Jain Katha Sahitya me Pratibimbit Dharmik Jivan

Author(s): Pushpa Tiwari
Publisher: Ilahabad University
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010266/1

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jaina kathA sAhitya meM pratibimbita dhArmika jIvana RELIGIOUS LIFE AS REFLECTED IN JAINA KATHA LITERATURE ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ko DI0 phila0 upAdhi hetu prastuta zodha prabandha YOFAL ALLAHAN KIVERSIT Kno+UAR OPAN REOR dvArA vijayA mizrA (tripAThI) zodha paryavekSikA DA0 puSpA tivArI vyAkhyAtA prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ilAhAbAda 1993

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pramANa-patra pramANita kiyA jAtA hai ki prastuta zodha prabandha " jaina kathA sAhitya meM pratibiMbita dhArmika jIvana" DI0 phila upAdhi hetu vijaya mizrA (tripAThI) kI maulika kRti hai evaM mere nirdezana meM pUrI kI gayI hai / purapI tivArI DaoN. puSpA tivArI vyAkhyAtA prAcIna itihAsa saMskRti, evaM purAtatva vibhAga ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ilAhAbAda

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- samarpaNa parama pUjya pitA svargIya zrI zivayatna prasAda tripAThI ko Adara sahita

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prAkvaktavya jaina kathA sAhitya pUrvamadhyakAlIna itihAsa ke adhyayana ke liye vizeSa upayogI rahA hai| jisake arntagata rAjasthAna, gujarAta aura samIpavatI zretroM ke aitihAsika, sAmAjika Arthika tathA dhArmika jIvana kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai . AThavI zatAbdI I. bhAratIya sAMskRtika tatvoM ke saMkrAnti kAla kA paricAyaka kahA jA sakatA hai| jisake sandhikAla meM prAcIna tathA madhyakAlIna dono vyavasthAye paraspara mizrita huI pratIta hotI hai| prastuta zodha prabandha pAMca adhyAyo me vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prathama adhyAya me kathA sAhitya ko aitihAsika sandarbho ke sAtha kathAoM ke vividha rUpo meM yathA-dharmakathA, arthakathA aura kAmakathA Adi ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM sAmAyika samAja vyavasthA ko AdhAra rUpa diyA gayA hai| varNa jAti evaM upajAtiyo ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha vividha sAmAjika sasthAo kA bhI adhyayana prastuta zodha prabandha kA viSaya rahA hai aura upalabdha sAmagriyo ke AdhAra para viSaya kA vivecana karane kA bharapUra prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| sAmAjika jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha tatkAlIna jIvana meM artha vyavasthA kA bhI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai aura isI ko lakSya kara Arthika jIvana se sambandhita vividha mahatvapUrNa tatvo kA adhyayana zodha prabandha kA viSaya rahA hai| sAmAjika, Arthika evaM aitihAsika pariprakSya meM, jaina kathAo meM varNita dhArmika jIvana, isa zodha prabandha ke tRtIya adhyAya kA pramukha viSaya rahA hai| jaina kathAoM meM varNita dhArmika jIvana ne samakAlIna kalA evaM sthApatya ko prabhAvita kiyA jisakA vivecana zodha prabandha ke cauthe adhyAya me kiyA gayA hai| prastuta zodha prabandha ke prastutIkaraNa me mai sarvaprathama apanI zodha paryavekSikA AdaraNIyA DA. puSpA tivArI ke prati kRtajJatA jJApita karatI hUM jinake kuzala nirdezana evaM protsAhana ke binA zAyada yaha kArya saMbhava nahIM thA ! zraddheya prophesara vidyAdhara mizrA, DA. jaya nArAyaNa pANDeya evaM DA. vanamAlA madholakara, evaM DA. DI. maMDala, ArcAyajana, prAcIna itihAsa, saskRti eva purAtatva vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ke prati hArdika kRtajJa hU~, jinhoMne mujhe, apanA sneha zubhAzISa, protsAhana evaM nirdezana diyaa| atataH mai zrI cakrapANi maNiyAra, zrI rajanIza evaM apane parivArajanoM ke prati bhI AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne isa kRti ko vartamAna svarUpa pradAna karane meM vividha rUpa me sahayoga diyaa| vijayA mizrA (tripAThI)

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anukrama adhyAya pRSTha saM. 1. jaina kathAoM kA aitihAsika paricaya - 1-24 2. jaina kathA-sAhitya kI sAmAjika evaM Arthika pRSThabhUmi .. 25-89 3. jaina kathA-sAhitya meM pratibimbita dhArmika jIvana 90-179 4. mUrtizilpa aura sthApatya 180-201 5. upasaMhAra 202-210 6. sandarbha graMtha sUcI 211

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adhyAya 1 jaina kathAoM kA aitihAsika paricaya prAcIna kAla se hI kathA sAhitya kA mAnava jIvana meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| kathA kahAniyAM mAnava ke manoraMjana evaM jJAnavardhana kA strota rahI haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM hAlAMki kathA, AkhyAna, yA upAkhyAna Adi meM se koI zabda nahIM pAyA jAtA parantu 'Rgveda' meM stutiyoM ke rUpa meM kahAnI ke mUlatatva pAye jAte haiM / " brAhmaNa granthoM meM bhI, jaise zatapatha brAhmaNa kI purUravA aura urvazI kI kathA kA ullekha milatA hai| upaniSatkAla meM gArgI, yAjJavalkya savAMda, satyakAma-jAvAla evaM janazruti ke putra rAjA jAnazruti kI kathA kA ullekha milatA hai / 2" rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata vizeSataH mahAbhArata bahuta sI kahAniyoM kA koza hai / isa prakAra vaidika evaM mahAkAvyakAlIna sAhitya hRdayagrAhI, preraka rocaka kA manorajaMka kathAoM se samRddha hai / kAlAMtara meM bauddha evaM jaina dharmo ke AvirbhAva evaM vikAsa ke sAtha ina dharmo ke sAhitya kA bhI vikAsa parilakSita hotA hai| udAharaNArtha, bauddha jAtaka kathAyeM evaM paMcatantra kI rocaka khaaniyaaN| ye kathAyeM pAli evaM saMskRta bhASA meM likhI gaI haiN| guNADhya kI vRhatkathA kahAniyoM kA bhaNDAra hai| isakI bhASA paizAcI prAkRta hai / prAkRta kathAoM kA abhikrama Agama granthoM meM upalabdha hai| jaina dharma ke pravartaka bhagavAna mahAvIra kI zikSAoM ko Agama kahA gayA hai ina AgamoM ko 'zrutajJAna' athavA siddhAMta ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra, arhata bhagavAna ne Agamo kA prarUpaNa kiyA aura unake gaNadharoM ne inhe sUtrarUpa meM nibaddha kiyA / " Agama sAhitya kI bhASA ardha mAgadhI hai, jabaki eka anya TIkAkAra hemacandra ne ise ArSa prAkRta yA prAcIna prAkRta bhASA mAnA hai / " Agama sAhitya meM dhArmika zikSAoM ko kathA mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA gayA

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hai| kathA sAhitya ke AlocakoM ke anusAra "sAhitya ke mAdhyama se DAle jAne vAle jitane prabhAva ho sakate haiM, ve racanA ke isa prakAra meM isa taraha se upasthita kiye jA sakate haiM, cAhe siddhAMta pratipAdana abhipreta ho, cAhe caritra-citraNa sundaratA iSTa hoM, kisI ghaTanA kA mahatva nirupaNa karanA ho athavA kisI vAtAvaraNa kI sajIvatA kA udghATana hI lakSaya banAyA jAya, kriyA kA vega aMkita karanA ho yA mAnasika sthiti kA sUkSma vizleSaNa karanA iSTa ho-sabhI kucha isake dvArA sambhava hai" / ataeva spaSTa hai ki prAkRta kathAo kA ArvibhAva Agama sAhitya se huA hai| prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke vibhinna AlocakoM dvArA isake vikAsa kA Akalana kAlakramAnusAra kiyA gayA hai| nemicandra zAstrI ne haribhadra ko kendra mAnakara jaina pAkRta-kathA sAhitya ko pA~ca kAlakhaNDoM ne vibhaktakara, vibhinna kathA-granthoM kA vistRta vizleSaNa kiyaa|" yaha vargIkaraNa isa prakAra hai:-AgamakAlIna prAkRta kathA sAhitya, TIkAkAlIna prAkRta kathA sAhitya, pUrva haribhadra kAlIna svatantra prAkRta kathA sAhitya, haribhadra kAlIna prAkRta kathA sahitya uttara haribhadrakAlIna prAkRta kathA-sAhitya / kathA sAhitya ke vikAsakrama ko dRSTi se kathA kA vikAsa asambhava se durlabha, durlabha se sambhava aura sambhava se sulabha kI ora hotA hai| AgamakAlIna kathAoM meM vaibhava kA nirUpaNa vratoM, AcAroM, aticAroM, parimANoM ke sthUla citraNa, caritra kI zuddhatA Adi para atyadhika bala diyA gayA hai| AgamakAlIna kathA sAhitya meM nAyAdhamakahAo kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai, inameM tyAga, saMyama, evaM tapa Adi dhArmika upadezoM ko udAharaNa, rUpaka, savAMda aura upamAoM ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dhanyasArthavAha aura unakI cAra bahuoM kI sundara lokakathA dvArA kalyANa mArga kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| jina pAlita aura jinarakSita ke vArtAlApa meM saMsAra ke pralobhanoM se bacane ke lie prAtsAhita karane kA upadeza hai| sUtrakRtAMga dhArmika upadezoM se yukta eka anya kRti hai| isIkAla kA eka anya dhArmika kAvya uttarAdhyayana sUtra hai, jisameM upamA aura dRSTAMta Adi ke mAdhyama se tyAga aura vairAgya kA upadeza diyA gayA hai|

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jayaghoSa, rAjamatI savAMda, kezIgautama kA savAMda Adi aneko AkhyAna aura savAMda isa sUtra meM pAye jAte haiN| Agamika prAkRta kathAoM meM kucha kathAeM to paraparAgata rUpa se jaina dharmAnumodita hai jabaki kucha anya bhAratIya kathA ke naitika, dhArmika koza se jaina dharma ghaTita kara likhI gayI haiN| sAmAnyata: ina kathAoM meM nemi, pAzva, aura mahAvIra ina tIna tIrthakaroM ke jIvana citra citrita hai| e. ena. upAdhye ne AgamakAla kI kathAoM ke vizleSaNa meM batAyA hai-"Arambha meM, jo mAtra upamAye thI, unako bAda meM vyApaka rUpa dene aura dhArmika matAvalambiyoM ke lAbhArtha usase upadeza grahaNa karane ke nimitta unheM kathAtmaka rUpa pradAna kiyA hai"| nAyAdhammakahAo meM sundara udAharaNa Aye haiN| jaise kachuA apane aMgoM kI rakSA ke liye zarIra ko sikor3a letA hai, laukI kIcar3a se AcchAdita hone para jala meM DUba jAtI hai aura nandI phala ke vRkSa hAnikAraka hote haiN| ye vicAra upedaza dene ke uddezya se vyavahRta huye haiN| ye citrita karate haiM ki arakSita sAdhu kaSTa uThAtA hai, tIvrodayI kamI paramANuoM ke gurutara bhAra se Acchanna vyakti naraka jAtA hai aura jo viSayAnanda kA svAda lete hai; anta meM ve duHkha prApta karate haiN| inhIM AdhAroM para upedaza prAdhAna kathA meM varNanAtmaka rUpa meM yA jIvanta vArtAoM ke rUpa meM pallavita kI gayI hai|" TIkA kAlIna prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM mukhyata: AgamoM kI vyAkhyAyeM prastuta kI gaI hai| AgamoM kI kucha, saMgha dAsa gaNi kSamA zramaNa racita nizItha bhASya, kalpa bhASya va vyavahAra bhASya; jinadAsagaNi mahattara racita curNiyAM Adi hai| niyukti sAhitya meM kathAnaka, udAharaNa, dRSTAnta Adi ko gAthAoM, ke rUpa saMgrahIta kiyA gayA hai| inameM, gAMdhAra zrAvaka, tosilaputra, sthUlabhadra, kAlaka, karakaMDU, mRgAputra, bhRgAvatI Adi dhArmika evaM paurANika AkhyAnoM kA svataMtra kathA granthoM ke rUpa meM sRjana kiyA gayA hai| mukhyata: dasa Agama granthoM para niyuktiyAM prApya hai| piNDa, ogha aura ArAdhanA apane meM svataMtra astitva rakhatI hai| svataMtra niyuktiyoM meM prathama do" 'dazavaikAlika' aura 'Avazyaka' niyukti kI pUraka hai| tRtIya kA ullekha mUlAcAra se prApta hotA hai10" niyukti, bhASya evaM TIkAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki bhASya evaM TIkAyeM, kathAoM ke sandarbha meM niyuktiyoM se adhika sampanna hai| (3)

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bhASya sAhitya meM bhI, niyukti kI bhAMti saMkSipta zailI meM aneka kathAnaka aura dRSTAnto dvArA viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| bhASya sAhitya kA sRjana jaina sanyAsiyoM dvArA bhASya sAhitya ko antima rUpa dene ke pUrva kI gii| bhASya sAhitya kI pramukha racanAoM meM saMghadAsa gaNI kSamAzramaNa racita nizIthabhASya, kalpa bhASya aura vyavahAra bhASya Adi hai| dhRrto ke manoraMjaka AkhyAna bhI isa sAhitya ye upalabdha hai| bhASya yugIna kathAyeM, mukhyataH, zailI kI vizeSatA, vividhatA evaM navInatA Adi kAraNoM se apanA eka alaga svarUpa pratibiMbita karatI hai| sAmAnyata: sAhitya kA bhASya yuga vikAsa kI usa sthiti kA sUcaka hai jaba racanA kI prakriyA meM maulikatA ko janma dene vAlI pravRtiyAM vikasita hone lagatI hai| AgamoM para AdhArita vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cUrNiyoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| ve cUrNiyAM gadya meM likhI gaI hai| jaina dharma ko vistAra se pratipAdita karane ke liye sambhavata: padya racita niyukti evaM bhASya sAhitya meM adhika gujAiza nahIM thii|'' cUrNiyoM meM prAkRta kI aneka laukika evaM dhArmika kathAyeM samAhita hai| ina cUrNiyoM kI bhASA kevala prAkRta na hokara saMskRta mizrita prAkRta hai| pariNAmAsvarUpa, sumrAhaya hone ke kAraNa cUrNI sAhitya, kA kSetra niyukti evaM bhASya kI apekSA adhika vistRta thA cUrNiyoM meM vizeSata: nizItha kI vizeSa cUrNI evaM Avazyaka cUrNI meM jaina purAtatva se sambandhita sAmagrI evaM jainAcAryoM kI janasamparka pravRti evaM unakI vyApaka adhyayanazIlatA para prakAza par3atA hai| jinadAsamaNi mahattara dvArA racita ina cUNiyoM ke sRjana kA samaya chaThI zatAbdI IsavI-san ke AsapAsa mAnA jAtA hai / 12 Agama sAhitya ko samajhane meM TIkAoM kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| niyukti, bhApya aura cUrNiyoM kI bhA~ti AgamoM para bhI vistRta TIkAyaM likhI gayI haiN| yadyapi TIkAoM kI bhASA saMskRta hai phira bhI TIkAoM kA kathA sambandhI aMza prAkRta meM bhI uddhRta hai| haribhadrasUri jinakA samaya lagabhaga 705-775 IsavI san hai pramukhata: TIkAkAroM meM ullekhanIya hai| haribhadrasUrI ne Avazyaka dezavaikAlika bandI, aura anuyoga dvAra para TIkAyeM likhii| tatpazcAt zIlAMkasUri

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ne AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga para saMskRta meM TikAyeM likhii| vAdivetAla zAntisUri, nemicandrasUri, malayagiri Adi AcAryoM ko TIkAkAroM meM ginA jAtA hai, jinhoMne prAkRta bhASA meM TIkAyaM kii| uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hotA hai ki Agama siddhAMtoM para vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya kA pracuratA se nirmANa huA jisake phalasvarUpa eka alaga Agama kAlIna sAhitya kA nirmANa huaa| AgamakAlIna sAhitya ne apane uttarakAlIna sAhitya ke nirmANa meM yogadAna diyaa| isa yogadAna ke pariNAmasvarUpa prAkRta bhASA kA carita-sAhitya, dhArmika sAhitya kathA-sAhitya uttarottara vikasita hokara adhikAdhika samRddha hotA gyaa| jaina prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke AlocakoM evaM samIkSako ke anusAra kathAkAroM ke caritra-sRSTi kI sajagatA pUrvaharibhadrayugIna kathAoM meM spaSTa parilakSita hotI hai| isase pahale kI kathAo ke pAtroM ke caritra kA kathAtmaka utkarpa, hI pAyA jAtA hai| saMbhavata: isakA kAraNa ina pAtroM kA samAja ke vibhinna kSetroM kA pratinidhitva karanA hai| caritra dRSTi haribhadra ke pUrva kAlIna kathAoM meM nahIM hai| carita sRSTi ke liye Avazyaka vyApaka AdhAra phalaka pUrvaharibhadrakAlIna taraMgavatI (taraMgavaIkahA) vasudevahiNDI aura paUmacariya kathA kRtiyoM meM spaSTataH parilakSita hotA hai| vastuta: prAkRta kathA-sAhitya meM paurANika zailI se bhinna AkhyAyikA paddhati para kisI eka lokaprasiddha strI athavA purupa kI jIvana ghaTanA ko kendra mAnakara kAvyamaya zailI meM zrRMgAra karuNa Adi rasoM se alaMkRta karate huye vairAgya utpanna karane vAle kathA grantha likhe gaye yadyapi AkhyAyikA zailI kA samyaka vikAsa haribhadra kAla meM hI pAyA jAtA hai phira bhI taraMgavatI kathA kRti isa zailI ke sabhI guNoM se paripUrNa haribhadrayugIna prAkRta kathA-vikAsa kI dRSTi se kathA-sAhitya kA svarNa yuga hai| isa kAla meM vastu aura rUpa yA zilpa kA ekAnvayana spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| isa yuga se pUrva zilpa kathAoM meM bAhara se aropita pratIta hotA thA, parantu aba ina donoM meM tAdAtmya

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sthApita ho gayA thaa| AlocakoM kA mAnanA hai ki yaha kathA cetanA kA sabase mahatvapUrNa vikAsa hai jo haribhadra ke anantara kathAoM meM barAbara banA rhaa|14 haribhadrayugIna prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM vastu ke anusAra zilpa gaThana eka svIkRti satya hai| yaha pravRtti kathA vastu ke sAtha eka abhUtapUrva saMgati ke rUpa meM puna: prakaTa huyI hai, jo taraMgavaIkathA ke pazcAta luptaprAya ho gayI thii| isa yuga kI sarvapramukha vizeSatA kathA kI niSThA kA vikAsa hai| niSThA kA artha hai kathA sAhitya ko eka-pUrNa, samartha sAhityika vidhAmAnakara usakI vyavasthA kI cetnaa| isa niSThA kA pahalA rUpa hai vyaMgya aura hAsya kI sUkSmatA kA samA hAra tathA AlocanAtmaka dRSTi kA samanvaya / vyaMgya aura hAsya meM dhArmika upayogitA vAda se bhinna eka vizuddha kalAtmaka upayogitAvAda kI sthApanA, usakI pratyakSa upalabdhiyA~ Ara manoraMjana ke sAtha dharmatatva kI prApti Adi sammilita hai kathAoM kA vargIkaraNa kathAnaka rUDhiyoM kA bahula prayoga aura loka-kathAoM kA abhijAtya kathAoM ke rUpa meM parivartana niSThA kA dUsarA rUpa hai| haribhadra ke samaya ke meM sambandha meM cAra mAnyatAyeM prasiddha haiN| paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra haribhadra kA svargArohaNa kA kAla IsavI san 527 mAnA jAtA hai / 15 munijina vijaya jI ke anusAra 700-770 IsavI san hai,16" jabaki AbhyaMkara ne vikramI saMvat 800-950 taka haribhadra kA samaya mAnA hai / 17, mahendrakumAra jI ke anusAra AcArya haribhadra kA samaya I. san 720 se 810 taka mAnA gayA hai|18" ina mato ke vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para AlocakoM ne haribhadra kA samaya 730-830 I. taka mAne jAne kI saMstuti kI hai|19' hadibhadra ke prAkRta kathAoM meM samarAiccahA, aura dhUrtAkhyAna pramukha sthAna rakhate haiN| ina kathAgranthoM ke atirikta TIkA aura cUrNiyoM meM udAharaNa ke rUpa meM haribhadra ne agaNita dRSTAnta kathAoM kI racanA kI samarAiccakahA meM pratizodha bhAvanA kI pradhAnatA hai evaM yaha bhAvanA vibhinna rUpoM meM vyakta huyI hai| samarAiccakahA meM nAyaka sadAcArI aura pratinAyaka ke nau janmoM taka calane vAlI jIvana-saMgharSa kI kathA likhI gayI haiN| jabaki dhUrtAkhyAna vyaMgya pradhAna racanA hai| isameM purANoM meM varNita asambhava aura avizvasanIya bAtoM kA pA~ca dhUtoM kI kathAoM dvArA pratyAkhyAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki isa racanA (6)

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meM vyaMgya dhvaMsAtmaka na hokara nirmANAtmaka hai| haribhadra kI dasa vaikAlika TIkA meM 30 mahatvapUrNa prAkRta kathAyeM aura upadeza pada meM lagabhaga 70 prAkRta kathAoM kA ullekha hai| haribhadra ke bAda prAkRta kathA sAhitya apanI samasta pUrva arjita kSamatAoM tatvoM aura guNoM ke sAtha vikasita huaa| isa kAla meM mukhyata: cAra zreNiyoM meM prAkRta kathAyeM likhI gyii| mukhyata: upadeza, AkhyAyikA, dhArmika upanyAsa aura carita, cAra zreNiyoM meM likhI gayI hai| ina zreNiyoM kI kathAoM ke liya sthApatya ke vividha mAnadaNDa evaM nizcita rUpa rekhAyeM sthApita huyI haiN| AlocakoM ke anusAra isa yuga meM mukhyata: tatva pradhAnatA kI pavRti dRSTigocara hotI hai| uttara haribhadrayugIna kathA sAhitya meM vrata aura pUjA vidhAna kI mahattA dyotaka kathAyeM likhI gayI, jinakA uddezya janatA meM vrata aura caritra kA prasAra karanA thaa| haribhadra ke ziSya udyotana sUri racita kuvalayamAlA isa yuga kI prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA mahatvapUrNa kathA-kRti hai| isake atirikta cauppanna-mahApurisa-cariyaM, surasundarI-cariyaM, kathA kozaprakaraNa, nirvANa lIlAvatI kathA, nAgapaMcamI kahA, mahAvIracariyaM, kuhArayaNakosa Adi isa yuga kI mahatvapUrNa kathA kRtiyAM hai| inameM se adhikAMza kI mUla kRtiyAM vilupta hai| isa prakAra prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya AgamoM se lekara 16 vIM za. taka vikasita hotA rahA hai| prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA kAla aura kathAoM ke rUpa prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA kAla spaSTa rUpa se pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsavI se prArambha hokara 16-17vIM zatAbdI taka astitva meM rahA hai| isameM kathA, upakathA, antarkathA, dRSTAMta, AkhyAna, AkhyAyikA, udAharaNa Adi ke bheda se kathAoM ke vividha rUpa prakaTa hote haiN| kathAoM ko hRdaya grAhya aura rUcikara banAne ke liye unameM vibhinna prakAra ke saMvAda, buddhimattA kI parIkSA uttara-pratyuttara helikA, prahelikA, samasyA pUrti, subhASita, sUkti, kahAvata tathA gIta, pragIta, viSNu gItikA, carcarI, gAthA, chaMda Adi kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| (7)

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haribhadra sUri ne samarAiccakahA meM sAmAnya rUpa se artha kathA, kAma kathA, dharma kathA aura saMkIrNa kathA ke bheda se kathAoM kA vibhAjana cAra vargoM meM kiyA hai|20' arthopArjana kI ora pravRtta karane vAlI kathA ko arthakathA, kAma kI ora pravRtta karane vAlI kathA ko kAma kathA, anta: karaNa aura zarIra kI komalatA aura saralatA (Arjavama, mArdavama) Adi kI ora AkarSita karane vAlI aura dharma ke prati saccI niSThA aura zraddhA utpanna karane vAlI kathA ko dharma kathA tathA dharma, artha, aura kAma se samAvezita kathA ko saMkIrNa kathA kahA hai| dharma kathA ke cAra bheda batalAye gae haiM :- AkSepaNI, vikSepaNI, saMvedanI aura nivedanI / 21" mana ke anukUla vicitra aura apUrva arthavAlI kathA ko AkSepaNI, kuzAstroM kI ora se udAsIna karane vAlI mana ke pratikUla kathA ko vikSepaNI, jJAna kI utpatti ke kAraNa, mana ko mokSa kI ora le jAne vAlI kathA ko saMvedanI, tathA vairAgya utpanna karane vAlI kathA ko nirvedanI kathA kahA gayA hai| hema candra AcArya ne AkhyAyikA aura kathA meM antara spaSTa kiyA hai / 2" AkhyAyikA meM ucchavAsa hote haiM aura vaha gadya meM likhI jAtI hai, jaise harSa carita kathAyeM gadya aura padya donoM meM pAyI gayI haiN| ye kathAyeM saMskRta, prAkRta, magadhI, zaurasenI, paizAcI aura apabhraMza bhASAoM meM likhI gaI hai| upAkhyAna, AkhyAna, nidarzana, pravahalikA, maMdhallikA, maNi kulyA, pari kathA, khaMDa kathA, saphala kathA aura bRhata kathA ke ye bheda batalAye gaye haiM23 / haribhadra kA dhUrtAkhyAna hAsya, vyaMgya aura vinoda kA kathA graMtha hai| haribhadra sUri kA upadezApada dharma kathAnuyoga kI eka dUsarI racanA hai| kuvalaya mAlA ke kathAkAra udyotana sUri (779 I) eka samartha racanAkAra the| sudaMsaNA caritra ke racanAkAra devendra sUri ne rAtri kathA, strI kathA, bhakta kathA aura janapada kathA nAma kI cAra vikathAoM kA tyAga karake dharma kathA ke zravaNa ko hitakArI batAyA hai| isake atirikta jinezvara sUri kA kathA koSa prakaraNa, nemicandra sUri aura vRttikAra Amradeva sUri kA AkhyAna maNi koSa, guNa candra gaNi kA kathA ratna koSa tathA prAkRta kathA saMgraha Adi kI racanAyeM kathAoM kI bhaNDAra haiN| (8)

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* navIna jaina lekhakoM ke anusAra brAhmaNa aura vaidika dharmazAstroM aura purANoM ke prati loga udAsIna ho rahe the / atizayoktiyoM se paripUrNa kahAniyoM se brAhmaNa grantha bhare huye the- + / vimala sUri ke anusAra vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke bahuta se aMza kAlpanika aura vizvAsa yogya nahIM haiN| ataeva unhoMne pauma cariu kI racanA kii| isa racanA ke pAtra vidyAdhara, rAkSasa aura vAnaravaMza kA paricaya dene ke pazcAt kathana karate haiM ki vijayArddha kI dakSiNa dizA meM raghanapura nAma ke nagara meM indra nAma kA vidyAdhara rahatA thaa| isane laMkA para vijaya prApta kiyA aura apane rAjya meM sammilita kara liyaa| laMkA ke rAjA ratnazravA kA vivAha kautuka maMgala nagara ke vyoma bindu kI choTI putrI kekasI se huA thaa| rAvaNa inakA putra thaa| isane vAlyAvasthA meM bahurUpiNI vidyA siddha kI thI aura isa siddhi se saMpanna hone se apane zarIra ko vibhinna rUpoM meM parivartita karane kI kSamatA rakhatA thaa| rAvaNa aura kuMbhakaraNa ne laMkA ke rAjA indra aura prabhAvazAlI vidyAdhara vaizravaNa ko parAsta kara apanA rAjya sthApita kara liyA / khara dUSaNa rAvaNa kI bahana candranakhA kA haraNa kara le gayA aura bAda meM rAvaNa ne apanI bahana kA vivAha kharadUSaNa ke sAtha kara diyA / vAnara vaMza ke zAsaka vali ne saMsAra kA tyAga karake apane choTe bhAI sugrIva ko rAjya kA kAryabhAra sauMpa kara digambara dIkSA kara liyA aura kailAsa parvata para tapasyA karane lgaa| ayodhyA meM bhagavAna RSabha deva ke vaMza meM aneka rAjA huye, sabane prabrajyA grahaNa kara tapasyA kI aura mokSa kI prApti kI / isa vaMza ke rAjA raghu ko araNya nAmaka putra huA, isakI rAnI kA nAma pRthavI mati thaa| inake do putra huye antaratha aura dazaratha / pauma cariu kI viSaya vastu ke adhyayana se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki brAhmaNa aura paurANika granthoM ke viruddha isa prakAra ke kathAnakoM ko racakara eka kAlpanika kathAvastu kI racanA kI gayI / jaina muniyoM ko zrRMgAra kI kathAoM ke sunane aura sunAne kA niSedha thA, parantu isake viparIta pAThakoM ko sAmAnyataH aisI kahAniyoM ko sunane meM zravaNa sukha kI prApti hotI thI / vAsudevahiNDI ke racayitA ke vicAra isa prakAra hai: (9)

Page #16
"soUNa loiyANaM NaravAhana intAdINaM kahAo kamiyAo logoM egaMteNa kAma kahAsu rjjNti| soggaipaha desiyaM puNa dhammaM soMu pi necchati ya jarapintavasa kaDupa muho iva gula sakkara khaMDa macchaM-DiyAisu viparI pariNAmoM / dhammatthakAmapANa yamUlaM dhammoM, tammi yA maMdataro jaNo, " taM jaha NAma koI vejyo Aura abhayausaha- pANaparaMmuhaM osaDhamiti uvvilayaM maNomilasiya-pANavava eseNa usahaM taM pajjeti / "kAma kahA ratahitapassa paNassa siMgAra kahA vaseNa dhammaM ceva pari kahemi25" | "naravAhana datta Adi laukika kAma-kathAyeM sunakara loga ekAMta meM kAma kathAoM kA Ananda lete the| jvarapitta se yadi kisI rogI kA muMha kaDuA ho jAye to jaise gur3a zakkara, khA~r3a matsyaMDikA (bUrA) Adi bhI kar3avI lagatI hai, vaise hI sugati ko le jAne vAlI dharma ko sunane kI loga icchA nahIM krte| dharma, artha aura kAma se hI sukha kI prApti hotI hai, tathA dharma, artha aura kAma kA mUla hai dharma aura isameM loga maMdatara rahate hai / amRta auSadha ko pIne kI icchA na karane vAle kisI rogI ko jaise koI vaidya manobhilASita vastu dene ke bahAne use apanI auSadhi bhI detA hai, usI prakAra jina logoM kA hRdaya kAma kathA ke zravaNa karane meM saMlagna hai, unheM zrRMgAra kathA ke bahAne maiM apanI isa dharma kathA kA zravaNa karAtA hU~ / " jaina vicArakoM aura cintakoM ne AdhyAtmika graMthoM meM zrRMgAra rasa se ota-prota premAkhyAnoM ko apanI racanAoM meM sthAna diyA evaM madana utsavoM ke varNana saMyojita kiye ina utsavoM ke avasaroM para yuvaka kumAriyoM ko dekhakara apane Apa ko bhUla kara kAmajvara se grasta ho jAtA ( 10 )

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thA yuvatiyoM kI bhI yahI dazA hotI thI / gupta rUpa se prema patroM kA prakaraNa prArambha hotA thA / tatpazcAta premI aura premikA kA vivAha sampanna ho jAtA thA / svayaMvara kA bhI Ayojana hotA thaa| vasudeva hiNDI kA pAtra dhammila kumAra prema krIr3A meM kuzalatA prApta karane ke liye vasaMta senA nAma kI gaNikA ke ghara para hI samaya vyatIta karane lagA thA / kuvalayamAlA meM bhI prema aura zrRMgAra rasa pUrNa bahuta se citra prastuta kiye gaye haiN| vAsabhavana meM praveza karate samaya kuvalayamAlA aura saheliyoM meM praznottara kA krama calatA hai / kathAkoSa prakaraNa meM bhI premAlApa ke prasaMgoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / prAkRta kathA saMgraha meM bhI sura suMdarI kA AkhyAna eka premAkhyAna hai kathA-sAhitya meM 11vIM-12vIM zatAbdI IsavI meM tAntrikoM kA jora pradarzita hotA hai / kApAlika aura vAmamArgI zrI parvata se jAlaMdhara taka bhramaNa karate the / kuvalayamAlA meM siddha purUSoM kA varNana hai / dhAtuvAdI, kriyAvAdI tAntrika vidyA kA sahArA lekara vividha prakAra kI tAntrika karatUtoM kA pradarzana karate the / sura sundarI cariu meM bhUta bhagAne aura rakSA poTalI bAMdhane kA varNana hai I kathA - sAhitya kI bhASA jaina kathA-sAhitya kA sRjana mukhyataH prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA meM kiyA gayA hai| mahezvasUri ke matAnusAra bodhagamya prAkRta kAvya kI racanA isaliye kI gaI kyoMki alpabuddhi vAle logoM ko saMskRta grAhaya nahIM thI / prAkRta bhASA kI ina racanAoM ko harmana jaikobI ne mahArASTrI - prAkRta kahA hai| dharmopadeza mAlA vivaraNa meM mahArASTrI bhASA kI kAminI aura aTavI ke sAtha tulanA karate huye, use sulalita padoM se saMpanna, kAmotpAdaka tathA sundara varNo se zobhita batAyA hai-6 / prAkRta ke ina granthoM meM kaI sthAnoM para sUktiyoM subhASitoM se kAma liyA gayA hai| dezI bhASA ke bahuta se zabda kaI sthaloM para upayoga kiye gaye haiM / udAharaNa svarUpa suyara pillava, suara kA pillA (vasudeva hiNDI), choyara (chokarA, upadezapada), johAra (juhAra; dharmopadeza mAlA), ciDama (cir3iyA; jJAna paMcamI kahA) nAhara (siMha, sudasaMNa cariye) Adi / ( 11 )

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navIM-dasavIM, zatAbdI ke pUrva jaina-kathA-sAhitya ke racayitAoM ke dvArA racita kathA-sAhitya kI saMkhyA bahuta alpa thI, // vIM se 12 vIM zatAbdI ke lekhakoM meM eka navIna jAgRti kA AvirbhAva huA jisake pariNAma svarUpa do-tIna sau varSoM ke andara bahuta se naye kathA-graMtho kI racanA huyii| ina lekhakoM ne ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke AdhAra para apanI racanA-kRtiyoM kA prArambha kiyaa| ye lekhaka saMskRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM ke prakANDa viddhAn the| ina vidvAnoM ne apanI sAhityika kRtiyoM meM vyAkaraNa, alaMkAra, chaMda aura jyotiSa zAstra ko likhakara sAhitya ko samRddha banAne meM yogadAna kiyaa| jaina viddhAna apane bhramaNa kAla meM jahAM bhI jAte the, usa sthAna kI jIvana-praNAlI, bhASA tathA pracalita rIti-rasmoM kA avalokana kara apanI racanAoM meM sthAna dete the| guptakAla meM saMskRta ke punarUtthAna hone para prAkRta ke adhyayana meM girAvaTa Ane lagI evaM saMskRta ke utkRSTa granthoM kI racanA huyii| dharmazAstra, purANa, vyAkaraNa, kAvya, vaidyaka, nATaka, jyotiSa aura anya viSayoM para saMskRta meM sAhityika kRtiyoM kI racanAyeM huyiiN| siddharSi ne 905 I. meM upamitibhava prapaMca kathA, dhanapAla ne tilaka maMjarI aura hariSeNa ne bRhatkathA koSa jaise sAhityika-kRtiyoM kI racanA saMskRta meM kiyA hai| isa kAla meM, siddharSi ke anusAra abhivyakti kI do mukhya bhASAyeM saMskRta evaM prAkRta hai| inameM saMskRta durvidagdhoM ke mana meM sthita hai| unheM ajJajanoM ko sadabodha karane vAlI kAnoM ko madhura lagane vAlI prAkRta bhASA acchI nahIM lgtii| tathA upAyAntara rahane para sabakA manoraMjana karanA cAhiye, ataeva aise logoM ke anurodha se yaha racanA saMskRta meM likhI jAtI hai| "atastada nuro yena saMskRteyaM kariSyate"27 / prAkRta se hI vibhinna kSetrIya apabhraMzo kA vikAsa huA evaM dasavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga apabhraMza meM sAhityika racanAoM kA krama prArambha huaa| ina racanAoM meM vibhinna deza evaM kAla meM pracalita dezI bhASA, mukhyata:, hindI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI Adi loka bhASAoM ke zabdoM kA sammizraNa pAyA jAtA hai| jaina kathA sahitya kI mahattA ke vala saMskRta evaM anya bhAratIya ( 12 )

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bhASAoM ke adhyayana meM hI nahIM haiM, varan ye bhAratIya sabhyatA ke itihAsa para bhI prakAza DAlatI kathA graMtho kA saMkSipta paricaya jaina prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM varNita mahatvapUrNa kathA kRtiyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya nimna taraMgavatI kathA:-padalipta sUri sarva prathama jaina vidvAna huye jinhoMne taraMgavatI kathA graMtha kI racanA kii| prAkRta kathA-sAhitya kI yaha racanA sabase prAcIna hai| taraMgavaikAra ke rUpa meM isake kartA kA vivaraNa anuyoga dvAra sUtra (130) meM prApta hotA hai| nizItha kI vizeSa cUrNi meM lokontara dharma kathAoM meM taraMgavatI ke sAtha malayavatI aura magadhasenA ke nAmoM ke varNana hai| isa samaya yaha kathA graMtha upalabdha nahIM hai| yatra-tatra isake jo ullekha yA taraMgalIlA nAma kA jo saMkSipta rUpa upalabdha hai| vizeSAzyaka bhASya meM isakA ullekha isa prakAra hai: jahavA nidiTThavasA vAsava dantA taraMgavAiyAI29 | dazavaikAlika cUrNi (3, pR. 109) aura jinabhadra-gaNi kSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyaka bhASya (gAthA 1508) meM taraMgavatI kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| jina dAsagaNi ne dazavaikAlika cUrNi meM dharmakathA ke rUpa meM taraMgavatI ko nirdeza diyA hai| vAsudeva hiNDI vAsudeva hiNDI meM kRSNa ke pitA vAsudeva ke bhramaNa kA vRntAnta hai, isaliye, ise vAsudeva-carita nAma se bhI kahA gyaa| Agama bAhya granthoM meM yaha kRti kathA sAhitya meM prAcInatama ginI jAtI hai| vAsudeva hiNDI kA bhAratIya kathA sAhitya meM hI nahIM, balki vizva kathA sAhitya meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna ( 13 )

Page #20
hai / isameM harivaMza kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| isa graMtha meM do khaNDa haiN| pahale khaNDa meM 29 laMbhaka, 11000 zloka pramANa haiN| dUsare khaNDa meM 71 laMbhaka 17,000 zloka pramANa haiN| __ prathama khaNDa ke kartA saMghadAsagaNi vAcaka aura dUsare ke dharmasenagaNi haiN| jinabhadra gaNi kSamAzramaNa vizeSaNavatI meM isa grantha kA ullekha kiyA hai, isase saMghadAsagaNi kA samaya lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| prathama khaNDa1 ke bIca kA aura anta kA bhAga khaMDita hai |ismeN kathA kA vibhAjana cha: adhikAroM meM kiyA gayA hai:--kahupati, pIDhiyA, muha, paDimuha, sarIra aura uvasaMhAra / kathotpanti ke anta hone para dhammilla hiNDI kA prAraMbha hotA hai| dhammila zabda kI vyutpatti meM kahA gayA hai ki kusargapura meM jita zatru rAjA apanI rAnI dharaNI sahita rAjya karatA thaa| isa nagarI meM indra ke samAna vaibhavazAlI surendra datta nAma kA sArthavAha apanI patnI subhadrA sahita sukha pUrvaka nivAsa karatA thaa| isake garbha ke samaya use do hada utpanna huA-- "kameNa ya se dohane jAtosavvabhutesu aNukappa mANeNaM dhammiyajaNeNa vacchalla yA dINaNukampayA bahutaro ya dANa pasaMgoM32" / ataeva spaSTa hai ki isakI mAtA ko dharmAcaraNa ke viSaya meM dohada utpanna huA thA, isI kAraNa putra kA nAma dhammila rakhA gayA / dhammila hiNDI kA vAtAvaraNa sArthavAhoM ke saMsAra se liyA gayA hai| ise eka svataMtra racanA kahA jA sakatA hai| isake kathAnaka kA sAdRzya naravAhana datta aura vAsudeva kI taraha kaI vivAhoM para AdhArita hai dhammila hiNDI meM zIlamatI, dhanazrI, vimalasenA, grAmINa gAr3IvAna, vasudantAkhyAna, ripudamana, narapati kathAnaka haiM, inameM loka kathAoM ke sabhI lakSaNa pAye jAte haiN| isameM dhanavanta sArthavAha ke putra dhanavasu kA lekhA-citraNa haiN| dhammila hiNDI meM sAMskRtika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa vivaraNa hai| vAsudeva hiNDI (prao Mo) meM varNana hai ki kisa prakAra vAsudeva, nindA ke kAraNa apane gRhanagara soripura ko chor3akara, bhramaNa ke samaya bahuta sI mAnavIya aura ati mAnavIya kumAriyoM se sambaMdha sthApita kiye / sanyAsiyoM aura gRhasthoM ke isa prakAra ke udAharaNa upalabdha hote haiM ki kisa prakAra "nidAna" karake ati ( 14 )

Page #21
prAkRtika zaktiyoM se sampanna ho jAte the / dhammila hiNDI meM isa prakAra kA varNana hai ki kisa taraha "Ayambila" ne cha: mAsa taka "nidAna" karake, vartamAna jIvana meM hI apanI sAMsArika vAsa kI pUrti kI siddhi prApta kiyaa| kahAnI meM kahAnI kA citraNa vAsudeva hiNDI meM sSTa hai| vAsudeva hiNDI ke vRntAntoM meM karma siddhAnta (kamma) ko prakAzita karane ke liye pUrva janma meM bahuta se logoM ke jIvana vRntAnta pAye jAte haiN|35 guNADhaca kI vRhatkathA kI bhAMti isameM zrRMgAra kathA kI pramukhatA hone para bhI bIca-bIca meM dharma kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| naravAhana datta kA vivAha jisa kanyA se hotA hai, usI ke nAma se laMbhaka hai / 36 bhASA prAcIna mahArASTrI prAkRta hai jisakI tulanA cUrNI granthoM se kI jAtI hai, dezI zabdoM ke bhI prayoga hue haiN|37 "dissahe", "gacchIya" "vahAe" "piva" geNheppi Adi rUpa yahAM milate haiN| nemicandra zAstrI ke anusAra isa kathA meM nimna vizeSatAeM hai : 1. lokakathA ke samasta tatvoM kI sundara vivecanA hai| 2. manoraMjana ke pUre tatva vidyamAna haiN| 3. adabhuta kanyAoM aura unake sAhasI premiyoM, rAjAoM aura sArthavAhoM ke Sar3ayantra, rAjataMtra, chala-kapaTa hAsya aura yuddhoM, pizAcoM evaM pazu-pakSiyoM kI gar3hI huI kathAoM kA aisA sundara kathA-jAla hai ki pAThaka manoraMjana kutUhala aura jJAnavardhana ke sAtha samyak bodha bhI prApta kara sakatA hai| 4. sarala aura akRtrima rUpa meM AkarSaka aura sundara zailI dvArA kathAoM ko prastuta kiyA gAyA hai| 5. prema ke svastha citra bhI upalabdha haiN| ... 6. kathA meM rasa banAye rakhane ke lie parimiti aura saMtulita zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| (15)

Page #22
7. dharma kathA hone para bhI isameM cora, viTa, vezyA, dhUrta, kapaTI, Thaga, lucce aura badamAzoM ke caritra-citraNa meM lekhaka ko adbhuta saphalatA milI hai| 8.ina kathAoM kA prabhAva mana para bar3A gaharA par3atA hai| 9. taraMgati zailI meM kRtaghna kauauM kI kathA, vasanta tilakA gaNikA kI kathA, svacchaMda carita vAlI vasudattA kI kathA evaM vimala senA kI kathA prabhRti kathAyeM likhI gayI haiN| isa kRti meM laghu kathAyeM vRhatkathAoM ke saMpuTa meM kaTahala ke kooM kI taraha sannivaddha haiN| __10. loka kathAoM kI aneka kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga huA hai| 11. kathAoM ke madhya meM dharma tatva namaka kI usa cuTakI ke samAna hai jo sAre bhojana ko svAdiSTa aura sukhakara banAtA hai|38 kahuppatti meM jabU svAmi carita, jaMvU aura prabhava kA saMvAda, kuvera danta carita, mahezvara danta kA AkhyAna, valkala cIri prasanna candra kA AkhyAna, brAhmaNa dAraka kI kathA, ANADhiya deva kI utpatti Adi kA varNana hai| anta meM vasudeva caritra kI utpatti batAI gayI hai| isake bAda dhammila ke caritra kA varNana AtA hai| vivAha hone ke pazcAta bhI dhammila rAtri ke samaya par3hane-likhane meM nimagra ho jAtA hai| usakI mAtA ko jaba yaha bAta mAluma hotI hai to vaha par3hanA-likhanA baMda kara apane putra kA dhyAna navavivAhitA vadhU kI ora AkRSTa karane ke upAya karatI hai| pariNAma svarUpa vaha vezyAgAmI ho gyaa| bhagavad gItA kA bhI ullekha hai| AkhyAyikA-pustaka, meM kathA-vijJAna aura vyAkhyAna kI vizeSajJa striyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai| dUsare ko duHkha dene ko adharma aura sukha dene ko dharma kahA gayA hai (ahammo para dukkhassa kararoNa, dhammoM ya parassa suhappayAroNaM) yahI jaina dharma kI vizeSatA batAI gaI hai| jisane sabhI prakAra ke Arambha kA tyAga kara diyA hai aura jo dharma meM dRr3ha hai vaha zramaNa haiN| zarIra adhyayana prathama laMbhaka se prArambha hokara 29 veM lambhaka meM samApta hotA hai| sAmAvijayA nAma ke prathama laMbhaka meM samudra vijaya Adi nau vasudevoM ke pUrvabhavoM kA ullekha haiN| paraloka (16)

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aura dharma ke phala meM vizvAsa upanna karane hetu sumitrA kI kathA kA varNana hai| vasudeva ghara tyAga kara cala dete haiN| sAmalI laMbhaka meM sAmalI kA paricaya hai| gaMdharva dantA laMbhaka meM viSNukumAra kA caritra, viSNugItikA kI utpanti, cArU danta kI AtmakathA aura gaMdharvadantA se paricaya, amitagati vidyAdhara kA paricaya aura artharvaveda kI utpanti dI huI hai| pippalAda ko atharvaveda kA praNetA kahA gayA hai| vArANasI meM sulasA nAma kI eka paribrAjikA rahatI thii| triyaMDI yAjJavalkya se vAda meM hAra jAne ke kAraNa vaha usakI sevA karane lgii| ina donoM se pippalAdakA janma huaa| pippalAda ko usake mAtA-pitA ne janma lene ke samaya chor3a diyA thA, isalie usane pradiSTa hokara atharveveda kI racanA kI jisameM mAtamedha aura pitRmedha kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| nIla jala sAlaMbhaka meM RSama svAmI kA caritra hai| nemicandra zAstrI ke anusAra "haribhadra yugIna prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke vistRta dharAtala aura cetanA kSetra ko lakSya kara hama ise pUrva kI calI AtI sabhI kathAtmaka pravRntiyoM kA "saMghAtayuga" kaha sakate haiN| pravRntiyoM ke saMghAta ke avasara arthAta kAla ora unake sammilana vindu kI apanI vizeSatAyeM hotI haiN| saMghAta kA kArya nitAnta: vyavasthA kA kArya hai| isa vyavasthA ke sAphalya para hI usa "saMghAta" kI koTi nirbhara karatI hai| eka aisI vyavasthA yA AdhAra, jisa para saMghAta kI aneka koTiyAM bana sakeM, kathA sAhitya ke liye adhika upAdeya aura saMgata mAnI jAnI cAhie, yata: unameM vargIkaraNa aura asampRkta-pRthaka-pRthaka sAmAnya dhArAoM ke nirUpaNa kI suvidhA raha sakatI hai| isa artha meM kisI bhI sAhityika vidhA kI pravRttiyoM kA saMghAta rAsAyanika yA dravyamUlaka saMghAta se bhinna hotA hai| rAsAyanika saMghAta meM do tatva milakara sarvathA eka naye tatva kA nirmANa kara dete haiM, jo prakRti, kArya aura dvandva meM apane pUrva rUpa se bhinna par3a jAtA hai| pravRntiyoM kA saMghAta aisA nahIM hotaa| saMghAta meM rahane vAlI pratyeka pravRtti, jo eka tatva, dhArA yA santA hai, apanA svataMtra astitva rakhatI hai aura usa nayI udbhAvanA apanA aisA aMza rakhatI hai jo usa saMghAta kA pratiphala hai| pravRntiyoM ke saMghAta ko hama udbhAvanA ke lie Avazyaka zarta mAna sakate haiN| pravRttiyA~ ikaTThI hokara jaba milatI hai, tabhI (17)

Page #24
nayI udbhAvanAyeM hotI haiN| ina udbhAvAnAoM kI maulikatA aura navInatA kAvya yA sAhitya ka liye naye rasabodha kI dharatI taiyAra karatI haiM, nayI dRSTi kA nirmANa karatI hai aura kisI vizeSa vidyA kA sRjana prakriyA aura AdhAra phalaka meM naye mor3a aura cunAva kI sabhAvanAoM ko dRr3ha karatI haiN|40 samarAiccakahA:-jaina sAhitya me haribhadra nAma ke ATha AcAryoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai|1 kuvalayamAlA+2 ke kathAkAra udyotanasUri (700 zaka) ne inheM apane gurU ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI hai| samarAicca kahA43 meM ujjaina ke rAjA aura pratinAyaka agnizarmA ke nau bhavoM kA ullekha hai| haribhadra sUri isake racayitA hai aura inakA nAma pAdalipta aura bappabhaTTi AcAryoM ke sAtha sammAna pUrvaka smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| siddharSi aura udyota sUri ne haribhadra sUri ke prabhAva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| haribhadra cittauDa ke rahane vAle the| saMskRta aura prAkRta ke mahAna paMDita the| AgamoM para TIkAyeM inhoMne likhI hai| samarAiccakahA ko inhoMne dharma-kathA kI saMjJA dI hai| samarAicca kahA jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita hai| isa racanA meM zaura senI kA bhI prabhAva hai| isakA padyabhAga AryAchaMda meM likhita hai| bhASA sarala aura pravAhayukta hai| isake varNanoM kA sAdRzya bANabhaTaTa kI kAdaMbarI se hai| prathama bhava kI kathA meM guNa sena aura agnizarmA kI kathA-vastu meM dhArmika kathA kI pratiSThA kI gayI hai| nidAna'+ arthAta viSaya-bhoga kI cAha sAdhanA sampanna hone para bhI aneka janmoM meM duHkha detI hai| ___ dvitIya bhavameM siMha kumAra, kusumAvalI aura Ananda kI kathAyeM haiN| isa kathA kA prArambha prema prasaMga se hotA hai| vivAha vidhi aneka rocaka prakriyAo ke vAda AtI hai, haThAta nizcaya ke bAda nahIM / ( 18 )

Page #25
tRtIya bhava kathA jAlinI aura zikhina kI hai| caturtha bhava kI kathA dhana aura nadhakSI kI hai| paMcama bhava meM jaya aura vijaya kathA hai| chaThe bhava kI kathA dharaNa aura lakSamI se sambandhita hai| saptama bhava meM sena aura vizeNakumAra kI kathA hai| aSTama bhava meM guNacandra aura vAnabhantara kI kathA hai aura navama bhava meM samarAditya aura giriSeNa kI kathA kA varNana hai| __ pUrva janma me samarAditya kA nAma rAja kumAra guNasena thaa| agnizarmA usake purohita kA putra thaa| vaha bahuta kurUpa thaa| rAja kumAra majAka meM use nagara bhara meM nacAtA aura gadhe para car3hAkara aneka sthAnoM para ghumAtA thaa| agnizarmA ko yaha bAta acchA nahIM lagI Uba kara usane tApasoM kI dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| kuvalayamAlA:-kuvalayamAlA ke racayitA udyotana sUri haiN| isa graMtha kI racanA san 779 I0 meM jAbAlipura meM huii| yaha sthAna jodhapura ke dakSiNa meM hai| udyotana sUri ko vIrabhadra sUri ne siddhAnta aura harabhidra sUri ne yukti zAstra ko zikSA dI thii| kuvalayamAlA kAvya zailI me likhA huA prAkRta-kathA sAhitya kA eka anokhA graMtha hai| gadya-padyamizrita mahArASTrI prAkRta me caMpU kI zailI meM likhI gaI hai| mahArASTrI ke sAtha isameM paizAcI, apabhraMza aura yatra-tatra saMskRta kA bhI upayoga huA hai| maThoM meM rahane vAle vidyArthiyoM aura vyApAra ke lie dUra-dUra taka bhramaNa karane vAle vaNikoM kI boliyoM kA isameM saMgraha / prema aura zrRMgAra ke varNanoM se yukta, isameM alaMkAroM kA suMdara prayoga huA hai| bIca-bIca meM subhASita aura mArmika praznottara, prahelikA Adi dikhAI dete haiN| grantha kI racanA zailI para ( 19 )

Page #26
bANa kI kAdaMbarI, trivikrama kI damayaMtI kathA aura hari bhadrasUri kI samarAicca kahA Adi kA prabhAva darzita hotA hai / kathAkoSa prakaraNaH - kathAkoSa prakaraNa suprasiddha zvetAmbara AcArya jinezvara sUri kI racanA hai jisakA sRjana unhoMne san 1052 I0 meM kiyA thaa| kathA koSaprakaraNa ke atirikta anya kathA koSa bhI prAkRta meM likhe gaye hai / uttarAdhyana kI TIkA (1073) meM huii| isake kartA nemicandra sUri aura vRttikAra Amradeva sUri ke AkhyAnamaNikoza aura guNacandra maNi ke kahArayaNa kosa kI racanA san 1101 meM purI huii| dhammaka hANaya kosa prAkRta kathAoM kA koza hai / prAkRta meM hI isa para vRtti hai / mUla lekhaka vRttikAra kA nAma ajJAta hai 146 kathAnaka koza ko dhmma kahANayakosa bhI kahA gayA hai| isa meM 140 gAthAyeM hai| isake kartA kA nAma vinaya candra hai, inakA samaya san 1109 / isa grantha para saMskRta vyAkhyA bhI hai / isakI hastalikhita prati pATana ke bhaMDAra meM hai / kathAvali prAkRta kathAoM kA eka vizAla graMtha hai jise bhadrezvara ne likhA hai / bhadrezvara kA samaya san 11vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / isa graMtha meM triSaSTi - zalAkA purUSoM kA jIvana caritra saMgrahIta hai| isa ke sivAya kAlakAcArya se lekara haribhadra sUri taka ke pramukha AcAryo kA jIvana caritra varNita hai / jinezvara ne bhI 239 gAthAoM meM kathAkoza kI racanA kI isakI vRtti prAkRta meM hai / isake atirikta zubhazIla kA kathAkoza, zrutasagara kA kathA koza, somacandra kA kathA mahodadhi, rAjazekhara mala dhAri kA kathA saMgraha Adi kitane hI kathAkoSa saMskRta meM likhe gae hai / jJAnapaMcamI kathA jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta kA eka sundara kathA graMtha hai jisake kartA mahezvara sUri haiN| 47 unakA kathana hai ki gUDhArtha aura dezI zabdoM se rahita tathA sulalita padoM se grathita ( 20 )

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aura ramya prAkRta kAvya kisa ke mana ko Ananda pradAna nahIM krtaa| AkhyAna maNikoza uttarAdhyayana sUtra pAra sukhabodha nAma kI TIkA kA racanA kAla vikrama saMvata 1129 hai| yaha nemicandra sUrikI mahatvapUrNa racanA hai| prAkRta kathAoM kA yaha koSa hai| Amra deva sUri ne san 1134 I) meM isa para TIkA likhI hai|+9 kahArayaNa kosa ke kartA guNacandragaNi, devabhadra sUri ke nAma se bhI prakhyAta haiN| kathA ratna koza guNacandra maNi kI mahatva pUrNa racanA hai jisameM aneka laukika kathAo kA saMgraha hai isakA racanA kAla san 1101 I) hai| kAlikAyariya kahANaya (kAlikA cArya kathAnaka) ke saMbaMdha meM prAkRta aura saMskRta meM aneka kathAnaka likhe gaye hai| prAkRta aura saMskRta kathAnaka lekhako meM devacandra sUri, maladhArI hemacandra bhadrezvara sUri, dharma ghoSa sUri, bhAvadevI sUri dharma prabha sUri Adi AcAryoM ke nAma mukhya hai|50 (21)

Page #28
sandarbha aura TippaNiyA~ 1. Rgveda, maMtra 1, sUkta 25, maMtra 30, sUkta 25 2. chAndogya upaniSada, 4/1/3 3. jaina, jagadIza candra, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 33 / 4. bhadrabAhu, Avazyaka niyukti pR. 92 / 5. hemacandra kA pAkRta vyAkaraNa (1.1 kI vRtti) 6. jagannAtha prasAda, kahAnI kA racanA, vidhAna, pR. 4-51 7. zAstrI nemicandra, haribhadra ke pAkRta kathA-sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parazIlana, pR. 3 / 8. upAdhye, e. ena. inTrokzana vRhatkathAkoSa, pR. 18 / 9. vahI, pRSTha 31 / 10. mUlAcAra a. 5, gAthA 279 / 11. jaina, jagadIzacandra, pUrvoddharita, pRSTha-197 12. vahI, pR.-197 13. upAdhye, e. ena. bRhata kathAkoSa, tatraiva viTaranitsa hisTarI oNva inDiyana liTarecara, pR. 521 / 14. zAstrI nemicandra, pUvoddharita, pR.-40 15. sesatuMga vicAra zreNi; pradyumna. vicA. gA. 532 / 16. haribhadrasya samayanirNaya:, pR. 17 / 17. vizavizikA kI prstaavnaa| 18. siddhi vinizcayaTIkA kI pra., pR. 52 / 19. zAstrI nemicandra pUrvoddharita, pR. 47 / 20. samArAiccakahA, pRSTha 2 / 21. dazavaikAlika niyukti pRSTha 193-205 / 22. AcArya hemacandra kAvyAnuzAsana (8, 7-8) / 23. sAhitya darpaNa (6. 334-5) ( 22 )

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24. prabandha cintAmaNi bhRzaM zrutatvAnna kathA: purANA: prINAMti cetAMsi tathA vudhAnAma // (paurANika kathAoM ke bAra-bAra zravaNa karane se paMDita janoM kA citta prasanna nahIM hotA) . 25. vAsudeva hiNDI, bhAga 2, muni jinavijaya jI ke basaMta mahotsava, saMvata 1984 meM "kuvalayamAlA" lekha se uddhRt| 26. jaina, je. sI. pUrvoddhita, pR. 372 / 27. upabhiti bhavaprapaJcakathA, 1-51-52 / 28. Ana da liTarecara oNva da zvetAmbara jainasa lIpajigaM, 1922, 29. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 1508 / 30. zAstrI nemicandra, pUrvoddharita, pRSTha 37 / 31. muni jinavijaya dvArA saMpAdita AtmAnanda jaina grantha mAlA, bhAvanagara kI ora se san 1930 aura san 1931 meM prakAzita1 isakA gujarAtI bhASAMtara prophesara sAMDesarA ne kiyA hai jo ukta granthamAlA kI ora se vi. saM. 2003 meM prakAzita haA hai| 32. vA. hi., pR. 20, prathama khaNDa-prathama aMza / 33. zAstrI nemicandra, pUrvoddharita, pRSTha 38 / 34. 'nAyAdhammakahAoM' meM dovai kI kahAnI aura 'uvAsagadaso' gRhastha upAsako kI kahAnI, isa sambandha meM dhyAna dene yogya hai / sanyAsI dvArA nidAna kA sAdRzya bhagavadgItA adhyAya 6 ke yoga bhraSTa prakaraNa-zlokoM (35-47) se tulanIya hai| 35. vAsudeva hiNDI (prathama khaNDa) ke udAharaNa ye hai:dhammila (pR. 74-76), pajjunna aura saMbA (85-91), aMgavanhI (112), vAsudeva (114-118), stavatI aura lasuniyA (219), somasirI (223-234), vAsudeva hiNDI (dvi. khaM.) me nala aura damayantI kI kahAnI kA varNana (pR. 61 bii-73e)|| 36. somadeva ke kathAsaritsAgara meM bhI lAvANaka laMbaka, sUrya prabha laMbaka, mahAbhiSeka laMbaka ityAdi nAma diye gaye haiN| vAsudeva ke bhramaNa kI bhAMti nara vAhanadatta kA vivAha jisa kanyA se hotA hai usI ke nAma se laMbaka kahA jAtA hai| 37. DA. AlsaDorpha kA 'buleTina oNva da skUla oNva oriSTiela sTaDIja' jilda 8 me prakAzita lekha tathA vAsudeva hiNDI ke gujarAtI anuvAda kA upodghAta / 38. zAstrI nemicandra, pUrvoddharita, pRSTha 39 / 39. brahmaNa dharma me piplAda atharvaveda ke praNetA mAne jAte hai / atharvavedIya prazna upaniSad (1-1) me bhAradvAja, satyakAma, gArgya, AzvalAyana, bhArgava Adi brahmaparAyaNa RSi pippalAda ke samIpa upasthita hokara prazna karate hai, pippalAda unheM upadeza dete hai| 40. zAstrI nemicandra, pUrvoddharita, pRSTha 40 / 41. anekAnta jayapatAkA, bhAga-2 bhUmikA, pR. 30 / (23)

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42. jo icchai bhava-virahaM koNa vaMdae suyaNo samaya-saya-sattha-gurUNo samara miyaMkA kahA jassa ||-ku, a. 6, pRSTha 41 43. harmana jaikovI ne bhUmikA ke sAtha ise eziyATika sosAyaTI oNva baMgAla, kalakattA ke san 1926 meM prakAzita kiyA thaa| usake bAda paM. bhagavAna dAsa ne saMskRta chAyA ke sAtha do bhAgoM meM kramaza: san 1938 aura 1942 me ise ahamadAbAda se prakAzita kiyA hai / 14. nidAnaM viSaya bhogAkAMkSA-sarvA. 7/18, pR. 234 / 45. grahaseviuM payattA-parituTThAhiyaeNaM-sa. 2/81-92 / 46. jaina graMthAvali, pR. 2671 47. DA. amRtalAla gopANI dvArA siMdhI jaina granthamAlA meM san 1949 meM prakAzita / 84. sakkayaka vvassatthaM jeNa na jANaMti mNdbuddhiiyaa| savvANa vi suhavohaM teNa imeMmaM pAiyaM raiyaM / / gUDhattha desirahiyaM sulaliyavannehiM gaMthiyaM rambhaM / pAiyakavvaM loe kassa na hiyayaM suhAvei / / 49. isa grantha kA saMpAnadana muni puNyavijaya jI dvArA huA hai| AtmAnaMda jaina graMthamAlA me muni puNyavijaya jI dvArA sampAdita, san 1944 me prakAzita / 50. yaha jeDa. DI. ema. jI (jarmana prAcya vidyA samiti kI patrikA) ke 34 veM khaNDa meM 274 ve pRSTha, 35 ve khaMDa me 675 tathA 37 ve khaNDa meM 493 pRSTha se chapA hai / kAlikAcArya-kathAsaMgraha aMbAlAla prema candrazAha dvArA sampAdita san 1949 meM ahamadAvAda se prakAzita huA hai / isameM prAkRta aura saMskRta kI kAlikAcArya ke Upara bhinna-bhinna lekhakoM dvArA likhI hayI 30 kathAo kA saMgraha hai| umAkAnta zAha. savarNabhami meM kAlakAcArya; Dablyu nArmana bAuna, sTorI Ava kAlaka; munikalyANa vijaya, prabhAvaka carita kI prastAvanA; dvivedI abhinandana graMtha nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kAzI, vi.saM. 1990 / (24)

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adhyAya 2 jaina kathA sAhitya kI sAmAjika evaM Arthika pRSThabhUmi jaina kathA sAhitya meM varNita dhArmika jIvana ke vizleSaNa karane meM, isa sAhitya ke sRjana kAla ke sAmAjika evaM Arthika pariveza kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| ataeva, isa adhyAya ko do khaNr3oM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| khaNDa a jaina kathAM kAlIna sAmAjika pariveza prastuta karatA hai jabaki khaNDa ba meM Arthika sthiti kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| khaNDa-a: sAmAjika dazA jaina dharma ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabha (usabha) ke samaya taka kA samAja svargIya-Adarza (UTOPIAN) avasthA meM thA aura jana jIvana Anandamaya thaa| kramaza: loga dharma ke prati udAsIna hone lage jisake pariNAma-svarUpa abhAva kI sthiti utpanna ho gaI aura loga asAmayika mRtyu ke zikAra hone lage tathA samAja meM arAjakatA kI sthita utpanna ho gyii| RSabha ne hrAsa kI sthitiyoM se bacane ke liye, rAjanaitika aura sAmAjika pratibandhoM kI nItiyoM kI saMhitA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| isI ke sAtha rAjazAhI, daNDa cAturvarNyavyavasthA aura vivAha kI nItiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| ina nItiyoM meM vaidika dharma kI varNavyavasthA kA pratibiba spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai| kAlAntara meM, jaina kathAkAroM kI kRtiyoM meM bhI vaidika kAlIna sAmAjika starIkaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| jaise vasudeva hiNDI ke pAtra sAmba dvArA dharma aura artha kI prApti ke lie karma ke saMpAdana para bhI jora diyA jaanaa| haribhadra kAlIna jaina kathA samarAiccakahA meM Arya evaM anArya ( 25 )

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jAtiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / Arya jAtiyoM ke arntagata, brAhamaNa, kSatriya vaizya evaM zUdra, cAra varNa batAye gaye haiM, jabaki anArya jAtiyoM meM, zaka yavana, zabara, barbara, kAya Adi jAtiyoM kI eka lambI sUcI hai| jaina kathA kRtiyoM meM varNita sAmAjika starIkaraNa saMkSepa meM nimnavata I varNa vyavasthA brAhmaNaH - vAsudeva hiNDI tathA anya jaina kathA granthoM ke anusAra sAmAjika vyavasthA ke krama meM brAhmaNoM ko uccastarIya sammAna prApta thA ve hara prakAra ke sammAna prApta karane ke yogya samajhe jAte the' / bhaya ke kAraNa yaha sammAna logoM se unheM nahIM milatA thA balki brAhmaNoM ne eka vizvAsa aura zraddhA apane ko sammAna prApta karane ke liye logoM meM paidA kI jisakA lAbha coroM ne brAhmaNoM ke chadama veSa meM uThAyA tathA bhramaNa karane vAle apanI surakSA sunizcita karane ke lie / vizeSa avasaroM para jaise vivAha yA devatA ke sammAna meM hone vAle utsavoM 10 meM brAhmaNoM ko bhoja para Amantrita kiyA jAtA thaa| eka brAhamaNa yuvaka ke lobha kA bhI saMdarbha prApta hotA hai jo dugdha padArtha kA vamana kara, use punaH prApta karanA cAhatA thA kyoMki use yaha padArtha svAdiSTa lagA / evaM anya sthAnoM para jAkara dakSiNA bhI prApta karanA cAhatA thA 10 ye sabhI suvidhAyeM jo brAhmaNa jAti ko pradAna kI gayIM thI, unakI jar3e cakkama vicAra meM thI 11 manusmRti12 meM varNita brAhmaNoM ke chaH mukhya karttavyoM maiM vihita suvidhAoM kI jar3eM cakkama meM thI / ye mukhya karttavya isa prakAra hai:- zAstroM kA adhyayana, adhyApana, yAjJika kRtiyoM ko sampanna karanA tathA karAnA, dAna denA aura una sabako svIkAra karanA / vAsudeva hiNDI meM brAhmaNoM ko ajJAnI13, kAmuka 14 aura hatyA karane vAlA bhI kahA gayA hai / tathApi ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana karane vAle gRhastha jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM kI bhA~ti Adarza jIvana vyatIta karane ( 26 )

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vAle brAhmaNa ko mahAn kI upAdhi pradAna kI gaI thii|15 vAsudeva hiNDI ke anusAra brAhmaNa daNDa se mukta nahIM the| rAjA nAlaputra ne apane brAhmaNa purohita ko eka mahilA kI lAla garama pratimA kA AliMgana karane kA daNDa diyA kyoMki vaha eka vyavasAyI kI patnI kI ora kAmuka ho gayA thA16 brAhmaNa saMdezavAhaka aura purohita kA kArya bhI karate the17| ___ udyotana sUri ne brAhmaNoM kA ullekha isa prakAra se kiyA hai: rAjA dRr3ha-varmA ke darabAra meM svastika par3hane vAlA brahmA sadRza mahAbrAhmaNatathA zukra sadRza mahApurohita upasthita rahate the19 / rAjA ne devI se vara prApta kara viprajanoM ko dakSiNA dI (dakkhi UNa vippayaNaM) kuvalayacandra ke janma-nakSatra aura grahoM ko dekhane ke liye sambatsara ko bulAyA gayA, jise dakSiNA meM sAta hajAra rUpaye diye gye| caMDasoma, janma-daridrI suzarma deva dvija kA putra thaa| yauvana-sampanna hone para usakA vivAha brAhmaNa kula (baMbhaNa kulANa) kI kanyA se kara diyA gyaa| caMDasoma, brAhmaNoM kI vRtti karate huye (kayANiyo-vintI) usakA pAlana karane lgaa| caMDasoma apane bhAI evaM bahina kI hatyA kara dene ke kAraNa jaba AtmaghAta karane lagA to aneka zAstroM ke jJAtA paMDitoM (sentiya-paMDiehiM) ne use prAyazcita karane ke liye khaa| kisI ne kahA ki brAhmaNoM ko svayaM samarpita kara dene se zuddha ho jAoge20 / dUsare ne sujhAva diyA ki apanI pUrI sampati brAhmaNoM kA dAnakara (sayalaM ghara-savvassaM vaMbhaNArNa dAUNa) gaMgAsnAna ko cale jaaoN| anya prasaMgoM meM brAhamaNoM kA varNana isa prakAra hai:-dhanadeva ke pitA ne use brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNA dene ko kahA (dakkhesu bNbhnne)| samudrayAtrA prArambha karate samaya brAhmaNoM ne AzIrSe paDhI (par3hati baMbhaNa-kulAI aasiisaa)| samudrI tUphAna ke samaya vyApAriyoM ne brAhamaNa-bhoja (baMbhaNANaM bhoyaNaM) karane kA vacana diyaa| kosAmbI nagarI meM zAma hote hI brAhmaNoM ke gharoM meM gAyatrI japa hone lagA tathA brAhamaNa zAlAoM meM jora se veda kA pATha hone lgaa| cintAmaNi-pallI meM cilAtoM ke liye brAhmaNoM kA vadha karanA dUdha meM viSa pilAye jAne ke sadRza thA21 / ( 27 )

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___ mAkandI nagarI meM yajJadanta nAma kA janma-daridrI zrautrika brAhmaNa rahatA thaa| usake yajJasoma nAma kA putra thaa| usa nagara meM jaba akAla par3atA to loga brAhmaNa pUjA bhUla gaye (visaMvayati bNbhnn-puuyaaoN)| yajJadanta ne yAcanA mAtra vyApAra ko apanA kara bhikSA-vRtti prArambha kI, kintu bharaNa-poSaNa na hone se vaha mara gyaa| usakA putra yajJasoma kisI prakAra jIvita rahA, kintu usase brAhmaNa kI sabhI kriyAeM chUTa gayIM (akaya-baMbhaNa kkAro) tathA zarIra para janeU bhI na rahA (abaddha-muMju-mehalo) ata: bandhu-bAndhavoM ne use tyAga diyaa| logoM ne "yaha brAhmaNa-putra" (baMbhaNa-DiMbho) yaha socakara use kaSTa nahIM hone diyaa| ata: yajJasoma ne kisI prakAra usa akAla ko vyatIta kiyA aura vaha brAhmaNa baTuka (baMbhaNo somavaDuo) solaha varSa kA ho gyaa| jIvikA ke liye vaha kacar3e khAne ko sApha karatA tathA jUThe kulhar3oM ko pheMkatA thaa| ata: usa para loga haMsate the ki vaha kaisA brAhmaNa hai22 isa prakAra kI nindA aura upahAsa ke kAraNa vaha nagara chor3a kara calA gyaa| hastinApura meM bhagavAna mahAbIra kA samavasaraNa lagA thaa| vahA~ eka brAhamaNa kA putra (baMbhaNa-dArao) upasthita huaa| usake zyAma vakSa sthala para zveta brahama sUtra zobhita ho rahA thaa| gale meM dupaTTA par3A thA23 / bhagavAna ne usakA paricaya dete hue kahA ki yahA~ se pAsa meM hI saralapura nAma kA brAhamaNoM kA eka aggAhAra hai-baMbhaNANaM aggAhAra / vahA~ yajJadeva nAma kA caturvedI rahatA hai| usake putra kA nAma svayaMbhUdeva hai| durbhAgya se vaha itanA nirdhana ho gayA ki loka-yAtrA karanA usane chor3a diyA, atithi satkAra karanA usane chor3a diyA, brAhmaNa kI kriyAeM zithila par3a gyiiN| aMtata: apanI mAtA ke kahane para vaha dhana kamAne ke lie ghara ke bAhara nikala gyaa| jaina kathA sAhitya se brAhmaNoM ke viSaya meM saMkSepa meM adholikhita bAteM mukhyata: jJAta hotI hai / 24 (28)

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1. brAhmaNa purohita kA kArya karate the| janma patrI, lagnapacI dekhane tathA vivAha sampanna karAne kA kArya bhI unhIM kA thaa| vivAha karAne vAle dvija aneka veda tathA siddhAnta zAstroM meM pAraMgata hote the| inheM prabhUta dakSiNA dI jAtI thii| 2. rAja-darabAra meM niyukta brAhmaNoM ko mahAbrAhmaNa kahA jAtA thA, jo sammAna sUcaka 3. mAMgalika avasaroM para athavA yAtrA prArambha ke samaya brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNA dI jAtI thI tathA unake AzIrvAda prApta kiye jAte the| 4. veda pATha karane vAle brAhmaNa zrautika brAhmaNa kahe jAte the| 5. brAhmaNa-bhoja karAnA tatkAlIna samAja meM puNya prApti kA sAdhana thaa| saMkaTa ke samaya tathA kisI sambandhI kI mRtyu ke bAda brAhmaNa-bhoja karAyA jAtA thaa| 6. brAhmaNa ko gau, bhUmi, dhAnya evaM hala Adi dAna karanA dharma mAnA jAtA thaa| tIrthayAtrA ko jAte samaya vyakti apanI sampatti brAhmaNa ko dAna meM de dete the| 8. brAhmaNa janma ke daridrI hote the| koI hI dhanI hotA thaa| 9. brAhmaNoM kI kucha nizcita kriyAyeM thiiN| unake gharoM meM pratidina gAyatrI kA jApa hotA thaa| ve yajJa karate the| yadi brAhmaNa apanI kriyAoM se zithila ho anya kArya karane lagatA thA to samAja meM usakI nindA hotI thii| 10. brAhmaNoM kI apanI pAThazAlAeM thIM jahAM veda pATha hotA thaa| 11. nagara meM brAhmaNa saMgha tathA brAhmaNakula to hote hI the, dAna meM prApta gAMva meM brAhmaNoM kA nivAsa hone se gAMva kA nAma hI aggAhAra par3a jAtA thaa| (29)

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12. brAhmaNa vadha samAja meM nindanIya mAnA jAtA thaa| mahA pApI, mleccha hI brAhmaNa kA dhyAna nahIM rakhate the| kSatriya:-parAkrama kSatriya jAti kA mukhya lakSaNa thA26 / jaisA ki vAsudeva hiNDI meM ullekha hai, kSatriya kisI bhI khatare se logoM kI rakSA kahate the26 / unhe rAjanya bhI kahA jAtA thA aura rAjA isI varNa ke loga the| AdhyAtmika kSetra meM, ve kisI bhI mAne meM brAhmaNoM se kama nahIM hote the| jaina-dharma ke sabhI caubIsa tIrthaMkara kSatriya varNa ke the| isa sambandha meM vAsudeva hiNDI kA eka udAharaNa mahatvapUrNa hai samrATa harikaMDa ne eka kSatriya vaMzaja (kSatriya kumAra) ko apanA dhArmika salAhakAra niyukta kiyA28 / brAhmaNa aura kSatriya varNa ke vaicArika matabheda kA saMketa parazurAma kI kahAnI meM milatA hai29 / kahAnI ke anusAra kSatriyoM ke prati parazurAma kI ghRNA bhAvanA isa liye jAgRta ho uThI ki eka kSatriya ne parazurAma ke pitA kI hatyA kara dI thii| parazurAma ne ikkIsa bAra meM una saba kI hatyA kara ddaalii| pratizodha kI bhAvanA se rAjA kaTTavIriya ne ikkIsa vAra brAhmaNoM kI hatyA kiyaa| kevala unhIM logoM ko hatyA se mukta kara diyA gayA jinhoMne apane ko brAhmaNa hone se iMkAra kara diyA thaa| udyotanasUri ne kSatriya varNa ke sambandha meM isa prakAra jAnakArI dI hai| ujjayinI ke rAjA uvantivardhana ke darabAra meM rAjavaMza meM utpanna kSetrabhaTa nAma kA eka vRddha ThAkura apane putra vIrabhaTa ke sAtha rAjA kI senA meM niyukta thaa| use sevA ke badale meM kUpavandra nAmaka gA~va rAjA ne diyA thaa| usa vRddha ThAkura ke pautra zaktibhaTa ko darabAra meM eka nizcita Asana prApta thA, jisa para koI dUsarA vyakti nahIM baiTha sakatA thaa| kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita juNNa-Thakkura ke sambandha meM buddha prakAza ne paryApta prakAza DAlA hai tathA ThAkura zabda kI vyutpatti ke viSaya meM vicAra kiyA hai30 / kSatriyoM ke atirikta ThAkura (Thakkura) zabda brAhamaNoM ke liye bhI prayukta hotA thA, gahar3avAla vaMza ke govinda candra ke lekha meM Thakkura ko kazyapa-gotrIya sarayUpArI brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai| caMdela lekhoM meM ullikhita Thakkura ke sAtha rAuta nAmaka brAhmaNa mukhyarUpa se varNita hai32 / ThAkura parivAroM kA (30)

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sambandha prAcIna bhArata ke itihAsa meM rAjagharAnoM se banA rahatA thA / prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM " ThAkura" zabda kA vividha artho meM prayoga huA hai kintu prAyaH rAjagharAne ke vyaktiyoM ke lie yaha adhika prayukta huA haiM 4 | prAcIna bhArata meM ikSvAku kSatriyoM kA eka vaMza thA / udyotana sUri ikSvAkuvaMza kI utpatti ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI dI hai| aiNikA ko apanA paricaya dete huye kuvalayacandra kahatA hai--"indra ne RSabhadeva ko AhAra ke liye Ikha prastuta kiyA / " bhagavAna ne jaba Ikha grahaNa kara liyA to indra ne kahA ki Aja se bhagavAna kA vaMza ikSvAku ke nAma se jAnA jAyegA / usa samaya se ikSvAku kSatriya ke nAma se prasiddha ho gaye / vaizyaH - vaizyoM ko vaNika jAti se avihita kiyA gyaa| ve dUkAna rakhakara jIvikopArjana karate the37 / vyavasAya ke lie kabhI-kabhI ve kAravAM banAkara bhramaNa karate the aura sAtthavAha ke nAma se saMdarbhita hai38 | imbha eka sammAnita jAti thI jinakA saMdarbha jaina Agama-sAhitya meM upalabdha hotA hai" aura isI prakAra kA saMdarbha vAsudeva hiNDI meM hai ki ve kAravAM ke rupa meM vyApAra karate the yA zahara meM seTThI +1 ke kartavyoM ko nibhAte the / ye saba vaizya varNa se sambandhita the++- / gahapati jo kAravAM vyavasAya karate the 43 aura kRSi kAryo ko bhI karate the 44 | sambhavata: unakA sambandha isI jAti se thA / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kabhI-kabhI yaha varNa gAMva ke prazAsana kA bhI kArya bhAra dekhatA thA 46 | byAja para rupaye bAMTate the aura kabhI-kabhI vittIya dhokhAdhar3I bhI karate the +7 | jaina kathAoM ke anuzIlana se yaha iMgita hotA hai ki vaizya varNa ke loga bar3I saMkhyA meM jaina dharma ke anuyAyI the tathA ye seTThI aura sArthavAha (sAtthavAha) ke nAma se bhI jAne jAte the N / zUdraH- bhAratIya sAmAjika vyavasthA prAcIna kAla se hI varNa vyavasthA para AdhArita rahI hai| karmoM evaM guNoM ke AdhAra para vibhinna varNo ke karma vibhAjita the:-- ( 31 )

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"brAhmaNa kSatriyavizAM zUdrANAM ca paraMtapa / karmANi pravibhaktAni svabhAva prabhavaiguNaiH" / / (bhagavat gItA a. 18, zloka 41) "he paraMtapa arjuna / brAhmaNa, kSatriya vaizya tathA zUdroM ke karma svabhAva se utpanna guNoM dvArA vibhakta kiye gaye haiN| zudroM ko binA dveSa bhAva ke tInoM vargoM kI sevA karane kA kartavya hai0" | manu ke anusAra dAsatA inakA karttavya thA / vAsudeva hiNDI ke anusAra rAjya ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke lie, RSabhanAtha ne cAturya varNa-vyavasthA kA nirmANa kiyaa| ina cAroM meM se eka ko "kajjanIviyaga:2 niyukta kiyA gyaa| pesA cAkara (pesa jana3 yA pesA)54 kA artha uparokta varNita hai| cAkaroM ko yadA-kadA se Dasa5 aura seDI6 nAma se saMdarbhita kiyA gayA hai jo prasAdhana aura aMgAra meM (aMgapaDikAra7 paDikammakAriyA)8 sahAyatA karate the, vistara lagAte the aura mAliza 60 karate the| dAI ke rupa meM zUdrA striyA~ baccoM kI dekha-bhAla karatI thI61 aura unameM AtmavizvAsa utpanna karatI thI / bahuta se aise dAsa the jo mAlika kI sevA jIvana paryanta karate the jaise ki lasunigA ke udAharaNa se spaSTa hai jo eka sArthavAha kI putrI rattavatI ke sAtha jIvanaparyanta rahIM2 / vAsudeva hiNDI (dvitIya khaM) ke anusAra cAkara aura gulAma samAja ke sabase nimna stara ke the63 / caNDAla aura anya tiraskRta jAtiyA~:-uparokta cAra varNo ke atirikta samAja meM kucha anya jAtiyA~ thIM jo bastI ke bAhara rahatI thiiN| inheM cANDAla64, pAMsa65 aura mAyaMga66 nAmoM se jAnA jAtA thaa| inake nivAsa sthAna ko vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. khaM.) meM panniyavADa67 kahA gayA hai| ina jAtiyoM ke loga rAjadarabAra68 meM praveza nahIM kara sakate the aura na hI kisI sammAnita vyakti ke ghara meM hI69 / nagara ke kuoM70 se pAnI nahIM bhara sakate the sambhavata: isalie ki jala ( 32 )

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pradUSita ho jAyegA / ye cAturvarNya vyavasthA ke bAhara the| ina jAtiyoM ke logoM ke sAtha vaivAhika sambandha kA koI prazna'2 hI nahIM uThatA thaa| pAMsa saMgIta vidyA aura nRtya meM nipuNa the| isa jAti ke loga manoraMjana kA kAryakrama prastuta karate the73 / ve kuttoM ko lekara bhramaNa karate the / vINA banAkara 75 jIvikopArjana karate the| unheM aparAdhiyoM ke sara kATane kI jimmedArI sauMpI jAtI thI76 | mAyaMga jaina dharma meM parivartita ho sakate the77 aura jaina sAdhu bhramaNa ke samaya unake ghara se bhikSA grahaNa kara sakate the| vAsudeva hiNDI (dvi kha.) meM ullikhita hai ki cANDAla aparAdhiyoM ko phAMsI car3hAte the78 / haribhadra ke anusAra anArya jAtiyoM meM zaka, yavana, zabara, barbarakAya, aura gaur3a jAtiyoM kA ullekha milatA haiM?91 cANDAla, Dombalika, rajaka, carmakAra, zAkunika, matsyabandha aura nApita0 jAti ke nAmollekha milate hai 1 | ye sabhI jAtiyAM zUdra jAti ke antargata AtI thiiN| zabara aura bhilla jaMgala meM rahate the| ina kA adhipati pallIpati kahalAtA thA / kisI-kisI pallIpati kA sambandha abhijAtya varga ke rAjA se bhI rahatA thA aura usa rAjA ke adhInastha raha kara apane rAjya kA saMcAlana karatA thaa| haribhadra ke AkhyAnoM ke anusAra zavara prAya: lUTa-pATa kiyA karate the / jaMgala meM inakA rAjya rahatA thaa| pallIpati zabaroM kI dekha-bhAla karatA thA tathA lUTa ke mAla meM sabase adhika bhAga usI kA hotA thA / cANDAloM kA kArya logoM ko phAMsI denA, prANa lenA tathA isI prakAra ke anya kaThora karma karanA thaa| rajaka ko vastra zodhaka bhI kahA hai85 / vastra sApha karane kA kArya rajaka karate the| nApita apane kArya ke atirikta rAjA ko pAkhAnA karAne kA kArya bhI karate the / udyotana sUri ke pUrva prAcIna bhArata meM varNa-vyavasthA kA svarupa vaidika mAnyatAoM ke anurupa thaa| guptayuga meM sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa isa prakAra thA ki siddhAntaH karmaNA varNa-vyavasthA (33)

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ko mAnane vAle jaina AcArya bhI zrauta-smArta-mAnyatAoM se prabhAvita hone lage the| jaTA siMha nandi (pUrvArdha 6 vIM zatI ) ne cAturvarNya vyavasthA ko siddhAntaH svIkAra nahIM kiyA, vyavahAra ke lie ziSTa logoM ke dvArA cAturvarNya-varNa banAyA gayA hai, isa bAta kA ve virodha nahIM kara ske| raviSeNAcArya (676 I) ne samAja meM pracalita varNa-vyavasthA ko karma ke AdhAra para RSabhadeva dvArA kiyA gayA vibhAjana svIkAra kiyA 8 / jina sena sUri (ka783 I.) ne janmagata varNa-vyavasthA ko bhI jainIkaraNa karake svIkAra kara liyA / udyotana sUri ne zUdra jAti meM ginI jAnevAlI aneka upajAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| takSazilA meM zUdrajAti meM utpanna dhanadeva nAma kA sArthavAha putra rahatA thaa| (tammigAmeM suddajAio dhaNadevo NAma satyavAha untodeg1)| e. ena. upAdhye ne isake lie "sudvajAio" pATha nirdhArita kara, dhanedava ko zuddha jAti kA mAnA hai| kintu AThavIM zatAbdI meM zUdroM kI sthita ko dekhate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki sArthavAha bhI zUdra ho sakate the| ata: dhanadeva ko zUdra jAti meM utpanna hI mAnanA upayukta pratIta hotA hai| dazaratha zarmA ne isa samaya ke zUdroM kI sthiti kA varNana karate hue kahA ki zUdroM ke antargata kRSaka, zilpI, majadUra evaM antyaja aura mlecchoM ke Upara ke ve sabhI jo kisI kAraNavaza zreSTha tIna jAtiyoM meM na A jAte the, zUdra kahe jAte the93 / zUdroM kI sthiti meM sudhAra ho rahA thA / kRSi apanAne ke kAraNa zUdra vaizya ho rahe the tathA Arthika sampannatA ke kAraNa unako sammAna milane lagA thaa| dhArmika aura rAjanaitika sthiti bhI acchI ho rahI thI / kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita dhanadeva kA bhI sArthavAha hone ke kAraNa sopAraka ke vyApArika saMgaThana dvArA sammAnita kiyA jAnA isa bAta kA pramANa hai6 | udyotana sUri ke pUrva haribhadra sUri ne mAnava jAti ke do bheda kiye hai- Arya evaM anArya / ucca AcAra-vicAra vAle guNI-janoM ko Arya tathA jo AcAra-vicAra se bhraSTa tathA jinheM dharma-karma kA kucha viveka na ho unheM anArya yA mleccha kahA hai / ( 34 )

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udyotana sUri ne anArya meM nimna jAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / zaka, yavana, zabara, barbara, kAya, muruNDa, oDa, goMDa, karpaTikA, aravAka, hUNa, romasa, pArasa, khasa, khAsiyA, DoMbalika, lakusa, bokkasa, bhilla, puliMda, aMdha, kottha, kirAta, hayamukha, gajamukha, kharamukha, turagamukha, meMDhakamukha, hayakarNa, gajakarNa, aura, bahuta anArya hote haiM- aNNe vi ANAriyA vhve| jo pApI pracaMDa tathA dharma kA eka akSara bhI nahIM sunate / inake atirikta kucha aise bhI anArya haiM jo dharma-artha, kAma se rahita haiN| cAMDAla, bhilla, DoMba, zaukarika aura matsyabaMdhaka100 / isa pramukha prasaMga ke atirikta bhI udyotana ne anya prasaMgoM meM vibhinna jAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM se adhikAMza kI punarAvRtti huI101, kucha nayI haiM--AroTTa, AbhIra, kumhAra, gurjara, cAraNa, jAra-jAtaka, dAsa, pakka Nakula, mAtaMga, mAgadha, luhAra, siMhala Adi / udyotana sUri dvArA kuvalayamAlA meM varNita uparyukta jAtiyoM ko unakI sthiti evaM kAryoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai:-(1) mleccha jAtiyAM, (2) antyaja jAtiyAM, (3) karmakAra evaM (4) videzI jAtiyAM / mleccha jAtiyAM:-cAturvarNya varNa-vyavasthA ke bAhara jinakI sthiti thI unheM mleccha jAti kA kahA jAtA thaa| mukhya rupa se Arya saMskRti ke viparIta AcaraNa karane vAloM ko mleccha kahA jAtA thaa| inakA apanA alaga saMgaThana hotA thA aura pRthaka rhn-shn| kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita nimna jAtiyAM mleccha kahI jA sakatI hai:- or3a, kirAta, kuDakkha, koMca, kottha, goMr3a, caMcuka, puliMda, bhilla, zabara evaM ruruci / "praznavyAkaraNa" meM jo mlecchoM kI sUcI dI gayI hai usameM kuvalayamAlA meM varNita mlecchoM ke adhikAMza nAma samAna haiN| candra mohana sena ke dhaulapura abhilekha meM (824 I.) caMbala nadI ke donoM kinAroM para base huye mlecchoM kA ullekha hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki AThavIM zatAbdI taka mleccha jAti alaga se saMgaThita ho cukI thii| Adhunika AdivAsiyoM se inakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| ( 35 )

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oDDA-kuvalayamAlA meM mleccha jAtiyoM ke antargata oDDA kA ullekha huA hai102 | huenasAMga ne oDra kA ullekha karate huye kahA hai ki ye kAle raMga ke aura asabhya loga the tathA madhya deza se bhinna bhASA kA prayoga karate the103 / kikkaya-isakA ullekha jaina sUtroM meM Arya kSetroM ke antargata huA104 | kikya kA ardhabhAga hI Arya thA, zeSa anArya / isI anArya bhAga ke logoM ko udyotana ne mleccha kahA hai| kikkaya nepAla kI sImA para zrAvastI ke uttarapUrva meM sthita thA tathA uttara ke kekaya deza se yaha bhinna thaa105| kuDakkhA -jaina sUtroM meM kuDukka kA ullekha anArya deza ke rupa meM huA hai| vahAM ke nivAsI kuDakkhA kahe gaye haiN| vyavahArabhASya meM kuDukkhAcArya kA bhI ullekha hai| jaina kuDakka kI pahacAna Adhunika kurga se karate hai106 / caMcuya-inake nivAsa sthAna aura jAti kA ThIka patA nahIM hai| jAmakheDakara caMcuya jAti kI pahacAna dakSiNa bhArata kI Adhunika cencuoM se karate haiM107 / muruMDa- kuvalayamAlA meM muruMDa108 kA ullekha mleccha jAtiyoM ke sAtha huA hai| bRhatkathA meM kahA gayA hai ki muruMDa nAma kA rAjA kusumapura meM rAjya karatA thA109 / samudragupta ke ilAhAbAda ke prastara lekha meM kahA gayA hai ki usane zaka aura muruMDoM ko harAyA thA10 / saMbhava hai, gupta yuga ke bAda AThavIM za. meM muruMDa jAti kA astitva na rahA ho| udyotana ne kisI prAcIna paramparA ke AdhAra para inakA ullekha kara diyA hai111 / antyaja-jAtiyAM-kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita cANDAla, DoMba, zaukArika, matsyabaMdhaka Dombalika, mAtaMga, bokkasa, paMzuli, bheriyA evaM pakkaNa jAtiyoM ko antyaja-jAtiyoM ke antargata (36)

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rakhA jA sakatA hai, jinheM udyotana ne anArya evaM dharma, artha kAma se rahita kahA hai| AThavIM se 12vIM zatAbdI taka ke vibhinna jaina kathAkAroM ne apane graMthoM meM ina jAtiyoM meM se adhikAMza ko antyaja ke antargata mAnA hai| ye jAtiyA~ prAya: nagara ke bAhara nivAsa karatI thiiN| DoMba- udyotana ne DoMba kA ullekha kaIbAra kiyA hai| eka prasaMga meM DoMba ko paTaha bajAne vAlA kahA gayA hai, jisake zabdoM se DoMba ke bacce kabhI bhayabhIta nahIM hote the-(kiM koI DoMba - DiMmo "paDahayasaTdasa uttarasaI)112 / anya sthaloM para bhI DoMba ko gAnA gAne vAlA evaM bAMsa kI TokariyA banAnevAlA kahA gayA hai tathA ye gharoM meM rahate the113 / DoMba ko "pANa" bhI kahA gayA hai|141 pakkaNa- kula- udyotana sUri ne pakkaNa-kula kA ullekha adhamakula evaM cANDAla kula ke artha meM kiyA hai115 | ratnapurI meM cANDAloM ke gharoM para bhI patAkA phaharAtA thI116 | cANDAloM ko mleccha sadRza kahA gayA hai1171 "antakRdadazA!18" tathA manusmRti meM 119 Adi se jJAta hotA hai ki cANDAla murde Dhote the| meriya vAdya ko bajAne vAloM kI eka alaga jAti thii| sambhavata: ye kabUtara bhI pAlate the120 1 ___ bokkasa:-ye dharma kA eka akSara bhI nahIM jAnate the121 | "suntanipAta122 aura aMguttara nikAya123 meM inheM pukkusa kahA gayA hai| niSAda aura ambaSTha ke saMyoga se utpanna saMtAna ko pukkusa kahA gayA hai124 / udyotana sUri ne zaukarikoM ko anArya evaM mleccha kahA hai| inheM karmagugupsi jAti bhI kahA gayA hai125 / ( 37 ) .

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yadyapi AThavIM zatAbdI meM antyaja jAti ke logoM kI dazA adhika acchI pratIta nahIM hotii| kintu isake pazcAt unameM bhI sudhAra honA prArambha ho gyaa| jinezvara ke kathAkoza prakaraNa126 evaM alabarunI ke vivaraNa ke anusAra127 antyajoM meM se kucha jAtiyoM kI zreNiyAM unakI Arthika evaM sAmAjika dazA ko unnata karane meM sahayogI thIM128 / karmakAra jAtiyA~:-udyotana sUri ne karmakAra jAtiyoM meM kumhAra129, luhAra130, ahIra131, cAraNa132, kAya133, ibhya134, kappaNiyA135, mAgadha136 Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai| ___ AbhIra:-suvarNa devI prasUti ke pazcAta eka goSTha meM jAkara kisI ahIra ke ghara meM zaraNa letI hai, jahA~ ahIrina usako putrI samAna samajha kara sevA karatI hai / 137 AbhIra eka aisI jAti kA nAma, jisakA mUla pezA gaupAlana thaa| IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka AbhIroM ne apanA pramukha sthAna banA liyA thA138 / kuvalaya mAlA meM ahIra ke nivAsa sthAna ko goSTha kahA gayA hai|139 cAraNa:-gAMva-gAMva meM jAkara apanI jIvikA kamAne vAlI jAti thii| sambhavata: inakA kArya prazastiyA~ Adi gAnA thaa| rAjasthAna meM Aja bhI cAraNa jAti ke loga pAye jAte haiN| kAya-ko udyotana ne anArya kahA hai| yadi isakA sambandha kAyastha se hai to vedavyAsa ne bhI kAyasthoM ko zUdroM meM ginA hai140 / AThavIM zatAbdI meM kAyastha zabda karmacArI ke lie prayukta hotA thaa|41 | ibhyaH:- vANikoM kA samRddha samudAya hai|142 'prajJAyapanA' meM AryoM kI jAti ke antargata ibhya jAtiyA~ ginAI gayI hai143 / kappaNiyA:-sambhavata: kapar3e ke vyApArI ko kahA gayA hai, jisase Ajakala kApaNiyA pracalita hai| jainAgamoM ise kappAsiya, kapAsa kA vyApArI kahA gayA hai|144 (38)

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mAgadhaH-kA ullekha udyotana ne desI baniyoM ke sAtha kiyA hai145 | AThavIM zatAbdI meM mAgadha pazogAyakoM kI bhI eka jAti thI, jo rAjya darabAroM meM jAkara rAjAoM kA guNagAna karate the146 / anArya jAtiyoM ke prasaMgoM meM aMdha, bhara rucA, dravir3a evaM mAlava147 kA maTha ke chAtroM kI bAtacIta ke prasaMga meM aroTTa148, mAlaviya kaNujja soraTTha, zrI kaMTha kA ullekha kiyA hai| AraTTa:-prAcIna bhArata meM AraTTa jAti ke sambandha meM buddha prakAza kA mata hai ki paMjAba meM aneka samudAyoM ne AyudhoM ko apanI jIvikA kA sAdhana banA liyA thA tathA unake naye niyama vikasita ho gaye the| kauTilya ne inhe AyudhajIvI kahA hai149 / inheM araSTrakA: bhI kahA jAtA thA150 / kuvalayamAlA meM prayukta 'AroTe', 'AraTTa' kA apabhraMza pratIta hotA hai| gujjara:-udyotana sUri ne gurjarapathika (gujjarapahiyaeNa)151, gurjara baniye! 52 tathA gurjara deza153 kA ullekha kiyA hai| pratihAra rAjAoM ke sAtha gurjara zabda kA prayoga kisa kAraNa huA isa viSaya para dazaratha zarmA ne vivecana prastuta kiyA hai / 154 cauthI zatAbdI meM vu-suna uccAraNa gusura ke rUpa meM hone lagA aura gusura se bhI 'gurjara' zabda prayukta hone lgaa| chaThavIM zatAbdI meM gurjaroM kA bhArata meM vizeSa prasAra huA hai155 / kuvalaya mAlA meM kucha videzI jAtiyoM kA varNana hai jinake nAma videzI hai, parantu ve bhAratIya samAja meM sammilita hotI jA rahI thI: zaka, yavana, barbara, hUNa, romasa, pArasa, khasa, tAjjika, aravAga, koMcA, caMcuya evaM sihalA bhArata meM hUNoM kA Agamana lagabhaga cauthI zatAbdI meM huA'56 1 hoA-tuna aura saMskRta kA 'hUNa' eka hI jAti se abhijJAnita haiM157 / (39)

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gyArahavI:-zatAbdI taka inhe kSatriya jAti meM rakhA jAne lgaa| hUNa jAtiyA~ paMjAba kI janatA meM atyadhika mizrita ho gayI haiM158 / vivAha vAsudeva hiNr3I ke anusAra vivAha-paramparA kA prAcInatva RSabhanAtha ke samaya se dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa paramparA ke antargata, RSabha sarvaprathama the, jo vivAhita huye| isa paramparA ke saMsthApaka devatAoM ke svAmI (devarAyA) the159 1 brAhmaNa varNa ke loga sabhI cAra varNo kI mahilAoM se vivAha karane ke lie sakSama the160 / parantu, sAmAnyata: vaivAhika sambandha kA pracalana apane hI varNa meM adhika pracalita thA161 yA una parivAroM ke sAtha jinakI sAmajika sthita sama thI (sarisa kula)162 smRtiyoM163 meM saMdarbhita ATha prakAra ke vivAha jo paramparAgata pracalita the, unameM eka (gaMdhava vivAha dhamma)164 gAMdharva vivAha kA saMdarbha, vAsudeva hiNDI meM prApta hotA hai, jabaki kucha anya prakAra ke vivAhoM ko do rupoM meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai arthAt 'Asura' aura rAkSasa / vAsudeva hiNDI, ke anusAra adhikatara vivAha mAtA-pitA dvArA nizcita kiye jAte the| gAMdharva vivAhaH-dUlhA aura dulahina prema ho jAne ke kAraNa cupa ke se vivAha kara lete the| isa prakAra ke vivAha kA udAharaNa vAsudeva hiNDI ke dhammila aura mehamAlA165, dhammila aura vimala senA166 aura vAsudeva aura piyamagusumdarI167 ke vivAhoM se prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra ke vivAha meM koI dhArmika kRtya nahIM sampanna hote the| dhammila devatA ke samakSa natamastaka hokara, navavivahitA patnI kA dAhinA hAtha svIkAra kiyaa|168 rAkSasa vivAhaH-isa prakAra ke vivAha meM vara navavadhU kA apaharaNa kara letA thA169 yA binA navavadhU kI sahamati ke hI bhagA le jAtA thA70 yA jaisA ki svayaMvara meM171 yA anyathA / 172 isa prakAra kI rItiyoM kA pracalana yoddhA varga meM thaa| ( 40 )

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mAtA-pitA dvArA vivAha vyavasthA:-vAsudeva hiNDI meM bAla-vivAha kA saMdarbha nahIM hai| vara aura navavadhU jaba vivAha ke yogya ho jAte the tabhI vaivAhika sambandha hote the| vAsudeva hiNDI ke anusAra sagAI, kabhI-kabhI bacapana meM hI ho jAtI thI174 / aisA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai ki bhAI aura bahina apane baccoM kA vivAha nizcita kara lete the175 | svayaMvara-vivAhaH-svayaMvara vivAha kA varNana vAsudeva hiNDI se prApta hotA hai| yuvatI apanI icchAnusAra vara kA cunAva vyaktigata rUpa se kara letI thii|176 svayaMvara meM Amantrita varoM kA cunAva sArvajanika rUpa se bhI kumAriyA~ karatI thIM / 177 isa prakAra kI vizeSa suvidhA rAjagharAne kI kumAriyoM ko prApta thI / 178 isa prakAra ke vivAhoM ke pariNAma, cUMki rAjanaitika ho sakate the, isalie rAjA apane mantriyoM kA parAmarza prApta karatA thA|79 kabhI-kabhI pratiyogI vaivAhika sambandha bhI hote the| pratiyogI vara ko nRtya-gAna meM apanI zreSThatA kA paricaya denA par3atA thaa|180 pratiyogitA ke dvArA vaivAhika saMdarbha kevala vAsudeva hiNr3I meM upalabdha hai| haribhadra ke vicAroM ke anusAra vivAha kA lakSaya jIvana meM puruSArtho ko siddha karanA thaa| gRhastha jIvana kA dharma dAna denA, deva pUjA karanA evaM munidharma ko prazraya denA hai| sAdhu-saMto ko dAna dene kA kArya gRhastha jIvana ke abhAva meM sampanna nahIM ho sakatA hai| isalie vivAha eka gRhastha ke lie Avazyaka thaa| samAja zAstra kI dRSTi se vivAha kA kArya aura uddezya nimna hai 1. strI-puruSa ke yauna sambandha kA niyantraNa aura vaidhIkaraNa, 2. santAna kI utpatti, saraMkSaNa, pAlana aura zikSaNa, 3. naitika, dhArmika aura sAmAjika katrtavyoM kA pAlana / udyotana sUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM vivAhotsava kA varNana kiyA hai| ( 41 )

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haribhadra ne vivAha ke mahatvapUrNa kArya aura uddezya para prakAza DAlate hue likhA hai "kusaleNa aNuyattivvo loyadhammo, kAyavvA kusalasaMtatI, jaiyavvaM parova pAre, aNuyattivvo kulakkamoM"181 / arthAta kuzala banakara loka dharma-sAMsArika kAryoM ko karanA, yogya saMtAna utpanna karanA, paropakAra meM lage rahanA, kula paramparA ke anusAra kArya karanA vivAha kA lakSaya hai| vivAhita jIvana dvArA loka dharma kA abhyAsa kara lene para, gRhastha Azrama ke anubhavoM dvArA paripakvatA prApta kara lene para, puruSArtha ke siddha ho jAne para, vaMza ke pratiSThita ho jAne para, lokazakti kA anubhava hone para, vikAroM ke samApta hone para, sadguNoM kA avirbhAva ho jAne ke pazcAt, sanyAsa grahaNa karanA ucita hotA hai| jIvana ke vikAsa ke liye, vivAha Avazyaka hai| jaina kathAoM se vivAha ke prakAroM para adhika prakAza nahIM par3atA hai| rAjadharAnoM meM prema-vivAha hote the| kusumAvalI aura siMha kumAra kA vivAha tathA vilAsavatI aura sanatkumAra kA vivAha prema-vivAha thA1821 rAjagharAnoM ko chor3a kara janasAdhAraNa meM vivAha ke liye nimna mAnadaNDa the183 / : 1. vaya-rUpa, 2. vibhava, 3. zIla, 4. dharma, vaya kA artha yaha thA ki vara aura kanyA samAna Ayu ke hoN| donoM kI sundaratA bhI sama ho| ata: haribhadra ne vara-kanyA kI prathama arhatA samAna vaya-rUpa mAnI hai| dhana-sampatti meM bhI dono samAna hone cAhie ata: haribhadra ne samAna vaibhava ko dUsarI yogyatA mAnA hai| samAna zIla vara kanyA ke liye to sarI yogyatA hai| isakA artha parivAra kI kulInatA se hai| isalie vara-kanyA kA kula samAna honA caahie| ( 42 )

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vivAha ke liye haribhadra ne dharma ko bhI eka yogyatA mAnA hai / samAna dharma mAnane vAloM kA sambandha zreyaskara hotA hai| yadi pati patnI viparIta dharma ke anuyAyI haiM to jIvana kalahapUrNa hogA / samAna dharma hone ke kAraNa kaTutA nahIM utpanna hotI hai / viparIta dharma kA anuyAyI hone ke kAraNa sauhArda pUrNa vAtAvaraNa samApta ho jAtA hai / haribhadra ne spaSTa kahA hai "saMjoebhi avacvaM asAhammieNaM 184 / " santAna kA vivAha viparIta dharma ke anuyAyI ke sAtha nahIM honA caahie| zIla parIkSA nAmaka laghukathA meM subhadrA kA vidharmI se vivAha hone kA kaTuphala haribhadra ne bar3e sundara DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai / subhadrA jaina dharma kI anuyAyI thI aura usake sasurAla pakSa ke loga bauddha dharma ko mAnate the| ghara kA vAtAvaraNa dveSapUrNa ho gayA subhadrA kI sAsa aura nanadoM ne usake jIvana ko naraka tulya banA rakhA thaa| usake Upara duScaritratA kA lAMchana lagAyA pariNAma svarUpa use pativratA kI parIkSA denI par3I 185 | haribhadra ne vara khojane kI 186 prathA kA bhI saMdarbha diyA hai| zaMkhapura ke rAjA zaMkhAyana ne apanI kanyA ratnavatI kA eka sundara citra banavAkara usake samAna rupa saundarya aura kalA pravINa vara kI khoja kraayaa| citra aura saMbhUti nAma ke vyakti sthAna-sthAna para usa citra ko lekara vara ko khoja ke liye gaye the / haribhadra ne vivAha saMskAra meM kI jAne vAlI kriyAoM kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA hai: - ( samarAiccakahA pR. 93-100 kA UNa ya nehi) 1. vAgdAna - vivAha ke lie vAkdAna ke avasara para maMgalavAdya aura nRtya kA pracAra thA, 2. vivAha kA zubha dina nizcita karanA - vivAha kI tithi nizcita karane ke lie jyotiSI Amantrita kiye jAte the, 3. yathocita dAna kI ghoSaNA - vivAha nizcita ho jAne para dAna diyA jAtA thA, ( 43 )

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4. varavadhu kA tailAbhyaMgana-sugandhita padArtho kA lepa, dUba ke aMkura, dadhi, akSata Adi mAMgalika padArtho dvArA lAla vastra pahane huI sadhavA striyoM dvArA pramRkSaNa kriyA, 5. samajjana-suvarNa kalazoM dvArA sugandhita jala se snAna, 6. nahachU karma, 7. vivAha ke pUrva svastivAcana, 8. vadhU alaMkaraNa-mahAvara, stanoM para patra lekhana adhara raMjita karanA, netroM meM aMjana, tilaka, keza prasAdhana, pairoM meM nUpura, aMguliyoM me mudrikA, nitamboM para maNimekhalA, bAhumAlA, stanoM para padmarAga maNi ghaTita vastra, muktAhAra, karNAbhUSaNa aura mastaka para cUDAmaNi, 9. vara alaMkaraNa, 10. maNDapa kA nirNANa, 11. lagna nizcitata karanA, 12. bArAta kA janavAse se prasthAna, 13. vara kA maNDapa meM vilAsiniyoM dvArA svAgat 14. bhauMha kA sparza, 15. sakhiyoM dvArA vadhU ke bUMghaTa kA haTAnA, 16. vara vadhU kA Apasa meM eka dUsare kA mukha dekhanA, 17. gaThajor3a, 18. pANigrahaNa, (44)

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19. vArAtiyoM kA svAgata satkAra, 20. havana kI kriyA, 21. cArabhAMvara-pahale bhAMvarapara daheja meM sau svarNa kalaza, dUsarI para hAra, kuNDala, kardhanI, kaMgana tIsarI para cAMdI ke thAla aura cauthI vAra bhAMvara para mUlyavAna vastra diye gye| bahuvivAha-jaina kathAoM meM puruSoM ke bahuvivAha kI carcA kaI sthAnoM para kI gayI hai| eka patnI prathA ko inhone sarvottama mAnA hai aura vyavahAra meM eka hI vivAha kI prathA thI parantu apavAda svarUpa eka se adhika patniyoM kI bhI prathA thii| haribhadra ke pAtroM meM rAjA to prAya: eka-se adhika vivAha karate hue dikhalAI par3ate haiN| rAjA samArAditya kA vivAha vibhramavatI aura kAmalatA nAma kI do kanyAoM ke sAtha huA thA187 / seTha arhadatta ne cAra vivAha kiye the188 / eka strI ke bhI eka se adhika pati hone kI bhI bAta apavAda svarUpa pAyI gaI hai| isa kA saMdarbha hari bhadra kI eka laghukathA meM milatI hai| batAyA gayA hai ki eka strI ke do pati the189 / ve donoM sage bhAI the| vaha strI una donoM ko samAnarUpa se Adara karatI thii| logoM meM yaha carcA phaila gaI ki saMsAra meM eka aisI nArI hai jo do vyaktiyoM ko samAna rUpa se pyAra kara sakatI hai| isa bAta kI logoM ne jA~ca par3atAla kI ki eka nArI do vyaktiyoM ko samAnarUpa se pyAra nahIM kara sakatI hai190 | jaina kathAoM ke anusAra alpa Ayu meM nArI vidhavA hone para janmaparyanta tapasyA karatI huI dharmasAdhanA karate dekhI gaI hai| guNazrI, ratnamatI, vilAsavatI ke zIla ke ucca rUpa upasthita kara eka vivAha kA hI samarthana kiyA hai| nArI ke do pati hone kI bAta apavAda hai| kuvalayamAlA meM vivAhotsava kA varNana hai| kumArI kuvalayamAlA kA vivAha nizcita hone para rAjabhavana meM nimna taiyAriyA~ hone lgiiN| jyotiSI ko bulAkara vivAha kA muhUrta nikalavAyA gyaa| jyotiSI ne phAlguna sudI paMcamI dina budhavAra ko svAtinakSatra meM rAtri ke prathama pahara bIta jAne evaM dvitIya prArambha hone ka samaya lagna kA mUhUrta btlaayaa| lagna kA ( 45 )

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samaya Ate hI vibhinna taiyAriyA~ hone lgiiN| dhAna dale gae tathA / use sApha kara cAvala taiyAra kie gaye91 / vibhinna prakAra kI miThAiyA~ banavAI gyiiN| khAdya sAmagrI ko ekatra kiyA gyaa| kumhAroM se bartana ma~gAye gye| maMca zAlA taiyAra karAyI gayI dhavala gRha ko sajAyA gyaa| varavedI racI gyii| bandanavAra ba~dhavAyA gyaa| ratnoM kI parIkSA karavAI gyii| hAthI, ghor3oM ko sajAyA gayA rAjAoM ko nimantraNa bheje gye| lekhavAha bheje gye| baMdhu janoM ko AmaMtrita kiyA gayA bhavanoM ke zikhara sajAye gaye, dIvAloM kI saphedI kI gaI, gahane banavAye gaye, aMkura rope gaye, devatAoM kI arcanA kI gaI, nagara ke caurAhe sajAye gaye, kapar3oM ke thAna phAr3e gaye, kuryAsaka silavAye gaye, patAkAe~ phaharAyI gayI tathA manohara ca~vara taiyAra karavAye gye| yahA~ taka ki usa nagara meM koI aisI mahilA va puruSa nahIM thA jo kuvalayamAlA ke vivAha kArya meM prasannatA pUrvaka vyasta nahIM thA192 / vivAha kI lagna Ate ho kuvalayamAlA kI mAtA ne apane hone vAle dAmAda ko sneha pUrvaka snAna krvaayaa| apane vaMza, kula, deza, samaya evaM lokAnusAra mAMgalika kautuka kie| zveta vastra pahinA kara tilaka kiyA, kaMdhe para zveta puSpoM kA hAra pahinA kara mahendra ke sAtha maNDapa meM lAyA gAyA193 / kuvalayamAlA bhI zveta vastradhAraNa kara mAMgalika motiyoM ke gahane pahanakara vedI para baiTha gyii| samaya hote hI agni hotra zAlA meM agni prajvalita kI gayI, kSIra vRkSa kI samidhA aura ghI kI Ahuti dI gyii| kula ke vRddha janoM ke samakSa rAjA ke samakSa, aneka peda pAThI brAhmaNoM ke madhya lokapAloM ko Amantrita kiyA gayA, dRr3havarman kA nAmalekara kumAra ke hAtha meM kuvalaya mAlA kA hAtha diyA gyaa| kumAra ne jaise hI kumArI kA hAtha pakar3A tUrabaja uThe, zaMkha phUMke jAne lage, jhallarI bajAyI gayIM, paMDita maMtra par3hane laga gye| brAhmaNa mantra par3hate huye Ahuti dene lage aura bha~vara prArambha ho gaye, cauthA bha~vara pUrA hote hI jaya-jaya ke zabdoM se maMDapa gUMja uThA194 | mahilAyaM gIta gAne lgiiN| vivAhotsava meM gIta gAnA anivArya thA kyoMki aise avasaroM para gAna kevala manoraMjana kA sAdhana nahIM thA apitu vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA ki yadi ve devatAoM ko prasanna kareMge, to ve amaMgalo ko dUra kareMge aura vara-vadhU ko saubhAgya pradAna kareMge195 / (46)

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nArI AgadattA96 eka sArathI the jo sanyAsI ho gye| Agadatta ne nArI ke caritra para eka Azcaryajanaka TippaNI kiyA "himAlaya kI U~cAI nApanA AsAna hai aura gaMgA ke bAlU ke kaNoM ko ginA jA sakatA hai parantu nArI ke mana ke andara kI bAta ko samajhanA atyanta kaThina hai| nArI pati ke mArga me bAdhaka hotI hai| vaha isaloka aura paraloka dono ke liye pati ke mArga meM bAdhaka hai197| yaha TippaNI usa vyakti kI hai jise yaha jJAta huA ki usakI patnI DAkuoM se apane jIvana kI rakSA karane ke liye apane pati ko mArane ke liye taiyAra thii| dhammila ne uparokta TippaNI ko svIkAra nahI kiyaa| dhanazrI198 kI kahAnI kI sahAyatA se jo eka vyavasAyI kI patnI thI, eka dUsarA patha nArI ke caritra ke sambandha meM jJAta hotA hai| dhanazrI apane pati dvArA tyAga dI gayI kyoMki usake pati ke anta:karaNa meM sampUrNa nArI jAti ke viruddha durbhAva kI gA~Tha dRr3ha ho gaI thii| isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki vaha apanI mAtA ke durvyavAhAra se pIr3ita thaa| dhanazrI jIvana paryanta patibratA rahI yahA~ taka kI eka rAjya adhikArI usake zIla ko bhaMga karanA cAhatA thA jisakI, dhanazrI ne hatyA kara DAlI / rupayoM ko aiMTha kara eka gaNikA ne dhammila ko ghara se bAhara nikAla diyA199 / pati kA patnI ke Upara svAmitva vivAha ke dina hI vevAvatI ne ghoSita kiyA ki Aja se usakA (patikA) adhikAra usake jIvana para ho gayA aura vaha merA deva hai / 200 pati ke prati nArI kA aisA dRSTikoNa ubhaya lokoM ke sambandha meM prazaMsanIya samajhA jAtA thaa|201 saccabhAmA ke eka kathana se pati ke svAmitva kA pratibimba dekhane ko milatA hai; patnI kA zizu jo usake dvArA (pati) pyAra pAtA hai vaha zizu pati ke samAna hai aura jo zizu pati ke dvArA pyAra nahIM pAte haiM ve dekhane meM acche nahIM hote / 202 vAsudeva hiNDI ke anusAra patnI sadaiva apane patibratA dharma ke prati sAvadhAna rahatI thii| vAsudeva kI eka patnI ne apanI naukarAnI ke mAdhyama se pati ke pAsa saMdeza bhejaa| patra meM (47)

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ullikhita thA ki vaha kuMja me usase bheMTa kreN| vAsudeva ko yaha acchA nahIM lagA tathA ve patnI se bheMTa karane bAga meM nahIM gaye 2003 | vahuvivAha prathA vAsudeva hiNDI meM siva204, saMba205, kAnhA 206, vakkalasirI207, aura do nAyaka vAsudeva aura dhammila-dono rAja kumAroM ke udAharaNoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki rAjagharAnoM meM vahuvivAha pracalita thaa| jaMbU208 aura imbhaputra 209 ke udAharaNeM se aisA varNana prApta hotA hai ki vyavasAyI varga meM bhI bahuvivAha prathA pracalita thI / isake pariNAma svarUpa saha-patniyoM meM kalaha utpanna ho jAyA karatA thA gayA 210 | vAsudeva hiNDI ke anusAra vAsudeva eka vizeSa prakAra kI saMhitA kA anusaraNa karate the aura sabhI paliyoM ke sAtha nyAyocita vartAva karate the / yaha paliyoM kI varIyatA 211 para nirbhara karatA thaa| eka Adarza kula-vadhU apane pati ke rUpa aura vizeSatAoM para dhyAna na dekara, pati ko deva samajhatI thI / 212 eka kumArI jo rAjagharAne meM janma letI thI, parde ke andara rahatI thI, parantu jaba sArvajanika avasaroM meM upasthita hotI thI, usa samaya apane muMha ko khola detI thI 214 aura nagara meM vaMda gAr3I meM calatI thI / vAsudeva hiNDI meM uparokta AdarzoM kA anusaraNa, dUsare zabdoM, meM karane kA saMdarbha hai eka patnI apane pati ke prati niSThAvAna (padibhattA) hotI thii| vaha kisI dUsare AdamI ke sambandha meM soca nahIM sakatI thI / dhamadaMtI meM aisI niSThA pati ke prati thI ki usake Upara jaMgala215 meM zera aura sAMpa hamalA nahIM kara sakate the| baMdhumatI jo vAsudeva kI eka patnI thI, usakA kahanA thA ki usake pati sanyAsI, rAjA aura devatA 216 se bhI mahAna haiN| vAsudeva hiNDI meM caritrahIna mahilAoM ke uddharaNa prastuta kiye gaye haiM jo samAja ke vibhinna vargo kI thI, jaise rAjagharAne217, brAhmaNa218 aura vaizya ke gharAnoM kI-19 | striyoM ke svAmibhakti kA eka suspaSTa udAharaNa eka vyavasayI nAgasena kI kahAnI se prApta hotA hai| isa kahAnI ke anusAra jo vyakti vivAhitA mahilA ke pAtivrata kA ulaMghana karane kA prayAsa karatA thA, use mRtyu daNDa kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thA / vAsudeva ( 48 )

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hiNDI ke anusAra eka svAmibhakta patnI yaha prArthanA karatI thI ki agale janma meM use vahI pati prApta ho| gaNikA gaNikAoM kI utpatti ko prathama cakravartI samrAT (cakavattI) bharata ke samaya se dekhA jA sakatA hai eka kahAnI220 ke anusAra sAmaMto ne apanI kanyAoM kA bharata ke samakSa prastuta kiyaa| gaNikA Agamana para pradhAnarAnI ne samrATa se kahA ki unheM Agantuka-kakSa taka hI sImita rakhA jAya aura ghara ke andara praveza karane para pratibandha lagA diyaa| gaNikAoM ko gaNoM ko sauMpa diyA gyaa| gaNoM ke sAtha sambandhita hone ke kAraNa, unheM gaNikA nAma se sambodhita kiyA gyaa| vAsudeva hiNDI meM isI prakAra kI eka anya kahAnI kA saMdarbha hai / 221 cUMki bharata kI cauMsaTha hajAra patniyA~ pahale se hI thI isalie jo battIsa hajAra kumAriyoM ko puna: unake sammukha prastuta kiyA gayA, unheM bharata ne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| haribhadra ne samAja meM nArI ke sthAna kA citraNa kaI rUpoM me kiyA hai / 222 yathA kanyA, patnI, mAtA, vidhavA, sAdhvI aura veshyaa| kanyAbhAratIya samAja meM kanyAoM kA janma saMpUrNa parivAra ko gaMbhIra banA detA hai| usakI pavitratA aura surakSA ke sambandha meM atyanta UMce bhAva evaM usake vivAha aura bhAvI jIvana kI ciMtA se samasta parivAra aura mukhya rupa se mAtA-pitA trasta rahate Aye haiN| rAjagharAnoM meM bhI kanyA kI surakSA kA sabhI prakAra kA prabaMdha rahatA thaa| kanyA ke pAlana-poSaNa aura zikSA-dIkSA kA pUrA prabaMdha rahatA thaa| par3hane-likhane ke atirikta citra-kalA aura saMgIta-kalA kI pUrI zikSA kanyAoM ko dI jAtI thii| kusumAvalI citra aura saMgIta kalA ke atirikta kAvya-racanA bhI jAnatI thii| usane siMha kumAra ke pAsa virahavidhura haMsinI ke citra ke sAtha eka haMsapadikA (49)

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bhI likhakara bheje thii| isa haMsapadikA se spaSTa jJAna hotA hai ki vaha kAvya-racanA kI kalA ko bhI jAnatI thii| puruSoM ke samAna sAmUhika rUpa se kanyAoM ke liye bhI ucca zikSA kA prabandha thaa| haribhadra ne eka sthAna para likhA hai-"aNahIyasattho Iiso ceva itthiyAyaNo hoi"223 / haribhadra kI prAkRta kathAoM ke avalokana se pratIta hotA hai ki kanyAoM kI zikSA meM nimna viSaya sammilita the: 1. likhanA-par3hanA, 2. zAstra jJAna, 3. saMgIta kalA, 4. citra kalA, 5. gRha-saMcAlana klaa| patnI-patnI kA zAbdika artha gRha svAminI hotA hai| dampati kI kalpanA meM pati-patnI donoM gRha ke saMyukta aura samAna rUpa se adhikArI hote haiN| zvasura ke Upara sAmrAjJI ho, devara ke Upara sAmrajJI ho224 / yaha vaidika kAla kA Adarza haribhadra ke samaya taka calA A rahA thaa| ghara meM bahU kI sthiti kA eka spaSTa udAharaNa haribhadra ke usa sthala para milatA hai, jaba guNa candra zatrurAjA ko parAsta karane jAtA hai aura vAnamantara usakI mRtyu kA mithyA samAcAra nagara meM phailA detA hai| vaha apane zvasura ko bulAkara agni meM praviSTa honA cAhatI hai, kintu sasura bahU ko samajhAtA huA kahatA hai Apa dhairya rkheN| maiM pavanagati se khavAhaka ko bheja kara yuddhasthala se kumAra kA kuzala samAcAra ma~gAtA huuN| pA~ca dinoM meM samAcAra A jaaygaa| Apa samAcAra prApta hone para jaisA cAheM vaisA kareM225 / sAsa bahU ke bIca madhura sambandha hotA thaa| patnI pati ke binA eka kSaNa bhI nahIM rahanA cAhatI thii| haribhadra ne dhana kI videza yAtrA ke samaya dhanazrI ke spaSTa pUrNa nivedana aura sAsa (50)

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dvArA use sAtha le jAne ke samarthana se isa sthiti kA spaSTa citra upasthita kiyA hai / 226 / patnI ke zIla para AzaMkA usakA tyAga bhI kara dete the tathA dvitIya vivAha bhI kara lete the227 / nava vadhU kA svAgata ghara meM acchI taraha hotA thaa| mAtA-strI ke aneka rUpoM meM mAtRrupa sabase adhika AdaraNIya aura mahatva kA mAnA jAtA thaa| bandhyA honA strI ke lie kalaMka hai| mAtA hone ke sAtha hI ghara meM strI kA sthAna ! bar3ha jAtA hai| gautama dharma sUtra meM ullekha hai ki "guruo meM AcArya zreSTha haiM, kaI eka ke mata.. meM mAtA-28 / Apastamba kA kathana hai ki "mAtA putra kA mahAna kArya karatI hai usakA rAzrUSA nitya hai, patita hone para bhI229 / " bauddhAyana ne pitA-mAtA kA bharaNa-poSaNa karane ke liye kahA, hai-301 mahAbhArata meM mAtA kI praMzasA meM gayA kahA hai ki mAtA ke samAna koI zaraNa nahIM aura na koI gati hai231 / samarAiccakahA meM varNita hai ki, jaya apanI mAtA kI prasannatA ke lie vijaya ko rAjya sauMpa kara muni bana jAtA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki "kareu pasAyaM ambA, pavajjAmi aTTa samaNatNaMti / bhaNiUNa nivaDiyo calaNesu2327 vezyA-haribhadra ke ullekhoM se mAlUma par3atA hai ki usa samaya isako sAmAjika rUpa prApta thaa| manuSya kI kAmavAsanA aura saundarya priyatA hI isake mUla meM thii| vaidika kAla meM233 bhI vezyA ke astitva ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| samarAiccakahA ke anusAra vezyAeM utsavoM meM nRtya karatI thI234 | vivAha ke avasara para vara kA zrRMgAra bhI vAri vilAsiniyAM hI karatI thiiN|235 / usa kAla meM vaha itanI ghRNita nahIM samajhI jAtI thii| nRtya, saMgIta Adi lalita kalAoM meM ye nipuNa hotI thiiN| sAdhvI-samAja meM sAdhvI kA sthAna bahuta U~cA thA aura pUjyanIyA samajhI jAtI thiiN| saMsAra se virakta hokara AtmakalyANa ke kAryo meM rata rahatI thiiN| (51)

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pardA-striyoM ke mu~ha ko DhaMkanA, usako ghara ke andara niyantrita rakhanA eka vizeSa prakAra kI prathA hai| samarAicca kahA ke anusAra, kusumAvalI vivAha ke avasara para jaba maNDapa meM AtI hai taba usake muMha para pardA par3A hotA hai236 / sakhiyAM usakA mukha khola detI haiN| yaha kevala lajjA yA vivAha kI prathA ke kAraNa hI hai| kusumAvalI kA pardA isI prathA kA pariNAma sAmAjika saMsthAe~ vAsudeva hiNDI meM kuberadatta kI kahAnI237 aura anyatra238 meM pArivArika sambandhoM kA saMdarbha hai:-bhAI devara, pautra, sautelA putra, bhatIjA, cAcA, pati, pitA, pitAmaha, sasura, mAtA, sAsu, saha patnI, bhaujAI, dAdI aura vadhU / sAsu ko pitRsvasA239 aura choTe bhAI kI patnI ko vadhU240 kahate the| pati ko ajjaputta241 se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| parivAra kA mukhiyA-vAsudeva hiNDI ke anusAra parivAra meM 242 pitA kA sthAna sarvopari thaa| sampatti meM vaidhAnika bhAga ko dAyabhAga 243 kahA jAtA thaa| parivAra ke alpa Ayu ke sadasya apane se var3oM ko hAtha jor3akara 244 praNAma karate aura pA~va chUte the| kumAriyA~ sama Ayu kI lar3akiyoM ko sahelI (vayasini) yA halA245 kahakara sambodhita karatI thiiN| kuvalayamAlA meM prAya: abhijAtya varga ke samAja kA citraNa huA hai| udyotana sUri ne usake anurUpa hI aneka sAmAjika saMsthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ___ pArivArika jIvana-samAja meM parivAra evaM vivAha kA mahatva hamezA sarvopari rahA hai / 246 udyotana sUri ke samaya ko ina saMsthAoM meM kAphI lacIlApana thaa| kuvalayamAlA ke kathAnaka aura varNanoM ke AdhAra para tatkAlIna saMyukta parivAra kA citra upasthita hotA hai| udyotana sUri ne saMyukta parivAra ke sadasyoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM kA ( 52 )

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varNana, putra kA parivAra meM mahatva, parivAra ke bharaNa-peSaNa kA uttaradAyitva, pati-patnI ke sambandhoM kA nirvAha Adi aneka pArivArika jIvana ke prasaMgoM kA varNana kiyA hai| sAMsArika evaM AdhyAtmika lakSayoM kI pUrti meM parivAra kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai / 247 saMyukta parivAra-kuvalayamAlA meM caMDasoma, mAnabhaTa evaM garUDa pakSI kI kathAoM ke prasaMga meM saMyukta parivAra kA citraNa huA hai| caMDasoma apane mAtA-pitA, bhAI evaM bahina ke sAtha rahatA thaa|248 mAnabhaTa apane mAtA-pitA evaM patnI kA jIvanAdhAra thA / 249 garUr3a pakSI ke kathAnaka dvArA udyotana-sUri ne usake parivAra ke nimna sadasyoM kA varNana kiyA hai, jinase vaha dIkSA lene ke lie anumati cAhatA hai-pitA, mAtA, jyeSTha bhrAtA, anuja, jyeSTa bahina, choTI bahina, patnI, saMtAna, sasura evaM sAsu / 250 putra-putra ke binA samRddhazAlI purUSa puSpoM se yukta phalarahita vRkSa ke samAna mAnA jAtA thA / 251 putra kI isI mahattA ke kAraNa putra lAbha prasannatA kA kAraNa thA / 252 putra kI acAnaka mRtyu para parivAra ke anya sadasya svayaM ko asahAya anubhava kara anumaraNa kara lete the|253 putra pitA ke rahate hue bhI apanI zakti ke bala para dhana kamAte the / 254 pitA ke bAda parivAra ke bharaNa-poSaNa kA dhyAna rakhate the|255 putra pitA ke uttaradAyitva ko samhAla letA thA 1256 putrI-kuvalayamAlA kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki kuvalayamAlA ke janma hone para putra-janma ke dina se hI utsava manAyA gyaa|257 bArahaveM dina nAma saMskAra kiyA gayA aura kramaza: aneka kalAoM kI zikSA dI gayI / 258 choTI-bar3I bahaneM bhAI ke Upara nirbhara rahatI thiiN|259 caNDasoma, mohadatta Adi kI kahAnI se jJAta hotA hai ki putriyAM bharaNa-poSaNa evaM manoraMjana Adi kAryo ke liye apane parivAra ke Upara Azrita thiiN| vivAha ho jAne para yadi pati videza gayA ho to putrI pitA hI ke ghara para rahakara samaya vyatIta karatI thii| parivAra meM (53)

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kitane bacce hone cAhiye isakA koI niyama to nizcita nahIM hai, kintu garUr3a pakSI ke kathAnaka se jJAta hotA hai ki usake tIna bacce the-eka kaMghe para baiThA thA, dUsarA gale meM jhUla rahA thA evaM tIsarA pITha para car3ha thA / 260 mAtA pitA-saMyukta parivAra meM pati-patnI evaM unakI saMtAna ke sAtha pati ke mAtA-pitA bhI rahate the| putra dvArA yuvAvasthA meM gRha tyAga ke kAraNa mAtA-pitA apane AlaMbana kI cintA karate the / 261 mAnabhaTa ke mAtA-pitA putra ko mRta jAnakara anAzrita ho jAne ke kAraNa svayaM kue~ meM kUda pdd'e|262 udyotana sUri ne nimna saMsthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai:-devakula263, maTha264, pAThazAlA265, samavasaraNa266, agnihotra zAlA267, evaM brAhamaNa zAlA / 268 devakula tatkAlIna sthApatya kA pracalita zabda hai| nagara ke vibhinna sthAno para sAmUhika devakuloM kA nirmANa hotA thaa| inake nirmANa ke lie nagara ke zreSThI dAna karate the-karAvesu devaule269 inameM kevala deva arcanA hI nahI hotI thI, apitu bhUle bhaTake pathika bhI iname Thahara sakate the| maTha kA ullekha udyotanasUri ne do prasaMgoM me kiyA hai| kauzAmvI nagarI meM zAma hote hI dhArmika maThoM meM galAphor3a AvAja hone lagatI thI / 270 vijayapurI ke maTha meM aneka dezoM ke chAtra rahakara adhyayana karate the| ye maTha zikSA ke var3e kendra hote the| sAmAjika-dhArmika kRtya janmotsavaH-prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM putra-janmotsava ke aneka sundara varNana prApta hote haiN| kuvalayacandra kA janma hote hI prasUtigRha meM aneka prakAra ke kArya kiye ge| maMgala-darpaNa mAlAoM ko utArA gayA / 271 patralatA dvArA bAlaka kI rakSA ke lie sundara sajAvaTa kI gayI-mui-rakkhA pariharaMtae / 272 paricArikA siddhArthI dvArA goracanA se siddha kiyA gayA tAbIja banAyA gyaa|273 kAlidAsa ne isI ko rakSAkaraNDaka kahA hai / 274 sumaTI ko (54)

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bAlaka aura devI ke lie rakSA maMDalA grahaNa karane ko kahA gyaa|75 putra janma kI sUcanA milate hI rAjA ne zarIra para dhAraNa kie huye sabhI AbhUSaNa paricArikA ko de DAle aura janmotsava manAne kA Adeza de diyaa| rAjA kA Adeza milate hI sAre nagara meM samudra kI garjanA kI bhA~ti tUra kA zabda gUMja utthaa| rAjamahala kastUrI ke cUrNa se pUra diyA gyaa| mahaloM meM vAra vilAsinayoM ke nRtya hone lge| nagara ke loga bhI ullAsa pUrvaka nRtya karane lge| rAjA ne udAratApUrvaka itanA dAna diyA ki aisI koI vastu nahIM thI jo usake dvArA pradAna na kI ho, aisA koI vyakti nahI thA, jise kucha prApta na huA ho / 276 janmotsava bAraha dinoM taka manAyA jAtA thaa| bArahaveM dina nAma saMskaraNa hotA thaa|277 yaha dina iSTa-mitroM sahita prasannatApUrvaka vyatIta kiyA jAtA thaa|278 paMcadhAtri-saMrakSaNa nAmakaraNa ke bAda kuvalayacandra kI dekhabhAla pA~ca dhAiyoM ko sauMpa dI gayI / -79 jaina sAkSyoM meM mukhyatayA pA~ca prakAra kI dAiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai-dUdha pilAne vAlI, alaMkAra karane vAlI, nahalAne vAlI, krIr3A karAne vAlI aura bacce ko goda meM lekara khilAne vAlI / 280 ina dAiyoM kI kuzalatA evaM kamajorI kA bAlaka para kaisA prabhAva par3atA thA isakI vistRta jAnakArI jaina kathAoM meM prApta hotI hai / 281 abhiSekotsava-rAjA apane putra ke liye apAra dhana uttarAdhikAra meM chor3atA thA aura rAjya tathA samAja ke bar3e vyaktiyoM ke samakSa yuvarAja ko rAjA banAyA jAtA thaa|282 dhIre-dhIre yaha kArya utsava ke rUpa me hone lgaa| kuvalayacandra ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya ayodhyA nagarI ko sajAyA gyaa| pUrNarUpa se saja jAne para nagarI aisI pratIta hotI mAno koI kulavadhU saja dhaja kara apane priyatama ke Agamana kI pratIkSA kara rahI ho / 283 nagarI ke saja dhaja jAne para dRr3ha varmana kumAra ko apane sAtha hAthI para car3hAkara nagara darzana ke lie nikala pdd'aa| nagaravAsiyoM ne kumAra kA svAgata kiyaa|284 (55)

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nagara darzana ke bAda kuvalayacandra ne AsthAna-maNDapa meM praveza kiyA tathA vividha paMcaraMgI maNiyoM se nirmita medhadhanuSa kI zobhA se yukta sihAsana para vaha baitthaa| jaya-jaya zabdoM ke sAtha mahArAja aura sAmaMtoM ne maNiyoM se citrita gIle kamala evaM komala hare pattoM se Dhake hue kaMcanamaNi nirmita kalazoM ko hAthoM para uThAkara mArgalika zabdoM ke sAtha kumAra kA abhiSeka kiyA taba rAjA aura bRddha sAmaMto ne kumAra ko AzirvAda diyA aura ve sAmane AsanoM para baiTha gye|285 indramahaH-udyotanasUri ne navapAvasa ke bAda, indramaha, mahAnavamI, dIpAvalI, devakula-yAtrA, baladeva mahotsava Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai / 286 indramaha var3e dhUma-dhAma se manAte the| jaina paramparA ke anusAra bharata cakravartI ke samaya se indramaha kA prArambha mAnA jAtA hai / 287 rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata evaM bhAsa ke nATakoM meM bhI isakA ullekha hai / 288 varSA ke bAda jaba rAste svaccha ho jAte taba isa utsava kI dhUma macatI thI / 289 jaina sAhitya meM indramaha manAne ke aneka ullekha haiN|290 ina utsavoM meM Amoda pramoda ke sAtha indraketu kI pUjA bhI hotI thii|281 indra kI pUjA kRSaka apanI acchI phasala ke liye evaM kumAriyA~ acche saubhAgya prApti ke lie kiyA karatI thIM / -92 saubhAgya prApti kA hetu hone ke kAraNa indra pUjA vasaMta Rtu meM bhI kI jAne lagI thii|293 indramaha eka lokotsava ke rUpa meM manAyA jAtA thaa|294 mahAnavamI:-kuvalayamAlA meM mahAnavamI parva kA do vAra ullekha huA hai| sthANu ko Thagane ke bAda mAyAditya jaba lauTa kara AtA hai to use sunAtA hai ki vaha navamI mahotsava ke lie bali dane hetu kisI gRhasvAmI dvArA pakar3a liyA gayA thA aura jaba ghara ke saba loga navI kA snAna karane nadI meM gaye to vaha paharedAra kI A~kha bacAkara bhAga AyA / 265 dUsare prasaMga meM varSA Rtu ke pazcAta mahAnavamI mahotsava manAye jAne kA ullekha hai| mahAnavamI . (56)

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mahotsava ke prAcIna sAhitya meM anya sandarbha bhI milate haiM / 296 dIpAvalI kI dhArmika pRSThabhUmi isake sAtha Aja bhI banI huI hai| udyotana ne dIpAvalI kA ullekha eka bAra kiyA hai / 297 kaumudI mahotsava-samarAiccakahA meM isa utsava kA ullekha hai| yaha utsava sambhavata: zarada pUrNimA ko hotA thaa| yuvaka-yuvatiyA~ bAga-bagIcoM aura latAgRhoM meM jAkara nRtya-gAna kA Ananda letI thii|298 kuvalayamAlA meM sAgaradatta kI kathA meM kaumudI mahotsava kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| udyotana ne ise zarada-pUrNimA mahotsava kahA hai|299 kintu prAcIna sAhitya meM kaumudI-mahotsava dIpAvalI se bhinna batAyA gayA hai / 200 kuvalaya mAlA ke anusAra isa mahotsava meM nagara ke caurAhoM para naToM ke nRtya hote the / 301 naTa maMDalI ke kucha cAraNa Adi vyakti mahotsava meM sammilita zreSThajanoM kI stuti karate the tathA rasika zreSThiputra eka lAkha taka kA puraskAra ina bharata putroM ko dene kI ghoSaNA karate the / 302 Age calakara rAniyA~ bhI anya pratiSThita mahilAoM ke sAtha isa utsava meM sammilita hone lagI thI / 303 madana mahotsava:-isa utsava kA pracAra prAcIna bhArata meM atyadhika thA / 30+ yaha utsava caitra zuklA trayodazI ko prAya: sampanna kiyA jAtA thaa| haribhadra ke varNana ke anusAra Amra maMjarI ke Ane para udyAna rakSaka rAjA ko maMjarI bheMTa karatA thaa| rAjA nagara bhara meM ghoSaNA karAke nAgarikoM ko sArvajanika udyAna meM utsava manAne kA Adeza detA thaa| sabhI varga ke vyakti nRtya gIta ke sAtha nATaka, abhinaya Adi kA Ayojana karate the| nagara kI sar3ake sugandhita jala se chir3akI jAtI thii| kezara aura kastUrI mizrita jala kA chir3akAva kiyA jAtA thaa| vicitra veza banAkara yuvakoM kI TolI nagara kI sar3ako para bahuta logoM se prazaMsanIya basaMta krIr3A kA anubhava karatI huI vicaraNa karatI thii| udyAna meM pahu~cakara loga vibhinna prakAra kI krIr3AeM karate the| rAja parivAra meM bhavanodyAna ke vRkSoM para jhUle DAle jAte the aura yuvatiyA~ jhUlatI thiiN| madana-mahotsava strI purUSa donoM hI sampanna karate the| kuvalayamAlA meM isakA vistRta varNana hai| basaMta Rtu meM madana trayodazI ke Ane para pUjanIya, saMkalpa-pUrNakatA kAmadeva ke vAhya ( 57 )

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udyAna meM sthita maMdira kI yAtrA karane ke liye apanI dhAya evaM sakhiyoM sahita jAtI huI vanadattA ko mamadana mahotsava meM Aye hue mohadatta ne dekhaa| donoM meM anurAga ho gayA / 105 strI-purUSa donoM hI isa utsava meM sammilita hote the| ____ aSTamI candra mahotsava-yaha utsava bhI striyoM dvArA manAyA jAtA thA evaM306 purUpa bhI isameM sammilita hote the| ve bhI utsava kA Ananda uThAte the, parantu pradhAnatA nAriyoM kI hI rahatI thii| mRtyu-saMskAra:-mRtyu saMskAra kA varNana vasudeva hiNDI meM upalabdha hai| loka mRtaka sanyAsI kA zava pAlakI meM rakhakara eka julUsa ke sAtha agni saMskAra ke liye le jAte the| julUsa ke sAtha turahI bajAte the aura phUloM kI varSA karate the| caMdana kI lakar3I kI citA banAI jAtI thI aura usa para zava rakhA jAtA thaa| zava para ghI aura madhu kA lepa lagAyA jAtA thaa| tatpazcAta citA meM Aga lagAI jAtI thii| kuvalayamAlA ke anusAra mAnabhaTa apane mAtA-pitA evaM patnI ke zavoM ko kue~ se nikAlakara unakA ucita saMskAra kararatA hai |307 sundarI ke pati ke mRtyu ho jAne para arthI banAyI gayI tathA usa para zava ko rakhA gyaa| use le jAne ke liye sundarI se kahA gayA ki putrI, tumhArA pati mara gayA hai, use zmazAna le jAkara agni-saMskAra karane do / 309 kintu sundarI premAndha hahone ke kAraNa isake liye taiyAra nahI huI tathA svayaM usa kaMdhe para lAdakara nirjana sthAna para le gyii| kyoMki vaha apane pati se bichur3anA nahIM cAhatI thii| agni-saMskAra ke bAda mRtaka ko pAnI dene kI prathA thI309 jo putra dvArA sampanna hotI thii|310 mRtaka kI asthayoM ko gaMgA me visarjana karane se dharma hotA hai, aisI mAnyatA thI 311 caMDasoma apane bhAI evaM bahina kA agni saMskAra kara brAhamaNoM ko sarvasva dAna kara tIrtha sthAna ko calA gyaa| mRtaka ko tarpaNa dene ke bAda brAhamaNabhoja bhI karAyA jAtA thaa|112 (58)

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satI prathA-kuvalayamAlA meM satIprathA kA do bAra ullekha hai| sandhyA varNana ke prasaMga meM sUrya kA anukaraNa karane vAlI saMdhyA kI upamA anumaraNa karane vAlI kula vAlikA se dI gayI hai / 13 kAma gajendra kA yaha salAha dI gayI thI ki pati ke marane para patnI kA anumaraNa karanA to ucita hai, kintu kisI mahilA ke lie kisI purUSa dvArA anumaraNa karanA zAstroM meM niMdita mAnA gayA hai| isI taraha kA ullekha anya granthoM meM milatA hai / 314 vastra aura AbhUSaNa samarAiccakahA meM vastroM kA varNana isa prakAra hai: aMzuka315-eka prakAra kA mahIna vastra hotA hai| anuyoga dvAra sUtra meM kITaja vastra ke pA~ca prakAra batalAye haiM316--paTTa, malaya, aMzuka, cInAMzuka aura kRmirAga / paTTAMzuka317-pATa sUtra se bane vastra / cInAMzuka318-patalA rezamI vastra / dugulla-yaha vastra mRdula aura sphaTika ke samAna nirmala thaa| uparokta ke atirikta deva dUSya, dukUla, ardhacInAMzuka, uttarIya, stanAcchAdana, kSauma yugala, tUlI, gaNDopadhAna, AliMgaNikA, masUraka vastroM kA pracalana thaa| udyotana sUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM anake vastroM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinakI sUcI isa prakAra hai: 1. ardhasuvarNavastra yugala 2. uttarIya 3. upari paTAMzuka 4. paTAMzuka yugala 5. uparimavastra 6. uparistanavastra 7. kaMTha-kappaDa 8. kaMthA-kappaDa 9. jIrNa kaMthA 10. kaMbala 11. kacchA 12. kasiNAyAra 13. kasiNapacchAyaNa 14. kusa-satthara 15. kUrpAsaka 16. kSoma (59)

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17. gaMgApaTa 18. ciMghaya 19. citrapaDI 20. cIramAlA 21. cIvara 22. celiya 23. thaNa utarijja 24. daralIva 25. divayavastra 26. dhavalamadaMdh 27. dhUsara-kappaDa 28. ghota-dhavala 29. Nithaya-paMTTasuM 30. netra yugala, netrapaTa 31. paTI 32. paDa 33. para-vasana 34. pota 35. phAlika 36. bhAyana-kappaDa 37. maliNa-kucela 38. yugala 39. ratta yAi-kappaDa 40. valkala dukUla 41. samAyoga 42. sihAvaDa 43. sATaka 44. haMsagarbha samarAiccakahA meM ullikhita AbhUSaNa isa prakAra hai-kaTaka, keyUra, karNabhUSaNa, kuNDala, muktAvalI, nupura, mudrikA, maNimekhalA, muktAhAra, cUDA ratna, vivadha ratna, khacita razanA, kalApa, kaMkaNa, kaNThAbharaNa, kaTisUtra, ratnajaTita mukuTa / zarIra ko strI aura purUSa dono hI vibhinna prakAra se sajAte the| kuvalayamAlA meM varNita alaMkAra:-aTThaTTha-kaMThayAbharaNa, avataMsa, ratna kaMThika, kaMThikA, kaTaka, kaTisUtra, maNikka-kaTaka, lalamANa-kaTaka, kA~cI, kaNirakA~cI, karNaphUla, kikiNI, kuMDala, maNikuMDala, ratna kuMDala, jAlamAlA, dAma, damilla, nUpura, maNinUpura, pATalA, mahAmukuTa mAlA, muktAvalI, muktAhAra, mekhalA, maNimekhalA, ratnAvalI, ratnAlaMkAra, rasaNA maNirasaNA, vanamAlA, valaya vaijayantI mAlA, suvarNa, hAra, gIvAsutta, cakkala dArUNa / khaNDa -ba Arthika dazA jaina kathA sAhitya meM varNita samAja kI Arthika dazA kA anumAna samakAlIna samAja ke jIva ko pArjana ke sAdhanoM, vyApArika paddhati evaM, mudrA Adi se lagAyA jA sakatA hai| haribhadra kI dRSTi meM artha kI bar3I mahattA hai| "attharahio khu puriso apuriso ceva"319 arthAta dhana rahita vyakti ko purUSa hI nahI mAnA hai| prAcIna bhArata ke vyApArika kSetra meM yadyapi dhana kamAne kA pramukha sAdhana aneka vastuo kA kraya vikraya hI thA, tathApi dhanArjana ke lie aneka

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ucita aura anucita mAdhyamoM kA bhI upayoga hotA thaa| kucha kArya aise the jisase dhana to AtA thA kintu ve upAya nindanIya samajhe jAte the aura kucha kArya ese the jo nindanIya nahI the, yadyapi unase lAbha sImita hotA thaa| eka kathA me kahA gayA hai ki artha hI devatA hai, yahI sammAna bar3hAtA hai, yahI gaurava paidA karatA hai, yahI manuSya kA mUlya bar3hAtA hai, yahI sundaratA kA kAraNa hai, yahI kula, rUpa, vidyA aura buddhi kA prakAzana karatA hai / 320 dhana ke abhAva meM manuSya kI koI bhI sthiti saMbhava nahI hai| sAre sukhoM kA sAdhana dhana hI hai| jIvikopArjana ke sAdhanaH-haribhadra ne jIvikopArjana ke mukhya sAdhanoM meM asi, maSi, kRSi, vANijya, zilpa aura mRtya karma ko ginAyA hai| haribhadra ke pUrva paramparA pracalita pandraha kAryoM ko khara karma kahA hai aura dharmAtmA vyakti ko inake karane kA niSedha kiyA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhI ina khara karmoM kA nirdeza milatA hai| udyotana sUri ne dhanArjana ke do sAdhanoM, nindita aura anindata sAdhanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| nindita aura anindita mAyAditya aura sthANu ke mana meM jaba dhana kamAne kI bAta uThI tathA pahalA prazna yahI uThA ki kaise dhana kamAyA jAya, kyoMki binA dhana ke dharma aura kAma donoM laukika purUSArtha pUre nahI ho sakate / 321 taba mAyAditya ne sujhAva prastuta kiyA-'mitra, yadi aisI bAta hai to vArANasI clo| vahA~ hama loga juA kheleMge, seMdha lagAyeMge, karNAbhUSaNa chIneMge, rAhagIroM ko lUTeMge, jeba kATeMge, mAyAjAla raceMge, logoM ko ThageMge aura vaha saba kAma hama kareMge, jisa-jisa sAdhanase dhana kI prApti hogI322 sthANu ko yaha sunakara bar3I cintA huii| usane ine dhanArjana ke nindita sAdhana batalAyA, jo usake sAdhu svabhAva ke viparIta the aura unako karane meM doSa lagatA thA / 323 ina nindita sAdhanoM ke atirikta, jaina kathAoM meM jIva-jantuoM ko becakara dhana kamAnA nindanIya samajhA gayA hai| jo aisA karatA hai vaha marakara dAsatva prApta karatA hai / 324 jaina Agama sAhitya meM nimna ko ko karane kA niSedha hai325:

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1. iMgAlakamma- koyalA, Ina ITa Adi banAne kI jIvikA, 2. vaNakamma- ma-vRkSoM ko kATakara beMcanA, 3. sAgaDikamma- gAr3I banAkara athavA gAr3I jotakara jIvikA calAnA, 4. bhADiyakamma- gAr3I, ghor3e, khaccara baila Adi se bojhA Dhokara AjIvikA calAnA, 5. phoDiyakamma-bartana Adi banAkara beMcanA, 6. danta vANijya - hAthI dAMta Adi kA vyApAra karanA, 7. lakkha vANijya - lAkha Adi kA vyApAra karanA, 8. kezavANijya - kezoM kA vyApAra karanA, 9. rasavANijya - makkhana, madhu Adi kA vyavasAya karanA 10. viSavANijya - viSAdi prANadhAtaka padArtho kA vyApAra, 11. jantapIlaNakamma-kolhU, mila Adi calAne kA kArya 12. nillaMchaNakamma - zarIra ke aMga chedane kA kAya jaise baila kI nAka chedanA, badhiyA karanA, 13. davaggidAvaNaya - jaMgala jalAnA, 14. asaipoSaNaM--billI, kuttA pAlanA yA dAsa-dAsI pAlakara bhAr3e se AmadanI karanA, 15. sara-daha-talAyassosaNaya - tAlAba, jalAzaya sukhAne kA kArya / dharmabindu evaM upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA meM aise aneka hiMsaka kAryo ko dhanopArjana ke liye niSegha kiyA gayA hai 1 kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita hai ki mAyAditya ke pUchane para sthANune dhanopArjana ke nimnokta anindita sAdhana batalAye jo RSiyoM dvArA kathita haiM 326 1. dezAntara meM gamana (disi gamaNa), 2. sAjhIdAra banAnA ( mittakaraNaM), 3. rAjA kI sevA (Naravara-sevA), 4. nApa-taula meM kuzalatA (kusalattaNaM ca mANappamANesu), 5. dhAtuvAda ( dhAuvvAo), 6. maMtrasAdhanA (maMtaM), 7. deva-ArAdhanA (devayArAhaNaM), 8. kRSi kArya (kesiM), 9. sAgara - santaraNa (sAyara-taraNaM), 10. rohaNa - parvata kA khanana (rohaNammi khaNaM), 11. vANijya (vANijjaM), 12. naukarI Adi (NANavihaM cakamma) / prAcIna bhArata meM arthopArjana ke sAdhanoM meM vANijya ko pramukha sthAna prApta hai| jaina kathA sAhitya meM sthAnIya evaM videzI dAnoM prakAra ke vyApAra kA ullekha milatA hai 1 ( 62 )

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kuvalayamAlA meM vANijya evaM vyApAra se sambandhita vividha evaM vistRta jAnakArI upalabdha hai jisase tatkAlIna samAja kA Arthika svarUpa spaSTa ho jAtA hai| samarAiccakahA meM ullekha hai ki vyApAra ke liye bar3e-bar3e jahAjI ber3e calAe jAte the loga siMhala, suvarNadvIpa, ratnadvIpa se dhanArjana kara lauTate the| dhana ne svopArjita vitta dvArA dAna karane ke liye, samudra vyApAra karane kA nirNaya liyaa| vaha apanI patnI dhanazrI aura bhRtyananda ko bhI sAtha lekara "nANApayAra maNDajAyaM327" aneka prakAra kA sAmAna lekara aura jahAja meM bharakara apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha prasthAna kiyaa| mArga meM usakI patnI dhanazrI ne viSa use de diyaa| apane jIvana se nirAza hokara usane apanA mAla bhRtya nanda ko sauMpa diyaa| kucha samaya ke pazcAta jahAja mahAkaTAha pahu~cA aura bhRtya nanda saugAta lekara rAjA ke samakSa upasthita huaa| yahA~ bhRtya nanda ne mAla utaravAyA aura dhana kI cikitsA kA bhI prabandha kiyA para usase koI lAbha nahI huaa| yahA~ kA mAla kharIdA gayA aura jahAja para lAda kara prasthAna kiyA / 328 paMcama bhava kI kathA meM sanatkumAra aura vasubhUti sArthavAha samudradatta ke tAmralipti se vyApAra ke liye cle| jahAja do mahIne meM suvarNabhUmi phuNcaa| isake pazcAt suvarNa bhUmi se siMhala ke lie cala diye| teraha dina calane ke bAda eka bar3A tUphAna AyA aura jahAja para niyantraNa na rhaa|329 dharaNa kI kathA se bhI bhArata, dvIpAntara aura cIna ke bIca jahAja dvArA vyApAra karane kI prathA para pUrNa prakAza par3atA hai| yaha vaijayantI bandaragAha se calakara suvarNadvIpa pahu~cA aura yahA~ usane dhAtu kSetra samajhakara svanAmAMkita dasa-dasa IToM ke sau sone kI IToM ke Dhera taiyAra kiye| isake bAda usane apanA patA dene ke liye eka dUsarA potadhvaja lagA diyaa| isI bIca cIna se sAdhAraNa koTi kA sAmAna lAde hue subadana sArthavAha kA jahAja jA rahA thaa| usane naukA bhejakara dharaNa ko apane jahAja meM baitthaayaa| jahAja ke ravAnA hote samaya svarNadvIpa kI (63)

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svAminI devI ne use rokaa| hema kuNDala kI sahAyatA se vaha ratnadvIpa pahu~cA aura vahA~ se ratna prApta kiye / 330 isa prakAra haribhadra ke pAtra vyApAra karate huye dikhalAyI par3ate haiN| dharaNa ne uttarApatha ke pramukha nagara acalapura meM cAra mahIne rahakara "vibhAga saMpattIe ya vikkiNiyamaNeNa maNDaM samAsAio aTThaguNo lAbho / 331 apanA mAla beMca kara ATha gunA lAbha kmaayaa| jahAja dvArA vANijya ke atirikta sthala me baila gAr3iyoM332 dvArA vANijya sampanna hotA thaa| vyApAra 'celAdibhaNDa'333 vastra, kapAsa, sana, anAja Adi padArtho kA hotA thaa| haribhadra ke samaya deza kI sthiti acchI pratIta hotI hai| dhana, dhAnya, suvarNa, maNi, mauktika, pravAla, dvipada aura catuSpa 34-pAlatU pazu Adi sampatti thii| sthAnIya vyApAra:-sthAnIya vyApAra ke mukhya kendra do the:- vipaNimArga evaM bandaragAha / vipiNamArgoM meM dainika jIvana meM kAma AnevAlI vastuoM kI bikrI hotI thI, jaba ki bandaragAhoM meM vibhinna sthAnoM ke vyApArI Akara thoka vastuoM kI bikrI karate the| kuvalayamAlA meM ina donoM pramukha kendroM kA varNana upalabdha hai / 335. vipiNamArga meM 84 prakAra kI vastuoM kI dukAneM hotI thIM, inhe haTTa kahA jAtA thaa| kuvalayamAlA meM ullikhita vinItA nagarI ke vipiNamArga meM 336 vibhinna vastuoM kI dukAne isa krama se thI:- eka ora kuMkuma, karpUra, agarU mRganAmivAsa, paDavAsa Adi sugandhita vastuoM kI dukAne thI337 dUsarI ora kI dukAnoM meM ilAyacI, loMga nAriyala Adi phaloM ke Dhera lage the| usake Age motI, svarNa-ratna Adi alaMkAroM kI dukAneM thiiN| nikaTa hI kAle, pIle, zveta raMga ke netrayugala vastra ke thAna dukAna meM phaile the| dUsarI galI meM vibhinna prakAra ke vastroM se dukAne bharI thiiN| usake Age kisI galI meM sarasa auSadhiyoM kI dukAneM thI / 338 dUsarI galI meM zekha, valaya, kAMca, maNi Adi kI dukAneM lagI thiiN|339 Age kI dukAnoM meM bANa, dhanuSa, talavAra, cakra, bhAlA, ke Dhera lage the|40 isake Age zaMkha, cAmara, ghaMTA evaM siMdUra Adi dukAneM thiiN| agalI dukAnoM meM vividha prakAra kI jar3I-bUTI tathA aneka prakAra ke caMdana rakha huye the| (64)

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Age kI galI kI dukAneM peya evaM khAdya kI dukAneM thIM / anta kI dukAnoM meM acchI surA evaM madhura mAMsa bika rahA thA / -341 vipiNamArga ke isa vistRta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki sthAnIya bAjAroM meM AvazyakatA kI lagabhaga sabhI vastuyeM upalabdha thIM / udyotana kA yaha kathana 'jo kucha pRthvI para sunA jAtA hai, dekhA jAtA hai evaM hRdaya meM socA jAtA hai vaha saba vahA~ bAjAroM meM upalabdha thA / 342 prasAdhana-sAmagrI ke sTora phAloM kI dukAneM, sarAphA bAjAra, zastra - bhaNDAra, davA kI dukAna, jalapAnagRha, madirAlaya, khaTIka khAnanA Adi tatkAlIna bAjAroM ke pramukha vikrI ke kendra the 1343 vyAvasAyika maNDiyA~ - sthAnIya vyApAra ke dUsare mukhya ke kendra bar3I-bar3I maNDiyA~ hotI thiiN| jinameM deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM se vyavasAyI vyApAra ke liye bhramaNa karate the / ina maNDiyoM ko paiMThAsthAna bhI kahA jAtA thA / paiMThAsthAnoM meM vyApAriyoM ko sabhI suvidhAyeM upalabdha thiiN| vipiNamArga meM jo vyavasAya hotA thA vaha nagara ke bar3e vyavasAyiyoM evaM unake putroM ke lie paryApta nahI thii| ve anya vyApArika maNDiyoM meM jAkara apanI vyavasAyika buddhi dvArA apanI sampAtti bar3hAne kA prayAsa karate the / ataH vibhinna vyApArika-maNDiyoM kI vaNikoM dvArA yAtrA karanA prAcIna bhArata meM sAmAnya bAta ho gaI thii| ina yAtrAoM se sAMskRtika sambandhoM meM bhI vRddhi hotI thI / kuvalayamAlA meM takSazilA ke vaNik putra dhanadeva dvArA dakSiNApatha meM sopAraka maNDI kI yAtrA kA vizada varNana hai / 344 mAyAditya aura sthANu bhI dakSiNApatha meM pratiSThAna maNDI ke lie pUrNa taiyArI ke sAtha nikale the| ina prasaMgoM se vyApArika yAtrA kI taiyArI ke sambandha meM nimnokta jAnakArI prApta hotI hai: 1. dharma evaM kAma purUSArtha ko pUrA karane ke nimitta dhana (artha) kamAnA pratyeka vyakti ke liye Avazyaka thA,345 2. apane bAhubala dvArA arjita dhana kA sukha dUsarA hI hotA hai,

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bhale hI ghara meM dhana apAra ho,346 3. nija-bAhubala dvArA arjita dhana se dAna evaM puNya kA kArya karanA zreSTha samajhA jAtA thA,347 4. dhanArjana ke lie jAte samaya pitA kI AjJA prApta karanA anivArya thA,348 5. dakSiNApatha kI yAtrA karanA kaThina thaa| ata: vyApArI pitA sambhAvita kaThinAiyoM se putra ko avagata karAte hue unase bacane ke kuzala upAya batAtA thA tathA yAtrA kI anumati detA thA,349 6. yAtrA prArambha karane ke pUrva iSTa devatAoM kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI thI, 7. Avazyaka sAmAna sAtha meM liyA jAtA thA, 8. anya vyApAriyoM ko sUcanA dekara unase salAha lI jAtI thI, 9. yadi pU~jI na ho to prathama pU~jI kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thI350 10. karmakAroM ko ikaTThA kiyA jAtA thA, 11. vyApAriyoM ko mArga meM zabara DAkuoM kA adhika bhaya rahatA thA / 351 kuvalayamAlA meM prayukta 'desiya-vaNiya-melie' kA artha vyApAriyoM ke aise saMgaThana se hai, jisake kucha nizcita niyama aura kAnUna the tathA jo vyApAriyoM ke hita meM kArya karatA thaa| isa prakAra vyApArika saMgaThana prAcIna bhArata meM sthApita ho cuke the, jinhe 'nigama' kahA jAtA thA aura jinakA pradhAna zreSThi hotA thA / 352 vyApArika zreNI ke liye 'desiya' zabda sambhavata: udyotana ne prathama bAra prayukta kiyA hai| jArja byUlara ne 'dezI' zabda kA anuvAda sAhityika nirdezaka (Literary Guide) kiyA hai / 353 jabaki isase artha meM epigrAphiA-iNDikA meM 'dezI' kA artha zreNI (GUILD OF DEALERS) batAyA gayA hai / 354 udyotana sUri ke kucha samaya ke bAda ke abhilekhoM meM bhI 'desI' zabda vyApAriyoM ke saMgaThana ke lie prayukta huA hai / 355 udyotana sUri dvArA prastuta varNana prAcIna bhArata ke Antarika vyApAra kA mahatvapUrNa pakSa ujAgara (prastuta) karatA hai| isa sAmagrI kI upayogitA na kevala prAcIna bhAratIya vANijya ke pariprekSya meM hai, varana yaha videzI vyApAra meM prayukta AyAta-niryAta kI vastuoM kI vistRta (66)

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jAnakArI prastuta karatA hai| vyApArI-maNDala ke isa prasaMga kA vistRta adhyayana buddha prakAza ne apane lekha-'ena ertha sencurI inDiyana DAkumenTa Ana inTaranezanala TreDa' meM kiyA hai|356 jaina kathA sAhitya ke vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki dakSiNa kozala meM viziSTa prakAra ke hAthI pAye jAte the, kintu vahA~ ghor3e bahuta acchI jAti ke nahIM hote the| isalie jaba bAharI vyApArI ghor3e lekara vahA~ pahu~ce to vahAM ke rAjA ne gajapotoM (hAthiyoM ke bacce) ke badale meM ghor3e kharIda liye| vyApArI loga duhare lAbha ke lie aisI sAmagriyA~ apane sAtha le jAte the jisase unhe donoM ora se lAbha prApta ho jAtA thaa| uttarApatha ko jAne vAle vyApArI ne apane sAtha supAriyA~ lI, jo ki usa kSetra meM nahIM hotI thIM aura vahA~ se usane ghor3e kharIde, jo usake kSetra meM nahI hote the| eka vyApArI bAravAI gyaa| samudrI sataha para vahA~ zakha bahutAyata meM aura acche prakAra ke prApta hote the, isalie vaha vahA~ se zaMkha laayaa| bAravai kI pahacAna vI0 esa0 agravAla ne vartamAna kaMrAcI ke nikaTa sthita bakharI kona se kI hai jo prAcIna kAla meM eka bar3A vyApArika kendra thA / 357 eka anya vyApArI palAza puSpa lekara svarNAdvIpa gayA aura vahA~ se svarNabharakara le aayaa| yadi yaha svarNadvIpa sumAtrA hai to udyotan ke samaya vahA~ zrI vijaya kA rAjya thaa| palAza puSpa Ayurveda ke anusAra aneka prakAra ke upacAroM meM kAma AtA hai| sumAtrA meM isakI adhika mAMga rahI hogii| svarNadvIpasonane ke lie prasiddha thA / 358 gaMgApaTI cInI zvetazilka hai, jise bhArata meM cInAMzuka tathA gaMgAjula kahA jAtA thA tathA netrapaTa raMgIna zilka ke lie nayA nAma thA / 359 isa saMdarbha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bhArata aura cIna ke bIca sAmudrika AvAgamana meM vRddhi ho calI thii|360 jaina kathA sAhitya ke vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya samudrI-yAtrA kitanI kaThina thii| sadaiva prANoM kA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| jise apanA jIvana priya na ho vahI ratnadvIpa kI yAtrA kara sakatA thA-suMdaro jassa jIyaM nA vallahaM-aho duggamaM rayaNadIyaM / 361 jaina kathA sAhitya ke vivaraNa se AyAta-niryAta kI nimna vastuoM kA patA calatA hai362. azva, gajapota, (67)

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supArI, muktAphala, camara, zaMkha, netrapaTa, gaMgApaTI, anya-vastra, gajadaMta kA sAmAna, motI, palAza puSpa, svarNa, mahiSa, nIlagAya, purUSa, nIma ke patte evaM ratna / prAcIna bhAratIya vyApArika kSetra meM sugaMdhita dravyoM evaM vastroM kA niryAta tathA svarNa aura ratnoM kA AyAta prAya: hotA rahatA thaa| bandaragAhaH-kuvalayamAlA meM prasiddha tIna bandaragAhoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai:-(1) sopAraka, (2) pratiSThAna evaM (3) vijayapurI prAcIna bhArata meM sopAraka nagara sthAnIya evaM videzI vyApAra kA mahatvapUrNa kendra thaa| bRhatkalpamASya363 aura periplasa364 ke anusAra yahA~ para sudUra dezoM ke vyApArI Ate the| yaha vyApAriyoM kA nivAsa sthAna thA / 365 kuvalayamAlA meM yahA~ se ratnadvIpa kI samudrI-yAtrA ke prArambha hone kA vistRta varNana hai| pratiSThAna kA prAcIna bhAratIya vyApAra ke kSetra meM pramukha sthAna thaa| vArANasI ke vyApArI dhana kamAne ke lie pratiSThAna Ate the| yaha nagarI dhana-dhAnya se samapanna thii| isa bandaragAha meM aneka prakAra ke vyavasAya hote the, jisase dhana arjita kiyA jAtA thA 366 udyotana ne dakSiNa bhArata kI eka pramukha maNDI kA ullekha kiyA hai| dakSiNa samudra ke kinAre jayazrI nAma kI mahAnagarI thii| isa nagarI kA vipaNi mArga kAphI samRddha thaa| vyApAriyoM kI dukAne alaga thIM, rahane ke nivAsa sthAna alaga the| isa bandaragAha se yavanadvIpa kI ora jAne ke lie samudrI-mArga thaa| jaba sAgaradatta ne vyApAra karane ke liye samudra pAra jAnA cAhA to jayazrI maNDI ke vyApArI ne samudra-pAra bikane vAlI vastuoM kA saMgraha karanA prArambha kara diyA aura thor3e hI dinoM ke pazcAta niryAta kA mAla taiyAra ho gayA / 367 sAgaradatta sAta karor3a kI kImata kI vastue~-marakatamaNi, motI, svarNa, cA~dI Adi vahA~ lekara vApasa lauTatA hai / 368 vijayapurI ke sambandha meM udyotana ne kumAra kuvalayacandra ke vijayapurI pahu~cane ke samaya vahA~ kI vyApArika nagara kA sUkSama varNana kiyA hai| vijayapurI nagarI me praveza karate hI kumAra (68)

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ko aneka mAMgalika vAdyoM ke zabda gopura-dvAra para sunAyI diye| Age calane para use hATa-mArga dikhAyI par3A, jahA~ aneka paNya yogya vastuoM ko phailAe hue kraya-vikraya meM pravRtta vyApAriyoM dvArA kolAhala ho rahA thA / 369 usa hATa mArga meM praviSTa hone para kuvalayacandra ko aneka dezoM kI bhASAoM evaM lakSaNoM se yukta dezI vaNika dikhAyI par3e |370 nApa-taula evaM mudrAH-jaina kathA sAhitya meM vibhinna prakAra kI nApa-taula kI praNAliyoM evaM mudrAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| saMkSepa meM, ye isa prakAra haiN| aMjali-aMjali nAma kA parimANa pANini ke samaya meM bhI pracalita thA / 371 caraka ke anusAra solaha karSa yA tole kI eka aMjali hotI thii| kauTilya ne cAra aMjali ke barAbara eka prastha mAnA hai / 372 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne DhAI chaTA~ka ke barAbara eka aMjali kA nApa mAnA hai|373 karSa-yaha eka prAcIna nApa thaa| caraka ne ise lagabhaga tole ke barAbara mAnA hai / manusmRti meM eka karSa (80 rattI) ke tA~beM ke kArSApaNa ko paNa kahA gayA hai|374 pUrvamadhya kAlIna abhilekhoM meM bhI karSa ke ullekha milate haiM 375 kuDattaM, kUTataula, kUTamAna evaM kUTa TaMka-kuvalayamAlA376 meM ina zabdoM kA prayoga galata dastAveja taiyAra karane, kama taulane evaM khoTe sikke calAne ke artha meM huA hai| vyAparika maNDiyoM meM isa prakAra ke avaidha kArya bhI hote the| koTi zata koTi-sikke kA nAma na kahakara kevala saMkhyA dvArA hI vastue~ kharIdI-becI jAtI thiiN|377 ___ goNi-caraka ne goNi ko khArI kA paryAya mAnate hue usakI taula bhI 2 mana 22 sera 32 tole batalAyI hai |378 goNI ko droNI evaM vAha bhI kahA gayA hai / 379 (69)

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palaya-yAjJavalkya-smRti meM ekapalaya ko cAra yA pA~ca suvarNa ke barAbara mAnA gayA hai| udyotana ne mAMsa aura mAsA ina zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| sambhavata: eka sikkA evaM dUsarA taula ke lie pracalita rahA ho / 381 manusmRti382 eva arthazAstra383 ke anusAra tAbeM kA mAsA taula meM pAMca rattI aura cA~dI kA do rattI kA hotA thaa| maNa-prayamANa, mAsA, rattI, rupayA, barATikA, suvarNa, egArasaguNA Adi nApa-taula-mudrA pracalita the| zreSThi kuvalayamAlA meM varNita vANijya evaM vyApAra ke prasaMgo se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM zreSThiyoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| vyApAriyoM ke saMgaThana kA zreSThi pradhAna hotA thaa| ata: zreSThiyoM ko nagara zreSThi Adi nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA thaa| kuvalayamAlA meM zreSThi pada ko sUcita karane vAle nimnokta zabda milate haiN| 1. bhadrazroSTha384, 2. mahAnagara zreSThi85, 3. mahAdhana zraSThi86 4. junnnnsetttti| vyApAra ke liye samudrI tathA sthala yAtrAe~ prAcIna bhAratIya samAja ke logoM kI yaha sAmAnya dhAraNA ho gayI thI ki samudra-yAtrA ke dvArA adhika dhana arjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| mRcchakaTika meM vidUSaka kI isa bhAvanA kA-'bhavati kiM yuSmAkaM yAnapAtrANi vahanti' ?388 tathA bANa ke isa kathana abbhramaNena zrI samAkarSaNa389 kA udyotana ne dhanopArjana ke sAdhanoM meM sAgarasantaraNa ko pramukha sthAna dekara samarthana kiyA hai|390 jaina sAhitya meM ullikhita samudra yAtrAoM ke varNanoM se yaha spaSTa ho gayA hai ki dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM bhAratIya vyApArI lambI samudrI yAtrAyeM karane lage the|391 samudrI vyApAra karane meM dhanArjana kA lobha hotA thA parantu isake lie sAhasI honA par3atA thaa| jalamArga kI kaThinAiyA~ bahuta thiiN| sImA taTa ke bandara gAhoM para videziyoM kA dhIre-dhIre adhikAra hotA jA rahA thaa| ata: bhAratIya vyApAriyoM ko cIna svarNadvIpa, ratnadvIpa Adi jAne ke lie anya mArga apanAne par3ate the| kuvalaya mAlA ke anusAra sopAraka se ( 70 )

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ratnadvIpa jAne ke liye samudrI mArga atyanta kaThina thaa| jo vyApArI vahA~ se lauTa kara AtA thA vaha anya vyApAriyoM ke samakSa mArga kI kaThinAiyoM kA varNana isa prakAra karatA thA-samudra ke pAra karanA duSkara hai, ratnadvIpa kAphI dUra hai, pracaMDa vAyu, capala bIjApa havA (vIthi), caMcala taraMge, bar3e-bar3e maccha, magara evaM grAha, dIrghayantu, galA dene vAlI vimiMgalI,392 raudra rAkSasa, ur3ane vAle vetAla, durlaMdhya parvata, kuzalacora, vikarAla mahAsamudra ke kAraNa ratnadvIpa sarvathA durgama hai| vahA~ kA vyApAra sundara hai| jisako apanA jIvana priya na ho393 vaha vahA~ se vyApAra kre| kintu jalamArga kI uparyukta kaThinAiyA~ bhArata ke utsAhI vyApAriyoM ke liye unake uddezya ke prati manobala ko kama nahIM karatI thii| ata: puruSa vahIM hai jo hRdaya meM ThAna le ki vaha use pUrA karake hI chodd'egaa|394 bharahuta kI kalA meM eka sthAna para eka jahAja kA citraNa huA hai jisameM eka timiMgala ne dhAvA kara diyA aura jahAja se gire hue kucha yAtriyoM ko nigala rahA thaa| benImAdhava baruA ke anusAra bhagavAna buddha kI kRpA se timiMgala ke mukha se vasugupta kI rakSA kA yaha citraNa hai|395 10vIM za. meM bhI timiMgala kA bhaya banA huA thA / 396 jala yAtrA kA prArambha bar3e mAMgalika DhaMga se hotA thaa|397 prasthAna kI tithi nizcita ho jAne para sArthavAha nahA dhokara suMdaravastra evaM AbhUSaNa se susajjita hokara, apane parivAra janoM ke sAtha jahAja para baiThate the| unake car3hate hI tUra bajAyA jAtA, zaMkha phUke jAte, mAMgalika kAryoM ko kiyA jAtA, brAhmaNa AzIrvAda dete, gurujana prasannatA vyakta karate, patniyA~ duHkhI ho jAtI, mitrajana harSa-viSAda yukta hote, sajjana puruSa manoratha, kAmanA kI pUrti ke liye bhagavAna se prArthanA karate aura isa prakAra maMgalastuti evaM jaya-jaya kI dhvani ke sAtha hI jahAja, prasthAna krtaa| udyotana ke pUrva jJAtA-dharma kathA tathA samarAicca kahA ke jalayAtrA-sambandhI prasaMgoM meM bhI kisI sthAna para itanI sUkSamatA nahIM hai|398 pIne ke liye jala evaM Idhana kI vyavasthA sabhI varNanoM meM samAna hai| dasavIM-gyArahavI zatAbdI taka jala yAtrA ke samaya ina sabhI vastuoM kI vyavasthA karanI par3atI thI 399 ( 71 )

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samudrapAra dezoM ke sAtha vyApArika sambandhoM ke saMdarbha meM dhanadeva kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki samudrapAra ke dezoM meM bhAratIya vyApArI pahu~ca kara nimnokta kArya karate the:-jahAja kinAre lagate hI sabhI vyApArI utarate, vikrI ke sAmAnoM ke utArate, bheMTa lekara vahA~ ke rAjA se milate, use prasanna kara vahA~ se vyApAra karane kI anumati prApta karate, nirdhArita zulka kA bhugatAna karate, hA~tha ke saMketa se mUlya taya karate aura mAla becate, apane deza ko le jAne vAlI vyApArika vastuoM kI kraya karate, jo usa deza meM lAbha prApta huA ho usake anusAra vahA~ kI dhArmika saMsthAoM ko dAna dekara apane deza-vApasI kA prasthAna karate the| vyApArI dala ke netA sArthavAha dvArA rAjA ko bheMTa prastuta karate huye dikhAyA gayA hai|401 kuvalayamAlA+02 meM samudrayAtrA ke varNana ke prasaMgoM meM adholikhita jalamArgoM kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai: 1. soppAraka se cIna, mahAcIna jAnevAlA mArga, 2. soppAraka se mahilArAjya (tibbata) jAnevAlA mArga,403 3. sopAraka se ratnadvIpa404, 4. ratnadvIpa se tAradvIpa405, 5. tAra dvIpa se samudra taTa06, 6. kozala se laMkApurI407, 7. pATaliputra se ratnadvIpa ke rAste meM kuDaMgadvIpa408 8. suvarNadvIpa se lauTane ke rAste meM kuDaMgadvIpa409 9. laMkApurI kI ora jAte huye rAste meM kuDaMgadvIpa410 10. jayazrI nagarI se yavanadvIpa411 11. yavanadvIyapa se pA~ca dina-rAta kA rAstA vAlA candradvIpa kA mArga 12 12. samudra taTa se rohaNa dvIpa+13 13. sopAraka se babvara kula+14 14. sopAraka se svarNadvIpa'15 sthala-mArga meM sArtha dvArA yAtrA karanA bhI nirApada nahIM thaa| sArthavAha kI sajagatA,evaM surakSA ke bAvajuda rAste kI jaMgalI jAtiyoM evaM coroM kA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| dakSiNApatha ke yAtriyoM ke lie vindhyATavI se pAra honA sabase adhika kaThina thaa| vahA~ ko bhilla jAtiyoM ke AkramaNa evaM jaMgalI kSetra hone se yAtriyoM ko sadaiva bhaya banA rahatA thaa| samarAicca kahA aura kuvalayamAlA meM zabara AkamaNoM kA varNana hai|416 | udyotana ne vaizraNamadatta sArthavAha ke (72)

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sArtha para zabaroM ke AkramaNa kA varNana kiyA hai| zabaroM ne jaba yAtriyoM ko mAra-DATa kara unakI bahumUlya vastue~ chIna lI tathA sArtha ke titara-bitara hone se sArthavAha kI lar3akI kuvalayacandra kI zaraNa meM A gaI to kuvalayacandra bhI zabara senApati se yuddha karane lgaa| anta meM jaba ve eka dUsare se parAjita na hue to zabara senApati ne kumAra se saMdhi kara lii| bAda meM jaba donoM meM paricaya huA to zabara senApati ne sArtha kA saba dhana vApasa kara diyaa| (73)

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saMdarbha aura TippaNiyA~ 1. jAmakhedakara, e. pI. vAsudeva hiMDI, e kalcarala sTaDI, pR. 53 / / 2. vA. hiM. (pra. khaM.), 156-163 / 3. tatraiva-101 / 4. samarAiccakahA pR. 3491 5. kuvalayamAlA, 40.24, 26 sk-jvnn-sbr-bbbr-kaay-muruNddodd-goddN-kppnniyaa| akhAga-hUNa-romasa-pArasa-khasa-khasiyA ceya // Dovilaya-lausa-bokkasa bhill-pulidNdh-kotth-bhrruyaa| koMcA ya dINa-caMcuya mAlava-davilA-kuDakkhA ya kikkaya-kirAya-hayamuha gayamuha-ravara-turaya meDhagamuhA ya / hayakaNNA gayakaNNA aNNe ya aNAriyA bhve|| 6. vA. hiM. pra. khaM. pR., 209 / 7. tatraiva, pR. 209 / 8. vA. hi. pra. khaM, 231 vA. hiM. pra. khaM, 15, 2711 9. vA. hiM. pra. khaM., 151 9. vA. hiM. pra. khaM, 75, 114, 172 / 10. tatraiva, 221 11. eka brAhmaNa jisakA nAma kAsava thA vaha brAhmaNoM ke liye nirdhArita cha: kantavyoM kA pAlana karate haye kheto se makAI ekatrita kara apanA jIvikopArjana karatA thA (vA. hiM. pra. khaM.), 284 / 12. ema DI esa, 1.88 / 13. vA. hi. (pra. khaM.), 301 14. tatraiva, 14 / 15. tatraiva, 184-1851 17. vA. hiM. (dvi, khaM.), 11. 65 e bI / 17. tatraiva, 11, 226 / 18. kuvalayamAlA, 16, 20, satthikAreMti cauvayaNa-samA mhaabNbhnnaa| (74)

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19. kuvalayamAlA, 16, 21 :- pavisaMti sukka sarisA mahApurohiyA / 20. kuvalayamAlA, 48. 20, bAhamaNAnAM nivedyAtmA tataH zuddho bhaviSyati / 21. kuvalayamAlA, 112. 21 pAvakammahaM cilAyahaM duTTughuTTu-saisauM baMbhaNu mAriyavvau / 22. kuvalayamAlA, 118 3:- sohei vacca gharae ujjhai ucciTThamallaya- NihAe / loNa uvahasijja kiraeso baMbhaNo Asi // 23. kuvalayamAlA, 258. 14 :- sAmala - vakSasthala - gholamANa- siya- vamha-sutta-sohillo / pavaNaMdolira-sohiya-kaMThaddha- Nibaddha-vasaNillo || 24. kuvalayamAlA, 171.5: - aNeya - veya-samaya- sattha pArayassa duyAiNo / 25. samarAicca kahA, pR. 348 / 26. vAsudeva hiDI (pra. khaM.), 119 / 27. tatraiva, 162 28. tatraiva, 170 29. tatraiva, 238-4 30. buddha prakAza-'ThAkura' : senTrala eziyATika jarnala, bhAga 3 (1957) pR. 220-237. 31. epigrAphiyA iMDikA, bhAga 32, pRSTha 318 32. epigrAphiyA iMDikA, bhAga 14. pR. 274 33. vI. sI. lAhA - sama-kSatriya TrAibsa oNva enziyanTa iNDiyA, pR. 120 34. buddha prakAza pUrvoddharita pRSTha 237 / 35. kuvalayamAlA, 134. 16 bho bho surAsura - Nava- gaMdhavvA, ajjapabhiI bhagavao vaMso ikkhAgo, 36. vAsudeva hiNDI, 1974/ 37. tatraiva, 210,368 38. tatraiva, 233, 296 / 39. jaina, je. sI., pR. 139 40. vAsudeva hiNDI, 145 41. tatraiva, 139, 154 1 42. tatraiva, 126, 127 43. tatraiva, 59 1 44. tatraiva, 86, 283 45. vAsudeva hiNDI, 133 / (75)

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46. jAmakhedakara, e. pI., pUrvoddharita pRSTha 53 / 47. vAsudeva hiNDI, pR. 861 48. jAmakhedakara, pUrvoddharita, pRSTha 38 49. bhagavad gItA, a. 18 zloka 41 1 50. manusmRti 1. 91 51. manusmRti 11. 32 52. vAsudeva hiNDI, 162 / 53. tatraiva, 46 / 54. tatraiva, 321 / 55. tatraiva, 120, 1981 56. tatraiva, 51, 1821 57. tatraiva, vAsudeva hiNDI, 154 / 58. tatraiva, 1321 59. tatraiva, 141 / 60. tatraiva, 2221 61. tatraiva, 9 / 62. tatraiva, 219 / 63. mehatA, 2451 64. vAsudeva hiNDI, 155-56 / 65. ttraiv,| 66. tatraiva, 100 / 67. tatraiva, 39 / 68. vAsudeva hiNDI, 981 69. tatraiva, 1561 70. tatraiva, 981 71. ema. DI. esa, X, 511 72. vAsudeva hiNDI, 1561 73. tatraiva, 155-1561 74. ttraiv,| (76)

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75. tatraiva, 100 / 76. tatraiva, 2951 77. tatraiva, 295 / 78. vAsudeva hiNDI, II.116-17a 178ba / 79. samarAiccakahA, pRSTha 348 / 80. pAzrvoddharita, pR. 9051 81. tatraiva, pR. 348 / 82. kAlaseNo nAma pallIvaI, samarAicca, pR. 504 / 83. tatraiva, 529-30 84. tatraiva, 523 / 85. Usainno nAma vatthasohago, samarAicca, pR. 51 / 86. samarAicca, pR. 450-452 / 87. varAMgacarita, 21-11.1 88. padmapurANa, parva 3, zloka 255-58. / 89. mahApurANa, parva 16, zloka 343-46. / 90. kuvalayamAlA, 65.21 91. saM. ku, pR. 21 92. inTroDakzana, pR. 138, noTsa / 93. za.-rA.e, pR. 435. 94. dUsare prakAra se, tathApi, zUdroM kI sthiti meM (700-1200 zatAbdI) kAphI sudhAra huA |-es. Ara TI e pR. 435-36 95. tatraiva, pR. 435-361 96. kuvalayamAlA, 65.25 desiya-vANiya melie gantUNa uvvittttho| diNNaM ca gaMdha-mallaM-taMbolAiyaM, 97. samarAiccakahA, pR. 348 evaM 905. / 98. kuvalayamAlA, 40.26 99. kuvalayamAlA, 40.29 caMDAla-bhilla-DoMbA soyariyA ceya maccha-vaMdhA ya, / 100. kuvalayamAlA, 2,1, 28.1, 117.6, 125.30, 169.35, 183,11, 258.27, Adi 101. kuvalayamAlA, 40.24, / 102. prAcIna bhAratIya sthalakoza prayAga pR. 242 (77)

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103. vRhatkalpabhASyavRtti, 1.3263 Adi 105. ja.-jai.bhA.sa, pR. 486. 106. ja.-jai.bhA.sa. pR. 458. 107. jAmakheDakara, pUrvoddharita, pRSTha 120 108. kuvalayamAlA, 40.25. 109. bRhatkalpabhASya (gA..229.93, 4123.26). 110. phlITa, bhAga 3, pR. 8. 111. jAmakheDakara-pUrvoddharita, pRSTha 132 / 11:. kuvalayamAlA, 38.28 / 113. nizIthacUrNi 4-1816 kI curnni| 114. bRhatkathAkoza, 17.29 / 115. kuvalayamAlA, 81.10 / 116. kuvalayamAlA, 140.2. / 117. kuvalayamAlA, 40.29 / 118. 'antakRddazA, 4, pR. 22 / 119. manusmRti, 10-50 120. kuvalayamAlA, 38.29. I 121. kuvalayamAlA, 40.25. | 122. sutta nipAta, 1.7,3,9. / 123. aMguttara nikAya, 2.4 pR. 89 / 124. AcArAMga-niyukti, 20.27. / 125. vyavahArabhASya, 3.94 / 126. kathAkoza prakaraNa, pR. 115 1 127. alabarunI iNDiyA 1, pR. 101. I 128. za.-rA.e, pR. 431. / 129. kuvalayamAlA, 48.27 / 130. tatraiva, 48.271 131. tatraiva, 77.8 / 132. tatraiva, 46.91 (78)

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133. tatraiva, 40. 251 134. tatraiva, 7.27 1 135. tatraiva, 40.24 1 136. tatraiva, 153. / 137. tatraiva, 77.8 / 138. bha.-vai. zai. bha., pR. 42-43 / 139. kuvalayamAlA, 77.8 jAva diTuM ekkammi paese kaM pi goDheM / tattha samassaiyA ekkIe gharaM AhorIe / 140. kANikakirAta kA yasthamAlAkAra kuTumbina: ete cAnye ca bahavaH zUdrA: bhinnA: svakarmabhiH / / -vedavyAsa- smRti, 1.10 / 141. u-pU. bhA. i, pR. 321 / 142. kuvalayamAlA, 7.27.1 143. ja.- jai. pA. sa., pR. 229 / 144. tatraiva, pR. 222. / 145. kuvalayamAlA, 152. 26 / 146. zA.-A. bhA., pR. 157 / 147. kuvalayamAlA, 40.25.1 148. kuvalayamAlA, 151.18. / 149. arthazAstra, 5.3,144. / 150. mahAbhArata, karNaparva, 44 zloka 32-33, baudhAyanadharmasUtra, 1,2.13,15. 1 151. kuvalayamAlA, 59.41 152. kuvalayamAlA, 153. 4 / 153. kuvalayamAlA, 282.11 / 154. esa. Ara TI e. pI pIdva 108.119 / 155. buddha prakAza, eziyA ke sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika itihAsa kI ruparekhA, lakhanaU, 1971 pR. 144. / 156. upendra ThAkura-da hUNAja ina inDiyA, 1967. / 157. buddha prakAza, triveNikA-kAlidAsa aura hUNa, pR. 42. I 158. tatraiva, pR. 70-711 (79)

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159. vAsudeva hiNDI, 161-62 / 160. tatraiva, 132. / 161. tatraiva, 1561 162. tatraiva, 191 163. ATha prakAra hai| (1) brAhama (2) daiva (3) ArSa (4) prAjApatya (5) Asura (6) gAMdharva (7) rAkSasa (8) __ paizAca, manusmRti 111, 29; yAjJavalkya smRti 111, 58-61 (manusmRti, 111, 20-44) 164. vAsudeva hiNDI, 731 165. tatraiva, 731 166. tatraiva, 64-651 167. tatraiva, 307-081 168. tatraiva, 64-651 169. tatraiva, 40, 80, 81, 78 / 170. kRSNa ne lakkhanA, vinayavatI aura jaMbavatI kA apaharaNa kiyA / vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. khaM.),78, 79 / 171. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. khaM.) 78 / 172. tatraiva, 421 173. Agadatta eka sArathI thaa| tatraiva, 42 / 174. tatraiva, 2121 175. tatraiva, 181 / 176. tatraiva, 98-100 / 177. tatraiva, 66 / 178. tatraiva, 66, 78, 98-100, 116, 185, 264-65, 327-28, 364-65 / 179. tatraiva, 314 / 180. tatraiva, 121, 1261 181. samarAicca kahA, pR. 895 / 182. samarAicca, pra.895, dvitIya aura sptmbhv| 183. tatraiva, pR. 235 184. samarAicca, pR. 619 1 185. nAhaM micchAdiTThissa dhUyaM deyisAsUNaNaMdAo pauTThAo bhikkhUNabhattiM Nava re hanti- da. hA, pR. 93 / 186. samarAicca, pR. 7191 (80)

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187. vivbhamavaI gayantamaI, samarAicca, pR. 900 / 188. tatraiva, pR. 5831 189. upa. gA. 94, pR. 651 190. upa. gA. 94. pR. 651 191. kuvalayamAlA, 170, 21, 25. / 192. tatraiva, 170.271 193. kuvalayamAlA, 171.1, 2. / 194. tatraiva, 171.1, 151 195. prAcIna bhArata ke kalAtmaka vinoda, pR. 114, 196. jaina sAhitya meM Agadatta kI kahAnI bahata lokapriya hai aura isakA anuvAda karake jaikovI ne hindra kahAniyoM ke sAtha jor3a diyaa| isakA puna | anuvAda aMgarejI meM je. je. meyera ne kiyaa| 197. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. khaM.), 49 / 198. tatraiva, 49-52. / 199. tatraiva, 34. / 200. tatraiva, 226. / 201. tatraiva, 227. / 202. tatraiva, 97.1 203. vAsudeva hiNDI (dvitIya khaM.), 11.121 bI. / 204. tatraiva, (pra. khaM), 23.1 205. tatraiva, 109.1 206. tatraiva, 78-791 207. tatraiva, 19. / 208. tatraiva, 7.1 209. tatraiva, 70. / 210. tatraiva, 66, 83, 97. / 211. vAsudeva hiNDI (dvi. khaM.), 11, 52bI / 212. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. khaM.), 277, sAdRzya dRSTikoNa kI abhivyakti kAmasUtra' aura 'vAtsyAyana' meM upalabdha 213. tatraiva, (pra. khaM.), 1281 (81)

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214. tatraiva, 101. / 215. vAsudeva hiNDI (dvi. khaM.) 11. 63ba / 216. tatraiva, (pra. khaM.), 1. 10ba. / 217. tatraiva, (pra. khaM.), 9-54. / 218. tatraiva, 14, 31. / 219. tatraiva, 233. / 220. tatraiva, 103. / 221. tatraiva, (dvi. khaM.) 11.182a / 222. samarAicca kahA samarAiccakahA, pR. 87-88 / 223. tatraiva, pR. 922 | 224. sAmrAjJI zvasurebhava sAmrAjJI adhideveSu Rg 10, 85, 46 225. samarAicca kahA, pR. 814 / 226. samarAicca kahA, pR. 241. / 227. tatraiva, pR. 623 228. AcArya zreSTho guruNAM mAtetyeke / 229. Apastamba dharmasUtra 1, 10, 28, 9 230. baudhApanadharmasUtra 2.2,48. patitAmapi tu mAtaraM vibhayAdabhibhASamANa | | 231. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 267, 31, 343, 18 232. samarAicca kahA, pR. 339-340 | 233. Rgveda 1,167,4 234. samarAicca kahA, pR. 339-340 1 235. tatraiva, pR. 96 / 236. samarAicca kahA, pR. 97 / 237. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. khaM.), 11 / 238. tatraiva, 110 1 239. tatraiva, 141 / 240. tatraiva, 81 / 241. tatraiva, 198 / 242. vAsudeva hiNDI (dvi. khaM.) 11, 160 ba / -gautama dya. sU. 2/56 | ( 82 )

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243. tatraiva, 11, 178a / 244. tatraiva, 1.2 245. vAsudeva hiNDI (dvi. khaM.), 1. 18ba / 246. DikzanarI Ava sosiolAji, philosAphikala lAyabrerI nyUArka siTI, pR. 327 / 247. 'jaina saMskRti aura parivAra vyavasthA' nAmaka lekha, 'zramaNa', 1965 248. kuvalayamAlA, 46.15, 27 / 249 tatraiva, 54.18, 30 / 250. kuvalayamAlA, 260.25, 267.22 251. tatraiva, 13, 25 / 252. tatraiva, 260. 19 / 253. tatraiva, 54.26, 27 254. tatraiva, 65, 17 / 255. tatraiva, 191, 192 256. tatraiva, 50, 28 257. tatraiva, 162.9, 258. tatraiva, 162.9, 10 259. tatraiva, 264. 18 260. tatraiva, 266. 2. / 261. tatraiva, 262 18 / 262. tatraiva, 54.20, 24 263. kuvalayamAlA, 65.8 / 264. tatraiva, 82.32 1 265. tatraiva, 82.33 / 266. tatraiva, 96.28 / 267. tatraiva, 176.3 / 268. tatraiva, 82.32 / 269. tatraiva, 65.8 / 270. tatraiva, 82.321 271. kuvalayamAlA, 17.27 / (83

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272. tatraiva, 17.27 / 273. tatraiva, 17.28 / 274. abhijJAn zakuMtalA, aMka, 7. / 275. kuvalayamAlA, 17.29. / 276. tatraiva, 18.30 / 277. aupapAtika, 40, pR. 185 278. kuvalayamAlA, 21,2,162.9. / 279. tatraiva, 21, 7 / 280. jJAtRdharmakathA, pR. 21 / 281. ja. - jai. A. sa., pR. 243 282. za. - rA. e, pR. 314 283. kuvalayamAlA, 199.33 / 284. tatraiva, 200.1,6 285. kuvalayamAlA, 2000, 8, 12 286. tatraiva, 148.11, 12. / 287. Avazyaka cUrNi, pR. 213. / 288. pusAlakara-bhAsa | e sTaDI, adhyAya 19, pR. 440 / 289. hApa kinsa-epika mAitholAjI, pR. 125 / 290. ja. - jai. A. sa., pR. 431 / 291. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 8, pR. 5136. 292. vRhatakalpabhASya, pR. 5153 / 293. zAradAtanaya kA bhAva prakAza, pR. 137. 294. agravAla, prAcIna bhAratIya loka dharma, ahamadAbAda, 1964 / 295. kuvalayamAlA, 59.33., 60.3 / 296. puruSArthacintAmaNi, pR. 59; garur3a purANa, adhyAya 134; devIpurANa a. 22; harSacarita a. 8; yazastilakacampU, pAzrvanAthacarita a. 4 / 297. kuvalayamAlA, 148.11. / 298. samarAicca kahA, pR. 647 / 299. kuvalayamAlA, 103.32 ( 84 )

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300. jAtakamAlA (13vI unamArayaMtI kI kathA)-AryasUrya, mudrArAkSasa aMka 3, mAlatI mAdhava aMka 7 evaM kAmasUtra 5-5, 11. / 301. kuvalayamAlA, 103. 15 / 302. tatraiva, 103. 191 303. yazastitilakacappU, 307, pR.2.1 / 304. samarAicca kahA pR. 53, 496 / 305. kuvalayamAlA, 77.16,18 / 306. samarAicca kahA pa. 237 / 307. kuvalayamalA, 55.7.1 308. tatraiva, 224.29 evaM 48. 10 / 309. tatraiva, 187.4 tathA 240.16 / 310. tatraiva, 13.22 / 311. tatraiva, 49.51 312. tatraiva, 187.51 313. tatraiva, 82.20 / 314. baudhAyana dharmasUtra, 1.13 / 315. samarAicca kahA pR. 132 / 316. je. sI. jaina lAipha ina ensiyenTa iNDiyA, pR. 128 / 317. tatraiva, pR. 741 318. tatraiva, pR. 4381 319. samarAicca kahA, pR. 539 / 320. tatraiva, pR. 2461 321. kuvalayamAlA, 57.13-15 / 322. tatraiva, 57.16.17 1 323. tatraiva, 57.331 324. tatraiva, 231.281 325. uddhata-za. rA. e, pR. 493. | 326. kuvalayamAlA 57-24,26. I 327. samarAicca kahA, pR. 240 / (85)

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328. tatraiva, pR. 240, caturthabhava kI kthaa| 329. tatraiva, paMcama bhava kI sampUrNa kathA, pR. 398 / 330. tatraiva, pR. 552-5561 331. tatraiva, pR. 509 / 332. da. hA. pR. 118 / 333. samarAicca kahA, pR. 172 / 334. tatraiva, pR. 391 335. prAcIna gurjarakAvya-saMgraha, pR. 95; pRthvIcandra carita (saM. 1161). 336. kuvalayamAlA, (726, 26, 28, 135.1, 152.22, 190.26, 233.22) 337. kuvalayamAlA, 7.26.1 338. tatraiva, 8.1 / 339. tatraiva, 8.1 / 340. tatraiva, 8.21 341. tatraiva, 8.51 342. tatraiva, 8.71 343. kathAkoza-prakaraNa, pR. 85, 165 / 344. kuvalayamAlA, 65.1, 20 / 345. tatraiva, 57.13.151 346. tatraiva, 65.10 / 347. tatraiva, 103.21 / 348. tatraiva, 65.6 / 349. tatraiva, 65, 15, 19. / 350. tatraiva, 105.5 / 351. samarAicca kahA, pR. 511, 655 / 352. go. i. lA. i. pR. 81.89 / 353. za.-rA.e, pR. 495 / 354. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga 1 pR. 189 (phuTanoTa 39) 355. vigraharAja caturtha kA harSa abhilekha (vi. saM. 1030) tathA rAjapAla deva kA nADalAI prastara abhilekha (vi. saM. 1202) (86)

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356. bu. TU. ka. ma., disambara 1970 / 357. u. ku. i., pR. 118 para DA. agravAla kA noTa / 358. samarAiccakahA dharaNa kI kathA / 359. kuvalayamAlA kI bhUmikA meM agravAla kA noTa / 360. mo.- sA., pR. 196. / 361. kuvalayamAlA, 66.6, 91 362. mo.-sA.e. 172 / 363. vRhatkalpa bhASya, 1.2506 / 364. periplasa, pR. 43 365. go. i. lA. i. pR. 148 366. kuvalayamAlA, 57.29 1 367. kuvalayamAlA, 105.27 / 368. tatraiva, 106.4 / 369. tatraiva, 152.22. / 370. tatraiva, 152.22-23 / 371. aSTAdhyAyI, 5.4, 102 372. arthazAstra, 2.19. / 373. a. pA. bhA., pR. 241 / 374. manusmRti, 8.136 375. arlI - cauhAna DAyanAsTIja, pR. 317 / 376. upAsakadazA, 1, pR. 10; nisIthacUrNI - pIThikA, 329; cUrNI Adi / 377. a. pA. bhA., pR. 254.55 1 378. tatraiva, pR. 243 / 379. arlI cauhAna DAinAsTIja, pR. 317 / 380. yAjJabalkya smRti, 1.364 / 381. go. - i. lA. i., pR. 205.5. / 382. manusmRti, 8.135. 383. arthazAstra, 2.12 / 384. kuvalayamAlA, 65.21. / ( 87 )

Page #94
385. tatraiva, 73.8.1 386. tatraiva, 107.16, 224.18 / 387. tatraiva, 109.26 / 388. mRcchakaTika, 4.30. / 389. harSacarita, 6 pR. 189.1 390. ku. mA, 57.25 / 391. bAjapeyI ke. DI. bhAratIya vyApAra kA itihaas| 392. kuvalayamAlA, 66.8. / 393. tatraiva, 66.9. / 394. tatraiva, 66.25. / 395. bharahuta, bhAga 1, pleTa 40-14 A. 85 bhAga 2, pR. 78; sArthavAha, pR. 232 para uddhRta / 396. tilaka maMjarI, pR. 140 / 397. kuvalayamAlA, 67.5, 8. / 398. jJAtAdharmakathA, 8, pR. 9 Adi / samarAiccakahA, pR. 240, 398, 552 Adi / 399. tilaka maMjarI, pR. 131.139. / 400. kuvalayamAlA, 67.12-13 / 401. ziva rAma mUrti, amarAvatI skalpacarsa ina madrAsa myUjiyama, pleTa 20.6, pR. 34,35. / 402. kuvalayamAlA, 66.2. / 403. tatraiva, 66.3 / 404. tatraiva, 66.41 . 405. tatraiva, 69.181 406. tatraiva, 70.12, 181 407. tatraiva, 74.111 408. tatraiva, 88.29, 301 409. tatraiva, 89.4 / 410. tatraiva, 89.61 411. tatraiva, 106.2 / 412. tatraiva, 106.161 (88)

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413. tatraiva, 191.13, 16 414. tatraiva, 65.33 1 415. tatraiva, 66.1 / 416. tatraiva, 138.6.9 / (89)

Page #96
adhyAya 3 jaina kathA - sAhitya meM pratibimbita dhArmika jIvana bhAratIya samAja meM sadaiva aneka sAMskRtika stara saMgrahIta rahe haiM aura unake anuruddha dhArmika niSTha bhI vividha rahI hai / bhagavadgItA meM kahA gayA hai "sattvAnurUpA sarvasya zraddhA bhavati bhArata / zraddhAma yo'yaM puruSo yo yacchraddhaH sa eva saH // yajante sAttvikA devAnyakSAMsi rAjasAH / pratAnbhUtagaNAMzcAnye yajante tAmasAH janAH // arthAt 'sabakI zraddhA sattavAnurUpa hotI hai, manuSya zraddhAmaya hai, jisakI jaisI zraddhA hai, vaha vaisA hI hai| sAttvika puruSa devatAoM kA yajana karate haiM, rAjasika yakSa-rAkSasoM kA, tathA anyatAmasika jana bhUta-pretoM kA deva - pUjA vaidika thI aura yahA~ sAtvika kahI gayI hai / yakSa-pUjA, 'jise yahA~ rAjasa kahA gayA hai, sAdhAraNa janatA meM supracalita thI / yaha zabda prAya: devatA ke samAna hI artha rakhatA hai, aura yakSa pUjA ko anekAMza meM Arya-dharma kA hI pracalita, parivartita rUpa mAnanA ayukta na hogA / yakSoM ko alaukika satta mAnA jAta thA jo prayaH vRkSoM meM nivAsa karate the aura prasanna hone para nAnA sAMsArika kAmanAoM kI pUrti kA vara dete the| ve anekatra sthAna-devatA athavA kuladevatA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita the / yama aura zukra ke sAtha unakA vizeSa saMbaMdha thA / kabhI ve aniSTakArI bhI ho sakate the aura Aveza ke kAraNa bhI bana the / yakSiyoM meM apsarAoM ko sadRzya dekhA jA sakatA hai aura kabhI ve puruSoM ko pralobhita karatI milatI ( 90 )

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haiN| kucha yajJa bAda meM brAhmaNa aura bauddha devatAoM meM rupAntarita pAye jAte haiM aura unakA prabhAva kucha aMzoM meM pratibhA-vidhAna kI paramparA tathA yAntrika paddhatiyoM para dekhA jA sakatA hai / yakSoM kI pUjA ke atirikta nAnA preta, bhUta aura pazuoM kI pUjA bhI loka meM pracalita thii| indra, skanda, rudra, mukunda, yakSa, preta, nAga, Adi ke aneka utsava manAye jAte the| ina avasaroM para brAhmaNoM aura zramaNoM ko, daridroM aura bhikhAriyoM ko dAna diye jAte the aura khilAyA jAtA thaa| ina utsavoM meM jana-saMmarda aura madyapAna avidita nahI the aura inakI tulanA bauddha granthoM meM ullikhita 'samajjA' se kI jA sakatI hai| yAkobI ne yaha sujhAva prastuta kiyA hai ki brAhmaNa bhikSuoM ke anukaraNa meM bauddha aura jaina bhikSuoM kA udaya huA thaa| isake samarthana meM unhoMne mukhya yukti yaha dI hai ki bauddha aura jaina bhikSuoM ke niyama gautama aura baudhAyana ke dharma-sUtroM meM prApta niyamoM se sAdRzya rakhate haiN| yAkobI kA vizvAsa thA ki nivRtti kA Adarza brAhmaNoM ke dharma meM pahale udita huA aura caturtha Azrama ke rUpa meM vyakta huaa| bAda meM isa Adarza kA bauddhoM aura jainoM ne anusaraNa aura anukaraNa kiyaa| 'jaina' zabda kI vyutpatti 'jina' se huyI hai jisakA artha hai vijetA, arthAt anta:karaNa sahita indriyoM ko jisane apana vaza meM kara liyA hai| jaine AcArya paramparA meM bardhamAna jinhe mahAvIra kA jAtA hai, sabase antima tathA caubIsaveM the| unase pahale teIsa tIrtha ke ho cukane kI bAta kahI jAtI hai, jo jaina dharma ke prArambha ko bahuta pIche kAlpanika atIta meM pahu~cA detI hai| inameM se pArzavanAtha ko, jo vardhamAna se pahale hue the aura jinhe AThavIM zatAbdI I. pU. kA eka aitihAsika puruSa mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa bAta ke pramANa hai ki unake anuyAyI vardhamAna ke samakAlIna the| lekina taba unake upadeza meM dUSaNa A cuke the| vardhamAna ne usameM sudhAra karake use nayA bala pradAna kiyaa| jaina dharma meM AtmA aura pudgala ko nitya dravya mAnA gayA (91)

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hai| ina bAtoM meM yaha brAhmaNa-dharma se sAdRzya rakhatA hai aura isalie ise 'brAhmaNa-dharma' aura bauddhadharma kA ausata kahA gayA hai|' zramaNoM meM kadAcit prAcInatama sampradAya nigaNThoM athavA jainoM kA thaa| aba yaha prAya: sarva-sammata hai ki mahAvIra se pUrva pAzca nAma ke tIrthakara sacamuca hue the| unake pahale ke tIrthaMkaroM kI aitihAsikatA sandigdha hai, kintu jainoM ke isa vizvAsa ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki unakI muni paramparA atyanta prAcIna tathA avaidika thii| __ vardhamAna kA janma 540 I. pU. ke lagabhaga videha kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI ke nikaTa huA thaa| unake pitA siddhArtha eka kSatriya-kula ke pramukha the, unakI mAtA trizAlA videha ke rAjA kI bahana thI unhoMne yazodA se vivAha kiyA; kintu buddha ke viparIta vaha apane mAtA-pitA kI mRtyu taka apane ghara meM rahe aura bAda meM jaba vaha aTThAIsa varSa ke ho gae taba unhone AdhyAtmika jIvana meM praveza kiyaa| vAsudeva hiNDI mukhyarupa se eka premAkhyAna hai tathApi dhArmika aura dArzanika vicAroM se vyApta hai| kAlacakra kI avanati kI avasthA (avasarpiNI) meM tIrthakaroM kA prAdurbhAva huaa| yaha vicAradhArA bhagavad gItA ke caturtha adhyAya ke zloka 7 aura 8 ke sAtha sAmya rakhatI hai / 10 yadA yadA hi dharmasya glAnirbhavati bhArata / abhyutthAnamadharmasya tadAtmAnaM sRjAmyahama // jaba-jaba dharma kI hAni aura adharma kI vRddhi hotI hai, taba-taba hI maiM apane rUpa ko racatA paritrANAya sAdhUnAM vinAzAya ca dusskRtaam| (92)

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dharma saMsthApanArthAya sambhavAmi yuge yuge // sAdhu puruSoM kA uddhAra karane ke liye, pApa karma karane vAloM kA vinAza karane ke liye aura dharma kI acchI taraha se sthApanA karane ke lie (maiM) yuga-yuga meM prakaTa huA karatA huuN| jaina kathAoM ke racanAkAra svayaM jaina dharmAvalambI the, ata: jaina dharma kA sAMgopAMga vistAra pUrvaka varNana kiyA hai| darzana aura AcAra kA vyApaka mAnacitra inakI kathAoM meM vartamAna hai| zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vrata, muni dharma-vrata, samiti, gupti, parISahajaya, bhAvanA, sAta tatva, karmakSaya karane kA krama saMsAra asAratA, kAlaprarupaNA, kalpavRkSoM kA varNana, mogabhUmi aura karmabhUmi kI vyavasthA, cAroM Ayu ke bandha kAraNa, anya samasta karmoM ke Asrava, ratnatraya, saMyama, naraka aura svarga ke vistRta vivecana, siddha sukha kA anupama varNana, vratoM kA atIcAra sahita vistRta vivecana, upazama zreNI aura kSapaka zreNI kI vyavasthA kA varNana kiyA hai| __ jaina kathAkAroM ne jaina dharma ke vivecana ke sAtha ina kathAoM meM dAna, zIla, tapa aura sadbhAvanA ke rUpa meM lokadharma kA bahuta hI sundara varNana kiyA hai| yaha loka dharma aihika aura paramArthika donoM dRSTiyoM se sukha aura zAnti kA kAraNa hai| jisakI AtmA meM ina guNoM kA vikAsa ho jAtA haiM vaha satkarmI aura saMskArI bana jAtA hai| yaha loka dharma vargagata aura jAtigata viSamatAoM se rahita hai, mAnavamAtra kA kalyANa karane vAla hai| jIvana kI sArI anaitikatAeM dUra ho jAtI haiM aura jIvana sukhI bana jAtA hai| isa loka dharma meM kisI dharma yA sampradAya kA gandha nahIM hai| inhoMne pUrvakRta karmoM kI vyavasthA para prakAza DAlate hue likha savvo puvakayANaM kammANaM pAvae phlvivaagN| avarohesu guNesu ya nimittamettaM paro hoi!1 // arthAta sabhI vyakti pUrvakRta karmoM ke phala ke udaya ko prApta karate haiN| aparAdha karane vAlA yA kArya siddhi meM guNoM ko prakaTa karanevAlA vyakti to kevala nimitta mAtra hotA hai| (93)

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samarAiccakahA meM vyakta ukta dArzanika siddhAnta kA sAmya Ara sAdRzya bhagavada gItA ke nimna uddhRta sAMkhya siddhAnata se hai prakRteH kriyamANAni guNaiH karmANi sarvaza:12 / ahaMkAra vimUDhAtmA kartAhamiti manyate // tattvavittu mahAbAho guNakarma vibhaagyoH| guNA guNeSu vartanta iti matvA na sajjate // 'sampUrNa karma saba prakAra se prakRti ke guNoM dvArA kiye jAte haiM (to bhI) jisakA anta:karaNa ahaMkAra se hita ho rahA hai, aisA ajJAnI 'kartA mai hU~ aisA mAnatA hai| paraMtu he mahAbA ho guNa vibhAga aura karma vibhAga ke tattava ko jAnane vAlA jJAna yogI sampUrNa guNa hI guNoM meM varata rahe haiM, aisa samajhakara unameM Asakta nahIM hotaa| sAmAnya anuyAyiyoM kI dhArmika-caryA-vAsudeva hiNDI ke anusAra RSama jaina dharma ke prathama pravartaka the; parantu bharata sAmAnya anuyAyiyoM ke dhArmika hitoM kA dhyAna rakhate the| unhoMne prathama RSi kI zikSAoM ko 'saMvAyapannati meM' sahiMtAbaddha kiyaa|13 bharata sAmAnya anuyAyiyoM ko mahAn14 kI upAdhi pradAna karate the| anuyAyiyoM ko unhone tIna samUhoM meM vibhakta kiyA thA jo anuyAyiyoM ke vratoM ke abhyAsa ke AdhAra para thA:-jo laghu vratoM (anubhyAsa) kA abhyAsa karate the (2) laghuvratoM aura guNabhyAsa kA abhyAsa karate the (3) jo laghuvratoM, kA zikSAbhyAsa (AcaraNa karate the| bharata, anuyAyiyoM ko apane kAginI ratna se cinhita karate the tAki ve eka dUsare se alaga abhijJAnita kiye jA sakeM / 15 upAsakoM kI dhArmika caryA zrAvaka aura zramaNoM ke dhArmika AcaraNa meM koI AdhArabhUta bheda nahIM thA kyoMki dono ke niyamoM kA nirdhAraNa 'jina' dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| ve dono hI unhIM pA~ca vratoM kA anupAlana aura abhyAsa karate the| antara tAtvika nahI thA balki sopAnaparaka (94)

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thaa| jaina dharma kA 'jIva' aura ajIva kA viveka-jJAna sAmAnya thaa| donoM ukta jJAna ke prAdarbhAva kA srota 'sUtroM aura AgamoM' ko mAnate the / / 0 sAmAnya anuyAyiyoM ke dharma ko 'desavirati' / 17 kahA jAtA thaa| isI kAraNa jaina sAdhu sarvaprathama mukti prApta karate the / sAmAnya anuyAyiyoM ke dharma meM dvAdaza siddhAnta antarviSTa the18.-pA~ca anubhyAsa, tIna guNAbhyAsa aura cAra shikssaabhyaas| pA~ca anubhyAsa:-pA~ca laghuvratoM ko 'gRhavAsa yogya niyama19 kahA jAta thA arthAta ve vrata jina kA abhyAsa eka gRhastha karatA thA-'zIlAbhyAsa' aura 'samatta' / laghuvratoM kA varNana kahAnI20 ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| tIna guNAbhyAsa:-(1) digvrata, (2) dezavrata, (3) anarthadaNDa vrata digvata ke antargata AvAgamana para pratibandha hai puna: AvAgamana ke samaya para pratibandha aura vyaktigata sampatti kI sImA para pratibandha / cAra zikSAbhyAsa:-(1) sAmAyika (2) posaghopavAsa (3) bhogApa bhogaparimANa (4) aura atithisaMvibhAga eka gRhastha jaba dharma parivartita ho jAtA thA to laghuvratoM ke sAtha inakA anupAlana karatA thaa| mantrI21 ke putra naMda kI kahAnI se yaha suspaSTa ho jAtA hai| zikSA vrata grahaNa karane ke sAtha eka sAmAnya anuyAyI sAdhU jIvana vyatIta karatA thaa| sAmAyika vrata meM anuyAyI mAnasika rUpa se sAMsArika vicAroM kA tyAga dina meM eka nizcita avadhi ke liye karatA thA tathA sAtha-hI-sAtha dhyAna aura cintana kA bhI abhyAsa karatA thaa| posa dhopavAsa aura bhogopa bhoga parimANa vrata ke avasara para vaha apanA samaya posahasAla meM vyatIta karatA thA evaM usake Ananda aura bhogoM kI sAmagrI para pratibandha thaa| cAra zikSAvratoM ke anupAlana meM anuyAyI apane bhojana-sAmagrI kA aMza, pavitra, aAmantrita mehamAna jaise sanyAsI ko pradAna karatA thaa| (95)

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posahavrata ke do udAharaNa vAsu devahiNDI se prApta hote haiM; eka vyavasAyI sAmidatta vyavasAyaka kAryoM se caMdanapura ke bhramaNa para nikalA thA vahA~ use eka gaNika apane ghara livA le gii| sAmidatta ne gaNikA kI kisI bhI prakAra kI mehamAnI ko svIkara nahIM kiyA kyoMki vaha posaha vrata kA abhyAsa kara rahA thaa| usakA eka saMdarbha aura prApta hotA hai ki vaha eka Asana para posahasAlA meM baiThakara aura AbhUSaNoM ko utAra kara rAjAoM ke liye dharma kA pravacana kara rahA thaa| usakI dharma meM sthiracitta hone kI avasthA kI parIkSA eka yakSa ne kabUtara au bAja kI sahAyatA se kiyaa|23 isI prakAra zIlabhyAsa vrata ke anupAlana meM usakI sthiracittatA kI parIkSA do rAniyoM ne liya jaba vaha posa hasAlA meM paDimA kA abhyAsa kara rahA thaa| isa vrata ke sAtha aThaveM bhojana kA upavAsa saMyojita thaa| posaha brata ke pUrNa ho jAne para puna: usane sAMsArika sukhoM kA Ananda lenA prArambha kara diyA / 24 upavAsa-vAsudevahiNDI ke anusAra jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ko upavAsa kA bhI abhyAsa karanA anivArya thaa| pustaka meM saMdarbhita hai ki anuyAyI caturtha (cauthA) SaSTa (chaThThA) aura aSTama (aThThama) upavAsoM kA pAlana karate the|25 cauthe prakAra ke upavAsa meM sATha battIsa aura saiMtIsa cauthA sammilita the| eka rAjA ka ullekha hai ki vaha 'Ayambila vaddhamAna' upavAsa kA abhyAsa karatA thaa|26 sAmAnya anuyAyayoM26 ke dharma meM ekAdaza paDimA bhI sammilita the| dhammitva ne Ayambila upavAsa kA abhyAsa cha: mAsa taka kiya jisake pariNAmasvarUpa usakA vivAha battIsa rUpavatI kumAriyoM ke sAtha huaa|28 rAjakumAra bhAgIrathI ne aTThamabhaTTa kA abhyAsa nAgadevatA ko prasanna karane ke lie kiyA / pUjAvidhi:-sAmAnya anuyAyI 'jina' kI una pratimAoM kI pUjA karate the jinase ve sambandhita the| bhAnu zreSThI apane posahasAlA meM 'jina' kI pratimA ke samakSa dIpaka jalAkara (96)

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maMgala pATha ke sAtha pUjA karatA thA / 30 jina kI pUjA gRha ke andara kI jAtI thI aura zubha avasaroM para mandira meM bhI pUjA kA Ayojana hotA thA / -31 vAsudeva hiNDI (dvitIya khaNDa) meM pUjA ke sambandha meM vizeSa vivaraNa prApta hota hai / vinayabhAva ke sAtha mandira meM 'jina' kI mUrti ke samakSa bhakta upasthita hote the / rAjaparivAra ke bhakta pratimA ke samakSa jAne ke pUrva apane rAja cinho se rahita ho the / chAtA aura camara unake sAtha nahI rahatA thA / 32 mandira meM pUjA ke lie jAte samaya bhakta apane sAtha eka TokarI meM phUla aura dhUpa rakhate the evaM dUsarI TokarI meM caMdana, kapUra aura kastUrI tathA eka svarNa kalaza aura ratna jar3ita eka saMdUka bhI sAtha le jAte the 33 | pUjAvidhi ko saMkSepa meM, vAyu dvArA kI gayI pUjA se samajhA jA sakatA hai / sarvaprathama vAsudeva ne mora ke paMkhe se pUjA sAmagrI kI saphAI kI tatpazcAta jala kA chir3akAva pUjA sAmagrI ke Upara karake caMdana kA lepa mUrti ke Upara lagAyA / evaM puSpahAra pratimA ko pahanAyA, dhUpa lajAyA evaM bali arpita kiyA tathA jala kA chir3akAva kara puSpa bikhera diye 34 / anta meM prArthanA aura pApoM kA pazcAtApa kiyA 35 isa bAta kA bhI saMdarbha prApta hotA hai ki sUryosta hone para jina ke mandira meM Dhola bhI bajate the 1 36 pUrvajoM kI pUjA zrAddha ke rUpa meM kI jAtI thI / zrAddha-kRtya meM bhaiMse kI bali bhI dI jAtI thI aura logoM ko bhoja para Amantrita kiyA jAtA thA 136 gauToM ko bhojana diyA jAtA thA / vArSika utsavoM para brAhammaNoM, daridroM aura sAdhuoM ko dAna diyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra ke utsava sthAnIya devatAoM ke sammAna meM Ayojita kiye jAte the / brAhmaNoM ko grahaNa lagane kI tithi para dAna diyA jAtA thA 138 rAjasUya yajJa - rAjA sagara aura unakI patnI ne rAjasUya yajJa kiyA / dhammila ne tarka prastuta kiyA ki zAsana calAte samaya sagara ne pApa arjita kiyA hai isalie pApa naSTa sakarane ke lie rAjasUya yajJa karanA Avazyaka ho gayA / (97)

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vAsudevahiNDI (pra. kha.) se jo sAkSya prApta hotA hai usake anusAra nimnalikhita dhArmika kRtya vAsadeva dvArA isa rAjasUya yajJa meM kiye ge|39 yajJa meM citi (yajJavedI) ke nirmANa kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| isake nirmANa meM eka vizeSa prakAra kI miTTI se banI huI IToM kA prayoga hotA thaa| kIcar3a se bhare huye gaDDhe meM bahuta se mare hue jAnavaroM ko pheMka diyA gyaa| jaba mare hue jAnavaroM kA mA~sa sar3a kara miTTI meM sammilita ho gayA taba haDDiyoM ko nikAla kara bAhara pheMka diyA gyaa| isa miTTI se IToM kA nirmANa huaa| sAgara snAna kara yajJabali ke liye upasthita hue| IToM ke Upara ghI aura madhu kA chir3akAva kiyA gyaa| isake pazcAta aMgUThe ke bala para khar3e huye AdamI kI UMcAI ke barAbara citi kA nirmANa huaa| yaha yajJa gaMgA aura yamunA ke taTa para sampanna huaa| uncAsa dinoM taka yajJa meM bakare, azva aura AdamiyoM kI Ahuti dI gyii| azvamegha yajJa kA bhI saMdarbha vAsudevahiNDI (pra.kha) se prApta hotA hai| isa yajJa meM rAja purohita vizvabhUti dvArA bahuta se pazuoM kI bali yajJa meM dI gayI thii| sanyAsa lene ke kAraNa-vAsudevahiNDI ke anusAra eka gRhastha asthAyI rUpa se gRha tyAga kara tapasyA kA abhyAsa karake sanyAsa grahaNa karane kI avasthA prApta kara sakatA thaa|40 sAMsArika icchAoM se tRpta ho jAne ke pazcAta, praur3hAvasthA prApta karane para vaha tapasvI-jIvana svIkAra karatA thaa|1 parantu kucha rAjakumAriyoM ke udaharaNa prApta hote haiM jo yuvAvasthA meM mAtA-pitA se anumati prApta kara sanyAsina ho jAtI thii| "ikSavAku vaMza kI sabhI rAjakumAriyoM ne gRhastha Azrama ko tyAgakara sanyAsa grahara kara liyA thaa|42 parantu aisA hara piravAra ke sAtha nahIM hotA thaa|+3 kucha udAharaNa aise bhI prApta hote hai jaba tItthayAra ke pravacana ko sunakara mana Andolita ho jAtA thA tathA pariNAmasvarUpa sanyAsa grahaNa karane kA kAraNa bana jAtA thaa| kabhI-kabhI acAnaka saMsAra kI kSaNa bhaMguratA kA vicAra citta meM A jAne para tyAga ke bhAva utpanna ho jAte the| kabhI-kabhI prema yA vaivAhika jIvana meM nairAzya yA patnI kI mRtyu ho jAne (98)

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para bhI loga sanyAsI ho jAte the| kAnUna ke caMgula se bacane ke lie bhI loga sanyAsI ho jAte the| eka vyavasAyI RNa ke duSpariNAmoM se bacane ke lie sanyAsI ho gyaa|14 rAjakumAra ke sira kATane kA Adeza rAjA ne diyA parantu buddhimAna mantrI ne sanyAsa kI dIkSA dilavAkara mRtyudaMDa se use bacA liyaa|45 dabAva par3ane para anicchA se bhI loga sanyAsI ho jAte the| vAsudeva hiNDI meM eka sandarbha hai ki eka bhAI jo jaina sanyAsI ho gayA thA isa saMkalpa ke sAtha ghara lauTA ki vaha apane choTe bhAI ko sanyAsa kI dIkSA ke lie prerita kregaa| choTe bhAI kI usa samaya zAdI ho rahI thI parantu parivAra ke sadasyoM kI icchA ke viparIta vaha apane bar3e bhAI ke svAgata ke liye Age bddh'aa| bar3A bhAI use maTha meM le gyaa| bar3e bhAI ne asatya bhASaNa diyA ki usakA choTA bhAI sanyAsa kI dIkSA lene ke lie usake sAtha AyA hai| yadyapi choTA bhAI stabdha ho gayA parantu bar3e bhAI kI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa bahu~cane nahIM diyaa| bar3e bhAI kI mRtyu ke pazcAta vaha puna: ghara lauTa AyA aura gRhasthI ke kAryoM ko saMbhAla liyaa| 46 eka dUsare udAharaNa meM, eka brAhmaNa patnI kI mRtyu ho jAne para apane yuvA-putra ke sAtha jaina sanyAsI ho gayA thaa|47 jaina saMgha meM praveza kI pUrvApekSAyeM:-jaina saMgha meM praveza ke lie jAti, sAmAjika sthiti yA liMga kA pratibandha nahIM thaa|48 kevala eka aupacArikatA kA pAlana karanA par3atA thA arthAt dharmasaMgha meM praveza ke pUrva sambandhiyoM, mAtA-pitA aura rAjA kI anumati prApta karanA anivArya thaa| rAjA se anumati prApta karane ke do abhiprAya the| pabhava eka cora thA isalie rAjA kI anumati prApta karanA usake lie anivArya thaa| aisA isalie thA ki kahIM dharma saMgha meM dUSaNa na A jaay| dUsarA kAraNa anumati prApta karane kA yaha thA ki rAjA ke sahayoga se dharma saMgha kI dinacaryA sucArurupa se calAyI jA ske| jaina saMgha meM praveza kI yogyatAeM:- vAsudeva hiNDI ke anusAra dhanamitra nAma kA zreSThI ne apane nau putroM ke sAtha gRhastha Azrama ko tyAga diyA thaa| jisa samaya usane gRhasthI ko (99)

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chor3A usakI patnI garbhavatI thii| jaba usakA putra bAraha varSa kA ho gayA tathA usane zreSThI ke kAryabhAra ko samhAla liyaa| taba usakI patnI ne bhI sanyAsa kI dIkSA grahaNa kara lI 51 dIkSA saMskAra:-vAsudeva hiNDI se prApta saMdarbha ke anusAra jaba rAjakumAra migAddhaya ne apanA dRr3ha saMkalpa sanyAsa grahaNa karane kA vyakta kiyA taba mantrI jisane dhArmika pravacana rAjakumAra ke samakSa diyA thA tathA sanyAsa kI dIkSA dilavAne kA uttaradAyI thA, rAjakarmacAriyoM ko Adeza diyA ki usake ghara se sanyAsa grahaNa karane ke nimitta rAjakumAra ne bAloM ko kaTavA kara apane zarIra ke sabhI AbhUSaNoM ko uttAra diyA to mantrI ne rAjakumAra ko eka jhADU aura kaTorA diyA aura kahA ki abase vaha simAMdhara bhikSu kA ziSya ho gyaa| isa ghoSaNA ke pazcAt usane rAjakumAra ke samakSa vratoM kA pATha kiyaa| jaba rAjakumAra migAddhaya ke pitA ko yaha jJAta huA ki usakA putra sanyAsI ho gayA hai to usane apane putra ko samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA ki vaha rAjamahala ko lauTa cale parantu rAjakumAra apane saMkalpa para dRr3ha rhaa| rAjakumAra ko eka sau ATha svarNa, cA~dI aura miTTI ke ghar3o se snAna karAyA gyaa| rAjakumAra ne vastra pahanane ke pazcAt AbhUSaNa pahane aura vimAna maNDapa meM baiThe gayA jo camara se susajjita thaa| jaba rAjakumAra dIkSA lekara nagara ke bAhara eka bAga meM jAne lagA to mArga meM usake Upara puSpoM kI varSA kI gii| rAjakumAra ke pitA julUsa ke sAtha paidala jA rahe the| rAjA ke Adeza para vastra aura AbhUSaNa vitarita kiye ge|52 jaina sAdhu samUhoM meM rahate the| sAdhuoM ke sampUrNa samUha ko saMgha kahA jAtA thaa|3 gaNa:4saMgha ke antargata eka choTA samUha hotA thaa| titthayAra ke adhikAra ke antargata gaNa hote the aura use gaNahara (gaNadhara) kahate the| titthayAra ke mukhya ziSya ko gaNadhara kahA jAtA thaa| vAsudeva hiNDI ke kathana ke anusAra sammita ke netRtva meM chattIsa gaNahara the| suhamma jo pA~cave gaNahara the unake sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki ve pravacana ke lie campA ke bhramaNa para gaye the|55 eka naye dIkSita sAdhu ko ziSya kahA jAtA thA tathA vaha dharmAdhikArI-varga krama meM sabase nIce hotA thaa| variSThatA-krama meM dUsare sthAna para saMgaDhera hote the| ( 100 )

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samarAiccakahA meM sAMsArika kleza ke kAraNa hI sampUrNa duHkhoM ke mocaka zramaNatva ko grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai|56 sAMsArika klezoM se chuTakArA pAkara mokSa kI prApti kA mukhya sAdhana zramaNAcaraNa hI mAnA jAtA thaa| nAraka, tirthaka, manuSya aura devAdi ke dvArA kucha-na-kucha pApa hotA hai aura pApa se hI sabhI kleza saMgrahIta hote haiM tathA vyakti jaba yaha socatA hai ki kina kAraNoM se usakA janma huA aura mRtyu ke pazcAt usakA magantavya sthAna kahA~ hai to usakA yaha cintana zramaNatva kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai|57 samarAiccakahA meM jaina sampradAya kI mAnyatA ke anusAra karmavRkSa ko samUla naSTa karane ke lie aura karmabandhana se chuTakArA pAne ke lie pravrajyA rUpI astra kalyANa prApti kA sahAyaka kahA gayA hai| zubha pariNAma yoga se pravrajyA grahaNa karanA caritra pAlana karate hue Agamana-vidhi se deha tyAga kara daiva-loka kI prApti meM vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thaa|59 sAdhAraNa aura madhyama zreNI ke loga tithakaraNa muhUrta evaM zubha tithiyoM kI ghar3I meM pravacana ke pazcAt patnI sahita pravrajyA grahaNa karate the / 60 Arthika rUpa se sampanna aura rAjA-mahArAjA loga pravrajyA grahaNa karate samaya prazasta tithi-karaNa muhUrta meM pUjA, mahAdAna, aSTAhikA mahimA Adi ke dvArA mAtA-pitA, bhAI, patnI tathA anya logoM ke sAtha pravrajyA grahaNa karate the|61 dIkSA ke pUrva bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zarIra para candana Adi kA vilepana kiyA gayA thA jasase unapara cAra mAsa se bhI adhika samaya taka sthAna-sthAna para nAnA prakAra ke jIva-jantuoM kA AkramaNa hotA rahA / 62 uttama jAti tathA guNavAn vyaktiyoM ke lie bhI mahA-pravrajyA grahaNa karane kA vidhAna thaa|64 samarAiccakahA kI hI bhA~ti uttarAdhyayana meM pravrajyA grahaNa karane kA kAraNa jIvana kI kSaNabhaMguratA tathA duHkho ke kAraNa ko kahA gayA hai|65 karma-phala sabhI ko bhoganA par3atA hai| isameM bandhu-bAndhava tathA nikaTa sambandhI Adi koI bhI sahArA nahIM de (101)

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sktaa|66 ata: manuSya ko sAMsArika sukhoM kAtyAgakara jJAnArjana karanA caahie| aura saMyata citta hokara taya karanA caahie|67 nAyAdhammakahA meM saMsAra tyAga ke dina manuSya kA niSkramaNa saMskAra manAye jAne kA ullekha hai| yahA~ rAjA medhakumAra ke niSkramaNa saMskAra ke varNana meM batAyA gayA hai ki sarvaprathama rAjA ke lie bAjAra se rayoharaNa (rajoharaNa) aura paDiggaha (bhikSA pAtra) kraya kie gae jo bhikSu ke lie Avazyaka the| tatpazcAt nApita AyA jisane rAjA ke bAla kATe / bAla kATane ke pazcAt snAna karAkara gausIsa evaM vastrAbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta kiyA gayA aura phira unakI donoM mAtAoM ke sAtha pAlakI meM baiThAkara hAthoM meM rayoharaNa aura paDiggaha grahaNa kara guNasilaya upAsanAlaya meM jAne kA ullekha hai| vahA~ mahAvIra svAmI ne apane anuyAyI ke rUpa meM dIkSita kiyA aura dharma ke vidhi niSadhoM kI zikSA diyaa|68 samarAiccakahA meM isakA ullekha pravrajyA ke nAma se huA hai| nAyAdhammakahA meM ise niSkramaNa nAma diyA gayA samarAiccakahA ke tRtIya bhava me pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke vidhAnoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| gurU (AcArya) dvArA sarvaprathama sAdhu kA cinha rajoharaNa diyA jAtA thaa| puna: muNDita kara kAyotsarga ko namaskAra maMtra dvArA pUrNa kiyA jAtA thaa| tatpazcAt gurU dvArA diyA gayA sAmayika maMtra bhakti ke sAtha grahaNa kiyA jAtA evaM gurU dvArA zikSA dI jAtI thii| zikSA prApta kara loga AcArya tathA anya sAdhuoM kI vaMdanA karate the| puna: ve AcArya "mokSa prarUpaNa karanevAle AgamoM kA parigAmI bano" aisA kahakara ziSya ke maMgala kI kAmanA karate the| itanA karane ke pazcAt gurUjanoM kI vaMdanA tathA AcArya ke caraNoM kI vaMdanA karane kA vidhAna thaa|69 isa uparyukta vidhi-vidhAna ke sAtha kucha AgamArtha aura Avazyaka sUtra par3hakara kucha dina bIta jAne para dIkSA dI jAtI thii|70 pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke pUrva bAloM kA muNDana evaM rajoharaNa tathA paDiggaha (bhikSApAtra) grahaNa karane kI bAta nAyAdhammakahA meM bhI kahI gayI hai jisakA ullekha Upara kiyA gayA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM bhI rAjakumAra jamAlI dvArA saMsAra tyAga kI icchA para unake mAtA-pitA kI anumati se bAla muNDana kiyA gayA, snAnAdi karAyA gayA tathA (102)

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zubhasUcaka vastroM evaM vibhinna alaMkaraNoM se use alaMkRta kiyA gyaa| tatpazcAt apane mahala arthAt kSatriya kuNDagrAma se lekara caitya taka zubha belA meM bahuta bar3e julUsa ke sAtha vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAsa gayA aura vahA~ usane apane sabhI AbharaNa tathA alaMkAra Adi utAra die| apane mAtA-pitA ko vidA karane ke pazcAt rAjakumAra jamAlI pA~ca muTThI bAloM meM gucche lekara mahAvIra ke pAsa gayA tathA apane pA~ca sau anuyAyiyoM ke sAtha pravrajyA grahaNa kI 172 isI prakAra sindhu-saubIra ke rAjA73 tathA anya gRhastha loga yathA-RSabhadatta74 tathA sudarzana75 Adi ke bhI pravrajyA grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai| jaina paramparA meM vratadhArI gRhastha ko zrAvaka, upAsaka athavA aNuvratI kahA jAtA thaa| ve zraddhA evaM bhakti ke sAtha apane zramaNa gurUjanoM se nirgrantha pravacana kA zravaNa karate the|76 ata: unheM zrAvaka kahA jAtA thaa| zraddhApUrvaka apane gurUjanoM athavA zramaNoM se nigrantha pravacana kA zravaNa karane ke kAraNa vratadhArI jaina gRhastha ko zrAvaka kahate the| unhe zramaNopAsaka bhI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki ve zramaNoM kI upAsanA karate the| unhe aNuvratI, deza virata, deza saMyamI, deza-saMyati kI bhI saMjJA dI gayI hai| gRhasthI kA tyAga na kara ghara para hI rahane ke kAraNa unhe sAgAra-AgArI gRhastha tathA gRhI Adi nAmoM se hI jAnA jAtA thaa| zramaNa-zramaNI ke AcAra-anuSThAna kI bhA~ti zrAvaka-zrAvikA ke AcAra anuSThAna kI bhI anivArya apekSA hotI hai| zrAvaka dharma kI mitti jitanI sadAcAra para pratiSThita hotI hai zramaNa dharma kI nIva utanI hI adhika dRr3ha hotI hai|77 zrAvaka kula meM utpanna hone se jina dharma prApti meM vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thaa| gRhastha Azrama meM rahate hue zrAvaka ke lie aNuvratoM ke pAlana kA vidhAna thaa|'9 jaina paramparA ke anusAra ye aNuvrata pA~ca prakAra ke mAne gae haiM, yathA-sthUla prANatipAta viramaNa, sthUla mRSAvAda viramaNa, sthUla adattA dAna viramaNa, svadAra saMtoSa tathA icchA pariNAma / 80 zrAvakoM ke AcAra kA pratipAdana sUtrakRtAMga,81 upAsaka dazAMga 82 Adi Agama granthoM meM bAraha vratoM ke AdhAra ( 103 )

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para kiyA gayA hai| ina bAraha vratoM meM kramaza: pA~ca aNuvrata aura zeSa sAta zikSA vrata haiN| tIna guNavatoM aura cAra zikSA vratoM kA hI sAmUhika nAma zikSAvata hai| samarAiccakahA meM ullikhita hai ki zrAvaka aticAra se dUra rahatA huA nimnalikhita uttama guNoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| urdhvAdigguNavrata, adhodigguNavrata, tiryaka Adi guNavrata, bhogopabhoga parimANa lakSaNa guNavrata upabhoga aura paribhoga kA kAraNa svara aura karma kA tyAga, bure dhyAna se Acarita virati guNavrata, pramAda se Acarita virati guNavrata, pApakarmopadeza lakSaNa virati guNavrata, anartha daNDa virati guNavrata, sAvadyayoga kA parivarjana aura nivadyayoga kA pratisevana rUpa sAmayika zikSAvrata aura dikvata se grahaNa kiyA huA dizA ke paramANa kA-pratidina pramANa karaNa dezAvakAzika zikSA vrata, AhAra aura zarIra ke satkAra se rahita brahmacarya vrata kA sevana, vyApAra rahita pauSadha zikSAvrata kA sevana tathA nyAyapUrvaka arjita evaM kalpanIya annapAna Adi dravyoM kA deza-kAla-zraddhA-satkAra se yukta tathA parama bhakti se Atmazuddhi ke lie sAdhuoM ko dAna evaM atithi vibhAga zikSAvrata Adi sabhI uttama guNoM ke rUpa svIkAra kie gaye haiM33 upAsaka dazAMga meM zrAvakoM ke pA~ca aNuvrata aura sAta zikSA vratoM ke nAma ginAye gae haiN|84 yahA~ tIna guNavratoM aura samarAicca kahA meM zrAvakAcArya ke antargata pA~ca aNuvratoM ke sAtha-sAtha tIna guNavratoM kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai / 85 inheM guNavrata isalie kahA gayA hai ki inase aNuvrata rUpa mUlaguNoM kI rakSA tathA vikAsa hotA hai| dhArmika kriyAoM meM hI dina vyatIta karanA pauSadhopavAsa vrata kahalAtA hai| inheM gRhasthoM ko yathAzakti pratyeka pakSa kI aSTamI, caturdazI ko karanA cAhie jisase use bhUkha pyAsa para vijaya prApta ho| zrAvaka aticAra samarAiccakahA meM gRhastha zrAvakoM ke lie kucha aticAroM ko ginAyA gayA hai jinakA pAlana karanA unake lie Avazyaka mAnA jaataathaa| sAMsArika bhramaNa athavA sAMsArika duHkhoM ke kAraNa bhUta aticAra isa prakAra haiM86 -bandha, vadha, kisI aMga kA kATanA, jAnavaroM para adhika ( 104 )

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bojha lAdanA, kisI ko bhojana pAnI meM bAdhA DAlanA, sabhA meM kisI kI nindA karanA yA kisI kI gupta bAta ko prakaTa karanA, apanI patnI kI bAta dUsaroM se kahanA, athavA kisI ko asatya upadeza denA, jAlI lekha likhanA, athavA corI se lAyI huI vastu kharIdanA yA coroM se kisI kA dhana curavA lenA, rAjya ke niyamoM ko bhaga karanA, nakalI tarAjU bATa rakhanA, nyUnAdhika yA isa prakAra ke anyakArya evaM padArtha jo saMsAra meM bhramaNa ke nimitti hai| zrAvaka ke pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata tathA cAra zikSAvrata ina sabhI ke pA~ca-pA~ca aticAra haiN| sthUla ahiMsA athavA sthUla prANAtipAta-viramaNa ke pA~ca-pA~ca mukhya aticAra haiN|87 baMdha, badha chaviccheda (kisI bhI prANI ko aMzopAMga kATanA), atibhAra tathA anna pAna nirodha, sthUla mRSAvAda viramaNa ke antargata-sahasA abhyAkhyAna, rahasya-abhyAkhyAna, svadAra athavA svapati-maMtrabheda, mRSA upadeza tathA kUTalekhakaraNa (jhUThA lekha tathA lekhA-jokhA likhanA-likhavAnA), sthUla adattAdAna viramaNa ke antargata stenAhata (corI kA mAla lenA), taskara prayoga, rAjyAdi viruddha karma, kUTa taula-kUTa mApa tathA tatpratirupaka vyavahAra (vastuoM meM milAvaTa karanA), svadAra saMtoSa ke antargata-itvArika parigRhItA-gamana (itvara kA artha alpakAla se lagAyA gayA hai arthAta alpakAla ke lie svIkAra kI huyI strI ke kAma bhogoM kA sevana karana), aparigRhItA gamana (apane lie asvIkRta strI ke sAtha kAma bhoga kA sevana), anaMga krIr3A, para vivAha karaNa tathA kAma bhoga kI tIbrAbhilASA, icchAparimANa ke antargata-kSetravastu parimANa atikramaNa hiraNya-suvarNa parimANA atikramaNa, dhana-dhAnya parimANa atikramaNa, dvipada, catuSpada parimANa atikramaNa tathA kupya parimANa atikramaNa Adi aticAra ginA tathA kupya parimANa atikramaNa Adi aticAra ginAye gae haiN| isI prakAra guNavratoM meM dizA parimANa ke aticAra-Urdhva dizA parimANa atikramaNa, adhodizA parimANa atikramaNa, tiryagadizA parimANa atikramaNa, kSetrabRddhi smRtyantardhA (vismRti ke kAraNa svayaM gayA ho athavA koI vastu prApta huI ho to usakA bhI parityAga karanA), upabhoga paribhoga parimANa ke antargata-sacittAhAra, sacitta-pratibaddhAhAra, apakvAhAra duSpakvAhAra tathA tucchoruci bhakSaNa, anarthadaNDa viramaNa ke antargata kandarpa (vikAra vardhaka vacana bolanma yA sunanA) Adi aticAra (105)

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ginAye gaye haiM jisakA pAlana karanA zravakoM ke lie ati Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| samarAicca kahA meM ullikhita uparyukta aticAro ko jainAcAra ke anusAra pA~coM aNuvratoM ke antargata hI rakhA jA sakatA hai| zramaNatva-AcaraNa:-pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt zramaNacaryA ke lie kucha niyama-saMyama tathA vrata Adi AcaraNoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA thaa| samarAicca kahA meM zramaNoM ke AcaraNa sambandhI kucha niyamoM kA ullekha hai| ye Adharita niyama haiM-zatru mitra ko samAna bhAva se dekhanA, pramAda se jhUThA bhASaNa na denA, adatta varjanA, mana vacana aura zarIra se vravaryavrata kA pAlana karanA, vastra pAtra Adi se prema na rakhanA, rAtri meM bhojana na karanA, vizuddha piNDa grahaNa, saMyojana Adi paMcadoSa rahita mita kAla bhojana grahaNa, paMca samitva, triguptatA, IrSyA samityAdi bhAvanA, anazana prAyazcita, vinaya Ada se bAhya tathA AbhyaMtara tapavidhAna, bhAsAdika aneka pratimA, vicitra dravya Adi kA grahaNa, snAna na karanA, bhUmi zayana, kezaloca, niSpaprati-karma zarIratA, sarvadAgurU nirdeza pAlana, bhUkha pyAsa Adi kI sahanazakti, divyAdi utsarga vijaya, labdha-alabdha vRttitA Adi / 88 ata: mana, vacana aura zarIra se ahiMsA tathA mana-vacana aura zarIra se brahvarya kA pAlana karate hue dhyAna evaM adhyayana meM rata rahane kA vidhAna thaa|89 zramaNoM ke yogya vratoM kI sAdhanA karmoM ke kSaya rUpa ko nirjarA karane vAlI hai| tapa sAdhanA hI nirjarA ke lie vizeSa rUpa se upayogI mAnI gayI hai, jinake mukhyatayA~ do bheda mAne gaye haiM-brAhya aura abhyantara / anazana, avamaudarya vRti parisaMsthAna, rasa parityAga, vivikta zayyAsana evaM kAyakleza ye cha: prakAra ke bAhya tapa haiN| AbhyaMtara tapa bhI cha: prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM-prAyazcita, vinaya vaiyAvRtta, svAdhyAya, vyutsarga aura dhyAna 90 samarAicca kahA kI bhAti bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI zramaNoM ke lie do prakAra ke tapa-bAhya aura Abhyantara ginoye gaye haiN|91 bAhyatapa ke antargata anasana, avamodarikA (avamodarya), bhikSAcaryA, rasatyAga (dUdha ghI Adi kA tyAga) kAyakleza, pratisaMlInatA, vinaya, vaiyAvRtta, svAdhyAya, dhyAna aura vyutsarga Adi nAma ginAye gaye haiN| (106)

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ata: spaSTa hai ki zrAvakoM ke AcaraNa se bhinna zramaNoM ke lie vihita tapazcaryA ke antargata bAhya aura Abhyantara ye do prakAra ke tapa mAne gaye haiM jinake bheda-prabhedoM se bAraha prakAra ke tapa kahe gaye haiN| ina do prakAra ke tapoM ke alAvA dazavaikAlika sUtra meM zramaNoM ke lie hiMsA, asatya bhASaNa, caurakarma, saMbhoga, sampati, rAtri bhojana, kSitizarIro-jIvotpIr3ana, vAnaspatika jIvo-spIDana, jaMgamajIvotpIr3ana, varjita vastu, gRhastha ke pAtroM me bhakSaNa, paryaMka prayoga, snAna aura alaMkAra Adi varjita batAye gaye haiN|92 isI uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI ullAsa niSedha, saMyama, paranindA, niSedha hai / ye sabhI AcaraNa sambandhI niyama zuddha jJAna tatha mokSa prApti meM sahAyaka mAne jAte the jo sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM ke abhyAsa se pare kI bAta samajhI jAtI jAtI thii| samarAiccakahA ke anusAra vibhakta jJAna yukta zramaNa maNi-muktA-kaMcana Adi ko tRNa ke samAna samajhate the / 94 dharmAcaraNa kA pAlana karate hue zramaNatva se hI ajaratA aura amaratA kI prApti meM vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thaa|95 tapa-saMyama kA pAlana karate hue mamatA Adi dukha mUla kA nAza, sabhI jIvoM meM maitrI bhAva pUrva-dRSkRta ke prati zuddha bhAva se jugupsA, jJAna, darzana caritra Adi kA pAlana tathA pramAda-varjanA kA AcaraNa karate hue hI paramapada kI prApti saMbhava mAnI jAtI thii|7 ekAnta sthAna meM svAdhyAya, yoga, tapa, saMyama Adi ke dvArA samyak jJAna kI prApti hI zramaNatva kA sAra mAnA jAtA thaa|98 citta kI ekAgratA tathA yoga aura saMyama, meM zramaNa zarIra kA tyAga bhI kara dete the / 99 kabhI-kabhI dhyAna yoga ke samaya duSToM dvArA zramaNoM ko jIvita jalakara mAra DAlane kA bhI saMdarbha prApta hotA hai| ata: zuddha AcaraNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI nAgarikoM dvArA zramaNoM ko sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thA / 100 nAyAdhma kahA meM zramaNoM kA jIvana talavAra kI dhAra ke samAna kaThina batAyA gayA hai / 101 bRhakalpa bhASya se patA calatA hai ki zramaNa vrata bhaMga karane kI apekSA agni meM praveza karanA adhika ucita samajhate the|102 ( 107)

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samarAiccakahA ke anusAra zramaNa vikAra rahita, sakala saMgatyAgI, dhyAna-yoga tathA tapa meM lIna tathA niyama evaM saMyama se vihAra bhI karate the / 103 zramaNAcAra ke antargata vihAra kA adhika mahatva samajhA jAtA thaa| ata: zramaNa tathA zramaNAcArya sabhI ko dharma pracAra kara logoM ke duHkha ko dUra karane vAle jainAcAroM se avagata karAnA thaa| zramaNAcAra ke antargata grAma meM eka rAtri aura nagara meM pA~ca rAtri akele hI vihAra karane kA vidhAna thaa|104 isa prakAra kI vidhi se zikSA-dIkSA dvArA vihAra karate hue varSAvAsa eka hI sthAna para karate the105 upadhAna zruta meM batAyA gayA hai ki mahAvIra pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke pazcAta vihAra (padayAtrA) ke lie turaMta cala pdd'e|106 nirgaMtha zramaNa varSA Rtu meM eka sthAna para rahate tathA zeSa RtuoM meM pada yAtrA karate hue sthAna-sthAna para ghUmate rahate the|107 AcArAMgasUtra meM vihAra karane ke sambandha meM batAya gayA hai ki bhikSu yA bhikSuNI ko jaba jJAta ho jAya ki varSA Rtu kA Agamana ho gayA hai evaM varSA ke kAraNa vividha prakAra ke jIvoM kI utpatti ho cukI hai tathA mArgoM meM aMkura Adi ke kAraNa gamanA gamana duSkara ho gayA hai, taba vaha kisI nirdoSa sthAna para varSAvAsa arthAta cAturmAsa karane ke lie Tika jAte the parantu jahA~ svAdhyAya Adi kI suvidhA nahI hotI thI vahA~ nahI Tikate the / 108 samarAiccakahA ke anusAra bhikSA grahaNa karane ke lie gurU kI AjJA prApta karanA anivArya thaa|109 vAsudeva hiNDI ke anusAra sanyAsI sthira rUpa se eka sthAna para nahI Tikate the tAka unakA moha kisI sthAna vizeSa aura vyakti ke prati vikasita na ho ske| zreSTha sanyAsI jaise harivAhana110 Adi bhI sthAna-sthAna para bhramaNa karate the| ve eka sthAna para bAra-bAra jAte the parantu adhika samaya taka usa sthAna para Tikate nahIM the|111 varSARtu eka apavAda thIM kyoMki usa samaya jIvadhArI paudhoM kI utpatti ho jAtI thii|112 varSA Rtu meM yA anyathA sanyAsI AbAdI se dUra vihAroM meM rahanA adhika ucita samajhate the, cAhe vaha nagara ho yA grAma / 113 nivAsa ke lie vyaktigata yA sArvajanika bAgoM114 ko jahA~ sthAnIya devatA kI pratimA sthApita hotI thI, adhika upayukta samajhA jAtA thaa|115 sanyAsI rAjagRha nagara kI guphAoM meM bhI ( 108)

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nivAsa karate the| sthAna cayana karane kA mukhya abhiprAya yaha hotA thA ki vaha zuddha aura sanyAsiyoM ke rukane ke lie upayukta ho| Agama meM nirdhArita niyamoM ke anusAra unhe bhikSA ke bhramaNa para jAnA par3atA thaa|116 vAsudeva hiNDI meM do sanyAsiyoM kA varNana hai jo dopahara ke samaya bhikSA grahaNa karane dasapura gaye hue the| ve usa mArga se gaye jahA~ para hiMsA ho jAne kA bhaya nahIM thaa|117 ve bhikSA ke lie usa sthAna para khar3e hote the jahA~ jIvadhArI prANI na ho| jo loga bhikSA dete the unakI sAmAjika sthiti para dhyAna nahIM diyA jAtA thaa| sanyAsI cANDAla ke ghara kI bhI bhikSA grahaNa karate the|118 zramaNAcAra ke antargata bhikSA vRtti se dina meM eka bAra hI bhojana karane kA vidhAna thaa|119 gocarI ke lie prasthAna karane ke pUrva zramaNoM ko AcArya kI anumati lenI par3atI thii|120 kabhI-kabhI to unhe binA bhikSA ke hI lauTanA par3atA thaa|121 adhikatara loga zraddhA aura bhakti se zramaNoM ko bhikSA pradAna karate the| AcArAMga ke anusAra nirgathiyoM ke liye alAbu, kASTha evaM miTTI ke bartana rakhanA Avazyaka thA; unhe bahumUlya vastra kI taraha bahumUlya pAtra bhI na rakhane kA vidhAna thaa|122 Avazyaka sUtra meM muni ke grahaNa karane yogya caudaha prakAra ke padArthoM kA ullekha hai, yathA-(1) azana, (2) pAna, (3) khAdima (4) svadima (5) vastra (6) pAtra (7) kambala (8) pAda-poMchana (9) pITha (10) phalaka (11) zayyA, (12) saMstAraka (13) auSadhi (14) bhojana / 123 jaina zramaNoM ke gurU ko zramaNAcArya kahA jAtA thaa| zreSTha jJAna yukta zramaNa ko AcArya ke yogya samajhA jAtA thaa| ve tapa, jJAna, yoga, saMyama se yukta bhUta, bhaviSya, vartamAna ke jAnakAra hote the tathA ziSyoM se ghire rahate the / 124 ve paraloka ke jJAna se yukta tathA aneka jJAna ke icchuka zramaNoM se ghire hue Arjava, mArdava, mukti-tapa-saMyama, satya tathA brahmacaryAdi guNoM ke anugAmI hote the| ( 109)

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samarAiccakahA meM zramaNAcArya ke lie eka prakAra ke saMyama meM rata, do prakAra ke asat dhyAna se rahita, tridaNDa-rahita, krodha-mAna-mAyA aura lobha kA mardana paMcendriyoM kA nigraha, cha: jIva nikAyoM para dayA karanA, sAta prakAra ke bhaya se mukta ATha prakAra ke mada sthAna se rahita, nau prakAra ke brahmacarya se yukta, dasa prakAra ke dharmoM meM sthira citta, eka dazAMga kA jJAna tathA bAraha prakAra ke tapAcaraNoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai / 126 vyavahAra sUtra meM ullekha hai ki jo kama se kama pA~ca varSa kI dIkSA kara cukA hai, zramaNAcara meM kuzala hai, pravacana meM pravINa hai, yAvat dazAzruta skandha, kalpa arthAta bRhatkalpa evaM vyavahAra sUtroM kA jJAtA hai, use AcArya athavA upAdhyAya ke pada para pratiSThita kiyA jA sakatA hai / 127 ATha varSa kI dIkSA prApta zramaNa yadi pravacana meM pravINa evaM asaMkliSTamanA hai tathA kama-se kama sthAnAMga va samavAyAMga sUtroM kA jAnakAra hai to use AcArya, upAdhyAya, sthavira, gaNI, gaNAvacchedaka Adi kI padavI pradAna kI jA sakatI hai / 128 AcArya loga mAnava kalyANa ke lie apane dharma kI zikSA-dIkSA dete hue ziSya maMDalI ke sAtha mAsa kalpa vihAra129 karate tathA caityoM meM nivAsa karate the| sarvasAdhAraNa se lekara rAjA-mahArAjAoM taka ke loga unakA bhavya svAgata karate the / 129 zramaNa paramparA meM aneka gacchoM ke samUha ko kula, aneka kuloM ke samUha ko gaNa tathA aneka gaNoM ke samudAya ko saMgha kahA gayA hai|130 gaccha ke vibhinna vargoM ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko gacchAcArya, kula ke nAyaka ko kulAcArya tathA gaNoM ke samudAya ko saMgha kahA jAtA thA jisake adhyakSa ko saMghanAyaka, saMghAcArya athavA pradhAnAcArya kahA jAtA thaa| gaNadhara kA mukhya kArya apane gaNa ko sUtrArtha denA arthAt zAstra kA jJAna pradAna karanA tathA bhramaNa karate hue cAturbhAsa yukta sAdhuoM ke sAtha dharmopa deza karanA thaa|131 katipaya abhilekhoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM kucha naye saMgha aura unakI zAkhAe~-gaNa, gaccha anvaya-astittva meM A cuke the| zravaNa belgolA ke eka lekha jAnakArI prApta hotI haiM ki dakSiNa bhArata meM sarvaprathama bhadrabAhu dvitIya Aye the aura vahA~ jaina ( 110)

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dharma kI pratiSThA inase hI huI thI, parantu kadamba narezoM ke eka lekha se mAluma hotA hai ki IsA kI 4-5 vI zatAbdI meM jaina saMgha ke vahA~ do vizAla sampradAya-zvetAmbara mahAzramaNa saMgha aura nirgantha mahAzramaNa saMgha kA astitva thaa| isI isa vaMza ke kaI lekhoM meM jainoM ke yApanIya aura kUrcaka nAmaka saMghoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki eka prakAra se donoM se bhinna the| zrAvikA:-samarAiccakahA ke vivaraNoM se jAnakArI prApta hotI hai ki jaina dharmAvalambayoM meM purUSoM kI hI bhA~ti striyoM meM bhI zrAvikA yA zrAvaNoMpAsikA (sAdhvI) aNuvratAcaraNa kA pAlana karatI huI zramaNiyoM kI upAsanA va baMdanA karatI thiiN|132 ye zrAvikAyeM gRhasthAzrama meM rahakara zrAvakoM kA sA AcaraNa karatI thiiN|133 zramaNI:-jaina parasparA meM jahA~ zrAvikAyeM zrAvakoM kI bhA~ta AcaraNa karatI thIM, vahIM zramaNI bhI zramaNoM kA sA AcaraNa karatI thiiN| samarAiccakahA se patA calatA hai ki nArI varga bhI mAtA-pitA athavA pati kI AjJA lekara jaina dharmAcaraNa ke lie pravrajyA grahaNa karatI thIM / 134 eka vidyAdhara zramaNI ne aneka sAdhvI striyoM tathA purUSoM ko dIkSita kiyA thA / 135 gaNinI:-zreSTha zramaNiyoM ko gaNinI kahA jAtA thA tathA unase dharma kathA kA zramaNa kara purUSa evaM strI varga ke loga zikSita evaM pravrajita hote the|136 (dharma se hI zAzvata ziva sauravya kI prApti saMbhava hai) isa prakAra kI dharma kathA sunakara logoM ko jaina dharmAcaraNa ke lie protsAhita karatI thIM / 137 jaina samUha bhI gaNinI ko sammAna evaM baMdanA dvArA namaskAra pUrvaka aNuvrata guNavrata aura zikSAvrata ko grahaNa kara zramaNatva kA AcaraNa karatA thA / 138 gaNadhara kI hI bhA~ti sAdhvI zramaNiyoM ke gaNoM kI nAyikA ko bhI gaNinI kahA jAtA thaa| pUre zramaNa saMgha meM jo sthana AcArya kA hotA thA vahI sthAna nigraMtha saMgha meM pravartinI kA hotA thaa| usakI yogyatA bhI AcArya ke barAbara thI arthAt ATha varSa kI dIkSA prApta sAdhvI aucAra kuzalA, pravacana pravINA ( 111)

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tathA asaMkliSTa cintavAlI evaM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga kI jJAtrI hone para pravartinI ke pada para pratiSThita kI jA sakatI thIM 139 gaccha parigrahaH-kuvalayamAlA ke anusAra jaina sAdhuoM meM gaccha parigraha ve AcArya kahalAte the, jinake sAtha anya ziSya bhI bhramaNa karate the| ziSyoM kA samudAya (gaccha) jinakA parigraha thaa| naye sAdhuoM ko dIkSita karane kA adhikAra ina AcAryoM ko hI thaa| jo sAdhu akele bhramaNa karate the unheM cAraNa-zramaNa kahA jAtA thaa| inheM kisI vyakti ko dIkSA dene kA adhikAra nahIM thaa|140 jo sAdhu akele ghUmate the ve dIkSita vyakti kI prArambhika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti na kara pAte hoNge| isIlie cAraNa-zramaNa dIkSA dene ke adhikArI nahIM mAne ge| vairAgya ko prApta vidyAdhara zramaNa dharma meM pravajita ho cAraNa-zramaNa bana jAte the, jinheM gaganAMgaNa meM vicaraNa karane kI vidyA siddha ho jAtI thii|141 kuvalayamAlA meM cAraNa-zramaNa kA do bAra ullekha huA hai / 142 devI-devatA:-vAsudeva hiNDI meM cAra prakAra ke devatAoM kA varNana hai-vimAnIya, nakSatriya, bhavanavAsI vncr| ye sabhI devatA tIrthaMkaroM ke samavasarana para ekatrita hote the|143 devatAoM aura ardha devatAoM jaise kinnara, kiM purUSa, bhUya, yakSa, rAkSasa aura mahoraga ke Upara indra ko batalAyA gayA hai / 144 vAsudeva hiNDI meM zrI, sarasvatI deviyoM kA ullekha hai dizAoM kI devI ko disakumArI kahA gayA hai| kuvalayamAlA kahA meM kucha aise devatAoM kA bhI ullekha hai jinheM jaina paramparA meM vyantara devatA kahA jAtA hai| pizAca, bhUta, yakSa, rAkSasa, kinnara, kiMpurUSa, mahoraga aura gandharva ye ATha deva vyantara kahalAte haiN| inakI pUjA ke lie pratyeka ke alaga-alaga caityavRkSa the| pizAca kA kadamba, yakSa kA vaTa, bhUta kA tulasI, rAkSasa kA kAMDaka, kinnara kA azoka, kiMpurUSa kA campaka, mahoraga kA nAga aura gandharva kA tenduka 1145 udyotana sUri ne ina AThoM devatAoM kA ( 112)

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sarAgI deva ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai / 146 svarUpa evaM kAryoM ke AdhAra para inheM do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai (1) sahayogI devatA-kinnara, kiMpurUSa, gandharva, nAga, nAgendra, mahoraga, yakSa, lokapAla147 evaM vidyAdhara / 148 (2) utpAtI devatA-bhUta, pizAca, rAkSasa, vetAla,149 mahADAkinI250 joginI,151 kanyA pizAcinI152 prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM inake sambanadha meM pracura ullekha prApta hote haiN| hindU paurANika paramparA meM ukta utpAtI devatAoM ko zaMkara ke anucaroM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA thaa| ve inake adhipati mAne jAte the| 153 kuvalayamAlA meM ina saba devatAoM ke vibhinna kAryoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai |kiNpuruuss kA ullekha hamezA kinnaroM ke sAtha hI huA hai / 154 inakA bhI pUrA zarIra manuSya kA nahIM rahA hogA |gndhrve kA sAmAnya ullekha kuvalayamAlA meM hai / 155 jAti evaM vidyA ko bhI gandharva kahA jAtA thaa| jaina sUtroM meM gandharva deza kA bhI ullekha hai| unake nivAsiyoM kI vivAha vidhi ko bAda meM gandharva-vivAha kahA jAne lagA hogaa| purANoM meM inakI utpatti evaM bheda-prabhedoM kA bhI varNana upalabdha hai| ve deva yAni meM mAne jAte the| unakI pUjA hotI thii| indra evaM sUrya ke ve anucara the|157 gandharvo kI utpatti ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki ye brahmA kI AjJA se yakSa dvArA utpanna kiye gae the| brahmA kA teja (gA) pAna karane (dhyAyati) ke kAraNa hI inheM gandharva kahA jAtA hai| hemakUTa evaM sumerugiri inakA nivAsa sthAna mAnA jAtA hai / 158 nAga, nAgendra, mahoragaH-nAga evaM mahoraga ko bali dekara santAna prApti kI kAmanA kuvalayamAlA meM kI gaI hai| yaha eka prAcIna paramparA thii| jJAtA dharma kathA 159 meM bhI bandhyA striyA~ indra, skanda, nAga, yakSa Adi kI pUjA kiyA karatI thiiN| jaina paramparA meM rAjA bhagIratha ( 113)

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ke samaya se nAgabali kA pracAra huA thA / 160 23 veM tIrthakara pArzavanAtha se nAga kumAra kA zraddhAlu ke rUpa meM sambandha rahA hai| mahAbhArata 161 meM nAgoM ko kadru athavA suruA kI jAti kA kahA gayA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM sAdhAraNa / manuSyoM ke rUpa meM inakA varNana milatA hai / barAhapuruNa manuSyoM ke rUpa meM inakA varNana milatA hai| barAhapurANa meM nAga kI utpatti ke sambandha meM rocaka varNana prApta hai / 162 kUcha Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI nAga jAti ke sambandha meM adhyayana pustuta kie haiN| 163 vAsudevahiNDI ke anusAra nAgoM ko bali arpita kI jAtI thii| rAjA bhagIratha ne gaMgA ko pRthvI para lAne ke lie nAga ko bali arpita kiyA thaa| gRhastha nAga devatA kI pUjA karate the| 164 vAsudeva hiNDI se jAnakArI prApta hotI hai ki rAjakIya bagIce meM nadI ke taTa para 165 nAga kA eka mandira thA / vAsudevahiNDI meM yakSa, bhUta, rAkSasa Adi kA bhI ullekha hai / samarAiccakahA meM anya devatAoM kI bhA~ti yakSoM ko bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta thA 1166 isa grantha meM santAna prApti kI kAmanA se yakSa- deva kI pUjA kA ullekha hai / 167 yakSoM kA itihAsa atiprAcIna jAna par3atA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ke vicAra meM yaha kalpanA kI jAtI hai ki yakSa aura nAga uttara bhArata meM AryoM ke Agamana ke pUrva dasyuoM dvArA urvaratA aura varSA ke deva ke rUpa meM pUje jAte the| 168 kumAra svAmI ne apanA mata pratipAdita karate hue kahA hai ki yakSa apane saMrakSaka deva kI mahattA ko khokara rAkSasI pravRtti ke devoM meM gine jAne lage jo ki dhArmika granthoM kI IzyA se prabhAvita jAna par3ate haiN| 169 kuvalayamAlA meM yakSoM kA varNana bhagavAna RSabha deva ke bhaktoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| yakSa rAjA ratnazekhara kI kathA se pratIta hotA hai ki yakSa sAdhAraNa manuSyoM kI AkRti ke hote the, kintu uname kaI siddhiyA~ hotI thiiN| ve sAmAnyataH logoM ke sahAyaka devatA the / isa kAraNa prAcIna bhArata meM pakSapUjA kA bahuta mahatva thaa| pakSoM kI pUjA ke lie nagaroM meM yakSAyatana bane hote the, inhe caitya kahate the / 170 kumAra svAmI ne vedoM aura upaniSadoM kA uddharaNa dete hue yakSoM ke viSaya me do vicAra dhArAyeM pratipAdita ( 114 )

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kI haiM-prathama bhaya aura avizvAsa jo ki prAkRtika kyoMki Arya loga Aryotara logoM ke devatAoM meM vizvAsa nahIM karate the| dUsarA vicAra pakSoM ke viSaya meM unake prati ucca sammAna kA thA jisakA ullekha atharvaveda aura upaniSad meM pAyA jAtA hai| unhI ke anusAra banaspati aura jala ko vaidika kAla meM jIvana kA pratIka mAnA gayA hai jisakA sambandha yakSoM se rahA hai, kyoMki yakSa sarva prathama banaspatiyoM ke deva samajhe jAte the jo jIvana, rasa aura jala kA pratIka hai|171 ratilAla mehatA ne jAtaka kathAoM ke AdhAra para yaha vicAra pratipAdita kiyA hai ki ina kathAoM meM yakSoM kI dayAlutA kA bhAva samApta sA dikhAI dene lagA thA aura ve bhayAnaka rUpa meM citrita kiye jAne lage the| ve manuSya evaM jAnavaroM ke mA~sa para tathA preta kI taraha registAna, jaMgala, vRkSa evaM jaloM meM rahate hue varNita haiM / 172 Avazyaka cUrNI meM ullikhita hai ki ADambara nAmaka eka yakSa kA Ayatana hAla meM mare hue haDDiyoM ke Ayatana para banAyA gayA thaa|173 nizItha cUrNI ke ullekha se patA calatA hai ki yakSa prasanna hone para lAbha tathA aprasanna hone para hAni bhI pahuMcAne the|174 jaina sUtroM me indragraha, dhanugraha, skandagraha aura bhUtagraha ke sAtha-sAtha yakSagraha kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai / 175 bhUtaH kuvalaya mAlA meM bhUta kA pizAca ke sAtha ullekha huA hai, jise rAjA ne bali dI thii|176 purANoM me inhe bhayaMkara aura mAMsa bhakSI kahA gayA hai| kathA saritasAgara meM inakA paricaya dete hue kahA gayA hai ki bhUtoM ke zarIra kI chAyA nahIM par3atI, ve hamezA nAka se bolate hai| jaina sAhitya meM bhI inake pracura ullekha milate haiN| bhUtamaha nAma kA utsava caitra pUrNimA ko manAyA jAne lagA thaa|177 rAkSasa: kuvalaya mAlA meM eka rAkSasa kA varNana hai, jisane lobha deva kA jahAja badalA lene ke lie samudra meM Dubo diyA thA aura apanI dAyI dIrgha bhujA ke prahAra se Tukar3e-Tukar3e ( 115 )

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kara diye the / 178 eka anya prasaMga meM bhI bhUta-pizAca ke sAtha rAkSasoM ko bhI zmazAna meM mAMsa kharIdane ke lie bulAyA gayA hai / 179 vetAla baira gupta kI kathA meM vetAla mAMsa kharIdane zmazAna meM AtA hai tathA usake mAMsa ko cakha kara agni meM pakAkara haDDiyoM sahita kharIdane ko taiyAra hotA hai| vaira gupta apane mAMsa kI kImata ke badale eka cora kA rahasya jAnanA cAhatA hai| vetAla usake sAhasa aura balidAna para prasanna hokara use vara pradAna karatA hai| 180 kaccA mAMsa kharIdane ke lie vetAla vANa ke samaya meM bhI prasiddha the| 181 kinnaraH samarAhacca kahA meM kinnaroM kA ullekha kaI bAra kiyA gyaa| 182 inake kriyA kalApa sarvasAdhAraNa logoM se kucha bhinna hote the| gandharvo kI bhA~ti ye bhI saMgIta ke premI hote the / 183 prAkRta graMtha aMgavijjA meM bhI kinnara-kinArI ko devatAoM kI zreNI meM ginAyA gayA hai| 184 prAcIna bhAratIya loka dharma ke antargata kinnaroM ke astitva meM vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thaa|185 kinnara kA artha burA yA vikRta purUSa kahA gayA hai| purANoM meM isakA sira ghor3e kA aura zeSa zarIra manuSya kA batAyA gayA hai|186 mAnasAra meM bhI kinnArI ko azva mukhavAlI yakSiNI ke samAna varNita kiyA gayA hai|187 isase spasTa hotA hai ki kinnara kA svarUpa manuSyo se kucha bhinna DhaMga kA hotA thA jisake kAraNa inhe vikRta purUSa kahA gayA hai / 188 kAlidAsa ne bhI kinnaroM kA ullekha apane granthoM meM kiyA hai / 189 vANa bhaTTa ne kAdambarI meM kinnara mithuna kA ullekha kiyA hai / 190 kinnaro kA svarUpa hameM devagar3ha lalitapura jile meM se prApta mUrti meM dekhane ko milatA hai| kinnara mithuna eka lambe ke nIce khaNDa ke andara bane sundara vRtta meM eka dUsaroM ke Amane-sAmane khar3e dikhAI dete haiM, unake Upara kA bhAga manuSya kA hai jo paMkha se jur3A hai, ghuTane ke nIce vAlA bhAga bhI manuSya jaisA hai kintu pA~va pakSI kA hai tathA garUr3a kI bhA~ti Azcaryajanaka A~kheM haiN|191 ( 116)

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samarAicca kahA meM kinnaroM kA ullekha kaI bAra kiyA gayA hai / 192 inake kriyA kalApa sarva sAdhAraNa logoM se kucha bhinna hote the| gaMdharvo kI bhA~ti ye bhI saMgIta ke premI hote the / 193 prAkRta grantha aMga vijjA meM bhI kinnara kinnArI ko devatAoM kI zreNI meM ginA yA gayA hai / 194 prAcIna bhAratIya loka dharma ke antargata kinnaroM ke astitva meM vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thaa|195 dikapAla: jaina kathAoM meM dika pAloM 196 ke astitva kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA thaa| inhe dizAoM kA pAlaka arthAta dizAoM kI rakSA karane vAlA deva samajhA jAtA thaa| yajJAdi satkarmoM meM dik pAla pUjA kA vidhAna thaa|197 inhe maMdiroM ke agale bhAga meM cAroM konoM para sthApita kiyA jAtA thaa| unake sthAna isa prakAra the| dakSiNa-pUrva meM indra aura agni, dakSiNa-pazcima meM yama aura naiRvya, uttara-pazcima me varUNa tathA vAyu aura uttara-pUrva meM kubera aura IzAna deva, mukhyatayaH inake cAra bhujAyeM thIM lekina kabhI-kabhI do bhujAyeM dikhalAI gaI hai|198 cAroM dizAoM ke saMrakSaka deva ke rUpa me inako mAnyatA prApta thii| paurANika AkhyAnoM se bhI patAcalatA hai ki ina dikrapAloM me indrapUrva ke yama dakSiNa ke varUNa pazcima ke kubera aura uttara ke adhipati deva mAne jAte the| isI prakAra agni, naiRtya vAyu aura IzAna, kramaza: dakSiNa-pUrva, dakSiNa-pazcima, uttara-pazcima aura uttara pUrva ke saMrakSaka deva mAne jAte the / 199 vidyAdharaHsamarAicca kahA me vidyA dharoM kA ullekha kaI bAra kiyA gayA hai / 200 tatkAlIna samAja meM vidyAdhara loga zramaNatya kI siddhi-01 ke sAtha-sAtha yajJa-havana Adi ke dvArA maMtra-siddhi kiyA karate the| siddhi se prApta alaukika zakti ke dvArA ve sarvasAdhAraNa logoM ko prabhAvita kiyA karate the / 202 inhIM siddhiyoM ke kAraNa inheM devatAoM kI zreNI meM ginA jAtA thaa| kisI mahatvapUrNa kArya ke avasara para ye muktahasta se puSpa-varSA bhI karate the| 203 samarAicca kahA ( 117)

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meM vidyAdharoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai| unake svAmI ko vidyAdharoM kA rAjA kahA gayA hai / 204 eka anya jaina grantha aMgavijjA meM bhI vidyA dhara ko devatAoM kI zreNI me ginAyA gayA hai / 205 raghuvaMza me rAjA dilIpa ke tyAga aura bhakti ke Upara prasanna hokara vidyAdharoM dvArA unake Upara puSpa-vRSTi kiye jAne kA ullekha hai / 206 kathA saritsAgara meM vidyAdharoM kA ullekha kaIvAra kiyA gayA hai| samazaicca kahA kI hI bhA~ti isa grantha meM bhI vidyAdharoM ke rAjA207 tathA unakI sainya zakti 208 kA ullekha hai jisake bala para ve nagara meM zAsana karate the| kathA saritsAgara kI vyAkhyA karate hue piMjara kA vicAra hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM kucha loga jAduI zakti prApta karane ke lie sanyasta jIvana vitAte the, jisa zakti ko prApta kara lene para usakA prayoga acche uddezyoM ke lie karate the / 209 vyantara deva haribhadra ne samarAicca kahA meM pratyakSa deva ko kabhI vAnamantara 210 aura kamI vyantara sura-11 kaha kara sambodhita kiyA hai| sambhavataH ye dono nAma eka hI devatA ko sambodhita karate haiN| tantra-mantra kI siddhi dvArA inhe bhI kucha alaukika zakti prApta thI jisakA kabhI-kabhI durU payoga karate the|212 bhagavAn 'jinake' satkAra meM ina devatAoM ko viziSTatA prApta thii|213 nizItha cUrNI meM bhI bAnamantara deva 214 kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jinhe yajJa guhayaka Adi kI zreNI meM ginA jAtA thaa| aneka avasaroM para vAmanantara deva ko prasanna karane ke lie prAta; dopahara aura sandhyA ke samaya paTaha bajAyA jAtA thaa|215 bRhatkalpabhASya meM vAmanantara deva kI pUjA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|216 nayA makAna banakara taiyAra hone para vAmanantarI kI pUjA kI jAtI thii|217 hindU deva maNDala kuvalayamAlA meM aneka devI devatAoM ke ullekha vibhinna prasaMgo meM prApta hote haiM, jo isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki jaina kathAkAra apane samaya ke dhArmika jIvana se pUrNa paricita hI nahIM apitu sUkSmadRSTA bhI the| inhone aise aneka devI-devatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo bhArata ke vibhinna sthAno para pUje jAte the| isa devaparivAra ke kavi ne do bheda ( 118)

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kiye haiM-sarAgI aura virAgI devtaa| sarvajJa deva ke atirikta anya sabhI devatAoM ko unhoMne sarAgI kahA hai, jo pUjana, arcana evaM bhakti se prasanna hokara dhanApi phala pradAna karate hai tathA bhakti na karane para rUSTa ho jAte hai / 218 jaina kathAoM meM ullikhita hindU deva-parivAra isa prakAra (1) devatAH aravinda, aravindanAtha, Aditya, gajendra, gaNAdhipa, govinda, tridazendra, nAgendra, nArAyaNa, purandara, prajApati, baladeva, mahAkAla, ravi, sUya, rudra, revantaka, mahAbhairava, vinAyaka, skanda, svAmIkumAra, zaMkara, zazizekhara, hara, hari / (2) gauNa devatAH kinnara, kiMpurUSa, gandharva, nAga, mahoraga, yakSa, lokapAla, vyantara, siddha, rAkSasa, bhUta, pizAca, vetaal| (3) deviyAH ambA, kAtyAyanI, kuTTajA, caNDikA, joginI, durgA, mAtA, didhi, lakSmI, sAvitrI, zrI, hI, sapta-mAtRkAe~, panthadevI,19 jAtApahAriNI, pUtanA, sakunI220 vijayA, aparAjitA jayantI, kumArI, ambAlA, samarAiccakahA meM kathA ke prasaMgo me vidyA devI221 aura kahIM zAradA222 kA ullekha AyA hai jinhe sarasvatI se abhijJAnita kiyA jAtA hai| sarasvatI kA prAcInatama ullekha vaidika kAla se hI prApta hotA hai| Rgveda meM aneka sthAnoM para sarasvatI kA ullekha nadI ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| 223 Rgveda meM ullikhata sarasvatI nadI ke taTa para uccakoTi kI baidika saMskRti kA vikAsa huA thaa| isI nadI ke taTa para baiThakara vaidika kAlIna RSi-muniyoM ne vedoM kI racanA kii| kAlAntara meM isI devI kA rUpa milA aura puna: yaha vANI aura jJAna kI devI ke rUpa meM mAnI jAne lagI / 224 suzIlA ravare ne prAcIna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para sarasvatI kI utpatti brahmANDa sarovara se batAyI hai / 225 vaidika kAla meM to sarasvatI ko nadI ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai; kintu uttara vaidika kAla meM inheM uttarottara vANI kI devI ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA jAne lgaa| zatapatha brAhmaNa 226 tathA aitareya brAhamNa227 meM spaSTa (119)

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rUpa se sarasvatI ko vAk kI adhiSThAtR devI batAyA gayA hai| sambhavataH uttara vaidika kAla meM kramaza: sarasvatI ko, jinheM jJAna kI adhiSThAtR devI ke rUpa meM mAnA jAne lagA thaa| lakSmI:-prAcIna bhAratIya devI-devatAoM kI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para caNDikA, sarasvatI Adi ke sAtha hI lakSmI kI bhI alaulika zakti meM vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thaa| samarAicca kahA meM lakSmI228 kA ullekha to hai kintu unake svarUpa Adi para vizeSa prakAza nahI pautA hai| zrI tathA lakSmI kA ullekha Rgveda229 meM bhI huA hai kintu vahA~ bhI unake svarUpa ke bAre meM kucha bhI spaSTa vivaraNa nahIM hai| Rgveda meM eka sthAna para mAta aditi23) kA ullekha hai| yajurveda meM vaidika devI aditi ko viSNu kI patnI ke rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai / 231 Rgveda meM unheM jaganmAtA, sarvapradAtA tathA prakRti kI adhiSThAtrI devI kahA~ gayA hai / 232 ina ullekho ke AdhAra para lakSmI ko mAtA aditi se bhI jor3A jA sakatA hai| taittirIya upaniSada meM lakSmI ko vastra, bhojana, peya, dhana Adi kI pradAtrI ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai / 233 aitareya brAhmaNa meM "zrI" kI kAmanA karane lie vilva ke per3a kA yUpa zAkhA sahita banAne kA ullekha milatA hai / 234 bilva ko zrIphala kahA gayA hai / 235 rAmAyaNa meM zrI kubera ke sAtha sambandhita batAyI gayI hai, jo sAMsArika sukha evaM dukha kI devI hai / 236 rAmAyaNa meM eka anya sthAna para lakSamI ko puSpaka prAsAda para kara meM kamala liye hue dikhAyA gayA hai / 237 mahAbhArata meM lakSamI kI utpatti samudra maMthana se batAI gaI jisakA mAMgalika cinha makara mAnA gayA hai / 238 bauddha grantha dIrghanikAya ke brahmajAla sUtra meM lakSmI kI upAsanA varNita hai / 239 dhammapada aTThakathA240 meM lakSamI ko 'rajjasirI dAyaka' arthAt rAjA ko rAjya dilAne vAlI devI kahA gayA hai| jaina grantha aMgavijjA meM lakSmI ko "zrI" ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA gayA hai / 241 kAladAsa ne raghuvaMza meM lakSmI ko rAjya ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA gayA hai / 242 mAlavikAgni mitra meM kAvi ne nAyika kI upamA lakSamI se kI hai|243 viSNu purANa meM 'zrI' kI utpatti samudra maMthana se kahakara unheM viSNu kI patnI batAyA gayA hai|244 eka anya sthAna para inheM kamalAlayA kahA gayA hai|245 ( 120 )

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brahmA:-bhAratIya dhArmika paramparA meM brahmA ko sRSTi kA racayitA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| eka jaina kathA grantha meM eka sthAna para unheM vidhi246 batAyA gayA hai| eka anya sthAna para inhe prajApati kahA gayA hai / 247 prajApati ko hI kalA kA adhiSThAtA deva samajhakara saMsAra kA racayitA kahA gayA hai / 248 samarAiccakahA ke ye ullekha brAhmaNa dharma kA jaina dharma para prabhAva darzita karate haiN| brahmA kA prAcInatama itihAsa vaidika kAla kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| tArApada bhaTTAcArya ke anusAra vaidika saMskRti brahmA ke alaukika zakti kA hI vikasita rUpa hai|249 unhI ke anusAra brahmA hI saMsAra, mAnava, deva, rAkSasa evaM sabhI dharmoM ke janmadAtA kahe jAte haiM / 250 yadyapi Rgveda meM 'prajApati sUkta' kA varNana prApta hotA hai jise kucha vidvAno ne sRSTi kA racayitA deva mAnA hai| lekina prajApati ko kahI savitra aura soma ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM251 to kahI hiraNyagarbha ke rUpa252 ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| bhaTTAcArya ke anusAra vaidika kAla meM brahamA kA nAma ajJAta nahIM thaa| Rgveda meM brahmaNa spati253 ko brahmA ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai, yaha brahmaNaspati pUrva vaidika kAlIna brahmA kA paryAyavAcI hai| brahmA ko eka hI paramasattA kA paryAyavAcI kahA gayA hai; 'avibhaktaM ca bhuteSu vibhaktamiva ca sthitam / 254 bhUtabhartR ca tajjJeyaM grasiSNu prabhaviSNuca // vaha paramAtmA vibhAgarahita eka rUpa se AkAza ke sadRza paripUrNa hone para bhI carAcara sampUrNa bhUtoM meM vibhakta sA sthita pratIta hotA hai tathA vaha jAnane yogya (paramAtmA viSNu rUpa se) bhUtoM kA dhAraNa poSaNa karane vAlA aura rudrarUpa se saMhAra karane vAlA tathA brahmA rUpa se sabako utpanna karane vAlA hai| viSNu:-jaina kathAoM meM viSNu pUjA prazasti tathA unake svarUpa Adi kA varNana nahIM milatA hai phira bhI kahI paramezvara-55 aura kahIM nArAyaNa ke nAma se unakA ullekha prApta hotA hai| paurANika hindU dhArmika paramparA ke anusAra brahmA, viSNu aura maheza (ziva), ye tInoM devatA ( 121)

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sabhI devoM meM kSeSTha mAne jAte haiM aura ina tInoM meM viSNu kA sthAna zreSThatama hai Rgveda meM viSNu kI mahimA, marAkrama evaM pUjA Adi kA vista0ta varNana kiyA gayA hai / 256 eka sthAna para viSNu ko bRhat zarIra evaM yuvA rUpa meM yuddha meM jAte hue ullikhita kiyA gayA hai / 257 viSNu ke prasiddha dasa avatAra mAne gaye haiM, yathA-matsya, kUrma, bArAha, narasiMha, vAmana, parazurAma, rAma, kRSNa buddha evaM kalki / 258 mahAbhArata ke zAMti parva meM viSNu ke dasa avatAroM kA ullekha hai,259 parantu vahA~ 'buddha' kI jagaha haMsa tathA kRSNa ke sthAna para 'sAtvat' kA nAma AyA hai| viSNudharmottara purANa meM 'viSNuroca' kaha kara viSNu kI pUja kiye jAte kA saMketa prApta hotA hai / 260 inheM caturbhUja devatA ke rUpa meM pUje jAne kA ullekha hai| unake eka hAtha meM zaMkha, dUsare meM cakra, tIsare hAtha meM gadA tathA cauthe hAtha meM padyam liya hue mUrtiyoM meM dikhAyA gayA hai / 261 vAsudeva, jo ki vaidika devatA viSNu ke avatAra mAne jAte the tathA dUsare jinheM nArAyaNa ke rUpa meM bhI jAnA jAne lagA thA, kI pUjA kA pracalana pANini ke samaya se hI prArambha ho gayA thaa|262 taittirIya AraNyaka meM bhI nArANa, vAsudeva aura viSNu ko eka hI devatA ke rUpa meM svIkara kiyA gayA haiM / 263 nArAyaNa ko hari tathA ananta evaM sarvazaktizAlI devatA ke rUpa meM svIkara kiyA gayA hai / 264 ziva:-kuvalayamAlA meM ziva ke vibhinna svarUpoM kA varNana prApta honA hai| zazizekhara (jisake mastaka para candramA suzobhita hai), kI ArAdhanA AtmamAMsa ke samarpaNa ke dvArA kI jAtI thI, jisameM prANa-saMzaya banA rahatA thA / 265 sira para candradhArI ziva kI mUrtiyoM se udyotana ke isa varNana kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| ziva ko vibhinna prasaMgoM meM udyotana ne trinayana, hara, dhavaladeha evaM zaMkara nAma se sambodhita kiyA hai, kumAra kuvalayacandra ke aMgo kI upamA trinayana se dI gayI hai, kintu kumAra trinayana jaisA nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki yavatI ke zarIra se yukta usakA vAmAMga hIna nahIM haiM / 266 ziva ke trinetra evaM ardhanArIzvara rUpa kA spaSTa ullekha hai| ziva kA trinetra evaM ardhanArIzvara rUpa sAhitya evaM kalA meM suvidita hai| Ara. sI. agravAla ne rAjasthAna ke AbAnerI, osiyA evaM menAla kI ardhanArIzavara mUrtiyoM kA sundara varNana kiyA ( 122 )

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hai, evaM khaNDelA abhilekha kA ullekha kiyA hai jisameM lagabhra 7 vIM (645 I.) sadI meM arddhanArIzavara ke maMdira banavAne kA ullekha hai / 267 ziva ke zarIra kA raMga, vAhana evaM sira para gaMgAdhAraNa karane kI pracalita mAnyatAoM ko udyotana ne eka paMkti meM sundara evaM alaMkRta rUpa meM rakhA haiM-dhavala-vAhaNa-dhavala-dehassa sira bhramita jA vimala-jala268 / zveta ziva mUrti, zveta nandI evaM ziva ke sira para gaMgA kI dhArA sAhitya meM to pracilita thI hI, prAcIna bhAratIya kalA meM bhI isakA aMkana hone lagA thaa| saMkaTa ke samaya hara-hara mahAdeva kA smaraNa kiyA jAtA thA tathA hara kI yAtrA karane kI manautI mAnI jAtI thI / 269 isa yAtrA kA lakSya hara ke kisa maMdira kI arcanA karanA thA, yaha spaSTa nahIM hai| yAtriyoM kA jahAja sopAraka bandaragAha kI tarapha lauTa rahA thaa| samudra tUphAna meM pha~se huye yAtrI hara kI manautI mAnakara usase bacanA cAhate the| ata: saMbhava hai, yaha hara kA prasiddha mandira kahIM rAjasthAna meM hI rahA hogaa| rAjasthAna meM kAlakalezvara mandira mahAkAla kI taraha hI pavitra mAnA jAtA thaa|270 ziva ke yogI svarUpa kI tulanA udyotana ne vijayApurI ke pAmarajanoM se kI hai| vahA~ ke kucha loga zaMkara jaise apAra vaibhava ke svAmI evaM huMkArate hue masta vRSabha ko vaza meM karane the (zarIra meM bhabhUti lapeTe hue ziva vRSabha para ArUDha)-71 badherA se prApta ziva kI yogIzvara mUrti se kuvalayamAlA kA yaha kathana pramANita hotA / 272 sUrya:-jaina kathAoM meM anya devI-devatAoM kI taraha sUrya deva kI sattA meM bhI vizvAsa karane ke sAkSaya milate haiN| samarAiccakahA meM inheM dinakara kahakara RSigaNa, kinnara tathA lakSmI Adi se vandanIya batAyA gayA hai / 273 sUrya deva ko tInoM lokoM ko prakAzita karane vAlA devatA samajhakara unakI pUjA kI jAta thii| vaha apanI tejasvita ke kAraNa hI tonoM lokoM meM vandanIya samajhe jAte the|274 vizva kI pratyeka prAcIna sabhyatA yathA-misra-mesopoTAmiyA, grIka, roma, IrAna, aura bhArata meM upAsanA kA ullekha pAyA gayA hai / 275 kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra sUrya kI upAsanA uttara pASANa kAla se hI prArambha huI (123)

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aura sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA tathA usake bAda taka calatI rahI276 vaidika kAla meM sUrya kI upAsanA vibhinna rUpoM meM kI jAtI thii| sUrya ke rUpa meM vaha prakAza aura garmI pradAna karane vAle, savitA ke rUpa meM vaha sabhI logoM ko yahA~ taka ki mAnava mastiSka ke vicAroM ko bhI preraNA tathA utsAha pradAna karane , viSNu ke rUpa meM vaha sampUrNa jIvoM ko paidA karane vAle, pAlana karane vAle tathA sampannatA pradAna karane vAle, pUSana ke rUpa meM vaha pazuoM, phasaloM, bhojana tathA vanaspatiyoM ke saMrakSaka deva ke rUpa meM pUjanIya the|277 maurya kAla ke aMtima samaya se hI sUrya deva kA svarUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai aura tabhI se sUrya deva kI mUrti-pUjA kA prArambha hotA hai / 278 iNDrogrIka, zaka aura kuSANoM ke Agamana para sUrya kI upAsanA kA pracAra aura bar3ha gayA kyoMki ve ga (videzI) apane deza meM sUrya pUjA se pUrva paricata the / 279 guptakAla meM sUrya deva ke bahuta se maMdira nirmata kiye gye| mandasora (mAlavA) meM tathA skanda gupta ke samaya meM madhyadeza meM sUrya maMdira banavAyA gayA jisameM unheM bhASyakara kaha kara unakI prArthanA kI gaI hai|280 gupta prazAsana ke patana ke pazcAt bahuta se rAjavaMzoM ne, yathA-maukhiri, thAnezvara aura kannauja ke vardhana vaMzIya zAsaka, kAzmIra ke kAkeTika tathA baMgAla ke pAlavaMzIya zAsaka sUrya ke upAsaka bane rhe|281 thAnezvara ke rAjA rAjyavardhana prathama, Adityavardhana, tathA mahArAja prabhAkaravardhana sUrya deva ke upAsaka the / 282 alabarUnI ne thAnezvara nAmaka nagara meM sUrya deva kI eka vizAla mUrti dekhI thI / 283 pratihAra nareza mahendra pAla dvitIya ke ujjaina bhUmidAna patra meM sUrya kI upAsanA kA ullekha hai / 284 sUrya deva kI mUrti ko khajurAho ke caturbhuja maMdira kI dIvAla para citrita kiya gayA hai, vaha sAta ghor3o se khIce jAne vAle ratha meM baiThe hue citrita kiya gae haiN|285 khajurAhoM ke saMgrahAlaya meM bhI sUrya kI mUrti dekhane ko milatI hai| pUrva madhya-kAlIna bhArata meM bhI vaidika kAla kI bhA~ti bhinna bhinna nAmoM se sambodhita kara unakI upAsanA kI jAtI thIM-yathA-sUrya286, indrAditya287 bhASkara288 Aditya289 aura mArtaNDa290 aadi| unheM samasta rogoM kA hartA tathA vizva kA prakAzaka batAyA gayA hai / 291 ( 124 )

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candramA:-jaina kathA sAhitya meM candramA ko bhI devatA ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA thaa|292 havana aura yajJa Adi kAryoM meM anya devatAoM kI taraha candramA kI bhI alaukika zakti meM vizvAsa kara unakI pUjA kA vidhAna thaa| vaha saphala jana mana AnandakArI mRgalakSaNa yukta deva ke rUpa meM pUjanIya the / 293 atharvaveda meM bhI candramA ko devatAoM kI zreNI meM ullikhita kiyA gayA hai / 294 viSNudharmottara meM roca devatA kA ullekha AyA hai| roca zabda kA artha ruci (icchA) se lagAyA jAtA thA, vahA~ candraroca kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai / 295 yAjJavalkya smRti meM candramA ko nau grahoM meM se eka mAnA gayA hai aura ina nau grahoM (sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra zani, rAhu aura ketu) kI pUjA ke lie unakI mUrtiyA~ krama se tAmra, sphaTika, lAla candana, sonA, (budha tathA bRhaspati ke lie, rajata, lohA, sIsA, evaM kA~se kI banI honI caahie|296 bhagavad gItA meM sUrya, candra, indra, agni Adi devatAoM ko viSNu ke nAnA rUpoM meM batAyA gayA hai / 297 isa prakAra yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai ki vaidika kAla se hI candramA ko sUrya indra agni Adi kI zreNI meM rakhA jAne lagA thA aura smRtikAla taka Ate-Ate inheM (candramA ko) nau grahoM meM se eka mAnakara pUjA jAne lgaa| yahA~ candramA ke svarUpa kA ullekha to nahIM prApta hotA hai, kintu kucha vidvavAnoM kI rAya meM to agni, vAyu, Aditya, pRthvI aura candramA Adi pratyakSa dikhAI dene meM inheM mRgalakSaNa yukta batAyA gayA hai| saMbhavata: inheM prAkRtika deva ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA thaa| prAcIna jaina aura bauddha grantha, sUrya, candra, indra, agni, yama, kubera, Adi devatAoM ke svarUpa guNa avaguNa, mAnyatA tathA pUjA Adi ke sambandha meM eka dUsare kA sarmathana nahIM karate, lekina mahAkAvyoM meM ullikhita ina ATha devatAoM bAda ke granthoM meM dikpAla ke rUpa meM cAra mukhya aura cAra gauNa dizAoM kA adhipati deva mAnA jAne lgaa|298 indraH-jaina kathAoM meM anya devatAoM ke sAtha devarAja indra298 kI alaulika zakti meM vizvAsa kA bhI ullekha hai| eka sthAna para inheM puraMdara) kahA gayA hai| vaidika kAla se indra kI pratibhA evaM svarUpa kA saMketa prApta hotA hai| Rgveda meM indra ko tuvigrIya ( 125)

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(zaktizAlI yA moTI gardana vAlA), vRkodara (bar3e udara vAlA) evaM subAhu batAyA gayA hai / 301 indra ke aMgoM evaM pAzrvo kA varNana karate hue jivhA se madhu pIne vAlA kahA gayA hai|302 Rgveda meM hI eka anya sthAna para indra ko raMgIna bAloM evaM dAr3hI vAlA303 tathA hare raMga kI Thur3aDhI vAlA30+ kahA gayA hai| kabhI kabhI unheM svarNa ke raMga vAlA batAyA gayA hai / 305 Rgveda meM indra kA hathiyAra vajra batAyA gayA hai|306 ve aMkuza bhI liye rahate the|308 zatruoM ko pha~sAne ke lie vaha eka jAla bhI liye rahate the / 309 indra ko janma se hI bahAdura evaM parAkramI batAyA gayA hai|310 Rgveda meM ullikhita hai ki indra ke janma ke samaya unake bhaya se parvata, AkAza aura pRthvI hila utthe| 11 indra ko vaidika kAlIna bhAratIyoM kA rASTrIya devatA batAyA gayA hai| maikDonala ke anusAra indra kI mahattA ka patA isase calatA hai ki lagbhaga do sau pacAsa stuti maMtra tathA unakI prazaMsA evaM anya devoM ke sAtha prazasti meM ullikhita maMtro kI saMkhyA tIna sau ke karIba pahuMca jAtI hai |312 sarvaprathama unheM varSA kA devatA (pAnI varSA ne vAlA deva) aura dUsare sthAna para yuddha kA devatA kahA gayA hai jinhoMne yuddha meM AyoM kI sahAyatA kI thii|313 yama:-jaina kathA sAhitya meM anya prAcIna devatAoM meM yama deva kI bhI mahattA pAyI jAtI hai| yama ko mRtyu kA devatA mAnA gayA hai| kaDhopaniSad meM yama deva ko vizada prabhAva dekhane ko milatA hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI yamadeva ke prabhAvazAlI astitva kA patA calatA hai| mahAbhArata, upaniSad tathA anya brAhmaNa graMtho ke AdhAra para yama ko mRtyu kA devata svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai tathA unakA vAhana bhaiMsA mAnA gayA hai| samarAicca kahA meM yama bhagavAna kRtAnta314 ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| atharvaveda ke pApa mocana sUkta meM bhI yama deva kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / 315 viSNudharmottara purANa meM bhI 'yamaroca' kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jisase vidita hotA hai ki yama kI pUjA-arcanA loga apanI rUci se karate the (yahA~ reca kA artha rUca arthAt icchA se lagAyA jAtA hai / 316 ( 126)

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jaina darzana jainoM ke mata meM jIva arUpI arthAt abhautika sattA hai jo na idriyoM meM upalabdha kI jA sakatI hai, na bhati aura tarka se| AyAraMga kA kahanA hai-"se na dIhai na hasse na kiNhe na nIle arUpI sattA se na saddhe na rUve na gandhe na rase na phAse 316 aura "takkA jattha na vijjaI maI tattha na gAhiyA. "318 kintu jJAna AtmA kA svAbhAvika dharma hai, "jai AyA se vinnAyA se aayaa| jeNa vijANAi se AyA taM paDucca paDisaMkhAe esa AmAvAI / "319 AtmA kA svAbhAvika jJAna vizuddhAvasthA meM ananta hotA hai| isa sarvajJatA ko kevala jJAna kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| isa sarvajJatA ko kevala jJAna kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| jJAna ke sAtha hI AtmA meM ananta sukha bhI svAbhAvika hai| aura kama se kama uttara kAla meM, ananta kriyA zakti ko bhI AtmA meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|" arUviNo jIvadhaNA nANadaMsanasaMniyA / aDalaM suhaM saMvaNNA uvamA jassa natthi u // 320 jIva asaMkhya haiM aura nAnA avasthAoM meM upalabdha hote haiN| pRthvI jala Adi bhautika tatvoM meM bhI jIva pAye jAte haiM aura prAcIna jaina sandoM meM isakI paryApta cArcA hai| jIva sthAvara bhI haiM aura jaMgama bhii| kucha asaMjJI haiM jo kevala anubhava kara sakate haiM, kintu jJAna meM asamartha haiN| kucha saMjJI haiM joki anubhava aura jJAna donoM kI sAmarthya rakhate haiN| siddha jIva sarvajJa hote haiM, para jJAnAtirakta anubhava athavA saMvedana nahIM karate / jIvoM kI sAMsArika gati karma ke adhIna hai| karma ke kAraNa hI unake jIvana pRthak-pRthak niyantrita haiM-"aTu thAvara ya tasattAe tasa jIvA yA thaavrttaae| adu savvajoNiyA sattA phammuNA kappiyA puDho / "321 "kammA nAnAvihA kaTaTu puDho vissaMmiyA pyaa|"322 karma svayaM eka dravyAtmaka aura paudgalika padArtha hai jisakA AdhAra ajJAna aura usase utpanna rAgadveSAdi kaSAya haiN| karma se AtmA kA svAbhAva Acchanna ho jAtA hai aura vaha apane ko ajJAna, azakti aura dukha meM nimagna pAtI hai| jaina kathA sAhitya meM jaina darzana kA pradhAna lakSya AtmA ko sAMsArika mAyAjAla se mukta karAkara ananta sukha (mokSa) kI prApti karAnA hai|323 zramaNa aura zramaNa AcArya ke atirikta ( 127)

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kucha dArzanika vicAroM kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai jisake antargata loka-paraloka, jIva gati, karma gati Adi kA vizleSaNa kiya gayA hai| jaina kathA sAhitya meM saMsAra gati ko dArUNa batAyA gayA hai| yahA~ isa saMsAra gati kA hetu mAnava jIvana ke karmoM kI paraNati hai |324 ata: jIva karma saMyukta pApa se duHkha tathA dharma kRtya se sukha prApta karatA hai / 325 bhagavatI sUtra meM isa saMsAra ko zAzvata batAyA gayA hai|326 bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anusAra loka kisI na kisI rUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| ata: vaha nitya hai, dhruva hai, zAzvata hai evaM parirvatanazIla hai| yahA~ rahane vAlo kI karmagati ke anusAra kabhI sukha kI mAtrA baDha jAtI to kabhI du:kha kii| isa saMsAra meM jIva aura ajIva nAma kI do vastuyeM dikhAI detI haiM jo kisI ke dvArA nahIM banAyI gayI haiM 1327 ata: sabhI prANI apane kRtyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI saMsAra gati ke hetu banate haiM / 328 jaina darzana meM jIva do taraha ke mAne gaye haiM-saMsArI jIva aura mukta jIva / saMsArI jIva apane karmoM ke anusAra bAra bAra isa saMsAra ke hetu banate haiM, kintu mukta jIva apane karma bandhana se mukta hokara nirvANa (mokSa) ko prApta hote haiN|329 prAcInatama nirgantha sandarbho meM "karma" aura "daNDa" prAya: paraspara samAnArthaka aura parivartanIya pada pratIta hote haiN| karma aura usakA phala donoM nirantara hI duHkhAtmaka haiM-"kiccaM dukkhaM pussaM dukkhaM kajjamAnakaDaM dukkhaM kaTTa-kaTaTu pANA bhUyA jIvA sattA veyaNaM veyaMti330" aura isa prakAra dukhamaya saMsAra kA kAraNa karma ke dvArA puruSa svayaM hai-"attakaDe dukkhe nA parakar3e no ubhayakar3e 331 / " aura apane hI prayatna ke dvArA duHkha se mokSa bhI saMbhava hai-"purisA tumameva tuma mittA kiM bahiyA mittamicchasi / "332 karma kA siddhAnta jainoM meM vizeSa vikasita huA aura uttara kAla meM nAnA paribhASAoM aura vibhAjanoM ke dvArA atyanta jaTila ho gyaa| kintu yaha saMbhava hai ki aSTavidha karma kI dhAraNA prAcIna nirgantho meM bhI vidyamAna thii| mRtaka kI gati ke viSaya meM yaha mAnA jAtA thA ka jIva ke nirvANa ke pA~ca mArga haiM-pairo se, uruAM se vakSa se, sira se aura sarvAMga ( 128 )

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se| ina pA~ca mAgoM se kramaza: pA~ca prakAra kI gati hotI hai:-niraya, tiryaka, manuSya deva aura siddh| yaha vicAraNIya hai ki upaniSadoM meM bhI kucha aisI hI dhAraNAe~ milatI haiM333 saMsAra se mukti ke lie apUrva karma ke Asrava kA nirodha aura pUrva karma kA apasAraNa Avazyaka hai| inameM pahalI prakriyA 'saMvara' kahalAtI hai aura dUsarI 'nirjarA' / 'saMvara' AdhyAtmika jIvana kA pUrvAMga hai, nirjarA prdhaanaaNg| 'saMvara' meM mukhyatayA pA~ca mahAvrata saMgRhIta the| sAmaJaphala sUtra meM nigaNThoM ke "cAtupyAmasaMvara" kA ullekha hai| vastuta: cAnujjAma athavA 'pAzva ke anuyAyiyoM kA saMvara thaa| mahAvIra ne caturvidha saMvara ko paccavidha kiyaa| nirjarA se tapa athavA zarIra ko kleza dene kI prakriyA abhihita hotI hai| jainoM kI tapasyA kA atizaya sarva-vidita hai| svayaM mahAvIra kI kRccha-caryA isa viSaya meM Adarza ke rUpa meM pratiziSThita hai|334 lATa vajja aura sumha se ve 13 varSa se adhika binA AvAsa ke ghUmate rahe / nahAnA, mu~ha dhonA, khujalAnA Adi unhoMne chor3a diyA mauna, ekAnta, prajAgara, upavAsa, zAnti, nirantara dhyAna Adi kA asAdhAraNa abhyAsa kiyaa| uttarajjhayaNa meM tapa ke pA~ca AdhyAtmika aura pA~ca bAhya bheda batAye gaye haiM / 335 anazana, avamaudarya, bhikSAcaryA, rasa parityAga, kAyakleza aura santIraNA, ye pA~ca bheda bAhya tapa ke haiM aura prAyazcita, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya, svAdhyAya, dhyAna aura vyavasarga ye pA~ca bheda AMtarika tapa ke haiN| karma siddhAnta:-jaina kathAoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pramAda ceSTita karma kI pariNati bar3I hI dAruNa hotI hai|336 pAtajJalayogadarzana meM tIna prakAra ke karmoM ke sambandha meM vyAkhyA kI gayI hai-"karmAzulkAkRSNaM yoginastrividhAmitareSAm"337 zuklakarma una karmoM ko kahate haiM, jinakA phala sukhabhoga hotA hai aura kRSNakarma una karmoM ko kahate haiM, jo naraka Adi duHkhoM ke kAraNa haiM arthAt puNyakarmoM kA nAma zuklakarma hai aura pApa karmoM kA nAma kRSNa karma hai, siddha yogI ke karma kisI prakAra kA bhI bhoga dene vAle nahIM hote, kyoMki usakA citta karma saMskAroM se zUnya hotA hai isalie una karmo ko azukla aura akRSNa kahate haiN| yogI ke atirikta sAdhAraNa manuSyoM ke karma tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-(1) zukla ( 129 )

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arthAt puNyakarma, (2) kRSNa arthAt pApa karma aura (3) zukla kRSNa arthAta puNya aura pApa mile hue haiN| bhagavadgItA meM zrI kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM ki karma kimakarmeti kavayo'vayatra mohitAH / tatte karma prakSayAmi yajJAtvA mokSyate'zubhAt karma kyA hai, akarma kyA hai isa prakAra nirNaya karane meM buddhimAn puruSa bhI mohita ho jate haiN| vaha karma tatva tuma ko bhalIbhA~ti samajhAkara kahU~gA, jise jAnakara azubhase arthAt karmabandhana se mukta ho jaaaage| karmaNo dhyapi boddhavyaM boddhavyaM ca vikarmaNaH / akarmaNazca boddhavyaM gahanA karmaNogati: / 339 karmako bhI jAnanA cAhiye aura akarma ko (svarUpa bhI jAnanA cAhiye, tathA vikarma ko (svarUpa bhI) jAnanA cAhiye, kyoMki karma kI gati gahana hai| samarAicca kahA 42 ke anusAra azubha karma pariNAma se zItala jala bhI agni kA rUpa le letA hai, candramA kI dhavalatA aMdhakAra rUpa meM badala jAtI hai, mitra zatru ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai aura artha kI bAta anartha ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtI hai| pUrva janmakRta karma, bhAvI janma meM prArabdha kA rUpa grahaNa kara prabhAvazAlI ho jAte haiM, koI bhI manuSya zubha aura azubha karma phala se baca nahIM sakatA41 vAsudeva hiNDI ke anusAra yadi manuSya kA AcaraNa zuddha hai to usakI jIvAtmA svarga jAtI hai342 ata: pramAda ceSTA se yukta karma ubhaya loka viruddha mAnA jAtA thaa|43 jahA~ ceSTita karma ubhayaloka viraddha thA vahIM apramAda ceSTita karma ke AcaraNa kA pariNAma zubha mAnA jAtA thaa| sukha evaM Ananda hetu zubha kArya se viSa bhI amRta ho jAtA hai, ayaza bhI suyaza meM pariNata ho jAtA hai evaM durvacana bhI suvacana kA rUpa le letA hai|344 sukRta se hI adhIna upabhoga evaM paribhoga rUpI sukha samajhe jAte the / 345 bhagavatI sUtra meM dhArmika kRtyoM evaM vicAroM se yukta karma ko satkarma batAyA gayA hai jisakA ( 130)

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pariNAma zubha dAyaka mAnA jAtA thaa|46 isI grantha meM eka anya sthAna para ullekha hai ki apane kiye gaye pApa kRtyoM ke hI pariNAma svarUpa loga du:kha ke bhAgI banate haiM aura ina pApa pUrNa kRtyoM ke naSTa ho jAne para hI sukha kI upalabdhi kara sakate haiN|347 karmavAda kI bhAvanA atyanta kAla se hI calI A rahI hai|48 rAmAyaNa meM bhI karma phala kA varNana prApta hotA hai| 49 jisa taraha kA karma hogA pariNAma bhI usI taraha kA bhoganA pdd'egaa| yahA~ batAyA gayA hai ki kausalyA ko putra viyoga sambhavataH isalie huA hogA ki unhoMne pUrva janma meM striyoM kA putroM se vidroha karAyA hegaa| mahAbhArata meM bhI batAyA gayA hai ki jo donoM lokoM (yaha loka tathA paraloka) ko prApta karane kA AkAMkSI ho use dharmAcaraNa meM mana lagAnA caahie|350 aSTAdhyAyI se bhI patA calatA hai ki sukama se puNya phI milatA hai / 351 acche bure karma karane vAloM ke lie vizeSa zabda the yathA-puNyakRta, sukarmakRta, pApakRta Adi / 352 mArkaNDeya purANa meM ullikhita hai kI karma kI zakti mAnava kI sabase bar3I zakti hai| yahI usakI sabase bar3I vijaya hai tathA isIlie to svarga ke devatA bhI pRthvI para manuSya deha meM janma lenA cAhate haiM / 353 Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jina manuSyoM kA citta, iMdriya aura AtmA apane vaza meM haiM evaM jo karma karane meM udyata haiM unake lie svarga meM kucha yA pRthvI meM kucha bhI aisA nahIM hai jo jJAna aura karma kI upalabdhi se bAhara ho, jise ve cAheM to na jAna sakeM yA na pA sake athavA na pahu~ca sakeM 354 anekAntavAdI jaina darzana:-jaina kathA sAhitya meM varNana milatA hai ki chAtroM ko jIva, ajIva Adi padArthoM meM dravya-sthita paryAya ko mAnane vAle, naya kA nirUpaNa karane vAle, nitya, anitya ko apekSAkRta mAnane vAle anekAnta vAda ko par3hAyA jAtA thA |355 jaina darzana ke lie usa samaya anekAntavAda zabda prayukta hotA thA, jisameM sapta padArtha nirUpaNa, syAdvAdanaya, jagat kI nityatA-anityatA Adi para vicAra jaise siddhAnta sammilita the| prastuta prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki 'anekAntavAda' zabda kaba se isa darzana meM prayukta huA tathA AcArya akalaMka kA isake sAtha kyA sambandha thA, jisake sambandha meM udyotana ne koI saMketa nahIM diyA hai| donoM ( 131 )

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hI AcAryoM ko AThavIM zatAbdI hone ke kAraNa, isa prazna para vicAra karanA mahatvapUrNa ho jAtA hai| haribhadrasUri ne anekAntavAda zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| isake pUrva bhI isa zabda ke prayukta hone kI sambhAvanA hai| jaina darzana meM sampUrNa jagata kA vibhAjana do nitya dravyoM meM kiyA gayA hai| ina do dravyoM ko jIva aura ajIva kahA gayA hai| jIva cetana dravya hai aura ajIva acetana 1356 eka AtmA aura dUsarA anaatmaa| dUsare meM pud-gala ke alAvA deza aura kAla bhI A jAte haiN| ina zabdoM se spaSTata: jaina-dharma kA vAstavavAdI aura sApekSavAdI dRSTikoNa prakaTa hotA hai / jaina-dharma ke anusAra jitanA nizcita jJAtA arthAt jAnane vAle kA astitva hai utanA hI nizcita jJeya arthAt jJAna kI vastu kA bhI hai| inameM se ajIva kA apanA viziSTa hai; lekina usa svarUpa ko samucita rUpa se taba taka nahIM samajhA jA sakatA jaba taka jIva se usakA bheda na mAlUma ho jaay| isIlie use 'ajIva' arthAt jIva kA vyAdhAtI kahA gayA hai| jIva kA varga adhika mahatva kA hai| isalie isakA svataMtra rUpa se abhidhAna kiyA hai| ise bhI bhalI-bhA~ti samajhane ke lie isakA ajIva bheda jAnanA Avazyaka hai| aNu siddhAnta-'aiTama' kA saMskRta paryAya 'aNu' upaniSadoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzana ke zeSa sampradAyoM meM ise eka se adhika mAnate haiM aura jaina-darzana meM zAyada isakA rUpa prAcInatama hai / usake anusAra, aNu sabhI eka prakAra ke hote haiM, lekina isake bAbajUda ve ananta prakAra kI vastuoM ko utpanna kara sakate haiN| isalie jaina-darzana meM pudgala ke kucha abhiyojya lakSaNa hai; kintu unake dvArA nirdhArita sImAoM ke andara guNAtmaka vibhedana kI prakriyA se vaha koI bhI rUpa grahaNa kara sakatA hai| isa mata ke anusAra tatvoM kA utaparivartana bilakula sambhava hai vaha rasAyanajJa kA svapnamAtra nahIM hai| jaina darzana ne pRthvI, jala tejas aura vAyu kA bheda vaizeSika ityAdi kucha hindU-vicArakoM kI taraha maulika aura nitya nahIM mAnA hai, balki vyutpanna aura gauNa mAnA hai |357 usake anusAra ye tathAkathita tatva bhI vibhAjya aura yaugika racanA ( 132)

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vAle haiN| gandha, rasa ityAdi guNA kA aNuoM meM vikAsa ho jAne para unameM antara A jAte haiM, yadyapi svataH unameM koI antara nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra nibhedita aNuoM se hI zeSa bhautika jagat kI utpatti hotI hai| ataH pudgala ke do rUpa hote haiM- eka sarala yA ANavika hotA hai| aura dUsarA yaugika haiN| 358 upaniSadoM ko pRthvI ityAdi tatvoM meM pahu~cakara nahIM roka detA / vizleSaNa kI prakriyA ko aura pIche vahA~ taka pahu~cA detA hai, jahA~ guNAtmaka vibhedana abhI zurU nahIM huA hotA parantu upaniSad antima avasthA meM brahA ko ekamAtra tatva mAnate haiM jabaki jaina-darzana usameM aNuoM kI ananta saMkhyA mAnatA hai / na kevala guNoM kI dRSTi se pudgala aniyata hai, balki parimANa kI dRSTi se bhI use aniyata mAnA gayA hai| usakI mAtrA meM vRddhi yA hrAsa hue binA usake Ayatana meM vRddhi yA hrAsa ho sakatA hai / isa sthiti ko yaha mAnakara sambhava batAyA gayA hai ki jaba pudgala sUkSama avasthA meM hotA hai taba usake kaNoM kI koI bhI saMkhyA eka sthUla aNu kI jagaha meM samA sakatI hai| isa sUkSma avasthA meM rahane vAlA pudgala hI karma hai, jo jIva ke andara praviSTa hokara saMsAra kA kAraNa banatA hai / 359 syAdvAda: jaina darzana ke syAdvAda nAmaka sarvAdhika vilakSaNa siddhAnta- 360 kI dhAraNA hai| ki sat kA svarUpa, atyadhika aniyata hai / 'syAt' zabda saMskRta kI 'as' dhAtu ('honA) kA vidhiliG kA eka rUpa hai| isakA artha hai 'ho sakatA hai' 'shaayd'| isalie syAdavAda 'zAyada' kA siddhAnta hai / isa siddhAnta kA yaha tAtparya hai vastu ko aneka dRSTikoNoM se dekhA jA sakatA haijA sakatA hai aura pratyeka dRSTikoNa se eka bhinna niSkarSa prApta hotA hai (anekAnta) vastu kA svarUpa pUrI taraha se inameM se kisI ke dvArA bhI vyakta nahI hotA, kyoMki usameM jo vaividhya mUrtimAn hotA hai usapara sabhI vidheya lAgU ho sakate haiM / ataH pratyeka kathana asala meM sopAdhika mAtra hotA hai| ekAnta vidhAna aura ekAnta niSedha dono galata haiM / jaina eka kathA ke dvArA isa bAta ko samajhAte haiM, jisake anusAra aneka andhe eka hAthI ko chUkara usakI AkRti ke viSaya meM taraha-taraha kI bAteM haiM jabaki asala meM pratyeka hAthI ke eka alaga hI bhAga ko chU pAtA hai| yaha siddhAnta batAtA hai ki hameM atyadhika satarka rahanA cAhie aura vastu ke svarUpa kI ( 133 )

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paribhASA dene meM koI sAgraha kathana karane se bacanA caahie| isa siddhAnta kA ThIka-ThIka artha samajhane ke lie una paristhitiyoM ko jAna lenA jarUrI hai, jinameM isakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA thaa| usa kAla meM eka ora to upaniSadoM kA yaha mata pracalita thA ki sat hI tatva hai aura dUsarI ora asvIkRti ke sAtha yaha mata bhI thA ki asat hI tatva hai|361 jaina darzana ke anusAra ye donoM hI mata aMzata: sahI hai| jainoM kI dRSTi meM upaniSadoM meM hI kahIM-kahIM pAe jAne vAle ve do anya mata bhI itane hI ekAntika haiM jinake anusAra sat aura asat honA cAhie yA donoM meM se koI bhI nahIM / 62 isa prakAra jainoM kA vilakSaNa sUkSmatA-prema asti na nAsti', ke do prasiddha vikalpoM ke sAtha 'asti nAsti' aura 'na asti na nAsti', ye do aura vikalpa jor3a detA hai| jainoM ke vicAra se tatva kA svarUpa itanA jaTila hai ki usake bAre meM ina matoM meM se pratyeka aMzata: to sahI hai, lekina pUrNata: sahI koI bhI nahIM hai| usake sahI svarUpa kA sIdhe aura eka vAkya meM varNana karane ke sAre prayatna asaphala rahate haiM phira bhI aMzata: sahI kathanoM kI eka zrRMkhalA ke dvArA, kisI eka se apane ko ekAnta rUpa meM na bA~dhate hue, hamArA use batA sakanA asambhava nahIM hai| isalie jaina usake svarUpa kA sAta caraNoM meM kathana karate haiM, jise 'saptabhaMgI' kahA gayA hai| yaha isa prakAra hai: (1) zAyada hai (syAt asti) (2) zAyada nahIM hai (syAt nAsti) (3) zAyada hai bhI aura nahIM bhI (syAta asti nAsti) (4) zAyada anirvacanIya hai (syAta avaktavyaH) / (5) zAyada hai aura anirvacanIya hai (syAta asti ca avaktavyaH) (6) zAyada nahIM hai aura anirvacanIya hai (syAta nAsti ca avavaktavya) (7) zAyada hai, nahIM hai, aura anirvacanIya hai (syAta asti ca nAsti ca avaktavyaH) / ( 134)

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jaina dharma 'samyak darzana' (AsthA), 'samyaka jJAna' samyaka caritra ko triratna arthAt jIvana ke tIna bahumUlya siddhAnta batAtA hai 363 inameM se pahalA siddhAnta samyak darzana ko diyA gayA hai, kyoM ki yadi AsthAe~ bhrAnta haiM to samyak caritra kA adhikAMza mUlya sAmApta ho jAtA hai| samyaka darzana jainazAstroM aura unake upadezoM meM dRr3ha vizvAsa hai aura isakA abhiprAya vizeSa rUpa se yaha hai ki saMzaya, jo AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM bAdhaka hotA hai, bilakula dUra ho jAya / samyak jJAna jaina-dharma aura darzana ke siddhAntoM kA jJAna hai / samyak caritra jaina sAhAnA kA sabase mahatvapUrNa aMga hai kyoMki samyaka caritra se se hI manuSya 'karma' se mukta ho sakatA hai aura jIvana ke lakSya ko prApta kara sakatA hai| isake samAnya svarUpa ko batAne ke lie prasiddha pA~ca vratoM kA ullekha kara denA praryApta hai| zramaNa ke lie ye pA~ca vrata isa prakAra batAye gae hai: (1) kisI prANI ko hAni na pahuMcAnA (ahiMsA) (2) jhUTha na bolanA (satya) (3) corI na karanA (asteya) (4) brahAcarya tathA (5) saMsAra kA tyAga (aparigraha ) / gRhasya ke lie pahale tIna vrata to yahI haiM, lekina antima do ke sthAna para kramazaH saMyama aura santoSa, arthAta, apanI avazyakatAoM ko kaThoratA ke sAtha sImita rakhanA, nirdhArita kiye gaye haiM / jaina ko jina vibhinna sadguNoM kA abhyAsa karane ke lie kahA gayA hai, usameM ahiMsA kA siddhAnta nissandeha bhArata meM prAcIna hai,364 kintu jisa tarIke se ise sampUrNa AcAra-saMhitA meM vyApta kara diyA gayA hai vaha jaina dharma kI vizeSatA hai / zaiva dharmaH AThavIM zatAbdI meM zaiva dharma paryApta vikasita ho cukA thA / usake svarUpa meM paurANika tatvoM kA samAveza ho gayA thaa| rUdra meM ziva ke sambandhoM meM ghaniSThatA thI / liMga pUjA kA sUtrapAta ho cukA thA / zaiva dharma aba aneka sampradAyoM meM vibhakta thA / zaiva kApAlika, kAlAmukha, kaula, Adi unameM pramukha the ziva ke vibhinna rUpa- mahAkAla zazizekhara, hara, zaMkara, trinetra, arddhanArIzvara, yogIrAja Adi tatkAlIna samAja meM prasiddha the / zaiva parivAra meM rUdra, skanda Sar3amukha, gajendra, vinAyaka gaNAdhipa, vIrabhadra Adi devatA kAtyAnI koTTajA, durgA ambA Adi deviyA~, bhUta pizAca Adi gaNa sammilita the, jinake sambandha meM kuvalayamAlA se paryApta ( 135 )

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jAnakArI milatI hai| udyotanasUri ne isa grantha meM rAjA dRDhavarmana kI zikSA ke samaya jina 33 AcAryo ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai unameM zaiva, vaiSNava, paurANika AjIvaka Adi dharmo ke vibhinna sampradAyoM kA samAveza hai| dhArmika AcArya apane apane mata kA paricaya dete haiN| rAjA unake hitAhita kA vicAra karatA hai / isa sandarbha meM zaiva dharma ke nimnAMkita sampradAyoM kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai / kApAlika:: - dharma meM sthita (sAdhu) jo apanA evaM apanI patnI kA zarIra samarpita karatA hai, vaha sAdhu tairate hue tube ke samAna usa vyakti ko usa bhava-samudra se pArakara detA hai | 365 isa mata ke AcArya kA sambandha usa samaya ke pracilita sAdhuoM ke dharma se pratIta hotA hai / kApAlika sampradAya ke sambandha meM sAhityaka evaM purAtAtvika sAkSyoM se jo jAnakArI prApta hotI hai, usase spasTa hai ki ve zaiva sampradAya kI zAkhA ke sAdhu the| kApAlikoM kA ullekha lalitavistara 366 bhavabhUti ke mAlatI mAdhava, 367 samarAicca kahA 368, yazAstilaka, 369 yAmunAcArya ke Agama- pramANa Adi granthoM meM milatA hai, jisase unakI dhArmika kriyAoM para prakAza par3atA hai 137) udyotana sUri ne kApAlikoM kA do bAra ullekha kiyA hai / mitradroha kA pApa kApAlika vrata dhAraNa se dUra ho sakatA hai| 371 tathA mahAmasAna meM sundarI apane pati ke zavakI rakSA karatI huI kApAlika bAlikA sadRza dikhAI par3atI thI / 372 isase spaSTa hai ki AThavIM sadI meM kApAlika mata ke sAdhu zmazAna meM striyoM ke sAtha zava sAdhanA se sambandhi tAMtrika kriyAe~ karate the / kApAlikoM kI dhArmika kriyAoM meM sahavAsa para koI niSedha nahIM thaa| kApAlika sAdhu bhagAsanastha hokara AtmA kA dhyAna karatA thaa| 373 10 vIM sadI taka ye trikamata ko mAnane lage the, jisake anusAra bAyI ora strI ko baiThAkara svayaM ziva evaM pArvatI ke samAna AcaraNa karanA vihita thA 37 madya mAMsa evaM striyoM ke sahavAsa ke kAraNa hI somadeva ne jaina sAdhuoM ko kApAlikoM kA samparka hone para mantra- snAna karane ko kahA hai / sambhavataH isIlie ina kApAliko ko bhogI hone ke kAraNa muni nahIM mAnA jAtA thA eva~ jo muni nahIM ( 136 )

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haiM, unheM dAna dene se kyA phAyadA ? ve jala meM zilA kI bhA~ti kisI ko tArane meM kahA~ taka samartha ho sakate haiM 2375 vaiSNava dharmaH - vaiSNava dharma vaidika yuga se vikasita hotA huA gupta yuga meM paryApta prasiddha ho gayA thA / prArambha meM isakA nAma ekAntika dharma thA / jaba yaha sAmpradAyika bana gayA to bhAgavata yA pA~carAtra dharma kahalAne lgaa| dhIre dhIre vAsudevopAsanA meM nArAyaNa aura viSNu kI upAsanA ghula-mila gyii| viSNu ne devatAoM meM pramukha sthAna prApta kara liyA thA / sambhavataH AThavIM zatAbdI meM zaiva sampradAyoM kA Adhikya athavA prabhAva hone ke kAraNa vaiSNava dharma kI sthiti meM kucha kabhI AyI ho| isa samaya vaiSNava dharma kA vahI svarUpa pracilita rahA jisameM bhakti kI pradhAnatA thI / zaMkara ke addhaivatavAda evaM jaganmithyAtva ke siddhAnta ne vaiSNava dharma ke svarUpa ko parivartana kI ora prerita kiyA / 376 kuvalayamAlA meM jitane zaivadharma ke sandarbha haiM, utane vaiSNava dharma ke nhiiN| svayaM viSNu kA hI ullekha granthakAra ne nahI kiyA hai| saMbhavataH isa samaya unake buddha nArAyaNa Adi avatAra adhika pracilita rahe hoMge / tApasaH samarAicca kahA ke anusAra dhyAna yoga Adi kA AcaraNa karane vAle dayAlu svAbhAva ke tapopavana vAsI Rpi dhanya samajhe jAte the 1 377 tatkAlIna tapAcaraNa karane vAle vaidika sAdhu saMnyAsiyo kI do zreNiyA~ thIM / prathama sAdhAraNa tApasa tathA dUsare kulapati / uttama tithi muhurta meM kulapati dvArA tapasviyoM ko Azrama meM dIkSita kiyA jAtA thA / dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt ye tapasvI kulapati kI sevA karate hue tapa, vrata, dharma Adi kA AcaraNa karate the|378 ata: ve vanavAsI (Azrama meM kula - pati kI sevA karate hue tapAcaraNa karane vAle / tApasa kahe jAte the / 379 una tapovana kA sevana karane vAlo meM bAlaka muni 380 tathA muni kumAra 381 kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| mahAbhASya meM vAnaprastha ke lie tapasvI zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai jinakA lakSya hI tapAcaraNa 382 karanA thA / kAzikAkAra ke anusAra asthicamavAziSTa tApasa svarga prApti ke lie tapa karatA hai / 383 tapa, zraddhA, Adi jIvana ke abhinna aMga the tathA ( 137 )

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bhojana para niyaMtraNa rakhanA tapasyA ke lie eka mahatvapUrNa aMga mAnA jAtA thA / 34 tapasvIjanoM kI tapazcaryA tathA unake rahana sahana kA ullekha dharma sUtroM tathA smRtiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai| ye dasa prakAra ke yatidharma pAlana meM nipuNa evaM divya jJAna yukta hote the| 385 ve Azrama meM rahane vAle sabhI tapasviyoM ke AcArya evaM gurU hote the| 380 anya tapasviyoM se lekara sAdhAraNa gRhastha taka unheM bandanA-pUjA Adi ke sAtha sammAna pradAna karate the / 387 aise tapasviyoM ko kulapati RSi athavA maharSi 388 kahA jAtA thA, jinakI vANI amodha samajhI jAtI thI / 89 tapasvI jana sampUrNa prANI varga se jananI ke sadRza vyavahAra karate the| 390 samarAiccakahA meM RSi ko (Azrama ke AcArya ko) hI kulapati kahA gayA hai| kulapati kA ullekha raghuvaMza 391 tathA uttara rAmacarita 392 meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| vANabhaTTa ne kAdambarI meM mahAmuni agasta 193 tathA zarIra meM bhasma lAgAye evaM mastaka para tripuNDa lagAe maharSi jAvAli 394 kA ullekha kiyA hai jo apane Azrama meM rahate hue anya munijanoM se sevita tathA dharmapAlana meM nipuNa samajhe jAte the| vaziSTha dharma sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki munijana sabako abhaya pradAna karate calate haiM, isalie use kisI se bhaya nahIM hotaa| 395 vaidika dharmAcaraNa karane vAle tapasviyoM kI bhA~ti kulapati ke Azrama meM nArI-tApasI bhI hotI thiiN| ve tApasI putrajIvaka mAlA gale meM dhAraNa karatI, valkala vastra pahanatI tathA hAtha meM kamaNDala liye rahatI thiiN|396 ve tApasI tapAcaraNa se kRzagAta kandamUla-phala Adi khAkara apanI vRtti calAtI thIM397 ve kulapati kI AjJAnusAra AcaraNa karatI tathA unakI vandanA pUjA karatI huI tapa-saMyama Adi kA AcAraNa karatI thiiN| samarAicca kahA ke ina ullekhoM kA samarthana vaidika paMraparA ke grantho se bhI hotA hai| pataMjali ne zaMkarA nAma kI paribrAjikA kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai ki kuNakhADava use zaMkarA kahate haiN| kucha loga binA gRhasthA zrama meM praviSTa hue sIdhe baikhAnasa brata le lete the| apastamba dharma sUtra meM isa prakAra kA vidhAna hai|399 isIlie abhijJAna zAkuntala meM duSyanta zakuntalA ke viSaya meM jijJAsA karate hai ki kyA vaha ( 138)

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vivAha-hone taka hI baikhAnasa brata kA pAlana karegI athavA yavajjIvana / 4() pANini ne kumAra zramaNavAdibhi:401 ke zramaNAdigaNa meM paThita zramaNa, tApasI, prajitA zabda kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinakA kumAra (kumArI) zabda ke sAtha tatpurUpa samAsa kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| kAlidAsa ne mAla vikAgnibhitra meM paNDitA kauzikI kA ullekha saMnyAsI ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / 403 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki samarAiccakahA meM haribhadra ke anusAra jaina zramaNa saMgha kI bhA~ti vaidika tapasviyoM ke Azrama meM bhI striyoM ke praveza kA jo ullekha hai vaha vaidika paramparA kA upayukta vivaraNa hai| sAMkhya darzana:-sAMkhya darzana se sambandhita jAnakArI kuvalayamAlA ke do-tIna prasaMgoM se milatI hai / 40+ dakSiNa bhArata ke maTha meM utpatti, vinAza meM rahita avasthita, nitya, eka svAbhAvI purUSa kA tathA sukha-dukhAnubhAva rUpa prakRti vizepa (vaipamyAvasthA ko prApta prakRti) ko batalAte hue sAMkhya darzana kA vyAkhyAna ho rahA thaa| isa sandarbha meM uggAhIyai kriya se jJAta hotA ki sAMkhya-darzana kA vyAkhyAna gAthAoM ko gAkara kiyA jA rahA thA sambhava hai, sAMkhyakArikA kI karikAyeM gAkara samajhAI jA rahI hoM AThavIM zatAbdI taka sAMkhyakArikA nizcita rUpa se prasiddha ho cukI thii| usakA cInI anuvAda isa samaya kiyA jA cukA thA, jo isa grantha kI prasiddhi kA dyotaka hai|405 kuvalayamAlA meM dhArmika AcAryoM ke sAtha kapila kA bhI ullekha huA hai| gItA meM sAMkhya ko jJAnayoga tathA sanyAsayoga nAma se bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| sAMkhya nAma rakhane kA bhI kAraNa ho sakatA hai ki inameM gine hue paccIsa tatva mAne gaye haiN| sAMkhya nAmakaraNa kA rahasya eka viziSTa siddhAnta 'prakRtipuruSAnyatAkhyAti' meM chipA huA hai; kyoM ki 'prakRtipuruSAnyatAkhyAti' yA 'prakatipuruSaviveka' kA hI dUsarA nAma 'sAMkhyA = samyak, khyAti = samyaka jJAna = vivekajJAna' hai| kisI vastu ke viSaya meM tadgata dopoM tathA guNoM kI chAnabIna karanA bhI 'sAMkhya' kahalAtA hai| yathA (139)

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doSANAM ca guNAnAM ca pramANaM pravibhAgataH / kazcidarthamabhipretya sA saMkhyetyupadhAryatAm // 406 "saMkhyA kA artha AtmA ke vizuddha rUpa kA jJAna bhI kiyA gayA hai yathA zuddhAtmatacvavijJAnaM sAMkhyamityabhidhIyate / 406 sAMkhya ke prarvataka zrI kapila muni haiM aura yoga darzana ke nirmAtA zrI pataMjali muni kapilamuni Adi viddhAna aura prathama dArzanika haiM / yathA - siddhAnAM kapilo muni: 1408 siddhoM meM kapila muni hU~ / RSiprasUtaM kapilaM yastamayaM jJAnairvibharti | 409) jo pahale utpanna hue kapila muni kA jJAna se bhara detA hai tathA AdividvAn nirmANacittamadhiSThAya kArUNyAda bhagavAn paramarSirAsuraye jijJAsamAnAya tantraM provAca 1410 AdividvAna (prathama dArzanika) bhagavAna paramaRSi (kapila) ne nirmANacitta (saMsArika saMskAroM se zUnya) ke adhiSThAtA hokara jijJAsA karate hue Asuri ko dayAbhAva se (sAMkhya) zAstra kA upadeza diyA / sargAdAvAdividvAnatra bhagavAn kapilo mahAmunirdharmajJAna vairAgyaizravaryasampannaH prAdurvabhUva /411 sRSTi ke Adi meM Adi vidvAn pUjanIya mahAmuni kapila dharma-jJAna-vairAgya aura aizvarya se sampanna prakaTa hue| sAMkhya ke mukhya grantha- (1) parama RSi kapila munipraNIta 'tatvasamAsa' ( 2 ) paMcAzikhAcArya ke sUtra (3) vArSagaNyAcArya praNIta paSTi - tantra (4) sAMkhyasaptati ( 5 ) sAMkhyasUtra ( 140 )

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kapilamuni praNIta tatvasamAsa (prAcIna sAMkhya darzana kI vyAkhyA) tatvamasi 12 saMsAra meM pratyeka prANI kI prabala icchA pAyI jAtI hai ki 'maiM sukhI hoU~' duHkhI kamI na houuN| kintu sukha kI prApti binA dUHkha kI nivRti asambhava hai; kyoMki duHkha kI nivRtti kA nAma hI sukha hai isaliye sukha ke abhilASiyoM ko duHkha kI jar3a kATa denI cAhiye / duHkha kI jar3a ajJAna hai| jitanA kama ajJAna hogA, utanA hI kama duHkha hogaa| jJAna aura ajJAna tattvoM ke sambandha se haiN| jisa tatva kA ajJAna hogA, usI se duHkha hogaa| jisa vastu kA jitanA yathArthajJAna hotA jAyagA, usase utanI hI duHkhanivRttirUpa sukha kI prApti hotI jaayegii| jaba sAre tatvoM kA jJAna ho jAyagA to sAre tatvoM se abharUpa sukha kA lAbha hogaa| isaliye sAre tatvoM kA yathArtha jJAna hI duHkhoM kI jar3a kA kATanA hai ata: sAre tatvoM kA saMkSepa se vicAra Arambha kiyA jAtA hai| jar3atatva:-du:kha--nivRtti kI icchA aura prayatna karane vAle kA duHkha svAbhAvika dharma nahIM ho sakatA, kyoM ki yadi aisA hotA to vaha usakI nivRttikA yatna hI nahIM krtaa| isase siddha hotA hai ki duHkha nivRtti kI icchA karane vAle se bhinna usase viparIta dharma vAlA koI dUsarA tatva hai, jisakA svAbhAvika dharma duHkha aura jaDatA hai| yadi kahA jAya ki duHkhanivRtti kI icchA aura prayatna karane vAlA hI eka akelA cetanatatva hai| usase bhinna koI dUsarA tatva nahIM hai| duHkha kI pratiti avidyA, ajJAna, bhrama, athavA mAyA se hotI hai to ye avidyA, ajJAna bhrama aura mAyA bhI svayaM kisI bhinna tatva ke astitva ko siddha karate haiM jisake ye svAbhAvika dharma haiN| yadi yaha kahA~ kahA jAya ki yaha cetana tatva se atirikta aura kucha bhI nahIM hai, to yaha svAbhAvika dharma hone se duHkha kI kabhI bhI nivRtti nahIM ho sakegI aura usake lie kisI bhI prakAra kA yatna karanA vyartha hogaa| yadi aisA mAnA jAya ki usa cetana tatva ko ThIka-ThIka na jAnane se yaha bhrama ityAdi ho rahA hai| yathArtha rUpa jAnane se saba bhrama aura duHkhoM kI nivRti ho jAtI hai, to isase bhI kisI bhinna tatva kI siddhi hotI hai; kyoM ki jAnanA kisI dUsarI (141)

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vastu kA hotA hai| sabake jAnane vAle ko kisase jAnA jA sakatA hai| yathA 'vijJAtAramare kena vijAnIyAt / ' isase siddha hotA hai ki cetanatatva se bhinna eka jaDatatva hai| usakA yathArtharUpa samajhAne ke liye agale do sUtro meM usako cauvIya avAntara bhedoM meM vibhakta kara dikhalAte aSTau prakRtaya: 13 poDaza vikArA: (jar3atatva ke prathama do bheda prakRti aura vikRti haiM, unameM se) ATha prakRtiyA~ haiM-pradhAna arthAt mUla prakRti mahattatva, ahaMkAra aura pA~ca tanmAmAtrAe~ arthAt zabda-tanmAtrA, sparza-tanmAtrA, rUpa-tanmAtrA, rasatanmAtrA aura gandhatanmAntrA; aura solaha vikRtiyA~ haiM-pA~ca sthUlabhUta AkAza, vAyu agni, jala aura pRthvI, aura gyAraha indriyA~, arthAt pA~ca jJAnendriyA~-zrotra, tvacA, netra, rasanA aura ghrANa aura pA~ca karmendiyA~-vANI, hasta, pAda, upastha aura gudA aura gyArahavA~ mana / cetanatatva (purUSa) purUSa: purUSa ke arthoM kA spaSTIkaraNa-pacIsavA~ cetana tatva puruSa hai:-(1) jIva (2) hiraNyagarbha arthAt Izvara aparabrahma aura (3) paramAtmA arthAt parabrahma / arthAt janmamaraNakaraNAnAM pratiniyamAdayugapat prvRtteshc| purUpavahutvaM siddhaM traiguNyaviparyayAzcaiva // 415 tathA janmAdivyavasthAta: purUSabahutvam / / sAMkhyadarzana ke anusAra vyaSTi anta:karaNoM ke dharmo athavA sthUla, sUkSma aura zarIroM kI kriyAoM ke bhada se ina vyaSTi antaH karaNoM athavA vyaSTi zarIroM kI apekSA se jIva artha purUSa meM bahutva dikhalAyA hai aura (2) samaSTi anta: karaNa kI apekSA se samaSTirUpeNa Izvara artha purUSa meM ekatva isa prakAra dikhalAyA hai-jaise vRkSoM ke samUha kI vanarUpa eka saMjJA hotI hai (142)

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aura (3) parabrahma ke zuddha nivizeSa svarUpa purUSa artha meM AtmAoM ke antaHkaraNo athavA sthUla, sUkSama aura kAraNa zarIra se pare kevalI avasthA meM eka jAti ke sadRza ekatva dikhalAyA hai / / vAstava meM Izvara ke artha meM purUSa kA svarUpa isa prakAra hai ki vyaSTisatva cittoM meM satva kI vizuddhatA, sarvajJatA kA bIja tathA dharma jJAna, vairAgya aizvaryAdi satizaya haiM / jahA~ para ye parAkASThA ko pahu~cakara niratizayatara ko prApta hote haiM, vaha vizuddha satvamaya citta samapaTacita hai| isakI apekSA se cetanAtatva kI saMjJA Izvara, zabala hai| isakI apekSA se cetanA tatva kI saMjJA Izvara, zabala brahma aura apara brahma hai / usameM ekatva hai aura vyaSTipiNr3oM athavA cittoM aura samaSTi brahmANDa athavA vizuddha satvamaya citta se pare jo cetana tatva kA apanA zuddha kevalI svarUpa hai aise artha vAle purUSa kI saMjJA paramAtmA, nirguNa brahma, zuddha brahma tathA parabrahma hai sAMkhya ne AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa ko sarvavyApaka, nirguNa, guNAtIta, niSkriya, nirvikAra apariNAma kUTastha nitya mAnA hai / ho sAMkhya grantha ke ina TIkAkAroM ko bhI abhimata hai| isake anusAra AtmA meM jAti nahIM raha sakatI, kyoMki jo vibhu hai usameM jAti nahIM rahatI - jaise AkAza / isake atirikta eka jAti meM jo vyaktiyA~ hotI haiM, una vyaktiyoM meM paraspara bheda athavA vilakSaNatA meM ke nimitta kAraNa rUpa, avayavoM ke kI banAvaTa guNa, karma, deza, kAla dizA Adi hote haiN| uparyukta batalAye hue AtmA ke lakSaNa meM inameM se kisI bhI nimitta kI sambhAvanA nahIM ho sktii| isake atirikta jaba triguNAtmaka jar3a, agni kA vAyu Adi ke zuddha svarUpa meM ekatva hai to guNAtIta AtmA ke zuddha jJAnasvarUpa meM bahutva kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? kapila jaise Adi vidvAn aura sAMkhya jaisI vizAla prAcIna darzana ke sAtha purUSa artha parabrahma ke isa prakAra ke lakSaNa kA koI mela nahIM baiTha sktaa| bahuta sammabhava hai ki navIna vedAntiyoM ke kaTAkSa ke virodha meM navIna sAMkhyAdiyoM ne bhI advaita ke khaNDana aura dvaita ke sarmathana meM isa prakAra kI yuktiyoM ke prayoga karane meM koI doSa na samajhA ho / phira bhI prAcIna sAMkhya aura ina navIna sAMkhyavAdiyoM meM AtmA kA zuddha kevalI svarUpa eka prakAra kA hai| dhyeya vastu ke (143)

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svarUpa athavA lakSaNa meM koI nahIM hai, kevala kahane mAtra ke lie ekatva aura bahutva meM bheda hai| jAti se abhiprAya sattamAtra jJAnasvarUpa mAnane meM koI doSa nahIM AtA hai| mImAMsA darzana:-jaina kathA sAhitya meM mImAMsA darzana ko par3haye jAne kI puSTi hotI hai| eka maTha ke vyAkhyAnakakSa meM 'pratyakSa, anumAna Adi cha: pramANoM se nirupita jIva Adi ko nitya mAnane vAle, tathA vAkya pada evaM zabda-pramANa ko svIkArane vAle mImAMsAko kA darzana paDhAyA jA rahA thaa|417 AThavIM zatAbdI meM pUrva evaM uttara mImAMsA ke diggaja vidvAna upasthita the, jinhoMne anya bhAratIya darzanoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA thaa| prabhAkara, kumArila bhaTTa evaM zaMkarAcArya unameM pramukha the| uparyukta siddhAnta inameM se kisase adhika sambandhita the isa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| upayukta sandarbha meM cha: pramANoM kI bAta kahI gayI haiN| mImAMsA ke bhaTTa tathA prabhAkara sampradAyoM meM se sampradAya hI cha. pramANoM ko mAnatA hai| prabhAgara kevala pA~ca pramANa mAnate haiN| ata: isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ka kumArila ke grantha kA adhyayana isa maTha meM karAyA jA rahA thaa| isakA eka sahAyaka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki ukta sandarbha meM 'sarvajJa nahIM hai', isa siddhAnta kA bhI pratipAdana huA hai| sarvajJa kI nAstikatA kA spaSTa ullekha kumArila ne hI kiyA hai|418 jIva ko nitya mAnanA mImAMsA ko kA sAmAnya siddhAnta hai|19 vedAntaH-kuvalayamAlA meM advaitavAdiyoM kA varNana haiM "acetana pardArtho meM svayaM gatizIla, nitya-anitya se rahita, anAdinidhana eka hI paramAtmA hai, jo parama purUSa hai / 420 yaha ekAtmavAdiyoM kA siddhAnta thaa| rAjA ise yaha kara asvIkAra kara detA hai ki yadi eka hI AtmA hotA to sukha-duHkha, aneka rUpa Adi kA vyavahAra nahIM hotA tathA eka ke duHkhI hone se sabhI duHkhI hoMgeM+21 / bhAratIya darzana meM ekAtmavAdiyoM kA yaha siddhAnta AtmAdvaitavAda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| upaniSadoM meM 'ekodeva: sarvabhuteSugUDha:422 ekamevAdvitIyaM brahma 23, Adi vAkyoM se ( 144 )

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isakA vikAsa huA hai| gItA meM paramAtmA kRSNa kI pratiSTA AtmAdvaitavAda se hI prabhAvita hai|424 sarvabhUtasthamAtmAnaM sarvabhUtAni cAtmani / IkSate yogayuktAtmA sarvatra samadarzana: // sarvavyApI ananta cetana meM eka hI bhAva se sthita rUpa yoga se yukta AtmA vAlA tathA sabase samabhAva se dekhane vAlA yogI AtmA ko sampUrNa bhUtoM meM sthita aura sampUrNa bhUtoM ko AtmA meM dekhatA hai| zaMkarAcArya ke pUrva bhagavadgItA, upaniSada, aura brahmasUtra vedAnta ke prasthAnatrayI kahe jAte the| pUrva mImAMsA tathA uttara mImAMsA:-karmakANDa-vedamantroM meM batalAye hue kartavya karmo arthAt dRSTa aura pUtta karmoM kI zikSA kA nAma karmakANDa hai| iSTa ve karma haiM, jinakI vidhi mantroM meM dI gaI ho, jaise yajJAdi; aura pUtta ve sAmajika karma haiM, jinakI AjJA veda meM ho kintu vidhi laukika ho, jaise pAThazAlA. kUpa, vidyAlaya anAthAlaya Adi banavAnA ityaadi| ina donoM karmo ke tIna avAntara bheda haiM-nitmakarma, naimittika karma aura kAmya karma / (1) nityakarma-jo nitya karane yogya haiM, jaise paMca mahAyajJa Adi / (2) naimittika-ve karma haiM jo kisInimitta ke hone para kiye jAya~, jaise putra kA janma hone para jAtakarma-saMskAra (3) kAmya karma-jo kisI laukika athavA pAralaukika kAmanA se kiye jaayeN| inake atirikta karmoM ke do aura bheda haiM, niSiddha karma aura prAyazcita karma / (ka)-niSiddha karma-jinake karane kA zAstroM meM niSedha ho ( 145 ) .

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__ (kha)-prAyazcita karma-jo vihi karma ke na karane athavA vidhiviruddha ke karane yA varjita karma karane se anta:karaNa para malina saMskAra par3a jAte haiM, unake dhone ke lie kiye jAMya karmA kA phala bhoganA hI par3egA, tathA pratiSiddha karmo kA AcaraNa azubha kala karegA hii| ataH inameM nivRtti vAMcchanIya hai, parantu nitya aura naimittika kA anuSThAna nitAnta Avazyaka hai| ata: kAmya aura niSiddha karmoM se nivRtti parantu prAyazcita tathA nitya aura naimittika karmo meM pravRtti mokSa kI sAhikA hai| ___ upAsanAkANDa-veda mantroM meM batalAyI huI lavalInatA arthAt mana kI vRttiyoM ko sava ora se haTAkara kevala eka lakSya para ThaharAne kI zikSA kA nAma upAsanA hai| jJAnakANDa-isI prakAra veda mantroM meM jahA~-jahA~ AtmA tathA paramAtmA ke svarUpa kA varNana hai, usakoM jJAna kANDa kahate haiN| mantroM ke karma kANDa kA vistAra pUrvaka varNana mukhyatayA brAhmaNa granthoM meM, jJAna kANDa kA AraNyakoM tathA upaniSadoM meM aura upAsanA kANDa kA donoM meM kiyA gayA hai| mImAMsA-ina tInoM kANDoM ke vedArtha viSayaka vicArako mImAMsA kahate haiN| mImAMsA zabda 'mAna jJAne' se jijJAsA artha meM 'mAne jijJAsAmAm' vArtika kI sahAyatA se niSpanna hotA hai| mImAMsA ke do bheda haiM-pUrvamImAMsA aura uttara mImAMsA pUrvamImAMsA meM karmakANDa aura uttara mImAMsA meM jJAnakANDa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| upAsanA donoM meM sammilita hai| isa prakAra ke donoM darzana vAstva meM eka hI grantha ke do bhAga kahe jA sakate haiN| pUrva mImAMsA zrI vyAsadeva ke ziSya jaiminI muni ne pravRtta mArgI grahasthoM tathA karma-kANDiyoM ke lie banAyI hai| usakA prasiddha nAma mImAMsAdarzana hai| isako jaimini darzana bhI kahate haiN| isake bAraha adhyAya haiM, jo mukhyatayA karmakANDa se sambandha rakhate haiN| uttaramImAMsA nivRtti mArga vAle jJAniyoM tathA saMnyAsiyoM ke liye zrI vyAsa mahArAja ne ( 146 ) ..

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svayaM racA hai| vedoM ke karmakANDa-pratipAdaka vAkyoM meM jo virodha pratIta hotA hai, kevala usake vAstavika avirodha ko dikhalAne ke lie pUrva mImAMsA kI aura veda ke jJAnakANDa meM samanvaya sAdhana aura avirodha kI sthApanA ke lie uttara mImAMsA kI racanA kI gayI hai| isa kAraNa ina donoM darzanoM meM zabda pramANa ko hI pradhAnatA dI gayI hai| donoM dArzanika lagabhaga samakAlIna hue haiN| isalie zrI maiminikA bhI vahI samaya lenA cAhiye jo uttara mImAMsA ke prakaraNa meM zrI veda vyAsa jI mahArAja ke batalAyA jaaygaa| pUrva mImAMsA:-mImAMsA prathama sUtra hai 'athAto dharma jijJAsA' arthAt ava dharma kI jijJAsA karate haiN| mImAMsA ke anusAra dharma kI vyAkhyA vedavihina, ziSToM se AcaraNa kiye hue karmoM meM apanA jIvana DhAlanA hai| isameM saba karmoM ko yajJoM tathA mahAyajJoM ke antargata kara diyA gayA hai| bhagavAna manu ne bhI aisA hI kahA hai-mahAyajJaizca yajJaizrca brAhIyaM kriyate tanuH' mahAyajJoM tathA yajJoM ke dvArA brAhmaNa zarIra banatA hai pUrNimA tathA amAvasyA meM jo choTI-choTI iSTiyAM kI jAtI haiM, inakA nAma yajJa azvameghAdi yajJoM kA nAma mahAyajJa hai| (1) brahma yajJa-prAta: aura sAMyakAla kI saMdhyA tathA svAdhyAya (2) devayajJa-prAta: tathA sAyaMkAla kA havana / (3) pitRyajJa-deva tathA pitaroM kI pUjA arthAt mAtA, pitA, guru Adi kI sevA tathA unake prati zraddhA bhakti / (4) balivaizvadeva yajJa pakAye hue anna meM se anya prANiyoM ke lie nikAlanA (5) atithiyajJa-ghara para Aye hue atithiyoM kA satkAra / veda ke pA~ca prakAra ke viSaya haiM-(1) vidhi, (2) mantra, (3) nAmadheya, (4) niSedha aura (5) arthavAda / svarga kI kAmanA vAlA yajJa kare' isa prakAra ke vAkyoM ko 'vidhi' kahate haiN| anuSThAna ke artha-smAraka vacanoM ko mantra ke nAma se pukArate haiN| yajJoM ke nAma kI 'nAmadheya' saMjJA hai| anucita kArya se virata hone ko 'niSedha' kahate haiM tathA kisI padArtha ke sacce guNoM ( 147)

Page #154
ke kathana ko arthavAda kahate haiN| ina pA~ca viSayoM ke hone para bhI veda kA tAtparya vidhi vAkyoM meM hI hai| anya cAroM viSaya unake kevala aGgabhUta hai tathA purUSoM ko anuSThAna ke lie utsuka banA kara vidhi vAkyoM ko hI sampanna kiyA karate haiN| vidhi cAra prakAra kI hotI hai-karma kA svarUpa mAtra ko batalAne vAlI vidhi 'utpatti-vidhi' hai| aGga tathA pradhAna anuSThAnoM ke sambandha bodhaka vidhi ko 'viniyoga vidhi', karma se utpanna phala ke svAmitva ko kahane vAlI vidhi ko 'adhikAra vidhI' tathA prayoga ke prAzubhAva (zIghratA) ke bodhaka vidhi ko 'prayoga vidhi' kahate haiN| vihayartha ke nirNaya karane meM sahAyaka zruti, liGga, vAkya prakaraNa, sthAna tathA samAkhyA nAmaka SaMTa pramANa hote haiN| jaimini muni ke matAnusAra yajJoM se hI svarga arthAta brahama kI prApti hotI hai / 'svarga kAmo yajeta' svarga kI kAmanA vAlA yajJa kare / yajJa ke viSaya meM zrImadabhagavadgItA meM aisA varNana kiyA gayA hai yajJArthAtkarmaNA'nyatra loko'yaM karmabandhanaH / tadarthaM karma kainteya muktasaGga samAcAra 1425 yajJa ke lie jo karma kiye jAte haiM, unake atirikta anya kamoM se yaha loka ba~dhA huA hai| tadartha arthAt yajJArtha kiye jAne vAle karma (bhI) tU Asakti athavA phalAzA chor3a kara karatA jaa| uttaramImAMsA:-uttaramImAMsA ko brahmasUtra, zArIrika sUtra, brahmamImAMsA tathA veda kA antima tAtparya batalAne se vedAnta darzana aura vedAntamImAMsA bhI kahate haiN| isa darzana ke cAra sopAna hai aura pratyeka sopAna cAra padoM meM vibhakta hai| (1) pahale sopAna kA nAma samanvaya hai, kyoMki inameM vedAnta vAkyoM kA eka mukhya tAtparya brahma meM dikhAyA gayA hai, kyoMki isameM sAre vedAntavAkyoM kA eka mukhya tAtparya brahma meM dikhAyA gayA hai| isake pahale pAda meM una vAkyoM para vicAra hai, jinameM brahma kA cinha (148)

Page #155
sarvajJatAdi spaSTa haiM / dUsare meM una para vicAra hai, jinameM brahma kA cinha spaSTa hai aura tAtparya upAsanA meM hai| tIsare meM unapara vicAra hai, jinameM brahma kA cinha spaSTa haiM, aura tAtparya jJAna meM hai| cauthe meM saMdigdha padoM para vicAra hai / (2) dUsare sopAna kA nAma avirodha hai, kyoMki isameM isa darzana ke viSaya kA tarka se zrutiyoM kA paraspara avirodha dikhAyA gayA hai| isake pahale pAda meM isa darzana ke viSaya kA smRti aura tarka se avirodha; dUsare meM virodhI tarkoM ke doSa, tIsare meM paMca mahAbhUta ke vAkyoM kA paraspara avirodha, aura cauthe meM liGga zarIra-viSayaka vAkyoM kA paraspara avirodha dikhAyA gayA hai / (3) tIsare sopAna kA nAma sAdhana hai; kyoMki isameM vidyA ke sAdhanoM kA nirNaya kiyA gayA hai| isake pahale pAda meM mukti se nIce ke phaloM meM truTi dikhalAkara unase vairAgya; dUsare meM jIva aura Izvara meM bheda dikhalAkara Izvara ko jIva ke lie phaladAtA honA; tIsare meM upAsanA kA svarUpa aura cauthe pAda meM brahmadarzana ke bahiraMGga tathA antaraGga sAdhanoM kA varNana hai / (4) cauthe sopAna meM vidyA ke phala kA nirNaya dikhalAyA hai| isake pahale pAda meM jIvanamukti, dUsare meM mRtyu; tIsare meM uttaragati aura cauthe meM brahmaprApti aura brahamaloka kA varNana hai / adhikaraNa-pAdoM meM jina-jina avAntara viSayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai unakA nAma adhikaraNa hai / adhikaraNoM ke viSaya meM adhikaraNoM meM nimnalikhita viSayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai1. Izvara 2. prakRti, 3. jIvAtmA, 4. punarjanma, 5. marane ke pIche kI avasthAeN, 6. karma, 7. upAsanA, 8. jJAna, 9. bandha, 10. mokSa / ( 149 )

Page #156
brahmasUtra meM vyAsa deva jI ne jahA~ dUsare AcAryo ke mata ko dikhalAkara apanA siddhAnta batalAyA hai, vahA~ apane ko bAdarAyaNa nAma se bodhana kiyA hai / isa darzana ke anusara __(1) 'heya'-tyAjya jo duHkha hai usakA mUla jar3atattva hai arthAt dukha jar3atattva kA dharma hai (2) 'heya hetu'-tyAjya jo dukha hai usakA kAraNa ajJAna arthAt jaDatatva meM Atmatatva kA adhyAsa arthAt jar3atatva ko bhUla se cetana tatva mAna letA hai| cAroM antaHkaraNa mana, buddhi, citta, ahaGkAra aura indriyoM tathA zarIra meM ahaMmabhAva aura unake viSaya meM mamatva paidA kara lenA hI duHkhoM meM phA~sanA hai (3) 'hAna'-dukha ke nitAnta AbhAva kI avasthA 'svarUpa sthiti arthAt jaDatva se apane ko sarvathA bhinna karake nirvikAra nirlepa zuddha paramAtmA svarUpa meM avasthita honA hai| (4) 'hAnopAya'-svarUpa-sthiti kA upAya paramAtmatatva kA jJAna hai, jahA~ duHkha ajJAna, bhrama Adi lezamAtra bhI nahIM hai, aura jo pUrNa jJAna aura zakti kA bhaNDAra hai| vedAntadarzana kA prathama sUtra hai 'athAto brahmajijJAsA'426 aba brahma ke viSaya meM vicAra Arambha hotA hai| dUsarA sUtra hai janmAdyasya yata:427 isa jagata kI utpatti, sthiti aura pralaya jisase hotI hai arthAta jo jagat kI utpatti, sthiti aura pralaya kA nimitta kAraNa hai, vaha brahma hai'| jaisA kI zruti kahatI hai ( 150)

Page #157
yato vA imAni bhUtAni jAyante yena jatAni jIvanti / yattrarayantyabhisaM vizanti / tad vijijJAsasva / tadbrahma // 428 jisase ye bhUta utpanna hote haiM, utpanna hokara jIte haiM aura marate hai aura mara kara jisameM lIna hote haiM, usakI jijJAsA kara, vaha satya brahma hai'| vedAnta darzana kA tIsarA sUtra hai 'zAstrayonitvAt'429 brahma 'zAstrapramANaka hai'| brahma indriyoM kI pahu~ca se pare hai isalie vaha pratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM, anumAna bhI usakI jhalaka mAtra detA hai| para zAstra usakA divya svarUpa darzAtA hai, jisase anumAna idhara hI raha jAtA hai ataeva kahA hai| 'yena sUryastapati tejaseddha: / navedavinmanu te taM bRhantam'4.50 'jisa teja se pradIpta hokara sUrya tapatA hai, usa mahAn (prabhu) ko vaha nahIM jAnatA jo veda ko nahIM jAnatA hai|' vedAnta darzana kA cauthA sUtra hai 'tattu samanvayAt'431 'vaha brahma kA zAstra pramANaka honA eka tAtparya se hai|' sAre zAstra kA eka tAtparya brahma ke pratipAdana meM hai, ataeva kahA hai sarve vedA yatpadamAmananti 432 'sAre veda jisa pada kA abhyAsa karate haiN|' isalie zruti kA tAtparya eka brahma ke pratipAdana meM hai, kahIM zuddha svarUpa se, kahIM zabalasvarUpa athavA upalakSaNa se| vedAnta darzana ke ye cAroM sUtra vedAnta kI catuHsUtrI kahalAte haiN| inameM sAmAnya rUpa se vedAnta kA vicAra kara diyA hai, vizeSa rUpa se Age kiyA hai| (151)

Page #158
cetanatatva kA zuddha svarUpa tadavyaktamAha hi / 433 'mUrta-amUrta se pare brahma kA avyakta zuddhasvarUpa hai|' jaisA kI zruti kahatI hai zuddhamapApaviddham / 434 'vaha zuddha aura pApa se na bIMdhA huA hai' zuddha cetana-tatva jJAna vAlA nahIM hai, kintu jJAnasvarUpa hai satyaM jJAnamanantaM brahma 1435 '(zuddha) brahma, satya jJAna aura ananta hai|' tacchubhraM jyotiSAM jyoti: 1436 'vaha zubhra jyotiyoM kA jyoti hai|' brahma kA zuddha svarUpa prAya: neti-neti niSedhamukha zabdoM se varNana kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki usakA svarUpa kyA hai, yaha bAta to AtmAnubhava se hI jAnI jA sakatI hai, upadeza kevala yahI ho sakatA hai ki jJAta vastuoM se usakA para honA U~cA diyA jAya, jaisA ki maharSi yAjJavalkya devI gArgI ko upedaza kiyA hai nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana:-vijaya purI ke dhArmika maTha meM 'dravya guNa karma, sAmAnya vizeSa, samavAya pardArtho ke svarUpa nirUpaNa meM avasthita bhinna guNa evaM avayavoM kA nirUpaNa karane vAlA vaizeSika darzana paDhAyA jA rahA thaa|437 uparyukta sandarbha meM isa darzana ke sAtaveM 'abhAva' padArtha kA ullekha na karane se yaha kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki kaNAdapraNIta 'vaizeSika sUtra isa samaya pAThya grantha rahA hogaa| ( 152)

Page #159
jisameM chaha padArthoM kA hI ullekha hai aura sUtra meM Aye 'ca' zabda ke AdhAra para bAda meM abhAva nAma sA~taveM padArtha kA mAnA gayA hai| eka prasaMga meM uddyotana sUri ne kaNAda kA bhI ullekha anya AcAryo ke sAtha kiyA hai|4.38 kaNAda vaizeSika darzana ke pramukha AcArya the / vaizeSika sUtra bhASya ke anta meM bhASyakAra prazastapAda ne sUtrakAra kaNAda kI vandanA kI hai, kahA hai ki unhoMne (kANAu) yoga aura AcAra se mahezvara ko prasanna karake vaizeSika - zAstra kI racanA kI thii| yoga aura AcAra pazupata yA zaiva sampradAya ke bhI anuyAyI rahe hoMge / AcArya haribhadra sUri ne bhI kaNAda ke darzana ko zava dharma kA pracAraka kahA hai 1439 maTha ke chaThaveM vyAkhyAna - maNDapa meM pramANa, prameya, saMzaya, nirNaya chala jAti nigrahavAdI naiyAyikoM kA darzana chAtroM ko par3hayA jA rahA thA / 440 nyAya darzana solaha pardAtha svIkAra karatA hai / gautama praNIta nyAyasUtra kA prathama sUtra ina solaha padArtho kA nAma nirdeza karatA hai| 441 udyotana sUri ne una solaha padArthoM meM se prArambha meM tIna, madhya kA eka (nirNaya) tathA anta meM tIna padArthoM kA samAsa meM nirdeza karate hue apane samaya meM nyAyasUtra kA par3hAyA jAnA vyaMjita kiyA hai / kuvalayamAlA meM anyatra nyAya - darzana ke sambandha meM isake atirikta aura koI jAnakArI nahI dI huI hai / kaNAda munipravartita vaizeSika darzana aura gautama munipravartita nyAya darzana ke siddhAnta eka jaise haiN| nyAya darzana eka prakAra se vaizeSika siddhAnta kI vistRta vyAkhyA hai yA yo kahiye ki ye dono eka hI haiM jisakA pUrvAMga vaizeSika hai aura uttarAga nyAya ina donoM darzanakAroM kA ThIka samaya nizcaya karanA ati kaThina hai kintu siddha hai ki ye donoM bhagavAna kapila aura pataMjali muni ke pIche hue hai; kyoM ki inhoMne atIndriya padArthoM ke vAstavika svarUpa jAnane ke lie yoga kA hI sahArA liyA hai aura vyAsa tathA jaimini se pUrvakAla meM hue haiM; kyoM ki ( 153 )

Page #160
bramhAsatra meM unake siddhAntoM kA varNana AyA hai| ina donoM meM kapATa godAma meM pahale hue hai, kyoM ki vaizeSika darzana nyAya darzana kI apekSA adhika prAcIna samaya kA hai| __ vaizeSika sUtroM kI saMkhyA tIna sau sattara hai, jo dasa adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka adhyAya me do Anhika meM haiN| prathama adhyAya ke prathama Anhika meM dravya, guNa tathA karma ke lakSaNa tathA vibhAga kA aura dUsare meM 'sAmAnya' kA dUsare tathA tIsare adhyAya meM nau dravyoM kA, cauthe adhyAya ke prathama Ahika meM paramANu vAda kA tathA dvitIya meM anitma dravya vibhAga kA, pA~cameM adhyAya meM karmakA, chaThe adhyAya meM veda pramANya ke vicAra ke bAda dharma-adharma kA, sAtaveM tathA AThaveM adhyAya meM katipaya guNoM kA , naveM adhyAya meM AbhAva tathA jJAna kA aura dasaveM meM sukha-dukha vibheda tathA vividha kAraNoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vaizeSika kA artha hai padArthoM ke bhedoM kA bodhkH| padArtha jo pratiti se siddha ho use kahate hai| vaizeSika darzana meM heya, heya-hetu, hAna, aura hAnopAya-ina cAroM pratipAdya viSayoM ke samajhane ke lie cha: padArtha 1-dravya, 2-guNa, 3-karma, 4-sAmAnya, 5-vizeSa aura 6-samavAyakA kA nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai tathA usake sAmAnya dharma aura vizeSa dharma ke tatva jJAna se niHzreyasa arthAt mokSa batalAyA gayA hai| yathA-dharma vizeSaprasUtAd dravyaguNa karma sAmAnya vizeSamavAyAnA padArthAnAM sAdharmya vaidhAmyAM tatvajJAnAnniH shreysm| 442 7 dharma vizeSa se utpanna huA jo dravya, guNa karma, sAmAnya vizeSa au samavAya (itane) padArthoM kA sAdharmya aura vaidharmya se tatvajJAna, usase mokSa hotA hai|' ina padArthoM meM kevala dharmI to dravya hai, anya pA~ca padArtha dharma haiM / arthAta guNa aura karma dravya ke dharma haiN| sAmAnya aura vizeSa dravya, guNa aura karma tInoM ke dharma haiN| aura samavAya pA~co kA dharma hai| ina cha: meM se pahale tIna dravya guNa aura karma mukhya padArtha hai; kyoMki inhI se artha-kriyA (prayojana) siddha hotI hai, aura yahI dharma adharma ke nimitta hote haiN| zeSa tIna (154)

Page #161
upapadArtha hai; kyo ki unase koI artha-kriyA siddha nahIM hotI hai ve kevala zabdavyavahAra ke hI upayogI hai| dravya nau haiM-pRthivyApastejovAyuzakAzaM kAlo digAtmA mana iti dravyANi / pRrthI, jala, agni, vAyu AkAza, kAla dizA, AtmA aura mana-ye nau dravya haiN| guNa caubIsa haiM rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza, saMkhyA, parimANa, pRthktva, saMyoga, vibhAga, paratva, aparatva, gurutva, dravatva, sneha, zabda, buddhi, sukha, duHkha, icchA dveSa, prayatna, dharma, adharma aura saMskAra / __ nyAya darzana:-nyAya sUtra ke racayitA kA nAma gautama yA gotama hai aura vyakti nAma akSavAda hai| pramANoM se artha kA parIkSaNa arthAta vibhinna pranAgoM kI sahAyatA se vastutatva kI parIkSA nyAya hai| pratyakSa aura Agama ke Azrita anumAna (nyAya) hai| anumAna meM parIkSA karake artha kI siddhi kI jAtI hai| parIkSA pratyakSa Adi pramANoM se hotI hai jaise agni kI siddhi meM jaba yaha pratijJA kI ki 'parvata meM agni hai' to yaha zabda pramANa huA, jaba rasoI kA udAharaNa diyA to yaha pratyakSa pramANa huA; jaba jaise rasoI dhUmavAlI hai vaise yaha parvata dhUmavAlA hai aisA upanayana kahA, to yaha upanAma huaa| isa prakAra pratyakSa, upanAma aura zabda, ina saba pramANoM se parIkSA karake agnikI siddhi kI gyii| isa prakAra samasta pramANoM ke vyApAra se parIkSA karake agni siddhi kI gyii| isa prakAra samasta pramANoM ke vyApAra se artha kA nizcaya karanA nyAya hai| nyAyasUtra pA~ca adhyAyoM meM vibhakta haiM aura pratyeka adhyAya do AhrikoM meN| inameM Sor3aza padArtho ke uddezya (nAma kathana) tathA lakSaNa (paribhASA) parIkSaNa kiye gaye haiN| pramANaprameyasaMyUmaprayojanadRSTAH tasiddhAntAvyavatarkanirNayavAdajalpavitaNDA, hetvAmAsa chalajAtinigrahasthAnAnAM tatvajJAnAnni: zreyasAdhigama: ++4 (155)

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'pramANa, prameya, saMyama, prayojana, dRSTAnta, siddhAnta, avayava taka nirNaya vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA, hetvAbhAsa, chala, jAti, aura nigrahasthAna, inake tatvajJAna se mAmalA hai aura pramANa Adi padArtha usa tatva jJAna ke sAdhana haiN| yarthAta jJAna kA sAdhana pramANa hai, jAnane vAlA pramAtA, jJAna pramiti aura jisa vastu ko jAnatA hai vaha prameya kahalAtI hai| nyAya darzana ke anusAra cAra mukhya pramANa haiM- 1 pratyakSa, 2 anumAna, 3 upamAna 4 Agama / 1 pratyakSa pramANa-iMndriyoM aura jartha ke sambandha se utpanna huA azabda (nAmamAtra se na kahA huA), avyabhicArI ( na badalane vAlA) aura nizcayAtmaka ho, vaha pratyakSa pramANa hai| __ pratyakSa ke do bheda haiM-nirvikalpaka aura sviklp| vastu kA AlocanamAtra jJAna, jisameM sambandha kI pratIti nahIM hotI hai, nirvikalpa hai; aura jisameM sambandha kI pratIti hotI hai, vaha savikalpa hai| nirvikalpa pahale hotA hai aura savikalpa piiche| jaise gauko dekhakara 'gau' yaha jJAna pahale-pahala nahIM hotA; kyoMki 'gau' isa jJAna meM kevala vyakti kA jJAna nahI, kiMtu eka vizeSa vyakti, eka vizeSa jAti (gotva) se sambandha rakhane vAlI pratIta ho rahI hai| isa sambandha kA jJAna sambandhiyoM ko pahale-pahala alaga jAne binA nahIM hotA kyoM ki 'go' isa jJAna meM kevala vyakti kA jJAna nahIM, kiMtu eka vizeSa vyakti, eka vizeSa jAti (gotva) se sambandha rakhane vAlI pratIta ho rahI hai| isase anumAna hotA hai ki pahale donoM sambandhiyoM (jAti, vyakti) kA sambandha rahita jJAna alaga-alaga huA hai, pIche 'yaha gau hai' yaha jJAna huA hai| inameM se pahalA nirvikalpa hai; pIche jo sambandha ko prakaTa karane vAlA jJAna huA hai, vaha savikalpa hai| nirvikalpaka kahane meM nahI AtA hai| 2. anumAna pramANa-sAdhana-sAdhya, ligaM ligIM athavA kArya kAraNa ke sambandha se jo jJAna utpanna ho, use anumAna kahate haiN| jahA~ 'vyApti' arthAta sAhacarya (sAtha rahane) kA niyama ( 156)

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pAyA jAtA hai| vahIM anumAna hotA hai| dhUma agni ke binA nahIM hotA, isaliye dhRma meM agni kA anumAna hotA hai; para agni binA dhUma ke bhI hotI hai. isaliye agni se dhUma kA anumAna nahIM hotaa| jisake dvArA anumAna karate haiM usako liMgI kahate hai| isa prakAra dhRna liGgI hai, aura agni linggii| liGgI vaha hotA hai jo vyApaka ho| jahA~ dhUma hai vahA~, agni avazya hai, dhUma meM agni kI vyApakatA hai, aisA hone se hI anumAna ho sakatA hai| yadi vinA agni ke dhUma hotA to usase agni kA anumAna na hotaa| jaise agni vinA dhUma ke bhI hotI hai ataevaM agni se dhUma anumAna nahIM ho sktaa| isaliye jahA~ vyApti hai vahIM anumAna hotA hai| sama-vyApti ho cAhe viSama-vyApti ho| sama vyApti, jaise gandha aura prathivItva kI hai| jahA~ gandha va gandha hai vahIM pRthivItva hai aura jahA~ pRthvItva hai vahIM gandha hai ! aura viSama-vyApti, jaise agni aura dhUmakI hai; kyoM ki jahA~ dhUma hai vahIM agni meM vaha nava- hai. para jahA~ agni hai vahA~ dhUma bhI ho yaha niyama nahIM hai| yoga-darzana:-jaina kathA-sAhitya meM yoga-darzana kA ullekha prApta hotA hai-'AtmA sarvagata hai, jise prakRti nahI bA~dha sakatI tathA yogAbhyAsa se mukti pAkara vyakti niraMjana hotA hai| 445 isa siddhAnta ko mAnane vAle AcArya kA nAma kuvalayamAlA meM nahI diyA hai| vicAradhArA ke AdhAra para pratIta hotA hai ki isakA sambandha bhI yoga se prabhAvita darzana se rahA hogA, jo sAMkhya kI hI eka zAkhA hai| tridaNDiyoM ke mata se kucha bhinnatA hone ke kAraNa ye apane ko yogAmyAsI kahate rahe hoNge| pA~ca yama pA~ca niyama ye dasa parivrAjaka dharma sAMkhya darzana ke sAdhu bhI mAnate tathA isakA upadeza dete the| rAjA dar3havarmana ne isa mata ke AcArya kA dharma isalie svIkAra nahIM kiyA kyoM ki use sarvagata AtmA hone para yogAmyAsa viparita pratIta hotA hai|446 yoga ke Adi AcArya hiraNyagarbha haiN| hiraNyagarbha sUtroM ke AdhAra para (jo isa samaya lupta hai) pataMjali yogadarzana kA nirmANa kiyA hai| 1157 /

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yoga darzana ke cAra pAda haiM aura 195 sUtra haiN| samAdhipAda meM 51 sAdhana pATa meM 26. vibhUtipAda meM 55 aura kevalyapAda meM 34 / samAdhipAda-jisa prakAra eka nipuNa kSetrajJa sarva prathama sabase adhika upajAU bhUmi ko taiyAra karake usameM zreSThatama bIja hotA hai, isI prakAra zrIpataMjali gahArAjane samAhita cittavAla sabase uttama adhikAriyoM ke lie sabase prathama samAdhipAda ko Arambha karake usameM vistArapUrvaka yoga ke svarUpa ko varNana kiyA hai| sArA samAdhipAda eka prakAra se nimna tIna sUtroM kI vistRta vyAkhyA hai| yogazcitavRtinirodhaH // 2 // 447 yogacita kI vRttiyoM ko rokanA hai| tadAdraSTuH svarUpeDavasthAnam // 3 // 448 taba (vRttiyoM ke nirodha hone para) draSTA kA svarUpa : avAsthati hotA hai| . vRttisArUpyamitaratra // 4 // 449 dUsarI (svarupAvasthiti se atirikta) avasthA meM draSTA vRtti ke samAna rupavAlA pratIta hotA hai| citta, buddhi, mana anta: karaNa lagabhaga paryAyavAcaka samAnArthaka zabda hai, jinakA bhinna-bhinna darzanakAroM ne apanI-apanI paribhASA meM prayoga kiyA hai| mana kI caMcalatA prasiddha hai| sRSTi ke sAre kAryoM meM mana kI sthiratA hI saphalatA kA kAraNa hotI hai sRSTi ke sAre mahAn puruSoM kI adbhuta zaktiyoM meM unake mana kI ekAlA kA rahasya chipA huA hotA hai| naipoliyana ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki vaha itanA ekAgracita thA ki raNabhUmi meM bhI zAntipUrvaka zayana kara sakatA thA, kintu, ye saba ekAgratA ke bAhaya rUpa haiN| yoga ke antargata mana ko do prakAra se rokanA hai eka to kevala eka viSaya meM lagAtAra isa prakAra lagAye rakhanA ki dUsarA vicAra na Ane pAve, isako ekAgratA athavA samprajJAta ( 158)

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samAdhi kahate haiN| isake cAra bheda haiN| (9) virtaka-kisI sapUla viSaya meM citta vRtti kI ekaagrtaa| (2) vicAra-kisI sUkSama viSayoM meM cittavRtti kI eka ataH . (3) Ananda-ahaMkAra viSaya meM cittavRtti kI ekAgratA (4) asmitA-ahaMkAra rahita asmitA viSaya meM cittavRtti kI ekaagrtaa| isakI sabase UMcI avasthA vivekakhyAti hai, jisameM citta kA AtmAdhyAsa chUTa jAtA hai aura usake dvArA AtmasvarUpa kA usase pRthkarUpa meM sAkSAtkAra hotA hai, kiMtu yogadarzana isako vAstavika Atmasthiti nahIM batalAtA hai| yaha bhI citta hI kI eka vRtti athavA mana kA hI eka viSaya hai kiMtu isakA nirantara abhyAsa vAstavika svarUpAvAsthati meM sahAyaka hotA ___ uparyukta viveka khyAti bhI citta hI kI eka uccatama sAtvika vRtti hai| isako 'neti-neti, (yaha vAstavika svarupAvasthiti nahIM hai, yaha Atmasthiti nahI hai ityAdi parama vairAgya dvArA haTAnA mata kA dUsarI prakAra se rokanA hai isake bhI haTa jAne para cita koI bhI vRtti na rahanA athavA manakA kisI viSaya kI ora na jAnA, sarvavRtti-nirodha ansanprajJAta samAdhi hai / isakI vistAra pUrvaka vyAkhyA yoga darzana meM yathAsthAna meM upalabdha hai niropa apana svarUpa kA sarvathA nAza ho jAnA nahIM hai, kiMtu jar3a-tatva ke avivekapUrNa saMyoga ke cetana tatva se sarvathA nAza ho jAnA hai| isa saMyoga ke na rahane para draSTA kI zuddha paramAtmA svarUpa meM avasthiti hotI hai| isako tIsare sUtra meM batalAyA gayA hai| 'svarUpAsthiti' itanA vyApaka zabda hai ki sora sampradAya aura matAntara vAle isake apane abhimata artha le sakate haiM, kiMtu yoga kriyAtmaka rUpa se aMtima lakSaya meM pahuMcAkara yarthAtha svarUpa anubhava karAkara zabdoM ke vAda-vivAda meM nahI par3atA hai| 'svarUpAvasthiti' ke atirikta bhinna avasthAoM meM yadyapi draSTA ke svarUpa meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana, nahIM hotA hai, tathApi jaisI citta kI vRti sukha-dukha aura moharUpa hotI hai, vaisA hI

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dRSTA bhI pratIta hotA hai, jaise jala meM pratibimbita candramA jala ke hilane se calAyamAna aura sthira hone se zAnta pratIta hotA hai / bramhAsUtra tathA sAMkhya sUtra ke sadRza yogadarzana ke bhI prathama cAra sUtra yoga darzana kI catuHsUtrI haiM, jinameM sArA yoga darzana sAmAnya rUpa se batalA diyA hai| zeSa saba sUtra inhIM kI vizeSa vyAkhyArupa haiM / 2 sAhAnapAda dUsare pAda meM vikSipta citta vAle madhyama adhikAriyoM ke lie yoga kA sAdhana batalAyA gayA haiM / 1 sarvabandhanoM aura duHkhoM ke mUla kAraNa pA~ca kleza hai- avidyA, asmitA rAga, dveSa aura abhiniveza / avidyA- anitya meM nitya, azuddha meM zuddha duHkha ne sukha, anAtmA meM AtmA samajhanA avidyA hai| isa avidyArUpI kSetra meM hI anya cAro kleza utpanna hote haiM / asmitA-isa avidyA ke kAraNa jar3a citta aura cetana puruSa citi meM bheda jJAna nahI rhtaa| yaha avidyA se utpanna huA citta aura citi meM aviveka asmitA kleza kahalAtA hai / rAga-citta aura citi me viveka na rahane se jaDatatva meM sukha kI vAsanA utpanna hotI | asmitA kleza se utpanna huI citta meM sukha kI isa vAsanA kA nAma rAga hai 1 dveSa isa rAga se sukha meM vighna par3ane para duHkha ke saMskAra utpanna hote haiM / rAga se utpanna hue duHkha ke saMskAro kA nAma dveSa hai / abhiniveza duHkha pAne ke bhaya se bhautika zarIra ko bacAye rakhane kI vAsanA utpanna hotI hai: isakA nAma abhiniveza kleza hai / ( 160 )

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klezoM se karmakI vAsanA utpanna hotI haiN| karma yAnAaMmalapI vRkSa utpanna hote haiN| usa vRkSa meM jAti, Ayu bhogarUpI tIna prakAra ke phala lagate haiN| ina tInoM phaloM meM sukha duHkha rUpI do prakAra kA svAda hotA hai| ___ jo puSpa karma arthAta hiMsA rahita dUsare ke kalyANAtha karma kiye jAte haiM, unase jAti Ayu aura bhoga meM sukha milatA hai, aura jo pApakarma arthAt hisAtmaka dUsaroM ko duHkha pahuMcAne ke lie karma kiye jAte haiM, unase jAti Ayu aura bhoga meM duHkha pahu~catA hai| kiMtu yaha sukha bhI tatva vettA kI dRSTi meM duHkha rUpa hI hai, kyoM ki viSayoM meM pariNAma, du:kha tapa duHkha aura saMskAra du:kha milA huA hotA hai; aura tIno guNoM ke sadA asthira rahane ke kAraNa unakI sukha duHkha aura moharUpI vRtiyA~ bhI badalatI rahatI haiN| isaliye sukha ke pIche duHkha kA honA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra citta ko eka aisA darpaNa samajhanA cAhiye, jisameM sUrya kA prakAza par3a rahA ho aura anya viSayoM kA pratibimba A rahA ho| usa zakA ke nivaraNArtha ki jaba citta se hI saba vyavahAra cala rahe hai aura usI meM saba vAsanAe~ rahatI haiM to dRSTA pramANa zUnya hokara citta hI bhoktA siddha ho jaayegaa| samAdhi dvArA jaba yogI ko purUSa aura citta ke bheda kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai, taba usakI AtmabhAva bhAvanA ki maiM kauna hU~, kiyA hU~, kaisA hU~,-ityAdi nivRtta ho jAtI hai| ava isa pAda ke antima sUtra meM kaivalya kA svarUpa batalAye hai| purUSArthazUnyAnAM guNAnAM pratiprasava: kaivalyaM svarUpa pratiSThA vA citi-zakteriti 450 // 34 // ( 161)

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purUSArtha se zunya hue guNoM ko apane kAraNa meM lIna ho jAnA; athavA citi-zakti kA apane svarUpa meM avasthita ho jAnA kaivalya hai| guNoM kI pravRtti purUSa ke bhoga aura apavarga ke loTe, jaya ha yojana siddha ho jAtA hai, jaba usa purUSa ke prati usakA kartavya zeSa nahIM rahataH / nAliya ve apane kAraNa meM lIna ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra purUSa kA antima lakSya apavarga sampAdana karane ke pazcAt guNoM kA apane kAraNa meM lIna ho jAne kA nAma kaivalya hai| athavA yo samajhanA cAhiye ki dharmI citta ke pariNAma-krama banAne vAle guNoM kA apane kAraNa meM lIna ho jAne para citi-zakti (purUSa) kA citta se kisI prakAra kA sambandha na rahane para (zuddha paramAtmA) svarUpa meM avasthita ho jAne kA nAma kaivalya hai| 1 140

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saMdarbha aura TippaNiyA~ 1. bhagavadgItA adhyAya 17 zloka 3,41 2. yakSoM para draSTavya kumAra svAmA-yakSa 2 bhAga : 3. orijansa oNva buddhijma, pR. 318-19 / 4. esa. bI. I. ji. 22, bhUmikA, tu. maiksamUlara harbarTa pR. 351 bUlara, baudhAyana-dharmasUtra (esa. bI. I. meM anu.) lekcrs| 5. jaikobI : jaina sUtrAsa (sekreDa buksa Apha da IsTa) 6. tatraiva, pR. 122, ttippnnii| 7. hApakinsa : rilIjansa oNva iNDiyA pR. 283 / 8. nigaNThoM para draSTavya orijinsa Ava buddhijma, pra. 353-68: kaitrija, hisTarI ji. 1: zApantiyara, uttarAdhyayana, bhUmikA; yAkobI, esa. bI. I. ji. 22 aura 45. bhUmikA, jaina aAuTa lAinya Ava jainijma glAjenApa, di DAkTrina oNva buddhijma, pR. 567-73; vinTanatsa, hisTa ya na naTa-carajilda 25.424 praa.| 9. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. kha) ke anusAra kevala pA~ca titthayAra videha, bharaha aura irAvayA me avasarpiNI au utsarpiNI ke dazAMza meM bharaha aura iravaya meM caubIsa aura videha meM cAra aura cautIsa / 10. bhagavad gItA a. 4 zloka 7 aura 8) 11. samarAiccakahA, pR. 160 12. bhagavadgItA, a. 3 zloka 27, 281 13. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. kha), 185 / 14. tatraiva, 184-mahAna zabda kI vyutpatti 'mA. 'hana' se huI jisakA artha hai himA mata karo 'mA' nahIM, hn-hiNsaa| 15. tatraiva, 184 / 16. tatraiva, 24 / 17. tatraiva, 4 / 18. tatraiva, 3261 19. tatraiva, 12 / 20. tatraiva, 294-97-kahAnI hiMsA, asatya bhASaNa, eka dUsare kI patnI yA pati kI icchA karanA aura kisI dAna ko anucita DhaMga se svIkAra karanA Adi ke daSpariNAmoM ko batalAtI hai| (163)

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21. tatraiva, 391 22. tatraiva, 294 / 23. tatraiva, 337-381 24. tatraiva, 3391 25. tatraiva, 173 / 26. tatraiva, 336-yaha upavAsa caudaha varSa tIna mAsa aura bIsa dinoM kA hotA thaa| 27. tatraiva, 184, 236-(1) darzana, (2) vrata, (3) sAmAyika, (4) posadhopavAsa (5) saccA tyAga (6) gatri __ bhojana tyAga (7) brhmcry| 28. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. kha.) 52 / 29. tatraiva, 304 / 30. tatraiva, 1331 31. tatraiva 23, 12, 1401 32. vAsudeva hiNDI (dvi. kha.) II 121 e| 33. tatraiva, II 120 e. bI. vidyAdhara ne eka bar3I jhIla kI pUjA karate samaya bhUpa, puSpa aura bali arpita kiyaa| 34. tatraiva, II. 120 e.| 35. tatraiva, II. 148 e.| 36. tatraiva, II. 174 e.| 37. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. kha.), 141 38. tatraiva, 301 39. tatraiva, 192-93 / 40. tatraiva, 3371 41. tatraiva, 125, 273 / 42. tatraiva, 2881 43. tatraiva, 4-jambU vaMza kI kisI bhI rAjakumArI ne pIr3hiyoM taka sanyAsa nahI grahaNa kiya / 44. tatraiva, 1171 45. tatraiva 272 / 46. tatraiva, 20-22 / 47. tatraiva, 22 / 48. tatraiva, 343, vAsudeva hiNDI (dvi. kha.) II. 18 e, /

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49. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. kha.) 3, 22, 2881 50. tatraiva, 183 / 51. tatraiva, 114 / 52. tatraiva, 144 / 53. tatraiva, 129 / 54. tatraiva, 3, 741 55. tatraiva, 161 56. samarAiccakahA 5, pR. 479; pR. 917, 948 / 57. tatraiva 1, pR. 47; 2, pR. 102 / 58. tatraiva, 1, pR. 56; 2. pR. 127;4, pR. 246, 343, 350;6 / 59. tatraiva, 3, pR. 281; 7 pR. 712-13 / 60. tatraiva 3, pR. 222; 5, 487; 6, pR. 726; 8, pR. 845 61. tatraiva, 1, pR. 68-69; 4, pR. 298, 353; 5 pR. 475, 487-886, 6 pR. 593; 7, pR. 618, 629, 694-95; 8 pR. 836; 9, pR. 936-37 62. mehatA mohanalAla- 'jainAcAra', pR. 153 / 63. samarAiccakahA 5, pR. 485 / 64. tatraiva 6, pR. 5881 65. uttarAdhyayana 14/71 66. uttarAdhyayana 13/21 67. tatraiva 14/28 68. nAyAdhammakahA 1/24/34 69. samarAiccakahA 3, pR. 222-23-24 70.tatraiva 3, pR. 200 / 71. bhagavatI sUtra 9/33/385 73. tatraiva 13/6/491 74. tatraiva 9/13/383 75. tatraiva 11/11/432 76. samarAiccakahA 3, pR. 228; 5 pR. 473 77. jaina sAhitya kA bRhata itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 230 1 146

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79. tatraiva 3 pR. 228, 5, pR. 473, 480, 8, pR. 812-13, 9. pR. 953 80. zAstrI kailAzacandra-jaina dharma, pR. 184-195, hIrAlAla jaina-bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, __ pR. 255 se 260, mohanalAla mehatA, jainAcArya, pR. 86-104 81. sUtrakRtAMga, zruta 2, a. 23, sUkta 3 (-sIlavvaya guNaviramaNa paccavaravANe sahova vAsehi ayyAga bhAve bhANoM eva caraNa viharaha) 82. upAsaka dazAMga adhyAya 1. sakta 12, sakta 58 (paMcAra gavvatiyaM sanasikkhA vaiyaM vAlamma viha gihidhamma...) 83. samarAiccakahA 1, pR. 62 84. upAsaka dazAMga adhyAya 1, sUkta 12, sakta 58(- palI --nivaiya dvAlammAviha gihidhamma) 85. samarAiccakahA 1, pR. 57; hIrAlAla jaina bhAratIya saMskRta me jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 261-62-mohana lAla mehatA jainAcArya-pR. 61-62 86. mohanalAla mehatA-jainAcAra pR. 89 se 124 88. samarAiccakahA 1, pR. 66-67, 3 pR. 196-98, pR. 585-86 89. samarAiccakahA 2, pR. 140-41, 4, pR. 288, 8, pR. 780 790 90. jaina hIrAlAla-bhAratI saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 261 91. bhagavatIsUtra 25/6/802 92. dazavaikAlika sUtra 6/8 93. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 77/5 94. samarAiccakahA 5, pR. 411; 7, pR. 626 95. tatraiva, 7, pR. 6751 96. tatraiva 6, pR. 570; 9, pR. 937 / 97. tatraiva 5, pR. 497; 6 pR. 598; 7 pR. 721 / 98. tatraiva 6, pR. 526, 577, 579 / 99. tatraiva 4, pR. 355-561 100. samarAiccakahA 3 pR. 226 101. nAyAdhamma kahA-1/281 102. bRhatkalpa bhASya-5/49491 103. samarAiccakahA 1, pR. 43; 6 pR. 570; 7 pR. 623; 8 pR. 846,848,850, 856,9, pR. 959 / 104. tatraiva 4, pR. 353; 7, pR. 7271 ( 166)

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105. tatraiva 1, pR. 48-49 / 106. upadhAna zruta, 1, 1 / 107. mehatA mohana lAla - jainAcAra, pR. 176 / 108. AcArAMga sUtra 2, 1, 3 / 109. samarAicca kahA 6, pR. 571 / 110. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. kha.) 287 / 111. tatraiva 214 / 112. tatraiva, 129 / 113. Deo, op, ciT, P. 158. 114. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. kha.) 231 / 115. tatraiva, 85 / 116 tatraiva 47 | 117. dasa vaikAlika, 5, pa, 3-6 AcArAMga II, 1, 5, 2-4 118. vAsudeva hiNDI, 39 / 119. samarAiccakahA 3, pR. 228; 7 pR. 675 120. tatraiva 4, pR. 340, 353; 6 pR. 624 / 121. tatraiva 4, pR. 3561 122. AcarAMga 2, 16 / 123. mehatA mohanalAla jainAcAra, pR. 165 meM uddhRta / 124. samarAiccakahA 1, pR. 103; 5 pR. 36-665; 6 pR. 566; 8 pR. 778 125. tatraiva, 2 pR., 101; 7 pR. 709-10 | 126. tatraiva 3, pR. 166-67 127. tatraiva, pR. 201 me uddhRta / 128. mehatA mohana lAla - jainAcAra pR. 201 / 129. samarAiccakahA, 3, pR. 166-67; 8, pR. 788-89 9, pR. 938 130. mehatA mohana lAla - jainAcAra, pR. 201 / 131. samarAiccakahA2, pR. 118; 7 pR. 719-20, 726 132. tatraiva 7, pR.609 ( 167 )

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133. mehatA mohala lAla jainAcAra zravakAcAra meM zravikA 134. samarAiccakahA 4, pR. 346-47 135. tatraiva 2 pR. 155-56 136. tatraiva, 7 pR.613, 630, 712, 8, pR. 807,840 41 137. tatraiva, 8, pR. 809-10, 813, 815, 10-12-18-19 138. tatraiva, 8, 837-38-39 139. mehatA mohana lAla jainAcAra, pR. 206 140. kuvalayamAlA pR. 80.15, 16- joggotumaM pavvajjAe, kintu ahaM Na pavvAvemi tti- ahaM cAraNa-samI, gaM ahaM gaccha pariggaho / 141. kuvalayamAlA, 80, 17, 142. tatraiva, 80, 17, 11, 22 / 143. vAsudevahiNDI, 341 / 144. tatraiva, 130 / 145. sthAnAGaga sUtra, 8,654 146. kulavayamAlA, 256, 31, 32 147. tatraiva, 53. 6 / 148. tatraiva, 234. 25 149. tatraiva, 13. 7 / 150. tatraiva, 68. 24 / 151. tatraiva, 156. 1 / 152. tatraiva, 156. 1 / 153. vAyupurANa, 69, 289 evaM brahamANDapurANa 3.7, 411, 154. kuvalayamAlA 2891 155. mahAbhArata a. 66 / 156. moniyara viliyama DikzanarI meM uddhata - kinnara zabda 157. ke. ke. kumAra svAmI, meDivala siMhalIja ArTa, pR. 81 Adi 158. rAya, pau. dha. evaM. pR. 95-96 159. jJAtA dharma kathA 2, pR. 49 / 160. ja. jai. A. sA. bhA. sa. pR. 36-37 / ( 168 )

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161.mahAbhArata 7-8 10' nAnapAnamA 16 dimAgalA ... .. 101. nAsudana hiNDadvatIya), 10-12 10.5. vAsudeva hiNDI (pra. ig.), 101 166. samarAicca kahA 3 pR. 174, 5, pR. 402; 6, pR. 519, 547, 167. tatraiva, 4, pR. 288, 235- anna yAvaccacintA samuppajaItao tannaya rasannihiyasya dhaNadevabhihANa javanamra mahApUyaM kAUNa kayaM uvAiyamaNehi / 168. motIcanda-'sama aispekTa Apha yakSa kalTa ina enziyaNTa inDiyA' pR. 245 dhUrye phelisiTezana vAlyUma 169. kumAra svAmI yakSAja, 1, pR. 4 170. ja. jai. A. mA., sa. pR. 437-43 171. motIcanda-sama aisapekTa Apha yakSa kalTa i. canda .. vAlma 172. Ara. ema. mehatA pribuddhisTa iNDiyA, pR. 234 / 173. Avazyaka cUrNI, 2, pR. 227 / 174. nizIya cUrNI 2 pR. 308; 3, pR. 416 / 175. jambUdvIpa prajJApti sUtra 24, pR. 120 / 176. kuvalayamAlA, 14 51 177. tatraiva, pR. 447-48 178. tatreva, 68 331 179-tatraiva, 247.31 180. tatraiva, 248.1, 3,9 181. harSacarita, sUryAstavarNana (u-8) 182. samarAiccakahA, 6, pR. 547, 7 pR. 685, 9, pR. 882, 960, 932 / 183. tatraiva 5, pR. 451 184. aMgavijjA devatA vijaya adhyAya 51. pR. 204-6 185. vAsudevazaraNa avAla-prAcIna bhAratIya loka dharma, pR. 119 186. vAmana zivarAma ApTe-saMskRta hindI koza, pR. 275 187. mAnasAra adhyAya, 61 . ....

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188. ApTe- saMskRta hindI koza pa. 275 kima (ka+DimabA barAI hAma, doza.kama aura milA prakaTa karane ke lie zabda ke Adi meM 'ku' ke sthAna para prayukta hotA hai, yathA-kisazvA. kinnaraH bAyA vikRta puruSa aura aadi| 189. raghuvaMza 4/78, kumAra saMbhava 1/14 / 190. kAdambarI anuccheda 124 191. banarjI je. ena. DevalapamenTa oNva hindU AiknogrAphI pR. 353 1 192. samarAiccakahA 6, pR. 447,7 pR. 685.9, pR. 842,90 193. tatraiva, pR. 451 194. aMgavijjA-devatA-vijaya a.51, pR. 204-61 195. agravAla vAsudevazaraNa prAcIna bhAratIya loka dharma pR. 119 / 196. samarAiccakahA 6, pR. 601 / 197. banarjI je. ena. DavelapamenTa oNva hindU AiknographI pR. 207-81 198. vidyA prakAza-khajurAho pR. 141 / 199. banarjI je. ena. DevalapamenTa oNva hindU AiknogrAphI pR. 519-20 200. samarAiccakahA 1, pR. 56,2 pR. 107, 109, pR. 363, 412, 419.438, 439, 441,42-43.418, 453,-54-55-56-463, 6 pR. 500.545.558,7, .. . 681.02. . 336-37-749,780,9 pR. 9391 201. tatraiva 1, pR. 56 202. tatraiva 5, pR. 468-69, 8, pR. 775 203. tatraiva 6, pR. 607 204. tatraiva 5, pR. 367, 456, 6, pR. 558, 7, pR. 648 205. aMgavijjA devatA vijaya- a. 51-pR. 204-6 / 106. raghavaMza 2/60-tasminkSaNe pAlayituH prajAnAmutpazyata: siMha nipAta mu grama avAgamukha syopari puSpavRSTiH papAta vidyAghara hstmuktaa|| 207. ena. ena. piMjara -noTsa Ana TAnIja osana sTora 215, pR. :: 208. tatraiva 4 pR. 101 209. noTsa Ana TAnIja osana sTorI 4, pR. 46 / 210. samarAiccakahA 6, pR. 592, 9 pR. 737 211. tatraiva, 1, pR. 56, 3, pR. 172,8 pR. 787 212. tatraiva 8 pR. 7371

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213. tatraiva 8, pR. 787 214. nizIthacUrNI 1, pR. 8-9, 40 pR. 13 / 215. dazavaikAlika cUrNI pR. 48 / 216. bRhatakalpamASya 4/4, 9, 6, 31 217. tatraiva 3/4769 218. kuvalayamAlA 257.3 / 219. tatraiva, 83, 26 / 220. tatraiva, 274. 341 221. samarAiccakahA 7, pR. 681 / 222. tatraiva 8, pR. 7861 223. Rgveda 1/3190, 4/95/1, 6/61/2, 6/61/8-10, 10/6418-9 10/75/5 224. suzIlA zvare- prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti meM sarasvatI, pR. 7 225. tatraiva pR.8 226. zatapatha brAhamNa 3/9/1/7 227. aitareya brAmhaNa 3/9/10 228. samarAiccakahA 8, pR. 713, 714, 9 pR. 960 229. Rgveda"zrI" 1, 169, 10, 1, 179,1, 1, 188,6,2, 1, 12, 4,10,54,23,6,5,44,2 lakSamA ___10, 71, 2 230. tatraiva 1, 89, 10 231. taittirIya saMhitA-7, 5, 4 / 232. Rgveda 1, 89, 10 233. taittirIya upaniSada 1/4 / 234. aitareya brAhamNa 2, 1, 61 235. manu. 5/120 236. rAmAyaNa 7, 76, 31 / 237. tatraiva 5, 7, 141 238. mahAbhArata 13, 11, 31 139. dIrgha nikAya 1-11 240. dhamma aTThakathA 11-17

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241. aMgavijjA devatA vijaya" adhyAya 51 pR. 204 242. raghuvaMza 4/5 243. mAlavikAgnimitrama 5/30 244. viSaNu mahApurANa 1, 8, 15, 16, 14, 15 245. tatraiva 1, 8, 23 246. samarAiccakahA 9, pR. 858 247. tatraiva, 8, pR. 731, 742, 765 248. tatraiva 8, pR. 731, 742 249. maTTAcArya tAzapada kalTa oNva brahamA, pR. 245 250. tatraiva, pR. 102 / 251. Rgveda 4/53/2 252. tatraiva, 10/21/1 253. Rgveda 2/1/1/3 254. bhagavada gItA a. 13, zloka 16 / 255. samarAiccamahA 7 pR. 657 256. Rgveda viNNu sUkta 257. tatraiva 1/55/6 258. kANe pI. vI. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1, pR. 394 259. mahAbhArata zAMtiparva 339/103/4 260. agravAla vAsudevazaraNa- prAcIna bhAratIya lokadharma pR. 8-9 261. IsTarna iNDiyana skUla oNva meDivala skalpacara pleTa xL III XLIV / 262. dI kalcara heriTeja oNva iNDiyA, 4 pR. 42 263. taittirIya araNyaka 10/1/6 nArAyaNa vidamahe vAsudevAdhi mAhi tAva no viSNu pracodayAta 264. dI kalcarala heriTeja oNva iNDiyA, 4, pR. 119 265. kuvalayamAlA 13. 27 266 tatraiva 26. 8.9 267. risarcara, 2 pR. 16 268. kuvalayamAlA 63.25 269. kuvalaya mAlA 68. 18 ( 172 )

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270. za. rA. e., pR. 377 271. kuvalayamAlA 1440.15 272. za. rA. e. pR. 370 273. samarADaccakahA), pR.859-600, 961) 274. tatraiva 9, pR. 859, 60 275. prasAda lAlanA sana vaziMpa ina aisiyanTa iMDiyA inTroksana, pR. XXIX 276. prasAda lAlatA sana vazipa ina esiyanTa iMDiyA, pR. 189 277. tatraiva, pR. 189 278. tatraiva, pR. 188 279. tatraiva, pR. 188 280. kArpasa insakripsana iMDikerama, 3, pR. 899 281. prasAda lAlatA sana varzipa ina aisiyanTa iMDiyA, pR. 189 282. harSavardhana kA madhuvana tAmrapatra ipi. iNau 1, pR. 52 283. sacAU 1, pR. 117 284. ipi. iNDi 14, pR. 178 285. vidyA prakAza khujarAho, pR. 1400 286. ipi. iNDi. 11. pR. 55.9 pR. 1-5 tathA 63 287. tatraiva 19. pR. 178 288. tatraiva 16 pR. 13 289. sacAU 1. pR. 110 290. rAjatarrAgaNI 3, 467. 4. 1011 291, jarnala AvadoeziyATika sosAyaTI oNva baMgAla nyU serAja, 16, pR. 147 pleTa 2 (saryaH samasta rogAnAM hAvizva prakAzaka: 292. samarAiccakahA 4, pR. 758 293. tatraiva 5, pR. 364, 65 294. atharvaveda 11/6/1-23 (pApa mocana sUkta), dekhie / aMgavijjA devatA vijaya adhyAya 51 pR. 204-6 295. agravAla vAsudevazaraNa, prAvIna bhAratIya loka dharma pR. 8-2 296. yAjJavalkya smRti 1/296-98 297. bhAgavadgItA adhyAya 1), sloka-21 ( 173)

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298. tatraiva pR. 49 299. samarAicca kahA 7, pR. 638, 8 pR 757, 9 pR. 962 300. vadI 8, pR. 757 301. Rgveda 8/1713 302. tatraiva 8/17/5 303. tatraiva 10/97/8 304. tatraiva 10/10517 305. tatraiva 1/7/12. 8/55/3 306. maikDonala vaidika mAithAlojI, pR. 55 307. Rgveda 8/45/4, 10/103/2-3 308. tatraiva 8/17/10, atharva. 6/82/3 309. atharvavaMTa 8/85/8 310. Rgveda 3/51/8, 5/30/5. 8/45/4 311. tatraiva 1/6/14 312. maikDonala vaidika mAithAlojI pR. 54 313. tatraiva pR. 54 314. samarAicca kahA 6, pR. 521 315. atharvaveda 11/6-23 316. agravAla vAsudevazaraNa, prAcIna bhAratIya loka dharma, pR. 9 18-9 317. AyAraMga 1, 5,6 318. tatraiva 319. AyAraMga1,5,5 320. uttarajyaNa, 37, 67 321. AyAraMga 1,9,14 322. uttara 3.2 323. samarAiccakahA 4, pR. 314, 8. pR. 826 324. tatraiva 4, pR. 342, 5, pR. 390, 475. 486. 7, pR. 623 325. tatraiva 1 pR. 13. 37. 5. pR. 490, 7. pR. 711, 8 pR. 789 326. bhagavatI sUtra 9 133 1387 ( 174 )

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327. samarAiccakahA 2, pR. 109 328. tatraiva 7, pR. 625, 8 pR. 851 329. jaikobI sTaDIja ina jainijma, pR. 20 330. ThANaga sUtra 166-67 331. "dukha AtmakRta hai, na parakRta na ubhaya kaHta" 332. ApAraMga 1.3.3 333. kaTha, 6-16 prazna 3-7 334. AyAraMga 1,9 . 335. uttara jhayaNa, 30 336. samarAiccakahA 7, pR. 721,8 pR. 811, 8259, pR. 955-56 337. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, kaivalyapAda sUtra // 6 // 338. bhagavadgItA adhyAya 4-11-16 / / 339. tatraiva adhyAya 4- // 17 // 340. tatraiva 7 pR., 611 341. vAsudeva hiNDI pR. 14-31, 69 342. tatraiva, pR. 273 343. tatraivae 7 pR. 719-20, 722, 724, 9, pR. 930 344. tatraiva 7, pR. 612, 722 345. tatraiva 6, pR. 587-88, 9 pR. 862-63, 941 346. bhagavatI sUtra 12/2/443 347. bhagavatI sUtra 10/2/396 348. gItA a. 3 14 15 349. rAmAyaNa 2/53/10 350. maTTAcArya sukhamaya mahAbhArata kAlIna samAja pR. 272 351. aSTAdhyAyI 6/2/152 352. agravAla vAsudevazaraNa pANini kAlIna bhAratavarSa pR. 379 353. mArkaNDeya purANa 57/62/63 354. tatraiva 20/36-37 355. kuvalayamAlA 1511 ( 175)

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356. sarvadarzana saMgraha pR. 33 357. prAcIna yUnAna meM Dimokrihasa aura emper3oklIja ke aNu-sambandhI mato kA annara isameM kucha milatA julatA hai| 358. sarvadarzana saMgraha pR. 36 359. guNaratna pR. 58-9 360. isa siddhAnata kA na kevala pula meM balki sanka anya rUpoM meM bhI anuprayoga guNagnna, pRSTa 57-8 draSTavya 361. chAndogya upaniSada 7.2.2 362. muNDaka upaniSada 2.1.1 363. samyagdarzana jJAna caritrANi mokSamArga umAsvAti. 1.1 364. jaikobI sekreDa buksa oNva di IsTa 22 jilTa 22 pR. XXII ityAdi / 365. kuvalayamAlA 204, 27 366.lalitavistara (a. 17) 367. mAlatImAdhava (aMka 1 368. samarAiccakahA bhava4 369. uttarArdha pR. 281 370. yastilaka eNDa iMDiyana kalcara, pR. 356. 57 371. kuvalamAlA 63.22 372. tatraiva 225-31 373. draSTavya brahAmsUtra 2. 2. 35-36 rAmAnuja kA bhASya 37+. yazAstilaka, uttarArdha, pR. 269 375. kuvalayamAlA 225, 27 376. bhaNDArakara, vai. vai. dhA. mA. pR. 113, 24 377. samarAiccakahA 1, pR. 38:5 pR. 392; 7, pR. 664, 667 378. tatraiva 1, pR. 14 379. tatraiva 1pR. 12, 14, 17, 26. 36-40 380. tatraiva 1, pR. 42-43 381. tatraiva 1, pR. 16, 5 420, 422-23 382. mahAbhASya 3/1//15 pR. 55

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383. kAzikA 3/1/88 384. mahAbhASya 2/3/36, pR. 390 385. samarAiccakahA 5, pR. 471 386. tatraiva 5. pR. 415, 418, 422 387. tatraiva 1, pR. 16, 17, 21-22-23-24. 26. 31. 33. 41.5 pR. 414. 418. (5. pR. (56. 659. (691) 388. tatraiva 1. pR. 13,5 pR. 436, 438, 6 pR. 866: 9 pR. 920, 922 389. tatraiva 4. pR. 272, 5 pR. 423 390. natraiva 5. pR. 436 391. raghuvaMza 1/5/ 392. uttara rAmacarita 3/48/ 393. kAdambarI, anuccheda 17 394. tatraiva, anuccheda 381 395. vaziSTha dharmasUtra 2/11/25 396. samarAiccakahA 5, pR. 410 11 423-24 397. tatraiva 5, pR. 4231 398. mahAbhASya 3/2/14 pR. 212 399. Apastamba dharma sUtra 2,9,21.18,19 400. abhijJAna zAkutala 126 401. aSTAdhyAyI 2:1:70 402. tatraiva 2/1/70 403. mAlavikAgnimitra 1/14 404. kuvalayamAlA 150,27 405. vedAlaMkAra haridatta bhArata kA sAMskRtika itihAsa pR. 96 / 406. pAtaJjalayoga-pradIpa pR. 10 (mahAbhArata se uddhRta) 407. tatraiva, zaMkara viSNusahastranAma bhaapy| 408. bhagavadgItA adhyAya 10, zloka 26 / 409. zvetA. upa.-adhyAya 5, maMtra 2 / 410. pAtaJjalayoga-pradIpa pR. 10 paMcazikhAcArya / 411. tatraiva vAcaspati mishr|

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+12. sAMkhya darzana sUtra 1 / +13. sAMkhya darzana-sUtra, 2, 3 / 414. sAM. da. sUtra 4 / 415. sAMkhya kArikA 18, / 416. sAMkhya darzana, 1/149 417. kuvalayamAlAkahA 150, 291 418. hiriyaNNA ema, AuTa lAInsa oNva iNDiyana philAsI pR. 138 419. zlokavAntika 1.5 +20. kuvalayamAlA 20335 421. kuvalayamAlA 204.1 122. zvetAzvatara upaniSada 6.11 423. chAndogyopaniSad, 6.2, 1 'eka evahi bhUtAtmA amRta bindu upa. bha. pR. 12 pR. 15 424. bhagavad gItA 6-29, 30 425. bhagavad gItA, adhyAya 3, zloka 9 426. brahma sUtra (vedAnta darzana) sUtra-1 427. tatraiva, 2 428. taittarIyopaniSada 3/1 429. brahya sUtra, 1/1/13 430. taittarIya brAhmaNa 3/12 431. brahya sUtra 1/1/4, 432. kaThopaniSada, 1/2/15 433. vedAnta 3/2/23, 434. IzopaniSada-8, +35. te. 2/2/12/ 436. pAtaJjalayoga-pradIpa, pR. 31 (muNDakopaniSada se ulRta) / 437. kuvalayamAlA-150, 28 438. tatraiva-2.29 439. bhaNDArakara, vai. zai. mA. pR. 135 440. kuvalayamAlA-150, 30 . 170)

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441. nyAya sUtra, 1.1 442. vaizeSika darzana 1-1/4 443. vaizeSika darzana 1/2/5 +++. nyAya darzana, 1/1 445. kuvayamAlA, 203, 31 446. kuvalayamAlA-203, 33 447. pAtaJjalayogadarzana, samAdhipAda 1, sUtra 2 / 448. tatraiva 449. tatraiva 450. tatraiva, kaivalyapAda 341 ... 170

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adhyAya 4 mUrtizilpa aura sthApatya jaina kathAoM ke anuzIlana se jaina mUrti pUjA tathA maMdira Adi se sambandhita sthApatya para prakAza par3atA hai| kuvalayamAlA meM ullekhanIya padma prabha deva saudharma vimAna jina gRha meM praviSTa huaa| vahA~ usane nAnA prakAra kI jinavara pratimAoM ko dekhaa| koI pratimA sphaTika maNi se, koI sUryakAnta maNi se koI mahAnIla maNi se, koI karketana ratna se nirmita thii| koI pratimA muktAphala se nirmita thI, koI marakata-maNi se nirmita thI evaM zyAmala varNa kI thii| isase iMgita hotA hai ki mUrtiyA~ kaI raMgo vAlI hotI thiiN| tathA vibhinna pramANa aura mAnayukta hotI thii| kabhI-kabhI mUrtiyoM kaI dravyoM ke mizraNa se nirmita hotI thI aura dhAtu se sA~ce meM DhAla kara banAI jAtI thiiN| AThavIM zatAbdI kI isa prakAra kI bahuta sI mUrtiyA~ prApta huI haiN| pramANa aura mAnayukta mUrtiyA~ hI zreyaskara samajhI jAtI thiiN| mUrti nirmANa meM zAstravihita dravyoM meM sphaTika, padmarAga, vajra, vaidUrya, puNya tathA ratna kA ullekha milatA hai| zveta saMgamaramara kI tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ AThavIM zatAbdI se upalabdha hone lagatI haiN| / muktAzaila se nirmita zivaliMga' tatha caSaka' kA ullekha bANa ne bhI kiyA hai| yakSa pratimA ke Ura tIrthakara kI mUrtiyA~ banI huI prApta huI haiN| ratna zekhara yakSa kI kathA ke prasaMga meM udyotana ne ullekha kiyA hai ki usane bhagavAna RSama deva kI bhakti karane ke lie apanI muktA zaila se eka bar3I pratimA ko nirmita kiyA tathA usake mukuTa ke Upara RSama deva kI mUrti ko sthApita kiyaa| mathurA saMgrahAlaya se prApta tIrthaMkaroM kI 33 pratimAoM meM se 3 para vizeSa prakAra ke cinha bhI aMkita pAye gaye haiN|10 lagabhaga AThavIM sadI se tIrthIkaroM kI pratimAoM ke sAtha unake anucara ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSiNioM kI pratimAe~ bhI banAyI jAne lagI thiiN| pratyeka tIrthaMkara kA eka-eka yakSa aura 18 .

Page #187
yAkSiNI bhakta mAnA jAtA thaa| bhakti vizeSa ke kAraNa yakSa yakSiNI tIrthakara ko apane sira para bhI dhAraNa karane lage the| uddyotana ke samaya isa paramparA kA adhika pracAra rahA hogA, isIlie unhoMne eka kathA kA rUpa dekara isakA ullekha kiyA hai| vartamAna meM kramadeva kI mUrti ko sira para dhAraNa kiye hue yakSiNI kI do pratimAe~ upalabdha haiN| mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM 45 semI. U~cI yakSiNI kI pASANa mUrti hai, jisake Upara padyAsana aura dhyAna mudrA meM jina pratimA banI huI hai| dUsarI mUrti madhyapradeza ke vilaharI grAma (jabalapura) ke lakSmaNa sAgara taTa para khairAmAI kI mUrti hai, jo cakrezvarI yakSiNI hai tathA jisake mastaka para AdinAtha kI pratimA hai|11 yakSiNI kI mUrti ke Upara jina pratimA kA sthApana lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI se prApta hone lagatA hai| yU. pI. zAha ne isa para vizada prakAza DAlA hai / 12 jina pratimA ko sira para dhAraNa kiye hue yakSa-mUrtiyA~ gyArahavIM sadI se pahale kI prApta nahIM hotii| kintu udyotana sRri ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai 8 vIM sadI meM bhI aisI mUtriyAM banane lagI thiiN| rAjasthAna meM cittaur3a ke pAsa bA~sI nAmaka sthAna se jaina kubera kI mUrti prApta huI hai jisake sira tathA mukuTa para jina pratimA sthApita hai|13 kuvalayamAlA ke anusAra ATha deva kanyAoM kA varNana upalabdha hai 1. svarNakalaza lie hue (bhigAra) 2. paMkhA dhAraNa kiye hue (taliyaNTe aNNe) 3. svaccha cAMvara lie hue (aNNegehaMti cAmera vimale) 4. zveta chatra lie hue (dhavalaM ca AyavattaM) 5. zreSTha darpaNa lie hue (avare vara-dappaNa-vihatthA) 6. mRdaMga dhAraNa kie hue (muMima hatthA) ( 181)

Page #188
inako indra kI ATha apsarAeN kahA gayA hai tathA bhAratIya sAhitya meM aSTakanyA ke rUpa meM inakA paryApta ullekha huA hai| 15 bAlamIki rAmAyaNa meM rAvaNa ke vimAna ke sAtha aSTakanyAoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM do vINA aura mRdaMga ke sthAna para svarNapradIpa evaM talavAra dhAraNa kiye huI haiN|16 rAma ke abhiSeka ke samaya bhI isa prakAra kI kanyAoM kA ullekha hai| 17 mahAbhArata meM rAjA yudhiSThira prAtaH kAla anya mAMgalika dravyo ke sAtha aSTakanyAoM ke bhI darzanakaratA thaa| 18 yAtrA prArambha karate samaya aSTakanyAoM ko dekhanA zubha mAnA gayA hai| lalitavistAra meM ina ATha kanyAoM ke nAma isa prakAra Aye haiM / -- 1. pUrNakumbha kanyA 2. mayUrahastakanyA 3. lAlavRTaTaMka kanyA 4. gaMdhodaka bhRMgAra kanyA 5. vicitra paTalaka kanyA 6. pralambakamAlA kanyA 7. ratna-bhadrAlaMkAra kanyA tathA 8. bhadrAsanakanyA 19 ye ATha divya kanyAe~ bauddha tathA jaina dharma meM samAnarUpa se mAMgalika mAnI jAtI thI / vAstu kalA meM bhI inakA aMkana hone lagA thA / mathurA meM prApta reliMga pilarsa meM inakA aMkana pAyA jAtA hai 120 kuvalayamAlA ke anusAra samavasaraNa ke nirmANa meM U~ce svarNa nirmita toraNoM para maNiyoM se nirmita zAlamaMjikAyeM lakSmI kI zobhA prApta kara rahI thI / 21 RSamapura meM cora ke bhavana meM U~ce svarNa ke toraNoM para zreSTa yuvatiyA~ suzobhita ho rahI thIM 1 22 zAlabhaMjikA aura lakSmI kI tulanA bANa ne harSacaritra 23 meM bhI kI hai| zAlabhaMjikAeN bhAratIya sthApatya meM prAcIna samaya se pracilita rahIM haiM / prArambha meM phUle hue zAlavRkSoM ke nIce khar3I hokara striyA~ unakI DAloM ko jhukAkara aura puSpoM ke jhugge tor3akrIr3A karatI thIM, jise zAlabhaMjikA krIr3A kahate haiM the / pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI24 meM isa prakAra kI kriDAoM ke nAma Aye haiM / vAtsyAna kI jayamaMgalA TIkA meM inakA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| dhIre dhIre vaha usa krIDA kI mudrA aura usa mudrA meM khar3I huI strI bhI zAlamaMjikA kahI jAne lgii| bAda meM isa mudrA meM sthita striyoM kA bhI aMkana kalA meM hone lgaa| sAMcI, bharahuta, mathurA meM toraNa ba~DerI aura stambha ke bIca meM (182)

Page #189
tirache zarIra se khar3I huI striyoM ke lie toraNazAla maMjikA kahA gayA hai| kuSANa kAla meM azvaghoSa ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai|25 mathurA ke kuSANa kAlIna vedikA stambhoM para nirmita isI prakAra kI striyoM ko stambhazAlAmaMjikA kahA gayA hai / 26 kAlidAsa ne stambhoM para banI yoSita mUrtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai|27 udadyotanasUri ne inhIM ko zAlamaMjikA evaM varayuvati kahA hai zAlamaJjikA kI paramparA madhyakAlIna sthApatya evaM sAhitya donoM meM hI parilakSita hotI hai| tulasIdAsa ne bhI inakA ullekha kiyA hai isa prakAra bhAratIya sthApatya kI yaha vizeSatA lagabhaga do sahasra varSoM taka akSuNNa banI rahI hai / 28 kuvalayamAlA meM pratimAoM ke vibhinna AsanoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai / 29 (1) pratimAgatA (paDimA gayA) (2) niyama meM sthita (Niyama-DhiyA) (3) vIrAsaNa (virAsaNaTTiyA (4) kukkuTa Asana (ukkuDuyAsaNa) (5) godohana Asana (godohasaMThiyA) (6) padyasana paumAsaNa-Tiya pratimAvijJAna meM AsanoM kA vizeSa mahatva hai| kisa devatA kI mUrti kisa Asana meM banAyI jAya isameM do bAtoM kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| prathama deva ke svabhAva evaM padaprati ke kAraNa anukUla Asana sthira kiyA jAtA thaa| dUsare dhyAna evaM yoga kI siddhi ke lie pratimAoM ko vizeSa Asana pradAna kiye jAte the30 kyoMki upAsya evaM upAsaka donoM meM ekAtmAkatA Avazyaka samajhI jAtI thI 1 kuvalayamAlA ke uparyukta saMdarbha meM jaina sAdhu unhIM AsanoM (pratimAoM) meM sthita hokara dhyAna kara rahe the, jina se unakI citta vRtti kA virodha ho ske| ina AsanoM kA pratimA sthApatya meM bhI prabhAva rahA hai| sarasvatI ke svarUpa kA citrAMkana khajurA ho kI dIvAloM para dekhane ko milatA hai, vahA~ vaha apane vAhana haMsa para AsIna hAtha meM vINA liye huye haiN|32 bharahuta kI vedikA ke stambhoM para hameM lakSmI ke vikasita do svarUpa prApta hote haiN| eka baiThA huA33 tathA dUsarA khaMr3A huaa| baiThI huI mUrti yogAsana kI mudrA meM donoM hAtha ( 183)

Page #190
jor3e huye kamala ke phUla para sthita haiN| khar3I huI mUrti ke eka hAtha meM kamala kA phUla tathA dUsarA varaha mudrA meM nIce kI ora laTakA huA hai| ina donoM prakAra ke phalakoM meM gaja snAna karA rahe haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha lakSmI kA svarUpa prAcIna bhAratIya mudrAoM, muharoM, tathA abhilekhoM meM bhI citrita kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya mUrtikalA tathA mudrA nirmANa kalA meM lakSmI kA citrAMkana dUsarI zatAbdI I.pU. se prArambha hokara bArahavIM IsavIM taka calatA rahA / jaina kathA sAhitya ke anusAra samAja meM caNDikA devI37 kI apUrva zakti meM vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA evaM mandiroM meM unakI mUrti sthApita kara samucita pUjA kI jAtI thii|38 una kI pUjA loga samRddhi ke lie karate the| 9 caNDikA kI mUrtiyA~ aneka sthAnoM se prApta huI haiN| mauryattara kAla se hI sUrya deva kA svarUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai, aura tabhI se sUrya deva kI mUrti pUjA kA prArambha hotA hai|+1 guptakAla meM sUrya deva ke bahuta se maMdira nirmita kiye gye| kumAra gupta ke zAsana kAla meM sUrya ke sammAna meM mandasaura (mAlavA) meM tathA skandagupta ke samaya meM madhyadeza meM sUrya deva kA maMdira banavAyA gayA jisameM unheM bhASkara kahakara unakI prArthanA kI gaI hai|+2 alavarUnI ne thAnezvara nAmaka nagara meM sUrya deva kI eka vizAla mUrti dekhI thii|43 khujarAho meM sUrya deva kI mUrti ke caturbhuja maMdira kI dIvAle para citrita kiyA gayA hai| vaha sAta chor3oM se khIMce jAne vAle ratha meM baiThe huye citrita kiye gaye hai| khujarAhoM ke saMgrAhAlayoM meM bhI sUrya mUrti dekhane ko milatI hai| pratimAvijJAna kI dRSTikoNa se kuSANa gupta, pratihAra, candela, aura caulukya, rAjavaMzoM kA zAsana kAla vizeSa mahatvapUrNa thaa| ina rAjavaMzo ke kAla meM uttara bhArata ke vibhinna kSetroM meM mathurA, devagar3ha, akoTA khujarAho, osiyA, gyArasapura, kuMbhAriyA, AbU jAlora, taMragA, navamunibAramujI guphAe~ evaM anya mahatvapUrNa jaina kalAkendra pallavita aura puSpita hue| 1 18.1

Page #191
jaina pratimAvijJAna ke prArambhika vikAsa uttara bhArata meM huaa| lohAnIpura (paTanA) evaM causA (bhojapura) se milI prArambhika jaina mUrtiyAM mIlI haiN| RSamanAya kI laTakatI jaTAoM, pAzvanAtha ke sAta sarpaphaNa, jinoM ke vakSasthala meM zrIvatsa cinha aura zIrSabhAga meM uSNIza tathA jina mUrtiyoM meM aSTapratihAryo aura donoM pAramparika mudrAoM (kAyotsarga evaM dhyAna mudrA) kA pradarzana sarvaprathama isI kSetra meM huaa| dakSiNa bhArata kI jina mUrtiyoM meM uSNIza nahIM pradarzita hai| zrIvatsa cinha bhI vakSasthala ke madhya meM na hokara samAnyata: dAhinI ora utkIrNa hai 145 jina mUrtiyoM meM lAchanoM evaM yakSa-yakSI yugaloM kA nirUpaNa bhI sarva prathama uttara bhArata meM hI huaa| dakSiNa bhArata ke mUrti avazeSoM mahAvidyAoM, 24 yakSiyoM, AyApaTTa, jIvaMta svAmI mahAvIra, jaina yugala Adi kI mUrtiyA~ nahIM prApta hotI haiN| jJAtavya hai ki uttarabhArata meM inakI aneka mUrtiyA~ uttarabhArata meM RSabhanAtha kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ haiN| isake vAda pArzavanAtha, mahAvIra aura neminAtha kI mUrtiyA~ haiN| para dakSiNabhArata meM mahAvIra aura pAzvanAtha kI sarvAdhika mUtiyA~ bnii| RSabhanAtha kI mUrtiyA~ tulanAtmaka dRSTi se nagaNya haiN| uttara bhArata meM cakrezvarI, ambikA evaM padmAvatI yakSiyoM kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ haiN| para dakSiNa bhAratameM cakrezvarI ke sthAna para caMdraprabha kI yakSI jvAlAmAlinI kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ bnii| jvAlAmAlinI ke bAda amvikA evaM padmAvatI kI sarvAdhika mUrtiyA~ haiN| yakSoM meM dakSiNa bhArata meM gomukha, kubera, dharaNendra evaM mAtaMga kI mUrtiyA~ milI haiN| uttara bhArata meM digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM hI paramparA kI mUrtiyA~ banI, jabaki dakSiNa bhArata meM kevala digambara paramparA kI hI mUrtiyA~ haiN|46 aisA kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM hI eka pratimA kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| jIvAtmasvAmI mUrtiyoM ko sarvaprathama prakAza meM lAne kA zreya yU.pI. zAha ko hai|47 sAhityika paramparA ko vizvasanIya mAnate hue zAha ne mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla se hI jIvaMtasvAmI mUrti kI paramparA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unahoMne sAhityaka paraMparA kI puSTi meM akoTA mujarAta

Page #192
se prApta jIvaMtasvAmI kI do guptayugIna kAMsya pratimAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ! ina pratimAoM meM jIvaMtasvAmI ko kAyotsarga mudrA meM aura vastrAbhUSaNoM se sajjita darzAyA gayA hai| pahalI mUrti lagabhaga pAMcavI zatI I. kI hai aura dUsarI lekha yukta mUrti lagabhaga chavaH zatI I. kI hai| dUsarI mUrti ke lekha meM 'jIvaMtasAmI' utkIrNa hai|49 pUrva madhya yuga meM zvotAmbara sthaloM para aneka aisI deviyoM kI bhI murtiyA~ dRSTigata hotI haiM, jinakA jaina paramparA meM anullekha hai| inameM hindU zivA aura jaina sarvAnubhUti (yA kuvera) ke lakSaNoM ke prabhAva vAlI deviyoM kI mUrtiyA~ sabase adhika hai| jaina yugaloM rAma-sItA tathA rohiNI, manovegA, gaurI gAMdhArI yakSiyoM aura garur3a yakSa kI mUrtiyA~ kevala digambara sthaloM se hI milI haiN| digambara sthaloM se paramparA viruddha aura paramparA meM avarNita donoM prakAra kI kucha mUrtiyA~ milI hai| dvitIrthI aura titIrthI jina mUrtiyoM kA aMkana aura do udAharaNoM meM tritIrthI mUrtiyoM meM sarasvatI aura bahubalI kA aMkana, bahubalI evaM aMbikA kI do mUrtiyoM meM yakSayakSI kA nirUpaNa tathA RSabhanAtha kI kucha mUrtiyoM meM pAramparika yakSa-yakSI, gomukha cakrezvarI, ke sAtha hI ambikA, lakSmI, sarasvatI, Adi kA aMkana isa koTi ke kucha pramukha udAharaNa hai| isa varga kI mUrtiyA~ mukhyata: devagar3ha evaM khajurAhoM se milI hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara sthaloM kI zilpasAmagrI ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki puruSa devatAoM kI mUrtiyA~ deviyoM kI tulanA meM nagaNya haiN| jaina kalA meM deviyoM kI vizeSa lokapriyatA tAMtrika prabhAva kA pariNAma ho sakatI hai| jaina paramamparA para tAntrika prabhAva ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se katipaya sandarbho kI ora vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa karanA upayukta hogaa| khujarAhoM ke pAzrvanAya mandira (950-60 I.) kI bhitti para cAroM tarapha zaktiyoM ke sAtha AliMgana mudrA meM devayugaloM kI kaI mUrtiyA~ haiN| inameM ziva, viSNu, brahma, agni kubera, rAma, balarAma Adi kI zakti sahita mUrtiyA~ haiM jo spaSTata: hindU prabhAva darzAtI haiN| isI mandira ke uttarI aura dakSiNI zikhara para kAmakriyA meM rata do yugala bhI AmUrtita haiN| kAma kriyA se sambandhita yA aliMgana mudrA meM sAdhuoM ke aMkana bhI devagaNa ke jaina mandiroM ke praveza dvAroM para upalabdha haiN| upayukta digambara sthaloM ke atirikta ( 186)

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nADalAI (pAlI) rAjasthAna ke zAMtinAtha mandira (zvetAmbara) ke adhiSThAna para bhI kAma kriyA meM rata kaI yugaloM kA aMkana huA hai| jaina mandiroM para devatAoM kI zakti sahita AliMgana mUrtiyA~ evaM kAmakriyA se sambandhita aMkana paramparA sammata nahIM hai| jaina dharma udAra dharma rahA hai| jisakI dhArmika manyAtAoM meM samaya ke anurUpa kucha Avazyaka parirvatana yA zithilana hote raheM haiN| madhyayuga tAMtrika prabhAva kA yuga thaa| phalata: jaina dharma meM bhI usa prabhAva ko kiMcit niyantraNa ke sAtha svIkAra kiyA gayA jise kalA meM bhI upayukta sthaloM para abhivyakti milii| para isa prabhAva ko uddAma nahIM hone diyA gayA jaisA ki khujarAho aura ur3IsA ke hindU mandiroM para kAmakriyA se sambandhita aMkano ke sandarbha meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| jainagrantha harivaMzapurANa (jinasena kRta, 783 I.) meM eka sthala para ullekha hai ki seTa kAmadatta ne eka jina mandira kA nirmANa kiyA aura sampUrNa prajA ke ArkaSaNa ke lie isI mandira meM kAmadeva aura rati kI bhI mUrti banavAyI graMtha meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki yaha jina mandira kAmadeva ke mandira ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura kautukavaza Aye logoM ko jina dharma kI prApti kA kAraNa hai|50 jina mUtiyoM ke pUjana ke sAtha graMtha meM rati aura kAma deva kI mUrtiyoM ke pUjana kA bhI ullekha hai|1 harivaMza purANa kA ullekha spaSTata: jaina dharma meM Aye zithilana aura usake uddezya ko spaSTa karatA hai| vAstukalA kuvalayamAlA meM se vAstukalA se sambandhita aneka paribhASika zabdoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vibhinna prasaMgoM meM ullakhita nimna zabda sthApatya kI dRSTi se adhika mahatvapUrNa haiN| dhvajA ke lie dhavala-dhvaja pa, koTipatAkA tathA siMha paTa 54 Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| bhavanoM kI dhvajAeM itanI UMcI hotI thIM ki sUrya ke ghor3e unakI havAoM se apane parizrama ko zAnta karate the| isa sAhityaka abhiprAya kA bhAratIya sAhitya meM bahuta ullekha huA hai| ( 187 ) .

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UMce bhavanoM ke lie tuMgabhavana", tuMga- aTTAlaka" tuga- zikhara evaM tuMga" zabdoM kA prayoga huA ha / sambhavata: tuMga zabda bhavana ke UMce kaMgUroM ke lie prayukta hotA thA / vinItA nagarI ke bhavana-zikhara kRSNamaNiyoM se banAye gaye the jo meghasamUha sadRza the (1) samavasaraNa kI racanA meM ratnoM ke zikhara banAye gaye the 1 61, prAcanI sthApatya meM causara bhavanoM ke sthAna para zikharayukta bhavanoM ke banAne kA adhika pracalana thA / bhavana ke pramukha dvAra para toraNa banAye jAte theM / vinItA nagarI ke bhavanoM ke toraNa maNiyoM se 162 tathA samavasaraNa ke toraNa svarga se banAye gaye the 163 kuvalayacandra ko dekhane ke lie nagara kI kula bAlikAeM bhavana ke vibhinna sthAnoM para baiThIM thIM 164 jahA~ se rAjamArga meM jAtA kumAra dikhAyI par3atA thA / sAhityaka dRSTi se kuvalayamAlAkahA kA yaha varNana paramparAgata hai / kintu sthApatya kI dRSTi se isameM bhavana ke kaI mArgo kA ullekha hai / yathA- koI yuvatI rakSAmukha para koI dvAra deza para koI gvAkSa para, koI galAe~ para (ghara ke uparItala para) koI caupAla meM, koI rAjAMgaNa meM, koI daravAje kI delahI para koI caupAla meM, koI rAjAMgaNa meM, koI daravAje kI delahI para koI vedikA para koI kapotapAlI para, koI harmyatala para koI bhavana zikhara para tathA koI yuvatI dhvAjAgrAbhAga para sthita thI 16 inameM se adhikAMza kI pahicAna prAcIna sAhityika ullekhoM evaM purAtatva kI samAgrI ke adhyayana se kI jA sakatI hai / udyotana ne ina prasaMgoM meM gavAkSa kA ullekha kiyA hai| gavAkSa se kumAra ko dekhatI huI striyA~ 7 tosala rAjakumAra ne mahAnagara zreSThi ke dhavalagRha ke jAlagavAkSavivira ke se meghoM ke vivira se nikale hue candra sadRza kisI bAlikA ke mukha kamala ko dekhA suvarNa devI mahohara jIva-darzana karane ke lie jAlagavAkSa para Asana aura zaiyA rakhI gayI-Thave ( 188 )

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jAla - gavakkhAeM atyurasejjaM 169 kAmagajendra kI kalpanA jAlagavAkSa jaisI phaila gayI-pasarai va jAlagavakkhaesu70 isa vivaraNa ke se jJAta hotA hai ki gavAkSa bhavana UparI tala para banAye jAte the, jo rAjyapatha para khulate the / jAlagavAkSa una gola khir3ikayoM ko kahate the, jinase bhavana meM havA AtI jAtI thii| sambhavataH isa samaya taka jAla gavAkSa kucha bar3e AkAra ke banane lage the| DA. kumArasvAmI ke anusAra guptayuga ke vAlAyata gola hote the| tabhI unakA nAma (baila kI A~kha kI taraha gola) par3a gayA / 71 gavAkSoM se jhA~kate hue strI mukha na kevala sAhitya meM 72 apitu kalA meM bhI pAye jAte haiM / ajantA kI guphA 19 ke mukhabhAga meM strI mukhayukta gavAkSa jAlo kI paMvitiyA~ aMkita haiM 173 mAlAe vedikA evaM dhvAjagrabhAga bhI gavAkSa prakAra pratIta hote haiM / mAlAe kA artha zabdakoza meM ghara kA uparibhAga kiyAgayA hai| jise artha meM maMjila tathA gujarAtI meM mAloM kahA jAtA thA / sambhavataH eka choTI bAlakanI ke sadRza rahI hogii| vedikA vAtapAna kA ullekha zugakAla kuSANa kAla meM milatA hai| 74 sambhavataH rozanadAna ke lie purAnA nAma AThavIM sadI meM bhI pracilita rahA ho / bAlakanI meM kuvalayamAlA kahA meM nijjUhaya 75 tathA mattavAraNa 76 zabdoM kA prayoga bhI huA hai / sambhavataH inake AkAra meM kucha bheda hone se inhe bhinna nAma pradAna kiye gaye haiM / kapotapAlI kA uddyotana ne kevala eka bAra ullekha kiyA hai / aSNA kaolavAlIsuM 177 yaha udyotana ne prAcIna bhAratIya sthApatya kI usa parAvatamAlA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai jo bhavanoM ke zikhara para banAyI jAne lagI thii| anekaalaMkaraNoM ke sAtha bhavanoM ke zikharoM para pattharoM ke kabUtara bhI zobhA ke lie banA diye jAte the / jinheM kapotapAlI kapotAlI kevAlI kahA jAtA thaa| 78 guptakAlIna padatAr3itakam nAmaka grantha meM varavanitAoM ke bhavanoM ke varNana ( 189 )

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meM kapotapAlI 79 tathA kadambarI meM sikhareSu parAvatamAlA (pR.26) kA ullekha huA hai kuvalayamAlA meM varNana hai ki nagara kI yuvatiyA~ sambhavataH zikharo car3ha kara kapotapAlI ke samIpa se kumAra kuvalaya candra ko dekha rahI thI / uddyotanasUri ne dhavalagRha kA bitanI bAra ullekha kiyA hai / sarvatra use uparItala para sthita kahA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki dhavalagRha ke dvAra meM praveza karate hI upara jAne ke lie donoM ora sopAnamArga hotA thA / kuvalayamAlA meM bhavana ke choTe kamaroM ke lie kaI zabda prayukta hue haiN| mAyAditya ko jaba cora samajha kara pakar3a liyA gayA to use upaghara meM banda karane kA Adeza diyA gayA 1800 usake vilApa karane para bhI use ghara-koTTa meM banda kara diyA gayA / 1 naraka ke dukhoM kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vahA~ choTe gharoM ke daravAje bhI choTe hote the-ghar3iyAlayaM maDahadAraM 182 ye zabda tatkAlIna bhavana sthApatya meM bhI prayukta hote rahe hoMge / ina pramukha paribhASika zabdoM ke atirikta udyotana ne bhavana sthApatya ke atirikta nimnazabdoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA NijjUdaya Alaya + cuMpAla bedikA ghara paliha koTTThaya koNAo 7, gharovArikuTTima dvArasaMghAta 9 dvAradeza), dvAramUla' 1, maNikuTTima -, maNimayamiti harmyatala'+ prasAdatala", prasAda" prasAda zikhara" ullako chatta" inake atirikta vinItA nagarI 99 kausAmbI nagarI 100 evaM samavasaraNa 101 sthApatya kI dRSTi se adhika mahatvapUrNa hai / kuvalayamAlA meM tIna prakAra ke yantrika upAdAnoM kA ina prasaMgoM meM ullekha hai / vAsabhavana kI sajjA meM priyatama ke Ane kI pratikSA ke samaya meM yantra zakunoM ko madhu-saMlApa meM lagA diyA gyaa| 102 vAsI meM snAna karate hue kisI pror3hA ne lajjA ko tyAgakara jalayantra kI dhAra ko apane priyatama kI donoM A~khoM para kara diyA aura lapakakara apane premI kA mukha cUma liyaa|103 yatrajalaghAra se AkAza meM mAyAmeghoM dvArA Dhage gaye bhavanoM ke haMsa pAvasa Rtu mAnakara mAnasarovara ko nahIM jAte the| 104 ujjayanI nagarI ke jalayantroM meM meghoM kI garjanA hone se bhavanoM ( 190 )

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ke mora harSita hokara nAcane lagate the105 uddyotana ne yantrazilpa ke sambandha meM koI vivaraNa nahIM diyA hai| anya sandarbho ke AdhAra para unake ina tIna ullekhoM ko spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA vinItA nagarI meM yantradhAsagRha meM yantrajala ghara kI racanA kI gayI thii| yantradhArA gRha meM mAyAmegha yA yantrajala ghara kA nirmANa prAcIna vastukalA kA eka abhinna aMga thaa| mahAkavi bANa ne kAdambarI meM mAyAmegha kA sundara dRzya prastuta kiyA hai bAlakoM kI paMkti ke mukhoM se nikalI huI sahasra dhArAeM banAvaTI meghamAlA kA dRzya upasthita kara rahI thii|106 jina sena ne AdipurANa107 meM dhArAgRha meM giratI huI dhArAoM se ghanAgama kA dRzya upasthita kiyA hai-dhArAgR hesu nipataddhArAbaddha ghnaagmeN| somadeva ne yantrajala bhara ke jharane meM sthalakamilinI kI kyArI sIMcane kA ullekha kiyA hai / 108 bhoja ne zAhI gharAnoM ke lie jisa prabarSaNa nAmaka vArigRha kA ullekha kiyA hai usameM ATha prakAra ke meghoM kI racanA kI jAtI thii|109 hemacandra ne yantradhArAgRha ke cAroM ora uThate hue jalaudha kA varNana kiyA hai / 110 isa taraha jJAta hotA hai ki yantrajala dvArA mAyAmegha banAne kA pracalana 6-7 vIM zadI se 12vIM sadI taka barAbara banA rhaa| na kevala yantradhArAgRha meM apitu bhavana ke alaMkaraNoM meM bhI mAyAmegha banAne kI prathA guptayuga se mauryayuga taka banI rhii|111 uddyotana ne yantrazakuna kA ullekha vAsa bhavana sajjA ke sandarbha meM kiyA hai| ata: kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki yantradhArAgRha se isa yantrazakuna kA kyA sambandha thA? sambhavata: yaha vAsabhavana kA hI koI alaMkaraNa vizeSa rahA ho, jo pakSI ke AkAra kA banA rahA hogA tathA jise niyojita kara dene para madhura-saMlApa hone lagatA hogaa| vAsabhavana meM yantrazilpoM ko rakhe-jAne kI prAcIna paramparA thii| somadeva ne yazomatI ke bhavana ke yantraparyaka aura yantra-puttalikAoM kA varNana kiyA hai, jinake yAntrika vidhAna kA paricaya gokula candra jaina meM diyA hai| ( 191)

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sUcaka hai rASTrakUToM ne elaurA nAmaka sthAna para brAhmaNa, bauddha evaM jaina tInoM sampradAyoM se sambandhita guhA-maMdiroM kA nirmANa karavAyA thaa| 800 I. ke lagabhaga yahA~ para pA~ca jaina guhA maMdira banavAye gaye jinameM tIna pramukha haiM120 purAtatva vibhAga kI ora se inako 30-34 taka kI saMkhyAyeM pradAna kI gaI haiN| inameM se choTA kailAza (saM-30) maMdira21 caTTAna tarAza kara banAyA gayA sundara ekAzmaka (monolittic) maMdira bhii| svarUpa saMracanA kI dRSTa se yaha elaurA ke bhavya brAhmaNa sampradAya ke kailAza maMdira kI laghu anukRti pratIta hotA hai isI ke samIpa sthita iMdrasabhA (saM. 32) tathA jagannAtha sabhA (saM. 33) dumaMjile ekAzmaka maMdira haiM / 122 inake caturdik dravir3a zailI ke zikhara maMdiroM kI laghu pratikRtiyA~ tathA prAMgaNa meM kIrtidhvajastambha tarAze gae haiM sampUrNa saMracanA meM brAhmaNa sampradAya ke maMdira sthApatya kA spaSTa prabhAva dikhAI detA hai jo isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki samAja meM donoM samudAyoM ke madhya sauhArdapUrNa sambandha vidyamAna the| tamilanADu karnATaka evaM AMdhrapradeza ke choTe AkAra prakAra vAle aneka jaina maMdira sthita haiN| 10vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga karnATaka meM somanAthapura helebiDa bela golA 123 nAmaka sthAnoM para aneka jaina maMdiroM evaM vizAlakAya tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| uttarabhArata meM caMdeloM ke netRtva meM khajurAho meM aneka maMdiroM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| inameM se adhikAMza naSTa ho cuke haiN| avaziSTa maMdiroM meM 5-6 maMdira jaina sampradAya ke haiN| inameM ghaNTaI maMdira124 kA stambha yukta maNDapa mAtra avaziSTa bacA hai| zAntinAtha maMdira125 kA itanI bAra jIrNoddhAra evaM punaHnirmANa kiyA gayA hai ki usakA prAcIna svarUpa pUrNatayA naSTa ho cukA hai adhunA vahAM para jaina dharma kA vizAla maMdira hai jisameM prAcIna mUrtiyoM evaM maMdira ke vividha aMgoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| khajurAhoM ke maMdiroM ke sarvAdhika surakSita Adi nAtha tathA pAzvanAtha maMdira haiN| AdinAtha maMdira AkAra meM choTA hai isameM vargAkAra garbha gRha, sAmane kI tarapha choTA maNDapa tathA ardhamaNDapa vidyamAna hI isakI bAhya dIvAra para suMdara mUrti zilpa kI tIna kSaitija paTTiyA~ prApta hotI haiN| maMdira kA zikhara zuddha nAgara zikhara hai jise latina zikhara kahA jAtA hai kyoMki isake caturdik zikhara kI laghu AkRtiyA~ nahIM banAI gaI haiN| zikhara ( 193)

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kA svarUpa bahuta bhavya evaM saMtulita hai pAzvanAtha maMdira126 AkAra meM bar3A hai| yaha sAndhAra athavA pradakSiNApatha se yukta maMdira hai| isakA bhI bahulAMza meM jIrNodvAra kiyA gayA hai; kintu isakA prAcIna svarUpa abhI bhI surakSita hai isameM sAmane kI ora ardhamaNDapa, maNDapa, antarAla kathA, garbhagRha, pradakSiNApatha, jAlIdAra khir3akiyA~ evaM garbhagRha pIche eka laghukathana Adi aMgoM kI yojanA milatI hai| yaha maMdira mUrti zilpa ke lie vikhyAta hai| isameM brAhmaNa devI devatAoM jaise sarasvatI, gaNeza ziva, brAhmA, viSNu Adi kI sundara AkRtiyA~ vAhya dIvAra ke cAroM aura127 kSaitija paTTiyoM meM banAI gaI haiN| pAzrvanAtha kI mUrti ko yadi haTA diyA jAya to isa maMdira meM tathA yahA~ sthita brAhmaNa sampradAya ke anya maMdiroM meM koI milatA nahIM dikhAI detI hai| isase samAja meM vyApta dhArmika sahiSNutA (vizeSakara jaina evaM brAhmaNa sampradAyoM ke bIca) kA paricaya milatA hai| rAjasthAna meM aneka jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| inameM 11 vIM zatAbdI ke jaina maMdira samUha bahuta prasiddha haiN| ye mujarAta ke banAru kAMThA jile meM kumariyAjI128 meM sthita haiN| sabhI maMdira saMgamarmara se bane haiN| inameM paJcaratha garbhagRha, maNDapa, stambhayukta ardhamaNDapa, prArthanA kakSa, pArzvavartI choTe maMdira, anekADaMka zikhara Adi vizeSatAyeM prApta hotI haiN| maMdira apanI vitAna (False ceiling) sajjA ke lie prasiddha haiN| zailIkI dRSTi se ina maMdiroM ko rAjasthAnI solaMkI zailI kA mAnA jA sakatA hai isa zailI kA caramotkarSa AbU pahAr3I ke jaina samudAya ke dilavAr3A samUha!29 meM dikhAI detA hai inameM 1031 tathA 1230 I. ke vimala vasahI130 evaM lUnA vasAhI131 maMdira vizeSarUpa se ullekhaniya haiN| pratyeka meM garmagRha, pAvakakSa, maNDapa, stambha yukta maNDapa, prArthanAkakSa Adi aMga milate haiN| saMgamaramara se bane donoM maMdira apanI vitAna sajjA ke lie vikhyAta haiN| ina maMdiroM kI mUrti sajjA brAhmaNa maMdiroM ke samAna haiN| vastuta: pUrvamadhya kAlIna maMdira sthApatya meM sabhI sampradAyoM ne tatkAlIna vikhyAta sthApatiyoM (Architects) kA sahayoga lika thaa| inameM se kucha ke nAma bhI maMdiroM meM aMkita milate haiN| gujarAta meM sthita bahusaMkhyaka jaina maMdiroM ko muslima AkrAntaoM ne naSTa kara DAlA thaa|132 kintu ina purAtAtvika sAkSyoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki tatkAlIna (194)

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samAja meM jaina dharma janasAmAnya meM paryApta lokapriya thaa| rAjAoM, sAmantoM evaM samAja ke ghanI varga ke saMrakSaNa evaM protsAhana ne jaina maMdira sthApatya ko na kevala vikasita kiyA apitu vividha dhArmika sampradAyoM ke madhya sAmaJjaya sthApita karane ke lie kalA ko pramukha mAdhyama bhI banAyA gyaa| maMdiroM ke suspaSTa purAtAtvika sAkSya ina udAharaNoM ke rUpa ke dekhe jA sakate haiN| ( 195)

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saMdarbha aura TippaNiyA~ 1. kuvalayamAlA 95.7 / 2. tatraiva, 95.8-91 3. bhAratIya purAtatva vibhAga ke mahAnidezaka kA vAdhika vivaraNa, 1902-3 pleTa, 34. / 4. mAlavIya badrInAtha, 1960-viSNu dharmottara meM mUrtikalA 5. tatraiva, pR. 30 6. u.-kuva.i. pR. 123 7. kAdambarI, anu. 139 8. harSa. pR. 158 9. kuvalayamAlA 120, 15, 16 / 10. jai.-bhA. saM. yo, pR. 348 / 11. jai.-bhA. saM. yo.-pR. 354, 55 12. akoTA bronjeja-umAkAnta zAha 13. risarcara, 1 pR. 18. 14. kuvalayamAlA, 93-17.18 15. u. tkuva, I, pR. 122 16. rAmAyaNa, sundarakANDa, 18, 14, 4 17. tatraiva ayodhyAkAnr3a 15,8 18. 'svAlaMkRtA: samAkanyA:; droNa parva, 58, 20 19. lalitavistara, adhyAya 7, pR. 61 20. u.-kuva. i. pR., 122, 21. kuvalayamAlA 97.2 22. tatraiva-249, 19, 23. harSacaritra- pR. 144 24. aSTAdhyAyI 6.7.74 25. buddhacaritra, 5-22 26. a-cha. a, pR. 62 ( 196

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27. raghuvaMza-16-17 28. a. kA sAM A, pR. 32 29. kuvalayamAlA 34.28 (jiNa-vyaNaM jhAyaMtA aNNe paDimA-gayA mugiyo-34.25 30. dhyAna yogastha saMsiddhayai pratimA: parikalpitA: / 31. draSTatya, zu.-bhA. sthA, pR. 456 32. vidyA-prakAza- svajurAho, pR. 141 33. kalakattA iNDiyana myUjiyama-bharahuta stambha 110 ke pAsa / 34. vahI bharahata stambha 210 tathA 170 ke pAsa 35. rAyagovinda canda-prAcIna bhArata meM lakSamI, pratimA adhyAya 6, 8 tathA 91 36. tripAThI lakSamI kAnta- lakSmI eNDa sarasvatI-pR. 160- pepara'-mamInAra-Ana lakSamI eNDa sarasvanI-bar3I. DI. sI. sarakAra 37. samarAicca kahA 4. pR. 355.356.58361.6 pR. 521 38. tatraiva +. pR. 355. 360, 61 39. agravAla vAsudeva zaraNa-lokadharma pR. 8, 1 40. ipi.6 iNDikA 18, pR. 330-bhagavato nArAyaNasya zailI pratimA bhaktAnAm / 41. lAlatA prasAda-sana vaziya ina aisiyanTa ina iNDiyA, pR. 18. 8. 42. insakripsana iDikerama, 3 pR.-81 43. sacAU 1, pR. 117 44. vidyA prakAzana-khujarAho pR. 340 / 45. unnithana, ena. jI. railiksa oNva jainijma-Alatara' jarnala iNDiyana hisTrI, ina 44 bhAga 1 apraila 1966, pR. 542 46. zAha yU. pI. biganiMgsa Ava jaina AikanogrAphI saMgrahAlaya purAtatva pratrikA aM 9, jUna 1972, pR. 21 47. zAha yU. pI. 'e yunIka jaina imeja oNva jIvAnta svAmI' jarnala AriyaNTala insTITayUTa, khaM 1, aM 1, sitambara 1951, pR. 72, 79 zAha, sAiDa lAiTsa Ana di lAIpha TAima seNDala vuDa imeja oNva mahAvIra' jarnala oriyaNTala isTITyUTa, khaM. 1 aM4, jUna 1952, pR. 358-68 zAha 'zrI jIvanta (gujarAtI), jaina satyaprakAza varSa 17, aM5-6, pR. 98-109, zAha akoTA bronjeja, bambaI 1859, pR. 26-28 48. zAha yU. pI. eka yUnIka jaina imeja oNva jIvaMta svAmI' pUrva nidiSTa, khaM 1, aM. 1 pR. 79, 49. zAha yU. pI., akoTA bonjeja, pR. 26-28, phalaka 9 e, bI, 12 e| 50. kAmadatto jinAgAra pure lokapravezane / mAhavajasya pratimAM sanyadhAnmahiSasya / / (197)

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atraiva kAmadevasya ratezca pratimoM vyAghAt / jinAgAre samAyAtA: prajAyA: kautukAya sa: // kAmadeva ratiprekSAkautukena jgjjnaaH| jinAyatanamAgatya prekSaya tatpratimAdRyama / / saMvidhAna kamA karNya tadbhadka mRgadhvajama bahavaH pratipadyante jina dharma mahaddhikama / / prasiddhaM ca gRha jaina kaamdevgRhaakhyaayaa| kautukAgatalokasya jAtaM jinamAtAptaye / / - harivaMza purANa 29.15 (harivaMza purANa) saM. pannAlAla jaina, jJAna pITa mUrtidevI jaina graMtha mAlA, saMskRta graMthAMka 27) 51. harivaMza purANa 29.9.10 52. kuvalayamAlA 7.18 53. tatraiva 31.22, 103, 4, 140, 2 54. tatraiva 199.30 55. tatraiva 7.16 56. tatraiva 7.15 57. tatraiva 31.19 58. tatraiva 92.25 59. tatraiva 97.7 60. tatraiva 7.17 61. tatraiva 96.33 62. tatraiva 97.15 63. tatraiva 97.2 64. tatraiva 25.7 65. draSTavya, a-kA. sAM a., pR. 92 66. kuvalayamAlA 25.8.9 67. tatraiva 25.8 68. kuvalayamAlA 73.8 69. tatraiva 783.7 70. tatraiva 238.7 ( 198)

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71. kumArasvAmI, enzeNTa iMDiyana ArakITekcara pailesa kA citra 72. sAndrakutuhalAnAM para sundarISA murkhaH gavAkSAH vyAptAntarA - raghuvaMza 11.75 73. kumAra svamI, iMDiyana eNDa inDoneziyana ArTa, citra 154 74. kumAra svAmI, enzeNTa iMDiyana AkITekcara paileseja / 75. kuvalayamAlA, 28.5 76. tatraiva 232.27 77. tatraiva 25.9 78. a. kA. sAM. a., pR. 39 79. a. ha. a. pR. 210 para uddhRta 80. kuvalayamAlA 59.21 81. tatraiva 59.26 82. tatraiva 36.17 83. tatraiva 249.17 84. tatraiva 249.17 85. tatraiva 249.17 86. tatraiva 47.10 87. tatraiva 47.15 88. tatraiva 232.29 89. tatraiva 97.4 90. tatraiva 25.8 91. tatraiva 199.29 92. tatraiva 31.24 93. tatraiva 7.15 94. tatraiva 169.15 95. dia 173.31 96. tatraiva 91.6 97. tatraiva 163.19 98. tatraiva 170.22 99. tatraiva 7.15 ( 199 )

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100. tatraiva 31.19 101. tatraiva 96.29 102. maMjoesu mahura-palAve jaMta-sauNe 83.6 103. kuvalayamAlA 94.31 104. kuvalayamAlA 8.10 105. tatraiva 50.11 106. draSTavya a. kA. sAM a. pR. 215 107. kuvalayamAlA 8.28 108. yaza., saM. 530 109. saMmarAMgaNasutradhAra 31.117.142 110. kumArapAla caritra 4.26 111. draSTavya, a. kA sAM a., pR. 215 112. samarAMgaNa sUtradhAra 31.163, 113. kuvalayamAlA 94.31 114. laoN, bI. sI. iDiyAM aija gskrAibDa ina arlI TeksTsa oNva Budhism and Jainism, London, 1941, pR. 139 tathA Age / 115. agravAla, vI. esa., bhAratIya kalA, vArANasI, 1977, dvi saMrakSaka, pR. 187-95; 116. smitha, bI. e., di jaina stUpa eNDa adara enTIkvaTIz2a oNva mathurA, dillI, 1969, punarmudrita saMskaraNa, pR. 1-6 / 117. zivarAmamUrti, sI; painoramA oNva jaina ArTa, naI dillI, 1983, pR. 35, ci. saM. 35 118. brADana, pArTI, iNDiyana ArkITekcara, bambaI, 1959 (bhAratIya saMskaraNa), pR. 63 1 119. vahI, pR. 53 / 120. vahI, pR. 75 / 121. vahI, pR. 75 / 122. brAuna, parsI, pUrvodRta, pR. 75 1 123. zivarAma mUrti, sI, pUrvoddhRta, pR. 14, ci 6, pR. 184,209, ci. 299, ci. 302, pR. 329, ci. 511; da. bhArata ke bahusaMkhyaka jaina maMdira evaM mUrtiyoM ke sundara citroM ke lie yaha pusraka dRSTavya hai / 124. kRSNadeva, Tempalsa oNva khujarAho, khaNDa 1, naI dillI, 1990, pR. 250) khaNDa 2, ci. 114 | 125. vahI, pR. 11 / 126. kRSNa deva, pravokti, pR. 210 tathA Age, khaNDa 2, ci. 93-951 ( 200 )

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127. vahI, pR. 56 tathA Age, khaNDa 2. ci. 43-52 / 128. kRSNadeva, uttara bhArata ke maMdira, naI dillI, dvisaMska, 1986, pR. 28 1 129. vahI pR. 29; kumArasvAmI, e.ke. hisTrI oNva iNDiyana eNDa iNDoneziyakA ArTa, nyUyArka 1965. pR. 1111 130. kRSNadeva, pUrvokta, pR. 291 131. vahI, pR. 291 132. kumArasvAmI, pUrvokta, pR. 111 / - (201)

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adhyAya 5 upasaMhAra jaina kathA sAhitya kI sabase mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki lekhakoM ne loka pracalita kathAoM ko AdhAra banAkara unhe jaina dharma ke DhA~ce meM DhAlA hai aura dharma-pracAra ke nimitta eka navIna rUpa pradAna kara zreSTha kathAoM kA sRjana kiyA hai| ina kathAoM kI racanA ke pIche kathAkAroM kA mukhya uddezya dhArmika siddhAntoM kA prati pAdana karanA thaa| samarAicca kahA meM dharmakathA ke uddezya se avanti rAja samarAcitya ke racita kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vAsudeva hiNDI meM zrRMgAra kathA ke bahAne dharma kathA kA hI nirUpaNa hai kuvalayamAlA meM bIca meM kAmazAstra kI carcA AtI hai kintu isa ko AkSepiNI dharma kathA kahA jA sakatA hai| - sAmAnya rUpa se prAkRta jaina kathAoM aura bauddha pAli jAtaka kathAoM meM sAdRzya dekhane ko milatA hai| pAli kathAoM meM pUrvajanma kathA kA mukhya bhAga rahatA hai isake viparIta prAkRta kathAoM meM yaha kevala upasaMhAra kA kArya kArya karatA hai bauddha jAtaka kathAoM meM eka prakAra kI rur3hivAdI zailI kI bharamAra hai parantu jaina prAkRta kathAoM meM vividhatA dekhane ko milatI hai| prAkRta kathA kAra apane siddhAnta ko pratyakSa rUpa se pratiSThApita nahIM karate balki pAtroM ke kathopa kathana aura zIla nirUpa Adi ke dvArA siddhAnta kI abhivyaMjanA karate haiN| prAkRta kathAkAra apane pAtroM ko sIdhe naitika nahIM dikhalAte / caritra vikAsa ke liye ye kisI premakathA athavA anya kisI loka kathA ke dvArA unake jIvana kI vikRtiyoM ko upasthita karate haiN| eka dIrgha saMgharSa ke pazcAt pAtra kisI AcArya yA kevalI ko prApta karatA hai aura unake samparka se usake jIvana meM naitikatA kA praveza hotA hai kathA manoraMjana ke sAtha Age bar3hatI hai|

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prAkRta kathAoM kI eka anya vizeSatA yaha hai ki kathA meM Aye hue pratIkoM kI uttarArdha meM vyAkhyA kara dI jAtI hai| udAharaNArtha vAsudeva hiNDI kA ivmayukta kahANayaM kA upasaMhAra aMza uddhata kiyA jAtA hai ayamupasaMhAro-jahAM sA gaNiyA, tahA dhammasuI / jahA te rAyasuyAI, tahA sura-maNuya suhabhAgiNI paanninno| jahA AbharaNANi tahA desaviratisahiyANi tavovahANANi / jahA so ivmaputto, tahA mokkhakaMkhI puriso| jahA paricchA ko sallaM, tahA sammannANaM / jahA rayaNaNaya pIDha, tahA sammaddasaMNaM / jahAM rayaNANi, tahA mahavvayANi / jahA rayaNaviNiyogo, tahA nivvANasu halAbhotti 1 viNTaranitsa ke anusAra- "jainoM kA kathA sAhitya sacamuca meM vizAla hai| isakA mahatva kevala tulanAtmaka parikathA sAhitya ke vidyArthI ke liye hI nahIM haiM, balki sAhitya kI anya zAkhAoM kI apekSA hameM isameM jana sAdhAraNA ke vAstavika jIvana kI jhA~kiyA~ milatI haiN| jisa prakAra ina kathAoM kI bhASA aura janatA kI bhASA meM aneka sAmya haiM, usI prakAra unakA varNya viSaya bhI vibhinna vargoM ke vAstavika jIvana kA citra hamAre sAmane upasthita karatA hai| kevala rAjAoM aura purohitoM kA jIvana hI isa kathA sAhitya meM citrita nahIM haiM, apitu sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM kA jIvana bhI aMkita haiN| "aneka kahaniyoM, dRSTAnta-kathAoM, parikathAoM meM hame aise viSaya milate haiM, jo bhAratIya kathA sAhitya meM pAye jAte haiM aura inameM se kucha vizva sAhitya meM bhI upalabdha haiN| "prAcIna bhAratIya kathAzilpa ke aneka stna jaina TIkAoM kathA sAhitya ke mAdhyama se hameM prApta hote haiN| TIkAoM meM yadi inhe surakSita na rakhA jAtA to ye lupta ho gaye hote| jaina sAhitya ne asaMkhya nijandharI kathAoM ke aise bhI manoraMjaka rUpa surakSita rakhe haiM, jo dUsare srotoM se jAne jAte haiN| (203)

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harTela prAkRta kathAoM kI vizeSatAoM se atyanta AkRSTa haiN| inhoMne isa sAhitya kI mahantA kA ullekha karate huye batAyA hai "kahAnI kahane kI kalA kI viziSTatA jaina kahAniyoM meM pAI jAtI hai| ye kahAniyA~ bhArata ke bhinna-bhinna varga ke logoM ke rasma-rivAja ko pUrNa saccAI ke sAtha abhivyakta karatI haiN| ye kahAniyA~ jana sAdhAraNa kI zikSA kA udagama sthAna hI nahIM haiM, varan bhAratIya sabhyatA kA itihAsa bhI haiN| yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA yarthAtha jJAna prApta karane ke lie prAkRta kathA sAhitya bahuta upayogI hai| jana sAdhAraNa se lekara rAjA-maharAjAoM taka ke caritra ko jitane vistAra aura sUkSmatA ke sAtha prAkRta kathAkAroM ne citrita kiye haiM, utanA anya bhASAoM ke kathAkAroM ne nhiiN| nimnazreNI ke vyaktiyo kA yathArtha citraNa isa sAhitya meM upalabdha hai| bhAva, vicAra ghaTanA, caritra aura prabhAvAnvita kI dRSTi se ye kathAyeM prathama zreNI meM sthAna prApta karane ke yogya haiN| jIvana meM jitanI samasyAyeM aura paristhitiyAM AtI haiM jinase nAnA prakAra ke satya aura siddhAnta nikAle jA sakate haiM, unakA yatheSTa samAveza ina kathAoM me pAyA jAtA hai| prAkRta kI svatantra kathA kRtiyoM meM pAtroM kI kriyAzIlatA aura vAtAvaraNa kI sajAvaTa nAnA prakAra kI bhAvabhUmiyoM kA sRjana karane meM sakSama haiN| prAkRta kathAkAroM meM yaha guNa prAya: sabhI meM pAyA jAtA hai ki ve pAThaka ke samakSa jagata kA vAstavika citraNa kara AtmakalyANa kI ora pravRtti karane vAlA koI siddhAnta upasthita kara dete haiN| ata: jaina kathA sAhitya kathA upakaraNoM kI dRSTi se paripUrNa hai| prAkRta kathAoM kA svatantra rUpa se vikAsa taMragavatI se Arambha hotA hai| haribhadra ne taraMgavatI aura vAsudevahiNDI se rUpAyana evaM upAdAnoM ko grahaNa kara apanI mahatvapUrNa kRti (204)

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samarAicca kahA kA praNayana kiyA hai| isameM sandeha nahI ki haribhadra ucca koTi ke kathAkAra haiN| jitanI mananazIlatA aura gambhIratA iname vartamAna hai, utanI anya kathAkAroM meM zAyada hI milegii| dhArmika kathAoM ke racayitA hone para bhI jIvana kI vibhinna samasyAoM ko sulajhAnA aura saMgharSa ke ghAta-pratighAta prastuta karanA inakI apanI vizeSatA hai| kautUhala aura jijJAsA kA saMtulana kathAoM me anta taka banA rahatA hai| kathA jIvana ke vibhinna pahaluoM kI apane meM sameTe huye manoraMjana karatI huI Age bar3hatI hai| prema aura laukika jIvana kI vibhinna samasyAeM samarAiccakahA meM uThAyI gaI haiN| haribhadra ne samasyAoM ko uThAkara yoM hI nahIM chor3a diyA hai, balki unake samAdhAna bhI prastuta kiye haiN| haribhadra ke pAtra kalAtmaka dRSTi se kathA meM kisI samasyA ko lekara upasthita hote haiN| ve kathA ke Arambha se lekara usake upasaMhAra taka apane jIvana kI ananta pIr3AoM ke sAtha usa samasyA ko Dhote calate haiN| nidAna kA puTa itanA ghanA hai ki pAtroM kI svataMtra kriyA zIlatA naSTa prAya hai / pAtroM kA vaiyaktika vikAsa karmajAla kI saghanatA aura nizcita saMskAritA ke kAraNa avarUddha hai| samasyAeM spaSTa rUpa meM sAmane AtI haiM, para unake samAdhAna spaSTa nahIM ho pAte haiN| jIvana kI bhUmikAoM kA Arambha bhI yatra-tatra vartamAna hai| AThaveM aura nauve bhava kI kathA meM usa yuga kI rAjya aura jIvana sambandhI ulajhane upasthita huI haiN| kathAyeM apane vikAsa ke sabhI kramoM kA sparza karate hue calatI haiN| itivRttiyoM kA jamaghaTa adhika rahane para bhI kathA pravAha meM koI truTi nahI Ane pAyI hai| kathAnakoM kI mor3eM rocakatA utpanna karane meM sahAyaka haiN| avAntara kathAeM nidAna kI puSTi ke lie hI AyI haiN| AThavIM zatAbdI ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM do pramukha sthApatyoM kA zrI gaNeza huA hai-dharmakathA aura premakathA 'lIlAvaI' nAmaka premakathA likhakara vizuddha premAkhyAna paramparA kA AvirbhAva kiyA hai| prema kI vibhinna dazAoM kA vivecana jitanI mArmikatA aura sUkSmatA ke sAtha isa grantha meM pAyA jAtA hai, utanI mArmikatA ke sAtha prAkRta kathAoM kI to bAta hI (205)

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kyA, saMskRta kathAoM me bhI nahI milatA hai| dharmakathA ke kSetra meM samarAiccakahA bejor3a hai| isakI molika udbhAvanAyeM uttaravatIkathA sAhitya ke lie Adarza rahIM haiN| daNDI, subandhu aura bANa bhaTTa kI darabArI alaMkRta kathA zailI kA parityAga kara haribhadra ne susaMskRta buddhivAloM ke lie pariSkRta zailI apanAyI hai| samarAiccakahA ne dharma-kathA zailI kI praur3hatA pradAna kI, jisase yaha zailI utataravattIlekhakoM ke lie bhI Adarza rhii| haribhadra ke ziSya udyotana sUri ne samarAiccakahA ke kathAzilpa ke AdhAra para kuvalayamAlA jaisI sarvotkRSTa racanA likhI hai| isameM sandeha nahI ki udyotana sUri kI yaha kRti anupama hai| kalA kI dRSTi se isakI samakakSatA karane vAlI prAkRta meM koI racanA nahI hai| saMskRta meM kinhI bAtoM ke AdhAra para kAdambarI ko isakI tulanA meM upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina kathAoM meM karma siddhAnta, punarjanma, dravya, guNa tatva, dharmopa deza prabhRti ke sAtha kathA rasa vidyamAna hai| kathA kA vikAsa virodha aura dvandoM ke bIca hotA hai| haribhadra kI laghukathAoM meM dRSTAnta yA upadeza kathAyeM AtI haiN| isa zreNI kI kathAoM ke sabhI pAtra prAya: manuSya hI hote haiM aura ghaTanAoM meM kisI upadeza yA siddhAnta kA samarthana rahatA hai| dRSTAnta kathAoM meM kisI upadeza yA siddhAnta kA samarthana rahatA hai| haribhadra kI ina dRSTAnta kathAoM meM kathA vastu kA sthAna mukhya hai| udyotanasUrikRta kuvalayamAlA kahA prAkRta sAhitya meM aneka dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai| AThavIM zatAbdI ke sAmAjika-jIvana kA yathArtha citra udyotana sUri ne prastuta kiyA hai| zrauta smArta varNa vyavasthA usa samaya vyavahAra meM svIkRti nahIM thii| brAhamaNoM kI zreSThatA hone para bhI unakI kriyAeM zithila ho rahI thiiN| ___zUdra Arthika dRSTi se sampanna hone se pragati kara rahe the| kSatriyoM ke lie ThAkura zabda prayukta hone lagA thaa| jAtiyoM kA vibhAjana hindU jaina Adi dharmoM ke AdhAra para na hokara (206)

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Arya-anArya saMskRti ke AdhAra para thaa| prAdezika jAtiyoM meM gurjara, soraTaTa, marahaThTha Adi astitva meM A rahI thiiN| videzI jAti hUNa kA kSatriya aura zUdroM meM vilaya ho rahA thaa| udyotana ne tajjikoM ke ullekha dvArA araboM ke praveza kI sUcanA dI hai| jaina kathAoM ke anusAra vivAha meM cAra phere hI lie jAte the| tatkAlIna grAmoM kA sAmAjika jIvana sarala thaa| kuvalayamAlA se tatkAlIna samAja me vyavahRta 45 prakAra ke vastroM 40 prakAra ke alaMkAroM kA patA calatA hai| dukUla kA jor3e ke rUpa meM prayoga hone lagA thaa| netrapaTa ke dukUla banane lage the| gaMgApaTa jaisI videzI zilka bhAratIya bAjAroM meM A gaI thii| amIroM dvArA haMsa garma, kUrpAsaka, rallaka evaM nirdhanoM dvArA kaMthA, cIra Adi vastroM kA prayoga hotA thaa| alaMkAro evaM prasAdhanoM ke ullekha se spaSTa hai ki abhijAtya samAja kA citraNa kathAkAroM ko adhika priya thaa| zreSThi varga kA tatkAlIna rAjyavyasthA meM bhI prabhAva thaa| samAja kI yaha samRddhi vANijya evaM vyApAra kI pragati para AdhArita thii| acche-bure prakAra ke sAdhana dhanopArjana ke lie pracalita the| dezAntara gamana, sAgara-santaraNa evaM sAjhedArI vyApAra meM duharA lAbha pradAna karatI thii| sthAnIya vyApAra meM vipaNi mArga aura maNDiyA~ kraya-vikraya ke pramukha kendra the| dakSiNa meM vijayapurI, uttara meM vArANasI evaM pazcima meM sopAraka aura pratiSThAna dezI-videzI vyApAra ke pramukha kendra the| sopAraka meM 18 dezoM ke vyApAriyoM kA ekatra honA evaM 'desiya-vaNiya-me lIe' (vyApArI maNDala) kA sakriya honA isa bAta kA pramANa hai| sAhasI sArthavAhoM ne jala-thala mArgoM dvArA na kevala bhArata meM apitu par3osI dezoM se bhI samparka sthApita kiye the| AyAta niryAta kI vastuoM meM azva, gajapota nIla gayA mahiSa kA sammilita honA tatkAlIna Arthika vyApArika kriyA kalApo ko sUcita karatA hai| dUra dezoM kI yAtrA karate samaya pUrI taiyArI ke sAtha nikalA jAtA thaa| samudra yAtrA ke prasaMga bhI milate haiN| ( 207)

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jaina kathAe~ zramaNa saMskRti kI poSaka kathAe~ hai| adhikAMza kathAe~ nivRtti pradhAna haiN| manuSya karma ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa vibhinna yoniyoM meM anaMta kAla taka bhramaNa karatA hai| dhana-dhAnya tathA bandhu bAndhava usakI rakSA nahIM kara sakate haiN| sAMsArika viSaya bhogoM se tRSNA ke kAraNa usakI tRpti nahIM hotI hai| karmabhAra se prerita hokara usa meM zoka vyApta hotA hai| Atma damana karane apanI icchAoM para niyaMtraNa karane aura saMsAra ke mAyA moha kA tyAga karane se zAzvata aura anupameya nirvANa sukha kI prApti ho sakatI hai| kahAniyoM ke mAdhyama se saMsAra kI nissAratA saMdeza jana sAmAnya taka pahu~cAne kI ceSTA kI gaI hai| jaina kahAniyoM meM ahiMsA, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, brahmacarya karmasiddhAnta Adi ko mukhyata: pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| katipaya kahAniyoM meM yajJa yAga meM hone vAlI hiMsA kI nindA karake ahiMsA kA pratipAdana kathAoM ke mAdhyama se kiyA gayA hai, saMkSepa meM jaina dharma kA upadeza kahA sAhitya kA pramukha aMga hai| jina mUrtiyoM kA darzana, pUjA, sAdhuvaMdana svAdhyAya, jIva dayA tathA saMsAra kI anityatA yukta kahAniyA~ milatI haiN| dhArmika jagata kA vaividhyapUrNa citraNa jaina kathA sAhitya meM kiyA gayA hai| zaiva dharma ke kApAlika, mahA bhairava, Atmavadhika guggala dhAraka, kArUNika Adi sampradAya, ardhanArIzvara mahAkAla, zazizekhara rUpa ziva tathA rUdra, skanda, gajendra vinAyaka Adi kAtyAyanI aura koTTajA deviyA~ zaivoM dvArA pUjita thii| dhArmika maThoM meM aneka devatAoM kI pUjA-arcanA eka sAtha hotI thii| paurANika dharma adhika ubhara rahA thaa| vinayavAdI, Izvara vAdI vicArakoM ke atirikta tIrtha bandanA ke samarthakoM kI saMkhyA bar3ha rahI thii| gaMgA snAna evaM puSkayAtrA puNyArjana kA sAdhana hone se prAyazcita ke pramukha kendra mAne jAte the| vaiSNava dharma meM bhakti kI pradhAnatA thii| govinda, nArAyaNa, lakSmI isa dharma ke pramukha devatA the| brahamA kI sthiti gauNa ho calI thii| (208)

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bhAratIya darzanoM meM bauddha darzana kI hIna yAna zAkhA kA udyotana ne ullekha kiyA hai| lokAyata darzana ke prasaMga meM 'akAza' tatva kA ullekha paMcabhUta ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai / jaina dharma ko anekAntadarzana kahA jAtA thaa| sAMkhya kArikA kA paThana-pAThana sAMkhya darzana ke antargata hotA thaa| tridaNDI, yogI evaM caraka isa darzana kA pracAra kara rahe the| dUsarI ora kucha sAMkhya Alocaka bhI the| vaizeSika darzana ke prasaMga meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki kaNAda-praNIta 'vaizeSika sUtra kA paThana-pAThana hotA thaa| mImAMsA-darzana ke antargata kumArila kI vicAra dhArA adhika prabhAvazAlI thii| vedAnta aura yoga darzana kA pRthaka ullekha nahIM milatA nyAyadarzana ke 16 padArtho kA vAcana kiyA jAtA thaa| anya dhArmika vicArakoM meM paMDara bhikSuka, ajJAnavAdI, citra-zikhaMDi niyatavAdI Adi bhI apanI apanI vicAra dhArAoM kA pracAra kara rahe the| ___mUrti pUjA kA vyApaka pracalana thaa| tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyoM ke atirikta yakSa-yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ bhI milatI haiN| yakSa aura vidyAdharoM se sambandhita aneka ullekha jaina kathAoM meM milate hai| tAMtrika pUjA kA bhI jaina dharma meM samAveza ho gayA thaa| cakrezvarI aura jvAlAmAlinI kI upAsanA kI lokapriyatA ko isake udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA haiM ki prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya kA anuzIlana AThavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya kI bhAratIya saMskRti ko samajhane ke lie atyanta upayogI hai| ina kathAoM meM loka jIvana evaM dharma kA jaisA yathArthavAdI citraNa prApta hotA hai, vaisA saMskRta sAhitya tathA pAlI bauddha sAhitya meM nahIM milatA hai| dharma tathA nIti kA upadeza manoraMjana kathAoM ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA hai| jaina dharma tathA usake ahiMsA mUlaka siddhAntoM kA pratibimba kathAoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| (209)

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saMdarbha 1. vAsudeva hiNDI, pR. 41 2. hisTrI oNva iNDiyana liTarecara, pR. 5451 3. tatraiva, pR. 523 / 4. tatraiva, pR. 487 / 5. Ana dI liTarecara oNva dI zvetAmbarAsa oNva gajagat pR. 8 / (210)

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sandarbha grantha sUcI maulika grantha 1. amarasiMha (1971) amarakoza (pro. rAmanAthana dvArA Alocita evaM sampadita) ADyAra madrAsa / 2. upAdhyAya e. ena. dvArA sampAdita kuvalayamAlA kahA (pra. saMskaraNa 1959, dvi saMskaraNa 1970) bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bmbii| 3. jinezvara sUri (1949) kathAkoza prakAreNa siMdhI jaina grantha mAlA, vidhAbhAvana, bambaI / 4. jinasena (1951) AdipurANa (bhAga-2) bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kaarii| 5. dhanapAla (1923) bhavisayattakahA, gAyakavAr3a orienTala sIrija XX / 6. rAmacandra mumukSu (1964) puNyAzravakathAkoza (e. ena. upAdhyAya evaM eca. ela. jaina dvArA sampAdita) jaina saMskRti saMrakSaNa saMgha, zolApura / 7. rAmAyaNa (1905) nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI / 8.vAsudeva hiNDI sampAdana AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara / 9. siddharSi sUri (1899) upamiti bhavaprapaJcakahA (pI. paiTarsana dvArA sampAdita), klkttaa| 10. somadeva sUri (1960) yazastilaka campU (sundara lAla zAstrI dvArA anuvAdita aura sampAdita), vaaraannsii| 11. somadeva (1887-88) nitivAkyAmRtama, mAnikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, bambaI / 12. saMghadAsarmANa (1933-38)vRhatkalpabhaSya, bhavanagara / 13. hemacandra (1964) abhidhAnacintAmaNi (bhAga-2) caukhambA vidyA bhavana, vaaraannsii| 14. haribhadrasUri (1926) samarAiccakahA (eca. jaikobI dvArA sampAdita / 15. zrI svAmI omAnanda tIrtha, pAtaJjala yogapradIpa (saMskaraNa dvitIya) gItA presa, gorakhapura / 1211)

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16. zrIbhadabhagavadagItA (saMskaraNa cautIsavAM) gItApresa, gorakhapura sahAyaka grantha 1. agravAla, vAsudeva (1953) harSacarita eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, rAsTra bhASA pariSad pttnaa| 2. agravAla vI. esa. (1964) prAcIna bhAratIya lokadharma, ahamadAbAda / 3. agravAla, vI. esa. (1977) dvi. saM., bhAratIya kalA, vaaraannsii| 4. altekara, e esa. (1967) rAsTrakUTa eNDa diyara TAimsa, puunaa| . 5. upAdhyAya, vI. (1964) sosiyo rilijasa kanDizansa oNva naoNradana iNDiyA, vaaraannsii| 6. upAdhyAya, vAsudeva (1966) pUrvamadhyakAlIna bhAratI prakAzana pryaag| 7. upAdhyAya, rAmajI (1966) prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI rUparekhA, ilAhAbAda / 8. ema. hiriyannA (1965 pra. saM. 1973 dvi. saM.) bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA, rAjakamala prakAzana, dillii| 9. ojhA, jI. eca. (1937) rAjaputAne kA itihAsa (bhAga-1) ajamera / 10. kANe, pI. vI. (1973) dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, (bhAga 4) (arjuna caube dvArA anuvAdita), rAjarSi purUSottama dAsa TaMDana hindI bhavana, lkhnuu| 11. kRSNadeva (1990) Tempilsa oNva khajurAho, dillii| 12. kRSNadeva (1987) uttarabhArata ke maMdira, naI dillii| 13. kumAra svAmI, e ke. (1965) hisTrI oNva iNDiyana eNDa, iNDoneziyana ArTa nyUyArka / 14. gopAla, ela. (1965) da ikonomika lAipha oNva naoNradana iNDiyA, vaaraannsii| 15. jaina, jagadIza candra (1961) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vaaraannsii| 16. jaina, jagadIza candra (1947) lAipha ina enazenTa inDiyA eja DepikTeDa ina da jaina kainansa, bmbii| (212)

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17. jaina, jagadIza candra (1967) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, caukhambA, vArANasI / 18. jaina, eca. ela. (1963) prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, bhopAla / 19. jaina, jyotiprasAda (1964) da jaina sorseja oNva da hisTrI oNva enzeNTa iNDiyA dillI / 20. jaina, gokula candra (1987) jaina' vidyA evaM prAkRta, vArANasI / 21. jaina, gokulacandra (1966) yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vaaraannsii| 22. jaina, zrI candra (1975) jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, jayapura / 23. jaina, ke. sI. (1963) jainijama ina rAjasthAna, zolApura / 24. jaina, pI. esa. (1975) kuvalaya mAlA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, jaina zAstra evaM aMhisA zodha saMsthAna vaishaalii| 25. pANDeya govinda candra (1976) bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa (saM.dvi.) hindI samiti sUcanA vibhAga, lakhanaU / 26. bAzama, e. ela. (1967) adabhuta bhArata, dillI / 27. bAjapeyI kRSNadatta (1951) bhAratIya vyApAra kA itihAsa, mthuraa| 28. brAuna parsI, (1959) iNDiyana ArkiTekcara, bambaI / 29. bhaTTAcArya, bI. sI. (1939) jaina AIkonogrAphI lAhaura / 30. muMzI, ke. ema. (1954) gujarAta eNDa iTsa liTarecara, bambaI / 31. motIcandra (1949) jaina miniecara peMTigja ina vesTarna iNDayA, ahamadAbAda | 32. majUmadAra, e. ke. (1956) cAlukya oNva guNarAta, bambaI / 33. yAdava, jhinak (1977) samarAiccakahA eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, bhAratI prakAzana vArANasI / 34. rAya, yU. ena. (1965) prAcIna bhArata me nagara tathA nagara jIvana, ilAhAbAda / (213)

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35. zAstrI, kailAza candra (1965) upasakAdhyayana, kaashii| 36. zAstrI, nemicandra (1966) prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, vArANasI ! 37. zAstrI, nemicandra (1965) haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, prAkRta jaina zAstra evaM aMhisA zodha saMsthAna vezAlI, mujaphpharapura / 38. laoN bI. sI. (1941) iNDiyA aiz2a DiskrAibDa ina arlI TekTasa oNva vuddhijama eNDa jainiz2ama, ladaMna / 39. zivarAmamUrti sI. (1983) painoramA oNva jaina ArTa, naI dillii| 40. smitha vI. e. (1969) di jaina stUpa eNDa adara enTIkviTIja oNva mathurA, dillii| 41. hIrAlAla, jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga-1 maNika candra jaina grantha mAlA, bambaI / 42. tripAThI chavinAtha (1965),campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana, vaaraannsii| zodha patrikAe~ 1. iNDiyana eNttikverii| 2. epipagrAphiyA iNddikaa| 3. jarnala oNva oriyaNTala insTITyUTa pUnA 1965 / 4. jarnala oNva da jI. ena. inA risarca insTITyUTa / 5. jaina enttikverii| 6. jarnala oNva gujarAta risarca sosAiTI, ahamadAbAda, / 1960 7. jarnala oNva rAyala eziyAhika sosAiTI kalakattA, 1915 / 8. jaina jarnala, kalakattA 1970 / 9. jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka pUnA, 1927 / 10. jaina siddhAnta bhaaskr| (214)

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11. jarnala oNva da yU. pI. hisTorikala sosAiTI / 12. yUnivarsiTI oNva ilAhAbAda sTaDIja / 13. jAmakhedakara, e. pI. (1984) vAsudeva hiNDI, Agama kalA prakAzana, dillI / 14. caudharI gulAbacandra (1973) jaina sAhitya kA vRhaditihAsa, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodhasaMsthAna / (215)