara eka tIrthaMkara-pratimA hai| usapara jo purAlekha hai, usameM yaha ullekha hai ki yaha meghasenAcArya kI niSidhikA hai| dUsarI meM bhI meghasenAcArya kA ullekha hai| tIsarI meM padmasenAcArya kA nAma ullikhita hai aura unakI mRtyu kI tithi 1016 dI gayI hai| jaisAki pahale batAyA jA cukA hai (pR 244) gAhar3avAloM ke zAsana-kAla ke maMdira-sthApatya ke saMbaMdha meM hameM bahuta kama jAnakArI prApta hai| mathurA, haradvAra, pArasanAtha (jilA bijanaura), hastinApura, baTezvara, caMdavAra, kauzAmbI, zrAvastI Adi sthAnoM se vartamAna meM jo mUrtiyA~ upalabdha huI haiM, unase yahI saMketa milatA hai ki gyArahavIM aura bArahavIM zatAbdiyoM meM bahuta bar3e stara para gaMgA-yamunA ghATI meM jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA gayA thaa| kintu unakI rUparekhA aura uThAna ke viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| zrAvastI sthita zobhanAtha-maMdira bhI utkhanaka ko vibhinna yugoM ke IMTa nirmita bhavana ke Dhera-rUpa meM milA thaa| ukta maMdira ke pUrvI bhAga meM eka AyatAkAra prAMgaNa (18.10414.64 mI0)thA aura vaha bhagna IMToM kI eka moTI bhitti (2.3642.74 mITara) se veSTita thaa| IMTa-saMracanA meM bahuta-sI zilpAMkita IMToM kA prayoga binA kisI yojanA ke kiyA gayA thaa| prAMgaNa ke cAroM ora kI bhittiyoM ke bhItarI bhAga meM kadAcita mUrtiyA~ rakhane ke lie grAle (devakoSTha) bane hae the| sAmane kI aora sIDhiyoM ke tathA pIche kI ora garbhagRha kI nirmitiyoM ke cihna the (rekhAcitra 12) / maMdira ke garbhagRhoM meM se eka meM gomedha tathA aMbikA ke atirikta AdinAtha tathA anya tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ milI thiiN| isakI nirmANa-tithi bArahavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha ho sakatI hai| 1 zAha (yU pI). sTaDIja ina jaina mArTa. 1955. vArANasI. pR 23. / adhyAya 25 bhI draSTavya. 2 mAyaoNlaoNjikala sarve praoNpha iNDiyA (vesTarna sakila) progresa riporTa. 1910-11; Y 43. 3 kanidhama (e) prAyojaoNjikala sarve maoNfa iNDiyA, ripoTsa, 1863-65; 1972. (punarmudrita) vArANasI. pR234. 4 vogela. (ja pha) mAyaoNlaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA. enuala riporTa, 1907-08; 1911. kalakattA. pR 113. 253

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 eka madhyakAlIna ( muslima - pUrva ) jaina maMdira ke avazeSa prataraMjIkher3A' yA jaina graMthoM ke ataraMjIya nAmaka nagara meM kiye gaye utkhanana meM pAye gaye the / usameM eka garbhagRha aura pArzvavartI khaNDa the, tathA vaha saMbhavataH supArzvanAtha kA maMdira thA, jaisA ki utkhanana ke samaya vahA~ prApta pratimA se jJAta hotA hai / hastinApura meM kucha dazAbdiyoM pUrva prApta zAMtinAtha kI eka vizAla pratimA para 1176 I0 kA eka zilAlekha hai, jisameM yaha ullekha hai ki yaha pratimA ajamera ke devapAla sonI ne dAna meM dI thI / kAyotsarga - mudrAvAlI yaha pratimA hastinApura meM kisI navanirmita yA jIrNodvAra kiye gaye maMdira meM pratiSThita kI gayI thI / haradvAra meM tIrthaMkaroM tathA yakSiyoM kI jo jaina mUrtiyA~ milI haiM, unase yaha saMketa milatA hai ki madhyakAla meM isa brAhmaNya tIrtha meM bhI jaina maMdira the / AgarA ke nikaTa caMdavAra se prApta gyArahavIM aura bArahavIM zatAbdiyoM kI dasa-bAraha se adhika mUrtiyA~ nissaMdeha yaha pramANita karatI haiM ki gAhar3avAla- yuga meM isa sthAna para kama se kama eka vizAla jinAlaya kA nirmANa huA hogA / jaisAki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ( pR0 253), baTezvara meM bhI isa yuga ke kucha IMTa - nirmita bhavanoM tathA jaina mUrtiyoM ke avazeSa pAye gaye haiM / kaMkAlI-TIle kI abhilekhAMkita evaM anabhilekhAMkita jaina mUrtiyoM se bhI isa yuga meM mathurA meM jaina saMsthAnoM kI vidyamAnatA kA patA calatA / isa nagara meM zvetAMbara aura digaMbara donoM hI ke maMdira the / mUrtikalA aura kalA isa yuga meM jaina kalA apane vikAsa ke sarvAdhika jaTila aura rUpAtmaka caraNa se hotI huI nikalI / kalAtmaka aura mUrti nirmANAtmaka vikAsa meM zilpiyoM evaM unake saMrakSakoM ke atirikta bhramaNazIla jaina muniyoM tathA vyApAriyoM ne mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kiyaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki aneka paMthoM aura upapaMthoM ne bhI kalA ke lie anukUla kAraNa pradAna kiye| taMtra aura tAMtrika pratIkavAda ne bhI, jinakA jaina dharma meM pahale hI praveza ho cukA thA, mUrti nirmANa saMbaMdhI saMkalpanAoM kI vRddhi meM aura adhika sahAyatA kI / kabhI-kabhI jainoM ne bhI brAhmaNya devatAoM ko apane anukUla banA liyA aura unakI upAsanA kI 12 bArahavIM zatAbdI ke aMta taka, eka brAhmaNya devatA ko bhI -- jisake saMbaMdha meM yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki usane dillI meM prasiddha jaina muni jinacaMdrasUri kI preraNA se mA~sa ko apanI arcanA meM na lene kA vrata le liyA thA -- pratibala ke nAma se ukta sthAnIya pArzvanAtha maMdira ke eka staMbha para sthAna de diyA gayA / vAstava meM, muni ne svayaM hI apane anuyAyiyoM ko isa staMbha para ukta devatA kI prAkRti 1 iNDiyana prAyaoNlaoNjI, 1967-68 : e rivyU. naI dillI. pR. 46. 2 yaha mahattvapUrNa bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki eka pUrvavartI jaina vidvAn jinasenAcArya ne apane jina sahasranAma - stotra meM tIrthaMkara kI samatA ziva ke aMkAMtaka, ardhanArIzvara, sadyojAta, vAmadeva, aghora tathA IzAna rUpoM, viSNu ke lakSmI bhartR, zrI pati, sahasrazIrSaM tathA purANa- puruSa rUpoM, brahmA ke mahAbrahma, hiraNyagarbha aura pitAmaha jaise samAnarUpI nAmoM, gaNAdhipa, vizvakarmA tathA vAcaspati yA bRhaspati se kI hai. paramAnaMda. jinavANI saMgraha. 1961. dillI. pR 287. isI prakAra ke vicAra mAnatuMga ke prasiddha bhaktAmara stotra meM bhI pAye jAte haiM. 3 ( dvivedI) hariharanivAsa. dillI ke tomara 1973. gvAliyara. pu 87. 254

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pradhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata utkIrNa karane ke lie kahA thA / eka jaina graMtha ke anusAra, abhanerI ke eka vyApArI ne prosiyA ke mahAvIra tathA saccikAmAtA ke maMdira meM pUjA kI thI / sabhI AkAroM meM padmAsana tathA kAyotsarga-mudrAoM meM, sAde tathA alaMkRta parikaroM se yukta aneka tIrthaMkara-pratimAoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| unhIM ke sAtha itara devoM, pazuoM evaM kabhIkabhI tIrthaMkaroM kI apekSAkRta choTI AkRtiyA~ bhI banAyI gayIM / padmAnastha tIrthaMkaroM ko sAdhAraNatayA siMhAsana para aMkita kiyA gayA hai tathA unake sAtha alaMkRta pIThopadhAna banAye gaye haiM jinameM alaMkRta samacaturbhujI kalA-pratIka tathA kapar3e kI jhAlareM haiM (citra 148 kha se 150) / sarvatobhadra pratimAoM ke atirikta caubIsoM tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM se yukta zilApaTTa (citra 150) bhI jaina samAja meM lokapriya the| maMdiroM meM tIrthaMkaroM ke kalyANakoM (jIvana ke dRzyoM) kA bhI citraNa kiyA gyaa| isa yuga kI bAhubalI kI bhI kucha pratimAe~ prApta huI haiN| deviyoM meM aMbikA, sarasvatI yA vAgdevI, cakrezvarI aura padmAvatI kI pUjA sarvapracalita thii| prosiyA kI devakulikAoM meM naradattA, gaurI, rohiNI, mahAmAnasI, vajrAMkuzI, vajrazRMkhalA, gAMdhArI, apraticakrA, mAnavI, kAlI, vairoTyA Adi aneka vidyAdeviyoM kI prAkRtiyA~ haiN| jaina maMdiroM meM apsarAoM, digpAloM, navagrahoM, gaMdharvo tathA vidyAdharoM ko bhI sthAna milaa| bhaktoM, jinameM jaina AcArya bhI sammilita haiM, ke atirikta, yakSa aura anya parivAra-devatA bhI sAmAnyatayA AvaraNa-pratimAoM meM sammilita kiye gye| osiyA kI eka devakulikA meM heramba kA bhI citraNa hai jo saMbhavataH brAhmaNya mata se apanAyA gayA hai| rohataka meM hasti-zIrSayukta yakSa pArzva kI eka mUrti pAyI gayI hai. jo jaina mata meM gaNeza kA nikaTatama samAnAMtara udAharaNa hai| aMbikA kA pUjana zAyada saMtati aura baccoM ke kalyANa ke lie kiyA jAtA thA / jaina deva-daMpati, jinheM bhaTTAcArya ne gomedha aura aMbikA ke rUpa meM pahacAnA hai, gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka paryApta lokapriya ho gaye, aisA pratIta hotA hai| kSetrapAla (maMdira, nagara yA grAma kA rakSaka), jisakI carcA bhI padmA, aMbikA, jvAlinI aura nAgadharaNa ke sAtha hI sAtha bijoliyA ke zilAlekha (vikrama saMvat 1226)3 meM kI gayI hai, ko jaina devakula meM mahattvapUrNa DhaMga se jor3a liyA gyaa| jina zilApaTToM para naMdIzvara dvIpa Adi yaMtra (pArekha) utkIrNa kiye jAte the, ve bhI upAsya vastu bana gye| vistRta kSetra meM vikIrNa hote hue bhI, cAhamAna aura gAhar3avAla-yuga kI jaina mUrtikalA para aneka kalA-pravAhoM tathA paraMparAoM kA prabhAva par3A thA kintu unameM kama se kama sAmAnya saMkalpanA ke saMbaMdha meM dhArmika siddhAMtoM ne paryApta sImA taka ekatA sthApita kI thii| maMdira-sthApatya ke apekSAkRta adhika vikAsa ke kAraNa sauMdaryAtmaka Adarza ko zAstrIya mAnadaNDoM ke viparIta, svIkAra kiyA 1 pUrvokta, 4 277. 2 bhaTTAcArya (bI sI) jaina mAikanogrApho. 1939. lAhaura. pR 82. 3 epiprAphikA iNDiyA, pUrvokta, pR 110. 255

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 gayA, kintu rUr3ha kalA paraMparAoM kA prabhAva phira bhI atyadhika banA rhaa| gyetsa ne madhyakAlIna mUrtikalA ke bAre meM ThIka hI kahA hai ki "dasavIM zatAbdI ke aMta meM usane lalita evaM maulika sauMdarya kI prApti kI; gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM usameM zAstrIya praur3hatA AyI aura bArahavIM zatAbdI meM lalita zailI kA usane vikAsa kiyA / bArahavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM vaha kalA dhIre-dhIre rUr3higrasta, atyalaMkRta miliMga ka rekhAcitra 16. kemalA ( balgAriyA) : kAMsya tIrthaMkara - mUrti ( rAjagrAda myUz2iyama) (bretajesa ke anusAra ) tathA prati-vistArapUrNa ho gyii| usake pazcAt usake vikAsa meM uttarI bhArata ke vibhinna rAjyoM meM vibhinna rUpAMtaraNa hue, yadyapi vaha sarvatra mUlarUpa se eka-sI hI rahI / usameM jhalaka thI samRddhi aura nirdhanatA kI, zAMti aura yuddha saMbaMdhI una kAraNoM kI jinake phalasvarUpa sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika jIvana meM gati AtI hai yA avarodha prAtA hai / " 1 gyetsa ( haramana ). pArTa eNDa prAkiTekcara graoNpha bIkAnera sTeTa. 1950. oNksaphorDa pR 85. 256

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adhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata prosiyA - mahAvIra-maMdira, devakulikAe~ citra 143 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 4 osiyA - mahAvIra-maMdira, toraNa citra 144 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 201 uttara bhArata phAlodI - pArzvanAtha-maMdira citra 145 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 LEE ajamera - ar3hAI-dina-kA-jhoMpar3A, chata citra 146

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adhyAya 20] uttara bhArata hi ajamera - ar3hAI-dina-kA-jhoMpar3A, aMtaHbhAga citra 147 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 (ka) nIlakaNTha - vAstu-khaNDa (kha) zrAvastI - tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha citra 148 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata kaTarA - tIrthaMkara neminAtha citra 149 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 ajamera - tIrthaMkara-mUrti (rAjapUtAnA saMgrahAlaya) citra 150 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata bIkAnera saMgrahAlaya - eka mUrti kA parikara citra 151

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 jayapura saMgrahAlaya - tIrthakara munisuvrata citra 152

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adhyAya 20] uttara bhArata bharatapura saMgrahAlaya - tIrthakara pArzvanAtha citra 153 For Privale & Personal use only

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 SEAL 200 22-2 ==== pallU - vAgdevI (bIkAnera saMgrahAlaya) citra 154 jisog [ bhAga 5

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adhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata mUti-nirmANa ke lie balae patthara kA sabase adhika prayoga kiyA gayA hai kintu aneka sthaloM para kAle tathA zveta pASANa ko bhI upayoga meM lAyA gyaa| dhAtu kI pratimAe~ bhI, vizeSakara kAMsya kI, banAyI gayI thIM kintu ve apekSAkRta choTe yA madhyama AkAra kI thiiN| lagabhaga gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI eka jaina kAMsya pratimA ( rekhAcitra 16) 1928 I0 meM uttara-pUrva balgAriyA ke kemalA nAmaka sthAna para pAyI gayI thii|| yaha pratimA isa samaya vahA~ ke rAjagrAda saMgrahAlaya meM hai| isa pratimA meM stara-yukta pITha para avasthita eka siMhAsana para tIrthaMkara ko padmAsana-mudrA meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai| nissaMdeha yaha uttara bhAratIya mUla kI hai jise saMbhavata: apanI dainika upAsanA ke lie koI jaina vyApArI madhyakAla meM kisI madhya-eziyAI yA pazcima-eziyAI deza meM le gayA hogaa| zailI kI dRSTi se yaha cAhamAna-kalA-paraMparA se saMbaddha pratIta hotI hai| hAla hI meM tIrthaMkaroM kI kucha suMdara kAMsyapratimAe~ rAjasthAna ke alavara jile meM sanolI se bhI upalabdha huI thiiN| isa yuga kI kucha mahattvapUrNa jaina kAMsya pratimAe~ rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, nayI dillI ke saMgraha meM bhI haiN| inameM sammilita haiM : garur3a para AsIna cakrezvarI kI mUrti, eka jina-biMba ke suMdara parikara kA UparI bhAga jisake sAtha sunirmita itara deva, pazuoM aura paudhoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai; tathA pArzvanAtha kI eka tithi-yukta (1066 I0) pratimA, jisameM tIrthaMkara para sarpa ke sAta phaNoM kA AcchAdana hai| unake donoM ora khaDgAsana-mudrA meM do tIrthaMkara tathA yakSa aura yakSI sahita anucaroM kI prAkRtiyA~ haiM / pArzvanAtha kA upadhAnayukta Asana paraMparAgata kamalapuSpa para banA hai| pAdapITha ke UparI sire para banI nau choTI AkRtiyoM ko navagrahoM ke rUpa meM pahacAnA gayA hai| tIrthaMkara ke vakSasthala tathA Asana para zrIvatsa (cihna) aMkita hai| isa pratimA ke parikara kA UparI bhAga trikoNa hai| ina kAMsya pratimAoM kA prApti-sthAna jJAta nahIM hai kintu zailI kI dRSTi se ye rAjasthAna kI lagatI haiN| vartamAna saMdarbha meM, eka choTe AkAra kI kAMsya-pratimA, jo mUlarUpa se jaisalamera kI hai, kA bhI yahA~ ullekha karanA Avazyaka jAna par3atA hai| zailI kI dRSTi se pUrvacita rAjagrAda saMgrahAlaya sthita jina-biMba kI pUrvagAmI laganevAlI yaha kAMsya pratimA bhI cala-pUjA-vigraha lagatI hai / isake pRSThabhAga meM utkIrNa lekha (1126-38 I0) meM zrI-siddhasenadivAkarAcArya-gaccha ke zrI-nagendra-kula kI ammA aura acchuptA nAmaka do mahilAoM kA ullekha hai| usameM aMkana isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai--bIca meM AsIna-mudrA meM tIrthaMkara aura unake sAtha camaradhArI, devatAgaNa, yakSa aura yakSI tathA uparI bhAga meM eka trikoNAkAra caukhaTe meM eka tIrthaMkara-pratimA jo pAda-yukta Asana para AdhArita hai tathA jisapara nau zIrSa bane haiM jo saMbhavata: navagrahoM ke pratIka haiN| anucaroM meM yakSa mAtaMga aura yakSI siddhAyikA ho sakate haiM kyoMki ve kramazaH hAthI aura siMha para ArUr3ha haiN| zAha kA vicAra hai ki UparI bhAga meM tIrthaMkara kI 1 IsTa eNDa vesTa. 21. 3-4; 1971; 215-16. 2 iNDiyana prAyaoNlaoNjI, 1969-70 : e rivyU. 1973.naI dillI. pR 61. 3 jarnala maoNpha di prorieNTala iMsTiTyUTa. 19, 3; 1970; 276. 4 jarnala oNpha di iNDiyana sosAyaTI praoNpha proriyaNTala ArTa. 1; 1966% 29 257

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 laghu mUrti jaisA aMkana jaina mUrtikalA meM durlabha hI hai| isa caukhaTe kA UparI bhAga pAraMparika bela-bUToM ke rUpa meM hai| jaisA ki pahale bhI batAyA jA cukA hai, gyArahavIM aura bArahavIM zatAbdiyoM kI kalA, lagabhaga sAre uttara bhArata meM mUrtikalA ke pUrNa vikasita caraNa kA dyotaka hai| isa yuga meM adhikAMzataH prAkRti-nirmANa paraMparAoM tathA alaMkArapUrNa prAkAravAda se ba~dhA hai| yaha rUpAMkana sAmAnyataH mudrAoM tathA zarIra ke ghumAva ke anukUla kiyA gayA thA, cehare kI abhivyakti ke anusAra nhiiN| cehare caukora se haiM tathA unapara vizeSa rUpa se A~khoM, bhauhoM, nAka Adi kA praupacArika utkIrNana huA hai, gAla sUje hue pratIta hote haiM tathA maha phUlA huaa| adhikAMza matiyoM meM zarIra ke aMgoM meM koNIyatA tathA madrAoM meM eka prakAra ke tanAva kI bhAvanA dekhI jA sakatI hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ko chor3akara anya mUrtiyoM meM suMdaratA lAne kA prayatna ratnAbhUSaNoM tathA anya gahanoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI prAkRtiyoM meM, jinheM garimApUrNa pavitra mudrA meM pradarzita karanA Avazyaka thA, vistRta alaMkaraNa parikara ke nirmANa meM kiyA gayA (citra 151); vizeSa rUpa se AsIna tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha AkarSaka mudrAoM meM aneka kalApUrNa evaM suMdara prAkRtiyAM banAyI gayIM, jinameM vidyAdharoM, gaMdharvo, vAdakoM, itara devoM tathA bhaktoM kI prAkRtiyA~ sammilita haiN| alaMkRta bhAmaNDala, trichatra tathA svarga ke hAthiyoM kA bhI aMkana kiyA gyaa| jo bhI ho, yaha mUla rUpa se pUrvavatI jaina paraMparA ke anukUla hI thA jaisA ki mAnatuMgAcAryakRta bhaktAmara-stotra ke nimna zlokoM se spaSTa hai : siMhAsane maNimayUkhazikhAvicitre, vibhrAjate tava vapuH kanakAvadAtaM / bivaM viyadvilasadaMzulatAvitAnaM. tuGgodayAdrizirasIva sahasrarazmaH // 26 / / kundAvadAtacalacAmaracAruzobhaM, vibhrAjate tava vapuH kaladhautakAMtaM / udyacchazAMkazucinijharavAridhAra-- . muccastaTaM suragireriva zAtakaumbham // 30 // chatratrayaM tava vibhAti zazAMkakAMtamuccaiHsthitaM sthagitabhAnukarapratApaM / muktAphalaprakarajAlavivRddhazobha, prakhyApayattrijagataH paramezvaratvaM // 31 // gNbhiirtaarrvpuuritdigvibhaagstrailokylokshubhsNgmbhuutidkssH| saddharmarAjajayaghoSaNaghoSaka: san, khe dundubhirdhvanati te yazasa: pravAdI // 32 / / 258

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adhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata yahA~ yaha ullekha karanA graprAMsagika nahIM hogA ki laghu zrAkRtivAle anucaroM kI prAkRtiyoM sahita yA unase rahita kAyotsarga - mudrA meM tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ anya alaMkRta evaM AsIna mUrtiyoM kI apekSA unake vItarAga - zrAdarza ( citra 152 ) ke adhika anurUpa haiN| adhikAMzataH uSNIza atuMga aura laghu haiM ( citra 153 ) aura paravartI pratimAoM meM (jinakI tithi lagabhaga bArahavIM zatAbdI hai ) zarIra ke aMkana meM koNIyatA adhika parilakSita hotI hai / prAsIna tIrthaMkara pratimAoM ke alaMkRta Asana ke nIce jhUlatA vastra yA to ardhavartulAkAra hai yA dIrghavRttAkAra / vaha siMhAsana ke UparI bhAga ko yA to pUrA yA mAtra usake bIca ke bhAga ko aneka prakAra ke alaMkaraNoM se prAvRta karatA hai / vRkSoM aura paudhoM kA bhI, jinameM kamalapuSpa bhI sammilita haiM, aMkana yadyapi rur3hibaddha hai phira bhI nayanAbhirAma hai / isI prakAra siMha ko chor3akara anya pazuoM kA aMkana bhI sajIva evaM AkarSaka hai / jahA~ taka vyAvahArika kalA kA saMbaMdha hai isa yuga ke pracalita kalA-pratIkoM meM samacaturbhuja alaMkaraNa, ghaTa-pallava, zrRMkhalA-ghaNTikA, latA-gulma, kalApiNDa aura ardha-kalApiNDa sammilita haiM / isa yuga kI bhAratIya kalA ke kucha suMdara namUne, udAharaNataH bIkAnera kSetra kI sarasvatI kI AkRtiyA~ tathA prosiyA kA alaMkRta toraNa, jaina mUrtikAroM kI hI racanAe~ thiiN| ina donoM hI udAharaNoM meM, yadyapi unakA aMkana praupacArika hI hai, Avazyaka mAtrA meM vivaraNa kI yathArthatA aura usase saMbaddha alaMkaraNa pradarzita haiM / saMgamaramara se nirmita bIkAnera kI vAgdevI ( citra 154 ) meM udAttatA kI mahattvapUrNa abhivyakti hai| mUrti nirmANa saMbaMdhI samasta prAcurya ke hote hue bhI usameM komalatA aura saMvedanazIlatA kI bhAvanA vidyamAna hai / yaha mUrti rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI zailiyoM ke sumizraNa kA pariNAma pratIta hotI hai / prosiyA sthita devakulikAoM ke bAhara aMkita prAkRtiyA~ bhI mUrti nirmANa kI mizra zailI kA udAharaNa prastuta karatI haiN| eka aura suMdara udAharaNa kaMkAlI-TIlA (mathurA) se prApta zIrSahIna nara ( kisI rAjA) kI AkRti hai, jisase pazcimI madhyadeza meM caMdela - kalA kA aura adhika prabhAva spaSTa ho jAtA hai (rekhAcitra 17 ) | zrAvastI se prApta AdinAtha kI eka pratimA tathA prayodhyA (phaijAbAda) 1 meM milI eka aura pratimA evaM mathurA se prApta vikrama saMvat 1134 arthAt 1077 I0 kI eka tIsarI pratimA ( rekhAcitra 18 ) bhI gaMgA ghATI kI madhyakAlIna mUrti-nirmANa-paraMparA ke adhyayana ke lie dhyAtavya hai / yaha zailIgata aMtamizraNa kA yuga thA, jaisA ki samasAmayika maMdira sthApatya se spaSTa hai / cAhamAna kSetra meM, yahA~ taka ki sUdUra hariyANA meM bhI, jo mUrti-nirmANa-paraMparA pracalita thI, vaha gurjaramUla kI thI, jabaki gaMgA-yamunA ghATI meM vaha cedi - caMdela - kalA - zailI kI thI / rAjasthAna ke dakSiNI sImAMta kSetroM meM paramAra kalA kA sImita prabhAva bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| jo bhI ho, gAhar3avAlakAlIna mUrtiyoM meM gaMgA-yamunA ghATI kI pUrvavartI paraMparA kI kucha vizeSatAe~ raha gayI haiM, kintu madhyadeza kI adhikAMza pratimAe~ rUr3hibaddha evaM kama AkarSaka haiM / 1 bhaTTAcArya, pUrvokta, citra 1 tathA 4. 259

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 samasAmayika brAhmaNya mUrtikalA ke samAna isa yuga kI jaina kalA kI sthiti pRthak nahIM jAna pdd'tii| usakA saMbaMdha maMdira-sthApatya se bahuta nikaTa kA thaa| ataeva kisI bhI prakAra ke mUrti-vidhAna kA uddezya, apanI saMskAragata tathA mUrtikalA-viSayaka sthiti ke hote hue bhI, maMdira-sthApatya ke racanAtmaka svarUpa meM vilIna hokara sthApatya-kalA ke vikAsa meM yogadAna karanA hI thaa| jaina maMdira meM, jo tIrthaMkara dvArA adhiSThita vizva kA pratIka thA, vizva-jIvana ke vividha kSetroM tathA pakSoM kI pratinidhi No RAAT RASR0458 YEE MARA rekhAcitra 17. kaMkAlI-TIlA : kisI rAjA kA dhar3a (smitha ke anusAra) matiyoM kA aMkana hotA hai| isa prakAra maMdira kA upayoga sukha ke srota, sadA pratIka tathA apanI nirmANAtmaka evaM mUrti-takSaNa-viSayaka utkRSTatA sahita kIti evaM mahAn samArohoM ke smAraka ke rUpa meM thaa| muni sakalacaMdra ke dRSTASTaka-stotra meM yaha vicAra bar3e suMdara DhaMga se vyakta kiyA gayA hai : 260

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pradhyAya 20 ] uttara bhArata ROMA RAKE More ... ..MAMALERTMAITH sa DISens HAMAND S in TAllina rekhAcitra 18. kaMkAlI-TIlA : tIrthakara-mUrti (smitha ke anusAra) 261

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 dRSTaM jinendrabhavanaM bhavatApahAri bhavyAtmanAM vibhavasaMbhavabhUrihetu: dugdhAbdhiphenadhavalojjvalakTakoTInaddhadhvajaprakararAjivirAjamAnam / / dRSTaM jinendra bhavanaM bhuvanaikalakSmIdhAmaddhiddhitamahAmunisevyamAnam / vidyAdharAmarabadhUjanamukta divyapuSpAMjaliprakarazobhitabhUmibhAgam / / dRSTaM jinendrabhavanaM bhavanAdivAsavikhyAtanAkagaNikAgaNagIyamAnam / nAnAmaNipracayabhAsurarazmijAlavyAlIDhanirmalavizAlagavAkSajAlam / / dRSTaM jinendrabhavanaM surasiddhayakSagaMdharvakinnarakarApitaveNuvINA / saMgItamizritanamaskRtadhIranAdarApUritAmbaratalorudigantarAlam / / dRSTaM mayAdya maNikAMcanacitrataMgasiMhAsanAdijinabiMbavibhUtiyuktam / caityAlayaM yadatulaM parikItitaM me sanmagalaM sakalacaMdramunIndravandham / / madhyakAlIna jaina maMdira kalAoM kA keMdra thA tathA usameM isa prakAra kI sAmAjikasAMskRtika gatividhiyA~ calatI thIM jinakA uddezya gahastha ko asatya se satya kI ora. aNa satya se mahata satya kI ora tathA aMtataH zrAvaka ke jIvana ke aMtima lakSya arthAt mokSa kI ora le jAnA thaa| munIza candra jozI 262

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adhyAya 21 pUrva bhArata sAmAnya paryavekSaNa kalA ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya kalA ke kisI kAlakhaNDa ko eka dhArmika nAmakaraNa ke aMtargata rakhakara vivecita karanA na to saMbhava hai aura na apekSita hI / bhAratIya kalA yuga-yugAMtaroM se niraMtara vikasita hotI rahI hai| usakA pratyeka paravartI kAla apane pUrvavartI kAla kI kalA-paraMparA aura usakI upalabdhiyoM ko lekara Age bar3hA hai, jise usane paripakvatA pradAna kI hai tathA usakI samayAnurUpa AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kI hai| kalA kI isa niraMtara pravahamAna vikAsa-dhArA meM vijAtIya musalamAnoM ke Agamana-kAla se pUrva koI avarodha nahIM aayaa| ina kalA-zailiyoM ke pallavana kI preraka zaktiyA~ nissaMdeha hI dhArmika preraNA rahI hai| bhArata anekAneka dharmoM kA deza rahA hai, yahA~ taka ki eka hI dharma ke aMtargata pRthaka-pRthaka mAnyatAoM aura siddhAMtoM ko lekara aneka parasparavirodhI evaM kaTTara pratidvaMdvI saMpradAya rahe hai| ina samasta dharmoM aura saMpradAyoM ne kalA ke mAdhyama se apane vicAroM aura avadhAraNAoM kI abhivyakti ke lie apane samakAlIna yA kSetravizeSa meM pracalita kalA ke sAmAnya pratimAnoM ko apanAyA hai kyoMki ina pratimAnoM ko unakI tarkasammata dizAoM se haTAnA ina dhArmika aura saMpradAyagata vibhedoM ke lie saMbhava nahIM ho skaa| viSaya-vastuoM ke aMkana ke atirikta ye pratimAna apane zailIgata rUpa meM samasta dharmoM ke lie eka samAna rahe haiN| yadi koI aMtara hai to vaha mAtra mUrtiparaka viSaya-vastU meM hii| yaha vAsta-zilpa ke katipaya prakAroM taka hI sImita hai jise kisI dharma-vizeSa ke saMdarbha meM hI dekhA jA sakatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki vivecya kAlakhaNDa ke aMtargata pUrva bhArata meM jaina dharma kI sthiti prabhatvapUrNa nahIM rhii| isa kSetra se prApta bauddha aura hindU pratimAoM kI vipula saMkhyA kI tulanA meM jaina pratimAoM kI saMkhyA ati alpa rahI hai, yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna AkarSita karatI hai| baMgAla, bihAra aura ur3IsA se prApta aisI jaina pratimAeM bahuta hI kama haiM jinheM AkarSaka aura prabhAvazAlI kahA jA sake / adhikAMzataH ve pratimAe~, jo prApta huI haiM, isa samUce kSetra ke nirjana sthaloM meM yatra-tatra bikharI par3I thIM, yA phira kucha sImAbaMdhita sthAnoM meM sAmUhika rUpa se ekatrita thiiN| hameM yahA~ se jaina dharma se saMbaddha citrakalA ke avazeSa bhI prApta nahIM hue haiN| cInI yAtrI hvAna-sAMga ke usa sAkSya kA ullekha adhyAya 15 meM kiyA jA cakA hai jo isa kSetra meM kama se kama sAtavIM zatAbdI meM jaina dharma kI lokapriyatA 263

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 se avagata karAtA hai| lekina aisA pratIta hotA hai ki uttaravartI zatAbdiyoM meM yahA~ para bauddha dharma ke tAMtrika saMpradAya tathA paurANika brAhmaNatva kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa jaina dharma kI sthiti durbala hotI gyii| uparokta paristhitiyoM meM jaina kalA kI carcA ke aMtargata vivecya kAlakhaNDa kI jaina pratimAoM kA vivecana kiyA jA sakatA hai / baMgAla aura bihAra . lagabhaga pAThavIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM pAla vaMza ke utthAna ke sAtha baMgAla aura bihAra kucha samaya ke lie paraspara eka vizeSa rAjanItika, Arthika, sAmAjika, dhArmika aura sAMskR vAtAvaraNa meM prAvaddha ho ekarUpa ho gye| dharmapAla aura devapAla ke zAsanakAla (lagabhaga nauvIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha) meM yahA~ para mUrtikalA kI eka sazakta zailI ne vikAsa pAyA jisake aMtargata pracura mAtrA meM mUrti-zilpoM kI sarjanA huii| isa zailI ne gupta-kAla kI kalA ke zreSTha guNoM ko apanA AdhAra banAyA aura unheM pUrvakSetrIya anurUpatA ke anusAra rUpAMtarita kara eka nayA rUpa pradAna kiyaa| isa zailI ko sAmAnyataH pUrvIya yA pAla-zailI ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA haiN| baMgAla aura bihAra se prApta bauddha, hindU aura jaina pratimAe~ isI zailI kI haiM / inameM kI eka dharma kI pratimAoM ko dUsare dharma kI pratimAoM se mAtra una dharmoM ke devI-devatAoM ke AdhAra para hI pRthak pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| jaisA ki pahale ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai bhArata ke kisI bhI kAla kI kalA meM jaina kalA kI carcA kA tAtparya pradhAnata: jaina pratimAoM ke adhyayana se hai| yaha adhyayana adhika jaTila nahIM hai kyoMki jaina pratimAe~ evaM unake avazeSa hameM upalabdha haiN| jaina pratimAoM meM adhikAMza saMkhyA tIrthaMkaroM ko hai| inake atirikta kucha yakSa aura yakSI-pratimAe~ bhI haiN| bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI vizeSa yakSI aMbikA kI bhI kucha svataMtra pratimAe~ prApta haiM jo saMkhyA meM ginI-cunI hI haiM / vastutaH kaI tIrthakaroM kI pratimAe~ anya tIrthaMkaroM kI apekSA adhika saMkhyA meM pAyI gayI haiM kintu kinhIM-kinhIM tIrthakaroM kI eka bhI pratimA upalabdha nahIM huI hai| tIrthaMkaroM ko prAya: khar3e hue--kAyotsarga,yA baiThe hue padmAsana--ina do hI mudrAoM meM darzAyA gayA hai| ina donoM mudrAtroM meM tIrthaMkaroM kI deha-yaSTi sIdhI tanI huI bhaMgimA meM aMkita hai| kAyotsarga-mudrA meM unakI bhujAe~ dhar3a ke sAtha pralaMbita haiM aura hAtha kI a~guliyA~ donoM ora jaMghAoM ko chU rahI haiN| padmAsana meM pAlathI mAre donoM pA~voM ke talave eka-dUsare para haiM aura unapara hAtha kI hatheliyA~ eka dUsare para rakhI huI Upara kI ora haiN| tIrthaMkaroM kI pahacAna aura eka dUsare se pArthakya unake lAMchanoM yA cihnoM se hotA hai| ye lAMchana pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke lie pRthaka-pRthaka nirdhArita kiye gaye haiN| eka sthAna para do tIrthaMkaroM ke lie paraspara meM kucha milate-julate lAMchana bhI nirdhArita 264

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zradhyAya 21 ] pUrva bhArata ho gaye haiM, jaise zvetAMbara saMpradAya meM teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA lAMchana sAta- phaNI - nAga chatra hai jabaki digaMbara saMpradAya meM sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzvanAtha kA lAMchana pA~ca phaNI - nAga-chatra hai / zailIgata vizeSatA ke AdhAra para kisI vizeSa kalAkRti ke racanA- kAla ko nirdhArita karane kI paddhati meM eka zailI ke Upara dUsarI zailI ke prAropita ho jAne kI saMbhAvanA banI rahatI hai; isalie bahuta saMbhava hai ki adhyAya 15 meM ullikhita aneka kalAkRtiyA~ vivecya kAlakhaNDa se saMbaMdhita hoM / udAharaNa ke lie surohora se prApta RRRSabhanAtha, maNDoIla se prApta RRSabhanAtha ( citra 155 ka ), kaNTAveniyA se prApta pArzvanAtha, ujAnI se prApta zAMtinAtha kI pratimA kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataH punarAvRtti se bacane lie hama prastuta vivecana meM baMgAla se prApta pratimAnoM ( pR 160 ) aura alaurA (jilA mAnabhUma bihAra ) se prApta kAMsya pratimAoM ( pR 173 ) kI carcA nahIM kareMge / isa kAlakhaNDa kI pratimAoM kI carcA karate hue hama sabase pahale pazcima baMgAla kI RSabhanAtha kI do pratimAoM kA ullekha kareMge, jinameM se eka pratimA mAyatA (jilA midanApura ) se prApta huI hai aura dUsarI gar3ha jayapura ( jaipura ) jilA puruliyA se / RSabhanAtha kI pahalI pratimA (citra 155 kha ) e patthara se nirmita hai aura kucha ghisI huI hai| tIrthaMkara kAyotsarga - mudrA meM haiM jinake pArzva meM do sevaka haiM / isa mUrti ke donoM pArzva meM do-do kI saMkhyA meM cAra anya tIrthaMkara - pratimAe~ haiM / isa pratimA ke pAdapITha para RSabhanAtha kA lAMchana vRSabha aMkita hai / dUsarI pratimA ( citra 156 ka ) meM tIrthaMkara kAyotsarga-mudrA meM do sevakoM ke bIca khar3e haiM tathA pAdapITha para lAMchana vRSabha utkIrNa hai / ye tIrthaMkara eka maMdira meM pratiSThita dikhAI dete haiN| maMdira ke agrabhAga para toraNa hai jo triparNa alaMkaraNa se suzobhita hai, aura usakA satahadAra maMcoM se nirmita vitAna eka Amalaka se maNDita hai / isa pratimA para caubIsoM tIrthaMkaroM kI AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM, jo chaha-chaha kI saMkhyA meM do-do paMktiyoM meM usake donoM ora aMkita haiM / ye donoM pratimAe~ gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI pratIta hotI haiM aura isa samaya kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya ke aMtargata AzutoSa myujiyama oNpha iNDiyana ArTa meM surakSita haiM / lagabhaga isI kAla kI anya pratimAoM meM se do anya pratimAe~ bhI ullekhanIya haiM, jinameM se eka pratimA RSabhanAtha kI hai jo isa samaya dhArApAta ( jilA bA~kurA) ke maMdira kI eka dIvAra meM cinI huI hai tathA dUsarI pratimA pArzvanAtha kI hai jo bahulArA (jilA bA~kurA) ke siddhezvara maMdira ke aMtaHbhAga meM sthita hai / sonAmukhI (jilA bA~kurA) meM lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI nirmita padmAsanastha RSabhanAtha kI pratimA meM eka durlabha mUrtiparaka vizeSatA pAyI jAtI hai| isa pratimA meM tIrthaMkara padmAsana mudrA meM eka padmapuSpa para avasthita haiM jo eka vRkSa kI phailI huI parNAvalI para AdhArita hai / bhAmaNDala ke donoM 1 baMdyopAdhyAya (e ke). bA~kurA jelAra purakIti ( baMgalA ) . pU 126 evaM citra . 265 For Private Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 ora uDate hue vidyAdhara pradarzita haiN| tIrthakara ke zIrSa ke Upara eka chatra tathA padmapuSpa ke Asana ke madhyabhAga meM unakA lAMchana vRSabha aMkita hai| pAdapITha para vRkSa ke donoM ora eka daMpati ko vizrAmamudrA meM baiThA huA darzAyA gayA hai jinake zIrSa ke pIche eka bhAmaNDala hai| pAdapITha para aura bhI aneka prAkRtiyA~ haiM jinameM se eka dAna-dAtA yugma ko pahacAnA jA sakatA hai / yahI viSaya-vastu uttara baMgAla se prApta gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI eka pratimA (citra 156 kha) meM bhI dekhI jA sakatI hai jo isa samaya bAMglA deza ke rAjazAhI sthita vareMdra risarca sosAiTI ke saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| isa pratimA meM vakSa ke donoM ora aMkita daMpati meM se pratyeka apanI-apanI goda meM eka-eka ziza liye hae baiThA hai / daMpati ke padmapuSpa-pAsana ke nIce eka paMkti meM pA~ca prAkRtiyA~ haiM / ye prAkRtiyA~ una do dAna-dAtAoM ke atirikta haiM jo pAdapITha ke aMtima choroM para aMkita haiN| vRkSa para tIrthaMkara ko padmAsanastha baiThe hue darzAyA gayA hai kintu lAMchana ke abhAva meM yaha nahIM pahacAnA jA sakatA ki yaha kauna-se tIrthakara haiM / devapAr3A (jilA rAjazAhI, bAMglA deza) se prApta lagabhaga bArahavIM zatAbdI kA eka anya pratimAvazeSa bhI isa saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| isameM bhI pUrvokta pratimA ke adhobhAga jaisA pratimA-pratIka aMkita hai (citra 157 k)| isameM vRkSa (jisakA aba mAtra tanA-bhAga hI avazeSa hai) ke donoM ora eka daMpati lalitAsana-madrA meM baiThA hai, jinameM se pratyeka kI goda meM ziza hai| inake pairoM ke nIce cAra baiThI huI prAkRtiyA~ tathA do dAna-dAtAoM kI prAkRtiyA~ haiN| isa pratimA kA zIrSabhAga vikhaNDita hai| pUrva vaNita do pratimAoM se isa pratimAvazeSa kI samAnatA ke AdhAra para yaha spaSTa hai ki isake khaNDita ardhabhAga meM padmapuSpa para padmAsanastha tIrthaMkara kA aMkana rahA hogA, jinakA padmapuSpa-Asana usa vRkSa ke phaile hue pattoM para AdhArita rahA hogA jisakA aba pratimAvazeSa ke adhobhAga para mAtra tanA hI zeSa raha gayA hai| ina tInoM pratimAoM ke samUha kI pahalI RSabhanAtha kI pratimA se spaSTa hai ki isa zilpAMkita pratimA-pratIka kA saMbaMdha jaina dharma se rahA hai| isa saMdarbha meM vRkSa ke donoM ora aMkita daMpati ko RSabhanAtha ke vizeSa yakSa gomukha tathA yakSI cakrezvarI ke rUpa meM tathA isa vRkSa ko baTavRkSa yA baragada ke rUpa meM pahacAnanA asaMgata nahIM hogaa| zeSa donoM pratimAoM ke tIrthaMkaroM ko pahacAnanA saMbhava nahIM hai kyoMki dUsarI pratimA meM tIrthaMkara kI AkRti hI naSTa ho cukI hai| uparokta donoM (dUsarI aura tIsarI) pratimAe~ eka anya vizeSatA bhI sUcita karatI haiM; vaha yaha ki nara-nArI donoM hI kI goda meM zizu darzAye gaye haiN| isa saMdarbha meM kalakattA ke vijaya siMha nAhara ke saMgraha meM surakSita bihAra se prApta usa pratimA kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai jisameM isI -vastu ke aMkana meM zizu ko mAtra nArI kI hI goda meM baiThe hue darzAyA gayA hai| yakSiyoM meM aMbikA apane nAmAnusAra mAtRtva kA pratIka hai evaM apanI svataMtra pratimAoM meM bhI zizu yA zizanoM sahita aMkita pAyI gayI hai| isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki uparokta tInoM pratimAe~ tIrthakara neminAtha, unake yakSa gomedha tathA yakSI aMbikA kI ho sakatI haiN| paTanA saMgrahAlaya sthita, alaurA se prApta kAMsya pratimAoM kA racanA-kAla bArahavIM zatAbdI se pUrva mAnanA kaThina hogA / ina pratimAoM ko pahale hI adhyAya 15 (pR 173) meM sammilita kiyA 1 paTanA myUjiyama keTelaoNga maoNpha eNTIkviTIja saMpA. gupta (paramezvarI lAla). 1965. paTanA. 1 160-61. 266

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adhyAya 21 ] pUrva bhArata jA cukA hai| alaurA ke bhUmigata bhaNDAra se 26 pratimAe~ prApta huI haiM jinameM se kucha abhilekhAMkita haiM / abhilekhoM meM ina mUrtiyoM ke dAna-dAtAoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM se ekAdha AcArya bhI haiN| ina pratimAoM meM se eka meM lAMchanoM sahita tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha aura mahAvIra ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha ullekha karanA bhI upayukta rahegA ki isa bhaNDAra ke vargIkaraNa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki isa kSetra meM lagabhaga isI kAla ke aMtargata kauna-kauna-se tIrthakara adhika lokapriya the / isa vargIkaraNa ke anusAra sabase adhika pratimAe~ RSabhanAtha kI haiM, jinakI saMkhyA ATha hai, isake uparAMta mahAvIra aura kunthunAtha kA dUsarA sthAna hai jinakI chaha-chaha pratimAe~ haiM, caMdraprabha evaM pArzvanAtha kI do-do pratimAe~ tathA ajitanAtha, vimalanAtha evaM neminAtha kI eka-eka pratimA hai| isake atirikta aMbikA yakSI kI pratimAoM kA bhI samUha (citra 157 kha) yahA~ pAyA gayA hai| isa saMdarbha meM mAnabhUma (bihAra) se prApta RSabhanAtha kI eka kAMsya-pratimA (citra 158 ka)kA bhI ullekha karanA upayukta rahegA jo isa samaya AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya meM hai| apane anagar3hapana ke kAraNa isa pratimA kA racanA-kAla bArahavIM zatAbdI se pUrva kA nizcita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| alaurA se terahavIM zatAbdI kI eka pASANa-pratimA bhI prApta huI hai jo tIrthaMkara zAMtinAtha ke kAyotsarga-mudrA kI hai| pAdapITha para unakA lAMchana hariNa aMkita hai| zIrSa para chatra-aMkita isa pratimA para anya aneka tIrthaMkaroM kI AkRtiyA~ bhI pradarzita haiN| mAnabhUma jilAMtargata pAlamA se bhI tIna pratimAeM milI haiM jinameM se do kramaza: tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha (citra 158 kha) evaM zAMtinAtha kI hai| ina pratimAoM kA samaya gyArahavIM zatAbdI . nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| pahalI pratimA meM tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha ko eka maMdira meM pratiSThita darzAyA gayA hai| maMdira ke sammukha bhAga meM eka triparNa toraNa hai, jisapara nAgara-zailI kA eka vakrAkAra zikhara maNDita hai / isa pratimA se yaha bhI pramANa milatA hai ki jaina upAsaka uttara bhArata kI pracalita zailI meM bhI apane maMdiroM kA nirmANa karate the| yaha pratimA vizAlAkAra hai| isake pAdapITha para tIrthakara kA lAMchana gaja aMkita hai| dUsarI pratimA ke pAdapITha para lAMchana hariNa aMkita hai jisase yaha pahacAnA jA sakatA hai ki yaha pratimA zAMtinAtha kI hai| isI kAla kI eka tIsarI pratimA bhI hai| yaha pratimA jisa prakAra se aMkita hai usase anumAna hotA hai ki yaha pratimA tIrthaMkara naminAtha kI hai; lekina isapara aMkita lAMchana gaja ke hone se yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki yaha pratimA ajitanAtha kI ho / tIrthakara ke pArzva meM donoM ora camaradhArI sevaka haiM / isa pratimA ke pratyeka pArzva meM tIna-tIna tIrthaMkaroM kI cAra laMbamAna paMktiyoM meM bAraha-bAraha tIrthaMkara aMkita haiN| sthApatya meM prayukta eka jaina kalA-pratIka hama jainoM ke eka aise vizeSa mUrtiparaka kalA-pratIka se paricita haiM jise caturmukha (caumukha yA caumuha) kahA jAtA hai / isameM eka vargAkAra zilAkhaNDa kI cAroM satahoM para (cAra) pratimAe~ utkIrNa 1 vahI, pR 90. 267

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 hotI haiM jisameM prAyaH RSabhanAtha, zAMtinAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kA aMkana hotA hai| kucha caumukha pratimAoM kI cAroM satahoM para eka hI tIrthaMkara kA aMkana pAyA gayA hai| vivecya kAlakhaNDa kI anekAneka caumukha pratimAe~ pUrva bhArata se upalabdha huI haiN| isake atirikta kucha aisI caumukha pratimAe~ bhI prApta haiM jo inase bhI prAdyakAlIna haiM / yahA~ para do caturmukha pratimAoM kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai jo pazcimI baMgAla ke kramazaH puruliyA aura devaliyA ( jilA bardavAna ) se prApta huI haiM aura isa samaya AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita haiN| pahalI caturmukha pratimA ( citra 156 ka ) gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI hai aura dUsarI saMbhavataH isase kucha hI paravartI avadhi kI / pratyeka pratimA meM uparokta cAroM tIrthaMkara aMkita haiM / pratimA kA zIrSabhAga nAgarazailI ke maMdira - zikhara kI bhA~ti vakrarekhIya stUpAkAra hai| pahalI caumukha pratimA meM lAMchanoM ke khaNDita ho jAne se kisI bhI tIrthaMkara ko pahacAnanA saMbhava nahIM hai / dUsarI pratimA ke do Asana pArzvo para ke aMkana se pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ko pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| dUsarI pratimA ke zikhara ( citra 156 kha ) para Amalaka aura kalaza haiM / yaha zikhara anupAta kI dRSTi se baunA hai / pahalI caturmukha pratimA kA cukA hai| phira bhI zikhara AkarSaka aura lAlityapUrNa dikhAI detA hai / isa prakAra kI aneka caturmukha pratimAe~ pazcima baMgAla ke vibhinna bhAgoM se prApta huI haiM jinake zIrSa nAgara-zailI ke zikharoM se maNDita haiM / ye pratimAe~ isa samaya pazcima baMgAla kI rAjakIya purAtattvadIrghA meM dekhe jA sakate haiM / zrAmalaka tathA kalaza naSTa jaina kalA ke isa viziSTa pratimA pratIka kA saMbaMdha eka durlabha prakAra ke maMdiroM ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha dekhA jA sakatA hai / isa durlabha prakAra ke maMdiroM kA mahattvapUrNa pratibiMbana dakSiNa-pUrva eziyA meM bhI pAyA gayA hai / caturmukha pratimAoM kA aMkana jainoM meM atyaMta prAraMbhika kAla se lokapriya hai / caturmukha pratimAoM kA ullekha IsA saMvat kI prAraMbhika zatAbdiyoM ke abhilekhoM meM pratimAsarvatobhadrakA ke nAma se prApta hotA hai / sarvatobhadrikA kA artha hai -- 'sarvatra kalyANakArI' / yahA~ yaha ullekha mahattvapUrNa hai ki jainoM ne caturmukha pratimA ke rUpa meM eka aisI upAsya pratimA kI avadhAraNA kara usakA vikAsa kiyA hai jisa pratimA taka samasta prasanna dizAoMoM se pahu~cA jA sake aura jisake pIche vyAvahArika evaM tArkika AdhAra ho / yaha pratimA svayaM eka aise maMdira kI racanA kA saMketa detI hai jisameM cAroM ora cAra aise praveza dvAra hoM jinameM se pratyeka tIrthaMkara pratimA ke sammukha khulate hoM / isa prakAra kA caumukhA yA sarvatobhadra maMdira hI isa caturmukha pratimA ke lie upayukta maMdira ho sakatA hai / ataH jainoM ne isa prakAra ke maMdira kA vikAsa bhI caturmukha pratimA ke sAtha-sAtha hI kiyA / isa saMdarbha meM yaha ullekha bhI upayogI rahegA ki bhAratIya zilpa-viSayaka sAhitya meM maMdira ke eka aise prakAra kA aneka sthAnoM para ullekha hai jise sarvatobhadra maMdira kahA gayA hai / vibhinna graMthoM meM sarvatobhadra maMdira ke vivaraNa bhinna-bhinna prakAra se kiye gaye haiM / ye samasta vivaraNa isa tathya para ekamata haiM ki isa maMdira kI yojanA mUla rUpa meM vargAkAra ho praveza dvAra ho / jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki caturmukha pratimA tathA pratyeka dizA meM eka-eka sarvatobhadrikA ke lie cAra - 268 For Private Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 21 ] pUrva bhArata praveza-dvAroMvAlA maMdira sarvatobhadra hI samucita rUpa se upayukta hai; ataH sarvatobhadra nAma akAraNa nahIM hai, apitu vaha isa prakAra ke maMdira kI samasta vizeSatAoM kI svayameva abhivyaMjanA karatA hai| sarvatobhadrikA aura sarvatobhadra donoM hI paraspara sAtha-sAtha calate pratIta hote haiM--eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sarvatobhadra aura sarvatobhadrikA nAmoM meM pahale se kucha vizeSa saMbaMdha rahA hai| ataH yaha mAnanA anupayukta na hogA ki caumukhI pratimAoM kI samucita pratiSThApanA ke lie jainoM ne caumukha maMdiroM kA vikAsa kiyA hai| sarvatobhadra-maMdira ke vikAsa saMbaMdhI hamAre uparokta mata ko caturmakhI pratimAoM se tArkika samarthana milatA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jainoM ne caturmukha pratimAoM kI pratiSThApanA ke lie sAde evaM alaMkaraNarahita sarvatobhadra-maMdiroM kA vikAsa bahuta pahale hI kara liyA gayA thaa| ina maMdiroM ko jisa bAhya saMracanA se alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai, vaha pUrva-madhyakAla kI hai| isa prakAra ke prAraMbhika caumukha maMdiroM meM ranakapura (rAjasthAna) sthita paMdrahavIM zatAbdI kA yugAdIzvara jaina maMdira sarvAdhika ullekhanIya hai| prAraMbhika avasthA ke sAdA evaM alaMkaraNarahita caumukha maMdiroM meM kAlAMtara se prayukta bAhya saMracanAoM ke prAvadhAna meM nihita nayI saMracanA ko pahacAnanA kaThina nahIM hai| bAhya saMracanAoM meM uttara-bhAratIya maMdira-sthApatya ke pracalita lakSaNoM tathA Amalaka evaM kalaza-maNDita vakrAkAra zikharoM ko apanAyA gayA hai| ina maMdiroM ne nAgara-zailI ke zikharoM ko apanAkara bhAratIya sthApatya ko eka nayA AyAma pradAna kiyaa| sarvatobhadrikA kI avadhAraNA ne bauddhoM ke do upAsya maMdiroM meM bhI abhivyakti pAyI hai jinameM se eka to pASANa-nirmita hai, jo dInAjapura (bAMglA deza) se prApta huI hai aura dUsarI kAMsya-nirmita hai, jo jhevArI (jilA caTagA~va, bAMglA deza) se prApta huI hai (citra 160 k)| ye donoM hI maMdira ke AkAra ke haiM tathA zikharamaNDita haiN| inakI cAroM satahoM ke adhobhAgoM para devakulikAeM nirmita haiM, jinameM cAra pratimAe~ pratiSThita thIM, (devakUlikAe~ kAMsya namUne kI haiM aura isa samaya rikta haiN)| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki yaha bauddha upAsya sthala jaina sarvatobhadrikA se prabhAvita hai tathA sarvatobhadra kI abhikalpanA kI pratikRti hai jisameM cAra praveza-dvAroMvAlA yaha maMdira zikharamaNDita hotA hai| pUrva-bhArata meM bhAratIya sthApatya ke isa naye AyAma ne jo lokapriyatA prApta kI, use isa kSetra meM pAye gaye maMdiroM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi isa prakAra ke maMdira bahuta hI kama mile haiM lekina jo bhI mile haiM unakI pratimAoM meM kucha atizayatA hai / isa kSetra ke kucha prasiddha caumukha maMdiroM kA citrAMkana pANDulipi-citroM meM bhI pAyA gayA hai / isa prakAra ke maMdiroM ne isa kSetra se bAhara bhI vikAsa pAyA parantu isa prakAra kA koI maMdira apane pUrNa rUpa meM deza ke kisI anya kSetra meM upalabdha nahIM hai| caumukha maMdira ke saMbhAvita rUpAkAra ko samajhane ke lie barmA ke una maMdiroM kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai jisakA nirmANa bauddhoM ne apane upayoga ke lie kiyaa| barmA ke ina maMdiroM meM jaina sarvatobhadrikA ko hI nahIM varan sarvatobhadra kI abhikalpanA ko bhI suspaSTa aura sunizcita vidhi se 269

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 apanAyA gayA hai| ina maMdiroM meM pratyeka sarvatobhadrikA pratimA cAra dvAroM se yukta vargAkAra garbhagaha ke madhya meM vedI ke sthAna para pratiSThita hai| ina maMdiroM meM saMbhavata: sabase prAcIna maMdira lemetthanA barmA ke nicale bhAga meM hamavAjA (thAikhettA--zrIkSetra, prAcIna proma) sthita maMdira hai| yadyapi isake nirmANa kI nizcita tithi jJAta nahIM hai, tathApi kucha vidvAn isa prAcIna nagara ke smArakoM meM ise sabase prAcInatama mAnate haiM, jisake AdhAra para ve isake lie pAMcavIM aura AThavIM zatAbdI ke madhya kA kAla nirdhArita karate haiN| isakI dhvasta sthiti ke uparAMta bhI isake saMyojana kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM kA nirdhAraNa bhalI-bhA~ti kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha vargAkAra hai aura isakI cAroM bhujAoM para cAra praveza-dvAra haiM (rekhAcitra 16) / pratyeka praveza-dvAra ko usake pArzva para prakSipta dIvAroM se aura sudar3ha kiyA gayA hai| garbhagRha ke keMdra meM IToM se nirmita eka Thosa vargAkAra staMbha hai jo pratyeka dvAra kI Sculptured stonen EDEO-luctress ---- rekhAcitra 19. hamavAjA (proma, barmA) : lemetthanA kI rUparekhA evaM vibhAga keMdravartI rekhA para sthita hai| isa staMbha kI cAroM satahoM para zilpAMkita pratimAe~ haiN| yaha UMcAI meM garbhagRha kI chata se lagA huA hai jisase isa staMbha aura garbhagRha kI bhittiyoM ke madhya kI dUrI vedikA ke cAroM ora eka pradakSiNA-patha jaisI dIrghA kI racanA karatI hai| isa taraha isa maMdira meM prayukta jaina sarvatobhadrikA aura sarvatobhadra kI abhikalpanA dekhI jA sakatI hai| bauddhoM meM isa prakAra ke maMdira eka laMbe kAla taka lokapriya rahe haiM / barmI kalA evaM sthApatya ke pAraMparika (pagAna) kAla meM isa prakAra ke aneka ullekhanIya maMdiroM kA nirmANa hayA jisameM 270

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adhyAya 21] pUrva bhArata pagAna sthita suprasiddha AnaMda yA naMda-maMdira sarvAdhika ullekhanIya hai| isa maMdira kA nirmANa evaM pratiSThA kyAnjiThThA dvArA san 1091 yA 1105 meM karAyI gayI thii| lemetthanA aura AnaMdamaMdiroM ke madhyavartI kAla meM maMdira ke niyojana aura unakI UMcAI donoM ne hI vizadatA grahaNa kara lI thii| ina maMdiroM meM mUrti ke svarUpa aura usake sthApatyIya viniyoga ko dRSTi se ojhala nahIM kiyA gyaa| AnaMda eka vargAkAra maMdira hai jisake cAroM ora Asanna dizAoM kI pratyeka bhitti ke madhyavartI bhAga meM prakSipta praveza-maNDapa hai| isa prakAra isa maMdira kI bAhya vinyAsa-rUparekhA krUsa-prakAra kI hai| maMdira ke keMdravartI bhAga meM IMToM kA cinA huaA eka Thosa vargAkAra staMbha hai jisapara cAra vizAlakAya buddha-pratimAe~ haiN| pratimAe~ devakulikAoM meM sthita haiM jo paraspara aMtarAvakAza liye hue staMbha kI cAroM satahoM para nirmita haiM (rekhAcitra 20) / caumukhI vedI ke cAroM ora do samakeMdraka dIrghAe~ haiM pot 0 LLI 0 0 METRES 0 rekhAcitra 20. pagAna (barmA) : pAnaMda-maMdira kI rUpa-rekhA jo eka dUsare meM khulatI haiN| praveza-maNDapoM tathA bhittiyoM meM jAlIdAra khir3akiyA~ lagI haiM, ata: Ane-jAne ke mArga eka dUsare ko kATate haiN| maMdira ke bhItara, vizeSakara vedikA kI pratimAoM para, prakAza Ane ke lie bAhya saMracanA meM cAroM satahoM para ubhare hae cAra jharokhoM kI racanA kI gayI hai| maMdira kI zIrSa-saMracanA meM dIrghAoM ke Upara aMtarAvakAza-yukta do satahavAlI chateM haiM jinapara eka vakrAkAra zikhara maNDita hai| zikhara usa vedikA ke Upara hai jisapara garbhagRha kI buddha-pratimAe~ sthita haiN| pratyeka praveza-dvAra DholAkAra chata se AcchAdita hai, jisake sAmane ke bhAga para trikoNAkAra zikhara hai| isa prakAra isa maMdira meM jaina caturmakha yA sarvatobhadra-maMdira kI parikalpanA kI atyaMta 271

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga ullekhanIya abhivyakti dekhI jA sakatI hai| __ barmA meM isa prakAra ke maMdiroM kA upayoga hindU dharma ke lie bhI huA hai| isa saMdarbha meM naTa lauMga kyauMga viSNu-maMdira kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai jo pagAna sthita saikar3oM bauddha maMdiroM ke madhya ekamAtra hindU maMdira hai| isa maMdira kA nirmANa lagabhaga dasavIM zatAbdI ke madhya huA thaa| isa maMdira kA garbhagaha lagabhaga vargAkAra hai jisake madhya meM IMToM se nirmita eka Thosa vargAkAra staMbha hai| staMbha kI cAroM satahoM para IMToM se nirmita cAra bar3I pratimAe~ haiN| ye pratimAe~ saMbhavata: viSNu ke avatAroM kI haiN| isa saMbhAvanA kA AdhAra maMdira kI bAhya bhittiyoM para zilpAMkita viSNu ke avatAroM kI pratimAe~ haiN| isa prakAra ke staMbha yA IMTa-nirmita staMbha se,jinakI cAroM satahoM para pratimAe~ jar3I haiM, cAhe ve bauddha hoM yA hindU, yaha spaSTata: pahacAnA jA sakatA hai ki unake nirmANa kI preraNA jaina catumakha yA sarvatobhadra-pratimA se grahaNa kI gayI hai| yahA~ para ina barmI maMdiroM ke ullekha karane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki ina maMdiroM ke bhalI-bhAMti surakSita hone ke kAraNa inameM prayukta sarvatobhadrikA-pratimA aura sarvatobhadra-maMdira kI abhikalpanA ko saralatA se samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhArata meM upalabdha kama se kama aise hI do bauddha maMdiroM ke bhagnAvazeSoM ke prApta hone se yaha anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki ina bauddha maMdiroM meM bhI sarvatobhadra aura sarvatobhadrikA rekhAcitra 21. pahAr3apura (bAMglA deza) : maMdira kI rUparekhA 272

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adhyAya 21 ] CUER (ka) maNDoila (kha) mAyatA tIrthakara RSabhanAtha (AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya ) citra 155 tIvakara RSabhanAtha (AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya) pUrva bhArata

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 (ka) gar3ha jayapura - tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha (AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya) jajalavara (kha) uttara baMgAla - eka mUrti (myUjiyama oNpha vArendra "risarca sosAyaTI) citra 156 For Privale & Personal use only

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adhyAya 21 ] pUrva bhArata (kha) alaurA - aMbikA kI kAMsya-mUrti (paTanA saMgrahAlaya) (ka) devapAr3A - eka mUrti (myUjiyama oNpha vArendra risarca sosAyaTI) citra 157 For Privale & Personal Use Only

Page #122
vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 (ka) mAnabhUma - tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha kI kAMsya-mUrti (prAzutoSa saMgrahAlaya) (kha) palamA - tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha (paTanA saMgrahAlaya) citra 158

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adhyAya 21 ] pUrva bhArata (kha) deuliyA - caturmukha (AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya) (ka) puruliyA - caturmukha (prAzutoSa saMgrahAlaya) citra 159

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 (ka) jhavArI-maMdira kI kAMsya-nirmita anukRti (bhAratIya saMgrahAlaya) (kha) bAnapura - tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha kI kAMsya-mUrti (bhuvanezvara saMgrahAlaya) citra 160 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 21 ] pUrva bhArata (kha) ur3IsA - tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha (khiciMga saMgrahAlaya) (ka) bAnapura -tIrthaMkara caMdraprabha kI kAMsya-mUrti (bhuvanezvara saMgrahAlaya) citra 161 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [bhAga 5 (ka) ur3IsA - yakSI-mUrti (bAripada saMgrahAlaya) (kha) kAkaTapura - caMdraprabha kI kAMsya-mUrti (prAzutoSa saMgrahAlaya) citra 162 For Privafe & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 21] pUrva bhArata kI abhikalpanA ko apanAyA gayA hai| ye donoM maMdira pUrva-madhyakAlIna ke haiM, jinameM se eka maMdira IMTanirmita aura vizAlAkAra hai, jo pahAr3apura (jilA rAjazAhI, bAMglA deza) sthita bauddha maTha ke madhyavartI bhAga meM apanA pramukha sthAna rakhatA hai| yahA~ para somapurA nAmaka eka mahAna bauddha bihAra thA jisakA nirmANa pAlavaMzIya dvitIya-zAsaka dharmapAla ne lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI ke aMta yA nauvI zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM karAyA thA jaisA ki gupta saMvat 159 (san 478-79 I0) ke eka tAmrapatra-anudAna se jJAta hotA hai, isase pUrvavartI kAla meM yahAM para yA isake nikaTavartI kSetra meM eka jaina bastI thii| ITa-nirmita isa vizAlAkAra bauddha maMdira meM aneka asAmAnya vizeSatAe~ rahI haiM jinakI carcA yahAM Avazyaka hai| isa bauddha maMdira meM isakA rUpa aura AkAra ullekhanIya hai / isa lekhaka ne anyatra ullekha kiyA hai ki yaha maMdira isa vizAla smAraka ke dUsare tala ke maNDapa meM sthita thaa| maMdira ke madhya meM eka vargAkAra staMbha thA jisakI pratyeka sataha ke samakSa Age kI ora prakSipta kakSa the| isa sArI saMracanA ke cAroM ora eka pradikSaNA-patha thA (rekhAcitra 21) isa saMracanA se yaha bhalI-bhA~ti anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki staMbha kI cAroM satahoM se saTI huI eka-eka pratimA rahI hogii| isa prakAra isa maMdira meM jaina sarvatobhadrikA kA upayoga dekhA jA sakatA hai| hamAre isa sujhAva kA samarthana buddha-pratimA ke pAdapITha ke ve avaziSTa bhAga karate haiM jo kucha kakSoM meM staMbha se jur3e hue haiM / staMbha kI satahoM se isa maMdira ke prazna kA samAdhAna barmA ke pUrvokta maMdira kara dete haiM jinake viSaya meM kisI prakAra kA saMdeha nahI hai / pagAna ke ina maMdiroM kI samAnatA ke AdhAra para yaha saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki isa bhavya maMdira kI chata kaI satahavAlI maMcAkAra hI rahI hogI, tathA usa para vakrAkAra zikhara rahA hogA, jo pratimAvAle vargAkAra staMbha para AghRta rahA hogaa| yaha staMbha UparI taloM ke maNDapoM ko pAra karatA hA chata taka pAyA hogaa| isI prakAra ke eka dUsare bauddha maMdira ke bhagnAvazeSa mainAmatI pahAr3iyoM (jilA kumillA, bAMglA deza) meM sthita sAlavana-bihAra meM pAye gaye haiN| sAlavana-bihAra ko pUrva baMgAla ke devavaMzIya caturtha-zAsaka bauddha dharmAnuyAyI bhAvadeva ke vihAra ke rUpa meM pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| isa catuSkoNIya bauddha vihAra ke madhyavartI bhAga meM pAye gaye isa maMdira ke avazeSoM se jJAta hotA hai ki inameM pahAr3apura maMdira ke dUsare tala kI vinyAsa-rUparekhA ko hI apanAyA gayA hai| isa maMdira ke madhyavartI bhAga meM ITa-nirmita vargAkAra staMbha thA jisakI cAroM satahoM para prakSipta cAra kakSa the| cAroM kakSoM meM staMbha se saTI huI pratimAe~ thiiN| inameM se eka kakSa meM kAMsya nirmita buddha kI pratimA kA eka avazeSa bhI pAyA gayA hai, jo pahAr3apura-maMdira ke viSaya meM vyakta kI gayI isa saMbhAvanA kA bhI samarthana karatA hai ki vargAkAra staMbha kI cAroM satahoM para pratimAe~ thiiN| ye donoM hI maMdira atyaMta khaNDita avasthA meM haiN| lekina ina maMdiroM kI racanA kA vivaraNa pUrvokta pagAna maMdiroM se ullekhanIya sAmya darzAtA hai| ina maMdiroM kI vediyoM se pratIta hotA hai ki inakA Adarza jainoM kI sarvatobhadrikA-pratimA rahI hai| 1. sarasvatI (esa ke). sTragala phaoNra empAyara, saMpA : majumadAra (mAra sI) evaM pusAlakara (e DI). 1957. baMbaI. pR 637-38. 273

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vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 barmA ke pAna sthita naTa hlAuMga kyADaMga viSNu maMdira meM bhI jaina sarvatobhadrikA ko apanAyA gayA hai, ataH isa saMdarbha meM yaha jA~ca-par3atAla upayogI hogI ki kyA deza yA videza isa prakAra kA koI aura bhI hindU maMdira hai jisameM sarvatobhadrikA ko apanAyA gayA ho / pratimA vijJAna meM kahIM-kahIM aneka hindU devI-devatAoM kI avadhAraNA aisI caturmukha pratimA meM kI gayI hai jinake cAroM mukha cAroM mukhya dizAoM meM haiM / lekina isa avadhAraNA ko mAtra aisI pratimA meM hI rUpAMtarita kiyA gayA hai| jisake mAtra sammukha bhAga para hI prAkRtiyA~ aMkita haiM / phalataH una taka pahu~cane ke lie sammukha dvAra kI hI AvazyakatA hotI hai / ataH isa prakAra ke mUrtiparaka kalA-pratIka ko hindU pratimA - zAstra meM usa samAnAMtara bhAvArtha meM nahIM liyA jA sakatA jisa bhAvArtha meM jaina sarvatobhadrikA ko liyA jAtA hai / isa tathya kI sodAharaNa vyAkhyA ke lie hindunoM ke tridevoM meM sarvaprathama deva brahmA tathA viSNu ke vaikuNTha rUpa kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai jisameM se ye pratyeka deva, mUrtiparaka vivaraNoM ke anusAra, cAra mukhavAle haiM lekina inakI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kevala sammukha - dRzya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara huA hai / ina donoM devoM ke maMdira alpa saMkhyA meM hI jJAta haiM aura unameM eka hI praveza dvAra hai, jo sammukha dizA meM hai / viSNu ke maMdiroM meM khajurAho ( madhya pradeza) sthita lakSmaNa maMdira sarvAdhika ullekhanIya hai jisameM vaikuNTha viSNu kI pratimA pratiSThita hai / isa maMdira meM eka hI praveza dvAra hai jo mUrti kI sammukha dizA meM hai / yahA~ para bahmA kA bhI eka maMdira hai jisameM cAroM dizAoM meM cAra dvAra dikhAI dete haiM, lekina tIna ora ke dvAra jAlIdAra prastara- phalakoM se avaruddha haiM; mAtra pUrva dizA kA dvAra hI praveza-dvAra hai / eka hI ora cAroM mu~ha utkIrNa rahane vAlI hindU pratimAoM ke lie aise maMdira kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai jisake cAra praveza dvAra hoM / jaina sarvatobhadrakA kA pratibiMba hindutroM ke usa zivaliMga meM dekhA jA sakatA hai jisakI cAroM satahoM para cAra mukhAkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM, jinheM sAmAnyataH caturmukha liMga yA caturmukha mahAdeva ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / zivaliMga kI avadhAraNA aura aMkana yoni ke AkAra kI racanA meM sthApita belanAkAra zizna- pratIka ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai / caturmukha liMga pratimAoM kA pracalana hinduoM meM atyaMta prAcIna kAla se rahA hai / ataH yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki jaina sarvatobhadrikA yA caturmukha liMga --ina donoM meM se kisakI avadhAraNA prAcInatama hai / parantu yaha saMdeha rahita hai ki ina donoM kA vaicArika AdhAra eka hI hai / sAdA evaM alaMkaraNarahita belanAkAra liMga athavA caturmukha liMga ke lie cAroM ora se praveza-dvAroM kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti jaina sarvatobhadra-abhikalpanA kA maMdira hI kara sakatA hai / bhArata meM sahasroM kI saMkhyA meM ziva maMdira haiM jinameM upAsya pratimA ke rUpa meM liMga - pratimAe~ pratiSThita haiM, jo yA to sAdA haiM yA phira unake cAroM ora caturmukha pratimAe~ aMkita haiM / inameM se kisI-kisI maMdira meM hI eka se adhika praveza dvAra haiM / yahA~ taka ki nacanA ( madhya pradeza ) sthita caturmukha - mahAdeva maMdira meM bhI eka hI praveza dvAra hai jo sammukha dizA meM hai; jabaki isa maMdira kI pratimA caturmukhI hai| khajurAho sthita mataMgezvara maMdira meM yadyapi cAroM dizAoM meM praveza-dvAra dikhAI dete haiM kintu isameM vastutaH eka hI praveza dvAra hai jo pUrva dizA meM hai / 274

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adhyAya 21] pUrva bhArata isa saMdarbha meM lagabhaga bArahavIM zatAbdI ke vAstu-zAstrIya graMtha aparAjitapRcchA dvArA pradatta jAnakArI mahattvapUrNa hai / yaha graMtha eka ziva-maMdira ke lie sarvatobhadra maMdira ke prakAra kA nirdeza detA hai (sarvatra sarvatobhadra-caturdAra: shivaalyH)| pratIta hotA hai ki isa prakAra ke maMdira ko zaiva matAvalaMbiyoM ne uttaravartI kAla meM apanAyA / nepAla ke pazupatinAtha aura vArANasI ke vizvanAtha-maMdiroM meM (jaise ve aAja haiM) aparAjitapRcchA dvArA nirdezita yojanAnurUpa cAroM Asanna dizAoM meM cAra praveza-dvAra haiM / pazupatinAtha-maMdira ke garbhagRha meM caturmukha liMga sthApita haiN| baMgAla ke uttara-madhyakAlIna kucha ziva-maMdiroM meM yojanAnusAra sarvatobhadra kI cAroM dizAoM meM praveza-dvAra haiN| aparAjitapRcchA meM sarvatobhadra jaise ziva-maMdira kA vivaraNa niSprayojana nahIM hai| yaha isa saMbhAvanA ko bhI bala de sakatA hai ki zaivoM ne ziva-maMdiroM ke lie sarvatobhadra-yojanA ko jainoM se grahaNa kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki sarvatobhadra-prakAra ke maMdiroM kA prabhAva saMpradAyagata sImAoM se pare bhI gayA, jisake AdhAra para bane ullekhanIya maMdira anya dharmoM tathA deza-videza meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| yaha uparokta sarvekSaNa abhI apanI prAthamika avasthA meM hai ata: isake lie pUrI taraha se khoja-bIna kiye jAne kI AvazyakatA hai| ur3IsA vivecya kAlakhaNDa ke aMtargata pUrva-madhyakAlIna ur3IsA meM eka mahattvapUrNa mUrtikalA-zailI pallavita huI jo baMgAla evaM bihAra kI pUrva zailI (pAla zailI) ke samAna hI ullekhanIya hai / isa zailI ne pAlazailI kI kucha vizeSatAoM ko apane meM samAhita kiyaa| inheM vizeSa rUpa se isakI upAsanAparaka pratimAoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| pAla-zailI kI ye vizeSatAe~ una kSetroM meM adhika ghaniSTa rUpa se pAyI gayI haiM jo pAla-zailI kI kSetra-sImA ke nikaTavartI haiN| bahuta kucha pAla-zailI ke laya-anuzAsana kI durbalatA ke pariSkAra ke phalasvarUpa yaha zailI isameM pAyI hai / isa kAla kI ur3IsA kI jaina pratimAoM ko isI pravRtti meM ba~dhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| maMdira ko bhittiyoM ke zilpAMkanoM meM eka sazakta sughaTya zailI tathA vizeSa nATakIya aMkana kA vikAsa bhI ur3IsA meM hA jisakA viniyoga sAmAnyataH jaina maMdiroM meM nahIM dekhA jaataa| ur3IsA se prApta tatkAlIna mUrti-zilpoM meM sAmAnyataH tIrthaMkaroM kI evaM kucha yakSiyoM kI pratimAeM haiM jo pASANa-nirmita bhI haiM aura dhAtu-nirmita bhii| kucha pratimAoM kA, jo spaSTataH isa kAla kI haiM, vivecana adhyAya 15 meM kiyA jA cukA hai| yahA~ para udAharaNa ke lie dhAtu-nirmita RSabhanAtha tathA pArzvanAtha kI pratimAoM kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai jo bAnapura ke bhUmigata bhaNDAra se prApta huI thIM aura jo isa samaya bhuvanezvara sthita ur3IsA rAjya saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita haiN| inameM se kisI bhI pratimA kA samaya gyArahavIM zatAbdI se pUrva kA nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 1 aparAjitapRcchA. gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIz2a, 65. 1950. bar3audA. adhyAya 134, chaMda 4. 275

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrti kalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 RSabhanAtha kI pratimA (citra 160 kha) kI AkRti layAtmaka hai jisapara sUkSma kSAyAMkana hai| yaha pratimA eka ullenIya kalAkRti hai| isI bhaNDAra se upalabdha kAyotsarga tIrthaMkara caMdraprabha (citra 161 ka) aura zAMtinAtha kI dhAtunirmita mudrAe~ yA pratimAe~ bhI isI prakAra kI vizeSatAe~ liye hue haiM / tIrthakara caMdraprabha apane lAMchana ardhAkAra caMdra evaM zAMtinAtha hariNa ke sAtha aMkita haiM / zAMtinAtha ke sira para eka prakAra kA TopA-sA hai, jise tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM meM kabhI-kabhI dekhA jA sakatA hai / ye donoM pratimAeM gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI pratIta hotI haiM aura saMbhavataH RSabhanAtha kIpU rvokta pratimA ke kucha samaya bAda kI haiN| isI bhaNDAra se eka aura dhAtu-nirmita tIrthaMkara-pratimA prApta huI hai jisake pAdapITha para aMkita lAMchana kI aspaSTatA ke kAraNa yaha nizcita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki ye kauna-se tIrthakara haiN| yaha pratimA sthUlakAya aura AkAra meM vAmana hai / isa pratimA meM bhI tIrthakara ke sira para TopA-sA aMkita hai| mayarabhaMja jile ke khiciMga sthita saMgrahAlaya meM pASANa-nirmita aneka jaina pratimAe~ haiM jinameM se adhikAMza khaNDita haiN| ina pratimAoM meM yA to lAMchanoM kA abhAva hai yA phira spaSTa nahIM hai, isalie bahuta-sI tIrthakara-pratimAoM ko pahacAnanA saMbhava nahIM hai / zailIgata rUpa meM ina pratimAoM ke lie gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI kA samaya nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| mahAvIra kI padmAsanastha eka pratimA ko chor3akara zeSa pratimAe~ kAyotsarga-mudrA meM haiN| padmAsanastha mahAvIra siMhAsana para AsIna haiN| pAdapITha ke donoM kinAroM para siMha aMkita haiM, jo siMhAsana ko AdhAra pradAna kiye hue haiN| siMha ke madhya meM cakra aMkita hai| ina pratimAoM meM do pratimAe~ RSabhanAtha kI haiN| eka pratimA kA zIrSabhAga khaNDita hai| kAyotsarma tIrthaMkara ke pAvaM meM donoM ora sevaka haiM tathA pAdapITha para vRSabha aMkita hai| eka pratimA kAyosarga pArzvanAtha kI hai (citra 161 kha) jinake zIrSa para sapta-phaNa-nAga-chatra hai| isa samUha kI do anya tIrthakara-pratimAe~ pahacAnI nahIM jA sakI haiN| inameM se eka pratimA-staMbha para pAMca laMbarUpa paMktiyoM meM bIsa tathA donoM choroM para do-do tIrthaMkara-pratimAe~ aMkita haiN| isa samUha meM eka atyaMta paritkRta caturmakha pratimA bhI hai| __ mayUrabhaMja jile ke bArIpada sthita saMgrahAlaya meM dhAtu-nirmita cAra jaina pratiAmae~ haiM jo saMbhavata: isI kSetra se prApta huI haiN| inameM se tIna kAyotsarga haiM tIthaMkaroM kI haiN| ina tInoM meM se mAtra eka hI pratimA ko pahacAnA jA sakA hai, jo pAzrvanAtha kI hai aura jinake zIrSa para sapta-phaNa-nAga-chatra aMkita hai| cauthI pratimA eka kamanIya nArI kI hai| isakA dAhinA hAtha abhaya-mudrA meM haiM aura bAyeM hAtha meM eka vRkSa kI paMktiyA~ haiM (citra 162 k)| isakI AkarSaka mudrA ise eka viziSTatA pradAna karatI hai| spaSTataH yaha eka yakSI-pratimA haiM jise vizeSa pratIkoM ke abhAva meM pahacAnanA saMbhava nahIM haiN| ye sabhI pratimAe~ gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI kI haiN| 276

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adhyAya 21] pUrva bhArata kucha dhAtu-nirmita pratimAeM koNArka (ur3IsA) ke nikaTavartI kakatapura se prApta huI haiM jo bArahavIM zatAbdI kI pratIta hotI haiM / ina pratimAoM meM se kucha kalakattA ke bhAratIya saMgrahAlaya meM haiM aura kucha AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya meM / adhikAMzataH pratimAe~ tIrthaMkaroM kI haiM jo samarUpa haiM, jinake viSaya meM vizeSa rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yahA~ para AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita tIrthaMkara caMdraprabha kI pratimA (citra 162 kha) kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| tIrthaMkara kAyotsargamudrA meM eka padmapuSpa para khar3e haiM jo eka vargAkAra pAdapITha para AdhArita hai| pAdapITha para unakA lAMchana arddhacaMdra aMkita hai| tIrthaMkara ke zarIra kA niSkriya pratirUpaNa tathA mukha-maNDala para bhArI U~gha kA aMkana mUrti-zailI meM unakI parizeSa sthiti kA aMtima lAkSaNika aMkana hai| niSkarSa baMgAla, bihAra aura ur3IsA se prApta jaina pratimA-avazeSoM ke pUrvokta sarvekSaNa se yaha bhalI-bhA~ti jJAta hotA hai ki hamAre vivecya kAlakhaNDa ke aMtargata isa kSetra meM jainoM kA yoga, prAMzika mahattva kA hI rahA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se yaha mAnya hai ki pUrva bhArata meM kisI samaya jaina samAja eka mahattvapUrNa samudAya ke rUpa meM vidyamAna thA, jisakI sammunnata avasthA ke pramANa hameM sAhityika sAkSyoM evaM purAtAttvika upAdAnoM meM milate haiN| sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bAda brAhmaNa dharma ke bar3hate hue prabhAva ke kAraNa jaina dharma isa kSetra meM kramaza: apanA sthAna khotA calA gyaa| jaisA ki jaina avazeSoM ke vizleSaNa se jJAta hotA hai isa kAla meM jaina samadAya baMgAla, bihAra, uDIsA ke uparAMta uttarabihAra kI pArasanAtha-pahAr3I se lekara dakSiNa ke ur3IsA-vartI samudrataTa taka eka laMbI upajAU bhUmi kI paTTI ke janajAtIya kSetra meM sImita hokara raha gayA / kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara sabhI jaina avazeSa una sthAnoM se prApta hue haiM jahA~ kabhI jaina maMdira yA saMsthAna Adi rahe the| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki yaha kSetra bahuta laMbe samaya se una logoM kA nivAsa sthAna rahA hai jinheM 'zarAka' nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| ye loga kRSi para nirbhara karate haiM tathA kaTTara rUpa se ahiMsAvAdI haiM / Aja ina logoM ne hindU dharma apanA liyA hai| risale ne apanI pustaka 'TrAibsa eNDa kAsTsa oNpha baMgAla' meM batAyA hai ki loharaDAgA ke zarAka Aja bhI pArzvanAtha ko apanA eka vizeSa devatA mAnate haiM tathA yaha bhI mAnya hai ki isa janajAti kA 'zarAka' nAma zrAvaka se banA hai, jisakA artha jaina dharma ke anuyAyI-gRhastha se hai / ye pUrvokta samasta sAkSya saMketa dete haiM ki zarAka mUlataH zrAvaka the; isa bAta kA samarthana unakI paraMparAe~ bhI karatI haiN| isa sarvekSaNa se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki jaina dharma pUrva bhArata meM eka sugaThita samudAya ke rUpa meM rahA hai jisake saMrakSaka zarAkavaMzIya makhiyA hote the| inakI kRSi-artha-vyavasthA kI samAnatA pazcima bhArata kI vyAvasAyika artha-vyavasthA se nahIM kI jA sktii| pUrva bhArata ke jaina samAja meM koI vimalazAha-jaisA rAjyAdhikArI, tejapAla-jaisA zreSTha 277

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 dhanADhya yA vAstupAla jaisA zreSThi rAjakumAra nahIM thaa| yaha bhI eka kAraNa hai jisase pUrva bhArata meM jaina dharma ke saMrakSaNa meM kalA kA mahattvapUrNa vikAsa nahIM ho paayaa| jala 11.10 278 sarasI kumAra sarasvatI

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adhyAya 22 madhya bhArata aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi IsavI san 1000 se 1300 kI avadhi meM madhya bhArata ke rAjanItika aura sAMskRtika itihAsa ke pravAha ko jina kucha zaktizAlI vaMzoM ne prabhAvita kiyA unameM se caMdela uttarI bhA (jejAkabhukti yA buMdelakhaNDa) para, kalacuri pUrvI bhAga (DAhala aura mahAkauzala) para aura paramAra pazcimI bhAga (mAlavA) para rAjya karate the, kintu madhya bhAga para kucha samaya kacchapaghAtoM kA zAsana rahA / ina vaMzoM ke zAsaka yuddha aura zAMtikAlIna kalAkRtiyoM ke nirmANa meM eka dUsare se pratispardhA karate the, aura kalA, sthApatya evaM sAhitya ke mahAn nirmAtA aura saMrakSaka bhI the| yadyapi ye vaMza brAhmaNya matoM ke anuyAyI the tathApi ve jaina muniyoM evaM vidvAnoM kA sammAna karate the / jaina dharma ko unakA udAra saMrakSaNa isalie bhI prApta thA kyoMki unake rAjya kI prajA kA eka prabhAvazAlI aMga jaina dharmAvalaMbI thA, jisameM vyApArI, sAhakAra tathA zAsakIya padAdhikArI bhI the| caMdeloM kI eka rAjadhAnI khajurAho thI jisameM jaina samAja prabhAvazAlI thaa| yaha tathya isa bAta se pramANita hotA hai ki vahA~ kucha aise maMdira vidyamAna haiM jinameM caMdelakAlIna kalA mora sthApatya kI vahI utkRSTatA hai jo brAhmaNya maMdiroM meM / khajurAho kA jaina samAja itanA dhanika thA ki vaha una bahusaMkhyaka mUrtikAroM evaM vAstuvidoM ko saMrakSaNa pradAna kara sakA jinhoMne vahA~ ke rAjavaMza ke lie nirmANa kArya kiyA thA; isakI puSTi vahAM ke do bhinna dharmoM ke maMdiroM kI mUrtikalA tathA sthApatya saMbaMdhI ekarUpatA se hotI hai-eka to caMdela zAsaka yazovarman dvArA san 654 se pUrva nirmita lakSmaNamaMdira, aura dUsarA khajurAho kI sarvotkRSTa jaina kRti pArzvanAtha maMdira jisakA nirmANa, prApta ullekha ke anusAra, san 654 meM rAjA dhaMga dvArA sammAnita pAhila nAmaka vyakti ne karAyA thaa| ___ khajurAho meM kucha jaina maMdira aura bhI haiN| dasavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka kI jaina pratimAeM bhI aneka haiM, inameM sabase bAda kI pratimA kI tithi madana varmA (san 1126-63) ke zAsanakAla 1 [yahA~ madhya bhArata se prAzaya bhArata ke madhya bhAga se hai, usa pUrvakAlIna rAjanItika ikAI se nahIM jo aba madhya pradeza meM vilIna ho gayI hai.] 279

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 kI hai| caMdeloM kI eka anya rAjadhAnI hamIrapura jile meM sthita mahobA thii| yaha kSetra madhyakAlIna jaina maMdiroM aura pratimAnoM se bharA par3A hai, jinameM se kucha kI nirmANa-tithiyA~ caMdela zAsaka jayavarmA (san 1117), madanavarmA aura paramardI (lagabhaga san 1163-1201) ke zAsanakAla kI haiN| khajurAho evaM mahobA ke atirikta jhA~sI jile aura usake samIpavartI, devagar3ha, caMderI, buDhI caMderI, sIronakhurda, cA~dapura, dudhaI aura madanapura nAmaka sthAnoM para bhI dasavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI taka jaina kalA aura sthApatya kI jo samRddhi huI usakA kAraNa bhI caMdela-saMrakSaNa thaa| isI prakAra, devagar3ha kA prasiddha sthala rAjA kIrtivarmA (lagabhaga 1070-60 I0)ke nAma para kIttigiri ke nAma se bhI vikhyAta huA / isa caMdela-rAjA ke pUrvajoM ne usa pradeza para pratIhAra-sAmrAjya ke bAda sattA prApta kI thii| isake atirikta, dudhaI meM prApta 66 AdhAra-zilAoM para utkIrNa karAye gaye abhilekhoM meM prasiddha caMdela rAjA yazovarmA ke pautra yuvarAja devalabdhi kA ullekha hai, aura usake nikaTavartI madanapura ke bAre meM anuzruti hai ki use caMdela madanavarmA ne basAyA thaa| mAlavA ke paramAra to jainoM ke caMdeloM se bhI adhika udAra saMrakSaka the| prasiddha nagarI ujjayinI (mAdhunika ujjaina) tathA rAjadhAnI dhArA (Adhunika dhAra) jainAcAryoM ke prasiddha keMdra the| sattAIsaveM maina bhaTTAraka ne apanA pITha bhaddalapura se badalakara ujjaina meM sthApita kiyA, jahA~ sarasvatI-gaccha aura balAtkAra-gaNa kA prArambha huaa| dhAra meM aneka prAcIna jaina maMdira haiM jinameM se do vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM--eka to pAzvanAtha-maMdira jahA~ devasena ne san 633 meM darzanasAra kI racanA kI, aura dUsarA jinavara-vihAra jahA~ nayanaMdI ne san 1043 meM sudarzanacarita likhA / paramAra muMja (san 17265) ne amitagati, mahAsena, dhanezvara aura dhanapAla nAmaka jainAcAryoM ko rAjAzraya diyaa| rAjA bhoja (san 1000-50) ne prasiddha jainAcArya prabhAcaMdra ko sammAnita kiyA thaa| vaha tilakamaMjarI ke raciyatA dhanapAla kA bhI prAzrayadAtA thA aura usane unheM 'sarasvatI' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki jainAcArya zAMtiSeNa ne rAjA bhoja kI sabhA ke paNDitoM ko parAjita kiyA thaa| rAjA bhoja ne jinezvara-sUri, buddhisAgara tathA nayanaMdI nAmaka jaina muniyoM ko bhI rAjAzraya diyaa| usake zAsanakAla meM nemicaMdra ne kezorAya pATana (Azramanagara) meM laghu-dravya-saMgraha kI racanA kii| isI nAma se eka anya jainAcArya ne usI kAla meM bhopAla ke nikaTa bhojapura meM zAMtinAtha kI eka vizAla pratimA pratiSThita kii| yaha bhojapUra apane ziva-maMdira ke lie prasiddha hai, jise rAjA bhoja ne banavAyA thaa| caMdela kSetra--khajurAho sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ khajurAho sthita jaina maMdiroM meM vinyAsa aura uThAna kI ve hI vizeSatAe~ haiM jo vahA~ ke anya caMdela maMdiroM kI haiN| ve aise prAkAra-rahita uttuMga bhavana haiM jo U~cI jagatI para nirmita haiN| isI 1 [isa avadhi meM devagar3ha sthita smArakoM kI carcA prAMzika rUpa se adhyAya 18 meM kI jA cukI hai--saMpAdaka.] 280

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adhyAya 22] madhya bhArata kAraNa AsapAsa ke pariveza se ye bhavana aura bhI U~ce dikhate haiN| inameM cAroM ora khulA cakramaNa-mArga evaM pradakSiNA-patha hai| inake sabhI bhAga bAhara aura bhItara eka dUsare se saMyukta haiM aura inake nirmANa kI saMyojanA eka hI dhurI para kI gayI hai jisase inakA svarUpa atyaMta saMgaThita aura ekarUpa bana par3A hai / AyojanA ke prAvazyaka aMga arthAt ardha-maNDapa, maNDapa, aMtarAla aura garbhagRha yahA~ ke sabhI maMdiroM meM haiN| bar3e maMdiroM meM garbhagRha ke cAroM ora eka AbhyaMtarika pradakSiNA-patha bhI hai| AyojanA ke samAna, inake uThAna kI bhI kucha vizeSatAe~ haiN| maMdira kI jagatI para eka U~cA adhiSThAna hai jisakI paMktibaddha alaMkaraNa-paTTiyA~ jagatI ko sudRr3ha rUpa se jakar3e hue haiM, aura isa kAraNa prakAza tathA chAyA kI saMdara vyavasthA bhI ho gayI hai| aise Thosa aura alaMkRta adhiSThAna para jaMghA yA maMdira kA bhitti-bhAga yA madhya bhAga hai, jisameM atyaMta rocaka ora AkarSaka mUrtiyoM ke do yA tIna Ar3e baMdha haiN| jaMghA ke Upara chata ke rUpa meM zikhara-mAlA hai| maMdira ke vibhinna bhAgoM ke zikhara Aroha-krama meM U~ce uThate cale gaye haiN| sabase nIcA zikhara praveza-maNDapa kA hai to sabase U~cA garbhagRha kA / ye zikhara, jo eka dhurIya rekhA para nirmita haiM, bArI-bArI se U~ce-nIce haiM tathA inakI pariNati usa sarvocca zikhara meM hotI hai jisakI saMyojanA kevala garbhagaha para huA karatI hai / ardha-maNDapa, maNDapa aura mahA-maNDapa ke zikhara stUpAkAra haiM kintu madhyavartI zikhara U~cA aura vakrAkAra hai| pArzvanAthamaMdira meM yaha zikhara gauNa zikharoM se bhI saMyukta hai| bahirbhAga kI bhA~ti ina maMdiroM ke aMtaHbhAga meM bhI vistRta alaMkaraNa aura mUrti-saMpadA kI vipulatA AzcaryakArI hai jo dvAroM, staMbhoM, saradaloM aura chatoM para aMkita haiN| ye gajatAlu chateM, jinapara jyAmitika evaM puSpa-vallariyoM ke alaMkaraNa haiM, asAmAnya kauzala kI paricAyaka haiN| bhItarI bhAga meM apsarAoM aura zAlabhaMjikAoM kI bhI mUtiyA~ haiN| unake mAdaka aMgopAMga, AkarSaka mudrAeM aura atimanojJa kalA-kauzala Adi inheM madhyakAlIna mUrtikalA kI sarvazreSTha kRtiyA~ siddha karatI haiN| khajurAho grAma ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM ghaNTAI nAmaka eka jaina maMdira kA khaNDahara hai aura usase kucha hI dUra eka navanirmita prAcIra ke bhItara aneka jaina maMdira haiN| isa samUha meM pArzvanAtha, AdinAtha aura zAMtinAtha ke maMdiroM ke atirikta aneka navanirmita maMdira bhI haiN| inameM se kucha to prAcIna maMdi avazeSoM para banAye gaye haiM aura kucha kA nirmANa naye sthAnoM para prAcIna maMdiroM kI avazeSa-sAmagrI se huA hai aura unameM prAcIna pratimAeM hI haiN| aneka prAcIna jaina mUrtiyA~, jinameM se kucha urekhita bhI haiM, dIvAroM meM cina dI gayI haiN| vartamAna meM jaina bhaktoM ke pramukha pUjAsthAna zAMtinAtha-maMdira meM AdinAtha kI eka vizAla pratimA (4.5 mITara U~cI) hai jisake pAdapITha para 1027-28 I0 kA samarpaNAtmaka abhilekha utkIrNa hai| isa maMdira kA bahuta adhika navInIkaraNa ho cukA hai, tathApi, usake madhya meM eka prAcIna bhAga aisA hai jisameM aneka devakulikAoM meM madhyakAlIna jaina sthApatya kI vizeSatAyukta aneka prAcIna mUrtiyA~ haiM / ina mUrtiyoM meM tIrthaMkara ke mAtA-pitA kI mUrti (citra 163) apanI kalA-garimA ke kAraNa mahattvapUrNa hai| 281

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 khajurAho ke prAcIna jaina maMdiroM meM ke ye kevala do hI maMdira, pArzvanAtha aura AdinAtha, acche rUpa meM surakSita raha pAye haiM / ghaNTAI-maMdira ghaNTAI-maMdira (citra 164) ko sthAnIya loga isalie ghaNTAI kahate haiM ki usake U~ce manohara staMbhoM para zRMkhalA aura ghaNToM kA bahuta suMdara rUpAMkana huA hai / ye staMbha madhyayugIna bhArata ke sarvotkRSTa staMbhoM meM se haiM aura apane vizAla AkAra, bhavya alaMkaraNa aura pAraMparika racanA kI garimA ke kAraNa ye mahattvapUrNa haiM / isakA mukha pUrva kI ora hai / vartamAna meM isakA jo bAharI DhA~cA bacA hai vaha yaha darzAtA hai ki isakI rUparekhA pArzvanAtha-maMdira-jaisI hI thI kintu isakI saMkalpanA adhika vizAla thI aura vistAra meM yaha pArzvanAtha-maMdira se lagabhaga dugunA thaa| isa samaya isa maMdira ke kevala ardhamaNDapa aura mahA-maNDapa hI zeSa baca rahe haiN| inameM se pratyeka maNDapa cAra-cAra staMbhoM para AdhArita haiM aura eka samatala tathA alaMkRta chata (citra 165) ko AdhAra diye hue haiN| pArzvanAtha-maMdira ke samAna isake mahA-maNDapa meM bhI praveza eka vistRta dvAra se hotA hai| pahale vaha eka Thosa dIvAra se ghirA huA thA, aba mahA-maNDapa aura ardha-maNDapa ko AdhAra denevAle kucha hI ardha-staMbha zeSa bace haiM / ye ardha-staMbha bilakula sAde haiM aura inapara mAtra ghaTa-pallava kA sAdhAraNa-sA pAraMparika aMkana hai| inheM pariveSTita karanevAlI dIvAra ke sAtha hI maMdira kI rUpa-yojanA ke do mahattvapUrNa aMga aMtarAla aura garbhagRha kI pratIti unakI anupasthiti meM bhI hotI hai| isake atirikta avaziSTa bhavana kI lupta chata ke sthAna para aba eka samatala chata hai| isase yaha bhavana AkarSaka hote hae bhI eka vicitra-sA sthApatya-avazeSa banakara raha gayA hai| ukta maMdira aura pArzvanAtha-maMdira kI rUparekhA aura saMyojanA meM jo samAnatA hai vaha yaha jatAtI hai ki ina donoM maMdiroM ke nirmANa-kAla meM bahuta adhika aMtara nahIM rahA hogaa| ina donoM meM se ghaNTAImaMdira adhika bar3A hai aura kucha adhika vikasita hai, ataH kucha bAda ke samaya kA hai| isa bAta kI puSTi usakI utkIrNana-zailI aura isa samaya upalabdha mUrtiyoM ke adhika pAraMparika hone se tathA usakI paravartI kalA kI jhalaka se bhI hotI hai| isa maMdira ke jo do bhitti-Arekha haiM unameM se eka para jo 'svasti zrI sAdhupAlaH' likhA hai, vaha bAda meM kisI tIrtha-yAtrI dvArA bArahavIM zatAbdI meM utkIrNa kara diyA gayA hai| kintu dUsarA lekha jisameM 'nemicandraH' likhA hai usakI tithi dasavIM zatAbdI kA aMtima bhAga ho sakatI hai / mUrtikalA aura sthApatya-zailI ke AdhAra para bhI isa maMdira kA nirmANakAla dasavIM zatAbdI nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa maMdira ke pAsa jo eka abhilekha-yukta buddha-mUrti milI thI (khajurAho meM kevala yahI bauddha , pratimA pAyI gayI hai aura aba vaha sthAnIya saMgrahAlaya meM pradarzita hai) usake kAraNa kaniMghama ne pahale yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA ki yaha eka bauddha maMdira hai kintu Age calakara unhoMne yaha mata tyAga diyA aura 282

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata isakI pahacAna jaina maMdira ke rUpa meM kI; aura aba yahI mata sabhI vidvAna svIkAra karate haiN| anya sthAnIya jaina maMdiroM kI hI bhAMti, ghaNTAI-maMdira bhI digaMbara-saMpradAya kA thaa| yaha una solaha maMgalapratIkoM (zvetAMbara saMpradAya meM caudaha hote haiM) se spaSTa hai jo saradala para aMkita haiM tathA una aneka jaina nagna pratimAoM se bhI siddha hotA hai jinheM kaniMghama ne isa bhavana ke AsapAsa khoda nikAlA thA / / ina pratimAoM meM AdinAtha kI eka khaNDita mUrti thI jisapara vikrama saMvat 1142 (1085 I0) kA eka lekha khudA huA thaa| aba yaha mUrti sthAnIya saMgrahAlaya meM hai| vaise to dekhane para lagatA hai ki isa maMdira kI koI jagatI nahIM hai; kintu khajurAho ke sabhI maMdira jagatI para banAye gaye haiM, isalie jAna par3atA hai ki isa maMdira kI jagatI malabe ke nIce daba gayI hai| bhUmitala ke Upara jo adhiSThAna dikhAI par3atA hai vaha do sAde bhidra-paTriyoM se banA jAna par3atA hai aura unake Upara jADyakuMbha, kaNikA, tathA aMtarapatra haiN| unheM hIraka-pratirUpoM se yukta AloM se alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| inake pArzva meM ardha-staMbha haiN| ye pArzvanAtha-maMdira jaise haiN| paTTikAoM kA alaMkaraNa bela-bUTedAra hRdayAkAra phUloM se kiyA gayA hai| paTTikA kA UparI bhAga jagatI kI U~cAI taka hai| ardha-maNDapa cAra staMbhoM kI catuSkI para AdhArita hai| ye staMbha eka alaMkRta kaMbhikA para khar3e haiM jo eka upapITha para Azrita hai| yaha upapITha aSTakoNIya hai tathA isapara puSpaguccha, kamaladala tathA vallariyoM ke alaMkaraNa haiN| kuMbhikA para khura, kuMbha, kalaza, sAdA aMtarapatra evaM kapota, jo kuDuoM se alaMkRta haiM, ke goTe haiN| isake staMbhoM ke madhyabhAga nIce aSTakoNIya, bIca meM SoDazakoNIya tathA Upara vartalAkAra haiN| SoDazakoNIya bhAga ke Upara eka aSTakoNIya madhyabaMdha hai jisakA alaMkaraNa kIrtimukhoM se nikalI mAlAoM ke aMtargrathita pAzoM se kiyA gayA hai| ina pAzoM meM vidyAdhara pariveSTita haiM jinheM aMjali-mudrA meM yA mAlAe~ liye hue yA vAdya-yaMtra bajAte hue aMkita kiyA gayA hai| madhyabaMdha kI UparI paTTI kI sajjA ubhare lumAoM se kI gayI hai| isa madhyabaMdha se eka dIpa bAhara nikalA huA hai aura usake nicale bhAga para eka bhUta dRSTigocara hotA hai / cAroM staMbhoM meM se pratyeka staMbha ke AdhAra para bhI dIpAdhAra bAhara nikale hue haiN| pratyeka staMbha ke vartulAkAra bhAga meM cAra madhyabaMdha haiM jisameM se sabase nIce kA madhyabaMdha vartulAkAra hai aura usakA vistRta alaMkaraNa bar3e-bar3e mAlyapAzoM tathA laMbI zrRMkhalA aura ghaNTikAvAle aise pratirUpoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai jinake pArzva meM mAlAe~ tathA patAkAe~ haiM; aura kahIM-kahIM jinakA sthAna kIrtimukhoM ke mukhoM se nikalakara jhUlate hue kamalanAloM ne le liyA hai| mAlyapAzoM meM vidyAdhara, tapasvI, 1 [yahA~ prAzaya bhagavAna kI mAtA ke solaha svapnoM se hai.] 2 kaniMghama (e). prAyaoNlaoNjikala sarve praoNpha iNDiyA, riporTa, II. 1871. zimalA. pR 43. 283

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[ bhAga 5 vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 mithuna, yA vyAla aMkita haiM / dUsarA baMdha aSTakoNIya hai / usameM kIrtimukhoM se nikale mAlyapAza apekSAkRta choTe haiM aura pratyeka pAza meM ArohI-yukta vyAla-yugala haiN| tIsarA baMdha vartulAkAra hai / usakI sajjA yA to puSpaguccha se kI gayI hai yA utkIrNa trikoNoM se / aura usameM alaMkRta apsarAstaMbhoM ke lie choTe AkAra ke bAhara ubhare hue cAra bhUta-ToDe dRSTigocara hote haiN| cauthe yA sabase Upara ke baMdha meM do aSTakoNIya paTTikAe~ haiM / inameM se nicalI paTTI ardha-kamala-puSpoMvAle mAlyapAzoM se alaMkRta hai aura Upara kI paTTikA vartulAkAra gucchoM se / pratyeka staMbha ke Upara eka vartulAkAra staMbhazIrSa hai jisameM dhArIdAra grAmalaka aura padma zraMkita haiN| staMbha- zIrSa para bhUta-ToDe haiM jinake bIca-bIca meM zraddhAlu nAga aMkita haiN| sabhI bhUtoM ke peTa meM chedakara koTara banAye gaye haiM, tAki unameM apsarAToDe lagAye jA sakeM / ToDoM para eka saradala hai jisake tIna khasake haiM, jinameM se nIce ke do kA alaMkaraNa kamala ke bela-bUToM aura kIrtimukhoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai / usake sabase Upara kA bhAga sAdA hI chor3a diyA gayA hai| saradala para eka citra-vallarI hai jisake zobhAyAtrA - dRzyoM meM adhikAMzataH bhakta, saMgItakAra, nRtya karanevAloM, tathA kahIM-kahIM yAtrA meM sammilita hAthiyoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai / uttara aura dakSiNa bhAgoM meM citra-vallarI ke madhya bhAga meM tIrthaMkara kI pratimA aMkita hai| citravallarI ke Upara eka alaMkRta kintu samatala caukora chata hai jise alaMkRta AyatAkAra phalakoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai aura unake kinAroM kI sajjA utkIrNa kamalapuSpoM se kI gayI hai / phalakoM kI bAharI paMktiyoM meM nartaka aura gAyaka haiM, jinake pArzva meM mithuna haiM / phalakoM kI prAMtarika paMkti meM bela-bUTedAra pralaMkRtiyA~ haiM / bhItarI chata ke madhya meM lagabhaga eka vargamITara ke sthAna kA alaMkaraNa tIna gajatAlu khasakoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai / do bAharI khasakoM meM pratyeka prora tIna gajatAlu dikhAye gaye haiM / ardha-maNDapa ke bAda mahA maNDapa prAtA hai / saMbhavataH usake cAroM ora dIvAreM rahI hoMgI / jo bhI ho, yaha mahA-maNDapa pArzvanAtha maMdira ke mahA-maNDapa se isa bAta meM bhinna hai ki isameM sAmane kI ora eka Ar3I paMkti meM tIna catuSkiyA~ haiM / ina catuSkiyoM kI bhItarI chata jo aba bilakula sAdI hai, pahale alaMkRta rahI hogI / bIca kI catuSkI, jo prAsapAsa kI catuSkiyoM se bar3I hai, kA nirmANa ardha-maNDapa ke do pazcimI staMbhoM tathA mahA-maNDapa ke dvAra ke pArzva ke una do bhittiyoM ko lekara banI hai jinakI dhAra - vedI para eka dUsare kI ora abhimukha do sazastra dvArapAla dikhAI dete haiM / dvArapAloM ne ka raNDa-mukuTa pahana rakhA hai aura unake hAtha meM eka gadA hai jo aba TUTa gayI hai / pratyeka dvArapAla ke pIche eka catuSpada aMkita hai jo siMha se milatA-julatA hai / ardha-staMbha bhadraka - prakAra ke haiM ( zrAkRti meM caukora kintu pratyeka kone meM tIna koNa), kintu ve bilakula sAde haiM; mAtra staMbha ke madhya bhAga ke UparI aura nicale bhAgoM para ghaTa - pallava kA pAraMparika utkIrNana kiyA gayA hai / ve eka upapITha para bane haiM jisapara kamala - paMkhur3iyoM kA sAdhAraNa-sA alaMkaraNa hai kintu yaha mUla upapITha hai yA nahIM - yaha anizcita hai / unake prAdhAroM (kuMbhikAnoM) meM khura, kuMbha aura kapotoM kI alaMkRtiyA~ haiM / staMbhoM ke madhya bhAga para eka sAdA aura choTA uccAlaka khaNDa hai jisake Upara eka sAdA zIrSabhAga hai, jisameM kaNikA aura padma dikhAye gaye haiM / zIrSabhAga para maragola - yukta sAde 284

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata ToDe Tike hue haiM jisakI rUparekhA tIkhI golAI liye hue haiN| ToDoM ke Upara eka saradala hai jisapara bela-bUToM kA alaMkaraNa aura grAsa-paTTikA hai / saradala eka sAde kapota ko adhAra detA haiM jisake Upara alaMkRta trikoNoM kI paTTI hai| cUMki bhitti-staMbhoM ke madhya bhAga kA alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai aura choroM ko (jo bhinna prakAra ke pattharoM se bane haiM) sAdA hI rakhA gayA hai ataH aisA jAna par3atA hai ki pArzva-catuSkiyoM ko dIvAroM se AcchAdita karane kI yojanA rahI hogii| isa tathya kI puSTi isase bhI hotI hai ki choroM ko, jo halake pIle raMga ke baluA patthara ke bane haiM, ekadama sAdA rakhA gayA hai| ye alaMkRta AdhAroM para bane haiM aura unapara uccAlaka khaNDa, zIrSabhAga aura ToDe hai, jo zailI meM ardha-staMbhoM ke bilakula samAna haiN| unapara dvArapAloM kI prAkRtiyA~ banI huI haiN| dvAra-mArga ke pIche ke ardha-staMbha grenAhaTa ke bane haiM kintu ve baluA patthara ke AdhAroM para Tike haiN| jo bhI ho, eka ardha-staMbha meM upapITha bhI grenAhaTa kA banA haA hai| kyoMki donoM ardha-staMbhoM kI saMyojanA kucha hI bhinna hai, ataH yaha jAna par3atA hai ki ye bAda meM jor3e gaye haiN| dvAra-mArga kI sAta sAkhAe~ haiN| pahalI zAkhA kA alaMkaraNa gucchAkAra racanA se, dUsarI aura chaThI kA vyAloM se, tIsarI aura pAMcavIM kA nRtya karate evaM saMgIta-vAdya bajAte hue gaNoM se kiyA gayA hai| cauthI, jise eka staMbha-zAkhA mAnA jAtA hai, para eka zIrSabhAga hai jisameM karNikA aura padma bane haiM / sAtavIM zAkhA, jo dvAra-mArga kA kaTAvadAra veSTana karatI hai, kI sajjA laharadAra bela-bUToM se kI gayI hai tathA usake pArzva meM eka khar3I citra-vallarI hai jisameM gaNoM ko nRtya karate hue athavA saMgIta-vAdaya bajAte hae dikhAyA gayA hai| pahalI tIna zAkhAe~ Upara kI ora se le jAyI gayI haiM. aura cauthI yA staMbha-zAkhA para eka saradala hai jisake madhya meM garur3a para AsIna aSTamajI cakrezvarI devI kI mUrti aMkita hai| usake hAthoM meM phala, bANa, cAra cakra, dhanuSa aura zaMkha haiN| ThIka dAhine aura bAyeM kinAroM ke bAloM meM tIrthaMkara-pratimAe~ AsIna haiM / saradala kA jo aMtarvartI bhAga hai usameM ThIka dAhine navagrahoM kI AsIna pratimAe~ haiN| saradala ke aMtarvartI bhAga meM ThIka dAhinI ora navagrahoM kI AsIna pratimAe~ aura ThIka bAyIM ora dvibhujAoM evaM vRSabhazIrSa vAle AsIna devatAoM kI eka-sI ATha AkRtiyA~ banAyI gayI haiN| inake hAtha abhaya-mudrA meM haiM aura unameM jala-kuMbha haiM / ye aSTavasu jAna par3ate haiN| saradala kI UparI citra-vallarI meM garbhAdhAna ke samaya tIrthakara kI mAtA dvArA svapna meM dekhe gaye solaha maMgala-pratIka citrita kiye gaye haiN| ye pratIka kamaladaloM para banAye gaye haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM : airAvata hAthI (2) vRSabha, (3) pracaNDa siMha, (4) zrI devI (5) eka kIrtimukha ko veSTita karadI puSpamAlA, (6) pUrNa caMdramA, jisake madhya meM kharagoza kI AkRti hai, (7) udita hotA huA sUrya jisameM madhya meM sUrya-devatA hai, (8) mIna yugala, (9) do kalaza, (10) tAlAba aura usameM eka kuchuA, (11) kSubdha sAgara, (12) siMhAsana, (13) vimAna, (14) nAgendra bhavana meM baiThe hue nAga-daMpati, (15) ratnarAzi, tathA (16) AsIna mudrA meM agni jisake 285

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 kaMdhoM se jvAlAe~ nikala rahI haiN| sAtavIM zAkhA ke Upara madhya bhAga meM eka paTTI hai jo bIca meM aMkita kI gayI hai| saradaloM ke tInoM bAloM ke Upara caitya-toraNoM ke udgama yA trikoNa-zIrSa haiN| ye toraNa aise triratha stUpAkara zikhara se pRSThAnupRSTha haiM jisake Upara caMdrikA aura Amalaka haiN| dvAra-mArga ke AlaMbana para pracalita nadI-deviyoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| gaMgA dAhinI ora tathA yamunA bAyIM ora aMkita hai tathA usake pArzva meM eka camaradhAriNI hai| pratyeka dvAra-zAkhA para eka dvArapAla kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai jisake hAtha meM kamalapuSpa aura gadA hai| kirITa-mukuTa pahane gadAdhArI dvArapAla kA citraNa dvAra-mArga ke pariveSTana ke nIce bhI kiyA gayA hai / maMdAraka (deharI) ke bIca ke bAhara nikale hue bhAga para kamala-bUToM kA aMkana hai / aura usake donoM ora eka-eka dvibhujI sarasvatI kI AkRti hai| pArzvavartI bAloM meM chaha jala-devatA aMkita haiM, jinameM se pratyeka kari-makara para AsIna hai aura usake hAtha meM kalaza hai| nadI-deviyoM ke nIce gaja-zArdUla nirmita haiM tathA bAhya dvArapAloM ke nIce natya-saMgIta ke dRzya aMkita kiye gaye haiN| mahA-maNDapa kI keMdrIya bhItarI chata cAra staMbhoM kI catuSkI para uThAyI gayI hai| ye staMbha ardha-maNDapa ke staMbhoM-jaise hI haiN| aMtara kevala itanA hI hai ki ve sAde upapITha para avasthita haiM, unapara eka sAde saradala kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai jabaki isa saradala para eka-jaisI alaMkRti ke tIna khasake haiM evaM unapara bhI tIna khasake aura haiN| inameM se prathama ko praticchedI pAzoM dvArA sajAyA gayA hai; dUsare kA alaMkaraNa utkIrNa trikoNoM ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai; tathA tIsare ko sAdA hI chor3a diyA gayA hai| aMtima khasake para eka samatala bhItarI chata AdhArita hai jo madhya bhAga meM aise kamalapuSpa dvArA alaMkRta hai jisake cAroM ora tIna kinAroMvAlA eka vargAkAra khaNDa hai| pUrvI saradala kA bhItarI bhAga bilakUla sAdA hai kintu usake bAharI bhAga para bela-bUToM kA aMkana hai| sAtha hI, madhyAsIna tIrthaMkara ke pArzva meM AkAzagAmI vidyAdhara-mithuna, hRdayAkAra puSpoM ke goTe, chidrita vargovAle jhAlaroM se yukta hIraka-anukRtiyA~, tathA kamala kI paMkhur3iyoM ke eka kapota kA alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai, jinase gagAraka nikala rahe haiN| mahA-maNDapa ke staMbhoM meM se pratyeka meM tIna ToDe dIpaka rakhane ke lie dRSTigocara hote haiN| saba se Upara ke ToDoM para, jo karNavat bAhara nikale hue haiM, kamala kI paMkhur3iyoM kI alaMkRtiyA~ kI gayI haiN| bIca ke ToDoM para bhUta darzAye gaye haiN| saba se nIce ke ToDe sAdI padma-sajjA-paTTI se milate-julate haiN| ardha-maNDapa ke cAroM staMbhoM para bhI bIca ke aura sabase nIce ke ToDoM kI punarAvatti kI gayI hai| yadyapi inake sabake Upara ke bhAga meM pratyeka staMbha para cAra apekSAkRta choTe bhata-ToDe dRSTigocara hote haiN| pArzvanAtha-maMdira sthAnIya sabhI jaina maMdiroM meM, pArzvanAtha-maMdira (citra 166) sabase adhika surakSita raha sakA hai aura vaha khajurAho ke sabase suMdara maMdiroM meM se eka hai| apanI viziSTa rUparekhA saMbaMdhI vizeSatAoM 286

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adhyAya 22 ] ke kAraNa vaha auroM se bhinna hai aura kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa (rekhAcitra 22 ) / yadyapi vaha eka sAMdhAra - prAsAda hai, tathApi usameM chajjedAra vAtAyanoM se yukta vakrabhAgoM, jo sthAnIya sAMdhAra-maMdiroM kI vizeSatA hai, kA abhAva hai aura vinyAsa meM yaha maMdira AyatAkAra hai aura usake donoM laghu pA meM se pratyeka para akSIya prakSepa hai / pUrva meM jo prakSepa hai usase mukha maNDapa nirmita hotA hai| pazcimI prakSepa meM garbhagRha ke pRSThabhAga se saMlagna eka devAlaya hai (citra 167) jo vAstava meM eka nayI bAta hai / maMdira meM praveza kA mArga catuSkIvAle eka atyadhika alaMkRta choTe mukha maNDapa se hokara hai / maMdira ke bhItarI bhAga meM eka maNDapa, aMtarAla aura garbhagRha haiM jo saba-ke-saba eka AyatAkAra dIvAra dvArA pariveSTita haiM / maNDapa kI dIvAra ko bhItara kI ora se ardha-staMbhoM kA AdhAra prApta hai to bAhara kI ora se mUrtiyoM kI paTTiyoM kA, tathA sAtha hI aise jAlIdAra vAtAyanoM kA jinake dvArA bhItara kI ora yatheSTa prakAza AtA hai| mUrti yojanA ke bAharI alaMkaraNa meM ye vAtAyana bAdhaka nahIM hai / isake agra bhAgoM ( citra 168 ) meM uthale rathoM ( prakSepoM) kI eka zrRMkhalA hai jinake bIca-bIca meM saMkIrNa salilAMtara (A) haiM / ina prakSepoM aura bAloM meM jaMghA para mUrtiyoM kI tIna suMdara paTTiyA~ haiM / nIce kI paMktiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ sabase bar3I haiM aura unameM prakSepoM para devI-devatAoM evaM apsarAoM kI tathA AAloM meM vyAloM & 5 10 15 METRES 48 FEET p 16 32 rekhAcitra 22. khajurAho : zAMtinAtha maMdira kI rUparekhA kI mUrtiyA~ banI haiN| Upara kI do paMktiyoM kI AkRtiyA~ kramazaH zrAkAra meM choTI hotI gayI haiM / bIca kI paMkti meM devI - daMpati tathA sabase Upara kI paMkti meM prakSepoM tathA AAloM meM mukhya rUpa se vidyAdhara - mithuna aMkita kiye gaye / atyuttama sajjA aura sauMdaryapUrNa mUrtiyoM kI ina tIna paTTiyoM dvArA ina prakSepoM evaM AloM ko jo lAlitya pradAna kiyA gayA hai usake hote hue bhI zikhara se nIce vAle maMdira kA agrabhAga eka Thosa sthUla dIvAra ke kAraNa nIrasa-sA ho uThA hai / yahA~ bAharI uThAna ke una gahare daMturaNoM tathA chajjedAra vAtAyanoM ke phalasvarUpa prApya usa vAstu zilpIya ubhAra aura chAyA kA abhAva hai jo vikasita khajurAho- zailI kI apanI vizeSatA hai / 287 madhya bhArata

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vAstu-smArakara evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 maMdira 1.2 mITara U~cI jagatI para banA hai| usako mUla sajjA-paTTiyA~ aba upalabdha nahIM haiN| vedI-baMdha do bhiTTa-staroM ke Upara TikA huA hai| use do zreNiyoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai| nicale stara meM jADayakaMbha, kaNikA, paTrikA aMtara patra aura kapota haiN| UparI zreNI meM pAraMparika sajjA-padriyA~ haiM jinake Upara eka vasaMta-paTTikA hai| jaMghA meM kramazA choTI hotI gayI mUrtiyoM kI tIna paMktiyA~ haiM jinheM do bAMdhanA-sajjA-paTTiyoM se alaga kiyA gayA hai / usake zikhara ke pratyeka ratha-prakSepa para ekaeka varaNDikA tathA tilaka avasthita haiN| garbhagRha ke sAmane ke madhyavartI bhadra-prakSepoM tathA maNDapa (maNDapa ke bhadroM kA samarekhaNa keMdrIya rUpa se nahIM kiyA gayA hai) para AloM yA jAlIdAra vAtAyanoM kI cAra paMktiyA~ haiM / garbhagRha ke Upara jo chata hai vaha bahuta U~ce uThe saptaratha-nAgara-zikhara se nirmita hai| yaha zikhara bhI uru-zRMgoM kI do paMktiyoM tathA gauNa zRMgoM, jinameM karNa-zRMga bhI sammilita haiM, kI tIna paMktiyoM kA samUha hai| aMtarAla, maNDapa aura mukha-maNDapa kI vartamAna chateM adhikAMzata: phira se banAyI gayI haiM, kintu isameM saMdeha nahIM ki ve sAmAnya khajurAho-prasAra kI hI thii| maMdira meM praveza ke lie eka catuSkI kA sAdhAraNa prAkAra kA, kintu atyadhika alaMkRta, mukhamaNDapa hai| usakI toraNa-sajjA meM alaMkaraNa aura mUrtiyoM kA jo asAdhAraNa prAcurya hai usameM zAlabhaMjikA-staMbha aura apsarAoM tathA sahAyaka devoM kI prAkRtiyAM sammilita haiN| isakI bhItarI chata (nAbhicchaMda koTi kA kSipta vitAna) meM khajurAho ke anya maMdiroM kI tulanA meM sabase adhika alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| usake alaMkRta lolaka kI samApti ur3ate hue vidyAdhara-tugala kI prAkRtiyoM meM hotA hai jo ukerakara banAyI gayI haiN| maNDapa meM praveza kA mArga usake eka saptazAkhA dvAra-mArga se hokara hai jisakA alaMkaraNa hIrakoM, pATala-puSpoM, gaNoM, vyAloM, mithunoM, tela-bUToM ke atirikta dvAra-staMbhoM para bane sevakoM se yukta gaMgA aura yamunA kI prAkRtiyoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| usake saradala para navagrahoM ke atirikta dazabhujI garuNAsIna yakSI cakrezvarI lalATa-biMba ke rUpa meM tathA cartabhajI AsIna sarasvatI usake do sImAMtavartI bAloM meM se pratyeka meM aMkita hai| cakrezvarI ke dAyeM hAthoM meM se eka varada-mudrA meM hai tathA anya meM asi, gadA, cakra aura ghaNTikA hai tathA bAyeM hAthoM meM cakraDhAla, bANa, aMkuza aura zaMkha haiN| sarasvatI kI prAkRtiyoM ke cAra hAthoM meM se tIna meM pUjana karachI pustaka aura jala-kalaza haiM, dvAyIM ora kI AkRti kA vAhana haMsa aMkita hai| dvAra-mArga ke pratyeka pArzva meM cAra bhujAoMvAlA ega jaina pratIhAra utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai jisane kirITa-mukuTa pahana rakhA hai| usake do avaziSTa hAthoM meM se eka meM pustaka aura eka meM gadA hai| AyatAkAra maNDapa kI Thosa dIvAreM haiM jinheM solaha ardha-staMbha AdhAra pradAna karate haiM / ardha-staMbhoM ke bIca kI khulI jagaha kA upayoga dIvAra ke sAtha-mAtha lagAyI gatI vitRta caukiyoM para tIrthaMkaroM kI dasa pratimAoM ko pratiSThita kara kiyA gayA hai / yaha isa maMdira kI eka aura vizeSatA hai| anyathA isakA bhItarI bhAga anya sthAnIya maMdiroM kI bhA~ti hI nirmita hai / maNDapa meM cAra sAmAnya keMdrIya staMbha haiM jinapara cAra zAlabhaMjikA-avalaMbana haiM aura toraNoM kI eka vargAkAra sajjA nirmita hai jo nAbhiccha prakAra ke kSipta-vitAna ke rUpa meM banAyI gayI eka vargAkAra bhItarI chata (citra 166) ko AdhAra 288

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adhyAya 22 ] khajurAho zAMtinAtha maMdira, tIrthakara ke mAtA-pitA citra 163 madhya bhArata .

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I [ bhAga 5 khajurAho - ghaNTAI maMdira citra 164

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adhyAya 22] madhya bhArata H TTER khajurAho - ghaNTAI maMdira, garbhagaha kI chata citra 165

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vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 AAAAAASRA khajurAho pArzvanAtha maMdira citra 166 yaha hai mod [ bhAga 5 .

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata khajurAho - pArzvanAtha-maMdira, pRSThabhAga citra 167 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [bhAga 5 RDASPARATORS HONE COO khajurAho - pArzvanAtha-maMdira, dakSiNI bahibhitti kA eka bhAga citra 168 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 22 khajurAho * pArzvanAtha maMdira, maNDapa kI chata - citra 169 madhya bhArata .

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 MAHELP ARREALIZATHEMATASciet khajurAho - pArzvanAtha-maMdira, pRSThavartI garbhagRha kA pravezadvAra citra 170 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 22] madhya bhArata khajurAho - AdinAtha-maMdira, citra 171 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 ION khajurAho- AdinAtha-maMdira, dakSiNI bahibhitti kA eka bhAga citra 172 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata TorrPEPPETRY khajurAho - pArzvanAtha-maMdira, mahAmaNDapa meM caturvizati paTTa citra 173

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 (ka) khajurAho - pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahibhitti para sarasvatI (kha) khajurAho - pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahibhitti para deva-mUrtiyA~ citra 174

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata khajurAho - pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahirbhAga, ziva-mastaka citra 175

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 khajurAho-pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahibhitti para sura-suMdarI citra 176 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata a... ya pAraMga - bhANDa-devala-maMdira citra 177 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 pAraMga - bhANDa-devala-maMdira, garbhagRha meM tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ citra 178

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adhyAya 22 ] cAMdapura * navagraha-paTTa - citra 179 madhya bhArata

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 ahAra saMgrahAlaya - yakSI cakrezvarI citra 180

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata (ka) lakhanAdona - tIrthaMkara-mUrti (kha) lakhanAdona - tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha citra 181 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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[ bhAga 5 vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 (ka) gaMdhAvala - yakSI cakrezvarI (kha) mAMdhAtA-pItala-nirmita tIrthakara mUrti kA parikara citra 182

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata pradAna karatI hai / garbhagRha kA eka paMcazAkhA dvAra-mArga hai jisakA alaMkaraNa bela-bUToM, gaNoM tathA mithunoM dvArA to kiyA hI gayA hai, sAtha hI dvAra-staMbhoM para sevakoM sahita gaMgA aura yamunA kI AkRtiyA~ bhI aMkita haiN| dvAra-mArga para do toraNa-sajjAe~ haiM jinameM se eka para nau grahoM ke atirikta lalATa-biMba ke rUpa meM AsIna-mudrA meM eka tIrthaMkara-pratimA tathA sImAnta pAloM meM se pratyeka meM eka khar3I huI tIrthaMkarapratimA aMkita hai| Upara kI toraNa-sajjA ke bAloM meM pA~ca AsIna tIrthaMkara-pratimAe~ haiM aura chaha tIrthakara kAyotsarga-mudrA meM haiN| dvAra-mArga ke pratyeka pArzva meM kirITa-mukuTa pahane cAra bhujAoMvAlA jaina pratIhAra aMkita hai| dAyIM ora vAle pratIhAra ke do avaziSTa hAthoM meM gadA aura padma haiM aura bAyIM ora vAle ke hAthoM meM cakra, zaMkha, kamala aura gadA hai / maMdAraka para eka vidyAdevI-yugala bhI utkIrNa hai| garbhagRha meM kAle saMgamaramara kI banI pArzvanAtha kI eka Adhunika pratimA hai jisakI pratiSThApanA san 1860 meM usI prAcIna aura lalita AdhAra-vedI para kI gayI thI jisakA nirmANa pANDa baluA di usI prakAra kI sAmagrI se huA thA jisase maMdira aura usakI mUrtiyA~ nirmita haiN| yaha vedI apane parikara aura prabhAvalI sahita pUrI kI pUrI surakSita hai aura yaha saMketa detI hai ki mUla pratimA eka caturvizati-paTTa thI jisake mUlanAyaka AdinAtha the, jaisA ki usake samucita sthAna para utkIrNa vRSabha-lAMchana (cihna) se spaSTa hai / isa maMdira ke pichale devAlaya, jo isakA pazcimI prakSepa hai, kA mukha pazcima kI ora hai aura usameM jaMghA kI mUrti-saMbaMdhI vahI saMyojanA tathA vahI vedI-baMdha kI sajjA-paTTiyA~ bAhara kI ora haiN| aMtara kevala itanA hI hai ki donoM citra-paTTikAoM kI U~cAI kama hai| isa devAlaya kA kevala garbhagRha hI bacA hai jisameM praveza ke lie paMcazAkhA dvAra-mArga thA, jisakA alaMkaraNa dvAra-staMbhoM para sevakoM sahita gaMgA aura yamunA kI AkRtiyoM ke atirikta bela-bUToM, gaNoM tathA mithunoM dvArA kiyA gayA thA (citra 170) / usake saradala para nau grahoM ke atirikta tIna pAle haiM jinameM se pratyeka meM catarbhajI sarasvatI kI Asanastha pratimA hai| keMdrIya aura bAyIM ora kI AkRti kA eka hAtha varada-mudrA meM hai aura anya hAthoM meM kamalanAla, pustaka aura jalakuMbha haiN| dAhinI AkRti ke UparI do hAthoM meM kamalanAla aura pustaka haiM tathA nicale do hAthoM meM vINA hai; pArzva ke do caturbhujI jaina pratIhAroM meM se dAhine kA sira aura hAtha naSTa ho gaye haiM; bAyeM pratIhAra ke do avaziSTa bAyeM hAthoM meM pustaka aura gadA hai tathA vaha kirITa-mukuTa pahane hue hai| bAhya bhadra-pAloM meM, jaMghA kI do pramukha paMktiyoM meM, tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAe~ yA adhikatara jaina deviyoM (yakSiyoM yA vidyAdeviyoM) kI mUrtiyAM, tIsarI paMkti meM nRtya-citrAvalI aura sabase Upara kI paMkti meM caturbhujI Asanastha kubera yA sarvAnubhUti yakSa kI laghu mUrtiyA~ aMkita thiiN| maNDapa ke dakSiNI agrabhAga ke mukha para do mukhya bhadra-pAloM meM se pratyeka meM caturbhujI devI kI lalita tribhaMga-mudrA meM khar3I mUrti hai, jisake AsapAsa pAraMparika sevaka-varga, bhakta tathA AkAzagAmI vidyAdhara aMkita haiN| isake sAtha hI staMbha ke pratyeka kone meM khar3agAsana-mudrA meM tIrthaMkaroM kI cAra mUrtiyA~ bhI pradarzita haiN| 289

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 nicale pAle meM jo devI hai usakA dAhinA hAtha hI surakSita hai / vaha varada-mudrA meM hai aura kamalanAlayukta hai| usakA vAhana naSTa ho gayA hai| Upara ke Ale kI devI ke tIna avaziSTa hAthoM meM se eka varada-mudrA meM hai aura anya meM kamalanAla aura kamaNDala haiN| isI prakAra maNDapa ke uttarI agrabhAga ke AloM meM caturbhujI khar3I deviyA~ haiN| nicale pAle kI devI ke UparI do hAthoM meM baMda kamala hai aura avaziSTa tIsare hAtha meM zaMkha hai| UparI Ale kI devI tIna siroMvAlI hai jisake cAroM hAtha aura unameM pradarzita vastue~ TUTa gayIM haiN| garbhagRha ke dakSiNI agrabhAga ke do mukhya bhadra-AloM meM jAlIdAra vAtAyana haiM kintu nIce ke Ale meM, jo vedI-baMdha kI kalaza-sajjA-paTTI se bAhara kI ora nikalA hA hai, SaSThabhujI sarasvatI kI lalitAsana mUrti hai jisake do hAthoM meM eka vINA hai aura zeSa cAra hAthoM meM se eka varada-madrA meM hai tathA anya hAthoM meM nIlakamala, pustaka aura kamaNDalU haiN| vedI-baMdha ke uttarI agrabhAga vAle usI prakAra ke pAle meM caturbhujI devI kI lalitAsana mUrti hai jisake UparI do avaziSTa hAthoM meM se pratyeka meM eka kamalanAla hai| yaha saMdehAspada hai ki devAlaya ke pIche kI ora ke do dakSiNI bhadra-nAloM meM aMkita caMdraprabha kI kAyotsarga-mudrA meM suMdara pratimA tathA eka AsIna tIrthaMkara-pratimA mUla pratimA hai yA nhiiN| zUkanAsA ko alaMkRta karanevAlI kucha pratimAeM, jinameM yakSI aMbikA kI bhI eka suMdara AkRti hai, spaSTa hI bAda meM jor3a dI gayI hai| jo bhI ho, isa yakSI kI eka suMdara mUla mUrti maNDapa-zikhara ke dakSiNI agrabhAga kI AdhAra-vedI para sthita hai jo usa kAmuka jor3e se bahuta dUra nahIM hai, jisakI zailI ke kevala do hI namUne isa maMdira meM prApta haiN| zikhara ke AdhAra ke sAtha-sAtha bane choTe bAloM meM kucha citra-vallariyA~ haiM jinameM eka guru apane ziSyoM ko par3hAtA huA citrita kiyA gayA hai tathA eka kathApaTTa hai jisameM hanumAna ko azoka-vATikA meM sItA se bheMTa karate hue aMkita kiyA gayA hai| isa maMdira ke bhItarI bhAga meM dIvAra ke sAtha rakhI caukiyoM meM se lagabhaga AdhI rikta haiM aura zeSa caukiyoM para tIrthaMkaroM kI pAraMparika mUrtiyoM ke atirikta siMha para Arur3ha eka caturbhujI yakSI tathA tIrthaMkara ke mAtA-pitA kI suMdara pratimAe~ haiN| AdinAtha-maMdira pArzvanAtha-maMdira ke ThIka uttara meM sthita yaha maMdira (citra 171) khajurAho sthita jaina maMdirasamUha meM eka mahattvapUrNa maMdira hai| yaha niraMdhAra-prAsAda-zailI kA hai / aba isake kevala garbhagRha aura aMtarAla hI apanI chatoM sahita zeSa bace haiN| usake maNDapa aura ardha-maNDapa bilakula hI naSTa ho gaye haiM tathA unake sthAna para eka praveza-kakSa banA diyA gayA hai jo cUne kI palastara-yukta cinAI se banA hai| usake jo toraNa-yukta dvAra-mArga haiM aura guMbadAkAra bhItarI chateM haiM ve mUla bhavana se bilakula mela nahIM khAte / rUparekhA aura uThAna donoM hI dRSTi se yaha maMdira saptaratha-zailI kA hai aura usake pratyeka bhadra se eka atirikta nAsikA yA prakSepa dRSTigocara hotA hai| apanI mUrti-zailI (citra 172) tathA sAmAnya rUparekhA evaM aMkana meM yaha maMdira vAmana-maMdira se sabase adhika samAnatA rakhatA hai| 290

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata vAstava meM, isa maMdira aura vAmana-maMdira meM mahattvapUrNa aMtara kevala jaMghA kI sabase Upara kI tIsarI paMkti ke alaMkaraNa meM hai| vAmana-maMdira ke bAloM kA alaMkaraNa hIrakoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| jo bhI ho, vartamAna meM sabase Upara kI paMkti meM AkAzagAmI utsAhI vidyAdharoM kI eka paTTI aMkita hai| aisI paTTI pArzvanAtha, javArI, caturbhuja aura dUlAdeva-maMdiroM meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| phira bhI eka sImA taka yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki nirmANa-tithi kI dRSTi se yaha maMdira anya kisI sthAnIya maMdira kI apekSA vAmana-maMdira ke adhika nikaTa hai| kyoMki isakA zikhara itanA cipaTA aura bhArI nahIM hai jitanA ki vAmana-maMdira kA aura isakI nirmiti adhika saMtulita hai, ata: yaha jAna par3atA hai ki yaha maMdira kucha adhika vikasita hai aura vAmana-maMdira ke pazcAt banA hai| yaha maMdira eka mITara U~cI sAdhAraNa prAyAma kI jagatI para banA hai| jagatI ke mUla goTe naSTa ho cuke haiM kintu usake agrabhAga pUre ke pUre phira se banA diye gaye haiN| adhiSThAna ke goTe bhiTTa-stara para bane haiM jinameM nimnalikhita sammilita haiM : (1) eka sAdA stara (khara-zilA); (2) hIrakoM se alaMkRta eka stara jo choTe ardha-staMbhoM se nirmita hai (tulanA kIjie--dUlAdeva-maMdira ke isI prakAra ke goToM se); (3) sAdA jADyakuMbha; aura (4) eka prakSipta madhyabaMdha jisakA alaMkaraNa kamala-paMkhur3iyoM se kiyA gayA hai| bhiTTa ke Upara pITha kI sajjA-padriyA~ haiM jinameM sammilita haiM : (1) jADyakuMbha, (2) kaNikA, aura (3) graas-pttttikaa| grAsa-paTTikA vedI-stara ko sUcita karatI hai--yaha tathya garbhagRha ke pAnI ke nikAsa ke lie usake uttarI agrabhAga meM banAyI gayI makara-praNAlI se spaSTa hai| grAsa-paTrikA para vedI-baMdha-sajjA-paTriyA~ banI haiN| inameM sammilita haiM : (1) khura, (2) AloM meM hIrakoM se alaMkRta kuMbha, (3) kalaza, (4) kapota, aura (5) prakSipta paTTikA, jisakA alaMkaraNa hIrakoM tathA pATalAkAra alaMkRtiyoM se ekAMtara-krama meM kiyA gayA hai| jaMghA meM mUrtiyoM kI tIna paMktiyA~ haiN| Upara kI paMkti AkAra meM kucha choTI hai| nIce kI do paMktiyoM meM devI-devatAoM kA aMkana hai jinameM pArI-pArI se, prakSepoM para apsarAoM kI tathA bhItara dhaMse bhAgoM meM vyAloM kI prAkRtiyA~ haiN| sabase Upara kI paMkti meM prakSepoM para vidyAdharoM kI tathA bhItara dhaiMse bhAgoM meM vidyAdhara-mithunoM kI prAkRtiyA~ aMkita haiN| vidyAdhara kI AkRtiyoM meM prabala sakriyatA vizeSa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai| unheM puSpamAlAe~ le jAte hue yA saMgIta-vAdya bajAte hue yA zastra calAte hue aMkita kiyA gayA hai| aMtarAla ke agrabhAgoM tathA garbhagaha ke bhadroM meM cAra pAle dikhAI dete haiM jinameM se sabase nicalA AlA talagRha kI kuMbha-sajjA-paTTI para hai aura anya tIna usI stara para haiM jisapara mUrtiyoM se yukta paTTiyA~ haiN| sabase Upara kA AlA khajurAho ke maMdira meM pAye jAne vAle chajjedAra vAtAyana kI pUrNa pratikRti hI hai aura usameM tIna khar3I huI prAkRtiyA~ haiN| nIce ke tIna bAloM meM jaina mUrtiyA~ aMkita haiN| pahalI aura madhya paMktiyoM ke bIca kI bAMdhanA kI sajjA-paTTI grAsa-paTTikA ko pradarzita karatI hai jisake Upara eka prakSipta paTTikA hai| madhya aura sabase Upara kI paMktiyoM ke bIca kI bAndhanA-sajjA 291

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 paTTI meM grAsa-paTTikA hai jisake Upara eka prakSipta kalaza hai| sabase Upara kI paMkti meM Upara kI sajjApaTTiyA~ bharaNI ke samAna prayukta kI gayI haiM jisameM Amalaka tathA dhArIdAra padma sammilita haiN| isake Upara kapota para sajjA-paTTiyoM kI do paMktiyA~ haiM jinameM se Upara kI paTTI eka suspaSTa aMtarAla dvArA zikhara se pRthak kI gayI hai| isa maMdira kA zikhara saptaratha hai| vaha SoDaza-bhadra hai, jo bhUmi-pAmalakoM se prakaTa hai| pratyeka Amalaka ke Upara kapota hai| karNa-rathoM meM eka khar3I paTTI hai| isa pUrI paTTI meM caitya Ale haiM jinameM se nicale meM eka hIraka-goTA hai| sabhI ratha-zikhara mukhya paridhi-rekhA se Age nikale hue haiN| madhyavartI evaM pArvavartI rathoM ke Upara kramazaH kIrtimukha evaM ardha-kIrtimukha bane hue haiN| karNa-rathoM ke Upara eka laghu stUpAkAra zikhara haiM jisameM do pIr3he, caMdrikAe~ tathA Amalaka haiN| isa paridhi ke Upara eka bar3e AkAra kA dhArIdAra Amalaka, do caMdrikAeM, eka choTA pAmalaka, caMdrikA aura kalaza haiN| kalaza ke Upara kA aMtima puSpAMkana hAla hI meM jor3A gayA jAna par3atA hai| aMtarAla kI chata tIna bAloM kI eka zrRMkhalA se AcchAdita dikhAI detI hai| inake Upara eka trikoNa-zIrSa (udgama) hai| isase Upara kI ora tIna Rmika staroM meM zAlA-zikhara haiN| hara stara ke UparI bhAga ko kamala-paMkhur3iyoM se sajAyA gayA hai aura usake pAzvoM ko ratna-paTTa se / sAmane se dekhane para hameM sAta aAloM kI eka suspaSTa paMkti dikhAI detI hai| bIca ke pAle meM eka khar3I huI yakSI kI AkRti hai tathA usake pArzva ke bAloM meM sahAyaka devI-devatAoM kI prAkRtiyA~ haiN| bAloM ke Upara trikoNa-zIrSoM kI tIna ArohI paMktiyA~ haiM jinameM se sarvopari paMkti sabase adhika caur3I hai tathA AloM kI saMpUrNa paMkti ke Upara uThatI jAtI hai| usake AdhAra ke pArzva meM pratyeka aora eka laghu stUpAkAra zikhara hai jisameM cAra pIr3he, caMdrikA aura Amalaka haiN| ise hIrakagoToM ko pradarzita karanevAle eka Ale ke Upara le jAyA gayA hai| sabase Upara ke trikoNa-zIrSa meM caitya-toraNoM kI tIna paMktiyA~ haiN| nIce kI do paMktiyA~, jinameM kevala uttarI ardha-bhAga hI zeSa bacA hai, kevala ardha-toraNa hI pradarzita karatI haiN| inameM se pratyeka para toraNa-pAzoM meM makara-mukha haiN| inameM bIca meM do ardha-staMbha bhI haiM / ardha-toraNoM kI tIsarI paMkti ke Upara eka toraNa hai jisake eka kIrtimakha ke makha se tIna zRMkhalAeM laTakI huI haiN| unameM se bIca kI zrRMkhalA meM eka ghaNTikA hai jisake donoM ora pAvaM meM kamala-kalikA hai| zeSa zRMkhalAe~ una makaroM ke mukha taka jAtI haiM jo ardhatoraNoM kI UparI paMkti meM aMkita haiN| sabase Upara ke pUrNa toraNa ke donoM ora pArzva meM pichale pairoM para khar3A huA vyAla bhI hai, tathA usapara eka caukora zikhAMta hai jisake Upara eka aise siMha kI AkRti hai jo eka hAthI para jhapaTa rahA hai| isa aMkana ke sAtha hI zukanAsikA samApta hotI hai / siMha kI prAkRti eka zilA para TikI huI hai jo zikhAMta ke Upara hai| ardha-toraNa ke pArzva meM bhI stUpAkAra zikhara-zIrSa hai jisameM dhArIdAra caMdrikA, Amalaka aura caMdrikA hai| garbhagRha kA dvAra-mArga sAta zAkhAoMvAlA hai| pahalI zAkhA kA alaMkaraNa patra-latA dvArA kiyA gayA hai tathA usake pArzva meM maMdAra-mAlA hai jisane nIce jAkara nAgAkRtiyoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA 292

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata hai| AkRtiyA~ aba vikRta ho gayI haiN| dUsarI ora cauthI zAkhAoM meM gaNoM ko nRtya karate hue yA saMgIta-vAdya bajAte hue citrita kiyA gayA hai| tIsarI zAkhA para, jisakA upayoga staMbha-zAkhA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, ATha yakSiyA~ utkIrNa kI gayI haiN| ThIka dAyeM dvAra-patha meM nIce se Upara kI ora nimnalikhita kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai : (1) caturbhajI devI jisakA eka hAtha abhaya abhaya-mudrA meM hai aura anya hAthoM meM kuNDalita kamalanAla, jalakuMbha hai, vAhana nahIM hai / (2)caturbhujI devI jo eka vastu (aba lupta) suvA, pustaka aura phala liye hue hai| nIce hiraNa-jaise vAhana kA aMkana hai| (3) caturbhujI devI jisakA hAtha abhaya-mudrA meM hai aura jo pAza, kuNDalita kamalanAla aura eka padArtha (aba lupta) liye hue hai tathA pakSI-vAhana para ArUr3ha hai| (4) caturbhujI devI jisakA hAtha abhaya-mudrA meM hai aura jo sra vA, pustaka aura jalakuMbha liye hue hai| usakA vRSabha-vAhana nIce aMkita hai| ThIka bAyeM dvAra-patha meM nIce se Upara kI ora nimnalikhita kA akaMna kiyA gayA hai: (1) caturbhujI devI jisake do avaziSTa hAthoM meM kuNDalita kamalanAla aura zaMkha haiM, nIce makara-vAhana aMkita hai| (2) caturbhujI devI jisake sabhI cihna TUTa gaye haiM kintu zuka-vAhana pUrA kA pUrA surakSita hai| (3) caturbhujI devI jo tIna avaziSTa hAthoM meM kuMtala kamalanAla, pustaka aura eka phala liye hue hai, usake pazu-vAhana kA sira aba nahIM hai / aura aMta meM,(4)caturbhajI devI hai jisakA hAtha abhaya-madrA meM hai aura jo kuMtala kamalanAla, pustaka aura jalakuMbha liye hue hai; nIce vRSabha-vAhana kA aMkana hai / pA~cavIM zAkhA kA alaMkaraNa pArI-pArI se zrIvatsa ke aMkana aura puSchaguccha-racanA dvArA huA hai| chaThI zAkhA kA, jo dvAra-mArga kA pravaNita veSTana hai, alaMkaraNa nIce aMkita eka vyAla ke mukha se nikalI evaM sthUla rUpa se ukerI gayI patra-latAoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| aMtima yA sAtavIM zAkhA kA alaMkaraNa eka vizeSa prakAra kI vartulAkara guccha-racanA dvArA kiyA gayA hai| prathama zAkhA aura pArzva kI maMdAramAlA saradala taka le jAyI gayI hai| dvAra-mArga kA saradala staMbha-zAkhAoM para TikA huA hai jinake AloM meM pA~ca deviyoM kI pratimAe~ aMkita haiN| bIca ke aura aMtima pAloM meM AsIna deviyA~ citrita hai; inameM se pratyeka caturbhuja bhUta para avalaMbita hai| bIca ke Ale ke pAzvaryoM meM sthita aAloM meM deviyoM kI khar3I huI mUrtiyA~ haiN| bIca ke Ale meM caturbhujI cakrezvarI aMkita hai jisakA hAtha abhaya-mudrA meM hai aura vaha gadA, pustaka aura zaMkha liye hue hai / vaha garur3a para AsIna hai aura kirITa-mukuTa pahane hue hai| ThIka dAhine chora ke pAle meM aMbikA yakSI kI mUrti hai jo Amra-guccha, kuMtala kamalanAla, kuMtala kamala-nAla sahita pustaka aura eka bAlaka ko liye hue hai; vaha siMha para ArUr3ha hai| ThIka bAyeM sire ke pAle meM padmAvatI yakSI hai jo sarpa-phaNAvalI ke nIce eka kacchapa para AsIna hai| usakA hAtha abhaya-mudrA meM hai aura vaha pAza, kamala-kalikA aura jala-kuMbha liye hue hai| saradala ke pA~coM pAloM ke Upara udgama hai / dvAra-mArga ke AdhAra para gaMgA aura yamunA aMkita haiM jinake pratyeka aora strI-sevikAe~ haiN| dvAra-pakSa para aMkita sevaka eka dUsare ke sAmane aMkita hai tathA unake pAsa jala-kuMbha hai| dAhinI AkRti ke pIche makara citrita hai to bAyIM AkRti ke pIche kacchapa / nadI-deviyoM aura unakI sevikAoM kI prAkRtiyA~ burI taraha vikRta ho gayI haiN| yahI hAla una cAra dvArapAloM kA huA hai jo donoM ora do-do bane hue haiN| ye dvArapAla kramazaH dvAra-mArga ke veSTana tathA dvAra-mArga ke pArzva ke ardha-staMbhoM ke nIce bane hue haiN| deharI ke RjurekhIya keMdrIya 293

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 prakSepa para eka saMdara kamala-latA banI huI hai jisake pArzva meM sevikAe~ aMkita haiN| sevikAoM ke pare paraMparAgata cAra jala-devatA haiN| unameM se pratyeka ke pAsa jala-kuMbha hai aura vaha kari-makara para AsIna hai / staMbha-zAkhAoM ke nIce ke AloM meM caturbhujI zrIdevI kI, tathA padmAsana meM baiThI huI evaM apane UparI avaziSTa dAhine hAtha meM kamala-kalikA dhAraNa kiye hue caturbhujI lakSmI kI AkRti hai jisake Asana ke nIce kacchapa hai / sAtavIM zAkhA ke nIce ke bAloM meM kubera kI mUrtiyA~ aMkita haiM jinakA eka hAtha abhaya-mudrA meM hai aura anya hAthoM meM ve parazu, kuMtala kamalanAla aura eka bhagna vastu liye hue hai| usake Asana ke nIce tIna ghaTa aMkita haiM jo nidhiyoM ke pratIka haiN| garbhagRha ke dvAra-mArga ke pArzvavartI ardha-staMbha caukora haiN| ve eka aise upapITha para bane hue haiM jisakA alaMkaraNa vartulAkAra guccha-racanA evaM kamala-paMkhur3iyoM se kiyA gayA hai| inake Upara eka alaMkRta AdhAra (kuMbhikA) hai jisameM khura, udgama se sajjita kuMbha, kalaza aura kapota-yukta sajjApaTTiyA~ haiN| staMbhAvalI ke nicale bhAga meM caturbhujI dvArapAla kI mUrti hai| usake bIca ke bhAga kA alaMkaraNa nimnalikhita se kiyA gayA hai : (1) kIrtimukha ke mukha se nikalanevAlI laharadAra patralatAeM, (2) hIraka-prAkRtiyA~, (3) ghaTa-pallava / isase Upara eka prakSipta paTTikA hai jisake Upara eka 'uccAlaka khaNDa hai jisameM ghaTa-pallava aMkita hai| Upara ke staMbha-zIrSa para Amalaka aura padma dvArA alaMkRti kI gayI hai / staMbha-zIrSa para bhUta-ToDe Tike hue haiM jinapara konoM meM bhakti-vibhora nAga bane haiM / ToDe saradaloM ko sahArA dete haiM jinake tIna khasakoM kA alaMkaraNa nimnalikhita se kiyA gayA hai : (1) solaha maMgala-pratIka jinheM garbha-dhAraNa ke samaya mahAvIra kI mAtA ne svapna meM dekhA thA, (2) vartulAkAra guccha-racanA jo pArI-krama se hIraka-prAkRtiyoM ke sAtha banAyI gayI hai, aura (3) graas-pttttikaa| saradaloM ke Upara kI adhiracanA isa samaya upalabdha nahIM hai aura usakA jIrNoddhAra hAla hI meM cunA-palastara dvArA kiyA gayA hai| garbhagRha jina ardha-staMbhoM para TikA huA hai usameM AyatAkAra sAdI staMbhAvalI hai| jo bhI ho, staMbhAvaliyoM ke UparI aura nicale bhAgoM meM bIca ke ardha-staMbhoM para ghaTa-pallava aMkita haiN| ye staMbhAvaliyA~ sAmAnya rUparekhA ke upapITha aura kuMbhikA para TikI huI haiN| ina sabhI arddha-staMbhoM para staMbha-zIrSa haiM jinake Upara eka paTTikA hai jisapara bela-bUTe aMkita haiN| bIca ke ardha-staMbhoM para bhUtaToDe haiN| pichale ardha-staMbha sAdI vakra-rekhA-yukta haiM, jinake UparI bhAga para valaya hai| saradala sAdA hai, usake do khasake haiM aura vaha eka kapota ko sahArA detA hai jisapara eka samatala chata hai, jisakA alaMkaraNa eka bar3e kamala-puSpa dvArA kiyA gayA hai| isa puSpa kI eka caukora khaNDa meM AvRta ukerI gayI saMkeMdrI paMkhur3iyoM kI cAra pattiyA~ haiM / isa khaNDa ke kone kIrtimukhoM se alaMkRta haiN| garbhagRha kI pUrvI bhItarI chata samatala aura sAdI hai| isa maMdira meM AdinAtha kI prAcIna pratimA ke sthAna para AdinAtha kI eka nayI mUrti pratiSThita hai| prAcIna pratimA kI kevala caukI hI zeSa raha pAyI hai| yaha maMdira AdinAtha kA hI thA 294

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata yaha tathya isa bAta se pramANita hotA hai ki garbhagRha ke dvAra-mArga ke saradala para yakSI cakrezvarI kI mUrti aMkita hai| aMtarAla ke Upara zukanAsikA ke uttarI aura dakSiNI agra-bhAgoM meM se pratyeka para tIna-tIna Ale bane haiM jinameM devI kI AkRtiyA~ haiM / ye tIna Ale aura aMtarAla ke do Ale milakara uttarI aura dakSiNI donoM agra-bhAgoM ke pA~ca pAloM kI eka khar3I paMkti kA nirmANa karate haiN| zukanAsikA ke pUrvI yA ana-bhAga para sAta AloM kI eka Ar3I paMkti hai jinameM devI-devatAoM kI pratimAe~ haiN| adhikAMza bAloM meM yakSiyoM kI pratimAe~ haiM kyoMki una sabhI ke zIrSa para padmAsana meM tIrthakara-mUrtiyA~ haiM / sAmAnyatayA yakSiyoM kI ATha bhujAe~ aMkita kI gayI haiM aura unake sAtha hI unake vAhana bhI darzAye gaye haiM kintu unameM se adhikAMza ke hAtha aura anya lakSaNa vikRta ho gaye haiN| ina yakSI-pratimAoM kA ThIka DhaMga se parirakSaNa nahIM kiyA gyaa| yadyapi unake vAhana vidyamAna haiM, phira bhI unakI pahacAna kara pAnA kaThina hai, vizeSakara usa paristhiti meM jabaki koI krama nahIM apanAyA gayA ho| dikpAloM tathA unake apane vAhanoM kA aMkana yathocita sthAna para prathama paMkti ke konoM meM kiyA gayA hai / kubera kA vAhana nahIM hai| niRti kI, jise prAyaH nagna citrita kiyA jAtA hai, AkRti yahA~ pracalita vezabhUSA aura alaMkAroM se yukta anya devatAoM kI bhA~ti banAyI gayI hai| eka zvAna ko usake vAhana ke rUpa meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai| dikpAloM ko anivArya rUpa se AcchAdita karanevAle vRSabha-zIrSa aSTavasuoM ko vRSabha vAhana se yukta citrita kiyA gayA hai| unake hAtha varada-mudrA meM haiM aura ve kuMtala kamala-nAla evaM kuMtala kamalanAla sahita jalakuMbha liye hue haiN| dUsare prakAra ke aMkana meM eka hAtha varada-mudrA meM hai tathA anya hAtha meM parazu, kuMtala kamalanAla aura jalakuMbha haiN| caMdelayugIna kalA khajurAho ke anya maMdiroM ke samAna jaina maMdiroM kI mUrtikalA ko pA~ca mukhya vargoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai| prathama varga meM ArAdhya mUrtiyA~ haiM jo lagabhaga cAroM ora korakara banAyI gayI haiN| ve rItibaddha haiM aura AsIna yA samabhaMga-rUpa meM khar3I hotI haiN| inakI prabhAvalI vizAla hai tathA inake pIche sajjA-paTTa hai jisakA alaMkaraNa parikara devI-devatAoM kI prAkRtiyoM ke dvArA kiyA gyaa| (citra 173) / kyoMki ye pratimAe~ dhArmika graMthoM dvArA pratipAdita niyamoM, sUtroM tathA vihita anupAtoM, cihnoM aura lakSaNoM kA pUrNarUpeNa pAlana karate hue banAyI gayI haiM isalie inakA sauMdaryAtmaka pakSa upekSita-sA rahA hai| 295

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'vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 dUsare varga kI mUrtiyA~ vidyAdeviyoM, zAsana-devatAoM (yakSoM tathA yakSiyoM), anya devI-devatAoM tathA AvaraNa-devatAoM kI haiM (citra 174 ka, kha, aura 175) / ve AloM meM aMkita haiM yA unakI prAkRtiyA~ maMdira kI dIvAroM ke sAtha haiN| ve yA to ukerakara banAyI gayI haiM yA pUrNa athavA madhyama uddhRti ke rUpa meM haiN| devatAoM, jinameM dikpAla bhI haiM, kI ye AkRtiyA~ kama rItibaddha haiM evaM adhika svataMtratApUrvaka banAyI gayI haiM / sAmAnyatayA ve tribhaMga-mudrA meM khar3I haiM yA lalitAsana meM AsIna haiN| mAnava-AkRtiyoM se bhinna rUpa meM unakI pahacAna unake viziSTa zirobhUSA (jaTA, kirITa yA karaNDa-makUTa) yA unake vAhana yA vizeSa cihnoM, jinheM ve sAmAnyataH apane do se adhika hAthoM meM dhAraNa karate haiM, se hotI hai| adhikatara devatA bhI vahI veza dhAraNa kiye hue haiM aura ve hI alaMkAra pahane haiM jo ki mAnava-AkRtiyA~ / mAnavoM se alaga unakI pahacAna unake vakSasthala para hIraka (yaha cihna vaisA hI hai jaisA ki viSNu ke vakSasthala para kaustubha-maNi aura tIthaMkara kI pratimAoM para zrIvatsa-lAMchana yA cihna) tathA eka laMbI mAlA se hotI hai, jo viSNu kI vaijayaMtI mAlA se milatI-julatI hai| ye cihna khajurAho ke devatAoM ke paricaya-cihna haiN| ___ tIsarI zreNI meM ve apsarAeM aura sura-suMdariyA~ AtI haiM (citra 176) jinakI sabase suMdara aura sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ yA to ukerakara yA pUrNa yA madhyama udbhati ke rUpa meM, jaMghA para ke choTe bAloM meM tathA staMbhoM para yA bhItarI chata ke ToDoM para yA maMdira ke bhItarI bhAga ke ardha-staMbhoM ke bIca ke aMtarAloM para banAyI gayI haiM / sura-suMdariyoM ko sarvatra suMdara aura pUrNayauvanA apsarAoM ke rUpa meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai| ve suMdaratama ratna aura vastra dhAraNa kiye hue haiM evaM lubhAvane hAva-bhAva tathA sauMdarya se yukta haiN| apsarAoM ke rUpa meM unheM aMjali-mudrA meM yA anya kisI madrA meM darzAyA gayA hai, yA devatAoM ko car3hAne ke lie kamala-puSpa, darpaNa, jalakuMbha, vastrAlaMkAra, AbhUSaNa Adi le jAte hae aMkita kiyA gayA hai| kintu ina mudrAoM se bhI adhika unheM mAnavIya citta-vRttiyoM, saMvegoM tathA kriyA-kalApoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura prAyaH unheM pAraMparika nAyikAoM se bhinna rUpa meM pahacAna pAnA kaThina hotA hai| isa prakAra kI apsarAeM vastra utAratI huI, jamuhAI letI huI, pITha khujalAtI huI, apane stanoM ko chUtI huI, apane gIle bAloM se pAnI nicor3atI huI, kA~TA nikAlatI huI, bacce ko khelAtI huI, totoM aura baMdaroM jaise pAlatU prANiyoM se khelatI huI, patra likhatI huI, vINA yA baMzI bajAtI huI, dIvAroM para citra banAtI huI yA aneka prakAra se apane ko sajAtI haI (pairoM meM pAlatA yA A~khoM meM kAjala Adi lagAtI haI) darzAyI gayI haiN| cauthI zreNI meM ve laukika mUrtiyA~ AtI haiM jo jIvana ke vividha varga se saMbaMdhita haiN| iname gharela jIvana ke dRzya, jaise guru aura ziSya, nartakiyA~ aura saMgItakAra, tathA atyalpa mAtrA meM kAmuka jor3oM kA samUha sammilita hai| pA~cavIM yA aMtima zreNI meM pazuoM kI AkRtiyA~ AtI hai| inameM vyAla (citra 176) sammilita hai jo eka vaitAlika aura paurANika pazu hai| vaha mukhya rUpa se sIMgoMvAlA siMha hai, jisakI pITha para eka mAnava savAra hai evaM eka pratipakSI yoddhA usapara pIche se AkramaNa kara rahA hai| isa mUlabhUta 296

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adhyAya 22 ] prakAra kI aneka prAkRtiyA~ AdinAtha maMdira meM haiM jinameM inake sira hAthI, manuSya, totA, bhAlU, Adi ke haiM / vyAla kI prAkRti sAmAnyatayA jaMghA ke kaTAvoM meM banAyI gayI hai kintu vaha zukanAsikA aura bhItarI bhAga meM bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai / apsarAoM kI bhA~ti, vaha sarvAdhika viziSTa evaM lokapriya mUrti viSaya hai aura usakA bar3A gaharA pratIkArtha hai / khajurAho kI jaina mUrtikalA ne prAcIna paraMparA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai kintu vaha mukhya rUpa se madhyayugIna hai / kyoMki khajurAho madhya bhArata ke bIcoM-bIca sthita hai, jisapara pUrva aura pazcima kI kalA kA prabhAva par3A hai, isa kAraNa khajurAho kI mUrti kalA meM pUrva kI saMvedanazIlatA tathA pazcima kI adhIratApUrNa kintu mRdulatAhIna kalA kA sukhada saMyojana hai / yadyapi isa kalA kI tulanA bhavyatA, anubhUti kI gahanatA evaM kalAkAra ke prAMtarika anubhava kI abhivyakti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue guptakAlIna kalA kI utkRSTatA se nahIM kI jA sakatI, tathApi usameM mAnavIya sajIvatA kA AzcaryakA spaMdana hai / ina mUrtiyoM kI vizAlatA evaM spaMdanazIlatA se hama cakita raha jAte haiM / lagatA hai ki ve dIvAra kI sataha se pUrNAkRtiyoM meM yA pUrNa ubhAra meM mUrti-sauMdarya ke manohara gIta kI bhA~ti hamAre samakSa utara AtI haiM / mUrti-nirmANa meM yahA~ sAdhAraNataH usa gati kI kamI hai jo pUrva madhya yuga kI mUrtiyoM kI vizeSatA hai / vaise kalpaka AyAma to paryApta haiM kintu rUr3hibaddha haiM, jo yaha sUcita karatA hai ki kalpaka dRSTi kSINa ho gayI hai / pUrNata: ukerI gayI aura mUrti ko rUpa denevAlI kalpakatA kA sthAna tIkSNa upAMtoM aura tIkSNa koNoM ne le liyA hai; evaM anuprasthoM, UrdhvAdhara rekhAoM aura karNoM para bala diyA gayA 1 phira bhI yaha kalA apane samasAmayika kalA - zailiyoM se mAnavIya manobhAvoM aura abhiruciyoM ke sajIva aMkana meM adhika utkRSTa hai / inakI abhivyakti prAyaH iMgitoM tathA AkuMcanoM ke mAdhyama se sUkSma kintu uddezyapUrNa aiMdrika uddIpanA ke dvArA kI gayI hai / bhAva-vilAsapUrNa sukumAratA tathA mukta kAmoddIpaka hAva-bhAva isakA mukhya svara hai, aura yahI bAta isa kalA ko samasAmayika anya kalA - zailiyoM se pRthak karatI hai / paramAra pradeza madhya bhArata -- Una mAlavA ke madhya bhAga meM sthita Una, jo pazcima nimAr3a jile meM hai, sthApatya kI paramAra zailI kA eka prasiddha keMdra hai / bArahavIM zatAbdI isa nagara meM kumArapAla caraNa kI eka suMdara cAlukya- zailI meM jaina maMdira kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thA / yaha maMdira, jo sthAnIya rUpa se caubArA - DerA-2 ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai, nagara ke uttarI chora para eka prAkRtika pahAr3I para sthita hai| maMdira kA mukha uttara kI ora hai aura usakI saMyojanA meM garbhagRha, aMtarAla, gUr3ha-maNDapa, jo pAzvika ardha-maNDapoM se yukta hai, trikmaNDapa aura mukha catuSkI sammilita haiN| gUr3ha maNDapa meM cAra dvAra-mArga haiM jinameM se do pAzvika dvAramArga eka-eka ardha-maNDapa meM khulate haiM / 297

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga jagatI kI sajjA-paTTiyA~ aba naSTa ho cukI haiN| upapITha meM do alaMkRta sajjA-paTTiyA~, jo do sAdI paTTiyoM para TikI haiM, sammilita haiM aura sAmAnya pITha ko AdhAra pradAna karatI haiN| isa pITha meM jADyakuMbha, karNikA aura grAsa-paTTI kI sajjA-paTTiyA~ haiM jinake Upara gajathara aura narathara bane hue haiN| narathara meM aneka prakAra kI kathAe~ citrita haiM jo paurANika evaM laukika haiN| ina kathAoM meM samudra-maMthana, yuddha, nRtya-saMgIta evaM kAmuka-yugaloM ke dRzya haiN| narathara jagatI ke stara ko sUcita karatA hai tathA vaha vedI-baMdha kI alaMkRta sajjA-paTTiyoM ko AdhAra pradAna karatA hai, jinake Upara maMcikA, jaMghA, udgama, bharaNI, kapota aura kUTa-chAdya nirmita haiN| ye saba caulukya-zailI ke kumArapAla-caraNa kI vizeSatAe~ haiM / vedI-baMdha kI kuMbha-sajjA-paTTI kA alaMkaraNa AloM dvArA kiyA gayA hai, jinameM jaina yakSiyoM tathA vidyAdeviyoM kI AkRtiyA~ haiN| garbhagRha ke Upara kA zikhara, jo kUTa-chAdya ke Upara banA huA thA, aba naSTa ho cukA hai kintu usake khaNDita avazeSoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki vaha bArahavIM zatAbdI kI caulukya-zailI kA thaa| garbhagRha kI yojanA paMcaratha hai| usake keMdrIya ratha ke tIna mukha haiM tathA zeSa ke kevala do hii| jaMghA-prakSepoM ke sabhI mukhoM kA alaMkaraNa prAkRtiyoM dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| keMdrIya prakSepa ke donoM ora spaSTataH eka-eka AlA hai jisameM kisI samaya jaina devatAoM kI mUrtiyA~ thIM, para jo aba upalabdha nahI haiM / kone ke rathoM meM dikpAloM kI mUrtiyA~ aMkita haiN| anya zeSa rathoM kA alaMkaraNa jaina devatAoM yA apsarAoM kI mUrtiyoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| apsarAoM meM maror3a aura AkuMcana dekhane ko milate haiM jo bArahavIM zatAbdI kI apanI vizeSatA hai| maMdira meM praveza tIna ardha-maNDapoM se hokara hai| sabhI ardha-maNDapa eka jaise the aura ve cAra alaMkRta staMbhoM para Tike hae the| inakI chata para nAbhicchaMda-prakAra kA kSipta-vitAna thaa| maMdira meM praveza ke lie uttarI maNDapa hI pramukha mArga thA / trika-maNDapa meM chaha staMbha aura itane hI ardha-staMbhA haiM / cAra staMbha ardha-maNDapa ke staMbhoM-jaise haiM / trika-maNDapa ke zeSa do staMbhoM kA alaMkaraNa UparI aSTakoNIya khaNDa ke mUrtiyukta AloM dvArA kiyA gayA hai jo gujarAta ke kucha vikasita maMdiroM kI vizeSatA hai| gUDha-maNDapa bahuta bar3A aSTakoNIya hai / yaha ATha staMbhoM para TikA huA hai| ina staMbhoM para vartalAkAra bhItarI chata, kSipta-vitAna hai jo sabhA-mArga-prakAra kA hai aura eka spaSTa padmazilA meM pariNata hotA hai| bhItarI chata ke nicale bhAga se solaha bhUta prakSipta haiM, jinase saMbhavataH una solaha vidyAdeviyoM ko AdhAra milatA rahA hogA jo aba upalabdha nahIM haiN| gar3ha-maNDapa ke cAroM dvAra-mArga paMcazAkhA-prakAra ke haiN| inapara patra-latA, staMbha-zAkhA, hIraka aura pATala-racanA tathA padma-patra-latA utkIrNa haiN| toraNa-sajjA meM pA~ca Ale haiM jinameM jaina yakSiyoM kI 298

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata AkRtiyA~ haiN| garbhagRha kA dvAra-mArga gUDha-maNDapa ke dvAra-mArga se aMkana meM vizeSa rUpa se pUrNataH milatA-julatA hai / garbhagRha choTA evaM sAdA hai jisakA nApa 2.44 mITara-varga hai / usapara eka kadalikAyukta bhItarI sAdI chata hai| vikrama saMvat 1242 (1185 I0) kI zAMtinAtha kI pratimA, jo garbhagRha meM pratiSThita mUlanAyaka kI pratimA thI, aba iMdaura saMgrahAlaya meM hai| garbhagRha meM aba kevala usakI caukI hI avaziSTa hai| eka dUsarA jaina maMdira jise sthAnIya rUpa se gvAlezvara kahA jAtA hai, Upara vaNita caubArA DerA-2 maMdira se apanI yojanA meM lagabhaga samAna hI hai| isa maMdira kA yatheSTa jIrNoddhAra kiyA gayA hai aura yahA~ aba bhI pUjA hotI hai| usakA nAgara-zikhara kucha surakSita hai tathA aba bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| zailI kI dRSTi se Una sthita donoM hI jaina maMdira bArahavIM zatAbdI ke haiN| jahAM eka ora caubArA DerA-2 kumArapAla-caraNa kI caulukya-zailI kA hai vahIM dUsarI ora gvAlezvara-maMdira meM sthApatya kI paramAra tathA caulUkya donoM hI zailiyoM kA mizraNa hai| kalacuri kSetra--pAraMga caMdeloM tathA paramAroM kI hI bhA~ti, kalacuri yA cedi bhI brAhmaNya saMpradAyoM ke anuyAyI the| phira bhI, ve jaina dharma ko udAra saMrakSaNa pradAna karate the kyoMki unakI prajA kA eka prabhAvazAlI varga jaina dharmAvalaMbI thaa| madhya bhArata ke anya pradezoM kI bhA~ti, mahAkosala meM bhI jaina mUrtiyoM evaM maMdiroM ke vistRta avazeSa pAye jAte haiM jo kalA aura sthApatya kI cedi-zailI kI utkRSTatA ke samabhAgI haiN| jabalapura jile meM dasavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdiyoM kI aneka tIrthaMkara-pratimAeM pAyI gayI haiN| tevara (tripurI) kA sthala, jo cedi-rAjadhAnI thA, kucha utkRSTa tIrthaMkara-pratimAoM ke lie vizeSa rUpa se vikhyAta hai| zahaDola jile ke sohAgapura meM yA usake AsapAsa jaina maMdira vidyamAna the--isa tathya kI puSTi sohAgapura sthita ThAkura ke mahala meM saMgRhIta aneka jaina mUrtiyoM se hotI hai jinameM zAsana-devatAoM kI mUrtiyA~ bhI sammilita haiN| mahAkosala ke sirapura, malahAra, dhanapura, ratanapura aura padamapura se bhI tIrthakaroM kI pratimAe~ prApta haI haiN| rAyapura jile meM sthita pAraMga jaina kalA aura sthApatya kA eka prasiddha keMdra thaa| vahA~ lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdiyoM kI aneka jaina pratimAe~ bikharI milI haiM aura bhagnAvasthA meM eka jaina maMdira bhI milA hai jo ki bhANDa-devala ke nAma se vikhyAta hai (citra 177) / isakI tithi gyArahavIM zatAbdI nirdhArita kI jA sakatI hai| yaha maMdira bhUmija-devAlaya kA sarvAdhika pUrvIya udAharaNa hai tathA 1 bainarjI (Ara DI) haihayaj praoNfa tripurI eNDa vebhara maunyumeNTsa, memAyarsa oNfa di AyaoNlaoNjikala sarve oNfa iNDiyA ,23. 1931. kalakattA. pR 100 tathA citra 41. 299

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 prAdezika kalacuri-zailI meM sthApatya ke bhUmija-prakAra ko rUpa dene ke lie mahattvapUrNa hai| maMdira kA mukha pazcima kI ora hai aura aba usakA kevala garbhagRha hI surakSita bacA hai jisake Age saMkIrNa aMtarAla hai / aba usake maNDapa yA mukha-maNDapa ke avazeSa nahIM bace haiN| yojanA meM garbhagRha tArakAkRti hai| usake chaha bhadra (khasake) haiM, jo kucha apavAda jaisA hai| usapara tIna Ar3I paMktiyoMvAlA pA~ca taloM kA bhUmija-zikhara hai| garbhagRha eka UMce pITha para sthita hai tathA usameM gajathara, azvathara aura narathara dRSTigocara hote haiM jinake Upara jADyakuMbha, kaNikA evaM grAsa-paTTI kI sajjA-paTTiyA~ haiN| pITha se Upara ke adhiSThAna meM sAmAnya goTe haiM kintu unheM bela-bUToM tathA jyAmitIya aMkanoM se atyadhika alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| kalaza-goTe kA alaMkaraNa jaina devI-devatAoM kI AkRtiyoM se yukta AloM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| Upara kI jaMghA kA vizeSa alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai aura usapara prekSepoM tathA bhItara dhaMse aMtarAloM meM mUrtiyoM kI do paMktiyA~ utkIrNa haiN| prakSepoM meM devI-devatAoM aura apsarAoM kI prAkRtiyA~ haiN| aMtarAloM meM kAmuka jor3oM, vyAloM, apsarAoM tathA vividha kathA-vastuoM kA citraNa hai| jaMghA ke chahoM aMtarAloM ke mukha agra-bhAgoM ko, jo yatheSTa caur3e haiM, AloM se AcchAdita kiyA gayA hai jinameM AsIna jaina divya puruSa aMkita haiN| inameM nIce kI paMkti meM kucha yakSiyA~ yA vidyAdeviyA~ aMkita haiM to Upara kI paMkti meM kucha yakSa / zikhara kI sajjA kucha pAloM dvArA kI gayI hai jinameM nicale bhAga meM AsIna yakSiyoM yA vidyAdeviyoM kI prAkRtiyA~ haiM aura Upara ke bhAga meM alaMkRtiyoM kI do tIna paMktiyA~ haiM jinameM tIrthaMkara-AkRtiyA~ bhI utkIrNa haiM / garbhagRha kucha nimna stara para hai aura usameM zAMtinAtha, kuMthunAtha tathA aranAtha kI kAle patthara kI tIna digaMbara jaina pratimAe~ pratiSThita haiN| unheM unake apane cihnoM se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai (citra 178) / gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI kalacuri-zailI kI sarvottama paraMparA meM utkIrNa una sajIva mUrtiyoM kI tulanA meM, jo maMdira para dikhAI detI haiM, tIrthaMkaroM kI ye pratiSThita mUrtiyA~ kaThora aura niSprANa jAna par3atI haiM tathA spaSTataH ye eka yA do zatAbdI pazcAta nirmita kI gayI haiN| kRSNadeva cAhate hai jinheM sAta dinoM pUrva sUcanA se gI ko sakA pariNAma yaha huyA hai ki yaha sarvajaNa mAtA isa adhyAya meM lekhaka ne jaina smArakoM ke kevala tIna hI samUhoM-khajurAho, Una aura pAraMga-ko apane lekha kA viSaya banAyA hai, yadyapi unase yaha anurodha kiyA gayA thA ki vivecya avadhi meM ve pUre madhya bhArata kA apane lekha meM samAveza kreN| durbhAgya se unheM isa kamI ko pUrA karane ke lie aura adhika samaya de sakanA saMbhava nahIM huA, jaisA ki ve cAhate the (unheM bahuta dinoM pUrva sUcanA dI gayI thii)| isakA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki yaha sarvekSaNa bahuta-kucha adhUrA raha gayA hai aura isa kSetra meM unake vistRta jJAna ke lAbha se hama vaMcita raha gaye haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki ukta pradeza aura avadhi ke isa samaya upalabdha jaina maMdira saMkhyA meM adhika nahIM haiM, phira bhI ukta pradeza aura avadhi kI aneka jaina mUrtiyA~ samUha-rUpa meM yA alaga-alaga sarvatra bikharI par3I haiM / ina mUrtiyoM 300

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adhyAya 22 ] madhya bhArata se yaha to avazya hI sUcita hotA hai ki ve jahA~ pAyI gayI haiM vahA~ prApti-kAla se bhI pahale se ve vidyamAna rahI haiM / isa prakAra ke adhika mahattvapUrNa keMdra itane adhika haiM ki unakA vistAra se varNana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jo bhI ho, kacchapaghAta kSetra meM zivapurI kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| vahA~ se prApta mUrtiyoM ko eka saMgrahAlaya meM ekatra kiyA gayA hai, usakI carcA tIsare bhAga meM kI jaayegii| uttara meM lalitapura jile meM cA~dapura hai jahA~ bahuta-sI mUrtiyA~ prApta haiM; jinameM se eka, navagraha-zilA, kA citra yahA~ diyA gayA hai (citra 179) / TIkamagar3ha jile meM mahAra meM saMgRhIta cakrezvarI devI kI eka mUrti usI kSetra se prApta apane prakAra kI eka anokhI madhyayugIna nidhi hai| __ jina mUrtiyoM para tithi kA nirdeza hai unameM jabalapura jile ke bahurI-baMda nAmaka sthAna kI lagabhaga pAMca mITara UMcI tIrthaMkara zAMtinAtha kI eka kAyotsarga vizAla pratimA hai| yaha mUrti kalacuri zAsaka gayAkarNa ke zAsanakAla kI hai aura usapara maMdira meM usakI pratiSThA kI tithi kA ullekha hai| isa avasara kA upayoga kalacuri kSetra ke sivAnI jile ke lakhanAdona nAmaka sthAna se prApta tIrthaMkaroM kI do mUrtiyoM ke citra (citra 181 ka aura kha) prakAzita karane ke lie kiyA jA rahA hai| pazcima meM kucha aura dUrI para paramAra pradeza meM sthita devAsa jile ke gaMdhAvala nAmaka sthAna se anya jaina pratimAoM ke sAtha prApta cakrezvarI-mUrti kA citra bhI yahA~ prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai (citra 182 ka) yadyapi vaha kucha kAla pahale kI ho sakatI hai| dekhie prathama bhAga meM pRSTha 177 evaM citra 98 kha / bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa, keMdrIya maNDala, bhopAla ke upanirIkSaka purAtattvavid zrI bI. ela. nAgArca ne saMpAdaka kA dhyAna pUrvI nimAr3a jile ke mAMdhAtA nAmaka sthAna se prApta 14 seNTImITara UMcI aura hAla hI meM prApta eka pItala kI mUrti (citra 182 kha) kI ora AkarSita kiyA hai| eka prAsanastha tIrthaMkara kI keMdrIya AkRti koTara meM nahIM hai; anyathA vidyAdharoM, eka yakSa, eka puruSa camaradhArI aura zraddhAlu nara-nArI se yukta yaha eka saMpUrNa mUrti hai / usake pRSThabhAga para vikrama saMvat 1241 (1184 I0) kA eka abhilekha hai-saMpAdaka.] NARAWAANWIR VINO 301

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adhyAya 23 pazcima bhArata caulukya - maMdira 1 caulukya ( solaMkI) sthApatya uttara bhArata ko sabase samRddha aisI prAdezika zailI kA pratinidhitva karatA hai jisakI apanI spaSTa vizeSatAe~ haiN| caulukya vaMza ke zaktizAlI zAsakoM ke samRddhipUrNa zAsanakAla meM pazcimI bhArata meM, maMdira - nirmANa meM sabase adhika pragati huI kyoMki isa caulukyazailI ko ina zAsakoM kA Azraya prApta thA / caulukya zailI ke maMdira meM ve sabhI Avazyaka aMga pAye jAte haiM jo kisI uttara-bhAratIya maMdira meM dekhane ko milate haiM / usake vinyAsa meM garbhagRha, gUr3ha maNDapa aura mukha maNDapa hote haiM jo bAhara aura bhItara eka-dUsare se jur3e hote haiM / inakI sAmane kI dIvAroM kA tAratamya aneka aise khA~coM yA kaTAvoM dvArA hI TUTatA hai jo krama se bAhara nikale hue yA aMdara dha~se hue hote haiM / inake phalasvarUpa eka aisA citra-vicitra rUpAMkana hamAre sAmane AtA hai jisameM prakAza aura chAyA kA aMtara darzAyA gayA hai / kucha bar3e maMdiroM meM, usI rekhA meM, eka aisA sabhA maNDapa bhI aura jor3a diyA gayA hotA hai jisake sammukha bhAga meM toraNa kA nirmANa kiyA gayA ho| aise maMdiroM kI saMkhyA bahuta kama hai jinameM sabhA maNDapa ke eka se adhika talle hoM / jahA~ taka rUpa-yojanA kA prazna hai, caulukya zailI ke maMdira meM pITha, vedI-baMdha aura jaMghA -- jinheM sAmUhika rUpa se maNDovara, varaNDikA aura zikhara kahA jAtA hai-jaise sabhI sAmAnya bhAga pAye jAte haiM aura ye sabhI bhAga, jinameM sajjA - vastue~ tathA sajAvaTI alaMkaraNa sammilita haiM, paraMparA dvArA eka nizcita krama meM nirmita kiye gaye hote haiM / isa zailI ke eka viziSTa maMdira meM jADyakuMbha, kaNikA aura grAsa-paTTI ke pITha kI sajjA- vastue~ aise gajathara aura narathara dvArA mahattvAbhilASI saMkalpanAoM meM prAcchAdita haiM jinake bIca azvathara kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hotA / pAraMparika bedI-baMdha-sajjA ke Upara jaMghA hotI hai jisakA alaMkaraNa bAhara nikalI huI devI-devatAoM aura apsarAoM tathA bhItara kI ora banAyI gayI apsarAnoM, vyAloM yA tapasviyoM kI mUrtiyoM ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai / jaMghA kI AcchAdanakArI sajjA - vastue~ evaM alaMkaraNa tathA varaNDikA jisameM udgama, bharaNI, kapota aura puSpa-kaNTha sammilita haiM, eka nizcita namUne ke anurUpa haiM / eka suspaSTa kUTa 1 isa nibandha ko likhane meM lekhaka ko zrI ema. e. DhAkI se udAra sahAyatA prApta huI hai. 302

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adhyAya 23 ] pazcima bhArata chAdya varaNDikA ko usa zikhara se pRthak karatI hai jo aMkana meM rAjasthAnI maMdiroM kI bhA~ti hotA hai| eka sUnirmita maMdira ke maNDapa para chata kI eka aisI vibhedaka racanA dikhAI detI hai jise saMvaraNa kahA jAtA hai aura jisakI stUpAkAra racanA meM karNavat choTI-choTI chateM hotI haiM jinake Upara ghaNTe bane hote haiN| caulakya-maMdira kI bhItarI vyavasthA meM bhI kucha apanI vizeSatAe~ dikhAI detI haiN| unake maNDapoM kI banAvaTa paristaMbhIya hai aura unake staMbhoM para eka nizcita kramAnusAra prAkRtiyoM tathA anya sajjA-racanA dvArA vizeSa alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| maNDapoM meM staMbhoM kA eka aSTakoNIya vinyAsa dikhAI detA hai aura inase bar3I saMkalpanAoM meM pramukha staMbhoM ke Ara-pAra alaMkRta toraNoM kI yojanA kI gayI hai| maNDapa kI gaMbadAkAra chata kA AdhAra aisI toraNa-sajjA kA eka aSTakoNIya DhAMcA hai jo staMbhoM para TikI hai aura jisake kama hote jAnevAle sakeMdrika valaya aMta meM jAkara eka ati suMdara keMdrIya lolaka (padmazilA) kA nirmANa karate haiM / maNDapa ke vakrabhAga aura mukha-maNDapa kI sajjA alaMkRta vedikAmoM se kI gayI hai| isa prakAra bAhya sajjA kI dRSTi se caulukya-maMdira sAmAnyata: uttarI pradezoM ke maMdiroM ke samAna haiM kintu apane bhItarI bhAga ke pracura alaMkaraNa aura atyaMta suMdara banAvaTa meM ve advitIya haiM / vikasita caulukya-zailI ke jaina maMdira meM eka garbhagRha, pAzvika vakrabhAga-yukta, eka gar3ha-maNDapa, chaha yA nau caukiyoMvAlA eka staMbha-yukta mukha-maNDapa tathA sAmane kI ora eka paristaMbhIya nRtya-maNDapa hote haiN| ye saba eka catuSkoNa meM hote haiM jisake AsapAsa devakulikAeM hotI haiM, jinake sAmane bhramatI ke eka yA kabhI-kabhI do khaNDaka hote haiM / staMbha-yukta mukha-maNDapa kA chaha yA nau khaNDakoM meM vistAra tathA usake AsapAsa bhramatI-yukta devakulikAoM kA sammilita kiyA jAnA--ye donoM hI parikalpanAe~ caulukya-nirmANa-zailI meM jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM kA vizeSa yogadAna haiN| isa bAta ke sAhityika pramANa milate haiM ki gujarAta meM pAThavIM zatAbdI se hI jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa hotA rahA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki vanarAja cApotkaTa ne vanarAja-vihAra nAmaka paMcasArapArzvanAtha-maMdira aura usake maMtrI ninnaya ne, jo vimala kA pUrvaja thA, eka RSabhanAtha-maMdira pATana anhilavAr3a meM vidyAdhara gaccha ke lie 742 I0 ke kucha hI samaya bAda banavAye the| jo bhI ho, ina maMdiroM ke avazeSa nahIM milate / pazcimI bhArata meM isa samaya jo sabase prAcIna jaina maMdira hai, vaha hai daNDanAyaka vimala dvArA 1032 I0 meM AbU para banavAyA gayA AdinAtha kA saMgamaramara kA prasiddha maMdira, jo vimala-vasahI ke nAma se prasiddha hai (citra 183 se 188) / yaha eka saMyoga kI bAta hai ki vaha caulukya-zailI ke prAcIna 1 prazAsana kI dRSTi se yadyapi mAuNTa AbU aba rAjasthAna meM hai tadyapi maMdira-sthApatya kI dRSTi se vaha gujarAta kA hI bhAga hai. 303

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 namUnoM meM se eka hai| kevala usake garbhagRha, gar3ha-maNDapa aura trika-maNDapa (jise loga navacaukI kahate haiM) hI mUla bhAga haiN| usake zeSa bhAga bArahavIM zatAbdI meM jor3e gaye haiN| usake trika-maNDapa kA atyaMta suMdara alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isa maNDapa ke staMbha moDherA sthita sUrya-maMdira se bahuta milate haiN| yahI sthiti usakI kSipta-prakAra kI eka chata kI hai| usake do khaTraka gujarAta meM apane DhaMga ke sabase prAcIna khaTTaka haiN| isI zailI kA eka aura jaina maMdira mahAvIra kA saMgamaramara-nirmita maMdira hai jo 1062 I0 meM kuMbhariyA (prAcIna ArAsaNa) meM banAyA gayA thA jahA~ eka zaiva maMdira ke atirikta cAra anya jaina maMdira bhI vidyamAna haiN| eka vistRta jagatI para nirmita isa maMdira meM haiM--garbhagRha, gar3ha-maNDapa, trikamaNDapa, raMga-maNDapa jisake donoM ora ATha devakulikAeM haiM aura jisake sAmane tIna devaliyA~ tathA eka valANaka haiM / ye saba eka prAkAra ke bhItara haiM / jagatI ke pUrvI sire para eka choTe AkAra ke samavasaraNa kI racanA hai jisapara saMvaraNa-chata hai| garbhagRha ke Upara ikkIsa aNDakoM kA eka suMdara zikhara hai| gUr3ha-maNDapa saMvaraNa-chata se yukta hai jo sANDera ke zaiva maMdira se milatI-julatI hai| maMdira kA bhItarI bhAga bahuta suMdara DhaMga se alaMkRta hai aura anupAta tathA saMkalpanA-ekalana meM AbU ke vimalamaMdira se bhI bar3ha-car3hakara hai| trika-maNDapa apane anupAta aura sUkSma sauMdarya ke kAraNa bejor3a hai| usa kI do keMdrIya chateM to sthApatya kI anupama kRtiyA~ haiN| kuMbhariyA sthita zAMtinAtha-maMdira, jise lagabhaga 1082 I0 kA kahA jA sakatA hai, ke vinyAsa aura racanA meM kucha phera-badala ke sAtha mahAvIra-maMdira kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai| yaha eka saMpUrNa caturvizati jinAlaya hai jisameM pUrva aura pazcima, donoM dizAoM meM pATha devakulikAeM haiM tathA raMgamaNDapa ke praveza-sthala ke donoM ora cAra devaliyA~ haiN| mahAvIra-maMdira se isameM aMtara yaha hai ki ukta maMdira meM trika meM tIna catuSkiyA~ aura eka prAggrIva haiM jabaki isa maMdira ke trika meM chaha catuSkiyA~ haiM aura isake khaTTakoM kA bahuta suMdara alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| jagatI ke dakSiNa-pazcimI kone meM eka choTA pUjAsthala hai jisameM caturmukha naMdIzvara-dvIpa kI racanA hai| gar3ha-maNDapa meM mahAvIra ke maMdira kI apekSA sAdI saMvaraNA hai aura usameM avazeSI phA~sanA ke cihna bhI nahIM haiN| ukta maMdira se paravartI kAla kA kuMbhariyA sthita pArzvanAtha-maMdira hai jo ki siddharAja jayasiMha (1064-1144 I0) ke zAsanakAla kA hai| yaha mahAvIra aura zAMtinAtha-maMdiroM kI apekSA kucha bar3A hai| isakA mukha bhI uttara kI ora hai tathA usameM raMga-maNDapa ke pUrva aura pazcima meM nau devakulikAeM haiM tathA isI prakAra praveza-dvAra ke donoM ora tIna devakulikAeM haiN| isa maMdira meM sopAnamArga ke Upara eka nAla-maNDapa hai, jo bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| isameM raMga-maNDapa aura trika-maNDapa tathA bIca kI do devakulikAnoM ke sAmane ke staMbhoM ko bar3I uttamatApUrvaka alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| trika-maNDapa kA vinyAsa mahAvIra-maMdira jaisA hI hai kintu usake do staMbha eka ati suMdara toraNa ko AdhAra dete haiN| isa maMdira ke sabase prAcIna zilAlekha ke AdhAra para isa maMdira kA kAla 1105 I0 nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| 304

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adhyAya 231 pazcima bhArata mAuNTa AbU -- vimala-basahI maMdira, raMga-maNDapa kI chata citra 183

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [bhAga 5 TV mAuNTa AbU - vimala-vasahI maMdira, raMgamaNDapa ke staMbhoM para toraNa citra 184 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 23]] pazcima bhArata THE M ORRON Mil TH SHARMA RAHIRALETTE PARTMENT 180900 lAmA JENDRA99928322 ANATANI mAuNTa AbU - vimala-vasahI maMdira kA eka pravezadvAra citra 185 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 (ka) mAuNTa AbU - vimala-vasahI maMdira, mukhamaNDapa kI chata meM kAliyA-damana (kha) mAuNTa AbU-vimala-vasahI maMdira, mukhamaNDapa kI chata meM narasiMha citra 186 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 23] pazcima bhArata (ka) mAuNTa AbU -- vimala-vasahI maMdira, maNDapa kI stUpI para yakSI aMbikA (kha) mAuNTa pAbU -- vimala-vasahI maMdira, raMgamaNDapa kI stUpI para yakSI mUrti citra 187 For Privale & Personal Use Only

Page #184
vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 HEERO STARJETDADAJDHANE DoOFZOOOK mAuNTa AbU - vimala-vasahI maMdira, mukhamaNDapa citra 188 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 23] pazcima bhArata BEATALA Antan S Satisahiti USTATESTihat kuMbhAriyA - neminAtha-maMdira, bahirbhAga kA aAMzika dRzya citra 189

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 mAuNTa AbU -- lUNa-vasahI maMdira, raMgamaNDapa kI chata citra 190

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adhyAya 23 ] pazcima bhArata SHWAR MAHARAMRAVAN NOKARANIDANCE mAuNTa AbU - lUNa-vasahI maMdira, nava-caukI ke staMbha citra 191 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 Mumoday 4LUTSHATA NOVE SEENET mAuNTa AbU - lUNa-vasahI maMdira, chajjA citra 192

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adhyAya 23 ] mAuNTa AbU SE citra 193 lUNa barAhI maMdira bIdhi kI chata para pariSTanemi ke jIvana ke dRzyAMkana 12 JA pazcima bhArata

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 mAuNTa AbU - lUNa-vasahI maMdira, vIthi kI chata para samavasaraNa, dvArikA tathA giranAra tIrtha ke dRzyA~kana citra 194 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 23] pazcima bhArata (ka) mAuNTa AbU - vimala-vasahI maMdira, sabhA-maNDapa kI chata para vidyAdevI mAnavI (kha) mAuNTa AbU - vimala-vasahI maMdira, sabhA-maNDapa kI chata para vidyAdevI mahAmAnasI citra 195 For Privale & Personal Use Only

Page #192
vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 COD XXX o kuMbhAriyA mahAvIra maMdira, tIrthaMkaroM ke mAtA-pitA aura pArzvanAtha ke jIvana-dRzya citra 196 KK Fo [ bhAga 5 .

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adhyAya 23 ] pazcima bhArata mAuNTa pAbU-vimala-vasahI maMdira, eka chata para mahAvidyA vajrAMkuzI kA aMkana citra 197

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 (ka) mAuNTa AbU - vimala-vasahI maMdira, apsarA mUrti (kha) varAvana -tIrthakara mUrti (priMsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya) citra 198 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 23] pazcima bhArata mAsudhagadhADa-gAma giranAlI MarmAmalA-sAyAtrAmAhAnAmA maMgalamadAyIUR saMbhAla - eka dAnI-dampati citra 199 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 11 savisAyavadika saraHsAna kA mahilA malaya sakI umApana varAvana sAideva citra 200 sAmAnamA sapanA sa [ bhAga 5

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adhyAya 23 ] DAVAVA AU mAuNTa AbU lUNa vasahI maMdira, hastizAlA meM vastupAla aura usakI patniyA~ citra 201 pazcima bhArata

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 vAva - tIrthaMkara kI kAMsya-mUrti citra 202

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adhyAya 23 ] pazcima bhArata san 1116 meM daNDanAyaka kapardina ne pATana meM eka jaina maMdira kA nirmANa kraayaa| usake maMtrI udayana ne sImaMdhara kA eka maMdira dholakA meM banavAyA thA jisakI pratiSThA vAdideva-sUri ne kI thii| udayana ne khaMbhAta meM udayana-vihAra kA bhI nirmANa karAyA thaa| zreSThI dhavala ne bhI dholakA meM 1137 IsavI meM muni-sUvrata-maMdira banavAyA thaa| hemacaMdra ke dvayAzraya-kAvya meM yaha varNita hai ki siddharAja nareza ne siddhapura meM mahAvIra ke eka maMdira kA nirmANa karAyA thA jisakA ullekha somaprabhAcArya ke kumArapAla-pratibodha meM siddha-vihAra ke rUpa meM huA hai / san 1142 meM vAdideva-sUri dvArA pratiSThita yaha maMdira eka caturmukha maMdira thA jo rAya-vihAra ke nAma se bhI prasiddha thA tathA vahI Age calakara raNakapura ke prasiddha dharaNI-vihAra ke lie anukaraNa kI vastu bnaa| siddharAja ke zAsanakAla ke uttarArdha meM nirmita kaMbhariyA sthita neminAtha-maMdira meM pUrNataH alaMkRta talaghara aura jaMghA haiM (citra 186) / trika-maNDapa, jisameM dasa catuSkiyA~ aura tIna sopAna-krama haiM, AbU ke namUnoM se milatA-julatA hai| raMga-maNDapa meM do talle haiM aura usake anupAta AkarSaka haiN| raMga-maNDapa, trika-maNDapa aura nAla-maNDapa ke staMbha bahuta alaMkRta haiM aura ve prAba sthita vimala-vasahI ke raMga-maNDapa ke staMbhoM-jaise haiN| siddharAja ke zAsanakAla ke uttarArdha meM nirmita sejakapura sthita eka choTA-sA jaina maMdira, jisameM garbhagRha, gar3ha-maNDapa aura trika-maNDapa the, eka alaMkRta aura suMdara anupAta meM nirmita bhavana thA kintu hAla hI ke varSoM meM vaha lagabhaga dhvasta ho gayA hai| daNDanAyaka sajjana dvArA banAyA gayA giranAra parvata para sthita neminAtha-maMdira bhI isI kAla kA eka sAMdhAra-prAsAda hai jisameM chajjA-yukta jAlIdAra khir3akiyA~ haiN| usake talaghara meM kucha hI sajjA-vastueM haiM aura maMdira ke AkAra ko dekhate hue usakI jaMghA bhI bahuta choTI hai| gUr3ha-maNDapa devAlaya se thor3A bar3A hai kintu devAlaya kA palastara bahuta nimna koTi kA hai, usake trika-maNDapa ke sthAna se Age calakara eka maNDapa banAyA gayA hai, jisake dvAra-mArga choTe haiN| siddharAja kA uttarAdhikArI rAjA kumArapAla (1144-74 I0) maMdira-nirmAtA ke rUpa meM siddharAja se bhI Age nikala gyaa| usane aneka jaina aura brAhmaNya maMdiroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| kahA jAtA hai ki usane apane vigata jIvana meM mAMsAhArI rahane, jisameM prANiyoM kA vadha bhI hotA thA, ke pazcAttApa ke rUpa meM battIsa jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karavAyA thaa| pATana meM usane pArzvanAtha-adhiSThita, caubIsa devakUlikAoM se yukta kumAra-vihAra kA nirmANa kraayaa| usane giranAra, zatrujaya, prabhAsa, AbU aura khaMbhAta-jaise pavitra sthAnoM tathA tharar3a, Idara, jAlaura, dIva tathA maMgarola-jaise nagaroM meM kumAra-bihAra banavAye / usane 1160 I0 meM apane pitA tribhuvanapAla kI smRti meM tribhuvana-vihAra kA nirmANa karAyA aura usameM neminAtha kI pratimA sthApita karAyI, jisameM bahattara devakulikAe~ 305

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 aura eka tri-vihAra thaa| apane guru hemacaMdra ke janmasthAna dhaMdhukA meM usane 1163 I0 meM bholikA-vihAra kA nirmANa kraayaa| ukta rAjA ke jaina maMtriyoM ne jo maMdira banavAye, unameM nimnalikhita ullekhanIya haiM--AbU parvata para vimala-vasahI ke sAmane pRthvIpAla dvArA nirmita maNDapa tathA pATana kA vanarAja-vihAra evaM kavi zrIpAla ke putra siddhapAla dvArA pATana meM nirmita siddhpaal-vstii| maMtrI amarabhaTTa ne 1166 I. meM bhaDauMca ke prAcIna zakunikA-vihAra ke sthAna para eka suMdara nayA maMdira banavA diyA jisa prakAra usake bhAI vAgbhaTTa ne 1155-57 I0 meM zatrujaya sthita eka prAcIna AdinAtha-maMdira ke sthAna para nayA maMdira banavAyA thaa| kumArapAla ke zAsanakAla ke jaina bhavanoM meM sabase gauravapUrNa sthAna usa nRtya-maNDapa ko prApta hai jise maMtrI pRthvIpAla ne lagabhaga 1150 I0 meM AbU parvata para sthita vimala-vasahI meM jor3A thaa| maNDapa ko jor3anevAle galiyAre kI kucha chateM to sacamuca hI sthApatya kI sarvotkRSTa kRtiyA~ haiN| maNDapa ke bIca kI chata, jisakA vyAsa 7 mITara se kucha adhika hai, gujarAta meM isa taraha kI bar3I chatoM meM sabase bar3I hai kintu usakA madhya lolaka (padmazilA) anupAta meM kucha choTA hai; yadyapi kalAkAritA aura sauMdarya meM apratima hai| isI prakAra, isa bhavya chata ko avalaMba denevAle atyadhika alaMkRta staMbha 1 se 1 mITara taka choTe haiM, jisake kAraNa isa suMdara chata kA samagra prabhAva acchA nahIM pdd'taa| vaise to kumArapAla dvArA nirmita adhikAMza maMdira yA to naSTa ho gaye yA kSatigrasta ho gaye haiM, kintu phira bhI usake dvArA nirmita sabase bar3A bhavana arthAt tAraMga kA 1165 I0 meM banAyA gayA ajitanAtha-maMdira Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| vaha sAMdhAra-prakAra kA eka meru-prAsAda hai, jisameM pradakSiNApatha-yukta eka garbhagRha aura chajjA-yukta jAlIdAra tIna khir3akiyA~ haiM, kintu usake pahale gUr3ha-maNDapa banA huA hai| isa vizAla maNDapa ke keMdrIya aSTakoNa ke staMbha U~ce haiM aura alaMkRta chata ko avalaMba dete haiN| isa chata kA vyAsa lagabhaga 8 mITara hai aura usake bIca meM eka vizAla lolaka hai| itanA bar3A prAkAra hone para bhI, yaha bhavana zobhAhIna lagatA hai| vaha anAkarSaka hai, kyoMki usakA anupAta ThIka nahIM hai, aura usake vibhinna bhAgoM meM asaMtulana hai| usakA talaghara usakI kula U~cAI ko dekhate hue bahuta choTA hai, jabaki usake sabhI staMbha, vizeSa rUpa se usake vizAla maNDapa ke staMbha, UMce aura sAde haiN| isa kAraNa usakA DhA~cA anAkarSaka ho jAtA hai| isake atirikta usake bhadra-chajje yatheSTa caur3e haiM, jabaki usakI saMvaraNa-chata ke ghaNTe ThIka anupAta meM na hone ke kAraNa choTe lagate haiN| ghumalI kA pArzvanAtha-maMdira, jisakA aba kevala maNDapa hI zeSa raha gayA hai, zailI kI dRSTi se isI sthAna ke adhika vikhyAta navalakhA-maMdira-jaisA hai aura ukta maMdira kI hI bhAMti bArahavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima bhAga kA hai| 306

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adhyAya 23 ] pazcima bhArata san 1220 ke AsapAsa, rAjanItika sattA vastuta: caulukyoM se bagheloM ke hAthoM meM calI gyii| bagheloM ke maMtrI vastupAla aura tejapAla bhAratIya kalA ke itihAsa meM mahAnatama nirmAtA the| ina do prasiddha baMdhoM ne pacAsa se bhI adhika maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA aura unake dvArA jIrNoddhAra karAye gaye yA navIna rUpa pradAna kiye gaye maMdiroM kI saMkhyA to Azcaryajanaka hai| vastupAla ne giranAra parvata para vastupAla-vihAra aura pArzvanAtha-maMdira, zatrujaya para iMdra-maNDapa aura chaha anya maMdira, DholakA meM AdinAtha-maMdira aura prabhAsa meM aSTApada-prAsAda kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| usake bhAI tejapAla ne pATana aura jUnAgar3ha meM AsarAja-vihAra, DholakA meM neminAtha-maMdira, prabhAsa meM AdinAtha-maMdira tathA apanI mAtA ke puNyArjana ke lie khaMbhAta aura damoha meM bhavya maMdiroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| AbU parvata para prasiddha neminAtha-maMdira banavAne ke atirikta usane tharar3a, karNAvatI, godharA, pAvAgar3ha tathA navasArI meM maMdira bnvaaye| kintu ina mahAna nirmAtAoM ke bahuta kama maMdira isa samaya bace raha gaye haiN| giranAra sthita vastupAla-vihAra (1231 I0) kA pAzvika gUr3ha-maNDapa, jisameM sammedazikhara aura aSTApada kI racanA hai, vinyAsa aura bAharI sajjA kI dRSTi se sacamuca hI bhavya hai; yadyapi usakI aneka chateM naSTa ho cukI haiM aura maNDapoM kI bhItarI chatoM kA paMdrahavIM zatAbdI meM jIrNoddhAra hA hai| san 1231 meM AbU parvata para tejapAla dvArA banavAyA gayA neminAtha kA saMgamaramara kA prasiddha maMdira, jo lUNa-vasahI (citra 160-194) ke nAma se adhika vikhyAta hai, vastuta: adhika surakSita raha sakA hai| vimala-vasahI ke samAna usake garbhagRha aura gUr3ha-maNDapa sAde haiM aura una para phAMsanAchateM haiN| natya-maNDapa kI sarpAkAra vaMdanamAlikAe~ tathA atyaMta manorama padmazilA se yukta usakI chata sarvAdhika prabhAvakArI hai| trika ke donoM khaTTaka bhI bhavya haiM tathA alaMkaraNa kI utkRSTatA jatAte haiN| san 1231 meM hI nirmita kuMbhariyA sthita saMbhavanAtha-maMdira apekSAkRta sAdhAraNa hai tathA usameM pariveSTanakArI devakUlikAe~ nahIM haiN| isa maMdira meM eka garbhagRha, pAzvika pravezamArga-yUkta gUDha-maNDapa, aura eka sabhA-maNDapa eka prAkAra meM haiN| usake zikhara para jAliyoM kA alaMkaraNa tathA gUr3ha-maNDapa--jisa para pAbU sthita tejapAla-maMdira-jaise zikharoM aura maNDapoM ke rUpAMkana haiM--kA dvAra-mArga usake samaya aura zailI kA AbhAsa de dete haiN| sarotrA sthita saMgamaramara kA jaina maMdira jisameM garbhagRha, gUr3ha-maNDapa tathA bAvana devakulikAe~ haiM, terahavIM zatAbdI ke prathama ardhabhAga ke eka suniyojita jaina maMdira kA sarvottama udAharaNa hai| tejapAla aura vastupAla dvArA DAlI gayI paropakArapUrNa paraMparAoM ko agalI pIr3hI meM bhadrAvatI ke jagadazA tathA mANDa ke peThaDa ne banAye rkhaa| aneka jaina aura brAhmaNya maMdiroM ko 307

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 navIna rUpa pradAna karane ke atirikta, jagadUzA ne ye maMdira banavAye : DhAMkA meM eka maMdira RSabhanAtha kA, caubIsa devakulikAoM yukta eka maMdira vaDhavana meM, zatrujaya para eka maMdira, aura bAvana devakulikAoM se yukta eka maMdira sevar3I (1250-70 I0) meM / mANDu ke peThaDa ko yaha zreya diyA jAtA hai ki usane mahattvapUrNa jaina keMdroM meM, jinameM zatrujaya, prabhAsa, DholakA aura salakSaNapUra bhI sammilita haiM, san 1264 ke AsapAsa caurAsI jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| . ___jaina samAja ne caulukya kalA aura sthApatya kI unnati meM jo yogadAna kiyA usakI atiraMjanA nahIM kI jA sktii| isa samaya jo caulukyakAlIna maMdira vidyamAna haiM unameM se lagabhaga cAlIsa pratizata jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM ke haiM aura unameM bhI sthApatya kI dRSTi se vizAla AkAra ke kama se kama sATha pratizata maMdira jaina saMrakSaNa ke pariNAma haiN| pazcima bhArata meM sAhitya aura saMskRti kA sAmAnya rUpa se aura nirmANa-kalA kA vizeSa rUpa se jo pracura vikAsa huA usakA adhikAMza zreya jaina muniyoM ke niHsvArtha evaM preraka netRtva aura jaina vyavasAyiyoM tathA una dAnavIroM ke udAra saMrakSaNa ko hai jinameM vastupAla, tejapAla, jagadUzA tathA peThaDa-jaise prasiddha puruSoM kI gaNanA hotI hai / rAjanItika svAdhInatA nahIM raha jAne aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa rAjya kA saMrakSaNa nahIM mila pAne para bhI yadi caulukya-kalA aura sthApatya kA hrAsa nahIM huA to isakA adhikAMza zreya usa jaina samAja ko milanA cAhie jisane isa jyoti ko prajjvalita rakhA aura udAratApUrvaka mUrtikAroM, citrakAroM tathA vAstukAroM ko saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyA evaM unheM bhavya aura pavitra nirmANa-kAryoM meM lagAye rkhaa| aise nirmANa kAryoM meM se eka udAharaNa raNakapura sthita vaha dharaNI-vihAra hai jisakA nirmANa bAda meM 1436 I0 meM haA thA aura jo caulukya-nirmANa-zailI kI zreSThatA aura utkRSTatA kA eka taraha se sAra hI hai| kRSNadeva 1 [dekhie abhyAya 28-saMpAdaka.] 2 [san 1000 se 1300 I0 (adhyAya 22) kI avadhi meM madhya bhArata kI sthiti ke anurUpa hI, lekhaka ne isa adhyAya meM apane viSaya ko colukya-zailI ke maMdiroM taka hI sImita rakhA hai| mAravAr3a kSetra ke jaina maMdiroM ke lie dekhie-ema. e. DhAkI, 'arlI jaina Tempalsa ina vesTanaM iNDiyA', golDena jubilI vaoNlyUma, zrI mahAvIra bana vidyAlaya, khaNDa 1, baMbaI, 1968, jisameM nimnalikhita maMdiroM kA bahuta acchA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prosiyAghanerAmo (donoM ke lie dekhie adhyAya 17) aura varmana sthita mahAvIra-maMdira, pAli kA navalakhA pArzvanAthamaMdira, sevar3I sthita mahAvIra kA maMdira, nadalAi kA prAdinAtha-maMdira, sAdar3I kA pArzvanAtha-maMdira tathA nAdaula-prAcIna naddula, jahA~ cAhamAna-vaMza kI eka zAkhA kI rAjadhAnI thI--kA maMdira-samUha : ina sabhI ko DhAkI ne mAru-gurjara zailI kA batAyA hai| inameM se kucha maMdiroM evaM kucha anya maMdiroM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa propresa riporTa sa paoNfa di prAyaoNlaoNjikala sarve praoNfa iNDiyA, 1908-09, tathA usase mAge kI riporToM meM bhI diyA gayA hai--saMpAdaka.] 308

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adhyAya 23 ] pazcima bhArata mUrtikalA jaina mUrtikalA ke vikAsa-krama meM caulukya-yuga sarvAdhika unnati kA yuga hai| jaina saMrakSaNa meM kalA aura sthApatya kI kucha sarvotkRSTa evaM anupama kRtiyoM ke nirmANa ke lie bhI vaha prasiddha hai| ukta yUga se pahale, chaThI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga madhya bhAga se, tIrthaMkara-pratimA ke pAdapITha para yA usake pAsa eka zAsanadevatA-yugala (yakSa aura yakSiNI) kA aMkana prAraMbha ho gayA thaa| isa yugala meM do bhujAoMvAlA kubera-jaisA yakSa hotA thA jise sarvAnubhUti yA sarvAha kahA jAtA thaa| usake hAthoM meM eka bijaurA tathA rupayoM kI thailI aMkita kI jAtI thii| do hAthoMvAlI yakSiNI aMbikA ke dAhine hAtha meM sAmAnyata: pAmraguccha hotA thA aura vaha apane bAyeM hAtha se apanI bAyIM goda ke eka zizu ko sa~bhAle hae hotI thii| yaha yugala sabhI caubIsoM tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM ke sAtha aMkita kiyA jAtA thA / Age calakara, saMbhavata: dasavIM zatAbdI ke aMta meM, pazcima bhArata ke jaina maMdiroM meM pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke alaga-alaga zAsanadevatA aMkita kiye jAne lage, jinakI sUcI triSaSTi-zalAkA-puruSa-carita, nirvANa-kalikA, abhidhAna-ciMtAmaNi Adi meM upalabdha hotI hai| kintu pUrvokta yugala kA citraNa bhI bahuta samaya taka hotA rahA jaisA ki AbU parvata para sthita vimala-vasahI kI kucha devakulikAoM tathA kuMbhariyA sthita maMdiroM se spaSTa hai| pUrvakAla kI do bhujAoMvAlI aMbikA ke do hAtha aura aMkita kiye gaye jisameM use Amraguccha liye hue darzAyA gayA / jo bhI ho isameM adhika mahattva kI bAta yaha hai ki maMdiroM kI dIvAroM para dikpAla kI prAkRtiyoM ke aMkana kA calana adhika ho gayA aura brAhmaNya prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa vimala-vasahI kI bhramatI kI chatoM para saptamAtRkA-AkRtiyoM kA aMkana prAraMbha huaa| maMdira ke ina bhAgoM kA samaya bArahavIM zatAbdI aura kucha kA terahavIM zatAbdI bhI hai| staMbhoM tathA mukhya devAlaya ke garbhagRhoM ke dvAroM kI caukhaToM aura bhramatiyoM kI devakulikAnoM yA koSThoM kA alaMkaraNa yakSiNiyoM, vidyAdeviyoM Adi ke aMkana dvArA kiyA gyaa| vidyAdeviyoM ke aMkana kA calana aba bhI adhika thA kintu bar3e-bar3e maMdiroM ko chor3akara anya maMdiroM meM unakA aMkana isa avadhi ke aMta meM kama ho gayA / saubhAgya se, solaha mahAdeviyoM kA pUrA samUha (tulanA kIjiemAnavI aura mahAmAnasI, citra 165 ka aura kha) aba hameM vimala-vasahI ke raMga-maNDapa meM prApta hai jisakA kumArapAla ke maMtrI pRthvIpAla ne kumArapAla ke zAsana ke pUrvabhAga meM pUrNa jIrNoddhAra karAyA thaa| inake atirikta, isa maNDapa meM brahma-zAMti yakSa aura zUlapANi (kapaddina ?) kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / isameM saMdeha nahIM ki ye brAhmaNya mUla kI haiN| ye mUrtiyA~ jaina devakula meM brAhmaNya devI-devatAoM ko gauNa sthiti meM aMkita karane ke prayatna haiM / jaina purANa sAhitya kI vRddhi ho rahI thI aura parivartita jaina paristhitiyoM meM brAhmaNya prAkhyAnoM kA prAraMbha kiyA gayA thaa| isa prakAra ke udAharaNa haiM--AbU parvata para vimalazAha aura vastupAla-tejapAla dvArA nirmita maMdiroM kI bhramatiyoM kI chatoM para hiraNyakazyapa kA vadha karate hue nRsiMha kI mUrti tathA kRSNa ke jIvana kI jhA~kiyA~ (citra 186 ka aura kh)| 309

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 uparyukta se bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM--chata para vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanoM ke vistArapUrvaka utkIrNa dazya (citra 193)jo ukta donoM maMdiroM meM, tathA lagabhaga 1032 I0 meM nirmita kuMbhariyA sthita mahAvIra-maMdira meM aMkita kiye gaye haiN| isa maMdira kI eka chata para caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM se pratyeka ke mAtA-pitA kI prAkRtiyoMvAle laMbe paTa bhI haiM jinameM unake nAma bhI utkIrNa kiye gaye haiM (citra 166) / kuMbhariyA-maMdira meM eka paTa meM bhUtakAla ke tIrthaMkaroM tathA bhaviSya ke prAroM kA bhI aMkana kiyA gayA hai| vastupAla aura tejapAla dvArA AbU parvata para nirmita maMdira meM bahattara tIrthaMkaroM ke aMkana se yakta eka paTa surakSita hai| azvAvabodha kI kathA tathA zakunikA-vihAra kA uddhRti ke rUpa meM urekhana karane yogya pASANakhaNDa aAbU tathA kuMbhariyA meM pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra jaina jAtakoM tathA anya jaina kathAnoM kI uddhRtiyoM ke aMkana kA calana isa yuga meM bahuta huaa| devatAoM, manuSyoM, striyoM, pazuoM, vRkSoM Adi kA saMgamaramara kI laghu mUrtiyoM ke rUpa meM aMkana-yukta kuMbhariyA-maMdira ke ye paTa (citra 186) zreSTha kalA-kRtiyA~ haiN| gyArahavIM aura bArahavIM zatAbdiyoM meM isa pradeza ke kalAkAra komala saMgamaramara ko sUkSmatA se tarAzane meM bar3e pravINa the, jaisA ki vimala aura luNavasahiyoM ke sabhA-maNDapoM ke guMbadoM tathA caulukya-yuga ke jaina aura a-jaina devAlayoM ke anya aneka vitAnoM para kI gayI atyaMta suMdara kArIgarI se spaSTa hai| bArahavIM aura paravartI zatAbdiyoM kI prAkRti-kalA (mUrtikalA), jisameM sUkSma alaMkaraNa kI pracuratA hai, nayanAbhirAma to hai kintu vaha dhIre-dhIre apanA prakRtavAda, zobhA aura sauMdarya khotI jA rahI thii| jo bhI ho, kumArapAla ke yuga kI mAnava-AkRtiyA~ jahA~ hRSTapuSTa, baliSTha tathA nizcala haiM (tulanA kIjie - vimala-basahI kI bhramatI meM vajrAMkuzI mahAvidyA, citra 197), vahIM dUsarI ora vastupAla tathA tejapAla ke yuga kI prAkRtiyA~ eka sImA taka rUpa kI zobhA aura komalatA darzAtI haiN| vizeSakara strI-prAkRtiyoM tathA mAnava-mukhAkRtiyoM ke aMkana meN| vimala-vasahI kI chata para aMkita AkRti--zAyada vaha aMbikA kI hai-kalA kA eka suMdara udAharaNa hai (citra 187 ka) / vRkSoM kA aMkana bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai| vimalazAha ke yuga kI mUrtikalA uccakoTi kI kArIgarI pradarzita karatI hai / AbU para vimala ne jo nirmANa karAyA thA, usakA isa samaya yadyapi bahuta kama bhAga zeSa bacA hai tathApi kuMbhariyA sthita mahAvIra-maMdira kI kalA-saubhAgya se vaha adhika acchI taraha surakSita raha sakI haiM-adhyayana ke lie mahattvapUrNa hai / vAstava meM, AbU aura kuMbhariyA meM kAma karanevAle kalAkAroM ke sAmane apane keMdroM ke lie usa caMdrAvatI nagara kI mUrtikalA viSayaka paraMparAe~ thIM, jo prAbU se lagabhaga 8 kilomITara dUra thA aura aba khaNDaharoM ke rUpa meM hai| caMdrAvatI kI jaina mUrtikalA kI eka zreSThatama kRti, jo bArahavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga kI hai, isa samaya saubhAgya se jyUrikha ke rAiTsabarga saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| vimala-yuga kI tathA vimalazAha kI hastizAlA se prApta eka suMdara nAyikA yA apsarA kI mUrti kA citra yahA~ diyA gayA hai (citra 198 k)| isa yuga kI kalA kA eka mahattvapUrNa namUnA, jo siMdha ke thAra pAra kara jile ke varAvana nAmaka sthAna se prApta huA thA, aba baMbaI ke priMsa Apha velsa saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| khar3I huI 310

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adhyAya 23 ] pazcima bhArata mudrA meM tIrthaMkara kI yaha mUrti (citra 198 kha) pratyeka ora cAra deviyoM ke atirikta pUre parikara ko darzAtI hai| zAyada ve vibhinna vidyAdeviyA~ haiN| samasta bhArata se madhya yuga ke vibhinna jaina maMdiroM se prApta dAna-dAtAoM evaM muniyoM kI AkRtiyoM kI mUrtiyoM kA adhyayana bahuta upekSita rahA hai| gujarAta ke maMdiroM meM isa prakAra kI bahuta-sI mUrtiyA~ haiM / yadyapi ve kucha-kucha paraMparAgata zailI kA anukaraNa karatI jAna par3atI haiM tathApi unake tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha jAna par3atA hai ki ve prAkRti-aMkana ke, vizeSakara caulukya-kAla ke, saMdara prayAsa haiN| citra 166 meM eka dAnI daMpati--bhANDAgArika dhAMdhu aura usakI patnI zivadevI tathA unake sAtha do putroM kI laghu AkRtiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ khaMbhAta ke eka jaina maMdira meM saMvat 1260 (1203 I0) meM sthApita kI gayI thiiN| zADhyadeva kI eka mati (citra 200) saMvat 1242 (1185 I0) meM banAyI gayI thI / varAvana se prApta yaha mUrti priMsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya, baMbaI meM surakSita hai| citra 201 meM maMtrI vastupAla ko usakI patniyoM sahita dikhAyA gayA hai| yaha mUrti lUNa-vasahI kI hai| caulukya-kAla meM dhAtu kI mUrtiyoM kI DhalAI yatheSTa Age bar3ha cukI thI, jaisA ki gujarAta aura rAjasthAna ke vibhinna maMdiroM se bahata adhika saMkhyA meM prApta dhAtu-nirmita jaina pratimAoM se spaSTa hai| isa yuga kI kalA kA sabase uttama namUnA, jo 1188 I0 kA hai, pUre parikara se yukta zAMtinAtha kI suMdara kAMsya pratimA hai jo isa samaya vikToriyA aiNDa alabarTa myUz2iyama, laMdana meM surakSita hai / saMbhavataH tIna tIrthaMkaroM vAlI eka bahuta bar3I kAMsya-pratimA kA eka bhAga, jo isa samaya uttara-pazcima gujarAta ke vAva nAmaka sthAna para surakSita hai, khar3I huI mudrA meM tIrthaMkara kI camaradhArI sahita vaha suMdara mUrti hai jo citra-saMkhyA 202 ke rUpa meM isa graMtha meM dI gayI hai| umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha 311

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adhyAya 24 dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata dakSiNApatha kI sthApatya-zailiyA~ IsavI san kI prathama sahasrAbdI kA aMta mAtra eka yugAMta nahIM thA, usase kahIM adhika vaha vastutaH deza ke maulika ciMtana meM eka prakhara parivartana kA kAla thA, saMskRti aura dharma ke kSetra meN| sAmAjika rUpAMtaraNa kA bhI yaha aisA samaya thA jaba kSetrIya zAsakoM kA netRtva alaga-alaga nirapekSa ikAI na rahakara, apanI pratirakSA meM satata saceSTa rahane lagA aura vidharmiyoM tathA mUrtibhajakoM se Takkara lene ke lie pratispardhI aura AkrAmaka ho gayA thaa| ye zAsaka jAnate the ki brAhmaNya vicAradhArA aura kalA kI rakSA kA bhAra unapara hai| dakSiNApatha ne jaise acAnaka hI apane vAtAvaraNa meM parivartana kara DAlA, aura kalyANI ke cAlukyoM ko unake udIyamAna prabhAva ne pUrvI se pazcimI ghAToM taka pahuMcA diyA jahA~ unheM eka ora kavaDi-dvIpa ke zilAhAroM aura govA tathA haMgala ke kadaMboM se aura dUsarI ora seuNa-yAdavoM, kalacuriyoM aura kAkatIyoM se paryApta samarthana prApta huA thaa| ullekhanIya samRddhi ke anaMtara unheM AkramaNakArI khilajiyoM aura tugalakoM ke islAmI sAmrAjya ke umar3ate jvAra ke sAmane jhukanA par3A, aura taba dakSiNApatha meM kRSNA-tuMgabhadrA-ghATI ke uttara meM bahamanI sulatAnoM ne caudahavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM muslima rAjya ko prAyaH sthAyI banA diyaa| kalyANI ke cAlukya kalA aura sAhitya ke sarvocca saMrakSaka the| jaina dharma to unake zAsanakAla meM unnati kI parAkASThA para pahuMca gayA / lakkuNDI, zravaNabelagolA, lakSmezvara, paTadakala Adi jaina dharma se saMbaddha kalA ke vizAla keMdra bana gaye / ajita-purANa, gadA-yuddham ke lekhaka raNNa Adi dasavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha ke kAvyakAroM ne cAlukyoM kI sabhA-goSThiyoM kI prazaMsA kI hai| lakkUNDI ke eka 1007 I. ke abhilekha meM gurjara deza para irivabeDaMga kI vijaya kA vRttAMta hai jisameM dAnaciMtAmaNi attiyabbe dvArA sthAnIya brahma-jinAlaya ke lie kiye gaye dAnoM ke vistRta vivaraNa haiN| prasiddha hai ki isa mahilA ne usa rAjya meM paMdraha sau jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| isa mahilA ke viSaya meM jo vivaraNa hai vaha kavi raNNa kI sAhityika kRtiyoM dvArA samarthita hai| dhAravAr3a jile ke mugaDa meM 1 sAutha iNDiyana iMskripzaMsa, 11, 13; 32-43. 312

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adhyAya 24] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata somezvara-prathama ke rAjyakAla kA 1045 I01 kI tithi-aMkita eka aura mahattvapUrNa abhilekha hai jisameM vRttAMta hai ki cAvaNDa gAvuNDa ne mugaDa meM svayaM nirmANita saMyukta-ratnAkara-caityAlaya ke darzanAthiyoM ke bhojana ke hetu bhUmiyoM kA dAna kiyaa| isa kAla ke, vizeSataH uttarakAlIna cAlukya, hoyasala, yAdava aura kAkatIya rAjavaMzoM ke, zAsakoM ne sthApatya kI 'uttarI' aura 'dakSiNI' zailiyoM ko kisI sImA taka antaHsamanvita kiyA; hoyasala aura kisI sImA taka kAkatIya zAsakoM ne yaha adhika acchA samajhA ki samUce maMdira meM garbhagaha aura zikhara meM to 'dakSiNI' zailI hI apanAyI jAye para anya tattva aise bhI mizrita hone diye jAyeM jinakI pahacAna 'uttarI' zailI ke rUpa meM ho| isake udAharaNa haiM jagatI-pITha, catuSkI-aliMda ke sAtha navaraMga yA sabhA-maNDapa kI vinyAsa-rekhA, mUla garbhAlaya ke adhiSThAna ke saMyukta ratha-ghaTaka, prastAra kI paTTiyoM aura aMtarAla kI praNAliyoM kI isalie UrdhvamukhI nirmiti jisase saMpUrNa prastAra 'dakSiNI' vimAna-zRMga kI apekSA 'uttarI' zikhara adhika pratIta ho / vivecya kAla meM bhI jainoM ne isa pravRtti ko protsAhita kiyA kintu unhoMne prastAra ke bAhya alaMkaraNa ko itanA kama kara diyA ki vAstu-vidyA kI do pramukha zailiyoM ko svecchAcAra se vilIna kara dene ke doSa ke bhAgI vaha adhika nahIM bne| prastAra kA bAhya bhAga prAyaH atyaMta samatala hai, kevala baMdhana-ghaTaka para hIraka-dAma kA aMkana huA hai yA phira karNa aura bhadra ke anurathoM meM vimAna-AkRtiyA~ aMkita haiN| dhvaja-staMbhoM ke, aura prAyaH bali-pIThoM ke bhI, alaMkaraNa atyaMta AkarSaka bana par3e haiM; unake sAtha paraMparAgata laghu-maNDapa bhI hotA hai aura Upara bhI brahmadeva kI mUrti hotI hai| dakSiNApatha ke uttarI aura dakSiNI bhAgoM ko bhaugolika dRSTi se ekAkAra kara cukane ke bAda uttarakAlIna cAlUkyoM ne yAdavoM, kalacariyoM Adi ke sAtha ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hone tathA siMhAsana meM ulaTaphera ke kAraNa 'uttarI' aura 'dakSiNI' donoM zailiyoM ko apanAyA, yadyapi dakSiNa aura dakSiNApatha ke kSetra meM ve kevala 'dakSiNI' zailI ko hI apanAye rhe| kAkatIya zAsaka adhikAMzataH kalyANI ke cAlukyoM ke adhInastha aura unase saMbaddha rhe| unake adhIna rahakara, kAkatIya vaMza ke saMsthApaka prola-prathama ne hanamakoNDA-vAraMgala kSetra nissaMdeha jAgIra ke rUpa meM prApta kiyA aura vaha mukhya rUpa se prAMdhrapradeza ke pUrvI ardhabhAga para zAsana karatA rahA / seuNa-yAdava vaMza kA rAjya prAraMbha meM nAsika jile meM thA, bAda meM unhoMne apanI rAjadhAnI jaitagi ke zAsanakAla meM 1166 I0 meM devagiri (auraMgAbAda ke samIpa Adhunika daulatAbAda) meM sthAnAMtarita kara lii| siMhaNa sarvAdhika pratApI zAsaka thA, jo 1200 I0 meM siMhAsana para baiThA thA / bAda ke rAjAoM meM mahAdeva (1261-70 I0) ullekhanIya hai| anuzruti hai ki usakA maMtrI hemAdri khaNDeza kSetra meM hemAdapaMthI-zailI ke maMdiroM ke nirmANa se saMbaddha thaa| yaha zailI vAstava meM bhUmija-zailI hai jo paramAroM tathA anya zAsakoM kI dena hai / yAdava zAsakoM ko madhyadeza meM zaraNa lenA anivArya kara diyA 1 vahI, pR 68. 313

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 gayA jahA~ unhoMne svecchayA bhUmija-zailI ko apanAyA, jo gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI meM eka vyApaka kSetra meM pracalita huii| isalie kSetrIya aura sAMskRtika pratibaddhatAoM ke aMtargata dakSiNApatha meM hue nirmANa kArya meM eka mizrita 'uttarI' zailI athavA pracchanna 'dakSiNI' zailI kisI sImA taka pracalita huii| kevala uttarakAlIna vijayanagara-zailI isakA apavAda rahI jo apanI zailI meM nirmita sabhI sthAnoM ke maMdiroM meM zuddha 'dakSiNI' sthApatya-paraMparAoM ko pratibiMbita karatI rahI, aura jisane kisI sImA taka usa kadaMbanAgara upazailI arthAt phAMsanA-zailI ko protsAhita kiyA jo apane 'dakSiNI' zailI ke zikhara-AkAra ko banAye rakhane ke kAraNa samudrataTIya koMkaNa-kanArA kSetra meM lokapriya aura prabhAvazAlI thii| isa phAMsanA-zailI meM bahirbhAga samatala hI huA karatA thA kintu tala bhitti para paTTikAe~ hotI thIM aura adhiSThAna meM kadAcit jagatI-pITha kI apekSA upapITha ko sthAna milatA thaa| yaha sarvavidita hai ki jaina maMdira-nirmANa kI prakriyA vikAsa ke prAyaH unhIM sopAnoM se agrasara huI jinase brAhmaNya prakriyA / tathApi, jaina sthApatya apanI svataMtratA banAye rahA kyoMki usane kucha aisI mUrtizAstrIya vizeSatAoM kA Azraya liyA jinase use eka svataMtra rUpAkAra prApta huaa| udAharaNArtha, ina vizeSatAoM kI jhalaka aihola ke megUTI-maMdira meM aura zravaNabelagolA kI cAmuNDarAya-bastI meM vizeSa rUpa se nirmita atirikta upa-garbhAlaya ke nirmANa meM to milatI hI hai, elIphaiNTA kI mukhya aura elorA kI dhUmaraleNa nAmaka brAhmaNya guphAoM kI bhAMti cAra dvAroMsahita caumukha ke nirmANa meM bhI milatI hai, jinakA prAraMbhika rUpa elorA kI iMdrasabhA-guphA ke mukha-maNDapa meM dRSTigata hotA hai| ye caumukha maMdira kArkala, jerasoppA aura anya sthAnoM kI caturmukha-bastiyoM kI bhA~ti mukhya garbhAlaya kI paraMparA ko sthApita karate haiN| isa paraMparA ke maMdiroM kI vinyAsa-rekhA meM eka trikUTa-bastI yA paMcakUTa-bastI kA bhI prAvadhAna hotA hai jisameM mukhya, arthAt tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ aura upamukhya, arthAt gommaTa ke nAma se suparicita bAhubalI Adi kI mUrtiyA~ sthApita kI jAtI haiN| ina maMdiroM kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki jagatI ke aMtargata maMdira ke bahirbhAga ko yA usakI samUcI bAhya saMyojanA ko hI ADaMbarapUrNa alaMkaraNa se mukta rakhA gayA kintu aMtarbhAga meM AvazyakatA se adhika alaMkaraNa aura mUryaMkana kI upekSA nahI kI gyii| uttarakAlIna cAlukyoM dvArA nirmita smAraka kalyANI ke cAlukyoM ne aneka suMdara jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA jinameM se mukhya haiMdhAravAr3a z2ile meM lakkuNDI kA brahma-jinAlaya, bIjApura jile meM aihola kA cAraNTI maTha aura dhAravAr3a 1 [dekhie prathama bhAga meM pR 200, citra 125-saMpAdaka]. 314

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adhyAya 24] dakSiNApatha paura dakSiNa bhArata jile meM hI lakSmezvara kA zaMkha-jinAlaya / lakkuNDI ke brahma-jinAlaya kA itihAsa aura abhilekhoM kI dRSTi se usakA mahattva pahale batAyA jA cukA hai| yaha maMdira (citra 203 ka) eka uttarakAlIna hoyasala maMdira kI bhA~ti stara-yukta pASANa se nirmita hai aura sthApatya ke vikAsa meM rASTrakUToM aura prAraMbhika pazcimI cAlukyoM kI kalAoM meM kar3I kA kAma karatA hai| usakI vinyAsa-rekhA meM aneka rathoM kI saMyojanA hai jinameM se bhadra-ratha aba bhI surakSita hai| vahA~ taka Ate-Ate anuratha vartula aura zaMkvAkAra ho gaye haiM, isase saMyojanA meM eka snigdha vartulAkAra kI sRSTi huI hai| spaSTa hai ki hoyasala sthApatya meM tAraka jagatI kA vikAsa isI vartulAkAra se huA jo eka pUrI zatAbdI taka calatA rahA / usakI bhittiyoM para prastuta devakulikAoM meM se madhyavartI bhadra-prakAra kI hai aura usameM trikoNa-toraNa kI saMyojanA hai kintu bhittiyoM ke pArzva staMbhAdhArita haiM aura unake paMjaroM para Upara vimAnoM kI laghu anukRtiyA~ nirmita haiN| mukhya garbhAlaya ke zikhara kA AkAra aura aMga-saMyojanA rASTrakUTa-zikhara ke samAna hai, usakI paridhi Upara kI ora kramazaH kama hotI jAtI hai aura mUla zikhara taka pahu~cate-pahuMcate caturasra AkAra le letI hai| usa para vahA~ zukanAsI kI prastuti hai jisameM mUlataH eka laghu garbhAlaya rahA hogA yadyapi vaha aba dIvAra se baMda kara diyA gayA hai| isa maMdira ke raMga-maNDapa ke bAhara kAle pAlizadAra pASANa se banA zRMgAracaurI-maNDapa hai jo uttarakAlIna saMvardhana mAnA jAnA cAhie (citra 203 kha) / tIna ora se jur3e hue ina donoM maNDapoM ke madhya kI staMbha-paMkti sImA-rekhA banAtI hai| isa kAla kI zailI kA eka vizeSa udAharaNa aihola kA cAraNTI-maTha nAmaka maMdira-samUha hai| yaha kama se kama 1116 I0 se pahale kI hai jo tribhuvanamalladeva vikramAditya-SaSTha ke zAsana kA cauvAlIsavA~ varSa thaa| vahAM eka aisA abhilekha hai jo nizcita rUpa se kisI maMdira ke nirmANa ke saMbaMdha meM utkIrNa nahIM kiyA gyaa| usameM vRttAMta hai ki ayyavola ke pAMca sau svAmiyoM ke zeTTI kezavayya ne ukta saMvat meM jIrNodvAra aura saMvardhana kiye aura sthAyI dAna kI vyavasthA kii| isa samUha ke mukhya maMdira ke pAsa kA cAraNTI maTha kadAcit aisA hI eka saMvardhana hai| usameM ardha-maNDapa, sabhA-maNDapa aura mukha-maNDapa haiM aura usakA zikhara 'dakSiNI' vimAna-prakAra kA hai| jaina sthApatya meM vizeSa rUpa se pracalita upari-garbhAlaya meM eka mUla-garbhAlaya aura eka mukha-maNDapa hai| bAhyabhittiyoM para abhiprAyoM kI sAmAnya saMyojanA ke AdhAra para yaha maMdira gyArahavIM zatI kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| pUrva meM sthita yaha eka AkarSaka maMdira hai| isameM garbhagRhoM kI doharI saMyojanA hai para mukha-maNDapa eka hI hai aura bhItara kI inakI vibhAjaka bhittiyA~ paraspara alaga-alaga haiN| dvAra-pakSa para bhavya alaMkaraNa-kalA isa maMdira kI sarvAdhika ullekhanIya vizeSatA hai; mukha-maNDapa kI bauchAriyA~ aura kapotikAe~ bhI vizeSa rUpa se alaMkRta haiM aura unake koNoM para jo koDuMgai-toraNAkRtiyA~ aura tiryak latA-vallariyA~ aMkita haiM ve aura bhI AkarSaka bana par3I haiN| mukha-maNDapa ke donoM sammukha-dvAroM ke toraNoM para caubIsoM tIrthaMkaroM kI do paMktiyA~ utkIrNa haiN| paridhi-bhitti para kapotikA ke Upara 315

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 lagha-vimAnoM ke abhiprAya paMktibaddha haiN| isake tArakAkAra vinyAsa para nirmita zikhara hoyasala-zailI kA prayoga bhI huA hai aura dakSiNI maisUra meM pracalita zailI bhI apanAyI gayI hai| kintu laMbe varimAnoM arthAt paMjara ke staMbha-zIrSoM para calane vAlI paTTikAoM meM lakkUNDI. Dombala, gaDaga Adi meM pracalita usI zatI kI uttarakAlIna cAlukya-zailiyA~ apanAyI gayI haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma kA jo rUpa pazcimI karnATaka meM IsavI sana ke prAraMbha se hI pracalita rahA usake aMtargata lakSmezvara eka atyaMta mahattvapUrNa jaina keMdra thA / vahA~ do maMdira haiM, eka prasiddha zaMkha-jinAlaya aura dUsarA aadinaath-bstii| dUsarA maMdira uttarakAlIna cAlukyazailI kA eka hIna udAharaNa hai; isameM anurathoM kI saMyojanA dvArA adhiSThAna-vinyAsa kI eka sAdhAraNa prastuti hai / usameM eka bahuta vistRta bhadra jo aba bhI baca rahA hai, eka yojanAbaddha varimAna, anuratha aura karNa-yukta zIrSa banAye gaye hai jo adhiSThAna ke agrabhAgoM ke vartulAkAroM kI bhA~ti kramaza: utkSipta hote gaye haiN| sAtha hI, prastAra meM eka madhyavartI devakoSTha-sadRza aMtarAla bhI banAyA gayA hai jisake donoM ora vimAna-paMjara bhI haiM / vimAnAkRti ne madhyavartI devakulikA ke toraNa ke Upara kI cUlikA kA rUpa le liyA hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki usakI AkRti meM jo vikAsa hA vaha usa vikAsa se adhika vyApaka hai jo usI sthAna ke somezvara-maMdira meM hai| isa prakAra isa maMdira ko bArahavIM zatI ke uttarArdha ke madhya kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| maMdira ke garbhagRha kI yojanA akSAkAra hai, usameM khaDgAsana AdinAtha virAjamAna haiM, aura unake donoM ora eka-eka trikUTa-zailI ke pArzva-garbhAlaya haiN| inameM se jo pUrva kI ora hai usameM pArzvanAtha, aura jo pazcima kI ora hai usameM khar3agAsana-mudrA meM tIrthaMkara sthApita haiM, jaisA ki adhikatara pUrvAbhimukha maMdiroM meM hotA hai / zaMkha-bastI apane khaNDahara-rUpa meM bhI eka vizAlAkAra bhavana hai jisake aMtarbhAga meM eka garbhagRha, vistRta ardha-maNDapa, usase bhI laMbA-caur3A mahA-maNDapa aura raMga-maNDapa haiM / raMgamaNDapa ke dakSiNa, uttara aura pazcima meM eka-eka praveza-dvAra hai aura dakSiNa-pazcima meM eka pUrvAbhimukha laghu caumukha kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| caumukha ke cAroM ora tIna-tIna mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM jinake atirikta eka ke Upara eka, dasa-dasa kI paMktiyoM meM bhI, tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM, para ve sabhI laghu AkAra kI haiN| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki yaha caubIsI maMdira ke aMtargata eka caumukha hai| bhittiyoM para ke zilpAMkana aura garbhAlaya ke staMbhoM se prAraMbhika madhyakAla kI 'dakSiNI' zailI kA AbhAsa milatA hai kyoMki usameM phalaka, AkarSaka vartulAkAra staMbha-zIrSa, gajadaMta aura kapota kI saMyojanA hai| kapotikA se Upara nirmita mahAprastAra pIThadeula-prakAra kA hai, yA ise eka prakAra kI pIThikAoM aura aMtarAloM vAlA kadaMba-nAgaraprakAra bhI kaha sakate haiM jo paMcaratha-zailI ke aMtargata AtA hai| isakI tala-pIThikAnoM ke pratyeka tala para nirmita aAloM meM vibhinna AsanoM meM tIrthakara-mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM / isa caumukha maMdirAkRti para eka catuSkoNIya zikharAkRti kA aMkana hai / 316

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abhyAba 24] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata maMdira ke bAhya bhAga kI saMyojanA adhiSThAna para huI hai jisameM vizAla doharA upAna hai, padma hai, eka sopAnayukta jagatI-pITha hai, eka aura padma hai, kaNi (kaNikA), kapota aura vyAlavari bhI haiN| vyAloM kA aMkana atyaMta jIvaMta bana par3A hai| unake sAtha-sAtha vedI kI saMyojanA bhI hai jisake rAjasenaka bhAga para, pratyeka yugala bhitti-staMbha ke madhya, mithunoM aura saMgIta aura nRtya-maNDaliyoM ke aMkana haiM / maNDapa-pAzvoM para vedI aura kakSAsana se kapotikA taka UMcI eka jAlIdAra bhitti kA nirmANa huA hai / maNDapa ke praveza kA dvAra-pakSa paMcazAkhA-prakAra kA hai, jisakA alaMkaraNa paryApta laMbamAna uttarAMga kI kapotikA se huA hai| sAtha hI lalATa-bimba se, jisa para yakSoM aura yakSiyoM se parivRta Asanastha tIrthaMkaroM kA aMkana hai| mukhya vimAna aura ardha-maNDapa nAmaka vibhAgoM ke pITha para vyAlavari kI saMyojanA nahIM hai jo kevala mahA-maNDapa aura tIna agra-maNDapoM se saMyukta raMga-maNDapa ke pITha meM hai| isase isa maMdira ke vartamAna vinyAsa se bhI yahI jJAta hotA hai ki usameM do bAra saMvardhana huA hai| garbhagRha aura ardha-maNDapa kI bhittiyoM kA alaMkaraNa bhI sAdhAraNa hai, usameM ikahare bhitti-staMbha haiM jinake zIrSa para vimAnAkRtiyoM kI saMyojanA vimAnAkRtiyoM ke bhadra-vibhAga ke makara-toraNa ke nIce eka devakulikA hai, bhadra-vibhAga ke Upara eka bAhya toraNAkRti hai jisakI cUlikA para eka vimAna-abhiprAya kA trikoNa-toraNa hai| isa maMdira kA bAhya bhAga samaya-samaya para atyadhika aura avyavasthita rUpa se parivartita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| prAraMbhika cAlukya-zailI meM eka vizeSa kAla meM nirmita AsIna yakSI-mUrtiyA~ saubhAgyavaza surakSita raha gayI haiM, jo dakSiNa-pUrva koNa para sthita haiN| maMdira ke sAmane ke bhAga meM eka mAna-staMbha hai| nirmama vidhvaMsa aura nAma-mAtra kI pUjA ke hote hue bhI yaha ya maMdira chaThI zatI se terahavIM zatI taka ke apane atIta kI yazogAthA kaha rahA hai / hoyasaloM dvArA nirmita smAraka hoyasala sthApatya kI sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA yaha hai ki apane mohaka sauMdarya, vaividhya aura carama bhavyatA para svayaM hI mantra-mugdha huI unakI kalA meM eka mizraNa bhI haivimAna-zailI kA, jisameM vaha AmUla-cUla DUbI hai; aura 'uttarI' rekha-nAgara-prAsAda-zailI kA, jisake bahuta se tattvoM ko usane svecchayA aura kalpanA-vibhora hokara svIkAra kara liyA / saMdeha nahIM ki uttarakAlIna cAlukyoM ke rAjyakSetra meM usa para sAMskRtika prabhAva bhI par3A aura rAjanItika bhI / pariNAma yaha huA ki apane samaya meM pracalita vibhinna kalA-zailiyoM ko aMzataH AtmasAta karake vaha eka kalA-samaSTi ke rUpa meM prakaTa hii| ina vibhinna kalA-zailiyoM ke aMza the-cola aura pANDya-kalApoM kA vyAvahArika sammizraNa, gaMgoM aura nolamboM kI kalA-cArutA, kadaMboM aura AlUpoM ke kalAkAroM kI siddhahastatA aura mUrti-nirmANa ke prati utsAha / tAtparya yaha ki hoyasaloM ke sthApatya kA udgama maisUra ke isa dakSiNI bhAga 317

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 meM kalyANI ke cAlukyoM kI zailI ke sammizraNa se hA; zilpAMkana meM jo apamizraNa hayA usameM sthApatya kI maryAdAoM ke nirvAha kA yoga bhI rahA / mAdhyama arthAt pASANa Adi sAmagrI ke cunAva meM bhI unhoMne doharI nIti kA paricaya diyA, apane mukhya smArakoM meM aura taH apane sAmrAjya ke uttarI bhAga meM unhoMne halake hare raMga ke komala stara vAle pASANa kA upayoga kiyA, jahA~ yaha upalabdha hai; aura tamilanADu kI sImAoM ko chUte dakSiNI bhAgoM meM kaThora uttama grenAiTa pASANa kA upayoga kiyA / ina do prakAra kI sAmagriyoM ke upayoga ke pariNAmasvarUpa zailI para bhI prabhAva par3A / usakI alaMkaraNoM kI vyApakatA, usake AyAmoM aura yahA~ taka ki usakI maulika parikalpanA meM bhI aMtara pdd'aa| hoyasaloM dvArA nirmita maMdira nitAMta ADaMbarahIna aura vizada rUpa se saMyojita haiN| unakA nirmANa usa samaya huA jaba yaha mahAn rAjavaMza niraMtara nirmANa kArya meM dattacitta thA aura isa kArya ko rAnI zAMtalA devI kA vizeSa rAjAzraya bhI prApta rahA; jo jaina dharma ko usa samaya bhI samRddha karatI rahI jaba usake pati rAjA viSNuvardhana ne rAmAnuja ke prabhAva meM Akara vaiSNava dharma apanA liyaa| unake maMdiroM meM sAdhAraNataH tArakAkAra vinyAsa-rekhA, jagatI-pITha aura yahA~ taka ki 'uttarI' zikhara-saMyojanA ke anukaraNa ko sthAna nahIM diyA gayA / aMtarbhAga ke zilpAMkana bahigi ke zilpAMkanoM se kaThora kintu samaddha haiM; ve staMbhoM, vitAnoM Adi para kuzalatApUrvaka bar3I saMkhyA meM utkIrNa kiye gaye haiN| anuSThAna ke lie nirmita devakUlikAoM aura garbhAlayoM meM bhI unakA aMkana huA, jinakI eka vizeSatA to hai darpaNa kI bhA~ti camakate hue pAlizavAlA unakA tala; aura dUsarI vizeSatA alaMkaraNoM meM saMyama kI maryAdA hai| ye vizeSatAe~ uttarakAlIna cAlukyoM dvArA sudUra uttara meM nirmita maMdiroM meM bhI apanAyI gayIM / mukhya mUrti ke kaI prakAra the, unake saMhanana bhI vividha the, ina donoM vizeSatAoM ke kSetra kI vyApakatA vAstava meM una gauNa mUrtiyoM para nirbhara thI jinakI sthApanA anuSThAna saMbaMdhI AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie aMtarbhAga meM upa-garbhAlayoM meM aura bahirbhAga meM maNDapoM meM kI jAtI thI / maMdiroM meM aura bahuta-sI vividhatAeM rahIM kintu unakI chata eka pIThikA-baMdha ke rUpa meM samatala hI banatI rahI, yadyapi usake ardha-maNDapa ne apane mUla rUpa ko banAye rakhakara bhI zukanAsA ko apanAne kA upakrama kiyA / hoyasaloM ke zAsanakAla meM hAsana jile ke zravaNabelagolA meM aneka laghu aura vizAla maMdiroM kA nirmANa hotA rahA / eka maMdira vahA~ terIna-bastI kahA jAtA hai kyoMki usake samIpa hI eka maMdira-yAna kA nirmANa huA hai / vaha vAstava meM bAhubalI-vasadi hai, usameM unakI mUrti sthApita hai| garbhagRha dakSiNa aura uttara meM khulA hai / yAna-sadRza vAstu ko vahA~ maNDapa kahate haiM, usake cAroM ora bAvana tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM kA aMkana hai / isa prakAra ke maNDapa ke kaI rUpa jaina kalA meM pracalita haiM, jaise naMdIzvara, meru, jinameM se yaha maNDapa pahale prakAra kA hai| usapara utkIrNa 1117 I. ke tithyaMkita abhilekha meM vRttAMta hai ki rAjA viSNuvardhana 318

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adhyAya 24] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata ke rAja-sArthavAha poyasala zeTTI aura nemi zeTTI kI mAtA zAMti kabbe aura macikabbe ne isa maNDapa kA nirmANa karAyA / zAsana-bastI meM garbhagRha ke sammukha ardha-maNDapa aura navaraMga kI saMyojanA hai| usameM AdinAtha kI eka mITara U~cI mUrti sthApita hai, usake parikara camaradhArI aura yakSa gomukha aura yakSI cakrezvarI aMkita haiN| isa maMdira kA nirmANa gaMgarAya ne 1117 I0 ke Asa-pAsa karAyA aura usakA nAma iMdra-kulagRha rakhA / usakA yaha nAma eka abhilekha ke kAraNa rakhA gayA jo vahA~ praveza-dvAra ke pAsa hI utkIrNa hai / 6.745.8 mITara ke eka lagha maMdira majjagaNNa-bastI meM garbhagRha, ardha-maNDapa aura navaraMga haiM aura usameM eka mITara UMcI anaMtanAtha kI mUrti hai| isa maMdira kI bAhya bhitti samatala hai, kevala eka puSpa-vallarI-yukta baMdhana-paTTikA se usakA alaMkaraNa hayA hai| savati-gaMdha-vAraNa-bastI kA yaha nAma zAMtalA devI kI eka upAdhi ke kAraNa rakhA gayA / 21 10, mITara ke isa vizAla maMdira meM garbhagRha, ardha-maNDapa aura navaraMga haiM aura usake garbhagRha meM zAMtinAtha kI 1.5 mITara U~cI mUrti aura sabhA-maNDapa meM yakSa aura yakSI kI mUrtiyA~ sthApita haiN| praveza-dvAra ke samIpa aura pAdapIThoM para utkIrNa abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki isa maMdira kA nirmANa 1123 I0 meM zAMtalA devI ne karAyA / do sopAna-vIthikAoM se saMbaddha hone ke kAraNa eraDakatte-bastI ke nAma se prasiddha maMdira meM garbhagRha meM sthApita AdinAtha kI mUrti ke pAdapITha para eka abhilekha utkIrNa thA jisameM vRttAMta hai ki isa maMdira kA nirmANa 1118 I0 meM senApati gaMgarAya kI patnI lakSmI ne kraayaa| kRSNa varNa ke pASANa se nirmita hone ke kAraNa kattale-bastI ke nAma se prasiddha yaha maMdira caMdragiri pahAr3I para sabase bar3A maMdira hai; 38 mITara laMbe aura 12 mITara caur3e isa maMdira meM sAMdhAra-garbhagRha, ardha-maNDapa, navaraMga, mukha-maNDapa aura mukha-catuSkI haiN| ise padmAvatI-bastI bhI kahate haiM / Ajakala isakA zikhara nahIM hai / yaha AdinAtha ko samarpita hai / isake pAdapITha para utkIrNa abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki usakA nirmANa pUrvokta gaMgarAya ne apanI mAtA pocchive ke kalyANa ke lie 1118 I0 meM karAyA thaa| pArzvanAtha-bastI (citra 204) meM bhI saba vibhAga haiM-garbhagRha, ardha-maNDapa, navaraMga, mukha-maNDapa aura mukha-catuSkI; isameM 4.5 mITara UMcI mUrti hai aura, yaha caMdragiri kA sabase U~cA maMdira hai| navaraMga meM utkIrNa eka abhilekha meM jaina AcArya malliSeNa maladhArI kI mRtyu kA ullekha to hai kintu isa maMdira ke nirmANakAla kI sUcanA nahIM hai / zravaNabelagolA ke bhaNDArI-bastI aura akkaNNa-bastI nAmaka do anya maMdira bhI ullekhanIya haiM / inameM se pahalA isa kSetra meM sabase bar3A hai, yaha 81 mITara laMbA aura 23 mITara caur3A hai aura isameM lagabhaga eka-eka mITara UMcI caubIsoM tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ haiM aura tIna praveza-dvAra haiM jinase yaha maMdira-samUha kaI bhAgoM meM dikhatA hai| madhyavartI dvAra para suMdara zilpAMkana hai aura usake ThIka sAmane kI mUrti bArahaveM tIrthaMkara vAsupUjya kI hai| navaraMga kA 319

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga madhyavartI aMkana staMbhoM para AdhArita hai aura usa para tIna mITara-varga kI eka zilA rakhI gayI hai| usake abhilekha meM vattAMta hai ki isa maMdira kA nirmANa narasiMha-prathama (1141-73 I.) ke koSAdhyakSa hulle ne 1156 I0 meM karAyA thA aura kahA gayA hai ki isa maMdira ke lie isa rAjA ne bhavya-cUr3AmaNi nAma diyA thA aura usake saMrakSaNa ke lie savaneru nAmaka grAma kA dAna kiyA thaa| zravaNabelagolA meM hoyasala-zailI kA ekamAtra yathArtha pratinidhi akkaNNa-bastI (citra 205 ka) hai, jabaki anya prAyaH sabhI gaMga-zailI ke haiN| isameM bhI garbhagRha, ardha-maNDapa, navaraMga, mukha-catuSkI, pArzva-bhittiyA~ aura kakSAsana haiN| garbhagRha meM 1.5 mITara U~cI pArzvanAtha kI mUrti hai / ardha-maNDapa meM pArzvanAtha ke yakSa aura yakSI kI mUrtiyA~ haiM / staMbhoM para bhavya zilpAMkana hai aura raMga-maNDapa kI chata kA alaMkaraNa AkarSaka bana par3A hai| bAhya bhitti samatala hai, kevala usake bhitti-staMbhoM aura staMbha-paMjaroM kI cUlikA para laghu zikhara-abhiprAya haiN| isakA zikhara bhI bahuta samatala hai; yadyapi yaha bahutala-arpita zikhara hai tathApi catuSkoNIya zikhara aura stUpI ke sAtha yaha hoyasala-zailI hI vizeSatA liye hue hai / isa maMdira kA nirmANa 1181 I. meM caMdramauli kI patnI jaina mahilA aciyakka ne karAyA thA, vaha ballAla-dvitIya kA eka brAhmaNa maMtrI thaa| isase vyakta hotA hai ki zAsakIya adhikAriyoM kI patniyoM dvArA apane patiyoM ke dharma se bhinna dharma ke lie bhI binA kisI matabheda ke saMrakSaNa diyA jAnA kitanI sAdhAraNa bAta thI / hAsana jile ke anya maMdiroM meM se agralikhita kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / basti-hallI kA pArzvanAtha-maMdira hoyasala-zailI kA hai jisake samA-maNDapa meM uttama pAlizavAle kRSNa pASANa se nirmita caudaha staMbha haiN| praveza-dvAra ke donoM ora eka-eka utkIrNa gaja sthApita haiN| usake samIpa sthita aura usase choTA, kintu kadAcit usase prAcIna, AdinAthabastI dakSiNa kI vimAna-zailI meM hai, aura usI ke samIpa sthita zAMtinAtha-bastI hoyasala zailI meM hai / vahA~ eka mAna-staMbha hai jisake zIrSa para eka susajjita azva pUrva kI ora uchAla bharatA huA nirmita hai| markulI kI paMcakUTa-bastI ballAla-dvitIya ke samaya kI hai jisakA nirmANa usake eka maMtrI buccimayya ne 1173 I0 meM karAyA thA / usameM AdinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha, puSpadaMta aura supArzvanAtha kI mUrtiyA~ sthApita haiN| usameM dvAdazabhujI yakSI cakrezvarI kI mUrti bhI hai| yaha AraMbhika hoyasala-zailI meM hai| halebiDa meM eka hI prAcIra meM tIna vizAla maMdira haiN| sabase pazcima meM pArzvanAtha-maMdira hai jisake sabhA-maNDapa meM 4.3 mITara UMcI eka uttama kRSNa pASANa kI mUrti hai / isake donoM ora tIna-tIna aura pravezadvAra para do yAnI kula ATha devakoSTha haiM / navaraMga meM dAhinI ora sarvAhna yakSa kI eka sugaThita Asanastha mUrti aura bAyIM ora kUSmANDinI yakSI kI mUrti hai / isa samUha ke madhya meM sthita aura sabase choTe maMdira ke mUlanAyaka AdinAtha haiM jinake eka ora gomukha aura dUsarI ora cakrezvarI kA aMkana hanA hai / navaraMga meM sarasvatI kI eka prAsIna mUrti hai| pUrva meM sthita zAMtinAtha-maMdira meM koI zilpAMkana nahIM hai kintu usake praveza-dvAra cAra mITara U~ce haiN| usameM 320

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adhyAya 24 ] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata (ka) lakkuNDI - brahma-jinAlaya (kha) lakkuNDI- brahma-jinAlaya, paravartI maNDapa citra 203

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [bhAga 5 MORaantineCESEONEss8e0ames 3449 zravaNabelagolA- pArzvanAtha-bastI citra 204

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adhyAya 24 ] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata (ka) zravaNabelagolA - akaNNa-bastI (kha) hanumakoNDA - kadalAlaya-bastI citra 205

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 (ka) hanumakoNDA - tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI zailotkIrNa mUrti (kha) hanumakoNDA - anucara-sahita tIrthaMkara kI zailotkIrNa mUrti 206

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adhyAya 24] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata sittAmUra - maMdira kA gopura citra 207

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 sittAmUra - maMdira meM navIna vAstu-kRti citra 208

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dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata adhyAya 24 ] tirupparuttikkuNram -- maMdira citra 209

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 COU ODOOPIN 100051 tirupparuttikkuram TOVEVER PRYLAR KLAVYESAT One citra 210 FLELLIN WYLE vardhamAna maMdira, saMgIta-maNDapa [ bhAga 5

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adhyAya 24 ] dakSiNApatha mora dakSiNa bhArata sthApita zAMtinAtha kI mUrti bhI kucha adhika hI U~cI hai, usake sAtha kimpuruSa aura mahAmAnasI kA aMkana huA hai / halebiDa ke ye maMdira jaina maMdiroM ke adhikatama sarvAMga-saMpanna udAharaNa haiM aura dakSiNI vimAna-prakAra ke maMdiroM kI zailI inameM amizrita rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| inakA alaMkaraNa bhI ADaMbarahIna hai| inameM eka mukha-maNDapa kI saMyojanA hai jisameM pArzva-vedikA sahita sopAna-vIthi hai / 1155 I0 meM nirmita heragu kI bastI aba khaNDahara hokara bhI apanI sUkSma evaM viziSTa kalA dvArA AkRSTa karatI hai| yaha maMdira pArzvanAtha ko samarpita hai| __ tumakura jile ke nittUra meM bArahavIM zatI ke madhya meM nirmita zAMtIzvara-bastI meM garbhagRha, ardha-maNDapa, navaraMga aura mukha-maNDapa haiM aura navaraMga kI chata meM dikpAla ke koSTha kI saMyojanA hai| garbhAlaya kI mUla mUrti aba vahA~ nahIM hai, usake sthAna para eka nayI mUrti sthApita kara dI gayI hai| bAhya bhitti meM dohare staMbhoMvAle vimAna-paMjara haiM jinake aMtarAloM meM tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ haiM, kucha padmAsana aura kucha khaDgAsana-mudrA meM; kintu unameM se adhikAMza apUrNa-nirmita haiM / navaraMga kI uttarI aura dakSiNI bhittiyoM para rikta devakoSTha haiM, unake pAvoM para nArI-AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM / usI jile meM heggere kI pArzvanAtha-bastI kRSNa pASANa se nirmita hai; yaha hoyasala-zailI kA eka suMdara maMdira hai jisake maNDapa aura navaraMga pUrNatayA surakSita haiN| yaha isa kSetra meM apane prakAra kI eka hI bastI hai jisake zukanAsAyukta navaraMga kRSNa varNa ke cAra staMbhoM para AdhArita haiN| madhyavartI kSipta-vitAna meM kuNDalanAladaNDa haiN| anya vitAna samatala-prakAra ke haiM / bAhya bhittiyA~ bhI samatala haiM, kevala unapara puSpavallarI-yukta paTTikAe~ aMkita haiN| pratIta hotA hai ki isa maMdira kA nirmANa lagabhaga 1160 I0 meM mahAsAmaMta govideva ne apanI patnI mahAdevI nayakitti kI smRti meM karAyA thaa| maisUra jile meM hosaholalU kI pArzvanAtha-bastI hoyasala-kAla ke prAcInatama maMdira meM se eka hai, para aba vaha bhagnAvasthA meM hai| 1198 I0 meM nirmita usake navaraMga meM yakSa dharaNedra aura yakSI padmAvatI kI mUrtiyA~ sthApita haiN| maisUra jile ke hI bellUra kI vimalanAthabastI meM eka 76 seNTImITara U~cI vimalanAtha kI mUrti hai jisake pAdapITha para terahavIM zatI se pUrva kA eka abhilekha hai| baMgalaura jile meM zAMtigatte kI vardhamAna-bastI eka sAdhAraNa maMdira hai jisameM sthApita mUrti ke pRSThabhAga para hoyasala rAjAoM kI, vinayAditya se narasiMha-prathama (1141-73 I.) taka kI vaMzAvalI dI gayI hai| jisake bAda yaha abhilekha samApta ho jAtA hai| isase yaha saMbhAvanA vyakta hotI hai ki yaha mUrti isa abhilikhita zilA para hI, anajAne yA jAnabUjhakara utkIrNa kI gyii| yaha mUrti prabhAvalI sahita eka mITara U~cI hai| isa maMdira meM padamAvatI, jvAlAmAlinI, sarasvatI, paMca-parameSThI, nava-devatA Adi kI dhAtanirmita AsIna mUrtiyA~ haiM / 321

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- vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 pazcimI samudra taTa ke smAraka masUra kSetra meM jaina dharma ke keMdra anya kSetroM kI apekSA adhika baddhamUla the kyoMki zravaNabelagolA ke a sasa jainoM kA prabhAva bahuta pahale sthApita ho cukA thA / anya keMdroM meM se zimogA jile meM sthita humcA mahattvapUrNa hai jisakA prAcIna nAma pomburcA hai aura jo sAMtara rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI thA / isa rAjadhAnI ko sahakAra ke putra jinadatta ne basAyA thA jo sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI meM uttara se AyA thaa| sabase prAcIna abhilekha gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke AraMbha kA sAMtara rAjAzroM kA hai / yahA~ kI paMca-vasadi ko urvI - tilakam bhI kahate haiM / isakA nirmANa kadAcit rakkasa gaMga kI pautrI kattaladevI ne karAyA thaa| isa maMdira kI AdhAra zilA kI sthApanA kattaladevI ke guru aura naMdigaNa ke pramukha zrI vijayadeva ne kI thI / eka anya bastI kA nirmANa usake sAmane lagabhaga 1103 I0 meM huA / paMca - bastI yA paMcakUTa jina maMdira eka AyatAkAra bhavana hai jisakI DhalavA~ chata eka ke Upara - eka zilAe~ rakhakara vizeSa rUpa se kadaMba - zailI meM banAyI gayI hai, usake pratibaMdha prakAra ke eka hI adhiSThAna para eka paMkti meM kaI garbhAlaya bane haiN| maMdira se kucha dUra eka uttuMga mAna- staMbha hai jisake zIrSa para brahmadeva kI mUrti hai / isa maMdira ke uttara meM eka anya dakSiNAbhimukha maMdira hai jisakA AkAra lagabhaga madhyama hai; yaha 'dakSiNI' vimAna-zailI ke aura bhI aMtima caraNa kA maMdira hai / yaha eka dvitala bhavana hai jisakI chata para zikhara ke sammukha bhAga para zukanAsI kI saMyojanA hai / yAdavoM aura kAkatIyoM ke zAsanakSetra ke smAraka seUNadeza aura devagiri ke yAdavoM ke zAsanakAla meM jaina dharma ke prabhAva kA paricaya manamAr3a ke nikaTa aMjanerI ke guphA maMdiroM se milatA hai; jahA~ kinhIM arthoM meM, elorA kI guphA - kalA kI paraMparA calatI rahI / nAsika se 21 kilomITara dUra eka pahAr3I para yahA~ eka varga kilomITara se bhI bar3e kSetra meM nirmita maMdiroM ke eka bahuta bar3e samUha meM se solaha sura kSita haiM / inameM se dvitIya samUha ke maMdira adhika surakSita haiM aura adhika AkarSaka bhI / yahA~ ke abhilekhoM meM sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa abhilekha eka maMdira ke AloM para utkIrNa hai jisameM vRttAMta hai ki seUNa - tRtIya ne zaka saM0 1063 (1141 I0 ) meM caMdraprabha - svAmImaMdira ko tIna dukAnoM kA dAna kiyA; eka anya abhilekha ke anusAra vatsarAya nAmaka eka dhanADhya sArthavAha ne eka dukAna aura eka ghara kA dAna kiyA / isa maMdira ke khaNDaharoM meM eka praveza dvAra para abhI bhI eka caMdrazilA bacI huI hai aura yadyapi dhvasta garbhAlaya rikta par3A hai para usake praveza dvAra para utkIrNa pArzvanAtha kI do khaDgAsana mUrtiyA~ abhI bhI khaNDita avasthA meM vidyamAna haiM; aura inameM se eka maMdira ke prAcIra meM eka pArzvanAtha kI tathA eka kisI anya tIrthaMkara kI mUrtiyA~ bhI vidyamAna haiM / [ bhAga 5 322

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adhyAya 24 ] dakSiNApatha maura dakSiNa bhArata dakSiNApatha ke pUrvI bhAga arthAt Adhunika AMdhra pradeza meM jaina vAstu-avazeSa adhikatara rAyalasImA se telaMgAnA taka prApta hote haiM, yadyapi inase bhI prAcIna avazeSa aura khaNDahara samudra-taTa ke kSetroM meM yatra-tatra vidyamAna haiN| isakA pahalA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki samudra-taTa ke kSetroM meM sudRr3ha aura vyApaka rAjAzraya pahale bauddha dharma ko aura usake bAda brAhmaNa-hindU dharma ko milA, isa kAraNa unake paraMpAragata saMparka itane sudRr3ha ho gaye ki usake rahate isa kSetra meM jaina dharma kA praveza kaThina ho gyaa| yaha praveza zravaNabelagolA ke keMdra se prAraMbha huA aura vahA~ se usakA prasAra eka aora rAyalasImA se hokara samudra-taTa aura dUsarI ora ur3IsA se hokara samudra-taTa ke kSetroM meM huA, jaisA ki vAsupUjya ke samaya kI paraMparAgata pracAra-kathA se jJAta hotA hai; tAtparya yaha ki IsavI san ke prAraMbhika samaya aura rASTrakUTa-kAla ke bIca jaina dharma ko rAjya se pahalI bAra vyApaka Azraya aura samarthana milA / kalyANI ke cAlUkyoM, kAkatIyoM aura belnATI ke coloM ke zAsanakAla meM karmakANDa aura sthApatya saMbaMdhI keMdroM kI pratiSThA atyadhika sabala aura vyApaka ho gayI, kintu usa samaya ke avazeSa adhikatara mUrtiyoM ke rUpa meM hI prApta hote haiM / mukhya-prApti sthAna haiM : haidarAbAda ke samIpa poTlAceruvu (Adhunika pATanaceru), vardhamAnapura (vaDDamanI), pragatura, rAyadurgama, cippagiri, hanumakoNDA, peDDatumbalama (aDonI ke samIpa), puDura (gaDavala ke samIpa), aDonI, nayakallI, kaMbadura, amarapurama, kollipAka, munugoDu, penugoNDA, nemim, bhogapurama Adi / ina sthAnoM para vidyamAna maMdiroM ke prakAra se yA sthApatya saMbaMdhI zilpAMkanoM se yaha atyaMta spaSTa hai ki sthApatya saMbaMdhI kucha vizeSa zailiyoM ne isa nirmANa kI dhArA ko prabhAvita kiyA, yadyapi yaha kahanA ucita hogA ki isa nirmANa meM aisI koI vizeSatA nahIM jise jaina zailI nAma diyA jA sake / itanA avazya hA ki kisI vizeSa kSetra yA kAla meM nirmANa kA vikAsa jainoM ke dvArA vizeSa rUpa se kiyA gayA / niSkarSa rUpa meM hama eka se adhika bhinna zailiyoM kA nAmollekha kara sakate haiM : sopAnamArga aura tala-pITha sahita nirmANa kI kadaMba-nAgara-zailI, jisake aMtargata cAroM pAzvoM para eka samatala paTTI hotI hai, aura adhikatara tIna garbhAlayoM-sahita eka trikUTAcala hotA hai aura jisake pratyeka garbhAlaya para eka zikhara hotA hai; aura anya zailI ke jo maMdira baca rahe haiM una sabameM chata para zikhara ke sAtha apane-Apa meM pUrNa eka zukanAsI hotI hai jo aMtarbhAga meM sthita ardhamaNDapa ke ThIka Upara par3atI hai / zikhara nizcita rUpa se catuSkoNIya hotA hai, jise dakSiNa meM pracalita zabdAvalI meM nAgara-varga kA zikhara kahA jA sakatA hai, aura isa sabake AdhAra para kahA jAyegA ki maMdira ke AkAra meM parivartana kA artha hai nirmANa-saMbaMdhI viziSTatA meM vistAra jo pazcimI karnATaka ke samudrataTIya kSetra meM aura adhikatara kadaMba-maNDala meM dRSTigata hotA hai; yaha vistAra jAtIya aura sthAnIya stara para kASTha yA pASANa se nirmita pAraMparika maMdiroM kI zailI meM eka mizraNa mAtra hai aura kevala vimAna-zailI ke maMdiroM ke lie pratibaddha kSetra meM hI sImita rahA, aura uttara ke rekha-prAsAda meM use koI ullekhanIya sthAna na mila sakA; kevala isakI zukanAsI ko vahA~ vyApaka rUpa se apanAyA gayA jo kalyANI ke cAlUkyoM kI apanI vizeSatA thii| isake tala-pIThoM vAle zikhara ke sAtha zakanAsI bhI hotI hai aura 323

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [bhAga 5 jisakI bAhya-bhittiyA~ kabhI-kabhI hI madhya meM saMyojita baMdhana-paTTikAoM ke atirikta samatala huA karatI haiN| maMdira kA aisA rUpa-prakAra kurnUla jile ke bar3e bhAga meM kRSNA aura tuMgabhadrA ke taToM para marmunagala, pragatura, bekama, simasila, pApanAzanam Adi meM dRSTigata hotA hai| jaina dharma meM maMdira ke isa prakAra ke apanAye jAne kA mukhya kAraNa usakI samatalatA aura ADaMbarahInatA hI hai| madhyavartI aura pUrvI prAMdhra pradeza ke kurnala, guNTrara aura kRSNA jiloM ke sAtha hI anya kSetra meM bhI jinakA pracalana rahA aura brAhmaNoM aura jainoM ne jinakA apanI-apanI zabdAvalI meM prayoga kiyA aisI sthApatya saMbaMdhI paraMparAoM ke mAdhyama se mUrti-zilpa kI jo zailI sarvasAdhAraNa meM pracalita haI usakA vivecana kiyA jA rahA hai| isa zailI ke aMtargata vibhinna prakAra ke maMdiroM kI laghu anukRtiyA~ staMbhAkAra pASANoM para utkIrNa kI jAtI haiN| pUrvI cAlukyoM ke rAjAzraya aura rAjyakSetra meM isakA bahuta pracalana rahA, jaisA ki mahAnadI, satyavolu, yallezvaram Adi meM nirmita brAhmaNya zilpakRtiyoM meM dRSTigata hotA hai| jainoM kI zilpakRtiyA~ vemulavADa, padmakAzI. vijayavADA Adi meM prApta huI haiM, unameM sAdhAraNata: cAra tIrthaMkaroM sahita caumukha aura caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM sahita caubIsiyA~ haiM jinameM padmAsana yA khaDgAsana-mudrA meM kramazaH eka ora chaha mUrtiyA~ pratyeka pArzva para aMkita hotI haiN| __vardhamAnapura, pragatura Adi jaise mahattvapUrNa jaina keMdroM meM trikUTAcala-maMdiroM kI anukRtiyA~ banIM, kintu puDUra, kadaMbUra, padmakAzI, cippagiri aura peDDatumbalam meM ina anukRtiyoM meM kevala eka hI zikhara kI saMyojanA huI hai| puDUra ke maMdira kA nAma pallava-jinAlaya hai, jisakA nirmANa kalyANI ke cAlukya rAjA tribhuvanamalla vikramAditya (1076-1126 I.) ke eka sAmaMta hallakaraza ke saMrakSaNa meM usI ke dvArA dAna kI gayI bhUmi para dravir3a -saMgha ke bhaTTAraka jaina guru kanakasena ne karAyA thaa| isa maMdira meM garbhagRha, aMtarAla aura aliMda haiN| kadaMbUra meM bhI aise tIna maMdira haiM para unake zikhara talapITha sahita haiM; unameM se eka uttarAbhimukha maMdira anya maMdiroM ke samAna hI hai para usameM garbhagaha. ardhamaNDapa, eka laMbe staMbha-yukta prazAla aura eka pASANa-nirmita prAkAra kI saMyojanA hai| isake nirmANa meM eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki donoM ora paratadAra pASANa se nirmita bhittiyoM se isameM eka doharA talakakSa banAyA gayA hai, usameM miTTI kI bharata kI gayI hai aura isase bhittiyoM kI rekhA koSAkAra ho gayI hai| prAkAra ke praveza ke dvAra-pakSa para pUrNaghaToM kA aura usake lalATa-bimba para eka tIrthaMkara-mUrti kA aMkana huA hai| svayaM maMdira ke praveza ke donoM dvAra-pakSoM para do-do khar3agAsana tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ aura lalATa-bimba para eka padamAsana tIrthaMkara-mUrti utkIrNa haiN| anya maMdiroM (brAhmaNya ) meM mallikArjana nAmaka maMdira ke kapizIrSa-yukta prAkAra kI bhittiyoM para do paMktiyoM meM aneka jaina zilpAMkana utkIrNa haiM jinameM vividha dRzya haiM : jaina maMdira ke samakSa pUjaka-gaNa; maMdira se nikalatA huA eka digaMbara muni; 324

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adhyAya 24 ] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata sthApita kI huI eka khaDgAsana tIrthaMkara-mUrti aura usake dAhinI ora vrata letI huI eka darzanArthI mahilA jisake hAtha meM eka kalaza dikhAyA gayA hai| vrata eka jaina guru ke dvArA diyA jA rahA hai jisane apanA dAhinA hAtha U~cA kara rakhA hai aura bAyeM hAtha meM piccha le rakhA hai| sAtha meM eka sAdhu aura hai jo eka hAtha ko isa caturAI se nIcA kiye hai ki usakI nagnatA chipa jaaye| nIce kI paMkti meM kucha aura bhI dRzya haiM : eka muni aura do AryikAe~, tInoM digaMbara-paraMparA ke pratIta hote haiN| inake sAtha uttama paridhAna dhAraNa kiye hue do puruSa aura eka mahilA bhI dikhAye gaye haiN| ye zilpAMkita dRzya mUlataH isa maMdira ke aMga rahe hoMge jise aba mallikArjuna-maMdira kahate haiM aura jo vIrazaiva-maMdira ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyA gayA hogA aura usameM kI jaina vastue~ naSTa kara dI gayI hoMgI; para vahA~ eka abhilekha aba bhI aisA baca gayA hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki lagabhaga 1258 I0 meM isa maMdira kA irugola dvArA jIrNoddhAra karAyA gayA thA aura usakI patnI pAlapAdevI jaina parivAra kI thii| amarapuram meM tailagiri durga meM brahma-jinAlaya nAmaka eka uttarAbhimukha pArzvanAtha-maMdira hai| yaha sthAna anaMtapura jile ke dakSiNI bhAga meM hai aura yahA~ kalyANI ke cAlukya zAsaka taila-dvitIya kI eka sainika caukI thii| yahA~ ke bhI eka 1228 I0 ke abhilekha meM pAlapAdevI kI dAnazIlatA kI carcA hai| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki prasanna-pArzvanAtha-vasadi ke dUsare nAma se prasiddha isa maMdira kA pUjArI cella pilla zittannavAsala kA eka jaina brAhmaNa thA aura tamilanADu meM puDakkoTTa ke pAsa ponnamarAvatI-sImA meM rahatA thaa| yahA~ ke eka abhilekha meM jIrNoddhAra ke vRttAMta meM maMdira ke vibhinna bhAgoM ke lie sthApatya-saMbaMdhI zabdAvalI AyI hai, jaise, zikhara, mahA-maNDapa, bhadra, lakSmI-maNDapa, gopUra, parisUtra, mAna-staMbha, makara-toraNa Adi; usameM yaha bhI likhA hai ki yaha maMdira upAna se stupI taka sabhI uparyukta bhAgoM ke sAtha nayA hI banAyA gayA hai; kevala mUrtiyoM aura anuSThAna se saMbaddha sAmagrI hI purAnI hai jisakA usameM upayoga kiyA gayA hai| isa zabdAvalI se spaSTa hotA hai ki maMdiroM ke jo bhI rUpa usa samaya prakAza meM Aye ve mUlataH 'dakSiNI' vimAna-zailI se saMbaddha the jisake aMtargata ukta zabdAvalI kA pracalana rhaa| hanumakoNDA kI kaDalAya-vasadi arthAt padmavAsI-maMdira (citra 205 kha) kAkatIya vaMza ke dvitIya zAsaka aura prathama svAyatta rAjA prola ke samaya ke maMdiroM meM se eka hai| isakA nirmANa maMtrI betana kI patnI mailamA devI ke saMrakSaNa meM huA thaa| yaha maMdira eka bar3e TIle para sthita hai, isakA zikhara IMToM se banA hai aura garbhAlaya prAkRtika guphA ke rUpa meM hai aura usase saMbaddha eka maNDapa hai; sabhI uttarAbhimukha haiN| pAsa kI hI eka caTTAna para utkIrNa mUrtiyoM meM eka kamalasthita pArzvanAtha (citra 206 ka) kI bhI hai, usapara chatra dhAraNa kiye hue jo nArI-prAkRti aMkita hai, use prAyaH apane pati ke sAtha upasthita mailamA (citra 206 kha) mAnA jAtA hai| isa maMdira meM grenAiTa pASANa se nirmita caumukha aura caubIsI ke samUha haiN| isa maMdira kA kAla lagabhaga 325

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I. [ bhAga 5 kumAra tailapa dvArA nirmita kollipAka jaina maMdira aba dhvasta avasthA meM hai aura pazcimI karnATaka ke lakSmezvara-maMdira kI bhA~ti yaha maMdira coloM ke AkramaNa ke samaya dhvasta kara diyA gayA thaa| dakSiNApatha meM jainoM ke sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa keMdroM meM isakI bhI gaNanA thii| isa sthAna para hae jaina kriyA-kalApoM kA paricaya yahA~ prApta hue ina avazeSoM se milatA hai : yahA~ ke kucha apekSAkRta lagha maMdiroM ke dvAra-pakSoM para aMkita haiM--pUrNa-ghaTa, mAna-staMbha, AdinAtha aura padamAvatI yakSI kI mUrtiyA~; pASANa kA eka toraNa; Adi / vijayanagaram aura bhImanipaTanam ke madhya sthita bhogapurama meM pArzvanAtha kA eka rAjarAjajinAlaya nAmaka jaina maMdira hai jisakA nirmANa mannama nAyaka ne 1187 I0 meM anaMtavarmana rAjarAja ke zAsanakAla meM karAyA thaa| aba kevala tIrthaMkara kI mUrti baca rahI hai jo eka mITara UMcI hai aura sabhI dRSTiyoM se AkarSaka hai| cippagiri se kalacuri rAjA bijjala ke jIvana kA ghaniSTha saMbaMdha rahA hai| pahAr3I para sthita yahA~ kA jaina maMdira kadAcit usI ne banavAyA thA, yA phira vaha usase kucha hI pahale banA thaa| isameM garbhagRha, ardha-maNDapa, mahA-maNDapa aura mukha-maNDapa haiN| mahA-maNDapa navaraMga-prakAra kA hai jisake madhya meM cAra staMbhoM para AdhArita aMkaNa hai| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki kAkatIyoM aura uttarakAlIna cAlakyoM dvArA nirmita maMdiroM kI bhAMti isa maMdira meM bhI navaraMga ke cAroM ora kakSAsana kI saMyojanA hai| ke. vI. sauMdara rAjana tamilanADu ke smAraka tamila deza ke jaina smArakoM ke preraNA-srotoM aura usake nirmANa kArya kA parijJAna eka samasyA hai kyoMki unameM se adhikAMza kA nirmANa pallava-kAla se vijayanagara-kAla taka ke vibhinna avasaroM para vibhinna kramoM meM hotA rhaa| inameM se kucha smArakoM kA to bAda meM, varan abhI-abhI taka, atyadhika navInIkaraNa bhI hotA rahA / ataeva unheM isa pustaka meM nirdhArita vibhAgoM ke aMtargata kisI vizeSa kAla kA mAna lenA yA usake AdhAra para unakA vivecana karanA atyaMta kaThina hai| isake phalasvarUpa, jinakA nirmANa to cola-kAla meM huA kintu unameM saMvardhana yA unakA navInIkaraNa vijayanagara-kAla meM huA, aise smArakoM kA vivecana do adhyAyoM, arthAta, 600-1000 I. aura 1300-1800 I. ke aMtargata kiyA jAnA cAhie, aura inake madhya ke kAla ko yA to pUrvavartI kAla kA samAropa mAnanA hogA yA uttaravartI kAla kA samAraMbha / ina smArakoM ko kisI vizeSa kAla se saMbaddha mAnane meM jo samasyAe~ haiM unakI prakRti kA bodha agralikhita udAharaNoM se ho skegaa| 326 .

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adhyAya 24 ] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata tiruparuttikuNram ke jaina maMdiroM kI tithiyA~ pallava- kAla se vijayanagara - kAla taka kI haiM / udAharaNa ke lie, caMdraprabha-maMdira meM rAjasiMha dvArA nirmita pallava maMdiroM kI zailI kI sabhI lAkSaNika vizeSatAe~ vidyamAna haiM kintu kramika navInIkaraNa se usakI vinyAsa - rekhA aura mUlyAMkana meM zocanIya parivartana ho gayA hai jisase aba navInIkRta rUpa meM isa maMdira kI tithi vijayanagara-kAla kI pratIta hone lagI hai, yadyapi usakI vinyAsa - rekhA, AkAra-prakAra aura vistAra ke mUlataH pallava hone meM koI saMdeha nahIM / 1 isI prakAra, trailokyanAtha yA vardhamAna maMdira yA trikUTa- bastI ke nAma se prasiddha yahA~ ke maMdiroM kA mukhya samUha pallava siMha varmA ( lagabhaga 550 I0) ke samaya kA hai / isakA pramANa yaha hai ki pallavoM ke prAcInatama dvibhASIya tAmrapaTTikA - abhilekha ke anusAra siMhavarmA aura usake putra siMhaviSNu se isa maMdira ko koI dAna prApta huA thA / 2 tathApi, pallava maMdira kA aba koI cihna taka nahIM baca rahA hai / yahA~ taka ki isa maMdira ke tInoM vimAnoM kI saMyojanA cola zAsaka kulottuMga - prathama ke kAla (1070-1118 I0) se pUrva kI nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki isa maMdira meM prApta hue prAcInatama abhilekha isI ke zAsanakAla ke haiN| isake atirikta, cola-maMdiroM kA bhI vijayanagara-kAla meM navInIkaraNa huA jaba ki bukkarAya tRtIya ke senApati irugappa ne saMgIta - maNDapa kA nirmANa karAkara isa maMdira kA saMvardhana kiyA / prAkAra kA nirmANa bhI cola rAjA rAjarAja tRtIya ke sAmaMta kADara dvArA saMvardhana ke rUpa meM huA / isa sAmaMta ko sthAnIya abhilekhoM meM alagiya pallavana (kopperunajiMga ) kahA gayA hai / saba milAkara, isa maMdira samUha kA mukhya nirmANa kArya pallava, cola aura vijayanagara, tIna kAloM meM saMpanna huA 13 tamila deza ke eka mahattvapUrNa jaina keMdra tirumalai ( uttara arkATa jilA ) ke maMdira samUha ke nirmANa kArya kI kathA bhI prAyaH isI prakAra kI hai| yahA~ ke maMdiroM kA nirmANa kArya prAkRtika guphA aura prAcIna zailotkIrNa caityavAsoM ke AsapAsa kiyA gyaa| isa maMdira samUha ke do bhAga haiM jinakA nirmANa kArya rASTrakUTa, cola aura vijayanagara- kAloM meM saMpanna huA / vimAna meM cola kAla kI vizeSatAe~ adhika haiM aura maNDapa aura gopura meM vijayanagara-kAla kI / koyaMbaTUra jile ke vijayamaMgalam meM eka jaina maMdira hai, usake sabhI bhAga samucita anupAta meM haiM aura usakA nirmANa gaMga aura vijayanagara- kAloM meM huA / 1 dekhie adhyAya 19. 2 'pallanakoila kaoNpara - pleTa grANTa oNoNpha pallava siMhavarman', TraikzaMsa praoNpha di mArka yaoNlaoNjikala sosAiTI oNpha sAutha iNDiyA, 1958-59. 3 ina sabhI maMdiroM ke vistRta vivecana ke lie dekhie rAmacaMdrana ( TI ena ) tirupattikuNDama eNDa iTsa TaeNpalsa, buleTina oNpha da madrAsa gavarnameNTa myUjiyama, naI dillI, janarala sekzana, 1, bI; 1934 madrAsa / monogrAphsa graoNpha da gavarnamenTa myUjiyama, madrAsa. 327

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 isa prakAra ke udAharaNa aneka haiM / dakSiNa arkATa jile ke sittAmUra meM Aja bhI jaina bhaTTAraka kI gaddI hai / ise bhI isa prakAra ke udAharaNoM meM pramukha mAnA jA sakatA hai| sittAmUra ke maMdiroM kA nirmANa kArya cola aura vijayanagara- kAloM meM do caraNoM meM huA ( citra 207 ) / ye eka prAkRtika guphA ke AsapAsa sthita haiM jise kATa-chA~Takara eka maMdira kA rUpa de diyA gayA hai / isa sthAna para hAla ke bane bhavana bhI haiM ( citra 208 ) / uttara arkATa jile ke karaNDai aura dakSiNa prakaTa jile ke tirunarunagoNDai nAmaka do aura bhI sthAna ullekhanIya haiM jahA~ isI prakAra kA nirmANa kArya huA / tamilanADu ke sabase adhika prabhAvazAlI maMdira samUhoM ko tIna vargoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai : ciMgalapaTa jile ke jina-kAMcI arthAt tiruparuttikuNram kA trailokyanAtha maMdira samUha; uttara arkATa jile ke polUra tAluka meM tirumalai kI prAkRtika guphAe~ evaM nirmita maMdira; aura koyaMbattUra jile ke vijayamaMgalam ke mUlataH gaMga kAla meM nirmita caMdranAtha maMdira ke bAhya bhAga meM eka staMbha-yukta maNDapa ke rUpa meM vijayanagara-kAla meM kiyA gayA saMvardhana / ciMgalapaTa jile ke tirupattikuNram ke jina-kAMcI - samUha meM praveza ke lie saghana prAkAra-baMdha ke uttara meM gopura-zailI kA eka vizAla dvAra hai| isa samUha kA mahattva isalie hai ki usake vibhinna maMdiroM ke 'dakSiNI' vimAna-zailI ke gaja-pRSTha vividha prakAra ke haiM ( citra 209 ) / udAharaNa ke lie : nIce catuSkoNIya aura Upara ardha-vRttAkAra, nIce se Upara taka ardha-vRttAkAra, nIce se Upara taka vartulAkAra | nIce catuSkoNIya aura Upara ardha-vRttAkAra, gaja-pRSTha vAle vAsupUjya-garbhAlaya kA pASANa- nirmita adhiSThAna uttarakAlIna coloM ke samaya kA hai aura isake prastAra kI bhittiyA~ IMTa aura cUne se banI haiN| isa maMdira samUha kA trikUTa bastI nAmaka maMdira isalie bhI prasiddha hai ki usameM sthApita mUrtiyA~ kASTha-nirmita haiM / isakA saMgIta - maNDapa atyadhika mUlyavAn hai kyoMki eka to isameM kaI abhilekha haiM aura dUsare isameM jaina zrI - purANa ko citrita kiyA gayA hai aura citroM ke sAtha unake zIrSaka bhI diye gaye haiM / raMgAcArI caMpakalakSmI trailokyanAtha- maMdira samUha meM eka unnata prAkAra ke bhItara usI ke aMtarbhAga se saTe : samUha haiM, eka bhItara kI ora madhya meM aura dUsarA bAhara kI ora / hue bhItara kI ora madhya meM sthita upa-samUha meM vardhamAna kA eka ardha- vRttAkAra maMdira hai jisake eka ora tIrthaMkara puSpadaMta kA aura dUsarI ora neminAtha kI yakSI dharmAdevI kA maMdira hai| yaha maMdira ina donoM maMdiroM kA eka bhAga bana gayA hai / ina tInoM kA eka hI ardha-maNDapa aura eka hI mukha 328 For Private Personal Use Only do upa

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adhyAya 24 ] tiruparuttikkum mahAvIra maMdira citra 211 dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 (ka) vijayamaMgalam -caMdranAtha-maMdira (kha) vijayamaMgalam - candranAtha-maMdira, gopura citra 212

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adhyAya 24 ] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata tirumalai - maMdira, vihaMgama dRzya citra 213 .

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 tirumala-maMdira kA prAkAra aura gopura citra 214

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adhyAya 24 ] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata tirumalai - dharmAdevI-maMdira meM gommaTa kI zailotkIrNa mUti citra 215 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 veMkuNram - tIrthaMkaroM kI kAMsya-mUrtiyA~ citra 216

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adhyAya 24 ] (sa) dAnabulaDa (ka) dAnabulapaDu - tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha vartulAkAra pITha meM caumukha citra 217 dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata .

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 (ka) dAnabulapaDu - vartulAkAra pITha ke kinAroM para deva-deviyA~ (kha) villivakkam VAC - * tIrthaMkara mUrti citra 218 [ bhAga 5

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adhyAya 24 ] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata maNDapa hai / inake samIpa hI tIrthaMkara padmaprabha, pArzvanAtha aura vAsupUjya ke maMdiroM kA samUha hai jise trikUTa - bastI kahate haiM aura jisakA apanA ardha-maNDapa aura mukha maNDapa haiN| tIna-tIna maMdiroM ke ina donoM samUhoM ke sAmane eka kalyANa maNDapa hai jisakA ullekha vahA~ ke abhilekhoM meM (citra 210 ) saMgIta - maNDapa ke nAma se huA hai / isa maMdira samUha kA vardhamAna maMdira kadAcit sabase prAcIna bhAga hai, yadyapi aba isakA mUla rUpa kucha bhI nahIM baca rahA hai aura aba usake sthAna para IMToM se banA huA eka maMdira hai (citra 211) / pratIta hotA hai ki yaha maMdira apane mUla rUpa meM pASANa se nirmita thA aura dhvasta ho jAne se kucha samaya pUrva hI usakA yaha rUpa astitva meM AyA / isa maMdira ko IMToM se banAne se pUrva usakA pASANa se nirmita adhiSThAna tiruparuttikuNDam se bIsa kilomITara dUra karaNDai le jAyA gayA jahA~ zrAcArya kalaMka kI smRti meM vaha Aja bhI vidyamAna hai / vardhamAna maMdira aura usake AsapAsa ke do maMdiroM kA ardha-maNDapa unake mUla rUpa ke sAtha nahIM banA aura vartamAna rUpa ke sAtha bhI nahIM, vaha una donoM ke madhya ke kisI samaya banA honA cAhie / laghu AkAra ke catuSkoNIya dharmAdevI maMdira ke viSaya meM eka vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki usameM isa samaya vidyamAna mUrti kI sthApanA terahavIM zatAbdI meM ziva-kAMcI ke kAmAkSI maMdira se lAkara kI gayI thI, yA eka anya anuzruti ke anusAra, nauvIM zatAbdI meM Adi zaMkarAcArya ke dvArA kAmAkSI - maMdira meM kAmakoTi pITha kI sthApanA ke pazcAt isakI sthApanA vahA~ se yahA~ kI gayI thI / yadyapi ina donoM anuzrutiyoM para spaSTa rUpa se prazna uTha sakatA hai para unase eka ullekhanIya tathya avazya vyakta hotA hai ki kAmAkSI maMdira ke sthAna para mUla rUpa meM dharmAdevI kA jaina maMdira thaa| dharmAdevI kI mUrti grenAiTa pASANa kI hai kintu vardhamAna aura puSpadaMta kI mUrtiyA~ kASTha - nirmita haiM, unapara pAliza kiyA gayA hai aura dAyA~ karatala bAyeM karatala para rakhe hue ve mUrtiyA~ paryaMkAsana meM haiM / dharmAdevI ke pIche usakA lAMchana siMha aMkita hai aura usake padmAsana para usake donoM putroM zraura eka nArI anucara kI AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM / trikUTa- bastI mUlataH do maMdiroM kA hI samUha thA, padmaprabha aura vAsupUjya kA; aura donoM kI vinyAsa - rekhA aura catuSkoNIya adhiSThAna prAyaH eka samAna haiM / kintu eka aura maMdira, pArzvanAtha kA, una donoM ke bIca meM banA diyA gayA hai jo una donoM ke saMyukta ardha-maNDapa kI sImA se saTA huA hai / vAsupUjya-maMdira ke dharaNoM para kulottuMga - prathama (1070-1120 I0) ke abhilekha utkIrNa haiM / usake adhiSThAna ke ghaTakoM para vikrama cola ke 1131 I0 aura 1135 I0 ke abhilekha haiM / kahA jAtA hai ki ye tInoM abhilekha mUlataH vardhamAna maMdira ke ardha-maNDapa kI dakSiNI bhitti meM jar3e the kyoMki taba na to trikUTa- bastI kA nirmANa pUrA huA thA aura na vardhamAna maMdira ke ardha-maNDapa kA, jahA~ ye abhilekha ba sthita haiM / jo abhilekha nirmANa kArya ke kAraNa dRSTi se projhala hote dikhe unakI pratilipi utkIrNa karAkara maMdira ke sAmane mukhya sthAna para sthApita kara dI gayI, jaisA ki isa maMdira - samUha meM 329 For Private Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 kaI sthAnoM para huA hai| isa dRSTi se, isa maMdira kA prAcInatama abhilekha kulottuMga-prathama (lagabhaga 1116 I.) ke pAMcaveM-chaThe varSa meM utkIrNa hayA thA, isalie bardhamAna-maMdira kA ardha-maNDapa isa tithi se pahale kA honA caahie| isase svayaM vardhamAna-maMdira usase bhI pahale kA siddha hotA hai| saMgIta-maNDapa ke uttara-pUrva koNa ke eka staMbha para maNDapa ke nirmANa ke lie dAna karanevAle kI AkRti utkIrNa hai jo vahI iruguppa hai jisakA ullekha maMdira kI chata para utkIrNa abhilekhoM meM maNDapa ke nirmAtA ke rUpa meM huA hai| bukkarAya-dvitIya kA senApati aura maMtrI yaha vyakti vahI hai jisakA ullekha hampI ke gaNigitti-jinAlaya ke staMbha-abhilekhoM meM huA hai| inakI tithi 1365 I0 mAnI gayI hai jo tiruparuttikuNrama ke saMgIta-maNDapa ke nirmANa se ThIka do varSa pahale kI hai| isa maMdira ke cAroM ora vRttAkAra meM laghu maMdiroM Adi kI paMkti hai jisake aMtargata dakSiNapazcimI koNa para brahmadeva kA maMdira, uttara-pazcimI koNa para RSabhadeva kA maMdira aura uttara-pUrvI koNa para prazAloM kI eka laMbI paMkti hai; sabhI prazAloM ke sAtha eka barAmadA hai aura unheM munivAsa kahate haiN| ise munivAsa kahane kA kAraNa saMbhavata: yaha mAnyatA hai ki isI sthAna para hue pA~ca muniyoM kI AtmAe~ smRti-rUpa meM ina pA~coM garbhagRhoM meM raha rahI haiN| inameM se do garbhagRha caudahavIM zatAbdI ke malliSeNa aura puSpasena ke lie nirmita hue the| yadi yaha aisA hI hai to unake janma aura mRtyu kI tithiyoM ke AdhAra para ye garbhagRha paMdrahavIM yA solahavIM zatI se pUrva ke nahIM mAne jA skeNge| inameM madhyavartI garbhagRha meM vardhamAna aura pArzvanAtha kI eka-eka mUrti hai / spaSTa hai ki yaha ina mUrtiyoM kA mUla sthAna nahIM hai| prAkAra ke pazcima bhAga meM eka tamila abhilekha hai jisameM vRttAMta hai ki isa madila (prAkAra-bhitti) kA nirmANa algiya pallavan ne karAyA thA, isakA samIkaraNa rAjarAja-tRtIya ke sAmaMta kopperunajiMga ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai, aura isa abhilekha meM ullikhita usakI svataMtra mUrtiyoM kI tithi se isa prAkAra kI tithi 1243 I0 se bAda kI siddha hotI hai, jaba usane svayaM rAjamukuTa dhAraNa kiyA thaa| vijayamaMgalam ke caMdranAtha-maMdira-samUha (citra 212 ka) meM aMtarbhAga ke mahA-maNDapoM se Age sthita bahirbhAga ke jo maNDapa haiM ve vijayanagara-kAla meM nirmita hue the--yaha tathya unake staMbhoM, zilpAMkanoM aura mAna-staMbha se aura maMdira-samUha ke vizAla gopura-dvAra se pramANita hotA hai (citra212 kh)| maMdiroM ke sammukha aura uttuMga mAna-staMbha banAne kI prathA isa jile meM vyApaka stara para rahI hai, yahA~ taka ki brAhmaNya maMdiroM ke praveza-dvAra ke sammukha bhI aise vizAla staMbha (eka hI pASANa se yA kaI zilAkhaNDoM se) banAye gye| tirumala meM do nirmita maMdira haiN| unameM se eka para zikhara hai jo uttarakAlIna cola 330

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adhyAya 24 ] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata zailI kI hai aura jisameM koI alaMkaraNa nahIM hai| vijayamaMgalam ke maMdira kI bhAMti isa maMdira ke bhI garbhAlaya meM, zikhara ke aMtarbhAga ke ThIka prAraMbha meM, DholAkAra aMtabhittiyoM para paMktibaddha citrakArI kI gayI hai| uttara arkATa jile kI eka choTI pahAr3I para sthita isa prakRti-ramaNIya grAma meM kucha jaina maMdira (citra 213) haiN| pahAr3I para neminAtha kI eka bahuta bar3I mUrti aura guphAoM kI eka paMkti hai guphAe~ aba AvAsa-gRha ke rUpa meM parivartita kara dI gayI haiM aura unameM vividha prakAra kI jyAmitika tathA anya citrakArI hai jisameM samavasaraNa ke dRzya bhI haiN| rASTrakUTa, keMdrIya cola, vijayanagara aura nAyaka zAsakoM ke samaya ke kriyA-kalApoM se isa sthAna kI khyAti phailI / yahA~ atyaMta suMdara zilpAMkana sahita zilAe~ aura yakSa-yakSiyoM Adi kI mUrtiyA~ haiN| kramazaH vardhamAna aura meminAtha ko samarpita donoM maMdira pUrNatayA 'dakSiNI' vimAna-zailI ke haiM aura unakA nirmANa kramazaH cola aura vijayanagara kAla meM huA; inameM se neminAtha-maMdira bar3A hai aura pahAr3I kI adhityakA para guphA-zayyAoM ke pAsa sthita hai| vardhamAna-maMdira usase choTA aura nIce kI ora sthita hai aura usameM bhI, prAyaH vijayamaMgalama ke maMdira kI bhA~ti zikhara ke aMtarbhAga ke prAraMbha meM aura bhittiyoM ke UparI bhAga para paMktibaddha citrakArI hai| tirumale kA maMdira-samUha pahAr3I kI upatyakA meM eka prAkAra ke aMtargata sthita hai jisake pUrva meM eka bahuta uttuMga gopura-dvAra (citra 214) hai| vardhamAna ke lie samarpita maMdira isa U~cAI para prAkAra meM eka hI hai aura usake tIna taloM para vartulakAra grIvA tathA zikhara hai / isake ardha-maNDapa, mahA-maNDapa aura mukha-maNDapa kI yojanA akSAkAra hai aura una tInoM kI saMyukta chata samatala hai| isake garbhagRha meM uttIra ke Upara bhittiyoM para kadAcit prAraMbhika vijayanagara-kAla kI citrakArI hai| dUsare jagatIpITha para punaH eka prAkAra-baMdha hai para isakA gopura-dvAra apekSAkRta laghu AkAra kA hai; aura durbhAgya se isakA UparI bhAga naSTa ho gayA hai| isa prAkAra-baMdha ke aMtargata eka vizAla maMdira hai, isakA bhI zikhara-bhAga naSTa ho gayA hai| isa maMdira kA garbhagRha catuSkoNIya hai aura isake ardha-maNDapa aura mukha-maNDapa ke AkAra bahuta vizAla haiN| donoM maMdiroM ke mukha-maNDapoM ke vizAla uttIroM ke nIce vijayanagara kI vizeSa zailI kI koDuMgai prakAra kI Tor3iyA~ haiN| isake pazcAt sabase adhika U~cAI para nirmita jagatI-pITha para bhI eka maMdira hai para yaha eka ubharI huI caTTAna ke kinAre se isa prakAra saMlagna hai ki usake guphA kI bhA~ti bhItara kI ora ke rikta sthAna se isa maMdira kI yathocita saMgati baiTha gayI hai, aura isa saMgati kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki zilA ko kaI sthAnoM para kATakara garbhAlayoM kA rUpa dekara unake sAtha bhUtala kA nirmANa kara diyA gayA hai| isa taraha ke garbhAlayoM meM jo sabase adhika U~cAI para hai vaha usa AyatAkAra caTTAna ke ThIka nIce par3atA hai jo Upara se bAhara kI ora nikalI huI hai / bhUtala para sthita maNDapa ke Upara tIna tala aura haiM / nirmita maNDapoM ke madhya meM sthita sopAna-vIthikAe~ aMtarAla kA kAma karatI haiN| prathama taloM kA mUla AdhAra koNa-sthita bhittistaMbha haiM kintu Upara ke do tala inase bhinna haiN| uparitama tala se nIce kA tala kevala bhitti-staMbhoM para 331

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 AdhArita hai aura uparitama taloM meM devakulikAoM kI saMyojanA hai jisameM staMbhAkRtiyoM se viziSTa makara-toraNa abhiprAyoM ke madhya ajitanAtha kA aMkana hai / unake eka ora mahAyakSa aura dUsarI ora rohiNI aura donoM ora eka-eka hAthI khar3e dikhAye gaye haiM, hAthI vArimAna aura vedi-baMdha ke pArzvo meM khar3e kiMcit utthApita zuNDAdaNDoM se mAlAe~ dhAraNa kiye hue haiM, aura unakA nirmANa cUnA se huA hai / isa maMdira ke aMtarbhAga meM vibhinna U~cAiyoM para nirmita garbhagRhoM meM cola aura vijayanagarakAloM ke zailotkIrNa zilpAMkana haiN| udAharaNArtha, dharmAdevI maMdira meM gommaTa aura unakI bhaginiyoM ke mUtyaMkana ( citra 215 ) keMdrIya cola kAla ( gyArahavIM zatI) ke haiM aura svayaM dharmAdevI aura usake kucha anucaroM kI mUrtiyA~ vijayanagara-kAla kI haiN| isake mukhya garbhAlaya ko arakkoyila kahate haiM aura usameM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI mUrti hai / usake adhikAMza bhAga meM vijayanagara- kAla kI uttarakAlIna citrakArI hai / uttara arkATa jile meM zailotkIrNa guphAoM Adi ke rUpa meM pracura mAtrA meM jaina avazeSa vidyamAna haiM aura baMdivAza ke AsapAsa kA kSetra to Aja bhI vizeSa rUpa se jainoM kA upaniveza-sA banA huA hai / do maMdira, veMkum kA arugara aura birudura kA arugura, sthApatya kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya na bhI hoM para aitihAsika saMdarbhoM meM inakA ullekha kiyA jAnA cAhie / veMkuNram kA yaha mukhya maMdira dvitala hai, isakA bhitti-baMdha vartulAkAra aura samatala hai tathA adhiSThAna maMca - baMdha prakAra kA hai / eka maMdira dharmAdevI kA bhI hai jisameM usakI eka atyaMta suMdara vijayanagarakAlIna pASANa- nirmita mUrti hai / mukhya maMdira ke garbhAlaya ke dAhine koNoM para yaha maMdira apane zAla - zikhara ke kAraNa tamilanADu ke una brAhmaNya maMdiroM ke samAna bana par3A haiM jisameM koI devI sthApita hotI hai / birudura ke maMdira meM mahAvIra kI eka prAcIna pASANa mUrti hai / yaha aba khaNDita ho gayI hai aura eka mukha maNDapa meM rakhI hai ; usase bAda kI eka mUrti garbhAlaya meM jar3I huI hai| mukhya maMdira kA adhiSThAna pASANa se nirmita hai; maMdira dvitala hai, zikhara vartulAkAra hai / prathama tala ke prastAra para para tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha, saMbhavanAtha, supArzvanAtha aura caMdranAtha aura aMkana haiM / mUrti - zilpa kI zailiyA~ uttarakAlIna cAlukya, vijayanagara, hoyasala aura yAdava rAjavaMzoM ke samaya madhyakAlIna jaina kalA kI samRddhi kabhI nyUna rahI to kabhI adhika / kintu uttaravartI rAjAoM ne, vizeSataH paMdrahavIM zatI se bAda ke rAjAoM ne apanA saMrakSaNa vyApaka rUpa se zaiva aura vaiSNava dharmoM ko hI diyaa| jaina dharma ke sAtha itanA kiyA ki use jIvita rahane diyA / vastutaH yaha samaya zravaNabelagolA jaise mahattvapUrNa keMdra meM bhI jainoM aura ( mAlakoTa ke ) vaiSNavoM ke bIca ghora saMgharSa kA samaya thA, isI ke 332 saMyojita vimAnoM ke zikharoM unake yakSoM kI mUrtiyoM ke

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adhyAya 24] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata pariNAmasvarUpa harihara-dvitIya ko ina vivAdoM ko zAMta karate hue eka abhilekha prasArita karanA par3A thA jise 'zAsana' kahate haiN| ullekhanIya hai ki rAjyastuti ke anaMtara isa abhilekha meM mahAna vaiSNava netA aura dArzanika zrI rAmAnuja yA yatirAja kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai, aura saca to yaha hai ki usameM vedAMtadezika ke dhAti-paMcaka kA eka zloka bhI uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| tamilanADu ke atirikta anya kSetroM meM, mukhya rUpa se prAraMbhika madhyakAla meM, jaina kalA kA vikAsa maMdira ke garbhAlayoM aura upa-garbhAlayoM kI bhittiyoM aura devakulikAoM meM saMyojita zilpAMkanoM ke rUpa meM huA; kintu tamilanADu meM kAMsya-pratimAoM kI paraMparA eka atirikta vizeSatA rhii| isase jaina maMdiroM meM laghu mUrtiyoM aura anuSThAna-saMbaMdhI dhAtu-nirmita pAtroM Adi kI kalA ko protsAhana milA, yadyapi usakA adhikatara rujhAna mUlataH pazcima-bhAratIya jaina bhitti-citroM aura laghu-citroM se anuprANita loka-kalA kI ora thA, kyoMki isa kalA ke aMtargata eka to mukhAkRtiyoM meM eka prakAra kI rukSatA aura jAtibaddhatA jhalakatI hai, dUsare keza dhuMgharAle aura A~kha kI putaliyA~ ubharI huI aura laMbI banAyI gayI haiN| isa sabakA udAharaNa veMkarama kI kAMsya-matiyoM (citra 216) meM milatA hai| dUsarI ora, aAMdhra kSetra meM dhAtu-mUrtiyoM kA prabhAva rhaa| hoyasaloM ke rAjyakAla aura zAsana-kSetra meM vijayanagara sAmrAjya (1336 I0) kI sthApanA se ThIka pahale, jaina dharma kA utkarSa parAkASThA para thaa| pahale se hI milatA rahA gaMga-rAjAoM kA samarthana use usa samaya aura bhI adhika milaa| isI ke phalasvarUpa hAsana, mANDyA aura maisUra jiloM meM jaina dharma kI ekAgratA kadAcit sabase adhika huii| zravaNabelagolA vastutaH ina dinoM eka sAdhAraNa keMdra hI bana sakA thA aura use rAjasaMrakSita brAhmaNya dharma se jUjhanA par3a rahA thaa| hoyasala-kAla meM jaina kalA kI gati maMda kintu saumya thI aura usI kAla meM sAtha-sAtha cala rahI brAhmaNya mUrtikalA kI sthira kintu alaMkaraNa-vipula-zailI se usakI saMgati baiThatI thii| vikAsa ke isa stara para jaina kalA meM kucha aura bhI anupamatA AyI; eka to staMbhoM Adi ke tala kI camaka meM aura unapara utkIrNa mUrtiyoM ke pAliza meM; aura dUsare, usI ke sAtha-sAtha garbhAlaya meM sthApita tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyoM kI vizAlatA meM / mUrti-zilpa meM sUkSma aMkanoM kI isa jAnabUjhakara kI gayI upekSA meM aura mUryaMkana dvArA jIvanmukta tIrthaMkara ke dArzanika pratIka-vidhAna meM eka ullekhanIya samarasatA dRSTigata hotI hai| deza ke sabhI bhAgoM meM, aura vizeSataH dakSiNa meM, pASANa Adi kucha mAdhyamoM aura laghu AkAra kI mUrtiyoM ke atirikta sabhI tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyoM ke aMkana meM eka-samAna paddhati kA anusaraNa huA hai ; isakA phala yaha huA ki sarvatra eka samarasatA vyApta hokara raha gyii| kintu dUsarI ora, isase tIrthakara kI aparihArya nissaMgatA aura atyadhika vairAgya kI abhivyakti bhI hotI hai| isase tatkAlIna sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika vAtAvaraNa kA pariSkAra hA jisameM vyApta kadAcAra kA sAkSI itihAsa hai aura jisakI baddhamUla jar3atA ne jIvana-krama ke spaMdana ko paMgu banA rakhA thaa| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki sAdhAraNa dRSTi se, zailI aura sAmagrI meM, jainoM ne brAhmaNoM kI 333

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga paraMparAgata pratibhA aura prathA kA anukaraNa kiyaa| tathApi sthApatya aura mUrtikalA donoM meM unhoMne ADaMbara-hInatA ke sAtha gatizIlatA bhI rakhI, kintu kabhI-kabhI isameM aMtara bhI par3A ; zilpAMkanoM meM bhI aura citrakArI meM bhI staMbhoM para AvazyakatA se bhI adhika paTTikAe~ ukerI gayIM ; bhittiyoM para tIrthaMkaroM, devoM, yakSoM, yakSiyoM Adi kI mUrtiyA~ itanI adhika banAyI gayIM ki unase ukatAhaTa hone lagI aura unake kAraNa sthApatya aura mUrtikalA kA yathArtha sauMdarya prAnuSThAnika sAja-sajjA meM vilIna hokara raha gyaa| vastuta: jaina kalA ne isa kAla meM kabhI to AdyopAMta, aura kabhI, kahIMkahIM, sauMdaryagata sUkSmatA aura bhAvanA se mAno kucha durAva hI kiyaa| kintu yaha ullekha avazya kiyA jAnA cAhie ki vAstavika kalA-pravaNatA aura saMgati kA tattva unameM Adi se aMta taka banA rahA jo sthAna-sthAna para eka vizeSa tAlamAna se nirmita padmAsana yA khaDgAsana tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| pASANa Adi mUla sAmagrI kA anyathA prabhAva zailI para tathA anya tattvoM para par3A, isake kaI pahala the jo baddhamala hote-hote kramaza: kSetrIya zailiyoM yA maryAdAoM ke rUpa meM sAmane Aye / udAharaNa ke lie peDu tumbalama, cippagiri yA dAnavulapaDu (citra 217 ka) meM apanAyI gayI yAdava-kAkatIya zailI ke aMtargata kapolAsthiyA ubharI huI dikhAI gayIM aura kapoloM ko mukhabhAga ke vartulAkAra se itanI dUrI para dikhAyA gayA ki ve samatala pratIta hone lge| zarIra Age kI ora jhukA hayA aura hAthoM tathA pairoM ke nicale bhAga patale kara diye gye| zilA-phalaka para mukhya mUrti ke parikara ke rUpa meM siMha-lalATa sahita makara-toraNa hotA (jaisA ki brAhmaNya zilpAMkanoM meM bhI huaa)| zarIra sUtA hA dikhAyA gayA aura kaMdhoM, nitaMboM, kaTi Adi kA AkAra yathocita anupAta meM liyA gyaa| kintu hoyasaloM aura pazcimI cAlukyoM kI zailI ke aMtargata mukha-maNDala aura zarIra ko supuSTa aura mAMsala dikhAyA gayA, aura tIrthaMkara-mUrti ke parikara meM, usake AkAra aura zilpAMkana ke anurUpa, makara-toraNa, camaradhArI, yakSa tathA anya alaMkaraNa prastuta kiye gye| pazcimI prAMdhra pradeza meM caumukha kA bhI pracalana thaa| yaha eka prakAra kA vahanIya maMdira thA jo eka vartu lAkAra pITha para saMyojita eka aise staMbha kA pratirUpa hotA hai jo brAhmaNa dharma meM pracalita liMga se prAyaH prAkRti meM ekarUpa hai| isakA eka acchA udAharaNa madrAsa saMgrahAlaya (citra 217 kha) meM hai jo dAnavulapaDu se prApta huA thaa| aise caumukhoM para saMgIta-maNDaliyoM aura vidyAdharoM ke sAtha agni, yama, varuNa, revaMta Adi dikpAloM kA mUyaMkana pITha ke pArzva-koNoM para (citra 218 ka) aura vizeSa rUpa se supArzvanAtha aura vardhamAna kA sammukha pAzvoM para hotA hai| isa prakAra ke caumukhoM meM sarvaprathama kadAcit rASTrakUTa-kAla kA thA jaisAki uparyukta sthAna se prApta hue eka abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai / yaha abhilekha jisa caumukha para utkIrNa hai vaha nityavarSa indra-tRtIya (dasavIM zatI) ke samaya kA mAnA jAtA hai| usakI sthApanA tIrthaMkara zAMtinAtha kI bhavya pratiSThA ke avasara para 334

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adhyAya 24] dakSiNApatha aura dakSiNa bhArata kI gayI thii| isase jaina kalA para bhI rASTrakUTa brAhmaNya kalA kA zailIgata prabhAva pratIta hotA hai| tamilanADu kI mUrtikalA meM ADaMbarahInatA itanI adhika hai ki usameM kalAgata alaMkaraNa nagaNya haiM, kyoMki eka to unameM grenAiTa pASANa kA prayoga hayA hai aura unameM yahA~ ke anya keMdroM kI tulanA meM kucha adhika hI kaThora paraMparAe~ rahI haiN| itanA saba hote hae bhI, inameM kucha abhiprAyoM kI saMyojanA hai jinake zailIgata vikAsa meM eka vizeSa uddezya nihita hai| aisA hI eka abhiprAya tricchatra hai jo yA to eka hI pASANa meM isa taraha utkIrNa kiyA jAtA ki ve eka pyAle para dUsare aura dUsare para tIsare pyAle kI bhA~ti Upara rakhe dikhate haiM, yA phira unheM isa taraha prastuta kiyA jAtA ki unake kinAre thor3e se ubhare hue hote aura unapara sarvatra puSpAvalI aMkita hotI / chatrAvalI ke AsapAsa ke sthAna para latAoM ko alaMkaraNa ke rUpa meM aMkita kiyA jAtA jinameM se kucha zAstravihita hote, kucha zailIgata hote aura kucha meM kalikAoM, puSpAvalI Adi kI prastuti hotI aura yadA-kadA latAoM ko kuNDalAkRtiyoM aura baMdanavAroM ke aMkanoM se atyadhika alaMkRta kara diyA jaataa| grenAiTa ke mUya'kanoM meM bhI mUrti-zilpa kI do pravRttiyA~ rhiiN| unameM se eka ke anusAra guNoM aura prakRti-sAmya kI abhivyakti ko mahattva diyA gayA aura dUsarI ke anusAra zarIra ke AyAmoM meM koNoM para bala diyA jAtA; mastaka aura zarIra ko catuSkoNIya rakhA jAtA aura mUrti kA samUcA rUpa apekSAkRta aAkarSaNahIna raha jAtA / tathApi, prAraMbhika madhyakAla (dasavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI) kI sabhI matiyoM meM atyadhika sugaThita zarIra aura saMyata baliSThatA kI abhivyakti huii| makara-toraNoM aura camaradhAriyoM kI saMyojanA yA to kI hI nahIM gayI yA unheM bahuta kama mahattva diyA gyaa| dakSiNa kanArA Adi kucha samudrataTIya sthAnoM meM jaina dharma ko niraMtara saMrakSaNa milA / yahA~ mUrtiyoM ke pAliza aura AkAra ko itanA adhika mahattva diyA gayA ki unake aMgopAMgoM kA anupAta bhI gauNa ho gayA; isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki adhikatara mUrtiyoM meM zarIra-bhAga kI apekSA mastaka-bhAga choTA ho gayA, hasta aura pAda atyaMta nirbala aura zithila bana gaye aura paraMparA se banatI AyI kaNTha aura nAbhi kI trivaliyA~ kevala gaharAI taka utkIrNa karake hI banA dI gyiiN| tamilanADu ke zakkaramallUra, billivakkam (citra 218 kha), vyAsarpadi Adi meM aura hampI, peDu tumbalam, halebiDa Adi meM vibhinna rAjavaMzoM ke kAraNa AyI kSetrIya pravRttiyA~ pRthak-pRthak dIkha par3atI haiN| tathApi, sAMskRtika mUlya sarvatra eka-samAna haiM / kintu dakSiNa ke vijayanagara aura nAyaka rAjavaMzoM ke kAla ke grenAiTa pASANa ke zilpAMkana apanI utkRSTatA ke kAraNa dakSiNApatha ke atyadhika suMdara zilpAMkanoM kI tulanA meM bar3I sImA taka saphala hote haiN| peDu tumbalam se prApta aura aba madrAsa saMgrahAlaya meM saMgrahIta ajitanAtha kI eka mUrti atizaya suMdara aura saumya bana par3I hai aura usameM yadi koI truTi hai bhI to vaha alaMkRta prabhAvalI ke kAraNa chipa gayI hai| isa mUrti se, anya aneka mUrtiyoM se bhI adhika, yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki apane zilpAMkana ko adhikAdhika AkarSaka banAne ke lie yAdavakAlIna kalAkAra ne kalyANI ke cAlakyoM. hoyasaloM aura dakSiNApatha kI paraMparAgata zailiyoM ko kisa prakAra samanvita kiyaa| tathApi, kisI pRthak maMca kI sthApanA kiye binA hI jaina kalA niraMtara pragati karatI rahI aura isI kAraNa kalA 335

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1000 se 1300 I0 [ bhAga 5 jagat meM usane eka nayI hI pravRtti kA pravartana kiyA jisameM pratIkoM kA sthAna hai aura AMtarika baliSThatA kA bhI; aura usameM zarIra-gaThana aura pAliza kA tathA avayavoM kI mAMsalatA kA bhI dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| ke0 vI0 sauMdara rAjan 336

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bhAga 6 vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0

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adhyAya 25 uttara bhArata bhUmikA uttara bhArata ke itihAsa meM eka naye yuga kA sUtrapAta karate hue terahavIM zatAbdI sAMskRtika kSitija kI madhyayugIna prAraMbhika evaM madhyavartI paristhitiyoM ke bIca eka vibhAjana-rekhA prastuta karatI hai| madhyakAla kA prAraMbha usa samaya se hotA hai jaba videzI AkramaNakAriyoM ne islAma dharma ke jhaNDe tale dillI ke siMhAsana para ArUr3ha ho apanI sthiti ko sudRr3ha banA liyA tathA rAjanaitika, dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika prasAra ke lie apanI nItiyoM ko lAgU kara diyA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa isa deza kI pUrvavartI jIvana-paddhati, paraMparAeM, sauMdaryaparaka dRSTikoNa tathA kalAtmaka mUlyoM kI upekSA huI aura eka nayI saMskRti ke naye mAnadaNDa tathA kalA ke naye lakSaNoM kA vikAsa huaa| ina vijetAoM dvArA jina dhArmika bhavanoM kA nirmANa karAyA gayA ve isa deza kI mAnya paraMparAoM ke pratikUla the| isa kAla taka bhAratIya maMdira-sthApatya aura usase saMbaddha citra evaM mUrtikalAe~ rItibaddha DhaMga se usa pUrNa paripakva avasthA meM pahu~ca cukI thIM jahA~ unake bhAvI vikAsa kI saMbhAvanAe~ bahata hI kama raha gayI thiiN| isake Age kI zatAbdiyoM meM uttara bhArata ke brAhmaNoM tathA unhIM kI bhA~ti jainoM ne bhI parivartita pariveza ke anurUpa svayaM ko DhAlane tathA apanI sAMskRtika dharohara ko yathAvat surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA / sulatAnoM ke zAsanakAla ke prathama caraNa meM isa deza ke jana-sAdhAraNa kA sAMskRtika jIvana atyaMta asta-vyasta rahA, maMdira aura maTha Adi dhArmika saMsthAna sucAru rUpa se apanA kArya nahIM kara sake / yaha sthiti madhya deza meM to vizeSa rUpa se rhii| vahA~ kaI zatAbdiyoM taka aise kisI naye maMdira kA nirmANa nahIM huA jisakA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA jA ske| kucha sAdhAraNa maMdiroM meM pratimAe~ avazya sthApita kI gayIM jinameM se bhI adhikAMzataH pratimAeM purAnI thiiN| aisI hI kucha tIrthaMkaroM kI prAcIna pratimAoM ko jinadatta-sUri ne eka maMdira meM punapratiSThita kraayaa| ye pratimAe~ unhoMne mahammada tugalaka se prApta kI jo usake adhikAra meM thiiN| isa kAla meM dhArmika 1 jinaprabha-sUri. vividha-tIrtha-kalpa. saMpA. jinabijaya. 1934. zAMtiniketana. pR 45. 339

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 mata-matAMtaroM ke madhya vaicArika AdAna-pradAna ke mAdhyama mAtra ve sAdha the jo deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM niraMtara bhramaNa kiyA karate the| pazcima-rAjasthAna tathA anya pUrvavartI kSetroM kI sthiti kucha saMtoSajanaka thI, jisakA kAraNa yaha thA ki ina kSetroM kI zAsana-vyavasthA sthAnIya hiMdU rAjAoM ke hAthoM meM hone ke kAraNa yahA~ para sulatAnI prabhAva bahuta hI kama A pAyA thaa| yadyapi isa sthiti ke uparAMta bhI ye kSetra sAMskRtika hrAsa kI prakriyA ko roka nahIM ske| phira bhI dhArmika paraMparAoM ko eka sImA taka surakSita rakhane meM unhoMne saphalatA avazya pAyI thii| bhAratIya kalA kI mukhya dhArA kA eka avibhAjya aMga hone ke kAraNa jaina kalA aura sthApatya ina rAjanaitika parivartanoM se achUtA nahIM raha sakA / phalataH use bhI sAMskRtika parivartanoM ke madhya hokara calanA pdd'aa| yaha sthiti adhika samaya taka nahIM cala sakI aura zAsaka evaM zAsita jAtiyoM ke madhya pArasparika sAMskRtika sadbhAva ke rUpa meM bhAratIyakaraNa kI eka nayI prakriyA prAraMbha huI jisake aMtargata uttara bhArata ke aneka kSetroM meM maMdiroM kA nirmANa kArya pUre jora-zora se prAraMbha hyaa| phalataH rAjasthAna meM caudahavIM evaM paMdrahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya aneka utkRSTa maMdiroM kI sthApanA huii| isa kAla meM anekAneka pANDulipiyoM kI racanA bhI huI jinase jaina zAstra-bhaNDAra saMpanna hue| ina pANDulipiyoM meM se aneka ko citrita bhI kiyA gayA thaa| maMdira-sthApatya aura pratimA-kalA ke punarutthAna ke lie bhI terahavIM se lekara aThArahavIM zatAbdI taka kI laMbI kAlAvadhi meM paryApta prayAsa hue kintu ye kalAe~ apane atItakAlIna vaibhava ko prApta nahIM kara skiiN| sthApatya-kalA uttara bhArata meM isa kAla ke nimita jaina maMdiroM kI vikAsa-rUparekhA kI sAmagrI kI alpatA tathA unakI vividha zailI-samanvita racanAoM ke kAraNoM ko khoja pAnA sarala nahIM hai| isa kAla ke jaina maMdira, jo Aja upalabdha haiM, ve kisI eka sthApatyIya zailI para AdhArita nahIM haiN| unake rUpa aura prAkAroM tathA unakI nirmANa-yojanAoM kI vividhatA ke atirikta kSetrIya bhinnatAeM, rAjanaitika paristhitiyA~, badalatA hA sauMdaryaparaka dRSTikoNa tathA maMdiroM ke nirmANa-kartAoM dvArA unapara kiyA gayA vyaya Adi aise aneka kAraNa haiM ki ve apane vikAsa kI kisI sunizcita dizA kI ora saMketa nahIM kara paate| madhyakAlIna jaina maMdiroM ke prApta sthApatyIya vivaraNoM ke AdhAra para unheM nimnalikhita tIna mukhya samUhoM meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai : 1. pazcima evaM madhya bhArata kI paraMparAgata zailI ke jaina maMdira-samUha; 2. himAlaya kA maMdira-samUha; 3. mugala prabhAvAdhIna nirmita maMdira-samUha / ha ke maMdira sAmAnyataH gurjara, mAru yA mAru-gurjara sthApatyIya vizeSatAe~ apanAye hue haiN| kucha maMdiroM meM ina vizeSatAoM kA nyUnAdhika aMzoM meM upayoga huA hai to kucha 340

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adhyAya 25] uttara bhArata maMdiroM meM madhya bhAratIya sthApatyIya paraMparA kaa| cittaur3agar3ha, nAgadA, jaisalamera tathA rAjasthAna ke kucha anya jaina maMdiroM ko isa samUha ke maMdiroM ke udAharaNasvarUpa prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina maMdiroM meM garbhagRha tathA aMtarAla ke atirikta eka yA eka se adhika maNDapa haiM jinakI chateM kaI satahoMvAlI haiM aura aMlakRta haiN| uttaravartI kucha maMdiroM meM guMbada bhI pAye gaye haiN| maMdiroM kI bAhya saMracanA caukIdAra pITha para AdhArita hai| aneka maMdira mUrti-zilpoM se atyaMta saMpannatA ke sAtha aMlakRta haiM / jaMghAbhAga prakSipta chAdyoM se AcchAdita haiN| adhikAMza maMdiroM ke chAdya prAkRtiparaka mUrti-zilpoM se susajjita haiN| maMdiroM ke zikhara aMga-zikharoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa bhavya haiN| kucha maMdira-zikharoM meM . bhUmija-zailI kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi, aise zikhara atyalpa hI haiM / ina maMdiroM ke staMbha yA to sAdhAraNa haiM yA ati alaMkRta, vRttAkAra, kaI stara vAle yA phira saMyukta prakAra ke haiN| aneka maMdiroM meM chateM atyaMta dakSatApUrNa uddhRta mUrti-zilpoM kI sAdA athavA jaTila abhikalpanAoM se alaMkRta haiN| isa paraMparA ke uttaravartI maMdiroM meM maslima-zailI kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| raNakapura sthita AdinAtha kA bhavya caturmukha dira isa kAla ke maMdira-vAstu kA sarvAdhika ullekhanIya udAharaNa hai| (vistAra ke lie draSTavyaH adhyAya 28-saMpAdaka) samUha 2 : isa samUha ke maMdiroM ke udAharaNa mAtra almor3A jile meM dvArahATa sthita choTechoTe maMdira haiM jinameM nAgara-zailI kI catuSkoNIya, alaMkaraNarahita bar3I-bar3I devakulikAe~ vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| isI prakAra ke anya maMdira bhI saMbhavataH himAlaya ke kSetra meM rahe hoNge| samUha 3: isa samUha ke aMtargata uttara bhArata ke una jaina maMdiroM ko parigaNita kiyA jA sakatA hai jo jainoM kI aMtima zailI ke maMdira rahe haiN| inake lie sAmAnyataH solahavIM zatAbdI kA uttaravartI samaya nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| ye maMdira usa jaina kalA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM jo uttaravartI magala sthApatya-zailI se vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita hai| jaina maMdiroM meM mugala-sthApatya kA prabhAva dA~tedAra toraNoM, araba-zailI ke alaMkaraNoM aura zAhajahA~nI staMbhoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| zAhajahA~nI staMbhoM kA AdhAra-bhAga caukIdAra hotA hai, madhyabhAga zaMkvAkAra tathA unake zIrSa para choTA-sA golAkAra kalaza kI bhA~ti guMbada hotA hai| isa prakAra ke staMbhoM kA bAhya AkAra eka vizeSa zailI kA hotA hai| kucha maMdiroM, vizeSakara jayapura ke paTodI-maMdira tathA dillI ke jaina maMdira, meM pazcima bhAratIya maMdiroM kI bhA~ti sarpila staMbha bhI pAye gaye haiN| ye staMbha rUpAkAra meM sAmAnya haiM aura apane rUpa meM kalAtmaka hrAsakAlIna vizeSatAeM liye hue haiN| chajjoM meM prayukta ToDe yadyapi vibhinna AkAraprakAra ke haiM tathApi ve patale aura AkAra meM prabhAvahIna haiN| ina maMdiroM meM sthApatyIya bhavyatA kA abhAva hai| vastutaH ye jaina maMdira sthApatya kI mahAn paraMparA kA nirvAha karane meM asamartha rahe haiN| isa ke adhikAMza maMdira AkAra meM paraMparAgata caturbhuja prakAra ke haiM jinameM eka madhyavartI maNDapa hai aura usake pIche kI ora eka garbhagRha / kucha maMdiroM meM pRSThabhAga meM eka yA eka se adhika laghu 1. phargyusana (jemsa). hisTrI praoNpha iNDiyana eNDa IsTarna mArkITekcara, 2. 1972. dillI, (punarmudrita).670 341

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 AkAra ke devAlaya haiM jinameM jaina-bimbaM pratiSThita haiM; maMdira ke sammukha bhAga meM dhanuSAkAra praveza-dvAra haiN| kucha maMdiroM meM dohare prAMgaNa yA maNDapa bhI haiN| aneka maMdiroM meM garbhagRha meM cAroM ora pradakSiNApatha haiM tathA inake zikhara zailIgata prakAra ke haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ina maMdiroM kI vinyAsarUparekhA kA udbhava madhyakAlIna masjidoM athavA mugaloM kI hindU rAniyoM ke mahaloM ke sthApatya se hayA hai| ina mahaloM meM phatahapura sIkarI sthita mahArAnI jodhAbAI ke mahala kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / ina mahaloM kI vinyAsa-rUparekhA ko deva-pratimAoM tathA upAsakoM ke lie saMbhavataH prA sarakSAtmaka pAyA gayA, isalie inakI vinyAsa-rUparekhA ko uttaravartI kAla meM maMdiroM ke lie grahaNa kara liyA gyaa| isa prakAra ke kucha maMdiroM meM atyaMta suMdara raMgIna citra bhI aMkita haiM jinheM alaMkaraNa kI dRSTi evaM devI-devatAoM saMbaMdhI vividha viSayoM ke anasAra citrita kiyA gayA hai| tIrthaMkara-padoM (caraNa-cihnoM) para choTI-choTI guMbadAkAra stUpikAoM tathA sthApatyIya nirmitiyoM ke nirmANa kI paraMparA bhI uttaravartI mugalakAla meM atyaMta lokapriya haI, jinheM ToMka nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki inakI saMracanAe~ mugaloM ke choTe-choTe makabaroM ke sthApatya se grahaNa kI gayI haiN| mUrtikalA madhyayugIna maMdiroM, vizeSakara rAjasthAna ke maMdiroM, kI kalA kA mUlyAMkana karate hae gyetja kA kathana hai ki ina maMdiroM ke sthApatya meM vibhinna bhAgoM kI vyAvahArika bhUmikAoM ko bhalI-bhA~ samajhane kA prabhAva rahA hai| mUrtikalA yadyapi prANavAna hai tathApi isakA mAnava zarIra-vinyAsa se koI saMbaMdha rahA pratIta nahIM hotA / rANA kuMbhA ke pramukha vAstu-zilpI maNDana ke samRddha anubhava evaM usake dvArA vikasita sIdhe-sAde sarala rUpAkAroM kI bhavyatA ko uttaravartI mUrtikAroM dvArA bhalI-bhA~ti na samajhe jAne ke kAraNa mUrtikalA bhrAMtipUrNa mAnyatAoM ke bIca dolAyamAna rahI hai|' vivecya kAla ke jaina maMdiroM kA alaMkArika pakSa bahamakhI rahA hai jisameM eka se adhika kalA-zailiyA~ samanvita haiN| isa alaMkArika Alekhana meM yadyapi isake mUrti-zilpoM meM kucha kamiyA~ haiM tathApi usane icchita prabhAva utpanna kiyA hai| nara-nArI kI prAkRtiyoM ke aMga-vinyAsa meM ghamAvoM aura aMgoM kI golAI ke aMkana kI atizayatA hai; mudrAoM meM ati-bhaMga bhaMgimAoM athavA sauMdaryaparaka viSaya-vastuoM kA aMkana hai, tathApi ye prAkRtiyA~ pUrvakAlIna prAkRtiyoM kI nikRSTa anakRtiyA~ hI pratIta hotI haiM / yadyapi prAkRtiyA~ sAmAnya rUpa se sUkSmatAparaka aura AkarSaka haiM tathApi ve yaMtrIkRta-sI dIkha par3atI haiN| ina mUrti-zilpoM meM dakSa kalAtmakatA to hai paraMtu vaha alpa mAtrA meM hai aura usameM bhI maulikatA kA nitAMta prabhAva hai| ye mUrti-zilpa gati, laya yA pravAha se hIna haiN| yadyapi prAkRtiyA~ 1. gyetja (haramana). iNDiyA. ArTa oNpha da varlDa sIrija. 1960. bambaI. pR 161. 342

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adhyAya 25 ] uttara bhArata sateja aura prANavAna haiM paraMtu bhAva-vihIna haiM, unameM eka rUDhibaddhatA aura kaThoratA dikhAI detI hai jo inakI vizeSatAe~ bana gayI haiM / pazu-pakSiyoM meM hAthI kA aMkana vizeSa AkarSaka hai| uttaravartI maMdiroM kA mUrti-zilpIya stara nyUna zreNI kA rahA hai jo bar3I pratimAnoM meM to aura bhI anagar3ha dikhAI detA hai| kucha maMdiroM meM alaMkaraNa para pratibaMdha bhI pAyA gayA hai| uttaravartI maMdiroM kI alaMkaraNa-yojanA meM magala-paraMparA kA eka vizeSa prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| kucha uttarakAlIna maMdiroM meM citra aura bhitti-citra bhI pAye gaye haiM jinameM spaSTataH mugala-prabhAva parilakSita hai| ina citroM meM alaMkRtiyA~ tathA devI-devatA saMbaMdhI viSaya citrita kiye gaye haiM jo sthAnIya kalA-zailiyoM se prabhAvita haiN| ye citra kalAtmaka hote hue bhI vizeSa prabhAvazAlI nahIM haiN| mUrti-zilpoM kI racanA-sAmagrI mukhyataH balumA patthara, saMgamaramara, bahumUlya ratna evaM maNiyA~ tathA dhAtue~ rahI haiN| inakI aMkita viSaya-vastu meM satrahavIM zatAbdI pUrva kI paraMparAgata viSaya-vastu aura kalA-pratIkoM kI pramukhatA rahI hai| uttaravartI pratimAoM meM adhikatara saMkhyA tIrthaMkaroM kI hai| isake atirikta kucha pratimAe~ aMbikA, padmAvatI tathA bAhubalI Adi kI bhI haiN| maMdira-sthApatya ajamera aura dillI para musalamAnoM ke Adhipatya se jainoM dvArA saMcAlita maMdira-nirmANa ke kArya-kalApa pUrNatayA to baMda nahIM hue kintu inheM eka bhArI prAdhAta avazya phuNcaa| isa paristhiti meM bhI rAjasthAna ke kucha bhAgoM meM terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya aneka AkarSaka maMdiroM kA nirmANa huA / san 1201 meM mAravAr3a sthita kheDA meM zAMtinAtha ke maMdira kI pratiSThApanA huii| isI zatAbdI meM peThar3azAha dvArA nAgaura meM eka jaina maMdira kA nirmANa karAyA gyaa| bIkAnera meM zivarAja ke putra hemarAja ne musalamAnoM ke AkramaNa se dhvasta morakhana sthita susAnI jaina maMdira kA punanirmANa kraayaa| ajamera meM saccikAdevI tathA anya devI-devatAoM kI pratimAoM kI san 1280 meM pratiSThA kI gyii| isake uttaravartI kAla meM to jainoM ke dhArmika bhavanoM tathA maMdiroM kA eka bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM nirmANa huaa| san 1200 ke uparAMta uttara bhArata meM jaina saMpradAya dvArA asaMkhya maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA gayA jina sabakI carcA karanA yahA~ saMbhava nahIM, paraMtu kucha ullekhanIya maMdiroM kI carcA yahA~ prastuta hai| paMdrahavIM zatAbdI taka rAjasthAna ke aneka nagara jaina-tIrthoM ke rUpa meM prasiddhi prApta kara cuke the jinameM se kucha kA ullekha vikrama saMvat 1555 ke race svarNAkSarI-kalpa-sUtra-prazasti ke 35veM chaMda meM milatA hai jo isa prakAra hai : 1 nAhaTA (agaracaMda). mANDavagar3ha ke saMgha-nAyaka jasadhIra kI patnI kumArI likhApita svarNAkSarI kalpasUtra. jarnala praoNpha va madhyapradeza itihAsa pariSad . 1962, bhopAla. pR 89. 343

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 saccaityobhaTa-citrakUTa-nagare nAnollasannAgare, tIrthe zrI-karahATa-nAgahradake vizva-prasiddhAhvaye / zrImaddeva-kulADhya-pATakapure zrI-kumbhamerau girau, tIrthe rAgapure vasaMtanagare caityaM namaskurvatA / guhila zAsakoM kI rAjadhAnI citaur3agar3ha yA citrakUTa madhyakAlIna jaina sthApatya kA eka sarvAdhika ullekhanIya keMdra rahA hai| yahA~ ke jaina smArakoM meM sarvAdhika ullekhanIya kIrti-staMbha (saMbhavataH mAna-staMbha) hai jo sthApatyIya saMracanA nirmita eka bahutalIya gaganacuMbI staMbha hai| isake kAla-nirdhAraNa ke viSaya meM aneka vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki yaha san 1200 se pUrvakAlIna hai| lekina kucha vidvAn, jinameM ema. e. DhAkI' pramukha haiM, ise paMdrahavIM zatAbdI kA mAnate haiN| kucha anya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki rANA kuMbhA ke kAla meM isakA mAtra punaruddhAra aura punarnirmANa huA hai| kIrti-staMbha ke samIpa sthita jaina maMdira (citra 216) parsI, brAuna ke anusAra, caudahavIM zatAbdI kA hai aura yaha usI sthAna para banA huA hai jahA~ para pahale isakA mUla maMdira sthita thaa| isake zikhara aura guMbada-yukta maNDapa kA bAda meM punaruddhAra kiyA gyaa| paraMtu isakA garbhagRha, aMtarAla aura usase saMyukta maNDapa vAlA nicalA bhAga purAnA hI hai / isakI caukIdAra pITha para sthita bAhya saMracanA meM zilpAMkita prAkRtiyA~ tathA anya alaMkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM jo kalAtmaka dRSTi se atyaMta saMpanna haiN| isa maMdira kA ratha-bhAga, chAdya tathA anya bAhya saMracanAeM ise atirikta sauMdarya pradAna karatI haiN| tIrthakara zAMtinAtha ko samarpita zrRMgAra-caurI (citra 220) sthApatyIya dRSTi se atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai / san 1448 kA nirmita yaha maMdira paMcaratha prakAra kA hai jisameM eka garbhagaha tathA uttara aura pazcima dizA se saMlagna catuSkiyA~ hai / garbhagRha bhItara se aSTakoNIya hai jisapara eka sAdA guMbada hai| maMdira kI bAhya saMracanA anekAneka prakAra kI vizeSatAoM se yukta mUrti-zilpoM se alaMkRta hai aura jaMghA-bhAga para uddhRta rUpa se utkIrNa dikpAloM, apsarAoM, zArdUloM Adi kI pratimAeM haiN| mAnavoM (yA devI-devatAoM) kI AkarSaka prAkRtiyoM (citra 221 ka) ke zilpAMkana bhI yahA~ para upalabdha haiN| makhya praveza-dvAra kI caukhaTa ke lalATa-biMba meM tIrthaMkara ke atirikta gaMgA, aura yamanA. vidyAdeviyA~ tathA dvArapAloM kI pratimAe~ aMkita haiN| garbhagRha ke madhya meM mukhya tIrthaMkara-pratimA ke lie eka uttama AkAra kA pITha hai, tathA konoM para cAra staMbha haiM jo vRttAkAra chata ko AdhAra . pradAna kiye hue haiN| chata laharadAra alaMkaraNa-yukta abhikalpanAoM se susajjita hai jisameM padmazilA kA bhI aMkana hai / isake cAroM ora gajatAlu aMtarAvakAzoM se yukta alaMkaraNa haiM / isa maMdira ke mUrtizilpa kA eka ullekhanIya pakSa yaha hai ki maMdira ke bAhya bhAga ke bhItara aSTabhujI viSNu aura zivaliMga jaisI hindU devatAoM kI udbhuta pratimAe~ bhI haiM / cAritrika vizeSatAoM kI dRSTi se ye zilpAMkita prAkRtiyA~ vizuddha rUpa se paraMparAgata haiN| 1 DhAkI (ema e). rinesA~sa eNDa da leTa mAru-gurjara Tempala mArkITekcara, jarnala praoNpha da sosAiTI praoNpha prorieNTala ArTa. spezala naMbara, 1965-66. kalakattA, pR8. 2 brAuna (parsI). iNDiyana prArkITekcara (buddhisTa eNDa hindU). 1957. bambaI, pR 123. 344

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uttara bhArata adhyAya 25] ht cittaur3a - kIrtistaMbha aura maMdira citra 219

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 ga yA cittaur3a - zRMgAra-caurI citra 220 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 25 ] uttara bhArata (ka) cittaur3a - zRgAra caurI, yakSI-mUrti (kha) ayodhyA - kaTarA jaina maMdira, sumatinAtha kI ToMka citra 221

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 STATE banAnAHai-A Ta cittaur3a - sAtabIsa Devar3hI citra 222

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uttara bhArata adhyAya 25] ECE jaisalamera kilA - sumatinAtha-maMdira citra 223

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 jayapura -pATodI kA maMdira, bhitti-citra citra 224

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adhyAya 25] uttara bhArata trilokapura - pArzvanAtha-maMdira-zikhara citra 225 For Privale & Personal Use Only ,

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 ARME vArANasI digaMbara jaina maMdira, aMtaHbhAga -- * citra 226 40688 [ bhAga 6

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madhyAya 25] uttara bhArata dUsarA ullekhanIya maMdira cittaur3a meM sAta-bIsa-DayoDhI (citra 222) hai jisakA racanAkAla zailIgata AdhAra para 15 vIM zatAbdI nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha maMdira tIrthaMkara AdinAtha ko samarpita hai| isa maMdira meM garbhagRha, aMtarAla, gar3ha-maNDapa, nava-caukI, aSTAkAra maNDapa tathA mukhamaNDapa, ye chaha bhAga haiN| gar3ha-maNDapa ke pArzva meM choTe-choTe devAlaya bhI haiN| saptaratha-prakAra ke zikhara ke cAroM ora aMgoM aura karNa-zRMgoM kI tIna paMktiyA~ bhI saMlagna haiM / kucha ullekhanIya jaina maMdira jaisalamera ke durga meM bhI pAye gaye haiM jo pArzvanAtha, AdinAtha, zAMtinAtha, saMbhavanAtha aura mahAvIra Adi ke haiN| ina sabhI maMdiroM kI apanI nijI vizeSatAeM haiN| ina maMdiroM ke viSaya meM DhAkI kA yaha mata ullekhanIya hai ki registAnI nirjana kSetra meM lagabhaga eka zatAbdI taka ina maMdiroM kA nirmANa mAno eka vaMza-paraMparAnugata krama meM huA hai jaise pitA ke uparAMta putra janma letA hai| inakI vikAsa paraMparA nirvighna rUpa meM sthira gati se bar3hatI rahI hai jise dekhakara isakI pragati athavA anyathA sthiti kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| inameM sabase prAcIna maMdira san 1417 meM nirmita pArzvanAtha ko samarpita lakSmaNa-vihAra hai / isa maMdira meM utkRSTa toraNa, alaMkRta mukha-catuSkI, raMga-maNDapa, trika-maNDapa, gUr3ha-maNDapa, mUla-prAsAda tathA mUla-prAsAda ke cAroM ora bAvana devakulikAeM hai jo jaina maMdiroM meM sAmAnya rUpa se pAyI jAtI haiN| bhavana, bar3e kakSa (mUla-prAsAda) ke staMbha aura chata ke alaMkaraNoM meM kucha avaziSTa alaMkArika vizeSatAeM prAcIna mahA-mAru sthApatyIya zailI kA smaraNa karAtI haiM / san 1431 meM nirmita saMbhavanAtha ke maMdira ke raMga-maNDapa kI chata atyaMta darzanIya hai, jisake alaMkaraNa meM tIna zatAbdI pUrva kI suparicita aneka vizeSatAoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| san 1453 kA nirmita tIrthaMkara caMdraprabha kA maMdira raNakapUra ke prasiddha caturmukha maMdira kA laghu saMskaraNa-sA pratIta hotA hai| isakI chateM pUrvokta do maMdiroM kI bhA~ti pracalita paraMparAoM ke viparIta haiM / san 1480 ke nirmita zAMtinAtha-maMdira kI kucha chateM aura saMvaraNa (ghaNTe ke AkAra kI chata) (citra 223) apanI jaTilatA ke kAraNa vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| isI varSa nirmita AdinAtha-maMdira pUrvokta cAroM maMdira kI bhA~ti ullekhanIya nahIM hai| isI kAla ke nirmita jesalamera ke zeSa do maMdiroM ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| jaisalamera ke pArzvanAtha-maMdira kA ullekha daza-zrAvaka-carita (san 1218) kI prazasti meM pAyA jAnA hai| isa ullekha ke anusAra isa maMdira kA nirmANa kisI jagaddhara2 nAmaka vyakti ne karAyA thaa| isa maMdira kA prakSipta bhAga pUrvokta tithi se paravartI hai| ina maMdiroM kI sazakta zailI ko ina kI vizeSatA ke rUpa meM parilakSita kiyA jA sakatA hai| inameM pArzvanAtha kA maMdira vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / yaha maMdira patra-puSpoM, pazu-pakSiyoM, mAnava-prAkRtiyoM tathA alaMkArika kalA-pratIkoM ke samRddha aMkana dvArA ati-susajjita hai / chata, staMbha, ToDe, toraNoM kI prAkRtiyA~ rItibaddha hone para bhI AkarSaka haiN| ina maMdiroM meM, vizeSakara zAMtinAtha-maMdira meM, guMbadoM aura kaMgUroM kI upasthiti tathA 1 DhAkI (ema e), pUrvokta, pR7. 2 jaina (kailAzacanda). jainijama ina rAjasthAna, 1963. zolApura, pR 126. 345

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bAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 tadanurUpa bAhya saMracanA kI saralatA aura sAdagI saltanata-sthApatya ke prabhAva ko pradarzita karatI hai| uttara bhArata ke madhyakAlIna kalA-itihAsa kI dRSTi se bIkAnera ke jaina maMdira bhI mahattvapUrNa haiN| bIkAnera kA sabase prAcIna jaina maMdira pArzvanAtha kA hai jisakA nirmANa bhANDa nAmaka eka vyApArI dvArA solahavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga prAraMbhika kAla meM zurU karAyA gayA aura jo saMbhavataH solahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya yA usake uparAMta hI pUrNa ho paayaa| bhANDa nAmaka vyApArI dvArA nirmita karAye jAne ke kAraNa isa maMdira ko bhANDasara-maMdira bhI kahA jAtA hai| saMracanA kI dRSTi se yaha maMdira eka atyaMta mahattvAkAMkSI yojanA hai aura isameM bhAratIya islAmI sthApatya ke tattvoM kA nizcita rUpa meM upayoga haA hai| yaha maMdira una pravRttiyoM se rahita nahIM hai jo uttaravartI sthApatya meM Akara jur3I haiN| yaha maMdira sAmAnya bhAgoM se yukta hai| isa maMdira kI zailI meM paraMparAgata tathA mugala, ina do zailiyoM kA samanvaya hai, jisameM paraMparAgata zailI kA zikhara tathA mugala-zailI kA maNDapa vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| isa maMdira ke laMbe zikhara kI bAhya saMracanA meM bAhya koNoM tathA laghu zikharoM se yukta uraHzRMgoM kA suMdaratA ke sAtha upayoga kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta pratyeka dizA ke madhyabhAga meM prakSipta do taloM vAle gokhe haiN| isa maMdira kA vivaraNa dete hue gyetja ne likhA hai ki 'isa maMdira kA garbhagRha evaM pradakSiNA-patha dvitala haiN| pratyeka tala meM cAroM ora praveza-dvAra haiM, UparI tala ke cAroM dvAra gokhoM meM khulate haiM / ye cAroM gokhe eka taMga sIr3hiyoM dvArA paraspara saMbaMdhita haiN| UparI tala ke madhyavartI kakSa meM jaina pratIka samavasaraNa kA aMkana hai jisameM 'vizva-nagara' kI adhyakSatA karate hue dharma-pracAraka tIrthakara sarvatobhadra rUpa se darzAye gaye haiN| yaha maMdira jaisalamera ke pIle pattharoM se nirmita hai| isa maMdira kA sthApatya mAravAr3a aura jaisalamera ke samakAlIna anya jaina maMdiroM kI bhA~ti anagar3ha hai| paraMtu maNDapa, usake cAroM ora kI vIthiyA~ tathA praveza-maNDapoM ke kAraNa yaha prabhAvazAlI bana par3A hai / ina saMracanAoM kA AMzika rUpa se punarnimANa satrahavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbhika kAla meM huA hai|' dUsarA ullekhanIya maMdira ciMtAmaNi rAva bIkAjI kA hai jisakA nirmANa ciMtAmaNi rAva bIkAjI ne prAraMbha karAyA thA; jo unakI mRtyu ke uparAMta san 1505 meM pUrA ho paayaa| yaha maMdira eka sAmAnya maMdira hai jisameM eka garbhagRha tathA usase saMlagna maNDapa haiN| Age calakara isa maMdira kA vistAra kiyA gayA jisameM eka anya maNDapa tathA do dizAoM meM praveza-dvAra evaM mukha-maNDapa aura jor3a diye gaye / isakA mUla-prAsAda madhyakAlIna gurjara-zailI kA hai, tathA isakI U~cAI kama hai isalie aisA vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki isakA vistAra uttaravartI kAla meM huaa| aisA bhI pratIta hotA hai ki isa maMdira meM paraMparAgata kalA-pratIkoM ko galata rUpa se prayukta kiyA gayA hai / isakI bAhya saMracanAoM meM guMbada-yukta maNDapoM, praveza-maNDapoM tathA staMbhoM aura unake zIrSoM kI abhikalpanA evaM 1 gyetja (haramana). di pArTa eNa pArkoTekcara praoNpha bIkAnera. 1950. oNksaphorDa. pR 59. 346

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adhyAya 25] uttara bhArata sthApatyIya nirmANa meM ahamadAbAda aura caMpAnera kI saltanata-sthApatya-zailI ke prabhAva ko grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa maMdira ke eka bhaNDAra meM siroha rAjya se lUTI gayI jaina pratimAoM ko rAva rAyasiMha dvArA san 1583 meM surakSita rakhA gayA thA tathA isake nikaTa hI isI prakAra kA eka kRtrima AdinAtha kA maMdira sthApita karAyA gayA jisameM AdinAtha kI saMgamaramara nirmita eka vizAla pratimA bhI sthApita kI gyii| isa maMdira kI kucha alaMkRtiyA~ samRddha alaMkArika tattvoM se yukta haiN| isakI chata para uttaravartI kAla meM bhitti-citroM kI racanA kI gyii| ina bhitti-citroM meM pariyoM-jaisI kucha videzI mUla kI deviyoM kI prAkRtiyA~ bhI citrita haiN| bIkAnera kI jaina maMdira-sthApatya-kalA kA eka utkRSTa udAharaNa neminAtha kA maMdira hai jisakA nirmANa san 1536 meM huaa| mUla-prAsAda gUr3ha-maNDapa tathA isakI saMlagna dizAoM meM ardha-maNDapa se yukta yaha maMdira apanI nirmANa-yojanA meM pUrvokta anya donoM maMdiroM ke samAnaprAya hai| isa maMdira kI yojanA meM mUlabhUta ekatA hai jo atyaMta samRddhazAlI hai| isake samasta bhAga saMtulita evaM samAyojita alaMkaraNa se susajjita haiN| mUrti-zilpoM, abhilekhanAoM evaM kalA-pratIkoM meM pAraMparika lakSaNoM kA paripAlana huA hai tathA isameM bhAratIya-islAmI prabhAvoM se samanvita araba-zailI ke alaMkaraNoM kA bhI samAveza hai| nAgadA ke aMtargata ikaliMgI nAmaka sthAna para padmAvatI-maMdira ke nAma se prasiddha eka jaina maMdira bhI ullekhanIya hai jisakA eka bhAga pahAr3I caTTAna ko utkhanita kara banAyA gayA hai| maMdira ke mukhya garbhagRha para pAye jAnevAle vikrama saMvat 1356 tathA 1361 ke abhilekha ke anusAra yaha maMdira pArzvanAtha ko samarpita rahA pratIta hotA hai| isameM eka sAdA mUla-prAsAda hai jisakA staMbhAkAra keMdravartI zikhara aMga-zikharoM se susajjita hai tathA guMbada-dAra maNDapa, jo saMbhavataH punaruddhAra ke samaya banAyA gayA hai, Age nikale hue praveza-maNDapoM se yukta hai| aMtarbhAga meM tIna garbhagRha haiM jinameM se eka meM sarvatobhadrikA-pratimA pratiSThita hai, anya donoM garbhagRha rikta haiN| isa maMdira meM alaMkaraNa-abhilekhanAe~ alpa hI hai paraMtu usake kucha bhAgoM meM devI-devatAoM kI zilpAMkita prAkRtiyA~ avazya haiN| nAgadA meM do jaina maMdira aura bhI haiM jinameM eka adbhudjI-maMdira ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isa samaya isa maMdira kA mAtra garbhagRha tathA usase saMlagna aMtarAla, laMbe aneka sataha vAle staMbha evaM zAMtinAtha kI vizAla pratimA hI zeSa baca rahI hai| isakA nirmANa rANA kuMbhA ke zAsanakAla ke aMtargata vikrama saMvat 1465 meM sAraMga nAmaka eka vyApArI ne karAyA thaa| yahA~ para kucha anya mUrtiyA~ bhI pAyI gayI haiM jinameM se mAtra tIrthaMkara kuMthanAtha aura abhinaMdananAtha kI do pratimAe~ hI pahacAnI jA sakI haiN| maMdira ke bAhya bhAga meM kucha sthApatyIya nirmitiyoM ke avazeSa bhI pAye gaye haiN| dUsarA 1 kaz2insa (eca). propresa riporTa praoNpha di prAkyioNlaoNjikala sarve praoNpha vesTarna iNDiyA phaoNra di Iyara ejiMga 1905. pR 62. 347

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 maMdira pArzvanAtha kA hai jisakA kAla paMdrahavIM zatAbdI nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai / isakI nirmANayojanA ullekhanIya hai / isameM eka garbhagRha, eka baMda bar3A kakSa tathA tIna choTe kakSa haiN| choTe kakSoM meM se aMtima kakSa kucha DagoM kI dUrI ke kAraNa anya tInoM se alaga hai tathA isase eka praveza - maNDapa bhI saMlagna hai / maMdira kI bAhya saMracanA sAmAnya prakAra kI hai, dIvAroM para zilpAkRtiyA~ haiM, chata unnatodara AkAra kI hai jisapara patra-puSpoM evaM AkRtiyoM kA alaMkaraNa hai / madhyakAlIna jaina maMdiroM meM kucha maMdira phalaudI, koTA, kizanagar3ha, mAroTha, sIkara tathA rAjasthAna ke anya sthAnoM meM bhI surakSita baca rahe haiM / inameM se koI bhI maMdira saMracanA kI dRSTi se vizeSa ullekhanIya nahIM hai / koTA ke caMdakher3I nAmaka sthAna ke maMdiroM meM se eka maMdira bhUmigata prakAra kA hai' jo satrahavIM zatAbdI kA hai / saMbhavataH anya unmAdI dharmAnuyAyiyoM se jaina pratimAtra ke lie isa maMdira ko bhUmi ke bhItara banAyA gayA hai / kI surakSA anya jaina maMdiroM meM jayapura ke siMghI kuMtArAma kA maMdira tathA paTodI ke do jaina maMdira ullekhanIya haiM / siMghI ke maMdira meM prAMgaNa, garbhagRha tathA pIche kI ora guMbada - maNDita eka bar3A kakSa hai / isake pAvoM meM dAlAna haiM tathA sammukha bhAga meM eka guMbada - maNDita praveza kakSa hai / tInoM bhAga milakara eka garbhagRha kA rUpa dhAraNa kiye hue haiM jinake Upara paraMparAgata zikhara haiM / paTodI kA maMdira saMracanA kI dRSTi se uttarakAlIna hai lekina kalAtmaka dRSTi se, vizeSakara bhitti citroM ke lie, ullekhanIya hai / isake bhitti citroM meM jaina dharma saMbaMdhI dRzya aMkita haiM (citra 224) / yaha maMdira sthApatyIya evaM kalAtmaka dRSTi se mugala prabhAva ko grahaNa kiye hue hai / isake tInoM bhAga madhyakAlIna paraMparAgata zikharoM se yukta haiM / jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai himAlaya ke prAMcala meM jaina sthApatya kalA kA pratinidhitva karanevAlA dvArahATa sthita maNyA nAmaka mAtra eka hI maMdira hai / isa maMdira meM usa maMca ke tInoM ora nirmita choTI-choTI devakulikAoM ke samUha haiM jisapara saMbhavataH mUla maMdira AdhArita thaa| maMdira kI kucha kar3iyoM tathA maMca ke AdhAra-bhAga para tIrthaMkara pratimAe~ utkIrNa haiM, jo anagar3ha haiM / yaha maMdira nitAMta sAdA tathA paraMparAbaddha hai / isa maMdira kA nirmANa saMbhavataH caudahavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga, isa kSetra ke katyUrI rAjAoM ke zAsanakAla meM huA / yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki abhilekhIya evaM mUrtiparaka khojoM ke anusAra dasavIM zatAbdI ke aMtargata dvArahATa kama se kama eka jaina saMsthAna vidyamAna rahA hai / 1 jaina, pUrvokta, pU 128. 2 lekhaka ne kucha varSa pUrva dvArahaTa ke eka maidAna meM kucha jaina pratimAnoM ke avazeSa par3e hue dekhe the jinameM eka devI kI pratimA bhI thI jo lagabhaga dasavIM zatAbdI kI hai / isI sthAna para san 983 kA eka abhilekha bhI milA hai jisameM kisI zrajikA kA ullekha hai / tulanIya enuala riporTa braoNpha iNDiyana epIgrAphI, 1958-59 saMkhyA 383. 348 For Private Personal Use Only.

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adhyAya 25] uttara bhArata madhya deza (gaMgA-jamunA kI ghATI) ke jaina maMdira adhikAMzataH satrahavIM zatAbdI ke haiM; yA phira ravartI kAla ke| ina maMdiroM meM sthita pratimAe~ adhikAMzataH pUrvavartI kAla kI haiN| inameM se aneka maMdiroM kA uttaravartI kAla meM punarnimANa athavA vistAra bhI huA hai / sthApatyIya dRSTi se ina maMdiroM meM pUrvakAlIna sthApatya-kalA-paraMparAoM kA sImita prabhAva bhI parilakSita hotA hai| isa samaya jo maMdira surakSita baca rahe haiM unameM se kucheka maMdira hI hamAre dhyAna ko AkarSita kara pAte haiN| inameM se ayodhyA, vArANasI, trilokapura, zaurIpUra aura phirojAbAda ke maMdira ullekhanIya haiN| tIrthaMkara AdinAtha ke janmasthala hone ke kAraNa ayodhyA ko pramukha jaina tIrthoM meM parigaNita kiyA jAtA hai| prAraMbhika kAla meM yahA~ para aneka maMdira rahe hoMge lekina isa samaya jo maMdira baca rahe haiM unameM se eka hI maMdira ullekha karane yogya hai, jise kaTarA kahA jAtA hai| isameM aneka jaina pratimAe~ haiN| sabase prAcIna pratimA vikrama saMvat 1224 kI hai| anya pratimAoM para jo abhilekha haiM unake anusAra unakA samaya vikrama saMvat 1548 tathA 1626 hai| yaha maMdira aThArahavIM zatAbdI kA hai| isake prAMgaNa meM sumatinAtha ke caraNa-cihnoM para nirmita ToMka (citra 221 kha) para jo abhilekha milA hai usameM vikrama saMvat 1781 kA ullekha hai| isa maMdira meM garbhagRha ke Upara cAra satahavAlA zaMkvAkAra zikhara hai jisakI bAhya saMracanA para laharadAra alaMkaraNa hai| ToMka kI racanA aSTakoNIya hai jisake Upara eka choTA-sA guMbada hai / yahA~ para tIrthaMkaroM ke kucha anya ToMka bhI haiM lekina unameM se koI bhI kalAtmaka dRSTi se ullekhanIya nahIM hai / bArAbaMkI jile meM trilokapura sthita pArzvanAtha kA maMdira bhI ullekhanIya hai jisakA prAsAda aSTakoNIya hai, zikhara zaMkvAkAra hai jisake AdhAra meM Tor3e (citra 225) lage hue haiM tathA zikhara ke AdhAra kI nicalI sataha kI bhitti para choTe-choTe toraNadAra mAle bane hue haiN| zailIgata rUpa meM yaha maMdira lakhanaU kI sthApatya-zailI se prabhAvita haiM; phalata: isakA racanAkAla unnIsavIM zatAbdI kA prAraMbhika kAla nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa maMdira kI pArzvanAtha-pratimA kucha pUrvavartI hai| pArzvanAtha kI janmabhUmi hone ke kAraNa vArANasI suprasiddha jaina tIrtha-sthala rahI hai / aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki bhelupurA meM jisa sthAna para pArzvanAtha kA maMdira hai, usI sthAna para pArzvanAtha kA janma huA thA / vikrama saMvat 1616 ke likhe eka graMtha meM prApta isa maMdira ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki isa maMdira kA nirmANa akabara ke zAsanakAla meM huA thaa| paraMtu vartamAna maMdira bahuta uttaravartI hai kyoMki isakI zailI uttaravartI patanonmukhI mugala zailI (citra 226) ke samarUpa hai, jo bahuta samaya bAda kI hai| uttaravartI madhyakAla kI jaina pratimAoM kA isa maMdira meM eka uttama saMgraha hai| 1 bhArata ke digaMbara jaina tIrtha. prathama khaNDa. saMpA. jaina (balabhadra). 1974. bambaI. pR 129. 349

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 AgarA, zaurIpura aura phirojAbAda ke jaina maMdiroM meM bhI madhyakAlIna jaina pratimAoM ke acche saMgraha haiN| inameM se kucha pratimAe~ bahamUlya pattharoM se bhI nirmita haiN| ye maMdira-saMracanA kI dRSTi se sAdhAraNa haiN| adhikAMzataH maMdiroM meM eka bar3e paimAne para hae pananirmANa tathA marammata kArya ke kAraNa unakI mUla vizeSatAoM meM se ekAdha hI baca rahI hai| yahI sthiti dillI ke prasiddha lAla maMdira kI hai jisakA nirmANa san 1656 meM huA thaa| dillI meM eka dUsare jaina maMdira kA nirmANa dharmapurA meM rAjA harasukharAya ne san 1800 meM prAraMbha karAyA thA jo unnIsavIM sadI ke uttarArdha meM pUrA ho pAyA / terahavIM se lekara aThArahavIM zatAbdI taka kI aneka jaina pratimAe~ dillI, uttara pradeza aura rAjasthAna ke uttarakAlIna maMdiroM meM pAyI jAtI haiM paraMtu ye prAyaH anagar3ha aura niSprANa haiN| munIza caMdra jozI 350

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adhyAya 26 pUrva bhArata jainoM ke prazraya meM pallavita kalA meM pUrva bhAratIya kalA ke upAdAnoM kI sthiti ke viSaya meM hama ikkIsaveM adhyAya meM vivecana kara cuke haiM / ina upAdAnoM kI saMbhavataH jo aMtima jhalaka thI use bhI lupta hone meM adhika samaya nahIM lagA / vijAtIya islAmI prabhAva ke pratirodha ne hindutva ko eka aisA nayA rUpa grahaNa karane kI dizA meM pravRtta kiyA jo anya saMpradAyoM ke prati vyApaka sahiSNu dRSTikoNa lekara cale / pUrva bhArata kA jaina samAja, jo isa kSetra meM atyalpa saMkhyA meM thA, hindutva ke isa naye prabhAva meM Ane se nahIM baca sakA / isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki hindutva ke isa prabhAva ne jainoM ko apane meM samAhita kara liyA tathA unake abhISTa upAdAnoM ko apane navIna upayogoM ke lie rUpAMtarita kara ddaalaa| isa rUpAMtaraNa ke lie jainoM ke aneka devI-devatAoM ne bhI svayaM ko sahaja rUpa se prastuta kara diyaa| ina rUpAMtaraNoM ke aneka rocaka sAkSya hameM upalabdha hai; udAharaNa ke lie, pArzvanAtha kA balarAma yA manasA ke rUpa meM rUpAMtaraNa huA (jisameM unake spaSTataH parilakSita yaunAMgoM ko sAvadhAnIpUrvaka chipA diyA gayA ); RSabhanAtha kA ziva ke rUpa meM tathA aMbikA kA durgA ke rUpa meM rUpAMtaraNa huA, aadi-aadi| isa prakAra pUrva bhArata ke janasamAja ke dharma ke rUpa meM jaina dharma vyAvahArika rUpa se lupta ho gayA, aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai / tatkAlIna paristhiti meM yadyapi jaina dharmAnuyAyI hindU samAja meM samanvita ho gaye tathApi isase yaha tAtparya nahIM liyA jAnA cAhie ki usa kAla meM pUrva bhArata meM jaina dharma kA astitva hI nahIM rahA / jaina dharma apane astitva meM to rahA lekina eka aise tattva ke rUpa meM jo anAhUta evaM anapekSita ho aura svayaM ko svataH hI parivartita karane ke lie tatpara ho / yaha suvidita hai ki pazcima bhArata ke vibhinna vyApArI aura mahAjana mugala kAla meM pUrva bhArata ke mugala zAsana keMdroM aura unake nikaTavartI vibhinna kSetroM meM basa gaye dharmAnuyAyI the aura ve apane dharma ke prati atyaMta niSThAvAna aura dRr3ha jahA~-jahA~ base vahA~ vahA~ unhoMne apane kArya-kalApoM kA AraMbha kiyA / unake prazraya meM pallavita kalAoM dvArA pUrva bhArata meM jaina dharma aura saMskRti eka bAra punaH jIvita the / inameM adhikAMzataH jaina vizvAsI the / ye loga ina kArya-kalApoM tathA ho uThI / 351 For Private Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 26 ] pUrva bhArata baMgAla meM mugala zAsana kA sarvaprathama keMdra DhAkA ( bAMglA deza) rahA hai jise prAcInakAla meM jahA~gIra nagara ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thA / pUranacaMda nAhara ne isa kSetra se prApta do abhilekhoM kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karate hue batAyA hai ki ina abhilekhoM meM jaina maMdiroM ke nirmANa aura unakI pratiSThA karAye jAne ke ullekha haiM / ina maMdiroM kA nirmANa spaSTataH pazcima bhArata se zrAkara yahA~ para basanevAle jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ne karAyA thA; paraMtu ina maMdiroM kA koI bhI avazeSa grAja upalabdha nahIM hai / pazcima bhArata ke kucha samRddha jaina parivAra murzidAbAda ( pazcima baMgAla) aura usake nikaTavartI kSetra meM bhI Akara base / murzidAbAda uttaravartI kAla meM zAsana kA keMdra banA jisane aThArahavIM zatAbdI kI saMkrAMtikAlIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM meM prabhAvazAlI bhUmikA nibhAyI hai / aThArahavIM zatAbdI meM vibhinna yUropIya vyApArika kaMpaniyoM, vizeSakara IsTa iNDiyA kaMpanI, dvArA apane vyApArika keMdra sthApita kiye jAne se paTanA tathA pUrva bhArata ke aneka nagaroM ne mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta kiyA / ina vyApArika keMdroM tathA inake nikaTavartI kSetroM meM jaina dharmAnuyAyI vyApArI pazcima bhArata se Akara eka bar3I saMkhyA meM basa gaye / ina paristhitiyoM meM jainoM ke prazraya meM kalAtmaka kArya-kalApoM kA tIvra gati se kriyAnvayana huaa| ye kalA-saMbaMdhI kArya-kalApa yadyapi pUrva bhAratIya kSetra meM hue kintu eka kSetrIya prayAsa ke artha meM ve pUrva bhArata se kahA~ taka saMbaMdhita rahe haiM yaha kahanA kaThina hai / pazcima bhArata kA jaina samAja prAyaH zvetAMbara matAvalaMbI rahA hai| zvetAMbara jainoM meM zveta saMgamaramara kI pratimAoM ko varIyatA dI jAtI / zveta saMgamaramara kI pratimAoM meM unnIsaveM, bIsaveM, bAIsaveM aura teIsaveM tIrthaMkara apavAda 1 ataH ina jainoM ne isa kSetra meM jahA~-jahA~ maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA, vahA~-vahA~ zveta saMgamaramara kI pratimAe~ pratiSThita kI kintu pUrva bhArata meM zveta saMgamaramara ke upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa ye pratimAe~ mukhyataH rAjasthAna se ma~gavAyI jAtI thIM aura Aja bhI ma~gavAyI jAtI haiN| rAjasthAna meM saMgamaramara kI khAneM hone ke kAraNa rAjasthAna saMgamaramara meM saMgatarAzI aura pratimA nirmANa kalA kA labdhapratiSTha keMdra rahA hai / rAjasthAna se pratimAnoM ke ma~gavAye jAne ke kAraNa tatkAlIna pUrva bhArata kI jaina mUrti mukhyataH rAjasthAnI zailI kI rahI hai / pUrva bhArata meM jainoM ne nissaMdeha jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA hai kintu usase kisI uddezyapUrNa sthApatya zailI kA vikAsa nahIM ho sakA hai / yadi janaprazraya meM pallavita sthApatya zailI ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM murzidAbAda ke nikaTavartI jiyAgaMja aura ajImagaMja ke jaina maMdiroM ko rakhA jAye to yaha ucita nahIM hogA, kyoMki ina maMdiroM meM mAtra saMgamaramara kI saMgatarAzI aura nAlIdAra alaMkaraNa para hI vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / isake mUla meM bhI rAjasthAnI paraMparA vidyamAna rahI hai / ina maMdiroM meM AyAtita raMgIna TAiloM tathA kA~ca aura cInI kI paccIkArI kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / jahA~ taka kalakatte ke bahucarcita badrIdAsa maMdira kA prazna hai, vaha pahale to kAla-krama kI dRSTi se vivecya kAla ke aMtargata AtA nahIM; dUsare, yaha mAtra alaMkArika 1 nAhara ( pUranacaMda ) jena - lekha - saMgraha, bhAga 1917. kalakattA. 352

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adhyAya 26 ] pUrva bhArata sthApatya kA hI eka udAharaNa hai aura vaha bhI koI prabhAvazAlI nahIM hai| ataH isa vivecana ke AdhAra para isa kAla meM jaina kalA ko pUrva bhArata kA yogadAna nagaNya hI pratIta hotA hai|| sarasI kumAra sarasvatI uttara-madhyakAla meM yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA ki bihAra kI rAjagira aura pArasanAtha (pArasanAtha kI pahAr3I ko sammeta-zikhara ke rUpa meM pahacAnA jAtA hai) vahI sthAna hai jahA~ adhikAMzataH tIrthaMkaroM ne nirvANa prApta kiyA. ye sthAna jaina keMdroM ke rUpa meM niraMtara lokapriya rahe haiN| ina donoM sthAnoM para upalabdha abhilekhAMkita tIrthaMkara evaM anya pratimAeM tathA pAdukAeM yaha pramANita karatI haiM ki yahA~ para jaina sAdhu niraMtara sakriya rahe haiM (zAha aMbAlAla premacaMda . jaina-tIrthakara-saMgraha-1 (gujarAtI), 1953, ahamadAbAda, 4 453-63 tathA 44447). parantu isa kAla ke smAraka yahA~ para upalabdha nahIM haiM. prophesara sarasvatI ne patrAcAra dvArA rAjagira maMdiroM ke nyAsa ke eka nyAsadhArI zrI vijayasiMha nAhara se prApta sUcanA ke anusAra batAyA hai ki rAjagira meM isa samaya koI bhI maMdira san 1800 se pUrva kA nirmita nahIM hai. lisTara (I). bihAra eNDa ur3IsA DisTrikTa gajeTiyarsa, hajArIbAga, 1917, paTanA, meM uddhRta pArasanAtha ke san 1827 ke vivaraNa meM kahA gayA hai ki san 1765 meM murzidAbAda ke jagataseTha zaugalacaMda ne yahA~ para eka pArzvanAtha-maMdira kA nirmANa karAyA jisakI chata para pA~ca guMbada the, bIca kA guMbada sabase bar3A thA. isa kathana se isa adhyAya ke zailIgata vivaraNa kI puSTi hotI hai./bloca (TI). enuala riporTa praoNpha di prAyaoNlaoNjikala sarve praoNpha iNDiyA, baMgAla sakila, 1902-03, kalakattA, pR 13 ke anusAra yaha maMdira bhI vidyuta ke girane se, kucha samaya pUrva, naSTa ho gayA. isa samaya jo maMdira vidyamAna hai usakA nirmANa hAla hI meM huA hai-saMpAdaka.) na ( RAWALDIANNEL EVOVOVOVOVE MAVOKOVOVVIOWOVOVOV VSVSV VOVOV 353

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adhyAya 27 madhya bhArata vivecya kAla meM videzI zAsana dvArA uttarI aura madhya bhArata meM kalA aura sthApatya ke vikAsa ko gaMbhIra AghAta pahu~cAyA gyaa| kintu aneka zAsakoM kI pratirodhaka manovRtti ke rahate hae bhI bhArata meM dhArmika gatividhiyA~ vikAsazIla rhiiN| vaiSNava, zAkta aura jaina sAdhuoM ne jana-varga ko mAnasika vyathAoM se rakSA kii| usameM unhoMne eka nayI Atmika cetanA jAgrata kI jisane use jIvana ke prati nirAza nahIM hone diyaa| bhArata meM zAsakoM aura jana-sAdhAraNa ke madhya rAjanItika sAmaMjasya ke dinoM meM ina sAdhuoM ne sahiSNutA aura sadbhAva kA saMdeza prasArita kiyaa| kucha sUphI-saMtoM ke sAtha-sAtha, ina sAdhuoM ne vibhinna matoM ke jana-varga ko sahayogapUrvaka rahane ke lie upayukta vAtAvaraNa ke nirmANa kA zreya ajita kiyaa| isa kAla se pUrva hI digaMbara aura zvetAMbara matoM ke anekAneka devoM aura mahApuruSoM ke vibhinna mUtyaMkana vipula mAtrA meM nirmita ho cuke the| caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ke atirikta solaha vidyAdeviyoM, caubIsa zAsanadevoM (yakSoM aura yakSiyoM), kSetrapAloM, aSTamAtRkAoM, daza dikpAloM aura navagrahoM kI mUrtiyA~ bhI zAstravihita rUpoM meM bniiN| kucha madhyakAlIna jaina zAstroM meM cauMsaTha yoginiyoM, caurAsI siddhoM aura bAvana vIroM kA bhI ullekha hai jinheM pracalita deva-varga meM sthAna diyA gyaa| isa dharma kI AdhyAtmika cetanA kA bhI deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM svAgata huaa| isa cetanA ko uttara-madhyakAla meM maMdiroM aura mUrtiyoM ke vyApaka vikAsa ne gati pradAna kii| isa kAla ke vyApArI-varga meM jainoM kI saMkhyA paryApta thii| udyoga aura vyavasAya kI nidhi pragati ke lie zAMtipUrNa vAtAvaraNa anivArya thaa| isalie jainoM ne apane-apane kSetroM ke zAsakoM ko anukUla vAtAvaraNa banAye rakhane meM atyadhika sahAyatA kI aura yuddhottejaka pravRttiyoM ko TAlane kA to yathAzakti prayatna kiyaa| prAcIna kAla meM bhI aneka jaina tIrtha-sthaloM, siddha-kSetroM aura atizaya-kSetroM ne ullekhanIya mahattA ajita kii| madhya bhArata meM ye adhikatara pahAr3iyoM para yA saritAoM aura jalAzayoM ke taToM para hote the aura kucha to prakRti kI sukhada goda meM base the| isa kAla meM sonAgiri, droNagiri, nainAgiri, pAvAgiri Adi sthAna prasiddha hue| ina sthAnoM tathA mAlavA, gvAliyara aura buMdelakhaNDa ke anya sthAnoM para maMdiroM kA nirmANa hannA aura vividha prakAra kI mUrtiyA~ bniiN| 354

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adhyAya 27 ] madhya bhArata isa kAla ke maMdira sthApatya meM, mukhya rUpa se uttara bhAratIya nAgara yA zikhara zailI kA prayoga huA / aneka maMdiroM ke atirikta staMbha maNDapoM kA bhI nirmANa huA / alaMkRta chatoM ke AdhAra ke lie unameM zilpAMkita staMbha hote the / isa kAla kI mUrtikalA kI eka vizeSatA hai pracuratA; aura dUsarI vizeSatA hai vizAlAkAra mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa meM vizeSa ruci / tIrthaMkaroM kI vizAlAkAra pASANa-pratimAoM kA nirmANa pracalita ho gayA thA / gommaTa mata ke udaya se isa pracalana ko vyApaka bala milA aura zravaNabelagolA kI ullekhanIya mUrti kadAcit preraNA-srota bnii| madhya bhArata meM gvAliyara, prahAra, bAnapura, barahaTA, devagar3ha, bahurIbaMda Adi aneka sthAnoM meM vizAla mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa huA / tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ke atirikta zAsanadevoM, nAgoM, navagrahoM, kSetrapAloM, gaMdharvoM, kinnaroM Adi kI anekAneka mUrtiyA~ aba bhI surakSita haiM / sarasvatI, aMbikA, padmAvatI aura cakrezvarI deviyoM kI mAnyatA to pahale hI thI, aba aura bhI aneka deviyoM kI mAnyatAeM sthApita huiiN| jaina paurANika kathAoM kA aura loka-jIvana kA sAmAnya citraNa samakAlIna kalAkAroM kA rucikara viSaya thA / prAkRtika dRzyoM ke aMkana bhI yatra-tatra kiye gaye / isa kAla kI pracuratApUrNa takSaNa kalA ke prAraMbhika rUpa meM mUrtiyoM kI ekarasatA ullekhanIya hai; tathApi, usameM sauMdarya-bodha kA abhAva nahIM hai / eka saccA kalAkAra ise bhulA bhI nahIM sakatA thA / devoM, deviyoM, apsarAoM Adi kI kucha mUrtiyA~ to aMgopAMgoM aura bhAvAbhivyakti kI dRSTi se atyaMta sughar3a haiM, para aisI mUrtiyoM kI saMkhyA sImita hI hai / kintu samUce rUpa meM, takSaNa kalA meM sauMdarya - bodha kI yaha utkRSTatA akSuNNa na raha sakI / yahI kAraNa hai ki uttara-madhyakAla kI kalA meM vaha maulikatA, navInatA aura bhAvAtmaka saumya na raha sakA jo paraMparA se calA A rahA thaa| gvAliyara, naravara, ochA, rIvA aura goMDavAnA ke hindU zAsakoM aura mANDU ke sulatAnoM ne lalita kalAoM ko saMrakSaNa diyA / madhya bhArata meM vidyamAna aneka smAraka isa kAla meM lalita kalAoM ko prApta saMrakSaNa ke paryApta pramANa haiM / buMdelakhaNDa kSetra meM nirmANa ke lie kAle grenAiTa pASANa aura baluA pASANa kA upayoga 'huaa| madhya bhArata ke anya bhAgoM meM maMdiroM aura mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa meM vibhinna prakAra kA baluA pASANa prayoga meM AyA / gvAliyara kSetra meM kalA saMbaMdhI gatividhiyA~ isa kAla meM calatI rhiiN| gvAliyara ke kile meM caTTAneM kATakara nirmita kI gayI vizAla tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ vidyamAna haiN| gvAliyara ke tomaroM aura unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne sthApatya, mUrtikalA, citrakalA aura saMgIta ko saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyA / isa saMbaMdha meM mAnasiMha tomara kA nAma suparicita hai / 355

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bAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 zivapurI se 40 kilomITara uttara-pUrva meM naravara (prAcIna nalapura) meM aneka jaina maMdiroM aura mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa huaa| ina maMdiroM aura mUrtiyoM ke upayoga meM Aye zveta pASANa para yahA~ itanA acchA pAliza kiyA gayA ki vaha saMgamaramara-sA dikhatA hai| naravara ke yajvapAla, gopAladeva aura Asalladeva nAmaka rAjAoM ne kalA ke vikAsa meM vyApaka yoga diyaa| gunA jile ke tumaina aura caMderI kalA ke mahattvapUrNa keMdra the| caMderI aura usake samIpavartI kSetra meM isa kAla kI pASANa-mUrtiyA~ kahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM prApta huI haiN| unameM tIrthaMkaroM aura deviyoM ke atirikta anya mUrtiyA~ bhI haiM, jinameM bahata-sI abhilikhita haiN| lagabhaga 1400 I0 meM caMderI-paTra kI sthApanA huii| zrI bhaTTAraka deveMdrakItti aura unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne usa kSetra meM jaina dharma ke prasAra meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhaayii| vidizA jile kA siroMja caMderI ke bhaTTArakoM ke kAryakSetra meM pAtA thaa| mAlavA kSetra meM jaina dharma madhyakAla meM Adi se aMta taka phailatA rhaa| ujjaina aura usake AsapAsa ke kSetra meM jaina maMdiroM aura mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa paramAroM ke zAsana ke bAda bhI hotA rhaa| maMdasaura jile ke bhAnapurA meM jaina kalA kI pragati huii| vahA~ isa kAla kI aneka kalA-kRtiyA~ prApta huI haiN| ujjaina ke samIpa maksI paMdrahavIM zatI meM digaMbara aura zvetAMbara donoM saMpradAyoM kA keMdra rhaa| yahA~ kA prasiddha pArzvanAtha-maMdira saMgrAmasiMha sonI ne 1461 I0 meM banavAyA thaa| __ dhAra (prAcIna dhArA) ke baniyAvAr3I nAmaka sthAna para eka maMdira meM caudahavIM aura paMdrahavIM zatI kI abhilikhita mUrtiyA~ haiM / prAcIna kAla meM dhAra jJAna aura anusaMdhAna kA eka mahAn keMdra thaa| mANDa (mANDavapura) dhAra ke nikaTa sthita hai aura isa kAla meM nirmita bhavya smArakoM ke lie vikhyAta hai| yahA~ ke rAjadarabAra meM aneka jaina vidvAnoM ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| inameM pethaDa zAha, jhAMjhaNa aura maNDana ullekhanIya haiM jinhoMne jaina dharma aura kalA ko prazraya diyaa| unhoMne aneka jaina maMdiroM aura mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kraayaa| bar3avAnI apane aneka jaina maMdiroM ke kAraNa siddhanagara ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| yahA~ eka caTTAna para utkIrNa eka mUrti 26 mITara U~cI hai| cUlagiri nAmaka usI pahAr3I para bAIsa jaina maMdira haiN| jhAbuA jile ke alIrAjapura meM vizAla jaina mUrtiyA~ aura maMdira nirmita karAye gye| 356

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adhyAya 27 ] madhya bhArata digaMbara jaina saMgrahAlaya, ujjaina - sarvatobhadra citra 227 ,

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 bhAga 6] (ka) pajanArI - maMdira meM tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ (kha) paTanA - tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha citra 228 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 27 ] madhya bhArata (ka) gvAliyara kilA- tIrthakara kI zailotkIrNa mUrti (kha) gvAliyara kilA - tIrthaMkaroM kI zalotkIrNa mUrtiyA~ citra 229 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 182 (ka) digaMbara jaina saMgrahAlaya, ujjaina tIrthaMkara mUrti kA parikara (kha) naravara - tIrthaMkara mUrti kA parikara citra 230 [ bhAga 6 .

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adhyAya 27 ] madhya bhArata (ka) digaMbara jaina saMgrahAlaya - bAla yatiyoM kI mUrti (kha) marImAtA guphA - vidyAdhara kI mUrti citra 231

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 (ka) zivapurI - aMbikA sAtAGRIDALA (kha) digaMbara jaina saMgrahAlaya, ujjaina - zAsanadevI kI mUrti citra 232

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adhyAya 27 ] madhya bhArata (ka) baDoha - maMdira-samUha (kha) pajanArI-maMdira citra 233

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 (ka) malhAragar3ha - maMdira kA UparI bhAga (kha) kolhA - maMdira kI alaMkRta chata citra 234

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adhyAya 27 ] madhya bhArata kalA ke prAcIna keMdra vidizA meM isa kAla meM bhI maMdira aura mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa hotA rhaa| yahA~ nAga-nAgiyoM aura yakSa-yakSiyoM kI isa kAla kI mUrtiyA~ prApta huI haiN| usI jile ke baDoha aura paThArI meM aneka jaina maMdira aura kucha utkRSTa pASANa-mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa huaa| bhopAla jile ke bhadabhadA ke samIpa samasagar3ha meM terahavIM zatAbdI kI kucha vizAla tIrthaMkaramUrtiyA~ aura sthApatya saMbaMdhI zilpAMkita zilAkhaNDa prApta hue haiN| viMdhya kSetra (buMdelakhaNDa aura baghelakhaNDa) meM madhyakAla meM takSaNa-kalA ke kSetra meM jainoM ne atyadhika kArya kiyA / devagar3ha, thabona, sonAgiri, droNagiri, kuNDalapura, papaurA, ahAra, rahalI, bInA-bArahA bAnapura, barahaTA, pajanArI tathA anya aneka sthAna ullekhanIya haiM jahA~ kalA ke kSetra meM vyApaka kArya saMpanna huaa| thUbona, kuNDalapura, bInA-bArahA aura ahAra meM bArahavIM zatI ke anaMtara bahuta samaya taka nirmANa kArya calatA rahA / sAgara jile meM sAgara se dakSiNa-pUrva meM 75 kilomITara para bInA-bArahA sukhacaina nadI ke taTa para sthita hai| vahA~ do maMdira aura eka gaMdhakuTI hai| pahalA maMdira caMdraprabha kA hai| mUlanAyaka kI mUrti kI sthApanA 1775 I0 meM bhaTTAraka maheMdrakItti ne karAyI thii| isa maMdira meM mahAvIra kI eka mUrti 4 mITara U~cI hai| dUsarA maMdira zAMtinAtha kA hai, usakA nirmANa 1746 I0 meM huA thaa| isameM sthApita zAMtinAtha kI khar3agAsana mUrti 5 mITara se bhI U~cI hai / gaMdhakuTI bahuta U~cAI para sthita hai| ahAra TIkamagar3ha se 20 kilomITara pUrva meM hai| isa tIrthakSetra ko caMdela zAsakoM ne surucipUrvaka sa~vArA thA; unhoMne yahA~ aneka maMdiroM aura sarovaroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| yahA~ ke vartamAna maMdiroM kA nirmANa gyArahavIM aura usake bAda kI zatiyoM meM huaa| zAMtinAtha tathA anya tIrthaMkaroM aura bAhubalI ke maMdiroM ke atirikta yahA~ aneka mAna-staMbha bhI haiN| mUrtiyoM ke pAdapIThoM para utkIrNa abhilekhoM se jainoM kI bahuta-sI zAkhAoM kA parijJAna hotA hai jinhoMne isa sthAna ke vikAsa meM yoga diyaa| ahAra meM eka saMgrahAlaya kI sthApanA kI gayI hai| TIkamagar3ha ke samIpa bAnapura meM sarvatobhadra-sahasrakUTa kI racanA hai jisakI pratyeka dizA meM eka dvAra hai| nAgara-zailI kA yaha maMdira eka mITara U~ce catuSkoNIya adhiSThAna para nirmita hai| alaMkRta staMbha, chateM, garbhagRha aura uttuMga zikhara--isa maMdira kI samUcI saMyojanA vAstava meM dhyAna dene yogya hai| dI-deviyoM, navagrahoM aura puSpa-vallarI kI saMyojanA bhI utkRSTa alaMkaraNoM ke sAtha kI gayI hai| AdinAtha, sarasvatI aura anya deva-deviyoM kI mUrtiyoM kA aMkana surucipUrNa hai| TIkamagar3ha ke samIpa papaurA aura navAgar3ha nAmaka do tIrthakSetra aura bhI haiN| chatarapura jile kA droNagiri bhI eka mahattvapUrNa siddha-kSetra hai| isa kSetra meM prAkRtika suSamA bikheratI pahAr3iyoM para tIsa jaina maMdira haiN| inakA nirmANa 1483 I0 aura 1536 I0 ke madhya hayA / 357

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga sonAgiri, nainAgiri, gar3hA, golAkoTa, pajanArI aura ajayagar3ha bhI ullekhanIya sthAna haiM jahA~ isa kAla meM jaina kalA aura sthApatya kA vikAsa huaa| pannA jile ke ajayagar3ha meM caMdela rAjA vIravarmA ke zAsanakAla meM, 1276 I0 meM, zAMtinAtha kI eka mahattvapUrNa mUrti kI sthApanA haI thii| yahA~ nirmANa kArya bAda taka calatA rhaa| narasiMhapura jile ke barahaTA grAma ke samIpa nauniyA meM AdinAtha, caMdraprabha, aura mahAvIra kI vizAla mUrtiyA~ haiN| yaha sthAna gyArahavIM se caudahavIM zatI taka jaina keMdra rhaa| isa kAla meM pASANa kI mUrtiyoM ke atirikta, AdinAtha, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra Adi kucha tIrthakaroM kI dhAtu kI mUrtiyA~ bhI bniiN| sarasvatI,aMbikA, cakrezvarI Adi deviyoM kI mUrtiyA~ bhI svarNa, rajata, aSTadhAtu yA kAMsya dhAtu kI banIM / ye mUrtiyA~ vibhinna maMdiroM meM aura gvAliyara, iMdaura, rAyapura dhabelA aura nAgapura ke saMgrahAlayoM meM vidyamAna haiN| jaina dharma aura lalita kalAoM ke vikAsa meM jaina sAdhuoM aura AcAryoM ke yoga kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| unhoMne sAhitya, maukhika pravacanoM aura dRzya kalAoM ke mAdhyama se jJAna ke saMvardhana meM prabala sahayoga diyaa| isa kAla ke sAdhuoM meM prAcArya tAraNa-taraNa-jI kA sthAna sarvopari hai| vidizA jile meM siroMja ke samIpa semarakher3I meM 1448 I0 (apane janmakAla) se hI inhoMne apanA sArA jIvana sAdhanA meM vyatIta kiyaa| gunA jile meM betavA nadI ke taTa para sthita malhAragar3ha meM inhoMne apanA aMtima upadeza diyaa| apane sar3asaTha varSa ke jIvana meM isa mahAtmA ne mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa se jJAna kA saMdeza prasArita kiyA jisameM sAMsArika jIvana kI viSamatAoM ko koI sthAna nhiiN| yadyapi zAstroM, maMdiroM aura tIrtha-kSetroM kI upayogitA para unakA vizvAsa thA, tathApi, unhoMne prAcAra kI bhUmikA para AdhArita vaicArika svAtaMtrya kA samarthana kiyaa| unake caudaha graMtha caudaha ratnoM kI bhA~ti unake anuyAyiyoM ko sAMsArika aura Atmika jIvana meM samRddhi aura dizA-nirdeza pradAna karate haiN| semarakher3I aura malhAragar3ha ke smAraka isa kAla ke aMtima caraNa ke sthApatya kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| isa adhyAya ke sAtha kucha vizeSa citra diye jA rahe haiM jinase isa kAla meM kalA ke vikAsa kA parijJAna hogaa| citra 227 meM ujjaina kSetra se prApta eka sarvatobhadra citrita hai jisameM dhyAnAsana meM sthita tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiN| pAdapITha para utkIrNa siMhoM ke zilpAMkana meM kauzala kA abhAva hai| sAgara jile ke pajanArI aura rahalI ke pAsa sthita paTanAgaMja nAmaka sthAna isa kAla meM hue kalA ke hAsa kI ora saMketa karate haiN| (citra 228 ka, kh)| 358

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madhya bhArata adhyAya 27 ] gvAliyara kile kI vizAla tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ ( citra 226 ka, kha ) alaga hI prakAra kI haiM / aMgopAMgoM ke zilpAMkana meM, vizeSataH pairoM aura hAthoM ke anupAta rahita aMkana meM, kuzalatA kI kamI spaSTa rUpa se dIkha par3atI hai| phira bhI gaja aura anucaroM kI prastuti se ekasaratA kucha kama jAtI hai / citra 230 ka aura kha meM tIrthaMkara - mUrtiyoM ke parikara kA uparibhAga citrita hai jisameM kalA kA apakarSa draSTavya hai / inameM kI prathama mUrti aba gvAliyara - saMgrahAlaya meM hai aura dvitIya digaMbara jaina saMgrahAlaya, ujjaina meM hai / citra 231 ka meM paMca bAla-yati tIrthaMkara khaDgAsana meM sthita haiM, unake hAtha jaMghAoM para haiM / yahA~ sauMdarya-bodha kA prabhAva dhyAna AkRSTa karatA hai / phira bhI isa kAla meM utkIrNa kucha deva-mUrtiyoM meM anupAta aura sauMdarya-bodha kA acchA nirvAha huA hai / udAharaNa ke lie citra 231 kha draSTavya hai jisapara eka mAlAdhArI vidyAdhara kI mUrti aMkita hai / zivapurI se prApta aMbikA kI mastakahIna mUrti ( citra 232ka) aura ujjaina se prApta zAsanadevI kI mUrti ( citra 232 kha ) darzAte haiM ki isa kAla meM kalA kI paraMparA kisa prakAra Age bar3hI / vidizA jile ke bar3oha aura sAgara jile ke pajanArI (citra 233 ka, kha ) Adi sthAnoM ke uttara madhyakAlIna jaina maMdiroM meM eka bhI aisA nahIM jisameM isase pUrva ke kAla ke sthApatya kI bhavyatA vidyamAna ho, varan unameM kabhI-kabhI uttara madhyakAlIna rAjapUta-zailI ke lakSaNa dikha jAte haiN| malhAragar3ha ( citra 234 ka ) isakA udAharaNa hai| maMdasaura jile meM bhAnapurA ke nikaTa sthita kolhA ke maMdira kI alaMkaraNa - yukta chata ( citra 234 kha ) pazcima bhArata ke maMdiroM kI chatoM kA smaraNa karAtI hai / 359 For Private Personal Use Only kRSNadatta bAjapeyI

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adhyAya 28 pazcima bhArata pazcima bhArata ko una kSetroM meM parigaNita kiyA jA sakatA hai, jahA~ kalAtmaka aura sthApatyIya kArya-kalApoM ne bahata prAraMbhika kAla meM vikAsa pA liyA thaa| sthApatyIya saMracanA vAle prAcInatama maMdira ke bhagnAvazeSa samUce bhArata meM abataka mAtra rAjasthAna meM hI prApta hue haiN| ye bhagnAvazeSa rAjasthAna meM jayapura ke nikaTavartI vairATa meM usa golAkAra maMdira ke haiM jisakA samaya IsA-pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| zikhara-maNDita maMdiroM ke vikAsa meM bhI rAjasthAna kA yogadAna ullekhanIya hai, jisakA sAkSya cittaur3a ke nikaTa nagarI kI khudAI meM prApta pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke eka maMdira-zikhara ke Amalaka kA bhagnAvazeSa detA hai| pratIta hotA hai ki isa kSetra ne usa nAgara-maMdirazailI ko vikasita karane meM yoga diyA hai jisakA mUlarUpa gupta aura guptottara-kAla ke prAdya zikharamaMdiroM meM nihita hai / aise bahuta se kAraNa haiM jinake AdhAra para yaha anumAna lagAnA kaThina nahIM ki lagabhaga pA~cavIM se lekara AThavIM zatAbdI taka ke saMkrAMtikAla ke madhya nirmita samasta maMdira pUrNatayA naSTa ho cuke haiM aura jo kucha vikasita nAgara-zailI ke maMdira isa kSetra meM mile haiM unameM se adhikAMzataH maMdiroM kA racanAkAla pAThavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka kA lagAyA jA sakatA hai| pazcima bhArata ke itihAsa meM musalamAnoM ke vidhvaMsaka abhiyAnoM ke lie terahavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima tathA caudahavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMmbhika varSa ullekhanIya rahe haiM / bAra-bAra hone vAle ina abhiyAnoM se, vizeSakara alAuddIna khilajI ke abhiyAnoM se pahale hI, rAjasthAna aura gujarAta meM hindU zAsakoM ke gar3hoM ke dhvasta ho jAne ke kAraNa ina AkrAmaka vijAtIya mUrti-bhaMjakoM kI dhArmika IrSyA tathA dhanalolupatA ne pazcima bhArata ke asaMkhya maMdiroM kA jI bharakara vidhvaMsa kiyaa| ina AkrAmakoM dvArA lAyA gayA yaha pracaNDa jhaMjhAvAta mAtra maMdiroM ke vidhvaMsa taka hI sImita nahIM rahA apitu isane utpIDita janasamAja ke hRdaya evaM mastiSka ko bhI Ar3olita kara diyaa| isa kSetra kA jana-samAja jaba isa AghAta ko sahakara Upara uThane meM saphala huA to usake aMdara kucha naye mAna-mUlyoM ne sthApanA pAyI jisake sAtha use apane kucha samRddha pAraMparika mAna-mUlyoM ko chor3anA bhI par3A / ataH eka prakAra se madhyakAla nebhAvI pIr3hiyoM meM svayaM hI praveza pA liyaa| __ mevAr3a ke gRhilA zAsakoM ne khilajiyoM dvArA vijita cittaur3a ko eka dazaka ke madhya hI svataMtra karA liyaa| yaha vijita jAti kI eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi thI kyoMki cittaur3a rAjapUtoM kA eka 360

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adhyAya 28 ] pazcima bhArata paraMparAgata sudRr3ha keMdra thaa| san 1311 meM cittaur3a kI svAdhInatA ke tatkAla bAda, mevAr3a ke zAsakoM ne jana-samAja ke aura apane prAtmabala ko U~cA uThAne kA kArya hAthoM meM liyaa| isake lie unhoMne AkrAmakoM dvArA dhvasta prAcIna maMdiroM kA punarutthAna tathA naye maMdiroM kA nirmANa bhI kraayaa| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki maMdira evaM bhavanoM Adi ke nirmANa kAryoM kA sUtrapAta rANA lAkhA ne kiyA jisakA anusaraNa usake uttarAdhikArI rANA mokala ne kiyaa| kiMtu rAjasthAna meM eka prakAra kA svarNayuga rANA kuMbhA (san 1438-68) ke zAsanakAla meM AyA / rANA kuMbhA apane saphala sainya abhiyAnoM kI bhA~ti hI kalAtmaka sRjana karAne meM pravINa thaa| usane apanI mahattvAkAMkSA ke anurUpa cittaur3a ko bhavya bhavanoM, prAsAdoM aura maMdiroM se susajjita karane ke lie aneka dakSa vAstu-zilpiyoM ko prazraya diyaa| usake banavAye bhavanoM evaM maMdiroM ke zIrSa-bhAga maNDapa se alaMkRta haiN| usane sUtradhAroM (zilpiyoM) ke sAtha hI madhyakAlIna bhArata ke prasiddha vAstuvidoM tathA vAstu-vijJAna-graMthoM ke praNetA vidvAn lekhakoM ko bhI sevA meM niyukta kiyA jinameM pramukha zilpI the| maNDana usake dvArA likhe vAstu-vijJAna graMthoM meM 'prAsAda-maNDana' tathA 'rAjaballabha-maNDana' ullekhanIya haiN| ina bhavana-nirmANa ke kArya-kalApoM se maMdira-nirmANa ke eka naye yuga kA samAraMbha huaa| isa kSetra ke jainoM ne bhI arhatoM ke dhvasta maMdiroM kA punaruddhAra tathA naye maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAkara pavitra kAryoM ke saMpAdana meM apane utsAha kA pradarzana kiyaa| isa kAla meM vAstu-vijJAna para Thakkara pherU nAmaka eka jaina dvArA san 1315 meM likhe gaye 'vAstu-sAra' graMtha (jisameM lekhaka dvArA diye gaye vivaraNa ke anusAra dillI para alAuddIna khilajI kA zAsana thA)1 se pratIta hotA hai ki jaina pazcima bhArata meM musalamAnoM ke AkramaNoM kA sAmanA karate hae bhI maMdira-nirmANa kI paraMparA ko yathAvidhi saMrakSita banAye rakhane meM saphala rhe| vAstu-sAra meM lekhaka ne maMdira kI nAgara-zailI ko pazcima-bhAratIya rUpa meM rUpAMtarita karate hae usakI vinyAsa rUparekhA tathA U~cAI ke vistAra kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isa graMtha ke anusAra maMdira ko 'prAsAda' kahA gayA hai| maMdira kA aMtarbhAga mUla-gabhAra yA garbhagRha kahalAtA thA / vAstusAra ke anusAra maMdira kI saMracanA meM garbhagRha se Age akSIya rekhA para sthita tIna maNDapa hote the| ina tInoM maNDapoM meM pahalA maNDapa, jo gar3ha-maNDapa (aMtarAla) kahalAtA thA jise eka kakSa kA kAma karatA thaa| isake uparAMta, madhya bhAga meM eka bar3A kakSa hotA thA jise raMga-maNDapa, navaraMga yA nRtya-maNDapa kahate haiM jisameM natya evaM nATakIya kalAoM ke pradarzana kiye jAte the / tIsarA maNDapa, balana-maNDapa yA mukha-maNDapa kahalAtA thA jo pravezamaNDapa hotA thA, jisase hokara maMdira meM padArpaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra laMbarUpa dharI ke AdhAra para maMdira ke tIna bhAga hote the| maMdira kA nicalA AdhAra-bhAga adhiSThAna kahalAtA thA, madhya kA bhAga maNDovara tathA UparI bhAga zikhara hotA thA jo Amalaka se maNDita hotA thaa| yaha graMtha maMdira ke AdhAra 1 agravAla (vI esa) sTaDIja ina iNiyana pArTa. 1965. vArANasI. 271-75. vAstu-sAra ke mUlapATha evaM usake hindI anuvAda kA eka saMskaraNa jaina-vividha-graMtha-mAlA sIrIja, 1936, jayapura, se bhagavAnadAsa jaina dvArA prakAzita karAyA gayA hai. Thakkara pheha ke samaya ke lie isa saMskaraNa kA puSTha 10 dekhie. 361

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 18001. [bhAga 6 bhAga adhiSThAna ko bhI do bhAgoM, jagatI-pITha tathA prAsAda-pITha, meM vibhakta karatA hai / jagatI-pITha bhU-sataha se Upara uThA huA maMcAkAra bhAga hai jabaki prAsAda-pITha maMdira ke ThIka nIce kI caukI hai| isake atirikta isa graMtha meM talaghara ke vibhinna staroM (satahoM), zikhara ke vibhinna bhAgoM tathA maNDovarabhAga kI saMracanAoM Adi kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai aura unake lie viziSTa pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isa graMtha kA mahattva isa tathya meM nihita hai ki isane terahavIM zatAbdI se lekara paMdrahavIM zatAbdI taka kI usa mahatAvadhi meM jabaki pazcima-bhArata meM maMdira-vAstu kI punarnavInIkaraNa kI prakriyA pUrNa parAkASThA para thI, nAgara-zailI ke maMdiroM kI samRddha paraMparA ko Age bar3hAyA / pratIta hotA hai ki paMdrahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya rANA kuMbhA dvArA dI gayI rAjanaitika sthiratA ne jainoM ke lie eka aise vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa kiyA jisameM jainoM ne mAtra mevAr3a meM hI nahIM apitu samIpavartI anya kSetroM meM bhI maMdiroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| rANA kuMbhA aura usake uttarAdhikArI ke zAsanakAla ke aMtargata cittaur3a meM digaMbara jainoM ke anekAneka maMdiroM kA nirmANa hayA jinameM jaina kIrtistaMbha ke nikaTavartI AdinAtha kA maMdira sabase prAcIna hai| giranAra pahAr3I ke tIna prasiddha maMdirasamarasiMha kA maMdira (san 1438), saMprati rAjA kA maMdira (san 1453) tathA melaka-basahI (san 1455) paMdrahavIM zatAbdI ke madhyakAla kI nirmitiyA~ haiN| ye samasta maMdira nAgara-zailImaMdiroM ke solaMkI rUpAMtaraNa para AdhArita haiM; jo Thakkara pherU dvArA vAstu-sAra meM ullikhita isa prakAra ke maMdira ke sAmAnya vivaraNa ko pUrNataH pramANita karate haiN| jainoM dvArA karAye gaye sthApatyIya nirmANoM kI dRSTi se paMdrahavIM zatAbdI pazcima-bhArata ke lie vizeSa ullekhanIya pratIta hotI hai| isa kAla meM isa kSetra ke usa madhyakAlIna sthApatya ko susthira kiyA gayA jise jemsa phargyusana' ne madhya zailI (miDila sTAila) kahA hai / isa madhya zailI kI sarvottama abhivyakti isa yuga ke vAstuvidoM dvArA tIrthaMkaroM ke lie nirmita eka anUThe prakAra ke maMdira meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| yaha zailI nAgara-zailI maMdiroM kI solaMkI evaM baghela-zailiyoM ke pUrvavartI anubhavoM para AdhArita hai| ina maMdiroM meM adhiSThAna, devakulikAe~ (cAroM ora devAlaya ke AkAra kI saMracanAe~), aMga-zikharoM ke samUha se yukta zikhara, staMbhoM para AdhArita maNDapa, gavAkSa (chatadAra khiDakiyA~) Adi pramakha bhAga hote haiN| madhya meM keMdravartI vargAkAra garbhagaha-yUkta ina maMdiroM kI vinyAsa-rUparekhA kI vizadatA ne eka naye rUpAkAra ko janma diyA hai| isa prakAra ke maMdira jainoM meM prAyaH caumukha (caturmukha) ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM jo bhAratIya vAstuvidyA-viSayaka graMthoM meM ullikhita sarvatobhadra-prakAra ke maMdiroM ke sAmAnyata: anurUpa haiN| caumakha-prakAra ke maMdira kA zreSThatama udAharaNa mevAr3a meM sadarI ke nikaTa raNakapura athavA ranapura sthita AdinAtha yA yugAdIzvara-maMdira hai| yaha maMdira naisargika sauMdaryamayI upatyakA meM anekAneka jaina maMdiroM ke madhya usa sthAna para sthita hai jise mevAr3a ke pAMca pavitra sthaloM ke aMtargata mAnA jAtA hai| 1 pharmya sana (jemsa) hisTrI praoNpha iNiyana eNDa IsTarna prAkiTekcara, 1, purnamudrita. 1967. dillI. 60. 362

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adhyAya 28] pazcima bhArata maMdira ke mukha-maNDapa ke praveza-dvAra ke pArzva meM lage eka staMbha para aMkita abhilekha ke anusAra isa maMdira kA nirmANa san 1436 meM eka jaina dharmAnuyAyI dharaNAka ke AdezAnusAra depAka nAmaka vAstuvid ne kiyA thA / isa abhilekha meM rANA kuMbhA ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki isa bhavya caumukha-maMdira ke nirmANa meM kalA aura sthApatya ke mahAn prazrayadAtA rANA kuMbhA kA yoga rahA hai| yaha maMdira 3716 varga-mITara kSetra meM phailA hai, isameM unatIsa bar3e kakSa tathA cAra sau bIsa staMbha haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki isa maMdira kI yojanA nissaMdeha hI mahattvAkAMkSI rahI hai| isa maMdira kI vinyAsa-rUparekhA yadyapi jaTila hai tathApi bhArI yA beDaula nahIM hai (rekhAcitra 23) / jaba isa maMdira ke vargAkAra garbhagRha se, jisameM caumukhI pratimA sthApita hai, adhyayana prAraMbha karate haiM to isa maMdira kI eka suspaSTa jyAmitIya kramabaddhatA dIkha par3atI hai| pazcimavartI pahAr3I DhalAna para sthita hone ke kAraNa maMdira ke jagatI yA adhiSThAna-bhAga ko isake pazcima dizA meM yatheSTa U~cA banAyA gayA hai| usa maMca ke, jisake aMdara kakSa haiM, Upara keMdravartI bhAga meM vargAkAra garbhagaha sthita hai| isake cAroM ora kI pratyeka bhitti ke madhya eka-eka dvAra hai| pratyeka dvAra raMga-maNDapa meM khulatA hai aura isa raMga-maNDapa kA dvAra eka dotalle praveza-kakSa meM khulatA hai| isa maNDapa ke bAda eka anya kakSa AtA hai jo AkarSaka hai| yaha kakSa bhI dotallA hai; isa bhAga meM sIr3hiyAM haiM, isalie ise balana yA nAlI-maNDapa kahA jAtA hai / lagabhaga 62 mITara tathA 60 mITara laMbe-caur3e kSetraphala ke AyatAkAra (prAyaH vargAkAra) dAlAna jisameM cAroM ora prakSipta bAhya bhAga kI mukhya saMracanAe~ sammalita nahIM haiM, ke cAroM ora kI dIvAra maMdira kI U~cAI kI bAhya saMracanA meM mukhya sthAna rakhatI hai| isa sImA-bhitti ke bhItara kI sataha para 86 devakulikAoM (citra 235) kI eka laMbI paMkti hai / ye devakUlikAeM anya devI-devatAoM kI pratimAoM kI sthApanA ke lie laghu devAlaya ke prAkAra kI haiN| devakulikAoM ke zikhara, bAhya ora se dekhane para, isa bhitti ke zIrSa para kiye gaye alaMkaraNa se bhI Upara nikalI huI stUpikAoM kI paMkti kI bhA~ti dikhAI par3ate haiN| inase pare maMdira ke zIrSa para pA~ca zikhara haiM, jinameM se sabase bar3A aura pramukha zikhara garbhagaha ko maNDita kiye hae hai (citra 236) / zeSa cAra zikhara cAroM konoM para sthita devAlayoM ko maNDita kiye hae haiN| isake atirikta bIsa guMbada aura bhI haiM jo staMbhAdhArita pratyeka kakSa ke Upara chata ke rUpa meM nirmita haiN| isa pAyatAkAra maNDapa meM kisI bhI praveza-maNDapa se praveza kiyA jA sakatA hai| ye praveza-maNDapa do tala vAle haiM aura tIna ora kI bhittiyoM ke madhya meM sthita haiN| praveza-maNDapa atyaMta manohArI haiN| ina praveza-maNDapoM meM sabase bar3A pazcima kI ora hai jise nissaMdeha mukhya praveza-maNDapa mAnA jA sakatA hai| ina pravezamaNDapoM se hokara staMbhoM para AdhArita anekAneka barAmadoM tathA mukhya maNDapa ko pAra karate hue keMdravartI vargAkAra garbhagRha taka pahu~cA jA sakatA hai| garbhagRha 2 mI0430.5 mI0 laMbA-caur3A AyatAkAra (prAya: vargAkAra) kakSa hai jisake cAroM ora staMbhoM para AdhArita kakSa haiN| garbhagRha kI prAMtarika saMracanA svastikAkAra kakSa ke rUpa meM hai jisameM saMgamaramara kI caumukha-pratimA pratiSThita hai| isa maMdira kI vizeSatA usakI U~cAI yA vizada vinyAsa-rUparekhA aura usapara sUdakSatApUrNa nirmANa hI nahIM varan usakI vividhatA tathA usake vibhinna bhAgoM kI bahulatA hai| usakA mAtra 363

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bAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 koI eka bhAga para hI nahIM varan usakA samUcA rUpa hI viziSTa hai, jisake lie jemsa phargyusana dvArA usakI kI gayI prazaMsA yahA~ uddhRta kI jA sakatI hai| phargyusana ke anusAra: 'isake anekAneka maMdira aura ina bhAgoM ke sAmAnyata: laghu AkAra yadyapi isa maMdira ke eka sthApatyIya vaibhavapUrNa saMracanA hone ke dAve meM bAdhaka haiM paraMtu ina bhAgoM kI vividhatA, pratyeka staMbha para kiyA gayA IndokA LEO 30 50 MEIRES FEET rekhAcitra 23. raNakapuraH yugAdIzvara-maMdira kI rUparekhA (kajinsa ke anusAra) eka dUsare se sarvathA bhinna sUkSmAMkana kA sauMdarya, unakA vyavasthA-krama, usakI mohakatA, sapATa chatoM para vibhinna U~cAIyoM ke guMbadoM kA surucipUrNa samAyojana tathA prakAza ke lie banAyI gayI saMracanAoM kI vidhi--ye samasta vizeSatAe~ milakara eka atyuttama prabhAva kI saSTi karatI haiN| jahA~ taka mujhe jJAta hai, bhArata meM vastuta: isa prakAra kA koI anya maMdira yA bhavana nahIM hai jisake aMtarbhAga meM staMbhoM kA itanA lAvaNyapUrNa saMyojana rahA ho aura usakI saMracanA kula milAkara isa maMdira kI bhA~ti prabhAvotpAdaka rahI ho|' 1 phagyUsana (jemsa), pUrvokta, pR 47-48. 364

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adhyAya 28 ] pazcima bhArata raNakapura kA yaha caumukha-maMdira yadyapi sthApatya-kalA kA eka utkRSTatama udAharaNa nahIM hai tathApi yaha vivecya kAla ke pazcima bhArata ke zikhara-maNDita 'madhya zailI' meM nirmita jaina maMdiroM meM darzanIya sthAna rakhatA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki madhyakAlIna jaina maMdiroM ke pIche bahuvividhitA kI bhAvanA mukhya preraNA kAryarata rahI hai| yaha caumukha-maMdira bahuvividhitA kI isI bhAvanA para AdhArita hai| yahI samaya hai ki pazcima bhArata ke anya pramukha jaina keMdroM meM bhI isI prakAra ke maMdiroM kA nirmANa huA / mAuNTa AbU (AbU kI pahAr3I) para sthita prasiddha dilavAr3A-maMdira-samUha meM bhI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ko samarpita isI prakAra kA eka caumukha-maMdira hai| isa maMdira kI caumukha-pratimA para utkIrNa abhilekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki isa maMdira kA nirmANa san 1456 meM huA thaa| yaha maMdira raNakapura ke caumukha-maMdira ke nitAMta anurUpa hai| isakI vinyAsa-rUparekhA ke anusAra isameM cAra maNDapa haiM jo garbhagRha ke cAroM ora saMlagna haiM / isakA mukhya praveza-dvAra pazcima dizA meM hai| yaha maMdira raNakapura-maMdira kI apekSA yatheSTa bar3A hai aura isakI chata-racanA meM yahIM ke prati prasiddha tejapAla-maMdira se preraNA la gayI hai| do talavAle garbhagRha tathA maNDapoM kI bAhya bhittiyA~ jaina devI-devatAoM kI pratimAoM se pUrNarUpeNa alaMkRta haiN| bhare patthara se nirmita yaha maMdira apane zikhara sahita U~cAI meM dilavAr3A ke samasta maMdiroM meM sabase U~cA hai| eka anya ullekhanIya caumukha-maMdira pAlItAnA kI nikaTavartI zatrujaya pahAr3I sthita jaina maMdiroM ke eka mahAn nagara karalavAsI-Tuka meM nirmita hai| yaha maMdira uttarI zikhara ke zIrSa para avasthita / nirmANa sana 1618 meM haa| caturmakha yojanA vAle isake garbhagaha kA kSetraphala 7 vargamITara hai aura isakI U~cAI 30 mITara se adhika hai| yaha maMdira eka uttuMga zikhara se maNDita hai / isameM cAroM dizAoM meM apekSita cAra dvAra haiM lekina isameM maNDapa mAtra eka hI hai jo garbhagRha ke pUrvI dvAra se jur3A huaA hai| mukhya praveza-kakSa meM pahuMcane kA mArga isa kakSa se hokara hai| yadyapi isa maMdira kI vinyAsarUparekhA pazcima-bhArata ke pracalita nAgara-zailI ke maMdiroM ke anurUpa hai aura ise sarvatobhadra-zailI kI zreNI meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA, phira bhI isameM anya tIna praveza-maNDapoM, unake cAroM ora barAmadoM, pratyeka praveza-maNDapa ke Upara dUsare talle aura usameM gavAkSa-yukta khir3akiyoM ke kAraNa yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki isake niyojana meM caumukha-maMdira kI abhikalpanA kA jJAna nihita hai| isa maMdira meM pazcimI bhittiyoM se saMlagna bAhya kakSoM kI eka paMkti hai jo staMbha-yukta barAmade dvArA vibhakta kI gayI hai| kula milAkara yaha maMdira eka sajIva sthApatyIya saMracanA kA udAharaNa hai jo jainoM ke vizadIkaraNa tathA bahuvividhitA kI bhAvanA ke anurUpa hai| vizadIkaraNa evaM bahuvividhitA kI yahI bhAvanA jaina sthApatya meM kaI pIr3hiyoM taka kriyAzIla rahI pratIta hotI hai| jaina aneka pavitra sthAnoM para maMdira-nagaroM kA nirmANa karAne ke lie suvidita rahe haiN| unake banavAye maMdira-nagaroM meM bihAra kI pArasanAtha pahAr3I (sammedazikhara), gujarAta meM zatrujaya evaM giranAra kI pahAr3iyoM, rAjasthAna meM prAbU kI pahAr3I evaM karnATaka (zravaNabelagolA) kI vidhyagiri pahADI meM sthita maMdira-nagara ullekhanIya haiN| ina maMdira-nagaroM meM pazcima 365

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 bhArata kI zatrujaya evaM giranAra kI pahAr3iyoM meM sthita do maMdira-nagara sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa haiM (citra 237, 238) / zatrujaya pahAr3I-sthita maMdira-nagara ina saboM meM sabase bar3A hai aura yaha palitAnA zahara ke dakSiNa meM hai| yahA~ ke maMdira isa pahAr3I kI do jur3avA~ coTiyoM para haiM jo samudra kI sataha se 600 mITara U~cI haiN| 320 mITara laMbI isa pratyeka coTI para ye maMdira paMktibaddha rUpa se nirmita haiN| yaha paMkti prAyaH aMgrejI ke 'esa' akSara ke AkAra kI hai| maMdiroM kI kula saMkhyA 863 hai| vibhinna prAkAra aura prakAra ke ina bahusaMkhyaka maMdiroM ke atirikta yahA~ para eka caumukha-zailI kA sarvAdhika ullekhanIya AdinAtha kA maMdira bhI hai jo uttarI zikhara ke zIrSa para sthita hai / isa maMdira ke viSaya meM pahale hI vistRta carcA kI jA cukI hai| isake dUsarI ora zatrujaya ke dakSiNI zikhara aura vimala-vasahI ke madhya meM prathama tIrthaMkara mUlanAyaka zrI-AdIzvara kA maMdira eka pramukha sthAna rakhatA hai| yaha samUcA tIrtha-kSetra hI mukhya rUpa se prathama tIrthaMkara ko samarpita hai| praveza-dvAra para utkIrNa abhilekha ke anusAra isa maMdira kA vartamAna praveza-maNDapa maMdira ke sAtaveM punanirmANa ke aMtargata cittaur3a (rAjasthAna) ke ratnasiMha ke maMtrI karmasiMha dvArA san 1530 meM banavAyA gayA hai| san 660 ke bane isa prAcIna maMdira kI apekSA yaha praveza-maNDapa spaSTataH uttaravartI hai jise jIrNodvAra karate samaya saMbhavataH kisI prAcIna praveza-maNDapa ke sthAna para banavAyA gayA hai| yaha maMdira dotallA dikhAI detA hai jisapara eka uttuMga zikhara maNDita hai tathA AdhAra ke cAroM ora choTe-choTe bahuta-se devAlaya nirmita haiM / isa maMdira meM mAtra eka kakSa hai| maMdira kI 'vinyAsa-rUparekhA uttara zikharavartI caumukha-maMdira kI apekSA atyaMta sarala hai| bAhya saMracanA ullekhanIya rUpa se ati alaMkRta hai aura viziSTa guNoM ko pradarzita karatI hai| yaha maMdira pUrva-dizAvartI bAhya-bhitti ke sammukha bhAga, staMbha-yukta praveza-dvAra tathA usakA UparI tala, arddhavRttAkAra toraNa jise vizeSa prakAra ke parivalita staMbha atirikta AdhAra pradAna kiye hue haiM-Adi samasta vizeSatAoM ke lie ullekhanIya hai| parsI brAuna ke anusAra, 'isa maMdira ke vibhinna aMga kisI bhI prakAra se eka dUsare ke samarUpa nahIM haiM / ataH yaha maMdira apane samagra rUpa meM asamarUpa hai| yaha maMdira una vibhinna maMdira-bhAgoM kA eka sammizraNa hai jo svayaM meM uttama mAne gaye haiN| paraMtu ina vibhinna sarvottama upAMgoM ke sammizraNa kI prakriyA isa maMdira meM bhalIbhA~ti saMpAdita nahIM ho sakI hai|' zatrujaya pahAr3I ke ye maMdira alaga-alaga apanI sthApatyIya vizeSatA nahIM rakhate paraMtu ina asaMkhya maMdiroM kA samagra prabhAva, vAtAvaraNa meM vyApta nIravatA kucha aisI vizeSatAe~ haiM jo darzakoM ke lie atyaMta AkarSaka haiN| isa maMdira-nagara kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI batAyI jAtI hai ki Aja taka kisI bhI vyakti ne sA~jha ke bAda isa nagara meM praveza nahIM kiyaa| dUsarA maMdira-nagara zatrujaya ke pazcima meM 160 kilomITara dUra, samudra-tala se lagabhaga 600 mITara U~ce giranAra kI vizAla pahADI caTTAna para sthita hai| yadyapi yahA~ zatraMjaya kI bhAMti maMdiroM kI bahulatA nahIM hai kintu giranAra ke aneka maMdira vahA~ kI apekSA adhika prAcIna haiN| yahA~ ke maMdira-samUha meM sabase bar3A neminAtha-maMdira hai jisakA yahA~ ke zilAlekha ke anusAra terahavIM zatAbdI meM jIrNoddhAra huA thaa| 1 brAuna (pI) iNDiyana prArkITekcara (buddhisTa eNDa hindU). 1965. baMbaI. pR 135. 366

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adhyAya 28 ] pazcima bhArata jisa kAlAvadhi kI hama carcA kara rahe haiM usa kAla ke bhI kucha maMdira yahA~ haiM jinameM samarasiMha aura saMprati rAjA ke maMdira aura melaka-basahI nAmaka maMdira ullekhanIya haiN| ye sabhI maMdira paMdrahavIM zatAbdI ke haiM aura inake viSaya meM Upara likhA gayA hai| jahA~ taka AbU pahAr3I sthita dilavAr3A ke maMdiroM kA prazna hai unameM se adhikAMzataH maMdira sana 1300 se pUrva ke nirmita haiN| inameM se vimala-vasahI (san 1021) tathA lUNa-vasahI (san 1230) donoM hI bhArata ke samUce jaina sthApatya meM sarvotkRSTa maMdira hone kA dAvA kara sakate haiN| yahA~ hameM isa tathya ke ullekha karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ki dilavAr3A ke maMdiroM dvArA jo kalAtmaka vizeSatAe~ prastuta kI gayI haiM ve samUce madhyakAla ke aMtargata pazcima-bhArata ke jaina maMdiroM meM nyUnAdhika kSetra meM apanAyI jAtI rahI haiN| dilavAr3A kA pittalahara-maMdira bhI ullekhanIya hai jise bhImazAha ne caudahavIM zatAbdI meM tIrthaMkara AdinAtha kI pratiSThA ke lie nirmita karAyA thaa| isa maMdira kI vinyAsa-rUparekhA pazcima bhAratIya nAgara-zailI ke maMdiroM kI-sI hai jisameM garbhagRha, gar3ha-maNDapa aura navacaukI, ye tIna bhAga haiN| garbhagRha meM AdinAtha kI 108 mana (4031 kilogrAma) bhArI eka pItala kI pratimA pratiSThita hai| kahA jAtA hai ki isa pratimA kA nirmANa sUtradhAra maNDana ke putra deva ne kiyA thaa| ina prasiddha maMdira-nagaroM ke atirikta pazcima bhArata meM jaina dharma ke aneka keMdra rahe haiM jahA~ aneka ullekhanIya maMdira vidyamAna haiN| inameM se raNakapura kA ullekha usake prasiddha caumukha-maMdira ke kAraNa pahale hI kiyA jA cukA hai / raNakapura kA ullekha yahA~ para usake 15vIM zatAbdI meM nirmita do anya maMdiroM ke lie bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina maMdiroM meM se eka maMdira pArzvanAtha kA hai jo alaMkaraNa rahita jagatI para AdhArita hai| isakI vinyAsa-rUparekhA nAgara-zailI ke eka sAmAnya maMdira ke samAna hai| isakI gavAkSa-yUkta khir3akiyA~ atyadhika alaMkRta hone ke kAraNa vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| rAjasthAna ke pazcima-dakSiNavartI registAnI jaisalamera ke kSetrIya maMdiroM meM bhI jaina kalA kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ ke do maMdiroM kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / pahalA maMdira gar3ha ke bhItara san 1547 meM rAuka jayasiMha dvArA nirmita pArzvanAtha kA maMdira hai jisameM toraNa, maNDapa aura garbhagRha jaise sAmAnya bhAga haiM paraMtu isakI bhittiyoM para lagabhaga eka sahasra pratimAe~ utkIrNa haiN| dUsarA maMdira, san 1675 meM seTha thAruzAha dvArA nirmita lutherva kA maMdira hai| yaha maMdira bhittiyoM kI pASANa-nirmita khir3akiyoM para kI gayI takSaNa-kalA ke lie vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / isa prakAra kA takSaNa, aura vaha bhI itane bar3e paimAne para, bhArata ke kisI anya maMdira meM milanA durlabha hai| maMdira kI bhittiyA~ jharokhoM se alaMkRta haiM jo isake bAhya dRzya ko atirikta sauMdarya pradAna karatI haiN| paMdrahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya pazcima bhArata meM sthApatya-kalA ke atirikta pratimA-kalA bhI vyApaka rUpa se pracalita rahI hai| isa kAla meM pratimAoM kA nirmANa pASANa aura dhAtu donoM meM hI hotA rahA hai| pratIta hotA hai ki isa kAla meM pratimAoM kA nirmANa pracura saMkhyA meM hotA thaa| pratimAoM kI yaha pracura saMkhyA maMdiroM ke lie Avazyaka pratimAoM kI saMkhyA ke anurUpa rahI hogii| 367

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I. [ bhAga 6 isa viSaya meM zAha kA kathana satya pratIta hotA hai ki 'pazcimI bhArata meM yatra-tatra pAyI gayIM sahasroM jaina kAMsya pratimAoM ke lie eka vizeSa adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hai kyoMki inameM se adhikAMzataH pratimAe~ zailIgata rUpa meM pazcima zailI ke una laghucitroM se saMbaMdhita haiM jinakA pallavana madhyakAla meM huA / yahA~ yaha ullekha bhI upayukta rahegA ki dakSiNa-pazcima rAjasthAna ke DUMgarapura nikaTavartI kSetra se kucha aisI abhilekhAMkita dhAtu-pratimAe~ prApta huI haiM jinameM aneka dakSa dhAtu-mUrtikAroM ke nAma aMkita haiM2 ; jinameM se eka abhilekha meM lumbA yA lumbhA, nAthA, lepA, Adi mUrtikAroM ke nAma mile haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jisa prakAra cittaur3a ke jaitA aura maNDana jaise sUtradhAra vAstu-nirmANa meM vizeSa dakSa the isI prakAra kucha anya dhAtu-mUrti-nirmANa ke dakSa sUtradhAroM ne dakSiNa-pazcima rAjasthAna meM dhAtu-pratimAoM ke nirmANa kA keMdra sthApita kiyA, jisase ve pazcima bhArata meM akoTA (bar3audA) tathA savaMtagar3ha (jilA sirohI) ke mUrti-nirmANa-keMdroM kI pratiSThA ko punarjIvita kara sake / madhyakAlIna pazcima bhArata ke jaina maMdira isa kAla kI pASANoM se gar3hI gayI pratimAoM, unakI kalAtmakatA, unake AkAra-prakAra kI vividhatA aura una pratimAoM dvArA kI gayI jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke mUka sAkSI haiN| ye pratimAe~ prAyaH kaThora saMgamaramara meM utkIrNa kI gayI haiM jisase svataH hI spaSTa hai ki ina pratimAoM ke gar3hane meM mUrtikAroM ko kitanA adhika parizrama karanA par3A hogaa| dilavAr3A ke maMdiroM ke aMtarbhAga meM utkIrNa pratimAoM kI saMpanna paraMparA ne isa kAla ke mUrtikAroM ko amUlya preraNA pradAna kI hai| raNakapura sthita pUrvokta caumukha-maMdira ke staMbha bhI abhikalpanAoM kI vividhatA ke lie adbhuta haiM, kyoMki, maMdira ke 420 staMbhoM meM se kisI bhI staMbha kI abhikalpanA eka dUsare ke samarUpa nahIM hai (citra 236) / mUrtikAra ne chenI ko isa nipuNatA se calAyA hai ki vaha saMgamaramara meM hAthI-dA~ta kI-sI nakkAzI karane meM saphala siddha haA hai (citra 240, 241) / isa kAla ke mUrtikAroM kI mukhya abhiruci AlaMkArika abhikalpanAoM ke utkIrNana meM hI rahI hai| mAnava-AkRti ke aMkana kI apekSA mUrtikAroM ne deva-pratimAoM ke aMkana meM nissaMdeha dharmagraMthoM evaM zilpa-kalA saMbaMdhI graMthoM kA adhyayana kara unake nirdezana kA paripAlana kiyA hai, tabhI ve ina deva-pratimAoM dvArA tatkAlIna dhArmika mAMgoM ko pUrA kara sake haiN| ina deva-pratimAoM, jinameM nAyakoM, vidyAdharoM, apsarAoM, vidyAdeviyoM tathA jaina dharma ke anya devI-devatAoM kA aMkana sammilita hai, tathA AlaMkArika prAkRtiyoM, jo sAmAnyataH maMdiroM kI bhittiyoM, chatoM tathA ber3e Adi para utkIrNa haiM, ke aMkana meM unakA prayAsa yaMtrIkRta tathA atyaMta rUDhibaddha rahA pratIta hotA hai (citra 242 tathA 243 se tulanA kIjie) / ye mUrtikAra apanI kRtiyoM meM abhISTa AkRtiyoM kA mAtra bAhya AkAra hI pakar3a sake haiM, usakI aMtarAtmA ko nahIM; jisake pariNAmasvarUpa prAkRtiyA~ sAmAnyataH arocaka banakara raha gayI haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ina pratimAoM ko gar3hanevAle hAtha paryApta abhyasta haiM lekina unake 1 zAha (umAkAMta premAnaMda) sTaDIja ina jaina mArTa. 1955. banArasa. pR 24. 2 agravAla (Ara sI). sama phemasa skalpacarsa eNDa mArkITekTsa oNpha mevAr3a, iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaloM, 33. 1958. pR 332-33. 368

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adhyAya 28 ] pazcima bhArata rANakapura - AdIzvara-maMdira, bahirbhAga citra 235 For Privale & Personal Use Only ,

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 ANSANITLINE So u ntamani rANakapura - AdIzvara-maMdira, madhyavartI garbhagRha citra 236 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 28] pazcima bhArata zavajaya -maMdira-nagara kA eka bhAga citra 237

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 giranAra - maMdira-nagara kA eka bhAga citra 238

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adhyAya 28] pazcima bhArata rANakapura - AdIzvara-maMdira, eka maNDapa citra 239

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vAstu-ramAraka evaM matikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 KABAD OS BEETL rANakapura - AdIzvara-maMdira, eka chata citra 240

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adhyAya 28 ] pazcima bhArata ANTAASANA TAMASTERTAURany / KAALAAMRATNIRE rANakapura -prAdIzvara-maMdira, eka chata citra 241 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 rANakapura - pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahibhitti kA eka bhAga citra 242

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adhyAya 28 ] pazcima bhArata rANakapura -- pArzvanAtha-maMdira, bahibhitti kA eka bhAga citra 243

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 :: :::::::::::::::::: : rANakapura-zakuMjaya-giranAra-paTTa citra 244

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adhyAya 28 ] pazcima bhArata PAAINIK / rANakapura - naMdIzvara-dvIpa-paTTa citra 245 Jain Education international

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 rANakapura - sahasraphaNa pArzvanAtha citra 246 For Privale & Personal Use Only .

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adhyAya 28 ] pazcima bhArata pIche kArya karanevAlA mastiSka yadA-kadA hI utpreraNA grahaNa kara sakA hai| isa prakAra, madhyakAlIna jaina pratimAe~ apane pUrvavartI zAstrIya kAla ke uttaravartI mUrtikAroM dvArA chor3I gayI paraMparA kA pAlana karanevAlI sarvottama uttarAdhikAriNI ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtI haiN| yadi hama pazcima bhArata ke samasAmayika laghacitroM ke zilpiyoM kA ullekha kareM to hama pAyeMge ki unhoMne bhI mAnava-prAkRti ko jaisA honA cAhie vaisA hI citrita karane meM apanI abhiruci pradarzita nahIM kI / ina laghucitroM meM aMkita mAnava-AkRtiyA~ apane AkAra aura aiMdrika sauMdarya kho cukI haiN| mAnavAkRtiyA~ vizaddha camakadAra raMgoM aura 'z2arakhez2a' rekhAoM meM mAtra eka sapATa abhikalpanA kI bhA~ti aMkita haiN| isa kAla kI pratimAoM ne apane sughar3a AkAra ko banAye rakhA hai kyoMki yaha mUrti-rUpAyana kA eka anivArya pakSa hai lekina isase bhI adhika mahattvapUrNa pakSa usake viSayagata yA viSayagata tattva ko, jaise makhAkRti para sArthaka bhAvoM kI abhivyakti ko, prAyaH pUrNataH nakAra diyA gayA hai| mUrtikAroM ne samakAlIna citrakAroM kA anukaraNa kara patra-puSpoM tathA jyAmitIya AlaMkArika abhikalpanAoM ke prati eka gaharI abhiruci pradarzita kI hai aura unhoMne ina AlaMkArika abhikalpanAoM kA prayoga pASANa yA dhAtu-nirmita pratimAoM meM kiyA hai| alaMkaraNa kI isa bhAvanA ne samUce pazcima bhArata ke maMdiroM kI bhittiyoM, chatoM evaM staMbhoM para utkIrNa laharadAra patrAvaliyoM tathA patra-puSpoM kI abhikalpanAoM meM sthAna pAyA hai / ina abhikalpanAoM ke sUkSma nirIkSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki inake aMkana meM zilpI ke hAtha aura mastiSka donoM hI prAyaH sadaiva samAna-rUpa se sajaga rahe haiN| AlaMkArika rUpAkAroM ke prati unakI sRjanAtmaka abhiruci isa tathya se bhI pramANita hotI hai ki unhoMne ina alaMkaraNoM meM araba-dezaja abhikalpanAoM kA bhI samAveza kiyA hai, jinheM udAharaNa ke rUpa meM raNakapura ke caumukha-maMdira ke kucha staMbhoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa kAla meM bahuvividhitA para jo bala diyA gayA haiM vaha pratimAoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| madhyakAlIna jaina pratimA-kalA kA viziSTa yogadAna una ucca rUpa se vikasita paraMparAbaddha zilpapratIkoM meM nihita hai jo apanA dhArmika mahattva rakhate haiN| raNakapura ke pASANa nirmita zatrujaya-giranAra paTTa (citra 244), naMdIzvara-dvIpa-paTTa (citra 245), sahasra-phaNa-pArzvanAtha, tathA pATana' se prApta kAMsya-nirmita sahasrakUTa, kolhApura se prApta naMdIzvara aura sUrata se prApta paMca-meru--ye kucha aise ullekhanIya zilpa-pratIka haiM jinake nirmANa ke pIche zilpiyoM ke lie eka hI AkAra kI bahuvividhitA mukhya preraka zakti rahI pratIta hotI hai / madhyakAlIna pazcima bhArata kI jaina kalA aura sthApatya ke isa sarvekSaNa se eka hI samarUpa tathya udghATita hotA hai aura vaha hai rUpAkAroM ko bahuvividhitA ke sAtha punaHprastutIkaraNa kI prabala bhAvanA / azoka kumAra bhaTTAcArya 1 zAha, vahI, pRSTha 64. 2 vahI, citra, 63. 3 bahI, citra 78. 369

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adhyAya 29 dakSiNApatha sAmAnya vizeSatAeM dakSiNApatha ke terahavIM zatI se pUrva ke sAmAjika-dhArmika itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha karane ke uparAMta jaina dharma ko isa kSetra ke uttarI aura pUrvI bhAgoM meM zaktisaMpanna vIrazaiva mata ke aura dakSiNI bhAga meM sAtvika zrIvaiSNava mata ke prabala virodha kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| caudahavIM zatI ke prAraMbha se bhArata ke anya dharmoM ke sAtha isa dharma ko bhI islAma ke kAraNa AghAta pahu~cA / islAma una muslima zAsakoM kA dharma thA jo tuMgabhadrA se uttara ke kSetra ke adhipati bana gaye the| kahA jAtA hai, isa jvAra para adhikAra pAne ke lie 1346 I0 meM harihara aura bukka nAmaka do bhAiyoM ne vijayanagara sAmrAjya kI sthApanA kii| isa rAjagharAne ke sadasya yadyapi svayaM brAhmaNya dharma kA pAlana karate the tathApi unhoMne jaina dharma tathA anya dharmoM ko sadA samarthana diyaa| isa tathya kI atyaMta sArthaka puSTi bukka-prathama ke usa prasiddha abhilekha se hotI hai jisameM vRttAMta hai ki eka bAra 1368 I0 meM jaba zrIvaiSNavoM aura jainoM meM gaMbhIra vivAda chir3a gayA taba svayaM samrAT bukka-prathama ne hI una donoM kI madhyasthatA kI aura unakI sthAyI saMdhi karA dii| isa prakAra sAmrAjya se samarthana prApta karake jainoM ne apane kriyA-kalApa ko--kramazaH sAhitya aura lalita kalAoM--pUrva-paricita kSetra meM vistRta kiyA / vijayanagara-sAmrAjya-kAla meM Adi se aMta taka brAhmaNya dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ne sAhityika kRtiyoM kA sRjana kiyA aura sarjanAtmaka kalAoM kA vikAsa kiyA; unake sAtha hI sAtha jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ne bhI vaisI hI atyaMta bhavya kRtiyoM kI sarjanA kii| isa prakAra kI kRtiyoM kI saMkhyA dakSiNApatha ke kannaDa bhASI bhAgoM aura pazcimI samudra-taTa ke kSetroM meM una bhAgoM se adhika hai jo dakSiNApatha ke AMdhra pradeza yA dakSiNI mahArASTra ke aMtargata Ate haiN| vAstava meM, isa dharma ko uttarI karnATaka meM muslimoM kI yAtanAoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A, isakA pramANa lagabhaga solahavIM zatI ke dhAravAr3a jile meM sthita mulagaNDa ke eka kannaDa abhilekha se milatA hai jisameM vRttAMta hai ki jaba lalitakItti ke ziSya jaina guru sahasrakItti pArzvanAtha-jinAlaya meM the ki usameM muslimoM ne Aga lagA dI aura ve nirvikalpa bhAva se baiThe-baiThe bhasmasAt ho gye| yaha ghaTanA vAstava meM romAMcakArI thI kintu isa guru ne bhI apane 1 sAutha iNDiyana iMskripzaMsa, 15, R0 695. 370

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adhyAya 29 ] dakSiNApatha - usa dharma ke gaurava kI rakSA kA eka udAharaNa prastuta kara diyA jo isa bAta para bala detA hai ki usake anuyAyI ahiMsA ke mArga para caleM, cAhe yAtanAeM kitanI hI kaThora hoN| vijayanagara zAsaka devarAya-prathama (1404-22 I.) kI rAnI bhImAdevI eka jaina mahilA thii| usane zravaNabelagolA kI maMgAyi-bastI meM zAMtinAtha kI eka mUrti kI sthApanA kii| usane jaina prAcAryoM ko bhI saMrakSaNa diyaa| isake bAda kA zAsaka devarAya-dvitIya (1422-46 I0) bhI jaina dharma ko saMrakSaNa detA rhaa| 1424 I0 meM usane varAMga neminAtha kI vasadi ko taluva kA varAMga nAmaka grAma dAna kiyaa| isake atirikta 1426 I. meM usane rAjadhAnI hampI meM bhI eka caityAlaya kA nirmANa karAyA / kRSNadevarAya (1509-26 I.) ke zAsana kI yaha vizeSatA thI ki usa samaya sabhI dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM ko udAratA aura samAna rUpa se saMrakSaNa prApta thA / 1516 I0 aura 1516 I0 meM usane jaina vasadiyoM ko dAna diyA aura 1528 I0 meM bellArI jile ke cippagiri meM bhI eka vasadi ko dAna diyA / samrAT ke atirikta, usake kucha adhikAriyoM ne bhI jaina dharma ko mahAn utkarSa pradAna kiyaa| isa saMdarbha meM eka dharmaniSTha jaina senApati irugappa (1384-1442 I0) kA ullekha kiyA jAnA cAhie jisane harihara-dvitIya aura devarAya-dvitIya ke adhIna apane sevAkAla meM isa sAmrAjya ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAkara, unheM udAra sahAyatA dekara aura jaina guruyoM ko saMrakSaNa pradAna karake isa dharma kI svecchApUrvaka sevA kii| jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ne vibhinna prAdezika rAjadarabAroM meM bhI apanA sthAna banAyA kyoMki dharma kA pracAra sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI kI apekSA vahA~ adhika saralatA se kiyA jA sakatA thaa| isa prakAra yaha dharma koMgAlvoM, caMgAlvoM, saMgItapura (havalli) ke zAlalvoM tathA anya sAmaMtoM ke aura gerasoppA rAjAoM aura kArkala ke bhairarasa proDeyaravaMziyoM ke rAjadarabAroM meM lokapriya ho gayA / AvilanADa ke prabhuoM aura kappaTUra, morasunADa, bidanUra, bAgunajisIme, nuggehalli tathA anya sthAnoM ke mahAprabhuoM ke choTe-bar3e sAmaMtoM kI kRpA bhI isa dharma ko prApta huI jinhoMne pazcimI dakSiNApatha ke vibhinna bhAgoM para paMdrahavIM se satrahavIM zatI taka zAsana kiyaa| inhoMne jaina dharma ko jo saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyA usakI puSTi anekAneka abhilekhoM aura smArakoM se hotI hai| yadyapi, jaisA ki kahA bhI jA cukA hai, telaMgAnA aura dakSiNI mahArASTra meM yaha dharma isa kAla meM itanA svalpa pracalita rahA ki usakI kar3I jur3I rhii| 1 epigrAphiyA karnATikA, 2, prastAvanA, pR 29. 2 sAletora, (bI e) miDovala nikama, 1 301. 3 vahI, pR 302-03. 4 vahI, pR 301. 5 vahI, pR306 tathA paravartI. 6 vahI, 313 tathA paravartI. / rAisa (bI ela) maisUra eNDa karga phraoNma iMskripzaMsa. 1909. laMdana. 4 203. 371

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[ bhAga 6 vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 jinAlaya yA vasadi ke sthApatya kA vivaraNa dete samaya usake vibhinna bhAgoM kA parijJAna kara lenA upayogI hogA / vibhinna bhAgoM kI saMyojanA kI dRSTi se jaina maMdira aura kisI samakAlIna brAhmaNya maMdira meM adhika aMtara nahIM hotA / tathApi, yaha ullekhanIya hai ki kucha abhilekhoM meM jaina maMdira kI racanA ke viSaya meM sUcanA vidyamAna hai / udAharaNa ke lie, niDugallU meM sthAyI rUpa se nivAsa karate hue zAsana karanevAle iruMgoNadeva - cola nAmaka sAmaMta ke samaya kA 1278 I0 kI tithi se aMkita eka abhilekha anaMtapura jile ke amarapurama se prApta huA hai jisameM vRttAMta hai ki eka vizeSa dAna dvArA jo bhI prAya ho usakA upayoga brahma - jinAlaya nAmaka maMdira ke 'upAna se stUpI taka' (upanAdi- stUpI- paryaMtam ) pASANa se punarnirmANa meM kiyA jAye jisameM mahA-maNDapa, bhadra-maNDapa, lakSmI-maNDapa, gopura, parisUtra, vaMdanamAlA, mAna- staMbha aura makara- toraNa sammilita hoM / 2 uttarI kanArA jile ke bIlagi se prApta, 1581 I0 ke eka kannaDa abhilekha meM likhA hai ki kisI sAmaMta ne ratnatraya vasadi kA aura maNDapa, munivAsa, caMdrazAlA Adi kA nirmANa karAyA tathA eka rAjavaMza kI mahilA ne zAMtIzvara ke lie gaMdhakuTI bastI kA nirmANa karAyA / jaina sthApatya ke udAharaNa cAra vargoM meM rakhe jA sakate haiM / prathama varga meM hampI ke maMdira Ate haiM jinameM zikhara - bhAga sopAnabaddha aura sUcyAkAra hotA hai / isameM saMdeha nahIM ki zikhara kI yaha vidhA brAhmaNya maMdiroM kI racanA meM bhI svIkRta huI para bahuta se jaina maMdiroM kI yaha vizeSatA unakI apanI hai / dUsarA varga uttara kanArA jile ke bhaTakala aura dakSiNa kanArA jile ke mUDabidrI ( mUDabidure ) ke kucha vizAla pASANa - nirmita maMdiroM kA hai / ina maMdiroM kI sabase pramukha vizeSatAe~ ye haiM ki inakI chateM DhAladAra kintu samatala hotI haiM, aura inake pArzvabhAgoM meM eka vizeSa prakAra kI pASANa-nirmita jAlI kI saMyojanA hotI hai / ina maMdiroM meM aura nepAla ke adhikAMza bhAga meM vidyamAna kASTha- nirmita bhavanoM meM atyadhika samAnatA hai / para isa samAnatA kA kAraNa isase adhika kucha nahIM pratIta hotA ki donoM kSetroM kI samAna paristhitiyoM ne samAna racanAoM ko janma diyaa| isa prakAra kI chateM bhaTakala kI pratyeka ghAsa kI jhoMpar3I meM, yahA~ taka ki dvitala pravAsa - gRha meM bhI dekhI jA sakatI haiM / chata kA isa paddhati se pASANa dvArA nirmANa isa kSetra meM pracalita ghAsa kI chata kA anukaraNa mAtra hai, jisakI AvazyakatA yahA~ kI jalavAyu ne anivArya kara dI aura yaha saMbhava isalie huA kyoMki isa kSetra meM jahA~ cAheM vahIM laiTarAiTa pASANa kI bar3I-bar3I caTTAneM kATakara nikAlI jA sakatI haiM / ' tIsarA 1 enuala riporTa graoNpha sAutha iNDiyana epigrAphI, 1916-17, pariziSTa sI, kramAMka 40. 2 vahI, pR 74, 113-14. 3 enuala riporTa praoNna kannaDa risarca ina baoNmbe prAvisa phaoNra 1939-40; pR 75, kramAMka 88. 4 lAMgaharsTa / hampI ruiMsa. 1933. dillI. pR 94-95, rekhAcitra 44. 5 kajinsa (eca). da cAlukyana prAkiTekcara graoNpha da kanArIja DisTrikTsa, maoNrka yaoNlaoNjikala sarve praoNpha iNDiyA, nyU iMpIriyala sIrija, 42; 1926, kalakattA, pR134-35 / parsI brAuna iNDiyana prAkiTekcara, buddhisTa eNDa hindU, caturtha saMskaraNa, 1959. baMbaI. pR 132. 372

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adhyAya 29 ] bakSiNApatha varga vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai, usake aMtargata muDabidrI ke AsapAsa nirmita jaina gurunoM kI niSIdhikAe~ AtI haiN| ina smArakoM kI racanA pagoDA ke samAna sUcyAkAra hai, inameM eka-ke-Upara-eka kaI tala hote haiM aura Upara kA tala nIce ke tala se choTA hotA jAtA hai / pratyeka tala kI sImA usakA bAhara nikalA uttIra banAtA hai aura sabase Upara eka stUpI hotI hai / cauthe varga meM ve maMdira pAte haiM jinake garbhagaha para eka atirikta tala hotA hai| isake udAharaNa haiM dakSiNa kanArA jile ke veNara kI zAMtIzvara-bastI aura vemUlavADa se prApta kucha adhika prAcIna eka aisI laghu pUjA-vastu jo eka jaina maMdira kI anukRti para banI hai| caumukhI-bastI (caturmukha-bastI) nAmaka eka aura bhI vidhA hai, jisakA eka sarvottama udAharaNa kArkala meM hai / yaha draSTavya hai ki adhikAMza jaina maMdira uttarAbhimukha haiN| jinakA mukha anya dizAoM meM hai unakI saMkhyA bahuta kama hai| uttarAbhimukha hone kI isa vizeSatA se prAcIna tamila sAhitya meM ullikhita 'baDakkiruttala' (arthAt uttarAbhimukha AsIna) nAmaka tapasyA kA smaraNa ho pAtA hai jise sAdha puruSa yA rAjaparivAra ke sadasya sAMsArika baMdhanoM se makti-lAbha ke lie dhAraNa kiyA karate the| vijayanagara ke smAraka vijayanagara sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI hampI ke jaina maMdiroM meM gaNigitti-maMdira (citra 247) ullekhanIya hai jisakA nirmANa harihara-dvitIya ke zAsanakAla meM bukka-dvitIya ke maMtrI iruga ne 1385 I0 meM karAyA thaa| isa maMdira ke sAmane eka uttuMga mAna-staMbha hai jisapara utkIrNa abhilekha meM uparyukta vRttAMta hai| isake atirita usameM isa maMdira kA ullekha kuMthu-jinanAtha-caityAlaya ke nAma se hA hai| grAmUlacUla pASANa se nirmita isa uttarAbhimukha prAsAda meM 'garbhagaha, aMtarAla aura ardhamaNDapa haiM aura mahA-maNDapa bhI, jisase eka pUrvAbhimukha upa-garbhagRha saMlagna hai| staMbha prAcIna zailI ke, bhArI aura catuSkoNIya haiN| sopAnabaddha stUpAkAra zikhara-bhAga meM chaha tala haiM jinameM nIce kI apekSA Upara kA tala laghutara hotA gayA hai aura jinakA nirmANa Ar3e zilA-phalakoM se huA hai| grIvA catuSkoNIya hai aura nimna catuSkoNIya zikhara stUpI ke AkAra kA hai|'4 'sammukha-dvAra ke pASANa-nirmita saradala para eka sAdhu kI prAsIna mUrti utkIrNa hai jisake mastaka para trichatrAvalI hai aura donoM ora eka-eka camara DulAye jA rahe haiN| mukha-maNDapa kI samatala chata para IMTa-cUne se banI eka alaMkRta paridhikA hai jisameM tIna bar3I devakulikAe~ haiN| uparyukta saradala kI bhA~ti inameM bhI eka-eka sAdha-mUrti 1 brAuna, pUrvokta, pR 156-57, citra 102, rekhAcitra 4. 2 zrInivAsana. (pI pAra) 'eNTikviTIja oNpha tulanADa' TrejekzaMsa oNpha da prAyaoNlaoNjikala sosAyaTI oNpha sAutha iNDiyA, 1, 1955. pR 783/gopAlakRSNa mUrti (esa) jaina vesTijeja ina AMdhra, AMdhra pradeza gavarnameNTa pArka yaoNlaoNjikala sIrIja, 12, rekhAcitra 26 jI, eca. 3 zrInivAsana, pUrvokta pR79, rekhAcitra 1. 4 devakuMjAri (DI). hampI. 1970. naI dillI. pR. 41. 373

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 AsIna-mudrA meM hai; para ye cUne se banI thIM aura aba inake khaNDa-khaNDa hI baca rahe haiN| yaha maMdira sAvadhAnI se nirmita huA hai, isameM eka bhI hiMdU mUrti nahIM hai aura ina khaNDaharoM meM yaha maMdira nizcita hI sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa smAraka hai|'' hemakUTam pahAr3I para sthita maMdira-samUha sAdhAraNata: jaina maMdiroM kA hI samUha mAnA jAtA hai| inameM adhikatara maMdira trikuTAcala (tIna garbhAlayoM-sahita) haiM aura unake zikhara-bhAga usI vizeSa zailI meM sopAnabaddha sUcyAkAra haiM (citra 248 aura 246 k)| 'adhikAMza maMdiroM ke garbhAlayoM meM mUrtiyAM nahIM haiM / ina maMdiroM kI vizeSatA yahI hai ki inameM tIna garbhAlaya haiM--pUrvAbhimukha, pazcimAbhimukha aura uttarAbhimukha ; tInoM kA eka hI ardha-maNDapa hai ; tInoM kI eka mukha-catuSkI hai| bhittiyoM kI saMracanA bar3e-bar3e AyatAkAra zilA-phalakoM ko suMdaratA se jor3akara kI gayI hai aura madhya meM eka prAr3I paTTI alaMkaraNa ke rUpa meM rakhI gayI hai| prAcIna zailI ke bhArI catuSkoNIya staMbhoM se bar3e-bar3e ToDe nikale haiN| sopAnabaddha sUcyAkAra zikhara-bhAga pASANa-nirmita hai aura unakA UparI bhAga catuSkoNIya stUpI ke prAkAra kA zikhara hai| ina maMdiroM ke garbhAlayoM meM mUrtiyoM kI anupasthiti aura unake zikhara-bhAga kI zailI se kisI ko saMdeha ho sakatA hai ki ve vAstava meM jaina maMdira haiM yA nhiiN| yoM bhI inheM mUlataH jaina siddha karane kA koI AdhAra bhI nhiiN| vAstava meM, unameM nissaMdeha bahuta-se ziva-maMdira haiN| unameM se kucha zailIgata AdhAra para caudahavIM zatI ke mAne gaye haiN| yadyapi trikUTa-zailI ke ye maMdira kucha aise sthAnoM para sthita haiM jisase ve jaina mAne jA sakate haiM, jaise vardhamAnapura (Adhunika baDDamaNI) jo eka jaina keMdra thA, aura Alamapura ke uttara meM pragatura jo kadAcit usase bhI prAcIna jaina keMdra thaa| isa zailI kA eka jaina maMdira belagAma meM bhI hai| usakA samaya 1205 I0 se bhI pahale kA mAnA jAtA hai / hampI meM hastizAlA ke samIpa eka maMdira hemakUTam ke maMdiroM kI hI zailI kA hai| usameM garbhagRha, ardha-maNDapa, mahA-maNDapa aura mukha-maNDapa haiM, kintu usakA zikhara-bhAga aba bacA nahIM hai| garbhagaha kI bhittiyA~ lambe-cauDe AyatAkAra zilA-phalakoM kI saMdara jaDAI se banI haiN| isake ardha-maNDapa aura mahA-maNDapa ke staMbha samatala, bhArI ghanAkAra haiM, aura prAcIna zailI ke haiN| yahA~ ke abhilekhoM meM vattAMta hai ki pArzvanAtha ke isa maMdira kA nirmANa devarAya-dvitIya ne 1426 I0 meM karAyA thaa| zravaNabelagolA ke smAraka mahAna jaina keMdra zravaNabelagolA ke aneka jaina maMdiroM meM se kucha kA nirmANa vivecya kAla meM huaa| ye maMdira dravir3a-zailI ke haiM aura inake alaMkaraNa hoyasala-zailI meM nirmita kiye gaye haiN| 1 lAMgaharsTa, vahI, pR 130-32. 2 devakuMjAri, vahI, pR. 49. .3 gopAlakRSNa mUrti, vahI, 50-51. citra 14, rekhAcitra 39 ka, kha. 4 kaz2insa, vahI, pR 121-22, citra 135. 5 epimAphiyA karmATikA, 2, 1923, pR 1-32 aura unake citra. 374

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madhyAya 29] dakSiNApatha maMgAyi-bastI isa kAla kA prAraMbhika maMdira hai, vaha kadAcit 1325 I0 meM bnaa| isa maMdira meM utkIrNa abhilekhoM ke anusAra ise belugula ke maMgAyi ne banavAyA thaa| yaha eka sAdhAraNa maMdira hai, isameM garbhagRha, zukanAsA aura navaraMga haiN| isameM pArzvanAtha kI eka khaDgAsana pratimA hai, usake pAdapITha para utkIrNa abhilekha meM vRttAMta hai ki isakA dAna paNDitAcArya kI ziSyA aura vijayanagara ke devarAyaprathama (rAjyArohaNa varSa 1406 I.) kI rAnI bhImAdevI ne kiyA thaa| isa sthAna para isa kAla kA eka aura laghu maMdira hai--siddhara-bastI, (1398 I0) jisameM lagabhaga eka mITara U~cI eka AsIna siddha-mUrti virAjamAna hai| mUrti ke donoM ora eka-eka staMbha hai, unapara abhilekha utkIrNa hai, zilpAMkana ucca koTi kA hai aura unake zIrSa-bhAga kI saMyojanA zikharAkAra hai| eka uttarakAlIna maMdira hai cennaNNa-bastI (1673 ii0)| usameM garbhagRha, mukha-maNDapa aura barAmadA haiM aura caMdranAtha kI eka AsIna mUrti vidyamAna hai| usake samakSa eka mAna-staMbha bhI hai| dakSiNa kanArA ke smAraka dakSiNa kanArA meM pazcimI samudra-taTa para jaina dharma lagabhaga caudahavIM zatI se pracalita huaa| uttarakAlIna zatiyoM meM yaha dharma atyadhika prabhAvazAlI ho gayA aura usake anuyAyiyoM ne sAhitya ke atirikta lalita kalAnoM kI samRddhi meM bhI bahuta yogadAna kiyaa| kArkala, mUDabidrI aura veNara jo jaina dharma ke mahAna keMdra haiM ve isI kAla meM bane / ina sthAnoM para anekAneka jaina bastiyoM kA honA isa tathya ke sAkSI haiN| ina sthAnoM meM se jina-kAzI ke nAma se vikhyAta muDabidrI, veNapura (vaMzapura) aura vratapura ke kucha jaina maMdira isa kAla ke sthApatya ke atyaMta mahattvapUrNa udAharaNa haiM / inameM bhI sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai hosa-vasadi yA tribhuvana-cUDAmaNi-vasadi jise sahasra-staMbha-vasadi kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM aneka staMbhoM, kI saMyojanA hai (citra 246 kh)| yahA~ kI vasadiyoM meM yaha suMdaratama hai| isakA nirmANa 1426 I0 meM vijayanagara-samrAT devarAya-dvitIya ke zAsanakAla meM huA thaa| do prAkAroM madhya nirmita isa caMdranAtha-vasadi ke samakSa eka uttuMga mAna-staMbha aura eka alaMkRta praveza-dvAra hai| sabase Upara kA tala kASTha-nirmita hai| isa pUrvAbhimukha maMdira ke garbhagRha ke samakSa tIrthakara-maNDapa gaDDiga-maNDapa aura citra-maNDapa nAmaka tIna maNDapoM kI saMyojanA hai| isake sAmane isase alaga eka maMdira aura hai jise bhairAdevI-maNDapa (citra 250 ka, kha) kahate haiM; isakA nirmANa 1451-52 meM vijayanagara-samrAT mallikArjuna immaDi devarAya (1446-67) ke zAsanakAla meM gopaNa proDeyara ne karAyA thaa| isa maMdira kI chata kI, varan uttara aura dakSiNa kanArA jiloM ke kArkala tathA anya sthAnoM ke maMdiroM kI chatoM kI bhI eka ullekhanIya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unake barAmadA ke Upara ke chaditaTa kA DhAla pIche kI ora hai jise AvAsa-gRhoM kI ghAsa kI chata ke anukaraNa para banA mAnA jAtA hai| isa sthAna ke anya maMdiroM ke atirikta isa maMdira kA bhI bahirbhAga brAhmaNya maMdiroM ke bahirbhAgoM kI apekSA adhika samatala hai| 'unake staMbha pASANa ke hokara bhI kASTha-nirmita-se lagate haiM kyoMki 1 sAletora, vahI, 352. 375

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I. [ bhAga 6 praSTakoNIya banAne ke lie unake koNoM ko kahIM adhika aura kahIM kama chIla diyA gayA hai, aura barAmadoM kI DhAlasahita chatoM kI zailI to kASTha-nirmita chatoM kI zailI ke itane samAna hai ki isa maMdira ke mUla rUpa meM kASTha-nirmita hone kI saMbhAvanA tyAgI nahIM jA sakatI . . . staMbhoM ke madhya saMyojita hone vAle phalaka yahA~ pASANa-nirmita haiM jabaki bhArata ke kisI bhI nagara meM ye kASTha-nirmita hote haiM . . . ina maMdiroM ke bahirbhAga jitane samatala haiM aMtarbhAga utane hI alaMkRta haiN| unake zilpAMkanoM kI pracuratA aura vividhatA itanI adhika hai jitanI kahIM bhI nahIM dekhI jA sktii| koI bhI do staMbha eka-samAna nahIM mila sakate aura unameM bahuta-se to isa sImA taka alaMkRta haiM ki ve vilakSaNa hI lagate haiN|' tribhuvana-cUDAmaNi-bastI kI eka mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA yaha hai ki usake pITha ke cAroM ora utkIrNa mUrtiyoM kI eka paTTI banAyI gayI hai jisake vividha dRzya kadAcit jaina sAhitya se liye gaye haiN| vizeSa zailI meM nirmita manohara niSIdhikAoM kA aura eka samUha, sAdhanoM kI smRti meM, mUDabidrI ke samIpa sthita hai (citra 251) / 'unameM AkAra aura bhavyatA kA bar3A aMtara hai; kisI ke tIna tala haiM, kisI ke pA~ca to kisI ke sAta / kintu ye tala dravir3a-maMdiroM ke taloM ke samAna nahIM haiM, arthAta yahA~ unakI bhA~ti kaTAcchanna garbhagahoM aura stupAkAra chatoM kI saMyojanA nahIM hai| eka tala se dUsarA tala DhalavI chata dvArA vibhakta hotA hai, jaisA ki kAThamANDU ke pagoDAyoM meM aura cIna yA tibbata meM hotA hai| bhArata meM ye bahuta vilakSaNa lagate haiN| pahalI vilakSaNatA to yahI hai ki sAdhuoM ke smAraka isa sthAna ke atirikta kahIM bhI nahIM pAye jAte; dUsarI vilakSaNatA yaha hai ki ina vAstu-kRtiyoM ke aMgopAMga bhArata ke kisI bhI bhAga meM sthita kisI bhI vAstu-kRtiyoM ke aMgopAMgoM se sarvathA bhinna prakAra ke haiN|2|| mUDabidrI se 15 kilomITara uttara meM sthita kArkala meM kucha atyaMta mahattvapUrNa jaina maMdira haiN| yahA~ ke upagrAma hiriyaMgaDi meM lagabhaga chaha maMdira haiM jinameM eka tIrthaMkara-bastI hai| inameM se eka zAMtinAtha-bastI ke viSaya meM eka abhilekha meM vRttAMta hai ki ise bahuta-se vyaktiyoM ne dAna kiyA, jinameM kucha kulIna mahilAeM bhI thiiN| yaha abhilekha hoyasala ballAla-tRtIya ke zAsanakAla meM 1334 I0 meM utkIrNa huA thaa| yahA~ kI sabase vizAla bastI ke samakSa sthita mAna-staMbha sthApatya-kalA kA eka uttama nidarzana hai| kArkala meM hI prasiddha caturmukha-bastI (citra 252 ka) hai; usakA nirmANa 158687 I0 meM hayA thaa| isake cAroM dvAroM se zyAma pASANa dvArA nirmita tIrthaMkara araha, malli aura munisuvrata kI una mUrtiyoM ke samakSa pahu~cA jA sakatA hai jo AkAra aura prakAra meM eka-samAna haiN| isa maMdira ke staMbhoM kI kalA sAdhAraNa hai aura DhAla-sahita chaditaTa laMbe zilA-phalakoM se bane haiM jo eka ke-Upara-eka saMyojita haiM aura jinake Upara eka doharI paTTI kI saMyojanA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki isa 1 phargyusana (je) hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana eNDa IsTarna mArkiTekcara, 2, 1910, pR76-77, vuDakaTsa 303-305%3B brAuna, vahI, pR 156, citra 102 ka, rekhAcitra 1. 2 phargyusana, vahI, pR 79-80. 3 rameza (ke vI). hisTrI oNfa sAutha kanArA 970. dhAravAr3a. 298. 376

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adhyAya 29 ] dakSiNApatha hampI - gaMgiTTi-maMdira aura usake sAmane staMbha citra 247

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vAstu- smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 hampI hemakUTa parvata para maMdira samUha citra 248 [ bhAga 6

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adhyAya 29 ] (ka) hampI - hemakUTa parvata para trikUTAcala maMdira (kha) mUDabidrI sahasra staMbhoM vAlA maMdira citra 249 dakSiNApatha

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 (ka) muDabidrI - bhairAdevI maNDapa ke staMbha (kha) mUDabidrI - bhairAdevI maNDapa ke staMbha citra 250

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adhyAya 29 ] mUDabidrI muniyoM ke samAdhi-smAraka citra 251 dakSiNApatha

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 (ka) kArkala - caumukha-bastI (kha) beNUra - zAMtIzvara-bastI aura usake sAmane staMbha citra 252

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adhyAya 29 ] dakSiNApatha bhaMDakala - candranAthezvara-bastI aura usake sAmane staMbha citra 253

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 (ka) kArkala - brahmadeva-staMbha (kha) mUDabidrI - eka staMbha kA zIrSabhAga citra 254

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adhyAya 291 dakSiNApatha kArkala - gommaTezvara-mUrti citra 255

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 (ka) vAraMgala kilA - tIrthakara pArzvanAtha FFESSISTA RANJAN (kha) mUDabidrI - tIrthaMkara kI dhAtu-mUrti citra 256

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adhyAya 29 ] (ka) muDavitrI tIrthaMkara kI mUrti - dhAtu-mUrti (kha) mUDabidrI dhAtu nirmita caturmukha-mUrti citra 257 dakSiNApatha

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [bhAga 6 mUDabidrI-dhAtu-nimita meru citra 258

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adhyAya 29 ] dakSiNApatha maMdira meM zikhara-bhAga nahIM hai ataH ise maNDa-prAsAda kahA jA sakatA hai jo sarvatobhadra-varga meM AtA hai| isa varga ke maMdira kama hI haiN| 1 mUDabidrI se 20 kilomITara dUra, veNUra meM kucha jaina maMdira haiM jinameM se zAMtIzvara-bastI (citra 252 kha) vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / isameM 1486-60 I0 kA jo abhilekha hai vaha yahA~ sabase prAcIna hai| AmUlacUla pASANa se nirmita isa maMdira ke dvitIya tala para bhI eka garbhAlaya hai jisameM eka tIrthaMkara-mUrti hai aura jisakI chata kucha-kucha stUpAkAra hai / nirmANa kI yaha prAcIna paddhati vizeSataH karnATaka kSetra meM pracalita rahI hai, isakA eka prAraMbhika udAharaNa aihola kA lADha-khA~-kA-maMdira hai|2 zAMtIzvara-bastI ke sAmane eka suMdara zilpAkana-yukta mAna-staMbha hai| dakSiNa kanArA jile ke aura bhI aneka sthAnoM meM isa kAla ke jaina maMdira the para aba unake viSaya meM bahuta kama jAnakArI milatI hai| yahI tathya uttara kanArA jile ke viSaya meM bhI hai, yadyapi yahA~ abhilekhoM kI saMkhyA itanI adhika hai ki unase vijayanagara rAjya meM jaina dharma kI atyaMta lokapriyatA kI vyApaka jAnakArI prApta kI jA sakatI hai| bhaTakala ke jaina maMdira kA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| jattappA nAyakan caMdranAthezvara-bastI (citra 253) ke nAma se prasiddha yaha maMdira bhaTakala zahara ke uttara meM sthita hai| kaz2insa ke dvArA diye gaye vivaraNa ke anusAra usameM mukha-maNDapa se jur3e hue bhavanoM kI do pUrva-pazcima laMbI pUrvAbhimukha paMktiyA~ haiN| pazcimI paMkti dvitala hai, mukhya maNDapa prathama tala meM hai jo chaha madhyavartI staMbhoM para AdhArita hai aura jisake cAroM ora jAlI-sahita bhittiyA~ haiM / garbhagaha aura usake do samAnAMtara kakSa laMbAI meM isa maMdira kI pUrI cauDAI ko kATate hae saMyojita haiM / aMtarbhAga atyadhika sAdhAraNa hai| pUrvI paMkti isa maMdira ke aliMda kA kAma karatI hai aura isakI vinyAsa-rekhA dakSiNa bhAratIya gopuram-zailI ke samakAlIna maMdiroM kI vinyAsa-rekhA se bahuta-kucha milatI hai| kaz2insa ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki ina maMdiroM ke staMbha kisI nizcita AkAra ke nahIM haiM, anupAta meM ve hInAdhika haiM, sthUlAkAra aura amanojJa haiN| bhaTakala se pUrvottara-pUrva meM 18 kilomITara dUra sthita haduvallI meM (saMgItapura kI bhA~ti) caMdranAtha svAmI kA eka sAdhAraNa maMdira hai| isakI samatala chata zilAnoM se nirmita hai, aura sthApatya-kalA kI dRSTi se isakA koI mahattva nahIM hai| uttara kanArA ke eka anya sthAna bilogI meM solahavIM zatI meM nirmita vizAla pArzvanAtha-bastI hai, usameM ukta zatI ke cauthe caraNa meM kisI samaya saMvardhana-kArya huA thaa| yaha maMdira draviDa-zailI kA hai / gerasoppA ke khaNDahara-maMdiroM meM caturmukha-bastI sabase bar3I hai| isa maMdira 1 zrInivAsan, vahI, pR 79, rekhAcitra 1. 2 vahI, pR 78. 3 enuala riporTa praoNna kannaDa risarca ina baoNmbe prAvisa phaoNra 1939-40, pR 58 tathA paravartI. 4 kaz2insa, vahI, pR 135-36. 377

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 kI vinyAsa-rekhA svastika ke AkAra kI hai, aura isameM cAroM ora eka-eka mukha-maNDapa hai| isa maMdira ke madhyavartI garbhagRha meM cAroM ora dvAra haiM aura usameM eka caumukha yA caturmukha sthApita hai| isameM zikhara kI saMyojanA yA to thI hI nahIM yA aba vaha naSTa ho cukA hai| maMdira ke cAroM ora barAmadA thA jisake aba kevala staMbha hI baca rahe haiM aura chata ke zilA-phalaka nikAla liye gaye haiN| yaha maMdira lagabhaga solahavIM zatI kA ho sakatA hai aura kArkala kI upari-varNita caturmukha-bastI se isakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai jo sarvatobhadra-varga kA maNDa-prAsAda mAnA jA sakatA hai| mahArASTra ke smAraka mahArASTra meM bhI jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ne kalA aura sthApatya ke mahattvapUrNa udAharaNa prastuta kiye / yahA~ ke jaina maMdira svabhAvata: sthAnIya zailI meM nirmita haiM jo eka prakAra kI uttara bhAratIya zikhara-zailI hI hai jo bAda meM hemADapaMthI-zailI ke nAma se lokapriya huI, aura isakI zailIgata vizeSatAoM ko jaina maMdiroM kI sthApatya saMbaMdhI vizeSatAoM meM sthAna diyA gyaa| bArahavIM zatI ke bhI isa zailI ke kucha maMdira nAsika jile ke aMjanerI meM vidyamAna haiN| isa kSetra meM isa kAla ke nirmita do guphA-maMdira mahattvapUrNa haiN| ye donoM nAsika jile ke triMgalavADI aura caMdora nAmaka sthAnoM para haiN| pahale meM 1344 I0 kA eka abhilekha hai aura yaha eka atyaMta suMdara guphA-maMdira hai| isameM garbhagRha, aMtarAla aura maNDapa haiN| 'maNDapa ke sAmane eka nIcI paridhikA hai jisake donoM choroM para eka-eka staMbha hai, jinase lagA huA eka-eka dvAra hai jinapara barAmade kA bAharI chaditaTa AdhArita hai| isameM saMkIrNa gavAkSa, chata ke alaMkaraNa, suMdara zilpAkaMnoM se yukta staMbha, zilpAMkita sammukha-dvAra aura ghaTakoM kI paTTiyA~ ullekhanIya haiN| garbhagRha meM eka khaNDita tIrthaMkara-mUrti hai| caMdora kI guphA usake bAda kI pratIta hotI hai| isameM eka laghu kakSa hai jo sAdhAraNa catuSkoNIya staMbhoM para AdhArita hai| isameM caMdraprabha kI eka mUrti hai / barAra meM bAsima se uttara-pazcima meM 16 kilomITara dUra, sirapura meM sthita aMtarikSa-pArzvanAtha nAmaka maMdira ullekhanIya hai / isameM saMvat 1334 (yadi yaha vikrama saMvat hai to 1278 I.) kA eka ghisA hA abhilekha hai jisameM tIrthaMkara kA uparyukta nAma ullikhita hai| isakI vinyAsa-rekhA tArakAkAra hai aura isakI bhittiyoM para patrAvalI-yukta paTTiyoM kA alaMkaraNa hai| IMTa aura cUne se banA isa maMdira kA zikhara bAda meM nirmita pratIta hotA hai / maNDapa ke praveza-dvAroM para AkarSaka zilpAMkana haiM aura 1 vahI, pR 126. 2 kajinsa, meDIebla Tempalsa praoNpha da Dekana, AyaoNlAjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, nyU iMpIriyala sIrija, 47, 1931. kalakattA. Y 43 aura paravartI. 3 vahI, pR48. 4 vahI, pR 49. 378

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adhyAya 29] bakSiNApatha unake nIce donoM ora mUrtiyoM kI saMyojanA hai jinameM se kucha tIrthaMkaroM kI bhI haiM / praveza-dvAra ke saradala para tIrthaMkara kI eka AsIna mUrti hai / / staMbha staMbha, mAna-staMbha aura brahmadeva-staMbha sthApatya ke aMgoM kI dvitIya zreNI meM Ate haiN| staMbha maMdira kA eka saMpUrNa aMga hotA hai kintu usakI apanI eka vaiyaktikatA bhI hai aura yahI usakA AkarSaNa hai| kanArA ke staMbhoM ke viSaya meM smitha ne likhA hai : 'saMpUrNa bhAratIya kalA meM kanArA ke ina staMbhoM ke samakakSa kadAcit hI aisA kucha ho jo itanA rasa-vibhora karatA ho' / itanA hI AnaMda-vibhora hokara phargyasana ne likhA hai : 'aneka maMdiroM ke aMgoM ke rUpa meM nirmita ye staMbha kanArA kI jaina zailI ke thA patya meM bhavyatama na bhI hoM para sarvAdhika AkarSaka aura sarasa racanAe~ avazya haiN| mAna-staMbha eka uttuMga staMbha hotA hai, usake zIrSa para eka laghu maNDapa hotA hai, jisameM sthApita eka caumukha para cAroM ora eka-eka tIrthaMkara-mRti utkIrNa hotI hai| brahmadeva-staMbhoM ke ukta maNDapa-sadaza zIrSa-bhAga para brahmadeva kI mUrti hotI hai / pratIta hotA hai ki jaina maMdiroM meM mAna-staMbha kI saMyojanA Avazyaka aMga ke rUpa meM hotI rahI / brahmadeva-staMbhoM kA nirmANa kArkala (citra 254 ka) aura veNUra meM gommaTa-mUrtiyoM ke sammukha huA / guruvAyanakerI meM eka suMdara mAna-staMbha vidyamAna hai| mUDabidrI meM sAr3he solaha mITara U~cA eka aisA staMbha hai (citra 254 kha) jo ina donoM vargoM meM nahIM AtA / isake viSaya meM smitha ne vaoNlahAusa kA uddharaNa ThIka hI diyA hai : 'saMpUrNa zIrSa aura maNDapa aisI manojJa aura alaMkRta pASANakRtiyA~ haiM jo Aloka-cakita karatI haiN| ina suMdara staMbhoM kI rAjocita garimA ananya-aparAjeya hai, inakI AnupAtika saMyojanA aura AsapAsa ke dRzyoM kA Alekhana sabhI dRSTiyoM se paripUrNa hai aura inake alaMkaraNoM kI pracuratA sadA nirdoSa mAnI jAyegI / nissaMdeha, jainoM ne uttara-madhyakAla meM dakSiNApatha meM ina ati suMdara staMbhoM kA nirmANa karake bhAratIya sthApatya ke samRddha divya bhaNDAra meM ullekhanIya saMvardhana kiyA hai| gommaTa-mUrtiyAM prathama tIrthaMkara ke suputra muni gommaTa kI kArkala aura veNUra meM sthApita vizAlakAra mUrtiyAM bhI udAharaNa ke yogya manorama kalAkRtiyA~ haiN| zravaNabelagolA kI mUrti kI bhAMti ye mUrtiyA~ bhI 1 vahI, pR 67-68, yahA~ varSa 1334 kA zaka-saMvata ke rUpa meM ullekha hai. 2 smitha (vI e) hisTrI praoNpha phAina mArTa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona. 1911. praoNksaphorDa. pR 22. 3 phagyUsana, vahI, pR 80-81. 4 vahI, pR 81. 5 smitha, vahI, pR 22, rekhAcitra 6. 379

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bAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 pahAr3iyoM kI itanI U~cAI para sthApita haiM ki unake darzana bar3I dUra se ho sakate haiM / kArkala kI (citra 255) lagabhaga 121 mITara U~cI mUrti nAisa nAmaka kaThora zyAma pASANa se banI hai| isakA bhAra anumAnata: 80 Tana hai aura yaha karataloM taka U~cI pIche khar3I eka zilA kA AdhAra liye hae hai| isakA maNDalAkAra pAdapITha sahasradala-kamala ke puSpAMkana meM samAviSTa hai / yaha vizAla mUrti pASANanirmita adhiSThAna para sthita hai jisake cAroM ora pASANa se hI nirmita eka vedikA aura laiTarAiTa nAmaka miTTI se bane do prAkAra haiN| aMgUra kI beleM (drAkSA-vallarI) usake caraNoM aura bhujAoM kA AliMgana kara rahI haiN| pIche kI zilA para mUrti ke caraNoM ke pAsa donoM ora aneka soM kA aMkana huA hai| usI zilA ke pArzvabhAgoM para utkIrNa do abhilekhoM meM vRttAMta hai ki bAhubalI arthAt gommaTa-jinapati kI yaha mUrti 1431-32 I0 meM bhairava ke putra vIra pANDya nAmaka senApati ne sthApita kI thii| isI senApati kA eka abhilekha bAhya praveza-dvAra ke sammukha sthita eka surucipUrNa staMbha para bhI utkIrNa hai| pASANa-nirmita vedikA se AveSTita isa staMbha ke zIrSa-bhAga para brahmadeva kI eka AsIna mUrti sthApita hai| veNUra kI lagabhaga 11 mITara U~cI mUrti kArkala kI mUrti ke hI samAna hai, kevala pAlekhanoM meM kucha sAdhAraNa aMtara hai| yahA~ ke abhilekhoM ke anusAra ise enUru meM cAmuNDa parivAra ke timmarAja ne 1603-1604 I0 meM sthApita karAyA thaa| kintu kapola-kUpaka aura gaMbhIra tathA prazAMta smiti' isa mUrti kI ullekhanIya vizeSatAe~ haiN| kapaka kI itanI gaharAI acche prabhAva meM bAdhaka mAnI jAtI hai| maisUra se lagabhaga 25 kilomITara dUra maisUra-haMsUra mArga kI dAhinI ora sthita gommaTagiri nAmaka pahAr3I para bhI gommaTa kI eka suMdara mUrti hai| isa mUrti kI saMyojanA prakRtiramya hai| anya mUrtiyoM kI bhA~ti isa khaDgAsana mUrti ke bhI caraNoM, jaMghAoM, bhujAoM aura skaMdhoM kA AliMgana nAeM kara rahI haiN| mastaka para ghaMgharAle kezoM kA aMkana ramaNIya hai| makha-maNDala para ISata smiti hai aura netra prazAMta haiN| karatala donoM ora utkIrNa soM kI phaNAvalI ko chu rahe haiN| kintu yahA~ so ko cITiyoM kI bAMbiyoM se nikalatA hA nahIM dikhAyA gayA hai / kalA kI dRSTi se yaha mUrti caudahavIM zatI kI mAnI jA sakatI hai| anya mUrtiyAM dakSiNApatha ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM isa kAla kI khaDgAsana yA padmAsana meM nirmita asaMkhya tIrthaMkara-matiyoM kA parijJAna hotA hai| sAmAnyata: ye mUrtiyA~ usI pASANa kI hotI haiM jo una sthAnoM / enuala riporTa praoNpha sAutha iNDiyana epiprAfI faoNra 1901, pR4. 2 vahI, pR 4-5. 3 smitha, vahI, pR268. 380

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adhyAya 29 ] dakSiNApatha para upalabdha hotA hai / ye kAMsya tathA anya dravyoM kI bhI haiN| zilA khaNDoM para bhI mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa kI gayI haiM / zrAsIna mUrtiyA~ yA to padmAsana meM haiM yA ardha - paryakAsana meM aura khar3I mUrtiyA~ kAyotsarga - mudrA meM tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke atirikta zAsana-yakSoM aura zAsana-yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ bhI haiM jinake aMkana meM vibhinna zailiyoM aura yugoM ke lakSaNa vidyamAna haiM / vastusthiti yaha hai ki zailIgata vizeSatA tIrthaMkaroM kI bhI mUrtiyoM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai / mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM likhA to gayA gulabargA jile meM sthita rASTrakUToM dakSiNApatha ke aneka sthAnoM kI isa kAla meM nirmita jaina hai para unake citra bahuta kama prakAzita hue haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, kI rAjadhAnI mAlakheDa meM, jo bArahavIM yA terahavIM zatI kI eka jaina bastI hai, saMgRhIta uttarakAlIna jaina mUrtiyA~ haiM / gulabargA jile ke hI seDama kI aneka jaina bastiyoM meM unakI samakAlIna aura vaisI hI jaina mUrtiyA~ hone kI sUcanA prApta hai / hampI meM bhI kucha jaina mUrtiyA~ haiM / isI taraha zravaNabelagolA, mUDabidrI Adi kI mUrtiyA~ bhI haiN| veNUra kI eka jaina dharmazAlA meM uccakoTi kI aneka jaina dhAtu - mUrtiyAM saMgRhIta haiM / epigrAphikA karnATikA aura 1656 I0 taka kI maisUra ArkyaoNlaoNjikala riporTasa meM prakAzita aneka abhilekhoM meM vRttAMta hai ki vibhinna sthAnoM kI jaina bastiyoM meM bhaktoM ne jaina mUrtiyA~ sthApita karAyIM / isa prakAra kI aneka prAcIna jaina mUrtiyA~ hampI ke ThIka sAmane tuMgabhadrA ke uttarI taTa para sthita gogoNDI meM eka caTTAna para utkIrNa haiM / yadyapi unheM 'amanojJa 1 kahA gayA hai para ve lagabhaga caudahavIM zatI kI kalA ke acche udAharaNa prastuta karatI haiM / khar3I mUrtiyA~ kAyotsarga - mudrA meM haiM, unake mastaka para mukkuDe ( tIna chatra) kI saMyojanA hai aura unakA AnupAtika zilpAMkana suMdara bana par3A hai| eka samUha kA zilpAMkana dUsare samUha ke zilpAMkana se spaSTataH bhinna hai, aura ThIka bAyeM utkIrNa eka mUrti to kalA kA eka suMdara nidarzana bana par3I hai| 2 usakI mukha-mudrA se prAMtarika zAMti kI abhivyakti hotI hai, skaMdha supuSTa haiM, bhujAe~ kuzalatApUrvaka aMkita kI gayI haiM aura kaTi se nIce kA bhAga barabasa AkRSTa karatA hai| anucaroM kI mUrtiyA~ zrAsIna mudrA meM haiM aura ve zarIra kI sAnupAtika saMyojanA tathA hAthoM aura mukha maNDala kI prabhAvaka mudrA se dhyAna AkRSTa karatI haiM / pazcimI samudra-taTa ke kSetroM kI jo mUrtiyA~ paricaya meM AyI haiM unameM haduvallI (saMgItapura) aura bhaTakala kI ullekhanIya haiM / haduvallI kI mUrtiyoM meM eka tIrthaMkara kI dhAtu- mUrti hai jisapara caudahavIM zatI kA abhilekha hai / yaha mUrti tIrthaMkara RSabha kI mAnI jAtI hai kyoMki usake pAdapITha para aMkita AkRtiyoM meM eka gomukha kI bhI hai / yadyapi isa para jo siMha aMkita hai vaha sAmAnyataH 1 klAz2a fizara, Traijekzansa zraoNfa di mrArka yaoNlaoNjikala sosAyaTI zraoNpha iNDiyA, 1, 1955. pU 57. 2 vahI, rekhAcitra 15. 3 paMcamukhI (Ara esa ). enuala riporTa praoNna kannaDa risarca ina baoNmbe prAvisa faoNra 1939-40, pR 91 tathA paravartI, haduvallI kI ghAtu dhora pASANa mUrtiyoM ke saMdarbha meM. 381

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vAstu-smAraka evaM mUrtikalA 1300 se 1800 I0 [ bhAga 6 mahAvIra kI mUrti para hotA hai, kintu pAdapITha mUrti se alaga hai ata: yaha nizcita nahIM ki vaha usI mati kA hai yA nahIM / abhilekha meM tIrthaMkara ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM hai| mati paryakAsana meM hai aura usake vakSasthala para zrIvatsa-lAMchana hai| mUrti ke skaMdhoM para kadAcit laharAtI kezarAzi dikhAI gayI hai jo AdinAtha kI vizeSatA hai / mUrti ke pIche prabhAvalI kA suMdara zilpAMkana hai, usake Upara eka suMdara makara-toraNa hai jisake donoM staMbhoM para vividha alaMkaraNa haiN| prabhAvalI para ikahattara tIrthaMkara-mUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM jinameM se eka aora supArzva kI aura dUsarI ora pArzvanAtha kI khar3I mUrtiyA~ aura chatratraya ke nIce cAra tIrthaMkaroM kI prAsIna mUrtiyA~ haiN| donoM choroM para eka-eka vRkSa kA Alekhana hai / jaisAki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, pAdapITha para gomukha yakSa, cakrezvarI (?), siMha aura gucchakoM ke aMkana haiN| prastuta kAlAvadhi kI prAraMbhika kRti ke rUpa meM yaha mUrti kucha aisI zailI meM hai jo pUrvakAla se hI apane prabhAva aura suMdaratA ke lie vikhyAta rahI hai| pArzvanAtha kI yakSI padmAvatI kI eka dhAtu kI aura eka pASANa kI mUrtiyA~ bahuta bAda kI kRtiyA~ haiM aura kalA ke hrAsa kI sUcaka haiN| phira bhI, inake mUrtikAra apanI kRtiyoM meM zAMti aura divyatA kA bhAva ubhArane meM asaphala nahIM hue, jo unakI mukha-mudrA ke aMkana se vyakta hote haiN| padmAvatI ke hAthoM kI vastue~ aura vAhana vahI pratIta hote haiM jo tirupattikkuNram kI padmAvatI kI khar3I kAMsya-mUrti meM hai / / padmAvatI kI pASANa-mUrti para sarpa kI paMca-phaNAvalI hai aura vAhana ke rUpa meM haMsa hai| usake Upara ke hAtha meM aMkuza aura pAza tathA nIce ke hAthoM meM kamala aura phala haiN| yahA~ eka anupama dhAtu-kRti hai-caumukhI (naMdIzvara) / yaha paMdrahavIM-solahavIM zatI kI ho sakatI hai| yaha eka dhAtu-nirmita laghu-maMdira (maNDapa) hai jisake cAroM ora toraNa-dvAroM ke aMkana haiN| naMdIzvara (?) (kadAcit sahasrabiMba) kA eka suMdara zilpAMkana lakSmezvara kI zaMkha-bastI meM hai jisapara eka hajAra caudaha laghu aura eka pUrNAkAra tIrthaMkara-mUrti utkIrNa haiN| pArzvanAtha kI eka pASANa-mUti terahavIM yA caudahavIM zatI kA eka suMdara udAharaNa hai| aAMdhra pradeza ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM tIrthaMkaroM kI alaga-alaga mUrtiyAM adhikAMzata: pASANa dvArA nirmita haI, unameM se bahuta-sI 1300 I0 se pUrva kI mAnI gayI haiN| tathApi, kajUlUra kI tIrthakara kI eka AsIna mUrti vijayanagara kAla kI mUrtikalA kA eka suMdara udAharaNa mAnI jA sakatI hai| vistRta vakSasthala, unnata skaMdhoM aura sugaThita bhujAoM se tIrthakara ke bala aura vIrya kI saMdara abhivyakti hotI hai| zarIra kA Urdhva aura nimna bhAga bhI zilpAMkana kI dRSTi se nirdoSa bana par3A hai| puDura se prApta vardhamAna aura pArzvanAtha kI mUrtiyA~ bhI usI kAla kI mAnI jA sakatI haiM, kyoMki zailI kI daSTi se 1 rAmacandrana (TI ena) tirupparuttikkuNram eNDa iTsa Tempalsa, buleTina aoNpha da madrAsa gavarnameNTa myUjiyama, nyU sIrija, janarala sekzana, 1,3, 1934, madrAsa, citra 33,3. 2 paMcamukhI, vahI, pR 94, citra 9 (ka evaM kha). 3 mUrti (gopAlakRSNa) vahI, isa anuccheda meM carcita sabhI kRtiyoM ke citra usa pustaka meM prakAzita haiM. 382

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adhyAya 29] dakSiNApatha ve kajulura kI mUrti ke samAna haiN| vAraMgala ke kile se prApta pArzvanAtha kI khar3I mUrti (citra 256 ka) caudahavIM zatI kI pratIta hotI hai| isakI zailI meM kAkatIya kalA ke lakSaNa dRSTigata hote haiN| isa mUrti-phalaka para mukhya mUrti ke pIche teIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI laghu mUrtiyA~, camaradhArI, sapta-phaNAvalI-sahita sarpa aura Upara mukkuDe ke suMdara sAnupAta aMkana haiN| uttaravartI kAloM kI kRtiyoM meM niMdrA kI tIrthaMkaramUrti, cippagiri kI eka niSIdhikA ke pASANa-khaNDa para utkIrNa mUrtiyA~, nijAmAbAda jile se prApta eka caubIsI mUrti-phalaka aura bairamapallI se prApta gommaTa kI eka mUrti udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kI jA sakatI haiN| inakA nirmANa paMdrahavIM zatI meM aura usake bAda huaa| dakSiNApatha meM jainoM dvArA uttara-madhyakAla meM nirmita mUrtiyoM kI yaha saMkSipta rUparekhA samApta karane se pUrva yaha ullekhanIya hai ki zravaNabelagolA, mUDabidrI (citra 256 kha, 257 ka, kha aura 258), veNara Adi jina sthAnoM para jainoM ko koI bAdhA upasthita na kI gayI vahA~ unhoMne vipUla saMkhyA meM mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA jinameM adhikAMza dhAtu kI haiM aura pichalI kaI zatiyoM kI kRtiyA~ haiN| kalA ke uttarakAlIna udAharaNa zravaNabelagolA ke jaina maMdiroM meM vidyamAna haiN|| pI0Ara0 zrInivAsan 1 epinAphikA karnATikA, 2, 1923, 4 29 tathA paravartI; vizeSa rUpa se citra 44 aura 45. 383

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bhAga 7 citrAMkana evaM kASTha - zilpa

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adhyAya 30 bhitti-citra bhArata kI citrakalA ke pIche eka mahAna paraMparA rahI hai, paraMtu Aja aisI kRti nahIM baca rahI hai jo jaina citrakalA ke prAraMbhika kAla para prakAza DAla ske| jaina citrakalA kI Aja upalabdha prAcInatam kRtiyA~ pallavakAlIna haiN| pallavavaMzI zAsaka maheMdravarmA-prathama eka mahAna kalAkAra, mUrtikAra aura citrakAra, saMgItajJa kavi, abhiyaMtA aura kalA-premI thaa| vaha mUlataH jaina dharmAnuyAyI thA paraMtu sAtavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM zaiva saMta tirunAvakkaraza athavA appara ne use zaiva mata meM dIkSita kara diyA, jinheM zraddhA ke sAtha tirujJAna-saMbaMdhara arthAt bAla-vedapAThI ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai unhoMne pANDya rAjA niNrazIrne DumArana ko bhI zaiva mata meM dIkSita kiyA thaa| yaha suvidita hai ki maheMdravarmA hI vaha pahalA vyakti thA jisane dakSiNa meM zailotkIrNa sthApatya kA AraMbha kiyaa| vaha 'citrakArapulI' arthAt 'citrakAroM meM siMha' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita thA / tiruccirApallI ke nikaTavartI zittannavAsala meM usane parvata meM eka jaina guphA-maMdira utkIrNa karAyA / bahuta samaya taka yaha mAnA jAtA rahA ki sAtavIM zatAbdI meM isa guphA ke samasta bhitti-citroM kI racanA usake nirmANa ke sAtha hI sAtha huI, paraMtu hAla kI khojoM meM yahA~ para bhitti-citroM kI do sataheM pAyI gayI haiM jinameM se eka sataha prAraMbhika hai aura dUsarI usake bAda kii| isake sAtha hI nauvIM zatAbdI kA eka abhilekha bhI pAyA gayA hai jo prAraMbhika pANDya-kAla meM hue vistAra tathA punaruddhAra se saMbaMdhita hai| isa maMdira kI chata ke bhitti-citra kA eka aMza aisA bhI milA hai jisapara pANDyakAlIna punaruddhAra meM bhitti-citroM kI dUsarI parata nahIM car3hAyI gayI; ataH yaha aMza mUlata: pallavakAlIna hai jisase pallavoM ke prAraMbhika citrakAroM kI alaMkaraNa-paddhati-yojanA ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta hotI hai (citra 256) / isa guphA-maMdira ke sammukha bhAga ke dakSiNa kone para eka abhilekha prApta hai| yaha abhilekha tamila bhASA meM padya-baddha hai jisameM madurai ke jaina AcArya ilan gautaman kA ullekha hai jinhoMne ardhamaNDapa kA punaruddhAra karAkara usakA alaMkaraNa karAyA tathA mukha-maNDapa kA nirmANa karAyA / 1 jogImArA-sItAbeMga guphA ke citroM ke lie, jinheM jainoM se saMbaMdhita batAyA jAtA hai, dekhie pRSTha 11-saMpAdaka . 2 isa guphA-maMdira kI pallavoM dvArA nirmiti para saMdeha kiyA gayA hai| dekhie isI bhAga meM adhyAya 19-saMpAdaka. 387

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citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa [ bhAga 7 rekhAcitra 24. zittannavAsalaH citrita nartakI itihAsa se yaha suvidita hai ki jaina dharmAnuyAyI pANDya rAjA arikesarI parAMkuza ne bhI, jo aMtima do pallava rAjAoM kA samakAlIna thA, sAtavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM bAla-saMta tirujJAnasaMbaMdhara ke netRtva meM pallava rAjA maheMdravarmA kI bhA~ti zaiva mata grahaNa kara liyA thaa| isa prakAra isa gUphA-maMdira meM jaina paraMparA kI niraMtaratA dekhI jA sakatI hai| isa guphA ke bhitti-citroM meM eka jalAzaya kA citra hai jisameM machalI, pazu, pakSI tathA puSpacayana karanevAloM kA suMdara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| yaha citra saMbhavataH kamala-puSpa-yukta sarovara kA nahIM hai varan sarovara kSetra kA dRSTAMta-citraNa hai| yaha kSetra khAtikA-bhUmi nAmaka dUsarA bhAga hai jahA~ bhavya arthAt zAMta-pariNAmI jana, samavasaraNa meM bhagavAna kA dharmopadeza sunane ke lie eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna jAte samaya snAna kara AnaMdita hote haiN| puSpa-cayana karatI mAnavAkRtiyoM ko suDaula anupAta meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, unakI mukhAkRtiyA~ atyaMta AkarSaka haiN| unake hAthoM meM jo khile hue kamala-puSpa haiM unakA aura kaliyoM tathA kamalanAloM kA citraNa adbhuta rUpa se sajIva hai / citra meM aMkita battakhoM, machaliyoM tathA anya jalajaMtanoM tathA vizeSa rUpa se bhaiMsoM kA citraNa to citrakAroM dvArA ina jIva-jaMtuoM evaM pazanoM ke AkAra, unakI gati, jIvana aura pravRttiyoM ke gahana adhyayana ke saphala udAharaNa haiN| (raMgIna citra 1-4) / 388

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adhyAya 30 ] visannavAsala guphA kI chata para citrAMkana citra 259 bhiti-citra

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citra evaM kASThazilpa [bhAga 7 (ka) zittannavAsala' - staMbha aura toraNa para citrAMkana (kha) zittannavAsala - staMbha para citrAMkita nartakI citra 260 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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adhyAya 30] bhiti-citra TV94 CATITUTEDual rApta SSC tirupparuttikkuNram - mahAvIra-maMdira meM citrAMkana / Upara kI paMkti meM RSabhanAtha aura laukika devatA, nIce kI pakti meM dIkSA ke lie udyata RSabhanAtha citra 261 in Education International .

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citra evaM kASThazilpa nnnn tirupparuttikkuNram - mahAvIra maMdira meM citrAMkana / Upara kI paMkti meM RSabhadeva kA vairAgya aura kaccha mahAkaccha kA AkhyAna; nIce kI paMkti meM nami aura vinami kA prAkhyAna citra 262 [ bhAga 7

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adhyAya 30 ] bhitti-citra STREET sApaka F00000000 00000000 ettunnntaiyaak paa tkaakpm tirupparuttikkuNram - mahAvIra-maMdira meM citrAMkana / Upara kI paMkti meM nami aura vinami kA abhiSeka-samAroha, nIce kI paMkti meM RSabhanAtha kI prathama caryA citra 263 .

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citra evaM kASThazilpa [ bhAga 7 (Pahurmediane tirupparuttikkuNaram - mahAvIra maMdira meM citrAMkana / kRSNalIlA ke dRzya citra 264

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adhyAya 30 ] bhitti-citra 5 . -) rekhAcitra 25. zittannavAsala : citrita rAja-daMpati apsarA (raMgIna citra 5)ke citra meM, jisameM usake bAyeM hAtha ko daNDa-mudrA meM tathA dUsare hAtha kI a~guliyoM ko patAkA-mudrA meM darzAyA gayA hai, ceharA jarA-sA tirachA aura A~kheM usI ora ko mur3I huI haiM, jo naTarAja kI sAmAnya bhujaMga-trAsitaka (sarpa se bhIta)-mudrA kI bhA~ti prabhAvazAlI hai| hAthoM kI isa prakAra kI mudrAoM kA punaraMkana prAraMbhika colakAlIna tiruvaraMgalama kI dhAtu-nirmita natyarata ziva kI caturmudrA vAlI pratimA meM bhI kiyA gayA hai jisase vaha atyaMta suMdara bana par3I hai| isakI tulanA bArAbudura1 se prApta nartaka kI aisI hI AkRti se avazya kI jAnI cAhie / isameM hastamadrAoM kA saMyojana ThIka vaisA hI hai jaisA ki zittannavAsala ke bhitti-citroM meM kiyA gayA hai| nartaka ke daNDa aura patAkA-mudrA meM aMkita hAthoM kA saMyojana atyaMta kamanIya aura sukhada hai| eka staMbha para kA anya citra (citra 260 ka), jisameM bAyeM hAtha ko harSollAsa meM phaile haellI-mudrA meM, dAyeM hAtha ko patAkA-mudrA meM tathA samUcI deha-yaSTi ko kamanIyatA ke sAtha jhUmatI huI darzAyA gayA hai (citra 260 kha; rekhAcitra 24) bAla-kRSNa athavA bAla-subrahmaNya ke AhlAdaka nRtyamudrA ke citra kI yAda dilAtA hai / kamanIya dehayaSTi jo svayameva atyaMtAkarSaka hai, usapara sAyAsa kezaprasAdhana jo puSpoM aura motiyoM se maNDita hai, tathA sAdA paraMtu prabhAvazAlI AlaMkArika saMyojanA 1 zivarAmamUrti (kalambUra). le stUpa du bArAbudura. 1961. perisa . citra 12, 1. 389

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citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa [ bhAga7 se yUkta isa ramaNIya nArI-aMkana ne isa citra ko pANDya citrakAra kI tulikA se sRjita bhavya kRti banA diyA hai| yahA~ para eka aura ullekhanIya citra prApta huA hai jisakA prAMzika rUpa hI zeSa bacA hai| isa citra meM eka rAjA aura rAnI kA AkarSaka rUpa-citraNa hai jo eka jaina sAdhu se vArtAlApa karate darzAye gaye haiN| yaha citra citrakalA-viSayaka-graMtha citra-sUtra ke anusAra viddha-citra-prakAra kA hai aura isa kAla ke citrakAra dvArA pratikRti-citraNa-paraMparA ke ucca vikasita takanIkI dAkSiNya kA dyotaka hai| rAjakumAra kA AkarSaka mukuTa tathA rAnI kI prabhAvazAlI vezabhUSA aura keza-sajjA, saba kucha pUrNarUpeNa susaMyojita haiM (rekhAcitra 25) tathA unake samakSa citrita sAdA alaMkaraNahIna jaina sAdhu kA citra samUce dRzya meM eka aisA virodhAbhAsa-sA darzAtA hai jo prabhAvazAlI hai| elorA (dekhie prathama bhAga meM adhyAya 18) kI iMdra-sabhA kI bhittiyA~ evaM chata kI samUcI sataha citrAMkita hai / ina citroM meM vibhinna dRzya aMkita haiM jinameM unake choTe se choTe vivaraNa ko samagratA se darzAyA gayA hai| nauvIM-dasavIM zatAbdI ke ina bhitti-citroM meM jaina graMthoM ke citrAMkanoM kI anukRtiyA~ haiM tathA isake sAtha hI patra-puSpa, pazu-pakSiyoM para AdhArita kalA-rUpoM kA bhI aMkana hai| yahA~ gommaTezvara ke citra isI viSaya-vastu ke mUrtiparaka vidhAnoM kI tulanA ke lie upayukta raheMge jisakA eka udAharaNa isI guphA se upalabdha huA hai tathA usI prakAra ke anya udAharaNa anyatra upalabdha haiN| ye udAharaNa haiM zravaNabelagolA kI eka hI zilA se nirmita vizAla pratimA aura vaha prasiddha kAMsyapratimA jo isa samaya priMsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya meM hai| ye pratimAeM adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI pradAna karatI haiN| isa pratimA meM sAdhu banane ke uparAMta gommaTezvara ko gahana dhyAna kI avasthA meM khar3e hue darzAyA gayA hai| unake pairoM para cITiyoM kI bA~biyA~ bana gayI haiM tathA latAoM ne drutagati se phailakara unake zarIra ko cAroM ora se ghera liyA hai| unake pArzva meM donoM ora unakI bahaneM khar3I haiM / isa viSaya ko citrita karane vAlI samasta pratimAoM meM yaha pratimA ati uttama rUpa se aMkita hai| isI prakAra yahA~ kI chata ke eka bhAga para dikpAla-samUha aMkita hai, jisameM yama apanI patnI yamI sahita bhaise para AsIna hai aura unake pIche unake anuyAyI sevakagaNa haiM / dikpAla ke gaNoM kA aMkana isI paddhati para hai| ye samUha hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karate haiN| ina citroM kI tulanA hemavatI-sthita maMdira kI chata para nolaMba kalAkAroM dvArA aMkita isI prakAra ke citra se kI jA sakatI hai / hemavatI ke ye citra isa samaya madrAsa saMgrahAlaya meM haiN| bAdaloM kA citrAMkana, mAnavAkRtiyoM meM bar3I-caur3I A~khoM kA aMkana, tathA zailIkaraNa kA AraMbha, jo abhI taka spaSTa nahIM ho pAyI thI, vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / ina citroM meM bAdaloM ke madhya AkAza meM ur3ate hue AliMgana-baddha vidyAdhara-daMpati, unakI grIvA tathA anya aMgoM kI kamanIya trivaliyA~, arpaNa hetu puSpa-puTa meM rakhe phUla, unakI puSpa-dhAraNI aMjali (raMgIna citra 6-10), vaMdanA ke lie hAthoM ko Upara uThAkara tathA sAtha-sAtha nIce lAte hue baune gaNoM, jinameM se kucha gaNa zaMkha bajA rahe haiM tathA kucha gaNa vAtAvaraNa meM ApUrita divya saMgIta ke sAtha tAlabaddha rUpa meM tAliyA~ 390

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adhyAya 30] bhiti-citra bajA rahe haiM (raMgIna citra 11), aadi-aadi| ye saba aisI ullekhanIya utkRSTa kRtiyA~ haiM jo nolaMba citrakAroM kI tUlikA se niHsata haI haiN| dakSiNApatha ke eka mahAn rAjavaMza rASTrakUTa ke prabhutva-kAla meM race gaye bhitti-citroM meM saMbhavataH ye hI citra surakSita baca rahe haiN| isa kAla kI kalA ne samUce bhAratauttara, dakSiNa, pUrva aura pazcima kI samakAlIna zAsana-kAla kI kalAoM para prabhAva ddaalaa| cola, jo nauvIM zatAbdI meM eka bAra punaH vijayAlaya ke aMtargata rAjasattA meM Aye the, udAra zAsaka the| unhoMne apane dharma zaivamata ke prati vizeSa anurakti ke sAtha-sAtha sabhI dharmoM ko samAna bhAva se prazraya diyA / rAjarAja, jisane taMjAvura meM apane nAma para rAjarAjezvara nAmaka bhavya ziva-maMdira kA nirmANa karAyA, kalA ke prati itanI gaharI abhiruci rakhatA thA ki use 'nitya-vinoda' arthAt 'sadaiva kalA meM AnaMda lene vAle ke upanAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| jaina dharma ko diye gaye usake udAra dAnoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha jaina dharma kA eka mahAn prazrayadAtA thaa| usakI bahana kuMdavai ne bhI tirumalai tathA anya sthAnoM para jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA tathA dAna diye / jaina smArakoM meM jo colakAlIna citra haiM ve nartamala ke bAda ke haiN| tirumale ke citra aura mUrtiyA~,smitha ke anusAra, eka sAtha kharAba nahIM hue| tirumala ke citra vijayanagara aura cola-zailI ke sammilana se nirmita haiM, jo colakAlIna kalA ke aMtima caraNa kI kalA hai| lakSmIzvara-maNDapa ke nicale tala para bAhya kakSa meM IMTa nirmita bhittiyoM para citrita kalpavAsI devoM kA samUha prAraMbhika citrita sataha ke citra haiN| ye citra prAyaH uttaravartI zailI meM aMkita haiM jinameM unakI AkRtiyA~ mohaka haiN| prAkRtiyA~ ratnAbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta evaM unakI A~kheM vistRta rUpa se aMkita haiN| bhitti-citroM kI dUsarI sataha lagabhaga vijayanagara-zailI meM citrita hai| lagabhaga isa kAla meM pazcima maisUra meM hoyasala-vaMzIya zAsaka rAjasattA meM aaye| isa vaMza ke zAsakoM meM viSNuvardhana (san 1106-41) eka mahAna zAsaka thA jo mUlarUpa meM bittideva yA bittiga ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| ise rAmAnuja dvArA jaina dharma se parivartita kara vaiSNava dharma dIkSita kiyA gayA thaa| isane belura aura halebiDa meM kucha aise atyaMta suMdara maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA jinhoMne hoyasala-kalA ko prasiddhi pradAna kI hai| yaha zAsaka eka niSThAvAn vaiSNava matAvalaMbI thA aura isakI rAnI jaina dharmAnuyAyI thI lekina yaha una ikSvAku zAsakoM kI bhA~ti udAra-hRdaya vyakti thA jo svayaM to brAhmaNa dharmAnuyAyI the lekina parivAra kI rAjakumAriyA~ bauddha dharmAnuyAyI thiiN| viSNuvardhana ke gaMgarAja aura hulli daNDanAyaka jaise maMtrI evaM senAnAyaka bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyI the / yadyapi hoyasala zAsakoM ke samUce sAmrAjya kSetra meM upalabdha hoyasala-kalA kI pratimAparaka amUlya nidhi sthApatya aura zilpakalA kI utkRSTatama kalAkRtiyoM ke mAdhyama se prakaTa hai tathApi, abhI taka bhitti-citra-kalA kA koI bhI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM ho sakA hai| lekina, saubhAgyavaza hoyasala-kAla 1 smitha (vI e). hisTrI oNfa phAina prAtsa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona, dvitIya saMskaraNa, tathA kaoNDriMgTana dvArA saMzodhita, 1930, oNksaforDa, 140. 391

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citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa [ bhAga kI citrakalA ke udAharaNa mUDabidrI ke maMdira ke pANDulipi-bhaNDAroM meM surakSita haiN| ye citra isa bhaTTAraka-pITha kI tAr3apatrIya pANDulipiyoM ke citroM ke rUpa meM tathA upAsanA-upAdAnoM ke rUpa meM haiN| pANDalipiyoM meM SaTkhaNDAgama kI vIrasena-kRta TIkAe~ haiM jo dhavalA, jayadhavalA, mahAdhavalA yA mahAbaMdha ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| digaMbara-paraMparA ke anusAra dhavalA, jayadhavalA, aura mahAdhavalA meM jainoM ke mUla bAraha aMgoM kA vaha bhAga surakSita hai jo lupta hone se baca sakA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI TIkA dhavalA ke AraMbha meM usakI racanA ke viSaya meM eka kathAnaka diyA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko unake gaNadhara iMdrabhUti gautama ne bAraha aMgoM meM vyavasthita kiyaa| ye aMga maukhika paraMparA ke rUpa meM agalI pIr3hiyoM meM pracalita rahe lekina ye isa sImA taka upekSita rahe ki unheM punarujjIvita karane kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| guNadhara (IsA-pUrva prathama zatAbdI) tathA dharasena (prathama zatAbdI) nAmaka do prAcAryoM ne mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko, jo usa samaya jitane bhI aura jisa rUpa meM bhI baca rahe the, saMgRhIta kara kramazaH kaSAyapAhuDa tathA SaTkhaNDAgama nAmaka apane jaina-karma-darzana ke graMthoM meM lipibaddha kara vyavasthita kiyaa| isa zRMkhalA meM aMtima graMtha dhavalA hai jo ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI TIkA hai| isa TIkA ke lekhaka vIrasena ne kaSAya-pAhuDa nAmaka graMtha kA bhI bhASya likhA thA jo jayadhavalA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / dhavalA kA racanA-kAla zaka-saMvat 816 (san 894) hai jo rASTrakUTa zAsaka amoghavarSa-prathama ke rAjyakAla kA samaya thaa| isa lekha ke lekhaka kA dhyAna isakI sacitra pANDulipiyoM kI ora kucha varSa pahale mAnya mitra zrI choTelAla jaina ne usa samaya prAkRSTa kiyA thA jabaki janavarI 1964 meM rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya meM Ayojita sacitra pANDulipiyoM kI pradarzanI ke lie unake saMgraha se pradarzanI hetu pANDulipiyA~ prApta kI gayI thiiN| saubhAgya se, ina pANDulipiyoM kI mUDabidrI sthita prAcIna graMtha-bhaNDAroM meM bhalI-bhA~ti surakSA kI gayI hai / ye pANDulipiyA~ purAlipi ke AdhAra para spaSTataH hoyasalakAlIna haiM jo lithika tathA viSNuvarddhana-kAlIna tAmrapaTa-abhilekha se ghaniSTha rUpa se milatI-julatI haiN| inake citra camakadAra raMgoM meM aMkita haiM jo hameM hoyasala-kAla ke citrakAroM kI kalA-dakSatA kA paricaya dete haiN| ina pANDulipiyoM ke hastalekha kA belura-maMdira se prApta dhAtupatroM para puSpAkAra rekhAMkanoM sahita lekha se atyaMta nikaTa kA sAmya hai| ye citra viSNavarddhana aura usakI jaina dharmAnuyAyI patnI zAMtalA ke samakAlIna hone caahie| ye citra jo asAmAnya rUpa se bar3e tAr3apatra para aMkita haiM, mUlapATha ke hastalekha kI suMdaratA tathA mUlapATha ko citrAMkita karanevAle usake sAtha ke citroM, ina donoM hI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa haiN| isake do patroM para aMkita citra sabase prAraMbhika kAla ke haiM jinake akSara kucha moTe haiM, inakA vinyAsa anyoM kI apekSA kucha adhika komala haiN| raMga kA prabhAva kucha aisA komala hai ki vaha anya raMgoM ke raMga-virodhAbhAsa ke prabhAva ko kama kara detA hai tathA unapara prAkRtti-rekhAe~ eka sukhada anupAta meM khIMcI gayI haiN| dhavalA kI yaha pANDulipi san 1113 kI hai| isapara supArzvanAtha kI yakSI kAlI aMkita hai lekina vaha apane nAma ke viparIta gaura varNa kI aMkita kI gayI hai| usakA vAhana vRSabha bhI 392

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adhyAya 301 bhiti-citra 1. zittannavAsala - kamala-sarovara meM sumana-saMcaya

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citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa [ bhAga 7 2. zittannavAsala - sarovara meM kamala aura haMsa For Private & Personal use only

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adhyAya 30 ] bhitti citra 3. zittannavAsala - haMsa-paMkti

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citrAMkana evaM kASThazilpa 4. nivAsa kamala-barobara meM sumana-saMcaya zittannavAsala -- [ bhAga 7

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adhyAya 30] bhitti-citra .. 25ER 5. zittannavAsala - nRtya-rata apsarA

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citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa [ bhAga 7 6. elorA -puSpopahAra liye ur3ate deva paura deviyA~

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adhyAya 30] bhitti-citra 7. elorA - vyomacArI deva-deviyA~

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citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa [ bhAga 7 8. elorA - vyomacArI deva-deviyA~

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adhyAya 30] bhitti-citra 9. elorA - vyomacArI deva-deviyA~

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citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa [ bhAga 7 10. elorA - vyomacArI deva-deviyA~

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adhyAya 301 bhitti-citra 11. elorA - vyomacArI deva-deviyA~

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12-13. mUDabidrI kI eka pANDulipi : apane vAhana para kAlI; bhaktarAja [ HIT 7 VAVAWM Per 108 3RacORBRXIU pogrungongos En okresu TORKA Wisarcast/OZOR? jaannnpngk EXOSHBIATH B&ORT2887 ARRO Prola K 820018861P PROUORISER.68 citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa MANATAMAMY MWWWWWWWWWW WWW CopO0O0002 0.00 sao Cao Su SR PRORR bogga&& BarR32 REABORAS 292ROARSARSKA S0768a8a2233 CRRRSKOR 3.7degC MOTIORA.28GORD (Lazosporno&egaron 200eaega oxx O

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2012 Elblekt E-b ike bab-- blejkalb d eja 'SI-DI bhitti-citra Day ISSUIRS ON Garroto ORBRPO RPUSU 880O3015 REBBER33degBBO7a. Butoga COBOWTBB08 5:286ugarsogo6ZR| OSTORISKBE8B9X0030688 10:50Sanggooo168888 IBREORRO 9058OR BURN AMEROX CAKAROBB 0 0.0000000000 HITTTTTTTTTTITUITT ERORINGER CZ&F Borts ROSA SORURAUSC IPRBCRAIOR forlegar raporti BRBORIF YOCOROCOOMBRORSROF mxpZG IRAB Begons Carpos Kes WWWWWWWWWWWWWW OR KRXyra SSS BaoE AZX PSORR S2 3232 POIO ABEO ARBORSESORIS ROBERRIER 30 ) Inez ROS Resoro ETT

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InlePlk 21k Peli kh -- htleyaalbule upyak 'LI-91 | HI7 LEINTELLILLLLLLLLLLLILLi AKES PORT GORUKRAINI ARTICRORS MIGRORRORKAROCERI TAR88CRE 188CRORROR Repur 8a RRRRRao BOARRU USCRIRE 00000000000000 indira BENES SR8 1883 SONGaa TRESSex KRace a 888580 RRRRRRRRRR 'BezodoraBQAN soraasa ra aaPERSUKORARE RegardRocreens 000000000000000DECTOR WWWWWWWWWWWWW citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa DIADIKTUOU

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adhyAya 30 ] INEERICT BEDial/ (Accord Pccorecord POUP bhitti-citra 18-19. mUDa bidrI kI eka pANDulipi -dharaNendra aura padmAvatI sahita tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ; zrutadevI

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mp.21.39 ADSH citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa m`m H APost EDUs. 700800 :: A KHAN LA JAMPRASIY [ bhAga 7 20-21. mUDabidrI kI pANDulipi -- bAhubalI aura unakI bahaneM ; tathA zrutadevI

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adhyAya 30] bhitti-citra yahA~ darzAyA gayA hai| usakI deha-yaSTi kI kamanIyatA tathA prAkRti ko aMkita karane vAlI laharadAra rekhAe~ ullekhanIya haiN| isI prakAra, usake eka ora aMkita isake bhaktoM ko, jo saMbhavataH zAhI parivAra ke sadasya, rAjA, rAnI tathA rAjakumArI Adi haiM, atyaMta komalatA ke sAtha aMkita kiyA gayA hai| ye tAr3apatra ke chora kI ora aMkita haiM (raMgIna citra 12 aura 13) / ina donoM tAr3apatroM ke citroM kI keMdravartI mukhya prAkRti kAyotsarga tathA padmAsanastha tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI hai| yadyapi tIrthaMkara kI nirvasana-prAkRti jaisA viSaya atyaMta sAdA hai lekina isakA aMkana bahuta kaThina hai / phira bhI, ina donoM citroM meM citrakAra ne unheM atyaMta kalAtmaka DhaMga se citrita kiyA hai| ina donoM citroM kI prAkRtiyA~ sauMdaryAtmaka daSTi se atyaMta manohArI haiN| (raMgIna citra 14 aura 15) tIrthaMkara kA Asana vizada evaM alaMkRta hai, jo pIche kI ora makara ke alaMkaraNa se alaMkRta hai, tathA usake pIche siMha hai jo pArzva meM khar3I caurIdhAriNI kI manorama AkRtiyoM ke anurUpa hai / isa citra ko dekhane para avilaMba prAraMbhika colakAlIna usa zreSTha kalAkRti kA smaraNa ho AtA hai jisameM nAgapaTTiNam buddha ko unake pArzva meM nAgarAja caurIdhAriyoM ke sahita darzAyA gayA hai / isa tAr3apatra ke eka dUsare kinAre para puSpadaMta ke yakSa ajita tathA baiThe hue bhaktoM ke eka jor3e ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai (raMgIna citra 16 aura 17) / yaha citra yahA~ para prAyaH eka hI raMga meM hai lekina use isa kuzalatA se aMkita kiyA gayA hai ki eka raMga ke hote hue bhI citra kI samUcI vizeSatAeM ubharakara sAmane A gayI haiN| anya tADapatroM meM, pratyeka ke eka kinAre para pArzvanAtha aMkita haiN| unake sira para nAgaphaNa kA chatra hai aura ve siMhoM ke Asana para baiThe haiM, unake pArzva meM caurIdhArI sevaka haiM tathA unake eka aora dharaNeMdra yakSa evaM dUsarI ora padmAvatI yakSI aMkita haiM / eka tAr3apatra meM eka sire para zrutadevI aMkita haiM, jisake donoM ora caurIdhAriNI sevikAe~ haiM, jinakI prAkRtiyA~ kamanIya aura sahaja haiN| prAkRtiyoM kI vakratA (jhukAva), keza-sajjA, ghUmI huI mukhAkRti, grIvA kA mor3a tathA pAlathI kI madA meM paira Adi sabhI atyaMta kamanIyatA ke sAtha aMkita kiye gaye haiM (raMgIna citra 18 aura hAmI prakAra lagabhaga aisA hI AkarSaka citra eka anya tAr3apatra ke kinAre kI ora aMkita hai| isI galI meM bAhubalI saMbaMdhI dRzya aMkita kiye gaye haiM jinameM sAdhanAvasthA meM khar3e unake pairoM para lipaTI latA dikhAyI gayI haiN| (raMgIna citra 20 aura 21) / citra meM unakI bahanoM ko unake pArzva meM khaDe yA gayA hai / yaha aMkana elorA ke usa phalaka ke aMkana se bilakula milatA hai jisameM isI viSaya ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| isa citra meM bAhubalI ke mahattvapUrNa viSaya kA vaisA hI prabhAvaparNa prastutIkaraNa hai jaisA ki zravaNabelagolA sthita bAhubalI kI vizAla pASANa-pratimA meM tathA baMbaI ke priMsa oNpha velsa saMgrahAlaya meM upalabdha eka dhAtu-pratimA meM huA hai| yakSI aMbikA kA bhI, jo jaina kalA meM atyaMta lokapriya rahI haiM, eka citra yahA~ para prApta hai| aMbikA yakSI eka Ama ke vRkSa ke nIce do zizuoM ko liye hue apane vAhana siMha sahita aMkita haiN| bar3A zizu siMha para car3hakara khela rahA hai jabaki choTe zizu ko aMbikA ke prati nikaTa dikhAyA gayA hai| bhaktoM, upAsakoM dvArA pArzvanAtha aura supArzvanAtha kI pUjA-arcanA kI vijaya 393

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citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa [ bhAga 1 ko atyaMta sAdhAraNa rUpa meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai kyoMki isa viSaya-vastu ko svayaM meM adhika sAja-sajjAalaMkaraNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / isake viparIta, kucha aisI viSaya-vastueM bhI haiM jo atyaMta mohaka haiM, jaise mAtaMga yakSa kI viSaya-vastu / mAtaMga yakSa ko apane vAhana hAthI sahita dikhAyA gayA hai| hAthI apane pUrNa vaibhava ke sAtha baiThA huA hai, jisakA sira gaurava se Upara uThA hai| samUcA citra do vRkSoM ke madhya meM kalAtmaka DhaMga se saMyojita hai / yaha saMyojana paraMparAgata paddhati ke anukaraNa ke kAraNa ullekhanIya hai| yakSI zrutadevI kA apane vAhana mayUra sahita tathA mahAmAnasI yakSI kA apane vAhana haMsa sahita aura ajita yakSa kA apane vAhana kacchapa sahita aMkana hoyasala-citrakAroM kI tUlikA kA ullAsakArI kalAtmaka sRjana hai| pakSiyoM kI laharadAra pUMchoM tathA prAkRti-sUcaka rekhAoM kA aMkana citrakAroM kI mahAn kalAtmaka abhiruci tathA sRjanazIla pratibhA kA paricaya detA hai| ina pANDulipiyoM kI bAhya rekhAoM taka ko bhI atyaMta AkarSaNapUrNa DhaMga se citrita kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi ina aneka tAr3apatroM para patra-puSpoM kI anekAneka parikalpanAe~ citrita kI gayI haiM lekina inameM kahIM bhI koI punarAvRtti nahIM hai| abhikalpanAoM ke uccatama stara kI dRSTi se ye tAr3apatra vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna AkRSTa karate haiN| dakSiNa-vartI dakSiNApatha meM san 1335 I0 meM harihara ne vijayanagara sAmrAjya kI sthApanA kI, jo isa bhU-bhAga ke dakSiNa bhAga meM eka prabhutA-saMpanna zakti ke rUpa meM ubhraa| isa rAjavaMza ke bhI uttarAdhikAriyoM ne jaina dharma ke sAtha anya dharmoM kA bhI atyaMta niSThA ke sAtha pallavana kiyaa| yahA~ se upalabdha eka abhilekha meM yaha tathya vizeSa hai ki acyutarAya ne kisa prakAra parasparavirodhI tathA jhagar3anevAle jaina aura vaiSNava dharma ke dharma-pramukhoM ko eka sAtha rAja-darabAra meM bulAyA tathA atyaMta sammAnaprada samajhautA karAkara donoM dharmoM meM paraspara sadbhAva, Adara-bhAva aura maitrI sthApita kraayii| isa vaMza ke terahavIM zatAbdI se prAraMbha honevAle sAmrAjya ke cAra sau varSa laMbe zAsanakAla meM sthApatyIya nirmANa tathA maMdiroM ko citra evaM mUrtiyoM se sajAne kI gatividhiyA~ apane carama rUpa meM kriyAzIla rhiiN| isa zAsanakAla meM maMdiroM, bhavanoM tathA saMbhrAMta nAgarikoM ke gRhoM meM aMkita vividharaMgI bhitti-citra kitane AkarSaka aura bhAratIyoM ke lie hI nahIM apitu videzI yAtriyoM ke lie bhI kitane prabhAvapUrNa the isakA patA videzI yAtriyoM dvArA kiye gaye ullekhoM se prApta hotA hai, jinameM prasiddha purtagAlI yAtrI pAesa kA yAtrA-vivaraNa ullekhanIya hai, jisane vijayanagara rAjya kI rAjadhAnI kI yAtrA kI thii| usane apane yAtrA-vRttAMta meM bhitti-citroM kI kalA kI bhUri-bhUri sarAhanA kI hai| isameM atizayokti nahIM, jaisA ki suvidita hai, samrATa kRSNadevarAya svayaM eka kavi tathA kalA-premI, kalA aura sAhitya kA mahAn rakSaka thA / saMbhAvanA se bhI adhika gopuroM ke nirmANa karAne kA zreya use diyA jAtA hai / yaha zreya use ThIka usI prakAra prApta hai jisa prakAra kiMvadaMtiyoM ke anusAra samrATa azoka ko 84 hajAra stUpoM ke nirmANa karAne kA zreya prApta hai / vizAla vijayanagara sAmrAjya meM sarvatra pAye jAnevAle bhavya gopuroM evaM maNDapoM kI chatoM tathA maMdiroM kI bhittiyoM para vijayanagara-kalA-zailI meM aMkita asaMkhya bhitti-citroM meM jaina viSaya-vastu ke 394

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madhyAya 30] bhitti-citra aMkana kI dRSTi se kAMcIpuram ke tirupparuttikkUNram-sthita vardhamAna-maMdira ke saMgIta-maNDapa meM jaina citra vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| kucha citra prAraMbhika kAlIna haiM jabaki adhikAMzataH citra bahuta paravartI kAla ke haiN| prAraMbhika, jo AMzika rUpa meM baca rahe haiM, mAtra viSaya-vastu ke aMkana kI dRSTi se hI nahIM apitu isa kAla kI kalA ke adhyayana meM jo use vizeSa sthAna prApta hai usakI dRSTi se bhI atyaMta ullekhanIya haiM / yaha maNDapa bukkarAya-dvitIya ke jaina dharmAnuyAyI maMtrI irugappa ne banavAyA thA, ataH isake citra isa kAla ke caudahavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima kAla ke citrakAra kI kalA-kuzalatA ko pradarzita karate haiN| isake citroM kI viSaya-vastu vardhamAna ke jIvana se saMbaddha hai / ina citroM meM eka citra tIrthaMkara vardhamAna ke janma se saMbaMdhita hai jisameM priyakAriNI unheM janma detI darzAyI gayI haiN| dakSiNa bhAratIya citroM tathA kerala kI zilpakalA, ina donoM meM, zizu ko janma dene kI viSaya-vastu vizeSa rUpa se lokapriya rahI hai| kerala ke mUrti-zilpoM meM rAmAyaNa ne isa viSaya-vastu ko citrita karane kA bahuta avasara pradAna kiyA hai| ataH isa viSaya-vastu ke citroM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI vizeSa rUpa se AvazyakatA hai| saudharmeMdra kI apanI patnI zacI sahita zizu-janma tathA usake abhiSeka-saMskAra-utsava manAne kA dRzya AkarSaka rUpa se aMkita kiyA gayA hai jo AkAra, raMga-DhaMga, taura-tarIke, svabhAva tathA isa kAla ke vastrAbhUSaNa aura alaMkaraNoM Adi pratyeka dRSTi se viziSTa rUpa liye hue hai| isI prakAra kA eka anya rocaka citra hai jisameM saudharmeMdra ko tIrthaMkara vardhamAna ke samakSa nRtya karate hue darzAyA gayA hai| isa citra meM nRtyarata-mudrA meM saudharmeMdra ke paira pAda-svastika mudrA meM haiN| telIkoTA ke yuddhoparAMta vijayanagara sAmrAjya ke kSINa hone ke bAda bhI kalA ko paravartI adhikAradhArI samrAToM tathA isa samaya ke atyaMta prabhAvazAlI nAyaka zAsakoM kA saMrakSaNa niraMtara milatA rahA / tirupparuttikkuNram sthita uttarakAlIna solahavIM-satrahavIM zatAbdI ke citra nAyakavaMzIya zAsakoM ke rAjyakAla se saMbaMdhita haiN| RSabhadeva, vardhamAna, tIrthakara neminAtha tathA unake bhatIje kRSNa ke jIvanacaritra saMbaMdhI sabhI citra laMbI citramAlAoM meM savistAra aMkita kiye gaye haiM aura inapara tamila bhASA meM likhe zIrSaka aMkita haiM jo pratyeka dRzya kI spaSTataH vyAkhyA karate haiM; jaise ki cidaMbaram, tiruvalUra Adi / aneka sthaloM para citroM ke sAtha zIrSaka pAye gaye haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki vijayanagarakAlIna kalA meM zIrSakoM ke aMkana kI eka sAmAnya paripATI pracalita rahI hai| yahA~ taka ki maMdiroM meM laTakAye jAnevAle citroM meM zIrSakoM kA aMkana citra kI viSaya-vastu kI vyAkhyA kI eka niyamita paripATI bana gayI thii| ye zIrSaka kSetrAnusAra tamila yA telugu bhASA meM likhe jAte the| tirupparuttikkuNram meM ye zIrSaka tamila bhASA meM haiM aura patroM para lekha bhI tamila graMthalipi meM haiN| hA RSabhadeva ke jIvana kI gAthAoM ke citrAMkana meM darzAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra lokAMtika devoM ne RSabhadeva ko yAda dilAyA ki yahI samaya hai ki ve saMsAra ko tyAga kara dIkSA dhAraNa kareM (citra 261), tathA kisa prakAra kaccha evaM mahAkaccha tathA unake anya upAsakoM ne saMsAra ko tyAgane kA prayAsa kiyA, paraMtu ve kar3Ake kI sadI evaM bhUkha ko saha nahIM sake isalie unhoMne kapar3e pahana liye aura khAne-pIne lage; kisa prakAra nami aura vinami ne gaMbhIra dhyAnAvasthita RSabhadeva se yaha tarka-vitarka kiyA thA ki ve apane rAjya kA bhAga unheM de deM (citra 262); tathA kisa prakAra 395

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citrAMkana evaM kASTha-zilpa [ bhAga 7 dharaNeMdra ne RSabhadeva kI prathama caryA ke rUpa meM unheM vidyAdhara jagata kA Adhipatya arpita kiyaa| ye sabhI jIvana-caritra saMbaMdhI gAthAe~ atyaMta vistAra ke sAtha aMkita kI gayI haiM (citra 263) / tIrthakara neminAtha ke bhatIje kRSNa kI jIvana-gAthA meM darzAyA gayA hai ki baladeva ne navajAta zizu ko grahaNa kara, yamunA nadI ko pAra kiyA, tathA usa zizu ko naMdagopa ko diyaa| kRSNa kI bAla-lIlAoM (citra 264) meM unake dvArA zakaTa , dhenuka Adi aneka asuroM kA saMhAra, yamalA-vRkSa kA samUla uccheda, Ukhala-baMdhana prAdi-prAdi ghaTanAoM evaM gAyoM, gvAloM aura gopiyoM ke samUhoM kA aMkana Adi--ina sabako citramAlAoM meM kramabaddha rUpa se citrita kiyA gayA hai| inameM vibhinna rItirivAjoM, sAmAjika taura-tarIkoM, dharma-vizvAsa aura mAnyatAoM, utsava-samArohoM, dhArmika anuSThAnoM Adi kA bhI aMkana ullekhanIya hai| ina citrAMkanoM meM lAkSaNika rUpa se pUrNa-kaMbha, puSpa Adi maMgalasUcaka svAgataparaka upAdAnoM, nRtya aura vAdana, parva evaM tyauhAroM ke utsAha aura AnaMda kA aneka citraphalakoM meM citrAtmaka aMkana hai| ina citroM ke zIrSaka-paTToM ke savistAra vivaraNa, inake mUlapATha tathA viSaya-vastuoM ke vizada vivecana tirupparuttikkuNram-maMdira viSayaka TI0 ena0 rAmacandrana kI pustaka meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| nAyakavaMzIya zAsakoM ke kAla kI kalA kA dUsarA pakSa usa vaibhavazAlI kalA-paraMparA kA aMtima adhyAya hai jisakA anavarata dhArApravAha pracalana dakSiNa bhArata aura dakSiNApatha meM zatAbdiyoM taka rahA / kalambUra zivarAmamUrti 1 rAmacaMdran (TI ena). tirupparuttikkuTaram eNDa iTsa TeMpalsa, buleTina oNpha da madrAsa gavarnameNTa myUjiyama, nyU sirIja, janarala sekzana, 1, 3. 1934. madrAsa. 396

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S. ... 10 SANA Motos ***

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YASSANCLAUSUS SVAKO COBODOCocoDODCODO ooooooooooooSDL Sansar wahilingana na madharani Estoniana SROBOSCOWDSOUDUWDB909059S! MS no

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