Gnatadharmkathang ka Sahityik evam Sanskrutik Adhyayan

Author(s): Rajkumari Kothari, Vijay Kumar
Publisher: Parshwanath Vidyapith
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004258/1

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika - evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana lAkhakA DaoN0 rAjakumArI koThArI sampAdaka DaoN0 vijaya kumAra pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI For Personal & Private Use Only

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA : 141 pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana lekhikA DaoN. rAjakumArI koThArI sampAdaka DaoN. vijaya kumAra pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI Hiane pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 2003 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sampAdaka prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA saM0 . 141 pustaka : jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRti adhyayana . . lekhikA : DaoN0 rAjakumArI koThArI : DaoN. vijaya kumAra : pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, AI0TI0AI0, roDa, karauMdI, vArANasI-5 dUrabhASa saMkhyA : 0542- 2575521 prathama saMskaraNa : 2003 mUlya : 200.00 rupaye mAtra akSara sajjA : saritA kampyUTarsa,DI 55/48, auraMgAbAda, vArANasI phona naM0 : 2359521. mudraka : varddhamAna mudraNAlaya,bhelUpura, vArANasI. : pArzvanAtha vidyApITha I.S.B.N. : 81-86715-73-8 Parswanatha Vidyapitha Series No. : 141 Title * Jnatadharmakathanga ka Sahityika evam Samskstika Adhyayana Author : Dr. Rajkumari Kothari Editor : Dr. Vijay Kumar Publisher : Parswanatha Vidhyapitha I.T.I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5. Telephone No. : 0542-2575521 First Edition : 2003 Price : Rs. 200.00 only Typesetting at : Sarita Computers, D. 55/48, Aurangabad, Varanasi-5. Phone No. 2359521. Printed at : Vardhaman Mudranalaya, Bhelupur, Varanasi. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prakAzakIya jaina Agama mUlata: prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiM kintu prAkRta eka bhASA na hokara bhASA samUha hai| prAkRta ke ina aneka bhASika rUpoM kA ullekha hemacandra prabhRti prAkRta-vyAkaraNavidoM ne kiyA hai| prAkRta ke jo vibhinna bhASika rUpa upalabdha haiM unheM nimna bhASika vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai- mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, jaina-zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, jaina-mahArASTrI, paizAcI, brAcar3a, cUlikA, DhakkI aadi| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM se hI Age calakara apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM kA vikAsa huA aura jinase kAlAntara meM asamiyA~, baMgalA, ur3iyA, bhojapurI yA pUrvI hindI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi bhAratIya bhASAe~ astitva meM aayiiN| ata: prAkRta sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM kI pUrvaja hai aura Adhunika hindI kA vikAsa bhI inhIM ke AdhAra para huaa| - arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viSayavastu mukhyata: upadezaparaka, AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai| viSaya pratipAdana sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bodhagamya hai| jJAtAdharmakathA jaina kathA sAhitya kA prathama sopAna hai jisakA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana lekhikA ne prastuta pustaka meM samAvezita karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai, ata: ve dhanyavAda kI pAtrA haiN| alpAvadhi meM prastuta pustaka ko sampAdita kara mUrta rUpa pradAna karane kA zreya saMsthAna ke pravaktA DaoN. vijaya kumAra ko jAtA hai, unako merA saadhuvaad| sAtha hI sundara akSara-sajjA ke lie saritA kampyUTarsa aura svaccha mudraNa hetu varddhamAna mudraNAlaya ko bhI merA dhanyavAda hai| 6/1/2003 pro0 sAgaramala jaina vArANasI . maMtrI For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkkathana kathA-sAhitya ke kSetra meM prArambha se hI ruci hone ke kAraNa apane adhyayana-krama meM Agama-granthoM ke kathAnakoM ko bhI par3hane kA avasara milaa| inameM mAnava mana ke zubha-azubha bhAvoM ke kathAnakoM ko vyakta karane vAlI aneka kathAe~ upalabdha hotI haiN| uttarAdhyayana, upAsakadazAGga, vipAkasUtra, jJAtAdharmakathAMga (NAyAdhammakahAo) Adi Agama-grantha unameM vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| inameM bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAoM meM abhivyakta naitika va mAnavIya mUlyoM ne mujhe bahuta jyAdA prabhAvita kiyaa| isameM sAhityika va sAMskRtika mahattva kI prabhUta sAmagrI bhI paryApta rUpa se hai, isa kAraNa isake adhyayana kI ora vizeSa jijJAsA bddh'ii| apane isa adhyayana ke antargata mana ko chUne vAlI aura jJAnarAzi kI razmiyoM ko Alokita karane vAlI sAmagrI ko bhaviSya ke lie smaraNArtha eka alaga DAyarI meM saGketAtmaka rUpa meM Alekhita karanA bhI zuru kara diyA jo dhIre-dhIre bar3hatA gayA, taba yaha jijJAsA bhI prabala huI ki isake AdhAra para lekhana-kArya zuru kiyA jAya, lekina pArivArika dAyitvoM ke kAraNa avasara kA abhAva hI rhaa| . . mere pUjya va sammAnanIya pati DaoN0 subhASa koThArI jo svayam AgamavijJa bhI hai, ina saGketAtmaka noTsarUpI saGkalana ko yadA-kadA ulaTa-palaTa kara dekhate rhte| isI prayAsa meM eka dina ve sahasA bola par3e itanA parizrama kiyA hai, pI-eca.DI. ke lie AdhArabhUmi bana gayI hai, kucha samaya nikAlo aura likhanA zuru kro| unakI bAta meM kjana thA, phira kyA thA, eka nizcaya kiyA, aura laga gayI lakSya kI ora, usakA pariNAma jo nikalA vaha sAmane hhaiN| dvAdazAGgoM meM isa jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA chaThA sthAna hai| isake do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrutaskandha meM jJAta udAharaNa kathArUpoM meM haiM aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM dharmakathAe~ haiN| isIlie tattvArthabhASyakAra ne ise jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra kahA hai aura 'jayadhavalA' meM 'NAyAdhammakahAo' kahA gayA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki jisameM dharma kA kathana kiyA gayA hai vaha jJAtAdharmakathA hai| isa taraha yaha kathA-sAhitya kA prArambhika grantha tathA likhita kathA saMgraha kA prathama sopAna hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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kathAoM meM deza va samAja ke vibhinna pakSoM kA citraNa svAbhAvika rUpa se hotA hai, isa dRSTi se yaha tatkAlIna sAhitya va sAMskRtika virAsata kA apUrva va ullekhanIya grantha hai| isameM abhivyakta isa dharohara kA vibhinna adhyAyoM va unake zIrSakoM ke antargata adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| yathA prathama adhyAya meM Agama svarUpa, Agama artha, Agama vyutpatti, Agama vAcanA, Agama bheda, vividha AgamoM kA paricaya Adi prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isI krama meM jJAtAdharmakathA ke sAmAnya paricaya ko bhI sAGketika kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyAya jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vistRta paricaya va nAmakaraNa se sambandhita hai| isameM jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke racanAkAla, tatsambandhI bhinna-bhinna mata, vibhinna pANDulipiyA~, prakAzita kRtiyA~ evam isase sambandhita vyAkhyA sAhitya ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai tathA isakA AlocanAtmaka dRSTi se mUlyAMkana bhI kiyA gayA hai| tRtIya adhyAya prAkRta kathA-sAhitya, usake udbhava va vikAsa, kathA kA artha, kathA kI paribhASA, kathA kI upayogitA, kathAoM kA udbhava evaM vikAsa tathA kathA ke vargIkaraNa se sambandhita hai| aisA isa Agama ke mahattva va upayogitA ko pratipAdita karane ke lie kiyA gayA hai| caturtha adhyAya meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu ko saMkSipta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, parantu adhyayanakrama meM yaha AbhAsa huA ki viSayavastu kA vistAra vivecana hI pratyeka kathA ke antaraMga evaM bAhya sAkSyoM ko prastuta karane vAlA hai| ata: viSayavastu ke samasta prastutIkaraNa ko sarala evaM subodha rUpa meM diyA gayA hai| isa grantha kI pratyeka kathA ko kathAnaka rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai evaM pratyeka kathA kI viSayavastu ke sAtha anta meM jo vizeSatAe~ evaM niSkarSa diye gaye haiM vahI kathA kI mUla AtmA hai aura vahI jIvana kA sandeza bhI hai| paJcama adhyAya meM kathA ke tAttvika-vivecana ke krama meM kathAnaka, kathopakathana, caritra-citraNa, zilpakalA, deza-kAla, vAtAvaraNa aura uddezya kA varNana diyA gayA hai| isameM kathA ke mUlasrota ko AdhAra banAkara tathA vividha dRSTAntoM, pAtroM ke 'bhAvoM, vicAroM evam unake cintana ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa krama meM kathA ke vividha pakSoM ko bhI unake sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| kathAnaka ke mUla meM avAntara kathAe~ kisa rUpa meM mor3a letI haiM isa para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| caritra-citraNa meM naitika mUlyoM, sAmAjika vicAroM Adi kI pradhAnatA se yukta dRSTi rakhate hue aitihAsika, paurANika pAtra citraNa bhI diyA gayA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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kathopakathana kI dRSTi se yaha kathA-grantha bahata mahattvapUrNa hai| kathA kA prastutIkaraNa kathopakathana ke dvArA hI huA hai| zikSAtmaka vivecana, naitika mUlyoM Adi ko prastuta karate samaya kathopakathana ne kathA meM prANa phUMka diye haiN| kathA meM prayukta pAtra hI kathA ko sajIva evaM vastusthiti ko spaSTa karane vAle hote haiM aura pAtroM ke dvArA hI kathA kA uddezya AMkA jA sakatA hai| SaSTha adhyAya meM bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke krama meM prAkRta,saMskRta, mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, apabhraMza evam Age jAkara rAjasthAnI Adi kSetrIya bhASAoM kA vikAsakrama prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAsUtra kI prastuti mUlata: samAsa zailI, varNana zailI, manovaijJAnika zailI, kathopakathana zailI Adi ke rUpa meM hai| yaha bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| grantha ke prArambha meM hI isa taraha ke prayoma hameM prApta hone laga jAte haiM jo bhASA kI sahajatA ko iMgita karate haiN| sandhi, samAsa, kriyA, kRdanta, avyaya, dezI zabda, taddhit Adi zabdoM ke udAharaNa ke sAtha isa adhyAya ko kalevara dene kA prayAsa kiya gayA hai| saptama adhyAya kA zIrSaka sAMskRtika adhyayana hai| isameM sAMskRtika adhyayana kI dRSTi se sambandhita vibhinna tathyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai yathA- sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi ke vivecana meM aitihAsika evaM paurANika puruSoM evaM nAriyoM kI jAnakArI; bhaugolika varNana meM nagara, nadiyA~, vana, dvIpa Adi kA vivecana; sAmAjika jIvana meM varNa, jAti, pArivArika evaM sAmAjika rIti-rivAjoM, prathAoM, vizvAsa, kalA evaM vijJAna ko dRSTigata rakhate hue prasAdhana evaM vastrAbhUSaNoM kA prasaGgopAta varNana kiyA gayA hai| . isameM rAjya vyavasthA ke antargata rAjA, mantrIpariSad, rAjaputra, purohita, rAjA kA uttaradAyitva, zAsana vyavasthA, kara vyavasthA Adi ke vaiziSTa ko darzAyA gayA hai| arthopArjana ke sAdhana, vANijya, udyoga, vyApAra, bAjAra vyavasthA Adi kA bhI isameM varNana hai| vAstukalA, zilpakalA, aSi, maSi, kRSi, vANijya ke sAtha-sAtha puruSoM kI bahattara evaM striyoM kI causaTha kalAoM kA ullekha isameM prApta hotA hai| dhArmika jIvana meM zramaNa evaM zrAvaka dharma, inake vrata, niyama, dhArmika vizvAsa Adi ke bAre meM isa kRti ke AdhAra para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| - aSTama adhyAya- yaha "upasaMhAra" zIrSaka se yukta hai| isameM uparyukta sAtoM adhyAyoM ko upasaMhArAtmaka rUpa meM prastuta karate hue zodha-prabandha kI upAdeyatA For Personal & Private Use Only

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evaM upalabdhi kA mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra yaha 'jJAtAdharmakathAGga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana' ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| ina adhyayanoM meM jJAtAdharma kI upalabdhiyoM kA siMhAvalokana hai| yaha grantha jahA~ eka ora Atmadharma kA pratipAdana karatA hai vahIM dUsarI ora eka susaMskArita samAja evaM rASTra vyavasthA kI saMracanA para prakAza DAlatA hai| isameM jIvana ke pratyeka pahalU para sundara va saTIka prakAza DAlA gayA hai jisase isa grantha kI vizeSatAe~ svabhAvata: mUlyavAna ho gaI haiN| .. uttama evaM susaMskArita kula evaM dharmika AsthAoM vAle svajanoM kA yoga virala hI prApta hotA hai| saubhAgya se mere donoM hI parivAra dharma bhAvanA se otaprota haiN| maiM vandana karatI hU~ apane kula kI saurabha evaM mahAsatI nAnUkaMvara jI ma.sA. kI suziSyA sAdhvI zrIrAja zrI jI ma.sA. ko, jinakA Agamika evaM saiddhAntika udbodhana isa dizA meM preraNAdAyI bnaa| isa zodha prabandha meM mere AdaraNIya, sAhityakAra, itihAsavettA evaM samAlocaka, insTITyUTa oNpha rAjasthAna sTaDIja ke nidezaka tathA rAjasthAna vidyApITha, udayapura ke rajisTrAra DaoN. deva koThArI jI, jinake vipulaM jJAna evaM mArgadarzana se yaha prastuta zodha-prabandha pUrNa ho sakA, ke prati kRtajJatA yA. AbhAra prakaTa karane meM merI sAmarthya nahIM hai| pUjya sasura zrI jIvanasiMha jI koThArI, sAsU zrImatI sItAdevI jI koThArI, pitA zrI balavanta siMha jI mehatA, mAtu zrImatI mANaka devI mehatA ke AzIrvAda, sneha evaM saMbala se isa kArya ko sampanna kara sakI ataH inase bhI sadaiva AzISa kI apekSA rakhatI huuN| mere pati DaoN0 subhASa koThArI jo svayaM Agamavid haiM, ke sahayoga evaM mArgadarzana kA yaha saphala sadaiva smaraNIya rhegaa| yadi unakI prArambha se hI preraNA prApta nahIM hotI to isa durUha kArya ko. pUrNa karane kA maiM sAhasa bhI nahIM kara sakatI thii| isake atirikta maiM una samasta lekhakoM/manISiyoM/cintakoM/vicArakoM/samAlocakoM kI AbhArI hU~ jinake granthoM se isa kArya ko sampanna karane meM sahayoga prApta huA hai, unake prati bhI AbhAra vyakta karanA apanA dAyitva samajhatI huuN| insTITyUTa oNpha rAjasthAna sTaDIja sAhitya saMsthAna ke pustakAlayAdhyakSa, karmacAriyoM, Agama saMsthAna, udayapura pustakAlaya, jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga For Personal & Private Use Only

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ke pustakAlaya, vahA~ ke karmacAriyoM evaM samAja ke aneka sadasyoM kI AbhArI hU~ jinake nirantara sahayoga, utsAhavardhana evaM saMbala se yaha kArya sampanna ho skaa| maiM AbhArI hU~ jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga ke saha AcArya DaoN0 prema sumana jaina evaM adhyakSa DaoN0 udayacanda jaina kI, jinhoMne isa grantha ko navIna AyAma dene meM apane mahattvapUrNa sujhAva diye| ___ isa avasara para apanI putrI suzrI sAkSI kA smaraNa karanA bhI apanA kartavya samajhatI hU~ jinakI komala bhAvanAoM ko sahalAne vAle amUlya samaya ko isa kAma meM lagAkara maiM usake sAtha paryApta nyAya nahIM kara skii| rAjakumArI koThArI udayapura, 1/1/2003 . For Personal & Private Use Only

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viSayAnukramaNikA pRSThasaMkhyA prathama adhyAya 1-16 : prAkRta Agama paramparA evaM jJAtAdharma kathAMga dvitIya adhyAya : jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA racanAkAla, paricaya evaM nAmakaraNa 17-28 tRtIya adhyAya : prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 29-47 caturtha adhyAya : jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu 48-74 paJcama adhyAya : jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana 75-110 SaSTha adhyAya : jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 111-138 saptama adhyAya : jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika 139-168 adhyayana aSTama adhyAya : upasaMhAra 169-173 sandarbha grantha sUcI : 174-184 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prathama adhyAya prAkRta Agama paramparA evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga bhAratIya sAMskRtika virAsata ko akSuNa banAye rakhane kA zreya zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya ko bhI jAtA hai| mAnavIya AsthA ke mUlyoM se samAvezita isake siddhAntoM meM vItarAgI, sarvajJa, hitopadezI, paramadarzI, samatvayogI evaM Apta-vacanoM ke artha samAhita haiN| sUtrakartA ne anAdi evaM ananta kahI jAne vAlI zabda-racanA se gamphita adhikAMza Agama sUtrazailI meM nibaddha hai| isameM jo kucha bhI pratipAdita kiyA gayA vaha virodharahita, sApekSadRSTi va anekAnta kI garimA se maNDita hai tathA syAdvAda kI zailI para AdhArita pUrvApara pakSapAta se rahita hai| parivartita kSetra-kAla Adi bhI isake bhAvoM ko kisI bhI taraha se prabhAvita nahIM kara pAye haiN| phalata: jo pUrva paramparA se calI A rahI thI use hI AcAryoM ne jyoM kA tyoM rakha diyaa| isIlie pUrva paramparA se Agata mUla siddhAnta ko Agama kahA gayA hai| . sUtrazailI meM nibaddha AgamoM meM sUtroM ke mAdhyama se gambhIra evaM samIcIna artha ko thor3e zabdoM meM rakhA gayA hai| buddhi kI alpatA ke kAraNa sUtrabaddha zabda-sApekSa ko samajha pAnA kaThina hai| ataH sUtrakAroM kI dRSTi ko sarvajJa kI vANI mAnakara hI vyAkhyAkAroM ne sUtra meM ananta kI dRSTi ko samAhita kiyA hai jisase vAdI-prativAdI sabhI ko Agama ke rahasya kA jJAna ho sake aisA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isake mUla meM sarvatra tattvacintana hai| isameM jo kucha bhI kahA gayA vaha tarkasaMgata, prAmANika aura zrutatIrtha se samanvita hai| Agama Aptavacana kA akSaya aura anAdi vipula bhaNDAra hai| Agama puNya, pavitra, ziva, zAnta evaM anantaguNoM kA mukhya dvAra bhI hai| isake akSaroM, zabdoM, vAkyoM Adi meM aticAra bhI nahIM hai| yaha dravyazuddhi, bhAvazuddhi, kSetrazuddhi aura kAryazuddhi se saMyukta hai| isakA parama pAvana pavitra svarUpa samasta jIvoM kA upakAra karanevAlA bhI hai| - vizva ke pratyeka dharma ke apane-apane pavitra dhArmika grantha haiM jinameM unake Adi . puruSoM, RSiyoM evaM tattvavettAoM ke dvArA pratipAdita dhArmika-siddhAnta, Adarza evaM upadeza lipibaddha haiN| vaidika paramparA meM 'veda', bauddha paramparA meM 'tripiTaka', IsAI For Personal & Private Use Only

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2 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana paramparA meM 'bAIbila', pArasI paramparA meM 'avestA' evaM islAma paramparA meM 'kurAnazarIpha' pAvana evaM pavitra dharmagrantha mAne gae haiN| jaina paramparA meM dharmagranthoM ko 'Agama' ke ... nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| Agama ko na to vedoM ke samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na hI kisI Izvara kA sNdesh| Agama una arhantoM evaM mahApuruSoM kI vANI hai jinhoMne apane tapa, tyAga, saMyama Adi ke dvArA AtmajJAna/kevalajJAna ko prApta kiyA aura usI ke AdhAra para jo kucha bhI pratipAdita kiyA, vaha sarvahita ke lie pAvana bana gyaa| (ka) 'Agama' kA zAbdika vizleSaNa 'Agama' zabda 'A'+'gam' dhAtu se nirmita huA hai| 'A' kA artha pUrNa evaM 'gam' kA artha gati, gamana, prayojana, vicAra yA utpatti hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM Agama' bodha-jJAna, jAnane Adi ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti, anuyogadvArasUtra, sthAnAMgasUtra evaM prAkRtakoza granthoM meM 'Agama' zabda zAstra yA siddhAnta ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai| 'Agama' kA vyutpattimUlaka artha ___ 'Agamyante paricchidyante arthA yena sa aagm:'|5 arthAt jo pUrNa rUpa se Ae hue haiM, ve artha hI Agama haiN| jItakalpa meM Agama kI vyutpatti isa prakAra kI hai- 'Agamyante paricchidyante atIndriyA padArthAH anenetyaagmH|' arthAt jisase pUrva paramparA se Ae hue yA pratipAdita kie gae atIndriya padArtha spaSTa hote haiM ve Agama haiN| (kha) Agama ke paryAyavAcI zabda prAcInakAla se lekara aba taka 'Agama' ke kaI nAma pracalita hue| prArambha meM ise sutta yA sUtra, suta yA zruta kahA jAtA thaa| sthAnAMga meM Agama-jJAtAoM ko 'zruta-sthavira' evaM 'zrutakevalI' kahA gayA hai|6 nandIsUtra meM bhI 'zruta' zabda kA hI prayoga milatA hai| 1. "............AgamettA ANavejjA............. AyAro taha AcAracUlA- muni nathamala, 1/5/4, pR0-61| 2. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, muni madhukara-5/3/192. 3. sthAnAMgasUtra muni madhukara, 388. 4. pAia sadda-mahaNNavo- paM0. haragovindadAsa, pRSTha-11. 5. sarvArthasiddhi 5/6. 6. sthAnAMgasUtra, muni madhukara, sUtra, 150. 7. nandIsUtra, muni madhukara, sUtra, 75. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta Agama paramparA evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga jaina Agama granthoM va bhASya-granthoM meM 'Agama' ke lie sUtra, grantha, siddhAnta, pravacana, AjJA, vacana, upadeza, prajJApanA, prarUpaNA Adi zabda die gae haiN| Agama ko aitihya, AmnAya aura jinavacana bhI kahA gayA hai|2 dhavalAkAra ne Agama, siddhAnta aura pravacana ko Agama mAnA hai| isI taraha anya sUtra granthoM meM Agama ke vividha nAma die gae haiN| AcArya umAsvAti ne Agama ko zruta, Aptavacana, Agama, upadeza, aitihya, AmnAya, pravacana evaM jinavacana kahA hai| isa taraha vibhinna deza kAla aura paristhitiyoM ke anusAra jaina Agama ke aneka nAma rahe haiN| parantu vartamAna meM jaina Agama zabda hI sarvAdhika pracalana meM hai| (ga) paribhASAe~ AcAryoM, vidvAnoM, lekhakoM, granthakAroM ne Agama kI aneka paribhASAe~ prastuta kI haiM jinheM sampUrNa rUpa se yahA~ rekhAMkita karanA sambhava nahIM haiM, parantu kucha udAharaNa ke rUpa meM nimna paribhASAe~ draSTavya haiM(1) sarvajJa praNIta upadezoM kA jisa sAhitya meM saMkalana ho usako 'Aptakathana' - kahate haiN| (2) AvazyakavRtti meM AcArya bhadrabAhu ne 'tava-niyama-nANa-rUkkhaM tao paviTThA' kahakara tapa, niyama, jJAnarUpI vRkSa para ArUr3ha hokara ananta jJAnI kevalI bhagavAna * bhavya-AtmAoM ko udbodha dene ke liye jJAnarUpI phUloM kI varSA karate haiM aura gaNadhara apanI buddhi para una samasta phUloM ko ekatra kara pravacanamAlA kA jaba nirmANa karate haiM taba vaha nirmita pravacanamAlA Agama kahalAtI hai| (3) Avayakaniyukti evaM dhavalATIkA meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkara kevala artharUpa kA upadeza dete haiM aura gaNadhara use granthabaddha yA sUtrabaddha karate haiM, jinheM . 1: "sUya sutta gaMtha siddhata sAsaNe ANa vayaNa, uvdese| paNNavaNa Agame yA egaTThA pajjavA sutte" anuyogadvArasUtra, 51. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA-894. 2. tatvArthabhASya, 1/20. 3. Agamo siddhaMto pavayaNamidi eyttttho| dhavalA, 1/20/7, 4. "sUtra zruta, matipUrvadvayaneka dvAdazabhedam" tatvArthabhASya, 1/20. .5. aaptvcnaadaavirbhuutmrthsvednmaagmH||1|| . upcaaraadaaptvcnN| pramANanayatatvAloka 4/1. Aptopadeza: shbdH| nyAyasUtra, 1/1/7. 6. AvazyakavRtti, gAthA-89-90. ... kA For Personal & Private Use Only

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4 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana Agama kahA jAtA hai| (4) AvazyakavRtti meM AcArya malayagiri ne Agama ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai- jisase padArthoM kA paripUrNatA ke sAtha maryAdita jJAna prApta ho use Agama kahate haiN|2 (5) vizeSAvazyaka bhASyakAra ne pratipAdita kiyA hai ki jisase sahI zikSA yA vizeSa jJAna prApta hotA hai, vaha zAstra hai, Agama hai yA zrutajJAna hai|3 (6) mUlAcAra meM AcArya vaTTakera ne kahA hai- sUtra gaNadhara kathita haiM, unheM pratyeka . buddhoM dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai tathA vahI zrutakevaliyoM dvArA kathita dazapUrvI jJAna Agama hai| (7) syAdvAdamanjarI meM Apta vacana ko Agama mAnA gayA hai| upacAra se Apta vacana se utpanna arthajJAna Agama hai|5 (8) jisase vastutattva kA paripUrNa jJAna ho vaha Agama hai|6 (9) jisase padArthoM kA yathArtha jJAna ho vaha Agama hai| (10) jo tattva AcAra paramparA se suvAsita hokara AtA hai, vaha Agama kahalAtA haiN|8 - 1. 'atthaM bhAsai arahA, sutaM gaMthati gaNaharA nniunnN| sAsaNassa hiyaTThAe tao suttaM titthaM pvtti|| Avazyakaniyukti, 1/92. dhavalA TIkA, bhAga 1, pR. 64 va 72. 2. A-abhividhinA sakalazruta-viSaya-vyApti-rUpeNa, maryAdayA va yathAvasthita parUpaNA rupayA gamyante- paricchidyante arthAH yena sa: aagmH| Avazyaka (vRtti) malayAgiri. 3. sAsijjai jeNa tayaM satthaM taM cA'visesiyaM naann| ___Agama eva ya satthaM AgamasatthaM tu suynaannN|| vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA-559. suttaM gaNaharakahidaM taheva patteyabuddhakahidaM c| sudakevaliNA kahidaM abhiNNadasapuvvakahidaM c|| mUlAcAra, 5/277. 5. aaptvcnaadaavirbhuutmrthsNvednmaagmH| upacArAdAptavacanaM c|' syAdvAdamaMjarI,anu0-DaoN0jagadIzacandra jaina, zloka-38. 6. AsamantAd gamyate vastutattvamanene tyaagmH| ratnAkarAvatArikA vRti-58. 7. Agamyante maryAdayA'va buddhayante'rthAH anenetyAgamaH ratnAkarAvatArikAvRti. 8. AgacchatyAcAryaparamparAyA vaasnaadvaarennetyaagmH| siddhaseNagaNikRti-bhASyAnusAriNI TIkA, pR0-87. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta Agama paramparA evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga (11) pramANanyatattvAloka meM kahA gayA hai ki karmoM ke kSaya ho jAne se jinakA jJAna sarvathA nirmala evaM zuddha ho gayA hai aise Apta puruSoM dvArA pratipAdita siddhAntoM kA saMkalana hI Agama hai|1|| isa prakAra kucha viziSTa paribhASAoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki arhat, tIrthaMkara, sarvajJa, sarvadarzI evaM mahApuruSoM ke prAmANika vacana yA unake vacanoM ke AdhAra para viziSTa labdhidhArI (pUrvadharoM) AcAryoM dvArA racita grantha Agama, zruta Adi nAmoM se pratipAdita kie jAte haiN| Agama paramparA ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya se dharmagranthoM meM jijJAsA rakhanevAle vyakti apane guruoM se vinayapUrvaka dharmavANI kA zravaNa karate the aura una pAThoM ko kaMThastha karake svAdhyAya ke mAdhyama se surakSita rakhate jAte the| zravaNa evaM smaraNa kI yaha paramparA bahuta lambe kAla taka calatI rhii| yadyapi samaya kI AvazyakatA ke anurUpa unheM lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| usa samaya zAstroM kI bhASA para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thA, jo bhI uccAraNa kiyA jAtA thA, vaha mAtrA, anusvAra, visarga Adi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA jAtA thaa| yadi eka bhI akSara, mAtrA Adi doSayukta hotI thI, to use anartha kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA thaa| jaina paramparA meM sUtroM kI pada saMkhyA kA khAsa vidhAna thaa| tatkAlIna zikSA-paddhati meM kisa sUtra kA uccAraNa kisa prakAra kiyA jAya aura uccAraNa karate samaya kina-kina doSoM se dUra rahanA cAhie isa bAta kI pUrI jAnakArI pAThakoM ko rahatI thii| isa prakAra zuddha rIti se ekatrita kie gae zruta sAhitya ko guru apane ziSyoM ko pradAna karate the aura ziSya usa jJAna ko puna: apane ziSyoM ko pradAna karate the| isa taraha yaha dharmazAstra smaraNa (smRti) ke dvArA hI surakSita rakhe jAte the| isa bAta kA sabase bar3A pramANa yaha hai ki vartamAna meM bhI zAstroM ke lie zruta, smRti aura zrati zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra brAhmaNa paramparA meM pUrva ke zAstroM ko zruti aura bAda ke zAstroM ko smRti kahA jAtA hai| usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM sarvaprAcIna granthoM ko zruta kahA jAtA hai| __ AcArAMga meM 'sUyaM meM' zabda kA prayoga bAra-bAra Ane se yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha zAstra sune hue haiM aura bAda meM bhI sunate-sunAte hI calate Ae haiN|2 1. AptavacanAdAvirbhUtamarthasaMvedanamAgamaH pramANanayatattvAloka-4/1,2. 2. nandIcUrNi, pR0-8. For Personal & Private Use Only

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6 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana maukhika paramparA hI kyoM prasiddha purAtattvajJa aura itihAsakAra mahomahApAdhyAya gaurIzaMkara hIrAcandra ojhA . kA mata hai ki hamAre pUrvajoM ko tAr3apatra, kAgaja, syAhI, lekhanI Adi kA paricaya evaM prayoga kI vidhi kA jJAna thaa| jaina zAstroM ko likhane kA sAmarthya bhI jainAcAryoM meM thaa| phira bhI smaraNa rakhane kA mAnasika bhAra sAdhuoM kI AcAracaryA evaM sAdhanA paddhati ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue uThAyA gyaa| yaha vidita hai ki lekhana meM kAgaja, syAhI, lekhanI Adi kA samAveza hotA hai aura inake rakhane va prayoga se hiMsA kI sambhAvanAe~ rahatI hai| ata: lekhana nahIM karane meM nimna pahalU ullekhanIya rahe.. 1. ahiMsA kA pAlana jaina sAdhaka mana, vacana, kAya dvArA hiMsA na karane, na karavAne va anumodana na karane kI pratijJA karate haiN| AcArAMga Adi sAdhucaryA ke mUla granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sAdhu aisI vastu svIkAra nahIM karate jisameM thor3I-sI bhI hiMsA. kI saMbhAvanA hotI ho| 2. parigraha kI saMbhAvanA jaina sAdhaka ko hiMsA evaM parigraha kI saMbhAvanA hone se nirvANa meM bAdhAe~ upasthita hotI haiM isa kAraNa lekhana kI upekSA kI gii| 'bRhatkalpasUtra' meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki pustaka rakhane se prAyazcitta AtA hai| 3. Antarika tapa ____pustakoM ke rahane se zramaNa dharma-vacanoM kA svAdhyAya kArya nahIM krte| dharma-vacanoM ko kaMThastha kara unakA bAra-bAra svAdhyAya karanA eka tapa hai, pustaka rakhane se yaha tapa manda par3ane laga jAte haiM aura sAdhaka zuddha-azuddha bolakara eka aupacArikatA mAtra pUrA karane lagate haiM, ata: yaha ucita nahIM mAnA gyaa| Agama viccheda ___mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke pazcAt zramaNoM ke kriyA-kalApoM va AcAra-vicAroM meM niSkriyatA Ane lgii| jaina dharma sampradAyoM meM vibhAjita hokara acelaka va sacelaka paramparAoM meM baMTa gyaa| zramaNa aparigraha ko chor3akara parigraha dhAraNa karane lge| bIca-bIca meM prakRti ke prakopa ke kAraNa bhI dharmazAstroM kA yathAvata svAdhyAya karanA kaThina hotA gyaa| isa kAraNa Agama viccheda kA krama zurU huaa| isa Agama viccheda ke bAre meM do mata pracalita haiN| prathama ke anusAra zrutadhAraka hI lupta hone lge| 1. AcArAMga-sUtra, muni madhukara, sUtra 1/1. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta Agama paramparA evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga jayadhavalA va dhavalA2 ke anusAra zrutadhArakoM ke vilupta ho jAne se zruta vilupta ho gyaa| zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparA ke anusAra antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu svAmI the, jinakA svargavAsa zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra vIra nirvANa ke 170 varSa bAda va digambara mAnyatAnusAra vIra nirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda honA mAnA gayA hai| inhIM ke svargavAsa ke sAtha caturdaza pUrvadhara yA zrutakevalI kA lopa ho gayA aura Agama viccheda kA krama Arambha huaa| vIra nirvANa saMvat 216 meM sthUlibhadra svargastha hue| isake bAda Arya vajrasvAmI taka dasa pUrvo kI paramparA calI, ve vIra nirvANa saMvat 551 (vikrama saMvat 81) meM svarga sidhaare|3 yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki Arya vajrasvAmI kA svargavAsa vIra nirvANa saMvat 584 arthAt vikrama saMvat 114 meM huaa| digambara mAnyatAnusAra antima dasa pUrvadhara dharasena hae aura unakA svargavAsa vIra nirvANa 345 meM huA arthAt zrutakevalI kA viccheda digambara paramparA meM zvetAmbara paramparA kI apekSA 8 varSa pUrva hI mAna liyA gayA, sAtha hI dasa pUrvadharoM kA viccheda digambara paramparA meM zvetAmbara paramparA kI apekSA 239 varSa pUrva mAnA gyaa| Agama vAcanAe~ : bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda unake upadeza maukhika rUpa meM surakSita rhe| kintu bAda meM gaNadharoM ne unake upadeza/vacanoM ko granthoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| vartamAna meM jo Agama hameM upalabdha haiM unako vartamAna svarUpa pradAna karane meM lambA samaya lagA hai, isake lie jainAcAryoM ne kaI Agama vAcanAe~ kI haiN| una vAcanAoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra haiprathama vAcanA vIra nirvANa 160 ke AsapAsa jaina saMgha ko bhaMyakara duSkAla se jUjhanA pdd'aa| jisase samasta zramaNasaMgha chinna-bhinna ho gyaa| durbhikSa ke kAraNa sAdhu AhAra kI talAza meM sudUra dezoM kI ora cale gye| duSkAla samApta hone para vicchinna zruta ko saMkalita 1. jayadhavalA, pR0-83. . 2. dhavalA, pR0-65. 3. zAstrI, devendra muni- jaina Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA, pR0-39. 4. mAlavaNiyA paM0 dalasukha, Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, pR0-16. 5. upAsakadazAMgasUtra, muni AtmArAma, pa0-9. For Personal & Private Use Only

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8. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana karane ke lie vIra nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt zramaNa saMgha AcArya sthUlibhadra ke netRtva meM ekatrita huaa| isakA sarvaprathama ullekha titthogAli meM prApta hotA hai| pATaliputra meM prathama bAra zrutajJAna ko vyavasthita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gyaa| jisase ise 'pATaliputra vAcanA' nAma diyA gyaa| yahA~ ekatrita zramaNa saMgha ne paraspara vicAra saMkalana kara gyAraha aMga saMkalita kiye| bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda kA jJAna kisI ko nahIM thaa| usa samaya dRSTivAda ke jJAtA sirpha bhadrabAhu hI the jo nepAla kI girikaMdarAoM meM mahAprANa nAmaka dhyAna kI sAdhanA kara rahe the| unase dRSTivAda kA jJAna lene ke lie zramaNasaMgha nepAla meM bhadrabAhu kI sevA meM upasthita huA aura dRSTivAda kI vAcanA dene kA nivedana kiyA, parantu bhadrabAhu ne AcArya hote hue bhI saMgha ke dAyitva se udAsIna hokara kahA- merA AyuSya alpa samaya kA hai, ata: maiM vAcanA dene meM asamartha huuN|3 zramaNa saMgha kSubdha ho uThA aura yaha kahakara lauTa AyA ki saMgha kI prArthanA asvIkAra karane se Apako prAyazcitta lenA hogaa| puna: eka zramaNa saMghATaka ne bhadrabAhu ke pAsa Akara nivedana kara saMgha kI prArthanA doharAI to bhadrabAhu eka apavAda ke sAtha vAcanA dene ko taiyAra hue| unhoMne kahA ki ve vAcanA apane samayAnusAra pradAna kreNge| isa para bhadrabAhu ne sthUlibhadra Adi 500 zikSArthiyoM ko eka dina meM sAta bAra vAcanA denA prArambha kiyaa| tIna khaNDoM meM vibhAjita isa vAcanA ke antargata prathama khaNDa kI prathama vAcanA bhikSAcAra jAte-Ate samaya, dvitIya khaNDa kI tIna vAcanAe~ vikAla belA meM, tRtIya khaNDa kI tIna vAcanAe~ pratikramaNa ke bAda rAtri meM dete the|6|| vAcanA pradAna karane kA yaha krama manda hone se muniyoM kA dhairya TUTa gyaa| 499 ziSya vAcanA ko bIca meM hI chor3akara cale gaye, parantu sthUlibhadra niSThA se adhyayana meM lage rahe aura ATha varSoM meM ATha pUrvo kA adhyayana kara liyaa| isa prakAra dasa pUrvo kI vAcanA ke pazcAt sAdhanAkAla pUrNa ho jAne para bhadrabAhu 1. upadezamAlA, vizeSavRtti, gAthA-24. 2. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga-2, pR0-187. 3. titthogAli, gAthA-28-29. 4. vahI, gAthA-28-29. 5. vahI, gAthA-35-36. 6. pariziSTa parva, sarga-9, gAthA-10. 7. vahI, sarga-9. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta Agama paramparA evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga pATaliputra aae| vahA~ yakSA Adi sAdhviyA~ darzanArtha aayii| vahIM para sthUlibhadra ne siMha kA rUpa dhAraNa karake camatkAra dikhaayaa| yaha bAta bhadrabAhu ko jJAta huI aura unhoMne Age vAcanA dene se asvIkAra karate huye kahA- jJAna kA ahaMkAra vikAsa meM bAdhaka hai| AcArya sthUlibhadra dvArA kSamA mAMgane evaM atyadhika anunaya-vinaya ke pazcAt zeSa cAra pUrvo kI vAcanA kevala zabda rUpa meM pradAna kii| isa prakAra pATaliputra vAcanA meM dRSTivAda sahita aMga sAhitya ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna huA thaa| dvitIya vAcanA __ Agama saMkalana hetu dUsarI vAcanA IsvI pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI arthAt vIra nirvANa 300 se 330 ke madhya meM huii| ur3IsA ke samrATa khAravela the jo jaina dharma ke upAsaka the| unhoMne ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para jaina maniyoM kA sammelana bulAkara mauryakAla meM jo aMga vismRta ho gaye the, unheM saMkalita kraayaa| isa vAcanA ke pramukha AcArya susthita va supratibuddha the, ye donoM sahodara the|1 __ hitavanta therAvalI ke alAvA anya kisI grantha meM isakA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu khaNDagiri va udayagiri meM jo zilAlekha utkIrNa haiM unase spaSTa hotA hai ki Agama saMkalana hetu yaha sammelana kiyA gayA thaa|2 tRtIya vAcanA . vIra nirvANa 827-840 ke pUrva bhI eka bAra aura bhayaMkara duSkAla par3A, jisameM aneka jaina zramaNa paralokavAsI ho gaye aura AgamoM kA kaNThasthIkaraNa yathAvata nahIM raha paayaa| isalie isa durbhikSa kI samApti para vIra nirvANa 827-840 ke madhya mathurA meM Arya skandila ke netRtva meM zramaNa saMgha ekatrita huaa|3 . isa sammelana meM madhumitra, saMghahasti, prabhRti Adi 150 zramaNa upasthita the, parantu AcArya skandila hI samasta zrutAnuyoga ko aMkurita karane meM mahAmegha ke samAna iSTa vastu ke pradAtA the| jinadAsagaNi mahattara5 ne likhA hai ki duSkAla ke AghAta se kevala skandila hI anuyogadhara baca pAye, unhoMne hI mathurA meM anuyoga kA prarvatana kiyaa| ata: yaha 1. hitavaMta, therAvalI, gAthA-10. 2. jaina sAhitya kA vRhada itihAsa, bhAga-1, pR0-83. 3. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR0-9. 4. prabhAvaka caritra, pR0-54. 5. nandIcUrNi, pR0-9, gAthA-32. For Personal & Private Use Only

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10. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana vAcanA 'skandilI vAcanA' ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| prathama vAcanA ke samaya jainoM kA pramukha kendra bihAra aura dUsarI vAcanA ke samaya kendra ur3IsA thaa| parantu nirantara duSkAloM ke par3ane se yaha kendra bihAra se sthAnAntarita hokara pazcimI uttara pradeza ho gyaa| caturtha vAcanA ___mathurA sammelana ke samaya arthAt vIra nirvANa 827-840 ke Asa-pAsa vallabhI meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM bhI eka Agama saMkalana kA prayAsa huaa|2 jo 'nAgArjunIya vAcanA' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| isakA ullekha bhadrezvara racita kahAvalI grantha meM milatA hai|3 cUrNiyoM meM bhI nAgArjuna nAma se pAThAntara milatA hai| 'paNNavaNA' jaise aMgabAhya sUtroM meM bhI isa prakAra ke pAThAntaroM kA nirdeza hai| AcArya devavAcaka ne bhI bhAvapUrNa zabdoM meM nAgArjuna kI stuti kI hai|5 . paMcama vAcanA vIra nirvANa ke 980 varSoM bAda logoM kI smRti pahale se durbala ho gayI, ata: usa vizAla jJAna bhaNDAra ko smRti meM rakhanA kaThina ho gyaa| ata: vIra nirvANa 981 yA 993 (san 454 yA 466) meM devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM saMgha ekatrita haA aura smRti meM zeSa sabhI AgamoM ko saMkalita kara use mUrta rUpa pradAna kiyaa|6 pustaka rUpa meM likhane kA yaha prathama prayAsa thaa| kahIM-kahIM para yaha ullekha bhI AtA hai ki AcArya skandila va nAgArjuna ke samaya hI Agama likhita rUpa meM kara diye gaye the| vartamAna meM jo Agama upalabdha haiM ve devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI vAcanA ke haiM aura usake bAda unameM parivartana va parivarddhana nahIM haA, aisA mAnA jAtA hai,8 kintu zodha kI dRSTi se kucha aise sthala bhI mile haiM jo AgamoM meM isake bAda 1. nandIcUrNi, pR0-9. 2. jaina hIrAlAla, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR0-55. 3. mAlavaNiyA dalasukha, jaina darzana kA AdikAla, pR0-7. 4. vahI, pR0-7. 5. yogazAstra, prakAza 3, pR0-207. 6. sthAnAMga sUtra, muni madhukara, prastAvanA, pR0-27. 7. yogazAstra, pR0-207. 8. dazavaikAlika, bhUmikA AcArya tulasI, pR0-27. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta Agama paramparA evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga bhI prakSipta kiye gaye haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya vastu kA ullekha nandIcUrNi ke pUrva kahIM bhI nahIM milatA hai| lekhana paramparA lipi kA prAdurbhAva tIrthaMkara mahAvIra se pUrva hI ho cukA thaa| prajJApanAsUtra meM aThAraha lipiyoM kA ullekha AtA hai|1 bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI maMgalAcaraNa ke antargata brAhmI lipi ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai|2 ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki lekhana kalA va sAmagrI kA vikAsa yA astitva Agama lekhana ke pUrva bhI thA, kintu AgamoM ke likhane kI paramparA na hokara kaNThAgra karane kI paramparA thI, jisake kAraNoM kA nirdeza pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai| yahI paramparA bauddha va vedoM ke liye bhI thI isI kAraNa ina tInoM meM 'zruta' 'sutaM' va 'zruti' zabda kA prAcIna granthoM ke lie prayoga huA hai| - AgamoM ko lipibaddha karane kA spaSTa ullekha devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke parva prApta nahIM hotA hai| pUrva meM lekhana kI paramparA nahIM hone se bhI AgamoM kA viccheda nahIM ho jAe, etadartha lekhana va pustaka rakhane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA aura bAda meM Agama likhe ge| isa prakAra Agama lekhana kI dRSTi se IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI mahattvapUrNa hai| vargIkaraNa ___jaina AgamoM kA sarvaprathama vargIkaraNa pUrva evaM aMga ke rUpa meM samavAyAMga meM prApta hotA hai| isa grantha meM pUrvo kI saMkhyA caudaha5 va aMgoM kI saMkhyA bAraha batalAyI gayI hai| 'aMga' zabda jaina paramparA meM Agama granthoM ke liye prayukta huA hai| AcArya abhayadeva Adi ke matAnusAra bAraha aMgoM ke pahale (pUrva) bhI sAhitya nirmita kiye gaye the| kucha cintakoM kA mata hai ki mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI sAhitya ko 'pUrva' kahA jAtA hai| kintu itanA to nizcita hai ki "pUrvo' kI racanA dvAdazAMgI se pUrva huI thii| jaba taka AcArAMga Adi aMga sAhitya kA nirmANa nahIM huA thA taba taka 1. prajJApanAsUtra, pada-1. .. 2. bhagavatIsUtra, maMgalAcaraNa, 1/1. 3. zAstrI, devendra muni-jaina Agama sAhitya: manana aura mImAMsA, pR0- 43. 4. dazavaikAlika cUrNi, pR. 21. 5. "caudaza puvvA paNNattA taMjahA" samavAyAMga, samavAya 14. For Personal & Private Use Only

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12 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana jaina paramparA meM caudaha pUrva yA dRSTivAda ke nAma se hI zrutajJAna mAnA jAtA thaa| ___AgamoM kA dUsarA vargIkaraNa devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke samaya arthAt vIra nirvANa ke 980 varSa ke Asa-pAsa huA jisameM aMgapraviSTa va aMgabAhya ye do bheda kiye gye| nandIsUtra meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai-2 aMga bAhya aMga praviSTa AcArAMga Avazyaka vyatirikta sUtrakRtAMga Avazyaka sAmAyikasUtra sthAnAMga samavAya bhagavatI jJAtAdharmakathA upAsakadazA antakRtadazA anuttaraupapAtikadazA praznavyAkaraNa caturviMzatistava vandanA pratikramaNa kAyotsarga pratyAkhyAna utkAlika dazavaikAlika kalpikAkalpika cullakalpazruta : mahAkalpazruta aupapAtika rAjapraznIya jIvAbhigama prajJApanA mahAprajJApanA pramAdApramAda vipAkasUtra dRSTivAda kAlika uttarAdhyayana dazAzrutaskandha kalpasUtra vyavahArasUtra nizIthasUtra mahAnizIthasUtra RSibhASita jambUdvIpaprajJapti dvIpasAgaraprajJapti candraprajJapita / kSullikAvimAna vibhakti aMgacUlikA aMgacUlikA vivAhacUlikA arUNopapAta varUNopapAta garUDopapAta dharaNopapAta vaizravaNopapAta velandharopapAta nandI anuyogadvAra devendrastava taMdulavaicArika candravedhyaka sUryaprajJapti pauruSImaNDala maNDala-praveza vidhAcaraNa vinizcaya gaNividhA 1. "ahavA taM samasAo duvihaM paNNattaM, taMjahA-aMgapaviDhaM aMgabAhiraM ca" nandIsUtra-muni madhukara, 79. 2. nandIsUtra, muni madhukara, pR0-165. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta Agama paramparA evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga 13 devendropapAta dhyAnavibhakti utthAnazruta maraNavibhakti nAgaparitApanikA Atmavizaudhi nirayAvalikA vItarAgazruta kalpikA saMlekhanA zruta kalpAvataMsikA vihArakalpa caraNavidhi puSpacUlikA Atura-pratyAkhyAna vRSNidazA mahApratyAkhyAna tatvArthasUtra-vRtti meM digambara matAnusAra AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra hai|1 puSpikA Agama . aMga praviSTa AcArAMga sUtrakRtAMga sthAnAMga. samavAyAMga vyAkhyAprajJapti jJAtAdharmakathA upAsakadazA antakRtdazA anuttaropAtikadazA praznavyAkaraNa vipAkasUtra dRSTivAda aMga bAhya sAmAyika caturviMzatistava vandanA pratikramaNa vainayika kRtikarma dazavaikAlika uttarAdhyayana kalpa-vyavahAra kalpAkalpa mahAkalpa puMDarIka mahApuMDarIka azItikA sUta prathamAnuyoga parikarma candraprajJapti sUryaprajJapti jambUdvIpaprajJapti dvIpasAragaprajJapti vyAkhyAprajJapti pUrvamata utpAda agrAyaNIya vIryAnupravAda astinAstipravAda jJAnapravAda satyapravAda cUlikA jalagatA sthalagatA mAyAgatA AkAzagatA rUpagatA 1. tattvArtha-bhASya, 1/20 // For Personal & Private Use Only

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14 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana AtmapravAda karmapravAda pratyAkhyAna-pravAda vidhAnupravAda kalyANa . prANAvAya kriyAvizAla lokabindusAra digambara paramparA meM mUla AgamoM kA lopa mAnA gayA hai, phira bhI zaurasenI prAkRta meM racita kucha granthoM ko Agama jitanA mahattva diyA gayA hai va unheM veda kI saMjJA dekara cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai:(ka) prathamAnuyoga. __ padma, harivaMza va uttara purANa Adi grnth| (kha) karaNAnuyoga sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, jayadhavalA Adi grnth| (ga) caraNAnuyoga mUlAcAra, trivarNAcAra, ratnakaraNDaka-zrAvakAcAra Adi grnth| (gha) dravyAnuyoga pravacanasAra, samayasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAya, tattvArthasUtra, AptamImAMsA Adi grnth| eka anya dRSTi se AgamoM ke suttAgama, arthAgama aura tadbhayAgama ye tIna bheda bhI anuyogadvArasUtra meM milate haiN| __AgamoM kA sabase uttaravartI vargIkaraNa aMga, upAMga, mUla va cheda ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya meM anyathA 'hi anibaddhaaMgopAMgaza: samudraprataraNavaduradhyavaseyaM syAt' kahakara aMga ke sAtha upAMga zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai|2 prabhAvakacaritra jo vi0saM0 1334 kI racanA hai, meM sarvaprathama aMga, upAMga, mUla va cheda ke rUpa meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa dekhane ko milatA hai|3 mUlarUpa se 1. anuyogadvAra sUtra, 470. 2. tattvArtha-bhASya 1/20. 3. prabhAvaka caritra, dUsarA AryarakSita prabandha. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta Agama paramparA evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15 jo bAraha aMga grantha haiM, unhIM ke arthoM ko spaSTa karane ke liye upAMgoM kI racanA huI hai, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| mUlasUtroM ke sambandha meM vibhinna AcAryoM kI alaga-alaga dhAraNAe~ haiN| samayasundaragaNi ne dazavaikAlika, oghaniyukti, piNDaniyukti va uttarAdhyayana ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai| DaoN. sArapenTiyara, DaoN. vinTaranitja aura DaoN. gyArInoM ne uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika va piNDaniyukti ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai| 1 sthAnakavAsI va terApaMtha sampradAya uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, nandI va anuyogadvAra ko mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| cheda sUtroM kA prathama ullekha Avazyakaniyukti meM huA hai| sAmAcArI zataka meM samaya-sundaragaNi ne dazAzrutaskandha, vyavahAra, vRhatkalpa, nizItha, mahAnizItha va jItakalpa ko cheda sUtra mAnA hai| jItakalpa ko chor3akara bAkI pA~coM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM bhI huA hai| sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM dazAzrutaskandha, vyavahAra, vRhatkalpa va nizItha ye cAra hI cheda sUtra mAne jAte haiN| jaina Agama sAhitya kI saMkhyA ke sambandha aneka matabheda haiN| zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI va terApaMtha sampradAya battIsa Agama mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya paiMtAlIsa Agama mAnate haiN| inameM se hI kucha caurAsI Agama bhI mAnate haiN| digambara paramparA Agama ke astitva ko svIkAra to karatI hai, parantu unake matAnusAra sabhI Agama vicchinna ho gaye haiN| isa prakAra jaina sAhitya meM AgamoM ko pramakha va sarvocca sammAna prApta hai| tIrthakara aura kevalajJAniyoM ne jo apane pratyakSa jJAna se heya, jJeya, upAdeya Adi ko jaisA dekhA vaisA pratipAdita kiyA, jise gaNadhara va anya ziSyoM ke dvArA pahale zruta rUpa meM va bAda meM lipi. rUpa meM saMkalita kiyA gyaa| isa zruta paramparA ke madhya, kAla ke prabhAva se kucha zruta vicchinna bhI hue, parantu phira bhI bahuta kucha zeSa rhe| usI ke AdhAra para battIsa, paiMtAlIsa va caurAsI AgamoM kI racanA huii| ina AgamoM meM zramaNa va gRhastha jIvana ke pratyeka pahalU vizeSa rUpa se AdhyAtmikatA va dhArmikatA ko chUne vAle prasaMga haiN| vyakti apanA AtmakalyANa kaise kare, isake 1. zAstrI, devendramuni- jaina Agama sAhitya: manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 22. 2. mehatA, mohanalAla, jaina darzana, pR0-89. 3. Avazyakaniyukti, 777. 4. kAliyaM aNegavihaM paNNataM, taMjahA uttarajjhayaNanaiM, dasAo kappo, vavahAro, nisIhaM, mahAnisIhaM / nandIsUtra, 81. For Personal & Private Use Only

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16 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana vibhinna AyAma pratipAdita haiN| digambara paramparA AgamoM ko lupta mAnatI hai, ve kevala bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke kucha aMza ko mAnakara usI ke AdhAra para Agama rUpa meM mAnya unake granthoM kI racanA huI aisA batAte haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA aMga Agama sAhitya kA prathama kathA grantha hai| yaha eka aisA Agama hai jisameM saMvAda zailI ke AdhAra para dharmatattva, nIti, sadAcAra, sadbhAvanA viSayaka icchAnirodha, aNuvrata, mahAvrata, zIla, saMyama, cAritra, tapa, brahmacarya Adi ke svarUpa ko dRSTAntoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| AgamoM meM yahI eka mAtra aisA grantha hai jisameM upadeza tattva ko sarala kathAtmaka rUpa se prastuta kiyA gayA haiN| / isakI vastusthiti meM jo kucha bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha mahAvIra samakAlIna kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki jisa samaya lekhana-vidhi nahIM thI, usa samaya bhI nAnA prakAra ke manoraMjana ke sAdhana the| una sAdhanoM meM kahAnI-kisse bhI pracalita the tabhI to jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke dvArA vistRta kathA kA nirUpaNa kiyA gyaa| yadyapi kathAe~ saMkalita kI gaIM, parantu saMkalanakartAoM ne unake aitihya meM koI parivartana nahIM kiyaa| yahI jJAtAdharma kI mUla AtmA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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dvitIya adhyAya jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA racanAkAla,paricaya evaM nAmakaraNa jaina Agama sAhitya meM jJAtAdharmakathA kA chaThA sthAna hai| nAyAdhammakahA, jJAtRdharmakathA, jJAtRkathA Adi kaI nAma jJAtAdharmakathA ke prApta hote haiN| vibhinna granthoM meM prApta jJAtAdharmakathA ke nAma kI vyutpatti isa rUpa meM prApta hotI hai1. tattvArthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki "jJAtA: dRSTAntAH tAnapAdAya dharmoM yatra kathyate jJAtAdharmakathA:" arthAt jisa grantha meM udAharaNoM ke dvArA dharma kA kathana kiyA gayA ho vaha jJAtAdharmakathA hai|' 2. jayadhavalA meM jJAtAdharmakathA kA nAma nAthadharmakathA prApta hotA hai| nAtha kA artha yahA~ svAmI se liyA gayA hai| nAthadharmakathA arthAt tIrthaMkara dvArA pratipAdita dhrmkthaa|2 3. AcArya abhayadeva evaM AcArya malayagiri ne jJAtAdharmakathA meM udAharaNa pradhAna dharmakathAe~ hone ke kAraNa isa grantha ko jJAtAdharmakathA kahA hai| ina AcAryoM kA vicAra hai ki jJAtAdharmakathA ke prathama adhyayana meM jJAta hai evaM dvitIya adhyayana meM kathAe~ haiN|3 4. jaina AgamoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vaMza kA nAma jJAta thA aura unake dvArA pratipAdita kathAoM kA varNana hone se isa grantha kA nAma jJAtAdharmakathA pdd'aa| jJAtR vaMza kA ullekha AcArAMga,4 sUtrakRtAMga, 5 bhagavatI, 6 1-2. tattvArthabhASya- jaina Agama sAhitya manana evaM mImAMsA pRSTha 130 se uddhRta. 3. jJAtAni udAharaNAni tatpradhAnA dharmakathA jnyaataadhrmkthaaH| nandIsUtraM, muni puNyavijayajI, 92 / paDhama-bitiya-suyakhaMdhamaNiyANaM NAyAdhammakahANaM nagarAdiyA bhnnti|, vahI 4. AcArAMga, zrutaskandha-1, adhyayana-8, uddezaka 8, sUtra-448. AcArAMga, zrutaskandha-2, adhyayana-15 sUtra-1003. 5. sUtrakRtAMga, uddezaka 1, gAthA-22. (ba) sUtrakRtAMga, 1/6/2. .. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/6/24. (da) sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/19. 6. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 15/79. For Personal & Private Use Only

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18 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana uttarAdhyayana, 1 dazavaikAlika,2 kalpasUtra, 3 vinayapiTaka, majjhimanikAya, 5 dIghanikAya, 6 suttanipAta, tiloyapaNNatti, jayadhavalA, 9 dhanaJjaya nAmamAlA,10 uttarapurANa11 Adi prAcIna granthoM ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta ke itihAsa ke DaoN. . nemicanda zAstrI12 DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina, paM. becaradAsa dozI13 ke granthoM meM bhI prApta hotA hai| vibhinna granthoM ke adhyayana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke vaMza kA nAma jJAtR batAyA gayA hai, vahIM digambara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke vaMza kA nAma nAtha prApta hotA hai| usI ke sAtha mahAvIra kA sambandha jor3ane / kA prayAsa haA hai| nAtha, nAya, NAya, jJAtR Adi zabda pUjyatA ke dyotaka bhI hai| ata: jJAtRkathA kA yaha grantha jJAtR putra mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa kathAoM kA grantha hai| AgamoM kA racanAkAla AcArAMga kA prathama zruta skandha aura RSibhASita azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I0pU0 pA~cavI-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiN|14 AcArAMga kI sUtrAtmaka zailI bhAva, bhASA Adi kI dRSTi se prAcInatama hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke chaThe adhyAya, AcArAMgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI 1. uttarAdhyayana, 6/17. 2. dazavaikAlika, adhyayana-5, udadezaka 2, gAthA-49. dazavaikAlika, 6/25. (sa) dazavaikAlika, 6/21. . 3. kalpasUtra, 110. 4. vinayapiTaka mahAvagga, pR0-242. majjhimanikAya, hindI upAti sUtanya, pR0-222. 6. dIrghanikAya, sAmanjaphala, 18/21. 7. suttanipAta subhiyasutta, pR0-108. 8. tiloyapaNNatti, 4/550. 9. jayadhavalA, pR0-135. 10. dhanaJjayanAmamAlA, pR0-115. 11. uttarapurANa, pR0-450. 12. zAstrI, nemicanda, prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR. 172. 13. dozI, becaradAsa, bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dharmakathAoM kA TippaNa, pR0. 180. 14. jaina vidyA ke AyAma, khaNDa-5, DaoN0sAgaramala jaina, pR0-12-13. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA racanAkAla,paricaya evaM nAmakaraNa 19 mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA kA jo ullekha hai, ve AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke upadhAna zruta kI apekSA paravatI evaM vikasita lagate haiN| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA, sthUlibhadra ke samaya arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ata: yaha to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thaa| isa taraha ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla kI uttara sImA I0pU0 pA~cavI-cauthI zatAbdI hai| isakI antima vAcanA vIra nirvANa saMvata 980 meM vallabhI meM sampanna huii| usa vallabhI vAcanA meM AgamoM ko saMkalita, suvyavasthita aura sampAdita karake lipibaddha kiyA gayA thaa| isase yaha AgamoM kA racanAkAla siddha nahIM hotaa| kyoMki saMkalana aura sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI surakSita hai| jisakI uttara sImA I0pU0 pAMcavIM-cauthI zatAbdI yA nimna sImA IsvI san kI pAMcavI zatAbdI hai| . ardhamAgadhI Agama vizeSa yA aMga vizeSa ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sthAnAMga meM sAta nihnavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki vIra nirvANa saM. 584 taka astitva meM A cuke the, kintu usameM boTikoM evaM una paravartI gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM ke ullekha nahIM hai, jo vIra nirvANa saM. 609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM aae| ata: viSaya vastu kI dRSTi se prathama zatAbdI kA uttarArdha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotA hai| itanA nizcita hai ki kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya se prAcIna hai| zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM hai| isa prakAra AgamoM kA racanAkAla I0pU0 pAMcavI zatAbdI se IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyApaka mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki upalabdha AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM haiN| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM ke sambandha meM paramparAgata mAnyatA to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa I0pU0 pAMcavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATaliputra kI vAcanA meM jina dvAdaza aMgoM kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki AgamoM kA prAcIna aMza I0pU0 cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se lekara I0pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai| na kevala aMga Agama, apitu 1. niyamasAra, gAthA-8. For Personal & Private Use Only

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20 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI, jinheM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai yAkobI aura zubiMga ke anusAra Agama I0pU0 caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha se I0pU0 tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kI mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, chaMdayojanA, viSaya vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha apanI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu, chaMdayojanA. Adi kI dRSTi se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I0pU0 caturtha zatI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA hai| usake dvitIya zrutaskandha ke rUpa meM jo 'AcAracUlA' jor3I gayI hai, vaha bhI I0pU0 dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga bhI I0pU0 cauthI-tIsarI zatI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai|' aMga AgamoM meM tIsarA krama sthAnAMga kA AtA hai sthAnAMga meM nau gaNoM aura sAta nihnavoM ke ullekha ko chor3akara anya aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jisase use paravartI kahA jA ske| samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga kI apekSA eka paravartI grantha hai| isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aMgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| itanA nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhAraNa ke pazcAt hI banA hogaa| isakI bhASA zailI aura viSaya vastu kI dRSTi se isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI 3-4 zatI se pahale kA nahIM hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM kucha stara avazya I0pU0 ke haiM, kintu samavAyAMga kI bhAMti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta prakSepa huA hai| kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAna isake prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe haiN| unake niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAsakadazA apane vartamAna svarUpa meM I0pU0 kI racanA hai| yaha IsA kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| aMga Agama sAhitya meM antakRtdazA, samavAyAMga aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thaa| ata: isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavI zatI kA hai| bahata kucha sthiti anuttaraupapAtikadazA kI bhI yahI hai| yaha grantha vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM AyA hogaa| praznavyAkaraNa sUtra nandI ke pazcAt I0 san kI pA~cavI-chaThavIM zatI ke madhya hI kabhI nirmita huA hai|2 1. jaina vidyA ke AyAma, khaNDa 5, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina kA lekha, pR. 13-15. 2. vahI, pR0-15-17. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA racanAkAla,paricaya evaM nAmakaraNa 21 upAMga sAhitya meM aupapAtika kA kucha aMza pAli tripiTaka jitanA prAcIna hai| jIvAjIvAbhigama kI viSayavastu ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha grantha I0pU0 kI racanA honI caahie| prajJApanA sUtra ko spaSTa rUpa se AryazyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| AryazyAma kA AcAryakAla vIra nirvANa saM. 335-376 ke bIca mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha IsA pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI kI racanA nizcita hai| isa prakAra upAMga sAhitya meM candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ye tInoM prajJaptiyA~ prAcIna mAnI jAtI haiM kyoMki inameM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai vaha vedAMga jyotiSa ke samAna hai jo kisI bhI sthiti meM I. pUrva prathama zatAbdI ke bAda kI nahIM hai| cheda sUtroM meM dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpasUtra aura vyavahArasUtra ko spaSTataH bhadrabAhu prathama kI racanA mAnA gayA hai| ataH isakA racanAkAla I0pU0 cauthI-tIsarI zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kA hI hai| harmana jaikobI, zubiMga Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne chedasUtroM kI prAcInatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jItakalpa AcArya jinabhadra kI kRti hai jinakA samaya IsvI san kI sAtavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| mahAnizItha AcArya haribhadra kI racanA hai jinakA kAla AThavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai|2 . mUla sUtroM meM dazavaikAlika ko AcArya zayyaMbhava kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai jo mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda hue ata: isakA racanAkAla I0pU0 pAMcavI-cauthI zatAbdI hai| uttarAdhyayana I0pU0 cauthI-tIsarI zatAbdI kI racanA mAnI gayI hai|3 .. prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM milane se ina . prakIrNakoM kA racanAkAla IsvI san kI cauthI-pAMcavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| Atura-pratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura maraNasamAdhi Adi kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM hone se ye saba bhI IsA kI cauthI-pAMcavI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ mAnI jAtI haiN| kucha prakIrNaka vIrabhadra dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa navIM-dasavIM zatAbdI kI mAnI jAtI haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha AgamoM meM adhikAMza grantha IsvI pUrva ke haiN| hamane to sirpha sAmAnya rUpa se carcA kI hai, parantu pratyeka Agama grantha 1. jaina vidyA ke AyAma, khaNDa 5, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina kA lekha, pR. 17. 2. jaina vidyA ke AyAma, khaNDa 5, pR0-17 se uddhRta. 3. vahI, pR0-18. For Personal & Private Use Only

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22 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana kA. alaga-alaga svatantra rUpa se evaM zodhAtmaka paddhati se kAla nirdhAraNa kI AvazyakatA Aja bhI hai| jaina vidyA meM AgamoM kA kAla nirdhAraNa karane vAle viSayoM para zodha karane vAle zodhArthI isa viSaya meM vizeSa prakAza DAleMge aisI AzA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA kA racanAkAla jJAtAdharmakathA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA upadezita dharmakathAoM kA saMkalana hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM kucha kathAe~ atyanta prAcIna haiM aura jinakI viSaya-vastu mahAvIra ke yuga taka kI mAnI gayI haiM, parantu jJAtAdharmakathA meM prApta mallI aura draupadI ke viSaya nizcaya hI jaina saMgha ke vibhAjana ke bAda ke haiN| jise prathama aura dvitIya zatAbdI taka kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| isakA dUsarA zrutaskandha jarUra kucha paravartI kAla kA mAnA gayA hai| jaina AgamoM kA racanAkAla ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prajJApanAsUtra, dazavaikAlikasUtra aura chanda-sUtroM ke atirikta zeSa granthoM ke racanAkAra ke sambandha meM koI jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| hameM to isakA kAraNa yaha najara AtA hai ki AgamakartAoM ne apanA nAma isalie grantha meM nahIM likhA hogA ki janamAnasa' AgamoM ko gaNadharoM kI kRtiyA~ hI mAnatA rhe| ise viparIta zaurasenI Agama granthoM meM sabhI racanAkAroM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| pANDulipi ___jJAtAdharmakathA kI bahuta-sI pANDulipiyA~ vibhinna grantha bhaNDAroM evaM jaina zikSaNa saMsthAoM meM upalabdha haiN| yahA~ hamane kucha pramukha hastalikhita pratiyoM ke pRSTha, saMkhyA, AkAra evaM kAla kA paricaya dete hue grantha bhaNDAroM kA paricaya dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga- mUla artha sahita, patra saMkhyA 335, apUrNa, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, saMsthAna grantha saMkhyA 404 hai| . 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga- mUla artha sahita patra saMkhyA 363, saMvat 1808 caitra mAsa, 1. jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAma, pR0-17-18. 2. vahI, khaNDa 5, pR0-36-37, DaoN0sAgaramala jaina kA lekha. * For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA racanAkAla,paricaya evaM nAmakaraNa 23 bIkAnera prati, Agama saMsthAna saMgrahAlaya, saMsthAna grantha saMkhyA 405 hai| 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga- mUla, patra saMkhyA 202, Agama,ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta zodha saMsthAna saMgrahAlaya, granthAGka 5500, saMsthA grantha saMkhyA 406 hai| 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga- mUla, patra saMkhyA 121, Agama,ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta __ zodha saMsthAna saMgrahAlaya, saMsthAna grantha saMkhyA 407 hai| 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga- mUla patra saMkhyA 209, Agama,ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta zodha saMsthAna saMgrahAlaya, granthAGka 5200, saMsthAna grantha saMkhyA 408 hai| isake atirikta jaisalamera kile meM sthita pA~ca hastalikhita grantha bhaNDAroM ko zrI jinabhadrasUri jJAna bhaNDAra meM vilIna kara diye gaye haiM unameM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI jo hastalikhita pratiyA~ prApta huI haiM unakA paricaya isa prakAra hai. 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga- sudharmAkRta mUla grantha- prAkRta bhASA panne- 106, 27-11-15-56 lambAI caur3AI paMkti akSara samagra grantha 5400, prati kA lekhana kAla 17 vIM shtii| 2. vahI, panne 129, 27-12-13-40 granthAGka 5400 lekhanakAla 16 vIM zatI hai|2 . 3.. . vahI, panne 236, sAIja 28-12-11-38, granthAGka 5375 lekhanakAla 16 ... vIM zatI hai|3 4. vahI, panne 99 sAIja 27-11-15-56 granthAGka 5485, lekhanakAla 17 vIM zatI hai| ' 5. vahI, panne 131 sAIja 26-11-13-42 granthAGka 5485 lekhanakAla 17 .. ka zatI hai|5 1. DUMgarajI yati ke bhaNDAra kI prati 256, jinabhadrasUri jJAna bhaNDAra jaisalamera, sUcIpatra-1, pR.12-14. 2. lokAgaccha bhaNDAra kI prati-29. 3. lokAgaccha bhaNDAra kI prati-28. 4. tapAgaccha bhaNDAra kI prati-33. 5. DUMgarajI yati ke bhaNDAra kI prati-36. For Personal & Private Use Only

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24 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 6. panne 104 sAIja 26-10-15-40 granthAGka 5500 lekhanakAla 17 vIM zatI hai| 7. panne 154 sAIja 28-12-13-40 granthAGka 5534 lekhanakAla 17 vI zatI hai| 8. panne 107 sAIja 34-14-13-68 granthAGka 5464. lekhanakAla vi0 saM0 1672 hai| 9. panne 133 sAIja 32-13-13-48 granthAGka 4954 lekhanakAla 1675 hai|4 10. panne 188, sAIja 33-15-13-56 granthAGka 495.4 lekhanakAla vi0saM0 1675-80 hai|5 11. panne 109 sAIja 34-14-13-64 granthAGka 5464 lekhanakAla vi0saM0 1675-80 hai|6 12. panne 112 sAIja 33-13-13-60 granthAGka 5464 lekhanakAla vi0saM0 1675-80 / 7 13. lekhaka sudharmA svAmI mUlagrantha evaM TabbArtha, prAkRta evaM marugurjara, 409 panne, sAIja 27-12-9-37 saMmagragrantha 13900, lekhanakAla vi0 saM0 1696-1700 TabbArtha ke racanAkAra kanakasundara vidyAratna ke ziSya the| 14. lekhaka sudharmA svAmI, mUla grantha, prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha, panne 310 sAIja 26-11-19-46 granthAGka 18200, lekhanakAla vi0saM0 1786 hai|9 1, lokAgaccha bhaNDAra kI prati-128. 2. tapAgaccha bhaNDAra kI prati-65. 3. thAruzAha bhaNDAra kI prati-164. 4. vahI-284. 5. vahI-165. 6. vahI-168. 7. vahI-268. 8. lokAgaccha bhaNDAra kI prati-30. 9. tapAgaccha bhaNDAra kI prati-32. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA racanAkAla,paricaya evaM nAmakaraNa 25 15. panne 103 sAIja 27-11-15-56 granthAGka 5334 lekhanakAla 18vIM - zatI hai| 16. mUla evaM TabbA, bhASA prAkRta evaM marugurjura panne 315 sAIja 26-13-6-44 granthAGka 5334 lekhanakAla vi0 saM0 1923 hai|2 17. panne 186 sAIja 26-11-11-40 granthAGka 16veM adhyayana taka, lekhanakAla 17vIM zatI hai|3 18. panne 19, sAIja 28-13-8-32 dUsarA adhyayana mAtra, lekhanakAla 20vIM zatI hai| 19. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI vRtti AcArya abhayadeva, bhASA saMskRta, panne 75, sAIja 26-11-15-64, granthAGka 3700, lekhanakAla 16vIM zatI hai|5 20. panne 69 sAIja 27-12-15-60 granthAGka 4000 lekhanakAla 17 vI zatI hai|6 21. panne 86, sAIja 26-10-15-48, granthAGka 4000, lekhanakAla 16 vIM zatI hai| 22. panne 56, sAIja 35-15-19-65, granthAGka 4000, lekhanakAla 16 vIM . zatI hai|8 . 23. panne 93, sAIja 34-14-13-47, granthAGka 3700, lekhanakAla vi0saM0 1671 kA hai| . 24. panne 87, sAIja 33-13-13-57, granthAGka 3700, lekhanakAla vi0saM0 . 1673 kA hai|10 25. panne 87, sAIja 33-13-13-57, granthAGka 3700, lekhanakAla vi0saM0 ... 1675-80 kA hai|11 1. tapAgaccha bhaNDAra kI prati-31. 2. DUMgarajI yati ke bhaNDAra kI prati-488.. 3. vahI-337. 4. lokAgaccha, 31. 5. DUMgara jI yati bhaNDAra, 25. 6. tapAgaccha, 747. 7. DUMgara jI yati, 1112. 8. tapAgaccha, 648. 9. thAruzAha, 167. 10. vahI, 287. 11. vahI, 285. For Personal & Private Use Only

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26 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 26. panne 85, sAIja 34-14-13-60, granthAGka 3700, lekhanakAla vi0saM0 . 1675-80 hai|1 27. panne 93, sAIja 26-11-15-50, granthAGka 3800, lekhanakAla vi0 saM0 1700 kA hai|2 jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke prakAzita saMskaraNa jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke prakAzita saMskaraNoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai:abhayadevakRta vRtti sahita Agamodaya samiti, bambaI san 1961, Agama saMgraha kalakattA, san 1976 siddhacakra sAhitya pracAraka samiti, bambaI, san 1951-1952 / 2. gujarAtI chAyAnuvAda- pUMjAbhAI jaina granthamAlA, ahamadAbAda san 1931 / / 3. hindI anuvAda- muni pyAracanda, jainodaya pustaka prakAzaka samiti, ratalAma, vi0saM0 1994 / 4. saMskRta vyAkhyA va usake hindI-gujarAtI anuvAda sahita, muni ghAsIlAla jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa, san 1963 / / 5. hindI anuvAda sahita, amolaka RSi, haidarAbAda, vi0saM0 2946 / 6. gujarAtI anuvAda sahita (adhyayana 1-8) jeThAlAla, jainadharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara vi0saM0 1994 / 7. jJAtAdharmakathA, madhukaramuni, hajArImala smRti granthamAlA, byaavr| 8. jJAtAdharmakathA, paM0 zobhAcanda bhArilla, seThiyA jaina granthamAlA, biikaaner| jJAtAdharmakathA kA vyAkhyA sAhitya jJAtAdharmakathA ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM abhayadevavihita vRttiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isakA jo vivaraNa prApta hotA hai usake anusAra yaha Agamodaya samiti, mehesANA se san 1919 meM prakAzita hai jisameM zabdArtha kI pradhAnatA hai| isake prathama zrutaskandha meM jJAtA aura dharmakathA kA artha samajhAkara 19 udAharaNarUpa dharmakathA 1. thAruzAha, 166. a. DUMgara jI yati 255. 2ba. jinabhadrasUri jJAna bhaNDAra jaisalamera, hastalikhita patroM kA sUcI patra bhAga-2, pR. 12-14. 3. dozI, becaradAsa: jaina Agama sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga-1, pR0-250. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA racanAkAla,paricaya evaM nAmakaraNa 27 kI nAmAvalI dI gaI hai| yaha 3800 zloka pramANa hai| isa grantha ke anta meM AcArya abhayadeva ne apane guru kA nAma jinezvara batalAyA hai| isI vivaraNa meM nivRttikulIna droNAcArya ke nAma kA bhI ullekha hai| grantha ke samApana meM aNahilapATana nagara, vi0 saM0 1120 vijayAdazamI aMkita hai|1 kRti kA svarUpa jJAtAdharmakathA prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA upadiSTa hai| yaha prAcIna kathAoM kA prAmANika evaM pratinidhi grantha hai| yaha bAta sarvavidita hai ki kathAoM ke mAdhyama se vyakti ko kaThina se kaThina upadezoM ko AsAnI se samajhAyA jA sakatA hai| isa avadhAraNA para yaha grantha kharA utaratA hai| jahA~ eka ora aitihAsika dRSTi se meghakumAra, thAvaccAputra, mallI tathA draupadI kI kathAe~ haiM vahIM dUsarI ora avAntara kathAoM kI paramparA ke strota ke rUpa meM pratibaddha rAjA, arhantraka vyApArI rukmI svarNakAra, citrakAra Adi kI kathAe~ mallI kathA kI avAntara kathAe~ haiN| isI ke sAtha aneka kAlpanika kathAoM jaise jinapAla, jinarakSita, tetalIputra, suMsumA, puNDarIka Adi kA samAveza hai| isI ke sAtha-sAtha aneka kathAe~ dRSTAnta pradhAna haiM yathA- (1) do kachuoM kI kathA- saMyama-asaMyama se yukta, (2) tumbe kI kathAkarmAvaraNa saMbaMdhI, (3) rohiNI jJAta- paMcamahAvrata sambandhI kathA, (4) zailaka- samyakmArga se vicalita hone smbndhii|| __rUpaka kathAoM meM dhanA sArthavAha evaM vijaya cora kI kathA, rohiNI kI pAMca zAlI kI kathA, saMmadrI azvoM kI kathA ko liyA jA sakatA hai| pazu kathAoM kA jJAtAdharmakathA udgama sthala hai| meruprabha hAthI kI ahiMsA bhAratIya : kaMthA sAhitya meM alaukika hai| - mUla pATha kA nirdhAraNa .. kisI bhI prAcIna kRti ke mUlapATha kA nirdhAraNa karanA hama jaise alpajJoM ke lie bahuta hI asAdhya evaM apramANika hai| mUla pATha ke nirdhAraNa meM kisI bhI eka prati ko Adarza mAnakara nirNaya nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| isake liye mukhyata: artha mImAMsA, pUrvApara prasaMga, pUrvavartI pATha evaM tAr3apatriya hastalikhita pANDulipiyoM, anya Agama granthoM evaM mUla grantha kI TIkAoM, vRttiyoM Adi ko dhyAna meM rakhA jAtA hai kyoMki pATha saMzodhana meM aneka vicitra pATha evaM zabdoM kA prayoga sAmane AtA 1. dekheM jaina, jagadIzacanda, jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, pR0-375 se 379. For Personal & Private Use Only

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28 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana hai jinakA nirdhAraNa vibhinna strotoM se kiyA jAtA hai| jahA~ taka jJAtAdharmakathA kA prazna hai AcArya zrI tulasI ne aMgasuttANi, bhAgaH 3 meM pATha nirdhAraNa meM nimna pratiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| 1. tADapatrIya (phoTopriMTa) jaisalamera bhaNDAra se prApta hai, jo sambhavata: 12vIM zatAbdI kI hai| 2. jJAtAdharmakathA (paMcapAThI) mUla- vRtti sahita jo gadheyA pustakAlaya, saradArazahara kI hai, saMbhavata: 14-15vIM zatAbdI kI hai| 3. saradArazahara se prApta yaha jIrNaprati hai| isa para pratilekhana kAla vi0 saM0 1554 aMkita hai| 4. yaha TabbA 12 veM adhyayana se Age kAma meM lI gayI hai| madhukara muni ne jJAtAdharmakathA meM jAvapUrti meM, aMgasuttANi kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| hamane bhI yuvAcArya madhukara muni dvArA saMpAdita jJAtAdharmakathAMga ko hI AdhAra mAnakara kArya kiyA hai| isa prakAra viSaya vivecana, bhASA, bhAva Adi ke kAraNa isa kathAgrantha ko prAkRta sAhitya kA prAcInatama kathA grantha to mAnA hI gayA hai, parantu kathA vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI ise yatheSTa prAcIna kahA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM jo kathAe~ haiM ve sUtrAtmaka nahIM haiM, apitu kathana, kathopakathana, caritra citraNa Adi ke sAtha-sAtha mahAna uddezya ko lie hue haiN| isake hRdaya meM bhAratIya samAja kI jItI jAgatI pratimA hai jo sadAcaraNa, sadvyavahAra Adi ke naitika guNoM ko ujAgara karatI hai| jJAtAdharma kI mUla racanAoM meM yaha kahIM bhI saMketa nahIM hai ki kaba aura kahA~ tathA kaise likhI gayI hai| parantu yathArtha isake prArambhika vivecana se ho jAtA hai jisameM yaha diyA gayA hai ki jo mahAvIra ne kahA hai vahI jambUsvAmI ne kahA aura unhIM ke anya gaNadharoM dvArA jo jaisA kahA gayA use usI rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gyaa| prathama adhyayana kI samApti ke pazcAt dvitIya adhyayana meM jambUsvAmI sudharmAsvAmI se prazna karate haiM ki bhagavana! yadi zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne prathama jJAta adhyayana kA yaha artha kiyA hai to dvitIya adhyayana kA kyA artha hogA? aisA hI kathana sarvatra hai| isa taraha ke kathana se isakI prAcInatA apane Apa hI nizcita ho jAtI hai ki jo mahAvIra ke vacana the vahI unake ziSyoM dvArA jJAtAdharma meM pratipAdita kie gaye haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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tRtIya adhyAya prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa mAnava jIvana ke vikAsa ke sAtha kathA kA AvirbhAva huA hogA isameM saMdeha nahIM ho sakatA hai, phira bhI yaha avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki sukha-duHkha ko vyakta karane ke liye manoraMjana yA hAsa-parihAsa ke rUpa meM kathA avazya rahI hogii| kathA kA AvirbhAva kaba, kahA~ aura kaise tathA kisane kiyA isa prazna kA samAdhAna yahI hai ki manuSya ke vicAroM se jo bhAvadhArA nikalI vahI kathA bana gyii| kathA svarUpa evaM vizleSaNa - kathA kA sAmAnya artha nirvacana hai| 'ka' 'thA' arthAt amuka vyakti thA aura usI se kathA kA vikAsa hotA calA gyaa| ata: yaha kaha sakate haiM ki kathA mAnava jIvana ke sAtha jur3I huI hai|1 kathA zabda "kath" dhAtu se banA hai| 'kath' kA artha kahanA hai| arthAt jo kahA jAtA hai yA jo pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai varha kathA kahalAtI hai| DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI ne kathA ke viSaya meM likhA hai - kathA bhAratIya sAhitya kA atyanta prAcIna aMga hai| inakA pracalana prakRti viSayaka rahasya ko samajhane aura samajhAne ke nimitta se huA thaa| taba unheM kathA nahIM kahA jAtA thaa| kathA kA sabase purAnA nAma AkhyAna milatA hai| vedoM meM AkhyAnoM ke vibhinna ullekha milate haiN| ina AkhyAnoM kA sambandha vizeSa rUpa se atimAnavIya ghaTanAoM se yukta hai| vastubheda kI apekSA se AkhyAna, AkhyAyikA tathA kathA nAma pracalita huaa| vastuta: ina tInoM kA vikAsa eka hI paramparA se huA hai| niryaktikAra yAska ne AkhyAna ko itihAsa kahA kyoMki sarvaprathama jo kathAe~ sAhitya rUpa meM pracalita huIM ve aitihAsika thIM, isalie itihAsa aura AkhyAna donoM hI eka kahe gae haiN| 1. zAstrI, devendra muni, jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA, pR. 6. prakAzaka : tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura 1989. 2. zAstrI, devendrakumAra, bhavisayattakahA tathA apabhraMza kathAkAvya, pR. 65, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI 1970. For Personal & Private Use Only

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30 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana AkhyAnoM kA vAstavika vikAsa purANa aura kAvya sAhitya meM milatA hai| purANoM meM kathAoM aura upAkhyAnoM kA jo samAveza huA hai vaha mAnava jIvana se sambandhita hai| ata: kathA AkhyAna kA eka pracalita rUpa hai| prAkRta meM kathA ke lie 'kattha' 2 kA prayoga huA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kathA ke lie 'AikkhiyA'3 zabda AyA hai| cAra prakAra ke kAvyoM meM kattha kA apanA sthAna hai| kattha vArtA, vivaraNa Adi ke lie bhI prayukta hotA hai| nyAyazAstra kI dRSTi se kathA use kahA gayA hai jo pravaktAoM ke vicAroM kA, . viSaya prastuta kare yA vAdI prativAdiyoM ke pakSa-pratipakSa ko pratipAdita kare vaha bhI kathA hai| mahApurANakAra jinasenAcArya ne kathana ko kathA kahA hai| yaha kathana mokSa puruSArtha ke lie upayogI hone ke kAraNa se dharma, artha aura kAma kA kathana : karatA hai| vizva ke sabhI vicArakoM, lekhakoM, dArzanikoM evaM cintakoM kA yahI mata hai ki kathA mAnava jIvana ke manovinoda evaM jJAnavardhana kA sabase sugama evaM svAbhAvika : sAdhana hai| jisa prasaMga, ghaTanA yA kahAnI ko vyakti prArambha se lekara anta taka dattacitta hokara zravaNa karatA hai aura antata: usI se prerita hokara kucha grahaNa karatA yA sIkhatA hai vahI sArthaka kathA hai| mAnava kA sahaja AkarSaNa bhI isI vidyA para AdhArita hai| isI meM mAnava jIvana ke satya kI abhivyaMjanA, kalAmAdhurya evaM utkaNThA kI sArvabhaumikatA spaSTa rUpa se jhalakatI hai aura yahI vyakti ko susaMskRta saMskAroM ke sAtha ullAsa bharI dRSTi ko prApta karAtI hai| dhArmika AcAra, AdhyAtmika tattvacintana, nIti, kartavya tathA gUr3ha se gUr3ha vicAroM aura gahana se gahana anubhUtiyoM ko saralatama rUpa se jana jana taka pahuMcAne ke lie bhI kathAoM kA Azraya liyA jAtA hai| tIrthaMkaroM, gaNadharoM evaM anyAnya AcAryoM ne apane upadezoM ko hRdayaMgama karAne ke liye kathAoM ko hI AdhAra banAyA hai| kathA sAhitya kI isI lokapriyatA ke kAraNa hI DaoN0 jagannAtha prasAda zarmA 1. zAstrI, devendra kumAra bhavisayatakahA tathA apabhraMza kathAkAvya, pR0-65, bhAratIya ___ jJAnapITha, dillI 1970. 2. sthAnAMga, 4/4/43. 3. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/90. 4. varNI jinendra-jainendra siddhAnta koSa, bhAga-2, pR0-2, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI 1986. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 31 ne kahA hai -- 'sAhitya ke mAdhyama se DAle jAnevAle jitane prabhAva ho sakate haiM ve racanA ke isa prakAra meM acchI taraha se upasthita kie jA sakate haiM, cAhe siddhAnta pratipAdana abhipreta ho, cAhe caritra citraNa kI sundaratA iSTa ho, kisI ghaTanA kA mahatva nirUpaNa karanA ho athavA kisI vAtAvaraNa kI sajIvatA kA udghATana hI lakSya banAyA jAya, kriyA kA vega aMkita karanA ho athavA mAnasika sthiti kA sUkSma vizleSaNa karanA iSTa ho, sabhI kucha isake dvArA saMbhava hai| isI prakAra amarakoSakAra ne prabandha kalpanA koka kathA kahA hai|2 kathA ke aMga (a) kathAvastu- kathAvastu kA tAtparya kathA ke thIma, plaoNTa yA avAntara kathAoM se hai| (ba) pAtra- ve vyakti jinake dvArA ghaTanAeM ghaTita hotI haiM yA jo ina ghaTanAoM se prabhAvita hote haiN| pAtroM kA prayoga caritra-citraNa ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| (sa) saMvAda- saMvAda kathAvastu ke vikAsa evaM pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa meM sahayoga pradAna karate haiN| - (da) dezakAla- sthAnIya raMga yA prAdezika vivaraNa ke sAtha yuga kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA nirUpaNa bhI dezakAla meM hotA hai| (ya) zailI- zailI dvArA hI lekhaka kathA ke samagra jIvana kA citraNa prastuta karatA hai| (ra) uddezya- kisI na kisI jIvana kI viziSTa dRSTi ko sAmane rakhanA kathA kA uddezya hotA hai| ata: jIvana darzana ke kisI vizeSa pahalU para prakAza DAlanA kathA kA uddezya hai| kathA kA mahattva . hara yuga evaM deza kI apanI lokakathAe~ hotI haiN| jisa deza kI loka kathAe~ jitanI samRddha hotI haiM vaha deza utanA hI sabhya evaM susaMskRta mAnA jAtA hai| bhArata . 1. kahAnI kA racanA vidhAna, hindI pracAraka pustakAlaya, san 1956, pR0-4-5, (prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, DaoN0 nemicaMda jaina, pR0-438). 2. amarakoSa, 1/5/6. 3. prAkRta bhASA. aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR0-440/1. For Personal & Private Use Only

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32. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana kA kathA sAhitya isa dRSTi se samRddha hai, kyoMki yahA~ kI kathAoM, vArtAoM, AkhyAnoM, upamAoM, dRSTAntoM Adi meM zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha preraNAspada evaM manoraMjaka tathya bhI sammilita haiN| Rgveda, brAhmaNa, upaniSad, mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa Adi bodhaprada kathA saMgraha haiN| bauddhoM kI jAtaka kathAe~ kathA sAhitya kA anupama bhaNDAra haiN| paizAcI bhASA kI guNADhya kI bRhatkathA ko kahAniyoM kA akSaya koSa kahA gayA hai| vastuta: alpa jJAna se yukta nara-nAriyoM ke lie zIghrabodha pradAna karAne meM . kathA sarvottama hai| yahI bodha yadi unhIM kI bhASA meM karAyA jAya to zIghra samajha meM A jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne usa samaya kI pracalita arddhamAgadhI meM upadeza dekara use sahaja gamya banA diyaa| kathA sAhitya kA vikAsa-krama prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA prAdurbhAva AgamoM ke samaya se hI ho cukA thaa| AgamoM meM kathAoM, upamAoM, udAharaNoM evaM hetuoM dvArA dArzanika, AdhyAtmika evaM naitika tathyoM kI sundara vyaMjanA upalabdha hai| isa vizAla sAhitya meM premAkhyAna, upanyAsa, dRSTAnta, upadeza Adi se sambandhita aneka kathAe~ upalabdha haiN| prAkRta kathAoM ko nimna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara usake vikAsa-krama kA AMkalana karanA nyAyocita rahegA(a) Agama yugIna kathAe~ ___ AgamoM meM prApta kathAe~ vastata: dhArmika evaM naitika haiN| bRhatkathAkoSa kI bhUmikA meM kahA gayA hai ki AgamayugIna kathAoM kI pramukha vizeSatA upadezAtmaka evaM AdhyAtmikatA hai| isameM tIrthaMkaroM evaM unake anuyAyiyoM, zalAkApuruSoM va anya prasiddha vyaktiyoM kI jIvana rekhAe~, vyAkhyAtmaka rUpaka, uddezya pradhAna kathAe~ evaM aise sabhI puruSoM ke jIvanavRtta sammilita haiM jinhoMne apane uttarakAlIna jIvana meM ucca pada prApta kiyA thaa| DaoN0 e0ena0 upAdhye ne AgamayugIna kathAoM kI pravRtti ke bAre meM batAte hue kahA ki prArambha meM jo mAtra upamAe~ thIM, bAda meM vyApaka rUpa pradAna karane evaM dharmArtha upadeza dene ke nimitta unheM kathAtmaka rUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa|2 Agama se uddhata kucha kathAtmaka prasaMga isa prakAra haiM1. bRhatkathAkoSa, bhUmikA, pR0-18, (dvArA haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, pR0-4). 2. vahI, pR0-18. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #46
prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa AcArAMga ke chaThe adhyAya meM batAyA gayA ki eka kachuA jise zaivAla ke bIca meM rahane vAle eka chidra se jyotsnA kA saundarya dikhalAI par3A aura jaba vaha punaH apane sAthiyoM ko dikhAne lAyA to vaha chidra hI nahIM milaa| isase tyAga mArga meM nirantara sAvadhAnI rakhane kA saMketa milatA hai jo rUpaka kathA ke vikAsa ke lie bar3A upayogI siddha hotA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga ke dvitIya skandha kI tIsarI cUlA meM mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta kI kathA kA saMketAtmaka rUpa hai| sUtrakatAMga ke chaThe evaM sAtaveM adhyayana meM ArdrakumAra evaM peDhAka putra udaka kA gautama ke sAtha saMvAda hai|2 dvitIya khaNDa ke prathama adhyayana meM puNDarIka kA dRSTAnta kathA sAhitya kA advitIya udAharaNa hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM aneka sthAnoM para pratikoM ke mAdhyama se vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatI Adi meM pArzva evaM mahAvIra ke jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai| isake dvitIya adhyayana meM skanda kI kathA hai|3 jJAtAdharmakathA kA jaina AgamoM meM kathA sAhitya kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta isa grantha ke prathama zrutaskandha meM 19 nItiparaka kathAe~ haiM evaM dvitIya zrutaskandha meM dasa vargoM meM dharma kathAe~ haiN| prathama adhyayana meM meghakumAra kA jIvana ahaMkAra tyAga kara sahiSNu banane aura AtmasAdhanA meM lIna rahane kA saMketa detA hai| isake dvitIya adhyayana meM dhannA aura vijaya cora kI kathA aMkita hai| tRtIya meM sAgaradatta aura jinadatta kI kathA hai| cauthe meM do kachuoM aura do zRgAloM, pAMcaveM meM thAvaccA kumAra evaM sailaga rAjazrI, sAtaveM meM dhanya aura usakI cAra putravadhuoM kI pratIka kathA hai| AThaveM . meM mallIkumArI, naveM meM jinadakSa aura jinapAla, bArahaveM meM durdaradeva, caudahaveM meM amAtya tetalI, solahaveM meM draupadI, unnIsaveM meM puNDarIka aura kuNDarIka kI kathAe~ hai| isake dvitIya zrutaskandha meM mAnava, deva aura vyantara kI camatkArika ghaTanAe~ haiN| ___ upAsakadazAMga ke dasa adhyayanoM meM mahAvIrakAlIna dasa zrAvakoM ke divya-jIvana .. 1. se bemi se jahA vi kumme harae, AcArAMga, 6/1, pR0-437. 2. sUtrakRtAMga, adhyAya, 6-7. 3. bhagavatI, 2/1. 4. jJAtAdharmakathA, adhyayana 1 va 2. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #47
34 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana kathAoM kA varNana hai| antakRtadazAMga meM una mahApuruSoM ke jIvana kA caritra-citraNa hai jinhoMne apane karmoM kA kSaya kara mokSa prApta kara liyA hai| anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM aise vyaktiyoM kA caritra hai, jinhoMne mokSa to prApta nahIM kiyA, parantu apanI divya sAdhanA dvArA anuttara vimAna ko prApta kiyA hai| arthAt isameM divya AtmAoM ke caritra kA samAveza hai| vipAkasUtra meM zubha/acche aura azubha/bure phala se sambandhita bIsa preraNAdAyI kathAe~ haiN| aupapAtikasUtra meM punarjanma se sambandhita kathAe~ haiN| isI meM mahAvIra aura gautama ke praznottara kathAtmaka rUpa meM haiN| rAjapraznIya. meM pradezI aura kezI ke dRSTAnta haiN| kalpikA ajAtazatru ke dasa bhAiyoM aura ceTaka rAjA ke bIca yuddha kA varNana karanevAlA Agama hai| kalpantasikA meM rAjaputroM kI kathAe~ haiM jo satkarma ke kAraNa svarga prApta karate haiN| puSpacUlA meM puSpaka vimAnoM se AnevAle devI-devatAoM kI kathAe~ haiN| . vRNhidazA meM vRNhi kumAra kI dIkSA kA prasaMga hai| . nirayAvalIsUtra koNika, zreNika aura celanA ke jIvana se sambandhita kathAe~ meM haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM bhAvapUrNa aura zikSApUrNa kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| isa grantha meM kapila, harikeza,2 citrasambhUta, 3 zrIkRSNa, ariSTanemI aura rAjImatI,4 cora5, vijayaghoSa,6 jayaghoSa aura zakaTa kI kathAe~ haiN| dRSTivAda meM 120 akriyAvAdiyoM, 84 kriyAvAdiyoM, 67 ajJAnavAdiyoM, 32 1. uttarAdhyayana, adhyayana 8. 3. vahI 13. 5. vahI 4/3. 7. vahI 27/2. 2. 4. 6. vahI 12. vahI 22. vahI 25/44. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #48
prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 35 vainayikoM kA tarkapUrNa khaNDana hai| isameM svamata sthApanA aura paramata khaMDana meM bhI kathopakathana kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| zaurasenI sAhitya ke granthoM meM kathA bhAvapAhuDa meM bAhubali 2, madhupiMgala3, vaziSThamuni, bAhumuni, 5 dIpAyana, 6 zivakumAra,7 bhavyasena evaM zivabhUti ke bhAvapUrNa kathAnakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| tiloyapaNNatti meM 63 zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvana caritroM kI prAmANika sAmagrI prApta hotI hai|10 isa prakAra jaina AgamoM meM prasaMgAnusAra aneka kathAeM prApta hotI haiN| ye kathAe~ nadI kI mukhya dhArA ke pravAha se kinAre para uge hue phUloM ke paudhoM kI taraha haiN| isa taraha kI choTI-moTI kathAoM ne aMga sAhitya ke chaThe aMga ko pUrA hI kathAmaya banA diyA hai| isameM dhArmika AcAra, AdhyAtmika tattva-cintana, nIti aura kartavya ko saphalatApUrvaka pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai jisase saiddhAntika pakSa kA vyavahArika-nirUpaNa hotA hai| isI kAraNa ise jaina upAsaka, vratI, tattvajJa, zramaNa Adi Atmazodhana aura parimArjana ke lie AdhAra banAte haiN| isameM sAmAjika aura vyaktigata jIvana kI vikRtiyoM, paramparAoM aura mAnyatAoM ko ubhAra kara unheM sulajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| ata: yaha kaha sakate haiM ki ye kathAe~ tatkAlIna samAja evaM saMskRti kA yathArtha citraNa prastuta karatI haiN| . AgamoM ke pratyeka aMza meM vyakti ke jIvana-mUlyoM kA jo bhI dRSTAnta-udAharaNoM ke dvArA diye gaye haiM ve anupama evaM sarAhanIya kahe jA sakate haiN| prAkRta Agama ke samasta vAGmaya meM jo kucha bhI kathana hai vaha jaMbUsvAmI, gautama gaNadhara ke praznoM se prArambha hotA hai aura usakA uttara mahAvIra dvArA diyA jAtA hai| aisA saMvAdAtmaka prayoga anyatra nahIM hai| jJAtAdharmakathA to kathA vikAsa kA prathama sopAna hai ataH isake 1. kautkala kaannoviddh.....sthuunnaadiinaaN| haribhadra ke prAkRta sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, pR0-16. 2. bhAvapAhuDa, 44. 3. vahI 45. 4. . vahI 46. 5. vahI 49. 6. vahI 50. 7. vahI 51. 8. vahI 52. 9. vahI 53. .. 10. tiloyapaNNatti, caturtha, adhikAra, gAthA 515-1497. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #49
36 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana citraNa meM Adhunika upanyAsika zailI ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| (ba) TIkAyugIna kathAe~ prAkRta kathAoM ke TIkAyugIna kathA sAhitya upamAoM, rUpakoM aura pratIkoM para AdhArita haiN| niyuktiyoM meM nijandharI kathAe~ mAtra kathAtmaka saMketa pradAna karatI haiN| kathA sAhitya kI dRSTi se niyuktiyoM meM utanI sAmagrI nahIM hai jitanI ki bhASyoM, cUrNiyoM va TIkAoM meM haiN| AvazyakacUrNi aura dazavaikAlika kI kathAe~ to itanI lokapriya huIM ki unakA alaga prakAzana ho cukA hai| prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI dRSTi se AvazyakacUrNi, sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, nizIthacUrNi aura dazavaikAlikacUrNi Adi samRddhazAlI haiN| AvazyakacUrNi meM aitihAsika kathAoM meM pramukha rUpa se rAjA zAlivAhana kI nayovAhana para vijaya, 1 mahAvIra kI prathama ziSyA candanabAlA,2 zreNika aura celanA kA vivAha,3 kUTanItijJa cANakya Adi kA varNana hai| arddhaaitihAsika meM rAnI magAvatI kA kauzala, 5 rAjA udayana aura pradyota zakA yuddha Adi kA ullekha hai| dhArmika kathAoM meM valkalacIrI, RSikumAra, dhUrta vaNika, vyavasAyI kRtapuNya evaM laukika kathAoM meM lAlaca burI balAya,1deg paMDita kauna, 11 catura gehaka, 12 caturAI kA mUlya, 13 par3ho aura gano bhI, 14 Adi kathAe~ samAhita haiN| dazavaikAlikacUrNi meM IrSyA mata karo, 15 apanA-apanA puruSArtha,16 aura gIdar3a kI rAjanIti17 se yukta lokakathAe~ haiN| nizIthacUrNi meM anyAya ke pratikAra ke lie kAlakAcArya 18 kI kathA AyI hai| sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi meM Ardraka kumAra 19 kI kathA, hasti tApasa20, nirAkaraNa kathA, 1. Avazyaka cUrNi 2, pR. 201 2. vahI, pR. 316-20. 3. vahI, pR. 164. 4. vahI, pR. 563-565. 5. vahI, pR. 67-91 6. vahI, pR. 166. 7. . vahI, pR0-456. 8. vahI, pR0-531. 9. vahI, pR0-467. 10. vahI, pR0-169. 11. vahI, pR0-522. 12. vahI, pR0-544. 13. vahI, pR0-57-60. 14. vahI, pR0-553. 15. vahI, pR0-98. 16. vahI, pR0-103-104. 17. vahI, pR0-104. 18. nizItha-cUrNi uddezaka 10, pR0 571. 19. sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi, pR0-414-415. 20. vahI, pR0-441. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 37 arthalobhI vaNika kI kathA' Adi kaI kathAe~ varNita haiN| vyavahArabhASya evaM bRhatkalpa bhASya meM prAkRta kathAe~ bahulatA se upalabdha haiN| vyavahArabhASya meM bhikhArI kA sapanA, 2 choTe bar3e kAma kaise kara sakate haiM,3 kArya kI saccI upAsanA prabhRti tathA bRhatkalpa bhASya meM akla bar3I yA bhaiMsa,5 binA vicAre kAma,6 mUrkha bar3A yA vidvAna vaidyarAja yA yamarAja, zamba, saccA bhakta,10 jamAyI kI parIkSA11 evaM rAnI celanA12 Adi kathAe~ varNita haiN| isI taraha ke prayojanoM ko siddha karanevAlI uttarAdhyayana kI sukhabodhanI TIkA meM lagabhaga 125 choTI bar3I kathAe~ haiN| isa prakAra TIkAyugIna kathAoM kI varNanAtmaka vizeSatAe~ hI AgamoM kI kathA se unheM alaga karatI haiN| AgamoM kI TIkA granthoM kI kathAoM ko pUrNa vivecita kiyA gayA hai jisase kathAe~ vistAra evaM bhAva ko prApta haIM haiM tathA viSayoM ke cayana, nirupaNa aura sampAdana meM vividhatA bhI AyI haiM, sAtha hI kathAoM meM saMkSiptatA evaM uddezya ke prati sajagatA kA samAveza bhI huA hai| niyuktiyoM aura cUrNiyoM meM aitihAsika, arddha-aitihAsika, dhArmika aura laukika kathAe~ upalabdha hotI haiN| inake bhASya granthoM meM adhikAMza loka kathAe~ aura upadezaprada nIti kathAe~ haiN| isa prakAra TIkA sAhitya kathA aura AkhyAnoM kA akSaya bhaNDAra kahA jA sakatA hai| AgamoM ke mUla meM jo kucha bhI thA use vyAkhyAkAroM ne adhika rocaka banA diyA hai| (sa) svatantra kathA sAhitya prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke vikAsa kI tIsarI sIr3hI svatantra lekhakoM dvArA kathA sAhitya ke nirmANa ke rUpa meM prApta hotI hai| ina kathAoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki kathAkAra isameM kathAtmaka dAyitva ke nirvAha kI cintA se cintita rahatA hai| isa yuga kI mukhya kathAoM meM vasudevahiNDI, samarAiccakahA, taraMgavatI, paumacariyaM Adi haiN| taraMgavatI kathA Aja anupalabdha hai phira bhI isake ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai. ki yaha eka dhArmika upanyAsa thA jisakI khyAti lokottara kathA ke rUpa meM 1. sUtrakRtAMga-cUrNi, pR0-452.. 2. vyavahArabhASya, uddezaka-3, pR0-8. - 3. vyAvahArabhASya, pR0-7. 4. vahI, pR0-51. 5. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA, pR0-53. 6. bRhatkalpa bhASya pIThikA, pR0-56. 7. vahI, pR0-110. 8. vahI, pR0-111. . 9. vahI, pR0-56-57. 10. vahI, pR0-223. - 11. vahI, pR0-223. 12. vahI, pR0-57. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #51
38 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana bahuta adhika thii| vasudevahiNDI kA vizva kathA sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| ina kathAoM meM mukhya rUpa se nimna vizeSatAeM pAyI jAtI haiM1. ina kathAoM meM sarvaprathama hameM caritra kA kathAtmaka utkarSa prApta hotA hai| 2. isa yuga kI kathAoM meM saMkalana kI pravRtti aura loka kathAoM ko abhijAtya sAhitya ke rUpa meM prakaTa karane kI paramparA kA pracalana prApta hotA hai| 3. manovinoda, bhayAnaka aura prema sambandhI aneka dRzyoM ko prastuta karanA ina kathAoM kI vizeSatA hai| 4. sthApatya kI eka sthira aura suspaSTa dRSTi usa yuga kI kathAoM meM darzita hotI hai| 5. vartamAna kathAoM meM vyApakatA, vibhinnatA, mAnava prakRti kA paricaya, varNana-saundarya, bhASA aura zailI kI saralatA ina kathAoM kI dena hai| 6. chanda, alaMkAra Adi ke tattva evaM rasa kI yojanA kA samAveza ina kathAoM 7. sarala, akRtrima aura sundara zailI meM prastutIkaraNa ke kAraNa ina kathAoM kA mana para gaharA prabhAva par3atA hai| 8. kathAoM ke madhya meM dharma-tattva namaka kI usa cuTakI ke samAna hai jo sAre __bhojana ko svAdiSTa aura sukhamaya banA detI hai| 9. prAkRta kathAeM samasAmayikatA ko lie hue Aja bhI jIvaMta banI haIM haiN| 10. prAkRta kathAoM meM prakRti kA saundarya evaM paryAvaraNa kI bhInI-bhInI sugaMdha bhI hai| 11. prAkRta kathAe~ antarjagata kA sAkAra rUpa lie hue haiN| 12. prAkRta kathAoM meM loka-tattva, lokajIvana, loka rIti-nIti Adi kI sApekSatA se AdhyAtmika satyArtha ko udghATita karane kI zakti vidyamAna hai| prAkRta kI kathAe~ maulikatA se jur3I huI kabhI bhI prAcInatA ko prApta nahIM hone vAlI haiN| isalie inameM jIvana kA satyArtha hai aura samAja kA udArIkaraNa bhii| (da) haribhadrayugIna prAkRta kathA sAhitya isa yuga meM kathA sAhitya kA jitanA vikAsa huA hai utamA anya yuga meM For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 39 nhiiN| kathAnakoM kI vividhatA evaM zilpa aura rUpa kI dRSTi ke sAtha abhinava prayoga isa yuga kI vizeSatA thii| kathA yA. AkhyAyikAoM meM dharmakathA aura prabandha kAvya ke guNoM kA samAveza bhI isa yuga meM prArambha ho cukA thaa| isa yuga meM alaMkRta bhASA zailI, zleSamaya samAsa padAvalI, prasaMgAnukUla karkaza zabdoM kA vyavahAra, dIrghakAya vAkya evaM anUThI kalpanAoM kA pracalana adhika thaa| ___ isa yuga kI pramukha kathAe~ samarAiccakahA aura dhUrtAkhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha TIkAoM aura cUrNiyoM meM bhI prApta hotI haiN| haribhadra ne mUlarUpa se 125 granthoM kI racanA kI hai| jinameM kathAoM ke rUpa meM samarAiccakahA aura dhUrtAkhyAna bahuta hI prasiddha racanAe~ haiN| inakI kathAoM meM dharma, darzana Adi ke citraNa ke sAtha loka vyavahAra kA svarUpa bhI prApta hotA hai| samarAiccakahA kI AdhArabhUta pravRtti pratizodha kI bhAvanA hai jisameM sadAcArI nAyaka aura durAcArI pratinAyaka ke jIvana saMgharSa kI ghaTanAyeM kaI janmoM taka calatI haiN| dhUrtAkhyAna eka vyaMgya pradhAna racanA hai jisameM purANoM meM varNita asambhava aura avizvasanIya bAtoM kA pratyAkhyAna pA~ca dhUrtoM kI kathAoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya kathA sAhitya meM isa lAkSaNika zailI kA prayoga anyatra zAyada hI prApta ho| isa prakAra navIna zailI meM kathAoM ke mAdhyama se haribhadra ne asambhava, mithyA aura akalpanIya nindaya AcaraNa kI ora le jAne vAlI bAtoM kA nirAkaraNa kara svastha, sadAcArI aura sambhava AkhyAnoM kA nirupaNa kiyA hai| . haribhadra uttarayugIna prAkRta kathA sAhitya . haribhadra ke bAda kathA sAhitya apanI pUrNa kSamatA ke sAtha vikasita hokara eka samaddha aura pUrNa sAhityika vidhA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huaa| isa yuga meM prAkRta kathAe~ cAra zreNiyoM meM likhI gyiiN| 1. upadezAtmaka kathA saahity| " 2. AkhyAyikA kathA sAhitya- kathA ke pazcAt upadeza pradAna karanevAlA saahity| 3. dhArmika upanyAsa- prema kathA ko anya kathA ke jAla meM bA~dhakara nAyaka-nAyikA - kA milana, sukhamaya jIvana aura anta meM unakA jaina dharma meM praveza kraanaa| 4. cAritrAtmaka kathA sAhitya- mahApuruSoM kI jIvana gAthAoM kI aitihAsika aura kAlpanika raMga meM upasthita krnaa| isa yuga meM mUlata: udyotanasari kI kuvalayamAlAkahA, zIlaMkAcArya kA caupana-mahApuruSa- caritra, dhanezvarasUri kA For Personal & Private Use Only

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40 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana surasundarI-caritra evaM nirvANa lIlAvatI kathA, kathAkoSa-prakaraNa, jinacandra kI saMvega raMgazAlA, mahezvarasUri kI nAgapaMcamI kathA, candraprabha mahattara kI zrI vijayacandra. kevalI caritra, guNacandra kA mahAvIra caritra, devaprabha kA zrI pArzvanAtha caritra evaM kathAratna koSa, nemicandra kA mahAvIra caritra, rayaNacUDArAyacaritra, nemIcandrasUri kA AkhyAnakamaNikoSa, samatisari kA jinadatta-AkhyAna, gaNacandrasUrI kA naravikramacaritra, ratnazekharasUri kA zrIpAla kathA, jinaharSasUrI kA ratnazekharanRpa kathA, vIradevagaNi kI mahIpAla kathA, paramacandrasUri ke ziSya kI prAkRta kathA saMgraha mukhya kathAe~ haiN| isa prakAra IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI se satrahavIM zatAbdI taka prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA nirantara vikAsa hotA rahA, jo samAja, saMskRti aura lokatattvoM se paripUrNa hai| prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI pravRttiyA~, upalabdhiyA~ evaM navIna daSTikoNa 1. prAkRta kathA sAhitya se saMskRta, apabhraMza aura hindI kI prema kathAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM mallI kI kathA premakathA hai, taraMgavatI premAkhyAna hai| lIlAvatI kathA apane yuga kI sarvazreSTha prema kathA hai| prema-prasaMga se sambandhita aneka kathAe~ niyukti aura bhASyoM meM haiN| isa prakAra. prAkRta kathAoM meM prema kA udbhava, bheMTa, svapnadarzana, guNa-zramaNa Adi kI vibhinna sthitiyA~ dikhalAyI gayI haiN| 2. prAkRta kathAoM ko rocaka banAne ke lie gadya-padya donoM kA prayoga huA hai| saMskRta kI campU vidyA kA vikAsa inhIM kathAoM se mAnanA ucita hai| 3. guNADhya kI bRhadkathA evaM haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna ko loka kathAoM kA vizvakoSa kahA jA sakatA hai| ata: loka kathAoM ke vikAsa aura prasAra meM prAkRta kathAoM kA ullekhanIya sthAna hai| 4. pazu-pakSI kI kathA kA vikAsa bhI prAkRta kathAoM se huA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM kue~ kA meDhaka, jaMgala ke kIr3e, do kachue Adi kathAe~ svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mukha se kahalAyI gayI haiN| 5. prAkRta kathAoM meM isa loka kI samasyAoM kA cintana, paraloka kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna, dhArmika, sAmAjika, Arthika aura rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM kA citraNa bahuta sundara DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| 6. prAkRta kathAoM meM siddhAntoM kA samAveza madhya meM kiyA gayA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 41 7. prAkRta kathAoM meM dAna, zIla, tapa aura sadbhAva rUpa dharma kA nirdeza hai| 8. ina kathAoM meM dharma, sampradAya, rASTra, varNa Adi kA citraNa AcAra, vicAra, vyavahAra, siddhAnta, Adarza, zikSaNa, saMskAra, rIti-nIti, rAjatantra, vANijya vyApAra, Adi ke rUpa meM bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa kI pracura sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| 9. ina kathAoM meM ucca, madhyama va nimna tInoM hI vargoM ko sammilita kara sarvasAdhAraNa taka pahuMcane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| 10. ina kathAoM meM cAmatkArika ghaTanAoM, kArya vyApAroM, vyaktitva nirmANa, loka kalyANa ke sAtha. manoraMjaka tattvoM kA bhI samAveza kiyA gayA hai| 11. prAkRta kathAoM meM saMvAda zailI kA viziSTa prayoga kiyA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke chaThe aura sAtaveM adhyayana meM ArdrakumAra ke gozAlaka ke sAtha vArtAlApa meM isa zailI kA prayoga hai| uttarAdhyayana meM aise aneka bhAvapUrNa AkhyAna haiN| kathA kA vargIkaraNa kathA sAhitya cauthI zatAbdI se lekara satrahavIM zatAbdI taka nirantara vikasita hotI rahI hai| isa lambI dIrghakAlIna kAlAvadhi meM kathAoM ke vibhinna rUpa hameM prApta hote rahe haiN| dazavaikAlika meM kathAoM ke tIna bheda akathA, kathA va vikathA prApta hote haiN| ajJAnI jIva evaM mithyAdRSTi jisa kathA ko kahate haiM vaha saMsAra ko bar3hAne vAlI hone ke kAraNa akathA kahalAtI hai| ... tapa, saMyama, dAna va zIla yukta vyakti loka-kalyANa ke lie jisa kathA ko kahatA hai, vaha kathA kahalAtI hai| kucha vidvAnoM se ise satkathA kahA hai|2 pramAda, kaSAya,. rAga, dveSa, cora evaM samAja ko vikRta karanevAlI kathA vikathA kahalAtI hai| dazavaikAlika meM viSaya kI dRSTi se kathA ke cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM artha-kathA, kAma-kathA, dharma-kathA aura mishr-kthaa|3 1. "akahAkahA ya vikahA abijja purisaMtara pappa' dazavaikAlika gAthA 208-211. ...2. jinasena kA mahApurANa prathama parva, zloka 120. 3.. atthakahA kAmakahA dhammakahA ceva misiyA ya khaa| eto ekkekkAvi ya NogavihA hoi naayvvo| dazavaikAlika gAthA-188. For Personal & Private Use Only

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42. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana artha-kathA . vyakti kI Arthika samasyAoM aura usake samAdhAna ko kathA ke mAdhyama se vyakta karanA artha-kathA hai| kAma-kathA rUpa, saundarya, yuvAvasthA, vaMza Adi viSayoM kI zikSA kathA ke mAdhyama se pradAna karanA kAma-kathA hai|2 dharma-kathA kSamA, mArdava, Arjava, tapa, saMyama, satya, zauca, akiMcana, brahmacarya, aNuvrata, digvrata, dezavrata, anarthadaNDavrata, sAmAyika, proSadhopavAsa, bhoga-paribhoga, atithisaMvibhAga, anukampA tathA akAma nirjarA kA jahA~ varNana ho vaha dharmakathA hai|3 . dazavaikAlika meM dharmakathA ke bhI cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM AkSepiNI, vikSepiNI, saMvegiNI aura nivedinnii| mizra-kathA jina kathAoM meM artha, kAma aura dharma ina tInoM kA sammizraNa pAyA jAye vaha mizrakathA kahalAtI hai| dazavaikAlika meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisa kathA meM dharma, artha, kAma ina tIna puruSArthoM kA nirUpaNa ho vaha mizra kathA hai|5 samarAiccakahA evaM lIlAvaIkahA meM pAtroM ke AdhAra para kathA ke tIna bheda kiye gaye haiM 1. divya- jinameM divya loka ke vyaktiyoM ke kriyAkalApa se kathAnaka yA kathAvastu kA nirmANa hotA hai ve divya kathAe~ kahalAtI haiN| 2. mAnuSI- pUrNa mAnavatA se yukta vyakti ke utthAna, patana evaM vibhinna samasyAoM kA ullekha jisa kathA meM hotA hai vaha mAnuSI kathA kahalAtI hai| 3. divya-mAnuSI- manuSya evaM devoM se sambandhita prAkRta bhASA meM kahI jAnevAlI manohara evaM sarasa kathA divya-mAnuSI kathA kahalAtI hai|6 4. bhASA ke AdhAra para kathAoM ke (1) saMskRta, (2) prAkRta, (3) mizra 1. dazavaikAlika, . gAthA-189. 2. vahI, gAthA-192. 3. samarAicckahA, pR. 3. 4. dazavaikAlika gAthA 193-195. 5. vahI gAthA 266. 6. lIlAvaIkahA gAthA 36. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 43 tIna bheda kie gae haiN| 5. udyotanasUri ne sthApatya ke AdhAra para pA~ca bheda kie haiN| (1) sakala-kathA, (2) khaNDakathA, (3) ullApa-kathA, (4) parihAsa-kathA aura (5) saMkIrNa kthaa|2 6. hemacandra ne apane kAvyAnuzAsana meM kathAoM ke 12 bheda kie haiM- (1) AkhyAyikA, (2) kathA, (3) AkhyAna, (4) nidarzana, (5) pravahnikA, (6) manthallikA, (7) maNikulyA, (8) parikathA, (9) khaMDakathA, (10) sakalakathA, (11) upakathA aura (12) bRhtkthaa| 7. DaoN0 e0ena0 upAdhye ne varNa va viSaya kI zailI ke AdhAra para kathAoM ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai|4 (1) prabandha zailI meM viziSTa puruSoM ke critr| (2) tIrthaMkara yA viziSTa puruSoM meM kisI eka kA vistRta critr| (3) prema prasaMgoM se yukta kthaaeN| (4) arddha-aitihAsika kthaaeN| (5) upadezaprada kthaayeN| isa prakAra uparokta vargIkaraNa se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya vibhinna vargoM meM vibhakta hai| yahA~ para yaha ullekhanIya hai ki caritra kAvyoM ko bhI kathA sAhitya meM samAviSTa kiyA gayA hai kyoMki ina caritroM meM kathA tattva kI mAtrA bahuta adhika hotI hai| caritra vyakti ke samagra kathAnaka ko prastuta karatA hai| isalie caritra bhI kathA hai aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| . prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ kisI bhI sAhitya ke nirmAtA kA mUla uddezya usake lakSya taka pahaMcanA hotA hai| agara vaha sAhitya lakSya pUrti meM sAdhaka bana jAtA hai to sAhitya saphalatA ko prApta karatA hai| prAkRta kathAoM kA bhI mUla lakSya sarala, sahaja va svAbhAvikatA " se yukta manoraMjaka kathA ko kahate hue dharma evaM AdhyAtma kI ora agrasara karanA hai| 1. lIlAvaIkahA gAthA 36. 2. kuvalayamAlAkathA, adhyayana-7, pR0-4, 3. hemacandra, kAvyAnuzAsana, adhyayana-8, sUtra-7-8. 4. bRhatkathAkoSa, bhUmikA pR0-35. For Personal & Private Use Only

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44 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana AcArya udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI vizeSatAoM kA varNana karate hue kahA hai - "sAlaMkArA suhayA laliya-payA mauya-maMju sNlaavaa| sahiyANa dei harisaM ubbUDhA Nava bahU cev|| sukaI-kahA-haya-hiyayANa tumha jai vihuNa laggae esaa| poDhA-rayAo taha vihu kuNaI visesaM nnv-bhuvv||" arthAt sundara alaMkAroM se vibhUSita, suspaSTa, madhurAlApa aura bhAvoM se nitAnta manohara tathA anurAgavaza svameva zayyA para upasthita abhinava vadhU kI taraha. sugama, kalAvidhA sambandhI vAkya-vinyAsoM ke kAraNa suzrAvya, madhura-sundara zabdAvalI se gumphita; kautUhala yukta sarasa aura AnandAnubhUti utpanna karane vAlI kathA hotI hai| isa prakAra prAkRta kathAe~ sabhI ko harSa utpanna karatI haiN| isakI pramukha vizeSatAe~ nimnAMkita haiM 1. prAkRta kathAoM meM anekAneka sthaloM para kathAoM kA prArambha praznottara ke rUpa meM huA hai| lIlAvaIkahA meM patnI, pati ko sAMyakAlIna madhara velA dekhakara snehIla kathA kahane kA Agraha karatI hai|2 prAkRta ke prAya: sabhI caritra kAvyoM meM yahI zailI prApta hotI hai| udAharaNa ke lie jambUcariyaM3 nemicandasari kA mahAvIra-caritra evaM rayaNacUDarAyacarita5 liyA jA sakatA jisameM eka zrotA mahAvIra ke caritra ko pUchatA hai aura jJAnI yA vaktA usa caritra kA udghATana karatA hai| 2. pUrva janmoM kA ullekha- prAkRta kathAoM meM kathAkAra kathA kahatA hai, vahIM acAnaka se pUrva janma kA ghaTanAkrama jor3a detA hai, jisase kathA meM gati A jAtI hai| Ajakala dhArAvAhikoM evaM calacitroM meM phlaiza baika dikhAyA jAtA hai vahI paddhati kathAoM meM prApta hotI hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM kevalI yA anya jJAnI nAyaka ko dharmadezanA dete haiN| usa dharmadezanA ko sunate hI nAyaka ko pUrvajanma kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| isI taraha rAjA 1. kuvalayamAlA kahA, pR. 4, adhyayana 8. 2. lIlAvaIkahA gAthA 24, "joNhAuriyaM kosa.......chappao' 3. jambUcAritra, gAthA, 25-29. 4. mahAvIracaritra gAthA, 99-100. 5. rayaNacUDacaritra, pR0-2. For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 45 ratnazekhara kI kathA meM kinnara-mithuna ke vArtAlApa se rAjA ko pUrvajanma kI patnI ratnAvatI kA smaraNa ho jAtA hai|' taraMgavatI kathA meM bhI haMsa-mithuna darzana se pUrvajanma kA jJAna hone kA varNana AyA hai| isI prakAra kuvalayamAlAkahA meM kuvalayacanda ko atIta kA smaraNa ho AtA hai aura vaha usI AdhAra para kuvalaya kI khoja karatA hai| 3. bhUta aura vartamAna kA sammizraNa- prAya: sabhI prAkRta kathAoM meM atIta aura vartamAna donoM kI ghaTanAyeM prApta hotI haiN| taraMgavatI kathA meM udyAna meM vicaraNa karatI huI nAyikA haMsa-mithuna ko dekhakara atIta kA smaraNa karane lagatI hai aura apane premI kI talAza meM nikala par3atI hai| mahAvIra caritra meM nemicandra ne tInoM kAloM ke saMyoga ko dikhalAyA hai| lIlAvaIkahA meM bhI lIlAvatI evaM usakI sakhI bhUta evaM vartamAna ke bhAva smaraNa ko lekara unakI (apane priyatama kI) khoja meM nikala par3atI hai| 4. kathAoM kA sammizraNa- prAkRta sAhitya meM upanyAsa kI taraha avAntara kathAoM kA bhI sammizraNa hai jinameM vasadevahiNDI, samarAiccakahA, kuvalayamAlAkahA, evaM lIlAvaIkahA Adi kathAoM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| 5. uddezya pradhAnatA- prAkRta kathAe~ niruddezya yA kevala kSaNika manoraMjana ke lie nahIM likhI gayI haiN| isameM mAnava jIvana ke vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ko parakhane kI ceSTA kI gayI hai| sAhityakAra se agara asAvadhAnI ho jAya to kathApravAha ruka jAtA hai ata: lekhaka ko sAvadhAnI kI vizeSa AvazyakatA rahatI hai| isakA sarvottama udAharaNa kuvalayamAlA meM dekhane ko milatA hai jahA~ garimAmaya padAvalI evaM abhinna varNanoM kA adbhUta sAmaJjasya banA hai| ..6. vyaMgya kA anumiti dvArA prakaTIkaraNa- prAkRta kathAoM meM kisI bAta ko svayaM na kahakara vyaMgya ke mAdhyama se prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| kuvalayamAlA meM rAjA dRr3havarmA ko mahendra kI prApti putra prApti kA saMketa hai| samarAiccakahA meM guNasena ke mahala ke nIce se murdA nikalanA vairAgya prApti kA saMketa hai| 7. sthApatya kalA kA prayoga- jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM nagara, grAma, sarovara, prAsAda, Rtu, vana, parvata Adi kA vivecana bahuta hI sundaratA se kiyA gayA hai| jaise rAjaprAsAda kI sthApatya kalA prasiddha hotI hai usI prakAra prAkRta kathAoM 1. rayaNaseharanivakathA, pR0-6. 2. taraMgavatIkathA, pR0-17-18, gAthA 58-68. For Personal & Private Use Only

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46 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana kI varNana praNAlI meM bhI sthApatya hotA hai| 8. itivRttAtmaka prakriyA kA Alambana- jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM jijJAsA, . Azcarya evaM romAMca hai, phira kathA naI karavaTa letI hai jo utsAha, du:kha, sukha, prema Adi ke sAtha Age bar3hatI hai jisase pAThaka ke bhAva evaM vRttiyoM ko bala milatA hai| kathAoM ke anta meM caritra kA utkarSa evaM janma-janmAntara ke saMskAroM kA vikAsa hotA hai| adhikAMza prAkRta kathAkAroM ne sahaja paddhati se kathAe~ likhI haiN| inameM koI bhI raMga bharane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| carama bindu kA to prAkRta kI pratyeka kathA meM prAyaH abhAva pAyA gayA hai| 9. vividhatAoM kA samAveza- prAkRta kathAkAroM ne varNana ke rUpa meM nimna bAtoM kA dhyAna diyA hai| (a) saMkSipta aura prasaMgocitta vrnnn| (ba) mUla kathA ke sAtha anya kathAoM kA smaavesh| (sa) kautUhalapUrNa ghttnaaeN| (da) Adarza caritroM kI sthApanA ke sAtha dharma-tattva kA vrnnn| (ya) sarasa vAkyAvalI kA smaavesh| (ra) paurANika evaM aitihAsika tathyoM kA vrnnn| 10. maMDanazilpa kA prayoga- prAkRta kathAoM meM nagara, deza, rAjabhavana Adi ke vaibhava kA varNana bahuta sundara DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| 11. kathA ke vibhinna aMgoM kA sthApatya- zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM kI taraha kathA ke vibhinna aMgoM ko suvyavasthita karanA kathA meM rasa evaM camatkAra utpanna karatA hai| vasudevahiNDI 1 meM kathA ke cha: evaM paumacariyaM meM kathA ke sAta aMga batAye gaye haiN| 12. pAtroM kI bahulatA- prAkRta kathAoM meM vibhinna vRttiyoM vAle mAnava aura mAnavetara pAtra prApta hote haiN| mAnavetara pAtroM meM deva, dAnava aura tiryaMca sammilita haiM jabaki mAnava-pAtroM meM nara-nArI, bAlaka, bAlikA, rAjapuruSa, purohita, maMtrI, sAmAnya nAgarika, utkRSTa samAja Adi sabhI kA samAveza hai| 13. kathAoM kI vizAlatA- prAkRta kI bahuta-sI kathAe~ itanI bar3I 1. kathotpatiH prastAvanA, mukha, pratimukha, zarIra aura upsNhaar| vAsudevahiNDI, pR0-1. For Personal & Private Use Only

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47 prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava evaM vikAsa hai ki unheM upanyAsa kahA jA sakatA hai jisake nimna kAraNa haiM (a) sAdhAraNa kathAoM kI apekSA itivRtta vizAla honaa| (ba) bhASA-pravAha vilkssnn| (sa) lyaatmktaa| (da) darzana, viveka, vRtta, caritra, zIla, dAna sambandhI vishesstaaeN| 14. bhAgya evaM saMyoga- prAkRta kathAoM meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki bhAgya hI saba kucha hai| vyakti kA apanA kucha nhiiN| janma-janmAntaroM ke karmoM ke prabhAva se jo hotA hai vaha honA hI thaa| bhAgyavAda para AdhArita ina kathAoM meM saMyogaviyoga ko AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra prAkRta kathAoM kI vizeSatAe~ bahuta hI sAragarbhita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki ye sarala, sahaja, rocaka haiM jo sIdhe hRdaya para prahAra karatI haiN| dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa ko alaMkRta vANI meM abhivyaMjita karanA prAkRta kathAoM kA kArya hai| alaMkAra evaM rasa yojanA bhI isameM sammilita haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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caturtha adhyAya jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu viSayavastu ke strota jaina sAhitya ke prAcInatama AyAma Agama haiM jisameM jIvana kA samarasatA kA sAra hai| isameM jJAtRputra mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa/prarUpita dharmakathAoM kA nirUpaNa hone se isa grantha kA nAma jJAtAdharmakathAMga par3A hai| isakI gaNanA jainAgama sAhitya ke prAcIna aMga AgamoM meM kI gayI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ko prAkRta meM 'nAyAdhammakahAo' tathA saMskRta meM 'jJAtRdharmakathA/jJAtAdharmakathA' nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| yaha grantha do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai- prathama zrutaskandha meM unnIsa kathAMza hai evaM dvitIya zrutaskandha meM dasa varga hai| nandIsatra meM kahA gayA hai ki isake dvitIya zrutaskandha kI pratyeka varga kI dhArmika marma se saMbaMdhita 500-500 AkhyAyikAe~ haiM aura eka-eka AkhyAyikA meM 500-500 upa-AkhyAyikAe~ haiM aura eka-eka upa-AkhyAyikA meM 500-500 AkhyAyikopakhyAyikAe~ haiM, para ve sabhI kathAe~ Aja upalabdha nahIM haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vartamAna saMskaraNoM ke prathama zrutaskandha meM unnIsa kathAe~ tathA dvitIya zrutaskandha meM do sau cha: kathAe~ nirupita haiN|3 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAe~ AdhyAtmika, samutkarSa, AtmA-paramAtmA, samatvadarzana, jJAna-vijJAna aura karma jaise dArzanika pahaluoM ko vyakta karatI hai| isameM ullekhita udAharaNa pradhAna rUpa se nItitattva, jIvana-mUlya, sadvicAra, sadAcaraNa, sadbodha, sad-jJAna, samatA, samabhAva, jJAnadarzana evaM cAritra ke utkRSTa mArga ko prazasta karatI haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSaya vastu jJAtAdharmakathAMga aMga Agama sAhitya kA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isameM mukhya rUpa se bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA dezita una kathAoM kA saMkalana hai jo samaya-samaya para unhoMne apane ziSyoM ko kartavya bodha karAne ke liye prarUpita kiyA thaa| isakI 1. jaina jagadIzacandra, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 80... 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, muni madhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAja0), pR0-4. 3. vahI, bhUmikA, AcArya devendramuni zAstrI, pR0-6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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49 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu adhikAMza kathAe~ zikSAprada, nItiparaka, paryAvaraNa surakSA evaM prANI jagata kI rakSA se sambandhita haiN| isa Agama ke prArambha meM maMgalAcaraNa nahIM hai| kathAkAra ne 'paThamaM ajjhayaNaM ukkhittaNAeM' aisA zIrSaka dekara hI samaya, kAla, campAnagarI, usakI sImA, vaibhava, zAsaka Adi kA sAMketika nirupaNa karane ke pazcAt bhagavAna mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya sudharmAsvAmI ke viSaya meM - unakI jAti, kula, rUpa, vinaya, tapa, jJAna, darzana, cAritra Adi guNoM kA sAMgopAMga nirUpaNa kiyA hai| Arya sudharmA sambandhI vivecana mAtra unake gaNoM kI prazaMsA se sambandhita nahIM haiM apit kathAkAra unake jIvanta svarUpa ko Age kI kathAnakoM meM bhI upasthita karanA cAhatA hai aisA parilakSita hotA hai| kathAnaka ke mUla meM rAjA kI jijJAsA hai ki jambUsvAmI kisa prakAra ke haiM? isa prazna ke uttara ko isa rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki Arya sudharmAsvAmI sAdhaka kI bhUmikA para vicaraNa karate hue saMyama aura tapa kI parAkASThA kI ora agrasara honA cAhate haiN| unakI taposAdhanA kA pariNAma jambUsvAmI ke rUpa meM upasthita hotA hai| ve Arya sadharmA ke jyeSTha ziSya the jo kAzyapa gotrIya the| unake gotra, saMsthAna, saMhanana, varNa, tapa, guNa, saMskAra, dhyAna Adi ke pazcAt kathAkAra svayaM yaha kathana karatA haiM ki chaThe aMga ke do zrutaskandha kahe gaye haiM (1) jJAtA aura (2) dhrmkthaa| jJAtA yA jJAta adhyayanoM kA ullekha nimna hai- 1: utkSipta jJAta, 2. saMghATa, 3. aMDaka, 4. kUrma, 5. zailaka, 6. rohiNI, ... 7. mallI, 8. mAkandI, 9. canda, 10. dAvadravavRkSa, 11. tumba, 12. udaka, 13. maMDUka, 14. tetalIputra, 15. nandIphala, 16. amarakaMkA (draupadI), 17. AkIrNa, 18. suMsumA aura 19. punnddriik-kunnddriik| 1. utkSiptajJAta : yaha adhyayana rAjA zreNika se sambandhita hai| rAjagaha nagara meM rAjA zreNika rAjya karatA thA, usakA sampUrNa vaibhava mahAhimavanta parvata ke samAna phailA huA thaa| usakI do rAniyA~ thIM- nandA aura dhaarinnii| nandA se abhayakumAra kA janma hotA hai jo atizaya buddhizAlI thaa| sAma, dAma, daNDa, bheda Adi kI nIti meM nipuNa tathA autpattikI, vainayikI, kArmikI evaM pAriNAmikI buddhi meM pravINa thaa| . rAjA zreNika kI dvitIya rAnI dhAriNI devI thI jo atyanta rUpavAna, kamanIya, priyadarzanA evaM causaTha kalAoM se paripUrNa thii| vaha rAtri meM svapna darzana karatI hai| prAta: uThate hI rAjA zreNika ke pAsa jAkara nivedana karatI hai ki he rAjana! maiMne For Personal & Private Use Only

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50. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana jo svapna dekhe haiM unakA phala kyA hai? zreNika ne svapnoM kA samAdhAna karate hue kahA hai- he devAnupriya! tumane jo svapna dekhe haiM ve kalyANakArI haiN| svapnoM ke phala ko sunakara ve harSita huiiN| tatpazcAt kuladevatA kA pUjana karatI huI garbha ko dhAraNa kiyA aura prasannamanA dohada ko prApta huiiN| dohada kI pUrti abhayakumAra dvArA karAyI gii| nizcita samaya para rAnI dhAriNI ne patra ko janma diyA jisakA nAma meghakumAra rakhA gyaa| vaha bhI dhIre-dhIre vRddhi ko prApta huA aura yauvanAvasthA meM 72 kalAoM meM nipuNa hokara rAjakumAra pada para pratiSThita huaa| meghakumAra yuvAvasthA ko prApta hone para jana-jana kA priyaM bana gyaa| usakA bAgdAna rAjakula kI ATha rAjakanyAoM ke sAtha huA aura vaha kAmabhogoM ko bhogatA huA rAjagRha ke sundara prAsAda meM rahane lgaa| eka dina rAjagRha meM zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kA Agamana huaa| kaMcukI ne yaha sUcanA kuMvara ko dii| kuMvara tIrtha vandanA hetu vahA~ gaye tathA mahAvIra kI dezanA sunakara cAritradharma kI ora agrasara ho gye| dharma zravaNa se unake mana meM nirgrantha banane ke bhAva jAgRta hue aura unhoMne tatkAla mAtA-pitA ke pAsa Akara apane saMkalpa kA unase nivedana kiyaa| meghakumAra kI dharma ke prati ruci dekhakara mAtA-pitA dIkSA dene meM bAdhaka nahIM bne| unhoMne saharSa AjJA de dii| mAtA to mAtA hI hotI hai cAhe vaha kisI kI kyoM na ho| putra ke gRhatyAga para zoka karatI hI hai, parantu meghakumAra ke bhAvoM ke sAmane mAtA dhAriNI namrIbhUta ho gaIM aura dIkSA ke lie anumati de dii| ____ meghakumAra ke jIvana kI yaha apUrva ghaTanA thii| kathAkAra ne isa kathA meM inake tIna janmoM kA apUrva darzana karAyA hai| isameM meghakumAra ke pUrva ke do bhavoM kA bhI ullekha hai| tIsarA bhava meghakumAra kA thaa| pUrva ke prathama bhava meM meghakumAra jaMgalI hAthI kI paryAya meM thaa| hAthI jaMgala kI Aga kI capeTa meM A gyaa| prANa rakSA ke lie idhara-udhara bhaTakatA huA sarovara ke pAsa phuNcaa| garmI, bhUkha, pyAsa se vyAkula thA, ata: pAnI pIne ke lie sarovara meM utraa| adhika kIcar3a hone ke kAraNa usameM phaMsa gyaa| bAhara nikalane kA prayAsa kiyA, parantu nikalane meM samartha nahIM ho paayaa| vivaza, lAcAra evaM asahAya atyanta vedanA ko prApta huaa| usI samaya eka dUsarA hAthI vahA~ aayaa| kIcar3a meM pha~se hAthI ko dekhakara use pUrva vaira kA smaraNa ho aayaa| usakA krodha bar3ha gayA aura usane Arta pariNAmoM se yukta hokara jaMgalI hAthI kI pITha para nukIle dA~toM se prahAra kiyaa| phalataH usane atyanta vedanAyukta hokara prANa tyAga diye aura pazugati ko prApta huA arthAt puna: hAthI ke rUpa meM janma liyaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu isake anantara puna: usI jaMgala meM bhayaMkara dAvAnala kA prakopa huA jisase pazu pakSI evaM vana kI vanaspatiyA~ sabhI naSTa hone lgii| pazu gati ko prApta meruprabha prANarakSA hetu idhara-udhara jaMgala meM bhAgane lgaa| usake sAtha anya hAthiyoM kA samUha bhI idhara-udhara vyAkula hokara daur3ane lgaa| unheM jalatA huA dekhakara jAti smaraNa ho gyaa| arthAt lezyAvizuddhi, zubha adhyavasAya aura zubha pariNAma Adi ke kAraNa usI dAvAnala ke samIpa varSAyukta sthAna ko banAyA jisase merUprabha ke sAtha jaMgala kI sampadAoM aura anya prANiyoM kI bhI rakSA huii| puna: dAvAnala kA prakopa huaa| isa bAra bacAva kA sthAna meruprabha ne pahale se hI banA rakhA thA, ata: meruprabha usI ora bhaagaa| jaMgala sabhI jAnavara meruprabha ke pIche bhaage| acAnaka merUprabha ke zarIra meM khujalI utpanna huI aura usane jaise hI zarIra khujalAne ke lie paira upara uThAyA ki eka kharagoza nIce A gyaa| . merUprabha hAthI ne socA ki yaha kharagoza paMcendriya jIva hai, isake nIce anya kaI jIva bhI hoNge| ataH prANI rakSA ke bhAva se yukta hokara meruprabha r3hAI dina taka khar3A rahA jisake pariNAmasvarUpa vaha hAthI manuSya Ayu bandha ko prApta huaa| sau varSa kI Ayu pUrNa karake vahI jIva dhAriNI ke garbha meM AyA aura vahI zizu ke rUpa meM meghakumAra ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| meghakumAra upadeza sunakara saMyama mArga kI ora agrasara ho jAtA hai tathA dIkSA grahaNa kara tapazcaraNa karane lagatA hai| anta meM samAdhimaraNa ko prApta karake siddha gati ko prApta hotA hai| . prastuta adhyayana meM mUlata: nimna zikSAprada tathyoM ko iMgita karatA hai1. tattva jijJAsA aura anagAra dharma ke prati shrddhaa| 2. putra kA mAtA-pitA ke prati krtvybhaav| 3. svapnaphala Arogya, kalyANa aura mNgldaayii| 4. . kalA vyakti ko mahAna evaM zreSTha banAtA hai| 5. yuvakoM kI kalAe~ 72 mAnI gayI haiM aura nAriyoM kI kalA 64 mAnI gayI haiN| 6. kalA kA mUla uddezya mUka pazuoM kI rakSA kA hai| . 7. isameM vanaspati rakSA, jIva rakSA, mAnavIya rakSA, mAnasika rakSA, zArIrika rakSA .. Adi kA bhAva hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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52 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 2. saMghATa dvitIya adhyayana meM mana, vacana aura kAya kI ekAgratA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| isameM rAjagRha nAmaka nagara kA varNana hai| isI nagara meM guNazIla nAmaka caitya ko nAnA prakAra ke vRkSoM, latAoM, beloM Adi se samRddha batAyA gayA hai| rAjagRha nagara jo dhana-dhAnya Adi se sampanna thii| dhanya sArthavAha isI nagara kA nivAsI thaa| usakI patnI kA nAma bhadrA thaa| rAjagRha meM vijaya nAmaka cora rahatA thaa| vaha pApI, cANDAla, krUra svabhAvI, vizvAsaghAtI evaM sapta vyasanoM se yukta thaa| ___ bhadrA ne devI-devatAoM kI upAsanA se putra ratna kI prApti kii| jisakA nAma devadatta rakhA / vaha dhIre-dhIre bar3A hone lgaa| dAsa-dAsiyA~ use khilAne lgii| eka paMthaka use bAhara le jAkara svayaM bAlakoM ke sAtha khelane lgaa| use yaha dhyAna nahIM rahA ki jisa putra kI maiM rakSA kara rahA hU~ vaha mere mAlika kA hai| isI bIca vijaya cora usa sthAna para AyA usane devadatta ko dekhA jo AbhUSaNoM se ladA huA thaa| usakA apaharaNa kara liyaa| usakI khoja kI gii| parantu vaha nahIM milA, kyoMki usa bAlaka ke vastra AbhUSaNa Adi utArakara cora ne use kue~ meM DAla diyA thaa| nagara rakSakoM ne usakI khoja kii| vijaya cora ke pairoM ke nizAnoM kA anusaraNa karate hue ve mAlukAkaccha meM pahuMce jahA~ bAlaka devadatta ke AbhUSaNoM ko pahacAnA gyaa| vijaya cora ko bandI banAkara karAgRha meM DAla diyA gyaa| idhara dhanya sArthavAha rAjakIya aparAdha meM pakar3a liyA gyaa| vijaya cora aura. dhanya sArthavAha ko eka dUsare se bA~dha diyA gyaa| dhannA kI patnI bhadrA bhojana lekara dhanya sArthavAha ke pAsa AyI aura bhojana dekara ghara calI gii| kucha samayoparAnta dhanya sArthavAha mala-mUtra se pIr3ita ho gayA aura vijaya cora bhUkha se vyaakul| donoM kI gambhIra sthiti ho gyii| dayA bhAva se prerita ho dhanya sArthavAha apane putra ke ghAtaka ko jAnate hue bhI bhojana dene ke lie taiyAra ho gyaa| usane apane bhojana meM se kucha hissA vijaya cora ko de diyaa| yaha bAta bhadrA ko jaise hI jJAta huI vaha atyanta kupita ho gii| dhanya sArthavAha ko bandIgRha se mukta kara diyA gyaa| sabhI ne usakA Adara satkAra kiyA parantu bhadrA khinna mana se use dekhatI rahI arthAt vaha pati kA na Adara kara sakI aura na stkaar| yaha rahasya dhanya sArthavAha ko jJAta huA to usane kahA ki maiMne jo kucha bhI kiyA dharma samajha kara, tapa jAna kara, upakAra bhAva rakhakara For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu evaM sahacara banakara hI kiyaa| isake binA maiM kyA kara sakatA thaa| isa para vaha prasanna huI aura prAyazcitta kara apane kArya meM laga gyii| bare karma kA phala barA hotA hai| arthAt jaisI karanI hotI hai vaisA hI phala vyakti ko milatA hai| vijaya cora ko adhamagati prApta hotI hai aura dhanya sArthavAha apane jIvana ko dhanya karatA huA jinazAsana meM rata ho jAtA hai| usI ke pariNAma svarUpa vaha nirgrantha pravacana meM ruci karatA hai aura svarga ko prApta hotA hai| prastuta adhyayana meM manobhAva ko vizeSa rUpa se darzAyA gayA hai jo vyakti saMkalpazIla hotA hai vaha nizcaya hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra mArga kI ora agrasara hotA hai| aisA vyakti hI upakArI kA upakAra karatA hai aura eka-dUsare meM rakSA bhAva ko bhI utpanna karatA hai| karma pariNAma kRta kAryoM se hI hotA hai| 3. aDaMka tRtIya adhyayana meM zraddhA aura azraddhA ke pariNAma ko vyakta kiyA gayA hai| campAnagarI meM subhUmibAga nAmaka bagIcA thA jo sabhI RtuoM ke puSpa evaM phUloM se sampanna evaM ramaNIya rahatA thaa| usI ke vana bhAga meM eka mayUrI rahatI thI jo samaya samaya para aNDoM kA prasava karatI thii| campAnagarI meM do sArthavAha putra prItipUrvaka rahate the| usI nagarI meM devadattA nAmaka gaNikA bhI nivAsa karatI thii| usake sAtha sArthavAha putra bagIce meM Ate the aura sukhapUrvaka gaNikA ke sAtha vicaraNa karate the| devadattA gaNikA aura donoM sArthavAha putra vicaraNa karate huye mAlukAkaccha meM gye| vahA~ vRkSa kI DAlI para sthita mayUrI ke aNDoM ko dekhaa| unheM dekhakara ve donoM apane krIr3A karane yogya jAnakara unheM ghara le aaye| : sAgaradatta kA putra mayUrI ke aNDe ko dekhA aura dekhakara zaMkita hA gayA ..ki yaha aNDA nipajegA ki nahIM? usake phala kI AkAMkSA karane lagA ki kaba isase abhISTa phala kI prApti hogI? ina saba vicAroM se yukta mayUrI ke aNDoM ko vaha hilAne calAne lgaa| taba use vaha aNDA khokhalA dikhAI pdd'aa| vaha khinna ho gayA, socane lagA ki mere khelane kA prayojana hI niSphala ho gyaa| ___ udhara jinadatta nAmaka sArthavAha putra aNDe ko bar3hate hue dekhakara prasanna hotA hai aura mayUra saMrakSakoM ko bulavAtA hai| mayUrI ke aNDe phUTa par3ate haiM, cUje bar3e hote haiM taba vaha unheM nRtyakalA meM pravINa karAtA hai| jaba vaha kalA meM pravINa ho jAtA hai to jinadatta atyanta prasanna hotA hai| campAnagarI meM usa mayUra zizu kI For Personal & Private Use Only

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54 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana prasiddhi hotI hai| prastuta adhyayana meM zraddhA aura vizvAsa kI jIta hotI hai| azraddhA aura avizvAsa parAsta hotA hai| jo vratI sAdhanA meM lIna hokara tattva zraddhAna karate haiM ve nAnA prakAra kI kalAoM meM nipuNa ho jAte haiM aura vahI tapa, saMyama Adi ke mArga para calate huye jIva rakSA meM sahAyaka banate haiN| azraddhAlu saMsAra ke cakra meM phaMsakara duHkha hI bhogate haiN| 4. kUrma . caturtha adhyayana meM do kachuoM aura do zRgAloM ke pariNAmoM kA sundara vivecana hai| kathAkAra ne vArANasI nagarI ke vaibhava ko vyakta karane ke pazcAt gaMgA nadI ke mRtagaMgAtIra nAmaka tAlAba ke saundarya kA atyanta hI ramaNIya vivecana kiyA hai| vArANasI nagara kA yaha tAlAba kamala-kamaliniyoM se paripUrNa tathA jalacara jIvoM se yukta thaa| mRtagaMgAtIra kA eka bar3A bhAga mAlukAkaccha thaa| usa kaccha meM do pApI zRgAla rahate the| ve dina meM chipe rahate the aura rAtri ko mAMsa kI icchA se bAhara nikalate the| eka dina ve donoM pApI zRgAla mRtagaMgAtIra ke kinAre aae| vahA~ AhAra kI khoja karane lage tabhI unakI dRSTi do kUrmakoM para pdd'ii| kUrmakoM kI dRSTi bhI zRgAloM para pdd'ii| ve donoM Dara ge| bhAgane meM asamartha kinAre para hI zarIra meM hAtha, paira aura gardana ko chipAkara nizcala, nispaMda evaM mauna pUrvaka par3e rhe| donoM pApI zRgAla zIghratA se vahA~ Ae unhoMne kachuoM ko idhara udhara ghumAyA, palaTA, calAyA, nAkhUnoM evaM dAMtoM se ghAyala karanA cAhA para ve ghAyala nahIM hue| donoM hI zRgAla thake hue mAlukAkaccha kI ora cale ge| zRgAla cAlAka hote haiN| yaha jagata prasiddha hai| una donoM kachuoM meM se eka yaha bodha nahIM kara pAyA ki zRgAla cAlAka hote haiN| usane sabase pahale apane chipe hue aMga meM se paira ko bAhara nikaalaa| zRgAloM kI dRSTi usI ora thii| unhoMne tatparatA se usa kachue ke paira ko nAkhUnoM se jakar3a liyA aura dA~toM se tor3akara use khA liyaa| isake bAda usako phira idhara-udhara plttaa| eka ke bAda eka paira evaM grIvA Adi ko unhoMne chinna-bhinna karake khA liyaa| dUsarA kachuA nizcala par3A rahA use nirjIva jAnakara pApI zRgAla mRtagaMgAtIra se cale ge| unheM bahuta dUra gayA huA jAnakara dUsare kachue ne apanI grIvA ko bAhara nikAlA, idhara-udhara dekhA phira kramaza: hAtha-paira nikAlakara zIghra gati se tAlAba ke andara kI ora calA gyaa| isa taraha vaha apane prANoM kI rakSA kara skaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu 55 kathA meM pratIkAtmaka abhivyaMjanA hai| saMsAra meM pApiyoM kI koI kamI nhiiN| zRgAla do the isalie do hI pApiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| kachue ke zarIra kI banAvaTa aisI hotI hai ki usakI pITha para bandUka kI golI bhI laga jAe to bhI kucha nahIM hotaa| dUsarI bAta yaha bhI hai ki kachue zarIra ko surakSita rakhane meM atyanta nipuNa hote haiN| donoM ne nipuNatA dikhalAyI bhii| ___kathAkAra ne nipuNa vyakti ko bhI kabhI-kabhI truTi karate hue dekhA hogA isalie usane eka kachue ko isa taraha prastuta kiyA ki vaha sarvasva samApta ho gayA aura dUsare kI isa taraha prastuta kiyA ki usase jIvana kI vAstavikatA kA bodha hotA hai| jo vyakti pUrNatA ko cAhatA hai vaha saMyata hotA hai aura jo vyakti pUrNatA ko jAnakara usakI upekSA karatA hai vaha asaMyata hotA hai| jo sAdhaka yA vyakti niyama lekara indriya nigraha karate haiM ve saMyata kachue kI taraha apane jIvana ko surakSita karate haiM aura jo indriyoM ke prati udAsIna rahate haiM ve jIvana ko naSTa kara dete haiN| saMyata rahanA jIvana kA maMgalakArya hai aura asaMyata rahanA saMsAra kA kAraNa hai| 5. zailaka .. paMcama adhyayana meM thAvaccAputra, zuka parivrAjaka evaM zailaka muni kA varNana hai| dvArakA nAmaka nagarI thii| usa nagarI meM thAvaccA nAmaka eka sampanna mahilA rahatI thii| usake thAvaccAputra nAma kA ikalautA putra thaa| eka samaya. dvArakA nagarI meM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi kA Agamana huaa| thAvaccApatra bhI bhagavAna ke darzanArtha vahA~ phNcaa| vahA~ dharma ko sunakara usake hRdaya meM vairAgya bhAva utpanna huaa| mAtA ne bahuta samajhAyA kintu usake na mAnane para mAtA ne use dIkSA grahaNa karane kI anumati pradAna kara dii| dvArakA nagarI ke rAjA vAsudeva kRSNa the| jaba thAvaccAputra kI mAtA zrI kRSNa se apane putra kI dIkSA hetu usake lie chatra, mukuTa aura cAmara lene ke lie jAtI hai to svayaM kRSNa usakI dIkSA satkAra karane ko kahate haiN| parantu ve thAvaccAputra kI parIkSA hetu usake ghara para jAte haiN| thAvaccAputra parIkSA meM saphala hotA hai| bhagavAn ariSTanemi kI anumati prApta kara thAvaccAputra eka hajAra aNagAroM ke sAtha cAritra mArga kI ora agrasara hotA hai| ... zailakapura nAmaka nagara meM zailaka nAma kA rAjA thaa| usakI rAnI kalAvatI For Personal & Private Use Only

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56 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana thI aura unakA putra maMDuka thaa| zailaka ke pA~ca sau maMtrI the| jo zAsana kA saMcAlana karate the| usane zrAvaka ke vratoM ko grahaNa kara liyaa| usI samaya zuka nAmaka parivrAjaka kA Agamana huaa| zuka kI dharmadezanA sunakara kaI zrAvaka sAMkhyamata meM ruci rakhane lge| sudarzana nAmaka vyakti bhI parivrAjaka dharma kI ora agrasara huaa| ___ thAvaccApatra kA aNagAra rUpa meM usI nagara meM Agamana huA jahA~ sudarzana bhI zauca dharma ko mahattva de rahA thaa| thAvaccA evaM sudarzana kA Apasa meM vivAda hotA hai| thAvaccA mithyAdarzana kA niSedha karatA hai aura upadeza detA hai ki jo vyakti jIva, ajIva Adi tattvoM para zraddhAna karatA hai vaha sacce dharma kA upAsaka hotA hai| zuka parivrAjaka puna: usa nagarI meM AtA hai jahA~ usakA saccA zrAvaka sudarzana bhI rahatA thaa| usane usa zuka parivrAjaka ko sammAna nahIM diyaa| yaha saba use jJAta huA to vaha bhI thAvaccA ke samIpa AyA aura bodha prApta karake muni pada dhAraNa kara liyaa| zailaka rAjA bhI muni pada para pratiSThita hokara dharmadhyAna karane lage parantu karmayoga se zailaka roga se pIr3ita ho gye| cikitsakoM ko bulAyA gayA unhoMne madyapAna Adi abhakSa sevana ko kahA aura ve usameM Asakta ho gye| zailaka ko chor3akara anya sAdhu dharmamArga para calate rahe parantu zailaka nhiiN| punaH rAjA zailaka ko bodha prApta haA aura parivrAjaka mata evaM abhakSa bhakSaNa chor3akara saMyamamArga kI ora laga gye| saMsAra meM jo vyakti janma letA hai vaha saMsAra kI moha mAyA se nahIM baca sktaa| use nAnA prakAra ke mata-matAntara kA bhI sAmanA karanA par3atA hai parantu jo zramaNa yA sAdhvI, zrAvaka yA zrAvikA sacce dharma ke svarUpa ko samajhakara tattva zraddhAna karate haiM ve muktipada ko prApta karate haiN| zailaka adhyayana meM mUlata: zithilAcAra para vivecana kiyA gayA hai jo vyakti apane mArga se vicalita ho jAtA hai vaha madyapAna jaise nindanIya kArya meM bhI laga jAtA hai, parantu jo vyakti dharma ke prati AsthAvAna hotA hai vaha kaThina se kaThina paristhitiyoM meM bhI dharma cetanA ko prApta kara letA hai| 6. tumbaka chaThA adhyayana gurutA aura laghutA ke viSaya ko pratipAdita karatA hai| yathArtha meM tumbaka kar3avI hotI hai| vaha sUkhakara halkI ho jAtI hai| vyakti sUkhe hue tumbaka For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu 57 kA sahArA lekara gahare jala se bhI pAra ho jAtA hai| tumbaka kI laghutA hI pAra karane meM samartha hotI hai| kathAkAra ne tumbaka ko AtmA kA pratIka mAnA hai| vaha zuddha, nirmala, pavitra evaM urdhvagamana svabhAva vAlI hotI hai| parantu vahI AtmA bAhya rAga, dveSa, moha Adi AvaraNoM se AvRta hokara gurutA ko prApta hotI hai| jisa taraha tumbaka miTTI ke ATha lepoM se bhArI hokara pAnI meM jAte hI nIce kI ora calI jAtI hai| usI taraha AtmA bhI rAga, dveSa Adi miTTI ke lepoM se lipta hokara nIce kI ora calI jAtI hai| ___jIva kI dazA aisI hI hai jo tumbaka kI bhA~ti miTTI ke lepa se lipta hokara nIce kI ora calA jAtA hai parantu jaise-jaise vaha bodha prApta karatA hai vaise-vaise karmoM se haTakara apane svabhAva ko prApta ho jAtA hai| 7. rohiNI jJAta saptama adhyayana meM rAjagRha nagara kA varNana hai| usa nagara meM dhanya nAmaka sArthavAha rahatA thaa| vaha pUrNa samRddhazAlI thaa| usakI patnI kA nAma bhAryA thaa| usake cAra putra the dhanapAla, dhanadeva, dhanagopa evaM dhnrkssit| una cAroM kI patniyoM ke nAma isa prakAra the- ujjhikA, bhogavatI, rakSikA aura rohinnii| eka bAra dhanya sArthavAha ne apane sabhI svajanoM, mitroM Adi ke samakSa apanI putravadhuoM kI parIkSA lene kI socii| isa taraha socakara dhanya sArthavAha ne cAroM putravadhuoM ko pA~ca cAvala ke dAne die yaha kaha kara ki jaba maiM tumase yaha cAvala ke dAne mA~gU, tuma mujhe lauTA denaa| vaha yaha jJAta karanA cAhatA thA ki kauna putravadhu kisa prakAra unake dvArA diye gaye cAvala kI rakSA karatI hai, sAra sambhAla karatI hai yA * bar3hAtI hai? pahalI putravadhu ujjhikA ne una pA~ca cAvala ke dAnoM ko kacareM meM pheMka die, aisA socakara ki jaba sasura jI ye dAne mA~geMge to koThAra meM jo cAvala kA Dhera par3A hai usameM se de duuNgii| ____dUsarI putravadhu bhogavatI una cAvala ke dAnoM ko khA gaI tathA tIsarI putravadhu rakSikA ne socA ki sabake sAmane ye pA~ca cAvala ke dAne hameM die haiM isakA koI . na koI kAraNa honA cAhie aisA socakara usane ina dAnoM ko eka DibiyA meM banda karake usakI sAra sambhAla karane lgii| For Personal & Private Use Only

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58. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana cauthI putravadhu rohiNI ne socA maiM ina cAvala ke dAnoM kA saMrakSaNa, saMgopana karUM aura inakI vRddhi kruuN| isa hetu pIhara ke kucha vyaktiyoM ko bulAkara unheM Avazyaka nirdeza dekara ve pA~ca cAvala ke dAne de die| pA~ca varSa pazcAt dhanya sArthavAha ne vApisa sabhI svajanoM va mitroM ko bulaayaa| unhIM ke sammukha cAroM putravadhuoM se eka-eka karake ve cAvala ke dAne maaNge| pahalI ne unheM kacareM meM pheMka die to dhanya sArthavAha ne use ghara meM sApha saphAI rakhane kA kArya sauNpaa| dUsarI putravadhu ujjhikA ve dAneM khAI thI isalie .dhanya sArthavAha ne use bhojanazAlA sambandhI jo-jo kArya hote haiM vo. sauNpe| tIsarI rakSikA ne una dAnoM ko DibiyA meM rakhakara pA~ca varSa taka samaya-samaya para use sambhAlatI rahI ataeva use arthavyavasthA kI surakSA hetu niyukta kiyaa| jaba cauthI putravadhu rohiNI se ve pA~ca dAne mA~ge gae to usane kahA unako lAne ke lie mujhe bahuta se vAhana kI AvazyakatA pdd'egii| ve kheta meM boye gaye haiN| dhanya sArthavAha bahuta prasanna huA aura use gRhasvAminI kA pada diyaa| isa kathA meM rohiNI kA jIvana jJAtijanoM sambaMdhiyoM, parijanoM, svajanoM Adi ke sAmane vizeSa yogyatA kA sUcaka banakara AtA hai jo isa bAta kI sAkSya prastuta karatA hai ki isa jagata meM jo kucha bhI liyA jAe use vidhivata lekara RNa evaM byAja sahita cukAnA cAhie tabhI vyakti kI mahAnatA hai aura isI se uttarottara vRddhi hotI hai| mUlata: isa adhyayana meM cAra bahueM saMsAra ke cAra guNoM ko vyakta karatI haiN| jo saMsAra meM rahatA hai use parivAra ke sAtha bhI madhura sambandha rakhane hote haiN| una madhura sambandhoM kI jAnakArI guNoM ke kAraNa hI prApta hotI hai| yathA(1) zruta vacana sunakara una para dhyAna nahIM denA yaha upekSita bhAvanA kA sUcaka hai| isalie kathAkAra ne ujjhikA nAma diyaa| (2) zruta zravaNa kara jo jIvana meM utAratA hai tathA usakA upayoga nahIM karatA hai vaha bhogavatI hai arthAt bhogavAdI dRSTikoNa vAlA hai| (3) jo zrRta zravaNa karake jIvana meM utAratA hai aura utArane ke bAda usakI surakSA karatA hai vaha rakSaka dRSTikoNa vAlA hai| (4) jo zruta zravaNa karake jIvana meM utAratA hai surakSita karatA hai aura use pracAra evaM prasAra ke mAdhyama se jana-jana meM ropita-pratipAdita karatA hai For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu 59 vaha sabhI taraha se yogya samajhA jAtA hai| ina cAra prakAra ke vicAra vAle vyakti isa jagata meM hote haiN| pA~ca dhAnya eka ora jahA~ akSaya nidhi kA udabodha karAte haiM vahIM dUsarI ora pA~ca mahAvratoM kA bhI bodha karAte haiM jisa taraha se dhAnya akSaya hone para hI aMkarita hote haiM vRddhi ko prApta hote haiM aura phala dete haiM usI taraha sAdhaka dvArA grahaNa kie gae paMcamahAvrata akSaya arthAt sampUrNa surakSA ke bhAvoM se yukta hote haiN| mahAvratoM meM kiMcita bhI doSa Ane para sAdhaka parama pada ko prApta karane kI apekSA usake duSprabhAva se adhogati ko bhI prApta ho sakatA hai| isalie grahaNa kie gae vratoM kI pUrNa surakSA Avazyaka hai| 8. mallI ___ AThavA~ adhyayana mahAvideha kSetra se prArambha hotA hai| mahAvideha kSetra ke vItazokA ke rAjA kA nAma bala thaa| dharmadezanA sunakara unhoMne munidharma svIkAra kara liyA thaa| unake putra kA nAma mahAbala thaa| usake chaha rAjA parama mitra the| unhoMne nizcaya kiyA thA ki sukha meM, duHkha meM videza yAtrA meM tathA dIkSA meM sabhI avasaroM para hama eka-dUsare ke sAtha hI rheNge| dharmabala sthavira kI dharmadezanA sunakara mahAbala meM vairAgya utpanna huA aura usane dIkSita hone kI bAta chahoM mitroM ko btaaii| chahoM mitroM ne bhI mahAbala ke sAtha dIkSita hone kA saMkalpa kiyaa| dIkSita hone ke pazcAt sAtoM anagAroM ne eka hI prakAra kI tapasyA karane kI socii| parantu mahAbala apane mitroM se chipAkara, kapaTa karake adhika tapa karate the| isake pariNAma svarUpa chaha muniyoM ko to nyUna battIsa * sAgaropama kI Ayu prApta huI tathA mahAbala muni ko pUrNa battIsa sAgaropama kI sthiti . prApta huii| sAtha hI sabhI ko tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA bandha huaa| chahoM muni alaga-alaga rAjakuloM meM rAjakumAroM ke rUpa meM utpanna hue tathA mahAbala kA mithilA ke rAjA kuMbha kI rAnI prabhAvatI kI kokha se kanyA rUpa meM janma huaa| tIrthaMkara kA janma puruSa rUpa meM hotA hai parantu mallI kumArI kA janma strI rUpa meM honA jaina itihAsa meM Azcaryajanaka evaM adbhuta ghaTanA hai| ___ mallI kumArI ke jIva ke prati pUrva janma ke sAthI kA jo anurAga thA vaha alaga-alaga nimitta pAkara jAgRta ho gayA aura ve chahoM rAjakumAra mallI se vivAha karane ke lie mithilA A ge| . For Personal & Private Use Only

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60. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhiAtyaka evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana mallI kumArI ne avadhijJAna ke sAtha janma liyA thaa| isa kAraNa vaha yaha jAna gaI thI ki chahoM rAjakumAra usa para Asakta ho gae haiN| usane pratikAra kI bhI taiyArI kara lii| mallI kumArI ne apane jaisI eka pratimA bnvaaii| vaha pratimA aisI lagatI thI mAno svayaM mallI kumArI hI ho| vaha pratimA khokhalI banAyI gayI aura usake mastaka para eka cheda kiyA gyaa| rojAnA usa cheda meM kucha bhojana DAlakara phira Dhakkana banda kara diyA jAtA thA jisase vaha bhojana pratimA meM jAkara sar3atA rhe| tatpazcAt mallI ne apanI usa hamazakla pratimA ko eka khule sthAna para rakhavA diyA aura cAroM ora kamaroM kA nirmANa karavA diyaa| ina gRhoM meM baiThane vAlA pratimA ko spaSTa rUpa se dekha sakatA thA parantu agala-bagala ke kamare meM baiThanevAle ekadUsare ko nahIM dekha sakate the| chahoM rAjA eka sAtha mithilA pahuMcakara apane-apane dUtoM dvArA mallI kI mAMga karane lge| isa para krodhita mithilA nareza ne sabhI dUtoM ko apamAnita kara rAjasabhA se nikAla diyaa| apane dUtoM ke apamAna se apamAnita sabhI rAjAoM ne mithilA para AkramaNa kara diyaa| kumbha rAjA bhI isa anyAya ke pratikAra hetu senA sahita taiyAra ho gye| cha: rAjyoM kI senA ke samakSa kumbha rAjA kaba taka ttikte| unhoMne parAsta hokara nagarI meM praveza kara dvAra baMda karavA diyaa| chahoM rAjA bhI mithilA ko ghera kara baiTha gye| idhara mallI prAta: pitA ke darzanArtha upasthita huI aura pitA dvArA ucita Adara satkAra nahIM prApta kara pUchA- he pitAjI! Aja Apa duHkhI evaM cintita kyoM haiM? pitA ne uparokta sabhI vRttAnta kaha sunAye taba mallI ne kahA- isameM cintA kI bAta nahIM hai| sabhI rAjAoM ko sandhyAkAla meM mahala meM alaga-alaga dvAra se bulAkara kanyA dene kI sUcanA bhijavA dIjie, putrI kI buddhi para vizvasta hokara rAjA kumbha ne sabhI rAjAoM ko dUtoM dvArA alaga-alaga dvAroM se bulAkara usa mUrti rUpI mallI ke cAroM ora nirmita kamaroM meM bitthaayaa| mUrti ko sAkSAt mallI samajhakara sabhI rAjA lAlAyita ho rahe the| usI samaya mallI ne vahA~ Akara Dhakkana haTA diyaa| sabhI rAjAoM kI usa mUrti se nikalI durgandha se sthiti nAjuka hone lagI taba mallI ne sabako zarIra kI nazvaratA kA upadeza dekara virakta kiyA evaM sabhI ko dIkSA hetu prerita kara svayaM bhI dIkSita hone kI icchA prakaTa kii| sabhI ne isakA anumodana kiyaa| mallI ne varSIdAna dekara sAmAyika cAritra grahaNa kiyaa| kucha samaya pazcAt una chahoM rAjAoM ne bhI saMyama aMgIkAra kara liyA aura mallI bhagavAna kI sevA meM vicaraNa karane lge| anta meM sabhI nirvANa ko prApta hue| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu 61 yaha divya sAdhanA ke guNoM ko citrita karane vAlA adhyayana hai jo nArI mallI kI taraha utkRSTa tapa karatI hai vaha nizcita hI saMsAra se janma, jarA aura maraNa jaise duHkhoM ko naSTa karake mukti patha kI anugAminI banatI hai| 9. mAkandI naveM adhyayana meM 'ege jie, jiyA paMca' arthAt eka AtmA para vijaya prApta karane para zeSa pA~coM indriyoM ko AsAnI se jItA jA sakatA hai| isameM yahI upadeza pratipAdita hai| campA nagarI meM mAkandI sArthavAha evaM bhadrA bhAryA ke do putra jiApAlita evaM jinarakSita the| yuvAvasthA meM donoM putra vyApAra hetu gyAraha bAra lavaNa samudra kI yAtrA karane ke pazcAt bArahavIM bAra puna: yAtrA karane ke lie ravAnA hue| saikar3oM yojana samudra meM calane ke pazcAt samudrI tUphAna meM sabhI jahAja naSTa ho ge| kisI taraha donoM sArthaputra lakar3I ke paTie ke sahAre ratnadvIpa para phuNce| usa dvIpa para eka ati pApinI bhayaMkara devI kA nivAsa thaa| avadhijJAna se usa devI ne jaba donoM putroM ko dekhA to samIpa Akara unheM apane sAtha bhoga bhogane kA nimantraNa diyaa| usakI AjJA ko zirodhArya kara donoM putra vipula bhoga bhogane lge| eka bAra lavaNa samudra ke adhipati deva dvArA isa devI ko samudra kI saphAI hetu niyukta kiyA gyaa| devI ne kArya para jAne ke pUrva donoM sArthavAha putroM ko dakSiNa dizA meM jAne kA niSedha karate hue anya sabhI dizAoM meM Amoda-pramoda karane kA Adeza diyaa| mAnava svabhAva hai ki jisa cIja kA niSedha hotA hai vyakti usI ora jAne ko utsuka hotA hai| isI pravRtti ke vazIbhUta hokara kucha samaya pazcAt ve donoM utsukatAvaza dakSiNa dizA meM phuNce| kucha dUrI para unheM eka karuNa krandana karate hue evaM sUlI para car3he hue puruSa se bheMTa huii| usane batAyA ki isI devI ne mujhe grahaNa kara vipula bhoga bhogane hetu sAtha rakhA evaM eka choTe se aparAdha ke liye mujhe yaha daNDa diyA hai| sArthapatroM ne jaba usakI asahya vedanApUrNa ghaTanAkrama ko sunA to unakA hRdaya aniSTa kI AzaMkA se bhayabhIta ho gyaa| ghabarAkara unhoMne usa puruSa se vahA~ se nikalane kA upAya puuchaa| vRddha puruSa ne kahA pUrva dizA kI ora eka azvadhArI zailaka nAma kA yakSa rahatA hai| vaha yakSa viziSTa tithiyoM ko nizcita samaya para kise tArUM kise pAlU yaha ghoSaNA karatA hai| donoM bhAI zIghratA se pUrva dizA meM jAkara usa yakSa se tArane va pAlane kA anunaya-vinaya karane lge| zailaka ne eka zarta ke sAtha unakI prArthanA ko svIkAra kiyA ki lavaNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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62 / jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana samudra se jaba maiM tumheM le jA rahA hoU taba usa devI dvArA aneka pralobhana die. jAne para bhI tuma vicalita nahIM hooge to maiM tumheM surakSita sthala para pahuMcA duuNgaa| donoM zailaka ke pITha para ArUr3ha hokara lavaNa samudra se jaba jA rahe the taba avadhijJAna se jAnakara devI ne tIvra gati se inakA pIchA karate hue aneka pralobhanoM aura karuNAjanaka zabdoM kA prayoga kiyaa| jinapAlita to usa vilApa se avicala rahA parantu jinarakSita ke mana meM usa devI ke prati moha jAga utthaa| zarta ke anusAra yakSa ne jinarakSita. ko apanI pITha se girA diyA aura jinapAlita ko surakSita campAnagarI pahuMcA diyaa| jinapAlita apane ghara meM pravezakara mAtA-pitA se milA evaM sampUrNa ghaTanAkrama ko sunaayaa| kucha samaya pazcAt jinapAlita ne campAnagarI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke Agamana para unase pratibodhita ho saMyama grahaNa kiyA aura eka mAsa kA anazana kara devarUpa meM utpanna huaa| mAkandI meM vanakhaNDa ke bacAne kA jo bhAva hai vaha Adhunika paryAvaraNa kI apUrva zikSA detA hai| isI adhyayana meM manuSya kI mAnasika sthiti kA jo bodha karAyA gayA hai vaha bhI mAnasika pradUSaNa, vAcika pradUSaNa evaM zArIrika pradUSaNa kI dazAoM ko vyakta karatA hai| jo vyakti ina tInoM se pradUSita hotA hai vaha kahIM bhI kisI bhI taraha se baca nahIM pAtA hai| usakI vikalpa yukta kriyAeM use isa pAra se usa pAra le jAne meM bhI samartha nahIM hotI haiN| paranta jo vyakti AjJA, vacana aura nirdeza kA pAlana karake kArya karatA hai vaha upadravoM se rahita hokara vicaraNa karatA hai| karmayoga se azubha vargaNA kabhI-kabhI prabhAvazAlI bana jAtI hai para usakA prabhAva kSaNika asAtA utpanna karake puna: sAtAkarma kI ora le jAtA hai| cintanazIla vyakti tiratA hai, vikalpayukta sahArA pAkara bhI besahArA ho jAtA hai, yahI isa adhyayana kA mUla uddezya hai| 10. candra dazama adhyayana meM kathAkAra ne jIvoM ke vikAsa aura patana ko candramA ke dRSTAnta dvArA prastuta kiyA hai| jisa prakAra candramA kRSNapakSa meM atyanta kAlA hotA hai usI taraha vyakti ke vicAra atyanta pradUSita hote haiN| vicAra pradUSita hone se kSamA, zIla, saMyama, tapa, jJAna, dhyAna, brahmacarya Adi ke yoga meM usakI pravRtti nahIM hotii| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu parantu isake viparIta jo vyakti zukla pakSa ke candra kI taraha hai vaha kAnti, prabhA, saumyatA, kSamA, dayA, karuNA, tapa, saMyama Adi ke bhAvoM se yukta nirantara pUrNatA ko prApta karatA hai| yadi vaha inako dhAraNa karatA hai to vaha dUja ke cA~da se lekara kramaza: pUrNimA ke cA~da kI taraha pUrNa banakara samagra kalAoM se isa AbhAmaNDala ko maNDita karatA hai| yaha candra adhyayana AdhyAtmika guNoM ke vikAsa kI yAtrA kA vivecana karatA hai tathA yaha batAtA hai ki AdhyAtmika guNoM ke vikAsa ke lie candramA kI bhA~ti sadguru kA samAgama karanA cAhie jisase cAritra kI vRddhi ho ske| 11. dAvadrava gyArahaveM adhyayana meM kathAkAra ne kathA na prastuta karake dRSTAnta zailI ke mAdhyama se ArAdhaka aura virAdhaka ke guNoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| dAvadrava nAmaka eka vRkSa hai jo kRSNa varNa kA hai usake patte, phala Adi atyanta ramaNIya haiN| yaha samudra ke kinAre hotA hai| yaha vRkSa patte, phala Adi se rahita hokara bhI khar3A rahatA hai| vaha vAyu ke pracaNDa vegoM ko bhI sahana karatA hai phira bhI usakA kucha nahIM bigar3atA hai| isI taraha jo vyakti samyak prakAra se guNoM kI ArAdhanA karate haiM ve upasargoM meM bhI sthira rahate haiM, parantu jo kiMcit bhI vrata ke virAdhaka hote haiM ve kisI bhI prakAra se sthira nahIM raha sakate haiN| 12. udaka - bArahaveM adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki jJAnI puruSa kI dRSTi talasparzI hotI hai, vaha vastu ke bAhya evaM Antarika donoM hI dRSTiyoM para vicAra karatA hai| campAnagarI meM jitazatra nAmaka rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| vaha jinamata kA jAnakAra * nahIM thaa| usake maMtrI kA nAma subuddhi thA jo jIva-ajIva Adi tattvoM kA jJAtA thaa| .. eka bAra jitazatra nagara ke pratiSThita vyaktiyoM ke sAtha bhojana kara rahA thA, usa bhojana kI jitazatru ne bahuta prazaMsA kii| usake sAtha-sAtha anya sArthavAhoM ne bhI prazaMsA kI, parantu maMtrI subuddhi bilkula cupa rhaa| rAjA ke do-tIna bAra pUchane para usane javAba diyA ki pudgaloM ke pariNamana aneka prakAra ke hote haiM kabhI azubha pudgala zubha evaM kabhI zubha pudgala azubha rUpa meM pariNamita hote haiN| ata: isa svAdiSTa bhojana meM vismaya evaM prazaMsA rUpa kucha bhI nahIM hai| rAjA ko yaha bAta burI to lagI para vakta ke hisAba se cupa rhaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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64 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana eka dina rAjA jitazatru evaM maMtrI subuddhi ghUmane zahara ke bAhara nikle| nagara ke bAhara eka gande pAnI kI bar3I khAI thii| rAjA ne usa khAI kI durgandha se nAka baMda kara liyA aura usa badabudAra pAnI kA varNana karane lage, parantu subuddhi isa bAra bhI vastu ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM kahA to rAjA ne kahA ki subuddhi! tumhArA kathana asatya hai, tuma durAgraha evaM vaimanasyatA ke zikAra ho| subuddhi ne rAjA ko sanmArga para lAne kA nizcaya kiyaa| eka dina usane usI khAI kA pAnI maMgAkara viziSTa vidhiyoM dvArA 49 dinoM meM atyanta zuddha evaM svAdiSTa banAyA aura use rAjA ke pAsa bhejaa| rAjA ko pAnI bahuta svAdiSTa lagA pUchane para maMtrI ne kahA ki rAjan ye vahI khAI kA pAnI hai jisako dekhakara Apane nAka baMda kara dI thii| .. jaba rAjA ne svayaM usa vidhi se usa pAnI ko banAkara dekhA to saMbaddhi kI mati para vizvAsa ho gyaa| tatpazcAt rAjA maMtrI se jinavANI zravaNa kara zramaNopAsaka bana gyaa| yaha adhyayana satya aura asatya, iSTa aura aniSTa ina do tathyoM para prakAza DAlatA hai| sAtha hI aNuvratI ko nirdezita karate huye kahatA hai ki jo vyakti zrAvaka ke guNoM ko svIkAra kara letA hai usakA aMtaraMga jIvana pUrI taraha parivartita ho jAtA hai| 13. da1rajJAta terahaveM adhyayana meM Asakti ko adha:patana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| eka bAra bhagavAna mahAvIra rAjagRha pdhaare| vahA~ dardurAvataMsaka nAmaka vimAna meM dardura nAmaka deva apane parivAra sahita Aye aura sUryAbhadeva ke samAna nATyavidhi dikhalAkara cale gye| aisA dekhakara gautama ne mahAvIra bhagavAna se pUchA ki darduradeva ne vaha nRtya devaRddhi kaise prApta kI tathA kisa prakAra usake samakSa AI? isa para bhagavAna mahAvIra ne unheM sArA vRttAnta sunaayaa| rAjagRha nAmaka nagara meM guNazIla nAmaka caitya thaa| vahA~ ke rAjA kA nAma zreNika thaa| vahA~ para nanda nAmaka maNiyAra rahatA thaa| jaba maiM rAjagRha gayA to nandamaNiyAra bhI mere darzanArtha guNazIla caitya meM aayaa| vahA~ usane dharma ko sunA aura zrAvaka dharma ko svIkAra kara liyaa| eka bAra grISma Rtu meM usane pauSadhazAlA meM aSTama bhakta kI tapazcaryA kii| isa daurAna vaha bhUkha va pyAsa se vyAkula ho gayA aura socane lagA ki use pauSadha For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu 65 avasthA meM nahIM honA cAhie thaa| usane eka bAvar3I va bagIcA Adi banAne kA socA aura agale dina pauSadha pUrNa kara rAjA zreNika ke pAsa gyaa| unakI anumati prApta kara usane eka sundara bAvar3I banavAI, bagIce lagavAe, citrazAlA, bhojanazAlA, cikitsAzAlA tathA alaMkArazAlA kA nirmANa krvaayaa| bahuta se vyakti ina sabakA upayoga karane lage tathA sabhI nanda maNiyAra kI prazaMsA karane lge| logoM ke mukha se apanI prazaMsA sunakara nanda bahuta khuza hone lgaa| nanda ko usa bAvar3I ke prati bahuta Asakti ho gaI thii| kucha samaya pazcAt nanda maNiyAra ke zarIra meM solaha prakAra ke roga utpanna ho ge| usane yaha ghoSaNA karavA dI ki jo usake eka roga ko bhI zAnta kara degA vaha use vipula dhana-sampatti degaa| aneka vaidya, cikitsaka Adi Ae evaM nAnAvidha auSadhiyoM kA prayoga kiyA parantu sabhI upAya nirarthaka siddha hue| koI bhI unakA roga upazAnta nahIM kara skaa| kAlAntara meM nanda atyanta duHkhita hokara bAvar3I meM Asakti ke kAraNa marakara usI bAvar3I meM mer3haka ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa| . nanda ke maraNoparAnta usa bAvar3I para snAna karane vAle bAra-bAra nanda kI prazaMsA karate the| bAra-bAra nanda kI prazaMsA sunakara usa mer3haka ko jAtismaraNa jJAna utpanna ho gayA aura apane ajJAna evaM vratoM kI skhalanA hetu pazcAtApa karane lgaa| usane puna: una pUrva bhava ke vratoM ko pAlanA prArambha kara diyaa| eka dina rAjagRha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA pardApaNa huaa| yaha sunakara mer3haka bhI mahAvIra ke darzana hetu utkRSTa bhAvoM ko lekara bAvar3I se nikalakara samavasaraNa meM jAne lgaa| parantu rAste meM zreNika rAjA jo apane dala sahita mahAvIra ke darzanArtha jA rahe the unake eka azva ke pairoM ke nIce Ane se kucala gyaa| aba mRtyu nizcita hai jAnakara usane pratyAkhyAna kiyA aura mRtyoparAnta devayoni ko prApta huaa| * zAstra meM ullekha hai ki vaha vahA~ se AyuSya pUrNa kara mukta avasthA ko prApta huaa| mUlata: isameM jalacara jIva ke saMrakSaNa kI bAta kahI gayI hai| dardara arthAt mer3haka jala meM rahatA hai usakI sImA jala taka hI hotI hai parantu vaha jalacara jIva bhI puNya bhoga se dharma ke prati AsthAvAna ho jAtA hai jisake phalasvarUpa vaha bhaktiguNa se yukta ho mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa kI ora jAtA hai, rAste meM prANAnta ho jAtA hai| isameM tiryanca ke utkRSTa vicAroM kI bAta kahI gayI hai| sAtha hI Asakti ko patana kA kAraNa batAte hue yaha samajhAyA gayA hai ki sadguru ke samAgama se Atmika guNoM kI vRddhi hotI hai| isalie ArtadhyAna aura raudradhyAna se rahita dharmadhyAna For Personal & Private Use Only

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66 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana tathA zukladhyAna pUrvaka grahaNa kie hue vratoM kA pAlana karanA caahie| isa adhyayana meM vividha prakAra ke vRkSoM se vanakhaNDa ke ramaNIya dRzyoM ko bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura Arta pariNAmoM ke kAraNa utpanna hone vAle zvAsa, kAsa-khAMsI, jvara, dAhajalana, kukSi-zUla, kUrava kA zUla, bhagaMdara, arza-bavAsIra, ajIrNa, netrazUla, mastakazUla, bhojana viSayaka aruci, netravedanA, karNavedanA, kaMDU-khAja, dakodara-jalodara aura kor3ha' rogoM kA vivecana isa bAta kI prAmANikatA ko siddha karatA hai ki jo vyakti jana sevA, dayA, dAna, paropakAra Adi se rahita Arta pariNAmoM vAlA hotA hai vaha isI bhava meM vividha rogoM ko nimaMtraNa detA hai| isI krama meM cikitsA paddhati, zAstrakoSa Adi ke vaiziSTya ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| roga kA upasaMhanana kaise ho isakI samIkSA bhI kI gayI hai, ata: yaha adhyayana jahA~ jalacara jIva ke saMrakSaNa ko mahattva detA hai vahIM para manuSya ke rogoM kI zikSA evaM upacAra para bhI prakAza DAlatA hai| 14. tetaliputra caudahaveM adhyayana meM tetaliputra kA jIvana vRttAnta ullekhita hai| tetalipara ke rAjA nAma kanakaratha thA va usake maMtrI kA nAma tetaliputra thaa| tetalipura meM hI eka svarNakAra rahatA thA jisakI putrI poTTilA thii| tetaliputra use dekhakara usa para anurakta ho gayA evaM patnI ke rUpa meM usakI mAMga kii| svarNakAra ne bhI sahamati darzAyI evaM zubha avasara para donoM kA vivAha sampanna huaa| kucha samaya taka to donoM meM bahuta prema, sneha banA rahA parantu kisI kAraNa se tetaliputra ko poTTilA se napharata ho gayI aura vaha usase bolanA banda kara diyaa| poTTilA bahata du:khI evaM udAsa rahane lagI to eka dina tetalipatra ne usase kahAtuma merI bhojanazAlA se atithiyoM, zramaNoM, garIboM ko dAna detI haI nizciMtatA se raho tAki tumhArA samaya ArAma se biite| vaha tetaliputra ke nirdeza kA pAlana karatI huI svastha rahane lgii| eka dina poTTilA kI dAnazAlA meM suvratA nAmaka AryA apane ziSyA samudAya ke sAtha upasthita hii| poTTilA ne unheM sneha Adara se dAna dene ke uparAnta apanI vyathA kahI ki pUrva meM mujhe pati kA sukha prApta thA aba nhiiN| kRpA kara mujhe apane pati kA sUkha punaH prApta karane kA koI upAya btaaiye| 1. sAse kAse jora dAhe, kucchisUle bhagaMdare arisA ajIrae diTThi- muddhasUle agArae acchiveyaNA kanaveyaNA kaMDU daudare kotthe| jJAtAdharmakathAMga 13/21, gAthA 1. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu 67 sAdhviyoM ne kahA hama brahmacAriNI sAdhviyA~ haiN| hamAre lie to yaha sunanA bhI niSiddha hai| hama to dhArmika kriyA-kalApoM meM saMlagna rahate haiN| tuma bhI cAhoM to dharma zravaNa kara sakatI ho| poTTilA ke mana meM bhI uparokta bAteM sunakara dhArmika bhAvoM kA udaya huA aura usane tatkSaNa zrAvikA dharma svIkAra kara liyaa| isase usake mana meM zAnti kI anubhUti huI aura mana meM dhArmika AsthA bar3hane lgii| eka dina usane tetaliputra se kahA mujhe saMyamamArga meM jAne kI AjJA pradAna kreN| tetaliputra ne kahA yadi tuma devarUpa meM utpanna hokara mujhe pratibodhita karane kA vacana do to maiM dIkSA hetu anumati detA huuN| __poTTilA deva rUpa meM tetaliputra ko pratibodhita karane kI pratijJA lekara dIkSita ho gyii| zuddha saMyama kA pAlana kara vaha AyuSya pUrNa kara devatA ke rUpa meM utpanna huii| / isI bIca rAjA kanakaratha kI mRtyu ho gyii| rAjA kanakaratha apane putroM ko kahIM rAjya hathiyA na leM yaha socakara sabhI putroM ko vikalAMga kara detA thaa| cUMki maMtrI tetaliputra thA ataH sabhI parijana evaM nagara ke pratiSThita vyakti usake pAsa Aye aura rAjalakSaNoM se yukta kisI vizvAsapAtra kumAra ko rAjA banAne hetu Agraha kiyaa| isa para tetaliputra ne eka pUrva rahasya para pardA uThAte hue kahA ki maiMne rAjA kanakaratha evaM rAnI padmAvatI ke eka putra kA gupta rUpa se pAlana-poSaNa kiyA hai| usa kanakadhvaja kA Apa rAjyAbhiSeka kreN| sabhI ne maMtrI kI bAta ko sammAna dete hue kanakadhvaja kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyaa| . rAnI padmAvatI ne apane putra ko bulAkara tetaliputra kA sadaiva Adara, sammAna, satkAra karane kI pratijJA krvaayii| rAjA tetaliputra kA bahuta sammAna karane lgaa| idhara poTTiladeva ne pratijJA ke anurUpa tetaliputra ko pratibodhita karane ke aneka prayatna kiye parantu ve saphala nahIM haye, kAraNa ki rAjA dvArA use atyanta sammAna prApta ho rahA thaa| taba deva ne rAjA ko tetaliputra ke viruddha kara diyaa| rAjA evaM parivArajanoM dvArA apamAnita tetaliputra ne aneka upayoga dvArA AtmahatyA karane kA prayatna kiyA parantu deva lIlA ke kAraNa vaha saphala nahIM ho skaa| isa avasara para deva dvArA pratibodhita huA aura use jAtismaraNa jJAna prApta ho gyaa| - kAlAntara meM saMyama aMgIkAra kara dehatyAga kiyA aura devarUpa meM utpanna huaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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68 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana - mUlata: isa adhyayana kA uddezya pA~ca aNuvrata, sAta 'zikSAvrata Adi zrAvakoM ke bAraha vratoM kA varNana karake saMyama sAdhana kA nirUpaNa karanA hai| . 15. nandIphala pandrahaveM adhyayana meM indriyoM se sAvadhAna rahane kI zikSA dI gaI hai| campAnagarI meM dhanya sArthavAha nAmaka vyApArI rahatA thaa| eka bAra usane vyApAra hetu ahicchatrA jAne kA nizcaya kiyA tathA usane nagara meM yaha ghoSaNA karavAyI ki jo-jo vyApAra hetu ahicchatrA jAnA cAhe vaha mere sAtha cle| usakI sabhI AvazyakatA pUrti maiM karUMgA, vyApAra hetu paisA dUMgA evaM hara saMbhava sahAyatA kruuNgaa|' .. rAste meM Ane vAle kaSToM, upasargoM, paristhitiyoM ko sAmane rakhakara tadanusAra vyavasthA kara dhanya sArthavAha apane sahayogiyoM ke sAtha ravAnA hokara eka vizAla aTavI meM rAtri vizrAma hetu rukaa| usa aTavI meM vRkSa ke phala viSaile the evaM AvAgamana nahIM thaa| dhanyasArtha ne una phaloM ko dekhate hI kisI se phala na khAne kI cetAvanI de dii| parantu kucha aise bhI the jo una dUra se manohara dRSTigata hone vAle phaloM ko khAne kA lobha saMvaraNa nahIM kara sake aura mRtyu ko prApta ho gye| jo bace ve sakuzala apane ghara lautte| yaha adhyayana naMdIphala ke vRkSoM ke saMrakSaNa para vizeSa bala detA hai| nandIphala nAmaka vRkSa viSa vRkSa ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| jo vyakti isakA mUla kanda, chAla, patra, puSpa, phala Adi khAtA hai yA isakI chAyA meM ThaharatA hai vaha akAla mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai| yaha saMketa isa bAta ko siddha karatA hai ki vRkSoM kI kaI prakAra kI prajAtiyA~ hotI thIM unameM kucha viSavRkSa bhI hote the| jisa taraha viSavRkSa ke pattoM ke bhakSaNa se jIvana du:khamaya bana jAtA hai usI taraha iSTa manogata bhAvoM ko na chor3anevAlA vyakti du:khI hotA hai| 16. amarakaMkA __solahaveM adhyayana meM sAdhAraNa lAbha se dAruNa karmoM ke baMdha kA varNana hai| mahAsatI draupadI ke pUrva bhava se isa adhyayana kA prArambha hotA hai| campAnagarI meM nAgazrI nAmaka eka brAhmaNI rahatI thii| eka bAra nAgazrI ne apane parivAra ke lie tumbe kA zAka bnaayaa| cakhane para jJAta huA ki vaha atyanta viSAkta hai| pArivArika upAlambha se bacane ke lie usane usa sabjI ko chipAkara dUsarI sabjI banA dii| isI bIca dharmaruci nAmaka aNagAra eka mAha kI tapasyA ke bAda pAraNe ke nimitta nAgazrI brAhmaNI ke ghara aae| mahAkapaTa evaM nAgazrI nAma ko sArthaka karanevAlI usa For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu 69 duSTA ne usa kar3ave tumbevAle viSAkta zAka ko usa mahAtapasvI munirAja ko baharA diyaa| dharmaruci anagAra usa zAka ko gurucaraNoM meM le gaye evaM pAraNe kI anumati maaNgii| guru usakI gandha se hI samajha gaye ki yaha viSayukta ho gayA hai| unhoMne use jamIna meM daphana karane/gAr3a dene kA nirdeza diyaa| dharmaruci guru AjJA ke pAlanArtha ekAnta meM gaye aura vahA~ eka bUMda jamIna para DAlakara pratikriyA dekhane lge| sabjI kI sugandha se saikar3oM cITiyA~ AkarSita hokara AyIM aura usako cakhate hI mRtyu ko prApta ho gyiiN| yaha hRdaya vidAraka dRzya muni ke komala hRdaya ko dahalA gyaa| unhoMne socA isa zAka ko paTakane se saikar3oM jIvoM kI hatyA ho jAyegI ata: acchA yahI hai ki maiM ise apane hI peTa meM DAla dUM yaha socakara muni ne vaha AhAra svayaM kara liyA aura zAMta bhAva se samAdhi ko prApta ho gye| prasiddha ukti haiM ki 'pApa chipAye nA chipe|" nAgazrI ke pApa kI carcA nagara bhara meM phaila gyii| parivArajanoM ne nAgazrI ko ghara se niSkAsita kara diyaa| solaha rogoM se AkrAnta ho vaha naraka meM utpanna huii| lambe janma-maraNa ke pazcAt punaH vaha eka seTha ke ghara meM sukumAlikA nAma se kanyA ke rUpa meM utpanna huii| pApa phira bhI usake pIche par3e rhe| vaha kisI ke sparza ke yogya nahIM rahI,kyoMki usakA zarIra atyanta tIkSNa evaM agni ke samAna garma rahatA thaa| vivAhoparAnta pati dvArA tyAga dI gyii| puna: usakA dUsarA vivAha eka bhikhArI se karavAyA gayA, use apAra saMpatti pradAna kI gayI, parantu prathama rAtri ko hI bhikhArI use chor3akara bhAga gyaa| putrI ke bhAgya evaM pUrva meM baMdhe karmoM ke phala ko dekhakara seTha ne use eka dAnazAlA khulavAkara pratidina dAna dene ko khaa| sukumAlikA pratidina atithiyoM, zramaNoM Adi ko dAna dene lgii| * eka dina kucha sAdhviyoM kA usa dAnazAlA meM Agamana huaa| sukumAlikA ne poTTilA kI taraha pati hetu yAcanA kii| sAdhviyoM ne dharmatattva batAyA aura use dharmamArga para ArUr3ha kraayaa| .. magara pUrvajanita karmoM se usakA mana sApha nahIM huaa| vaha AryikA banane ke bAda bhI svachanda bhramaNa karatI huI zithilAcAriNI ho gyii| eka dina usane eka vezyA ko pAMca puruSoM ke sAtha krIr3A karate hue dekhaa| sabhI puruSa usa vezyA kI . sevA-suzruSA kara rahe the| usI vakta sukhabhoga kI lAlasA se vazIbhUta hokara vaha saMkalpa kara baiThI kI agara merI tapasyA meM phala ho to maiM bhI isI prakAra pA~ca For Personal & Private Use Only

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70 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana patiyoM kA sukha prApta kruuN| kAlAntara meM eka-do janmoM ke bAda pAMcAla nareza ke yahA~ kanyA ke rUpa meM draupadI nAma se usakA janma huaa| ucita vaya evaM. svayaMvara meM usane arjuna Adi pA~ca pANDavoM kA cayana kiyaa| draupadI pANDavoM ke sAtha hastinApura meM vipula sukha bhogane lgii| __eka bAra nArada jI bhramaNa karate hue hastinApura phuNce| draupadI ke sivAya sabhI ne unakA Adara satkAra kiyaa| nArada isa para kupita hokara amarakaMkA meM rAjA padamanAbha ke pAsa pahaMce evaM draupadI ke lAvaNya kI prazaMsA kii| padamanAbha rAjA ne prerita hokara devI kI sahAyatA se draupadI kA apaharaNa karavA diyaa| padmanAtha ne draupadI ko bhoga het nimaMtrita kiyA jisa para draupadI ne 6 mAha kA samaya maaNgaa| isI bIca pANDava zrIkRSNa ko lekara amarakaMkA phuNce| padmanAbha ko yuddha meM parAsta kiyA aura draupadI kA uddhAra kiyaa| kucha samaya uparAnta draupadI ke pANDusena nAmaka putrotpanna huaa| pANDusena ke yuvA hone para pANDavoM ne use rAjya dekara dIkSA aMgIkAra kara lii| draupadI ne bhI pati kA anusaraNa kiyA aura anta meM svargA ko prApta huii| isa adhyayana meM mukhya rUpa se nimna tathyoM ko prakAzita kiyA gayA hai1. isameM brAhmaNoM kI ucita zikSA kA samAveza hai jo brAhmaNa hotA thA vaha Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda, atharvaveda aura anya brAhmaNa granthoM kA jJAtA hotA thaa| 2. tatkAlIna samAja kI nAriyA~ samasta kalAoM meM pravINa hotI thiiN| nAgazrI, rUpazrI, yakSazrI, sukumArikA, draupadI Adi isI bAta kA saMketa karatI haiN| 3. nArI meM sadAcAra, zIla, saMyama kI prabalatA hai| 4. dharmaruci muni kI jIvoM ke prati AsthA prazaMsanIya hai| 5. zIlarakSA evaM samarpaNa kA bhAva samAhita hai| gRhItavratoM kA saMrakSaNa evaM saMvardhana kI bhAvanA se saMvRddha hai| ___draupadI ke isa adhyayana meM nArI ke vividha rUpoM kA varNana hai| prAya: sabhI nAriyA~ brahmarakSikA haiN| ve zithilAcAra se pare utkRSTa jIvana ko apanAnA cAhatI haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu 17. AkIrNa satrahaveM adhyayana meM uttama jAti ke azvoM ke mAdhyama se viSayoM aura indriyoM ke vaza meM nahIM rahanevAloM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| hastazIrSa nagara ke vyApArI jahAjoM se videzoM meM vyApAra nimitta jAte rahate the| eka bAra samudrI tUphAna meM par3akara ve kAlika dvIpa para pahuMca gaye vahA~ apAra svarNa-cAMdI lekara puna: lauTa aae| vahIM para uttama azvoM ko dekhA jisakI carcA kanakaketu ke samakSa adbhuta evaM Azcaryajanaka vastu ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai| ___ rAjA ne una vyApAriyoM ko puna: usa dvIpa para jAkara una ghor3oM ko lAne kA Adeza diyaa| vyApAriyoM ne vahA~ jAkara vibhinna viSaya lolupa sAmagrI bikherakara aneka azvoM ko pakar3a liyaa| jo usa lobha meM nahIM par3e ve baca gye|| ___sArAMza rUpa meM kahA gayA hai ki jo viSayoM meM lipta hote haiM ve parAdhIna banate haiM evaM zeSa svAdhIna bane rahate haiN| "parAdhIna sapanehu~ sukha naahiiN|' jaina AgamoM meM dRSTAntoM kI bahulatA hai| yahA~ para bhI kathAkAra ne tAr3avRkSa, sArasapakSI, cakravAka, haMsapakSI evaM vividha prakAra ke azvoM ko prastuta karake aneka mAdhyamoM se yaha siddha kiyA hai ki viSaya-lolupatA hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai aura viSayoM se vimukti vizuddha pariNAmoM kA sUcaka hai| 18 suMsumA aTThArahaveM adhyayana meM saMsAra kI asAratA ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| suMsumA eka choTI bAlikA hai jisakA lAlana-pAlana bar3e pyAra se kiyA jAtA hai| usa bAlikA ko eka cilAta atyanta zraddhA ke sAtha khelAyA karatA thA parantu vaha atyanta naTakhaTa, duSTa evaM udaNDa thaa| isI kAraNa use ghara se bAhara nikAla diyA gyaa| phalataH vaha cilAtaputra isa kAraNa svachanda pravRtti vAlA ho gyaa| vaha durvyasanoM se yukta jIvana vyatIta karane lgaa| acAnaka use siMha guphA meM coroM ke saradAra se milana ho gyaa| cilAta cora pallI meM sAtha rahatA haA sAhasI, nirbhIka evaM cauryakalA meM pravINa ho gyaa| cora pallI ke saradAra vijaya kI mRtyu hone ke pazcAt svayaM coroM kA senApati bana gyaa| ... cilAtaputra ke mana meM pratizodha kI bhAvanA sthita thii| isalie usane dhanya sArthavAha ke ghara ko lUTa liyA aura suMsumA kA apaharaNa kara bhAgane lagA, coroM ke sAtha bhAgatA huA aMga nagara rakSakoM ke dvArA cilAtaputra dekhA gyaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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72 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana nagara rakSakoM ne nirantara pIchA karake cilAtIputra ko pakar3a liyaa| dhana sampatti dekara usane nagara rakSakoM se piNDa chur3AyA aura suMsumA ko lekara bhAgane lgaa| nagara rakSaka dhana lekara vApasa lauTa gaye parantu putrI moha se dhanya seTha apane putroM sahita usakA pIchA karatA rhaa| koI upAya nahIM dekha cilAtapatra ne saMsamA kA galA kATa diyA aura dhar3a ko vahI chor3a bhAga gayA parantu usa bhayAnaka aTavI meM vaha bhI bhUkha-pyAsa se mara gyaa| idhara dhanya seTha evaM putroM ne mRta suMsumA ko dekhakara bahuta vilApa kiyaa| kucha dera bAda unheM bhayaMkara bhUkha-pyAsa kA anubhava huaa| jozaM-joza meM itanI dUra A gaye kI kahIM bhI pAnI va bhojana kA nAmonizAna taka nahIM milaa| prANoM kA saMkaTa upasthita ho gyaa| taba dhanya sArthavAha ne kiMcita vicAra kara kahA-tuma merA vadha kara mere mAMsa se apanI bhUkha evaM rakta se pyAsa bujhAlo aura sakuzala rAjagRha phuNco| parantu putroM ne ise svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| sabhI ne apane lie yaha prastAva rakhe parantu taya yaha huA ki mRta suMsumA ke zarIra se bhUkha pyAsa bujhAkara rAjagRha pahuMcA jaay| yahI karake sabhI yathAsamaya rAjagRha pahuMce evaM kAlAntara meM pravrajyA aMgIkAra kii| ___zAstrakAra kahate haiM ki dhanya seTha ne suMsumA ke zarIra kA upayoga bhojana rUpa yA kisI zarIrapoSaNa yA rasa hetu na karake sirpha rAjagRha pahuMcane hetu kiyA usI taraha muni AhAra Asakti yA zarIra ke lie na karake lakSya taka pahuMcane ke lie karatA hai| zAstra ise anAsakti kA sarvocca udAharaNa mAnatA hai| 19. puNDarIka unnIsaveM adhyayana meM saMsAra kI asAratA evaM utAra-car3hAva kA batAyA gayA hai| puNDarIkiNI nagara meM rAjA mahApadma ke puNDarIka evaM kaNDarIka ye do putra the| eka bAra dharmaghoSa muni ke upadeza se prabhAvita hokara mahApadma puNDarIka ko rAjya dekara dIkSita ho gye| kAlAntara meM kisI sthavira muniyoM ke Agamana se kaNDarIka bhI dIkSita ho gye| deza-dezAntara bhramaNa evaM rukhA-sUkhA AhAra karane se kaNDarIka rogAkrAnta ho gye| bhramaNa karate hue jaba ve punaH puNDarIkiNI nagara meM Aye to saMsArI bhAI ne sevA suzruSA karake unheM punaH svastha kiyaa| parantu sevA suzruSA se kaNDarIka suvidhA bhogI hokara vahIM rahane lge| puNDarIka ke kahane para lajjAvaza vihAra to kara gaye aura kucha dina bAda rAjaprAsAda kI vATikA meM A gye| moha evaM saMsAra meM Asakti dekhakara puNDarIka ne unheM rAjya sauMpa diyA aura svayaM unakA For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI viSayavastu 73 veza dhAraNa kara sAdhu bana gye| puNDarIka ne pratijJA kI ki sthavira munirAja ke darzana ke uparAnta hI AhAra- pAnI grahaNa kruuNgaa| kaNDarIka apane patha se bhaTakane ke kAraNa sAtavIM naraka meM utpanna huA evaM puMDarIka sarvocca devagati ko prApta huaa| utthAna evaM patana kA yaha sarvocca udAharaNa hai| ___ isa prakAra prathama zrutaskandha ke 19 adhyayana AdhyAtma ke sAra para bala dete haiN| ina adhyAyoM meM vividha dRSTAntoM dvArA ahiMsA, satya, indriya vijaya, karmapariNati, paMca mahAvrata, tIna gupti, paMca samiti, sapta tattva, nava padArtha, muktisAdhanA, vairAgya, ke kAraNa, rAga se virAga Adi AdhyAtmika. tattvoM kA atyanta hI sarala zailI meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| kathA vastu kI varNana zailI atyanta rocaka evaM utsAhavardhaka hai| aitihAsika dRSTi bhI isameM samAhita paryApta cintana bhI prApta hote haiN| isakI zailI, racanA-prakriyA kalA premiyoM ke lie rasa pradAna karane vAlI hai tathA Adhunika kahAnIkAroM ke lie jIvana nirmANa ke preraNAyukta tattvoM ko samAyojita karane vAlI hai| . . dvitIya zrutaskandha . jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM dasa varga haiN| ina adhyayanoM kA vistRta vivaraNa nahIM diyA gayA hai| kevala sabhI ke nAma, pUrvabhava ke nAma, unake mAtA-pitA, nagara Adi kA ullekha karake zeSa vRttAnta pichale varga ke anusAra jAno, aisA vivecana kara diyA gayA hai| yathA prathama varga meM camarendra kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai| dvitIya varga meM vairocarendra kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai| . tRtIya varga meM dakSiNa dizA ke nau bhavanavAsI devoM kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai| caturtha varga meM uttara dizA ke indroM kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai| paMcamavarga meM dakSiNa dizA ke vANavyaMtara devoM kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai| SaSTha varga meM uttara dizA ke vANavyaMtara devoM kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai| saptama varga meM jyotiSa-kendra devoM kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai| .. aSTama varga meM sUrya aura indra kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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74 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana navama varga evaM dasama varga meM vaimAnika nikAya ke saudharma evaM IzAnendra kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai| ina sabakA varNana inake pUrvabhava ke rUpa meM hai jisameM ye mahilA rUpa meM utpanna haIM, dIkSA aMgIkAra kI, parantu cAritra se cyUta ho gayI aura aMtima samaya meM doSI kI AlocanA kiye binA hI maraNa ko prApta ho gyiiN| ye sabhI puna: manuSya bhava prApta kara siddha buddha evaM mukta hoNgii| * isa prakAra dvitIya zrutaskandha meM jo dasa varga haiM unase sAdhaka kI bhUmikA kA bodha hotA hai kyoMki sAdhaka kI zreNiyA~ arthAt varga mahAvratoM ke kAraNa hI vibhAjita kie jAte haiN| isalie dvitIya zrutaskandha meM kAlI nAmaka eka devI thI jo kevala kalpa prApta karake avadhijJAna ko prApta huI thii| kAlI ke isa vivecana se mahAvratI ke.lie yaha zikSA dI gayI hai ki vyakti mahAvratoM kA pAlana karake vidhivata karmoM kA kSaya kara sakatA hai aura usI se nirvANa prApta ho sakatA hai| isI taraha rajanI, vidyuta, meghA Adi ke prasaMga se dharma ke svarUpa ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isake dvitIya varga meM sUMbhA, nisuMbhA, rambhA, nirambhA aura madanA kI sAMsArika nATya kriyAoM se yaha zikSA dI gayI hai ki jo vyakti Atma-kalyANa karanA cAhate haiM ve upAsanA ko sarvopari bnaayeN| isI ke tRtIya varga meM naya aura nikSepa kA saMketa karake tattvajJAna kA bodha karAyA gayA hai| caturtha varga se siddhi prApti kA hala batalAyA gayA hai| paMcama varga meM battIsa deviyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha divya kanyAoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, ata: jo vyakti divya honA cAhatA hai vaha divya guNoM kA dhyAna kare tabhI divya bana sakatA hai| isI taraha ke chaThe, saptama, aSTama, navama aura dazama varga meM yahI kathana kiyA gayA hai ki jo duHkha kA anta karatA hai vaha siddha, buddha aura mukta hotA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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paJcama adhyAya jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana 'sAhitya' zabda sahita-yat ina do zabdoM ke yoga se nirmita hai| 'sahita' zabda meM 'yat' pratyaya lagane para sAhitya zabda kI vyutpatti hotI hai| jisakA artha zabda evaM artha kA sahabhAva honA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jo gadya yA padya jIvana aura satya meM se kisI eka rUpa kA yathArtha evaM pratibodhita sajIva citraNa karatA hai vaha 'sAhitya' hai| jJAtAdharmakathA jaina kathA sAhitya kA pratinidhi grantha hai| kathA mAnava jIvana ke satya evaM sauMdarya ko prakaTa karatI hai| kathA ke dvArA grantha meM ArkaSaNa utpanna hotA hai evaM yathArtha bodha saMhaja gamya ho jAtA hai| kathA ke sAhityika svarUpa ko1. kathAnaka, 2. caritracitraNa, 3. kathopakathana, 4. dezakAla, 5. bhASA-zailI evaM 6. uddezya ina cha: bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM upalabdhatA kI dRSTi se inakA vivecana nimna prakAra hai1. kathAnaka - kathAnaka 'katha' dhAtu se banA hai| isakA artha hai 'jo kucha kahA jAe' yA 'kathA kA choTA rUpa' yA 'saaraaNsh'| sAhitya meM kArya-vyApAra kI yojanA ko bhI kathAnaka kahate haiN| sabhI kathAoM ko kathAnaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ina donoM meM antara yaha hai ki kathA meM ghaTanAoM kI pramukhatA rahatI hai jisameM zrotA yA pAThaka yaha jAnane ko utsuka rahatA hai ki 'hA~ phira Age kyA huA?' aura kathAnaka meM kAryakAraNa sambandha mukhya hotA hai| isameM zrotA yA pAThaka yaha jijJAsA karatA hai 'yaha kaise aura kyoM huA?' kathAnaka kA AdhAra kahAnI hai aura kahAnI meM ghaTanAoM kA saMkalana hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM rAjA, nAyaka, maMtrI, rAjapuruSa, netA, pazu-pakSI Adi kathAnakoM ko lekara kathA likhI gaI hai, ata: usake AdhAra para hama kathAnakoM ko nimna rUpa meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM1. sAmAjika 2. aitihAsika 3. rAjanItika 4. manovaijJAnika 5. yathArthavAdI 6. atiyathArthavAdI For Personal & Private Use Only

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76 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 7. prakRtivAdI 8. manovizleSaNAtmaka 9. AMcalika 10. sarvakalyANakArI 11. romAMcakArI 12. grAmINa samasyA pradhAna 13. madhyavargIya citraNa pradhAna 14. varga saMgharSa yukta 15. krAMtikArI 16. AdhyAtmika 17. dhArmika 18. pArivArika .. 19. saMvedanAtmaka kathAnaka kI yojanA kathAnaka kI sundara AyojanA meM kalAkAra apane anumAna dvArA yaha nizcaya kara letA hai ki kauna-sI bAta kisa sImA taka likhanI hai tathA kisakA saMketa mAtra karake chor3anA hai| aisI mAnyatA hai ki kathAnaka meM pAThakoM kI kalpanA ke lie jitanI adhika sAmagrI chor3a dI jAe vaha kathAnaka utanA hI rocaka evaM saphala hotA hai| kathAnaka ke guNa kathAnaka kA mukhya guNa jijJAsA hai| kathAnaka meM jijJAsA kI tRpti hone para pAThaka kI medhA aura smaraNa zakti bar3ha jAtI hai| jJAtAdharmakathA ke kathAnakoM meM prArambha se lekara anta taka jijJAsA banI rahatI hai, jaba taka zrotA yA pAThaka usake pUrNa vivaraNa ko suna yA par3ha nahIM letA taba taka usake abhiprAya ko nahIM samajha paataa| AcArya hemacandra ne kathAnakoM ke guNoM kA vibhAjana nimna taraha se kiyA hai 1. upAkhyAna- kathA-prabandha ke bIca dUsaroM ko samajhAne ke lie kahI gaI laghu kathAe~ upAkhyAna haiN| 2. AkhyAnaka- jo dUsaroM ko prabotidha karane ke lie kisI graMthika ke dvArA kisI sabhA meM par3hA gayA yA abhinaya kiyA gayA ho| 3. nidarzana- jisameM pazu-pakSiyoM yA anya jIvadhAriyoM kI ceSTAoM aura AcaraNoM se kArya-akArya kA nizcaya kiyA jAtA ho| 4. pravalikA- kathA ko lekara jahA~ do vyaktiyoM meM vivAdAdi arddhaprAkRta bhASA meM prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha pravAhnikA kahalAtI hai| . For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana oo 5. manthallikA- mahArASTrI prAkRta Adi bhASAoM meM usa kSudra kathA ko ' manthAllikA kahate haiM jisameM prArambha se anta taka purohita, amAtya, tApasa Adi kA upahAsa kiyA jaay| 6. maNikulyA- jisameM vastu pahale prakaTa na hokara bAda meM prakAzita hotI hai| 7. parikathA- jisameM cAra puruSArthoM (dharma, artha, kAma, mokSa) meM se kisI eka ko lakSya karake vicitra prakAra ke vRtAntoM ko sunAyA jAtA hai| 8. khaMDakathA- kisI prabandha ke bhItara kisI prasiddha vRttAnta ko usake bIca se yA kisI chora se varNana karanA khaMDakathA hai| 9. sakalakathA- jisameM prArambha se lekara phala prApti ke anta taka pUre caritra kA yathAtathya varNana hotA hai vaha sakalakathA hai| 10. upakathA- jisameM kisI caritra ke aMga kA Azraya grahaNa kara dUsarI kathA kahI jAtI hai vaha upakathA hai| 11. bRhatkathA- kisI mahattvapUrNa viSaya ko lekara adbhuta kArya kI siddhi kA varNana karanevAlI paizAcI prAkRta bhASA se yukta kathA bRhatkathA hai| kathAnaka ke bheda kathAnaka (kathAvastu) ke do bheda haiM1. sAmAnya 2. gumphita sAmAnya kathAnaka meM eka kathA hotI hai| sahAyaka kathAoM kA isameM abhAva hotA hai| gumphita kathAnaka meM do yA do se adhika kathAe~ hotI haiN| pradhAna kathA ko adhikArika kathA kahate haiM aura sahAyaka kathAoM ko prAsaMgika kathA kahate haiN| kathAnaka kI rItiyA~ 1. varNanAtmaka zailI, 2. AdhyAtmika zailI, 3. DAyarI zailI, 4. pratIkAtmaka zailI,5. bhAvAtmaka zailI, 6.bodhAtmaka shailii| ukta rItiyoM kA kathana Adhanika dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| DaoN0 makkhanalAla zarmA * ne kathAnaka kI rItiyoM meM varNanAtmaka, AtmakathAtmaka, patrAtmaka aura DAyarI zailI kA vivecana kiyA hai| parantu jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kathAnaka kI rItiyoM ko DAyarI zailI evaM 1. zarmA makkhanalAla, hindI upanyAsa, siddhAnta aura samIkSA. For Personal & Private Use Only

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78 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana patrAtmaka zailI ke rUpa meM sthAna nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| use varNanAtmaka, pratIkAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka, bodhAtmaka, citrAtmaka aura upadezAtmaka rUpa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ina cAroM puruSArthoM ko AdhAra banAkara vikAsa ko prApta huyI hai| isameM eka kathA nahIM, apitu vividha kathAeM haiM jinakA kAvya-bheda kI dRSTi se dharmakathA ke rUpa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa kathAgrantha ke kathAkAra ne upadeza ko mahattvapUrNa banAyA hai aura ye sabhI upadeza kathA ke svarUpa ko lie hue samAja kI saMvedanazIlatA se jur3e hae haiN| isalie jJAtAdharmakathA meM dharmatattva kI pradhAnatA ke sAtha-sAtha dRSTAntoM kI bhI bharamAra hai| isa dRSTi se isake sAhityika svarUpa ko isa prakAra vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai . . . 1. varNana pradhAna kathAnaka jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke prathama adhyayana utkSiptajAta kA prArambha Arya jambUsvAmI kI jijJAsA evaM Arya sudharmAsvAmI ke samAdhAna se hotA hai| isameM abhayakumAra, dhAriNI devI, zreNika rAjA Adi kA vaibhavapUrNa jIvana evaM unake kRta kAryoM Adi kA sAmAnya vivecana hai| isake mUla kathAnakoM ke sAtha rAjA zreNika ke putra kA jo vivecana kiyA gayA hai usameM Adarza jIvana kA varNana hai| meghakumAra ke tIna bhavoM kA varNana kathAtmaka svarUpa ko lie hue hai| isameM kathAkAra ne meghakumAra ke dvArA prApta kI gaI 72 kalAoM aura unake kalAzikSaka kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| sAmAnya pAtra bhI isa kathA ko gati pradAna karate haiM jinameM kaMcukIre kA pramukha sthAna hai| Adhunika kathA meM kathAkAra ne aitihAsika, sAmAjika, dhArmika vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha saMvedanazIlatA, sambaddhatA, maulikatA, kalAkauzala, satyatA, anviti, jijJAsA, yathArthatA Adi kA bhI citraNa kiyA hai| ye sabhI citraNa jJAtAdharma meM upalabdha haiM(ka) aitihAsikatA mahAvIra, Arya sudharmA, Arya jambUsvAmI, abhayakumAra, meghakumAra, ariSTanemi, kRSNa, sudarzana seTha, kAzIrAja, adInazatru, jItazatru, padmanAbha pANDavaputra Adi Adarza puruSoM evaM rohiNI, dhAriNI, thAvaccA, mallIkumArI, draupadI, kAlI, rAjI, rajanI, meghA Adi aitihAsika nAriyoM tathA aneka zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ke ullekha bhI haiN| isake solahaveM adhyayana meM draupadI ke kathAnaka ke sAtha-sAtha pANDuputroM, hastinApura nagarI Adi ke vivecana isakI aitihAsikatA ko vyakta karatI hai| isake tRtIya, 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/99. 2. vahI, 1/111, 112. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana 79 caturtha, dazama Adi adhyayanoM ko chor3akara anya sabhI adhyayana aitihAsikatA se paripUrNa haiN| (kha) sAmAjika samAja ke pratinidhi mAtA-pitA, putra, parijana Adi hote haiN| inhIM ke sAmAjika kArya, janma, utsava, saMskAra, nAmakaraNa, zikSA-dIkSA, vivAha Adi hote haiN| jJAtAdharma ke prathama adhyayana meM pUrNa sAmAjika pariveza dekhA jA sakatA hai| isameM mAtRpakSa, pitRpakSa, 1 vivAha Adi sabhI pakSoM ko liyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyayana meM santAna prApti ke lie devapUjA, 2 putra-prApti, putra saMskAra Adi mahattvapUrNa saMskAroM ko bhI diyA gayA hai| tRtIya adhyayana meM gaNikA kI manodazA, caturtha adhyayana meM ariSTanemi kI upAsanA, AThaveM meM mallI kA janma, punarjanma, yuddha, terahaveM meM rAjAjJA, caudahaveM meM tetaliputra, amAtya Adi ke varNana samasAmayika sAmAjika sthiti ko prastuta karate haiN| (ga) saMvedanazIlatA jJAtAdharmakathA kI kathAeM kisI varga vizeSa yA samAja se jur3I huI nahIM haiM, apitu ve kathAe~ vizAla kSetra ko lie hue mAnava jIvana ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| tRtIya adhyayana kI aNDakakathA meM mayUroM kA saMrakSaNa manoyoga kI dazA ko vyakta karatA hai| sAgaradatta kA putra sArthavAha mayUrI ke aNDoM ko dekhakara zaMkita ho uThatA hai ki aNDA nipajegA ki nahIM, bAlaka ho jAne para vaha krIr3A karegA ki nahIM ityAdi bhAva saMvedanazIlatA ko vyakta karate haiN| isI taraha mallI nAmaka AThaveM adhyayana meM mallI ke niSkramaNa para anya rAjakumAroM kA dIkSita honA isI bAta kA saMketa karatA hai|4 (gha) sambaddhatA . kathAnaka kI saphalatA ghaTanAoM ko jor3a dene mAtra se nahIM ho jAtI, apita kathAnaka ko sugaThita, saMtulita evaM paraspara meM jor3anA kathAkAra kA mUla lakSya hotA hai jisase kathA prabhAvazAlI evaM kalAtmaka rUpa ko prApta hotI hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM bhI yahI vastusthiti hai| kathAkAra jo bhI kathA kahatA hai use eka-dUsare ke sAtha jor3akara rakhatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie caudahaveM adhyayana ke tetaliputra kI kathA ko dekhA jA sakatA hai, isameM tetalinagara ke AdhAra para putra kA nAma tetali rakhA gayA 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/4. 2. vahI, 2/15. 3. vahI, 3/18. 4. vahI, 8/184. . For Personal & Private Use Only

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80 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana hai| tetaliputra kA pANigrahaNa saMskAra poTTilA ke sAtha hotA hai aura ve donoM hI snehapUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karate haiN| usI samaya sAdhvI suvratA kA samAgama hotA hai| poTTilA apane pati ke dvArA kucha samaya bAda tiraskRta kara dI jAtI hai| usI tiraskRta . bhAva ko lekara poTTilA ne sAdhviyoM se nivedana kiyaa| usake nivedana para unhoMne dharma upadeza diyA taba vaha zrAvikA bana gii| isameM eka ke bAda eka avAntara kathAoM ke mAdhyama se zrAvikA ke gaNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jJAtAdharma kI kathAe~ eka mAtra ghaTanAkrama ko lie hue hI Age nahIM bar3hatI, apitu nizcita vAtAvaraNa, nizcita uddezya ko apane meM samAhita kiye huye Age . . bar3hatI hai| maulikatA - jJAtAdharma anubhUtiyoM kA kathA sAgara hai| isa sAgara meM sAmAnya ghaTanA se lekara rAjyakrAMti, dezadroha, vairAgya bhAva Adi bhI ghaTita haiN| jJAtAdharma ke kathAMza meM mAnava se mahAmAnava taka banane kI kalA kA samAveza huA hai| karma ke bheda va usake AvaraNoM kA varNana tambaka adhyayana meM AyA hai| 1 anya adhyayanoM meM bhI vicAroM kI vizAlatA dekhane ko milatI hai| satya-digdarzana vastu-satya aura kAvya-satya kathAnaka kI vAstavikatA ko adhika rocaka banAtA hai| mAkandI adhyayana meM jinapAlita evaM jinarakSita kA bAra-bAra samudrayAtrA karanA satya kA digdarzana karAtA hai|2 mAtA-pitA unakI samudra yAtrA se parezAna the, para ve donoM AjJA kI avahelanA karake videza yAtrA ke lie cale gae jisase ve cakravAta meM pha~sa gae, jahAja TUTa gyaa| yaha vastu satya hai| jinapAlita dhArmika pravRtti kA thaa| vaha devI kA smaraNa karatA hai jisase vaha surakSita sthAna ko prApta hotA hai aura jinarakSita vAsanA ke vazIbhUta thA isalie apane lakSya kI ora jAne meM samartha nahIM ho pAtA hai| yaha bhI vastu-satya hai parantu donoM kI manovaijJAnikatA kAvya satya hai| jijJAsA kathAnaka kA sabase mahattvapUrNa tattva jijJAsA hai jo manoraMjana ke sAtha jur3I hotI hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM jijJAsA evaM kautUhala ko utpanna karanevAlI kaI ghaTanAe~ haiN| meghakumAra, mallI, mAkandIputra, tetaliputra evaM draupadI ke prasaMgoM ko par3hate samaya 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 6/6. 2. vahI, 9/5. For Personal & Private Use Only

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81 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana jijJAsA hI banI rahatI hai| draupadI kauna thI, vaha kisakI putrI thI, usakA kyA nAma thA, usakA vivAha kisake sAtha huA, kaise huA, usakA apaharaNa, usakI khoja, usakA milana evaM usake dvArA dIkSA Adi ghaTanAe~ jijJAsA hI utpanna karatI haiN| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma ke kathAnaka vividha prakAra ke siddhAntoM ko gati pradAna karate hue mAnava jIvana ke vividha pakSoM ko bhI prastuta karate haiN| inakI abhivyaktiyA~ ucca, mArmika, mahAna, sazakta, prakhara, jIvanta evaM gaharAI ko lie hue haiM, jo yathArthatA ke sAtha Adarza ke tattva bhI prastuta karane meM samartha haiN| caritra-citraNa kathA kI ghaTanAe~ evaM kathA prasaMga mAnavIya, daivIya evaM prANI jagata ke citraNa se citrita hotI haiN| mAnava mana kathA kA prANa hotA hai, jinako lekara ghaTanAoM ko ghaTita kiyA jAtA hai| ghaTanAe~ pAtroM ke binA sambhava nahIM haiN| pAtroM ke caritracitraNa bhinna-bhinna paristhitiyoM evaM vAtAvaraNa kI vizeSatAoM ko bhI aMkita karanevAle hote haiN| kathAkAra kA kartavya hai ki vaha caritra ke utkRSTa Adarza ko prastuta kre| vaha caritra ko sajIva, nirdoSa, sadabhAva aura bhadra banAe tathA abhadra ko mApadaNDa banAkara vastu sthiti kA citraNa kre| caritragata bhadratA to pratyeka varga meM pAyI jAtI hai, isake lie pAtroM ko kisI varga vizeSa se hI khojanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| 2 . jJAtAdharma meM caritra-citraNa kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yahI dekhane ko milatI hai ki jaisA hama jIvana meM dekhate haiM vaisA hI pAtra bolate hue pratIta hote haiN| isase yathArtha meM Adarza aura Adarza meM yathArtha kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| isase pratyeka pAtra jIvana ko preraNA dene vAle bana jAte haiN| nirAzAvAdI dRSTikoNa vapita nahIM ho pAtA hai| isalie Aja bhI pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa asAmAjika burAIyoM ke anta va nirdoSa caritra kI prastuti meM sahAyaka haiN| caritra-citraNa kI vizeSatAe~ maulikatA, svAbhAvikatA, anukUlatA, sajIvatA, sahRdayatA, ujjvalatA, pratIkAtmakatA, gatizIlatA, manovijJAna-sammata, varNanAtmakatA, caritrahInatA, caritramahAnatA, IrSyA, hiMsAtmaka, ahiMsAtmaka, satyaniSThA, tyAgabhAvanA, saMyamabhAvanA, brahmacaryabhAvanA, naitika jagaraNa (rAjA kA kartavya, prajA kA kartavya, sevAbhAva, dayA, karuNA), dhArmika bhAvanA, vairAgya bhAvanA, nindA-pazcAtApa Adi isakI vizeSatAe~ haiM 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/148. 2. hindI upanyAsa, siddhAnta aura samIkSA, pR0 59, prabhAta prakAzana, dillI 1966. For Personal & Private Use Only

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82 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana kintu isa dRSTi se jJAtAdharma ke pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa karane se pUrva pAtroM kA vargIkaraNa Avazyaka hai| pAtroM kA vargIkaraNa mUlata: pAtra do prakAra ke hote haiM- (1) vyaktivAdI pAtra aura (2) prtinidhipaatr| 1. vyaktivAdI pAtra ve pAtra jinakI apanI nijI vizeSatAe~ hotI haiM ve vyaktivAdI pAtra kahalAte haiN| jJAtAdharma meM jitanI bhI kathAe~ haiM unakA prArambha pAtroM kI nijI vizeSatAoM ko : lie hue haiN| prathama adhyayana meM abhayakumAra, meghakumAra kA kathAnaka viziSTa vyaktitva kA sUcaka hai| abhayakumAra vicArazIla cintanazIla evaM manogata saMkalpa se yukta hai| vaha mAnavIya upayogoM se kArya karanA cAhatA hai| parantu jaba usameM samartha nahIM hotA hai taba vaha deva ArAdhanA meM sthita hokara apane kArya meM saphala hotA hai| saMghATa nAmaka adhyayana kA mUlapAtra vijaya cora hai jo kalA meM niSNAta hai| isakA sampUrNa vivecana cora ke manogata bhAvoM ko spaSTa karatA hai aura usakI pariNati kathA meM mor3a pradAna karatI hai, phalata: seTha ke pariNAma bhI dayA ke bhAva se bhara jAte haiN| zailaka adhyayana meM thAvaccAputra kA aNagAra mArga kI ora laganA isI bAta kI ora saMketa karatA hai|2 mallI kA vyaktitva vividha parivartana ke rUpoM ko lie hue hai| mallI dvArA sAmAyika cAritra kI ora bar3hane kA prasaMga vyakti ko AdhyAtmikatA kI ora unmukha karatA hai| isI taraha mAkandI, tetaliputra, draupadI Adi ke caritra vyaktivAdI caritra haiN| isameM mAnavIya evaM sAmAjika tattva carama sImA taka vikasita hote haiN| inhIM tattvoM se sabhI sambhAvanAoM kA udghATana hotA hai| isa udghATana kI sImA meM uccatA spaSTa rUpa se hamAre sAmane AtI hai| isa taraha jJAtAdharma ke pratyeka caritra samAjagata aura vaiyaktika guNa prakaTa karane meM samartha haiN| 2. pratinidhi pAtra ve pAtra jo eka viziSTa vyakti ke caritra ko lekara samAja kA pratinidhitva karate haiM pratinidhi pAtra kahalAte haiN| pratinidhi pAtra ke vastra, vezabhUSA, sundara vicAra, komala pariNAma, samAja upayogI manobhAva evaM unake sabhI prayatna isa bAta ko puSTa karate haiM ki jIvana kA mUlya satyArtha meM hai aura yahI satyArtha pratinidhi pAtra ke caritroM meM pAyA jAtA hai| pratinidhi pAtra sukha-duHkha, ghRNA-prema, ruci-aruci, 1. posahimassa vaMbhacArissa umbhukkamaNiM- suvnnnnss.......| jJAtAdharmakathA 1/66. 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 5/68. 3. jJAtAdharmakathA 8/82. For Personal & Private Use Only

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83 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana sAhasa-kAyaratA, audArya-kaMjUsI, nyAya-pakSapAta, saundarya-asaundarya, vIratA-bhadratA, dayAlutA, nRzaMsatA, satya-asatya Adi deza-kAla sApekSa guNa ko lekara samAja kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA ke kathAnakoM ke sAtha jur3e hue anya kathAnaka bhI isI bAta kA pramANita karate haiN| caritra-citraNa kA aucitya caritra-citraNa ko utkRSTa evaM AdarzarUpa meM prastuta karane kA kArya jJAtAdharmakathA meM sarvatra kiyA gayA hai| abhayakumAra zreNika rAjA ke samIpa meM jaise hI pahuMcatA hai vaise hI zreNika use Adara dete haiM, sAtA-asAtA pUchate haiM, satkAra-sammAna karate haiM tathA AlApa-saMlApa Adi karake AzISa dete haiN| sAthahI badalI huI manogata sthiti ko bhI isI ke uparAnta darzAyA gayA hai| jisameM abhayakumAra vyakta karatA hai ki he tAta! jo Adara sammAna. Apa pUrva meM dete the, vaha aba kyoM nahIM haiM? isakA kyA kAraNa hai?2 zreNika kI udAsInatA ko jAnakara abhayakumAra nivedana karatA hai ki Apa jisa saMkalpa ko lie hue haiM. use pUrNa karanA merA kArya hai| ata: AjJA dIjie ki maiM choTI mAtA dhAriNI devI ke dohada ko sampanna karake sevA kA avasara prApta kara skuu|3 badalatI huI manogata sthiti kI yaha pariNati saMkalpa ke bhAvoM ko sapaSTa karatI hai| . caritra-citraNa kI utkRSTatA ke aneka mApadaNDa jJAtAdharma meM haiM jinake aucitya ko nimna prakAra se vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai(ka) anurUpatA jIvanta pAtroM ke caritra se kucha kahalavAnA anurUpatA hai| jJAtAdharma meM paurANika aura aitihAsika donoM hI prakAra ke pAtra haiM aura ve apane jIvanta svarUpa ko janatA ke bIca meM upasthiti kara bhadratA, abhadratA, ThagI, Asakti, tyAga, tapasyA, AtmasantoSa, parijana zikSA Adi kA citraNa karate haiN| sudharmA aura jambU jaise pAtra purANa kathA ko vyakta karate haiM tathA meghakumAra, rAjA kuNika, zreNikakumAra, abhayakumAra, dhAriNI, draupadI; Adi aitihAsika pAtra prAcIna sAMskRtika virAsata ko sAkAra karate haiN| ariSTanemi kA caritra-citraNa dvArakA nagarI kI aitihAsikatA, pramANoM tathA purANa-puruSoM kI gAthA kA nirUpaNa karatA hai| AThaveM adhyayana meM bhI donoM hI prakAra ke caritra ubharakara Ae haiN| udakajJAta nAmaka bArahaveM adhyayana meM rAjA jitazatru ke viSaya meM aitihAsika . 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/60. 2. vahI, 1/61. 3. vahI, 1/162. 4. vahI, 5/1-11. For Personal & Private Use Only

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84 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana tathyoM kA jJAna bhI hotA hai| draupadI ke varNana se hastinApura ke pANDurAjA evaM anya kaI viziSTa vyaktitva ke aitihAsika pramANa spaSTa hote haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya kI nAriyA~ zIla aura tapa kI ArAdhanA karanevAlI thiiN| (kha) ekarUpatA caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se anekatA meM ekatA aura ekatA meM anekatA Avazyaka hai| jJAtAdharma kI mUla kathAoM meM jo kucha bhI samAvezita kiye gaye ve aneka prakAra ke parivartanoM ko apane meM samAhita kiye hue bhI eka hI uddezya ko prastuta karate haiM jise sAmAnya rUpa meM saMsAra kI sthiti se haTakara vizuddhAtma bhAva kI ora bar3hanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai| draupadI ke citraNa meM saMsAra se vairAgya kI ora kA caritracitraNa hI paryApta hai| isI se anya caritra-citraNa kA jJAna ho sakatA hai| draupadI kA janma rAjasI pariveza meM huA, ata: tadanukUla navayauvanA hone para usakA svayaMvara racAyA gayA jisameM pANDuputra Ae aura unake sAtha varaNa huaa| kathA meM draupadI haraNa jitanA mahattvapUrNa hai usase kahIM adhika draupadI kA sAdhvI honA mahattvapUrNa hai| jJAtAdharma meM prArambhika kathAnaka se lekara anta taka ke sabhI kathAnaka bhASA, bhAva, abhivyakti, kalA, citraNa-vidhi, upadezAtmaka jJAna evaM vizeSa uddezya Adi ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM spaSTa karate haiN| (ga) sambhAvya jJAtAdharma ke kathAnaka kalpanAzIla nahIM haiM, apitu ye kalAkAra kI pratimUrti ke sajIva citra haiN| isake sundara citroM meM jIvana kA yathArtha hai| mallI ke prasaMga sambhAvya ko prastuta karate huye tapa saMyama ke saundarya kI sthApanA karate haiN| kUrma adhyayana meM do prakAra kI pratikRti sAmane AyI hai| jisameM prathama pratikRti vAcAlatA ko vyakta karatI hai aura dvitIya kalAkAra ke sarvazreSTha niSkarSa ko prastuta karatI hai| yahI kalA kA saundarya hai jisameM ghaTita ghaTanA sambhAvya ko sthita karatI hai| caritra-citraNa ke kaI kendrabindu haiM jinameM buddhi aura kalpanA kriyAzIla hotI haiN| jJAtAdharma meM kalpanA nahIM hai, isalie kalpanA kI kriyAzIlatA isameM nahIM hai| parantu buddhitattva hai jisase hRdaya kI anubhUtiyA~ na kevala mAnavIya saMvedanAoM ko lekara Age bar3hatI haiM, apitu prANImAtra ke pUrvApara paricita pratibimba kA bhI chAyAMkana karatI haiN| 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 16/108. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #98
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana . 85 caritra-citraNa kI vidhAe~ 1. pAtroM ke kAryoM dvaaraa| 2. pAtroM ke vArtAlApa dvArA 3. kathAkAra ke kathana aura vyAkhyA dvaaraa| ukta tInoM hI prakAra ke guNoM kA vivecana jJAtAdharmakathA meM hai| pAtroM ke kAryoM ke lie prathama adhyayana, AThavA~ adhyayana, caudahavAM adhyayana aura solahavAM adhyayana hai| ina adhyayanoM meM pAtroM ke kAryoM ke mAdhyama se caritra-citraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaisepuruSa sahastra-vAhinI zivikA ke sAmane aSTamaMgala' dravyoM kA pradarzana, stuti, jayanAda, mAMgalika vAtAvaraNa Adi meghakamAra jaise mahAna nAyaka ke Adarza ko prastuta karatA hai| meghakumAra ke tapazcaraNare ke samaya kA dRzya bhI isI taraha kA hai| pAtroM ke vArtAlApa dvArA nATakoM meM vastusthiti ko vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA nATaka nahIM hai phira bhI isameM nATakIya prayoga kiye gaye haiN| grantha ke prArambha meM pAtroM kI bAtacIta se isa bAta kA saMketa milatA hai| jJAtAdharma ke prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya anuccheda meM yahI krama dekhane ko milatA hai| rohiNIjJAta meM cAroM bahuoM ke sAtha seTha kA vArtAlApa pAtra kI vizeSatA ko citrita karatA hai aura guNa vizeSa ke AdhAra para seTha apane bahuoM kA nAma ujjhikA, bhogavatI, rakSikA aura rohiNI rakhatA hai| ujjhikA ko saphAI kArya ke lie niyukta kiyA jAtA hai, bhogavatI ko rasoIghara kA kArya diyA jAtA hai, rakSikA ko vastuoM kI dekharekha ke lie rakhA jAtA hai aura rohiNI ko gRhasvAminI ke rUpa meM niyukta kiyA jAtA hai| vastu sthiti va pAtroM kI sthiti kyA hai? kaisI hai? ye cAroM hI nArI pAtra vyakta kara detI haiN| kathAkAra kathA kabhI kahatA hai, kabhI kahalavAtA hai aura kabhI pAtroM ke vicAra bhAvanA, uddezya, prayojana Adi ke dvArA unheM prasthApita karatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA kA kathAkAra kathAM meM nahIM ulajhatA hai, apitu kathana ko mahattva detA hai| yadi use aniSTa kA AkhyAna karanA hai to aniSTa ke vAtAvaraNa ko kisI pAtra ke mAdhyama se upasthita kara detA hai aura yadi yoga, bhakti, zraddhA, tapa Adi iSTa kAryoM ko vyakta karanA hai to vaha anukUla vAtAvaraNa upasthita kara vastusthiti kA citraNa kara detA hai| kathAkAra kI yahI kathA pariNati hai| . ukta vidhiyoM ke atirikta caritra-citraNa kI do vidhiyA~ vyakta kI gayI haiM 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga- 1/153, 154. 2. vahI, 1/202. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #99
86 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana (1) vizleSaNAtmaka-vidhi (2) abhinyaatmk-vidhi| vizleSaNAtmaka-vidhi kA yaha anUThA grantha hai, kyoMki kathAkAra ne isameM pAtroM ke bAhara aura bhItara donoM hI prakAra ke vicAroM, Adarza guNoM evaM vyavahAra. Adi kA citraNa kiyA hai jisameM pAThaka donoM prakAra kI sthiti ko prApta hotA hai| mana kA parivartana aura tana kA parivartana vicAroM aura vyavahAroM se hI hotA hai| isalie jJAtAdharmakathA ke kathAkAra ne kathAzilpa ke svarUpa ko apane samaya meM jisa rUpa meM dekhA thA usa rUpa meM prastuta kara diyA kintu ye caritra Aja bhI jIvanta haiN| 3. kathopakathana kathA ke vikAsa meM jitanA kathAnaka ko mahattva diyA jAtA hai utanA hI kathopakathana ko bhI diyA jAtA hai| isase pAtra kI sthiti, vicAra evaM svabhAva Adi kA jJAna hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM jo kathA-vikAsa huA hai usameM prAya: kathopakathana kI zailI ko apanAyA gayA hai| utkSiptajJAta meM jambUsvAmI ne sudharmAsvAmI se prazna kiyA hai- bhagavana! jJAtAdharmakathA kA kyA artha hai? isa prazna kA samAdhAna sudharmA svAmI ne isa prakAra kiyA ki bhagavana ne chaThe aMga meM jJAta aura dharmakathA nAmaka do zrutaskandha pratipAdita kie hai|1 kathA ke prArambha meM jo jambU aura sudharmA kA saMvAda hai| vahI Age anya pAtroM ke mAdhyama se bhI apanAyA gayA hai jaise- abhayakumAra kA dhAriNI ke sAtha, zreNika rAjA kA dhAriNI ko udbodhana, svapna pAThakoM kA phalAdeza, abhaya kI devArAdhanA, meghakumAra kA janma, usake kArya, kalA grahaNa Adi sabhI kathopakathana ke vaiziSTya ko lie hue haiN| dvitIya saMghATa adhyayana meM jambU kI jijJAsA kA samAdhAna sudharmA dvArA kiyA jAnA tathA bhadrA se dhanya sArthavAha kA yaha kahanA ki he devAnupriya! mere Ane se tumheM santoSa kyoM nahIM hai? harSa kyoM nahIM hai? Ananda kyoM nahIM hai? 2 taba bhadrA kahatI hai mujhe santoSa, harSa aura Ananda kyoM hogA? kyoMki Apane mere putra ke ghAtaka ko apane bhojana meM se bhojana karAyA hai| aise hI kaI prasaMga isameM bhare par3e haiN| tRtIya aNDaka adhyayana meM sArthavAha patroM ke dvArA gaNikA se kahA gayA ki he devAnupriya! hama tumhAre sAtha subhUmibhAga nAmaka udyAna meM vicaraNa karanA cAhate haiM taba gaNikA devadattA ne kahA ki jaisA Apa cAhate haiM vaisA hI hogaa| karma adhyayana ke antima anuccheda meM saMsAra kI asAratA ko udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se darzAte hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki he AyuSyaman 1. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/9-10. 3. vahI, 2/40. 2. vahI, 2/45. 2. vahI, 3/11-12. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #100
87 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana jo pA~coM indriyoM kA gopana karatA hai vaha upAsanA yogya bana jAtA hai| 1 zailika adhyayana kA pratyeka anuccheda kathAnaka se kathA ko bar3hAne evaM cAritra kA citraNa karane meM nipuNa hai| sudarzana se thAvaccAputra ne kahA ki he sudarzana! 'kiM mUlae dhamme paNNatte'? dharma kA mUla kyA hai? sudarzana ne uttara diyA 'soyamUle dhamme paNNatte' zaucamUlaka dharma kahA gayA hai| isI adhyayana kA zuka-thAvaccAputra saMvAda atyanta hI rocaka hai "kiM bhaMte! jattA? suyA! jaM NaM mama NANa- daMsaNa caritra tava saMjamamAiehiM joehiM joyaNA se taM jttaa"| se kiM taM bhaMte! javaNijje? suyA! iMdiyajavaNijje ya noiMdiyajavaNijje yA se kiM taM noiMdiyajavaNijje? suyA! niruvahayAiM vase vaTaMti, se taM iMdiyajavaNijjA3 he bhagavan !. yAtrA kyA hai? jIvoM kI yatanA (rakSA) karanA hamArI yAtrA hai| yApanIya kyA hai? indriya aura noindriya yApanIya hai indriya yApanIya kise kahate haiM? binA kisI upadrava ke vazIbhUta jo indriyA~ hotI haiM ve indriya yApanIya haiN| ... isakA aMtima upasaMhAra bhI kathopakathana se paripUrNa hai| chaThe tumbaka nAmaka adhyayana meM prazna kiyA gayA hai- kahaM NaM bhNte| jIvA guruyattaM vA lahuyattaM vA havvamAgacchaMti?4 kaise jIva murutA aura laghutA ko prApta hote haiM? isa prazna kA samAdhAna tumbaka para lagAe gae lepa ko gurutA kA pratIka aura lepa rahita tumbaka ko laghutA kA pratIka batAkara prastuta kiyA gayA hai jo karma-prakRtiyoM kI laghutA aura gurutA ko spaSTa karatA hai| 1. jJAtAdharmakathA, 4/13. 2. vahI, 5/36. 3. vahI, 5/45. 4. vahI, 6/5, 7. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #101
88 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana - sAtaveM adhyayana kI rohiNI kathA meM caritra kI zreSThatA ko aMkita karate hue seTha evaM putravadhuoM kI vArtAlApa nIti evaM sadAcAra kI sthApanA karane meM sahakArI hai| mallI nAmaka adhyayana vistArayukta kathopakathana ko lie hue mallI ke caritra ko prastuta karatA hai| mAkandI nAmaka naveM adhyayana meM prakRti kI sukumAritA ko kathopakathana ke rUpa meM hI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yathA tatthaM NaM tubbhe devANuppiyA! vAvIsu ya jAva vihraahi|1 he devAnupriya! tuma vApiyoM meM vicaraNa kro| ve vApiyA~ aura vanakhaNDa kaise .. haiM isa viSaya meM kahA hai sahakAra-cAruhAro, kiMsuya kaNNiyArAsoga- muddo| Usiyatilaga-baulAyavatto, basaMtauU NaravaI saahiinno|2 pADala sirIsa-salilo, maliyA vAsaMtiya dhvlvelo| sIyala surabhi-anala-magaracario, gimhauU-sAgaro saahiinno| 3 arthAt usa vana meM shkaar| AmramaMjariyoM ke manohara hAra haiM, vahA~ kiMzuka, karNikAra, azoka Adi puSpoM ke mukuTa haiM tathA U~ce-U~ce tilaka aura vakula vRkSoM ke puSpita chatra haiN| usa vana meM pATala, zirISa rUpI jala hai| mallikA aura vAsanti kI latAe~ dhavalita haiM tathA zIlata manda pavana bhI cala rahI hai| isI taraha ke aMzoM se paripUrNa mAkandI adhyayana meM prakRti saundarya ko kathopakathana ke rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai| candra adhyayana meM bhI kathopakathana hai| yaha sabase choTA adhyayana hai| gyArahaveM dAvadrava adhyayana meM bhI saMvAda rUpa meM kathA kA vikAsa huA hai| bArahavA~ udaka nAmaka adhyayana isase achUtA nahIM hai| dardurajJAta nAmaka terahaveM adhyayana meM gautama ke dvArA pUchA gayA hai ki devajuI divve devANabhAve kahiM gayA? devaRddhi kahA~ gaI? bhagavana ne uttara diyA-goyamAM sarIraM gayA sarIraM aNupaviTThA kuuddaagaardilNto| arthAt he gautama! devaRddhi zarIra meM gayI, zarIra meM praviSTa ho gyii| caudahavA~ tetaliputra, pandrahavAM nandIphala, solahavA~ amarakaMkA (draupadI) Adi sabhI adhyayanoM meM kathopakathana ke binA kathAkAra ne kathA kA vikAsa nahIM kiyA hai| kathopakathana ke tIna guNa mAne gaye haiM 1. kathAnaka kA vikAsa- pratyeka kathA kA kathAnaka kathopakathana se vikAsa ko prApta haA hai| isase jJAtAdharma kI kathA meM svAbhAvikatA A gaI hai aura isI se pAtroM ke guNoM kI pahacAna bhI karAyI gaI hai| 1. jJAtAdharmakathA 9/24. 2. vahI, 9/25. 3. vahI, 9/25. 4. vahI, 13/5. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #102
89 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana 2. pAtroM kA citraNa- kathopakathana ghaTanAoM kA hI krama lie hue upasthita hotA hai jisase pAtra kA jIvana harSa, viSAda, manogatabhAva Adi darpaNa kI taraha sAmane A jAtA hai| jJAtAdharma kI pRSThabhUmi meM pAtra sarvopari hai aisA nahIM hai, apitu unake cAritra kI vizeSatAe~ mAnavIya saMvedanAoM se jur3I huI haiN| "paraloe vi ya NaM Agacchai bahUNi daMDaNANi jaav''|1 3. nizcita uddezya- jJAtAdharmakathA ke kathAnakoM kI pariNati kahIM satya to kahIM ahiMsA, kahIM mahAvrata to kahIM guNavrata, kahIM saMyama to kahIM tapa Adi ke uddezya ke rUpa meM hotI hai| kathAkAra apane kathAnakoM ko nizcita uddezya meM sImita karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| parantu AvazyakatAnusAra unheM sImita bhI kiyA hai aura ghaTanAoM ke krama se unheM bahu-AyAmI banAyA hai| ___ isa taraha kathopakathana kI svAbhAvikatA se yukta jJAtAdharmakathA nizcita uddezya, anukUla vAtAvaraNa, saMkalpa; vikalpa, pAtrAnukUla citraNa, sArthakatA, sajIvatA Adi kI dRSTi se mAnasika dharAtala ke anurUpa hai| 4. dezakAla dezakAla ke antargata kisI bhI kuTumba, parivAra, samAja, deza yA rASTra kI dhArmika sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, vaicArika Adi vizeSatAoM ko liyA jAtA hai jo sabhI kathAnaka ke mUla strota meM hotI haiN| dezakAla ke anusAra kathAnaka pAtroM ke aucitya se kahIM prAkRtika dRzyoM ko lekara calatA hai, kahIM unakI manogata vizeSatAoM ko udghATita karatA hai| pAtra kI acchAI aura burAI donoM hI isameM nihita hotI hai| ina donoM ko kathAkAra lekara calatA hai vaha yathArtha aura Adarza mAnavIya yA amAnavIya sadAcaraNa yA durAcaraNa donoM hI paristhitiyoM ko deza-kAla ke anusAra sthAna detA hai aura unakI vizeSatAoM se pUrA vAtAvaraNa citrita karatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA ke pAtra paurANika evaM aitihAsika haiN| phira bhI ve kathA ke sUtra meM baMdhe hue va bolate hue dikhAI par3ate haiN| pUrA kA pUrA pariveza pAtroM kI paristhitiyoM se ghirA huA ghaTita ghaTanAoM ko ubhArane meM saphala hotA hai| jJAtAdharma ke kathAnakoM meM jo bhI vAtAvaraNa hai vaha pAThaka kI manaHsthiti ko prabhAvita kie binA nahIM rahatA hai| jabaki vartamAna samAja vyavasthA se jur3e hue pariveza ke kathAnaka halkI-halkI sAMsa lete hue vikAsa ko to prApta karate haiM para apanI chavi ko nahIM chor3a pAte haiM, yadi kucha chor3ate bhI haiM to ve sArI vizeSatAoM ke abhAva meM 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 4/10. 2. vahI, 16/96. For Personal & Private Use Only

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90 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana nagaNya hI hai| parantu jJAtAdharmakathA ke pAtra kI sArI paristhitiyA~ satya kA udghATana karatI haiN| pariNAmata: kathAnakoM meM bhAratIya bhaugolika paristhitiyoM, rAjanaitika vicAroM, dhArmika prabhAvoM evaM sAmAjika uddezyoM kA citra ubharakara AyA hai jise samagra bhAratIya saMskRti kA citra kahA jA sakatA hai| utkSiptajJAta nAmaka adhyayana meM abhayakumAra kA caritra, dhAriNI, svapna darzana, dohada varNana akAla megha kriyA, meghakumAra kI kalA Adi kaI aMza usa samaya ke deza-kAla kI paristhitiyoM ko upasthita karate haiN| saMghATa nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana meM dhanyasArthavAha kA vaibhava, patnI bhadrA kI bhadratA, vijaya cora kI nipuNatA Adi alaga-alaga pariveza ko vyakta karate haiN| mayUrI ke aNDe, pakSiyoM ke prati ahisaMka bhAvanA, kUrma jalacara jIva se saMyama bhAvanA, zailaka meM nagarI, parvata, janapada Adi kA vivecana zrIkRSNa ke samakAlIna pariveza ko prastuta karate haiN| isI taraha se dardura nAmaka terahaveM adhyayana meM cikitsA paddhati kA varNana prAcInatA kI ora le jAtI hai| draupadI nAmaka solahavA~ adhyayana hastinApura nagara ke pariveza se jur3e hue pAtroM kA jo vivecana karatA hai vaha aitihAsika hai| ata: dezakAla kI dRSTi se jo sAmAjika, prAkRtika, aitihAsika evaM paurANika citraNa huA hai vaha tatkAlIna veza-bhUSA, bhASA, AhAra-vihAra, rIti-rivAja, kalA, vyApAra, nagara-vAtAvaraNa Adi ko prabhAvI banAtA hai| jJAtAdharma meM jo kucha bhI citrita kiyA gayA hai vaha tatkAlIna sAmAjika pariveza kI yathArthatA ko udghATita karatA hai| sAtha hI paurANika evaM aitihAsika mAnyatAoM kA sajIva citraNa bhI karatA hai| .5. bhASA zailI kAvya sAhitya meM vaidarbhI, gaur3I aura pAMcAlI ye tIna zailiyA~ kahI gayI haiN| vaidarbhI rIti meM oja, prasAda Adi guNoM kA samAveza hotA hai| oja aura kAMti ko gaur3I rIti meM samAhita kiyA gayA hai tathA sukumAratA evaM madhuratA pAMcAlI rIti meM AtI hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM dhvani, guNa rIti zabda-yojanA ke atirikta aneka aise bimba vidyamAna haiM jo kathAzilpa ko pramANita karate haiN| isase hI kathA AkarSaka aura rocaka bana sakI hai| isI se kathya, tathya evaM vastu rahasya kA bhAva spaSTa ho sakA hai aura yahI bhAva jijJAsA utpanna kara utsukatA jagAne meM samartha huA hai aura isI se kathA AkarSaka evaM rocaka bana sakI hai, udAharaNa ke lie prathama adhyayana meM abhayakumAra ke vivecana ko sAmane rakhA jA sakatA hai jisameM abhayakumAra kI sujhabUjha, buddhi kauzala Adi se udghATita jhalakiyA~ dekhI jA sakatI haiN| abhayakumAra 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 16/112. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana atizaya buddhizAlI hai usameM autapattikI-buddhi, vainayikI-buddhi, karmajA-buddhi aura pAriNAmikI-buddhi ina cAroM hI buddhiyoM kA samAveza hai| prastuta gadyAMza bhASA-zailI ke satya ko udghATita karatA hai| yathA-suMdaraMge, sasisomAkAre kaMte piyadaMsaNe suruve, sAma-daMDa-bheya uvappayANa-NIti-suppauttaNaya vihnnnnuu|is gadyAMza meM alaMkRta bhAva, zabda, saundarya, upamA, rUpaka Adi kA samAveza hai| isa kathAnaka ke vivecana meM vyajaMkatA bhI hai| jisa samaya rAnI dhAriNI du:khI hotI haiM taba ve na dUsaroM kA Adara karatI haiM aura na jAnatI huI kucha kahatI haiN|3 jaba rAjA zreNika zapatha dilAte haiM taba dhAriNI devI apane abhiprAya ko vyajaMnAtmaka rUpa meM hI abhivyakta karatI haiN| isI prakAra saMghATa adhyayana meM bhASA zilpa ko eka nayA mor3a diyA gayA hai| yathA maiM nirgrantha, pravacana para pratIti karatA huuN| maiM nirgrantha pravacana para ruci karatA huuN| maiM nirgrantha pravacana kA anusaraNa karane ke lie udyata hotA huuN|" ityAdi vacana bhAva evaM zraddhA utpanna karate haiN| zailaka adhyayana kA saMvAdAtmaka vivecana varaNa pada vizeSaNa bhAva Adi kI vizeSatAoM ko darzAtA hai| yathA ege bhavaM? duve bhavaM? aNege bhavaM? akkhae bhavaM? avvae bhavaM? avaTThie bhavaM? aNegabhUyabhAvabhavie vi bhavaM? ege vi ahaM, duve vi ahaM, jAvaM aNegabhUyabhAvabhavie vi ahN|5 arthAt jaba yaha prazna kiyA ki Apa eka haiM, Apa do haiM taba usakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA ki Apa eka haiM, do haiM. aura aneka bhI haiN| ___isa prakAra bhASA kI prabhAvapUrNa zailI abhivyakti ko nayA svarUpa pradAna karatI hai| gadya ke kSetra meM isa prakAra kI zailI suruci utpanna karatI hai tathA bhASA meM ojasvitA, sajIvatA, praur3hatA aura prabhAvazIlatA ko spaSTa karatI hai| isa dRSTi se hI jJAtAdharmakathA kI pada racanA ko adhika prabhAvI banAyA gayA hai| bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se pada racanA ko nimna rUpa meM abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai, yathA 1. samAsa pada aura usakI praasNgiktaa| ' . 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/15. 3. vahI, 1/47. __5. . vahI, 5/50. 2. vahI, 1/15. 4. vahI, 2/52. For Personal & Private Use Only

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92 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 2. pada evaM vAkya dvArA dRzya parivartana 3. varNaNAtmaka ukti vaicitrya 4. sAdRzyamUlaka dRSTikoNa 5. upamA AdhArita pada racanA 6. rUpakAtmaka dRSTikoNa 7. pratikAtmaka vivecanA ukta sabhI bhAva kathA kI mUla AtmA meM sarvatra dekhe jA sakate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, balki svAbhAvikatA, bhAvaprakAzana, utsukatA, gatizIlatA Adi se yukta vicAroM se gadya meM kAvyazailI kA-sA Ananda A gayA hai| alaMkRta bhASA kI gatizIlatA se jJAtadharmakathA ke gadyAMza pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa ke sAtha-sAtha unake pariveza kI chApa par3hanevAle ke Upara avazya hI chor3ate haiN| yahI bhASA-zailI kI mUla saMvedanA hai aura yahI bhASA-zailI kA dRSTikoNa bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| 6. uddezya kathA yA kAvya kA nirUpaNa sAhityakAra jisa rUpa meM karatA hai vaha kisI na kisI prakAra ke uddezya ko lekara ke hI nirupita karatA hai| prAcIna samaya meM dharmopadeza ke lie kathAoM ko kahA jAtA thA bAda meM use hI sRjanAtmaka rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gyaa| madhyakAla meM sAhitya ko naye rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA jise sudhAravAdI dRSTikoNa kaha sakate haiN| sudhAravAdI dRSiTakoNa se tAtparya hai- pUrva meM kathAkAra yA kAvyakAra ne jo kucha bhI kathana kiyA thA use tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke sAtha jor3akara sudhAravAdI dRSTikoNa ko apnaanaa| isa yuga meM kAvya kA praNayana yaza, kIrti, dhanopArjana Adi ke uddezya se kiyA gayA, parantu jo kucha bhI likhA gayA usameM bhI Ananda, prakRti varNana, sAmAjika surakSA, dharma-darzana, nIti sadAcAra Adi ko mahattva diyA gyaa| ata: sAhityakAra kI kRti kA mUla uddezya samasAmayika paristhitiyoM ko lekara vivecana karanA hI hotA hai| yahI uddezya Ananda kI prApti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| isase hI, yathArtha evaM Adarza kA paricaya ho pAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA kI pratyeka kathAnaka kA apanA uddezya hai| prathama adhyayana kI kathA meM abhayakumAra aura meghakumAra kA mAtA-pitA ke prati AjJAkArI honA zikSApaddhati kA eka ucca Adarza hai| mAtA-pitA kA bhI patra ke prati kyA kartavya hai kyA nahIM? isa bhAva ko isa kathA meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| saMghATa nAmaka adhyayana For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana meM jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI upAsanA ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| aNDaka nAmaka tRtIya adhyayana meM SaTkAya jIva saMrakSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha pazu-pakSiyoM ke jIvanadAna ke viSaya ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| kUrma nAmaka caturtha adhyayana meM saMyata aura asaMyata ke dRSTAnta ko sAmane rakhakara zramaNa evaM zramaNiyoM ko yaha bodha diyA gayA ki dIkSA lekara indriya damana ko vizeSa mahattva de, tabhI saMsAra sAgara se pAra honA saMbhava hai| paMcama zailaka adhyayana meM dIkSA kI pradhAnatA ko darzAyA gayA hai| tumbaka nAmaka chaThe adhyayana meM karma-siddhAnta kI zikSA dI gayI hai| rohiNIjJAta nAmaka sAtaveM adhyayana meM bahuoM kA sasura ke prati Adara bhAva, strI zikSA, striyoM kA kRSijJAna Adi kA bodha prApta hotA hai| mallI nAmaka adhyayana meM mokSa kI avasthAoM kA AbhAsa hotA hai| mAkandI adhyayana bhoga vAsanA ko dharma meM bAdhaka mAnatA hai aura use heya batalAte hue sacce dharma kI ArAdhanA para bala detA hai| candra nAmaka dasaveM adhyayana meM guNoM kI hAni aura vRddhi ko darzAyA gayA hai| dAvadrava nAmaka gyArahaveM adhyayana meM deza virAdhaka, sarva virAdhaka, deza ArAdhaka aura sarva ArAdhaka ina cAra vikalpoM ko dharmopadeza ke lie mahattvapUrNa batalAyA gayA hai| udaka nAmaka bArahaveM adhyayana meM dravya ke paryAya aura usake guNa kA guNagAna kiyA gayA hai| terahaveM dardurajJAta nAmaka adhyayana dvArA cAritra ke pariNAmoM kA bodha karAyA gayA hai| tetaliputra nAmaka caudahaveM adhyayana meM zramaNa paryAya meM saMlekhanA kA kyA mahattva hai, usase kyA prApti hotI hai aura kisa taraha ghAtI karma kA ghAta karake jIva kevaladarzana va kevalajJAna ko prApta kara sakatA hai| isakI vidhivat zikSA dI gaI hai| nandIphala meM vRkSoM ke saMrakSaNa para bala diyA gayA hai| draupadI nAmaka adhyayana ke mAdhyama se zIla kI zikSA dI gaI hai| AkIrNa nAmaka adhyayana meM jIvana kI antima pariNati kA bodha karAyA gayA hai| suMsumA nAmaka adhyayana meM mAMsa, rudhira Adi ke parityAga kA upadeza diyA gayA hai aura isake antima puMDarIka nAmaka adhyayana meM tIrtha sthApanA ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| ... isa taraha isake prathama zrutaskandha ke pratyeka kathAnaka kA koI na koI uddezya avazya hai jo samasyAmUlaka, samAja sudhAra Adi kAraNoM ko bhI prastuta karatA hai| kathAkAra kI abhivyakti eka vizeSa dRSTikoNa ko lekara hI Age bar3hI hai, jo Aja * ke yuga meM bhI sazakta aura saphala banI huI mAnava samAja ko prerita karatI hai aura Age karatI rhegii| 1. jIvA baDaDhaMti vA hAyaMti vaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga 10/4. For Personal & Private Use Only

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94 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana jJAtAdharmakathA meM udAttIkaraNa ___ kahAnI ke sAre tattva prabhAvIkaraNa ko vyakta karate haiM aura ve hI choTe-choTe citroM meM nadI kI dhArA ke samAna eka dRzya vizeSa se jIvana ko jisa kSaNa prastuta karate haiM usI kSaNa ve udAttIkaraNa ke rUpa ko prApta ho jAte haiN| udAtta caritra, udAtta uddezya aura udAtta vAtAvaraNa ye tInoM hI jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM ke aMzoM meM pAye jAte haiM jisase kathA meM saMvedanA, svAbhAvikatA, prabhAvazIlatA, vaiyaktikatA ubharakara sAmane A jAtI hai| kathAkAra jo bhI kathAnaka lekara calatA hai usameM nizcita uddezya ke sAtha-sAtha udAttabhAva bhI samAhita hotA hai| ___jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM jo bhI udAharaNa haiM ve sabhI samAja ke lie dizA bodha karate haiN| rAjA zreNika kI jIvana gAthA, abhayakumAra kI vAk-paTutA, meghakumAra kI vairAgyabhAvanA, dhAriNI devI kA nivedana, kaMcukI ke bhAva, dhanya sArthavAha kI kSamAzIlatA, devadattA gaNikA kA jIva saMrakSaNa bhAva, ariSTanemi kA upadeza, mahAbala kI dIkSA, mAkandI putroM kI prArthanA, jitazatru kI tattvajijJAsA. nanda kI mithyAtvadRSTi, tetaliputra kI virakti, draupadI kA samarpaNa bhAva Adi udAttIkaraNa ke dRSTAnta hI haiN| utkSiptajJAta nAmaka adhyayana meM dhAriNI devI ke udAttIkaraNa ko upamA evaM rUpaka alaMkAra ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vaha devI darzaka ke citta meM prasannatA utpanna karanevAlI darzanIya, rUpavatI, vArtAlApa meM pravINa, vizvAsapAtra, dhairyazIlA evaM dhArmikapravRtti ke guNoM se sampanna thii| isI prakAra rAjA zreNika kA putra abhayakumAra zubha lakSaNoM se yukta aneka guNoM se sampanna thaa| yathArtha meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAtAdharmakathA ke prAya: sabhI pAtra udAtta haiN| sabhI paurANika evaM aitihAsika pAtra haiN| varga vibhAjana kI dRSTi se inake pAtroM ko strI-puruSa pAtra, jalacara pAtra, nabhacara pAtra Adi ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ye sabhI pAtra kisI nizcita uddezya ko lekara jIvana darzana evaM jIvana paddhati kA kathana karate haiM aura sabhI kathana upAsanA, svAdhyAya, saMyama, tapa, gurujanoM ke prati Adara, vinaya, satkAra, dAna, dhyAna, jJAna, vairAgya Adi ke svarUpa ko lie hue AtmakalyANa kA mArga prazasta karate haiN| ata: jJAtAdharma ke kathAnakoM kA udAttIkaraNa pAtra ke guNoM ke anusAra kiyA jAe to nizcita hI abhISTa mArga prazasta karane meM sahAyaka hoNge| lokatattva vivecana jJAtAdharma kI kathAe~ mAnavIya tattvoM se paripUrNa sAmAjika evaM dhArmika kathAe~ haiN| inameM lokakathA ke tattva bhI samAhita haiM jo hameM prAcIna rIti-rivAjoM, paramparAoM, 1. jJAtAdharmakathA 1/16. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana 95 prathAoM, sAmAjika vyavasthAoM Adi kI ora le jAtI haiN| inakI kathAoM meM baddhi camatkAra, varNana kauzala, lokavizvAsa, utsava, rIti-rivAja, kalA-kauzala, manoraMjana Adi vidyamAna haiN| sAtha hI inakI kathAnakoM meM loka saMskRti ke vAstavika pratibimba sahaja aura svAbhAvika rUpa meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| parantu inheM lokamAnasa kI mAtra sahaja evaM svAbhAvika abhivyakti hI kaha sakate haiM, lokakathA nhiiN| lokakathA meM vizvAsa, andhavizvAsa, zakuna, apazakuna, jAdU-TonA, vazIkaraNamaMtra Adi kA samAveza hotA hai jo jJAtAdharma kI prAcIna kathAoM meM nahIM hai| kyoMki lokakathA madhyayuga kI dena hai, prAcIna yuga kI nhiiN| yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathA meM rIti-rivAja, lokamaMgala kI kAmanA, dharmazraddhA, kutUhala, manoraMjana, upadezAtmakatA, Azcarya, hAsya-vinoda, pArivArika sthiti, pUrvajanma vivecana, prema prasaMga Adi kI pRSThabhUmi vidyamAna hai| 1. lokamaMgala kI kAmanA jJAtAdharmakathA ke kathAMzoM meM sarvatra lokamaMgala kI kAmanA kI gayI hai| Arya sudharmA aura jambU svAmI donoM hI saMyama aura tapa kI bhAvanA ko lie hue vIra prabhu ke guNoM kA smaraNa karate haiM aura unase hI jJAtAdharmakathA ke svarUpa kI vivecanA kA nivedana karate haiN| dhAriNI mahArAnI ke garbhavatI hone para unake priyajana maMgala kI kAmanA karate haiN| rAjA zreNika svayaM kahate haiM ki he devAnapriya! tamane ArogyakArI, tuSTikArI aura kalyANakArI mahAna svapna dekhe haiN|1 meghakumAra ke janma ke samaya rAjA zreNika ne lokamaMgala kI kAmanA se hI kArAgAra se kaidiyoM ko mukta kiyA thaa|2 meghakumAra kI upAsanA meM samasta jIvoM ke prati kalyANa kI bhAvanA nihita hai|3 dUsare ke dravya kA haraNa karanevAlA vijaya cora evaM dhanya sArthavAha karma ke anusAra eka hI jagaha eka-dUsare se baMdhe hue yAtanA ko prApta hote haiM, parantu ve donoM bhI maMgalakAmanA karate haiN| aNDaka meM aNDe kI rakSA kA bhAva lokamaMgala ke bhAvoM ko hI vyakta karatA hai|4 .: zailaka rAjA dharma smaraNa kara zrAvaka vrata kI maMgala kAmanA karate haiN| isI adhyayana meM sudarzana ko diyA gayA pratibodha bhI lokamaMgala kI kAmanA se yukta hai|6 rohiNIjJAta adhyayana meM pArivArika lokamaMgala kI kAmanA kI gaI hai| dhanya sArthavAha parivAra meM sukha-zAnti cAhatA hai, isI uddezya se cAroM putroM aura cAroM bahuoM ko paMca dhAnya kaNa arthAt pAMca aNuvrata rUpI isI uddezya se akSata detA hai ki kauna 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/22, 23. 2. vahI, 1/90. 3. vahI, 1/13. 4. vahI, 3/3. 5. vahI, 5/29. 6. vahI, 5/38-39. For Personal & Private Use Only

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96 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana kitanA maMgalakArya kara sakatA hai| mallI adhyayana meM mallI kA cokkha nAmaka parivrAjikA ke lie diyA gayA upadeza lokamaMgala kI kAmanA se yukta hai, kyoMki vaha sarvatra zAnti cAhatI thii| mAkandI adhyayana meM sarvatra hI maMgalakAmanA kI gayI hai| isI taraha se anya adhyayanoM meM prANI kI rakSA, anukampA, dayA, sukha-zAnti evaM svastha vAtAvaraNa kI kAmanA kI gayI hai| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma ke pratyeka pAtra ke unnata vicAra lokahita meM sahabhAgI bane hue Atmahita kI ora agrasara hote haiN| 2. dharmazraddhA Agama kA viSaya AsthA kA pratIka hai| sabhI jagaha jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, saMyama Adi para zraddhA vyakta kI gayI hai| Arya jambU nAmaka aNagAra ko tattva ke viSaya meM zraddhA utpanna huii|1 meghakumAra rAjaputra hote hue bhI mAtA-pitA ke sAmane dharmabhAva se yukta hokara dIkSA dhAraNa kara letA hai| vaha mahAvIra ke pAsa jAkara kahatA hai ki mujhe ziSya bhikSA diijie|2 meghakumAra ke ugra tapazcaraNa meM upavAsa, belA, telA Adi kA krama tapa kI zraddhA ko hI vyakta karatA hai|3 dhanya kI paryupAsanA meM nirgrantha pravacana ke prati ruci dharma zraddhA ke apUrva cintana ko prastuta karatI hai|" rohiNI jJAta, adhyayana meM mAtA-pitA ke prati AjJAbhAva bhI yahI saMketa karatA hai ki jo aMgIkAra kiyA hai usa para vicAra kareM tadnusAra AcaraNa kreN| AcaraNa ke uparAnta usakI vAstavikatA kA pracAra evaM prasAra kreN| isI prakAra dharmazraddhA ke sAtvika guNa mallI, udaka, dardurajJAta, taitaliputra, draupadI Adi adhyayanoM meM darzAye gaye haiN| jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM mAtA-pitA ke prati Adara bhAva, ahiMsaka bhAva, satya bhAva, acaurya bhAva, brahmacarya rakSA aura aparigraha Adi ke prati gatizIla, prayatnazIla hone kA bhAva sannihita hai| isake dvitIya zrutaskandha meM jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI ArAdhanA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai, kyoMki inase hI sukha zAnti utpanna ho sakatI hai| 3. rahasya bhAvanA jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM chipI huI zaktiyoM kA bhI udghATana kiyA gayA hai| utkSiptajJAta nAmaka prathama adhyayana meM abhayakumAra kI autpattikI, vainayikI, karmajA aura pAriNAmikI- ye cAra buddhiyA~ jJAna ke utkarSa ko vyakta karatI haiN| mAkandI adhyayana meM dakSiNavana ke vivecana meM vadhasthAna kA jJAna rahasyAtmaka DhaMga se karAyA 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/7. 3. vahI, 1/199 5. vahI, 1/15. 2. vahI, 1/156. 4. vahI, 2/52. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana 97 gyaa| tetaliputra nAmaka adhyayana meM saMtAna kI adalA-badalI, marI huI lar3akI kA niharaNa, cAraka zodhana, kanakaratha kA saMrakSaNa, saMgopana aura saMvardhana ? gopanIya hI rahatA hai| draupadI kI gaveSaNA, draupadI kA uddhAra isI se sambandhita hai| ghor3oM kA apaharaNa Adi kaI ajJAta rahasyamaya vivecana jJAtAdharma meM Ae haiN| isI prakAra jinase pA~ca dhAnya kaNoM2 ko pheMka diyA use ujjhikA nAma diyA gyaa| jisane una pA~ca dhAnya kaNoM ko khA liyA thA use bhogavatI kahA gyaa| jisane usakI surakSA kI thI use rakSikA kahA gayA aura jisane use bar3hAyA thA use rohiNI kahA gyaa| ina cAroM uddharaNoM meM eka hI rahasya hai ki jo vyakti paMca vrata svIkAra karake chor3a detA hai vaha bAhya jagata meM hI ramaNa karatA hai, jo unheM grahaNa mAtra karatA hai use Abhyantara vAtAvaraNa kA jJAna hotA hai, jo una grahaNa kiye hue vratoM ko surakSita bhAva se rakhatA hai vaha rakSita aura jo inake rahasya ko samajhakara niyama se vRddhi karatA hai, dUsaroM ko bhI preraNA detA hai vaha sarvatra prazaMsanIya hotA hai| isa prakAra ajJAna, alaukika zakti, utsukatA, Azcarya, jijJAsA, lAlasA Adi ke rahasyamaya udghATana se paripUrNa sabhI kathAyeM kathAnaka kahI jA sakatI haiN| kyoMki pratyeka kathA ke kathAnaka meM kucha na kucha zakti avazya vidyamAna hotI hai| 4. kautUhala . . jJAtAdharma ke kathAMzoM meM sarvatra kautUhala vidyamAna hai| kathAkAra jo bhI kathA pratipAdita karatA hai usameM Arya sudharmA kA kathana aura jambUsvAmI kI jijJAsA hI pradhAna hotI hai| unake dvArA jo bhI kathAyeM prastuta kI gayI haiM unameM sarvaprathama kSetra, kAla, sthAna Adi kA varNana hai, tatpazcAt kathA ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi ye loka pracalita kathAe~ nahIM haiM phira bhI ina kathAoM meM jijJAsA antata: banI rahatI hai| kathAyeM eka-dUsare se jur3I huI Age calatI haiM aura eka ke bAda eka kautUhala ko utpanna karatI haiN| rAjA zreNika kA putra meghakumAra kalA pravINa hone ke bAda kyA hogA? isakA jJAna kathA par3hane ke bAda hI hotA hai| vijaya cora ke kathAnaka meM yaha utsukatA banI rahatI hai ki vaha kaisA vyakti hai? mayUrI ke aMDe saMvedanazIlatA ko banAe hue eka naye rUpa ko prApta karatI haiN| karma kI sthiti evaM siyAroM kI cAlAkI kUrma adhyayana meM jijJAsA ko hI utpanna karatI hai| thAvaccA nAmaka mahilA kauna hai yaha satya kathA ke anta meM hI jJAta hotA hai| tumbaka kA dRSTAnta mana 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 14/22, 23, 24, 25. 2. jJAtAdharma kA adhyayana sAta draSTavya hai. For Personal & Private Use Only

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98 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana meM utsukatA jAgRta karatA hai| rohiNI jJAta adhyayana ke pratyeka aMza kautUhala kI pravRtti se yukta hai| jilapAlita aura jinarakSita ke sAhasajanya kArya janapreraNA ko . denevAle haiN| candra kI sthiti spaSTa hai| jitazatru kA Ananda evaM kathana buddhi parIkSA kA darzana karAtA hai| zramaNopAsaka kI sthiti dardarajJAta? adhyayana se jJAta hotI hai| tetalIputra kI zikSAe~ guNoM kI ora le jAtI haiN| isa prakAra aneka tattvoM se paripUrNa kathAMza buddhi, camatkAra aura kautUhala ke vAtAvaraNa se yukta hai| inameM kevala kalpanA hI nahIM hai, apitu kathana kI sajIvatA, manoraMjana kI pradhAnatA evaM paramparAoM kA sundara vizleSaNa bhI hai| 5. manoraMjana kautUhala aura manoraMjana ke binA kathA kA vikAsa ho hI nahIM sktaa| isa prAcIna kathA grantha meM jijJAsA ke sAtha kathA kA prArambha hotA hai aura vahI manoraMjana ke guNoM ko lie hue lokaruci kA kAraNa bana jAtI hai| abhayakumAra, meghakumAra, rAjA zreNika, rAnI dhAriNI Adi ke vivecana meM kathAkAra kevala unake guNoM kA hI cintana nahIM karatA, apitu kathA ko janamAnasa taka pahuMcAne ke lie naye-naye manoraMjana pUrNa vAtAvaraNa ko bhI upasthita karatA hai| meghakumAra ke samIpa eka tarUNI ko upasthiti kiyA jAtA hai jo zveta, rajatamaya nirmala jala se paripUrNa, unmata hAthI ke mahAmukha ke samAna AkRti vAle zRMgAra ko grahaNa karake khar3I huI hai| kathAkAra kisI bhI citraNa meM manoraMjana se nahIM cUkatA hai| jinadatta ke cuTakI bajAne para mayUrI nRtya karatI hai| ata: spaSTata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa prAcIna kathA grantha meM cAhe pazu-pakSI kI kathA ho yA mAnaka kI sarvatra manoraMjana guNa rasAtmakatA lie hue vikAsa ko prApta karatI hai| 6. amAnavIya tattva sAdhAraNataH isa tattva meM aise kAryoM ko liyA jAtA hai jo asambhava ho| jJAtAdharmakathA meM abhayakumAra kA kalA cAturya asambhava ko sambhava banAtA hai| yathAabhayakumAra pitA kI AjJApUrvaka asamaya meM dohada kI pUrti karatA hai arthAt jisa samaya varSA nahIM thI usa samaya varSA Rtu kA dRzya utpanna kara detA hai| bAdaloM kI garjanA, bijalI kI camaka, divyavarSA Adi se varSA Rtu kA AbhAsa karA detA 2. vahI, 1/150. 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 13/32. 3. vahI, 3/25. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana hai|1 mallI. nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI asAmayika dRzyoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| akAla meM megha garjanA, bijalI camakanA aura tAr3a vRkSa kA pizAcarUpa dhAraNa karanA Adi bhI amAnavIya tattva haiN| tAr3a vRkSa ko pizAca, usake pattoM ko DarAvanA Adi batalAnA isI bAta kA saMketa hai|2 citrakAra dvArA sAmane upasthita nahIM honevAlI mallIkumArI kA tathA manuSya, pazu-pakSI aura apada vRkSa Adi ke nahIM hone para bhI usakA usI rUpa meM citrAMkana isa adhayayana kI vizeSatA hai| mAkandI adhyayana meM dakSiNa vana kA varNana amAnavIya tattvoM se paripUrNa hai| dakSiNa dizA kA vanakhaNDa durgandha se yukta hai va mRta kalevara ke samAna hai| isI adhyayana meM jinapAlita aura jinarakSita ko nirdayI aura pApinI devI ke dvArA samudra meM uchAlanA, donoM hAthoM se jakar3anA Adi amAnavIyatA ke hI sUcaka haiN| 7. aMdhavizvAsa kathAkAra kI kathA meM zakuna, apazakuna, jAdU-TonA, sammohana, vazIkaraNa Adi loka tattvoM kA samAveza hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM bhI lokatattvoM kA samAveza hai| dhAriNI devI kA mAMgalika mahAsvapnoM ko dekhanA svapnavettAoM dvArA bhaviSya kA kathana karanA Adi svapna se sambandhita vizvAsoM kI puSTi karatA hai| balikarma aura kuladevatA kI pUjA bhI lokakathA ko puSTa karate haiN|8 abhaya kumAra kI devArAdhanA manogata saMkalpa se yukta hotI hai|9 lokAcAra, sUtaka, nAga pratimAoM tathA vaizramaNa pratimAoM1deg se phala-prApti kI icchA kA vivecana aura adhanya, puNyahIna, kulakSaNA evaM pApinI bhadrA ke dvArA putra yA putrI kI prApti ke pazcAt pUjA karane, parva ke . dina dAna dene, dravya ke lAbha kA hissA dene aura ArAdhyadeva kI akSayanidhi meM vRddhi karane kA saMkalpa lenA 11 Adi aMdha dhAraNA ke hI paricAyaka haiN| lokavizvAsa ke kucha udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM. . (ka) jAtikarma, jAgarikA, candra-sUrya darzana12 Adi kriyaaeN| (kha) dainika kArya, asaNa, khAna, pAna Adi dvArA sammAna, bandhujanoM ko nimaMtraNa, 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/79. 2. vahI, 8/61-62. 3. vahI, 8/97-98.. 4. vahI, 9/32. 5. vahI, 9/50. 6. vahI, 1/18. 7. vahI, 1/40. 8. vahI, 1/42. 9. vahI, 1/67. 10. vahI, 2/20. 11. vahI, 2/11-12. 12. vahI, 1/93,95,96,97. For Personal & Private Use Only

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100 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana dhAyakarma, nAmakaraNa, pAlane meM sulAnA, pairoM se calAnA, coTI rakhanA? Adi saMskAra loka vizvAsoM se pUrNa haiN| (ga) alaMkAroM ko grahaNa krnaa|2 (gha) devoM ke Agamana para Asana calAyamAna honaa|3 (Ga) potavahana meM bhagna honaa| isa prakAra mAnava samAja meM pracalita aneka vizvAsoM kA jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM ullekha hai| 8. hAsya-vinoda jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM hAsya-vinoda ke tattvoM kA. bhI mizraNa hai| isakI pratyeka kathA meM kisI na kisI taraha kA vinoda bhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| kathAkAra ne kathA kA prArambha hI vinodAtmaka rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| kathA ke prArambhika caraNa ke bAda jahA~ kathA vikAsa ko prApta huI hai vahA~ para hAsya aura vinoda donoM hI ubhara kara A gaye haiN| rAnI dhAriNI ke dvArA dekhe gae svapna ke phala kA vivecana bhI isI prakAra kA hai| yathA- he devAnupriya! tumane udAra pradhAna svapna dekhA hai..........tumheM, svapna dekhane se artha lAbha bhI prApta hogA aura putra lAbha bhii| isameM kalyANa kI bhAvanA ke sAtha hAsya vinoda bhI hai| vijaya cora ke prasaMga meM giddha ke samAna mAMsabhakSI bAlaghAtaka aura bAlahatyArA sambodhita karanA hAsya kA kathana karanevAlA hai| aNDaka adhyayana meM vanamayUrI ke aNDe ko hilAne-calAne ke prasaMga se kahA gayA ki yaha mayUrI kA baccA merI krIr3A karane yogya na haa|7 9. upadezAtmakatA jJAtAdharmakathA meM pratyakSa aura parokSa donoM hI prakAra ke upadezAtmaka dRSTikoNa dekhane ko milate haiN| kathAkAra ne kisI upadeza vizeSa ke uddezya se janajIvana ko sukhI evaM samRddhazAlI banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unhoMne pAtra caritra-citraNa, ghaTanAkrama evaM kathAnaka tattvoM ke antargata hI jIvana kI anubhUtiyoM ko abhivyakta kara diyA hai jisameM lokaruci, lokajIvana evaM lokasaMskRti ke sAtha-sAtha siddhAnta, 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/98. 2. vahI, 5/23. 3. vahI, 8/164 4. vahI, 9/14. 5. vahI, 1/21. 6. vahI, 2/30. 7. 'aho NaM mamaM esa kIlAvaNae Na jaae|' - vahI, 3/19. ' For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana 101 dharma evaM jIvana darzana kA AbhAsa bhI hotA hai| - jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA hai| utkSiptajJAta adhyayana meM mahAvIra ke ziSya Arya sudharmA ke jJAna, vinaya, satya, zaurya, cAritra' Adi udAra AdarzoM kA nirUpaNa upadezAtmaka rUpa meM hI kiyA gayA hai| isI adhyayana meM jambUsvAmI kI jijJAsA ko zAMta karate hue Arya sudharmA ne kahA hai ki guru upadeza ke binA jJAna sambhava nahIM, parantu kucha aise puruSa bhI hote haiM jo svayaM hI bodha ko prApta ho jAte haiN|2 dhanya kI pravrajyA meM nirgrantha pravacana kI pratIti ko upadezAtmaka rUpa meM hI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI yaha kahA gayA hai ki jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ko vahana karane ke atirikta vyakti kA anya koI prayojana nahIM hotaa|3 jJAtAdharma kI pratyeka kathA upadezajanya hai| kathAkAra ne kahIM aNDaka ko upadeza kA mAdhyama banAyA hai to kahIM karma-siddhAnta kA bodha karAne ke lie nirjIva tumbaka ko, kahIM jalacara jIva kUrma ke mAdhyama se saMyata aura asaMyata bhAva ko samajhAyA hai to kahIM pA~ca dhAnya kaNoM ko mahAvratoM kA pratIka batalAyA hai| jo vyakti yA sAdhu-sAdhvI paMcamahAvrata ko svIkAra kara paMcadhAnya kaNoM kI taraha vRddhi karate haiM ve adhika se adhika AtmA ko nirmala banAte haiN| aise hI bodhajanya evaM upadezAtmaka bhAvoM se paripUrNa kathAe~ ahiMsA, satya, zIla, tapa, dhyAna, jJAna, samatvabhAva Adi kI sthApanA karatI haiN| 10. pArivArika jIvana citraNa . jJAtAdharma kI aitihAsika evaM paurANika kathAoM meM mAtA-pitA, putra-putrI, rAjA-prajA, zatru-mitra Adi ke dRzya pArivArika jIvana kA citraNa karate haiN| parivAra kI sarvavyApI sthiti kA citraNa prArambhika kathA meM pUrNa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai jisameM abhayakumAra * kA janma, mAtAdhAriNI kI manokAmanA, rAjA zreNika kA Adeza, putra dvArA pratijJA pAlana, janma utsava, nAmakaraNa, putra lAlana-pAlana, kalA zikSaNa, guru kA Adarza . svarUpa, kaMcukI kA prativedana, mAtA-pitA kA saMkalpa, mAtA kA zoka, putra kA mAtA ke prati snehabhAva, rAjya-vyavasthA, vivAha, tapazcaraNa Adi sabhI kucha samAhita haiN| isI adhyayana meM bhAvAtmaka ghaniSThatA kA bhI bodha hotA hai| dvitIya saMghATa adhyayana 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/4. 2. vahI, 1/4. 3. "nanattha NANa daMsaNa-carittANaM vahaNayAe" vahI, 2/53. 4. vahI, 7/31. For Personal & Private Use Only

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102 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana meM santAna ke prati kartavya kyA hotA hai? kyA nahIM? isakI zikSA bhI dI gayI hai tathA yaha nirdezita kiyA gayA hai ki samAja meM cAhe cora ho yA vyApArI sabhI ko eka-dUsare ke kAma meM sahabhAgI banAnA caahie| samAja meM mitra evaM gaNikA - Adi kA kyA kartavya hotA hai? kyA nahIM? isakA bodha aNDaka adhyayana meM karAyA gayA hai| mallI nAmaka adhyayana meM sAma, dAma, daNDa, bheda kI nIti ke sAtha-sAtha samAjIkaraNa kA bodha atyanta rocaka hai| mAkandI nAmaka adhyayana se kathAkAra ne vyApArika uddezya ko spaSTa kiyA hai tathA isI meM parivAra ke pramukha guru mAtA-pitA kI AjJA na mAnane ke pariNAma ko bhI darzAyA hai| isI taraha se kathAkAra ne apanI kathAoM meM parivAra ke vibhinna citra upasthita kie haiN| tetalIputra nAmaka caudahaveM adhyayana meM bAlikA ke sampUrNa jIvana ko citrita karate hue poTTilA ko kuzala gRhaNI tathA mAtA kI saMjJA se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| poTTilA putra kI taraha rAjya ko bhI surakSita rakhatI hai parantu vahI poTTilA apane priyatama ke lie priya hote hue bhI apriya bana jAtI hai| aise kaI pArivArika vicAra, manamuTAva Adi ina kathAoM meM samAhita haiN| AtmaghAta jaise krUra dRzya bhI ina kathAoM meM haiN|3 .. 11. sAhasa nirUpaNa ___ jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM sAhasika kArya karane kI apUrva kSamatA ko bhI darzAyA gayA hai| vipatti ke samaya meM abhayakumAra dvArA mAtA dhAriNI ke dohada kI rakSA karanA mahAna sAhasika kArya hai| abhayakumAra kA kalA jJAna evaM prApta zikSA jagata-prasiddha hai| vaha autpattikI, vainayikI, karmajA, pAriNamikI buddhi kA dhanI thA, phalata: vaha sabhI prakAra kI samasyAoM kA tatkAla samAdhAna karatA thA aura mAna-sammAna se gauravAnvita hotA thaa|5 rohiNI usa samaya Azcarya ko utpanna kara detI hai jaba usake sasura usase pA~ca dhAnya kaNa mAMgate haiM, vaha usa samaya vinamra bhAva se kahatI hai he tAta! mujhe vAhana deM jisa para lAdakara maiM una pA~ca dhAnya kaNa ko lauTA skuu|6 mahAbala kI tapasyA kA krama mahAna puruSArtha kI ora saMketa karatA hai| mahAbala siMha kI tapasyA ke samAna hI siMha bhI tapa karatA hai, jisase vaha atyanta tejasvI bana jAtA hai| 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2/39. 3. vahI, 14/49. 5. vahI, 1/15. 7. vahI, 8/15 se 23. 2. vahI, 9/5. 4. vahI, 1/69. 6. vahI, 7/28. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #116
103 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana isa prakAra jJAtAdharma kathA meM lokakathA ke kaI prasaMga ghaTanAkrama meM Aye haiN| kathAkAra ne lokAcAroM, laukika vizvAsoM evaM lokacintA dvArA Azcaryajanaka ghaTanAoM ko upasthita kiyA hai| devI-devatA Adi divya mAnavIya vizvAsoM kA svarUpa bhI isa kathA grantha meM AyA hai| pazu-pakSiyoM se sambaddha loka rur3hiyA~, vaijJAnika abhiprAya, sAmAjika paramparA, rIti-rivAja evaM paristhitiyoM ke citraNa se bhI loka kA svarUpa spaSTa huA hai| isameM AdhyAtmika evaM manauvaijJAnika rur3hiyA~ bhI ghaTanAkrama meM AI haiN| zubha-azubha donoM hI prakAra ke svapna ghaTita ghaTanAoM kI sUcanA dete haiM evaM bhaviSyavANiyA~ bhI bhAvI saMketa ko spaSTa kara detI haiN| isa prakAra aneka rur3hiyoM kA samAveza dhArmika kathAnaka meM ho jAnA kathAnaka kI gatividhi ko nayA svarUpa pradAna karatI hai| 12. janabhASA ke tattva ___jJAtAdharmakathA meM sAmAnyata: ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA prayoga huA hai| parantu kahIM-kahIM para pracalita janabhASA ke rUpa meM dezI zabda bhI A gae haiN| yadyapi yaha lokakathA kA grantha nahIM hai phira bhI jana sAmAnya meM pracalita bhASA ne isameM sthAna avazya banAyA hai| dezI bhASA ke udAharaNoM ko bhASAgata vivecana meM diyA gayA hai| yathAhIla' hInatA ke lie tathA bolare kalakala Adi ke lie prasiddha hai| 13. sarala abhivyaMjanA jJAtAdharmakathA meM sarvatra sarala abhivyaMjanA prastuta kI gaI hai| isakI pratyeka kathA evaM caritra-citraNa meM sandara vicAroM evaM bhAvoM ko abhivyakta karane ke lie sarala mArga apanAyA gayA hai| yathA- ahAsahaM devaannppiyaa| mA paDibaMdha kheh|3 he devAnupriya! pratibaMdha mata kro| evaM saMpehei saMpehittA kallaM jaav| (7/5) tumaM NaM pttaa| (7/6) bujjhAhi bhyvN| lognaahaa| (8/165) Adi prAkRta kI zabdAvaliyA~ sarala abhivyaMjanA ko hI abhivyakta karatI haiN| '14. paramparA kI akSuNNatA - jJAtAdharma kI kathAe~ loka pracalita kathAe~ nahIM haiM parantu viSaya kI anubhUti se aitihAsika aura paurANika paramparAoM kA bodha hotA hai| kathAnaka meM varNita vibhinna prasaMgoM meM lokajIvana ke Adarza aura janavizvAsoM kI akSuNNa paramparAe~ dekhI jA sakatI haiN| isameM ghaTanA camatkAra, maMtra-taMtra Adi kI abhivyakti se lokakathA ke - 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 3/20. 2. vahI, 8/57. 3. vahI, 1/195. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #117
104 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana tattvoM kI kamI nahIM huI hai| jJAtAdharma meM AlaMkArikatA saphala kalAkAra kI kalA sundara bhAvoM, sundara vicAroM, sundara dRzyoM evaM prAMjala bhASA se hI vyakta hotI hai| parantu alaMkAra. ke binA varNana, bhAvAbhivyakti evaM citrAtmaka vivecana ramaNIyatA ko prApta nahIM ho sktaa| isalie pratyeka kathAkAra sIdhe sAde zabdoM kI apekSA AlaMkArika zabdoM ke prayoga se kathA ko prabhAvI banAtA hai aura apanI anubhUti se camatkAra, AkarSaNa, svaroM kI maMjulatA, zabdoM kI madhuratA, vANI kI preSaNIyatA Adi se azikSita evaM nirakSara logoM meM bhI apanA sthAna banA letA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM mAtra dhArmika evaM sAmAjika kathAyeM hI nahIM haiM apitu sAhityika jhalaka se alaMkRta kathAyeM bhI haiN| ___ kathAkAra kA mUla uddezya jo bhI ho parantu yaha nizcita hai ki usane varNana prasaMgoM meM alaMkRta zabdoM se kathA ko rocaka banAyA hai| kathA kahane kI zailI meM prAcIna hai phira bhI navIna prayogoM kI dRSTi se kisI mAne meM pIche nahIM hai| teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM' Adi jaise prayoga prArambha meM hI pada lAlitya se vyakti ko prabhAvita kara dete haiN| varNana prasaMgoM, prakRti pratyaya, jijJAsA, samAdhAna Adi se yukta vAtAvaraNa upasthiti karake vyakti ko prabhAvita karanA jJAtAdharma kI pramukha vizeSatA hai| pAtra caritra-citraNa, prakRti varNana, tattva vivecana, satya nirUpaNa, saMyama pratipAdana, vrata, mahAtmya Adi meM kahIM rUpaka, kahIM utprekSA,. kahIM dRSTAnta aura kahIM upamA alaMkAroM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai|1 jJAtAdharmakathA ke kathAkAra ne caritra-citraNa, prakRti varNana Adi meM upamA alaMkAra kA vizeSa prayoga kiyA hai| yathA- karayalamaliya vva caMpagamAlA,2 giddhe viva AbhisabhakkhI,3 lohamayA iva javA cAveyavvA, vAluyAkavale iva ni-ssAe, gaMgA iva mahAnadI paDisoyagamaNA, mahAsamuddo iva bhuyAhiM duttare, tikkhaM kamiyavvaM guruaM laMyavvaM asidhAra vva saMcariyavvaM' ityAdi upamA alaMkAroM5 se alaMkRta hai| isake prathama zrutaskandha ke unnIsa adhyayana dRSTAnta alaMkAra kI zailI ko lie hae haiN| saMghATa meM sArthavAha aura cora kA dRSTAnta aNDaka meM mayUrI ke aNDe 1. ina alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa bhASA vizleSaNavAle adhyayana meM vistAra se diye gaye haiM. 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/45. 3. vahI, 2/30. 4. vahI, 1/128. 5. vahI, 1/135. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #118
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana 105 kA dRSTAntaM, kUrma meM do kUrmoM aura do zRgAloM ke udAharaNa, zailaka meM ariSTanemi, thAvaccA Adi kA nirUpaNa, rohiNIjJAta meM cAra putravadhuoM aura pA~ca dhAnyakaNoM se jIva jagata kA bodha, mallI adhyayana ke prasaMga se nArI kI mahAnatA, mAkandI ke dRSTAnta se vanakhaNDa kI vizeSatA, candra ke mAdhyama se hInatA aura zreSThatA Adi aise hI sabhI adhyayana dRSTAnta se paripUrNa haiN| __ kathAkAra ke vAkya prayogoM meM anuprAsa alaMkAra to sarvatra hI haiN| kathAkAra eka hI taraha ke aneka zabdoM ke prayoga karane meM atyanta nipuNa hai| yathAkhaNamANA-khaNamANA pokkhariNI jAyA jaya-jaya nnNdaa| jaya-jaya bhddaa| jaya nnNdaa| isa taraha gadyAtmaka kathA meM alaMkAroM kA prayoga bhI zabda evaM padalAlitya kI sUcanA detA hai| kathAkAra ne bahudhA vIpsAtmaka prayoga ko bhI apanAyA hai jisase zabda aura pada meM adhika lAlitya A gayA hai| yathA- bhuMjjo-bhuMjjo annuvuuhii|3 jJAtAdharma meM rasa yojanA vAkyaM rasAtmakaM kAvyam arthAt rasAtmaka vAkya kAvya meM ramaNIyatA utpanna karate haiN| ramaNIyatA kA artha hI rasAnubhUti hai| yaha jJAtAdharma meM sarvatra dikhAI par3atI hai| . sAhitya meM rasa ko kAvya kA prANa mAnA gayA hai| kAvya kA uddezya bhI yahI hai| rasa kI anubhUti vyakti ko tanmaya, zarIra ko pulakita, vacanoM ko gadgad aura mana ko Anandita karatI hai| jJAtAdharma eka gadyAtmaka kathA kAvya hote hue bhI rasAtmakatA kI anubhUti se paripUrita hai| .. kAvyAnuzAsana meM rasa ke nimna bheda mAne gae haiM: 1. zRMgAra rasa rati yA prema 2. hAsya rasa hAsya yA haMsI 3.. karuNa rasa zoka 4. raudra rasa krodha 5. vIra rasa utsAha 6. bhayAnaka rasa bhaya 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 13/12. 2. vahI, 1/154. 3. vahI, 1/41. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #119
106 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 7. vIbhatsa rasa ghRNA 8. adbhUta rasa Azcarya 9. zAnta rasa zama yA niveda jJAtAdharma ke rasAtmaka bhAvoM se paripUrNa kucha dRSTAnta isa prakAra haizrRMgAra rasa isake do pakSa hai- saMyoga zRMgAra aura viyoga shRNgaar| saMyoga zRMgAra ke rUpa meM dhAriNI ke nakha, zikha, mukha Adi kI zobhA ko liyA jA sakatA hai| kathAkAra ne nakha se zikha taka kA varNana alaMkRta bhASA meM isa prakAra kiyA hai- usake hAtha-paira bahuta sukumAra, zaMka-cakra Adi zubha lakSaNoM se yukta, candramA se yukta saumya AkRti, madhyabhAga muTThI meM A sakane vAlA trivalIyukta hai, usakA mukha-maNDala kArtika pUrNimA ke candramA ke samAna nirmala, gaMDalekhA kapola patravallI kuMDaloM se suzobhita tathA usakA suzobhana veSa zRMgAra rasa kA sthAna hI pratIta hotA. thaa| anyatra bhI zrRMgAra rasa kA saMyoga pakSa hai| mallI kI mAtA evaM mallI ke janma kA varNana zRMgArika rUpa meM hI kiyA gayA hai|2 draupadI nAmaka solahaveM adhyayana meM bhadrikA kI bAlikA ko hAthI ke tAlu ke samAna sukumAra aura komala kahA gayA hai|3 isI adhyayana meM draupadI ke rUpa saundarya kA varNana alaMkRta rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| viyoga zRMgAra kI jhalaka utkSiptajJAta nAmaka prathama adhyayana meM milatI hai| rAnI dhAriNI kI dohada pUrti na hone para zoka saMtapta honA svAbhAvika thaa| usa samaya kA varNana kucha isa prakAra hai- ve mAnasika saMtApa se yukta zuSka ho gayIM, bhUkha se vyApta mAMsa rahita ho gayIM, bhojana-pAna Adi kA tyAga karane se zrAnta ho gayIM unake mukha aura nayana nIce jhuka gae, puSpa-gaMdha-mAlA, alaMkAra evaM hAra Adi ruci rahita ho gae, unhoneM jala krIr3A Adi kA parityAga kara diyaa| hAsya rasa jahA~ vikRta AkAra, vANI, veza aura ceSTA Adi dekhane se hAsya yA ha~sI utpanna ho vahA~ hAsya rasa hotA hai| bhadrA kahatI hai ki tuma putra do yA putrI yA nAga, bhUta yakSa Adi kI pUjA kro|6 aise vAkyoM se haMsI AnA svAbhAvika hai| 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/16. 3. vahI, 14/35. 5. vahI, 1/45. 2. vahI, 8/32. 4. vahI, 16/122. 6. vahI, 2/14. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #120
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana 107 karUNa rasa bandhu-vinAza, apaghAta, dravya-nAza Adi se jo vedanA utpanna hotI hai vaha karUNa rasa hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM karUNa rasa kA kahIM na kahIM kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya samAveza huA hai| yathA- meghakumAra ke antarmana meM dIkSA ke bhAva utpanna hone para mAtA dhAriNI jala kI dhArA, nirguDI ke puSpa aura TUTe hue muktAvalI hAra ke samAna azrU TapakAtI haiM, rotI haiM krandana karatI haiM aura vilApa karatI haiN| isake atirikta bhI isI prasaMga meM meghakumAra ko sambodhita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa samaya tuma hAthI kI paryAya meM the usa samaya tuma vahA~ jIrNa, jarA se jarjarita, vyAkula, bhUkhe, pyAse the|2 yaha bhI karUNa rasa kA eka udAharaNa hai| raudra rasa ___jahA~ virodhI dala kI cher3akhAnI, apamAna, upakaraNa, gurujana-niMdA tathA deza aura dharma ke apamAna Adi se pratizodha kI bhAvanA jAgRta ho vahA~ raudra rasa hotA hai| suMsumA adhyayana meM suMsumAdArikA kA sira kATane vAlA dRzya raudra rasa ko iMgita karatA hai| isI taraha anya rasoM kA bhI kathAoM meM samAveza huA hai| vIbhatsarasa ke dRzya mallI adhyayana meM kaI jagaha dikhAI par3ate haiN| yathA- gAya ke mRta kalevara, kutte ke mRta kalevara, siMha Adi ke mRta kalevara ke samAna durgandhapUrNa azacimaya yaha pratimA hai|" suMsumA adhyayana meM vamana jharane5 ko azucipUrNa darzAyA gayA hai| rasa yojanA meM kathAkAra ne vastu kI sundaratA, kurUpatA, madhuratA, kaTutA, vIbhatsatA Adi kA ukti vaicitrya se kathana karake ramaNIyatA kI anubhUti karA dI hai| yahI nahIM apitu kathAkAra ne rasAnubhUti ke bhAvoM se paripUrNa prasaMgoM ko upasthita * karake mAnava ke lie kartavya aura akartavya kA bodha bhI karAyA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM lokoktiyA~ evaM sUktiyA~ lokokti kA artha hai- janasAdhAraNa. ke dainika anubhavoM se upalabdha zaktiyoM ko ukti vaicitrya ke dvArA vyaMjita krnaa| lokokti vAkyAtmaka hotI hai jisakA artha ucita sandarbha meM hI kiyA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM bhI abhivyakti ko prabhAvazAlI banAne ke lie kahIM-kahIM para lokoktiyoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| jaise prabhAta - 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/158. 2. vahI, 1/168. .. 3. vahI, 12/14. 4. vahI, 18/30. 5. vahI, 18/32. For Personal & Private Use Only

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108 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana ke sUrya ke prakAza ke lie lAla azoka kI kAMti, palAza ke puSpa, tote kI coMca, ciramI ke arddhabhAga, dupaharI ke puSpa, kabUtara ke paira, koyala ke netra, jAsoda ke phUla, jAjvalyamAna agni, svarNakalaza tathA hiMgalU ke samUha kI lAlimA se bhI adhika laalimaa| jisakI zrI suzobhita ho rahI hai aisA sUrya kramaza: udita huA hai| isameM utprekSA alaMkAra ke mAdhyama se loka pracalita anubhavoM ko AdhAra banAkara sUrya ke aruNodaya ko vyakta kiyA gayA hai| karatalAhate viva teMdUsae......ThANabhaTThA AsakisorI NiguMjamANIviva gurujaNAdiTThAvarAhA suyaNa kulakannagA ghummamANIviva vIcI pahAra-sata-tAliyA galiya laMbaNAviva,2 asipatte i vA jAvaM mummure i vA, 3 pAehi sIse poTTe kAyaMsi ityAdi lokottiyA~ pAtra kI vastusthiti ke citraNa meM sahAyaka hai| sUktiyA~ ___ jJAtAdharma meM sUkti vacanoM kA sarvatra prayoga huA hai| jinase vastu-svabhAva, jIvana aura jagata ke svarUpa kA bhI bodha hotA hai| kathAkAra ne kathana kI puSTi hetu saMyama AcaraNa pratipAdana, manuSya vyavahAra evaM dazA, prakRti-citraNa Adi meM nIti vizeSa kA jo prayoga kiyA hai vaha kathA ke hRdaya ko sarasa banAne meM saphala rahA hai| yahI nahIM kathAkAra ne isa kathA grantha meM dhArmika, dArzanika, AdhyAtmika, manovaijJAnika, sAmAjika Adi viSayoM ke aucitya ko darzAne ke lie jo pada-vinyAsa kie haiM unameM bhI sUktiyoM kA prayoga huA hai| sUktiyoM kA vargIkaraNa bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai parantu yahA~ vistAra bhaya se kucha udAharaNa dekara hI sUktiyoM ke sAra ko darzAyA jA rahA hai| yathA- 'sacce NaM esamaDhe jaM NaM tubbhe vayaha'5 arthAt ApakA kahanA satya hai, asatya nhiiN| 'ajiyAI jiNAhi iMdiyAI 6 arthAt tuma nahIM jItI huI pA~coM indriyoM ko jiito| 'kumudei vA paMke jAe jale saMvaDiDhae'7 arthAt kumuda kIcar3a meM utpanna hotA hai aura jala meM vRddhi pAtA hai| 'jIvA vaDDheti vA hAyaMti vA'8 jIva bar3hate haiM aura hAni ko bhI prApta hote haiN| ukta kaI prakAra kI sUktiyA~ hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM dRSTAnta pradhAna sUktiyoM kI pradhAnatA hai| yathA- 'bahunehAvagADhaM bilamiva pnngbhuuennN'|9 sarpa sIdhA hI bila meM praveza karatA hai| 'aho NaM ime pharihodae amaNuNNe'1deg aisA amanojJa sarpa kA mRtaka 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/28. 2. vahI, 9/10. 3. vahI, 16/46. 4. vahI, 1/161. 5. vahI, 1/24. 6. vahI, 1/114. 7. vahI, 1/56. 8. vahI, 10/4. . 9. vahI, 16/15. 10. vahI, 12/11. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika adhyayana 109 zarIra hI ho sakatA hai| 'khaMtassa daMtassa jiiMdiyassa etto egamaviNa bhavai' 1 'dhammaruissa aNagArassa svvo|'2 aNagAra kI dharma ruci saba taraha se hotI hai| 'jaM jalaNAmmi jalaMte, paDai payaMgo abuddhio'|3 buddhihIna pataMgA jalatI huI agni meM giratA hai| 'vahabaMdha titiro ptto'| pijare meM baMdhe titara vadha aura baMdhana ko prApta hote haiN| 'jaM khaNai matthayaM kuMjarassa lohaMkuso tikkho'5 parAdhIna hAthI mahAvata ke lohe ke aMkuza ko sahana karatA hai| aisI aneka dRSTAnta pradhAna sUktiyA~ isa Agama meM haiN| muhAvare jJAtAdharma meM muhAvaroM ke prayoga bhI prApta hote haiN| muhAvare bhASA ko kAvyAtmaka yA rocaka banAne vAle adbhuta sAdhana haiN| jaba koI saMjJA, vizeSaNa yA kriyA Adi mukhyArtha ke atirikta anya artha meM prasiddha ho jAte haiM taba ve mahAvare kahalAne lagate haiN| muhAvaroM meM vastu tathya evaM ghaTanAe~ samAhita rahatI haiN| isakI vyaMjakatA ke kAraNa abhivyakti rucikara evaM AkarSaka bana jAtI hai| muhAvaroM ke kaI prakAra kahe gae haiM, yathA- vakrakriyAtmaka, vakravizeSAtmaka, anubhavAtmaka, nidarzanAtmaka, pratIkAtmaka, rUpAtmaka, upamAtmaka 5 ityaadi| jJAtAdharmakathA meM mahAvaroM kA prayoga lAkSaNika aura vyaMjaka donoM hI rUpoM meM haA hai| kathAkAra ne pAtroM ke bhAvAveza, manobhAva evaM manodazA ko prabhAvazAlI banAne ke lie kahIM-kahIM para jo abhivyaMjanA kI hai vaha hRdayasparzI hai| yathA- sarise NaM tumaM pumnnaabhaa| arthAt tuma kueM ke meDhaka ke sadRza ho| dovaIe NaM devIe chinnassa vi pAyaMguTThayassa ayaM tava orohe| arthAt devI ke kaTe hue paira ke aMgUThe kI sauvIM kalA kI bhI barAbarI nahIM kara sktaa| dovaI sAhatithaM uvnnemi|8 arthAt draupadI ko hAtho-hAtha le AtA huuN| bujjhAhi bhayavaM! loganAhA!9 arthAt bujho to bodha paao| tae NaM se sAmuddae dadure taM kuvddurN|10 arthAt jo kueM kA meDhaka hotA hai usako samudra kA meDhaka khnaa| pAehiM sIse poTTe kaayNsi|11 paira kI paira se 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 14/51. 2. vahI, 16/19. 3. vahI, 17/30, gAthA 4 4. vahI, 17/30, gAthA 2. 5. vahI, 17/90, gAthA 10. 6. jaina ArAdhanA, jayodaya mahAkAvya kA zailIvaijJAnika anuzIlana, pR0 19, prakAzaka mahAvIra vihAra gaMja vAsodA 1994. 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 16/148. 8. vahI, 16/165. 9. vahI, 8/165. 10.vahI, 8/120. 11. vahI, 1/161. For Personal & Private Use Only

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110 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana Takkara huii| ukta udAharaNoM evaM vivecanA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jJAtAdharmakathAM meM siddhAntoM kI puSTi karane ke lie kahIM lokoktiyA~, kahIM sUktiyA~, kahIM muhAvareM evaM kahIM dRSTAnta Adi dekara abhivyakti ko prabhAvazAlI banAyA gayA hai| mAnava jIvana ke vyavahAra, lokacitraNa, loka virUpaNa, lokAcaraNa Adi ke samAdhAna ke lie jisa zailI ko apanAyA hai vaha zailI hI rocaka, abhivyaMjaka aura ghaTanAkrama kI udaghATaka bana gaI hai| prasaMgavaza jahA~ nIti vizeSa ke pratipAdana dvArA kathA ko vikasita kiyA gayA hai vahA~ para bhI ghaTanAoM ke samAdhAna hetu lokoktiyoM aura sUktiyoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharma kA sAhityika svarUpa bimba-pratibimba se jur3A huA hai isalie yaha kahane meM saMkoca nahIM ho rahA hai ki isameM vakratA, vyaMjakatA, dhvani vijJAna, muhAvareM, pratIka, lokatattva, AlaMkArika vinyAsa, rasAnubhUti, varNavinyAsa, caritra-citraNa, jIvana darzana, jIvana paddhati Adi viSaya kA sAMgopAMga citraNa eka svataMtra zodha-prabandha kI apekSA rakhatA hai| yahI nahIM apitu isa kathA meM jitanI kathAe~ haiM una sabhI kA alaga alaga dRSTikoNa bhI hai jo jIvana ke vividha pakSoM kA sajIva citraNa karatA hai| yadi isake sAhitya svarUpa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara adhyayana kA viSaya banAyA gayA to nizcita hI purANa, itihAsa ke atirikta bhI jaina darzana ke pramukha aMga bhI isakI mahanIyatA kA vyAkhyAna kara skeNge| kintu kathA ke. mUla meM jo bhI uddezya hai vaha sAhityika adhyayana se hI sAmane A sakatA hai| isI vicAra ko dhyAna meM rakhakara sAhityika vizleSaNa ko vizeSa rUpa meM prastuta karane kA jo prayAsa kiyA gayA hai vaha avazya hI sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi ko surakSita rakhane meM sahAyaka hogaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #124
SaSTha adhyAya jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa bhASA eka vaicArika zakti hai jo Atmabuddhi se arthoM ko jAnakara mana ke anakala vivakSA se prerita tathA mana aura zarIra kI zakti para vAyu kI taraha jora DAlatI hai| isI se bhASA yA vicAra niHsRta hotA hai| bhASA bhaugolika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa vikAsa evaM vistAra ko prApta hotI hai| usI se aneka bhASAeM banatI haiM tathA bhASA parivAra, upabhASA parivAra evaM boliyoM Adi kA janma hotA hai| vizva kI bhASAoM ke viSaya meM bhASA vaijJAnikoM kA yahI vicAra hai| unhoMne bhASA ko eka parivAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| jinake bhAropIya parivAra, semeTika parivAra, hemeTika parivAra Adi bAraha parivAroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai inhIM parivAroM meM se eka mahatvapUrNa parivAra bhAropIya parivAra hai| isI parivAra ke antargata bhAratIya Arya bhASA parivAra hai jise atyanta samRddha mAnA gayA hai| isI parivAra ke sAtha prAkRta bhASA kA sambandha hai| vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya Arya zAkhA parivAra ko nimna prakAra se vibhakta kiyA hai|2 (ka) prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kAla (1600 I.pU.- 600 I.pU.) (kha) madhyakAlIna Arya bhASA kAla (600 I.pU. 1000 I.) (ga) Adhunika Arya bhASA kAla (I. 1000 vartamAna samaya) ka. prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kAla - vaidika yuga ke sAhitya ko isa parivAra ke antargata rakhA jAtA hai| prArambhika kAla meM sAhitya kI racanA jisa bhASA meM kI jAtI thI use 'chandasa' kahate haiN| yahI prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA prArambhika rUpa thaa| vaidika bhASA meM kaI prakAra kI bhASAoM ke dhvanyAtmaka zabda, samasAmayika pravRttiyA~, prakRti evaM pratyaya samAhita haiN| isI kAraNa vaidika kAla kI bhASA meM jo zabda vidyamAna the ve janabhASA yA 1. pANinIya zikSA zloka 6, caukhambA saMskaraNa, 1948. 2. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR0 2. . For Personal & Private Use Only

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112 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana dezya zabda the jinheM bhASA kI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para nimna nAma diyA gayA (ka) udIcca yA uttarIya-vibhASA (kha) madhyadezIya-vibhASA (ga) prAcya yA pUrvIya vibhASA vaidika yA chAMdas bhASA ke sAtha prAkRta bhASA kA sambandha hai kyoMki jina vaidika bhASA ke prayogoM ko vibhASA kahA gayA hai ve prAkRta kI prakRti se pUrNata: milate-julate haiN| ata: bhASA kI AdhArazilA para prAkRta bhASA ko. vaidika bhASA ke samakAlIna kahA jA sakatA hai| kha. madhyakAlIna Arya bhASA kAla vedoM meM prAkRta ke tattva haiM yaha nirvivAda hai| vicArakoM ne vaidika bhASA meM samAgata zabdoM ko janabhASA kA prayoga batalAyA aura usI ke AdhAra para janabhASA ke svarUpa aura prakRti ko bhI nirdhArita kiyA / janabhASA aura prakRti ke tattvoM se jur3I huI bhASA ko prAkRta bhASA kahA jA sakatA hai| DaoN0 pI0DI0 guNe ne isa viSaya meM kahA hai__prAkRta kA astitva nizcita rUpa se vaidika boliyoM ke sAtha-sAtha vartamAna thaa| inhIM prAkRtoM se paravartI sAhityika prAkRtoM kA vikAsa huaa| vedoM evaM paNDitoM kI bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha yahA~ taka ki mantroM kI racanA ke samaya bhI eka aisI bhASA pracalita thI jo paNDitoM kI bhASA se adhika vikasita thii| isa bhASA meM madhyakAlIna bhAratIya boliyoM kI prAcInatama avasthA kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ vartamAna thiiN| (ga) Adhunika Arya bhASA kAla prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke pazcAt Arya bhASA kA Adhunika rUpa rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI, siMdhI, baMgalA Adi pracalita bhASA ke atirikta hindI nAmakaraNa ko prApta hai| madhyayuga ke pazcAt apabhraMza ne bArahavIM zatAbdI taka apanA sthAna banAye rakhA aura isI ke zabda evaM dhAtu hindI evaM Adhunika Arya bhASAoM meM samAhita ho gye| prAkRta bhASA kA udbhava evaM vikAsa prAkRta kA sambandha prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA parivAra se hai jise usa samaya 1. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR0 7. . ena inTroDakzana TU kampreTIva philosopI, pR0 163. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 113 kI janabhASA bhI kahA gayA hai| isa viSaya meM vidvAnoM ne kaI prakAra ke vicAra vyakta kiye aura kahA ki prAkRta kI prakRti vaidika bhASA se milatI julatI hai| prAkRta meM vyaMjanAnta zabdoM kA prayoga prAya: nahIM hotA hai| saMskRta meM bhI aMtima vyaMjanAnta zabdoM kA lopa ho jAtA hai| harideva bAharI ne kahA hai prAkRtoM se veda kI sAhityika bhASA kA vikAsa huA, prAkRtoM se saMskRta kA vikAsa bhI huA aura prAkRtoM se inake apane sAhityika rUpa bhI vikasita hue| isa taraha se prAkRta ke vikAsa kA jJAna hotA hai tathA yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha bhASA kA jo svarUpa jana-jana meM vikasita huA aura jise janatA ne loka vyavahAra ke lie bolI kA mAdhyama banAyA vaha prAkRta bhASA hI hai| jo bhASA janabhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai vahI prAkRta hai| kAlAntara meM jo bhI janabolI vikasita hogI usameM bhI isakI parachAI evaM zabda-prayoga avazya hI gatimAna hoNge| prAkRta bhASA ke sAhitya ko madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA kAla ke antargata rakhA gayA hai| isake AMtarika svarUpa ke parIkSaNa se yaha siddha haA ki sAhitya aura samAja donoM hI ke apane-apane rUpa haiN| jo pravAha rUpa meM hai vaha prAkRta bhASA hai aura jo bAharI rUpa hai, vaha saMskRta hai|3 : prayoga kI dRSTi se jaba isa para vicAra karate haiM to yahI bhAva nikalatA hai ki prAkRta janajIvana se jur3I huI bhASA thI, jise yuga-yugAntara se apanAyA jAtA rahA aura mahAvIra evaM buddha ne use sAkAra rUpa diyaa| mahAvIra evaM buddha ke upadezoM kI bhASA janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA thii| jo prakRti se jur3I huI jana-jana ko prabhAvita karane vAlI thI aura jo vaTa vRkSa kI taraha phailakara Aja bhI apane svarUpa ko banAe hue hai| * 'prAkRta' zabda kA vyutpattimUlaka artha ___prAkRta kA artha prakRti hai arthAt jo jana-jana ke zabdoM ke artha kA bodha karAtI hai vaha prakRtijanya bhASA prAkRta hai| vyAkaraNakAroM ne prAkRta zabda ke kaI artha kie haiN| . 1. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR0 7. ena inTroDakzana TU kampreTIva philosopI, pR0 163. 2. prAkRta bhASA aura usakA sAhitya, pR0 13, pra0 rAjakamala prakAzana dillI. 3. paM. becaradAsa, prAkRta-bhASA, pR0 16, pra. pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI 1941. For Personal & Private Use Only

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hA 114 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 1. prAkRtalakSaNa meM caNDa ne prAkRta ko prakRti-siddha mAnA hai|1 2. vararuci ne apane prAkRtaprakAza meM prArambha meM prakRti ko hI mahattva diyA hai|2 3. AcArya hemacandra ne prakRti ko saMskRta mAnA hai, usase AyA huA zabda prAkRta hai aura yahI tadbhava ko vyakta karatI hai|3 4. mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta sarvasva meM kahA hai prakRtiH saMskRtam tatra bhavaM praakRtmucyte|4 / / 5. dhanika ne prAkRta ke bAre meM nimna vicAra vyakta kiyA hai prakRteH AgataM praakRtm| prakRtiH sNskRtm|5 . saMjIvanI TIkAkAra vAsudeva ne kahA hai prAkRtasya tu sarvameva saMskRtaM yoniH|6 7. lakSmIdhara ne kahA hai- prakRteH saMskRtAyAstu vikRtiH prAkRta mtaaH| 8. vAgbhaTTa ne kahA hai- "prakRteH saMskRtAd aamtN,praakRtm"|8 mUlata: ukta vyAkaraNakAroM kI dRSTi meM prAkRta kI utpatti saMskRta se huI hai yaha artha pratIta hotA hai, parantu prakRti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMskRta yukta zabda yA saMskRti zabda kA mUla tattva jaba naye rUpa ko dhAraNa karatA hai taba vaha prAkRta ke lie uparyukta baiThatA hai| Adhunika vicAra evaM bhASA dRSTi se yahI artha nikalatA hai ki zabdoM ko sAmane rakhakara jo prakRti ke sAtha uccarita kiyA jAtA hai vaha prAkRta bana jAtA hai| arthAt uccAraNa bheda ke kAraNa saMskRta jaba apane svAbhAvika vacana vyavahAra kI ora calA jAtA hai 1. kavi caNDa, prAkRta lakSaNaM sUtra. 2. vararuyaci, prAkRtaprakAza sUtra- 1. 3. AcArya hemacandra, siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana, 8/1/1 "athaprAkRtam". 4. mArkaNDeya, prAkRtasarvasva, 1/1. 5. dhanika, dazarUpakaTIkA, pariccheda-2, zloka-60. 6. vAsudeva, saMjIvanI TIkA, 9/2. 7. lakSmIdhara, SaDbhASA candrikA, pR0 4, zloka-25. 8. vAgbhaTTa, vAgbhaTTAlaMkAra, 2/2. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 115 taba prAkRta zabda bana jAtA hai| Adhunika vicArakoM ne bhI prAkRta bhASA ko prakRtijanya bhASA yA janatA kI bhASA mAnA hai| 1. DaoN. pizela ke anusAra prAkRta bhASAoM kI jar3e janatA kI boliyoM ke bhItara jamI huI thI aura inake mukhya tattva AdikAla meM jItI jAgatI bolI jAne vAlI bhASA se lie gaye haiM, kintu bolacAla kI ve bhASAe~ jo bAda kI sAhityika bhASAoM ke pada para pratiSThita huIM, saMskRta kI bhAMti hI bahuta hI ThokI-pITI gaIM tAki unakA eka sugaThita rUpa bana jaae|1 2. DaoN. elaphreDa sI. vUlnara ne prAkRta bhASA kA vikAsa saMskRta se nahIM mAnA hai| 3. DaoN. pI.DI: guNe ne janabhASA ko prAkRta bhASA kahA hai|3 4. DaoN0 katre ne prakRtijanya bhASA ko hI prAkRta kahA hai| 5. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina ne 'prAkRta bhASA kA itihAsa' meM prAkRta ko jana bolI svIkAra karate hue prakRtijanya bhASA hI mAnA hai| 6. DaoN. nemicandra jaina ne likhA hai ki prAkRta bhASA prAdezika bhASAoM se vikasita huI hai| isa bhASA kI prakRti meM lokatattva ke sAtha sAhityika tattva hI mizrita hai|5 7. DaoN. premasumana jaina ne 'prAkRta svayaM zikSaka' kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai ki prAkRta - mAnava jIvana ke svAbhAvika pariveza se jur3I huI bhASA hai|6 8. DaoN. udayacandra jaina ne 'zaurasenI evaM prAkRta vyAkaraNa' evaM 'hema prAkRta vyAkaraNa ... zikSaka kI bhUmikA meM prakRtijanya bhASA ko hI prAkRta kahA hai| 1. pizela- prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa, pR0 14, rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA. 2. vullara- inTroDaksana TU prAkRta. 3. guNe pI.DI.- ena inTroDaksana TU kampreTIva philosaphI, pR0-163. .. 4. katre- prAkRta bhASAoM kA vikAsa, bhUmikA 10. 5. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR0-16. - 6. prAkRta svayaM zikSaka, bhUmikA. 7. zaurasenI prAkRta vyAkaraNa bhUmikA, pR0 8. For Personal & Private Use Only

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116 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 9. DaoN. subhASa koThArI ne 'upAsakadazAMga kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana' meM prakRtijanya bhASA ko hI prAkRta mAnA hai| isake atirikta anya kitane hI vicAraka isI bAta ko pramANita karate haiM ki prAkRta janabhASA thii| isakA astitva prAcInakAla se hI milatA hai| mahAvIra aura buddha ne apanI dezanA kA AdhAra isI janabhASA ko hI bnaayaa| azoka, khAravela Adi jaise mahAna zAsakoM ne bhI prAkRta ko sarvopari mAnakara zilAlekhoM para isI. bhASA meM lekha aMkita kraae| Aja bhI bahuta se zilAlekha prAkRta meM hI upalabdha ho rahe haiN| prAkRta kI utpatti janabhASA se huI hai aura prAkRta se hI sabhI rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI Adi bhASAeM nikalI haiN| vAkpati rAja ne gauDavahoM mahAkAvya meM likhA hai ki jisa prakAra jala samudra meM praveza karatA hai aura samudra se hI vASparUpa meM bAhara nikalatA hai usI prakAra prAkRta bhASA meM saba bhASAe~ praveza karatI haiM aura isI prAkRta bhASA se saba bhASAe~ nikalatI haiN| "sayalAo imaM vAyA visaMti etto ya Neti vaayaao| eMti samudda ciya aiti sAyarAo cciya jlaaiN"|1 prAkRta bhASA ke pramukha bheda evaM sambandha prAkRta ke mUlata: do rUpa haiM- (ka) kathya prAkRta aura (kha) sAhityika praakRt| ina donoM rUpoM kA apanA vizeSa mahattva hai| kathya prAkRta janatA ke bIca bolI jAtI thii| veda isakI prAcInatA ke pramANa haiN| isake atirikta mahAvIra evaM buddha ke pazcAt isI bhASA meM AgamoM ke rUpa meM sAhitya kA praNayana haA jise sarvajJavANI kA zreSThatama rUpa mAnA gyaa| dhIre-dhIre kAvyavidyA kA vikAsa huaa| kaviyoM ne kAvyoM kI racanA kI aura siddhAnta vivecakoM ne chandobaddha racanA meM jinadharma kI samIkSA bhI isI bhASA meM prastuta kii| isa prakAra sAhitya kA jo prArambhika rUpa thA use chAndas sAhitya, vaidika sAhitya aura Agama sAhitya kI saMjJA dI gii| yahI nibaddha sAhitya vividha prAkRta bhASAoM ke saundarya ko lekara sAhityakAroM ke bIca meM upasthita huaa| prAkRta bhASA kA vibhAjana yuga ke anusAra prAkRta bhASA ko tIna yugoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai(ka) prathama yuga kI prAkRta (kha) madhya yuga kI prAkRta 1. gauDavaho- zloka 93. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 117 (ga) apabhraMza yuga kI prAkRta (ka) prathama yugIna prAkRta- isake vicArakoM ne nimna bheda kie haiM(1) zilAlekhIya prAkRta (2) dhammapada kI prAkRta (3) ArSa prAkRta (4) prAcIna AgamoM kI prAkRta (5) azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI praakRt|1 ukta prAkRtoM ko bhASA-vaijJAnikoM ne I0pU0 chaThI zatI se IsvI dvitIya zatAbdI taka kA mAnA hai| bauddha jAtakoM kI bhASA kA yuga bhI yahI mAnA gayA hai| (kha) madhya yuga kI prAkRta- isameM nimna prAkRtoM ko rakhA gayA hai(1) nATakoM kI prAkRta (2) prAcIna kAvyoM kI prAkRta (3) paravartI kAvyoM kI prAkRta : (4) vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA nirupita prAkRta (5) bRhadkathA kI praakRt| ukta prAkRtoM kA samaya IsA 200 se 600 IsvI taka mAnA gayA hai|2 (ga) apabhraMza yuga- yaha yuga 600 se 1200 IsvI taka kA mAnA gayA hai| isameM sabhI prakAra kI prAdezika- rAjasthAnI, marAThI Adi bhASAoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai| sAmAnyata: prAkRta bhASA kA strota eka hI thaa| parantu deza, kAla, vAtAvaraNa evaM janatA kI boliyoM ke kAraNa usake aneka bheda ho ge| vicArakoM ne deza, kAla, vAtAvaraNa ke anusAra usake bhedoM ko prastuta vargIkaraNa ke anusAra nAmakaraNa kiyA - (1) ArSa prAkRta (2) zilAlekha prAkRta 1. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR0 17. - 2. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR0 17. For Personal & Private Use Only

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118 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana (3) niyA prAkRta (4) dhammapada kI prAkRta (5) azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI praakRt| (ka) ArSa prAkRta- mahAvIra aura buddha dvArA prayukta bhASA ko ArSa prAkRta ke antargata rakhA gayA hai kyoMki ye donoM muni the| inake dvArA jisa kSetra meM vicaraNa kiyA gayA usa kSetra ke anusAra usakA nAmakaraNa bhI kiyA gyaa| buddha kI bhASA ko pAli aura mahAvIra kI bhASA ko arddhamAgadhI kahA gyaa| ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM aMga, upAMga, Adi likhe gye| jJAtAdharmakathA aMga AgamoM kA kathAtmaka grantha hai, jisakI bhASA arddhamAgadhI hai| ardhamAgadhI bhASA yaha bhASA mahAvIra ke upadeza kI bhASA thii| unake upadezoM ko AcAryoM ne vividha sammelanoM ke mAdhyama se grantha kA rUpa diyA jinheM aMga, upAMga, chedasUtra, mUlasUtra, prakIrNaka, cUlikA Adi nAma diyA gyaa| ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA viSaya aura kSetra donoM hI vyApaka thaa| ise ArSa kahA gayA tathA prAcIna bhI mAnA gayA hai| arddhamAgadhI ke prAcIna rUpa zilAlekhoM meM prApta hote haiN| sAtha hI AgamoM meM to isakI vyApakatA hai hii| ___AcArya hemacandra ne 'ArSam'1 sUtra ke mAdhyama se isakI prAcInatA ko sunizcita kara diyA hai| parantu yaha bhASA vizAla deza kI bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha pazcima magadha aura mathurA ke madhyavartI bhAga kI prAdezika bhASA thii| sAmAnya rUpa se ardhamAgadhI zabda 'ardhamAgadhyA' se AyA hai arthAt jisakA ardhAMza mAgadhI ho, vaha bhASA ardhamAgadhI kahI jAtI hai| yaha vyutpatti nATakIya ardhamAgadhI meM pAyI jAtI hai| jinadAsagaNi mahattara ne nizIthacUrNi nAmaka grantha meM magadha deza ke ardhAMza kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahA hai| isameM 18 dezI bhASAoM kA mizraNa mAnA jAtA hai| isakA mUla utpatti sthAna magadha va mathurA kA madhyavartI pradeza ayodhyA hai| tIrthaGkara apanA upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM dete the kyoMki yaha janasAmAnya kI bhASA thii|2 DaoN. hArnale ne apane prAkRta lakSaNa meM ise ArSa prAkRta kahA hai| samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, aupapAtika evaM prajJApanAsUtra Adi ne jisa bhASA 1. siddha hemazabdAnuzAsana 8/1/1. 2. "bhagavaM ca addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhammamAikkhai" (samavAyAMga sUtra patra- 60). 3. inTroDakzana TU prAkRta lakSaNa Apha caNDa peja 19/1. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #132
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa .119 ko ardhamAgadhI kahA, 1 sthAnAMga evaM anuyogadvAra sUtra ne jisa bhASA ko RSibhASita kahAra evaM AcArya hemacaMda ne jisa bhASA ko ArSa kahA vahI jainAgamoM kI prAkRta bhASA hai|3 DaoN0 jekobI ne jaina AgamoM kI bhASA ko prAcIna mahArASTrI kahA hai|4 parantu DaoN. pizela isa bAta kA khaNDana kara AgamoM kI bhASA ko arddhamAgadhI hI mAnate haiN| ___ bharata ke nATya-zAstra meM jina sAta bhASAoM kA ullekha hai unameM ardhamAgadhI eka hai|5 kramadIzvara ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM 'mahArASTrI mizrA'rdhamAgadhI:' kahakara ardhamAgadhI ko mahArASTrI mizrita mAgadhI kahA hai|6 parantu niSkarSa yaha hai ki Agama granthoM meM ardhamAgadhI bhASA adhika hai| DaoN. hArnala ne ardhamAgadhI ko hI nATakIya ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI va zaurasenI bhASAoM kA mUla mAnA hai|" ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ 1. ardhamAgadhI meM ka ke sthAna para ga evaM ya pAyA jAtA hai| AkAza- AgAsa, zrAvaka- sAvaga, loka-loya 2. do svaroM ke bIca asaMyukta 'ga' kA lopa yA parivartana nahIM hotA hai| : Agama- Agama 3. zabda ke Adi, madhya va saMyoga meM Na evaM na donoM hI sthita rahate haiN| nadI- naI 4. gRha zabda ke sthAna para gaha, ghara, hara, giha Adeza hote haiN| 5. ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM puliMga aura napuMsakaliMga kA prayoga hotA hai| 1. "devANaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsaMti" 2. savakayaMsa pAiA.............isibhAsiyA, vyAkhyA prajJapti 5/4/22. . 3. hema-prAkRta vyAkaraNa-sUtra 1/3. 4. kalpasUtra- sekreTa buka Apha TrasTa, bhAga 12. 5. * nATyazAstra- bharata sUtra 17, 48 11. . . 6.. pAia sadamahaNNavo- prastAvanA, pR0 26. 7. vahI, pR0 26. For Personal & Private Use Only

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120 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana puliMga meM akArAMta, ikArAMta, IkArAMta, ukArAMta aura UkArAMta zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai| akArAMta zabda meM jiNa, tittha, samaNa, sAvaga aadi| ikArAMta zabda meM muNi, jati, kavi aadi| IkArAMta zabda meM kevalI, NANI, jhANI, jogI aadi| . ukArAMta zabda meM mANu, jANu, piu aadi| UkArAMta zabda meM savvaNNU aadi| 7. strIliMga- akArAMta- kahA, caMpA, mAlA, gAhA aadi| ikArAMta- rohiNI, devI, dhAriNI, NAyarI aadi| ukArAMta- dhenu, reNu aadi| UkArAMta- bhuu| 8. napuMsakaliMga- akArAMta- NANa, jhANa, lakkhaNa aadi| ikArAMta- dahi, vAri aadi| ukArAMta- mahu, vatthu aadi| ardhamAgadhI ke zabda rUpoM kI vizeSatAe~ / 9. ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM puliMga akArAMta prathamA ekavacana meM prAya: 'e' pratyaya hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM isa taraha ke prayogoM kI prArambha se lekara aMta taka bahulatA hai| yathA- "NaM se ajjajaMbUNAme aNagAre jAyasaDDe......... udveti'|1 10. kahIM-kahIM para akArAMta prathamA eka vacana meM 'o' pratyaya bhI hotA hai| yathA koNio nAmaM rAyA hotthA, vnnnno|2 koNio niggo| dhammo khio|3 11. prathamA vibhakti ke bahuvacana meM mUla zabda kA dIrgha ho jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmasUtra ke sabhI adhyayanoM meM isa taraha ke prayoga milate haiN| 12. dvitIya vibhakti ke ekavacana meM anusvAra ( ) kA prayoga hotA hai| yathA lehaM, gaNiyaM, rUvaM, naTTa, gIyaM, vAiyaM aadi| 1. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/7. 2. vahI, 1/3. 3. vahI, 1/5. 4. vahI, 1/99. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 121 13. dvitIya vibhakti ke bahuvacana meM 'e' pratyaya kI bahulatA hai| yathA- jaNavUhe, jaNabole, jnnklkle|1 te bahave ugge bhoge|2 14. dvitIya vibhakti ke bahuvacana meM dIrgha bhI hotA hai| yathA- bahave uggA bhogA, egAbhimuhA niggcchNti|3 15. tRtIya vibhakti ke evacana meM "eNa" tathA "eNaM' kA prayoga hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM "eNaM' kI bahulatA hai| yathA-- dhaNNeNaM stthvaahenn| AukkhaeNaM bhvkkhennN| 16. tRtIya vibhakti ke bahavacana meM hi, hiM, hi~, pratyayoM kA vyAkaraNakAroM ne ullekha kiyA hai| parantu jJAtAdharmakathA meM hi, hiM pratyaya kA prayoga hai| una pratyayoM meM bhI 'hiM' kI bahulatA hai| yathA- jiyasattu pAmokkhehiM chahiM raaiihiN|6 aNulomehi, paDilomehi, kaluNehi, uvsggehi| 17. caturthI evaM SaSThI vibhakti meM samAnatA hai| phira bhI jJAtAdharmakathA meM kisI bhI vastu ko pradAna karane ke lie yA dene ke lie jo kArya kiyA gayA hai usameM caturthI vibhakti kA prayoga kaI jagaha spaSTa hotA hai| jaise kulagharavaggassa. sAliakkhae dhaNNassa satthavAhassa hatthe dlyi| yahA~ para dalayai kriyA kA prayoga dene artha meM hai| isalie yahA~ caturthI vibhakti kA prayoga spaSTa hai| noTa- caturthI vibhakti ke ekavacana meM kahIM-kahIM para "Aya'' pratyaya kA bhI prayoga huA hai| jaise- 'paNihAya' 10/5 18. sambandhI ke yoga meM SaSThI kA prayoga bhI jJAtAdharmakathA meM spaSTa hai| yathA posahiyassa bNbhcaariss.................kremaannss|10 19. caturthI evaM SaSThI vibhakti ke bahuvacana meM prAyaH Na aura NaM pratyaya kA prayoga hotA hai| parantu jJAtAdharmakathA meM NaM pratyaya kI bahulatA hai| yathA- "bahUNaM samaNANaM bahUNaM samaNINaM sAvagANaM saavigaannN|11 1. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/109. 2. vahI, 110. . 3. vahI, 109. 4. vahI, 2/28. .. 5. vahI, 2/52. 6. vahI, 8/132. 7. vahI, 9/60 8. vahI, 7/4. 9. vahI, 7/24 10. vahI, 1/66. 11. vahI, 4/10. For Personal & Private Use Only

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122 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 20. paMcamI vibhakti ke ekavacana meM nto, to, o, te- u, hi, hiMto aura pratyaya lopa bhI hotA hai| ina pratyaya ke pazcAt dIrgha ho jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM nto, to, o evaM pratyaya lopa kI bahulatA hai| yathA- 'mama hatthAo ime paMca sAliakkhae gennhaahi'| 1 'ahaM piTThAto vidhuNAmi' 9/39 (to-Ato) paMcamI bahuvacana meM ukta pratyayoM kA hI prayoga hotA hai parantu kahIM-kahIM para "hiMto' pratyaya kA bhI prayoga huA hai 'guNovaveyAo sarisehinto rAyakulehinto aanniylliyaao|2 gihehiMto paDinikkhamaMti 1/33 / .. . noTa:- nikalane/bAhara jAne/alaga hone meM hiMto pratyaya kA prayoga jJAtAdharma meM kaI jagaha prayukta hai| 21. saptamI vibhakti ke ekavacana meM e, mmi ina do pratyayoM kA vizeSa rUpa se prayoga hotA hai| paranta jJAtAdharmakathA meM ina donoM prayogoM ke atirikta "aMsi' pratyaya kI bahulatA hai| yathA- 'kAyaMsi nivaiyaMsi smaannNsi'|3 (aMsi) padesaMsi, tNsi| aMtojalammi5, paccatthimille vaNasaMDe6 (e) noTa:- maNasi 1/68 jaise prayoga bhI jJAtAdharma ,meM haiN| (u) 22. saptamI bahuvacana meM su, suM ina do pratyayoM kA prayoga hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM ina donoM kA prayoga hai| parantu "su' pratyaya kI bahulatA sarvatra hai| yathA"bahusu kajjesu ya, kAraNesu ya, kuDuMbesu ya, maMtesu ya, gujjhesu y'| noTa:- akArAMta pulliMga zabdoM meM jo pratyaya lagate haiM ve hI pratyaya prAya: ikArAMta, ukArAMta Adi zabdoM meM lagate haiM parantu jJAtAdharmakathA ke kucha prayogoM meM bhinnatA hai| una prayogoM ko prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai- 'suddheNa vAriNA'8 tRtIya meM 'NA' pratyaya kA pryog| 23. napuMsakaliMga- napuMsakaliMga ke prathamA evaM dvitIya vibhakti meM prAyaH eka hI samAna rUpa calate haiN| jaiseprathamA ekavacana prathamA bahuvacana vaNAi, vaNAiM, vaNANi, vaNANiM 1. jJAtAdharmakathA, 7/6. 2. vahI, 1/123. 3. vahI, 7/9. 4. vahI, 9/12. 5. vahI, 9/11. 6. vahI, 13/17. 7. vahI, 7/30. 8. vahI, 1/33. vaNaM For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 123 sumiNaM sammaM paDicchai iyANi aNiTThA dvitIyA ekavacana dvitIyA bahuvacana vaNaM vaNAi, vaNAI, vaNANi, vaNANiM vipulaM asaNaM, pANaM... pubuddiTThAI mahavvayAiM3 uvakkhaDAventi bahUNi vAsANi noTa:- tRtIyA vibhakti se lekara saptamI vibhakti paryanta napuMsakaliMga meM puliMga kI taraha hI rUpa calate haiN| 24. strIliMga- isa zabda rUpa meM akArAMta, ikArAMta, IkArAMta Adi zabda hote haiN| jinameM mUlataH puliMga bahuvacana ke pratyaya hI prayukta hote haiN| phira bhI kucha na kucha parivartana avazya pAye jAte haiN| (1) prathamA vibhakti ke ekavacana meM sAmAnya rUpa se pratyaya kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura lopa hone para hasva svara kA dIrgha ho jAtA hai aura dIrgha svara dIrgha hI rahatA hai| yathA- sA NAvA vimukkabaMdhaNA, 6 atthasiddhI 8/58 (hrasva kA dIrgha) - rohiNI, mallI, mAiMdI (dIrgha kA dIrgha) (2) prathamA bahuvacana meM hrasva svara kA dIrgha, dIrgha kA dIrgha evaM o aura u pratyaya .... bhI hote haiN| yathA- paMca mahavvayA saMvaDDiyA bhavaMti (hrasva kA dIrgha) - te sAlI pattiyA vattiyA (dIrgha kA dIrgha) bhAriyAo cattAri suNhAo hotthA, 7/3 (o kA prayoga) dhanAo paNaM tAo ammayAo, 2/11 . (3) dvitIya vibhakti ekavacana meM anusvAra hotA hai| anusvAra hone para yadi dIrgha zabda hai to usakA hRsva ho jAtA hai aura hrasva kA hasva hI rahatA hai| yathA 'pesaNakAriM mahANasiNiM', 7/22 / mihilaM rAyahANiM, 8/133 / 1. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/40. 2. vahI, 1/93. 3. vahI, 1/14. 4. vahI, 14/54. . 5. vahI, 8/6. 6. vahI, 8/59. 7. vahI, 1/11. 8. vahI, 7/31. 9. vahI, 7/11. For Personal & Private Use Only

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124 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana (4) tRtIya vibhakti ekavacana se lekara saptamI ekavacana paryanta A, A, i aura e pratyaya hote haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA sUtra meM 'e' pratyaya kI hI bahulatA hai| yathAdittIe juttIe chAyAe pabhAe oyAe lessAe 10/5/ campAe NayarIe bahiyA 1/2 (SaSThI), tattha NaM caMpAe nayarIe, 3/4 (saptamI) 25. sarvanAma zabda rUpa puliMga meM akArAMta, napuMsakaliMga, strIliMga, napuMsakaliMga ina tInoM meM zabda rUpoM kI taraha pratyaya lagate haiN| parantu kucha vibhaktiyoM meM atirikta rUpa hI banate haiN| (1) akArAnta puliMga prathamA bahuvacana meM "e' pratyaya kA hI prayoga hotA hai| yathA savve citttthti| 11/10, 12 / / (2) caturthI evaM SaSThI vibhakti ke bahuvacana meM "siM'- esiM pratyaya kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| yathA- tesiM 3/24 / (3) strIliMga pratyayoM ke saptamI bahuvacana meM nimna prayoga hote haiN| yathA-- tAsiM 14/33 (4) saptamI vibhakti ke ekavacana meM mmi, e, hiM pratyayoM ke atirikta "ssiM" pratyaya bhI pAyA jAtA hai| 26. yuSmad tumha tumha, amha zabda ke rUpa tInoM liMgoM meM samAna haiN| ekavacana bahuvacana prathamA tumaM, 1/122 tumha, tumhaM, 14/32 dvitIyA - tuma, NaM tujhaM, 1/177 tumhe, 1/122 tubhaM, 14/32 tRtIyA te tumhehi, tumheti, tujjhehi tubbhehiM, 1/118. tujjhehiM caturthI/SaSThI tava, tuha, tubbhe, 1/63, 8/96 1/171 tumhANa, tumhANaM paMcamI tumhAM tumhAo tumhAo, tujjhehito saptamI tumhammi, tumhassiM tumhesu, tumhesuM For Personal & Private Use Only

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125 prathamA jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 125 * tumhattha, tujjhammi 27. asmad amha zabda ekavacana bahuvacana ahaM, haM 1/62, 14/33 amhA, amhe 1/121 dvitIyA ahaM, haM, mamaM, NaM 1/124 amha, amhe tRtIyA mae, me 1/118 amhehi, amhehiM, amhAhi, amhAhiM caturthI, SaSThI me, mama, maha 1/25, 1/63 amhANa paMcamI amhaM 1/156, mamAo mamAhito saptamI mae, me, mamammi majjhAhi, majjhAhiMto mahasuM mamamhi, mamassi, mamattha 28. kriyA vizleSaNa- vartamAna kAla aura usakI vizeSatAe~ . ekavacana bahuvacana . prathama puruSa dalayati 1/106, viharati 1/109 karei 2/23, pihei 2/23 . NiggacchaMti 1/110 uvaThThaventi 1/133 vadaMti namasaMti 1/211 kareMti 2/20 jhiyAeMti 9/15 . madhyama puruSa jhiyAyasi 1/53, karesi 1/55 viharasi 1/177 pADesi 1/178 pAyAejjAsi 2/14 vippasaritthA 1/185 . uttama puruSa sadRhAmi 1/155, icchiAmi 1/124, 1/126 aNavaDaDhemi 2/13, For Personal & Private Use Only

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126 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana karejjAmi 2/35 jIvAno 1/121, icchAmo 1/121 avakkamAmo 2/36, ghaDemo 8/39 noTa:(1) vartamAna kAla preraNArthaka meM nimna prayoga hotA hai| ghosijjaI, dijjae 8/161 . (2) viharejjAda 9/22, gacchejjAha, bhavejjAha 9/23, ma.pu. bahuvacana (3) vartamAna kAla meM 'ti' 'i' 'ati', si Adi pratyaya ke pUrva 'a' kA 'e' bhI ho jAtA hai jaise kareI 2/23 (4) madhyama puruSa meM 'si' pratyaya se pUrva 'a' aura 'e' ke atirikta 'A'. kA bhI prayoga huA hai| jaise 'pAyA ejjAsi' 2/14 / (5) uttama puruSa meM ekavacana evaM bahuvacana meM pratyayoM se pUrva 'a' kA 'e' 'a' . kA 'A' bhI hotA hai| kahIM-kahIM para aisA nahIM bhI hai| 'icchAmi' 5/39 aNuvaDhDemi 2/13 (6) uttama puruSa ke bahuvacana meM 'mo' pratyaya ke pahale 'a' ko 'e', 'a kA . A' bhI huA hai| jaise- bhavejjAmi 14/30 (7) vartamAna kAla ke preraNArthaka meM 'Ava' 'Ave' jaise pratyayoM kA prayoga bhI pAyA jAtA hai| jaise- majjevai, karAvei 16/127 . (8) vartamAna kAla meM 'as' ghAtu kA tInoM liMgoM evaM donoM vacoM meM 'atthi' kA . prayoga hotA hai| yathA- atthi NaM cokkhA 8/113 taM atthi yAiM meM ajjAo (9) bhUtakAla? ekavacana bahuvacana paDigayA 1/158 vayAsI 1/159 amirametthA 1/174 1. noTa- ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke bhUtakAla meM "iMsu", su, aMsu, Adi pratyaya kI bahulatA hai| iMsu- aNupavvaiMsu 8/184. ekavacana bahuvacana prathama puruSa icchiMsu icchiMsu madhyama puruSa icchiMsu icchiMsu uttama puruSa icchiMsu icchiMsu For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa . 127 hotthA 1/161, 2/3 esa gayo 1/180 . uinno 1/168 (utara gaye) kao 1/180 khutte 1/169 (phaMsa gaye) __panatte 2/1 tumaM payAyA 1/171 (burI sthiti rahI) / dhammo kahio 2/50 viritthA 1/171 vayAsI 9/40 (kahA) paDigae 1/170 (gira gaye) noTa:(1) atthi kA sabhI vacanoM meM eka hI taraha kA prayoga hai| (2) jJAtAdharmakathA meM prAya: thA, thI evaM the ke lie "hotthA' kA prayoga huA hai yathA- jakkhAyavaNe hotthA ujjANe hotthA 5/4, juvarAyA yAviM hotthA- 8/7 (3) bhUtakAla meM thA, thI evaM the ke lie jJAtAdharma meM "Asi' kA prayoga bhI huA hai| yathA- maNAmA Asi 14/30 / (10) bhaviSyat kAla' ekavacana bahuvacana prathama puruSa bhavissaI 1/38, 1/63 jAessai 7/7 saMkilissaMti 1/114 sijjhihii, tujjhihii, muccihii parinivvAhii kAhii 1/217 viNihii 1/66 madhyama puruSa pavvaissasi 1/121, 1/222 uttamapuruSa karissAmi 1/63, . ___pavvaissAmi 1/115 ciTThissAmo 9/182 1. bhaviSyatkAla meM ti, si Adi pratyaya lagane para bhI "a" kA "e" aura "a" kA "A" bhI hotA hai| / 2. bhaviSyakAla meM do taraha ke prayoga milate haiM, prathama prayoga "ssa" aura dvitIya prayoga "hi" jaise- bahassaMti, ciTThissAmo 9/40, karehii 9/39. For Personal & Private Use Only

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128 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 11. vidhi evaM AjJArthaka ekavacana bahuvacana prathama puruSa hou 2/20 paDicchaMtu 1/156, gacchaMtu 16/211 noTa:- dhavejjA 5/37, 5/38 madhyama puruSa gacchAhi, kappehi 1/139 pakkhAleha, saMdisaha 1/139, jiNAhi, pAlehi, vAlAhi mA paDibaMdha kareha 1/197, 1/198, 1/154, geNahAhi, viharAhi ThAveha 8/148 - . 7/6,jAejjA 7/6 bhavejjAha, gacchejjAha 9/25 gaccha 1/154 uttama puruSa gacchamu gacchamo noTa:(1) vidhi AjJArthaka meM pratyayoM se pUrva bhI "a' kA "e'' hI prAya: hotA hai| - jaise- "Niveseha" 16/215 (2) vidhi evaM AjJArthaka meM "jjA' pratyayoM ke prayoga bhI hote haiM "jja' aura _ "jjA" ye donoM hI pratyaya prathama puruSa ekavacana, bahuvacana meM samAna rUpa se hI hote haiN| jaise- dhovejjA 5/37, (prathama puruSa ekavacana) jAejjA 7/ 6, (madhyama puruSa ekavacana), gacchejjAha 9/25, (madhyama puruSa bhuvcn)| (3) vidhi AjJArthaka meM "jja" aura "jjA' ke prayoga ke bAda inake pratyayoM kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| jaise- "bhavejjAha' 9/25 / (4) madhyama puruSa ke ekavacana meM "hi' pratyaya se pUrva dIrgha kA prayoga bhI huA hai jaise- "tArayAhi" "pAlayAmi' 9/36 / (5) madhyama puruSa ke bahuvacana meM bhI "ha" se pUrva dIrgha ho gyaa| jaise "No ADhAha" "No pariyANaha' 9/36 / 29. vartamAna kRdanta nta- jalante 1/205, abhinaMdatA 8/56 mANa- dalayamANe paDicchemANe 1/92 (pulliMga) For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 129 mANa- royamaNI, kaMdamANI, tippamANI, soyamANI, vilavamANI 1/120, saMgovemANIya, saMvaiDhemANIe 7/9 (strIliMga) 20. vidhi kRdanta tavva- gaMtavvaM 1/191 . yavva- jaiyavvaM, ghaDiyavvaM, parakkamiyavvaM 5/23, bhANiyavvA 5/51, 8/30 / evva- pamAevvaM 5/23, saMdoevvI 8/30 31. sambanya kRdanta UNaM- giNhiUNaM 2/11, Tu- kaTu 1/135, 2/12 ccA- soccA 1/89, 2/25, kiccA 6/5, sameccA 8/8 ttA- karittA 1/90, sadRvittA 1/91, phAsittA, pAlittatA, sohattA, tIrettA, kiTTettA 1/196 mma- Nisamma 1/89, Aya- gahAya 1/138, 2/34 32. tadvita prayoga jJAtAdharmakathA meM tadvita pratyayoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai jinake kucha udAharaNa die jA rahe haiM- . illaM- dakkhiNillaM, uvarillaM, uttarillaM, uvarillaM, dAhiNillaM, hechillaM 8/176 ijja- ApucchaNijje, paDipucchaNijje 1/15, ijja pratyaya kA prayoga abhinadinna 1/ 82 vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai yaha yogyatA kA sUcaka bhI hai yahA~ para yogyatAvAcI kA hI prayoga huA hai| iA- bAhiriA 1/30 bAhara kI ora iya- abhitariyaM 1/31 bhItara kI ora, evvasaMgatiyaM 1/66 ao- egayao 1/33 eka ora se ya- veiyaM 1/88 ga- kuMbhagassa- 8/156 ta- garuyattalahuyattaM 6/4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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130 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana noTa:- kucha sArthaka pratyaya bhI hote haiM jinakA prayoga hone para artha nahIM badalatA hai jaise- kacuMia- mahayagga 1/96 kraMcui yaha mUla zabda hai "a' kA. isameM Agama ho gayA hai| isI zabda meM jja kA bhI Agama huA hai| jaise- mehekaMcuijjapurisassa 1/112 33. zabda vizleSaNa (ka) teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM 1/1, 1/4, 1/6 isa paMkti meM saptamI ke yoga meM tRtIyA vibhakti kA prayoga huA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNakAra ne isa taraha kA sUtra nahIM diyA hai| kintu vRtti meM isa taraha kA prayoga diyA gayA hai| (kha) saMjameNa tavasA 1/4, 1/6 saMjameNa ke bAda tavasA meM teyasA 1/28 tRtIyA vibhakti kA prayoga huA hai| yaha ArSa prayoga hai| saMjameNa kI taraha taveNa ___kA prayoga nahIM huA hai| (ga) teNAmeva 1/4, jeNAmeva 1/7, 1/70 ye donoM prayoga naye haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA meM jeNeva, teNeva 1/29 kI bahulatA hai| (gha) "sUre sahassarassimmi' 1/28 rassi zabda mUlata: strIliMga kA hai| parantu yahA~ saptamI puliMga ekavacana kA "mmi' pratyaya kA prayoga huA hai| (Ga) "maNasi karemANassa' 1/66 saptamI ekavacana meM "i" pratyaya kA prayoga huA hai| (ca) saptamI ke yoga meM dvitIyA kA prayogaM bahUNi gAmAgara jAva AhiMDai 14/30 huA hai| dhvani parivartana- jJAtAdharma meM dhvani parivartana ke sabhI prakAra vidyamAna haiM, parantu yahA~ eka do udAharaNa hI die jA rahe haiN| svara Agama- ceie 1/2, caitya "i" Agama ho gyaa| bhariyAo 1/123, (bhAryA) (i) vAiya- pittiya- sebhiya saNNivAiya 1/208 arahao 5/42, aAgama arihA arihanaMmI 5/23 / 1. hemacandra- prAkRta vyAkaraNa vRtti, 3/137. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 131 35. vyaJjanAgama maMgalle 1/25 la kA Agama sumiNe 1/25 u aura i kA Agama, pa kA ma svapna khAima- sAima 1/40 i kA Agama ANiyalliyAo 1/123 yahA~ para "l'' kA Agama huA hai| maMgalleNa 1/201 yahA~ para "l' kA Agama huA hai| . sIyala cchAyAe 3/2 yahA~ para "ca" kA Agama hai| uMbara puppha 5/23 (udumbara puSpa) lopa vayaMjana huA hai| jammaNa 5/23 antima meM "na" vyaJjana kA lopa na hokara Na pUrNa ho gyaa| kaMcuijja 1/112 kaMcui meM "jja" kA Agama ho gayA parisA 6/3 guruyattaM 6/4 lahuyattaM 6/4 ta, tta kA aagm| dakkhiNillaM, uvarillaM, uttarillaM, dAhiNillaM, hechillaM 8/176 illa pratyayoM kA prayoga _dhvani parivartana meM Agama, lopa viparyaya, ghoSIkaraNa, aghoSIkaraNa, svIkaraNa, dIrdhIkaraNa, svarabhakti, alpaprANa, mahAprANa Adi se sambandhita kaI vizeSatAe~ jJAtAdharmakathA meM milatI haiN| inake atirikta bhI zabda parivartana, zabda rUpa, kriyA rUpa Adi kI kucha vizeSatAe~ bhI hai, jinakA hamane pUrNa vivecana na dekara eka sAmAnya saMketa mAtra hI prastuta kiyA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM kathAnakoM ke bIca meM dezI zabdoM, sUktiyoM, muhAvaroM evaM upadezAtmaka prasaMga bhI bhASA kI ramaNIyatA ko vyakta karate haiM jinakA vivecana sAhityika vizleSaNa meM yathA sambhava kiyA gayA hai| 36 dezI zabda TTisi 1/36 khiMvasya (niMdha) 8/1/6 koraMTa 1/44, 1/113 puSpa vizeSa muhamakkaDiyAo- mu~ha maTakAnA 8/116 colovayaNaM 1/97 misamisa- upahAsa karanA 8/116 diyA 1/199. dina detUMsae- geMda se 9/10 For Personal & Private Use Only

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132 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana kalla 2/12, 12 (kala) taDataDa- 9/10 cappuDiyAe 3/25 (cuTakI) phuTTa (phUTanA) 9/10 uMbara 5/23 (udumbara) hAhAkaya- hAhAkAra 9/10 ghaMTa 1/113 (ghaNTA) cokkhA (cokhA) 8/110 cholla 7/8 (cholanA) bhujjo-bhajjo (bAra-bAra) 1/72 usIsA 7/8 (takiyA) palla 7/18 koThAra .. khuDDAMga 7/9 37. sandhi jaba kisI zabda meM do varNa pAsa Ane para mila jAte haiM to unase utpanna hone vAle vikAra ko sandhi kahate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA meM sandhi vikalpa se hai nitya nhiiN| yathAnteNAmevauvAgaccha 1/4, jJAtAdharmakathA meM sandhi ke tIna bheda haiM- svara sandhi, vyaJjana sandhi, avyaya sndhi| (a) jJAtAdharmakathA meM svara sandhi- jJAtAdharmakathA meM cAra taraha ke svara sandhi milate haiM- dIrgha, guNa, hasva dIrgha aura prakRti bhAva yA sandhi nissedh| dIrgha sandhi- mahatimahAliyAe 1/114, mahati- mahA- AliyAe (A-AA) savvAlaMkAra vibhUsie 1/113, savva-alaMkAra vibhUsie (a-a-A) samaNAuso 4/10 guNa sandhi- jhANakoTThovagae 1/6 jhAga-koTThA- uvagae (a-u-o) savvouya 3/2 savva-uuya nAgeMda-nAga-iMda 8/177, imeyA ima- iyA 8/153 / hrasva dIrgha sandhi- jJAtAdharma meM sAmAsika padoM meM hrasva kA dIrgha aura dIrgha kA hrasva ho jAtA hai- eyAttve- eyarUve 1/63 / dIrgha kA dIrgha- itthIsaehiM 8/183 dIrgha kA hrasva- itthiNAmagoyaM 8/13 itthINAma pur3havisilApaTTaya 1/212 prakRti bhAva sandhi- sandhikArya ke na hone ko prakRtibhAva sandhi kahate haiN| tuma io tacce aIe 1/164, haMtA aDhe 1/163 mehA i samaNe 1/163, Ayariya uvajjhAyaNaM 4/10 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa svaralopa sandhi- jJAtAdharmakathA meM svaralopa kI pravRtti adhika pAyI jAtI hai| yathA- jeNeva teNeva 4/11, jeNa-eva, teNa-eva, agutiMdie 4/10, taheva 5/ 22, loguttAmeNaM 1/8, rAIsara 7/4, raaaiisr| (ba) vyaMjana sandhi- jJAtAdharmakathA meM prAya: vyaJjana sandhi kA prayoga nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| parantu kucha niyama isa prakAra hai| (1) "a' ke bAda Ae hue visarga kI jagaha usa pUrva "a' ke sAtha o ho ___jAtA hai yathA- koNio niggao dhammo kahio 1/5 Namo 8/181 nmH| (2) pada ke anta meM "m' kA anusvAra hotA hai yathA- rajjaM ca raTuM ca, kosaM ca, koTThAgAraM ca 1/.15 / (3) "m" se pare svara rahane para vikalpa se anusvAra hotA hai| yathA- majhamajheNaM 1/113, suhasuheNa 9/21 // (4) bahulAdhikAra rahane se halanta antya vyaJjana kA bhI ma hokara anusvAra hotA hai| yathA- evaM 14/34 / (5) varga ke antima Ga, j, Na aura na ke sthAna meM pazcAt vyaJjana hone para anusvAra ho jAtA hai| yathA- NaMdiminte 8/184 paMca- paJca 8/181 : maMDala-talo 9/23 / (6) avyaya sandhi- jJAtAdharmakathA ke anusAra avyaya padoM meM sandhi kArya karanA . : avyaya sandhi hai yathA- doccaM pi taccaM pi 4/8 NaM iha 1/10, jaMbutti ... 1/9 / 38. avyaya . ... liGga, vibhakti aura vacana ke anusAra jinake rUpoM meM vyaya (arthAt ghaTatI-bar3hatI) na ho use avyaya kahate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA meM prayukta avyaya ke pA~ca varga ho sakate haiM- upasarga, kriyA vizeSaNa, samuccayAdi bodhaka, manovikAra sUcaka, atirikta avyy| (1) upasarga jo avyaya kriyA se pUrva Ate haiM, unheM upasarga kahate haiM - - pa pakkhivei 7/8 . pari pariyaNassa 7/6 jA apa For Personal & Private Use Only

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vi 134 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana uMva uvakkhaDAvei 7/5 aNu aNugilai 7/8, aNupuvveNaM 7/10 saMgovaMti, saMrakkhaMti 7/10 vippavasiyaMsi 7/4 ni nijjAemi (lauTuMgA) 7/28, paDi - paDi 7/28, paDijAgaramANI 7/25 vi viharAmi 7/25, vihADei 7/24 suM sumitta 8/184 (2) kriyA vizeSaNa jJAtAdharmakathA meM kaI taraha ke kriyA vizeSaNa avyaya prApta hote haiMa 1/198 vAkya pUrti, vAkya pUraka avyaya evaM Adi ke artha . meM hotA hai| aNNayA (kabhI) aNNayA kayAI 13/9 . aNNhA (anyathA, anya rUpa) aNNahame na yANAmi 9/37 aMto. sA paumAvaI aMto aMteuraMsi 8/43 avi (bhI) avi yAiM ahaM 16/57 . aha (anantara, agara kintu) 14/35 aho (are) ahoNaM imA 16/74 ivA (athavA, yA, vA). 14/47 ihaM (yahA~) gihAo ihaM havvamAgae 16/56 uvariM 9/48 u (to, phira) jakkhe u selae 9/57 evaM (isa prakAra) 14/34 kao (kahA~) 14/5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 135 keI (koI) jai NaM kei 16/74 kayAI (kabhI, bhI) annayA kayAI 13/9 kahiM (kahA~ para) kahiM gayA 13/5 kahiM ci (kahIM) Isarassa vA kahiMci 8/119 khalu (nizcayavAcaka yA hI) evaM khalu sAmI 1/56 ca (aura, tathA) . culasIiM ca 8/192 kei kahiMci (koI kahIM para) kei kahiM ci accherae 8/76 jaM (jisa samaya) jaM samayaM 8/182 Na (niSedhavAcaka). taM Na Najjai 14/46 NaM (kyoMki) . vAkya kI zobhA ke lie bhI NaM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| pAsittA NaM 1/18 taM (usI) taM samayaM 8/182 tattha tattha vi ya 14/49 taMjahA (bhaya ke rUpa meM prayoga hotA hai|) 14/47 tao (isake pazcAt) 7/6 taeNaM 14/33 taheva (usI taraha) taheva jakkhe 9/57 takhe bhajjaNaM 8/85 tAhe (usase) tahi tabme vadaha 9/37 to (taba) . to haM visajjemi 14/35 tamhA (isalie) tamhA pavayaNasAre 9/59 tahA (tathA, aura to) tahA paccakkhAeyabve 8/65 taha (tathA) taha tti paDisuNei 14/42 tAmeva (vahI) tAmeva disiM paDigae 1/85 14/47, 48 / jJAtAdharmakathA meM nizcayavAcaka avyaya kA prayoga paryApta huA hai For Personal & Private Use Only

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136 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana na hu (nahIM) na hu jujjasi 9/52 purao (sAmane) purao rohiNiyaM 7/30 paraM (atyanta) paraM sAyAsAkkhamaNuDabhavamANe viharai 13/20 piva (taraha samAna) dhArAhayakalabagaM piva13/20 piTThao (pIche) piTThao aNugacchai 1/81 bho (sambodhanavAcaka) bho samaNA mAhaNA 14/50 mA (niSedhavAcava) mA paDibaMdha kareha 14/36 jaM NaM sAgaradattae 16/55 (vAkyAlaMkara ke lie isakA prayoga hotA hai) jahA va sA rohiNIyA 7/31, jahA devANaMdA. 14/37 jAva bhae jAva 14/40 jao (jisase) jao NaM bahave 1/110 jamhA (jahA~) jamhA Ne amhaM 1/95 jAmeva (usI) jAmeva disiM pAunbhUe 1/85 yAvi (jo bhI) yAvi hotthA 14/38 / savvao (sabhI ora) savvao samaMtA AhiMDati 1/82 sANIyaM 14/40 sIsayaM (samAna) sarisayaM kuMDalajuyalaM 8/89 saddhiM (sAtha) seNAe saddhiM 8/51 hA hA (khedavAcaka) hA hA ahA akajja 16/20 (3) samuccaya bodhaka avyaya jisa avyaya se eka vAkya dUsare vAkya meM samAhita hotA hai use samuccayabodhaka avyaya kahate hai| isake sAta bheda haiM(a) saMyojaka- ya--ahaM pi ya Na 16/218, dovaI ya devI 16/219, doccaM pi 19/27 / sANIyaM For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhASA vizleSaNa 137 (ba) viyojaka- vA- kayaraM desaM vA disiM vA 16/212, 213 / (sa) saMketArtha- jai ceva- jai NaM tubbhe 16/218, jai NaM maMte 2/1/35, ceva iha meva ceva 7/31 / (da) kAraNavAcaka teNa, teNeva uvAgacchai 19/18 / (ya) praznavAcaka kiM NaM- ki NaM tume 1/53, piMpi 1/50 / (ra) kAlavAcaka jAva-jAva kAlagae 16/226 / (la) udAharaNa sUcaka jahAM va se 19/26 / 39. samAsa ___"samasanaM samAsaH" ko saMkSepa meM samAsa kahate haiN| do yA do se adhika zabdoM ko sAtha rakhane ko samAsa kahate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA meM jitane bhI gadyAMza haiM una sabhI meM samAsa kI bahulatA hai| sampUrNa gadyAMza kA anuccheda samAsa pada se vibhUSita hai| isameM lambe samAsAnta padoM kA prayoga hai| yathA- sukumAla- pANipAyA............. juntovyaarkuslaa|1 arihaMtaM siddha pavayaNa guru thera bahussue tvssiisuN|2 . . sabhI prakAra ke samAsoM kA prayoga jJAtAdharma meM huA hai| yathA (1) avyayIbhAva samAsa- jisa samAsa meM pahalA pada avyaya ho use avyayI-bhAva samAsa kahate haiM, yathA- ahApaDirUpaM 1/4 yahA~ para "ahA' avyaya paDirUpa se pUrva hai isalie avyayIbhAva samAsa hai| aMtevAsI 1/4, ahAsuttaM ahAkappaM ahAmagga 1/196 / (2) tatpuruSa samAsa- jisameM uttarapada kI pradhAnatA hotI hai use tatparuSa samAsa kahate haiN| yathA- kulasampanna 1/4 maUraposaNa pAuggehiM 3/22, jiNadatapuru 3/22 koDuviyapurijhe 5/8 / (3) bahubrIhI samAsa- jisa pada se kisI anya artha kA jJAna ho use bahubrIhI samAsa kahate haiN| jaise- devANuppiyA 1/40, devoM ke priya yaha zabda mUlata: jJAtAdharma meM aitihAsika evaM paurANika puruSoM ke lie AyA hai| jJAtAdharma meM anuccheda ke anuccheda bahubrIhI samAsa ke mila jAte haiN| yathA- jAisaMpanne, kulasaMpanne oyaMsI, teyNsii.............tvphaanne| sabhI zabda Arya sudharmA ke lie prayukta hue haiN| 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16. 2. vahI, 8/14. 3. . vahI, 1/4. For Personal & Private Use Only

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138 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana (4) dvandva samAsa- do yA do se adhika saMjJAeM eka sAtha jahA~ AtI haiM vahI dvandva samAsa hotA hai| jJAtAdharma meM jahA~ kahIM bhI guNoM, aitihAsika puruSoM yA paza-pakSiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai vahA~ para eka se adhika saMjJAeM A gaI haiN| yathA- usabhaM- turaya- Nara- magara- vigaha- vAlaga- kinnara- rUrU sarama- camarakuMjara- vaNalaya 5 paumalaya bhticit|1 sagaDIsAgaDaM (7/28) / jJAtAdharma ke sabhI adhyayanoM meM eka sAtha dvandva samAsa dekhe jA sakate haiN| rohiNI jJAta kA chaThA anuccheda dvanddha samAsa se yukta hai| (5) dvigu samAsa- jisa zabda meM pUrva pada saMkhyAvAcI ho use dvigu samAsa kahate haiM, yathA- paMcasAliakkhae 7/28, coddasapuvo, caunANovagae 1/4, egadisiM 1/111 / prathama adhyayana ke anuccheda 199 meM dvigu samAsa kI bahulatA hai| yaha teraha paMktiyoM kA anuccheda hai| (6) karmadhAraya samAsa- jisa samAsa meM vizeSa aura vizeSya ho use karmadhAraya samAsa kahate haiM, jaise- sakumAlapANipAyA 1/14, mahAvIra 1/4, mahAsamiNANaM 1/37, bhaddasaNa 1/153, vimalasalila pugnaM 1/150 / samAsazailI eka vaijJAnika kalA hai jisakA prayoga karanA atyanta kaThina mAnA jAtA hai, parantu jJAtAdharmakathA ke kathAnakoM, ghaTanAoM evaM varNanAtmaka vivecanoM meM prAya: samAsa padoM kA prayoga huA hai| isakI pratyeka kathA ke pratyeka anuccheda samAsa padoM se jur3e hue haiM, mahattvapUrNa haiM, kyoMki likhita sAhitya ke prArambhika prayoga meM hI samAsa padoM se yukta vAkya racanAeM samAsa kI lambI paramparA kA vyAkhyAna karate haiN| samAsa arthAt saMkSepIkaraNa kI pravRtti mAnavIya prayogoM kA pramukha guNa rahA hai| ata: jJAtAdharmakathA ke kathAMza meM samAsoM kA prayoga bhASA kI dRSTi evaM kAvyAnuzAsana ke kAraNa atyanta mahattvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai| 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/31. For Personal & Private Use Only

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saptama adhyAya jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bhAratIya sAhitya meM manovinoda evaM jJAnavardhana ke lie vizeSa upadeza diyA gayA hai jo sunane meM madhura evaM AcaraNa meM sugama jAna par3atA hai| Agama sAhitya dhArmika AcAra-vicAra, tattva-cintana, nIti aura kartavya kA bodha karAnevAlA sAhitya hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga bhI unhIM meM se eka hai| isameM siddhAnta-nirupaNa, tattva nirNaya gUr3ha rahasyoM Adi ko sulajhAne ke lie kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jo kathana kiyA gayA hai vaha sabhI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| isa kathA pradhAna Agama meM jo sAMskRtika sAmagrI hai vaha bhAratIya saMskRti kI samakAlIna prAcIna paramparA ko pratipAdita karatI hai| isake kathAnakoM meM paurANika evaM tatkAlIna aitihAsika puruSoM evaM nAriyoM kA caritra-citraNa hai| isameM varNita kathAoM meM dvIpa, kSetra, parvata, nadiyA~, bandaragAha, araNya, vRkSa, jaMgalI pazu, janapada, nagara Adi bhaugolika sAmagrI upalabdha haiN| rAjA kA nirvAcana, uttarAdhikArI maMtrimaNDala aura usakA nirvAcana, anta:pura, rAjaprAsAda, bhavanodyAna, bhavanadIrghikA, mahAnasaMgraha Adi rAjanaitika sAmagrI isameM upalabdha haiN| varNa evaM jAti, pArivArika jIvana, parivAra ke ghaTaka- mAtA-pitA aura santAna kA sambandha, vivAha, vivAha cayana, vivAha-saMskAra, . baha-vivAha, mitra, dAsa-dAsiyA~, samAja meM nArI kA sthAna, kanyA, patnI, mAtA, vezyA, sAdhvI, bhojanapAna, svAsthya aura roga, vastrAbhUSaNa, nagaroM kI sthiti, vAhana, pAlatU pazu-pakSI, utsava, rIti-rivAja Adi sAmAjika sAmagriyoM kA samAveza hai| AjIvikA ke sAdhana, samudra-yAtrA aura vANijya Adi Arthika sAmagrI bhI haiN| pramukha dharma aNuvrata, mahAvrata, zrAvaka dharma Adi dhArmika sAmagrI kA bhI ullekha hai| zikSA, sAhitya, gIta, nRtya, indrajAla, vINA, nATya sUtra, prahelikA Adi 72 kalAoM ke atirikta anya kaI sAMskRtika mUlyoM ke vivecana bhI jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM samAhita haiN| sArAMzata: Adhunika vijJAna kI dRSTi evaM atIta kI kalA, zikSA, saMskRti ke samAjasya ke lie yaha eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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140 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana aitihAsika aura paurANika vyakti ___jJAtAdharmakathA kathA pradhAna Agama hai| isameM rAjA zreNika, kUNika, abhayakumAra, meghakumAra Adi ke vizeSa ullekha zodhArthI ko aitihAsika pakSa kA bodha karAte haiN| itihAsa kA viSaya jitanA prAmANika hotA hai utanA hI mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA prAcIna grantha hai isalie yaha bhI Avazyaka evaM prAmANika saMketa detA hai ki isameM jitane bhI puruSoM, nAriyoM, kalAcAryoM, rAniyoM, upAsakoM, coroM, sArthavAhoM, gaNikAoM, mahAbaloM Adi ke ullekha haiM ve sabhI itihAsa kI amUlya dharohara haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA meM kaI aitihAsika nAriyoM ke bhI ullekha Aye haiM jinameM dhAriNI, bhadrA, thAvaccA, ujjhikA, bhogavatI, rakSikA, rohiNI, mallI, ratnadvIpadevI, poTTilA, nAgazrI, sukumArikA, draupadI, kAlI, rAjI, rajanI, vidyutadevI, meghA, rUpA, kamalA Adi nAriyA~ pramukha haiN| ina sabhI ke viSaya meM prAmANika jAnakArI ke lie yaha Agama grantha mahattvapUrNa hai kyoMki eka sAtha eka hI grantha meM kaI prakAra ke aitihAsika puruSoM evaM nAriyoM kA ullekha mila pAnA kaThina hai| yadi yaha kisI eka kathA vizeSa kA grantha hotA to kucha nizcita aitihAsika puruSa evaM nAriyA~ hI isameM samAhita ho paatiiN| kintu yaha pRthak-pRthak kathAoM kA saMgraha grantha hai jisameM paurANika, aitihAsika Adi sabhI sAmagriyA~ samAhita haiN| isalie yaha kathA grantha aitihAsika dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karanevAlA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| kucha aitihAsika pAtroM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra pArzvanAtha ___jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha evaM unake zramaNa- zramaNiyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| adhikAMzata: vidvAna inako aitihAsika puruSa mAnate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra jaina dharma ke caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma IsA se lagabhaga 589 varSa pUrva vaizAlI ke samIpa kuNDagrAma ke kSatriya vaMza meM huA thaa| ye kAzyapa gotrIya rAjakumAra the| inake pitA siddhArtha evaM mAtA trizalA devI thii|2 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2/1/14. 2. vimalacandra pANDeya, prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika tathA sAMskRtika itihAsa, pR. 187. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 141 gaNadhara gautama gautama gaNadhara kA pUrA nAma indrabhUti gautama thaa| inakA ullekha vipAkasUtra meM aneka sthAnoM para milatA hai| inakI gaNanA mahAvIra svAmI ke prathama ziSya ke rUpa meM kI jAtI hai| sudharmA svAmI sudharmA svAmI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pA~caveM gaNadhara evaM jambUsvAmI ke guru the| jambU svAmI sudharmA svAmI ke ziSya Arya jambU the| jaina AgamoM meM aneka sthAnoM para inakA ullekha AyA hai|3. jambU rAjagRha ke samRddha seTha ke putra the| inake pitA RSabhadatta evaM mAtA dhAriNI thiiN| ye kAzyapa gotrIya U~ce zarIra evaM gaura varNa ke the|5 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ariSTanemi kA bhI ullekha milatA hai|6 jaina AgamoM ke antakRtdazA, anutta papAtika evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kRSNa kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai jo ariSTanemi ke cacere bhAI the|7 zreNika magadha ke prArambhika narezoM meM rAjA zreNika kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| zreNika kA vivAha vaizAlI nareza kI putrI celanA ke sAtha sampanna huA thaa| inakI paTTarAnI kA nAma dhAriNI9 thaa| rAjA zreNika eka kuzala prazAsaka the, sAtha hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ananya anuyAyiyoM meM inakI ginatI hotI thii| inhoMne kaI dIkSA grahaNa karanevAlo ko sahayoga diyA thaa|1deg zreNika ke tIna putra the- abhayakumAra, meghakumAra 1. vipAka sUtra 1/13. / 2. vahI, 8/5. 3. sthAnAMga sUtra, 1/1/1, vipAkasUtra, 1/1/3. 4. anutraropapAtikadazA, pR0 56. 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/6. 6. vahI, 5/7. 7. anatakRtadazA 8/13, jJAtAdharmakathAMga 5/5. 8. DaoN. bhAgacandra bhAskara, bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unakA cintana, pR0 105. 9. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16. 10. DaoN. bhAgacandra bhAskara bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unakA cintana, pR0. 106. For Personal & Private Use Only

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142 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana evaM ajaatshtru|1 jIvana ke antima dinoM meM ajAtazatru/kUNika ne rAjA zreNika ko kArAgAha meM DAla diyA thaa| rAjA kUNika kUNika ko ajAtazatru bhI kahA jAtA hai jo magadha kA rAjA thaa| svabhAva se kaNika karUNAzIla, maryAdita, kSemakara evaM kSemadhara thaa| isI kAraNa janamAnasa dvArA vaha sammAnita evaM pUjita thaa| parantu karmaprakRti pradatta vaha krodhI thaa| usane apane pitA bimbasAra ko dAruNa duHkha diyA thaa| dhAriNI nAmaka usakI rAnI thii|5 rAjA kRNika ne apane sahodara bhAIyoM ke gale se hAra evaM secanaka hAthI ko chInane ke lie apane nAnA ceTaka se bhayaMkara yuddha kiyA thaa| koNika ceTaka yuddha itihAsa prasiddha hai|6 bhaugolika paricaya. __jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM bhaugolika pariveza kA bhI vivecana hai| isameM vividha dezoM, pradezoM, rAjadhAniyoM, nagaroM, upanagaroM, grAmoM, bandaragAhoM, dvIpa, kSetra, parvata, nadiyoM : Adi kA bhI varNana hai| jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM prAkRtika evaM rAjanaitika donoM hI prakAra kI sAmagriyoM kA samAveza hai jinakI saMkSipta jAnakArI' isa prakAra dI jA rahI hai campAnagarI ati samRddhazAlI evaM vividha rAjapariSadoM se yukta thii| campAnagarI kA hI eka vizeSa upanagara rAjagRha thA jisakA isa grantha meM aneka sthaloM para vivecana huA hai| yaha upanagara vividha prakAra ke zrRMgATaka AkAra ke mArga vAlA, tirAhe, caurAhe, caturmukha, patha evaM mahApatha Adi se suzobhita thaa| kSetraphala kI dRSTi se isakA vistAra uttara-pUrva dizA meM phailA huA thA jo vividha prakAra ke udyAnoM, toraNa dvAroM evaM nAnA prakAra kI vana sampadAoM se yukta thaa| mUlata: kathAkAra ne campAnagarI 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/102. 2. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, pR0-509. 3. aupapAtika sUtra 1/11. 4. bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unakA cintana, DaoN. bhAgacandra bhAskara, pR0 106. 5. aupapAtika sUtra, 1/12. 6. antagaDadazAMga, pR0 186-187. 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/109. 8. vahI, 2/2-3. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #156
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 143 evaM rAjagRha ina do ko hI AdhAra banAyA hai kyoMki mahAvIra ne ina donoM sthAnoM para hI apanA adhikAMza samaya vyatIta kiyA thaa| dvArakAnagarI kA kSetraphala dete hue kahA gayA hai ki vaha pUrva-pazcima meM 12 yojana lambI aura uttara-dakSiNa meM nau yojana caur3I thii| isakI racanA alakApurI/ indrapurI ke samAna kI gayI thii| isake uttara-pUrva dizA meM revataka parvata/giranAra parvata isakI zobhA meM cAra cA~da lagAte the jo bahuta U~ce tathA AkAzamArga ko chUnevAle the|1 paMcama adhyAya meM saugaMdhikA nagarI kA ullekha hai jo samRddhazAlI thii| isI saugaMdhikA nagarI ko kathAkAra ne parivrAjakoM ke nivAsa kI nagarI mAnA hai| vitazokAnagarI ko vijaya kSetra kI rAjadhAnI kahA gayA hai| vijaya kSetra ko salilAvatI nAma se bhI sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| aMgadeza meM zrAvastInagara, 5 kuNAla, mithilA, videha, hastinApura, kuru, pAMcAla, kAMpilya Adi nagaroM kA ullekha eka mAtra mallI adhyayana meM huA hai| mithilA kA bhI ullekha AyA hai|6 isa prakAra isa Agama meM kevala nagaroM kA ullekha mAtra nahIM hai, apitu unakI paridhi, kSetra, vistAra Adi kA bhI varNana hai| pramukha nadiyA~ . jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vividha nadiyoM ke varNana meM gaMgA ko mahAnadI kahA gayA hai| jainAgama sAhitya evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sItA, nArIkAntA, raktA, raktAvalI Adi mahAnadiyoM kA ullekha bhI huA hai| sItodAna ko bhI mahAnadI kahA gayA hai| vanoM kA vivecana jJAtAdharmakathA meM naisargika rUpa meM vanakhaNDoM kA samAveza hai| maNikara zreSThI ne naMdA puSkarNI ke cAroM ora vanakhaNDa lagavAe, rope, unakI rakhavAlI kI, saMgopana . * kiyA ityAdi varNana ke prasaMga meM yaha bhI kathana kiyA gayA hai ki yaha vanakhaNDa vizAla puSpoM, patroM aura hariyAlI se yukta thaa|1deg agrAmika aTavI, 11 naMdanavana 12 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 5/2-3. 2. vahI, 5/30. 3. vahI, 5/40. 4. vahI, 8/3. 5. vahI, 8/79. 6. vahI, 8/164. 7. vahI, 4/2. 8. sthAnAMgasUtra 2/292, 2/302, jJAtAdharmakathAMga 19/2. 9. vahI, 8/2. 10. vahI, 13/13. 11. vahI, 18/29. 12. vahI, 5/3. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #157
144 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana evaM ratnadvIpa devatA nAmaka devI ke nivAsa sthAna ke cAroM ora meM cAra vanakhaNDa the jinake nAmoM kA ullekha nahIM hai| usa prAsAda ke dakSiNa dizA meM jo vanakhaNDa sthita thA use durgandhayukta kahA gayA hai| isakA kAraNa yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa vana meM jo durgandha AtI thI vaha saoNpa Adi ke mRta kalevara se rahI hogii| vahA~ prANI rakSA kA abhAva rahA hogA isalie dakSiNa dizA kA yaha vanakhaNDa durgandhita, pradUSita vAtAvaraNa se yukta rahA hogaa| guphA . ___eka mAtra siMha guphA kA ullekha hI jJAtAdharma meM milatA hai| paMcama adhyayana meM guphA kA ullekha nahIM hai, parantu bahusaMkhyaka guphAe~ revataka parvata meM thIM, aisA ullekha hai| dvIpa kAlikadvIpa- kAlikadvIpa jahA~ para cA~dI, sone, ratnoM, hIroM Adi kI khAne thiiN| usameM vividha prakAra ke azva bhI prApta hote the| kAlikadvIpa ko samRddhazAlI dvIpa bhI kahA gayA hai| __. jambUdvIpa- prAyaH kathAnaka ke prArambhika varNana meM jambUdvIpa ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya liyA gayA hai| ise atyanta bar3A dvIpa mAnA hai|6 ratnadvIpa- yaha dvIpa aneka yojana lambA, caur3A evaM aneka yojana ghere vAlA thaa| isake pradeza meM aneka prakAra ke vanakhaNDa bhI the|7. parvata revataka parvata jise giranAra bhI kahate haiN| yaha phUloM ke gucchoM, latAoM aura balliyoM se vyApta thaa| haMsa, mRga, mayUra, koMca, sArasa, cakravAka aura koyala Adi pakSiyoM ke jhuNDoM, jharane, jalaprapAta Adi se suzobhita thaa| isa taraha nadI, upavana, dvIpa Adi ke bhaugolika vivecana sambandhI paryApta sAmagrI isa grantha meM samAviSTa haiM jinameM se vistAra bhaya ke kAraNa kucha kA hI ullekha yahA~ kiyA gayA hai| 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 9/13. 2. vahI, 9/32. 3. vahI, 18/24. 4. vahI, 5/3. 5. vahI, 17/9. 6. vahI, 1/13. 7. vahI, 9/12. 8. vahI, 5/3. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #158
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 145 sAmAjika jIvana sAmAjika racanA ke tAne-bAne meM varNa, jAti, parivAra, vivAha, saMskAra, nArIsthAna, AhAra-vihAra Adi ko sthAna diyA jAtA hai| isalie jJAtAdharma meM pratipAdita sAmAjika jIvana ke kucha upAdAna isa prakAra haiM varNa vyavasthA- Agama sAhitya se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki samAja Arya aura anArya do vargoM meM vibhAjita thaa| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM karma ke AdhAra para varNa vyavasthA mAnI gayI hai jisameM prArambha meM kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ina tIna vargoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai| kintu kAlAntara meM jaina varNa-vyavasthA meM bhI kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra vargoM ke sAtha brAhmaNa varNa kA samAveza ho gayA jise vaidika paramparA se prabhAvita vyavasthA kaha sakate haiN| brAhmaNa- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM brAhmaNa ke lie prAkRta bhASA kA 'mAhaNa' zabda prayukta huA hai| jaina AgamoM meM anekoM jagaha brAhmaNa aura zramaNa zabda kA prayoga eka sAtha huA hai isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki samAja meM ina donoM ko sammAnanIya sthAna prApta thaa|2 kSatriya- jaina Agama sAhitya meM kSatriya ke lie prAkRta bhASA meM 'khattiya'3 zabda AyA hai| prAcInakAla meM kSatriyoM ko samAja meM sarvazreSTha sthAna prApta thaa| ye chatra, mukuTa tathA cAmara ityAdi rAjya cihnoM se yukta hote the| vaizya- vaNika ke lie prAkRta bhASA meM 'vaissa'5 zabda hai| jJAtAdharma meM vaizya ke lie zreSThI (seTha) zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai|6 kSatriyoM ke bAda inheM hI samAja meM zreSTha sthAna diyA gayA thaa| - zUdra- zUdra, cANDAla Adi nimna jAtiyoM ke rUpa meM samAja meM sthApita the| zUdra prAya: nimna zreNI kA kArya karate the isa kAraNa inakA sarvatra nirAdara hotA thaa| anya jAtiyoM kI taraha inakA bhI eka parivAra hotA thA, jahA~ ye rahate the| cANDAla- cANDAla pApa karma karate the| isa kAraNa samAja meM inheM ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thaa| yaha atyanta bhayAnaka krUra karma karane vAle, dayA se 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 16/3. 3. vipAkasUtra 5/6. ____5. vipAkasUtra, 5/6. 2. 4. 6. vahI, 14/49. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/30. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 2/8. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #159
146 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana rahita evaM narasaMghAtaka hote the|1 yadyapi jaina paramparA meM cANDAla dvArA bhI zramaNa dIkSA lene kA ullekha hai| isa AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna jaina samAja meM cANDAla ko bhI auroM kI bhA~ti samAna adhikAra prApta the| . inake atirikta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nimna jAtiyoM ke rUpa meM nAI, mayUra poSaka kA nAma bhI AtA hai kintu AlaMkArika puruSa (nAI) kI sthiti saMtoSaprada hotI thii| rAjA dvArA inako yathAyogya sammAna prApta hotA thaa| jaba koI rAjA yA rAjakumAra dIkSA lene jAte the to unakA muNDana nAI hI karatA thaa| nAI sugaMdhita padArthoM se hAtha paira dhokara muMha para zveta vastra bAMdhakara bAla ko kATatA thaa| isI prakAra mayUra poSakoM ko bhI rAjA dvArA jIvikA hetu dravya milatA thaa|3|| kuTumba prAcInakAla meM saMyukta parivAra prathA pracalita thii| yaha eka prakAra kI saMsthA hotI hai isI ke kAraNa manuSya kA utthAna sambhava thaa| jaina satroM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki parivAra meM mAtA-pitA, putra, bhAI, bahana ke madhya paraspara pragAr3ha prema. hotA thaa| ve eka-dUsare ke sukha-duHkha ke bhAgIdAra hote the| mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahina ke atirikta zAdI ke bAda eka parivAra aura isa saMsthA meM jur3a jAtA thaa| jisameM sAsa-sasura mukhya hote the| saMyukta parivAra meM pati-patnI, putra-putrI, mAtA-pitA, putra-vadhU, dhAya mAtA, dAsa-dAsI, naukara-naukarAniyA~ eka sAtha rahate the| parivAra meM pitA kI devatA ke samAna pUjA kI jAtI thii|6 pitA samaya-asamaya apane patroM-putravadhuoM kI parIkSA liyA karate the| rAjA bhI apane putroM ko atyadhika sammAna detA thaa| zreNika rAjA apane putra abhayakumAra kI maMtraNA se hI rAjyakArya saMcAlita karatA thaa| rAjA jaba pravrajyA grahaNa karatA thA to apane jyeSTha patra ko rAjakArya sauMpa detA thaa|9 parivAra meM putrI ko bhI sammAna prApta thaa|10 zikSA evaM vidyAbhyAsa prAcInakAla se hI zikSA suniyojita tathA suvyavasthita rUpa se pradAna kI jAtI thii| hA~! yaha jarUra thA ki vaha zikSA guru ke pAsa (gurukula) jAkara prApta kI 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2/9. 2. vahI, 1/39. 3. vahI, 3/24. 4. vahI, 18/39. 5. vahI, 8/83. 6. vahI, 18/37. 7. vahI, 7/5. 8. vahI, 1/15. 9. vahI, 8/10. 10. vahI, 8/31, 34. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #160
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 147 jAtI thii| zikSA sabhI vargoM ko sulabha thii| yaha prAya: ekAnta jagahoM para dI jAtI thii|1 bAlaka jaba ATha varSa kA ho jAtA thA to mAtA-pitA zubha tithi tathA zubha muhUrta meM use zikSA prApta karane ke lie kalAcArya ke pAsa bheja dete the|2 zikSakoM ko bar3A hI Adara evaM sammAna prApta thaa| unheM samaya-samaya para prItidAna evaM pAritoSika bhI milate rahate the| jJAtAdharmakathA meM kalA prAcInakAla meM zikSArthI ko cAra veda, cha: vedAMgoM, nyAya, purANa, dharmazAstra, gaNitazAstra, zikSAzAstra, jyotiSazAstra evaM chandazAstra meM pravINa karAyA jAtA thaa|" jaina sUtroM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki bAlakoM ko kalAcArya ke pAsa bhejakara bahattara prakAra kI kalAoM meM pravINa karAyA jAtA thaa| phalata: unake nau aMga do netra, do kAna, do nAka, jihvA, tvacA aura mana jo bAlyAvasthA aparipakvAvasthA meM rahate the ve paripakva ho jAte the|5 jJAtAdharmakathA meM bahattara kalAoM kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai| jJAtAdharma meM bhASA jJAtAdharma meM cAra prakAra kI vANI/bhASA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai(1) AkhyApanA- sAmAnya rUpa se pratipAdita karanevAlI vaannii| (2) prajJApanA - vizeSa rUpa se pratipAdita karanevAlI vaannii| (3) saMjJApanA - sambodhana karanevAlI vANI / (4) vijJApanA - anunaya vinaya karanevAlI vaannii|6 vastra eva vezabhUSA ... AcArAMga kI bhA~ti jJAtAdharma meM bhI vividha prakAra ke vastroM kA ullekha hai| AcArAMga meM cha: prakAra ke vastroM kA ullekha huA hai- jAMgamika, bhAMgika, sAnika, potraka, lAmika aura tuulkRt| ina cha: prakAra ke vastroM ko mani dhAraNa karate the| sAdhvI cAra saMghATikA (cAdara) dhAraNa karatI thiiN| cAdara eka, do yA tIna hAtha pramANa . jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/98. 1. vahI, acArAMga 2-2/412. 2. 3. vahI, 1/100. 4. vipAkasUtra 4/5, uttarAdhyayana sUtra 14/3.. 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/101. 6. vahI, 1/27.. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #161
148 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana vistRta tathA cAra hAtha pramANa lambI hotI thii| jJAtAdharmakathA ke solahaveM adhyayana meM 'mRgacarma' kA vivecana hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI ullekha hai ki dhAriNI devI AkAza. tathA sphaTika maNi ke samAna vastra pahanI huIM thIM jo itanA komala thA ki nAsikA ke nizvAsa kI vAyu se ur3a jAtA thaa|2 rAjA korA tathA bahumUlya vastra dhAraNa karate the|3 snAna ke pazcAt pakSI ke paMkha ke samAna komala tathA kaSAya raMga se raMge vastroM se unakA zarIra poMchA jAtA thaa| uttarIya or3hanevAle vastra ko uttarAsaMga kahate the| yaha lambA laTakatA huA dupaTTA hotA thaa| isakA prayoga rAjA loga karate the|5 vastroM ko pahanane se pUrva zarIra para sugaMdhita padArthoM jaise candana, sarasa Adi kA vilepana6 tathA zatapAka aura sahastra pAka Adi zreSTha sugaMdhita teloM se zarIra kI mAliza karate the| AbhUSaNa strI tathA puruSa zarIra ko zobhAyamAna banAne ke lie AbhUSaNoM kA prayoga karate the| striyA~ gale meM sundara hAra, kAnoM meM kuNDala, hAthoM meM kar3e, aMguliyoM meM aMgUThI, pairoM meM nupUra tathA kamara meM karadhanI pahanatIM aura bahuoM ko zreSTha bAjUbanda se staMbhita karatI thiiN| rAjA laTakate hue kaTisUtra, kaMThA, aMgUThI, ekAvalI kuNDala, kaTuka aura truTika nAmaka AbhUSaNa pahanate theN|10 striyoM kI dazA jainAgamoM meM striyoM ke do rUpa dekhane ko milate haiM- Adarza aura ptit| striyoM kA parivAra meM mAtA, patnI, bahana, putrI tathA putravadhu kA rUpa thaa|11 AcArAMga meM striyoM ko AyuSmati, yavati (Apa), bhagavatI, upAsikA, zrAvikA tathA bahana (bhaginI) Adi zabdoM se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai|12 kahIM-kahIM aise striyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jinhoMne dIkSA grahaNa karake sAdhvI vrata dhAraNa kiyA thaa| mallIkumArI jinahoMne dIkSA aMgIkAra karake arihanta pada ko prApta kiyA thaa|13 bahuta-sI aisI 1. AcArAMgasUtra 2/5/553. 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/80, 44. 3. vahI, 1/30. 4. vahI, 1/30. 5. vahI, 1/30. 6. vahI, 1/30. 7. vahI, 1/29. 8. vahI, 1/44. 9. vahI, 1/142. 10. vahI, 1/30. 11. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 6/3. 12. AcArAMgasUtra 4/529. 13. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/183, 192. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 149 striyoM kA varNana bhI hai jinhoMne gRha tyAga kara muNDita hokara jaina dIkSA grahaNa kara kula, zIla tathA AcaraNa ko surakSita rakhA thaa| sAtha hI kucha aisI striyoM kA bhI varNana prApta hotA hai jinheM durAcaraNa ke kAraNa mArA-pITA jAtA thaa|2 vivAha jainAgama sAhitya ke adhyayana se yaha vidita hotA hai ki vivAha prAya: mAtA-pitA apanI icchA se taya karate the| meghakumAra kA vivAha usake mAtA-pitA ne zubha muhUrta tathA zubha-tithi ko karavAyA thaa|3 svayaMvara vivAha meM kanyA svayaM apane pati kA varaNa karatI thii| phira vara ke sAtha kanyA kA vivAha hotA thaa|5 kahIM-kahIM para kanyA ko pAlakI meM baiThAkara parijana svayaM lar3ake ko sauMpa Ate the|6 phira sambandhiyoM evaM mitroM ko bhojana karAyA jAtA aura sasammAna vidAI dI jAtI thii| dAsa prathA __purAtana kAla meM dAsa-dAsI prathA kA pracalana thaa| sampanna evaM dhanADhya gRhastha apane yahA~ dAsa-dAsiyoM ko rakhate the| kaI sthAnoM para vivAha ke avasara para dAsa-dAsI bheMTa karane kA rivAja bhI thaa|9| gaNikAe~ . jJAtAdharma meM aneka nRtya, gIta evaM rati kriyA se apanA jIvikopArjana karane vAlI striyoM kA varNana milatA hai| ye striyA~ nagara kI zobhA mAnI jAtI thIM evaM rAjA vibhinna avasaroM para inake sAtha nagara bhramaNa karate the|10 jJAtAdharma se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki ye gaNikAe~ causaTha kalAoM meM nipuNa, unatIsa prakAra kI vizeSa krIr3A karanevAlI, ikkIsa prakAra ke ratiguNoM meM nipuNa, puruSa ke battIsa upacAroM meM pravINa evaM aTThAraha bhASA kI jAnakAra hotI thiiN|11 svapna jJAtAdharmakathA ke anusAra 72 svapna haiM jisameM 42 svapna aura 30 mahAsvapnoM - 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 2, zrutaskandha, 1/15. 2. vahI, 16/27. 3. vahI, 1/104. 4. vahI, 16/108. 5. vahI, 16/45. .6. vahI, 14/22. 7. vahI, 16/46. 8. vahI, 2/21. 9. vahI, 16/128. 10. vahI, 16/94. 11. vahI, 3/6. For Personal & Private Use Only

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150 . jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana kA ullekha hai|1 vidvAnoM kA mata hai ina tIsa mahAsvapnoM meM se eka bhI svapna dRSTigata hone para draSTA ko Arogya, dIrghAyu, kalyANa aura mahAna sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai| manoraJjana prAcIna samaya meM manoraJjana ke aneka sAdhanoM kA ullekha hameM jaina AgamoM meM prApta hotA hai| jinameM manoraJjana karAnevAlI dAsiyA~, kanduka evaM jala krIr3A dvArA mana bahalAnA; upavana evaM bAga meM TahalanA, strI evaM puruSa dvArA copar3a khelanA puruSoM dvArA mayUroM ko nRtya karAnA Adi mukhya hai|3 / / udyAna ___ jaina sAhitya meM jIrNa udyAna (jo rAjagRha ke bAhara sthita thA), subhUmibhAga udyAna (jo campAnagarI ke bAhara sthita thA) Adi kA varNana prApta hotA hai| vibhinna prakAra ke phUla ke per3oM se zobhAyamAna ina udyAnoM meM aneka zramaNa. apane ziSyoM sahita Akara Thaharate the evaM nagara ke vyakti bhI manoraJjana hetu inakA upayoga karate the| nRtya evaM nATaka jJAtAdharmakathA meM bahattara kalAoM meM saMgIta, nRtya evaM nATaka kA bhI samAveza hai| yaha saMgIta gadya evaM padyamaya geya, manohara saptasvara, sukhAnta, gyAraha alaMkAroM evaM ATha guNoM se yukta hotA thaa|5 AgamoM meM battIsa prakAra ke nATakoM ke ullekha milate haiN| nATaka karate samaya strI evaM puruSa vibhinna AbhUSaNoM, mAMgalika cihnoM evaM upakaraNoM se susajjita hote the| jJAtAdharma meM ullekha AyA hai ki guNazIla udyAna meM durdura nAmaka deva ne 32 prakAra ke nATaka dikhAe the| AhAra jaina sAhitya meM azana, pAna, khAdima, svAdima Adi cAra prakAra ke bhojana kA ullekha hai| tatkAlIna samAja meM bhojya padArthoM ke antargata anAja, sabjI, dUdha, 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/36. 2. vahI, 1/38. 3. vahI, 14/7, 1/45, 1/44, 3/12, 3/22, 25. 4. vahI, 2/2, 3/2, 5/3, 2/3. 5. rAjapraznIya sUtra 1/4/1. 6. vahI, sUtra 76. 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 13/4. For Personal & Private Use Only

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151 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dahI, ghI, tela, mA~sa, madirA Adi kA pracalana thaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM vibhinna vidhiyoM dvArA azuddha pAnI ko zuddha karane tathA mAMsAhAra rahita bhojya padArtha kA sevana karane kA vidhAna nirdezita hai|2 roga evaM cikitsA jJAtAdharmakathA meM 16 prakAra ke rogoM kA ullekha milatA hai| ina rogoM kI snehapAna, vamana, virecana, avadahana, udvalana, udvartana, apasnAna, anuvAsanA, vastikarma, takSaNa, prakSaNa, tarpaNa, puTapAka, kandamUla, puSpa, phala Adi aneka auSadhiyoM dvArA cikitsA karate the| vibhinna auSadhAlayoM kA bhI saMcAlana hotA thA jahA~ bImAro kI cikitsA kI jAtI thii| viziSTa ArAdhanA ___ jaina AgamoM meM kArya ko siddha karane ke lie devatAoM kI ArAdhanA kA ullekha milatA hai| jaise abhayakumAra ne telA kA upavAsa kara devArAdhanA kI thii| padmanAbha ne draupadI ko pAne ke lie devaArAdhanA kI thii|6 tyauhAra evaM utsava jaina AgamoM meM aneka parvo evaM utsavoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| udAharaNArtha putrotsava dasa dina taka dhUmadhAma se manAyA jAtA thaa| isa avasara para kaidiyoM ko mukta karane kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| nAmotsava ke avasara para svajanoM evaM sambandhiyoM ko aneka vastra evaM alaMkAroM se sammAnita kiyA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra vivAha utsava evaM dIkSA mahotsava kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie meghakumAra dIkSA samAroha, thAvaccA kumAra dIkSA samAroha Adi kA varNana mahattvapUrNa hai|9 aneka devI-devatAoM kI pUjA bhI utsava ke rUpa meM kI jAtI thii| jaise nAgotsava, indrotsava, ykssotsv|10 ... isa prakAra jJAtAdharmakathA meM cAroM vargoM ke pAtroM ko lekara unake AcAra-vicAra, dharma-karma, nIti-vyavahAra Adi para svatantra rUpa se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isa AdhAra - 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 2/33. . 3. vahI, 13/21. 5. vahI, 1/67. - 7. vahI, 1/90, 91. 9. vahI, 1/142, 143, 154. 2. vahI, 12/16. 4. vahI, 13/22. 6. vahI, 1/82. 8. vahI, 1/95. 10. vahI, 1/141. For Personal & Private Use Only

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152 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya kI sAmAjika vyavasthA ke ghaTaka Adhunika yaga ko nizcita hI naI dizA pradAna karane meM samartha haiN| rAjA nIti nipuNa evaM prajArakSaka hotA thA jo Aja bhI saMvaidhAnika hai| parivAra meM mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahina kI jo vyAvahArika sthiti pUrva meM thI vaha aba vilupta hotI huI najara A rahI hai, kyoMki parivAra vibhAjita hote jA rahe haiN| parantu pUrva meM aisA nahIM thA isalie sabhI prakAra kI samAja vyavasthA banI huI thii| samAja meM nArI kA sthAna sammAnajanaka thaa| kanyA, patnI, mAtA, vidhavA, sAdhvI, gaNikA Adi ko tAtkAlIna samAja meM zikSita banAyA jAtA thA tAki ve nAnA prakAra ke ADambaroM se rahita sadAcArapUrvaka jIvanayApana kara skeN| usa samaya kula maryAdA ko vizeSa mahattva diyA jAtA thA jo Aja bhI vidyamAna hai, parantu kucha anAvazyaka vyavadhAna kula maryAdA meM bAdhaka bana gaye haiM, ata: Aja isa prakAra ke Agamika viSaya ko atyanta prabhAvazAlI mAnA jA sakatA hai| tatkAlIna samAja meM khAna-pAna Adi para bhI vicAra kiyA jAtA thaa| anAhAra, phalAhAra aura mAMsAhAra ye tInoM AhAra pracalita the parantu annAhAra aura phalAhAra ko hI sarvatra mahattva diyA gayA, mAMsAhAra ko nhiiN| Aja zAkAhAra kA Andolana nayA nahIM hai, balki yaha prAcInakAla meM bhI vidyamAna thaa| Aja bhI isakI parama AvazyakatA hai kyoMki mAMsAhAra se mUla prANiyoM ke vadha se paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa bhI hotA hai, ata: jo jJAtAdharma meM bhojana-pAna-sambandhI vyavasthAe~ kI gayI haiM ve vyakti ko na kevala nirogI banAtI haiM, apitu jIva saMrakSaNa meM bhI apanA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna detI haiN| ata: samAja mAnava jIvana ke lie eka aisA saMgaThita sthAna hai jahA~ paramparAe~ banatI haiM aura bigar3atI bhI haiN| ata: sukhI sAmAjika vyavasthA kI taba se aba taka mAMga banI huI hai| sukhI samAja kI kalpanA AcAra-vicAra kI samyak-vidhi se hI saMbhava hai| ata: sadAcaraNa yukta sAmAjika jIvana ko banAe rakhanA hI isa Agama kI pramukha zikSA hai| zAsana-vyavasthA jaina aMga AgamoM meM rAjya vyavasthA ke sambandha meM koI vyavasthita ullekha nahIM hai phira bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kahIM-kahIM para prApta usa kAla kI rAjanaitika vyavasthA kI jhA~kI milatI hai| udAharaNArtha- rAjA, yuvarAja, uttarAdhikArI, rAjyAbhiSeka, rAjaprAsAda, maMtrI evaM padAdhikArI, kara-vyavasthA, nyAya-vyavasthA Adi mukhya haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #166
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 153 rAjA prajA kA pAlana karane ke lie rAjA kA honA atyanta Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| rAjA tatkAlIna zAsana-vyavasthA kA kendrabindu thaa| zreNika, pANDu, mahAbala, vasu, pUraNa, abhicandra Adi kI rAjya-vyavasthA kA ullekha hai| ye sabhI rAjA kuzala nItijJa aura prazAsaka the| yuvarAja rAjA kA zAsana meM hAtha baTAne tathA rAjya kI sadRr3ha vyavasthA banAe rakhane ke lie yuvarAja kA honA atyanta Avazyaka thaa| jJAtAdharma ke anusAra magadha ke rAjA bimbisAra ke samaya meM bhI abhayakumAra hI rAjya (zAsana), rASTra (deza) koza, koThAra (anna bhaNDAra), bala (senA) aura vAhana (savArI ke yogya hAthI, azva Adi) pura aura anta:pura kI dekhabhAla karatA thaa| uttarAdhikArI sAdhAraNata: rAjA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt yA rAjA jaba dIkSA grahaNa karane jAtA thA to apanA padabhAra apane jyeSTha putra ko sauMpa detA thaa| rAjyAbhiSeka . rAjA kA rAjyAbhiSeka bahuta dhUmadhAma se kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai|1 :. rAjamahala rAjA rAjaprAsAdoM meM rahate the| ye prAsAda atyanta U~ce hote the| U~ce hone ke kAraNa inake zikhara AkAzatala kA ullaMghana karate the| rAjaprAsAda meM anta:pura hotA . thaa| yahA~ para rAniyA~ nivAsa karatI thiiN| anta:pura meM anekoM rAniyA~ rahatI thiiN| amarakaMkA ke rAjA padmanAbha ke anta:pura meM sAta sau rAniyA~ thiiN|2 / maMtrI ... maMtrI yA rAjA rAjya kI dhUrI hotA thaa| maMtrI sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda ina cAroM nItiyoM kA niSNAta hone ke sAtha-sAtha jIva-ajIva kA jJAtA hotA thaa| mantripariSad rAjya-vyavasthA kA mahattvapUrNa aMga thaa| ye rAjya ke zubhacintaka hote the tathA zAsana kA saMcAlana bhI karate the|4 / 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/134. 2. vahI sUtra 16/144. 3. vahI, 9/11, 14/3. 4. vahI, 5/28. For Personal & Private Use Only

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154 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana rAjya pariSad - rAjya ke anya sahAyakoM meM aneka gaNanAyaka, kSetrAdhipati, daNDanAyaka, Izvara (yuvarAja), talavara (rAjA dvArA pradatta svarNa ke paTTe vAle), mAMDalika (katipaya grAmoM ke adhipati) kauTumbika (grAma kA svAmI) jyotiSI, dvArapAla, senApati, sArthavAha, dUta aura sandhipAla Adi hote the|1 koSAgAra rAjya kA mahattvapUrNa AdhAra hone ke kAraNa rAjakoSa para bhI prAcIna jaina granthoM meM carcA kI gaI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjakoSa ko zrIgraha kahA gayA hai|2 / kara jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna prakAra ke karoM kA ullekha milatA hai| vizeSa avasaroM para ina. karoM meM chUTa bhI pradAna kI jAtI thii| jaina aMga Agama sAhitya meM vibhinna prakAra ke karoM kA varNana hai| gAyoM para prativarSa laganevAlA kara, cuMgI, kisAnoM se lie jAnevAlA kara, aparAdha ke anusAra aparAdhiyoM se liyA jAnevAlA kara5 Adi aTThAraha prakAra ke karoM kA varNana hai|6 bheMTa yA ghUsa . jaina sAhitya se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki usa vakta rizvata kA pracalana thaa| vyakti apanA kArya nikalavAne ke lie karmacAriyoM ko bheMTa (rizvata) dete the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanya sArthavAha ne apane bAlaka ko DhU~r3hane ke lie nagara rakSaka kotavAla ko bahumUlya bheMTa diyA thaa| nyAya vyavasthA nyAya-vyavasthA, zAsana praNAlI kA abhinna aMga thaa| aparAdhiyoM ko aparAdha ke anusAra daNDita kiyA jAtA thaa| bhayaMkara aparAdha karanevAle vyakti ko aMgabhaMga se lekara mRtyudaNDa bhI diyA jAtA thaa| kabhI-kabhI ber3iyoM meM bAMdhakara bhojana pAnI banda kara diyA jAtA thA, to kabhI arthadaNDa diyA jAtA thaa| kabhI deza nirvAsana 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/30. 2. vahI, 1/138. 3. vahI, 1/91. 4. vahI, 8/74, 17/25. 5. vahI, 1/91. 6. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 111-112. . 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2/26. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 155 to kabhI kArAvAsa kI sajA dI jAtI thii| parantu kabhI utsava evaM rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya sajA mApha karane kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai|2 sainya-vyavasthA ___ jJAtAdharma meM sainya-vyavasthA ke rUpa meM senA, senApati, sainika Adi ke prasaMga dekhane ko milate haiN| senA ke azva, gaja, ratha evaM paidala ye cAra aMga hone ke kAraNa inheM caturaMgiNI senA kahA jAtA thaa|3 astra-zastra jJAtAdharma se jJAta hotA hai ki purAtanakAla meM dhanuSa, bANa, talavAra, bachI, bhAle, DhAla, cakra, gadA, avarodha, cAbuka, kaiMcI, hala, lAThI Adi astra-zastroM kA pracalana thaa| 72 kalAoM meM dhanurvidyA ko eka kalA mAnA gayA hai|5 sainika evaM rakSaka bhAle kA prayoga mArane evaM surakSA ke rUpa meM karate the| yuddha meM vAdyoM kI dhvani, dhvaja patAkAe~ evaM ratha para vizeSa cihna aMkita rahate the jo ratha para ArUr3ha vyakti kI pahacAna karAte the|6 saMdezavAhaka ___ saMdezavAhaka kA kArya dUta ke rUpa meM saMdeza pahu~cAnA hotA thaa| drupada rAjA ne draupadI ke svayaMvara hetu sabhI rAjAoM ke pAsa dUta bhijavAe the| yuddha nIti .. yuddha meM nipuNa vyakti sAma-nIti, bheda-nIti, upapradAna-nIti ke jJAtA hote the| yuddha meM kalaha (vAgyuddha), yuddha (zastroM kA samara) kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| vyaya . rAjya kA saphala saMcAlana karane hetu rAjA ko zAsana-vyavasthA, sainya-vyavasthA, nyAya evaM surakSA aura janakalyANa ke kAryoM para atyadhika vyaya karanA par3atA thaa| , 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 2/33, 2/30, 8/106, 8/90, 2/58, 1/78. 2. vahI, 1/90 3. vahI, 8/128, 1/44. 4. vahI, 18/22. 5. vahI, 1/99. 6. vahI, 1/44. 7. vahI, 16/86. 8. vahI, 16/129. 9. vahI, 1/24, 1/35, 2/31, 18/39. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #169
156 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana - sAmAjika jIvana kI taraha rAjanaitika vyavasthA bhI atyanta upayogI mAnI gayI hai| naitika jIvana, sadAcAra, dharmarakSA, artharakSA, jIvana rakSA, prANI rakSA, daNDa-vyavasthA, nyAya-nIti, nagara surakSA, vana saMrakSaNa, kara-vyavasthA Adi ke lie zAsana vyavasthA Avazyaka hai| kathAkAra ne sabhI jagaha rAjA ko prajArakSaka, rAjaputra ko janasevaka, maMtrI ko zAsana-vyavasthA meM sahabhAgI, purohita ko sAmAjika yogadAna meM agraNIya, maNDapa ko vicAra-vimarza kA kendra, anta:pura ko rAniyoM ke nivAsa kA sundara sthAna evaM rAjaprAsAda Adi ko bhavya tathA nagara kI zobhA kA kendrabindu mAnA hai| par3osI deza evaM rASTra kI surakSA hetu senA kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thI jisameM padAti sainya, azva sainya, vAhana evaM jalayAna-vyavasthA pramukha thI, kyoMki par3osI rAjA kI rAjanIti yA duScakra kA prabhAva kaba aura kisa samaya yuddha kA rUpa dhAraNa kara le yaha nizcita nahIM rahatA thaa| senApati senA kA pramukha hotA thaa| Aja bhI yuddha kSetra meM yaha vyavasthA dekhane ko milatI hai| astra-zastra Adi meM agneyAstra, prakSepAstra Adi pramukha the jo Aja bhI vidyamAna haiN| rAjya zAsana kA kArya rAjA svayaM karatA thaa| aparAdhoM kI jA~ca ke lie maMtrI bheje jAte the| ve jo aparAdha prastuta karate the unheM vizeSa nyAyAdhIza ke dvArA ucita nyAya dilavAyA jAtA thaa| guptacara vibhAga, corI, DakaitoM Adi kA patA lagAtA thaa| isake pazcAt aparAdhI ko daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| rAjya kI surakSA, prajA kI rakSA evaM duSkAla ke samaya logoM kI sahAyatA hetu bar3e-bar3e koSAgAra banAe jAte the| dhana-vyavasthA ke lie kara lagAyA jAtA thaa| jIvana rakSA ke lie AhAra, auSadhi Adi kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thii| coroM ko rokane ke lie kotavAla Adi kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thii| choTe-moTe vivAdoM kA grAma, upagrAma, nagara, upanagara Adi meM hI nipaTArA kiyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra kI zAsana-vyavasthA se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki binA rAjA, maMtrI, senA Adi ke dvArA rAjya sattA ko sthAyitva nahIM pradAna kiyA jA sktaa| ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki zAsana-vyavasthA Aja bhI utanI hI upayogI hai jitanI pUrva meM thii| Arthika jIvana saMsAra meM artha kA mahattva sarvatra vyApta hai| jJAtAdharma meM nanda nAmaka maNikAra ne dhana dekara puSkariNI banAne kI AjJA prApta kI thii| zAstroM meM artha evaM kAma 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, munimadhukara 10/11/13/11. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #170
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 157 kI siddhi artha se hI mAnI gayI hai| kahA gayA hai ki jisa ke pAsa sampatti hai usI ke saba mitra-bandhu haiM, vahI parAkramI hai, vahI gaNI hai, vahI paNDita hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM zreNika putra abhayakumAra ko arthazAstra kA jJAtA batAyA gayA hai|2 cAra puruSArthoM meM artha kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jJAtAdharma meM artha/dhana ke kamAne ke sAdhana Adi para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| arthopArjana ke sAdhana arthopArjana se tAtparya vahA~ ke vyApAra, vyavasAya, utpAdana evaM dhana arjita karane ke sAdhanoM se liyA jAtA hai| jaina AgamoM meM artha ekatra karane meM kRSi kA vizeSa yogadAna mAnA gayA hai| kRSi, vANijya evaM zilpa kArya karane vAloM ko sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thaa| kRSi hetu jina upakaraNoM ko kArya meM liyA jAtA thA unakA bhI ullekha AgamoM meM prApta hai| jJAtAdharma meM mer3hI zabda kA prayoga khalihAna meM eka hI kendrabindu ke cAroM ora ghUmakara anAja sApha karane ke yantra ke liye haA hai|5 kRSi ke lie kauna-sI Rt kA kaba aura kisa phasala hetu upayoga hotA hai isakA varNana bhI AgamoM meM upalabdha hai|6 phasaloM ko ekatra karane ke liye koThAra kA anna bhaNDAra ke rUpa meM upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| anAja miTTI ke bar3e-bar3e koThAroM meM rakhakara patthara, maTakA, lohA, miTTI yA gobara se lepakara banda kara diyA jAtA thA aura bhaviSya meM koI anAja curA na le isa hetu mohara lagAkara sIla bhI kara diyA jAtA thaa|8 .. jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zAlI (cAvala) jo tatkAlIna dhAnyoM meM pramukha thA, kA ullekha prApta hotA hai|9 gehU~ kA bhI ullekha aneka sthAnoM para prApta hotA hai|10 sAtha hI dAla, Ikha, jau, tila, sarasoM, kapAsa, masAle, phaloM, sugandhita padArthoM, ... kapUra, lauMga, candana, 'agara, lobhANa Adi kA vivaraNa milatA hai|11 - 1. kauTilya arthazAstra 1/7, rAmAyaNa 6/83/21. 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5. 3. sthAnAMga 5/71. 4. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 17, jJAtAdharmakathA 7/12. . 5. jJAtAdharmakathA 1/15. 6. vahI, 1/167. 7. vahI, 1/15. 8. vahI, 7/13. 9. vahI, 7/12. 10. vahI, 1/8/54. 11. vahI, 5/59, 1/202, 1/44, 4/2, 8/27. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #171
158 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana vastra udyoga ___ jainAgamoM meM jIvana nirvAha evaM artha saMgraha hetu zilpakArya, vastra nirmANa, carma udyoga evaM aneka udyogoM kA varNana milatA hai| jJAtAdharma meM sAmAnya evaM svarNamaNDita vastroM ke nirmANa, unheM raMganA, silAI karanA, adbhuta mahIna vastroM ke nirmANa jo sirpha ni:zvAsa meM ur3a jAe kA ullekha hai|1 dhAtu udyoga vastra udyoga kI taraha jJAtA meM dhAtu udyoga kA bhI varNana prApta hotA hai| 72. kalAoM meM dhAtu kI bhI zikSA kA prAvadhAna thaa|2 dhAtu ko pahale pighalAkara usake upakaraNa banAye jAte the| jJAtA meM lohAra kI bhaTTiyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai|3 yahIM para anya dhAtuoM ke rUpa meM tAMbA, zIzA Adi ke vyApAra kA bhI varNana hai| ratna udyoga isa kAla meM svarNa evaM ratna udyoga bhI apanI carama sImA para thaa| jJAtAdharma meM ullekha hai ki dhAriNI devI hAra, karadhanI, bAjU, kar3e evaM aMgUThiyA~ pahanatI : thiiN|" meghakumAra ko dIkSA ke pUrva aTThAraha lar3oMvAle hAra, ekAvalI, muktAvalI, ratnAvalI, pAda prAlamba, kar3A, aMgUThiyoM, kaMdorA, kuNDala Adi pahanAye gaye the|5 jJAtAdharma ke mallI nAmaka adhyayana meM mallI kI svarNa pratimA banAye jAne kA prasaMga prApta hotA hai|6 jJAtAdharma meM 16 prakAra ke ratnoM kA nAmollekha hai| bhANDa evaM kASTha udyoga __prAcIna kAla meM miTTI ke bartanoM kA vizeSa rUpa se prayoga hotA thaa| kamorazAlA arthAt kumbhakAroM kI dukAnoM kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathA meM prApta hotA hai| lakar3I se banI nAva kI mer3hI jo nAva kA AdhAra hotA thA, kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| bhavanoM ke dvAra, kaMgUre, khir3akiyA~ Adi lakar3I dvArA hI nirmita hotI thiiN| anyAnya udyoga jJAtAdharmakathA meM tila, alasI, sarasoM, eraNDa, candana zatapAka evaM sahastra 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/44, 1/99, 8/103, 8/104. 2. vahI, 1/98. 3. vahI, 1/9/26. 4. vahI, 1/44. 5. vahI, 1/142. 6. vahI, 8/35. 7. vahI, 1/69. 8. vahI, 12/16. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #172
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 159 pAka ke tela kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| khANDa udyoga meM ganne ko kolhU meM per3akara zakkara banAnA aura use bikrI het bAjAra meM le jAne kA varNana hai|2 prasAdhana udyoga usa samaya kI vilAsaMpriyatA kA dyotaka hai| jJAtAdharma meM candana, campA, ilAyacI, jUhI, kastUrI, kesara Adi se yukta vastuoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai|3 citra udyoga meM dIvAroM para, chatoM para latAoM, puSpoM ke citra aMkita karAye jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| raMgoM ke rUpa meM kAlA, harA, lAla, nIlA, pIlA Adi raMgoM ke prayoga vastroM ke liye kiye jAte the|5 madya udyoga meM madya ke nirmANa evaM vizeSa avasaroM para janatA dvArA madyapAna karane kA varNana hai| vAstukalA ke antargata nagara kI saMracanA, durgIkaraNa, parikhA, guphA, devAlaya, bAjAra, sabhAsthala, mandira, Azrama, pyAU, stUpa, bAvar3iyA~ Adi nirmita kiye jAte the|6 pazupAlana meM dUdha, kRSi, yAtAyAta, mAMsa, savArI evaM bojhA Dhone meM pazuoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| gAyeM evaM bakariyAM pAlatU pazu the|8 mayUra va kukkuTa pAlana kA bhI rivAja thA, aisA pratIta hotA hai| vaizya yA vyApArI AgamoM meM do prakAra ke vyApAriyoM kA ullekha hai| prathama ve jo eka sthAna para rahakara vaNika, gAthApati yA zreSThI nAma prApta kara vyApAra karate the| ye eka nizcita sthAna para baiThakara kraya-vikraya karate the| dvitIya ve jo aneka vyaktiyoM ko sAtha lekara anya zaharoM meM jAkara vyApAra karanevAle sArthavAha kahalAte the| jJAtAdharma meM inakI 18 zreNiyA~ batAyI gayIM haiN| striyA~ bhI vyApAra karatI thiiN|10 vyavasAyika sthala - vyApArI apanA vyavasAya zahara ke rAjamArgoM, caurAhoM, tirAhoM evaM bAjAra vizeSoM meM karate the| kahIM-kahIM para yaha bhI ullekha hai ki eka castu dekara dUsare zahara * se dUsarI vastu le Ate the| arthAt vastu vinimaya rUpa meM bhI kArya hotA thaa|11 * yAtAyAta ke sAdhana . prAcIna samaya meM vyApAra hetu jala evaM sar3aka dono mArga upalabdha the| rAjamArga 1. jJAtAdharmakathA 1/42. 2. vahI, 1/17-20. . . . 3. vahI, 1/1/17. 4. vahI, 1/17. .. . 5. vahI, 1/30. 6. prazna vyAkaraNa 13. 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/15. 8. vahI, 2/6. 9. vahI, 2/6. 10. vahI, 2 / 8. 11. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/10. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #173
160 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana ko mahApatha kahA jAtA thaa| jahA~ tIna dizAoM se Akara sar3ake milatI thIM unheM zRMgATaka, cAra dizAoM se Akara milatI thIM unheM cauka, jahA~ cha: sar3akeM Akara milatI thIM unheM prapaTa kahA jAtA thaa| sar3akamArga para lakar3I kI gAr3iyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa|2 ye pazuoM dvArA khIMcI jAtI thiiN| jalamArga meM naukAoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa|3 dezAntara meM jahAja ke prayoga ke bhI ullekha milate haiM jisameM DAMDa evaM patavAra lage rahate the| pAla ke sahAre jahAja Age baDhatA thaa| use rokane ke lie patavAra DAla diyA jAtA thaa| ___ isa prakAra AjIvikA ke prathama sAdhanoM meM asi, masi, kRSi, vANijya, zilpavidyA Adi kAryoM ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| iMgAlakamma, vaNakamma, sADIkamma Adi pandraha karma AjivikA ke pramukha sAdhana the| parantu ina sAdhanoM ko zreSTha nahIM kahA gayA hai, kyoMki inase jIva rakSaNa na hone ke sAtha-sAtha paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa bhI hotA thaa| ina sAdhanoM ke atirikta ratna-vyApAra, vastra-udyoga, zilpakalA, dhAtu-udyoga, kalAzikSaNa, azva-zikSaNa, hastividyA, rathavAhana-vidyA, lekha, nATya, kAvya, gajalakSaNa, dhAtu parIkSaNa, maNisUcaka, maNibhedaka,dharnuvidyA Adi se loga AjIvikA calAte the| tatkAlIna samAja meM bahattara prakAra kI kalAoM kI zikSA isI bAta kA saMketa karatI hai ki vyakti inake mAdhyama se jIvana ko upayogI banA sakatA hai| jahA~ vyakti ke lie bahattara kalAe~ thIM vahIM para nAriyoM kI jIvana paddhatti ko samAja meM vizeSa sthAna dilAnevAlI causaTha kalAe~ thiiN| ina causaTha kalAoM ko unakI AjIvikA kA sAdhana kaheM to koI atizayokti nahIM hogii| sArAMzataH Arthika jIvana ke lie kaI prakAra ke sAdhanoM kA nirupaNa isa Agama meM kiyA gayA hai jo na kevala usa samaya upayogI thA apitu Aja bhI atyanta upayogI evaM sArthaka hai| artha ke binA jIvana paddhati nahIM cala sakatI isalie arthopArjana ke vividha sAdhanoM kA jo isa Agama meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai usakA svarUpa Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| kalA evaM zikSaNa kalA mAnava jIvana meM saundaryAnubhUmi kI abhivyakti hai| kalA dharma, jJAna aura saMskRti kA darpaNa hotA hai| vibhinna dharma paramparAoM meM kalAoM kA ullekha prApta 1. jJAtAdharmakathA 1/44. 2. rAjapraznIya sUtra 139/76, jJAtAdharmakathA 1/202. 3. jJAtAdharmakathA 1/8/54. 4. vahI, 17/476. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #174
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 161 hotA hai|.klaaoN kI saMkhyA kahIM-kahIM para 64 evaM kahIM-kahIM para 96 batAyI gayI haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA, aupapAtika evaM praznavyAkaraNa meM 72 kalAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| vAstukalA bahattara kalAoM meM vAstukalA kA vizeSa vivaraNa jJAtAdharma meM prApta hotA hai| vAstukalA ke antargata makAna kA nirmANa, chata, jharokhe, snAnagRha, prekSA gRha, jharokhA Adi kA suvyavasthita nirmANa karanA hotA hai| zAstroM meM bhUtagRha, mohanagRha, garbhagRha, prasAdhanagRha, jAlagRha, zAlagRha Adi kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| zAstra meM bhavanoM kA AkAra parvata kI coTI ke samAna batAyA gayA hai jisameM jAlIvAlI khir3akiyA~ hotI thiiN| bAhara tAlA lagAne kA bhI prAvadhAna thaa| kahIM-kahIM para to vAtAnukUlita gRhoM ke nirmANa kA bhI vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiN|3 nATyazAlA (prekSAgRha) saikar3oM thamboM para vedikA, toraNa Adi se sajjita kara banAyI jAtI thii| yaha aneka maNiyoM, ratnoM va patAkAoM se zobhAyamAna hotI thii| dvAra para toraNa laTake rahate the, chata citrakalA ke adbhuta namUne darzAtI najara AtI thI, vahA~ para nATyagRha hotA thA jisa para haMsAsana, bhadrAsana Adi meM kalA kI pratikRti ke rUpa meM mUrtiyoM kA bhI nirmANa karAyA jAtA thaa| rAjabhavanoM evaM anya gRhoM meM vibhinna putaliyoM kI sthApanA kI jAtI thii| dhanADhya apane lie ucca prAsAda banavAte the, jo maNi, sone va ratnoM se . suzobhita hote the| una prAsAdoM meM zAnadAra zayanAgAra hotA thA jinake dvAra para mAMgalika kalaza sthApita hote the| zayanAgAra ko anta:pura bhI kahA jAtA thaa| zayanAgAra meM eka gupta dvAra bhI hotA thaa| ...isI ke sAtha svayaMvara maNDala, vyAyAmazAlA,5 snAnAgAra,6 mohanagRha, - puSkariNI;7 sabhA evaM samavasaraNabhavana kA bhI ullekha vAstukalA ke antargata prApta hotA hai| 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga sUtra 1/99, aupapAtika sUtra 1079, praznavyAkaraNa 1/5/96. 2. jJAtAdharmakathA, pR0 576. 3. vahI, 13/4, vipAkasUtra 3/26. 4. vahI, 14/21. 5. vahI, 1/29. 6. vahI, 1/30. 7. vahI, 13/12. 8. vahI, 1/26. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #175
162 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana caitya stUMpa evaM udyAna zahara ke bAharI bhAgoM meM bar3e-bar3e sudRr3ha khambhoM para patAkAoM evaM saikar3oM ghaNToM se yukta vizAla caityoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa|1 caitya ko devarUpa mAnakara vyakti pUjA-arcanA karatA thaa| caitya meM vibhinna kalAoM ko pradarzita karanevAle nRtya, kalAbAja, malla Adi nivAsa karate the| mRtaka ke aMtima saMskAra ke sthala ke pAsa stUpa nirmita kiye jAte the| zAstroM meM RSabhadeva kI smRti meM bharata dvArA stUpa banAye jAne kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| ___isI prakAra nagaravAsiyoM ke ArAma evaM krIr3A hetu udyAnoM kA nirmANa karAyA jAtA thaa| ye udyAna azoka, Ama, jAmuna Adi ke vRkSoM se bharapUra hote the|2 mUrtikalA manuSya ko prAcIna kAla se hI sone, cA~dI, tAMbA, pItala, miTTI Adi kI martiyA~ banAne kA jJAna thaa| mallIkamArI kI svarNa pratimA kA nirmANa isakA pramANa hai| isake atirikta nAga pratimA evaM vaizramaNa pratimA kA ullekha bhI prastuta grantha meM prApta hotA hai| saMgItakalA - bahattara kalAoM meM vAdya bajAnA, svaroM ke Aroha, avaroha, nAcanA va sAta svaroM ke sAta udaya sthAnoM kA varNana bhI prApta hotA hai| vAdyakalA prAcIna samaya meM 59 vAdyoM kA ullekha AtA hai| saMgIta, nRtya evaM nATaka vAdya ke binA apUrNa mAne gaye haiN| samasta vAdyoM ko svara evaM vAdana vidhi ke anusAra cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| (1) tAra rahita vAdya, (2) tAra vAle vAdya, (3) tArasI se nikalane vAlA svara, (4) pola yA chidra se nikalane vAlA svr|5 nATyakalA zAstroM meM 32 prakAra ke nATakoM kA ullekha milatA hai jise sUryAbhadeva ne mahAvIra ke samakSa prastuta kiyA thaa| 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 10/2. 2. vahI, 1/44, 2/3, 3/2, 5/3, 16/233. 3. vahI, 8/35. 4. vahI, 2/15. 5. vahI, 8/163. 6. vahI, 2/1/10. For Personal & Private Use Only

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 163 nATakoM meM zilpa, kalA, jJAna, vidyA, yoga evaM karma samAhita hone para hI unakA saundarya raMgamaMca ke mAdhyama se janatA ke samakSa bakhUbI prastuta hotA hai| yuddhakalA yuddha ko bhI 72 kalAoM meM eka kalA mAnA gayA hai| isameM senA kA saMcAlana, morcA, vyUha-racanA, kuztI, lAThI, talavAra, muSThI, dhanuSa-bANa Adi kA samAveza hai| citrakalA prAcInakAla meM citrakalA apane bharapUra yauvana para thii| citrakAra bhUmi para hAva-bhAva, vilAsa aura zRMgAra se yukta prastuti karate the| koI citrakAra to aise hote the jo kisI vRkSa, mAnava yA pazu kA eka aMga dekhakara hI sampUrNa citra banA dete the| jaise- jAlI meM se mallI ke aMgUThe ko dekhakara citrakAra ne hUbahU usakA citra aMkita kara diyA thaa|2 citrakalA meM bhitticitra, phalaka citra evaM paTacitra mukhya the| lekhanakalA lekhanakalA ke antargata pustaka, patra, dAvAta, syAhI, kalama, akSara, dhArmika lekha Adi ke pramANa prApta hote haiN| zatruoM ke viruddha rAjadUtoM ke mAdhyama se patroM ke bheje jAne kA ullekha jJAtAdharma meM prApta hotA hai|3 jaina granthoM meM 18 prakAra kI lipiyoM kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai| gaNitakalA bahattara kalAoM meM gaNita ko eka kalA mAnakara eka se eka karor3a taka . kI ginatI, eka aNu se eka yojana taka kA mApa, jyAmiti evaM sama-viSama saMkhyAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| hastakalA evaM lepa karma - miTTI, lakar3I Adi ke khilaune banAne ke kArya ko hastakarma kahA gayA hai|4 jJAtAdharma ke terahaveM adhyayana meM bartanoM para lepa karane kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai|5 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/99. 3. vahI, 16/180. 5. vahI; 13/14. 2. 4. vahI, 8/95. vahI, 1/99. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #177
164 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana isa prakAra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vAstukalA, citrakalA, saMgItakalA, kAvyakalA Adi kaI prakAra kI kalAe~ zikSita samAja ke mApadaNDoM ko prastuta karatI haiN| prAkRta sAhitya ke isa Agama meM puruSoM kI bahattara kalAoM evaM nAriyoM kI causaTha kalAoM kA ullekha hai| anya granthoM meM bhI kalA ke bahattara aura causaTha bheda die gae haiN| samavAyAMga, bhagavatI, rAjapraznIya, autapAtika, kalpasUtra TIkA Adi meM ukta prakAra kI kalAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ye kalAyeM vyakti ke vyaktitva nirmANa meM jitanI mahattvapUrNa haiM usase kahIM adhika mahattvapUrNa zikSA-paddhati ke uddezya ko vyakta karane meN| zikSA-paddhati ke kSetra meM kalA-vijJAna kA na kevala sAmAjika jIvana, balki caritra nirmANa, saMskRti rakSA Adi meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| inhIM kalAoM dvArA prAcIna zikSA-paddhati kA bodha hotA hai| jJAtAdharma meM zikSA ke prArambha kA samaya ATha varSa kA batalAyA gayA hai| zikSArthI kalAcArya ke pAsa jAkara sabhI prakAra kI kalAoM kA jJAna prApta karatA hai aura jaba vaha pUrNa yauvana ko prApta hotA hai taba una zikSA ke sAdhanoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika jIvana ke kSetra meM praveza karatA hai| zikSita samAja meM zikSA ke binA vyakti kI koI upayogitA nahIM hotI hai| yadi zikSA anarthakArI hai to bhI vaha samAja, deza, rASTra Adi meM sammAna prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai| . ataH mAnavIya evaM zArIrika vikAsa ke lie kalA evaM vijJAna ke adhyayana kI mahatI AvazyakatA jitanI taba thI usase kahIM adhika isa bhautikavAdI yuga meM hai kyoMki isake binA kisI bhI taraha kA vikAsa sambhava nahIM hai| dhArmika jIvana saMskRti ke kramika vikAsa ke sAtha hI mAnava kalyANa ke lie dharma kA svarUpa prakAza meM aayaa| prAcIna kAla se hI manISiyoM ne dharma ko na kevala isa janma ke kalyANa kA sAdhana mAnA hai apitu agale janma ke kalyANa kA bhI sAdhana mAnA hai, ata: aihika abhyudaya aura pAralaukika ni:zreyasa kI prApti hI dharma kA dharmatva hai| yadi manuSya apane adhikAra ke anusAra dharma ke Adeza kA anugamana karate hue niSkAma bhAva se karmoM ko karatA rahe to vaha ihaloka meM carama sukha evaM zAnti aura paraloka meM mokSa ko prApta karane meM saphala ho sakatA hai| pramukha dharma dharma zabda kA aneka rUpoM meM prayoga milatA hai jaise- zrutadharma, gRhasthadharma, dAnadharma, padArthadharma, kuladharma, nagaradharma, grAmadharma, rASTradharma, gaNadharma, saMghadharma, caritradharma For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #178
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 165 aadi|1 jJAttAdharmakathAMga meM dharma ke do bheda batAe gaye haiM- (1) sAgAra vinaya, (2) anagAra viny|2 AcAra kI dRSTi se anagAra dharma aura sAgAradharma ye bheda kiye gaye haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM gRhastha ke lie AgAra zabda kA prayoga huA hai| gRhastha dharma meM pA~ca aNuvrata tathA sAta zikSA vrata samAviSTa haiN| jJAtAdharma meM varNita hai ki zramaNoM ko pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca guptiyoM tathA bAraha bhikSu pratimAoM kA pAlana karanA caahie| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zrAvaka va zramaNa ke vratoM evaM niyamoM kI saMkSipta carcA hai| phira bhI prasaMgAnusAra zrAvaka evaM zramaNoM ke vratoM kA nAmollekha hai jinameM mahAvrata samiti, gupti, parISaha aura dharma pramukha haiN| aNuvrata zrAvaka kI sAdhanA usake vratoM para hI Azrita hotI hai| zrAvaka kA vaha vrata jise pUrA karane meM use kisI bhI prakAra kA kaSTa na uThAnA par3e use aNuvrata kahate haiN| ye aNuvrata pA~ca prakAra ke kahe gae haiM- (1) ahiMsANuvrata, (2) satyANuvrata, . (3) asteyANuvrata, (4) brahmacaryANuvrata, (5) aprigrhaannuvrt| zikSAvrata upAsakadazAMga meM zrAvaka ke 7 zikSAvratoM kA ullekha milatA hai|5 (1) dizAparimANavrata, (2) upabhoga-paribhoga parimANavrata, (3) anarthadaNDa parimANavrata, (4) sAmAyikavrata, (5) dezAvakAzikavrata, (6) pauSadhopavAsavrata, (7) atithisNvibhaagvt| pratyeka vrata ke pA~ca-pA~ca aticAra batalAe gae haiN| upAsakadazAMga meM zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM ke atirikta pandraha karmAdAna kA bhI varNana hai| zrAvaka ko koI aisA kArya nahIM karanA cAhie jisase karmoM kA bandha hotA hai, aise kArya ko karane se naraka kI prApti hotI hai| pandraha karmAdAna nimna haiM - (1) aMgAra karma, (2) vana karma, (3) zakaTa karma, (4) bhATI karma, (5) sphoTana karma, (6) danta vANijya, (7) lAkSA vANijya, (8) rasa vANijya, (9) 1. paM0 becaradAsa dozI, jaina sAhitya kA vRhada itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 193. 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 5/35. 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 16/68. . 4. vahI, 5/30. 5. vahI, 12/23. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #179
166 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana viSa vANijya, (10) keza vANijya, (11) yantrapIDana karma, (12) nilchana karma, (13) dAvagnidApana karma, (14) sarahadataDAgazoSaNa, (15) asatIjana possnn| gyAraha upAsaka pratimAe~ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zrAvakoM ke vrata meM gyAraha upAsaka pratimAoM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai|' gyAraha pratimAe~ nimna haiM __ (1) darzana pratimA, (2) vrata pratimA, (3) sAmAyika pratimA, (4) poSadha pratimA, (5) kAyotsarga pratimA, (6) brahmacarya pratimA, (7) sacittAhAra:varjana pratimA, (8) svayaM Arambha: varjana pratimA, (9) bhRtaka preSyArambha: varjana pratimA, (10) uddiSTa bhaktaH varjana pratimA, (11) zramaNa bhUta prtimaa| zramaNa dharma zramaNa dharma meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ye pA~ca mahAvrata mAne gaye haiN| ina pA~ca mahAvratoM kI 5-5 bhAvanAe~ mAnI gayI haiN| mahAvratoM ke sAtha-sAtha zramaNoM ke lie pA~ca samitire aura tIna guptiyoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai jo managupti, vacanagupti va kAyagupti ke nAma se jAnI jAtI haiN| bAraha bhikSu pratimAoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jisameM bhikSu kramazaH AhAra kI mAtrA kama karatA jAtA hai| arthAt jitanI pratimAyeM hotI haiM utanI hI danti AhAra pAnI lene kA vidhAna hai| jJAtAdharma kI kathAoM meM dharma, darzana, AcAra-vicAra Adi kA varNana kathAnaka ke madhya meM dRSTAnta/udAharaNa yA vastu sthiti ko samajhAne ke lie kiyA gayA hai| prathama adhyayana meM aNagAra, saMyata, zrutadharma, jJAna, pUjA, dAna, caryA, puNya, pApa, vrata, mahAvrata Adi kA vizeSa varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake anta meM samAdhimaraNa ke prasaMga ko bhI darzAyA gayA hai jo sAdhaka kI bhAvanA ko vyakta karatA hai| isase sAdhaka mRtyu ke bhaya se sarvathA mukta ho jAtA hai tathA antarrAtmA meM samyak-jJAna aura vairAgya ko utpanna kara parama Ananda kI ora agrasara hotA hai| paJcamahAvrata nirgrantha aura nimranthI donoM kI sAdhanA ke lie mahattvapUrNa hai| saMghATa adhyayana meM nirgrantha pravacana ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai| isI meM pratyAkhyAna saMlekhanA anazana Adi kA pratilekhana bhI kiyA gayA hai| aMDaka adhyayana meM bhI 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 5/35. 2. vahI, 16/68. . 3. vahI, 2/52. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #180
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pA~ca mahAvratoM kI. sArthakatA aura SaTjIvanikAya ke jIvoM ke saMrakSaNa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isI taraha zramaNa aura zramaNI ke bodha ke lie kUrma kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai jisameM yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki jo vyakti zramaNa dharma svIkAra kara usakI rakSA karatA hai vaha mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| vrata, samiti, gapti, parISaha jaya, bhAvanA, tattvacintana, karmakSaya, dravyaparyAya,2 ekatva-anekatva, siddha-riddha, mahAvrata, siddha-vRddhi,5 niHzreyasa dharma, dharma tIrtha, dharmahita, jIvahita, 6 ArAdhaka virAdhaka, paMca indriya nigraha,8 mAsakhamaNa, Adi kaI zramaNa dharma ke guNoM kA vivecana kathAnakoM ke prasaMga meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM Avazya kiyA gayA hai| zrAvaka ke dharmoM kA bhI vivecana isake mUla kathAnakoM meM hai| zreNika rAjA kI tattva ke prati jijJAsA, abhaya kA dharma ke prati AsthA, dhAriNI kI dharma jijJAsA, zubhAzubhaphala kI icchA, 10 jitazatru kI zrAvakatva dRSTi evaM tattva jijJAsA, vivekazIlatA, adhyavasAya, sat tattva, tathya11 Adi zrAvaka ke bhAva, paMca aNavrata, bAraha prakAra ke zrAvaka dharma ke prati ruci, 12 zrAvakavRtti 13 Adi vratoM para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jJAtAdharma meM nirgrantha-nirgranthI yA zramaNa-zramaNI kI taraha zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ko bhI pUjanIya mAnA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti inake prati zraddhA rakhatA hai vaha paraloka meM bhI duHkhI nahIM hotaa|14 ___ zramaNa dharma evaM zrAvaka dharma ke vivecana ke sAtha-sAtha anya dharmoM kI dhArmika kriyAoM evaM dhArmika sthiti kA varNana bhI hai| santAna prApti ke lie devapUjA, zaka parivrAjaka kA parivrajAka sambandhI dharma, zaucadharma, tIrthasnAna, tridaNDa dhAraNa karane kA kathana evaM parivrAjakoM ke maTha Adi kA vivecana usa samaya pracalita vividha dhArmika matoM kI puSTi karatA hai| 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 3/26. 2. vahI, 5/50. 3. vahI, 5/50. 4. vahI, 5/52. 5. vahI, 7/31. 6. vahI, 8/165. 7. vahI, 11/4. 8. vahI, 15/12. 9. vahI, 16/24. 10. vahI, 1/90. 11. vahI, 12/15. 12. vahI, 12/23, 24. .13. vahI, 12/24. 14. "sAvayaNa-sAviyANaM accaNijje bhavai, paraloe viya no Agacchai jAva" jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15/12. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #181
168 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana . isa prakAra kathAoM meM bhAratIya samAja ke sAMskRtika mUlyoM evaM sabhyatA kA yathArtha jJAna prApta hotA hai| jJAtAdharma meM jana sAdhAraNa se lekara tIrthaMkara, gautama gaNadhara rAjA, mahArAjA, rAnI-mahArAnI, rAjaputra, amAtya, maMtrI, purohita Adi ke caritra-citraNa ke vistAra meM sAMskRtika virAsata chipI huI hai| ina kahAniyoM meM vana-upavana, dvIpa, parvata, nadI Adi bhaugolika prasaMga bhI yatheSTha jJAna karAte haiN| zilpakalA varNana meM vaijJAnika pakSa bhI samAviSTa haiN| isakI prakRti meM kriyAzIlatA aura vAtAvaraNa meM sajIvatA hai| isa prakAra isa jJAtAdharmakathA meM jIvana darzana evaM saMskRti ke vividha pakSoM kA samAveza dekhA jA sakatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #182
aSTama adhyAya upasaMhAra sarvajJa kI dezanA kA pratiphala AgamoM meM hai| Agama ko jJAna-vijJAna kA akSaya bhaNDAra kahA gayA hai| AgamoM meM hamArI sAMskRtika virAsata ke mUla tathya vidyamAna haiM jo isa bAta kI preraNA dete haiM ki Agama paraspara meM virodharahita vacanoM ke sAra se yukta haiN| vyakti ko bhogavAdI jIvana se haTAkara jJAnamArga kI ora le jAne meM sahAyaka haiN| isake antaraMga meM artha, zabda, bhAva evaM vicAra kI gambhIratA aura sUtroM meM sampUrNa jIva-jagata ke rahasya kA chAyAMkana hai isake bhASyoM meM jinazAsana kA apUrva darzana, vijJAna, gaNita, jyotiSa, bhUgola, khagola Adi vidhAoM kA aMga AgamoM kI saMkhyA bAraha hai jisameM tIrthaMkaroM kI vANI siddhAnta rUpa meM pratipAdita haiN| AcAra-vicAra, vyavahAra, samaya, samavAya Adi sabhI kucha isake mUla meM haiM, parantu isake mUla ko samajhAne ke lie jo kathAtmaka prayoga kiye gaye haiM ve sabhI aMga Agama granthoM meM nahIM haiN| anusaMdhAnakartAoM evaM vicArakoM ne kathA ke svarUpa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jJAtAdharma ko kathA grantha kA prArambhika caraNa svIkAra kiyA hai| maiMne jaise hI AgamoM ke adhyayana ko prArambha kiyA vaise hI dharma tattva ke gambhIra rahasya hamAre sAmane Aye parantu rahasya ko rahasya banAe rakhane kA prayojana na hone ke kAraNa yaha saMkalpa kiyA ki mahAvIra ke jitane bhI upadeza haiM kyA ve sahaja evaM sarala rUpa meM kisI Agama ke mAdhyama se samajhe jA sakate haiN| isa dRSTi se jJAtAdharmakathAMga, vipAkasUtra Adi kaI aMga Agama rahasya ko samajhAnevAle grantha mere cintana ke viSaya bana ge| kintu zodha-prabandha ke rUpa meM maiMne jJAtAdharmakathAMga ko sAMskRtika jIvana mUlyoM kI sthApanA karanevAlA viziSTa kathAtmaka grantha mAnakara .. - isakA samAlocanAtmaka evaM sAhityika vizleSaNa kiyA hai| ..Agama Aptavacana hai isakI paramparA anAdi hai, parantu isake antima upadezaka mahAvIra mAne jAte haiM jinake upadeza artha rUpa meM vidyamAna haiN| gaNadharoM ne use sUtrabaddha kiyA aura AcAryoM ne unakI dezanA ko vidhivata viSayAnusAra vibhAjita karake Agama For Personal & Private Use Only

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170 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana grantha kA rUpa pradAna kiyaa| Agama ko aMga, upAMga, mUlasUtra, chedasUtra Adi ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| inakA yaha vibhAjana vividha vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga aMga AgamoM kA chaThA grantha hai| isa grantha meM siddhAnta, AcAra-vicAra saMyama-sAdhanA Adi ko samajhAne ke lie saMyamI jIvoM kI pracalita kahAniyoM evaM pracalita pazu-pakSiyoM ke udAharaNoM ko sAmane rakhakara kahIM pratIkAtmaka yojanA banAI gayI hai to kahIM paurANika evaM aitihAsika kathA ko lekara siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI racanA kaba aura kisane kI yaha kahA nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha mUla aMga Agama granthoM kA eka sUtra grantha hai jise artharUpa meM arihanta bhagavanta ne pratipAdita kiyA aura gaNadharoM ne use sUtrabaddha kiyaa| paMcama gaNadhara Arya sadharmA svAmI ne jo prazna kiye unhIM praznoM kA samAdhAna jambUsvAmI ne kiyaa| jambUsvAmI ke samAdhAna kathAtmaka rUpa meM haiN| isa grantha ke prArambha meM sudharmA-jambUsvAmI kA varNana evaM 'NAyANi ya dhammakahAo ya' zabda isakI prAcInatA ko siddha karate haiN| isake prArambha meM isa bAta kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai ki yaha dharmakathA chaThe aMga ke rUpa meM do zruta skandhoM meM vibhAjita hai| jo jJAtRputra mahAvIra ke dvArA pratipAdita artha ko vyApaka rUpa pradAna karatI hai| jJAtAdhakathAMga se sambandhita granthoM kA prakAzana samaya-samaya para kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya huA hai| pUrva meM hastalikhita pANDulipi ke rUpa meM aura bAda meM vizeSa sampAdana ke rUpa meM pratAkAra pratiyA~ hamAre sAmane aayiiN| puna: jana-jana meM lokapriya banAne ke lie inheM pustakAkAra rUpa diyA gayA aura lagabhaga bIsavIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita kiyA gayA, jinameM mUla pAThoM kI surakSA bhI kI gii| prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA svarUpa AgamoM ke hRdaya meM vidyamAna hai| AcArAMga meM mahAvIra kA jIvana svarUpa kathAtmaka rUpa meM hI AyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI kaI prakAra kI kathAe~ hai, parantu ve kathAe~ kathAnaka, kathAvikAsa, pAtra caritra-citraNa, uddezya Adi ko vistAra nirupita nahIM karatI haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA jaina sAhitya kA prathama kathAgrantha hai| bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya donoM hI dRSTiyoM se jJAtAdharmakathAMga ko prAcIna kathAgrantha kahA jA sakatA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI pramANita hotA hai ki prAkRta ke Agama granthoM kI kathAoM se hI kathAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAe~ kathA pravRttiyoM ke sampUrNa antaraMga evaM bahiraMga bhAvoM For Personal & Private Use Only

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upasaMhAra 171 ko lie hue viSaya kI ora bar3hatI haiN| kathA vargIkaraNa ke kAraNa isake bhAva ko yadyapi dharmakathA ke rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai, parantu isameM divya-kathA, mAnavIya-kathA aura divya-mAnavIya-kathA ke svarUpa bhI vidyamAna haiN| yaha eka aisA kathAgrantha hai jisameM ghaTanAkrama ko savistAra uddezyapUrvaka pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| yathA- dharma, artha aura kAma ye tIna puruSArtha mAnava jIvana ko kriyAzIla banAte haiM jisakI pariNati uddezyamUlaka mokSa ke rUpa meM hotI hai| jahA~ taka isakI viSayavastu kA prazna hai to sarvatra hI upadeza, nIti, AcaraNa, saMyama, tyAga, tapa Adi meM tAdAtma sambandha hai| isakI eka kathA meM kaI avAntara kathAe~ haiM jinakI sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ vyakti ke vizeSa guNoM ko udghATita karatI haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA jo sAhityika svarUpa hai vaha nizcita hI Adhunika kathA sAhitya ke lie upayogI siddha hogaa| isI dRSTi se vartamAna pariprekSya se isake sAhityika svarUpa kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| kathAkAra ne isameM antaraMga aura bahiraMga donoM hI prakAra kI dRSTiyoM ko sAmane rakhakara kathAnakoM ko bakhUbI prastuta kiyA hai| isameM mAnavajIvana kA pratinidhitva, pazu-pakSiyoM kA pratinidhitva evaM loka pracalita pAtroM kA pratinidhitva kathAnaka kI vAstavikatA ko citrita kiyA hai| jisase kathAnaka meM na kevala tathya kI satyatA udghATita huI hai, apitu mAnava-mUlyoM ke naitika AdarzoM kA AbhAsa bhI huaa| Aja ke ulajhanazIla, anAcAra, durAcAra evaM pradUSita vAtAvaraNa meM jJAtAdharma ke pAtroM kI cetanA-zakti na kevala preraka banatI hai apitu manuSya ko manuSyatva kA AbhAsa bhI karAtI hai| - jJAtAdharma kathA ke pAtra bolate, calate, phirate evaM Apasa meM bAta-cIta karate hue pratIta hote haiM, kyoMki kathA kI varNana yojanA udAttIkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha janamAnasa ke lokatattva kI ruci ke anusAra hai, isalie isakI maulikatA manoraJjana aura zikSA donoM hI pradAna karatI haiN| ___ AgamoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI mAnI gayI hai| ArSa prAkRta ke rUpa meM isakA pramukha sthAna hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ArSapuruSa dvArA prarupita aura ArSa jJAtA dvArA sUtrabaddha kiyA gayA hai, ata: ArSa ke guNoM se yukta ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke isa Agama grantha meM kaI prakAra kI bhASAtmaka vizeSatAe~ hai| Agama bhASA kA koI svatantra vyAkaraNa nahIM hai| yadi inake niyamoM ko AdhAra banAkara vyAkaraNa prastuta kiyA jAe to ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna svarUpa ko adhika bala mila skegaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke kriyAtmaka prayogoM - For Personal & Private Use Only

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172 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana meM bhUtakAla kA prayoga atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| jisameM mUla kriyA meM iMsu, esuM (gacchisuM, gacchesaM) jaise vizeSa prayoga haiN| aniyamita prayogoM ke rUpa meM paNNatte. niggayA. niggao. paDigayA Adi kriyA rUpoM kA prayoga hai| bhUtakAla meM thA, thI, the ke lie 'hotthA' ke prayoga kI bahulatA hai| gacchiMsu, gacchesuM, hotthA, hutthA kA prayoga prathama puruSa, madhyama puruSa, uttama puruSa ke ekavacana aura bahavacana donoM meM hI haA hai| isI taraha anya prayoga bhI haiN| bhaviSyatkAla meM 'bhaNissati', 'bhaNihiti' jaise prayoga haiM jo anya AgamoM meM bhI samAna rUpa se vidyamAna haiN| isake atirikta bhaviSyatkAla ke uttama puruSa meM 'hossaM' rUpa bhI milatA hai| karmaNi evaM preraNArthaka ko batalAne ke lie 'karAviti' (Avi pratyaya), 'vaejjA', 'vaejja' Adi kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isI taraha vartamAna, bhaviSyat evaM vidhi arthaka jJAna ke lie donoM vacanoM evaM tInoM puruSoM meM 'jja', 'jjA' kriyA meM ina do pratyayoM ko lagAkara kAma calAyA gayA hai| bhASAtmaka dRSTi ko svatantra rUpa meM prastuta karane para hI jJAtAdharma kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke svarUpa kA bodha ho sakatA hai| yaha prayAsa ho rahA hai jisase ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA bhASA kI dRSTi se sahI jJAna ho ske| yahA~ sirpha. saMkSipta tathA mUla eka do hI prayogoM ko dRSTAnta rUpa meM rakhakara jJAtAdharma ke bhASAtmaka svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai jo nagaNya hI kahA jA sakatA hai| saMskRti sAhitya ke aMcala kA vaha bhAga hai jisameM sAmAnya vyakti se lekara sampUrNa sAmAjika pariveza baMdhA huA hai| isameM vividha vAtAvarappa rIti-nIti, vizvAsa, bhaugolika paricaya, aitihAsika sandarbha, rAjanaitika dRSTikoNa, Arthika jIvana, kalA, dharmadarzana Adi sAMskRtika virAsata ke antargata Ate haiN| isake binA sanAtana paramparA kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA hai aura na kisI grantha ke sAhityika svarUpa kA jJAna hI saMbhava hai| sAMskRtika mUlyoM ke sabhI svarUpa jJAtAdharma meM samAhita haiM jinakI saMkSipta jAnakArI dI gayI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sampUrNa pariveza ghaTanAkramoM ke vaividhya se jur3e hae aneka prakAra ke zilpa vidhAoM ko bhI prastuta karate haiN| sAtha hI yaha loka jIvana kI gaharI anubhUti se yukta sazakta kar3iyoM meM jur3A huA, kathA ke sarasa aura rocaka sUtroM ko bhI pratipAdita karatA hai| isake kathAnakoM meM navanirmANa kI vicAradhArA ko bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| isakI kathAe~ prAnta, deza, sampradAya, dharma, rAjanIti Adi kI bhAvanAoM se hI nahIM jur3I haiM, apitu gA~va se lekara nagara ke unnata vAtAvaraNa se bhI ghaniSThatA sthApita kI huI haiN| isameM mAnava ko mAnava banAne kI zikSA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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upasaMhAra 173 isameM eka ora cetana ko acetana ke prati bhI lagAva rakhane kI bhAvanA samAhita hai to dUsarI ora gahare pariveza meM anubhUti aura sauhArdamayI AsthA bhI yathArtha ko lekara satyArtha kA nirUpaNa karatI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke pratyeka mUlyAMkana se koI na koI dizA nirdeza avazya milatA hai| isake sAMskRtika vivecana se prakRti ke pariveza kI jAnakArI hotI hai| isameM yamunA, sarayU, kozI, mAhI, gaMDakI, brahmaputra, gaMgA Adi bar3I nadiyoM kI saMkhyA 14000 1 batAyI gayI hai| inake yojana kA pramANa lambAI, gaharAI Adi anyatra kahIM upalabdha nahIM haiN| naye-naye nagaroM, upanagaroM, grAmoM, Adi kA vivecana anyatra nahIM miltaa| battIsa sukumAriyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha, unakI dIkSA Adi kA prasaMga isakI maulikatA hai| isake atirikta anya kaI aise prasaMga bhI hai jinako sAMskRtika vivecana meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ___ sAhityika dRSTi se isakI sAmagrI Aja bhI udAttIkaraNa ke bhAva ko vyakta karatI hai| pratyeka kathAnaka caritra-citraNa, kathopakathana Adi ko vyakta karane kI isakI jo zailI hai vaha isase pUrva ke AgamoM meM nahIM prApta hotI hai| paravartI AgamoM meM jo bhI kathAnaka vikasita hue haiM unameM isa kathAgrantha kA avazya hI prabhAva pAyA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharma ke pazcAt ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM badalAva avazya AyA hai parantu sabhI kA uddezya mAnava ko rAga se haTAkara virAga kI ora le jAnA rahA hai| sabhI kA upasaMhAra sukhAnta hai| dukhAnta vAtAvaraNa kathAnakoM ke madhya meM kaha diye gaye haiM jo kathA kahane kI eka zailI hai| jJAtAdharma ke kathA kahane kI jo zailI hai vaha Aja bhI janamAnasa ke hRdaya paTala para usI krama ko lie hue nizcita uddezya kA pratipAdana karatI haiN| yahI isa kathA ke sAhitya kA sAhityika yogadAna kahA jA sakatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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sandarbha grantha sUcI (ka) prAcIna grantha sUcI 1. aMga-suttANi muni nathamala, prakAzaka- jaina vizvabhAratI, __lADanU, vi.saM. 2031. 2. aMguttara-nikAya : kAzyapa jagadIza nAlandA 1956..... 3. antakRtdaMzAga-sUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. . 4. anagAra dharmAmRta : paM. AzAdhara, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI. _ vi.saM. 2034. 5. anuttaraupapAtika-sUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana . samiti, byAvara. 6. anuyogadvAra-sUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 7. AcArAMga-vRtti bhAga 1-2 : yuvAcArya madhukara muni zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 8. AcArAMga-vRtti : zIlAMkAcArya, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI. 9. AyAro taha AcAracUlA : muni nathamala jaina vizva bhAratIya, lADanUM. 10. Avazyaka TIkA : haribhadra, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1916. 11. AvazyakasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 12. uttarAdhyayanasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. . 13. upAsakadazAMgasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. For Personal & Private Use Only

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sandarbha grantha sUcI 175 14. aupapAtikasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 15. kalpasUtra : zAstrI, devendramuni, tAraka guru granthAlaya, udayapura. 16. kappasutta : muni kanhaiyAlAla "kamala", Agama anuyoga prakAzana, sAMDerAvA vi.saM. 2034. 17. karmagrantha cha: bhAga : muni mizrImala, zrI marudhara kesarI sAhitya prakAzana samiti, vyAvara. 18. kaSAyapAhuDa : jayadhavalA TIkA. 19. kArtikeyAnuprekSA : upAdhye, e.ena., zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, 1978 I0. 20. gItA : gItA presa, gorakhapura. 21. gommaTasAra (karmakANDa) : nemicandra, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, 1986. 22. gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa) : nemicandra, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa 1986. 23. candrapraptisUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. . 24. caraNAnuyoga, bhAga 1-2 : saM0 muni kanhaiyAlAla, Agama anuyoga TrasTa, ahamadAbAda. 25. cheda sUtrANi : yuvAcArya madhukara muni zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 26. jambUdvIpaprajJaptisUtra yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 27. jIvAjIvAbhigama sUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana bhAga 1-2 samiti, byAvara. For Personal & Private Use Only

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176 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 28. tattvArthasAra : paM0 pannAlAla, zrI gaNeza prasAdavarNI granthamAlA, DumarAva bAga, vArANasI 1970. 29. tattvArthabhASya .: zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa. 30. tattvArthasUtra : vive0 saMghavI sukhalAla, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, vi.saM. 2031. 31. tattvArthasUtra sampA0- zAstrI kailAzacandra, bhAratIya digambara jaina saMgha, mathurA. 32. tiloyapaNNatti bhAga 1-2 : sampA0- vizuddhamati bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina mahAsabhA, lakhanaU, 1.984. 33. dazavaikAlikasUtra : sampA0- AcArya tulasI, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM. 34. dazavaikAlikasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 35. dazAzrutaskandhasUtra yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 36. dravyasaMgraha : nemicandra, kundakundra bhAratI, dillI. 37. dhavalA TIkA : jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha; zolApura. 38. dharmabindu : . haribhadra sUri, hindI jaina sAhitya pracAraka maNDala, ahamadAbAda. 39. naMdIsUtra yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 40. nirayAvalikA sUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 41. niyamasAra : sampA0 - parameSThIdAsa digambara jaina tIrtha surakSA TrasTa, jayapura vi.saM., 2041. 42. nizIthasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. For Personal & Private Use Only

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43. nItivAkyAmRtama 44. paMcAstikAya saMgraha sandarbha grantha sUcI 177 : somadeva sUri, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI. : A0 kundakunda, digambara jaina tIrtha surakSA TrasTa, jayapura 1962. : tilokaratna jaina sthAnaka saMgha, ahamadanagara. : A0 kundakunda, jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha, 45. pramANanayatattvAloka 46. pravacanasAra zolApura. 47. praznavyAkaraNasUtra : (TIkA) abhayadeva sUri, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI 1989. 48. praznavyAkaraNasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 49. prajJApanAsUtra bhAga 1-3 : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 50. prAkRta vyAkaraNa : sampA0- pyAracandra jI ma0sA0, zrI jaina bhAga 1-2 divAkara divya jyoti kAryAlaya, vyAvara vi0saM0 2020. - 51. prAkRta vyAkaraNa : vaidya pI.ela., saMskRta evaM prAkRta sIrIja, bambaI vi0saM0 2015. ___52. bhagavatIsUtra : TIkA abhayadeva sUri, Agamodaya samiti, ratalAma, 1937. 53. bhagavatI ArAdhanA . : vijayodayATIkA zivArya, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, vi0saM0 2035. 54. mahApurANa : sampA0- vaidya pI.ela., bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI vi0 saM0 2036. 55. mUlAcAra bhAga 1-2 : bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI. ... 56. yogazAstra : A0 haribhadra, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI. __57. ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra : samantabhadra, vIra sevA mandira, dillI, 1972. For Personal & Private Use Only

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178 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 58. rayaNasAra : sampA0- zAstrI devendra kumAra, zrI vIra nirvANa grantha prakAzana samiti, indaura vi0saM0 2500. 59. rAjapraznIyasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 60. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra : AcArya vasunandI, sonAgira dAtiyA... 61. vizeSAvazyakabhASya : madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 62. vyavahArasUtra yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 63. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra : sampA0- dozI becaradAsa, zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1974.. 64. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana bhAga-1-4 samiti, byAvara. .. 65. vRhatkalpasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 66. samaNa-sUtra : sarvasevA saMgha, vArANasI 1975. 67. samayasAra : kundakunda bhAratI, prAkRta bhavana, dillI 1992. 68. samavAyAMgasUtra yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 69. sarvArthasiddhi sampA0- phUlacandra zAstrI bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI. 70. syAdvAdamaJjarI amaracandra bhairodAra seThiyA jaina zAstra bhaNDAra, bIkAnera. 71. sthAnAMgasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. For Personal & Private Use Only

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sandarbha grantha sUcI 179 72. sAgAra dharmAmRta : zAstrI, kailAzacandra, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI 2000. 73. siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana : sampA0- pyAracandra mahArAja, byAvara 1956. 74. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra : yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 75. jJAtAdharmakathAMga : Agama saMsthAna saMgrAhalaya, udayapura. 76. jJAtAdharmakathAMga : abhayadeva, vRtti sahita, bambaI san 1961. 77. jJAtAdharmakathA gujarAtI chAyAnuvAda, pUMjA bhAI jaina granthamAlA, ahamadAbAda 1931. 78. jJAtAdharmakathA : hindI anuvAda, muni pyAracandra jI, jainodaya pustaka prakAzana samiti, ratalAma vi0 saM0 1995. 79. jJAtAdharmakathA saMskRta vyAkhyA evaM gujarAtI anuvAda sahita, muni ghAsIlAla jI, jaina zAstrodvAra samiti, rAjakoTa, san 1963. 80. jJAtAdharmakathA - Amolaka RSi, haidarAbAda, vi.saM. 2446. 81. jJAtAdharmakathA : madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara. 82. jJAtAdharmakathA jeThAlAla, jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, _ vi.saM. 1985. 83. jJAtAdharmakathA : paM0 zobhAcanda bhArilla, seThiyA jaina granthamAlA, bIkAnera. (kha) Adhunika sandarbha grantha sUcI 1. agravAla bI.esa. : prAcIna bhAratIya lokadharma, ahamadAbAda 1964. .. 2. AcArya tulasI : uttarAdhyayana eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, jaina zve0 terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA, 1968. For Personal & Private Use Only

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180 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 3. upAcArya, devendra muni : jaina nItizAstra eka parizIlana, zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura, 1988. 4. upAdhyAya, baladeva : bhAratIya darzana, zAradA mandira, vArANasI 1960. 5. upAdhyAya, bharatasiMha : bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana 6. upAdhyAya, rAmajI : prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA, loka bhAratIya prakAzana, ilAhAbAda 1966. 7. koTiyA, mahAvIra zrImad javAharAcArya-zikSA, a0bhA0 sAdhumArgI jainasaMgha, bIkAnera 1977. 8. koThArI, subhASa upAsakadazAMga aura usakA zrAvakAcAra evaM . parizIlana, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 1988. 9. caudharI gulAbacanda jaina sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa 6, pArzvanAtha zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1973.. . 10. jaina udayacanda hemaprAkRta vyAkaraNa zikSaka, rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratIya saMsthAna, jayapura 1983. 11. jaina, jagadIzacandra :. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1965. 12. jaina jagadIzacandra jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 1965. 13. jaina, premasumana kuvalayamAlA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, prAkRta jaina zAstra evaM ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI, 2032. 14. jaina, mahendrakumAra : jaina darzana, varNI digambara jaina saMsthAna, vArANasI 1974. 15. jaina sAgaramala : jaina bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 1-2, rAjasthAna For Personal & Private Use Only

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16. jaina, sudarzanalAla 17. jainAcArya javAhara 18. jainAcArya javAhara 19. jainAcArya javAhara 20. pArika, oMkAra 21. premI, nAthUrAma 22. baida, indararAja sandarbha grantha sUcI 181 prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982. : uttarAdhyayana eka parizIlana, sohanalAla jaina dharma pracAraka samiti, amRtasara vi0 sa0 2017. : gRhastha dharma, zrI javAhara vidyApITha, bhInAsara. : divya sandeza, zrI javAhara vidyApITha bhInAsAra. : dharma aura dharmanAyaka, zrI javAhara vidyApITha bhInAsAra. : zrImad javAharAcArya samAja, zrI a.bhA. sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha, bIkAnera 1976. : jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, hindI grantha ilAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI 1942. zrImad javAharAcArya, zrI a.bhA. sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha, bIkAnera 1978. : aparigraha vicAra aura vyavahAra, samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura. : jaina darzana kA AdikAla, ela.DI. insTITyUTa oNpha inDolojI, ahamadAbAda 2031. jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM. : zrAvaka dharma-darzana, zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura. : jainadharma darzana, pArzvanAtha vidyA zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1977. jaina sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa, vArANasI vi.saM. 2046. : prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA aura itihAsa. 24, bhAnAvata, narendra . 23. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha 25. muni nathamala 26. muni, puSkara - 27. mehatA, mohanalAla . 28. doSI, becaradAsa 29. rAMdheya rAghava For Personal & Private Use Only

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182. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 30. lor3hA, kanhaiyAlAla : jIva-ajIva tattva, prAkRta bhAratIya saMsthAna, .. jayapura 1994. zAstrI, devendramuni : jaina Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA, zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura 1982. 32. zAstrI, devendramuni : jaina AcAra mImAMsA, zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura. 33. zAstrI, devendramuni : jaina darzana svarUpa aura vizleSaNa, zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura. 34. zAstrI, devendramuni : bhagavAna mahAvIra eka anuzIlana, zrI tAraka ___ guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura. 35. zAstrI, devendramuni : RSabhadeva eka parizIlana, zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura. nemicandra : prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka ___ itihAsa, tArA pablikezansa, vArANasI 1965 zAstrI, paramAnanda : jaina dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa, a. dezabhUSaNa mahA. granthamAlA, dillI. 38. zAstrI, maMgaladeva : bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha dillI. ' 39. siddhAntAlaMkAra, hIrAlAla : zrAvakAcAra saMgraha, jainasaMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura 1988. 40. zarmA, makkhanalAla : hindI upanyAsa, siddhAnta evaM samIkSA, prabhAva prakAzana, dillI 1966. (ga) koza grantha 1. agravAla hindI koSa : zAstrI, sukhadeva, AgarA buka sTora, AgarA 1949. 2. abhidhAna rAjendra koSa : vijaya rAjendra sUri (sAta khaNDa), ratalAma. For Personal & Private Use Only

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sandarbha grantha sUcI 183 3. Agama zabda koSa : yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM 1980. 4. kundakunda zabda koSa : jaina, udayacandra, diga0 jaina sAhitya saMrakSaNa samiti, dillI. 5. jainendra siddhAnta koSa : kSu. jinendra varNI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, bhAga 1-4 naI dillI. 6. jaina lakSaNAvalI : zAstrI, bAlacandra, vIra sevA mandira, dillI 1979. 7. prAkRta zabda koSa : candrA. ke.Ara., pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI. 8. prAkRta vyutpatti koSa : aprakAzita jaina, udayacandra 9. pAiya-saddamahANNavo seTha, haragovinda dAsa, prAkRta Teksa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda. 10. niruktaM koSa : AcArya tulasI, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM 11. saMskRta hindI koSa : vAmana zivarAma ApTe, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI 1977. 12. zaurasenI sAhitya zabdakoSaH aprakAzita jaina, udayacandra. bhAga 1-2 (gha) zodha. patra-patrikAe~ 1. anekAnta (traimAsika) : vIra sevA mandira, dillI. 2. amara bhAratI (mAsika) : sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA. 3. jinavANI (mAsika) : samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura. 4. jaina jarnala : jaina bhavana, kalakattA. 5. jaina vidyA (cha: mAhI) : diga0 jaina atizaya kSetra, mahAvIra jI (rAja.) ke. jaina siddhAnta bhAskara : ArA. bihAra. (chaH mAhI) For Personal & Private Use Only

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.184 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 7. tIrthaMkara (mAsika) . : hIrA bhaiyyA prakAzana, indaura (ma.pra.). 8. tulasI prajJA (traimAsika) : jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM. .. 9. prAkRta vidyA (traimAsika) : prAkRta adhyayana prasAra saMsthAna, udayapura. 10: svAdhyAya zikSA : samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura. 11. sambodhi : ela.DI.insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolojI, ahamadAbAda. ... 12. zAkAhAra krAnti : hIrA bhaiyyA prakAzana, indaura, (ma.pra.) 13. zramaNa (traimAsika) : pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI. 14. zramaNopAsaka (pAkSika) : zrI a0bha0 sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha, bIkAnera. 15. zodha patrikA .. : rAjasthAna vidyApITha, udayapura. For Personal & Private Use Only

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