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FEBRUARY, 1887.]
the direction of Commanders-in-chief. The armies had standards and standard-bearers,"
360
375
drums,370 and conch-trumpets. Their weapons were swords,312 and spears, bows and arrows, darts, maces, clubs," crowbars, 275 and other weapons," ,379 in which must be included as a weapon of offence, the catapult mentioned above; and they defended themselves with shields. 350
ASIATIC SYMBOLISM.
271
365
A mosaic picture, such as is presented in the present paper, composed of pebbles gathered from so many literary sea-beaches, and so distantly separated from each other both in locality and time, may be considered to be sufficiently useful at that early stage of research in which the materials at present accessible for the study of the early history of India necessarily place us, if it enables us to form a tolerably correct judgment of the main outlines of the condition of Southern India at the period which it embraces. It appears to me that the method on which this paper is constructed is
XI.
Spain or "Further Europe."
DISCURSIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS THE COMPARATIVE STUDY
OF ASIATIC SYMBOLISM. BY H. G. M. MURRAY-AYNSLEY.
The extraordinary dissimilarity between the manners and customs of the people of Spain. and those of the other nations of Europe, makes the title of "Further Europe," not inappropriate, if used in the sense in which Burma and Siam are" Further India." This difference is no doubt due to the occupation of portions of the Spanish Peninsula by the Moors, which lasted for some centuries.
A survival of Moorish ways is to be seen in the mantilla still worn by Spanish women of all classes, which strongly resembles the fouta or heal-covering of the modern Moorish women of Algeria.
Another is to be seen in the fact that Spanish churches have very rarely any seats or benches
2 ante, XIII. 37. 27. 44.
39 ph. II. 155: Man. Bud. 209 Kon. Hist. Bud. 36 Si-u-ki, II. 233.
371 M. Bud. 209: Si-yu-ki, II. 239.
21h. II. 17, 175: Turn. 43, n. Bud. 208 ante. XIII 37: Si-yu-ki, II. 213.
373 Mn. Bud. 208: Si-yu-ki, II. 239.
well calculated to give their due place and importance to such materials as are available for such a picture: and, presuming these materials to be trustworthy, a picture in which they occupy their proper relative positions cannot fail to be correspondingly trustworthy. The question of the comparative value of some of the authorities which I have used here, will no doubt arise in the criticism which naturally awaits a pioneering study like this in respect of these almost unknown historical times. But, even should any portion of the alleged facts here gathered together have to be abandoned on any ground, a sufficient number of such as are unquestionably gennine will still remain, to uphold the general conclusion which this method of grouping them brings home to our mind; namely, that a fairly true picture is here presented of the condition of the Dakhan in the time of Gautama-Buddha, and that the condition thus presented is one of highly advanced civilization.
57
in them. The men either stand or kneel, and the women of the people, when not kneeling, squat on their heels and not unfrequently seat themselves cross-legged on the pavement." A considerable area in front of the high altar too is covered with matting, as are the correspouding portions of Muhammadan mosques.
Toledo, whose Archbishop is the Primate of. all Spain, is generally believed to have had a considerable Christian population at the time it was conquered by the Moors, when a good many of the Christians either fled or were killed In battle. Some, however, remained, bowed themselves to the yoke of the conqueror, and were unmolested in the exercise of their religion. A reminiscence of this circumstance is preserved in the well-known and curious fact, that in a chapel within the walls of the Cathe
37 Up. II. 166: Turn. 45, 43. Man. Buil. 208: ante, XIII. 37: Sy-ki. II. 238.
35 Man. Pl. 208.
317 Min. Bu, 208.
370 Man Boot 208: Turn. 48. 30 Man. Ead. 208.
3 Man. Bud. 208.
37 Min. Bat. 208.
The women of the upper classes and invalids taks their own cump stools with them when they go to church.
