Adhyatma Pravachana Part 3

Author(s): Amarmuni
Publisher: Sanmati Gyan Pith Agra
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001339/1

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pravacana pravacana upAdhyAya zrI amara muni saMpAdana zrIvijaya muni zuranI

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adhyAtma-pravacana (tRtIya bhAga) pravacana : upAdhyAya amara muni sampAdana : zAstrI vijaya muni prakAzaka : sanmati-jJAnapITha : AgarA

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* pustaka adhyAtma-pravacana (tRtIya bhAga) *viSaya adhyAtma : 1. tattva-mImAMsA 2. karma-mImAMsA * pravacana upAdhyAya amara muni * sampAdana zAstrI vijaya muni * prakAzana sanmati jJAna-pITha jaina bhavana, lohAmaNDI AgarA-282002 * mudraNa-sajjA rAjeza surAnA, dvArA divAkara prakAzana, e-7 avAgar3ha hAusa ema. jI. roDa, AgarA-282002 * mUlya paccIsa rupayA

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yat kiMcit kathanam zubha kArya kA prArambha aura usakI parisamApti, aura vaha bhI nirvighna ho jAe, to use sad bhAgya samajhanA caahie| kyoMki zubha kArya meM vighnoM kI paramparA kA A jAnA, kArya ko pUrA kara sakanA, sahaja tathA sarala nahIM hai / bhArata ko prAcIna paramparA rahI hai, ki kisI bhI zubha karma ko prArambha karane se pUrva maMgalAcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / vaha vAcika bhI ho sakatA hai, aura mAnasika bhI / ataH bhArata meM maMgalAcaraNa kI purAtana paramparA rahI hai / yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai, ki maMgalAcaraNa karane para bhI kArya kI siddhi nahIM hotI / usakA samAdhAna yaha kiyA jAtA hai, vighna-bAhulya thA, utanI adhika mAtrA meM maMgalAcaraNa nahIM kiyA gayA / adhyAtma pravacana ke tRtIya bhAga ke sampAdana karane ke pUrva hI maiM asvastha ho gayA / asvasthatA lambI aura kAphI kaSTa-dAyinI thI / kaSTa ke kSaNoM meM bhI merA saMkalpa kArya ko pUrA karane kA banA rahA, usameM zaithilya nahIM Ane diyA / manuSya ke saMkalpa meM mahAn bala hotA hai / apanI saMkalpa zakti ke dvArA maiM to zIghra svastha ho gayA, jo ki DaoNkTaroM kI AzA ke viparIta thA / guru kRpA se svastha hokara apane adhUre kArya ko pUrA karane meM, maiM phalavAn rahA / Aja mujhe parama prasannatA hai, ki merA saMkalpa pUrA huA / pUjya gurudeva kA san 1960 kA varSAvAsa kalakattA meM thA / vahA~ ke zrIsaMgha ne ina pravacanoM ko lipibaddha karAyA thaa| ye pravacana tIna bhAgoM meM prakAzita ho cuke haiN| prathama darzana mImAMsA, dvitIya jJAna-mImAMsA evaM AcAra-mImAMsA, tRtIya tattva-mImAMsA, karma-mImAMsA aura adhyAtmavAda / tRtIya bhAga meM, guru kA guru-gambhIra viSaya hai, bhAratIya darzanoM meM tathA pAzcAtya darzanoM meM tattva vicAra / pUrva ke do bhAgoM kI apekSA isameM vicAra kI gambhIratA adhika hai| pUjya gurudeva svabhAvataH gambhIra ( 3 )

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( 4 ) dArzanika tathA prakhara tArkika rahe haiN| pAThakoM ko isa satya anubhUti kA sAkSAtkAra svataH adhyayana se ho skegaa| ataH isa viSaya meM adhika likhanA, artha-hIna hogaa| zarkarA madhu hai, ki kaTu ? isa tathya kA parijJAna vANI se nahIM, rasanA para rakhane se hogaa| __jaina paramparA ke mahAn vAcaka umAsvAti kI zAzvata kRti sattvArthasUtra ke prathama adhyAya ke prathama sUtra para vastutaH ye pravacana vistRta bhASya haiM, jinameM mokSa-tattva ke sAdhana bhUta darzana, jJAna aura cAritra kI vyAkhyA kI hai / vItarAga bhASita tattvoM para jo zraddhAna hotA hai, vaha darzana hai / tattvoM kA jo yathArtha paribodha hotA hai, vaha jJAna hai| zraddhA aura jJAna ke anusAra tattvoM kA jo AcaraNa hai, vaha cAritra hai| bauddha paramparA kI paribhASA meM ina tInoM ko zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kahA gayA hai / vaidika bhASA meM karmayoga, jJAnayoga aura bhaktiyoga kahA jAtA hai| ina samasta pravacanoM meM samanvaya tathA tulanAtmaka dRSTi mukhya hai, jo gurudeva kI apanI eka khAsa vizeSatA rahI hai, apanI alaga pahacAna hai| mahAvIra jayantI vijaya muni 15 aprela, 1962 sanmati jJAnapITha jaina bhavana, lohAmaNDI AgarA,

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prakAzakIya sanmati jJAnapITha se prakAzita upAdhyAya zraddheya kavi zrI amara muni jI mahArAja kA sAhitya sampUrNa jaina samAja meM atyanta lokapriya rahA hai / sAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM jaise nibandha, kahAnI, gadya, padya, gIta, kathA saMsmaraNa, samIkSA Adi para Apane saphalatApUrvaka lekhanI calAI hai| ApakA pravacana sAhitya bahuta hI prabhAvaka evaM sundara rahA hai ? Apake sAhitya ko jaina ajaina Adi ne bahuta hI pasanda kiyA hai| upAdhyAya zrIjI mahArAja ke sAhitya ko par3hakara aneka pAThaka unake upAsaka va prazaMsaka ho gaye haiM, kyoMki ApakA sAhitya samAja ke lie bahuta hI upayogI rahA hai| idhara upAdhyAya zrIjI mahArAja ke nirantara asvastha rahane ke kAraNa saMsthA se navIna prakAzana nahIM ho pA rahe haiN| parantu zraddhAlu pAThakoM kI nirantara sAhitya kI mAMga ko dekhate hue kucha prAcIna prakAzanoM ko punaH prakAzita karAne kA kArya hAtha meM liyA hai| nUtana prakAzana prArambha karane se pUrva prAcIna prakAzanoM ke navIna saMskaraNa hI prakAzita kiye jA rahe haiN| pUjya gurudeva rAjagRha meM virAjamAna hai| unakI vRddha avasthA to hai hI, sAtha meM unakA svAsthya bhI anukUla nahIM rahatA hai / yahI sthiti navIna prakAzanoM ke kArya meM bAdhaka hai| parantu Apake sAhitya kI mAMga samAja meM nirantara bar3hatI jA rahI hai| aisI sthiti meM paNDita pravara pUjya zrI vijaya muni jo mahArAja se isa dizA meM kArya ke lie prArthanA kI gii| prArthanA ko svIkAra karate hue unhoMne adhyAtma pravacana kA pahalA bhAga tathA dUsarA bhAga taiyAra karAkara prakAzita karA diyA hai| inameM do viSaya haiM jJAna-mImAMsA aura aacaarmiimaaNsaa| ( 5 )

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pAThakoM ko yaha tIsarA bhAga tattva mImAMsA prastuta karate hue prasa. natA kA anubhava ho rahA hai| paNDita zrI vijaya munijI ma. ne hamArI prArthanA ko svIkAra karate hue adhyAtma-prabacana ke isa tRtIya bhAga ko parivardhana karake evaM sampAdana karake prakAzita karAyA hai| Apane pUjya gurudeva ke isa punIta-kArya ko Age bar3hAyA hai tathA pAThakoM evaM samAja ke prati eka mahatvapUrNa kArya ko pUrNa karake eka bahuta bar3I kamI ko pUrA kiyA hai / ___isake atirikta Apane amara bhAratI nAmaka pustaka meM bhI saMzodhana parivarddhana kiyA hai aura vaha pustaka bho punaH prakAzita huI hai| pustaka kA mudraNa, sAja-sajjA Adi prasiddha lekhaka zrI zrIcanda jI surANA ke dvArA huA hai, isake lie ve badhAI ke pAtra haiN| omaprakAza jana mantrI 31-3-62 sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA -

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viSaya-saMkalana 1 bhAratIya darzana ke sAmAnya siddhAnta 2 jaina darzana kI tattva mImAMsA 3 jaina darzana kI karma tattva mImAMsA 4 jaina darzana kA adhyAtmavAda 5 bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 6 pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 7 antar bhAvanAoM kA lezyAoM ke rUpa meM citraNa 8 pAribhASika TippaNa Wan

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sahAyaka grantha 1. bhAratIya darzana 2. bhAratIya darzana 3. bhAratIya darzana 4. pAzcAtya darzana darpaNa 5. tattva-jJAna 6. pAzcAtya darzana 7. bhAratIya tattva vidyA 8. Agama yuga kA jaina darzana 8. jaina darzana 10. tattvArtha sUtra 11. karma grantha 12. amara bhAratI : vAcaspati gairolA : DAM. yadunAtha sinhA : datta evaM caTarjI : DaoN. kapUra : DaoN. dIvAna canda : candradhara zarmA : paM. sukhalAla jI : paM. dalasukha bhAI jI : DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA : paNDita sukhalAla jI : prathama bhAga : mAsika patra

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bhAratIya darzana sAmAnya-siddhAnta

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bhAratIya darzanoM meM jina tathyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, una sabakA jIvana ke sAtha nikaTa kA sambandha rahA hai| bhAratIya-dArzanikoM ne mAnava-jIvana ke samakSa U~ce se UMce Adarza prastuta kie haiN| ve Adarza kevala Adarza hI nahIM rahate, unheM jIvana meM utArane kA prayatna bhI kiyA jAtA hai| isake lie vibhinna dArzanikoM ne vibhinna prakAra kI sAdhanAoM kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai| ye sAdhana tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-jJAna-yoga, karma-yoga aura bhkti-yog| jaina-darzana meM inhIM ko ratna-traya, samyak-darzana, samyak-jJAna aura samyak-cAritra kahA jAtA hai / bauddha-darzana meM inheM prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi kahA gayA hai| ina tInoM kI sAdhanA se pratyeka manuSya apane jIvana meM ucca se uccatara evaM uccatama AdarzoM ko bhI prApta kara sktaa| darzana kA sambandha kevala buddhi se hI nahIM hai, balki hRdaya aura kriyA se bhI usakA sambandha hai| yahI kAraNa hai, ki bhAratIya-darzana kI paramparA ke pratyeka dArzanika-sampradAya ne zraddhAna, jJAna aura AcAraNa para bala diyA hai| ataH vaha jIvana kA vAstavika artha meM darzana hai|

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bhAratIya darzana ke sAmAnya-siddhAnta AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi : bhAratIya darzana phira bhale hI vaha kisI bhI sampradAya kA kyoM na rahA ho, usakA mUla svara adhyAtmavAda rahA hai| bhArata kA eka bhI isa prakAra kA koI sampradAya nahIM hai, jisake darzana-zAstra meM AtmA, Izvara aura jagata ke sambandha meM vicAraNA na ko gaI ho / AtmA kA svarUpa kyA hai ? Izvara kA svarUpa kyA hai ? aura jagata kI vyavasthA kisa prakAra hotI hai ? ina viSayoM para bhArata kI pratyeka darzana-paramparA ne apane-apane dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA hai| jaba AtmA kI vicAraNA hotI hai, taba svAbhAvika rUpa se Izvara kI vicAraNA ho hI jAtI hai| ina donoM kI vicAraNA ke sAtha jagata kI vicAraNA bhI Avazyaka ho jAtI hai| darzana-zAstra ke ye tIna hI viSaya mukhya mAne gae haiN| AtmA cetana hai, darzana usakA svabhAva hai, isa satya ko sabhI ne svIkAra kiyA hai| usakI amaratA ke sambandha meM bhI kisI ko sandeha nahIM hai / bhAratIya darzanoM meM ekamAtra cArvAka darzana hI isa prakAra kA hai, jo AtmA ko zarIra se bhinna nahIM maantaa| vaha AtmA ko bhautika mAnatA hai, abhautika nhiiN| jabaki anya samasta dArzanika AtmA ko eka svara se abhautika svIkAra karate haiM / AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM aura usakI amaratA ke sambandha meM kisI bhI bhAratIya dArzanika-paramparA ko saMzaya nahIM rahA hai / AtmA ke svarUpa aura lakSaNa ke sambandha meM tathA saMkhyA ke sambandha meM bheda rahA hai, para usake astitva ke sambandha meM kisI bhI prakAra kA bheda nahIM rahA / Izvara ke sambandha meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai, ki kisI na kisI rUpa meM sabhI dArzanikoM ne usake astittva ko svIkAra kiyA hai, parantu Izvara ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM aura lakSaNa ke sambandha meM paryApta mata

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4 adhyAtma-pravacana : bhAga tRtIya bheda rahA hai| jagata ke astitva ke sambandha meM kisI bhI darzana-paramparA ko sandeha nahIM rhaa| cArvAka bho jagata ke astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai| anya sabhI darzana-paramparAoM ne jagata ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura usakI utpatti evaM racanA ke sambandha meM apanI-apanI paddhati se vicAra kiyA hai| kisI ne usakA Adi aura anta svIkAra kiyA hai aura kisI ne use anAdi aura ananta mAnA hai| darzana-zAstra sampUrNa sattA ke viSaya meM koI dhAraNA banAne kA prayatna karatA hai / usakA uddezya vizva ko samajhanA hai / sattA kA svarUpa kyA hai? prakRti kyA hai ? AtmA kyA hai ? aura Izvara kyA hai ? darzana-zAstra ina jijJAsAoM kA samAdhAna karane kA prayatna hai / darzana-zAstra meM yaha bhI samajhane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, ki mAnava-jIvana kA prayojana aura usakA mUlya kyA hai ? tathA jagata ke sAtha usakA kyA sambandha hai ? isa dRSTi se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai, ki darzana-zAstra kA nirmANa manuSya ke vicAra aura anubhava ke AdhAra para hotA hai / tarka-niSTha vicAra darzana kA sAdhana rahA hai| darzana tarka-niSTha vicAra ke dvArA sattA ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA prayatna karatA hai| pAzcAtya-darzana meM saiddhAntika prayojana kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| vaha svatantra cintana para AdhArita hai, aura Apta-pramANa kI upekSA karatA hai| nIti aura dharma kI vyAvahArika bAtoM se vaha preraNA nahIM letA, jabaki bhAratIya darzana AdhyAtmika-cintana se preraNA pAtA hai| vAstava meM bhAratIyadarzana eka AdhyAtmika-zodha evaM khoja hai| bhAratIya-darzana sattA ke svarUpa kI jo khoja karatA hai, usake pIche usakA uddezya mAnava-jIvana ke carama sAdhya mokSa ko prApta karanA hai| sattA ke svarUpa kA jJAna isalie Avazyaka hai, ki vaha niHzreyasa evaM parama-sAdhya ko prApta karane kA eka sAdhana hai| isI AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki bhAratIya-darzana apane mUla svarUpa meM eka AdhyAtmika darzana hai, bhautika-darzana nhiiN| yadyapi bhAratIya darzana meM bhautikatA kI vyAkhyA ko gaI hai, phira bhI usakA mUla svabhAva AdhyAtmikatA ho rahA hai / isakA sarvaprathama pramANa to yaha hai, ki bhArata meM dharma aura darzana ko paraspara eka dUsare para Azrita mAnA gayA hai / parantu dharma kA artha andhavizvAsa nahIM, balki tarka-pUrNa anubhava mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra dharma AdhyAtmika zakti ko prApta karane kA eka vyAvahArika upAya evaM sAdhana hai / darzana-zAstra sattA kI mImAMsA karatA hai, aura usake svarUpa ko vicAra ke dvArA pakar3atA hai, jisase mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| ataH

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bhAratIya darzana ke sAmAnya siddhAnta 5 spaSTa hai, ki bhAratIya darzana eka bauddhika vikAsa nahIM hai, balki vaha eka AdhyAtmika khoja hai| bhAratIya darzana cintana evaM manana ke AdhAra para pratiSThita hai, lekina usameM cintana evaM manana kA sthAna Agama, piTaka aura vedoM kI apekSA gauNa hai| bhAratIya darzana kI pratyeka paramparA Apta-vacana athavA zabda-pramANa para adhika AdhArita rahI hai| jaina apane Agama para adhika vizvAsa karate haiM, bauddha apane piTaka para adhika zraddhA rakhate haiM, aura vaidika paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya vedoM ke vacanoM para hI ekamAtra AdhAra rakhate haiM / isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM pratyakSa anubhUti kI apekSA parokSa anubhUti para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| bhArata ke dArzanika sampradAya : bhArata ke dArzanika sampradAyoM ko aneka vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne bhI unakA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra se kiyA hai / AcArya haribhadra ne apane "SaDdarzanasamuccaya" meM, AcArya mAdhava ke "sarva darzana saMgraha" meM, AcArya zaMkara ke "sarva siddhAnta saMgraha" Adi meM darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa vibhinna prakAra se kiyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya-darzanaparamparA ke dArzanikoM ne vargIkaraNa kI jo paddhati svIkAra kI hai, vaha bhI eka prakAra kI na hokara aneka prakAra kI hai| sabase adhika pracalita paddhati yaha hai, ki bhAratIya darzana ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA haiAstika darzana aura nAstika darzana / Astika darzana isa prakAra haiM-sAMkhya, yoga, vaizeSika, nyAya, mImAMsA aura vedAnta / nAstika darzana isa prakAra haiM-cArvAka, jaina aura bauddha / parantu yaha paddhati na tarkapUrNa hai aura na samIcIna / vaidika-darzanoM ko Astika kahane kA kyA AdhAra rahA hai, yaha spaSTa nahIM, aura nAstika darzanoM ko nAstika kahane kA kyA AdhAra rahA hai ? isakA ekamAtra AdhAra zAyada yahI rahA hai, ki ve veda-vacanoM meM vizvAsa nahIM karate / yadi veda vacanoM meM vizvAsa na karane ke AdhAra para hI cArvAka jaina aura bauddhoM ko nAstika kahA jAtA hai, taba yahI mAnanA cAhie, ki jo vyakti cArvAka granthoM meM, jaina-AgamoM meM aura bauddha-piTakoM meM vizvAsa nahIM karate, ve bhI nAstika hI haiN| isa prakAra bhArata kA koI bhI darzana Astika nahIM rahegA / yadi yaha kahA jAe, ki jo Izvara ko svIkAra nahIM karatA, vaha nAstika hai, isa dRSTi se cArvAka, jaina aura bauddha nAstika kahe jAte haiM, taba isakA artha yaha hogA, ki sAMkhya aura yoga tathA vaizeSika darzana

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. pa 6 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya bhI nAstika paramparA meM hI parigaNita hoNge| kyoMki ye bhI Izvara ko svIkAra nahIM karate / vedoM kA sabase prabala samarthaka mImAMsA-darzana bhI Izvara kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA, tava vaha bhI nAstika kahA jAegA / ataH Astika aura nAstika ke AdhAra para bhAratIya-darzanoM kA vibhAga karanA, yaha eka bhrama-paripUrNa dhAraNA hai| vAstava meM bhAratIya darzanoM kA vibhAga do rUpoM meM honA cAhie-vaidika-darzana aura avaidika darzana / vaidika-darzanoM meM SaDa-darzanoM kI parigaNanA ho jAtI hai, aura avaidika darzanoM meM cArvAka, jaina aura bauddha darzana A jAte haiN| isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana-paramparA meM mUla meM nava darzana hote haiM-cArvAka, jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya, yoga, vaizeSika, nyAya, mImAMsA aura vedAnta / ye nava darzana bhArata ke mUla darzana haiN| kucha vidvAnoM ne yaha bhI kahA hai, ki avaidika darzana bhI SaD haiM-jaise cArvAka, jaina, sautrAntika, vaibhASika, yogAcAra aura mAdhyamika / isa prakAra vedAntaparamparA ke darzana bhI chaha haiM, aura avaidika darzana bhI chaha hote haiN| isa prakAra bhArata ke mUla darzana dvAdaza ho jAte haiM / nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana meM kucha saiddhAntika bheda hote hue bhI prakRti, AtmA aura Izvara ke viSaya meM donoM ke mana samAna haiN| kAlakrama se inakA eka hI bhAva ho gayA, aura aba inakA sampradAya nyAya-vaizeSika kahA jAtA hai| sAMkhya aura yoga kI bhI prakRti aura puruSa ke viSaya meM eka hI dhAraNA hai, yadyapi sAMkhya nirIzvaravAdI hai, aura yoga IzvaravAdI hai| ataH kabhIkabhI inako eka sAtha sAMkhya-yoga kaha diyA jAtA hai| mImAMsA ke do sampradAya haiM, jinameM se eka ke pravartaka AcArya kumArila bhaTTa haiM, aura dUsare ke AcArya prabhAkara / inako krama se bhaTTa sampradAya aura prabhAkara sampradAya kahA jAtA hai / vedAnta ke bhI do mukhya sampradAya haiM, jinameM se eka ke pravataka AcArya zaMkara haiM, aura dUsare ke AcArya rAmAnuja / zaMkara kA siddhAnta advaitavAda athavA kevalAdvaitavAda ke nAma se vikhyAta haiM, aura rAmAnuja kA viziSTAdvaitavAda ke nAma se / vedAnta ke kucha anya choTe-choTe sampradAya bhI haiM, una sabhI kA samAveza bhaktivAdI darzana meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH isa pustaka meM mukhya-mukhya sabhI sampradAyoM kA paricaya saMkSepa meM de diyA hai| vedAnta-paramparA ke darzanoM meM mImAMsA-darzana ko pUrva-mImAMsA aura vedAnta-darzana ko uttara-mImAMsA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra ina vibhAgoM meM vaidika-paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM kA samAveza AsAnI ke sAtha .

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bhAratIya darzana ke sAmAnya siddhAnta 7 kiyA jA sakatA hai / bauddha-darzana parivartanavAdI darzana rahA hai / vaha parivartana athavA anityatA meM vizvAsa karatA hai, nityatA ko vaha satya svIkAra nahIM karatA / bauddhoM ke aneka sampradAya haiM, unameM se vaibhASika aura sautrAntika sarvAstivAdI haiN| inheM bAhyArthavAdI bhI kahA jAtA hai| kyoMki ye donoM sampradAya samasta bAhya vastuoM ko satya mAnate haiM / vaibhASika bAhya pratyakSavAdI haiM / usakA mata yaha hai, ki bAhya vastu kSaNika haiM, aura unakA pratyakSa jJAna hotA hai| sautrAntika bAhyAnumeyavAdI haiN| inakA mata yaha hai, ki bAhya padArtha, jo ki kSaNika haiM, pratyakSagamya nahIM haiM, balki mana meM unakI jo cetanA utpanna hotI hai, usase unakA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| yogAcAra sampradAya vijJAnavAdI hai / isakA mata yaha hai, ki samasta bAhya vastu mithyA haiM, aura citta meM jo ki vijJAna santAna mAtra hai, vijJAna utpanna hote haiM, jo nirAlambana haiN| yogAcAra manovijJAnavAdI hai| mAdhyamika sampradAya kA mata yaha hai, ki na bAhya vastuoM kI sattA hai, aura na Antarika vijJAnoM kii| ye donoM hI saMvRtti-mAtra haiN| tattva niHsvabhAva hai, anirvAcya hai aura ajJeya hai / kucha bauddha vidvAna kevala nirapekSa caitanya ko hI satya mAnate haiM / jaina-darzana mUla meM dvaitavAdI darzana hai| vaha jIva kI sattA ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai, aura jIva se bhinna pudgala kI sattA ko bhI satya svIkAra karatA hai / jaina-darzana IzvaravAdI darzana nahIM haiN| jainoM ke cAra sampradAya haiM-zvetAmbara, digambara, sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI / ina cAroM sampradAyoM meM mUla tattva ke sambandha meM kisI bhI prakAra kA matabheda nahIM hai| tattva sambandhI athavA dArzanika kisI prakAra kA matabheda ina cAroM hI sampradAyoM meM nahIM rahA, parantu AcAra-pakSa ko lekara ina cAroM meM kucha vicAra bheda rahA hai| vAstava meM ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI vyAkhyA meM matabheda hone ke kAraNa hI ye cAroM sampradAya astitva meM Ae haiM, kintu tAttvika dRSTi se inameM Aja taka bhI kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM rhaa| cArvAkoM meM bhI aneka sampradAya rahe the-jaise cAra bhUtavAdI aura pAMca bhuutvaadii| isa prakAra bhArata ke dArzanika sampradAya apanI-apanI paddhati se bhAratIya darzana-zAstra kA vikAsa karate rahe haiN| bhAratIya darzanoM ke sAmAnya siddhAnta : bhAratIya darzanoM ke sAmAnya siddhAntoM meM mukhya rUpa meM cAra haiMAtmavAda, karmavAda, paralokavAda aura mokSavAda / ina cAroM vicAroM meM bhAratIya darzanoM ke sabhI sAmAnya siddhAnta samAviSTa ho jAte haiM / jo rar

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5 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya AtmavAda meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai, use karmavAda meM bhI vizvAsa rakhanA hI hogaa| aura jo karmavAda ko svIkAra karatA hai, use paralokavAda bhI svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| aura jo paralokavAda ko svIkAra kara letA hai, use svarga aura mokSa para bhI vizvAsa karanA hI hotA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya darzanoM ke sarva sAmAnya siddhAnta athavA sarvamAnya siddhAnta ye cAra hI rahe haiN| ina cAroM ke atirikta anya koI aisA vicAra nahIM hai, jo ina cAroM meM na A jAtA ho, phira bhI yadi hama pramANa-mImAMsA ko leM, to vaha bhI bhAratIya-darzana kA eka avibhAjya aMga rahI hai| pratyeka darzana kI zAkhA ne pramANa kI vyAkhyA kI hai, aura usake bheda evaM upabhedoM kI vicAraNA ko hai| phira AcAra-zAstra ko bhI yadi liyA jAe, to pratyeka bhAratIya darzana kI zAkhA kA apanA eka AcAra-zAstra rahA hai| isa AcAra-zAstra ko hama usa darzana kA sAdhanA pakSa bhI kaha sakate haiN| pratyeka darzana-paramparA apanI paddhati se apane dvArA pratipAdita tattva-jJAna ko jaba jIvana meM utArane kA prayatna karatI hai, taba use sAdhanA kahA jAtA hai| yaha sAdhanA-pakSa bhI pratyeka bhAratIya darzana kA eka abhinna aMga rahA hai / duHkha-nivRtti aura sukha kI prApti, yaha bhI pratyeka darzana kA apanA eka viziSTa dhyeya rahA hai| yaha svAbhAvika hai, ki manuSya ko apane vartamAna jIvana se asantoSa ho / jIvana meM pratIta hone vAle pratikUla bhAva, duHkha evaM klezoM se vyAkula hokara manuSya unase chuTakArA prApta karane kI bAta soce, yaha svAbhAvika hai| bhArata ke pratyeka darzana ne phira bhale hI vaha kisI bhI paramparA kA kyoM na rahA ho, vartamAna jIvana ko duHkhamaya evaM klezamaya mAnA hai| isakA artha yahI hotA hai, ki jIvana meM jo kucha duHkha aura kleza hai, use dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA jAe, kyoMki duHkha-nivRtti aura sukha-prApti pratyeka AtmA kA sAhajika adhikAra hai| bhArata ke isa dRSTikoNa ko lekara pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne use nirAzAvAdI athavA palAyanavAdI kahA hai| parantu una logoM kA yaha kathana na tarkasaMgata hai, aura na bhAratIya-darzana kI maryAdA ke anukUla hii| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM tyAga aura vairAgya kI jo carcA kI gaI hai, usakA artha jIvana se parAGa mukha bananA nahIM hai, balki vartamAna jIvana ke asantoSa ke kAraNa citta meM jo eka vyAkulatA rahatI hai, use dUra karane ke lie hI bhAratIya-dArzanikoM ne tyAga aura vairAgya kI bAta kahI hai| yaha duHkhavAdI vicAradhArA bauddha-darzana meM atirekavAdI bana gayI hai| ise kisI aMza meM svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| jaina-darzana bhI isa duHkhavAdI paramparA meM sammi

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bhAratIya darzana ke sAmAnya siddhAnta 6 lita rahA hai| sAMkhya-darzana meM prArambha meM hI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki tIna prakAra ke duHkha se vyAkula yaha AtmA sukha aura zAnti kI khoja karanA cAhatA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya-darzanoM meM duHkhavAdI vicAradhArA rahI hai, isa satya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / parantu usakA artha nirAzAvAda aura palAyanavAda nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ekamAtra sukha kA anusandhAna hI usakA mukhya uddezya rahA hai / bhAratIya darzanoM meM AtmavAda : bhArata ke sabhI darzana AtmA ke astitva meM vizvAsa karate haiM / nyAya aura vaizeSika AtmA ko eka avinazvara aura nitya padArtha mAnate haiM / icchA, dvaSa, prayatna, sukha, duHkha aura jJAna ko usake vizeSa guNa mAnate haiN| AtmA jJAnavAn, kartA aura bhoktA hai / jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpa AtmA ke dharma hai / caitanya AtmA kA svarUpa hai / mImAMsA-darzana kA bhI mata yahI hai| mImAMsA AtmA ko nitya aura jJAnavAn mAnato hai| caitanya ko usakA akhaNDa dharma mAnatI hai| svapnarahita nidrA kI tathA mokSa kI avasthA meM AtmA caitanya guNa se rahita hotA hai| sAMkhya-darzana meM puruSa ko nitya aura mukta tathA caitanya svarUpa mAnA gayA hai| isa darzana ke anusAra caitanya AtmA kA Agantuka dharma nahIM hai| puruSa akartA hai| vaha sukha-dukha kI anubhUtiyoM se rahita hai / buddhi kartA hai, aura sukha evaM duHkha ke guNoM se yukta hai| buddhi prakRti kA pariNAma hai, aura prakRti nirantara kriyAzIla hai| isake viparIta puruSa zuddha caitanya svarUpa hai| advaita vedAnta AtmA ko vizuddha sat, cit aura AnandasvarUpa mAnatA hai / sAMkhya aneka puruSoM ko mAnatA hai, lekina Izvara ko nahIM mAnatA / advaita vedAnta kevala eka hI AtmA ko satya mAnatA hai| cArvAka darzana AtmA kI sattA ko nahIM maantaa| vaha caitanya viziSTa zarIra ko hI AtmA kahatA hai / bauddha darzana AtmA ko jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpoM kI eka kSaNa meM parivartana hone vAlI santAna mAnatA hai| isake viparIta jaina-darzana AtmA ko nitya, ajara aura amara svIkAra karatA hai| jJAna AtmA kA viziSTa guNa hai| guNa aura guNI meM kathaMcit bheda aura kathaMcit abheda rahatA hai| jaina-darzana mAnatA hai, ki AtmA svabhAvataH ananta-jJAna, ananta-darzana, ananta sukha aura ananta-zakti se yukta hai / isa dRSTi se pratyeka bhAratIya darzana AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai aura usakI vyAkhyA apane-apane DhaMga se karatA hai|

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10 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya bhAratIya darzanoM meM karma-vAda : karmavAda yaha bhAratIya-darzana kA eka viziSTa siddhAnta mAnA jAtA hai| bhArata ke pratyeka darzana kI zAkhA ne isa karmavAda ke siddhAnta para bhI gambhIra vicAra kiyA hai| jIvana meM jo sukha aura duHkha kI anubhUti hotI hai, usakA koI AdhAra avazya honA cAhie / isakA AdhAra ekamAtra karmavAda hI ho sakatA hai / isa saMsAra meM jo vicitratA aura vividhatA kA darzana hotA hai, usakA AdhAra pratyeka vyakti kA apanA karma hI hotA hai / karmavAda ke sambandha meM jitanA gambhIra aura vistRta vivecana jaina-paramparA ke granthoM meM upalabdha hai, utanA anyatra upalabdha nahIM hai| eka cArvAka-darzana ko chor3a kara zeSa sabhI bhAratIya-darzana karmavAda ke niyama meM AsthA evaM vizvAsa rakhate haiN| karma kA niyama naitikatA ke kSetra meM kAma karane vAlA kAraNa niyama hI hai| isakA artha yaha hai, ki zubha karma kA phala anivAryataH sukha hotA hai, aura azubha karma kA phala anivAryataH azubha hotA hai / acchA kAma AtmA meM puNya utpanna karatA hai, jo ki sukhabhoga kA kAraNa banatA hai| burA kAma AtmA meM pApa utpanna karatA hai, jo ki duHkha bhoga kA kAraNa banatA hai| sukha aura duHkha krama se zubha aura azubha karmoM ke anivArya phala haiN| isa naitika niyama kI pakar3a se koI bhI chUTa nahIM sakatA / zubha aura azubha donoM prakAra ke karma sUkSma saMskAra chor3a jAte haiM, jo nizcaya hI bhAvI sukha-duHkha ke kAraNa banate haiM / ve avazya hI samaya Ane para apane phala ko utpanna karate haiN| ina phaloM kA bhoga isa janma meM athavA bhaviSya meM kiyA jAtA hai, athavA AgAmI janmoM meM kiyA jAtA hai| karma ke niyama ke kAraNa hI AtmA ko isa saMsAra meM janma aura maraNa karanA par3atA hai / janma aura maraNa kA kAraNa karma hI hai| karma ke niyama kA bIja-rUpa sarvaprathama Rgveda kI Rta kI dhAraNA meM upalabdha hotA hai| Rta kA artha hai jagata kI vyavasthA evaM niyama / prakRti kI pratyeka ghaTanA apane niyama ke anusAra hI hotI hai| prakRti ke ye niyama hI Rta haiN| Age calakara Rta kI dhAraNA meM manuSya ke naitika niyamoM kI vyavasthA kA bhI samAveza ho gayA thaa| upaniSadoM meM bhI isa prakAra ke vicAra hameM bIjarUpa meM athavA sUkSarUpa meM upalabdha hote haiN| kucha upaniSadoM meM to karma ke niyama kI bhautika niyama ke rUpa meM spaSTa dhAraNA kI hai| manuSya jaisA botA hai, vaisA hI kATatA hai, acche bure karmoM kA phala acche bure .

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bhAratIya darzana ke sAmAnya siddhAnta 11 rUpa meM milatA hai / zubha karmoM se acchA caritra banatA hai, aura azubha karmoM se burA / phira acche caritra se acchA janma milatA hai, aura bure caritra se buraa| upaniSadoM meM kahA gayA hai, ki manuSya zubha karma karane se dhArmika banatA hai, aura azubha karma karane se pApAtmA banatA hai| saMsAra janma aura mRtyu kA eka ananta cakra hai / manuSya acche kAma karake acchA janma pA sakatA hai, aura anta meM bheda vijJAna ke dvArA saMsAra se mukta bhI ho sakatA hai / jainaAgama aura bauddha-piTakoM meM bhI karmavAda ke zAzvata niyamoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / jaina-paramparA kama se kama Rgveda se pUrva bho na ho, to usake samakAlIna avazya rahI hai| usameM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke yuga se hI karmavAda kI mAnyatA rahI hai| bauddha-darzana meM bhI karmavAda kI mAnyatA spaSTa rUpa meM najara AtI hai / ataH bauddha-darzana bhI karmavAdI darzana rahA hai / nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga tathA mImAMsA aura vedAnta darzana meM karma ke niyama meM AsthA vyakta kI gaI hai| ina darzanoM kA vizvAsa hai ki acche athavA bure kAma adRSTa ko utpanna karate haiM, jisakA vipAka hone meM kucha samaya lagatA hai, usake bAda usa vyakti ko sukha athavA duHkha bhoganA par3atA hai| karma kA phala kucha to isI jIvana meM milatA hai, aura kucha agale jIvana meN| lekina karma ke phala se kabhI bacA nahIM jA sktaa| bhautika vyavasthA para kAraNa niyama kA zAsana hai aura naitika vyavasthA para karma ke niyama kA zAsana rahatA hai / parantu bhautika vyavasthA bhI naitika vyavasthA ke hI uddezya kI pUrti karatI hai| isa prakAra yaha dekhA jAtA hai, ki bhAratIya darzanoM kI pratyeka zAkhA ne karmavAda ke niyamoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai, aura usako paribhASA evaM vyAkhyA bhI apanI-apanI paddhati se kI hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM paraloka-vAda : __jaba bhAratIya-darzanoM meM AtmA ko amara mAna liyA gayA, aura saMsArI avasthA meM usameM sukha evaM duHkha mAna liyA gayA, taba yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai, ki sukha evaM duHkha kA mUla AdhAra bhI mAnA jaae| aura vaha mUla AdhAra karmavAda ke rUpa meM bhAratIya-darzana ne svIkAra kiyaa| vartamAna jIvana meM AtmA kisa rUpa meM rahatA hai ? aura usakI sthiti kyA hotI hai ? isa samasyA meM se hI paralokavAda kA janma huaa| paralokavAda ko janmAntaravAda bhI kahA jAtA hai / eka cArvAka-darzana ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA paralokavAda-yaha eka sarvamAnya siddhAnta hai / paraloka

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12 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya cAda athavA janmAntaravAda karmavAda ke siddhAnta kA phalita rUpa hai / karma kA siddhAnta yaha mA~ga karatA hai, ki zubha karmoM kA zubha phala mile aura azubha karmoM kA azubha phala | lekina saba karmoM kA phala isI jIvana meM milanA sambhava nahIM hai / ataH karma-phala ko bhogane ke lie dUsarA jIvana Avazyaka hai / bhAratIya darzana ke anusAra yaha saMsAra janma aura maraNa kI anAdi zrRMkhalA hai / isa janma aura maraNa kA kAraNa kyA hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM sAMkhya darzana meM kahA gayA, ki prakRti aura puruSa kA bheda-jJAna na honA hI isakA kAraNa hai / nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana meM kahA gayA, ki janma aura maraNa kA kAraNa jIva kA ajJAna hI hai / vedAnta darzana meM kahA gayA, ki avidyA athavA mAyA hI usakA mukhya kAraNa hai / boddha-darzana meM kahA gayA, ki vAsanA ke kAraNa hI janma aura maraNa hotA hai| jaina darzana meM kahA gayA, ki karma - baddha saMsArI AtmA kA jo bAra-bAra janma aura maraNa hotA hai, usake pA~ca kAraNa haiM - mithyAtva-bhAva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya tathA zubha aura azubha yoga / sAmAnya bhASA meM jaba tatva-jJAna se ajJAna kA nAza ho jAtA hai, taba saMsAra kA bhI anta ho jAtA hai / bhAratIya darzanoM meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai, ki saMsAra eka bandhana hai, isa bandhana kA Atyantika nAza AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa mokSa se hI hotA hai / bandhana kA kAraNa ajJAna hai, aura isI se saMsAra kI utpatti hotI hai / isake viparIta mokSa kA kAraNa tattva-jJAna hai / tattva-jJAna ke ho jAne para saMsAra kA bhI anta ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra tattva-jJAna aura usakA viparIta bhAva ajJAna, avidyA, mAyA, vAsanA aura karma ko mAnA gayA hai / janmAntara, bhavAntara, punarjanma aura paraloka kA artha hai - mRtyu ke bAda AtmA kA dUsarA zarIra dhAraNa karanA / cArvAka darzana ne yaha mAnA thA, ki zarIra ke nAza ke sAtha hI cetana-zakti kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai / parantu AtmA kI amaratA meM vizvAsa karane vAle dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai, ki zarIra ke nAza se AtmA kA nAza nahIM hotA / isa vartamAna zarIra ke naSTa hone para bhI AtmA banA rahatA hai, aura pUrva kRta karmoM kA phala bhogane ke lie AtmA ko dUsarA janma dhAraNa karanA par3atA hai| dUsarA janma dhAraNa karanA ho punarjanma kahA jAtA hai / pazu, pakSI, manuSya deva aura nAraka Adi aneka prakAra ke janma grahaNa karanA yaha saMsArI AtmA kA Avazyaka pariNAma hai / AtmA aneka janma tabhI grahaNa kara sakatA hai, jaba

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bhAratIya darzana ke sAmAnya siddhAnta 13 vaha nitya aura avicchinna ho| sabhI Astika-darzana AtmA kI nityatA ko svIkAra karate haiN| cAvaki-darzana zarIra, prANa athavA mana se bhinna AtmA jaisI nitya vastu ko svIkAra nahIM karatA / ataH usake mana meM janmAntara athavA punarjanma jaisI vastu mAnya nahIM hai| bauddha dArzanika AtmA ko kSaNika vijJAnoM kI eka santati mAtra mAnate haiN| unake anusAra AtmA kSaNa-kSaNa meM badalatA hai / jo AtmA pUrva kSaNa meM thA, vaha uttara kSaNa meM nahIM rhtaa| isa prakAra nadI ke pravAha ke samAna ve citta-santati ke pravAha ko svIkAra karate haiM, aura kahate haiM, ki AtmA kI santati nitya pravahamAna rahatI hai| isa prakAra kSaNikavAda ko svIkAra karane para bhI ve janmAntara aura punarjanma ko bhI svIkAra karate haiN| unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra eka vijJAnasantAna kA antima vijJAna sabhI pUrva vijJAnoM kI vAsanAoM ko AtmasAta karatA hai, aura eka nayA zarIra dhAraNa kara letA hai / bauddha mata ke anusAra vAsanA ko saMskAra bhI kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra bauddha dArzanika AtmA ko nityatA to nahIM mAnate, lekina vijJAna-santAna ko avicchinnatA ko avazya hI svIkAra karate haiM / jaina dArzanika AtmA ko kevala nitya nahIM, pariNAmI-nitya mAnate haiN| AtmA dravya-dRSTi se nitya hai, aura paryAyadRSTi se anitya / kyoMki paryAya pratikSaNa badalatA rahatA hai| isa badalane para bhI dravya kA dravyatva kabhI naSTa nahIM hotaa| jaina dArzanika punarjanma ko svIkAra karate haiN| kyoMki pratyeka AtmA apane karmoM ke anusAra aneka gati evaM yoniyoM ko prApta hotI rahatI hai| jaise-koI eka AtmA jo Aja' manuSya zarIra meM hai, bhaviSya meM vaha apane zubhAzubha karmoM ke anusAra deva aura nAraka bhI bana sakatA hai / eka janma ke bAda dUsare janma ko dhAraNa karanA isI ko janmAntara athavA bhavAntara kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra samasta bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAe~ punarjanma ko svIkAra karatI haiM / bhAratIya-varzanoM meM mokSa evaM nirvANa : Astika dArzanikoM ke sAmane yaha prazna upasthita haA, ki kyA kabhI AtmA kI isa prakAra kI sthiti bhI hogI, ki usakA punarjanma athavA janmAntara miTa jAe? isa prazna ke uttara meM unakA kahanA hai, ki mokSa, mukti athavA nirvANa hI vaha sthiti hai, jahAM pahu~cakara AtmA kA janmAntara athavA punarjanma miTa jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai, ki AtmA kI amaratA meM

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14 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya AsthA rakhane vAle Astika-darzanoM ne mokSa kI sthiti ko eka svara se svIkAra kiyA hai| cArvAka-darzana kA kahanA hai, ki maraNa hI apavarga athavA mokSa hai / mokSa kA siddhAnta sabhI bhAratIya-dArzanikoM ko mAnya hai| bhautikavAdI hone ke kAraNa eka cArvAka hI usako svIkAra nahIM krtaa| kyoMki AtmA ko vaha zarIra se bhinna sattA nahIM maantaa| ataH usake darzana meM AtmA ke mokSa kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| cArvAka kI dRSTi meM isa jIvana meM aura isI loka meM sukha bhoga karanA mokSa hai| isase bhinna isa prakAra ke mokSa kI kalpanA vaha kara hI nahIM sakatA, jisameM AtmA eka lokAtIta avasthA ko prApta ho jAtA hai| bauddha-darzana meM AtmA kI isa lokAtIta avasthA ko mokSa na kahakara nirvANa kahA gayA hai / yadyapi nirvANa zabda jaina granthoM meM bhI bahulatA se ulabdha hotA hai, phira bhI isakA prayoga bauddha-darzana meM hI adhika rUr3ha hai| bauddha-darzana ke anusAra nirvANa zabda saba duHkhoM ke Atyantika uccheda kI avasthA ko abhivyakta karatA hai| nirvANa zabda kA artha hai-bujha jAnA / lekina isase yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie, ki nirvANa meM AtmA kA Atyantika vinAza ho jAtA hai| bauddha-darzana ke anusAra isameM Atyantika vinAza to avazya hotA hai, lekina duHkha kA hotA hai, na ki Atma-santati kaa| kucha bauddha-dArzanika nirvANa ko vizuddha Ananda kI avasthA mAnate haiM / isa prakAra bauddha-darzana kSaNikavAdI hokara bhI janmAntara aura nirvANa ko svIkAra karatA hai| jaina dArzanika prArambha se hI mokSavAdI rahe haiM / jaina-darzana ke anusAra AtmA kI svAbhAvika avasthA hI mokSa hai| ananta-darzana, ananta jJAna, ananta-sukha aura ananta-zakti kA prakaTa honA hI mokSa hai / AtmA apanI vizuddha avasthA ko taba prApta karatA hai, jaba ki vaha samyak-darzana, samyaka-jJAna aura samyaka-cAritra ko sAdhanA ke dvArA karma pudgala ke AvaraNa ko sarvathA naSTa kara detA hai / jaina-paramparA ke mahAn adhyAtmavAdI AcArya kunda-kunda ne apane samayasAra meM AtmA ke svarUpa kA varNana karate hue kahA hai-"eka vyakti lambe samaya se kArAgRha meM par3A ho, aura apane bandhana kI tIvratA evaM mandatA ko tathA bandhana ke kAla ko bhalIbhAMti samajhatA ho, parantu jaba taka vaha apane bandhana ke vaza hokara usakA chedana nahIM karatA, taba taka lambA samaya vyatIta ho jAne para bhI vaha chUTa nahIM sakatA / isI prakAra koI manuSya apane karma-bandhana kA pradeza, sthiti, prakRti aura anubhAga ko bhalI-bhAMti samajhatA ho, to bhI itane mAtra se vaha karma-bandhana se mukta nahIM ho sktaa| vahI AtmA yadi rAga evaM dveSa Adi

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bhAratIya darzana ke sAmAnya siddhAnta 15 ko dUra haTA kara vizuddha ho jAe, to mokSa prApta kara sakatA hai / bandhana kA vicAra karane mAtra se bandha se chuTakArA nahIM milatA hai| chuTakArA pAne ke lie bandha ko aura AtmA ko svabhAvataHbhalI-bhAMti samajhakara bandha se virakta honA cAhie / jIva aura bandha ke alaga-alaga lakSaNa samajhakara prajJA rUpI charI se unheM alaga karanA cAhie, tabhI bandha chUTatA hai bandha ko chedakara kyA karanA cAhie? Atma-svarUpa meM sthita honA caahie| Atma svarUpa ko kisa prakAra grahaNa karanA cAhie ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai, ki mumukSu ko AtmA kA isa prakAra vicAra karanA cAhie-maiM cetanasvarUpa haiM, maiM jJAnasvarUpa hU~, maiM jJAtA hU~, zeSa jo kucha bhI hai, vaha mujhase bhinna hai| zuddha AtmA ko samajhane vAlA vyakti samasta para-bhAvoM ko parakIya jAnakara unase alaga ho jAtA hai| yaha para-bhAva se alaga ho jAnA hI vAstavika mokSa hai|' isa prakAra jaina-darzana meM mokSa ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / jainadarzana meM vizuddha Atma-svarUpa ko prakaTa karane ko hI mokSa kahA gayA hai| sAMkhya darzana mokSa ko prakRti aura puruSa kA viveka mAnatA hai| viveka eka prakAra kA bheda-vijJAna hai| isake viparIta bandha prakRti aura puruSa kA aviveka hai| puruSa nitya aura mukta hai, apane aviveka ke kAraNa vaha prakRti aura usake vikAroM se apanA tAdAtmya mAna letA hai| zarIra, indriya, mana, buddhi aura ahaMkAra-ye saba prakRti ke vikAra haiM, lekina aviveka ke kAraNa puruSa inheM apanA samajha baiThatA hai / mokSa puruSa kI svAbhAvika avasthA kI prApti hai / bandha eka pratIti mAtra hai, aura isakA kAraNa aviveka hai / yogadarzana mokSa ko AtmA kA kaivalya mAnatA hai| kaivalya AtmA ke prakRti ke jAla se chUTa jAne kI eka avasthA vizeSa hai| AtmA ko isa avasthA kI prApti taba hotI hai, jaba tapa aura saMyama ke dvArA mana se saba karma-saMskAra. nikala jAte haiN| sAMkhya aura yoga mokSa meM puruSa kI cinmAtra avasthiti mAnate haiN| isa avasthA meM vaha sukha aura duHkha se sarvathA atIta ho jAtA hai| kyoMki sukha aura duHkha to buddhi kI vRttiyAM mAtra hai| ina vRttiyoM kA Atyantika abhAva ho sAMkhya aura yoga-darzana meM mukti hai| __nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana mokSa ko AtmA kI vaha avasthA mAnate 1 samayasAra, 2 samayasAra,

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16 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya haiM, jisameM vaha mana aura zarIra se atyanta vimukta ho jAtA hai, aura sattA mAtra raha jAtA hai / mokSa AtmA kI acetana avasthA hai, kyoMki caitanya to usakA eka Agantuka dharma hai, svarUpa nhiiN| jaba AtmA kA zarIra aura mana se saMyoga hotA hai, tabhI usameM caitanya kA udaya hotA hai| ataH mokSa kI avasthA meM inase viyoga hone para caitanya bhI calA jAtA hai| mokSa kI prApti tatva-jJAna se hotI hai / yaha duHkha ke Atyantika uccheda kI avasthA hai| mImAMsA-darzana meM bhI mokSa ko AtmA kI svAbhAvika avasthA kI prApti mAnA gayA hai, jisameM sukha aura duHkha kA atyanta vinAza ho jAtA hai| apanI svAbhAvika avasthA meM AtmA acetana hotA hai| mokSa duHkha ke Atyantika abhAva kI avasthA hai| lekina isameM Ananda kI anubhUti nahIM hotii| AtmA svabhAvataH sukha aura duHkha se atIta hai / mokSa kI avasthA meM jJAna-zakti to rahatI hai, lekina jJAna nahIM rhtaa| advaita-vedAnta mokSa ko jIvAtmA aura brahma ke ekIbhAva kI upasabdhi mAnatA hai| kyoMki paramArthataH AtmA brahma hI hai / AtmA vizuddha, sat, cit aura Ananda svarUpa hai ! bandha mithyA hai / avidyA evaM mAyA hI isakA kAraNa hai| AtmA avidyA ke kAraNa zarIra, indriya, mana, buddhi aura ahaMkAra ke sAtha apanA tAdAtmya kara letA hai, jo ki vastutaH mAyA nirmita hai| vedAnta-darzana ke anusAra yahI mithyA tAdAtmya bandha kA kAraNa hai / avidyA se AtmA kA bandhana hotA hai, aura vidyA se isa bandhana kI nivRtti hotI hai, mokSa AtmA kI svAbhAvika avasthA hai| yaha na caitanya rahita avasthA hai, aura na duHkhAbhAva mAtra kI avasthA hai, balki sat, cit aura Ananda kI brahma avasthA hai| yahI jIvAtmA ke brahma-bhAva kI prApti hai| isa prakAra mokSa kI dhAraNA samasta bhAratIya-darzanoM meM upalabdha hotI hai| vAstava meM mokSa kI prApti dArzanika cintana kA lakSya hai| bhArata ke sabhI darzanoM meM isake svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, aura apanI-apanI paddhati se pratyeka ne usakI vyAkhyA kI hai|

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jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA

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jainadarzana kI tatva - mImAMsA pratyeka darzana - zAstra kI apanI eka tattva-mImAMsA hotI hai / pramANa se prameya kI siddhi kI jAtI hai| jJAna se jJeya ko jAnA jAtA hai / pramANa kA jo viSaya hotA hai, vaha prameya kahA jAtA hai| jJAna kA jo viSaya hotA hai, use jJeya kahate haiM / pramANa, prameya aura pramAtA - yaha eka tripuTI hai, jo pramANa - zAstra meM atyanta prasiddha hai / jJAna jJeya aura jJAtA - yaha eka dUsarI tripuTI hai, jo adhyAtma zAstra meM prakhyAta rahI hai / pramAtA jAtmA, pramANa ke dvArA prameya ko jAnatA hai / jJAtA jIva, jJAna ke dvArA jJeya ko samajhatA hai / pramAtA evaM jJAtA jIva ko AtmA kahA gayA hai / prameya eva jJeya sat, dravya, tatva aura padArtha ko kahate haiM / bhArata ke vibhinna darzana zAstroM meM ye cAroM zabda vyavahRta hote rahe haiM / vedAnta meM sat, vaizeSika meM aura mImAMsA meM dravya, yoga meM aura sAMkhya meM tattva, tathA nyAya meM padArtha zabda kA bahulatA se prayoga kiyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM bhI sat zabda kA prayoga hai / jaise ki yat sat tat kSaNikam isake viparIta vedAnta kA kathana hai, ki sarvaM satu, zAzvataM tathA ekaJca / satu ke sthAna para kahIM-kahIM para sattA zabda kA prayoga bhI upalabdha hotA hai| nyAya darzana meM do prakAra kI sattA mAnI jAtI hai - para aura apara / para sattA ko parama sattA bhI kahA gayA hai / cArvAka darzana meM tattva zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / tattva eka hai, ora vaha jar3ata hai, cetana nahIM hai / jaina darzana ke samanvayavAdI mahAnu AcAryoM ne apane granthoM meM cAroM zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai-satu, dravya, tattva aura padArtha / eka anya zabda kA prayoga bhI jaina - zAstroM meM upalabdha hotA hai, aura vaha hai- astikAya zabda | jo sat hai, vaha dravya hai, jo dravya hai, vaha tattva hai, jo tattva hai, vaha padArtha hai / jo utpanna hotA hai, jo vyaya hotA hai, aura jo dhruva bhI hotA hai, vaha sat kahA gayA hai / jo nirantara nUtana paryAyoM ko prApta hotA rahatA ( 19 )

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20 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya hai, vaha dravya hai / tattva kI paribhASA hai, ki tasya bhAvaM tattvam / jo vastu kA svabhAva hai, vaha tattva hai / padArtha kI vyAkhyA hai, ki padasya arthaH, padArthaH / jo pada kA abhidheya arthAt vAcya hai, vaha padArtha hai / ye cAroM zabda sArthaka evaM sayuktika haiM / kucha thor3A-sA antara bhI hai / parama nizcaya naya se sat eka hotA hai / vyavahAra naya se do, tIna, cAra, pA~ca, chaha, sAta aura nava bho tathA adhika bhI ho sakate haiN| jaina darzana meM prasiddha hai, ki mUla dravya do haiMjIva aura ajIva / dravya SaT haiM - jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla / astikAya pA~ca haiM - jIva astikAya, pudgala astikAya, dharma astikAya, adharma astikAya aura AkAza astikAya / tattva sAta haiMjIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa / padArtha nava haiMjIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, puNya, pApa, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa / saba prameya rUpa aura jJeya rUpa haiM, kyoMki pramA tathA jJAna ke viSaya haiM / tattva ke tIna bheda bhI ho sakate haiM - jJeya, heya aura upAdeya / jIva aura ajIva, jJeya haiM / puNya, pApa, Asrava aura bandha heya haiM / saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa upAdeya haiM / tattva ke do rUpa bhI haiM -sayogI aura viyogI / puNya, pApa, Asrava aura bandha - ye cAra sayogI haiM / saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa- ye tIna viyogI haiM / isa prakAra tattva ke aneka vibhAjana ho sakate haiM / sat kI vyAkhyA : vAcaka pravara umAsvAti ne sva-racita tattvArtha sUtra ke paJcama adhyAya ke unatIsa sUtra meM, sat kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra se kI hai- jo utpAda, vyaya aura dhruva, ina tInoM se yukta ho, tadAtmaka ho, trayAtmaka ho, vahI sat hai / sat ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM, bhAratIya darzanoM meM bahuta gahana mata-bheda rahA hai | vedAnta darzana kevala brahma ko sat arthAt dhruva evaM nitya mAnatA hai / bauddha darzana niranvaya, kSaNika aura ekamAtra utpAda evaM vinAza-zIla ko sat kahatA hai / sAMkhya darzana cetana tattva rUpa sat ko to kevala dhruva evaM kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai, aura prakRti tattva rUpa sat ko pariNAmi nitya mAnatA hai / nyAya darzana AkAza, kAla, dizA, AtmA aura paramANu ko sat arthAt nitya kahatA hai aura ghaTa tathA paTa Adi sat ko anitya, utpAda vinAza-zIla mAnatA hai / jaina darzana kA kathana hai, ki ekAnta rUpa se nitya aura ekAnta rUpa

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jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA 21 se anitya, jagat kA eka bhI padArtha nahIM hai / samasta padArtha, cetana ho, yA acetana, sUkSma ho, yA sthUla, mUrta ho, kiMvA amUrta, sabhI sat utpAda, vyaya aura dhruva rUpa se trirUpa hai / saMsAra kI pratyeka vastu meM dI aMza rahate haiM / eka aMza, jo tInoM kAloM meM zAzvata aura dvitIya aza, jo sadA azAzvata rahA hai / kisI apekSA se vastu asthira hai, aura kisI apekSA se sthira bhI hai / zAzvata aMza ke kAraNa pratyeka vastu dhruva hai, sthira hai, aura azAzvata aMza ke kAraNa vahI vastu utpAda evaM vyaya rUpa hone se asthira bhI hai / dravya dRSTi se vastu nitya hai, aura paryAya dRSTi se anitya / ataeva jaina darzana nityAnityavAdI hai, anekAntavAdI hai / yahI sat kI vyAkhyA hai, jise jaina darzana ne spaSTa kiyA hai / nitya kI paribhASA : nitya kyA hai ? anitya kyA hai isa viSaya meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM kAphI vivAda rahA hai / vAcaka umAsvAti ne isakA bhI bahuta sundara samAdhAna kiyA hai / nitya kI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai, ki jo usake bhAva se arthAt apanI jAti se cyuta na ho, vahI nitya hai / pratyeka vastu meM mUla jAti arthAt dravya kI apekSA se dhruvatva aura pariNAma kI apekSA se utpAda evaM vyaya hone meM kisI prakAra kA virodha nahIM AtA / jaina darzana pariNAmi nityatva ko mAnatA hai / sat usake bhAva se cyuta na hone ke kAraNa nitya hai / utpAda vyaya dhruva rUpa honA hI vastu mAtra kA svarUpa hai / yahI svarUpa sat kahA gayA hai / sat svarUpa nitya hai, vaha to tInoM kAloM meM eka jaisA avasthita hai | apanI-apanI jAti ko na chor3anA, yaha sabhI dravyoM kA dhruvatva hai / pratyeka samaya meM bhinna-bhinna pariNAma rUpa se utpanna evaM vinaSTa honA, yaha unakA utpAda evaM vyaya hai / ataeva pratyeka vastu trayAtmaka hotI hai / vivakSA, avivakSA aura saha vivakSA se tIna bhaMga arthAt vikalpa ho jAte hai-- nitya, anitya aura nityAnitya / jaise ki AtmA hai / yaha sat bhI hai, asat bhI hai, aura sad asat bhI hai / isa prakAra apekSA vizeSa se sattva aura apekSAntara se asattva ye donoM dharma AtmA meM siddha hote haiM / jaba jisakI vivakSA ho, taba vaha pradhAna hai, aura jisakI vivakSA na ho, vaha apradhAna hai / jo karma kA kartA hai, vahI usake phala kA bhoktA ho sakatA hai / karma aura phala ke ekAdhikaraNa kI pratIti batAne ke lie AtmA meM dravya dRSTi se siddha nityatva kI vivakSA kI jAtI hai / usa samaya usakA paryAya

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22 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya dRSTi se siddha anityatva vivakSita na hone se gauNa hai, apradhAna hai / parantu kartRtva kI apekSA bhoktRtva kAla meM AtmA kI avasthA badala jAtI hai| isa sthiti meM karmakAlIna aura phalakAlIna avasthA bheda dikhAne ke lie jaba paryAya dRSTi siddha anityatva kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai, taba dravyadRSTi siddha nityatva pradhAna nahIM rahA, vaha gauNa ho gayA / ataH vivakSA aura avivakSA ke kAraNa kabhI AtmA ko nitya aura kabhI anitya kahA jAtA hai / jaba donoM dharmoM ko vivakSA eka sAtha kI jAtI hai, taba donoM dharmoM kA yugapat pratipAdana kara sake, isa prakAra kA vAcaka zabda na hone ke kAraNa AtmA ko avaktavya kahA jAtA hai / sapta bhaMgI : vivakSA, avivakSA aura saha vivakSA ko lekara, anya bhI cAra vAkya baca jAte haiM / jaise ki -- 1. nityAnitya 2. nitya avaktavya 3. anitya avaktavya 4. nitya anitya avaktavya ina sAta vAkya racanAoM ko sapta bhaMgI kahate haiM / mUla meM do bhaMga haiM nitya aura anitya / zeSa inakA sammizraNa hai / dravya kA lakSaNa : jisameM guNa aura paryAya hoM, vaha dravya kahalAtA hai / pratyeka dravya apane pariNAmI svabhAva ke kAraNa samaya-samaya meM nimitta ke anusAra bhinnabhinna rUpoM meM pariNata hotA rahatA hai, vividha pariNAmoM ko prApta karatA rahatA hai / dravya meM pariNAma utpanna karane kI jo zakti hai, vahI usakA guNa kahA jAtA hai, aura guNajanya pariNAma ko paryAya kahate haiM / guNa hai, kAraNa aura paryAya hai, usakA kArya / eka dravya meM ananta guNa haiM, jo apane Azraya bhUta dravya se avibhAjya haiM / jIva aura pudgala dravya haiM, kyoMki unameM ananta guNa haiM / cetanA jIva kA vizeSa guNa hai, aura rUpa pudgala kA vizeSa guNa hai / dravya ke vizeSa guNa ko asAdhAraNa dharma kahate haiM, yaha asAdhAraNa dharma hI lakSaNa kahA jAtA hai| upayoga evaM cetanA jIva dravya kA lakSaNa hai / rUpa evaM mUrti pudgala dravya kA

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jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA 23 / lakSaNa hai / jIva dravya meM cetanA guNa hai, jJAna tathA darzana paryAya haiN| pudgala dravya meM nIla tathA pIta paryAya haiM, rUpa guNa kI / ataeva guNa aura paryAya ke Azraya ko dravya kahate haiM / dravya meM saba guNa eka-jaise nahIM hote / kucha sAmAnya haiM, to kucha vizeSa bhI haiN| jo guNa samasta dravyoM meM rahate haiM, ve sAmAnya hai, jaise ki astitva, vastutva, pradezavatva aura jJeyatva Adi / kucha vizeSa hote haiM, jaise ki jIva meM cetanA aura pudgala meM rUpa / asAdhAraNa guNa aura usakI paryAya ke kAraNa hI pratyeka dravya eka-dUsare se bhinna hote haiN| eka vizeSa bAta yaha hai, ki pudgala dravya ke mUrta hone se usake guNa guru-laghu tathA paryAya bhI gurulaghu kahe jAte haiM / zeSa samasta dravyoM ke amUrta hone se unake guNa aura paryAya aguru-laghu kahe jAte haiN| guNa kA svarUpa : __jo sadA dravya meM to rahate haiM, para jo svayaM guNa-zUnya haiM, ve guNa kahe jAte haiM / guNa kabhI guNa meM nahIM rhtaa| guNa ke samAna paryAya bhI dravya ke Azrita haiM, aura nirguNa haiM, phira ve utpAda-vyaya rUpa hone se dravya meM sadA vidyamAna nahIM rhte| guNa dhruva rUpa hone se sadA hI dravya meM upalabdha hote haiM / vastutaH yahI antara haiM, guNoM meM aura paryAyoM meM / guNa meM guNAntara mAnane se anavasthA doSa upasthita ho jAtA hai / paryAya kA svarUpa : ___guNoM kA pariNamana paryAya hai / guNoM kA vikAra paryAya hai / vAcaka pravara umAsvAti ne tattvArtha sUtra ke paJcama adhyAya ke ikatAlIsaveM sUtra meM, paryAya ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana isa prakAra kiyA hai, ki usakA honA, arthAt svarUpa meM sthita rahakara, utpanna evaM naSTa hote rahanA, yaha pariNAma hai, yaha paryAya hai / dravya ho athavA guNa ho, sabhI apanI-apanI jAti kA binA parityAga kie pratisamaya nimitta ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna avasthAoM ko prApta hote rahate haiM / yahI dravyoM tathA guNoM kA pariNAma hai / pariNAma do prakAra kA hotA hai-anAdimAna aura AdimAn / jIvoM meM yoga aura upayoga AdimAna hote haiN| dravya rUpI ho kiMvA arUpI, samasta dravyoM meM anAdi aura Adi, donoM prakAra ke pariNAma upalabdha hote haiN| pravAha kI apekSA anAdi aura vyakti kI apekSA Adi pariNAma saba meM samAna rUpa se ghaTAyA jA sakatA hai| jaina tatva-mImAMsA kA mUla AdhAra hai-dravya, guNa evaM paryAya /

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24 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya tattva-vargIkaraNa: bhArata ke sabhI darzanoM ne tattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| usakA vargIkaraNa aura saMkhyA bhI apanI-apanI avadhAraNA ke anusAra kI hai| jaina paramparA ke AcAryoM ne apane vibhinna granthoM meM dravya tathA tatva kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai-SaD dravya, paJca astikAya, sapta tattva aura nava tattva athavA nava pdaarth| SaD dravyaH 1. dharma 2. adharma 3. AkAza 4. kAla 5. pudgala 6. jIva paJca astikAya: 1. dharmAstikAya 2. adharmAstikAya 3. AkAzAstikAya 4. pudgalAstikAya 5. jIvAstikAya sapta tattva : 1. jIva 2. ajIva 3. Asrava 4. saMvara 5. bandha 6. nirjarA 7. mokSa nava padArtha : 1. jIva 2. ajAva

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saMkSepa rUpa : madhyama rUpa 3. Asrava 4. bandha 5. puNya 6. pApa 7. saMvara 8. nirjarA 6. mokSa 1 jIva 2. ajIva 1. mUrta 2. amUrta athavA 1. rUpI 2. arUpI 1. jJeya 2. heya 3. upAdeya jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA tattvoM kA vibhAga tIna dRSTiyoM se kiyA gayA hai-Agama, darzana aura adhyAtma | AgamoM meM nava tattva athavA nava padArthoM kA mukhyatayA varNana kiyA hai| darzana granthoM meM pradhAnatayA SaD dravya evaM paJca astikAya kA varNana hai / adhyAtma granthoM meM jJeya, heya aura upAdeya rUpa meM varNana upalabdha hotA hai / granthakAroM ne apane ziSya kI buddhi aura apanI ruci ke anusAra kahIM para vistAra se aura kahIM para saMkSepa se varNana kiyA hai / eka vyakti tattva ko vistAra se jAnanA cAhatA hai / dUsarA vyakti saMkSepa meM samajhanA cAhatA hai / eka vyakti samajhanA bhara cAhatA hai / dUsarA samajhakara, tadanusAra jIvana jInA cAhatA hai / upadeSTA sAmane vAle kI yogyatA, zakti aura buddhi ko nApa kara hI upadeza karatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai, ki granthoM meM vibhinna prakAra se tattvoM kA vargIkaraNa, vibhAjana aura saMkhyA bheda dRSTigocara hotA hai / pratipAdana zailI bhI bhinna-bhinna hotI hai / 25

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26 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya jaina darzana ko tatva dRSTi : jaina dArzanikoM ne mUla bhUta tattva do mAne haiM-jIva tattva aura ajIva tattva / kahIM para jIva dravya aura ajIva dravya bhI kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM do rAziyoM kA ullekha hai-jIva-rAzi aura ajIva-rAzi / samasta jagata ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara diyA gayA hai / ina donoM se bAhara jagat meM kucha zeSa nahIM bctaa| ina donoM kA hI vistAra paJca-astikAya, SaD dravya, sapta tattva aura nava padArtha ho jAte haiM / tattvoM ke sambandha meM bhArata ke anya darzanoM meM bhI kahIM para saMkSepa aura kahIM para vistAra se dekhA jA sakatA hai| ____sAMkhya darzana meM paccIsa tattva mAne gae haiM, lekina mUla meM do haiMprakRti aura puruSa / jagat ina do kA hI vistAra hai / upaniSad evaM vedAnta meM, ekamAtra brahma ko tattva mAnA gayA hai / brahma hI satya hai, anya saba bhrama hai, mithyA hai / saba kucha cetana hai, jar3a hai hI nhiiN| isake viparIta bhUtavAdI cArvAka bRhaspati ekamAtra jar3a ko ho jagat kA AdhArabhUta tattva mAnatA hai / vaha cetana ko nahIM mAnatA / usake mata meM cAra bhUta athavA pA~ca bhUta tattva haiM, jo jagat ke AdhAra mAne jAte haiN| ye bhUta, jo sthUla hai, indriya gocara hai, unheM hI vaha mAnatA hai / donoM ko milAne se jaina dRSTi ho jAtI hai-jIva aura ajIva / yahI to jaina tattva-dRSTi hai| ___ sAMkhya aura yoga bhI do tattva svIkAra karatA hai-puruSa aura prakRti / para usane puruSa ko kUTastha nitya mAnA, aura prakRti meM nityanirantara parivartana / usa darzana meM bandha evaM mokSa kI vyavasthA nahIM baiTha sakatI / ataH jaina darzana meM jIva aura ajIva ko pariNAmI nitya mAnakara bandha aura mokSa kI vyavasthA ko niyata kara diyaa| bauddha darzana dvatavAdI hai-vaha jar3a aura cetana kI sattA ko to svIkAra karatA hai parantu kSaNa-dhvaMsavAdI hai / kisI kI bhI sattA eka kSaNa se adhika nahIM rahatI hai| ataH bandha aura mokSa kI vyavasthA kA vahA~ para abhAva hai| kyoMki vaha kSaNikavAdI darzana hai| jo doSa nityavAda meM haiM, ve hI doSa kSaNa-dhvaMsavAda meM bhI haiM, ataH bandha aura mokSa kI vyavasthA nahIM bana pAtI / vaha tabhI bana pAtI hai, jabaki AtmA ko pariNAmI nitya svIkAra kiyA jAe / sAMkhya darzana meM yaha doSa hai, ki vaha prakRti ko to pariNAmI nitya mAnatA hai, lekina puruSa ko kUTastha nitya / .

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jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA 27 nyAya-vaizeSika darzana jIva aura jar3a, donoM ko svIkAra karatA hai / paJcabhUtoM ko aura AtmA ko bhI mAnatA hai / AtmA ke do bheda haiMjIvAtmA aura paramAtmA / AtmA ko jJAna kA adhikaraNa mAnatA hai, lekina mukta dazA meM, AtmA ko jJAna- zUnya mAnatA hai / jJAna zUnya to jar3a hI hotA hai, cetana nahIM / mokSa cetana kA hotA hai, jar3a kA kabhI nahIM hotA / mImAMsA darzana bhI jIva aura jagat donoM ko anAdi evaM ananta mAnatA hai / mokSa kI mAnyatA meM use vizvAsa nahIM, yajJa rUpa karma meM usakI AsthA hai, jisakA phala svarga hotA hai / usake mana meM, yajJa, tapa aura dAna rUpa karma se svarga ke sukha milate haiM / bhautika sukhoM kI sAdhanA hai, adhyAtma nahIM / jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva ke caitanya kA anubhava, meM hI hotA hai / ataH jIva sva- deha parimANa ho jAtA hai / jIva ko pUrva jIvana chor3a kara, uttara jIvana meM jAnA-AnA par3atA hai / jIva kI gati meM dharma-dravya sahakAri kAraNa hotA hai, aura sthiti meM adharma dravya sahakAri hotA hai / jIva aura ajIva saba AkAza meM rahate haiM / kyoMki avakAza denA, AkAza kA svabhAva hai / jIva aura karma kA anAdi kAlIna sambandha hai / yaha sambandha hI bandha hai / jIva ke sAtha pudgala kA bandha hotA hai / jIva aura ajIva meM, nirantara jo parivartana hotA rahatA hai, vaha kAla ke binA kabhI bhI nahIM ho sakatA / ataH kAla bhI dravya hai / sAdhanA ke mUla tatva : sAdhanA kI dRSTi se sapta tattva tathA nava padArtha hote haiM / sapta tattva ye haiM - jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa / inameM Asrava aura bandha - saMsAra ke hetu haiM / saMvara aura nirjarA - mokSa ke kAraNa haiM / inameM puNya aura pApa ko parigaNita karane se nava padArtha ho jAte haiM / puNya aura pApa kA antara bhAva, Asrava evaM bandha meM ho jAtA hai / Asrava ke do bheda haiM- zubha Asrava aura azubha Asrava / bandha ke bhI do bheda haiM- zubha bandha aura azubha bandha / zubha puNya hai, azubha pApa hai / Asrava, bandha, puNya aura pApa - ye cAra heya tattva haiN| kyoMki saMsAra ke kAraNa haiM / saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa- ye tIna upAdeya tattva haiN| kyoMki inase AtmA kI vizuddhi hotI hai / jIva aura ajIva - ye donoM jJeya haiM / ekamAtra zarIra saMsAra- dazA meM

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28 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya sAdhanA kyA hai ? jJeya ko samajho, binA samajhe sAdhanA nahIM ho sakatI / bhagavAn ne kahA hai - jIva aura ajIva ko smjho| tabhI AcAra kA pAlana kara sakate ho| jo upAdeya hai, use grahaNa karo / usakA paripAlana kro| saMvara aura nirjarA kI sAdhanA se mokSa ko upalabdhi hotI hai / mokSa hotA hai, nirjarApUrvaka aura nirjarA hotI hai saMvara pUrvaka / heya ko chor3anA Avazyaka hai| ahitakara, akalyANakara tathA akSemaMkara ko chor3anA hogaa| kyoMki usase saMsArI jIva kA bandhana adhika sudRr3ha ho jAtA hai / vaha kabhI mukta nahIM ho sakatA / karma saMskAra kA ruka jAnA, saMvara hai / karma saMskAra kA aMzataH jIva se pRthaka ho jAnA, nirjarA hai| karma saMskAra kA jIva se sarvAMzataH pRthak ho jAnA, mokSa hai| karma jina kAraNoM se jIva ke baMdhate haiM, ve Asrava haiN| jIva aura ajIva kA paraspara ekAkAra sambandha ho jAnA ho to vastutaH bandha kahA gayA hai| bandha se vimukta honA hI adhyAtma jIvana hai| jIva aura karma : . karma eka pAribhASika zabda hai, usakA sAmAnya artha hotA hai, kriyaa| veda se lekara, vrAhmaNa kAla taka vaidika dharma meM yahI artha mAnya rahA hai / yajJa, yAga aura homa kriyAoM ko karma saMjJA pradAna kii| vaidika logoM kI avadhAraNA thI, yajJa karma se devatA prasanna hote haiN| prasanna hokara, ve manokAmanA ko sampUti karate haiM, jIvana ko sampanna karate haiM, jIvana ko sukhI banAte haiN| jaina darzana meM karma kA artha, kriyA to rahA hI, parantu usase Age bhI usakA artha hotA hai / karma ke do bheda haiM - bhAva karma aura dravya karma / bhAva karma kA artha hotA hai-jIva kI kriyA dvArA jo ajIva dravya pudgala AtmA ke sAtha saMbaddha hokara, AtmA ko bA~dha letA hai, vaha dravya karma hotA hai / jIva ke zubha-azubha pariNAma bhAva karma hote haiN| jIva kI kriyA bhAva karma aura usakA phala dravya karma / bhAva se dravya evaM dravya se bhAva, yaha eka cakra hai / krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-ye cAra kaSAya to AtmA ke Abhyantara pariNAma haiM, ye hI to bhAva karma haiN| rAga, dveSa aura moha ko bhI bhAva karma kahA gayA hai / yoga aura kaSAya se karma kA bandha hotA hai| nyAya-vaibhASika darzana meM, rAga, dvaSa aura moha-ina tona ko doSa mAnA hai| AtmA kI pravRtti tIna doSoM ke kAraNa hotI hai| pravRtti se dharma aura adharma kI utpatti hotI hai| dharma aura adharma ko saMskAra kahate haiM /

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jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA 26 dharma aura adharma ko adaSTa bhI kahA jAtA haiN| doSa se saskAra, saMskAra se janma, janma se doSa aura phira doSa se saMskAra / yaha paramparA bIja tathA aMkura ke samAna hai, eka cakra jaisA hai / sAMkhya-yoga ke anusAra avidyA, asmitA, rAga, dveSa aura abhiniveza-pA~ca kleza haiN| ina pAMcoM se kliSTa vRtti utpanna hotI hai, citta vyApAra kI utpatti hotI hai| usase dharma-adharma saMskAra utpanna hote haiM / kleza ko bhAva karma, vRtti ko yoga aura saMskAra ko dravya karma kahA jAtA hai / saMskAra ko kahIM para karma, kahIM para vAsanA aura kahIM para apUrva kahA gayA hai| bauddha darzana kI mAnyatA hai, ki jIvoM kI vibhinna dazA karmakRta hai| bauddha lobha aura moha ko karma kI utpatti kA kAraNa mAnate haiN| saMsAra kA cakra anAdikAlIna hai| rAjA miliMda ne AcArya nAgasena se pUchA-jIva ke dvArA kiyA gayA karma kahA~ rahatA hai| AcArya ne kahA ki dikhalAyA nahIM jA sakatA, ki karma kahA~ rahate haiN| vizuddhi-mArga grantha meM karma ko sUkSma kahA hai / bauddha darzana meM karma ko vAsanA kahA gayA hai| mImAMsA darzana meM kahA hai, ki yajJa rUpa anuSThAna se apUrva utpanna hotA hai / yahI anuSThAna kA phala pradAna karatA hai, kyoMki yajJa karma kA svarga rUpa phala apane sUkSma rUpa meM, tatkAla utpanna hokara bAda meM kAla kA paripAka hone para prakaTa hotA hai / vedAnta ke anusAra Izvara karma ke anurUpa jIva ko phala pradAna karatA hai| karma, saMskAra, vAsanA, mAyA aura apUrva ye zabda prAyaH ekArthaka zabda haiN| ataH Astika darzanoM ko karma kI sattA meM avazya hI AsthA rakhanI hotI hai| bandha aura mokSa : ___ AtmA kI sattA meM AsthA rakhane vAle bhAratIya darzanoM ne bandha aura mokSa ko svIkAra kiyA hai / anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana ne bhI bandha aura mokSa ko mAnA hai / samasta darzanoM ne avidyA, moha, ajJAna evaM mithyAdarzana tathA mithyA jJAna ko bandha kA kAraNa mAnA hai| vidyA tathA tattva-jJAna ko mokSa kA hetu kahA hai| bandha kyA hai ? jIva kA zarIra ke sAtha saMyoga hI AtmA kA bandha hai / ataH jar3a aura jIva kA viziSTa saMyoga hI bandha kahalAtA hai| AtmA

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30 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya aura karma kA bandha anAdi hai| zaMkara bhI brahma aura mAyA kA sambandha anAdi mAnate haiN| rAmAnuja ne bhI baddha jIva ko anAdi kAla se hI baddha svIkAra kiyA hai / sAMkhya mata meM bhI prakRti aura puruSa kA saMyoga hI bandha hai, aura vaha anAdikAla se calA rahA hai| anya darzana, bandha aura mokSa jIva ke hote haiM, isa prakAra kahate haiN| kintu sAMkhya mata kI mAnyatA hai, ki bandha aura mokSa prakRti ke hote haiM, puruSa ke nhiiN| bauddha darzana meM, nAma aura rUpa kA anAdi sambandha hI saMsAra hai, bandha hai, aura usakA viyoga hI nirvANa hai / jaina darzana meM, jIva aura pudgala kA anAdi sambandha mAnA gayA hai| jIva aura pudgala kA viyoga hI mokSa hai| bandha aura mokSa, donoM paraspara virodhI bhAva haiM / bandha duHkha hai, mokSa ananta sukha hai| bandha aura mokSa, yaha darzana-zAstra kA eka atyanta gambhIra viSaya rahA hai| ataeva sabhI ne isa para vicAra kiyA hai| loka aura para-loka : ___maraNottara jIvana ko para-loka kahA jAtA hai| mRtyu ke bAda kyA hotA hai ? AtmA kI sattA rahatI hai, yA nahIM rhtii| vastutaH karma aura paraloka donoM paraspara saMbaddha haiN| eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI sattA nahIM rahatI / Atma-vAdI darzana mRtyu ke sAtha jIvana kA anta nahIM mAnate / pUrva jIvana aura punarjIvana ko sabhI svIkAra karate haiN| karma apanA phala avazya hI pradAna karatA hai, yahI bhAratoya sadAcAra kA mUla AdhAra rahA hai / vaidika paramparA meM devaloka aura devoM kI parikalpanA atyanta prAcIna hai| lekina vedoM meM varNita adhikatara devoM kI kalpanA prakRti kI zaktiyoM ke AdhAra para kI hai| veda bahadevavAda ko svIkAra karatA hai| vibhinna prakAra ke deva haiN| bauddha sAhitya meM bhI deva aura devaloka ko svokAra kiyA hai| naraka bhI mAnA gayA hai| tiryaJca arthAt pazu, pakSI, preta aura asUra yoni bhI mAnI hai / jAtakoM meM ATha naraka ko mAnyatA hai| ina yoniyoM meM karma ke zubha aura azubha phala ko bhI mAnA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya to loka tathA paraloka ko paricarcAoM se bharA par3A hai / loka aura paraloka, donoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| pUrvabhava aura uttara bhava, donoM kA varNana bahulatA se upalabdha hotA hai / tIrthaMkaroM ke pUrvabhavoM kA varNana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| jaina-zAstroM meM cAra gati mAnI haiM-naraka

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jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA 31 gati, tithaMca gati, manuSya gati aura deva gati / narakoM kI saMkhyA sAta hai / devalokoM kI saMkhyA chabbIsa mAnI hai| manuSya asaMkhyAta hai| tiryaca asaMkhyAta aura ananta bhI haiN| jova ekendriya meM lekara paMcendriya taka mAne haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva apane karma ke anusAra hI paraloka meM jAtA hai / ataeva loka-paraloka donoM hI mAnya haiN| Aja kA vijJAna bhI parA-vidyA ke dvArA mRta AtmAoM se sambandha sthApita karane kA prayAsa kara rahA hai| vastutaH parA-vidyA kA artha paraloka kI AtmAoM ne sambandha sthApita karanA / bhUta-pretoM kA kathA sAhitya bhI para-loka ko siddha karane kA eka sAdhana hai| bahuta-se loga apane pUrva janma kI kathA sunAte haiN| vijJAna aura tattva : prakRti aura usakI zakti kI khoja hI vijJAna hai| vijJAna bhautika tattvoM kA anusandhAna karatA hai / cetana tattva kI khoja usane nahIM kI / yadi kI bhI hai, to bahuta kama / lekina bhAratIya darzanoM ne jIva aura jar3a donoM kA anusandhAna kiyA hai / Aja ke vijJAna ne paramANu kI aura usakI zakti kA gahana anusandhAna kiyA hai, aura usakA prayoga bhI kiyA hai / vijJAna vinAzakArI bhI hai, aura maMgalakArI bhii| vijJAna ko asatya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kyoMki usakA AdhAra anusandhAna aura prayoga rahA hai| vijJAna pratyakSa se inkAra nahIM karatA, lekina vaha parokSa ko asvIkAra karatA hai| paJcabhUta ko mAnatA hai, jIva aura AtmA ko nhiiN| cetana sattA pratyakSa nahIM hai| ataH vaha cetana ko mana aura mastiSka kahakara mauna ho jAtA hai| jaina darzana mana tathA mastiSka ko bhautika mAnatA hai, cetana, jIva evaM AtmA nhiiN| jaina darzana jIva, jagata aura paramAtmA tInoM kI svatantra sattA ko mAnatA hai| jaisa jIva kI sattA hai, vaise ajIva kI bhI hai| yaha jagata Sar3a dravyAtmaka hai| inameM jIva cetana hai, zeSa pA~ca acetana kahe gae haiN| SaD dravya : __ jaina darzana meM svIkRta SaD dravyoM kA ullekha mUla AgamoM meM, usake vyAkhyA granthoM meM tathA uttarakAlIna granthoM meM bhI hai| SaD drabdoM kI parigaNanA isa prakAra hai 1. jIva

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32 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya 2. pudgala 3. dharma 4. adharma 5. AkAza 6. kAla jaina darzana ke anusAra jagata meM do tattva pradhAna haiM-jIva aura ajIva / jIva ke mukhya rUpa meM do bheda haiM-saMsArI aura mukta / ajIva ke bhI mukhya bheda do haiM -rUpI aura arUpI / mUrta aura amUrta / pudgala rUpI evaM mUrta hai / zeSa cAra ajIva arUpI tathA amUrta haiM / jisameM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza hotA hai, usako rUpI vA mUrta kahA jAtA hai| ye cAroM guNa pUdagala meM upalabdha hote haiM / ataH pudgala rUpI hai, zeSa cAra arUpI haiN| dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla meM, ukta cAra guNa nahIM hote / ataH ve arUpI haiN| arUpI kA pratyakSa nahIM hotA, rUpI kA hI pratyakSa hotA hai| bhautika vijJAna : ajIva tattva ke sambandha se hI jar3a vijJAna kA astitva hai / vedAnta meM mAyA ko mAnA gayA hai, lekina usakA svatantra astitva nahIM hai| vaha eka bhrama hai, mithyA hai, kalpanA-prasUta hai| mAyA kI svatantra sattA nahIM hai, jabaki ajova tattva svatantra hai, svAdhIna hai, anAdi hai, aura ananta hai / usakA astitva apane kAraNoM se hai, jIva ke kAraNoM se nahIM / sAMkhya darzana kI prakRti svatantra, anAdi hai, aura ananta bhI hai, lekina vaha eka hI hai| ajIva tattva eka nahIM hai, usake pA~ca bheda haiM-pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla / nyAya vaizeSika darzana meM svIkRta paramANu bhI jaina darzana kA paramANu kAphI bhinna hai / kyoMki vahA~ para pRthvI kA paramANu sadA pRthvI kA hI rahatA hai, aura jala kA paramANu kabhI jala kA aura kabhI agni kA bhI ho sakatA hai| bauddhoM kA pudgala bhI janoM ke pudgala se mela nahIM khAtA / mImAMsA darzana meM tattva para bahuta kama vicAra kiyA hai| mukhya vicAra karma kA hai / jaina darzana meM tattva vicAra bahu AyAmI, vistRta aura gahana kiyA gayA hai| vijJAna aura pudgala : pAzcAtya darzana meM aura vizeSataH vijJAna meM jisako Matter kahA gayA hai, jaina darzana meM usako pudgala kahA jAtA hai| pudgala ke cAra guNa

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jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA 33 haiM-rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza / pudgala ko saMkhyA, saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta hai / zabda, bandha, sUkSmatA, sthUlatA, AkAra, bheda, andhakAra, chAyA, Aloka aura tApa-ye saba pudgala ke paryAya haiN| zabda, Aloka aura tApa ko paudgalika mAnane meM jainoM ke katipaya aMzoM meM vartamAna vaijJAnika zodha kA AbhAsa prApta hotA hai / nyAya darzana ko yaha mAnyatA svIkAra nahIM hai, ki andhakAra aura chAyA pudgala kI paryAya vizeSa haiN| vijJAna tathA dharma-adharma : dharma aura adharma, yahAM para pUNya aura pApa nahIM haiM / ye donoM jaina darzana ke pAribhASika zabda haiM / vizeSa artha hai ina donoM zabdoM kaa| dharma kA artha hai, gati meM sahakArI aura adharma kA artha hai, sthiti meM shkaarii| jIva aura pudgala meM apanI gati aura apanI sthiti hotI hai| ye donoM kriyAeM haiN| jisa prakAra jala matsya kI gati meM sahayoga karatA hai, use calAtA nahIM hai usa prakAra dharma bhI pudgala aura jIva kI gati meM sahayoga karatA hai, unheM calAtA nahIM hai| dharma dravya amUrta hai, niSkriya hai, nitya hai aura lokavyApI hai| jisa prakAra calate pathika kI sthiti meM vRkSa kI chAyA sahayoga pradAna karatI hai, use ThaharAtI nahIM hai, usI prakAra adharma dravya bhI jIva aura pudagala kI sthiti meM sahayogI banatA hai / adharma amUrta hai, niSkriya hai, nitya hai, aura lokavyApI hai / Aja' kA vijJAna jisako Ithara kahatA hai, vaha dharmaadharma dravya hai| vijJAna aura AkAza : jo jIva aura ajIva sabako apane meM samA letA hai, apane meM avakAza evaM sthAna pradAna karatA hai, vaha AkAza dravya kahA gayA hai / Aja kA vijJAna isa tattva ko Space kahatA hai| AkAza amUrta, niSkriya hai, nitya hai, aura loka tathA aloka donoM meM parivyApta rahatA hai| ataH AkAza ke do bheda haiM-lokAkAza aura alokAkAza / apane se bhinna anya samasta dravyoM kA AzrayabhUta hai, AdhAra hai| isakA anya koI AdhAra nahIM hai, vaha svapratiSTha hI hai| vijJAna aura kAla : jagata ke samasta padArthoM ke parivartana kA kAraNa kAla dravya hotA hai / dravyoM kA parivartana dravyoM meM svayaM hotA hai, para kAla dravya, anya dravyoM ke parivartana meM, rUpAntaraNa meM, nimitta kAraNa hotA hai / kAla amUrta hai, nitya

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34 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya aura loka-vyApI hai / vaha do prakAra kA hai-nizcaya kAla aura vyavahAra kAla / nizcaya samaya rUpa hai, aura ananta hai / vyavahAra kSaNa, pala, AvalI, ghar3I, muharta, dina, rAtri aura ahorAtra rUpa hotA hai| pakSa, mAsa, varSe aura yuga, isake hI vibhAga haiN| Aja kA vijJAna kAla ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai, jisako Time kahA jAtA hai| Aja ke jar3a vijJAna ke mUla tattva, ina pAMca ajIva tattvoM meM vidyamAna haiM, unake anusaMdhAna kI AvazyakatA hai| prAcIna grosa se lekara, Aja ke navInatama vaijJAnikoM ne Atom paramANu athavA aNu kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai / aNu ananta haiM, isa tathya ko bhI svIkAra karate rahe haiN| inake saMyoga evaM viyoga ke kAraNa hI jagata meM sthala padArtha banate aura bigar3ate haiN| isa viSaya meM saba vaijJAnika eka mata haiN| pudgala ko sattA meM vivAda nahIM hai| vaijJAnika pahale dharma evaM adharma ko nahIM mAnate the| paraMtu nyUTana ne gati tattva ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kiyaa| jahA~ gati hogI, vahA~ sthiti bhI hogii| ataeva Ithara ke nAma se eka tattva ko mAna liyA gyaa| vaha donoM kA kAma karatA hai| kAMTa aura hegala AkAza ko eka mAnasika vyApAra kahate the, rasela ne use eka tattva ke rUpa meM sthApita kara dikhaayaa| kAla ko bhI pahale tattva nahIM mAnA gayA, parantu phrAMsa ke dArzanika bargasAM ne kAla ko eka tattva ke rUpa meM sthApita kara diyaa| vijJAna aura jIva : eka nAstika darzana ko chor3akara zeSa samasta Astika darzana jIva tattva ko svIkAra hI nahIM karate, apitu apanI-apanI avadhAraNA ke anusAra usake svarUpa kA bhI pratipAdana karate haiN| usakA lakSaNa tathA paribhASA bhI karate haiM / usakI vyAkhyA karate haiM / saMkhyA batalAte haiM / bheda aura prabhedoM kA bhI varNana karate haiN| jaina darzana jIva kI saMkhyA ananta mAnatA hai / jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga hai / vaha amUrta hai / apane karmoM kA kartA hai / karmaphala kA bhoktA hai / sva-deha parimANa hai / urdhva gamanazIla hai| prANI vijJAna : vijJAna kI eka zAkhA hai, prANI vijJAna, jisako Biology kahA jAtA hai| yaha vijJAna jaina darzana ke prANI vijJAna se aneka aMzoM meM mela khAtA hai| jaina siddhAnta pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati meM jIva

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jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA 35 mAnatA hai| ekendriya jIva do prakAra ke haiM-sUkSma aura sthUla athavA sUkSma aura bAdara / Aja ke vaijJAnika loga vanaspati meM cetanA svIkAra karate haiN| bhArata ke mahAn vaijJAnika jagadIza vasU ne isa viSaya meM gahana adhyayana karake jo niSkarSa nikAlA hai, usase samasta dezoM ke vaijJAnika apanI sahamati prakaTa karate haiN| jaina darzana meM svIkRta Sar3a dravya kA samanvaya, sarva aMzoM meM nahIM, to kucha aMzoM meM, Aja ke vijJAna se ho jAtA hai| bhautika vijJAna, jIva vijJAna aura manovijJAna kA adhyayana karake prAcIna siddhAntoM ke sAtha tulanA karane kI AvazyakatA hai| isa dizA meM vidvAnoM ne kucha prayatna to kiyA hai, lekina vaha aparyApta hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne SaD dravya kI jo vyAkhyA kI hai, vaha vaijJAnika dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai| darzana aura tattva : darzana aura tattva kA paraspara meM atyanta gahana sambandha hai| bhArata ke vicAraka tattva-jJAna ko darzana kahate haiN| jIvana meM tattva-jJAna kI parama AvazyakatA hai| binA tattva-vidyA ke sAdhanA adhUrI hai / ataeva bhArata ke tIrthakara, tathAgata aura RSi to ati prAcIna kAla se tattva-jJAna kA upadeza dete rahe haiM / jaina darzana dravya, guNa aura paryAya kI abhinnatA evaM bhinnatA kA pratipAdana karatA hai / parantu apekSA vizeSa se yaha kathana hai / paramArtha ke jJAtA, dravya aura guNa meM avibhakta ananyatva bhI svIkAra nahIM karate, aura vibhata anyatva bhI nahIM mAnate / lekina vibhinna apekSAoM se bheda aura abheda svIkAra karate haiN| dhanavAn hone ke kAraNa manuSya dhanI kahA jAtA hai, jJAnavAn hone se jJAnI / para prathama pakSa meM dhana, dhanI se bhinna hai| donoM meM sambandha hone para bhI donoM kI sattA pRthak-pRthak hai / isake viparIta jJAna, jJAnI se bhinna nahIM hai / AkRti, saMkhyA aura viSaya se sambandha rakhane vAlA bheda, jisa prakAra do bhinna vastuoM meM ho sakatA hai, usa prakAra abhinna vastuoM meM bhI sambhava ho sakatA hai| jaise ki devadatta kA azva, yaha vyavahAra paraspara bhinna do vastuoM ke viSaya meM hai, kintu vRkSa ko zAkhA, yaha do abhinna vastuoM ke viSaya meM hai| ataH kathaMcit bheda aura kathaMcit abhedavAda jaina darzana meM svIkRta hai| guNa aura paryAya: dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM paraspara anyatva to hai, parantu pRthakatA nahIM hai / bheda do prakAra kA hotA hai-pRthaktva rUpa evaM anyatva rUpa / pradezoM kI

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36 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya bhinnatA pRthaktva hai aura tadrUpatA na honA, anyatva hai| dugdha aura usakI dhavalatA eka hI vastu nahIM hai, phira bhI donoM ke pradeza pRthaka-pRthaka nahIM hai| daNDa aura daNDI meM, pRthaktva hai, kyoMki donoM ko pRthaka kiyA jA sakatA hai| lekina dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM, isa prakAra kA pRthaktva nahIM hai| kAraNa, dravya ke binA guNa evaM paryAya nahIM raha sakate haiN| jaise ki jIva deva hotA hai, manuSya hotA hai aura pazu bhI hotA hai| ye saba jIva kI paryAya haiM, inameM usakA apanA jIvatva nahIM badalatA / astikAya aura tattva : pratyeka darzana meM usake kucha apane viziSTa zabda haiM, jinako pAribhASika zabda kahate haiN| jaina darzana meM astikAya isI prakAra kA eka zabda hai| bhArata ke anya darzana granthoM meM isakA prayoga aura upayoga upalabdha nahIM hotA / jaina darzana ke granthoM meM, bahalatA se isakA prayoga hai| yaha zabda, do zabdoM ke yoga se banA hai-asti aura kAya / asti kA yahA~ para artha hotA hai-pradeza aura kAya kA yahAM para artha hai-samUha, samudAya evaM pracaya / pradezoM ke pracaya ko astikAya yahA~ para kahA gayA hai| usake pAMca bheda hote haiN| ataH paJcAstikAya ho gayA / SaD dravyoM meM kAla ko chor3akara, zeSa pAMca astikAya haiM 1. jIva astikAya 2. pudgala astikAya 3. dharma astikAya 4. adharma astikAya 5. AkAza astikAya jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura AkAza- ye pAMca dravya astikAya haiM / jo padArtha astitva svabhAva vAlA ho, aura vaha aneka pradezI ho, vaha astikAya hotA hai| ye pA~ca dravya asaMkhya pradeza vAle haiN| kAla dravya aNarUpa hai| ataH usake aneka nahIM hote| kAla ke aNu pudgala Adi ke aNuoM kI bhAMti Apasa meM ekameka nahIM hai, kintu ratnoM kI rAzi ke samAna eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM / ataeva kAla eka hI pradeza vAlA hai / jIva kI kriyA meM pudgala nimitta hai / pudgala kI kriyA meM kAla nimitta hotA hai / AkAza dravya loka aura aloka meM sarvatra vyApta hai| dharma aura adharma dravya loka meM rahate haiN| jIva aura pudgala ke AdhAra se kAla dravya bhI samasta loka meM parivyApta hai / kyoMki kAla dravya ke samaya tathA ghar3I Adi pariNamana jIva

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jana darzana kI tatva-mImAMsA 37 aura pudgala kI paryAyoM dvArA hI prakaTa hote haiM, anyathA nhiiN| paramANu ke pradeza nahIM hote| eka paramANu jitane AkAza ko gheratA hai, AkAza kA utanA bhAga pradeza kahA jAtA hai| astikAya kI vyAkhyA: / asti kA artha vidyamAna bhI hotA hai / yaha astitva guNa samasta dravyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, ataH unako asti kahA gayA hai| kAya zabda 'ci upacaye' dhAtu se banA hai| isake anusAra aneka pradezoM ke saMcaya athavA samudAya ko kAya kahate haiN| jisameM ye donoM bAteM hotI hai, usako astikAya kahate haiN| isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra bhI jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza ye pA~ca dravya astikAya haiM / kAla dravya asti hote hue bhI kAya arthAt bahu pradezI nahIM hai, kintu eka pradezI hai| vaha kAya nahIM ho sktaa| use kAya nahIM kahA gayA hai| eka jIva meM asaMkhyAta pradeza hote haiM, kyoMki vaha asaMkhyAta pradezI lokAkAza meM phailA huA ho sakatA hai, jabaki kevalI samudghAta karate haiN| loka meM parivyApta hone se dharma tathA adharma bhI asaMkhyAta pradezI haiM / alokAkAza ananta pradezI hai| pudgala ke do bheda haiM-aNu aura skandha / pudgala ke avibhAgI aMza ko aNu kahate haiM / vaha eka pradezI hotA hai / pudgala saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta pradezo ho sakatA hai / kAla dravya ke kAlANu eka-eka pradeza haiM, ve paraspara sambandha ko prApta nahIM hote / aneka kAlANuoM kA eka skandha nahIM bntaa| ataH vaha baha pradezI bhI nahIM ho sktaa| ataH kAla kI astikAya dravyoM meM parigaNanA nahIM kI jaatii| yadyapi pudgala kA eka paramANu, eka pradezI hI hai, tathApi vaha aneka pradezoM ke dhAraka nAnA prakAra ke skandhoM se milane ke kAraNa baha-pradezI kahA jAtA hai| aneka kAlANu milakara eka skandha nahIM bana sakate / kyoMki kAlANaoM meM snigdha-rUkSa guNa nahIM pAe jAte, kyoMki ve amUrta haiN| ataH kAla ko kAyavAn arthAt bahu pradezI nahIM mAnA hai| pudgala kA eka paramANu AkAza ke jitane kSetra ko gheratA hai, utane kSetra ko pradeza kahA gayA hai| pradeza apane pradezI se kabhI alaga nahIM hotA hai, jabaki paramANu apane skandha se milatA-bichur3atA rahatA hai / yahI pradeza aura paramANu meM antara hai / kAla dravya : kAla dravya aguru-laghu hai, amUrta hai| anya dravyoM ke pariNamana meM nimitta honA, usakA lakSaNa hai| jisa prakAra kumbhakAra ke cAka ke nIce

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38 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya kI kIla cAka kI gati meM sahakArI to hoto hai, lekina gati meM kAraNa nahIM hotI, usa prakAra kAla dravya, anya dravyoM ke pariNamana meM nimitta bhara hotA hai, kAraNa nahIM hotaa| vyAvahArika kAla gaNanA, yadyapi jIva aura pudgala ke pariNamana para hI AdhAra rakhatI hai, parantu kAla dravya svayaM, jIva aura pudgala ke pariNamana meM kAraNabhUta hai| vyavahAra kAla kSaNabhaMgura hai, aura nizcaya kAla anazvara hai| divasa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana aura saMvatsara Adi kAla ke vibhAgoM kI parikalpanA anya dravyoM ke pariNamana se kI jAtI hai / kAla ko bhArata ke anya darzanoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| kevala vedAnta hI kAla ko mithyA mAnatA hai| . pudgala dravya : pudgala ke cAra prakAra hai-skandha, deza, pradeza aura paramANu / sampUrNa piNDa skandha hotA hai| usakA AdhA bhAga skandha deza hotA hai / usakA AdhA bhAga skandha pradeza hotA hai / jisakA dUsarA vibhAga na hA sake, usa niraMza aMza ko paramANu kahA gayA hai| skandha ke do prakAra hote haiM-bAdara aura sUkSma / bAdara vaha hotA hai jo indriyoM ke gocara ho sake / jo indriya gocara nahIM hotA vaha sUkSma kahA jAtA hai / pudgala ke chaha varga ho jAte haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM 1. bAdara-bAdara 2. bAdara 3. sUkSma bAdara 4. bAdara sUkSma 5. sUkSma 6. sUkSma-sUkSma ka) jo eka bAra TUTane ke bAda meM jur3a na sake / jaise-- kASTha evaM prstr| (kha) TUTa kara alaga hone ke bAda meM jur3a jAne vaalaa| jaise-jala, ghRta, tela / (ga) jo dekhane meM sthala ho, para jisako tor3A-phor3A na jA sake, jo kisI ke pakar3a meM na A sake / dhUpa evaM prakAza / (gha) sUkSma hote hue bhI jo indriya gamya hotA hai| jaise rasa, gandha evaM sparza /

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jaina dazana kI tatva-mImAMsA 36 (Ga) jo pudgala itanA sUkSma ho, ki indriyoM dvArA grahaNa na kiyA jA sakatA ho / jaise ki karma - vargaNA / (ca) ati sUkSma jaise karma-vargaNA se nIce ke dvi-aNuka paryanta pudgala skandha / paramANu ko vyAkhyA : kA antima vibhAga - jisakA vibhAga na ho sake, paramANu kahA jAtA hai / vaha zAzvata hai, pariNAmI nitya hai / mUrta hai / rUpa, rasa, sparza aura gandha - ye cAra guNa usameM hote haiM / ye sabhI guNa eka pradeza meM rahate haiM / paramANu pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu-ina cAra dhAtuoM kA kAraNa | pRthvI Adi ke paramANu mUla rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna nahIM hai, jaisA ki vaizeSika darzana mAnatA hai / jaina darzana meM, eka rasa, eka varNa, eka gandha aura do sparza hote haiM / ina paramANuoM meM se cikanA paramANa aura rUkhA paramANu milakara dvi- aNuka banatA hai, aura isI prakAra tri-aNuka Adi skandha bana jAte haiM / do aMza snigdha vAlA aNu cAra aMza snigdhatA vAle dUsare aNu ke sAtha mila sakatA hai| tIna aMza rUkSatA vAlA aNu pA~ca aMza rUkSatA vAle aNu ke sAtha mila sakatA hai / jIva dravya : jIva do prakAra ke haiM-saMsArI aura mukta | donoM hI prakAra ke jIva ananta haiM / ve sabhI cetanAvAn haiM. upayogavAn haiM / saMsArI sadeha haiM aura mukta adeha haiM / saMsAra meM rahane vAle jIvoM ke daza prANa haiM / jo ina prANoM se jIvita thA, jIvita hai aura jIvita rahegA, vaha jIva hai / ye daza prANa haiM 1. manobala 2. vacana bala 3. kAya bala 4. sparzana 5. rasana 6. ghrANa 7. netra zrotra 8. 6. AyuS 10. zvAsa prazvAsa

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40 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya ina daza prANoM meM tIna bala kahe jAte haiM / pA~ca indriyA~ hai / eka AyuS karma hai / andara ke pavana kA bAhara AnA, aura bAhara ke pavana kA andara AnA -- zvAsa-prazvAsa hai / ye daza prANa saMsArI jIva ke hote haiM / ataH ye dravya prANa haiM / siddhoM ke bhAva prANa hote haiM, jo jJAna evaM darzana rUpa hote haiM / jIva asaMkhyAta pradeza vAle hote haiM, athavA jIva asaMkhyAta pradezI hotA hai / vaha loka ke eka bhAga meM bhI raha sakatA hai, aura samasta loka ko vyApta karake bhI raha sakatA hai / yadi padmarAga maNi ko dUdha meM DAla diyA jAe, to vaha usa samasta dUdha ko prakAzita kara detA hai| kyoMki vaha dugdha-parimANa ho gayA hai, usa prakAra jIva jisa deha meM rahatA hai, utanA hI vistRta ho jAtA hai / ataH jIva meM saMkoca vistAra kA guNa mAnA hai / yadyapi jIva apane gRhIta zarIra se abhinna jaisA lagatA hai, tathApi jIva aura deha, vastutaH bhinna haiM / apane azuddha pariNAmoM ke kAraNa karma raja se malina banakara, jIva apane Apako zarIra se abhinna mAna letA hai| yahI to jIvana kA bandhana kahA jAtA hai / jIva ke bheda : jaisA ki pIche kahA jA cukA hai| jIva ke mUla bheda do haiM - saMsArI aura mukta | mukta jIvoM meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM hotA, sabhI samAna guNa vAle hote haiM / kintu saMsArI jIvoM meM aneka bheda evaM prabheda hote haiM / jaise nAraka, tiryaMca, manuSya aura deva / naraka meM rahane vAle nAraka, svarga meM rahane vAle deva, madhya loka meM rahane vAle manuSya evaM tiryaMca / nAraka, deva aura manuSya se jo bhinna haiM, ve saba tiryaMca haiM, jaise ki pazu, pakSI, kITa-pataMga Adi aura pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati ke sUkSma- bAdara ekendriya jIva tathA kIr3e-makaur3e Adi prANI / jaina - zAstroM meM ina sabhI jIvoM kI gati, yoni janma, zarIra aura prANa Adi kA vistAra se varNana upalabdha hotA hai, laghu granthoM meM tathA vizAlakAya granthoM meM / jaina dharma kA jIva vijJAna atyanta mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai / jaina darzana jIva bahutvavAdI hai vaha pratyeka jIva kI svatantra sattA svIkAra karatA hai / yadi saMsAra meM sabhI jIva eka hote, bhinna-bhinna nahIM hote, to eka jIva ke sukhI hone se sabhI jIva sukhI hote| eka jIva ke duHkhI hone se sabhI duHkhI hote| eka ke baddha hone se sabhI baddha hote / eka ke mukta hone para sabhI mukta ho jaate| usa sthiti meM na to saMsAra raha

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jaina darzana ko tattva-mImAMsA 41 pAtA aura na mokSa hI raha paataa| puNya-pApa kA bhI prayojana na raha pAtA / sAdhanA kA aura AcAra kI avadhAraNA bhI na rahatI / ataH jIva ananta haiM, aura saba kA jIvana bhinna-bhinna hai| kyoMki samasta jIvoM kA karma alagaalaga hai| una karmoM kA phala bhI alaga-alaga hai| adhyAtma aura tattva / - bhArata meM darzana-zAstra ko tattva-vidyA kahA gayA hai| bhArata ke pratyeka sampradAya ne apanI avadhAraNA ke anusAra tattva kI vyavasthA kI hai| tattva zabda kA artha hai-tasya bhAvaM tattvam / sattA-sUnya kalpanA-prasUta vastu ko tattva nahIM mAnA jAtA, sadbhUta vastu ko hI tatva mAnA jA sakatA hai / jaina darzana asat se sat kI utpatti svIkAra nahIM krtaa| abhAva se bhAva kabhI nahIM ho sktaa| jaina darzana ke anusAra tattva adhyAtma sAdhanA kA eka pradhAna aga mAnA gayA hai / adhyAtma sAdhanA kI dRSTi se jIva aura jar3a kA bheda-vijJAna Avazyaka hai| isake lie jIva aura pudgala kA paraspara meM saMyoga-viyoga kA aura usake kAraNoM kA avabodha bhI parama Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / jaina tattva jJAna kI AdhArazilA yahI rahI hai| tatva saMkhyA : saMkSepa aura vistAra kI apekSA se mukhya rUpa meM, tattvoM kI vyavasthA ora saMkhyA isa prakAra se vaNita kI hai 1. tattva ke do bheda-jIva evaM ajIva / ____2. tattva ke sAta bheda-jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa / isameM puNya evaM pApa ko tirohita kara diyA gayA hai| kyoMki una donoM kI parigaNanA Asrava tathA bandha meM ho jAtI hai / 3. tattva ke nava bheda-jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa / isameM pUNya aura pApa ko alaga mAna liyA gayA hai / donoM kI svatantra sattA hai| nava padArtha : 1. jIva cetanAvAn, upayogavAn prANavAn / 2. ajIva acetana, anupayogavAn, prANa-zUnya / 3. puNya sukha kA hetu / 4. pApa duHkha kA hetu| 5. Asrava nUtana karma Ane kA dvAra / 6. saMvara Asrava kA nirodha /

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42 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya 7. nirjarA aMzataH karma kA kSaya / 8. bandha 6. mokSa jaina darzana ke anusAra manuSya jIvana kA carama lakSya hai-ananta evaM avyAbAdha rUpa sukha usakI prApti samasta karmoM ke sarvathA kSaya se hotI hai / mokSa meM na janma hai, aura na maraNa hai / kisI prakAra kI bAdhA vahA~ hai, nahIM / vahA~ to ekAnta sukha hI sukha hai / ataH adhyAtma sAdhanA ke lie cAra tattva Avazyaka haiM jIva aura karma kA sambandha | karma kA AtmA se sarvathA kSaya / 1. mokSa 2. mokSa upAya 3. bandha bandha duHkha rUpa hai | 4. bandha hetu kA abhAva usake kAraNa ko dUra karo / 4. bandha 5. saMvara 6. nirjarA 7. mokSa mokSa ke svarUpa ko samajho / mokSa ke sAdhanoM kA vicAra / sapta tattva : jaina paramparA ke granthoM meM tatva kA vargIkaraNa, sapta tatva aura padArtha ke rUpa meM bhI hotA rahA hai / AgamoM meM nava padArtha evaM nava tatva kI paraMparA prasiddha hai, lekina dArzanika granthoM meM sapta tatva prakhyAta haiM -------- 1. jIva 2. ajIva 3. Asrava kucha granthoM meM sapta tattva kA kathana pradhAnatayA kiyA gayA hai / kyoMki puNya aura pApa - donoM hI mokSa kI sAdhanA meM upayogI nahIM haiN| donoM bandhana rUpa hote haiM / Asrava meM bhI inakI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| jaise ki zubha bandha aura azubha bandha / zubha Asrava aura azubha Asrava / sAta tattvoM meM jIva aura ajIva jJeya haiM, Asava aura bandha heya haiM, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa upAdeya tattva mAne jAte haiM / sapta tattvoM kA krama : saMsAra aura mokSa jIva ke hote haiM / ajIva ke nahIM hote / ataH sarvaprathama jIva tattva kahA hai| ajIva ke nimitta se hI jIva, saMsAra yA mokSa

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jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA 43 paryAya ko prApta hotA hai / isalie jIva ke bAda ajIva kA kathana kiyA hai / jIva aura ajIva ke nimitta se hI Asrava hotA hai / ataH donoM ke bAda Asrava kahA gayA hai, Asrava ke bAda bandha hotA hai / bandha ko rokane vAlA saMvara hai / jo jIva AgAmI karmoM kA saMvara kara letA hai, usake pUrva saMcita karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai / nirjarA ke bAda hI mokSa hotA hai / ataeva sabake anta meM, mokSa hotA hai / nava tattvoM ke avAntara bheda : tattva 1. jova 2. ajIva 3. puNya 4. pApa 5. Asrava 6 savara 7. nirjarA 5. bandha 6 mokSa bheda 14 14 42 82 42 57 12 4 ina nava tattvoM meM, jIva aura ajIva ye do jJeya haiN| kevala jAnane ke yogya haiM / inako jAno aura smjho| inake svarUpa ko tathA lakSaNa ko jaano| ye donoM prApti evaM aprApti ke viSaya nahIM haiM, kevala jJapti ke viSaya haiM / ataeva ye donoM jJeya mAtra haiM / nava tattvoM meM puNya, pApa, Asrava aura bandha-- ye cAroM heya haiM / chor3ane ke yogya haiM, tyAgane ke yogya haiM / inake parityAga meM, AtmA kA kalyANa haiM / inake parigraha meM akalyANa hai / ataH inako dUra kara do / nava tattvoM meM saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa- ye tInoM , upAdeya haiM / grahaNa karane ke yogya haiM / inako jIvana meM utArane kA satata prayAsa karate raho / yahI hai, sAdhaka kI sAdhanA kA mUla bIja / Asrava se saMvara, saMvara se nirjarA aura anta meM lakSyabhUta mokSa / nyAya - zAstra meM : nyAya - zAstra meM, jJAtavya vastu kA viSaya vibhAga isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai 1. padArtha 2. tattva

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44 adhyAtma-pravacana : bhAga tRtIya 3. dravya 4. astikAya jJAtA jJAna se jJeya ko jAnatA hai| pramAtA pramANa se prameya ko jAnatA hai / saMsAra kI pratyeka vastu jJeya hai, kyoMki vaha jJAna kA viSaya hai / jo jJAna kA viSaya hotA hai, vaha to avazya jJeya hotA hai| jaise ghaTa, paTa aura bhavana Adi jar3a vastu tathA manuSya, pazu evaM pakSI Adi cetana vastu / yaha saMsAra jaDa-cetanAtmaka hai / ataH jJAtA, jJeya, jJAna aura jJapti-ina cAroM ko samajhanA evaM jAnanA Avazyaka hai| jJAtA jIva hai, jJAna usa kA guNa hai, jJeya jar3a-cetana vastu hai| jJapti jJAna rUpa karaNa kA phala hai| nyAya-zAstra meM, isa tathya ko pramAtA, pramANa, prameya aura pramA kahA gayA hai| jIva pramAtA hai, pramANa usakA guNa hai, jagata ko jar3a-cetana vastu prameya hai| pramA, pramANa rUpa karaNa kA phala hai / nyAya-zAstra kA niyama hai, ki prameya kI siddhi pramANa ke AdhIna hotI hai / ataeva pratyeka sampradAya kI apanI jJAna-mImAMsA, apanI pramANamImAMsA aura apanI tattva-mImAMsA hotI hai| sabake jJeya aura prameyoM kI saMkhyA bhI alaga-alaga hotI hai / jaina darzana meM bhI apanI pramANa-vyavasthA aura prameya vyavasthA hai| jaina granthoM meM, padArtha aura artha, donoM kA eka artha hai / parantu adhikatara tattva aura dravya kA prayoga upalabdha hotA hai| astikAya zabda kA bahuta kama prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| vaizeSika darzana meM sapta padArtha prasiddha haiM / mImAMsA darzana meM artha zabda kA tathA sAMkhya meM tattva zabda kA prayoga hai| adhyAtma-zAstra : adhyAtma-zAstra meM, nava padArthoM kA varNana vyavahAra naya aura nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai / Agama vAGamaya meM vyavahAra aura nizcaya, donoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai / kintu bAda ke kucha jaina AcAryoM ne vyavahAra kI apekSA nizcaya para adhika bala diyA hai| unhoMne apane yUga kI sthiti, sthAna aura kAla ko dekhakara, vaisA kiyA hogA / AcArya siddhasena divAkara tathA AcArya kunda kunda, isa viSaya meM pramukha mAne jAte haiM / donoM meM antara yahI hai, ki eka tArkika hai, dUsare AdhyAtmika haiN| adhyAtma dRSTi se nava padArtha kA varNana isa prakAra haijIva: vyavahAra naya se jo zubha evaM azubha karmoM kA kartA bhI hai, aura

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jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA bhoktA bhI hai / nizcaya naya se jo darzana, jJAna aura cAritra rUpa nija guNoM kAhI kartA hai, aura bhoktA hai / jo duHkha tathA sukha kA vedaka hai / jo cetanAvanta hai, aura jo upayogavAna hai, use jina bhagavAna ne jIva kahA hai / jo dravya aura bhAva prANoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha jIva hai / jo jIvita thA, jo jIvita hai, aura jo jIvita rahegA, vaha jina zAsana meM jIva kahA jAtA hai / ajIba : / jisa meM ye lakSaNa upalabdha nahIM hote, vaha ajIva hai zUnya hai, jisameM cetanA nahIM hai, vaha ajIva hai / jo duHkha tathA sukha kA vedaka nahIM hai, vaha jina zAsana meM ajIva kahA gayA hai| jisameM na jJAna ho, na darzana ho aura na cAritra ho - jina bhagavAna ne use ajIva kahA hai / ajIva prANavanta nahIM hotA hai / ajIva meM dravya prANa tathA bhAva prANa nahIM hote / ajIva kA artha hai - acetana, jar3a / puNya : 45 jisa ke kAraNa se jIva, zubha karma ke pudgaloM kA saMcaya karatA hai, vaha puNya hotA hai / jisake udaya se jIva ko sukha kI anubhUti ho, vaha puNya kahA jAtA hai, puNya se sukha kA vedana hotA hai / pApa : jo upayoga jisake kAraNa se azubha karma ke pudgala saMcaya hotA hai, vaha pApa hotA hai / jisa ke udaya se jIva ko duHkha kI anubhUti ho, vaha pApa kahA jAtA hai, pApa se duHkha kA vedana hotA hai / Asrava : jo nUtana karmoM ke bandha meM kAraNabhUta hotA hai, jo nUtana karmoM ke pravAha ke Ane kA dvAra banatA hai, jina-zAstra meM use Asrava kahA jAtA hai / jo azubha evaM zubha karmoM ke upAdAna meM hetu bhUta hai, jina bhagavAna ne usako Asrava kahA hai, karma-raja kA AnA kahA hai / saMvara : jisake kAraNa abhinava karmoM ke Ane kA dvArA banda ho jAtA hai, vaha saMvara hotA hai / Asrava ke nirodha ko jina zAstra meM saMvara kahA gayA hai / saMvara se karmoM ke pravAha ke dvAra kA avarodha ho jAtA hai, jisase karmapravAha andara AtmA meM praveza nahIM kara pAtA hai /

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46 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya bandha : 1 navIna karmoM kA grahaNa karake unakA jIvoM ke sAtha saMbaddha ho jAnA, bandha hai / purAtana karmoM kA navIna karmoM kA bandha hotA hai, lekina jIva unase baMdha jAtA hai / yaha bandha kaise hotA hai / jaise nIra aura kSIra paraspara mila karake ekameka ho jAte haiM / jIva aura karma bhI paraspara mila karake ekadUsare se saMbaddha ho jAte haiM / isameM AtmA svatantra nahIM rahatA / yahI bandha hai / nirjarA : jisa kriyA se athavA jisa upAya se Atma-pradezoM ke sAtha baddha karma dalika athavA karma paramANu eka deza se aMza rUpa se AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai, vaha nirjarA hai / tapa ke dvArA karma AtmA se pRthak ho jAtA hai / ataH tapa nirjarA hai / tapa ko nirjarA kA kAraNa bhI kahA jAtA hai / mokSa : karma, mokSa AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa ko kahate haiM / Atma-pradezoM se karmoM kA sarvathA kSaya ho jAnA mokSa hai / karma phala se zUnya ho jAne para, vaha mukta ho jAtA hai / karma ke tIna rUpa hote haiM-- saMcita karma, kriyamANa aura prArabdha karma / tInoM kA kSaya ho jAne para hI mokSa hotA hai / ata vaha AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa kahA jAtA hai / mokSa ke upAya : tIna haiM mokSa ke sAdhana ko upAya athavA mArga kahA gayA hai| upAya 1. samyagdarzana 2. samyagjJAna 3. samyak cAritra jaina darzana meM nava padArtha hai, na kama aura na adhika / jIva jina bhASita tatvoM para jo zraddhAna karatA hai, vaha darzana hai / tatvoM kA jo bodha karatA hai, vaha jJAna hai / vratoM kA grahaNa aura pAlana karanA hI cAritra hotA' hai / ata: ina tInoM ko mokSa kA upAya, mArga aura sAdhana kahA jAtA hai : tInoM ko milAkara mokSa mArga kahA hai / 1

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jaina darzana __ kI karma tatva mImAMsA

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karma-tatva-mImAMsA sukha evaM duHkha, hAni tathA lAbha, jIvana aura maraNa, yaza athavA apayaza - ye saba karma ke phala haiN| saMsAra cakra sadA ghumatA rahatA hai| bIja se akura, aMkura se phala aura phala se phira bIja / karma, karma se bandha, bandha se sukha-duHkha kA bhoga / punaH punaH janma, phira-phira maraNa / prayatna karane para bhI hAni, na karane para bhI kabhI lAbha / bhalA karane para bhI apayaza, aura burA karane para bhI kabhI yaza / vicitra kathA hai, karma kI / vizva kI vividhatA kA, vicitratA kA AdhAra karma hI hai / pratyeka dharma meM, sampradAya meM, mata meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM karma kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai / manuSya kA vartamAna jIvana, usake atIta kA pratibimba hai, aura anAgata kA Aloka / eka hI mAtA-pitA ke cAra putra bhinna-bhinna svabhAva ke kyoM ho jAte haiM / kyoMki sabake saMskAra alaga-alaga haiN| saMskAra hI to karma haiM / kriyA hokara samApta ho jAtI hai, lekina vaha apanA prabhAva evaM pratApa, apane kartA ke jIvana para aMkita kara jAtI hai / yaha aMkana hI saMskAra hai, saMskAra hI karma hai / karma binA kartA ke kabhI hotA nahIM / kartA kI hara halacala karma bana jAtI hai / vaha hala cala zarIra meM ho, vANI meM ho, mana meM ho / tInoM ke spandana meM yadi rAga, dveSa, moha tathA ajJAna kA cepa utpanna ho jAe, to vaha harakata karma bana jAtI hai / cepa hai, kaSAya / cepa hai, saMkleza / ataH kaSAya kA yoga mila jAne para, zarIra, vANI aura citta kI kriyA karma rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai / kriyA jIva kI bhI hotI hai, aura ajIva kI bhI / jIva aura ajIva : jaina darzana meM prakhyAta sapta tatvoM meM, nava padArthoM meM, SaD dravyoM meM aura paJca astikAyoM meM, jIva-ajIva pradhAna haiN| kyoMki ye donoM kriyAvAna haiM / dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla - ye cAroM niSkriya haiN| ye cAroM eka-eka haiM / jIva aura ajIva ke aneka bheda haiM, unameM se eka bheda pudgala hai / jIva kartA ( 46 )

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50 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya hai, vaha kabhI karma nahIM bana sakatA / adharma, dharma, AkAza aura kAla, ina meM bhI karma banane kI yogyatA nahIM hai / karma rUpa meM pariNata hone kI yogyatA ekamAtra pudgala meM hai / samasta pudgala bhI karma nahIM banatA, kevala usI pudgala paramANu kI karma saMjJA ho jAtI hai, jo Atma-saMbaddha hotA hai / Atma-saMbaddha paramANu- puJja ko kArmaNa zarIra kahA gayA hai / yahI sUkSma zarIra, anya sthUla zarIra kA, indriya kA aura mana kA janmadAtA hotA hai / anya darzanoM meM kArmaNa zarIra ko liMga zarIra kahA jAtA hai / saMsAra-cakra kA mUla hetu yahI hai / samasta vikAroM kI, viSayoM kI aura vikalpoM kI jar3a bhI yahI hai / kisI vRkSa kI jar3a jaba taka harI-bharI hai, taba taka usa para patra, puSpa aura phala utpanna hote hI rheNge| jar3a ke sUkha jAne para na patra haiM, na phUla haiM, na phala haiM / yahI sthiti saMsAra aura kArmaNa zarIra kI samajho / saMsAra-cakra hai, kyA ? jIva aura pudgala kA paraspara saMyoga, jaisA ki nIra evaM kSIra meM hotA hai, ayogolaka meM tathA agni meM hotA hai / mokSa kyA hai ? donoM kA viyoga / jIva, mAtra jIva raha jAe / karma mAtra pudgala ho jaae| phira saMsAra kA cakra kaise ghUma sakatA hai| jIva ho gayA nirvikAra, nirviSaya tathA nirvikalpa / yahI sthiti hai, parama sukha kI, parama zAnti kI, parama Ananda kI / tIrthaMkaroM kI dezanA kA sAra tatva bhI yahI hai, ki pahale samajho, jAno, ki bandhana kyA, kitanA hai, kaisA hai ? phira usa ko tor3ane kA puruSArtha karo / jor3ane meM puruSArthaM kiyA hai, to usako tor3ane meM bhI karo / jIva, karma aura paramAtmA : bhArata ke samasta darzana graMthoM meM tIna tattvoM para mukhya rUpa se vicAra kiyA hai, vidvAnoM ne - jIva, karma aura paramAtmA / jIva kI sattA anAdiananta hai / parantu usakI tIna avasthAeM haiM- zuddha, azuddha aura zuddhAzuddha / apane svabhAva se jIva zuddha hai, para karma ke sAtha saMyoga ho jAne ke kAraNa vaha azuddha ho jAtA hai| karma kaTa jAe, to zuddha hai / paramAtmA parama zuddha hai / vaha sAdi ananta hai / kyoMki saMsArI dazA meM jIva azuddha hotA hai / mukti dazA meM vaha zuddha hai / azuddhi kA kAraNa karma vahA~ para hai, nahIM / karma kI bhI apanI eka sattA | vaha to sAdi sAnta hai / vyaktizaH karma sAdi- sAnta hai, lekina pravAha rUpeNa karma anAdi sAnta hai aura anAdi-ananta bhI rahA hai / abhavya jIva kA karma anAdi-ananta hai / kyoMki usakI karma-granthi kabhI khulatI nahIM / bhavya jIva kA karma sAdi sAnta hai / vaha utpanna huA hai, to

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karma tattva mImAMsA 51 kabhI na kabhI usakA anta bhI hogA / jaina darzana kI avadhAraNA hai, ki bhavya vaha hotA hai, jisameM mokSa jAne kI yogyatA ho, jisa jIva meM yogyatA na ho, to vaha abhavya hotA hai / apane vikAra, vikalpa evaM viSaya ko jItakara, pratyeka AtmA, paramAtmA bana sakatA hai| karma-granthi ko tor3ane bhara ko dera hai| jaina darzana meM, jIva aura karma ke saMyoga kI eka vizeSa paddhati rahI hai, eka vizeSa prakriyA rahI hai| isa paddhati ko Asrava evaM bandha kahA jAtA hai / karma sUkSma pudgala paramANu-puJja ke rUpa meM hote haiM / unakA jIva kI ora AnA Asrava hai, aura karma pudgaloM kA tathA jIva kA eka-dUsare meM AzleSa ho jAnA, bandha kahalAtA hai / jaise sneha-sikta zarIra para dhUlikaNoM kA AnA aura phira cipaka jaanaa| bandha tattva, mokSa tattva kA bhAvAtmaka virodhI tatva hai, usake cAra bheda hote haiM--prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga aura pradeza / prakRti bandha ke ATha bheda haiM-jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, AyuSa, nAma, gotra aura antarAya / sthiti bandha, jIva ke sAtha karma pudgaloM ke rahane ke samaya ko kahA gayA hai| anubhAga bandha, karmoM ke phala-bhoga ko kahate haiN| vipAka bhI kahate haiM / pradeza bandha kA artha hai, jIva ke pradezoM para karma-paramANuoM kI saMkhyA anantAnanta karma-paramANuoM ko jIva grahaNa karatA hai, isako karma dalika kahA gayA hai| karma bandha kA hetu hai, Asrava / Asrava kA pariNAma hai, bandha / saMvara aura nirjarA mokSa ke hetu haiM mUla tattvoM ke parijJAna se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / tattvoM ke aparijJAna se tathA anAcaraNa se jIva bandha meM par3a jAtA hai| bauddha darzana: ___ bauddha vidvAnoM ne kaSAya-prerita karmoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA hai| mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika ye tInoM prakAra ke karma vipAka dvAdaza nidAna ke antargata Ate haiN| vaibhASika bauddhoM ne karma ke do bheda svIkAra kie haiM-cetanA aura cetanAjanya / cetanA meM mAnasika karmoM kA tathA cetanAjanya meM vAcika aura kAyika karmoM kA samAveza hotA hai / cetanAjanya karma bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM-vijJapti evaM avijJapti / jina karmoM kA phala prakaTa rUpa meM hotA hai, ve vijJapti karma hote haiM / avijJapti karma adRSTa rUpa meM rahate haiM, aura kAlAntara meM apanA phala pradAna karate haiN| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana : nyAya darzana aura vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra karma kA rUpa hai, adRSTa /

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52 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya karma ke sthAna para vahAM adRSTa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / adRSTa kA artha hai - puNya evaM pApa, athavA zubha aura azubha karmoM kA vaha samudAya jo samayAnukUla phala pradAna karatA hai / yahI hai, saMsAra ke cakra kI vaha sthiti jisako bandha kahA gayA hai / kyoMki pratyeka janma meM karma karane se vartamAna tathA anAgata janmoM meM phala - bhoga kA cakra nitya nirantara calatA rahA hai, jisako SoDaza padArthoM ke tathA dvAdaza prameyoM ke tattvajJAna se rokA jA sakatA hai / yahI hai. apavarga tathA mokSa / saMsAra ke kAraNa cAra haiM - rAga, dveSa, moha aura pravRtti / tattvajJAna se inakA abhAva ho jAtA hai / vaizeSika darzana meM pA~ca karma svIkRta haiM - utkSepaNa, apakSepaNa, AkuJcana, prasAraNa aura gamana / karma ke anya prakAra se do bheda hote haiM- satpratyaya tathA asatpratyaya | prayatnajanya karma satpratyaya kahA jAtA hai, aura aprayatna janya karma asatpratyaya kahA gayA hai / sAMkhyayoga darzana : yoga-sUtra ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne yogI aura ayogI ke bheda se karma kA vibhAjana kiyA hai / puNya yA zubha karma zukla aura pApa yA azubha karma kRSNa kahalAtA hai / yogI ke karma azukla akRSNa hote haiN| unase yogI ko saMmAra kA bandhana nahIM hotA / ayogI ke karma tIna haiM-zukla, kRSNa evaM zuklakRSNa / ataH ve baddha jIva kahe jAte haiM / karmoM kA mUla kAraNa saMkleza hai / karmoM se kleza evaM klezoM se karma utpanna hote haiM / karma, vAsanA, Azaya evaM saMskAra ye zabda paryAya vAcaka haiM, sabakA eka hI vAcya hai / sAMkhya darzana bhI bhArata kA prAcIna darzana rahA hai / isameM paccIsa tattvoM kI mAnyatA rahI hai, lekina mukhya rUpa meM do ho tattva haiM - puruSa aura prakRti | puruSa hai, cetana / prakRti hai, jar3a / donoM kA anAdi kAla se saMyoga hai / yaha saMyoga ho to sAMkhya meM saMsAra kahA gayA hai / bheda vijJAna se prakRtipuruSa kA viyoga ho jAtA hai / yahI hai, apavarga athavA mokSa | sAMkhya darzana jJAna pradhAna darzana hai / puruSa bhoktA hai / prakRti kartA hai / puruSa niSkriya tathA nirlepa hai / bandhana prakRti kA hotA hai / puruSa ko na bandhana hai, aura na mokSa hai / jaba bandhana hI nahIM, to mokSa kisakA ? sAMkhya darzana meM karma nahIM, usake sthAna para prakRti ko mAnA gayA hai / kriyA prakRti meM mAnI hai, puruSa to kUTastha nitya hai | mImAMsA darzana : mImAMsA darzana kA pradhAna viSaya hai- yajJa, homa tathA veda vihita

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karma tattva mImAMsA 53 anuSThAna karma / usake anusAra veda vihita kama, dharma hai| veda niSiddha karma, adharma hai / veda vihita karma cAra prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-nitya, naimittika, kAmya aura niSiddha karma / mImAMsaka vidvAnoM kA mata hai, ki dharma kA paripAlana avazya hI karanA cAhie, kyoMki dharma karane vAle ko phala kI prApti avazya hotI hai| vaha dharma kyA hai ? unakA uttara hai, ki yajJa karma aura homa kama / kama kriyA rUpa hotA hai, kriyA kucha kSaNoM meM naSTa ho jAtI hai| isa loka meM kRta karma se eka adRSTa zakti prakaTa hotI hai, isa zakti ko mImAMsA-zAstra meM, apUrva kahA gayA hai| janmAntara meM yahI karma kA phala pradAna karatA hai / mImAMsA darzana ke parama paNDita kumArila bhaTTa ne bhogAyatana, bhoga-sAdhana aura bhogya viSaya-ina trividha bandhanoM ko jIva ke bhavabandhana kA kAraNa kahA hai| bhogAyatana hai zarIra / bhoga-sAdhana hai, indriyA~ / bhoga ke viSaya haiM-rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza evaM zabda / ajJAnavaza jIva aneka yoniyoM meM bhramaNa karatA hai| vedAnta darzana : ___ vedAnta ko advaita darzana kahA hai| advaita kA artha hai-jahA~ para do tattva nahIM, eka hI tattva mAnA hai| vaha eka tattva hai, brhm| brahma ke atirikta jagat meM anya kucha bhI nahIM hai / jagat kI vicitratA, vizva kI vividhatA, avidyA janya hai / mAyA ke kAraNa hai, jagata bhrama hai, mAyA hai| sarvatra cetana hai, jaDa kahIM hai hI nhiiN| yaha siddhAnta hI advaita ke nAma se vikhyAta hai / avidyA se kAma utpanna hotA hai / kAma se karma utpanna hotA hai| kAma, icchA, Asakti se prerita hokara prANI kriyA karatA hai-karma-hetuH kAmaH syAt / yahI saMsAra-cakra hai, jo divA-nizA'ghUmatA rahatA hai / yahI hai, baMdhana, jisameM jIva baddha hokara apane svarUpa ko bhUla baiThA hai / kSaNika viSaya sevana meM Asakti ke kAraNa, usake citta meM kabhI prasannatA, to kabhI khinnatA bho hotI hai / yahI saMsAra kA sukha-duHkha hai| jo jIva ke apane zubha-azubha karma ke pariNAma rUpa usako isa jIvana meM, janmAntara meM prApta hotA rahatA hai| vedAnta meM karma ke tIna prakAra haiM-saMcita, kriyamANa aura prArabdha / prakArAntara se bhI kama ke tIna anya bheda ho sakate haiM-vihita, niSiddha tathA udAsIna / cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara bhArata ke anya darzana kama kI sattA ko kisI na kisI rUpa rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| prakriyA saba ko alagaalaga hai / isa mata meM saba eka hai, ki Asakti bandhana kA mUla hai / kaSAyamUlaka karma avazya apanA phala detA hai /

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54 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya jaina darzana : karma, bandha aura mokSa ke viSaya meM, jaina darzana ke vidvAn vicArakoM ne paryApta cintana, manana evaM gambhIra manthana kiyA hai| samasta jIvoM meM, tattvataH sAmya hai, to phira unameM vaiSamya kyoM najara AtA hai| eka jIva meM bhI kAla-bheda se, sthiti-bheda se aura kSetra bheda se vaiSamya kyoM hotA hai ? ina praznoM kA samyak samAdhAna tathA isa prakAra ke anya praznoM kA uttara karmavAda se hI prApta hotA hai / karmavAda, karma-mImAMsA evaM karma siddhAnta, jainoM kA apanA svatantra cintana rahA hai| karma-siddhAnta kI pRSThabhUmi pUrNataH tarkasaMgata hai, kArya-kAraNa siddhAMta para AdhArita hone se hama ise karma-vijJAna bhI kaha sakate haiN| jaisA kama, vaisA phala / jagat meM yaha mAnyatA prAcInatara kAla se hI calI A rahI hai / zubha tathA azubha karma karane meM jIva jaise svatantra hai, apane karmoM ke phala bhoga meM bhI vaha, vaisA hI svatantra hai| phala bhoga meM, anya kisI ke anugraha aura nigraha kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| jIva apane vartamAna evaM bhAvI kA nirmAtA svayaM hI hai / karmavijJAna kahatA hai, ki vartamAna kA nirmANa bhUta ke AdhAra para aura bhAvI kA nirmANa vartamAna ke AdhAra para hotA hai / atIta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya kI bikharI kar3iyoM ko jor3ane vAlA karma tattva hI hai| jaina darzana meM karma ke do bheda haiM-bhAva kama aura dravya karma / vastutaH ajJAna, rAga aura dveSa hI karma haiN| rAga se mAyA aura lobha kA grahaNa hotA hai / dvaSa se krodha aura mAna kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai| sva aura para kA bheda jJAna na honA, ajJAna tathA darzana moha hai| sAMkhya, bauddha aura vedAnta darzana meM yahI avidyA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| yadyapi rAga-dveSa hI pApa ke preraka haiM, tathApi sabakI jar3a ajJAna hI hai / ajJAnajanya iSTa-aniSTa kI kalpanA ke kAraNa, jo vikAra utpanna hote haiM, ve kaSAya, rAga evaM dveSa kahe jAte haiN| jaina darzana kI paribhASA meM yahI bhAva kama hai, jo jIva kA Atmagata saMskAra vizeSa hai| AtmA ke cAroM ora tathA Upara-nIce sadA vidyamAna atyanta sUkSma bhautika paramANu-puJja ko jo apanI ora khIMcatA hai, vaha bhAva kama hai, jo paramANu-puJja khicatA hai, vaha dravya kama hai, kArmaNa kAya hai| yahI janmAntara meM athavA maraNottara jIvana meM, jIva ke sAtha meM jAtA hai, aura sthala zarIra kI nirmati ke lie, racanA ke lie bhUmikA taiyAra karatA hai| ataH AtmA kI sattA meM vizvAsa karane vAle

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karma tattva mImAMsA 55 sabhI matoM meM, punarjanma evaM punarbhava ke kAraNa rUpa se karma tattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| karma kA svarUpa aura bheda : loka bhASA meM kahA jAtA hai, ki yathA bIjaM tathA phalaM, jisa prakAra kA bIja hotA hai, usI prakAra kA usakA phala bhI hotA hai| nyAya-zAstra kI bhASA meM isako kArya-kAraNa bhAva kahanA saMgata hogaa| adhyAtma zAstra meM, isako kriyAvAda athavA karmavAda kahate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra apane ko kriyAvAdI kahate the / kriyA hI karma bana jAto hai| jo karmavAdI hogA, vaha loka-paralokavAdI hogaa| paralokavAdI AtmavAdI avazya hogA / karma-zAstra para jaina vidvAnoM ne paryApta likhA hai, kyoMki karmavAda jaina darzana kA mukhya viSaya rahA hai / Adhunika bhASA meM ise hama karma vijJAna kaha sakate haiN| jIva jaisA karma karatA hai, zubha yA azubha usako vaisA hI phala milatA hai, sUkha athavA duHkha / sUkha-duHkha ko bhoga kahate haiM, vaha priya bhI hotA hai, apriya bhI / anukUla bhI hotA hai, pratikUla bhI / karma siddhAMta kI yaha eka sarvagamya aura sarvagrAhya, paribhASA hai / karma siddhAMta kA pratipAdana, sabhI ne kiyA hai / mahAvIra ne, buddha ne, kapila ne, pataJjali ne, gautama ne, kaNAda ne, jaimini ne aura vyAsa ne / ye saba adhyAtmavAdI yuga-puruSa haiN| AtmavAdI hone ke nAte ina ke dvArA karma siddhAnta kA svIkAra karanA parama Avazyaka thA / Izvara kI sattA meM vizvAsa karane vAle, aura usakI sattA kA niSedha karane vAloM ko bhI karmavAda svIkAra karanA par3A hai| vartamAna jIvana kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna, karmavAda ke binA sambhava nahIM / nAstika cArvAka ke samakSa, na bhUta hai, na anAgata hai| kyoMki use traikAlika sattA para raMca bhara bhI vizvAsa nahIM hai| paraloka meM vizvAsa karane vAle vidvAnoM kA mata hai, ki pratyeka zubhAzubha karma apanA saMskAra chor3atA hai, kyoMki pratyeka karma ke mUla rAga athavA dvaSa hotA hI hai / alpakAla kI kriyA ho, yA dIrghakAla kii| usa kA saMskAra phalodaya taka sthAyI rahatA hai| kriyA, kriyA se saMskAra, saMskAra se pravRtti, pravRtti se karma bandha-yaha saMsAra-cakra hai| karma, saMskAra mAtra hI nahIM hotA, vaha jaina darzana ko avadhAraNA ke anusAra vastu bhUta padArtha bho hai / karma kevala bhAvanA rUpa hI nahIM, eka bhautika padArtha bhI hai| jIva kI rAga-dveSa rUpa kriyA se AkarSita hokara, vaha jIva se baMdhatA hai,

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56 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya ataH use karma saMjJA pradAna kI hai| pudgala dravya ko anekavidha vargaNAoM meM se eka vargaNA kArmaNa bhI hai, jo samasta loka meM parivyApta hai / jIva kI kriyA kA nimitta pAkara, vaha kAmaNa vargaNA kama rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai / jaba rAga-dvoSa se abhibhUta jIva zubha evaM azubha kriyA karatA hai, taba kama-raja jJAnAvaraNa Adi rUpa se usameM praveza karatA hai / ataeva kama eka mUrta padArtha hai, jo jIva ke eka-eka pradeza ke sAtha baddha ho jAtA hai / amUrta jIva ke sAtha mUrta kama bandha kaise hotA hai / yaha bahuta hI purAtana kAla se paricarcA kA viSaya rahA hai| samAdhAna bhI prAcIna kAla se hotA rahA hai, jIva aura karma kA sambandha anAdi hai| kisI samaya jIva sarvathA parizuddha rahA ho, bAda meM kama bandha huA ho, isa prakAra kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana meM kabhI rahI nhiiN| kyoMki saMsArI jIva anAdi kAla se hI mUrta karmoM se baddha rahA hai / ataH vaha bhI kathaMcit mUrta jaisA ho gayA hai / saMsArI dazA meM, dravya bandha se bhAva bandha aura bhAva bandha se dravya bandha, pratikSaNa hotA hI rahatA hai, yaha bandha kA paricakra abhavya jIva kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta hai, aura bhavya jIva kI apekSA se anAdi-sAnta hai| karma aura phala : jIva aura pudgala meM kriyA hotI hai / jisa meM kriyA ho, vaha kriyAvAna kahA jAtA hai / kriyA binA phala ke nahIM hotI, phala kaisA bhI ho sakatA hai-zubha tathA azubha / jaisA kama hotA hai, usakA pariNAma bhI vaisA hI hotA hai| jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai, ki jIva karma karane meM svatantra hai, lekina usake phala bhoga meM svatantra nhiiN| jIva kama kare, na kare, usakI icchA para nirbhara hai| parantu karane para usakA phala use bhoganA par3egA / phala se bacane kA upAya nahIM hai, upAya ho sakatA hai, karma karane se bacane kA / jalatI agni meM hAtha DAlanA, na DAlanA, DAlane vAle kI icchA para nirbhara hai, kintu DAlane para jalane se baca nikalanA, sambhava nahIM hai| ataH jIva kama karane meM svatantra hai, lekina usake phala-bhoga meM paratantra rahatA hai| karma ke bheda : __karma ke do bheda haiM - dravya karma aura bhAva kama / jIva se saMbaddha karma pudgala ko dravya kama kahate haiN| dravya karma ke prabhAva se hone vAle jIva ke rAga-dveSAtmaka bhAvoM ko bhAva karma kahate haiM / dravya kama, bhAva karma kA kAraNa hai, aura bhAva kama, dravya kama kA / binA dravya kama ke

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karma tattva mImAMsA 57 bhAva kama nahIM hote / binA bhAva kama ke dravya kama nahIM hote / dravya meM aura bhAva meM paraspara kArya-kAraNa bhAva hai| bhAva cetana hai, aura dravya acetana / yahA~ para bhAva se tAtparya hai, jIva ke vikArI bhAva / jaise ki kAma, krodha evaM bhaya Adi haiN| dravya kA artha hai, bhautika tattva / jisameM karma rUpa meM pariNata hone kI yogyatA ho, parantu cetanA na ho| jaise ki kAmaNa vargaNA ke pudgala-paramANu- puJja / yaha dravya kama hai| jaina darzana meM karma zabda kA artha kiyA hai, ki jIva kI pratyeka kriyA ke sAtha meM jIva kI ora AkarSita hone vAle karma paramANu / karma paramANu yoga se jIva kI ora AkarSita hote haiN| yoga kA artha hai-mAnasika vyApAra, vAcika vyApAra aura kAyika vyApAra / yoga eka kriyA hai, eka vyApAra hai, jo tIna prakAra ke hai-mana kA cintana, vAg kA vacana aura kAya kI hala-cala / yoga se Atma pradezoM meM eka prakAra kA kampana hotA hai, isako jaina darzana kI paribhASA meM yoga kahA gayA hai| phira to ajJAna, rAga-dveSa aura moha rUpa bhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara, kaSAya se jIva baddha ho jAtA hai ataH yoga aura kaSAya bandha ke kAraNa haiN| karma paramANuoM ko jIva taka lAne kA kArya jIva kI yoga-zakti karatI hai, aura usake sAtha bandha karAne kA kArya kaSAya karatA hai, jo jIva ke rAga-dveSa rUpa bhAva karate haiM / ina vikArI bhAvoM ko jIva kA vibhAva kahA jAtA hai| ataH jIva kI yoga-zakti aura kaSAya bhAva hI bandha kA kAraNa hai| kaSAya ke naSTa ho jAne para bhI yoga ke rahane taka jIva meM kama raja kA Asravana to hotA hai, kintu kaSAya kA abhAva hone se kama raja jIva se cipakate nhiiN| yoga ko pavana kI, kaSAya ko goMda kI, jIva ko bhitti kI aura karma paramANuoM ko dhUli kI upamA dI jA sakatI hai| bandha ke prakAra : ___yoga aura kaSAya se jIva ke sAtha kama -pudgaloM kA bandha hotA hai / vaha cAra prakAra kA hai, jo isa prakAra kA hotA hai 1. prakRti bandha / 2. pradeza bandha / 3. sthiti vandha / 4. anubhAga bandha / prakRti kA artha hotA hai, svabhAva-baddha-karma paramANuoM meM, aneka prakAra ke svabhAva kA utpanna ho jAnA, prakRti bandha hotA hai| unakI saMkhyA

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58 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya kA niyata honA-pradeza bandha hai| unameM kAla kI maryAdA kA honAsthiti bandha hai| unameM phala dene kI zakti honA anubhAga bandha hai / prakRti svabhAva ko, pradeza ratna saMcaya ko, sthiti kAla maryAdA ko aura anubhAva vipAka ko kahA gayA hai| prakRti bandha ke prakAra : karma ke aneka prakAra se aneka bheda ho sakate haiM / parantu karma ke mUla bheda ATha hI hote haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM 1. jJAnAvaraNa / 2. drshnaavrnn| 3. vedniiy| 4. mohanIya / 5. AyuS / 6. nAma / 7. gotra / 8. antraay| jJAnAvaraNa, jIva ke jJAna guNa kA ghAtaka hai| darzanAvaraNa, jIva ke darzana guNa kA ghAtaka hai| AvaraNa kA artha hai-aacchaadn| kisI vastu ko DhaMka denA / ye donoM kama jova ke jJAna aura darzana ko DhAMkate haiN| cetana jIva kI cetanA do prakAra kI hai-jJAna cetanA aura darzana cetnaa| vastu kA vizeSa paribodha aura usakA sAmAnya pribodh| ye karma, donoM ko prakaTa hone se rokate haiN| ataH ina do karmoM ko AvaraNa kahA hai| vedanIya kama, jIva ko sukha aura duHkha kA vedana karAtA hai, anubhava karAtA hai / isa karma ke kAraNa hI jIva sukhI evaM duHkhI hotA hai| mohanIya karma, jIva ko mugdha banA detA hai, jisake kAraNa usako sva-para kA bhAna nahIM ho pAtA / moha ke kAraNa jIva ko na to saccA zraddhAna ho pAtA hai, aura na saccA cAritra hii| kyoMki vaha jIva ke zraddhAna guNa kA aura cAritra kA ghAtaka hai| AyUSya karma jova ko saMsAra meM roka kara rakhatA hai| AyuSya kama kA udaya jIvana hai, aura usakA kSaya maraNa / kama ke ATha bhedoM meM se eka bheda nAmakarma hai, jisake kAraNa jIva ko zarIra, indriya aura mana kI prApti hotI hai| zarIra ke aMga upAMga aura aMga-upAMgoM kI racanA kA bhI kAraNa yaho hai| gotra karma ke kAraNa jIva kA janma, adhama kula meM aura uttama kula meM hotA hai, inako nIca kula tathA

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kama tatva mImAMsA 56 ucca kula bhI kahate haiN| nindanIya kula evaM prshNsniiy| antarAya karma ke kAraNa jIva ko abhoSTa vastu kI prApti nahIM hai / vAJchita vastu kI prApti meM bAdhA par3a jAtI hai| yaha karma jova ke vIrya guNa kA ghAtaka hotA hai / karma ke do bheda bhI haiM-dhAti karma aura aghAti karma / ghAti kama ke bhI do bheda haiM-sarvaghAti aura dezaghAti / jaise manuSya kA khAyA huA bhojana AmAzaya meM jAkara, mAMsa, majjA, rudhira aura rasa rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jIva ke dvArA gRhIta karma pudgala bhI ATha karmoM meM vibhakta ho jAte haiN| aSTa karmoM ko daza dazA : ___karmoM ke mUla bheda ATha haiM / parantu uttara bheda aneka haiM, jinakA paribodha karma granthoM se kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahAM para karmoM kI daza dazAoM kA saMkSepa meM kathana hai 1. bandha / 2. utkarSa / 3. apakarSa / 4. sttaa| 5. udaya / 6. udiirnnaa| 7. saMkramaNa / 8. upazama / 6. nidhatti / 10. nikaacnaa| bandha kA artha hai-karma pudgaloM kA jIva ke sAtha sambandha ho jaanaa| yaha pahalI dazA hai / isake binA anya nava dazA nahIM ho sakatI hai| isake cAra bheda haiM-prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga aura pradeza bandha / utkarSa kA artha hai-karmoM kI sthiti aura anubhAga meM vRddhi ho jAnA / apakarSa kA artha hai-- karmoM ko sthiti evaM anubhAga meM kamI kA ho jaanaa| sattA kA artha haibandha ke turanta bAda hI karma apanA phala nahIM detA, kucha samaya bAda hI usakA phala milatA hai| jaba taka karma phala nahIM detA, taba taka vaha jIva ke baddha rahatA hai, yahI hai, kama kI sattA dazA / jaise bhaMga pote ke sAtha hI nazA nahIM car3hatA, kucha samaya bAda hI usakA prabhAva par3atA hai, vaise hI karma bhI kucha samaya taka sattA meM rahakara apanA prabhAva DAlatA hai / sattA kAla ko abAdhA

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60 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya kAla kahate haiN| pratyeka karma kA abAdhA kAla usa kama kI sthiti ke anusAra hI hotA hai / udaya kA artha hai-karma ke phala dene ko| vaha do prakAra kA hai-phalodaya evaM pradezodaya / karma jaba apanA phala dekara naSTa hotA hai, taba vaha phalodaya kahA jAtA hai| karma jaba binA phala ke hI naSTa ho jAtA hai, taba usako pradezodaya kahA jAtA hai / udIraNA kA artha hai-niyata samaya ke pUrva karma kA vipAka ho jaanaa| isako udIraNA kahate haiN| udIraNA ke pUrva apakarSa karaNa ke dvArA kama kI sthiti ko kama kara diyA jAtA hai| sthiti ghaTa jAne para kama niyata samaya ke pUrva hI udaya meM A jAtA hai| prANI jaba asamaya meM hI mara jAtA hai, taba usako akAla mRtyu, loka meM kahA jAtA hai / akAla mRtyu kA kAraNa AyuSya karma kI udIraNA hI hai| kyoMki sthiti kA ghAta jaba taka na ho, taba taka udIraNA nahIM hotI / saMkramaNa kA artha hai-eka karma kA dUsare sajAtIya karma rUpa ho jAnA / yaha saMkramaNa karma ke mUla bhedoM meM nahIM hotA / jaise ki jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa nahIM ho sakatA hai| kintu eka karma kA avAntara bheda apane sajAtIya anya bheda rUpa ho sakatA hai| sAtA asAtA meM, aura asAtA sAtA meM badala jAtA hai / yadyapi saMkramaNa eka karma ke avAntara bhedoM meM hI hotA hai, tathApi isakA apavAda bhI hai / jaise ki AyuSya karma ke cAra bhedoM meM paraspara saMkramaNa nahIM hotA / jisa jIva ne naraka gati ke AyuSya kA bandha kiyA hai, usako naraka gati meM hI jAnA par3atA hai, kisI bhI anya gati meM nahIM jA sktaa| upazama kA artha haikarma ko udaya meM nahIM Ane denaa| udaya meM Ane ke ayogya kara denA / isI kA nAma hai-upazama karaNa / nidhatti kA artha hai-kama kA saMkramaNa aura udaya na ho sakanA / isa dazA meM karma kA na to saMkramaNa hI ho pAtA hai, aura na udaya ho pAtA hai / nikAcanA kA artha hai-karma meM na to utkarSaNa hotA hai, na apakarSaNa, na saMkramaNa aura na udaya hI ho pAtA hai / jaina siddhAMta meM karmoM kA jitanA vizada, vyApaka aura spaSTa varNana upalabdha hai, utanA aura vaisA anyatra dekhane meM nahIM aataa| karmavAda jaina darzana kA prANabhUta siddhAnta rahA hai| jIvana kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna isameM hai| IzvaravAda aura karmavAda : bhAratIya darzanoM meM IzvaravAda ke sambandha meM aneka prakAra kI avadhAraNAe~ rahI haiM / Izvara hai, Izvara nahIM hai| ye donoM pakSa bhArata ke vibhinna dArzanika sampradAyoM meM, mukhya rUpa se paricarcA ke viSaya rahe haiN| Izvara hai, vaha jagat kA kartA hai, vaha jagat dhartA hai, vaha jagat saMhartA hai| Izvara sarva

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karma tattva mImAMsA 61 zaktimAna hai / ananta jJAnavAna hai| nitya jJAnavAna hai| sRSTi kA racanAkAra hai / nitya hai, vibhu hai aura jIvoM ke zubha-azubha karmoM ke phala kA pradAna karane vAlA hai| Izvara nahIM hai / jagat anAdi-ananta hai / jo anAdi aura ananta hotA hai, usakA koI kartA, dhartA tathA saMhartA nahIM hotA, sRSTi kI racanA kisI ne bhI nahIM kI hai| vaha kRtrima nahIM hai, akRtrima hai / jIvoM ke karmoM kA phala svayaM karma ho pradAna karate haiN| phala dene ke lie Izvara kI kalpanA karanA vyartha hai / eka Izvara kI kalpanA bhI mithyA hai| yadi Izvara ho saba kucha kara sakatA ho, to karma ko mAnane kI AvazyakatA hI kyoM ho / jova ke karma ke anusAra hI phala detA hai, to karma kI zakti Izvara se prabala mAnanI hogii| isa sthiti meM Izvara sarva zaktimAna nahIM hai| Izvara sRSTikartA nahIM : karmavAda kI mAnyatA yaha hai, ki sukha aura duHkha, sampatti aura vipatti, UMca aura nIca, ke bhAva jo saMsAra meM najara Ate haiM unakA kAraNa karmavAda hai / kAlavAda svabhAvavAda aura puruSArthavAda bhI kAraNa haiN| jaina darzana anya darzanoM kI bhAMti ukta bhAvoM kA kartA aura sRSTi kI utpatti kA kAraNa nahIM maantaa| dUsare darzanoM meM sRSTi kA utpanna honA mAnA jAtA hai / ataH usake utpAdaka ke rUpa meM Izvara kA sambandha jor3a diyA gayA hai| ___ bhAratIya darzanoM meM nyAya darzana hI IzvaravAda kA prabala poSaka rahA hai / usake anusAra zubha-azubha karma kA phala Izvara ko icchA ke anusAra milatA hai / vaizeSika darzana meM Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartA mAnakara bhI paramANuoM ko bhI sRSTi kA kAraNa mAnA hai / yoga darzana meM Izvara ke adhiSThAna se prakRti kA pariNAma, jar3a jagat kA phailAva mAnA hai| vedAnta darzana meM, brahma ko sRSTi kA upAdAna kAraNa siddha kiyA hai| ina darzanoM meM, eka nyAya darzana ko chor3akara, Izvara kI sattA, ekamAtra sahAyaka ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| parantu nyAya darzana ne samagra sattA Izvara ke hAthoM meM hI sauMpa dI hai / ataH vaha spaSTa rUpa meM IzvaravAdI hai| jaina darzana jIvoM ke phala bhogavAne ke lie Izvara ko karma kA preraka nahIM maantaa| kyoMki karmavAda kI mAnyatA ke anusAra jisa prakAra jIva karma karane meM svatantra hai, usa prakAra karma ke phala ko bhogane meM bhI jIva

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62 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya svatantra hai / apane karma kA phala jIva svayaM hI bhogatA hai / use kisI bhI madhyastha kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra jo karma kA kartA hotA hai, vahI usake phala kA bhI bhoktA hotA hai| karma kare jIva aura phala de Izvara, yaha ucita nahIM / kyoMki jaina darzana meM bhagavAna kI vyAkhyA alaga hai / arhatu, jina, vItarAga aura kevalI ko hI bhagavAna mAnA hai / bhagavAna banane ke lie do bAtoM ko mAnanA Avazyaka hai - jisa meM vItarAgatA ho, aura sarvajJatA ho, vahI bhagavAna ho sakatA hai / koI bhI vyakti, bhagavAna hone kI yogyatA rakhatA hai / ataH Izvara yA bhagavAna eka nahIM, ananta haiM / jIva jaisA kama karate hai, unako unake karmoM kA phala, karma dvArA hI mila jAtA hai / karma jar3a hai, jIvana cetana hai, phira jar3a karma cetana jIva ko phala kaise de sakatA hai / isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai, ki jIva saMga se jar3a karma meM isa prakAra kI zakti utpanna ho jAtI hai, ki jar3a karma apane zubha-azubha vipAkoM ko niyata samaya para jIva para prakaTa karatA hai / karmavAda yaha nahIM mAnatA hai, ki cetana ke sambandha ke atirikta hI jar3a karma bhoga evaM phala dene meM samartha hai| jIva aura karma ke madhya meM phaladAtA kisI Izvara kI AvazyakatA nahIM / kyoMki sabhI jIva cetana haiM, ve jaisA karma karate haiM, usake anusAra unakI buddhi vaisI ho bana jAtI hai / karma phala kI icchA na hone para bhI jIva ko karma phalatA hI hai / eka vyakti prajvalita agni meM hAtha DAlatA hai, para vaha nahIM cAhatA hai, ki usakA hAtha jale / parantu hAtha jalatA hai / bhaMga pone vAle ko nazA AtA hI hai / surApAna karane vAle kI buddhi vikRta hotI hai| Izvara kartRtva vAdI kahate haiM ki Izvara kI icchA se prerita hokara, karma apanA-apanA phala jIvoM para prakaTa karate haiM / karmavAdI kahate hai, ki karma ke karane ke samaya jIva meM isa prakAra ke saMskAra par3a jAte haiM, ki jina se prerita hokara kartA jIva karma ke phala ko Apa hA bhogate haiM, aura kama una para apane phala ko svayaM hI prakaTa karate haiM / isa prakAra Izvara kartRtvavAda meM aura karmavAda meM paraspara vicAra bheda tathA mAnyatA bheda spaSTa hai / Izvara aura jIva : Izvara cetana hai, aura jIva bhI cetana hai / phira donoM meM antara kyA hai ? antara yaha hai, ki jIva kI samasta zaktiyAM karma se AvRta haiM, aura

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karma tattva mImAMsA 63 Izvara kI nahIM haiM / jaba jIva apane AvaraNoM ko pUrNatayA haTA detA hai, taba usakI zakti pUrNatayA prakaTa ho jAtI hai| phira jIva aura Izvara meM kisI bhI prakAra kA bheda athavA viSamatA nahIM raha jaatii| viSamatA kA kAraNa to upAdhi hai / karma hI to sabase bar3I upAdhi mAnI hai| AtmA aura paramAtmA meM, kevala kama kA hI bheda hai, kama rUpa upAdhi kA hI bheda hai| yadi karma ko haTA diyA jAe, phira na bheda hai, na kheda hai / karmavAda ke anusAra sabhI mukta jIva Izvara hI haiM / ataH Izvara eka nahIM ananta haiN| saMsAra meM jIva ananta haiN| jo karmoM ke bandhana se vimukta ho gayA, vaha Izvara hai, vaha bhagavAna hai, vaha arhan evaM jina hai| vaha phira kisI para rAga nahIM karatA, dvaSa nahIM karatA, moha nahIM krtaa| vaha kisI para krUratA evaM karuNA nahIM krtaa| mukta jIva phira avatAra bhI nahIM letaa| kyoMki janma-maraNa ke kAraNa aba usameM parizeSa nahIM raha jAte haiM / karma tattva kI prAcInatA: karma kA siddhAnta kaba se udaya meM AyA ? kaba se isakA pracAra evaM prasAra saMsAra meM AyA ? bhArata ke tIna mUla sampradAya prAcIna kAla se prasiddha rahe haiM-jaina, vaidika aura bauddha / vaidika dharma kA prArambha Rgveda se hotA hai / usameM karma kA prayoga kriyA ke rUpa meM thA / karma kI vaha avasthA usa meM nahIM, jo darzana yuga meM evaM tarka yuga meM thI / vedoM ke vizeSa sampradAya mImAMsA darzana kA to mUla AdhAra hI hai, lekina vaha karma yajJa aura homa kriyA rUpa hai / vaha kriyA bAhara kI hai, usakA sambandha AtmA ke sAtha nahIM hai| usa darzana meM kriyA ko karma kahA hai| bauddha darzana kA udaya buddha se prArambha hotA hai| isameM karma kA svarUpa kevala kriyA rUpa na hokara, bhAva rUpa bhI hai| tathAgata kA darzana kSaNikavAdI hai, phira bhI usameM pUrvajanma aura uttara janma ko svIkAra kiyA hai / karma ke atirikta usane karma ke sthAna para vAsanA zabda kA prayoma adhika kiyA hai / karma bandha kA kAraNa usameM avidyA ko batAyA hai| karma apanA phala avazya detA hai, isa satya ko svIkAra kiyA hai / kama ko AtmA kA bandhana kahA haiN| vibhinna darzana meM : __ karma ke bandhaka kAraNoM tathA usake kSaya ke upAyoM ke viSaya meM to mokSavAdI darzana meM ekatA pUrI to nahIM, parantu kama-adhika rUpa meM ekamata

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64 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya haiM, usake svarUpa ke viSaya meM bhinnatA avazya hai| paramANavAdI vaizeSika darzana karma ko cetananiSTha mAnakara, use cetana dharma kahatA thA / pradhAna evaM prakRtivAdI sAMkhya darzana use antaHkaraNa sthita mAnakara, jar3a dhama kahatA thaa| parantu jaina darzana kI prakriyA donoM se hI bhinna hai / kyoMki jaina darzana pariNAmavAdI hai / ataH vaha karma ko cetana aura jar3a ubhaya rUpa mAnatA hai| jaina darzana karma kI isa sthiti ko bhAva karma aura dravya karma kahatA hai| __ jaina darzana meM kama tattva ke ubhaya rUpa Aja bhI mAnya haiM, aura bahuta purAtana yuga meM bhI mAnya thaa| jaina darzana meM karma tattva kA cirakAla se vizeSa sthAna rahA hai| bhArata ke mahAna dArzanika paNDita pravara zrI sukhalAla jI ke vicAra meM jaina darzana kI viziSTa kama -vidyA bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke pahale avazya raha cukI thii| isa vidyA ke dhAraka ko karma-zAstrajJa kahA jAtA thaa| karma-tattva kA mUla-srota jaina siddhAnta meM mAnya caturdaza pUrvo se AgrAyaNIya pUrva tathA karma-pravAda pUrva kahA jAtA hai / pUrva zabda kA abhiprAya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pahale se calA Ane vAlA zAstra vizeSa haiN| karma zabda ke paryAya : ___ jaina zAstra meM kama zabda ke do artha hote haiM-prathama rAga-dveSAtmaka pariNAma, jise kaSAya kahate haiM, ye hI bhAva kama kahe jAte haiM / dvitIya kAmaNa jAti ke pudgala vizeSa, jo kaSAya ke nimitta se AtmA ke sAtha sAtha sambaddha hote haiM, ye hI dravya karma kahe jAte haiN| karma ke sthAna para vedAnta meM mAyA, bauddha meM avidyA, sAMkhya meM prakRti, yoga meM Azaya evaM vAsanA, jaimini meM apUrva aura nyAya meM tathA vaizeSika meM dharmAdharma, adRSTa, saMskAra, daiva aura bhAgya kahe jAte haiN| jitane Atma-vAdI darzana haiM, ve saba punarjanma tathA uttara janma ko mAnate haiM, unakI siddhi ke lie karma mAnanA hI par3atA hai| bhAva kama ke hone meM dravya karma nimitta hai, aura dravya kama meM bhAva kama nimitta hai| isa prakAra donoM kA paraspara bIjAMkura kI bhAMti kArya-kAraNa bhAva sambandha hai / yaha sambandha anAdi kAla se hai| kArmaNa kI apekSA kama, anAdi, pravAha rUpa meM anAdi hai, parantu vyakti rUpa meM sAdi bhI kahA jA sakatA hai|

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! jaina- darzana kA adhyAtmavAda

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jaina-darzana kA adhyAtmavAda jaina paramparA, jaina dharma, jaina saMskRti aura jaina darzana kA prANabhUta, mUla siddhAnta aura usakI jIvana jIne kI paddhati kA AdhAra tattva adhyAtmavAda rahA hai| tIrthaMkara, tadanuyAyI gaNadhara, dharma ke mUla siddhAntoM ke prakhyAta vyAkhyAkAra AcAryoM kI mUlabhUta vANI, saMgumphanA aura TIkAanuTIkAoM kI mUla dhvani ekamAtra adhyAtmavAda kahI jA sakatI hai / adhyAtmavAda kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki apane andara dekho / na nIce dekho, na Upara dekho, na idhara-udhara dekho / parakhanA ho, to apane Apa ko parakho / nihAro, apane antara meN| jo pAnA hai, usako apane Apa meM khojo| jisane khojA hai, use apanatva se bhinna, anya kucha bhI upalabdha nahIM ho sakA hai / apane meM, apane Apa ko khojanA hI vastutaH adhyAtmavAda kahA gayA hai / vikRti meM prakRti kho cukI hai, aba vikRti ko saMskRti meM pariNata karake punaH prakRti ko pAnA hai - yahI hai, jaina darzana kA adhyAtmavAda / soco, samajho, tumane apanatva ko svayaM khoyA hai, to pAnA bhI tumako svayaM hI hogA / paira meM kAMTA lagA hai, to usako dUra karanA bhI apane vikAsa evaM pragati ke lie Avazyaka hai, anyathA kaisI gati ? kaisI pragati, aura kaisA vikAsa ? choTe kAMTe ko nikAlane ke lie bar3A kAMTA anivArya hai, lekina anta meM, usako bhI pheMka denA hai| duHkha kI nadI ko pAra karane bhara ke lie sukha kI naukA meM baiThanA burA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, parantu nadI ko pAra karane ke bAda bhI usako apane sira para uThAkara cala par3anA, avazya hI burA kahA jaaegaa| saritA pAra karane ke pazcAt taraNI niSprayojana ho cukI hai / aba, usako chor3ane meM hI kalyANa hai-yahI hai-adhyAtmavAda / ___ adhyAtmavAda meM tIna zabda haiM-adhi+Atman+vAda / vAda kA abhiprAya hai, siddhAnta athavA kathana / kisa kA kathana, AtmA kA pratipAdana / kaisA hogA, pratipAdana ? AtmA ananta atIta meM thaa| AtmA ( 67 )

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68 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya vartamAna meM hai / AtmA ananta anAgata meM rhegaa| siddhAnta rUpa meM yaha kathana, ki AtmA, amara, ajara aura abhaya hai / adhi zabda kA artha hai, ki andara meM, AtmA kI saghana gahanatA meM pahu~cakara, daivika tathA bhautika meM vizvAsa na rakhakara, ekamAtra caitanya svarUpa AtmA meM hI zraddhAna rkhnaa| saMsRti meM bhUta evaM bhautika bharA par3A hai, hama usakI camaka-damaka meM cauMdhiyAkara, use apanA mAna baiThe haiM, usa mAnyatA ko chor3akara, apane nija rUpa ko cIMdhakara, use pAne kA jo prayatna apane antara meM cala rahA hai - yahI hai, adhyAtma bhAva kI sAdhanA / usa sAdhanA kA bauddhika rUpa haiadhyAtmavAda / siddhAnta aura samAcAra donoM milakara, adhyAtmavAda banate haiM / buddhi aura tadanurUpa kriyA para, jaba sudRr3ha AsthA Tika jAtI hai, taba adhyAtma bhAva phalavAna banatA hai / usa ke AdhArabhUta tattva do haiM-jIva aura karma / jIva svatantra kartA hai, karma kA aura sAtha hI usake phala kA bhoktA / jIva, jar3a nahIM, cetana hai / karma, cetana nahIM, jar3a hai / donoM kA sayoga bandha hai| donoM kA viyoga mokSa hai / bhava aura mokSa, paraspara virodhI rahe haiM / mokSa jAnA ho, to bhava ko tyAga denA hogaa| bhava meM rahanA ho, to mokSa ko jor3a denA hogA / bhava bhI rahe aura mokSa bhI jAe, paraspara viruddha haiN| jina hetuoM se bandha hotA hai, tad viparIta hetuoM se mokSa hotA hai / mokSa ke hetu, bandha ke hetu nahIM ho sakate / bandha ke kAraNa, mokSa ke kAraNa nahIM bana sakate haiN| mokSa zreyasa hai, bandha preyasa hai| bandha milatA hai, bhUta evaM bhautika se / mokSa milatA hai, citta tathA caitasika se / bandha ke kAraNa pAMca haiM 1. mithyAtva viparIta zraddhAna 2. avrata saMyama kA abhAva 3. pramAda dharma meM prIti kI mandatA 4. kaSAya saMsAra lAbha kA kAraNa 5. yoga manovAka-kAya kI kriyA ina pA~coM se jIva karmabaddha ho jAtA hai| saMsAra-duHkha ke utpAdaka kAraNa ye hI haiM / mokSa ke kAraNa bhI pAMca haiM1. samyaktva samyak zraddhAna 2. vrata saMyama

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jaina darzana kA adhyAtmavAda 66 3. apramAda dharma meM prIti kI tIvratA 4 akaSAya mokSa lAbha kA kAraNa 5. ayoga kriyA kA abhAva adhyAtmavAda ke AdhAra cAra tattva haiM-jIva, karma, bandha aura mokSa / bandha ke abhAva meM mokSa kaisA ? bandha hai, tabhI mokSa bhI hai| mokSa hai, to bandha kaisA? mokSa meM bandha kA abhAva hai| saMsAra meM mokSa kA abhAva hai / jIva kI sattA anAdi-ananta hai| karma kI sattA bhI pravAha rUpeNa, santati rUpa meM anAdi-ananta hai, abhavya jIva kI apekSA se / bhavya kI apekSA se anAdi-sAnta bhI hai| pravAha se karma anAdi-ananta hai| vyakti kI apekSA se karma sAdi-sAnta bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / adhyAtmavAda ko samajhane ke lie jIva ke guNoM ke kramika vikAsa ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| karma ke vikAra aura saMskAra ko samajhane ke lie lezyA kA jAnanA bhI apekSita rahatA hai| guNasthAna ke paribodha se jIva ke bhAvoM ke utthAnapatana kA patA calatA hai / lezyA ke parijJAna se karma ke svarUpa kA aura AtmA para usake prabhAva kA prabodha ho jAtA hai / bhArata ke dAzanika vidvAnoM ne cAra prakAra ke puruSArtha kI sthApanA bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI kara dI thii| tadanusAra jIvana ko madhura, rucira aura sundara banAne kI cAra paddhatiyA~ haiM, ina ko hI zAstra bhASA meM puruSArtha, puruSa prayojana tathA AtmA ke saMlakSya kahe gae haiM-kAma aura artha tathA mokSa aura dharma haiN| inameM se dharma aura mokSa kA to sodhA sambandha AtmA ke sAtha hone ke kAraNa adhyAtma bhAva kahA gayA hai| bhArata ke cintakoM ne artha aura kAma ke sambandha meM kahA hai, ki ye donoM bhI dharmapUrvaka, maryAdApUrvaka hone cAhie / Astika darzanoM meM isa sthApanA ko eka svara se strIkAra kiyA hai, lekina nAstika darzana artha aura kAma ko svIkAra karake bhI dharma aura mokSa ko asvIkAra karate haiM / paraloka aura punarjanma meM, sukha kI prApti, dharma aura mokSa rUpa puruSArtha binA sambhava nhiiN| unake kathana kA sAra hai, ki yadi jIva ke karma saMbaddha na ho, to bhava, bhavAntara, loka paraloka tathA duHkha sukha kI vyavasthA ThIka nahIM baiTha paatii| ataH adhyAtma sAdhanA meM puruSArthavAda kA mahattva kama nahIM hai| bhArata ke vidvAnoM meM kabhI do puruSArtha, kabhI tIna puruSArtha aura kabhI cAra puruSArtha kI mAnyatA para vAda, vivAda tathA saMvAda hotA rahA hai / vastutaH puruSa ke prayojana to do hI haiM-kAma aura mokSa / zeSa do-artha aura dharma-sAdhana haiM /

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70 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya saMsAra meM, jIvoM kI saMkhyA kA pAra nahIM hai, jIva ananta haiM, karma ke paramANuoM kI saMkhyA kA bhI Ara-pAra nahIM, ananta haiM / ataH kisI eka vyakti kI apekSA se jIva kI samasta avasthAoM kA varNana sambhava nahIM hai / kyoMki jIva ke pariNAmoM ke pratipala badalate rahane ke kAraNa jIva ke vicAra bhI badalate rahate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai, ki adhyAtmavAdI vidvAnoM ne saMsArastha jIvoM ko unakI Abhyantara zuddhi-janya utkrAnti aura azuddhi janya apakrAnti ke AdhAra para, unakA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai / isa paddhati ko zAstrIya bhASA meM guNasthAna krama, lezyA-vicAra aura dhyAna-mArga kahA gayA hai / jaina paramparA ke dArzanika vidvAnoM ne jIva karma sambandha, guNasthAna, lezyA aura dhyAna para gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| vastutaH adhyAtmavAda ke mukhya evaM AdhArabhUta tattva bhI inheM hI mAnA gayA hai| guNasthAna, jIva ke hote haiM, lezyA, jIva ke hotI hai, dhyAna jIva ke hote haiM / ye saba saMsArastha jIva ke hote haiM / muktistha jIvoM meM na guNasthAna haiM, na lezyA haiM, aura na dhyAna haiM / kyoMki una jIvoM ke karma kA sarvathA tathA sarvadA abhAva rahatA hai / vahA~ pUrNa vikAsa hai, vahA~ avikAsa hai hI nhiiN| adhyAtmavAda ko samajhane tathA samajhAne ke lie, inako samajhanA parama Avazyaka hai| adhyAtmavAda aura guNasthAna : guNasthAna ko paribhASita karane ke pUrva yaha adhika upayogI siddha hogA, ki usakI pRSTha bhUmikA ko pahale samajhA jAe / mohakarma kI mukhyatA ke kAraNa, guNasthAna kA ArohaNa-avarohaNa usakI tara-tama avasthA para AdhRta hai / karma kI cAra avasthAeM hotI haiM, jaise ki bandha, udaya, udIraNA aura sattA / abhinava karmoM ke grahaNa ko bandha kahA hai| svabhAvatayA jIva amUrta hone para bhI saMsArI jIva zarIra-dhArI hone se kathaMcit mUrta bhI hai, usa dazA meM kaSAya aura yoga ke nimitta se anAdi kAla se hI mUrta kama pudgaloM ko grahaNa karatA rahA hai / jIva tathA kama kA saMyoga bandha hai / bandha do prakAra kA hai, prathama sAMparAyika bandha aura dvitIya yoga-pratyayika bandha / prathama kaSAya se aura dvitIya yoga se hotA hai| kaSAya moha kama kA bheda hai / sAtAvedanIya karma prakRti to yoga se ba~dhatI haiM, aura asAtA vedanIya karma-prakRti ke bandha meM kaSAya ke sahayoga kI bhI AvazyakatA rahatI hai, kaSAya preraka hai|

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jaina darzana kA adhyAtmavAda 71 udaya kyA hai ? dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke nimitta se karma kI sthiti ko pUrA karake baddha karma kA phala milanA udaya hotA hai / jisa kama kA jitanA abAdhA kAla hai, usake samApta hote hI usa karma ke udaya meM Ane ke lie karma dalikoM kI niSeka nAmaka eka vizeSa prakAra kI racanA hotI hai, aura niSeka ke agra bhAga para sthita karma udayAvalikA meM sthita hokara, phala denA prArambha kara detA hai| udIraNA kyA hai ? udaya meM Ane ke samaya ke pUrA na hone para bho AtmA ke karaNa-vizeSa se, adhyavasAya vizeSa se kama kA udayAvalI meM Akara phala denA, udIraNA hotI hai| sattA kyA hai ? bandha dvArA svarUpa prApta karma prakRtiyoM kA jIva ke sAtha sambaddha rahanA sattA hotI hai| anya darzanoM meM sattA ko saMcita, udaya ko prArabdha, aura bandha ko kriyamANa kahA jAtA hai, udIraNA jaisI sthiti vahA~ nahIM hai| guNasthAna kA lakSaNa : ___ karmagranthoM meM, jJAna Adi guNoM kI zuddhi evaM azuddhi ke nyUna-adhika bhAva se hone vAle jIva ke svarUpa ko guNasthAna kahA hai| AgamoM meM, guNasthAna zabda ke lie jIvasthAna zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| gUNasthAna zabda kA prayoga Agamottara kAlIna AcAryoM dvArA racita karmagranthoM meM evaM anya granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM para jIva samAsa zabda kA prayoga bhI hotA hai / Atmagata guNoM ke vikAsa krama ko guNasthAna kahA gayA pratIta hotA hai| ataeva guNoM ke Atma-zaktiyoM ke sthAnoM ko arthAt AtmA ke vikAsa kI Rmika avasthAoM ko guNasthAna kahate haiN| jaina darzana meM guNasthAna eka pAribhASika zabda hai, anya darzanoM ke granthoM meM isa prakAra kA zabda prayoga nahIM hai| guNasthAna krama kA AdhAra : karmoM meM, moha karma sarva pradhAna hai / jaba taka moha balavAn aura tIvra hai, taba taka anya sabhI karma sabala aura tIvra bane rahate haiN| ataH AtmA ke vikAsa meM mukhya bAdhaka moha kI prabalatA, aura mukhya sahAyaka moha kI nirbalatA hai / isI kAraNa se AtmA ke vikAsa kI kramagata avasthAe~, guNasthAna, moha zakti kI utkaTatA, mandatA aura abhAva para hI AdhArita haiM /

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72 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya moha kI pradhAna zakti do haiM - darzana-moha aura cAritra-moTa / darzana moha AtmA ko darzana arthAt svarUpa evaM pararUpa kA nirNaya, viveka nahIM hone detaa| cAritra moha AtmA ko viveka prApta kara lene para bhI tadanusAra pravRtti nahIM karane detaa| vyavahAra meM bhI yahI dekhA jAtA hai, ki vastu kA yathArtha-bodha ho jAne para usa vastu ko pAne athavA chor3ane kI ceSTA kI jAtI hai / AdhyAtmika vikAsagAmI AtmA ke lie bhI ye hI do mukhya kArya haiM-svarUpa darzana aura tadanusAra pravRtti, arthAt svarUpa meM sthita ho jAnA / svarUpa bodha ho jAne para svarUpa lAbha kA mArga prazasta ho jAtA hai| ataH moha karma guNasthAna kA mukhya AdhAra hai / guNasthAnoM kA krama : AtmA kI adhikatama AvRta avasthA prathama guNasthAna hai, jisako mithyAtva guNasthAna kahate haiN| isameM moha kI donoM ktiyoM kA prabalatama prabhAva hone ke kAraNa AtmA adhyAtma-sthiti se sarvathA nimna dazA meM rahatA hai / phira bhI usa zakti kA anantavAM bhAga sadA udghATita rahatA hai| isa bhUmikA meM AtmA bhautika vaibhava kA utkarSa kitanA bhI kara le, parantu svarUpa bodha kI dRSTi se zunya rahatA hai| phira bhI tIvratama rAga-dvaSa ko manda karake moha karma kI prathama zakti ko chinna bhinna karane yogya Atmabala prakaTa kara letA hai / yahI vikAsa ke prArambha hone kI pUrva bhUmikA hai| svarUpa bodha kA mArga prazasta hone para bhI kabhI AtmA ke pariNAma UrdhvamukhI hote haiM, kabhI adhomukhI hote haiM / pariNAmoM meM sthiratA nahIM Ane pAtI hai / darzana zakti ke vikAsa ke bAda meM, cAritra zakti ke vikAsa kA krama prArambha hotA hai / darzana moha ko zithila karake svarUpa darzana kara lene ke bAda bhI jaba taka dUsarI zakti cAritra-moha ko zithila na kiyA jAe, taba taka AtmA kI svarUpa meM sthiti nahIM ho sakatI hai| isa avasthA meM bhI darzana moha ko zamita karane vAlI AtmA svarUpa bodha se patita hokara punaH apanI prArambhika avasthA meM A sakatI hai, taba pUrva meM jo kucha bhI pariNAma zUddhi kI thI, vaha saba vyartha ho jAtI hai| lekina jisane darzana moha kA sarvathA kSaya kara diyA hai, vaha AtmA to pUrNatA ko prApta karake hI virAma letI hai| guNasthAna krama kA abhiprAya yahI hai / guNasthAna ke ina caturdaza bhedoM meM pahale kI apekSA dUsare meM, dUsare kI apekSA tIsare meM, isa prakAra vikAsa kI mAtrA bar3hatI jAtI hai| pahale, dUsare aura tIsare

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jaina darzana kA adhyAtmavAda 73 guNasthAna meM AtmA ko zakti darzana aura cAritra zakti kA vikAsa isalie nahIM ho pAtA, ki unameM unake pratibandhaka kAraNoM kI adhikatA rahatI hai / caturtha Adi guNasthAnoM se pratibandhaka saMskAra manda hote haiM, jisase una-una guNasthAnoM meM zaktiyoM ke vikAsa kA krama prArambha ho jAtA hai| ina pratibandhaka saMskAroM ko kaSAya kahA jAtA hai / kaSAyoM ke mukhya rUpa meM cAra vibhAga haiN| ye vibhAga kASAyika saMskAroM kI phala dene kI tara-tama zakti para AdhArita haiN| inameM se prathama vibhAga, darzana moha aura anantAnubandhI kaSAya kA hai| zeSa tIna vibhAga jinako krama se apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa, pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa aura saMjvalana kahate haiM, cAritra zakti ke pratibandhaka haiN| prathama vibhAga kI tIvratA rahane para darzana zakti kA AvirbhAva nahIM ho pAtA hai| parantu jaise-jaise mandatA athavA abhAva kI sthiti banatI hai, darzana zakti abhivyakta hotI hai| guNasthAnoM kA saMkSipta paricaya : darzana moha aura anantAnabandhaka kaSAya kA vega upazAnta evaM kSaya hone para caturtha guNasthAna ke anta meM apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya kA saMskAra nahIM rahatA hai / ataH paJcama guNasthAna meM cAritra zakti prakaTa hone lagatI hai, pUrNa vikAsa to nahIM hone pAtA, ataH usako de| virata kahA gayA hai / paJcama guNasthAna ke antima bhAga meM pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya kA vega na rahane se cAritra zakti kA vikAsa aura adhika bar3ha jAtA hai, jisase indriya viSayoM se virakta hone para vyakti anagAra ho jAtA hai / vaha zramaNa-jIvana aMgIkAra karatA hai, yaha vikAsa kI SaSThama bhUmikA hai| isa bhUmikA meM cAritra kI vipakSI saMjvalana kaSAya ke rahane se cAritra pAlana meM vikSepa to par3atA rahatA hai, kintu usakA vikAsa rukatA nahIM / zuddhi aura sthiratA meM bIca bIca meM bAdhA AtI rahatI hai aura sAdhaka una vidhAtaka kAraNoM se saMgharSa bhI karatA rahatA hai| isa saMgharSa meM saphalatA prApta karane para AtmA saptama, aSTama, navama, dazama aura ekAdazama guNasthAnoM ko lAMghakara, dvAdazama guNasthAna jA pahu~catA hai| isameM to darzana zakti aura cAritra zakti ke vipakSI saMskAra sarvathA kSaya ho jAte haiM, jisase AtmA kI donoM hI zakti pUrNatayA vikAsa pA letI haiN| usa sthiti meM jIva jIvana mukta, arhana dazA ko prApta karake kRtakRtya ho jAtA hai| jIvana mukta avasthA trayodaza guNasthAna meM, aura pUrNa niSkarma avasthA caturdaza guNasthAna meM prApta

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74 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya ho jAtI hai / phira jIva guNa sthAnAtIta hokara, siddha, paramAtmA, parabrahma ho jAtA hai / trayodaza guNasthAna sayogI kevalI kA aura caturdaza guNasthAna ayogI kevalI kA hotA hai / guNasthAnoM kA saMjJAkaraNa : 1. mithyAdRSTi 2. sAsvAdana samyagdRSTi 3. mizra dRSTi ( samyag - mithyAtva ) 4. avirata samyagdRSTi 5. deza virata 6. pramatta saMyaMta 7. apramatta saMyata nivRtti bAdara 6. anivRtti bAdara 8. 10. sUkSma saMparAya 11. upazAnta moha 12. kSINa moha 13. sayogI kevalI 14. ayogI kevalI anya matoM meM jIvana vikAsa krama : jaina darzana ko bhA~ti anya darzanoM meM bhI Atma-vikAsa ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai / unameM bhI karma baddha AtmA ko kramika vikAsa karate hue pUrNa mukta dazA ko prApta honA mAnA gayA hai| yoga vAziSTha aura pAtaJjala yoga sUtra Adi granthoM meM Atma vikAsa kI bhUmikAoM kA vistAra se kathana kiyA gayA hai| yoga vAziSTha meM sapta bhUmikAe~ ajJAna kI aura sapta jJAna kI mAnI haiM / 1. bIja jAgRta 2. jAgRta 3. mahAjAgRta 4. jAgRta svapna 5. svapna 6. svapna jAgRta

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7. suSuptaka ye sAta ajJAna kI bhUmikAe~ haiM / 1. zubha icchA 2. vicAraNA 3. tanu mAnasA 4. sattvApatti 5. asaMsakti 6. padArthA bhAvinI 7. tUryagA ye sAta jJAna kI bhUmikAe~ haiM / jaina darzana kA adhyAtmavAda 75 ajJAna ko sapta bhUmi : ( 1 ) isameM ahaMtva tathA mamatva kI buddhi kI jAgRti nahIM hotI / bIja rUpa meM jAgRti kI yogyatA hotI hai / yaha bhUmikA vanaspati Adi kSudra - nikAya meM mAnI jAtI hai / (2) isa meM ahaMtva evaM mamatva buddhi atisUkSma aMza meM jAgRta hotI hai / (3) isameM ahaMtva tathA mamatva buddhi kI vizeSa rUpa meM puSTi hotI hai / yaha bhUmikA mAnava aura devoM meM mAnI jAtI hai / (4) isameM jAgate hue bhI bhrama kA samAveza hotA hai / jaise eka candra ke do candra dekhanA / zukti meM rajata kA bhrama ho jAnA / ( 5 ) isameM nidrA avasthA meM Ae hue svapna kA jAgane ke bAda bhI bhAna hotA hai / (6) isameM varSoM taka prArambha rahe hue svapna kA samAveza hotA hai / zarIra pAta ho jAne para bhI calatA rahatA hai / ( 7 ) isameM pragAr3ha nidrA jaisI avasthA ho jAtI hai| jar3a jaisI sthiti ho jAtI hai / isameM karma, kevala bAsanA rUpa meM rahate haiM / ye sAta ajJAna kI bhUmikAe~ haiM / inameM tIsarI se sAtavIM taka kI bhUmikAe~ mAnava nikAya meM hotI haiM / jJAna kI sapta bhUmi : ( 1 ) isameM Atma-nirIkSaNa kI vairAgyamaya icchA hotI hai /

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76 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya (2) isameM zAstra zravaNa, satsaMga aura vairAgya kA abhyAsa evaM nirantara sadAcAra meM pravRtti bar3hatI jAtI hai| (3) isameM zubha icchA aura vicAraNA ke kAraNa viSayoM meM Asakti kama hotI hai| (4) isameM satya evaM zuddha AtmA meM sthiti hotI hai| (5) isameM asaMga rUpa paripAka se citta meM niratizaya Ananda kA prakaTIkaraNa hotA hai| (6) isameM bAhya aura Abhyantara sabhI padArthoM ko anicchA ho jAtI hai| (7) isameM jIvanmukta jaisI avasthA hotI hai / bhedabhAva nahIM rhtaa| videha mukti kI avasthA isake bAda meM taryAtIta dazA hai| yoga sUtra meM anya prakAra se bhI citta vikAsa kI bhUmikAoM kA varNana hai / jaise ki citta kI pA~ca avasthAe~ hotI haiM-mUDha, vikSipta, kSipta, ekAgra aura niruddha / bauddha darzana meM guNa-vikAsa : jaina darzana aura vaidika darzana kI bhA~ti vauddha darzana meM bhI AtmA ke vikAsa krama ke viSaya meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| usameM bhI AtmA ko saMsAra aura mokSa dazAe~ mAnI haiN| vahA~ vikAsa kI SaT dazAoM kA varNana hai 1. andha pRthak jana 2. kalyANa pRthak jana 3. srotasApanna 4. sukRdAgAmI 5. aupapAtika 6. arhan / pRthakjana kA artha hotA hai-sAmAnya manuSya / bauddha sAhitya meM daza prakAra ke bandhanoM kA varNana kiyA hai| andha pathaka jana aura kalyANa pRthaka jana meM daza prakAra kI saMyojanAe~ hotI haiN| donoM meM antara yaha hai. ki pahale ko Arya darzana aura satsaMga kI prApti nahIM hotI haiN| dUsare ko prApta hotI haiN| donoM nirvANa mArga se parAGa mukha haiN| nirvANa ko prApta karane

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jaina darzana kA adhyAtmavAda 77 vAloM ke cAra prakAra haiN| jinhoMne tIna saMyojanAoM kA kSaya kiyA, ve sotApanna hote haiM / jinhoMne tIna saMyojanAoM kA kSaya, aura do ko zithila kiyA, ve sakadAgAmI, aura jinhoMne pA~ca kA kSaya kiyA, ve aupapAtika haiN| jinhoMne daza kA kSaya kiyA, ve arhan / / inameM prathama sthiti AdhyAtmika avikAsa kAla kI hai| dUsarI meM vikAsa kA alpa aMza meM parisphuraNa hotA hai, lekina vikAsa kI apekSA avikAsa kA prabhAva vizeSa rahatA hai| tIsarI se chaThI sthiti AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke uttarottara abhivRddhi kI hai| vikAsa chaThI sthiti meM paripUrNa ho jAtA hai, vaha arhan athavA arahA bana jAtA hai| bAda meM nirvANa ko prApta ho jAtA hai| AjIvaka mata meM vikAsa : AjIvaka mata meM bhI Atma-vikAsa kI sthitiyoM kA saMketa milatA hai| gozAlaka ne bhI guNasthAnoM jaisI aSTa dazAoM kI parikalpanA kI hai| usakA bauddha sAhitya meM ullekha bhI hai| Atma-vikAsa ke aSTa sopAna AjIvaka mata meM kahe gae haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM 1. manda 2. khiDDA 3. pada vImaMsA 4. ujjugata 5. sekha 6. samaNa 7. jina 8. pnn| (1) isameM janmadina se lekara sAta dina taka garbha-niSkramaNajanya duHkha ke kAraNa AtmA manda sthiti meM rahatA hai| (2) isameM durgati se Akara janma lene vAlA bAlaka bAra-bAra rudana karatA hai, sugati se Ane vAlA vahA~ kA smaraNa karake hAsa karatA hai| yaha khiDDA arthAt krIr3A bhUmikA hai / (3) isameM mAtA-pitA ke sahAre athavA anya kisI kA sahArA pAkara bAlaka bhUmi para kadama rakhatA hai, calanA sIkhatA hai /

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78 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya (4) isameM apane pairoM se binA kisI ke sahAre ke calane kI zakti prApta karatA hai| (5) isameM zilpakalA Adi kA adhyayana karane kI yogyatA prApta karatA hai| (6) isameM ghara evaM parivAra chor3akara zramaNa bana jAtA hai, saMnyAsa grahaNa karatA hai| (7) isameM rAga-dveSa ko jItakara jina bana jAtA hai / guru kI upAsanA bhI vaha karatA hai / vikAsa kI pUrNa bhUmikA hai| (8) isameM prAjJa hokara bandhanoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| nirvANa prApta karatA hai| __ina aSTa sopAnoM meM, prathama ke tIna avikAsa ke haiM, aura zeSa pA~ca Atma-vikAsa ke sUcaka haiN| pAtaJjala, bauddha aura AjIvaka mata mAnya vikAsa bhUmikAoM meM aura jaina darzana meM dazita guNasthAnoM meM bahuta antara hai| guNasthAnoM meM jo kramabaddhatA, vyavasthA aura spaSTatA hai, vaha anyatra nahIM hai / guNasthAnoM meM Atma vikAsa kI jisa paddhati kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha jaina vidvAnoM kA apanA maulika cintana kahA jA sakatA hai, jo paraMparA se Aja bhI upalabdha hai / isake sambandha meM vipula sAhitya hai /

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bhAratIya darzana vizeSa siddhAnta

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa-siddhAnta bhAratIya-darzanoM meM pratyeka darzana kA apanA eka viziSTa dRSTikoNa hotA hai aura yaha dRSTikoNa hI usake darzana kA kendrIya vicAra athavA mukhya vicAraNa kahI jAtI hai| bhArata meM jitane bhI dArzanika sampradAya hae hai, pratyeka sampradAya apane eka vizeSa vicAra ko lekara hI calA hai| aura apanI sampUrNa zakti usI ko puSTa karane meM lagA dI thii| yadyapi bhAratIya-darzanoM meM kucha sAmAnya bAteM isa prakAra kI avazya hai, jo sabhI meM samAna rUpa se kucha hera-phera ke sAtha mila jAtI haiN| jaise pramANa-mImAMsA prAyaH sabhI kI eka jaisI rahatI hai| lakSaNa aura svarUpa meM koI bheda hone para bhI usake uddezya aura usake dhyeya meM kucha antara nahIM rhtaa| AcAramImAMsA bhI bhAratIya-darzanoM meM kucha antara ke sAtha eka jaisI hI calatI hai / jaise jaina paramparA meM jisako paMca mahAvrata kahA gayA, vaidika paramparA meM pAMca yama aura bauddha paramparA meM usI ko paMcazIla kahA gayA hai / bhAratIya AcAra-zAstra ke mUla mantavya yahI hai aura zeSa jo kucha hai isI kA vizeSa vizleSaNa athavA vistAra hai| tattva-mImAMsA ke sambandha meM bhAratIya-darzanoM meM paryApta matabheda dRSTigocara hote haiM, parantu usameM bhI samAnatA na ho, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| tattvoM kI saMkhyA meM matabheda ho sakatA hai, unake svarUpa ke pratipAdana meM bhI matabheda ho sakatA hai, para yaha satya hai, ki bhArata kI pratyeka dAzanika-paramparA ne tattva ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA hai| una sabhI tattvoM ko kama se kama do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-jar3a aura cetana / isameM kisI ne jar3a para adhika vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA, to kisI ne cetana para adhika bala diyaa| kisI ne isako prakRti aura puruSa kahA, to kisI ne ise jova aura ajIva kahA, parantu ina do tattvoM kA hI vikAsa aura vistAra bhAratIya-tattva-mImAMsA meM kiyA gayA hai| kAryakAraNa-mImAMsA ke sambandha meM bhI bhAratIya-darzanoM meM samAnatA dRSTigocara ( 81 )

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82 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya hotI hai / isa prakAra kA eka bhI sampradAya nahIM hai, jo kArya aura kAraNa ke niyamoM ko svIkAra na karatA ho / darzana-zAstra ke ye hI saba mukhya viSaya rahe haiN| bhAratIya darzanoM ke kendrIya vicAra : / jaisA ki abhI kahA thA, pratyeka darzana kA apanA mukhya vicAra hotA hai / usa paramparA ke dArzanika vidvAna idhara-udhara ghUma kara bhI apane usI vicAra kA poSaNa karate haiM / aura yaha pramANita karane kA prayatna karate haiM, ki hamArA mantavya hI satyabhUta hai aura usa siddhAnta ko tarka aura vitarko se khUba paripuSTa kiyA jAtA hai| jaise upaniSadoM kI vicAra-dhArA kA mukhya uddezya AtmavAda hai| jo kucha hai so AtmA hI hai, AtmA ke atirikta athavA cetana ke atirikta isa jagata meM anya kucha nahIM hai| isako pratikriyA meM cArvAka kA jar3avAda prasiddha hai| cArvAka-sampradAya kA mukhya siddhAnta jar3avAda hI hai| usane AtmA ke astitva se spaSTa inkAra kiyA aura kahA ki cAra bhUta ke atirikta anya kucha bhI nahIM hai / saba kucha usI kA khela hai| gItA aura mahAbhArata meM ina vicAroM ke sUkSma bIja upalabdha hote haiN| gItA ne samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA aura niSkAma karmayoga para vizeSa bala diyaa| jaina-darzana kA mUla dRSTikoNa prArambha se hI samanvayAsmaka athavA anekAntamaya rahA hai / jaina-darzana meM jo kucha likhA gayA, vaha saba anekAntamaya evaM syAdvAdamaya hI hotA hai| ataH jaina-darzana kA antima pariNAma anekAntavAda hI rahA / bauddha-darzana kA paripAka usake zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda meM huaa| sAMkhya-darzana kI carama pariNati ko pariNAmavAda kahA jA sakatA hai| yoga-darzana meM dhyAna aura samAdhi para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| nyAya-darzana kA apanA uddezya IzvaravAda rhaa| Izvara kA astitva puSTa pramANoM ke AdhAra para nyAya-darzana prastuta karatA hai / vaizeSika darzana kI vizeSatA paramANuvAda athavA padArtha-mImAMsA rahI hai| mImAMsAdarzana ne apanI sampUrNa zakti veda ke karmakANDa para lagA dI thii| ataH mImAMsA-darzana kI vizeSa vicAra-zakti vedavihita karma evaM anuSThAna ko siddha karane meM hI lagI / vedAnta veda ke jJAnakANDa ko le kara claa| isa lie vedAnta kA mukhya siddhAnta advaitavAda, mAyAvAda athavA brahmavAda rhaa| vedAnta-darzana kI antima evaM carama pariNati advaitavAda meM hotI hai /

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 83 / jar3avAda athavA bhautikavAda : yathArtha meM jisako jar3avAda kahA jAtA hai, Adhunika darzanakAra use bhautikavAda athavA vaijJAnika-bhautikavAda kahate haiN| yUnAna meM isa jar3avAda athavA bhautikavAda kA janma thelsa kI vicAra-dhArA ke sAtha hI huA thaa| bhArata meM isa vicAra-dhArA kA pravartaka cArvAka-sampradAya mAnA jAtA hai| cArvAka ke anusAra dekhanA hI vizvAsa karanA hai / isa AdhAra para jar3a vastu hI pratyakSa ke yogya hai, kyoMki vaha dekhI jA sakatI hai| isa jar3avAdI-darzana meM una tathyoM para athavA tattvoM para vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, jo indriya grAhya na hoN| jaise AtmA, Izvara, punarjanma, paraloka, svarga aura naraka Adi / jar3avAdI dArzanika logoM kI dRSTi meM isa prakAra ke tattva vizvAsa ke yogya nahIM haiN| unakA kahanA hai, ki yaha saba kapola kalpanA hai, pratApa hai, athavA mUrkhatA ke atirikta anya kucha nahIM hai / jar3avAdI cArvAka kA kahanA hai, ki pRthvI, jala, teja aura vAyu-ye hI cAra nirNAyaka tattva haiN| bhAratIya-darzana meM isI ko jar3avAda kI mUla sAmagrI kahA gayA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se jar3avAda vaha tattvajJAna hai, jisameM saMsAra aura samAja donoM se saMbaMdhita tattvoM para nayo dRSTi se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| yahAM tattva-jJAna kA Azaya hai, ki jIvana aura jagata kI vAstavikatA kA nizcaya ho jAnA / pramANa ke dvArA bhalIbhAMti parakhane ke bAda jo vastu abAdhita rUpa meM siddha ho sakatI ho, jar3avAda meM vahI mukhya tattva hai, aura usI ko paramArtha kahA gayA hai / jar3avAdI tattvavettAoM ne isI paramArtha ke vAstavika svarUpa ko prastuta kiyA thaa| isa mAnyatA ke AdhAra para hI bhAratIya-darzanoM meM ise jar3avAda arthAt bhautikavAda kahA gyaa| jar3avAda kA uddezya : jar3avAda kA uddezya kyA hai ? isa sambandha meM itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai, ki jo kucha vAstavika hai, usI kA vicAra aura vizleSaNa karanA isakA mukhya uddezya rahA hai| jo kucha yahAM prastuta na ho athavA vidyamAna na ho, usa para jar3avAda meM vicAra nahIM kiyA jaataa| jar3avAda ke anusAra vedanAzUnya athavA jJAnazUnya padArtha hI jar3a haiN| usakA pratiyogI zabda hai-cetana, jisameM saMvedana evaM jJAna nihita rahatA hai| mahArASTra ke prasiddha vidvAn lakSmaNa zAstrI jozI ne apanI marAThI pustaka jar3avAda tathA anIzvaravAda meM jar3avAda kI bar3I sundara vyAkhyA kI hai| zAstrI jI ke zabdoM

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84 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya meM usa padArtha ko jar3a vastu kahate haiM, jo kisI jJAtA kI anubhUti meM na rahatA huA bhI svatantra rUpa se rahatA hai, jise svayaM kisI prakAra kI anubhUti nahIM hotI aura jo svayaM jJAna rUpa athavA caitanyasvarUpa nahIM hotaa| jaise eka hIrA ananta kAla se khAna meM par3A rahatA hai, jisako na to svayaM kisI prakAra kI anubhUti hotI hai, aura na svayaM caitanyasvarUpa hai / isa prakAra jar3avAda kI paribhASA evaM vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| jar3a aura cetana kA sambandha : jar3avAdI dArzanikoM kA mata hai, ki pratyeka vastu jaba cetana athavA jIvita avasthA meM AtI hai, taba usase pUrva vaha acetana evaM ajIvita avasthA meM hI rahatI hai| pratyeka padArtha kI pUrva sthiti jar3a aura uttara sthiti cetana avasthA kI hotI hai| padArtha kA yaha cetana rUpa, vAstava meM usake naisargika jar3a rUpa kA hI pariNAma hai| ataH mUlataH jo padArtha jar3a hotA hai, vahI cetana athavA jIva banatA hai| cetana vastu meM lagana, buddhi athavA anubhUti rahatI hai / isa dRSTi se vizva meM sabase bar3A manuSya mAnA jAtA hai / parantu vaha manuSya na zAzvata hai, na sarvavyApI ho / jar3avAda ke anusAra manuSya apane deza-kAla meM sImita hai| usake jIvana kA nirmANa jar3abhUta tattvoM se hI huA hai / isI prakAra pazu aura pakSI Adi ke sambandha meM tathA vanaspati Adi ke sambandha meM bhI samajhanA cAhie / jIva usako kahate haiM, jo gatizIla ho aura anubhUti-zIla ho| isa prakAra kI gati aura anubhUti jar3a padArtha meM dhIre-dhIre vikAsa karate hue A jAtI hai / kisI jar3avAdo se yaha pUchA jAe, ki deha aura dehI meM kyA antara hai ? taba vaha tapAka se jabAba detA hai, ki donoM eka hI haiN| jo kucha deha hai, dehI usase bhinna nahIM hai / kisI jIva piNDa athavA cetana piNDa kA vizleSaNa karane para yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai, ki usakA nirmANa vibhinna jar3a dravyoM ke saMmizraNa se huA hai| vahI mana, zarIra aura AtmA saba kucha hai / zarIra aura AtmA vastutaH do nahIM haiM, kyoMki jise hama jIva-zakti athavA Atma-zakti kahate haiM, vaha zarIra se bhinna nahIM hai| jar3avAdI vicArakoM kA yaha siddhAnta hai, ki zarIra ke utpanna hone se pahale aura zarIra ke naSTa hone ke bAda AtmA bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| jaba zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para AtmA bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai, taba punarjanma athavA paraloka kA siddhAnta banatA hI nahIM / dharma, puNya aura pApa ye saba kucha nahIM haiN| na kahIM jAnA hai aura na kahIM se AnA hai / lagana aura mastiSka sambandhI vikAsa kI jo bAteM

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bhAratIya-darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 85 pratyakSa dekhane meM AtI haiM, ve sabhI zarIra ke vikAsa para nirbhara haiN| zarIra kA jitanA hI kama vikAsa hogA, jJAna bhI utanI hI kama mAtrA meM vikasita hogA / sampUrNa manovRttiyA~ jJAnendriyoM para nirbhara haiM / ina jJAnendriyoM ke vikasita hae binA jJAna evaM AtmA ke vikAsa kA mArga sImita hI hai| ataH zarIra se bhinna na AtmA kA astitva hai, aura na mana kA hI astitva hai / dehAtmabhAva ke sambandha meM AcArya,zaMkara ne apane zAkara bhASya kI prastAvanA meM aura samanvaya-sUtra bhASya ke anta meM kahA hai, ki deha hI AtmA hai, yaha pratIti samasta jIva vyApAroM ke mUla meM kArya karatI hai| unakA to yahA~ taka kahanA hai, ki AtmA ko deha se bhinna mAnane vAle tattvavettA bhI vyAvahArika dRSTi se svayaM dehAtmavAdI hote haiN| jaisA ki dekhane meM AtA hai, cArvAka ko chor3akara bhAratIya-tattvavettAoM ne yahI svIkAra kiyA hai, ki AtmA deha se alaga hai, kintu cArvAka kA kahanA hai, ki deha AtmA se bhinna nahIM hai| Adhunika yuga meM jIva-zAstra aura mAnasazAstra ne jo kucha vizleSaNa evaM vicAra kiyA hai, usake AdhAra se yahI kahA jA sakatA hai, ki cArvAka kA jar3avAda athavA bhautikavAda hI usase siddha hogA / ukta donoM vidyAoM ke AdhAra para zarIra meM zarIra se bhinna cetana kI siddhi abhI taka nahIM ho sakI hai| Aja ke bhautikavAdiyoM kA vizvAsa hai, ki ve dina aba dUra nahIM hai, jabaki sabhI loga yaha svIkAra karane lageMge, ki jaDa tattva ke atirikta isa saMsAra meM anya koI tattva siddha nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra jar3avAdI-darzana jar3a ke AdhAra para hI vizva, jIvana aura anya samasyAoM kA samAdhAna Aja taka karate A rahe haiN| dravya kA svarUpa aura svabhAva : jisa eka vastu se dUsaro vastu utpanna hotI hai, aura jisake guNa evaM dharma hote haiM, use dravya kahA jAtA hai| yaha samasta jagata dravya aura guNoM kA hI piNDa hai / ye bhotika dravya, jinameM varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza hote haiM, unameM yaha anekatA kisI ke dvArA nirmita na hokara apanI svAbhAvika hai / vAstava meM isI ko dravyoM kA svarUpa kahA gayA hai| saMkhyA, parimANa aura kAryakAraNa bhAga usake aMga haiN| unakA nirmANa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, balki unameM prakRta rUpa se vartamAna rahane ke kAraNa unako pahacAnA jAtA hai, unakI saMkhyA kI jAtI hai, aura unake sAtha sambandha jor3A jAtA 1 bhAratIya darzana-vAcaspati gairolA, pR0 80

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86 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya hai / eka kuzala kisAna bIja ke kArya-kAraNa bhAva ko pahacAnatA hai / eka catura vaidya roga aura roga ke kArya-kAraNa bhAva ko jAnatA hai| kRSaka aura vaidya, bIja aura roga nAza ke kArya-kAraNa ke bhAva ko utpanna nahIM karate / isa para se yaha siddha ho jAtA hai, ki pratyeka vyavasthApaka kisI 'vastu ke svabhAva meM prakRta rUpa se vidyamAna vyavasthA ko jAnakara usa vastu kA upayoga evaM prayoga karatA hai / vaha usake svarUpa ko, svabhAva ko aura vyavasthA ko utpanna nahIM kara sakatA / jar3avAda apane samarthana meM isI prakAra ke anya tarka bhI prastuta karanA hai, aura kahatA hai, ki jagata meM jo kucha thA, vahI Aja hai aura bhaviSya meM vahI rahane vAlA hai / parivartanazIlatA : jar3avAdI cArvAka kA kahanA hai, ki isakA artha itanA hI hai ki jar3a se bhinna cetana jaisI vastu anya nahIM hai / parantu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai, ki jagata meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana na hotA ho / parivartana to jagata kA svabhAva hai, aura vaha rAta-dina hotA hI rahatA hai / hama icchA kareM athavA na kareM, para parivartana hotA hI rahatA hai / pratyeka manuSya ke sAmane vastuoM ke parivartana ke svarUpa nitya hI prakaTa hote rahate haiM / Aja kA vijJAna kahatA hai, ki isa dharatI para pahale na to koI prANI thA, aura na vanaspati hI / phira dhIre-dhIre vanaspati aura prANI utpanna hue| saba se anta meM manuSya AyA / manuSya ke utpanna ho jAne se isa vizva meM aneka parivartana usakI buddhi ke kAraNa hI hue| usane samAja aura jagata ke aneka niyama banAe aura usameM bhI samaya-samaya para parivartana hotA rhaa| Aja hama jisa vizva meM rahate haiM, usa vizva kA Adi svarUpa Aja se sarvathA bhinna thA / vastu kI isI parivartanazIlatA kA nAma hI vastutaH vizva hai / isa parivartana ke kAraNa vizva kA cakra cala rahA hai, jaise yantra kA eka pahiyA ghUmA ki dUsarA svayaM hI ghUmane lagatA hai / aNu-rUpa dravyoM se nirmita isa jagata ke aNuoM ke Apasa meM milane, aura unake eka dUsare se alaga ho jAne se hI gati kA prArambha hotA hai / yahI gati athavA parivartana pratyeka vastu kA svAbhAvika dharma hai / isa parivartana kA itihAsa kaba se aura kahA~ se prArambha hotA hai, isakA uttara ina jar3avAdI dArzanikoM ke pAsa nahIM hai / bhautikavAdI athavA jar3avAdI dArzanikoM ne apane DhaMga se jagata kA jo cintana prastuta kiyA, usI kA yaha pariNAma hai, ki unhoMne isa jagata kI vyavasthA ko badalane kA prayatna kiyA, aura cetanavAda se inkAra karake jar3a

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bhAratIya-darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 87 vAda kI mAnyatA ko puSTa karane meM apanI sampUrNa zakti lagA dI thii| Aja jisa rUpa meM jar3avAda athavA bhautikavAda vikAsa kara rahA hai, bhaviSya meM usake kyA pariNAma hoMge yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai, ki Aja kA bhautikavAdI-vijJAna prakRti kI zaktiyoM kA athavA jar3avAda ke tathyoM kA jo adhyayana kara rahA hai, usI kA pariNAma hai reDiyo, TelIvijana, vAyuyAna aura Aja kA navIna paramANuvAda / jar3avAda aura anya darzana : bhArata ke anya dArzanikoM ne jar3avAda ko svIkAra na kiyA ho, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / AtmavAdI dArzanikoM ne jar3avAda kA isI artha meM khaNDana kiyA hai, ki vaha jar3a se atirikta cetana ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| AtmavAdI-dArzanika jar3avAda aura bhautikavAda ko svIkAra karate haiM, usase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki AtmavAdiyoM kA AtmA Akhira jar3a zarIra meM to rahanA hI hai| jaba taka saMsAra avasthA hai, taba taka jar3a zarIra ke sAtha cetana AtmA kA sambandha rahanA hI hai| phira isa pratyakSa deha se AtmavAdI bhI kaise inkAra kara sakatA hai ? ataH AtmavAdI dArzanikoM ko bhI jar3avAda athavA bhautikavAda svIkAra karanA hI par3atA hai| jo zarIra AtmA kA Azraya hai, usakI satyatA se A~kha banda karanA AsAna kAma nahIM thA / parantu adhyAtmavAdI dArzanikoM ne usa jar3avAda kI vibhinna rUpoM meM vyAkhyA karake svIkRti pradAna kI hai| jaina-darzana meM jar3atattva ko pudgala kahA gyaa| buddha bhI pudgala athavA dravya kahatA hai| sAMkhya-darzana meM use prakRti kahA gyaa| kucha bhI kyoM na kahA gayA ho, para jar3a tatva kI svIkRti adhyAtmavAdI dArzanikoM ne dI hai, aura usakI apane DhaMga se vyAkhyA kI hai| upaniSadoM meM isa prakAra ke vicAra upalabdha hote haiM, jo jar3avAda kA samarthana karate haiN| buddha aura mahAvIra ke yuga meM isa vicAra ke aneka dArzanika the, jo jar3avAda kA samarthana karate the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM svamata aura paramata kA athavA svasamaya aura parasamaya kA jo upadeza diyA hai, usameM kahA gayA hai, ki usa yuga meM 563 mata pracalita the| usameM bhUtavAdI aura cArvAka ko eka vicAradhArA tho / buddha ne brahmajAla-sutta meM apane yuga ke 62 anya dArzanikoM kA aura unake matoM kA varNana kiyA hai / mahAbhArata aura gItA meM bhI isa prakAra ke sUkSma vicAra upalabdha hote

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88 adhyAtma pravacana ! bhAga tRtIya haiM, jinase jar3avAda athavA bhautikavAda kA prAcIna kAla meM astitva pramANita hotA hai| bhArata meM jo Astika aura nAstika zabda pracalita haiM, unase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai, ki jo loga AtmA, paraloka, punarjanma jaiso vastuoM ko svIkAra nahIM karate the, unheM nAstika kaha diyA jAtA thaa| bhAratIya-dArzanika jo Aja nayI vicAradhArA ke haiM, unakA kahanA hai, ki veda aura upaniSadoM ke yuga meM bhI bhautikavAdI vicAra-dhArA ne apanI svatantra pratiSThA kii| vaidika-yuga se lekara Aja taka kI vicAra-dhArA meM bhI bhautikavAdI vicAra-dhArA vilupta nahIM ho sakI / bhautikavAdI vicAradhArA ke bhAvi vikAsa kI pRSThabhUmi kyA hogI, yaha kaha sakanA sarala nahIM hogA / parantu yaha kahane meM jarA bhI sandeha nahIM hai ki, bhautikavAdI vicAradhArA prAcIna yuga se Aja taka calI A rahI hai, aura Aja ke vijJAna ne isI kI khoja, isI kI zodha aura isI kA anusandhAna kiyA hai| Aja taka bhautikavAda kI jo khoja huI hai, vaha Azcarya-janaka rahI hai| zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda : bhAratIya-darzanoM meM vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda kI carcA bahuta AtI hai| anya bhAratIya-dArzanikoM ne bauddhoM ke isa vijJAnavAda aura aura zUnyavAda kA joradAra khaNDana kiyA hai| bauddhoM ne bhI zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda ke maNDana para apanI sampUrNa zakti lagA dI thii| vAstava meM bauddha-darzana kI carama pariNati athavA usakA antima phala zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda hI hai / isa vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ne bhAratIya-cetanA ko eka samaya jhakajhora diyA thA / AcArya nAgArjuna kA dArzanika dRSTikoNa zUnyavAda ke nAma se prasiddha hai / zUnyavAda dArzanika jagata kA prabhAvazAlI evaM mahattvapUrNa siddhAMta mAnA gayA hai| nAgArjuna ne kahA-"zUnya eva dhrmH|" zUnya ke atirikta anya koI dharma nahIM ho sktaa| zUnya ke paricAyaka paMcavidha dharmoM (vastu, viSaya, artha, padArtha aura prameya) kA vistRta nirUpaNa AcArya nAgArjuna ne mAdhyamika kArikA meM kiyA hai| nAgArjuna kA parama-tattva aSTa-nirodhaka hai| aSTa-niSedhayukta arthAt avirodha, anutpAda, anuccheda, azAzvata, anekArtha, anAgama, nirgama aura anAnArtha hai| kintu yaha sattAtmaka hai| isa prakAra kA sattAtmaka zUnya jo svayaM meM kalpanAtIta azabda, anakSara evaM agocara hai / nAgArjuna ke matAnusAra samasta pratItya-samutpanna padArthoM kI svabhAvahInatA hI pAramArthika hai / ukta paMcavidha dharmoM kI niHsvAbhAvikatA 1 bhAratIya darzana-vAcaspati gairolA, pR. 177 /

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 86 kA nAma hI paramArtha hai| nirvANa kA dUsarA nAma hI paramArtha satya hai| nirvANa ko vyAkhyA karate hue AcArya nAgArjuna ne kahA hai, ki nirvANa bhAva aura abhAva donoM se alaga eka anirvacanIya tattva hai| zUnyavAda ke anusAra samajhA jAtA hai, ki yaha sampUrNa jagata zUnya hai| jaise jaba hama kisI rassI ko bhramavaza athavA ajJAnavaza sA~pa samajha baiThate haiM, taba jJAna vastu rassI ke asatya hone para hama aura hamArA jJAna donoM svataH asatya siddha ho jAte haiM / isI tarka ke AdhAra para kahA jAtA hai, ki zUnyavAdI dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM jJAtA, jJeya aura jJAna kI koI sthiti na hone ke kAraNa saba asatya hai / isa dRSTi se saMsAra kI sattA zUnya hai| AcArya nAgArjuna kA yahI zUnyavAda hai| zUnyavAda aura pratItyasamutpAdavAda : bauddha-darzana kA pratItya-samutpAda hI nAgArjuna kA zUnyavAda hai / AcArya nAgArjuna ne kahA hai, ki jo isa zUnyatA ko samajha letA hai, vahI saba padArthoM ko samajha letA hai| aura jo isako nahIM samajha letA hai, vaha kucha bhI nahIM smjhtaa| jo satya hai, vaha nirapekSa hai aura usakA astitva kisI bhI vastu para nirbhara nahIM hai| pratyeka vastu kA yaha astitva pAramArthika hai / vastuoM kA yahI pAramArthika svarUpa zUnya hai, kintu usakA varNana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| nAgArjuna ke matAnusAra zUnyavAda kA siddhAnta ho pratItya-samutpAda kahA jAtA hai / jo zUnyatA ko samajhatA hai, vahI pratItyasamutpAda ko samajha sakatA hai| pratItya-samutpAda kA jJAna prApta karane para cAra Arya-satya grahaNa kie jA sakate haiM, aura tabhI padArthoM kA yathArtha svarUpa samajhakara nirvANa kI prApti hotI hai| pratItyasamutpAda ke sambandha meM rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne kahA hai, ki vaha vicchinna pravAha ke rUpa meM utpatti hai| yaha pratItyasamutpAda hI dharma, dharma kA hetu aura dharma kA phala hai| isa prakAra pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAnta bauddha-darzana kA eka viziSTa siddhAnta hai / isake anusAra sabhI vastueM satya haiN| kyoMki acche athavA bure rUpa meM unake astitva ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| jo hai hI nahIM hai, jo pratiSedhya hai, usako siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / samasta sattAoM kI siddhi zUnyatA athavA pratItyasamutpAda se hai| kintu jina pramANoM se bhAvoM kI vAstavikatA ko siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai, una pramANoM ko siddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kyoMki pramANa ko siddha karane ke lie pramANa kI AvazyakatA

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60 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya nahIM hai / bhAvoM kI zUnyatA bhI pramANita hai| AcArya nAgArjuna ke prabala samarthaka unhIM kA ziSya Aryadeva thaa| Aryadeva ne bhI zUnya ko hI parama tattva kahA hai, jisako zabda athavA pramANa Adi se nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| zUnya ke sambandha meM Aryadeva ne kahA hai-vaha na bhAva hai, na abhAva hai, aura na ina donoM kA saMghAta-vighAta hI hai| zUnyatA ko usane niHsvabhAva kahA hai, aura isI kA dUsarA rUpa pratItyasamutpAda ko kahA hai| isa prakAra zUnyavAda ke sambandha meM bauddha-dArzanikoM kA mata carama-sImA para pahu~ca gayA hai| bauddha-darzana kA vijJAnavAda : bauddha-paramparA eka sampradAya yogAcAra mata hai| yaha sampradAya vijJAnavAdI dRSTikoNa ke anusAra pratibimba ke dvArA bimba kA AnumAnika jJAna asatya evaM mithyA hai| cit hI ekamAtra sattA hai, jisake AbhAsa ko hama jagata ke nAma se kahA karate haiN| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra citta hI vijJAna hai| vijJAnavAdI-dArzanika bAhya vastuoM ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM karate kintu ve ekamAtra citta ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiM, kyoMki citta athavA mana ke dvArA hI hama vicAra kiyA karate haiN| citta kI sattA ko sarvocca mAnane ke kAraNa vijJAnavAda kA kahanA hai, ki zarIra athavA jitane bhI anya padArtha haiM, ve sabhI hamAre mana ke bhItara vidyamAna haiN| jisa prakAra hama svapna athavA mati-bhrama ke kAraNa vastuoM ko bAhya samajha baiThate haiM, usI prakAra mana kI sAdhAraNa avasthA meM hameM jo padArtha bAhya pratIta hote haiM, ve vAstava meM vaise nahIM hai / dRSTi vikAra ke kAraNa hI hama vastuoM kI bAhyatA ko dekhate haiN| yadi bhrama se hama candramA ko do dekhate haiM, to vaha hamAre vastujJAna kI kamI kahI jaaegii| vijJAnavAda kI mAnyatA hai, ki jo vastu bAhya pratIta hotI hai, vaha mana ke vikAra ke kAraNa se hotI hai / ataH jJAna se vastu ko bhinna mAnane kA koI kAraNa hI nahIM hai / saMsAra meM jo vibhinna vastue~ haiM, unakI sattA citta, mana athavA jJAna ke kAraNa hI hai / ataH jJAna hI saba kucha hai, aura usI kA pratibimba bAhara meM najara AtA hai| ataH vAstavika sattA jJAna kI hai, bAhya vastuoM kI nhiiN| bAhya-vastu svapna ke samAna mithyA hai, aura unakI vAstavika sthiti nahIM hai| vijJAnavAdI vibhinna vijJAnoM kA bhaNDAra hone se mana ko Alaya-vijJAna kahate haiN| yaha Alaya-vijJAna nitya evaM aparivartanazIla nahIM hai, balki parivartanazIla aura 1 bhAratIya-darzana (vAcaspati gairolA) pRSTha 178 /

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 91 citta vRttiyoM kA eka pravAha hai| isa Alaya-vijJAna ko Atma-saMyama evaM yogAbhyAsa ke dvArA samajhakara nirvANa prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / bauddhadarzana ke anusAra yoga kA artha hai-jijJAsA aura aacaar| pahale samajho aura phira kho|' yahAM para yaha samajha lenA cAhie, ki mAdhyamika-sampradAya kA mukhya siddhAnta zUnyavAda hai / isake pravartaka AcArya nAgArjuna the / AcArya nAgArjuna ke Agamana se bauddha-darzana meM nUtana-yuga kA sUtrapAta huA thaa| zUnyavAda ke anusAra citta asvatantra hai| padArtha kI bhAMti vijJAna bhI kSaNika hai| zUnyavAda hI paramArtha hai| jagata kI sattA vyAvahArika aura zUnya kI sattA pAramArthika hai| pAramArthika zUnya hI satya hai| vijJAnavAda yogAcAra kA mukhya siddhAnta hai / AcArya asaMga aura vasubandhu isake mukhya pravartaka hai / asaMga aura vasubandhu ne jisa vijJAnavAda kI sthApanA kI thI, use prakhara tarkavAdI diGa nA kA aura usake ziSya dharmakIrti ne apane prabala pramANoM ke AdhAra para virodhI matoM se joradAra Takkara lI thii| vijJAnavAda aura brahmavAda : bauddha-darzana kA siddhAnta vijJAnabAda ke nAma se aura zaMkara ke advatavedAnta kA siddhAnta brahmavAda ke nAma se vikhyAta haiM / bauddha-paramparA ke cAra dArzanika sampradAya hue-sautrAMtika, vaizeSika, yogAcAra aura mAdhyamika / inameM sautrAMtika aura vaizeSika bauddha-dArzanika ghaTa evaM paTa Adi bAhya padArthoM kA astitva svIkAra karate haiN| una donoM meM antara itanA hI hai, ki sotrAMtika jahA~ bAhya arthoM ko pratyakSa siddha mAnate haiM, vahA~ vaizeSika bAhya arthoM ko pratyakSa na mAnakara anumAna siddha mAnate haiN| kintu zUnyavAdI aura vijJAnavAdo dArzanika bAhya arthoM kI sattA svIkAra nahIM krte| ve donoM krama se zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda ko hI parama-sattA svIkAra karate haiM, aura bAhya-sattA ko svapnavat mithyA-bhrama mAnate haiN| vijJAnavAda ke anusAra jJAna hI ekamAtra sattA hai, bAhya arthoM kA koI astitva nahIM hai| ghaTa evaM paTa Adi padArtha svapna meM duSTa vastuoM ke samAna kevala kalpita evaM mithyA hai| jJAna ke dvArA hama vyAvahArika jagata ke svapnAviSTa aura dRSTigocara, donoM prakAra ke padArthoM kA bodha kara sakate haiN| jJAna ke atirikta bAhya padArthoM kA koI astitva nahIM hai / 1 bhAratIya-darzana (vAcaspati gairolA), pRSTha, 174

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62 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya zaMkara ke brahmavAda ke anusAra isa parivartanazIla jagata kA yathArtha tattva brahma hai / yaha jagata kalpita aura bhrama mAtra hai| AcArya zaMkara kA kahanA hai, ki yaha samagra-vizva brahma kA vivarta hai| vivarta kA artha haiatAttvika athavA anyathA pratIti honA / jaise-rajju meM sarpa kI pratIti / zaMkara kA yaha siddhAnta aura usase pUrva bhI gor3avAda tathA mAMDakya-upaniSad kI kArikAoM meM jagata tathA brahma kA yahI dRSTikoNa vivecita hai| zaMkara kA yaha jagata viSayaka abhimata vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM ke matAnusAra svapnAviSTa tathA parikalpita vastuoM ke samAna bhrama mAtra hai| usakA koI astitva nahIM hai| isa daSTi se bauddhoM ke vijJAnavAda aura zaMkara ke brahmavAda meM paryApta samAnatA hai| donoM siddhAntoM ko eka to nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki unameM kucha antara bhI hai / bauddhoM ke vijJAnavAda ke anusAra saba kucha kSaNika hai / kintu zaMkara ke matAnusAra brahma nitya hai / phira bhI donoM siddhAntoM meM samAnatA isa bAta meM hai, ki bauddha vijJAna ke atirikta aura zaMkara brahma ke atirikta kisI bhI padArtha kI sattA svIkAra nahIM karate / zAyada isI AdhAra para zaMkara ko pracchanna boddha kahA gayA thaa| bauddha-siddhAnta meM kSaNikavAda bhI eka viziSTa siddhAnta mAnA gayA hai / buddha aura paravartI boddha-dArzanikoM ne vastu kI sattA para gambhIra vicAra karane ke pazcAt yaha niSkarSa nikAlA ki saMsAra kI sabhI vastue~ anitya haiM / bauddha-darzana ke anusAra bAharI sthUla jagata aura Antarika sUkSma jagatadonoM hI kSaNika haiM / buddha kA yaha dRSTikoNa upaniSadoM ke nityavAdI AtmavAda ke viparIta thA / AtmavAda ke anusAra kSaNa-kSaNa parivartanazIla isa sthUla jagata ke mUla meM eka sUkSma tattva hai, jisakA nAma AtmA hai| isI AtmavAda ko brahmavAda kahA gayA hai, aura vedAnta meM brahma kA svarUpa sat, cit tathA Ananda vatAyA gayA hai| isa brahmavAda tathA AtmavAda ke virodha meM bauddha-dArzanikoM ne anityatAvAda tathA kSaNikavAda kI pratiSThA kI thii| jaina darzana anekAntavAdo darzana hai| usakA kahanA hai, ki paryAya-dRSTi se kSaNikavAda satya ho sakatA hai, aura dravya-dRSTi se nityatAvAda bhI satya hai, parantu ekAnta kSaNikatA aura ekAnta nityatA mAnanA na tarka saMgata hai, aura na usase kisI prakAra kA samAdhAna hI ho sakatA hai / jaina darzana kA anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda : anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda jaina-darzana kI apanI eka viziSTatA

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 13 hai| jaina-darzana kA carama vikAsa anekAntavAda meM hotA hai, aura usakI abhivyakti syAdvAda ke dvArA hotI hai| anekAntavAda eka dRSTi hai, aura syAdvAda usa dRSTi ko abhivyakta karane vAlI eka prakAra kI bhASA paddhati hai athavA anekAnta vicAra ko jisa bhASA kI AvazyakatA hai, use syAdvAda kahA jA sakatA hai / yadi jaina-darzana kA anekAntavAda prAcIna-yuga meM athavA madhya-yuga meM na rahatA, to dArzanika jagata meM yuga-yuga se cale Ane vAle vivAdoM kA anta bhI na hotA / anekAnta-dRSTi jaina-paramparA kI eka mukhya daSTi hai| jaina-paramparA kA samagra tattva jJAna isa anekAntavAda para hI pratiSThita rahA hai / bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda ko eka hI artha meM prayukta kiyA hai, parantu vAstava meM ina donoM kA eka artha nahIM hai| saptabhaMgI meM se syAdvAda kA janma huA aura sapta nayoM meM se anekAntavAda kA vikAsa huA hai| anekAntavAda naya mUlaka hai, aura syAdvAda saptabhaMgI mUlaka / anekAnta yaha eka vicAra paddhati hai, jisake AdhAra para vastu-tattva kA athavA satya kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai / AlaMkArika bhASA meM anekAntavAda ko mAnasa cakSu kahA jA sakatA hai| jainaAcAra aura jaina-vicAra kA eka bhI kSetra isa prakAra kA nahIM hai, jo anekAMta. vAda se zUnya ho / vicAra aura AcAra donoM meM anekAMta dRSTi hI mukhya rahI hai / jisa prakAra dArzanika kSetra meM ekAnta vicAra samyaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, usI prakAra AcAra ke kSetra meM ekAnta niSedha aura ekAnta vidhAna bhI samyak nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yahI kAraNa hai, ki jaina paramparA ke vidvAnoM ne jahA~ anekAntavAda kA prayoga vicAra ke kSetra meM kiyA, vahA~ usakA prayoga AcAra ke kSetra meM bhI kiyA gyaa| yadi anekAntavAda AcAra meM enaM vyavahAra meM prayukta na ho sake to use jIvita anekAntavAda kase kahA jA sakatA hai ? paramArtha aura vyavahAra donoM meM anekAnta daSTi kA upayoga evaM prayoga jaina-dArzanikoM ne saphalatA ke sAtha kiyA hai, isameM jarA bhI sandeha nahIM / jaina paramparA ke una dArzanika AcAryoM ne, jinhoMne anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda kI paribhASA evaM vyAkhyA kI thI, unake sAmane do uddezya the| apane svayaM ke vicAroM meM sAmaJjasya sthApita karanA aura bAhara se hone vAle AghAtoM kA taka pUrNa uttara denaa| mahAvIra aura buddha : bhagavAna mahAvIra aura bhagavAna buddha donoM samakAlIna the, yaha to

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64 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya eka aitihAsika tathya hai / donoM kA vihAra, donoM kA rahana-sahana eka hI prAnta meM rahA thA / ataH yaha Avazyaka thA, ki eka-dUsare ke vicAroM se athavA eka-dUsare kI AcAra paddhati se unakA paricaya avazya rahA hogA / buddha ne apanI paddhati se tattva kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA, to bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apanI paddhati se tatva kA nirUpaNa kiyA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dRSTikoNa ko anekAntavAda kahA jAtA hai / yahI jaina paramparA kA mukhya kendra bindu rahA hai | bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samAna buddha ne bhI isa anekAntamayI dRSTi ko apanAyA thA / bauddha sAhitya meM use vibhajyavAda athavA madhyama- pratipadA dRSTi kahA jAtA hai / pratyeka darzana kI apanI eka viziSTatA hotI hai / yaha viziSTatA hI usa paramparA kA athavA sampradAya kA kendrIya vicAra kahA jA sakatA hai / jaise vedAnta kA mukhya vicAra advaita dRSTi rahA hai / isa advaita dRSTi ko lekara vedAnta paramparA ke vibhinna AcAryoM ne vibhinna prakAra se eka hI parama satya kI abhivyakti kI hai / jaina - paramparA kA mukhya vicAra anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda hI rahA hai jIvana ke pratyeka pahalU meM anekAnta dRSTi kA prabhutva rahA hai / tattva-jJAna, vicAra aura AcAra sarvatra anekAnta dRSTi parivyApta hokara rahI hai / yahI kAraNa hai, ki jaina darzana ke anekAntavAda kA athavA syAdvAda kA usakI samakAlIna bauddha paramparA aura vaidika paramparA ke AcAryoM ne anekAntavAda kI khUba AlocanA kI thI / isa AlocanA se jainAcArya vyAkula nahIM hue, for aura adhika sateja evaM prakhara hote rahe / anekAnta dRSTi kA tarka ke AdhAra para vikAsa karane kA jainAcAryoM ko avasara milA aura unhoMne isa avasara se pUrA-pUrA lAbha uThAyA / pramANa- zAstra aura tattva - zAstra ke AdhAra para anekAnta kI vyAkhyA karane vAloM meM AcArya siddhasena divAkara aura AcArya samanta bhadra mukhya rahe haiM, jinhoMne apane granthoM meM anekAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA, aura usakI yugAnukUla vyAkhyA kI / jaina darzana aura anya darzana : bhagavAna mahAvIra aura bhagavAna buddha ko vibhajyavAdI kahA jAtA thA / sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM vibhajyavAda kA ullekha hai, aura bauddhoM ke majjhima nikAya meM bhI vibhajyavAda kA ullekha hai / yaha vibhajyavAda kyA hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM kahA jAtA hai, ki kisI bhI prazna kA uttara vibhAga karake denA, isI ko vibhajyavAda kahA jAtA hai / satya kyA hai, aura asatya kyA

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 95 hai ? isako samajhane ke lie athavA isakA vizleSaNa karane ke lie vibhajyavAda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM bhikSu kaisI bhASA kA prayoga kare, isa prazna ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai, ki vibhajyabAda kA prayoga karanA caahie| vibhajyavAda kA abhiprAya ThIka rUpa meM samajhane ke lie hameM jaina TIkA granthoM ke atirikta bauddha grantha bhI sahAyaka hote haiM / bauddha-paramparA ke majjhima nikAya meM zubha mANavaka ke prazna ke uttara meM bhagavAna buddha ne kahA thA-he mANavaka, maiM yahA~ vibhajyavAdI hU~, ekAMtabAdI nahIM / mANavaka kA prazna thA, ki maiMne suna rakhA hai, ki gRhastha hI ArAdhaka hotA hai, pravajina ArAdhaka nahIM hotA? isameM ApakA kyA vicAra hai ? isa prazna kA ekAMza uttara hAM athavA nA meM na dekara bhagavAna buddha ne kahA, ki gRhastha bhI yadi mithyAtvI hai to nirvANa mArga kA ArAdhaka nahIM, aura tyAgI bhI yadi mithyAtvI hai to vaha bhI ArAdhaka nahIM hai / parantu yadi ve donoM samyak-dRSTi haiM, tabhI ArAdhaka hote haiN| apane isa prakAra ke uttara ke bala para buddha apane ko vibhajyavAdI kahA karate the / / isa prakAra bauddha sUtra meM ekAMzavAda aura vibhAjyavAda kA paraspara virodha sUcita ho jAtA hai / jaina TIkAkAra vibhAjyavAda kA artha-syAdvAda athavA anekAntavAda karate haiN| ekAntavAda aura anekAntavAda kA bhI paraspara virodha spaSTa hI hai / isa prakAra kI sthiti meM sUtrakRtAMga gata vibhajyavAda kA artha anekAntavAda, nayavAda, apekSAvAda athavA kathaMcitavAda ho ho sakatA hai / adekSA bheda se syAt zabdAMkita prayoga Agama meM dekhe jAte haiM / ekAdhika bhaMgoM kA syAdvAda bhI Agama meM milatA hai| ataH AgamakAlIna anekAntavAda athavA vibhajyavAda ko syAdvAda kahanA hI adhika upayukta hai / itanA antara avazya hai, ki buddha kA vibhajyavAda maryAdita kSetra meM thA, aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vibhajyavAda kA kSetra vyApaka thaa| yahI kAraNa hai, ki jaina-darzana Age calakara anekAntavAda meM parivartita ho gayA, aura bauddha-darzana kisI aMza meM vibhajyavAdI hote hue bhI ekAntavAda kI ora Age bar3hatA huA ekAnta kSaNikavAdI ho gayA / isa prakAra anekAnta kI ArAdhanA ekAnta meM badala gaI / jaina-paramparA kA aura bauddha-paramparA kA vibhajyavAda kevala ina do paramparAoM taka hI sImita nahIM thaa| Age calakara anya darzanoM para bhI isa vibhajyavAda kI chApa pdd'ii| nyAyasUtra para bhASya racanA karane vAle vAtsyAyana ne kahA hai-"yathAdarzana 1 Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, pR0 43, paM0 dalasukhajI kRta /

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66 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya vibhAga vacanam / " isakA artha bhI vibhajyavAda hI hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM, ki sAMkhya darzana, nyAya-darzana, vedAnta darzana aura vedAnta darzana kI vibhinna upazAkhAoM para bhI anekAntavAda kA spaSTa prabhAva par3A thA / vedAnta - paramparA meM jo bhedAbhedavAda aura dvaitAdvai tavAda, zuddhAdvai tavAda aura viziSTAdvaitavAda - isa prakAra ke vAda anekAntamayI dRSTi ke abhAva meM nahIM ho sakate / pratyakSa athavA parokSa rUpa meM yaha svAbhAvika thA, kiM anekAntavAda kA prabhAva mImAMsA darzana aura vedAnta darzana tathA sAMkhya ke pariNAma - vAda para bhI par3anA Avazyaka thA / hama dekhate haiM, ki vibhinna dArzanikoM ne anekAntavAda kA virodha karate hue bhI use svIkAra bhI kiyA hai, aura apane kSetra meM usakA prayoga evaM upayoga bhI kiyA hai / isa para se anekAntavAda ko sarvavyApakatA evaM lokapriyatA kA sahaja hI parijJAna ho jAtA hai / " anekAntavAda para itanA vicAra karane para niSkarSa yaha nikalatA hai, ki anekAntavAda kA AdhAra satya rahA hai / nayavAda : anekAntavAda ko samajhane ke lie jaina darzana ke nayavAda ko samajhanA bhI parama Avazyaka hai / kyoMki nayavAda hI anekAntavAda kI pRSThabhUmi rahA hai | nayavAda kyA vastu hai aura usakA kyA svarUpa hai ? isake sambandha meM jaina - paramparA ke sAhitya meM paryApta gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / tattva kA jJAna do prakAra se hotA hai- pramANa aura naya / isa prakAra kA kathana AcArya umAsvAti ne apane tattvArtha sUtra meM kiyA hai| kisI bhI vastu kA parijJAna karanA ho taba usake lie pramANa aura naya kI AzyakatA rahatI hai| binA pramANa aura naya ke vastu kA yathArtha parijJAna nahIM ho sakatA / pramANa aura naya meM itanA antara hai, ki pramANa vastu ke pUrNa rUpa ko grahaNa karanA hai, aura naya pramANa ke dvArA gRhIta vastu ke eka aMza ko jAnatA hai / isa dRSTi se naya kI paribhASA isa prakAra hogI / jJAtA kA vaha abhiprAya vizeSa naya hai, jo pramANa ke dvArA jJAta vastu ke eka deza kA sparza karatA hai / vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai, pramANa- jJAna use samagra bhAva se grahaNa karanA hai, usameM aMza-vibhAjana karane kI ora usakA lakSya nahIM hotA ! jaise yaha ghaTa hai / isa jJAna meM pramANa ghaTa ko akhaNDa bhAva se usake 1 jaina dharma kA prANa, pR. 206, paM. sukhalAlajI kRta /

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 67 rUpa, rasa, gandha evaM sparza Adi aneka guNa dharmoM kA vibhAjana karake pUrNa rUpa meM jAnatA hai, jabaki koI bhI naya usakA vibhAjana karake rUpavAna ghaTa evaM rasavAna ghaTa Adi rUpa meM use apane-apane abhiprAya ke anusAra jAnatA hai / eka bAta dhyAna meM rakhane kI hai, ki pramANa aura naya ye donoM jJAna hI haiM / jaba jJAtA kI akhaNDa ke grahaNa kI dRSTi hotI hai, taba usakA jJAna pramANa hotA hai aura jaba usI pramANa se gRhIta vastu ko khaNDa rUpa meM grahaNa karane kA abhiprAya hotA hai, taba vaha abhiprAya naya kahA jAtA hai / pramANa jJAna naya kI utpatti ke lie bhUmi taiyAra karatA hai, aura sabhI naya milakara anekAntavAda kI utpatti ke lie bhUmi taiyAra karate haiM / yahA~ para yaha prazna uThatA hai, ki naya pramANa hai athavA apramANa ? isakA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai, ki jaise sAgara aura usakI taraMga haiM, aura taraMga ko na hama sAgara kaha sakate haiM, aura na asAgara hI / ThIka isI prakAra hama pramANa aura naya ke sambandha meM bhI kaha sakate haiN| pramANa sAgara hai, aura naya usakA taraMga / naya ko na pramANa hI kahA jA sakatA hai, aura na apramANa hI / kintu pramANa kA eka aMza kahane meM kisI bhI prakAra kI Apatti nahIM hai / " naya ke bheda : mukhya rUpa se naya ke do bheda kiye jA sakate haiM sunaya aura durnaya / yadyapi anekAntAtmaka vastu ke eka-eka anta arthAt dharmoM ko vilaya karane vAle abhiprAya vizeSa pramANa kI hI santAna haiM, para inameM yadi samanvaya, paraspara prIti aura apekSA hai, to yaha sunaya hai, anyathA durnaya / sunaya anekAntAtmaka vastu ke kisI eka aMza ko mukhya bhAva se grahaNa karake bhI anya aMzoM kA nirAkaraNa nahIM karatA, unakI ora taTastha bhAva rakhatA hai / jaise pitA kI sampatti meM sabhI putroM kA samAna adhikAra hotA hai. ora sapUta vahI kahA jAtA hai, jo apane anya bandhuoM ke adhikAra ko prAmANikatA ke sAtha svIkAra karatA hai, aura dUsare ke adhikAra ko hathiyAne kI ceSTA nahIM karatA, vaise hI ananta dharmAtmaka vastu meM sabhI nayoM kA samAna adhikAra hai / para sunaya vahI kahA jAyagA, jo apane aMza ko mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karake bhI anya ke aMza ko gauNa to kare para usakA nirAkaraNa 1 jaina- darzana, pR. 473

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68 adhyAtma-pravacana : bhAga tRtIya na kare, usakI upekSA na kare, balki unake astitva ko svIkAra kare / jo dUsare kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai, aura apanA hI adhikAra jamAtA hai, vaha kalahakArI kapUta kI bhAMti durnaya kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina-darzana meM nayoM kA bahuta sundara vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, aura ina nayoM ke AdhAra para hI anekAntavAda kA bhavya prAsAda khar3A kiyA gayA hai / nayoM ke sambandha meM anya prakAra se bhI jaina-dArzanika granthoM meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jise samajhanA Avazyaka hai| dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika : dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika isa prakAra se bhI nayoM kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai / vastu meM svarUpataH abheda hai, vaha akhaNDa hai, aura apane meM eka maulika hai| use aneka guNa evaM paryAya aura dharmoM ke dvArA aneka rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / do prakAra kI dRSTi hotI hai-abhedagAminI aura bhedgaaminii| abheda-grAhiNI-dRSTi dravya-dRSTi kahI jAtI hai, aura bhedagrAhiNI-dRSTi paryAya-dRSTi kahI jAtI hai / dravya ko mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karane vAlA naya dravyAthika kahA jAtA hai| vastu bhedAbhedAtmaka hotI hai| abheda kA artha hai-sAmAnya aura bheda kA artha hai-vizeSa / vastuoM meM abheda aura bheda kI kalpanA ke do prakAra haiM- eka to eka abheda maulika dravya meM apanI dravya-zakti ke kAraNa vivakSita abheda jo dravya aura UrdhvatA sAmAnya kahA jAtA hai| yaha apanI kAlakrama se hone vAlI Rmika paryAyoM meM Upara se nIce taka vyApta rahane ke kAraNa UrdhvatAsAmAnya kahA jAtA hai| yaha jisa prakAra apanI kramika paryAyoM ko vyApta karatA hai, usI prakAra sahabhAgI guNa aura dharmoM ko bhI vyApta karatA hai| dUsarI abheda kalpanA vibhinna sattA ke aneka dravyoM meM saMgraha kI dRSTi se kI jAtI hai / yaha kalpanA zabda-vyavahAra ke lie sAdRzya kI apekSA se kI jAtI hai| jaise aneka svatantra sattA vAle manuSyoM meM sAdRzya mUlaka manuSya jAti kI apekSA manuSyatva sAmAnya kI kalpanA tiryaka-sAmAnya kahA jAtA hai / yaha aneka dravyoM meM tirachA calatA hai / eka dravya kI paryAyoM meM hone vAlA bheda kalpanA paryAya vizeSa kahA jAtA hai, tathA vibhinna dravyoM meM pratIta hone vAlA bheda vyatireka vizeSa kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra donoM prakAra ke abhedoM ko viSaya karane vAlI dravya dRSTi hai, aura bhedoM ko viSaya karane vAlI dRSTi 1 jaina-darzana, pR. 477

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 66 paryAya-dRSTi hai / ' ina do nayoM ke hI Age calakara sAta bheda ho jAte haiMnegama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / ye sAta naya jaina-darzana meM prasiddha haiM / nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya : abhI taka nayoM kA jo vibhAga kiyA gayA thA, vaha dArzanika aura tAkika paddhati se kiyA gayA thaa| parantu AdhyAtmika dRSTi se bhI jainadarzana ke granthoM meM nayoM kA bheda kiyA gayA hai-nizcaya aura vyavahAra / adhyAtma-zAstra meM nayoM ke nizcaya aura vyavahAra ye do bheda prasiddha haiN| nizcaya-naya ko bhUtArtha aura vyavahAra-naya ko abhUtArtha bhI kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra advaitavAda meM pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika do rUpoM meM tathA zUnyavAda evaM vijJAnavAda meM paramArtha aura sAMvRta do rUpoM meM athavA upaniSadoM meM sUkSma aura sthUla do rUpoM meM tattva ke varNana kI paddhati dekhI jAtI hai, usI prakAra adhyAtma-zAstra meM bhI nizcaya aura vyavahAra ina do bhedoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| antara itanA hai, ki jaina-adhyAtmavAda kA nizcaya-naya vastu kI vAstavika sthiti ko upAdAna ke AdhAra se grahaNa karatA hai, para vaha anya padArthoM ke astitva kA niSedha nahIM karatA, jabaki vedAnta athavA vijJAna kA paramArtha anya padArthoM ke astitva ko hI samApta kara detA hai / nizcaya-naya para-nirapekSa svabhAva kA varNana karatA hai / jina paryAyoM meM paranimitta par3a jAtA hai, unheM vaha zuddha nahIM khtaa| para-janya paryAyoM ko vaha para mAnatA hai| jaise jIva ke rAga evaM dvaSa Adi bhAvoM meM yadyapi AtmA svayaM upAdAna hotA hai, kyoMki vahI rAgarUpa se evaM dvaSa rUpa se pariNata hotA hai| parantu ye bhAva karma nimittaka haiM / ataH inheM vaha apane AtmA ke nija' rUpa nahIM maantaa| anya AtmAoM aura jagata ke samasta ajIvoM ko to vaha apanA mAna hI nahIM sakatA, kintu jina AtmavikAsa ke sthAnoM meM para kA thor3A bhI nimitta hotA hai, unheM vaha para ke khAte meM hI DAla detA hai / ataH samayasAra meM jaba AtmA ke varNa, rasa, sparza evaM gandha Adi prasiddha para rUpoM kA niSedha kiyA hai, to vahIM para guNasthAna Adi para-nimittaka svadharmoM kA bhI niSedha kara diyA gayA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM nizcaya-naya apane mUla lakSya athavA Adarza kA pUrNa varNana 1 jaina-darzana, pR. 481

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100 madhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya karanA cAhatA hai, jisase sAdhaka ko bhrama na ho aura vaha bhaTaka na jAe / ataH AtmA kA nizcaya-naya se varNana karate samaya zuddha jJAyaka bhAva hI AtmA kA svarUpa kahA gayA hai| bandha aura rAga Adi ko para koTi meM DAla diyA hai, jisameM pudgala Adi prakaTa rUpa meM para padArtha par3e hue haiM / vyavahAra-naya para-sApekSa paryAyoM ko grahaNa karane vAlA hotA hai| para-dravya to svatantra haiM, ataH unheM to apanA kahane kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| isa prakAra nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke AdhAra para bhI nayoM kA kathana jaina-darzana meM upalabdha hotA hai / yaha to kahA hI jA cukA hai, vastu ke kisI eka hI aza yA dharma ko pakar3a kara jo vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, vaha naya hai| ina samasta nayoM kA jo samudAya athavA sAmUhika rUpa hai, vahI anekAnta hai| anekAntavAda kA mUla AdhAra yaha naya dRSTi hai| ataH naya dRSTi ko samajhane ke bAda hI anekAntavAda ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| isa anekAntavAda ke AdhAra para jainAcAryoM ne apane pUrvakAla meM aneka darzanoM kA samanvaya kiyA thaa| sapta bhaMgI: - syAdvAda ko samajhane ke lie sapta bhaMgI ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai / kyoMki sapta bhaMgI eka vaha prakAra hai, jisake AdhAra para hama kisI bhI prazna . kA uttara athavA 'samAdhAna diyA karate haiM / vibhinna apekSA, dRSTi bindu, athavA manovRtti se eka hI vastu ke bhinna-bhinna artha ho sakate haiN| jaba hama kisI bhI prazna kA uttara dete haiM, taba usake samAdhAna meM hama jo kucha kahate haiM, usa kathana kI paddhati sapta bhaMgIvAda hai| sapta bhaMgI kA artha hai-jisameM sAta bhaMga athabA sAta vikalpa hoN| anekAMta-dRSTi athavA naya-dRSTi virATa vastu ko jAnane kA vaha prakAra hai, jisameM vivakSita dharma ko jAnakara bhI anya dharmoM kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jAtA / unheM gauNa athavA avivakSita kiyA jAtA hai, aura jisa prakAra pUrI vastu kA mukhya gauNa bhAva se sparza ho jAtA hai, usakA eka bhI aMza chUTane nahIM paataa| jisa samaya jo dharma vivakSita hotA hai, vaha usa samaya mukhya evaM arpita bana jAtA hai, aura zeSa dharma gauNa athavA anarpita bana jAte haiM / isa prakAra jaba manuSya ko dRSTi anekAMta tatva kA sparza karane vAlI bana jAtI hai, taba usake samajhane kA evaM samajhAne kA DhaMga bhI nirAlA hI ho jAtA hai| vaha socatA hai, ki hameM usa zailI se athavA paddhati se vacana prayoga karanA cAhie, jisase vastu-tattva kA yathArtha pratipAdana ho / isa zailI athavA bhASA ke nirdoSa prakAra kI AvazyakatA ne

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 101 . syAdvAda ko janma diyA / sthAdvAda sunaya kA nirUpaNa karane vAlI viziSTa bhASA paddhati hai| syAt zabda yaha sunizcita rUpa se batAtA hai, ki vastu kevala isI dharma vAlI nahIM hai| usameM isake atirikta bhI aneka dharma vidyamAna haiN| usameM avivakSita guNa-dharmoM ke astitva kI rakSA syAt zabda karatA hai| jaise rUpavAna ghaTa meM syAt zabda rUpavAna ke sAtha nahIM jur3atA, kyoMki rUpa ke astitva kI sUcanA to rUpavAna svayaM hI de rahA hai, kintu anya avivakSita zeSa dharmoM ke sAtha usakA anvaya hai| isa prakAra syAdvAda usa vastu tattva kA pratipAdana karatA hai, jisakA nizcaya anekAMtavAda se kiyA gayA thaa| vastu kI anekAtmakatA aura bhASA ke nirdoSa prakAra jo syAdvAda ko samajha lene ke bAda sapta-bhaMgI kA svarUpa aura bheda samajhanA bhI Avazyaka hai| sAta bhaMga isa prakAra haiM-syAdasti ghaTaH, syAt nAsti ghaTaH, syAdastinAsti ghaTaH, syAdavaktavyaH ghaTaH, syAdasti avaktavyaH ghaTaH, syAdnAsti avaktavyaH ghaTaH aura syAdastinAsti avaktavyaH ghttH| isa prakAra svacatuSTaya kI apekSA ghaTa hai aura paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai / asti aura nAsti eka sAtha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isIlie kramApita bhaMga banatA hai / vastu ke ananta dharmoM ko eka samaya meM eka sAtha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / isI AdhAra para avaktavya bhaMga banatA hai| isa prakAra sapta bhaMgI meM dvisaMyogI aura trisaMyogI bhaMgoM ko milAkara sapta bhaMga arthAt sAta vikalpa svIkAra kie gae haiN| pratyeka prazna kA uttara dete samaya ina sapta bhaMgoM meM se hI kisI bhaMga se diyA jAtA hai| isameM mukhya dRSTi sva aura para kI hai / saMkSepa meM yaha sapta bhaMgI kA svarUpa hai / bhaMgoM kA itihAsa : anekAMtavAda aura syAdvAda kI carcA ke prasaMga meM yaha spaSTa ho gayA hai, ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne paraspara viruddha dharmoM kA svIkAra eka hI dharmI meM kiyA, aura isa prakAra unakI samanvaya kI bhAvanA meM se anekAMtavAda kA janma huA hai| kisI bhI viSaya meM prathama asti-vidhi-pakSa hotA hai| phira iMsarA pakSa nAsti-niSedha-pakSa lekara khaNDana karatA hai| ataeva samanvaya karane vAle ke sAmane jaba taka donoM virodhI pakSoM kI upasthiti na ho, taba taka samanvaya kA prazna uThatA hI nhiiN| isa prakAra anekAMtavAda athavA syAdvAda ke mUla meM asti aura nAsti pakSa kA honA Avazyaka hai| bhaMgoM ke 1 jana darzana, pR0 517

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102 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya itihAsa kI ora yadi hama dhyAna deM, to hameM sarvaprathama Rgveda ke nAsadIya sUkta meM bhaMgoM kA kucha AbhAsa milatA hai / isa sUkta ke RSi ke sAmane do mata the-eka jagat ke Adi kAraNa ko sat kahatA thA, to dUsarA asat / isa prakAra RSi ke sAmane jaba samanvaya kI sAmagrI upasthita haI, tava usane kaha diyA, ki vaha sat bhI nahIM aura asat bhI nhiiN| isa prakAra sat, asat aura anubhaya-ye tIna pakSa to Rgveda jitane purAne siddha hote haiN| upaniSadoM meM AtmA athavA brahma ko hI parama-tattva mAnakara ke Antara evaM bAhya sabhI vastuoM ko usI kA prapaMca mAnane kI pravRtti huI, taba yaha svAbhAvika hai, ki aneka virodhoM kI bhUmi brahma athavA AtmA hI bane / isakA pariNAma yaha huA, ki usa AtmA evaM brahma athavA brahma-svarUpa vizva ko RSiyoM ne aneka virodhI dharmoM se alaMkata kiyaa| jaba una virodhoM ke tArkika samanvaya meM bhI unheM sampUrNa santoSa na huA, taba vacanAgocara athavA avaktavya aura anubhava-gamya kahakara chor3a diyA gyaa| isa prakAra upaniSad vAkyoM meM do virodhI dharmoM kA svIkAra kisI eka hI dharmI meM apekSA bheda se kiyA gayA hai, yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| vidhi aura niSedha donoM pakSoM kA vidhi mukha se samanvaya una vAkyoM se haA hai| Rgveda ke RSi ne donoM virodhI pakSoM ko asvIkRta karake niSedha mukha se tIsare anubhaya pakSa ko upasthita kiyA hai| jabaki upaniSadoM ke RSiyoM ne donoM virodho dharmoM ke svIkAra ke dvArA ubhaya pakSa kA samanvaya karake ukta vAkyoM meM vidhi-mukha se caturtha ubhaya bhaMga kA AviSkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra bhaMgoM ke saMyoga aura viyoga se sapta-bhaMgI kA janma huaa| sthAdvAda ke bhaMgoM kI vizeSatA : syAdvAda ke bhaMgoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne pUrva ke cAra bhaMgoM ke atirikta anya bhaMgoM kI bhI yojanA kI hai| upaniSad vAkyoM meM mAMDakya ko chor3akara kisI eka bhI RSi ne ukta cAroM pakSoM ko svIkRta nahIM kiyaa| kisI ne sat-pakSa ko, kisI ne asat-pakSa ko, aura kisI ne ubhaya-pakSa ko tathA kisI ne avaktavya-pakSa ko svIkRta kiyA hai, jabaki mAMDakya ne AtmA ke viSaya meM cAroM pakSoM ko svIkRta kiyA hai / bauddha-sAhitya ke tripiTaka meM cAra avyAkRta prazna aura sajaya ke cAra bhaMga aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke syAdvAda ke bhaMga ina sabhI meM paraspara kyA vizeSatA hai, yaha bhI dhyAna dene . 1 Agama-yuga kA jaina-darzana, pRSTha 63, paM0 dalasukha jI kRta /

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 103 yogya hai| isake atirikta anya AcAryoM ne bhI samaya-samaya para vidhi-niSedha, ubhaya aura anubhaya ko lekara vastusthiti para vicAra kiyA thaa| AcArya zaMkara evaM dharmakIrti Adi ne syAdvAda meM virodha, saMzaya aura ajJAna Adi jina doSoM kI udbhAvanA kI thI, una sabhI kA nirAkaraNa apane-apane yuga ke sabhI jainAcAryoM ne kiyA thaa| jainAcAryoM ne to bAra-bAra isa bAta ko udghoSaNA kI thI, ki syAdvAda saMzayavAda nahIM hai, aura sAtha meM yaha bhI kahA, ki isa prakAra kA eka bhI darzana nahIM hai, jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM syAvAda ko svIkAra na karatA ho / sabhI darzanoM meM syAdvAda ko apane-apane DhaMga se svIkAra kiyA hai| parantu isakA jitanA kramabaddha aura vyavasthita varNana jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya meM upalabdha hai, vaisA anyatra nhiiN| kucha Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI isa siddhAnta kI samAlocanA kI hai| usa samAlocanA para se jJAta hotA hai, ki kucha ne to isako samajhA hI nahIM, aura kucha ne ise samajhakara bhI isake sAtha nyAya nahIM kiyaa| kisI bhI siddhAnta ko samyaktayA na samajhA jAe, taba taka usakI AlocanA kA adhikAra kaise ho sakatA hai / vedAMta-paramparA ekAMta nityavAda para bala detI rahI hai, jabaki dUsarI ora bauddha-paramparA ekAMta kSaNikavAda pr| ina donoM kA samanvaya hI anekAMtavAda athavA syAdvAda hai| vaizeSika-darzana kA paramANuvAda : vaizeSika darzana meM padArtha-mImAMsA para bar3A bala diyA gayA hai / padArthamImAMsA jaisI vaizeSika-darzana meM haI hai, vaisI anya kisI darzana meM nhiiN| isakI padArtha-mImAMsA vyavasthita aura vistRta hai| isI padArtha-mImAMsA ke antargata paramANuvAda bhI AyA hai| bhAratIya-darzana meM sarvaprathama paramANavAda para kaNAda RSi ne hI vistAra ke sAtha vicAra kiyA thA / yahI kAraNa hai, ki vaizeSika darzana paramANuvAdI athavA padArthavAdI kahA jAtA hai| pRthvI, jala, teja aura vAyu ke paramANu nitya hote haiM, jinake saMyoga se anitya mUrta dravya utpanna hote haiM / AkAza eka, vibhu aura nitya hai / isake paramANu nahIM hote / pRthvI, jala. teja aura vAyu ke bane hue mUrta dravya sAvayava hote haiN| kyoMki unheM khaNDoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai, aura una khaNDoM ko phira aura choTe-choTe khaNDoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| aura anta meM vibhAjana kI yaha prakriyA karate-karate hama paramANu meM jA pahu~cate haiM, joki avibhAjya haiM / paramANu vastuoM ke sUkSmatama avayava hai| ve avibhAjya aura

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* 104 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya nitya hote haiM, jabaki unase bane hue dravya vibhAjya aura anitya hote haiM / vibhAjana kI yaha prakriyA paramANuoM meM jAkara samApta ho jAtI hai / paramANu kA parimANa sUkSmatama hotA hai| paramANu eka-dUsare meM praveza nahIM kara skte| vaizeSika-darzana kI mAnyatA hai, ki paramANa nitya hai| Izvara bhI unako utpanna yA naSTa nahIM kara sktaa| ve Izvara kI bhAMti anAdi aura ananta haiN| vaizeSika-darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra jagata kA nirmANa paramANuoM se ho hotA hai, jo usake upAdAna kAraNa haiN| vaizeSika-darzana meM Izvara ko jagata kA nimitta kAraNa kahA gayA hai| paramANu ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karate hue yaha bhI kahA gayA hai, ki paramANu svabhAvataH niSkriya hote haiM / yadi ve niSkriya haiM, to phira unameM gati utpanna kaise hotI hai ? yadi gati utpanna nahIM hotI hai, to phira saMyoga aura vibhAga kaise hoMge ? saMyoga aura vibhAga ke abhAva meM na to sRSTi utpanna ho sakatI hai, aura na hI usakA pralaya ho sakatA hai| ina saba praznoM kA uttara dene ke lie vaizeSika-darzana meM eka adRSTa nAma kA padArtha mAnA gayA hai| yaha adRSTa-padArtha hI paramANuoM kI gati kA aura mUrta dravyoM kI utpatti kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| pAda ke navIna vaizeSika dArzanikoM ne adaSTa ke sthAna para Izvara ko mAnanA prArambha kiyA, aura kahA ki Izvara AtmAoM ke adRSTa arthAt dharma evaM adharma kI sahAyatA se paramANu meM gati utpanna karatA hai, aura jIvAtmAoM ko sukha evaM duHkha kA bhoga karAne ke lie unakA saMyoga karake mUrta padArtha utpanna karatA hai / isa prakAra vaizeSika darzana meM adRSTa, Izvara athavA dharma evaM adharma kI parikalpanA kI gaI hai / isakI apekSA to yahI adhika sundara hotA, ki paramANuoM meM svabhAvataH hI gati svIkAra kara lI jaatii| jaisA ki jaina-darzana svIkAra karatA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra pratyeka paramANu meM gati svAbhAvika hI hai| paramANuoM kA svarUpa : pA~ca bhUtoM meM se cAra paramANaoM vAle haiM, aura pAMcavA AkAza paramANuoM se rahita hai| A. za kA zeSa bhUtoM se saMyoga nahIM hotaa| kyoMki vaha amUrta hai| mUrta dravyoM ke gUNa paramANaoM ke guNoM ke kAraNa utpanna hote haiM / pAzcAtya dArzanika laoNka ne rUpa, gandha, rasa, sparza aura tApa ko gauNa guNa tathA gurutva, vega, saMkhyA, parimANa, paratva aura aparatva

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 105 Adi ko mukhya guNa mAnA thA / paramANuoM meM mukhya aura gauNa donoM hI prakAra ke guNa hote haiM / jaina darzana ke anusAra paramANu meM cAra guNa haiMvarNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza / jaba do paramANuoM se milakara eka padArtha banatA hai, taba use dvaNuka kahA jAtA hai / vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra dvaNuka kA samavAthi kAraNa do paramANu hai, aura asamavAyi kAraNa unakA saMyoga hai, tathA nimitta kAraNa adRSTa hai / isa prakAra paramANu ke saMyoga aura viyoga se sthUla evaM sUkSma paryAya badalatI rahatI hai / paryAya bhale hI badale, para paramANuoM kA kabhI vinAza nahIM hotA / paramANu itanA sUkSma hotA hai, ki hama use dekha nahIM sakate, lekina yogI, RSi aura Izvara unheM dekha sakate haiM / sAmAnya manuSya ko trasareNu kA hI cAkSuSa pratyakSa hotA hai / prakAza meM jo kaNa hameM najara Ate haiM, ve paramANu nahIM haiM, balki trasareNu haiM / isa prakAra paramANu ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana aura vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai / astitva meM pramANa : jaba yaha pUchA jAtA hai, ki paramANu hai ? isameM kyA pramANa hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM vaizeSika - dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai, ki AkAza kA parimANa parama- mahatva hotA hai / ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai, ki parama- mahatva parimANa ke viparIta sarvAti laghu parimANa bhI honA caahie| paramANu kA parimANa sabase laghu athavA laghutama kahA gayA hai| jaise - vistAra kI eka nizcita sImA AkAza meM najara AtI hai, vaise hI vibhAjana kI bhI paramANuoM meM eka nizcita sImA honI cAhie dUsarA pramANa yaha diyA jAtA hai, ki jitane bhI sAvayava dravya hote haiM, ve saba anitya hote haiM, aura jo anitya hote haiM, unakI utpatti bhI hotI hai aura vinAza bhI hotA hai / ve parivartanazIla aura vibhAjya hote haiM / ataH ve isa prakAra ke ghaTakoM ke bane hue haiM, jo nitya, aparivartanazIla aura avibhAjya hai / vAstava meM, ye ghaTaka hI paramANu hai / tIsarA pramANa yaha hai, ki mUrta dravya vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita hote haiM, aura ye bhAga aura bhI laghutama bhAgoM meM, lekina vibhAjana kI yaha prakriyA ananta kAla taka nahIM cala sakatI / anavasthA doSa se bacane ke lie hameM kahIM na kahIM rukanA hogA, aura jahA~ hama rukate haiM, ve hI paramANu haiM, jinakA vibhAjana nahIM ho sakatA / yadi mUrta-dravyoM ke vibhAjana kA koI anta na mAnA jAe, to unameM se hara eka ke ananta 1 bhAratIya darzana, pRSTha 65

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106 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya avayava mAnane par3eMge, aura unakA koI anta nahIM hogaa| isa sthiti meM unake parimANa bheda ko bhI nahIM samajhA jA skegaa| taba eka parvata aura eka sarasoM ke bIja ko tulya mAnanA pdd'egaa| kyoMki donoM hI ke ananta sUkSma avayava hoMge / yahI kAraNa hai, ki paramANuoM ko mUrta dravyoM ke sUkSmatama bhAga aura avibhAjya mAnanA par3atA hai / vaizeSika darzana meM paramANu ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bahuta sUkSma vicAraNA kI gaI hai / vaizeSika darzana meM paramANu. vAda para jitanA gambhIra vicAra kiyA gayA hai, utanA anya kisI darzanaparamparA meM nhiiN| jaina-paramparA ke mUla-Agama tathA tAttvika granthoM meM bhI paramANuoM kI gambhIra carcA hai / yUnAnI paramANuvAda : bhArata se bAhara yUnAna meM bhI paramANu para svatantra rUpa se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| kucha logoM kA mata hai, ki jaba bhArata kA yUnAna se samparka huA, taba vaizeSika darzana ne yUnAna se paramANuvAda ko le liyA thA / parantu isa tathya ko mAnane ke lie kisI bhI prakAra kA puSTa pramANa upalabdha nahIM hotA / lekina itanA satya avazya hai, ki vaizeSika paramANuvAda aura yUnAnI paramANuvAda eka nahIM hai, unameM bahuta bar3A antara hai / yUnAna meM DimokAiTsa aura lyUziyasa ne paramANuoM kI saMkhyA ananta mAnI hai, aura unheM guNoM se rahita tathA parimANa se yukta kahA hai| yadi paramANuoM meM kisI prakAra kA guNa na ho, to unase utpanna kArya meM guNa kaise A jAtA hai ? isa tarka kA uttara yUnAniyoM ke pAsa nahIM thaa| kaNAda ne yUnAniyoM ke mata ke viparIta paramANuoM meM gauNa guNa bhI mAnA hai| donoM matoM meM dUsarA antara yaha hai, ki yUnAnI paramANuoM ko svabhAvataH sakriya mAnate haiM, jabaki kaNAda unheM svabhAvataH niSkriya mAnatA hai| tIsarA antara yaha hai, ki DimokrAiTsa ne jIvAtmAoM ko bhI sUkSma paramANuoM se nirmita batAyA, jabaki kaNAda ne jIvAtmAoM aura paramANuoM ko paraspara bhinna batAyA aura kahA ki paramANu bhautika hai aura AtmA abhautika hai| caturtha antara yaha hai, ki DimokrAiTsa aura lyusiyasa bhautikavAdI the, aura samasta saMsAra kA mUla paramANuoM ko mAnate the| isa prakAra donoM meM paryApta bhedabhAva najara AtA hai / vaizeSika-darzana meM paramANaoM ko bhautika mAnA gayA hai, aura AtmAoM ko abhautika / vaizeSika mata meM Izvara bhI bhautika nahIM hai| Izvara karma ke niyama ke anusAra paramANaoM se jagata kA nirmANa karatA

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 107 hai / vaha jagata kA nimitta kAraNa hai, aura paramANu jagata ke upAdAna kAraNa haiM / jagata naitika prayojana kA sAdhaka hai / Izvara jIvoM ke sukha-duHkha ke lie unake dharmAdharma ke anusAra paramANuoM se jagata ko utpanna karatA hai| dharma sukha bhoga kA kAraNa hai, aura adharma duHkha bhoga kA / isa prakAra vaizeSika paramANuvAda ko sarvathA bhautikavAdI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isa prakAra vaizeSika-darzana meM paramANuvAda para aneka dRSTikoNoM se gambhIra vicAra kiyA gayA hai| nyAya-darzana kA IzvaravAda : nyAya-darzana meM do siddhAntoM para vizeSa vicAra kiyA gayA haipramANa aura Izvara / pramANa ke sambandha meM jitanA sUkSma vivecana nyAyadarzana meM kiyA gayA hai, utanA anyatra nhiiN| pramANa kA vibhAjana, usakA lakSaNa, aura usake svarUpa kA pratipAdana vistAra ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama-ina cAra prakAra ke pramANoM kA, jo vastutaH hamAre jJAna ke mUla AdhAra haiM, nyAya-darzana meM inakA vizleSaNa aura vivecana apanI carama sImA taka pahu~ca cukA hai| anya pramANoM kI apekSA bhI anumAna pramANa para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| nyAya darzana kA dUsarA viSaya hai-IzvaravAda / vAstava meM IzvaravAda nyAya-darzana kA kendrIya vicAra kahA jA sakatA hai| nyAya-sUtra praNetA gautama, usake bhASyakAra, vRttikAra aura TIkAkAra sabhI ne IzvaravAda para apanI sampUrNa zakti lagA dI hai| 'nyAya-kusumAMjali' grantha meM to Izvara siddhi ekamAtra viSaya rakhA gayA hai| isa prakAra nyAya-darzana meM vibhinna tarkoM ke AdhAra para Izvara kI siddhi kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isI AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki nyAya-darzana kA mukhya viSaya IzvaravAda hI hai / ____ gautama ne Izvara kA ullekha apane mUla-sUtroM meM kiyA thA / vAtsyAyana, udyotakara, vAcaspati mizra, udayana, jayanta bhaTTa aura gaMgeza tathA anya uttarakAlIna naiyAyikoM ne Izvara ke astitva ke pramANa-vistAra se diye haiM, aura usake svarUpa kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika ke saMyukta darzana ke granthakAra IzvaravAdI rahe haiN| naiyAyika logoM kA yaha mAnanA hai, ki Izvara kI kRpA se jIva mokSa prApta kara sakatA hai| zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana ke sAtha-sAtha Izvara kI kRpA ko bhI Atma-jJAna kA sAdhana nyAya-darzana meM mAnA gayA hai| nyAya-granthoM meM do praznoM para vicAra kiyA

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108 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga sRtoya gayA hai- Izvara ke astitva ke pramANa kyA haiM ? aura Izvara kA svarUpa kyA hai ? Izvara ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie nyAya-darzana meM aneka prakAra ke tarka aura vitarka diye haiM, jisameM cAra mukhya haiN| ina takoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho jAtA hai, ki Izvara hai, aura jagata rUpa kArya kA kartA ekamAtra vahI hai / krama se ve tarka isa prakAra haiM 1. kAraNAzrita yukti (Causal argumant)-jagata eka kArya hai| kArya binA kAraNa ke nahIM hotA / pratyeka kArya kA koI kAraNa avazya hotA hai / jagata rUpa kArya kA bhI koI kAraNa avazya honA caahie| jagata rUpa kArya kA jo kAraNa hai, vahI Izvara hai / nyAya-darzana Izvara ko jagata kA nimitta kAraNa kahatA hai| pratyeka kArya kA koI kartA honA cAhie, jaise ghaTa kA / jagata eka kArya hai, ataH usakA koI kartA honA caahie| vaha kartA hI Izvara hai / jisa prakAra ghar3e kA nirmANa karane vAlA kumbhakAra hotA hai, usI prakAra jagata kA nirmANa karane vAlA Izvara hai| isa tarka meM ye bAteM mukhya haiM - pratyeka kArya kA koI kAraNa hotA hai, pratyeka kArya kA koI cetana kartA honA cAhie, jagata eka kArya hai, jagata kA koI cetana kartA honA cAhie, jo ki Izvara hI ho sakatA hai| nyAya-darzana Izvara ko jagata kA nimitta kAraNa aura paramANuoM ko usakA upAdAna kAraNa mAnatA hai| ye paramANu Izvara ke samAna hI nitya haiN| paramANu cAra prakAra ke hote haiMpRthvI, jala, teja aura vAyu / jagata meM jitane bhI kArya hote haiM, unake upAdAna kAraNa ye paramANu hI haiN| aura Izvara pratyeka kArya meM nimitta kAraNa rahatA hai / nyAya-darzana Izvara ko jagata kA nimitta kAraNa mAnatA hai, upAdAna kAraNa nahIM / kyoMki Izvara svaya apane svarUpa se jagata kI racanA nahIM karatA, aura na apane saMkalpa mAtra se use zUnya se utpanna karatA hai / paramANu deza aura kAla meM sadA se astitva rakhate haiN| unhIM kA sayoga karake Izvara ne jagata kI racanA kI hai| isase jagata meM ekatA, vyavasthA aura sAmaJjasya najara AtA hai| isa prakAra ke jagata kI utpatti paramANuoM ke kramahIna saMyoga se nahIM mAnI jA sktii| isa tarka ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki Izvara hI vaha buddhimAna kartA hai| Izvara ko paramANuoM kA aparokSa jJAna hai| vaha paramANuoM se jagata kA nirmANa karane kI icchA rakhatA hai, aura usake liye prayatna karatA hai| jagata kI racanA karane vAlA Izvara sarvajJa hai, sarvazaktimAna hai tathA saba kucha karane kA usameM sAmarthya hai /

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 106 2. prayojana para Azrita yukti (Toleological argument)-nadI, parvata aura anya prAkRtika vastuoM meM jo eka sanniveza athavA vyavasthA najara AtI hai, vaha yAdRcchika nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / inakA sanniveza vaisA hI hai, jaisA ghar3e, kapar3e aura anya manuSya kRta vastuoM meM najara AtA hai / jo vastu sanniveza viziSTa hotI hai, usakA kartA koI buddhimAna vyakti hI ho sakatA hai / jisa prakAra ghaTa Adi vastuoM kA sanniveza buddhimAna manuSya kI icchA aura kriyA ke kAraNa hotA hai, usI prakAra parvata Adi prAkRtika vastuoM kI racanA sarvajJa aura sarvazaktimAna Izvara kI icchA aura kriyA ke kAraNa hI hotI hai| pAzcAtya darzana meM Izvara kA astitva siddha karane ke lie do prakAra ke tarka diye gaye haiM-jagata ko eka kArya batAkara yaha yukti denA, ki usakA koI kartA honA cAhie / vizvakAraNAzrita (cosmological) tarka hai / aura jagata kI vyavasthA ke AdhAra para yaha yukti denA, ki usakA koI vyavasthApaka honA cAhie / prayojanAzrita (teleological) taka hai| vizvakAraNAzrita yukti Izvara ko jagata kA vyavasthApaka siddha karatI hai| pAzcAtyadarzana meM ina donoM yuktiyoM ko alaga-alaga rakhA gayA hai, parantu nyAya-darzana meM ina donoM ko eka sAtha milA diyA gayA hai| Izvara jagata kA kartA hI nahIM hai, dhAraNa karatA hI nahIM hai, balki isake sAtha hI Izvara jagata kA saMhAra karane vAlA bhI hai| pratyeka kArya kAlAntara meM naSTa ho jAtA hai| Izvara jaba cAhatA hai, taba bar3e-bar3e padArthoM se lekara dvayaNukoM taka samasta saMsAra kA saMhAra kara letA hai / isa prakAra Izvara jagata kA kartA, dhartA aura saMhartA hai| 3. naitika tarka (Moral argument)-Izvara nitya paramANuoM se jIvAtmAoM ke dharma aura adharma ke anusAra unako sukha aura duHkha kA bhoga karAne ke lie jagata kA nirmANa karatA hai / Izvara jagata kI vyavasthA karma ke naitika niyama ke anusAra karatA hai| jo cIja kAraNa ke niyama para Azrita bhautika vyavasthA pratIta hotI hai, vaha yathArthataH naitika vyavasthA hai| jagata kI vyavasthA jIvAtmAoM kI naitika AvazyakatAoM ko pUrA karane kI hai / IzvarIya icchA se jo kArya utpanna hote haiM, ve jIvAtmAoM kI naitika yogyatAoM ke anusAra haiM / Izvara jagata ko utpanna karatA hai, tAki 1 bhAratIya darzana, pR. 170

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110 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtAya jIvAtmAoM ko apane-apane dharmAdharma ke anusAra phala mila sake / nyAyadarzana meM kahA gayA hai, ki Izvara paramANuoM se jagata kI racanA isa prakAra karatA hai, ki jIvAtmAoM ko sukha evaM duHkha kA ucita bhoga mila sake / saMsArI AtmA sat aura asat karma karake dharma aura adharma kA arjana karate haiM / sat karma se dharma hotA hai, aura asat karma se adharma / dharma kA phala sukha hai aura adharma kA duHkha / sukha aura duHkha bAhya vastuoM para bhI nirbhara hote haiM, parantu ve saba kucha Izvara kI icchA para nirbhara haiN| 4. vedoM ke prAmANya para Azrita yukti-nyAya-darzana vedoM ko anitya aura pauruSeya mAnatA hai| isake viparIta mImAMsA-darzana vedoM ko nitya aura apauruSeya mAnatA hai| nyAya-darzana vedoM ke prAmANya se Izvara kA astitva siddha karatA hai / Izvara vedoM kA kartA aura saMhartA hai| veda naitika niyamoM ke bhaNDAra haiM aura Izvara ke Adeza rUpa haiN| vedoM meM jo vidhi aura niSedha haiM, ve saba Izvara ke Adeza kI abhivyakti haiM / veda meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai, vaha paramArthataH satya hai aura taka evaM anumAna se pare haiN| vedoM ke zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana se una bAtoM kA jJAna hotA hai / vedoM kI satyatA nirvivAda aura asaMdigdha hai| sabase prabala pramANa to yahI hai, ki Izvara unakA vaktA hai| Izvara pUrNa aura sarvajJa hai| usake kartRtva ke kAraNa hI veda pramANa haiN| Izvara vedoM ke dvArA jIvoM ko carama satya kA aura naitika niyama kA jJAna detA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM, ki nyAya-darzana apane tarkoM ke AdhAra para Izvara kI siddhi karatA hai| nyAya-darzana ke anusAra Izvara hI isa jagata kA AdhAra hai| Izvara kI kRpA se hI saMsArI AtmA mokSa athavA mukti prApta kara sakatA hai| nyAya-darzana kA IzvaravAda usakA sabase adhika prabala pakSa mAnA jAtA hai / sAMkhya-darzana kA pariNAmavAda : sAMkhya-darzana kA sabase bar3A siddhAnta pariNAmavAda hai| sAMkhya-darzana satyArthavAdI hai / usakA kahanA hai, ki kArya apane kAraNa meM pahale se hI vidyamAna rahatA hai| sAMkhya kA yaha siddhAnta hai, ki jagata kA mUla prakRti ke vikAsa se huA hai, usake eka vizeSa kAraNa-siddhAnta para Azrita haiN| sAMkhyadarzana kA kAraNa-siddhAnta yaha hai, ki kArya kAraNa meM pahale se hI avyakta rUpa meM rahatA hai / kArya kAraNa kA pariNAma hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kArya abhivyakta kAraNa hai / isake viparIta nyAya-darzana aura vaizeSika-darzana kArya

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.. bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 111 ko eka sarvathA nayI vastu (Arambha) mAnate haiN| sAMkhya ko yaha siddhAnta mAnya nahIM hai / sAMkhya-darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra kArya na eka nayI utpatti hai, aura na kAraNa meM usakA abhAva hotA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika kA siddhAnta asatkAraNavAda athavA ArambhavAda ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura sAMkhya darzana kA siddhAnta satkAryavAda athavA pariNAmavAda ke nAma se prasiddha hai / advaita-vedAnta bhI kArya kA kAraNa meM bhAva mAnane se satkAryavAda ko hI svIkAra karatA hai / phira bhI advaita-vedAnta aura sAMkhyoM ke siddhAntoM meM bheda hai| sAMkhya yaha mAnatA hai, ki kAraNa aura kArya samAna rUpa se satya hote haiM / aura kArya kAraNa kA pariNAma hotA hai| isake viparIta advaitavedAnta yaha mAnatA hai, ki kAraNa satya hotA hai, jabaki kArya usakA vivarta arthAt mithyA pratIti hotA hai / sAMkhya pariNAmavAda ko mAnatA hai, jabaki advaita vedAnta vivarttavAda ko| ye donoM hI vAda satkAryavAda ke bhinna-bhinna rUpa haiM / jaina-darzana bhI pariNAmavAdI hai| ataH vaha satkAryavAdI hai| vaha vivarttavAda meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| vivarttavAda eka aisA siddhAnta hai, ki jo satya vastu ko bhI mithyA aura kalpita siddha karatA hai| ataH vizva kI samasyA kA samAdhAna vAstavikatA ke AdhAra para pariNAmavAda hI kara sakatA hai, vivarttavAda nhiiN| vivarttavAda kAraNa (brahma) ko to satya mAnatA para kArya ko asatya, bhrama aura kalpita mAnatA hai, jo ki vastutaH anubhava ke AdhAra para satya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / pariNAmavAda ke anusAra pratyeka kArya apane kAraNa meM prasupta hai, nimitta milane para vaha prakaTa ho jAtA hai| prakRti aura parivartana : sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra parivartanazIla ghaTanAoM kA eka adhiSThAna hai| prArambha meM vaha sattva, raja aura tama ko sAmyAvasthA meM rahatI hai| sAMkhya-darzana ke anusAra sAmyAvasthA niSkriya avasthA nahIM hai, balki sattva, raja aura tama kI tulyabala kI avasthA hai| puruSa kArya isa prakAra ke prabhAva DAlate haiM, jisase guNoM kI sAmyAvasthA TUTa jAtI hai, prakRti ke pariNAma puruSoM ke bhoga aura mokSa ke prayojana se hotA hai, jaba guNoM kI sAmyAvasthA TUTa jAtI hai, taba kucha anya guNoM ko abhibhUta kara dete haiM, aura prakRti kA pariNAma prArambha ho jAtA hai| guNoM kI na sRSTi hotI hai, aura na vinAza / sAMkhya kA yaha siddhAnta pariNAmavAda ke nAma se prasiddha hai| Izvara ne jagata ko zUnya se nahIM bnaayaa| . Pri h . i rii

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112 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya jagata prakRti kA pariNAma hai, jo ki usakA mUla kAraNa hai / samasta bhautika kAryoM kA upAdAna kAraNa prakRti hai / vaha kUTastha aura nitya puruSa kA pariNAma nahIM ho sakatA / saMsAra prakRti meM se hI utpanna hotA hai, aura phira prakRti meM hI vilIna ho jAtA hai / svagaM tirobhAva se AvirbhAva, avivikta se vivikta, avizeSa se vizeSa, aliMga se liMga aura yuta siddha se ayuta siddha meM pahu~cane kI prakriyA hai / yaha guNoM kA unake vicAroM meM badalanA hai / guNa na utpanna hote haiM aura na naSTa / prakRti kA pariNAma buddhi athavA mahattva meM hotA hai / mahattva kA ahaMkAra meM pariNAma hotA hai / ahaMkAra kA ekAdaza indriyoM aura pAMca tanmAtrAoM meM pariNAma hotA hai| pAMca tanmAtrAoM meM se pAMca mahAbhUtoM kI utpatti hotI hai| isa prakAra eka sRSTi kI racanA hoto hai, aura anta meM yaha saba kucha simaTa kara prakRti meM hI vilIna ho jAtA hai / vijJAna bhikSu ne vizva pariNAma kA varNana kucha bhinna prakAra se kiyA hai / vijJAna- bhikSu ke anusAra prakRti kA mahatva aura mahattva kA ahaMkAra meM pariNAma hotA hai / ahaMkAra eka aura ekAdaza indriyoM meM aura dUsarI ora pAMca tanmAtrAoM meM pariNAma hotA hai / pAMca tanmAtrAoM se pAMca sthUla bhUtoM kI utpatti hotI hai / isa prakAra sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra jo bhI kucha kArya hai, vaha saba prakRti kA hI pariNAma hai | yoga-darzana kI samAdhi : yoga-darzana eka sAdhanA pradhAna darzana mAnA jAtA hai / isameM jJAna ke siddhAntoM kI itanI sUkSma mImAMsA nahIM hai, jitanI kriyAtmaka yoga kI 1 yoga ke ATha aMga mAne jAte haiM- yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi / pataJjali ne apane yoga sUtroM meM yAMga ko cittavRtti nirodha kahA hai / javaki vyAsa ne samAdhi ko yoga kahA hai / ataH yoga ke do artha haiM - cittavRttinirodha aura samAdhi / samAdhi citta kA sArvabhauma dharma hai / abhyAsa aura vairAgya se sabhI yoga kI siddhi kara sakate haiM / kSipta, mUr3ha aura vikSipta - ye tIna prakAra ke citta yoga ke yogya nahIM hai / ekAgra aura niruddha ye do citta hI yoga sAdhanA ke yogya haiN| yoga aMgoM ke abhyAsa se hI yoga kI siddhi kI jA sakatI hai| jAne para usake pariNAmasvarUpa dUra-darzana, dUra-zravaNa, paracitta praveza Adi siddhiyoM kI prApti hotI hai| yoga-darzana meM kahA gayA hai, ki yadi yogI ina siddhiyoM ke moha meM par3a gayA, to vaha yoga se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai / yadi vaha unakI upekSA karatA hai, to vaha sadA ke lie yoga yoga ke siddha ho paracitta jJAna aura

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 113 meM sthita ho jAtA huuN| vAstava meM yoga meM mukhya bAta mAnasika anuzAsana hai| isake abhAva meM yoga kI sAdhanA nahIM ho sktii| samAdhi ke prakAra : vyAsa ne yoga ko samAdhi kahA hai, aura use citta kA sArvabhauma dharma batAyA hai / vyAsa ne yaha bhI kahA hai, ki kSipta, mUr3ha aura vikSipta citta bhUmiyo yoga ke anukUla nahIM haiN| ekAna aura niruddha ye do bhUmiyAM hI yoga ke anukUla haiM / samAdhi do prakAra kI hotI hai-saMprajJAta aura asaMprajJAta / saMprajJAta samAdhi meM vastu kA satya svarUpa prakAzita hotA hai| usameM klezoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| dharma aura adharma ke bandhana jo ki saMsAra se bAMdhane vAle haiM, DhIle par3a jAte haiN| usa sthiti meM citta nirodha ke yogya ho jAtA hai| asamprajJAta samAdhi meM cittavRttiyoM kA Atyantika nirodha ho jAtA hai / samprajJAta samAdhi ko sabIja samAdhi bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki usameM citta eka vastu para kendrita rahatA hai, jisake sAtha usakI samApatti (tAdAtmya rahatI hai / asamprajJAta samAdhi nirbIja samAdhi kahI jAtI hai, kyoMki usameM kisI vastu kA nirbhAsa nahIM rahatA hai, balki saba cittavRttiyA~ aura usake saMskAra niruddha ho jAte haiM / yaha samAdhi ke mUla bheda haiN| saMprajJAta samAdhi ke bheda : ___ saMprajJAta samAdhi ke chaha bheda hote haiM-~-savitarka samAdhi vaha samAdhi hai, jisameM sthUla artha ke sAtha-sAtha usake nAma aura jJAna kI bhI cetanA rahatI hai / isa avasthA meM artha kI zuddha cetanA nahIM hotI, balki nAma aura jJAna se yukta artha kI cetanA hotI hai / yadyapi artha nAma aura jJAna se sarvathA pRthak hotA hai / isameM samAdhi meM prajJA zabdArtha jJAnAnandaviddha rahatI hai / dUsarI nirvitarka samAdhi meM citta kI zabda aura jJAna se vimukta sthUla artha se samApatti rahatI hai| yaha artha mAtra nirbhAsa hotI hai| arthAt yaha artha ke nAma ke smaraNa se zUnya hotI hai / isameM jJAna kA bhI bodha ho jAtA hai| yaha avasthA saba vikalpoM se zUnya hotI hai| tIsarI savicAra samAdhi meM citta kI sUkSma tanmAtrAoM meM se kisI eka ke sAtha samApatti rahatI hai aura sAtha hI usake deza, kAla, kAraNatA aura vyakta guNoM kI bhI pratIti rahatI hai / ina saba kA jJAna eka hI sAtha hotA hai| caturtha nirvicAra samAdhi meM citta kI zuddha tanmAtrA se samApatti rahatI hai, usake atIta, anAgata aura

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114 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya vartamAna guNoM kA jJAna nahIM rahatA aura na deza, kAla aura kAraNatA kI pratIti rahatI hai / isameM sUkSma tanmAtrAoM kA jJAna saba vikalpoM se rahita hotA hai / isameM jJAna kI cetanA bhI lupta rahatI hai / isameM dhyeya vastu na kevala koI tanmAtrA hotI hai, balki ahaMkAra, buddhi athavA prakRti bhI ho sakatI hai / pA~cavIM AnandAnugana samAdhi meM citta kI samApatti kisI sthUla indriya se hotI hai, jo ki ahaMkAra kA pariNAma hotI hai, jisameM sattva aura usake Ananda kA Adhikya rahatA hai / isameM maiM sukhI hU~, isa prakAra kI sAkSAtkArI pratIti hotI hai / isa samAdhi meM sAnanda aura nirAnanda kA bheda nahIM hotA / chaThI asmitAnugata samAdhi meM citta ko asmitA se samApatti hotI hai / isameM maiM hU~ isa taraha kI sAkSAtkArI pratIti hotI hai / isameM sAsmitA aura nirasmitA kA bheda nahIM hotA / isa prakAra saMprajJAta samAdhi ke bhedoM kA varNana yahA~ para kiyA gayA hai| yoga darzana ke anusAra savitarka, nirvitarka, savicAra aura nirvicAra samAdhiyA~ sabIja samAdhi kahI jAtI haiM / inameM arthoM se samApatti hotI hai, jo ki usake AlaMbana hote haiM / prathama do samAdhiyoM meM dhyeya viSaya kA sthUla artha hotA hai / zeSa do meM dhyeya viSaya kA sUkSma artha hotA hai / ye saMprajJAta -samAdhi ke prakAra haiM / inheM sabIja isalie kahA jAtA hai, ki inameM bandha ke bIja, saMskAra vartamAna rahate hai / aura inameM viveka khyAti kA abhAva rahatA hai, jo ki avidyA kA nAza karane vAlI hai / saMprajJAta samAdhi ke sambandha meM jo varNana yoga - zAstra meM athavA usake bhASya meM upalabdha hai, usakA saMkSipta sAra itanA hI hai / asaMprajJAta samAdhi : asaMprajJAta samAdhi ko nirbIja samAdhi bhI kahA jAtA hai / nirbIja kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai, ki usameM vastu ko cetanA kA aura bandha kI bIja rUpa avidyA kA abhAva rahatA hai / yaha saMprajJAta samAdhi aura usake atyadhika nirodha ke bAda hotI hai / asaMprajJAta samAdhi ke saMskAra saMprajJAna samAdhi ke saMskAroM ko abhibhUta karake unakA niSedha kara dete haiM / asaMprajJAta samAdhi ke citta kA prakRti meM laya ho jAne para naSTa ho jAte haiM / jaba citta naSTa ho jAtA hai, taba AtmA svarUpa meM pratiSThita ho jAtA hai / yahI 1 bhAratIya darzana, pR. 237 2 bhAratIya darzana, pR. 238

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 115 tmA ke mokSa kI avasthA hai / yaha dhyAna meM rakhane yogya bAta hai, ki asaMprajJAta samAdhi nirAlaMbana hotI hai, kyoMki isameM cittavRttiyoM kA pUrNatayA nirodha ho jAtA hai| phira bhI unake saMskAra citta meM zeSa raha jAte / isa prakAra kI samAdhi ko parama vairAgya se siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai / parama vairAgya ke nirantara abhyAsa se citta nirAlambana ho jAtA hai, kyoMki taba viSayoM kI sArI icchAeM naSTa ho jAtI haiM / jaba citta isa sthiti meM A jAtA hai, ki vaha viSayAkAra nahIM hotA, taba usameM vRttiyA~ utpanna nahIM hotIM / jaba vRttiyA~ utpanna nahIM hotIM, taba citta kA abhAva ho jAtA hai / yahI asamprajJAta samAdhi kI avasthA hai / isameM citta jJAna, vedanA aura vRtti se zUnya hotA hai / lekina saMskAra usameM bane rahate haiM / phira apara vairAgya se asamprajJAta samAdhi kA lAbha nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usameM viSayoM kI icchA kA pUrNatayA nirodhAbhAva nahIM hotA / apara vairAgya samprajJAta samAdhi kA lAbha ho sakatA hai aura para vairAgya se asamprajJAta samAdhi kA lAbha hotA hai / isa prakAra yoga-darzana meM samAdhi kA svarUpa, usake bheda Adi kA varNana vistAra ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / sAdhaka apanI yogyatA aura zakti ke anusAra usakI sAdhanA kara sakatA hai / sAMkhya aura yoga : gotA meM bhI bahuta kucha sAMkhya aura yoga ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai / vahA~ sAMkhya ko buddhi kahA gayA hai, aura yoga ko karmayoga kahA gayA hai / vAstava meM jIvana kI sAdhanA ke lie jJAna aura kriyA doMnoM kI AvazyakatA hai / sAMkhya darzana jJAna pradhAna hai, aura yoga darzana kriyA-pradhAna hai / sAMkhya darzana bheda-vijJAna dvArA mokSa prApti kA mArga batAtA hai, jabaki yoga darzana citta kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha karake kriyAtmaka yoga ko sAdhanA ke dvArA mokSa kA vidhAna karatA hai / bhAratIya darzanoM meM eka vedAnta darzana hI ekamAtra jJAna para bala detA hai, isake atirikta anya sabhI darzana jJAna ke sAtha kriyA evaM sAdhanA kA bhI utanA ho adhika mahattva svIkAra karate haiM / sAMkhya darzana ne jJAna para adhika bala diyA to yoga darzana ne kriyA para adhika jora diyA ? jaina-darzana bhI jJAna-kriyA ke samanvaya se hI mokSa kI prApti svIkAra karatA hai| usakA kahanA hai, ki jJAna ke sAtha kriyA aura 1 bhAratIya darzana, pR. 236

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116 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya kriyA ke sAtha jJAna atyanta Avazyaka hai / ekAnta kriyA aura ekAnta jJAna se mokSa kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI / bauddha-paramparA meM hInayAna kriyA para vizeSa bala detA hai, to mahAyAna jJAna para vizeSa bala detA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM, ki sAMkhya-darzana aura yoga-darzana ne eka dUsare ko pUrti karake jIvana-sAdhanA kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| sAMkhya-darzana kA jJAnI, jIvana kI jisa carama sthiti para pahu~catA hai, yoga-darzana kA yogI bhI apanI yoga-sAdhanA ke dvArA carama sthiti para pahu~ca sakatA hai| mImAMsA-darzana kA karmavAda : ___ mImAMsA-darzana mukhya rUpa meM kamaM kI mImAMsA karatA hai| karma kA artha hai-yajJa evaM yAga Adi anuSThAna / mImAMsA-darzana kA pradhAna uddezya dharma kI vyAkhyA karanA hai| jaimini ne dharma kA lakSaNa kiyA hai-"codanAlakSaNo arthaH dharmaH-codanA ke dvArA parilakSita artha dharma kahA jAtA hai|" codanA kA artha hai-kriyA kA pravartaka vacana athavA veda kA vidhi vAkya / codanA bhUta, bhaviSya evaM vartamAna tathA sUkSma, vyavahita aura viprakRSTa padArthoM ko batalAne meM itanA samartha hai, utanA sAmarthya na indriyoM meM hai aura na kisI anya padArtha meM / mImAMsakoM kI vicAraNA meM zruti kA tAtparya kriyAparaka hI hai / mImAMsA-darzana kI yaha dRr3ha mAnyatA hai, ki vidhi kA pratipAdana hI vedavAkyoM kA mukhya tAtparya hai| isakA artha yaha hotA hai, ki jJAna kA pratipAdana karane vAle vAkya kriyA kI stuti athavA niSedha pratipAdana karane ke kAraNa paramparA se kriyA paraka hI haiN| momAMsA-darzana meM isako arthavAda kahA jAtA hai / ataH kisI prayojana ke uddezya se veda ke dvArA vihita yajJa evaM yAga Adi artha dharma kahA jAtA hai| ina arthoM ke vidhivat anuSThAna karane se puruSoM ko nizreyasa kI-duHkhoM ko nivRtta karane vAle svarga kIupalabdhi hotI hai| jaise "svagaMkAmo yajet'-svarga kI kAmanA vAlA puruSa yajJa kare, isa vAkya meM yajeta kriyA pada ke dvArA bhAvanA kI utpatti mAno jAtI hai / mImAMsA-darzana kA yaha mukhya viSaya hai| - veda-vihita karmoM ke phaloM ke viSaya meM mImAMsaka-dArzanikoM meM do mata dRSTigocara hote haiM / mImAMsA-darzana ke anusAra duHkha kI nivRtti aura sukha kI prApti pratyeka manuSya kA mukhya lakSya mAnA gayA hai| manuSyoM kI karma vizeSa ke anuSThAna meM pravRtti tabhI hotI hai, jaba usase kisI iSTa evaM abhilaSita padArtha ke siddha hone kA jJAna unheM hotA hai / ataH kumArila kI dRSTi

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 117 meM dhArmika kRtyoM ke anuSThAna iSTa-sAdhana kA jJAna kAraNa hai, parantu prabhAkara kAryatA jJAna ko kAraNa aMgIkAra karatA hai / usake vicAra ke anusAra vedavihita kRtyoM kA anuSThAna kartavya buddhi se karanA cAhie, unase na sukha pAne kI AzA rakhe aura na anya kisI phala pAne kI icchaa| kumArila kA kathana hai-kAmya karma vizeSa icchA kI siddhi ke lie kiye jAte haiM, isake viparIta prabhAkara kA mata hai, ki kAmya-karma meM kAmanA kA nirdeza sacce adhikArI kI parIkSA karane ke lie hai -vaisI kAmanA karane vAlA puruSa usa karma kA saccA adhikArI siddha hotA hai| ina donoM kA nitya karma ke viSaya meM matabheda spaSTa hai| kumArila ke mata meM nitya-karma-jaise saMdhyA, vandana Adi ke anuSThAna se pApa kA nAza hotA hai, aura anuSThAna ke abhAva meM pApa utpanna hotA hai| parantu prabhAkara ke mata meM nitya-karma kA anuSThAna vedavihita hone ke kAraNa hI kartavya rUpa hai / kyoMki veda kI yaha AjJA hai, ki pratidina saMdhyA ko upAsanA karanI caahie| isa uddezya se, kartavya-karma hone kI dRSTi se ina kRtyoM ko karanA hI cAhie / isa prakAra niSkAma karma-yoga kI dRSTi se kAryoM kA sampAdana prabhAkara ko abhISTa hai| pratIta hotA hai, ki prabhAkara ke mata para gItA ke karma-yoga kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| karma ke tIna bheda : ___ mImAMsA-darzana meM karma ke tIna bheda haiM-kAmya, pratiSiddha aura nityanaimittika / kAmya-karma kA artha hai-kisI kAmanA vizeSa ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA karma / jaise-'svarga kAmo yajeta' / pratiSiddha kA artha hai-anartha utpAdaka hone se niSiddha / jaise-"kalarja na bhakSayet" arthAt viSa-dagdhazastra se mAre hue pazu kA mAMsa nahIM khAnA caahie| nitya-naimittika kA artha hai-ahetuka karma / jaise-saMdhyA-vandana nitya karma hai, aura avasara vizeSa para anuSTheya zrAddha Adi karma naimittika hai| anuSThAna karate hI phala kI niSpatti zIghra nahIM hotI, para kAlAntara meM avazya hotI hai| yahAM yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai, ki phala kAla meM karma ke abhAva meM vaha phalotpAdaka kisa prakAra hotA hai / mImAMsaka dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai, ki apUrva ke dvaaraa| mImAMsA-darzana ke anusAra pratyeka karma meM apUrva (puNyApuNya) utpanna karane kI zakti rahatI hai / karma se hotA hai-apUrva, aura apUrva se hotA hai-phala / yahI kAraNa hai, ki mImAMsA-darzana meM karma aura karma-phala ke madhya meM apUrva ko mAnA hai| zAyada isI kAraNa prAcIna mImAMsA-darzana IzvaravAdI nahIM thaa|

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adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya 118 veda kI apauruSeyatA : vAkya do prakAra ke hote haiM- pauruSeya aura apauruSeya / pauruSeya vAkya kI pramANatA tabhI mAnI jAtI hai, jaba vaha Apta-puruSa ke dvArA vyavahRta kiyA gayA ho / apauruSeya svayaM zruti hai / hamAre Apa ke vacana pauruSeya vAkya haiM, parantu veda apauruSeya hai / isake lie mImAMsA darzana meM tIna prakAra se tarka prastuta kiyA jAtA rahA hai 1. naiyAyika loga veda ko Izvara kI racanA mAnate haiM, isalie veda unakI dRSTi meM pauruSeya hotA hai / parantu mImAMsA darzana Izvara kI sattA nahIM maantaa| ataH Izvara ke abhAva meM usakI racanA kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA / isa tarka se Izvara kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / 2. veda meM kisI kartA kA nAma nahIM pAyA jAtA / katipaya mantroM meM RSiyoM ke nAma avazya pAye jAte haiM / parantu ve mantroM ke dRSTA haiM, kartA nahIM / RSi zabda kA artha hI dRSTA hai / 3. veda kI nityatA kA sarvAdhika prabala pramANa hai - zabda kI nityatA, aura dArzanika dRSTi se mImAMsakoM kA yaha zabda - nityatAvAda bar3e hI mahattva kA hai / vedoM kI nityatA kA sarvazreSTha sAdhaka pramANa zabdoM kI nityatA hai / veda nitya zabda samUhAtmaka haiM / isa prakAra mImAMsA darzana meM mukhya rUpa se do hI viSayoM kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / mImAMsA - darzana meM pahale Izvara ko nahIM mAnA gayA thA, kintu bAda meM navIna mImAMsA darzana meM Izvara ko mAna liyA gayA / kAryakAraNa niyama ko jisa prakAra anya darzana svIkAra karate haiM, usI prakAra mImAMsA darzana bhI svIkAra karatA hai, parantu usakI apanI eka nayI dRSTi bhI hai / isa kA tarka hai, ki kArya kI utpatti ke lie kAraNa ke atirikta zakti bhI honI caahie| bIja se aMkura hote haiM, yaha satya bAta hai, parantu yadi kAraNa se bIja kI zakti naSTa ho jAe, to kitanA bhI parizrama karane para usase aMkura utpanna nahIM ho sakatA / jaba taka yaha zakti akSuNNa banI rahatI hai, tabhI taka bIja se aMkura utpanna ho sakate haiM, anyathA nahIM / isa prakAra zakti eka viziSTa padArtha hai / saMkSepa meM mImAMsA darzana kI yahI mAnyatA rahI hai / mImAMsA darzana sabase prAcIna darzana hai, aura vedoM kI nityatA isakA mukhya viSaya rahA hai /

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta brahmavAda aura mAyAvAda : vedAnta darzana bhArata kA mukhya darzana mAnA jAtA hai| mImAMsA darzana karma para bala detA hai, to vedAnta jJAna para / pUrva-mImAMsA karmakANDa kahA jAtA hai, ora uttara-mImAMsA jJAna- kANDa ! vedAnta darzana meM AcArya zaMkara kA brahmavAda aura mAyAvAda vizeSa prasiddha hai / brahmavAda aura mAyAvAda kI jo vyAkhyA AcArya zaMkara ne apane advaitavAda ke AdhAra para kI hai, use AcArya zaMkara ke paravartI AcArya mAnya nahIM karate / unhoMne brahma aura mAyA kI vyAkhyA apane DhaMga se kI hai / kintu advaitavAda meM brahma aura mAyA kI jo vyAkhyA AcArya zaMkara ne kI hai, vastutaH mukhya vedAnta - darzana vahI hai / 116 brahmavAda : AcArya zaMkara ne brahma ke vAstavika svarUpa kA nirNaya karane ke lie do prakAra ke lakSaNoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai - svarUpa- lakSaNa aura taTasthalakSaNa / svarUpa lakSaNa padArtha- satya tAttvika rUpa kA paricaya detA hai, parantu taTastha-lakSaNa kucha dera taka hone vAle Agantuka guNoM kA hI nirdeza karatA hai / jaise-- koI brAhmaNa kisI nATaka meM eka kSatriya rAjA kI bhUmikA grahaNa kara raMgamaMca para AtA hai, jahAM vaha apane zatruoM ko parAjita karake vijetA banatA hai, aura apanI prajA kA anuraMjana bhI karatA hai / parantu isa brAhmaNa ke satya-svarUpa kA nirNaya karane ke lie kyA use rAjA kahanA ucita hai ? vaha rAjA avazya hai, parantu kaba taka ? jaba taka nATaka calatA rahatA hai / nATaka samApta hote hI, vaha apane vizuddha rUpa meM A jAtA hai / isa rUpaka ke AdhAra para vedAnta darzana kahatA hai, ki usa vyakti ko kSatriya rAjA mAnanA taTastha lakSaNa hai, aura use brAhmaNa mAnanA svarUpa lakSaNa hai / taTastha lakSaNa kSaNa hotA hai, aura svarUpa lakSaNa zAzvata / isa prakAra vedAnta darzana meM brahma ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / brahma jagata kI utpatti, sthiti aura laya kA kAraNa hai / brahma sat, cit evaM Ananda rUpa hai / yahI brahma kA svarUpa lakSaNa hai / parantu yahI brahma mAyA - avacchinna hone para saguNa brahma, apara-brahma athavA Izvara kahA jAtA hai, jo isa jagata kI utpatti, sthiti aura vilaya kA kAraNa hotA hai / brahma ke do rUpa hote haiM - saguNa brahma tathA nirguNa brahma / donoM eka hI hai, parantu dRSTikoNa kI bhinnatA se do rUpoM meM gRhIta kie jAte haiM / jisa prakAra saMsAra ke padArtha

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120 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya asatya aura kAlpanika haiM, usI prakAra jIva bhI avidyA ke Upara Azrita rahatA hai / brahma hI ekamAtra sattA hai / isa jJAna ke abhAva meM hI jIva kI sattA hai / jAva Izvara kI kalpanA upAsanA ke lie karatA hai / Izvara jagata kA svAmI evaM niyantA hai / vedAnta meM isI ko saguNa brahma yA Izvara kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra saguNa brahma kI kalpanA upAsanA ke nimitta vyAvahArika dRSTi se kI jAtI hai / pAramArthika dRSTi se brahma nirguNa hai / AcArya zaMkara ke mata meM yaha brahma sajAtIya, vijAtIya aura svagata - ina tInoM bhedoM se rahita hotA hai / brahma anirvacanIya hai / kyoMki usameM kisI guNa kI sattA nahIM mAnI jA sktii| isI AdhAra para ise nirguNa kahA jAtA hai / zaMkara ke mata meM brahma ke do rUpa hote haiM - vizva aura vizvAtIta / vizva rUpa meM vaha guNa sampanna mAnA jAtA hai, parantu vizvAtIta rUpa meM vaha anirvacanIya rahatA hai / yahI AcArya zaMkara ke brahma kA vAstavika svarUpa hai | mAyAvAda : - vedAnta darzana meM mAyA kA eka vicitra svarUpa hai / nirvizeSa aura nirlakSaNa brahma se savizeSa lakSaNa jagata kI utpatti kyoM hotI hai ? athavA eka hI brahma se nAnAtmaka jagata kI racanA kaise hotA hai ? ina praznoM kA uttara mAyAvAda detA hai / AcArya zaMkara ne avidyA aura mAyA do zabdoM kA prayoga samAnArthaka rUpa se kiyA hai / parantu paravartI dArzanikoM ne ina donoM zabdoM meM artha bheda kI kalpanA kI hai| paramezvara kI bIja zakti kA nAma mAyA hai / mAyA sat bhI nahIM hai, asat bhI nahIM hai, aura ubhaya rUpa bhI nahIM hai / vaha na bhinna hai, na abhinna hai, aura na bhinnAbhinna hai / apitu vaha atyanta adbhuta evaM anirvacanIya hai / mAyA kI do zakti hotI haiMAvaraNa tathA vikSepa | AvaraNa zakti brahma ke zuddha svarUpa ko AvRta kara detI hai aura vikSepa-zakti usa brahma meM AkAza Adi prapaMca ko utpanna kara detI hai / jisa prakAra eka choTA-sA megha darzakoM ke netra ko Dhaka dene ke kAraNa aneka yojana vistRta Aditya maNDala ko DhakatA mAlUma hotA hai, usI prakAra paricchinna ajJAna anubhava kartA kI buddhi ko Dhaka dene ke kAraNa aparicchinna asaMsArI AtmA ko AcchAdita-sA kara detA hai / vedAnta meM isa zakti ko AvaraNa kahA jAtA hai| jo zarIra ke bhItara dRSTA aura dRzya ke tathA zarIra ke bAhara brahma aura sRSTi ke bheda ko Dhaka detI hai / jisa prakAra rajju kA ajJAna rajju apano zakti se sarpa utpanna karatA hai,

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bhAratIya darzana ke vizeSa siddhAnta 121 usI prakAra mAyA bhI ajJAnAcchAdita AtmA meM isa zakti ke bala para AkAza Adi jagata prapaMca ko utpanna karatI hai| isI AdhAra para isa dUsarI zakti kA nAma vikSepa kahA jAtA hai / AvaraNa kA artha hai-vAstavika svarUpa para pardA DAla denA, tathA vikSepa kA artha hai- usa para dUsarI vastu kA Aropa kara denaa| ye donoM mAyA haiN| vivartavAda : AcArya zaMkara kI vyAkhyA ke anusAra jagata brahma kA pariNAma nahIM hai, apitu vivarta hai| vivartavAda kyA hai ? ise samajhAne ke lie vedAnta paramparA ke AcAryoM ne bahuta kucha likhA hai| kAryoM ke rUpa meM jo hama parivartana dekhate haiM, vaha kevala mAnasika Aropa hai, vAstavika nahIM hai| isI mAnasika Aropa ko AcArya zaMkara ne apanI paribhASA ke anusAra adhyAsa kahA hai| kArya-kAraNa kI zrRMkhalA para vicAra karane se hama isI niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM, ki kAraNa hI ekamAtra sattA hai, usake samasta AkAra evaM prakAra mithyA haiM / kAraNa ki isa asatya evaM kAlpanika parivartana ko advaitavAda kI bhASA meM vivarta kahA jAtA hai| rajjU ke sarpa ko pratIti vivartavAda hai / vedAnta siddhAnta meM ekamAtra brahma ko hI sRSTi kA upAdAna kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| sAMkhya-darzana kA pariNAmavAda kahatA hai, ki kAraNa svayaM hI kArya rUpa meM badala jAtA hai| parantu vivartavAda ke anusAra yaha parivartana apane Apa meM satya nahIM hai, mithyA hai / brahma ke atirikta isa jagata meM jo kucha pratIta hotA hai, vaha vAstava meM satya nahIM hai| jaise svapna meM hama jo kucha dekhate haiM, vaha satya nahIM hotaa| brahma jagata kI asatyatA aura kAlpanikatA kI siddhi advaita-vedAnta apane isI vivartavAda aura adhyAsavAda ke AdhAra para karatA hai| isa prakAra advaita-vedAnta meM brahma aura mAyA kI vyAkhyA kI hai|

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSTha-bhUmi

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSTha-bhUmi pAzcAtya darzana utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanA ki bhAratIya darzana / yUnAnI darzana usI yuga kA darzana hai, jisa yuga meM yahA~ para upaniSad darzana kI racanA ho rahI thii| pAzcAtya darzana meM yUnAnI darzana sarvAdhika prAcIna hai aura amerikI darzana sabase Adhunika darzana hai / yUnAna se lekara amerikA taka pAzcAtya darzana ne jisa prakAra apanA vikAsa kiyA hai, yaha eka anusaMdhAna kA viSaya ho sakatA hai, kintu isameM jarA bhI sandeha nahIM, ki pAzcAtya darzana kA janma yUnAna kI dharatI para huA thaa| phira usakA vikAsa roma meM huaa| iMglaiMDa aura phrAMsa meM usane adhika vikAsa kiyA aura jarmanI meM jAkara vaha apanI carama sImA para pahu~ca gyaa| amarIkA meM jo Aja darzana kA vikAsa ho rahA hai, vaha eka apanI nayI paddhati kA hI hai / pAzcAtya darzana ko samajhane ke lie usake samAlocaka yaha kahA karate haiM, ki yUnAnI darzana vastuvAdI darzana hai / DekATaM se lAibanoja taka jo yorupa kA darzana rahA hai, vaha bhI vastuvAdI darzana thaa| laoNka se hya ma taka kA darzana anubhavavAdI darzana rhaa| kAMTa se hegela taka kA darzana buddhivAdI darzana thaa| aura amarIkA meM vaha vyavahAravAdI bana gyaa| isa prakAra pAzcAtya darzana ne jo pragati aura vikAsa kiyA hai, usakI eka rUpa-rekhA yahA~ prastuta kI jA rahI hai| samagra pAzcAtya darzana kA vistRta paricaya denA yahA~ zakya nahIM hai, phira bhI usakI mukhya dhArAoM kA aura mukhya siddhAnta evaM vAdoM kA paricaya diyA jAegA, jisase ki pAThaka yaha samajha sakeM, ki pAzcAtya darzana kA vikAsa kisa zailI se hotA rahA hai / pAzcAtya darzana ko vastutaH darzana kahA jAe ki nahIM, isa prakAra kA vivAda bhI kabhI kabhI uThA karatA hai| parantu hameM vicAra karanA hai, ki vastusthiti kyA hai aura kisa prakAra pAzcAtya darzana apane vikAsa-kSetra meM agrasara hotA rahA hai| jisa prakAra bhAratIya darzana kI aneka dhArAeM haiM, phira ve apane meM pUrNataH svatantra haiM / svatantratA kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki usameM vicAra sAmya na ho| ( 125 )

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126 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya darzana-zAstra samAja, sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI amUlya nidhi mAnA gayA hai| kisI bhI deza kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA vAstavika paricaya pAne ke lie usakI dArzanika vicAra-dhArA kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai / pAzcAtya darzana meM pazcima ke aneka dezoM kI vividha vicAra-dhArAoM kA saMgama evaM samanvaya huA hai| pradhAnatayA usameM tIna dhArAe~ haiM-grIka, IsAI aura Adhunika darzana / isa triveNI kA saMgama hI pAzcAtya darzana kahA jAtA hai, jisameM vibhinna yugoM kI vicAra-dhArAeM ekatrita haI haiN| vAstava meM pAzcAtya darzana kA prArambha grIka vicAraka thIlI se hotA hai / aura jarmana dArzanika hegela meM jAkara vaha parisamApta ho jAtA hai / hegela ke bAda bhI yorupa meM aneka dArzanika hue haiM, kintu hegela ne darzana-zAstra ko carama sImA taka pahu~cAne kA zreya prApta kiyA thaa| bhAratIya darzana meM jo sthiti bauddhoM ke zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda kI hai tathA vedAnta paramparA meM advaita vedAnta kI hai, vahI sthiti jarmanI meM hegela ke darzana kI hai| yorupa kA darzana vahAM parisamApta ho jAtA hai / hegela ke bAda meM hone vAle dArzanikoM ne nayA vicAra yA nayI kalpanA na dI ho, yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA / para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai, ki jo sarvAMgINatA kANTa aura hegela meM hai, vaha yorupa ke anya kisI dArzanika meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| vaise to pratyeka yuga meM koI na koI mahAna dArzanika hotA rahA hai, jaise grIka darzana kA carama vikAsa hama arastU meM dekhate haiM / yorupa ke darzana kA carama vikAsa barkale aura hya ma meM dekhA jAtA hai| usI prakAra jarmana darzana kA carama vikAsa kANTa aura hegela meM dekhA jAtA hai| isa prakAra pAzcAtya darzana ke pramukha vAda vyaktiyoM ke nAma se nahIM, balki siddhAntavAda ke AdhAra para vahAM prakaTa hue the / ina pAzcAtya vicAra dhArAoM meM kahIM para saMgati najara AtI hai, aura kahIM para visaMgati bhI najara AtI hai| zAyada isakA artha itanA ho hai, ki yorupa kA pratyeka dArzanika apane meM svatantra rahA hai, bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI taraha vaha kisI paramparA meM Abaddha hokara nahIM claa| pUrvI aura pazcimI darzana : darzana-zAstra ke samAlocaka loga yaha kahA karate haiM, ki bhAratIya darzana adhyAtmavAdI darzana hai aura pAzcAtya darzana bhautikavAdI darzana hai| unakA yaha kathana kisa tathya para AdhArita hai yaha to ve hI jAneM, para pazcimI darzana ko bhautikavAdI darzana kahanA tarkasaMgata evaM buddhisaMgata nahIM

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 127 hai / yadi adhyAtmavAdI darzana kA artha usa darzana se hai, jisameM jagata, jIva aura Izvara kI carcA kI jAtI hai, taba nizcaya hI pAzcAtya darzana bhI utanA hI AdhyAtmika hai, jitanA ki bhAratIya darzana / kyoMki pAzcAtya darzana meM bhI jagata, jIva aura Izvara ke sambandha meM paryApta vicAra kiyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya darzana bhI koI aisI dhArA nahIM hai, jisameM ina tIna samasyAoM para vicAra na kiyA gayA ho / phira kisa AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai, ki pAzcAtya darzana bhautikavAdI hai / dUsarI bAta pAzcAtya darzana ke sambandha meM bhAratIya Alocaka yaha kahate A rahe haiM, ki pazcimI darzana kA jahA~ anta hotA hai, bhAratIya darzana kA vahA~ se prArambha hotA hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki pAzcAtya darzana ne jo apanA carama vikAsa kiyA, utanA vikAsa to hamAre bhAratIya darzana ke prArambha meM hI ho cukA thaa| isameM Atma prazaMsA aura Atma vikatthana ke atirikta anya kucha ho nahIM sakatA / bhAratIya darzana kI jo sthiti veda yuga meM rahI hai, vahI sthiti pAzcAtya darzana kI grIka darzana meM mAnI jA sakatI hai| mere apane vicAra meM pAzcAtya darzana meM aura bhAratIya darzana meM kisI bhI prakAra kA virodha athavA visagati najara nahIM aatii| merA apanA yahI vicAra hai, ki yUnAnI yuga meM yUnAna ke darzana para bhAratIya darzana kI chApa par3I ho, isakA koI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| kucha loga pAyathAgorasa ke sambandha meM, jo eka mahAna grIka vicAraka thA, kahA karate haiM ki ve bhArata meM Aye the aura yahAM se bhAratIya vicAroM ko lekara vApisa apane deza meM lautte| parantu ye saba kapola kalpita bAteM hai / isake pIche koI Thosa pramANa yA AdhAra nahIM hai / yunAna kA aura bhArata kA sambandha kaba se sthApita huA, yaha eka anusandhAna kA viSaya ho sakatA hai, parantu yaha nizcita hai ki yUnAnI vicAradhArA aura bhAratIya vicAradhArA apane meM pUrNataH svatantra hai| eka dUsare para AdhArita nahIM hai / donoM darzanoM meM prAyaH eka jaise viSayoM kA vivecana huA hai| itanA satya avazya hai, ki AtmA kA jitanA sUkSma vivecana aura usake sAtha punarjanma Ara mokSa kA vivecana jitanA vyApaka bhAratIya darzana meM huA hai, utanA pazcimI darzana meM nahIM ho sakA / para AtmA, mokSa aura punarjanma kA varNana pAzcAtya darzana meM sarvathA hI na huA ho, yaha bAta arthahIna hai / pazcimI darzana meM aura bhAratIya darzana meM kucha bAtoM ko lekara avazya hI bheda ho sakatA hai| pazcimI darzana meM anubhava' ko khaNDita rUpa meM liyA gayA hai, aura -

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128 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya bhAratIya darzana meM akhaNDa rUpa meM / vahAM pratyakSavAda, anumAnavAda, yuktivAda, pratibhAvAda aura rahasyavAda kI dhArAeM bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM pravAhita huI hai| jabaki yahA~ pratyeka darzana meM pratyakSa, yukti, pratibhA jJAna evaM rahasyavAda kA upayoga hotA rahA hai aura sadaiva inakA samanvaya hotA rahA hai / pariNAmasvarUpa bhArata meM vizuddha pratyakSavAda, vizuddha yuktivAda aura vizuddha pratibhAvAda kA vikAsa nahIM ho skaa| rahasyavAda kA vikAsa avazya huA hai, vaha svatantra rUpa se bhI huA hai| para usakA vikAsa saMskRta sAhitya meM na hokara santa-darzana meM huA, jisakA AdhAra saMskRta bhASA na hokara hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI, baMgalA aura kannar3a jaisI prAntIya bhASAeM rahI haiM / para zuddha pratyakSavAda athavA zuddha tarkavAda kA svatantra vizleSaNa bhArata kI kisI bhI bhASA meM athavA paramparA meM nahIM rahA / isakA kAraNa yaha hai, ki yahA~ anubhava kI sarvAMgINatA kA upayoga hotA rahA hai, aura kisI khaNDita anubhava ko lekara dArzanika sampradAya ko Avazyaka aura samIcIna nahIM mAnA gayA hai / pazcimI darzana meM darzana-zAstra kI zAkhAoM kA vivecana svatantra hotA rahA hai, jaise ki nItizAstra, tarkazAstra aura tattva-darzana kA vivecana arastU ke samaya se lekara Aja taka bhinna-bhinna dhArAoM meM hokara AyA hai| isake viparIta bhAratIya darzana kI paramparA meM darzana kI sabhI zAkhAoM kA vivecana eka sAtha hotA rahA hai| pazcimI darzana vizleSaNAtmaka hai aura bhAratIya darzana saMzleSaNAtmaka / prathama svatantra hokara calatA hai, aura dUsarA sabako sAtha sameTakara calatA hai| vizleSaNa pazcimI darzana kA guNa mAnA jA sakatA hai, para ekAMgI ho jAnA usakA avaguNa hI kahA jaaegaa| pazcimI darzana kI aneka dhArAeM ekAMgI haiM, jabaki bhAratIya darzana kI pratyeka zAkhA sarvAMgINa rahI hai| pazcimI darzana kA ekAMgIpana eka dRSTi se aura bhI avaguNa hai| vaha kevala jAgRta avasthA kA darzana hai, jabaki bhAratIya darzana jAgRta, svapna aura suSupti sabhI avasthAoM kA darzana hai| bhAratIya darzana satya ke sAkSAtkAra para adhika bala detA rahA hai, jabaki pazcimI darzana satya ke vivecana para hI Agraha karatA rahA hai| bhAratIya dArzanika dRSTA hotA hai, kyoMki vaha darzana se satya kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai / pazcimI dArzanika samIkSaka evaM vivecaka hotA hai / satya kA vivecana karanA aura satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA ina donoM meM bar3A antara hai| pazcimI darzana aura pUrvI darzana meM eka mahattvapUrNa bheda yaha bhI hai

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 126 ki bhAratIya darzana kI dhArA avicchinna rUpa meM pravAhita hotI rahI hai, jabaki pazcimI darzana kI dhArA vicchinna hotI rahI hai| pazcimI darzana meM jitane paravartI dArzanika hote haiM, ve apane sabhI pUrvavartI dArzanikoM kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana karate haiM aura kisI bhI dArzanika ke sabhI matoM ko sahI nahIM mAnate / bhAratIya darzana meM jitane paravartI dArzanika hote haiM, ve apane sampradAya ke pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke samasta matoM ko mAnate haiN| isase pazcimI dArzanika bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI tulanA meM adhika zaMkA-zIla rahe haiN| kyoMki pazcimI dArzanika apanI maulikatA aura navInatA ko jitanA mahattva dete rahe haiM, utanA satya kI sthiratA ko nhiiN| vicAroM kA jitanA kramabaddha vikAsa bhAratIya darzana meM huA hai, utanA pazcimI darzana meM nhiiN| kyoMki vahAM kA pratyeka vyakti apane vicAroM meM svatantra rahA hai, jabaki bhAratIya dArzanika ko apanI paramparA meM rahakara vicAra evaM cintana karanA par3atA hai| pazcimI darzana aura pUrvI darzana meM eka mahattvapUrNa bheda yaha bhI hai ki pazcimI darzana vijJAna se prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| vijJAna kI sthApanAoM kA vaha samarthana nahIM karatA, balki unakA pratipAdana bhI karatA hai| isake viparIta bhAratIya darzana meM vijJAna kA praveza nahIM ho sakA athavA vaha vijJAnavAda kI mAnyatAoM se prabhAvita nahIM ho skaa| bhAratIya darzana kI yaha mAnyatA rahI hai, ki vijJAna ekAMgI jJAna hai, aura darzana sarvAMgINa ciMtana hai| dUsarI bAta pazcimI darzana rAjanIti kA bhI vivecana karatA hai aura vahA~ ke dArzanika rAjanIti meM sakriya bhAga lete rahe haiN| kintu bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne kabhI yahAM kI rAjanIti meM na sakriya bhAga liyA aura na rAjanIti kA samarthana hI kiyaa| pazcimI darzana meM gaNita kA bhI samAveza huA hai, jabaki bhAratIya darzana meM gaNita ke lie jarA bhI sthAna nahIM hai / bhAratIya darzana meM jitanA darzana evaM cintana kA mahattva mAnA gayA hai, utanA hI dharma aura AcAra kA bhii| pazcimI darzana meM vicAra para hI bala diyA gayA hai, AcAra para nhiiN| yadi AcAra para vicAra kiyA bhI gayA hai, to svatantra rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, jise nItizAstra kahA jAtA hai / pazcimI darzana meM jitanA jJAna evaM buddhi kA vivecana huA hai, utanA tattva kA nahIM, jabaki bhAranIya darzana meM jJAna evaM taka, tattva evaM padArtha kA vivecana samAna bhAva se kiyA jAtA rahA hai| itanA hone para bhI bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM

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130 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya aura pAzcAtya dArzanikoM meM kucha samAnatA bhI upalabdha hotI hai| jaise arastu aura nyAya-vaizeSika meM, braDale aura nAgArjuna meM, varkale aura vasubandhu meM, spInojA aura zaMkara meM, hegela aura rAmAnuja meM / isa prakAra kucha samAnatA kA AdhAra bhI donoM meM avazya rahA hai| isa samAnatA kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki pazcimI dArzanika bhAratIya darzana kI dhArAoM se sarvathA sahamata rahe hoM, athavA usake anugAmI rahe hoM / buddhi kA kArya hai, cintana karanA, aura usa cintana meM kucha sUtra yadi eka jaise upalabdha hoM, to isakA artha anugAmitA athavA prabhAvita honA nahIM hai| bhArata meM jo mahattva gaMgA aura yamunA kA ho sakatA hai, vaha yorupa meM nahIM mAnA jAegA / isI prakAra pazcimI jagata meM Temsa aura hAIna nadI kA ho sakatA hai utanA bhArata meM nahIM hogaa| Temsa aura hAIna meM, tathA gaMgA aura jamanA meM jitanA bheda hai, itanA bheda to bhAratIya darzana aura pazcimI darzana meM avazya hI rhegaa| kyoMki donoM kI mUla prakRti aura saMskRti bhinna bhinna hai| pratyeka deza kI vicAradhArA para usakI prakRti aura saMskRti kA pUrA-pUrA prabhAva par3atA hai| darzana kI upayogitA: mAnava jIvana meM darzanazAstra kA kyA upayoga hai ? yaha eka prazna hai, jo Aja se nahIM atyanta prAcIna kAla se calA A rahA hai| upayogitAvAdI vyakti kI dRSTi ekamAtra upayoga meM rahatI hai| parantu darzanazAstra aura upayogitAvAda donoM bhinna-bhinna vastu haiN| phira bhI yaha vicAra to upasthita hotA hI rahA hai aura hotA hI rahegA ki darzana-zAstra kA adhyayana kyoM kiyA jAe? aura usake karane se kyA lAbha haiM ? tathA nahIM karane se kyA hAni hai ? eka pAzcAtya vidvAna ne kahA hai, ki darzana evaM adhyAtma vidyA AkarSaka aura Ananda rUpa hai| pleTo kahA karatA thA, ki darzana kA pyArA Ananda / use jitanA Ananda darzanazAstra ke cintana evaM manana meM AtA thA, utanA anya kisI viSaya meM nhiiN| brAuniMga kahatA hai ki jIvana kA eka viziSTa artha hotA hai aura usa artha kI khoja hI mere lie bhojana aura jala ke samAna hai| jIvana kA vaha viziSTa artha darzana evaM cintana hI hai| brAuniMga kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki jisa prakAra zarIra ko bhojana evaM jala kI AvazyakatA hai, usI prakAra AtmA ko cintana kI roTI aura manana kA jala caahie| darzanazAstra ke sambandha meM vibhinna yuga ke vicArakoM ne vibhinna prakAra se apane vicAroM ko abhivyakta kiyA hai| phira bhI itanA

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 131 to satya hI hai ki darzanazAstra kA janma tabhI se huA hai, jaba se isa dharatI para mAnava kA janma huaa| darzanazAstra utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanI ki mAnava jAti / eka kavi ko apane kAvya guphana meM jo Ananda AtA hai, aura eka vaijJAnika ko apane anusandhAna meM jo ekAgratA evaM Ananda AtA hai, usase bhI adhika ekAgratA evaM Ananda eka dArzanika ko apane cintana meM AtA hai / pAzcAtya dArzanika vilaDyUrenTa kahatA hai, ki kyA hI acchA hotA, ki hama apanI AtmA ko dekha sakate / hamAre lie yaha Avazyaka hai, ki hama yaha samajheM, ki jIvana kA evaM jagata kA sahI artha kyA hai ? jIvana aura jagata ko samajhane kA prayatna ho darzana-zAstra hai| jIvana kA jagata ke sAtha, aura jagata kA jIvana ke sa. : kyA sambandha hai ? yaha samajhanA hI darzana kI upayogitA hai / bhAratIya-darzana ke anusAra bhI apane ko samajhanA hI jIvana kI saphalatA evaM sArthakatA hai / apane ko samajhanA yahI darzana-zAstra kA upayogitAvAda kahA jA sakatA hai / jIvana kI sarvAMgINa vyAkhyA darzanazAstra hI kara sakatA hai| kyoMki jJAna-sAdhanA kI anya samagra zAkhAe~ ekAMgI ho jAtI haiN| jabaki darzana-zAstra jIvana kI sarvAMgINa vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai| thoro kA kahanA hai-"kevala gambhIra evaM ucca vicAroM kA poSaNa athavA kisI jaTila vicAra-dhArA se sambaddha ho jAnA hI dArzanikatA nahIM hai| dArzanikatA kA artha hai-zAna evaM vidyA prema / aura jo kucha samajhA hai, usa viveka ke sAtha jIvana yApana krnaa|" vastutaH pavitratAmaya evaM AsthAmaya jIvana vyatIta karanA hI vAstavika dArzanikatA hai / bekana kA kahanA thA, ki hama sabase pahale apane mastiSka ko acchI vastuoM se pUrNa kara leM, bAda meM hamArI anya AvazyakatAe~ apane Apa hI pUrNa ho jAeMgI, kiMvA unakA abhAva hameM nahIM khlegaa| satya se hama samRddha nahIM balki svatantra hote haiM / bandhanoM se svatantra honA hI darzana kI upayogitA hai / isase bar3hakara darzana kA anya koI upayoga nahIM ho sktaa| varzana kI utpatti : darzana kI utpatti kisa prakAra hotI hai, aura usa ke mUla kAraNa kyA hai ? mAnava mana kA yaha eka cirakAlIna evaM sanAtana prazna hai ? apane yuga ke sabhI dArzanikoM ne apane yuga kI paristhiti ke anusAra isakA samAdhAna kiyA hai| phira bhI yaha prazna Aja bhI utanA hI tAjA hai, jitanA kisI yuga meM rahA hogaa| bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne samAdhAna kiyA hai, ki satya kI jijJAsA aura satya ke sAkSAtkAra kI mAnava mana meM jo prabala

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132 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya jijJAsA hai, usI meM se darzana-zAstra kI utpatti hotI hai| maiM kauna hai ? aura yaha jagata kyA hai ? yaha jijJAsA hI darzana-zAstra ko janma detI hai| kyoMki manuSya ko apane svarUpa ko jAnane kI eka prabala jijJAsA rahatI hai| jIvana aura jagata ke rahasya ko jAnane kI usa meM eka prabala utkaNThA hai| usa jijJAsA evaM utkaNThA ko zAnta karane ke lie jaba manuSya apane antara mana meM cintana-rUpa prayatna karatA hai, taba sahaja hI darzana usake jIvana meM sAkAra ho uThatA hai| darzana kI utpatti kA mUla kAraNa manuSya ke mana kA cintana aura vicAra hI hai| parantu pAzcAtya-dArzanika darzana kI utpatti ke cAra kAraNa prastuta karate haiM-vismaya, saMzaya, navIna vastu jAnane kI icchA, aura asantoSa / unake darzana kA samasta cintana isI AdhAra para haA hai / aura isI paridhi meM ve apanA cintana karate rahe haiN| vismaya kI bhAvanA : yUnAna ke mahAna dArzanika pleTo ne kahA hai-"Wonder is the parent of Philosophy" vismaya kI bhAvanA hI darzana kI jananI hai / manuSya jaba isa ananta nIla-gagana kI vizAlatA ko, aura dharatI kI asImatA ko dekhatA hai, taba usake mana meM vismaya utpanna ho jAtA hai| dharatI meM se phUTa nikalane vAle raMga-biraMge phUloM ke paudhe, chAyAdAra aura phaladAra vRkSoM kI paMkti, kala-kala karatI bahatI saritAe~, aura rAtri ke andhakAra meM camakate-damakate tAre tathA meghoM se AvRtta ananta AkAza usa ke mana meM vismaya utpanna karate haiN| jaba manuSya dekhatA hai, ki udayAcala para bhAskara apane ananta prakAza se bhU-maNDala ko bhara rahA hai, aura jaba mAnava dekhatA hai, ki astAcala para sthita sUrya aba apane prakAza ko sameTa kara dhIre-dhIre vilupta ho rahA hai, taba manuSya ke mana meM vismaya kI bhAvanA bhara jAtI hai / laharAtA vizAla sAgara jaba taraMgoM ke tUphAna se udvelita ho jAtA hai, taba manuSya ke mana meM sahasA yaha bhAva uThatA hai, ki yaha saba kyA hai ? aura kyoM hai ? isa prakAra vismaya kI bhAvanA use vicArazIla banAkara darzana kA mArga prazasta karatI hai / saMzaya kI bhAvanA : jaba manuSya jIvana aura jagata kI vastuoM ko apane sAmane pratyakSa dekhatA hai, taba usa ke mana meM yaha saMzaya uTha khar3A hotA hai, ki yaha saba satya hai athavA bhrama hai ? vaha sUrya ko eka laghu agni-golaka ke samAna pRthvI kA

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 133 paribhramaNa karate hue dekhatA hai / para sUrya na to choTA hai, aura na vaha pRthvI kA paribhramaNa hI karatA hai / pAnI meM DUbI huI char3I pAnI kI sataha ke pAsa Ter3hI dIkha par3atI hai, jabaki vaha vAstava meM sIdhI hotI hai| sinemA ke parde para citra yathArtha aura sajIva pratIta hote haiM, aura isI prakAra svapna meM hama jo kucha dekhate haiM, usakI yathArthatA meM hameM jarA bhI sandeha nahIM hotA, kintu jAgate hI patA lagatA hai, ki vaha saba kucha mithyA thA / ataH manuSya kabhIkabhI apane samagra anubhavoM ke viSaya meM zaMkA evaM saMzaya karate hue pUchane lagatA hai-maiM jo kucha dekha rahA hU~, vaha vAstava meM hai, athavA nahIM? svapna ke anubhavoM ke samAna jAgRta ke anubhava bhI yathArtha hote hue mithyA nahIM hai, isakA kyA pramANa hai ? saMzaya kI yahI bhAvanA darzana-zAstra ko janma detI hai| navIna vastu jAnane kI icchA : . kucha dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai, ki kevala jJAna prApta karane kI svAbhAvika icchA hI darzana-zAstra kI utpatti kA ekamAtra kAraNa hai| aMgrejI bhASA meM darzana zabda kA artha hotA hai-Philosophy unake isa kathana kI puSTi isa artha meM hotI hai kyoMki Philos kA artha hai-prIti athavA anurAga, aura Sophia zabda kA artha hai jJAna / ina donoM yUnAnI zabdoM se Philosophy zabda kI utpatti huI hai| isalie isakA artha hai-jJAna kI prIti athavA vidyA kA prema / ataH jJAna evaM vidyA prApta karane kI tIvra icchA darzana-zAstra ko janma detI hai| kyoMki manuSya svabhAva se hI jJAna kA premI hai, ataH navIna vastu kA jJAna karanA usako sahaja pravRtti hai / brAuniMga ne kahA hai "A spark disturbs our clod, Nearer we held of god" jJAna kI cinagArI manuSya ke andara nirantara sulagatI rahatI hai, aura isIlie vaha anya prANiyoM se bhinna aura Izvara ke adhika nikaTa hai| isa prakAra kisI bhI nUtana vastu ke jAnane kI sahaja vRtti meM se hI darzanazAstra kA janma pAzcAtya-dArzanikoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| asantoSa kI bhAvanA : kucha pAzcAtya-dArzanikoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai, ki vismaya kI 1 pAzcAtya-darzana-darpaNa, pRSTha 2

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134 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya bhAvanA, saMzaya kI bhAvanA aura jJAna prApti kI icchA darzana kI utpatti ke avyAvahArika kAraNa haiM / ina vidvAnoM ke mata meM darzana kI utpatti kA vyAvahArika kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai, aura vaha hai- manuSya ke bhItara apane jIvana ke prati asantoSa kI bhAvanA / manuSya kA jIvana jarA, maraNa aura vyAdhi se duHkhamaya hai| AzA aura tRSNA usake mAnasa ko sadA azAnta rakhatI hai / jIvana sadA azAnta kyoM rahatA hai ? isa asantoSa ko samajhanA hI darzana kI utpatti kA mUla kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna jIvana use asantoSapUrNa pratIta hotA hai, ataH vaha kisI santoSamaya, sukhamaya evaM Anandamaya jIvana kI khoja karane ke lie Atura ho jAtA hai| isa AturatA meM se hI darzana-zAstra kA AvirbhAva hotA hai / jaba manuSya vizva aura apane jIvana ke sambandha meM vicAra karane ke lie bAdhya hotA hai, ki merA svarUpa kyA hai, aura isa dRzyamAna jagata kA svarUpa kyA hai ? kyA vartamAna jIvana hI saba kucha hai, aura isase pare kucha bhI nahIM hai ? isa prakAra ke asantoSa meM se hI use jisa satya evaM tathya kI upalabdhi hotI hai, vahI vastutaH darzana-zAstra hai| isa prakAra saMsAra ke prati asantoSa kI bhAvanA dArzanika vicAroM ko utpanna karatI hai / bhAratIya-darzana meM bhI isa vicAra ko sthAna milA hai / parantu usakI mUla dhAraNA satya kI jijJAsA hI hai| isa prakAra darzana kI utpatti ke cAra kAraNoM para dArzanikoM ne vicAra kiyA hai| parantu pAzcAtya dArzanikoM meM mukhya rUpa se saMzaya kI bhAvanA ko hI darzana kI utpatti kA mUla kAraNa mAnA hai| pAzcAtya vicArakoM meM zaMkA kA evaM saMzaya kA sthAna itanA vyApaka hai, jitanA pahale kabhI nahIM thA / Aja kA manuSya Izvara aura AtmA ke sambandha meM hI zaMkA nahIM karatA, balki una sAmAnya mAnyatAoM ke sambandha meM bhI zaMkA karane lagA hai, jo vijJAna kA Thosa AdhAra mAnI jAtI haiM, aura jinake sambandha meM vaijJAnikoM ke mana meM zaMkA karane kA kabhI prazna hI nahIM uThatA thaa| jar3a-tatva (Matter), deza (Space), kAla (Time) aura kArya-kAraNa kA niyama (Causation) vijJAna ke mUla AdhAra mAne jAte the| parantu Aja kala ke vaijJAnika svayaM inakI satyatA meM sandeha karane lage haiN| unakA kathana hai, ki yaha vastutaH satya nahIM hai, kyoMki inakA AdhAra kevala hamArA anubhaba hI hai / vijJAna ko eka abhUtapUrva krAnti kA sAmanA karanA par3a rahA 1 pAzcAtya-darzana-darpaNa, pRSTha 4

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 135 hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa vaijJAnika gambhIratApUrvaka vizva ke mUla svarUpa ke sambandha meM vicAra karane lage haiN| pAzcAtya jagata kA mahAna dArzanika peTrika (Patrick) kA kathana hai-"Although Philosephy among the ancients began in wonder, in modern times it usually begins in doubt" yadyapi prAcIna darzana kA prArambha vismaya kI bhAvanA meM hotA thA, tathApi Adhunika darzana kA prArambha zaMkA kI bhAvanA meM hotA hai| isa prakAra pAzcAtya vicArakoM meM darzana kI utpatti ko lekara aneka prakAra ke vicAra haiM / para saba meM mukhya saMzaya kI bhAvanA hI hai| bhAratIya dArzanika phira ve kisI bhI paramparA ke rahe hoM, darzana kA mUla AdhAra ve satya kI jijJAsA aura tattva jAnane kI prabala bhAvanA ko hI mAnate haiM / satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA hI yahA~ ekamAtra darzana kA prayojana mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM darzana kI utpatti kA dUsarA kAraNa duHkha-nivRtti bhI mAnA gayA hai| vartamAna jovana duHkha pUrNa evaM klezamaya hai / duHkha evaM kleza se nivRtta honA hI yahAM jIvana kA prayojana mAnA gayA hai| bhArata kI vairAgyavAdI vicAradhArA athavA saMnyAsavAdI vicAradhArA meM mukhya rUpa se duHkha-nivRtti ko hI darzana kA uddezya evaM dhyeya mAnA gayA hai| kintu usake mUla meM satya kA sAkSAtkAra hI rahA huA hai / bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne saMzaya ko athavA zaMkA ko darzana kI utpatti kA mUla kAraNa nahIM mAnA, kyoMki yahA~ kI pratyeka dArzanika paramparA apane dvArA svIkRta tattva meM AsthA evaM zraddhA rakhatI hai| saMzaya evaM zaMkA ko vaha eka prakAra kA dUSaNa hI mAnatI hai| jabaki pAzcAtyavicAraka use eka bhUSaNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM / darzana kI paribhASA: darzana-zAstra kI paribhASA kyA hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai, ki jIvana kI AlocanA (Critisim of Life) hI vastutaH darzana-zAstra kA paribhASA hai / yahA~ para pazcimI vidvAnoM ne darzana ke sambandha meM, usakI vyAkhyA evaM paribhASA ke sambandha meM jo vicAra vyakta kie haiM, ve isa prakAra se haiM 1. darzana kA viSaya sampUrNa vizva hai / 2. darzana kA sambandha vizva kI sAdhAraNa samasyAoM se nahIM, balki usakI mUla aura sAmAnya samasyAoM se hai /

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adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya 3. dArzanika ina samasyAoM para calate-phirate vicAra nahIM karatA, balki dRr3hatApUrvaka kaTibaddha hokara anta taka vicAra karatA hai / 136 4. dArzanika vicAra kI vidhi pUrNa rUpa se niSpakSa aura tarka-saMgata hai, isalie darzana kisI prakAra kI mAnyatAoM ko lekara satya zodhana ke mArga para agrasara nahIM hotA / vijJAnoM kI sAdhAraNa mAnyatAoM ko bhI darzana AlocanA karatA hai / 5. darzana vijJAna kI bhA~ti vizva ko aneka bhAgoM meM bA~Takara unakA alaga-alaga anuzIlana nahIM karatA / darzana vizva ko apanI sampUrNatA meM samajhane kI ceSTA karatA hai / ataH dArzanika dRSTikoNa samanvayAtmaka hai, aura vijJAnoM kA samIkaraNa usakA eka mukhya kArya haiM / 6. darzana ko vizva kI mUla samasyAoM se sambandhita praznoM kA uttara na samajhanA cAhie, balki una samasyAoM para vicAra karane kI tarka-saMgata vidhi aura unheM hala karane kA dRr3ha prayAsa hai / ina nirNayoM ke AdhAra para darzana kI paribhASA isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai - " darzana manuSya jIvana aura vizva kI mUla samasyAoM para tarkamUlaka vicAra aura tatsambandhI jJAna rAzi ke samIkaraNa dvArA sampUrNa satya kA yathArtha jJAna-lAbha karane kA prayatna hai / ' bhAratIya darzana meM darzana kA artha hai - dRSTi / jo dRSTi satya ko grahaNa karatI hai, athavA satya kA sAkSAtkAra karatI hai, use darzana kahA jAtA hai / darzana kA viSaya samagra vizva, samasta cetanA aura samasta padArtha hote haiM / darzana kI paridhi meM sabhI kucha samAhita kiyA jA sakatA hai / darzana kA prabhAva : mAnava jIvana para darzana kA prabhAva kaisA par3atA hai ? yaha bhI eka prazna hai ? jisake sambandha meM aneka vidvAnoM ne apane vicAra abhivyakta kie haiN| jaba hama darzana ko jIvana kI AlocanA svIkAra kara lete haiM, taba yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai, ki usakA prabhAva manuSya jIvana para avazya par3atA hai / isa jagatI tala para zAyada hI koI aisA manuSya ho, jisakA jIvana darzana se prabhAvita na ho / yadi vicAra ko manuSya jIvana kI vizeSatA svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, to yaha mAna lene meM kisI prakAra kI Apatti nahIM ho sakatI, 1 pAzcAtya darzana darpaNa, pRSTha 16 /

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 137 ki pratyeka manuSya apane Apa meM dArzanika hotA hai / darzana kA sambandha skUla aura kaoNleja kI zikSA se nahIM hai, isakA sambandha hai-hita evaM ahita kI vivecanA se / jo vyakti zubhatva evaM azubhatva ke sambandha meM jitanA adhika spaSTa vicAra kara sakatA hai, vaha utanA hI bar3A dArzanika mAnA jAtA hai| isase spaSTa hai, ki mAnava jIvana ke hara pahalU para darzana kA prabhAva par3atA hai / darzana kI mahattA ke sambandha meM bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya-darzanoM ne kAphI likhA hai| hamAre vyaktigata jIvana ke atirikta hamAre sAmAjika jIvana aura rASTrIya jIvana para bhI usakA prabhAva par3atA hai / kyoMki pratyeka sAmAjika viplava, vidroha athavA rAjanaitika krAnti ke pIche kucha prabhAvazAlI dArzanika siddhAntoM kI pRSThabhUmi rahatI hai / IsvI san 1786 ke phrAMsIsI viplava ke pIche dArzanika rUso ke krAntikArI vicAroM kI zakti thii| bhAratIya rAjanaitika krAnti meM athavA svatantratA saMgrAma meM rASTrapitA mahAtmA gAMdhI ke dArzanika vicAroM kI zakti thii| kyoMki unakA ahiMsAtmaka Andolana Aja ke yuga kA eka nayA darzana thA, jisake pIche unakA varSoM kA cintana aura manana thaa| isI prakAra samAjavAda aura sAmyavAda ke darzana ke pIche bhI dArzanika vyaktiyoM ke cintana kA bala hai| rUsI krAnti isakA eka jvalanta udAharaNa hai / isa prakAra darzana kA pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa meM vyakti, samAja aura rASTra para prabhAva par3atA hai| kyoMki kisI deza kI saMskRti usake dArzanika vicAroM kI praticchAyA hotI hai| pratyeka darzana ke pIche usa deza ke dArzanikoM ke cintana evaM manana kA prabala bala hotA hai / varzana kI vyApakatA : __jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM darzana sabase adhika vyApaka hai / kyoMki anya jitane bhI siddhAnta athavA vAda hote haiM, una sabakA mUla darzana meM ho upalabdha hotA hai| kisI bhI deza kI saMskRti aura itihAsa kI parIkSA usake darzana se hI kI jA sakatI hai / yahI kAraNa hai, ki yuga-yuga se samAja kA prabuddha varga darzana-zAstra kI vikAsa paramparA meM mahatvapUrNa yoga pradAna karatA AyA hai / kisI bhI jAti kI saMskRti ke mukhya aMga cAra mAne jAte haiM-tattva-jJAna, nIti, kalA aura vijJAna / pratyeka jAti hI nahIM, balki pratyeka vyakti ke jIvana meM bhI ina cAra aMgoM kA prabhAva spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| mAnava-jAti ke vikAsa ke ye cAra AdhAra-stambha mAne jAte haiN|

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138 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya inake abhAva meM manuja aura pazu meM kucha bhI antara nahIM rhegaa| vijJAna aura tattva-jJAna kA uddezya satya ko jAnanA hai| kalA kA uddezya saundarya ko utpanna karanA aura usakA rasa lenA hai| nIti kA uddezya manuSya ke AcaraNa ko vyavasthita karanA hai / dharma kA sambandha manuSya ke samagra jIvana se hai / dharma kisI pakSa kI ora se udAsIna nahIM ho sktaa| dharma ko koI nIti meM parigaNita karatA hai, aura koI bhakti meM karatA hai, tathA koI ise jhAna se sambandhita mAnatA hai / bhAratIya-darzana ke anusAra dharma meM jJAna, kameM aura bhakti tInoM kA samanvaya hai| isa prakAra darzana kI paridhi meM mAnava jIvana meM upayogI sabhI siddhAntoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai, ki darzana kI vyApakatA sabhI kSetroM meM svIkAra kI gaI hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI darzana kI vyApakatA kI paribhASA athavA vyAkhyA isa prakAra se karate haiN| bhale hI bhAratIya-darzana aura pAzcAtyadarzana meM bhaugolika, kAlika aura rAjanaitika vibheda rahe haiM / parantu jIvana kI vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM mAnava-jAti meM kisI bhI prakAra kA bheda nahIM raha sktaa| kyA yUnAna, yUropa aura amerikA ke jIvana ko jJAna, karma aura bhakti kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ? nizcaya hI, ina tInoM kI AvazyakatA se koI bhI inkAra nahIM kara sktaa| ataH darzana kI vyApakatA mAnava jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM svIkRta hotI rahI hai| darzana kI vicAra-prakriyA : __jo vyakti vicAra karatA hai athavA kisI tattva kA cintana karatA hai, use dArzanika kahA jAtA hai| darzana kI vicAra-prakriyA (The method of philosophy) anya vidyAoM ke kSetroM se bhinna hai| yadyapi pratyeka manuSya vAstava meM dArzanika hai, sAdhAraNa vyakti dArzanika kevala isa artha meM hai, ki vaha dArzanika viSayoM para kucha na kucha vicAra karatA hai aura unake sambandha meM apanA mata rakhatA hai| para sAdhAraNa manuSya ke vicAra na to dArzanika viSayoM kI gaharAI meM jAte haiM, aura na niyamabaddha aura yuktiyukta hote haiM / satya to yaha hai, ki isa prakAra ke vicAra aspaSTa, andhavizvAsapUrNa evaM pakSapAta se dUSita hote haiN| use darzana kI saMjJA na dekara adhika se adhika sAdhAraNa manuSya kA darzana athavA sAdhAraNa buddhivAlA darzana (philosophy common-sense) kahA jA sakatA hai|' 1 pAzcAtya darzana darpaNa, pR. 8 .

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 136 bhale hI ve lokapriya sAmAnya vicAra ke viparIta dArzanika vicAra tarka-saMgata aura vyavasthita hote haiM / pakSapAta, paramparAgata dhAraNAoM aura vyaktigata saMskAroM se dUSita nahIM hote / dArzanika vyakti apane vicAra kSetra meM pUrNa rUpa se svatantra hotA hai / vaha samAja aura zAsana athavA isa prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kI, jinake Upara samAja kI pUrI zraddhA hotI hai, aura jinake vAkya samAja ke lie brahmavAkya samAna hote haiM, cintana nahIM karatA / isa prakAra ke cintana ke lie zuddha aura sAttvika buddhi se adhika pavitra anya vastu nahIM ho sakatI / ataH vaha sabhI prakAra ke siddhAntoM ko, phira aura sarvamAnya kyoM na hoM, buddhi kI kasoTI para kasakara parakhatA hai aura phira unheM svIkAra karatA hai| isakA vicAra sAmAnya manuSya ke vicAra kI bhAMti aspaSTa aura andhavizvAsapUrNa nahIM hotA / vaha apane viSaya kI gaharAI meM jAtA hai aura usake yathArtha tathA antima svarUpa ko jAnane kA prayAsa karatA hai / cintana kI itanI lambI evaM gaharI zakti hone para bhI vyakti dArzanika bana sakatA hai aura darzana ke kSetra meM kucha pradAna kara sakatA hai / isa sambandha meM paiTrika ne likhA hai- It is the art of thinking things though aura vilyama jemsa ne kahA hai-- It is an unusually persistent effort to think clearly. isa prakAra pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne cintana karane kI paddhati ke sambandha meM aura cintaka vyakti ke sambandha meM paryApta prakAza DAlA hai / dArzanika apane vicAroM meM aneka prakAra kI vidhiyoM kA prayoga karate haiM, unameM se mukhya do haiM - Agamana (induction ), aura nigamana (deduction) / Agamana kI vidhi ke anusAra hama anubhava dvArA eka jAti ke bahuta se viSayoM kA jJAna prApta karate haiM / aura phira unameM vyApta niyama aura siddhAnta ko DhUMDha nikAlane kA prayatna karate haiM / jaise duHkha kA kAraNa jAnane ke lie hama kucha duHkhI vyaktiyoM kA nirIkSaNa aura adhyayana karate haiM mora Avazyaka jAMca-par3atAla karane ke bAda yaha mAlUma karate haiM ki pratyeka vyakti meM jo duHkha hai, kisI na kisI viSaya kA abhAva hai, jisameM usakI Asakti hai, isa AdhAra para hama yaha siddhAnta sthira karate haiM, ki viSayAsakti duHkha kA kAraNa hai / ' Agamana kI vidhi meM nirIkSaNa ke atirikta prayoga kA bhI AdhAra liyA jAtA hai / yaha vicAra karanA bhUla hogI ki prayoga manovaijJA 1 pAzcAtya darzana darpaNa, pR. 6-10

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140 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya nikoM kI prayogazAlA meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / vicAra ke kSetra meM bhI hama prayoga kara sakate haiM / yadi hama sAdhAraNatayA kisI vicAra, siddhAnta athavA mata ko siddha nahIM kara sakate to hama vicAra kSetra meM use phira prayoga karate haiM / prayoga kA artha hai ki hama usa siddhAnta ko mAna kara calate haiM, aura usase jitane anumAna nikAle jA sakate haiM, unheM nikAla kara dekhate haiM ki ve dUsare siddhAntoM se, jinheM hama siddha kara cuke haiM, athavA isa prakAra ke tathyoM se jinake bAre meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, mela khAte haiM athavA nahIM / udAharaNa ke rUpa se Age calakara anubhavavAda (Empiricism) prasaMga meM dekheMge ki yaha eka dArzanika prayoga thA, jo isa siddhAnta ko mAnakara kiyA thA, ki jJAna kA ekamAtra sAdhana anubhava hai / isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para darzana ke itihAsa meM lAka ( Locke) aura barkale ( Berkeley) ne darzana zAstra kI eka U~cI imArata khar3I ko thI / prasiddha anubhavavAdI hya Uma (Hume) ne dekhA ki isa imArata kI IMTeM to avazya anubhava kI banI haiM, para unakI cinAI evaM jur3AI mukhya-mukhya sthAnoM para buddhi ke masAle se ho rahI hai| usane jaba buddhi kI sahAyatA ke binA hI nae sire se isa imArata ko khar3A karanA cAhA, to vaha ise bhUmi se eka iMca bhI Upara na uThA sakA / isakA spaSTa artha yaha hai ki use sandehavAda (Scepticism) kI zaraNa lenI par3I aura yaha ghoSaNA karanI par3I ki vizva kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna sambhava nahIM hai / dArzanikoM ko isa prayoga se bar3A lAbha huA / unhoMne yaha jAna liyA ki kevala anubhava ke dvArA vizva kA yathArtha aura nizcayAtmaka jJAna prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / nigamana kI vidhi Agamana ke ThIka viparIta hai | Agamana meM hama anubhava dvArA jJAta hue vyaktigata tathyoM ke AdhAra para eka sAmAnya siddhAMta ko siddha karate haiM, jabaki nigamana meM jJAta hue athavA mAne hue sAmAnya siddhAnta ke AdhAra para kisI vyaktigata athavA kama sAmAnya tathya ko siddha karate haiM / jaise yadi hama yaha siddhAnta mAna leM, ki jisa vastu kA hameM anubhava nahIM hai, usakA astitva bhI nahIM hai / to isake AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki Izvara kA hameM anubhava nahIM hai / ataH Izvara kA astitva nahIM hai / dArzanika vicAra paddhati meM Agamana aura nigamana donoM hI prakAra kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / isake atirikta vicAra kI do anya paddhati bhI haiM - vizleSaNa ( analysis ) aura saMzleSaNa (synthesis ) / ina donoM paddhatiyoM se bhI dArzanika apane vicAroM kA vizleSaNa karake kisI tathya para pahu~cane kA prayatna karate haiM /

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 141 dArzanika kisI samasyA para vicAra karate samaya vizleSaNa aura saMzleSaNa meM donoM kA prayoga karate haiM / vizleSaNa kI vidhi meM vaha usa samasyA ke vibhAga kara letA hai, aura phira pratyeka vibhAga para alaga-alaga vicAra karatA hai, jisase ki vaha usa samasyA kI gaharAI taka pahu~ca sake, aura usase sambandhita jitane prayatna haiM, sabakA bhalI prakAra khulAsA ho jAe~ / saMzlezNa kI vidhi meM samasyA ke aMzoM ke bAre meM usane jo alaga-alaga jJAna prApta kiyA hai, usakA samanvaya karake pUrNa samasyA kA vAstavika jJAna prApta karatA hai / aMza aura aMzI kabhI eka dUsare se alaga nahIM hote / ataH aMza kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie aMzI ko samajhanA par3atA hai, aura aMzI kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie usake aMzoM ko samajhanA par3atA hai / jaise sAikila ke pahiye kA hameM ThIka ThIka jJAna nahIM ho sakatA, yadi usakI tIliyoM kA jJAna na ho aura tIliyoM ke svabhAva aura unakI upayogitA kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA, yadi pahiye kA jJAna na ho| isa prakAra dArzanika loga vizleSaNa aura saMzleSaNa vidhi ke dvArA vastu tattva kA ThIka ThIka anveSaNa karate haiM / darzana aura vyavahAra : darzana ke sambandha meM jo sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa prazna hotA hai, vaha yaha hai ki darzana vyavahAra kI vastu hai athavA Adarza kI vastu hai / Adarza use kahA jAtA hai, jo hamArI kalpanA meM to ho, parantu vaha kalpanA jIvana meM kabhI sAkAra na ho ske| isa prakAra ke siddhAnta ko athavA vikAra ko AdarzavAda kahA jAtA hai / isake viparIta vyavahAravAda kA artha hotA hai, ki vaha siddhAnta, jise manuSya apane jIvana ke dharAtala para utAra sakatA hai, isa prakAra Adarza aura vyavahAra kI vyAkhyA bhAratIya darzanoM meM kama parantu pAzcAtya darzanoM meM adhika hotI hai / bhAratIya dArzanikoM kA apanA hI vizvAsa rahA hai, ki hamAre darzana meM koI isa prakAra kA vicAra nahIM hai, jise hama apane jIvana meM na utAra sakeM / mAtra kalpanA athavA mAtra vicAra yahA~ darzana kA AdhAra kabhI nahIM bana sakA / isake viparIta yorupa ke darzana meM aneka vicAradhArAe~ isa prakAra kI haiM, jo kevala buddhi para hI bhAra detI hai, aura kevala kalpanA loka meM vicaraNa karatI haiM / jinakA AdhAra hamArA mAnasika jAla ho sakatA hai, vyAvahArika jIvana nahIM / mere vicAra meM darzana meM Adarza aura vyavahAra donoM kA samanvaya honA caahiye| darzana ke sambandha meM Upara jo kucha kahA gayA hai usase darzana kI upayogitA svataH siddha ho jAtI hai / parantu darzana ke sambandha meM sAmAnyajanoM meM aneka prakAra

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142 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya ke bhrAntipUrNa vicAra bhI pracalita haiM, jinake kAraNa kucha anabhijJa logoM ko isakI prayojana-zIlatA ke sambandha meM sandeha ho jAtA ho, yaha svAbhAvika hai / kyoMki kucha logoM kI dhAraNA hai, ki darzana eka kalpanA athavA mAnasika kalAbAjI mAtra hai / jIvana se isakA koI sambandha nhiiN| isake dvArA hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana kI koI samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM miltaa| isakA spaSTa artha hai-na isase udara pUrti hotI hai, aura na jeba pUrti / yaha dhAraNA una logoM kI hai, jinakA dRSTikoNa atyanta saMkIrNa rahA hai| inake vicAra meM khAnA-kamAnA hI jIvana kA sAra hai / darzana khAne kamAne kI samasyA kA samAdhAna avazya nahIM karatA, aura isalie inakI samajha meM darzana kA kucha bhI prayojana nahIM ho sakatA / athavA hamAre vyavahAra meM usakA kucha bhI artha nahIM ho sktaa| parantu rojI aura roTI hI insAnI jindagI kA makasada nahIM hai / aura na rojo evaM roTI se manuSya ke Antarika jIvana kI paripuSTi hI hotI hai| manuSya svabhAvataH hI apane vartamAna jIvana se asantuSTa rahatA hai / kyoMki vaha jo kucha hai aura jitanA hai usase adhika honA cAhatA hai| ataH vaha una AdarzoM kI khoja karatA hai aura usakA jIvana una AdarzoM ko prApta karane kA prayAsa karatA hai, jinake dvArA vaha apane jIvana ko adhika ucca banA sake / vAstava meM darzana zAstra AdoM kI khoja meM manuSya kI sahAyatA karatA hai| eka pAzcAtya vidvAna ne kahA -Philosophy looks not only at what man is at presenttime at what he may in the future, Philosophy is the criticism of life. darzanazAstra yaha nahIM dekhatA, ki manuSya kA vartamAna kAlika rUpa kyA hai, balki vaha yaha kahatA hai, ki manuSya ko bhaviSya meM kaisA bananA hai| kyoMki darzana kA artha jIvana kI samAlocanA hai / jaba ki darzana jIvana kI samAlocanA hai, taba nizcaya hI darzana kA upayoga evaM prayoga jIvana ke lie hI kiyA gayA hai / yahI darzana zAstra kA vyavahAravAda hai / isake viparIta AdarzavAda kI mAnyatA yaha hai, ki Adarza jitane U~ce hote haiM, utane hI sUkSma aura vartamAna jIvana se dUra hote haiM / ataH sAmAnya manuSyoM ko darzana bhI manuSya ke vyAvahArika jIvana se dUra usakI adbhuta kalpanA mAtra pratIta hotA hai| sAdhAraNa manuSya sAmAnya sAMsArika sukha-bhoga ko hI prayojana mAnakara jaba darzana zAstra aura usake UMce AdarzoM ko arthahIna batalAyA hai, taba vaha apane mana ke samarthana meM kucha tarka bhI prastuta kiyA karatA hai| yadi vaha apane vicAra meM koI tarka prastuta nahIM kara sakatA, taba nizcaya hI darzana

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pAzcAtya darzana ko pRSThabhUmi 143 zAstra ke kSetra meM usakA mUlya nahIM hogaa| yadi vaha apane mata ke samarthana meM takaM prastuta karatA hai aura apanI bAta ko yuktiyukta siddha karane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai, taba nizcaya hI vaha usake vicAra kA acchA pariNAma hai aura isa artha meM vaha eka prakAra se darzana zAstra kI hI abhivyakti karatA hai| isa prakAra Adarza aura vyavahAra ko lekara pAzcAtya darzana ke kSetra meM aneka prakAra ke vivAda samaya-samaya para prastuta hue haiM, aura paraspara unameM khaNDana aura maNDana kI paddhati bhI pracalita rahI hai| isa viSamatA ko dUra karane kA eka hI upAya ho sakatA hai, aura vaha yaha hai, ki donoM meM samanvaya sthApita ho / tatva aura darzana: kyA tattva aura darzana kA eka hI artha hai ? athavA bhinna-bhinna artha hai ? sAmAnya loga bhale hI tattva aura darzana kA eka artha samajheM, parantu vicAraka vyakti ke lie kabhI unakA eka artha nahIM ho sakatA / phira bhI itanA to satya ho hai ki jahAM darzana hotA hai, vahA~ tattva kI upasthiti hotI hI hai / aura jahAM tattva hogA, vahA~ darzana bhI avazya hI rhegaa| pAzcAtya darzana meM darzana zAstra ke lie (Philosophy) zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, parantu vAstava meM (Philosophy) aura darzana meM bhI bar3A antara hai / philosophI kA artha hotA hai, vidyA kA anurAga / parantu darzana zabda kA artha hotA hai, satya kA sAkSAtkAra / ataH darzana-zAstra itanA vyApaka hai ki usakI paridhi meM sabhI prakAra ke satya, sabhI dezoM ke satya aura sabhI kAloM ke satya samAhita ho jAte haiM / tattva zabda kA artha vastu kA mUla svarUpa hotA hai| eka kavi ne tattva pada kA saMkSepa meM artha-nirdeza karate hue kahA hai-tattvaM brahmaNi yaathaayeN| tattva kA artha brahma aura vastu kA yathArtha rUpa hotA hai| tattva zabda aneka sthAnoM meM aura bhinnabhinna prasaMgoM para vividha arthoM meM prayukta dekhA jAtA hai| parantu ukta donoM arthoM meM ina nae arthoM kI chAyA kA saMgraha ho jAtA hai| yahAM brahma kA artha mUla kAraNa leM aura yathArthatA kA bhAva kisI bhI vastu yA ghaTanA kI yathAvat sthiti-mUla ke sAtha saMvAda sthiti leM to phira zeSa dUsare arthoM kA bhAva samajhanA satya ho jAegA / tattva artha ke mUla kAraNa evaM yathArthatA isa prakAra jo do artha phalita hue haiM, ve mAnavI jijJAsA kA sujhAva, gati 1 pAzcAtya darzana darpaNa, pR. 11

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144 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya evaM vatti sUcita karate haiN| mAnava buddhi ke vikAsa kA jo itihAsa usakI kRtiyoM para se phalita hotA hai, vaha eka tattva-vidyA zabda se hI sUcita hotA hai / isa vikAsa kA prathama sopAna hai-avidyA athavA ajJAna kA kisI bhI prakAra se sAmanA karanA, use dUra karanA / dvitIya sopAna haiajJAna kA nivAraNa karake mAtra jJAna prApta karanA / itanA hI nahIM balki isakA bhI nizcaya karanA ki prApta jJAna meM kisI prakAra kA saMzaya aura bhrama to nahIM hai / tRtIya sopAna hai, usake kAraNa kI gaveSaNA karanA aura vaha gaveSaNA bhI antima kAraNa paryanta karate rahanA / kyoMki tattva kA jJAna kevala uparI sataha kI bAtoM se nahIM ho sktaa| aba darzana zAstra ke sambandha meM vicAra kara lenA ucita hogaa| tattva vidyA mUla rUpa se adhyAtma vidyA hai / isameM adhibhUta adhidaiva viSaya Ate haiM avazya, parantu antataH unakA nirUpaNa adhyAtma vidyA meM hI paryavasita hotA hai / ataH tattva vidyA, adhyAtma-vidyA athavA paravidyA ko darzana kahA jAtA hai| bhAratIya bhASAoM meM darzana, dArzanika sAhitya aura dArzanika vidvAna jaise zabda pracalita haiN| isa sabakA sIdhA sambandha adhyAtma vidyA ke sAtha hai| yahA~ yaha prazna hotA hai, ki darzana zabda kA pracalita artha siddha hotA hai-cakSurjanya jJAna / kyoMki cakSuS jJAna ke bodhaka dRSTA zabda para se yaha zabda niSpanna huA hai| phira bhI usakA yaha sAmAnya artha grahaNa na karake ukta vizeSa artha hI grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| kyoMki vyAvahArika aura sthUla jIvana meM darzana satya ke samIpa adhika se adhika hone se vahI darzana zabda adhyAtma jJAna ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| jina RSi, muni, kavi aura yogiyoM ne AtmA-paramAtmA jaisI anindriya vastuoM kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA ho, unheM draSTA kahA jAtA hai / kyoM ki AdhyAtmika padArthoM kA unakA sAkSAt Akalana satya sparzI hone se darzana kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra adhyAtma vidyA ke artha meM pracalita darzana zabda kA phalitArtha yaha hotA hai, ki AtmA, paramAtmA aura indriya tIna vastuoM kA jo spaSTa sandeha rahita aura yathArtha bodha hotA hai, vahI vastutaH darzana hai| isa prakAra tattva aura darzana kI bheda rekhA hamAre sAmane spaSTa ho jAtI hai| darzana-zAstra kA mukhya pratipAdya viSaya tattva-mImAMsA athavA tattva-vicAra hI hotA hai| parantu sAtha meM usa tattva kI parIkSA karane ke lie jJAna-bhImAMsA bhI kI jAtI hai / aura 1 bhAratIya tattva vidyA, pR. 5-6

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 145 usa tattva ko jIvana meM kaise utArA jAtA hai, isake lie AcAra-mImAMsA kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI hai| bhAratIya darzanoM kI yaha paramparA rahI hai ki jaba kisI bhI darzana para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, taba usakI tattva-mImAMsA, jJAna-mImAMsA aura AcAra-mImAMsA kA hI vizleSaNa evaM saMzleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai / kintu pAzcAtya darzana ko sthiti isase bhinna hai| usameM AcAra ke lie jarA bhI sthAna nahIM hai| aura tattva-mImAMsA adhika vikasita nahIM bana pAI / unakA eka mAtra bala jJAna-mImAMsA para hI kendrita rahA hai / grIka aura bhAratIya tatva-cintana : sAmAnya rUpa se yaha mAnA jAtA rahA hai, ki grIka aura bhAratIya tattva-cintana kI ye do dhArAe~ atyanta prAcIna haiM / kucha vidvAna eka lambe samaya se ina donoM vicAradhArAoM ke paraspara sambandha kA vicAra karate rahe haiM / yaha prazna uThAne vAle pAzcAtya vidvAna hI haiM / aura isakA uttara sarvaprathama unhIM kI ora se diyA gayA hai| bAda meM kucha bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne bhI udhara apanA dhyAna diyaa| aura grIka evaM bhAratIya tattva kA paraspara kyA sambandha hai, isa sambandha meM vicAra-carcA prArambha kI / kucha jarmana aura dUsare vidvAna apane tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke bala para yaha mAnate the, ki grIka tattva-cintana kA bhAratIya tattva-cintana para prabhAva par3A hai| dUsarI ora gAya jaise vidvAna yahI mAnate rahe haiM ki bhAratIya tattva-cintana kA grIka tattva-cintana para prabhAva par3A hai / maiksa mUlara ne isa sambandha meM jo socA hai, vaha yaha hai ki kisI eka vicAradhArA kA dUsarI vicAradhArA para prabhAva par3A ho, isa prakAra kA koI puSTa pramANa nahIM hai| phira bhI yaha satya hai ki grIka aura bhAratIya tattva-cintana meM kucha sAmyatA avazya hai| isa sAmyatA ke AdhAra para yaha kahanA hai ki eka dUsare kA prabhAva eka dUsare para par3A hai, ucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne bhI isa sambandha meM apanA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai / unakA mantavya hai ki grIka tattvacintana ko aneka AdhyAtmika evaM saMyama-pradhAna jIvana kI bAtoM para bhAratIya tatva-cintana kA aura unake saMyamI jIvana kA spaSTa hI prabhAva par3A hai|' isa prakAra tattva-cintana ko lekara vidvAnoM meM paraspara vicAra-bheda 1 bhAratIya tattva-vidyA, pR0 15-16

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146 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya tasva-zAna aura vijJAna : vijJAna aura tattva-jJAna meM kyA bheda hai ? isa prazna ke uttara ke pUrva hameM vijJAna aura tattva-jJAna ko samajhanA pdd'egaa| vijJAna ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai, ki bhautika vijJAna prakRti ke rUpoM aura usakI kriyAoM kA adhyayana karatA hai / prakRti kI abhivyakti tIna rUpoM meM hotI hai-Thosa, tarala aura gaisa / Thosa padArtha ke aNu eka-dUsare ke nikaTa rahanA cAhate haiM, yahI kAraNa hai, ki Thosa padArtha kA vistAra aura AkAra sthira hote haiM / jaise-maiM kisI pustaka ko dekhatA hU~, to pustaka kA vistAra aura AkAra sthira rUpa meM rahatA hai| tarala padArtha ke aNuoM meM itanA ghaniSTha sambandha nahIM hotA, ve sImAmoM ke andara apane sthAna ko badala sakate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai, ki usakA vistAra to sthira hotA hai para AkAra sthira nahIM hotA / jaise-mere sAmane glAsa meM pAnI rakhA hai / abhI vaha glAsa ke AkAra meM hai, aura dUsare pAtra meM DAla dene se usakA dUsarA AkAra bana jAtA hai| gaisa ke aNu eka-dUsare se jitanI dUra jA sake, jAnA cAhate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai, ki usakA vistAra aura AkAra nizcita nahIM hotA / prakRti kI kriyA gati ke rUpa meM hotI hai / bhautika-vijJAna sAmAnya prakRti kA adhyayana karatA hai| vaha prakRti ke vividha guNoM kI ora dhyAna nahIM detA / rasAyana-vidyA isa bheda kI ora vizeSa dhyAna detI hai| usakA kArya prakRti ke saMyoga evaM viyoga kA adhyayana karanA hai| hAIDrojana aura AksIjana vizeSa mAtrA meM mileM, to jala prakaTa ho jAtA hai, jisake guNa una donoM ke guNoM se bhinna hote haiN| prANI-vidyA jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kA adhyayana karatI hai / isa prakAra vijJAna ke aneka rUpa haiN|' tattva-jJAna kA kSetra vijJAna se bhinna bhI hai, aura vyApaka bhI / isa ke kSetra ke bAhara kucha bhI nhiiN| vijJAna kI pratyeka zAkhA sattA ke kisI eka aMza kA adhyayana karatI hai, jabaki tattva-jJAna kA viSaya samagra-sattA hai / isake vistAra aura AkAra niHsIma hai| samagra vizva isake vivecana kA viSaya hai| yahI kAraNa hai, ki tattva-jJAna vijJAna se alaga par3a jAtA hai / prakRti-vijJAna tathya kI khoja ko apane uddezya meM prathama sthAna detA hai, jabaki tattva-jJAna bhautika tattvoM ko apane vivecana kA viSaya banAtA hai| bhautika-vijJAna prakRti aura usakI gati ke viSaya meM khoja karatA 1 tattva-jJAna, pRSTha 4

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 147 hai / gati eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna ko hotI hai| kiso vaijJAnika se jaba yaha pUchA jAtA hai, ki tumheM kaise mAlUma hai, ki prakRti kA astitva hai ? tumheM kaise patA hai, ki deza aura kAla sattA ke bhAga haiM, aura bhrama-mAtra nahIM ? vaha uttara detA hai, ki maiM ina jhameloM meM nahIM pdd'taa| jo kucha mere sAmane prastuta hai, maiM usI para vicAra karatA hai, usI kA prayoga karatA hai aura usI kA parIkSaNa karatA huuN| isake viparIta tattva-jJAna kisI bhI ulajhana se bacane kA prayatna nahIM karatA, balki vaha unheM sulajhAne kA hI prayatna karatA hai / jaba hama bAhara kI ora dekhate haiM, to ghaTanAoM ko hI dekhate hai / parantu kabhI-kabhI hama andara kI ora bhI dRSTi ko pherate haiM, vahA~ hama jJAna ke sAtha pasanda aura nA-pasanda bhAvoM ko bhI dekhate haiN| hama nIca aura U~ca meM bheda karate hai / bhautika-vijJAna ke lie rAga aura kolAhala donoM zabda mAtra haiM / tattva-jJAna AdarzoM ko apane adhyayana kSetra meM ucca sthAna detA hai / yaha Adarza satya, sundara aura ziva ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai / isa prakAra vijJAna aura tattva-jJAna meM mukhya rUpa se tIna bheda haiM-- 1. vijJAna kI pratyeka zAkhA apane lie eka sImita kSetra nizcita karatI hai, tattva-jJAna kA viSaya samasta sattA hai / 2. vijJAna kI pratyeka zAkhA apanA adhyayana kucha dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para prArambha karatI hai, jabaki tattva-jJAna samasta dhAraNAoM para vicAra karatA hai, aura apanA nirNaya detA hai| 3. vijJAna prakaTanoM kI duniyA se pare nahIM jAtA, vaha yaha bhI nahIM pUchatA, ki isa duniyA se pare kucha dUsarA hai bhI, yA nahIM, tattva-jJAna ke lie yaha prazna atIva mahattva kA hai / / isa prakAra vijJAna aura tattva-jJAna eka-dUsare se alaga rahakara bhI satya kI zodha karate haiM, aura apanI-apanI paddhati se usakI vyAkhyA bhI prastuta karate haiM / vijJAna kA kSetra sImita hai, jabaki tattva-jJAna kI kisI bhI prakAra kI sImA nahIM hai / dharma aura tattva-jJAna : maiM Apake sAmane tIna vAkya bola rahA hU~-bAhara kI ora dekho, 1 tattva-jJAna, pRSTha 6

Page #157
148 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya andara kI ora dekho, Upara kI ora dekho| bhautika vijJAna kahatA haibAhara kI ora dekho| bAhara kI ora hama dekhate to rahate hI haiM, vijJAna kahatA hai, ki jo kucha dekheM use vyavasthita aura gaThita kreN| manovijJAna kahatA hai-andara kI ora dekho| andara kI ora bhI hama dekhate hI rahate haiM, para aniyamita rUpa meM / maiM nadI ke kinAre baiThA hai-usake vistAra, usake AkAra, usakI lahareM aura usake pravAha ko dekha rahA hai| pIche se eka mitra AtA hai, aura kahatA hai-kyA kara rahe ho ? maiM kahatA hU~-nadI kA Ananda le rahA hai / mitra ke Ane se pahale maiM bAhara kI ora dekha rahA thA, aura usake prazna pUchane para maiMne andara kI ora dekhanA prArambha kiyA, aura dekhA ki antara meM kyA cintana cala rahA hai ? manovijJAna kahatA hai, ki jo kucha mana ke viSaya meM dekho, use vyavasthita kro| isa prakAra bhautika-vijJAna aura manovijJAna donoM manuSya ko tathyoM kI duniyA meM rakhate haiM / dharma kahatA hai-Upara kI ora dekho| taba hama tathya kI duniyA se Upara uThate haiM, aura AdarzoM ko duniyA meM pahuMca jAte haiM / hama apane alpa svatva ko vizva kA kendra nahIM, usakA eka tuccha bhAga samajhate haiN| dharma hameM vaisA karane kA Adeza detA hai| dharma kevala mantavya nahIM, jIvana kA DhaMga hai / prakAza nahIM, Atma-siddhi isakA lakSya hai| isa lakSya meM maMtavya aura kartavya donoM sammilita haiN| yahAM hameM dekhanA hai, ki dharma aura tattvajJAna ke daSTikoNa meM kyA bheda hai / phrAMsa ke vicAraka AgasTa kAmaTa kA vicAra hai, ki apane mAnasika vikAsa meM samasta mAnava jAti tIna staroM se gujarI hai| jisa jagata meM hama jIvana vyatIta karate haiM, use samajhanA Avazyaka hai| use samajhane ke lie kAmaTa ne tIna staroM kA ullekha kiyA hai - 1. prathama stara meM vizva kI ghaTanAoM ko cetana zaktiyoM kI kriyA samajhA jAtA thaa| jaba aneka devI-devatAoM ke sthAna meM eka Izvara kI pUjA hone lagI, taba bhI prakRti kI ghaTanAoM ke samAdhAna meM koI maulika parivartana nahIM huaa| isako AstikavAda kahA jAtA hai| 2. dvitIya-stara meM cetana-deva athavA devoM kA sthAna acetana zaktiyoM ne liyA / prathama stara meM loga vizvAsa karate the, ki IzvarIya vyavasthA ke adhIna candra pRthvI ke cAroM ora ghUmatA hai| dvitIya stara meM 1 tattva-jJAna, pRSTha 7-8

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 146 unhoMne AkarSaNa zakti ko zaraNa lI / kAmaTa ise dArzanika-stara kahatA hai / 3. tRtIya-stara meM jisa para mAnava jAti aba cala rahI hai, kalpanA ko eka ora rakha diyA hai, aura tathya ko yathArtha rUpa meM dekhanA hI paryApta samajhA jAtA hai / yadi kisI samAdhAna kI sambhAvanA hai, to vaha hamArI pahu~ca se pare hai / kAmaTa ise vAstavikatA-vAda kahatA hai| kAmaTa ke anusAra dharma aura tattva-jJAna donoM pUrvakAla meM sAMsArika ghaTanAoM ke samAdhAna svIkAra kie jAte the / aba donoM kA samaya bIta cukA hai| jarmanI ke dArzanika hegala ne dharma aura tattva-jJAna ko abhinna batAyA hai| bhArata meM gItA meM kucha loga tattva-jJAna par3hate haiM, para adhikAMza loga ise dharma-pustaka ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| eka anya vicAra ke anusAra dharma tattva-jJAna se Age jAtA hai| tattva-jJAna Atmika jIvana ke eka aza ke sAtha sambaddha hai, isakA zraddhA aura karma se sambandha nhiiN| dharma kA uddezya Atma-siddhi hai, jisameM jJAna, bhakti aura karma tInoM kA mUlya hai| vijJAna, tattva-jJAna aura dharma tInoM satya kA svarUpa jAnanA cAhate haiM, para use kaise prApta kiyA jaae| yaha eka samasyA hai, jisakA samAdhAna bhAratIya-darzana isa prakAra se detA hai bhArata meM darzana-zAstra pramANoM ko apane adhyayana kA eka mukhya viSaya batAtA AyA hai| pramANa tIna haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda / pratyakSa vaha hai, jo indriyoM ke prayoga se prApta hotA hai, athavA andara kI ora dRSTi DAlane se spaSTa anubhUta hotA hai| jaise-maiM kalama ko dekhatA hU~ / paramANuoM ko hama dekha nahIM sakate, parantu jo kucha dekhate haiM, usake AdhAra para usakA anumAna karate haiM / eka lar3akA apanI mAM ko poTa rahA hai / maiM jAnanA cAhatA hU~, ki vaha aisA kyoM karatA hai ? sthiti ko dekhakara maiM anumAna karatA hU~, ki usake dimAga meM kucha vikAra hai| lar3ake kA pitA pAsa khar3A dekha rahA hai| maiM usakI isa bhAvanA ko nIca vatti kahatA hai| yaha U~ca-nIca kA vicAra na pratyakSa hai, aura na anumAna, yaha zabda pramANa hai| vijJAna meM pratyakSa pradhAna hai, tattva-jJAna meM anumAna kI pradhAnatA hai, aura dharma zabda pramANa para Azrita hai| dharma kA artha hai-zAstra-Azrita bhaavnaa| itihAsa aura darzana : kyA darzana ko kisI itihAsa kI AvazyakatA hai ? bhAratIya vidvAna

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150 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya isakA niSedhAtmaka uttara dete haiM / para pAzcAtya vidvAna yaha svIkAra karate haiM, ki jaba jJAna ke anya kSetroM kA itihAsa ho sakatA hai, taba darzana - zAstra kA itihAsa kyoM nahIM hogA ? bhAratIya darzana itihAsa- baddha nahIM hai, isa prakAra kA AkSepa pAzcAtya vidvAna kiyA karate haiM / vAstava meM bhAratIyadarzana, apane Apa meM darzana hai, vicAra zAstra hai, vaha saMvata aura tithiyoM kI gaNanA ko utanA mahatva nahIM detA, jitanA ki vicAroM kI kramabaddhatA ko| yadi vicAroM kI kramabaddhatA kA nAma hI itihAsa ho, taba nizciya hI vaha bhAratIya darzana meM pahale bhI upalabdha thA, aura Aja bhI upalabdha hai / pAzcAtya darzana kI sthiti bhAratIya darzana se bhinna hai / usakA apanA eka kramabaddha itihAsa hai, aura kramika vikAsa bhI / darzana - zAstra kA itihAsa mAnava ke dArzanika vivecana kI eka lambI kahAnI hai / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne darzana - zAstra ke itihAsa ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai 1. prAcIna tattvajJAna 2. madhyakAlIna tattva-jJAna 3. navIna tattva - jJAna kucha loga madhyakAlIna tattva-jJAna ko prAcIna aura navIna kAla meM mela karane vAlI kar3I samajhate haiM, aura itihAsa ke do bhAgoM ko hI mahatva - pUrNa samajhate haiM / prAcIna kAla meM jo svatantra vicAra huA, usakA mukhya kendra yUnAna rahA / roma kA vicAra yUnAna ke vicAra para AdhArita thA / Adhunika kAla meM yUropa meM aneka sthAnoM meM vivecaka vidvAna prakaTa hue haiM / isa vicAra para se pazcimI darzana ke itihAsa ko yUnAnI aura yUropI do bhAgoM meM bhI bAMTA jA sakatA hai / apanI kalpanA se hama darzana - zAstra ke itihAsa ke anya vibhAga bhI kalpita kara sakate haiM aura kie bhI haiM / jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai - darzana - zAstra ke mukhya tIna viSaya haiM - bAhya jagata, jIva aura Izvara / prAcIna yUnAna ke loga jAnanA cAhate the, ki yaha jagata kahA~ se AyA ? kaise AyA ? aura kyoM AyA ? vicA rakoM ne jagata ke mUla tattva kI vyAkhyA karate hue- kisI ne jala ko, kisI ne agni ko aura kisI ne vAyu ko usakA mUla kAraNa batAyA / kisI ne Age bar3hakara yaha bhI kahA, ki jagata ke mUla kAraNa ko prakRti meM DhUMr3hanA vyartha hai, isake lie cetana-zakti kI AvazyakatA hai| arastU ne kahA, ki sAre andhoM meM kevala eka ronaksegorasa hI eka dekhane vAlA thA, isake pIche yUnAna meM mukhya prazna vizva aura cetana isake mUla kAraNa ke sambandha ko samajhA jAne lagA /

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pAzcAtya darzana ko pRSThabhUmi 151 madhya kAla meM mukhya prazna AtmA aura paramAtmA kA sambandha banA / isa kAla ke vicAraka pleTo aura arastU ke vicAroM se prabhAvita the / IsAI mata ko bhI ve svIkAra kara cuke the / unakA prayatna yaha thA ki sfer kI zikSA ko ina dArzanikoM kI zikSA ke anukUla siddha kareM / yahI kAraNa hai, ki isa kAla ke vidvAnoM ke vicAra svatantra nahIM rahe / kyoMki ve jakar3oM meM jakar3e hue the - eka arastU ke vicAroM ko, aura dUsarI bAibila kI / vAstava meM isa madhyakAla ke cintana ko darzana nahIM kahA jA sakatA, usakI vyAkhyA hI kahA jA sakatA hai / navIna kAla kA prArambha 15 vIM zatI se hotA hai / isa yuga kI mukhya vizeSatA vicAroM kI svAdhInatA hai / tattva-jJAna ko dharma se alaga kiyA gayA / pleTo aura arastU ko bhI AlocanA kA viSaya banA diyA gayA / isa kArya ko karane kA mukhya zreya bekana ko hai / bekana kA maulika siddhAnta yaha thA - vAstavikatA ko dekho, aura apanI kalpanA se Arambha na kro| vaha kahatA hai, ki dekho tathya kyA hai ? jAnalaoNka ne varSoM apanI mAnasika avasthAoM kA parIkSaNa karake apanI vikhyAta pustaka likhI / barkale aura hya Uma ne ise carama sImA taka pahu~cA diyaa| phira jarmanI vidvAnoM ne usake cAra cA~da lagA die| isa prakAra pAzcAtya darzana kA itihAsa taiyAra hotA gayA / pAzcAtya darzana kA janma yUnAna kI dharatI para huA / roma kI dharatI para vaha pAlita aura poSita huA / yUropa kI jamIna para pahu~ca kara usameM yauvana ubhara AyA / jarmanI meM pahu~cakara usameM praur3hatA aura gambhIratA kA samAveza huA / aura amerIkA meM pahu~cakara usameM vRddhatva A gayA / isa prakAra pAzcAtya darzana kA itihAsa pratyeka yuga meM vicAroM kA kendra banA rahA / usakA pratipAdana aura vyAkhyAna krama baddha hotA rahA / yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA, ki isI meM sadA se hI eka jaisI gatizIlatA rahI ho, kintu itanA nizcita hai, ki isameM kahIM para sthiratA nahIM A pAI, aura gati cAlU rahI / darzana kA kSetra aura lakSya : darzana zAstra kA kSetra anya sabhI jJAna evaM vijJAnoM se vistRta evaM vyApaka hai | darzana kA lakSya hai, satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA / kevala sAkSAtkAra hI nahIM karanA, jo kucha dekhA aura parakhA hai, use jIvana kA aMga kisa prakAra banAyA jAe, isakA cintana karanA aura usa cintana ko

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152 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya kriyAtmaka rUpa denA, itanA vizAla kSetra darzana kA mAnA gayA hai| kucha loga darzana ko anupayogI isalie ThaharAte haiM, ki dArzanika kisI bhI viSaya para ekamata athavA sahamata nahIM ho pAte, jabaki vaijJAnikoM kA apane kSetra ke aneka viSayoM para eka hI mata hotA hai| jaise gaNita kA siddhAnta hai, ki do aura do milakara cAra hI hote haiN| kama yA adhika hone kA prazna hI utpanna nahIM hotaa| hAIDrojana aura AksIjana ko kisa mAtrA meM milAne se pAnI banatA hai, maleriyA bukhAra kA kyA kAraNa hai, ina praznoM para vaijJAnikoM kA eka hI mata hai| isa prakAra vaijJAnika kSetra meM sabakA eka hI sAra nikalatA hai, jabaki dArzanika AtmA kA kyA svarUpa hai ? paramAtmA kA kyA svarUpa hai ? AtmA amara hai athavA nahIM ? Izvara kA astitva hai ki nahIM? jagata kA vAstavika svarUpa aura kAraNa kyA hai ? ina sabhI praznoM para eka hI yugoM ke dArzanikoM kA vibhinna mata hotA hai| nizcaya hI darzana ke viruddha yaha AkSepa kucha sImA taka satya ho sakatA hai, parantu dArzanika ekamata athavA sahamata hote hI nahIM, yaha kathana sarvathA bhrAnta hai| jagata jar3a hai, AtmA cetana hai, janma evaM maraNa hotA hai, ina tathyoM ko lekara dArzanikoM meM kisI bhI prakAra kA matabheda nahIM hai| AtmA kI amaratA kA pratipAdana jaisA jaina darzana meM, vaidika darzana meM kiyA gayA hai, usI prakAra kA pratipAdana hameM yUnAna ke dArzanika pAithA gaurasa meM aura pleTo meM dekhane ko milatA hai| yorUpa ke dArzanikoM meM bhI DekArTa AtmA kI amaratA meM vizvAsa karatA hai| kANTa aura hegela jaise jarmanI ke prasiddha dArzanika bhI isa tathya ko mAnane se inkAra nahIM karate, phira yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki dArzanika kisI viSaya para ekamata athavA sahamata nahIM ho pAte / darzana zAstra ke sambandha meM yahA~ chaha siddhAntoM para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai, jisase patA calegA ki darzana AtmA kA kSetra aura lakSya kyA hai 1. darzana ke viSaya sAdhAraNa taura se anubhava se pare haiN| hameM kevala buddhi kA sahArA lekara unake sambandha meM kucha nirNaya karanA par3atA hai| buddhi prAyaH hamAre pUrva saMcita saMskAroM se dUSita rahatI hai, ataH hamAre nirNaya hamAre bhinna-bhinna saMskAroM ke anukUla alaga-alaga hote haiM, isalie yadi dArzanika viSayoM para hamArA ekamata nahIM hotA, to isakA doSa hamArI dUSita buddhi ko haiM, na ki darzana ko| jo darzana jitanA niSpakSa, zuddha evaM tarkasaMgata vicAra kA pariNAma hotA hai, vaha utanA hI utkRSTa evaM satya ke nikaTa

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 153 hotA hai / eka dArzanika vyakti jitanI zuddha dArzanika rIti se dArzanika viSayoM para vicAra karatA hai, vaha utanA hI apane vicAroM kA sAmaMjasya evaM dUsare vicAroM ke sAtha samanvaya sthApita kara sakatA hai / 2. vaijJAnika bhI sAdhAraNa viSayoM para ekamata hote hue, una viSayoM para sahamata nahIM hote, jo padArthoM ke antima svarUpa se sambandha rakhate haiM, aura parIkSaNa evaM prayoga kI pahu~ca ke bAhara haiM / joDa mahodaya kA kahanA hai ki Ajakala bhautika zAstra jar3a jagata ke sAttvika svarUpa aura gaThana ke sambandha meM hamAre sanmukha prati dasa varSa para eka nayA mata prastuta kara rahA hai aura jIva-vijJAna meM aba bhI jIvana ke svarUpa aura vikAsa ke sambandha koI ekamata nizcita nahIM ho pAyA hai| jor3a kA mata yathArtha pratIta hotA hai / 3. hama pahale hI kaha cuke haiM ki darzana kA itihAsa satya ke zodha ke kSetra meM vicAra sambandhI vividha prakAra ke prayogoM kA itihAsa hai / isa itihAsa ke madhya meM jo prayoga asaphala hue, unheM darzana ne tyAga diyA / kucha prayoga aba bhI jArI haiM, aura kucha saphala mAna lie gae haiN| yaha bAta nahIM hai ki darzana kisI bhI mahattvapUrNa samasyA para kisI nirNaya para na pahu~ca sakA ho / kucha samasyAeM isa prakAra kI haiM, jina para prAyaH sabhI dArzanikoM kA ekamata hai / myoraheDa kA kahanA hai, ki isa siddhAnta para sabhI dArzanika ekamata haiM ki, pratyeka vastu kA pratyeka vastu se kucha na kucha sambandha hai aura kisI bhI vastu ko anya vastuoM se sarvathA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / isI prakAra ekavAda aura aneka vAda ke sthAna para ekAnekavAda (multi pleausim) kA siddhAnta prAyaH sabhI dArzanikoM ko mAnya hai / isa para saba ekamata haiM / 4. darzana kA sambandha satya se hai / satya ananta aura pUrNa samanvayAtmaka hai / satya kA pUrNa jJAna prApta karane ke lie eka samanvayAtmaka dRSTi kI AvazyakatA hai | manuSya kI buddhi alpa aura dRSTikoNa sImita hai, isa - lie pUrNa rUpa se samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa sAdhAraNa manuSya meM sambhava nahIM hai / isa avasthA meM satya ke sambandha meM hamAre matoM kA ekAMgI honA svAbhAvika bhI hai / yaha mata apane sthAna para satya hote hue bhI isalie eka-dUsare ke virodhI hoM, to koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM / parantu darzana kA uddezya hai, Return to Philosophy, P. 212-goad 1

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154 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya ina virodhoM ko dUra kara, unameM sAmaJjasya sthApita krnaa| darzana ko saphalatA aura unnati manuSya ke vikAsa aura usakI buddhi kI svacchatA evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa apanAne kI kSamatA para nirbhara karatI hai / jaisA ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM jaina darzana ne samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa apanAyA aura darzana ke kSetra meM nityavAda evaM anityavAda, satvAda evaM asatvAda, jaise virodhI siddhAntoM kA samanvaya karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| 5 kucha loga darzana kI upayogitA ko kevala isa bAta se AMkane kA prayatna karate haiM, ki isane jJAna ke kSetra meM kitanI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA hai, aura kyA-kyA nirNaya kie haiM / parantu yaha kasoTI kevala isa bAta kI kasauTI hai, ki manuSya ne jJAna ke kSetra meM kitanI unnati kI hai aura apane mAnasika vikAsa kI kauna-sI sIr3hI taka pahuMcA hai| darzana mukhya rUpa se eka kriyA hai, eka paddhati hai| usakA phala isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki hama isa kriyA aura paddhati kA kitanA sahI-sahI prayoga karate haiN| yadi phala kucha santoSajanaka nahIM bhI hai, to isameM doSa hamArA hai, na ki darzana kaa| 6. jor3a kA kahanA hai ki darzana kI mahattA kA kAraNa vaha prazna haiM, jinheM dArzanika uThAtA hai, aura unako hala karane kI paddhati jise vaha apanAtA hai, na ki unake uttara jo vaha de pAtA hai| una praznoM ko uThA kara darzana andhavizvAsa ke andhakAra ko vidIrNa karatA hai aura niruddezya satyAnusandhAna kA mArga prazasta karatA hai / pakSapAta rahita niruddezya satyAnusaMdhAna usake hRdaya aura mastiSka ko udAra banAtA hai| usake andara vipakSiyoM ke mata ko sunane aura samajhane tathA usa para niSpakSatA se vicAra karane kI kSamatA pradAna karatA hai / isalie darzanazAstra ke prazna aura paddhati apane Apa meM darzana kI eka bahuta bar3I dena hai| darzana kA kSetra atyanta mahattva pUrNa hai| isa prakAra ke prazna kyoM upasthita hote haiM, isakA ekamAtra kAraNa 1 It is for the sake of questions themselves, which philosophy studies, and of the methods with which it pursues them, rather than for any set of answers that it propounds, that philosophy is to be values.-Return to Philosophy, p. 215.

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 1.55 1 yaha hai ki pAzcAtya darzana apane madhyakAla se hI vijJAna se abhibhUta hotA rahA hai / Aja bhI vahA~ kA vijJAna vahA~ ke darzanazAstra para hAvI hai / madhya kAla meM kucha dArzanika yorupa meM isa prakAra ke bhI hue, jinheM dArzanika kahane meM saMkoca hotA hai / ve dArzanika kI apekSA vaijJAnika athavA rAjanaitika hI adhika the / rAjanIti meM sakriya bhAga lenA, vahAM ke dArzanika zAyada apanA karttavya mAnate rahe the / yahI sthiti vijJAna ke sambandha meM bhI hai / vahA~ ke dArzanika darzana kI apekSA vijJAna se adhika prabhAvita rahe haiM / ataH vijJAna kI vakAlata karanA unakA eka svabhAva - sA bana gayA thaa| isake viparIta bhAratIya dArzanika prArambha se hI dArzanika rahe haiN| yahAM para dArzanikoM kI eka lambI paramparA rahI hai / matabheda honA darzana kA doSa nahIM hai / kintu una matabhedoM meM samanvaya sthApita na ho sakanA, athavA eka dizA kI ora pragati na karanA, avazya hI doSa kahA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM kitanA bhI matabheda rahA ho, kintu unakI pragati eka hI dizA kI ora rahI hai, aura samanvaya bhI hotA rahA hai / darzana ko sImA rekhA : yaha prazna atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai ki darzana kI sImA rekhA kyA hai ? vaise darzana kI koI sImA nahIM hai / kyoMki darzana ananta satya kA pratipAdana karane vAlA zAstra hai / phira bhI usake cintana kI sImA ke sambandha meM hameM avazya hI vicAra karanA hogA / darzana kA viSaya ( Scope of Philosophy) vAstava meM yahI hai ki jagata, jIvana aura Izvara ke sambandha meM vicAroM kA pratipAdana karanA / darzana kI utpatti ke sambandha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki usane pahale jagata kA hI vicAra kiyA thA, AtmA aura Izvara kA vicAra usameM bAda meM AyA / yadi isa abhiprAya ko hama svIkAra bhI kara leM, taba bhI kisI prakAra kI Apatti nahIM ho sakatI / isase darzanazAstra ke vikAsa kI prakriyA hI hamAre dhyAna meM AtI hai / parantu vizva meM aneka dArzanika paramparAe~ isa prakAra kI rahI haiM jinameM prArambha se hI jagata, jIva aura Izvara kA cintana rahA hai / yaha spaSTa hai ki darzana kA uddezya jIvana aura vizva kA yathArtha jJAna prApta karanA hai / isalie darzana kA viSaya itanA vyApaka hai ki usakI koI sImA nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sakatI / pratyeka vijJAna kA eka sImita kSetra hotA hai, jisake viSaya meM vaha vizeSa jJAna 1 pAzcAtya darzana darpaNa, pa. 4

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156 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya lAbha karane kI ceSTA karatA hai / parantu darzana kA aisA koI sImita kSetra nahIM hai / vastutaH isa prakAra kA koI viSaya hI nahIM hai, jo darzana kI paridhi se bAhara raha sakatA ho / isa dRSTikoNa se pratyeka vijJAna darzana kI eka zAkhA hai, aura apane sImita kSetra meM vaha darzana kA hI kArya karatA hai / 1 darzana vijJAnoM dvArA apane bhinna-bhinna kSetroM meM saMcita jJAna kA samanvaya karatA hai aura isa samagra jJAna kA dharma ( religion) aura nItizAstra ( ethics) dvArA prApta usa jJAna se samanvaya karatA hai, jo vijJAnoM kI sImA ke bAhara hai / isa prakAra darzanazAstra sampUrNa vizva kA samanvayAtmaka citra khIMca kara usake yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna prApta karane kA prayatna karatA hai / isIlie pleTo (pato) ne kahA hai ki dArzanika sampUrNa vizva kA darzaka hai - The Philosopher is the Spector at all time & all existence. pleTo kI isa paribhASA ke anusAra dArzanika sArvabhaumika aura sArvakAlika tattva kA cintana karake vizva ke sAmane prastuta karatA hai / ataH darzana kI kisI sImA meM Abaddha karanA upayukta nahIM hai / darzana ko kisI kSetra meM bA~dha ke rakhanA yaha mAnava ko cintana dhArA ke sAtha nyAya nahIM hogA / dArzanika vicAroM kI svAbhAvikatA : darzana ke viSaya ke sambandha meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai usase yaha spaSTa hai ki darzana manuSya kI svAbhAvika kriyA hai / isa prakAra kA koI bhI manuSya nahIM hai, jisane AtmA aura paramAtmA tathA jagata evaM jIvana ke carama lakSya ke sambandha meM kabhI kucha vicAra na kiyA ho| yaha ho sakatA hai ki isa dizA meM kisI ke vicAra spaSTa hoM, aura kisI ke na hoM / phira bhI pratyeka vyakti bhale hI vaha mandabuddhi kyoM na ho, para pratyakSa rUpa meM athavA parokSa rUpa meM vaha atIndriya padArthoM para avazya hI vicAra karatA hai / usake jIvana kI paristhiti use ina viSayoM para vicAra karane ke lie bAdhya karatI hai, jaisA ki kahA gayA hai| Philosophy that grows directly not of life and its needs. Every one who lives, if he lives at all reflectively is in some degree a philosopher.' arastU kA kahanA hai - Whether we philosophy or not, we must phiolsophise. dArzanika vicAra hamArI icchA athavA anicchA para 1 J. W. Cunmies ham Problums of Philosophy, P. 5

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 157 nirbhara nahIM rahate balki ve hamAre svabhAva meM hI haiM / ve na to Akasmika haiM aura na aprAkRtika / ve hamAre jIvana kA aMga haiM, aura unake binA hamArA kAma nahIM cala sakatA / kyoMki cintana karanA, manuSya kA sahaja svabhAva hai / isIlie manuSya ko vivekazIla evaM cintanazIla kahA gayA hai / jaba cintana evaM vicAra usakA mUla svabhAva hai, taba yaha Avazyaka hai ki darzana usakA svabhAva hai / vaha apane mUla rUpa meM hI eka dArzanika hai / isa sambandha meM haoNkiMga ne eka bar3I sundara bAta kahI hai / usane kahA hai ki jaMgala se lakar3I kATakara apanA peTa bharane vAlA lakar3ahArA bhI kabhI kabhI zrAnta evaM klAnta hokara per3a ke nIce baiTha jAtA hai aura sukha evaM duHkha, janma tathA maraNa, AtmA aura paramAtmA, Adi ke sambandha meM apane DhaMga se vicAra karane lagatA hai / gA~va kA baniyA bhI jo dina-rAta apanI tarAjU meM lagA rahatA hai, isa viSaya meM apane kucha na kucha vicAra avazya rakhatA hai / isa prakAra pratyeka manuSya kA jIvana apanI mUla samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie Atura rahatA hai / vahI usakA darzana hai / usake vyAvahArika jIvana kA citra usake darzana para nirbhara karatA hai / jaisA usakA darzana hotA hai, vaisA usakA jIvana bhI hotA hai / hA~kiMga ( Hocking ) mahodaya ne ceSTarTana (Chesterton) ke vAkya ko uddhRta karate hue kahA haiThe most practical & importent thing about a man is his view of the alsiverse his philosophy. The employee is at the mercy of the philosophy of his employer and the employer stakes his business on the philosophy of his employees1 -- isa sambandha meM paryApta vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai, ki darzana zAstra jIvana kI eka svAbhAvika paddhati hai / jisa prakAra vidvAna prayoga aura parIkSaNa para AdhArita rahatA hai, usa prakAra kA prayoga aura parIkSaNa bhale hI darzana ke kSetra meM na kiyA jAtA ho, parantu yaha nizcita hai, ki darzana zAstra apane cintana ke bala para hI usa satya kA sAkSAtkAra karane kA prayatna karatA hai, jo vAstavika rUpa meM mAnava jAti ke jIvana kA dhyeya ho sakatA hai, aura jisake abhAva meM mAnava jAti apanI pragati evaM vikAsa nahIM kara sakatI / jisa jAti kA athavA jisa deza kA darzana zAstra evaM 1 Hocking : Types uf Philosophy, 14

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158 adhyAtma-pravacana : bhAga tRtIya sUkSma tattvoM kA jitanA spaSTa evaM gambhIra hotA hai, vaha jAti aura deza utanA hI mahAna hotA haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki darzana zAstra mAnava jAti kA mArgadarzaka rahA hai / vijJAna Adi kA vikAsa bhI mAnava ke darzana mUlaka cintana meM se huA hai, yaha eka parama satya hai / pAzcAtya darzana ke vibhAga : jaise-jaise darzana kA kSetra vizAla aura vyApaka hotA jAtA hai, usake vibhAga kI samasyAeM bhI hamAre sAmane upasthita hotI jAtI haiM / jisa prakAra bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne bhArata ke darzana kA eka vibhAga nizcita kiyA hai, usI prakAra pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne bhI apane darzana kA eka vibhAga nizcita kiyA hai| darzana kA vyApakatva isa bAta se bhI siddha hotA hai, ki jJAna kA aura koI bhI kSetra nahIM jisakA dArzanika pakSa na ho / jaba hama kisI bhI viSaya ke mUla svarUpa aura manuSya jIvana ke lie usake antima mUlya para vicAra karane lagate haiM, taba darzana ke kSetra meM praveza kara jAte haiN| ataH jJAna aura vijJAna ke jitane viSaya haiM athavA jitane kSetra haiM, utane hI viSaya evaM kSetra darzana zAstra ke ho jAte haiN| yahA~ para darzana zAstra ke chaha vibhAga prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM 1. vijJAna kA darzana (Philosophy of Science) 2. itihAsa kA darzana (Philosophy of History) 3. arthazAstra kA darzana (Philosophy of Economics) 4. rAjanIti kA darzana (Philosophy of Politics) 5. samAjavAda kA darzana (Philosophy of Socialism) 6. sAmyavAda kA darzana (Philosophy of Communism) isa prakAra darzana zAstra kI aneka zAkhAeM evaM prazAkhAe~ Aja yorupIya darzana meM vikAsa para rahI haiM, aura apane-apane kSetra meM navInatA pradAna karane kA prayAsa kara rahI haiN| pratyeka zAkhA Aja itanI samartha ho cukI hai, ki vaha apanA svatantra astitva kAyama rakha sake / yorupa ke vizvavidyAlayoM meM Aja pratyeka zAkhA kA sarvAMgINa adhyayana karane kI paramparA cala par3I hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki yorupIya darzana Aja bhI gatizIla aura vikAsazIla mAnA jA rahA hai| yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki isa vikAsa kA antima pariNAma kyA hogaa| para itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki mAnava jAti ne Aja taka jo pragati kI hai aura vikAsa kA jo eka

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pAzcAtya darzana ko pRSThabhUmi 156 mApadaNDa sthira kiyA hai, usa para se usakA bhaviSya zAnadAra pratIta hotA hai| eka anya prakAra se bhI pAzcAtya darzana kA vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo isa prakAra hai 1. jJAna-vijJAna (Epistemnlogy) 2. tattva-vijJAna (Metaphysis) 3. mAna-vijJAna (Exivingy) isa prakAra kA vibhAjana bhI pAzcAtya darzana meM dekhane ko milatA hai| ina tIna vibhAgoM meM samasta yorupIya darzana ko sameTa liyA gayA hai| isa vibhAjana kA eka ho uddezya hai, ki viSaya-pratipAdana meM sugamatA raha ske| 1. jJAna vijJAna-jJAna-vijJAna darzana kA mUla uddezya vicAra dvArA vizva kA yathArtha jJAna prApta karanA hai| para, isa uddezya ko siddha karane kI ceSTA meM laga jAne se pahale yaha vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai ki jJAna sambhava hai athavA nahIM ? yadi sambhava hai to kahA~ taka ? usakI sImA kyA hai ? jJAna ke upakaraNa (Conortions) kyA haiM ? jJAna kI satyatA kisa prakAra nirNaya kI jA sakatI hai ? isa prakAra ke jJAna sambandhI viSayoM kI AlocanA darzana kI jisa zAkhA ke antargata kI jAtI hai, use jJAna-vijJAna kahA jAtA hai| 2. tattva-vijJAna-isameM darzana ko dUsaro zAkhA vaha hai, jisameM deza, kAla, kArya, kAraNa, tattva, jar3a, prANa, mana aura Izvara ke svarUpa kI AlocanA kI jAtI hai| ise tattva-vijJAna kahA jAtA hai| isakI aneka zAkhAeM ho jAtI haiN| 3. mAna-vijJAna-yaha darzana kI tIsarI zAkhA hai, jisameM mUlyaviSayaka vijJAna kI AlocanA kI jAtI hai, tathA satya aura asatya, zubha aura azubha evaM sundara aura asundara ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai / ise mAna-vijJAna kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra pAzcAtya darzana meM darzana zAstra ke vibhAjana kI samasyAeM 1 pAzcAtya darzana darpaNa, pR. 4 aura 5

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160 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya samaya-samaya para uThatI rahI haiM, aura yugAnukUla unakA vibhAjana bhI hotA rahA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM bhI hama darzana ke kSetra ke vibhAjana ko aneka rUpoM meM pAte haiM aura isa sambandha meM maiM pIche likha cukA hai| vibhAjana kA eka hI uddezya hai, ki hama apane viSaya ko ThIka se samajha sakeM / isa prakAra isa prakaraNa meM pAzcAtya-darzana kI mUla mAnyatAoM para yahA~ prakAza DAlA gayA hai| pAzcAtya-darzana kA viSaya vistAra itanA vizAla hai, ki use vyavasthita rUpa dene ke lie vibhinna prakAra se vibhAjana athavA vibhAga kiyA gayA hai| kintu darzana-zAstra ko jo nirantara pragatizIla ho, use kisI bhI vibhAga meM vibhakta karanA ucita nahIM, phira bhI yahAM jo vibhAga kie gae haiM, athavA usake mukhya mukhya viSayoM kA jo paricaya diyA gayA hai, usameM koI dhArA chUTa na jAe usakA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai / vAstava meM Aja ke isa vijJAnavAdI yuga meM vijJAna aura rAjanIti kA itanA prAbalya hai, ki isakI samana zAkhAoM kA yahA~ paricaya nahIM diyA gayA hai, unakA paricaya yathA-sthAna aura yathA-prasaMga Age diyA jAegA / aura usake sambandha meM usake mUla siddhAntoM ke viSaya meM likhA jaaegaa| pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi atyanta vistRta hai| itanI vistRta hai, ki use yahAM saMkSipta rUpa meM hI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vikAsavAda ke sambandha meM yahA~ kucha na likhane kA kAraNa yaha hai, ki vikAsavAda darzana-zAstra na rahakara vaha vijJAna kA hI eka aMga bana gayA hai| vikAsavAda meM jIva vijJAna, aura jar3a-vijJAna ke sambandha meM jo abhI taka zodha cala rahA hai, usake sambandha meM jo navIna mata sthApita ho rahe haiM, una saba ko dekhate hue use darzana kI saMjJA denA kaThina hai / vikAsavAda ne jo tathya Aja prastuta kie haiM-mAnava kA mana aura mastiSka unheM dekhakara cakita hai| vikAsavAda kI paddhati zuddha dArzanika na hokara vijJAnavAdI adhika hai / yaha zAkhA Aja apanA svatantra rUpa meM anusaMdhAna kara rahI hai| isake anusaMdhAnoM kA antima nirNaya kyA hogA? yaha kahanA sarala nahIM hai| vikAsavAda ke sambandha meM bhI vizeSa rUpa meM Age likhA jAegA / parantu darzana kyA hai ? usakA svarUpa kyA hai ? usakI sImA meM kauna se tattva A sakate haiM ? isI uddezya ko lekara yahA~ likhA gayA hai| eka bAta dhyAna meM rahe, ki bhAratIya-darzana aura pAzcAtya-darzana donoM apanI-apanI paddhati se jJAna-mImAMsA aura tattva-mImAMsA kI vyAkhyA karate haiM / AcAra-pImAMsA kI bhArata kI pratyeka darzana zAkhA ne darzana kA hI Fol

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pAzcAtya darzana kI pRSThabhUmi 161 aMga mAnA hai. jabaki pAzcAtya-darzanoM meM nIti-zAstra kA svatantra rUpa vikAsa huA hai / yahI bAta saundarya-zAstra ke sambandha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| bhAratIya-darzana kalA ko darzana rUpa meM parigaNita nahIM karate haiN| pAzcAtya darzana kI rUpa-rekhA : pAzcotya-darzana kA prArambha yUnAna meM hotA hai| aura usakA vistAra yUropa meM huaa| amerikA ke dArzanikoM ne bhI darzana kI apane DhaMga se vyAkhyA kI hai / satya kA anveSaNa dArzanika kA mukhya kartavya rahA hai / pAzcAtya-dArzanikoM ne satya kI khoja bar3e prema aura adhyavasAya se kI hai| kisI bhI deza ke darzana para usa deza ke kAla aura paristhiti kA prabhAva par3atA hai / yugAnukUla darzana kI mUla mAnyatAoM meM bhI antara par3anA isa artha meM svAbhAvika ho sakatA hai| vizva meM do hI darzana prAcIna haiMbhAratIya-darzana, aura yUnAnI-darzana / yUnAnI-dArzanikoM ne satya kI zodha meM jo parizrama kiyA hai, vaha bhAratIya-dArzanikoM se kisI bhI bhAMti kama nahIM kahA jA sakatA / yUnAnI-dArzanika satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA cAhate the, aura unhoMne jo sAkSAtkAra kiyA, usI kA pariNAma yUnAnI-darzana hai| yUnAnI-darzana kA prabhAva kisa prakAra roma para par3A hai ? phira usase yUropa ke vicAraka prabhAvita hokara apane darzana kA vikAsa karate rahe ? yahI vastutaH pAzcAtya-darzana kI rUpa-rekhA athavA AkAra-prakAra ho sakatA hai| samagra pAzcAtya-darzana ko cAra kAloM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai 1. prAcIna-yuga 2. madhya-yuga 3. arvAcIna-yuga 4. Adhunika-yuga prAcIna-yuga : pAzcAtya-darzana kA udaya grIsa ke dArzanikoM se hotA hai / grIsadArzanikoM meM athavA yUnAnI-dArzanikoM meM sarvocca nAma sukarAta (Sncrateas) kA AtA hai / parantu usa deza meM darzana kA udaya sukarAta se bahuta pUrva ho cukA thaa| yUnAna ke dharma meM bhI darzana ke siddhAnta ke mUla bIja dRSTigocara hote haiN| vahA~ kI dhArmika danta-kathA (Mythology) meM eka dArzanika devatA kI sUcanA milatI hai| isa devatA kA nAma thA nimesisa (Nemesis) isakA artha hotA hai- vyavasthA kI devI / usakA

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162 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya kArya thA--jagata ke padArthoM meM aura ghaTanAoM meM vyavasthA sthApita krnaa| kyoMki grIsa meM avyavasthA utpanna karane vAle prabhAvazAlI devatA kA nAma thA-pena (pen) / kahA jAtA hai, ki usake paira bakare ke the, aura usakI buddhi bhI bakare kI buddhi ke samAna hI mAnI jAtI thii| grIka loga isa aja-vAda bhora aja-buddhi devatA ko avyavasthA kA devatA kahate the| isake vidhvaMsAtmaka kAryoM se logoM kI rakSA karane kA kAma athavA jagata kI rakSA karane kA kAma vyavasthA devo ke hAtha meM thaa| jisa prakAra vaidika paramparA ke RSiyoM ne vyavasthA karane vAlA tattva kA nAma 'Rta' rakhA thA, usI prakAra grIka logoM ne usakA nAma 'vyavasthA-devI' rakhA / grIka deza kI yaha kalpanA bhArata ke asura aura devoM kI kalpanA se mela khAtI hai| grIka dharma kI yaha paurANika kalpanA hai| sampUrNa grIsa deza vyavasthA devI ko prasanna karane ke lie aura avyavasthA ke deva ke utpAdoM se bacane ke lie jo ArAdhanA evaM upAsanA karatA thA, vahI vastutaH grIsa deza kA prAcIna dharma hai| isI dharma meM se Age calakara vikAsa karate-karate isa prakAra darzana kI utpatti hai| tatva-mImAMsA : kAla krama se pazcima-darzana kA udaya grIsa ke pUrvI upaniveza AIoniyA (lonia) yavana deza meM huA thA / vahA~ ke dArzanikoM ne sarvaprathama jagata kI mImAMsA kI / jagata kI vastuoM ko dekhakara unake mana meM Azcarya hotA thA, aura isa Azcarya ko zAnta karane ke lie jo prayatna kie gae usI meM se yUnAnI-darzana kA janma huA / jagata ke sambandha meM jo sabase pahalA prazna thA, vaha yaha thA, ki jagata kyA hai ? kahA~ se AyA ? aura kaise AyA ? isakA kAraNa kyA hai ? isa jagata meM viphalatA kyoM hoto hai ? aura usakA mUla kAraNa kyA hai ? isa prakAra yUnAna ke vicAraka jagata ke mUla kAraNa ke sambandha meM apane mana meM jo jijJAsA rakhate the, usa jijJAsA kA pariNAma ho darzana-zAstra kI utpatti kA mUla kAraNa banA / bhArata ke RSi bhI jagata ko dekha karake yahI vicAra karate the, ki yaha kyA hai ? kahA~ se AyA hai ? Rgveda meM isa prakAra ke prazna aura unakA samAdhAna dekhane meM AtA hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM ne kalpanA kI, ki yaha jagata jo vicitra aura vividha prakAra kA hai, usakA mUla kAraNa sat hai, athavA asat hai|

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antara bhAvanAoM kA lezyAoM ke rUpa meM citraNa

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antar-bhAvanAoM kA lezyAoM ke rUpa meM citraNa prANi-mAtra ke jIvana meM bhAva evaM bhAvanA kI sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa sthiti hai / mAnavIya-jagat meM to bhAva kI susthiti aura duHsthiti kA kAphI vizleSaNa huA hai| kona vyakti kaisA hai ? usakA atIta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSya kaisA huA thA, ho rahA hai yA hogA-yaha saba tolane kI tulA bhAvanA kI tulA hI hai| isI sambandha meM yaha prAcIna sakti kAla ke ciraMtana pravAha meM pravAhita hotI AI hai aura hotI rahegI "yAdRzI bhAvanA yasya, siddhirbhavati taadRshii|" -jisakI acchI-burI jaisI bhAvanA hotI hai, usI ke anurUpa usakI pratiphala ke rUpa meM siddhi arthAt niSpatti hotI hai| ___ loka-jagat meM hI nahIM, dhArmika-jagat meM bhI bhAvanA kI ho mahattA hai / bAhara meM vyakti dhArmika kriyA-kANDoM ke paripAlana meM kitanA hI ucca evaM ugra kyoM na rahA ho, kintu usa kriyA-kANDa kA yathArtha mUlyAMkana usakI Antarika bhAvanA para se hI nirdhArita hotA hai| pavitra bhAvanA se kI huI sAdhAraNa-sI dhArmika-kriyA bhI adhika phalavatI siddha hotI hai aura kabhI durbhAvanA se kI huI ugra-se-ugratara evaM ucca-se-uccatara rUpa meM dikhAI dene vAlI dhArmika kriyAeM bhI niSphala ho jAtI haiN| niSphala hI nahIM, apitu kabhI-kabhI pApa-bandha kA hetu bhI bana jAtI haiN| AcArya siddhasena ne isI vicAra ko lakSya meM rakhakara bhagavad-bhakti ke sambandha meM kahA hai "AkaNito'pi mahito'pi nirIkSito'pi, nUnaM na cetasi mayA vidhRto'si bhaktyA / ( 165 )

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166 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya jAto'smi tena jana-bAndhava ! duHkha-pAtraM, yasmAt kriyAH pratiphalanti na bhaav-shuunyaaH||" -he loka-bandhu bhagavan ! pUrva janmoM meM sambhavataH maiMne aneka bAra ApakA pavitra nAma bhI sunA hai, pUjA-arcanA bhI kI hai, kintu nizcita haimaiMne zuddha bhakti-bhAvanA ke sAtha antarmana meM kucha nahIM dhAraNa kiyA, arthAta yaha saba dikhAvA hI rahA, zuddha hRdaya se kucha bhI nahIM kiyA gayA / yahI kAraNa hai, ki maiM aba bho duHkha kA pAtra hU~, pIr3AeM bhoga rahA hai| kyoMki bhAva-zUnya kriyAe~ kadApi acchA phala nahIM detI haiN| mahAna dArzanika AcArya siddhasena kA ukta vacana pramANita karatA haihamAre utthAna evaM patana kA mUla kAraNa kartA kA bhAva hotA hai| bAhya kriyAe~ evaM veza Adi kucha artha nahIM rakhate haiN| bhArata ke krAnta-draSTA AcAryoM evaM maharSiyoM kA nimnokta kathana sarvato bhAva se apratihata hai "na liMga dharma-kAraNam / " bhArata ke tattva-draSTA RSi antarjagat ke draSTA haiM / ataH ve bhAva ko, bhAvanA ko, vicAra ko, cintana ko, uddezya ko, sadA kAla se mahattva dete Ae haiM / ve mukta dRSTi se satya ko dekhate haiM aura usakA mukta-vANI se udghoSa karate haiM sAvadhAna raho, jAgRta raho, apane vicAroM ko hamezA pavitra rakho, unheM kisI bhI kAla meM evaM kisI bhI rUpa meM dUSita na hone do| tumheM yadi patita dharAtala para se Upara uThanA hai, pavitratA ke ucca zikharoM ko sparza karanA hai, to tumheM sadA apane bhAvoM kA parimArjana karate rahanA caahie| prAtaH evaM sAyaMkAla ke rUpa meM pratyeka dharma-sampradAya meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM AtmAlocana kI eka sAdhanA hotI hai, jisameM svayaM kA, svayaM ke acche-bure mana, vacana aura karma kA nirIkSaNa kiyA jAtA hai, ki vaha vikAra-grasta to nahIM hai| yadi vikAra-grasta hai, to kyoM hai ? kisa bhUla ke kAraNa vaha rogI huA hai ? use kisa prakAra zuddha kiyA jAe ? kauna-sI AdhyAtmika cikitsA paddhati apanAI jaae| bhUla se yA ahaMkAra Adi ke kAraNa, jo kucha burA huA hai, usake lie sacce bhAva se pazcAttApa kiyA jAtA hai / jaina-paramparA meM isI kriyA ko pratikramaNa ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| bhAva, antazcetanA kI eka taraMga hai| vaha kabhI acche rUpa meM uThatI

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lezyAoM ke rUpa meM citraNa 167 hai aura kabhI bure rUpa meM bhii| isake lie jaina paramparA meM lezyA zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / yaha prayoga pApa-puNya rUpa acche-bure bhAvoM taka calatA hai / upacAra dRSTi se kucha aura Age bhI, kintu vaha upacAra hai / vItarAga nirvikAra cetana mUlataH lezyA mukta hotA hai| yaha isalie ki lezyA kA mUla artha zleSa hai arthAt liptatA - "lizyate prANI karmaNA yayA sA lezyA / " -sthAnAMga TIkA acche vicAra, zubha karma arthAt puNya karma kA AtmA ke sAtha meM zleSa karate haiM aura bure vicAra, azubha karma arthAt pApa karma kA AtmA ke sAtha meM zleSa karate haiM / aura jaba bhAva acche-bure arthAt pApa-puNya donoM hI se pare ho jAte haiM, taba vaha lezyA-mukta arthAt nirlipta ho jAtA hai / isI dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue AcArya siddhasena kahate haiM- "na puNyaM na pApaM na yasyA'sti bandhaH / sa ekaH parAtmA gatirme jinendraH // " bhArata ke dhArmika evaM dArzanika cintana kSetra meM prAyaH sarvatra bhAva kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / kintu jaina paramparA meM lezyA ke rUpa meM bhAvoM kA jI vistAra ke sAtha vizada rUpa se varNana samupalabdha hai, vaha adbhuta hai / prAcIna Agama- sAhitya evaM uttarakAlIna prAkRta saMskRta sAhitya lezyAoM ke varNanoM se AplAvita hai / hama yahA~ adhika vistAra meM to nahIM jAe~ge, kintu saMkSepa meM lezyAoM ke svarUpa Adi kA varNana upasthita karane kA prayatna kareMge / yaha saMkSipta varNana bhI jijJAsu pAThakoM ko, adhyetAoM evaM vicArakoM ko jIvananirmANa ko eka dRSTi de sakegA / jIvana-patha kI idhara-udhara bikharI huI paddhatiyoM ko eka zuddha lakSyonmukha paddhati degA / aura, yaha paddhati arthAt dizA-nirdezana jIvana ko azuddha dazA meM se zuddha dazA meM parivartita karegA / kyoMki dizA ke AdhAra para hI dazA kA nirmANa hotA "yAdRzI dizA, tAdRzI dazA " vyakti ke antar-jIvana ke bhAva sAgara meM uThane vAlI taraMgoM kI koI nizcita sImA nahIM hai / bhAvoM ke nimnonnata utAra-car3hAva evaM zubhAzubhatva kI parigaNanA kisI mahAn sarvotkRSTa jJAnI ke hI asIma jJAna meM aMkita ho sakatI hai / sAdhAraNataH bhalA unheM kauna gina sakatA hai / eka dina ke utAra-car3hAvoM kI saMkhyA bhI AMkar3oM meM nahIM nApI jA sakatI hai / tathApi

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168 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya mahAtimahA jJAniyoM dvArA jijJAsu sAdhakoM ko paribodha dene kI dRSTi se unakI samAna jAtIyatA ke rUpa meM parigaNanA kI hai / aura, ukta parigaNanA meM una lezyA zabda vAcya bhAvoM kI saMkhyA saMkSepataH chaha hai-kRSNa, nIla, kApota, tejas, padma aura zukla / svarUpa nirdezana kI dRSTi se uttarAdhyayana sUtra Adi meM jo kucha nirdezana kiyA gayA hai, use hI hama yahAM aura bhI adhika saMkSepa zabdoM meM aMkita kara rahe haiM1. kRSNa-lezyA: yaha sarvAdhika adhama lezyA hai| isameM bhAva atyanta Rra evaM kaThora hote haiM / isa lezyA kI pravRtti vAlA vyakti hiMsA, asatya, caurya, vyabhicAra evaM parigraha rUpa pAMca AsravoM meM harSonmatta hotA huA maryAdAhIna kupravRtti karatA hai| usakA mana, vacana aura kAya sarvathA guptihIna arthAt niyantraNa rahita hotA hai / vaha kisI bhI prANI ke prati kisI bhI taraha kI saMyamamUlaka dayA se rahita hokara andhAdhundha Arambha-samArambha kI duSkriyA karatA hai| yaha vyakti atyanta kSudra manovRtti kA hotA hai| kisI bhI kArya ko karate samaya usake guNoM aura doSoM kA kucha bhI vicAra nahIM rkhtaa| na ise isa loka kA koI bhaya hotA hai aura na paraloka kA / mUlataH usakI dRSTi nAstikatA ko dRSTi hotI hai / jaise bhI ho, usakA ekamAtra dhyeya apanA svArtha siddha karanA hI hotA hai| usakA dUsare kA hitAhita ke prati kucha bhI lakSya nahIM hotaa| vaha bhoga-vilAsa kI dRSTi se svacchanda indriyoM kA eka prakAra se krItadAsa hotA hai / kahA~ taka ginAe~ isakA nAma hI kRSNa lezyA hai / abhadra, kAlI evaM kaluSita durvRtti / bhAratIya-cintana meM krUra vRtti vAle hiMsApriya rAkSasoM, pizAcoM evaM bhUtoM ko isIlie atyanta ghRNita evaM bhayabhIta karane vAle kRSNa-kAya ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| manuSya bhI yadi aisA hI krUra karmI hai, to vaha bhI manuSya ke AkAra meM bhUtala para rAkSasa hI hai / maharSi vyAsa isI dRSTi se kahate haiM ___"prANino yevamanyante teva bhavantIha raaksssaaH|" -jo prANiyoM kI yoM hI niSkAraNa avamAnanA karate haiM, ve rAkSasa hote haiN| 2. nIla lezyA : ukta lezyA vAlA vyakti pUrva kRSNa lezyA se kucha aMza meM abhadra kama

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lezyAoM ke rUpa meM citraNa 166 hotA hai / yaha vyakti IrSyAlu hotA hai| dUsaroM kA kisI bhI prakAra kA mahattva ise sahya nahIM hotA / isakA hRdaya prAyaH amarSa se ApUrita rahatA hai / niSkAma tapa evaM samyak-jJAna se zUnya hotA hai| sAtha hI yaha chalakapaTa, nirlajjatA, Asakti, pradoSa, mUr3hatA Adi doSoM kA kendra hotA hai| vaha apane hI vyaktigata sukhoM meM lipta, adhikAdhika sukhopabhoga kI AkAMkSA vAlA svArtha siddhi hetu duHsAhasI ho jAtA hai| 3. kApota lezyA: ukta lezyA vAle prANI kI vRtti kabUtara ke raMga ke samAna raktakRSNa varNa rUpa eka vicitra hI rUpa le letI hai| yaha vyakti vicArane, bolane aura karma karane meM eka rUpa na hokara vakra hotA hai / apane doSoM ko chipAye rakhatA hai aura dUsaroM ke doSoM ko udghATita karatA phiratA hai| dharma evaM sadAcAra kI buddhi se rahita hotA hai| prAyaH anArya karmoM meM hI abhiruci rakhatA hai| dharma-zAstroM meM ukta tInoM lezyAoM ko adharma arthAt pApa ko saMjJA dI hai / yaha ThIka hai, ki varNana meM pApa-vRtti ke rUpa meM eka rUpatA jaisI pratIti hotI hai, tathApi uttarottara kucha-na-kucha nyUnatA avazya hotI hai| kintu bhAvoM ke mAlinya evaM pradUSaNa ke kAraNa ye saba bhAva pApa kI chAyA se hI AvRtta haiM / ataH ina sabakI sAmAnya rUpa se adharma arthAt pApAcaraNa meM hI parigaNanA kI gaI hai| gaharAI se dekhA jAe, to ye saba adharma lezyAeM hI haiN| inameM dharma kahIM bhI parilakSita nahIM hotA hai| agrima tejo lezyA Adi dharma lezyAeM haiN| ye uttarottara vizuddha hotI gaI haiM dharma kI dizA meM arthAt pavitratA kI dizA meM / ataH zAstrakAra inako dharma kI saMjJA se abhihita karate haiN| inameM aMzataH adharma kA bhI yathAprasaMga kucha bhAva rahatA hai, phira bhI vaha itanA alpa-alpatara hotA hai, ki usakI yahA~ parigaNanA nahIM kI gaI hai| ataH inako mukhyatvena dharma ke pavitra nAma se eka hI rUpa meM saMbodhita kara diyA gayA hai| 4. tejo lezyA : yaha lezyA bhAva vizuddhi kA eka prakAra se prathama caraNa hai| ukta lezyA vAlA vyakti jAti-kula Adi ke abhimAna se prAyaH mukta rahatA hai /

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170 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya mana, vacana aura karma se bhI vinamra, vinayazIla evaM zAlIna hotA hai / vyartha kI capalatA, ha~sI-majAka evaM zaThatA se alaga rahatA hai / dharma-paramparA tathA sAmAjika paramparA Adi kI evaM gurujana, vRddha evaM apane se mahattara vyaktiyoM kA yathocita Adara-satkAra karatA hai / svAdhyAya, dhyAna, zuddha tapa, sevA Adi dharma kAryoM meM Antarika sahaja bhAva se abhiruci rakhatA hai | apanI kRta jana-maMgala rUpa nirmala pratijJAoM ko dRr3hatA ke sAtha nirvahana karane hetu yatnazIla rahatA hai / yaha tejolezyA isalie tejo lezyA hai, ki isameM sadAcAra kA teja prajvalita ho jAtA hai / isI artha meM zAstrakAroM ne isake rUpa-raMga kA varNana karate hue isakI udayamAna sUrya bimba ke svarNima raktaprabhA Adi ke rUpoM se tulanA kI hai / 5. padma lezyA : ukta lezyA meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha rUpa kaSAyoM kI tIvratA aura adhika manda ho jAtI hai / usakA citta viparIta sthitiyoM meM bhI adhikatara zAnta banA rahatA / apane ko azubha pravRttiyoM se mukta rakhate hue yoga evaM upadhAna Adi kI viziSTa dharma sAdhanA meM yathAsthiti zuddhabhAva se saMlagna rahatA hai / vaha vicAra pUrvaka mitabhASI aura yathAzakti jItendriya bana jAtA hai / padma kA artha kamala hotA hai / ataH padma lezyA ke sAdhaka ke bhAva kamala ke samAna svaccha svarUpa evaM surabhita hote haiM / 6. zukla lezyA : ukta lezyA meM bhAvoM kI vizuddhatA zaMkha, kundapuSpa, dugdha-dhArA Adi ke samAna zukla evaM zuklatara hotI hai / yaha zuklatA arthAt zvetatA nirvikAra bhAvanA ko dyotita karatI hai / zukla lezyA meM Artta - raudra-dhyAna se parAGamukha hokara sAdhaka dharma dhyAna evaM aMzataH zukla-dhyAna meM samyak - bhAva se saMlIna rahatA hai / pUrva kathita kRSNa Adi tIna adhamaM lezyAoM ke durbhAvoM kA tathA taduttara tejolezyA Adi tIna dharma lezyAoM ke zuddha bhAvoM kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaha saMkSepa meM svarUpa jijJAsA kI pUrti ke hetu eka nirdezana

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lezyAoM ke rUpa meM citraNa 171 mAtra hai / ukta varNana para se jijJAsu vyakti apane ko samajha sakatA hai, ki vaha lezyAoM kI kisa bhUmikA para avasthita hai / usakA antar-jIvana adha: patana kI dizA meM nIce gira rahA hai athavA utthAna kI dizA meM Upara uTha rahA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM gandha, rasa aura sparza ke rUpa meM bhI lezyAoM ke svarUpa kA udbodhana kiyA gayA hai / adharmaM lezyAoM kA durgandha ke rUpa meM aura dharma lezyAoM kA sugandha ke rUpa meM varNana hai / adharmaM lezyAoM kA rasa kaTu aura dharma - lezyAoM kA madhura rasa batAyA gayA hai / sparza ke sambandha meM batalAyA gayA hai ki adharma lezyAoM kA sparza kaThora evaM khuradarA hai tathA dharma lezyAoM kA sparza komala evaM mRdu hai / adharma lezyAoM meM uttarottara durbhAvoM kI mandatA hoto jAtI hai / isake viparIta tejolezyA Adi dharma lezyAoM meM vizuddha bhAvoM kI pavitratA uttarottara tIvra tovratara aura tIvratama hotI jAtI hai arthAt uccatara aura uccatama hotI jAtI hai / ucca, lezyAoM ke svarUpa bodha ke lie jaina-vAGamaya meM dRSTAntoM kA bhI AdhAra liyA gayA hai / mukhya udAharaNa jAmbU vRkSa phalabhakSI arthAt jAmuna ke phala khAne vAle chaha mitroM tathA grAma dAhaka arthAt grAma nAzaka chaha vyaktiyoM ke udAharaNa die gae haiN| prathama udAharaNa isa prakAra hai- eka grAma ke nivAsI paraspara pragAr3ha snehI chaha mitra eka bAra vana vihAra ke lie vana meM ge| idhara-udhara bhramaNa karate rahe / samaya para bhUkha lagI, to unhoMne phaloM se ladA huA eka vizAla jAmuna kA vRkSa dekhA / use dekhakara unake mana kI prasannatA kA pAra na rhaa| ve mitra to avazya the, kintu unakI bhAvoM kI bhUmikAe~ vibhinna sthitiyoM kI thI / 1. eka mitra ne aviveka kI atyanta kaThora evaM krUra mudrA meM apanI tIkSNa kuThAra (kulhAr3I) dikhAte hue kahA- saubhAgya se yaha kuThAra bhI maiM apane sAtha le AyA hU~ / isake dvArA vRkSa ko jar3a se kATa dete haiM / tadantara cAroM ora ghUmate hue yatheSTa phala khAe~ge / vyartha hI itane UMce vRkSa para car3hane-utarane kA kauna kaSTa kare / mUlocchedana ke dvArA phala khAne meM suvidhA bhI rhegii|

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adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya 2. dUsare mitra ne kahA- vRkSa kA mUlocchedana karake use hamezA ke lie dharAzAyI banAne meM kyA lAbha hai ? bhaviSya meM phira kabhI kisI ko phala kaise mileMge ? ataH bar3I-bar3I zAkhAe~ hI kATa lenI cAhie / unhIM ke phaloM se hamArA kAma bana jAegA / 172 3. tIsare mitra ne kahA- bar3I zAkhAoM ke kATane se bhI kyA lAbha hai ? phala to choTI-choTI upazAkhAoM / TahaniyoM) meM lage hue haiM / ataH unheM hI kATa lenA ThIka hai / 4. caturtha mitra kucha adhika vivekazIla thA / usane kahA- upazAkhAoM ko kATanA bhI vyartha hai / hamako to phala khAne haiM, zAkhAe~ nahIM / ataH phaloM ke gucchaka hI tor3a lene cAhie / 5. pA~caveM mitra ne cintana ko Age bar3hAte hue kahA - gucchoM ko tor3ane se bhI koI lAbha nahIM hai / unameM bahuta se abhI kacce phala haiM / ve bhaviSya meM pakeMge, phalataH kisI aura kI bhUkha ko miTAe~ge / ataH jo phala paka gae haiM, kevala ve hI tor3a lene cAhie / 6. chaTTA mitra sarvAdhika viveka-niSTha thA / usane jo kahA, vaha bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai / 'usake kathana meM Alasya kI gandha nahIM hai / usameM yathocita viveka kA saurabha hai| usane vinamra zAlInatA ke sAtha kahA-priya mitro ! kyoM kATane - tor3ane Adi kI jhaMjhaTa meM par3a rahe ho / dekho, havA ke jhoMke ke sAtha pUrNa rUpa se pake hue jAmuna pahale se hI bhUmi para gire hue haiM aura aba bhI gira rahe haiM / ataH inhIM ke dvArA hamArI bhUkha kI samasyA kA anAyAsa hI hala ho sakatA hai / ukta udAharaNa para se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki manuSya bhAvoM ke patana evaM utthAna meM apane vicAroM ko kriyAnvita karane meM kisa prakAra kI zubhA - zubha bhAvanAe~ rakhatA hai / dUsarA udAharaNa grAma- dAhakoM tathA grAma-nAzakoM kA hai| chaha mitra vyakti eka grAma ke bhayaMkara zatru the / ve grAma ko lUTanA bhI cAhate the aura sAtha hI use mulataH naSTa kara dene kA vicAra bhI rakhate the / eka bAra ardharAtri ke samaya grAma ke bAhara kisI ujar3e hue udyAna meM ikaTThe hue aura grAma-nAza kI yojanA banAne lage / eka ne bar3I krUratA ke sAtha kahA- grAma ke cAroM ora jo kaMTIlI

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lezyAoM ke rUpa meM citraNa 173 jhAr3iyoM ko kATara surakSA kI bAr3a lagA rakhI hai, usameM cAroM ora se Aga lagA deM, jo bhI strI-puruSa, bAla-vRddha-yuvA Adi bAhara nikalane kA prayatna kareM, una sabako talavAra evaM bhAloM ke dvArA mAra diyA jaae| yahAM taka ki pazuoM ko bhI surakSita rUpa se bAhara nahIM nikalane diyA jaae| 1. ukta yojanA para vicAra ho hI rahA thA ki eka mitra ne bar3e harSa se kahA-hA~ yahI ThIka hai / hameM aisA hI karanA cAhie / 2. dUsare mitra ne kahA-vicAre mUka evaM niraparAdha pazuoM ko mArane se kyA lAbha hai ? unhoMne hamArA kyA bigAr3A hai ? hameM to kevala manuSyoM se hI badalA lenA hai| 3. tIsare ne kahA-striyoM kI hatyA karanA mahApApa hai / ataH mere vicAra meM puruSoM ko mAranA hI ThIka hai| 4. caturtha vyakti ne kahA-bAla-vRddha Adi nizzastra vyaktiyoM ko mAranA bhI pApa hai| ataH sazastra evaM sazakta vyaktiyoM ko hI mAranA ucita hai| 5. pAMcaveM vyakti ne kahA--zastra-dhAraNa karane se kyA hotA hai ? zastradhArI vyakti bhI yadi bhayabhIta hokara bhAga rahA ho, to use mAranA bhI mahApApa hai| ataH zastra lekara jo hamase saMgharSa karane ko Ae, use hI mAranA ucita hai| 6. chaTThA vyakti jarA adhika vivekazIla thA, usane kahA-na hameM gAMva ko jalAne kI jarUrata hai, na kisI ko mArane kii| gAMva ke saba loga soe par3e haiM, ataH cupacApa jA kara unake dhana kA apaharaNa kara leN| dhana bhI manuSya kI eka prANa zakti hai| dhana kA nAza to prANa nAza se bhI adhika bhayaMkara hai| ataH samagra rUpa se dhana kA apaharaNa kara leM aura apanI sukhasuvidhA ke lie yathocita sAmagrI juTA leN| isa prakAra corya-karma karake bhayaMkara hatyAkANDa ke pApa se to hama baca jaaeNge| ukta udAharaNa kA rUpa bhI pUrvokta udAharaNa ke samAna hI hai| isa udAharaNa meM bhI kisa prakAra bhAvoM kI krUratA kama hotI jAtI hai aura komalatA bar3hatI jAtI hai, yaha eka gambhIratA ke sAtha vicArane jaisA rUpaka hai| ukta udAharaNoM para se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki manuSya ke cintana meM se

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174 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtoya jitanI krUratA kama hotI jAegI, aura adhikAdhika komalatA bar3hatI jAegI vaha vyakti utanA hI adhika zuddha mAnavIya guNoM se bhAvita hotA huA mAnavatA kI uttamottama sthiti ko prApta hotA jAegA / - jaina - vAGamaya meM lezyAoM kA vicAra mAnava ke bhAvoM kI pavitra evaM apavitra sthiti kA hamAre samakSa eka spaSTa citra upasthita karatA hai / manuSya ko kyA bananA hai aura kyA honA hai, usake liye apekSita hai ki vaha durbhAvoM se sambandhita adhama lezyAoM se apane ko mukta rakhane ke lie niraMtara yatnazIla rahe / sAtha hI, apane sadguNoM ke vikAsa ke hetu uttama lezyA ke bhAvoM ko nirantara abhivRddhi karatA rahe / mAnavatA isI meM hai ki aprazasta evaM dUSita vicAra patha kA parityAga kare aura prazasta evaM sva-para kalyANakArI bhAvoM ke satpatha kA anusaraNa kare / lezyAoM kA uparyukta varNana avakAzAbhAva ke kAraNa evaM sAdhAraNa jijJAsuoM kI dRSTi se saMkSepa meM kiyA gayA hai / vistRta jAnane kI jijJAsA rakhane vAle mahAnubhAvoM koM yathAvakAza bhagavatI, prajJApanA, uttarAdhyayana sUtra, SaT khaNDAgama, dhavalA, gommaTasAra evaM karma-grantha Adi kA adhyayana karanA cAhie /

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pariziSTa pAribhASika TippaNa

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1. pramANa pramANa se prameya kI siddhi hotI hai| binA pramANa ke vastu kA paribodha nahIM ho sktaa| pramANa kA artha hai-vastu kA yathArthabodha / jaina darzana meM pramANa kI vyAkhyA do paddhati se kI hai-Agama paddhati tathA tarka paddhati / jJAna-mImAMsA aura prmaann-miimaaNsaa| Agama-yuga meM bhI tarka paddhati kA prArambha ho cukA thaa| jJAna-mImAMsA : AgamoM meM jJAna ke pAMca bheda haiM-mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / prathama do jJAna indriya aura mana ke sahayoga se hone ke kAraNa parokSa haiM / agale tIna jJAna binA indriya evaM mana ke sahayoga ke hone se pratyakSa haiM / ataH pramANa do prakAra kA huA pratyakSa tathA parokSa / samyagjJAna hI to pramANa hai| pramANa-mImAMsA: __ yahA~ pramANa kA artha hai-sva-para-vyavasAyi jJAna / jo jJAna apanA svayaM kA tathA para kA apane se bhinna kA nizcaya karatA hai, vaha pramANa kahalAtA hai / yaha pradIpavat apane ko aura para ko prakAzita karatA hai| pramANa ke do bheda haiM-pratyakSa aura parokSa / akSa zabda ke do artha haiM-akSa arthAt indriya evaM akSa arthAt AtmA / jaba akSa kA artha indriya hotA hai, taba pratyakSa kA artha hogA-indriya manojanya jJAna / yaha sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai / jaba akSa kA artha AtmA hotA hai, taba pratyakSa kA artha hogA-sIdhA Atma-samuttha jJAna / vaha tIna prakAra kA hai-avadhi, manaH paryAya aura kevala / tInoM ko pAramArthika pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai| usake do bheda hote haiM- sakala pratyakSa aura vikala pratyakSa / sakala hai, kevala jJAna aura vikala hai-avadhi evaM manaH paryAya / ataH taka zAstra meM pratyakSa ke do bheda hote haiM-sAMvyavahArika aura pAramArthika / ( 176 )

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pariziSTa 177 tarka-zAstra meM pramANa kA dUsarA bheda hai-parokSa / aspaSTa athavA avizada jJAna ko parokSa pramANa kahA gayA hai| aspaSTatA tathA avizadatA kyA hai ? jisa jJAna meM, koI dUsarA jJAna nimitta ho, vaha aspaSTa tathA avizada hotA hai / smRti meM pUrva anubhava nimita hai, anumAna meM vyApti smaraNa nimitta hai / ataH ye parokSa pramANa haiM / kyoMki ye aspaSTa haiN| parokSa pramANa : jaina tarka-zAstra meM parokSa pramANa ke pAMca bheda haiM-smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama / atIta kA smaraNa, atIta tathA vartamAna kA pratyabhijJAna, vyApti meM sahayogI tarka, sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna anumAna aura Apta-puruSa ke vacana se hone vAlA zAstra-jJAna / 2. pramANa aura naya pramANa aura naya, donoM jJAna rUpa haiN| donoM paraspara abhinna haiM, yA bhinna hai ? yadi donoM eka hI artha ke vAcaka haiM, to pramANa-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama-cAra prakAra kA hotA hai, aura naya sAta prakAra kA hotA hai / phira donoM eka-dUsare ke paryAya vAcaka kaise ho sakate haiM ? isakA samAdhAna syAdvAda ke dvArA ho sakatA hai| tIsare bhaMga meM kahA gayA hai, ki kathaMcit bhinna aura kathaMcit abhinna / jaise ki zAkhA-prazAkhAeM vRkSa se bhinna bhI haiM, aura abhinna bhI / zAkhAoM ko vRkSa nahIM kaha sakate haiM, aura na avRkSa / ataH bhinna-bhinna haiN| pramANa yadi samudra hai, to naya taraMga hai| pramANa yadi sUrya hai, to naya razmi-jAla hai / pramANa kA sambandha pA~ca prakAra ke jJAna se hai, jabaki naya kA sambandha kevala zruta jJAna se hai / jJAna ko pramANa kahate haiM, aura naya zrata jJAna rUpa pramANa kA aMza vizeSa hai| naya kA artha hai-jisa jJAna ke dvArA * ananta dharmoM meM se kisI vivakSita eka dharma kA nizcaya hotA hai| naya na to pramANa hai, aura na apramANa / pramANa kA eka aMza hai| jaise ki taraMga na samudra hai, na asamudra hai| samudra kA eka aMza hai| ataH pramANa aura naya, bhinna bhI haiM, aura abhinna bhI haiN|

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178 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya 3 nikSepa bhASA ke mAdhyama se manuSya apane bhAvoM kI abhivyakti karatA hai| bhASA abhivyakti kA ananya sAdhana haiN| bhASA zabdoM kA tathA vAkyoM kA samudAya hai| manuSya kA samagra vyavahAra bhASA ke dvArA calatA hai / bhASA kA prayoga karane ke lie zabdoM ke yathArtha artha kA jJAna parama Avazyaka hai| zabdoM kA samucita prayoga bhI eka siddhAnta hai / usa siddhAnta ko jaina darzana meM nikSepavAda kahA gayA hai / nikSepa kA dUsarA nAma nyAsa bhI hai / zabdoM kA arthoM meM aura arthoM kA zabdoM meM Aropa karanA, nyAsa athavA nikSepa kahalAtA hai| zabdoM ke bheda : vyAkaraNa zAstra meM zabdoM ke cAra bheda hai-nAma, AkhyAta. upasarga aura niyAta / ghaTa-paTa Adi nAma zabda haiM / gacchati, paThati Adi AkhyAta kriyA athavA dhAtu zabda haiN| pra, parA, upa Adi upasarga zabda haiM / yathA, tathA, evaM Adi niyAta zabda haiM / ina cAra prakAra ke zabdoM meM nikSepa kA sambandha kevala nAma zabdoM se hai, anya tIna prakAra ke zabdoM se nahIM / kyoMki zeSa tIna zabda kriyA, upasarga aura niyAta vastu-vAcaka nahIM hote| nikSepa hameM batalAtA hai, ki nAma zabda ke kama se kama cAra artha avazya hoMge / ataH tattva ko samajhane ke lie nikSepa Avazyaka hai| nikSepa kI paribhASA : nikSepa siddhAnta aprastuta artha kA nirAkaraNa karake prastuta artha ke prayoga ko dizA ko batalAtA hai / jaise kisI ne kahA-rAjA to mere hRdaya meM hai / yahA~ rAjA zabda kA artha rAjA kA jJAna hai, kyoMki dehavAna rAjA kA kisI ke hRdaya meM rahanA, asambhava hai| ukta vAkya meM, rAjA kA jJAna, yaha artha prastuta hai, na ki svayaM rAjA / nikSepa aprAsaMgika artha kA nirAkaraNa kara prAsagika artha kA nirUpaNa karatA hai| nikSepa ke bheda : nikSepa ke cAra bheda haiM-nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhaav| ina kA upayoga kevala zAstroM meM hI nahIM, vyavahAra meM hotA hai| nikSepa ke binA loka vyavahAra bhI nahIM cala sakatA / zAstroM kA marma bhI nikSepa ke binA samajhA nahIM jA sakatA hai|

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pariziSTa 176 nAma nikSepa : loka vyavahAra calAne ke lie kisI vastu kA koI nAma rakha denA, nAma nikSepa hotA hai| jaise kisI vyakti kA nAma, mahAvIra rakha denaa| yahA~ mahAvIra zabda kA jo artha hai, vaha vilkula bhI apekSita nahIM hai| nAma nikSepa meM, yathA nAma jAti, guNa, dravya aura kriyA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / manuSya icchAnusAra kucha bhI nAma rakha sakatA hai / sthApanA nikSepa : kisI vastu kI anya vastu meM yaha kalpanA karanA, ki 'yaha vaha hai' sthApanA nikSepa hai| isake do bheda haiM - tadAkAra sthApanA aura atadAkAra sthApanA / mUrti tathA citra Adi meM kisI ko sthApanA karanA, tadAkAra sthApanA hai / zataraMja ke mohare Adi gaja, azva, bajIra evaM bAdazAha Adi kI kalpanA, atadAkAra sthApanA hai| isameM Aropa kiyA jAtA hai| dravya nikSepa : bhaviSya meM hone vAlI paryAya vAlA padArtha dravya nikSepa kahA jAtA hai| usake do bheda haiM-Agama dravya nikSepa aura no Agama dravya nikSepa / tad viSayaka zAstra kA jAnane vAlA, anupayukta AtmA Agama dravya nikSepa kahA jAtA hai| jaise rAjA ke jJAna vAlA anupayukta arthAt usa samaya rAjA ke jJAna ke upayoga rahita, AtmA Agama dravya rAjA hai| dUsare no Agama dravya nikSepa ke tIna bheda haiM-jJAna-zarora, bhAvi aura tavyatirikta / pahale bheda se rAjA ke jAnane vAle kA zarIra rAjA kahalAtA hai| jJAtA aura zarIra kA eka kSetrAvagAha sambandha hone se jJAtA kA trikAla gocara zarIra hI isakA viSaya hai| kArya kA upAdAna kAraNa hI bhAvi no Agama dravya kahalAtA hai| isa bheda ke anusAra yuvarAja bhI rAjA kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki vaha bhAvI rAjA kA upAdAna kAraNa hai| padArtha ke nimitta kAraNa usake AdhAra Adi anya sabhI vastue~ tadvyatirikta no Agama dravya kahalAtI haiN| jaise rAjA ke zarIra Adi / dravya nikSepa ke isa bheda ke anusAra na kevala rAjA kA zarIra, apitu rAjA kI mAtA, pitA tathA usake parivAra ke anya jana bhI rAjA kahalA sakate haiN| yaha no Agama dravya nikSepa hai| bhAva nikSepa : vartamAna paryAya sahita dravya ko bhAva nikSepa kahate haiN| usake do

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180 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya bheda haiM-eka Agama bhAva nikSepa aura dUsarA no Agama bhAva nikSepa / tad vastu viSaya zAstra ko jAnane vAlA vartamAna meM upayoga sahita AtmA Agama bhAva nikSepa hai| jaise rAjA ke jJAna se saMyukta upayoga sahita manuSya bhAva Agama rAjA hai / vartamAna meM usa paryAya sahita vastu ko no Agama bhAva nikSepa kahate haiN| jaise jo vastutaH rAjA hai, use rAjA kahanA / no Agama nikSepa hI vAstavika vastu ko kahatA hai| Aga ko Aga, pAnI ko pAnI, nikSepa ke isI bheda se kahe jAte haiN| bhAba nikSepa kA sambandha kevala vartamAna paryAya se hI hai / ataH isa nikSepa meM dravya nikSepa kI bhAMti jJAyaka zarIra Adi bheda nahIM hote / bhAva nikSepa vartamAna kriyA pariNata vastu ko hI grahaNa karane vAlA hotA hai| naya aura nikSepa : naya aura nikSepa meM viSaya aura viSayi-bhAva sambandha hai| naya jJAnAtmaka hai, aura nikSepa jJeyAtmaka / nikSepa ko jAnane vAlA naya hai / zabda-artha meM jo vAcya-vAcaka sambandha hai, usake sthApana kI kriyA kA nAma, nikSepa hai, aura vaha naya kA viSaya hai tathA naya usakA viSayI hotA hai| prathama ke tIna nikSepa dravyAthika naya ke viSaya aura antima nikSepa paryAyAthika naya kA viSaya hai| bAla, yuvA evaM manuSya Adi bhinna-bhinna avasthAoM vAle manuSya meM nAma kA viccheda nahIM dekhA jAtA / ataH nAma nikSepa anvayI hai, aura yahI kAraNa hai, ki vaha dravyAthika naya kA viSaya hai| anvayI hone ke kAraNa sthApanA nikSepa bhI dravyArthika naya kA viSaya mAnane meM tarka kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / isa prakAra kA anvayitva, bhAva nikSepa meM nahIM hai / ataH vaha paryAyArthika naya kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai| sva-para catuSTaya : anekAnta aura syAdvAda ko samajhane ke lie pramANa, naya, nikSepa aura sapta bhaMgI kI to AvazyakatA hai hii| parantu catuSTaya ko samajhanA bhI to Avazyaka hai| sva kI apekSA para sat hai, aura para kI apekSA sva asat bhI ho sakatA hai|

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pariziSTa 181 4. karma siddhAnta bhArata ke pratyeka darzana ne kisI na kisI rUpa meM AtmA se bhinna, vijAtIya tattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jo AsmA ke viparIta svabhAva vAlA hai, AtmA ke vikAsa meM rukAvaTa paidA karatA hai| AtmA ke vikAsa ko rokatA hai, use kucha bhI nAma diyA jA sakatA hai-karma kaho, mAyA samajho, vAsanA jAno yA phira prakRti bolo / parantu usakI sattA avazya hai| nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, bauddha aura jaina darzana ke karma-viSayaka sAhitya meM, paribhASA, bhAvanA aura vibhAjana meM, paryApta samAnatA rahI hai| usakA saMkSepa meM sAra yaha hai, ki jIva kA vartamAna meM jo sukha yA dukha hai, vaha binA kAraNa ke nahIM hai, usakA jo kAraNa hai, vaha karma kahA jAtA hai| ___ jaina paramparA kI viziSTa karma-vidyA bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke pUrva avazya sthira ho cukI thii| yaha vidyA AgrAyaNIya pUrva tathA karma pravAda pUrva ke nAma se jaina zruta meM prasiddha hai| itihAsa kI dRSTi se pUrva zabda kA abhiprAya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pahale se calA Ane vAlA zAstra vizeSa hai| karma kA siddhAnta jaina darzana kA apanA mUlabhUta siddhAnta hai| usakA vikAsa bhI dhIre-dhIre nirantara hotA hai| saMkhyAbaddha grantha-rAzi Aja bhI jaina sAhitya meM karma-viSayaka vidyamAna hai| karma bandha ke kAraNa : ____ karma granthoM meM pratyeka karma ke bandha hetuoM kI carcA vistAra se kI hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke tetIsaveM adhyayana meM pAMca hetuoM kA ullekha hai| jaise dopaka vartikA ke dvArA taila ko grahaNa karake apanI uSNatA se use jvAlA rUpa meM pariNata kara detA hai, vaise hI jIva apane kaSAya bhAva se pudgala paramANuoM ko karma rUpa meM pariNata kara detA hai, yahI bandha kahAtA hai| AtmasaMbaddha pudgala kI karma saMjJA ho jAtI hai / bandha ke cAra prakAra haiM-prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga aura pradeza / usake bandha hetu pAMca haiM-mithyAtva, avrata, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga / / anya darzanoM meM bhI isa viSaya kI carcA kI hai, lekina vaha spaSTa nahIM hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai, ki bandha zabda kA prayoga bhI vahA~ para nahIM hai / bandha ke kAraNoM kI vicAraNA bhI vaisI nahIM hai| nyAya darzana

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182 adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya saMskAra kahatA hai / sAMkhya prakRti kahate haiM / vedAnta mAyA kahatA hai / bauddha vAsanA kahatA hai / anya sampradAya avidyA tathA ajJAna kaha dete haiN| parantu jaina darzana meM pUrA varNana kiyA hai| karma, usakA kartA, karma kA phala aura jIvana para usakA prabhAva-ina sabakI gambhIra vicAraNA jaina darzana meM upalabdha hai| 5. Agama pramANa vicAra Apta-vANI se prakaTa hone vAle artha-jJAna ko Agama kahA gayA hai| jaise ki "samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritrANi mokss-maargH|" arthAt prazasta darzana, prazasta jJAna aura prazasta cAritra-ina tInoM kA sahabhAva arthAt ekatA, mokSa kA mArga arthAt upAya hai / "mArgaH" isa eka vacana se siddha hotA hai, ki tInoM meM eka-eka mokSa ke upAya nahIM haiM, balki tInoM milakara hI mokSa ke upAya bhUta haiM / ___ Apta kauna ho sakatA hai ? Apta kA lakSaNa kyA hai ? Apta kA lakSaNa isa prakAra hai-"AptaH pratyakSa-pramita-sakalArthatve sati parama hitopadezakaH / " arthAt jo pratyakSa jJAna ke dvArA sampUrNa padArthoM ko yathArtha rUpa meM jAnakara, utkRSTa hita kA upadeza dene vAlA ho, usako Apta kahate haiM / yadi parama hitopadezaka ko hI Apta kahA jAe, to zruta-kevalI meM ativyApti hotI hai| kyoMki zruta-kevalI ne Agama ke dvArA samasta jIva evaM ajIva Adi padArthoM ko yathArtha rUpa meM jAnA hai| ataH kahA gayA, ki pratyakSa jJAna ke dvArA / yadi pratyakSa jJAna ke dvArA sakala padArthoM kA jJAtA, Apta hotA hai, to siddhoM meM ativyApti hogii| kyoMki siddha pratyakSa jJAna se sakala padArthoM ke jJAtA evaM draSTA haiN| ataH kahA gayA, ki parama hitopadezaka / siddha to upadeSTA nahIM hote haiM / arhana hI upadeSTA hote haiM / ataH pratyakSa jJAna ke dvArA sakala padArthoM ke jJAtA evaM draSTA tathA parama hita upadezaka hI Apta hote hai / yaha Apta kA lakSaNa doSa-zUnya hai| isa prakAra ke Apta ke vAkya se utpanna hone vAle artha jJAna ko Agama kahate haiM / yahA~ para Agama lakSya hai, aura Apta ke vAkya se hone vAlA artha jJAna itanA lakSaNa hai / yadi kevala artha jJAna ko ho Agama kA AkSaNa mAnA jAe, to pratyakSa Adi meM, ativyApti AtI hai, kyoMki vaha

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pariziSTa 183 artha kA jJAna to hai, parantu Agama nahIM hai| kyoMki Agama ko parokSa ke bhedoM meM ginA gayA hai| ataH vAkya rUpa nimitta se itanA vizeSa khaa| vAkya nimitta se hone vAle artha-zAna ko Agama kahate haiM-"Apta-vAkya nibandhana-arthajJAna AgamaH / " yaha Agama kA lakSaNa hai| __jisa meM rAga, dveSa aura moha na ho, aura jo yathArtha jJAtA ho, yathArtha draSTA ho, tathA jo yathArtha bhASI ho, vaha sarvajJa hai, vaha kevalI hai, vaha sarvadarzI hai, vaha vItarAga hai, aura vahI jina evaM ahaMn bhagavAna hai, usakI vANI hI vastutaH Agama kahI jA sakatI hai / ataH Apta ke vacana se hone vAle artha jJAna ko Agama kahA gayA / upacAra se vacana bhI Agama hai / 6. artha tathA padArtha Apta ke lakSaNa meM kahA gayA thA, ki Apta vacana se hone vAle artha jJAna ko Agama kahate haiN| 'artha jJAna' meM artha kyA hai ? artha arthAt padArtha / padArtha kisa ko kahate haiM ? artha kyA hai ? uttara meM kahA hai"arthaH anekAntaH / " jJAna ke viSaya ko artha kahate haiM / jo anekAnta svarUpa ho, usako artha kahate hai| artha ko abhidheya bhI kahate haiN| jisameM aneka anta, arthAt sAmAnya, vizeSa, paryAya aura guNa rUpa dharma pAe jAe, usako anekAnta kahate haiM / ataH vastu evaM artha-aneka dharma rUpa hotA hai / ___aneka padArthoM ke sadRza svarUpa ko sAmAnya kahate haiN| jaise ghaTatva / go meM gotva aura azva meM azvatva Adi sAmAnya hai| sAmAnya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM, nayAyAyika yaha kahate haiM, ki vaha sAmAnya vyakti se sarvathA bhinna hai, nitya hai, eka hai aura anekoM meM anugata hai, unakA yaha kathana ThIka nahIM hai| __isI prakAra vizeSa bhI hai, jisake grahaNa se yaha ghaTa bar3A hai, yaha ghaTa choTA hai, Adi vilakSaNa jJAna hotA hai| yaha bhI padArtha se bhinna nahIM hai, naiyAyika vizeSa ko bhI bhinna mAnate haiM / jaina darzana meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa svarUpAtmaka padArtha hI jJAna kA viSaya hai / sAmAnya kA artha hai, dravya aura vizeSa kA artha hai, paryAya / dravya aura paryAya donoM alaga-alaga nahIM raha skte|

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adhyAtma pravacana : bhAga tRtIya paryAya ke do bheda haiM-- artha paryAya aura vyaJjana paryAya / jo bhUta aura bhaviSyat kAla kA sparza na karane vAlA, kevala zuddha vartamAna kAlagata vastu svarUpa hai, usako artha paryAya kahate haiM / yaha Rju sUtra naya kA viSaya hai / jisase pravRtti eva nivRtti ke lie kAraNabhUta jala AharaNa Adi prayojana sAdhaka kriyA ho sake, usako vyaJjana athavA vyakti kahate haiM aura isase yukta jo paryAya usako vyaJjana paryAya kahate haiM / jaise miTTI ke sthAsa, koza, kusUla, ghaTa tathA kapAla Adi rUpa vyaJjana paryAya haiM / ye do prakAra kI paryAya haiM / 184 jo dravya ke samasta pradezoM meM rahate haiM, tathA jinakA anuvartana samasta paryAyoM meM hotA hai, unako guNa kahA jAtA hai / jaise vastutva, rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza Adi / vastutva Adi guNa miTTI ke samasta pradezoM meM rahate haiM, aura piNDa Adi uttarottara paryAyoM meM, unakA anugamana bhI hotA hai / ataH inako guNa kahate haiM / parantu piNDa Adi paryAyoM kA sthAsa Adi paryAyoM meM aisA anvaya nahIM hotA / ataH inako guNa nahIM kaha sakate haiM / ataH guNa aura paryAyoM meM paraspara bheda hai / guNa do prakAra ke hote haiMsAmAnya guNa aura vizeSa guNa 1 guNa aura paryAya kA AdhAra dravya bhI do prakAra kA hai - jIva dravya aura ajIva dravya / dravya kA artha hai - sat / sat lakSaNa isa prakAra hai"utpAda vyaya dhIvya yuktaM sat / " arthAt jisameM utpati, vinAza aura dhruvatva - ye tInoM eka sAtha eka meM raheM, vaha dravya hai, vaha satu hai / jaise ki svarga kI prApti karAne vAle puNya karma kA udaya hone para jIva dravya meM, manuSya bhava kA vyaya aura deva bhava kA utpAda tathA cetana bhAva kA dhruvatva bhI banA rahatA hai / isI prakAra ajIva dravya meM bhI samajha lenA caahie| jaise miTTI rUpa meM piNDa rUpa kA vyaya hotA hai, ghaTa rUpa kA utpAda hotA hai, aura miTTI ke svarUpa kA dhIvya hai / ataH ajIva dravya meM bhI utpAda, vyaya aura dhovya- ye tInoM hote haiM / dravya ke do bheda saMkSepa meM kahe haiM / jaina darzana vastu mAtra ko anekAntAtmaka mAnatA hai / vastu kabhI ekAnta rUpa nahIM hotI hai / ekAntavAda mithyA hotA hai, aura anekAMtavAda samyak hotA hai / yaha anekAntAtmaka vastu hI pramANa kA viSaya hai / isakA parijJAna, pramANa se hotA hai /

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3 adhyAtma pravacana : eka saMdarzana (tRtIya bhAga) bhAratIya dharma, darzana ke gaMbhIra cintaka satya ke spaSTa vivecaka evaM nirbhIka udghoSaka, prajJA maharSi rASTrasanta upAdhyAya zrI amara muni kA nAma, Aja samasta adhyAtma jagata meM eka jAgRta prajJAzIlatA kA paryAya hai| pratyeka dizA meM unmukta evaM svatantra, taTastha tathA saMtulita vicAra cintana, jisameM mukharita hotA hai bhAratIya manISA kA mUlasvara, darzana kA Aloka aura dharma kA amRt-cintn| gurudeva zrI amara muni, sthAnakavAsI jaina zramaNa ke pariveza meM samagra jainatva ke pratIka haiN| sampradAya aura rUr3hivAda kI saMkIrNatA se sarvathA mukta; mahAvIra ke ananta satya kA samagratA ke sAtha darzana. pravacana evaM prasthApanA karane meM sakSama, vAgadevatA ke varadaputra, mahAvIra ke AdhyAtmika uttarAdhikArI mahAn manISI haiN| ApazrI ke adhyAtma viSayaka pravacanoM kA eka virATa saMskaraNa "adhyAtma pravacana" bhAga 1, lagabhaga 25 varSa pUrva prakAzita ho cukA hai| usameM mukhyataH darzana kA sparza karane vAle gUr3ha adhyAtma viSayoM para bahuta hI sundara, santulita aura hRdayasparzI pravacana haiN| adhyAtma pravacana (bhAga 2) meM jJAna evaM AcAra ke gahana tathyoM ko udghATita karane vAle , tatvacintana pradhAna jIvanasparzI tatvoM kA vizada vivecana huA hai| jJAna-mImAMsA ke antargata pramANa, naya, Adi kA tathA AcAra-mImAMsA meM zrAvaka kI AcAra-maryAdA, Adarza jIvana zailI para naI dRSTi se cintana kiyA gayA hai| prastuta tRtIya bhAga meM bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya darzana, karmatattva, SaDdravya, Adi tattvoM para bahuta hI vyApaka evaM tulanAtmaka vivecana cintana hai| isa pravacana saMgraha kA sampAdana kiyA hai Apake hI vidvAn ziSya zrI vijaya muni jI zAstrI ne| zrI vijaya muni jI eka bahuzruta cintaka to hai hI, pravacana evaM lekhanakalA ke kSetra meM svataH pratiSThApanna haiN| aba taka 50 se adhika pustakoM kA sampAdana/lekhana kara cuke haiN| prApti sthAna * sanmati jJAna pITha, jaina bhavana, lohAmaMDI, AgarA-282002 * vIrAyatana, rAjagira, 403116 jilA, nAlandA (bihAra) Jam ed