Sramana 2000 01

Author(s): Shivprasad
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525040/1

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zramaNa janavarI - jUna 2000 vidyApITha pArzvanAtha vArANasI sacce raghu bhagave pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI PARSWANATHA VIDYAPITHA, VARANASI

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zramaNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI traimAsika zodha-patrikA paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA smRti aMka varSa 51, aMka 1-6 janavarI-jUna saMyuktAMka 2000 pradhAna sampAdaka parAmarzadAtA prophesara bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' prophesara sAgaramala jaina - sampAdaka DaoN. zivaprasAda prakAzanArtha lekha-sAmagrI, samAcAra, vijJApana evaM sadasyatA Adi ke lie samparka kareM sampAdaka amaNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha AI.TI.AI. mArga, karauMdI po.A.-bI.eca.yU. vArANasI-221005 (u.pra.) dUrabhASa : 316521, 318046 phaiksa : 0542-318046 ISSN 0972-1002 vArSika sadasyatA zulka saMsthAoM ke lie : ru. 150.00 vyaktiyoM ke lie : ru. 100.00 upasaMda / mUlya : ra.. 50.00 AjIvana pyatA zulka saMsthAoM ke lie . ru.1000.00 vyaktiyoM ke lie : ru. 500.00 noTa : sadasyatA zulka kA ceka yA DrAphTa kevala pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nAma se hI bheNje|

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66-75 viSaya-sUcI hindI khaNDa 1. jaina darzana meM nikSepa : eka vivecana - DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya 1-7 2. jaina jJAna mImAMsA - eka avalokana - DaoN. vijaya kumAra 8-29 3. zUbiMga mahodaya dvArA sampAdita AcArAMga aura isibhAsiyAI kI bhASA kI tulanA - DaoN. ke.Ara. candra 30-32 samyakattvapaccIsI - DaoN. munnI jaina 33.45 5. mahAbhArata evaM AdipurANa meM zivatattva - DaoN. puSpalatA jaina 46-50 kharataragaccha-laghuzAkhA kA itihAsa - DaoN. zivaprasAda 51-62 7. mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA - DaoN. omaprakAza zrIvAstava 63.65 AdipurANa meM vizva saundarya - DaoN. zrIraMjanasUri deva 9. abhijJAnazAkuntalam meM ahiMsA ke tattva - DaoN. madhu agravAla 76-79 10. mahAvIra kA sAdhanA mArga - zrI dulIcanda jaina 80-86 11. taMtra-maMtra evaM sAdhanA vidhi - zrI mahendra kumAra jaina 87-93 12. bhAraMDa pakSI - zrI bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA 94-98 13. ahiMsA kI paridhi meM paryAvaraNa saMtulana - DaoN. puSpalatA jaina 99-105 14. amarakoza meM zivatattva - zrI. omaprakAza siMha va 15. sva. zrI zAntibhAI banamAlI zeTha : eka paricaya 16. Adarza parivAra kI saMkalpanA : jaina dharmazAstroM ke pariprekSya meM 111-113 - pro. bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' gujarAtI khaMDa 17. haribhadrasUrinuM jJAnatattvacintana - prArasikalAla choTAlAla pArikha 114-123 aMgrejI khaNDa 18. Technical Science in Jaina Canons 124-129 - Dr. N.L. Jain 1. Divine Essence of Arhat & Tirthankara 130-136 --- Dr. M.R. Mehata 20. Anekasandhanakavya -Dr. 'shc. K. Sirign 137-150 21. Jaina Version of Mahabharata - Prof. B.C. Jain 151-165 22. Presidential Address of Professor Y.C. Simhadri 166-170 23. pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa me 171-189 24. jaina-jagat 190-201 25. sAhitya-satkAra 202-221 i09-110

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sampAdakIya pUjya AcAryazrI rAjayazasUrIzvara jI mahArAja kA cAturmAsa sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti kA AdhyAtmika kSetra varSAvAsa manAtA A rahA hai| varSAkAla kA yaha cAturmAsa sAdhu-santoM aura unake upAsakoM ke lie sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai| isakA prArambha bhI jaina dharma se hI huA hai jisakA anukaraNa uttarakAla meM bauddha aura vaidika dharmoM ne kiyA hai| . isa varSa hamAre jaina samAja kA yaha ahobhAgya hai ki pa0pU0 AcAryazrI rAjayazasUrIzvara jI mahArAja sasaMgha vArANasI padhAre hue haiN| unake hI kara kamaloM se vArANasI meM navanirmita pArzvanAtha jaina mandira kI paJcakalyANaka pratiSThA navambara mAha meM hone jA rahI hai| unakA yaha cAturmAsa samagra jaina samAja ke lie utsAhavardhaka aura ekatAkAraka hogA, aisA hamArA vizvAsa hai| bhArata kI prAcInatama sAMskRtika nagarI vArANasI ke samasta jaina samAja kA hI nahIM varan sabhI kAzIvAsiyoM kA yaha paramasaubhAgya hai ki hameM Apa jaise SaDdarzanabhijJa, samanvayavAdI, rASTrasanta kA caitra vadI dazamI, dinAMka 29 apraila 2000 ko 56vA~ janmadivasa manAne kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| ApakI nizchalatA, niSkAmatA vidagdhavAgmitA aura pragalma cintanavRtti anekAntika vicAradhArA ko pracArita-prasArita karane ke lie eka prabhAvaka mahApatha kA nirmANa karatI hai, jisa para agrasara hokara mAnavatA kI pratiSThA kI jA sakatI hai| mAnavatA hI dharma hai aura vahI jaina dharma hai| ApazrI jainadharma ke variSTha AcArya haiM aura ApakA abhinandana kara hama sabhI apane Apako gauravAnvita anubhava kara rahe haiN| gujarAta kA naDiyADa nagara Aja se 56 varSa pUrva isa dina parama-pAvana huA thA, jaba vahA~ Apa jaise AdhyAtmika santa kA avataraNa huA aura bhArata-dharA sahI artha meM vasundharA huii| bAlyAvasthA kI sarasa kalloloM meM vicaraNa karate hue Apane Adarza parivAra ke susaMskAroM ke bIca apane vyaktitva kA nirmANa kiyA aura jainadharma ke vItarAgamayI mahApatha ke pathika bne| mahApatha kI isa yAtrA meM ratnatrayI hI ApakA pAtheya rahA hai| mahAsaMvegI labdhisUri kI jJAna kiraNoM se dyotita vikramasUri jaise sAdhaka kI gurutara chAyA pAkara Apane svayaM ko yathArtha ziSya siddha kiyA aura apanI vilakSaNa pratibhA

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se jaina saMskRti kA pracAra-prasAra kara 'rAjayaza' nAma ko caritArtha kiyaa| gujarAta kI pAvana goda meM pale-puse ApazrI samasta jaina samAja kI hI nahIM apitu rASTra kI eka mahAn vibhUti haiN| aharniza jJAna-dhyAna, sAdhanA meM juTe Apane saMskRta, prAkRta, hindI, gujarAtI aura aMgrejI sAhitya kA pragAr3ha adhyayana sRjana kara svAnubhUti ke zItala nijhara meM sAMsArika tapana ko prazAnta kiyA aura saMsAriyoM ko naitikatA kI ora mor3ane kA prazasta AyAsa kiyA hai| isalie hama ApakA abhinandana karate haiN| ___cAra tIrthaGkaroM ke janmakalyANaka vAlI isa vArANasI mahAnagarI meM Apake zubhAgamana ne eka nayA adhyAya jor3A hai| ApakI garimAmaya upasthiti se hI yahA~ kA samAja samanvayavAda kI madhura dhArA meM pravAhita hotA dikhAyI de rahA hai| Apake madhura svabhAva kA hI yaha pratiphala hai ki sArA samAja eka svara se Apako apanA mAnakara Apake guNoM kA abhinandana-abhivandana kara rahA hai| jaina samAja Aja jisa TUTe-bikhare kagAra para khar3A hai usase ubArane kA dRr3ha saMkalpa liye apane jisa samanvayavAdI vicAradhArA kA poSaNa kiyA hai vaha niHsandeha prazaMsanIya hai| digambara-zvetAmbara sampradAyoM ke bIca ubhare hue manomAlinya ko dUra kara sahRdayatA, sahajatA, vAtsalyatA aura bhrAtRtvabhAva ko prasthApita karane meM ApakI eka sahI anekAntavAdI AcArya kI bhUmikA rahI hai| niSpakSa hokara vikAroM ko zAntipUrvaka nipaTAne kI ApakI manobhUmikA meM donoM samAjoM ko jo bala diyA hai vaha AdhunikayugIna jaina itihAsa kI eka viziSTa dharohara hai| hamArI samagra taruNa pIr3hI bhI isa dharohara ko yadi samhAla kara rakhanA sIkha le to nizcita hI bhAvAtmaka ekatA ke sUtra jur3eMge aura sakala jaina samAja pArasparika snehita bhAva se anuprANita ho jaayegaa| Apa eka ojasvI pravacanakAra evaM kuzala sAhityasraSTA haiN| svAnubhUti ke AdhAra para vItarAgatA kA upadeza dekara Apa mantramugdha sA kara dete haiN| Apake bhakti rasa ke pravAha se AdhyAtmikatA aura bhI pragAr3ha ho rahI hai| isa adhyAtma aura bhakti kI prabala dhArA Apake arihantasiddha pada vivecaka, samyak dRSTi kI sAdhanA, jainadharma kI rUparekhA, bhaktAmara darza, abhinava mahAbhArata, vikrama Antara vaibhava, muni suvrata, paJcakalyANaka pUjA Adi hindI, gujarAtI aura aMgrejI bhASA ke granthoM meM pravAhita hotI huI dikhAyI detI hai| ye grantha ApakI kuzala sAhitya-sarjanA aura agAdha vidvattA ke nidarzana haiN| itanA hI nahIM, Apa eka kuzala prabhAvaka Azu kavi bhI haiN| ApakI kavitAe~ mAnavatAvAda se AplAvita aura jaina siddhAntoM se paripUrNa haiN| eka ora Apane mumukSuoM ko apanA anugAmI banAkara vItarAga patha para calane kA pAtheya diyA hai to dUsarI ora navIna jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa kara samAja ko sAdhanA kI ora moDA hai| sAtha hI prAcIna jaina mandiroM kA jIrNoddhAra kara Apane jinazAsana

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kI mahatI sevA evaM prabhAvanA kI hai| ina nUtana mandiroM kI prANapratiSThA karane-karAne kI ApakI sundara paddhati hama sabhI ko barabasa hI AkarSita kara rahI hai| vArANasI ke navanirmita jina mandira kI paJcakalyANaka pratiSThA karane kI svIkRti dekara Apane apane ghanIbhUta vAtsalya kA hI paricaya diyA hai| etadartha yahA~ kA sampUrNa samAja ApakA kRtajJa hai| AmnAyaviSayaka saMkIrNatA ke kaTagharoM se svayaM ko mukta kara saralatA kI pratimUrti ke rUpa meM Apane apanI pahacAna banAyI hai, vacana meM saMyama, cintana meM sApekSatA aura vyavahAra meM udAratA Apake prabhAvaka guNa haiN| AcArya ke sabhI guNoM se AbhUSita hokara Apane anuzAsana kI bAgaDora ko jisa mRdutA aura pravaNatA ke sAtha sambhAlA hai vaha hama sabhI ke lie gauravAnvita hone kA viSaya hai| yuga-cetanA kI mahAprANadhArA Apake tejasvI vyaktitva kI prakRSTa sAdhanA hai| Apake AgamajJAna, japa-tapa aura svAdhyAya ne Apako jinazAsana ke anuzAsita zAstA ke rUpa meM pratiSThApita kiyA hai| ApakI spRhaNIya vidvattA, apramatta saMyama sAdhanA aura jAgarUka udAratA se jinadharma kI vAstavika chavi kA AbhAsa hotA hai| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura dharmacarcA meM niSNAta ApakA alaga vyaktitva eka chatrachAyA sA bana gayA hai| apanI paridhi meM rahate hue bhI Apake cintana kA kSetra saMkIrNatA kI sImA se haTakara vyApakatA kI ora bar3ha rahA hai jo ekala aura samata prasthApita karane kI dizA meM eka sundara evaM zubha lakSaNa hai| hama sabhI isalie ApakA abhinandana kara rahe haiN| jainadharma kA anekAntavAda Apake AcAra aura vyavahAra meM pratibimbita hotA hai| ApakI samanvayavAdI vRtti jaina evaM jainetara samAja ko samAna rUpa se prabhAvita kara rahI hai| jainadharma kI ahiMsA aura aparigrahavRtti ne Apake vyaktitva ko jisa samanvayavAda kI ora mor3A hai vaha nizcita hI sAre samAja meM eka naI vicAra-krAnti paidA karegA aura jainadharma ko zAnti prasthApaka ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karane meM sakSama hogaa| AtmasAdhanA ke Dagara para bar3hate hue Apake caraNa dRr3ha saMkalpa, AsthA, niSThA aura karuNA ke mahAsAgara meM avagAhana karane ke lie satat agrasara ho rahe haiN| paJcakalyANaka pratiSThAoM ke adhyayana se Apane pASANa ko bhI arthavattA aura prANavattA pradAna kI hai| vArANasI meM ApakI garimAmaya upasthiti nizcita hI sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika cetanA jAgRta karane meM eka ahaM bhUmikA nibhaayegii| ApakA vaidaSya, snehilatA, cintanazIlatA aura kalyANavRtti vyakti aura samaSTi ko sahI dizA meM mor3ane ke lie eka adbhuta preraNA-srota kA kAma kregii| isa Azaya se hI hama Apake zubha cintana kA abhinandana kara rahe haiN| ApakI sAmAjikatA, sahRdayatA, dharmapravaNatA aura niSpakSa vicArazIlatA hamArI

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vi amUlya dharohara hai| hama isa nidhi se samRddha hokara anupama gaurava kA anubhava kara rahe haiN| vArANasI jaisI sAMskRtika mahAnagarI meM isa maGgala praveza kI isa belA para sakala samAja ApakA hArdika svAgata kara rahA hai| Apa pUrNa svastha raheM aura niSpakSa rUpa se sAmAjika samarasatA prasthApita karane meM apanA amUlya yogadAna deM, isa zubha kAmanA aura zubha bhAvanA ke sAtha hama ApakA punaH punaH abhinandana kara rahe haiN| isa punIta AzA ke sAtha ki Apa jIvana paryanta nirAmaya raheM aura vItarAga sAdhanA kA saphalatApUrvaka pracAra-prasAra karate raheM / isa svarNima avasara para pArzvanAtha vidyApITha bhI ApakA hArdika abhinandana kara rahA hai| lagabhaga sATha varSa purAnA yaha zodhasaMsthAna jaina sAhitya aura saMskRti ke pracAra-prasAra meM avirala lagA huA hai| Apa AcAryazrI ne hamAre yahA~ sasaMgha padhArakara aparimita santoSa aura prasannatA vyakta kI hai| itanA hI nahIM usake abhyutthAna aura vikAsa ke lie bhI bharapUra sahayoga dene kA AzvAsana diyA hai| Apake hI AzIrvAda se yahA~ dasa kamaroM vAle eka sundara chAtrAvAsa kA nirmANa zuru ho rahA hai jo navambara 2000 taka banakara taiyAra ho jaayegaa| isI taraha kA sahayoga ApazrI anya kSetroM meM bhI denA cAhate haiN| hama Apake aura Apake zubhecchuoM ke prati punIta AzIrvAda ke lie sadaiva kRtajJa rheNge| paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA divaMgata pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke mArgadarzana, jaina vidyA ke unnAyaka, suprasiddha dArzanika, padmavibhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kA vigata 1 mArca ko lambI bImArI ke pazcAt 84 varSa kI avasthA meM nidhana ho gayA / atyanta nirdhanatA meM pale-puse zrI mAlavaNiyA jI kA samagra jIvana eka sazakta svAdhyAyI vidvAn ke rUpa meM biitaa| unhoMne 1934I0 meM mumbaI meM 40 rupaye mAsika para sthAnakavAsI jaina kAnphrensa ke mukhyapatra jainaprakAza ke sampAdana se apanA jIvana prArambha kiyA / itanI hI rAzi meM unheM prAiveTa TyUzana se mila jAtI thI / san 1936 meM Apa mAtra 35 rupaye mAsika para kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke prAdhyApaka prajJAcakSu paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI ke rIDara niyukta hue / dhIre-dhIre paNDita jI ke sAtha ApakA sambandha guru-ziSya aura bAda meM pitA-putra jaisA ho gyaa| san 1944 meM Apa paM0 sukhalAla jI ke avakAza grahaNa karane ke uparAnta kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM jaina darzana ke prAdhyApaka niyukta hue / san 1957 meM muni puNyavijaya jI kI preraNA se ahamadAbAda meM zreSThI zrI kastUrabhAI dvArA sthApita lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA mandira ke nidezaka banakara vahA~ gaye aura jahA~ se 1976 I0 meM sevAnivRtta hue / apane vArANasI pravAsa ke samaya paNDita jI ne prAkRta anya pariSad aura jaina

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vii saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala kI sthApanA kii| ina donoM saMsthAoM se aneka mahattvapUrNa grantha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| saMzodhana maNDala kA to aba pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM vilaya ho gayA hai, parantu prAkRta grantha pariSad, ahamadAbAda meM aba bhI kAryarata hai| lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA mandira kA jaina vidyA ke adhyayana, saMzodhana, prakAzana Adi ke kSetra meM Aja jo gauravazAlI sthAna hai usake mUla meM paNDita dalasukhabhAI kA avismaraNIya yogadAna hai| paNDita jI ne na kevala bhArata apitu videzoM meM bhI adhyApana kArya kiyaa| san 1966-67 meM unheM eka varSa ke liye ToranTo vizvavidyAlaya, kanADA meM bhAratIya darzana ke prAdhyApaka ke rUpa meM niyukta kiyA gyaa| paM0 dalasukhabhAI kI ullekhanIya sAhitya sevA ke upalakSya meM unheM rASTrapati dvArA sarTIphikeTa oNpha oNnara evaM bhArata sarakAra dvArA padmavibhUSaNa se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI sthApanA ke samaya se hI Apa isase jur3e rahe aura ise samaya-samaya para apanI niHsvArtha sevAyeM upalabdha karAte rhe| pro0sAgaramala jaina ko saMsthAna ke nidezaka pada para lAne meM inhIM kA sahayoga rahA hai| pro0 jaina ke netRttva meM vidyApITha ne jo pragati kI, vaha sarvavidita hai| apane jIvana ke antima samaya meM Apa gambhIra rUpa se asvastha rhe| pichale navambara mAsa meM ahamadAbAda meM jaba pro0 sAgaramala jI Apase mile to Apane hArdika prasannatA vyakta kii| yaha bhI eka saMyoga hI rahA ki jaba vidyApITha meM Apake nidhana kA samAcAra milA, taba pro0 sAgaramala jI yahIM vArANasI meM hI the| pUjya paNDita jI ke nidhana se jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM apUraNIya kSati huI hai| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra apane isa sacce evaM niHsvArtha mArgadarzaka ke nidhana para hArdika saMvedanA prakaTa karate hue unheM zraddhAJjalisvarUpa zramaNa kA yaha aMka samarpita karatA hai| vibhitra aparihArya kAraNoM se zramaNa ke do aMka hama samaya para nahIM prakAzita kara sake, jisakA hameM hArdika kheda hai| aba Apake hAthoM meM usakA saMyuktAMka pahu~ca rahA hai| AzA hai, isameM prakAzita vibhinna zodha-Alekha Apako pasanda aayeN| isa avasara para vidvAnoM se hamArA anurodha hai ki ve apane ucca koTi ke aprakAzita lekha bhejakara hameM kRtArtha kreN| ziva prasAda sampAdaka bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' pradhAna sampAdaka

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jaina darzana meM 'nikSepa' : eka vivecana - DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya jaina darzana meM vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie do pramukha siddhAnta prastuta kiye gaye haiM 1. nayasiddhAnta aura 2. nikssepsiddhaant| donoM siddhAntoM kA mUlabhUta uddezya yahI hai ki zrotA vaktA ke dvArA kahe gae zabdoM athavA kathanoM kA sahI artha jAna ske| jaisA ki naya kI paribhASA hI kI gayI hai ki 'vakturabhiprAya: ny'| ata: vaktA ke Azaya yA kathana ko tAtkAlika sandarbha meM samyak prakAra se samajhane kI paddhati hai- naya siddhaant| nikSepa jainadharma kA eka pAribhASika evaM lAkSaNika zabda hai, jisakA padArthabodha ke lie parijJAna atyanta Avazyaka hai| nikSepa kI aneka vyAkhyAe~ vibhinna granthoM meM milatI haiN| jItakalpabhASya meM 'ni' zabda ke tIna artha lie gae haiM- grahaNa, AdAna aura aadhiky| 'kSepa' kA artha hai- prerita krnaa| arthAt jisa vacana paddhati meM ni/adhika kSepa/vikalpa hai vaha nikSepa hai| sUtrakRtAGgacUrNi meM jinadAsagaNi mahattara ne nikSepa kI paribhASA dete hue kahA hai ki jisakA kSepa/sthApana niyata aura nizcita hotA hai vaha nikSepa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jisake dvArA vastu kA jJAna yA upacAra se vastu meM jina prakAroM se AkSepa kiyA jAya- vaha nikSepa hai| ___nikSepa ke dvArA vaktA ke prakathana meM aprastuta artha kA niSedha kara prastuta artha kA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| AcArya yazovijaya ne nikSepa kI apanI paribhASA meM kahA hai ki- jisase prakaraNa (sandarbha) Adi ke anusAra apratipatti Adi kA nirAkaraNa hokara zabda ke vAcyArtha kA yathAsthAna viniyoga hotA hai, aisI racanA vizeSa ko nikSepa kahA gayA hai| vastuta: zabda kA prayoga vaktA ne kisa artha meM kiyA hai isakA nirdhAraNa karanA hI nikSepa kA kArya hai| jaise hama rAjA rAjya karane vAle zAsaka, rAjA nAmadhArI vyakti, bhUtapUrva rAjA Adi sabhI ko rAjA kahate haiM, kintu kisa prasaGga meM zabda kisa artha meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai, yaha spaSTa honA Avazyaka hai| nikSepa hameM arthanirdhAraNa kI prakriyA ko samajhAtA hai| samasta vyavahAra yA jJAna ke lena-dena kA mukhya sAdhana bhASA hai| bhASA zabdoM se banatI hai| eka hI zabda prayojana evaM prasaMga ke anusAra aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai- jaise- saindhava laao| bhojana karate samaya yadi 'saindhava lAo' kahA jAya to vahA~ 'saindhava' zabda kA artha namaka, evaM yadi yuddha ke samaya 'saindhava

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lAoM' kahA jAya to vahA~ 'saindhava' kA artha hogA- ghodd'aa| pratyeka zabda ke kama se kama cAra artha milate haiM, ve hI cAra artha usa zabda ke artha sAmAnya ke cAra vibhAga haiM jinheM nikSepa yA nyAsa kahate haiN| naya aura nikSepa kI avadhAraNAe~ prAcIna (cauthI-tIsarI zatI) haiN|ye syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ke vikAsa ke pUrva kI hai| nikSepa kI avadhAraNA ko yadi hama aitihAsika vikAsa krama meM dekheM to jaina vAGmaya meM nikSepa ke silasilevAra vikAsa krama kA abhAva hai| nikSepa jisa rUpa meM aura jina-jina arthoM meM jaina Agamika sAhitya meM bikharA huA hai, unameM aitihAsika sambandha darzAne vAlA koI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hotaa| pro0bI0DI0 bhaTTa ke anusAra ina nikSepoM ko inake artha, prakAra paribhASA evaM tArkika zabdAvalI kI dRSTi se kisI nizcita sImA yA krAiTeriyA meM bA~dhA nahIM jA sktaa| pro0 bhaTTa ke anusAra nikSepa ko mukhyatayA Agamika nikSepa (Canonical Positings) aura Agamottara nikSepa (Post Canonical Positings) ke rUpa meM do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai| jina zvetAmbara Agama granthoM meM nikSepa kA vivecana upalabdha hai unameM bhagavatI, jIvAbhigama aura prajJApanA ye tIna pramukha grantha haiN| inake atirikta- sthAnAGga, samavAyAGga, jJAtAdharmakathA, aupapAtika, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, nandI aura anuyogadvAra meM bhI nikSepa kI vistRta carcA kI gayI hai| digambara AgamoM meM SaTakhaNDAgama, dhavalA, kasAyapAhuDa Adi pramukha haiM jinameM nikSepa kA vistRta vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| __ AgamoM ke atirikta zvetAmbara digambara vyAkhyA sAhitya meM bhI nikSepa kI avadhAraNA ke pracura ullekha evaM vivaraNa upalabdha haiN| umAsvAtikRta tattvArthasUtra, rAjavArtika, nayacakra, AptaparIkSA, zlokavArtika Adi granthoM meM bhI nikSepa kI avadhAraNA prApta hotI hai| ata: aitihAsika vikAsa kI dRSTi se nikSepa siddhAnta eka prAcIna siddhAnta hai| prazna yaha uThatA hai ki naya jaba svayaM vAcyArtha nirUpaNa meM samartha hai to nikSepa kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? rAjavArtika meM kahA gayA hai ki jo vidvAn ziSya haiM ve kevala do nayoM se hI vaktA ke dvArA pratipAdya artha ko samajha lete haiM lekina jo mandabuddhi ziSya haiM unake lie pRthaka naya evaM nikSepa kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnya lakSaNa 'nyasanaM nyasyataiti vA nyAso nikSepa ityrthH|' arthAt nAmAdikoM meM vastu ke rakhane kA nAma nikSepa hai|

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* 'upAyo nyAso ucyate' arthAt nAmAdika ke dvArA vastu meM bheda karane ke upAya ko nyAsa yA nikSepa kahate haiN|" dhavalA meM hI kahA gayA hai ki- 'saMzaye viparyaye anadhyavasAe vA sthita tebhyo'pasArya nizcaye kSipatIti nikSepaH' arthAt saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya meM avasthita vastu ko unase nikAlakara jo nizcaya meM kSepaNa karatA hai use nikSepa kahate haiN| nayacakra ke anusAra 'juttIbhujuttamagge jaM caubheyeNa hoI khalu tthvnnN| vajje sadi NAmAdisu taM NikkhevaM have samaye' arthAt yuktimArga se prayojana vaza jo vastu kA nAma Adi 4 bhedoM meM kSepaNa kare use AgamoM meM nikSepa kahA gayA hai| nikSepa ke bheda yA prakAra nikSepa ke mukhya rUpa se cAra prakAroM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai- (1) nAma nikSepa, (2) sthApanA nikSepa, (3) dravya nikSepa evaM (4) bhAva nikssep| SaTkhaNDAgama evaM dhavalA meM sarvatra chaH nayoM kI carcA kI gayI hai tathA cha: nikSepoMke Azraya se pratyeka prakaraNa kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| nikSepa ko anuyogadvAra bhI kahA gayA hai| anuyogadvAra ke jJAna adhyayana meM nikSepa ke oghaniSpannanikSepa, nAmaniSpannanikSepa aura sUtrAlApakaniSpanna nikSepa- isa prakAra tIna bheda kiye gaye haiN| oghaniSpannanikSepa, adhyayana, akSINa, Aya aura kSapaNA ke rUpa meM cAra prakAra kA hai| adhyayana ke nAmAdhyayana, sthApanAdhyayana, dravyAdhyayana aura bhAvAdhyayana- ye cAra bheda haiN| akSINa ke nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva-ye cAra bheda haiN| ina cAra meM bhAvAkSINatA ke AgamataH bhAvAkSINatA aura noAgamatta: bhAvAkSINatA do rUpa haiN| Aya ke nAma, sthApanAdi cAra bheda haiN| jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA lAbha prazasta Aya hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi kI prApti aprazasta Aya hai| kSapaNA ke nAma, sthApanAdi cAra bheda haiN| kSapaNA kA artha nirjarA, kSaya hai| krodhAdi kA kSaya honA prazasta kSapaNA hai| jJAnAdi kA naSTa honA aprazasta kSapaNA hai| ___ oghaniSpanna nikSepa ke vivecana ke prazcAt nAmaniSpannanikSepa kA vivecana karate hue kahA hai- jisa vastu kA nAmanikSepaniSpanna ho cukA hai use nAmaniSpanna nikSepa kahate haiM, jaise saamaayik| isake bhI nAmAdi cAra bheda haiN| bhAvasAmAyika kA vivecana vistAra se kiyA hai aura bhAvasAmAyika karane vAle zramaNa kA Adarza prastuta karate hue batAyA haijisakI AtmA sabhI prakAra se sAvadha vyApAra se nivRtta hokara mUlaguNarUpa saMyama, uttaraguNarUpa niyama tathA tapa Adi meM lIna hai usI ko bhAvasAmAyika kA anupama lAbha prApta hotA hai| jo trasa aura sthAvara sabhI prANiyoM ko Atmavat dekhatA hai, unake prati

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samabhAva rakhatA hai vahI sAmAyika kA saccA adhikArI hai| jisa prakAra mujhe duHkha priya nahIM hai, vaise hI anya prANiyoM ko bhI daHkha priya nahIM hai, aisA jAnakara jo na kisI anya prANI kA hanana karatA hai, na karavAtA hai aura na karate hue kI anumodanA hI karatA hai vaha zramaNa hai, aadi| sUtrAlApaka nikSepa vaha hai jisameM 'karemibhaMte sAmAiyaM' Adi padoM kA nAmAdi bhedapUrvaka vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| isameM sUtra kA zuddha aura spaSTa uccAraNa karane kI sUcanA dI gayI hai| zlokavArtika meM nikSepa ke ananta bhedoM kI carcA kI gayI hai'nanvananta: padArthAnAM nikSepo vAcya itysn| nAmAdiSveva tsyaantrbhaavaatsNkssepruuptH|' aura kahA gayA hai ki una ananta nikSepoM kA saMkSepa rUpa se cAra meM hI antarbhAva ho jAtA hai arthAt saMkSepa se nikSepa cAra haiM evaM vistAra se annt| cAra nikSepa nAma nikSepa- vyutpattisiddha aura prakRta artha kI apekSA na rakhane vAlA jo artha mAtA-pitA yA anya vyaktiyoM ke dvArA kisI vastu ko de diyA jAtA hai vaha nAma nikSepa hai| nAma nikSepa meM na to zabda ke vyutpattiparaka artha, aura na pracalita artha yA usake nAma ke anurUpa guNoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai apitu mAtra vastu ko saMketita karane ke lie usakA koI nAma rakha diyA jAtA hai, jaise- kurUpa vyakti kA nAma sudrshn| ata: nAma kisI vyakti yA vastu ko diyA gayA vaha zabda saMketa hai jisakA apane pracalita artha, vyutpattiparaka artha aura guNaniSpanna artha se koI sIdhA sambandha nahIM hai| eka tathya jo dhyAna dene yogya hai vaha yaha ki nAma nikSepa meM koI bhI zabda paryAyavAcI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki usameM eka zabda se eka hI artha kA grahaNa hotA hai| sthApanA nikSepa- kisI vastu kI pratikRti, mUrti yA citra meM usa mUlabhUta vastu kA nirUpaNa hI sthApanA nikSepa hai, jaise- jaina pratimA ko jina, buddha pratimA ko buddha, tathA nATaka ke pAtra Adi sthApanA nikSepa ke udAharaNa haiN| yaha do prakAra kA hotA hai (1) tadAkAra sthApanA nikSepa (sadbhAva sthApanA nikSepa) (2) atadAkAra sthApanA nikSepa (asadbhAva sthApanA nikSepa) vastu kI AkRti ke anurUpa AkRti meM usa vastu kA AropaNa karanA yaha tadAkAra sthApanA nikSepa hai, jaise- gAya kI AkRti ke khilaune ko gAya khnaa| atadAkAra nikSepa use kahate haiM jaba jo vastu apane mUlabhUta vastu kI pratikRti to nahIM hai kintu usameM usakA AropaNa kara use usa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai to vaha tadAkAra sthApanA nikSepa hai, jaise- zataraMja kI moharoM meM mantrI, rAjA, vaz2Ira Adi kA AropaNa atadAkAra

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nikSepa ke udAharaNa haiN| tadAkAra evaM atadAkAra sthApanA nikSepa ke kASThakarma, citrakarma, pottakarma, lopyakarma, layanakarma, zailakarma, gRhakarma, bhittikarma aura vArATaka Adi bheda kiye gaye haiN| nAma evaM sthApanA nikSepoM meM antara - yadyapi nAma aura sthApanA donoM nikSepoM saMjJA rakhI jAtI hai, kyoMki binA nAma rakhe sthApanA nahIM ho sakatI, phira bhI sthApita arhanta, Izvara Adi kI pratimAoM meM jo Adara aura anugraha kI abhilASA hotI hai, vaha nAmanikSepa meM nahIM hai| dravya nikSepa - jo artha yA vastu pUrva meM kisI paryAya yA avasthA meM rahI ho athavA bhaviSya meM bhI kisI paryAya yA avasthA meM rahane vAlI ho, use vartamAna meM bhI usI nAma se saMketita karanA dravya nikSepa hai| jaise koI vyakti pahale kabhI adhyApaka thA, kintu vartamAna meM sevA nivRtta ho cukA hai taba bhI use adhyApaka kahanA yaha dravyanikSepa hai athavA usa vidyArthI ko bhI DAkTara kahanA jo abhI DaoNkTarI par3ha rahA ho, dravya nikSepa hai / 10 vastutaH AgAmI paryAya kI yogyatA vAle usa padArtha ko dravya kahate haiM jo usa samaya usa paryAya ke abhimukha ho athavA atadbhAva ko dravya kahate haiM jaise-- indra pratimA ke lie lAe gae kASTha ko bhI indra khnaa| dravya kA artha hI hai jo apane guNoM va paryAyoM ko prApta hotA hai, huA thA aura hogaa| ataH tadanusAra rAjA ke zramaNa avasthA meM rahane para use rAjA kahanA dravya nikSepa hai| bhAvanikSepa 'vartamAnatattvaparyAyopalakSitaM dravyaM bhAva: / ' arthAt vartamAna paryAya yukta dravya ko bhAva kahate haiM / ataH bhAva nikSepa kA artha hai - jisa artha meM zabda kA vyutpatti yA pravRtti nimitta artha samyak prakAra se ghaTita hotA ho, vaha bhAva nikSepa hai jaise- kisI dhanADhya vyakti ko lakSmIpati kahanA, yA zikSaNa de rahe vyakti ko zikSaka kahanA Adi / yahA~ dhyAna dene yogya hai ki dravyanikSepa evaM bhAva nikSepa meM saMjJA, lakSaNa Adi kI dRSTi se bheda hai / dravya nikSepa to bhAva avazya hogA kintu bhAva dravya ho yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| kyoMki ho sakatA hai usa paryAya meM Age yogyatA rahe bhI aura na bhI rhe| Aja bhI hama mahArAja banArasa aura mahArAjA gvAliyara jaise zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM kintu Aja ina zabdoM kA vAcyArthaM vaha nahIM hai jo 1947 ke pUrva thA / vartamAna meM ina zabdoM kA vAcyArtha dravyanikSepa ke AdhAra para nirdhArita hogA jabaki usa samaya vaha bhAvanikSepa ke AdhAra para nirdhArita hotA thA /

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naya kI dRSTi se 4 nikSapoM kA vargIkaraNa bhAvanikSepa paryAyArthika naya hai jabaki nAma, sthApanA aura dravya, dravyArthika naya haiN| naigama, saMgraha aura vyavahAra ina tIna dravyArthika nayoM meM cAroM nikSepa sambhava haiM jabaki RjusUtra meM sthApanA ke atirikta tInoM nikSepa sambhava haiN| zabdanaya nAma, nikSepa evaM bhAvanikSepa ko svIkAra karatA hai| zabda, samabhirUr3ha, evaMbhUtanaya meM nAma aura bhAva ye do nikSepa hote haiN| pro0 bI0DI0 bhaTTa ne apane grantha 'The Canonical Niksepa'11 meM nikSepa ke do mukhya vargIkaraNa- Agamika nikSepa (Canonical Positings) aura uttara Agamika nikSepa (Post Canonical Positings) kA ullekha kiyA hai| Niksepa Canonical Post Canonical Samuka Pattern Samukh Irregular Niramukh Pattern Parallel Davvo Topic Davva loga Samukh Classical Niksepa Misc. Agamika nikSepa usa nikSepa se sarvathA bhinna hai jo darzana ke kSetra meM kiyA jAtA hai yadyapi ina Agamika, uttara Agamika nikSepa aura vizeSakara darzana ke kSetra meM prayukta padoM (Determinants) meM (dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva) meM samAnatA hai| DaoN0 baMzIdhara bhaTTa ne luDiviga AlsaDArpha dvArA kiye gaye gaira pAramparika vargIkaNa ko AdhAra banAkara nikSepa ko chaH prakAra se vyAkhyAyita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| padoM kI spaSTatA ke lie hama unheM aMgrejI meM hI de rahe haiN| "Sarira" and "Agama" Samukha Niksepa with Amukha, i.e. with "Programme" (the literal sense of amukha is "commencement") Niramukha Niksepa withoutAmukha, i.e."Without Programme" (Niksepas introducting the determinants in the of the ablativecase,e.g.:]davvao["according to substance"] Niksepa Davva-loga [Niksepas supplying determinant and catch-word in the form of a compound, e.g.:)Davva-LOGA ("world according to substance"] Amukha style Recurring dialectical pattern, employing "programmes" but not to be classified as niksepa. (S.A. Forms Davvao

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isa vargIkaraNa meM sAmukha aura nirAmukha Agamika nikSepa ke mUla prArUpa haiM tathA 'davvo' aura 'davva-loga' sAmakha ke upaprakAra haiN| isake mAdhyama se DaoN0 baMzIdhara bhaTTa ne yaha dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki Agamika aura uttaraAgamika sAhitya meM nikSepa kahIM to vyavasthita rUpa se (With Programme) Aye haiM aura anyatra nikSepa kA svarUpa prApta to hotA hai lekina usameM spaSTata: nikSepa zabda kA ullekha nahIM hai| DaoN0 bhaTTa ke adhyayana se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki unhoMne nikSepa ke pAramparika zabdoM (dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva) ke atirikta bhI anya bahuta se zabdoM ke AdhAra para zabda vizeSa kA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| AgamoM meM pratipAdita nikSepa viSayaka samasta siddhAnta ko isa lekha meM samAviSTa karanA sambhava nahIM hai, isake lie eka vistRta adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hai| sandarbha : 1. syAdvAdamaMjarI, pRSTha 243. 2. jItakalpabhASya, 809. 3. The Canonical Niksepa, Studies in Jaina Dialectics, Banshidhar ___Bhatt, Bharatiya Vidya, Prakashan, 1991, p. 40. 4. dhavalA, 1/1/1/1, gA0 11/17. 5. tiloyapaNNatti, 1/83. 6. nayacakravRtti, 269. 7. dhavalA, 14/5-6, 71/51/14. 8. DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, jainabhASA darzana, pRSTha 77. 9. jaina tarkabhASA, nikSepa pariccheda, pRSTha 63. 10. vahI, pRSTha 64. 11. The Canonical Niksepa, Bharatiya Vidya, Prakashan, 1991, p.40.

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jaina jJAnamImAMsA - eka avalokana DaoN0 vijaya kumAra sAmAnya rUpa se kisI vastu kI abhivyakti ko jJAna kahA jAtA hai| jJAna apane viSayoM ko ThIka usI prakAra prakAzita karatA hai jisa prakAra dIpaka kA prakAza vastuoM ko prakAzita karatA hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra jJAna jIva yA AtmA kA lakSaNa hai| vaha nisargata: ananta jJAnaviziSTa hai, kintu karmoM ke AvaraNa se usakA vizuddha caitanya rUpa DhakA rahatA hai, jo samyak-cAritra pAlana se puna: apane zuddha svarUpa ko prApta kara letA hai| AyAro meM kahA gayA hai-je AyA se vinnAyA, je vinnAyA se aayaa|' arthAt jo AtmA hai, vaha jAnatA hai aura jo jAnatA hai, vaha AtmA hai| jJAna aura AtmA meM bhinnAbhitra sambandha hai| 2 jJAna AtmA hI hai isalie vaha AtmA se abhitra hai| jJAna guNa hai tathA AtmA guNI hai, ata: guNa aura guNI ke rUpa meM yaha bhinna hai| vyavahAra meM jJAna ke lie kaI paryAyavAcI zabda Ate haiM, jaise- jAnanA, samajhanA aadi| kintu vyAvahArika stara para donoM meM thor3A antara hai| jaise- hama kahate haiM ki hama mohana ko jAnate haiM, to sunane meM ThIka lagatA hai; lekina yaha kaheM ki Apako mohana kA jJAna hai to aTapaTA-sA lagatA hai| kAraNa ki jaba hama mohana ko jAnane ke sambandha meM kathana karate haiM to isakA abhiprAya hotA hai ki hama mohana se mila cuke haiM, use dekhA hai aadi| parantu ThIka isake viparIta jaba hama kahate haiM ki 'hama gaNita jAnate haiM to hamArA abhiprAya yaha hotA hai ki yadi hameM gaNita kA koI prazna diyA jAye to hama usakA hala nikAla sakate haiN| isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prathama prakAra kA kathana kucha indriyoM se sambandhita hai tathA dUsare prakAra kA kathana buddhi se| khaira! isa bheda para gahana cintana kI AvazyakatA yahA~ nahIM hai| jJAna ke sambandha meM aneka siddhAnta dekhe jA sakate haiM, jo svayaM apane ko hI satya hone kA dAvA karate haiM, jaise- jJAnamImAMsIya dvaitavAda (Epistemological Dualisrn), jJAnamImAMsIya pratyayavAda (Epistemological Idealism), jJAnamImAMsIya ekavAda (Epistemological Monism), jJAnamImAMsIya vAstavavAda (Epistemological Realism) aadi| jJAnamImAMsIya dvaitavAda vaha siddhAnta hai jisake antargata pratyakSa, smRti tathA anya atArkika jJAna-prakriyAoM meM jJeya vastu aura mAnasika pradatta *. pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI.

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yA pratibhAe~ eka-dUsare se pRthak hotI haiN| jJAnamImAMsIya pratyayavAda vaha siddhAnta hai jisake anusAra jJAna kA viSaya (Object) aura jJAna kI antarvastu (Contect) eka hI hai, kyoMki mAnasika pratyayoM se svatantra jJAna kA koI viSaya nahIM ho sktaa| jisameM atArkika jJAna-prakriyAoM meM, jaise pratyakSa aura smRti meM jJeya vastue~ aura mana ke saMvedana-pradatta (Sense-data) eka hI hote haiM, vaha jJAnamImAMsIya ekavAda hai|6 jJAnamImAMsIya vAstavavAda ke anusAra jJAna kA viSaya mana se bAhara svatantra astitva rakhatA hai| vyApaka artha meM yaha siddhAnta sabhI jJAna-prakriyAoM para lAgU kiyA jAtA hai, lekina saMkIrNa artha meM viSayavastu kA manobAhya astitva kevala pratyakSa-prakriyA ke sandarbha meM pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai| jJAna : artha evaM paribhASA jJAna AtmasvarUpa hai jisase vaha sva aura para donoM ko jAnane meM samartha hai| nandIcUrNi meM jJAna zabda kI vyutpatti isa prakAra kI gayI hai- (1) jAnanA jJAna hai, (2) jisase jAnA jAtA hai vaha jJAna hai aura (3) jisameM jAnA jAtA hai vaha jJAna hai| isI prakAra sarvArthasiddhi meM kahA gayA hai ki jo jAnatA hai vaha jJAna hai, jisake dvArA jAnA jAye vaha jJAna hai athavA jAnanAmAtra jJAna hai| rAjavArtika meM evaMbhUtanaya kI dRSTi se jJAna ko paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai- jJAna-kriyA meM pariNata AtmA hI jJAna hai, kyoMki vaha jJAna svabhAvI hai| yahA~ prazna honA svAbhAvika hai ki yadi AtmA jJAna svabhAvI hai arthAt AtmA aura jJAna eka hai to phira AtmA apane jJAna ko kaise jAna sakatI hai? kyA usake lie kisI anya jJAna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai? yadi kisI anya jJAna kI sattA svIkAra karate haiM to anavasthA doSa AtA hai| isa sandarbha meM jaina mAnyatA hai ki jJAna apane-Apako jAnatA huA hI dUsare padArthoM ko jAnatA hai| vaha dIpaka kI bhA~ti sva-para prakAzaka hai| pramANanayatattvAloka meM spaSTa varNana AyA hai ki sva-para vyavasAyI jJAna ko pramANa kahate haiN|11 niyamasAra ke anusAra bhI jJAna kA dharma dIpaka kI bhA~ti sva-para prakAzakapanA hai|12 vAstava meM jJAtA, jJeya aura jJAna kI tripaTI hI yathArtha jJAna hai| isameM jJeya aura jJAna donoM kA svatantra astitva hai| dravya, guNa aura paryAya jJeya haiM tathA jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai| yadyapi jJAna aura jJeya donoM svatantra haiM phira bhI donoM meM sambandha hai| AcArya mahAprajJa kI dRSTi meM jJAna aura jJeya meM viSaya-viSayIbhAva kA sambandha hai| ise spaSTa karate hue unhoMne kahA hai (1) jJAna artha meM praviSTa nahIM hotA, artha jJAna meM praviSTa nahIM hotaa| (2) jJAna arthAkAra nahIM hai| (3) jJAna artha se utpanna nahIM hai|

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(4) jJAna artharUpa nahIM hai| arthAta inameM pUrNa abheda nahIM hai| pramAtA jJAna-svabhAva hotA hai, isalie vaha viSayI hai| artha jJeya-svabhAva hotA hai isalie vaha viSaya hai| donoM svatantra haiM, phira bhI jJAna meM artha ko jAnane kI aura artha meM jJAna ke dvArA jAne jA sakane kI kSamatA hai| vahI donoM meM kathaMcit abheda kI hetu hai| lekina na to jJeya se jJAna utpanna hotA hai aura na jJAna se jnyey| hamArA jJAna jAne yA na jAne lekina padArtha apane rUpa meM avasthita rahatA hai| tAtparya hai padArtha jJAna kA viSaya bane yA na bane, phira bhI hamArA jJAna hamArI AtmA meM avasthita hai| yadi hamArA jJAna padArtha kI upaja hai to vaha padArtha kA hI dharma hogaa| hamAre sAtha usakA tAdAtmya nahIM ho skegaa|14 jJAna ke maulika rUpa sAmAnyata: jJAna ke do maulika rUpa hote haiM- pratyakSa aura aprtykss| pratyakSa meM hama indriya-upalabdhoM aura mAnasika avasthAoM ko dekha sakate haiN| inakI smRti bhI hameM spaSTa dikhAyI par3atI hai| jaise A~kha banda karake kisI vastu ko dekhate haiM to use bhI pahacAna lete haiN| apratyakSa jJAna meM anumAna kA aMza bhI hotA hai, kintu yaha kriyA smRti kI sahAyatA se hI hotI hai| jaise- dUra camakIlApana dikhAyI par3atA hai aura hama kaha dete haiM ki vahA~ reta hai| isakA abhiprAya hai hamane pahale bhI reta dekhA hai aura vividha jJAnendriyoM ne mujhe vividha guNoM kA bodha karAyA hai| isa samaya kI camaka pahale dekhI huI camaka ke samAna jAna par3atI hai aura hama kaha baiThate haiM ki maiM reta dekha rahA huuN| pratyakSa va apratyakSa kA yaha vizleSaNa anya darzanoM meM mila sakatA hai jaina darzana meM nhiiN| nyAya darzana meM indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa tathA zabdAdijanya jJAna ko parokSa kahA gayA hai| kintu jaina darzana meM pratyakSa-parokSa ko ThIka isake viparIta vizleSita kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jo jJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA kevala AtmA kI yogyatA se utpana hotA hai vaha pratyakSa hai tathA jo jJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se utpanna hotA hai vaha parokSa hai| pratyakSa-parokSa kA yaha vizleSaNa jaina darzana meM kiyA gayA uttaravartI vizleSaNa hai, kyoMki Agamayuga (IsA pUrva se 5vIM zatAbdI taka) taka jaina sAhitya meM jJAna-mImAMsA kI hI pradhAnatA rahI hai| pramANAntargata pratyakSa-parokSa kA jJAnamImAMsA meM praveza AryarakSita aura umAsvAti ke kAla meM huA hai, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra pramANa kA prArambha karanevAloM meM do pramukha AcArya haiM - "AryarakSita aura umaasvaati| AryarakSita ne anuyoga kA prArambha paJcavidha jJAna ke sUtra se kiyA hai| unhoMne pramANa kI carcA jJAna-guNa pramANa ke antargata kI hai| isakA niSkarSa hai ki pramANamImAMsA kA maulika AdhAra jJAnamImAMsA hI hai| umAsvAti ne pahale pA~ca jJAna kI carcA kI hai, phira jJAna pramANa hai isa sUtra kI racanA kI hai|5 jainavidyA ke marmajJa pro0 sAgaramala jaina bhI jJAnamImAMsA meM pramANa kA Agamana

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3-4thI zatAbdI hI mAnate haiM,16 jo AryarakSita aura umAsvAti kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai| umAsvAti ne paJcajJAna ko hI do pramANoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| 17 matijJAna, zrutajJAna ko parokSa tathA avadhijJAna, manAparyavajJAna aura kevalajJAna ko pratyakSa batalAyA hai| pramANa ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara unakA paJcajJAna ke sAtha sambandha jor3anA jaina darzana meM umAsvAti dvArA kiyA gayA nayA mor3a hai| AcArya kundakunda ne bhI pravacanasAra meM pramANa ke do vibhAga kiye haiM, kintu pramANa kI koI carcA nahIM kI hai| 17 _AgamoM meM prApta tathyoM se bhI yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra hI pUrvavartI haiN| paJcajJAna kI carcA rAjapraznIya meM bhI huI hai| usameM zramaNa kezIkumAra ke mukha se kahalavAyA gayA hai ki hama zramaNoM ke granthoM meM jJAna nizcaya hI pA~ca prakAra ke batalAye gaye haiM- Abhinibodhika jJAna (matijJAna), zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyavajJAna tathA kevljnyaan| 18 ina pA~ca jJAnoM meM se Abhinibodhika jJAna mujhe hai, zrutajJAna mujhe hai, avadhijJAna mujhe hai, manaHparyavajJAna bhI mujhe prApta hai, kintu kevalajJAna prApta nahIM hai, kyoMki kevalajJAna bhagavanta arihantoM ko hotA hai| 19 sthAnAMgara aura bhagavatI21 meM bhI jJAna ke pA~ca prakAroM kA varNana hai| tattvArthasUtra meM bhI inhIM pA~ca jJAnoM kA ullekha hai| 22 kintu inake vibhAjana meM antara hai| sthAnAMgasUtra ke anusAra vibhAjana nimnalikhita hai _jJAna jJAna ___ pratyakSa parokSa kevala nokevala Abhinibodhika zruta bhavastha siddha bhavastha siddha zrutaniHsRta azruniHsRta arthAvagraha vyaMjanAvagraha arthAvagraha vyaMjanAvagraha saMyogI bhavastha ayogibhavastha anantarasiddha paramparasiddha prathama samayasayogibhavastha aprathama samayasayogi bhavastha prathama samaya ayogibhavastha aprathama ayogibhavastha kevalajJAna eka anantara siddha aneka anantarasiddha eka parampara aneka paramparasiddha ___avadhijJAna mana:paryavajJAna aMgapraviSTa aMga bAhya bhavapratyayika kSAyopazamika Avazyaka Avazyakavyatirikta bhavapratyayika kSAyopazamika kAlika utkAlika

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bhagavatI ke anusAra jJAna kA vibhAjana nimna prakAra se hai jJAna Abhinibodhika zruta avadhi manAparyava kevala avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA bhagavatI meM jJAna ke ina prakAroM kA nirUpaNa karane ke pazcAt grantha meM kahA gayA hai ki rAjapraznIya meM jo jJAna ke bheda batAye gaye haiM usI prakAra yahA~ bhI kahanA caahie| ata: rAjapraznIya25 ke anusAra jJAna ke bheda isa prakAra haiM jJAna ___ Abhinibodhika zruta avadhi manaHparyava kevalajJAna avagraha IhA AvAya dhAraNA rAjapraznIya meM bhagavatI meM varNita sUcI ko batAte hue avagraha,zruta, avadhi, manAparyava ke do-do prakAra batAte hue kevalajJAna sahita varNana nandIsUtra ke anusAra jAnane kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| jaisAki paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne bhI likhA hai ki sUtrakAra ne Age kA varNana rAjapraznIya se pUrNa kara lene kI sUcanA dI hai aura rAjapraznIya (sUtra 165) ko dekhane para mAlUma hotA hai ki usameM pUrvokta nakze ke alAvA avagraha ke do bhedoM kA kathana karake zeSa kI pUrti nandIsUtra se kara lene kI sUcanA dI hai| 26 nandIsUtra ke anusAra jJAna kA vibhAjana nimnalikhita hai jJAna Abhinibodhika zruta avadhi manAparyava kevala pratyakSa parokSa. - indriya pratyakSa noindriya pratyakSa Abhinibodhika zrotrendriya avadhi cakSurindriya manaHparyava zrutaniHsRta azrutaniHsRta ghrANendriya kevala jihvendriya sparzendriya 4 vyaMjanAvagraha 6 arthAvagraha

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uparyukta vibhAjita jJAna ko paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA tIna bhUmikAoM meM vyakta karate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki jJAna-carcA ke vikAsakrama ko Agama ke AdhAra para dekhanA ho to unakI tIna bhUmikAe~ hameM spaSTa dIkhatI haiN| (1) prathama bhUmikA to vaha, jisameM jJAnoM ko pA~ca bhedoM meM hI vibhakta kiyA gayA hai|28 isake antargata unhoMne bhagavatIsUtra meM kiye gaye jJAna ke vibhAjana ko rakhA hai| (2) dvitIya bhUmikA meM jJAnoM ko pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do bhedoM meM vibhakta karake pA~ca jJAnoM meM se mati aura zruta ko parokSAntargata aura zeSa avadhi, manAparyava aura kevala ko pratyakSa ke antargata kiyA gayA hai|29 isa bhUmikA ke antargata sthAnAMgasUtra meM varNita jJAna ke bheda-prabheda Ate haiN| (3) tRtIya bhUmikA meM indriyajanya matijJAna kA parokSa ke andara samAveza kiyA gayA hai arthAt pratyakSa aura parokSa ubhaya meM sthAna diyA gayA hai jisameM lokAnusaraNa spaSTa hai|30 isa bhUmikA ke antargata paNDitajI ne nandIsUtra meM varNita jJAna ke bheda-prabheda ko rakhA hai| uparyukta bhUmikAoM meM prathama bhUmikA prAcIna mAlUma par3atI hai, kyoMki bhagavatI meM jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra tathA matijJAna ke cAra prakAroM ko batAne ke pazcAt nandI ke anusAra jAnane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| yadi nandI ke AdhAra para dekhA jAe to bhagavatI meM pratyakSa aura parokSa kA varNana upalabdha nahIM hai tathA usameM Abhinibodhika ke avagraha, IhA Adi cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM jabaki nandI meM Abhinibodhika ke zrutaniHsRta aura azrutaniHsRta aise do bheda kiye gaye haiM jinakA varNana bhagavatI meM upalabdha nahIM hai| hA~! Agama kramAMka kI dRSTi se sthAnAMgasUtra meM varNita jJAna ke prakAra ko jJAna-vikAsa kI prathama bhUmikA kahI jA sakatI hai| lekina sthAnAMgasUtra meM kucha aise tathyoM kA bhI samAveza hai jisake kAraNa vidvatajana use bAda kI racanA mAnate haiN| isa sandarbha meM AcArya devendramuni jI kA kahanA hai ki jainadRSTi se bhagavAn mahAvIra sarvajJa, sarvadarzI the| ata: ve pazcAt honevAlI ghaTanAoM kA saMketa kareM, isameM kisI bhI prakAra kA Azcarya nahIM hai| jaisenavama sthAna meM AgAmI utsarpiNIkAla ke bhAvI tIrthaGkara mahApadma kA caritra diyA hai, aura bhI bhaviSya meM hone vAlI aneka ghaTanAoM kA ullekha hai|31 AcAryazrI kA yaha mata unakI dhArmika bhAvanA ko pradarzita karatA hai| isa sandarbha meM paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kA kathana tarkapUrNa lagatA hai| unakA mAnanA hai ki sthAnAMga jaise aMga granthoM meM vIranirvANa kI chaThI zatAbdI kI ghaTanA kA bhI ullekha AtA hai; kintu isa prakAra ke kucha aMzoM ko chor3akara bAkI saba bhAva purAne haiN| bhASA meM yatra-tatra kAla kI gati aura prAkRta bhASA hone ke kAraNa bhASA-vikAsa ke niyamAnusAra parivartana honA anivArya hai|32 AcArya mahAprajJa ke matAnusAra mahAvIra ne kisI Agama kI racanA nahIM kii| unhoMne

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14 jo kahA usako AdhAra mAnakara gaNadharoM aura sthaviroM ne Agama kI racanA kii| AcAra Adi aMga sUtroM kI racanA eka yojanAbaddha DhaMga se kI gaI thii| samavAyAMga aura nandI meM upalabdha dvAdazAMgI ke vivaraNa se isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai|33 sthAnAMga meM paravartI viSayoM kA bhI samAveza huA hai-- vaha isa tathya se bhI pramANita hotA hai ki sthAnAMga ke paJcama sthAna ke tRtIya uddeza meM jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra batAye gaye haiM tathA dvitIya sthAna ke prathama uddezaka meM pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa jJAna ke do bheda batAye gaye haiN| pratyakSa aura parokSa ke sandarbha meM itanA to spaSTa hai ki jaina jJAnamImAMsA meM inakA samAveza paravartI hai| upalabdha Agama granthoM ke AdhAra para yaha to kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhagavatI meM prApta jJAna kA bheda-prabheda usake vikAsa kA prathama caraNa hai tathA sthAnAMga meM varNita bheda-prabheda dvitIya crnn| kAla kI dRSTi se bhI yaha spaSTa hai, kyoMki bhagavatI 2-3rI zatAbdI tathA sthAnAMga 4thI zatAbdI kA grantha mAnA jAtA hai| nandI meM varNita jJAna ke bheda-prabhedoM kA sthAnAMga ke bheda-prabhedoM se antara yahI hai ki nandI meM matijJAna ko pratyakSa aura parokSa-ubhaya mAnA gayA hai| lekina sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha ki paMcajJAna kA yaha vibhAjana mahAvIra se pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA hai, kyoMki kezIkumAra pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke sAdhu mAne jAte haiN| 34 paM0 mAlavaNiyA jI ke anusAra uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne AcAra-viSayaka kucha saMzodhanoM ke atirikta pArzvanAtha ke tattvajJAna meM vizeSa saMzodhana nahIM kiyaa| yadi bhagavAn mahAvIra ne tattvajJAna meM bhI kucha nayI kalpanAe~ kI hotI, to unakA nirUpaNa bhI uttarAdhyayana meM avazya hotaa|35 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jJAna ke mukhyata: pA~ca hI prakAra haiN| vikAsakrama kI dRSTi se devardhigaNI ke kAla taka jJAna kI pRthak-pRthak bhUmikAe~ bana gayI thI, kyoMki bhagavatI meM pratyakSa aura parokSa kA vibhAga prApta nahIM hotA hai| isI prakAra sthAnAMga meM pratyakSa ke antargata indriya pratyakSa kA vibhAga nahIM hai| yaha vibhAga kevala nandI meM prApta hotA hai| digambara paramparA meM bhI jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra hI svIkRta haiN|36 kintu vahA~ jJAna kA vibhAjana kaI apekSA dRSTiyoM se kiyA gayA hai| pratyakSa aura parokSa kI apekSA se jJAna ke do bheda haiN|37 puna: parokSa ke do-matijJAna va zrutajJAna tathA pratyakSa ke tInaavadhijJAna, manaHparyavajJAna aura kevalajJAna bheda kiye gaye haiN| 38 rAjavArtika meM jJAna ke prakAra ko kucha alaga DhaMga se nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| usake anusAra sAmAnya rUpa se jJAna eka hai, pratyakSa va parokSa ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai, dravya-guNa-paryAya rUpa viSayabheda se tIna prakAra kA hai| nAmAdi nikSepoM ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA hai| mati Adi

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15 kI apekSA se pA~ca prakAra kA hai| jJeyAkAra pariNati ke bheda se saMyAta-asaMkhyAt va ananta hai|39 Abhinibodhika jJAna (matijJAna) sAmAnyata: buddhi ke mAdhyama se jo jJAna prApta hotA hai, use matijJAna kahate haiN| mana dhAtu meM ktin pratyaya lagane se mati zabda banatA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai- buddhi, tarka aadi| isa AdhAra para tarkapUrNa jJAna hI matijJAna siddha hotA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti ne mati, smRti, saMjJA aura cintA ko eka-dUsare kA paryAyavAcI kahA hai|40 vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM AcArya bhadrabAhu ne IhA, apoha, vimarza, mArgaNA, gaveSaNA, saMjJA, smRti, mati, prajJA Adi 1 ko matijJAna kA paryAyavAcI batalAyA hai| matijJAna ko paribhASita karate hue umAsvAti ne kahA hai- indriya aura anindriya ke nimitta se utpanna jJAna matijJAna hai|42 sarvArthasiddhi ke anusAra indriya aura mana ke dvArA yathAyogya padArtha jisake dvArA manana kiyA jAtA hai, jo manana karatA hai yA mananamAtra, mati kahalAtA hai|43 yahA~ prazna honA svAbhAvika hai ki abhinibodhika jJAna viSaya ke antargata matijJAna kI carcA kI jA rahI hai| ata: yaha spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai ki AgamoM meM Abhinibodhika jJAna kA jo artha iSTa hai, tattvArthasUtra meM bhI vahI artha liyA gayA hai| nandIcUrNi ke AdhAra para AcArya mahAprajJa ne Abhinibodhika jJAna kI utpatti ke do niyama batAye haiM(1) artha (indriya viSaya) kI abhimukhatA- usakA ucita deza meM honA aura (2) niyatabodha- pratyeka indriya apane niyata viSaya kA bodha karatI hai| ata: ina do niyamoM ke AdhAra para honevAlA jJAna Abhinibodhika jJAna hai|44 jahA~ taka Abhinibodhika zabda ke lAkSaNika artha kA prazna hai to AgamoM meM isakA lAkSaNika artha prApta nahIM hotA hai| Abhinibodhika aura mati ke paurvAparya ke viSaya meM jaina vidvAn DaoN0 nathamala TATiyA jI kA kahanA hai ki - The terms mati-Jiana seems to be older than the terms abhinibodhika. The Karma theory speaks of matiJnanavarana but never abhinibodhika-Jnanavarana. Had the term been as old as 'mati', the karma theory which is one of the oldest tenets of Jainism must have mentioned it with reference to the avarana that veils it. DaoN0 TATiyA jI ke isa kathana ke sandarbha meM prazna uThatA hai ki karma kI uttara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha sarvaprathama kisa grantha meM haA hai? RSibhASita meM jo aSTakarmagranthi kA ullekha AyA hai isakI vistRta vyAkhyA uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha hai| Agama sAhitya meM aSTamUla prakRtiyoM aura unake avAntara bhedoM kI carcA karanevAlA yaha prathama grantha hai| sambhavata: uttarAdhyayana meM hI sarvaprathama aSTakarma prakRtiyoM ko ghAtI aura aghAtI karma meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| isameM jJAnAvaraNIya kI 5, darzanAvaraNIya kI 9, vedanIya kI 2, mohanIya kI 28, AyuSya kI 4, nAmakarma kI 2, gotra kI 2 aura antarAya

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kI 5 uttara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha hai|46 isase yaha to spaSTa hai ki matijJAnAvaraNa karmaprakRti I0pU0 meM hI apane astitva meM A gayI thI, kyoMki vidvAnoM ne uttarAdhyayana kA kAla I0pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI mAnA hai| ekamAtra uttarAdhyayana ke 33veM adhyAya ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai phira bhI yaha adhyAya I0pU0 kA hI mAnA jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke atirikta AgamoM meM mati zabda kA ullekha sarvaprathama bhagavatI meM milatA hai, jo jJAna aura buddhi donoM arthoM meM prayukta huA hai| inake atirikta AcArAMga,48 sUtrakRtAMga 9 Adi meM kI mati zabda Aye haiM, kintu ve vahA~ buddhi ke artha meM prayukta hue haiN| ata: yahA~ uttarAdhyayana ke AdhAra para matijJAna kI prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai, kintu rAjapraznIya meM zramaNa kezIkumAra jo pArzva kI paramparA ke the, ke mukha se yaha kahalavAnA ki mujhe Abhinibodhika jJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyavajJAna prApta haiM, Abhinibodhika jJAna ke pracalana kI prAcInatA ko darzAtA hai| matijJAna mukhyata: do prakAra kA hai, jaisAki paribhASA se hI parilakSita hotA hai| pahalA prakAra indriyajanya jJAna kA hai tathA dUsarA prakAra manojanya (anindriyajanya) jJAna kaa| kintu bheda kI dRSTi se pratyeka indriyajanya aura manojanya matijJAna ke cAra-cAra bheda hote haiM avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhaarnnaa| digambara paramparA meM matijJAna ke bheda-prabheda kaI dRSTiyoM se batAye gaye haiN| jaise paJcAstikAya tAtparyavRtti meM matijJAna ke tIna prakAroM kA ullekha hai- upalabdhi, bhAvanA aura upyog|50 isI prakAra tattvArthasAra meM svasaMvedana jJAna, indriyajJAna, smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, svArthAnumAna, buddhi, medhA Adi ko matijJAna kA prakAra batAyA gayA hai|51 svasaMvedana kA bhAvArtha batAte hae paM. pannAlAla jI sAhityAcArya ne likhA hai- zarIra ke bhItara rahane vAlA jJAna-darzana lakSaNa se yukta 'maiM' eka pRthak padArtha hU~, aisA jo apane-Apa jJAna hotA hai, use svasaMvedana kahate haiN| yahA~ paM. pannAlAla jI kA kathana vicAraNIya hai- isa sandarbha meM ki jJAna-darzana lakSaNa se yukta 'maiM' hI AtmA hai aura AtmA se honevAlA jJAna pratyakSa hai, parokSa nhiiN| jabaki matijJAna parokSajJAna hai| isI prakAra smaraNa, medhA Adi mati ke paryAyavAcI mAne jA sakate haiM, bheda nhiiN| matijJAna ke prakAroM ko vizleSita karane se pUrva sAriNI ke rUpa meM isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai matijJAna avagraha ihA avAya dhAraNA vyaMjanAvagraha arthAvagraha (pratyeka ke cha:-cha: bheda) sparzendriya rasendriya ghrANendriya zrotrendriya

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17 sparzendriya rasendriya ghrANendriya cakSurindriya zrotrendriya noindriya pratyeka ke bAraha-bAraha bheda TTTTT alpagrAhI - bahuvidhagrAhI - ekavidhagrAhI - akSipragrAhI - anizritagrAhI - kSipragrAhI asandigdhagrAhI - nizritagrAhI bahugrAhI - sandigdhagrAhI - adhruvagrAhI - dhruvagrAhI isa prakAra pA~ca indriyA~ aura eka mana ina chahoM ke arthAvagraha Adi cAra-cAra bheda ke hisAba se 24 bheda hote haiM tathA unameM cAra vyaMjanAvagraha ke yoga se 28 ho jAte haiM aura ina sabako bahugrAhI, alpagrAhI bAraha bhedoM se guNA karane para kula bheda 336 hote haiN| kintu isakA eka bhaMga aura prApta hotA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM hI paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI ne vivecanA kI hai ki arthAvagraha ke jo bAraha bheda ghaTita kiye gaye haiM ve arthAvagraha ke vyAvahArika pakSa ke haiM jabaki usakA eka pakSa naizcayika bhI hotA hai| vAstava meM vyAvahArika arthAvagraha kA kAraNa naizcayika arthAvagraha hai aura usakA kAraNa vyaMjanAvagraha hai| ata: naizcayika arthAvagraha ke bhI bAraha-bAraha bheda ginane caahie| isa taraha 336 meM 48 bheda jor3a dene para 384 bheda karate haiN|52 aba hama inakA alaga-alaga svarUpa dekheNge| avagraha- avagraha jJAna kI avyaktAvasthA hai| hameM itanA hI jJAta hotA hai ki 'yaha kucha hai'| arthAt indriya aura artha ke sambandha ke pazcAt kA jJAna hai| avagraha ke do bheda haiM- vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthaavgrh|53 indriya aura artha ke saMyoga ko vyaMjanAvagraha kahate haiN| paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI ke zabdoM meM indriya aura artha ke saMyoga kI puSTi ke sAtha kucha kAla meM tajjanita jJAnamAtrA bhI itanI puSTa ho jAtI hai ki jisase 'yaha kucha hai' aisA viSaya kA sAmAnya bodha (arthAvagraha) hotA hai| isa arthAvagraha kA ukta vyaMjana se utpanna pUrvavartI jJAna vyApAra jo usa vyaMjana kI puSTi ke sAtha hI kramazaH puSTa hotA jAtA hai, vyaMjanAvagraha kahalAtA hai|54 isameM viSaya kA sAmAnya bodha bhI nahIM hotaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki isako avyaktatama, avyaktatara, avyakta jJAna kahA jAtA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki arthAvagraha vyaMjanAvagraha ke bAda kA jJAna hai; kintu nandI meM avagraha ke prakAra batAte samaya krama se arthAvagraha ko pahale tathA vyaMjanAvagraha ko bAda meM batAyA gayA hai|55 lekina jJAna kI prakriyA kI dRSTi se vyaMjanAvagraha kA sthAna pahale hai| vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha kI avasthA ko samajhAne ke lie jaina darzana meM kasore kA bahuta hI prasiddha udAharaNa hai jisakA ullekha paM0sukhalAla jI ne bhI kiyA hai| bhaTe meM se turanta nikAle hae ati rUkSa kasore meM pAnI kI eka ba~da DAlI jAya to

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18 kasorA use turanta sokha letA hai, yahA~ taka ki usakA koI nAmonizAna nahIM rhtaa| isI prakAra Age bhI eka-eka kara DAlI gayI aneka jala bUMdoM ko vaha kasorA sokha letA hai| anta meM aisA samaya AtA hai jaba vaha jala bUMdoM ko sokhane meM asamartha hokara unase bhIga jAtA hai aura usameM DAle hue jalakaNa samUha rUpa meM ikaTThe hokara dikhAI dene lagate haiN| kasore kI ArdratA pahale-pahala jaba mAlUma hotI hai, usake pUrva bhI usameM jala thA, para usane isa taraha jala ko sokha liyA thA ki (jala ke bilkula tirobhUta ho jAne se) dRSTi meM Ane jaisA nahIM thA, parantu kasore meM vaha thA avshy| jaba jala kI mAtrA bar3hatI hai aura kasore kI sokhane kI zakti kama hotI hai taba kasore meM ArdratA dikhAI dene lagatI hai aura jo jala kasore ke peTa meM nahIM samA sakatA hai vaha Upara ke tala meM dikhAI dene lagatA hai| yahI avasthA vyaJjanAgraha se arthAvagraha taka kI hotI hai| vyaMjanAvagraha ke cAra tathA arthAvagraha ke cha: bheda hote haiM jisakA ullekha pUrva meM sAraNI ke antargata kiyA jA cukA hai| vyaMjanAvagraha ke cAra bheda isalie batAye gaye haiM ki cakSu aura mana se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotaa| nandI56 meM avagraha ke lie avagrahaNatA, upadhAraNatA, zravaNatA, avalambanatA aura medhA Adi zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| - IhA- avagraha dvArA jAne hue sAmAnya viSaya kA vizeSa rUpa se nizcaya karane ke lie honevAlI vicAraNA IhA hai| jaise- dhvani sunAI pdd'ii| yaha dhvani kisakI hai? yaha prazna jaba mana meM uThatA hai to yaha avasthA IhA kahalAtI hai avAya- IhA dvArA grahaNa kie hae viSaya meM vizeSa kA nizcaya ho jAnA avAya hai| jaise- yaha nizcita honA ki dhvani amuka vastu yA vyakti kI hai| ise sambhAvanA, vicAraNA, jijJAsA Adi bhI kahate haiN| dhAraNA- avAya dvArA grahaNa viSaya kA dRr3ha ho jAnA dhAraNA hai| isameM dRzya vastu kA bhalI prakAra jJAna ho jAtA hai aura jIva ke antaHkaraNa para saMskAra par3a jAtA hai| jJAna kI uparyukta cAra avasthAoM ko isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai-nidrAgrasta vyakti ko jaba koI pukAratA hai to nidrita manuSya kI zrotrendriya ke sAtha zabda kA saMyoga hotA hai, yaha avyakta jJAna vyaMjanAvagraha hai| tatpazcAt use aisA AbhAsa hotA hai ki mujhe koI AvAja de rahA hai, yaha arthAvagraha hai| mujhe kauna AvAja de rahA hai- isa prakAra kA bodha honA IhA hai aura mujhe amuka vyakti AvAja de rahA hai- isa prakAra dRr3ha nizcaya honA avAya hai tathA usa pukAra ko yA AvAja ko dhAraNa karanA dhAraNA hai| avagraha, IhA,avAya aura dhAraNA-jJAnadhArA kA eka krama hai, kintu mUla hai avagraha, kyoMki vaha mana-sampRkta indriya ke dvArA padArtha yA vastu ke samparka yA sAmIpya meM hotA hai| Age sthiti badala jAtI hai| indriya ke sAtha mana kA vyApAra arthAvagraha se zuru hotA hai|

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phira vaha IhA, avAya hote hue dhAraNA kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai| jahA~ taka mana aura indriya ke vyApAra kA prazna hai to mana ke vyApAra meM indriya kA vyApAra hotA bhI hai aura nahIM bhI hotA hai; kintu indriya ke vyApAra meM mana kA vyApAra avazya hotA hai| mana kA vyApAra eka kAla meM eka indriya ke sAtha hI hotA hai| zrutajJAna zruta arthAt sunA huaa| zruta zabda 'zru' dhAtu se niSpatra hai| zabda aura artha ke sambandha se jo jJAna utpanna hotA hai use zrutajJAna kahate haiN| yaha jJAna AptavacanoM yA prAmANika granthoM meM milatA hai; kintu zrutajJAna ke pUrva indriyajJAna kA honA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki zrutajJAna matipUrvaka hotA hai| kevala mAtra kAnoM se sunA huA zabda hI zruta nahIM hotaa| AcArya jinabhadra ke anusAra vaktA yA zrotA kA vahI jJAna zruta hai jo zrutAnusArI hai| jo jJAna zrutAnusArI nahIM hai, vaha mati hai| zrutAnusArI kA abhiprAya haizabda va zAstra ke artha kI paramparA kA anusaraNa krnevaalaa|57 nandI meM mati aura zrata ko avibhAjya mAnA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai- jahA~ mati hotI hai vahA~ zruta hotA hai aura jahA~ zruta hotA vahA~ mati hotI hai| nandI kI yaha mAnyatA kaI dRSTiyoM se pramANita hai- (1) nandI meM abhinibodhika ke do bheda kiye gaye haiMzrutaniHsRta aura azrutaniHsRta isameM zrutaniHsRta jJAna ubhayAtmaka hai| indriyajanya hone ke kAraNa zruta bhI hai| (2) jaina darzana kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka jIva meM do jJAna hote hI haiM, bhale hI vaha jIva ekendriya ho yA paJcendriya, ata: mati aura zruta sahacarI haiN| kintu AcArya umAsvAti kA dRSTikoNa isase kucha bhinna hai| unakA kahanA hai ki zrutajJAna ke pUrva matijJAna ko hara dazA meM Ane ke kAraNa zrutajJAna kA matijJAna ke sAtha niyata sahabhAva hai| jisa vastu kA zrutajJAna hotA hai usakA matijJAna honA nizcita hai; kintu isakA viloma satya nahIM hai| jisakA matijJAna hotA hai usakA zrutajJAna ho bhI sakatA hai aura nahIM bhii|58 AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra jJAna do prakAra ke hote haiMarthAzrayI aura shrutaashryii| pAnI ko dekhakara A~kha ko pAnI kA jJAna hotA hai, yaha arthAzrayI jJAna hai| pAnI zabda ke dvArA jo 'pAnI dravya kA jJAna hotA hai, vaha zrutAzrayI jJAna hai| indriyoM ko sirpha arthAzrayI jJAna hotA hai| mana ko donoM prakAra kA jJAna hotA hai| 'pAnI' zabda mAtra ko sunakara jAna lenA; kintu pAnI kA artha kyA hai, pAnI zabda kisa vastu kA vAcaka hai- yaha zrotra nahIM jAna sktaa| 'pAnI' zabda kA artha yaha pAnI dravya hai- aisA jJAna mana ko hotA hai| isa vAcya-vAcaka ke sambandha se hone vAle jJAna kA nAma zrutajJAna, zabdajJAna yA Agama hai| zrutajJAna kA pahalA aMza hai jaisezabda sunA yA par3hA, yaha matijJAna hai aura dUsarA aMza zabda ke dvArA artha ko jAnA, yaha zrutajJAna hai| isIlie zruta ko matipUrvaka kahA gayA hai|59 mati aura zruta donoM sahacarI haiM, phira bhI donoM meM antara hai-matijJAna vidyamAna vastu meM pravRtta hotA hai, jabaki zrutajJAna

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atIta vidyamAna tathA bhaviSya tInoM kAloM se sambandhita viSayoM meM pravRtta hotA hai| matijJAna pAriNAmika hai arthAt apane ko rUpAntarita karatA rahatA hai, jabaki zrutajJAna matijJAna ke pazcAt AtA hai aura Aptavacana se udbodha hotA hai, ata: vaha mati se zuddhatara jJAna hotA hai| avadhijJAna jaba jIva viziSTa sAtvika sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA se avadhi jJAnAvaraNIya karmoM kA kSaya karatA hai, taba dUra sthita padArthoM kA bhI jJAna svayaM AtmA kI yogyatA ke kAraNa utpanna ho jAtA hai, yahI avadhijJAna hai| avadhijJAna atIndriya jJAna kA prathama sopAna hai| isakA sambandha avadhAna yA praNidhAna se hai| isakI utpatti ke do hetu haiM- bhava aura kssyopshm| vastuta: avadhijJAna kSAyopazamika hI hai| bhale hI vaha jJAna deva yA nAraka kA ho athavA manuSya yA tiryaJca kaa| avadhi jJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama donoM prakAroM meM Avazyaka hai| nandIcUrNi meM kSayopazama ke do prakAroM kA ullekha hai- guNarahita kSayopazama aura guNa kI pratipatti se honevAlA kssyopshm| guNarahita kSayopazama ke spaSTIkaraNa hetu cUrNikAra ne bar3A hI sundara rUpaka prastuta kiyA hai- AkAza bAdaloM se Acchanna hai, bIca meM koI chidra raha gayA, usa chidra meM se svAbhAvika rUpa se sarya kI koI kiraNa nikalatI hai aura dravya ko prakAzita karatI hai| ThIka isI prakAra avadhi jJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama hone para yathApravRtta avadhijJAna kI prApti hotI hai, yahI guNa ke binA hone vAlA kSayopazama hai| dUsare prakAra meM guNa zabda cAritra kA dyotaka hai| ata: cAritraguNa kI vizuddhi se avadhijJAna kI utpatti ke yogya kSayopazama hotA hai| yaha guNa pratipatti se honevAlA kSayopazama hai| inhIM do prakAroM ko bhavapratyaya aura guNapratyaya ke nAma se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| bhavapratyaya devoM aura nArakoM ko hotA hai aura guNapratyaya avadhijJAna vrata, niyama Adi ke pAlana karane se prApta hotA hai| yaha jJAna manuSya yA tiryaJca ko hotA hai| deva aura nAraka kI bhA~ti manuSyAdi ke lie yaha jJAna janmasiddha nahIM hai, apitu vrata,niyama Adi guNoM ke pAlana se prApta kiyA jAtA hai| guNa pratyaya ke cha: bheda haiM-anugAmI, ananugAmI, vardhamAna, hIyamAna, avasthita aura anvsthit|61 avadhijJAna kA yaha vibhAjana vyakti ke svabhAva-guNa kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| kSetrAdi kI dRSTi se isake tIna vibhAjana haiM--dezAvadhi, paramAvadhi aura srvaavdhi|62 SaTkhaNDAgama meM avadhijJAna ke teraha bheda batAye gaye haiM- (1) dezAvadhi, (2) paramAvadhi, (3) sarvAvadhi, (4) hIyamAna, (5) vardhamAna, (6) avasthita, (7) anavasthita, (8) anugAmI, (9) ananugAmI, (10) sapratipAti, (11) apratipAti, (12) eka kSetra aura (13) aneka kssetr|63 kintu dekhA jAye to ina teraha prakAroM kA samAveza dezAvadhi, paramAvadhi aura

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21 sarvAvadhi meM ho jAtA hai| anugAmI, ananugAmI, vardhamAna, hIyamAna, avasthita aura anavasthita ke sAtha pratipAtI aura apratipAtI ye AThoM bheda dezAvadhi ke antargata Ate haiN| paramAvadhi meM ATha meM se chaH hI hote haiM, hIyamAna aura pratipAtI nahIM hote| sarvAvadhi ke antargata anugAmI, ananugAmI aura apratipAtI ye cAra hI bheda hote haiN|64 dezAvadhi aura paramAvadhi ke puna: tIna-tIna bheda hote haiM- jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRsstt| anugAmI- anugAmI avadhijJAna jisa kSetra meM utpanna hotA hai, usI kSetra meM kAryakArI hotA hai| ananugAmI- jo utpatti-kSetra ke atirikta kSetra meM banA nahIM rahatA, vaha ananugAmI hai| vardhamAna- jo kSetra, zuddhi Adi kI dRSTi se utpatti samaya se kramaza: bar3hatA jAye, vaha vardhamAna hai| hIyamAna- jo jJAna utpattikAla meM atyadhika prakAzamAna ho; kintu bAda meM kramaza: ghaTatA jAya, vaha hIyamAna avadhijJAna hai| avasthita- jo na bar3hatA hai aura na kama hotA hai, jaisA utpattikAla meM hotA hai vaisA hI banA rahatA hai; kintu janmAntara athavA kevalajJAna hone para naSTa ho jAtA hai, vaha avasthita avadhijJAna hai| anavasthita- jo kabhI ghaTatA hai, kabhI bar3hatA hai, kabhI prakaTa aura tirohita hotA hai use anavasthita avadhijJAna kahate haiN| .. dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI dRSTi se bhI avadhijJAna ke aneka vikalpa hote haiN| dravya kI dRSTi se paramANu, dvipradezI, tripradezI Adi vikalpoM kA pratyakSa jJAna hotA hai| kSetra kI dRSTi se aMgula kA asaMkhyeya bhAga Adi viziSTa kSetroM ke vikalpoM kA jJAna hotA hai| kAla kI dRSTi se AvalikA kA asaMkhyeya bhAga Adi viziSTa kAlakhaNDa ke vikalpoM kA pratyakSa jJAna hotA hai| isI prakAra bhAva kI dRSTi se varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza ke eka guNAtmaka, dviguNAtmaka Adi vikalpoM kA pratyakSa jJAna hotA hai|65 manaHparyavajJAna sAmAnya taura para mana ke paryAyoM ko jAnanA manAparyavajJAna hai| manaHparyavajJAna ke viSaya meM do prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiM- pahalI paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki manaHparyava jJAnI cintita artha kA pratyakSa karatA hai to dUsarI paramparA ThIka isake viparIta yaha mAnatI hai ki manaHparyava jJAnI mana kI vividha avasthAoM kA pratyakSa to karatA hai, kintu una avasthAoM meM jo artha rahA huA hai usakA anumAna karatA hai| tAtparya hai eka paramparA artha ko pratyakSa mAnatI hai aura dUsarI paramparA mana ko pratyakSa

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22 to mAnatI hai, kintu artha kA jJAna anumAna se mAnatI hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI ke zabdoM meM- "mana:paryAyajJAna kA viSaya mana ke dvArA cintyamAna vastu hai yA cintanapravRtta manodravya kI avasthAe~ haiM- isa viSaya meM jaina paramparA meM aikamatya nhiiN| niyukti aura tattvArthasUtra evaM tattvArthasUtrIya vyAkhyAoM meM pahalA pakSa varNita hai, jabaki vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM dUsare pakSa kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai, parantu yogabhASya tathA majjhimanikAya meM jo para citta jJAna kA varNana hai usameM kevala dUsarA hI pakSa hai jisakA samarthana jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne kiyA hai| yogabhASyakAra tathA majjhimanikAyakAra spaSTa zabdoM meM yahI kahate haiM ki aise pratyakSa ke dvArA dUsaroM ke citta kA hI sAkSAtkAra hotA hai, citta ke Alambana kA nhiiN| yogabhASya meM to citta ke Alambana kA grahaNa ho na sakane ke pakSa meM dalIleM bhI dI gayI haiN|"66 paNDita jI ke isa kathana se spaSTa hotA hai ki tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra cintyamAna vastu kA jJAna manAparyavajJAna hai; kintu paNDita jI dvArA tattvArthasUtra kI kI gayI vyAkhyA se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki cintana pravRtta manodravya kI avasthAoM kA jJAna manaHparyavajJAna hai| tattvArthasUtra kI apanI vyAkhyA meM unhoMne likhA hai- cintanIya vastu ke bheda ke anusAra cintana meM pravRtta mana bhinna-bhinna AkRtiyoM ko dhAraNa karatA rahatA hai| ve AkRtiyA~ hI mana ke paryAya haiM aura una mAnasika AkRtiyoM ko sAkSAt jAnanevAlA jJAna manaHparyavajJAna hai| isa jJAna se cintanazIla mana kI AkRtiyA~ jAnI jAtI haiM para cintanIya vastue~ nahIM jAnI jA sktii|67 paNDitajI ke uparyukta kathana eka-dUsare ke viparIta pratIta hote haiN| kyoMki yaha to spaSTa hai ki manodravya aura manovargaNA ke pudgalaskandha, manAparyavajJAna ke viSaya haiM, jo paudgalika mana kA nirmANa karate haiN| manAparyavajJAnI una pudgala skandhoM kA hI sAkSAtkAra karate haiN| mana ke dvArA cintyamAna vastue~ manaHparyavajJAna ke viSaya nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki cintyamAna vastuoM ko mana ke paudgalika skandhoM ke AdhAra para anamAna se jAnA jAtA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne bhI apanI vRtti meM likhA hai- manAparyavajJAna se mana ke paryAyoM athavA manogata bhAvoM kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jAtA hai| ve paryAya athavA bhAva cintyamAna viSayavastu ke AdhAra para banate haiN|68 bhagavatI meM manaHparyava jJAnI kI nimnalikhita arhatAeM nirdhArita kI gayI haiM- Rddhi prApta, apramatta saMyata, saMyata, samyagdRSTi, paryAptaka, saMkhyeyavarSAyuSka, karmabhUmija, garbhAvakrAntika manuSya aura mnussy|69 ___ mana:paryavajJAna ke Rjumati aura vipulamati, do prakAra haiN| jo viSaya ko sAmAnya rUpa se jAnatA hai, vaha jJAna Rjumati hai| vipula kA abhiprAya hai- aneka vishessgraahii| arthAt aneka vizeSatAoM se yukta manodravya ke jJAna ko vipulamati jJAna kahate haiN| jaise- kisI ne ghar3e kA cintana kiyA, sAtha hI vaha ghar3A kisa deza, kisa kAla, kisa bhAva Adi meM banA hai, ina viziSTa paryAyoM kA jJAna honA vipulamati jJAna hai|

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kevalajJAna kevalajJAna jJAna kI vizuddhatama avasthA hai| isa jJAna ke utpanna hote hI samasta kSAyopazamika jJAna vilIna ho jAte haiM, kyoMki mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya ke kSaya se kaivalya prakaTa hotA hai / kevalajJAna kI prApti hote hI pUrva ke sabhI choTe-bar3e jJAna naSTa ho jAte haiM, kyoMki kaivalya ke atirikta bAkI sabhI jJAna apUrNa hote haiN| ata: pUrNatA kI prApti hote hI apUrNatA samApta ho jAtI hai / mati, zruta, avadhi aura manaHparyavajJAna jJAnAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se hote haiM isalie kSAyopazamika haiM aura kevalajJAna jJAnAvaraNa ke sarvathA kSaya se utpanna hotA hai isalie vaha kSAyika hai| kSAyopazamika jJAna kA viSaya mUrta dravya hotA hai jabaki kSAyika jJAna kA viSaya mUrta aura amUrta donoM dravya hotA hai / nandI meM kahA bhI gayA haijo jJAna sarvadravya, sarvakSetra, sarvakAla aura sarvabhAva ko jAnatA aura dekhatA hai, vaha kevalajJAna hai / nandI cUrNi ke anusAra -- jo mUrta aura amUrta sabhI dravyoM ko sarvathA, sarvatra aura sarvakAla meM jAnatA aura dekhatA hai, vaha kevalajJAna hai / 72 ina sabase alaga AcArya kundakunda kevalajJAna ko paribhASita kiyA hai| unake anusAra vyavahAranaya se kevalI bhagavAn sabako jAnate aura dekhate haiM tathA nizcayanaya se kevalI apanI AtmA ko jAnate aura dekhate haiM / 3 jaina darzana kI yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki kisI bhI AtmA meM eka sAtha eka, kisI meM do, kisI meM tIna aura kisI meM cAra jJAna hotA hai, para pA~coM jJAna kisI meM eka sAtha nahIM hotaa| jaba eka jJAna hotA hai to kevalajJAna hI hotA hai| AtmA meM jaba do jJAna hote haiM to mati aura zruta hote haiM, kyoMki donoM eka sAtha hI rahate haiN| donoM eka-dUsare ke sahacarI haiN| zeSa tInoM jJAna eka-dUsare ke binA ho sakate haiN| AtmA meM jaba tIna jJAna hote haiM to mati zruta ke sAtha avadhi yA manaHparyavajJAna hote haiN| kevalajJAna ke sAtha anya koI jJAna nahIM hotA / 1 valI ke lie sarvajJa zabda kA bhI prayoga dekhA jAtA hai / sarvajJa kA artha hotA hai - bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya ko jAnane vAlA / sarvajJa zabda 'sarva' se banA hai / 'sarva' kI vyAkhyA pratyeka darzana apane-apane anurUpa karatA hai| naiyAyika-vaizeSika IzvaravAdI haiM, isalie ve Izvara ko parvajJa mAnate haiM / vedAntiyoM ke anusAra brahma hI ekamAtra sarvajJa ho sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM paM0 sukhalAla jI ke isa kathana se yaha bAta aura spaSTa ho jAtI hai- "nyAya-vaizeSika darzana jaba sarvaviSayaka sAkSAtkAra kA varNana karatA hai taba vaha 'sarva' zabda se paramparA meM prasiddha dravya, guNa Adi sAtoM padArthoM ko sampUrNa bhAva se letA hai| sA yoga jaba sarvaviSayaka sAkSAtkAra karatA hai taba vaha apanI paramparA meM prasiddha prakRti-puruSa Adi paccIsa tattvoM ke pUrNa sAkSAtkAra kI bAta kahatA hai| bauddha darzana paJcaskandhoM ko sampUrNa bhAva se letA hai| vedAnta darzana 'sarva' zabda se apanI paramparA meM pAramArthika rUpa se prasiddha ekamAtra pUrNa brahma ko hI letA 23 -.

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24 hai| jaina darzana bhI sarva zabda se apanI paramparA meM prasiddha saparyAya SaD dravyoM ko pUrNarUpeNa letA hai| isa taraha uparyukta sabhI darzana apanI paramparA ke anusAra mAne jAne vAle saba padArthoM ko lekara unakA pUrNa sAkSAtkAra mAnate haiM aura tadnusArI lakSaNa bhI karate haiM / 74 sarvajJa sambandhI isa mAnyatA meM anya darzanoM kA jaina darzana se matavaibhinyatA kA honA svAbhAvika hai, kyoMki anya darzanoM meM jainadarzana kI bhA~ti jJAna ko AtmA kA svabhAva nahIM mAnA gayA hai / kevalajJAna AtmA kA svabhAva hai aura svabhAva hone ke kAraNa hI kevalajJAna muktAvasthA meM bhI vidyamAna rahatA hai| jaina darzana ko chor3akara anya kisI darzana ko jJAna AtmA kA svabhAva hai, svIkRta nahIM hai / vastutaH matavaibhinyatA kA mukhya kAraNa yahI hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana meM jJAnamImAMsA kA jitanA vizad vivecana upalabdha hotA hai utanA zAyada hI kisI anya darzana meM ho| jaina darzana kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM jJAnamImAMsA ko pramANamImAMsA se sarvathA bhinna rakhA gayA hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM pramANa kI apekSA jJAna kA hI varNana adhika vyApakatA se kiyA gayA hai | paJcajJAna kI carcA jaina paramparA meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se bhI pahale thI, yaha rAjapraznIyasUtra se pramANita hotA hai| isI prakAra karmazAstra meM jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke jo ullekha haiM unase bhI yaha phalita hotA hai ki paJcajJAna kI carcA bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrva kI hai| ina paJcajJAnoM kohI AdhAra banAkara umAsvAti ne mati aura zruta ko parokSa tathA avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevalajJAna ko pratyakSa mAnA hai / vistAra bhaya se prastuta nibandha ko yahI virAma dete haiN| yadyapi jJAnamImAMsA se sambandhita abhI aise aneka pahalU haiM jise abhI isameM samAhita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| pAdaTippaNI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 8. AyAro, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 1981, 5/104. jJAnAd bhinno na cA bhinno, bhinnAbhinnaH kathaMcana / jJAnaM pUrvAparIbhUtaM, soyamAtmeti kIrtitaH / / svarUpa sambodhana, 3. NANe puNa niyamaM AyA / bhagavatIsUtra, 12 / 10. mAnavikI pAribhASika koza, sampA0- DaoN0 nagendra, rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI 1965, pR0-75. vahI, 6. vahI, 7. vahI NAtI gANaM - avabohametaM, bhAvasAdhano | ahavA Najjai aNeNeti nANaM, khayovasamiyakhAieNa vA bhAveNa jIvAdipadattha / NajjaMti iti NANaM, karaNasAdhaNo / ahavA Najjati etamhi tti

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25 10. NANaM, nANabhAve jIvotti, adhikrnnsaahnno| naMdIcUrNi, pR0-13. jAnAti jJAyate'nena jJAptimAtraM vA jnyaanm| sarvArthasiddhi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1955; 1/1/6/1 evaMbhUtanayavaktavyatayA ................ jJAnadarzanaparyAyapariNatAtmaiva jJAnaM darzanaM ca ttsvbhaavyaat| tattvArthavArtika, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1953, 1/1/5/5. 11. svaparavyavasAyi jJAnaM prmaannm| pramANanayatattvAloka, zrI tilokaratna sthA0 jaina dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI (ahamadanagara) vi0saM0 2028; 1/2. 12. atra jJAninaH svaparasvarUpaprakAzakatvaM kathaM ciduktm| AtmaguNaghAtakaghAtikarma pradhvaMsanenAsAditasakalavimalakevalajJAnAbhyAM vyavahAranayena................. parAzrito vyavahAraH iti vcnaat| ................. jJAnasya dharmo'yaM tAvat svaparaprakAzakatvaM prdiipvt| ghaTAdipramiteH prakAzo dIpastAvadbhitro'pi svayaM prakAzasvarUpatvAt sva paraM ca prakAzayati; AtmApi vyavahAreNa jagattrayaM kAlatrayaM ca paraM jyoti: svarUpatvAt svayaMprakAzAtmakamAtmAnaM ca prkaashyti| atha nizcayapakSe'pi svaparaprakAzakatvamastyeveti satatanirUparAganiraMjanasvabhAvaniratatvAt, svAzrito nizcaya: iti vcnaat| sahajajJAnaM tAvat AtmanaH sakAzAt saMjJAlakSaNaprayojanena bhinnAbhidhAna lakSaNalakSitamapi bhinnaM bhavati na vastuvRttyA ceti, ataH kAraNAt etadAtmagatadarzana sukhacAritrAdikaM jAnAti svAtmAnaM kAraNaparamAtmasvarUpamapi jaanaatiiti| niyamasAra, zrIkundakunda kahAna digambara jaina tIrtha surakSA TrasTa, bApUnagara jayapura 1988; gAthA 159 (saMskRta ttiikaa)| 13. jainadarzana : manana aura mImAMsA, muni nathamala, Adarza sAhitya saMgha prakAzana, curU 1973; pR0 481-482. 14. vahI, pR0 480. 15. nandI, jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM 1997; TippaNa, sUtra-2, pR0 49. 16. The theory of five-fold knowledge, originally belonged to Jainas but the case in different with the theory of Pramana. This latter conception is borrowed by Jainas form other philosophical tradition. The concept of Pramana in Jain Philosophy came into existence in c. 3rd-4th A.D. and continued to develop upto c. 13th A.D. Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy & Religion, Aspects of Jainology, Vol. VI, Parshwanath Vidyapitha, I.T.I., Road, Varanasi, 1998, p. 33

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26 17. pravacanasAra, paramazruta prabhAvaka zrImad rAjacandra jaina zAstramAlA, agAsa 1964; 1/58-59. 18. evaM khalu paesI ! amhaM samaNANaM niggaMthANaM paMcavihe nANe paNNatte, taMjahAAbhiNibohiyaNANe suyaNANe ohiNANe maNa pajjavaNANe kevalaNANe | rAjapraznIyasUtra, sampA0- yuvAcArya madhukaramuni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, granthAGka-15, 241. 19. tattha NaM je se AbhiNibohiyanANe se NaM mamaM atthi, tattha NaM je se suyanANe sevi ya mamaM atthi, tattha NaM je se ahiNANe se vi ya mamaM atthi, tattha NaM je se maNapajjavanANe se vi ya mamaM atthi, tattha NaM je se kevalaNANe se NaM mamaM natthi, se NaM arihaMtANaM bhagavaMtANaM / vahI 20. sthAnAMgasUtra, sampA0- yuvAcArya madhukara muni zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1981; 5/3/218. 21. vyAkhyAprajJapti, sampA0- * yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1983 8/2/22. 22. matizrutA'vadhimana: paryAyakevalAni jJAnam / tattvArthasUtra, vive0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1976, 1 / 9. 23. sthAnAMgasUtra, 2/1/86-106. 24. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 8 / 2 / 22-26. 25. rAjapraznIyasUtra, 241. 26. Agamayuga kA jainadarzana, paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA 1966, pR0-130. 27. nandIsUtra, sampA0 yuvAcArya madhukara muni zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, 3 byAvara, 1982, pR0-24-30. 28. Agamayuga kA jainadarzana, pR0 129. hI 30. vahI, * 30. 29. sthAnAMgasUtra (madhukara muni) kI bhUmikA, pR0 31-32. 32. Agamayuga kA jainadarzana, pR0 - 28. AcArya mahAprajJa, 33. bhagavaI, sampA0pR0-17. jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM 1994;

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27 34. tassa logapaIvassa Asi sIse mhaayse| kesIkumAra- samaNe vijjaa-crnn-paarge|| uttarAdhyayana, sampA0- yuvAcArya madhukaramuni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara; 23/2 35. Agamayuga kA jainadarzana, pR0-129. 36. paMceva hoti NANA madisudaohimaNaM ca kevlyN| gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa), bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, vArANasI 1944; 12/300. 37. tadapi jJAnaM dvividhama pratyakSaM prokssmiti| parokSaM dvividhim matiH shrutmiti| dhavalA, 1/1,1,115 38. pratyakSaM trividham, avadhijJAnaM, manaHparyAyajJAnaM, kevljnyaanmiti| vahI 39. sAmAnyAdekaM jJAnam pratyakSaparokSabhedAd dvidhA, dravyaguNaparyAyaviSayabhedAt vidyAnAmAdivikalpAccaturdhA, matyAdi bhedAt pnycdh| ityevaM saMkhyeyAsaMkhyeyAnanta vikalpaM ca bhavati jJeyAkAra prinntibhedaat| rAjavArtika, 1/7/14/14/2. 40. matiH smRti: saMjJA cintaa'bhinibodhitynaantrm| tattvArthasUtra, 1/13. 41. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 396. 42. tdindriyaa'nindriynimittm| tattvArthasUtra, 1/14. 43. indriyaimanasA ca yathA samartho manyate anayA manute mananamAtraM vA mtiH| sarvArthasiddhi, 1/9/93/11. 44. nandI, TippaNa, sUtra-2, pR0-50. 84. Studies in Jaina Philosophy, P.V. Research Institute, Varanasi 1951, p. 30. 46. 'prAcIna jaina granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama', jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAma, khaNDa-7, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1998, pR0-94. 47. bhagavaI, 8/102. 48. maI tattha Na gaahiyaa| AyAro, 1/125. 49. kaammivtttth| sUyagaDo, 1/4/33. vA maI vA uvlNbhte| vahI, 2/2/60. hoI maI viykkaa| vahI, 2/6/19. taM tu samaM miie| vahI, 2/6/51. 50. madiNANaM puNa tivihaM uvaladdhI bhAvaNaM ca uvoge| paMcAstikAya tAtparyavRtti, prakSepaka gAthA 43, 1/85.

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51. tattvArthasAra, sampA0, paM0 pannAlAla sAhityAcArya, zrI gaNezavarNI granthamAlA, granthAGka-22, 1/19-20. 52. tattvArthasUtra, pR0-24. 53. vynyjnsyaa'vgrhH| vahI, 1/18. 54. vahI, pR0-20. 55. uggahe duvihe paNNatte, taM jahA- atthuggahe ya vaMjaNuggahe y| nandIsUtra, yuvAcArya madhukaramuni, sUtra-28, pR0-128. 56. taMjahA-ogeNhaNayA, uvadhAraNayA, savaNayA, avalaMbaNayA, mehA, se taM ugghe| vahI, sUtra-57. 57. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, bhAga-1, gAthA-99. 58. zrutajJAnasya matijJAnena niyata: sahabhAvaH tttvpuurvktvaat| masyazruta jJAnaM tasya niyataM mati jJAnaM yasyatuM matijJAnaM tasya zrutajJAnaM syAdvA na veti| tattvArthasUtra bhASya, 1/31. 59. jaina darzana : manana aura mImAMsA, pR0-494-95. 60. tatra bhavapratyayo naarkdevaanaam| tattvArthasUtra, 1/22. 61. vahI, 1/22. 62. vahI. 63. SaTkhaNDAgama, pustaka-13, pR0-292. 64. tattvArthavArtika, 1/22/4-5. 65. davvato bahU vigappA paramANumAdi dvvvisesaato| khetatto vi aMgula asNkheybhaagvikkppaadiyaa| kAlato vi Avaliya aNkhejjbhaagaadiyaa| bhAvato vi vnnnnaapjjvaadiyaa|| nandIcUrNi, pR0-20. 66. jJAnabinduprakaraNa, sampA0-paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, ahamadAbAda, vi0saM0 1998, pR0-41. 67. tattvArthasUtra, pR0-29. 68. manasa: paryAyA mana: paryAyAH dharmA bAhyavastvAlocanAdi prakArA ityanarthAntaram teSa jJAnaM manaHparyAyajJAnam, teSAM vA sambandhi jJAnaM mnHpryaayjnyaanm| tattvArthavRtti, pRSTha 19. 69. bhagavaI, 8/183. 70. tattvArthasUtra, 10/1.

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71. nandIsUtra (yuvAcArya madhukara muni), 43. 72. etedavvAdiyA savve savvadyA satvattha savvakAlaM uvayutto sAgArA'NAgAra lakkhaNehiM NANadaMsaNehiM jANati pAsati y| nandIcUrNi, pR0-28. 73. jANadi passadi savvaM vavahAraNaeNa kevalI bhgvN| kevalaNANI jANadi passadi NiyameNa appaannN|| niyamasAra, 159. 74. darzana aura cintana, pR0-429-430.

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zubriMga mahodaya dvArA sampAdita AcArAGga aura isi bhAsiyAiM kI bhASA kI tulanA ( eka namUne ke taura para vizleSaNa) ke. Ara. candra AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA aura RSibhASitAni ( isibhAsiyAiM ) kI nayI paddhati se suvyavasthita sampAdana pro0 vAlthara zubriMga' ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai parantu donoM hI granthoM ke saMskaraNoM meM bhASA sambandhI kAphI antara hai / AcArAGga kA prathama zrutaskandha zvetAmbara jainoM kA sabase prAcIna grantha mAnA jAtA hai aura isibhAsiyAI kI bhI prAcIna granthoM meM ginatI hotI hai parantu usakI racanA kA samaya AcArAGga se paravartI kAla kA mAnA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se AcArAGga kI bhASA isibhAsiyAI kI bhASA se pUrvavartI kAla kI honI cAhie thI parantu zubriMga mahodaya ke saMskaraNoM se aisA sAbita hotA hai ki isibhA0 kI bhASA AcA02 se purAne stara kI hai| isa tathya ko prakaTa karane vAle sirpha kucha hI zabdada- prayoga yahA~ para donoM granthoM meM se nIce diye jA rahe haiM jisase spaSTa ho jAegA ki briMga mahodaya ke AcArAGgara kI prAkRta bhASA bilakula mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| jabaki isibhAsiyAI kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta se prAcIna pAli aura azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA se milatI julatI (zabdoM meM mila rahe varNoM kI dRSTi se) hai| zabdoM kI tulanAtmaka tAlikA AcA* prathama zruta-skandha adhyayana ( uddezaka aura gAthA naM 0 ) 1. Acaranga - Sutra, Erster Srutas Kandha, Leipzig, 1910, Isibhasiyaim, L. D. Instt. of Indology, Ahmd. 1974. AcA0=AcArAGga; isibhA 0 = isibhAsiyAI. prathama zruta-skandha ke mAtra adhyAya naM0 9 se hI yahA~ para zabda prayoga lie gae haiN| 2. 3. isibhA 0 ( adhyayana, pRSTha aura paMkti naM0)

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31 madhyavartI - ka - ekaM 36.81.12 ekaguNeNaM 8.15.10 ekantaM 28.61.1. ekantaguNA 25.53.11 ekantapaNDitA 25.53.16 ekantabAlA 25.53.11 egaiyA 2.8 egattarAgae 1.11 egayA 2.6; 3.8; 4.3 egesiM 1.8 viyarDa 1.18 aivattaI 1.7 araiM 2.10 gacchai 1.7 jhAi 1.5.6,7 pANajAi - 1.3 -mai- 1.17 raI 2.10 vigaya - 4.15 vIimissehiM 1.6 vikappaM 28.63.12 vikappio 9.17.25 vikappiyA 24.49.17 madhyavartI - ta - - ativatittA 18.37.3, ityAdi ati- (aneka prayoga) ai - (sirpha do prayoga, - aivayanti, aivAta-) arati 18.25.39 gacchati 2.5.1; 3.7.20. jhAti 38.85.8 chinnajAti - 3.7.19 matI 36.81.18 arati 18.35.29 vigata 25.55.2 ityAdi vItivatittA 23.45.18 ityAdi vItIkaMtA 3.5.18 (vIyIvayanti 21, 41.5 bhI) sItAhato 45.99.3 sotaM 29.63.24 sIodaM 1.11 - soyaM 1.16

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32 ahAsuyaM 1.1 jahA 1.1 madhyavartI madhyavartI madhyavartI - - - tha dha - adhAsaccaM 30.65.18 jadhA 3.7.10 ityAdi jahA (bhI aneka bAra ) na - aNukto 1.23, ityAdi donoM hI granthoM meM se uddhRta uparokta pAThoM se spaSTa ho rahA hai ki zubriMga mahodaya ne AcArAGga kI bhASA ke zabdoM meM Ane vAle mUla madhyavartI vyaJjanoM kA lopa karake use prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra mahArASTrI prAkRta meM badala diyA hai| zubriMga mahodaya ne AcArAGga ke sampAdana meM jina-jina hastapratoM kA upayoga kiyA hai unameM madhyavartI vyaJjanoM kA sarvatra lopa nahIM milanA hai aura zubriMga mahodaya se kitane hI varSa pahale pro0 harmana yAkobI (1882 e.DI.) ke AcArAGga ke saMskaraNa ko tathA mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI ke AcArAGga ke saMskaraNa (1977 e.DI.) ko dekheM to yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ataH aisA kahanA anucita nahIM hogA ki zubriMga mahodaya ne AcArAGga kA sampAdana karate samaya usake racanA ke kAla aura sthala tathA usI kAla kI pAli bhASA tathA azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA ke svarUpa kA dhyAna nahIM rkhaa| isake atirikta kisI bhI prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa dvArA ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA vyAkaraNa spaSTa taura se nahIM likhane ke kAraNa zubriMga mahodaya ne mahArASTrI prAkRta bhASA ke niyama hI zvetAmbara jaina AgamoM ke prAcInatama grantha kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA para bhI lAgU kara diye / AcArAGga kI vividha hastapratoM meM eka samAna pATha nahIM milane ke kAraNa jahA~-jahA~ para bhI zabdoM meM mUla vyaJjana yathAvat pAyA gayA unake viSaya meM unheM aisA AbhAsa huA hogA ki ve zabda saMskRta bhASA se prabhAvita hue haiM ataH unheM mahArASTrI prAkRta meM badala diyA gayA parantu 'isibhAsiyAI' nAmaka grantha kI zabdAvalI meM ve aneka jagaha isa prakAra kA parivartana nahIM kara sake kyoMki sambandhita zabdoM ke isa prakAra ke pAThAntara (madhyavartI lopa) hI upalabdha nahIM the| anuvattantI 24.49.11 aNu- (bhI aneka bAra) isa saMzodhanAtmaka adhyayana se isa natIje para pahu~cate haiM ki jinAgamoM kA bhASA kI dRSTi se punaH sampAdana kiyA jAnA anivArya bana gayA hai|

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samyaktva paccIsI zrImatI DaoN0 munnI puSpA pANDulipi aura usakA viSaya paricaya pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI meM saMgrahIta aneka aprakAzita prAcIna hastalikhita laghu pANDulipiyoM meM se mere dvArA sampAdita purAnI hindI ke 4 laghu granthoM kA prakAzana yahA~ kI zodha patrikA 'zramaNa' ke pichale aMkoM meM huA hai jinameM aNagAra vandanA (janavarI-mArca 1997), paJcendriya saMvAda (julAI-sitambara 1997), munirAja vandanA battIsI (janavarI-mArca 1998) evaM jogaratnasAra janavarI-mArca 1999 I0 haiM / isI zRGkhalA meM prAkRtabhASA meM racita 'samyaktvapaccIsI kI hastalikhita pANDulipi kA sarvaprathama sampAdana aura anuvAda yahA~ prastuta hai / jaina prastuta laghugrantha kA pratipAdya viSaya samyaktva arthAt samyagdarzana hai, jisakA vivecana prAkRta bhASA kI ina paccIsa gAthAoM meM nibaddha hai| prAyaH prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza aura hindI tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAoM meM niyata saMkhyA ke anurUpa kisI eka viSaya kI padyarUpa meM vivecana karane kI prAcIna paramparA aSTaka, paccIsI, battIsI, zataka Adi rUpa meM rahI hai| prAcIna racanAkAroM, kaviyoM Adi ne iSTadeva kI stuti, vandanA, stotra ke sAtha-sAtha jainadharma ke vizeSa siddhAntoM evaM darzana ko samajhane vAle tattvoM ko bhI surucipUrvaka sArasaMkSepa meM kAvyabaddha kiyA, tAki janasAdhAraNa (zrAvaka-zrAvikAe~) abhISTa viSaya ko sahaja rUpa meM grahaNa kara sakeM aura zraddhAlu usakA nitya pATha kara kaNThastha bhI kara skeN| pANDulipi paricaya 4 yaha pANDulipi pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke granthAlaya meM saMgRhIta hai aura mAtra do patroM (cAra pRSThoM) meM pUrNa hai| patra kI lambAI 10 iMca caur3AI 4. / iMca hai| donoM ora lagabhaga 1.1, iMca hAziyA hai| hAziye para 'samyaktva paccIsI sA0 prakaraNa' nAma likhA hai / pratyeka patra ke donoM tarapha sAta-sAta paMktiyA~ haiM, jinameM lagAtAra gAthAyeM likhI gaI haiM tathA gAthA kI samApti para unakA kramAMka (naM0) aMkoM meM likhA gayA hai / antima *. anekAnta bhavanama, zAradA nagara kAlonI, vArANasI.

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34 22 se 25 gAthAoM ke atirikta zeSa sabhI gAthAoM meM unake kucha viziSTa zabdoM ke TippaNa purAnI gujarAtI meM likhe gaye haiM, parantu ye TippaNa gAthAoM kI paMktiyoM ke bIcoMbIca chUTI antara vAlI bahuta hI saMkIrNa jagaha meM atisUkSma evaM aspaSTa akSaroM meM likhe hone se atyanta kaThinAI se par3hane meM Ate haiN| maiMne isakA upayoga anuvAda meM kiyA hai| antima cAra gAthAoM ke TippaNa lekhaka yA lipikAra ne nahIM diye haiN| purAnI gujarAtI meM likhita ina TippaNoM kI mahattA ko dekhate hue inheM isa laghu grantha ke sAtha saMyojita karate hue anta meM gAthAkrama se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| gAthAoM vAlI pratyeka paMkti meM lagabhaga 16-18 zabda haiM; lipi aspaSTa aura varNa ghane rUpa meM likhe gaye haiN| 'zrIpArzvanAthAya namaH' likhane ke sAtha grantha racanA prArambha kI gaI hai| paccIsa gAthAoM ke bAda grantha samApti sUcaka puSpikA isa prakAra milatI hai- itizrI samyaktva paccIsI smpuurnnm| likhyattaM jeTThI avigata 3 saMvat 1796 varSe Azo(ja)mAse kRSNapakSe tithau 7, AdityavAra (ravivAra) akabarAbAda sthAne lipykRtN| yahA~ para saMvat,mAsa,pakSa, tithi, vAra,sthAna ityAdi spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita haiM, parantu lekhaka kA nAma aspaSTa hai| "likhyattaM jeTThI" se yaha anumAna avazya lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki samyaktva paccIsI kA lekhaka athavA lipikAra kadAcit jeTThI nAmaka vyakti rahA hogaa| prastuta laghu grantha meM samyaktva kA vivecana sAra saMkSepa meM hote hue bhI gUr3ha arthoM aura bheda-prabhedoM se paripUrNa hai| isameM Aye samAgata samyaktva ke bheda-prabhedoM kI gaNanA kA tathA eka-do aura bhI prasaGgoM para do-tIna gAthAoM kA artha bahuta spaSTa nahIM ho sakA, ata: isakI pUrti kI bhI vidvAnoM se apekSA hai| ____ isa grantha kI bhASA meM vibhinna prAkRtoM ke sAtha apabhraMza bhASA kA prabhAva bhI kAphI spaSTa hai| bhASAgata dRSTi se yaha kRti prAcIna pratIta hotI hai| prastuta kRti ke viSaya vivecana se bhI spaSTa hai ki isa grantha ke racanAkAra dravyAnuyoga ke gahana adhyetA the, jinheM digambara evaM zvetAmbara donoM hI jaina paramparAoM ke Agamika granthoM kA acchA jJAna thaa| pratipAdya viSaya samyagdarzana mokSa prApti kA mUla sAdhaka guNa hai| AcArya umAsvAmI ne mokSamArga ke sAdhana rUpa ratnatraya meM isako prathama sthAna dete hue likhA hai- 'samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokssmaargH|' dUsare sUtra meM samyagdarzana kI paribhASA karate hue kahA hai- "tattvArthazraddhAnaM smygdrshnm|" tattvoM para aTala zraddhAna samyagdarzana hai| AcArya kundakunda svAmI ne svAnubhUti ko samyaktva kahA hai tathA ve kahate haiM- "daMsaNa bhaTThA bhaTTA daMsaNa bhaTTassa

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35 Natthi nnivvaannN|" jo samyagdarzana se bhraSTa hai, ve vastuta: bhraSTa hI haiN| bhAvapAhuDa meM kahA hai jaha tArayANa caMdo, mayarAo mayaulANa svvaannN| ahio taha sammatto risisAvayaduvihaM dhmmaannN||142|| arthAt jisa prakAra tArAoM meM candra aura pazuoM meM siMha pradhAna hai usI prakAra muni aura zrAvaka donoM prakAra ke dharmoM meM samyaktva pradhAna hai| isI taraha AcArya samantabhadra ne ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra meM samyaktva kI mahattA batalAte hae likhA hai na samyaktva samaM kiMcit traikAlye trijgtypi| zreyo' zreyazca mithyAtva samaM naanyttnuubhRtaam||34|| arthAt tIna kAla aura tIna jagat meM jIvoM ke lie samyaktva ke samAna kalyANakArI aura kucha bhI nahIM hai tathA mithyAtva ke samAna akalyANakArI bhI aura anya nahIM hai| bhagavatIArAdhanA (gAthA 736-738) meM batAyA gayA hai- jisa prakAra nagara meM dvAra tathA vRkSa meM mUla (jar3a) pradhAna hai usI prakAra jJAna, cAritra, vIrya va tapaina cAra ArAdhanAoM meM eka samyaktva kI pradhAnatA hai| isI taraha uttarAdhyayana 28.14-15, bRhatkalpa. 134, prAkRtapaJcasaMgraha 1.159, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita 1.1.193, dharmasaMgrahaNI 4.31-32 Adi grantha bhI draSTavya haiN| isa taraha vibhinna AcAryoM ne aneka granthoM meM samyagdarzana kI mahattAsvarUpa vistRta vyAkhyAyeM kI haiN| yaha AtmavikAsa kA prathama sopAna hai| zraddhA aura vizuddha pariNAmoM kA uttarottara vikAsa-hrAsa ke krama kI dRSTi se isake aneka bheda-prabheda bhI AcAryoM ne batalAye haiN| sAtha hI AtmA ke sAtha isakI sthiti,kAla,samaya Adi kA sUkSmAtisUkSma varNana kiyA hai| jaina granthoM meM AtmavikAsa ke caudaha sopAnoM (guNasthAnoM) ke sAtha samyagdarzana kI sthiti arthAt AtmA se paramAtmA banane kI prakriyA kA anupama manovaijJAnika vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ___ karmoM aura kaSAyoM ke jaMjAla se chUTane kA samyagdarzana ke binA anya koI upAya nhiiN| ata: ise prApta karane ke lie, isakI yogyatAnukUla guNoM kA apane ApameM vikAsa karanA zreyaskara hai| mithyAtva kA sarvathA tyAga isakI supAtratA kI anivArya zarta hai| vastuta: samyagdRSTi jIva dRr3ha zraddhAna evaM vivekavAn aura sajaga rahane vAlA hotA hai| use koI vicalita nahIM kara sakatA, vaha jIvana-maraNa se bhaya nahIM khaataa| samyagdarzana ko vivekasUrya mAnA gayA hai, isake prakAza se viparIta zraddhAna Tika hI nahIM pAtA ata: samyagdarzana kI nIMva para hI mokSamahala kI sattA hai| samyagdarzana kI utpatti tattvArthasatra ke prathama adhyAya ke tIsare sUtra ke anusAra do prakAra kI batalAyI gayI hai

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36 'tanisargAdadhigamAdvA' arthAt prathama nisarga (svAbhAvika rUpa se athavA binA kisI bAhya nimitta ke) dUsarA adhigamaja arthAt dUsare ke upadeza Adi ke nimitta se| yadyapi samyagdarzana ke aneka bheda-prabheda haiM; kintu bhAvoM kI dRSTi se isake mukhyata: tIna bheda batalAye gaye haiM- 1. aupazamika, 2. kSAyopazamika, 3. kssaayik| (1) mithyAtva, samyagmithyAtve, samyaktva evaM anaMtAnubandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha- ina sAta prakRtiyoM ke upazama (dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva ke nimitta se karma kI zakti prakaTa na honA upazama hai, isa) se hone vAlA samyaktva aupazamika samyagdarzana hai| (2) pUrvokta sAta prakRtiyoM meM se samyaktva ko chor3akara zeSa chaha sarvaghAtI prakRtiyoM ke vartamAna kAla meM udaya meM Ane vAle niSekoM (eka samaya meM jitane karma paramANu udaya meM AveM, una sabakA samUha niSeka kahalAtA hai) kA udayAbhAvI kSaya tathA AgAmI kAla meM udaya meM hone vAle niSekoM kA sadavasthArUpa upazama evaM samyaktva prakRti ke udaya meM rahane se jo samyaktva hotA hai vaha kSAyopazamika samyagdarzana hai tathA (3) sAta prakRtiyoM ke samUla kSaya (vinAza) se jo samyaktva hotA hai, vaha kSAyika samyagdarzana hai| vastuta: jaise-jaise jIva ke pariNAma vizuddha hote haiM aura vaha guNasthAnakrama se Upara uThatA jAtA hai, usI krama se karmapiNDa AtmapradezoM ko chor3akara alaga hote jAte haiN| karmapiNDa kI AtyantikI nivRtti ko kSaya kahate haiN| jisa-jisa guNasthAna meM jisa-jisa prakRti kA kSaya ho jAtA hai, vaha prakRti puna: kabhI bandha ko prApta kara sattva rUpa nahIM ho sktii| sabase pahale caturtha, paJcama, SaSTha evaM saptama arthAt kramaza: avirata samyagdRSTi, dezavirata, pramattavirata aura apramattavirata-guNasthAnavI jIva adhaHpravRttakaraNa, apUrvakaraNa evaM anivRttikaraNa dvArA cAra anantAnubandhI kaSAyoM kA kSaya (nAza) karatA hai| ye hI tIna karaNa punaH karake mithyAtva, samyagmithyAtva evaM samyaktvaprakRti kA kSaya karatA hai| samyaktva kI prApti meM kSAyopazamika, vizuddhi, dezanA, prAyogya aura karaNaina pA~ca labdhiyoM meM karaNalabdhi kI vizeSa carcA hotI hai, kyoMki cAra labdhiyA~ to sAmAnya haiM arthAt bhavya-abhavya donoM ko hotI haiM; kintu karaNalabdhi kevala bhavya jIva ko hI samyaktva athavA cAritra grahaNakAla meM hotI hai, jo kramaza: adhaH, apUrva, anivRtti tIna prakAra se hotI hai| __ AtmA jaba sAta prakRtiyoM kI sattA vyucchitti (nirjarA) karake kSAyika-samyagdRSTi bana jAtA hai, taba vaha adhika se adhika cAra bhava taka saMsAra meM raha sakatA hai| isake bAda niyama se mukta ho jAtA hai| jisa samaya kSAyika samyagdRSTi jIva kSapaka zreNI para ArUr3ha hone ke sammukha hotA hai, taba antarmuhUrtakAla meM adha:karaNa pariNAmoM (saptama guNasthAna) se apUrvakaraNa pariNAmoM (AThaveM guNasthAna) ko prApta kara letA hai aura pratyeka

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kSaNa meM karmapradezoM kI asaMkhyAta guNI nirjarA karatA huA anivRttikaraNa nAmaka nauveM guNasthAna ko prApta hotA hai| jaina paramparA meM dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva aura bhava- ye paJcaparAvartana mAne gaye haiN| dravya parAvartana ko pudgala parAvartana bhI kahate haiN| pudgala parAvartana ke Adhe kAla ko ardhapudgala-parAvartana kahate haiN| yaha jIva saMsAra meM mithyAtva pariNAma se ananta bAra ananta parAvartana karatA hai| jaba isakA arddhapudgalaparAvartana kAla bAkI raha jAtA hai taba jJAnI jAnatA hai ki isakI kAlalabdhi A gayI hai arthAt isakI yogyatA samyaktva ke utpanna hone kI ho gaI hai| jisa jIva ko samyaktva ho jAtA hai, vaha antarmuhUrta se lekara ardhapudgala parAvartana kAla ke bhItara kisI bhI samaya meM avazya mukta ho jAtA hai| ___vastuta: jIva ko ina paJcaparAvartana ke cakkara meM phaMsakara anantabAra janma-maraNa ko prApta honA par3atA hai; kintu jisa jIva se mithyAtva, samyak-mithyAtva, samyaktva tathA anantAnubandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ina sAta prakRtiyoM kA vinAza ho jAtA hai, arthAt jinheM kSAyika samyaktva kA prakAza ho gayA, ve hI jIva isa paJcaparAvartanoM ke bhramaNa se mukta ho pAte haiN| isa prakAra prastuta grantha meM saMkSepa meM samyaktva kA jo vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha digambara evaM zvetAmbara- donoM hI paramparAoM ke etadviSayaka aneka saiddhAntika Agama aura Agamottara anya granthoM meM vistAra se dekhane ko milatA hai| ata: vizeSa vivecana evaM bheda-prabhedoM kI vyAkhyA una granthoM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| - prastuta bhUmikA ke lekhana aura isa laghu grantha ke sampAdana meM mujhe vibhinna granthoM, lekhoM va zabdakozoM se asIma sahAyatA prApta huI hai jinake lekhakoM ke prati maiM hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| sampAdikA

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38 ||smyktv pcciisii|| 'zrI pArzvanAthAya namaH' jaha sammatta' sarUvaM, parUviyaM viir-jinn-vriNdenn| taha kittaNeNa tamahAra, thuNAmi sammattaM suddhi ke||1|| jisa prakAra jinavara mahAvIra ne samyaktva kA svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA hai, usI prakAra usakA zuddha rUpa kathana karane ke lie maiM unakI kIrtipUrvaka stuti karatA huuN| sAmI aNAI aNaMte, caugaI saMsAra ghora kNtaare| mohAI kamma guruviI, vivAga vasau bhamai jiivo||2|| he svAmI (bhagavAn)! yaha jIva (AtmA) anAdi anantakAla se caturgatimayI saMsArarUpa ghane (durgama) jaMgala meM mohAdika karma ke bhAra se sukha-duHkha rUpa karmavipAka ke AdhIna ho, bhramaNa kara rahA hai| __pallovalaMmAi ahA pavattakaraNeNa ko vijaI kunni| paliyA saMkha bhAgUNa, koDAkoDI ayara viiisesN||3|| palyopama ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga hIna eka-eka krama se sthiti eka palyahIna antaH kor3A-kor3I sAgaropama sthiti ko antarmuhUrta taka bAMdhatA hai- aise antarmuhUrtakAla kA adhaHpravRttakaraNa kauna pAra (vijayI) kara pAtA hai? arthAt virale hii| tattha vi gaTThI ghaNa rAga dosa, pariNayamaI abhidNto| gaMTThIya jIvo viha hA, na lahaI tuha daMsaNa naah||4|| ___aho! Azcarya hai ki yaha jIva mahAvajra ke samAna rAga-dveSarUpI ghanI (dRr3ha) granthi ko nahIM bhedatA hai (arthAt samApta nahIM karatA hai)| isalie he nAtha! vaha Apake batAye darzana (samyagdarzana) ko prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai| pahiya pipIlibhya nAeNaM, ko vipajjata snnipNcidiir| bhavvo avaTTa-puggala, pariyaTTa u sesa sNsaare||5|| jaise koI pathika (rAhI) rAstA bhUlakara cIMTI kI taraha ghUmatA rahatA hai| usI . 1. samatta, 2. tamahA, 3. samattaM - ye zabda mUla pANDulipi meM haiN| 4. vivAga-sukha-duHkhAdi bhoga rUpa karmaphala, karmaphala kA anuciNtn|

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prakAra saMjJI paJcendriya bhavya jIva samyaktva se cyuta hokara ardha-pudgala parAvartanakAlaparyanta zeSa saMsAra meM ghUmatA rahatA hai| karaNalabdhi apuvvakaraNa muggara,ghAya vihiya duTTha gaMThI bheuso| aMtamuhutteNa gau, aniviTTikaraNe visujhNto||6|| bhavya jIva apUrvakaraNarUpI mudgara se ghAtiyA~ karmoM kI duSTa granthi kA bhedana kara antarmuhUrta meM hI anivRttikaraNa dvArA pariNAmoM kI nirmalatA ko prApta karatA hai| so tattha karaNe suhauvva, varijaya jaNiya parama aannNdN| sammatta lahai jIu, sAmaneNaM tuhppsaayaa||7|| he bhagavAn! Apake prasAda se ApakI AjJAnusAra AcaraNa (cAritra kA pAlana) karane para jIva karmarUpI zatruoM para vijaya prAptakara parama Ananda ko pAtA hai tathA samyaktva ko prApta hotA hai| samyaktva ke bheda taM cegavihaM duvihaM tivihaM taha cauvvihaM ca paMca vihN| tatthegavihaM jaM tuha paNIya bhAvesu tatta ruii||8|| vaha (samyaktva) eka, do, tIna, cAra evaM pA~ca prakAra kA hai| inameM se samyaktva sAmAnya se eka hai, jisameM Apake (jinendradeva) dvArA praNIta tattvoM (padArthoM) meM jisa-jisa rUpa se ruci (zraddhAna) hotI hai, vaha utane prakAra hai| samyaktva ke do bheda duvihaM tu davva bhAvAu, nicchaya-vyavahArau ya ahvaadi| nissagguvaesAu, tuha vayaNa viuhi niddittuN||9|| he bhagavAn! Apake kathanAnusAra vidvAnoM ne samyaktva ke do bheda nirdiSTa kiye haiM- dravya samyaktva evaM bhAva samyaktva athavA nizcaya aura vyavahAra rUpa samyaktva athavA nisarga evaM (para) upadeza dravya evaM bhAva samyaktvatuha vayaNe tattaruI, paramatthamajANao vi davya gye| sammabhAva gaya puNa, paramattha viyANau hoii||10||

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40 paramArtha ko na jAnate hae bhI Apake vacanoM meM tattva ruci honA dravyagata samyaktva hai aura (tattvaruci rakhate hue) paramArtha ko jAnanA bhAvagata samyaktva hai| nizcaya evaM vyavahAra samyaktva nicchayau sammattaM, nANAimaya suhprinnaamo| Iyara puNa tuha samae, bhaNiyaM samatta heuuhiN||11|| nizcaya samyaktva jJAnAdi se yukta zubha pariNAma hai (ata: upAdeya hai) aura isase itara arthAt dUsarA vyavahAra samyaktva heya (tyAgane yogya) batAyA hai| nisarga evam upadeza samyaktva jala vattha maggaU ddava jarAi nAehiM jeNa pnnnntt|| nisagguvaesa bhavaM sammattaM tasa tujjha nmo||12|| jaise jala vastra se (chAnakara Adi prayatnoM se), mArga (jamIna, rAstA) gobarAdi ke lIpane se tathA rogAdi kA auSadhi ke nimitta se zamana hotA hai| vaise hI nisarga (svAbhAvika) tathA dUsarA paropadeza (adhigamaja) se hone vAlA samyaktva hai| he samyaktva! tumheM namaskAra hai| samyaktva ke tIna bhedativihaM kAraga royaga, dIvaga, bheehiM tuha maya viuuhiN| khAuvasamovasamiya, khAIya bhee vA khiyN||13|| vaha samyaktva kAraka, rocaka,dIpaka- bheda se tIna prakAra kA athavA ise kSayopazama, upazama, kSAyika taraha tIna bheda rUpa se tIna prakAra kA vidvAnoM ne kahA hai| kAraka aura rocaka samyaktva kA lakSaNa jaM jaha bhaNiyaM tu mae, taM taha karaNemi kAragaM hoii| - royaga sammattaM puNa ruI mittakaraM tu tuha dhmme||14|| maiMne samyaktva ke jo tIna bheda kahe haiM unameM karaNa rUpa se kAraka samyaktva hotA hai| puna: dharma tattva meM bhalIbhA~ti ruci aura mitratA kA bhAva karane vAlA rocaka samyaktva kahalAtA hai| 5. vistAra ke lie dekhie - vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 2675.

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dIpaka samyaktva kA lakSaNa sayamiha micchAdiTTi dhamma kahAhiM dIvaI prss| dIvaga samattamiNaM, bhaNaMti tuha samayaM niunno||15|| isa samyaktva meM mithyAdRSTi jIva bhI dharmakathAdi ke dvArA svayaM ko tathA dUsaroM ko prakAzita karane kA prayatna va abhyAsa karatA hai (tAki mithyAtva se chUTa ske)| aise samyaktva ko zAstroM ke jJAtA paNDitoM ne dIpaka samyaktva kahA hai| apuSvakaraNa tipuMjo, micchamuInnaM khavitu annuiinN| uvasamiyAniyaTTIkaraNa uparaM khuvsmiiyN||16|| apUrvakaraNa ke tIna puMja haiM- mithyAtva, samyaktva evaM mishr| mithyAtva ke pana: udaya meM Ate hI usakA kSaya karane se upazama samyaktva aura upazama samyaktva se anivRttikaraNa hone para kSAyopazamika samyaktva hotA hai| akaya tipuMjo, Usara-devaIliya daDha rukhu naaehiN| aMtarakaraNuvasamiu, uvasamiuvAsa seNi gu||17|| jisa taraha tIna akRta-puMja hote haiM arthAt Usara bhUmi, jalA huA vRkSa tathA jaMgala kI agni- ina tInoM meM koI kArya Age nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| usI taraha upazama zreNI para car3hA huA jIva antaHkaraNa (pariNAma) kI vizuddhatA ko prApta kara letA hai| kSAyika samyaktvamicchAi khae khaIu so, sattaga khINivAI baddhA jA cau ti bhava bhAvi mukko, tajjhava siddhIya Iya roy||18|| mithyAtva kA kSaya karane se kSAyika samyaktva hotA hai| sAta prakAra kI prakRtiyoM ke kSaya se tadrava meM bandhana se mukta hokara jIva siddhi ko prApta hotA hai athavA (samyagdarzanapUrvaka Ayu baMdha kiyA hai to bhI) cAra yA tIna bhava ke bAda vaha niyama se mukta hokara siddhi ko prApta kara letA hai| cauhA u sAsANaM guDAIva maNuSva mAla pddnnuNvv| uvasamiyA paDato, sAsANo micchmnnpttaa||19|| jIva ko cAra prakAra (anantAnubaMdhI krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha- ina cAra kaSAyoM) se sAsAdana (dvitIya guNasthAna) hotA hai| mIThI vastu ke vamana aura mAlArohaNa (sIr3hI se girane kI sthiti) kI taraha sAsAdana vAlA jIva upazama zreNI se girakara mithyAtva

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42 ko prApta hotA hai| veyaga juI paMca vihaM, taM tu hu puMjara kaI micchaI yss| khayakAla carama samae, suddhANuya veyaNe veyago hoii||20|| vedaka samyaktva ke pA~ca bhedoM meM mithyAtva mohanIya vA mizramohanIya rUpa dvipuMja ke kSayakAla ke carama samaya meM upazama se samyaktva prakRti kA zuddha vedana rUpa vedaka samyaktva hotA hai| aMtamuhuttovasamo, chAvali sAsANu veyago smu|6 sAhi ya tettIsAyara, khaIu duguNo khusmo||21|| upazama samyaktva kI sthiti antarmuhUrta kI hotI hai| sAsAdana samyaktva kI chaha AvalI kI, vedaka samyaktva kI sthiti eka samaya kI, kSAyika samyaktva kI sthiti taitIsa sAgara kI tathA kSAyopazamika kI sthiti dviguNita arthAt chayAsaTha sAgara hotI hai| ukkosaM sAsAyaNa, uvasiyA huMti paMca vArA u| veyaga khAiga ikkaMmi, asaMkhya vArA u khuvsmo||22|| sAsAdana adhika bAra hotA hai, upazama samyaktva pAMca bAra AtA hai, kSAyopazamika samyaktva asaMkhya bAra A sakatA hai, kintu vedaka, kSAyika samyaktva kI sthiti eka bAra hI hotI hai| arthAt puna: vApisI nahIM hotii| bIya guNe sAsANo, turiyA su aTThagAra cau ca vsu| uvasama khayaga veyaga, khAuvasamIka mA huti||23|| isa gAthA kA artha spaSTa nahIM ho skaa| phira bhI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki sAsAdana guNasthAna meM tIrthaGkara, AhAraka kI caukar3I, bhujyamAna va baddhamAna Ayu ke atirikta koI bhI do Ayu se sAta prakRtiyA~ chor3akara 141 kA sattva hai, parantu koI AcArya inameM se AhAraka kI cAra prakRtiyoM ko chor3akara kevala tIna prakRtiyAM kama 145 kA sattva mAnate haiN| AcAryazrI kanakanandI ke sampradAya meM upazama zreNI vAle cAra guNasthAnoM meM anantAnubandhI cAra kA sattva nahIM hai| isa kAraNa 24 sthAnoM meM se baddha va abaddhAyu ke ATha sthAna kama kara dene para 16 sthAna hI haiM aura kSapaka apUrvakaraNa vAle pahale ATha kaSAyoM kA kSaya karake pIche 16 Adika prakRtiyoM kA kSaya karate haiN| koI AcArya anivRttikaraNa guNasthAna meM mAyArahita cAra sthAna haiM, aisA mAnate haiM tathA koI sthAnoM 6. kAla ke sabase sUkSma aMza ko samaya kahate haiN| aise asaMkhyAta samayoM kI eka AvalI hotI hai| chaha AvalI kAla eka miniTa se bhI choTA hotA hai|

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43 ko bhaMga kA pramANa kahate haiN| (gommaTasAra, karmakANDa 373, 391, 392 / (-pradhAna sampAdaka) ti suddhi, liMga 3, lakkhaNa 5, dUSaNa 5, bhUSaNa 5, pabhAvagA 8 gAgA 6 / saddahaNa 4, jayaNa 6, bhAvaNa 6, ThANa 6, viNaya 10, guruI guNI iiyN|| 24 / / ____ tIna zuddhi, tIna liMga, pA~ca lakSaNa, pA~ca doSa, pAMca bhUSaNa, ATha prabhAvanA, cha: AgAra, cAra zraddhAna, chaha yatana, chaha bhAvanA, chaha sthAna, dasa vinaya- isa taraha samyaktva ke guNa haiN| vitthAraM tuha samae sayA, saratANa bhavva jiivaannN| sAmI ya tuhappasAyA, haveu sammatta sNpttii|| 25 / / he svAmI! Apake (kahe anusAra) zAstroM meM jo samyaktva kA vistAra hai, vaha bhavya jIvoM kA kalyANa karane vAlA hai| ata: he prabhu! Apake prasAda (kRpA, AzIrvAda) se samyaktva rUpI sampatti hamAre pAsa ho| arthAt mujhe aise samyaktva kI prApti ho| 'iti zrI samyaktva paccIsI saMpUrNam likhyattaM jeTThI, avigata 3, saMvat 1796 varSe Azo(ja) mAse, kRSNa pakSe, tithau 3, AditavAre (ravivAra) akabarAbAda sthAne lipykRt|| / / gujarAtI TippaNI 1. jima samyakatvanau sarUpa parUppau zrI mahAvIra devai tAma kahisyau tehanai stuta karaspuMsa samyakatva suddhinai kaati| he bhgvaan| anAdya AdyanadhI aMtapuNa navdI, cyAra gati saMsAra rUpa aTavI nai viSai, mohAdika karma karmanI moTI thiti chai, vipAka karmanai vasai bhramai aatmaa| pallanai asaMkhyAtabhai bhaggauNa ikkai, koDAkoDI sAgaropama sthitinA mAhi thii| tihA govigha mahAvajra bhArI rAga dveSa rUpaNI gAMThi nA pariNAma aNabhedata gAMThi jIva nai vo hA hA aho aacry|| paMthI nai dRSTAMtai jima paMthI pathe bhUlo thakau valI mAtra yA maivalI bhUlai, tava kIDIne nA lyAi, koI jIva vrajAptA sabhI paMcendrI bhavya jIva arddhapudagalI prAvartana se sesa saMsAra mAhi teha vA krmni| 7. vistAra ke lie dekhie, AcArya haribhadrasUri kRta samyaktvasaptati nAmaka grantha.

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6. apUrvakarNa mudgarai karI ghArauM TAleM aneka prakArai, gAr3hA duSTa graMthi (grATThi) bhedai, bhavya aMtarmuhurta mAhi jAi anivRttakakaraNa pariNAma rUpai nirmala kri|| te tihAM kavkarNai karI su bharanI parai karma rUpIyA vairInai jItInai parama Ananda pAmai tima samyakatva pAmai jIve cArivatu prasAdai krii| te samyaktva eka vidhai, vi vidhai, tina vidhai, cyAra vidhai, pA~ca vidhai / tihA eka vidha je-je parUppA bhAvane viSai rucivaMtA te vidhaa| do vidhi te dravya-bhAvya, nizcai-vyavahAra athavA nisarga upadeza tumhArA vacana paMDitaui niccha khu| tumhArA vacana nai viSai, tvani ruci paNi, paramArtha jJAna naa jANa, e dravya gati samyaktva kahIyai bhAvagata samyaktva tesyuH paramArthana tu jAlabha hui| 11. nizcaya samyaktva jJAnAdika 3 bhalA pariNAma vyavahAra valI tumhArA samyakatva kahI samakate he tanyAi krii| 12. pANI eka niramalI ghAlI nirmala karai tathA svabhAvai nirmalaM thAi tathA vastra mArgena guMbaDo gomUtrAdi le suddha ghAI tathA svabhAvai jasu chu ghAI rogAdi svabhAvai upatramai tathA auSadhAdikA upasamai je paruppau, svabhAvai updeshi| he samyaktva, tujhanai nmuH| 13. te samyaktva trividhaiH kAraka, rocaka, dIpaka, NANe bhedeM tumhArA matanai viSai paMDita kahai tathA tIna bhedate khAyopazama, upazama, khAika- ye 3 bhedai kaau| je jima kahu tumhArai matai te timaja karai te kAraka samyakatva khiiyi| rocaka samyaktva bhAle ruca mAtra kareM tumhArA dharma maahi| svameva mithyAdRSTi dharma kathAdi dIpAveM anerAnai, agAbhamardanAcArya vayu dIpaka samakata kahIyai e kahai tumhArA zAstravei viauM cturH| apUrvakarNa puJja kIthI trANi puMja jeNai- mithyAtva puMja, mizrapuMja, smyktvpuNj| mithyAtva puna: udaya AvAu te khpaavii| udaya aNAvyu upazamAvI anivRttakaraNa thakI parahUM uparAMti kSayopazama samyaktva hui| 17. aNakIdhai triNapuMjeM- Usara khetrai, dAvAnala IyabhagAra tathA dAdhA rUpanai nA dRSTAMtai aMtarakaraNai karI upazamika samyakatva athavA upazamazreNi caDhyA huI upazama smyktv| 18. mithyAtvanai khayai kSAyaka samyaktva te sAta prakRtinai kSayai hui, nikAcita Au khAnaiM badhai anantAnabaMdhI 4, mohanIya cyAra Auranau baMdha na hui| teha 15.

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mukti jaai| 19. cahu prakArai ghAi svAsAdana gaNatA te svAsAdana kehabU guDAdi mIThI vastuno vimana tathA mAlA U~cAM vAmathI paDavau, jima tima upazama zreNI thakI paData svAsAdana samyaktva hui mithyAtva ayaamtu| paMca prakAraMta tu vedaka samyaktvaM mithyAtva mizrarUpa dvipuMja kSaye tRtIya samyakatyasya kSayakAla carama samae suddhANu vedana rUpaM vedakaM bhvti|| 21. aMtarmuhurta Upasama samyaktva chaha AvalikA uppA upasama samakati hui chaha AvalI svAsAdana samakati hui| eka samau vedaka hui, tettI 33 sAgara kA pherA, kSAika chAsaTThi 66 sAgara kA pherA khau khaupasamaya hoI vedaka hui| 20. paca

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mahAbhArata aura jinasena ke AdipurANa meM ziva tattva DaoN0 puSpalatA jaina mahAbhArata kadAcit prAcInatama vaidika grantha hai jisameM bhagavAn ziva kA samucita aura vikasita rUpa kA varNana milatA hai| mahAbhArata ke pUrva rAmAyaNa meM ziva ke nAma se koI vizeSa ullekha nahIM dikhAI detaa| isase itanA to nizcita rUpa se anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki ziva jaise avaidika devatA mahAbhAratakAla taka Ate-Ate lokapriya ho gye| yahA~ prazna uThatA hai, yadi ziva avaidika devatA rahe haiM to unakA pUrva rUpa kyA thA jisane unheM 'ziva' rUpa taka phuNcaayaa| isakI mImAMsA karane para yaha tathya sAmane AtA hai ki ziva kA pUrvarUpa jainadharma ke Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva yA vRSabhadeva honA caahie| isa tathya ke pramANa ke rUpa meM AcArya jinasena kA AdipurANa prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva kA satrahavA~ adhyAya isa sandarbha meM vizeSa draSTavya hai| isake pUrva yahA~ bhagavAn vAsudeva zrIkRSNa aura upamanyu ke bIca hue (solahaveM adhyAya meM) saMvAda kA smaraNa karAnA cAhU~gI jisameM upamanyu ne taNDi nAmaka satyayugI RSi kA ullekha kiyA jisane dasa hajAra varSa taka ziva kI ArAdhanA kI aura parama phala prApta kiyaa| taNDi ne bhagavAn ziva kI stuti karate hue kahA ki brahmA, viSNu, indra, vizvadeva aura maharSi bhI Apako yathArtha rUpa se nahIM jaante| isase bhagavAn ziva bahuta santuSTa hue aura bole, he brahman! tuma akSaya, avikArI, duHkharahita, yazasvI, tejasvI evaM divyajJAna se sampanna hooge| yaha kahakara vara mAMgane kA Adeza diyaa| taNDi ne uttara meM mAtra itanA kahA ki prabho! Apake caraNAravinda meM merI sudRr3ha bhakti banI rhe| brahmA zatakraturviSNurvizvedevA maharSayaH / na vidustvAmiti tatastuSTaH provAca taM zivaH / / akSayazcAvyayazcaiva, bhavitA duHkhavarjitaH / yazasvI tejasA yukto divyajJAnasamanvitaH / / *. adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga, esa0epha0esa0kAleja, nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya, nAgapura (mahArASTra).

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47 47 RSINAmabhigabhyazca sUtrakartA sutastava / matprasAdAdvijazreSTha bhaviSyati na sNshyH|| kaM vA kAmaM dadAmyadya brUhi yadvatsa kaangkssse| prAJjaliH sa uvAcedaM tvayi bhaktirdRDhAstu me|| - anuzAsanaparva, 16vAM adhyAya, zloka 67-70 Age ke zlokoM meM upamanyu ne bhagavAn zrIkRSNa se kahA ki maharSi taNDi dvArA pravedita dasa sahasra nAmoM kA bhaktipUrvaka smaraNa-anusmaraNa bar3A siddhidAyaka hotA hai| satrahaveM adhyAya meM hI bhagavAn zrIkRSNa ne yudhiSThira ko veda-vedAGga se pragaTa hue ina nAmoM kI stuti karane kA AvAhana kiyA aura usI ke phalasvarUpa hajAra nAma vAle zivastotra kI prastuti isa adhyAya meM huii| ise yahAM "pravadaM prathama svayaM sarvabhUtahitaM zubham' kahA hai| isa ullekha se nimna tathya sAmane Ate haiM1. zivastotra veda-vedAGga meM Aye nAmoM para AdhArita hai| 2. taNDi RSi tattvadarzI the| 3. yaha zivastotra prathama zivastotra hai| 4. yaha stotra sakala prANiyoM ke liye hitakArI hai| 5. isase bhakti tattva kI prasthApanA huii| ina tattvoM ke AdhAra ko jaba hama jaina sAhitya meM khojane kA prayatna karate haiM to AcArya jinasena kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa ho jAtA hai| ve karnATakavAsI prasiddha digambarAcArya rhe| mUlata: ve brAhmaNa kulotpanna veda-vedAGga ke gahana abhyAsI vidvAn the| jainadharma meM dIkSita hone ke bAda svabhAvata: unake cintana aura lekhana meM pUrva adhyayana aura saMskAra jAgRta rahe jo pariSkRta aura pariniSThita hokara jainadharma para prabhAvI hue| isI prabhAva ke kAraNa jainadharma kAphI sImA taka vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti se prabhAvita huaa| unakA saMskRta meM likhA AdipurANa isa sandarbha meM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| unhoMne isakI racanA navamIM zatI ke pUrvArddha meM rASTrakUTa kAla meM vATagrAma meM kii| yaha vATagrAma sambhavata: kAMcI honA cAhie, aisA vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai| AcArya jinasena ne apane AdipurANa meM tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ke caritra kA vistAra se paccIsa paryoM meM varNana kiyA hai| isameM RSabhadeva kA sArA itivRtta aura unake dvArA pravedita jainadharma kA jo prArUpa upalabdha hotA hai usake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vedoM meM upalabdha vAtarazanAH, digvAsaH, vAtavalkalA: Adi jaise zabda mUlataH

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48 tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva se sambaddha rahe haiN| isa sandarbha meM AdipurANa kA dvitIya parva ullekhanIya hai ime tapodhanA dIptatapaso vAtavalkalAH / bhavatpAdaprasAdena mokSamArgamupAsate / / 18 / / munayo vAtarazanAH padamUrdhvaM vidhitsvH| tvAM mUrdhavandino bhUtvA tadupAyamupAsate / / 64 / / isa prakAra ke zatAdhika zabda AdipurANa meM milate haiM jo ziva aura RSabhadeva ke lie samAna rUpa se prayukta hue haiN| isa dRSTi se mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva ke satrahaveM adhyAya meM Aye zivastotra tathA AdipurANa ke paccIsaveM parva meM Aye jinasahasranAma kA ullekha kiyA jAnA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| yaha jinasahasranAmastotra jinasena ne indra dvArA kI gayI stuti ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| jaisA hama jAnate haiM, vaidika sAhitya meM viSNusahasranAma, zivasahasranAma, gaNezasahasranAma, ambikAsahasranAma, gopAlasahasranAma Adi aneka sahasranAma upalabdha hote haiN| unameM kadAcit prAcInatama sahasranAma mahAbhArata meM varNita zivasahasranAma honA caahie| AcArya jinasena kA sahasranAma isI sahasranAma se prabhAvita dikhAI detA hai| antara yaha hai ki zivasahasranAma meM diye 1008 nAmoM ke sAtha koI vizeSa tarka nahIM hai| mAtra yahI hai ki ye nAma bhagavAn ziva ko adhika priya haiM (zloka 17-35), jabaki jinasena ne ina nAmoM ke pIche jo tarka diyA hai vaha adhika sabala aura yuktisaMgata hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki mahApuruSa ke lakSaNa 1008 mAne gaye haiM aura ye lakSaNa Apa paramAtmA meM dikhAI dete haiM isalie maiMne ye zabda cune haiM (AdipurANa kA 25vAM parva, zloka 98-99) / ... AdipurANa meM Aye ina 1008 nAmoM meM se maiM yahA~ bAnagI ke rUpa meM katipaya nAma prastuta haiN| udAharaNataH mRtyuJjaya, tripurAri, svayambhU, trinetra, ardhanArIzvara, ziva, zaGkara, sambhava, vRSabha, nAbheya, Izvara, ayoni, paramatattva, paramayogI, ajara, vizvabhU, vizvayoni, jinezvara, anIzvara, parameSThI, yogIzvara, yatIzvara, dayIzvara, prajApati, vRSAyudha, bhUtanAtha, sahasrAkSa, vizvasRTa, yogavid, yajJapati, prazamAtmA, mAtA, pitAmaha, mahAkAruNika, mahAbhUtapati, ariMjaya, zambhu, jagatpati, dharmacakrI, siddhArtha paramezvara, vRSapati, vRSadhvaja, hiraNyanAbhi, hiraNyagarbha, sthavira, gaNAdhipa, bhiSagvara, varada, jAtarUpa, mahezvara, mahAyoga, mahAmuni, mahAdeva, naikAtmA, munIzvara, purANapuruSa, kanakaprabha, digvAsA, vAtarazanA Adi aise nAma haiM jo hemacandrAcArya viracita "arhanAmasahasrasamuccaya', AzAdhara ke "jinasahasranAmastavana' aura bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti viracita "arhatrAma jinasahasranAma' meM samAna rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN|

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hemacandrAcArya kA "arhannAma sahasrasamuccaya" to aisA lagatA hai jaise jinasena ke jinasahasranAma kI kAphI aMzoM meM punarAvRtti ho| isI taraha mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva ke satrahaveM adhyAya meM Aye jinasahasranAma stotra meM se bhI kucha aise nAma prastuta kiye jA sakate haiM jo donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se prayukta hue haiN| udAharaNArtha svayambhuva, sahasrAkSa, Izvara, pitAmaha, pravara, sthira, varada, sarvAtmA, sarvakara, tapasvI, mahArUpa, vRSarUpa, mahAyazAH, mahAkAya, sarvabhUtAtmA, anagha, vizvarUpa, vizAlAkSA, mahAtapaH, ghoratapaH, paramatapaH, yogI, sarvajJa, digvAsA, mantravit, rudra, gaNapati, mahAteja, prajApati, vizvabAhu, sarvaga, Aditya, hiraNyagarbha, muni, siddhasAdhaka, mahAsena, hari, brahmA, pazupati, zuddhAtmA, zaMkara, mahAmuni, kanakaH, kAMcanachavi, mahAtmA, zuci, deva, adIti, suhada, mahAdevAH, ajitaH, ziva, vibhuH, mahAgarbhaH, purANa, devadeva:, siddhArtha, hiraNyabAhu, jitakAmA, jitendriya, mahAbalaH, taponidhi, paNDita, trilocana, sarvalocanA, mahAgarbha, brahmavit, brAhmaNa, naikAtmA, umApati, paramAtmA, acintya, nIraja, viraja, trivikrama, nirAmayaH, vizvadevA aadi| aisA lagatA hai, jinasena ke sAmane, mahAbhArata rahA hogaa| ve mUlarUpa se prArambha meM usI paramparA ke anuyAyI vidvAn the, isalie mahAbhArata se paricita honA bhI svAbhAvika hai| ullekhanIya yaha hai ki jinasena ne mahAbhArata aura samacI vaidika paramparA meM ziva ke lie prayukta aise nAmoM ko tIrthaGkara jina se jor3A hai jinakI vyAkhyA jaina saMskRti ke anukUla kI jA sakatI hai| kucha vyAkhyAyeM to itanI manorama hai ki jinasena kI pragalbha vidvattA kA paricaya milatA hai| udAharaNArtha, svayambhU kA artha dekhie jisameM unhoMne likhA hai ki he nAtha, Apa apane hI AtmA ke dvArA apanI AtmA ko utpanna kara prakaTa hue haiM, isalie Apa svayaMbhU kahalAte haiM (25.66) / aSTa karma rUpI zatruoM meM se Apa Adhe arthAt cAra ghAtiyA karma rUpI zatruoM ke Izvara nahIM haiM isalie Apa ardhanArIzvara kahalAte haiM (25.73) / Apa zivapada arthAt mokSa sthAna meM nivAsa karate haiM isalie ziva kahalAte haiN| pAparUpI zatruoM kA nAza karane vAle haiM isalie hara kahalAte haiM, loka meM zAnti karane vAle haiM, isalie 'zaMkara kahalAte haiN| jagat meM zreSTha haiM isalie 'vRSabha' kahalAte haiM (73-75 / samasta janasamUha ke rakSaka hone se Apa prajApati haiM (124) / jaba Apa garbha meM the tabhI pRthvI svarNamaya ho gayI thI aura AkAza se devoM ne bhI svarNa kI dRSTi kI thI isalie Apa hiraNyagarbha kahalAte haiN| isI taraha mahezvara, mahAdeva, digvAsA, vAtarazanA Adi zabdoM kI bhI vyAkhyA draSTavya hai| jaisA pahale spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai, jainAcArya samanvayavAda ke purodhA the unhoMne vaidika aura bauddha saMskRti se anukUla zabdoM ko grahaNa kiyA aura unakI vyAkhyA jaina saMskRti ke DhAMce meM kii| AcArya jinasena ne bhI uttarAdhyayana Adi kI zailI kA upayoga kiyA aura zivavAcaka zabdoM ko jaina tIrthaGkaroM ke sAtha baiThA diyaa| yaha pravRtti

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50 uttarakAlIna jaina sAhitya meM bhalIbhAMti dekhI jA sakatI hai| haribhadra, jaTAsiMhanandi, somadeva, hemacandra, AzAdhara Adi ne isI zailI kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai| jinasena ke pUrva bhI yaha ekAtmakatA draSTavya hai| AcArya vimalasUri ke paumacariyam (lagabhaga prathama zatI I0) meM RSabhadeva kI stuti ke prasaMga meM unheM svayambhU, caturmukha, pitAmaha, bhAnu, ziva, zaMkara, trilocana, mahAdeva, viSNu, hiraNyagarbha, mahezvara, Izvara, rudra aura svayaMsambuddha Adi nAmoM se smaraNa kiyA hai (11, 28, 49, 55) / isakA spaSTa tAtparya hai ki vaidika devatA se zivatattva kI eka lambI yAtrA huI hai aura rudra-ziva-RSabha eka hI paramparA se sambaddha eka hI vyaktitva ke pratIka haiN| rudra athavA ziva isa vyaktitva ke raudra-zakti sampanna rUpa kA pratinidhitva karate haiM aura RSabhadeva usake kalyANa rUpa ko liye hue dikhAI dete haiN| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ziva aura RSabhadeva eka hI vyaktitva ke do rUpa haiM jinheM kramaza: vaidika aura jaina saMskRti ne apane-apane DhaMga se apanAyA hai| samUce jaina sAhitya se yadi RSabhastutiyAM ekatrita kI jAyeM to nizcita hI yaha tathya aura bhI puSTa ho skegaa| isa prakAra 'ziva' tattva eka samanvaya kA dyotaka hai jisako samajhane kI Adhunika pariprekSya meM nitAnta AvazyakatA hai|

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kharataragaccha- laghuzAkhA kA itihAsa ziva prasAda kharataragaccha se samaya-samaya para udbhUta vibhinna zAkhAoM meM laghuzAkhA kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| AcArya jinezvarasUri ke ziSya AcArya jinasiMhasUri se yaha zAkhA astittva meM aayii| vikrama samvat kI caudahavIM zatAbdI meM jainadharma ke mahAn prabhAvaka aura dillI ke sultAna muhammada tugalaka ( I0 san 1325-1351) ke pratibodhaka AcArya jinaprabhasUri inhIM ke ziSya evaM paTTadhara the / kharataragaccha kI isa zAkhA meM jinadevasUri, jinamerusUri, jinahitasUri, jinasarvasUri, jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya', jinasamudrasUri, jinatilakasUri, jinarAjasUri, upA0 kalyANarAja, muni cAritravardhana, jinacandrasUri 'tRtIya' Adi kaI prabhAvaka aura vidvAn munijana ho cuke haiN| vikrama saMvat kI 17vIM - 18vIM zatI taka kharataragaccha kI isa zAkhA kA astittva rahA, bAda meM isake anuyAyI zrAvakagaNa AcArya jinaraMgasUri dvArA pravartita jinaraMgasUrizAkhA meM sammilita ho gye| kharataragaccha kI isa zAkhA ke itihAsa ke adhyayana ke liye sambaddha munijanoM dvArA racita kRtiyoM kI prazastiyoM tathA isI paramparA ke kisI ajJAta racanAkAra dvArA racita vRddhAcAryaprabandhAvalI' kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| jahAM taka abhilekhIya sAkSyoM kA prazna hai isa zAkhA se sambaddha pratimAlekha vi0 saM0 1447 se vi0saM0 1597 taka ke haiM, tathA unakI saMkhyA bhI svalpa hI hai, phira bhI isa zAkhA ke itihAsa adhyayana ke sandarbha meM unakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| sAmprata nibandha meM ukta sabhI sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para isa zAkhA ke itihAsa para prakAza DAlane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| kharataragaccha kI laghuzAkhA ke AdipuruSa AcArya jinasiMhasUri dvArA racita na to koI sAhityika kRti prApta hotI hai aura na hI kisI pratimAlekhAdi meM unakA nAma hI milatA hai, kintu unake ziSya evaM paTTadhara AcArya jinaprabhasUri apane samaya ke udbhaTa vidvAn the| unake dvArA aneka kRtiyA~ milatI haiM jinameM unhoMne apane guru jinasiMhasUri kA sAdara ullekha kiyA hai| apanI vidvattA evaM cAritra se inhoMne dillI ke tatkAlIna sulatAna muhammada tugalaka ko prabhAvita kara usase jaina tIrthoM kI rakSA kA pharamAna bhI jArI kraayaa| inhoMne jaina Agama, jaina sAhitya, nyAya, darzana, vyAkaraNa, kAvya, pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI. *.

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52 alaGkAra, chandazAstra Adi vibhinna viSayoM para aneka kRtiyoM kI racanA kI hai| inake dvArA racita kalpapradIpa aparanAma vividhatIrthakalpa aura vidhimArgaprapA jaina sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki inhoMne 700 se Upara stotroM kI racanA kI, tathApi Aja 100 ke lagabhaga hI prApta hote haiN| ___ AcArya jinaprabhasUri ke ziSya evaM paTTadhara jinadevasUri hue| inake dvArA racita kAlakAcAryakathA, zilocchanAmamAlA Adi kRtiyA~ prApta hotI haiN| jinadevasari ke ziSya jinamerusUri hue jinake dvArA racita na to koI kRti prApta hotI hai aura na hI inhoMne kisI pratimA Adi kI pratiSThA kii| kharataragaccha se sambaddha vi0 saM0 1447 meM pratiSThApita pArzvanAtha kI dhAtu kI eka pratimA para utkIrNa lekha meM jinamerusUri ke ziSya jinahitasUri kA pratimA pratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM ullekha milatA hai| AcArya buddhisAgarasUri ne isa lekha kI vAcanA dI hai, jo isa prakAra hai : saMvat 1447 phAlguna sudi 8 some zrImAlavaMze Dhoragotre Tha0 ratanapu0 naradevabhAryAvA0 nAnhIpu0 Tha0 dhiriyArAmakarmasIhaTIlAdibhi; zrIpArzvanAthasahitA paMcatIrthI kA0pra0 kharataragacche zrIjinamerusUripaTTe shriijinhitsuuribhiH|| pArzvanAtha kI pratimA para utkIrNa lekha, AdinAtha jinAlaya, mAMDavIpola, khaMbhAta yadyapi isa lekha meM kahIM bhI kharataragaccha kI laghuzAkhA kA ullekha nahIM hai, phira bhI samasAmayikatA, nAmasAmya, gacchasAmya Adi ko dekhate hue isa lekha meM pratimApratiSThApaka jinahitasUri ke guru ke rUpa meM ullikhita jinamerusUri evaM AcArya jinaprabhasUri ke praziSya aura jinadevasUri ke ziSya jinamerusUri eka hI vyakti mAne jA sakate haiN| jinasiMhasUri (laghuzAkhA ke pravartaka) jinaprabhasUri jinadevasUri jinamerusUri jinahitasUri (vi0saM0 1447/I0sa0 1381 meM pArzvanAtha kI pratimA ke pratiSThApaka) jinahitasUri dvArA racita vIrastava aura tIrthamAlAstava nAmaka kRtiyAM prApta hotI haiN|

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jinahitasUri ke eka ziSya kalyANarAja hue jinake ziSya cAritravardhana dvArA racita kaI kRtiyAM milatI haiN| inakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai| 1. raghuvaMza-ziSyahitaiSiNIvRtti 2. kumArasaMbhava-ziSyahitaiSiNIvRtti (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1492) 3. zizupAlavadha-vRtti 4. naiSadhavRtti (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1511) 5. meghadUtavRtti 6. rAghavapANDavIyavRtti 7. sindUraprakaravRtti (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1515) 8. bhAvArivAraNastotravRtti 9. kalyANamaMdirastotravRtti raghuvaMzaziSyahitaiSiNIvRtti kI prazasti' meM inhoMne apanI guru-paramparA kA vistRta vivaraNa diyA hai, jo isa prakAra hai : jinavallabhasUri jinadattasUri jinacandrasUri jinapatisUri jinezvarasUri jinaprabodhasUri jinasiMhasUri (kharataragaccha mukhyazAkhA) (laghuzAkhA ke pravartaka) jinaprabhasUri jinadevasUri jinamerusUri jinacandrasUri

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54 jinahitasUri jinasarvasUri upA0 kalyANarAja jinacandrasUri cAritravardhana (raghuvaMzaziSyahitaiSiNIvRtti ke racanAkAra) jinasamudrasUri jinatilakasUri jinarAjasUri muni puNyavijaya ke saMgraha meM vi0saM0 1596/I0sa0 1540 meM likhita prajJApanATIkA kI eka prati saMrakSita hai| 10 isa pratilipi kI prazasti 1 meM lipikAra vAcaka sahajakalaza ne svayaM ko jinaprabhasUri kI paramparA kA batalAte hue apanI guru-paramparA dI hai, jo isaprakAra hai : jinaprabhasUri kI paramparA ke jinahitasUri / upA0 AnandarAja abhayacandragaNi maho0harikalaza vAcaka sahajakalaza (vi.saM. 1596 meM prajJApanATIkA ke pratilipikAra) AbU sthita vimalavasahI se prApta vi0saM0 1597/I0sa0 1541 ke eka stambhalekharara meM bhI isI prakAra kI gurvAvalI milatI hai, sAtha hI isameM muni sahajaratna evaM unake tIna ziSyoM- bhaktilAbha, matilAbha aura bhAvalAbha kA zrImAlagotrIya eka zrAvakaparivAra ke sAtha yahAM tIrthayAtrArtha Ane kA ullekha hai| muni jayanta vijayajI ne isa lekha kI vAcanA dI hai, jo isa prakAra hai : ||sN0 (0) 1597 varSe phAgu (lgu) Na sudi 5 zrIkharataragacche bha0 zrIjinaprabhasUriyanvae (ryanvaye) u0 zrIAnandarAja si0 (zi0) upA0 zrIabhayacanda

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55 si9 (zi0) u0 zrIharikalaza si (zi)Sya vA0 zrIsahajakalazagaNi si0 (zi0) bhaktilAbha mtilaabh| bhAvalAbha parivArasahitena yAtrAkRtA AdinAthasya su(zu) bhaM bhvtu|| zrImAla nyAtI vinAliyAgotre cau0 yodhA putra jagarAja sahitena yAtrA kRtA: (taa)|| prajJApanATIkA kI prazastigatagurvAvalI tathA AbU ke ukta stambhalekha meM ullikhita AnandarAja ke ziSya abhayacandra kA gaNadattakathA aura ratnakaraNDa Adi kRtiyoM ke racanAkAra ke rUpa meM bhI ullekha milatA hai| 12 jaisA ki hama dekha cuke haiM cAritravardhana dvArA dI gayI raghuvaMzaziSyahitaiSiNIvRtti kI prazastigata gurvAvalI meM jinahitasUri ke paTTadhara ke rUpa meM jinasarvasUri kA nAma milatA hai| inake dvArA racita na to koI kRti milatI hai aura na hI kisI pratimA ke pratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM inakA ullekha milatA hai| yahI bAta inake ziSya evaM paTTadhara jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya' ke bAre meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya' ke paTTadhara jinasamudrasUri hue, jinake dvArA racita raghuvaMzaTIkA, kumArasambhavaTIkA Adi kRtiyAM prApta hotI haiN| 13 inake bAre meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotii| jaisA ki cAritravardhana dvArA dI gayI prazastigata gurvAvalI meM hama dekha cuke haiM jinasamudrasUri ke paTTadhara ke rUpa meM jinatilakasUri kA nAma milatA hai| vi0 saM0 1508 se 1528 ke madhya pratiSThApita kharataragaccha se sambaddha kucha salekha jinapratimAyeM prApta huI haiN| jina para pratimApratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM jinatilakasUri kA nAma milatA hai| yadyapi ina lekhoM meM na to inake guru kA nAma milatA hai aura na hI laghUzAkhA se sambaddha hone kA hI ullekha hai phira bhI ukta pratimAoM ke pratiSThApaka jinatilakasUri ko samasAmayikatA aura nAmasAmya ke AdhAra para jinasamudrasUri ke paTTadhara jinatilakasUri se abhinna mAnane meM koI bAdhA dikhAI nahIM detii| vi0saM0 1508/I0sa0 1452 meM inhoMne dazapura meM sindUraprakaravRtti kI racanA kii| isakI prazasti meM inhoMne svayaM ko jinaprabhasUri kI paramparA meM hue jinacandrasUri kA praziSya evaM jinasamudrasUri kA ziSya batalAyA hai : jinaprabhasUri jinacandrasUti jinasamudra

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56 jinatilakasUri (vi0saM0 1508/I0sa0 1452 meM sindUraprakaravRtti ke racanAkAra) vAgbhaTTAlaMkAraTIkA kI vi0saM0 1486 meM pratilipi kI gayI eka prati meM TIkAkAra rAjahaMsa kA ullekha karate hue unheM kharataragacchIya jinatilakasUri ziSya batalAyA gayA hai / 16 vi0saM0 1505/I0sa0 1449 meM jIvaprabodhaprakaraNabhASA ke racanAkAra vidyAkIrti bhI jinatilakasUri ke hI ziSya the| 17 jinatilakasUri ke paTTadhara jinarAjasUri hue| inake dvArA vi0 saM0 1562 meM pratiSThApita pArzvanAtha kI eka pratimA prApta huI hai / vartamAna meM yaha pratimA rAmaghATa, vArANasI sthita eka jinAlaya meM saMrakSita hai| zrI pUranacanda nAhara ne isa lekha kI vAcanA dI hai, jo isa prakAra hai : saM0 1562 varSe vaizAkha su010 ravau zrIpAla mauvIyA gotre sA0 parasaMtAne sA0 paharAja putra sA0 IsareNa bhA0 * tilakU pu0 tripura dAsa yutena pArzvanAthabiMbaM svapuNyArthaM kaaritN| pra0 zrI kharataragacche zrIjinatilakasUri pa0 zrI jinarAjasUri paTTe zrIbhiH / / isa lekha meM jinarAjasUri ke guru jinatilakasUri kA bhI nAma milatA hai| isa prakAra jinatilakasUri ke tIna ziSyoM jinarAjasUri, rAjahaMsa aura vidyAkIrti kA ullekha prApta hotA hai aura jaisA ki Upara hama dekha cuke haiM jinarAjasUri apane guru ke paTTadhara bane / jinarAjasUri ke ziSya jinacandrasUri hue, jinake dvArA pratiSThApita do jinapratimAyeM prApta huI haiN| ye vi0saM0 1566 kI haiN| inameM se eka lekha dharmanAtha paMcatIrthI pratimA para utkIrNa hai| yaha pratimA koTA (rAjasthAna) sthita mANikasAgarajI ke mandira meM saMrakSita hai| zrI vinaya sAgarajI ne isakI vAcanA nimnAnusAra dI hai : 19 saMvat 1566 varSe jyeSTha zukla paMcamyAM / zrImAlAnvaye mahatAgotre sA0 hAhA - tasya bhAryA hIrA tayoH putra / sakatana sAdhveti / tasya bhAryA / tenedaM dharmanAthabiMbaM kArApitaM zrIkharataragacche zrIjinarAjasUripaTTe zrIjinacandrasUribhiH prtisstthitN| dvitIya lekha pArzvanAtha kI dhAtupratimA para utkIrNa hai / zrIpUranacandra nAhara ne isakI vAcanA dI hai, 20 jo isa prakAra hai : saM0 1566 varSe jyeSTha zukla navamyAM zrImAlavaMze mahatA gotre sA0 hAlhA tasya putra sA0 takatanenedaM pArzvanAtha biMbaM kAritaM kharataragacche zrIjinadatta (?) sUri anukrame zrIjinarAjasUripaTTe zrIjinacandrasUribhiH pratiSThitaM / / vi0saM0 1497 ke eka pratimAlekha meM jinarAjasUri ke ziSya jinacandrasUri

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57 kA pratimApratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM ullekha milatA hai| zrI pUranacanda nAhara ne isa lekha kI vAcanA dI hai, 21 jo isa prakAra hai : saM0 1497 varSe phAlguna sudi 5 gurau zrI UkezavaMze zaMkhavAlagotre sA0 AsarAja bhAryA pArasa putra khetApAtAdiyutaiH zrI biMbaM kAritaM pratiSThitaM zrIkharataragacche zrIjinarAjasUripaTTe zrIjinacaMdra (?) sUribhiH / / supArzvanAtha jinAlaya, jaisalamera meM saMrakSita eka paMcatIrthI pratimA para utkIrNa lekha cUMki kharataragaccha kI laghuzAkhA ko chor3akara jinarAjasUri aura jinacandrasUri ke bIca guru-ziSya kA sambandha kharataragaccha kI paramparA meM anyatra kahIM nahIM milatA ataH yadi hama ukta lekha ko sampAdaka kI bhUla mAnate hue vi0saM0 1497 ke sthAna para vi0saM0 1597 kA mAna leM, to sArI visaMgatiyoM kA svataH hI nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| vi0saM0 1595 ke eka pratimAlekha meM pratimApratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM ullikhita kharataragacchIya jinazIlasUri ke guru kA nAma jinacandrasUri batalAyA gayA hai / 22 jaisA ki Upara hama dekha cuke haiM vi0saM0 1566 ke do pratimAlekhoM meM pratimApratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM ullikhita jinarAjasUri ke ziSya jinacandrasUri kharataragaccha kI laghuzAkhA se sambaddha siddha ho cuke haiM, ataH isa lekha meM ullikhita jinazIlasUri ke guru jinacandrasUri samasAmayikatA aura nAmasAmya ke AdhAra para jinarAjasUri ke ziSya jinacandrasUri se abhinna mAne jA sakate haiM jinatilakasUri (vi0saM0 1508-28) pratimAlekha | jinarAjasUri (vi0 saM0 1562) pratimAlekha | jinacandrasUri (vi0saM0 1566 - 1597) pratimAlekha | jinazIlasUri (vi0 saM0 1595 ) pratimAlekha uttamakumAracaupAI 23 ke racanAkAra mahIcanda bhI kharataragaccha kI isI zAkhA se sambaddha the| apanI kRti kI prazasti meM unhoMne jinaprabhasUri kI paramparA meM hue jinarAjasUri kA praziSya evaM kamalacandrasUri kA ziSya batalAyA hai / 24 grantha kI prazasti ke anusAra yaha kRti javaNapura (vartamAna jaunapura) meM bAbara ke putra humAyU~ ke zAsanakAla meM vi0 saM0 1599 / I0 san 1535 meM racI gayI / 25 ise tAlikA dvArA nimna prakAra se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai

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58 jinaprabhasUri jinarAjasUri kamalacandrasUri mahIcandra (vi0saM0 1591/I0sa0 1535 meM javaNapura meM uttamakumAracaupAI ke kartA) ukta sabhI sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para kharataragaccha kI laghuzAkhA ke vibhinna munijanoM kI guru-ziSya paramparA kI eka tAlikA kA punargaThana kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo isa prakAra hai

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tAlikA saMkhyA-1 kharataragaccha-laghuzAkhA ke munijanoM kA vaMzavRkSa jinavallabhasUri jinadattasUri maNidhArI jinacandrasUri jinapatisUri jinezvarasUri jinaprabodhasUri jinasiMhasUri (kharataragaccha kI laghuzAkhA ke AdipuruSa) jinaprabhasUri (muhammada tugalaka pratibodhaka: kalpapradIpa, vidhimArgaprapA Adi vibhinna kRtiyoM ke racanAkAra) jinadevasUri (kAlakAcAryakathA ke racanAkAra) jinamerusUri jinacandrasUri jinahitasUri (vIrastava ke racanAkAra; pratimAlekha vi0saM0 1447) jinasarvasUri AnandarAja jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya abhayacandra (guNadattakathA tathA ratnakaraNDa cAritravardhana (vi.saM.1505 meM sindUraprakara Adi ke kartA) TIkA tathA raghuvaMzakAvya para jinasamudrasUri (kumArasambhavaTIkA, raghuvaMzaTIkA harikalaza ziSyahitaiSiNI TIkA ke kartA) Adi ke kartA) jinatilakasUri (vi.saM.1508-1528 ke madhya pratimAlekhaH vA.sahajakalaza (vi0saM01596 meM prajJApanATIkA ke pratilipikAra) vi.saM.1508 meM sindUraprakaravRtti ke kartA) kalyANarAja

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jinarAjasUri (vi.saM. 1562 pratimAlekha) T. rAjahasa (inake dvArA racita vAgbhaTAlaMkAraTIkA kI vi.saM. 1486 kI prati milatI hai) kamalacandra mahIcandra (vi.saM. 1591 meM humAyUM ke zAsanakAla meM javaNapura meM uttamakumAracaupAI ke racanAkAra) vidyAkIrti bhaktilAbha matilAbha bhAvalAbha (vi.saM. 1505 meM jIvaprabodhabhASA- (vi0saM0 1597 ke stambhalekha meM ullikhita ) prakaraNa ke racanAkAra) (vi0saM0 1566-1597) pratimAlekha jinacandrasUri jinazIlasUri (vi0saM0 1595 ) pratimAlekha 60

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61 vi0saM0 1572 meM jinavacanaralakoza ke racanAkAra rAjahaMsa, 26 harSatilaka ke ziSya rAjahaMsa,27 sAgaratilakasUri ke ziSya evaM pArzvanAthaphAga tathA sItAsatIcaupAI (vi0saM0 1611) Adi ke kartA samayadhvaja,28 bhuvanabhAnukevalIcarita (vi0 saM0 17vIM zatI) ke kartA lakSmIlAbha, 29 mRgAMkalekhAcaupAI (vi0saM0 1663) ke kartA bhAnucandra,30 vi0saM0 1723 meM dazavaikAlikastavakaTIkA ke racanAkAra cAritracandra31 Adi bhI kharataragaccha kI isI zAkhA se hI sambaddha the| kharataragaccha kI laghuzAkhA kI pUrvokta tAlikA ke munijanoM se ina racanAkAroM kA kyA sambandha rahA, yaha jJAta nahIM hotaa| vartamAna meM isa zAkhA kA astittva nahIM hai| sandarbha 1. muni jinavijaya, saMpA0 kharataragacchabRhadgurvAvalI, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, granthAMka 42, bambaI 1959 I0, pR0 88-96. 2. mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara, zAsanaprabhAvakaAcAryajinaprabha aura unakA sAhitya, abhaya jaina granthamAlA, puSpa 30, jayapura 1975 I0, pRSTha 90 aura aage| muni jinavijaya, sampA0 vividhatIrthakalpa, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, granthAMka 6, zAntiniketana, 1933 I0 vinayasAgara, pUrvokta, pRSTha 98 aura Age. gulAbacandra caudharI, jainasAhitya kA bRhaditihAsa, bhAga 6, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama granthamAlA, granthAMka 20, vArANasI 1973 I0, pRSTha 211. buddhisAgarasUri, sampA0, jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, adhyAtma jJAna prasAra maNDala, pAdarA 1924 I0, lekhAMka 617. 7. vinayasAgara, pUrvokta, pRSTha 78-79. 8. vahI, pRSTha 83-84. 9. vahI, pRSTha 82. 10. A.P. Shah, Ed. Catalogue of Sanskrit and Prakrit Mss, Part IV, L.D. Series No. 20, Ahmedabad 1968 A.D., p. 5, No. 55. 11. muni jayantavijaya, sampA0 arbudaprAcInajainalekhasandoha, vijayadharmasUri granthamAlA, granthAMka 40, ujjaina vi0saM0 1994, lekhAMka 200. 12. agaracanda nAhaTA, bha~varalAla nAhaTA, sampA0 maNidhArIjinacandrasUriaSTama zatAbdIsmRtigrantha, maNidhArI jinacandrasUri aSTama zatAbdI samAroha samiti, 53, rAmanagara, dillI 1971 I0, bhAga 2, "kharataragacchIyasAhityasUcI", pRSTha 16. 3

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13. vinayasAgara, pUrvokta, pRSTha 78-79, kharataragacchIyasAhityasUcI, pRSTha 22. 14. pUranacanda nAhara, sampA0, jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, kalakattA 1927 I0, lekhAMka 1158 evaM 1257. vinayasAgara, sampA0, pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, koTA 1953 I0, lekhAMka 445, 465, 575. 15. A.P.Shah, Ed. Catalogue of Sanskrit & Prakrit Mss : Muni Shree Punya Vijayajis collection, Part II, L.D. Series No. 6, Ahmadabad, 1965, p. 334. 16. HD. Velankara, Jinaratnakosha, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1944 A.D., p. 347. 17. kharataragacchIyasAhityasUcI, pRSTha 15. 18. pUranacanda nAhara, sampA0, jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 414. 19. vinayasAgara, sampA0, pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 926. 20. nAhara, pUrvokta, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 290. 21. vahI, bhAga 3, lekhAMka 2181. 22. buddhisAgarasUri, pUrvokta, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 790. 23. mohanalAla dalIcanda desAI, jainagUrjarakavio, bhAga 1, navIna saMskaraNa, ahamadAbAda 1986 I0, pRSTha 315-16, kramAMka 233. 24. kharataragacchaha jinasiMghasUri, sakala kalA vidyA bhrpuur| tasu paTTihi jiNapaha jagi jANa, jiNi bohyau mahamada sulitaann|| jinarAjasUri tasu anukrami huvau, nirmala nyAna basai jasu hiyu| kamalacaMda tasu paTTi gaNIsa, mahicaMda tihanau jANi susiis|| vahI, prazasti, pRSTha 316. / 25. javaNApura chai durga apAra, tehanA guNa kiMma kahauM vicaar| bAbara pAtisAhanai pUta, hammAu sulitANa jgtti|| - vahI, prazasti, pRSTha 316. 26. kharataragacchIyasAhityasUcI, pRSTha 15. 27. vahI, pRSTha 32. 28. vahI, pRSTha 51,58. 29. vahI, pRSTha 29. 30. vahI, pRSTha 54. 31. vahI, pRSTha 5.

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi 'pAvA' kI pahacAna oma prakAza lAla zrIvAstava caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra kA pAvA meM nirvANa huA thaa| mallagaNa kI eka zAkhA kI rAjadhAnI pAvA thI aura dUsarI kI kushiinaaraa| purAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para kuzInArA kI pahacAna vartamAna kuzInagara se kI jA cukI hai, lekina pAvA kI pahacAna ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| pAvA kI pahacAna ke sandarbha meM pAvApurI (nAlaMdA-bihAra), paDaraunA evaM kuzInagara janapada meM sthita papaura, saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara tathA usamAnapura kI vibhinna vidvAnoM dvArA carcA kI gayI hai| jahA~ taka pAvA ke rUpa meM ina sthaloM kI pahacAna kI bAta hai, pAvApurI, paDaraunA aura papaura ke bAre meM vistRta vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai| ata: puna: unakA ullekha Avazyaka nahIM hai| ullekhanIya hai ki ina sthaloM se koI purAtAtvika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM huA hai, jisake AdhAra para inameM se kisI ko pAvA svIkAra kiyA jA ske| - saThiyAMva ke pArzva meM phAjilanagara ke utkhanana meM guptakAlIna brAhmI lipi meM 'zreSThiyAmAgrahArasya'2 lekhayukta eka mRNmudrA prApta huI hai jisase spaSTa ho cukA hai ki vartamAna kAla kA saThiyA~va guptakAla meM zreSThigrAma thA aura phAjilanagara usakA agrhaar| isa sandarbha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki jaina granthoM meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke caturmAsoM kI sUcI prastuta karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki unhoMne rAjagRha meM 11, vaizAlI meM 7, vANijya grAma meM 5, mithilA meM 4, nAlandA meM 2 tathA pAvA meM 1 cAturmAsa vyatIta kiyA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki vANijya-grAma aura pAvA do alaga-alaga sthala the| ullekhanIya hai ki I0pU0 chaThavIM zatAbdI kA yaha vANijya grAma guptakAla kA zreSThigrAma thA jo vartamAna meM saThiyA~va hai| ata: saThiyA~va aura phAjilanagara kI pahacAna pAvA ke rUpa meM nahIM kI jA sktii| usamAnapura phAjilanagara se lagabhaga 5-6 ki0mI0 dakSiNa hai| yahA~ kA prAcIna TIlA lagabhaga 2-3 ki0mI0 kI paridhi meM vistRta hai| prAcIna mRdabhANDoM ke sAtha

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64 yahA~ kI aneka kalAkRtiyA~ usamAnapura ke DaoN0 zyAma sundara siMha ke saMgraha meM haiM, jinameM eka mRNmudrA para mauryakAlIna brAhmI lipi meM ' pa ( 1 ) vAnArA' lekha aMkita hai| isa mRNmudrA se bhagavAn kI kaivalyabhUmi ko pahacAna meM sahAyatA prApta hotI hai, kyoMki yaha eka mahattvapUrNa purAtAtvika sAkSya hai| 4 usamAnapura ke prAcIna TIle ko 'vIrabhArI' kahate haiM / 'vIrabhArI' kA sIdhA sambandha 'mahAvIra' se hai / 'mahAvIra' aura 'vIrabhArI' meM zabda - sAmya bhI hai| 'vIrabhArI' meM mahAvIra aura 'vIra' zabda jyoM kA tyoM surakSita hai aura 'mahA' ke lie 'bhArI' zabda pUrva ke sthAna para 'vIra' ke bAda meM prayukta ho gayA hai| ataH 'mahAvIra' aura 'vIrabhArI' meM yaha sambandha tathA vIrabhArI se 'pAvAnArA' lekhayukta mRNmudrA kA milanA spaSTa rUpa se saMketa karatA hai ki kuzInagara kA 'vIrabhArI' hI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi 'pAvA' hai| sumaMgalavilAsinI' kI TIkA meM 'pAvA' se kuzInArA kI dUrI 3 gavyUta (pAvAnagarato tINi gAvutAni kusinArA nagaram ) arthAt 12 mIla batAyI gayI hai / ataH kuzInagara se pAvA kI dUrI 12 mIla yA lagabhaga 18 ki0mI0 honI caahie| ullekhanIya kuzInagara se vIrabhArI dakSiNa-pUrva meM lagabhaga 18 ki0mI0 dUra hai| mahAtmA buddha ne vaizAlI se kuzInagara Ane ke pUrva pAvA meM bhojana grahaNa kiyA thA arthAt pAvA kuzInagara se dakSiNa-pUrva meM vaizAlI ke mArga meM sthita thaa| isa prakAra sumaMgalavilAsinI kI TIkA meM dI gayI dUrI aura dizA kI dRSTi se bhI vIrabhArI kI pahacAna pAvA ke rUpa meM sunizcita hotI hai| ullekhanIya hai ki pUrva meM bhI mRNmudrAoM para aMkita lekha se unake prApti sthala kI pahacAna kI jA cukI hai, jaise- 'zreSThigrAmAgrahArasya' se saThiyA~va aura phAjilanagara kI, 'mahAparinirvANa bhikSu saMgha' aura 'zrImahAparinirvANa mahAvihArIyArya bhikSu saMghasya'" Adi se kuzInagara kI, 'zrI nAlaMdA mahAvihAre cAturdizAryabhikSu saMghasya'' se nAlandA kI, 'kauzAmbyAM ghoSitArAma mahAvihAre bhikSu saMghasya" se kauzAmbI kI tathA 'OM devaputra vihAre kapilavastusa bhikSu saMghasya evaM mahAkapilavastu bhikhu saMghasya' 10 Adi se kapilavastu kii| ataH 'pAvAnArA' lekhayukta mRNmudrA se 'pAvA' ke rUpa meM 'vIrabhArI' kI pahacAna meM bhI Apatti nahIM honI cAhie, kyoMki yaha eka mahattvapUrNa abhilekhIya sAkSya hai| isa sandarbha meM yaha bhI vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai ki saThiyA~va, kuzInagara, nAlandA, kauzAmbI aura kapilavastu kI mRNmudrAyeM adhikAMzataH guptakAla aura kuSANakAla kI haiM lekina vIrabhArI kI mRNmudrA jisa para 'pAvAnArA' lekha hai, inase bahuta pUrva kI - maurya kAla kI hai| isa prakAra ina sabhI dRSTiyoM se yaha tathya sampuSTa hotA hai ki uttara pradeza meM kuzInagara janapada kA vIrabhArI hI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA hai|

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m sandarbha bhagavatI prasAda khetAna, mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA - eka vimrsh| 2. prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga, gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya ke saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| neminAtha zAstrI, tIrthaMkara neminAtha aura unakI dezanA, pRSTha 160 / 4. oma prakAza lAla zrIvAstava, devariyA evaM paDaraunA jile kI mRNmudrAyeM, 7 janavarI 1996 ko kuzInagara meM paThita zodhapatra / sumaMgalavilAsinI, bhAga 2, pRSTha 573 / 6. gavyUtistu kroza yugalam - amrkosh| 7. rAmakumAra dIkSita, kuzInagara, pRSTha 29 / ke0ke0 thApaliyAla : sTaDIja ina ensienTa iNDiyana sIlsa, pRSTha 214 / 9. vahI, pRSTha 209 / 10. ke0ema0 zrIvAstava : DiskavarI oNpha kapilavastu, pRSTha 83-86 / 8. pAvA-vIrabhArI uttara paDaraunA pazcima----- pUrva dakSiNa phAjilanagara gorakhapura -- -- kuzInagara saThiyAMva-- tamakuhI vIrabhArI --vaizAlI mudrA mudrA-chApa 71 0J-tor

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AdipurANa meM bimba aura saundarya vidyAvAcaspati DaoN0 zrIraMjana sUrideva mahAkavi AcArya jinasena dvitIya ( I0 san kI AThavIM - navIM zatI) dvArA praNIta Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva svAmI ke mahimAzAlI jIvana kI mahAgAthA se sandarbhita mahAkAvya AdipurANa kA bimba-vidhAna aura saundarya cetanA kI dRSTi se adhyayana atizaya mahattvapUrNa hai| mahAkavi jinasena kI yaha kAlottIrNa paurANika kAvyakRti bimba aura saundarya jaise bhASika aura sAhityika kalA ke carama vikAsa ke uttamottama nidarzanoM kA prazasya pratIka hai| bimba - vastutaH bimba-vidhAna kalpanA tathA vAgvaidagdhya kA kAvyAtmaka viniyojana hai| vAkprayoga kI kuzalatA yA dakSatA hI vAgvaidagdhya hai| jisa kAvya meM vAgvaidagdhya kA jitanA adhika viniyoga rahatA hai, vaha utanA hI adhika bhAva-pravaNa kAvya hotA hai aura bhAvapravaNatA kalpanA kI udAttatA para nirbhara hotI hai| bhAvapravaNatA se utpanna kalpanA jaba mUrta rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai, taba bimboM kI sRSTi hotI hai| isaprakAra bimba kalpanA kA anugAmI hotA hai| bimba-vidhAna kalAkAra yA kAvyakAra kI amUrta sahajAnubhUti ko indriyagrAhyatA pradAna karatA hai| isa prakAra bimba ko kalpanA kA punarutpAdana ('rI-proDakzana') kahanA yuktiyukta hogaa| kalpanA se yadi sAmAnya aura amUrta yA vaicArika citroM kI upalabdhi hotI hai, to bimba se vizeSa aura mUrta yA vAstavika citroM kii| AdipurANa meM aneka aise kalAtmaka citra haiM, jo apanI kAvyagata vizeSatA se manorama bimboM kI udbhAvanA karate haiN| isa mahanIya mahAkAvya meM kAlpanika aura vAstavika donoM prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM bimboM kA nirmANa huA hai| isa krama meM mahAkavi jinasena ne bimba - nirmANa ke kaI prakAroM kA Azraya liyA hai| jaise-- kucha bimba to dRzya ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para nirmita haiM aura kucha saMvedana yA tIvra anubhUti kI pratikRti yA samAnatA para nirmita hue haiN| isI prakAra katipaya bimba kisI mAnasika avadhAraNA yA vicAraNA se nirmita hue haiM, to kucha bimboM kA nirmANa kisI vizeSa artha ko dyotita karane vAlI ghaTanAoM se huA hai| puna: kucha bimba upamAna yA aprastuta se, to kucha prastuta aura pakSoM para lAgU hone vAle zleSa se nirmita hue haiN| aprastuta donoM *. pI0ena0 sinhA kAlonI, bhikhanA pahAr3I, paTanA 812001.

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kalpanA kI indriya grAhyatA kI bhA~ti hI bimba bhI vibhinna jJAnendriyoM, jaise cakSu, ghrANa, zravaNa, sparza aura AsvAda Adi se nirmita hote haiN| yugacetA mahAkavi jinasena dvArA prastuta bimboM ke adhyayana se unakI prakRti ke sAtha yuga kI vicAradhArA kA bhI patA calatA hai| kula milAkara, bimba eka prakAra kA rUpa-vidhAna hai aura rUpa kA aindriya AkarSaNa hI kisI kavi yA kalAkAra ko bimba-vidhAna kI ora prerita karatA hai| rUpa-vidhAna hone ke kAraNa hI adhikAMza bimba dRzya athavA cAkSuSa hote haiN| mahAkavi jinasena dvArA AdipurANa ke caturtha parva meM varNita jambUdvIpa ke gandhila deza kA bimba-vidhAna draSTavya hai : yatrArAmAH sadA ramyA starubhiH phalazAlibhiH / pathikAnAhvayantIva parapuSTakalasvanaiH / / ...... yatra zAlivanopAnte khAt patantIM shukaavliim| zAligopyo'numanyante dadhatIM tornnshriym|| mandagandhavahAdhUtAH zAlivaprAH phlaantaaH| kRtasaMrAviNo yatra chotkurvantIva pkssinnH|| yatra puNDrekSuvATeSu yantracItkArahAriSu / pibanti pathikAH svairaM rasaM sursmaikssvm|| (zloka saMkhyA 59, 61-63) arthAt jisa deza ke udyAna phalazAlI vRkSoM se sadA ramaNIya bane rahate haiM tathA unameM kUkatI kokilAe~ apane madhura svaroM se pathikoM kA AhvAna karatI-sI lagatI haiN|...... jisa deza meM phasala kI rakhavAlI karane vAlI striyA~ dhAna ke khetoM meM AkAza se utarane vAle totoM ke jhuNDa ko hare raMga ke maNiyoM kA toraNa samajhatI haiN| khetoM meM pake phaloM ke bojha se jhukI dhAna kI bAliyA~ jaba manda-manda havA se jhalajhalAtI huI hilatI haiM, taba ve aisI lagatI haiM, jaise pakI phasala khAne ko Aye pakSiyoM ko ur3Akara bhagA rahI haiN| aura, jisa deza meM rasa perane vAle kolhU kI cUM-dhUM AvAja se mukharita Ikha ke khetoM meM jAkara pathika mIThe ikSurasa kA pAna karate haiN| prastuta sandarbha meM gandhila deza ke kaI bhAvacitroM kA viniyoga huA hai| prathama citra meM phalazAlI vRkSoM dvArA kokiloM kI kUka ke mAdhyama se pathikoM ko AvAja dekara bulAne ke bhAva kA aMkana huA hai| isameM manorama gatvara yA gatizIla cAkSuSa bimba ke sAtha hI kokila kI kUka jaise zravaNa bimba meM dRzya ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para rUpa-vidhAna

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68 to haA hI hai, upamAna yA prastuta ke dvArA bhI vAnaspatya bimba kA hRdayAvarjanakArI nirmANa huA hai| isameM vAstavika aura kAlpanika donoM prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM se nirmita saundaryabodhaka bimba sAtizaya kalA-rucira hai| yathA prastuta dvitIya citra meM totoM ke jhuNDa kA sAdRzya hare raMga kI maNiyoM ke toraNa se upasthita kiyA gayA hai, jisameM mUrta yA prastuta ke amUrtIkaraNa yA aprastutIkaraNa ke mAdhyama se manorama cAkSuSa bimba kA vidhAna huA hai aura phira, tRtIya citra meM manda-manda havA se hilatI-bajatI dhAna kI bAliyoM meM dhvani-kalpanA se prasUta cAmatkArima zrAvaNa bimba ke sAtha hI phasala cugane vAle pakSiyoM ko ur3Ane jaise gatizIla cAkSuSa bimba kA udbhAvana kiyA gayA hai| puna: caturtha citra meM pathikoM dvArA madhura ikSurasa pIne ke varNana ke mAdhyama se AhlAdaka AsvAdamUlaka bimba kI nirmiti kI gaI hai| isI krama meM AdipurANa mahAkAvya ke SaSTha parva meM vAgvidagdha mahAkavi jinasena kI udAtta kalpanA dvArA nirmita jinamandira kA cAkSuSa sthApatya-bimba darzanIya hai : yaH sudUrocchritaiH kUTairlakSyate ratnabhAsuraiH / pAtAlAdutphaNastoSAt kimapyudyannivAhirAT / / yadvAtAyananiryAtA dhUpadhUmAzcakAsire / svargasyopAyanIkartuM nirmimANA dhanAniva / / yasya kUTataTAlagnAH taaraastrlrocissH| puSpopahArasammohamAtanvantinabhojuSAm / / sadvRttasaMgatA citrsndrbhruciraakRtiH| yaH su zabdo mahAnmahyAM kAvyabandha ivAbabhau / / (zloka saMkhyA 180, 185-87) arthAt, ratnoM kI kiraNoM se suzobhita unnata zikharoM vAlA vaha jinamandira aisA dikhAI par3atA thA, jaise phaNa uThAye zeSanAga pAtAlaloka se nikalA ho, usa mandira ke vAtAyanoM se nikalate meghAkAra dhUpa ke dhUma aise lagate the, jaise ve svarga ko upahAra dene ke lie navIna meghoM kI racanA kara rahe hoN| puna: usa mandira ke zikharoM ke cAroM ora camakate tAre devoM ke lie puSpopahAra kA bhrama utpanna kara rahe the| usa jinamandira meM sadvRtta yA samyakcAritra ke dhAraka muniyoM kA nivAsa thA, vaha aneka prakAra ke citroM se suzobhita aura stotra pATha Adi ke svara se mukharita thaa| isa prakAra vaha pUrA jinamandira mahAkAvya kI taraha pratIta hotA thaa|

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69 yahA~ mahAkavi ne jinamandira ko mahAkAvya se upamita kiyA hai| isa sandarbha meM jinamandira ke jo citra prastuta hue haiM, unameM, prathama citra meM upamAna aura utprekSAzrita indriyagamya sarparAja zeSanAga kA bimba udbhAvita huA hai| phaNa uThAye zeSanAga kA bhayotpAdaka bimba pratyakSa rUpa-vidhAna kA romAMcaka udAharaNa hai| pUre jinamandira kI citrAtmaka abhivyakti prastuta karane meM mahAkavi dvArA saMzliSTa bimboM kI ramya - rucira yojanA huI hai / mandira kI khir3akiyoM se nikalate dhUpa ke dhUma kA sAdRzya svarga ke lie upahAra svarUpa nirmita navIna megha se upanyasta kiyA gayA hai, jisase upamAmUlaka parama ramaNIya cAkSuSa bimba kA manohArI darzana sulabha huA hai| punaH mahAkAvya se mandira ke sAdRzya meM bhI zleSagarbha aura upamAmUlaka cAkSuSa bimba kI chaTA darzanIya hai; kyoMki mahAkAvya meM bhI sadvRtta, yAnI piMgalazAstrokta samasta sundara chandoM kI AyojanA rahatI hai, citrakAvyAtmaka (murajabandha, khaGgabandha, padmabandha Adi ) zlokoM kI pracuratA rahatI hai aura phira ramaNIyArtha -- pratipAdaka zabdoM kI bhI Avarjaka yojanA rahatI hai; isa prakAra ukta jinamandira mahAkAvya jaisA pratIta hotA thA / mahAkavi jinasenakRta nakha - zikha varNana meM to vividha bimboM kA manomohaka samAhAra upanyasta huA hai| isa krama meM mahAvatsakAvatI deza ke rAjA sudRSTi ke putra suvidhi ke nakha-zikha ( dra0 dazamaparva) yA phira RSabhadeva svAmI kI patniyoM * sunandA tathA yazasvatI ke nakha-zikha ke varNana ( dra0 paJcadaza sarga) vizeSa rUpa se udAharaNIya haiN| isIprakAra, mahAkavikRta vijayArdha - parvata ke varNana meM bhI vaividhyapUrNa manohArI bimboM kA vidhAna huA hai| garajate meghoM se AcchAdita isa parvata kI mekhalA ke citra meM jahA~ zrAvaNa bimba kA rUpa-vidhAna hai, to isa parvata ke vanoM meM bhramarAbhilIna puSpita latAoM se phailate saurabha meM vimohaka prANa - bimba kA upanyAsa huA hai ( dra0 aSTAdazaparva ) / ukta parvata kI nIlamaNimaya bhUmi meM pratibimbita bhramaNazIla vidyAdhariyoM ke mukha padma parvata bhUmi meM uge kamaloM jaise lagate the yA phira parvata kI sphaTikamaNimaya vedikAoM para bhramaNa karatI vidyAdhariyoM ke pairo meM lage lAla mahAvara ke cihnoM se aisA lagatA thA, jaise lAla kamaloM se una vedikAoM kI pUjA kI gaI ho ( dra0 tatraiva, zloka saMkhyA 158-59) / isa varNana meM mahAkavi kA sUkSma varNa-parijJAna yA raMga bodha dekhate hI banatA hai| raMga bodha kI isa sUkSmatA se yathA prastuta rUpavatI sukumArI vidyAdhariyoM ke cAkSusa bimba meM aindriyatA kI upasthiti ke sAtha hI abhivyakti meM vilakSaNa vidagdhatA yA vyaJjaka vakratA A gaI hai| jJAtavya hai ki mahAkavi kI yaha raMgacetanA pUre mahAkAvya meM kalpanA aura saundarya ke stara para yathAprasaMga bimbita huI hai| isI prakAra, isa mahApurANa ke trayoviMza parva meM varNita gandhakuTI ke nAma kI apanI anvarthatA hai; kyoMki kubera dvArA nirmita yaha gandhakuTI aisI puSpamAlAoM se alaMkRta thI, jisakI gandha se andhe hokara karor3oM-karor3a bhramaNa una para baiThe guMjAra

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70 kara rahe the| usa gandhakuTI meM suvarNa-siMhAsana sajA thA, jisakI sataha yA talabhAga se cAra aMgula Upara hI adhara meM mahAmahimAmaya bhagavAn RSabhadeva virAjamAna the| bhramaroM dvArA phailAye hue parAga se raMjita tathA gaMgAjala se zItala puSpoM kI vRSTi bhagavAn ke Age ho rahI thI (dra0 trayoviMza prv)| bhagavAn ke samIpa hI azoka kA vizAla vRkSa thA jisake hare patte marakatamaNi ke the aura vaha ratnamaya citra-vicitra phUloM se suzobhita thaa| usakI zAkhAe~ manda-manda vAyu se hila rahI thiiN| usa para bhramara mada se madhura AvAja meM guMjAra kara rahe the aura koyaleM kUka rahI thIM, jisase aisA jAna par3atA thA ki azoka vRkSa bhagavAn kI stuti kara rahA ho| bhauroM ke guMjAra aura koyaloM kI kUka se dasoM dizAe~ mukharita ho rahI thiiN| apanI hilatI zAkhAoM se azoka vRkSa aisA lagatA thA jaise vaha bhagavAn ke Age natya kara rahA ho aura apane jhar3ate phUloM se vaha bhagavAn ke samakSa dIptimaya puSpAMjali arpita karatA-sA pratIta hotA thaa| isa sandarbha meM 'bhujagazazibhRtA' aura 'rukmavatI' vRtta meM Abaddha mahAkavi kI ramaNIya kAvyabhASika paMktiyA~ draSTavya haiM : marakataharitaiH ptrairmnnimykusumaishcitraiH| marudupavidhutAH zAkhAzciramadhRta. mhaashokH|| madakalavirutai Ggairapi prpussttvihnggaiH| stutimiva bharturazoko mukharitadikkurute sm|| (bhujaMgazazibhRtAvRtta) vyAyatazAkhAdozcalanaiH svairnRttamathAsau krtumivaane| puSpasamUhairAlibhiddhaM bharturakArSIt vyktmshokH|| (rukmavatIvRtta, parva 23, zloka 36-38) yaha pUrA avataraNa gatvara cAkSuSa bimboM kA samAhAra bana gayA hai, jisameM mahAkavi jinasena ne gandha se andha bhramaroM ke mAdhyama se jahA~ ghrANendriya dvArA AsvAdya ghrANabimba kI avatAraNA kI hai, vahIM gaMgAjala se zItala puSpoM meM tvagindriya dvArA anubhavagamya sparza-bimba kA bhI Avarjaka viniyoga kiyA hai| sAtha hI, yahA~ azoka vRkSa meM mAnavIkaraNa kI bhI viniyukti huI hai| mahAkavi dvArA prAkRtika upAdAna azoka vRkSa meM mAnava-vyApAroM kA kamanIya Aropa kiyA gayA hai| vastuta: yaha mAnavetara prakRti ke vAnaspatika upAdAnoM meM cetanA kI svIkRti hai| sAtha hI, yahA~ prastuta kA aprastutIkaraNa

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71 bhI sAtizaya mohaka ho uThA hai| hama kaha sakate haiM ki mahAkavi jinasena kA yaha mAnavIkaraNa unakI sarvAtmavAdI dRSTi kA prakRti ke khaNDacitroM meM sahadayasaMvedya kalAtmaka prayoga hai| mahAkavi ne mAnavIkaraNa jaise alaGkAra-bimboM ke dvArA virAT prakRti ko kAvya meM bA~dhane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai, jisameM mAnava-vyApAra aura tadviSayaka AMgika ceSTA kA prakRti para samagratA ke sAtha Aropa kiyA gayA hai| prakRti para mAnava-vyApAroM ke Aropa kI pravRtti jainetara mahAkavi kAlidAsa Adi meM bhI milatI hai, kintu vanaspati meM jIvasiddhi ko svIkArane vAle AcArya jinasena Adi mahAkaviyoM meM yaha pravRtti vizeSa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai| mahAkavi AcArya jinasena ke AdipurANa ke anuzIlana se yaha spaSTa hai ki vaha zabdazAstra ke pAragAmI vidvAn the| isalie unakI kAvyabhASika sRSTi meM vAgvaidagdhya ke sAtha hI bimba aura saundarya ke samAhAra-sauSThava kA camatkArI viniveza huA hai| unakI kAvyabhASA meM vyAkaraNa kA camatkAra to hai hI, kAvyazAstrIya vaibhava kI parAkASThA bhI hai, jisameM sAmAjika cintana aura lokacetanA kA bhI samAnAntara vinyAsa dRSTigata hotA hai| mahAkavi ne AdipurANa ke chabbIsaveM parva (zloka saMkhyA 128 se 150) meM cakravartI bharata mahArAja ke digvijaya ke varNana-krama meM gaMgA nadI kI virATa avatAraNA kI hai| isameM mahAkavi ne gaMgA ke pravAha ke sAtha bharata mahArAja kI kIrti ke pravAha kA sAmya pradarzita kiyA hai| isa nadI ke varNana kI kAvyabhASA meM vAgvaidagdhya to hai hI, manorama bimboM kI bhI bharamAra hai, sAtha hI saundarya ke tattvoM kA bhI manabhAvana udbhAvana huA hai| saundarya- vikasita kalA-caitanya se samanvita AdipurANa na kevala kAvyazAstra, apita saundaryazAstra ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI prabhUta sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai| kAvya-saundarya ke vidhAyaka mUlatattvoM meM pada-lAlitya yA padazayyA kI cArutA, abhivyakti kI vakratA, vacobhaMgI yA vAgvaidagdhya kA camatkAra, bhAvoM kI vicchitti yA bhaMgimA, alaGkAroM kI zobhA, rasa kA paripAka, ramaNIya kalpanA, hRdayahArI bimba, ramya-rucira pratIka Adi pramukha haiN| kahanA na hogA ki isa mahApurANa meM saundarya-vidhAna ke ina samasta tattvoM kA viniyoga huA hai| kalAcetA AcArya jinasena ne apane isa mahAkAvya meM samagra pAtra-pAtriyoM aura unake kArya-vyApAroM ko saundarya-bhUyiSTha bimbAtmaka rUpa dene kA zlAdhya prayatna kiyA hai| samakAlIna bhaugolika sthiti, rAjanIti, sAmAjika cetanA evaM arthavyavasthA ke sAtha hI loka-maryAdA, veza-bhUSA, AbhUSaNa-pariccheda, saMgIta-vAdya, astra-zastra, khAna-pAna, AcAra-vyavahAra, anuzAsana-prazAsana Adi sAMskRtika upakaraNoM evaM

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72 zabdazakti, rasa, rIti, guNa, chanda, alaGkAra Adi sAhityika sAdhanoM kA apane isa mahAkAvya meM unhoMne yathAprasaMga samIcInatA se viniveza kiyA hai, phalata: bhAratIya samAja ke sampUrNa itihAsa aura samasta saMskRti ke manorama tAttvika rUpoM kA ekatra samAhAra sulabha huA hai| bhAratIya kalA ke svarUpa ke sAGgopAGga nirUpaNa ke lie mahAkavi jinasena ke prastuta kAvya-sAhitya se bimbavidhAyaka saundarya-sikta bhAvoM aura ramaNIyArtha ke bodhaka zabdoM, arthAt utkRSTa vAgartha kA Adohana kevala hindI-sAhitya hI nahIM, apitu samasta bhAratIya sAhitya ke lie atizaya samRddhikAraka hai| AdipurANa jaise kAmadhuk mahAkAvya se kalA kA mArmika jJAna aura sAhityika adhyayana-donoM kI sArasvata tRSA bakhUbI miTAyI jA sakatI hai; kyoMki isa kAvyagrantha meM itihAsa aura kalpanA ke atirikta kAvya aura kalA- donoM ke yojaka rasa-tattva kI samAna rUpa se upalabdhi hotI hai| AcArya jinasena ne vaibhava-maNDita rAjakulAcAra evaM samRddha lokajIvana kI umaMga se udbhUta kAvya, sAhitya aura kalA ke saundaryamUlaka tattvoM kI eka sAtha avatAraNA kI hai| isake atirikta prastuta mahAkAvya kI racanA-prakriyA meM zRGgAra se zAnta kI ora prasthiti una AcArya jaina kaviyoM kI cintanagata vizeSatA kI ora saMketa karatI hai, jisameM kAmakathA kA avasAna bahudhA dharmakathA meM kiyA jAtA hai aura dharmakathA kA pracAra-prasAra hI isa prakAra kI kAvyakathA kA mUla uddezya hotA hai| AdiparANa kI kathAoM meM samAhita kalA-tattva kI vareNyatA ke kAraNa hI isa kAvya kA sAhityika saundarya apanA viziSTa malya rakhatA hai| saundarya-vivecana meM. vizeSata: nakha-zikha ke saundaryodAvana meM mahAkavi jinasena ne udAttatA ('sablAimezana') kI bharapUra viniyukti kI hai| vijayArdha parvata ke taTa ko AkrAnta kara pravAhita hone vAlI gaMgA nadI ke saundaryAGkana (parva 26) meM udAttatA kA utkarSa darzanIya hai, jisameM upamA-bimba kI ramaNIyatA barabasa mana ko moha letI hai| vaha gaMgA nadI rUpavatI strI ke samAna thI; kyoMki machaliyA~ hI usakI caMcala A~kheM thiiN| uThatI huI taraMgeM usakI nartanazIla bhauMhoM ke samAna thiiN| nadI ke ubhaya taTavartI vanapaMkti hI usakI sAr3I thii| mukharita haMsamAlA usakI, bajate dhuMgharuoM vAlI karadhanI ke samAna thii| lahareM hI usake laharAte vastra the| apanA vAgvaidagdhya pradarzita karate hue mahAkavi ne gaMgA ko "samAMsamInA' vizeSaNa se maNDita kiyA hai| gaMgA 'samAMsamInA' gAya ke samAna thii| 'samAMsamInA' kA artha hai -- vaha uttama gAya, jo prativarSa bachar3e ko janma detI hai ('samAM samAM varSa varSa vijAyate prasUte' iti -nipAtasiddha shbd)| isI prakAra, gaMgA bhI 'samAMsamInA' hai, arthAt mAMsala yA paripuSTa machaliyoM vAlI hai| punaH uttama gAya meM jaise paryApta paya, arthAt dUdha hotA hai, vaise hI gaMgA meM paryApta paya, arthAt jala hai aura phira, uttama gAya jaise dhIre svara meM {bhAtI

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73 hai ('dhIrasvanA' hotI hai), vaise hI gaMgA bhI gambhIra kala-kala zabda karatI hai| isa prakAra isa sandarbha meM vAksaundarya, artha- saundarya aura bhAva- saundarya ke sAtha hI pAvanatAmUlaka evaM samagazleSaparaka bimba-saundarya kA ekatra samavAya huA hai| gaMgA ke zRGgAraparaka saundarya ko zAnsa rasa kI ora mor3ate hue mahAkavi ne likhA hai ki uttama gAya kI taraha gaMgA bhI pUjanIya aura jagat ko pavitra karane vAlI hai, sAtha hI vaha jinavANI ke samAna jAna par3atI hai : gurupravAha prasRtAM tIrthakAmairupAsitAm / gambhIrazabdasambhUtiM jainIM zrutimivAmalAm / / (zloka 137) jinavANI jisa prakAra guru- pravAha, arthAt AcArya paramparA se prasArita hotI hai; tIrtha, arthAt dharma ke AkAMkSI puruSoM dvArA upAsita hotI hai, gambhIra zabdoM vAlI aura doSarahita hai, usI prakAra gaMgA bhI vizAla jala pravAha vAlI hai, tIrthakarmiyoM dvArA upAsita hotI hai, gambhIra ghoSa karane vAlI tathA nirmala aura niSpaMka hai| yahA~ gaMgA kA gAya aura jinavANI se sAdRzya kI prastuti se pavitratAbodhaka cAkSuSa bimba-saundarya kA vidhAna huA hai| mahAkavi AcArya jinasena nArI - saundarya ke samAnAntara hI puruSa - saundarya kA bhI udAtta citra A~kane meM nipuNa haiM / strI-saundarya kA ramaNIya citra RSabhadeva kI mAtA marudevI, jo rUpa, saundarya, kAnti, zobhA, buddhi, dyuti aura vibhUti meM indrANI ke samAna thIM, kI zArIrika saMracanA ( dra0, dvAdaza parva, zloka saMkhyA 12 - 58 ) ke rUpa meM prastuta huA hai, to puruSa - saundarya kA bhavya citra rAjA vajrasena ke putra vajranAbhi kI zArIrika saMracanA ( dra0 ekAdaza parva, zloka saMkhyA 15-36) ke rUpa meN| avazya hI ina donoM prakAra ke saundaryodbhAvana meM mahAkavi ne apanI kAvyapraur3hi kA prakarSa prastuta karane meM vismayakArI kavitva zakti kA paricaya diyA hai| isI prakAra mahAkavi ne komala bimba ke samAnAntara paruSa bimba kA bhI atizaya udAtta saundaryodbhAvana kiyA hai| isa sandarbha meM dazama parva meM varNita naraka ke vibhinna krUra aura ghRNita dRzya udAharaNIya haiN| | vizeSakara nArakiyoM ko kar3hAI meM khaulAkara rasa banAne yA unheM Tukar3e-Tukar3e kara kolhU meM perane Adi ke dRzyoM meM vIbhatsa bimboM kA romAMcakArI vidhAna huA hai| naraka ke dRzyoM meM mahAkavi jinasena dvArA prastuta paruSa aura vIbhatsa bimboM kI dvitIyatA nahIM hai / saundarya ke tattvoM meM anyatama vAgvaidagdhya kI dRSTi se mahAkavi dvArA prastuta vajranAbhi ke tapo varNana prasaMga meM 'prAyovezana' zabda kA tathA marudevI ke zArIrika citraNa meM 'vAmAse' zabda ke nirukti-vaividhya kA camatkAra draSTavya hai| ina donoM kI nirukti-prakriyA meM kAvya aura vyAkaraNa kA samekita artha-saundarya atizaya rocaka hone ke sAtha hI tato'dhika raMjanakArI bhI hai| yaha padagata vAgvaidagdhya hai|

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74 'prAyopavezana' kI nirukti : tataH kAlAtyaye dhImAn zrIprabhAdrau smunnte| prAyopavezanaM kRtvA shriiraahaarmtyjt|| ratnatrayamayIM zayyAmadhizayya tponidhiH| prAyeNopavizatyasminnityanvarthamApipat / / prAyeNopagamo yasmin rtntritygocrH| prAyeNopagamo yasmin duritaarikdmbkaan|| prAyeNAsmAjjanasthAnAdapasRtya gmo'ttveH| prAyopagamanaM tajjJairniruktaM shrmnnottmaiH|| (parva 11, zloka saMkhyA 94-97) arthAta, Ayu ke anta meM buddhimAn vajranAbhi ne zrIprabha nAmaka U~ce parvata para prAyopavezana dhAraNa kara zarIra aura AhAra kA mamatva tyAga diyaa| cU~ki isa saMnyAsa meM tapasvI sAdhu ratnatraya kI zayyA para upaviSTa hotA hai, isalie isakA 'prAyopavezana' nAma sArthaka hai| isa saMnyAsa meM prAyaH ratnatraya (samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra) kI prApti hotI hai, isalie ise 'prAyeNopagama' bhI kahate haiN| athavA isa saMnyAsa ke dhAraNa karane para prAya: karmarUpI zatruoM kA apagama yA vinAza ho jAtA hai, isalie ise 'prAyeNApagama' bhI kahate haiN| isa saMnyAsa meM prAya: saMsArI jIvoM ke rahane yogya grAma, nagara Adi se alaga hokara vana meM jAkara rahanA par3atA hai, isake vizeSajJa zramaNa muniyoM ne ise 'prAyopagamana' kahA hai| 'vAmoru' kI nirukti : vAmoruriti yA rUDhistAM svasAt krtumnythaa| vAmavRttI kRtAvUru mnye'nystriijye'muyaa|| (parva 12, zloka saMkhyA 27) arthAt, mahAkavi kahate haiM- 'maiM aisA mAnatA hU~ ki abhI taka saMsAra meM manohara UruvAlI striyoM ke artha meM 'vAmoru' zabda rUr3ha hai| use marudevI ne anya prakAra se AtmasAt kara liyA thaa| unhoMne apane donoM UruoM ko anya striyoM ko parAjita karane ke lie vAmavRtti vAlA, zatruvat AcaraNa karane vAlA banA liyA thaa|' koza ke anusAra 'vAma' zabda kA artha sundara bhI hotA hai aura duSTa yA zatru bhii| marudevI ne, jo sundara UruvAlI strI thI, apane una UruoM se anya striyoM ke UruoM kI sundaratA ko mAta

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75 kara diyA thaa| isa sandarbha meM nirmita abhaMga zleSa kA bimba-saundarya atizaya cittAhlAdaka aura manomohaka hai| bimba-vidhAna aura saundarya-nirUpaNa ke sandarbha meM atizaya pratibhAprauDha evaM vAgvidagdha mahAkavi AcArya jinasena kI kAvyabhASA kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| unakI kAvyabhASA sahaja hI bimba-vidhAyaka aura saundaryodbhAvaka hai| unakI kAvya sAdhanA mUlata: bhASA kI sAdhanA kA hI udAttatama rUpa hai| koI bhI kRti apanI bhASA kI udAttatA ke AdhAra para hI cirAyuSI hotI hai| isa dRSTi se mahAkavi jinasena kA AdipurANa eka kAlajayI kAvyakRti hai| AdipurANa kI kAvyabhASA yadi ananta sAgara ke vistAra kI taraha hai, to usase udbhUta bimba aura saundarya ke ramya citra lalita laharoM kI bhA~ti ullAsakArI haiN| vAk aura artha kI samAna pratipatti kI dRSTi se AcArya jinasena kI bhASA kI apanI vilakSaNatA hai| __kavi kI bhASAgata abhivyakti kA lAlitya hI usakI kavitA kA saundarya hotA hai aura usa lAlitya kA tAttvika vivecana-vizleSaNa hI saundaryazAstra kA viSaya hai, jisameM kAvya ke racanA-pakSa ke sAtha hI usake prabhAva-pakSa kA bhI vivecana-vizleSaNa nihita hotA hai| kahanA na hogA ki kavirmanISI AcArya jinasena kA AdipurANa racanA-pakSa aura prabhAva-pakSa, arthAt kathya aura zilpa donoM dRSTiyoM se saundaryazAstriyoM ke lie adhyetavya hai| kula milAkara, mahAkavikRta isa saundarya-garbha mahAkAvya kA samagra bimba-vidhAna unakI sahajAnubhUti kI udAttatA kA bhASika rUpAyana hai, jo indriya-bodha kI bhUmi se atIndriya saundarya-bodha kI sImA meM jAkara nissIma bana gayA hai| unakA samagra Atmika kalA-cintana antata: AdhyAtmika cintana ke dharAtala para pratiSThita ho gayA hai|

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'abhijJAna zAkuntalam' nATaka meM ahiMsAtmaka tattva DaoN0 madhu agravAla mahAbhArata ke Adiparva meM upalabdha zakuntalopAkhyAna kI kathA meM parivartana aura parivarddhana kara mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne saMskRta sAhitya ke sarvaprasiddha nATaka abhijJAna zAkuntalam kI racanA kii| mahAkavi kAlidAsa dvArA praNIta isa nATaka meM kavi kA vanya pazu-pakSiyoM ke prati ahiMsA kA bhAva parilakSita hai| Adiparva meM upalabdha mala kathAnaka meM pazu-pakSiyoM kA varNana nahIM hai| ata: abhijJAnazAkuntalam nATaka ke aGkoM meM pazu-pakSiyoM ko citrita karanA va unake prati ahiMsA vRtti rakhane kI preraNA denA, kahIM unake bAre meM mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ dekara jIvana meM unake prati mitravat vyavahAra kA pradarzana karanA, kavi kA apanA parikalpana aura parivarddhana hai| mUla kathAnaka kA nAyaka duSyanta eka vilAso rAjA ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai aura rAjamahala tathA Azrama meM zakuntalA ke darzana aura kaNva RSi ke vRttAnta ke sAtha hI kathA kA anta ho jAtA hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa dvArA pazu-pakSiyoM ke prati prema, mitratA aura ahiMsAtmaka pravRtti ke prasaGga nimnalikhita sthaloM para prApya haiM (1) prathama aGka kI prastAvanA meM naTI aura sUtradhAra ke vArtAlApa se abhijJAna zAkuntalamnATaka ke prArambha kiye jAne kI sUcanA ke uparAnta sadya: prArambha grISma Rtu kA Azraya lekara naTI eka gIta gAtI hai, jisako sunakara sUtradhAra kahatA hai ki jisa prakAra hiraNa ke dvArA rAjA duSyanta balAt dUra le jAyA gayA thA, usI prakAra maiM tumhAre sumadhura gIta se balAt hara liyA gayA hU~ aura isa ukti ke sAtha hI ratha para baiThA huA rAjA duSyanta sArathI ke sAtha hiraNa kA pIchA karate hue dRSTigocara hotA hai aura isa bIca meM do ziSyoM ke sAtha eka tapasvI upasthita hokara rAjA se yaha anurodha karatA hai ki "rAjan! Azrama mRgo'yaM na hantavyo. na hantavyaH" iti| aisA sunakara duSyanta turanta apanA vANa roka letA hai| isase santuSTa hokara tapasvI rAjA ko "apane sadRza cakravartI putra ko prApta karo' aisA AzIrvAda detA hai| rIDara, saMskRta-vibhAga, rAnI bhAgyavatI devI snAtakottara mahilA mahAvidyAlaya, bijanaura, uttara prdesh|

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oo (2) mahAkavi kAlidAsa dvArA vaikhAnasa nAma ke ziSya ke mAdhyama se rAjA ko nimna sthala para spaSTa rUpa se apane rAjya kI sImA meM rahane vAle niraparAdha pazu-pakSiyoM kI rakSA karane va una para bANa sAdha kara hiMsA na karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai tatsAdhu kRta sandhAna pratisaMhara saaykm| ArtatrANAya vaH zastraM na prhrtumnaagsi|| (acchI prakAra se jisake lakSya ko sAdha liyA gayA hai aise bANa ko roka lo, kyoMki ApakA zastra pIr3itoM kI rakSA ke lie hai, niraparAdha para prahAra karane ke lie nhiiN|) rAjA duSyanta 'yaha 2. layA' kahakara bANa ko roka letA hai| tapasvI vaikhAnasa rAjA duSyanta ko ahiMsaka vRtti ke isa Adeza kA turanta pAlana karane ke kAraNa, protsAhana dete hue prazaMsA karatA hai 'puruvaMza ke dIpaka tumhAre lie yaha ucita hI hai|' 'jisakA puruvaMza meM janma huA hai, usa tuma duSyanta ke lie yaha ucita hI hai (arthAt hiMsA na karane kI bAta ko mAna lenaa)| tapasvI duSyanta ko AzIrvAda dete hue kahatA hai, 'isI prakAra apane guNoM se yukta cakravartI putra ko prApta kro|' sAtha Ae anya donoM tapasvI bhI bhujA uThAkara ahiMsAvRtti se prasanna hone ke kAraNa yahI AzIrvAda doharAte haiM aura rAjA praNAmapUrvaka 'svIkAra kara liyA' kahakara svIkAra karatA hai| (3) tapasvI vaikhAnasa rAjA duSyanta ko Azrama meM Ane ke lie Amantrita karatA hai| Azrama kI sImA ke nikaTa pahu~cakara rAjA aura sUta ke nimna saMvAda se jJAta hotA hai ki vizeSa rUpa se AzramoM meM aisA vizvasanIya ahiMsA kA vAtAvaraNa thA, jahA~ para sabhI pazu-pakSI nirbhaya hokara anya tapovanavAsiyoM kI taraha vicaraNa karate the aura unheM kisI bhI dUsare jIva-jantu yA AzramavAsI dvArA mAre jAne kA lezamAtra bhI bhaya nahIM thaa| rAjA(cAroM ora dekhakara) sUta! 'vastuta: binA kahe hI patA laga rahA hai ki tapovana ke Azrama kI sImA kA Arambha ho gayA hai|' sUta- kaise, rAjA- kyA Apa nahIM dekha rahe haiM, kyoMki yahA~-kahIM vRkSoM ke nIce zuka haiM, madhya meM jinake aise taruvivaroM ke mukha se gire hue tRNa dhAnya dikhAI de rahe haiM- kahIM vizvAsa ke utpanna ho jAne ke kAraNa apanI gati ko na chor3ane vAle hiraNa ratha ke zabda ko sahana kara rahe haiN|' ina saMvAdoM se Azrama meM ahiMsakavRtti va zAnti aura vizvAsa kA vizeSa vAtAvaraNa darzAyA gayA hai| (4) anyatra- tapovana ke prANiyoM ke prati rakSA kI utkaTa bhAvanA dRSTigocara hotI hai- jaise isa saMvAda meM, 'he tapasviyoM! tapovana ke prANiyoM kI rakSA ke lie taiyAra ho jAo, kyoMki sunA jA rahA hai ki mRgayAvihArI duSyanta pAsa hI hai|' kAlidAsa ne AkheTavyasanI rAjA duSyanta se Dare hue prANiyoM kA citraNa karake usake hI mitra vidUSaka se nindA karAI hai, yathA- hamArI tapasyA ke lie sAkSAt vighnasvarUpa yaha jaMgalI hAthI praveza kara rahA hai| vaha ratha dekhane se bhayabhIta hai, usake

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78 AghAta se vRkSa haTa gaye haiM, pairoM se khiMcakara latAyeM usake pairoM se pAza jaisI lipaTa gayI haiM aura usake bhaya se hiraNa-samUha idhara-udhara bhAga gayA hai| yaha kahakara tapovanavAsI duSyanta se bhaya prakaTa karate haiM va hiMsA rokane ke lie tatpara ho jAte haiN| abhijJAnazAkuntalam ke dvitIya aMka meM vidUSaka rAjA duSyanta ke mRgayA vyasana kI kaTu bhartsanA karatA hai va AkheTa kI nindA karate hue mRgayA ke aneka doSoM ko batAtA hai-- dekhie isa sthala kA saMvAda (5) vidUSaka - (lambI sA~sa lekara) are! dekha liyaa| isa mRgayAvyasanI rAjA kI mitratA se to maiM taMga A gayA / "yaha hiraNa jA rahA hai", "yaha suara jA rahA hai", "vaha vyAghra jA rahA hai" isa prakAra cillAte hue dopahara meM bhI eka vana se dUsare vana meM vRkSoM kI patiyoM meM, jinameM grISma Rtu ke kAraNa vRkSoM kI chAyA virala hai, ghUmanA par3atA hai| pattoM ke milane ke kAraNa pahAr3I nadiyoM kA kasailA jala pInA par3atA hai| anizcita samaya para bhojana karanA par3atA hai, adhikatara sUla para bhunA huA mA~sa hI khAnA hotA hai, mRgoM ke pIche ghor3A daur3Ane se haDDiyoM ke jor3oM meM pIr3A utpanna ho jAne se rAta meM bhI sone ko nahIM milatA" -- " rAjA - AkheTa kI nindA karane vAle vidUSaka ne merA utsAha ThaNDA kara diyA hai hama Azrama ke nikaTa sthita haiM, ataH Aja to bhaiMseM apanI sIMgoM se bAra-bAra AloDita jalAzaya ke jala meM svacchatApUrvaka snAna kareM, mRgoM ke jhuNDa chAyA meM maNDalI banAkara baiThe hue nirbhaya hokara jugAlI kareM, bar3e-bar3e suara nirbhaya hokara talaiyoM meM mothA ukhAr3eM aura maurvI ke DhIle bandhana vAlA merA dhanuSa bhI vizrAma kre| anyatra -- hiMsA na karane ke lie rAjA senA ko nirdeza detA hai rAjA- to Age gae hue vana gherane vAloM ko lauTA lo| mere sainikoM ko isa prakAra roka do ki jisase ve tapovana meM bAdhA na pahu~cAe~ / " (6) saptama aMka meM bAlaka sarvadamana siMha zAvaka ke sAtha khelate hue darzAyA gayA hai / yaha bAlaka duSyanta kA aurasa putra hai, siMha ke bacce ko khIMcakara vaha kahatA hai "apanA mukha khola, maiM tere dA~toM ko nigU~gA / " usa bAlaka kI paricaryA meM AI huI do tapasvinI bAlaka ko aisA karane ke lie manA karatI haiM, para vaha mAnatA nahIM hai / kahane mAtra se yaha bAlaka nahIM mAnegA- aisA socakara eka tapasvI strI usakA mana anyatra bahalAne ke lie miTTI ke bane hue mora ko lAne ke lie vahA~ se calI gaI aura dUsarI tApasI ne rAjA ko dekhakara kahA ki isa bAlaka ko, zera ke bAlaka

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79 ko duHkhI karane se bcaao| prathama aMka meM mRgayAvyasanI rAjA duSyanta kI dRSTi hiraNa meM saundarya kI khojakara usakI bhAva-bhaMgimAoM para mugdha hotI hai| vaha hiraNa ko dekhakara kahatA hai- "sUta! isa mRga se hama dUra taka AkRSTa hote hue khIMca lAe gae haiM dekho! (isa samaya bhI yaha sAmane dikhAI dene vAlA mRga) pIchA karate hue ratha para gardana mor3ane ke kAraNa bAra-bAra dekhane para sundara pratIta hotA hai| bANa ke lagane ke bhaya se apane zarIra ke pichale Adhe bhAga se atyadhika apane Age ke bhAga meM praviSTa hokara Adhe cabAe gae darzoM se mArga ko vyApta karatA hai aura atyadhika U~cA aura lambA kUdane ke kAraNa AkAza meM adhika aura pRthvI para kama jA rahA hai|" antata: yaha spaSTa hai ki mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne AkheTa kA citraNa kara hiMsA ko darzAkara, AkheTa kI nindA kara samasta prANiyoM ke lie ahiMsA kA mArga prazasta karane kA apane isa nATaka meM satat prayAsa kiyA hai aura abhijJAnazAkuntalam nATaka kI kathAvastu meM sabhI jIva-jantuoM ke prati snigdha dRSTi va ahiMsA aura rakSA pradAna kiye jAne kA bhAva vidyamAna hai| sabhI prasaGga mUla kathAnaka meM nahIM the, ata: naye kathAnaka kavi kI sundara parikalpanA haiN| kisI bhI kRti para usake racanAkAra ke apane vyaktitva kI spaSTa chApa hotI hai, yaha satya nitAnta satya hai aura isa dRSTi se uparyukta sampUrNa vivecana ke AdhAra para niSkarSata: hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki mahAkavi kAlidAsa kA hRdaya pazu-pakSiyoM ke prati agAdha prema bhAva se paripUrNa parilakSita hotA hai| mRgayA kI vistRta nindA karavAkara usameM aneka doSoM ko siddha kiyA gayA hai| kavi kI dRSTi meM yaha na kevala mAtra vanya pazuoM kI hiMsA kI dRSTi se nindanIya hai, apitu divasa meM garmI kI lU-dhUpa meM bhramaNa kA vyartha zrama, vizrAma kA abhAva, samasta aMgoM va asthiyoM ke jor3oM meM darda utpanna karane vAlA va asamaya aura aparyApta bhojana upalabdha karAne ke kAraNa bhI doSapUrNa hai tathA samasta bhautika vilAsoM ke parisAdhanoM se sampanna rAjA duSyantatulya mRgayA vyasaniyoM ke lie sandeza bhI hai ki koI sabala va samartha nirbala va niraparAdha prANI para zastra na uThAe, vastuta: astra-zastra kA upayoga niraparAdha kI rakSA ke lie hI kiyA jaae| isameM hI sAmarthyavAn va sabala ke guNoM kA Adhikya va gaurava hai| samasta vanya prANiyoM meM Dara, prema, maitrI, hiMsA, saundarya Adi hAva-bhAva va guNa mAnava samAna haiN| ata: ye sabhI mUka niraparAdha prANI prahAra karane vAloM se rakSA kie jAne ke yogya haiN| ___vanya pazuoM kI hiMsA va anya prakAra kI hiMsA se bhare Aja ke pariveza meM bhI mahAkavi kAlidAsa kA abhijJAnazAkuntalam ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA ahiMsA kA yaha sandeza pUrNa sAmayika va grAhya hai|

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA sAdhanA mArga dulIcanda jaina zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sAr3he bAraha varSoM taka AtmA kI divya sAdhanA kii| sukha, samRddhi va vaibhavagata AsaktiyoM ko tyAga kara akiMcana bana ve satya kI sAdhanA meM nirantara lIna rhe| unakA divya evaM bhavya saMyamI jIvana sAdhanAmaya jIvana kA utkRSTatama udAharaNa hai| isa jIvana kA pratyeka pRSTha samatA, sahiSNutA, paraduHkhakAtaratA, tyAga, tapasyA, dhyAna aura abhaya kI bhAvanA se ota-prota thaa| unhoMne yaha dIrgha sAdhanA-kAla mauna Atma-cintana, Atma-paryAlocana, ugra dhyAna evaM utkaTa saMyama kI ArAdhanA meM vyatIta kiyaa| isa sAdhanA-kAla meM una para aneka vipattiyA~ evaM upasarga aaye| prAkRtika, mAnavIya va daivI saMkaToM ke prANaghAtaka tUphAna pralayakAla kI taraha ghira-ghira kara Aye para varddhamAna ne adamya sAhasa, aparAjeya saMkalpa va Atma-bala ke sahAre unakA DaTa kara mukAbalA kiyaa| unhoMne apUrva kaSTa-sahiSNutA, kSamA aura titikSA kA Adarza upasthita kiyaa| tyAga aura tapasyA kI sAdhanA kA isa prakAra kA Adarza mAnava-samAja meM aura milanA durlabha hai| unake sambandha meM zAstroM meM kahA hai- "uggaM ca tavokammaM visesao vaddhamANassa" Avazyakaniyukti 240 arthAt anya tIrthaGkaroM kI apekSA varddhamAna kA tapa vizeSa ugra thaa| unake sAdhanA-kAla kA romAMcakArI varNana AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha ke navama adhyAya meM milatA hai| gaNadhara sudharmA svAmI ne unakI sAr3he bAraha varSa kI sAdhanAcaryA kA bar3A sajIva, rasaprada aura hRdayasparzI varNana prastuta kiyA hai| isake pratyeka pRSTha para unakI kaSTa-sahiSNutA, aDiga brahmacarya-sAdhanA, ahiMsA aura tyAga ke kaThina niyamoM kA paripAlana, anukUla-pratikUla sabhI paristhitiyoM meM samabhAva, niHspRhatA, zArIrika anAsakti, vicala dhyAna, yoga aura antarlInatA mukharita hai| usa sAdhanAcaryA kA kucha aMza yahA~ para prastuta hai| *. mantrI, jaina vidyA anusandhAna pratiSThAna, cenaI.

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81 acelaka aNagAra- dIkSA lene ke samaya mahAvIra ke zarIra para eka zveta vastra (deva dRSya) thaa| teraha mahInoM ke bAda acela pariSaha ke AmantraNa rUpa meM unhoMne use bhI tyAga diyaa| sardI, garmI evaM varSA ke sabhI kaSToM ko unhoMne sahana kiyaa| bhayaMkara sardI meM bhI ve khule meM hI dhyAna karate the| aniketa-caryA- mahAvIra kabhI nirjana jhopar3I, dharmazAlA, pyAU, luhAra kI zAlA meM rahate, kabhI mAliyoM ke gharoM meM, kabhI zahara meM, kabhI zmazAna meM rahate to kabhI udyAna yA sUne ghara meM yA vRkSa ke nIce rAtri bitaate| aise sthAnoM para rahate hue varddhamAna ko nAnA prakAra ke upasargoM kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| sarpa Adi jIva-jantu unheM Dasa jAte, giddha jaise pakSI unheM kATa khaate| durAcArI manuSya unheM yAtanA dete, durAcAriNI striyAM unheM kAma-bhAgoM ke lie staatiiN| jAra puruSa unheM mArate, pITate para ve samAdhi meM hI tallIna rahate tathA vahA~ se cale jAne ko kahane para anyatra cale jaate| sAdhanA kAla kA AhAra- unake bhojana ke niyama bar3e kaThora the| niroga hote hue bhI ve mitAhArI tathA khAna-pAna meM saMyamI the| mAna-apamAna meM samabhAva rakhate hue ve bhikSAcaryA karate tathA kabhI dInabhAva nahIM dikhAte the| bhikSA meM rUkhA-sUkhA, ThaNDA-bAsI va nIrasa jo bhI AhAra milatA, ve zAntabhAva se santoSa ke sAtha grahaNa krte| mAtra zarIra nirvAha ke lie sUkhe bhAta, mUMga, ur3ada kA AhAra krte| eka bAra nirantara ATha mAsa taka ve isI prakAra kA nIrasa AhAra karate rhe| rasoM meM unhoMne kabhI Asakti nahIM dikhaaii| dehAsakti kA tyAga--- zarIra ke prati varddhamAna kI anAsaktatA romAMcakArI thii| roga utpanna hone para bhI ve auSadhi-sevana kI icchA nahIM karate the| unhoMne zarIra ke vizrAma kI kabhI AkAMkSA nahIM kii| ve daihika vAsanA se sarvathA mukta the| nidrA-vijaya- zramaNa varddhamAna ne kabhI pUrI nIMda nahIM lii| jaba adhika nIMda satAtI to ve zIta meM bAhara nikala thor3A ghUmakara nidrA dUra krte| hamezA sahaja-jAgRta rahane kI ceSTA krte| ve prahara-prahara kisI lakSya para AMkheM TikA kara dhyAna karate the| __ anAsakti- ve gRhasthoM ke sAtha koI saMsarga nahIM rakhate the, na hI gRhasthoM ke gAna, nRtya yA saMgIta Adi meM koI ruci rakhate the| dhyAnAvasthA meM kucha pUchane para bhI uttara nahIM dete the| ve strI-kathA, bhakta-kathA, rAja-kathA tathA deza-kathA meM koI ruci nahIM lete the| yadi zUnya sthAnoM meM koI unase pUchatA ki Apa kauna haiM to ve saMkSipta uttara dete- "ahamaMsi ti bhikkhU" arthAt maiM bhikSu huuN| na sahana kiye jA sake, aise kaTu vyaMgya vacana, nindA, va tiraskAra kA bhI ve uttara nahIM dete the tathA mauna rahate the| ve hamezA nirvikAra, kaSAya-rahita, nirmala dhyAna aura Atma-cintana meM samaya bitAte the|

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ahiMsA evaM titikSA- bhagavAn ne pala-pala anupama ahiMsA aura titikSA kI sAdhanA kii| bhikSA meM jAte hue agara kabUtara Adi pakSI anAja cugate dikhAI dete to varddhamAna dUra haTa jAte tAki unako vighna na phuNce| yadi ve kisI ghara ke bAhara kisI brAhmaNa, zramaNa yA bhikSuka ko yAcanA karate dekhate, to usa ghara meM nahIM jAte the tAki unakI AjIvikA meM bAdhA phuNce| kisI ke mana meM dveSa-bhAva utpanna hone kA ve avasara hI nahIM dete the| durgama vihAra-caryA- bhagavAn ne durgama lAr3ha deza kI vajrabhUmi aura zubhra bhUmi donoM meM vihAra kiyaa| vahA~ una para aneka vipadAe~ aayiiN| vahA~ ke loga unheM tAr3ita krte-piittte| unheM khAne ko rUkhA-sUkhA AhAra miltaa| kutte unheM cAroM ora se ghera lete tathA kaSTa dete| una avasaroM para aise loga virale hI hote, jo kuttoM se unakI rakSA krte| adhikAMza to ulTe bhagavAn ko hI pITate tathA Upara se kutte lagA dete| aise avasaroM para bhI anya sAdhuoM kI taraha unhoMne daNDa-prayoga nahIM kiyaa| duSTa logoM ke durvacanoM ko unhoMne kSamA bhAva se sahana kiyaa| __ anupama cintana, anupama tapa, anupama dhyAna, titikSA, dhairya Adi ke sAtha mahAvIra ne apanA sAr3he bAraha varSoM kA sAdhanA-kAla vyatIta kiyaa| unakI ugra tapasyA tathA kaSTa-sahiSNutA ke kAraNa hI logoM ne unheM zramaNa mahAvIra kahanA prArambha kiyaa| sAdhanA kAla ke upasarga- zramaNa varddhamAna ne apane dIrgha sAdhanA-kAla meM sArA samaya Atma- cintana tathA Atma-sAkSAtkAra prApta karane ke udyama meM bitaayaa| unhoMne isa sAdhanA kAla meM upadeza nahIM diyA, dharma-pracAra nahIM kiyA, na ziSya muNDita kiye tathA na hI upAsaka bnaaye| unhoMne dhyAna kI atala gaharAiyoM meM DUbakara jagat aura jIvana ke pratyeka prazna para gambhIratA se cintana kiyaa| varddhamAna apane yuga ke sarvotkRSTa pratibhAzAlI evaM medhAvI puruSa the| yaha unakI dIrgha sAdhanA kA hI phala thaa| zAstroM meM unheM medhAvI (mehAvI), AzuprajJa (Asupane) tathA dIrghaprajJA (dIhapanne) bAra-bAra kahA gayA hai| unake nAma ke sAtha nimna vizeSaNa bhI milate haiM : dakkhe - ve bar3e dakSa va vyavahAra-kuzala the| dakkhapaiNNe - ve saMkalpa evaM pratijJA meM dRr3ha the| bhaddaye - ve sarala-bhadra prakRti vAle the| viNIye - ve vinIta the| tIrthaGkara svayaMsambuddha hote haiN| ve apane svayaM ke puruSArtha se Atma-jJAna prApta karate haiN| tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ke bhI kisI mahAn satpuruSa se pratyakSa sAkSAtkAra kI koI

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ghaTanA nahIM miltii| varddhamAna ko kabhI-kabhI kinhIM sthAnoM para Thaharane va dhyAna karane kI bhI anumati nahIM milatI thI, kinhIM-kinhIM gAMvoM meM ve jAte to unheM turanta vApasa jAne ko kaha diyA jAtA thaa| ata: unhoMne nimnalikhita niyama liye - bhaviSya meM aprItikAraka sthAna para nahIM rhuuNgaa| dhyAna meM satat lIna rhuuNgaa| sadA mauna rkluuNgaa| hAtha se grahaNa karake bhojana kruuNgaa| gRhastha kA vinaya nahIM kruuNgaa|| sAdhanA-kAla meM unake jIvana meM jo upasarga Ae, unakA kucha vivaraNa yahA~ prastuta hai - abhaya kI utkRSTa sAdhanA- zramaNa varddhamAna vihAra karate hue eka choTe se gA~va "asthika grAma'' meM aaye| vahA~ Asa-pAsa kA vAtAvaraNa bar3A hI bhayAvaha evaM hRdaya ko kaMpA dene vAlA thaa| gA~va ke bAhara zUlapANi yakSa kA mandira thaa| ekAnta sthAna dekhakara bhagavAn ne gA~va vAloM se vahA~ Thaharane kI anumati maaNgii| mahAvIra kI divya, saumya AkRti ko dekhakara logoM ke hRdaya dravita ho ge| unhoMne kahA- "deva! Apa anyatra Thahara jaayeN| yahA~ eka yakSa rahatA hai jo bar3A krUra hai| rAta meM kisI ko yahA~ Thaharane nahIM detaa| use bhayaMkara yAtanA dekara mAra DAlatA hai|'' mahAvIra yaha sunakara bhI Dare nahIM aura unhoMne vahIM Thaharane kA saMkalpa kiyA tathA punaH AjJA maaNgii| taba grAmavAsiyoM ne mahAvIra ko yakSa se sambandhita nimnAMkita ghaTanA sunAI "deva! kucha varSoM pUrva kI ghaTanA hai| yahA~ se dhanadatta nAmaka vyApArI pA~ca sau gAr3iyoM meM sAmAna lekara gujara rahA thaa| varSA ke kAraNa usakI gAr3iyA~ yahA~ para kIcar3a meM phaMsa giiN| baila unako khIMca nahIM sake. para usake pAsa hAthI kI taraha bar3A hI balavAna evaM puSTa kandhoM vAlA eka baila thaa| usa eka hI baila ne dhIre-dhIre pA~ca sau gAr3iyoM ko kIcar3a se nikAla kara bAhara kara diyA, para atyadhika parizrama ke kAraNa vaha baila thaka kara cUra ho gayA tathA bhUmi para gira pdd'aa| vyApArI ne aneka prayatna kiye para baila khar3A nahIM ho skaa| taba vyApArI ne gA~va vAloM ko eka bar3I dhanarAzi dI tathA baila kI sevA-paricaryA kA bhAra unheM sauMpakara vaha Age ravAnA ho gyaa| gA~va vAle usa vyApArI ' kA sArA dhana hajama kara gaye tathA unhoMne baila kI koI sevA-zuzrUSA nahIM kI, na hI use khAne ko kucha diyaa| bhUkhe-pyAse santapta baila ne eka dina apane prANa chor3a diye|

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84 vahI baila mara kara zUlapANi yakSa banA aba gA~va vAloM se apane prati kiye gaye durvyavahAra kA badalA le rahA hai| usane ghara-ghara meM pIr3A, trAsa tathA bhaya kA AtaMka phailA diyA hai tathA saikar3oM logoM ko mauta ke ghATa utAra diyA hai|" ___mahAvIra unakI kathA sunakara bhI nirbhaya bane rahe tathA gA~va vAloM se anumati lekara vahIM ekAnta sthAna dekhakara dhyAnamagna ho ge| arddha rAtri ko yakSa usa sthAna para AyA tathA eka manuSya ko nirbhaya khar3A dekhakara Aga babUlA ho gyaa| usane bhayaMkara aTTahAsa kiyA lekina mahAvIra jarA bhI vicalita nahIM hue| vaha yakSa pralayakAla ke tUphAna kI taraha huMkAra karake raudra nRtya karane lgaa| lekina mahAvIra phira bhI sthira rhe| use una para atyadhika roSa aayaa| vaha unako taraha-taraha se yAtanA dene lgaa| kabhI madonmatta hAthI kI taraha pairoM se rauMdatA, kabhI geMda kI taraha AkAza meM uchAlatA, kabhI bicchU kI taraha jaharIle DaMka mAratA to kabhI zikArI kuttoM kI taraha unakA mAMsa noMca ddaaltaa| lekina mahAvIra phira bhI sthira aura aDiga rhe| Akhira usakI dhRSTatA dUra huii| usakI duSTatA mahAvIra kI sAdhutA se bhir3a kara, TakarAkara nisteja ho gii| vaha hataprabha ho gayA tathA use apane Apa se ghRNA ho gii| usane prabhu mahAvIra ke samakSa kSamA maaNgii| mahAvIra ne use abhayadAna diyaa| prAtaHkAla jaba grAmavAsI Ae to vahA~ para bar3A zAnta vAtAvaraNa thaa| yakSa zramaNa mahAvIra kI upAsanA meM nimagna thaa| pUrA gA~va harSa se zramaNa mahAvIra kI vijaya-gAthA gAne lgaa| (triSaSTi0, 10/3) / ahiMsA kI amRta varSA zramaNa mahAvIra suvarNa bAlukA nadI ke pAsa kanakakhala nAmaka Azrama pAda se gujara rahe the| unhoMne pIche se Ate hue kucha gvAloM kI bhayAkrAnta pukAra sunii| unhoMne kahA- "deva! Apa ruka jAyeM, Age na bar3heM, isa rAste para eka bhayAvaha kAlA nAga rahatA hai, jisane apanI viSa-jvAlA se agaNita rAhagIroM ko bhasmasAta kara DAlA hai| hajAroM pazu-pakSI va per3a-paudhe usakI viSAgni se jalakara rAkha ho gae haiN|'' mahAvIra do kSaNa ruka ge| unhoMne apanA abhayasUcaka hAtha Upara uThAyA, jaise saMketa de rahe hoM ki tuma ghabarAo nhiiN| gA~va vAloM ne unheM puna: samajhAyA para mahAvIra dhIra-gambhIra gati se Age bar3hate gye| usa nAga kI bAMbI ke pAsa eka prAcIna devAlaya thA, ve vahIM pahu~cakara dhyAnamagna ho ge| jaMgala meM ghUmatA huA vaha sarpa apanI bAMbI ke pAsa pahu~cA tathA vahA~ devAlaya meM eka manuSya ko nizcala khar3A dekha Azcaryacakita ho gyaa| sAtha hI use bhayaMkara krodha bhI aayaa| usane apanI viSamayI tIvra dRSTi se mahAvIra kI ora dekhA, agnipiNDa se jaise jvAlAe~ nikalatI haiM vaise hI usakI A~khoM se tIvra viSamayI jvAlAe~ nikalane lgiiN| sAdhAraNa manuSya to unase jalakara khAka ho jAtA para mahAvIra para unakA koI

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prabhAva nahIM pdd'aa| usane bAra-bAra una para prahAra kiyA para mahAvIra avicala dhyAna meM nimagna rhe| Akhira usane eka tIvra daMza unake aMgUThe para maaraa| lekina yaha bhI niSphala gA.. ulTe vahA~ se dUdha kI dhArA bahane lgii| mahAvIra kA aba dhyAna pUrNa huaa| unhoMne caNDakauzika ko udbodhana dete hue kahA- "caMDakauzika samajho! samajho! aba zAnta ho jaao| apanA krodha zAnta kro|'' mahAvIra ke amRta-vacana sunakara nAgarAja kA krodha pAnI pAnI ho gyaa| vaha vicAroM kI gaharAI meM utarA to use jAti smaraNa jJAna prApta ho gyaa| tIvra krodha ke kAraNa usane pUrva janmoM meM kitane-kitane kaSTa uThAye, vaha use smaraNa ho aayaa| vaha zAnta hokara bAra-bAra unake caraNoM meM lipaTakara kSamA mAMgane lgaa| prAtaHkAla gA~va vAloM ne yaha dRzya dekhA to ve Azcaryacakita ho uThe tathA prabhu kA guNagAna karane lge| ahiMsA, abhaya aura maitrI kA yaha eka jvalanta udAharaNa hai (triSaSTi 0,10/3) / sAdhanA kI agniparIkSA- sAdhanA kA gyArahavA~ varSa prArambha huaa| zramaNa mahAvIra ne zrAvastI meM varSAvAsa kiyaa| yahA~ para dhyAna evaM yoga kI aneka prakriyAoM dvArA unhoMne sAdhanA ko aura bhI prakhara bnaayaa| tIna dina kA upavAsa karake zramaNa mahAvIra per3hAla udyAna meM kAyotsarga mudrA tathA utkRSTa dhyAna-pratimA meM lIna the| unake tana-mana va prANa akampa tathA sthira the| usI samaya eka deva saMgama unakI agniparIkSA lene A phuNcaa| eka hI rAtri meM usa deva ne zramaNa mahAvIra ko itanI yAtanAe~ dIM; itane prANaghAtaka kaSTa diye ki vajra-hRdaya bhI dahala jAye; kintu paramayogI mahAvIra kA eka roma bhI prakampita nahIM huaa| mahAvIra dhyAna kI sarvatobhadra pratimA meM lIna the| acAnaka sAyaM-sAyaM kI AvAja se dizAe~ kA~pa utthiiN| bhayaMkara dhUla bharI AMdhI se mahAvIra ke zarIra para miTTI ke Dhera jama gae para mahAvIra ne apane nizcaya ke anusAra A~khoM kI palakeM bhI banda nahIM kii| A~dhI zAnta huI ki tIkSNa mukha vAlI cITiyA~ cAroM ora se mahAvIra ke zarIra ko kATane lgiiN| tana chalanI sA ho gayA para mana vajra sA dRr3ha rhaa| tabhI maccharoM kA samUha mahAvIra ke zarIra ko kATa-kATa kara unakA rakta cUsane lgaa| phira dImakeM mahAvIra ke pUre zarIra para lipaTa gaIM tathA bhayaMkara daMza mArakara kATane lgiiN| para mahAvIra vicalita nahIM hue| phira bicchuoM dvArA tIvra daMza prahAra kiyA jAnA, nevaloM dvArA mAMsa nocA jAnA, viSadhara so dvArA sthAna-sthAna para DaMka mArA jAnA tathA tIkhe dA~ta vAle cUhoM dvArA unake zarIra ko kATA jAnA Adi prArambha hue para ve sarvathA akampita, avicalita bane rhe| isa prakAra ke bIsa ghora upasarga mahAvIra para Aye para saMkalpa ke dhanI mahAvIra

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86 apanI sthiti se, apanI nAsAgra dRSTi se tila bhara bhI Dige nhiiN| Akhira duSTa saMgama kA ahaMkAra cUra huA aura usane mahAvIra se kSamA maaNgii| prAtaHkAla mahAvIra kI dhyAna sAdhanA pUrNa huI aura ve prasanna mana se Age vihAra ko bar3he (Avazyakaniyukti-gAthA 392) / kAnoM meM kIla-sAdhanA-kAla ke terahaveM varSa meM zramaNa mahAvIra chammANi gAMva ke bAhara kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3e the| usI samaya khetoM meM kAma karatA huA eka gvAlA vahA~ apane baila lekara aayaa| zramaNa ko dekhakara bolA--- "deva! jarA mere bailoM kI dekhabhAla karanA, maiM thor3I dera meM AtA huuN| yaha kahakara vaha vahA~ se gA~va calA gyaa| thor3I dera meM vaha vApasa AyA to use baila nahIM mile| ve carate-carate kahIM dUra nikala gae the| usane mahAvIra se pUchA- "deva! mere baila kahA~ gaye?'' mahAvIra to mauna-dhyAna meM tallIna the| uttara kahA~ se dete| isa para vaha gvAlA Aga babUlA ho gyaa| usane phira pUchA- 'ai DhoMgI bAbA! tujhe kucha sunAI detA hai yA nahIM?" mahAvIra ne koI uttara nahIM diyaa| usane kahA- "acchA, maiM tere kAnoM kI cikitsA karatA huuN|" Aveza meM mUr3ha gvAlA jaMgala meM gayA aura vahA~ se kisI vRkSa kI do painI lakar3iyA~ lI aura mahAvIra ke kAnoM meM ThoMka dii| unheM asahya maraNAntika vedanA haI para unhoMne upha taka nahIM kiyaa| ve mahAzramaNa taba bhI dhyAna se tanika bhI vicalita nahIM hue| kAyotsarga parNa hone para ve amadhyamA nagarI padhAre tathA siddhArtha vaNika ke ghara gocarI lii| vaNika ne unake kAnoM meM kIloM ko dekhA to vaha duHkha se kA~pa utthaa| usane turanta kharaka nAmaka vaidya ko bulaayaa| usane kAnoM se kIleM nikaalii| bhagavAn ko asahya vedanA huii| unake mukha se eka bhayaMkara cIkha nikala gii| kharaka ne kAnoM meM auSadhi evaM tela kA mardana kiyA, jisase unake ghAva kucha dinoM meM bhara ge| ___ sAdhaka jIvana kI yaha mAno antima vedanA thI, antima kar3I thI, jo aba samApta ho gaI (triSaSTi0, 20/4) /

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yantra, mantra evaM sAdhanA vidhi DaoN0 mahendra kumAra jaina 'manuja * mantra kI zakti atula hai| duniyA kI aisI koI Rddhi-siddhi nahIM hai jo mantra dvArA prApta na kI jA ske| mahAmantra NamokAra meM se hI samasta mantroM ke bIjAkSara niSpanna hue haiN| mantra, akSara athavA akSaroM kA samUharUpa hotA hai| kahA hai- 'nirbIjamakSaraM nAsti', arthAt aisA koI akSara nahIM hai jisameM zakti na ho| zabda kI zakti aparimita hai aura usakA anubhava hameM apane jIvana meM hotA rahatA hai / pada, padArtha aura padoM ke yojaka kI AdhyAtmika zakti kA samanvaya hI mantra hai| ye tInoM jaise hote haiM, kI zakti bhI vaisI hI hotI hai| mantra sAdhanA kI saphalatA mantra, usakA prayoga aura prayoktA kI sAdhanA para nirbhara karatI hai / yadi mantra ThIka nahIM hai, vaha kisI sacce sAdhaka dvArA prayukta na hokara kisI Thaga dvArA prayukta kiyA gayA hai, athavA mantra azuddha hai, usakI akSara-yojanA ThIka nahIM hai, athavA akSara-yojanA ThIka hote hue bhI usakA uccAraNa ThIka nahIM- azuddha pATha kiyA gayA hai, yA pATha zuddha hote hue bhI japa karane vAle kA citta ekAgra nahIM hai, usameM usakI zraddhA nahIM hai to mantrazakti kAryakArI nahIM ho sakatI / mantra sAdhanA jaise binA zakti kA koI akSara nahIM, usI taraha -- 'nAsti mUlamanauSadham' aisI koI vanaspati nahIM jo auSadhi rUpa na ho / AvazyakatA aise jAnakAra yojaka kI hai jo vibhinna vanaspatiyoM ke mela se vibhinna rogoM kI auSadhi kA nirmANa kara sake aura aise prayoktAoM kI AvazyakatA hai jo rogI ke anurUpa usako prayoga karane kI salAha vagairaha de sake, sAtha hI rogI saccI AsthApUrvaka auSadhi kA sevana kara sake, taba usakA phala sAmane AyegA ThIka isI taraha mantra ke viSaya meM hai / kuzala mantra - yojaka, mantra - prayoktA aura zraddhAyukta mantra - sAdhaka / balki auSadhi se adhika sAvadhAnI mantra ke viSaya meM baratane kI AvazyakatA hai| *. mantrazakti dudhArI talavAra hai, vaha rakSaka bhI hai aura saMhAraka bhI / yadi talavAra bI0 3/37, bhadainI, vArANasI.

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88 kA ThIka DhaMga se prayoga kiyA jAve to svAmI kI rakSA karatI hai, zatru ko mAra DAlatI hai aura anajAna AdamI uThAkara ghumAne lage to usI kA saMhAra kara DAlatI hai| pUrNa jAnakArI ke abhAva meM saphalatA kama, vighna bahutoM ko upasthita hote haiM / mantra devAdhiSThita hote haiM aura sAdhaka mantra kI sAdhanA dvArA unake adhiSThAtA devoM ko vaza meM karane kI ceSTA karatA hai| ataH isa kriyA meM vahI saphala ho sakatA hai jo apane ko devatA se bhI adhika zaktizAlI mAnatA ho aura yaha AtmavizvAsa ho ki devatA nahIM, devatA kA pitA bhI Aye to vaha merA kucha nahIM bigAr3a sakatA / kintu jo devatA ke nAma se ghabarAte haiM, svayaM ko unakA gulAma samajhate haiM aura samajhate haiM ki devatA bar3e zaktizAlI hote haiM, ve yadi unheM vaza meM karane ke lie caleM to devatA unheM na DarAyeM to bhI ve svayaM hI apanI kamajorI ke kAraNa Dare binA nahIM raha sakate / ( namaskAra mahAmantra - paM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, pRSTha 12) / mumukSuoM ke lie mantra-tantra Adi kI siddhi kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai; kyoMki yaha muniyoM ko dUSita karatA hai| vazIkaraNa, AkarSaNa, vidveSaNa, uccATana, jala, agni, viSa Adi kA stambhana karanA, senA kA stambhana karanA, vidyA ko chedane kA vidhAna sAdhanA, vedhanA, vaidyakavidyAsAdhana, yakSiNI mantra, pAtAla siddhi ke vidhAna kA abhyAsa karanA, mRtyu ko jItane kI mantra - sAdhana karanA, adRzya hone tathA gar3e hue dhana ko dekhane ke liye aMjana kI sAdhanA, bhUta sAdhanA, sarpa sAdhanA ityAdi ko jo muni hokara AjIvikA kA sAdhana banAte haiM, dhanopArjana karate haiM ve atyanta nindya va narakagAmI kahe gaye haiM / parantu jina muniyoM ko coroM se upadrava huA ho, duSTa pazuoM se pIr3A huI ho, duSTa rAjA se kaSTa pahu~cA ho, nadI dvArA roke gaye hoM, bhArI roga se pIr3ita ho gaye hoM, to unakA upadrava vidyAdikoM se naSTa karanA cAhie, isameM doSa nahIM hai| mantra - yantra-tantra - AcArya AdisAgara abhinandanagrantha, pRSTha 126) mantra sAdhanA vidhi yaha sahI hai ki aisI koI Rddhi-siddhi nahIM hai jo mantra sAdhanA se prApta na kI jA sake; kintu mantra - siddhi ke lie mantra - sAdhana kI ThIka-ThIka vidhi kI jAnakArI honA Avazyaka hai / mantra kI zuddhatA, mantra kA prakAra, kisa rAzi vAle ko kauna se tattvIya bIjAkSara vAle mantroM kI anukUlatA, mantra ke anusAra pazcima- naiRtya Adi dizA, prabhAta - madhyAhna Adi samaya, zaMkha-vajra Adi mudrA, padma-bhadra Adi Asana, zveta-lAla Adi vastra, zveta-pIta Adi puSpa, pUraka- kumbhaka Adi yoga, sphaTika-mU~gA Adi kI mAlA, dakSiNa- vAma hasta, madhyamA anAmikA Adi aMgulI, jala- pRthvI Adi maNDala aura sIdhA - vAma svara kA jJAna paramAvazyaka hai| isake atirikta yoga, upadeza, devatA, sakalIkaraNa paMcopacAra aura japa - homa kI vidhi kA vettA honA bhI anivArya hai /

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ATha karma mantroM ke mukhyata: ATha kArya haiN| inhIM ATha kAryoM ke lie mantroM kA prayoga aura sAdhanA kI jAtI hai| ve haiM- zAntikarma, pauSTikakarma, vazyakarma, AkarSaNakarma, stambhanakarma, uccATanakarma, vidveSaNakarma aura abhicaarkrm| zAntikarma, jvara rogAdi kI zAnti ke lie zveta vastra dhAraNa kara zveta yantroddhAra karake, usakI pUjA karake, pazcima kI ora mukha karake, padmAsana, jJAnamudrA meM, arddharAtri ke samaya, pUraka yoga meM, sIdhA svara, zveta (sphaTika) mAlA, dAhine hAtha kI madhyamA aMgulI se 108 bAra zAnti mantra japane kA vidhAna hai| pauSTika karma ke lie bhI zveta vastra, zveta yantroddhAra, sUrijJAnamudrA, svastika yA padmAsana, prabhAta samaya, pUraka yoga, jalamaNDala, sIdhA svara, uttara dizAbhimukha hokara, dAhine hAtha kI madhyamA aMgulI se motI kI mAlA dvArA japa karane kA vidhAna hai| AkarSaNa karma ke lie raktavarNa yantroddhAra, lAla vastra, dakSiNAbhimukha, daNDAsana, kuzamudrA, vAma svara, pUraka yoga, agni pallava, bAe~ hAtha kI kaniSThikA aMgulI se lAla mAlA dvArA prabhAta ke samaya japa karane se kArya siddhi kahI gaI hai| stambhana karma meM haritAlAdi pItavarNa yantroddhAra, pIle vastra, zaMkhamudrA, vajrAsana, pUrva dizAbhimukha, ThaH ThaH pallava, kumbhaka yoga, pRthvI maNDala, sIdhA svara, dAhine hAtha kI kaniSThikA aMgulI se svarNa mAlA dvArA japa karane kI vidhi nirdiSTa hai| uccATana karma meM kRSNa varNa se yantroddhAra, pravAlamudrA, kukkuTAsana, phaT pallava, dhUmra (kAle) varNa ke vastra, vAyumaNDala, recaka yoga, sIdhA svara, vAyavya dizAbhimukha, dAhinA hAtha, tarjanI aMgulI, putrajIvamaNI kI (kAlI) mAlA batAI gaI hai| vidveSaNa karma ke lie Agneya dizA, madhyAhna samaya huM pallava aura zeSa saba uccATana ke samAna nirdeza hai| abhicAra karma ke lie sarva viSamizrita unmatta rasoM se yantroddhAra, kRSNa vastra, IzAna dizAbhimukha, vajra mudrA, bhadrAsana, gheghe pallava aura zeSa saba uccATana karma ke samAna nirdezita haiN| isakA samaya saMdhyAkAla batAyA gayA hai| yoga __ mantra sAdhaka aura mantra ke Adi akSara se nakSatra, tArA aura candra kI anukUlatA jyotiSa se milA lenA caahie| yadi virodha na ho to samajhanA cAhie ki mantra siddha hogaa| isI ko yoga kahate haiN| jisa mantra kI sAdhanA karanI hai usa mantra ke akSaroM ke tIna gaNita karake apane nAma ke akSaroM ko usameM milA deN| usa saMkhyA ko 12 se bhAga deN| yadi zeSa saMkhyA 5-9 bace to mantra siddha hogA, 6-10 bace to dera se siddha hogA, 7-11 bace to

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acchA hogA aura 8-12 bace to siddha nahIM hogA, aisA jAnanA caahie| ata: viparIta hone se siddha karane kA prayatna nahIM karanA caahie| viparIta mantra ko anukUla karane ke lie (jo mantra dhanAtmaka ho) mantra ke Adi meM- 'hrIM, zrI, klIM' inameM se eka koI bIjAkSara le AveM, taba ve saba doSa miTa jAte haiN| vaha siddhi ho sakatA hai| sAdhaka ko yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hotA hai ki uccATana-vidveSaNa Adi krUra svabhAvI mantroM ke anta meM 'namaH' jor3a dene se vaha mantra zAnta svabhAvI ho jAtA hai aura yadi zAnti-puSTi kAraka zAnta svabhAvI mantra ke anta meM 'phaTa' pallava lagA diyA jAya to vaha krUra svabhAvI ho jAtA hai| upadeza pustaka meM mantra likhA hai, to bhI mantra vidhi jAnane vAle guru se avazya pUcha lenA cAhie; jisase ki sandeha na rhe| yaha upadeza hai| mantra chapane meM yA likhane meM kaI taraha kI azuddhiyA~ ho jAtI haiM, zuddha likhA hone para kabhI-kabhI zuddha uccAraNa nahIM ho pAtA hai| aise meM kI gaI sAdhanA kA pariNAma nirarthaka yA bhayAvaha ho sakatA hai| devatA zuddha samyagdRSTi 24 tIrthaGkaroM meM se kisI kA bhI japa kareM to unake sevaka yakSa yA yakSiNI usa sAdhaka kI manovAMchita siddhi meM sahAyaka hote haiN| 24 tIrthaGkaroM ke jo sevaka haiM, unakA takhtA inake sAtha hai| ye yakSa aura yakSiNI jinamata kI sevA karate haiN| rohiNI Adi vidyA devatAoM ke prabhAva se vidyAdhara manuSya hokara bhI devoM ke samAna sukha bhogate haiN| (A0 mahA0smR0 grantha, pRSTha 148) / sakalIkaraNa mantra sAdhane ke pahale sakalIkaraNa kriyA avazya karanI caahie| vidyAsAdhana karane ke icchuka ko iSTakArya kI nirvighna siddhi ke lie apanI rakSA karane ko sakalIkaraNa kriyA kahate haiN| rakSAmantra se mantrita baiThane ke sthAna ke cAroM ora se sarasoM kI rekhA khIMcI jAtI hai, jisase isake andara kisI vyantarAdi kA praveza nahIM ho paataa| phira maNDala vidhAna ke samaya kA sAmAnya sakalIkaraNa karake nimnalikhita mantra se sabhI dizA dvAroM ko bA~dhA jAtA hai "OM namo bhagavati padmAvati akSikukSimaMDinI uta vAsinI AtmarakSA, pararakSA, pizAcarakSA zAkinIrakSA caurarakSA pUrvadvAraM baMdhAmi ya OM ThaH ThaH svaahaa|" yaha mantra par3hakara pUrva paridhi dvAra (dizA) meM pIlA sarasoM kSepita kiyA jAtA hai|

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isI taraha mantra par3hakara mantra meM Aye 'pUrva dvAra' ke sthAna para kramaza: AgneyadvAraM, dakSiNadvAraM, naiRtyadvAraM, pazcimadvAraM, vAyavyadvAra, uttaradvAraM, IzAnadvAraM, adhodvAraM, UrdhvadvAraM, vakraM aura sarvagrahAn bolate hue tattad dizA meM sarasoM kSepita kiyA jAtA hai| pUrva aura dakSiNa ke bIca kA konA Agneya dizA, dakSiNa aura pazcima kA konA naiRtya dizA, pazcima aura uttara ke bIca kA konA IzAna dizA kahalAtI hai| isa prakAra sakalIkaraNa karake phira paMcopacAra vidhi se yantra kI pUjA karanA caahie| pA~ca upacAra mantra svAmI devatA ke pA~ca upacAra haiM- AhvAnana, sthApana, sAkSAtkaraNa, aSTadravya se pUjana aura visrjn| AhvAnana mantra ke sAtha atra avatara avatara bolate samaya pahale donoM hAthoM ko hRdaya ke sAmane karake jor3e, phira donoM hAthoM kI anAmikA (choTI UMgalI ke pAsa kI) uMgalI kI jar3a (hathelI tarapha se pahale porue) para aMgUThA rakheM, sIdhe hAtha karake hRdaya ke sAmane Age ko karake phailAte jAe~, pUrNa phailAte hue avatara boleN| sthApana ke lie puna: hAtha mukulita, tarjanI kI jar3a para aGguSTha, isa bAra hAtha ulTe arthAt hathelI nIce kI ora, hRdaya ke samAnAntara Age ko hAtha phailAte hue 'ThaH ThaH' boleN| sAkSAtkaraNa ke lie hRdaya ke sAmane kucha dUra hAtha jor3eM, phira donoM muTThiyA~ bA~dhe, aGguSTha bAhara nikale rahane deM, 'saMvauSaT', yA 'vaSaT' bolate hue muTThI ba~dhe hue hAthoM ke donoM a~gUThe hRdaya se lgaaeN| visarjana karate samaya 'sva sthAnaM gaccha gaccha ja: ja: jaH' avazya bolanA caahie| AhvAnana pUraka yoga se, visarjana recaka yoga se aura zeSa karma kumbhaka yoga se karanA caahie| pUraka meM zvA~sa andara khIMcI jAtI hai, recaka meM zvA~sa bAhara chor3I jAtI hai aura kumbhaka meM zvA~sa andara rokI jAtI hai| japa, homa __mantra ke japa kI saMkhyA sAmAnya rIti se 108 athavA 1008 kahI gayI hai, kintu mantra vizeSoM kI saMkhyA uddezya ke anusAra alaga-alaga bhI kahI gaI hai| japa tIna prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai-- prathama mAnasa japa, dUsarA upAMzu japa aura tIsarA bhASya jp| jo japa mana hI mana meM kiyA jAtA hai use mAnasa japa kahate haiN| upAMzu japa use kahate haiM antarjalparUpa ho aura jise koI suna na ske| isameM mantra ke zabda mukha se bAhara nahIM nikalate, kaNTha sthAna meM hI gUMjate rahate haiN| ina tInoM meM sabase uttama mAnasa japa hai, mAnasa japa se nIce upAMzu japa hai aura upAMzu japa se nikRSTa bhASya japa hai| mantra ko mu~ha se bolate hue japane ko bhASya kahate haiN| prArambha meM bhASya japa kiyA jAtA hai, mantroM ko mukha se bolakara japane se sAdhaka

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kA mana usI meM lagA rahatA hai| usake pazcAt upAMzu japa karanA cAhie aura isakA ThIka abhyAsa hone para mAnasa japa (to zreSTha hai hI) karanA caahie| isameM japa kA sthAna kaNTha na hokara hRdaya deza hotA hai| hRdaya meM hI mantra kA cintana calatA rahatA hai| yaha mAnasa japa hI abhyAsa bar3hane para dhyAna kA rUpa le letA hai| japa se mantra apanI pUrI zakti ko prApta hotA hai aura homa pUjA Adi se usakA svAmI devatA tRpta hotA hai| eka to svayaM agni, phira use havA kI sahAyatA mila jAya to kyA nahIM kara sktii| isI taraha pahale to mantra phira vaha japa homa sahita ho to kyA nahIM kara sktaa| Aja ke samaya mantra sAdhanA ke lie ekAnta sthAna meM mantra japanA ayogya kahA hai; kyoMki yadi koI vyantara bhaya dikhAtA hai to sAdhaka usako sahana nahIM kara sakatA hai; kAraNa ki hama saMhanana hIna haiM aura zakti alpa hai| ekAnta meM japane vAloM ke bhraSTa ho jAne kI adhika sambhAvanA hai| mantra ko mandira jI meM yA apane kisI ekAnta sthAna meM rAtri meM (yA mantra ke sAtha batAI gaI belA meM) dIpaka jalAkara japanA cAhie aura eka AdamI apane pAsa rakhanA cAhie, isase sAdhanA meM sahAyatA milatI hai aura nirvighna siddhi hotI hai| homa kI vidhi hamane 'jinAlaya pratiSThA vidhi' pustaka meM vistAra se dI hai| homa ke samaya mantra ke anta meM 'svAhA' bolanA caahie| jisa mantra kA jApa kiyA jAtA hai usa mantra kI jApa saMkhyA se dazavA~ aMza usa mantra kI homa meM AhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiN| japamAlA jApa kI saMkhyA batAne ke lie sIdhA sarala upAya hai maalaa| yaha sUtra, candana, mUMge, sphaTika, svarNa, putrajIvamaNi, motI Adi kI ho sakatI hai| mAlA sApha sutharI avazya ho| prAyaH mAlA dAhine hAtha ke aMgUThe para rakhakara madhyamA-anAmikA a~guliyoM se pherate haiN| hAtha hRdaya ke sAmane rakhA jAtA hai| mAlA nAbhi ke adhika nIce taka na lttke| ghuTane, pA~va yA paloTI para rakhakara mAlA nahIM pheranA caahie| ___ zAntika pauSTika (zubha) kArya ke lie sphaTika mAlA dAhine hAtha kI madhyamA aMgulI se pherane kA nirdeza hai| vazya-AkarSaNa ke lie mUMgA (pravAla) kI mAlA, bAe~ hAtha se| vazya meM anAmikA aura AkarSaNa meM kaniSThikA aMgulI prayoga kI jAtI hai| stambhana ke lie svarNa kI mAlA dAhine hAtha kI kaniSThikA se aura vidveSaNa, uccATana, abhicAra kArya ke lie putrajIvamaNi (kAlI) mAlA dAhine hAtha kI tarjanI a~galI se japane kA nirdeza hai|

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sAvadhAnI vartamAna meM yantra-mantra dene vAloM kI bahutAyata ho gaI hai| kisI bhI kaileNDara, pustikA, patraka, jantrI Adi meM kaI camatkArI mantroM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai; lekina choTe-choTe se mantroM meM bhI kaI azuddhiyA~ dekhIM gaIM haiN| aise meM azuddha mantra ke jApa se niSphalatA ke sAtha-sAtha viparIta pariNAma kI bhI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| kisI mantra sAdhanA ke lie pUrNa vidhi kI jAnakArI honA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| eka sAmAnya bAta yaha avazya dhyAna meM rakhI jAtI hai ki jisa mantra ke anta meM 'namaH' zabda (ise pallava kahate haiM) AtA (lagA) ho vaha kadAcit azuddha bhI ho to bhI duSpariNAma hone kI AzaMkA nahIM rahatI; kintu jisa mantra ke anta meM 'vaSaT', 'vauSaT' 'ThaH ThaH', 'ghe ghe', 'hu~' aura 'phaTa' pallava lagA ho use pUrNa jAnakArI ke abhAva meM japanA nahIM cAhie, anyathA kisI bhI truTi se bhayaMkara duSpariNAma ho sakatA hai| yantra kucha viziSTa prakAra ke akSara, zabda va mantra racanA jo koSThaka Adi banAkara unameM citrita kie jAte haiM, yantra kahalAte haiN| mantra zAstra ke anusAra inameM kucha aciMtya zakti mAnI gayI hai| isIlie jaina sampradAya meM inheM pUjA va vinaya kA vizeSa sthAna prApta hai| mantra siddhi, pUjA, pratiSThA va yajJa-vidhAna Adi meM inakA bahulatA se prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| aneka yantroM kA nirmANa prayojanavaza unakI vidhi ke anusAra kiyA jAtA hai| (jainendra siddhAnta kosh)| yantroM se lAbha prApta karane kI prathA prAcIna kAla se calI A rahI hai| dukAna ke daravAje aura dIpAvalI ke samaya yantra likhane kI prathA prAya: dekhane meM AtI hai| mantra sAdhana yA maNDala vidhAna ke samaya dizAbandhana ke lie hAtha meM yantra banAte haiN| muni dIkSA ke samaya AcArya dIkSArthI ke hAthoM aura sira para yantra likhate haiN| yadi yantra vidhipUrvaka likhA jAya to prasava-pIr3A bhoga rahI strI ko yantra dikhAne mAtra se prasava ho jAtA hai| kisI ko DAkinI-zAkinI satAtI ho to yantra ko dikhAne mAtra se use ArAma ho jAtA hai, ityAdi camatkArapUrNa yantra haiN| mantra sAdhanA ke samaya bIjAkSara likhakara yantra samakSa rakhane kA nirdeza hai| isase mantra sAdhanA ke samaya vighna-bAdhAe~ nahIM AtI haiN| mandira yA makAna kI nIva meM mAtRkA yantra avazya rakhanA caahie| __ yantra lekhana meM lekhana sAmagrI, dizA, dina, AcAra-vicAra, kalama kI lambAI, aMkoM ke pahale aura bAda meM likhane kA krama, kisa taraha ke mantra ke lie kauna sA AkAra Adi kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA hai| yantra, yantra lekhana vidhi ke acchI taraha se jAnakAra vyakti se hI likhavAnA yA lenA caahie|

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bhAraNDa pakSI bha~varalAla nAhaTA jIva-jantuoM ke vividha bhedoM kA jaisA varNana jainAgamoM meM varNita hai, vaisA anyatra kahIM bhI nahIM miltaa| caurAsI lAkha jIva yoni meM cAra lAkha triryaJca paJcendriya batalAye gaye haiN| triryaJca yoni ke jalacara, sthalacara aura khecara varga meM bhAraNDa pakSI carma pakSI jAti kA bhImakAya pakSI hai| nara loka kA yaha pakSI samasta pakSiyoM meM sarvAdhika zaktizAlI hai| manuSya loka jo jambadvIpa, dhAtakI khaNDa aura puSkarArddha taka sImita hai, tadatirikta asaMkhya dvIpa samudra svayaMbhUramaNa samudraparyanta hai| unameM samudga pakSI aura vitata pakSI hone kA ullekha jIvavicAraprakaraNa meM 'samugga pakkhI aviyaya pakkhI' rUpa se ballAyA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM "mRga pakSI zAstra' nAmaka adbhuta racanA bhI upalabdha hai| isameM digambara vidvAn paM0 haMsarAja ne saMskRta meM pazu-pakSiyoM se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI dI hai| yaha apane DhaMga kA advitIya grantha hai| pazu-pakSI hamAre rASTra kI amUlya sampatti haiN| mayUra to hamArA rASTrIya pakSI mAnA jAtA hai| zikAra pravRtti ke kAraNa atyanta mahattvazAlI pazu-pakSiyoM kI jAti hI naSTa hokara nAma zeSa hotI jA rahI hai| giranAra ke siMha evaM AsAma prAnta ke mUlyavAn gaiMDe alpasaMkhyA meM raha gaye haiM aura kramaza: tejI se kama hote jA rahe haiN| jirApha kA astitva bhUtakAla meM bhArata meM bhI thA, jisakA citra jaisalamera ke zrI jinabhadra sUri jJAna bhaNDAra meM hai| aba vaha aphrIkA meM hI raha gayA hai| ADI aura vana kukkuTa kA nAmollekha saMskRta-prAkRta sAhitya meM pAyA jAtA hai| AcAra bhraSTa vezadhAriyoM ke lie unheM upamA dI jAtI hai ki ve na to sAdhu haiM aura na zrAvaka hI, yata: ADIe mayaNamattAe, sevio vaNa kukkuddo| teNa so pillao jAo, nA ADI na ca kukkddo|| arthAt madanonmatta ADI ne vana kukkuTa se saMgama kiyA, jisake phalasvarUpa jo pillA huA vaha na to ADI hai na kukkuTa, arthAt varNasaMkara hai| isa prakAra saMsAra kA vicitra svarUpa hai| yahA~ hameM eka aise hI bhImakAya bhAraNDa pakSI kA paricaya karAnA abhISTa hai jo *. 4, jagamohana mallika lena, kalakattA 700 007.

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ki Aja lupta ho gayA hai kintu usakI aneka vizeSatAe~ zAstroM meM varNita haiM, jisase do hajAra varSa pUrva bhArata meM usakA astitva pramANita hai| bhAraNDa pakSI meM aneka vizeSatAe~ thIM, jo bar3I vilakSaNa thiiN| vaha apane vizAla paMjoM se pakar3a kara bar3e se bar3e pazuoM/mAnavoM Adi ko AsAnI se le ur3atA thaa| vatsa deza ke mahArAjA zatAnIka kI rAnI mRgAvatI ko le jAkara malayAcala ke vana meM girA dene kA varNana zAstroM meM milatA hai| mahopAdhyAya samayasundarajI ne mRgAvatIcaupAI meM apane samaya kI citrakArI kI abhivyakti dete hue bhAraNDa pakSI ke citra kA bhI varNana kiyA hai jo isa prakAra hai bhalA naI bhAraNDa pakSI cItaryA re, eka udara gAbar3i doya re| jugati bhakhai phala jUjuA re, jIva judA beu hoya re| catura cItAro rUpa cItare re rAjamahala taNI bhIta re|| yaha varNana kauzAmbI ke rAjamahala meM bhAraNDa pakSI ke citra kA hai| hamAre saMgraha meM aura jJAna bhaNDAroM meM bhAraNDa pakSI ke citra samprApta haiN| kalpasUtravRtti meM kumAranandI svarNakAra ke paMcazailadvIpa jAne kA sAdhana bhAraNDa pakSI hI thaa| vikramacaritrAdi kathA sAhitya ke anusAra bhAraNDa pakSI kI viSTA kA netrAJjana karane para netrAndha vyakti bhI dina meM tAre dekhane yogya dRSTi pA jAte the| kathA sAhitya meM prApta pracura udAharaNoM ko yahA~ prastuta karane kA na sthAna hai, na prasaMga hI hai| - bhAraNDa pakSI kI zarIra racanA vizeSa prakAra kI thI, isakI deha meM do jIvAtmAoM kA nivAsa rahatA thaa| udara eka hote hue bhI coMca-mukha do the| paJcendriya jIva ke 'dasahA jiyANa pANA iMdiya usAsAu joga bala rUvo' arthAt (10) dasa prANa hote haiN| bhAraNDa pakSI ke do jIvAtmA hone para bhI mana eka hotA hai ataeva usake unnIsa prANa hote haiM, aisA ullekha jaina zAstroM meM pAyA jAtA hai| yaha pakSI apanI apramatta dazA aura satat jAgarUkatA ke lie atyanta prasiddha thaa| jaina zAstroM meM jinezvara bhagavAn kI apramatta dazA aura satat jAgarUkatA ke kAraNa unakA varNana karate hue laukika dRSTAntoM meM bhAraNDa pakSI kA upamA-sAdRzya batalAyA gayA hai| do jIvAtmA vAlA bhAraNDa pakSI mana eka hone se zarIra vyApAra- udarapUrti bar3I hI satarkatA se yuktipUrvaka karatA thA, kyoMki donoM mukha se yadi eka sAtha hI bhakSaNa kare to vaha AhAra usake gale meM pha~sa kara usakI mRtyu kA kAraNa bana jaaye| yaha pakSI mAMsAhArI aura manuSya kI bhASA bolane vAlA thA aura isake tIna pAMva hote the| Aja ke yuga meM pracalita do iMjana vAle havAI jahAja/vimAna se isakI AkRti kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| vasudevahiNDI nAmaka chaThI zatAbdI meM nirmita grantha ke pRSTha 249 meM bhAraNDa

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96 pakSI kA ullekha hai| usameM ratnadvIpa se Ane vAle pakSI kA isa prakAra varNana hai kisI vyApArI kA kAphilA apanA mAla kraya-vikraya karane ke lie pravAsa karatA huA ajapatha deza meM AtA hai| ajapatha vaha hai jahA~ bakaroM para ArUr3ha hokara pravAsa kiyA jAtA hai| bakaroM kI A~kha para paTTI bAMdhakara ajapatha pahu~cate haiM aura vajrakoTi sthita parvatollaMghana karane para sakhta ThaNDa ke kAraNa bakaroM kA khUna jama jAtA hai| AMkha kI paTTI kholakara bakaroM ko mAra DAlate haiM aura unakI camar3I ke bar3e-bar3e mazaka banAte haiM, phira chUrI lekara pravAsI loga usameM praviSTa hokara bhItara se mazaka banda kara lete haiN| isa parvata para bhAraNDa pakSI AhAra ke lie ratnadvIpa se Ate haiM aura mazaka ko mAMsa piNDa samajhakara le ur3ate haiM aura ratnadvIpa le jAkara rakhate haiN| andara vAlA manuSya turanta chUrI se mazaka ko kATakara bAhara nikala par3atA hai| vaha ratnoM kA pracura saMgraha karake puna: mazaka meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai aura bhAraNDa pakSI use usI prakAra uThA kara parvata para le AtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra adhyayana 4, gAthA 6, jJAtAsUtra zrutaskandha 1, adhyAya 5, sthAnAGga sUtra ThA0 9, kalpasUtrakiraNAvalI Adi granthoM ke ullekha eka se haiM aura unameM do jIvoM ke eka peTa, do grIvA-jIbha-mukha, tIna pAMva aura manuSya kI bolI bolane vAlA batalAyA gayA hai| unameM usake apramatta guNa kA varNana kiyA hai jabaki eka-sI gAthA dekara pArasparika asahayoga se bhAraNDa pakSI ke nAza hone kA varNana paJcatantra ke pAMcaveM tantra 'aparIkSita kAraka' meM kiyA hai| paJcatantra kA ullekha isa prakAra hai eka sarovara meM eka peTa aura jude-jude mastaka vAlA eka bhAraNDa pakSI rahatA thaa| usane samudra taTa para bhramaNa karate hue samudra taraMgoM meM pravAhita hokara Ane vAle amRta phaloM ko prApta kiyaa| bhAraNDa ne eka mukha se khAkara phaloM kA rasAsvAdana kiyaa| phaloM kI madhuratA kA varNana sunakara dUsare mukha ne kahA- thor3A svAda mujhe bhI cakhane do| bhAraNDa ke pahale mukha ne kahA- apanA peTa to eka hI hai ata: mere khAne se tRpti tumheM bhI ho gaI phira khAne se lAbha kyA? kahate hue avaziSTa phala usa mukha ko na dekara bhAraNDI ko de diyaa| madhura svAda na pAne vAlA dUsarA muMha hamezA udvigna rahane lgaa| eka bAra dUsare mukha ko kahIM se viSa phala mila gyaa| usane amRta phala khAne vAle muMha se kahA- nirdayI! adhama! tuma merI upekSA karate ho| aba mujhe yaha viSa phala milA hai, jise khAkara maiM apamAna kA badalA luuNgaa| bhAraNDa ke prathama mukha ne kahA- mUrkha! aisA na karo, apane donoM mara jaaveNge| dvitIya muMha ne usakI bAta na mAnakara pratizodha kI bhAvanA se viSa phala khA liyA, jisase donoM mara gye| __kalikAlasarvajJa hemacandrAcArya ne dezInAmamAlA, varga 6, zloka 108 meM evaM anekArthasaMgraha kANDa 3, zloka 173 meM bhAraNDa pakSI kA nAmollekha karake paJcatantra

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gata gAthA kI arddhAlI uddhRta kI hai| hemacandrAcAryakRta trizaSTizalAkApuruSacaritragata neminAthacaritra meM vaNik cArudatta dvArA 'TaMkaNa' pahuMca kara ajapatha dvArA svarNabhUmi jAne ke ullekha meM bakare kI ulTI khAla kI mazaka meM bhAraNDa pakSI dvArA le jAnA varNita hai| __ araba ke upanyAsoM meM sindabAda kI jo kahAnI AtI hai vaha bhI bhAraNDa pakSI jaise kisI bhImakAya pakSI se sambandhita hai aura vasudevahiNDI kI kathA se usakA Azaya bahuta kucha eka-sA hai| sindabAda ne vizva bhramaNa kiyA thaa| vaha kahatA hai- maiM eka bAra jahAja meM baiThakara kisI dvIpa meM gayA, khAnA-pInA karake maiM so gyaa| sabhI sahayAtrI mujhe soyA huA chor3akara cale gye| maiM nIMda se jagakara idhara-udhara ghUmatA huA eka bar3e bhArI aNDe ke pAsa phuNcaa| itane meM hI vahAM eka bhImakAya pakSI Akara utarA, usakA paira vizAla vRkSa kI jar3a jaisA thaa| maiM apanI pagar3I se usake pairoM ke sAtha baMdha gyaa| pakSI ur3a kara pahAr3a kI talahaTI meM gyaa| maiMne vahAM utara kara bar3e-bar3e hIroM kA saMgraha kiyA aura thaile meM bhara lie| vahAM sAmane kI pahAr3I se vyApArI logoM ne mAMsa kA piNDa pheMkA thA jisa para aneka hIre cipaka gae the| maiM usa mAMsa ke piNDa ko apanI pITha para DAla kara so gyaa| bhImakAya pakSI ne Akara mujhe uThA liyA aura pahAr3a para lAkara rkhaa| vyApAriyoM ne pakSI ko ur3A diyA aura mujhase hIre maaNge| maiMne unheM apane bar3e-bar3e hIre to nahIM diye para mAMsa para cipake hue choTe hIre unhoMne le liye| isa kathA meM bhAraNDa pakSI ke do mastakAdi lakSaNoM kA abhAva hote hue bhI ratna prApti kI kathArUr3hi eka-sI hai| amerikA meM aba bhI aise bhImakAya pakSI pAye jAte haiM jinakA phailAva 30 phuTa taka ho jAtA hai| zilpa-sthApatya meM bhI bhAraNDa pakSI kI AkRti utkIrNita kI jAtI thii| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke takSazilA padhArane para unake putra bAhubali dvArA prabhu ke kAyotsarga sthAna para stUpa nirmANa karAne kA ullekha jaina sAhitya meM prApta hai| samaya-samaya para isake jIrNoddhAra hone ke bAvajUda bhI jo antima rUpa takSazilA (pAkistAna) meM vidyamAna hai usakI barhivartI dIvAla ke toraNa para bhAraNDa pakSI kA citra utkIrNa hai vaha nizcita hI jaina zilpa kA pratinidhitva karane vAlA hai| isakA citra jainajarnala, bhAga 6 ke prathama aMka meM prakAzita hai| isa prakAra eka aitihAsika kintu kAla ke prabhAva se lupta pakSIrAja bhAraNDa kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| sambhava hai manuSya kSetra ke barhivartI dvIpAntaroM meM yaha pakSI vidyamAna bhI ho| jaise ki Aja bhImakAya pazu-pakSiyoM ke avazeSa bhUgarbha se khadAI meM prApta hote haiM, kahIM se prApta ho to zodhakartA adhikArI vidvAn usa para vizeSa prakAza ddaaleNge| sthApatya aura prAcIna citrAdi ke AdhAra se yathAsmRti eka rekhAcitra maiMne apane putra padama se aMkita karAyA hai, jo yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai|

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98 sirakapa, takSazilA meM stUpa para aMkita bhAraNDa pakSI Luce CELOT DUD

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ahiMsA kI paridhi meM paryAvaraNa santulana DaoN. puSpalatA jaina ahiMsA dharma hai, saMyama hai aura paryAvaraNa nisarga hai, prakRti hai| prakRti kI surakSA hamArI gahana ahiMsA aura samaya sAdhanA kA paricAyaka hai| prakRti kA pradUSaNa paryAvaraNa ke asantulana kA AvAhaka hai aura asantulana avyavasthA aura bhUcAla kA pratIka hai ata: prAkRtika santulana banAe rakhanA hamArA dharma hai, kartavya hai aura AvazyakatA bhii| anyathA vinAza ke kagAroM para hamArA jIvana baiTha jAtA hai aura kaTI huI pataMga-sA lar3akhar3Ane lagatA hai| yaha aitihAsika aura vaijJAnika satya hai| - prAcIna RSiyoM, maharSiyoM aura AcAryoM ne isa pratiSThita tattva ko na kevala bhalI-bhA~ti samajha liyA thA balki use unhoMne jIvana meM utArA bhI thaa| ve prakRti ke ramya prAGgaNa meM svayaM rahate the, usakA Ananda lete the aura vanavAsI hokara svayaM ko surakSita rakhane ke lie prakRti kI surakSA kiyA karate the| jaba kabhI prAkRtika santulana bigar3A, vipattiyoM ke ambAra ne hamAre daravAje para dastaka dI aura taba bhI yadi hama na sambhale to mRtyu kA duHkhada AliMgana karane ke alAvA hamAre pAsa koI dUsarA rAstA nahIM bcegaa| zAyada yahI kAraNa hai ki hamAre purakhoM ne hameM "parasparopagraho jIvAnAm" kA pATha acchI taraha se par3hA diyA jise hamane gAMTha bAMdhakara saheja liyaa| prakRti vastuta: jIvana kI paricAyikA hai| patajhar3a ke bAda vasanta aura vasanta ke bAda patajhar3a AtI hai| duHkha ke bAda sukha aura sukha ke bAda duHkha kA cakra eka svAbhAvika prakriyA hai| vanaspati aura pazu-pakSI prANI jagat prakRti ke abhinna aMga haiN| unakI saundarya-abhivyakti jIvana kI yathArthatA hai| vasantotsava hamAre harSa aura ullAsa kA pratIka bana gayA hai| kaviyoM aura lekhakoM ne usakI unmAdakatA ko pahacAnA hai, sarasvatI kI vandanA kara usakA Adara kiyA hai aura hala jotakara jIvana ke sukha kA saMketa diyA hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki paryAvaraNa kA sambandha pazu-pakSI aura vanaspati tathA mAnava ke sAtha anusyUta rUpa meM jur3A huA hai| adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga, esa0epha0 esa0 kAleja, nyU eksaTeMzana eriyA sadara, nAgapura, 400 001.

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100 prakRti pradatta sabhI vanaspatiyA~ bhI sAMsa letI haiM, kArbana DAI-AksAiDa ke rUpa meM aura sAMsa chor3atI haiM AksIjana ke rUpa meN| isalie bAga-bagIcoM kA honA svAsthya ke lie atyAvazyaka hai| per3a-paudhoM kI yaha jIvana prakriyA hamAre jIvana ko sambala detI hai, svastha havA aura pAnI dekara tathA AvAhana karatI hai jIvana ko saMyamita aura ahiMsaka banAe rakhane kaa| sArA saMsAra jIvoM se bharA huA hai aura hara jIva kA apanA-apanA mahattva hai| unake astitva kI hama upekSA nahIM kara skte| unameM sukha-duHkha ke anubhava karane kI zakti hotI hai| jainAgamoM meM mUlata: sthAvara aura trasa ye do prakAra ke jIva batalAye gaye haiN| sthAvara jIvoM meM calane-phirane kI zakti nahIM hotI, aise jIva pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiM- (1) pRthvIkAyika, (2) apkAyika, (3) vanaspatikAyika, (4) agnikAyika aura (5) vaayukaayik| do indriyoM se lekara pAMca indriyoM vAle jIva trasa kahalAte haiN| jainazAstroM meM ina jIvoM ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana bar3e vistAra se milatA hai jo vaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI sahI utaratA hai| ina saba jIvoM kA gaharA sambandha paryAvaraNa se hai| hamAre cAroM ora kI bhUmi, havA aura pAnI hI hamArA paryAvaraNa hai| inase hamArA purAnA sambandha hai lekina isase bhI adhika purAnA sambandha hai paudhoM aura jAnavaroM se| hamAre lie sAre jAnavara aura paudhe jarUrI haiN| unake binA hamArA jIvana susaMcAlita nahIM ho sktaa| yaha paryAvaraNa jIva-jantuoM aura per3a paudhoM ke kAraNa hI jIvanta hai| unakI hiMsA karane para prakRti bhI apanI pratikriyA dikhalAtI hai| Aja ke bhautika vAtAvaraNa meM vijJAna kI cakAcauMdha meM hama ajJAnavaza apane kSudra svArtha ke lie apane prAkRtika paryAvaraNa ko dUSita kara rahe haiN| prakRti kA santulana DagamagAne lagA hai| usakI sAdagI aura pavitratA kucalI jA rahI hai, naSTa ho rahI hai| isakA mUla kAraNa hai hamArI asaMyamamUlaka tRSNA aura prabala AzA kA sNcrnn| hamane vana, upavana ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara U~cI-U~cI aTTAlikAyeM banA lIM, bar3e-bar3e kArakhAne sthApita kara lie jinase hAnikAraka rasAyanoM aura gaisoM kA nirdhAraNa ho rahA hai, upayogI pazu-pakSiyoM aura kIr3oM-makor3oM ko samApta kiyA jA rahA hai| vAhanoM Adi se dhvani pradUSaNa, gandagI, kUr3A-kacar3A Adi bahA dene se jala pradUSaNa aura gaisoM se vAyu pradUSaNa ho rahA hai| hama apane kSaNika lAbha ke lie sArI prAkRtika sampadA ko asantulita karane ke doSI bana rahe haiN| kucha pradUSaNa prakRti se hotA hai para use prakRti hI svaccha kara detI hai| jaise per3a-paudhoM kI kArbana DAI AksAiDa sUrya kI kiraNoM se sApha hokara AksIjana meM badala jAtI hai| hamArA bahuta sArA jIvana inhIM per3a-paudhoM para avalambita hai| vaijJAnikoM ne apane anusandhAna ke AdhAra para yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki alaga-alaga taraha ke per3a-paudhoM kI pattiyA~ vibhinna gaisoM Adi ke jahara, dhUla Adi se jUjhakara paryAvaraNa ko svaccha rakhatI haiN| jaMgala kaTa jAne se varSA kama hotI hai, AbahavA badala jAtI hai,

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101 sUkhA par3atA hai, bAr3ha AtI hai, garmI adhika hotI hai| vanya jIva bhI isI taraha hamArI bhautikatA ke zikAra ho rahe haiN| aneka upayogI jAnavara, pakSI aura kIr3oM ko hama samApta kara rahe haiN| isa kAraNa hamArA jIvana vinAza kI dizA meM tejI se bar3ha rahA hai| yadi hamane paryAvaraNa kI surakSA aura pradUSaNa kI mAtrA kama nahIM kI to paryAvaraNa jaharIlA hokara hamAre jIvana ko tahasa-nahasa kara degaa| naI-naI bImAriyoM se hama trasta ho jaaeNge| paryAvaraNa kI rakSA vastutaH hamArA vikAsa hai| udAharaNa ke taura para kAI, Ama, pIpala, baragada Adi per3a-paudhe vAtAvaraNa kI gandI havA ko chAnakara aura svayaM jahara kA ghU~Ta pIkara hameM svaccha havA aura prANavAyu dete haiN| isI taraha Ama, sUryamukhI, caulAI, kanakaunA, gaura, sanaI Adi bhI gandI havA dUra karake hamArI sevA karate haiN| vaijJAnika anusandhAna ke phalasvarUpa yaha spaSTa hai ki paryAvaraNa kA asantulana hiMsAjanya hai aura yaha hiMsA taba taka hotI rahatI hai jabataka hameM Atmabodha na ho| AtmatulA kI kasauTI para kase binA vyakti na to dUsare ke duHkha ko samajha sakatA hai aura na usake astitva ko svIkAra kara pAtA hai| kadAcit yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama grantha kA prArambha zastraparIkSA se karake hameM astitva bodha karAyA gayA hai / yaha astitva bodha ahiMsAtmaka AcAra-vicAra kI AsthA kA AdhAra stambha hai / ahiMsA ke cAra mukhya AdhArastambha haiM- AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyAvAda / prAkRtika paryAvaraNa aura naitika paryAvaraNa, donoM kI surakSA ke lie ina cAroM mApadaNDoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai| ina cAroM kI pRSThabhUmi meM ahiMsA - darzana praharI ke rUpa meM khar3A rahatA hai| dizA - dRSTi se dUra par3A huA vyakti "jIvo jIvasya bhojanam" mAnakara svayaM kI rakSA ke lie dUsare kA amAnuSika vadha aura zoSaNa karatA hai, prazaMsA, sammAna, pUjA, janma-maraNa mocana tathA duHkha pratikAra karane ke lie vaha ajJAnatApUrvaka zastra uThAtA hai aura sabase pahale pRthvI aura per3a-paudhoM para prahAra karatA hai jo mUka haiM, pratyakSataH kucha kara nahIM sakate, parantu ye mAtra mUka haiM isalie cetanAzUnya haiM aura nirarthaka haiM yaha socanA vastutaH hamArI mRtyu kA kAraNa bana sakatA hai jise mahAvIra ne kahA"esa khalu gaMdhe, esa khalu mohe, esa khalu nirae" ( A0 1.25 ) / yaha moha hamArI pramAda avasthA kA pratIka hai| isI se hama pRthvIkAyika Adi jIvoM kI hiMsA karate haiN| ina sthAvara jIvoM meM bhI prANoM kA spandana hai, unakI cetanA satat mUrcchita aura bAhara se lupta bhale hI laga rahI ho para unheM hamAre acche-bure bhAvoM kA jJAna ho jAtA hai aura zastracchedana hone para kaSTAnubhUti bhI hotI hai| bhagavatIsUtra (19.35) meM to yaha kahA gayA hai ki pRthvIkAyika jIva AkrAnta hone para vRddha puruSa se kahIM adhika aniSTatara vedanA kA anubhava karatA hai / itihAsa yaha batAtA hai ki jo pRthvI ke garbha meM karor3oM sAla pahale jIvoM kA rUpa chipA rahatA hai jo phAsilsa (jIvAzma) ke rUpa meM hameM prApta ho sakatA

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102 hai, pRthvI ke nirarthaka khodane se unake Tane kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai aura sAtha hI pRthvI ke bhItara rahane vAle jIvoM ke vadha kI bhI jimmedArI hamAre sira para A jAtI hai| jainadharma ke anusAra pRthvI sajIva hai, sazarIrI hai- saMti pANA puDho siyA (AcA0, 1.16) / sarvAthasiddhi (2.13) meM pRthvI ke cAra bheda batAe gae haiM- pRthvI, pRthvIkAyika, pRthvIkAya aura pRthviijiiv| mUlAcAra (gAthA 206-09) meM pRthvI ke 36 bheda batAye gaye haiM-miTTI, bAlU, patthara, lohA, tAMbA, sIsA, cAMdI, sonA, hIrA, maNi aadi| ina sabhI ke bAre meM jaina sAhitya meM kAphI sAmagrI bharI par3I huI hai| jainadharma meM pRthvIkAya kI hI hiMsA varjita hai| yadi vyakti isa hiMsA se virata hotA hai to khanana Adi ke kAraNa jo paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa yA ApattiyoM kI sambhAvanA bar3hatI hai vaha kama ho sakatI hai| isI taraha jalakAyika jIva hote haiM jinakI hiMsA na karane ke lie hameM sAvadhAna kiyA gayA hai| kSetrIya AdhAra para jala meM kIr3e utpanna hone ko to sabhI ne svIkAra kiyA hai para jala ke rUpa meM utpanna hone vAle jIvoM kI svIkRti jaina darzana meM hI dikhAI detI hai isalie utsecana (ku~e se jala nikAlanA), gAlana (jala chAnanA), dhovana (jala se upakaraNa Adi dhonA) jaisI kriyAoM ko jalakAya ke zastra ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa kiyA hai| aisI hiMsA vyakti ke ahita ke lie hotI hai, abodhi ke lie hotI haiM (taM se ahitAe, taM se abohiie)| isIlie jainadharma meM jala gAlana aura prAsuka jalasevana ko bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki jo pAnI jahA~ se le AyeM, usakI bilachAvanI dhIre se usI meM chor3anI cAhie tAki usake jIvana mara skeN| "pAnI pIje chAnakara, guru kIje jAnakara" kahAvata svaccha pAnI ke upayoga kA Agraha karatI hai| prajJApanA (11.21-28, tathA 8.7) meM jala kAyika jIvoM ke do bheda nirdiSTa haiM- sUkSma aura vaadr| osa, hima, ole, zuddhodaka, zItodaka, kSArodaka Adi bAdara jala kAyika jIva haiM jo pRthvI ke nIce kueM nadI, sarovara Adi meM rahate haiN| ina jala prakAroM meM auSadhiyA~ bhI milI rahatI haiM jo svAsthya ke lie hitakara hotI haiN| yadi jala pradUSita huA to usakA prabhAva vyakti ke svAsthya para nizcita hI par3ane vAlA hai| anarthadaNDa nAmaka vratapAlana ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka jala ko pradUSita hone se tathA use anAvazyaka bahAne se bacAtA hai| dUSita pAnI nizcita hI hamAre svAsthya ke lie hAnikAraka hai| pIliyA aura poliyo jaise vAyarasa roga, dasta, haijA, TAiphAiDa jaise baikTiriyA roga aura sUkSma jIvoM va kRmiyoM se utpanna hone vAle roga dUSita-pradUSita jala ke upayoga se hI hote haiN| eka bUMda pAnI meM hajAroM jIva rahate haiM yaha bhI eka vaijJAnika tathya hai| isalie vyartha pAnI bahAnA bhI anartha daNDa meM ginA jAtA hai| Aja ke pradUSita paryAvaraNa meM nadiyoM aura samudroM kA jala bhI upayogitA kI dRSTi se samudrI jIvoM kA

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103 astitva khatare meM par3a gayA hai aura usameM rahane vAle khAdya zaivAla (kAI), lavaNa Adi upayogI padArtha dUSita ho rahe haiN| aneka jala saMyantroM ke kharAba hone kA bhI andezA ho gayA hai| ___ agni meM bhI jIva hote haiM jinheM hameM miTTI, jala Adi DAlakara pramAdavaza naSTa kara DAlate haiN| vAyu kAyika jIva bhI isI taraha hamase surakSA kI AzA karate haiN| Aja kA vAyu pradUSaNa hameM usa ora apramatta aura ahiMsaka rahane kA saMketa karatA hai| jainAgama meM yaha sthApanA kI gaI hai ki agni se USma zakti utpanna hotI hai| prakAza zakti hai, isalie usakA astitva hai| miTTI, bAlU Adi se use bujhAyA jA sakatA hai| yaha bujhAnA bhI hiMsA hai (Ava0ni0,gAthA 123-24, ti0pa0 5-278-80), aMgAra, vidyuta, maNi, jvAlA Adi meM agnikAyika jIva rahate haiN| isI taraha vAyukAyika jIva bhI ekendriya haiN| paMkhA, tAr3apatra, cAmara Adi se ina jIvoM kA vinAza hotA hai (Ava0ni0, gAthA 170) / hama jAnate haiM, jaina zramaNAcAra ke anusAra vaha na bijalI jalAtA hai aura na paMkhA Adi calAtA hai (Ava0 1.7.49, mUlA0 5.15, dasa0 4.7) / maunavrata, IryA samiti Adi ke mAdhyama se vAyumaNDala ko pradUSita hone se bacAyA jA sakatA hai| - vanaspati kAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA Aja sarvAdhika bar3I samasyA banI huI hai| per3a-paudhoM ko kATakara Aja hama unheM vyartha hI jalAte cale jA rahe haiN| ve mUka-badhira avazya dikhAI dete haiM para unheM hama Apa jaisI kaSTAnubhUti hotI hai| per3a-paudhe janmate, bar3hate aura mlAna hote haiN| bhagavatIsUtra ke sAtaveM-AThaveM zataka meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki vanaspatikAyika jIva bhI hama jaise hI zvAsocchavAsa lete haiN| zarada, hemanta, vasanta, grISma Adi sabhI RtuoM meM kama se kama AhAra grahaNa karate haiN| vartamAna vijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI yaha kathana satya siddha huA hai| prajJApanA (22 se 25 sUtra) meM vanaspatikAyika jIvoM ke aneka prakAra batAye gaye haiM aura unhIM kA vistAra aMgavijjA Adi prAcIna granthoM meM milatA hai| ina granthoM ke uddharaNoM se yaha tathya chipA nahIM hai ki tulasI jaise sabhI hare paudhe aura harI ghAsa, bAMsa Adi vanaspatiyA~ hamAre jIvana ke nirmANa kI dizA meM bahuvidha upayogI haiN| jainadharma vanaspati meM bhI cetanA ke astitva ko prArambha se hI svIkAra karatA hai jisase Adhunika vijJAna bhI sahamata hai| paudhe apanI hiMsA se bhayabhIta ho jAte haiM, duHkhI ho jAte haiN| isalie jainadharma vanaspati-jagata ko kATane meM hiMsA mAnatA hai aura usase virata rahane kA nirdeza detA hai (A0 1.5.82, mUlA0 5-23, dasa0 4-8) / usake anusAra vRkSa, kandamUla Adi pratyeka vanaspati haiM, pRthak-pRthak zarIra vAle haiM aura mUlI, adaraka Adi ko sAdhAraNa vanaspati mAnA jAtA hai jinameM ananta jIva rahate haiN| paryAvaraNa

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104 ko surakSita rakhane kI dRSTi se jainadharma meM ina sabhI kI hiMsA varjita mAnI gayI hai| yaha eka vizvajanIna satya hai ki padArtha meM rUpAntaraNa prakriyA calatI rahatI hai| "sadravya lakSaNam" aura "utpAd vyaya dhrauvya yuktam sat' siddhAnta sRSTi saMcAlana kA pradhAna tattva hai| rUpAntaraNa ke mAdhyama se prakRti meM santulana banA rahatA hai| padArtha pArasparika sahayoga se apanI jindagI ke lie urjA ekatrita karate haiM aura karma siddhAnta ke AdhAra para jIvana ke sukha-duHkha ke sAdhana saMjo lete haiN| prAkRtika sampadA ko asurakSita kara use naSTa-bhraSTa kara hama apane sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti meM yathArthatA nahIM lA skte| aprAkRtika jo bhI hogA, vaha mukhauTA hogA, milAvaTa ke alAvA aura kucha nhiiN| prakRti kA hara tattva kahIM na kahIM upayogI hotA hai| yadi use usake sthAna se haTAyA gayA to usakA pratiphala burA bhI ho sakatA hai| briTena meM mUMgaphalI kI phasala acchI banAne ke lie makkhI kI sRSTi ko naSTa kiyA gayA phira bhI mUMgaphalI kA utpAdana nahIM huA, kyoMki ve makkhiyA~, mUMgaphalI ke puSpoM ke mAdA aura nara meM yugmana karatI thiiN| sarpa Adi anya kIr3e-makor3oM Adi ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| paryAvaraNa kA sambandha mAtra prAkRtika santulana meM hI nahIM hai balki AdhyAtmika aura sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa ko parizuddha aura pavitra banAe rakhane ke lie bhI usakA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isa kathana kI siddhi ke lie hama jaina-bauddha-vaidika Adi paramparAoM meM mAnya una caitya aura bodhi vRkSoM kA ullekha kara sakate haiM jinake nIce baiThakara tIrthakaroM, buddhoM aura RSi-maharSiyoM ne jJAna prApta kiyA thaa| itanA hI nahIM, jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke cinhoM ko bhI paryAvaraNa se jor3A jA sakatA hai| saMkSepa meM yadi kahA jAe to dharma hI paryAvaraNa kA rakSaka hai aura naitikatA usakA dvaarpaal| Aja hamAre samAja meM cAroM ora anaitikatA aura bhraSTAcAra surasA kI bhA~ti bar3ha rahA hai| cAhe vaha rAjanIti kA kSetra ho yA zikSA kA,dharma kA kSetra ho yA vyApAra kA, sabhI ke sira para paisA kamAne kA bhUta savAra hai mAdhyama cAhe kaisA bhI ho isase hamAre sAre sAmAjika sambandha tahasa-nahasa ho gae haiN| bhrAtRtva bhAva aura prativezI saMskRti kinArA kATa rahI hai, AhAra kA prakAra maTamailA ho rahA hai, zAkAhAra ke sthAna para aprAkRtika khAna-pAna sthAna le rahA hai| milAvaTa ne vyApArika kSetra ko sar3I rabara kI taraha durgandhita kara diyA hai| arthalipsA kI pRSThabhUmi meM barbaratA bar3ha rahI hai| prasAdhanoM kI daur3a meM mAnavatA kUca kara rahI hai| ina sArI bhautika vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM hama apanI AdhyAtmika saMskRti ko bhUla baiThe haiN| mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika kriyAoM ke bIca samanvaya khatma ho gayA hai| hamArI dhArmika kriyAyeM mAtra bAhya AcaraNa kA pratIka bana gayI haiN| parivAra kA Adarza jIvana samApta ho gayA hai, aisI vikaTa paristhiti meM ahiMsA ke mAdhyama se paryAvaraNa ko santulita banAe rakhane kI sAdhanA ko punarujjIvita

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105 karanA nitAnta Avazyaka ho gayA hai| jaina zrAvakAcAra ke anusAra nyAyapUrvaka arjana, mAtA-pitAdi kI sevA, dharmazravaNa, jitendriyatA Adi guNa zrAvaka meM honA caahie| pAkSika zrAvaka ATha mUla guNoM kA pAlana karatA hai- paJcANuvrata tathA madya, mAMsa, madhu tyAga, ina aSTamUlaguNoM kA pAlana karatA hai| devapUjA, gurubhakti, svAdhyAya, saMyama, tapa aura dAna karane vAlA sabhI vyasanoM se nirmukta hotA hai| isI sandarbha meM jaina sAhitya meM ahiMsA aura sadAcAra kA kAphI vistAra se varNana milatA hai| yajJa, bali Adi jaisI karmakANDIya kriyAoM aura trimUDhatAoM se dUra rahane kA bhI AhvAna kiyA gayA hai| isI taraha naiSThika zrAvaka gyAraha pratimAoM kA pAlana kara AdhyAtmika vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa karatA hai aura naitika pradUSaNa se bacatA/bacAtA hai| eka dina aisA AyegA jaba manuSya ko svAsthya ke sabase bure zatru ke rUpa meM nirdayI 'zora' se saMgharSa karanA pdd'egaa| yaha dhvani pradUSaNa udyoga-dhandhoM, mazInoM, parivahana aura manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM dvArA utpanna ho rahA hai jise saMyamita kiyA jA sakatA hai| parimANa vrata ke pAlana karane se| . paryAvaraNa kA yaha vikaTa Antarika aura bAhya asantulana dhArmika, sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika kSetra meM jabaradasta krAnti laayegaa| yaha krAnti ahiMsaka ho to nizcita hI upAdeya hogI para yaha asantulana aura bar3hatA gayA to khUnI krAnti honA bhI asaMbhava nahIM hai| jahA~ eka dUsare samAja ke bIca lambI-caur3I khAI ho gayI ho, eka tarapha prAsAda aura dUsarI tarapha jhopar3iyA~ ho, eka ora kupaca aura dUsarI ora bhUkha se mRtyu ho to aisA samAja binA varga saMgharSa ke kahA~ raha sakatA hai? sAmAjika samatA kI prasthApanA aura varga saMgharSa kI vyathA-kathA ko dUra karane ke lie ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA aura paryAvaraNa kI vizuddhi eka aparihArya sAdhana hai| yahI dharma hai aura yahI saMyama hai aura yahI samyagjJAna aura samyak AcaraNa kA sAra hai evaM khu NANiNo sAraM jaM hiMsai Na kNcnnN| ahiMsA samayaM ceva eyAvaMtaM viyANi yaa|| (sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.4.10)

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amarakoSa meM zivatattva omaprakAza siMha koSa sAhityika paramparA kI nidhi hai| lekhaka usameM apane samaya taka saMvardhita vicAradhArA aura sAMskRtika tathyoM ko zabdoM meM gUMtha detA hai| samaya kI zilA para isI pariveza meM naye-naye zabdoM kA nirmANa hotA hai aura sAMskRtika abhyutthAna kI sIr3hiyAM nirmita hotI rahatI haiN| isa dRSTi se bhAratIya vAGmaya meM koSa paramparA kA anUThA mahattva hai| vaidika, jaina aura bauddha vAGmaya meM isa prakAra kI koSa-paramparA kAphI samRddha rahI hai| yadi hama usake bIja ko khojane kA prayatna kareM to hame ye bIja bar3I AsAnI se vedoM, upaniSadoM, saMhitAoM, jainaAgamoM aura pAli granthoM meM upalabdha ho sakate haiN| TIkAoM aura aTThakathAoM meM vizeSa rUpa se aise ekArthaka aura anekArthaka zabda milate haiM jo apane ApameM koSa kI saMracanA kara dete haiN| yahA~ hama samUce koSoM kI carcA nahIM karanA cAheMge, parantu itanA avazya kaheMge ki koSa vAGmaya nizcita rUpa se hamArI sAMskRtika dharohara kA kAma karatA hai| amarakoSa aisI hI koSa-paramparA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| ise "trikANDakoSa nAmaliGgAnuzAsana aura 'devakoSa' ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| saMskRta koSa vAGmaya meM bhogIndra, kAtyAyayana, vAcaspati, vararuci, rudra, amaradatta, gaGgAdhara, vAgbhaTTa, dhanaJjaya, zrIdhara sena Adi AcAryoM ke zabdAnuzAsana aura koSa grantha upalabdha hote haiM para unameM amarasiMha kA amarakoSa eka vizeSa mahattva rakhatA hai| tIna kANDoM meM vibhAjita isa koSa meM svarga, vyoma, dika, kAla, dhI, zabda, nATya, pAtAla, bhogi, naraka, vAri, bhUmi, pura, zaila, vanauSadhi, siMha, manuSya, brahma, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra, vizeSyanighna, saMkIrNa, nAnArtha, avyaya aura liGgAdisaMgraha zIrSaka vargoM meM vibhakta haiN| ina vargoM kA yadi sAMskRtika adhyayana kiyA jAye to vipula sAmagrI upalabdha ho sakatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa grantha para lagabhaga ikatAlisa vyAkhyAyeM likhI gayI haiM jo usakI lokapriyatA ko dyotita karatI haiN| *. pustakAlayAdhyakSa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vaaraannsii|

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107 amarakoSakAra amarasiMha kisa dharma ke anuyAyI the yaha eka pahelI banI huyI hai| vaidika sampradAya ke vidvAna unheM vaidika mAnate haiM to kucha vidvAn bauddha sampradAya kA nizcita karate haiM aura katipaya vicAraka unako jaina mAnakara calate haiN| isa sandarbha meM merI mAnyatA hai ki amarasiMha ko jainadharma kA anuyAyI honA caahie| isa tathya ke poSaNa meM hama nimnalikhita pramANa prastuta kara sakate haiN| upalabdha pratiyoM meM maGgalAcaraNa ke rUpa meM nimna zloka milatA hai jo jaina vAGmaya meM bar3A lokapriya huA hai aura jisameM akSaya Adi jaise pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai yasya jJAnadayAsindhoragAdhasyAnadyA gunnaaH| sevyatAmakSayo dhIrAH sa zriye cAmRtAya c|| amarakoSa, 1.1 2. zolApara nivAsI sva0 rAvajI sakhArAma dozI ne amarakoSa se sambandha pustaka kI bhUmikA meM uparyukta maGgalAcaraNa ke pUrva nimnalikhita do aura zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jo tIrthaGkara zAntinAtha ke stuti ke dyotaka haiN| ye zloka vartamAna saMskaraNoM meM upalabdha nahIM ho rahe haiN| jinasya lokatrayavanditasya prkssaalyetpaadsrojyugmm| nakhaprabhAdityasaritpravAhaiH saMsArapaGkaM mayi gaaddhlgnm|| namaH zrIzAntinAthAya karmArAti vinaashine| paJcamazcakriNAM yastu kAmastasmai jineshine|| 3. ina tInoM zlokoM kA bhAvAnuvAda jaina kavi vAdIbhasiMha kRta gadyacintAmaNi meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| 4. prathama kANDa ke 8-11 zloka taka amarasiMha ne kucha aise devI-devatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo jaina zAsana meM svIkRta ho cuke haiN| ina pramANoM ke atirikta grantha ke gahana adhyayana karane para aura bhI pramANa saMkalita kiye jA sakate haiM jinase yaha siddha ho jAyegA ki amarasiMha vastutaH jainadharmAnuyAyI the| jahA~ taka amarakoSa meM ziva tattva khojane kA prazna hai vaha bhI sakArAtmaka hai| koSa meM sAdhAraNa taura para una sabhI zabdoM kA saMkalana kara diyA jAtA hai jo koSakAra ke samaya taka svIkRta ho jAte haiM cAhe ve kisI bhI sampradAya ke hoN| isa dRSTi se amarakoSa kA adhyayana karane ke bAda yaha patA calatA hai ki koSakAra ne ziva vAcaka sabhI nAmoM ko saMgrahIta kiyA hai jo unake samaya taka pracalita ho cuke the|

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108 kavi kA samaya sAdhAraNa taura para AThavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai para unake grantha ke antarAvalokana se yaha samaya eka-do zatAbdI aura bhI Age bar3ha sakatA hai - ziva tattva ke sandarbha meM nimnalikhita zloka vizeSarUpa se draSTavya haiM zaMbhurIzaH pazupatiH zivaH zUlI mahezvaraH / Izvara: sarva IzAnaH zaMkara candrazekharaH / / bhUtezaH khaNDa parazuH girIzo girizo mRDaH / mRtyuJjayaH kRtivAsAH pinAkI prathamAdhipaH / / upra : kapardI zrIkaNThaH zitikaNThaH kapAlabhRt / vAmadevo mahAdevo virupAkSa trilocanaH / / kRzAnuretA:. sarvajJo dhUrjaTirnIlalohitaH / haraH smaraharo bhagatrayambakaH tripurAntakaH / / gaMgAdharo andhakaripuH kratudhvaMsI vRSadhvajaH / vyomakezo bhavo bhImaH sthANU rudra umApatiH / / 1-30-34 ina zlokoM meM Abaddha 48 nAmoM ke dArzanika vikAsa kI ora yadi hama dRSTipAta kareM to hameM lagatA hai ki ina sabakA vikAsa kula milAkara lagabhaga dazavIM zatAbdI taka sthira ho jAtA hai| yahA~ hama ziva ke aitihAsika tattva para vicAra nahIM karanA cAheMge parantu yadi upalabdha sabhI zivastotroM meM ziva ke vizeSaNa khoje jAyeM to unase ziva ke samagra dArzanika tathyoM para bhalI-bhA~ti prakAza par3a sakatA hai / kina arthoM meM ve pazupati kahalAye aura kaise unako prathamAdhipa aura zitikaNTha kahA gayA, kisa taraha unake sAtha kapAla sAdhanA jur3I, kisa taraha unako vAmadeva mAnA gayA, vRSabhadhvaja kA tAtparya kyA hai aura kisa prakAra rudra se umApati hote huye ziva bne| isakA pUrA itihAsa ina sAre zabdoM meM antarnihita hai| ziva ke 48 nAma bhAratIya kalA meM bhI uTTaMkita hue haiN| mathurA Adi aneka sthAnoM para prApta ziva kI mUrtiyoM meM ziva ke sAre rUpa utkIrNa huye dikhAI dete haiN| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa ina sArI bAtoM para philahAla hama varNana nahIM kara pA rahe haiM parantu itanA avazya kahanA cAheMge ki amarakoSa ke AdhAra para samUcA zaiva darzana evaM saMskRti kA eka sundara citra khIcA jA sakatA hai| ziva ke Asa-pAsa rahane vAle deva, kiMkara sthAna, vyaktitva Adi saba kucha isI ke Irda girda samAhita ho jAte haiN| vastuta: yaha eka vistRta zodha kA viSaya hai| isa viSaya para hama bhaviSya meM vistAra se likhane kA prayatna kreNge|

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sva0 zrI zAnti bhAIvanamAlI zeTha : eka paricaya ApakA janma saurASTra ke jetapura meM tArIkha 21-5-1911 ko zeTha banamAlI dAsa kI patnI zrImatI maNibahana kI kokha se huaa| prAthamika aura mAdhyamika zikSA gujarAtI mAdhyama se jetapura meM hI huI / tadanantara 1927 se 1931 taka zrI a0 bhA0zve0sthA0 jaina kaoNnphransa dvArA sthApita jaina TreniMga kAleja bIkAnera, jayapura aura byAvara meM saMskRta - prAkRta kA adhyayana kiyA tathA kAleja kI ora se 'jaina vizArada' kI upAdhi prApta kI aura sAtha hI jaina- nyAya kI parIkSA 'nyAyatIrtha' uttIrNa kii| jaina zAstroM kA vizeSa adhyayana karane ke lie Apa ahamadAbAda meM paM0 becaradAsa jI ke pAsa rahe aura vahA~ prajJAcakSu paM0 sukhalAla jI tathA AcArya munizrI jinavijaya jI ke vizeSa samparka meM Aye / pU0 gAMdhIjI, A0 kAkAsAheba, A0 kRpalAnI jI Adi rASTranetAoM ke samparka meM Ane kA bhI Apako avasara milaa| usake bAda 1931 se 1934 taka vizvakavi ravIndranAtha ThAkura ke vizvabhAratI zAnti niketana meM rahakara AcArya muni jinavijayajI evaM mahAmahopAdhyAya zrI vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya se jaina dharma aura bauddha dharma kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa 'dhammasuttaM' ke nAma se jaina, bauddha sUtroM kA saMkalana kiyA jo bAda meM paM0 becaraMdAsa jI dvArA sampAdita hokara 'mahAvIra vANI' ke nAma se prakAzita huA / 1935 se 1944 taka vividha dhArmika aura sAmAjika saMsthAoM meM sevArata . rahakara Apane vibhinna granthoM kA saMkalana aura sampAdana kiyaa| Apake sAkSAtkAra, javAhara - jyoti, dharma aura dharmanAyaka, brahmacAriNI, javAhara vyAkhyAna saMgraha, jaina prakAza kI utthAna- sampUrti, ahiMsA patha Adi patrikA aura grantha prakAzita hue haiN| 1945 se 1950 taka zrI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, banArasa meM saMcAlaka ke rUpa meM sevA dI aura paM0 sukhalAlajI ke samparka se mana meM rahI huI 'samanvaya - bhAvanA' vizeSa dRr3ha huii| vahIM rahakara 'jaina kalcarala risarca sosAyaTI' kI sthApanA aura saMcAlana meM yogadAna diyA aura jaina saMskRti, dharma aura darzana viSayaka kaI pustikAoM kA sampAdana kiyA / 1955 se 1965 taka zrI sthA0 jaina kaoNnphrensa ke mantrI rahe aura dillI jaina - prakAza (hindI, gujarAtI) kA sampAdana kiyaa| isI bIca jaina gurukula, byAvara meM rahakara samAjasevA kii|

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110 1956 se 1966 taka A0 kAkAsAheba kAlelakara ke sAtha rASTra-sevA aura harijana-sevA Adi kAryoM meM rata rahe aura gAMdhI hindustAnI sAhitya sabhA, maMgala prabhAta, zrama sAdhana kendra, vizva samanvaya kendra tathA gAMdhI vicAradhArA ko puSTa karane vAlI sarvodayI saMsthAoM meM yogadAna dene kA avasara milaa| 1969 meM mAsko meM vizva-zAnti pariSada meM jainadharma kA pratinidhitva kiyA aura samatAmUlaka jaina dharma ke 'sAmyabhAva' para vyAkhyAna diyaa| mAsko reDiyo meM vyAkhyAna dene aura raziyA ke kaI nagaroM kA paryaTana karane meM bhI Apako maukA milaa| 1974-75 meM bhagavAn mahAvIra 25vIM nirvANa zatAbdI mahotsava kI rASTrIya samiti ke mantrI rahe aura mahotsava kI saphalatA meM sakriya sahayoga diyaa| 1985 jaina milana iNTaranezanala, dillI kI saMsthA ne ApakI sevAoM kA Adara karate hue 'sanniSTha samAjasevI' kI upAdhi pradAna kii| isI varSa Apa pArliyAmeNTa oNpha varlDa rilijansa meM pratinidhi vaktA ke rUpa meM amerikA gye| Apane jahA~ aura jo bhI kAma kiyA, pUrI niSThA aura tana-mana lagAkara kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne apane prazaMsakoM kI bar3I maNDalI prApta kii| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha apane pUrva vyavasthApaka evaM vikhyAta samAjasevI zrI zAntibhAI ko unake nidhana para hArdika zraddhAJjali arpita karatA hai|

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Adarza parivAra kI saMkalpanA : dharmazAstroM ke pariprekSya meM - pro0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' bhautikavAda ke cakAcauMdha meM Aja mAnava dharmazAstra kI upekSA kara adhyAtmavAda ko bhUla rahA hai, mAnavamUlyoM ko chor3a rahA hai aura nitAnta svArthI hokara dharma kI sahI paribhASA ko bhraSTa kara rahA hai| isase sadAcAra kA mahApatha eka galiyArA-sA banakara baiThA huA hai, saMyukta parivAra TUTa rahA hai aura mAnavatA krandana kara rahI hai| ___ Aja yaha tathya kisI se chipA nahIM hai ki deza aura kAla kI AvazyakatAnusAra dharmoM aura sampradAyoM kA udbhava hotA rahA hai aura AcAryoM ke cintana ke anusAra zAstrIya karmakANDoM meM vaividhya AtA rahA hai| isI vaividhya ne saMkIrNatA ko janma diyA, adhyayana aura jijJAsA ko sukhAyA aura sAmpradAyika saMgharSa evaM kaTutA ko bar3hAyA hai| eka dharma dUsare dharma kI paramparAoM se anabhijJa hai, eka dharma ke hI sampradAyoM meM pArasparika vaimanasya bar3ha rahA hai aura hara dharma kA anuyAyI Aja apane dharma ko sarvottama mAnakara anya dharmoM ke prati ghRNA kA bhAva pAla rahA hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai isa ghRNAbhAva ko dUra kara anekatA meM ekatA ko prasthApita karane aura dharmagranthoM kI mUla paramparA ko mUlyAMkita karane kii| samaya kA yaha takAz2A hai ki dharmagranthoM kA samucita adhyayana kiyA jAye aura unameM se mAnavatA ke pratiSThApaka sUtroM ko udghATita kiyA jaaye| isa udghATana meM mAnavatA ko kalaMkita karane vAle adhyAyoM ko vismRta karanA hogA aura mAnava jIvana kI sahI pahacAna karAkara aisA samanvaya sthApita karanA hogA jisase mAnava apane caramalakSya ko pahacAna ske| parivAra eka prAthamika pAThazAlA hai, saMskAroM ke nirmANa kI kAryazAlA hai aura bhrAtRtvabhAva ko banAye rakhane kI dharmazAlA hai| usI se vyakti apanA sevA kSetra vikasita karanA sIkhatA hai, sacce tyAga kI paribhASA jAnatA hai, jIvana kI pahacAna kara mAtA-pitA kI niHsvArtha sevA karatA hai aura "vasudhaivakuTumbakam' kI ora apanI dRSTi DAlatA *. pArzvanAtha vidyApITha evaM zrI banArasa pArzvanAtha jIrNoddhAra TrasTa dvArA samAyojita __ saMgoSThI meM viSaya-prastuti ke rUpa meM paThita abhibhaassnn|

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112 hai| icchAoM kA udAttIkaraNa, sahAnubhati kA vistRtikaraNa, sukha-duHkha kA sAdhAraNIkaraNa jaba taka nahIM hogA, vyakti aura samAja kA nirmANa nahIM ho sktaa| bheda-bhAva kI vIbhatsa dIvAroM ko bheda kara prema kA vistAra karanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| ___ hara dharma Adarza parivAra kI saMkalpanA prastuta karatA hai| pArivArika sadasyoM ke bIca kisa prakAra sauhArda banA rahe, unakA yathocita sammAna karate hue kaise unakI sevA kI jA sake, parivAra ke bAharI jagat ko samarasatA meM bA~dhakara kaise vaiyaktika parivAra kI saMkalpanA ko saphala kiyA jAye, ye yakSa prazna Aja pratyeka adhyetA aura cintaka ke mana meM kauMdha rahe haiN| dharma pravRttimUlaka hai yA nivRttimUlaka, para usakA lakSya yathArtha sukha kI prApti karAnA to rahA hI hai| phalataH pravRtti aura nivRtti ke bIca samanvaya sthApita karate hae niHsvArthatA, anAsakti, vyApakatA aura yathArthatA ke AdhAra para parivAra meM sukhada aura samarasa vAtAvaraNa banAyA jA sakatA hai| sArvalaukikatA, sAmudAyikatA, naitikatA aura sApekSatA ke siddhAnta, cintana meM anekAnta aura abhivyakti meM syAdvAda kA AdhAra banAte haiM, sat-asat kA viveka paidA karate haiM, nirapekSatA ko bar3hAte haiM aura pArasparika sadbhAva, saMyama aura sahayoga ke AdhAra para "parasparopagraho jIvAnAm' kA pATha par3hAte haiN| yahI pATha AtmajJAna kA janaka hai aura AtmajJAna hI jIvana kA lakSya hai| vaiyaktika aura sAmudAyika hita isI AtmajJAna meM sanihita haiN| hamArI prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti ke sabhI adhyAya isI AtmajJAna aura AdhyAtmikatA ke antargata haiN| unameM anekatA meM ekatA ke svara guMjita hote haiN| cAhe vaha dharma ho yA darzana, kalA ho yA vijJAna, sabhI kSetroM meM prAcIna AcAryoM ne svAnubhUti ke AdhAra para eka Adarza parivAra kI saMkalpanA kI hai aura samUcI saMskRti ko prANamaya banAyA hai| cetanA ko jAgRta kara mAnava ke vyaktigata aura sAmAjika rUpa ko pariSkRta kara sampUrNa mAnava jAti ko eka hI jAti kI parikalpanA dene meM unakA yogadAna avismaraNIya hai| vaidika, jaina, bauddha Adi sabhI dArzanikoM ne apane-apane DhaMga se Adarza parivAra kI saMkalpanA ko prastuta kiyA hai| pati-patnI, mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana, zvasura-zvasR, sAsa-bahU Adi jaise parijanoM ke sAtha kaisA vyavahAra kiyA jAye, par3osI bandhujanoM evaM atithiyoM se kaise sneha sambandha rakhA jAye isakA samucita samAdhAna sabhI dharma granthoM meM milatA hai| isI taraha ahiMsA, satya, asteya aura aparigraha kA paripAlana karate hue sapta vyavasanoM se dUra rahakara parivAra ke sukha-samRddhi ko dRSTigata karane kA patha vaidika RSiyoM, muniyoM tathA RSabha, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra Adi tIrthaGkaroM evaM mahAtmA buddha ke upadezoM me prazasta huA hai| bhArata vasundharA ke bAhyavartI islAma, IsAI Adi saMskRtiyoM meM bhI lagabhaga inhIM siddhAntoM kA paripoSaNa milatA hai| vastuta: Adarza parivAra kI saMkalpanA ke pIche vyakti aura samaSTigata samagra kalyANa kA bhAva nihita rahatA hai| vyakti samAja kA sadasya hai| use dhana, sampatti,

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113 yaza, kAma, zakti, sammAna Adi kI AkAMkSA rahatI hai jise vaha bar3e saMgharSoM kA sAmanA kara pUrA kara pAtA hai| isa pUrti meM yadi usake sAdhana vizuddha na hoM to usakA sArA pArivArika aura sAmAjika pariveza vizrRMkhalita ho jAtA hai, chala-kapaTa se pArivArika sadasyoM meM pArasparika avizvAsa aura sandeha ghara kara jAtA hai, naitika paryAvaraNa dUSita ho jAtA hai aura sahayoga tathA sadbhAva ke nirjhara sUkha jAte haiN| isa TUTana se bacane ke lie AcAryoM ne eka naitika saMhitA kA rekhAcitra khIMcA hai aura use vividha sundara bhAvoM ke raMgoM se citrita kiyA hai| yaha citraNa nizcita hI bar3A prabhAvaka aura AkarSaka hai| isameM sArI kalAoM aura darzanoM ne apane manohArI citra diye haiN| sArA sAhitya aise varNanoM se bharA par3A hai| AdhyAtmika aura bhakti rasa ne use nirvANarUpa sAdhya taka pahu~cAne meM pUrNa avadAna diyA hai| isI bhUmikA ke AdhAra para pUjya AcAryazrI rAjayazasUrIzvara jI ma.sA. ke pAvana sAnidhya meM yaha saMgoSThI ho rahI hai| Apa zrI prasiddha jainAcArya haiM aura anekAnta-samanvayavAda ke sampoSaka bhii| isI punIta avasara para zrI banArasa pArzvanAtha jIrNoddhAra TrasTa dvArA nirmita zvetAmbara pArzvanAtha jaina mandira kI prANapratiSThA ke sandarbha meM zrI banArasa pArzvanAtha jIrNoddhAra TrasTa aura pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke saMyukta tatvAvadhAna meM ApazrI ke sAnnidhya meM 23 vidvAnoM kA sammAna kiyA jA rahA hai| Adarza parivAra kI saMkalpanA ko pracArita-prasArita karane meM ApazrI kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna rahA hai| eka bAra punaH Apa sabhI kA svAgata hama samaveta rUpa meM kara rahe haiM aura apanI viSaya-prastuti ko munivara ke zabdoM ke sAtha virAma de rahe haiN| phijUla pAMva ghisAne se phAyadA kyA agara zauke-bayAboM hai to ghara meM paidAkara / miTA do khuda ko itanA ki rahe na kucha nizAM bAkI agara pAnA sanama ko hai, khudI se hAtha dho baittho||

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haribhadrasUrinuM jJAnatatvaciMtana rasikalAla choTAlAla parIkha bhAratanAM prAcIna ciMtakomAM vaidika-jena-bauddhamAM AcArya haribhadranuM (I. sa. 701thI 771) ciMtana "viziSTa prakAranuM che. A prAcIna sUri paratve Adhunika vidvAno ane ciMtakoe pUratuM dhyAna ApyuM nathI-e viSe paMDita Do. sukhalAlajIe temanAM Thakkara vasanajI vyAkhyAnomAM yogya rajUAta karI che. - AcArya haribhadra viSe je kathAo paraMparAmAM UtarI AvI che temAMthI temanuM jIvana paNa vizeSa koTinuM tarI Ave che. janma, saMskAra ane zikSaNe brAhmaNa evA e mevADavAsI paMDita yAkinI mahattA nAme jaina sAdhvInA dharmaputra banyA ane potAne yAvinI mahattAjUnu nAme prasiddha karavAmAM gaurava lIdhuM -e kalpanAne uttejita kare evI emanI jIvanadhaTanA che. e prasaMga viSenI kathAmAM je sacavAyuM che tenA karatAM emAM ghaNuM vadhAre hovuM joIe ema etihAsika pratibhAne kuraNa thAya evo e prasaMga che. paMDita sukhalAlajIe vasanajI vyAkhyAnamALAmAM AcArya haribhadranA bauddhika jIvananI talasparzI ane vizada samAlocanA karI che. temaNe haribhadrane "samadarzI' evuM biruda ApyuM che. A samadarzIpaNuM AcArya haribhadramAM anubhavanI kaI bhUmikAmAMthI, jJAnanA kayA kSetramAMthI udbhavyuM saMbhave eno vicAra karavAno mAro prayatna che; jo ke paMDitajIe kahyuM che tenAthI bIjuM kAMI kahevAnuM thaze ema lAgatuM nathI; phakta mArI potAnI samaja mATe A eka prakAranuM spaSTIkaraNa che. A dArzanikanI tArkikatAmAM jIvanaprANa pharato dekhAya che. lAgaNIone bAju upara rAkhI prasarato vicArapravAha zuSka thAya to e yogya kahevAya--evI zuSkatA ane karkazatA enuM lakSaNa bane e Avazyaka gaNAya; chatAM A tarkavyAyAmanuM paNa jIvanalakSya zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya suvarNa mahotsava aMka. bhAga 1 se sAbhAra

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115 hoya che, ane te satyaprAptinuM. philasUphInA ItihAsamAM aneka nAnAmoTA ciMtakonA vicArapravAho cAlyA Ave che. te vize aneka grahone kAraNe ciMtako rAgadveSathI mukta rahI zakatA nathI, ane kaSAyathI kaluSita thayelI AvI tarkaparaMparA satya joI zakatI nathI; to vaLI kevaLa zraddhAnA jore vicAra karanArA e zraddhA mATe hetuo zodhavAnA prayatnane sArthaka gaNatA nathI. Ama matamatAntara pravartamAna rahe e anivArya che, paraMtu satyazodhakano mata rAgadveSathI prerAyalA svIkAra ke tyAgathI dUSita thayelo na hoya, ane satyajijJAsumatine hetupUrvakatAthI saMtoSa Ape evo hoya e iSTa che. AnuM spaSTa bhAna zrI haribhadrasUrine dArzanika tarkajAlamAMthI nIkaLavAnA prayAsamAM thayuM lAge che. hetupura:sara taka cAle e to A brAhmaNa paMDitanI sahaja rUci Avazyaka gaNe, paNa satyajijJAsAnI mathAmaNa ene sUcave ke A badho prayatna mati rAgadveSaprerita pakSapAtathI mukta rahI zake eTalA mApamAM ja saphala thAya, arthAt satya phalA AcArya haribhakke lokatattvanirNaya graMtha racatAM utAra kahayo ke pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSaH kapilAdiSu / milvanuM ya tatya thAH variphaH 28' (pR. 98) A uddagAra ane tenI AgaLa-pAchaLanA zlokomAM vyakta thayelI bhAvanA kevA manomanthanamAMthI prakaTa thaI haze e jANavAnAM pramANe maLavAM azakyavata che; paNa jemaNe thoDoka paNa satyanI lAlasAthI mUMjhAIne cintanaprayAsa karyo che temanI kalpanAmAM e manomaMthana na Ave evuM nathI. AcArya haribhadranuM ciMtana "yuktimattAthI aTakatuM nathI. samatvapUrvaka hetuyukta vicAraNA karyA chatAM paNa matamatAntara rahe che; AvAM matAntaro rahevAnuM kAraNa zuM? philasUphInA ItihAsamAM A prazna upasthita thayA ja kare che. svasthatAthI pravartatI tattvajijJAsA paNa AvAM matAntaro TALI zakatI nathI. suprasiddha jarmana philasUpha kAnTane A prazna khUba mUMjhavyo hoyaM ema lAge che. potAnI pUrvanAM lisUphonAM tattvajJAnonI samAlocanA karatAM ene ema dekhAyuM ke teo parasparanA tattvajJAnane khaMDita karatA hoya che. A parasparakhAna badhAM rAgadveSathI nahi; keTalAkanuM to hetupUrvaka tarkathI thayeluM dekhAyuM haze. A virodhanA nirAkaraNane zodhatA ene ema lAgyuM haze ke Avo parasparavirodha aparihArya che, ethI kAne A jAtanA tarkapravAhane vistAratI "mati ("rIjhana')nI maryAdAo tapAsavAnuM ciMtana karyuM, je enA "kriTika opha pora rIjhana'mAM pallavita thayuM che. je parama tattvo viSe philasUphoe ciMtanaprayAsa karyA che, ane jene viSe teo ekamata ke saMmata thaI zaktA nathI te "rIjhana ('mati)nI zakti bahAranA che evA abhiprAya upara e Avyo. kAla, AkAza, di, kAryakAraNabhAva-A tatvone mati siddha karI zake nahi, temane gRhIta karIne ja mati AgaLa cAle che, eTale dika, kAla, kAraNakAryabhAva AdinAM uparanI bhUmikA jo koI hoya to te matine agrAhya che. eTale je padAtho svabhAvathI ja matine agrAhya che temane viSenuM cintana kevI rIte nirNaya koTinuM bane? AthI ja dikakAlAdithI para evA padAthone AtmA, Izvara, AcAradharma Adine mati siddha na karI zake; temane AsthAthI (pheIthathI) ravIkArIne ja mANase cAlavuM joIe. jJAnatatvanA A nirUpaNa pramANe Indriyo dvArA prApta thatI sAmagrIne dikakAla ane kArya 1 vIramAM pakSapAte nA, nA ya kapilAdimAM hetusaMgata je bole, paTe svIkAra tehano. - bi0 TakA. pR 14 yuvacA-paravA; g0 2 | hetanuM

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116 kAratvanA cokaThAmAM mUkI matiyatA arpe che. A jJAna te espirikala noleja. indriyo dvArA jemanI sAmagrI maLatI nathI evA viSayo je hoya to te mati jJAnanI bahAra che. A vicArasaraNI AgaLa vadhatAM ayavAda(egnosTisijhama) ane jJAnopavivAda(pisijhama)ne prakaTa kare che. emAMthI bacavAnI icchA, vijJAnanuM saMbhAvyatAnuM (probebiliTinuM) dhoraNa UbhuM kare che. paNa vijJAna(sAyansa) atIniyajJAnane avagaNe che, to bIjI dizAmAM atIndriya viSayo para AsthA ane indriya viSayo para atisaMgata tarkavAda-rezanAlijhamano mArga svIkArIne sAMsArika ane pAralaukika vyavahAra sugama banAvAya che; arthAta sAMsArika vyavahAra Indriyo dvArA maLatI sAmagrIne mati je jJAnarUpa Ape tene AdhAre cAle che, dhArmika ke pAralaukika vyavahAra paraMparAgata ke pote vicArapUrvaka svIkArelI AsthAItha) upara nirbhara che. A vicArasaraNIomAM eka bAbata saMmata che? AtmA, Izvara Adi viSayo matigama nathI - bhale emane AsthAno viSaya banAvo. e AsthAno AdhAra zAstragraMtho che, zAstragraMthonI prAmANikatAno AdhAra te IzvaraprakAzita che athavA sarvAbhASita che evI koI mAnyatA upara che. paraMtu AvI mAnyatA paNu AsthAne ja avalaMbe che. AvI samagra vicArasaraNI mATe paNa matamatAMtara aparihArya che, kAraNa ke mANasa potAnI indriyazaktinA ane buddhizaktinA mApamAM maLatA jJAnane potAnuM jJAna samajI pratyakSata vyavahAra kare; paraMtu AsthA e parokSa che. ene paraMparAnA baLe mAnava vaLagI rahe-arthAta ke rAgadeSane AdhAra-potAnI paraMparAgata AsthA sAcI, bIjAnI jaDI, e rIte. kajiyAnuM moM kALuM' evuM vyavahArazIpaNuM athavA "A kahe che e sAcuM ane te kahe che e sAcuM' evA prakAranuM matimAnDa eka prakAranuM mAdhyartha ke samatva prakaTAvI zake che ane ene vaLagI rahI zake che, ane vyavahAramAM jhagaDA TALI zake che. bIjuM eka mAnasika samatava paNa saMbhave che: ekTa vicArasaraNI saLaMga sAcI nathI, darekamAM aMzataH satya athata vyavahArakSamatA hoya che ane vyavahArakSama te satya eTale koI eka vicArasaraNIe bIjI koI vicArasaraNI upara AkramaNa karavuM nirarthaka che- evA khyAla paNa samatva rakhAvI zake che. A badhuM samatva AbhAsa che, samatva nathI. sAcuM samajava to vastRsatyamAM evuM darzana thAya ke vyavahAramAM vividha ane viruddha dekhAtuM aviraha che, eka che. ema e dekhAya to ja samatva sahaja rIte Ave. paraMtu A jAtanA darzanane pAzcAtya jJAnatatvanI philasUphImAM (epiemaoNlaoNjImAM sthAna nathI. ene misTisijhama nAme kAM to AvakAryuM che ke bahudhA avagayuM che. A hakIkatamAM indriyagamya viSayasAmagrI uparathI matie UpajAvelA jJAnanI (epUirila nolejanI) A maryAdA che; ane jeo emAMthI bahAra jaI zakatA nathI athavA emAM ja saMtuSTa che te badhAnI A maryAdA che; "AsthAne emAM sthAna ApI amuka AzvAsana meLavI AtamA, Izvara, satya, dharma Adi padArthono vyavahAra jeke karI levAya che. paraMtu emAM koI satyapratiSThAnuM darzana che ema kahevAya nahi. zA tatvanA pRSakaraNa upara ubhA thayela eka upArasaraNI meTAbrakasa mAtrane non-sense achata * anardhaka ke varSa gaNe che. sahaja avatatvanI ekjhaTansanI vartamAna rAjakIya vicArasarANIno e pAra ka tara che; bIje pAra e de-je amArI sAmyavAdI ke mUDIvAdI lokazAhI ja sAcI che, chatAM rasAtmaka jhagaDAmAM atyAranI hatimAM sarvanAza hovA parasparane pUravI upara sApe chavavA jevAM ane vicArasaraNIone potAnuM bALaka mATa karavA ravuM, viSAranI bhUmikA para ka, bhautika baLanI nahi.'

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117 5 bhAratIya vicArasaraNImAM jJAnatattvaparatve aneka pravAho che. eka vaheNumAM devaLa IndriyapratyakSano svIkAra, khIjAmAM atIndriyapratyakSano paNa svIkAra ane eka ke banne pratyakSo upara AdhAra rAkhI cAlatA anumAnano svIkAra; trIjA vaheNamAM anirvacanIyatA ke avaktavyatA, ane vaLI cothAmAM upaplavavAda. dArzanika haribhadrasUri A badhA vAdomAM UMDA UtarelA che. emaNe emanI anekAntajayapatAkA A vAdonuM avagAhana karI pharakAvI che. paraMtu jJAnatattvanA nirUpaNumAM svasaMskRtimAM amuka paraMparA hovI e eka bAbata che; tenuM kuzaLa paMDito avagAhana kare e apekSita che. to emAMthI kuzaLa ciMtako enI pramANu vyavasthA kare~~ aMzonA svIkAra-parihAra kare, athavA ane emAMthI potAnA anubhavane satya lAge evuM tAratamya yoje e khIjI khAkhata che. emAMthI jIvanadRSTi ke ciMtanadRSTi prakaTa kare e vaLI trIjI khAkhata che. haribhadrasUrie A trividha prakAre bhAratIya tattvaciMtananuM parizIlana karyuM che. AcArya haribhadranAM cittavikAsanAM sthAnako jANavAnA ApaNI pAse koI svataMtra purAvA nathI. paraMtu emanA grantho uparathI aTakaLa karavAnI chUTa lauM to mane ema lAge che ke emanA ciMtanAtmaka jIvananuM eka moTuM sthAnaka yuttismatatvanuM vasya tarasyA: parikaH--e bhAvanAmAM vyakta thAya che; emAMthI matisaMgata vidhAnonA svIkAramAM rAgadveSaprerita pakSapAtane bAju upara rAkhavAM joIe e emaNe potAne mATe kulita karyuM haze. emane jinapratipAdita tattvajJAna svIkArya banyuM kAraNa ke e emanI buddhine saMgata lAgyuM. pote brAhmaNa hatA, vaidika darzanonA jJAtA hatA, kapilAdi munione zramaNa thayAM pahelAM AdarapUrvaka joyA haraze, e Adara zramaNa thayA pachI paNa gayo nahi hoya! chatAM vIranuM vacana emane 'yuktimat' lAgyuM eTale eno emaNe svIkAra karyo. emanA upAsya devanI kalpanA paNu A ja dhoraNe thaI che tyaktasvArthaH parahitarataH sarvadA sarvarUpaM sarvAkAraM vividhamasamaM yo vijAnAti vizvam / brahmA viSNurbhavati varadaH zaGkaro vA haro (1 jino) vA / yasyAcintyaM caritamasamaM bhAvatastaM prapadye // 31 // 4 (e. 7. ti.) emanI matie A ane enI AgaLapAchaLanA zlokomAM kayA guNavALA deva 'pUjya' che e zodhI kADhayuM che, emane nAmanI sAthe takarAra nathI. emanI mati pUjya devamAM amuka guNa mAge che ane amuka doSa tiraskAre che. paNa emanI gati ATaluM kahyA pachI eTaluM svIkAravA jeTalI prAmANika rahI che ke e upAsya devanuM carita * acittva ' ane * asama ', ' koInI samAna nahi, koInI sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya nahi ' evuM che. : " paraMtu je ' acinya ' che te jJAnano viSaya nathI ane je matijJAna ane enI yukti no viSaya nathI tenI upAsanA karavI eTale AkAzakusumanI mALA paheravI. zrI haribhadrasUrine A ajJAta na hoya. e arcisvarUpa IndriyaviSayajJAna-nirbhar matine 4 jeNe svArthano tyAga karyo che, je parahitamAM ramamANa che, sarvetA sApa, sAMdhAra, vividha ane ekasarakhuM nahi evA vizvane vizeSe karIne jANe che, je zrajJA hoya, viSNu hoya, varadAna karanAra zaMkara Doya athavA jiMna hoya---- enuM asAdhAraNa ane acitya cata che tene huM bhAvathI bhajuM chuM.

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118 acitya' kharuM; paNa emanI vicArayojanAmAM jJAna sAdhanonI maryAdA ahIM pUrI thatI nathI. emanA jJAnatattvanA nirUpaNamAM bIjI eka bhUmikA che--jayAM A "acitya" anubhavagocara thAya che, jJAta thAya che. zrI haribhadrasUrine jJAnanI A bIjI bhUmikA yogitAnamAM dekhAI che. emanAM yogaviSayaka graMthomAM A tatva tarI Ave che. AvA jJAnatatvanuM vivecana saMkSepamAM, paNa vizadatAthI, yogadaSTisamuccayamAM che; khAsa karIne "dImA' nAmanI cothI yogadaSTinA nirUpaNuprasaMge, emaNe bodhanA traNa prakAro pADyA che. buddhi, jJAna ane asaMmoha. buddhi e ikiyATyazrayA-endriya ane Azraye pravartato bodha che. Agama arthAta te te viSayanA zAstragraMthI(AjanI bhASAmAM te te viSayanA sAyansa graMtho)mAMthI maLato bodha te jJAna; ane asaMmoha eTale sadanuSThAnathI, sAcA anuSThAnathI, kriyA karavAthI, prayogathI, thato bodha te asaMmoha. u0 ta., ratnano AMkhathI thato bodha buddhi, e rana che ema zAstrapUrvaka thato bodha e jJAna, ane tene prApta karI parIkSAthI nirNata thato spaSTa bodha e asaMmohaH buddhirzanamasaMmohastrividho bodha iSyate // 118 // indriyArthAzrayA budirzanaM vAgamapUrvakam / sadanuSThAnavacaitadasaMmoho'bhidhIyate // 119 / / ratnopalambhatajjJAnatatprApyAdi yathAkramam / ihodAharaNaM sAdhu zeyaM buddhayAdisiddhaye // 120 // sadanuSThAna-jenAthI asaMmoha bodha thAya tenAM cihna e ke iSTa padArtho viSe Adara-eTale ke khAsa prayatna-yanAtizaya-te karavAmAM prIti, nirvidha rIte saMpattinI prApti (athata iSTarUpI saMpattinI prApti), iSTa viSe jijJAsA ane iSTanI sevA Adi. asaMmoha eTale ke koIpaNa jAtanA AvaraNathI rahita, spaSTa, svaccha, pratyakSabodha je anuSThAnathI-karmakriyAthI-prApta thAya tenAM A lakSaNa che: AdaraH karaNe prItiravighnaH sNpdaagmH| jijJAsA tanisevA ca sadanuSThAnalakSaNam // bodhanA A bhedo pramANe mAnavonA karmabhedo thAya che, arthAt inDiyAnathI ja phakta vartanAranuM vartana ane sadanujAnarUpI prayogasiddhithI maLatA spaSTa jJAnathI vartanAranuM vartana-ekabIjAthI ja paDI jAya che. tadbhedAt sarvakarmANi midyante sarvadehinAm // 118 // sAMsArika kamAM buddhipUrvaka hoya che arthAta karmazAstranA jJAnapUrvaka thayAM hoya to kuyogione muktinuM aMga bane che (eTale ke je kulayogio nathI emane nahi); A jJAnapUrvaka karmo asaMmohathI thayAM hoya to te ekAnta parizuddha hovAthI nivaNanuM phala ApanArAM che. (12) AcArya haribhadra emanI A bodhamImAMsA saMsAra ane saMsArAtIta nirvANa tatva paratve ghaTAve che. paraMtu A saMsArAtIta atIndriya nivANutatva kayA jJAnano viSaya banI zake e khulAso karavo hajI bAkI rahe che te vize temanuM pratipAdana che ke- nizcayo'tIndriyArthasya yogizAnAhate na ca // 141 // na cAnumAnaviSaya eSo'rthastattvato mataH / nacAto nizrayaH samyaganyatrApyAhadhIdhanaH // 142 // AcArya haribhadra dhIdhana-buddhidhana-kahetAM bhartuharino havAlo ApI kahe che ke A arthaviSaya tavadayA

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119 anumAnano viSaya ja nathI. anumAnathI bIjI bAbatomAM paNa sabhya nizcaya thaI zakato nathI. atIndriyArthano to yogitAna vinA nizcaya che ja nahi. atIndriya viSayomAM anumAnane avakAza nathI kAraNa ke enAthI koI sarvasaMmata thAya evA nirNaya upara avAtuM nathI. AjanI paribhASAmAM kahIe to jevuM indriyajJAnAvalaMbI bhautika vijJAnamAM sarva-vaijJAnika saMmati tarapha javAya che, pratyakSatAnI kasoTIne kAraNa; tevuM e bhautika vijJAnanI pAchaLa kalpAtA tattvo ke niyamo eka prakAre, athavA bIje prakAre AtmA, Izvara, dharma Adi atIndriya padArtho ane emanI pAchaLa rahelA niyamo ke tattvo, samasta vizvanuM tatva ke tatvo, niyama ke niyamo paratve saMmatinI dizA tarapha javAtuM nathI, kevaLa anumAnathI e dizA jaDatI nathI. kAnTane philasaphInI samAlocanAmAM bhinnabhinna meTAphijhiziyano parasparakhaMDana karatA dekhAyA, tema dhIdhana bhartuharine paNa dekhAyA lAge che. eno havAlo ApI AcArya haribhadra kahe che: "kuzaLa anumAtAo yatnathI amuka arthane anumita kare che, to bIjA vadhAre kuzaLa tAkiko ene bIjI ja rIte u5pAdita kare che. atIndriya padArtho je hetuvAdathI jaNAtA hota to ATalA kALamAM prANoe temano nizcaya karI lIdho hota." yatnenAnumito'pyarthaH kuzalairanumAtRbhiH / abhiyuktatarainyairanyathaivopapAdyate // 143 // zAyaran hetuvAdena padArthA ydytiindriyaaH| tAtA kA utaH jovu nizcayaH || 64 || AmAM zAstrapati haribhadrano aMgata anubhava dekhAto nathI ? paNa Avo nizcaya thayo nathI, tethI zuSkatagraha, mithyAbhimAnano hetu thato hovAthI mahAna' moTo che. bhAre che, ( atirI) che. mumukSuoe ene choDI devo joIe? na caitadevaM yat tasmAcchuSkagraho mahAn / mithyAbhimAnahetutvAt tyAjya eva mumukSubhiH // 145 // haribhadrasUrinI jJAnatatvanI A mImAMsA che. upara ApaNe joyuM ke kAranI vicArasaraNI pramANe rIjhana(Reason)nI A maryAdA che. e rIjhana eTale ke indriyArthAna-nirbhara-anumAnaparaMparA, taparaMparA. atIndriyaviSayo-AtmA, Izvara, dharma Adi mATe to pheItha (mAlyA-gospelanA zAstra upara AsthA) ja AlaMbana che. paNa zAstro parokSa che, AsthA parokSa che. indriyajJAnamUlaka buddhi ke bodhanA jevuM atIndriyanuM nizcayajJAna to yogijJAnamAM ja che. Ama AcArya haribhadde Indriya, Agama ane sadanuSThAnathI thatA anume buddhi, jJAna ane asaMmoha evA bodhanAM traNa prakAro kalpI indriyaviSayaka jJAna tathA tanirbhara ane tatparyavasAyI anumAnanuM eka kSetra kahayuM. atIndriya mATe to Indriyo nathI ja eTale anumAnathI eno tarka karI zakAya evo saMbhava rahe-jema jagatanA philasUpho karatA AvyA che. paNa haribhadrasUri dhIdhana bhartuharino havAlo ApI kahe che ke atIndriyAI anumAnano viSaya ja na banI zake. atIndriya viSe je kAMI jANI zakAya to te yogikAnamAM ja. pazcimanI paribhASAmAM kahIe to misTikanA jJAnamAM. A rIte haribhadrasUrinI jJAnatatvanI mImAMsA IndriyajJAna, anumAna, Agama ane yogijJAnanI bhUmikAomAM vyApta thAya che, temane sAMkaLI le che. pataorSaniH kAla IvAna cotae:o. jAnAtyatIndriyAnoMstathA cAha mahAmatiH / / 100 // jemAM AsthA che evA Agamano mukhya AdhAra rAkhanAra satazraddhAyukta zIlavAna puruSa yogatatpara

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120 thAya eTale atIndriya padArthone jANe che: tema mahAmatie kahyuM che. mahAmati eTale pataMjalino havAlo ApI haribhadrasUri nIceno zloka Ape che, je emanI jJAnamImAMsAnA nIcoDarUpa che; ane tethI ja vAraMvAra emanAM anya graMthomAM Ave che: AgamenAnumAnena yogAbhyAsarasena ca / tridhA prakalpayan prazAM lamate tattvamuttamam // 1.1 // TIkA pramANe A kame-Agama, anumAna, yogAbhyAsa-rasava prastAne je keLave che te uttama tatvane pAme che. AmAM yogAbhyAsa chevaTe Ave che. Agama ane anumAnathI atIndriya padArthonI kalpanA karI hoya paNa tenA yathAsvarUpanuM jJAna to yogamAM ja thAya. jinottama vIra paNa yogigamya che e emanA maMgalazlokamAM ja haribhadrasuri jaNAve che: natvecchAyogato'yogaM yogigamyaM jinottamam / vIraM vakSye samAsena yogaM tdRssttibhedtH||1|| AcArya haribhadranI yojanAmAM Agama athavA zAstra ane khuda yoga vaccenuM je tAratamya che te paNa noMdhavA jevuM che. pote vividha saMpradAyonA sAMkhyayoga-zava-pAzupata-vedAnika bauddha-jananA yogAnubhava ane paddhatinA graMthonuM UMDuM avagAhana karyuM dekhAya che. yogamArganA emanA potAnA anubhave ane bIjAone doravAnI dRSTie temaNe svataMtra manana karI potAnI eka navI zailI ane navI paribhASA paNa racI che. yoganI ATha daSTio e emanI potAnI sUjha che ema paMDita DaoN. sukhalAlajI kahe che te sAcuM che. e ja pramANe temaNe yogadaSTisamuccayanA prAraMbhamAM yoganA traNa prakAro pADyA che? icchAyoga, zAstrayoga ane sAmarthyayoga. yoga viSe kAMI jAyuM hoya te karavAnI icchA thavI evI icchAvALAno-vikala arthAta adhura dharmayoga te IcchAyoga. (lo. 3). zAstramAMthI je jAyuM hoya tenA tIvrabodhathI apramAdI zraddhALune yathAzakti dharmayoga te zAyoga. zAstramAM sAmAnya rIte upAya kahyA hoya che te prayogamAM mUkatA potAnI zaktinA ukathI-babalatAthI-zAstranI upara jaI vizeSatAthI je dharmayoga thAya te sAmarthana yoga. traNamAM A uttama. shaastrsNdrshitopaaystdtikraantgocrH| ___ zakyurekAda vizeSeNa sAmAkhyo'yamuttamaH // 5 // AcArya haribhadra kahe che ke siddhipadanI prAptinAM kAraNe tatvamAM zAstrathI jaNAtA nathI; yogiothI ja sarva prakAre jaNAya che. lihArANadetumerA na tarataH | __zAstrAdevAvagamyante sarvathaiveha yogimiH // 6 // AgaLa jaI kahe che ke zAstrathI sarva prakAre siddhi thatI hota to za sAMbhaLatAM ja evI siddhi thaI jAya. (7). paNa zAstra bhaNanArane evI siddhi thatI nathI tethI pratibhAnayukta sAmarthyayoga avAcya che; ane sarvatra Adi tattvonI siddhi enAthI thAya che. prAtijJAna eTale mAganusArinuM 5 Agama anumAna ne yogAmAsara vaLA saMkAre likA prajJA pAme te tatva uttama. : bhAratanA nATaSazAstramAM je A nava rasAtio Ave che jeno mUrtio ane zimAM paNa viniga thatA hato te uparathI temanI A uTanI paribhASA ajhI hoya,

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121 prakRSTa ha nAmanuM jJAna; athavA yogabindunI TIkA(zloTa para pR. 11ma)mAM kahyuM che tema sahaja pratibhAmAMthI 7 jAgatuM jJAna. A pratibhAna paNa zrutajJAnane ja prakAra che, paNa viziSTa prakAranuM che. na caitadevaM yat tasmAt praatibhshnsNgtH| sAmarthyayogo'vAcyo'sti sarvazatvAdisAdhanam // 8 // A uparathI haribhadrasUrino mata spaSTa dekhAya che. zAstrayoga karatAM sAmarthyayoga ja uttama che. sarvAva Adi to e sAmarthyayogamAM ja samajAya che. prApta thAya che. haribhadrasUrinA AMtarika vikAsano upara ullekha karyo. emAM eka sthAna yuAina varane vaca tasya H vadda -nuM che. yukti eTale hetupUrvaka vacana. A hetuvAnuM vyavahAramAM sthAna kharuM. paNa haribhadrasuri je madhyasthatA-nipakSatA-paM. sukhalAlajInAM zabdomAM-"samadarzana' vyakta kare che te to mukhyatve atIndriya padArthonA draSTAo paratve ja saMbhave, ane atIndriya padArthomAM hetuvAda cAlato nathI; emAM to yogAbhyAsarasa ane yogadaSTine ja avakAza che. arthAta haribhadrasUrine je samatva prApta thayuM te temanA yoga prApta darzanane laIne hoya, ane e emanA vikAsanuM bIjuM sthAnaka vogadaSTa adhyAtma sthAnaka gaNAya. hetubaddha tarka, zIla, vairAgya, yogadarzananI pUrvaavasthAo kharI, paNuM adhyAtmajJAna to yogadaSTa ja che; ane AvuM jJAna ja haribhadrasUrine sarvajJAnIomAM samatvanuM-ekatvanuM bhAna karAve che. pote A muddAnuM pratipAdana spaSTatAthI bhAra daIne pharIpharI yogadaSTisamuccayamAM kare che? na tatvato minnamatAH sarvajJa bahavo yataH / mohastadadhimuktInA tannedAzrayaNaM tataH // 102 // sarvajJo nAma yaHkazcit pAramArthika eva hi / sa eka eva sarvatra vyaktibhede'pi tattvataH // 103 / / na bheda eva tattvena sarvazAnAM mahAtmanAm / / tathA nAmAdibhede'pi mAnyametanmahAtmabhiH // 107 / / saMsArAtItatatvaM tu paraM nirvANasaMzitam / tayAra niyama chamere taravatA | 20 | sadAzivaH paraM brahma siddhAtmA tathateti ca / zandestaducyate'nvaryAdekamevaivamAdibhiH // 128 // zAte nirvANatattve'sminasaMmohena tattvataH / prekSAvatAM na tadko vivAda upapadyate // 130 // sarvo bahu che ethI teo tatvamAM bhinnamata che ema nathI. adhimukti " kahetAM bhaktono e to moha che, tethI sarvatomAM bheda karAya che. sarvajJa je koI hoya te pAramArthika ja che. (kahevAnI khAtara kahelo nathI.) te sarvatra vyaktibheda hovA chatAM, eka ja che (102-103)...sarvajJa mahAtmAomAM nAma AdithI bheda hovA chatAM tatvathI bheda ja nathI. mahAmatioe A samajhavuM joIe (107). saMsArathI atIta che yoga samuracayamAM Avato rAkakamAM "zakita zabda ane A pratibhApratyabhinnA darzananI paribhASA che. 8 mukita pAka vimunA che. paMDita che. sukhalAlajI sUcave che ke "ati ' (ke adhikRta) pATha hoya. e moha paribhASAno zabda che. eno artha malaza che ja' evo thAya che.

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122 evuM nivANu nAmanuM tatva rAbdabheda hovA chatAM (zabdabhedathI kahevAtuM chatAM) tatvamAM niyamathI eka ja che (127). sadAziva, para, brahma, siddhAtmA, tayatA-evA anvarthaka (bhinnabhinna) zabdothI te eka ja hovA chatAM ce kahevAya che. sadA kalyANakArI e sadAziva zevonuM, para eTale pradhAna sAMkhyonuM, bRhattvamoTApaNAthI ane bRhakatva-mUlatuM vardhamAna thatuM hovAthI brahmavedAntInuM, siddhAtmA-AtmA jemane siddha thayo che evo siddhAtmA AhaMtonuM, kAlanA aMta sudhI te pramANe rahetI evI tathatA bauddhonuM-(A badhAM) eka ja tattva che. bhinna zabdothI kahevAya che eTaluM ja (128). asaMmohathI (arthAta sanuSThAnathIsakriyAthI yoganI) tatvarUpe A nirvANa taravane jANatAM vicArazIla puruSomAM emanI bhakti viSe vivAda thatA nathI (100). vipra haribhakapurohitane RvedanI paMkti | sa vi 16SA tni (1, sU0 164, 5. 46) aparicina to na ja hoya! A badhuM eka che chatAM temanI dezanAma-kathanamAM bheda kema Ave che teno khulAso karyA pachI haribhadrasUri kahe che ke je avazo hoya che (athata yogadaSTi jemanI UghaDI nathI evA-A tarapha jonArA-pelI tarapha jonArA nahi) teo sarvAno arbhiprAya jANyA vinA temano pratikSepa kare che te yogya nathI. te moTo anartha kare ema che (136); ane dAkhalo Ape che ke jema AMdhaLAoe karelo caMdrano pratikSepa asaMgata che tema avadazoe karelo sarvAno bheda paNa asaMgata che (138). tadabhiprAyamajJAtvA na tato'gdizA satAm / / yujyate tatpratikSepo mahAnarthakaraH paraH // 137 // nizAnAthapratikSepo yathAndhAnAmasaGgataH / tadredaparikalpaca tathaivAgdyiAmayam // 138 // sarvata Adi atIniyArtha padArthono nizcaya yoginAna vinA saMbhavato nathI. tethI e viSenA vivAdo azvonA jevA hovAthI emAMthI kAMI phalita thatuM nathI, nizcayo'tIndriyArthasya yogizanAte na ca / ato'pyatrAndhakalpAnAM vivAdena na kiJcana / / 141 // A atIniyArtha sarvata viSe sAMpradAyikomAM je vivAda cAle che tenAthI haribhadari para thaI zakyA che tenuM kAraNa avagrApha tArkikamAMthI yogadaSTivALA AdhyAtmika thayA haze tene lIdhe haze; ane e dRSTithI ja zaka tarkano pote tyAga kare che eTaluM ja nahi paNa sarvatra "graha ne asaMgata gaNe che kAraNa ke muktimAM lagabhaga badhA dhamAM tajavAnA hoya che, to pachI "graha"nuM zuM kAma che ? grahaH sarvatra tattvena mumukssnnaamsnggtH| mukto dharmA api prAyasyatayyAH kimanena tat // 146 / / 7 bhAratavarSanI paraMparAmAM vaidika, jaina ane bauddha tArkiko-samartha tArkiko-aneka thayA che ema ja yogio, jJAnIo paNa aneka thayA che. paraMtu jJAnatatvanuM AvuM vizada vivaraNa karanAra bahu nahi hoya evuM mArA alpa jJAnane lAge che. haribhakasUrie paramAtmadarzanano "mahatAM varma'moTAono mArgasacavyo che--jeno Azraya laIne vicakSaNoe nyAyapura:sara atikramothI bacI vartavuM ? tadatra mahatAM varma samAzritya vicakSaNaH / vartitavyaM yathAnyAyaM tadatikramavarjitaH // 147 //

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1 2 3 moTAono A mArga bhAratavarSamAM ja che ema nathI; pAzcAtya vicArakone paNa A mArga vyakta thayo che. "je para tArkika philasUpho paraspara judA paDe che, tatparatve misTika suphIo saMmata thAya che." epha. sI. DepoDa (F. C. Happold) enA "misTisijhama-adhyayana ane matasamuccaya' (Mysticism-A study and an Anthology) 11Hd1 ziual 3130171 241 42 a Mata abhiprAya ApatAM kahe che ke w what, when one studies the mystical expressions of different religions, stands out most vividly, however, is not so much the differences as the basic similarities of vision. This is a phenomenon calling for explanation if any truly objective assessment of the significance of mystical experience is to be made." (p. 17). judA judA dhamanA misTikala vacanono jayAre koI abhyAsa kare che tyAre je bAbata bahu spaSTa rIte AgaLa nIkaLI Ave che te temanA bheda eTalA badhA nahi, jeTalI darzananI mUlagata samAnatAo. je misTikala anubhavanA tAtparyanuM sAcuM vAstavika mUlyAMkana karavuM hoya to A hakIkatano khulAso zodhavo joIe." Ano khulAso haribhadrasUrinI jJAnatatvanI mImAMsAmAM che. atIniyArthane viSaya karatA yogijJAnane jJAnamImAMsAmAM (Epistemology)mAM sthAna ApavAthI ja te thaze,-sivAya ke e anubhavone indrajAla ke mRgajala samuM mAnI avagaNIe !

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Technical Sciences in Jaina Canons N.L. Jain* The Numerically minor Jaina System of India under striver - tradition has over-contributed to enrich her science, technology and philosophy besides spirituale quaninity. Its early texts composed between 400 BC to 500 AD mention about six-fold learnings involving (1) agriculture and (2) technology of the days besides (3) warfare and weaponry, (4) ink-users, (5) physical, abstract sciences & arts and supernatural learnings' and (6) trade and commerce. In later literature, they mention about 220 subjects of studies which have grown from time to time to eke out living and practice religiosity.2 This author has classified them under twelve current faculties and found nearly 17% of them form technical subjects like (1) civil engineering & temple architecture, (2) aircraft engineering, (3) Ayurveda or medical sciences, (4) home science and dairy products, (5) metallurgy, (6) Iconography and the like. Civil Engineering The Civil Engineering deals with town-planning. Many cities are mentioned in texts with details according to their overall shape (squared or otherwise). The length and breadth of the cities should very between i : 0.5-1.0." The city is divided into sub-areas which contain quadrangular, circular or squared palaces, buildings, houses and temples with provisions of wells, lakes, lotus-pools, rivers, forests, parks, entry gates, arched gates, trenches, agricultural lands, meeting halls, dancing halls, delivery halls or hospitals, observation galleries, sports centres and boundary walls, etc. In general, the building should have a ratio of 1:b:h:: 1: 1:1.5-2. Their doors should have this ratio as 1:1:2.4 The dancing * Jain Kendra, Rewa, M.P. (India)

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125 halls should have a height of 12 times the height of men with a stagesize of 32 dancers' show. The meeting halls should have 1 :b:h ratio of 1.5 : 1:0.3, i.e. they should have a larger length then width or 1:1:0.25. Their doors should have 1:1:2 1-b-h ratio. The sports centres are halls with 1:1: 2 ratio suggesting a predominance of indoor games. The water reservoirs should be in the ratio of 1 : 2 :0.2 in length, width and depth. It has been stated that any city should have mountain on one side and river on the other side for security reasons in those days. The royal palaces or richmens' buildings have been detailed well in contrast to common houses. The palaces should have (i) balconies, (ii) servants quarters, (iii) dressing rooms, (iv) prayer halls, (v) small large temple, (vi) amorous sports hall, (vii) delivery rooms, (viii) recreation rooms, (ix) sorts room and (x) park & plantation areas. In fact, the palaces are miniature cities within towns. The dimensional ratios and details are similar to the towns except that they are srnaller in size in comparison. The individual buildings have a ratio of 2:1 :3(1 :0.5 : 1.5/0.75) in terms of length, width and height depending on the shape and size of the buildings. The doors of the houses should have a ratio 1:1:1.5 - 2.8 The colours of houses are attractive but variable. Recently, the Jaina architect texts are found to mention 16324 types of houses with 60' x 70', 48' x 54', 42' x 40', 36' x 42', 30' x 36' and 24' x 90' sizes for people of different castes. Different types of army-residences are also described under seventy two arts. Temple Architecture The shapes and sizes of Jaina temples (whether in towns or palaces) differ in dimensional details. Some simple formulae (i-iv) relating to their length, width and height, have been given in Jambudvipa Prajnapti" as below : (i) 1/2 = b (ii) 2h - 50 = 1 (iii) (1+b)/2 + h (iv) (1+b)/h + foundation In general, the temples are said to have 1 :b:h:: 1:0.5 : 0.75. The description of temples suggests that it has many parts inside and outside so as to have a natural and picturesque surroundings. The temple actual consists of (i) three doors (1 : 1:2), (ii) Sanctum

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126 Sanctorum (1 : 1/4 : 1/2), (iii) Altar (1 : 1/8), (iv) Steps (1 : 1/2 : 0.4), (v) Seating or worship hall (1 : 1/2:1/6), (vi) Observation gallery (1:1: 1/6) attached with the (vii) Meeting hall (1 :1: 1/4). It should have a mound (1 : 1.5) with odorus trees, a park, water-reservoir, arched gate and flags all around. The colours of the temples are also attractive but variable. It is clear that the dimensions of the temples are somewhat different in their ratios of 1:b:h in compression to the general buildings. The texts do not contain the indication of building materials except the final colour of palaces, buildings and temples. Iconography Jains have been mostly idol-worshippers. Hence idol-making of their worshippable ford-builders have been a developed technology since the pre-christian and post-christian days. There have been manynoted centres for Jaina iconography in India since the hoary past and it has developed as a science. There are many books dealing with this technology. Two types of idols are made - (i) in standing posture and (ii) in sitting posture. The size of sitting posture is nearly half of the standing posture. Though early details are not available, but they are available from 10-11th century onwards. Many eastern and western scholars have worked on it. The idols are made of stones, quartz, sandalwood, marble, gems, brass, gold and other materials. Their h/b varies between 1.2 - 4.0. The measurements of different parts of idols are based on Angula (app. 1 cm.) units. A normal idol has 108-120 Angula size in standing posture while it will be 54-60 Angula size in sitting posture. Their measurements are tabulated below : Table-1 : Measurements of idol parts S.No. Parts Standing Seating Postures postures 01. Mouth (Head to Mouth) 12 A 13 A 02. Neck 4 A 3 A 03. Neck to Heart 12 A 12 A 04. Heart to Navel 12 A 12 A

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127 12 A 05. 06. 07. 4 A Navel to genital organs Genital organs to knee Knee Knee to Ankle Ankle (Ankle to base of the feet) 12 A 24 A 4 A24 A 08. 09. 108 A 56 A It is not only the gross parts whose measurements are given. The finer measurement details of each and every part like head, forehead, ears, eyes, nose, thigh etc. are also given for which the reader is referred to the references given above. In later periods, the main images were made with their associated guardian deities etc. For larger images, these measurements should be taken as ratios between different parts. Aeronautics . Even the early Jaina texts describe about the planes flying in air. They have circular, triangular and quadrangular shapes. They may also haves squared, svastika, conch, lotus, swan and eagle shapes. 12 They may have different colours. They can be used for travel and temporary residence also. There may be some planes moving in water also. Their sizes are variable but the general length to breadth ratio is approximately 4 : 1.13 The airport should have a size of 11 times the length of the planes. 14 Bharadwaja has refered two sanskrta texts 'Agastya Sanhita' and 'Yantra-Sarvasva' containing a section on aeronautics. This section has 8 chapters, 100 sub-chapters and 500 aphorisms or verses. The details of its contents can be found in the introduction of Detailed History of Jaina Literature, vol. 5 (PVRI, Varanasi, 1969, Hindi) which have not been studied properly. The technical Sansksta scholars should come forward in this matter. Other Technical Sciences There are quite a number of (one hundred) technologies mentioned in Jaina canons. 15 Upasakadasa gives details of making ceramic wares through potters wheel after kneading the soils, mixing the knead with cowdung and ashes and baking them in open kilns. 16 Kundakunda (2nd century AD) mentions five types of fabrics made from silk

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128 fibers, cotton fibers, woolenfibers (of camel, goat and sheep etc.), tree barks and leather (of lion, leopard, elephant and deer etc.). The mordanting of fabrics by natural colours was also a common technology. 17 Ink was also produced from naturally colored products. Kundakunda also mentions metallurgy of gold and some other metals. 18 The technology of fireworks, oil extraction and lac production was also known as they are included in 15 professions by Asadhara of 13th century. 19 The manufacture of weights and measures was also a trade. Gems and gemology is mentioned in many references. The seventy two arts for women mention a number of arts to be learnt by them in the area of home science involving 26 arts. They include (i) cosmetics20 (from natural products like turmeric, myrtle, etc.), natural and perfumed hair-oils, hair-tonics, shampoos, (Triphala, Shekakai, Ritha etc.), hair-dyes etc. (ii) soft and medicated drinks, (ii) dairy products and fermentation technology (from 23 sources, butter and rejuvenating preparations like Cyavanaprasa. The details of many of them are found in literature. The indigenous medical science was quite developed contemporarily. There was a well established medical preparation technology for powdered, decocted mixtures and solution medicines.21 The multiply-boiled extracts or fermented mild-alcoholic extracts (like Asavas, Aristas etc.) of Ayurvedic medicines showed a high technical know-how. One, thus, finds a large number of technical sciences described in Jain canons. However, it must be kept in mind that the different skills were based on caste and family and they kept it a trade secrete. Hence normal details as expected today are not found in canons. Still one has sufficient stray qualitative and, in some cases (i.e. medical preparations), quantitative details which lead to a guess of their empirical nature. Secondly, Jaina canons represent the age of natural products and, hence, most of skills were based on their utilization for serving the cause of humanity. These should be deeply studied with historical perspective. The deficiencies there have led to the current age of better technology.

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129 References 1. Varni, Jinendra, Jainendra Siddhanta Kosa-4, BJ, Delhi 1998, p. 420. 2. Jain, N.L., Scientific Contents in Praksta Canons, PVRI, Varanasi 1996, p. 87. 3. Acarya, Padmanandi, Jambudvipa Prajnapti, JSS, Sholapur, 1958, pp. 5, 122, 171, 66, 68, 88, 223, 90. Acarya, Yativrsabha, Triloka Prajnapti-1, Ibid, 1953, pp. 147, 239, 146, 357, 397, 413. 5. Acarya Padmanandi, Jambudvipa-prajnapti. Ibid. 7. Acarya Yativrsabha... 8. Ibid. 9. Vishuddlumatiji, Vattuvijja, Jain Mahasabha, Lucknow 1995. 10. Acarya Padmanandi, Jambudvipa-prajnapti. 11. Jain, Balchandra, Pratima Vijnana, MM General Stores, Jabalpur 1974, pp. 21-22. 12. (a) Svami, Sudharma, Sthananga, JVB, Ladnun 1976, p. 227. (b) See, Ref. 3, p. 97. (c) See, Ref. 4, p. 790. 13. Acarya Padmanandi, Jambudvipa-prajnapti. 14. Ibid. 15. Svami, Suddarma, Sthananga, JVB, Ladnun 1976, pp. 853, 877. 16. Svami, Sudharma, Upasakadasa, APS, Beawar 1980, p. 137. 17. Varni, Jinendra, Jainendra Siddhant Kosa-3, BJ, Delhi 1993, p. 531. 18. Jaina, N.L., In Jaina Vidya Evam Prakrta, S.S. University, Varanasi 1987, pp. 198-200. 1s. See, Ref. 1, p. 421. 20. See, Ref. 2, p. 113. 21. Ibid, p. 527.

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Divine Essence of Arhat and Tirthankara Dr. Mukul Raj Mehta* The word 'Arhat' generally means a holy, accomplished, a liberated sage, an illustrious, a Divinity. The 'Arhat' is one who has destroyed the enemy (ari) viz anger, deceit, delusion and aversion. Arhat is endowed with four infinite virtues viz., vision, knowledge, bliss and power (darsana, Jnana, sukha and virya). He has destroyed impurity caused by ghati karmas viz., knowledge obscuring (Inanavarana karma), vision obscuring (darsanavarna karma), deluding (mohaniya karma) and energy obscuring (antaraya karma). The word Arhat is variedly referred as Arhanta, Arihanta, Arahanta. Arhat is vitaragi which means he is free from Raga (attachment). Arhat is jina, he who conquered on account of conquering the anger, conceit, greed and pride. He is one who has destroyed the seed of all karma. Arihanta, the annihilator of Ghatikarma is like the sun for the lotus for releasable souls (Bhavyas) existent in the universe and possess infinite knowledge and bliss.2 Arhat is the holiest saint, accomplished teacher, all knowing supreme self. He is free from mundane pleasure, pain, misery, attachment and aversion. Arhat is blessed with four fold infinities (Ananta catustaya) after destroying the four ghati karmas and it is the culmination of the faculties and energy of the soul. Arhat is supreme among yogins par excellence. Arhat though is with Aghati karma, lives, in eternal bliss in this universe. From the transcendent point of view, an Arhat is without body; but from ordinary point of view, he possess Audarika sarira which is very shining and glowing. As stated in Jainendera Siddhanta Kosa Arhats are either Samanya Kevalins (ordinary Omniscients) or Tirthankaras.? Ordinary Omni-scients are of two types viz., Pratyeka Buddha and * Researh Scientist 'B', Philosophy Deptt., B.H.U.

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131 8 Buddhabodhita. In the Jaina text, Samavayanga Sutra, we find the usage of the word Pratyeka Buddha (Patteya Buddha). In Uttradhyayan Sutra, Karakandu, Dumurkha, Nami and Naggatti are termed as Pratyek Buddhas. In Isibhasiyaim Suttam, the forty five ascetics are referred as Pratyeka Buddhas. To attain the status of Pratyeka Buddha, no external source of inspiration is required. While, BuddhaBodhita is an ascetic who attains liberation under guidance of a spiritual teacher. 10 Tirthankara This word is very often used which means a Divine sage, who makes a bridge (tirtha) to cross over the ocean of pain suffering, misery and transmigratory existence. The word 'Tithayara' is found in Uttradhyayana Sutra. 11 Tirthankara Aristanemi is titled and prayed as saviour of supreme lord of Dharma (Logannahe Damisare) 12 Tirthankara is reviver of the Jaina faith. The Tirtha is also understood as holy place. He establishes the 'Tirtha' or 'Samgha' which is constituted of sadhu (monk), sadhvi (nuns), sravaka (layman), sravika (lay woman). A Tirthankara or an Arhat has one thousand and eight names. e.g. vitaraga, sarvajna, Jina, kevalin, buddha, mukta etc. The texts Mahapurana by Acarya jinasena and Gunbadra and also Jinasahasranama composed by Asadhara, mention 1008 names of Jina, 13 14 The follwoing twenty observations jointly or severally are the causes of Tirthankar-nama-karma. Which leads the jiva to become Tirhankara (1) Reverance to Arhant, (2) Reverance to Siddha, (3) Reverance to Pravacana, (4) Reverance to Preceptor Guru, (5) Reverance to aged Monks, (6) Reverance to highly learned, (7) Reverance to ascetics, (8) Constant use of knowledge, (9) Purity of right faith, (10) Modesty towards knowledge, (11) Daily practice of 6 essential religious activities, (12) Observance of vows, (13) Renouncing the world, (14) Observing austerity, (15) Offering to competent personage, (16) Ceaseless pursuit of knowledge, (17) Providing easement to all asetic sages and adopt equanimity, (18) Providing easements to fourfold religious order, (19) faith or belief in scriptural texts, (20) Spreading the pravacana.

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The difference between ordinary kevalin and a Tirtharkara is that the Tirthankara preaches and propogates the Dharma, the law, and forms a community caturvidh samgha of monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen in order to show the right path, the path to attain Moksa, Divinity whereas the ordinary kevalin cannot be the propounder of a religious faith. It is due to the attainment of Tirthankara nama karma that a Tirthankara becomes the propogator or reviver of a religious faith for a considerable period for suffering humanity. Upadhyaya Amarmuni observes that Tirthankara possesses Loka-upkari Siddhis! and leaves permanent impression. In fact, ordinary Arhat and Tirthankara do not differ in the spiritual experience viz., infinite bliss, virtues but, in certain excellences in external attributes, events, etc. Excellences Arihantas (variently terms as Tirthankara) are those who are worthy of obeisance, worthy of adoration, and supreme among gods in the world". 16 The Arhat body which is perfect stainless or Niranjana an abode of omniscient and which is about to throw away the last shackles of karma (aghatikarma), receives worship (or Arha) on five excellent events from heavenly beings. 17 The five auspicious events (Panca kalyanaka Mahotsva) in the life of Tirthankara (conception, birth, renunciation, attainment of omniscience and nirvan) are excellent non-routine events. 18 These five celebrations of worship are not done for ordinary kevalins. Divine Attributes The twelve Divine attributes of Arahant, the omniscient are 1. Infinite knowledge, 2. infinite vision, 3. Infinite Bliss. 4. Infinite Power, 5. Divine Ashoka tree, 6. Simhasanam (Patrition), 7. Triple Umbrella, 8. 64 Pair of celestial Indras, 9. Shining arb-prabhamandala, 10. Rain of Flower, 11. Divine Utterance or sound (Divyad wani) 12. Divine music. The later eight attributes of the Divine Arhat are also known as Asta Pratiharyas, eight exceptional adorations. Devoid of Evils Arhat, the Divine, is devoid of eighteen kinds of defects or evil, which are found generally in the worldly beings, are listed in various

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133 texts : Abhidhana Rajendra Kosa enumerates 18 dosas : 1. DanaAntaraya (obstacle to give charity) 2. Labha-Antaraya (hindrance to gain) 3. Bhoga-Antaraya (obstacle to enjoyment), 4. UpbhogaAntaraya (Hindrance to power), 6. Mithyatva (Wrong belief), 7. Ajnana (ignorance), 8. Avirati (vowlessness), 9. Kamaiccha (sexual enjoyment), 10. Hasya (laugh), 11. Rati (inclination towards demerits), 12. Arati (noninclination for merit), 13. Soka (sorrow), 14. Bhaya (fear), 15. Jugupsa (disgust), 16. Raga (attachment), 17. Dvesa (aversion), 18. Nidra (sleep). 19 Realisation of Divinity : The Essence of Jainism The Pancanamokaramantra is the essence of Jaina faith.20 The recitation of mantra is a form of puja (adoration) of the five Holy or Divine Personages; a mode of bhakti, or an act of sharing in the divine glories of the Holy beings; an act of declaring and affirming faith, belief and convictions in the doctrines and practices of Jainas to attain the Divinity.21 Dr. William considers Panca-namaskara as the aparajitamantra.22 The offering of prayers to and meditation on the five pada are reverences to the essential attributes of the five Divinities only and not the person. It is strong faith of the jainas that Divinities (Pancaparamestins) neither can remove the karma of the devotee nor even can fulfil the wants, desired by him. The offering of prayers to and the meditations of the Gods in Jainism-as in the highest form of a rational religion, are perfectly disinterested. No favours are sought from the God or the Gods and the result of the Divine worship is simply the development and perfection of one's own self. Acarya Hemcandra observes that Stuti (devotion) purifies the knowledge.23 Jainism believes that neigher the Tirthankara can give any object nor can release the sinner. In Hinduism, the Lord Krsna in Bhagvad Gita declares 'just surrender unto me and I shall save you from all sins. 24 A Tirthankara in Jainism does not make such promises and does not give boons but gives the guidance and directs one to realize the truth and thereby achieve for

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134 himeself the salvation. He cannot release the sinner and fulfill the desires of devotees for worldly objects. One suffers or enjoys the consequences of his own doings. As he sows, so does he reap, Therefore, Karmaphala is not granted by the Bhagwan or God. Bhagwan Mahavira syas, "There is no escape from the karma already floated" -- Kadana kammana na mokkha atthi.2) Acaya Hemcandra Suri observes, 'Prayer or recitation of Panca Paramesti Mantra purifies the mind and speech. They are prayed for not fulfilment of worldly desire and for getting rid of any misery but it is for the purification of one's own mind and to get embodied one's self the qualities of Panca Paramestins'. Pt. Sukhlal ji rightly observes, 'They are saluted for the acquirement of virtues. They are themselves virtuous and one acquires these virtues by saluting them. This is because the aim Dhyeya and the person aiming Dhyata become similar. This salutation is dualdvaita and non-dual-advaita i.e. two fold. When the fact is that specialised type of higher steadiness is not attained and the individual feels and experiences that he is a devotee and someone else is object of devotion, it is dvaita salutation. Once the options Raga (attachment) & Dvesa (aversion) are annihilated, the mind becomes so steady that Atman looks upon its own self as an object of devotion, and concentrates only on its own form. This is advaita salutation of these two, naturally advaita salutation is superior because dvaita saluation is only a means to the advaita salutaion."20 Further A.N. Upadhye remarks: The aspiring souls pray to him, worship him and medidate on him treating Him as an example, as a model, as an ideal so that they too might reach the same condition.27 Thus, from the glory of praises and hymns, the soul obtains wisdom consisting of right knowledge, faith and conduct. Endowed with this wisdom, it makes itself worthy of final exit to realize the Divinity 28 To sum up the above, the eternal and Divine message of the Arhats are propogated and practiced by the Acarya, the upadhyaya and the sadhu, the high souled beings. In the Siddha, Divinity, or the pure character of self has been realised but he does not proclaim it. The Arhat also has attained Divinity but it is He who at propitious time, faithfully reveals in what way he has realised the same. Thus, Siddha

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135 is Supreme Divinity as a transcendent and un-revealing Reality while Arhat is also a great Divinity, the Transcendental Revealer. 1. References : Acarya Ghasilal, Avasyaka Sutra, Munitosani-tika, p. 46. 2. Sramana Suttam Cayainka 7. Pravacansara, I. 13. 4. Ramjee Singh, The Jaina concept of omnipresence, p. 82. Acarya Hemacandra, Yogasastra : 1. Dravyasamgraha, 50. 7. Jainendra Siddhanta Kosa, Vol. I., p. 136. 8. Samavayanga Sutra, verse, 547, p. 187. 9. Uttaradhyayana Currni, 18-6. 10. Isibhasiyam Suttam, Appendix-1, p. 204. 11. Uttaradhyayana Sutra, xxii : 26, 27. 12. Ibid, xxii, 4. 13. Jinasahasranama of Asadhara. 14. Naya Dhammakahao (Jnata Dharma Katha), 1.8.14. 15. Upadhyya Amarmuni; Jainatva ki Jhanki, p. 53. 16. Mulacara, gatha 505 (arahanti namokkaram ariha pujja surauttma loe). 17. Bhatacharya, H., Jaina Prayer, p. 27. 18. Dhavala, 13-5, 101-366 Haribhadra's Pancasika 424. 19. Abhidhan Rajendra Kosa, Vol. iv, p. 2248. 20. Roth Gustav, Notes on Pancanamokkara -- Parama mangala in Jaina Litereture. Adyar (Madras Library Bulletin xxxviii, Mahavira Jayanti Bulletin. 21. Joshi, L.M., The facets of Jaina Religiousness in comparative light, p. 45. 22. Williams, R., Jaina Yoga, p. 185.

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136 23. Acarya Hemcandra, Veetraga Stotra, 1.6. 24. Bhavgadgita, xviii. 66. 25. Uttaradhyayana Satra, iv.13. 26. Essence of Jainism, p. 140. 27. Upadhye, A.N., Paramatmaprakasa, Introduction, p. 34. 28. Uttaradhyayana Sutra, xxix. 14.

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Anekasandhanakavya Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh* Aneka means many, much and Sandhana is joining, uniting. In fact, joining or uniting of many meanings in a single composition is Anekasandhanakavya. The richness and multiplicity of word meanings as well as the long compound formation worth split in many ways, is one of the salient features of Sanskrit language. A genre of composition, employing this varied richness of Sanskrit, fusing more than one story in its structural pattern, is Anekasandhanakavya or composition. The minimal stories woven in this form of literature are two, known as Dvisandhanakavyaor the poem of double entendre. Sandhana works are invariably in Sanskrit in Vedic tradition, while a few Prakrit gathas with multiple meanings are also available, besides Sanskrit works, in Jaina tradition. The Dvisandhana by Acarya Dandin (7th cent. A.D.), mentioned in Srngaraprakasa of Bhojadeva (fl. c. 1000-1055) not available today, is the earliest work, of this form. Among the extant works in this tradition, the Raghavapandaviya (1173 AD), depicting the two stories of the Ramayana and Mahabharat, through the same word collocation by Kaviraja may be treated as the earliest. Jaina work Dvisandhanakavya of Dhananjaya (9th cent. A.D.) may be treated as the first available work of this genre in both the traditions i.e. Vedic and Jaina. The other prominent Sandhana works of Vedic tradition are: Parvatiraukmaniya (1126 AD) by Vidyamadhava, Rasikaranjana (Srngara-Vairagya) (1467 AD) of Ramacandra, Krsna-Vilomakavya (1485 AD) of Suryakavi, Raghavayadavapandaviyaand Pancakalyanacampu (1529 AD) by puet Cidambara, Yadavaraghaviya by Venkatadhvari (17th cent. AD) and Raghavanaisadhiya of Haradatta (18th cent. AD). Besides, Vedic tradition is also enriched by some undated Sandhana works viz. four works with the same title, Raghavayadaviyaof Somesvara, Raghunathacarya, Srinivasacarya and * Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi.

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138 Vasudeva, Abodha-Akara (18th cent. AD) of Ghanasyama (18th cent. AD) and Hariscandrodayaby anonymous. The Jaina tradition also owns a good number of works of this genre. In fact, the beginning of fusing more than one context in a single composition in this tradition dates back to 5th-6th cent. A.D. The cattari attagatha, occurring in Vasudevahindi of Sanghadasagani (c. AD 6th cent.) may be applied to 14 different contexts. An eminent Jaina scholar Late Agaracanda Natha categorised Jaina Sandhana works in three groups : (1) Slesamayakavya (2) Individual words, sentences, verses and (3) Padapurti literature. The Jaina Padapurti literature may be treated as Sandhana works of double entendre because the authors have so moulded particular line or lines of another's work or verse as to connote a different meaning than that intended by the original author. This padapurti literature may be broadly classified as based on (A) Jaina works and (B) Non-Jaina works. The works of first group may be further grouped as those pertaining to (a) Kalyana-Mandirastotra of Siddhasena Divakara, (b) Bhaktamarastotra of Manatungacarya, (c) Sansaradavanalastuti of Haribhadra and (d) other Jaina stotras, stutis, Vijnaptipatras. Likewise, works of (B) group may be sub-classified into two groups: (a) Jaina works adopting famous non-Jaina works viz. Meghadutam of Kalidasa, Kiratarjuniyam of Bharavi, Sisupalavadhamof Magha, Naisadhiyacaritamof Sriharsa etc. epics and (b) Jaina works employing some non-Jaina stotras. The detail of this genre of literature Padapurti Literature will appear in separate article in comeing issus of this quarterly. However, the Jaina literature of the Sandhana category has been treated herein under following groups: (1) Independent works : Kavyas and stotras, (2) Single verse compositions, (3) Interpretation of single words, (4) Interpretation of well known Jaina and Non-Jaina mantras, (5) Interpretation of verse or verses occurred in famous Jaina and NonJaina works and the commentaries. A brief survey of this Jaina Sandhana literature is made in the following lines : (1) The Kavya works of multiple entendre include those of double, tripple, quadruple, five, seven, 24 and 25 entendre. The list of Dvisandhana works includes Dvisandhanakavya of Dhananjaya (9th cent. AD). Rsabhanemikavya of Suracarya (1023 AD). Nabheyanemikavya by Hemacandrasuri of Bihadgaccha (12th cent. AD), Ragha

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139 vanaisadhiyam of Haradattasori (first half of the 18th cent. AD) and Hariscandrodaya of Anantasuri. The works of Catuhsandhana or quadruple entendre include Nalayadavaraghavapandaviya (12th cent. AD), Catuhsandhanakavya and Catuhsandhana by Digambara poets Manohara and Sobhana, respectively. of five entendre. Alone work by Digarnbara poet Santirajakavi (11th cent. AD) in Kannada is available. Among those of seven entendre Saptasandhanakavya by Hemacandra, not available today and Saptasandhanakavya (1671 AD) by Meghavijayagani, may also be mentioned. The poet Jagannatha, pupil of Narendrakirti is ascribed to the authorship of two Sandhana works : Saptasandhana and Caturvinsatisandhana, the latter expressing the sense of 24 Tirthankaras, simultaneously. Some of the prominent available hymns of the sort of sandhana works are : Navakhandaparsvastava by Jnanasagarasuri, Navagrahagarbhitaparsvastavana, Parsvastava, containing two meanings and Trisandhanastotra of tripple entendre in Sanskrit by Ratnasekharasuri (15the cent. AD), Vividharthamaya-stavasarvajna, by Somatilakasuri,,Sadharanajinastuti and Pancatirthistuti of Meghavijayagani and Parsvastavana of Jinaprabhasuri. (2) In the next category of Sandhana works are the single verse compositions with a large number of interpretations. A Prakrit gatha by Bappabhastaisuri (9th cent. AD), containing 108 meanings, is the earliest. A single Sanskrit verse by Somaprabha, Satarthakavya (1177 AD) is interpreted in 100 ways. Other single verse compositions include those by Jinamanikyasuri (1482 AD) containing 100 meanings, Pancarthakasloka by anonymous, applying to five different deities and Astalaksi(1592 AD) by Mahopadhyaya Samayasundaragani with more than 12 lacs meanings. Again, a few single verse compositions entitled Satarthi including that by an anonymous and by Manasagarasuri, the pupil of Buddhisagarasuri, during the reign of Hiravijayasuri of Tapagaccha, are also available. These contain 100 interpretations, as referred to in Jinaratnakosa The poet Labhavijaya explained the verse: Tamo Durvararagadi vairivara nivarane. Arhat yoginathaya Mahaviraya tayine in many contexts. . (3) Jaina Acaryas interpreted the particular words in various

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140 meanings. The words attempted by Jaina Acaryas are Savvattha by Upadhyaya Gunavijayagani in 117 contexts, Hari occurring in Vitaragastava by Vivekasagaragani in the context of 30 Jaina deities as well as in Stambhaparsvastava (1200 AD) by Nayacandrasuri in 14 contexts, 'go'by anonymous found in a single verse in 4 contexts, Paraga in Sadharanajinastava by Laksmikallolagani in 108 meaings and Sarasvati in Yugadistava by Jinamanikyagani. The term Navakhanda, occurring in Navakhandaparsvastava of Jnanasagara, Sarma by anonymous in the Parsvastava, Mahavira in the 8th gatha of Virastotra, Paravaya by Ratnasekharagani in 56 contexts, Godhulika by Bhavaprabhasuri in 41 contexts and Saranga by Gunavijayagani and by an anonymous, occurring in Mahavirastavaand in Rsabhastavain many ways, respectively have been explained by Jaina Acaryas. Evidently, these words, picked up and explained in different connotations by the Acaryas, occurred in different works, hymns etc. (4) Some Jaina Acaryas, viz. Muni Gunaratna and Pt. Harsakula, both have explained the first pada of Pancaparamesthimantra in 100 meanings while Subhatilaka has explained Vedic Gayatrimantra in 5 connotations. (5) Jaina Acaryas have chosen verse or verses from the reputed Jaina as well as non-Jain works and applied them to multiple contexts. Three verses of the Yogasastra of Acarya Hemacandra were interpreted by three Jaina Acaryas. Jaina Acarya Manasagaragaoi explained the verse 2/12 in 106 contexts. According to Jayadevasuri, its verse 2/85 contained 100 meanings while Labhavijayagani and Meghavijayagani (1615 AD) both interpreted the verse (1/1) in 500 and 700 contexts, respectively. The 87th verse of Kumaraviharaprasa-stikavya by Varddhamanagani, pupil of Hemacandra, was so composed as to connote 6 contexts. It is remarkable that his pupil explained it in 116 contexts. According to Upadesaratnakara, Udayadharmagani 1548 AD, pupil of Lavanyavijaya of Tapagaccha, extracted the 51th gatha of Upadesamala of Dharmadasagani and interpreted it in 100 contexts. Samayasundaragani (1592 AD) collected 7 verses from the benedictory portions of Kumarasambhava and Meghaduta of Kalidasa, Sisupalavadha of Magha, Tarkasaastra, Saptapadarthi and Vittaratnakara. He explained these as eulogies of Tirthankara Parsvanatha. Likewise, the

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141 first verse of Saddarsanasamuccaya of Acarya Haribhadra (7th-8th cent. AD) was explained by Gunaratnasuri in five different contexts. The detailed account of the prominent Jaina Sandhana works is as follows: (1) Independent works: Kavyas and Stotras Dvisandhanakavya also called Raghavapandaviya is composed by Digambara Dhananjaya (9th cent. AD) containing 18 cantos, it depicts the stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata, simultaneously. After salutation to two Thankaras Muni Suvrata and Neminatha and goddess Sarasvati, the poet, simultaneously, describes the cities of Ayodhya and Hastinapur, the two kings Dasaratha and Pandu, the birth of Raghavas and Kurus. Then it depicts the detachment of king Dasaratha and Pandu on attaining old age and their going to forest, the assasination of demons Khara and Dusana by Rama and Laksamana and rescuing the cows back by Arjuna and Bhima from Kauravas after a ferocious battle, the kidnapping of Sita by Ravana, the killing of Sahasagati by Rama at the request of Sugriva and the fight against the army of Jarasandha by Krsna, the lifting up the Kotisila by Laksmana and Ktsna, sending of Hanumana by Rama and Srisaila by Srikesna, as messengers, respectively to Ravana and Jaradsandha, the march of armies to Lanka and Saurastra, the battles fought between the armies of Rama and Ravana, Srikrsna and Jarasandha and the coming back of Rama with Laksmana and Sita to Ayodhya, Sriklsna to Hastinapur, after having killed Ravana and Jarasandha, respectively. This work departs from other Jaina epics in not depicting the previous births of its heroes as well as the tenets of Jainism, altogether an essential feature of Jaina Mahakavyas. Of the style, the poet himself asserted that it should be full of all the sentiments, figures of speech, deep meanings, qualities of sweetness etc. and should be poetically and grammatically correct. Significantly, despite the handicap of Slesa, the poet's style is lucid and playful. The richness of vocabulary, wealth of description, profusion of epithets, similes and onceits and frequency of learned allusions are distinctive of Dhananjaya. The richness of the poet's fancy is unquestioned. Even the most general beliefs have been expressed in fanciful way. The poet like Magha has used the

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982 Yamakalankara in some of the verses with a master hand. Dhananjaya applied about 31 meters in his kavya and used a large variety of figures of speech. Though its main sentiment is heroic yet the poet delineated all the sentiments skilfully. This work is one of the earliest available among works of double entendre in Sanskrit literature and has influenced many later authors. Pub. The text with comm. Kavyamala Series No. 42, Bombay, 1895. // Text with the comm. of Nemicandra, Bharatiya Jnanapikha, Varanasi, 1970/Mns. Bhand. V. No. 1142; Uh. III. No. 154; CMB. 6; 44; CP. p. 67; JG.p.331; PAPs.43 (5:24); Pet. III. Nos. 511; 512; (1) Comm. Padmakaumudi (Gramthagra 9000) composed by Nemicandra, pupil of Devanandin; Bhand. V. No. 1143; Buh. III. No. 154;PAPS 43(5); Pet. III. No.511// (2) Tika by Puspasenasisya. SRA. 1747/ (3) Tika by Kavi Devara, son of Ramabhatta, composed for one Arlu Sresthin. The author pays homage to Amarakirti. Simhanandin, Dharmabhusana, Sridharadeva and Bhattarakamuni in the beginning. III. Vol. 15, pp. 153-154. AK. Nos. 652,653. Rsabha-Nemi- Kavya also known as Neminabheyadvisandhana (1023 AD) by Suracarya during the reign of Bhojaraja of Dhara. This work, in Sanskrit, of double entendre relates the story of twoTirthankaras, Rsabha and Neminatha, simultaneously. Its author was the pupil of Dronacarya, credited with the performing corrections of the canonical commentaries of Abhayadevasuri. His father's name was Sangramasimha. He learnt Sabdasastra (linguistics), epistemology and poetics. Prabhavakacarita (14, 254), also mentions Dvisandhanakavya, depicting the life of afore said two Tirthankaras by Suracrya. Unpub. Mns. Bt. No. 510. Nabheyanemikavya (c 12th cent. AD) by Hemacandrasuri, pupil of Ajitadevasuri and grand pupil of Municandrasuri, is in Sanskrit and was corrected by Sripala, a court poet of king Kumarapala. It relates the story of both the Jinas, i.e. Rsabha and Nemi. Unpub. Mns. B.K. Nos, 141; 18933; JG.P., 331; PAZB 18(23); SA No. 343. (1) Svopajnatika, Patan Catalogue Pt. I, Introduction, p. 50. Raghavanaisadhiyar composed by Haradattasuri (first half of the 18th cent. AD) in two cantos, containing 148 verses in Sanskrit. Its first canto, containing 126 verses, depicts, in brief, the story of Rama and

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143 Nala, resorting to punning expressions. In remaining 22 verses, the second canto describes 6 seasons. The work has also an auto-commentary. The author was the son of Jayasankara of Gargyagotra. He to the grammarian Bhattojidiksita (1630 AD) and a host of other lexicographers such as Bhattamalla, Kesava, Ramakssna, Rabhasa and Yadava. The manuscript of this work dates back to 18th cent. AD, hence, this work, probably belonged to the period, before the first half of the 18th cent. AD. Hariscandrodaya by Anantasuri (undated) is in 20 cantos on the story of Hariscandra, the famous mythological ruler. In this work of double entendre, the poet has woven the story of his patron king Hariscandra also. Nalayadavaraghavapandaviya(12th cent. AD) is a Catuhsandhanakavya or work of quadruple entendre, mentioned by Ramacandrasuri in the introduction of his Nalavilasanasaka. As the title suggests, its verses may be applied to Nala, Neminatha, Rama and Pandava. Pancasandhanakavyais a work by santirajkavi, a Digambar Jaina. Its Kannada manuscript is available in Jaina Siddhanta Bhavana, Arrah. Another manuscript is also kept at the Pannalal Jain Sarasvata Bhavana, Bhulesvara, Bombay, No. 1894. Saptasandhanakavya, according to Meghavijayagani, Acarya Hemacandra composed a Saptasandhana-kavya. It is not available today. Saptasandhanakavya composed in 1703AD by Meghavijayagani, pupil of Krpavijaya and 5th in heirarchical descent from Haravijaya of Tapagaccha, containing 422 Grathagra's in 9 cantos in Sanskrit. The poet applies each verse to 5 Tirtharkaras Rsabhadeva, santinatha, Neminatha, Parsvanatha and Mahavira, Krsna and Rama. Its theme is based on Trisastisalakapurusacaritra of Hemacandra. It depicts the six cities Ayodhya, Hastinapur, Sauryapuri, Varanasi, Mathura and Kundapuri. Ayodhya, being the place of Rsabhadeva and Rama, Hastinapuri of santinatha, Sauryapuri of Neminatha, Varanasi of Parsvanatha, Vaishali of Mahavira and Mathura of Krsna. After describing their ancestors, it depicts the dreams seen bytheir mothers as well as the auspicious fruits of these dreams. The second canto relates

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144 the birth of these seven greatmen and the birth ceremonies, performed by the gods. The respective stories proceed simultaneously in remaining cantos. The greatness of Meghavijaya, as a poet, is sufficiently proved by this work. He has shown adeptness in using figures of speech, both Sabdalankara and Arthalankara. Some of the figures of speech used in this work are Upama, Rupaka, Utpreksa, Atisayokti, Dipaka, Drstanta, Nidarsana, Arthantaranyasa, Kavyalinga, Parisankhya, Atadguna, Udatta etc, He has applied about 14 metres in this work viz. Upajati, Indravajra, Indravansa, Vansastha, Malini, Sragdhara, Sardulavikrijita, Vasantatilaka, Harini, Anustubh, Swagata, Sikharini, Drutavilambita etc. The Santa (Tranquility) is the main sentiment of this sandhanakavya. This work possesses the required salient features of an epic. Meghavijaya was a versatile poet and a great number of works, ascribed to him, are testimony to his genius. He wrote masterpieces on grammar, astronomy, logic etc. branches of learing. Meghavijaya is supposed to he born approximately between 1628-1633 AD. and lived up to 1708 AD. His tenure of creativity in terms of composing works, corresponds to 1652 AD to 1708 AD. The list of his works include epicsDigvijayamahakavya (1653 AD), Laghutrisastisalaka-purusacarita, Saptasandhanamahaknya, Bhavisya-dattacarita, Pancakhyana, Pancamikatha, Samasyapurti, Kavya-Meghadutasamayalekhah, Kiratasamasyalekh, Santinathacarita, Devanandamahakavya, Grammar- Candraprabha also known as Haimakaumudi, Haimasabdacandrika, Haimasabdaprakriya (commentaries on Siddhahaimabdanusasana of Hemacandra. Philosophical-- Manipariksa, Yuktiprabodhanataka and Dharmamanjusa. Astrological- Varsaprabodha, Prasnasundari, Janmapatriya-paddhati. Ramala-sastra, Hastasnjivana, Visayantravidhi (Arjunapataka), Spiritual-- Arhadgita, Brahmabodha and Matrkaprasada Historical-- Sriravana-parsanathastotra, Pancatirtha-stuti (satika), Caturvinsatijinastava, Adijinastotra, Devaprabhostavanavacuri, Sabdacandrika, Works in Gujarati-- Kumatirakaranana Hundistavana, Parsva namamalastavana, Vijayadevanirvanasvadhuaya, Vijayaratnasurisvadhyaya, Krpavijaya-nirvanarasa, Maksiparsvastavana, etc. Pub. The text Abhaydevasuri Granthamala, Bikaner,/ Jain Vividha

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145 Sahitya Sastramala No. 3, Benaras 1917,/ Text with comm. Sarani by Vijayamrtasuri, Jain sahityavardhakasabha, Surat 1943 AD/ Saptasandhana : Eka Samiksamaka Adhyayana (Ph.D. Thesis) by Dr. Sreyansa Kumara Jain, studies the text in 7 chapters. The first chapter surveys the texts of this particular genre in historical perspective. It provides the information about Jain as well as Non-Jain Sandhanakavyas and their authors. The second deals with life and works of Meghavijayaganit. The third presents the account of the subjectmatter and source of the text in detail. The fourth chapter examines the literary estimate of this work: the figure of speech, sentiments and metres, employed in this work along with its merits and demerits. It also presents a comparative study of Saptasandhanakavya with Dvisandhanakavya and Raghavapandaviya. Pub. Arihanta International, Delhi 1992, p. 238// Mns. Agra No. 2966. Saptasandhana(1612 AD) by Jagannath, pupil of Narendrakirti is also referred to. Caturvinsatisandhanakavya by Pt. Jagannath, pupil of Digambara. Each of its verses may be expressed in 24 contexts. However, its authenticity is doubtful. Pancatirthistuti (1671 AD) by Meghavijayagani Trisandhanastotra 1418 AD by Ratnasekharasuri, pupil of Somasundarasuri in five verses, written on the tirthas of Abu and Jirapalli, it applies simultaneously to Ksabhadeva, Neminatha and Parsvanatha. Unpub. Navagrahagarbhita of Ratnasekhara, Parsvastavana of Ratnasekhara, Vameyajinastavana of Ratnasekhara, Sadharanajinastuti of Somatilakasuri, Vividharthamaya Sarvajnastotra by Somatilaka gives 4 meanings. Mns. JG, p. 294; Hamsa No. 27 Virajinastavana, a Pancavinsatisandhanakavya by Somatilakasuri in 12 verses. Barring the first and last verses each of the remaining ten verses may be applied in 25 senses. It contains the eulogy of Rsabhadeva etc. 24 Tirthankaras and Guru. Pub. Text with an Avacuri (comm). by anonymous In; Jaina Stotrasamuccaya.

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146 Parsvastava by anonymous Agaracanda Nahta refers this hymn, containing two meanings. Parsvastavana of Jinaprabhasuri, (2) Single verse compositions: Astottarasatarthigatha by Bappabhattisuri (9th cent. AD) composed a Prakrit gatha and wrote its auto-commentary interpreting it in 108 different contexts. (Tattisialimenlava), Satarthakavya, composed in 1177 AD by Somaprabhacarya, a contemporary of Varddhamanasagaragani, in a single Sanskrit verse, it is interpreted in 100 ways. Because of this composition he was conferred the epithet Satarthika. The poet himself commented on it. At the eginning of its commentary, in five verses, he presented an index to the hundred explanations intended by him. Then, he listed the meanings of the 24 Tirthankaras of Jaina religion, the explanations of Vedic deities, like Brahma, Hara, etc. and brought references to his contemporaries like Vadidevasuri, Hemacandrasuri etc., the four successive Caulukya kings of Gujarat, viz. Jayasimhadeva, Kumarapala, Ajayadeva and Mularaja, poet Siddhapala, the best citizen of the time and Anitadeva and Vijayasimha his two preceptors. At the extreme end, he elucidated references to himself and in the conclusion he quoted a short prasasti in five verses written on himself by some disciple of his. Pub. text ed. Caturavijaya, with auto-comm. and Gujarati translation In; Anekartha Sahitya Sangraha, Jaina Sahityoddharagranthavali No. 2, Ahmedabad 1935, p. 68-134/ Mns. Baroda No. 2942; B.K. No. 23; Hamsa. No. 1679; PRA. No. 1072.// Svopajnavrtti. Baroda. No. 29423;B.K. No. 23. Satarthi a single verse, containing 100 meanings, was composed by Jinamnikyasuri in 1482 AD. satarthia composition by an anonymous, containing 100 interpretations, is also referred to in Jinaratnakosa. Satarthi by Manasagarasuri, the pupil of Buddhisagarasuri, the contemporary of Hiravijayasuri of Tapagaccha, composed single verse, containing 100 contexts. Pancarthakasloka by anonymous, composed in single verse, it is applicable to five different expressions: Brahma, Visnu, Hara, Candra

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147 and Parsvajina. Pub. In: Anekarthasahityasargraha, Ahmedabad, pp. 65-66. Astalaksi also called Artharatnavali in Sanskrit, composed in 1552AD by Samayasundara Upadhyaya, pupil of Sakalacandra Upadhyaya of Kharataragaccha. It is a comm. explaining Rajano Dadate Saukhyam in more than 8 lacs different expressions. This small pada was composed in the court of Akber to establish the trutha inherent in Jain aphorism Egassa suttassa anantao attho, to counter the attempt by some opponent to belittle this Jaina doctrine. Samayasundara, composed it and explained itin 10lacs 22 thousand 407 meanings in the court of Akber. Later on, he retained only one lac meanings of this single line. In the process of explaining it, Samayasundaragani showed that the term Raja itself might be splited in a way to connote the sense of Sri Akber. The term Raja splits into R+A+Aja + A + A. In this break up R means Sri, A stands for A, Aja stands for ka, both being the synonyms of Brahma, A is subsitituted by Ba both being the synonyms of Vayu (wind), the last A is replaced by Ra (the two are the synonyms of Agni (fire). Acarya Samayasundaragani was very famous and wrote a large number of works. Pub. ed. Prof. Kapadia, H.R. In : Anekartharatnamanjusa. Devacanda Lalbhai Jaina Pustakoddhara Fund Series No. 81, Surat, 1933 AD. pp. 1-70/ Mns, Bhand. IV. No. 255; B.K. No. 1120; Pet. IV. No. 1174; The poet Labhavijaya explained the verse: Tamo Durvararagadi vairivara nivarane. Arhat yoginathaya Mahaviraya tayine. (3) Interpretation of single words, Savvattha a Satarthaka sabda, Upadhyaya Gunavijaya gave 117 meaings of the term Savvattha. Pub. In: Anekartha Ratnamanjusa, pp. 96-98. Harisabd occuring in Vitaragastavah is explained by Vivekasagaragani in the context of 30 Jaina deities, Pub. In: Anekartharatnarmanjusa, p. 83. The term Hari occurring in Stambhaparsvastava (1200 AD) by Nayacandrasuri in 14 contexts. Gosabdakavyar, the term Go of the verse, commencing with Go

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148 sravah, is commented in 10 senses; Pub. In: Anekartharatnamanjusa, p. 134. Paragasabdagarbhajinastava by Laksmikallolagani eulogised the Jina in 28 hymns, paraga occurring there in 108 connotations. Pub. In: Anekartharatnamanjusa, The term Sarasvati in Yugadistava by Jinamanikyagani, The term Navakhanda occurring in Navakhandaparivastava of Jnanasagara. The term Sarma occurring in the Parsvastava by anonymous, The term Mahavira occurring in the 8th gatha of Virastotra, Paravaya Sastapancasatarthaka sabda : Ratnasekharasuri explained the term Paravaya in 56 meanings, Pub. In : Anekartharatnamanjusa, pp. 99-102. Ekatvacatvarinsatarthaka Sabda, Bhavaprabhasuri explained the term Godhulika in 41 different meanings. The term Saranga in Mahavirajinastavah containing 18 verses by Gunavijayagani, connotes various meanings. Pub. In : Anekartharatn-.. amanjusa, Surat 1933. (4) Interpretation of well known Jaina and Non-Jaina Mantras: Namakaramantra or Dasottarasatarthi, Vijayavimala, in his Hetudaya Vibangi tika, mentions that Pt. Harsakula of Tapagaccha composed a satarthi, containing the 100 meanings of the first pada of Namaskaramantra. Namaskara- Prathamapadarthah, the first line Namo Arhantanani of Pancaparamesthi mantra is explained by Pt. Gunaratnamuni in 110 different meanings, resorting to slesa. Pub. In: Anekartharatnamanjusa, pp. 103-118. Gayatrimantravivarana is an explanation of Gayatri Mantra by Subhatilaka, applying this mantra in the sense of Arihanta, Sankara, Visnu, Parvati and Radha. Pub. ed. Kapadia, In: Anekartharatna Manjusa, DLP Series No. 81, Surat, 1933, pp. 71-82.

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149 * (5) Interpretation of Extracted verse or verses Yograsastra Satarthavivarana by Manasagaragani, pupil of Buddhisagarasuri, pupil of Hiravijayasuri, on the verse occurring in Yogasastra (2/12) of Hemacandra. The verse was explained in 106 different expressions by Manasagara, on the instruction of his grand teacher Hiravijayasuri. The Acarya applied it to the description of 24 Tirthankaras, Jinavani, Sasanadevi, Pancaparamesthi, Brahma, Visnu, Mahesvara, Parvati, Laksmi, Sarasvati, Jnana, Kama, Hiravijayasuri, Vijayasenasuri, Akber, Navagraha, Sura Astadikapala, Rama, 14 dreams and Buddhisagara. The manuscripts of this comm. are available in the collections of Manuscripts at Baroda and Lymbdi. Yogasastra (2/85) of Acarya Hemacandra has found favour with, as the interpretations of its three verses are found. According to Jayadevasuri its verse 2/85 contained 100 meanings. Yogasastra (1/1) was interpreted in 500 contexts by Labhavijayagani in 700 contexts by Meghavijayagani (1615 AD). Kumaraviharaprasastikavya, its 87th verse, was so composed by Varddhamanagani, pupil of Hemacandra, as to connote 6 contexts. It is remarkable that Varddhamanagani's pupil explained it in 116 contexts. Sadasottarasatarthi-padya by Varddhamanasagaragani, pupil of Hemacandrasuri. The 87th verse of the Kumaraviharasataka gives 106 meanings. Significantly, the poet has explained it only in six contexts but his pupil, in his commentary, explained it in more than hundred meanings. Some of the contexts in which it has been explained is; Brahma, Mahesvara, Surapati, Vaisvanara, Varuna, Vayu, Krtanta, Nagaraja, Laksmi, Rajahansa, Candra, Surya, Hemacandra, Dharma, Artha, Moksa etc. Pub. ed. Caturavijayamuni In: Anekarthasahityasangrahah, Jainsahityoddhara Grandhavali No.2, Ahmedabad 1935, pp. 43-45. Avidayada Satarthiby Vinayasagara Upadhyaya (17th cent. AD), pupil of Sumatikalasagani of Pippalaka branch of Kharataragccha. Its single manuscript is available at Branch Office, Kota of Rajasthan Pracya Vidya Pratisthana. Dosasaya, according to Upadesaratnakara, Udyadharmagani,

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150 pupil of Lavanyadharma of Tapagaccha, has extracted in 1605 AD, the 51th gatha of Upadesamalaof Dharmadasagani and interpreted it in 100 contexts. Unpub. mns. Kantivijaya Bhandara, Baroda. Saddarsanasamuccaya, likewise Gunaratnasuri explained the first verse of Saddarsanasamuccaya of Acarya Haribhadra (7th-8th cent. AD) in five different contexts. Kavyadvayarthakaranaparsvastava, the seven verses collected by Samayasundaragani (1592 AD) from the benedict are portions of Kumarasambhava and Meghaduta of Kalidasa, Sisupalavadha of Magha, Tarkasastra, Saptapadarthi and Vittaratnakara, were explained as eulogies of Tirthankara Parsvanatha. Catuhsastyarthakavakya, Manikyasundarasuri further explains the single line Rajano dadate Saukhyam, explained by Samayasundaragani in eight lac meanings, in 64 meanings. Its manuscript is available in the collection of Agaracanda Nathta, Bikaner. Meghaduta-Prathama-Padya (1/1), Samayasundaragani has explained the first verse of Meghaduta in three different meanings applicable to Rsabhadeva, Surya (sun) and Jinacandrasuri. Its manuscript also is available in Agaracanda Nahta collection, Bikaner. Vimalayamalastuti, Samayasundaragani explained the second verse of Vimalayamalastuti of Jayasagara. Unpub. Its manuscript is available in the Nahta collection, Bikaner. The first verse, beginning with saranga sare, composed by Hamsa Pramodagani of Kharataragaccha, is explained in 100 different meanings. Its only manuscript is available in the Jaisalmer collection. Some of its explanations are of historical importance. Bijaraja Hukumacandra Vaidya library, Ratanagarha contains a manuscript of 40 folios, explaining a single verse by anonymous in 100 various contexts. Bibliography-Chaudhary, Gulabcandra, Jain Sahitya Ka Brhad Itihasa, Pt. VI, (Kavya- Sahitya) Parsvanatha Vidyasrama Sodha Sansthana, S.No. 20 Rep. IInd ed. 1998// Krsnamachariar, M. History of Classical Sanskrit Literature, Tirumalai- Tirupati Devastanath, Press Madras, 1937.// Prof. Kapadia, H.R., Jain Sanskrit Sahityano Itihasa Pt. 2, Mukti Kamalas Jain Mohanamala, S.No. 64.

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Jaina Version of Mahabharata Prof. Bhagchandra Jain "Bhaskar"* The Mahabharata legend like the Ramayana has been constantly an inspiring instinct for Indian writers since a long. Its main characters are said to be celestial beings. Lord Krsna, probably non-vedic deity, is the prominent character around which all the characters are roaming. The whole folklore then becomes very impressive, supernatural and divine. Jainacaryas used it in their own ways with somewhat progressive attitude for spreading the Jaina principles. They adopted the Vedic version of the Mahabharata in their literature with some changes according to their needs. They made the whole story rather more logical and practical. The present paper is confined to Jaina literature written in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Hindi languages. It will throw a light on certain points which differ Jaina version with that of Vedic version of Mahabharat. Jain Literatue on Mahabharata The earliest reference to the Mahabharata story is found in the Sthananga, Nayadhammakahanga, AntakTddasanga, Prasnavyakarana, Uttaradhyayana, and Niryavalika. Amongst non-Agamic Prakrit Texts, the following may be mentioned: Vasudevahindi of Sanghadasagani, Cauppannamaha-purisacariya of Silanka and Amarakavi, Bhvabhavana of Hemacandrasuri, Upadesamala of Hemacandrasuri, Kumarapalapadiboha of Suraprabhasuri, Kanhacariya of Devendrasuri, and some Kathakosas like Kathakosaprakarana, Katharatnakosa and Akhyanakamanikosa. The works in Sanskrit on the story are found as Pradyumnacarita of Mahasenasuri, Neminirmana Kavya of Vagbhat 1, Naranarayana * Director, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Karaundi, Varanasi-5.

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152 nanda Mahakavya of Vastupala, Neminatha Mahakavya of Kirtiratnasuri, Saptasandhana Kavya of Meghavijaya Upadhyaya, Dvisandhana Mahakavya of Dhananjaya, Harivamsa Purana of Jinasena, Uttarapurana of Gunasena, Nemiduta of Vikrama Kavi, Trisastisalaka Purusacarita of Hemacandra, Pandavapurana of Vadicandra, Mahapurana of Mallisuri, Pandavacarita of Devaprabhasuri, Harivamsapurana of Sakalakirti, Pandavapurana of Subhacandra and so on. In Apabhramsa literature, some Kavyas may be mentioned as follows :-- Rathanemicariu of Svayambhu, Mahapurana of Puspadanta, Neminahacariu of Haribhadra, Harivassapurana of Dhaval, Pajjummacariu of Sinha, Neminahacariu of Laksamanadeva, Neminahacariu of Raidhu, Pandavapurana and Harivamsapurana of Yasahkiriti, and so on. Likewise, so many other Jaina Kavyas are also found in Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Kannada, and other Jaina literature. The prominent Hindi Jaina literature on Mahabharata may be mentioned as follows : Neminatharasa of Sumatigani (1238 A.D.), Gajasukumalarasa of Delhana (13th c. A.D.), Pradyumnacarita of Sandharu (1354 A.D.), Nemiphagu of Dhanadevagani, Jayasekharasuri etc. Neminatharasa of Punyaratana, Brahmarayamalla, Kanakakirti, Kesarasagara, Nemicandra, Ratanamuni, Vijayadevasuri etc., Harivamsapurana of Brahmajinadasa, Salivahana, Khusalacanda Kala, Nemisvara Ki Veli of Thakura, Saliga etc. Pandava Purana of Bulakidasa, Neminathacaritra of Jayamala (1757 A.D.). Pradyumnacarita of Munnalala (1844 A.D.) and so on. It may be mentioned here that Hindi Jaina Mahabharata literature is mostly Prabandhatmaka Kavya while non-Jaina literature is mostly Muktaka Kavya. Some Differences in Jaina Version We shall point out here only a few main differences which are found in Jaina version of Mahabharata. They may be enumerated as follows : -- 1. According to Jaina tradition, Lord Kssna was the ninth Narayana Vasudeva, a brave and valiant king of Dvarika and Southern

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2. 3. 4. 5. 843 region (Ardhacakravarti) and not the divine personality as found in Vedic tradition. He was, of course, an adherent of seven Ratnas and a remover of clashes and unrest. He was also a supernatural personality but could not be detached completely with the worldly affairs. Lord Krsna is considered to be a prominent character in Jaina literature. The Vasudeva may be an epithet or an ancient title of an honour which was used by Vasudeva Krsna also like Kasiraja Pondrika. In later period, some sorts of amusements (Lilas) etc. were added to the character of Krsna, which are also described by the Hindi Jaina writers. Jaina traditions, in fact, worshipped him as a warrior. Draupadi is an other important character of the Mahabharata who created more and more problems to both, Kauravas and Pandavas. Differences in versions are more found in this character. According to Mahabharata, Draupadi was Ayonija who was blessed by Lord Siva for having five husbands as she uttered the sentence "I intend to have a wise husband" for five times. As a result, she got the five husbands in her next birth 1 as Draupadi. Draupadi is also said to be a daughter of Rsi in her previous birth. The Jaina version of Mahabharata mentions so many other stories of previous births like Sukumalika and Nagasri who had five husbands in next birth due to Nidana Karma and not the blessing of Siva. Draupadi was born at Pancala,2 while the Jaina sources name it as Kampilyapur,3 Makanda Nagari4 and Kakandi Nagari which can be identified with the present district of Devaria. Drupada was the father in both the traditions. But the Mahabharat keeps her birth from the Yajnakunda and says her as Ayonija while the Jaina tradition names her mother as Bhogawati and father as Dradharatha.7 Both the versions agree on the Radhavedha or Candrakavedha as the condition of Svayamvara but its way of implementation appears to be rather more difficult. It mentions twenty-two Cakras in place of one Cakra. Pandavas in Jaina version enter into Svayamvara along with Pandu or Kunti while it is not so

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154 6. 7. mentioned in the Mahabharata. Jain version does not mention that Dhrstadyumna introduced the kings to Draupadi. The introduction work was accordingly done by priest, 8 maid servant or door-keeper." After fulfilling the condition, Draupadi garlanded Arjuna and the garlanding was divinely made to all the Pandavas. According to the Nayadhammakahao12 and Amama Svamicaritam of Muniratnasuri, 13 garlanding was made separately to all five brothers. The Uttarapurana mentions that the garlanding was made to only Arjuna and not others. 14 On the other hand, the Jnatadharmakathanga follows the Mahabharata version. 15 The Uttarapurana and the Pardavacarita? 7 refer to five sons of Draupadi called as Pancala while the Jnatadharmakatha18 and Kalpasutra Kalpalatalo mention Pandusena as the only son. The temptation for kingdom and jealousy were the main causes behind the Dyutakrida (gambling). But the Bshatkathakosazo and Balabharata mention an insult done to Duryodhana in the assembly of Yudhisthira as the main cause. To avenge the insult, Duryodhana made the conspiracy of gambling and did the Ciraharana and Kesakarsana of Draupadi. Jaina tradition mentions mainly the Ramagiri, Dandakavana, Kalinjaravana as the Vanavasa area22 while the Mahabharata refers to Kamyakavana, Dvaitavana, Gandhamadana Parvata etc. where Kiramira Raksasabadha, Bakasurabadha, Hidimbabadha, Draupadi- harana, Krtya Raksasi-presana, Durvasa Agamana etc. took place. Jaina version indicates one hundred and not one hundred five brothers of Kicaka who were burnt in funeral pile by Bhima.23 The war was held between Lord Krsna and Jarasandha and not between Kauravas and Pandavas. Kauravas and Pandavas were in fact associated with Srikrsna and Jarasandha respectively. Krsna and his associates defeted Jarasandha and Kauravas and then Krsna presented the Hastinapur kingdom to Pandavas.24 Afterwards, Dussasana, Duryodhana and Krsna initiated into Jinadiksa and attained Nirvana according to Harivarsa Purana.25

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155 10. Draupadi ignored the arrival of Narada as he is said to be Asamyami, Avirata and Mithyadrsti according to the Inatadharmakatha.26 But the Harivamsapurana27 and Pardava Puranazs are of opinion that as Draupadi was engaged in her own decoration, she could not attend properly the Narada Rsi. As a result, Narada became furious and reached King Padmanabha, the King of Amarkanka who kidnapped Draupadi by the assistance of his friend Sangatikadeva.29 The war was then held betwee randavas and Padmanabha, and Pandavas were defeated. Then Krsna caught him by the help of Susthitadeva. and brought him before Draupadi, who forgave him.30 One day Pandavas tried to taste the power of Krsna by leaving him alone at the Bank of Gangas. Krsna then crossed it and reached to Pandavas safely. Knowing that Pandavas tested him, he began angry with and expelled Pandavas from his Dvaraika Nagari. The Pandavas went to ultimately south India and established the city Pandu- Mathura, where Draupadi gave a birth to Pandusena. Afterwards Pandavas handed over the kingdom to Pardusena and initiated into Jinadikna along with Draupadi. Pandavas attained salvation and Draupadi took birth in the Brahmaloka as Deva who will attain Moksa in next birth 31 Kassa was named as he was found in Kansya box. While he was in womb, his mother Dharini, the wife of Mathura expressed her desire (Dohada) before king Ugrasena to eat the flush of her husband. This was treated as the indication of forth coming difficulties and hence he was kept in Kansya box and thrown away in the see.32 Kamsa was then brought up by Vasudeva who got married him with Jivayasa, the daughter of Jarasandha. This was later on disclosed to Kamsa who kept his father Ugrasen in jail and became a king of Mathura." Kassa arranged the marriage of his sister Devaki with Vasudeva. At the time of marriage celebration, Muni Atimuktaka, younger brother of Kamsa predicted that the seventh son of Jivayasa, Kansa's wife, will kill her husband. Then Kansa requested Vasudeva to handover all the seven sons of Devaki to him.

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156 Vasudeva and Devaki were then kept in vigilence. In Vedic tradition, this differs to certain extent." 13. Due to mercey of Harinagavasi, all the six sons (Anikayasa, Anantasena, Ajitasena, Nihatari, Devayasa and Satrusena) of Devaki were brought up by Sulasa and the seventh son was kept with Nanda, the servant of Devaki and Nanda's daughter was handed over to Devaki. Karsa released the daughter with understanding that Devaki delivered a female child. He cut her nose and returned him to Devaki.35 According to Uttarapurana (pp. 407-11), this daughter named Alaka becomes Jain nun who penanced at Vindhyacala where she was killed by a lion. Then it is said that she was worshipped as Vindhyavasini Devi. Vedic tradition is somewhat different. Accordingly Devaki used to visit Nanda's house for having a look on his son under the pretext of cow-worship.36 Since then cow worshipped is started. 37 14. With the view to take a reveange with Vasudeva, Vidyadhara Surpaka sent his two daughters Sakuni and Puta for killing Srikrsna. But Srikrsna himself killed both these vidyadharis. 38 According to the Uttarapurana, these two were Devis who came down to rescue Kamsa at his instance. In Vedic tradition, Puta was a Raksasi deputed by Kassa for killing Krsna.39 15. The son of Surpaka vidyadhara made efforts to kill Srikrina by pressing him between two Yamal trees, but Srikrsna himself destroyed them, and killed the son. Srikrsna was then called 'Damodara.'40 Jinasena refers to two Devis - Yamaka and Arjuna in this connection.41 Vedic tradition refers to Nalakubera and Manigriva Yaksa who took up the form of trees due to Abhisapa of Narada. They were supposed to have the bless of Srikssna. 42 16. Kamsa as soon as looked at the noseless girl, he remembered the prophecy of Atimuktaka Muni and Enquired about his enemy. The Nimittajna described the enemy and advised that whosoever kills the Bull, Horse, Khara, and Mesa, he may be

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157 understood as an enemy and the enemy is the seventh son of Devaki, who is called Vasudeva, the greatest powerful man in the world. Srikrsna killed all the four ones.43 The Uttarapurana (pp. 427-28) mentions here the name of Aristadeva who apeared as a Bull. Srimad-Bhagawat does not refer to khara but Dhenukasura occurs his place.44 Srikrsna got the impression from Baladeva that he was a son of Vasudeva-Devaki. He then decided to kill Kamsa. In the mean time, Krsna killed Kaliyanaga in the Yamuna river, according to the Trisasti (8.5.262-65). The Harivamsapurana and Uttarapurana nerrate an other story in this regard. Accordingly, Krsna got the Kamal after killing Kaliyanaga, the protector of the Kamal.45 According to Srimad Bhagawat, Srikrsna mad the Yamunawater purified and saved it from the clutches of Kaliyanaga. 46 Kamsa then arranged the wrestling with Canura and Mustika. At the outset, Krsna and Balarama killed first the Padmottara and campaka eliphants and then these wrestlers. Srimad Bhagawat refers to only one eliphant named Kuvalayapidha. The Trisasti mentions that Srikrsna becomes unconscious during the fighting with canura (8.5.28495) but Harivamsapurana does not mention so. Sriknsna then killed Kamsa by keeping a leg on his head. 47 Harivamsapurana and uttarapurana differ slightly here. Accordingly Kamsa attacked Krsna but failed. Samudra-vijaya and others overjoyed and freed ugrasena from Jail. 18. Jarasandha became enemy of Srikesna and Balarama. He ordered Samudra-vijaya to handover Srikrsna and Balarama to him. Samudra-vijaya discussed the matter with Nimittajna (Craustuki) and went on towards west core along with Yadavas. Kalakumara, the son of Jarasandha attacked on Yadavas who were protected by Devas of Srikssna. Kalakumara died in the fort. Then Srikrsna became a king of New Dwarika near Revataka Giri in Saurastra. 48 19. Srikrsna married with Rukmani and killed Sisupala. There were eight Pattamahisis of Sriktsna (Satyabhama, Rukmani,

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158 Jambawati, Laksmana, Susima, Gauri, Padmavati and Gandhari) out of sixteen thousand queens.49 Atimukataka Muni made a prophacy that Rukmani will deliver a child like Srikrsna by name of Pradyumna who will be kidnapped by Kalasamvara Vidyadhara. Kancanamala will present two vidyas Prajnapti and Gauri to Pradyumna by which he will never be defeated. Pradyumna had a war with Srikrsna and proved himself to be a worthy son." Both, the father and son got acquintence here for the first time. The Vedic tradition refers to the number of queens of Srikrsna 16001, out of them nine were Pattamahisis. 20. Satyabhama wanted to have a son like Pradumna. Harinaigamesi gifted a neckless to Srikrsna saying that whosoever it bears, she will get a son like you. Pradyumna got the information through Prajnapti Vidya and played a mischivious role. He sent Jambavati to Srikrsna for sexual intercourse in the form of Satyabhama. Finally Jambawati delivered the son Samba like Krsna while Satyabhama got the son named Bhiru Kumara, who appeared fearsome by nature. The Uttarapurana names Sambhava Kumara in place of Samba. 21. Pradumna had a good relation with Samba. He got married with Vaidarbhi, the daughter of Rukmi as he overpowered an eliphant. On the inspiration of Jivayasa, her father Jarasandha, the king of Rajagrha started to war with Krsna. Krsna also arrived at Mathura along with Aristanemi. Jarasandha constructed a Cakravyuha of having thousand Aras or spokes. On the otherhand, Yadavas prepared Garudavyuha. Finally Srikssna killed Jarasandha and returned to Dwarika.S1 According to Vedic tradition, Jarasandha was killed by Bhimasena.52 23. Vanasura, the Khecarapati of Srinivaspur had a daughter named Usa who had a love with Aniruddha, the son of Pradyumna. Aniruddha married ultimately with Usa and Krsna killed Vanasura. Krsna then became Trikhandeswara. 24. Aristanemi, the 22nd Tirthankara was the son of Samudra vijaya, the cousin of Srikrsna. At the time of Kamsabadha, he

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159 was of hardly eight years. He was brought up at Dwarika. Srikrsna acknowledged his power and borried over his kingdom. But Aristanemi declared that he will accept the Jinadiksa without getting married. Raji mati, the proposed wife of Aristanemi followed the foot step of Aristanemi.53 The Vedic tradition has no such reference. 25. Draupadi is said to be a Sati-Siromani in Jaina tradition due to her penance, though she had a Nidana-karma in the previous birth of Sadhvi Gopalika for having five husbands while she looked at Vesya Devadatta who was busied with her five lovers.54 26. Draupadi was kidnapped by Padmanabha, the king of Dhatakikhanda who carried her at his capital Amarakanka. Kapila Vasudeva and Tirthankara Munisuvrata were there in Dhatakikhanda. Two Vasudevas cannot meet each other according to Jaina tradition. Then Kapila Vasudeva gave a lession to Padmanabha and saved Draupads from his clautches." Pandavas could not stand before Padmanabha. 27. Gajasukumala was the eighth son of Devaki. Her first six sons were identical ones who became Jaina monks. Gajasukumala also renounced the world leaving his wife Soma, the daughter of Somasarma who kept the fire pot on his head and as a result Gajasukumala died on the spot." 28. According to Mahabharata, Kunti did not join the Pandavas' Vanavasa while Jaina tradition says that Kunti went with them. 29. Mahabharata mentions that king Drupada sent his Purohita to Duryodhana at the direction of Srikssna while the Jaina tradition mentions that Srikrsna sent the message to Duryodhana with Drupada's purohita.57 30. According to Mahabharat, Sanjaya becomes messenger of Dhrtarastra and goes to Pandavas. The message carried the affection towards Pandavas, whereas the Jaina tradition says that Dhrtarastra sends the message to Pandavas for renouncing the idea of a war with Kauravas. Yudhisthira replies that to

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160 remove the injustice is a justice itself. Mahabharata mentions that Srikrsna went to Dhrtarastra after having a detailed discussion with Pandavas, while the Jaina tradition remarks that Sriklsna went directly to Dhrtarastra for creating peace between two parties. He insisted for giving even five villages to Pandavas which Duryodhana totally refuses. 58 31. Bhismapitamaha advised Srikrsna not to be indulged with the war. Srikrsna honoured the view with saying that he will not use the Sastras at all. The Mahabharata on the otherhand, says that at the request of Arjuna, Srikrsna renounced the idea for using the Sastras in the war.39 32. Kunti went herself to Karna in Vedic tradition for giving understanding that he is her own son while Jaina tradition says that this mystery was unearthed by Srikssna. 33. Jaina tradition says that Pandu was alive during the Mahabharata war while the Vedic tradition does not accept it. 34. Jain texts do not usually mention the Mahabharata war. However,60 Jinasena is of the view that war was held between Srikrsna and Jarasandha. Devasuri mentions that KauravaPandava war was held prior to Jarasandha war, as Mahabharata indicates. 35. In the absence of Mahabharata war, the Jaina texts do not mention any surmon as Gita does. However, the preachings are insearted here and there. Sisupalabadha was held during Jarasandha war according to Jaina Texts, while the Mahabharata does not create any connection with it. 36. 37. Madira, Dvaipayana and Agni are proved to be the main reasons behind Dwarikadahana. Except Srikrsna and Balarama, entire Dwarika was destroyed in fire and submerged into the sea. Srikrsna and Balarama went to Jirnodyana. Then Srikrsna was killed by Jarakumara, his own brother by mistake in the Kausambi forest. It is said in the jaina Texts that Srikrsna will be 12th Tirthankara by the name Amama in future. Balarama

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161 will also achieve salvation during the same time. 38. Jaina Texts mention that Srikrsna remained in the world for one thousand years while Vedic Texts are of view that he was alive for 120 years 39. Jaina Texts say that Balarama had been roaming with holding the corps of Srikrsna for six months. Siddhartha Deva tried to pacify his attachment and finally Balarama kept him into fire. Then he kept himself busied in performing the Jaina penance and took the birth in Brahmaloka. 40. According to Jaina tradition Srikrsna is not an incorn ation of Lord Visnu. He was a human being like us except that he had some peculiar qualities which are not found in general. 41. As regards the Hindi Jaina literature, that too follows the earlier Jaina tradition. In Vedic tradition, Lord Krisna is described as Gopijana-- Vallabha, Rasika and an incornated personality while Jaina tradition is of view that he was of course, a Great man but not an incornation of God. We do not fine any description of sperts (Lilas) in Jaina tradition. 42. . Vyasa is the legitimate son of King Parasara and Gunavati, unlike Mahabharata, who had three sons, Dhitarastra, Pandu, and Vidura. Pandu, penitent over his killing of a deer, renounces the world and became a Jaina monk. Dhitarastra too after hearing a prophecy about the destruction of his entire family, renounces the world and becomes a Jaina monk. 62 43. Unlike Mahabharata, Jaina writers reduce Klsna to human stature by showing his nature to be scheming and selfish. It is said that at the time of Nemi's marriage, Krsna had gathered animals to be slaughtered for the marriage feast in order to eliminate Nemi as a rival to the kingdom by provoking him to renunciation.63 44. Unlike Mahabharata, Santanu himself is said to have fathered Matsyagandha.64 45. Bhisma not only took a vow to renounce all rights to his kingdom, but also cut of his own genitals and thus earned his

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162 name, Bhisma, the terrible.65 46. Citrangada and Vicitravirya, the sons of Santanu, defamed Bhisma, their step brother, by linking him in a scandalous relationship with their mother Satyavati.66 47. With a desire to get sons, Gandhari copulated with a hundred goats and begat hundred sons, the eldest of whom was * Duryodhana. 67 48. Jainas did not accept the concept of Niyoga at all as found in the vedic tradition. 49. The story of Ekanasa, the sister of Krsna is totally changed in Jaina Version. Accordingly, she was killed by a lion during her penance in the forests of Vindhya and the people started wrongly her horrible worshipping as Durga Vindhyavasini. 50. The life story of Krsna is also totally changed in the perspective of Jaina principles. 51. Dvaipayana was not a heretical ascetic but a Jain monk who had great yogic powers. If misused, they were capable of burning anything at will. The sons of Balarama and Krsna insulted the yogi and as a result yogi destructed Dvarika by fire. 52. The Jaina account of the deaths of Balarama and Krsna and their passing into heaven and hell respectively are also quite diferent with that of vedic version. Thus the Jain version of Mahabharata is somewhat different with that of Mahabharata of the Vedic tradition. It is, in fact, prone to the principles of Jainism and the story is turned accordingly whereever found the falsified points. Krsna was originally figured as human hero who followed the rightous path in ruiling over their people. But as soon as the vedic tradition accepted him as Avatara of Visnu due to growing devotional movements, the Jainas considered him as Salakapurusa, left out the believe in a creator God, questioned the power of the Deity to grant salvation and prevent their followers from convertion. Secondly, the concept of Tirthankara and Cakravartin would

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163 have grown gradually to illustrate the Jaina doctrine of Karma and the path of salvation. References 1. Mahabharata, Adiparva, 6-14; 41-45; 1123-1143. 2. Bharatamanjari, Adiparva, 876. 3. Nayadhammakahao, 16.81; Uttarapurana, 72.198. Akhyanakamanikosa, 2.12.89; Pardavapurana, 15.41; Harivamsapurana, 45.120. Brhatkathakosa, Kathanaka 43; Aradhana-prabandha-kosa, 90.21.7. Harivainsapurana, 45.121; Pardavapurana, 15.42.302. 7. Uttarapurana, 72.198. Ibid, 72,210. Nayadhammakahao, 16.122. 10. Pandavacarita, 4.56. 11. Pandavacarita, 4, p. 57; Pradyumna-kalika, Dvitiya vacana, p. 64. 12. Jnatadharmakatha, 10.124.434 13. Amamasvami-carita, 9,301,365. 14. Uttarapurana, 72.211-421; Harivassapurana, 45.150-51; Pandavapurana, 15.223-326. 15. Jnatadharmakatha, 16.137.437. 16. Uttarapurana, 72.224-421. 17. Pardavacarita, Sarga 17, p. 279. 18. Jnatadharmakatha, 16.216.465. 19. Kalpasutra-kalpalata, p. 40. 20. Brhatkathakosa, 83.54-69.204. 21. Balabharata, 2.4.84.166. 22. Harivamsapurana, 47.714; 17.22.551-52; Brhatkathakosa, 83.88 207; Balabharata, 3.1-4; Pandavapurana, 17.145.340. 23. Balabharata, 2.61; Pandavapurana, 17.315-369. 24. Uttarapurana, 72.224-422.

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164 25. Harivamsapurana, 52.88-89. 26. Jnatadharmakatha, 16.138.142. 27. Harivamsapurana, 54.8-609. 28. Pandavapurana, 21.6-8.447. 29. Jnatadharmakatha, 16.149.152. 30. Ibid, 16.190.193. 31. Ibid, 16.230. See in detail for these references Draupadi kathanaka ka Jaina Sroton ke Adhara para Tulanatmaka Adhyayan by Dr. Sheela Singh, Varanasi. 32. Trisastisalakapurusacarita, 8.2.62. 33. Ibid, 8.2.95-96. 34. Srimad Bhagawat, 10.1.55. 35. 36. Srimad Bhagawat, 10.4.8-12. 37. Ibid, 10.25.26. 38. Trisasti., 8.5.16. 39. Srimad Bhagawat, 10.6.4-13. 40. Harivamsapurana of Jinasena, 34.32; Trisasti., 8.5.115. Trisasti., 8.5.141; Bhavabhavana, 2211-15. 41. Harivamsapurana, 35.45. 42. Srimad Bhagawat, 10.10.1-43. 43. Trisasti, 8.5.202-7; Bhavabhavana, 2352-59. 44. Srimad Bhagawat, 1.15.20-40. 45. Harivamsapurana, 36.8-10. 46. Srimad Bhagawat, 10.16-17th Chapter 47. Trisasti, 8.5.313. 48. Trisasti, 8.5.344-362. Harivamsapurana refers to so many wars held between yadavas and Jarasandha. Antagadadasao, 1.1; Vasudeva Hindi, p. 78-79. 49. 50. Trisasti, 8.6.48-60. 51. Trisasti, 8.7.446-457; Harivamsapurana, 42-67-601. 52. Mahabharata, Sabhaparva, Chapter 19-1522.

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165 53. Trisasti, Parva 8, Sarga, 51.58; Harivamsapurana, p. 55. 54. Trisasti, 8.10; Pandavacaritra, Sarga 4. Unatadharmakatha, Chapt. 16 etc. 56. Antagadasutra, 171; Pandavacaritra, etc. 57. Mahabharata, Udyogaparva, Chapt. 20. 58. Mahabharata, Udyogaparva 59. Pandavacaritra of Devaprabhasuri, p. 348. 60. See, Cauppannamahapurisacariu, Trisasti etc. 61. See Harivarsapurana, Pandavapurana, etc. 62. Uttarapurana, 70.2-3. 63. Pandava Purana of Subhacandra, 22.42-43. 64. Vadiraja's Pandava Purana 1.72-93, P.S. Jaini- Mahabharata Motives in the Jaina Pandava Purana, article published in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. XLVII, Pt. I, pp. 108-115. 65. Ibid, 1.105-106. 66. Ibid, 1.113-118. 67. Ibid, 1.137-45.

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Presidential Address of Professor Y. C. Simhadri at Seminar on Adarsa Parivara ki Samkalpana - Dharmashastra ke Paripreksa Mein (Nature of Ideal Familly in the Light of Scriptural Texts) on May 14, 2000 (Sunday) Pujya Acarya Deva Shrimad Vijay Rajyash Surishwar ji Maharaj, Padmabhushan Prof. Vidyanivas Mishra ji, Kunwar Vijayanand Singh ji, Prof. Bhagchandra Jain ji, the members of Shri Banaras Parshwanath Jeernoddhar Trust and Jain Shwetambar Teerth Society,' members of the press, Ladies and Gentlemen I would like to thank the organizers for inviting me to Preside over this Inaugural session and felicitating me. It is heartening to see that a spirited discussion is taking place here, on the occasion of honouring a number of scholars, regarding the nature of an Ideal Family as understood in the light of scriptures. This event is taking place in the presence of great Jain Spiritual leaders and thinkers. Such an event is bound to influence the society. The presence of the sramanas (zramaNA: ) and Sravakas (upAsakAH ) here shows that Indian society is always sensitive towards new challenges posed by our changing times. The answer to such burning question of the changing nature of family-institution lies in our own time-tested tradition reflected in various, but unified, streams of religions, We have to strengthen our age-old ideals of family based on universal values without discarding the healthy and inevitable changes in our pattern of family-life. Investigation into the nature of family-institution has been a fond subject among the modern Anthropologists and Sociologists. The study of the history of the family dates from 1861 from the publication of Bachofen's "Mother Right". In this work, the author advances the notion of gradual evolution of the institution of the family from state of sexual promiscuity to the monogamy and patriarchal form of family

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167 through the matrilarchal society. The method adopted by the author was materialistic, historical, economic and anthropological based on the analysis of the pattern of sexual relationship of the time as well as mode and ownership of production such as food etc. This new method changed the, understanding, of the 19th century Europe, which was based primarily, on scriptures such as five books of Moses and so on. This new approach for sociological studies gathered strength in course of time and became dominant mode of understanding society. Now, resent tremendous technological revolution has added as new dimension. Contemporary Post-modern Scenario is frightful with the danger of gradual disintegration of the family-institution itself. The idea of Empowerment of the women and other marginalised sections of society and the notion of liberation of women-both the ideas are lofty ones, but-weakening of the family-institution, which is happening fast in Post-modern society can never be accepted, if we have to attain a healthy growth of humanity. These developments necessitate our search for already existing alternative approach towards family-institution, i.e. the notion of ideal family as taught and reflected in Dharmasastra or Religious scriptural texts, especially in Indian Dharmasastric tradition which not only postulates the ideal state of family, but visualizes entire universe, in terms of a family -- : "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" Entire globe is a family It sounds so paradoxical that we have now, the physical basis for a unified world with the advancement of communication and technology which may open the gate for turning entire globe into one family, but in reality, it has sounded the note of alarm in threatening the very institution of family itself. Thus, it is natural for wg to turn towards our tradition and reiterate the notion of ideal family as put forward in the ancient scripture. The institution of family has been viewed in religious texts primarily from the angle of certain value-system. The institution of marriage has not been viewed simply from the angle confirac of mode of sexual relationship and gradual and ultimate male-domination in

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168 a patriarchical society, as it has been viewed by the modern Anthropology, rather, a basically different approach appears in the religions towards marriage which not only grant a high degree of sanctity to the institution of marriage, but infuse a much-wider meaning, value and scope in the notion of family. Instead of a purely materialistic, highly individualistic and grossly consumerist and essentially pragmatic approach adopted towards the notion of faimily, all the true religions offer an alternative approach spiritually sound, socially enlightened and experientially inspired by high values of love, self-sacrifice, compassion and self-restrain etc. Especially in India, family has been viewed as the very basis of all social, religious and spiritual life apart from its being a basis for human love as well as economic welfare. Entire Indian religious literature emphasizes the importance of four goals of life to be attained - namely - Dharma, Artha, Kama as well as Moksa. They are to be pursued simultaneously and none of them can be ignored. Mahabharata declares -- Dharmarthakamah samameva sevyah Yo hyekasaktah sa jano jaghanyah Dharma (religious, moral and ethical pursuits), Artha (economic and social goals), Kama (the pursuit of love) the Moksa (the highest spiritual goals of realization of release from the cycle of death and rebirth) has to be pursued with equal emphasis and simultaneously. The one who engages himself in the pursuit of only one of them is the worst and, hence, censurable. Family life or the life of the Householder (Gshastha or Sravaka) is the basis of all the individual as well as social activities for the realization of Dharma, Artha and Kama. Thus, family has been viewed as the smallest socio-religious unit for the realization of the goals of human life in their totality. In individual sphere, household life should ultimately lead for one's own spiritual goal of Moksa and in social sphere it must provide service towards all others including the Sramanas or the Sanyasins who have renounced the world. Thus, household or family life is the basis of society in its entirety. This is the reason why ten-fold universe Dharma has been taught as the bedrock of the ideal family. These ten aspects of Dharma are essentially the same in Vedic as well as Sramana traditions Jain

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Sramana tradition enumerates them as Uttama Ksama Uttam Arjava Uttam Sauca Uttam Satya Uttam Samyama Uttam Tapa Uttam Tyaga Uttam Akincanya Satya Asteya Bramhacarya Aparigraha These ten-fold universal Dharma aspects are the same in Vedic tradition also. They have been further reduced in five values of -- Ahimsa Devapuja Gurupasti Svadhyaya Samyama -- Tapa Dana The best tolerance The best uprightness, simplicity The best piety The highest truthfulness The best retraint The best penance The best renouncing The best want of possession, and so on. 169 Non-injury Truth These values are the basis for the conduct of house-hold life 'Anuvrata' form and they are 'viewed as Mahavrata-form for the Sravakas in their rra for the medicants or the Munies. The ideal family is viewed in terms of observance of these five small vows, Jain Agamas prescribe six acts for the ideal family life. These are- Worship of the Gods The respect for the Guru Reading of the scriptures Self restraint Non-stealing Celibacy; and Non Possession or the minimal Possession of the objects of requirement. Penance Charity

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goo. Sramana tradition emphasizes for the observance of Non-injury (Ahimsa), truthfulness (Satya) and 'Non possession' (Aparigraha) in the household life which, Purity it turn into it as the ideal one. A family based on such universal moral Values may be the idcal family. This may be an answer for tlle stress generating from the maladies of modern life. The loss of Values and the pressure of ecological imbalance and atmospheric pollution as well as widespread corruption in our society are causing strains in our life and weakening of family life. The ideals taught in our Dharmasastric texts are still relevant today. In fact, loss of character and integrity, apathetic attitude towards our duty, very narrow attitude, of selfinterest and lack of the sense of our responsibility towards society and the nature around us, lack of patriotism, wide spread corruption, violence bestial indulgence in grossest sensual pleasure are the glaring maladies of modern society. Answer to these maladies lies in the concept of ideal family taught in our Dharna-sastras. The external aspect of religion may divide us, but the true and the core of religion unites us and upholds the smallest social unit, i.e., the family, I hope this eternal, true and universal religiosity would continue to mould of family institution and, thus, we shall be able to Maintain the high ideals of family not only for ourselves, but for the rest of the humanity also as the path-setter. So, in the prevailing circumstances, I would like to thank the organizers Prashwanath Vidyapeeth and Banaras Parsvanath Jirnoddhara trust and especially to great Acarya Pujya Rajyash Surishvar ji Maharaj for his inspiration and blessing in organizing this seminar on such a burning topic, which has assumed global reference. Our sacred religious treatises or canons are our constant guide not only in spiritual life but also in temporal life. So, I hope that the serious deliberation, which will follow in the next session will provide guidance to the problems of society.

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM (janavarI se jUna 2000 taka) bhagavAna candraprabha aura bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI jayantI ke pAvana parva para dinAMka 1 janavarI ko pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM suprasiddha gAMdhIvAdI vicAraka zrI zarad kumAra 'sAdhaka' kA vyAkhyAna Ayojita kiyA gyaa| apane vyAkhyAna meM unhoMne kahA ki jaina dharmAvalambI bhArata ke mUla nivAsI haiM aura apane kathana ke samarthana meM unhoMne aneka udAharaNa bhI prastuta the| ahiMsA kI carcA karate hue unhoMne kahA ki yaha dharma nahIM apitu jIvana zailI hai| sAdhu kI carcA karate hue unhoMne kahA ki sajjana puruSa hI sAdhu haiM aura unakA anukaraNa karane vAle shraavk| apane vaktavya meM unhoMne paJcaparameSThI kI naI vyAkhyA bhI prastuta kii| bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke jIvana ke sambandha meM vistRta carcA karate hue unhoMne apane maulika vicAra prastuta kiye aura isa dizA meM Age zodhakArya hetu yuvA vidvAnoM kA AhvAna bhI kiyaa| ___dinAMka 12 janavarI ko AcArya zrI sanmatisAgara ke saMghastha muni sunIlasAgara jI dvArA anUdita aura DaoN0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' dvArA sampAdita vasunandi zrAvakAcAra kA vimocana bhelUpura, vArANasI sthita digambara jaina mandira meM huaa| isa grantha ke prakAzana kA pUrNa vyaya digambara jaina samAja, vArANasI ne vahana kiyA jisase vidyApITha isa grantha kA prakAzana kara skaa| ____ vyastatAvaza saMsthAna ke nidezaka mahodaya jayapura meM Ayojita saMgoSThI meM nahIM pahu~ca ske| pro0 bhAgacandra bhAskara va DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya 26 janavarI ko pharIdAbAda pahu~ce aura vahA~ unhoMne prabandha samiti kI baiThaka meM bhAga liyaa| 28 janavarI kI zAma ye loga ahamadAbAda ravAnA ho gye| 30 janavarI ko vahAM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA prakAzita Multi Dimensional Application of Anekantavada nAmaka pustaka ke vimocana samAroha meM bhAga liyaa| isa avasara para navIna insTiTyUTa oNpha spirIcuala DevalapameNTa, ahamadAbAda aura pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI dvArA saMyukta rUpa se eka saGgoSThI kA bhI Ayojana kiyA gyaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke mArgadarzaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina jI bhI isa avasara para upasthita the| isI samaya donoM saMsthAoM ke bIca zaikSaNika sahayoga para bhI saphala carcA huI aura phalasvarUpa eka prArUpa bhI taiyAra kiyA gyaa|

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172 saMsthAna ke nidezaka jammU vizvavidyAlaya meM vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga dvArA 2-3 pharavarI 2000 ko Ayojita saMgoSThI meM bhAga lene pahuMce aura vahAM anAtmavAda aija DipekTeDa ina milindaprazna nAmaka apane zodhapatra kA vAcana kiyA aura eka satra kI adhyakSatA bhI kii| 5 pharavarI ko saMsthAna meM pUrvAJcala vizvavidyAlaya dvArA sambaddhatA hetu AyI huI TIma ke sadasyoM ne yahAM kI gatividhiyoM kA avalokana kara prasannatA vyakta kI aura bahuta acchI AkhyA prastuta kii| 7 pharavarI ko saMsthAna ke nidezaka apane sahayogiyoM DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha evaM DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya ke sAtha rAjarSi puruSottama dAsa TaNDana mukta vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda ke kulapati se mile aura unase saMsthAna meM apanA eka kendra kholane hetu Avedana-patra diyA jisake pratyuttara meM kulapati mahodaya ne batalAyA ki vizvavidyAlaya ke niyamAnusAra isakA kendra kisI nijI saMsthAna meM nahIM kholA jA sktaa| unhoMne kahA ki yadyapi nijI saMsthAna hara prakAra se sArvajanika saMsthAoM se behatara haiM; kintu niyamoM se baMdhe hone ke kAraNa ve pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM mukta vizvavidyAlaya kA kendra kholane kI anumati dene meM asamartha haiN| 9 pharavarI ko suprasiddha cintaka zrI krAnti kumAra jI ke sAranAtha sthita AvAsa para Ayojita saMgoSThI meM saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0 bhAskara ne zramaNa saMskRti meM jAti vyavasthA para apanA gambhIra vyAkhyAna prastuta kiyaa| isI dina paryaTana vibhAga, uttara pradeza ke sAranAtha sthita kAryAlaya meM unhoMne 'yoga paikeja' para pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI ora se eka kAryakrama svIkAra karane ke liye Avedana kara saMsthAna ko vArANasI ke paryaTana mAnacitra para saMyojita karane kA anurodha kiyaa| 14 pharavarI ko nidezaka mahodaya nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya ke prAkRta-pAli pAThyakrama kI baiThaka meM bhAga lene hetu nAgapura gye| tadanantara 24 pharavarI ko saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0 bhAgacandra jI 'bhAskara' aura pravaktA DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya vidyApITha kI prabandha samiti ke nirdeza para phaNDa saMkalana hetu ilAhAbAda aura indaura gye| katipaya aparihArya kAraNoM se prabandha samiti ke nirdeza para vahAM se Age na jA sake aura vApasa vArANasI A gye| pharavarI mAha meM mAsika saMgoSThI ke antargata vidyApITha ke variSTha pravaktA DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ne dinAMka 11 pharavarI ko jaina abhinandana evaM smRtigrantha : eka sarvekSaNa nAmaka viSaya para apane mahattvapUrNa zodha Alekha kA vAcana kiyA aura vibhinna naI sUcanAyeM pradAna kii| __pharavarI mAha ke dvitIya saptAha meM vidyApITha ke pravaktA DaoN0 zivaprasAda apane zodhakArya ke sambandha meM prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura gaye aura vahAM ve eka saptAha

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173 rhe| apane jayapura pravAsa ke daurAna unhoMne akAdamI ke nidezaka mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara jI se apane prakAzyamAna zodha grantha - kharataragaccha kA itihAsa ke sambandha meM aneka mahattvapUrNa sujhAva prApta kiye| zrI vinayasAgara jI ne unheM apane dvArA atyanta parizrama lagabhaga 50 varSa pUrva taiyAra kI gayI kharataragacchIya sAhitya sUcI nAmaka aprakAzita grantha kI pANDulipi bhI pradAna kI jisase zodhakArya meM pUrNatA A ske| yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki prastAvita zodhagrantha pArzvanAtha vidyApITha aura prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM prakAzita kiyA jAyegA / 3 mArca ko saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0 bhAskara ke netRtva meM jaina samAja, vArANasI ke sakriya kAryakartA zrI zAntila jI jaina, zrI vinoda jaina Adi sadasyoM kA eka pratinidhimaNDala maNDalAyukta zrI manoja kumAra se milA aura unase vArANasI ke ghAToM ke rakha-rakhAva kI jimmedArI jaina samAja ko sauMpane kA Agraha kiyA jisa para mAnanIya Ayukta mahodaya ne gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra karane kA AzvAsana diyaa| bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAnaviSayaka saMgoSThI sampanna saMgoSThI meM maca para virAjita DaoN0 jyotsanA zrIvAsvata, pro0 sAgaramala jaina, zrI indrabhUti barar3a, zrI harizcandra zrIvAstava (vittamantrI, u0pra0 zAsana) evaM pro0 ramezacandra zarmA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha evaM jaina samAja, vArANasI ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM 4 mArca ko vidyApITha ke bhavya sabhAgAra meM bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna viSayaka eka saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisameM uttara pradeza zAsana ke vittamantrI mAnanIya

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174 saMgoSThI meM virAjita sAdhvIgaNa zrI harizcandra zrIvAstava mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM upasthita the| kAryakrama kI adhyakSatA suprasiddha kalAmarmajJa pro0 ramezacandra zarmA ne kii| isa avasara para amerikA se padhAre zrI sulekhacanda jaina ne vidyApITha ko eka lAkha rupaye pradAna karane kI ghoSaNA kii| apane udbodhana meM mAnanIya vittamantrI jI, jo sthAnIya vidhAyaka bhI haiM, ne bhI varSa 2000-2001 meM vidhAyaka nidhi se vidyApITha ko eka lAkha rupaye dene kA vacana diyaa| unhoMne saMsthAna kI gatividhiyoM, zodhakArya, prakAzana, saMgrahAlaya, pustakAlaya Adi kI muktakaNTha se prazaMsA kii| isa avasara para pro0 bhAgacandra jI dvArA likhita pustaka bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna kA vimocana bhI sampanna huaa| terApaMthI jaina samAja kI sAdhvI somalatA jI ThANA 5 aura sthAnakavAsI jaina samAja kI sAdhvI maMgalaprabhA jI ThANA 3 evaM tIna vairAgana bahanoM kI upasthiti vizeSa ullekhanIya rhii| vidyApITha kI prabandha samiti kI ora se zrI indrabhUti jI barar3a evaM saMsthAna ke mArgadarzaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina ne bhI isa avasara para upasthita rahakara kAryakrama kI garimA bddh'aaii| saMgoSThI ke dvitIya satra meM DaoN0 nandalAla jaina, rIvA; DaoN0 ratanacanda jaina, bhopAla, DaoN0 ke0ema0 tripAThI, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya Adi ke zodhapatroM kA vAcana huaa| isa satra kI adhyakSatA kalA - itihAsa vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke adhyakSa DaoN0 dInabandhu pANDeya ne kii|

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175 insAiklopIDiyA oNpha jaina sTaDIja se sambandhita baiThaka sampanna SAMRA insAiklopIDiyA oNpha jaina sTaDIja ke pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina tathA usake vibhinna khaNDoM ke lekhakagaNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke pradhAna sampAdakatva meM taiyAra hone vAle prastAvita insAiklopIDiyA oNpha jaina sTaDIja ke sabhI khaNDoM ke lekhakoM kI eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa baiThaka bhI isI avasara para 5 mArca ko huI jisameM sabhI vidvAn lekhakoM dvArA apane-apane khaNDoM para taiyAra kI gayI vistRta rUparekhA para DaoN0 sAhaba ne vizad carcA kI aura unheM Avazyaka nirdeza tathA mArgadarzana pradAna kiyaa| yaha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA ki isakI AgAmI baiThaka sitambara 2000 meM bulAyI jaayegii| zoka divasa- jainadarzana ke prakANDa vidvAn paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA kA yadyapi 1 mArca ko nidhana ho gayA thA, parantu vidyApITha meM yaha sUcanA atyanta vilamba se 6 mArca ko prAtaHkAla prApta huii| paNDita jI ke nidhana kA samAcAra prApta hote hI vidyApITha meM zoka kI lahara vyApta ho gayI aura pro0 sAgaramala jI kI adhyakSatA meM eka zokasabhA kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isake tatkAla bAda usa dina zokAvakAza ghoSita kara diyA gyaa| isI baiThaka meM jaina darzana ke eka anya variSTha vidvAn DaoN0 darabArI lAla koThiyA ke 3 janavarI ko hue nidhana para bhI zoka vyakta karate hue unheM zraddhAMjali arpita kI gyii| jaina dharma-darzana ke ukta do mUrdhanya vidvAnoM ke nidhana se huI kSati kI pUrti honA kaThina hai|

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176 vidyApITha meM pro0 rAjamata vorA kA svAgata pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM dinAMka 10 mArca ko marAThAvAr3A vizvavidyAlaya ke hindI vibhAga ke pUrva adhyakSa pro0 rAjamala jI vorA kA Agamana haa| vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 bhAgacandra jaina ne unakA hArdika svAgata kiyaa| tadanantara DaoN0 vorA ne bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM prAkRta kA yogadAna viSaya para apanA vyAkhyAna diyaa| isa avasara para unheM vidyApITha ke katipaya navIna prakAzana bhI bheMTa kiye gye| 10 mArca ko prAtaHkAla sAdhvI zrI maMgalaprabhA jI apane saMgha ke sAtha vidyApITha meM saMsthAna ke nidezaka ke AmantraNa para pdhaarii| sabhI ne unakA hArdika svAgata kiyaa| saMskRta sambhASaNa zivira pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM 12 mArca se hI saMskRta bhAratI kI ora se chaha divasIya saMskRta sambhASaNa zivira kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisameM sAdhvI maMgalaprabhA jI ThANA 6, unake sAtha rahane vAlI vairAgana bahanoM tathA vidyApITha meM nivAsa karane vAle zodhacchAtroM ne bhAga liyaa| zivira ke samApana ke avasara para 17 mArca ko Ayojita saMkSipta kAryakrama meM pro0 sudarzanalAla jaina, DaoN0 kamalezakumAra jaina, pro0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' Adi vidvAn upasthita the| Apa sabhI ne saMskRta bhASA meM hI apane bhASaNa diye| isa zivira meM bhAga lene vAle pratyeka abhyarthI ne bhI kAryazAlA ke apane anubhavoM kI saMskRta bhASA meM hI carcA kii| isa avasara para nidezaka mahodaya ne kAryazAlA ke saMcAlaka zrI vijayakaraNa jI ko zAla, zrIphala evaM saMsthAna ke katipaya prakAzana bheMTa kara unakA sammAna kiyaa| vidyApITha meM 17 mArca ko hI dopahara meM holImilana samAroha kA bhI Ayojana kiyA gayA jisakI adhyakSatA kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga ke pro0 mAhezvarI prasAda ne kii| isa samAroha meM vidyApITha ke sabhI karmacAriyoM ne eka dUsare ko abIra-gulAba lagAkara holI kI zubhakAmanAyeM dii| samAroha ke anta meM alpAhAra kA bhI sundara kAryakrama rhaa| paccIsa mArca ko sAdhvI maMgalaprabhA jI ThANA 6 ne cAturmAsArtha candrapura (mahArASTra) kI ora vihAra kiyaa| AcArya zrI mahAprajJa jI ke pAvana sAnidhya meM 27-30 mArca ko curu (rAjasthAna) meM "mano'nuzAsana" para 4 divasIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisameM vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' ne mano'nuzAsana meM pratibimbita jaina-bauddha sAdhanA nAmaka viSaya para apanA zodhapatra prastuta kiyA aura eka satra kI adhyakSatA

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177 bhI kii| vahAM se lauTate hue pro0 bhAskara kucha samaya ke liye pharIdAbAda bhI ruke aura vahAM unhoMne prabandha samiti ke mAnanIya sadasyoM ko vidyApITha ke gatividhiyoM kI jAnakArI pradAna kii| __ apraila mAha ke prathama saptAha meM khajurAho meM Ayojita saMgoSThI meM bhI pro0 bhAskara ko Amantrita kiyA gayA, parantu vyastatA ke kAraNa ve usameM sammilita na ho ske| 10 apraila ko iNDiyana insTITyUTa oNpha eDavAMsa sTaDIja, zimalA meM Ayojita saMgoSThI meM bhAga lene ke liye pro0 bhAskara vahAM gaye aura unhoMne Jain Version of Mahabharata nAmaka zodhapatra kA vAcana kiyaa| isI saMsthAna meM 14-15 apraila ko vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga dvArA Ayojita saMgoSThI meM bhI unhoMne apanA vicAra vyakta kiyaa| isI bIca iNDiyana insTITyUTa oNpha eDavAMsa sTaDIja ke nidezaka pro0 vinodacandra zrIvAstava se unakI saMsthA aura pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke saMyukta tatvAvadhAna meM katipaya zaikSaNika kAryakramoM ke Ayojana kI sambhAvanAoM para vicAra-vimarza kiyaa| isa avasara para unheM eka prastAva bhI prastuta kiyA gayA jisa para pro0 zrIvAstava ne vidyApITha ko hara sambhava sahayoga dene kA AzvAsana diyaa| zimalA se lauTate hue pro0 bhAskara noeDA meM ruke jahAM unhoMne mahAvIra jayantI ke kAryakrama meM bhAga liyaa| 17-19 apraila ko vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga dvArA naI dillI meM prAkRta viSaya para AhUta kAryazAlA meM bhI unhoMne bhAga liyaa| . 20 apraila se nidezaka mahodaya ne vArANasI kI gauravamayI saMsthA jJAnapravAha dvArA mathurA kalA para Ayojita kAryazAlA meM bhAga liyaa| isa kAryazAlA kA samApana 30 apraila ko huaa| isa bIca bhelUpura sthita navanirmita zvetAmbara jaina mandira kI prANapratiSThA hetu padhAre pUjya AcAryazrI rAjayazasUri jI se vibhinna avasaroM para unhoMne bheMTa kI aura unase saMsthAna meM padhArane kA Agraha kiyaa| 23 apraila ko bhelUpura mandira parisara meM AcAryazrI ke sAnidhya meM huI baiThaka meM nirNaya liyA gayA ki 14-15 maI 2000 ko pArzvanAtha vidyApITha aura pArzvanAtha zvetAmbara janmabhUmi mandira jIrNoddhAra TrasTa, vArANasI ke saMyukta tatvAvadhAna meM Adarza parivAra kI parikalpanA : dharmazAstroM ke pariprekSya meM nAmaka eka saMgoSThI aura vidvatsammAna samAroha Ayojita kiyA jaaye| 23-24 apraila ko sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya meM pAli bhASA aura sAhitya para eka saMgoSThI haI jisameM vidyApITha ke nidezaka ne viziSTa atithi ke rUpa meM bhAga liyaa| 30 apraila ko jJAnapravAha meM eka ekeDamika baiThaka huI jisameM unhoMne eka nAmita sadasya ke rUpa meM bhAga liyaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke bhavya sabhAgAra meM 5 maI ko pro0 dIpaka malika kI adhyakSatA meM sAmAjika cetanA maMca aura pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM

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'178 "21vIM zatI meM mArksavAda" nAmaka viSaya para eka parisaMvAda Ayojita kiyA gyaa| isameM mArksavAda aura jainadharma kI samAnatAoM va asamAnatAoM kI bhI vistRta carcA huii| 6 maI ko zvetAmbara jaina mandira bhelUpura meM prAtaHkAla AcAryazrI rAjayazasari jI ke 56veM janmadivasa ke avasara para eka bhavya kAryakrama kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisameM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke sabhI vidvAnoM ko zAla, zrIphala, puSpaM-patraM se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| vidyApITha ke nidezaka dvArA AcAryazrI ke sammAna meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha aura zvetAmbara jaina samAja, vArANasI ke saMyukta tatvAvadhAna meM unheM eka abhinandana-patra bheMTa kiyA gyaa| dinAMka 7 maI ko AcAryazrI kA digambara jaina mandira meM bhI janmotsava manAyA gyaa| isa kAryakrama meM bhI nidezaka mahodaya ne digambara samAja kI ora se AcAryazrI ko abhinandana-patra bheMTa kiyaa| dinAMka 13 maI ko kabIra maTha, vArANasI meM vizAla stara para kabIra jayantI mahotsava kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisakI adhyakSatA vikhyAt kAnUnavid DaoN0 lakSmImala siMghavI ne kii| himAcala pradeza ke rAjyapAla zrI viSNukAnta zAstrI aura uttarapradeza ke rAjyapAla zrI sUrajabhAna isa samAroha meM upasthita the| vidyApITha ke nidezaka bhI isa samAroha meM Amantrita rhe| isa avasara para unhoMne DaoN0 siMghavI se vidyApITha ke vikAsa evaM ise mAnya vizvavidyAlaya banAne ke sambandha meM vicAra-vimarza kiyaa| isa sandarbha meM DaoN0 siMghavI ne vidyApITha ko pUrNa sahayoga pradAna karane kI bAta khii| 14 maI ko vidyApITha meM AcAryazrI ke sAnnidhya meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha evaM pArzvanAtha mandira jIrNoddhAra TrasTa, vArANasI ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM AdarzaparivAra kI parikalpanA : dharmazAstroM ke pariprekSya meM nAmaka saMgoSThI Ayojita kI gyii| isa avasara para jainavidyA ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna dene vAle 24 vidvAnoM kA sammAna bhI kiyA gyaa| 15 maI ko AcAryazrI ke sAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka ne vistAra se saMsthAna ke vikAsa kI bhAvI yojanAoM para carcA kii| AcAryazrI ne saMsthAna ko vividha prakAra se sahayoga dene kA vacana diyA aura isa sambandha meM eka prArUpa bhI taiyAra kara unhoMne prabandha samiti ke pAsa vicArArtha preSita kara diyaa| 18 maI ko sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI meM 21vIM zatI aura bauddhadharma para huI saMgoSThI meM nidezaka mahodaya ne bhAga liyaa| isI dina ve nAgArjuna bauddhapratiSThAna dvArA Ayojita tridivasIya saMgoSThI meM bhAga lene gorakhapura gaye jahAM saMskRta sAhitya meM bauddhAcAryoM kA yogadAna nAmaka viSaya ke antargata bauddhasAhitya meM oma kI avadhAraNA nAmaka apane zodhapatra kA vAcana kiyA aura eka satra kI adhyakSatA bhI kii| yaha saMgoSThI saMskRta varSa 2000 ke upalakSya meM Ayojita kI . gayI thii|

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179 26maI ko vidyApITha parisara meM DaoN0 gokulacanda jaina kA svAgata kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para unhoMne jainavidyA ke kSetra meM zodha kI sambhAvanAyeM viSaya para apanA vistRta vyAkhyAna prastuta kiyaa| 27-29 maI taka vidyApITha parisara meM hI rASTrIya mAnava saMskRti zodha saMsthAna dvArA rAya kRSNadAsa iNTaika, vArANasI evaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke saMyukta tatvAvadhAna meM pro0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla kI puNyasmRti meM bhAratIya saMskRti meM ziva nAmaka viSaya para tridivasIya rASTrIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisameM pro0 bhAgacandra jI ne parANoM meM RSabha aura ziva nAmaka zodhapatra kA vAcana kiyA aura eka satra kI adhyakSatA bhI kii| isa saMgoSThI meM vidyApITha kI ora se DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha, DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya, zrI omaprakAza siMha, DaoN0 zivaprasAda tathA DaoN0 puSpalatA jaina ne zodhapatra prastuta kiye| 31 maI ko vidyApITha parisara meM saMsthAna kI gatividhiyoM kI jAnakArI prApta karane hetu vArANasI ke do viziSTa patrakAra Aye jo TAimsa oNpha iNDiyA evaM pAyaniyara se sambaddha the| dinAMka 4 janako vidyApITha meM niHzulka svAsthya parIkSaNa zivira kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisameM DaoN0 subodha jaina, ema0 DI0 evaM DaoN0 zrImatI arcanA jaina, ema0 DI0 ne yahAM ke logoM ke svAsthya kA parIkSaNa kiyA aura unheM Avazyaka cikitsakIya salAha pradAna kii| yaha zivira vizeSa rUpa se saMsthAna parisara evaM samIpavartI parivAroM taka hI sImita rhaa| ___svAsthya evaM dainandinI ko niyamita karane hetu saMsthAna meM dinAMka 7 jUna se 15 divasIya yogazivira kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisakA saMcAlana DaoN0 sudhA jaina, pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ne kiyaa| yaha zivira pratidina prAta: 5 baje se 6 baje taka claa| ise bhI saMsthAna se sambaddha parivAroM taka hI sImita rakhA gyaa| zrutapaJcamI ke avasara para 6 jUna ko mAlapurA (rAjasthAna) tathA ena0sI0Ara0TI0 ke mahAvIra sambandhI pAThyakrama para hastinApura meM 11 jUna ko Ayojita saMgoSThiyoM meM saMsthAna ke nidezaka vyastatAvaza bhAga nahIM le ske| hastinApura saMgoSThI meM unhoMne tIrthakara mahAvIra aura jainadharma nAmaka nibandha AyojakoM ke pAsa vicArArtha bheja diyA jisameM ena0sI0Ara0TI0 dvArA prakAzita Alekha kA sapramANa khaNDana hai| ATha jUna ko saMsthAna ke nidezaka DaoN0jaina ne sAranAtha meM hone vAle bauddha kAryakrama meM viziSTa atithi ke rUpa meM bhAga liyaa|

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180 pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM vit sammAna samAroha evaM saMgoSThI kA vivaraNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha evaM zrI banArasa pArzvanAtha mandira jIrNoddhAra TrasTa ke saMyukta tatvAvadhAna meM Ayojita vidvat sammAna samAroha evaM Adarza parivAra kI parikalpanA : dharmazAstroM ke pariprekSya meM nAmaka saMgoSThI suprasiddha jainAcArya zrI rAjayaza sUrijI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnidhya meM vidyApITha ke prAGgaNa meM dinAMka 14 maI ko harSollAsapUrvaka sampanna huii| isa kAryakrama meM kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati prophesara vAI0sI0 simhAdri mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM upasthita the| padmavibhUSaNa pro0 vidyAnivAsa mizra kI adhyakSatA meM kAryakrama prArambha huaa| sarvaprathama sAdhvIvRnda dvArA prastuta maGgalAcaraNa aura zrImatI raMjanA jaina dvArA svAgata gIta huaa| Agantuka atithiyoM kA svAgata pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' tathA kAryakrama kA saMcAlana ku~vara vijayAnanda siMha ne kiyaa| isa avasara para apane AzIrvAda meM AcAryazrI ne kahA ki yaha saMsAra koI sIdhI rekhA yA sarala lAina nahIM hai| ise na hI trikoNa kahA jA sakatA hai aura na hI catuSkoNa apitu ise cakra kahA jAtA hai| jIvana kI paristhiti aisI hai ki jisameM anukUlatA aura pratikUlatA AtI rahatI hai| jIvana meM mAna-apamAna, pragati-adhogati AtI rahatI hai| ye saba cakra calate rahate haiN| saMsAra ko cakra isaliye kahA gayA hai ki cakra meM kahIM Adi aura anta nahIM hotaa| unhoMne kahA ki cakra bhautikavAda kI pragati ke satya aura adhyAtmavAda meM samAhita satya donoM kA nirdezana karatA hai| mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM apane udbodhana meM pro0 simhAdri ne kahA ki Aja naitika mUlyoM ke hrAsa se jIvana zailI prabhAvita huI hai| Age unhoMne kahA ki dharmazAstroM meM varNita Adarza Aja bhI utane hI prAsaMgika haiM jitane prAcIna kAla meM the| isa avasara para jainavidyA ke kSetra meM viziSTa zodhakArya kara rahe vidvAnoM kA sammAna kiyA gyaa| sammAnita hone vAle vidvAnoM meM pro0 simhAdri, pro0 vidyAnivAsa mizra, pro0 sI0esa0 upAsaka, pro0 AnandakRSNa, pro0 revAprasAda dvivedI, pro0 lakSmInArAyaNa tivArI, pro0 revatIramaNa pANDeya, DaoN0 dInabandhu pANDeya, DaoN0 mArutinandana tivArI, DaoN0 kamala giri, DaoN0 harihara siMha, pro0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara', pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina, DaoN0 phUlacanda jaina, DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina, DaoN0 mukularAja mehatA, DaoN0 bhAnuzaMkara mehatA, DaoN0 ratnezakumAra varmA, zrI krAntikumAra jI, zrI jamanAlAla jaina, zrI satyendra mohana jaina Adi pramukha the| pratyeka vidvAn ko zAnti-sukhaparivAra, landana kI ora se eka zAla, zrIphala, AcAryazrI dvArA praNIta pustakeM evaM vidyApITha kI smArikA bheMTa kI gyii| isa sammAna samAroha meM pro0 rAmamUrti zarmA, kulapati- sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, pro0 vI0 veMkaTAcalam, pro0 esa0 rimpoche, nidezaka- tibbatI ucca zikSA saMsthAna, sAranAtha, pro0 rAmajanma siMha, kulapati- mahAtmA gAMdhI kAzI vidyApITha,

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181 pro0 mAhezvarI prasAda, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti aura purAtattva vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya; vArANasI, pro0 premacandra pAtaJjali, kulapati, pUrvAJcala vizvavidyAlaya, jaunapura; zrImatI vimalA poddAra, adhiSThAtrI, jJAnapravAha Adi kucha vidvAn vArANasI se bAhara hone ke kAraNa nahIM padhAra ske| dvitIya satra kA prArambha pro0 bhAgacandra jaina ke viSaya pravartana se huA / isa satra kI adhyakSatA pro0 revatIramaNa pANDeya ne kii| isa satra meM DaoN0 dInabandhu pANDeya, zrI krAnti kumAra jI, zrI jamanAlAla jI jaina, DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina evaM DaoN0 sudarzanalAla jaina Adi ne Adarza parivAra kI parikalpanA ke sambandha meM apane vicAra vyakta kiye| anta meM pro0 pANDeya ne apanA adhyakSIya bhASaNa diyaa| kAryakrama ke pazcAt sAmUhika bhoja kA Ayojana rahA jisameM Agantuka vidvAnoM evaM bar3I saMkhyA meM padhAre vArANasI jaina samAja ke loga sammilita hue / pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM bhAratIya saMskRti meM ziva viSaya saMgoSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa vArANasI 30 maI : rAya kRSNadAsa iNTeka nyAsa, vArANasI evaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM rASTrIya mAnava saMskRti zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI dvArA AcArya vAsudevazaraNa agravAla kI smRti meM dinAMka 27-29 maI 2000 ko vidyApITha ke sabhAgAra meM bhAratIya saMskRti meM ziva viSayaka tridivasIya rASTrIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa saMgoSThI meM 40 zodhapatra par3he gaye jo itihAsa, rAjanIti, darzana, kalA, saMskRti, bhUgola, adhyAtma, tantra Adi vidhAoM para AdhArita the| zodhapatra vAcakoM meM rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, nayI dillI ke pUrva nidezaka suprasiddha kalAmarmajJa pro0 ramezacandra zarmA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU ke pUrva nidezaka pro0 nIlakaNTha puruSottama jozI, zaivadarzana ke udbhaT vidvAn pro0 brajavallabha dvivedI, suprasiddha vicAraka DaoN0 bhAnuzaMkara mehatA Adi pramukha the| prakhyAta kalAvid pro0 AnandakRSNa ne isa saMgoSThI meM par3he gaye zodhapatroM kI samIkSA prastuta kii| isa saMgoSThI meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 bhAgacandra jaina ne purANoM meM RSabhadeva aura ziva; DaoN0 zrImatI puSpalatA jaina, nAgapura ne mahAbhArata aura jinasena ke AdipurANa meM varNita ziva; DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha ne jaina saMskRta nATakoM meM ziva; DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya ne jinasahasra nAma meM upalabdha ziva nAma : eka vivecana zrI omaprakAza siMha ne amarakoza meM varNita zivatattva aura DaoN0 zivaprasAda ne vividhatIrthakalpa meM ullikhita katipaya jyortiliMga nAmaka apane zodhapatroM kA vAcana kiyaa| saMgoSThI ke prathama satra kI adhyakSatA bhI saMsthAna ke nidezaka DaoN0 bhAgacandra jI ne kii|

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182 bhAratIya saMskRti meM ziva tattva nAmaka saMgoSThI ke avasara para pUrvAJcala vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati mAnanIya pro0 premacandra pAtaMjali ko vidyApITha kI ora se pratIkacinha bheMTa karate hue pro0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' saMgoSThI ke samApana samAroha meM mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM pro0 premacandra pAtaJjali, kulapati - pUrvAJcala vizvavidyAlaya, jaunapura ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM zivatattva kI prAsaMgikatA batAte hue ziva aura RSabhadeva ko ekAtmakatA kA pratIka btlaayaa| isa avasara para unakA svAgata saMsthA kI ora se DaoN0 bhAgacandra jaina ne kiyA aura unheM vidyApITha kA pratIka cinha tathA naye prakAzana bheMTa kiye| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke parisara, granthAlaya aura saMgrahAlaya evaM isakI suvyavasthA dekhakara prasannatA vyakta karate hue unhoMne kahA ki zIghra hI yaha saMsthAna pUrvAJcala vizvavidyAlaya se sambaddha ho jAyegA aura yaha pUrvAJcala vizvavidyAlaya ke liye gaurava kA viSaya bnegaa| yahAM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki isa saMgoSThI meM ziva aura RSabhadeva ke vyaktitva kI ekatA vAlA pakSa adhika ubhara kara sAmane aayaa|

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA Ayojita nibandha pratiyogitA 1999-2000 kA pariNAma ghoSita jainadharma eka mAnavatAvAdI dharma hai| usakI ahiMsA aura aparigrahavRtti ne prANimAtra ke kalyANa ko hI apanA abhISTa mAnA hai| Aja ke vartamAna pariveza meM jabaki bhASA, jAti aura sampradAya ke AdhAra para kaTutA paidA kara alagAvavAdI tAkateM vyakti aura vyakti ke bIca, samAja aura dharma ke bIca dIvAra khar3I karane para AmAdA haiM tathA suvidhAvAdI saMskRti se paryAvaraNa pradUSita ho rahA hai, jainadharma kI prAsaMgikatA aura bhI bar3ha gayI hai| isakI cAritrika dRr3hatA aura samanvayavAditA 21vIM zatI ke lie eka varadAna siddha ho sakatI hai| isI pRSThabhUmi ke sAtha lAlA harajasarAya jaina pablika cairiTebala TrasTa ke sahayoga se pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA vigata varSa 1999 meM nayI pIr3hI ke bauddhika vikAsa evaM jainadharma ke prati unakI satat jAgarUkatA banAye rakhane ke uddezya se akhila bhAratIya stara para eka nibandha pratiyogitA kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa pratiyogitA meM Ayu ke AdhAra para pratiyogiyoM ko do vargoM meM bAMTakara unase nibandha Amantrita kiye gye| prathama varga 'a' meM 18 varSa se kama umra ke pratiyogI tathA dvitIya varga 'ba' meM 18 varSa evaM usase adhika umra ke pratiyogI rakhe gye| donoM vargoM ke pratiyogiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se tIna puraskAra rakhe gaye- prathama puraskAra ru0 2500/-, dvitIya puraskAra ru0 1500/- evaM tRtIya puraskAra ru. 1000/-1 pratiyogitA kA vijJApana deza kI sabhI pramukha jaina patra-patrikAoM meM isa Azaya ke sAtha diyA gayA ki isameM adhika se adhika pratiyogI bhAga le skeN| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se prakAzita isa zodha patrikA 'zramaNa' ke do aMkoM meM isa pratiyogitA ke do alaga-alaga vijJApana hindI aura aMgrejI meM diye gye| isa prathama prayAsa kA pariNAma acchA rahA aura deza ke kone-kone (uttara pradeza, bihAra, madhya pradeza, rAjasthAna, paMjAba, gujarAta, pazcima baMgAla aura mahArASTra) se kula 32 pratiyogiyoM ne isa nibandha-pratiyogitA meM bhAga liyaa| prathama varga 'a' (A) meM kula 8 (4 puruSa aura 4 mahilA) tathA varga 'ba' (B) meM kula 24 (12 puruSa aura 12 mahilA) pratiyogiyoM ne bhAga liyaa| sabhI prApta nibandhoM ko unake varga ke anusAra eka vizeSa koDa naM0 diye gaye aura unheM nirNaya hetu jainadharma-darzana ke tIna suvikhyAta vidvAnoM- pro0 sAgaramala jaina, zAjApura, pro0 sudarzanalAla jaina, vArANasI aura DaoN0 dharmacanda jaina, jodhapura ke pAsa bhejA gyaa| vidvAn nirNAyakoM se jo pariNAma prApta hue unake AdhAra para adholikhita chaha vijetAoM

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184 kA cayana unake utkRSTa nibandhoM ke lie kiyA gayA prathama varga 'a' (A) kumArI nUtana esa0 bAphanA, dhUliyA (mahArASTra) prathama puraskAra 2. kumArI dIpti jaina pirAkA, sIkara (rAjasthAna) dvitIya puraskAra zrI nIleza kumAra sonagarA, cittaur3agar3ha (rAjasthAna ) tRtIya puraskAra 3. dvitIya varga 'ba' (B) kumArI arcanA zrIvAstava, vArANasI ( u0pra0) prathama puraskAra zrI jeThamala caurar3iyA, kavardhA ( ma0pra0) dvitIya puraskAra zrImatI uSA nAhara, ajamera (rAjasthAna) tRtIya puraskAra ina sabhI puraskAra vijetAoM ko puraskAra kI AvaNTita rAzi evaM pramANapatra, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA 17-18 sitambara, 2000 ko Ayojita rASTrIya saMgoSThI meM pradAna kiye jAyeMge / 1. 2. 3. - pArzvanAtha vidyApITha apanI sthApanA ke samaya (1937 I0) se hI jainadharma-darzana ke pracAra-prasAra tathA guNAtmaka zodha kI dizA meM satat sannaddha hai| zodha ke nita naye AyAmoM ko aMjAma detA yaha saMsthAna varSa 2000 meM bhI eka nibandha pratiyogitA kA Ayojana karane jA rahA hai jisakI sUcanA yathAsamaya preSita kI jAyegI / protsAhanasvarUpa sabhI vijetA pratiyogiyoM ke nibandhoM ko sadhanyavAda 'zramaNa' ke isa aMka meM kroDapatra ke rUpa meM alaga prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| yaha kahate hue hameM prasannatA ho rahI hai ki samUcI nibandha pratiyogitA meM hamAre saMsthAna ke mantrI mAnanIya zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina evaM saMyukta mantrI zrI indrabhUti barar3a kA vizeSa protsAhana rahA jinake sakriya sahayoga se yaha kArya saphala ho skaa| anta meM hama sabhI pratiyogiyoM ke prati lAlA harajasarAya jaina cairiTebula TrasTa aura pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI ora se AbhAra vyakta karanA cAheMge jinhoMne hamAre isa jJAna-yajJa meM bhAga lekara hameM anugrahIta kiyA hai| 'zramaNa' ke AgAmI aMka meM Age hone vAlI nibandha pratiyogitA ke lie cayanita viSaya kI sUcanA yathAsamaya dI jaayegii|

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1 vijetAoM kA paricaya grUpa e- prathama puraskAra vijetA : ku0 nUtana surezacandra bAphanA (Ayu 16 varSa) : hAyara sekeNDarI patravyavahAra kA patA : rasikalAlapaTelanagara, plATa naM0 58, mu0po0 zirapura, jilA- dhUliyA - mahArASTra-425405 nAma zikSA nAma pitA kA nAma zaikSaNika yogyatA patA nAma pitA kA nAma zaikSaNika yogyatA patA nAma pitA kA nAma zikSAM patra-vyavahAra kA pattA grupa e - dvitIya puraskAra vijetA : ku0 dIpti jaina pirAkA (Ayu 17 varSa) : zrI bha~varalAla jaina pirAkA : bI0e0 meM adhyayanarata : pirAkA TreDiMga kampanI, tabelA roDa, sIkara- rAjasthAna, 332001 grupa e - tRtIya puraskAra vijetA : zrI nileza kumAra sonagarA (Ayu 18 varSa) : zrI rUpalAla sonagarA : bI0e0 meM adhyayanarata : padma kuTIra, sadara bAjAra, sAbA, jilA cittaur3agar3ha, rAjasthAna312613 grupa bI- prathama puraskAra vijetA : ku0 arcanA zrIvAstava (Ayu 25 varSa) : zrI mRtyuJjaya lAla zrIvAstava 185 : ema0 e0 (saMskRta), pIec0DI0, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI : ku0 arcanA zrIvAstava zrI mRtyuJjaya lAla zrIvAstava, ThaTherIbAjAra, rAmanagara, vArANasI, uttara pradeza

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186 nAma zikSA patra-vyavahAra kA patA nAma pati kA nAma zikSA patra-vyavahAra kA patA grupa bI - dvitIya puraskAra vijetA : zrI jeThamala jI cauraDiyA (Ayu 66 varSa) : hAyara sekeNDarI, prathama zreNI : kavardhA ke pratiSThita auSadhi vyavasAyI, vibhinna zaikSaNika evaM sAmAjika saMsthAoM se sambaddha | : vasanta meDikala sTorsa mahAvIra svAmI cauka, mena roDa, kavardhA, madhya pradeza, 491995 grupa bI - tRtIya puraskAra vijetA : zrImatI uSA nAhara (Ayu 32 varSa ) : zrI ke0ema0 nAhara, avakAzaprApta jilA zikSA adhikArI, rAjasthAna sarakAra : ema0 e0 itihAsa evaM aMgrejI, uttama zaikSaNika rikArDa ke sAtha, vartamAna meM lIlAdevI pArasamala seThiyA garlsa kAleja, rAnI, jilA pAlI - rAjasthAna meM zikSikA : 144/4 bApUnagara, ajamera, rAjasthAna

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187 Results of The Essay Competition 1999-2000 Editors Note We live in a time when people, especially young people in their formative years are constantly being pulled in all directions. In such circumstances, a lot of them end up being confused and disoriented. Often they have great difficulty in choosing a path. They lack and awareness of who they are and what they believe. With the family and cultural values eroding fast, they face an uphill task. Adults often do not support their efforts to be themselves. The future of our community lies with the youth. Their future depends on their families, education, environment and the socio economic situation - in other words, the influences that they are exposed to as they grow-up through their formative years. All these can have a profound affect on their development of their sense of identity, personality beliefs and values - in short their "samskara". Jainism is one of the oldest living religions of the world. It has a rich spiritual, cultural and literary heritage to its credit. Jainism has served the humanity in more ways than simply being a religion followed by few. It has shown a holistic approach to how life should be lived. It has strongly espoused the basic principles of humanity and given a much deeper meaning to live and let live. Whereas other religions limit the practice to human beings, Jainism has encompassed every living form. The principles of non-violence, non-possessiveness and anekantavad - meaning that truth can be multi-dimensional - are some of the basic tenets of Jainism. Thus, Jainism can prove to be a boon to mankind. Jainism can contribute much towards solving the problems faced by the youth and the world alike in the 21st century. Keeping this in view, and with a view to bring forth fresh ideas, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth and Harjas Rai Jain Public Charitable Trust, Delhi sponsored an all India Essay Competition as part of their

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188 ongoing commitment to the progressive development of Jainism. The topic for the 1999-2000 Essay Cornpetition was-- "Relevance of Jainism in the 21st Century". There were a total of 32 participants, '8' were in the age group of Under 18 years while '24' in the Over 18 years group. In all, 16 male and an equal number of females participated, strangely 4 each male and female participants were in the below 18 age group and 12 each male and female participants sent their entries in the over 18 years age group. As advertised earlier, essays recived wefe duly condified and sent to the judges for marking-- Prof. Sagarmal Jain, Shajapur (M.P.), Prof. Sudarshan Lal Jain, Varanasi (U.P.) and Prof. Dharma Chand Jain, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) -- each one, an authority of Jainism. On receiving back the marked essays, a merit list was prepared and accordingly, the result declared. The following presons scured the first, second and third position in their respective groups. Group 'A' -- Under 18 Years 1. Kumari Nutan S. Bafna Shirpur, Dhulia (Mah.) Ist 2. Kumari Deepti Jain Piraka Seekar (Rajasthan) IInd 3. Shri Nilesh Kr. Sonagara Sawa, Chittodgadh (Raj.) Mird Group 'B' -- Over 18 Years 1. Kumari Archana Shrivastava Varanasi (U.P.) Ist 2. Shri Jethmal Chaurdia Kavardha (M.P.) Ilnd 3. Smt. Usha Nahar Ajmer (Raj.) IIIrd The prize distribution ceremony will be held at Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi, on the occassion of forth coming All India Seminar on 17-18 September 2000. In that ceremony the winners will be given value of their prizes in cash alongwith a Certificate showing their position in the competition. With a view to encaurage the participants all the six winning

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189 essays are being published in this issue of 'Sramana' as supplement. We are happy to say that this endevour could not have been completed without the inspiration of Shri Bhupendra Nath Jain, Secretary and Active Co-operation of Shri Indrabhooti Barar, Jt. Secretary Parshwanath Vidyapeeth. We are really thankful to them. In near future Parshwanath Vidyapeeth is going to organize an another Essay Competition. The details of the competition along with the topic will published in next is e of 'Sramana'. At last, on behalf of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth and Harjas Rai Jain Charitable Trust I extend my sincere thanks to the participants and congratulation to the winners. Prof. Bhagchandra Jain

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jaina-jagat prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya : vikAsa kI sambhAvanAe~ nAmaka saMgoSThI sampanna vArANasI 26 disambara : jaina vidyA ke suprasiddha vidvAn, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI meM jaina darzana vibhAga ke adhyakSa DaoN0 phUlacanda jI jaina 'premI' ke saMyojakatva meM zAradAnagara, vArANasI sthita unakI bhavya koThI 'anekAnta bhavanam' meM dinAMka 26 disambara 1999 ko ikkIsavIM zatI meM prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya vikAsa kI sambhAvanAyeM nAmaka eka saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| prAkRta bhASA ke vikhyAt vidvAn pro0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa ne kAryakrama kI adhyakSatA kii| isa saMgoSThI meM pro0 lakSmInArAyaNa tivArI, pro0 ramezacandra zarmA, DaoN0 kamalezakumAra jaina, zrI zarada kumAra sAdhaka, DaoN0 hRdaya raMjana zarmA, DaoN0 vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA Adi vibhinna vidvAn aura bar3I saMkhyA meM prAkRta bhASA premI sajjana upasthita the| pArzvanAtha janmakalyANaka mahotsava sampanna haridvAra 3 janavarI : bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke janma kalyANaka ke zubha avasara para cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha tIrtha, haridvAra meM dinAMka 31 disambara se 2 janavarI taka abhiSeka, snAtrapUjana, paMcakalyANakapUjana, saMdhyAbhakti Adi bhavya kAryakrama pUjya manirAja zrIjambUvijaya jI kI pAvana nizrA meM sAnanda sampanna huaa| jJAtavya hai ki isI tIrtha para zrIjambUvijaya jI mahArAja dvArA 3 disambara ko ku0 USA kI bhAgavatI dIkSA bhI sampatra kI gyii| tridivasIya rASTrIya saGgoSThI sampanna jayapura 24 janavarI : paM0 cainasukhadAsa nyAyatIrtha janma zatAbdI samAroha ke antargata tridivasIya rASTrIya saMgoSThI dinAMka 21.1.2000 se 24.1.2000 taka jayupara meM AcAryazrI vardhamAnasAgara jI mahArAja ke sAnidhya meM sampanna huii| isa saMgoSThI meM kula chaha satra hue| inameM vibhinna vaktAoM ne apane vicAra vyakta karane ke sAtha-sAtha apane zodhalekhoM kA bhI vAcana kiyaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' bhI isa saMgoSThI meM Amantrita the|

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191 ahamadAbAda 31 janavarI : navIna isTiTyUTa oNpha selpha DevalapamenTa, ahamadAbAda evaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI dvArA saMyukta rUpa se prakAzita Multi Dimensional Application of Anekantvada nAmaka pustaka kA lokArpaNa samAroha evaM anekAntavAda para eka saMgoSThI kA ukta donoM saMsthAoM dvArA 31 janavarI ko ahamadAbAda meM Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para niramA ejyukezana eNDa risarca phAunDezana ke pro0 ena0vI0 vAsAnI mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM upasthita the| isa saMgoSThI meM pramukha vaktA ke rUpa meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke mArgadarzaka evaM vizvavizruta vidvAn pro0 sAgaramala jI jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara', vidyApITha ke prazAsanika adhikArI, yuvA vidvAn DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya vizeSa rUpa se Amantrita the| saMgoSThI meM upasthita anya vaktAoM meM zrI candrahAsa trivedI, pUrva nyAyAdhIza zrI TI0yU0 mehatA, zrI ena0ke0 zAha Adi ne bhI apane vicAroM ko bar3e hI prabhAvazAlI rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| bhagavAn RSabhadeva antarrASTrIya mahAmahotsava kA udghATana evaM RSabhadeva jaina melA sAnanda sampanna naI dillI 10 pharavarI : AryikA ziromaNi zrI jJAnamatI mAtA jI ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM dinAMka 4 pharavarI 2000 mAgha vadi caturdazI ko mAnanIya pradhAnamantrI zrI aTala bihArI vAjapeyI ne aitihAsika lAla kilA maidAna meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva antarrASTrIya mahAmahotsava kA udghATana kiyaa| 10 pharavarI taka cale vibhinna kAryakramoM meM 72 ratna pratimAoM kA paMcakalyANaka mahotsava, mahAmastakAbhiSeka Adi pramukha the| isa avasara para mAnanIya pradhAnamantrI jI ne rASTra ke nAma sandeza bhI diyaa| isa kAryakrama meM di0 jaina samAja ke sabhI zIrSastha padAdhikArI upasthita the| chaparaulI meM bhAgavatI dIkSA sampanna chaparaulI 10 pharavarI : pUjya zrI jogarAja jI ma.sA0, zrI amRtamuni jI ma0sA0, zrIvijayamuni jI ma.sA0, mahAsatI zrI zubhamatI jI evaM vijayaprabhA jI masA0 kI pAvana nizrA meM 10 pharavarI ko vasantapaJcamI ke pAvana parva para bAlabrahmacAriNI vairAgana ku0 zAlU jaina kI bhAgavatI dIkSA kA bhavya kAryakrama chaparaulI, uttara pradeza meM sampanna huaa| jaina vidyA vyAkhyAnamAlA sampanna ahamadAbAda 26 pharavarI : antarrASTrIya jaina vidyA adhyayana kendra, gujarAta

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192 vidyApITha, ahamadAbAda meM 5 pharavarI 2000 ko DaoN0 kumArapAla desAI dvArA adhyAtma evaM dharma : nayA samIkaraNa evaM 26 pharavarI 2000 ko DaoN0 cinubhAI nAyaka dvArA bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti meM yogadAna nAmaka viSaya para vyAkhyAna sampanna huaa| sUripada prApti mahotsava sampanna ___mumbaI 3 mArca : aMcalagacchAdhipati AcArya zrI guNodayasAgara sUri jI mahArAja ke zubhAzISa se AcArya zrI kalAprabhasAgarasUri jI mahArAja kI pAvana nizrA meM unake sUri pada prApti ke 12veM varSa meM praveza tathA unhIM ke dvArA dUsarI bAra kiye jA rahe sUrimantra ArAdhanA ke udyApana ke zubha avasara para kacchI jaina samAja dvArA mumbaI meM Ayojita bhavya kAryakrama sAnanda sampanna huaa| guru mandira kA bhUmipUjana evaM zilAnyAsa samAroha sampanna haridvAra 12 mArca : AcArya zrIvijayanityAnanda jI mahArAja evaM munirAja zrI jambU vijayajI mahArAja kI pAvana nizrA meM paMjAba kezarI AcArya zrI vijayAnandasUri jI mahArAja (AtmArAma jI mahArAja) ke bhavya smAraka kA bhUmipUjana evaM zilAnyAsa haridvAra, uttara pradeza meM dinAMka 12 mArca ko sAnanda sampana huaa| yaha nirmANa kArya ludhiyAnA, paMjAba nivAsI lAlA rozanalAla jI dvArA apane pUjya pitA sva. zrI lAlA haMsarAja jI jaina kI puNya smRti meM sampanna karAyA jA rahA hai| dinAMka 13 mArca ko AcAryazrI kI nizrA meM motIlAla banArasIdAsa parivAra kI ora se sva0 zrI zAMtilAla jI jaina kI puNya smRti meM brahmacaryavrata mahApUjana evaM navakArasI kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| dinAMka 14 mArca ko AcArya zrI dvArA mAMgalika stotroM kA pATha kiyA gayA jisameM bar3I saMkhyA meM deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM se padhAre hue gurubhaktoM ne bhAga liyaa| mahAvIra iNTaranezanala silvara jubalI hAsTala kI sthApanA dillI 19 mArca : mahAvIra iNTaranezanala ke dillI kendra dvArA kutubaroDa, dillI meM eka hAsTala kI sthApanA kI gayI hai jisameM deza ke kisI bhAga se dillI Akara AI0e0esa0, AI0pI0esa0 Adi pratiyogI parIkSAoM hetu kociMga lene vAle jaina vidyArthiyoM ko praveza diyA jaayegaa| prArambha meM yahA~ kevala 18 chAtroM ke rahane kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| pratyeka vidyArthI ko donoM samaya bhojana, jalapAna, pustakAlaya, vAcanAlaya, beDa Adi kI suvidhA mAtra 2 hajAra rupaye pratimAha meM yahA~ dI jaayegii|

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193 kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura kA puraskAra samarpaNa samAroha . indaura 29 mArca : devI ahilyA vizvavidyAlaya, indaura dvArA mAnya zodha kendra kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura kA vArSika puraskAra samarpaNa samAroha vigata 29 mArca ko jJAnapITha ke parisara meM RSabhadeva jayantI ke avasara para upA0 munizrI jinAnanda sAgara jI kI pAvana nizrA meM sampanna huaa| isa samAroha meM vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ke pUrva kulapati pro0 Ara0Ara0 nAMdagAMvakara, madhya pradeza ucca nyAyAlaya kI indaura khaNDapITha ke nyAyamUrti zrI ena0ke0jaina, pro0 e0e0 abbAsI, zrI bAbUlAla jI pATodI, zrI hIrAlAla jhAMjharI, pUrva rAjadUta DaoN0 ena0pI0jaina, satzruta prabhAvanA TrasTa, bhAvanagara ke adhyakSa zrI hIrAlAla jaina Adi viziSTa vyakti upasthita the| varSa 1998 meM arhatvacana meM prakAzita sarvazreSTha AlekhoM para DaoN0 azoka mizra evaM zrI dIpaka jAdhava ko arhatvacana-98 puraskAra se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| isI prakAra rAmakathA saMgrahAlaya, ayodhyA ke pUrva nidezaka DaoN0 zailendra kumAra rastogI ko unakI kRti jainadharma kalA prANa bhagavAn RSabhadeva para jJAnodaya puraskAra pradAna kiyA gyaa| isI krama meM kundakunda jJAnapITha-98 puraskAra biralA praudyogika saMsthAna, rAMcI ke pUrva prAdhyApaka pro0 rAdhAcaraNa gupta ko unakI kRti jaina gaNita para pradAna kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para prakAzita jaina sAhitya pANDulipi sUcIkaraNa pariyojanA ke antargata aba taka kaoNmpyUTara meM phIDa kiye jA cuke 14000 prakAzita pustakoM evaM 8000 pANDulipiyoM ke vivaraNoM ke susampAdita aura saMzodhita prinTaAuTsa kA bhI vimocana kiyA gyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI 2600vIM jayantI para varSavyApI kAryakramoM kA bhavya zubhArambha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI 2600vIM jayantI ke zubha avasara para dinAMka 16 apraila ko kalakattA sthita netAjI inaDora sTeDiyama meM pazcima baMgAla ke rAjyapAla zrI vIrena zAha kI adhyakSatA meM eka varSaparyanta calane vAle bhavya kAryakrama kA zubhArambha kiyA gyaa| kendrIya saMcAra maMtrI zrI tapana sikadara isa kAryakrama meM mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM upasthita the| samAroha samiti ke mantrI zrI saradAramala jI kAMkariyA ne mAnya atithiyoM evaM sabhA meM upasthita janasamUha kA bhAvabhInA svAgata kiyaa| isa avasara para sabhI gaNamAnya atithiyoM ko samiti kI ora se navakAramantra utkIrNa svarNamaNDita smRticinha bhI pradAna kiyA gyaa|

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194 netAjI inDora sTeDiyama kalakattA meM Ayojita bhagavAna mahAvIra kI 2600vIM janma jayantI ke varSavyApI samAroha ke zubhArambha ke avasara para mukhya atithi zrI tapana sikadara saMcAra rAjya mantrI, bhArata sarakAra ko samiti kI ora se navakAra mantra utkIrNa svarNamaNDita paTTikA smRti cinha bheMTa karate hue| pazcima baMgAla ke mahAmahima rAjyapAla zrI vIrena zAha samAroha kI adhyakSatA kara rahe haiN| pradhAnAcArya pUjya zrI sohanalAla jI mahArAja smRti divasa samAroha sampanna amRtasara 30 apraila : pArzvanAtha vidyApITha tathA anyAnya zikSaNa saMsthAoM ke nirmANa ke preraka AcAryaratna pUjya zrI sohanalAla jI mahArAja kA smRti divasa ravivAra dinAMka 30 apraila ko amRtasara sthita gurunAnakabhavana ke vizAla sabhAkakSa meM yuvAmanISI zrI subhASa muni evaM sAdhvI DaoN0 arcanA jI kI pAvana nizrA meM dhUmadhAma se manAyA gyaa| zrI manISa jaina kI adhyakSatA meM sampanna hue isa samAroha meM paMjAba ke mukhyamantrI mAnanIya zrI prakAza siMha bAdala mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM upasthita the| zrI bAdala ne apane vistRta bhASaNa meM kahA ki isa deza kI pAvana dharA para samaya-samaya para vibhinna mahAn hastiyoM ne janma liyA aura apane anubhava, jJAna evaM saccAI ke mArga para calane kI icchA-zakti ke bala para mAnava jAti kA kalyANa kiyA hai| aise mahAn puruSoM meM AcAryazrI sohanalAla jI mahArAja kA sthAna agragaNya hai| unhoMne apanA sampUrNa jIvana ahiMsA aura mAnavatA kI sevA meM arpita kara diyaa| isa avasara para unhoMne prastAvita sohanalAla jaina smAraka ke nirmANa hetu bhUmi zIghra upalabdha karAne kA bhI AzvAsana diyaa| sAdhvIzrI arcanA jI evaM zrI subhASa muni jI ne apane udbodhana meM AcAryazrI ke jIvana ke vibhinna prasaGgoM kA smaraNa kiyaa| smAraka ke nirmANa hetu zrI prakAza candra jI jaina, dubaI vAloM ne 21 lAkha rupaye dene kI ghoSaNA kii| isI prakAra zrI mohana lAla jI seThI ne bhI ukta kArya hetu 5 lAkha rupaye dene kI bAta khii| samAroha meM upasthita anya pramukha logoM ne bhI isa kArya meM pUrNa sahayoga dene kA vacana dete hue 9 lAkha rupaye denA svIkAra kiyaa| Agantuka atithiyoM ke bhojana Adi kI vyavasthA zrI maMgatarAma jaina, pramukha, smAraka samiti amRtasara kI ora se kI gayI thii|

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195 bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kevala jJAna kalyANaka, saMgha sthApanA va saMkrAnti mahotsava ke avasara para pUjyazrI sohanalAla jI mahArAja smAraka sthala mAlamaMDI, amRtasara meM vaizAkha zukla ekAdazI ko eka bhavya kAryakrama kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisameM paMjAba ke sthAnIya nikAya mantrI zrI balarAma dAsa jI TaMDana mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM upasthita the| isa avasara para unhoMne yugadraSTA yugapuruSa pradhAnAcArya zrI nAmaka pustaka kA lokArpaNa bhI kiyA / varSItapa pArANA mahotsava sampanna jodhapura 6 maI : kharataragacchIya gaNivara zrI mahimAprabhasAgara jI mahArAja, maho0 zrI lalitaprabhasAgara jI mahArAja evaM zrI candraprabhasAgara jI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM sambodhidhAma, jodhapura meM dinAMka 4-6 maI ko varSItapa pAraNA mahotsava kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para zrI bhaktAmara mahApUjana, zrI pArzvapadmAvatI mahApUjana, aThAraha abhiSeka mahApUjana evaM tapasvI abhinandana Adi kAryakrama sAnanda sampanna hue / pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ( indaura) ko zodhakendra kI mAnyatA prApta atyanta harSa kA viSaya hai ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha (indaura parisara) ko devI ahilyA vizvavidyAlaya, indaura se pI-eca0DI0 ke liye zodha kendra ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta ho gayI hai| kisI bhI vizvavidyAlaya se ema0e0 karane ke uparAnta koI bhI zrAvaka-zrAvikA, sAdhu-sAdhvI yA anya yahA~ se pI-eca0 DI0 ke liye praveza prApta kara sakate haiN| yahA~ para zodha hetu nirdezaka evaM pustakAlaya Adi kI pUrNa vyavasthA hai| icchuka zodhArthI nimnalikhita pate para samparka kareM 1. nidezaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha epha-11, ratalAma koThI, indaura - 452003, madhya pradeza 2. zrI ena0 ena0 jaina saMrakSaka -- pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, (indaura parisara) C/o presTIja 30, jAvarA kampAunDa indaura - 452001, madhyapradeza yU0jI0sI0 ke 'neTa' evaM 'je0Ara0epha0' pAThyakramoM meM 'prAkRta viSaya ' punaH prArambha vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga (yU0jI0sI0) meM 'vyAkhyAtA pada kI ArhatA' (NET.) tathA 'jUniyara zodha adhyetAvRtti parIkSA (J.R.F.) ke pAThyakramoM meM prAkRtabhASA eka svatantra - viSaya ke rUpa meM svIkRta thI / gata varSa ise kinhIM kAraNoM

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196 se haTA diyA gayA thA, jisase 'prAkRtabhASA' par3hane vAloM ke bhaviSya ke prati praznacihna laga gayA thaa| cAroM ora se isa nirNaya ke virodha meM AvAjeM uThI aura antata: DaoN0 maNDana mizra ke sArthaka prayatnoM se yU0jI0sI0 dvArA punaH prAkRtabhASA ko svatantra viSaya ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna kara dI gyii| jaina sidAnta bhavana kA 97vAM sthApanA divasa sollAsa sampanna ArA : pichale dino zrutapaJcamI ke pAvana parva para sarvaprAcIna jaina saMsthAna jaina siddhAnta bhavana kA 97vAM sthApanA divasa pUjya AcArya zrI kuzAgranandI jI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnidhya meM sollAsa manAyA gyaa| isI prakAra zrI jaina bAlAvizrAma ke prAGgaNa meM pratiSThApita bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke mAnastambha kA 50 varSoM bAda pichale dinoM mahAmastakAbhiSeka bhI sampanna huaa| zrI umarAvamalajI cauraDiyA adhyakSa nirvAcita jayapura 28 maI : ravivAra dinAMka 28 maI ko jayapura meM sampanna hue cunAva meM sarvasammati se zrI umarAvamala jI caurar3iyA akhila bhAratIya zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina kAnphrensa kI rAjasthana zAkhA ke adhyakSa nirvAcita hue| vidyApITha parivAra kI ora se zrI caurar3iyA ko hArdika bdhaaii| zramadAna upAdhyAya zrI jinAnanda sAgara jI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnnidhya evaM digambara jaina sozala grupa pheDarezana ke tatvAvadhAna meM pichale dinoM atizaya digambara tIrtha kSetra siddhavarakUTa ke 18 kilomITara lambe mArga ke jIrNoddhAra hetu bar3I saMkhyA meM logoM ne kAra sevA kii| isa avasara para kSetrIya sAMsada dvArA mArga ke jIrNoddhAra hetu 9 lAkha rupaye dene kI bhI ghoSaNA kI gyii| pANDulipi aura purAlipi sambandhI kAryazAlA sampanna dillI 2 julAI : vijayavallabha smAraka (jaina mandira saMkula) parisara sthita bhogIlAla laheracanda iMsTiTyUTa oNpha iNDolAjI dvArA Ayojita 15 divasIya pANDulipi aura purAlipi sambandhI kAryazAlA kA samApana samAroha dinAMka 2 julAI ko Ayojita kiyA gyaa| rASTrIya abhilekhAgAra naI dillI ke nidezaka pro0 esa0 sarakAra isa kAryakrama meM mukhya atithi ke rUpa meM upasthita the| kAryakrama kI adhyakSatA rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya naI dillI ke nidezaka pro0 Ara0DI0 caudharI ne kii|

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pI-ec0DI0 upAdhi prApta AcArya vimalasUrikRta paumacariyaM kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana nAmaka zodhaprabandha para zrI surendrakumAra jaina ko jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara-madhyapradeza dvArA pI-ec0DI0 kI upAdhi pradAna kI gayI / yaha zodhakArya DaoN0 lakSmI zuklA ke nirdezana meM pUrNa kiyA gyaa| 197 puraskAra prAcIna pANDulipiyoM ke sarvekSaNa, saMkalana va saMrakSaNa tathA sUcIkaraNa evaM surakSA ke liye kiye jA rahe utkRSTa kArya ke liye anekAnta jJAnapITha, bInA- madhyapradeza ko zrI satzruta prabhAvanA TrasTa, bhAvanagara dvArA pUjya zazibhAI smRti jinavANI saMrakSaNa puraskAra - 1999 pradAna karane kI ghoSaNA kI gayI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra phAunDezana, cennaI dvArA varSa 2000 kA mahAvIra puraskAra ahiMsA va zAkAhAra ke pracAra ke liye DaoN0 kalyANa motIlAla, puNe (mahArASTra) tathA zikSA evaM cikitsA ke lie kainsara aspatAla, cennaI aura pUrvottara bhArata meM sthita tripurA rAjya ke agaratalA meM loka sevA ke kSetra meM utkRSTa kArya karane hetu zrImatI anurupamA mukharjI ko pradAna karane kI ghoSaNA kI gayI hai / puraskAra prAptakartA vyakti yA saMsthAna ko 5 lAkha rupaye nakada, prazastipatra, pratIka cinha, zrIphala Adi se sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai| ahiMsA iNTaranezanala ke varSa 1999 ke puraskAra ghoSita kiye gaye haiM jisake anusAra DaoN0 ke0 Ara0 candrA ko ahiMsA iNTaranezanala DipTImala AdIzvaralAla jaina sAhitya puraskAra; suzrI DaoN0 arcanA jaina ko bhagavAnadAsa zobhAlAla jaina puraskAra, kumArI razmi zarmA ko raghuvIrasiMha jaina jIvarakSA puraskAra evaM DaoN0 anupama jaina ko premacanda jaina patrakAritA puraskAra ke liye cayanita kiyA gayA hai| zrI gaNeza prasAda varNI smRti sAhitya puraskAra zrI syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, bhadainI, vArANasI kI ora se apane saMsthApaka pUjya gaNeza prasAda varNI kI smRti meM varSa 2000 ke puraskAra ke liye jaina dharma, darzana, siddhAnta, sAhitya, samAja, saMskRti, bhASA evaM itihAsa viSayaka maulika, sRjanAtmaka aura anusaMdhAnAtmaka zAstrIya paramparAyukta kRti para puraskArArtha 4 pratiyA~ disambara 2000 taka Amantrita haiN| isa puraskAra meM 5001/- rupayA nakada tathA prazasti-patra diyA jaayegaa| 1997 ke bAda kI prakAzita pustakeM bhI isameM sammilita kI jA sakatI

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198 haiN| niyamAvalI nimna pate para upalabdha hai| DaoN0 phUlacanda jaina 'premI', saMyojaka, zrI varNI smRti sAhitya puraskAra samiti, zrI syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, bhadainI, vArANasI upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara zrutasaMvarddhana puraskAra - 2000 hetu praviSTiyA~ Amantrita sarAkoddhAraka saMta upAdhyAyazrI jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja dvArA jaina saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa meM diye jA rahe abhUtapUrva yogadAna ke prati kRtajJatA jJApita karane hetu zruta saMvardhana saMsthAna, meraTha dvArA upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara zrutasaMvardhana puraskAra kI sthApanA kI gayI hai jisake antargata jaina sAhitya, saMskRti athavA samAja ke saMrakSaNa / vikAsa Adi meM utkRSTa yogadAna dene vAle vyakti athavA saMsthA ko eka lAkha rupaye nakada, prazastipatra evaM smRticinha se sammAnita kiyA jaayegaa| isa sambandha meM vistRta vivaraNa hetu isa pate para samparka kareM-- DaoN0 anupama jaina, saMyojaka - puraskAra samiti, kundakunda jJAnapITha, 584, mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, tukogaMja, indaura 452001, madhyapradeza | patrAcAra prAkRta pAThyakrama apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura kI ora se patrAcAra prAkRta sarTIphikeTa pAThyakrama kA dvitIya satra 1 julAI 2000 se Arambha hone jA rahA hai| bheMTa zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA, kalakattA ke TrasTI, vikhyAt samAjasevI zrI bhaMvaralAla jI karNAvaTa kI smRti meM unake parivAra kI ora se zramaNa ko 150/rupaye bheMTa kiye gaye / vayovRddha vicAraka evaM suprasiddha lekhaka zrI rAjamala pavaiyA ke pautra evaM zrI bharata pavaiyA ke putra zrI nagendra ke zubha vivAha ke avasara para zramaNa ko paccIsa rupaye bheMTa kiye gaye / niHzulka netra cikitsA zivira kA Ayojana zrI bhaMvaralAla jhaMvaralAla koThArI evaM zrI jaina hAspiTala eNDa risarca senTara, hAvar3A ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM pichale dinoM zvetAmbara jaina koTI, sammetazikhara meM niHzulka netra cikitsA zivira kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisameM 850 netra rogiyoM kA

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199 parIkSaNa kara unakI cikitsA kI gyii| 672 rogiyoM ko niHzulka cazme pradAna kiye gaye tathA 138 netra rogiyoM kI mAikrozalya cikitsA kI gyii| abhinandana zrI zobhita jaina. indaura; zrI saMjaya jaina, dillI; zrI rAjIva jaina, dillI; zrI manoja jaina, koTA; zrI amita caudharI, damoha; zrI vaibhava bajAja, damoha evaM zrI rAjeza jaina varSa 1999-2000 kI saMgha loka sevA Ayoga parIkSA meM cayanita hue haiN| vidyApITha parivAra kI ora se ukta yuvA pratibhAoM kA hArdika abhinndn| AcArya devendramuni ke jIvana para vebasAiTa taiyAra zramaNa saMgha ke tRtIya paTTadhara sva0 AcArya zrIdevendramuni jI zAstrI ke jIvana para zrI rAjendramuni evaM zrI surendramuni jI kI preraNA se hindI bhASA meM eka vebasAiTa taiyAra kiyA gayA hai jise iNTaraneTa para dekhA jA sakatA hai| AcArya zivamuNi jI ThANA-11 cAturmAsArtha sUrata meM - sUrata zrIsaMgha ke prabala puNyodaya se zramaNa saMgha ke caturtha paTTadhara AcArya zivamani jI mahArAja, tapokezarI zrI ajayamuni jI mahArAja ThANA-11 kA isa varSa kA cAturmAsa gujarAta, prAnta ke pramukha audyogika nagara sUrata meM honA nizcita huA hai| dinAMka 9 julAI ravivAra ko AcAryazrI ke nagara meM maMgala praveza ke avasara para sUrata zrIsaMgha dvArA unakA bhavya svAgata kiyA gyaa| cAturmAsa kI avadhi meM yahA~ AcAryazrI ke pAvana sAnidhya meM vibhinna dhArmika kAryakrama sampanna hoNge| isI avadhi meM yahA~ pratyeka mAha meM do bAra tridivasIya dhyAnazivira kA bhI Ayojana kiyA jA rahA hai| rAjendramuni ThANA-6 kA cAturmAsa mAuNTa AbU para zramaNa saMgha ke upapravartaka zrI rAjendramuni evaM paNDitaratna zrI rameza muni ThANA-6 kA varSa 2000 kA cAturmAsa AbU parvata para nizcita huA hai| cAturmAsa sthala kA patAzrI rAjendrakumAra agravAla, yoga sAdhanA anusandhAna kendra, kumhAravAr3A, po0 mAuNTa AbU, jilA- sirohI, raajsthaan| vArANasI meM aMjanazalAkA-pratiSThA mahotsava vArANasI sthita bhagavAn pArzvanAtha zvetAmbara janmabhUmi parisara meM navanirmita jinAlaya meM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA aMjanazalAkA-pratiSThA mahotsava dinAMka 17 navambara

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200 2000 ko suprasiddha jainAcArya zrI rAjayazasUri jI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnidhya meM sampanna hone jA rahA hai| pratiSThA mahotsava dinAMka 6 navambara dina somavAra se prArambha hokara 19 navambara ravivAra taka calegA jisameM deza-videza ke zraddhAlujana bar3I saMkhyA meM bhAga leNge| zoka samAcAra jaina darzana evaM nyAya ke udbhaTa vidvAn DaoN0 darabArIlAla jI koThiyA kA 3 janavarI ko bInA meM dehAnta ho gyaa| sAhitya sevA ke kSetra meM koThiyA jI ke avadAna se samAja bhalI-bhA~ti paricita hai| vidyApITha kI ora se sva0 koThiyA jI ko hArdika shrddhaaNjli| __pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke prathama adhyakSa sva0 lAlA tribhuvananAtha jaina (kapUrathalA) kI dharmapatnI zrImatI tArAdevI jaina kA pichale dinoM 94varSa kI Ayu meM nidhana ho gyaa| zrImatI jaina eka atyanta dharmaparAyaNa aura sAdagIpasanda mahilA thiiN| pichale 10 varSoM se unhoMne apanA sArA samaya pUjA-prArthanA Adi meM lagA diyA thaa| Apa apane pIche bharA-pUrA vistRta parivAra chor3a gayI haiN| unake putra zrI jatIndaranAtha jaina, pautra zrI ravindaranAtha jaina evaM zrI mohindaranAtha jaina bhI apane mAtA-pitA ke padacinhoM para cala rahe haiN| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra divaMgata AtmA ko hArdika zraddhAMjali arpita karatA hai| zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA, kalakattA ke TrasTI evaM zrI jaina hAspiTala eNDa risarca senTara, hAvar3A kI prazAsanika samiti ke upAdhyakSa, vikhyAta samAjasevI zrI bhaMvaralAla jI karNAvaTa kA 25 apraila ko madrAsa meM asAmayika nidhana ho gyaa| 26 apraila ko zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhAgAra, sukiyasa lena, kalakattA meM Ayojita eka zokasabhA ke mAdhyama se unheM bhAvabhInI zraddhAJjali arpita kI gayI jisameM jaina samAja ke sabhI varga/sampradAya ke logoM ne bhAga liyaa| vidyApITha parivAra kI orase zrI karNAvaTa jI ko hArdika shrddhaanyjli| zrI suzIla kumAra bama ke 23 varSIya suputra zrI siddhArtha bama kA pichale dinoM madrAsa meM nidhana ho gyaa| Apa pichale kucha samaya se kaiMsara jaise asAdhya roga se pIr3ita the| vidyApITha parivAra zrI siddhArtha bama ko hArdika zraddhAMjali arpita karatA hai|

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201 ___ vIraputra AcArya jinaAnandasAgara sUri ke ziSya evaM AcArya jinaudayasAgara sUri ke paTTadhara, kharataragacchAdhipati AcArya zrI jinamahodayasAgara sUri kA dinAMka 26 maI ko prAtaHkAla 6 baje malakApura, jilA bulaDAnA, mahArASTra meM hRdayagati banda ho jAne se nidhana ho gyaa| AcAryazrI ke dehAnta se na kevala kharataragaccha apitu sampUrNa zvetAmbara jaina samAja kI apUraNIya kSati huI / pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra kI ora se AcAryazrI ko hArdika shrddhaanyjli| suprasiddha samAjasevI evaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke pUrva vyavasthApaka zrI zAntibhAI banamAlI zeTha kA 11 julAI ko baiMgalora meM nidhana ho gyaa| vidyApITha parivAra kI ora se zrI zAntibhAI ko hArdika shrddhaanyjli|

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sAhitya satkAra candralekhAvijayaprakaraNa, kartA- pUrNatalagacchIya muni devacandra, sampA0muni pradyumnavijayagaNi; prakAzaka- zAradAbena cimanabhAI ejyukezanala risarca senTara, zAhIbAga, ahamadAbAda 380004, prathama saMskaraNa 1995 I0, AkAra-DimAI, sajilda, pRSTha 34+113, mUlya 50/- rupye| prastuta kRti candralekhAvijayaprakaraNa ke racanAkAra muni devacandra jI kalikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandrasUri ke ziSyoM meM se eka the| 12vIM zatAbdI meM saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha isa nATaka kI ekamAtra prati jaisalamera jJAna bhaNDAra se prApta huI hai| yaha prati cU~ki azuddhi se bharI huI thI ata: isakA saMzodhana aura sampAdana bhI eka durUha kArya thaa| tapAgacchIya AcArya vijayadevasUri ke praziSya aura AcArya vijaya hemacandrasUri ke ziSya muni pradyumnavijayagaNi ne atyanta parizrama se saphalatApUrvaka ukta kRti kA sampAdana kara vidvat jagata para mahAn upakAra kiyA hai| grantha ke prArambha meM munizrI jambUvijaya jI aura DaoN0 harivallabha cUnIlAla bhayANI dvArA likhita do zabda tathA grantha sampAdaka dvArA likhI gayI prastAvanA atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| grantha kI bhUmikA ke antargata 8 pRSThoM meM vidvAn sampAdaka ne prati paricaya, granthakAra aura grantha kA paricaya diyA hai| isake pazcAt 100 pRSThoM meM nATaka ke pA~coM aMka diye gaye haiN| grantha ke anta meM 5 pariziSTa bhI diye gaye haiN| grantha kI sAja-sajjA AkarSaka va mudraNa suspaSTa hai| saMskRta bhASA evaM sAhitya para zodha karane vAle vidvAnoM aura zodhArthiyoM ke liye pustaka atyanta upayogI hai| aise durlabha, prAcIna aura mahattvapUrNa grantha ke sampAdana aura prakAzana ke liye sampAdaka aura prakAzaka donoM hI abhinandanIya haiN| nagarakoTa-kAMgar3A mahAtIrtha, lekhaka-sampAdaka- zrI bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA, prakAzaka- zrI sohana lAla kocara, 86, kainiMga sTrITa, kalakattA-700001; prathama saMskaraNa vi0saM0 2048, AkAra- DimAI, pRSTha 8+138+9 citra; mUlya25/- rupaye maatr| janazrutyAnusAra himAlaya kI goda meM base jainatIrtha nagarakoTa kI sthApanA mahAbhAratakAlIna rAjA suzarmasena ne kI thI aura isakA nAma suzarmapura rakhA thaa| durgama pahAr3I kSetra hone se yaha sthAna bahuta lambe samaya taka bAharI AkramaNoM se mukta rhaa| mahamUda gajanavI ke samaya yaha kSetra trigarta deza ke antargata mAnA jAtA rhaa| I0 san kI 11vIM zatI se lekara 18vIM zatI taka yaha nagara samaya-samaya para vibhinna dezI-videzI zAsakoM dvArA lUTA aura naSTa kiyA jAtA rhaa| apane vaibhava ke samaya yahA~

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203 aneka jaina mandira zobhAyamAna the| rAjanaitika asthiratA ke kAraNa yahA~ ke jaina matAvalambI bar3I saMkhyA meM anyatra jAkara basa gaye tathA jo bace the unhoMne apanA dharma parivartana kara liyA aura yaha nagara pUrNarUpeNa jaina matAvalambiyoM se zUnya ho gyaa| vi0 saM0 1484 meM kharataragacchIya muni jayasAgara upAdhyAya dvArA praNIta vijJaptilekha (muni jinavijaya ne sampAdita kara I0 san 1916 meM AtmAnanda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara se prakAzita karAyA) ke AdhAra para isI zatI ke prArambha meM isa tIrtha kI khoja kI gyii| jaina munijanoM kA yahA~ Agamana huA aura yahA~ jina mandirAdi kA nirmANa kara ise punaH prAcIna gaurava pradAna karane kA prayatna prArambha huA, jo sarAhanIya hai| prastuta pustaka ke lekhaka svanAmadhanya zrI bha~varalAla jI nAhaTA haiN| unake dvArA pichale sAta dazakoM se kI jA rahI sAhityasevA se pUrA vizva unake samakSa vinayAnavat hai| prastuta pustaka meM unhoMne prAcIna jaina granthoM meM ullikhita isa tIrtha ke vivaraNa ko bar3e hI prAmANika rUpa se prastuta kara vidvAnoM ke samakSa eka Adarza upasthita kiyA hai| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA AkarSaka tathA mudraNa nirdoSa hai| aise upayogI pustaka ko alpa mUlya meM upalabdha karAkara prakAzaka saMsthA ne jaina samAja para mahAn upakAra kiyA hai| mile mana bhItara bhagavAn lekhaka- zrI vijayakalApUrNasUri jI mahArAja, hindI anuvAdaka- maho0 zrI vinayasAgara evaM zrI nainamala vinayacandra surANA; prakAzakazrI cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha jaina zvetAmbara mandira, bhUpatavAlA, haridvAra-249410 (uttara pradeza); AkAra-DimAI; pRSTha 17+235, saMzodhita AvRtti 1999 I0, mUlya 75/- rupaye maatr| . AtmA Anandamaya, jJAnamaya aura sukhamaya hai, kintu vaha bhrAntivaza athavA yaha kaheM ki karmoM meM baMdhe hone se bhavabhramaNa karatI rahatI hai jisakI mukti prabhu kI bhakti se hI sambhava hai| bhakti hI vaha mArga hai jo jIva ko mukti ke prAsAda meM pahu~cA detI hai| bhakti kisa prakAra kI jAye? bhakti kitane prakAra kI hotI hai? bhakti ke mAdhyama se bhakta kisa prakAra bhagavAn bana sakatA hai? netroM se agocara prabhu kA darzana mana ke bhItara kisa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai? isa prakAra ke vibhinna viSayoM ke rahasya ko isa pustaka meM zAstrasammata vidhi se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| prArambha meM yaha pustaka gujarAtI bhASA meM prakAzita huI thI, jo atyadhika lokapriya huii| hindI bhASA-bhASI bhI isase lAbhAnvita hoM, isa dRSTi se isakA hindI saMskaraNa bhI prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha pustaka pratyeka jaina parivAra meM paThanIya aura sabhI ke manana yogya hai| aise sundara prakAzana kA sarvatra Adara hogA, isameM sandeha nhiiN| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA nayanAbhirAma va mudraNa atyanta suspaSTa evaM sandara hai|

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204 zrIvijayarAmacandrasUri guNastutimAlA sampA0 munizrI mokSarativijaya; prakAzakazrI subodha candra nAnAlAla zAha, 12, devazruti apArTamenTa, 23, sarasvatI sosAyaTI, pAlar3I, ahamadAbAda-380007, gujarAta, AkAra- krAuna, pRSTha 6+58; prathama saMskaraNa 1999 I0, mUlya 50/- rupye| __ tapAgacchIya paramparA meM samaya-samaya para aneka prabhAvaka AcArya ho cuke haiN| isI krama meM 20vIM zatI ke prArambha meM hue AcArya vijaya rAmacandrasUri kA nAma atyanta Adara ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai| AcAryazrI kA vizAla ziSya samudAya Aja bhI unhIM ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| prastuta laghu pustaka meM AcAryazrI kI paramparA ke munijanoM vijayapuNyapAlasari jI, vijayamuktiprabhasUri, muni taporatnavijaya, munimokSarativijaya, muni samyakadarzanavijaya tathA bhAlacandra kavi, paM0 zivalAla nemacandrazAha, zrI subodhacandra nAnAlAla zAha evaM ku0 mInA zAmajI zAha Adi dvArA saMskRta bhASA meM racita una kRtiyoM kA saMkalana hai, jisameM AcAryazrI ke guNoM kA varNana hai| sarvazreSTha kAgaja para mudrita isa pustaka kI sAja-sajjA atyanta nayanAbhirAma aura mudraNa kalApUrNa hai| yogaviMzikA racanAkAra-AcArya haribhadrasUri; vRttikAra- maho0 yazovijaya gaNi; gujarAtI bhASA meM vivecaka- paMnyAsa abhayazekhara vijayagaNi; saMzodhaka AcArya zrI jayaghoSasUri jI; prakAzaka- divyadarzana TrasTa, 39, kalikuMDasosAyaTI, . dholakA-387810, gujarAta, prathama saMskaraNa- vi0 saM0 2055, AkAraDimAI, pakkI jilda bAiMDiga, pRSTha 16+288, mUlya 100/- rupaye maatr| prastuta kRti I0 san kI 8vIM zatAbdI meM hue mahAn granthakAra yAkinI mahattarAsUnu vidyAdharakulIna AcArya haribhadrasUri dvArA racita yogaviMzikA para vikrama samvat kI 17vIM-18vIM zatI ke prakhyAt racanAkAra mahopAdhyAya yazovijayagaNi dvArA likhita TIkA kI gujarAtI bhASA meM likhI gayI bRhad vivecanA hai jo paMnyAsa zrI abhayazekharagaNi dvArA praNIta hai| isameM sabase pahale mUla gAthA, phira usake pazcAt usa para racI gayI vRtti, vRtti kA artha, tatpazcAt usakA vistRta vivecana hai| cUMki yaha vivecana gujarAtI bhASA meM haiM ata: isase vahI lAbha uThA sakate haiM jo ukta bhASA ke jAnakAra haiN| aise mahattvapUrNa grantha kA hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita honA aparihArya hai tAki isakA adhikAdhika pracAra-prasAra ho ske| uttama kAgaja para suspaSTa mudrita grantha kA mUlya bhI alpa hI hai| gujarAtI jaina samAja meM isakA atyadhika Adara hogA, isameM sandeha nhiiN| zrI zramaNa kriyAnAM sUtro prakA0- zrI zrutajJAna prasAraka sabhA, ahamadAbAda, tRtIya saMskaraNa 1982 I0, AkAra- rAyala, pakkI bAiMDiMga, pRSTha 348, mUlya 13/- rupye|

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205 prastuta pustaka meM prAcIna jaina granthoM meM ullikhita zramaNa jIvana meM Avazyaka kriyAoM kA saMkalana kara unakA gurjarAnuvAda diyA gayA hai| prathama vibhAga meM sAdhu-sAdhvI yogya kriyAsatroM ke antargata paMcaparameSThI namaskAra mahAmantra, sAmAyikasUtra, daivasika aticAra, rAtrika aticAra, pAkSika aticAra, sAdhu-pratikramaNa, pAkSikasUtra, pAkSika khAmaNA Adi kA 200 pRSThoM meM vistRta vivecana hai| dvitIya vibhAga meM 3 pariziSTa diye gaye haiM jinake antargata vibhinna niyamoM, upaniyamoM Adi kA vistRta vivecana hai| eka zramaNa kI dinacaryA kitanI duSkara hotI hai, yaha bAta isa pustaka ke avalokana se bhalI-bhA~ti spaSTa ho jAtI hai| alpAvadhi meM hI isa pustaka kA tIsarI bAra prakAzana honA isakI lokapriyatA kA jvalanta pramANa hai| bhadrodayamahAkAvya aparanAma samudradattacarita racanAkAra- mahAkavi AcArya zrI jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja; sampAdaka- DaoN0 ramezacandra jaina evaM zrI nihAlacandra jaina; aMgrejI anuvAdaka- DaoN0 rAjahaMsa gupta, prakAzaka- AcArya jJAnasAgara vAgartha vimarza kendra, vyAvara evaM bhagavAn RSabhadeva granthamAlA, zrI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra, mandira saMghI jI, sAMgAnera, jayapura; prathama saMskaraNa-1999 I0, AkAra-DimAI, pakkI bAiMDiMga, pRSTha 4+31+114; mUlya- 100/- rupye| bIsavIM zatI meM jaina dharma ke mahAn prabhAvaka AcAryoM meM sva0 AcArya zrI jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja kA nAma atyanta Adara ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai| unake dvArA saMskRta aura hindI bhASA meM race gaye granthoM se Aja sampUrNa vidvadjagat bhalI-bhA~ti suparicita hai| prastuta kRti bhadrodayamahAkAvya aparanAma samudradattacarita unake dvArA racita eka laghu kRti hai jisameM 9 sarga aura 345 zloka haiN| racanA ke anta meM racanAkAra dvArA 4 zlokoM kI prazasti bhI dI gayI hai| prastuta pustaka meM pratyeka zloka ke sAtha usakA AMglAnuvAda bhI diyA gayA hai| pustaka ke prArambha meM 20 pRSThoM meM vidvAn sampAdakadvaya ne AcAryazrI kI pramukha kRtiyoM kA saMkSipta kintu mahattvapUrNa vivaraNa diyA hai, jo atyanta upayogI hai| cUMki yaha grantha AMglAnuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita huA hai ata: isakA mahattva aura bhI bar3ha jAtA hai| yaha kRti pratyeka pustakAlaya ke liye saMgrahaNIya aura vidvadjanoM ke liye paThanIya hai| aise mahattvapUrNa grantha ke sampAdana, AMglAnuvAda evaM prakAzana ke liye sampAdaka, anuvAdaka evaM prakAzaka sabhI badhAI ke pAtra haiN| paryuSaNapravacana, pravacanakAra- munizrI candraprabhasAgara; prakAzaka- jitayazA phAunDezana, 9sI, esplAneDa IsTa, kalakattA 700069; dvitIya saMskaraNa1997 I0, pRSTha 4+107; AkAra- DimAI; mUlya 17/- rupaye maatr| agama ko sugama aura kaThina ko sahaja banAne kI kalA vastuta: prazaMsanIya hotI hai| munizrI candraprabhasAgara jI isa kalA meM siddhahasta haiN| prastuta pustaka munizrI dvArA For

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206 kalpasUtra evaM paryuSaNa parva para diye gaye pravacanoM kA saMgraha hai| paryuSaNa ke avasara para kalpasUtra kA pAramparika rUpa se pArAyaNa kiyA jAtA hai| munizrI ne ise nayA AyAma dete hue samaya sApekSa banA diyA hai| isa pustaka kI lokapriyatA kA sahaja hI pramANa hai isakA 1 varSa meM hI dUsarI bAra punarmudraNa honaa| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA atyanta AkarSaka va mudraNa suspaSTa hai| aise sundara prakAzana ko alpamUlya meM upalabdha karAne hetu prakAzaka badhAI ke pAtra haiN| cintana pravAha : sevA se zreyasa kI ora lekhaka- zrI jamanAlAla jaina; prakAzaka- zrI mUlacanda bar3ajAte, adhyakSa- anekAnta svAdhyAya mandira, rAmanagara, vardhA-442001, mahArASTra; prathama saMskaraNa- 1999 I0, pRSTha 256, AkAra-- DimAI, mUlya 75/- rupaye maatr| prastuta pustaka prabuddha cintaka aura suprasiddha gAMdhIvAdI vicAraka zrI jamanAlAla jaina ke katipaya maulika lekhoM kA saMkalana hai jo unake 75veM janmadivasa para unake AtmIya mitrajanoM dvArA pradatta Arthika sahayoga se prakAzita karAyA gayA hai| pustaka 6 khaNDoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama khaNDa- 'mAnavatA ke mandarAcala mahAvIra' meM kula 6 lekha haiN| inameM vidvAn lekhana ne mahAvIra ke sambandha meM apane maulika vicAra rakhe haiN| dvitIya khaNDa 'satya-ahiMsA aura parigraha' ko samarpita hai| isameM 10 lekhoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| tRtIya khaNDa 'zrAvaka-sAdhaka' ko samarpita hai| isameM kula 7 lekha haiN| caturtha khaNDa 'sAhitya va samAja' meM bhI 7 lekha haiN| paJcama khaNDa 'cintana kI pagaDaMDiyAM' meM 19 lekha aura 'apane ghara meM' nAmaka SaSTam khaNDa meM 10 lekhoM kA saMkalana hai| isa khaNDa ke 4 lekha jamanAlAla jI ke tathA zeSa 6 lekha unakI putriyoM evaM anya AtmIyajanoM ke haiN| pratyeka lekha apane ApameM maulika evaM krAMtikArI vicAroM se ota-prota hai| pustaka ke anta meM lekhaka kI sAhitya sevA kA bhI vistRta paricaya diyA gayA hai| cUMki ye sabhI lekha vigata 50 varSoM meM vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita hae haiM aura aba ve aprApya se ho gaye haiM ata: aisI sthiti meM unake lekhoM kA eka sthAna para prakAzita honA apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa hai| isase adhikAdhika logoM meM krAntikArI lekhaka ke vicAroM kA pracAra-prasAra hogA, isameM sandeha nhiiN| aise sundara prakAzana ke liye prakAzaka saMsthA aura usase jur3e vidvAn badhAI ke pAtra haiN| chandazataka racanAkAra- kavivara vRndAvanadAsa; sampAdaka- zrI jamanAlAla jaina, prakAzaka- akhila bhAratIya digambara jaina zAstripariSad 261/3, paTela nagara, mujaphpharanagara, u0pra0, dvitIya saMzodhita saMskaraNa, vIra nirvANa samvata 2525, AkAra- DimAI, pRSTha 55, mUlya 10/- rupaye maatr| vikrama samvat kI 19vIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM hue kavivara vRndAvanadAsa jI caubIsa

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207 jinoM kI caubIsa pUjAoM ke racayitA ke rUpa meM digambara jaina paramparA meM vikhyAta haiN| unhIM dvArA viracita prastuta kRti chandazataka eka laghukAya kintu mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isameM chandoM kI nirmANa vidhi ke sAtha-sAtha aneka mahattvapUrNa chandoM ko svaracita udAharaNoM ke mAdhyama se samajhAyA gayA hai| yaha pustaka zrI jamanAlAla jaina dvArA sampAdita hokara 1948 I0 meM mAnakheTa jaina saMsthAna se prakAzita huI thii| pustaka ke prArambha meM svanAmadhanya sva0 DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina dvArA likhita prastAvanA aura zrI jamanAlAla jI dvArA likhita vRndAvanadAsa jI kA jIvana paricaya atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| prastuta pustaka na kevala bhaktajanoM balki itihAsajJoM aura sAhityarasikoM ke liye bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hone se pratyeka pustakAlayoM ke liye saMgrahaNIya hai| aise sundara evaM mahattvapUrNa grantha ko atyanta alpa mUlya para upalabdha karAne ke liye bhI sampAdaka evaM prakAzaka donoM hI abhinandanIya haiN| paryoM kI parikramA, AcArya zrI devendramuni jI zAstrI, prakAzaka- zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, guru puSkara mArga, udayapura 313001, prakAzana varSa 1999 I0, pRSTha 11+255, AkAra-DimAI, pakkI bAiMDiMga, mUlya 100 rupye| prastuta pustaka zramaNa saMgha ke tRtIya paTTadhara sva0 AcArya devendramuni jI zAstrI dvArA vibhinna parvo ke avasara para diye gaye 21 pravacanoM kA saMkalana hai| ye pravacana bahuta hI sarala aura jIvanasparzI haiN| jIvana kI samasyAoM ko sparza kara samAja ke vAtAvaraNa ko jhakajhorane kI inameM adbhuta kSamatA hai| apane pravacanoM meM AcAryazrI pratIkAtmaka preraNAoM ke mAdhyama se janasAmAnya ko gUr3hatama tathya sahaja hI prastuta karate rahe haiN| isa pustaka meM vaicArika sAmagrI adhika aura kathAprasaMga apekSAkRta kama haiN| paryoM kI preraNA para isameM bahuta bala diyA gayA hai| Aja parvo ko jIvana meM Amoda-pramoda kA mAdhyama mAna liyA gayA hai jabaki inake mUla meM jIvana pariSkAra va jIvana saMskAra kI preraNA nihita hai| isI dRSTi se yaha pustaka saMkalita kI gayI hai| isake do bhAga haiN| prathama bhAga meM AdhyAtmika parvo- paryuSaNa, saMvatsarI, jJAnapaJcamI, akSayatRtIyA Adi para kula 10 nibandha haiN| dvitIya bhAga meM rakSAbandhana, zrAddha, vijayAdazamI, dIpAvalI, vasantapaJcamI, holI Adi kI carcA meM 21 nibandha diye gaye haiN| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA atyanta AkarSaka tathA mudraNa suspaSTa aura truTirahita hai| yaha pustaka zodhArthiryoM evaM janasAmAnya donoM ke liye samAna rUpa se upayogI hai| AcArya zrI dvArA vibhinna paryoM para diye gaye pravacanoM ko pustakAkAra rUpa meM prakAzita kara prakAzaka saMsthA ne janasAmAnya kA upakAra kiyA hai| isa pustaka kA mahattva isaliye bhI hai ki yaha sambhavata: AcAryazrI kI antima pustaka hai| pratiSThAralAkara praNetA- paM0 gulAbacandra 'puSpa', sampA0-50 darabArI lAla koThiyA evaM brahmacArI jaya 'nizAMta', prakAzaka-prIta vihAra jaina samAja (raji.),

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208 mahAvIra jinAlaya, epha0 blAka, prItavihAra, dillI 92, prathama saMskaraNa, AkArarAyala aThapejI, pakkI jilda, pRSTha 14+97+625, aneka yaMtra-citrAdi sahita, mUlya 200/- rupye| digambara jaina samAja meM bahuta samaya se sarvamAnya pratiSThApATha taiyAra karane kI AvazyakatA rahI hai jisake pariNAmasvarUpa paM0 nAthUlAla jI zAstrI ne pratiSThApradIpa nAmaka grantha kI racanA kii| isI krama meM paM0 gulAbacandra jI 'puSpa' dvArA taiyAra kI gayI prastuta pustaka hai| yaha 15 paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| inake antargata abhiSeka, pUjA, havana, jinabimba pratiSThA kA mahattva, pratiSThAkAraka ke lakSaNa, pratiSThAcArya ke lakSaNa, pratiSThAphala, madiranirmANavidhi, pratimAnirmANavidhi, muhUrtAvalI, yAgamaNDala, paJcakalyANakapUjA, bAhubali bimbapratiSThA, mAnastambha pratiSThA, AcArya, upAdhyAya, sAdhubimbapratiSThA, caraNa pAdukApratiSThA, yaMtra pratiSThA, vedI pratiSThA, kalazArohaNa, mantrAdhikAra, yaMtrAdhikAra Adi kA vistRta vivaraNa hai jo prAcIna pratiSThApAThoM para AdhArita hai| pustaka kA mudraNa AkarSaka aura nirdoSa hai| yaha pustaka pratyeka zraddhAlu jainoM ke liye anivArya rUpa se saMgrahaNIya aura mananIya hai| digambara jaina samAja meM isakA sarvatra Adara hogA, isameM koI sandeha nhiiN| aise upayogI grantha ke praNayana aura uttama rIti se sampAdana ke liye lekhaka aura vidvAna sampAdakagaNa badhAI ke pAtra haiN| prItavihAra jaina samAja, dillI ne na kevala isake prakAzana kA vyaya vahana kiyA balki ise lAgata mUlya para upalabdha bhI karAyA hai tAki isakA adhikAdhika pracAra-prasAra ho ske| aise sundara aura lokopayogI prakAzana ke liye prakAzaka saMsthA badhAI kI pAtra hai| hamAre pUrvaja : hamAre hitaiSI, saMkalaka-zrI subodhakumAra jaina, sampAdakazrI jugalakizora jaina, prakAzaka- jaina siddhAnta bhavana, devAzrama, ArA (bihAra) 802301, prathama saMskaraNa 1999 I0, AkAra- DimAI, pRSTha 13+139, mUlya 25/- rupye| jaina dharma-darzana ke sAmAnya adhyetAoM ko jainasiddhAntabhAskara nAmaka zodha patrikA tathA use prakAzita karane vAlI saMsthA jainasiddhAntabhavana kI svalpa jAnakArI to hai, parantu ise sthApita karane vAle mahApuruSa kauna the? isa vaMza meM kauna-kauna se prasiddha sAhitya va samAjasevI hue, isa bAta kI jAnakArI mAtra ine-gine logoM taka hI thI aura vaha bhI alpa rUpa meN| isa pustaka ke prakAzita ho jAne se na kevala jaina samAja, balki janasAmAnya ko bhI isa saMsthA ke saMsthApaka aura unake parijanoM se sambandhita prAmANika jAnakArI prApta ho skegii| isa pustaka ke saMkalaka

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209 jainasiddhAntabhavana ke AdhArastambha bAbU nirmalakumAra jI ke suputra bAbU subodhakumAra jI haiN| unhoMne atyanta zramapUrvaka jainasiddhAntabhAskara tathA anyatra prakAzita vibhinna lekhoM ko saMkalita aura unheM prakAzita kara eka mahAn kArya kiyA hai| yaha preraNAdAyI pustaka sabhI Ayu va sabhI varga ke logoM ke liye paThanIya va mananIya hai| isa pustaka kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki ise par3hane ke pazcAt pAThaka ke mana meM svata: yaha preraNA uThane lagatI hai ki vaha aisI anupama saMsthA kA eka bAra avazya darzana kara apane jIvana ko kRtArtha kre| aise preraNAdAyI pustaka ke saMkalana, sampAdana va prakAzana ke liye saMkalanakAra, sampAdaka va prakAzaka sabhI abhinandanIya haiN| ___ zrI lakSmaNabhAI bhojaka abhinandanA sampAo- DaoN0 jitendra bI0 zAha, prakAzaka- sambodhi saMsthAna, 'darzana', rANakapura sosAyaTI ke sAmane, zAhIbAga, ahamadAbAda-387004, prathama saMskaraNa-2000 I0, AkAra- rAyala, pRSTha 7+134, mUlya 75/- rupye| prAcIna hastalikhita granthoM ke lipivizeSajJa ke rUpa meM zrI lakSmaNabhAI bhojaka dvArA jaina samAja ko dI gayI sevAoM se hama sabhI paricita haiN| purAtattvAcArya sva0 muni jinavijaya aura AgamaprabhAkara sva0 muni puNyavijaya jI ke nikaTa sahayogI ke rUpa meM vibhinna prAcIna grantha bhaNDAroM meM unhoMne prAcIna granthoM ke saMrakSaNa, sampAdana Adi viSayaka jo mahAn kArya sampanna kiye haiM ve Aja kI pIr3hI ke liye Adarza haiN| aise mahAn vidvAn kA abhinandana kara sambodhi saMsthAna svayaM gauravAnvita huA hai| prastuta pustaka meM zrI lakSmaNabhAI ke samparka meM Aye vibhinna AcAryoM, munijanoM, vidvAnoM Adi ke saMsmaraNa, zubhakAmanAoM Adi ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| yadi pustaka ke eka bhAga meM Apake kucha lekhoM ko bhI sthAna diyA jAtA to aura bhI uttama hotaa| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA AkarSaka evaM mudraNa nirdoSa va suspaSTa hai| pustaka meM lakSmaNabhAI ke kucha citra bhI haiM jo ise aura bhI AkarSaka banA dete haiN| eka purAlipi vizeSajJa ke rUpa meM zrI lakSmaNa bhAI kA preraka jIvana paricaya pradAna karane meM yaha pustaka pUrNarUpeNa sakSama hai| bhAvI pIr3hI isase niHsandeha lAbhAnvita hogii| aisI ho jIne kI zailI munizrI candraprabha sAgara, prakAzaka- zrI jitayazA phAunDezana 9sI, esplAneDa ro IsTa, kalakattA, prakAzana varSa- 1999 I0, pRSTha 8+144, AkAra- DimAI, pakkI bAiMDiMga, mUlya 25 rupye| dhyAna kA vijJAna munizrI candraprabha sAgara, prakAzaka- uparokta, prakAzana varSa 1998 I0, pRSTha 4+109, AkAra- DimAI, pakkI bAiMDiMga, mUlya 20 rupye|

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210 mahAjIvana kI khoja munizrI candraprabha sAgara, varSa 1998 I0, pRSTha 6+162, AkAra25 rupye| - prakAzaka- - uparokta, DimAI, pakkI bAiMDiMga, mUlya prakAzana paMchI lauTe nIr3a meM munizrI candraprabhasAgara, prakAzakavarSa 1998 I0, pRSTha 8+162, AkAra25 rupye| uparokta, prakAzana DimAI, pakkI bAiMDiMga, mUlya na janma na mRtyu munizrI candraprabha sAgara, prakAzaka- uparokta, prakAzana varSa 1998 I0, pRSTha 10+187, AkAra- DimAI, pakkI bAiMDiMga, mUlya 30 rupaye / mahAguhA kI cetanA maho0 zrI lalitaprabhasAgara, prakAzakauparokta, prakAzana varSa 1998 I0, pRSTha 6+228, AkAra- DimAI, pakkI bAiMDiMga, mUlya 25 rupye| jhare dasahu~ diza motI maho0 zrI lalitaprabha sAgara; prakAzakauparokta, prakAzana varSa 1999 I0, pRSTha 8+210, AkAra - DimAI, pakkI bAiMDiMga, mUlya 30 rupaye | - mahopAdhyAya lalitaprabhasAgara aura munizrI candraprabhasAgara zramaNa paramparA ke dedIpyamAna nakSatra haiN| unakI lekhanI se aba taka saikar3oM grantha niHsRta ho cuke haiN| pravacana kalA meM siddhahasta munidvaya ke uparokta grantha vibhinna avasaroM para unake dvArA diye gaye pravacanoM ke saMgraharUpa haiN| gUDhatama viSayoM ko vibhinna udAharaNoM ke mAdhyama se janasAmAnya ko samajhA denA inakI vizeSatA hai| munidvaya ke pravacanoM ke prakAzita ho jAne se anya loga bhI unase lAbha uThA sakeMge / Apake pUrva ke granthoM kI bhA~ti ina granthoM kA bhI samAja meM bharapUra svAgata hogA, isameM sandeha nahIM hai / pratyeka grantha kI sAja-sajjA atyanta AkarSaka va mudraNa kalApUrNa hai| janasAmAnya meM pracAra-prasAra kI suvidhA hetu inakA mUlya bhI atyalpa hai| aise sundara pravacanoM ko prakAzita karane ke liye prakAzaka aura isameM artha sahayogI donoM hI badhAI ke pAtra haiN| mAnavatA ke mAnadaNDa (AcArya devendra muni ke pravacanoM kA saMgraha) : sampAdakapaNDitaratna zrI nemIcandra jI mahArAja, prakAzaka - zrItAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, guru puSkara mArga, udayapura, rAjasthAna, prathama saMskaraNa 1998 I0, AkAra - DimAI, pakkI jilda, pR0 16+404; mUlya 125/- rupaye / prastuta pustaka AcArya zrI devendramuni zAstrI dvArA samaya-samaya para diye gaye

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211 mAnavatA sambandhI pravacanoM kA saMkalana hai| isa grantha meM kula 19 pravacana saMkalita haiN| isakA sampAdana santaratna munizrI nemIcanda jI ne bar3e hI manoyogapUrvaka kiyA hai| inameM AcAryazrI ne hameM apane naitika, sAMskRtika aura AdhyAtmika stara ko Upara uThAne kI preraNA dI hai| manuSya zarIra kI mahattA, brahmANDa meM manuSya kA zreSThatva, isa zreSThatva ko prApta karane, isakI sArthakatA, pazutA aura mAnavatA meM antara, manuSyatA kI AdhArazilA- naitikatA Adi para kendrita yaha grantha pratyeka vyakti ke par3hane aura manana karane ke lie uttama aura preraNAspada hai| pustaka kI chapAI, kalevara, kAgaja evaM sAja-sajjA ati uttama hai| preraNA ke pAvana pala-AcAryazrI devendramuni zAstrI prakAzaka- zrI tArakaguru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura, rAjasthAna, prathama saMskaraNa 1998 I0, AkAra- DimAI; pakkI jilda, pR0 160, mUlya- 50/- rupye| AcAryazrI devendramuni zAstrI dvArA likhita isa pustaka meM kula 20 preraka kathAoM ko saMkalita kiyA gayA hai, jo vibhinna dharmagranthoM evaM lokakathAoM meM pracalita rahI haiN| isa grantha meM preraka pAtroM ke mAdhyama se manuSya ke guNoM ko ujAgara kiyA gayA hai tathA yaha bAta spaSTa kI gayI hai ki manuSya kI pahacAna usake guNoM se hI hotI hai| ina guNoM meM tyAga, sevA, saccAI, sadbhAva, dayAlutA, udAratA tathA satpuruSArtha pramukha haiN| grantha meM prakAzita kathAe~ inhIM guNoM ke irda-girda kendrita haiM tathA jIvana jIne kI zailI ko pratipAdita karane ke sUtrarUpa meM haiN| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA, mudraNa, sampAdana, kAgaja Adi ati uttama hai| mUlasaMgha aura usakA sAhitya, paM0 nAthUlAla jaina zAstrI, prakAzakakundakunda jJAnapITha, tukogaMja, indaura, pRSTha 202, prathama saMskaraNa, mUlya 70.00 / samAja ke bahuzruta vidvAn paM0 nAthU lAla jI zAstrI kI yaha kRti pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke pUrva nidezaka prophesara sAgaramala jI dvArA likhita 'jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya' nAmaka pustaka ke uttara meM likhI gaI hai| isameM unhoMne AcArya guNadhara aura unake kasAyapAhuDa ko AcArya dharasena aura unake SaDkhaNDAgama se pUrvavartI siddha kara AcArya kundakunda aura mUlasaMgha ko prAcIna siddha kiyA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura tiloyapaNNatti ke una uddharaNoM kI bhI mImAMsA kI gaI hai jinake AdhAra para unheM mUla se yApanIya kahA gayA hai| grantha paThanIya, vicAraNIya aura saMgrahaNIya hai| The Doctrine of Jainas -- by Walther Schubring, published by Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi, 200, p. 388, Price- Rs. 295/-. The original book "Die Lehre der Jainas, nach den alten quellen dargestellt" had been published in 1934 and its English translation in

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212 1978. This is its revised edition prepared by Willem Bollee and Jayendra Soni containing three indices. The author has tried to put the essence of Jainism in a lucid way in the light of history, cosmology and cosmography. The book also gives an idea of what has been accomplished by western scholars during a period of about one hundred and fifty years. It is worthwhile for the libraries. Collected Papers on Jaina Studies -- by Padmanabh S. Jaini, Publisher - Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi, First edition, 2000, p. 428, Price- 395/-. Professor P.S. Jaini, Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of California at Berkeley is a renowned scholar of both the streams of Jainism and Buddhism. He is best known for the Jain Path of Purification' published in 1979. This was followed in 1991 by Gender and Salvation and Jaina Debates on the spiritual liberation of women. The present work is a collection of twenty one papers on various topics divided into six sections- i) Introduction of Jain faith, ii) Jain studies, iii) Some Aspects of Reality in Jainas Doctrine, iv) Some aspects of Karma theory, v) Jaina Ethics and Praxis, and vi) Jaina Puranas. These papers covered a broader outlook of Jainism and humanity, Ahimsa, Reality, Rebirth, Samayika etc. Prof. Jaini has dealt these topics with his full gravity of scholarship. The book can be considered standard and for conducting research work in Sramanic studies. Sudha Sagar Hindi-English Jaina Dictionary, Editor- Dr. Ramesh Chandra Jain, Publisher- Digambar Jain Atishaya Kshetra Mandir, Sanganer, Jaipur, First edition 1999, p. 380, Price - Rs. 300/ The work is a compilation from all possible English renderings of Jaina Texts, Commentators and learned books. It does not submit the original texts, which would have been more useful. However, the Dictionary can be utilized for understanding Jainism in English. Jain Sanctuaries of the Fortress of Gwalior by T.V.G. Shastri, Publisher- Kundakunda Jnanapeeth, Indore, First edition 1997, p. 140, Price- 500/-. Dr. Shastri, former Director, Birla Archaeological and Cultural --

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213 Research Institute, Hyderabad has taken up the painstaking but noble task of documenting, describing and systematically analysing the Jaina shrines, and sculpturas of Gwalior in the present monograph. He traced out the history of Gwalior right from stone age to modern times. The importance of the site could be well understood through this book. Dr. Shastri has rendered a real service to Jaina art and archictecture by evaluting the rock shelters of the Fortress of Gwalior. Jaina Theory of Mutiple Facets of Reality and Truth (Anekantavada), Edited by Nagin J. Shah, Published by Motilal Banarasidas and B.L. Institute of Indology, Delhi, First edition 2000, p.148, Price- Rs. 200/ The present volume is a collection of the articles submitted at the Seminar on "Jain Logic and Epistemology" organised by the BLI in 1990 under the stewardship of the late Dr. B.K. Matilal, Emeritus Professor at Oxford, U.K. The writers of these articles are B.K. Matilal, K.C. Bhattacharya, Atsushi Uno, U.M. Kulkarni, V. Venkatachalam, Pradeep Gokhle, D.S. Kothari, L.V. Joshi, Dayanand Bhargava, Bhagchandra Jain Bhaskar and Dr. Ramjee Singh. The volume is wirthwhile for both libraries and individual. Bulletin d'Etudes Indiennes, Editor: Nalini Balbir, Paris, Volume 16, 1998, pp. 361-363. 19. Hazarimull Banthia, Dr. Luitgard Soni, German Jain Sravika Dr. Charlotte Krause, Her Life & Literature, Vol. I. Compiled by Parsvanatha Vidyapitha, Varanasi 1999 (Parswanatha Vidyapitha Series No. 119), XXXVII+627 p., 14x22, 500 rupees; $ 40- Nalini Balbir. The intellectual development and the works of the German Indologist Dr. Charlotte Krause have been presented in the previous volume of this journal by Mrs. L. Soni, ("Charlotte Krause 1895 - 1980; Indologist and Jain scholar," pp. 299-310). These are reprinted in the book under review (p. xxv-xxvii), the publication of which is largely due to the efforts of H.M. Banthia, the enlightened Jaina layman; who set his heart upon making his compatriots and others better acquainted with the work of European scholars interested in his religion. He has already shown this by working towards the rehabilitation of Luigo Pio Gessitori, an Italian contemporary of Charlotte Krause who, like her, left Europe

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214 when quite young, experienced a profound attraction towards Jainism and lived to the end of his life in India. Charlotte Krause on her part went even further. She took Indian nationality, converted to Jainism and was known for some time under the name of Subhadra Devi. These facts explain the attribute "German Jain Sravika", applied to her. At a later period in her life, and for reasons not made clear here but which can be read between the lines, there came a certain disenchantment towards Jainism. In her sixties, Charlotte Krause re-entered the Catholic Church and shut herself up in Gwalior where she lived and where her tomb (photo in the frontispiece) is to be found. In his foreword, Mr. S.R. Sarma, specialist in history of science and retired professor of Aligarh Muslim University, a large part of whose studies were done in Marburg, narrates briefly the role of German scholarship in the development of Indology and lists a number of German specialists in Jaina studies (Strangely, for the present period, the name of Mme. A Mette is missing). The main part of the book is a re-arrangement of the minor writings of Charlotte Krause, distributed in three sections according to the language in which they were written for she spoke, besides English, fluently Hindi and Gujarati (English ten articles, pp. 3-226; Hindi, 2 articles, pp. 229-272; six articles, pp. 275-310). The fourth section of the book contains the most well known major works of the author and this is a welcome initiative: Ancient Jaina Hymns (published in Gwalior in 1952 but difficult to find now) which bring together the original texts of eight hymns, annotated and provided with commentaries. It is an useful collection and it is one of the few systematic works available until now in the immense field of Stotra and other Jaina Stutis, still too little studied. With regard to the annotated edition with grammar and glossary of the Nasaketari Katha (Leipzig 1925; here pp. 465-595) which was originally the doctoral thesis of the author, it is hardly necessary to stress its importance for the knowledge of New Indo-Aryan languages of western India, on which they throw an extremely valuable light. If it contained only these two monographs, the present volume would already have been indispensable. But it allows, on the other hand, the reader to discover thousands of little known facets of the history and literature of the Jainas, all through the articles, apparently more anecdotal

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215 but also very interesting, which are assembled in the other sections. Besides philological researches which deal with the examination of unknown texts (e.g. "Poetical Biography of Sri Vijaya Dharma Suri," pp. 198-213; the Sajjha and Stuti in Old Gujarati p. 275 ff., etc); one can read general or comprehensive essays which, it should be noted, are written from the insider's viewpoint ("The Kaleidoscope of Jaina Wisdom", "An Interpretation of Jaina Ethics", "The Heritage of the Last Arhat," pp. 3-86); and there are also articles which make assertions that cannot please everybody (such as the one about the stifling atmosphere of the caste system which, according to the author, the Jaina in the present times; "The Social Atmosphere of Present Jainism", pp. 93-104, the same in Hindi version, pp. 263-272). The Introduction by Prof. Sagarmal Jain (pp. ix-xxi), well known for his works on Jaina Philosophy, recalls the personality of Charlotte Krause (whom he knew personally) and is, at the same time, a lucid presentation and critique of the works reproduced in the book; nor does it evade the questions, even difficult questions, raised in the life sketch. It allows the reader to have a balanced view of the collected works which are presented here. Despite a few printing mistakes here and there (the book is entirely recomposed, the articles are not reproduced mechanically), the printing and layout of this book are excellent and pleasing. The paper is of good quality. There is only one fault: if the place of publication and the original pagination of the articles had been indicated before each text, it would have been easier and without much difficulty to locate the references. This inconvenience could have been avoided, for instance, by indicating the original page numbers in bold square brackets. Be that as it may, one fervently hopes that the Parsvanatha Vidyapitha, the Jaina Institute whose recent publications are of increasingly high quality, or some other Indian publisher takes up the publication of similar works which are unfortunately not well known and make them accessible to scholars of Indian Studies. Translated by Dr. Renate Sarma AcArAGga : prathama zruta-skandha, prathama adhyayana, prAkRta jaina vidyA vikAsa 405, 37646&C, 8889, my 840/- 547, 48 30+386. prAkRta jaina vidyA vikAsa phaNDa dvArA prakAzita aura DaoN0 ke0A 0candra dvArA

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216 sampAdita AcArAGga : prathama zrutaskandha, prathama adhyayana pustaka jahA~ jaina AgamoM ke sampAdana kI arvAcIna paramparA kA Adarza namUnA peza karatA hai vahIM unakI isa kSetra kI sAdhanA kA yaha jvalanta pratIka bana gayA hai| pUjya Agama prabhAkara muni zrI puNyavijayajI dvArA vyakta kI gaI abhilASA, Aja DaoN0 candrA ke dvArA bhale eka adhyayana ke rUpa meM hI sahI, paripUrNa huI hai, yaha jaina saMzodhana kSetra kI eka romaharSaka ghaTanA kahI jAyagI / 'saMpatsyate hi mama ko'pi samAnadharmA' bhavabhUti kI yaha ukti yahA~ caritArtha hotI hai| jaba maiM pAli bhASA ke paricaya meM AyA to eka prazna uThA ki jaina AgamoM kI bhASA bhI usI deza - kAla kI hai to donoM meM itanA antara kyoM ? isa sampAdita prathama adhyayana ko dekhane para samAdhAna huaa| aba pAli aura ardhamAgadhI meM utanA hI antara mAlUma hotA hai jitanA ki dakSiNa aura uttara gujarAta kI gujarAtI meM ho sakatA hai| pAli 'tripiTaka' bahuta pahale hI bhArata se bAhara cale gae aura vahA~ jaise ke taise raha ge| jaina AgamoM ko zatakoM meM jaina zramaNoM ke badalate hue uccAroM se prabhAvita honA pdd'aa| Aja ke saMzodhanapradhAna aura ucita suvidhApUrNa samaya meM mUla bhASA taka pahu~cane ke dvAra khule haiM, phira bhI yaha kArya atyanta zramasAdhya hai / isa grantha ke pratyeka pRSTha para pracaNDa parizrama ke darzana hote haiN| isa prakAzana ke lie DaoN0 candrA ko badhAI aura isI praNAlI para AcArAGga, sUyagaDaMga jaise prAcIna AgamoM kA punaH sampAdana DaoN0 candrA ke hAthoM se hI sampanna ho, aisI maGgala-kAmanA preSita karatA hU~ / muni bhuvanacandra / Acaranga: Linguistically A Critical Edition of the First Chapter of the First Part, Edited by Prof. Dr. K. R. Chandra, Prakrit Jain Vidya Vikas Fund, Ahmedabad, Pages : xxii + 328, 1997, Price: Rs. 150/-. The great teachers Mahavira and Gautama Buddha (Circa 600 B.C. according to Europeans and 1600 B.C. according to Yugabda) were contemporaries. They lived in adjacent areas and preached their gospels practically to the same people living in the same area. But the texts of their teachings that have come down to us show as if they belonged to different centuries, Pali appearing to be older than ArdhaMagadhi (AMg). The reasons are historical. Pali the fortunate of the two, got royal patrons like Asoka and Kaniska, while tracts of AMg. were preserved in their memory by Jain sages who depended on the support of their community which itself had to go through different vicissitudes resulting in their migration towards the West in the Maharastri-speaking area.

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Not that the present Pali is the actual Buddha-Vacana (Buddha's speech). Nor is it the language of the first Sangiti at Rajagrha, convened by Maha Kassapa immediately after the emancipation (nirvana) of Buddha and tried to pool together Buddha's words as remembered by 500 direct disciples of Buddha. 217 Dr. B.C. Law in his History of Pali Literature traces in Pali the influence of Western Prakrits, especially the Girnar Edict of Asoka. Whatever be the reason, but Pali could retain some semblance to its older form. AMg. texts were preserved in their memory by Jain sages. But when devastating famines visited Magadha, their patrons ordinary people themselves became victims of the famine and could hardly support the sages--repositories of certain sections of the Agama. Hiralal Kapadia in his History of the Canonical Literature of the Jains gives us a long list of such sections which are irretrievably lost. Hemacandra,. the great polymath, in his Commentary on Yoga Sutras notes: "Finding that the Jina Vacana (Jain Canon) was almost lost (ucchinna-praya) as a result of the famine the revered Acaryas Nagarjuna and Skandila got (the remnant of it) written down in books"(jinavacanaM duSSamAkAlavazAducchinnaprAyamiti matvA bhagavadbhirnAgArjuna - skandilAcAryaprabhRtibhiH pustakeSu nyastam / ) Finally Devardhi Gani convened a conference at Valabhi in Kathiawad (Gujrat) in the 6th Cent. A.D. and recorded the available AMg. canon in books. This is generally regarded as the standard AMg. Canon now. After the fixation of the Canon, the era of scribal errors, emendations and additions (all unauthorised) began. I was not surprised when I found six inexplicable variants of the word ksetrajna (5) in Mumbai's Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya (MJV.) edition of the Acaranga Sutrain Dr. Chandra's Hindi book: Pracina Ardhamagadhi ki Khoj mem. As a text critic, one gets used to it. But I was surprised to find that Dr. Chandra collected 75000 forms (cards) from ancient Jaina texts like Acaranga, Sutrakrtanga, Rsi-bhasitani, Uttaradhayana, Dasavaikalika and compared them with those in Pali Sutta-nipata and Eastern Edicts of Asoka. With

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218 such temendous labour, Dr. Chandra could ascertain some linguistic characteristics of the Jina Vacana--that too when no Prakrit grammarians including Hemacandra, treated AMg. in their treatises. Dr. Candra's. work was trail-blazing. That was in 1991. Dr. Chandra persisted in his search for Jina Vacana. In 1994 Dr. Chandra published his monograph, "Restoration of the Original Language of Ardha-Magadhi Texts." Herein Dr. Chandra presents a critical comparative and scientific phonological and morphological study of variants of some vocables from Acararga, Part I (MJV. Ed. 1977) and their old variants available in palm-leaf and paper MSS. of the same text. It proves the obvious influence of Maharastri on AMg. canon due to environmental circumstances, passage of time and Maharastri-oriented scribes who were naturally inclined to use pro-Maharastri forms for corrections (?), emendations, additions, etc.. I doubt whether orthodox Jain teachers can (could) even think of "polluting" the Jina Vacana by modernising it for their followers. With my friend Satya Ranjan Banerjee, I congratulate Dr. Chandra for this brilliant piece of rescarch with meticulous care, though I do not agree with him (Dr. Banerjee) in tracing the affinity of AMg. with old Persian. The present work under review is an epoch-making piece of research. Herein Dr. Chandra tries to reconstruct the original AMg. canon of Acaranga, Part 1, Chapter 1. Dr. Chandra is eminently capable of undertaking this epoch-making -- somewhat revolutionary work. Dr. Chandra has tried to take us one step nearer the Jina Vacana. His method is realistic. He has taken the best available edition of the Acaranga, viz. of Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya, Mumbai (1977) as the basic text. It also contains some new AMg., i.e. pro-Maharastri forms. He substituted them with old AMg. forms culled from ancient (senior) AMg. texts like Sutrakitanga, Rsi-bhasitani, Uttaradhyayana. He did not try to emend the text as per his discretion. Thus the restored text appears like one excavated at Vaisali or some other ancient site in Magadha. He has given us an alphabetical list of such words utilised by him (Part V, pages, 167-195), a tabular statistical statement of phonological changes in AMg. (See Part IV, pages 157-166) and he

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219 modestly states that this statistic table shows general tendencies in sound-changes in old AMg. The most interesting part is his word to word comparison of his restored text with that in the editions of W. Schubring(1910), Agamodaya Samiti (1916), JVB. Ed. (1974) and MJV. Ed. Mumbai (1977). Any unbiased scholar will concede that the restored text presents the ancient AMg. (Part VI, Pages, 198-269), as compared with other editions of the Acararga. It is not feasible to discuss the phonological, morphological and syntactical characteristics of old AMg. in the context of the present work. I think the AMg. forms traceable to Vedic Skt. rather than to classical Skt. may be regarded as original or older AMg. forms. Thus forms like adhe in adhe disato, adha, idha, Aorist forms like ahesi ahamsu, akarissamcan be accepted as old AMg. Pischel in his Grammatik der Prakrit Sprachen (516, 517 & 518) has given Prakrit derivatives of Skt. past Imperfect and Perfect. On the basis of his variants from various old AMg. texts Dr. Chandra notes the following characteristics of old (or original) AMg. : (1) Retention of initial and medial dental nasal n, the change of jn, ny, nn to nn. For example -- (i) N retaineed : na, natthi, neva, jonio, anudisao, (ii) JN=NN : sanna (samjna), parinna (parijna), (iii) NY=NN : anne (anye), annesim (anyesam), (iv) NN=NN : paoivanna (pratipanna). There are exceptions which show change to crebral a. For example :nam (nunam), nana (jnana), appana (atman). (2) A tendency to retain intervocalic k, c, t, or p and occasionally to change them to g, j, d, (the earlier three respectively). The elision of medial consonants is Maharastrism. Thus kappati is an old AMg form while kappai shows the influence of Maharastri and hence a younger form.

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220 In morphology we find the following old terminartions preserved in the restored text: For example: Nom. Sg. -e (for the Maharastri -o which is frequently used in other texts of the Canon. Neuter Nom. and Acc. plural suffix -ni., Instrumental Sg. -ena (not enam), Instrumental Plutral in -hi (from Vedic-bhih as in karnebhih srunuyama devah), Ablative Sg. to., Locative Sg. -ssim (Old. Skt. - smin). Sometimes editors unaware of the -e termination of Nom. and Vocative Sg. create some confusion. The main reason is that old MSS. do not separate words in writing as we do so today. All the letters are written without any adequate gap between two words. Thus we find the opening sentence of Acaranga printed as follows: (i) Suyam me ausam tenam Bhagavaya evamakkhayam (suyaM me Au teNaM bhagavayA evamakkhAyaM ) / (ii) Sutam me ausamtena (or ausamtenam) Bhagavataevamakhatam (sutaM me AusaMteNa (athavA AusaMteNaM) bhagavatA evamakkhAtaM ) The Curni interpretes : maya avasata (4 1) "By me while worshipping." Tradition tells us that Sudharman heard it directly. It is to Jambu-svamin that he calls "ausam (Ayusman "Long-lived" (34). If the reading is taken as "Ausamtenam" (313+dui) that will qualify the instrumental Sg. Bhagavaya (4). To call the Lord "Ayusman" (3) is really strange. The sentence, if the letters are arranged as follows, makes a logically good sense: Sutam me ausamte nam Bhagavata evamakkhatam (sutaM me AusaMte NaM bhagavatA evamakkhAtaM ) "Oh Ayusman (Jambu)! I have heard etc." The forms ause, bhamte are common in other old AMg. texts and the Curnis (For details vide: Chandra on "AUSAMTE NAM" (3pzHA vi) in SRAMANA, July-Sept. 1995).

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221 Dr. Chandra has provided us with the text of the first chapter of the frist part of Acaranga as published by Prof. H. Jacobi, 1882. Jacobi was lucky in securing perhaps the oldest Ms.(of 1292 A.D.). It is noteworthy that the old German Scholar more than a century ago, with scant MSS. material, could sense the old AMg. forms. In a way it supports the restored text (by Dr. Chandra), though he was not then aware of it. Prof. Dr. K.R. Chandra, a devout Jain scholar, has been "haunted" with the cause of restoring the Jina Vacana to its pristine purity. He culled 75000 forms (cards) from old AMg. texts, pored over practically every letter of the standar editions of the Acaranga, studied text-critical problems of such Agamic works and presented a model edition of the Ist Adhyayana of the Acaranga which even Sudharman will appreciate from High Heavens. It is certainly creditable that Dr. Chandra has single-handedly prepared this excellent edition - a beacon for generations to come. But such epoch-making projects should be undertaken by some research institute founded for this specific purpose. Fortunately, Gujrat and Rajasthan have a number of good old Bhandaras. There are eminent scholars who can competently undertake such work. And the liberal munificence of the Svetambara Jain community will certainly finance such a project. G.V. Tagare

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