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Preface
That which is the cause of these four forms of matter - the earth (pṛthivi), the water (jala), the fire (agni), and the air (vayu) - is to be known as the cause-atom (kāraṇa-paramāņu). The smallest possible division of the molecule (when no further division of its spatial unit is possible) is to be known as the effect-atom (karya-paramāņu).
The modification (pariņāma) of the matter (pudgala) that is independent of the other matter is its natural-mode (svabhava-paryaya). The modification (parinama) of the matter (pudgala) in form of molecule (skandha), that is dependent on the other matter, is its unnatural-mode (vibhāva-paryaya).
The medium of motion (dharma dravya) is the instrumental cause that assists the souls (jiva) and the matter (pudgala) in their motion (gamana). The medium of rest (adharma dravya) is the instrumental cause that assists the souls (jiva) and the matter (pudgala) in their rest (sthiti). The space (ākāśa dravya) is the instrumental cause that provides accommodation (avagahana) to all substances - souls (jiva), etc.
The empirical (vyavahāra) substance of time (kāla) is of two kinds: the samaya and the avali. Or, it is of three kinds: the past (atīta), the present (vartamāna) and the future (anāgata). The real (niscaya) time - the substance (dravya) of the time (kāla) - comprises time-atoms (kālāņu) inhabiting the entire universe-space (lokākāśa).
Five substances the soul (jiva), the physical matter (pudgala), the medium of motion (dharma), the medium of rest (adharma), and the space (ākāśa) - are known as 'astikāya'.
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The corporeal (mūrta) matter (pudgala) has numerable (samkhyāta), innumerable (asamkhyāta) and infinite (ananta) space-points (pradeśa). The medium of motion (dharma), the medium of rest (adharma) and each individual soul (jiva) have innumerable (asamkhyāta) space-points. The universe-space (lokākāśa), too, has innumerable (asamkhyāta) spacepoints, while the non-universe-space (alokākāśa) has infinite (ananta) space-points. The substance of time (kāla) has no space-points (pradeśa); each time-atom (kālāņu) consists of a single space-point and, therefore, it is termed non-corporeal (amurta).
The matter (pudgala) is corporeal (murta) and the remaining substances (dravya) are non-corporeal (amūra). The soul (jīva) has the quality (guna) of consciousness (cetana) and the remaining substances do not have
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