Comprehensive Critical Dictionary of Prakrit Languages Volum 01

Author(s): A M Ghatage
Publisher: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

Page 30

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then dropping them, is not much useful and cannot be or active meanings. A comprehensive statement or the followed for the Prakrit larguages Nor is it econoinical formation of the verbal bases in the Prakrits can only because the classification of the sulantas will have to be made when a detailed grammar of these langu: ges be divided further into many subdivisions to explain their is made available. meaning ard use in the language. The European 7-8. Two adverbial derivatives from the verbal gran matical tradition heran with Aristotle hy seliing bases are given an independent status here. the gerund up three classes called rours verbs, and a third leterege. (Ger) and the infinitive nous group called syrdesmi ( connectors ) which included the article pronouns, conjunctions and possibly
9. Under the designations Adnominal (adn. ) prepositions as well. Thrax codified for Greek the eight (coined after adverbial) are included particles like a
ST 7. O. cafe etc. postpositions governing nouns, prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions. As Latin
ione As latin various cases of nouns, and adverbs of time, place lacked an article Trisci dopred it in his classification
cause etc.. if they do not come under the scope of and added interjections in its place. These eight parts of
of No. 3. The criterion used for this purpose is the speech thue became current upto the modern times and
primary relationship of these with arother nouns and not were used for all types of languages in spite of the
with the verb When these words are used in groups or fact that this theory is based on both formal and semantic
in correlative pairs they funcion as the tradtlon al class criteria, its usefulness cannot be denied and it cao be
of conjunction. This term conjunction is avoided because used for the Pr: kri's with some modifications.
disjunctive relations between sentences and words are not
covered by it. For this dictionary the following parts of speech will
10. Interjections (intj.) which semantically are be used:
expressive of emotions and feelings and syntactically 1. Nouns along with the indication of their gender form independent sentences like the Vocative Case. as m. f. n.
2. Adjectives (adj.) also including all types of 5. Meaning analysis, Hemophony and Poiysemy participles which will be indicated by using their abbre- Mening analysis is the very core of a dictionary. viations in parenthesis: odi. (ppp.) etc. When the But no general principles can be laid down for it, adjective is available only in its femipive form, it will be because it differs from language to language, and even indicated by writing (f) after it. If all forms are in the same langu: ge from word to werd. Both historical found, the feminir e ferm will be shown ag ending in adlagical considerations play an important role in the [1. a, or il
relatious which subsist be: ween different meanings of a 3. Adverbs (dr.). This category will include word. Similarly no hard and fast line can be drawn Acc. Sg of adjectives used as adverbs and Inst., Abl. between what may be called the overall meaning and a and Loc. cases of nouns similarly used. In addition it specific meaning. In the field of semantics, each word will include words u:ed as adserbs like ajja, anna, has its own history and it must be explained on the basis divi etc. and nous with the adverbial suflix Skt. -tus of its use in a given language. Semantic universals are (Prakrit -0).
hard to find and her ce can be of limited use. 4. Pronouns (pro.) including personal, de non- The apparent multiplicity of homonyms in Prakrit strative, reflexive and other pronominal derivatives. need not be indicated by the use of index numbers because
5. Numerals (n.) include words used in the in the m jority of cases its source in Sanskrt, which is sense of a number (suinkhya or numeral qualuying given throughout, makes it obvious. Only in rare cases other <bjects (sukhyeur).
where the Sanskrit equivalent itself is honophonous, can 6. Verbs (v). Here all stems which are conju
we use index numbers for this purpose. gited in Prakrit will be inclu led even when they are The inherent ability of a language to make distinchaving different coniugational sigas (rikaranas) or use tions in meaning to any degree of vicety makes it necederivative sullixes for passive and causat' ve and even sonry to analyse it on the evidence of the actual use of the noun-bases ( denominatives). These wil he class.fied word in iterature. This is true especially in the case of into three categories those ending in those which lise e classical languages where an appeal to th: intuitive judge(from Skt. Qy) and those ending in a long vowel. ment of the speaker cant:ot b; made to decide its precise Passive bases except these formed with the regular passive meaning. In this contection, two things must be consuflix - ujja or ia will be given as bases with either passive stantly and clearly kept in mind. The semantic spectrum