Jain Agam Itihas Evam Sanskriti

Author(s): Rekha Chaturvedi
Publisher: Anamika Publishers and Distributors P L
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/023137/1

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jaina Agama itihAsa evaM saMskRti rekhA caturvedI

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM AcArAMga sUtra, sUtrakRtAMga tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra; prAcInatA kI dRSTi se bauddha sAhitya se pratispardhA karate haiN| inako sAhityika sAkSya ke rUpa meM prayukta karake tatkAlIna samAja kI mAnasikatA. zramaNa saMskati kA udbhava aura vikAsa, dhArmika vizvAsa, dArzanika sampradAyoM kI mAnyatAoM, jaina saMgha ke svarUpa aura vikAsa caturvidha vyavasthA, saMgha jIvana aura saMgha bheda ke viSaya meM mahatvapUrNa jAnakArI saMkalita kI gaI hai| jaina nIti zAstra va siddhAntamahAvrata evaM aNuvrata kI carcA ke sAtha hI brAhmaNa dharma tathA bauddha dharma se yathAprasaMga samIkSA, tathA samasAmayika brAhmaNa tathA bauddha granthoM se tulanAtmaka citraNa saphalatApUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| samAja darzana, sAmAjika vyavasthA, arthavyavasthA, sAmAjika saMsthAeM, AgamakAlIna rAjanIti kI sthiti, pramukha ghaTanAeM, gaNa vyavasthA, nRpatantra tathA rAjanItika avadhAraNAoM kI vyAkhyA se yaha pustaka, isa viSaya ke vidvAnoM ke lie ati-upayogI siddha hogii| AI.esa.bI.ena. 81-86565-51-5 mUlya: 550 rupae

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jaina Agama itihAsa evaM saMskRti

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hRdaya aura karma meM sadaiva vidyamAna mAtA-pitA zrImatI zAradA devI evaM paM. bhairoM prasAda caturvedI

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jaina Agama itihAsa evaM saMskRti rekhA caturvedI

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anAmikA pablizarsa eMDa DisTrIbyUTarsa (prA.) limiTeDa 4697/3, 21-e, aMsArI roDa, dariyAgaMja naI dillI 110002 phona : 3281655, 3201531 prathama saMskaraNa : 2000 (c) rekhA caturvedI AI.esa.bI.ena. 81-86565-51-5 anAmikA pablizarsa eMDa DisTrIbyUTarsa (prA.) limiTeDa, 4697/3, 21-e, aMsArI roDa, naI dillI 110002 dvArA prkaashit| kampyUTeka sisTama, dillI-110093 dvArA TAipasaiTa, evaM triveNI oNphaseTa, dillI-110032 dvArA mudrita

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Amukha cittabhUmi kI khetI saMskRti hai| pichale haz2AroM varSoM meM bhArata ke manISiyoM ke mana-buddhicitta ke kSitija para aneka prakAra ke vilakSaNa indradhanuSoM ne apanI abhUtapUrva chaTA bikherI hai| mata-matAntaroM aura dharmoM ke udgama kA itihAsa, ApasI sabhyatA, vikAsa aura vaividhya ke kAraNa yaha sabhI mAnava-sabhyatA ke lie atyanta upAdeya, apAra tathA amUlya dharohara haiN| ina tathyoM ke kramabaddha jJAna ko pustaka ke rUpa meM lipibaddha karake DA. zrImatI rekhA caturvedI ne chAtroM-adhyApakoM-zodhArthiyoM-jijJAsu dharmiyoM aura 'adharmiyoM'-sabhI para bar3A upakAra kiyA hai| jaina tathA hindU donoM hI RSabha deva ko pUjya mAnate haiN| jahAM eka ora hindU unheM viSNu kA sAkSAta avatAra mAnate haiM, vahIM jaina-bandhu unheM sAdara Adi tIrthaMkara ke pada para AsIna karate haiN| baudhAyana dharmasUtra ke paMcavrata tathA brAhmaNoM ke saMnyAsa sambandhI vicAra bhI lagabhaga eka se hI haiN| ___ dharmoM ke udgama ke itihAsa se yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki kaba, kyoM, kahAM aura kisa prakAra bhArata ke RSiyoM kI vilakSaNa medhA ke 'bodhi-vRkSa' se naI dizAoM meM naI kopaleM phUTI thiiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Adi tIrthaMkara ke yuga meM bauddhika ceSTA kA carama vikAsa ruka-thama-sA gayA thaa| karma-siddhAnta kI bela para ekAMgI dRSTikoNa kI chAyA ke kAraNa mAnava-medhA kI kalikAeM anekAnta kI apanI sahaja kSamatA ko pUrI taraha prasphuTita karane ke lie akulA rahI thiiN| tatkAlIna dharma Adhe mArga meM ruke-khar3e-se mAnava kI sanAtana AkAMkSA 'bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya' ke pUrI taraha na phalane-phUlane ke kAraNa becaina the| pUrNa satya kaluSita ho cale the| nava-sRjana ke bhora kA intaz2Ara thaa| nimna varga kI dazA atyanta zocanIya thii| lekhikA ne varNana kiyA hai ki jAtaka kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki cUhe dvArA kATakara cithar3e banAe gae vastra zUdroM ko die jAte the| buddha deva ke netRtva meM cala rahe eka sAdhu samAja ke pIche pAMca sau vyakti jUThana khAne ke uddezya se jAte the| yadyapi parivartana ke dvArA aisI daridratA ko samApta karane kA mArga durlabha nahIM thA, kintu samasyAoM ke vyAvahArika samAdhAna kI dizA meM svara mukhara nahIM thaa| aise kaThina samaya meM, mahAvIra aura buddha ne mAnava ke samyaka utthAna kA prayAsa kiyaa| unhoMne kaThora tapa se nae saMskAroM kI bhUmi taiyAra kI, jJAna ke nae bIja boe aura unheM pallavita-puSpita

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vi* Amukha phalita kiyaa| yaha vizva kI bemisAla tathA adbhuta ghaTanA hai ki mahAvIra ne kisa prakAra saMyama-zIla-tapa kA jIvana jIkara bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUla udghoSa ko pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI pavitra tathA akSuNNa hI nahIM rakhA, varana satya ahiMsA aura vizva bandhutva kI TimaTimAtI lau ko alaukika jijIviSA pradAna kii| jaina manISiyoM ne vicAra se pahale AcAra ko mahatva diyaa| isa rujhAna para itanA adhika bala diyA gayA ki eka prayAsa ne to ajJAnavAda taka ko janma de diyaa| tIrthaMkaroM ne vizuddha caritra nirmANa ke lie kaThoratama niyama nirdhArita kie| unhoMne tapa ko zArIrika sundaratA kI gaMgotrI maanaa| unhoMne svayaM khaTakara, nicur3akara, nirdhArita kasauTI para khare utarakara ahiMsA ke atyanta kaThina carama mApadaNDa siddha kie| hiMsA ke vividha prakAroM kI mImAMsA kii| AcAryoM tathA zikSArthiyoM ke lie bhI upayukta lakSaNa taya kie| pustakoM meM jIvoM ke Azraya tathA unakI sambhAvita hiMsA tathA anya kAraNoM se prArambha meM nimrantha paripATI para adhika bala diyaa| bhaviSya meM yaha bhI zodha kA viSaya bana sakatA hai ki Arambha meM dharma ke nirgrantha bane rahane ke bAvajUda kisa prakAra sadiyoM taka usake prArUpa kI vizuddhatA ko bhASA-kSetrakAla tathA anya dharmoM kI bahulatA ke pariprekSya meM akSuNNa rakhA gyaa| prArambha meM smRti para adhika bala thaa| pustaka-lekhana ko doSa taka mAnA gayA thaa| preSaka aura grahItA ke bIca tathya-kathya ke mUla binduoM aura unake nirdhArita sampreSaNa ke prArUpa kI akSatatA ko pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI kisa prakAra banAe rakhA jAe yaha Adhunika sUcanA-vijJAna ke lie bhI atyanta upayogI viSaya hai| aise prayoga aneka bAra kie gae haiM jinameM grahItA ke eka bar3e samUha kI AMkhoM ke sAmane ghaTI huI ghaTanA kA vivaraNa sabhI se alaga-alaga liyA gyaa| ina prayogoM kA atyanta rocaka pariNAma yaha milA ki sabhI varNita kathyoM meM akasara avizvasanIya bhinnatA milii| ina tathyoM ke Aloka meM usa yuga meM sampreSaNa kI vizuddhatA banAe rakhanA kitanA kaThina rahA hogA isakA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| zruta kI paramparA ko eka satata-jIvanta pravAha mAnA gayA hai| usakA utsa sUtra hai| alpAkSaroM se guMthe sUtroM kA saMskRta rUpa, uccAraNa para vizeSa bala dekara, pitA-putra yA guru-ziSya paramparA ke mAdhyama se vedapAThiyoM ne sadiyoM taka manoyoga se kaise vizuddha banAe rakhA yaha pUre vizva ke itihAsa meM bhAratIya medhA kI vismayapUrNa upalabdhi rahI hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki zabdoM ke isa saghana tathA saMghIya vegavAna sUtra-pravAha meM yadA-kadA kucha artha-rUpa tirohita bhI haa| isake viparIta, jaina tIrthaMkaroM dvArA nirgranthatA ke yuga meM AcAra ke artharUpa meM kAlAntara meM parivartana Ane para kisa prakAra sAdhu-sammelana Ayojita kie gae tathA prathama vRhata pATilaputra-vAcanA dvArA smRti-saMkalana kiyA yaha bhI atyanta rocaka viSaya hai| ina sabhI saghana saMghIya prayAsoM ke bAvajUda, digambara tathA zvetAmbara do jaina-dhArAoM meM aura mahAyAna va hInayAna do buddha-dhArAoM meM paMtha vibhAjana hue, yaha aitihAsika tathya

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Amukha * vii bhI mAnava kI cittabhUmi ke sahaja svabhAva kI vividhatA kA pramANa hai tathA sAdhanoM aura mArgoM kI bahulatA kI anivAryatA tathA antarnihita anizcitatA kI ora spaSTa rUpa se iMgita karatA hai| sAtha-hI-sAtha, yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki paMthoM kI pavitra AcAra-vicAragaMgA ne hI zAyada lahUluhAna itihAsa ke bIca bhI Ama bhAratIya ko barbara hone se sadiyoM taka bacAe rkhaa| Aja kI hiMsA ke tAMDava ke pariprekSya meM ahiMsA ke AcAra-vicAra kA aisA adbhuta itihAsa aura itanA vyApaka prabhAva hameM kyA sikhAtA hai yaha bhI adhika spaSTa, mukhara aura mUlyavAna ho jAtA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaidika, jaina aura buddha kI paramparAoM meM AcAra-vicAra kI kathanI-karanI ke bIca kA vilupta hotA antarAla hI janasampreSaNa kI bhaTTI meM ANavika UrjA kA-sA kAma karatA hai jisake prabhAva se mAnava-citta para adbhuta aitihAsika chApe atyanta saghana, prabala, prakhara, mukhara, sthAyI yA kAlajayI bana jAte haiN| aisI jIvanta sampreSaNIyatA ke Aloka meM, yaha bhI samajhane yogya hai ki nirgrantha tathA smRti ke mauna yA mukhara yuga meM mAnava vizvAsa sadiyoM taka itanA saghana-sabala kyoM thA tathA Aja ke likhAvaTa ke yuga meM sampreSaNa kI akSarIya nizcitatA tathA mazInI vizada bArambAratA ke bAvajUda vizvAsa ke hanana kA saMkaTa sabhI dezoM meM, cAroM ora, dina-rAta, prati pala itanA kyoM gaharA rahA hai| bhUmitra deva

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prAkkathana jaina aura bauddha dharma kA sambandha bhAratIya zramaNa saMskRti se jur3A hai jisakA prArambha sAmAnyata: vaidika pravRti mArga, yajJa, bali Adi karmakANDa ke viruddha pratikriyA ke pariNAmasvarUpa AraNyaka aura upaniSadoM ke udaya se mAnA jAtA hai| yajJoM kI AlocanA karate hue sarvaprathama upaniSada RSiyoM ne hI kahA thA ki yajJa rUpI naukAeM adRr3ha hone ke kAraNa AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yajJAdi karma kANDoM kI navIna AdhyAtmika vyAkhyAeM dekara unheM paramparA kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke anurUpa banAne kA kArya upaniSada RSiyoM kA thaa| upaniSadoM ke pazcAt to kaThora tapazcaryaH aura vairAgya ko hI jIvana kA parama lakSya mAnane vAle zramaNa sampradAyoM kI saMkhyA meM nirantara vRddhi hotI gii| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya bhArata meM zramaNoM ke 63 sampradAya the ina matoM ke madhya yadyapi aneka vibhinnatAe~ thI, kintu eka bAta meM saba samAna the aura vaha yaha hai ki ina sabhI sampradAyoM ke sAdhu-santa ghara chor3akara vairAgyapUrNa jIvana bitAte the tathA sabake saba cAhate the ki hiMsApUrNa yajJa banda hoM tathA manuSya kisI adhika gambhIra dharma kA AcaraNa karanA siikhe| vastuta: zramaNa paramparA yadyapi mukhara hokara upaniSadoM se bhale hI prArambha lage isakI utpatti ke sAkSya Rgveda meM bhI dekhe jA sakate haiN| Rgveda meM ullikhita vAtarazanA muniyoM kA nirgrantha sAdhuoM tathA una muniyoM ke nAyaka kezI muni kI samatA RSabhadeva se sthApita kI gaI hai| kyA jaina zramaNa saMskRti kI utpatti vaidika-brAhmaNa paramparA se mAnI jA sakatI hai? haramAna jaikobI ne jaina, bauddha aura brAhmaNa dharma meM vidyamAna vairAgya paramparA ke madhya tulanA karate hue unakI samAnatAoM kI ora dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai| yaha saMdehAspada hai ki inake niyama eka-dUsare se pUrNata: svatantra hoNge| inameM se eka yA do ne kisI eka se grahaNa kiyA hogA athavA ina sabakA mUla srota eka rahA hogA yaha anumAna kA viSaya hai| jaikobI kA yaha mAnanA to ki jainiyoM ne bauddhoM se grahaNa nahIM kiyA hogA kyoMki bauddha dharma kA udaya jaina mata ke pazcAta huA ucita pratIta hotA hai, kintu usakI yaha dhAraNA ki srota vaidika brAhmaNa paramparA se thA, yuktisaMgata nahIM lgtaa|

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X prAkkathana yaha satya hai ki vaidika granthoM meM digambara jainiyoM ke samAna nagna sAdhuoM tathA aise muniyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo sAmAnya vaidika RSiyoM se bhinna the| kintu isase adhika hama inake viSaya meM nahIM jAna paate| vaidika samAja mUlataH pravRtimArgI thA / karma, saMsAra aura saMnyAsa kA ullekha vaidika granthoM meM apavAda svarUpa hI milatA hai| pro. govinda canda pANDe atyaMta prAcIna samaya se bhArata meM eka svataMtra zramaNa paramparA vidyamAna mAnate haiN| Rgveda ke kucha uddharaNoM se bhI vaidika pravRtimArga ke samAnAntara nivRttimArgI paramparA ke pracalana kA AbhAsa milatA hai| uttara vaidika yuga meM yajJoM meM bar3hatI pazubali aura karmakANDa se utpanna burAiyoM ke kAraNa AraNyaka aura upaniSadoM kI AlocanA se protsAhita hokara samAnAntara calatI nivRttimArgI vicAradhArA ne jora pkdd'aa| isI nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA ke patha para hI Age jAkara jaina aura bauddha paramparAeM gatizIla huiiN| yahA~ yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki upaniSadoM ne bhale hI zramaNa saMskRti ko mAnyatA dI ho upaniSadoM ke RSi gRhastha rhe| karma aura sanyAsa kI mahattA svIkAra karane ke pazcAta bhI vaidika paramparA ne apanI prAcIna sAmAjika bAdhyatAoM ko nahIM chor3A tathA tIna RNoM kA siddhAnta vaidika sAmAjika AcAra-vicAra kA mUla banA rahA jo zramaNa saMskRti ke viruddha thaa| upaniSada grantha ve apUrva srota haiM jinameM sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika matoM kI jar3eM dekhI jA sakatI haiN| jaina grantha AcArAMgasUtra meM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha haiM jo apane bhAva, zabda yojanA aura bhASA zailI kI dRSTi se vaidika paramparA meM mAne gae aupaniSadika sUtroM ke adhika nikaTa haiN| AtmA ke svarUpa ke saMdarbha meM jo vivaraNa mANDUkyopaniSada meM milatA hai, vaha AcArAMgasUtra meM yathAvat hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra, RSibhASita sUtrakRtAMga aura AcArAMga ko samajhane ke lie upaniSada sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| videhanemi, bAhuka asitadevala dvaipAyana pArAzara Adi upaniSad RSiyoM kA sUtrakRtAMga meM sammAnapUrvaka ullekha milatA hai| aneka upaniSada RSiyoM ko jaina aura bauddha mata meM arhat ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI gaI hai| pArasparika samparka ke pariNAmasvarUpa na vaidika saMskRti vizuddha pravRtimArgI raha pAI aura na hI zramaNa saMskRti pUrNata: nivRttimArgI / jainiyoM kI zramaNa paramparA dhIredhIre kevala muniyoM taka sImita ho gii| ina muniyoM ko jainiyoM ne sammAnita aura AdaraNIya sthAna avazya diyA, kintu bahusaMkhyaka jaina samAja ne karmaTha aura niyaMtrita gRhastha dharma kA hI anukaraNa karanA vyAvahArika mAna mela-jola se jaina, bauddha aura brAhmaNa paramparAoM ne jina siddhAMtoM ko janma diyA unheM isa deza meM eka-dUsare se pRthaka nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| AcArAMga sUtra meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| yajJoM meM pracalita hiMsA kA yadyapi jainAgamoM uttarAdhyayanasUtra tathA AcArAMgasUtra meM sarvatra niSedha kiyA gayA hai, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko usI naitika aura AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha kA zramaNa anukaraNa karate haiN|

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prAkkathana jainiyoM tathA bauddhoM ne janma ke AdhAra para UMca-nIca kA bhedabhAva karane vAlI jAti prathA ko tyAjya mAnakara karma ko mahatva diyaa| jaina muni harikezabala cANDAla kula meM janame the, kintu karma ke kAraNa vandanIya ho ge| kammuNA baMbhaNo hoI, kammuNA hoi khtio| vaisso kammuNA hoI, suddho havaI kmmunnaaN|| vastuta: mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya do viparIta prakAra kI dArzanika vicAradhArAe~ pracalana meM thiiN| kammavAda yA kiriyavAda tathA akammavAda yA akiriyvaad| akammavAdI vicAradhArA ke antargata pramukha rUpa se antima sattA ko hI zAzvata mAnane vAlA sassatavAda, daiva utpatti ko svIkAra karane vAlA adhiccasamuppAda kevala bhautika zarIra ko hI satya mAnane vAlA uccedavAda, kAraNa ke siddhAnta ko nakArane vAlA yahaccavAda niyati ko pratiSThApita karane vAlA niyativAda, kAla ko sarvopari mAnane vAlA kAlavAda tathA antarnihita zaktiyoM ke mAdhyama se vikAsa ke siddhAnta ko mAnane vAlA evaM svataMtra icchA zakti ko asvIkAra karane vAle svabhAvavAdI siddhAnta kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina sabase bilakula alaga jainiyoM aura bauddhoM kI kammavAdI vicAradhArA thii| bhAgya, kAla, saMyoga aura AtmA ko kAraNa ke rUpa meM nahIM, balki svayaM ke karmoM ko kAraNa mAnakara kammavAdiyoM ne karma ko sarvocca mahatva diyaa| anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta jaina darzana kI eka apUrva dena hai| yaha siddhAnta mAnatA hai ki koI bhI vicAra kisI eka dRSTi se satya ho sakatA hai to dUsarI dRSTi se asty| sampUrNa satya jAnanA asaMbhava hai| deza-kAla Adi kI sImAoM se baMdhe hone ke kAraNa kisI bhI manuSya ke lie sampUrNa ko samajhanA sambhava nahIM hai| andhe vyaktiyoM ke dvArA hAthI ke vibhinna aMgoM ke AdhAra usakI AkRti kA alaga-alaga DhaMga se varNana karane kA dRSTAnta dekara anekAntavAda kA samarthana jaina dArzanikoM ne syAdvAda praNAlI se atyaMta prabhAvI DhaMga se kiyA hai| itihAsa aura samAjavijJAna ke adhyayana kSetra meM vastuniSThatA kI jaTila samasyA kA nidAna jitanA syAdvAda se spaSTa ho sakatA hai vaisA kisI anyatra DhaMga se asambhava hai| cUMki anekAntavAda vastu ke svarUpa ko ananta dharmAtmaka mAnatA hai, ata: usake pratipAdana kI zailI bhI aisI honI cAhie jisase vastu ke ananta svarUpa kA saMketa ho| vastuoM ke isa ananta svarUpa ke saMketa kI praNAlI kA hI nAma syAdvAda rASTra sandarbha meM anekAntavAda ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jisa prakAra vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai usI prakAra rASTra meM bhI vividhatA hai| una vividhatAoM ko samApta kara ekatA sthApita karanA na hI sambhava hai aura na hI yaha ucita hai| ekatA kA artha hai sAmaMjasyapUrNa saha-astitva tathA vividhatA meM ektaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra kahate haiM ki maiM eka bhI hUM aura aneka bhii| jainAcAryoM ne mAnavIya ekatA para vizeSa

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prAkkathana bala diyA hai| rAga, dveSa, UMca, nIca tathA sAmpradAyika bheda-bhAva ekatA meM bAdhaka tatva haiN| ekatA kA AdhAra bhAvanA na hokara viveka hai| viveka samAja ko jor3atA hai| mAnava kI mahattA pratiSThApita karane ke kAraNa jaina dharma mAnavavAdI hai| mAnava ko vaha ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta vIrya tathA anantAnandayukta mAnatA hai| pratyeka manuSya cAhe vaha kisI varNa, varga, rUpa athavA jAti kA ho devatva aura pUrNatA prApta karane kI pUrNa kSamatA rakhatA hai| manuSya janma saralatA se nahIM miltaa| aneka yoniyoM meM bhaTakane ke pazcAta bar3I kaThinAI se sAMsArika jIva ko manuSya janma prApta hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra jaba samasta azubha aura pApa karmoM ke vinAza ke pazcAta AtmA zuddha pavitra aura nirmala hotI hai mAnava janma kI prApti hotI hai| jaina tIrthaMkara bhI manuSya the| mAnava jIvana ne hI unheM vaha avasara pradAna kiyA thA ki ve devatva ko prApta kara ske| __mAnavavAda Arthika viSamatA ko sAmAjika burAiyoM kA mUla kAraNa mAnatA hai| Arthika viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie jaina vicAradhArA aparigraha ke siddhAnta ko pratipAdita karatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra dhana cAhe kitanA hI ho manuSya kI tRSNA zAnta nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki vaha asIma hai| sImita sAdhanoM se asIma tRSNA zAnta nahIM kI jA sktii| sthAnAMgasUtra meM kula dharma, grAma dharma, nagara dharma, rASTra dharma, saMgha dharma Adi kA ullekha pramANita karatA hai ki jaina darzana kA sambandha isa saMsAra ke kalyANa se adhika hai tathA loka hita aura loka kalyANa ke prati sadaiva sajaga hai| ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko hindU, bauddha aura jainiyoM sabhI ne dharma aura sadAcAra kA sarvocya mUlya mAnA hai, tathApi yaha sarvamAnya hai ki jainiyoM ne isa siddhAnta kA jitanA akSaraza: pAlana karane para jora diyA vaisA kisI anya bhAratIya mata ke dvArA nahIM kiyA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM pratyeka gatizIla vastu yathA jala, vAyu, graha athavA gatizUnya jaise patthara, vRkSa Adi meM bhI jIvanazakti ko svIkAra kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra jaina darzana pUrNa jIvanavAda meM vizvAsa mAnane ke kAraNa pUrNa ahiMsA meM vizvAsa karatA hai| jaina ahiMsA siddhAnta kI kaThoratA jaina dharma kI AtmA aura karma ke sambandha meM apanAe gae apanI viziSTa dhAraNA ke kAraNa hai| ahiMsA ke apane viziSTa siddhAnta ke kAraNa jaina bhikSu anya bhAratIya matAnuyAyiyoM meM bhI lokapriya hue| bahudhA jaina ahiMsA ke prayoga kI kaThoratA ko galata DhaMga se rakhA jAtA hai| atizaya ahiMsA kA pAlana jise jainiyoM ne apanA Adarza mAnA kevala itastataH bhramaNa karane vAle bhikSuoM dvArA kiyA jAtA thaa| zeSa ke lie ahiMsA kA pAlana usakI sthiti tathA AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika pragati para nirbhara karatA thaa| gujarAta aura dakSiNa meM aise aneka aitihAsika nAyakoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo niSThAvAna aura samarpita jainI ke sAtha-sAtha kuzala sainika bhI the tathA vibhinna yuddhoM meM zUratA se lar3e the| samUha ke rUpa meM jaina samAja zAkAhArI hai| jainiyoM kI zAkAhAritA ne anya bhAratIya samudAyoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai|

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prAkkathana xiii prAcIna bhArata ke aneka rAjavaMzoM dvArA jaina dharma ko saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyA gyaa| zizunAga vaMza, vaizAlI gaNataMtra ke zAsaka, nanda vaMza, azoka ko chor3akara samasta maurya zAsaka tathA kaliMgarAja khAravela ne jaina dharma ko rAjAzraya pradAna kiyA thaa| dakSiNa ke rASTrakUTa, gaMga, kadamba tathA cAlukyavaMzIya zAsaka jaina the| bArahavIM se paMdrahavIM zatAbdI taka gujarAta rAjasthAna aura madhya bhArata meM jaina dharma kA vyApaka pracAra huaa| gujarAta meM zAsakoM kI apekSA dhanI vyApAriyoM dvArA jaina dharma ko adhika saMrakSaNa milaa| bauddhadharma kA videzoM meM avazya prasAra huA, kintu apanI dharatI para Aja vaha lagabhaga vilupta ho cukA hai| isake viparIta jaina dharma bAhara to nahIM phailA, kintu apanI dharatI para pUrNata: surakSita hai| sAhitya aura kalA kI pragati meM jainiyoM kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| maisUra meM zravaNabelagolA meM sthita 57 phITa gomatezvara kI nagna mUrti (983-1048 I.) apane DhaMga kI bejor3a racanA hai tathA Aja bhI aneka sthAnoM para isa kRti kI nakaleM banAI jAtI haiN| mAuNTa AbU (rAjasthAna), pAlithAna (gujarAta) tathA dakSiNa meM mUdibidari aura karkala ke jaina maMdira bhAratIya kalA kI samRddha virAsata ko pradarzita karate haiN| maMdiroM kA nirmANa, paropakArArtha dharmazAlAoM aura pazuzAlAoM kA nirmANa, pANDulipiyoM ke bhaNDAra se yukta samRddha pustakAlayoM kI surakSA tathA nirdhanoM meM bhojana tathA anya Avazyaka vastuoM kA vitaraNa karanA jaina samAja kI katipaya mahatvaparNa vizeSatAeM haiN| dUsare bhAratIya dhArmika samudAyoM ne jainiyAM se isakA anukaraNa kiyaa| saMskRta brAhmaNa sAhitya kA tathA pAli mukhyata: bauddhoM kI mAdhyama bhASA rahI haiN| jainiyoM ne bhASA ke kSetra meM kisI eka bhASA ko dhArmikatA nahIM pradAna kii| vibhinna sthAnoM meM pracalita loka bhASA ko samayAnusAra mAdhyama banAyA gyaa| mahAvIra ne arddha mAgadhI bolI meM upadeza die kyoMki mAgadhI aura zaurasenI bolane vAle donoM samajha skeN| kAlAntara meM jainiyoM ne saMskRta kA prayoga bhI sAhityika granthoM ke lie kiyaa| saMskRta, pAli Adi klAsikala bhASAoM tathA Adhunika kSetrIya bhASAoM ke madhya kar3I mAne jAne vAlI apabhraMza bhASA jainiyoM meM vizeSa rUpa se lokapriya huii| Adhunika hindI marAThI aura gujarAtI ke udaya ke pUrva ina kSetroM meM pracalita bhASA meM aneka jaina grantha likhe ge| tamila aura kannar3a sAhitya ke vikAsa meM bhI jaina dharma kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| jaina sAhitya kevala dhArmika hI nahIM hai| jJAna-vijJAna kI aneka zAkhAoM meM jainAcAryoM dvArA adhyayana kiyA gayA jinameM gaNita, nakSatra vijJAna, vyAkaraNa, chandazAstra, koza racanA Adi meM yogadAna ullekhanIya hai| itihAsa, darzana ke kSetra meM jaina dRSTikoNa cakrAtmaka rahA hai| brAhmaNa itihAsa paramparA kI azuddhiyoM ko dikhAte hue unameM jJAta ghaTanAoM tathA carito ko jaina nItiyoM ke raMga meM rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| sabhI apane karmoM kA phala bhogate haiM, ata: kisI atimAnavIya sattA ke hastakSepa ko unhoMne nkaaraa|

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xiv prAkkathana prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa kI racanA meM mukhya rUpa se brAhmaNa granthoM para dhyAna diyA gayA, jinameM veda, purANa, mahAkAvya evaM dharmazAstra pramukha haiN| cInI, yUnAnI, laiTina, tibbatI, siMhalI Adi videzI vivaraNoM bhI itihAsa ke aneka rikta sthAnoM kI pUrti meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| mauryakAlIna itihAsa ke lie pAli meM likhe gae bauddha granthoM ke upayoga ke pazcAta bauddha paramparA ke granthoM kI sahAyatA itihAsa racanA ke lie lI jAne lgii| jaina srotoM kI ora vidvAnoM kA dhyAna vilamba se gayA jisakA pramukha kAraNa jaina grantha bhaNDAroM meM praveza kI samasyA thii| saubhAgya se yaha saba kucha sarala ho gayA hai| ___ jaina dharma yadyapi bauddha dharma kI tulanA meM prAcInatara mAnA jAtA hai, kintu jaina sAhitya bauddhoM ke bAda kA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra zvetAmbaroM se sambaddha pracalita siddhAntoM kA sarvaprathama likhita saMkalana 400 I0 lagabhaga kiyA gyaa| punarsampAdana tathA saMzodhana kA kArya isake pazcAta bhI calatA rhaa| digambaroM ke prArambhika grantha kA sarvaprathama lekhana 150 I0 pU0 ke Asa-pAsa mAnA jAtA hai| vartamAna yuga meM jaina srotoM se paricaya karAne kA zreya sarvaprathama pazcimI vidvAna kaoNbela ko jAtA hai jisane 1845 I0 meM vararuci kI kRti prAkRta prakAza prakAzita kii| tatpazcAta jarmana vidvAna pizela aura haramana-jaikobI dvArA paumacariya, samarAicca kahA, pariziSTaparvana prakAzita kiyA gyaa| 12vIM zatAbdI ke grantha pariziSTaparvana meM maurya kAla taka ke magadha samrAToM kI carcA hai| nauvIM zatAbdI taka jaina granthoM meM bhArata ke sAmAnya itihAsa ke prati ruci dikhAI par3atI hai aura ve magadha, sAtavAhana, zAka, gupta aura kAnyakubja ke rAjavaMzoM kA varNana karate haiN| kintu isake pazcAta jaina itihAsakAra rAjasthAna gujarAta tathA mAlavA taka hI sImita hokara ina kSetroM ke itihAsa likhane meM ruci lene legaa| kheda hai ki itihAsa darzana kI adhikAMza pustakoM meM jaina itihAsa dRSTi kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| sI0eca0 philipsa kI Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon; e0 ke0 vArDara kI An Introduction of Indian Historiography tathA vI0esa0 pAThaka kI Ancient Historians of India pustakoM meM bhI jaina itihAsa para lekha kA abhAva hai jabaki jaina granthoM meM aitihAsika srotoM kA apAra bhaNDAra hai| dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se lekara caudahavIM-paMdrahavIM zatAbdI taka Agama, purANa, carita kAvya, prabandha sAhitya, paTTAvalI, sthavirAvalI prazasti, vijJapti, patra Adi ke rUpa meM Aja mahatvapUrNa jaina aitihAsika srota upalabdha haiN| jaina purAtAtvika sAmagrI bhI paryApta rUpa meM prApta ho rahI hai| 21vIM zatAbdI kI dehalIja para vizva Aja jisa vaicArikazUnyatA ke daura se gujara rahA hai vahA~ kammavAda anekAntavAda, mAnavavAda aura ahiMsA sambandhI jaina avadhAraNAeM mAnava samAja kA mArga prazasta karane hetu vartamAna yuga ke sarthavA anukUla haiN| prasannatA kA viSaya hai ki apekSAkRta upekSita jaina granthoM ke AdhAra para itihAsa

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prAkkathana XV tathA saMskRti kA vivecana prastuta zodha prabandha meM viduSI lekhikA dvArA kiyA gayA hai| mUla-Agama sAhitya meM pramukhata: AcArAMgasUtra, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke sandarbha se jaina dArzanika aura dhArmika vicAroM, jaina saMgha ke svarUpa, jaina nItizAstra sAmAjika Arthika vyavasthA tathA rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika viSayoM para lekhikA ne mahatvapUrNa prakAza DAlA hai| hindI meM yaha pahalA grantha hai jisameM itane vistAra ke sAtha jaina saMskRti ke vividha AyAmoM kA nirUpaNa pramukha Agama granthoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| yaha pustaka sarvathA svAgata yogya hai| pro. udaya prakAza aror3A adhyakSa prAcIna itihAsa evaM saMskRti vibhAga DIna unnata sAmAjika vijJAna saMkAya evaM pUrva kulapati, mahAtmA jyotibA phule ruhelakhaNDa vizvavidyAlaya, brelii|

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bhUmikA Agama sAhitya vipula, vizAla aura virATa hai, phira bhI usakA sarvAMgINa paricaya prastuti kI apekSA karatA hai| isa apekSA se mUla AgamoM kA anusandhAna kSetra vyApaka aura vistRta hai| AgamoM tathA unake parivAra meM dharma, darzana, saMskRti, tatvamImAMsA, gaNita, jyotiSa, nItizAstra,khagola, bhUgola aura itihAsa ke tatva nihita haiM, kintu AvazyakatA unheM prakAza meM lAne aura unakI vyAkhyA karane kI hai| yathapi jainadarzana, jaina nItizAstra, jaina saMghajIvana, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ityAdi viSayoM para svatantra rUpa se grantha likhe jA cuke haiM, kintu apekSA kisI aise saMkalana kI hai jisameM saMskRti ke ina vividha AyAmoM kA manana aura manthana samagra rUpa meM AdhikArika evaM prAmANika rUpa se ho| DA. jagadIzacanda jaina ne lAipha ina eMziyaMTa iNDiyA aija DipikTeDa ina arlI jaina kainansa, (baMbaI, 1947) tathA Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, caukhambA vidyA bhavana, (vArANasI, 1965) nAmaka do grantha likhakara isa dizA meM prayAsa kiyA kintu unakA kRtitva pramukha rUpa se vyAkhyA sAhitya para AdhArita hai, mUla sAhitya kA uddharaNa unhoMne yadA-kadA hI diyA hai| prastuta zodha prabandha isa apekSA pUrti kI dizA meM merA eka alpa prayAsa mAtra hai| apane isa prayAsa meM maiMne Agama sAhitya ke aitihAsika tathA sAMskRtika vivecana ko viSaya banAyA hai jisameM pramukha sandarbha AcArAMgasUtra, sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke haiN| prathama adhyAya meM jaina sAhitya kA aitihAsika vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya vastuta: itastata: bikharA huA hai| jaina dharma ke saMkramaNa kAloM se vicaraNa ke kAraNa isake sAhitya saMrakSaNa meM aneka bAdhAeM AtI rahIM tathA mUla sAhitya ke caudaha pUrvo meM se aneka pUrva tathA bArahavAM aMga dRSTivAda tathA kucha anya aMza bhI lupta ho ge| isI prakAra aneka aMzoM ke prakSiptikaraNa ke kAraNa jaina Agama sAhitya kI maulikatA aura prAmANikatA zodha kA viSaya bana gii| AgamoM kI tithi carcA, saMkhyA aura vibhAjana meM manISiyoM kI dRSTi anekAntI hai| AgamoM kI vAcanAoM ke viSaya meM bhI mAnyatA bheda hai| merA prayAsa ina vividha mAnyatAoM kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana kA hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM dharma, siddhAnta aura vyavahAra kI carcA kI gaI hai| yaha adhyayana dhArmika vyavasthA tathA dharmadarzana se sambandhita hai| tatkAlIna samAja kI mAnasikatA, zramaNa

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_xviii * bhUmikA saMskRti kA udbhava aura vikAsa, prAcInatA aura prAmANikatA, dhArmika vizvAsa, vibhinna dhArmika aura dArzanika sampradAya tathA unakI mAnyatAoM se sambandhita hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM jaina saMgha kA svarUpa, saMgha kA prArUpa aura vikAsa, prazAsana, caturvidha vyavasthA, saMgha ke padAdhikAriyoM kA saMstaraNa, saMgha kA jIvana aura saMgha bheda kI carcA hai| adhyAya cAra meM jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jaina zramaNa tathA zramaNI, zrAvaka evaM zrAvikA ke AcAra kA isameM vivaraNa hai| jaina siddhAnta, mahAvrata evaM aNuvrata, zikSAvrata evaM guNavrata, sAmAyika evaM Avazyaka, kAya:kleza, utsarga aura parISahoM meM samabhAva kI isameM carcA hai, sAtha hI, brAhmaNadharma aura bauddhadharma se yathAprasaMga tulanAtmaka samIkSA kI gaI hai| adhyAya pAMca samAja darzana evaM sAmAjika vyavasthA para AdhArita hai| vibhinna sAmAjika saMsthAeM, unake viSaya meM siddhAntika mAnyatAeM tathA unake vyAvahArika svarUpa vivecya viSaya haiN| AgamakAlIna sAmAjika tathA sAMskRtika jIvana paddhati kA samasAmayika brAhmaNa tathA bauddhagranthoM se tulanAtmaka citraNa kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| __adhyAya cha: meM rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| AgamakAlIna rAjanIti kI sthiti, mahatvapUrNa rAjanItika ghaTanAeM, gaNavyavasthA tathA nRpatantra, anya zAsanatantra, Adarza rAjA evaM cakravartI kI avadhAraNA, prazAsana ke aMga Adi kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| sAtaveM tathA antima adhyAya meM AgamakAlIna arthavyavasthA ke citraNa kA prayAsa hai| kRSonmukhI arthavyavasthA, vibhinna phasaleM, siMcAI ke sAdhana, vyavasAya aura udyoga, zrama va pArizramika, taula aura mApa tathA zramikoM kI avasthA kA Akalana kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi prabhu kRpA ke binA koI bhI kArya saMbhava nahIM ho sakatA tathApi zodha prabandha ke viSaya cayana meM sahAyatA aura satparAmarza ke lie maiM viSaya ke vizeSajJa DA. govindacandra pANDeya, pUrva kulapati, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya kI AbhArI huuN| viSaya ke mArgadarzaka DA.girijA zaMkara prasAda mizra kA yaha mujha para asIma anugraha hI thA ki unakI preraNA se pratAr3ita mere paMgu-kalpanA kIra ke paMkha phaila sake aura merI manda manISA guru gambhIra viSaya ko grahaNa kara skii| unake prati maiM vinIta bhAva se AjIvana RNI hN| DA. nathamala TATiyA, zodha nidezaka, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM ke prati maiM ati AbhArI hUM jinhoMne vyaktigata rUpa se ruci lekara viSaya ko samajhane meM merI sahAyatA kI tathA granthAgAra ke upayoga kI anumati pradAna kii| kRtajJatA jJApana ke krama meM DA. zrIcanda jI jaina rAmapuriyA, bhUtapUrva mAnada nidezaka, jaina vizva-bhAratI tathA isa saMsthA se jur3e anya sahayogiyoM jinhoMne pratyakSa tathA apratyakSa rUpa se merI sahAyatA kI, AbhAra vyakta karatI huuN|

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bhUmikA * xix apratima prajJA ke dhanI prophesara bhUmitra deva, pUrva kulapati, ruhelakhaNDa vizvavidyAlaya, barelI evaM gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorakhapura kI asIma anukampA hai ki isa grantha kA Amukha likhakara isa kRtitva ko gauravAnvita kiyA hai / yaha unhIM kA amUlya parAmarza hai jo viziSTa zabdoM kI pAribhASita zabdAvalI ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| unake lie AbhAra ke sabhI zabda aparyApta haiN| prophesara bI.ena.esa.yAdava, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya evaM prophesara lallanajI gopAla, banArasa vizvavidyAlaya ne zodha prabandha kA mUlyAMkana karate samaya ise guNavattApUrNa aura zodha chAtroM ke nimitta upayogI pAyA thaa| maiM ina donoM vidvajjanoM ko hArdika AbhAra vyakta karatI huuN| prophesara mAruti nandana tivArI, vibhAgadhyakSa, 'kalA - itihAsa' banArasa vizvavidyAlaya ne amUlya sammati dekara merA utsAha aura pustaka kA jo sammAna bar3hAyA hai usake lie maiM kRtajJatA jJApita karatI huuN| prophesara udaya prakAza aror3A, vibhAgAdhyakSa, prAcIna itihAsa evaM saMskRti vibhAga, ruhelakhaNDa vizvavidyAlaya, barelI ke prati maiM AbhAra vyakta karatI hUM jo mujhe sadaiva niraMtara lekhana aura racanAdharmitA ke lie prerita karate rahate haiM / mere hI vibhAga ke prophesara Ara.pI. yAdava, DA. atula kumAra sinhA, DA. abhaya kumAra siMha aura DA. vijaya bahAdura yAdava, jinhoMne isa grantha ke prakAzana meM sahayoga kiyA hai, ko dhanyavAda denA apanA kartavya mAnatI huuN| yahAM mere parivArIjanoM - pitRvya zrI dineza candra caturvedI, agraja zrI rAjeza nAtha caturvedI, anujadvaya zrI bhuvaneza aura mukeza ke prati, lekhanetara sahAyatA ke lie hRdayastha AbhArI huuN| apane pati DA. rudradatta caturvedI kA maiM upakAra mAnatI hUM jinhoMne mujhe gRhastha jIvana se paryApta avakAza pradAna kiyA aura maiM isa kArya ko pUrNa kara skii| apane zikSaka prophesara surendra nAtha dube, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura kA maiM AbhAra vyakta karatI hUM jo isa kArya meM sahAyaka rhe| rekhA caturvedI

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Amukha prAkkathana bhUmikA pAribhASika zabdAvalI anukrama jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra jaina saMgha kA svarUpa jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa samAja darzana evaM samAja-vyavasthA rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA AdhArabhUta grantha anukramaNikA V ix xvii XV 1 44 100 172 235 258 285 315 321

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1. akriyAvAdI 2. ajja 3. atithi saMvibhAga 4. adattAdAna 5. antevAsI 6. anavasthApya pAribhASika zabdAvalI 7. anarthadaNDa viramaNa 8. anAgAra 9. anAgraha 10. anAzraya 11. anudghAtya 12. anupekSA 13. anirdhAri 14. apalApa 15. avama celika 16. avagraha 17. arhana : AjIvaka saMpradAya ke saMsthApaka pUraNa kazyapa kA mata akriyAvAda kahalAtA hai| inake anusAra AtmA nAmaka koI tatva nahIM hai / isa dRSTi se bauddha bhI akriyAvAdI haiM kyoMki anAtmavAdI haiN| jainamata akriyAvAda ko Adara nahIM detaa| : AryA athavA AryikA, jaina sAdhvI ke lie prayukta / : jaina gRhastha apanI AdhikArika vastu meM se sadaiva atithi kA ucita bhAga rakhe / : asteyavrata / : saMgha kA niyamita, puSTiprApta, parivIkSita nava shrmnn| : saMgha se asthAyI niSkAsana tathA tapasyApUrvaka rahane para punardIkSA / : samasta pApapUrNa pravRttiyoM se nivRtta honA / : bauddha shrmnn| : jaina anekAnta darzana / nae karma phalita na hoM, karma prabhAva utpanna na ho / : guru prAyazcita yA mahAdaNDa / : cintana / : jo zramaNa upAzraya se bAhara araNya Adi meM zarIra tyAge / : avizvAsa / : tIna vastra taka rakhane vAlA zramaNa avama celika hai| vaha kaTi se ghuTane taka kA vastra pahanatA hai| : vasati yA rahane kA sthAna / : Arhata saMskRti tathA dharma kA anupAlaka arhana kahalAtA hai / arhana kA vAstavika artha arihanta arthAta indriyajayI

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xxiv * pAribhASika zabdAvalI 18. ajJAnavAda yA zatruhaMtA hai| zramaNa apane vItarAgAtmAoM ke lie isa zabda kA prayoga karate the| : ajJAnavAdI pratyakSa viSaya ko nizcita jJAna kA agocara samajhate the| isa dRSTi se vaha ajJAna ko hI kalyANa rUpa mAnate the| unake anusAra kucha bhI jAnane kI jarUrata nahIM, jJAna prApta karane se hAni hI hotI hai| jaina matAnusAra mukti ke lie jJAna nahIM, tapa kI AvazyakatA hai| tatva viSayaka ajJeyatA yA ajJAnatA ajJAnavAda kI AdhArazilA hai| yaha pAzcAtya saMzayavAda se milatA-julatA mata hai| 19. AtmA : vaiyaktika cetnaa| 20. ApRcchA-pratipRcchA : pratyeka kArya Arambha karane se pUrva anumati lene ko pRcchA kahA gayA hai tathA puna: AjJA lene kA vidhAna pratipRcchA kahalAtA hai| 21. ArovaNA : eka doSa kA prAyazcita cala rahA ho ki anya doSa vyApta ho jAe aura prAyazcita kI avadhi bar3ha jaae| 22. AlocanA : AcArya athavA munisaMgha ke samakSa pApoM kI sviikaarokti| 23. AvazyakI : yadi Avazyaka kAryavaza muni ko upAzraya se bAhara jAnA par3e to vaha jAne kI AvazyakatA kI ghoSaNA karake jAe tathA anAvazyaka kArya ke lie pravRtta na ho aisA niyama AvazyakI hai| 24. AvIci : Ayu kI vicyuti arthAta zarIra ko niSkAma bhAva se saMyamita rakhakara karmataraMgoM ko rokanA aura bandhana mukta honaa| 25. iMginI : dUsaroM se sevA lie binA saMnyAsa mrnn| 26. icchAkAra micchAkAra : yadi kaniSTha sAdhu ko variSTha se kArya karAnA ho to vaha kahegA 'yadi ApakI icchA ho to merA yaha kArya kara dIjie' yaha icchAkAra hai| kArya meM truTi ho jAne para usa kArya ko mithyA ghoSita karane kA niyama micchAkAra hai| 27. utthApanA 28. upadhi : sAvadhAnIpUrvaka niyama pAlana krnaa| : upakaraNa athavA Avazyaka vstu|

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29. upabhoga 30. upazamabhAva 31. upasampadA 32. eSaNA yA udgama doSa: zramaNa ke bhojana se sambandhita solaha doSa jinameM se eka ke bhI upasthita ho jAne para zramaNa vaha bhojana svIkAra nahIM kara sktaa| 33. ogha 34. klezalakSaNa 35. kadalIghAta 36. kaSAya 37. kAyotsarga 38. kriyAvAdI 39. kezI pAribhASika zabdAvalI * xxv : vastu kA kevala eka bAra upayoga karanA / : kSamA yAcanA sahita / : puSTikaraNa saMskAra / 40. kSullaka : vicArAtmaka pakSa / : kAyA kA pIr3ana, vrata upavAsa anazana se zarIra ko kaSTa phuNcaanaa| : akAla mRtyu : indriyajanya kaamnaaeN| : kAyA ko kaSTa dete hue tapasyA kI mudrA jisameM yati dhyAnalIna aura nagna hote haiN| yaha mudrA tIna prakAra kI hotI hai (i) UrdhvasthAna arthAta khar3I huI; (ii) nirSadanasthAna arthAta baiThI huI; (ii) zayana sthAna arthAta leTI huI / kAyotsarga zarIra ko kaSTa dete hue tyAgane kI vidhi ko bhI kahate haiN| : jaina dharma kriyAvAdI hai / kriyAvAda ke anusAra abhipreraka se karmabandha hotA hai| cAhe karma kiyA jAe athavA nhiiN| mAnasika vicAra mAtra se yA kriyAmAtra se phala utpanna hotA hai| sabhI tatva caitasika haiM ata: kriyAvAna haiN| binA jJAna ke bhI kevala kriyA se vyakti nirvANa pA sakatA hai| : bhagavAna RSabha kA paurANika nAma jo keza vallarI se zobhA pAne ke kAraNa diyA gyaa| unheM kesariyA nAtha, kesarIsiMha ke samAna zaurya vAle tathA kezoM se yukta donoM artha meM prayukta va rUr3ha haiN| : vastradhArI

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41. gaNadhara 42. gAnaya 43. grahaNaiSaNA 44. gupti 45. gaveSaNA yA upAdAna doSa 46. chaMdanA-abhyutthAna 47. jinakalpI 48. ta dubhaya 49. tIrthaMkara xxvi * pAribhASika zabdAvalI : sthAnIya jaina dharma saMgha kA sarvocca kartA-dhartA adhikArI / yaha saMjJA tIrthaMkara ke lie tathA sAmAnya AcArya ke lie bhI prayukta huI hai| : jJAnI athavA paMDita mAnya : zramaNa sAdhu kI svIkAra kI huI bhikSA bhI doSapUrNa ho jAegI yadi bhikSA ke dasa doSoM meM se koI bhI upasthita ho jAe jaise-- bhikSA dete samaya anya bhojana phaila jAe, dete samaya dAtA bhayabhIta ho, yadi dAtA kA vyavasAya anaitika ho, aadi-aadi| jaina bhikSu aisI bhikSA grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA jo vizeSa rUpa se zramaNa ke lie banAI gaI ho| zramaNa ghoSaNA karate the ki vaha dUsaroM ke lie banAe gae bhojana meM se bhikSA mAMgane Ae haiN| : nivartana, pApa nirodha ke lie akaraNIya : solaha bhojana sambandhI aise doSa jinheM mAdhyama banAkara zramaNa gRhastha se bhojana pA to sakatA thA, para isase zramaNatva ko doSa lagatA hai| jaise gRhasthoM ke bacce khilAnA, unheM anyoM ke samAcAra denA, athavA unakI dAnavRtti kI prazaMsA karanA aadi| : bhikSA prApta ho jAne para tathA bhikSA lAte samaya anya sAdhuoM ko usa meM bhAga lene ke lie AmaMtrita krnaa| : yaha zramaNa nagna rahate haiM tathA bhikSApAtra bhI nahIM rkhte| hAthoM para hI bhojana grahaNa karate haiN| : sUtra tathA artha donoM ke lie sahaprayukta saMjJA / : pAragAmI, jo saMsAra sAgara ko pAra kara kinAre laga gyaa| yaha saMjJA zramaNa dharma-pravartakoM ke lie prayukta huI hai|

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50. dati 51. digvata athavA dizA parimANa vrata 52. duTThapArAMcita 53. duSamA 54. daizAvakAzika 55. dogundadeva 56. dharma 57. niggaMthI 58. ninhava 59. niyativAda 60. nirgrantha pAribhASika zabdAvalI * xxvii : eka bAra hathelI para diyA huA bhojana / : gamanAgamana kI maryAdA nizcita karanA / 61. nirjarA 62. nirvANa 63. nivRtti 64. niHsRta 65. nirdhAri : yadi zramaNa gaNadhara AcArya yA zAstra kI nindA kare to aise duSTa zramaNa ke lie daNDa va prAyazcita kA vidhAna / : durbhikSakAla athavA duSkAla / : jIvana paryanta eka nizcita kSetra meM rahane va usakA atikramaNa na karane kA vrata / : bhoga parAyaNa deva, inakI tulanA yakSoM aura gandharvoM se kI jA sakatI hai| : udAtta AcAra-vicAra jinake anukaraNa, anusaraNa se manuSya samasyA grasta saMsAra ko pAkara kinAre A lagatA hai| tIrtha kA artha hai nadI kA ghATa / darzana meM nadI kI tulanA calAyamAna karmaprabhAva yA janmajanmAntara yAtrA se hai| : nirgratthiNI, jaina : saMgha bheda / : manuSya pUrvanirdhArita lakSya ke anusAra nizcita bhaviSya kI ora gatizIla hotA hai / pracalita bhASA meM ise bhAgya kahate haiN| jahAM manuSya kA puruSArtha niSphala hai tathA manuSya karmaphala kA uttaradAyI nahIM hai| sAdhu / : granthihIna jo laljA Adi bhAvoM se Upara uThe tathA jo pUrNa aparigrahI ho, apane pAsa vastra, pAtra tathA anya upakaraNa na rakhane vAlA sAdhu, digambara | : pUrva karmabandha samApta honA / : bujha jaanaa| mana kI vRttiyoM aura karma prabhAvoM kI pUrNa samApti athavA mukti / : saMkalpapUrvaka tyAga, mukti ke lie saMnyAsa mArga kA anusaraNa / : nikalanA yA prasphuTita honA / : upAzraya se mRta zravaNa kA zarIra bAhara nikaalnaa|

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66. naiSkarmya 67. naiSThika 68. naiSedhikI 69. padmAsana athavA paryaMkAsana 70. padavibhAga 71. paramAtmA 72. paryuSaNa 73. paryAya sthavira 74. parikuMcanA 75. paribhogaiSaNA 76. parimANa vrata 77. parivartanA 78. parISaha 79. parihAra 80. prarUpaNA 81. pratikramaNa 82. pratilekhanA 83. pratiSevaNA 84. pratyAkhyAna 85 pratimA xxviii * pAribhASika zabdAvalI : jo karmAdhArita na ho / : AcAra meM ucca adhyAtma prApta gRhastha sadAcArI | : sAdhu upAzraya se bAhara jAkara lauTe aura yadi usa antarAla meM kucha akaraNIya ho gayA ho to usase nivRtta hone kI ghoSaNA kre| upAzraya vApasI kI ghoSaNA naiSedhikI hai| : baiThI huI yoga mudrA jisameM yogI dhyAnalIna hai tathA dRSTi nAsAgra para kendrita hai| : AcArAtmaka pakSa : sArvabhauma samaSTi cetanA / varSAkAla ke cAra mAsoM meM gamanAgamana niSedha kara eka sthAna para vAsa karanA tathA samaya ko svAdhyAya, dharma pravacana tathA grantha lekhana meM lagAnA / variSTha shrmnn| : doSa chupaanaa| : adhika bhikSA ekatra karane kI dRSTi se lagane vAle cAra doSa jaise-- batAI gaI mAtrA se adhika bhikSA svIkAra kara lenA aura usake rucikara bhAga ko chAMTakara alaga kara lenaa| : jIvana paryanta ke lie tyAga denA / : punraavrtn| : kaSTa sahane ko parISaha kahate haiN| : prAyazcita kI vidhi jisameM vrata, upavAsa, anazana tathA kaThina yogAsana (kAyotsarga) zAmila rahate the| : vyAkhyA / : pApa parihAra ke nimitta guru ke samakSa pApa svIkRti tathA daNDa grahaNa ke pazcAt punardIkSA / : nirIkSaNa | : akRtya / : yuktipUrvaka para- siddhAnta kA khaNDana tathA sva-siddhAnta kA maNDana / jainadarzana meM pratyAkhyAna kA artha hai bhaviSya meM pApamaya pravRttiyoM se bacane kA pUrNa dRr3ha nizcaya / : AdhyAtmika pratimAna /

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86. pravacana 87. pravartinI 88. pravRtti 89. pravrajyA 90. prazravaNa 91: pAda pramArjana 92. pAdopagamana 93. pArAMcita athavA pArAMsiya 94. pAsaNDa 95. prANAtipAta 96. prAyogya-prAyopagamana 97. pRcchanA 98. pudgala 99. pustakArUr3ha 100. pulAka 101. paMcamuSTiloya 102. bakuza 103. bahuzruta 104. bhaktaparijJA 105. mahAmaha pAribhASika zabdAvalI * xxix : triratna, samyak darzana, samyak jJAna tathA samyak caritra / : bhikSuNI saMgha kI pramukha / : laukika jIvana ko kAmya mAnane kI bhAvanA / : saMgha praveza athavA zramaNa jIvana ko saMkalpUrvaka aMgIkAra karanA tathA gRhastha jIvana se saMnyAsa lenA / : prAkRtika visarjana / : pAMva dhonA / : apane pAMvoM se calate hue, saMgha se nikalakara samyak sthAna para zarIra tyAganA / : saMgha virodhI gatividhi karane para prAyazcita jisameM saMgha niSkAsana yA bhartsanA ke pazcAt avahelanApUrvaka punrdiikssaa| : dharma sampradAya / : ahiMsA / : na zramaNa svayaM kI oSadhi Adi se paricaryA kare, na dUsaroM se karAe, kaSTa sahana karate hue samAdhi maraNa le| : prazna puuchnaa| : bhautika dravya yA pRthvI tatva, jala tatva, agni tatva tathA vAyu tatva jo indriyoM dvArA pratyakSa hote haiN| : pustaka meM nibaddha ho jAnA / : nissAra dhAnyakaNoM kI bhAMti jisakA caritra bhI svatvahIna ho gayA ho / : jaina paramparAnusAra pravrajyA ke samaya pravezArthI ko saMgha ke samakSa svayaM apane hAtha se keza ukhAr3a kara saMyama pramANita karanA par3atA thA / : zarIra vibhUSA se zramaNAcAra ko doSa lagAne vAlA nirgrantha / : pracalita siddhAnta / : bhojana tyAga kara pratijJApUrvaka saMnyAsamaraNa / : mahotsava /

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106. mahAzilAkaNTaka 107. mAra 108. muNDa 109. mRSAvAda 110. yatanApUrvaka 111 112. rathamUsala saMgrAma 113. lezyA 114. vasati Xxxx * pAribhASika zabdAvalI : magadharAja ajAtazatru ne nau mallaki, nau licchavi, kAzI, kozala tathA unake aThAraha gaNarAjAoM kI saMyukta senA ko isa nae yuddha upakaraNa se harAyA jisameM rathoM se vizAla nukIle zilAkhaNDa zatru senA para pheMke ge| isa vidhi se caurAsI lAkha kI zatru senA kA saMhAra kiyaa| : tapasyA meM vighna DAlane vAlI duSTAtmA / : kezaluMcita muNDita shrmnn| : asatya / : sAvadhAnIpUrvaka, yatna se| jaina paramparA meM yati sAdhu athavA tapasvI ke lie prayukta huA hai| bhagavadgItA ke anusAra yaha yoga pravRtta, kAmakrodha rahita, saMyamacita vItarAgAtmA hai| : magadharAja ajAtazatru kA mallaki aura licchaviyoM kI saMyukta senA se yuddha huA thA / vaizAlIrAja ceTaka saMyukta senA kA nAyaka thaa| ajAtazatru jise jainagrantha kuNika kahate haiM, caturaMgiNI senA ke sAtha AyA aura aisA yuddhAstra banavAkara lAyA jisake ratha meM tIvra vega se mUsala ghUmate the| padAti senA para isa ratha ko daur3A kara usane chiyAnabe lAkha vyaktiyoM ke rakta se yuddhabhUmi ko sIMcakara lAla kara diyaa| : limpati iti lezyA arthAta lIpane vAlI, raMgane vAlI vRtti lezyA hai| manuSya cetanA kI taraMga yA cittavRtti kA nAma jainadharma meM lezyA hai / citta ke vicAra, vAsanAeM, kAmanAeM, lobha, apekSAeM ye sabhI lezyA haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne inakA vargIkaraNa raMga ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| : rahane kA sthAna, upAzraya /

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115. vazAMrtamaraNa 116. vahiddhAdANa 117. vAcanA 118. vAtarazana 119. vrAtya pAribhASika zabdAvalI * xxxi : indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara mRtyu| : aprigrh| : vyaakhyaan| : digambara zramaNa, Rssi| : vrAtya kA artha brAhmaNetara saMnyAsI se hai| pracalita artha meM vrAtya vaha vyakti hai jisane upanayana saMskAra na karAyA ho, jo yajJopavIta na pahanatA ho, patita sAvitrI aura yajJa bahiSkRta ho; jise vedAdhyayana kA adhikAra na ho| inheM pUrvajoM ke mRtaka saMskAra karane tathA zrAddha Adi karane kI manAhI thii| inase bhojana aura vivAha ke sambandha bhI niSiddha the| : anAvazyaka vivAda karane vaale| : ghUma kara Ane vAlA, isase usa para tathA usase usa pr| isI se vibhramita banA hai| : anushaasn| : niyama bhaMga krnaa| : zramaNa ko Adeza thA ki gamanAgamana ke lie aise rAjya meM na jAe jo rAjavihIna ho, jahAM kA rAjA abhiSikta na huA ho, ekAdhika rAjA hoM, rAjatva ke lie saMgharSa ho rahA ho, do rAjA hoM, arAjakatA ho athavA nirbala tantra ho, kyoMki aise rAjya kI prajA sAdhu ko dAruNa kaSTa pahuMcA sakatI hai| 120. vitaNDAvAdI 121. vibhramati 122. vinaya 123. virAdhanA 124. viruddharAjya athavA vairAgya 125. zramaNa 126. zrAvaka 127. zruta kevalI 128. sthavira : viitraagaatmaa| nAmAntara se parivrAjaka, bhikSu, yati, tapasvI athavA sNnyaasii| yaha saMjJA jaina tIrthaMkara paramparA ke saMnyAsI ke lie prayukta hai| : jaina gRhsth| : jaina AgamajJa, tIrthaMkara, gaNadhara aadi| : vRddha, jyeSTha, purAtana paddhati meM navIna prakSepaNa kA virodhI hone se zramaNa thera, vRddha yA sthavira kahalAtA thaa| : saMgha ke niyamAnusAra saMgha meM rahane vAlA zramaNa jo saMghAnusAra vastra va upakaraNa rakhate haiN| : jaina paramparA ke zramaNAcAra meM AkaNTha DUbakara ubarane vAlA 129 sthavirakalpI 130. snAtaka

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xxxii * pAribhASika zabdAvalI 131. sacela 132. samiti 133. sassatanAda 134. sAmAcArI 135. sAhuNI 136. seha vyakti snAtaka hai| : savastrA : samyak pravartana kI vidhi| : shaashvtvaad| AtmA ko zAzvata mAne vAle darzana jaise vedaant| : jaina saMgha ke vidhi niyamoM ke anusAra viziSTa jiivncryaa| : saadhvii| : sArdhavihArI, prazikSu, saMgha meM nava praviSTa zramaNa jo parivIkSA para ho| : jIvana ke anta samaya meM kiyA jAne vAlA tpaacaar| jaina paramparA meM yaha eka prakAra kA samAdhimaraNa hai arthAta vrata, upavAsa, anazana karate hue nirjala rahate hue kAyA tyaagnaa| ise paMDitamaraNa bhI kahate haiN| : jAtIya aticaar| : jaina devasenA kI padAti senA kA senApati deva jisane brAhmaNI devanandA ke garbha se mahAvIra kA bhrUNa kSatriyANI trizalA ke garbha meM sthAnAntarita kiyaa| aisA kalpasUtra kA vivaraNa hai, zvetAmbarIya mAnyatA hai| 137. saMlekhanA 138. saMyojana 139. hariNegameSI

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adhyAya 1 jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana jaina sAhitya ke udgama kI kathA kA Arambha bhagavAna mahAvIra se hotA hai kyoMki pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM jaina sAhitya kA koI saMketa taka upalabdha nahIM hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra, bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jisa dina dharmatIrtha kA pravartana karanA Arambha kiyA, usI dina pArzvanAtha kA tIrthakAla samApta ho gayA aura bhagavAna mahAvIra kA tIrthakAla Arambha ho gyaa| Aja bhI unhIM kA tIrtha pravartita hai| ata: upalabdha samasta jaina sAhitya ke udgama kA mUla bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vaha divyavANI hai jo bAraha varSoM kI kaThora sAdhanA ke pazcAt kevala jJAna kI prApti hone para lagabhaga taiMtAlIsa varSa kI avasthA meM IsvI san se pAMca sau sattAvana varSa zrAvaNa kRSNa pratipadA' ke dina brAhmamuhUrta meM rAjagRha ke bAhara sthita vipulAMcala parvata para prathama bAra niHsRta huI thI aura tIsa varSa taka ni:sRta hotI rahI thii| unakI usa vANI ko hRdayaMgama karake unake pradhAna ziSya gautama gaNaghara ne bAraha aMgoM meM nibaddha kiyA thaa| usa dvAdazAMga meM pratipAdita artha ko gautama gaNadhara ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mukha se zravaNa kiyA thA, isase use zruta nAma diyA gayA aura bhagavAna mahAvIra usake arthakartA khlaaye| gautama gaNadhara ne use grantha kA rUpa diyA, isalie vaha granthakartA khlaaye| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt vahI dvAdazAMgarUpa zruta guru-ziSya paramparA ke rUpa meM maukhika hI pravAhita hotA rahA aura zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke samaya taka avicchinna rhaa| jainoM ke pavitra Agama saMskRta sAhitya se purAne haiN| prAcInatA kI dRSTi se jaina grantha bauddhoM ke prAcIna granthoM se pratispardhA karate haiN|' bauddha tathA jaina granthoM kI viSaya sAmagrI meM sAmya hone ke kAraNa bahuta se yUropIya vidvAnoM ko yaha bhrAnti thI ki donoM svatantra dharma nahIM haiM, eka-dUsare kI zAkhA haiM kintu jaikobI ne isa mata kA sabala pratyAkhyAna kiyaa| jo sthAna brAhmaNa paramparA meM veda aura bauddha paramparA meM tripiTaka kA hai vahI

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2 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti sthAna jaina paramparA meM Agama- siddhAnta' kA hai| AgamoM ko zruta, sUtra, grantha, siddhAnta, zAsana, AjJA, vacana, upadeza, prajJApanA athavA pravacana bhI kahA gayA hai|" bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko sunakara unake gaNadharoM ne jo grantha race haiM unheM zruta kahate haiN|' zruta kA artha hai, sunA huA arthAt jo guru-mukha se sunA gayA ho vaha zruta hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko unake mukha se unake gaNadharoM ne zravaNa kiyA aura unake gaNadharoM se unake ziSyoM ne aura una ziSyoM se unake praziSyoM ne zravaNa kiyaa| isa taraha zravaNa dvArA pravartita hone ke kAraNa hI use zruta kahA jAtA hai| zruta kI yaha paramparA bahuta samaya taka isI taraha pravartita hotI rahI / sampUrNazruta ke antima uttarAdhikArI bhadrabAhu the| unake samaya meM bAraha varSa kA bhayaMkara durbhikSa par3A aura saMghabheda kA sUtrapAta ho gayA / " Agama saMkalanA zvetAmbarIya mAnyatA ke anusAra candragupta maurya ke samaya bAraha varSa kA durbhikSa pdd'aa| usakA avasAna ho jAne para pATaliputra meM eka sAdhu sammelana huA aura usameM jina-jina zrutadharoM ko jo kucha smRta thA usakA saMkalana kiyA gyaa| ise pATaliputra vAcanA kahate haiM / " magadha meM maurya sAmrAjya ke patana aura zuMgavaMzI puSyamitra ke udaya ke pazcAt jaina dharma kA vahAM se sthAnAntaraNa ho gayA / " magadha se haTane ke pazcAt jaina dharma kA kendra mathurA banA / kuSANavaMzI rAjAoM ke samaya vahAM jaina dharma kA prabhAvazAlI sthAna thaa| vIra nirvANa" samvat 827 aura 840 ke madhya mathurA se bhI jaina saMskRti kA prAdhAnya uTha gyaa|'+- isI kAraNa tIsarI vAcanA sudUra valabhI meM Ayojita huii| devarddhi kI adhyakSatA meM valabhI pariSada siddhAntoM ke lekhana ke lie huI thii| 3 yaha vAcanA pATaliputra kI vAcanA se ATha sau varSa pazcAt huI thii| usa samaya bhI bAraha varSa kA bhayaMkara durbhikSa par3A thA jisase bahuta sA zruta naSTa tathA vicchinna ho gayA thaa| isa vAcanA kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha thI ki pahale kI vAcanAoM kI taraha usameM kevala vAcanA hI nahIM huI, apitu isa vAcanA dvArA saMkalita aura vyavasthita siddhAntoM ko pustaka rUpa pradAna kara ke unheM sthAyitva bhI pradAna kiyA gayA aura isa taraha eka hajAra varSa se jo siddhAnta smRti ke rUpa meM pravAhita hote Ae the, unheM mUrta rUpa mila gyaa| sambhavata: isI kAraNa se valabhI kA nAma digambara sampradAya meM bhI smRta rahA kyoMki hariNeSa ke kathAkoSa meM valabhI meM hI zvetAmbara sampradAya kI utpatti batAI gayI hai| siddhAntoM ke pustakArUr3ha ho jAne ke pazcAt phira koI vAcanA nahIM huI kyoMki usakI AvazyakatA hI nahIM rhii| 14 vartamAna zvetAmbara jaina Agama isI

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 3 vAcanA kI upaja haiN| sandaragaNi ne apane samAcArIzataka15 meM devarddhi ke ukta satprayatna kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai ki devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ne dvAdaza varSIya durbhikSa ke kAraNa bahuta se sAdhuoM ke maraNa tathA aneka bahuzrutoM kA viccheda ho jAne para zrutibhakti se prerita hokara bhAvI janatA ke upakAra ke lie vIra nirvANa samvat 980 meM zrI saMgha ke Agraha se bace hue saba sAdhuoM ko valabhI nagarI meM bulaayaa| unake mukha se vicchinna hone se avaziSTa rahe nyUnAdhika truTita, atruTita Agama pAThoM ko apanI buddhi se kramAnusAra saMkalita karake pustakArUr3ha kiyaa| yadyapi mUla meM sUtra gaNadharoM ke dvArA gUMthe gae, tathApi devarddhi ke dvArA puna: saMkalita kiye jAne se hI devarddhi AgamoM ke kartA he| dvAdazavarSIya durbhikSa ke pazcAt devarddhigaNi ke netRtva meM zramaNa saMgha milaa| bahuta sAre bahuzruta muni kAla kavalita ho cuke the| sAdhuoM kI saMkhyA bhI kama ho gii| zruta kI avasthA cintanIya thii| durbhikSajanita kaThinAiyoM se prAsuka bhikSAjIvI sAdhuoM kI sthiti bar3I vicAraNIya thii| zruta kI vismRti ho gayI thii| devarddhigaNi ne avaziSTa saMgha ko valabhI meM ekatrita kiyaa| jinheM sabhI zruta kaNThastha the vaha unase sunaa| AgamoM ke AlApaka chinna-bhinna nyUnAdhika mile| unhoMne apanI mati se usakA saMkalana kiyA, sampAdana kiyA aura pustakArUr3ha kiyaa| AgamoM kA vartamAna saMskaraNa devarddhigaNi kA hai| aMgoM ke kartA gaNadhara haiN| aMgabAhyazruta ke kartA sthavira haiN| una sabakA saMkalana aura sampAdana karane vAle devarddhigaNi haiM isalie ve AgamoM ke vartamAna rUpa ke kartA bhI hue||6 sundaragaNi kA ukta kathana vartamAna jaina AgamoM ke viSaya meM vAstavika sthiti hamAre sAmane rakhatA hai| eka hajAra varSa taka jo siddhAnta smRti ke AdhAra para pravAhita hote Aye hoM unakI saMkalanA aura suvyavasthA meM isa prakAra kI kaThinAiyoM kA honA svabhAvika hai| ___ Aja bhI jIrNa-zIrNa prAcIna kisI grantha kA uddhAra karane vAloM ke sAmane isI prakAra kI kaThinAiyAM AtI haiN| prAcIna zilAlekhoM kA sampAdana karane vAle aspaSTa aura miTa gaye zabdoM kI saMkalanA pUrvApara sandarbha ke anusAra karate haiN| ata: devarddhi ne bhI truTita pAThoM ko apanI buddhi ke anusAra saMkalita karake padArUr3ha kiyA hogaa| yadi unheM samasta AgamoM kA kartA na bhI kahA jAye to bhI jo Agama upalabdha haiM, unako yaha rUpa dene kA zreya to unheM hI prApta hai| kintu, muni zrI kalyANavijaya devarddhigaNi ko yaha zreya dene ko prastuta nahIM haiN| vaha unheM kevala lekhaka ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| malayagiri aura vinaya vijaya ke anusAra magadha meM hue dUsare durbhikSa ke pazcAt eka sAtha do sammelana hue-eka mathurA meM aura eka valabhI meN| lokaprakAza

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4 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki valabhI sammelana ke pramukha devarddhi the aura mathurA sammelana ke pramukha skandilAcArya the| zvetAmbara sthavirAvalI ke anusAra skandilAcArya devarddhi se bahuta pahale hue the| ata: donoM kI samakAlInatA saMbhava nahIM hai| bhadrezvara kI kathAvalI meM bhinna hI ullekha hai| usameM likhA hai ki mathurA meM zrutasamRddha skandila nAmaka AcArya the aura valabhI nagarI meM nAgArjuna nAmaka AcArya the| duSkAla par3ane para unhoMne apane sAdhuoM ko bhinna-bhinna dizAoM meM bheja diyaa| sukAla hone para ve puna: mile| jaba vaha abhyasta zAstroM kI punarAvRtti karane lage to unheM jJAta huA ki ve par3he hue zAstroM ko prAyaH bhUla cuke haiN| zruta kA viccheda na ho, isalie AcAryoM ne siddhAnta kA uddhAra karane kA prayAsa Arambha kiyaa| jo vismRta nahIM huA thA, use vaise hI sthApita kiyA aura jo bhUlA jA cukA thA use pUrvApara sambandha dekara vyavasthita kiyA gyaa| Aryaskandila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA pariSad siddhAntoM ke saMzodhana ke lie huI thii| ___kathAvalI meM kahA gayA hai ki siddhAntoM kA uddhAra karane ke bAda skandila aura nAgArjunasUri paraspara mila nahIM ske| isa kAraNa se unake uddhAra kiye hue siddhAnta tulya hone para bhI unameM kahIM-kahIM vAcanA bheda raha gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mUla aura TIkA meM hama 'vAyaNatare puNa' yA 'nAgarjunIyA stuvanti' jaise ullekha pAte ___muni kalyANavijaya valabhI vAcanA ko devarddhigaNI kI nahIM, kintu nAgArjuna kI vAcanA mAnate haiN| unhoMne likhA hai ki jisa kAla meM mathurA meM Aryaskandila ne AgamoddhAra karake usakI vAcanA zurU kI usI kAla meM valabhI nagarI meM nAgArjunasUri ne bhI zramaNasaMgha ikaTThA kiyA aura durbhikSavaza naSTAvazeSa Agama siddhAntoM kA uddhAra kiyaa| usa siddhAntoddhAra aura vAcanA meM AcArya nAgArjuna pramukha sthavira the, isa kAraNa ise nAgArjunI vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| aisI sthiti meM yadi valabhI vAcanA nAgArjuna kI thI to devarddhigaNi ne valabhI meM kyA kiyA yaha jijJAsA svAbhAvika hai| isake pratyuttara meM muni kalyANavijaya kA kathana hai ki skandilAcArya ke samaya meM valabhI saMgha ke pramukha AcArya nAgArjuna the aura unakI dI huI vAcanA vAlabhI vAcanA kahalAtI hai| devarddhigaNi kI pramukhatA meM bhI jainasaMgha ikaTThA huA thA, yaha bAta sahI hai| usa samaya vAcanA nahIM huI, para donoM vAcanAgata siddhAntoM kA samanvaya karane ke uparAnta vaha siddhAnta likhe gaye the| isalie hama isa kArya ko devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA na kaha kara pustaka lekhana kahate haiN| devarddhi ke kArya kI gurutA se muni kalyANavijayajI ne donoM vAcanAnuyAyiyoM meM saMgharSa kI bhI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai| unake anusAra apanI apanI paramparAgata vAcanA ko ThIka manavAne ke lie aneka prayAsa hue hoMge aura aneka saMzodhanoM ke uparAnta hI donoM saMghoM meM samajhautA huA hogaa| isa anumAna

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 5 kI puSTi meM kalyANavijaya ekagAthA24 upasthita karate haiM jisakA bhAva hai ki yuga pradhAnatulya gandharva vAdivetAla zAntisUri ne vAlabhyasaMgha ke kArya ke lie valabhI nagarI meM udyama kiyaa| yadyapi katipaya AgamoM meM vAcanAntara kA nirdeza pAyA jAtA hai aura TIkAkAroM ne use nAgArjunIya vAcanA kahA hai kintu prathamata: valabhI meM hone vAlI ukta nAgArjunIya vAcanA kA nirdeza kisI prAcIna grantha meM nahIM miltaa| jabaki jinadAsamahattara kRta nandicUrNi tathA haribhadra kRta nandi TIkA meM mAthurI vAcanA kA kathana milatA hai| nAgArjuna kI vAlabhI vAcanA sambandhI sabhI ullekha vikrama kI 12vIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt ke haiN| dvitIyata: isake atirikta vAdivetAla zAntisUri ko valabhI meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAlA batalAyA hai| zAntyAcArya ko rAjA bhoja ne vAdivetAla kA viruda diyA thaa| ata: vaha rAjA bhoja ke samakAlIna the| unakI mRtyu vi0saM0 1096 meM huI thii| aisI sthiti meM devarddhi ke samaya unakA valabhI meM honA asambhava hI hai| isalie isa AdhAra para valabhI meM jisa saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA muni kalyANavijayajI ne vyakta kI hai vaha yuktisaMgata pratIta nahIM hotii| tIsare yadi isa taraha kA saMgharSa huA hotA to mUlasUtroM meM 'vAyaNaMtare puNa' ke sthAna para 'NAgajjaNIyA uNa eva par3hati' likhA huA milatA hai| svayaM kalyANavijaya ke kathana paraspara virodhI pratIta hote haiN| yadi saba siddhAnta mAthurI vAcanA ke anusAra likhe gaye aura jahAM-jahAM nAgArjunI vAcanA kA bheda yA matabheda thA, vaha TIkA meM likha diyA gayA to phira donoM vAcanAoM ke siddhAntoM kA paraspara samanvaya karane aura bhedabhAva miTAkara ekarUpa karane kI bAta nahIM rahatI aura yadi ukta prakAra samanvaya kiyA gayA to yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki saba siddhAnta mAthurI vAcanA ke anusAra likhe gye| donoM vAcanAoM kA samanvaya karake likhane para jo grantha taiyAra kiyA gayA vaha eka vAcanAnugata nahIM kahalA sakatA, ubhayavAcanAnugata khlaayegaa| kalyANavijaya ke isa lekha kA samarthana hemacandrAcArya viracita yogazAstravRtti ke atirikta kisI anya sAkSya se nahIM hotaa| hemacandra ne apanI vRtti meM yaha avazya likhA hai ki duSamA kAlavaza jina vacanoM ko naSTaprAya samajhakara bhagavAna nAgArjuna skandilAcArya pramukha ne use pustakoM meM likhA kintu jinadAsa kI nandIcUrNi ke prAcIna ullekha meM isa bAta kA kataI nirdeza nahIM hai| usameM unhoMne kevala itanA likhA hai ki smRti ke AdhAra para kAlika zruta saMkalita kiyA gayA hai| haribhadra aura malayagiri kRta nandi TIkA meM bhI yahI likhA huA hai|28 malayagiri kI jyotiSakaraNDakI TIkA, jisameM mathurA aura valabhI meM vAcanA hone kA nirdeza hai, meM donoM vAcanAoM ke mAtra sUtrArtha saMgaThana kA hI ullekha hai, lipibaddha kiye jAne kA nhiiN| bhadrezvara kI kathAvalI meM bhI isakA nirdeza nahIM hai

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6. jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kintu kalyANavijaya ne isakA artha isa prakAra kiyA hai ki jisase yaha pratIta ho sakatA hai ki mAthurIvAcanA ke pahale bhI Agama pustakeM thiiN| devarddhikAlIna vAlabhI vAcanA meM bhI durbhikSa ke kAraNa vinaSTa hue zruta kI rakSA pUrvavat kI gayI, kintu isameM pahale kI vAcanAoM se viziSTatA isa bAta meM thI ki usa saMkalita zruta ko pustakArUr3ha bhI kiyA gyaa| 29 sambhava hai ki isase pUrva bhI sAdhu apanI suvidhA ke lie kisI sUtragrantha ko lipibaddha kara lete hoM, kintu devarddhi se pahale sAmUhika rUpa se Agama granthoM ko lipibaddha karane kA koI prayatna nahIM huaa| isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki isase pahale Agama granthoM kA koI eka rUpa nirdhArita nahIM ho sakA thA jo pUre sampradAya ko mAnya ho aura aisI sthiti meM unheM lipibaddha karanA sampradAya bheda kA janaka ho sakatA thaa| anuyogadvAra pustaka meM likhita ko dravyazruta kahA gayA hai| sambhava hai ki AryarakSita, jo ki anuyogadvAra ke kRtikAra haiM, ne mandabuddhi sAdhuoM para anugraha kara apavAda ke rUpa meM Agama likhane kI bhI anumati de dI ho| nandIsthavirAvalI kI skandilAcArya sambandhI gAthA ke vyAkhyAna malayagiri" ne mAthurIvAcanA kyoM skandilAcArya kI kahI jAtI hai isakA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue likhA hai ki yaha vAcanA usa samaya ke yuga pradhAna skandilAcArya ko abhimata thI aura unhIM ke dvArA artha rUpa se ziSyabuddhi ko prApta huI thii| dUsaroM kA kahanA hai ki durbhikSa ke vaza kucha bhI zruta naSTa nahIM huA thaa| samasta zruta vartamAna thA kintu anya saba pradhAna anuyogadhara kAla ke gAla meM cale gaye kevala eka skandilasUri zeSa bce| unhoMne subhikSa hone para mathurA meM puna: anuyoga kA pravartana kiyA / isIlie use mAdhurI vAcanA kahate haiM aura vaha anuyoga skandilAcArya kA kahalAtA hai| 32 devarddhigaNi ne valabhI meM Agama ko antima rUpa dekara pustakArUr3ha kara sarvathA ke lie anuyoga pravartita kara diyaa| ataH yadi unheM mAtra pustaka lekhaka na kahakara vartamAna AgamoM kA racayitA kaha diyA jAye to asaMgata na hogaa| DA0 jaikobI " ne jaina sUtroM kI apanI prastAvanA meM devarddhigaNi ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki sarvasammata paramparA ke anusAra jaina Agama athavA siddhAntoM kA saMgraha devarddhi kI adhyakSatA meM valabhI sammelana meM huA / kalpasUtra meM isakA samaya vIra nirvANa 980 yA 993 arthAt 454 yA 467 I0 diyA hai| paramparA ke anusAra siddhAnta ke naSTa ho jAne kI AzaMkA ke kAraNa devarddhi ne usako pustakArUr3ha kiyaa| isase pUrva gurujana apane chAtroM ko siddhAnta par3hAte samaya pustakoM kA upayoga nahIM karate the kintu isake pazcAt unhoMne pustakoM kA upayoga kiyaa| prAcIna kAla meM RSi apane gurukuloM meM bhI pustakoM kA upayoga nahIM karate the / pustakoM kI apekSA smRti para adhika vizvAsa karane kA brAhmaNoM meM pracalana thA / isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki isa paramparA kA jainoM aura bauddhoM ne anusaraNa kiyaa|

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 7 zikSaNa ke DhaMga meM krAntikArI parivartana ko lAne kA zreya devarddhigaNi ko hai kyoMki yaha ghaTanA bahuta mahattvapUrNa thii| yadyapi brAhmaNa bhI apane dharmazAstroM kI pustakeM rakhate the tathApi ve veda par3hAte samaya unakA upayoga nahIM karate the| yaha pustakeM AcAryoM ke vyaktigata upayoga ke lie hotI thiiN| jaikobI ko isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki jaina sAdhu bhI isa prathA kA vizeSa rUpa se pAlana karate the tathA apane dharma granthoM kA uttarAdhikAra maukhika rUpa se sauMpane kI pracalita prathA se prabhAvita the| yadyapi jaikobI ko yaha mAnya hai ki jainoM ke Agama mUlataH pustakoM meM likhe gaye the| bauddhoM ke pavitra piTakoM meM, jinameM pratyeka choTI-se-choTI aura gArhasthika vastuoM taka kA ullekha milatA hai, pustakoM kA ullekha nahIM hai| isa AdhAra para vidvAna yukti dete haiM ki bauddha pustaka nahIM rakhate the| yahI yukti jainoM ke sambandha meM bhI dI jA sakatI hai| kama-se-kama jaba taka jaina sAdhu bhramaNazIla the taba taka unameM pustakoM kI pravRtti nahIM thii| kintu jaba jaina sAdhu apane upAzrayoM meM rahane lage taba vaha apanI pustakeM rakhane lge| isase devarddhi ke viSaya meM hameM eka naI bAta jJAta hotI hai ki sambhavataH unhoMne vartamAna pratiyoM ko eka Agama ke rUpa meM suvyavasthita kiyA aura jinakI pratiyAM upalabdha nahIM huI unheM vidvAna AgamajJoM ke mukha se grahaNa kiyaa| dhArmika zikSaNa ke DhaMga meM navIna parivartana ke kAraNa yaha sAmayika AvazyakatA thii| ata: devarddhi ke dvArA siddhAntoM kA sampAdana pavitra pustakoM kA kevala navIna saMskaraNa mAtra thaa| yaha kahanA ki valabhI sammelana meM hI sarvaprathama AgamoM ko likhane kI prathA pravartita huI eka ekAnta pakSI kathana hai| adhika upayukta to yaha pratIta hotA hai ki devarddhi dvArA granthoM ke pustakArUr3ha hone ke pazcAta sArvajanika rUpa se usakA lekhana kArya hone lgaa| bauddha saMgItiyoM se jaina vAcanAoM kI tulanA bauddha aura jaina donoM hI dharmoM meM pramukha vAcanAoM kI saMkhyA tIna hai| samasaMkhyA dekhakara yaha sandeha honA svabhAvika hai ki jaina vAcanAeM bauddha saMgItiyoM kI pratikRti to nahIM haiN| isa prasaMga meM bauddha saMgIti kI tulanA bhI aprAsaMgika nahIM hai| bauddha paramparA meM tInoM saMgItiyAM kisI durbhikSa ke kAraNa athavA piTakadharoM ke svargavAsa ho jAne ke kAraNa nahIM huI jaisA ki jaina zvetAmbarIya paramparA ke saMdarbha meM kahA gayA hai| prathama saMgIti kA kAraNa batAte hue bauddha sAhitya meM likhA hai ki bhagavAna buddha kA parinirvANa hone para subhadra nAmaka eka vRddha pravajita ne anya bhikSuoM se kahA- 'mata aavuso| mata zoka kro| mata roo| hama mukta ho gye| usa mahAzramaNa se pIr3ita rahA karate the| aba hama jo cAheMge so kreNge| jo nahIM cAheMge use nahIM kreNge|' subhadra ke isa abhikathana meM dharma evaM vinaya ke naSTa ho jAne kI

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8 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti saMbhAvanA ko upalakSita dekhakara mahAkAzyapa ne prastAvita kiyA- 'acchA Avuso, Ao / hama dharma aura niyama kA saMdhAna kareM, sAmane adharma prakaTa ho rahA hai| dharma haTAyA jA rahA hai| avinaya prakaTa ho rahA hai, vinaya haTAyA jA rahA hai| adharmavAdI balabAna ho rahe haiM, dharmavAdI durbala ho rahe haiN| vinayavAdI hIna ho rahe haiM 35 isa taraha dharma aura vinaya ke hrAsa kI saMbhAvanA kA nirAkaraNa karane ke uddezya se prathama saMgIti kI gyii| dUsarI saMgIti bhI isI kAraNa se huii| 37 usa samaya vaizAlI ke vajjiputtaka bhikSu upavAsa ke dina kAMse kI thAlI ko pAnI se bharakara aura bhikSusaMgha ke bIca meM rakhakara Ane-jAne vAle vaizAlI ke upAsakoM se usameM sonA, cAMdI, sikkA DAlane ke lie kahate the aura phira saMcita dravya ko Apasa meM bAMTa lete the / AyuSmAna yaza ne isa akArya kA virodha kiyaa| isa para deza-dezAntaroM ke sthaviroM ko ekatra karake saMgIti kI gyii| tIsarI saMgIti azoka ke rAjyakAla meM pATaliputra meM huii| usa samaya azokArAma meM bhikSuoM ne uposatha karanA chor3a diyA thA aura sAta varSa taka uposatha nahIM huA thaa| taba azoka ne sthaviroM ko Amantrita karake yaha viSaya unake samakSa prastuta kiyA aura taba tRtIya saMgIti huI jisameM nau mAsa lge|39 isa saMgIti ke pazcAt azoka kA putra mahendra dharma pracAra aura usake saMrakSaNa ke lie laMkA gyaa| usane tripiTaka aura usakI aTUTakathA ko jinheM Arambha meM mahAmati bhikSu kaNThastha karake le gaye the, prANiyoM kI smRti hAni dekhakara bhikSuoM ko ekatra kara, dharma kI cira sthiti ke lie pustakoM meM likhvaayaa| isa taraha tIna saMgItiyoM ke pazcAta laMkA meM tripiTakoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gyaa| 10 jisa prakAra mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara the jo mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko saMkalita karake aMgoM meM nibaddha karate the usa prakAra ke buddha ke gaNadhara nahIM the| buddha samaya-samaya para upadeza diyA karate the kintu unake upadeza ko tatkAla granthita karane kA dAyitva kisI kA nahIM thA / kevala nirantara sAtha rahane vAle unake ziSya upadezoM ko zravaNa karate aura smaraNa rakhane kA prayatna karate the| yahI kAlAntara meM vinayadhara kahalAne lge| 41 prathama bauddha saMgIti ke samaya buddha ke anyatama anuyAyI Ananda sthavira bhI upasthita the| jaba saMgIti ke lie sthavira bhikSuoM kA cunAva hone lagA to bhikSuoM ne mahAkAzyapa ko kahA - bhante, yaha Ananda yadyapi zaikSya anArhata haiM to bhI chanda rAga, dveSa, moha, bhaya, agati bure mArga para jAne ke ayogya haiN| inhoMne bhagavAna buddha ke pAsa bahuta dharma sUtra aura vinaya prApta kiyA hai| isalie bhante, sthavira AyuSmAna ko bhI cuna leN| isa prakAra buddha ke pazcAt sthavira bhikSuoM ko ekatrita karake dharma aura vinaya ke rUpa meM buddha ke upadezoM kA saMkalanA karanA ucita hI thaa| kintu mahAvIra ke eka nahIM, do nahIM, gyAraha gaNadhara the jinakA mukhya kArya

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana *9 bhagavAna ke upadezoM ko smaraNa rakhakara tatkAla aMgoM meM granthita karanA thA / granthita karane ke pazcAt kisI yogya ziSya ko sauMpa kara usakI paripATI ko susthira rakhanA bhI eka mukhya kArya thA / isI paripATI ke anusAra dvAdazAMga zruta avikala rUpa meM antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ko prApta huaa| Agama lekhana kI paramparA DaoN0 vinTaranitsa kA kathana hai ki dvAdazAMgarUpa Agama sAhitya se itara Agamika jaina sAhitya kI racanA zvetAmbarIya Agama saMkalanA se bahuta pahale hI Arambha ho gayI thii| 42 pustaka lekhana kI paramparA sambhavata: devarddhi se bahuta samaya pUrva Arambha ho gayI thI / prajJApanA meM 'potthAya' zabda AtA hai jisakA artha hotA hai lipikAra | isI sUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki arddhamAgadhI bhASA aura vAlabhI lipi kA prayoga karane vAle bhASArya hote haiN| 44 pAMca prakAra kI pustakeM batalAyI gayI haiM1 gaNDI, 2 kacchavI, 3 sRSTi, 4 sampuTa phalaka evaM 5 sarpATikA / haribhadrasUri ne bhI dazavaikAlika TIkA meM prAcIna AcAryoM kA ullekha karate hue unhIM pustakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 45 nizIthacUrNi meM bhI isakA ullekha hai / anuyogadvAra kA 'potthakarma' zabda bhI lipi kI prAcInatA kA eka pramANa hai| TIkAkAra ne pustaka kA artha tAr3a patra athavA sampuTaka patra, saMcaya aura karma kA artha usameM vartikA Adi se likhanA kiyA hai| isI sUtra meM Aye hue 'potthakAra' zabda kA artha TIkAkAra ne pustaka ke dvArA jIvikA calAne vAlA kiyA hai| vIra nirvANa kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM AkrAntA samrATa sikandara ke senApati niArkasa ne likhA hai ki bhAratavAsI loga kAgaja banAte the / " vartamAna meM likhita granthoM meM IsvI samvat pAMcavIM meM likhe hue patra 'pataya potthaya lihiaM' 47 milate haiN| kintu ati prAcIna kAla meM isake lie kauna se sAdhana prayukta hote the, jAnanA kaThina hai| bhAratIya vAGmaya kA bhAgya lambe samaya taka kaNThastha paramparA meM hI surakSita rhaa| tInoM paramparAoM ke ziSya uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM apane AcAryoM dvArA zruta jJAna smRti ke rUpa meM pAte the| pratikriyA AgamoM ke lipibaddha hone ke uparAnta bhI eka vicAradhArA aisI rahI ki sAdhu pustaka likha nahIM sakate the aura apane sAtha bhI nahIM rakha sakate the| pustaka likhane aura rakhane meM aneka prakAra ke doSa batAye jAte the 48 : 1. akSara likhane meM kunthu Adi trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai| isalie pustaka

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10 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti likhanA saMyama virAdhanA kA hetu hai| 2. unake chaMdoM kI ThIka taraha paDilehanA nahIM ho sktii| 3. pustakoM ko grAmAntara le jAte hue kandhe chila jAte haiM, vraNa ho jAte haiN| 4. vaha kunthu Adi jIvoM ke Azraya hone ke kAraNa adhikaraNa hai athavA cora Adi se curAye jAne para adhikaraNa ho jAte haiN| 5. tIrthaMkaroM ne pustaka nAmaka upAdhi rakhane kI AjJA nahIM dI hai| 6. unake pAsa meM hote hue sUtra-guNana meM pramAda hotA hai, aadi| sAdhu jitanI bAra pustakoM ko bAMdhate haiM, kholate haiM aura akSara likhate haiM unheM utane hI caturalaghukoM kA daNDa AtA hai aura AjJA Adi doSa lagate haiN| AcArya bhikSu ke samaya bhI aisI mAnyatA thii| unhoMne isakA khaNDana kiyA hai| DaoN0 vinTaranitsa ne likhA hai ki yadyapi jaina dharma bauddha dharma se prAcIna hai tathApi jainoM kA Agamika sAhitya apane prAcInatama rUpa meM hama taka nahIM A skaa| durbhAgya hai usake kucha bhAga hI surakSita raha sake aura unakA vartamAna rUpa apekSAkRta kAphI arvAcIna hai| AgamoM kI prAcInatA aura prAmANikatA isa saMdarbha meM svayaM zvetAmbara jainoM meM nimnalikhita paramparA pAyI jAtI hai| mUla siddhAnta caudaha pUrvo meM surakSita haiN| mahAvIra ne svayaM apane ziSya gaNadharoM ko unakI zikSA dI thii| kintu una pUrvo kA jJAna zIghra hI naSTa ho gyaa| mahAvIra ke ziSyoM meM se kevala eka ne isa jJAna paramparA ko Age claayaa| kinta vaha kevala cha: pIr3hI taka hI Age cala skii| mahAvIra nirvANa kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM magadha deza meM bhayaMkara durbhikSa par3A jo bAraha varSa meM jAkara samApta huaa| usa samaya candragupta maurya magadha kA rAjA thA aura sthavira bhadrabAhu jaina saMgha ke pradhAna the| bhadrabAhu dvAdazAMgazruta ke antima prAmANika uttarAdhikArI zrutakevalI the| bauddhasaMgIti kI taraha pATaliputra meM jo prathama vAcanA huI, kahA jAtA hai ki vaha unakI anupasthiti meM hI huI aura usameM bhI kevala gyAraha aMgoM kA hI saMkalana kiyA jA skaa| sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa bArahavAM aMga saMkalita nahIM ho sakA kyoMki usakA jAnakAra zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke atirikta koI dUsarA vyakti nahIM thaa| __ bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt jaina saMgha digambara aura zvetAmbara paMtha meM vibhAjita ho gayA aura donoM kI guruparamparA bhI bhinna ho gyii| sambhavataH zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA uttarAdhikAra donoM hI paramparAoM ko prApta huA thaa| phalata: digambara paramparA meM

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 11 mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt 683 varSa taka vikrama samvat kI dUsarI zatAbdI paryanta aMgajJAna yadyapi pracalita rahA, kintu dina para dina kSINa hotA calA gyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM pATaliputra ke bAda dUsarI vAcanA mathurA meM huI aura vIra nirvANa se 980 varSa athavA 993 varSa pazcAt valabhI kI tIsarI vAcanA ke samaya saMkalita gyAraha aMgoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gyaa| kintu mahatvapUrNa bArahavAM aMga naSTa ho gyaa| usI ke bheda caudaha pUrva the| unhIM ke kAraNa bArahaveM aMga kA mahatva thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM to gyAraha aMgoM kI utpatti pUrvo se hI mAnI gayI hai| ata: pUrvo kA mahatva nirvivAda hai| isa mata ko AdhAra banAkara Ara0jI0 bhaNDArakara ne digambara paramparA ke kathana ko vizvasanIya mAnate hae yaha mata prakaTa kiyA thA ki vIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 683 varSa paryanta 160 I0 meM, jabaki aMgoM ke antima jJAtA AcArya kA svargavAsa huA, jainoM meM koI likhita Agama nahIM thaa| sambhavatayA yaha bAta bAraha aMgoM ke sambandha meM kahI gayI hai kyoMki unakA lekhanakArya zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra 980 yA 993 varSa pazcAt huA thaa|54 durbhikSa ke kAraNa bhadrabAhu apane anuyAyI samudAya ke sAtha dakSiNa bhArata ke karnATaka pradeza meM cale gaye aura sthUlabhadra jo caudaha pUrvo ko jAnane vAle antima vyakti the, magadha meM raha jAne vAle saMgha ke pradhAna ho gye| bhadrabAhu kI anupasthiti ke kAraNa yaha pratyakSa thA ki pavitra sUtroM kA jJAna vismRti ke garta meM calA ja taa| isalie pATalipatra meM eka sammelana kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| usameM gyAraha aMgoM kA saMkalana huA aura caudaha pUrvo ke avazeSoM ko bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke rUpa meM nibaddha kara diyA gyaa| kAlAntara meM yaha bArahavAM aMga bhI lupta ho gyaa| usa samaya bhadrabAhu ke anuyAyI magadha meM raha jAne vAle sAdhu sapheda vastra pahanane ke abhyasta ho gaye the jabaki dakSiNa pravAsI sAdhu mahAvIra ke kaThora niyamoM ke anusAra nagna rahate the| isa taraha digambaroM aura zvetAmbaroM kA mahAna saMgha bheda huaa| hAthIguMphA abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki apane zAsana kAla ke 13veM varSa meM kaliMgarAja khAravela ne kumArIparvata para, jahAM ki dharmacakra pravartana huA thA, zraddhA sahita rAjakIya poSaNa prastuta kiyA tathA bhikSaoM ko cInI, vastra tathA zvetavastra 'vAsAsitAni' pradAna kiye| yadi jAyasavAla tathA banarjI ke pATha ko sahI mAne to kahA jAyegA ki caudahavIM paMkti meM bhikSuoM ko zveta vastra bAMTane kA ullekha hai| jAyasavAla ne hAthIguMphA abhilekha kA kAla dvitIya zatAbdI I0pU0 prastAvita kiyA hai aura isa prakAra unake vicArAnusAra dvitIya zatAbdI I0pU0 meM magadha meM zvetAmbaroM kA astitva thaa| digambaroM ne pATaliputra meM saMkalita AgamoM ko mAnane se inakAra kara diyA aura unhoMne yaha ghoSaNA kara dI ki aMga aura pUrva naSTa ho gaye haiN| sUdIrgha kAlavaza zvetAmbaroM ke Agama asta-vyasta ho gaye aura unake ekadama naSTa ho jAne kA bhaya utpanna ho gyaa| ata: mahAvIra nirvANa ke 980

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12 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti yA 993 varSa pazcAt IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM yA chaThI zatAbdI ke Arambha meM gujarAta kI valabhI nagarI meM pavitra AgamoM ke saMkalana tathA lekhane ke lie eka sammelana huaa| jisake pradhAna devarddhikSamA zramaNa the| bArahavAM aMga jisameM pUrvoM ke avaziSTa aMza saMkalita the, usa samaya taka naSTa ho cukA thaa| isI kAraNa hama bAraha aMga nahIM kevala gyAraha aMga pAte haiN| anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki vartamAna meM pAye jAne vAle gyAraha aMga vahI haiM jinheM devarddhi ne saMkalita kiyA thA | isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki svayaM zvetAmbaroM kI jaina paramparA ke anusAra unake pavitra AgamoM kI adhikAritA IsA kI pAMcavIM sadI se pUrva nahIM jAtI / " vartamAna rUpa meM sUtra vIra samvat 980 lagabhaga 553 I0 meM hamAre samakSa Ate haiM tathA nAgArjuna ke anusAra vIra samvat 893 athavA 466 I0 meM jaba caturtha tathA antima jaina pariSada devarddhikSamA zramaNa ke netRtva meM valabhI meM milI taba sUtroM kA saMkalana ho cukA thaa| 2 yaha ThIka hai ki vaha mAnate haiM ki valabhI sammelana meM jo Agama likhe gaye unakA AdhAra pATaliputra meM saMkalita Agama the aura vaha Agama mahAvIra aura unake ziSyoM se sambaddha the| kArpenTiyara ko isa bAta meM sandeha nahIM hai ki Aja bhI pramukha Agama apane Apa ko usI rUpa meM upasthita karate haiM jisameM pATaliputra vAcanA meM unheM nizcita sthira kiyA gayA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke ziSya gaNadharoM ne mukhya rUpa se Arya sudharmA ne mahAvIra svAmI ke vacanoM ko aMgoM aura upAMgoM meM nibaddha kiyaa| paramparA ke anusAra kucha vizeSa granthoM ko bAda ke granthakAroM kA bhI kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie cauthA upAMga Arya zyAmArya kA batalAyA jAtA hai, jisakA samaya mahAvIra nirvANa se 376 yA 386 varSa pazcAt mAnA jAtA hai| cauthe cheda sUtra piNDaniryukti aura oghaniyukti ko bhadrabAhu kI vIra nirvANa kI dUsarI zatAbdI aura tIsare mUlasUtra ko saMyambhava kA, jinheM mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt cauthA yuga pradhAna ginA jAtA hai, kahA jAtA hai| nandisUtra ko mahAvIra nirvANa kI dasavIM zatAbdI meM hone vAle valabhI sammelana ke pradhAna devarddhi kA kahA jAtA hai| digambara bhI yaha mata svIkAra karate haiM ki mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara caudaha pUrvoM aura gyAraha aMgoM ko jAnate the| kintu ve kahate haiM ki prAcIna samaya meM kevala caudaha pUrvoM kA hI jJAna lupta nahIM huA thA, varan mahAvIra nirvANa ke 436 varSa pazcAt gyAraha aMgoM ke jJAtA antima vyakti kA dehAnta huA aura isake uttarAdhikArI AcAryoM meM kramaza: aMgoM kA jJAna kama hotA gayA aura anta meM mahAvIra nirvANa se 683 varSa pazcAt aMgoM kA jJAna pUrNatayA naSTa ho gyaa| vinTaranitsa kA yaha mata upayukta pratIta hotA hai / unake anusAra yadyapi svayaM jainoM kI paramparA unake AgamoM ke bahuta prAcIna hone ke pakSa meM nahIM hai tathApi kamase-kama unake kucha bhAgoM ko apekSAkRta prAcIna kAla meM mAnane meM aura yaha mAnane

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRAtaka adhyayana * 13 meM ki devarddhi ne aMzata: maukhika paramparA ke AdhAra para AgamoM ko saMkalita kiyA, paryApta kAraNa hai|64 govindacandra pANDe ke anusAra saMkSepa meM vartamAna zvetAmbara siddhAntoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki kevala kucha granthoM ko hI nizcayapUrvaka prAcIna kahA jA sakatA hai, jyAdA se jyAdA mahAvIra jitnaa|65 je0ena0 pharakyUhara ne jaina AgamoM ke sambandha meM likhA hai ki aMgoM ke dvArA sthApita samasyA bahuta hI jaTila sthiti meM hai| unakI bhASA mUla mAgadhI nahIM hai jisameM vaha IsA pUrva tIsarI sadI meM pATaliputra meM saMkalita kiye gaye the, kintu usa para pazcima kA prabhAva hai| isa bAta ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki saMkalana kAla se hI AgamoM meM vistRta rUpa se parivartana hote Aye haiN|66 isa jaTila samasyA ko sulajhAne ke lie AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nahIM kiyA gyaa| yaha saMbhava hai ki pATaliputra meM kucha aMga saMkalita kiye gye| kintu yaha koI nahIM kaha sakatA ki vartamAna AgamoM kA una mUla AgamoM ke sAtha kyA sambandha hai| vebara kA mata hai ki vartamAna Agama dUsarI aura pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke bIce race gye| kintu jaikobI kA sujhAva hai ki unakA kucha bhAga pATaliputra se hI apekSAkRta thor3e se parivartana ke sAtha AyA hai|68 pharakyUhara ko vizvAsa hai ki adhika sambhava yaha hai ki prAcIna sAhitya aMzata: surakSita rahA hai| yadyapi yaha asaMdigdha hai ki saMgha bheda ke samaya se arthAt I0 80 se zvetAmbara sAdhuoM ke dvArA apane sampradAya ke anukUla usameM saMzodhana kI pravRtti jArI rhii| AgamoM meM zvetAmbaroM kI isa pravRtti ke spaSTa cihna pAye jAte haiN| vartamAna meM upalabdha Agama sAhitya maulika hai bhI yA nahIM isake sambandha meM jaina sAhitya meM do paramparAeM haiM-1. digambara vicAradhArA aura 2. zvetAmbara vicaardhaaraa| digambara vicAradhArA ke anusAra zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 683 varSa bAda Agama sAhitya kA sarvathA lopa ho gyaa| vartamAna meM upalabdha eka bhI Agama maulika nahIM hai| ___muni samadarzI prabhAkara ke vicAra meM zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra Agama sAhitya kA bahuta bar3A bhAga lupta ho gayA parantu usakA pUrNata: lopa nahIM huaa| dvAdazAMga meM se ekAdazaaMga vartamAna meM vidyamAna hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki vibhinna samayoM meM vibhinna vAcanAoM meM Agama sAhitya meM kucha parivartana bhI huA hai| itanA hone para bhI hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki aMga sAhitya meM maulikatA kA sarvathA abhAva hai| usameM bahuta sA bhAga maulika hai aura bhASA aura zailI kI apekSA se prAcIna bhI hai| itanA to nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki Agama kA mUlarUpa vartamAna meM bhI surakSita hai| ___paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI2 ke mata meM upalabdha Agama sAhitya ke viSaya meM prApta ullekhoM se yaha spaSTa rUpa se vidita hotA hai ki vIra nirvANa kI dUsarI

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14 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti zatAbdI se aMga zruta kI chinna-bhinnatA Arambha ho gayI thI aura vaha Age bhI jArI rhii| do aura bhayAnaka durbhikSoM ke kAraNa zruta ko gaharI hAni phuNcii| zruta sAhitya ko kAla ke atikramaNa ke sAtha hI sAtha sudUra dezoM kA bhI atikramaNa karanA pdd'aa| phira eka pakSa ne use mAnya hI nahIM kiyaa| jisa pakSa ke dvArA aMga sAhitya saMkalita kiyA gayA usa para bauddhoM ke madhyama mArga kA bhI prabhAva pdd'aa| ina sthitiyoM kA aMga sAhitya para prabhAva na par3A ho yaha asambhava hai| ata: yaha kahanA ki pATaliputra meM jo aMga sAhitya saMkalita kiyA gayA aura usake ATha sau varSa pazcAt valabhI meM jo pustakArUr3ha huA usameM koI antara nahIM par3A yA mAmUlI antara par3A, pUrNa satya nahIM hai| aisI avasthA meM yaha nirvivAda hai ki vartamAna rUpa meM upalabdha jaina AgamoM ko sarvathA prAmANika rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isa prasaMga meM vebara mahodaya ke mata kA adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| vebara vidvAnoM ke usa varga meM se the jo jaina dharma ko bauddha dharma kI zAkhA mAnate haiN| vebara ke anusAra DA0 buhalara kI sUcI meM aMkita 45 AgamoM ko devarddhigaNi ne saMkalita kiyA thaa| yadi hama isa para adhika vicAra na kareM to bhI hameM eka satya ke rUpa meM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki sambhavatayA devarddhigaNi ne unheM jisa rUpa meM saMkalita kiyA thA, vartamAna rUpa meM vaha upalabdha nahIM hai| mUla siddhAntoM se anya granthoM meM yaha bheda vartamAna hai| siddhAnta granthoM meM na kevala vAkyoM aura vibhAgoM ko hI naSTa kiyA gayA balki prAcIna TIkAoM ke samaya vidyamAna bar3I saMkhyA me kSepakoM ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA thA jo spaSTa pratIta hote haiN| jaikobI74 kA anumAna hai ki isa parivartana ke kAraNoM ko zvetAmbara sampradAya kI kaThoratA ke abhAva meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna Agama kevala zvetAmbaroM ke haiN| dRSTivAda kA ekadama naSTa ho jAnA ni:sandeha mukhya rUpa se sambandhita hai ki isameM saMghabheda ke siddhAntoM kA sIdhA ullekha thaa| yaha ghaTanA anya aMgoM meM kiye gaye parivartana, parivardhana aura lopa ke lie vyAkhyA rUpa ho sakatI hai jo jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa ke lie mahatvapUrNa haiN| digambaroM ne eka samaya vizeSa ke bAda tIrthaMkara praNIta Agama kA sarvathA lopa mAna liyaa| isalie AdezoM ko AgamAntargata karane kI unheM AvazyakatA hI nahIM huii| kintu zvetAmbaroM ne AgamoM kA saMkalana karake yathAzakti surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyaa|

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 15 AgamoM ke saMrakSaNa meM bAdhA bhAratIya vAGmaya meM zAstroM ko surakSita rakhane ke prayAsa sadA se hue haiN| vaidika sAhitya kI surakSA meM bhAratIyoM ne adbhuta kArya kiyaa| Aja bhI bhArata meM saikar3oM vedapAThI mileMge jo Adi se anta taka vedoM kA zuddha uccAraNa kara sakate haiN| unako pustaka kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| veda ke artha kI paramparA unake pAsa nahIM hai kintu vedapATha kI paramparA avazya hai| 75 jainoM ne bhI apane Agama granthoM ko surakSita rakhane kA vaisA hI prayatna kiyA hai jisa rUpa meM bhagavAna ke upadezoM ko gaNadharoM ne granthita kiyA hai| unakI bhASA prAkRta thI aura bhASAgata parivartana se viSaya vastu kI maulikatA meM parivartana svAbhAvika hI hai| ataH brAhmaNoM kI taraha jaina AcArya aura upAdhyAya aMga granthoM kI surakSA akSaraza: nahIM rakha ske| itanA hI nahIM kaI AgamoM ko ve sampUrNata: bhUla gye| phira bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki aMgoM kA adhikAMza jo Aja upalabdha hai bhagavAna ke upadeza ke adhika nikaTa hai| usameM parivartana aura parivarddhana huA kintu vaha managar3hanta hai yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / itihAsa sAkSI hai ki jainoM ne sampUrNa zruta ko bacAne kA bArambAra prayAsa kiyA hai|" prazna uThanA svabhAvika hai ki jina bAdhAoM se jaina zruta naSTa hue una bAdhAoM se veda kaise baca gaye ? kyA kAraNa hai ki jaina zruta se bhI prAcIna veda surakSita raha sake aura jaina zruta sampUrNa nahIM to adhikAMza naSTa ho gyaa| isakA kAraNa hai ki veda kI surakSA meM do prakAra kI paramparAoM ne sahayoga diyA hai - pitA-putra paramparA tathA guru-ziSya paramparA / pitA ne putra ko aura usane apane putra ko tathA isI prakAra guru ne ziSya ko aura ziSya ne apane ziSya ko isa krama meM veda pATha kI paramparA ko avicchinna banAye rkhaa| jaina Agama kI rakSA meM pitA-putra paramparA kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| zramaNa saMgha ke svarUpa ke anusAra kevala guru apane ziSya ko jJAna detA hai| vidyAvaMza kI paramparA se jaina zruta ko jIvita rakhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yahI kamI jaina zruta kI avyavasthA ke kAraNa huii| brAhmaNoM ko apanA suzikSita putra aura suzikSita ziSya milane meM kaThinAI nahIM hotI thI kintu jaina zramaNa ko apanA suzikSita putra jaina zruta ke uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM nahIM milatA thaa| guru ke pAsa to ziSya hI hotA thA cAhe vaha yogya ho yA ayogya / zruta kA adhikArI vahI hotA thA, yadi vaha zramaNa ho / vedoM kI surakSA eka varNa vizeSa se huI jisakA svArtha usakI surakSA meM hI thaa| jaina zruta kI surakSA vaise kisI bhI varNavizeSa ke antargata nahIM thI / caturvarNa meM se koI bhI vyakti jaina zramaNa ho sakatA thA, vahI zruta kA adhikArI ho jAtA thA / veda kA adhikArI brAhmaNa

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16 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti adhikAra pAkara usase asampRkta nahIM ho sakatA thaa| usake lie jIvana kI prathamAvasthA meM niyamata: vedAdhyayana Avazyaka thaa| brAhmaNa ke lie vedAdhyayana sarvasva thA to jaina zramaNa ke lie AcAra-vicAra pramukha thaa| jaina AcAra zAstra ke anusAra koI manda buddhi jaina ziSya sampUrNa zruta kA mAtra pAThagAmI ho to bhI usake mokSa meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA nahIM thI aura aihika jIvana bhI nirbAdha rUpa se sadAcAra bala se vyatIta ho sakatA thaa| jaina sUtroM kA dainika kriyAoM meM vizeSa upayoga lagabhaga nahIM thaa| eka sAmAyika pada mAtra se bhI mokSamArga sugama ho jAne kI jahAM sambhAvanA ho, vahAM apavAda svarUpa hI sampUrNa zrutadhara banane kA koI prayAsa kregaa| apanI smRti para bojha na bar3hAkara bhI, AgamoM kI rakSA jaina pustakabaddha karake kara sakate the, kintu vaisA karane meM aparigraha bhaMga kA bhaya thaa| unhoMne isameM asaMyama ko dekhaa|" jainoM ne aparigraha ko jaba kucha zithila kiyA, taba taka ve adhikAMza AgamoM ko bhUla cuke the| pahale jisa pustaka aparigraha ko asaMyama kA kAraNa samajhA jAtA thA use aba saMyama kA kAraNa mAnane lge| aisA na karane para zruta vinAza kA bhaya thA kintu aba kyA ho sakatA thA? lAbha kevala itanA thA ki zeSa Agamika sampatti hI raha gayI jo surakSita thii| zruta rakSA ke lie apavAdoM kI sRSTi kI gii| dainika AcAra meM bhI zruta svAdhyAya ko adhika mahatva diyA gyaa| itanA karane para bhI maulika kamI kA nivAraNa nahIM huaa| kyoMki guru apane zramaNa ziSya ko hI jJAna de sakatA thA jisameM apavAda nahIM huaa| zramaNoM ke abhAva meM jJAna guru ke sAtha hI lupta ho jAye to isameM Azcarya kI kyA bAta hai? kaI kAraNoM se vizeSakara jaina zramaNoM kI kaThora tapasyA aura atyanta kaThina AcAra ke kAraNa jaina saMgha meM zramaNoM kI saMkhyA brAhmaNa aura bauddhoM kI tulanA meM nyUna hI rhii| isI sthiti meM likhita granthoM kI bhI surakSA nahIM raha sakI aura zruta chinna-bhinna ho gye| AgamoM kI bhASA jaina paramparA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara bhale hI aneka hoM kintu unake upadeza meM sAmya hotA hai| jaina sUtroM ke anusAra bhagavAna ne arddhamAgadhI meM upadeza diyA aura unake gaNadharoM ne zravaNa kara AgamoM kI racanA kii| paramparA ke anusAra bauddhoM kI arddhamAgadhI kI bhAMti mAgadhI bhI Arya, anArya, pazu aura pakSiyoM ke dvArA samajhI jAtI thii| bAla, vRddha, strI aura apar3ha logoM ko vaha bodhagamya thii| AcArya hemacandra ne use ArSaprAkRta kaha kara vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se bAhya batAyA hai| trivikrama ne bhI apane prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana meM dezya bhASAoM kI bhAMti ArSaprAkRta kI svatantra utpatti mAnate hue usake lie vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI AvazyakatA

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 17 nahIM btaayii| tAtparya yaha hai ki ArSabhASA kA AdhAra saMskRta na hone se vaha apane svatantra niyamoM kA pAlana karatI hai| ise prAcIna prAkRta bhI kahA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA magadha ke arddhabhAga meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA ko arddhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai| abhayadevasUri ke anusAra isa bhASA meM kucha lakSaNa mAgadhI ke haiM aura kucha prAkRta ke pAye jAte haiM, isalie ise arddhamAgadhI kahA hai| isase mAgadhI aura arddhamAgadhI bhASAoM kI nikaTatA para prakAza par3atA hai| mArkaNDeya ne zaurasenI ke samIpa hone se mAgadhI ko hI arddhamAgadhI batAyA hai| pazcima meM zaurasenI aura pUrva meM magadha ke bIca kSetra meM bolI jAne vAlI yaha bhASA arddhamAgadhI kahI jAtI thii| kramadIzvara ne apane saMkSiptasAra meM ise mahArASTrI aura mAgadhI kA mizraNa batAyA hai jisameM magadha, mAlavA, mahArASTra, lATa, vidarbha Adi kI dezI bhASAoM kA sammizraNa hai| 3 isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki arddhamAgadhI janasAmAnya kI bhASA thI jisameM mahAvIra ne sarvasAdhAraNa ko pravacana diye| AgamoM ke anusAra tIrthaMkara arddhamAgadhI meM upadeza dete haiN| 84 ise usa samaya kI divya bhASA" aura isakA prayoga karane vAle ko bhASArya kahA gayA hai / " isameM mAgadhI aura aThAraha anya dezI bhASAoM ke lakSaNa mizrita haiN| isalie yaha arddhamAgadhI kahalAtI hai| 7 bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ziSya magadha, mithilA kosala, Adi aneka pradeza, varga aura jAti ke the| AcArya hemacandra ne ise ArSa kahA hai / " nizIthacUrNi meM cUrNikAra ne isa bAta kA ullekha kiyA ki AgamoM kI bhASA arddhamAgadhI nizcita hai, kintu yaha nizcita kara pAnA bahuta hI duSkara hai ki Agama usa bhASA meM hai jinameM ki unheM zravaNa kiyA gayA athavA usa bhASA meM jinheM kI Ane vAlI pIDhiyoM ne bolA, samajhA aura likhaa| jaikobI kA yaha vyaktigata vizvAsa hai ki AgamoM kI bhASA hara pIr3hI ke sAtha badalI / isakA pratyakSa pramANa jaina prAkRta hai jisameM ki kramika parivartana dRSTigocara hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tatkAlIna lokabhASA arddhamAgadhI ko apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama banAyA isalie gautama gaNadhara ke dvArA dvAdazAMga zruta kI bhASA bhI arddhamAgadhI thI kintu unakA lopa hone para bhI mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI bhASAeM jo prAkRta ke hI bheda haiM, jaina Agamika sAhitya kA mAdhyama rhiiN| jaba saMskRta bhASA lokapriya huI to jainAcAryoM ne usake bhaNDAra ko apanI kRtiyoM se bharA / pIche apabhraMza bhASA kA pracAra hone para apabhraMza bhASA ko apanA kara use samRddha banAyA / " Agama vibhAga jaina sAhitya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai - 1. Agama sAhitya aura 2. Agametara sAhitya | tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa, gaNadharoM evaM pUrvadhara sthaviroM dvArA racita sAhitya

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18 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti ko Agama aura AcAryoM dvArA racita granthoM ko Agametara sAhitya kI saMjJA dI gayI tIrthakara sadA artha rUpa se upadeza dete haiN| unakA pravacana sUtra rUpa meM nahIM hotaa| gaNadhara isa artha rUpa pravacana ko sUtra rUpa meM gUMthate haiN| isa apekSA se Agama sahitya ke do bheda hote haiM-1. arthAgama 'atthAgame' tathA, 2. sUtrAgama 'suttAgame / tIrthaMkara dvArA upadiSTa vANI arthAgama aura usa pravacana ke AdhAra para gaNadharoM dvArA racita AgamoM ko sUtrAgama kahate haiN| ye Agama AcAryoM kI amUlya evaM akSaya jJAna nidhi bana gaye haiN| isalie inheM gaNi-piTaka ke nAma se bhI sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| inakI saMkhyA bAraha hai isalie inakA nAma dvAdazAMgI hai| Agama sAhitya praNetA kI dRSTi se do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hotA hai-aMgapraviSTa aura anNgprvisstt| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM ne jo sAhitya racA vaha aMgapraviSTa kahalAtA hai| sthaviroM ne jo sAhitya racA vaha anaMgapraviSTa kahalAtA hai| bAraha aMgoM ke atirikta sArA Agama sAhitya anaMgapraviSTa hai| gaNadharoM ke prazna para bhagavAna ne tripadI-utpAda, vyaya aura zrauvya kA upadeza diyaa| usake AdhAra para jo Agama sAhitya racA gayA vaha aMgapraviSTa aura bhagavAna ke mukta vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para jo sthaviroM ne racA, vaha anaMgapraviSTa hai| dvAdazAMgoM kA svarUpa sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke samakSa niyata nahIM hotA hai| vartamAna meM jo ekAdaza aMga upalabdha haiM ve sudharmA gaNadhara kI vAcanA ke haiN| isalie sudharmA dvArA racita mAne jAte haiN| tIrthaMkara rUpI kalpavRkSa se jo jJAnarUpI puSpoM kI vRSTi hotI hai unheM lekara gaNadhara mAlA meM gUMtha dete haiN| anaMgapraviSTa Agama sAhitya kI dRSTi se do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| kucha Agama sthaviroM dvArA racita haiM aura kucha nirduuddh'| jo Agama dvAdazAMgI yA pUrvo se uddhRta kiye gaye, vaha nir3ha kahalAte haiN| ___ dazavaikAlika, bRhatkalpa, dazAzrutaskandha-ye niyUMr3ha Agama haiN| dazavaikAlika kA ni!haNa apane putra manaka kI ArAdhanA ke lie Arya zayyambhava ne kiyaa| zeSa AgamoM ke zrutadhara zrutakevalI bhadrabAha haiN| prajJApanA ke kartA zyAmArya, anuyogadvAra ke Arya rakSita aura nandi ke devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kahe jAte haiN| ___bhASA kI dRSTi se AgamoM ko do yugoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| IsvI pUrva 400 se 100 I0 taka kA pahalA yuga hai| isameM racita aMgoM kI bhASA mAgadhI hai| dUsarA yuga 100 I0 se 500 I0 taka kA hai| isameM racita nirmUr3ha AgamoM kI bhASA jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM Agama ke tIna bheda kiye gaye haiM-AtmAgama, antarAgama aura prmpraagm| tIrthaMkara kevala jJAna ke dvArA svayameva saba padArthoM ko jAnate haiM isalie unake artha ko AtmAgama kahate haiN| gaNadharoM dvArA sUtroM meM nibaddha jJAna antarAgama hotA hai, kyoMki tIrthaMkaroM se jJAna gaNadharoM aura gaNadharoM se ziSyoM ko prApta hotA hai, ata: yaha paramparAgama kahalAtA hai| vyavahAra

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 19 sUtra meM prathama AcArAMga sUtra se lekara aSTama pUrva paryanta aMgoM ko aura pUrvo ko to zruta kahA hai aura navama Adi zeSa cha: pUrvo ko Agama kahA hai| bheda kA kAraNa hai ki jisase atIndriya padArthoM kA jJAna ho use Agama kahate haiN| kevala jJAna kI taraha atIndriya padArthoM ke viziSTa jJAna karAne ke kAraNa hI inheM Agama kahate haiN| __ jayadhavalA ke anusAra jisameM alpAkSara hoM, jo sandehotpAdaka na ho, jisameM sAra bhara diyA ho, jisakA nirNaya gUr3ha ho, jo nirdoSa ho, sayuktika ho aura tathyayukta ho use vidvAna sUtra kahate haiN| sampUrNa sUtra lakSaNa to tIrthaMkara ke mukha se nikale artha padoM meM hI saMbhava hai, gaNadhara ke mukha se nikalI racanA meM nhiiN| vaha to bahuta vistRta aura vizAla hotI hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI kRti anuyogadvAra kI dhavalA TIkA meM vIrasena svAmI ne tIrthaMkara ke mukhapraNIta ko to sUtra kahA hai aura gaNadharadeva ke zrutajJAna ko sUtrAgama kahA hai| kyoMki vaha una bIja pada rUpI sUtroM se utpanna hotA hai| aMgoM aura pUrvo ko siddhAnta bhI kahate haiN| jaikobI Adi videzI lekhakoM ne apane lekhoM meM zvetAmbara AgamoM kA nirdeza siddhAnta zabda se kiyA hai| isa prakAra aMgoM aura pUrvo ko Agama, paramAgama, sUtra, siddhAnta Adi nAmoM se pukArA gayA hai| bauddha pAli trikAya kI tInoM vAcanA ke 100 varSa bAda zvetAmbara Agama pustakArUr3ha hue| ata: pAli trikAya piTaka kI anukRti para jainoM ke Agama bhI 'duvAlasaMge gaNipiDage'100 kahalAye jisakA artha hai gaNadhara kA pittaaraa| AgamoM kI tithi carcA adhikAMza jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA paurANika hone para bhI jaina sAhitya kA Adi srota aMga sAhitya veda jitanA prAcIna nahIM hai, yaha siddha ho cukA hai| use bauddhapiTaka kA samakAlIna mAnA jA sakatA hai| DA0 jaikobI102 kA kathana hai ki samaya kI dRSTi se jainAgama kA samaya jo bhI mAnA jAye kintu usameM jina tathyoM kA saMgraha hai vaha aise nahIM haiM ki isI kAla ke hoN| isameM aise tathya saMgrahIta haiM jinakA sambandha prAcIna pUrva paramparA se hai|103 jaina granthoM kI kAlAvadhi adhika anizcita hai kyoMki unakA adhyayana aura sampAdana usa rUpa meM nahIM ho pAyA jisa rUpa meM bauddha granthoM kA huA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki jainadharma granthoM kA saMkalana sarvaprathama I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdI ke anta yA tIsarI zatAbdI ke Arambha meM kisI samaya huA thaa|105 Agama zabda vyakti vAcaka nahIM hai kintu aneka vyakti kRta aneka granthoM kA samudAya vAcaka hai| Agama kI racanA kA koI eka nizcita kAla nahIM hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA upadeza vikrama pUrva 500 varSa meM zurU huaa| ataeva upalabdha kisI bhI Agama kI racanA kA usake pahale honA sambhava nahIM hai aura dUsarI aura

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20 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti antima vAcanA ke AdhAra para pustaka lekhana valabhI meM vikrama samvat 510 matAntara se 523 meM huaa| ataeva tadantargata koI zAstra vikrama samvat 525 ke bAda kA nahIM ho sktaa|106 jisa alaMkRta rUpa meM vartamAna meM bAraha aMga upalabdha haiM unako dekhate hue unake racanAkAla athavA unake praNetAoM ke viSaya meM kahanA duSkara hai| kucha aMga pUrI taura para paurANika haiM tathA gAthAoM kI viSaya-sAmagrI se yukta haiN| aise aMga cAra haiN| nAyAghammakahAo, antagaDadasAo, aNutarovavAiyadasAo tathA vivaagsuuym| inakA nirapekSa tathA kAlakramAnusAra vibhedIkaraNa tabhI sambhava hogA jabaki sAhityika tathA paurANika sAkSyoM ke bajAya dArzanika aura dhArmika vicAroM ko mAnadaNDa banAyA jaaye||07 yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki antagaDadasAo tathA aNuttarovavAiya kI maulika viSaya sAmagrI vartamAna viSaya sAmagrI se bilkula bhinna thii| ___ aMga grantha108 gaNadhara kRta kahe jAte haiM, kintu usameM sabhI eka samAna prAcIna nahIM haiN| AcArAMga ke prathama aura dvitIya zrutaskandha bhAva aura bhASA meM bhinna haiN| prathama zrRta skandha dvitIya se hI nahIM kintu samasta jainavAGmaya meM sabase prAcIna aMza hai| usameM parivartana aura parivarddhana sarvathA nahIM hai, yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA kintu usameM nayA sabase kama milAyA gayA hai, yaha to nizcita hI kahA jA sakatA hai| vaha bhagavAna kA sAkSAta upadeza na ho, taba bhI usake atyanta nikaTa to hai hii| isa sthiti meM use hama vikrama pUrva 300 ke bAda kI saMkalanA nahIM kaha skte| adhika sambhava hai ki vaha prathama vAcanA kI saMkalanA hai| AcArAMga kA dvitIya zruta skandha AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA honA cAhie kyoMki usameM prathama kI apekSA bhikSuoM ke niyamopaniyama ke varNana meM vikasita bhUmikA milatI hai| yaha vikrama pUrva do zatAbdI ke bAda kI racanA nahIM kahI jA sktii| yahI bAta sAmAnyata: sabhI aMgoM ke viSaya meM kahI jA sakatI hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha nahIM hai ki samasta sAhitya isa kAla meM hI likha liyA gayA aura kucha nahIM jor3A gyaa|109 sthAnAMga jaise aMga grantha meM vIra nirvANa kI chaThI zatAbdI kI ghaTanA kA bhI ullekha hai| bhASA meM paMcatantra kI gati aura vikAsa hai| prazna vyAkaraNa aMga kA jaisA varNana nandi sUtra meM hai use dekhate hue upalabdha prazna vyAkaraNa aMga bAda kI racanA pratIta hotI hai| valabhI vAcanA ke bAda kaba yaha aMga naSTa huA aura kaba navIna prakSipta huA, jAnane kA koI sAdhana nahIM hai| ___ dasavAM aMga paravartI hai jisane ki lupta aMga kA sthAna grahaNa kiyA hai||10 cauthe aMga ko pUrvavartI mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki isameM brAhmI ke aTThAraha prakAroM tathA uttarAdhyayana ke 36 adhyAyoM kI gaNanA hai|| nandisUtra, jo ki paryApta paravartI racanA hai, kI bhI carcA hai|112 pAMcavAM aMga bhI Arambhika yA prAcIna nahIM mAnA jA

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 21 sakatA kyoMki isake kucha bhAga vistRta tathA pariSkRta sUtrabaddha siddhAnta'13 prastuta karate haiM tathA grantha meM pannavaNA, jIvAbhigama tathA nandisatra kI bhI carcA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki bahuta se samvAda tathA varNana jo apanI zailI meM nikAyoM se milate haiM AgamoM ke Arambhika bhAgoM se sambaddha hoN||14 tIsarA aMga aMguttara nikAya se pratyabhijJA rakhatA hai, kintu adhika yojanAbaddha hai| vizuddha dikhAI dene vAle samvAda mAtrA meM kama haiM tathA saMkSipta evaM pariSkRta siddhAnta apanAye gaye haiN||| eka sthAna para rAjakIya upAdhiyoM kI sUcI prApta hotI hai jisase prazAsanika vyavasthA kI ora saMketa milatA hai jise kama-se-kama mauryottarIya kahA jA sakatA hai| 16 upAMga ke bAre meM vicAra kramAnugata haiN| zrubiMga apane grantha voTeM mahAvIraja pR0 8 meM kahate haiM ki maulika rUpa meM upAMga kevala pAMca the||17 prajJApanA kA racanAkAla nizcita hai| isake kartA zyAmArya the| unakA dUsarA nAma kAlakAcArya nigoda,vyAkhyA thaa|18 inako vIranirvANa samvat 335 meM yugapradhAna pada milA thaa| ve isa pada para 376 taka bane rhe| isa kAla kI racanA prajJApanA hai| ataeva yaha racanA vikramapUrva 135 se 94 ke bIca kI honI caahie| zeSa upAMgoM ke kartA ke viSaya meM jJAta nahIM hai| inake kartA gaNadhara nahIM mAne jAte anya sthavira mAne jAte haiN| yaha saba kisI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai| bAraha upAMgoM meM se zAyada pahale do kI sAmagrI purAnI hai zeSa dasa kI nhiiN| pahale do meM se 'rAyapasenijja' (rAja praznIya) vizeSarUpa se purAnI paramparA para AdhArita hai, kyoMki dIrghanikAya ke payesisuta ko yA to isakA rUpAntaraNa samajhA jAye yA vaha isa srota se liyA gayA hai| 19 candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aura jambUdvIpa prajJapti kA samAveza digambaroM ne dRSTivAda ke prathama bheda parikarma meM kiyA hai| 20 nandisUtra meM bhI usakA nAmollekha hai| ataeva yaha grantha zvetAmbara-digambara ke bheda se prAcIna honA caahie| inakA samaya vikrama samvat ke Arambha se Age nahIM hai| zeSa upAMgoM ke viSaya meM bhI sAmAnyata: yahI kahA jA sakatA hai| upalabdha candraprajJapti meM koI vizeSa bheda nahIM hai| ata: sambhava hai ki mUla candraprajJapti vicchinna ho gayA ho| prakIrNaka jaisA ki nAma se hI nirdiSTa hai vividha haiN| inakI sUcI vAstava meM atyanta anizcita hai| 21 prakIrNakoM kI racanA ke viSaya meM bhI yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki unakI racanA samaya-samaya para huii| antima maryAdA vAlabhI vAcanA taka hI kI jA sakatI hai| ata: nizcita hai ki samasta jaina siddhAntoM kI racanA cauthI zatAbdI I0 pUrva taka ho cukI thii| 22 samasta Agama saMkalanA dUsarI zatAbdI ke anta athavA cauthI zatAbdI ke Arambha taka ho cukI thii| 23

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aMga 22 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti dvAdaza aMga aura upAMga sAhitya kA vivaraNa upAMga aMga aupapAtika jIvAbhigama 1. AcArAMga 3. sthAnAMga 4. bhagavatI 7. upAsaka dazAMga jambUdIpa prajJapti candra prajJapti 9. anuttaropapAtika kalpAvatansikA 11. vipAka puSpacUlikA upAMga 2. sUtrakRtAMga rAjapraznIya 4. samavAyAMga prajJApanA 6. jJAtadharmakathA 8. aMtakRddazAMga 10. praznavyAkaraNa 12. dRSTivAda sUryaprajJapti kalpikA puSpikA vRSNidazA cheya saMjJA kaba se pracalita huI aura isameM kauna se zAstra sammilita the yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Avazyaka niyukti meM sarvaprathama cheya zabda milatA hai| 24 kucha AcArya cheya sUtroM kI saMkhyA cAra mAnate haiM - 1. nizItha, 2. mahAnizItha, 3. vyavahAra aura 4. dazAzruta skaMdha / kucha AcArya mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko milAkara cheya sUtroM kI saMkhyA chaH mAnate haiM aura kucha jItakalpa ke sthAna para paMca kalpa ko cheya sUtra mAnate haiN| vinTaranitsa ke anusAra cheya sUtroM meM se kevala kalpa apane pUraka vyavahAra tathA AdhAradaMzAo ke sAtha Arambhika samajhA jA sakatA hai| 125 AdhAradaMzAo kA AThavAM bhAga bhadrabAhu kRta kalpasUtra hai jo ki vibhinna aMgoM se nirmita grantha hai tathA usameM sabase rUcikara vibhAga jo ki mahAvIra ke jIvana carita se sambandhita hai apanI zailI ke kAraNa prArambhika nahIM kahA jA sakatA / 126 mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA meM bhI ekarUpatA nahIM hai| kucha AcArya cAra mUla sUtra mAnate haiM--1. dazavaikAlika, 2. uttarAdhyayana, 3. nandI aura 4. anuyoga dvaar| kucha vidvAna Avazyaka aura ogha niyukti ko bhI mUla sUtroM meM sammilita karake unakI saMkhyA cha: mAnate haiN| kucha ogha niyukti ke sthAna para piNDa niyukti ko mUla sUtra mAnate haiN| bahuta se AcArya nandI aura anuyoga dvAra ko mUla sUtra nahIM maante| unakI dRSTi meM ye donoM cUlikA sUtra haiN| isa taraha aMga bAhya AgamoM kA vibhinna samayoM aura rUpoM meM vargIkaraNa hotA rahA hai| nandIsUtra kI racanA devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ne kii| isameM Agama sAhitya kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| nandIsUtra meM Agama sAhitya kI sUcI dI gayI hai|

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 23 vargIkaraNa digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM samasta jaina sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa viSaya kI dRSTi se cAra bhAgoM meM kiyA gayA hai| ve cAra vibhAga haiM-prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga aura drvyaanuyog| purANacarita Adi AkhyAnagrantha prathamAnuyoga meM garbhita kiye gaye haiN| karaNa zabda ke do artha haiM--pariNAma aura gaNita ke suutr| ata: khagola aura bhUgola kA varNana karane vAle tathA jIva aura karma ke sambandha Adi ke nirUpaka karmasiddhAnta viSayaka grantha karaNAnuyoga meM lie gaye haiN| AcAra sambandhI sAhitya caraNAnuyoga meM AtA hai aura dravya guNa paryAya Adi vastusvarUpa ke pratipAdakagrantha dravyAnuyoga meM Ate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra yaha anuyoga vibhAga AryarakSita sUri ne kiyA thaa| antima dasa pUrvI Arya vajra kA svargavAsa vi0sa0 114 meM huaa| usake bAda AryarakSita hue| unhoMne bAda meM hone vAle alpabuddhi ziSyoM kA vicAra karake Agamika sAhitya ko cAra anuyogoM meM vibhAjita kara diyaa| jaise gyAraha aMgoM ko caraNa-karaNAnuyoga meM samAviSTa kiyA, RSibhASitoM kA samAveza dharmakathanAnuyoga meM kiyA, sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti Adi ko gaNitAnuyoga meM rakhA aura bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ko dravyAnuyoga meM rkhaa| digambara paramparA meM jise prathamAnuyoga nAma diyA hai use hI zvetAmbara paramparA meM dharmakathAnuyoga kahA hai aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM jise gaNitAnuyoga saMjJA dI gayI hai usakA samAveza digambara paramparA ke karaNAnuyoga meM hotA hai| AcArAMga sUtra AcArAMga sUtra zruta sAhitya kA mukuTamaNi hai| isameM AcAra kA varNana hai aura AcAra sAdhanA kA prANa hai, mukti kA mUla hai| isalie Agama sAhitya ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne ise aMga sAhitya kA sAra, nicor3a yA navanIta kaha kara isake mahatva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| 27 bhASA zailI evaM viSaya kI dRSTi se bhI yaha saba AgamoM se prAcIna hai evaM mahatvapUrNa pratIta hotA hai|128 haramana jaikobI!29 aura zrubiMga 30 jaise pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI isake mahatva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| nandIsUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki AcArAMga meM nirgranthoM ke AcAra, gocara, vainayika, zikSA, bhASA, abhASA, caraNa-karaNa, mAtrA tathA vividha abhigraha viSayaka vRttiyoM evaM jJAnAcAra Adi pAMca prakAra ke AcAroM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| AcArAMga meM ATha zuddhi, tIna gupti, pAMca samiti rUpacaryA kA kathana hai|31 muni ko kaise calanA cAhie, kaise baiThanA cAhie, kaise sonA cAhie, kaise khar3A

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24 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti honA cAhie, kaise bhojana karanA cAhie aura kaise bolanA cAhie Adi kA isameM vivaraNa hai|132 sacelaka paramparA ke samavAyAMga sUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki nirgrantha sambandhI AcAra, gocara, vinaya, vainayika, sthAna, gamana, cakramaNa, pramANa, yogayojanA, bhASA-samiti, gapti, zaiyA, upadhi, AhAra, pAnI sambandhI udgama, utpAda, eSaNA vizuddhi evaM zuddhA-zuddha grahaNa, vrata, niyama, tapa, upadhAna, jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra, caritrAcAra, tapAcAra tathA vIryAcAra viSayaka suprazasta vivecana AcArAMga meM upalabdha haiN| acelaka paramparA ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA, jayadhavalA, gomaTTasAra, aMgapaNNatti Adi granthoM meM batAyA gayA hai ki AcArAMga meM manazuddhi, vacanazuddhi, kAyazuddhi tathA IryA zuddhi kA vidhAna hai| isameM aThAraha hajAra pada the| vartamAna zvetAmbara Agama meM do zruta skandha haiN| sabhI sarvasammati se svIkAra karate haiM ki sudharmAsvAmI jo ki mahAvIra ke pAMcaveM gaNadhara the, prathama zrutaskandha ke kartA haiN| dvitIya zrutaskandha ke praNetA ke viSaya meM aneka mata haiN| AcArAMgasUtra kI niyukti meM bhadrabAhusvAmI kahate haiM ki AcArAMga ke kartA sthavira the| cUrNikAra ke anusAra sthavira kA Azaya yahAM gaNadhara hI se lenA caahie| AcArAMgavRtti ke lekhaka zIlAcArya sthavira kA artha caudahapUrvo ke jJAtA se karate haiN|33 prathama zrutaskandha isameM nau adhyAya haiM jo adhyayana kahalAte haiN| isa kAraNa yaha navabrahmacarya kahalAtA hai kintu aba kevala isameM ATha hI adhyayana upalabdha haiN| mahApariNNA nAmaka adhyAya aba lupta ho gayA hai|34 kintu zIlAMka jaise TIkAkAra kA kathana hai ki mUla meM kevala 7 hI adhyayana the jinameM yatijIvana kA varNana thaa||35 mahApariNNA AThavAM adhyayana thA kyoMki mahApariNNA kA apekSAkRta kama mahatva hone ke kAraNa hI lopa ho gayA hai||36 yaha bammaceriya yA brahmacarya adhyayana kahalAtA hai| brahma kA artha hai saMyama aura caryA kA artha hai AcaraNa krnaa| Agama sAhitya meM ahiMsA aura samatva bhAva kI sAdhanA kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| isake prathama adhyayana kA nAma zastra-parijJA hai| isa adhyayana meM bhagavAna ne ni:zastrIkaraNa kA upadeza diyA hai| unhoMne sAdhanA patha para gatizIla sAdhaka ko dravya aura bhAva talavAra Adi dravya zastroM ke parityAga kI bAta kahI hai| prathama adhyayana ke sAta uddezaka haiN| prathama uddezaka meM samuccaya rUpa se jIva hiMsA se virata hone kA upadeza diyA hai| zeSa cha: uddezakoM meM pRthvI, jala, vAyu, agni, vanaspati aura trasa kAya ke jIvoM kA parijJAna karAyA hai| sAdhaka ko yaha bodha karAyA gayA hai ki ina yoniyoM meM vaha svayaM utpanna hotA AyA hai| jagat ke sabhI jIvoM meM cetanA zakti vidyamAna hai, sukha

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 25 duHkha kI cetanA vidyamAna hai| kisI taraha ke zastra dvArA unakA vadha nahIM karanA cAhie, unheM tApa - paritApa nahIM denA cAhie, unheM bandhana meM nahI bAMdhanA cAhie | 137 dvitIya adhyayana kA nAma lokavijaya hai| yaha chaH uddezakoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra se jIva saMsAra meM Abaddha hotA hai| isake chaH uddezyoM meM kramaza: yaha bhAva batAye gaye haiM- 1. svajana snehiyoM ke sAtha nihita rAgabhAva evaM Asakti kA parityAga karanA, 2. saMyama sAdhanA meM praviSTa hone vAle sAdhaka ko zithilatA kA parityAga karanA, 3. abhimAna aura dhana-sampatti meM sAra dRSTi nahIM rakhanA, 4. loka ke Azraya se saMyama kA nirvAha hone para bhI loka meM mamatva bhAva nahIM rkhnaa| loka do prakAra kA hai- 1. dravya loka aura 2. bhAva loka / jisa kSetra meM manuSya, pazu, pakSI, deva, nAraka rahate haiM vaha dravya loka hai| kaSAyoM ko bhAvaloka kahate haiN| viSaya kaSAya para vijaya pAne vAlA sAdhaka hI saccA vijetA hai| tRtIya adhyayana kA nAma zItoSNIya hai| jisakA artha hai anukUla aura pratikUla pariSaha / strI aura satkAra pariSaha ko zIta aura zeSa bIsa pariSahoM ko uSNa kahA hai| sAdhanA ke bAda meM kabhI anukUla pariSaha utpanna hote haiM to kabhI pratikUla pariSaha / sAdhu ko inheM samatvapUrvaka sahanA cAhie / pariSahoM ke utpanna hone ke bAda sAdhaka sAdhanA kSetra se palAyana na kare apitu dhairyapUrvaka sahate hue saMyama kA pAlana kre| yaha cAra uddezakoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM sAdhaka ko sadA jAgate rahane kA upadeza diyA hai| 38 mahAvIra kA ghoSa hai ki suSupta sAdhaka muni nahIM hai kyoMki muni sadA sarvadA jAgrata rahatA hai| 139 vaha kabhI bhI bhAvanidrA meM nahIM rhtaa| pramAda aura Alasya meM nimajjita nahIM hotaa| caturtha adhyayana kA nAma samyakatva hai| isake cAra uddezaka haiN| samyakatva kA artha hai-zraddhA, niSThA aura vizvAsa / prazna uThatA hai ki sAdhaka kisa para zraddhA kare / isa adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki atIta, anAgata evaM vartamAna meM hone vAle samasta tIrthaMkaroM kA eka hI upadeza rahA hai ki sarvaprANa, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva aura sarvasatva kI hiMsA mata karo, unheM pIr3A evaM santApa - paritApa mata do| yahI dharma zuddha hai, nitya hai, dhruva hai, zAzvata hai| 140 paMcama adhyAya lokasAra hai| vastutaH loka meM sArabhUta tatva hai to kevala dharma hI hai| dharma kA sAra jJAna hai| jJAna kA sAra saMyama hai aura saMyama kA sAra nirvANa hai| prastuta adhyayana ke cha: uddezakoM meM isI bAta kA vistRta vivecana hai| SaSTama adhyayana kA nAma dhUta hai| isake pAMca uddezaka haiN| dhUta kA artha hai - vastu para lage hue maila ko sApha karake vastu ko sApha rakhanA / prastuta adhyayana meM tapa saMyama ke dvArA AtmA para lage karma mala ko dUra karake AtmA ko zuddha karane kI vidhi batAyI hai| chaThe adhyayana ke cauthe uddezaka meM isa prakAra se ziSyoM ko

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26 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti uddiSTa karake batAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra pakSI ke bacce ko usakI mAtA dAne de-de kara bar3A karatI hai usI prakAra jJAnI puruSa apane ziSyoM ko dina-rAta adhyayana karAte haiN| 141 saptama adhyayana kA nAma pahAparijJA hai| isake sAta uddezaka haiN| AcArya zIlAMka kA kahanA hai ki isameM moha ke kAraNa utpanna hone vAle parISahoM se bacane evaM jantra-mantra se bacakara rahane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| vartamAna meM yaha adhyayana upalabdha hI nahIM hai| jaina zramaNoM kA anya zramaNoM ke sAtha kisa prakAra kA sambandha rahatA thA yaha bhI jAnane yogya hai| AThaveM adhyayana ke prathama uddezaka meM batAyA gayA hai ki samanojJa samAna AcAra vicAra vAlA bhikSu asamanojJa bhinna AcAra vAle ko bhojana, pAnI, vastra, pAtra va kambala aura pAda puMchaNa na de| isake lie use Amantrita na kare, AdarapUrvaka sevA na kare aura sevA na karAve / jaina zramaNoM meM anya zramaNoM ke saMsarga se kisI prakAra kI AcAra vicAra viSayaka zithilatA na A jAye, isI dRSTi se yaha vidhAna hai| 142 aSTama adhyayana vimokSa ATha uddezakoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM kalpya akalpya vastuoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai aura samAna AcAra vAle sAdhu kI AhAra pAnI se sevA karane aura asamAna AcaraNa vAle kI sevA na karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| isameM sAdhaka zramaNa ke khAnapAna tathA vastra pAtra ke viSaya meM bhI carcA hai| isameM usake nivAsa sthAna kA bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI acelaka yathA - jJAtR zramaNa tathA unakI manovRtti kA nirUpaNa hai / isa prakAra eka vastradhArI, dvivastradhArI tathA trivastradhArI bhikSuoM aura unake kartavyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| 143 navam adhyayana ke cAra uddezaka haiM, jisameM eka bhI sUtra nahIM hai| gAthAoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA varNana hai / 1 44 AcArAMga ke prathama zruta skandha meM acelaka arthAt vastra rahita bhikSu ke viSaya meM to ullekha AtA hai kintu karapAtrI arthAt pANipAtrI bhikSu ke sambandha meM koI spaSTa ullekha dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / 1 45 dvitIya zrutaskandha ise agra tathA AcArAya bhI kahA jAtA hai / 146 vinTaranitsa ke anusAra dvitIya zrutaskandha meM kucha bhAga saMlagna kiye gaye haiM ataH yaha paravartI hai| 147 isameM cAra cUlikAeM aura solaha adhyayana haiN| prathama adhyayana ke gyAraha, dvitIya ke tIna, caturtha se lekara saptam adhyayana ke do-do aura zeSa nau adhyayanoM meM eka-eka uddezaka haiN| 48 yaha pAMca cUlikAoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM AcAra prakalpa athavA nizItha nAmaka paMcama cUlikA AcArAMga se alaga hokara svatantra grantha bana gaI hai|

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 27 ata: vartamAna meM dvitIya zruta skandha meM kevala cAra cUlikAeM haiN| 49 AcArAMga cUrNi ke cUrNikAra tathA zIlAMkAcArya donoM ne kevala isakI cAra cUlAoM taka hI bhASya likhA hai| prathama adhyayana piNDaiSaNA hai| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki sAdhu ko kisa prakAra kA AhAra lenA cAhie aura AhAra ke kitane doSa haiN| sAdhu ina doSoM se rahita AhAra grahaNa kre| isa adhyayana meM kucha apavAdoM kA ullekha hai| jaise yadi durbhikSa Adi ke avasara para gRhapati ne muni ko AhAra diyA aura apane dvAra para khar3e aneka bhikSuoM ko dekhakara kahA ki tuma yaha saba AhAra sAtha baiThakara khA lenaa| jaina sAdhu anya sampradAya ke sAdhuoM ko AhAra nahIM dete na usake sAtha baiThakara khAte haiN| parantu dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasaveM uddezaka meM yaha spaSTa Adeza diyA gayA hai ki aise apavAda mArga meM sAdhu yadi saba bhikSu cAheM to sAtha baiThakara khA leN| taba jaina zramaNa sabake sAtha bhojana kara sakatA hai| yadi ve apanA bhAga cAhate hoM to, sabako barAbara bhAga de de| isameM anya apavAdoM kA bhI ullekha hai aura use utkarSa kI taraha mAnA hai, unmArga nhiiN| apavAdoM ke lie Agama meM kahIM bhI prAyazcita kA vidhAna nahIM hai| dUsare adhyayana meM zayyA ke sambandha meM, tIsare meM IryA, cauthe meM bhASA, pAMcaveM meM vastra, chaThe meM pAtra, sAtaveM meM makAna, AThaveM meM khar3e rahane ke sthAna, nauveM meM svAdhyAya, dasaveM meM malamUtra tyAgane kI bhUmi ke viSaya meM Adeza hai ki unameM doSa se bacanA caahie| caturtha adhyayana meM batAyA hai ki sAdhu ne vihAra karate samaya jaMgala meM mRga ko jAte hue dekhA ho aura usake nikala jAne ke bAda zikArI jA pahuMce aura muni se pUche ki mRga kidhara gayA hai, usa samaya muni mauna rhe| yadi zikArI ke vivaza karane para bolanA par3e to jAnate hae bhI kahe ki maiM nahIM jAnatA 'jANaM vA NAjANaMti vadejA' kyoMki nirdoSa kI prANarakSA satya vacana kI rakSA hai. adhika mUlyavAna hai| ___gyArahaveM aura bArahaveM adhyayana meM zabda kI madhuratA evaM saundarya meM Asakta nahIM hone kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| terahaveM adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki dUsare vyakti dvArA kI jAne vAlI kriyA meM muni ko kisI prakAra kI pravRtti nahIM karanI caahie| caudahaveM adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki muniyoM meM paraspara hone vAlI kriyAoM meM use kaisA vyavahAra karanA caahie| pandrahaveM adhyayana meM mahAvIra ke jIvana aura paccIsa bhAvanAoM kA varNana hai| solahaveM adhyayana meM hitaprada zikSA dI gayI hai| DA0 jaikobI,150 vinTaranitsa51 Adi kA mata hai ki prathama zruta skandha dUsare se prAcIna hai, tathApi pahale meM viruddha jAtIya tatvoM ko ekatra karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| sUtra gadya-rUpa bhI hai aura padya-rUpa bhI hai jaisA ki bauddha sAhitya meM prAya: pAyA jAtA hai| kabhI dUra taka gadyAtmaka sUtra cale gaye haiM, to kabhI gadya

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28 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti padyAtmaka aura kabhI pdyaatmk| 152 dUsare zruta skandha meM muni sambandhI AcAroM kA hI vizeSa rUpa se kathana hai / vinTaranitsa kA kathana hai ki dUsarA zruta skandha prathama se bahuta arvAcIna hai|' 53 yaha bAta usakI cUlA se prakaTa hotI hai| prathama do cUlAoM meM sAdhu aura sAdhviyoM ke dainika AcAra kA kathana hai| tIsarI cUlA meM mahAvIra kI jIvana hai| skandha ke anta meM bAraha padya haiN| jinameM varNita viSaya bauddha thera gAthAoM kA smaraNa karAte haiN| AcAra sUtra para niyukti hai jise bhadrabAhu kRta kahA jAtA hai| eka cUrNi aura 976 I0 meM likhI huI zIlAMka kI TIkA hai| AcArAMga ko sAmAyika ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / 154 sUtrakRtAMga sUtrakRtAMga jJAna, vinaya, prajJApanA, kalpyA kalpya, chedopasthApanA tathA vyavahAra dharma kA kathana karatA hai| 155 sAtha hI sva samaya kA para samaya kA, strI sambandhI parimANa kA, klIvatva, asphuTatva, kAmAveza, vilAsa, ratisukha aura puruSa kI icchA karanA Adi strI ke lakSaNoM kA kathana karatA hai| 156 eka sau assI kriyAvAdI, caurAsI akriyAvAdI, sar3asa ajJAnavAdI aura battIsa vainayikavAdI, isa taraha tIna sau tiresaTha matoM kA khaNDana karake sva samaya kI sthApanA karatA hai| isameM chattIsa hajAra pada haiN| 57 vartamAna sUtrakRtAMga meM do zrutaskandha haiM- sUtrakRtAMga meM dravyAnuyoga kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| vizva meM varNita vividha dArzanika aura dhArmika mAnyatAoM kA isameM ullekha karate hue batalAyA gayA hai ki ekAntapakSa mithyA hai aura anekAntapakSa hI satya aura yuktisaMgata hai| AcArAMga meM mukhyatayA ahiMsA kA nirUpaNa hai to sUtrakRtAMga meM aparigraha kA mahatva batAyA gayA hai| parigraha kA bandhana sabase kaThora bandhana hai| ise tor3ane ke lie sUtra ke Arambha meM kahA gayA hai bujjhijjati tiuTiTajjA bandhaNa parijANiyA / kimAha baMdhaNa vIro kiM vA jANaM tiuTTaI || 158 arthAt bodha prApta karanA cAhie aura parigraha ko bandhana jAnakara use tor3ane kA prayatna karanA caahie| isI gAthA meM jJAna aura kriyA kA sAmaMjasya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| vizva meM pracalita ekAntavAdI darzanoM meM se koI darzana jJAna ko hI mahatva dete haiM, kriyA nahIM to koI darzana kriyA ko mahatva dete hue jJAna kA apalApa karate haiN| donoM hI mAnyatAeM ekAnta aura apUrNa haiN|

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 29 hayaM nAvAM kiyAhINaM, iyA aNNANo kiyaa| pAsaMto paMgulo daDDho, ghAvamANo a aMdha o|| arthAt kriyA se rahita jJAna niSphala hai aura jJAna rahita kriyA bhI artha sAdhikA nahIM hotI hai| jisa prakAra jaMgala meM dAvAnala lagane para paMgu dekhatA huA bhI calane meM asamartha hone se tathA dRSTivAna paMgu hone ke kAraNa cala jAtA hai| yadi donoM samajhautA kara leM to dAvAnala se bacakara surakSita sthAna para pahuMca sakate haiN| kahA gayA hai-jJAnakriyAbhyAm mokssH|| dvitIyAdi uddezya meM AtmA ke astitva kA sundara nirUpaNa kiyA hai| AtmA kA apalApa karane vAle cArvAka darzana kA sundara yuktiyoM se khaNDana karake AtmA kI siddhi kI gayI hai| AtmA-dvaitavAda, tajjIvataccharIravAda, AkArakavAda kA ullekha karake vividha tarkoM dvArA inakA yuktiyukta khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana ke ekAntavAda, kSaNikavAda, niyativAda, kriyAvAda, jagatakartatvavAda aura trairAzika mata ityAdi kA ullekha karake inakA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| prathama zrutaskandha prathama zrutaskandha meM solaha adhyayana haiN| zIlAMka ne ise saMskRta meM gAthA-SoDaSaka nAma diyA hai| 59 pahalA samayAkhya adhyayana hai| isameM svamata aura paramata kA varNana hai| isameM paMcamahAbhUtavAdI, AtmAdvaitavAdI, tajjIva-tacchArIravAdI AtmA aura zarIra ko eka mAnane vAle, akriyAvAdI, Atma-SaSTavAdI, kSaNikavAdI, vinayavAdI, niyativAdI, lokavAdI Adi paramata matAntaroM ke saiddhAntika evaM AcAra sambandhI doSoM evaM bhUloM ko batAkara apane siddhAnta kI prarUpaNA kI hai| dUsarA vaitAliya adhyayana hai| isameM hitaprada aura ahitaprada mArga batAyA gayA hai| sAdhaka ko hiMsA Adi doSoM se yukta mArga aura kaSAya bhAva kA tyAga karake zuddha saMyama kI sAdhanA karanI caahie| "saMbujmar3a kiM na bujjhai samajho, kyoM nahIM samajhate ho" kaha kara jIvoM ko bar3A mArmika upadeza diyA gayA hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke aTThAnaveM putra apane jyeSThabhAI bharata dvArA upekSA kiye jAne para bhagavAna kI zaraNa meM gaye taba AdinAtha bhagavAna ne unako jo upadeza diyA vaha yahAM saMkalita hai| isa adhyayana meM viSaya bhogoM kI asAratA kA mArmika citraNa karake ahaMkAra ke parityAga kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| saMsAra kA rAjya vaibhava vANarUpa nahIM hai| kevala sarddhama kI zaraNa hI trANarUpa hai| yahI isa adhyayana kA sAra tIsare adhyayana kA nAma upasargaparijJA hai| isameM yaha upadeza diyA gayA hai ki

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30 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti sAdhaka ko anukUla aura pratikUla upasargoM ko sahanA caahie| mAtA-pitA aura snehI parijanoM ke rAga bhAva aura vilAsa Adi se vikampita hokara sAdhanA patha kA tyAga nahIM karanA caahie| upasarga se hone vAle AdhyAtmika evaM mAnasika viSAda aura kuzAstroM ke kutarkoM se trasta hokara saMyama sAdhanA se bhraSTa nahIM honA caahie| caturtha adhyayana strI-parijJA hai| sAdhaka ko strI-viSayavAsanA ke vyAmoha meM nahIM phaMsanA caahie| jo sAdhaka bhoga vilAsa kI Asakti meM Akara apane patha se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai, vaha sadA du:kha pAtA hai| pAMcaveM adhyayana kA nAma naraka vibhakti hai| isameM naraka aura nArakIya jIvana kA varNana hai| naraka meM prApta hone vAlI vedanA evaM duHkhoM ko dekha samajha kara sAdhaka paradharma evaM sAMsArika viSaya kaSAyoM kA tyAga karake svadharma svIkAra kre| chaThA vIra stati adhyayana hai| isameM gaNadhara sadharmA svAmI ne zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI stuti kI hai, unakA guNakIrtana kiyA hai| sAtavAM kuzIla paribhASA adhyayana hai| isameM zuddha AcAra ke viparIta yajJayAga, snAna, paMcAgni Adi kuzIla ko dharma mAnane kA niSedha kiyA hai| inameM dharma mAnane vAle saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate haiN| AThavAM adhyayana vIrya adhyayana hai| isameM bala, zakti evaM parAkrama puruSArtha kA varNana hai| nauveM, dasaveM aura gyArahaveM adhyayana meM kramaza: dharma, samAdhi aura mokSa-mArga kA varNana hai| isameM indriyoM ke viSaya evaM kaSAya bhAva kA tyAga karake Atma dharma meM ramaNa karane kA upadeza diyA hai| 11veM meM jJAna, darzana, caritra-ratnatraya ko mokSa mArga kahA hai| bArahavAM samavasaraNa adhyayana hai| isameM kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI aura vinayavAdI paramata ke doSoM ko dikhAkara svadarzana ke siddhAnta ko samajhAyA terahaveM se pandrahaveM taka ke tIna adhyayanoM meM kramaza: tathya-dharma ke yathArtha svarUpa aura pArzvastha sAdhuoM ke svarUpa, granthaparityAga-parigraha ke tyAga aura AdAna samiti kA varNana hai| zuddhAcArI dharmopadezaka, svacchaMdAcArI avinIta ke lakSaNoM kA varNana isa adhyayana meM hai| caudahaveM adhyayana meM ekala vihAra ke doSa, hita zikSA kA grahaNa va pAlana tathA dharmakakSA kI rIti batAI hai| __AdAnIya nAmaka pandrahaveM adhyayana meM zraddhA, dayA, dharma aura dRr3hatA se mokSa kI sAdhanA hone kA nirUpaNa hai| . . solahaveM adhyAya kA nAma gAthA hai| isameM brAhmaNa, zramaNa nirgrantha aura bhikSu ina cAroM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai|

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 31 vinTaranitsa ke anusAra donoM zrutoM ke kartA eka nahIM haiM tathA dvitIya zrutaskandha se prathama, prAcIna aura maulika hai| prathama zrutaskandha gaNadhara kRta hai aura dvitIya sthavira kRta / dvitIya zrutaskandha prakSipta hai| 160 dvitIya zrutaskandha prathama adhyayana pauMDarIka hai| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI vinaya vAdI aura ajJAnavAdI mukti ko prApta karane kA saMkalpa karate haiM, parantu ve saMsAra se virakta hokara saMyama kA pAlana nahIM karate, kAma bhAgoM meM lipta rahate haiM / ataH ve viSayabhoga se chaTakArA nahIM pA skte| puNDarIka zvetakamala hai jo susaMyamI sAdhaka kA pratIka hai| jo sAdhaka Arambha - parigraha se mukta haiM, viSaya kaSAya kA parityAga kara cukA hai aura kAma bhogoM ko saMsAra kA kAraNa samajhatA hai, vahI zuddha saMyama kA pAlana karake mukti ko prApta karatA hai| dUsarA adhyayana kriyA sthAna hai| jahAM icchA hai vahIM kaSAya hai, jahAM kaSAya hai vahIM saMsAra hai| sAdhaka ko vItarAga bhAva prApta karanA caahie| kaSAyabhAva hI mokSa hai| tIsarA adhyayana AhAra parijJA hai| isameM zuddha eSaNIya AhAra grahaNa karane kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| cauthA pratyAkhyAna parijJA adhyayana hai| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki jaba taka vyakti kisI kriyA kA tyAga nahIM karatA taba taka use saba kriyAeM lagatI haiN| ataH use kriyA se hone vAle karma bandha evaM saMsAra paribhramaNa kA jJAna karake sAMsArika kriyAoM kA tyAga karanA caahie| pAMcavAM AcAra-anAcAra zruta adhyayana hai| isameM zuddha AcAra aura isameM lagane vAle anAcAroM donoM kA varNana hai| sAdhaka ko anAcAroM se rahita zuddhanirdoSa AcAra kA pAlana karanA caahie| chaThA ArdrakIya adhyayana hai| isameM anya dArzanikoM evaM anya dharma AcAryoM tathA sAdhuoM ke sAtha Ardraka kumAra kI vicAra carcA huI hai| sAtaveM nAlandIya adhyayana meM zrAvaka - gRhastha ke AcAra kA varNana hai| isameM gRhastha jIvana kA Adarza batAyA gayA hai| pro0 vinTaranitsa kA kahanA hai ki zruta skandhoM meM se prathama zrutaskandha prAcIna hai aura dUsarA zrutaskandha kevala eka pariziSTa hai jo bAda meM jor3a diyA gayA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki prathama zrutaskandha eka hI vyakti ke dvArA racA gayA ho| usase bhI adhika sambhava yaha hai ki kisI saMgrAhaka ne eka pustaka kA rUpa dene ke lie vibhinna padyoM aura upadezoM ko eka prakaraNa rUpa meM saMyukta kara diyA ho| isake viparIta dUsarA zrutaskandha gadya meM likhA gayA

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32 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti hai| yaha kevala eka pariziSToM kA piNDa hai| bhArata ke dhArmika sampradAyoM kA jJAna karAne kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai|6| isa aMga para eka niyukti, cUrNi tathA zIlAMka kI saMstuta TIkA hai| isa aMga kA jarmana bhASA meM anuvAda DA0 jaikobI ne kiyA hai jisakA aMgrejI anuvAda prakAzita ho cukA hai| 62 uttarAdhyayana mUlasUtra yaha mUlavarga ke antargata parigaNita hotA hai| cUrNikAlIna zrutapuruSa kI sthApanA ke anusAra mUla sthAnIya caraNa sthAnIya do sUtra haiM-1. AcArAMga aura 2. suutrkRtaaNg| parantu jisa samaya paiMtAlIsa AgamoM kI kalpanA sthira huI usa samaya zrutapuruSa kI sthApanA meM bhI parivartana huA aura zrutapuruSa kI arvAcIna pratikRtiyoM meM dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana ye do sUtra caraNasthAnIya mAne jAne lge| uttarAdhyayana jaina paramparA kI gItA hai| uttarAdhyayana vibhinna AdhyAtmika, naitika evaM dArzanika dRSTikoNoM kA bar3I gaharAI se adhyayana karatA hai| uttara zabda ke do artha hote haiM-pazcAta aura kisI prazna aura jijJAsA kA uttr| uttarAdhyayana niyukti ke anusAra isakA adhyayana aura paThana AcArAMga ke pazcAt hotA thA isalie ise uttarAdhyayana kahate haiN| dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane nirvANa se pUrva antima varSAvAsa meM chattIsa praznoM kA binA pUche uttara diyA thA, uttarAdhyayana usI kA sUcaka hai|163 racanAkAla niyuktikAra ke anusAra uttarAdhyayana kisI eka kartA kI kRti nahIM hai| kartRtva kI dRSTi se isake adhyayana cAra vargoM meM vibhakta hote haiN| jaise-1. aMga prabhava-dUsarA adhyayana 2. jina-bhASita-dasavAM adhyayana, 3. pratyeka buddha bhASita-AThavAM adhyayana aura 4. saMvAda-samutthita-nauvAM tathA teIsavAM adhyyn| isa sUtra ke adhyayana kaba aura kisake dvArA race gaye usakI pramANika jAnakArI ke lie sAdhanasAmagrI sulabha nahIM hai| __kaI vidvAna aisA mAnate haiM ki uttarAdhyayana ke pahale aThAraha adhyayana prAcIna hai aura uttaravartI aThAraha adhyayana arvAcIna hai| kintu isa mata kI puSTi ke lie koI puSTa sAkSya prApta nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki kaI adhyayana prAcIna hai aura kaI arvaaciin||64 isameM chattIsa'65 adhyayana haiN| cauthe aMga meM inake nAma Aye haiN| ye vartamAna uttarAdhyayana ke nAmoM se prAya: milate-julate haiN| kAnTiyara kA vicAra hai ki

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 33 jainAgamoM ke vastuta: prAcIna grantha AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga tathA uttarAdhyayana haiM, kyoMki inameM adhyAtmika tathA dArzanika vyAkhyAeM viralI hI milatI haiM jaisA ki paravartI AgamoM ke gadya bhAga meM milatI haiN||66 DA0 vinTaranitsa kA kahanA hai ki vartamAna uttarAdhyayana aneka prakaraNoM kA eka saMkalana hai aura ve vibhinna prakaraNa vibhinna samayoM meM race gaye the||67 unakI mAnyatA hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke prathama teIsa adhyAya bAda ke adhyAyoM kI nIMva haiN|168 prastuta Agama ke varNana ko dekhate hue aisA lagatA hai ki sthaviroM ne isakA bAda meM saMgraha kiyA hai| kucha adhyayana aise haiM jinameM pratyeka buddha evaM anya viziSTa zramaNoM ke dvArA diye gaye upadeza evaM saMvAda kA saMgraha hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki isake kucha adhyayana aMga sAhitya se lie gaye haiM, kucha jina bhASita haiM aura kucha pratyeka buddhazramaNoM ke samvAda rUpa meM haiN| usakA prAcInatama bhAga ve mUlyavAna padya haiM jo prAcIna bhArata kI zramaNa kAvya zailI se sambandhita hai aura jinake sadRza padya aMzata: bauddha sAhitya 69 meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| ye padya hameM balAt suttanipAta ke padyoM kA smaraNa karA dete haiN| vinaya nAmaka prathama adhyayana meM buddha zabda AtA hai yathA kaThora athavA miSTa vacana se jo mujhe zikSA dete haiM apanA lAbha mAnakara use prayatnapUrvaka sunanA caahie||70 parISaha nAmaka dUsarA adhyayana-sUyaM meM aausN| teNa bhagavayA evamakasAyaM, vAkya se Arambha hotA hai| isameM bAIsa parISahoM kA kathana padya meM hai| tRNa parISaha kA varNana karate hue likhA hai ki| acela, rukSa, tapasvI, saMyamI tRNoM para sotA hai| ata: usakA zarIra virdINa hotA hai tathA ghAma kA bhI kaSTa hotA hai| kintu tRNa parISaha se pIr3ita hone para bhI sAdhu vastra grahaNa nahIM krte| ___ tIsare caturaMgIya adhyayana meM cAra vastuoM ko uttarottara durlabha batalAyA hai| prathama narajanma, dUsare dharmazravaNa, tIsare zraddhA aura cauthe apanI zakti ko saMyama se lgaanaa| cauthe, asaMskRta nAmaka adhyayana meM kahA hai ki jIvana asaMskaraNIya hai| ise bar3hAyA nahIM jA sakatA aura vRddhAvasthA Ane para rakSA kA koI upAya nahIM hai| ata: pramAda mata kro| pAMcaveM, akAmamaraNa nAmaka adhyayana meM akAmamaraNa aura sakAmamaraNa kA varNana hai| chaThe kSullaka nirgranthIya nAmaka adhyayana meM sAdhu ke sAmAnya AcAra kA kathana hai| antima vAkya meM kahA ki anucara jJAna darzana ke dharI jJAtR putra bhagavAna vaizAlika (vizAlA ke putra) mahAvIra ne aisA khaa|172 sAtaveM, aurathrIya nAmaka adhyayana meM pAMca dRSTAntoM dvArA nirgranthoM kA udbodhana

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34 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kiyA hai| ve pAMca dRSTAnta haiM- meDhA, kAkinI, Amraphala, vyApAra aura samudra / AThaveM, kApilIya nAmaka adhyayana meM kapila muni ne kevala jJAnI hokara coroM ko samajhAne ke lie jo upadeza diyA usakA saMkalana hai| naveM, nami- pravrajyA nAmaka adhyayana meM nami nAmaka pratyeka buddha rAjA kI dIkSA kA varNana hai| mithilA kA rAjA nami kAma bhogoM se virakta hokara jina dIkSA letA hai aura indra brAhmaNa kA rUpa banAkara usase prazna karatA hai / anta meM, rAjA ke vairAgyapUrNa uttaroM se santuSTa hokara indra namaskAra karake calA jAtA hai| mithilA kA rAjA nami aitihAsika vyakti hai| yaha pArzvanAtha kA samakAlIna thA / dasaveM, drumapatraka nAmaka adhyayana meM mahAvIra svAmI gautama gaNadhara se kahate haiM ki jaise vRkSa kA pattA pIlA hokara jhar3a jAtA hai vaisA hI mAnava jIvana hai / ata: gautama eka kSaNa ke lie bhI pramAda mata kr| gyArahaveM, bahuzruta nAmaka adhyayana ke Arambhika pada meM kahA gayA hai ki saMyoga se mukta anagAra bhikSu ke AcAra kA kathana karUMgA use suno|' bArahabeM, harikezIya nAmaka adhyayana meM harikezI muni kI kathA hai| harikezI janma se cANDAla thaa| eka dina bhikSA ke lie vaha eka yajJamaNDapa meM calA gyaa| vahAM brAhmaNoM se vArtAlApa huaa| brAhmaNoM ne use vahAM se cale jAne ke lie khaa| vaha nahIM gayA to kucha taruNa vidyArthiyoM ne usako maaraa| taba yakSoM ne una kumAroM ko piittaa| harikezI se kSamAyAcanA karane para chodd'aa| citra-sambhUtIya nAmaka terahaveM adhyayana meM citra aura sambhUti nAmaka do muniyoM kA vRttAnta hai| iSukArIya nAmaka caudahaveM, adhyayana meM batalAyA gayA hai ki eka hI vimAna se cyuta hokara cha: jIvoM ne apane-apane karma ke anusAra iSukAra nAmaka nagara meM janma liyA aura jinendra ke mArga ko apnaayaa| sabhikSu nAmaka pandrahaveM adhyayana meM bhikSu kA svarUpa batalAyA hai| pratyeka padya ke anta meM 'sa bhikkhu' (vaha bhikSu hai) pada AtA hai| isI se isa adhyayana kA nAma bhikSu hai| solahaveM, brahmacarya samAdhi nAmaka adhyayana meM brahmacarya ke dasa samAdhi sthAnoM kA kathana hai| tatpazcAt zlokoM ke dvArA unhIM kA pratipAdana hai| satrahaveM pApazramaNa nAmaka adhyayana meM pApAcArI zramaNoM kA svarUpa batalAyA hai| aTThArahaveM adhyayana meM saMyatIya adhyayana meM saMjaya rAjA kI kathA hai| unnIsaveM, mRgAputrIya adhyayana meM mRgAputra kI kathA hai| bIsaveM, mahAnirgranthIya adhyayana meM eka muni kI kathA hai| ikkIsaveM, samudrapAlIya adhyayana meM samudrapAla kI kathA hai| bAIsaveM, rathanemIya adhyayana meM rathanemi kI kathA hai| rathanemi neminAtha kA

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 35 choTA bhAI thA aura pravajita ho gayA thaa| eka dina sAdhvI rAjula varSA se trasta hokara eka guphA meM calI gaI aura vastra utAra kara sukhAne lgii| usI guphA meM rathanemi tapasyA kara rahA thaa| vaha rAjula ko dekhakara usa para Asakta ho gyaa| rAjula ne use sambodhi ke sumArga para lgaayaa| teIsaveM, kezigautamIya adhyayana meM pArzvanAtha paramparA ke kezI aura gautama gaNadhara ke samvAda kA varNana hai| pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA ke prakaraNa meM isakI carcA A cukI hai| pravacana mAtA nAmaka caubIsaveM, adhyayana meM pAMca samiti aura tIna guptiyoM kA kathana hai| inako pravacana kI mAtA kahA gayA hai| paccIsaveM, yajJIya adhyayana meM jayaghoSa kI kathA hai| vijayaghoSa nAmaka brAhmaNa yajJa kara rahA thaa| jayaghoSamuni bhikSA ke lie phuNce| vijaya ghoSa ne bhikSA nahIM dii| jayaghoSa ne kahA ki yajJopavIta dhAraNa karane se koI vyakti brAhmaNa nahIM ho jAtA aura na valkala pahanane se tapasvI ho jAtA hai| sAmAcArI nAmaka chabbIsaveM adhyayana meM sAdhuoM kI sAmAcArI kA kathana hai| khaluMkIya nAmaka sattAIsaveM adhyayana meM garga nAmaka muni kI kathA hai| mokSamArga nAmaka aTThAIsaveM adhyayana meM mokSamArga kA jJAna, darzana, caritra aura tapa kA varNana hai| satyakAma parAkrama nAmaka unatIsaveM, adhyayana meM saMvega, nirveda, dharma, zraddhA Adi tihattara dvAroM kA kathana hai| tIsaveM, tapomArga nAmaka adhyayana meM tapa kA varNana caraNavidhi nAmaka ikattIsaveM adhyayana meM cAritra kI vidhi kA kathana hai| pramAda sthAna nAmaka battIsaveM adhyayana meM pramAda kA kathana hai tathA rAga-dveSa-moha ko dUra karane ke upAya batAye haiN| karmaprakRti nAmaka tetIsaveM adhyayana meM karmoM ke bheda-prabheda tathA unakI sthiti batalAI hai| cautIsaveM, lezyA nAmaka adhyayana meM cha: lezyAoM kA svarUpa batalAyA hai| __ paiMtIsaveM, anAgAra mArga nAmaka adhyayana meM saMkSepa meM muni jIvana kA mArga batalAyA hai| chattIsaveM, jIvAjIva vibhakti nAmaka adhyayana meM jIva aura ajIva dravyoM kA kathana hai| __ vAdivetAla zAntisUri ke anusAra uttarAdhyayana sUtra kA parISaha nAmaka dUsarA adhyayana dRSTivAda se liyA gayA hai, drumapuSpikA nAmaka dasavAM adhyayana mahAvIra ne prarUpita kiyA hai| kApilIya nAmaka AThavAM adhyayana pratyeka buddha kapila ne pratipAdita kiyA hai tathA kezigautamIya nAmaka teIsavAM adhyayana saMvAda rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai|173 __ isa taraha vartamAna uttarAdhyayana sUtra vividha prakaraNoM kA eka saMgraha jaisA hai aura AcArAMga Adi ke bAda hI par3hane yogya hai| yaha eka kathAtmaka saMgraha hai

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36 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti jisameM prAcInatA kA puTa hai| isa para bhI eka niyukti hai jise bhadrabAhu kI kahA jAtA hai| eka cUrNi hai aura zAntisUri tathA nemicandra kI saMskRta TIkAeM haiN| DA0 jaikobI ne isakA jarmana meM anuvAda kiyA hai| isakA aMgrejI anuvAda 'saikreDa buksa oNpha dI IsTa' nAmaka granthamAlA kI paiMtAlIsavIM jilda meM sUtrakRtAMga ke anuvAda sAtha prakAzita huA hai| zArla kArpenTiyara ne aMgrejI prastAvanA sahita mUla pATha kA saMzodhana kiyA hai| bhadrabAhu kI uttarAdhyayana niryukti ke anusAra isa grantha ke chattIsa adhyayanoM meM se kucha aMga granthoM se lie gaye haiM, kucha jina bhASita haiM, kucha pratyeka buddhoM dvArA prarUpita haiM aura kucha saMvAda rUpa meM kahe gaye haiN| 174 saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyAM 1. SaTkhaNDAgama, pustaka- 1, pRSTha 60-651 2. kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga-1, pRSTha 1-2 / 3. jainasUtraja, bhAga-1, pRSTha 1 / 4. tadaiva, pRsstth-2| 5. jaina paramparA meM Aja zAstra ke lie Agama zabda vyApaka ho gayA hai kintu prAcIna kAla meM yaha zruta ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| isI kAraNa zrutakevalI zabda pracalita huA, na ki Agama kevalI yA sUtra kevalI / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA, pR0 174, Avazyaka cUrNi, pR0 108 / 7. nirAvaraNajJAnAH kevAlinaH / tadupadiSTaM buddhayatizayarddhiyuktagaNadharAyustha grantharacanaM zrutaM bhvti| samavAyAMga sUtra a0 6 sUtra 13 : Agamodayasamiti, sUrata, bambaI / gurusamIpe zruyate iti zrutam anuyogadvArasUtra, Agamodayasamiti, sUrata / 8. paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrvapIThikA, pR0 4961 9. pATaliputra vAcanA kA varNana titthogAlI painnA meM, hemacandra kRta pariziSTa parvana ke nauveM sarga meM tathA sthUlabhadra kI kathAoM meM milatA hai / dekheM, dharmaghoSa kRta RSimaNDalaprakaraNa para padmamundira racita vRtti meM, haribhadra kRta upadezapada kI muni candrasUri racita vRtti meM, sthUlabhadrakathA tathA jayAnandasUri kRta sthUlabhadra caritra tathA Avazyaka gAthA / dra0 Avazyaka cUrNi, 2, pR0 187 / 10. jJAtavya hai ki dUsarI aura tIsarI zatAbdI IsvI brAhmaNa dharma ke utkarSa aura zaiva punaroddhAra kA samaya thaa| zuMga, sAtavAhana aura kaNva brAhmaNa rAjya vaMza the| gupta vaMza vaiSNava thA tathA antima kuSANa zAsaka zaiva thA / 11. mahAvIra kA nirvANa 527 I0pU0 meM huA thaa| isI tithi se jaina dharmAvalambI anya ghaTanAoM kI gaNanA karate haiM aura ise vIra nirvANa samvat ke nAma se pukArate haiN| 12. vIrasa saMvaccharie mahate dubbhikkhe kAle bhaTTA aNNaNNato hiNDiyANaM gahaNa guNaNaNuppehAbhAvAo vippaNaTTe, satte puNau subhikkhe kAle jAe mahuNe mahate sAdhusamudae khaMdilAyariyappamuddha saMgheNa jo aM saMbharaiti iva saMghiyaM kaaliysyN| jamhA evaM mahurAye kayaM tamhA mAhUrI vAyaNA bhaNNaI - jinadAsamahattara kRta nandIcUrNi, pR0 81

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 37 13. jainasUtraja, bhA0 1,270, pAdaTippaNa 1 / 14. sambhavata: isa samaya Agama sAhitya ko pustakArUr3ha karane ke sambandha meM hI vicAra kiyA gayA parantu hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM likhA hai ki nAgArjuna aura skaMdila Adi AcAryoM ne Agama ko pustaka rUpa meM nibaddha kiyaa| sAmAnyata: devarddhi hI 'putthe Agamalihio' ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM-muni puNyavijaya, bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA, pR0 16, bhagavatIsUtra, 20/8 / zrI devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNena zrIvIrAd azItyadhika navazatakavarSe jAtena dvAdaza varSIya durbhikSavazAt bahutarasAdhuvyApatau ca jAtAyAM - bhaviSyad bhavyalokopakArAya zrutabhaktaye ca zrIsaMghAgrahAta nyUnAdhikAn truTitAatruTitAn AgamAlApakAn anukrameNa svamatthA saMkalayya pustakArUr3haH kRtaaH| tato mUlato gaNadharabhASitAnAmA tattasaMkalanAntaraM sarveSAmapi AgamAnAMkartA zrI devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa eva jaat:| 16. muni nathamala, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 88-891 17. muni kalyANavijaya, vIra nirvANa aura jaina kAla gaNanA, pR0 120 ityaadi| 18. durbhikSAtikrame sumikSApravRtaudvayoH saMghayomelApako abhvt| tadyathA eko valabhyAM, eko mathurAyAM, tatra ca sUtrArtha saMghaTena paraspara vAcanAbhedo jaatH| jyotiSakaraNDa kI TIkA, pR0 411 19. tata: subhikSe saMjJAte saMghasya mela ko abhvt| valabhyAM mathurAyAM ca sUtrArtha saMghaTanA kRte valbhyAM saMgate saMghe devrddhignnirgrnnii:| madhurAyAM saMgate skaMdilAcAryoM agrnniirbhuut| tatazca vAcanAbhedastatra jAta: kvacit kvaacit| vismRta smaraNe bhedo jAtu syaadumyorpi|| loka prkaash| 20. kathAvalI, 2981 21. jaikobI, jainasUtraja, bhAga-1, pR0 270 pAdaTippaNa -2 / 22. muni kalyANa vijaya, vIra nirvANa aura jaina kAla gaNanA, pR0 110-111 se uddhRt| 23. tadaiva, pR0 1161 24. vAlabhyaM saMghakajje ujjabhiaM jugapahANa tullehiM gaghaMvvavAiveyAlasaMtisUrIhiM blhiie| 21 yaha gAthA eka duSamA saMgha strotrayaMtra kI prati ke hAziye para likhI huI hai| dra0 vahI, pR0 1171 25. prabhAvaka carita, pR0 133-37 26. jinavacanaM ca duSamAkAlavazAducchinna prAyamiti matvA bhagavamdirnAgArjuna-skandilAcArya prabhRtibhiH pustakeSunyastama - yogazAstra 3, pR0 107 / 27. jinadAsa mahattara kRta nandIcUrNi, pR0 8 / / 28. yo yatsmarati sa tatkathayatittheva kAlikazrutaM pUrvagataM ca kiMcidanusandhAyA ghttit| dra0 nandIsthavirAvalI, gAthA 331 29. dR0 paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrva pIThikA, pR0 508-91 30. jaikobI, jainasUtraja, jilda 22, prstaavnaa| 31. sA ca tatkAlayugapradhAnAnAMskandilAcAryANAmabhimatA tadaiva cArthata: ziSyabuddhi prApiteti tadnuyoga: teSAmAcAryANaM sambandhIti vypdishyte| apare punarevamAhU: na kimapi zrutaM durbhikSavazAt anezat kintu tAvadeva tatkAle shrutmnuvrttesm| kevalamanye pradhAnAye anuyogadharA te sarveapi durbhikSakAlakavalIkRtA: eka eva skandilasUrayo vidyntesm| tatastai durbhikSApagame mathurApurI punaranuyoga: pravartita: iti vAcanA mAthurIti vyapadizyate, anuyogazca teSA maacaaryaannmiti| -nandI sthavirAvalI, gAthA 33 ttiikaa|

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38 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 32. iNDiyana enTIkverI, pR0 282 vebara isakA samaya cauthI zatAbdI I0 mAnate haiN| epigrAphikA iNDikA, jilda 16, pR0 17 ke anusAra vAlabhI vAcanA kA samaya 470 I0 tathA mAthurI vAcanA kA samaya 501 I0 hai tathA valabhI kI dvitIya vAcanA Arambhika chaThI zatAbdI meM baiThatI hai| dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monekjmi , pR0 20-221 33. dra0 saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa, ji0 22, pR0 37-391 34. harmana jaikobI, saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa, jilda 22, prastAvanA, pR0 37-391 35. cullavagga anu0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana a0 11e pR0 5411 36. bhagavAna buddha ke priya ziSya Ananda ko bhagavAna ke saba sUtra kaNThastha the| unakI smRti prabala thI isI kAraNa se prathama saMgIti meM Ananda ne dharma kA saMgAyana kiyaa| isalie sUtra isa vAkya se Arambha hote haiM- 'evaM me sutaM' aisA maine sunaa| AcArya narendradeva, bauddha dharma evaM darzana, pR0 351 bauddha saMgItiyoM para vistAra ke lie dra0 arlIbuddhisTa monekijma, pR0 11, arlI monesTika buddhijma, pR0 9, dI eja Apha vinaya. pR0 8-11, bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 156-157 / 37 dasarI saMgIti ke samaya bauddha saMgha meM bheda ho gayA jisake pariNAmasvarUpa baddha zAsana sthavira aura mahAsAMghika sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| cullavagga ke anusAra nirvANa ke sau varSa ke pazcAt saMgha meM bheda huaa| 38. olDanabarga, vinayapiTaka, jilda 1, pR0 48 prastAvanA, pR0 31-32| olDanabarga kA mata hai ki dvitIya saMgIti meM pustakoM ke saMkalana ke lie nahIM huI thI aura isI prakAra kA mata esa0 dattA kA bhI hai| inake mata meM yaha saMgIti kevala vivAdAdhikAraNa mAtra thI aura jisane kI samasta buddha saMgha meM uttejanA phailA dii| ata: usameM vinaya kA saMkalana ho pAyA hogA, duSkara lagatA hai| dra0 esa0 datta, buddha eNDa phAiva AphTara sencurIja, pR0 170, bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 1701 39. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 17-18 / 40. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, buddhacaryA, pR0 548 / 41. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 20 / 42. hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga-2, pR0 4261 43. prajJApanA, pada 11 44. tadaiva, 45. dazavaikAlika, haribhadrIyA vRtti patra 251 46. bhAratIya lipi mAlA, pR0 41 47. anuyogadvArasUtra, zruta adhikAra 371 48. muni nathamala, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 86-871 49. jatiyamettA vArA, u muMcaI baMghaI va jati vaaraa| ___ jatiakkharANi lihati va tati jaM ca aavjje|| bRhatkalpa bhASya, 3,3 gAthA 383), nizIthabhASya, 12 gAthA 4008 / 50. hisTrI oNva iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR0 4261 51. uttarAdhyayana sUtra (je0I0 kAnTiyara), pR0 31-kAnTiyara kA niSkarSa hai ki pramukha pavitra kRtiyAM Aja bhI jisa rUpa meM prApya haiM una mUla AgamoM kI pratinidhi haiM jo ki pATaliputra vAcanA meM sthAyI hue the| 52. dra0 kailAza candra zAstrI, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga-1, pR0 2 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 39 53. inhIM caudaha pUrvoM meM se do pUrvoM ke do avAntara adhikAroM se sambaddha do mahAna grantharAja digambara paramparA meM surakSita haiN| digambara paramparA ke jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa eka prakAra se inhIM grantharAjoM se Arambha hotA hai / - vahI / 54. Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara kI riporTa, 1883-84, pR0 124 / 55. Avazyaka sUtra, adhyAya 2, pR0 1871 56. sI0 je0 zAha, . jainijma ina nadarna iNDiyA, pR0 221; hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTrecara, bhAga 2, pR0 4321 57. iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 17, pR0 170, 280 evaM 286 / 58. jAyasavAla tathA banartI, epigrAphikA - iNDikA, jilda 20, pR0 80-81 / 59. uttarAdhyayana sUtra (kArpenTiyara) pR0 14-15 isa paramparA ko amAnya karate haiN| kArpenTiyara ke mata meM dRSTivAda kI pUrti asambhava nahIM hai / dra0 sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, pR0 567 - digambaroM ne pATaliputra sammelana meM saMkalita gyAraha aMgoM ko prAmANika mAnane se iMkAra kara diyaa| 60. hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga-2, pR0 431-32 evaM 461 / 61. jaikobI, (jaina sUtraja) bhAga 1, prastAvanA / 62. bhagavatI sUtra (lalavANI) ji0 1, pR0 7 / 63. uttarAdhyayana sUtra (kArpenTiyara) pR0 31 / 64. kArpenTiyara uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM nirantara isI Agraha ko lekara cale haiM ki yadi koI grantha paravartI siddha nahIM huA hai to use pUrvavartI yA prArambhika hI mAnA jAnA caahie| uttarAdhyayana sUtra, pR0 311 65. jaina AgamoM meM isake viparIta sthiti hai unake anusAra yadi kArpenTiyara ke mata ko svIkAra kara liyA jAye to isa bAta kI AzaMkA hai ki hama bahuta se siddhAntoM ko jo paravartI vikAsa kA pratinidhitva karate haiM utanA hI purAnA mAna leMge - dra0 sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, apenDiksa, pR0 568; hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTrecara, jilda 2, pR0 432-351 66. ena AuTa lAina Apha dI rilIjiyasa liTarecara Apha iNDiyA, pR0 761 67. iNDiyana enTIkverI, pR0 286 1 68. jaina sUtraja, bhAga 1, pR0 451 69. ena AuTalAina Apha dI rilIjiyasa liTarecara Apha iNDiyA, pR0 761 70. sI0 je0 zAha, jainijma ina nadarna iNDiyA, pR0 230-31; kArpenTiyara, uttarAdhyayana, bhUmikA, pR0 22-23, epigrAphikA iNDikA, ji0 16, pR0 282-2861 71. muni samadarzI prabhAkara, Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya, pR0 171 72. paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrvapIThikA, pR0 518-519 / 73. iNDiyana enTIktrerI, jilda 17, pR0 286 1 74. jainasUtraja, jilda 22, bhUmikA, pR0 6 / 75. paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA, pR0 10 1 76. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, kArpenTiyara bhUmikA / 77. potthesu cheppataesu asaMjamo bhavai / - dazavaikAlika cUrNi, pR0 21 / 78. kAlaMka puNa paDucca caraNakaraTTA avocchittinimitaM ca geNaimANassa potthae saMjamo bhavai / -- vahI /

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40 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 79. nandIsUtra, 58; samavAyAMga sUtra, 148 / 80. jaise pAtravizeSa ke AdhAra se varSA ke jala meM parivartana ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jina bhagavAna kI bhASA bhI pAtroM ke anurUpa hotI jAtI hai| -bRhatkalpabhASya-1, 12041 81. bAlastrI-mandamUrkhANAm, nRNAM caaritrkaaNkssinnaam| anugrahArtha sarvajJaH siddhAntaH prAkRte kRtH|| -dazavaikAlika ttiikaa| 82. prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 8/1/31 83. hemacandra, prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 8/1/31 84. samavAyAMga sUtra, 34/11 85. bhagavatI sUtra, 5/4/201 86. bhAsAriyA je NaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhaasNti| -prajJApanA sUtra, pR0 561 87. magadaghavisayabhAsANi baddhaM addhamAgahaM aTTAsadezImAsANimayaM vA addhbhaagh|-jindaas mahattara kRta, nishiithcuurnni| 88. prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 8/1/3 89. ThANAMga, 7/48/101 90. nishiithcuurnni| 91. udAharaNa ke lie bhUta, bhUya, udaga, udaya, uya, lobha, loha, uccAraNa ke sAtha parivartita ___ hote gye| - jainasUtraja, ji0 22, paricayAtmaka, pR0 11 / 92. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, prathama bhAga, pR0 3 / 93. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 550 / 94. dazavaikAlika, bhUmikA, pR. 17 / 95. vahI 96. jayadhavalA, bhAga-1, pR0 1541 97. dhavalA, pR0 9, pR0 259 / 98. .....tathA siddhAntasya paramAgamasya suutrruupsy| sAgAradharmAmRta TIkA, mANikacandra granthamAlA, kAzI, adhyAya-7, zloka 501 99. saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa, jilda 22, pR0 38 / 100.bhagavatIsUtram, 25 shtk-3| 101. nandIsUtra, 41, dra0 hIrAlAla rasika lAla kApar3iyA, e hisTrI Apha dI kainonikala ___ liTrecara Apha jainaja, pR0 21 / 102. jaina sAhitya kI pUrva pIThikA, pR0 174 tathA paM0 becaradAsa doSI, jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga-11 103. jaikobI, jaina sUtraja, bhAga 1, bhuumikaa| 104. DAkTrina Apha dI jainaja, pR0 35 / 105.jaikobI: saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa, ji0 22, prastAvanA: majUmadAra aura pusAlakara, dI eja Apha impIriyala yUniTI, pR0 423 / kAnTiyara uttarAdhyayana, prastAvanA, pR0 32 tathA 48 unheM I0 pR0 380 aura IsavI san ke Arambha hone ke bIca kA kAla batAte haiN| 106.sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, pR05691 107.catuH zaraNa aura bhakta parijJA jaise prakIrNaka jinakA ullekha nandI meM nahIM hai, ve isameM apavAda haiN| ye grantha kaba AgamAntargata kara lie gaye kahanA kaThina hai| 108.vinTaranitsa pUrvo. bhAga 2, pR0 450.

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 41 109.vaidika sAhitya meM aMga ke artha haiM vedoM ke adhyayana meM sahAyabhUta vividha vidhAoM ke grantha, kintu jaina Agama meM aMga sahAyaka yA gauNa grantha nahIM, kintu bAraha aMgoM se zruta puruSA aMga kahe gaye haiM- dra0 DAkTrina Apha dI jainaja, pR0 731 110. jainasUtraja, jilda 22, pR0 461 111. vinTaranitsa, pUrvokta, bhAga-2, pR0 442 tathA kArpenTiyara, uttarAdhyayana, paricayAtmaka, pR0 26-271 112. kArpenTiyara, pUrva, pR0 41 / 113. vinTaranitsa, pUrva0, bhAga 2, pR0 4421 114. vicAroM kI tathA abhivyakti kI yaha jaTilatA amidharma se tulanIya hai| 115. vahI, pR0 4371 116.sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, pR0 5701 117. vahI 118.dra0 e hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTrecara, pR0 435 pAda TippaNa 3 / 119. vIranirvANa aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR0 64 1 120. sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa oNva buddhijma pR0 5691 121. dhavalA, prastAvanA pR0 21 122.hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR0 461 / 123.saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa, jilda 22, pR0 47. hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR0 4321 124. vahI, pR0 48 125. Avazyaka niryukti 777, kainonikala liTarecara Apha dI jainasa, pR0 361 126. e hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga-2, pR0 462 631 AcArya haribhadra kevala uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka aura dazavaikAlika ko hI mUla sUtra mAnate haiM, zeSa ko nahIM / dra0 haribhadrasUri vRtti, pR0 327-28 pro0 vinTaranitsa ne ukta tIna sUtroM meM piNDa niryukti ko sammilita kara mUla sUtroM kI saMkhyA 4 mAnI hai| vistAra ke lie dra0 eca0Ara0 kApaDiyA - hisTrI Apha dI kainAnikala liTarecara Apha dI jainasa, pR0 43 kI pAda TippaNI / 127. e0 hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, pR0 464-651 128.aMgANAM kiM sAro AcAro / - AcArAMga niryukti / 129.dra0 hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR0 437, uttarAdhyayana kArpenTiyara, pR0 37 tathA pI ela vaidya, AcArAMga kI prAcInatA para lekha - uvAsagadasAo, pR0 10, sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, pR0 570-711 130. jaikobI, jaina sUtraja, ji0 22, pR0 401 131. zrubiMga, DAkTrina Apha dI jainasa / 132. tatvavArtika, pR0 721 133.SaTakhaNDAgama pustaka 1, pR. 99| kasAya pAhuDa, bhAga-1, pR0 112; saikreDa buksa Apha IsTa, ji0 45, pR0 183 pAda TippaNa 6 ke anusAra prakalpa arthAta AcArAMgasUtra meM aba caubIsa adhyayana haiM kintu kahA jAtA hai ki mUla meM cAra adhyayana aura bhI the| jaikobI, jainasUtraja bhAga-1 paricayAtmaka ke anusAra yahAM cAra vyAkhyAna haiM- mahApariNNa, ujjhayA, anughiyA tathA ArovaNA /

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42 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 134.AcArAMgasUtra, pR0 63 / 135.sthAnAMga sUtra, 429-30; samavAyAMga sUtra, 17 jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhaag-1| 136.Avazyaka sUtra, sAmAyika adhyyn| 137.samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra kI TIkA tathA Avazyaka niyukti kI vidhi prathA meM yaha ullekha hai| __ zIlAMka kI niyukti kalakattA saMskaraNa, pR0 435 evaM 251-268 / 138.jaikobI, jaina sUtraja, jilda 22, pR0 40 / 139.jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, pR0 641 140.suttA amuNI, muNiNo sayA jaagrNti|-aacaaraaNg sUtra 1/3/1/1 / 140.AcArAMga sUtra, 1/4/1/11 141.jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga-1, pR0 941 142. tadaiva, pR0 951 143. tadaiva, pR0 631 144. tadaiva, pR0 651 145.jainasUtraja, jilda 22, bhuumikaa| 146.AcArAMga sUtra, jainAgama granthamAlA bhAga-1, pR0 63 / 147.hisTrI Apha iNDiyana littrecr-||, pR0 438 / 148.paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina sAhitya kI pUrva pIThikA, a0 1 / 149.jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, pR0 111 / 150.jaikobI, jaina sUtraja, bhUmikA, pR0 43 / / 151.hisTI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga-2, pR0 415-4361 152. vahI, pR0 438 sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, prishisstt| 153.sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, prishisstt| 154.jaikobI bebara ke kathana ko uddhRta karate haiN| dra0 jaina sUtraja, bhAga 1, pR0 47 pAda ttippnn| 155. tatvavArtika, pR0 73 SaTkhaNDAgama, pustaka 1, pR0 991 156. kasAya pAhuDa bhAga-1, pR0 122 157.nandIsUtra 47| samAvAyaMga sUtra, 1471 158.bujjhijjha pada se jJAna aura tiuTiTajjA pada se kriyA kA samanvaya kara sUtrakAra ne muktipatha kA pradarzana kiyA hai| 159.dra0 jaina sUtraja, ji0 45, pR0 235, pAda TippaNa -1 / 160.hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga-2, pR0 4381 161. ema0 vinTaranitsa, hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga-2, pR0 441 / 162. jaikobI, saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa, jilda 45 / 163.Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya, pR0 46 / 164.vinTaranitsa, hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga-2, pR0 4491 165.ii pADakare buddhe nAyae yprinibbue| chattIsamaM uttarajjhAe bhavasiddhIya sNme||-uttraadhyyn, sAnu0 bhuumikaa| 166. uttarAdhyayana sUtra kAnTiyara paricayAtmaka, pR0 39 / 167.hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR0 4491 168. uttarAdhyayana niyukti, gAthA 41 169. yahAM tulanA ke lie uttarAdhyayana tathA bauddhadhammapada se udAharaNa diye jA rahe haiM -

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jaina Agama sAhitya : aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana * 43 mAse mAse u jo vAlo kusaggeNaM bhuNje| Na so suakkhAya ghammassa kalaM adhyaI solsi||44|| uttarAdhyayana, a0 91 ahAM pommaM jale jAyaM novalippaI vaarinnaa| evaM alitaM kAmehi taM vayaM bUma maahnnN||27|| uttarAdhyayana, a0 25 / mAse mAse kusaggena bAlo bhujeya bhojnN| na so saMkhatammAnaM kalaM aradhati solsiN||11|| dhammapada, braahmnnvgg| vAripokkharapate va Araggeriva ssyo| yo na limpati kAmesu tamahaM brUma brAhmaNaM / / 19 / / dhammapada, braahmnnvgg| 170.jaM me buddhANusAsaMti sIeNa phasseNa vaa| mama lAbhu ti pehAe payao taM pdissunne||27|| 171. gAthA, 34-351 172. evaM se udahu aNuttaranANI aNuttaradaMsI aNuttara-NANadaMsaNadhare arahAnAyaputrai bhagavaM vaisAlie viyaahie| ttivemi||18|| 173.uttarAdhyayana TIkA, pR0 51 174.aMgappabhavA jiNabhAsiyA papyebuddha sNvaayaa| vadhe mukkhe yaha kayA chattIsam uttrjjhynnaa||-uttraadhyyn niyukti|

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adhyAya 2 AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra jaina dharma zabda arvAcIna hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya isakA bodhaka nirgrantha dharma thaa| nirgrantha dharma yA nirgrantha pravacana' mahAvIra kAlIna zabda hai| kahIM-kahIM ise Aryadharma bhI kahA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM ise zramaNadharma' kahA jAtA thaa| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha se pahale bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke samaya meM ise Ahata dharma pukArA jAtA thaa| ariSTanemi ko aneka sthAnoM para arhata ariSTanemi ke nAma se pukArA gayA hai| Adi tIrthaMkara ke yuga meM isa paramparA kA kyA nAma pracalita thA, yaha hama vizvasanIya AdhAra para nahIM kaha sakate kintu yaha kaha sakate haiM ki isa dharma ke, isa paramparA aura saMskRti ke, mUlasiddhAnta bIja rUpa meM vahI rahe haiM jo Aja haiM aura yaha hai-AtmavAda tathA Atma krtRtvvaad| isa AtmavAda kI urvara bhUmi para isa dharma paramparA kA kalpavRkSa phalatA phUlatA rahA hai| kAla gaNanA se pare aura itihAsa kI AMkhoM se Age sadara atIta, ananta atIta, anAdi prAkkAla meM bhI ina vicAroM kI sphuraNA, ina vizvAsoM kI pratidhvani mAnava mana meM gUMjatI rahI hai, mAnava kI AsthA isa mArga para dRr3ha caraNa rakhatI huI apane dhyeya ko pAtI rahI hai| __AtmA evaM paramAtmA, ina tatvoM meM vizvAsa ko vividha dharmoM meM sthita bheda kA eka sthUla AdhAra banAyA jA sakatA hai| isa AdhAra ko dRSTigata rakhakara yadi dharma paramparAoM kA vivavecana evaM vargIkaraNa kareM to vaha do alaga-alaga bhUmikAoM para khar3I dikhAI deNgii| kucha dharma paramparAeM paramAtmAvAdI haiM aura kucha aatmvaadii| paramAtmavAdI dharma paramparA ko sIdhI bhASA meM IzvaravAdI dharma dRSTi bhI kaha sakate haiN| Izvara, bhagavAna, brahma cAhe kucha bhI nAma ho kintu usa varga meM sarvopari sattA vahI hai| vahI sarvatantra, svatantra zakti hai| kartA, hartA aura bhartA vahI hai| vaha apanI icchAnusAra saMsAra yantra ko calAtA hai| AtmA ko vahI zubhAzubha kI ora prerita karatA hI jAva kA yahA svatantra astitva kucha nahIM hai, jo kucha hai vaha Izvara hai|

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 45 bhAratIya dharma paramparAoM meM jaina evaM bauddha dharma paramparAoM ko chor3akara prAya: sabhI dharma paramparAeM Izvara ko hI sarvopari zakti evaM sRSTiyantra kA saMcAlaka mAnatI haiN| isalie vaha IzvaravAdI dharma paramparAeM kahalAtI haiN| bhAratIya dharma paramparA meM jaina dharma jIva athavA AtmA ko hI sarvazaktisampanna sattA mAnatA hai| isa dharma meM Izvara koI vilakSaNa yA bhinna tatva nahIM, jo sRSTi kA niyAmaka athavA saMcAlaka ho / parama vikasita zuddha nirmala AtmA hI manuSya kI AdhyAtmika gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai| sarva- dvandva - mukta icchA, dveSazUnya AtmA ko hI paramAtmA ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jahAM IzvaravAdI dharmoM meM AtmA ko Izvara kA anugAmI, upAsaka evaM sevaka mAnA hai, vahAM jaina dharma meM AtmA ko hI paramAtmA banane kA adhikArI mAnA gayA hai| jahAM IzvaravAdI dharmoM meM AtmA kI kRtArthatA paramAtmA ke bhakta bane rahane meM hI hai vahAM jaina dharma meM AtmA ko hI parama tatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, karma yukta hone para isakA bandhana hai, karmamukta hone para ise apanA zuddha svarUpa prApta hotA hai| bhAratIya dharma paramparAoM meM dRSTi evaM vizvAsa kA yaha eka maulika bheda unheM do dhArAoM meM vibhakta karatA hai - 1. IzvaravAdI arthAt paramAtmAvAdI evaM 2. anIzvaravAdI arthAt aatmaavaadii| yahAM anIzvaravAda se tAtparya Izvara kI sattA meM avizvAsa yA usa paramatatva kI asvIkRti se nahIM hai apitu Izvara ko sRSTitantra kA saMcAlaka mAnane se hai| AtmavAdI dharma jaina dharma kI mukhya pRSThabhUmi AtmavAda hI hai| jaina dharma kA yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa rahA hai ki AtmA hI sukha-duHkha karane vAlA hai| zubha mArga meM pravRtta AtmA svayaM kA zreSThatama mitra hai, azubha mArga meM pravRtta AtmA svayaM kA nikaTatama zatru hai| jo kucha hai vaha AtmA hI hai| vaha nirvikAra, niraMjana, siddhasvarUpa hai| AtmA anantajJAna, anantasukha evaM ananta zakti sAmarthya kA puMja hai| sukhaduHkha kA kartA bhI yahI hai, bhoktA bhI yahI hai aura unase mukta hone kA prayatna karane vAlA bhI yahI hai| Atma jJAna hI samasta jJAna kI kuMjI hai, ataH sarvaprathama AtmasvarUpa kA bodha prApta karanA caahie| yaha AtmA aupapAtika hai, karmAnusAra punarjanma grahaNa karatI hai| AtmA ke punarjanma sambandhI siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane vAlA hI vastuta: AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI evaM kriyAvAdI hai / " jo apanI AtmA kA apalApa, avizvAsa karatA hai, vaha loka anya jIva samUha kA bhI apalApa karatA hai|' yaha AtmA avyaya - avinAzI, avasthita va eka rUpa hai|' vaha zAzvata bhI hai azAzvata bhI / dravya dRSTi se zAzvata tathA bhAvadRSTi se azAzvata

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46 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti hai|' jo AtmA hai vahI vijJAtA hai, jo vijJAtA hai vahI AtmA hai| jisase jAnA jAtA hai ki vaha AtmA hai aura jAnane kI isa zakti se hI AtmA kI pratIti hotI hai| jaise maiM dukha nahIM cAhatA usI prakAra saMsAra kA koI bhI jIva dukha nahIM caahtaa| svarUpa kI dRSTi se hAthI aura kunthuA meM AtmA eka samAna hai| sukha-duHkha kA kartA-akartA AtmA hI hai| sadAcAra meM pravRtta AtmA mitra hai, durAcAra meM pravRtta AtmA zatru hai|" yaha AtmA hI vaitaraNI nadI hai| yahI kUTazAlmalI vRkSa hai| AtmA hI icchAnusAra phala dene vAlI kAmadhenu hai aura yahI AtmA nandanavana hai| hirayannA kA kathana hai ki jaina dharma kA mukhya lakSya AtmA ko pUrNa banAnA hai na ki vizva kI vyAkhyA krnaa| pUrA kA pUrA jaina dharma Asrava aura saMvara hI hai| zeSa isakA vistAra mAtra hai| ___AtmavAda ke isa AdhAra para jaina AcArazAstra kA bhavana nirmita hai kintu karma siddhAnta kI vivecanA ke binA isa siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA adhUrI raha jAtI hai| AtmA aura karma inhIM do tatvoM para jaina dharma kA AcAra pakSa, vicAra pakSa, AdhyAtmikatA aura naitikatA TikI huI hai| jaina dharma-siddhAnta pratyeka jIva sukha kI kAmanA karatA hai kintu akAmya hone para bhI use dukha bhoganA par3atA hai| dukha kA kAraNa hai krm| karma, kRta hai| yadi AtmA azubha karma kA kartA hai to vaha usake azubha pariNAma kA bhoktA bhI avazya hI hogaa| karmoM se pUrNa nirAsa hI mukti hai| karma siddhAnta meM karmabandha ke kAraNa karma ke svarUpa aura unase mukti ke upAya kI mImAMsA kI gayI hai| jainasUtroM meM AtmA ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki AtmA amUrta hai| amUrta hone ke kAraNa vaha indriya grAhya nahIM hai| amUrta hone ke kAraNa hI AtmA nitya hai| ajJAna ke kAraNa AtmA karmabandhana meM AtI hai| yaha karmabandhana saMsAra kA hetu hai| cArvAkoM ke atirikta sabhI bhAratIya darzana karma siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| sAmAnyataH karma siddhAnta kA udaya mAnava jIvana meM ghaTita hone vAlI vividha ghaTanAoM kI vyAkhyA karane vAle kAryakAraNa sambandha se hotA hai| karma zabda kA sUkSma artha sabhI matoM meM bhinna-bhinna hai| jainetara bhAratIya darzanoM meM karma ko kriyA ke artha meM liyA gayA hai, yadyapi kriyA zabda ke artha bhI vividha haiN| jaina dArzanika karma zabda kI sarvathA bhautika vyAkhyA karate haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra indriyoM dvArA agocara atisUkSma paramANuoM ke samUha kA nAma karma hai||6

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 47 sarvajIva apane AsapAsa chahoM dizAoM meM rahate hae karma pudagaloM ko grahaNa karate haiM aura AtmA ke sarvapradezoM ke sAtha sarvakarmoM kA sarva prakAra se bandhana hotA hai|" jaina dharma kI mAnyatA hai ki karma ke duSprabhAva ke antargata AtmA jo ki vizuddha evaM asImita kSamatAoM vAlI hotI hai, apane ko sImita anubhava karatI hai| AtmA ko karma ke isa viparIta prabhAva se mukta karanA mukti kA anivArya anubandha hai, mukti yA nirvANa jIvana kA caramoddezya hai| jIva do prakAra ke karmoM se baMdhatA hai-bhautika tathA maansik| pahale prakAra ke karma kA artha hai ki dravya kA AtmA meM praveza ho gayA hai| dUsare prakAra ke antargata icchA tathA anicchA jaisI cetana mAnasika kriyAoM kA samAveza hotA hai| ina do prakAra ke karmoM ko eka-dUsare ke lie vizeSa rUpa se uttaradAyI mAnA jAtA hai| jainoM kI dRr3ha mAnyatA hai ki jIva apane ko karma ke bandhana se mukta kara sakatA hai| parantu cUMki yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vikAroM ke kAraNa hI bandhana hai, isalie kahA gayA hai ki yadi binA vikAroM ke karma kiye jAeM to vaha vyakti ko nahIM baaNdhte| yaha sthiti gItA ke niSkAma karma yoga ke samAna hai| ___ isa jagata meM jo bhI prANI haiM, vaha apane saMcita karmoM se hI saMsAra bhramaNa karate haiM aura svakarmoM ke anusAra hI bhinna-bhinna yoniyoM meM janma lete haiN| phala bhoge binA upArjita karmoM se prANI kA chuTakArA nahIM hotaa|20 kRta karma isa janma meM athavA parajanma meM bhI phala dete haiN| saMcita karma eka janma meM athavA sahasroM janmoM meM bhI phala dete haiN| karmavaza jIva bar3e se bar3A dukha bhogatA hai aura phira ArtadhyAna, zoka vilApa Adi karake naye karmoM ko bAMdhatA hai| isa prakAra karma se karma kI paramparA calatI hai| baMdhe hue karma kA phala durnivAra hai, use miTAnA azakya hai| sarvaprANI apane karmoM ke anusAra hI pRthaka pRthaka yoniyoM meM avasthita haiN| karmoM kI adhInatA ke kAraNa avyakta duHkha se dukhita prANI janma, jarA aura maraNa se sadA bhayabhIta rahate hue saMsAra cakra meM bhaTakate rahate haiN|22 jainoM kA to vastuta: yaha vizvAsa thA ki dravya ke cAroM tatva dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala meM bhI AtmA vidyamAna hai| AtmA sarvavyApI hone ke kAraNa koI bhI pramAdapUrNa kriyA hiMsAmaya karma meM badala jAtI hai| loka yA paraloka meM karmoM ke phala svayaM hI bhogane par3ate haiN| phala bhoge binA karmoM se chuTakArA nahIM ho sakatA hai|24 jaise kRta karma haiM vaisA hI unakA pariNAma hai| jina karmoM se baMdhA jIva saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatA hai vaha saMkhyA meM ATha haiM-(1) jJAnAvaraNIya, (2) darzanAvaraNIya, (3) vedanIya, (4) mohanIya, (5) Ayu, (6) nAma, (7) gotra aura (8) antraay| rAga aura dveSa yaha karma ke bIja haiN| karma moha se utpanna hotA hai, aisA jJAniyoM kA kathana hai| karma janama-maraNa kA mUla hai aura janama-maraNa du:kha kI paramparA kA kAraNa hai| karma kA mUla hiMsA hai| jisa prakAra mUla sUkha jAne para sIMcane para bhI

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48 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vRkSa lahalahAtA, harAbharA nahIM hotA hai, usI taraha se moha ke kSaya ho jAne para puna: karma utpanna nahIM hote| jisa taraha dagdha bIjoM meM se puna: aMkura utpanna nahIM hote, usI taraha karma rUpI bIjoM ke dagdha ho jAne para bhava arthAt janama-maraNa ke aMkura utpanna nahIM hote| ata: ina karmoM ke anusAra-phala dene kI zakti ko samajhakara buddhimAna puruSa nae karmoM ke saMcaya ko rokane kA prayatna tathA purAne karmoM ke kSaya karane meM sadA prayatnazIla rhe| jo antara se rAga dveSarUpa bhAva karma nahIM karatA, use nae karma kA bandha nahIM hotaa|2 sarva karmoM ke kSaya se jIva siddha mukta hokara siddhaloka meM pahuMcatA hai| - niSkarSata: vyakti svayaM apane karmoM kA uttaradAyI hai| karma ke pariNAma usa para thope nahIM jAte haiN| isameM bhAgya jaisI kisI sattA kA hastakSepa nahIM hai na hI Izvara kA sahayoga hai| vyakti kA puruSArtha hI usake bhAgya kA niyantA hai| AtmavAdI vicAroM kA mUla-zramaNa saMskRti dharma ke sambandha meM prAcInatA evaM arvAcInatA kA Agraha eka dharma vyAmoha kA hI rUpa mAnA jAnA caahie| koI vicAra prAcIna hone se hI gauravazAlI nahIM hotA usameM tejasvitA bhI honI caahie| tejasvitA, jIvanopayogitA, vicAra ko svayaM hI gauravamaMDita banA detI hai| tathApi, aitihAsika adhyayana ke antargata prAyaH pUrvApara krama sambandha sthApana kiyA jAtA hai aura adhyeya viSaya ke prArambha bindu ke anusaMdhAna kI sahaja jijJAsA hotI hai| jaikobI ke anusAra bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kA vikAsa brAhmaNa dharma se huA hai|4 dhArmika jAgaraNa se akasmAta hI inakA janma nahIM huA hai balki lambe samaya se cale A rahe dhArmika Andolana ne inakA rAstA taiyAra kiyA hai| jaikobI ke mata kA ullekha karate hue dAsagupta kI mAnyatA hai ki ina donoM navIna dharma vyavasthAoM ke mArgadarzakoM ko sambhavata: yajJa dharma tathA upaniSadoM se sujhAva mile haiM aura inhoMne apanI praNAliyoM kA nirmANa svatantra rUpa se apane hI cintana se kiyA hai| jaikobI kA yaha mata ki jaina dharma aura bauddhadharma brAhmaNa saMnyAsAzrama se niSpanna haiM tathA brAhmaNoM va zramaNoM ke vratoM kI samAnatA ke AdhAra para niSpanna haiN| jaikobI kA vicAra hai ki zramaNa sampradAya se brAhmaNoM kA caturAzrama prAcIna hai| yaha bhI vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki jainoM aura bauddhoM ne kAlacakra kA vibhAjana bhI brAhmaNa paramparA ke prabhAva se hI kiyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie cAra mahAkalpa aura assI laghukalpa brAhmaNoM ke yugoM evaM kalpoM ke AdhAra para batAye haiN| brahmA ke

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 49 ahorAtra tathA manvantara ke hindU AkhyAnoM kA prabhAva jainoM ke utsarpiNI aura avasarpiNI nAmaka AroM (kAla vibhAjana) para par3A thaa| harmana jaikobI tathA pANDuraMga vAmana kaNe nAmaka donoM vidvAna isa mAnyatA para atyadhika Agraha rakhate haiM ki bauddha aura jaina zramaNa donoM hI sampradAya hindU dharma ke RNI haiM; isa bAta se pUrNata: inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| udAharaNa ke lie baudhAyana dharmasUtra meM diye gaye paMcavrata haiM: ahiMsA, sunRta, asteya, brahmacarya aura aprigrh| ye vrata vahIM haiM jinakA ki jaina sAdhuoM ko pAlana karanA par3atA hai aura inakA krama bhI usI prakAra hai| bauddha bhikSuoM ko bhI inhIM zIloM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai aura inakA krama bhI usI prakAra hai| parantu unakI sUcI meM dUsare sthAna para antara hai| zramaNa aura brAhmaNa donoM sAdhuoM ke vratoM kI samAnatA sAmAnya siddhAntoM kI hai jo vairAgI jIvana ke supratiSThita Adarza se sambandhita haiN| udAharaNa ke lie jainoM ke pAMca mahAvrata ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya tathA aprigrh| yaha pataMjali ke yogasUtra meM pahale hI se varNita haiN| pahale pArzvanAtha ne cAra yAma banAye the| satya, ahiMsA, asteya aura aparigraha jo mahAvIra ke brahmacarya jor3a dene para pataMjali ke pAMca mahAvratoM ke sadRza ho gye| isa prasaMga meM ullekhanIya hai ki bauddhoM kA cAturyAma saMvara arthAt zItajala prayoga, burAI, pApa tathA prAkRtika visarjana meM satarka rahanA se pratIta hotA hai ki vibhramita siddhAnta hai| bauddha paMcazIla bhI yahI doharAte haiN| inhIM paMcazIloM kA vikAsa A zIloM meM ho jAtA hai jaba usameM rAtri meM akhAdya vastueM nahIM khAnA, puSpahAra nahIM pahananA, sugandha kA prayoga nahIM karanA tathA bhUmi para zayana karanA jor3a diye jAte haiN| yahI ATha zIla kAlAntara meM zIloM meM paryavasita ho jAte haiM jabaki inameM nRtya saMgIta varjita ho jAte haiM tathA svarNa va rajata parityAga kA siddhAnta jur3a jAtA hai| brAhmaNa saMnyAsI se bhI yahI apekSA kI jAtI hai ki vaha jIva hiMsA se bace tathA kRpaNatA se bace, asatya se bace, paradravya se bace tathA asaMyama se bce|42 brAhmaNa dharmasUtra, jaina tathA brAhmaNoM ke saMnyAsa sambandhI vicAra lagabhaga eka se haiN| Adarza saMnyAsavRtti ke prazikSaNa meM hai tathA usake samAja se vyavahAra ke niyamana meM bhI hai| yogasUtra meM sAMkhya ko uddhRta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki ahiMsA hI pradhAnavrata hai| jisakI paripUrNatA ke lie anya vratoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|43 zramaNa AtmA ke punarjanma meM vizvAsa karate the jo jIvana ke nimnatama rUpa se lekara uccatama prakAra kI sattA ke bIca kI nirantara antakriyA hai| ata: zramaNoM ke lie ahiMsA Avazyaka bana gii| maiksamUlara,44 bUlara tathA karna46 tInoM ne ina tIna dharmoM ke sAhitya meM upalabdha saMnyAsiyoM ke kartavyoM kI tulanAtmaka gaveSaNA kI hai tathA tInoM kA yahI niSkarSa hai ki jaina dharma aura bauddhadharma brAhmaNa dharma ke RNI haiN| ina vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki hinduoM ke saMnyAsa dharma tathA saMnyAsiyoM ke

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50 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kartavya aura bauddha tathA jaina bhikSuoM ke lie nirdhArita vratoM aura niyamoM meM hinduoM kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| ina vidvAnoM ke anusAra hindU dharma kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| buddha apane sampradAya ke saMsthApaka va mahAvIra ke samakAlIna the| mahAvIra apane sampradAya ke eka sudhAraka mAtra the| ata: yadi RNa kI hI carcA karanI hai to donoM brAhmaNettara sampradAya hindUdharma ke RNI haiN| apanI mAnyatA ke lie ina vidvAnoM ne jo pramANa diye haiM vaha saMnyAsiyoM ke lie nirdhArita niyamoM se tulanIya haiM : 1. saMnyAsI ko apane pAsa kucha bhI ekatra nahIM karanA caahie|48 jaina tathA bauddha sampradAya ke bhikSuoM ke lie bhI yahI niyama hai ki vaha apane pAsa kucha bhI aisA na rakhe jo vyaktigata ho| 2. saMnyAsI ko brahmacArI honA caahie| jaina bhikSu kA cauthA mahAvrata aura buddha dharma kA pAMcavAM zIla yahI hai| 3. saMnyAsI ko varSAkAla meM apanA nivAsa nahIM badalanA caahie| yaha niyama anya donoM sampradAyoM meM bhI milatA hai| 4. saMnyAsI apanI bhASA, dRSTi tathA karma para saMyama rakhegA, jainoM kI tIna gaptiyAM bhI yahI haiN| 5. saMnyAsI per3a-paudhoM ke unhIM aMzoM ko grahaNa karegA jo apane Apa alaga ho gaye haiN| kucha isI taraha kA niyama jaina sampradAya meM bhI hai| jaina muni kevala unhIM sAga sabjiyoM tathA phaloM Adi kA sevana kara sakate haiM jinameM jIvana kA koi aMza na ho yA jo acitta hoN| 6. saMnyAsI bIjoM kA nAza nahIM kregaa|54 jaina sampradAya ne isa niyama meM sabhI jIvita prANiyoM kA samAveza kara liyA hai aura apane anuyAyiyoM ko upadeza diyA hai ki vaha aNDoM, jIvita prANiyoM, bIjoM aMkuroM Adi ko coTa na phuNcaaeN| 7. saMnyAsI kA koI burA kare yA bhalA, use virakta bane rahanA caahie| jaina sampradAya meM bhI isa viraktabhAva ko mahatva diyA gayA hai| yaha bAta mahAvIra ke jIvana prasaMga se spaSTa hotI hai jisake anusAra cAra se bhI adhika mAha taka unake zarIra para nAnA taraha ke prANI ekatra hue, reMgate rahe aura unheM pIr3A pahuMcAte rhe| 8. saMnyAsI ko jala chAnane ke lie apane pAsa eka vastra rakhanA caahie| ukta tarkoM ke AdhAra para jaikobI kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki nivRtti kA Adarza brAhmaNoM ke dharma meM pahale udita huA aura caturtha Azrama ke rUpa meM abhivyakta

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 51 huaa| pIche isa Adarza kA bauddhoM aura jainoM ne anusaraNa anukaraNa kiyA / kintu kyA brAhmaNoM ke dharma meM vairAgya aura saMnyAsa ke suvikasita vicAra vidyamAna the ? kyA unameM caturAzramya siddhAnta vyavasthita ho cukA thA ? vivecanA kA viSaya hai| vastutaH vaidika saMhitAoM meM tathA brAhmaNoM meM Azrama zabda kI hI kahIM upalabdhi nahIM hotii| sAyaNa ne aitareya brAhmaNa kI TIkA meM avazya hI caturAzramya dIkha par3ane kI bAta kahI hai| 9 ise hI AdhAra banAkara kaNe ne vaidika sAhitya meM cAra AzramoM kA asphuTa ullekha hone kI bAta kahI hai| " kintu vidvAnoM kA dUsarA varga jisameM esa. datta", jI. sI. pANDe tathA jI. esa. pI. mizra sammilita haiM, jaikobI ke isa vicAra se asahamata haiM tathA paryApta pramANoM ke AdhAra para unane siddha kiyA hai ki nivRtti ke sAtha parivrajyA bhI brAhmaNoM ne zramaNa anukaraNa para svIkAra kI thii| inake anusAra zrAmaNya kI prAcIna paramparA ko hI chaThI zatAbdI ke vaidika aura avaidika bhikSu sampradAyoM ke mUla meM mAnanA cAhie / apane siddhAnta kI puSTi meM yaha yukti dete haiM ki aitareya brAhmaNa kI sAyaNa kI vyAkhyA vivAdAspada hai| vizeSakara sAyaNa kA mala ko gRhastha kA dyotaka mAnanA / ajin ko brahmacarya, zmazru ko vAnaprastha aura tapa ko saMnyAsa kA pratIka samajha lenA / vastuta: isa zloka meM brahmacAriyoM, tapasviyoM aura muniyoM ko iMgita karane vAlI brAhmaNoM kI pravRttivAdI saMskRti hai 104 zramaNa saMskRti kI prAcInatA, prAmANikatA aura Aryetara tatva jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM itastataH zramaNoM kA ullekha huA hai| isa bAta ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki yaha muni aura zramaNa vaidika samAja ke bahirbhUta the tathA eka ai vikasita aura udAtta nivRttiparaka AdhyAtmika vicArAdhArA ke pratinidhi the| isa zramaNa vicAradhArA kI pratidvaMdvitA ke samakSa thI vaidika, brAhmaNa dharma kI pravRttivAdI aura devavAdI vicaardhaaraa| jahAM zramaNoM ke lie pravRttimUlaka karma garhita the tathA bandhanoM ke hetu the tathA brahmacarya, tapasyA yoga, tapa aura kAya kleza AtmotkarSa ke Adarza sAdhana vahIM brAhmaNadharma meM pravRttimUlaka, laukika sukha hI kAmya thA aura yajJAtmaka karma Adarza sAdhana / " brAhmaNa paramparA jahAM putra ko hI vimukti kA vizuddha sAdhana mAnatI thI vahAM zramaNa paramparA vairAgyamaya brahmacarya ko / maigasthanIja ne bhAratIya sAdhuoM ko zramaNa aura brAhmaNa do vargoM meM bAMTA thaa| usake vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki usane brAhmaNoM ko brahmacArI aura gRhastha hI dekhA / jabaki zramanoI zramaNavarga meM dulobiyoI Ate the jo ki na nagaroM me rahate the, na gharoM meM, valkala pahanate the, aMjali se pAnI pIte the, na vivAha karate the na santAnotpAdana | saMkSepa meM, brAhmaNa paramparA kA puruSArtha AptakAmatA athavA Ananda meM thA jabaki zramaNoM

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52 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kA du:khanivRtti va upazama meN| isa mata kA pratyAkhyAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki saindhavasabhyatA ne apanI virAsata meM adhyAtma kI akSaya nidhi chor3I jisakI chApa zramaNa paramparA para suspaSTa thI tathA jisase aneka mahatvapUrNa tathya paravartI vaidika dharma ne grahaNa kiye jo isa prakAra hai-pazupati, yogIzvara tathA kadAcita naTarAja ke rUpa meM ziva kI pUjA, mAtR zakti kI pUjA, azvatthapUjA, vRSabhAdi aneka pazuoM kA deva sambandha, liMgapUjA, jala kI pavitratA, mUrtipUjA aura yogAbhyAsa jo ki Asana aura mudrA ke aMkana se saMketita hotA hai| zramaNoM kA yogavidyA se ananya paricaya hone ke kAraNa hI vidvAna isakA anvaya saindhava saMskRti se karate haiN| yaha zramaNa brAhmaNetara tathA vaidika saMskRti se anabhyaMtara the tathA unakI nivRttiparaka gatividhiyAM tathA klezalakSaNa, AryoM ke suvidita jIvana zailI se nitAnta aparicita tathA yaugika kriyAeM AptakAma dRSTi ke pratikUla thiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki zramaNoM ko kezadhArI, maile, gerUe kapar3e pahane, havA meM ur3ate, viSabhakSaNa karate dekhA zRk-saMhitA kA saMhitAkAra vismita ho socane lagA ki vaha Aveza athavA unmAda meM haiN| ullekhanIya hai ki Rgveda tathA paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM zramaNa ke paryAya ke rUpa meM muni saMjJA ko bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| __zramaNa aura brAhmaNa paraspara pratidvandvI va virodhI the| udAharaNa ke lie eka vaidika grantha meM inheM indradevatA kA zatru kahA gayA hai| anya meM turakAvaSeya muni kI carcA hai jo vedAdhyayana aura yajJa ke virodhI the| kavaSa ailUSa nAmaka muni ko vaidika yajJa se abrAhmaNa hone ke kAraNa tiraskRta va bahiSkRta honA par3A thaa| IsA pUrva caturtha zatAbdI meM yUnAniyoM ne bhI inake vibheda kA ullekha kiyA hai|2 mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne inakA zAzvata virodha mArjAra va mUSakavata batAyA hai| isake viparIta aise bhI aneka udAharaNa haiM jinameM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa ko samAna samajhA gayA hai tathA mAna, dAna aura dakSiNA kI pAtratA kI dRSTi se ina donoM ke sAtha sAtha ullekha kiye gaye haiN| brAhmaNoM tathA zramaNoM ko bhojana karAnA puNya kArya samajhA jAtA thaa| sthAnAMgasUtra meM zramaNa-mAhana (bAhmaNa) kI paryupAsanA kA phala batAte hue lAbhakArI kAryakAraNa zrRMkhalA batAI gayI hai jo isa prakAra hai-dharma kA phala zravaNa, zravaNa kA phala jJAna, jJAna kA phala vijJAna tathA vijJAna kA phala prtyaakhyaan| pratyAkhyAna kA phala saMyama, saMyama kA phala krmnirodh| karmanirodha (anAzrava) kA phala tp| tapa kA phala vyavadAna (nirjraa)| vyavadAna kA phala akriyA arthAt mana, vacana aura zarIra kI pravRtti kA pUrNa nirodh| akriyA kA phala hai nirvaann| nirvANa kA phala hai siddhagati gmn| mahAvIra kA yuga aise vairAgiyoM se suparicita thA jinhoMne sAMsArika jIvana ko tyAga kara gRhavihIna jIvana ko apanA liyA thA tathA jJAna kI khoja meM bhramaNa kara

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 53 rahe the| inheM nAmAntara se parivrAjaka, bhikSu, zramaNa, yati tathA saMnyAsI Adi nAmoM se pukArA jAtA thaa| yadyapi saMnyAsI zabda jaina va bauddha sAhitya meM durlabha hai kintu brAhmaNa sAhitya meM saMnyAsI gRhavihIna vairAgI ke lie prayukta huA hai| ina vItarAgAtmAoM meM zramaNa kA sthAna pramukha tathA zreSThatara thaa| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM, brAhmaNa, nirgrantha, tApasa aura zramaNoM kA pRthaka pRthaka ullekha hai| aSTAdhyAyI se jJAta hotA hai ki jo strI-puruSa kumArAvasthA meM hI zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa kara lete the vaha kumAra zramaNa kahe jAte the|80 ___ uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM 'kAlIpavvaMNa saMkAse kisse dharmANi saMtae'-yaha pada prayukta hue haiN| jainasUtroM meM yaha vizeSaNa aise tapasvI ke lie prayukta hue haiM jo tapasyA ke dvArA apane zarIra ko itanA kRza banA letA hai ki vaha kAlI parvata ke sadRza ho jAtA hai aura usakI nAr3iyoM kA jAla sphuTa dIkhane lagatA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM bhI ina padoM kI AvRtti huI hai| vahAM yaha pada brAhmaNa ke lakSaNa batAte hue sAmAnya sAdhu ke lie prayukta hue haiN| sAdhu ke lie prayukta yaha vizeSaNa yathArtha haiM kyoMki aisI tapasyA jaina mata meM sammata rahI hai ata: yaha zaMkA svabhAvika hai ki tapasyA ke binA zarIra itanA kRza nahIM hotA aura aisI kaThora tapasyA bauddhoM meM to amAnya hI rahI hai| ____ DA. vinTaranitsa kI mAnyatA hai ki ina padoM tathA aisI hI kathAoM samvAdoM aura gAthAoM kI samAnatA kA AdhAra yaha hai ki ye sudIrghakAla taka pracalita zramaNa paramparA ke aMza the aura unhIM se jaina, bauddha, mahAkAvyakAra aura purANakAroM ne unheM aMgIkAra kara liyaa| isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki zramaNa saMskRti kI AdhArazilA prAgaitihAsika kAla meM hI rakhI jA cukI thI tathA mahAvIra ke kAla meM aneka tIrthoM meM vibhakta ho cukI thii|4 Adi tIrthaMkara aura vAtarazanA muni jaina kalpasUtra meM RSabhadeva Adi tIrthaMkara ke jIvana caritra kA varNana milatA hai jisakI vaidika sAhitya se puSTi hotI hai| udAharaNa ke lie jainAgamoM meM tathA vaidika sAhitya meM unake mAtA pitA kA nAma marudevI tathA nAbhi hai| unheM svAyaMbhUmanu kI pAMcavIM pIDhI meM isa krama se kahA gayA hai-svAyaMbhUmanu, priyavrata, agnIdhra, nAbhi aura Rssbh| unhoMne apane jyeSTha putra bharata ko rAjya dekara saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyaa| vaha nagna rahane lage aura kevala zarIra mAtra hI unake pAsa thaa| tiraskRta hokara bhI vaha mauna hI rahate the| kaThora tapazcaraNa dvArA unhoMne kaivalya kI prApti kI tathA karnATaka pradeza taka dezATana kiyaa| vaha kuTakAMcala parvata ke vana meM unmatta ke samAna nagna vicaraNa karane lge| isI vana meM bAMsoM kI ragar3a se utpanna

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54 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti agni meM vaha svecchA se bhasma ho gye| bhAgavatapurANa meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki RSabhadeva ke isa caritra ko sunakara koMka, baiMka va kuTaka kA rAjA arhana kalayuga meM apanI icchA se usI dharma kA sampravartana kregaa| isa varNana se ni:sandeha yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki yaha RSabha aura koI nahIM Adi tIrthaMkara hI haiM tathA arhana rAjA dvArA sampravartita dharma kA Azaya jaina dharma se hI hai|88 / __bhAgavatapurANa meM anyatra kahA gayA hai ki yajJa meM parama RSiyoM dvArA prasanna kiye jAne para, viSNudatta parIkSita svayaM hI bhagavAna viSNu mahArAja nAbhi kA priya karane ke lie mahArAnI marudevI ke garbha meM aaye| unhoMne isa pavitra zarIra kA avatAra vAtarazanA zramaNa RSiyoM ke dharma ko prakaTa karane kI icchA se kiyaa|89 bhAgavatapurANa ke isa kathana meM do ullekhanIya bAte haiN| prathama-RSabhadeva kI pUjyatA ke sambandha meM jaina aura hindU dharma meM koI matabheda nahIM hai| jaise vaha jainiyoM ke Adi tIrthaMkara haiM vaise hI hinduoM ke lie sAkSAta bhagavAna viSNu ke avatAra haiN| dvitIya, prAcInatA meM yaha avatAra rAma aura kRSNa ke avatAroM se bhI pUrva kA mAnA gayA hai| isa avatAra kA jo hetu bhAgavatapurANa meM batAyA gayA hai usase zramaNa dharma kI paramparA svataH hI Rgveda se jur3a jAtI hai jisameM RSabhAvatAra kA hetu zramaNa RSiyoM ke dharma ko prakaTa karanA batAyA gayA hai| Rgveda meM ullekha hai ki munayo vAtarazanA: pizaMgA vasane bhlaa| vAtasyAnu prAjiM yanti yaddevAso aviksst|| unmaditA moneyena vAtAM AtasthimA vym| zarIredasmAkaM yUyaM martAso abhi pshyth|| yahAM vAtarazanA zabda mahatvapUrNa haiN| DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ke anusAra usakA vahI artha hai jo digambara kA hai| vAyu jinakI mekhalA hai athavA dizAeM jinakA vastra hai| donoM zabda eka hI bhAva ke sUcaka haiN| isI prakaraNa meM mauneya zabda bhI prayukta huA hai| vAtarazanA muni mauneya kI anubhUti meM kahatA haimunibhAva se pramudita hokara hama vAyu meM sthira ho gaye haiN| mo tuma hamArA zarIra mAtra dekhate ho| vidvAnoM dvArA nAnA prayatna karane para bhI abhI taka vedoM kA ni:sandeha rUpa se artha baiThanA sambhava nahIM ho sakA hai| tathApi sAyaNabhASya kI sahAyatA se DA. hIrAlAla jaina ukta RcAoM kA artha isa prakAra karate haiM-atIndriyArthadarzI vAtarazanA muni mala dhAraNa karate haiM jisase vaha piMgala varNa dikhAI dete haiN| jaba vaha

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 55 vAyu kI gati ko prANopAsanA dvArA dhAraNa kara lete haiM, arthAta roka lete haiM, taba vaha apanI tapa kI mahimA se dIpyamAna hokara devatA svarUpa ko prApta ho jAte haiN| "sarvalaukika vyavahAra ko chor3akara hama maunavRtti se unmattavata utkRSTa Ananda sahita vAyu bhAva ko azarIrI dhyAnavRtti ko prApta hote haiM aura tuma sAdhAraNa manuSya hamAre bAhya zarIra mAtra ko dekha pAte ho, hamAre sacce Abhyantara svarUpa ko nahIM' aisA vAtarazanA muni prakaTa karate haiN| bhAgavatapurANa meM hI eka anya sthAna para ullekha hai-ayamavataro rajasopapluta kaivalyo prazikSaNArtha:4 arthAt bhagavAna kA yaha avatAra rajoguNa se bhare hue logoM ko kaivalya kI zikSA dene ke lie huaa| kintu ukta vAkya kA yaha artha abhI bhI saMbhava hai ki yaha avatAra raja se upalupta arthAt rajocAraNa malacAraNa vRtti dvArA kaivalya prApti kI zikSA dene ke lie huA thaa| __ jaina muniyoM ke AcAra meM asnAna, adantadhAvana, malaparISaha Adi dvArA rajocAraNa saMyama kA Avazyaka aMga mAnA gayA hai| buddha ke samaya meM bhI rajojallika zramaNa vidyamAna the| svayaM buddha ne zramaNoM ke viSaya meM kahA thA ki vaha saMghATika ke saMghATI dhAraNa mAtra se acelaka ke acelakatvamAtra se, rajojillaka ke rajojallikatvamAtra se aura jaTilaka ke jaTAdhAraNa mAtra se bhI zrAmaNya nahIM khtaa| Rgveda ke dazama maNDala ke eka sau paiMtIsaveM zloka ke kartA ke rUpa meM sAta vAtarazanAmuni ke nAma Ae haiN| yathA-jUti, vAtajUti, viprajUti, viSANaka, karIkrata, etaza aura RSyazraMgA7 taittirIya AraNyaka tathA bhAgavataparANa meM vAtarazana ke sAtha sAtha zramaNa kA bhI ullekha huA hai, jo unakI abhinnatA kA sUcaka hai| taittirIya AraNyaka meM vAtarazanA zramaNoM ke nikaTa anya RSiyoM ke pahuMcane aura unheM pavitra upadeza dene kA ullekha hai| __zrImadbhAgavata purANa meM vAtarazanA zramaNoM ko AtmavidyA vizArada, RSi, zAnta, saMnyAsI aura amala kahakara pukArA gayA hai| ukta vAtarazanA muniyoM kI jo mAnyatAeM va sAdhanAeM vaidika sAhitya meM bhI ullikhita haiM, unake AdhAra para hama isa paramparA ko vaidika paramparA se spaSTa rUpa se alaga samajha sakate haiN| vaidika RSi vaise tyAgI va tapasvI nahIM the jaise yaha vAtarazanA muni| vaidika RSi svayaM gRhastha the, yajJa sambandhI vidhi-vidhAna meM AsthA rakhate the aura apanI ihalaukika icchAoM jaise putra, dhana, dhAnya Adi sampatti kI prApti ke lie indrAdi devI-devatAoM kA AhvAna karate karAte haiM tathA usake upalakSa meM yajamAnoM se dhana sampatti kA dAna svIkAra karate haiN| kintu isake viparIta vAtarazanAmuni ukta kriyAoM meM rata nahIM hote| samasta gRhadvAra, strI-puruSa, dhana

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56 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti dhAnya Adi parigraha, yahAM taka ki vastra kA bhI parityAga kara, bhikSAvRtti se rahate haiN| zarIra kA saMskAra snAna Adi se na kara asnAna, adantadhAvana dvArA mala dhAraNa kiye rahate haiN| mauna vRtti kA pAlana karate haiM aura devarAdhanA kI apekSA AtmadhyAna meM rata rahate haiN| __spaSTata: yaha usa zramaNa paramparA kA prAcIna rUpa hai jo Age calakara aneka avaidika sampradAyoM vizeSarUpa se jaina tathA bauddha sampradAya meM Aja bhI vidyamAna haiN| prAcIna samasta bhAratIya sAhitya vaidika, bauddha va jaina tathA zilAlekhoM meM bhI brAhmaNa aura zramaNa sampradAyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jaina evaM bauddha sAdhu zramaNa hI kahalAte haiN| vaidika paramparA meM AdhyAtma paramparA ke pratIka RSi kahalAte the jinakA varNana Rgveda meM bArambAra AyA hai| zramaNa dharma meM yahI muni kahalAte the jinakA ullekha Rgveda meM vAtarazanAmuni ke rUpa meM AyA hai| kezI Rgveda meM kezI kI stuti isa prakAra kI gayI hai ki kezI agni, jala tathA svarga aura pRthvI ko dhAraNa karatA hai| kezI samasta vizva ke tatvoM kA darzana karAtA hai| kezI hI prakAzamAna jJAna jyoti kevalajJAnI kahalAtA hai|100 kezI kI yaha stuti vAtarazanA muniyoM ke varNana meM kI gaI hai, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki kezI vAtarazanA muniyoM ke varNa ke pradhAna the| jaina paramparA ke anusAra RSabha jaba muni bane taba unhoMne cAra muSTi keza lauMca kiyA jabaki sAmAnya paramparA pAMca muSTi loca karane kI hai| bhagavAna kezalauMca kara rahe the, donoM pArzva bhAgoM kA kezalauMca karanA bAkI thA taba devarAja zakendra ne bhagavAna se prArthanA kI ki itanI ramaNIya kezarAzi ko isI prakAra rahane deN| bhagavAna ne usakI bAta mAnI aura unheM vaise hI rahane diyaa| skandhoM para laTakate dhuMgharAle kezoM kI vallarI RSabha kI pratimA kI pratIka hai||| RSabha ko jaTAzekhara yukta kahA hai|102 spaSTata: Rgveda ke ina kezI vAtarazanA muniyoM kI sAdhanAeM bhAgavatapurANa meM ullikhita RSabha aura unakI sAdhanAoM se tulanIya haiN| ni:sandeha yaha vAtarazanA zramaNa RSi eka hI samapradAya ke vAcaka haiN| kezI kA artha kezadhArI hotA hai, jisakA artha sAyaNAcArya ne keza sthAnIya razmiyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle diyA hai aura usase sUrya kA artha nikalA hai| kintu usakI koI sArthakatA va saMgati vAtarazanA muniyoM ke sAtha nahIM baiThatI jinakI sAdhanAoM kA ukta sUtra meM varNana hai| kezI spaSTata: vAtarazanA muniyoM ke adhinAyaka hI ho sakate haiM jinakI sAdhanA meM maladhAraNa, maunavRtti aura unmAdabhAva kA vizeSa nirUpaNa huA hai| isakI bhAgavatapurANa meM RSabha ke varNana se tulanA kI

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 57 jA sakatI hai jahAM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAna ke zarIra mAtra kA parigraha baca rahA thaa| yaha digambara ke samAna vezadhArI, unmatta, bikhare hue kezoM sahita AvhanIya agni ko apane meM dhAraNa karake pravajita hue| vaha jar3a, andha, mUka, badhira, pizAconmAda yukta jaise avadhUta veza meM logoM ke bulAne para bhI maunavRtti dhAraNa kiye hue cupa rahate the| saba ora laTakate hue apane kuTila, jaTila, kapiza kezoM ke bhAra sahita avadhUta aura malina zarIra se vaha aise dikhAI dete the mAno unheM bhUta lagA ho|103 ___ yathArthata: yadi Rgveda ke ukta kezI sambandhI sUkta ko tathA bhAgavatapurANa meM citrita RSabhadeva ke caritra ko sanmukha rakhakara par3hA jAye to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhAgavatapurANa Rgveda kA bhASya ho| vahI vAtarazanA yA gagana paridhAna vRtti keza dhAraNa, kapizavarNa, maladhAraNa, mauna aura unmAda bhAva samAna rUpa se donoM meM varNita haiN| RSabha bhagavAna ke kuTila kezoM kI paramparA jaina mUrtikalA meM prAcInatama kAla se Aja taka akSuNNa pAI jAtI hai| yathArthata: samasta tIrthaMkaroM meM kevala RSabha kI hI mUrtiyoM ke sira para kuTila kezoM kA rUpa dikhAyA jAtA hai aura yahI unakA prAcIna vizeSa lakSaNa bhI mAnA jAtA hai| kesara, keza aura jaTA eka hI artha ke vAcaka haiN| siMha bhI apane kezoM ke kAraNa kesarI kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra kezI aura kezarI eka hI kesariyA nAtha yA RSabhadeva ke vAcaka pratIta hote haiN| jaina puraannoN|04 meM bhI RSabha ko jaTAjUTa hI batAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra Rgveda ke kezI aura vAtarazanA muni tathA bhAgavatapurANa ke RSabha aura vAtarazanA zramaNa RSi tathA AditIrthaMkara kesariyAnAtha RSabha aura unakA nirgrantha sampradAya eka hI pratIta hote haiN| kezI aura RSabha kA eka sAtha ullekha Rgveda meM eka sthAna para AyA hai - kakardave vRSabho yukta AsId, avAva cIt sArathirasya keshii| dudharyuktasyadravrataH sahAnasa, Rcchanti mA niSpadoM mudglaaniim||105 mudgala RSi kI gAyoM ko cora curA le gaye the| unheM lauTAne ke lie RSi ne kezI RSabha ko apanA sArathI banAyA, jisake vacana mAtra se vaha gaueM Age ko na bhAgakara pIche ko lauTa pdd'ii| ___ sAyaNAcArya ne isakA vAkyArtha kiyA hai-asya sArathiH sahAyabhUta: kezI prakRSTakezo vRSabha: avAvacIta mrazamazabdayat ityaadi| kintu DA0 hIrAlAla jaina isakA artha dArzanika sandarbha meM isa prakAra karate haiM- mudgala RSi ke sArathI vidvAna netA kezI vRSabha jo zatruoM kA vinAza karane ke lie niyukta the, unakI vANI niklii| jisake phalasvarUpa jo mudgala RSi

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58 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kI gauMveM indriyAM jute hue durdhara ratha zarIra ke sAtha daur3a rahI thIM ve nizcala hokara maudgalAnI mudgala kI svAtmavRtti kI ora lauTa pdd'iiN|106 tAtparya yaha ki mudgala RSi kI jo indriyAM parAMgamukhI thIM, vaha unake yogI jJAnI netA kezI vRSabha ke dharmopadeza sunakara antarmukhI ho gyiiN| nirgrantha nagna sampradAya uttarAdhyayana meM 'nagiNiNa' zabda milatA hai| jisakA artha hai ngntaa| uttarAdhyayana ke cUrNikAra ne usa samaya pracalita kucha nagna sampradAyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jaise mRga cArika, uddaNDaka (hAtha meM DaNDa UMcA kara calane vAle tApasa) tathA jaina va AjIvaka sAdhu jo ki nagna rahate the|107 isa saMdarbha meM Rgveda meM ullikhita ziznadeva bhI mahatvapUrNa hai|108 isa prakAra Rgveda meM ullikhita vAtarazanA muniyoM ke nirgrantha sAdhuoM tathA una muniyoM ke nAyaka kezI mani kA RSabhadeva ke sAtha ekIkaraNa ho jAne se jaina dharma kI prAcIna paramparA para bar3A mahatvapUrNa prakAza par3atA hai| cAroM vedoM meM Rgveda prAcInatama hai aura Rgveda kI RcAoM meM hI vAtarazanA muniyoM tathA kezI vRSabha kA ullekha hone se jaina dharma kI prAcInatA kama se kama bhI 1500 I.pU. ThaharAyI jA sakatI hai| kezI nAma jaina paramparA meM pracalita rahA isakA pramANa yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM pArzva sampradAya ke netA kA nAma kezIkumAra thaa|109 vrAtya atharvaveda ke pandrahaveM adhyAya meM vrAtyoM kA varNana AyA hai| isa vrAtya kANDa kA sambandha nizcaya hI kisI brAhmaNetara paramparA se thaa| AcArya sAyaNa ne vrAtya ko vidvattama mahAdhikAra, puNyazIla, vizvasammAnya aura brAhmaNa viziSTa kahA hai||10 upanayanAdi se hIna manuSya vrAtya kahalAte the| aise manuSyoM ko sAmAnyata: vaidika kRtyoM ke lie anAdhikArI aura sAmAnyata: patita mAnA jAtA thaa||11 upanayanAdi se hIna manuSya jisane gAyatrI kA upadeza na karAyA ho, vaha pApI hai tathA AryasamAja se bahiSkRta hai| jisa brAhmaNa kA 16veM, kSatriya kA 22veM, vaizya kA 24veM varSa taka upanayana saMskAra na hoM vaha patita sAvitrIka haiM yA vrAtya haiN|12 inako vedAdhyayana karanA, yajJoM meM jAnA|13 evaM inase vivAha Adi sAmAjika sambandha sthApita karane kA niSedya thaa|14 yadi tIna pIDhI taka upanayana na kiyA jAye to vaha pavitra smRtiyoM ke ghAtaka kahe jAte the| 15 sAmaveda ke tANDya brAhmaNa, lATyAyana, kAtyAyana va ApastambIya zrautasUtroM

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 59 meM vrAtyastoma vidhi dvArA unheM zuddha kara vaidika paramparA meM sammilita karane kA bhI varNana hai| yaha vrAtya vaidika vidhi se adIkSita va saMskArahIna the| ve aduruktavAkya ko durukta rIti se prAkRta bhASA meM bolate the| ve jyAhnada pratyaMcArahita dhanuSa dhAraNa karate the| licchavi, nAtha, malla, Adi jAtiyoM ko vrAtyoM meM ginA jAtA thaa|16 candragupta maurya ko bhI jaina dharma kA upAsaka hone ke kAraNa hI vrAtya kA vizeSaNa prApta huA thaa| ina tathyoM ke sUkSmavivecana se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha vrAtya bhI zramaNa paramparA ke gRhastha va sAdhu the jo veda virodha hone se vaidika anuyAyiyoM ke kopa bhAjana hue the| kintu yajJa va hiMsA ke virodhI hone ke kAraNa upaniSadoM meM inakI prazaMsA kI gayI hai|17 arhana Rgveda meM bhagavAna RSabha ke aneka ullekha milate haiM jinameM se arhana bhI eka hai| arhana zramaNa saMskRti kA priya zabda hai| zramaNa apane vItarAgAtmAoM ko arhana kahate haiN| vaidika sAhitya ke anusAra asura Arhata dharma ke upAsaka the| Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki jaina sAhitya meM isakI spaSTa carcA nahIM miltii| kintu purANa aura mahAbhArata meM isa prAcIna paramparA ke avazeSa surakSita haiN| yati Rgveda meM muniyoM ke atirikta yatiyoM kA bhI ullekha bahutAyata se AyA hai| yaha yati bhI zramaNa paramparA ke sAdhu hI siddha hote haiN| jaina paramparA meM yaha saMjJA sAdhu ke lie hI prayukta hotI AI hai| yadyapi Arambha meM RSiyoM, muniyoM aura yatiyoM ke sambandha saujanyapUrNa the aura vaha samAnarUpa se pUjita the kintu kAlAntara meM yatiyoM ke prati vaidika paramparA meM Akroza bhAva utpanna ho gye| tANDya brAhmaNa meM ullekha hai ki indra va yatiyoM ke bIca zatrutA thii|120 indra dvArA yatiyoM ko zAlAvRkoM, zRMgAloM va kuttoM dvArA nucavAye jAne kA ullekha hai|12| kintu indra ke isa kArya ko devatAoM ne ucita nahIM samajhA aura isake lie indra kA bahiSkAra bhI kiyaa| 22 tANDya brAhmaNa ke TIkAkAroM ne yatiyoM kA artha kiyA hai-veda viruddha niyamopeta, karmavirodhijana, jyotiSTomAdi akRtvA prakArAntareNa vartamAna aadi| ina vizeSaNoM se unakI zramaNa paramparA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| upaniSada kAla meM yati tApasa kaha jAne lge||23 bhagavadgItA meM inheM yogapravRtta mAnA gayA hai| vaha kAma, krodha rahita, saMyamacitta va vItarAga kahe jAte the| 24

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60 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti purAtAttvika sAkSya sindhughATI se prApta mUrtiyoM aura kuSANakAlIna jaina mUrtiyoM meM apUrva sAmya hai| kAyotsarga mudrA jaina paramparA kI hI dena hai| prAcIna jaina mUrtiyAM adhikAMzata: isI mudrA meM prApta hotI haiN| mohanajodar3o kI khudAI se prApta mUrtiyoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve kAyotsarga arthAta khar3I mudrA meM haiM, dhyAnalIna haiM aura nagna haiN| khar3e raha kara kAyotsarga karane kI paddhati bhI jaina paramparA meM bahupracalita hai| isI mudrA ko sthAna yA UrdhvasthAna kahA jAtA hai| pataMjali ne jise Asana kahA hai jainAcArya use sthAna kahate haiN|125 sthAna kA artha hai gati-nivRtti jisake tIna prakAra haiM 1. urdhvasthAna-khar3e hokara kAyotsarga krnaa| 2. niSIdana sthAna-baiThakara kAyotsarga krnaa| 3. zayanasthAna-sokara kAyotsarga krnaa| paryaMkAsana athavA padmAsana jainamUrtiyoM kI vizeSatA hai| dharma paramparAoM meM yogamudrAoM kA vibheda hotA thaa| usI ke sandarbha meM AcArya hemacandra ne likhA haiprabho! ApakI paryaMkAsana aura nAsAgra dRSTivAlI yogamudrA ko bhI paratIrthika nahIM samajha pAye haiM to bhalA ve aura kyA sIkheMge?126 prophesara prANanAtha ne mohanajodar3o kI eka mudrA para jinezvara par3hA hai|127 DelphI se prApta eka mUrti kAyotsarga mudrA meM hai, dhyAnalIna hai aura usake donoM kandhoM para RSabha kI bhAMti kezarAzi laTakI huI hai| DA0 kAlIdAsa nAga ne ise jaina mUrti ke anurUpa batAyA hai| yaha lagabhaga dasa hajAra varSa purAnI hai||28 yaha bhI zramaNa saMskRti kI sudIrgha paramparA ke pramANa haiN| mohanajodar3o se prApta mUrtiyoM ke sira para nAgaphaNa kA aMkana hai| yaha nAgaveza ke sambandha kA sUcaka hai| sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzva ke sira para sarpamaNDala kA chatra thaa||29 nAgajAti vaidika kAla se pUrvavartI bhAratIya jAti thii| usake upAsya RSabha, supArzva aura tIrthaMkara bhI prAgvaidika kAla meM hue||30 isase bhI hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki zramaNa paramparA vaidika kAla se pUrvavartI thii| yaha bhI pramANita hai ki jainoM kA itihAsa mahAvIra se bahuta prAcIna thA tathA vidyamAna zramaNa paramparA se prAdurbhUta huA thaa| zramaNoM ke prakAra jaina sAhitya meM zramaNoM ke pAMca vibhAga batAye gaye haiN|3]

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 61 1. nirgrantha jainamuni (NiggaMtha, khamaNa ) 2. zAkya - bauddha bhikSu ( rAbala, rUpaDa) 3. tApasa - jaTAdhArI banavAsI tapasvI (tApasa, vaNavAsI) 4. gairuka - tridaNDI parivrAjaka (gerua parivAjaya) 5. AjIvaka - gozAlaka ke ziSya - (AjIvaya, maMDarAbhikkhu) 13 nizIthacUrNi meM anya tIrthaMkara zramaNoM ke tIsa gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai| 133 bauddhatripiTaka se yaha prakaTa hai ki buddha ke samaya meM bhAratavarSa meM zramaNoM ke tirasaTha sampradAya vidyamAna the| jinameM cha: bahuta prasiddha the| buddha ke atirikta zramaNa saMgha ke chaH anya dharmopadezakoM kA ullekha milatA hai||34 ina cha: sampradAyoM ke AcArya the pUraNakassapa, maMkkhalI gozAla, ajitakeza kambali, pakudha kacchAyana, nirgranthanAthaputra 'mahAvIra' aura saMjaya belaTTiputta / dazavaikAlika niryukti meM zramaNa ke aneka paryAyavAcI nAma batalAye gaye haiN| pravrajita, aNagAra, pASaNDa, caraka, tApasa, bhikSu, parivrAjaka, zramaNa, nirgrantha, saMyata, mumukSuvrata, tIrNa, dravya, muni, trAyI, zAnta, dAnta, virata, rukSa evaM tIrastha 1135 ina nAmoM meM caraka, tApasa, parivrAjaka Adi zabda nirgranthoM se bhinna zramaNa sampradAya ke sUcaka haiN| zramaNa ke ekArthavAdI zabdoM meM sabakA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| 136 jaina zramaNa tatvArthasUtra 37 tathA sthAnAMgasUtra 38 meM jaina zramaNoM ke pAMca bheda batAye gaye haiN| yathA - pulAka, bakuza, kuzIla, nirgrantha tathA snAtaka / pulAka niHsAra dhAnyakaNoM kI bhAMti jisakA caritra niHsAra ho use pulAka nirgrantha kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM- labdhipulAka tathA prtissevaapulaak| saMgha surakSA ke lie pulAka labdhi kA prayoga karane vAlA labdhipulAka kahalAtA hai tathA jJAna kI virAdhanA karane vAlA pratiSevApulAka kahalAtA hai| isase bhI uttara pAMca anya bheda haiN| 1. jJAna pulAka- skhalita, milita Adi jJAna ke aticAroM kA sevana karane vaalaa| 2. darzanapulAka--- samyaktva ke aticAroM kA sevana karane vAlA /

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62 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 3. caritra pulAka-mUlaguNa tathA uttaraguNa donoM meM hI doSa lagAne vaalaa| 4. liMga pulAka-zAstravihita upakaraNoM se adhika upakaraNa rakhane vAlA yA binA hI kAraNa anya liMga ko dhAraNa karane vaalaa| 5. yathAsUkSma pulAka-pramAdavaza akalpanIya vastu ko grahaNa karane kA mana meM bhI cintana karane vAlA yA uparyukta pAMcoM aticAroM meM se kucha-kucha aticAroM kA sevana karane vaalaa| bakuza zarIravibhUSA Adi ke dvArA uttaraguNoM meM doSa lagAne vAlA bakuza nirgrantha kahalAtA hai| isake caritra meM zuddhi aura azuddhi donoM kA sammizraNa hone ke kAraNa vicitra varNa vAle citra kI taraha vicitratA hotI hai| bakuza pAMca prakAra ke hote haiN||39 1. Abhoga bakuza-jAnabUjha kara zarIra kI vibhUSA karane vaalaa| 2. anAbhoga bakuza-anajAne meM zarIra kI vibhUSA karane vaalaa| 3. saMvRta bakuza-chipa-chipa kara zarIra kI vibhUSA karane vaalaa| 4. asaMvRta bakuza-prakaTa rUpa meM zarIra kI vibhUSA karane vAlA 5. yathAsUkSma bakuza-prakaTa yA aprakaTa meM zarIra Adi kI sUkSma vibhUSA karane vaalaa| kuzIla mUla tathA uttaraguNoM meM doSa lagAne vAlA kuzIla nirgrantha kahalAtA hai| isake pramukha rUpa se do prakAra haiM-pratiSevanA kuzIla tathA kaSAya kushiil| pratiSevanA kuzIla'40 1. jJAna kuzIla-kAla, vinaya Adi jJAnAcAra kI pratipAlanA nahIM karane vaalaa| 2. darzana kuzIla-niSkAkSita Adi darzanAcAra kI pratipAlanA nahIM karane vaalaa| 3. caritra kuzIla-kautuka, mUrtikarma, praznAprazna , nimitta, AjIvikA, kalkakurukA, lakSaNa, vidyA tathA mantra kA prayoga karane vaalaa| 4. liMga kuzIla-veSa se AjIvikA karane vaalaa| 5. yathAsUkSma kuzIla-apane ko tapasvI Adi kahane se harSita hone vaalaa|

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra *63 kaSAya kuzIla 1. jJAna kuzIla-saMjvalana kaSAya vaza jJAna kA prayoga karane vaalaa| 2. darzana kuzIla-saMjvalana kaSAya vaza darzana kA prayoga karane vaalaa| 3. caritra kuzIla-saMjvalana kaSAya se AdiSTa hokara kisI ko zApa dene vaalaa| 4. liMga kuzIla-kaSAya vaza anya sAdhuoM kA veza karane vaalaa| 5. yathAsUkSma kuzIla-mAnasika rUpa se saMjvalana kaSAya karane vaalaa| nirgrantha (nigaNTha) jinhoMne rAga dveSa ke bandha khola diye hoM aura antarmuhUrta meM kevala jJAna prApta karate haiN| 41 jinake mohanIya karma chinna ho gaye haiN|142 kisI bhI granthi meM na baMdhe hone ke kAraNa yaha nirgrantha, nigaNTha yA jaina kahe jAte the||43 AcArAMga meM nirgrantha ke lie kahA gayA hai ki vaha AtmavAdI hai, lokavAdI hai, karmavAdI hai, kriyAvAdI hai||44 snAtaka jinhoMne sarvajJatA ko pA liyA hai ve snAtaka tathA nirgrantha haiN| snAtaka pAMca prakAra ke hote haiN|45: 1. acchavI kAyayoga kA nirodha karane vaalaa| 2. azabala-nirativAra sAdhutva kA pAlana karane vaalaa| 3. akarmAza-ghAtyakarmoM kA pUrNataH kSaya karane vaalaa| 4. saMzuddhajJAnadarzanadhArI-arhata, jina, kevlii| 5. aparizrAvI-sampUrNa kAya yoga kA nirodha karane vaalaa| zramaNa indriyamuNDa, aparigrahI, akiMcana, zIla se sugandhita aura hiMsA bhIru the||46 sthAnAMga sUtra147 meM zramaNa ke guNoM se yukta dasa prakAra ke muNDa batAye haiM 1. krodhamuNDa-krodha kA apanayana karane vaalaa| 2. mAnamuNDa-mAna kA apanayana karane vaalaa| 3. mAyAmuNDa-mAyA kA apanayana karane vaalaa| 4. lobhamuNDa-lobha kA apanayana karane vaalaa| 5. ziramuNDa-zira ke kezoM kA luMcana karane vaalaa|

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64 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 6. zrotrendriyamuNDa-karNendriya ke vikAroM kA apanayana karane vaalaa| 7. ghANendriya muNDa-ghrANendriya ke vikAroM kA apanayana karane vaalaa| 8. rasendriya muNDa-rasendriya ke vikAra kA apanayana karane vaalaa| 9. cakSuindriya muNDa-cakSu ke vikAra kA apanayana karane vaalaa| 10. sparzendriya muNDa-sparzendriya ke vikAra kA apanayana karane vaalaa| AgamakAlIna cintana dhArAeM DA. sukumAra datta ke zabdoM meM chaThI zatAbdI I. pUrva kA yuga eka bauddhika aura AdhyAtmika krAnti kA yuga thaa| jabaki brAhmaNa aura zramaNa AcArya aura bhikSu nAnA dhArmika, dArzanika matoM kI udbhAvanA aura nAnA navIna mArgoM aura sampradAyoM kA pracAra kara rahe the||48 yaha bhI nirvivAda hai ki AgamakAlIna bhAratIya cintanA kA aura jaina dharma kA mUla AdhyAtmika jijJAsA thA, upaniSad, bauddha dharma aura jaina dharma isa vikala jijJAsA ke supariNAma haiN| itanA bhI nizcita hI hai ki isa yuga ke cintaka jIvana ko anivAryataH du:kha kA paryAya mAnate the aura isa duHkhasantaptatA se mukti hI unake darzana kA kendrabindu thii| kintu ina vividha vicArakoM ke matabheda kevala isa viSaya para the ki bandhana ke kAraNa kyA haiM aura mukti ke upAya kyA haiN| mahAvIra aura buddhakAlIna pramukha zramaNa sampradAya bhUtavAdI, tajjIva taccharIravAdI, AtmaSaSTavAdI, AtmAdvaitavAdI, sAMkhyavAdI, IzvaravAdI tathA niyativAdI the|149 isake atirikta du:khavAdI, nivRttivAdI, nirIzvaravAdI, jIvavAdI aura kriyAvAdI anya pramukha sampradAya the||50 unakI dArzanika niSThA kA mUla AdhAra saMsAravAda, karma tathA punarjanma ke siddhAnta the| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra'51 meM anya matamatAntaroM kI carcA hai jaise kriyAvAda, akriyAvAdI, vinayavAda, ajJAnavAda, vedavAda, hiMsAvAda, hastitApasavAda aadi| kahIM inakA saMkSepa meM aura kahIM vistAra se ullekha huA hai| parantu niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu ne ise vistAra diyA aura TIkAkAra AcArya zIlAMka ne ina matamatAntaroM kI mAnyatAoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| AcArya zIlAMka kA yaha prayAsa dArzanika kSetra meM bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| TIkAkAroM ke anusAra kriyAvAdiyoM ke eka sau assI sampradAya, akriyAvAdiyoM ke caurAsI, ajJAnavAdiyoM ke sar3asaTha tathA vinayavAdiyoM ke battIsa upa sampradAya athavA paMtha haiN| isa prakAra kula milAkara tIna sau tirasaTha matoM kI carcA sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM hai||52 yaha tIna sau tirasaTha mata isa prakAra haiM

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 65 1. kriyAvAda yaha darzana jIva, ajIva, Azrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa, puNya aura pApa isa prakAra nau tatva mAnatA hai| isake anusAra yaha nau padArtha svataH aura parataH ke bheda se do prakAra ke haiN| puna: sabhI padArtha nitya aura anitya hote haiM-9x2 = 18x2 = 36 / yaha 36 padArtha kAla, svabhAva, niyati, Izvara aura AtmA ke bheda se pAMca prakAra ke haiM-36x5 = 180 / isa prakAra kriyAvAda ke kula 180 bheda hue| 2. akriyAvAda isa darzana ke anusAra puNya aura pApa kA sthAna jIvana meM kucha bhI nahIM haiN| ata: inake mata se kula sAta padArtha hue| inake do bheda haiM svata: aura prt:| puna: isake kAla, yadRcchA, niyati, svabhAva, Izvara aura AtmA ye 6 bheda haiN| isa prakAra akriyAvAda ke kula 7x2 x 6 = 84 bheda hue| kAlayadRcchAniyati svabhAva veshvraatmnshvturshiitiH| nAstiklAdigaNamate na santi bhAvA svprsNsthaa||153 3. ajJAnavAda isa darzana meM pUrvollikhita nau padArtha svIkRta haiN| ye sabhI padArtha sat, asat sadasat, avaktavya, sadavaktavya, asadavaktavya, sadA-sadavaktavya ke bheda se sAta prakAra ke haiN| inake atirikta 1 satI bhAvotpatti: ko vetti| kiM vA nyA jnyaatyaa| 2 asato bhAvotpatti: ko vetti| kiM vA nyA jnyaatyaa| 3 sadasatI bhAvotpatti: ko vetti| kiM vA nayA jnyaatyaa| 4 avaktavyA bhAvotpattiH ko vettiH| kiM vA nyA jnyaatyaa| yaha cAra bheda bhI haiN| isa prakAra (9x7)+4=67 bheda ajJAnavAda ke haiN| ajJAnakavAdimataM nava jIvAdIn sdaadisptvidhaan| bhAvotpatti: sadasaddhaivA vAcyA ca kovetti||154 4. vinayavAda isa darzana meM vinaya se hI mukti pradarzita kI gayI hai| yaha vinaya sura, nRpati, yati, jJAti, sthavira, adhama, mAtA aura pitA ke prati mana, vacana, kAya aura dAna

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66 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke bheda se cAra prakAra kI hai| ataH vainayikavAda ke 8 x 4 = 32 bheda hue / vainayikamataM vinayazcetovAk kAyadAnataH kAryaH / suranRpatiyatijJAtisthavirAghamamAtRpitRSu sadA ||155 pAli sAhitya meM zramaNoM ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM- maggajina, maggadesina, maggajIvina aura maggadUsina | 156 inameM pArasparika matabheda utpanna hone ke phalasvarUpa aneka dArzanika sampradAya uTha khar3e hue, jinheM buddha ne "dviTThi" kI saMjJA dii| 157 ina sabhI vivAdoM kA saMkalana bAsaTha prakAra kI mithyAddaSTiyoM (micchAdiThi) meM kiyA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM inhIM dRSTiyoM ko vistAra se 363 zreNiyoM meM vibhakta kara samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| 158 ThANAMga meM zramaNoM ke pAMca bheda nirdiSTa haiN| nigaNTha (jaina) (sakka bauddha) tApasa, geru aura parivrAjaka | 159 suttanipAta meM inake tIna bheda milate haiM- titthiya, AjIvika aura nigaNTha / inheM vAdasIla kahA gayA hai| 160 bhagavAna mahAvIra pAli nigaNTha nAthayutta ke samakAlIna pUraNakassapa, makkhaligozAla, ajitakezakambali, pakudhakacchAyana, saMjayabelaTThiputta aura mahAtmA buddha rahe haiN| tripiTaka meM ina sabhI AcAryoM ko saDdhIcaiva gaNI ca, gaNAcAriyo ca, yA to, yasassI, titthakaro, sAdhusammato bahujanassa, rattajaM, cira pabbajito, addhagato vayonupato" kahA gayA hai| inameM adhikAMza AcArya zramaNa paramparA se sambaddha haiN| ukta chaH zAstAoM ke atirikta kucha zAstA aura bhI the jo apane matoM kA pravartana aura pracAra samAja meM kara rahe the| brahmajAlasutta ke bAsaTha dArzanika mata isa prasaMga meM ullekhanIya haiN| inheM bhI gambhIra, durbodha Adi kahA gayA hai| yaha mata isa prakAra haiM (1) pujjantAnudiTThI aThArasa hi vatthUhi (a) sassatavAda (ba) ekaccasassatavAda (sa) anantAnanda vAda (da) amarAvikasepavAda (ya) adhiccasamuppannavAda (2) aparantAnudiTThi catucatArIyasAya vatthUhi-- (a) uddhamAghAtanikA sanjIvAdA (ba) uddhamAghAtanikA aMsanjIvAdA 4 4442 68 16 18

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 67 8 44 18 = 62 (sa) uddhamAghAtanikA nevasaMjInA sanjIvAdA (da) ucchedavAda (ya) diTThadhammanibbAnavAda isake atirikta yajJa, bhUta, preta, pazu Adi kI bhI pUjA kI jAtI thii| isake atirikta bhI anya aneka sampradAya the jo lupta ho gye| kriyAvAda bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vacanoM ko uddiSTa kara cUrNikAra kahate haiM ki kriyAvAdI matoM ke eka sau assI bheda haiN|160 unameM se kucha AtmA ko sarvavyApI mAnate haiM, kucha mUrta, kucha amUrta, kucha zyAmAka parimANa, kucha taMdula parimANa aura kucha aMguSTha parimANa mAnate haiN|6| kucha loga AtmA ko dIpazikhA ke samAna kSaNika mAnate haiN|162 kriyAvAdiyoM ke anusAra zarIra tantra karma se saMcAlita hotA hai| karmatantra kriyA se saMcAlita hotA hai| isa saMsAra kI vividhatA yA parivartana kA mUla hetu kriyA hai| jIva meM jaba taka prakampana, spandana, kSobha aura vividha bhAvoM kA pariNamana hotA hai, taba taka vaha karma paramANuoM se baMdhatA rahatA hai| vaha karma paramANuoM se baddha hotA hai, taba nAnA yoniyoM meM anusaMcaraNa karatA hai| AtmA ke astitva kA spaSTa lakSaNa hai-anusaMcaraNa yA punrjnm| usakA hetu hai-karmabandha aura usakA hetu hai-kriyaa| yaha saba loka meM hI ghaTita hotI hai|163 isa mata ke samarthaka mAnate haiM ki duHkha unhIM ko hotA hai jo kArya ko ThIka se nahIM smjhte| eka vyakti jo jIva ko mArane kA nizcaya karatA hai lekina mAratA nahIM aura eka anya vyakti jo kisI ko mAranA nahIM cAhatA hai kintu anajAne meM mAra baiThatA hai, donoM hI karma se prabhAvita haiM para donoM ke duSpariNAma vikasita nahIM haiM kyoMki jJAnahIna kriyA aura kriyAhIna jJAna phalavAna nahIM hotA hai|165 kriyAvAdiyoM ke anusAra abhipreraka ke anusAra karmabandha hotA hai| cAhe hatyA nahIM kI jAye kintu hatyA ke vicAra se bhI karmAzrava AtmA ko Dhaka letA hai| mAnasika athavA zArIrika kriyA mAtra se bhI karma kA paripAka hotA hai||66 yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddha dharma karma meM vizvAsa karatA hai kriyA meM nhiiN| usake samarthaka mahAvIra ko karmavAdI, kriyAvAdI kaha kara pukArate haiM kyoMki jaina dharma meM sabhI tatva caitasika haiN| ata: pratyeka karma aura kriyA bandhana utpanna karatI hai||67 jaina AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha hI use aparivartanIya bhI mAnate haiN|16 zIlAMka ke anusAra kriyAvAdI yaha mAnate haiM ki binA jJAna ke bhI kevala

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68 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kriyA se yA kAryoM se vyakti nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai|169 mahAvagga meM jainoM ko kriyAvAdI batAyA gayA hai|170 akriyAvAda akriyAvAda ke anusAra AtmA kA astitva nahIM hai| akriyAvAda kA samIkaraNa bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda se kiyA jAtA hai|172 akriyAvAdiyoM ke mata meM sUryodaya nahIM hotA, na hI vaha asta hotA hai| na pUrNimA hotI hai, na amaavsyaa| na nadI bahatI hai na havA calatI hai| yaha sArA saMsAra mithyA hai|173 isa mata kI AlocanA karate hue jaina dArzanika kahate haiM ki andhA vyakti prakAza hone para bhI AMkha nahIM hone se raMga nahIM dekha sakatA vaise hI akriyAvAdI unmArgI hone se AtmA kI kriyA nahIM dekha sakate yadyapi usakA astitva hai||74 ___ akriyAvAda175 ke pratipAdaka pUraNakAssapa the| inakA vizvAsa thA ki kucha bhI karane se pApa athavA puNya nahIM hotaa| akriyAvAdiyoM ko jaina AcArya Adara se nahIM dekhte| ajJAnavAda ajJAnavAdI apratyakSa viSaya ko nizcita jJAna kA agocara samajhate the| 76 sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama adhyayana ke dvitIya uddezaka kI chaThI gAthA se jisa vAda kI carcA Arambha hotI hai vaha ajJAnavAda hai| niyuktikAra ke anusAra niyativAda ke bAda kramaza: ajJAnavAda, jJAnavAda evaM buddha ke dharma kI carcA AtI hai| niyuktikAra nirdiSTa jJAnavAda kI carcA cUrNi athavA vRtti meM kahIM bhI dikhAI nahIM detii| samavasaraNa nAmaka adhyayana meM jina mukhya cAra vAdoM kA ullekha hai usameM ajJAnavAda kA bhI samAveza hai| isa vAda kA svarUpa vRttikAra ne isa prakAra batAyA hai ki ajJAnameva zreya: arthAta ajJAna hI kalyANa rUpa hai| ata: kucha bhI jAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| jJAna prApta karane se ulTI hAni hotI hai, jJAna na hone para bahuta kama hAni hotI hai| mahAvIra ne kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, vinayavAdI aura ajJAnavAdI siddhAntoM ko samajhakara apanA anuzAsana kiyaa||7 sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra pArzvastha jinheM ucita anucita kA viveka nahIM hai, jJAnopadeza dete haiM kintu yaha to andhe kA andhe ko jJAna hai kyoMki unheM yaha jJAta nahIM hai ki lobha, mAna, chala aura krodha ko tyAga kara hI karmoM se mukta huA jAtA hai| isa siddhAnta ko ajJAnI hiMsaka pazu ke samAna samajhate nahIM haiN||78 yaha ayogya vidharmI aura ajJAnI strIdAsa hai| unake anusAra jisa prakAra phor3e ko dabAnA yA

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 69 usa para seka kucha samaya ke lie ArAma pahuMcAtA hai aura isase koI hAni bhI nahIM hotI usI prakAra kI sthiti striyoM ke sAtha Ananda kI hai|179 jainamata meM mukti ke lie jJAna Avazyaka nahIM hai kintu tapa Avazyaka hai| tapa hI karmapatha hai| ajJAnavAdiyoM ke anusAra paraloka, aupapAtika jIva, karma tathA mukti ke bAda kI avasthA ina viSayoM kA nizcita jJAna asambhava hai|180 __ "mAhaNa samaNA ege savve nANaM sayaM ve| savva loge vi je pANAnate jANAMti kiMcaNa'-arthAt kucha zramaNoM evaM brAhmaNoM kI dRSTi se unake atirikta sArA jagata ajJAnI hai| yaha ajJAnavAda kI bhUmikA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlIna cha: tIrthaMkaroM meM se saMjayavelaTThi putra nAmaka vicAraka ajJAnavAdI thaa| sambhavata: usI ko nirdiSTa karane ke lie isa gAthA kI racanA huI ho| usake matAnusAra tatvaviSayaka ajJeyatA athavA anizcitatA ajJAnavAda kI AdhArazilA hai| yaha mata pAzcAtya darzana ke ajJeyavAda athavA saMzayavAda se milatA julatA hai| saMjaya ke kucha viSayoM ko 'catuSkoTi' kA siddhAnta 82 bauddhoM tathA jainoM ke paravartI vicAroM para prakArAMtara se prabhAva DAle binA nahIM rhaa|183 jainoM kA yadRcchAvAda tathA bauddhoM kA pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAnta aise hI vicArakoM ke mata the| isa dRSTi se mokSa bandhana ke samAna prArabdha se niyantrita aura puruSArthahIna ho gyaa| kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, niyativAda tInoM isake antargata ho ge| niyativAda vyakti ke jIvana ke viSaya meM yaha AsthA purAnI aura vizvavyApI rahI hai ki vaha eka pUrva nirdhArita bhAgya ke anusAra eka nizcita bhaviSya kI ora gatizIla hotA hai| isa dhAraNA meM vyakti ke jIvana kA anta yA sArthaka jIvana kA anta mRtyu meM ho jAtA hai tathA usameM vikAsAtmaka lakSya koI sthAna nahIM pAtA na hI manuSya apane karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hotA hai| ise darzana kI bhASA meM niyativAda kahate haiN| yaha niyativAda prArabdha karmoM para nirbhara thaa| puruSArtha kI isameM apekSA hI nahIM thii| jainAgamAnusAra niyativAdiyoM kI mAnyatA thI ki bhinna-bhinna jIva jo sakha aura dukha kA anubhava karate haiM, yathA prasaMga vyaktiyoM kA jo utthAna aura patana hotA hai, yaha saba jIva ke apane puruSArtha ke kAraNa nahIM hotA hai| isa sabakA kartA jIva svayaM nahIM hai, balki niyati hai| jahAM para jisa prakAra tathA jaisA hone kA samaya AtA hai vahAM para usa prakAra aura vaisA hI hokara rahatA hai| usameM vyakti ke puruSArtha, kAla athavA karma Adi kucha bhI parivartana nahIM kara skte| jagata meM saba kucha niyata hai| aniyata kucha bhI nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra ke anusAra kriyAvAdI aura akriyAvAdI donoM hI niyativAdI haiM kyoMki niyativAda ke anusAra kriyA

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70 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti tathA akriyA donoM kA kAraNa niyati hai| ataeva niyativAdI mAnate haiM ki jo sAdhaka tapasvI akelA nirdvandva hokara vicaraNa karatA hai, vaha cAhe kaccA pAnI pIe, cAhe bIjakAya vanaspati kA sevana kare, cAhe striyoM kA saMsarga evaM sevana kare, use kisI prakAra kA pApadoSa nahIM lagatA / 184 bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga meM gozAlaka kA bhI yahI mata thA jisakA ullekha bhagavatIsUtra Adi anya AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| nizcaya hI niyativAda kI yaha paramparA gauzAlaka se pUrva bhI rahI hogI 186 gozAlaka ne isI siddhAnta ko apane mata kA AdhAra banAyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya uddezaka ke Arambha meM niyativAda kA ullekha hai| mUla meM isake praNetA gauzAlaka kA kahIM bhI nAma nahIM hai| 187 upAsakadazA nAmaka saptama aMga meM gozAla tathA usake mata kA niyativAda ke nAma se ullekha hai / 188 isameM batAyA gayA hai ki gozAlaka ke anusAra bala, vIrya, utthAna karma Adi kucha nahIM hai| saba bhAva sadA ke lie niyata haiN| bauddhagrantha sAmaMjjaphala sutta meM ajAtazatru ne makkhalI gozAla mata ko saMsAravizuddhi kA mata kahA hai / 189 jaina zramaNoM kA mata thA ki sajIva jala kA prayoga hiMsA hai| adattAdAna hai| jabaki AjIvakoM kA mata thA ki jala sajIva nahIM hai ataH isakA prayoga karanA na hiMsA hai aura na adattAdAna / vaha isa jala kA upayoga kara sakate haiM, phira bhI kevala pIne ke lie isakA upayoga karate the / " AjIvakoM kA nItizAstra kucha bhI rahA ho kintu yaha nizcita hai ki vaha kaThora tapa kA abhyAsa karate the jisakA pariNAma jainoM ke samAna anazana maraNa hotA thA / 1 91 jaina granthoM meM AjIvaka akriyAvAdI kahe gaye haiN| AjIvakoM kA nigaNThoM arthAt jainoM se vizeSa sambandha thaa| gozAla aura bhagavAna mahAvIra na kevala paricita the apitu kucha varSoM taka eka sAtha rahe the| 192 AjIvakoM ke aneka siddhAnta nigaNThoM meM bhI svIkRta hue| AjIvaka cha: abhijAtiyoM meM vizvAsa karate the| vahI nigaNThoM meM lezyAoM ke rUpa meM prApta hote haiN| isI prakAra satva, prANabhUta aura jIva ina cAroM padoM kA sahaprayoga, ekendriya, dvIndriya Adi jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa aura siddhoM kI sarvajJatA meM vizvAsa Adi dhAraNAeM bhI samAna haiN| kintu jahAM AjIvaka akriyAvAdI the aura jIva ko rUpI mAnate the vahIM nigaNTha kriyAvAdI the aura jIva ko arUpI mAnate the / 194 prAptavyo niyatibalAzrameNa yo rthaH, so vazya bhavati nRNAM zubho vA / bhUtAnAM mahati kRpe pi hi prayatne, nAbhAvyaM bhavati, na bhAvito astinAza: / / jaba hama yaha dekhate haiM ki bahuta se manuSya apane apane manoratha kI siddhi ke lie samAna rUpa se prayoga karate haiM parantu kisI ke kArya kI siddhi hotI hai aura

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 71 kisI ke nahIM hotI taba yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki manuSya ke kArya yA akArya kI siddhi yA asiddhi niyati ke hAtha meM hai| ata: niyati ko chor3akara kAla, Izvara, karma Adi ko sukha-dukha kA kAraNa mAnanA ajJAna hai| saba kucha niyati ke prabhAva se hI prANI ko prApta hotA hai| ata: niyativAdI sukha-dukha prApta hone para isa prakAra socatA hai yaha mere kie hue karmoM kA phala nahIM hai apitu isakA kAraNa niyati hai| kriyAvAdI aura akriyAvAdI donoM niyati ke adhIna haiN| isa jagata meM koI aisA prANI nahIM hai jise apanI AtmA apriya ho| aisI dazA meM kauna prANI apane Apa ko kaSTa dene vAlI kriyA meM pravRtta hogA? parantu kaSTa milatA hai| ataeva yaha siddha hai ki niyati kI preraNA se hI jIva ko dukhajanaka kriyA meM pravRtti karanI par3atI hai| jIva svAdhIna nahIM nahIM hai| vaha niyati ke vazIbhUta hai| niyati kI preraNA se hI jIva ko sukha-dukha milate haiN| zubha kArya karane vAle dukhI aura azubha kArya karane vAle sukhI samajhe jAte haiM, isase bhI niyati kI prabalatA siddha hotI hai| isa prakAra jainoM kI dRSTi meM niyativAdI kriyA, akriyA puNya, pApa sukRta, duSkRta Adi kA koI vicAra nahIM krte| paraloka yA pApa ke daNDa kA bhaya na hone ke kAraNa vaha bekhaTake nAnA prakAra ke sAvadha karmoM kA anuSThAna karate haiM, zabdAdi viSayabhogoM meM pravRtta hote haiN| apane sukhabhoga ke lie vaha bure se bure kRtya karane meM nahIM hickicaate| sukha-dukha kA kAraNa niyati ko mAnane se unheM koI dukha nahIM hotA, na paraloka kI cintA hotI hai| jisa prakAra eka sUta kA golA pheMka dene para apanI svata: niyati se niyaMtrita hotA hai usI prakAra yaha saMsAra eka antarbhUta niyati se svata: niyantrati ho rahA hai| pratyeka manuSya ke sukha-duHkha kI mAtrA niyata hai||95 isa varNana kA sAra yaha hai ki gozAlaka ne eka viziSTa pantha pravartaka ke rUpa meM acchI khyAti prApta kii| 96 gozAlaka kA AjIvaka sampradAya rAjya mAnya bhI huaa| priyadarzI rAjA azoka evaM usake uttarAdhikArI dazaratha ne AjIvaka sampradAya ko dAna diyA thA aisA ulalekha zilAlekhoM meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| bauddhagrantha mahAvaMza kI TIkA meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki azoka kA pitA bindusAra bhI AjIvaka sampradAya kA Adara karatA thaa| varAhamihira198 ke grantha meM bhI AjIvaka bhikSuoM kA ullekha hai| AjIvaka sampradAya, trirAzika mata aura digambara paramparA ina tInoM meM kAlAntara meM koI bheda nahIM rhaa| zIlAMka va abhayadeva jaise vidvAna vRttikAra taka inakA bheda nahIM batA ske|199 hornale AjIvakoM ke adhyayana meM batAte haiM ki vaha 'hatthApalekhana'200 karate the| jisakA artha hai ki AjIvaka kamaNDala yA bhikSApAtra nahIM rakhate the kintu hornale kI isa vyAkhyA kI AlocanA isa AdhAra para kI jAtI hai ki uvAsagadasAoM meM gozAla ko bhikSApAtra (mANDama) le jAte hue darzAyA gayA hai|201 sUtrakRtAMga kI vyAkhyA karate hue zIlAMka kA kathana hai ki isameM AjIvaka yA

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72 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti digambara kA aisA varNana hai ki vaha pAtra meM se (anumAna se gRhasthoM ke pAtra se) bhojana karane ke lie lAMchita kiye gaye haiN|202 sUtrakRtAMga meM hI Ardraka aura gozAlaka ke vArtAlApa ke madhya bhI AjIvakoM ko isa pApa kA doSI batAyA gayA hai ki vaha aise bhojana ke lie icchuka rahate haiM jo vizeSa rUpa se unhIM ke lie banAyA gayA ho|203 vastuta: bauddhoM ke vicAra meM acelakoM ke bhojana samabandhI vicAra vyartha the, balki upahAsAtmaka the| vahIM jainoM ke vicAra meM AjIvakoM kA AcAra gRhasthoM se kucha hI behatara thA tathA kaThoratA kI dRSTi se DhIlA thaa| lokAyata mata bhautikavAda yA cArvAka mahAvIra ke kAla meM pUrNatayA bhautikavAdI cArvAka athavA lokAyata mata suvikhyAta thA jo AtmA, devatA tathA bhaviSya jIvana ke astitva ko asvIkAra karatA thaa|204 isa mata kI ora iMgita karate hue sUtrakRtAMga meM ullekha hai ki isa mata ke mAnane vAle kevala pAMca mahAbhUtoM kI sattA meM hI vizvAsa karate haiN| unake anusAra pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura AkAza ina pAMca mahAbhUta se hI nae tatva AtmA kA ArvibhAva hotA hai|205 ___vastutaH lokAyatika manuSya ko eka prAkRtika aura sAmAjika prANI mAnate the na ki eka aprAkRtika AdhyAtmika jiiv| phalata: usane manuSya kA carama bhAgya lokottara na mAnakara sarvathA laukika hI mAnA hai| upayAsapUrvaka sukha kA upabhoga hI inakA mUlapreraka thaa| lokAyatika vyakti ke lie sukhabhoga ke adhikatama sampAdana para aura rAjya ke lie artha ke adhikatama saMgraha para bala dete the|206 isI mata ko bauddhagranthoM meM nAmAntara se ucchedavAda kahA gayA hai| yaha mata AtmA ke avinAzI aura zAzvata siddhAnta kA virodhI thaa| isa mata ke anusAra paMcaskandharUpa zarIra ke uccheda ke sAtha kucha bhI zeSa nahIM rhtaa| sAmaMjjaphala suta meM ajitakezakambali nAmaka AcArya kA ullekha milatA hai|207 isI prakAra bauddha aura jaina granthoM meM pAyAsi paesi nAmaka bhautikavAdI vicAraka kA ullekha AtA hai jo AtmA kI sattA ko pratyakSa kI kasauTI para jAMcanA cAhatA thaa|208 uttarakAla meM vikasita lokAyata cArvAka mata ke anusAra bhI pratyakSa hI pramANa thaa| itanA nizcita hai ki AgamoM kI racanA ke pUrva nAstika bhautikavAdI vicAradhArA astitvazIla thii| yaha vicAra pratyakSavAdI hone ke kAraNa punarjanma svarga Adi meM avizvAsa rakhate the| isalie lokAyatika vaidika yajJa Adi kA utanA hI virodha karate the jitanA bauddha aura jain| vastuta: darzanazAstra kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa prazna yaha rahA hai ki yaha loka

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 73 kyA hai? isakA nirmANa kisane kiyA aura kaise huA? sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha loka pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura AkAzarUpa pAMca bhUtoM kA banA huA hai|209 inhIM ke viziSTa saMyoga se AtmA kA janma hotA hai aura isake viyoga se vinAza ho jAtA hai| paMca mahAbhUta kisI se utpanna nahIM hote, kintu anirmita aura anirmApita haiM, zAzvata aura apurohita haiM arthAt inako prerita karane vAlA koI dUsarA nahIM hai| kAla tathA Izvara Adi apratyakSa padArthoM kI kalpanA karanA bhI mithyA hai|210 vAstava meM isI loka meM uttama sukha bhogA jAtA hai, yahI svarga hai tathA bhayaMkara roga, zoka Adi pIr3AeM bhoganA naraka hai, isase bhinna svarga yA naraka koI loka vizeSa nahIM hai| ata: svarga loka kI prApti ke lie nAnA prakAra kI tapasyA karanA, vyartha kaSTa sahanA zarIra ko nirarthaka kleza denA tathA naraka ke bhaya se isa laukika sukha kA tyAga karanA ajJAna hai, mUDhatA hai| zarIra meM jisa caitanya kI anubhUti hotI hai, vaha zarIra rUpa meM pariNata pAMca mahAbhUta kA hI guNa hai, kisI apratyakSa AtmA kA nhiiN| zarIra kA nAza hone para usa caitanya kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| ata: naraka yA tiryanca yoni meM janma lekara kaSTa sahana karane kA bhaya ajJAna hai| tajjIva taccharIravAdI isa vAda ke anusAra saMsAra meM jitane zarIra haiM, pratyeka meM eka AtmA hai| zarIra kI sattA taka hI jIva kI sattA hai| zarIra kA nAza hote hI AtmA kA nAza ho jAtA hai| yahAM zarIra ko hI AtmA kahA gayA hai| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki paraloka gamana karane vAlA koI AtmA nahIM hai| puNya aura pApa kA koI bhI astitva nahIM hai| isa loka ke atirikta aura koI dUsarA loka bhI nahIM hai|11 tajjIva taccharIravAdI kahate haiM ki kucha logoM ke anusAra zarIra alaga hai aura jIva alaga haiN| ve jIva kA AkAra, rUpa, gandha, rasa aura sparza Adi kucha bhI nahIM batA skte| yadi jIva zarIra se pRthaka hotA hai to jisa prakAra myAna se talavAra, mUMja se sIMka tathA mAMsa se asthi alaga karake batAI jA sakatI hai, usI prakAra AtmA ko bhI zarIra se alaga karake batAyA jAnA caahie| isa mata ke anusAra jIva aura zarIra eka hI haiM tathA pAMca bhUtoM se cetanA kA janma hotA hai| ata: yaha vAda bhI cArvAkavAda se milatA-julatA hI hai|12 isa prakAra ke vAda kA varNana prAcIna upaniSadoM meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| tajjIva taccharIravAdI mAnate haiM ki taluoM se lekara kezAgra mastaka taka jo zarIra dikhAI detA hai vahI jIva hai| isa zarIra se bhinna jIva yA AtmA nAma kA koI padArtha nahIM hai| zarIra aura jIva vastuta: eka haiM, zarIra ke marane ke sAtha hI

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74 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti jIva bhI mara jAtA hai| zarIra ke naSTa hote hI jIva bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| zarIra rahatA hai tabhI taka jIva rahatA hai| yaha pratyakSa hai ki jaba taka pAMca bhUtoM vAlA zarIra jItA hai tabhI taka yaha jIva jItA rahatA hai| ata: zarIra se bhinna jIva kA astitva kisI bhI pramANa se pramANita nahIM hotaa| apane mata ke samarthana meM vaha nimna yuktiyAM dete haiM 1. marane ke pazcAt mRta vyakti ko jalAne ke lie jo loga zmazAna jAte haiM, vaha use jalAkara akele ghara lauTate haiM, unake sAtha mRta vyakti kA, jIva nAmaka koI bhI padArtha lauTa kara nahIM aataa| 2. jaba zarIra kA kriyAkarma hotA hai taba jIva nAmaka koI padArtha zarIra chor3akara alaga jAtA huA dikhAI nahIM detaa| zarIra ke atirikta koI jIva nahIM hai| yahI jJAna yathArtha hai aura sarvazreSTha pramANa pratyakSa se pramANita hai| 3. jo vastu anya se bhinna hai use alaga karake dikhAyA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie talavAra myAna se bhinna hai aura usakI yaha bhinnatA dikhAI jA sakatI hai kintu jo tatvasvarUpa hai use pRthaka dikhAnA zakya hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki AtmA ko zarIra se alaga karake nahIM dikhAyA jA sktaa| isa prakAra ina nAstikoM tajjIva taccharIravAdiyoM ke anusAra nAnA prakAra ke du:khoM ko sahana karanA mUrkhatA hai| koI kriyA zubha yA azubha nahIM hotI, na koI puNya hotA hai aura na paap| na usake phalasvarUpa svarga yA naraka hai| karma aura usake phalasvarUpa mokSa nahIM hai, sukha aura dukha bhI nahIM hai, puNya aura pApa kA phala bhI nahIM hai| ataeva nAstikoM kA kathana hai, khUba khAo, pIo aura mauja kro| zarIra naSTa hote hI saba naSTa ho jAtA hai| vApisa koI lauTakara nahIM aataa| saba upabhoga ke sAdhana aura sAmagrI vyartha ho jAte haiN| naraka se DaranA mUrkhatA hai| karja lekara bhI ghI pInA caahie| ni:zaMka hokara nAstika hiMsA Adi kukRtyoM meM rAta-dina pacA rahatA hai| viSaya bhogoM ko prApta karanA hI buddhimAna kA kartavya hai| usake lie nAnA kukarma bhI karane par3e to mata hickicaao| kintu jainamata isa mata kI kaThora AlocanA karate hue ise mithyAmata mAnate haiN|213 sAMkhyamata athavA ekadaNDI mata sAMkhyavAdI mAnate the ki pAMca tatva ke atirikta AtmA nAmaka chaha tatva haiN| yaha chahoM tatva zAzvata haiM, avinAzI haiN| vastueM nityabhava haiM arthAt svabhAva se hI sata haiN|214 sAMkhyavAdiyoM ke anusAra padArtha kI na to utpatti hotI hai aura na vinAza

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 75 hotA hai| pratyeka padArtha sthira evaM svabhAvarUpa kUTasthanitya hai arthAt sabhI padArtha ekAntanitya haiN|215 sRSTi Izvara kI racanA nahIM apitu jar3a aura cetana tatva se banI h|216 yadyapi sAMkhyavAdI chaha tatvoM AtmA aura pAMca dravya kI sattA meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM tathApi vaha pAMca bhUtikoM se bhinna nahIM haiM kyoMki sAMkhyamata AtmA ko niSkriya mAnakara paMcamahAbhUtoM ko utpanna karane vAlI prakRti ko hI saba kAryoM kA kartA mAnatA hai| satya, rajasa aura tamasa yaha tIna guNa saMsAra ke mala kAraNa haiN|217 ina tInoM guNoM kI sAmyAvasthA hI prakRti hai aura yaha tInoM prakRti ke guNa haiN| yaha prakRti hI samasta kAryoM kA sampAdana karatI hai| yadyapi puruSa yA jIva nAmaka cetana padArtha bhI hai tathApi puruSa AkAzavat vyApaka hone ke kAraNa kriyArahita hai| vaha prakRti dvArA kiye hue karmoM kA phala bhogatA hai aura buddhi dvArA grahaNa kiye hue padArthoM ko prakAzita karatA hai| yaha buddhi bhI prakRti se bhinna nahIM hai kintu usI kA kArya hai ataeva triguNAtmikA hai| buddhi bhI tIna sUtroM se baMTI rassI ke samAna satva, rajasa aura tamasa ina tIna guNoM se banI huI hai| ina tIna guNoM kA sadA upacaya aura apacaya hotA rahatA hai| isalie yaha tInoM guNa kabhI sthira nahIM rhte| jaba satva guNa kI vRddhi hotI hai to manuSya zubha kArya karatA hai| rajoguNa kI vRddhi hotI hai to pApa puNya mizrita kArya karatA hai| pRthvI Adi pAMca mahAbhUta ina tInoM guNoM dvArA hI utpanna haiN| ata: prakRti hI ina sabakI adhiSThAtrI hai| prakRti triguNAtmikA hotI hai, usase buddhi mahat tatva, mahatva se ahaMkAra, ahaMkAra se pAMca tanmAtra, sUkSmabhUta tathA tanmAtroM se pAMca mahAbhUta, pAMca jJAnendrI, pAMca karmendrI aura mana utpanna hotA hai| yoM kula caubIsa padArtha hI samasta vizva ke paricAlaka haiN| paccIsavAM puruSa bhI eka tatva hai, para vaha bhoga tathA buddhi se grahIta padArtha ko prakAzita karane ke sivAya kucha nahIM krtaa| __ aisI sthiti meM sAMkhyamatAnusAra prakRti hI samasta kArya karatI hai| puNya pApa Adi sabhI kriyAeM prakRti hI karatI hai| isalie zAstrakAra kahate haiM-se kiNa kiNA vemANe, hayaM dhAyamANe-Natthitya dosau| Azaya yaha hai ki sAMkhya darzana ke matAnusAra bhArI se bhArI pApa karane para bhI puruSa ko usakA doSa nahIM lagatA, vaha to nirmala hI banA rahatA hai| paMcendriya jIvoM ke ghAta kA pApa puruSa ko nahIM lagatA kyoMki AtmA niSkriya hai aura saba kArya prakRti hI karatI hai| jaina vicAraka isa mata kI AlocanA karate hue kahate haiM ki yaha mata ni:sAra aura yuktihIna hai|218 sAMkhyavAdI puruSa ko acetana tathA nitya kahate haiM, bhalA acetana aura nitya prakRti vizva ko kaise utpanna aura saMcAlita kara sakatI hai? kyoMki vaha jJAnarahita evaM jar3a hai| sAMkhya kA AtmA to becArA pApa-puNya kucha nahIM karatA phira use sukha-duHkha kyoM bhogane par3ate haiN| jaba vaha niSkriya hai to

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76 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti bhoktA kaise ho sakatA hai? prakRti ne puNya-pApa kiye haiM, taba ucita aura nyAya saMgata to yahI hai ki prakRti hI unakA phala bhoge| prakRti ke kRta puNya-pApa kA phala yadi puruSa bhogatA hai, to devadatta ke puNya-pApa kA phala yajJadatta kyoM nahIM bhogatA? jar3a padArtha se vizva kI utpatti mAnanA bhI asaMgata hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM anyatra sAMkhya ko ekadaNDI mata kahakara bhI pukArA gayA hai| isa mata ke samarthaka Aheta darzana kI tulyatA siddha karate hue kahate haiM ki zarIra pura hai aura usameM jo nivAsa karatA hai vaha puruSa hai, vaha jIvAtmA hai| yaha jIvAtmA indriya aura mana se agrAhya hone ke kAraNa avyakta hai| vaha svata: avayavoM se yukta nahIM hai, vaha sarvalokavyApI evaM nitya hai tathA usakI nAnA yoniyoM meM gati hotI hai tathApi usake caitanyarUpa kA kabhI nAza nahIM hotA, ata: vaha nitya hai| usake pradezoM ko koI khaNDita nahIM kara sakatA isalie vaha akSaya hai| ananta kAla bIta jAne para bhI usake eka aMza kA bhI nAza nahIM hotA, isalie vaha avyaya hai| sabhI bhUtoM se pUrNa sambaddha hai, kisI eka aMza se nahIM kyoMki vaha niraMza hai| yaha vizeSaNa ekadaNDI mata meM AtmA ko dekara use Ahata darzana se zreSTha batAyA gayA hai| kintu jaina cintaka Ardraka muni jaina darzana se ekadaNDI mata arthAt sAMkhya kI bhinnatA batAte hue unakI AlocanA karate haiN| sAMkhya dvaitavAdI darzana hai jabaki jaina darzana anekAntavAdI hai| sAMkhya AtmA ko sarvavyApI mAnate haiM jabaki jaina zarIra mAtra vyaapii| sAMkhyAnusAra sabhI padArtha prakRti se abhinna haiM jabaki jaina mata meM kAraNa meM kArya dravya rUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| paryAya rUpa meM nhiiN| sAMkhya mata meM kArya kAraNa meM sarvAtmarUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai jabaki jaina mata meM aisA svIkAra nahIM kiyA jaataa| sAMkhya mata meM padArtha ko kevala dhauvya mAnA jAtA hai jaba ki jaina mata meM sabhI padArtha utpAda, vyaya aura dhauvya se mukta mAne jAte haiN| yadyapi sAMkhyavAdI padArthoM kA avirbhAva aura tirobhAva mAnate haiN| lekina vaha bhI utpatti aura vinAza ke binA nhiiN| sAMkhya ke Atma viSayaka vicAroM kA khaNDana karate hue jaina yukti dete haiM ki AtmA ko sarvavyApI mAnanA yukti siddha nahIM hai kyoMki caitanya rUpa AtmA kA guNa sarvatra nahIM pAyA jAtA, zarIra hI meM usakA anubhava hotA hai| isalie AtmA ko sarvavyApI na mAnakara zarIra mAtra vyApI mAnanA hI ucita hai| jo vastu AkAza kI taraha sarvavyApI hotI hai, vaha gati nahIM kara sakatI, jabaki AtmA karma se prerita hokara nAnA gatiyoM meM gamanAgamana karatI hai| ata: ise sarvavyApI mAnanA yathArtha nahIM hai| sAMkhyavAdI AtmA meM kisI prakAra kA vikAra nahIM mAnate, use sadA eka rUpa mAnate haiM, aisI sthiti meM usakA vibhinna aura gatiyoM aura yoniyoM meM parivartana kaise ho sakatA hai? isa jagata meM nAnAbheda dRSTigocara hote haiN| yaha bheda AtmA ko nitya, kUTastha, ekarUpa, ekarasa, nitya tathA eka mAnane para sambhava nahIM

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 77 ho skte| isalie AtmA ko ekAnta kUTastha nitya mAnanA galata hai| vastutaH pratyeka AtmA svatantra hai, bhinna-bhinna hai isalie svakarmAnusAra pratyeka AtmA apanA apanA sukha-duHkha bhogatA hai| AtmA kA nijI guNa caitanya zarIra paryanta hI pAyA jAtA hai isalie vaha zarIra mAtra vyApI hai tathA kAraNa meM kArya dravya rUpa se hI rahatA hai| AtmA nAnA gatiyoM meM jAtA hai, isalie vaha pariNAmI hai, kUTastha nitya nhiiN| ata: Arhata darzana hI yukti saMgata aura mAnya hai, sAMkhyadarzana aura AtmAdvaitavAda nhiiN| hastitApasa jaina matAvalambI Ardraka muni se vAda-vivAda ke prasaMga meM sUtrakRtAMga meM hastitApasoM kI carcA milatI hai|19 hastitApasa Ardraka muni se jaina dharma chor3akara unakA dharma svIkAra karane kA Agraha karate hue yukti dete haiM ki buddhimAna manuSya ko sadA alpatva aura bahutva kA vicAra karanA caahie| jo kandamUla, phala Adi khAkara nirvAha karate haiM, vaha sthAvara prANiyoM ko tathA unake Azrita aneka jaMgamaprANiyoM kA saMhAra karate haiN| gullara Adi meM aneka jaMgama prANI apanA DerA jamAe rahate haiM, ata: unako khAne vAle jaMgamaprANiyoM kA saMhAra karate haiN| jo loga bhikSA se apanA nirvAha karate haiM, vaha bhikSA ke lie idhara-udhara jAte samaya cIMTI Adi aneka prANiyoM kA ghAta kara dete haiM tathA bhikSA kI kAmanA se unakA citta bhI dUSita rahatA hai| jabaki hastitApasa varSa meM eka bhArIbharakama hAthI ko bANa se mArakara usake mAMsa se varSabhara taka apanA nirvAha kara lete haiN| aisA karake vaha anya samasta jIvoM kI rakSA kara lete haiM tathA unheM abhayadAna dete haiN| isakA pratyAkhyAna karate hue jaina muni kahate haiM ki hiMsA-ahiMsA kI nyUnAdhikatA kA nApa-taula mRta jIvoM kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para nahIM kiyA jAtA hai apitu yaha AdhAra hai prANI kI cetanA, indriyoM, mana, zarIra Adi kA vikaas| yadi koI varSa bhara meM sirpha eka vizAlakAya jIva mAratA hai to bhI vaha hiMsA ke doSa se kadApi nahIM baca sktaa| usa para bhI hAthI jaise paMcendriya jIva ke lie to yaha asambhava hI hai| jo zramaNa dharma meM pravajita hai vaha sUrya kI kiraNoM se spaSTa najara Ane vAle mArga para gAr3I ke jue jitanI lambI dRSTi rakha kara calate haiN| vaha iryA samiti se yukta hokara bayAlIsa bhikSAdoSoM se varjita karake AhArAdi grahaNa karate haiN| vaha lAbha-alAbha donoM meM sama rahate haiN| ata: unake dvArA cIMTI Adi prANiyoM kA ghAta bhI sambhava nahIM hai| unheM ahiMsA kA doSa bhI nahIM lgtaa| hastitApasa alpajIvoM ke ghAta ko pApa nahIM mAnate, yaha mAnyatA bhI ThIka nahIM hai| eka mahAkAya prANI kA ghAta karane se mAtra eka hI prANI kA ghAta nahIM hotA, apitu

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78 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti usa prANI ke Azrita rahe hue aneka jIvoM kA ghAta hotA hai| usa prANI ke mAMsa, khUna, carbI Adi meM rahane vAle yA paidA hone vAle aneka sthAvara aura jaMgama prANiyoM kA ghAta hotA hai| isalie varSabhara meM jo eka prANI kI hatyA kI bAta karate haiM, vaha ghora hiMsaka haiM, paMcendriya vadha ke kAraNa naraka ke mehamAna banate haiN| vaha ahiMsA kI upAsanA se kosoM dUra haiN| anAgAra AcArAMga prathama adhyayana ke tRtIya uddezaka meM 'aNagAroM' moti ege pavayamANA arthAt kucha loga kahate haiM ki hama anAgAra haiM; aisA vAkya AtA hai|220 apane ko anAgAra kahane vAle ye loga pRthvI Adi kA AlaMbhana arthAt hiMsA karate hue nahIM hickicaate| ye anAgAra kauna haiM? isakA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue cUrNikAra kahate haiM ki ye anAgAra bauddha paramparA ke zramaNa haiN| ye loga grAma Adi dAna meM svIkAra karate haiM evaM grAmadAna Adi svIkRta kara vahAM kI bhUmi ko ThIka karane ke lie hala, kudAlI Adi kA prayoga karate haiM tathA pRthvI meM rahane vAle kITa pataMgoM kA nAza karate haiN| isa prakAra kucha anAgAra aise haiM jo snAna Adi dvArA jala kI tathA jala meM rahate hue jIvoM kI hiMsA karate haiN| snAna nahIM karane vAle AjIvaka tathA anya zramaNa snAnAdi vRtti ke nimitta pAnI kI hiMsA nahIM karate kintu pIne ke lie to karate hI haiN| kucha loga yaha mAnate haiM ki hamAre pAsa devoM kA bala hai, zramaNoM kA bala hai|221 aisA samajhakara ve aneka hiMsAmaya AcaraNa karane se nahIM cuukte| ve aisA samajhate haiM ki brAhmaNoM ko khilAeMge to paraloka meM sukha milegaa| isa dRSTi se vaha yajJa bhI karate haiN| bakaroM, bhaiMsoM yahAM taka ki manuSyoM ke vadha dvArA cANDikAdi deviyoM ke yajJa karate haiN| brAhmaNoM ko dAna deMge to dhana milegA, kIrti prApta hogI va dharma sadhegA, samajhakara aneka Alambhaka-samAlambhana karate rahate haiN|222 isa ullekha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM dharma ke nAma para calane vAlI hiMsaka pravRtti kA spaSTa nirdeza hai| isa jagata meM kucha zramaNa23 va brAhmaNa bhinna bhinna rIti se vivAha karate hue kahate haiM ki hamane dekhA hai, hamane sunA hai, hamane mAnA hai, hamane vizeSa taura se jAnA hai tathA pUrI sAvadhAnIpUrvaka patA lagAyA hai ki sarvaprANa, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva, sarvasatva hanana karane yogya haiM, santApa pahuMcAne yogya haiM, upakRta karane yogya haiM evaM svAmitva karane yogya haiN| aisA karane meM koI doSa nahIM hai|224 isa prakAra kucha brAhmaNoM va zramaNoM ke mata kA nirdeza kara sUtrakAra ne unakA abhimata batAte hue kahA hai ki yaha vacana anAryoM kA hai arthAt isa prakAra kI hiMsA kA samarthana karanA anArya mArga hai| ise AryoM ne durvacana kahA hai, duHzravaNa kahA hai, durmata kahA hai, durvijJAna kahA hai| hiMsA kA vidhAna karane vAle evaM use

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 79 nirdoSa mAnane vAle samasta pravAdiyoM ko ekatra kara pratyeka se pUchanA cAhie ki tumheM mana kI anukUlatA, duHkhasvarUpa lagatI hai yA pratikUlatA? jaise tumheM mana kI pratikUlatA dukharUpa lagatI hai vaise hI samasta prANiyoM, bhUtoM, jIvoM va satvoM ko bhI mana kI pratikUlatA dukharUpa lagatI hai| ye vAdI AlambhArthI haiM, prANiyoM kA hanana karane vAle haiM, hanana karane vAloM kA samarthana karane vAle haiM, adatta ko lene vAle haiN|225 yadyapi mahAvIra kAlIna parivrAjaka adatta jala kA prayoga nahIM karate the, vaha jalAzaya ke svAmI kI anumati lekara hI jala lete the|226 isa para bhI jaina zramaNoM kA tarka thA ki kyA jala ke jIvoM ne apane prANa haraNa kI anumati dI hai? yadi nahIM dI hai taba sajIva jala kA prayoga kara unake prANoM kA haraNa karanA adattAdAna kaise nahIM hogA? ___ parivrAjaka snAna, pAna Adi sImita prayojanoM se jalakAyika jIvoM kI parimita hiMsA karate haiM kintu unake lie hiMsA sarvathA akaraNIya nahIM hai| jabaki jainoM ke lie sajIva jala kA prayoga hiMsA aura adattAdAna hai| __ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga meM kucha parivrAjaka yaha pratipAdita karate the ki vaha kevala pAnI ke jIvoM kI hiMsA karate haiM, anya jIvoM kI hiMsA nahIM krte| kucha zramaNa nirUpita karate the ki vaha kevala bhojana ke lie jIva hiMsA karate haiM, anya prayojana ke lie nhiiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ziSya jaMgala meM vihAra karate taba ucita pAnI nahIM milatA thaa| aneka muni pyAsa se Akula ho prANa chor3a jAte the| aisI sthiti meM kadAcita yaha prazna uThA ki vikaTa paristhiti meM saMcita pAnI pI liyA jAye to kyA Apatti hai? ina saba nirUpaNoM aura praznoM ko sAmane rakhakara bhagavAna ne yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki jisa sAdhaka ke citta meM kisI eka jIva nikAya kI hiMsA kI bhAvanA avyakta rahatI hai, usakA sarvajIva ahiMsA ke patha meM prasthAna nahIM hotaa| ata: sAdhaka kI maitrI saghana honI caahie| usake citta meM kabhI jIva nikAya kI hiMsA kI bhAvanA zeSa nahIM rahanI caahie|227 bauddhamata zAkyatApasa sUtrakRtAMga dvitIya uddezaka ke ArdrakIya adhyayana meM zAkya tApasoM kI carcA milatI hai| zAkya tApasa mAnate the ki pApa aura puNya Antarika bhAvoM ke anusAra hI hotA hai| dravyata: prANighAta na hone para bhI citta dUSita hone se prANivadha kA pApa laga jAtA hai| usI prakAra yadi ajJAnI manuSya ko khalI mAnakara aura bAlaka ko tumbA mAnakara pakAeM to unheM prANivadha kA pApa nahIM lgtaa| koI bauddha bhikSu cAhe unheM zUla meM pirokara Aga meM pakAeM to bhI use prANivadha kA pApa nahIM lagatA, vaha

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80 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti AhAra nirdoSa hai aura buddhoM ke pAraNe yogya hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki jo kArya bhUla se ho jAtA hai tathA mana ke saMkalpa ke binA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hotaa| 228 isake atirikta vaha yaha bhI mAnate the ki jo vyakti pratidina do hajAra zAkya bhikSuoM ko apane yahAM bhojana karAtA hai, vaha mahAna puNya rAzi upArjita karake usake phalasvarUpa Aropya nAmaka uttama deva hotA hai| jaina cintaka apane mata kA pratipAdana karate hue zAkyoM ke mata kA khaNDana karate haiN| unake anusAra jo puruSa pAMca samiti aura tIna guptiyoM kA pAlana karate hue samyagjJAnapUrvaka kriyA karatA hai aura ahiMsAvrata kA pAlana karatA hai, usI kI bhAvazuddhi hotI hai| parantu jo ajJAnI hai aura moha meM par3akara khalI aura puruSa ke antara ko nahIM jAnatA usakI bhAvazuddhi atyanta pApajanaka hI hai| cAhe vaha hiMsA svayaM kI gaI ho, athavA dUsare se karAI gaI ho yA usakA anumodana kiyA gayA ho, hiMsA kabhI dharmayukta nahIM ho sakatI / yadi aise manuSyoM kA bhAva zuddha mAna liyA jAye to jo loga roga Adi se pIr3ita prANI ko viSa Adi kA prayoga karake mAra DAlane kA upadeza dete haiM, unake bhAvoM ko bhI zuddha mAnanA caahie| yadi bhAvazuddhi hI eka mAtra kalyANa kA sAdhana hai to phira bauddha bhikSu sira kA muNDana aura bhikSAvRtti Adi bAhya kriyAeM kyoM karate haiM? yaha to atyanta mUrkha ke lie bhI saMbhava nahIM ki vaha bAlaka ko khalIpiNDa samajhakara bhUna le aura khA jaaye| yaha to spaSTa hI asatya bhASaNa hai jabaki jinendra zAsana ke anuyAyI buddhimAna sAdhaka praNiyoM kI pIr3A yA karmaphala kA bhalI bhAMti vicAra karake zuddha bhikSAnna ko hI grahaNa karate haiN| vaha bayAlIsa doSoM ko varjita karake jIvavighAta se sarvathA dUra rahane kA prayatna karate haiN| jaise bauddha sAdhaka bhikSApAtra meM Aye hue mAMsa ko bhI burA nahIM mAnate vaisA Arhata sAdhaka nahIM krte| jo kapaTa se jIvikA karatA hai vaha sAdhu bananeM ke yogya nahIM hai| isalie jaina dharma hI pavitra evaM AdaraNIya hai| bauddhoM kA yaha kathana bhI upayukta nahIM hai ki anna bhI mAMsa ke sadRza hai kyoMki vaha bhI prANI kA aMga hai| kintu prANI kA aMga hone para bhI jagata meM koI vastu mAMsa aura amAMsa mAnI jAtI hai| jaise dUdha aura rakta donoM hI gAya ke vikAra haiM tathApi loka meM yaha donoM alaga-alaga mAne jAte haiN| dUdha bhakSya aura rakta abhakSya mAnA jAtA hai| apanI mAtA aura patnI donoM hI strI jAti kI hone para bhI mAtA agamya aura patnI gamya mAnI jAtI hai| yahI antara anna aura mAMsa meM hai 1 29 bauddhoM kA yaha kathana bhI nirAdhAra hai ki jo puruSa bodhisatva ke tulya do hajAra bhikSuoM ko pratidina bhojana karAtA hai uttama gati ko prApta karatA hai| jabaki aise mAMsAhArI bhikSuoM ko bhojana karAne vAlA asaMyamI hotA hai| usake hAtha rakta se sane rahate haiM tathA vaha vyakti uttama sAdhuoM se nindita hotA hai, hiMsA kA bhAgI hotA hai| ata: bauddhatApasa ajJAnI, anArya aura rasalolupa haiN| aise pApakarmA logoM

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 81 ko bhojana karAne se sugati gamana kaise suphala ho sakatA hai? eka to mAMsa hiMsA ke binA milatA nahIM, dUsare vaha svabhAva se hI apavitra aura raudradhyAna kA hetu hai, rakta Adi dUSita padArthoM se paripUrNa hotA hai tathA aneka kIr3oM kA ghara hai| phira mAMsa bahuta hI durgandhita, zukrazoNita se utpanna hai|230 jaina bauddhoM kI AlocanA karate hue kahate haiM ki kucha matavAdI kSaNika astitva vAle paMcaskandha mAnate haiM kintu yaha vyAkhyA nahIM karate ki AtmA inase bhinna hai yA skandhamaya hai yA skandhajAta hai| na jo vaha isakA kAraNa batAte haiM aura na ise zAzvata batAte haiN|31 yaha gAnaya232 sabhI padArthoM ko kSaNabhaMgura mAnakara ekAnta anitya mAnate haiN| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM eka anya sthAna para ullekha hai ki kucha matavAdI33 kahate haiM ki AnandadAyaka vastuoM se AnandadAyaka vastueM utpanna hotI haiN|234 zIlAMka ise bauddha dharma kA puSTimArga batAte haiN| kintu jaikobI ke lie yaha mata ajJAta hI hai| isa mata ke anusAra AnandadAyaka bhojana ke uparAnta, AnandadAyaka Asana athavA zayyA para AnandadAyaka gRha meM muni AnandadAyaka viSayoM kA cintana karate haiN| ullekhanIya hai ki akriyAvAdI AtmA kA astitva nahIM maante|235 akriyAvAdI ko bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda se samIkRta kiyA jAtA hai|36 AcArya zIlAMka ise bauddhamata kA zUnyavAda mAnate haiN| kyoMki zUnyavAdiyoM ko kriyAvAdI hI mAnA gayA hai|37 andhA vyakti prakAza hone para bhI AMkha se nahIM dekha sakatA vaise hI akriyAvAdI unmArgI hone se AtmA kI kriyA nahIM dekha sakate, yadyapi usakA astitva hai|238 zaiva mata sUtrakRtAMga meM eka ekAntavAdI mata kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jisake anusAra pUrNatA kevala dharma jIvana se hI mila sakatI hai| yahAM taka ki usase aSTasiddhi va manovAMchita kI prApti ho jAtI hai|239 mahAbhArata mahAbhArata kA ullekha karate hue jainacintaka kahate haiM ki kucha matavAdiyoM ke anusAra saMsAra sImita hai kintu zAzvata hai| purANakAroM ne vyAsa ke inhIM vicAroM kA prasAra kiyA hai|240 inake anusAra parabrahma kA jJAna bhI sImita hai|241

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82 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vedAntI kucha vyakti yaha mAnate haiM ki prakRti yadyapi jar3a hai phira bhI apane Apako aneka rUpoM meM abhivyakta karatI hai usI prakAra Adi tatva Atmana apanI abhivyakti jagata ke rUpa meM kara letA hai|242 jaina cintaka isa mata kI AlocanA karate hue kahate haiM ki yadi jagata eka hI AtmA kI abhivyakti hai to hama jina aneka AtmAoM ko dekhate haiM vaha kyA hai? phira to eka ke karmoM kA phala dUsare ko bhoganA hogaa| vaiSNava vedAnta kucha RSiyoM ke anusAra jagata svayaMbhU se utpanna huA hai aura mAra se mAyA, isalie saMsAra azAzvata dikhAI detA hai| kucha kahate haiM ki jagata aNDe se nikalA hai aura brahma usake kartA haiM kintu jainoM ke anusAra yaha vicAra asatya hai kyoMki na to jagata kI utpatti huI hai na hI vaha naSTa hogaa|243 kucha kahate haiM ki sRSTi Izvara kRta hai|244 vainayika athavA vinayavAdI yaha matavAdI sabakI vinaya karane ke kAraNa vinayavAdI kahe jAte haiN|245 yaha vinayavAdI satya ko asatya va bure vyakti ko acchA samajhate haiM tathA binA satya kA pratyakSa kiye hI kahate haiM ki hamane vinaya se paramatatva kA sAkSAtkAra kara liyA hai| jainoM ke anusAra kriyA, akriyA, vinaya aura ajJAna-ina cAra sthAnoM ke dvArA kucha ekAntavAdI meyajJa arthAt tatvavettA asatya tatva kI prarUpaNA karate haiN|246 ina vinayavAdiyoM ke anusAra bhakti se mokSa sambhava thaa|247 trairAzika sampradAya isa mata meM duHkha bure karmoM kA pariNAma hai aisA svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| jinheM inakA kAraNa jJAta nahIM vaha dukha nirodha kA upAya kaise jAna sakate haiM? trairAzika ke anusAra jo dharatI para saMyata zramaNa banakara rahA-karmoM se mukta ho jaayegaa| lekina jaise zuddha jala puna: kaluSita ho jAtA hai vaise hI AtmA bhI ho sakatI hai| jo pavitra jIvana nahIM jIte haiM vaha vitaNDAvAdI kevala dUsaroM ke virodha meM apane mata kA pracAra karate haiN|248

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 83 IzvarakAraNavAdI tathA AtmAdvaitavAdI issakaraNavAdI249 yA IzvarakAraNavAdI yaha mAnate haiM ki isa sAre saMsAra kA kartA Izvara hai| Izvara jagata kA Adi kAraNa hai| jIva alpajJa aura alpazaktimAna hai| vaha apanI icchA se na to sukha pA sakatA hai aura na hI dukha ko miTA sakatA hai apitu Izvara kI AjJA se hI sukha-dukha kI prApti hotI hai| Izvara kAraNavAdI kahate haiM ki ajJAnI jIva svayaM sukha prApti tathA dukha parihAra karane meM samartha nahIM haiM, yaha svarga yA narka meM jAtA hai to Izvara kI preraNA se hI jAtA hai|250 AtmAdvaitavAdI eka AtmA brahma ko hI sAre jagata kA kAraNa mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki sAre vizva meM eka hI AtmA hai, vahI pratyeka prANI meM sthita hai| vaha eka hotA bhI vibhinna jalapAtroM ke jala meM pratibimbita candramA ke samAna pratyeka jIva meM bhinna-bhinna pratIta hotA hai|251 jaisA ki zruti meM mAnA gayA hai ki jo kucha ho cukA hai, yA jo kucha hone vAlA hai, vaha saba AtmA hI hai|252 ____IzvarakAraNavAdI aura AtmAdvaitavAdI yaha donoM hI yaha mAnate haiM ki AcArAMga se lekara dRSTivAda taka jo zramaNa nirgranthoM kA dvAdazAMgI gaNipiTaka jainAgama hai, vaha mithyA hai, kyoMki vaha Izvara dvArA racita nahIM hai, kintu kisI sAdhAraNa vyakti dvArA nirmita aura viparIta artha kA bodhaka hai| isalie yaha satya nahIM hai aura na hI vastusvarUpa kA pratipAdaka hai| isa prakAra Ahetadarzana kI nindA karane vAle IzvarakAraNavAdI aura AtmAdvaitavAdI donoM apane apane matoM kA Agraha rakhate hue apane mata kI zikSA apane ziSyoM ko dete haiM tathA dravyopArjanArtha aneka prakAra ke pApa karma karake unake phalasvarUpa nAnA prakAra ke dukha pAte haiN| isake atirikta nirdoSa zAstroM kI nindA karane aura unase viparIta kuzAstra pratipAdita jIvahiMsA Adi kukRtya karane ke kAraNa utpanna hone vAle azubhabandhanoM ko naSTa karane meM asamartha hokara vaha saMsAra cakra meM hI paribhramaNa karate rahate haiN| jaise pakSI piMjare ke bandhana ko tor3a nahIM sakatA vaise hI yaha vAdI bhI saMsAra cakra kA ullaMghana nahIM kara sakate haiM kyoMki vaha apane dvArA upArjita azubha karmoM se baMdhe hue haiN| vaha mokSa mArga ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unakA mantavya hai ki na kriyA hai na akriyA hai, na naraka hai, na naraka ke atirakta loka hai| na puNya-pApa hai, na zubhAzubha karma kA phala, na koI bhalA hai na burA, na siddha hai, na asiddha, na sukRta hai na dusskRt| jaina cintaka isa mata kI AlocanA karate hue kahate haiM ki yadi yaha mAna leM ki prANI apane pUrvakRta karma ke udaya se kriyA meM pravRtta hote haiM to yaha bhI mAnanA par3egA ki anAdisiddha hotI hai, tathA vahI prANI kI kriyA meM pravRtti kA kAraNa banatI hai, taba phira Izvara ko mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai?

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84 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti isI taraha AtmAdvaita bhI yukti rahita hai kyoMki isa jagata meM jaba eka AtmA ke sivAya dUsarI koI vastu hai hI nahIM, taba phira mokSa ke lie prayatna karanA, zAstroM kA adhyayana karanA Adi bAteM nirarthaka hI siddha hoMgI tathA sAre jagata kI eka AtmA mAnane para jagata meM jo pratyakSa vicitratA dekhI jAtI hai, vaha bhI siddha nahIM ho skegii| balki eka ke pApa se dUsare saba pApI aura eka kI mukti se dUsare saba kI mukti evaM eka ke dukha se dUsare saba ko dukhI mAnanA par3egA, joki AtmAdvaitavAdI ko abhISTa nahIM hai / ataH yuktirahita AtmAdvaitavAda ko bhI mithyA hI samajhanA caahie|253 brAhmaNa parivrAjaka sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM aisI carcA AtI hai ki mahAvIra bhagavAna se milane jAte samaya mArga meM brAhmaNa Ardraka muni ko roka kara kahate haiM ki unhoMne gozAlaka mata aura bauddhamata kA khaNDana karake bahuta acchA kiyA kyoMki donoM veda bAhya haiN| isI taraha Arhata mata bhI veda bAhya hai| ataH khaNDanayogya va tyAjanIya hai / 254 jo kSatriyoM meM zreSTha hai usake lie varNoM meM zreSTha brAhmaNoM kI sevA karanA hI dharma hai, zUdroM kI nhiiN| ataH yajJa, yAga kA anuSThAna va brAhmaNoM kI sevA hI karaNIya hai| brAhmaNa sevA kA bar3A mahatva hai| vedapAThI, SaTkarmaparAyaNa, zocAcAraka, sadA snAna karane vAle do hajAra snAtaka brahmacArI brAhmaNoM ko jo vyakti pratidina bhojana karAtA hai vaha mahAna puNya kA upArjana karake svarga meM devatA banatA hai| 255 Ardrakramuni256 isakA prativAda karate hue kahate haiM ki vaiDAlikavRtti vAle do hajAra snAtaka brAhmaNoM ko pratidina bhojana karAne vAlA kupAtradAnI hai| aise brAhmaNa billiyoM ke samAna kSatriya kuloM meM ghUmate rahate haiN| isIlie inakA nAma 'kulAlaya' par3A hai| kulAlaya kA artha hotA hai jo mAMsAdi bhojana ke lie kSatriya kuloM meM par3e rheN| ata: dUsaroM ke zrama para Ananda mAnane vAle, nindanIya jIvikA vAle aise brAhmaNa kupAtra haiM, tathA zIla rahita haiN| inheM bhojana karAne vAlA vyakti mAMsabhakSI, vajracaMcupakSiyoM se paripUrNa tathA bhayaMkara vedanAyukta naraka kA gAmI hotA hai| hiMsA pradhAna dharma, vivekamUDha, vratarahita, zIlahIna eka brAhmaNa ko jo SaTkAyika jIvoM kA upamardana karake bhojana karAtA hai, vaha marakara adhamadeva bhI nahIM hotaa| taba do hajAra brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAne ke pApa kA to anumAna hI kyA hai ?

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 85 loka dharma dharma, tatvarUpa meM mastiSka kI bauddhika manovRtti kI apekSA sahaja jJAna aura manovega ke Upara adhika AdhArita hai| dharma kI sahAyatA se hI manuSya ne kisI nirantara vidyamAna kartavya jise vaha vizva kA niyAmaka samajhatA thA-ke astitva kI kalpanA karake prAkRtika zaktiyoM aura vizva ke tathyoM ko pratipAdana karane kA prayatna kiyaa| isa prakAra vizva ke niyAmaka samajhe jAne vAle aneka devI devatA aura purAtana pavitra AtmAoM kA prAdurbhAva huaa| bhAva ke stara para manuSya apane martya jIvana aura devatatva ke amara jIvana kI apUraNIya khAI dekhatA hai| deva mahimA ke bodha se usake mana meM stuti, prArthanA evaM praNati kI pravRttiyAM jAgatI haiN| devatA ke isa mAnasika sAnnidhya se use yaha AzA hotI hai ki usakA jIvana sukhI hogA tathA pretaloka ke sthAna para devaloka ko prApta hogaa| devI-devatAoM kA astitva bhArata meM atyanta prAcIna kAla se calA A rahA hai|257 jaina sUtroM meM indra, skanda, rudra, mukunda, ziva, vaizramaNa, nAga, yakSa, bhUta, Adi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|258 dogundaga deva nAmaka devatA kI carcA uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM prApta hotI hai| yaha trAyastriMza jAti ke deva hote haiN| vaha sadA bhoga parAyaNa hote haiN|259 sAtha hI vaha sadA pramudita mana rahane vAle, Ananda dene vAle prAsAdoM meM striyoM ke sAtha krIr3A karate rahate haiN| sambhavata: AgamakAla meM jainetara sampraTAya inakI upAsanA karate hoM athavA yaha loka pUjita hoN| indra jaina sUtroM meM indradeva kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| unheM sahastrAkSa batAyA gayA hai tathA svarga ke devatAoM meM dyutimAna batAyA gayA hai|260 indra mUlata: vaidika devatA hai tathA samasta devatAoM meM agraNI hai| indra ko parastrIgAmI mAnA jAtA hai| kalpasUtra ke anusAra indra apanI ATha paTarAniyoM, tIna pariSadoM, sAta sainyoM, sAta senApatiyoM aura AtmarakSakoM se parivRtta hokara svargika sukha kA upabhoga karatA hai|261 indra maha utsava saba utsavoM meM zreSTha mAnA jAtA thaa|262 nizIthasUtra meM indra, skanda, yakSa aura bhUta nAmaka mahAmaho ke utsavoM kA ullekha hai jo krama se263 ASADha, Asoja, kArtika aura caitra kI pUrNimA ke dina manAye jAte the| yaha utsava Amoda-pramoda ke sAtha manAyA jAtA thaa|264

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86 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti hariNegameSI hariNegameSI nAmaka deva ko indra kI padAti senA kA senApati pAdAtAnIkAdhipati batAyA gayA hai|265 isI ne mahAvIra ke garbha kA parivartana kiyA thaa|266 mathurA ke jaina zilAlekhoM meM bhagavA nemeso kahakara usakA ullekha kiyA hai| yakSa yakSa zabda yaj dhAtu se banA hai|267 Arambhika sAhitya meM isakA artha deva thaa| uttaravartI sAhitya meM isakA apakarNa ho gayA aura yaha nimnakoTi kI devajAti ke lie vyavahRta hone lgaa|268 jaina sUtroM ke anusAra jo vyakti zIla kA pAlana karate haiM vaha yakSa kI yoni meM utpanna hote haiN|269 yakSa, deva, dAnava, gandharva aura kinnara brahmacAriyoM ko namana karate haiN|270 AgamakAla meM yakSoM kI ArAdhanA lokapracalita thii| yaha vizvAsa pracalita thA ki yakSa prasanna hokara zubhakAryoM meM sahAyatA tathA aprasanna hokara vinAzaka kArya karate haiN| yakSoM ke AvAsa ke lie yakSAyatana banAne kI vyApaka paramparA thii|27| yakSa vRkSoM para bhI rahate the tathA alaukika zaktiyoM se sampanna hone ke kAraNa zarIragopana bhI kara sakate the|272 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM pUtanA nAmaka rAkSasI kI carcA milatI hai, jise zAkinI, gaDDArikA kahA jAtA thaa|73 yaha hamezA yuvakoM kI kAmanA karatI thii| punarjanma kA laukika vizvAsa laukika vizvAsa thA ki kAma bhogoM se nivRtta vyakti zarIra chor3ane para deva hotA hai| devaloka meM vaha zreSTha, Rddhi, dyuti, yaza, varNa aura Ayu bhogatA hai|274 pASaNDa zabda prAyaH dhArmika sampradAya ke lie prayukta hotA thaa| jaina dharma ke atirikta jitane bhI sampradAyoM kI carcA jainasUtroM meM huI hai ukta matAntaroM ko laukika kahA gayA hai| mUlata: ye sampradAya apane dharma ko hI lokottara dharma mAnate the| ina dharma sampradAyoM kI AlocanA kI gayI hai aura unakA upahAsa kiyA gayA hai|275 narka kI yAtanAeM AgamoM meM narka kI yAtanA kA varNana milatA hai| krUrapApI jo sAMsArika jIvana kI Asakti ke vaza pApa karate haiM, bhayAnaka narka meM jAeMge jo andhakAra

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 87 aura kaSToM se bharA hai| dUsaroM ko kaSTa dene vAle krUra pApI mRtyu ke pazcAt andhere narka meM jAte haiM aura usake pazcAta vaha sira jhukA kara yAtanA sthala para jAte haiN|276 vaha daNDa dene vAloM kI AvAja sunate haiM 'mAro, kATo, thUko, ise jalA do|' narka ke kaidI bhaya se avasanna ho jAte haiN| unheM yaha bhI mAlUma nahIM hotA ki kisa dizA meM bhaage|277 ___ aise USNa sthAna para mAno koyale kI bhaTTI jala rahI ho, usa para jalate hue vaha jora-jora se Ahata krandana karate haiN|278 pakAne ke pAtra meM jalatI huI agni meM pairoM ko UMcA aura sira ko nIcA kara unheM pakAyA jAtA hai|279 mahAdAvAgni, madra deza aura vajrabAlukA tathA kadamba nadI ke bAlU meM unako jalAyA jAtA hai tathA jalate hue bhUse para ghumAyA jAtA hai|280 daNDadAtA cAroM tarapha agni jalAkara unheM isa prakAra bhUnate haiM mAnoM jindA machaliyAM Aga para hoM aura pApI chaTapaTAte haiN|281 isake pazcAt unako garma-garma kIcar3a khilAI jAtI hai tathA unako bhayAnaka kIr3e khAte haiN|282 phira ina pApiyoM ko lAla lohe ke samAna dahakatI bhUmi para calAte haiN| vaha bhaya se ArtanAda karate haiM kintu unheM tIroM se bheda kara lAla garma jue meM phira jota diyA jAtA hai|283 phira una pApiyoM ko jalatI aura phisalatI huI bhUmi para narka ke mantrI dAsoM ke samAna pITate hue lAte haiN|284 pApiyoM ko saMjIvanI narka meM lAyA jAtA hai jahAM jIvana bar3A hotA hai| jisa prakAra agni meM par3A ghI pighalatA hai vahI hAlata pApI kI hotI hai|285 bhayaMkara Akranda karate hue pApiyoM ko garma aura kalakala zabda karatA huA tAmbA, lohA, rAMgA aura sIsA pilAyA jAtA hai|286 vaitaraNI nadI jisakI lahareM ustare ke samAna tIkSaNa hotI haiM, pApiyoM ko taira kara pAra karanI par3atI hai| isake kinAre tIroM se bane hote haiM, rukane para unheM bhAloM se chedA jAtA hai|287 daNDadAtA, pApiyoM ke peTa ustare va cAkuoM se kATa dete haiN| phira unake khaNDita zarIroM se vaha balapUrvaka pITha kI camaDI ughAr3a dete haiN|288 unakI kohaniyoM se unakI bAMheM nikAla lete haiM, unakA muMha khUba caur3A kara phAr3a dete haiN| unheM gAr3I se bAMdhakara ghasITate haiM, phira usakI pITha para mugadara kI mAra lagAte haiN|289 unheM vaitAlika nAmaka parvata para lAyA jAtA hai jahAM unheM sahana ghaNToM se bhI adhika taka satAyA jAtA hai|290 naraka ke kaidiyoM ko saMtakSaNa (kATane) ke sthala para lAyA jAtA hai jahAM krUra daNDadAtA unake hAtha-paira bAMdhakara laDhe ke samAna kulhAr3I se kATate haiN| unheM chedate haiM tathA unakI camar3I utArI jAtI hai|292 unheM Ukha kI bhAMti mahAyantroM meM perA jAtA hai|293 yuga-kIlaka jue ke chedoM meM DAlI jAne vAlI lakar3I kI kIloM se yukta jalate hue lauha ratha meM paravaza banAkara cAbuka aura rassI ke dvArA hAMkA jAtA hai|294 kaThora coMca vAle DhaMka aura

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88 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti gIdha pakSiyoM se unheM kaTavAyA jAtA hai|95 unheM zilAoM se kucala kala santApanI sthala para lAyA jAtA hai|296 vaha asUrya loka297 meM lAye jAte haiM jo gahana andhakArayukta hotA hai jahAM agni meM bhUnane ke pazcAt unheM asiyantra mahAvana meM lAyA jAtA hai| jahAM talavAra ke samAna tIkSNa pattoM se unheM chedA jAtA hai|298 isa prakAra manuSya loka meM jaisI vedanA hai usase ananta gunA adhika vedanA naraka meM hai|299 uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke anusAra saMsAra rUpI kAntAra ke cAra anta hote haiM-naraka, tiryanca, manuSya aura dev|300 isalie ise cAranta cAturanta kahA jAtA hai| usa cAturanta meM sAta naraka haiN| pahale tIna narakoM meM paramadhArmika302 devatAoM dvArA pIr3A pahuMcAI jAtI hai aura antima cAra meM nArakIya jIva svayaM paraspara vedanA kI udIraNA karate haiN| paramAdhArmika deva 15 prakAra ke haiN| unake kArya bhI bhinna-bhinna haiM nAma kArya 1. aMba hanana karanA, Upara se nIce girAnA, bAMdhanA aadi| 2. aMbarSi kATanA aadi| 3. zyAma pheMkanA, paTakanA, bIMdhanA Adi 1 4. zabala AMte, phephar3e, kalejA Adi nikAlanA 5. rudra talavAra, bhAlA Adi se mAranA, zUlI meM pironA aadi| 6. uparudra aMga upAMgoM ko kATanA aadi| 7. kAla vividha pAtroM meM pkaanaa| 8. mahAkAla zarIra ke vividha sthAnoM se mAMsa nikaalnaa| 9. asipatra hAtha, paira Adi ko kaattnaa| 10. dhanu karNa, oSTa, dAMta ko kaattnaa| 11. kumbha vividha kumbhiyoM meM pkaanaa| 12. bAluka bhaMjanA aadi| 13. vaitaraNI vasA, lohI Adi ko nadI meM ddaalnaa| 14. kharasvara karavata, parazu Adi se kaattnaa| 15. mahAghoSa bhayabhIta hokara dauDane vAle nairayikoM kA avarodha krnaa| niSkarSata: jaina AgamoM meM kucha alaukika zaktiyoM kA paricaya janasAmAnya meM naitikatA ke prasAra hetu diyA gayA hai tAki vaha satpatha para caritra kA AcaraNa karate raheM, pApa se bhayabhIta hokara vaha duSkarmoM meM pravRtta na hoN| isa bhaya se naraka kI kalpanA ko prazraya milaa| pApa kI yAtanA niyata nahIM hai, apitu karmoM kA phala hai|

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 89 yadi karma ke siddhAnta ko samajha liyA jAye to manuSya janmajanmAntara kI yAtanA yAtrA ko roka sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie mRgAputra ko apane pUrva bhava meM zUla meM khoMsakara pakAyA hue mAMsa priya thA yaha smaraNa dilAte hue use naraka meM usI ke zarIra ke mAMsa ko kATakara, agni jaisA lAla karake khilAyA gyaa| use surA, sIdhu, maireya aura madhu madirAeM priya thIM, yaha yAda dilAkara use jalatI huI carbI aura rudhira pilAyA gyaa|303 yaha isa bAta kI ora iMgita karatA hai ki jaina AcAra meM jIva hiMsA ko garhita mAnA jAtA thA aura use hatotsAhita karane ke lie dharma kA AvaraNa or3hanA pdd'aa| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM pretAtmAoM kI carcA hai jo naraka kI yAtanAeM sahate haiN| __ logoM meM aneka prakAra ke dhArmika andhavizvAsa ghara kiye the jaise ki yaha mAnyatA ki cakravartI rAjAoM aura arihantoM ke janma se pUrva unakI mAtAeM pratIkAtmaka svapna dekhatI haiN|304 vibhinna prakAra ke lakSaNazAstra:05 svapnazAstra, nimitta zAstra aura kautuka306 kArya evaM kuheTaka vidyA307 kArya samAja meM sampanna hote the| saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyAM 1. nigganthe ghamme, niggaMThe paavynne| 2. ariydhmm| 3. samaNa dhmme| 4. AcArAMga, 1/1/11 5. vahI, 1/1/31 6. jJAtadhamma kathA, 1/51 7. bhagavatIsUtra, 7/21 8. AcArAMga sUtra, 1/5/5 / 9. vhii| 10. bhagavatIsUtra 7/81 11. uttarAdhyayana, 20/371 12. vahI, 20/361 13. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 14/181 14. hiriyannA, bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA, pR. 1741 15. karma kI bhautika prakRti ke samarthana meM jaina dArzanikoM ne jo tarka prastuta kiye haiM vaha atirocaka haiN| siddhAnta yaha hai ki yadi kArya bhautika svarUpa kA hai to kAraNa bhI bhautika svarUpa kA hI honA caahie| udAharaNArtha, jina paramANuoM se vizva kI vastueM banI haiM unheM vastuoM ke kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| paramANuoM ko bhautika tatva mAna lene para vastuoM ke kAraNa ko bhI bhautika mAnanA hogaa| jainoM kI isa mAnyatA ke viruddha uThAyI

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90. jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti jAne vAlI pahalI Apatti yaha hai ki sukha-duHkha, pramoda tathA pIr3A jaise anubhava zuddha rUpa se mAnasika haiM isalie inake kAraNa bhI mAnasika yA abhautika hone caahie| jainoM kA uttara hai ki yaha anubhava zArIrika kAraNoM se sarvathA svatantra nahIM hai kyoMki sukha-duHkha ityAdi anubhava udAharaNArtha bhojana Adi se sambandhita hote haiN| abhautika sattA ke sAtha sukha Adi kA koI anubhava nahIM hotA jaise AkAza ke saath| 16. esa. gopAlana, jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, pR. 151 / 17. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 33 / 181 18. dra. eca. glAsenaipa, DAkTrina Apha karmana ina jaina philAsaphI, 19. dra jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, pR. 152-531 20. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1/2/1/4 21. vahI, 1/7/41 22. vahI, 1/2/3/181 23. AcArAMgasUtra, jainasUtraja, bhAga-1, pR. 31-341 24. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/5/1/261 T. 9-121 25. uttarAdhyayana, 33/11 26. vahI, 33/2-3 - ina karmoM kA nimna svarUpa hai - 1 jJAnazakti kA avarodhaka, 2 darzanazakti kA avarodhaka, 3 zAzvata sukha kA avarodhaka, 4 moha va rAga kA hetu zraddhA evaM cAritra kA avarodhaka, 5 janma maraNa kA hetu, 6 surUpatA - kurUpatA, yaza, kIrti, apayaza Adi kA kAraNa 7 saMskArI, asaMskArI kula va jAti kA hetu 8 Atmazakti ke vikAsa kA avarodhaka, hAni lAbha kA hetu / 27. uttarAdhyayana, 32/71 28. AcArAMga, 1/30/11 29. dazAzrutaskandha, 5/14 30. vahI, 5/151 31. uttarAdhyayana, 33/251 32. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/15/7 33. aupapAtikasUtra / 34. jaikobI, jainasUtraja, bhAga-1, bhUmikA / 35. vahI / 36. esa. ena. dAsa gupta, hisTrI Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI, khaNDa-1, pR. 1201 37. jainasUtraja, bhAga-1, pR. 23-321 38. jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, pR. 91 39. dra pANDuraMga vAmana kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga-1, pR. 264-651 40. dra. jI. sI. pANDe, zramaNa TreDIzana, pR0 38 41. bI. ema. baruA, prI buddhisTika iNDiyana philAsaphI, pR. 378 42. hisTrI oNpha dharma zAstra, ji02, bhAga 2, pR. 930 tathA Age / 43. dra bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR. 123 tula. AryadevakRta catuHzataka jahAM buddhadharma kA nirUpaNa ahiMsA dvArA huA hai tathA AcArya akalaMka, tatvArthavArtika meM ise pradhAna batAte haiN| 44. jaina sUtraja, bhAga-1, bhUmikA /

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 91 45. baudhAyana dharmasUtra, sekreDa buksa Apha dI iistt| 46. eca. karna, mainuala Apha iNDiyana buddhijm| 47. dra. jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, pR.9| 48. gautama-dha. sU.; tula. baudhAyana-dha. sU., 6/11/161 49. vahIM, III, 12 50. vahI, III, 13 tula. baudhAyana-dha. sU., 6/11/20 / 51. gautama-III, 121 52. vahI, / , 201 53. AcArAMga-II, 1/7/61 54. gautama-III,231 55. vahI, III,241 56. AcArAMga, 1/8/1/21 57. baudhAyana bhAga-2, 6/11/141 58. jainasUtraja, bhAga-1, pricyaatmk| 59. kinnu malaM kimajinaM kimu zmazruNi kiM tpH| ___ putraM brahmANa icchadhvaM sa vai loko vdaavdH|| - aitareya brAhmaNa, 33/11 60. hisTrI Apha dI dharmazAstra, ji. 2, bhAga-1, pR. 418 / 61. arlI buddhisTa monaikijma, pR. 47-52 / / 62. sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, pR. 322-326 tathA bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR. 25 63. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR. 1071 64. vistAra ke lie dra. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR. 25 tathA aage| 65. aitareya brAhmaNa, 31/11 66. enzenTa iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAI maigasthanIja eNDa eriyana, pR. 97-1051 67. dra. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR. 3 / 68. Rgveda, keshiisuukt| 69 tANDaya brAhmaNaH mani ramaNa nAma sthAna kA ullekha ji. 1.pa.2081 70. zatapatha brAhmaNa, ji02, pR. 1041 tathA vRhadAraNyaka sUtra zaMkarAcArya kA zArIrika bhASya 3/4/91 71. aitareya brAhmaNa, 8/11 enzenTa iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAI megasthanIja eNDa eriyana pR. 97-1051 73. yeSAM ca virodha: zAzvatika:-aSTAdhyAyI, 2/4/9 / mahAbhASya-yeSAM ca isyaspAvakAza: mArjAramUSakaM zramaNa brAhmamityAdau jnyeyH| 74. AcArAMga esa.bI.I. ji. 22, pR. 92 / uttarAdhyayana esa.bI.I. ji. 45 pR. 39 / tu. sAmaMjjaphalasUtra, dIrghanikAya nAlandA saMska. pR. 44-45 tathA azoka ke abhilekha ke giranAra aura zAhabAjagar3hI sNskrnn| 75. uttarAdhyayana esa.bI.I. ji.45, pR. 39-42 / 76. ThANaM, 3/418 pR. 235-36, tu. AcArAMga AtmArAma jI-2, 1/9/49, pR. 893 / 77. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR. 145 / 78. arlI buddhisTa monekijma, pR. 31-321

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92 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 79. brAhmaNa munjate nityaM nAthavantuzca munjte| tApasA munjate cApi zramaNAzcaiva munjate / / 1/14/121 80. aSTAdhyAyI, 2/1/70,781 81. uttarAdhyayana, 2/3 tathA uttarAdhyayana eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 435-4531 82. dhammapada, 26/ 13, theragAthA, 2461 83. dra hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTrecara, pR. 6 1 84. muni nathamala, uttarAdhyayana eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayanaH zramaNa saMskRti ke matavAda, pR. 26 271 85. kalpasUtra (esa. bI. I. ji. 22) pR. 206, 2811 86. dra. hIrAlAla jaina, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 11 / 87. bhAgavatapurANa, paMcama skndh| 88. dra. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 12 / 89. barhiSI tasminneva viSNudatta bhagavAna paramarSibhiH prasAdito nAmaH priyacikIrSayA tadavarodhAyane merudevyAM dharmAna darzayitu kAmo vAtarazanAnAM zramaNAnAM urdhvamanthinAM zuklayA tatvAvatatAra / bhAgavatapurANa, 5/3/201 90. Rgveda 10/136/2-31 91. dra. paM. nAthUrAma premI, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, prAkkathana, pR. 12-13 / 92. govindarAjIya bhUSaNa TIkA meM zramaNa kA artha digambara kiyA gayA hai zramaNAH digambarAH zramaNAvAtavasanAH itinighanTu | 93. dra. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 13-14 / 94. bhAgavatapurANa, 5/6/121 95. pUrvokta - 94, pR. 131 96. majjhimanikAya, 401 97- taittirIya AraNyaka ji. 1, yahIM para unake lie vAtarazanA havA RSabhaH zramaNA urdhvamanthino--kaha kara eka sAtha vAtarazana aura zramaNa ko rakhA hai| 2/7/1-2 98. zramaNA vAtarazanA Atma vidyA vizAradAH -zrImadbhAgavata, 12/2/20 tathA zrImadbhAgavata brahmAkhyaM dhanaM te yAnti zAntAH saMnyAsInoamalA, vahI, 11/6/47 99. kezyagni kezI viSaM kezI bibharti roda sii| kezI vizvaM svarda zekezIMda jyotirucyate // Rgveda, 10/136/11 T 100. jambUdvIpa prajJapti, vakSaskAra 2, sU. 301 101. tiloyapaNNati, 4/220 evaM tiloyasAra, 5901 102. urvarita - zarIra-mAtra-parigraha unmatta iva gamana paridhAna: prakIrNakezaH Atma nyAropita dhvanIyo-brahmAvartAt pravabrAja / jaDAndha - mUka badhira pizAcobhAdakavad avadhUta vezo abhibhASyazmANIapi janAnAM gRhitamonavRtaH tRSNIM babhUva parAgavalambamAna kuTila jaTila-kapiza, kezabhUrI - bhAra: avadhUta - malina-nijazarIreNa gRhagRhIta ivaadRshyt| - pralambajaTAbhArabhrAjiSNuH harivaMzapurANa, 9/2041 - bhAgavata purANa, 5/6/28-311 103. vAtoddhatA jaTAstasya raijurAkulamUrtayaH padmapurANa, 3/288 tathA sa 104. Rgveda, 10/102/61 105. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 161

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 93 106. uttarAdhyayana cUrNi, pR. 138 / 107. Rgveda, 7/21/5: 10/99/3 / 108. uttarAdhyayana, a. 23 / 109. kazcid vidvatamaM mahAdhikAraM puNyazIlaM vizvasammAnyaM brAhmaNa viziSThaM vrAtye manulakSaya vacanamiti maMtavyaM -atharvaveda, 15/1/1/1 para saaynnbhaassy| 110. AzvalAyana gRhasUtra 1/19: 5-7: baudhAyana gRhasUtra 3/13/5-6: vasiSTha, 11/71 / 111. manusmRti, 2/39: yAjJavalkyasmRti, 1/38 / 112. ziva ko anArya yA vrAtya hone ke kAraNa dakSa prajApati ne yajJa meM nahIM bulAyA na hI unase umA kA vivAha karanA cAhA thaa| dra. bhaNDArakara Ara.jI.zaivijma vaiSNavijma eNDa adara mAinara rilIjiyasa sisttms| 113. ApastambadharmasUtra, 1/1/1/24-28: 1/1/2/1-4 114. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, pR. 52-53 / 115. manusmRti adhyAya 101 116. vrAtyasta prANaika RSistA vizvasya stpttiH| praznopaniSad, 2/11 / 117. Rgveda, 1/24/190/11 118. vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti, pR. 229 / 119. tANDya brAhmaNa, ji. 1, pR. 208 / 120. taittirIya saMhitA, 2/4/9/2: 6/2/7/5 tathA tANDya brAhmaNa, 14/2/18: 18/11 121. aitareya brAhmaNa, 7/28 / 122. muNDakopaniSad, 12/3/61 123. bhagavadgItA, 5/26/8/11 / 124. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1465: Avazyaka haribhadrIya vRtti, 773 / 125. Ayoga vyavacchedadvAviMzikA, zlo. 2011 126. iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI, 8 pariziSTa, pR. 30 / 127. DiskavarI Apha iNDiyA, pleTa naM. 51 128. triSaSTIzalAkApuruSa caritra, parva 3, sarga 5, zloka 78 se 801 129. sara jAna mArzala, mohanajodar3o, bhAga-1,aMka-8, pR. 110-1121 130. anuyogadvArasUtra tathA isakI vRtti malladhArI hemacandra dra. AcArAMgasUtra (AtmArAmajI) bhAga-2, 2/2/84 pR. 1008-91 131. niggama sakka tAvasa, geruya, AjIva pchaasmnnaaN| tammi niggaMthA te je, jiNa sAsagabhavA munninnoN| sabakA ya sugayasIsA, je, jaDilA te u tAksA giiyaa| je thAuratavasthA, tidaMDiNo geruyA te u| je gosAlagamaya maNukharaMti, mannati te u aajiivaa| samaNanNeNa bhu vaNe, paMcavi patA prisiddhinime|| pravacana sAroddhAra gA. 731-32 / 132. nizIthasUtra sabhASya, bhAga-2, pR. 118-2001 133. dIrghanikAya, sAmaMjjaphalasUtra, pR. 16-20 / 134. pavvaie aNagAre,pAsaMDe caragatAvase bhikkh| parivAie ya samaNe, niggathe saMjae bhutte|| tinne tAI davie, muNiya khete yadanta viry|

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94 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti lUhaM tIraTeaviya, harvati samaNasya naabhaaii| dazavaikAlika niyukti, 158-1591 135. uttarAdhyayana eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 271 136. tatvArthasUtra 9/461 137. ThANaM, 5/184 pR. 5981 138. ThANaM, 5/186 pR. 5991 139. vahI, 5/1871 140. vistRta sUcanAoM ke lie dra. bauddhagrantha-mahAvagga, 31: majjhimanikAya kA uvAlisutta: aMguttaranikAya-3, 70 tathA dIrghanikAya kA saamNjjphlsutt| 141. ThANaM, 5/188, pR. 6001 142. vinTaranitsa, pUrvo. pR. 4241 143. AyAro, 1/5 pR. 51 144. ThANaM, 5/189, pR. 6001 145. dra.jaina ithiksa, pR. 134:149-501 146. dra. AyAro, pR. 2371 147. arlI buddhisTa monaikjima tathA sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, pR. 3271 148. sUtrakRtAMga hemacandra jI mahArAja zru.skandha-2, a.1 punnddriik| 149. bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR. 5-60 150. sUtrakRtAMga (amara muni) pR. 25 tathA sUtrakRtAMga (esa.bI.I.) ji. 45,2,2/79, pR. 3851 151. sUtrakRtAMga esa.bI.I. ji.45 jaikobI kI TippaNI.pR. 3851 152. vahI, 1/22/15: vRhavRtti, pR. 209/2 / 153. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/22/15: vRhavRtti, pR. 209 / 154. vRhavRtti, pR. 210-11 / 155. suttanipAta, 8281 156. vahI, 54, 151 aadi| 157. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/111 158. ThANAMga, 9491 159. suttanipAta, 2/14/61 160. dra. jaina sAhitya kA vRhaditihAsa, bhAga-1, pR.91| 161. dra. sUtrakRtAMga amaramuni, pR. 251 162. tAtparya bauddha dharma se hai| 163. AyAro, 1/5 TippaNa 5, pR. 55 / 164. vahI, 1/91 TippaNa 27, pR. 63 / 165. sUtrakRtAMga, (esa.bI.I.ji.)451, 1/1/3/24-29, pR. 242-431 166. uttarAdhyayana (esa.bI.I. ji.) 45 jaikobI kI TippaNI jainasUtraja bhAga 2, pR. 83 / 167. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/6/27, pR. 631 168. jainasUtraja-2, pR. 317, pAda TippaNa 4 / 169. mahAvagga nAlaMdA saM., pR. 249-501 170. uttarAdhyayana esa.bI.I. 1823, pR. 83 / 171. mahAvagga, 6/31/3 ji. 17 pR. 109 tu. sUtrakRtAMga 1/12: 2/2/661 172. zIlAMka sUtrakRtAMga 1/12/7 pR. 317 meM ise bauddhamata kA zUnyavAda mAnate haiN|

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 95 zUnyavAdiyoM ko kriyAvAdI mAnA gayA hai| dra. jainasUtraja bhAga 2, pR. 3171 173. vahI, 1/12/81 174. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/6/27, pR. 291 / 175. dra. bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR. 33 / 176. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/6/27, pR. 291 / 177. vahI, esa.bI.I. ji. 45 1/1/2/5-23 pR. 240-42: 1/12/2, pR. 3161 178. sUtrakRtAMga 1/4/1/9-10, pR. 2701 179. vahI, 1/1/161 180. vahI, esa.bI.I. ji.45 1/2/148, pR. 2411 181. cAra koTiyAM isa prakAra haiM-asti hai, nAsti nahIM hai, astinAstitva-na hai na nahIM haiM evaM nAsti ca nAsti na hai na nahIM hai| 182. dra. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR. 33 / 183. sUtrakRtAMga esa.bI.I. ji.45-2, 6/7, pR. 4111 184. vahI hemacandra jI mahArAja 11, 6/1-251 ArdrakIya nAmaka chaThe adhyayana kI prArambhika paccIsa gAthAoM meM Ardraka muni kA gozAlaka ke sAtha vAda vivAda hai| inameM gozAlaka ne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nindA karate hue kahA hai ki pahale to vaha tyAgI the, ekAnta meM rahate the aura mauna rahate the lekina aba ArAma se rahate haiM, sabhA meM baiThate haiM, mauna nahIM rhte| isa prakAra ke aura bhI AkSepa gozAlaka ne bhagavAna mahAvIra para lgaaye| Ardraka muni ne unakA pratyAkhyAna kiyaa| isa vivAda ke mUla meM kahIM bhI gozAlaka kA nAma nahIM diyA gayA hai| niyuktikAra evaM vRttikAra ne isakA sambandha gozAlaka ke sAtha jor3A hai kyoMki vAdavivAda ko par3hane se mAlUma hotA hai ki pUrvapakSI pUrNatayA mahAvIra se pUrNatayA paricita honA caahie| yaha vyakti gozAlaka ke sivAya aura koI nahIM ho sktaa| ata: gozAlaka kA isa vivAda se sambandha jor3anA nirvivAda hai| 185. mUlakAra, niyuktikAra tathA TIkAkAra sabhI ekamata se ise niyativAda kahate haiN| dra. sUtrakRtAMga hemacandra jI ji. 2, pR. 251 186. sUtrakRtAMga-2, 6 aardrkiiy| 187. jaina sAhitya kA vRhada itihAsa, pR. 131 / 188. dra. bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR. 341 189. AyAro, zastraparijJAsUtra 59, pR. 62 tula.ovAiya sUtra 111-113 aura 136-1381 190. e.ela. bAzama, hisTrI eNDa DAkTrina Apha AjIvakaja, pR.41 191. jaina grantha, AcArAMga, samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyA prajJapti, aupapAtika va bhagavatIsUtra meM isa mata kI carcA milatI hai| dra. sTaDIja ina dI bhagavatI sUtra, pR. 4251 192. yaha cha: abhijAtiyAM thIM-lAbha, alAbha, sukha, du:kha, jIvana tathA maraNa jinase sabhI jIvoM kA jIvana niyantrita hotA hai| dra. bhagavatI sUtra, 15/1/5391 193. AjIvaka mata ke anuyAyI gozAla aura mahAvIra ke sAtha sAtha rahane kA ullekha bhagavatI gutra 15 meM AtA hai| AjIvaka mata kA janma gozAla se 117 varSa pUrva huA thaa| gozAla ATha mahAnimittoM kA jJAtA thaa| AryakAlaka ne AjIvaka zramaNoM se nimitta vidyA kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| dra. sTaDIja ina dI bhagavatI sUtra a.7: muni nathamala, zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR. 207: hisTrI eNDa DAkTrina Apha AjIvakaja, pR.54-551 194. AjIvakoM para draSTavya-sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, pR. 342-46:

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96 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti enasAklopIDiyA Apha rilIjana eNDa Ithiksa, ji. 1 : hisTrI eNDa DAkTrina Apha AjIvakaja, pR. 101-1031 195. dra. sTaDIja ina dI bhagavatIsUtra, pR. 435: jainasUtraja, bhAga 2, paricayAtmaka / 196. bArAbarA parvatIya guhAlekha naM0 38, 39, 40: dra. iNDiyana enTIkverI ji . 20, pR. 168 tathA Age / 197. bRhadjAtaka tathA laghujAtaka, 20 tathA 9-11 / 198. sUtrakRtAMga 2, a. 6 gAthA 14 kA avataraNaH zIlAMkavRtti, pR. 3931 199. hornale, ensAiklopIDiyA Apha rilIjana eNDa Ithiksa, ji. 1, pR. 265 1 200. uvAsagadasAo, pR. 2651 201. sUtrakRtAMga 1, 3/3/121 202. jainasUtraja, bhAga 2, pR. 267, 4411 203. dra hisTrI eNDa DAkTrina Apha AjIvakAja, pR. 31 204. sUtrakRtAMga (esa.bI. I. ji. 45 ) bhAga. 1, 1 / 1 /7-8 pR. 236 bhUtavAdiyoM ko hI yahAM nAstika yA cArvAka kahA gayA hai| 205.dra. mUlyamImAMsA, pR. 101 / 206. dra. sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, pR. 3511 207. vahI / 208. sUtrakRtAMga-1, 1/1/7-8, mUla meM isa vAda kA koI nAma nahIM batAyA hai| niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu ne ise paMcamRtavAda kahA hai kintu TIkAkAra zIlAMka ne ise cArvAka mata kahA hai| dUsare zrutaskandha meM isI ko paMcamahAbhUtikavAda kahA hai| 209. vahI, 1/101 210. mUlakAra ne isa mata kA koI lAbha nahIM batAyA hai| niryuktikAra tathA TIkAkAra ne isa mata ko tajjIva taccharIravAdI kahA hai| dra. sUtrakRtAMga vijayamuni zAstrI, pR. 251 211. jaikobI ke anusAra TIkAkAra kA tAtparya sAMkhya athavA lokAyatika mata se hai| sAMkhya ke anusAra jagata kA vikAsa prakRti se huA hai, AtmA kriyAhIna hai| lokAyatikoM ke anusAra hI AtmA nAmaka koI pRthaka sattA nahIM hai / bhUtatatva hI jaba caitanya prakaTa karane lagate haiM taba AtmA kahalAte haiN| dra. jainasUtraja bhAga-2, 7/201 212. vizeSa vistAra ke lie dra. sUtrakRtAMga a. - 1, (muni hemacandra jI), pR. 44-501 213. prakRti ke lie yahAM niyatibhAva AjJA pada prayukta huA hai| jaikobI ke anusAra yahAM niyati kA tAtparya nityabhAva se hI hai / dra. sUtrakRtAMga (esa. bI. I. ji. 45-bhAga 1), 1/2/5-61 214. sUtrakRtAMga muni hemacandra jI ji. 2,5/21 215. vahI, (esa. bI. I. ji. 45, bhAga 1 ), 2/3/6, pR. 2441 216. vahI, vyAkhyA muni hemacandra jI, 1/10, pR. 56-571 217. vahI, vyAkhyA bhAga - 2, pR. 56-571 18. vahI, ji. 2, 6/50 pR. 3831 219. AyAro-1, 3/41, pR. 35-37 tathA 1/5/90-92 pR. 15-16 tathA 29: tathA dekheM jaina sAhitya kA vRhata itihAsa - bhAga 1, pR. 91 / 220. AcArAMga dvitIya adhyayana, dvitIya uddezaka / 221. jaina sAhitya kA vRhata itihAsa, bhAga-1, pR. 931

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 97 222. AcArAMga, caturtha adhyayana, dvitIya uddeshk| 223. vahI, aSTama adhyayana, vimoh| 224. sUtrakRtAMga meM yahI sUtra hai jahAM unheM kucha vyakti kahA gayA hai| zIlAMka kucha vyakti se tAtparya bauddha aura bArhaspatya sAdhuoM tathA brAhmaNoM se lagAte haiN| dra. sUtrakRtAMga esa.bI.I., 1/1/161 225. AyAro, zastraparijJA, sUtra 58-60, pR. 62 / 226. vahI, lokavijaya, sUtra 150, pR. 118 / 227. sUtrakRtAMga-1, 6/26-42, pR. 3641 228. vahI, bhAga-2,6/31-331 229. vahI, 2,6/35-391 230. vahI, esa.bI.I. ji.45-1, 1/2/17 231. dIpikA meM 'gAnaya' kA artha 'jJAnaka' arthAt paNDita mAnya kiyA gayA hai| jaikobI ke anusAra yaha zabda yAna" se niSpanna hai jisakA artha hInayAna mahAyAna jaise sampradAya ko iMgita karanA hai| dra. jainasUtraja bhAga-2, pR. 238 pAdaTippaNa 41 232. sUtrakRtAMga-1,3/4/61 233. jaikobI kahate haiM ki mokSa bhI Ananda kI vastu hai ata: yaha AnandadAyaka sukhamaya jIvana se hI prApta ho sakatA hai| 234. uttarAdhyayana (esa.bI.I. ji. 45), 18/23, pR. 83 / 235. dra. mahAvagga, 31/2 ji. pR. 109 tu. sUtrakRtAMga 1/62 tathA 2/2/661 236. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/12/7, pR. 317 / 237. vahI, (esa.bI.I.), 1/12/81 238. zIlAMka ke anusAra yaha mata zaivamata hai| sUtrakRtAMga-1, 1/3/14 / 239. vahI, 1/4/7-81 240. vahI, yahAM purANakAroM kA tAtparya mUrchA athavA suSuptAvasthA se hai| 241. sUtrakRtAMga esa.bI.I.-1, 1/1/0, pR. 2371 242. vahI, bhAga-1, 1/3/7-91 243. vahI, 2/3/6 sambhavata: yahAM yogadarzana kI carcA hai| 244. vahI, 12/3 jaikobI kI pAdaTippaNI, pR. 3161 245. uttarAdhyayana, 18/231 246. jaikobI kI TippaNI-2, jainasUtraja bhAga-2, pR. 83 / 247. zIlAMka ke anusAra yahAM gozAlakavAdI tathA trairAzika matavAdiyoM kI carcA hai| trairAzika vaizeSika darzana ko mAnane vAle jaina anuyAyI the| trairAzika ke pravartaka khAluka rohagupta the| yaha mukta aura zuddha ke atirikta eka tIsarI avasthA bhI svIkAra karane ke kAraNa trairAzika kahalAte haiN| dra. sUtrakRtAMga hemacandra -1:1/3/12-13, pR. 2451 248. sUtrakRtAMga (amaramuni) 2, 1/11 pR. 59-671 249. ajJo jantura nIzo yamAtmanaH sukhduHkhyo| Izvaraprerito gacchetsavarga vA zvabhrameva vaa|| 250. eka eva hi bhUtAtmA, bhuute-bhuutevyvsthitH| ekadhA bahuthA caiva, dRzyate jala cndrvt|| 251. puruSa evaMda sarva yadbhUtaM yccbhaavym| sUtrakRtAMga (AcArya hemacandra), pR. 63 /

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98 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 252. sUtrakRtAMga, muni zrI hemacandra jI kI vyAkhyA-2, 1/11, pR. 65-671 253. vahI, 6/43-451 254. vahI, 6/45-451 255. vahI, pR. 375-761 256. pANinI ke kAla meM loga devI devatAoM kI mUrtiyAM banAkara apanI AjIvikA calAte the| dra. gopInAtha, elImenTasa Ava hindU ikonogrAphI, bhuumikaa| 257. jJAtRdharma kathA, a. 8, nizIthasUtra 8/14 meM indra, skanda, rudra, mukunda, bhUta, yakSa, nAga, stUpa, caitya, vRkSa, giri, droNa, tar3Aga, hRda, sAgara aura AkarabhaTTa kA ullekha kiyA hai| 258. uttarAdhyayana, 19/3: vizeSa TippaNa ke lie dra. uttarajjhayaNaM saTippaNa pR. 143 TippaNa 5, bhagavatIsUtra, 10/41 259. sUtrakRtAMga esa.bI.I. 1/6/7 pR. 2881 260. dra. hApakinsa, ipika mAitholaoNjI, pR. 135 / tu. vRhatkalpabhASya 1/1856-59 / paramparA ke anusAra eka bAra indra uNDaka RSi kI rUpavatI patnI ko dekhakara mohita ho gyaa| RSi ne use zApa diyA jisase vaha mahAbadhyA kA pAtakI khlaayaa| indra Darakara kurukSetra calA gyaa| indra ke abhAva meM svarga rasazUnya ho gyaa| yaha dekhakara devatA indra ko svarga meM lAne ke lie kurukSetra phuNce| devoM ne indra se svargaloka calane kI prArthanA kI lekina indra ne kahA, aisA karane se use mahAbadhyA laga jaayegii| isa para devatAoM ne mahAbadhyA ko cAra hissoM meM bAMTa diyA striyoM ke RtukAla meM, jala meM laghu zaMkA karane meM, surApAna meM aura gurupatnI ke sAtha sahavAsa meN| usake bAda indra ko svargaloka meM jAne kI AjJA mila gii| dra. mahAbhArata, vnprv| 261. kalpasUtra (esa bI I.), 2/1/131 1262. jaina paramparAMnasAra bharata cakravartI ke samaya se indramaha kA Arambha mAnA jAtA hai| indra ne AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta apanI uMgalI bharata ko dI aura use lekara bharata ne ATha dina taka utsava mnaayaa| Avazyaka cUrNi, pR. 213 / dga. ipika mAitholaoNjI, pR. 1251 263. lAdaM deza meM yaha utsava zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ke dina manAyA jAtA thaa| nizItha, 19/6065 kI cuurnni| rAmAyaNa; 4/16/36 ke anusAra gaur3a deza meM ise Asoja kI pUrNimA ko manAte the| varSA ke bAda jaba rAste svaccha ho jAte the aura pUrNimA ke dina yuddha ke yogya samajhe jAne laMgate, taiba isa utsava kI dhUma macatI thii| dra. ipika mAitholaoNjI, pR. 125 aadi| 264. nizItha sUtra, 19/11-12 / 265. vaidika granthoM meM negameSa hariNegameSa ko hariNa zirodhAraka indra kA senApati kahA gayA hai| mahAbhArata meM use ajAmRta batAyA hai| dra. e.ke. kumArasvAmI, yajJAja, pR. 121 266. kalpasUtra es.bii.ii.2/26|antH kRdRzA meM bhI hariSegameSI kA ullekha hai| santAnotpatti ke lie usakI manautI kI jAtI thii| dra. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 4301 267. bRhadvRtti, patra 187: ijyante pUjyanta iti ykssaaH| 268. uttarajjhayaNaM (saTippaNa) pR. 291 269. uttarAdhyayanasUtra,3/14 aadi| 270. vahI, 16/161 271. vahI, 12/81 272. vahI, jayadissa jAtaka 5135 ke anusAra yakSoM kI AMkheM lAla rahatI haiN| unake palaka nahIM lagate, unakI chAyA nahIM par3atI aura vaha kisI se Darate nhiiN| yakSoM aura gandharvo

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AgamakAlIna dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAra * 99 Adi ke lie dra. dIrghanikAya, 3/9, pR. 1501 273. sUtrakRtAMga (esa.bI.I). 1/4/13 / 274. uttarAdhyayana, 7/26-27, pR. 61 / 275. sUtrakRtAMga (esa.bI.I). ji.451 276. vahI, 1/5/3,51 277. vahI, 1/5/61 278. vahI, 1/5/71 279. uttarAdhyayana, 19/491 280. vahI, 19/50: tula. sUtrakRtAMga 1/5/101 281. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/5/13, tula. uttarAdhyayana, 19/57 / 282. vahI, 1/5/201 283. vahI, 1/5/2/41 284. vahI, 1/5/2/51 285. vahI, 1/5/2/0, 121 286. uttarAdhyayana, 19/681 287. uttarAdhyayana, 19/49 tula. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/5/7, zIlAMka ke anusAra isa nadI kA pAnI pIba tathA garma rakta kA hotA hai| 288. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/5/2/2 tula. uttarAdhyayana, 19/62 / 289. vahI, 1/5/2/31 290. vahI, 1/5/2/171 291. vahI, 1/5/141 292. uttarAdhyayana, 19/661 293. vahI, 19/531 294. vahI, 19/561 295. vahI, 19/581 296. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/5/2/61 297. vahI, 1/5/111 298. uttarAdhyayana, 19/601 299. vahI, 19/731 300. vahI, 18/46: saTippaNa, pR. 147-48 / 301. vRhadvati, patra 4591 302. paramadhArmika devatAoM ke kArya uttarAdhyayana meM haiM kintu nAma nahIM hai| vizeSa varNana ke lie dekheM-samavAyAMga, samavAya 15, vRtti patra 28, gacchAcAra, patra 64-651 303. uttarAdhyayana, 19/69-701 304. kalpasUtra, mahAvIra kA jIvana crit| 305. uttarAdhyayana, 20/451 306. santAna prApti ke lie vizeSa dravyoM se mizrita jala snAna ko "kautuka" kahA jAtA hai| vRhadvRti, patra 4791 307. mithyA Azcarya prastuta karane vAlI mantra tantrAtmaka vidyA ko kuheTaka vidyA kahA jAtA hai| yaha indrajAla hai| dra.-uttarAdhyayana saTippaNa, pR. 1541

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adhyAya 3 jaina saMgha kA svarUpa jaina dharma kI prAcInatA jaina dharma atyanta prAcIna dharma hai| jaina matAvalambI apane sarvocca AcAryoM ko tIrthaMkara kahate haiN|' pArzvanAtha isa dharma kI caubIsa tIrthaMkara paramparA ke teIsaveM AcArya the| pArzvanAtha ko prAmANika AdhAra para aitihAsika puruSa mAnA jAtA hai| inake caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra mahAtmA gautama buddha ke samakAlIna the|' anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki pArzvanAtha ahiMsA, satya, asteya aura aparigraha ke paramparAgata naitika siddhAntoM para adhika bala dete the| tapasyA para vaha avazya bala dete the kintu brahmacarya ko AdhyAtmika jIvana ke lie anivArya nahIM mAnate the aura na hI naMge rahate the| Rgveda ke granthoM meM jainoM ke do tIrthaMkara AdinAtha RSabhadeva tathA ariSTa nemi ke nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai| RSabhadeva jainoM ke prathama tIrthaMkara the jinakA kezI ke nAma se bhI samIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| ariSTanemi bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara the| bhAgavatapurANa' se inakI aitihAsikatA kI puSTi hotI hai| bhAgavatapurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki RSabhadeva ke isa caritra ko sunakara koMka, baiMka va kuTaka kA rAjA arhana kalayuga meM apanI icchA se usI dharma kA sampravartana karegA ityaadi| isa varNana se isa viSaya meM koI sandeha nahIM raha jAtA ki bhAgavatapurANa kA tAtparya yajJa meM paramaRSiyoM dvArA prasanna kiye jAne para parIkSita svayaM zrI bhagavAna viSNu mahArAja nAbhi kA priya karane ke lie unake ranivAsa meM mahArAnI marudevI ke garbha meM aaye| unhone isa pavitra zarIra kA avatAra vAtarazanA zramaNa RSiyoM ke dharmoM ko prakaTa karane kI icchA se kiyaa| 'ayamavatAro rajasopapluta kaivalyopazikSaNArtha : kahakara purANakAra ne batAyA hai ki rajoguNa se bhare logoM ko kaivalya kI zikSA dene ke lie yaha avatAra huaa| DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ke anusAra isakA artha hai ki

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 101 unakA avatAra raja se upapluta arthAt rajodhAraNa ( maladhAraNa) vRtti dvArA kaivalya prApti kI zikSA ke lie huA thaa| jaina muniyoM ke AcAra meM asnAna, adantadhAvana, mala parISaha Adi dvArA rajodhAraNa saMyama kA Avazyaka aMga mAnA gayA hai| jainoM ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ne apane dharma ke pracAra ke lie saMgha banAyA thaa| caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne pArzva ke dharma ko vizeSa pratiSThA pradAna kI 110 'buddha bhagavAna ke samaya meM jaina sAdhu sAdhviyoM kA saMgha sabase vizAla saMgha thaa|" mahAvIra svAmI kizorAvasthA se hI zramaNa siddhAntoM dvArA prabhAvita ho gaye the / vardhamAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA aura unake parijana pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI the| 12 mahAvIra se jaina dharma aura saMgha kA kramabaddha itihAsa milatA hai| mahAvIra kA jIvana kAla 599 I0pU0 se 627 I0pU0 " taka mAnA jAtA hai| inhIM ke samaya meM prAcIna nirgrantha sampradAya kA nAma jainamata pdd'aa| inhoMne jaina dharma kA vidhivata pracAra aura prasAra kiyaa| 13 pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma dharma tathA mahAvIra ke pAMca mahAvrata bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se calA Ane vAlA dharma cAturyAma dharma kahalAtA thaa| jisakA varNana sthAnAMgasUtra meM 14 milatA hai| yaha cAroM yAma the-- (1) sarvaprANatipAta viramaNa / (2) sarvamRSAvAda viramaNa / (3) sarva adattAdAna viramaNa | (4) sarvavahiddhAdANa viramaNa | pArzvapatyika cAturyAma paramparA bhagavAna buddha ke samaya vidyamAna thI / bauddha piTakoM meM nirgrantha sAdhu ke lie 'cAturyAma saMvara saMvatto' vizeSaNa kA prayoga milatA hai|'' isase do bAteM spaSTa ho jAtI haiM - (1) mahAtmA buddha tathA unake anuyAyI isa paramparA se pUrNatayA paricita the / tathA (2) pArzvanAtha kI yaha paramparA una dinoM jIvita evaM pracalita thI / aneka bauddha vidvAna yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki buddha bhagavAna ne bhI pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| ina vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki gRhatyAga ke bAda mahAtmA buddha ne kucha dinoM taka nirgrantha AcAra kA pAlana kiyA thaa| nirgrantha AcAra pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke ekadama nikaTa dikhAI par3atA hai| mahAvIra ne brahmacarya ko

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102 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti cAturyAma se saMlagna kara paMca mahAvrata dharma banA diyA jo cAturyAma kI apekSA kahIM adhika vyAvahArika evaM subodha thaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke teIsaveM adhyayana meM pApityika nirgrantha kezI aura mahAvIra ke pramukha ziSya indrabhUti gautama ke zrAvastI meM milane tathA AcAra vicAra ke kucha praznoM para saMvAda hone kI bAta kahI gayI hai| inake vArtAlApa ke AdhAra para cAturyAma tathA paMca mahAvrata ke madhya antara spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ____ kezI gautama indrabhUti se pUchate haiM ki pArzva ne cAturyAma dharma kA upadeza diyA aura mahAvIra ne pAMca vratoM kA, so kyoM? isI taraha pArzvanAtha ne sacela savastra dharma batalAyA jabaki mahAvIra ne acela vastrarahita dharma kisalie batalAyA? isake uttara meM indrabhUti ne kahA ki tatva dRSTi se cAra yAma aura pAMca vrata meM koI antara nahIM hai| kevala yuga kI viparIta aura kama samajha dekhakara hI mahAvIra ne vizeSa zuddhi kI dRSTi se cAra ke sthAna para pAMca mahAvrata kA upadeza diyA hai| mokSa kA vAstavika kAraNa to antarjJAna, darzana aura caritra haiN| indrabhUti ke uttara kI yathArthatA dekhakara kezI ne paMca mahAvrata svIkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra mahAvIra ke saMgha ke aMga bana gye| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zramaNa kAla meM aneka pAvApatyIya zramaNa tathA zrAvaka rahate the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA pitA pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ko mAnane vAle zramaNopAsaka the| AcArAMgasUtra ke anusAra mahAvIra ke mAtA pitA ne chahoM prakAra ke jIvoM kI saMrakSA ke lie apane pApoM kA avalokana kiyA, garhA kI, pazcAtApa kiyA, pApoM kI svIkArokti kI AlocanA kI, prAyazcita kiye, anazana kiye tathA kuzAghAsa para AmaraNa anazana se kAyotsarga kiyA thaa| aise aneka pAzrvApatyIya zramaNa the jinakA mahAvIra tathA unake ziSyoM se milanA tathA AlApa saMlApa huA aura vaha mahAvIra ke saMgha meM pravajita ho gye| inameM pramukha pArzvanAtha paramparA ke vaha sthavira bhI the jo rAjagRha meM mahAvIra ke pAsa Aye tathA jinakI mUla jijJAsA thI ki parimita loka meM ananta rAta dina kaise hue| bhagavatI sUtra meM kAlAsyavaizika putra pAzrvApatyIya zramaNa kA ullekha hai| jo aneka nirgrantha sthAviroM se tAtvika carcA kara samAdhAna pAte haiM aura parva paramparA kA visarjana kara mahAvIra kI paramparA ko svIkAra kara lete haiN|23 ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra vANijya grAma meM the| pApityIya zramaNa gAMgeya bhagavAna ke pAsa aayaa| usane jIvoM kI utpatti aura cyuti ke viSaya meM prazna kiye| use pUrA samAdhAna milA aura vaha unakA ziSya bana gyaa|24 udaka pair3hAla pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM dIkSita thaa| eka bAra jaba gautama gaNadhara nAlandA meM sthita the to vaha unake pAsa gyaa| carcA kI aura samAdhAna pAkara unakA ziSya ho gyaa|

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 103 nimrantha dharma mahAvIra ke dharma kI AdhArazilA prAmANika AdhAroM para siddha hai ki mahAvIra ne apane saMgha ko nirgrantha dharma para AdhArita kiyA thaa| mahAvIra ne apane saMgha meM pariSkAra, parivarddhana aura samvarddhana kiyA thaa| cAra mahAvratoM ke sthAna para pAMca mahAvratoM kI sthApanA kii|26 sacela paramparA ke sthAna para acela paramparA ko mAnyatA dii| samiti-gupti kA prathama nirUpaNa kara usakA mahatva bddh'aayaa|28 __bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mukha se kaI bAra yaha kahalAyA gayA hai ki yaha siddhAnta puruSadAnIya mahAvIra ne kahA hai jisako maiM bhI kahatA huuN| kisI bhI sthAna para mahAvIra athavA unake ziSyoM meM se kisI ne bhI aisA nahIM kahA ki mahAvIra kA zruta apUrva athavA navIna hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA apane itihAsa ko mahAvIra se bahuta prAcIna mAnatI hai|30 caturvidha saMgha bhI mahAvIra se pUrva pArzvanAtha ne sthApita kiyA thaa| nAyAdhammakahAo meM varNana hai ki zramaNopAsikA kAlI ko jaba vairAgya utpanna huA taba usane AryA puSpacUlikA ke nikaTa pArzvadharma ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki pArzva ne zramaNI tathA zrAvikA ke rUpa meM strI anuyAyiyoM kI saMgha meM upekSA nahIM kii| unakA saMgha ATha ke samUha meM baMTakara ATha gaNadharoM ke netRtva meM rahatA thaa| __tuMgIyagrAma pArzvapatyika theroM kA kendra mAnA gayA thaa| vahAM para pArzva ke anuyAyI sAdhu pAMca sau, pAMca sau ke saMgha banAkara itastata: bhramaNa karate the| AsapAsa ke pAzrvApatyika zrAvaka unake pAsa dharma zravaNa ke lie jAte the tathA unase tatva nirUpaNa viSayaka carcA kiyA karate the| bhagavatIsUtra meM vivaraNa hai ki tuMgIya grAma ke uttarapUrvI dizA meM puSpAvatI caitya thaa| yahAM ke sampanna nivAsI zramaNa nirgranthoM meM agAdha zraddhA rakhate the tathA aSTamI, caturdazI, pUrNimA, par3avA amAvasyA kI pratipadA para pauSadha vrata nirAhAra raha kara karate the|4 mahAvIra kI saMgha vyavasthA bhagavAna mahAvIra vyakti svAtantrya ke udgAtA the aura sAtha hI sAmudAyika mUlyoM ke saMsthApaka bhii| unhoMne apane saMgha meM Atma-niyantraNa, anuzAsana aura vyavasthA ina tInoM ko samAna rUpa diyaa| jisase na vyakti kI svatantra cetanA kuNThita ho aura na sAmudAyika mUlyoM kA lop| yadyapi aitihAsika dRSTi se adhyAtma sAdhanA kA saMghIyakaraNa bhagavAna pArzva ke samaya hI ho cukA thA, phira bhI mahAvIra ne yugIna apekSAoM ke pariveza meM

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104 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti usakA jisa paddhati se pallavana kiyA hai vaha dhArmika saMghoM ke itihAsa meM apratima kahA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne apane dharmasaMgha ko AtmAnuzAsana kI bhUmikA para pratiSThita kiyaa| unhoMne kahA- 'kuzale puNe no baddhe no mukke' arthAt prAjJa vyakti ko bAharI bandhanoM se jakar3ane kI apekSA nahIM hotI kyoMki vaha AtmAnuzAsana se mukta nahIM hotaa| kintu jahAM samAja hotA hai vahAM sabake saMskAra, ruciyAM aura apekSAeM ekarUpa nahIM hotii| AtmAnuzAsana bhI sabakA samAna vikasita nahIM hotaa| ata: dhArmika saMgha meM bhI vyavasthAoM aura saMcAlana kI pravidhiyoM kA nirdhAraNa apekSita samajhA gyaa| jaina dharma saMgha kA prArUpa mahAvIra kA saMgha apane zaizava se hI caturvidha saMgha thaa| (1) zramaNa saMgha (2) zramaNI saMgha (3) zrAvaka saMgha, tathA (4) zrAvikA saMgha isa prakAra jaina saMgha meM zramaNa aura zramaNI ke atirikta zrAvaka (upAsaka gRhastha puruSa) tathA zrAvikA (upAsikA gRhastha striyAM) saMgha ke ghaTaka the| kintu samakAlIna bauddha saMgha meM gRhastha strI-puruSa anupasthita rhe| saMgha ko dAna dene vAle zraddhAlu upAsakoM kI carcA to hai kintu saiddhAntika rUpa se unakI saMgha meM sthiti aspaSTa hI hai| mahAvIra kI ziSya sampadA kA vivaraNa prastuta karate hue kalpasUtrakAra kahate haiM ki-bhagavAna mahAvIra kI indrabhUti gautama Adi caudaha hajAra parimita utkRSTa zramaNa sampadA thii| AryA candanA pramukha chattIsa hajAra utkRSTa zramaNI sampadA thii| unake ziSya parivAra meM caudaha sau muni caturdazapUrvI, teraha sau viziSTa avadhijJAnI tathA sAta sau kevalajJAnI the| pAMca sau vipulamati mana: paryavajJAnI the, cAra sau muni vAdalabdha sampanna the| sAta sau ziSyoM aura caudaha sau ziSyAoM ne siddhi prApta kI thii| jaina saMgha ke viparIta bauddha saMgha siddhAntata: do vibhAgoM meM baMTA thA: (1) sammukhI bhUtasaMgha arthAt sthAnIya saMgha tathA,

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 105 (2) anAgata caturdisasaMgha arthAt sArvakAlika aura sArvadezIya saMgha jisameM buddha kI zikSA ke prati sabhI AsthAvAna anugAmI bhikSu aura bhikSuNI the- yahAM taka ki ve bhI jo bhaviSya meM kabhI isakI sadasyA grahaNa kreNge| isake atirikta vaha loga bhI sammilita the jinakI saMgha ko aMgIkAra karane kI sambhAvanA thii| Adarza rUpa meM sammukha saMgha caturdiza saMgha kA hI eka bhAga the| cullavagga meM Agantuka yA sthAnIya yA AvAsIya bhikSu ke ziSTAcAra ke niyama milate haiN| __jaina dharma saMgha ke sadasyoM kA vargIkaraNa do tatvoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| yaha hai--sAdhanA aura vyvsthaa| sAdhanA ke do aMga haiM-carittArAdhanA evaM jnyaanaaraadhnaa| caritra kI viziSTa ArAdhanA kI dRSTi se jaina vAGmaya meM tIrthaMkara arhata, kevalI tathA anya muniyoM kA ullekha hai| saMgha kA mukhya AdhAra hai vyvsthaa| isake samyak saMcAlana ke lie bhagavAna ke samaya meM eka hI pada nizcita thaa-gnndhrpd| usa para mahAvIra ne apane gyAraha ziSyoM ko niyukta kiyA thaa| vyavasthA kI dRSTi se mAtra itanI hI jAnakArI milatI hai ki bhagavAna ke zAsana meM zramaNa samudAya ke nau gaNa the tathA gyAraha gaNadhara the| prathama sAta gaNoM kA netRtva eka-eka gaNadhara karate the zeSa kA do-do| indrabhati gautrama ke atirikta nau gaNadharoM ne bhagavAna kI vidyamAnatA meM hI apane gaNoM ko sudharmA svAmI ko samarpita kara diyA thaa| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya meM unake saMgha meM gaNadhara ke atirikta kisI pada maryAdA kA sUtrapAta nahIM huA thaa| sAdhvI samAja kA netRtva mahAsatI candanA ko sauMpA gayA thaa| para pravartinI jaise kisI pada para unakI niyukti huI ho yaha Agamika AdhAra para siddha nahIM hotA kyoMki unake nAma ke sAtha ajjacandanA arthAt AryA ke atirikta kisI upAdhi sUcaka zabda kA prayoga nahIM miltaa| vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki samUce saMgha meM apane apane gaNoM kI saMcAlana vyavasthA akele gaNadhara hI karate the athavA apanI suvidhAnusAra kArya kA vibhAjana bhI karate the? aMga sAhitya meM AtmAnuzAsana, saMghIya vidhi vidhAna aura AcAra sambandhI niyamopaniyama kI pracura sAmagrI upalabdha hai tathApi saMgha ke kArya vibhAjana aura pada maryAdA kahIM bhI nirdiSTa nahIM kiye gye|43 isakA ekamAtra kAraNa ho sakatA hai zramaNa sAdhaka sAdhikAoM kI AtmaniSThatA, bAharI pravRttiyoM ke vistAra kA abhAva, AzugrAhI prajJA aura dhyAna svAdhyAya meM liintaa| aise prabuddha sAdhakoM ke lie saMketa hI paryApta hotA hai na ki vidhi vidhAnoM kI vyvsthaaeN| ata: vyavasthA vistAra kI usa samaya koI vizeSa

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106 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti apekSA anubhUta huI ho aisA pratIta nahIM hotaa| - netRtva kA vistAra kAlAntara meM jaba zramaNasaMgha vistAra pAne lagA to dharmAcAryoM kA jhukAva lokasaMgraha kI tarapha huaa| unakA kAryakSetra aura saMghIya pravRttiyAM bar3hane lagIM sAtha hI dAyitva bhI bddh'aa| zruta kendrita dRSTi vikendrita huI aura anyAnya pravRttiyoM se saMyukta ho gyii| zruta paramparA ke vicchinna hone kI AzaMkA ne adhikArI varga ko satarka kara diyaa| saMgha kI bahumukhI pravRttiyoM aura apekSAoM kI dRSTi se dAyitva vibhAjana kie gae kintu vaha bhI aparyApta rhe| ___phalata:saMgha kI suvyavasthA ke lie netRtva ke kSetra meM parivartana aura parivardhana kI apekSA pratIta huii| saMgha kI pravRttiyoM kA vargIkaraNa huaa| unake samyak saMcAlana ke lie vividha padoM aura padAdhikAriyoM kA manonayana huaa| AcArya, upAdhyAya, pravartina, sthavira, gaNi, gaNadhara aura gaNavacchedaka ina sAta padoM kA nirdhAraNa huA tathA inakI pratiSThA ko saMgha meM varIyatA prApta huii|14 saMgha ke padAdhikAriyoM kA saMstaraNa AcArya vyavahArabhASya meM ullekha hai ki jaise nRtya ke binA naTa nahIM hotA, nAyaka ke binA strI nahIM hotI, dhure bina gAr3I kA pahiyA nahIM calatA, vaise hI AcArya ke binA gaNa nahIM cltaa|45 spaSTa hai ki jaina paramparA meM AcArya kA sthAna sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| __pada vyavasthA ke krama meM AcArya kI variSThatA ko akSuNNa rakhA gayA hai| usakI yogyatA aura dAyitva kA paricaya dete hue pUrva manISiyoM ne likhA hai ki sUtra aura artha kA pAragAmI vyakti AcArya pada para samAsIna ho sakatA hai| vaha ziSyoM ko artha kI vAcanA detA hai aura gaNa kI anyAnya cintAoM se mukta karatA hai|46 AcArya hemacandra ne likhA hai ki AcArya vyAkhyAkAra hotA hai|47 isa prakAra AcArya jJAna ke srota the aura sUtra ke artha kI vAcanA dete the|48 ___Agama sAhitya meM saMgha ke mahatvapUrNa padoM kI sUcI meM AcArya sarvopari hai| zruta paramparA ko avicchinna rakhane ke lie usakI upasthiti anivArya thii| kintu Arambha meM kAryakSetra adhyayana adhyApana taka hI thaa| saMgha vistAra ke sAtha hI AcArya kA kArya kSetra vibhakta huaa| sthAnAMgasUtra ke

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 107 anusAra AcArya uddezanArtha par3hane kA Adeza dene vAle, vAcanArtha par3hAne vAle pravrajyA dene vAle tathA upasthApanA mahAvratoM meM Aropita karane vAle hote haiN| 50 isa prakAra kucha AcArya janapratibodha kA kArya karane lage tathA kucha zramaNa saMgha ke vistAra kI dRSTi se yogya vyaktiyoM kA cayana kara unheM dIkSita karane lge| kucha donoM hI kArya karate the aura kucha donoM se hI upekSita rahakara mAtra dharmopadeza kA kArya karate the| AcArya saMgha kI AdhyAtmika evaM prazAsanika vyavasthA ke lie uttaradAyI hotA thaa| usake kartavya isa prakAra the - (1) sUtrArtha sthirIkaraNa - sUtra ke artha kA nizcaya karanA / (2) vinaya - anuzAsana / (3) gurupUjA - AdhyAtmika dRSTi se jo unase ucca ho usakI zraddhA karanA / (4) saikSya bahumAna -- AdhyAtmArthiyoM ke prati Adara vyakta krnaa| (5) dAna prati zraddhA bhakti - dAnadAtA kI dAna meM zraddhA bddh'aanaa| (6) buddhi balavarddhana - vidyArthI kI kSamatA aura buddhi ko bar3hAnA / AcArya ko isake atirikta bhI ina bAtoM para dhyAna denA caahie| 52 (1) koI AjJA dete samaya vaha sAvadhAna rhe| (2) nava dIkSita zramaNa purAne zramaNoM kA sammAna kreN| (3) zramaNa sUtroM ko sahI krama meM par3heM usameM ulaTa-phera na kreN| (4) adhyayana ke lie upavAsa meM saMlagna zramaNa ko paryApta suvidhA deN| (5) koI bhI kArya zramaNoM kI sahamati se kare / (6) vyavasthA dekhe ki zramaNa kI AvazyakatA ke anusAra pratyeka zramaNa ke pAsa upadhi ho / (7) zramaNoM ke upakaraNoM kA bhI dhyAna rkhe| AcArya ke Avazyaka guNa the ki usakA vyaktitva zreSTha ho, AtmaprazaMsA evaM vikRtiyoM se mukta ho| vaha zAstroM kA paNDita ho tathA usakI abhivyakti acchI ho / " saMkSepa meM AcArya pAMca AcAroM kA nidhAna hotA thaa| yaha the - jJAna, darzana, caritra, tapa aura vIryAcAra | 24

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108 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti upAdhyAya samasta zruta jJAna ke adhikArI, saMyamayoga yukta sUtrArtha ke jJAtA muni upAdhyAya ke pada para niyukta ho sakate the| jJAnadarzana va caritra kI ArAdhanA meM ziSyoM ko zruta sampanna banAne vAle upAdhyAya hote the| oghaniyukti va vRtti ke anusAra upAdhyAya sUtra kI vAcanA kiyA karate the| kyoMki zruta kI paramparA to eka pravAha hai| usakA utsa sUtra hai| zruta paramparA ke avicchinna saMrakSaNa ke lie upAdhyAya kI sakriyatA anivArya thii| upAdhyAya zramaNoM ke prazikSaka hote the| Arambhika Agama yuga meM upAdhyAya kA kAryakSetra kevala adhyApana taka hI sImita thaa| vaidika paramparA meM bhI adhyayana, adhyApana kI dRSTi se upAdhyAya pada kI pratiSThA thii| AcArya hemacandra ne likhA hai ki upAdhyAya pATha dAtA hotA hai| manuSya jIvana ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa ke lie jJAna kA sthAna sarvopari hai| isalie upAdhyAya ko jaina aura vaidika donoM paramparAoM meM atirikta pratiSThA prApta thii| AcAryopAdhyAya yaha spaSTa nahIM hai ki AcAryopAdhyAya zabda samudAya eka padAdhikArI ke lie prayukta hotA thA athavA do ke lie| udAharaNa ke lie 'AcAryopAdhyAyasya AcAryopAdhyAyayokhA'60 yA 'AcAryeNasaha upAdhyAyaH AcAryopAdhyAya:'61 vAkyakhaNDa jo ki AcAryopAdhyAya ke vizeSAdhikAroM tathA saMghatyAga ke niyama ke viSaya meM hai eka ke lie hai yA do ke lie spaSTa nahIM hotaa|62 zrubiMga ke anusAra yaha AcArya tathA upAdhyAya ke bIca kA pada thaa| jo bhI ho sthAnAMgasUtra meM AcAryopAdhyAya ke pAMca vizeSAdhikAra batAye gaye haiM (1) vaha upAzraya meM pairoM ko ragar3a kara dhUli sApha kara sakate haiN| yatanApUrvaka dUsaroM para na jhar3e aisA karane para unheM AjJA atikramaNa kA doSa nahIM hotaa| (2) upAzraya meM uccAra prAvaNa kA (prAkRtika visarjana) prazravaNa kara sakate haiN| (3) unakI icchA para hai ki kisI sAdhu kI sevA kare yA nahIM kreN| (4) upAzraya meM do rAta taka akele raha sakate haiN| (5) upAzraya se bAhara eka yA do rAta taka rahane para AjJA atikramaNa kA unheM doSa nahIM lgtaa| isI prakAra pAMca kAraNoM se AcAryopAdhyAya gaNa chor3a sakate the05_

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 109 (1) AcAryopAdhyAya gaNa meM AjJA yA dhAraNA kA samyak prayoga na kara sakeM arthAt saMgha kA manobala tathA Avazyaka kartavyoM ke prati anuzAsana banA kara na rakha skeN| (2) AcAryopAdhyAya gaNa meM kRtikarma vandana aura vinaya kA samyak prayoga na kara sakeM arthAt gaNa ke sadasyoM ko niyantrita na kara skeN| (3) jina zruta paryAyoM ko dhAraNa karate haiM, samaya-samaya para unakI gaNa ko samyak vAcanA na deN| (4) AcAryopAdhyAya apane gaNa kI yA dUsare ke gaNa kI nirgranthI meM barhilezya Asakta ho jaaeN| (5) AcAryopAdhyAya ke mitra yA svajana gaNa se apakramita (nirgata) ho jAeM, unheM punaH gaNa meM sammilita karane tathA sahayoga karane ke lie vaha gaNa se apakramaNa kara sakate haiN| pravartaka yA pravartina AcArya aura upAdhyAya ke atirikta zramaNa saMgha kI vyavasthA aura dAyitva kI dRSTi se pravartaka kA sthAna thaa| saMgha kI pratyeka gatividhi evaM sthiti kA dhyAna rakhanA, zramaNoM ko unakI ruci aura kSamatA ke anusAra sAdhanA kSetra meM pravRtta karanA, protsAhita karanA, pravartaka kA pradhAna dAyitva thA / " kisI kAraNavaza yadi sAdhaka ati utsAha yA bhAvukatAvaza kisI kArya meM vaiyAvRta ho jAtA kintu dhairya, zArIrika zakti tathA paristhiti kI anukUlatA ke abhAva meM yadi vaha Age nahIM bar3ha pAtA to pravartaka usakA patha pravartita karatA thaa| 7 pravartaka kI yogyatA kA varNana karate hue AcArya ne likhA hai ki tapa, niyama, vinaya Adi guNoM ke nidhAna zramaNoM ko yathAyogya jJAna, darzana aura caritra kI sAdhanA meM niyojita karane vAle kuzala zramaNa pravartaka pada ko samalaMkRta kara sakate haiM 108 sthavira sthAnAMgasUtra meM tIna prakAra ke sthaviroM kA ullekha hai (1) vaya : sthavira (2) paryAya sthavira, tathA (3) zruta sthavira 169

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110 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti sATha varSa kA hone para zramaNa nirgrantha jAti sthavira hotA hai| sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kA dhAraka zramaNa nirgrantha zruta sthavira hotA hai tathA bIsa varSa se sAdhutva pAlane vAlA zramaNa nirgrantha paryAya sthavira hotA hai| sthavira kA artha hai jyesstth| vaha janma, zruta, adhikAra, guNa Adi aneka sandarbho meM jyeSTha hotA hai| grAma, nagara aura rASTra kI vyavasthA karane vAle buddhimAna, lokamAnya aura sazakta vyaktiyoM ko kramaza: sthavira, nagara sthavira aura rASTra sthavira kahA jAtA hai| dharma kA upadeza dene vAlA prazAstA sthavira hotA hai| kula sthavira, gaNa sthavira aura saMgha sthavira kramazaH kula, gaNa aura saMgha kI vyavasthA dekhate the| jisa vyakti para ziSyoM meM anutpanna zraddhA utpanna karane aura unakI zraddhA vicalita hone para unheM puna: dharma meM sthira karane kA dAyitva hotA hai vaha sthavira kahalAtA hai| vyavahAra bhASya ke anusAra jAti sthaviroM ke prati anukampA, zruta sthavira kI pUjA aura paryAya sthavira kI vandanA karanI caahie| gaNi gaNi kA sAmAnya artha hotA hai, gaNa kA adhipti| jisakA gaNa ho vahI gaNi hai 'gaNoyasya astiti'74 muni zrI nathamala ke anusAra choTe-choTe gaNoM kA netRtva gaNi kA kArya thaa|5 gaNi se pramukhata: jina guNoM kI apekSA kI jAtI thI vaha naitika guNa the| use ATha prakAra kI gaNi sampadA meM niSNAta honA par3atA thA : (1) AcAra sampadA - saMyama kI samRddhi, (2) zruta sampadA - zruta kI samRddhi, (3) zarIra sampadA - zarIra kA saundarya, (4) vacana sampadA - vacana kauzala (5) vAcanA sampadA - adhyApana paTutA, (6) mati sampadA - buddhi kauzala, (7) prayoga sampadA - vAda kauzala, (8) saMgraha parIkSA - saMgha vyavasthA meM nipuurnntaa| gaNadhara Agama sAhitya meM gaNadhara zabda mukhyata: do arthoM meM prayukta huA hai-tIrthaMkaroM ke

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 111 pramukha ziSyoM ke artha meM jo dvAdazAMgI kI racanA karate haiM aura sAmAnya AcArya ke artha meM" lekina AcArya ke artha meM vaha utanA pracalita nahIM hai| mUlataH gaNadharoM kI paramparA tIrthaMkaroM kI vidyamAnatA meM hI pracalita hotI hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke nirvANa ke pazcAt gaNadhara phira gaNadhara nahIM kahalAte / 78 lekina pada vyavasthA ke krama meM prayukta gaNadhara zabda kA artha bilakula badala jAtA hai| vahAM gaNadhara kA artha hai zramaNoM kI dinacaryA kA dhyAna rakhane vAlA zramaNa jise 'saMgrahopagrahakuzalaH' kahA gayA hai|" svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nau gaNa tathA gyAraha gaNadhara the jinakA pramukha kArya bhagavAna ke upadezoM ko smaraNa rakha tatkAla aMgoM meM nibaddha karanA thaa| bauddha saMgha meM aise gaNadhara nahIM the| bhagavAna buddha samaya samaya para upadeza dete the kintu unake upadeza ko tatkAla gumphita karane kA dAyitva kisI kA nahIM thaa| unake nirantara sAtha rahane vAle ziSya upadezoM kA zravaNa karate aura smaraNa karane kA prayatna karate the| yahI kAlAntara meM vinayadhara kahalAne lage | 80 vaidika vAGmaya ke lie gaNadhara zabda acInhA aura anajAnA rahA / yadyapi gaNapati zabda bahulatA se milatA hai| sthAnAMgavRtti meM gaNadhara kA artha kiyA gayA hai 'AryApratijAgarukaH "" arthAt sAdhviyoM ko pratibodha dene vaale| isase pratIta hotA hai ki zramaNI samUha kI dekharekha, adhyayana aura mArgadarzana ke lie kisI viziSTa zramaNa kI niyukti hotI thI jise 'gaNadhara' kahA jAtA thaa| gaNavacchedaka gaNavacchedaka gaNa ke eka vibhAga kA adhyakSa hotA thA / 2 gaNavacchedaka ke lie gacchavaccha zabda aneka bAra prayukta huA hai jo iMgita karatA hai ki gaNavacchedaka saMgha ke prati vizeSa vatsala bhAva rakhate the / ATha varSa kA saMgha paryAya tathA sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga kA pUrNa jJAna isa pada kI arhatA thI / 84 bahuzruta Adi guNoM se yukta, zruti saMhanana saMpanna, saMgha hitaiSI aura mahAna sevA bhAvI muni isa pada para niyukta kiye jAte the | SS saMgha kI Antarika vyavasthAoM kA dAyitva mukhyata: inhIM para thaa| saMgha ke kisI sevA kArya ke lie ve AcAryopAdhyAya ke nirdeza kI pratIkSA nahIM karate the| yA to vaha svayaM saMghIya apekSAoM ko dekhakara usameM pravRtta ho jAte yA AcArya se svayaM anurodha karate the ki yadi unakI anujJA prApta ho to ve amuka kArya kareM 186 kalpasUtravRtti meM likhA hai ki gaNavacchedaka sAdhuoM ko lekara barhi vihAra

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112 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti karate haiN| vastuta: gaNa kI vyavasthA samabandhI cintA karanA inakA kArya thaa| yadi isa pada para niyukta vyakti brahmacarya bhaMga kare athavA saMgha tyAga kare to use jIvana paryanta isa pada ke lie ayogya kara diyA jAtA thaa| yadi padamukta hone para vahI aparAdha kara baiThe to use tIna varSa ke lie nilambita kara diyA jAtA thaa|89 ukta sAta padoM kI vyavasthA jaina zramaNasaMgha kI apanI maulika upalabdhi thii| saMgha ke vikAsa aura vistAra kI dRSTi se yaha bahuta hI upayogI siddha huii| yaha Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki mahAvIra yugIna koI bhI dharmasaMgha jaina saMgha ke samAna suvyavasthita aura susaMgaThita nahIM bana paayaa| ina sAta padoM jaisI vyavasthA kA saMketa to vaidika, bauddha Adi kisI bhI saMgha vyavasthA meM nahIM miltii| gaNavacchedaka, pravartina, gaNi, gaNadhara jaise padoM kA saMstaraNa jainasaMgha meM anUThA thaa| kintu isa prasaMga meM jI0esa0pI0 mizrI' kA mata ullekhanIya hai kyoMki unake anusAra jaina saMgha kI tulanA meM bauddha saMgha adhika susaMgaThita thA tathA sAmudAyika vicAroM para AdhArita thaa| saMgha ke antargata kuzala prazAsana ke lie bauddha saMgha kI saMhitA meM aneka padAdhikAriyoM kI niyukti ke niyama the jaise saMghabhaTTa, bhojana vitaraNa kI vyavasthA karane vAlA padAdhikArI bhANDAgarika, bhaNDAra dekhane vAlA cIvara bhAjaka, vastra vitaraka zATika gAhapaka, vastra svIkAra karane vAlA, samaNerapesaka, zramaNoM kA nirdezaka Adi Adi tathA inake nirvAcana, adhikAra aura kartavyoM ke viSaya meM spaSTa niyama bane hue the|92 isI prakAra gaNapUraka gaNa kA kAryavAhaka Ayukta, zalAkAgAhapaka mata ekatra karane vAlA Ayukta, AsanApaka Asana vitaraka Adi saMgha ke aise padAdhikArI the jo usake samyak saMcAlana ke lie uttaradAyI the| jaina saMgha meM isa prakAra kA susaMga ta sAmudAyika jIvana dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| saMgha meM prazAsanika nipUrNatA kA paricaya dene hetu jaina saMgha apane sadasyoM kI bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI sampUrti se apanI koI sambaddhatA nahIM drshaataa| DA0 mizra apane mata ke samarthana meM esa0bI0 deva ke isa kathana ko bhI uddhRta karate haiM ki jaina saMgha zramaNoM ke naitika pakSa ko dekhate hue saMgha padAdhikAriyoM kA saMstaraNa mAtra karake santuSTa thaa|4 vijJajanoM kI samAlocanAtmaka gahana dRSTi ke uparAnta bhI vivecana kI dRSTi se yaha mata pUrNa pratIta nahIM hotA kyoMki jIvana mUlya hI kisI bhI vyakti athavA saMsthA ke nirmAtA niyantA hote haiM aura usake kriyAnvayana ke paricAyaka bhii| bauddha saMgha Arambha se hI madhyamA pratipadA kI dRSTi lekara calA to usane apane saMgha ke saMvidhAna aura usake kriyAnvayana meM bhI Adarza aura vyavahAra athavA AdhyAtmika aura bhautika ke madhya santulana rkhaa| jaina saMgha kA AdhAra hI prAsuka bhikSuoM kI AdhyAtmika aura naitika

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 113 paripUrNatA hai, unakI dRSTi hI pUrNa ahiMsA, pUrNasatya, pUrNa asteya, pUrNa aparigraha aura pUrNa brahmacarya kI hai| kAyaH, kleza, vairAgya, nagnatA, AmaraNa anazana jisa dRSTi ke utpreraka hoM vahAM bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI sampUrti kA gauNa viSaya bana jAnA na to saMgha kI nipUrNatA kA abhAva darzAtA hai na hI sAmitIya AdhAra para tulanAtmaka hiintaa| jinakA Adarza nagnatA hai, cIvarabhAjaka pada unake lie mahatvahIna hai| jo pANipAtrI haiM, pUrNa aparigrahI haiM unake lie bhANDAgArika pada svata: nagaNya hai| AdhyAtmika utkarSa ke satat sAdhaka ke lie bhautika vyavasthAoM ke niyama aura unakI kriyAnviti dekhanA supatha meM gatirodha aura pramAda kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai| yaha jaina saMgha kI dUradRSTi aura AcAryoM kI sUjhabUjha kA hI pariNAma rahA ki zramaNasaMgha sahasrAbdiyoM ke bAda bhI bauddha saMgha kI tulanA meM zakti saMpanna banA rahA aura anekoM avarodhoM ke uparAnta bhI jaina dharma kI dhArA avicchinna rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahI tathA apane tatvadarzana aura cintana se janajIvana ko anuprANita karatI rhii| yaha satya hai ki jaina saMghAdhikArI seha ziSya, zramaNa (bhikSu), AcArya, uvAjjhAya (upAdhyAya), AyArovAjjhayAya (AcAryopAdhyAya), pavati (pravartina), gaNi (gaNAdhipati), gaNahara (gaNadhara) tathA gaNavaccheiya (gaNavacchedaka) jaise padoM kI sthiti spaSTa nahIM hai| kintu isa pariprekSya meM jJAtavya hai ki zramaNasaMgha meM netRtva kA vikAsa aura pallavana eka hI sAtha ho gayA ho aisA nahIM thaa| isakA vikAsa kramika huA tathA jaise-jaise saMgha kA vistAra huA vaise-vaise sugamatA kI dRSTi se kArya kA vibhAjana huA aura netRtva kI dizAeM vikasita huiiN| __ kAlakrama se zramaNa saMgha meM ina vyavasthAoM kI jar3eM itanI gaharI aura dRr3ha ho gayIM ki unako zramaNa AcAra saMhitA ke tulya pratiSThA prApta ho gyii| kinhIM paramparAoM meM yaha dhAraNA puSTa ho gayI ki yaha pada vyavasthA svayaM mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita hai tathA unake samaya se hI pracalita hai| kahIM-kahIM aisA bhI mAnA jAne lagA ki ina sAta padoM kI nizrA ke binA sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko vihAra karanA bhI nahIM kalpatA arthAt zramaNasaMgha meM ina sAtoM padoM aura padAdhikAriyoM kI niyukti anivArya hai| saMgha kI ikAiyAM jainasaMgha ke pUrvavarNita sAta padAdhikAriyoM ke adhIna bhikSu kaI samUhoM meM vividha ikAiyoM meM baMTe the| yadyapi ina ikAiyoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM ke viSaya meM

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114 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti aMgoM meM adhika vyAkhyA nahIM haiM kintu inase aisA saMketa milatA hai ki yaha vividha padAdhikAriyoM ke adhIna prazAsanika ikAiyAM thiiN| yaha thIM : kula, gaNa tathA smbhog| kula kula gaNa ke nirmANa kI ikAI thii| aMga aura mUla sUtroM meM isake viSaya meM vivaraNa prApta nahIM hote| zramaNa jisa kula se sambandhita ho usake prati usase svAmibhakti kI AzA kI jAtI thii| TIkAkAra isakI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki yaha 'egAyAriyassa santAi'99 arthAt yaha eka viziSTa AcArya ke ziSyoM kA samUha hotA thaa| vaha ise gaccha se samIkRta kara dete haiN|100 gaNa gaNa sabase bar3I ikAI thii| prAcInatA kI dRSTi se yaha ikAI prAk mahAvIra tIrthaMkaroM taka pahuMcatI hai|101 bhASyakAroM ne gaNa kI vyAkhyA samAna vAcanAkriyA : sAdhu samudayaH arthAt zramaNoM kA samAna vAcanA vAle samUha102 ke rUpa meM kI hai| dUsarI vyAkhyA kula samudaya:103 arthAt kuloM kA samUha ke rUpa meM kI jAtI hai| kintu bhASyakAroM ne ise gaccha se ekIkRta kara diyA hai jisakI ki carcA Agama ke paravartI sAhitya meM milatI hai kintu mUla aMgoM meM kahIM-kahIM prApta hotI hai| bhagavatIsUtra kI TIkA ke anusAra gaNa kI racanA tIna kuloM se kI jAtI thii|104 bhikSu ko cha: mAha taka apanA gaNa badalane kI anumati nahIM thii|105 mahAvIra kI yaha vyavasthA thI ki jo nirgrantha jisa gaNa meM dIkSita ho, vaha jIvanaparyanta usI meM rhe| vizeSa prayojanavaza adhyayana Adi ke lie vaha guru kI AjJA se sAdharmika gaNoM meM jA sakatA thaa|106 parantu dUsare gaNa meM saMkramaNa karane ke pazcAt cha: mAsa taka vaha puna: parivartana nahIM kara sktaa|'07 cha: mAsa pazcAt vaha parivartana kara sakatA thaa| jo muni vizeSa kAraNa ke binA cha: mAsa ke bhItara-hI-bhItara gaNa parivartana kara letA, use gANaMgaNika kahA jAtA thaa|108 ullekhanIya hai ki mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara tatkAlIna saMgha ke gyAraha gaNoM ke pramukha the| isa prakAra saiddhAntika rUpa se pratyeka gaNa ko aise yogya vyakti ke adhIna rakhA gayA jo adhyApana meM nipUrNa tathA Adarzacaritra ho| __ isa prasaMga meM zrubiMga kI mAnyatA hai ki ina gaNadharoM ke uttarAdhikAriyoM ne siddhAntoM kA pracAra zAstra aura kuloM meM kiyaa| isa prakAra se gaNa saMjJA siddhAnta ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se pratyaya hai tathA eka takanIki zabda bhI hai|109

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa. 115 sambhoga uttarAdhyayana tathA sthAnAMgasUtra ke TIkAkAra sambhoga kI paribhASA ekAmaNDalikAbhoktRtvA:10 se karate haiM jisakA artha hai zramaNoM kA aisA samUha jo sAmAcArI dvArA baMdhA huA hai tathA jo bhikSA eka sAtha ekatra hokara letA hai| jaikobI ke anusAra yaha zramaNoM kA aisA samUha thA jo eka hI jile meM bhikSA mAMgatA thaa| samavAyAMgasUtra ke anusAra sambhoga kI saMracanA se usake sadasyoM ko kucha riyAyateM mila jAtI thiiN|12 ullekhanIya hai ki AcArya, upAdhyAya, thera, kulasaMgha, jJAna, darzana aura cAritra inameM se kisI se bhI dveSa karane para zramaNa ko sambhoga se niSkAsita kara diyA jAtA thaa|13 bauddha tathA jaina saMgha kI sakriya ikAiyoM meM vargIkaraNa kA vibhAga unake pravartakoM ke AdarzoM tathA saMgha prazAsana se niSpanna hai| buddha zAstra kI apekSA dharma ke amUrta netRtva ko adhika ucita mAnate the||14apne cahuM ora phaile gaNatantrAtmaka rAjyoM kI paddhati ke prazaMsaka hone ke nAte unhoMne apa o mRtyu ke pazcAt saMgha dvArA apanAne ke lie prajAtantrAtmaka paddhati ko pasanda kiyaa| isake viparIta mahAvIra ne uttarAdhikArI cunane kI pratiSThita paddhati ko hI anavarata rkhaa| 15 jaina saMgha kI ceSTA vyaktivAda kI ora adhika thii||16 pada nirvAcana jaina saMgha meM padAdhikAriyoM kI niyukti ke lie koI saMghIya nirvAcana praNAlI nahIM thii| nirvAcana kA ekamAtra adhikArI AcArya hI thaa| AcArya padAdhikAriyoM kA manonayana svayaM karate the| apekSA hone para saMgha athavA sthavira muniyoM kI sahamati lI jA sakatI thii| AcArya ke lie apane uttarAdhikArI AcArya kI niyukti jitanI anivArya samajhI jAtI thI utanI zeSa padoM kI nhiiN| vyavahArabhASya meM likhA hai ki AcArya moha cikitsA yA rogacikitsA ke lie kisI anya gaNa meM jAye to asthAyI rUpa se uttarAdhikArI kI niyukti avazya karake jaaye|17 vyavahArabhASya ke cUrNikAra ne likhA hai ki uttarAdhikAra kI dRSTi se AcArya do prakAra ke hote haiM-gacchasApekSa aura gcchnirpekss| gacchasApekSa AcArya apanI vidyamAnatA meM hI uttarAdhikArI kI niyukti kara dete haiM, jisase unakA dehAnta hone para saMgha ko kaThinAI nahIM jhelanI pdd'tii| AcArya ko cAhie ki vaha apane jIvanakAla meM hI saMgha kA bhAvI upAdhyAya yA netA niyukta kara deN|

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___ 116 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti gacchanirpekSa AcArya apanA uttarAdhikArI niyukta nahIM karate para isase saMgha ke ahita kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| saMgha meM saMgharSa kI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai| yadi AcArya ko bhAvI niyukti ke lie yogya AcArya na mileM yA unakA dehAnta acAnaka ho jAye to saMgha ko cAhie ki vaha asthAyI AcArya yA upAdhyAya cuna le aura nirvAcakagaNa yaha ghoSaNA kareM ki sthAyI niyukti taka yaha hamAre netA haiN|19 AcArya yadi jinakalpa sAdhanA svIkAra karanA cAheM yA AmaraNa anazana karanA cAhe to asthAyI rUpa se kisI AcArya yA upAdhyAya ko kAryabhAra avazya sauMpa kara jaaeN|120 ina ullekhoM se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki zramaNasaMgha meM AcArya athavA upAdhyAya ke nirvAcana ke sAtha anya adhikArI varga kA nirvAcana anivArya nahIM thaa| AcArya cAhate to zeSa sabhI vibhAgoM kA kAryabhAra svayaM saMbhAlate yA kucha para anya samartha muniyoM kI niyukti karate the||21 ___ jaina zramaNa tathA zramaNI ko Adeza hai ki kisI kAryavaza gRhastha ke ghara jAeM to AcArya, upAdhyAya, pravartaka, sthavira, gaNI, gaNadhara, gaNavacchedaka jinakI nizrA meM vaha raha rahA hai, unase binA pUche nahIM jaaye||22 ___ muni saMgha jisake netRtva meM vihAra kara rahA ho usake divaMgata ho jAne para saMgha kisI upasampadA yogya zramaNa kI nizrA svIkAra kre| yadi koI yogya na ho to jo zruta aura paryAya kI dRSTi se jyeSTha ho usakI nizrA svIkAra kre||23 yadi vaha bhI na ho to jidhara anya sAdharmika sAdhu hoM udhara vihAra kre||24 kintu yogya netRtva ke binA nahIM rhe| zramaNa saMgha meM sAta padoM kI vyavasthA hote hue bhI dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se padoM aura kAryakSetroM kA saMkoca aura vistAra hotA rahA hai pada saMkhyA kI nyUnAdhikatA kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki aneka bAra eka hI vyakti adhika padoM kA dAyitva saMbhAla letA thaa| jaina zramaNa saMgha ke vistAra, sthirIkaraNa aura abhyudaya kI dRSTi se yaha pada vyavasthA bahuta mUlyavAna siddha huI aura vIra nirvANa kI eka sahasrAbdi taka calatI rhii| pravajyA lene yA vairAgya ke kAraNa sthAnAMgasUtra meM pravrajyA lene ke dasa kAraNa batAye gaye haiN|25 (1) chandA: apanI yA dUsaroM kI icchA se lI jAne vaalii| (2) roSA: krodha se lI jAne vaalii|

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa. 117 (3) paridhanA: daridratA se lI jAne vaalii| (4) svapnA: svapna ke nimitta se lI jAne vaalii| (5) pratizrutA: pahale kI huI pratijJA ke kAraNa lI jAne vaalii| (6) smaraNikA: janma janmAntaroM kI smRti hone para lI jAne vaalii| (7) rogiNikA: roga kA nimitta milane para lI jAne vaalii| (8) anAdRtA: anAdara hone para lI jAne vaalii| (9) devasaMjJapti: deva ke dvArA pratibaddha hokara lI jAne vaalii| (10) vatsAnuvandhikA: dIkSita hote hue putra ke nimitta se lI jAne vaalii| pravajyA athavA saMgha pradeza ke lie yogyatA zramaNa ucca naitikatA tathA Atma saMyama ke pratIka hote the| isa pratimAna ko akSuNNa rakhane ke lie saMgha praveza ke pUrva kucha arhatAoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA thaa| yadyapi saMgha jIvana jAti yA pratiSThA kI dRSTi se sabake lie mukta thaa|26 kintu kucha apavAda bhI the| saMgha praveza ke niyamoM kA kAlAntara meM vikAsa yaha darzAtA hai ki kucha nihita svArthoM kA saMgha praveza ho cukA thA jo jIvanayApana ke lie saMgha meM praviSTa ho jAte the tAki acchA bhojana mila sake, ekAnta jIvana se mukti mila sake athavA RNa se chuTakArA mila ske||27 sthAnAMgasUtra!28 ke anusAra napuMsaka, rogI evaM kAyara ko saMgha meM praveza nahIM denA caahie| isake atirikta ATha varSa se kama Ayu ke bAlaka!29 vRddha evaM durbala vyakti, apaMga 30, mUr3ha, DAkU, rAjAparAdhI, unmatta, aMdhe, dAsa, dhUrta, mUrkha, RNI, sevaka tathA apahRta vyakti, garbhavatI strI tathA bAlaka kA saMgha praveza niSiddha thaa|131 __ jAti kisI prakAra kI apAtratA nahIM thI kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki brAhmaNoM kA jAtivAda jaina dharma meM vyAvahArika rUpa meM praviSTa ho gayA thaa||32 dharmasaMgraha!33 ke anusAra zramaNatatva svIkAra karane ke lie Avazyaka thA ki zramaNa (1) AryakSetra meM janmA ho, (2) uccavarNa yA jAti kA ho, (3) bar3e pApoM se mukta ho, (4) pavitra buddhi ho| saMgha praveza kI arhatAoM meM jijJAsu kI zArIrika samarthatA ke sAtha hI usakI

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118 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti naitika sAmarthya bhI mahatvapUrNa thii| kintu, AryabhUmi kA janmA honA yA ucca jAti kA honA, brAhmaNa dharma ke prabhAva ke kAraNa thA / 134 pravacana - sAroddhAra ke anusAra bhI heya vyavasAya meM lage vyakti dIkSA ke ayogya the| jinake sambandhiyoM se anujJA nahIM milatI ho vaha bhI saMgha meM nahIM jA sakate the| 135 ullekhanIya hai ki bauddha aura jaina saMghoM ke niyamAnusAra yaha iSTakara nahIM samajhA jAtA thA ki bahuta bar3e zramika varga ko saMgha meM lekara sAMsArika kartavyoM se virata kara diyA jAye / koI dAsa yA RSi vyakti bauddha saMgha meM taba taka praveza nahIM kara sakate the jaba taka ki dAsa kA mAlika use dAsatva se mukta na kara de aura RNI apanA RNazodhana na kara de| 1 36 saMgha meM praveza karane ke lAbha spaSTa the| 137 isakA kAraNa bahusaMkhyA meM loga saMgha praveza ke lie utsAhita bhI the aura utsuka bhii| ataeva saMgha meM avAMchanIya tatvoM ke praveza ko rokane ke lie jaina aura bauddha saMgha ne niyamoM kA vistAra kiyaa| yaha niyama lagabhaga samAna the / 1 38 zArIrika svAsthya ko prAthamikatA dete hue kuSTha, gaMDa, carmaroga, kSaya tathA apasmAra pIr3itoM ke lie saMgha praveza niSiddha thA / 1 39 isI prakAra vAtika bhI praveza nahIM pA sakate the / 140 ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki sAmAjika tathA rAjanItika sthiti ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue saMgha ke lie niyama bane / udAharaNa ke lie buddha ne rAjya kI kriyAvidhi meM hastakSepa se bacane ke lie sainikoM tathA rAjyapadAdhikAriyoM, dhvajabandhacoroM, kArAbhedakoM, kaSAghAta se daNDanIya lakSaNAhata likhitaka cora tathA prAmANika hatyAroM ko saMgha praveza kI anujJA nahIM dI / 14 1 isI prakAra kAlAntara meM buddha ne paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa niyama banAye tathA apAtroM kI sUcI meM mAtRhantA, pitRhantA, arihantaghAtaka, bhikSuNIdUSaka tathA saMghabhedaka ko sammilita kiyaa| 142 ina niSedhoM se spaSTa tAtparya yaha thA ki saMgha meM koI aisA vyakti praviSTa na ho jAye jo pahale se hI kAnUna ke zikaMje meM kasA ho aura jisake kAraNa samasta saMgha rAjakopa athavA apakIrti kA bhAgI ho / rudhirotpAdaka honA evaM corI se saMgha praveza bhI avAMchanIya mAne jAte the| niSkramaNa saMskAra jaina saMgha meM praveza ke lie mAtA-pitA athavA abhibhAvaka kI anumati Avazyaka thI / 143 caturthI tathA aSTamI ke atirikta pravrajyA grahaNa kI jA sakatI thI / Arambha meM pravrajyA mahAvIra ke sammukha lenI hotI thI kintu kAlAntara meM caityagRha meM

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 119 AcArya yA upAdhyAya ke samakSa lI jAne lgii| AcArAMgasUtra meM mahAvIra ke niSkramaNa ke prasaMga meM ullekha hai ki unhoMne apane vastrAbhUSaNoM kA tyAga kara diyA tathA apane kezoM ko paMcamuTThi loya dvArA nikAla diyA, sabhI muktAtmAoM ko namaskAra kiyA tathA koI pApapUrNa kArya na karane kA praNa karate hue pavitra AcaraNa ko svIkAra kiyaa| 44 tatkAlIna samAja meM zramaNoM ko vizeSa pratiSThA prApta thI tathA pravajita zramaNa ke AzritoM kI dekhabhAla rAjya dvArA kI jAtI thii| __ jJAtRdharma kathA'45 meM meghakumAra ke niSkramaNa saMskAra kA vistAra se varNana milatA hai jahAM meghakumAra ne guNazIla caitya meM pahuMcakara apane vastra aura AbhUSaNa utAra DAle, paMcamuSTi se apane kezoM kA loMca kara bhagavAna kI pradakSiNA kI aura hAtha jor3akara paryupAsanA meM lIna ho gye| mahAvIra ne meghakumAra ko ziSyarUpa meM svIkAra kara liyaa| ___ yadi tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAye to bauddhasaMgha meM bhI Arambha meM svayaM buddha ne hI pravrajyA dI thii| tathAgata kI zaraNa lene se hI pravrajyA sampanna ho jAtI thI jaisA ki paMcavargIya bhikSa Adi ke udAharaNa se spaSTa hai| paMcavargIya bhikSaoM ne saMgha meM praveza yaha kaha kara mAMgA thA ki 'hama loga bhagavAna ke nikaTa pravrajyA pAyeM, upasampadA pAyeM' aura zAstA ne yaha kaha kara unako dIkSita kiyA ki 'Ao dharma svAkhyAta hai, acchI taraha dukha ke nAza ke lie brahmacarya kA pAlana kro|'146 ___ buddha ne jaba se bhikSuoM ko dharma pracAra ke lie nAnA dizAoM meM bhejA unheM pravrajyA evaM upasampadA dene kI anumati dii| kapilavasta meM isI prakAra rAhalakamAra kI pravrajyA zArIputra dvArA saMbhava huii| pravrajyA ke prArthI ko sira aura dAr3hI muMDavA kara, kASAya vastra pahana kara, uttarAsaMgha se eka kandhA Dhaka kara, baiThakara aura hAtha jor3akara tIna bAra yaha kahanA par3atA thA ki vaha buddha kI zaraNa jAtA hai, dharma kI zaraNa jAtA hai, saMgha kI zaraNa jAtA hai|147 kAlAntara meM tathAgata ke kisI yogya ziSya ko apanA AcArya yA upAdhyAya banAkara usake nikaTa trizaraNagamana ke dvArA saMnyAsa dIkSA dI jAne lgii||48 pAli vinaya se bauddha saMgha meM praveza ke niyamoM kA vikAsa jJAta hotA hai| 49 buddha kA saMgha praveza kA sUtra bar3A sarala thaa| vaha prathamAvasthA meM bhikSu ko sarvaduHkhoM se mukti tathA dharma aMgIkAra karane ke lie AhvAna karate the| dUsarI avasthA meM pravezArthI muNDita zira, gerue vastra meM saMgha ke samakSa trizaraNa kI prApti ghuTanoM ke bala baiTha kara karatA thaa| tIsarI avasthA meM use AcArya yA upAdhyAya dvArA bhikSu pariSada ke samakSa upasthita kiyA jAtA thaa| yadi kisI ko Apatti nahIM hotI to vaha pravajita mAna liyA jAtA thaa||50 jaina tathA bauddha donoM hI saMghoM meM bhikSu kI avasthA prApta karane se pUrva

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120 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti pravezArthI kI yogyatA kI puSTi ke lie tathA saMgha kI apanI santuSTi ke lie parivIkSA kAla nirdhArita kiyA gayA thaa| Arambha meM bauddha saMgha meM praveza pravrajyA tathA puSTIkaraNa upasampadA sAtha-sAtha calatI thI kintu bAda meM ina donoM ke bIca ke antarAla ko prArthI kA parivIkSA kA kAla samajhA jAne lgaa| 11 bauddha saMgha meM upasampadA puSTIkaraNa ko pRthakarUpa se Ayojita kiyA jAtA thA tathA isa viSaya meM vistRta niyama bane hue the tAki kahIM avAMchanIya vyakti kI puSTi bhikSu ke rUpa meM na ho jaaye| ThIka isI prakAra jaina saMgha meM bhI seha arthAt navazramaNa ko kama se kama eka saptAha tathA jyAdA se jyAdA cha: mAha taka parivIkSA para rakhA jAtA thaa| ausatana yaha kAla cAra mAha kA mAnA jAtA thaa| 52 isa avadhi meM seha eka sacce bhikSu kI jIvana paddhati aMgIkAra karane kA yatna karatA thA tathA isa prakAra niSkarSa rUpa meM utthAvanA sAvadhAnI ke vratoM ko karane ke pazcAt puSTIkaraNa kI yogyatA arjita kara letA thA / 153 isa kAla meM seha ko AcArya yA upAdhyAya ke nirdezana meM rahanA hotA thaa| koI bhI vyakti ayogya vyakti kI saMgha meM anuzaMsA nahIM kara sakatA thA anyathA use daNDa kA bhAgI honA par3atA thA / 1 54 guru-ziSya sambandha seha jaina saMgha meM praviSTa sArdhavihArI ko seha ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| vaha cha: mAha, cAra mAha athavA eka saptAha ke lie parivIkSA para rahatA thA / 155 parivIkSA meM uttIrNa hone para hI vaha saMgha kA niyamita sadasya banatA thaa| 156 isake pazcAt vaha antevAsI S7 ho sakatA thaa| yahIM se ziSya kI muni jIvana kI sAdhanA Arambha ho jAtI thii| muni jIvana kI sAdhanA ke lie do anubandha haiM (1) sambandhoM kA tyAga, tathA (2) indriya aura mana kI upazAnti / Arambhika anubandhoM kI pUrti ke pazcAt antevAsI ko sAdhana kI tIna bhUmikAoM se nikalanA par3atA thA / 1 58 (a) prathama bhUmikA pravrajita hone se lekara adhyayana kAla taka kI hai| isameM use dhyAna kA alpa abhyAsa tathA zruta adhyayana ke lie Avazyaka tapa karanA hotA thaa| (ba) dUsarI bhUmikA ziSyoM ke adhyApana aura dharma ke pracAra prasAra kI hai| isameM vaha dhyAna kI prakRSTa sAdhanA aura kucha lambe upavAsa karanA thaa| 159

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 121 (sa) tIsarI bhUmikA zarIra tyAga kI hai| jaba vaha Atmahita ke sAtha-sAtha saMgha hita kara cukatA hai, taba ziSya samAdhikaraNa ke lie zarIra tyAga kI taiyArI meM laga jAtA hai| isa samaya use dIrghakAlIna dhyAna aura tapa kI sAdhanA karanI hotI hai| bauddha saMgha meM bhI pravrajita bhikSu jisakI upasampadA deg nahIM huI hai zramaNera kahalAtA thaa| use eka upAdhyAya aura eka AcArya cunakara unake nizraya meM rahanA par3atA thaa| pahale pravrajyA aura upasampadA sAtha sAtha ho jAtI thI, kintu kAlAntara meM kucha antarAla Avazyaka ho gyaa| sambhavata: isakA kAraNa aise bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA thI jo buddha ke vyaktigata jAnakArI kSetra ke nahIM hote the tathA tathAgata ke atirikta anya vyaktiyoM dvArA bhI dIkSita hote the| 161 AcAryopAdhyAya tathA seha kA sambandha lagabhaga vaisA hI hotA thA jaisA ki vaidika paramparA meM guru ziSya kA tathA bauddha paramparA meM upAdhyAya aura zramara kaa|.2 yaha sambandha bhAvAtmaka rUpa meM pitA-putra sambandhoM ke tulya the| vaidika paramparA ke samAna / jaina cintana meM bhI vidyA ko muktikAraka mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM adhyayana ke do kAraNa batAye gaye haiM 163- (1) sva kI mukti ke lie, tathA (2) para kI mukti ke lie| adhyayana ke cAra abhipreraka batAye gaye haiM 164_ (1) zruta kI prApti, (2) citta kI ekAgratA, (3) AtmA ko dharma meM sthApita karanA, tathA (4) dharma meM sthita dvArA anya ko dharma meM sthApita karanA / ATha lakSaNayukta vyakti ko zikSA prApta hotI hai 165_ (1) jo hAsya nahIM karatA, ( 2 ) jo indriya aura mana kA damana karatA hai, (3) jo marma prakAzita nahIM karatA, (4) jo caritravAna hotA hai, (5) jo rasoM meM atigRddha nahIM hotA,

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122 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (6) jo duHkhazIla nahIM hotA, - (7) jo krodha nahIM karatA, tathA (8) jo satya meM rata rahatA hai| bahuzrutatA kA pramukha kAraNa hai viny| jo vyakti vinIta hotA hai usakA zruta phalavAna hotA hai| stabdhatA, krodha, pramAda aura roga evaM Alasya yaha pAMca zikSA ke vighna haiN||66 inakI tulanA yoga mArga ke nau vighnoM se hotI hai| 67 brahmacarya ko vaidika, bauddha aura jaina tInoM hI paramparAoM meM ziSya ke lie Adarza samajhA jAtA thaa| ziSya se apekSA kI jAtI thI ki vaha vibhUSA kA varjana kare aura zarIra kI zobhA bar3hAne vAle keza. dADhI Adi ko zrRMgAra ke lie dhAraNa na kre||68 yahI kAraNa hai ki jaba jaina saMgha meM pravezArthI ko yaha jJAta ho jAtA ki usakA praveza nirasta nahIM huA hai, taba vaha sabhI bhautika vastuoM ko tyAga kara pUrNa aparigraha kA pAlana karate hue muNDita zira ho jAtA thaa| bhikSu banane kI prakriyA meM use sarvaprathama paMcamuTThiloya karanA hotA thaa| ___ isa dina ke bAda se vaha kabhI bhI apane bAla gAya ke bAloM se adhika nahIM bar3hA sakatA thaa| mAha meM do bAra use kaiMcI yA ustare se bAla muMDavAne hote the||69 zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa aura gaMdha ina pAMca prakAra ke kAmaguNoM kA use sadA varNana karanA hotA thaa|170 AtmagaveSI ziSya ke lie yaha daza vyavahAra tAlapuTa viSa ke samAna samajhe . jAte the|7| yaha the (1) striyoM se AkIrNa Alaya, (2) manorama strIkathA, (3) striyoM kA paricaya, (4) unakI indriyoM ko dekhanA, (5) unake kUjana, rodana, gIta aura hAsya yukta zabdoM ko sunanA, (6) mukta bhoga aura sahAvasthAna ko yAda krnaa| (7) praNIta pAna bhojana, (8) mAtrA se adhika pAna bhojana, (9) zarIra ko vibhUSita karane kI icchA, tathA (10) durjaya kaambhog| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ziSya ke lie vinaya'72 arthAt AtmAnuzAsana kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai ki jo guru kI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai, guru kI suzruSA karatA hai, unake iMgita aura AkAra ko jAnatA hai, vaha vinIta ziSya kahalAtA hai| 73 ziSya

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 123 se apekSA kI jAtI thI ki vaha AcArya ke samakSa sadA prazAnta rahe, vAcAla na ho| unake pAsa arthayukta padoM ko sIkhe aura nirarthaka kathAoM kA varjana kre| guru dvArA anuzAsita kiye jAne para krodha na kare, aparAdha kI kSamAyAcanA kre| kSudra vyakti ke sAtha saMsarga, hAsya aura krIr3A na kre| cANDAlocita karma krUra vyavahAra na kre| ucita kAla meM svAdhyAya aura dhyAna kre| guru kI prasannatA ziSya ke lie arthakArI thii||74 tatvavita AcArya adhyApana se pUrva hI ziSya ke vinaya se paricita ho jAne ke kAraNa prasanna hone para hI use mokSa ke hetubhUta zrutajJAna kA lAbha karavAte the||75 apekSita thA ki ziSya ekAnta meM athavA anya ke samakSa vacana athavA karma se kabhI bhI AcArya ke pratikUla vyavahAra na kre| bulAye jAne para kisI bhI avasthA meM mauna na rahe tathA sadA unake samIpa banA rhe|176 __ziSya guru yA AcArya ke barAbara na baiThe, Asana yA bichaune para baiTha kara na to guru se Adeza grahaNa kare na prazna puuche| guru se nIce, akampamAna aura sthira Asana para baitthe| prayojana hone para bhI bAra-bAra na utthe| sthira aura zAnta karabaddha hokara baiThe tathA hAtha-paira se capalatA na kre|77 samayaM para bhikSA ke lie nikale, samaya para lauTa aaye| AcArya ko kupita na kare, svayaM kupita na ho| AcArya kA udghAta karane vAlA nahIM ho, chidrAnveSI na ho||78 jo zAnta hue vivAda ko phira na ubhAr3e, kutarka se prajJAhanana nahIM kare, kadAgraha aura kalaha meM rata na ho||79 jo AcArya ko chor3a kara dUsare dharmasampradAyoM meM calA jAye, cha: mAha kI avadhi meM eka gaNa se dUsare meM calA jAye vaha ziSya nindA pAtA thaa||80 duHzIla, guru ke pratikUla vartana karane vAlA ziSya-gaNa se nikAla diyA jAtA thaa||81 | svAdhyAya zramaNa tathA zramaNI ke svAdhyAya ke lie cAra kAla nirdhArita the|82 (1) pUrvArddha meM : dina ke prathama prahara meM, (2) aparAhna meM : dina ke antima prahara meM, (3) pradoSa meM : rAtri ke prathama prahara meM, (4) pratyUSa meM : rAtri ke antima prahara meN| isI prakAra cAra saMdhyAoM meM svAdhyAya niSiddha thaa|83 : - (1) sUryodaya se pUrva,

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124 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (2) sUryAsta ke pazcAta, (3) madhyAnha saMdhyA tathA (4) arddharAtri sNdhyaa| cAra pratipadAoM meM bhI svAdhyAya niSiddha thaa|84 (1) ASADha pratipadA (2) indramaha pratipadA (3) kArtika pratipadA (4) sugrISma pratipadA : : : : sAvana kA pahalA dina, kArtika kA prathama dina, maMgasara kA prathama dina, vaizAkha kA prathama din| asvAdhyAyI kA mUla vaidika sAhitya meM DhUMr3hA jA sakatA hai| jaina sAhitya meM use lokaviruddha hone ke kAraNa mAnyatA milii| Ayurveda ke granthoM meM bhI asvAdhyAyI kI paramparA kA ullekha milatA hai||85 kRSNapakSa kI caturdazI aura amAvasyA, zuklapakSa kI aSTamI, caturdazI aura pUrNimA, sUryodaya tathA sUryAsta ke samaya, akAla, varSA, bijalI camakanA, meghagarjana, AtmIya, svajana, rASTra aura rAjA ke ApatkAla, zmazAna, savArI yAtrAkAla meM vadhasthAna, yuddha ke samaya, mahotsava tathA utpAta ulkApAta, bhUkampa, bAr3ha, AMdhI ke dina, jina dinoM brAhmaNa anadhyAya rakhate haiM una dinoM tathA una dezoM meM evaM apavitra avasthA meM adhyayana nahIM karanA caahie||86 jainAgama bhI isI paramparA ko mAnate haiN| ___AcAryopAdhyAya ke lie bhI Avazyaka thA ki jo ziSya vinayayukta ho usake pUchane para artha aura tadubhaya sUtra aura artha donoM jaise sune hoM jAne hoM vaisA btaaye||87 kucha guru bhI adhyApana ke ayogya samajhe jAte the||88 isa prakAra jaina mata meM guru ziSya sambandha bhAratIya saMskRti ke anurUpa hI ghaniSTa va anuzAsanapUrNa the| sAmAcArI sAmAcArI 89 saMghIya jIvana jIne kI kalA hai| isase pArasparika ekatA kI bhAvanA panapatI hai| saMgha dRr3ha banatA hai| AcAra jIvanamukti kA sAdhana hai| jo muni saMghIya jIvanayApana karate haiM unake lie vyavahArAtmaka AcAra bhI utanA hI mahatvapUrNa hai jitanA vratAtmaka aacaar| jisa saMgha yA samUha meM vyavahArAtmaka AcAra kI unnata vidhi hai, usakI samyak paripAlanA hotI hai, vaha saMgha dIrghAyu hotA hai| usakI ekatA akhaNDa hotI hai| samAcArI do prakAra kI hotI hai-(1) ogha sAmAcArI evaM (2) pada vibhAga saamaacaarii|

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa. 125 ogha sAmAcArI ke isa prakAra haiN|90 (1) AvazyakI (3) ApRcchA (5) chandanA (7) mithyAkAra (9) abhyutthAna (2) naiSedhikI (4) pratipRcchA (6) icchAkAra (8) tathAkAra (10) upsmpdaa| dasavidha sAmAcArI kI samyak paripAlanA se aneka guNa utpanna hote haiN| AvazyakI-naSedhikI 'sAmAnya vidhi yaha hai ki muni jahAM ThaharA ho, usa upAzraya se bAhara na jaaye| vizeSa vidhi ke anusAra Avazyaka kArya hone para vaha bAhara jA sakatA hai| kintu bAhara jAte samaya AvazyakI kare, AvazyakI kA uccAraNa kre| "Avazyaka kArya se bAhara jA rahA hUM" ise nirantara dhyAna meM rkhe| anAvazyaka kArya meM pravRtti nahIM kre| kArya se nivRtta hokara jaba vaha sthAna meM praveza kare to naiSedhikI kA uccAraNa kre| "maiM Avazyaka kArya se nivRtta ho cukA hUM, pravRtti ke samaya koI akaraNIya kArya huA ho to usakA niSedha karatA hUM, usase apane Apako dUra karatA huuN|'' isa bhAvanA ke sAtha vaha sthAna meM praveza karatA hai| yaha sAdhuoM ke gamanAgamana kI sAmAcArI hai| gamana aura Agamana kAla meM usakA lakSya abAdhita rahe isakA ina do sAmAcAriyoM meM samyak cintana hai| ApRcchA-pratipRcchA sAmAnya vidhi yaha hai ki ucchavAsa aura ni:zvAsa ke atirikta zeSa sabhI kAryoM ke lie guru kI AjJA lenI caahie| AjJA ke do sthAna batAye gaye haiM-(1) svayaMkaraNa (2) prkrnn| svayaMkaraNa ke lie ApRcchA prathama bAra pUchane tathA parakaraNa ke lie pratipRcchA punaH pUchane kA vidhAna hai| prayojanAvaza kisI bhI kArya kI pravRtti ke lie guru se AjJA prApta karane ko ApRcchA kahA jAtA hai| guru ke dvArA kisI bhI kArya kI pravRtti ke lie pUrvaniSiddha kArya kI AvazyakatA hone para guru se usakI AjJA prApta karane ko pratipRcchA kahA jAtA hai| guru ke dvArA kisI kArya para niyukta hone para use Arambha karate samaya puna: guru kI AjJA lenI caahie| yaha pratipRcchA kA Azaya hai|192

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126 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti chandanA-abhyutthAna muni ko bhikSA meM jo prApta ho usake lie anya sAdhuoM ko nimantrita karanA cAhie tathA jo prApta na ho use lene jAye taba anya sAdhuoM se pUchanA cAhie ki "kyA maiM Apake lie bhojana lAUM' ina donoM samAcAriyoM ko chandanA tathA abhyutthAna kahA jAtA hai| Avazyaka niyukti ke anusAra ise nimantraNa ke artha meM bhI prayukta karate haiN| icchAkAra-mithyAkAra saMghIya vyavasthA meM paraspara sahayoga liyA jAtA hai, kintu vaha bala prerita na hokara icchA prerita honA caahiye| bar3A sAdhu choTe sAdhu se yA choTA sAdhu bar3e sAdhu se koI kAma karAnA cAhe to use icchAkAra kA prayoga karanA caahie| "yadi ApakI icchA ho to merA kAma Apa kareM" aisA kahanA caahie||94 sAdhaka ke dvArA bhUla honA sambhava hai kintu apanI bhUla kA bhAna hote hI use mithyAkAra kA prayoga karanA caahie|195 jo duSkRta ko mithyA mAnakara usase nivRtta hotA hai, usI kA duSkRta mithyA hotA hai| tathAkAra-upasampadA jo muni kalpa aura akalpa ko jAnatA hai, mahAvrata meM sthita hotA hai, use tathAkAra kA prayoga karanA caahie| guru jaba sUtra par3hAyeM, sAmAcArI Adi kA upadeza deM taba tathAkAra kA prayoga karanA caahie| Apa jo kahate haiM vaha saca hai| isa prakAra kahanA caahie|196 ___prAcIna kAla meM aneka gaNa the| vyavasthA kI dRSTi se eka sAdhu dUsare gaNa meM nahIM jA sakatA thaa| ApavAdika vidhi ke anusAra tIna kAraNoM se dUsare gaNa meM jAnA vihita thaa| dUsare gaNa meM jAne ko upasampadA kahA jAtA thaa|97 jJAna kI vartanA punarAvRtti yA guNana, saMdhAna, truTita jJAna ko pUrNa karane aura nayA jJAna prApta karane ke lie jo upasampadA svIkAra kI jAtI thI use jJAnArtha upasampadA kahA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra darzana viSayaka zAstroM ke grahaNa ke lie darzanArtha upasampadA svIkAra kI jAtI thii||98 vaiyAvRtya aura tapasyA kI viziSTa ArAdhanA ke lie cAritrArtha upasampadA kI jAtI thii|

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 127 sAdhu ke upakaraNa nirgrantha zramaNa do prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM--(1) jinakalpI aura 2 sthavira klpii| jinakalpa zramaNoM ko saMgha ke niyamoM se Upara mAnA jAtA thaa| yaha nagna rahate the aura pANi-pAtrabhojI hote the|199 bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra jinakalpa sAdhu bhojana prApta kara ke eka prahara meM hI use khA letA hai|200 tathA pramukha udyAna se Age bhikSA ke lie nahIM jaataa|201 sthavirakalpI sAdhu saMgha meM rahate the tathA niyamoM se calate the| vaha vastra pahanate the tathA apane sAtha kaI vastueM bhI rakhate the| jinakalpI zramaNoM ke do anya prakAra the-(1) pANipAtra bhojI tathA (2) prtigrhdhaarii| pANipAtrabhojI rajoharaNa aura mukhavastra ke sAtha eka, do athavA tIna vastra kalpa dhAraNa karate haiN| pratigrahadhArI vastra dhAraNa nahIM karate lekina bAraha upakaraNa rakhate haiN| yaha haiM pAtra, pAtrabandha, pAtrasthApanana, pAtra kesarikA (pAtramukhavastrikA) paTala (UnIvastra) sjastrANa, 2-gocchaka, do pracchAdaka vastra, rajoharaNa aura mukhavastrikA usameM mAtraka aura colapaTTa milA dene se sthavira kalpiyoM202 ke caudaha upakaraNa ho jAte haiN|203 isake atirikta vaha eka DaNDA bhI rakhate the|204 anyapAtroM meM nandIbhAjana, patadgRha, vipadgRha, kamar3haka vimAtraka aura zramaNabhAjaka ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN|205 varSARtu ke yogya upakaraNoM meM Dagala, kSAra, kuTamUlara, ghar3e jaisA pAtra, tIna prakAra ke mAtraka, lepa, pAdalekhanikA, saMstAraka, pITha aura phalaka ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN|206 vastraiSaNA zramaNa athavA zramaNI ko yadi vastra kI AvazyakatA ho to vaha UnI, rezamI, sana, khajUra kI pattiyoM, kapAsa athavA arkatUla yA isI prakAra ke vastroM kI yAcanA kre| yadi vaha yauvana se pUrNa svasthya bhikSu hai to vaha eka vastra dhAraNa kara sakatA hai, do nhiiN| yadi vaha bhikSuNI zramaNI hai to use cAra aise vastra rakhane kI anujJA hai jisameM eka do hAtha caur3A, do tIna hAtha caur3e tathA eka cAra hAtha caur3A ho|207 yadi use aisA vastra na mile to vaha eka se dUsare ko jor3a kara siile| zramaNa athavA zramaNI vastraiSaNA ke lie Adhe yojana se dUra jAne kA nizcaya nahIM kre| vaha aise vastra svIkAra na kare jinheM ki gRhastha zrAvaka zramaNa ke lie lAyA ho, vastra dhulA huA ho, raMgA gayA ho, jhar3A huA ho, svaccha ho, sugandhita ho tathA dAtA ne svayaM use zramaNa ke yogya banAyA ho|208 alaMkRta va mUlyavAna vastra svIkAra nahIM kre| vastraiSaNA ke cAra niyama haiM

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128 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (1) pahalA zramaNa athavA zramaNI aise vastroM kI eSaNA kara sakate haiN| jaise Una, rezama, sana, khajUra kI pattI tathA arkatUla Adi 1209 (2) dUsarA vaha aise vastroM kI eSaNA kara sakate haiM jinakA ki unhoMne svayaM bhalI bhAMti nirIkSaNa kara liyA ho / 210 (3) vaha uttaravAsaka yA uttarIya kI eSaNA kara sakate haiN| (4) vaha aise vastra kI bhI eSaNA kara sakate haiM jinakI ki kisI anya zramaNa brAhmaNa, abhyAgata, khairAtI yA bhikhArI ko jarurata ho / vaha aise vastra svIkAra kare jo zarIra ke anurUpa na hoM, majabUta na hoM, TikAU na hoM tathA vizeSarUpa se unake pahanane ke lie bane hoM / 2 1 1 jo zramaNa tIna vastra aura eka pAtra rakhane kI maryAdA meM sthita hai usakA mana aisA nahIM hotA ki vaha cauthe vastra kI yAcanA kregaa| vaha yathA eSaNIya apanI kalpamaryAdA ke anusAra gRhaNIya vastroM kI yAcanA kre| vaha yathAgrahIta vastroM ko dhAraNa kare, na choTA bar3A kare, na saMvAre / grAmAntara jAtA huA vastroM ko chupAkara na cle| vaha alpa, atisAdhAraNa vastra dhAraNa kare tathA avamacelika ho jAye | 212 zramaNa jaba yaha jAne ki hemanta bIta gayA hai, grISma Rtu A gayI hai taba vaha yathAparijIrNa vastroM kA parityAga kare | 213 unakA visarjana kara vaha eka antaravAsaka, sUtIvastra aura eka uttaravAsaka UnIvastra rkhe| eka zATaka rahe yA acela vastra rahita ho jaaye| lAghava kA cintana karate hue vaha vastroM kA kramika visarjana kare | 214 bhojana jIvana kI mUla AvazyakatAoM meM se bhojana eka hai| yadyapi digambara paramparA ke anusAra kevalI ko bhojana kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI kintu zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra zramaNa isakA apavAda nahIM hai / yadyapi pratyeka paristhiti meM use apanI AvazyakatAoM ko nyUnatama karane kI AvazyakatA hai| bhojana mAtra jaTharAgni kI zAnti ke lie hai, usake sAtha koI rAga yA eSaNA nahIM honI cAhie | zramaNa ko isa prakAra bhikSA mAMganI cAhie ki zrAvaka ko usake kAraNa kiMcita mAtra bhI asuvidhA nahIM ho | 215 hindU zAstroM ke anusAra bhI bhikSA bheSaja ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanI cAhie Ananda pAne ke lie nahIM, kyoMki bhikSu ke lie sabhI sAMsArika Ananda varjita the aura usakA kSetra bahuta sImita thA ataeva isa bAta kI atyadhika sambhAvanA thI ki vaha bhojana para apanI pasanda ko kendrita nahIM kara de | 216 jaina zAstroM ne bhojana viSaya meM aneka niyama banAye haiM jinase ki bhikSA pAne

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 129 vAle yA dene vAle ko doSa lagatA hai| 217 zramaNa ko doSayukta bhojana svIkAra nahIM karanA cAhie | 218 eSaNA yA udgama doSa bhojana samabandhI aise solaha udgama doSa haiM jinake kAraNa bhojana zramaNa ke lie anupayukta ho jAtA hai| (1) auddezika (2) AdhAkarmika (3) pUtika (4) unmizra - jisakA eka bhAga vizeSa rUpa se vivAdAspada zramaNa ke lie banAyA gayA ho| 221 (5) sthApanAkarmika - bhikSu yA zramaNa ke lie ArakSita / (6) prAbhRtika - kisI utsava ke lie vizeSa rUpa se banAyA gyaa| (7) prAduhakaraNa - yadi gRhastha ko bhikSA dene ke lie dIpaka prajvalita karane kI AvazyakatA pdd'e| (8) krIta (9) prAmitya (10) parAvRtti (11) adhyAhRta (12) udbhinna (13) mAlAkRta (14) akkhiDya (15) anisRSTa (16) adhyavapUra -gRhastha ne kisI viziSTa zramaNa ke lie banAyA ho / 219 -yadi yaha bhojana gRhastha ne kisI bhI sampradAya ke sAdhu lie banAyA ho / ke - bhojana kA adhikAMza zuddha ho kintu kucha bhAga doSayukta ho 1220 -jabaki nirgrantha ke lie gRhastha ko bhojana kharIdanA par3e 1222 - use bhojana nikAlane ke lie nasainI kI AvazyakatA par3e 1223 - jabaki gRhastha bhojana ke kucha bhAga ko acche yA bure bhojana se badala de| - yadi gRhastha ko kucha dUra jAkara bhojana lAnA pdd'e| -yadi gRhastha ko tAlA kholakara bhojana nikAlanA pdd'e| - yadi use UMce yA nIce se bhojana uThAnA par3e | 224 - yadi kisI anya se balapUrvaka chInakara lAyA gayA ho| -gRhastha yadi aise bhaNDAra se bhojana de jo sAjhe meM ho tathA sAjhedAroM ne anumati nahIM dI ho| - jisa samaya zramaNa bhikSA ke lie pahuMce, bhojana bana rahA ho tathA zramaNa ke lie pakane ke lie Aga para aura adhika mAtrA meM rakha diyA jAye /

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130 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti gaveSaNa yA utpAdana doSa ... bhojana sambandhI solaha utpAdana225 doSa aise haiM jinheM mAdhyama banA kara zramaNa gRhastha se bhikSA pA lete haiN| yaha haiM (1) ghAtRkarma - yadi zramaNa gRhastha ke baccoM ko khilaaye| (2) dUtakarma - yadi vaha gRhastha ko anya vyaktiyoM ke samAcAra de| (3) nimitta - yadi vaha dAnavRtti kI prazaMsA karake bhikSA paaye| (4) AjIvika - yadi vaha apane janma aura parivAra ke viSaya meM jAnakArI de|226 (5) vapanIka - yadi dukhoM kA vistAra se varNana karake bhikSA pAyI ho| (6) cikitsA - yadi rogI kI cikitsA karake pAyA ho| (7) krodhapiNDa - krodha pradarzita karake yA dhamakI dekara pAyA ho| (8) mAnapiNDa - yadi vaha dAtA se yaha kaha kara bhikSA pAye ki vaha anya bhikSuoM ko bhojana lAne kA vacana de cukA hai| (9) mAyApiNDa - yadi tamAze dikhAkara ThiTholI se athavA vidUSaka bana kara pAyI ho| (10) lobhapiNDa - yadi vaha acchI zikSA pAne ke lAlaca se gayA ho| (11) samasta piNDa - dAtA kI cATukAritA kre| (12) vidyApiNDa - yadi apanA jJAna badhAre yA devatA ko AvhAna kre| (13) mantradoSa - mantra dvArA kisI gRhastha kA upakAra karake pAyI ho| (14) kUrNayoga - yadi adRzya hokara bhojana le bhaage| (15) yogapiNDa - yadi logoM ko jAdU yA karizmA dikhAkara paaye| (16) mUlakarma - sammohana yA jAdU se bhUta-preta bhagAkara pAyI ho| grahaNaiSaNA grahaNaiSaNA ke dasa doSa haiM227 (1) saMkita ___ - yadi bhayabhIta gRhastha se bhikSA svIkAra kara le| (2) prakSita - yadi bhojana sacitta yA acitta dravya se banA ho| (3) nikSipta - yadi bhojana gRhastha dvArA saMcita dravya para rakhakara diyA jAye jaise patte para aNDe, jIva yA ghuna hoN| (4) pihita - yadi saMcita bhojana acitta dravya se DhakA ho yA acita

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(5) saMhRta (6) dAyaka (7) unmizrita (8) apakRta (9) lipta (10) kharadita paribhogaiSaNA paribhogaiSaNA ke cAra doSa haiM (1) saMyojana (2) aparamANa jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 131 bhojana sacitta dravya se DhakA ho / - - yadi dAtA eka pAtra meM se bhojana dene ke lie nikAle aura dUsare meM rkhe| - yadi dene vAle kI avasthA yA vyavasAya niSiddha bhikSA ke antargata ho / - - yadi zuddha va azuddha bhojana ko dAtA mizrita kara de| - yadi sAjhe bhaNDAra meM se dUsare kI icchA ke viparIta pahalA vyakti bhikSu ko bhojana de| - yadi ghI yA dUdha dahI se sanI kar3achI yA hAtha se bhikSA dI jaaye| 228 - yadi bhikSA dete samaya vaha dUdha phailA de / (3) iMgAla (4) akAraNa - - yAdi bhikSu bhojana ke acche-acche bhAga eka jagaha ekatra kara le| - - yadi vaha batAI gaI mAtrA se adhika bhojana svIkAra kara le| - * yadi acchI bhikSA ke lie vaha dAtA kI prazaMsA kare / yadi vaha zAstroM dvArA batAye gaye avasaroM ke atirikta avasara para icchita bhojana khaaye| brahmacArI ke lie AcArAMga meM nirbala bhojana kA Adeza hai| zaktiyukta bhojana karane se zarIra zaktizAlI hotA hai / sazakta zarIra meM moha ko prabala hone kA avasara milatA hai| zaktihIna bhojana karane se zakti ghaTa jAtI hai| nirbala zarIra meM moha bhI nirbala ho jAtA hai| isalie vAsanA ko zAnta karane kA pahalA upAya nirbala AhAra batAyA gayA hai| ati AhAra karane vAle ko vAsanA adhika satAtI hai| kama khAnA vAsanA ko zAnta karatA hai| 229 vAsanA zamana ke lie eka upavAsa se lekara dIrghakAlIna tapa athavA AhAra kA jIvana paryanta parityAga bhI vihita hai| 230 isake atirikta jaina bhikSu ko bhojana banAte samaya cakkI calAne, pIsane, kUTane, Aga dahakAne, pAnI ko khIMcane yA buhArane meM madada nahIM karanI caahie| yaha AdhA karma doSa kahalAtA hai| isa AcAra

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132 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke mUla meM vairAgya evaM ahiMsA ke udAtta Adarza the| zramaNa aisA bhojana svIkAra nahIM kara sakate the jo vizeSa rUpa se unake lie banAyA gayA ho| bRhatkalpabhASya meM ina chiyAlIsa niyamoM ke ullaMghana ke lie prAyazcitta batAye gaye haiN|232 daza vaikAlika ke anusAra bhikSu ko apanA bhojana vaise hI pAnA cAhie jaise ki eka madhumakkhI phUla se zahada le letI hai kintu phUla ko koI kaSTa nahIM detI aura phira phUla se Asakta nahIM rhtii|233 isa prasaMga meM jaikobI kA yaha mata ullekhanIya hai ki jaina zramaNoM ne kucha niyama brAhmaNa saMnyAsiyoM ke anukaraNa para svIkAra kiye the jaise ki use bhojana khAne do, jo binA yAcanA kiye milA ho, jisake viSaya meM pahale kucha bhI nizcaya nahIM kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhojana use Akasmika rUpa meM milA hai, vaha bhI kevala utanA ki prANoM kI rakSA ho ske|234 ThIka yahI niyama jaina zramaNa ke lie hai| parizuddha tathA brahmaNIya bhojana ke viSaya meM niyama adbhuta sAmya rakhate haiN| kintu prazna yaha hai ki jaina nirgranthoM kI brAhmaNa saMnyAsiyoM kI yaha anukRti pratyakSa hai yA parokSa bauddhoM ke dvArA anukRta hone para kI gyii| jaikobI ke mata meM jainoM ne saMnyAsiyoM se yaha niyama svIkAra kiye na ki bauddhoM se kyoMki bauddha unake pratidvandvI the|35 paryuSaNa athavA varSAvAsa varSAkAla meM bhikSu ko eka rAtri gAMva meM tathA zeSa nagara meM rahakara vyatIta karanI hotI thii| isa samaya gamanAgamana nahIM karane kA kAraNa yaha thA ki isa kAla meM utpanna jIvoM ko kaSTa pahuMcAne se bhikSu baca sakatA thaa| varSA kAla meM aneka jIvoM kA udbhava hotA hai tathA aneka bIja aMkurita hote haiM, pagaDaNDiyoM kA prayoga nahIM ho paataa| ata: bhikSuoM ko grAmAnugrAma vihAra nahIM karate hue varSAvAsa eka hI sthAna para karanA caahie|236 pAMca kAraNoM se bhikSu varSA meM bhramaNa kara sakatA thA (1) kisI vizeSa grantha ke adhyayana ke lie jo sirpha AcArya ko jJAta ho aura AcArya AmaraNa anazana kara rahe hoN| (2) yadi vaha aise sthAna para ho jahAM pathabhraSTa hone kA bhaya ho| (3) dharma pracAra ke lie| (4) yadi AcArya yA upAdhyAya kI mRtyu ho gayI ho athavA (5) vaha varSAvAsa kara rahe hoM to unakI suzruSA ke lie|237

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 133 mArga meM jIvahiMsA kA bhaya hone para zramaNa varSAvAsa kA samaya pAMca se dasa dina taka bar3hA bhI sakate the|238 sambhavata: isakA kAraNa varSAkAla meM magadha tathA usake samIpavartI pradezoM kA jalAvaruddha ho jAnA thaa| nadiyoM kI bAr3ha se bhUmi vIbhatsa ho jAtI thii| brAhmaNa bhikSuoM ke lie varSAkAla meM cArikA sthagita karane kA prAvadhAna thaa| mahAvIra tathA buddha ke samaya sAdhanoM ke abhAva meM yAtAyAta nizcaya hI duSkara ho jAtA hogaa| bauddha vinaya meM ullekha hai ki zAkyaputrIya bhikSuoM ko dekhakara loga hairAna hote the ki jaba anya tIrthika eka jagaha rahate haiM aura cir3iyA~ vRkSoM para ghoMsalA lAkara rahatI haiM, taba zAkya putrIya zramaNa hare tRNoM ko roMdate hue vicaraNa karate haiN| yaha dekhakara tathAgata ne apane anuyAyiyoM ke lie bhI varSAkAla kA vidhAna kiyaa|239 AcArAMgasUtra meM zramaNa ke lie Adeza hai ki use varSAkAla meM apane AvAsa kA parivartana nahIM karanA caahie|240 jaikobI baudhAyana dharmasUtra241 se isa niyama kI samAnatA paryavasita karate hue kahate haiM ki bauddha tathA jaina donoM hI matoM ne varSAvAsa kI saMsthA brAhmaNa saMnyAsiyoM ke anukaraNa tathA lokamAnyatA dekhate hue svIkAra kI thii| zramaNa athavA zramaNI grAma athavA hAni rahita sthAna para jahAM dhArmika kriyAoM va adhyayana ke lie paryApta sthAna ho, Avazyaka upakaraNa saralatA se sulabha hoM tathA jahAM zramaNa-brAhmaNa abhyAgata tathA yAcaka na hoM. na hI jinake Ane kI saMbhAvanA ho varSAvAsa kara sakate the|242 varSAkAla meM zramaNa ko aise vanoM se nikalanA niSiddha thA jise pAra karane meM pAMca dina athavA adhika samaya lagane kI saMbhAvanA ho| yadi zramaNa varSAkAla meM aise aparicita mArgoM se jAyeM to jIvahiMsA kI AzaMkA thii| aparicita mArgoM meM jIvoM, geruI lage paudhoM, bIjoM, ghAsa, jala yA paMka sthita jIvoM ko AghAta pahuMca sakatA thaa|243 jIva hiMsA se bacane ke kAraNa hI gamanAgamana varSabhara rAtri meM niSiddha thaa|244 yadi varSAkAla ke cAturmAsa vyatIta ho gaye haiM aura zaradaRtu ke pAMca yA dasa dina vyatIta ho gaye yadi mArga para jIvajantu hoM tathA bahuta se zramaNa aura brAhmaNa bhramaNa nahIM kara rahe hoM to jaina zramaNoM ko bhI bhramaNa nahIM karane kA Adeza hai|245 kintu yadi usI samaya mArga meM kucha hI jIva jantu hoM tathA bahuta se zramaNa brAhmaNa bhramaNa kara rahe hoM taba jaina zramaNa bhI satarkatApUrvaka grAmAnugrAma vihAra kara sakate haiN| __brAhmaNa, jaina tathA bauddhasAkSya tInoM hI isa paramparA kA samarthana karate haiM ki varSAkAla sAdhuoM ko eka hI sthAna para vyatIta karanA caahie|246 kintu ullekhanIya hai ki jaina tathA bauddha sAdhu varSAkAla meM saMghabaddha hokara kisI upAzraya,

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134 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vihAra athavA AvAsa meM vyatIta karate the vahIM brAhmaNa saMnyAsI varSAkAla meM ekAkI rahate the athavA samUha meM nizcita rUpa se kahanA kaThina hai kyoMki brAhmaNa parivrAjakoM athavA saMnyAsiyoM kI AcAra saMhitA meM isa prakAra ke ullekha vistRta rUpa se spaSTa nahIM haiN| varSAvAsa kA kAla sAmAnyata: cAra mAha kA thaa|247 jaina zramaNa ko Adeza hai ki yadi varSA ke cAra mAha vyatIta ho gaye hoM aura mArga para anya jainetara zramaNa aura brAhmaNa bhramaNa nahIM kara rahe hoM taba vaha zaradaRtu ke pAMca yA dasa dina taka usI sthAna para ruka kara AvAsa kare jahAM varSAkAla vyatIta kiyA ho|248 pAli vinaya se jJAta hotA hai ki bauddhetara sAdhuoM meM bhI varSAkAla meM eka hI sthAna para AvAsa karane kI prathA thii|249 ullekhanIya hai ki Arambha meM jaina saMgha meM varSAvAsa kA kAla do mAha dasa dina hI thA jo ki pahalI barasAta kI apekSA bAda kI barasAta 'pacchimikA vassA' se Arambhika mAnA jAtA thaa| bauddha saMgha meM bhI yaha samaya sattara se nabbe dina kA thA jabaki varSAkAla sAmAnyata: eka sau bIsa dina kA mAnA jAtA hai| jaina athavA bauddha bhikSu pUre varSAkAla meM varSAvAsa ke lie bAdhya nahIM the| jaina aura bauddha saMgha donoM meM Arambha meM varSAvAsa kI avadhi kama hone kA niyacaya hI mahatvapUrNa kAraNa rahA hogaa| __itanA to nizcita hI hai ki bhAratIya vairAgiyoM kA jIvana upAsakoM aura gRhasthoM para samarthana tathA sahayoga ke lie nirbhara thaa| yadi vairAgI kisI grAma athavA kasbe meM kucha samaya ke lie AvAsa kareM to grAmavAsiyoM athavA gRhasthoM ke lie unakA poSaNa samasyA nahIM thA kintu yadi vaha varSA ke cAra mAha nirantara unhIM ke Azraya meM vyatIta kareM to vaha samasyA kA rUpa le sakatA thaa| aisI avasthA meM yaha bhI sambhAvanA thI ki gahastha svecchA se sAdhaoM kA bhAra uThAnA pasanda nahIM krte| vizeSa rUpa se jaina zramaNoM ke aise kaThora niyama ki vaha apane jhoMpar3I athavA ghara nahIM banAeMge, gRhasthoM ke lie unake AvAsa kI lambI avadhi taka vyavasthA karanA pIr3A athavA kleza kA kAraNa bana sakatA thaa| isa bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue hI sambhavata: jaina zramaNoM ke lie yaha vyavasthA thI ki vaha varSAvAsa ke pacAsa dina sAdhu ke varSAvAsa ke lie ucita sthAna kI khoja meM lagA skeN| kyoMki isa samaya taka logoM se yaha AzA kI jAtI thI ki vaha apane gharoM kI chata ko ThIka se chA leMge, phUsa Adi se pakkI kara leNge| nAlI tathA pharza Adi ko ThIka karake varSA ke lie taiyAra ho jaaeNge|250 gamanAgamana zramaNoM kA gamanAgamana dharma pracAra kA mahatvapUrNa aMga mAnA jAtA thaa|51 zramaNa varSa

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 135 meM ATha mAha taka eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka vihAra karate rahate the| isa vihAra kA uddezya thA AtmAnuzAsana tAki kisI viziSTa sthAna athavA parivAra se sAdhu ko rAga utpanna na ho jaaye| isake atirikta jaina manISiyoM kA yaha bhI vizvAsa thA ki sukhazIlatA kI sthiti meM vAsanA ubharatI hai| grAmAnugrAma vihAra se gamanayoga sahaja hI sadha jAtA hai| grAmAnugrAma vihAra karane vAlA paricaya ke bandhana se bhI sahaja hI mukti pA letA hai| 252 gamanAgamana ke samaya jIva hiMsA kA pUrNa nirAsa honA Avazyaka thaa| 253 bRhatkalpabhASya ke janapada parIkSA prakaraNa meM kahA gayA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ko nAnAdeza kI bhASAoM meM kuzala honA cAhie jisase ve deza deza ke vAsiyoM ko unakI bhASA meM dharmopadeza de sakeM tathA unheM isa bAta kI bhI jAnakArI honA cAhie ki kisI deza meM kisa prakAra ke dhAnya Adi kI utpatti hotI hai aura kahAM khanija vyApAra se AjIvikA calatI hai| 254 janapada vihAra ke samaya zramaNa vidvAna AcAryoM pAdamUla meM baiThakara sUtroM ke artha kA bhI nizcaya kara sakate the| 255 ke zramaNa athavA zramaNI yadi tIrthATana pada hoM aura unakA mArga sImAntoM, dasyuoM, mlecchoM, anAryo 256 tathA ardhasabhya vyaktiyoM, aise vyakti jo asamaya jAgate aura bhojana karate hoM ke bIca se nikale to usa dazA meM yadi anya paricita mArga jAnate hoM to usase jAye isase nhiiN| 257 kyoMki aise mArga para zramaNa ko ajJAnIjana yaha kaha kara kSubdha kara sakate haiM ki vaha cora hai, guptacara yA anyagrAma kA bhediyA hai tathA usake vastra - pAtra, kambala, pAdapoMchana Adi chIna jhapaTa kara use utpIr3ita kara sakate haiN| ataH yadi viruddha mArga ho to sAdhu sAvadhAnI pUrvaka jAye 1258 vairAjya viruddha rAjya prakaraNa viruddha rAjya meM gamanAgamana se jaina zramaNoM ko dAruNa kaSToM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thaa| yadi zramaNa ke mArga meM rAjavihIna rAjya athavA aisA rAjya jahAM rAjA abhiSikta na huA ho, ekAdhika rAjA saMgharSarata hoM, dvaidhazAsana ho, arAjakatA ho, nirbalatantra ho to bhikSu usa mArga se nahIM jAye anya paricita mArga se jAye kyoMki aise rAjyoM kI ajJAnI prajA sAdhu ko dhamakA sakatI hai, pITa sakatI hai / 259 yadi mArga jalaruddha ho aura use nAva se pAra karane kI AvazyakatA ho to zramaNa aisI nAva meM nahIM baiThe jo jalavega se uTha gira rahI ho yA majhadhAra meM ho / yadi nAva kinAre se dUra ho yA bar3I kisI bhI yAtrA ke lie usameM nahIM baiThe | 260 yadi kabhI nAva meM baiThe yAtrI nAvika se kaheM ki amuka sAdhu pAtra ke samAna nizceSTa baiThA hai jisase nAva bhArI ho gayI hai ataH use hAtha pakar3akara pheMka diyA

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136 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti jAye yaha sunakara sAdhu ko cIvara ThIka se bAMgha lenA cAhie aura nAva se svayaM utarane kA Agraha karanA caahie| yadi phira bhI vidveSavaza vaha pAnI meM pheMka diyA jAye to use binA roSa kiye jala ko taira kara pAra karanA caahie| yadi taira kara pAra karanA sambhava nahIM ho to zramaNa upadhi ko tyAgakara kinAre para pahuMca kara gIlA baiTha jaaye| yadi jala ko jAMgha se pAra kiyA jA sake to kare aura yadi jala ke pravAha meM baha jAye to sallekhanA kre|261 . zramaNa ko kabhI bhI mArga meM Ane vAlI khAI, khandaka, talahaTI, vRkSa, jaMgala, parvata, zikhara, stambha, paNyagRha, guhA, jharane, nadI Adi ko iMgita nahIM karanA cAhie kyoMki aisA karane se trasa sthAvara aura vAyukAya jIva bhayabhIta ho jAte haiM tathA anyatra zaraNa le lete haiN|262 __ zramaNa athavA zramaNI grAmAnugrAma bhramaNa karate samaya guru ke sparza se baceM tathA mArga meM milane vAle yAtriyoM ke vArtAlApa meM sammilita na hoN| aneka prakAra ke praznoM tathA jijJAsAoM jaise zramaNa kahAM se A rahe haiM, kahAM jAeMge, mArga meM amuka ko dekhA hai kyA, amuka grAma kitanA bar3A thA Adi praznoM ke upasthita hone para sAdhu mauna rahe athavA jAnate hue bhI anabhijJatA prakaTa kreN|263 ___yadyapi jaina saMgha ne apane zramaNoM ke lie pUrvAvadhAna ke rUpa meM apavAda mArga ko sammata kiyA tAki sAdhuoM ke utpIr3ana se saMghazakti kA hrAsa nahIM ho phira bhI saMgha apane anuyAyiyoM se yahI apekSA karatA thA ki ve ucca naitikatA ke pratIka bane rheN| bhaya jaisI dhAraNa unakI mAnasikatA kA aMza na bana jAye ataeva jaina zramaNa tathA zramaNI ko yaha bhI Adeza diyA gayA ki yadi unheM yaha jJAta ho ki mArga meM Ane vAle jaMgala meM cora athavA DAkU unakI sampatti kI kAmanA kara sakate haiM taba isa bhaya se vaha mArga na badale tathA apane apakRta sAmAna ko apanA jatAte hue cora se vApisa nahIM maaNge| vaha mauna rhe| hatAhata hone yA vastroM ke phAr3a diye jAne para bhI vaha na to AvAsa ke svAmI se zikAyata kare, na isakI grAma meM carcA kareM, na hI rAjA ke prasAda meM athavA gRhastha se isa viSaya kI carcA kreN| zramaNa isa vRttAMta para na kahe, na vicAre aura na hI citta ko udvigna hone de| vaha kisI bhI prakAra ke vyavadhAna se uparAma hote hue tIrthATana yA gamanAgamana kre| bhikSuNI saMgha athavA zramaNI saMgha jaina saMgha meM bhikSu tathA bhikSuNI donoM ke lie sthAna hai, kintu jinakalpa meM jo sAdhanA kA utkaTa mArga hai usameM bhikSuNiyoM ko sthAna nahIM diyA gayA hai| isakA yaha kAraNa nahIM ki bhikSuNI vyaktigata rUpa se utkaTa mArga kA pAlana karane meM asamartha hai apitu sAmAjika paristhitiyoM se bAdhya hokara hI AcAryoM ne yaha nirNaya kiyA

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 137 ki sAdhvI strI ekAnta meM rahakara sAdhanA nahIM kara sktii| jainoM ke jisa sampradAya ne mAtra jinakalpa ke AcAra ko hI sAdhvAcAra mAnA aura sthavirakalpa ke gacchAvAsa tathA sacela AcAra ko nahIM mAnA, usake lie eka hI mArga raha gayA thA ki ve striyoM ke mauna kA bhI niSedha kreN| yahI kAraNa hai ki IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke bAda se digambara granthoM meM striyoM ke mokSa kA bhI niSedha kiyA gayA hai tathA prAcIna granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM meM prastuta niSedha ko mUla meM se khojane kA asaphala prayatna kiyA gayA hai|264 bhikSuNI ko niggaMthI, sAhuNI athavA ajja kaha kara pukArA jAtA thaa| bhikSuNI saMgha kI adhyakSA 'pravartinI' kahalAtI thii|265 AcArya bhikSuNI saMgha kI dekhabhAla kiyA karate the| bhikSu athavA zramaNa kI tulanA meM bhikSuNI yA zramaNI kI sthiti hIna samajhI jAtI thii| yahAM taka ki tIna sAla kI paryAya vAlA zramaNa tIsa sAla ke paryAya vAlI zramaNI kA guru bana sakatA thA tathA pAMca sAla ke paryAya vAlA zramaNa sATha sAla ke paryAya vAlI zramaNI kA upaadhyaay|266 AcArya, upAdhyAya aura gaNI zramaNI saMgha ke rakSaka the| isake atirikta gaNavacchedinI, abhisaMgA, therI, bhikSuNA tathA kSullikA Adi zramaNI saMgha kI anya padAdhikAriNI thiiN| saMgha kA anuzAsana zramaNI kI saMgha meM pravrajyA AcArya tathA zramaNI para nirbhara thii| koI bhI zramaNa vyaktigata mantavya se zramaNI ko pravRjyA nahIM de sakatA thaa|267 kisI bhI sthiti meM zramaNI binA zAstA ke nahIM raha sktii| yadi vaha bhramaNa para ho aura zAstA kA dehAnta ho jAye usa sthiti meM zAstA ke bAda kA variSThatama vyakti isa pada para niyukta kara diyA jAtA thA athavA vaha zramaNI samUha kisI vizAla samUha meM vilIna ho jAtA thaa| yadi vaha kucha kAla zAstA ke binA rahatI to unheM 'cheda' nAmaka daNDa jisameM unakI variSThatA ko kama kara diyA jAtA athavA 'parihAra' nAmaka ekAntika upavAsa kA daNDa milatA thaa|268 zramaNI se akaluSita jIvana aura saMyama kI apekSA kI jAtI thii| upAdhyAya ke samAna pada para pahuMcane ke lie strI ko tIsa varSa taka saMgha meM rahanA anivArya thaa| isI prakAra AcAryopAdhyAya ke samakakSa banane ke lie sATha varSa kA saMgha jIvana anivArya thaa|269 bhramaNa bhramaNa ke viSaya meM kevala kucha niyama zramaNa kI apekSA zramaNI ke lie bhinna the ki

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138 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vaha pUrva meM aMga, magadha, dakSiNa meM kauzAmbI, pazcima meM sthUNa tathA uttara meM kuNAla se Age nahIM jaayegii|270 AvAsa zramaNI ko dukAna meM, mukhya mArga para, tirAhe aura caurAhe para, prAsAda tathA bAjAra meM AvAsa kA niSedha thaa| vaha usa ghara meM bhI nahIM raha sakatI thI jisameM AvaraNa na ho athavA dIvAroM para kalAkRtiyAM hoM, jahAM puruSa rahate hoM yA jo mArga ke samIpa hoM, jo per3oM kI jar3a se banA ho athavA jo varSA kI dRSTi se khulA ho| isakA kAraNa yahI thA ki zramaNI pavitra aura surakSita jIvana vyatIta kara ske| zramaNI ko AvAsa zramaNoM athavA gRhasthoM ke sAtha nahIM milatA thaa|272 vaha do, tIna yA adhika ke samUha meM hI raheM aisA Adeza thaa| jaina zramaNI kabhI bhI ni:saMga nahIM raha sakatI thI tathA rAtri meM bhramaNa usake lie niSiddha thaa|273 bhikSA evaM bhojana zramaNiyoM ke lie pulAka bhattA nAmaka bhojana kA niSedha thaa| yaha bhojana rAjasika vRtti kA hotA thaa| ata: isa bhojana se zramaNI kI cittavRttiyAM caMcala bana sakatI thiiN|274 zramaNI ko binA TUTA sAbata nAriyala bhikSA meM svIkAra karane kA niSedha thaa| yaha bhojana zramaNoM ke lie niSiddha nahIM thaa| zrubiMga ko zaMkA hai ki sambhavata: jaina zramaNiyoM kI pavitratA meM zaMkA karate the|275 upavAsa aura kAyaH kleza bRhatkalpasUtra ke anusAra striyoM ko nimna prakAra ke kAya: kleza niSiddha the (1) vaha saMgha ke lie kAyotsarga nahIM kara sakatI thii| (2) vaha kisI bhI khule sthAna para eka pAMva uThA kara sUryAbhimukha hokara kAyotsarga nahIM kara sakatI thii| (3) vaha vIrAsana mudrA meM nahIM baiTha sakatI thii| (4) vaha vibhinna kaThina AsanoM ko karane ke lie yogya nahIM mAnI gayI hai|276 kintu zramaNI pravrajyA ke samaya se hI 'paMcamuTThiloya muNDabhavitA' prArambha kara detI thii|27

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 139 vinaya zramaNI kabhI bhI vyartha yA bhrAmaka bhASaNa nahIM kara sakatI thii| asatya bhASaNa, paranindA, bhartsanA, gRhasthoM kI bhASA meM vArtAlApa, bhojana ke viSaya meM saMvAda tathA deza ke viSaya meM gapazapa karanA rAjA ke viSaya meM carcA karanA usake lie niSiddha thaa| jhagar3A hone para AcArya yA pravartinI hI use zAnta karatI thii| 278 zramaNI ko kSamAdAna kA adhikAra prApta nahIM thA / 279 isake atirikta zramaNI ko snAna karane, aMga prakSAlana karane, sugandhita dravyoM kA upabhoga karane tathA alaMkAra dhAraNa karane kA niSedha thA / 280 dUsaroM ke baccoM ko gudagudAne yA snAna meM adhika samaya lagAne para unheM saMgha se niSkAsita kiyA jA sakatA thA / 281 zramaNI ko samAja ke avAMchanIya vyaktiyoM ke saMparka se bacane ke lie hamezA sAvadhAna rahanA par3atA thA / zramaNI ko rAgamaNDala kA adhyayana, vibhinna mudrAoM kA jJAna tathA bhikSuoM ke sAtha krIr3A niSiddha thI / yahAM taka kI rAtri meM zayana karate samaya, do yuvA zramaNiyoM ke bIca eka vRddhA zramaNI ko sonA hotA thaa| tAki zramaNiyAM samalaiMgikatA se bacI raheM | 282 prarogAvasthA meM bhI mAtA-bahana yA putrI ke AliMgana kara lene para zramaNI ko prAyazcita karanA par3atA thA / 283 puruSa kA Akasmika sparzamAtra ho jAne para use daNDa bhoganA par3atA thA / 284 unmAda kI avasthA meM zramaNI ko jala vihIna kueM yA ekAMta kakSa meM bAMdha kara rakhA jAtA thA / 285 yaunAkarSita zramaNI ko mAnava ke dUSita aMga dikhAkara usakI cikitsA kI jAtI thii| 286 zramaNa tathA zramaNI ke pArasparika sambandha saMgha ke niyamAnusAra yadi nagara meM eka praveza dvAra ho to usameM se eka zramaNa tathA eka zramaNI eka sAtha praveza nahIM kara sakate the| yadi prAkRti utsarga ke sthAnoM para vaha eka-dUsare ko nagna dekha lete to unheM kaThina daNDa diye jAte the| yadi vaha eka dUsare kA abhivAdana karate to ise ucca daNDanIya aparAdha samajhA jAtA thA / 287 yadi vaha paraspara vyaktigata mantavya se mulAkAta karate yA abhijJatA prakaTa karate yA abhivAdana karate to yaha ucca daNDanIya aparAdha samajhA jAtA thA / 288 yadi yaha bAta nagara meM phaila jAye to zramaNI ko 'cheda' arthAt saMgha se nilambana nAmaka daNDa milatA thA | 289 isakA pramukha kAraNa saMgha kI naitika mUlyoM kI pratiSThA ke prati asIma sajagatA thii| loka gardA tathA lokanindA kA bhaya saMgha ko nirantara banA rahatA thaa| ekAnta sthAna para zramaNa athavA zramaNI kA Age pIche pAyA jAnA saMgha dvArA

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140 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti daNDanIya thaa| yaha daNDa janapravAda yA sAkSyoM kI mAtrA ke anupAta meM diyA jAtA thaa|290 zramaNa tathA zramaNI kA eka sAtha eka sthAna para AvAsa niSiddha thaa| eka zramaNI zramaNa ke sAtha nirjana sthAna para na ruka sakatI thI, na cala sakatI thI aura na hI apanI kaThinAiyoM ke viSaya meM parisamvAda kara sakatI thii|291 isI prakAra eka zramaNa zramaNI ke sAtha na so sakatA thA, na adhyayana kara sakatA thA, na bhojana kara sakatA thaa|292 mAtra dharmacarcA ke lie hI vaha zramaNI saMgha meM pUrvAnumati se jA sakatA thaa|293 zramaNa aura zramaNI ko paraspara pratyakSarUpa se vArtA karane kA niSedha thaa| isake lie unheM gaNI kI AjJA prApta karanI hotI thii| eka padAdhikArI kI upasthiti meM hI vaha dhArmika viSayoM para parisaMvAda kara sakate the| varSAkAla meM zramaNa tathA zramaNI eka sAtha vihAra nahIM kara sakate the| kintu yadi sthAna jana sAmAnya ke lie gocara ho athavA khule dvAroM kA hoM, tabhI vaha varSA se bacane ke lie eka sAtha khar3e ho sakate the|294 digambara saMgha kA striyoM ke prati dRSTikoNa zvetAmbaroM kI strI sambandhI avadhAraNA ko to digambaroM ne mAnyatA dI kintu unhoMne kahA ki striyAM zramaNI banane ke uparAnta bhI nirvANa kI adhikAriNI nahIM ho sakatI jaba taka ki unakA puruSa ke rUpa meM punarjanma nahIM ho|295 digambaroM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra vairAgya nagnatA ke binA asambhava hai| zArIrika asamarthatAoM ke kAraNa striyoM ke lie nagnatA kA niSedha thaa|296 isake atirikta digambara striyoM ko dhUrta samajhate the|297 zramaNiyoM ko lekhana kA adhikAra nahIM thaa| zvetAmbaroM ke samAna hI digambaroM ne bhI kucha nizcita granthoM ke adhyayana para bhI pratibandha lagA diye the| gaNadharoM, pratyeka buddhoM, zruta kevalina tathA abhinna daza pUrvo ke lie nirdhArita pustakoM kA adhyayana kevala bhikSu kara sakate the|298 zramaNiyoM ko nirdiSTa karane ke lie bhI vahI zramaNa pAtra samajhe jAte the jo paramanaitika tathA zAstroM ke pAragAmI the|299 zramaNiyoM se yaha apekSA kI jAtI thI ki vaha zramaNa athavA adhyApaka ke samakSa bhUmi para ghuTane Teka kara baitthe| 300 namaskAra bhI vaha pAMca, cha: yA sAta hAtha kI dUrI se kre| prAyazcita sthAnAMgasUtra tathA bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra zramaNa prAya: darpa 'dappa' asAvadhAnI aNAyoga, lAparavAhI, pramAda athavA zArIrika vedanA ke kAraNa saMkaTakAla meM

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 141 AvatI athavA aise sthAna para jahAM viruddha dharmAnuyAyI rahate hoM saMkiNNa athavA anApekSita paristhitiyoM, sahasakAra athavA bhaya se yA ghRNA ke kAraNa niyama bhaMga karate haiN| 301 aisI paristhitiyoM meM niyamabhaMga karane vAloM kI saMghIya vidhi se cikitsA kI jAtI thI jise nAmAntara se prAyazcita kahA gayA hai| cikitsA rogI ko kaSTa dene ke lie nahIM dI jAtI apitu roga nivAraNa ke lie kI jAtI hai| isI prakAra prAyazcita bhI rAga Adi aparAdhoM ke upazamana ke lie diyA jAtA hai| 302 prAyacita ke nimna nirdiSTa prayojana haiM303_ (1) pramAda janita doSoM kA nirAkaraNa, (2) bhAvoM kI prasannatA, (3) zalya rahita honA, (4) avyavasthA kA nivAraNa, (5) maryAdA kA pAlana, (6) saMyama kI dRr3hatA, (7) ArAdhanA / paristhitivaza niyama bhaMga karane vAle zramaNa va zramaNI tathA vaha zramaNa aura zramaNI jo jAtisampanna, kulasampanna, vinayasampanna, jJAnasampanna, darzanasampanna, cAritrasampanna, kSAMta, dAnta, amAyAvI tathA apazcAtApI the vaha guru ke samakSa apane aparAdhoM ko svIkAra kara lete the jise 'AlocanA' kahA jAtA thaa| 304 dasa sthAnoM se sampanna anagAra AlocanA dene ke yogya hotA thA305_ (1) AcAravAna (2) AdhAravAna (3) vyavahAravAna (4) apavrIDaka (5) prakArI (6) aparizrAvI - jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa aura vIrya ina pAMca AcAroM se yukta / - AlocanA lene vAle ke dvArA AlocyamAna samasta aticAroM ko jAnane vaalaa| -Agama, zruta, AjJA, dhAraNa aura jIta - ina pAMca vyavahAroM ko jAnane vaalaa| -AlocanA karane vAle vyakti meM vaha lAja yA saMkoca se mukta hokara samyak AlocanA kara sake, vaisA sAhasa utpanna karane vaalaa| - -AlocanA karane para vizuddhi karAne vAlA / -AlocanA karane vAle ke Alocita doSoM ko dUsaroM ke sAmane prakaTa na karane vaalaa|

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142 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (7) niryApaka -bar3e prAyazcita ko bhI nibhA sake aisA sahayoga dene vaalaa| (8) apAyadarzI -prAyazcita bhaMga se tathA samyak AlocanA na karane se utpanna doSoM ko batAne vaalaa| (9) priyadharmA -jise dharma priya ho| (10) avicalita -jo ApatkAla meM bhI dharma se vicalita na ho| __yadi kisI kAraNavaza aparAdhI vyakti pUrA prAyazcita eka bAra meM pUrA nahIM kara pAtA to guru use upayukta kAlakhaNDoM meM bAMTa detA thaa| vaha aparAdhI kI isa pApa svIkRti ko gopanIya rakhatA thaa|306 ___ AlocanA ke dasa doSa haiM307 (1) Akampya (2) anumAnya (3) yaddaSTa (4) bAdara (5) sUkSma (6) channa (7) zabdAkula -sevA Adi ke dvArA AlocanA dene vAle kI ArAdhanA kara AlocanA krnaa| -maiM durbala hUM, mujhe thor3A prAyazcita denA-isa prakAra anunaya kara AlocanA krnaa| -AcArya Adi ke dvArA jo doSa dekhA gayA hai usakI AlocanA krnaa| -kevala bar3e doSoM kI AlocanA krnaa| -kevala choTe doSoM kI AlocanA krnaa| -AcArya na suna pAye aise AlocanA krnaa| -jora-jora se bolakara dUsare agItArtha sAdhu suneM vaise AlocanA krnaa| -eka ke pAsa AlocanA kara phira usI doSa kI dUsare ke pAsa AlocanA krnaa| -agItArtha ke pAsa doSoM kI aalocnaa| -AlocanA dene vAle jina doSoM kA svayaM sevana karate haiM, unake pAsa una doSoM kI AlocanA krnaa| (8) bahujana (9) avyakta (10) tatsevI sthAnAMgasUtra meM AlocanA arthAt guru ke samakSa apane doSoM kA nivedana ke atirikta nau anya prAyazcita bhI batAye gaye haiM308. (1) pratikramaNayogya-mithyA meM duSkRta-merA duSkRta niSphala ho isakA bhAvanApUrvaka uccaarnn| (2) tadubhava yogya --AlocanA aura prtikrmnn|

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(3) vivaMka yogya (4) vyutsarga yogya (5) tapayogya jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 143 -azuddha AhAra Adi kA utsarga / - kAyotsarga / - (6) cheda yogya -anazana, UnodarI Adi / -dIkSA paryAya kA chedn| - punardIkSA / (7) mUlayogya (8) anavasthApya yogya - tapasyApUrvaka punardIkSA / (9) pArAMcika yogya- bhartsanA evaM avahelanApUrvaka punardIkSA / (2) saMghadizeSa (3) pAcittiya tathA pATidesanIya - yadi bauddha prAtimokSa kI jaina prAyazcita se tulanA kI jAye to donoM meM kAphI aMza taka samAnatA dekhI jA sakatI hai / 309 udAharaNa ke lie bauddha prAtimokSa jaina prAyazcita (1) pArAjika - pArAMcika - yogya (pArAMsiya) saMgha niSkAsana yA bhartsanA evaM avahelanA pUrvaka punardIkSA pada kevala nAmAntara pratIta hote haiN| - anavasthApya - yogya (aNavaTThappa ) saMgha se asthAyI niSkAsana tathA tapasyA pUrvaka punardIkSA / pratikramaNa yogya, AlocanA - yogya tathA viveka yogya - 'paDikramaNa AloyaNA' tathA vivega lagabhaga eka hI haiN| ina prAyazcitoM kA vidhAna hone para bhI mUla jaina granthoM meM kahIM bhI ina niyamoM ke kriyAnvayana kA koI udAharaNa nahIM milatA jabaki bauddha saMgha meM nyAya vidhivat hotA thaa| udAharaNa ke lie tathAgata ke ziSya Ananda para saMgha ke samakSa prathama saMgIti meM abhiyoga lagAyA gayA thaa| 310 jaina saMgha meM asthAyI athavA sthAyI saMgha niSkAsana kI carcA mAtra milatI hai / / / anavasthApya prAyazcita ke bhAgI vaha zramaNa hote the jo 12_ (1) sAdharmikoM kI corI karate the| (2) anya dhArmikoM kI corI karane vAlA / (3) hastatAla dene vAlA -- mAraka prahAra karane vAlA / isI prakAra pArAMcita nAmaka prAyazcita tIna kAraNoM se kiyA jAtA thaa| 3 1 3 (1) duSTapArAMcita - saMgha virodhI gatividhi karane para /

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144 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (2) pramatta pArAMcita-nidrA vAlA hone pr| (3) anyAnya maithuna sevana karane pr| duSTapArAMcita yaha prAyazcita pAMca kAraNoM se kiyA jAtA thA 14__ (1) vyakti yadi jisa kula meM rahatA usI meM bheda DAlane kA yatna krtaa| (2) jo jise gaNa meM rahatA yadi usI meM bheda DAlane kA yatna karatA (3) yadi zramaNa hiMsAprekSI hotA-kula athavA gaNa ke sadasyoM kA vadha caahtaa| (4) yadi zramaNa chidrAnveSI hotaa| (5) yadi vaha bAra-bAra praznAvalI 15 kA prayoga krtaa| isake atirikta duSTa pArAMcita 'duTTha' taba hotA jaba muni, AcArya, gaNadhara athavA zAstra kI nindA karatA, unheM parezAna karatA, usakI kisI zramaNI se ghaniSThatA ho jAtI yA vaha rAjA kI hatyA kara detA athavA rAnI se avaidha sambandha sthApita ho jaate| pramattapArAMcita pramatta pArAMcita lene vAle guru prAyazcita ke bhAgI hote haiN|6-- (1) hasta karma karane vaalaa| (2) maithuna kA sevana karane vaalaa| (3) rAtri bhojana karane vaalaa| anyAnya maithuna yaha prAyazcita taba kiyA jAtA thA jaba muni samalaiMgikatA meM rata ho jAtA thaa| 17 isake atirikta bhI prAyazcita cAra prakAra ke hote haiM18 (1) pratiSevaNA prAyazcita - akRtya kA sevana karane para prApta hone vAlA praayshcit| (2) saMyojanA prAyazcita - eka jAtIya aticAroM ke lie prApta hone vAlA

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 145 praayshcit| (3) ArovaNA prAyazcita - eka doSa kA prAyazcita cala rahA ho, usa bIca meM hI usa doSa kA puna: sevana karane para jo prAyazcita kI avadhi bar3hatI hai| (4) parikuMcanA prAyazcita -AparAdha ko chipAne kA praayshcit| doSI ke zuddhikaraNa kI prakriyA ko parihAra vizuddhi' kahA jAtA thaa| AcArya akalaMka ne batAyA hai ki jIva ko pariNAma asaMkhyeya loka jitane hote haiM tathA jitane pariNAma hote haiM utane hI unake prAyazcita hone caahie| kintu aisA nahIM hai| parihAra kI vidhi nau zramaNoM ke samUha meM cAra kA parihAra kiyA jAtA thA, cAra pratIkSArata rahate hue pahale cAra kA nirIkSaNa karate the aNupArihArika tathA navAM guru ke samAna vyavahAra karatA thaa|320 parihArakamma ke antargata cha: mAha kI avadhi meM bhinna-bhinna RtuoM meM vividha vrata, upavAsa evaM anazana kiye jAte the| udAharaNa ke lie upavAsa Rtu nyUnatama anupAta adhikatama zIta grISma varSA sirpha cha: bAra bhojana sirpha cAra bAra bhojana sirpha ATha bAra bhojana chaH dasa bAra bhojana ATha bAra bhojana bAraha bAra bhojana pArihArika anazana ke uparAnta AcAmla kiyA jAtA thaa| jabaki guru banA navAM zramaNa pratidita AcAmla karatA thaa| isa prakAra jaba pahale cAra bhikSu AcAmla kara lete taba zeSa cAra cha: mAha ke parihAra kamma kA Arambha kara dete the| tatpazcAt navAM zramaNa guru chaH mAha taka parihAra kamma karatA thaa| isa prakAra pUrA samUha aThAraha mAha meM zuddha ho jAtA thaa|

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146 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti saMghabheda vicAra kA itihAsa jitanA purAnA hai lagabhaga utanA hI purAnA vicAra bheda kA itihAsa hai| tIrthaMkara vANI jaina saMgha ke lie sarvopari pramANa hai| vaha pratyakSadarzana hai isalie usameM tarka kI karkazatA nahIM hai| vaha tarka se bAdhita bhI nahIM hai| vaha sUtra rUpa meM hai| usakI vyAkhyA meM tarka kA lacIlApana AyA hai| bhASyakAra aura TIkAkAra pratyakSadarzI nahIM the| unhoMne sUtra ke Azaya kI paramparA ko smjhaa| yadi hRdayaMgama nahIM huA to yukti aura jor3a dii| lambe samaya meM aneka sampradAya bana gye| digambara aura zvetAmbara jaise zAsana bheda hue| mahAvIra ke samaya zramaNa vastra dhAraNa karate the, kucha nahIM bhI karate the| bhagavAna svayaM vastra nahIM pahanate the| vastra pahanane se mukti hotI hai yA vastra nahIM pahanane se mukti hotI hai, yaha donoM tarka gauNa haiN| mukhya hai rAgadveSa se mukti| jaina paramparA kA bheda mUlatatvoM kI apekSA gauNa praznoM para adhika TikA hai| gozAlaka jaina paramparA se sarvathA alaga ho gayA thA isalie use ninhava nahIM mAnA gyaa|21 sthAnAMgasUtrAnusAra digambara aura zvetAmbara saMgha bheda hone taka jaina saMgha meM sAta ninhava bheda ho cuke the|322 __Avazyaka niyukti ke anusAra inameM se do bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM kaivalya prApti ke bAda tathA pAMca unake nirvANa ke bAda hue|323 sAta ninhava isa prakAra haiM ninhava dharmAcArya nagara samaya (1) bahurata jamAlI zrAvasti mahAvIra kevalya prApti ke 14 varSa baad| (2) jIvaprAdezika tiSyagupta RSabhapura kevalya prApti ke solaha varSa baad| (3) avyaktika ASAr3ha zvetikA nirvANa ke 214 varSa baad| (4) sAmucchedaka azvamitra mithilA nirvANa ke 220 varSa baad| (5) dvaikriya gaMga ullukAtIra nirvANa ke 228 varSa baad| (6) trairAzika SaDUlaka antaraMjikA nirvANa ke 544 varSa baad| (rohagupta) (7) abaddhika goSThAmAhila dazapura nirvANa ke 584 varSa baad| ina sAta ninhavoM meM jamAlI, rohagupta tathA goSThAmAhila tInoM anta taka alaga rhe| bhagavAna ke zAsana meM puna: sammilita nahIM hue| zeSa cAra puna: zAsana meM A gye|324

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 147 bahurata durbhAgya se prathama saMghabheda svayaM bhagavAna ke jAmAtA jamAlI dvArA zrAvastI meM huaa| isake anusAra koI vastu eka samaya kI kriyA se utpanna nahIM hotii| aneka samayoM meM utpanna hotI hai| 325 yaha siddhAnta kriyamANa akRta, saMstIryamANa asaMstRta hai arthAt kiyA jA rahA hai kiyA nahIM gayA hai| kArya kI pUrNatA hone para pUrNa kahanA hI yathArtha hai| 326 jIva prAdezika mahAvIra ke kevalya prApti ke solaha varSa bAda tiSyagupta dvArA yaha saMghabheda RSabhapura meM Arambha huaa| tiSyagupta ke anusAra AtmA samasta zarIrANuoM se vyApta nahIM hai| yaha jIva ke antima pradeza ko hI jIva kI saMjJA pradAna karate the / kintu ina saMgha bhedakoM ko apanI bhUla jJAta ho gayI aura kSamAdAna bhI mila gayA / tiSyagupta caudaha pUrvoM ke vettA AcArya vasu ke ziSya the| 327 avyaktika AcArya sthUlabhadra ke mahAprayANa ke turanta bAda hI jaina saMgha meM tIna aura saMghabheda utpanna hue jinhoMne saMgha zakti ko durbala bnaayaa| avyaktika inhIM meM se thA / yaha ninhava mahAvIra ke mokSagamana ke do sau caudaha varSa pazcAt ASAr3ha sena 28 dvArA kiyA gyaa| unake anusAra samasta jagata avyakta, aspaSTa aura ajJeya hai| muni tathA devatA meM koI antara nahIM hai| mauryavaMza ke balabhadra ne unako upadeza diyA thaa| sAmucchedaka yaha mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke do sau bIsa varSa pazcAt azvamitra dvArA mithilAnagarI meM Arambha huA thA / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra acchI burI kriyA niSprayojana hai kyoMki jIvana kA anta ho jAtA hai| pratyeka kArya apane utpanna hone ke anantara samaya meM samasta rUpa se vyutchinna ho jAtA hai| arthAt pratyeka utpAdita vastu kSaNasthAyI hai| yaha mata bauddhadarzana ke kSaNikavAda ke anukUla hai / anta meM khaNDarakkha dvArA unheM bhI apanI bhUla jJAta ho gayI aura unhoMne kSamA prApta kara lI / yaha mata naraka Adi bhAvoM ko kSaNasthAyI batAtA thA /

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___148 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti dvaikriya mahAvIra ke mokSagamana ke do sau aTThAIsa varSa pazcAt yaha ninhava huaa| isake pravartaka AcArya gaMga the tathA inakA sthAna ullukAtIra nAmaka nagara thaa| dvaikriyAvAdI eka hI kSaNa meM eka sAtha do kriyAoM kA anuvedana mAnate haiN| maNinAtha dvArA unheM puna: udbodhana milA aura vaha bhI prAyazcita lekara puna: saMgha meM sammilita ho gye| trairAzika yaha loga jIva, ajIva aura nojIva rUpa trirAzi ko mAnate haiN| rohagupta29 isa mata ke pravartaka haiN| yaha ninhava kSullakamuni dvArA puramaMtaraMjikA nagarI meM utpanna huaa| isa mata ke anuyAyI vastuvibhAga tIna bhAgoM meM karate the, jaise jIva, ajIva aura jiivaajiiv| abAddhika isa mata ke anusAra jIva apane karmoM se baddha nahIM hai| goSThAmAhila isa mata ke pravartaka haiN| jinake dvArA isa mata kI sthApanA vIra nirvANa se pAMca sau caurAsI varSa pazcAt dazapura meM huI thii| isa mata kA marma yaha hai ki karma kA jIva se sparzamAtra hotA hai, bandhana nhiiN|330 ina pramukha sAta ninhavoM ke atirikta bhI kucha hI samaya meM jaina saMgha ke anya bheda hue jo isa prakAra haiM boTika ninhava vIra nirvANa ke cha: sau nau varSa pazcAt boTika ninhava arthAt digambara saMgha kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai| digambara paramparA meM uparyukta sAta ninhavoM kA to koI ullekha nahIM pAyA jAtA kintu zvetAmbara saMgha kI utpatti kA spaSTa ullekha hai|| devasena ne apane grantha darzanasAra332 meM likhA hai ki vikramarAja kI mRtyu ke eka sau chattIsa varSa pazcAt saurASTra deza ke valabhI nagara meM zvetapaTa zvetAmbara saMgha utpanna huA aise kula aThAraha viSaya haiM jinheM zvetAmbara sampradAya mAnatA hai digambara nahIM maantaa|33 yaha haiM (1) kevalI kA kavalAhAra-arthAt kevalajJAnI bhojana karate haiM aura unheM roga

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 149 hotA hai| (2) prAsuka bhojana sarvatra kiyA jA sakatA hai| (3) strI mukti / (4) zUdramukti / (5) vastra sahita mukti| (6) gRhasthaveza meM mukti| (7) alaMkAra aura kachoTe vAlI pratimA kA puujn| (8) muniyoM ke caudaha upkrnn| (9) tIrthaMkara mallinAtha kA strI honaa| (10) gyAraha aMgoM kI vidymaantaa| (11) bharatacakravartI ko apane ghara meM kevalya jJAna kI praapti| (12) zUdra ke ghara se muni AhAra le ske| (13) mahAvIra kA garbha dhaarnn| (14) mahAvIra kA vivAha va kanyA jnm| (15) mahAvIra svAmI ko tejolezyA se upsrg| (16) tIrthaMkara ke kandhe para devduussyvstr| (17) marudevI kA hAthI para car3he hue mukti gmn| (18) sAdhu kA aneka gharoM se bhikSA grahaNa krnaa| zvetAmbara mata kI utpatti ujjainI nAmaka nagarI meM bhadrabAhu nAmaka AcArya the| vaha nimittajJAnI the| unhoMne saMgha ko bulAkara kahA ki eka bar3A bhArI durbhikSa hogA jo bAraha varSoM meM samApta hogaa| isalie sAdhuoM ko saMgha banAkara anya dezoM ko cale jAnA caahie| yaha sunakara saba gaNadhara apane apane saMghoM ko lekara una dezoM ko vihAra kara gaye jahAM subhikSa thaa| unhIM meM se eka zAnti AcArya apane ziSyoM ke sAtha saurASTa deza kI valabhI nagarI meM pahuMce, kintu vahAM bhI durbhikSa thaa| bhUkhe loga dUsaroM kA peTa phAr3akara khAne lage the| isa nimitta ko pAkara sabane kambala, daNDa, tumbA, pAtra, AvaraNa aura sapheda vastra dhAraNa kara lie| RSiyoM kA AcaraNa chor3akara basti meM jAkara dInatApUrvaka athavA svecchApUrvaka bhojana Arambha kara diyaa| unheM isa prakAra kA AcaraNa karate hue bahuta kAla bIta gyaa| jaba subhikSa ho gayA to zAnti AcArya ne una se kahA ki isa kutsita AcaraNa ko chor3a do aura prAyazcita karake muniyoM kA zreSTha AcaraNa grahaNa kara lo| ina vacanoM ko sunakara unake eka pradhAna ziSya ne kahA ki isa durdhara AcaraNa

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150 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti ko dhAraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| upavAsa, bhojana kA nahIM milanA, taraha-taraha ke dussaha antarAya, eka sthAna, acelatA, mauna, brahmacarya, bhUmi para zayana bar3e kaThina AcaraNa haiN| zAntyAcArya ne kahA ki caritra se bhraSTa jIvana acchA nahIM hai| yaha jaina mArga ko dUSita karatA hai| bhagavAna ne nirgrantha pravacana ko hI zreSTha kahA hai / usako chor3akara anya mArga kA avalambana lenA mithyAtva hai| isa para ruSTa hokara usa ziSya ne dIrghadaNDa se guru ke sira para prahAra kiyaa| taba vaha ziSya saMgha kA svAmI bana gayA tathA prakaTa rUpa se zvetAmbara bana gyaa| vaha upadeza dene lagA ki sagranthaliMga se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| apane apane grahaNa kiye pAkhaNDoM ke sadRza una logoM ne zAstroM kI racanA kI aura unakI vyAkhyA karake una logoM meM usI prakAra ke AcaraNa kI pravRtti calA dii| 334 ardhaphAlaka sampradAya hariSeNakRta bRhatkathAkoSa meM ullekha hai ki durbhikSa ke kAraNa zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu dakSiNApatha ko cale gye| subhikSa hone para bhadrabAhu kA ziSya vizAkhAcArya samasta saMgha ke sAtha dakSiNApatha se madhyadeza lauTa aayaa| inhoMne vahAM se lauTa kara kahA ki sindhudeza meM loga durbhikSa pIr3itoM ke zora ke kAraNa dina meM nahIM khA pAte, isase rAta ko khAte the| unhoMne vizAkhAcArya Adi se kahA ki vaha bhI rAta meM unake ghara se pAtra lekara Ahara le jAyA kreN| taba sAdhu rAtri meM AhAra lAne lge| eka dina eka kRzakAya nirgrantha hAtha meM bhikSApAtra lekara sAdhu ke ghara gayA / andhere meM usa nagnamuni ko dekhakara eka garbhiNI zrAvikA kA garbhapAta ho gyaa| taba zrAvakoM ne Akara sAdhuoM se Agraha kiyA ki jaba taka sthiti ThIka nahIM hotI taba taka bAeM hAtha se ardhaphAlaka arthAt AdhevastrakhaNDa ko Age karake aura dAhine hAtha meM bhikSApAtra lekara rAtri meM AhAra lene ke lie AyA kreN| subhikSa hone para puna: tapa meM saMlagna ho jaaeN| zrAvakoM kA vacana sunakara yatigaNa vaisA hI karane lge| subhikSa hone para rAmilla, sthavira sthUlabhadrAcArya ne sakalasaMgha se ardhaphAlaka chor3a nirgrantha dharma ke anupAlana kA Agraha kiyA / jinheM guru kA vacana rucikara nahIM huA una zaktihInoM ne ardhaphAlaka sampradAya ko pracalita kiyA | 335 kAmbala tIrthaka saurASTra kI valabhI nAmaka nagarI meM vapravAda nAmaka mithyAdRSTi rAjA thaa| usakI paTarAnI svAminI ardhaphAlaka sAdhuoM kI bhakta thI / ardhaphAlaka saMgha ko dekhakara

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 151 rAjA ko bahuta kautuhala huA ki yaha na to nagna hai na vstrvessttit| taba rAjA ne saMgha se prArthanA kI ki yA to sAdhu nirgranthatA aMgIkAra kara leM athavA Rjuvastra meM vihAra kreN| usa dina se kAmbala tIrtha kA pravartana huaa| yApanIya saMgha dakSiNApatha sthita sAvalipattana meM kAmbala sampradAya se yApanIya saMgha utpanna huaa| kaliMgarAja khAravela ke hAthI gumphA abhilekha se aisA jJAta hotA hai| jAyasavAla ke anusAra yahI itihAsa kI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa sUcanA hai| vaha kahate haiM ki yApajJApaka yAjJApakA: yApoM ke zikSaka kSetra ke binA jaina dharma kA itihAsa samIkRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|36_ __bhadrabAhucarita meM bhadrabAhu nAmaka AcArya ke turanta bAda se jaina dharma kA itihAsa diyA gayA hai jo ki candragupta maurya ke samakAlIna haiN| bhadrabAhu carita ke anusAra unake anekoM ziSyoM meM se jo apane zAstA kI asthiyoM kI pUjA karate the yApanIya saMgha kA udaya huA jisane antataH vastravihIna rahane kA nizcaya kiyaa| yApanasaMgha pramukha rUpa se dakSiNa meM pallavita huA kyoMki karnATaka abhilekha meM jJApakoM kI pramukha rUpa se carcA hai|37 upasaMhAra jainoM ke isa vicAra meM satyatA hai ki unakA dharma ati purAtana hai| jisakI prAcInatA prAgArya hone ke kAraNa vivAda kA viSaya hai tathA jaina dharma sabhI dharma aura darzanoM meM sarvaprAcIna hai|38 pAzcAtya vidvAna noilareTiMga likhate haiM ki sabhI jIvita dharmoM meM hama maulikatA tathA gahanatA kA mizraNa pAte haiN|39 jaina saMgha kI kucha apanI hI vizeSatAeM thIM (1) strI saMnyAsa kI adhikAriNI yadyapi nyUnAdhika rUpa meM jaina saMgha meM bhI striyoM ke prati vahI vicAradhArA thI jo bauddha saMgha meM yA brAhmaNa saMnyAsa Azrama meM thI kintu phira bhI AdhyAtmika kSetra meM sambodhi prApti kA adhikAra unheM Arambha se hI mila gayA thaa|40 ataeva kahA jA sakatA hai ki jo brAhmaNadharma meM kabhI nahIM huA, buddha ne jise anya ke Agraha se anicchApUrvaka svIkArA; vahIM jaina dharma ne strI ko Arambha se hI pravrajyA kA adhikAra diyaa|

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152 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (2) kAyAkleza tathA kezaloMca dazavaikAlika tathA mUlArAdhanA ke anusAra kAyaH kleza saMsAra virakti kA hetu hai / vIrAsana, ukaDU Asana, tathA kezaloMca kaThina - anazana, kAyotsarga, tapa va saMlekhanA isake bhAga haiN| kAyaH kleza se nirlepatA, pazcAta karmavarjana, puraH karmavarjana, tathA kaSTa sahiSNutA jaise sadguNa prApta hote haiM / 342 kalpasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki saMvatsarI ke pUrva loMca avazya karanA caahie| usakI vyAkhyA meM loMca karane ke nau hetu batAye haiN| 343 rAga Adi ke nirAkaraNa se isakA sambandha hai| yaha anveSaNa kA viSaya hai| zAsana kI avahelanA kA prazna sAmayika hai| jIvoM kI utpatti na ho tathA usakI virAdhanA na ho, isakI sAvadhAnI baratI jA sakatI hai| ina hetuoM se loMca kI sAdhanA anivArya honA kaThina hai| yaha kaSTa sahiSNutA kI bahuta bar3I kasauTI hai, kyoMki kezaloMca se dAruNa kaSTa hotA hai| kezoM ko saMsAdhita karane se usameM jUM, lIkha Adi utpanna ho jAtI haiN| vahAM se unako haTAnA duSkara hotA hai / sote samaya anyAnya vastuoM se saMghaTana hone ke kAraNa una jUM, lIkhoM ko pIr3A ho sakatI hai| anya sthaloM se kITAdika jantu bhI unako vahAM khAne A jAte haiN| yaha duSpratihArya hai| loca se muNDatva, muNDatva se nirvikAratA aura nirvikAratA se ratnatrayI meM prabala parAkrama ho sakatA hai| loMca se Atmadamana hotA hai| sukha meM Asakti nahIM hotI, svAdhInatA rahatI hai| loMca na karane vAlA mastaka ko dhone, sukhAne, tela lagAne meM kAla vyatIta karatA hai| svAdhyAya Adi meM svatantra nahIM rahatA / nirdoSatA kI vRddhi hotI hai aura zarIra se mana haTa jAtA hai| loca se dharma ke prati zraddhA hotI hai| yaha ugra tapa hai, kaSTa sahiSNutA kA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai| 344 isa prakAra kAya : kleza tathA loMca ko jainoM ke kaThora AtmaniyantraNa kA pratIka mAnA jA sakatA hai| jabaki bauddha dharma ina kaThina kAya : kalezoM meM vizvAsa na kara madhyama pratipadA ko svIkAra karatA hai / 345 (3) nagnatA nagnatA bhI jaina saMgha kI vicitra vizeSatA hai| yaha isa bAta kI sUcaka hai ki gambhIra aparigraha ke pAlana se bhikSu samAja para nAmamAtra ko hI Azrita rahatA hai| AcArAMgasUtra ke anusAra dharmakSetra meM unheM nagna kahA gayA hai jo dIkSita hokara puna: gRhavAsa meM nahIM Ate | 346 zramaNa se apekSA kI jAtI thI ki vaha lajjA ko jItane meM samartha ho / sarvathA acela rahe / kaTibandha taka dhAraNa nahIM kre| cAhe ghAsa kI cubhana ho, sardI lagatI ho, garmI lagatI ho, DAMsa aura macchara kATate hoN| saba parISahoM ko nirvastra hokara sahana kre| 347 acelamuni kA Adarza eka jAtIya aura

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 153 aneka jAtIya parISahoM ko sahana karanA hai| acelamuni lAghava ko prApta hotA hai| upakaraNa avamaudarya tathA kAya: kleza tapa ko prApta hotA hai|48 (4) ahiMsA ahiMsA paramodharma: jainoM kA siddhAnta thaa| kintu unake saMgha meM isakA caramotkarSa dekhane ko milatA hai| jaina bhikSu parajIvoM para itane Arda rahate haiM ki svayaM kaSTa or3ha lete haiN|349 hiMsA se bacane ke lie hI jainoM ne bhojana kI zuddhatA kI avadhAraNA banAI tathA bhikSA va gamanAgamana ke lie aneka niyamoM va upaniyamoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| samabhavata: koI bhI sampradAya maryAdA pAlana meM jainoM se spardhA nahIM kara sktaa| (5) aparigraha jaina saMgha kI tulanAtmaka dRSTi se yaha apUrva vizeSatA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ne yA jaina saMgha ne samaveta meM kabhI bhI svarNa, maNi, muktaka athavA rajata yA dravya ko kisI bhI nimitta se svIkAra nahIM kiyA jabaki bauddha saMgha ne anekAneka ArAma jaitavana, veluvana Adi svarNa mudrAoM ke sAtha svIkAra kiye| bauddhoM kI dvitIya saMgIti meM to vajji ke bhikSuoM dvArA dasa akaraNIya kalpoM meM jAtarUparaMjaka arthAt dravyasaMgraha mahatvapUrNa thaa| niSkarSa rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki manuSya kI dhArmika jAgarUkatA kI prathamAvasthA meM hI jaina dharma ne adhyAtmavAda kA parirakSaNa kiyA hai| yaha AtmA tathA pudgala ke pArthakya ko pramANita karatA hai|350 yadyapi siddhAntata: jaina samAja kI kama se kama nirbharatA para bala dete the kintu unhoMne bar3I caturAI se zrAvaka aura zrAvikA gRhasthoM se nirantara samparka banAye rkhaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMgha kI anavaratatA akSuNNa banI rhii| rUr3hivAdI vicAroM ke upAsaka zramaNasaMgha ke anuzAsana ke lie niyantraka siddha hue|5| yahI kAraNa hai ki videzoM meM sukhyAta bauddha dharma bhArata se lupta ho gayA jabaki usI kA samasAmayika gauNa dharma jaina dharma ke rUpa meM bhArata bhUmi meM puSpita aura pallavita hai|52

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154 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyAM 1. tIrthaMkara kA zAbdika artha hai dharma kA prvrtk| jainoM ke anusAra jisane saMsAra sAgara tairakara pAra kara liyA pAragAmI tIrthaMkara hai| isI artha meM anya bhI ise svIkArate haiN| pro0 lAsena ke anusAra bauddhAnuyAyiyoM ne ise mahAvIra kI upAdhi ke rUpa meM liyA buddha ke lie ise prayukata nahIM kiyaa| ThIka usI prakAra jaisA tathAgata buddha, sambuddha Adi zabdoM kA prayoga jaina nahIM krte| dra0 jainasUtraja ji0 2, pR0 201 2. yaha vArANasI ke rAjA azvasena ke putra tathA ikSvAku kula ke kSatriya the| sau varSa kI Ayu meM san 776 I0pU0 meM unakA dehAnta vArANasI meM huaa| pArzva ko yaha nAma kiMvadantI ke anusAra diyA gayA ki inake janma ke pUrva inakI mAM ne apane pArzva meM reMgatA hue kAlA nAga dekhA thaa| dra0 kalpasUtra (esa0bI0I0), ji0 22, pR0 2721 3. jaina sUtraja bhAga-2, esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, bhUmikA, pR0 141 4. rAjezvaraprasAda caturvedI, jaina dharma, pR0 1 / 5. kezI kI stuti isa prakAra kI gayI hai kezyagni kezI, viSaM kezI birbhati rodsii| kezI vizvaM svadRze kezIdaM jyotirucyte|| - Rgveda, 10/136/11 kezI kI yaha stuti vAtarazanA zramaNa RSi tathA unake adhinAyaka RSabha aura unakI sAdhanAoM se tulanIya hai| Rgveda ke vAtarazanA aura bhAgavata purANa ke vAtarazanA zramaNa RSi ni:sandeha eka hI sampradAya ke vAcaka haiN| kezI kA artha kezadhArI hotA hai| yadyapi sAyaNa ne isakA artha kezasthAnIya razmiyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA sUrya kiyA hai| kintu yaha saMgati sArthaka pratIta nahIM hotI kyoMki RSabha bhagavAna ke kuTila kezoM kI paramparA jaina mUrtikalA meM prAcInakAla se Aja taka akSuNNa hai| RSabhadeva ko kesariyAnAtha bhI kahA jAtA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki kesara keza aura jaTA eka hI artha ke vAcaka haiN| siMha bhI kezoM ke kAraNa hI kesarI kahalAtA hai| isI prakAra Rgveda meM anyatra-karkadeve vRSabhoyukta AsId avAvacIt sArathirasya kezI dudharyuktasyadravrata: sahAnasa Rcchanti mA niSpado mudagalAnIma - Rgveda, 10/102/6 kezIvRSabha ko sArathI banAnA unakA eka hI puruSa honA siddha karatA hai| dra0 hIrAlAla jaina : jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa, pR0 14-16 / 6. ariSTanemi mahAbhArata kAlIna bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara the| vaha zaurIpura ke yAdava rAjA aMdhakavRSNi ke pautra tathA vAsudeva kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the| jarAsaMdha ke AtaMka se trasta zaurIpura ke yAdava dvArikA jA base the| inakA vivAha giranAra-jUnAgaDha ke rAjA ugrasena kI kanyA rAjulamatI se nizcita huA thaa| kintu vivAha ke dina lagna hone se pUrva hI yaha hiMsAmaya gArhasthika jIvana se virakta hokara zramaNa ho gaye aura giranAra parvata para tapa karane cale gye| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM jo bhagavAna tIrthavit ke upadezoM kA vRttAnta hai, vaha jaina tIrthaMkara dvArA upadiSTa dharma ke samarUpa hai| - dra0 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa, pR0 30: uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 45, pR0 112 tathA Aga jaikobI kI TippaNiyAM, pR0 112-131 7. bhAgavata purANa ke pAMcaveM skandha ke prathama cha: adhyAyoM meM RSabha deva ke vaMza, jIvana va tapazcaraNa kA vRttAnta milatA hai jo sabhI bAtoM meM jaina purANa se samatA rakhatA hai| unake mAtA-pitA ke nAma nAbhi aura marudevI pAye jAte haiM tathA unheM svAyaMbhU manu kI pIr3hI kA

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 155 pAMcavAM vaMzaja isa krama meM kahA hai : manu, priyavrata, agnIdha, nAbhi aura Rssbh| vaha nagna rahate the aura kevala zarIra mAtra hI unake pAsa thaa| logoM dvArA tiraskAra kiye jAne, gAlI galauca karane aura mAre jAne para bhI vaha mauna rahate the| apane kaThora tapazcaraNa dvArA usane kaivalya prApti kI tathA dakSiNa karnATaka pradeza meM bhramaNa kiyaa| vaha kuTakAMcala parvata ke vana meM unmatta ke samAna nagna rUpa meM vicarane lge| bAMsoM kI ragar3a se vana meM Aga laga gaI aura usameM unhoMne svayaM ko bhasma kara ddaalaa| dra0 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa, pR0 11-12 tulanIya : kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0 ji0 22e pR0 281-285 / 8. bhAgavata purANa, 5/3/20 - bhAgavata purANa ke kathana meM ullekhanIya do bAteM haiM ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM RSabha kA sthAna tathA prAcInatA kA sAhityika paramparA se ghaniSTha va mahatvapUrNa sambandha hai| hindU aura jaina donoM hI unheM pUjya mAnate haiN| hindU viSNu ke avatAra aura jaina Adi tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM pUjate haiN| dUsarA, avatAroM meM yaha rAma aura kRSNa se bhI purAtana mAne gaye haiN| - dra0 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa, pR0 12 / 9. bhAgavata purANa, 5/6/121 10. uttarAdhyayana (esa0bI0I0), ji0 45, pR0 119, 129 / 11. jaikobI, jaina sUtraja, bhAga-2 (esa0 bI0I0ji0), 45, bhUmikA / 12. AcArAMga (esa0bI0I0), ji0 22, pR0 194 / 13. jaikobI, kalpasUtra, bhUmikA (esa0 bI0I0), pR0 8 tathA iNDiyana eNTIkverI - 12, pR0 211 14. ThANaM, 4/136-137, pR0 3171 15. dIrgha nikAya, sAMmajjaphalasutta (pAlI TaiksTa sosAyaTI), pR0 57 16. jaikobI ke mata meM mahAvIra aura pArzva ke bIca do sau pacAsa varSa ke antarAya zramaNa saMgha ke AcAra meM avazya hI zithilatA A gaI hogii| isalie mahAvIra ne brahmacarya kA nirdhAraNa kara diyA hogA / dra0 jaina sUtraja, bhAga-2, pR0 123 pAda TippaNI 31 17. uttarAdhyayana, esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 119 se 129 1 kintu ke0sI0 lalavANI kA mata hai ki mahAvIra ne brahmacarya nahIM, apitu pUrNa aparigraha nirdhArita kiyA thaa| sAMsArika upakaraNoM se pUrNa virakti tabhI saMbhava hai jaba vastra tyAge jaaeN| dra0 bhagavatI sUtra, ji0 2, pR0 352 1 18. prathama tIrthaMkara ke zramaNa Rju-jar3a, antima ke vakra jar3a aura madhyavartI tIrthaMkara ke zramaNa Rju prajJa hote haiN| prathama tIrthaMkara ke zramaNoM ke lie muni AcAra ko yathAvata grahaNa karanA kaThina hai| carama tIrthaMkara ke zramaNoM ke lie AcAra kA pAlana kaThina hai| madhyavartI tIrthaMkaroM muni use yathAvata grahaNa karate haiM tathA saralatA se pAlana bhI karate haiN| inhIM kAraNoM se dharma ke yaha bheda utpanna hue| uttarAdhyayana, 23/25, 26, 27 dra0 uttarajjhayaNANi (sAnuvAda), pR0 3011 19. pAzrvApatyIya savastra isalie the ki bAhya upakaraNa se bhI logoM ko jJAta ho ki vaha sAdhu haiN| isalie nAnA prakAra ke upakaraNoM kI parikalpanA kI gii| saMyama jIvana yAtrA ko nibhAnA aura maiM sAdhu hUM aisA dhyAna Ate rahanA veza dhAraNa ke prayojana the kintu mahAvIra ke sAdhu nirvastra isalie the ki mokSa kA nizcita sAdhana jJAna, darzana aura cAritra hI rahe / vibhUSA AdhyAtma patha kI bAdhA na bana jAye / uttarAdhyayana (sAdhvI candanA), 23/29-33: uttarajjhaNANi (sAnu), pR0 301, Amukha | 20. dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana vAcanA pramukha AcArya tulasI sampAdaka muni nathamala

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156 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 23. pR0 1711 21. AcArAMgasUtra esa0bI0I0ji0 22, pR0 1941 22. bhagavatI sUtra (ke0sI0 lalavANI), pustaka-5, adhyAya-9, pR0 228-301 vahI, pustaka-1, adhyAya-9, pR0 131-135: kAlAsya vaizikaputra cAturyAma ke sAtha pratikramaNa ko bhI svIkAra kara paMcayAma anuyAyI bnaa| vaha anekAneka varSa saMgha meM rhaa| zramaNa ke rUpa meM vaha nagna rahA, muNDita rahA, usane kezaloMca kiyA, snAna, dantadhAvana, jUtA aura chAtA kA parityAga kara pUrNa aparigrahI bnaa| sabhI pariSahoM meM samyakatva kA pAlana kara kaivalya ko prApta huaa| 24. bhagavatI, 9/32: dra0 uttarajjhayaNANi sAnavAda. pR0 2991 25. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/7 (esa0bI0I0), ji0 45, pR0 420-351 26. ke0sI0 lalavANI ke anusAra mahAvIra ne pAMcavAM yAma pRthaka rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM kiyA thA apitu pArzva ke cauthe yAma sarvavahiddhAdANa viramaNa ke hI do bhAga kara uttaravartI ko pAMcavAM banA diyaa| yaha the upakaraNa parityAga tathA brhmcry| mahAvIra ko brahmacarya ko pAMcavAM vrata isalie banAnA par3A kyoMki unake samaya taka zramaNa bahuta dhUrta ho gaye the| dra0 bhagavatIsUtra, bhAga-1, pR0 268-691 27. bhagavAna prArambha meM sacela the| eka devadUSya dhAraNa karate the| tadanantara vaha acela bane aura jIvana bhara acela rhe| kintu unhoMne sacela aura acela kisI eka ko ekAMgI mAnyatA nahIM dii| donoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kara unhoMne saMgha kA vistAra kiyaa| AyAro, pR0 319 tathA 343 / 28. mUlAcAra, 7/36-38, dra0 uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0 kalakattA, pR0 302 / 29. mahAvIra dvArA pravartita paMca mahAvrata dharma bhI mUlarUpa meM RSabhadeva dvArA pravartita thaa| zramaNadharma pAMca vratoM para RSabha ke samaya se AdhArita thaa| bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke samaya yaha cAturyAma bana kara rahA tathA mahAvIra ne puna: paMcayAma banAyA kyoMki unake samaya zramaNa bahuta pAkhaNDI va dhUrta bana gae the| ata: mahAvIra ko hara niyama ko kasanA par3A to niyama puna: pAMca ho gye| bIca ke bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke samaya zramaNa RjuprAjJa the ata: cAra niyama hI paryApta the| dra0 bhagavatIsUtra (ke0sI0 lalavANI), pR0 3511 30. iNDiyana eNTIkverI ji0 9, 1880, pR0 162, jaikobI kA jainasUtroM kA paricaya: esa0 bI0I0ji0 45, pR0 14-15: ji0 22, pR0 34-401 31. dra0 esa0 bI0 deva, hisTrI Apha jaina monekijma, pR0 621 32. kalpasUtra : (esa0bI0I0),ji0 22, pR0 2741 33. jaina tIrthayAtrI taMgIya kA bihAra se samIkaraNa karate haiN| dra0 jagadIza candra jaina, lAipha ina ezenTa iNDiyA - eja DipikTeDa ina dI arlI jaina kainansa, pR0 3451 34. dra0 bhagavatIsUtra ke0sI0 lalavANI, ji0 1, pR0 188-198 / 35. sAdhvI kanaka zrI, mahAvIra kI saMgha vyavasthA kA prArUpa aura vikAsa tulasI prajJA, apraila jUna 1974, pR0 521 36. cauvihe sadhe paNate, tAma jAhA samaNA, samaNio, sAvaga, sviyaao| 37. jI0esa0pI mizra, sama riphalaikzansa Ana arlI jaina eNDa buddhisTa monaikijma , jijJAsA, aMka-1, julAI-akTUbara 1974, pR0 7 / 38. esa0 gopAlana : AuTalAinsa Apha jainijma, pR0 33, pAda TippaNI 7: zramaNasaMgha meM gRhatyAgI paMca mahAvratoM ko svIkAra karatA thaa| zrAvaka saMgha gRhatyAga nahIM karatA thaa| yaha

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 157 paMcamahAvratoM kI apekSA paMcaaNuvratoM kA pAlana karatA thaa| yaha usake vyaktigata jIvana tathA samAja donoM meM santulana rakhate the| prasaMgavaza bauddha granthoM meM aise upadeza avazya haiN| jo gRhastha ziSyoM ke lie hI haiN| aneka dhArmika naitika tathA AdhyAtmika zikSAeM vizeSarUpa se gRhasthoM ko samarpita haiN| mahAvagga nAlandA saMskaraNa pR0 309-10, jahAM ki buddha vizAkhA kI udAratA kI prazaMsA karate haiN| 39. kalpasUtra (esa0 bI0I0), ji0 22, pR0 2011 40. mahAvagga nAlandA saMskaraNa pR0 319 : cullavagga nAlandA saMskaraNa pR0 2591 apane eka lekha dI nozana Apha buddhisTa saMgha jijJAsA, ji0 1, naM0 1-2 janavarI - apraila 1974 meM DA0 esa0ena0 dube kA kathana hai ki- saMgha aura catudisa saMgha meM antara yathArtha aura Adarza kA nahIM hai apitu sthAnIya aura sArvabhaumika arthAt bauddha saMgha kA hai| jo apanI sampUrNatA meM tIsarI zatAbdI IsvI meM sudUra aMcaloM taka vistAra pA cukA thA / unhoMne vividha Arthika parivartanoM kI ora iMgita kiyA hai jo ki dUsarI bauddha saMgIti ke samaya dRSTigocara ho rahe the udAharaNa ke lie vajji bhikSugaNa dvArA rajata aura svarNa mudrAoM ko svIkAra krnaa| ina parivartanoM kA saMgha jIvana aura sAmAnya cintanA para lakSita prabhAva batAyA gayA hai tathA uparokta pR0 34 para theravAda kathAvastu kI gaNanA bhI isake aMtargata kI hai| jisameM saMgha ko mAtra vyaktiyoM kI pariSad batAyA hai tathA jisake anusAra saMgha kA AdarzAtmaka rUpa mAnya nahIM hai| DA0 jI0esa0pI0 mizra apane lekha sama riphalekzansa ana arlI jaina eNDa buddhisTa monaikijma jijJAsA naM0 3-4, ji0 9, julAI-akTUbara 1974 pR0 7-8 pAda TippaNa 7 meM DA0 dube ke vicAroM kI visaMgati ina binduoM se darzAte haiM (1) vicAraNIya viSaya saMgha aura cAtuddisasaMgha meM antara kA nahIM apitu sammukhoM saMgha aura cAtuddisa saMgha ke bIca vibheda kA hai| (2) jo sArvabhaumika hai vaha amUrta aura AdarzAtmaka kA virodhI nahIM ho jAtA / (3) lekhaka kI yaha mAnyatA ki cAtuddisa saMjJA tIsarI zatAbdI tathA dvitIya bauddha pariSada ke pazcAt prayukta hone lagI ucita nahIM hai| (4) kama se kama apane Arambhika rUpa meM to zabda "anAgata" apane saMyukta rUpa meM saMgha kI AdarzAtmaka sthiti kI ora iMgita karatA hai na ki vyaktiyoM kI pariSad mAtra kI ora / 41. mahAvagga, nAlandA saMskaraNa, pR0 1091 42. kalpasUtra (esa0 bI0I0), ji0 22, pR0 267-68, sUtra 134-1401 43. sAdhvI kanakI, "mahAvIra kI saMgha vyavasthA kA prArUpa aura vikAsa", tulasI prajJA, apraila-jUna 1974, pR0 54 / 44. DablyU. zrubiMga, DAkTrina Apha dI jainaja, 1962, pR0 2531 AcArAMga esa0bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 1131 45. jagadIza candra jaina, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 218 | 46. dekhe - nandakizora prasAda, sTaDIja ina buddhisTa eNDa jaina monaikijma, pR0 2071 47. abhidhAna cintAmaNi nAmamAlA, 1/781 48. atthavAie AyarioM - odhaniyukti kha arthapradA AcAryA - oghaniryukti vRtti 49. vaidika paramparA meM bhI adhyayana adhyApana kI dRSTi se AcArya pada kI pratiSThA thI va kArya vibhAjana bhI jaina paramparA se sAmya rakhatA thaa|

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158 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 50. ThANaM, (lADanUM), 4/22, 23 pR0 409, 5161 51. muni nathamala, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 361 52. dayAnanda bhArgava, jaina ithiksa, pR0 175 53. ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa, 4/542-43, pR0 451 / 54. dazavaikAlika 9/16 dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayanaH sampA0 anu0 muni nathamala pR0 53 : hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 1451 55. Avazyaka vyavahAra tathA Avazyaka niryukti, gAthA 12091 56. sutaM vAie uvajjhAo kha sUtra pradA upAdhyAyAH / 57. AcArAMga (esa0 bI0I0), ji0 22, pR0 113 tathA 1461 58. vRhadgautama smRti, 14/59-60 1/781 59. anuyoga kRdAcArya : upAdhyAyAstu pA ka: abhidhAna cintAmaNi nAmamAlA, 60. bhagavatI cUrNi, pR0 232 a, dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 144 / ullekhanIya hai ki prArambhika jainAgamoM jaise ki AcArAMga tathA sUtrakRtAMga meM upAdhyAya kI arhatAoM tathA kartavyoM ke viSaya meM sUcanAeM prApta nahIM hotiiN| 61. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 145 / 62. DA0 nathamala TATiyA, nidezaka jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM ne vyaktigata sAkSAtkAra meM lekhikA ko batAyA ki yaha AcAryopAdhyAya pada eka nahIM apitu do vyaktiyoM AcArya tathA upAdhyAya ke artha meM prayukta huA hai jo pada meM samAna kintu kAryoM meM bhinna hai| 63. DAkTrina Apha dI jainaja, pR0 2551 64. ThANaM saM0 (muni nathamala ), lADanUM 5 / 166 pR0 592 tathA 737-38 65. ThANaM saM0 (muni nathamala), lADanUM 5/67, pR0 593, 7/7-8 meM AcAryopAdhyAya ke saMgraha va asaMgraha sthAna pada kI carcA hai / pR0 718-19 66. vyavahArabhASyaH dra0 sAdhvI kanakazrI, "mahAvIra kI saMgha vyavasthA kA prArUpa aura vikAsa': tulasI prajJA, janavarI mArca 1976, pR0 58-59: vRhatkalpa, 4 / 15: dra0 nandakizora prasAda, sTaDIja ina buddhisTa eNDa jaina monaikijma, pR0 2111 67. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 145 / 68. kalpasUtra vRtti, pR0 108, dra0 tulasI prajJA, janavarI-mArca, 76, pR0 591 69. ThANaM (lADanUM), 3 / 187, pR0 1881 70. vahI, pR0 10121 71. kula, gaNa aura saMgha kI vyAkhyA laukika aura lokottara do dRSTiyoM se kI jA sakatI hai| kula, gaNa aura saMgha zAsana kI ikAiyAM rahI haiN| jo vyakti inameM vighaTana kA vigraha karatA hai vaha sthavira hai| yaha laukika vyavasthA hai| lokottara vyavasthA ke anusAra eka AcArya ke ziSyoM ko kula, tIna AcAryoM ke ziSyoM ko gaNa tathA aneka AcAryoM ke ziSyoM ko saMgha kahA jAtA hai-- sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 489 / 72. ThANaM, 10/136 TippaNa 57 pR0 10121 73. vyavahAra 10/15 : vyavahAra bhASyagAthA 46-49: vyavahAra bhASya vRttipatra 101 ke anusArajAti sthavira ko kAla aura prakRti ke anukUla AhAra, AvazyakatAnusAra upadhi aura vasati denI caahie| unakA saMstAraka mRdu ho tathA sthAna parivartana ke samaya ziSya uThAye tathA yathAsthAna pAnI pilAye / zruta sthavira ko kRtikarma aura vanandaka denA cAhie tathA unake abhiprAya ke anusAra calanA caahie| unake Agamana para uThanA, baiThane ke lie

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 159 Asana denA, tathA pAda pramArjana karanA caahie| paryAyasthavira cAhe phira vaha guru, pravrAjaka yA vAcanAcArya na bhI ho, phira bhI unake Ane para uThanA cAhie tathA unheM vandanA karake unake daNDa lAThI ko grahaNa karanA caahie| dazavaikAlika, 9/1-4 dazavaikAlika uttarAdhyayana, lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 51 / 74. dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pra0 1461 75. jaina darzana: manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 33 / 76. ThANaM saM0 muni nathamala, lADanUM 8/15 pR0 795 / adhika vistAra ke lie dekheM TippaNa 16 pR0 827-30 jahAM pratyeka sampadA kI anya cAra koTiyAM dI gayI haiN| isake atirikta gaNi ke 6 guNa ginAye gaye haiM-(1) zraddhAzIla, (2) satyavAdI, (3) medhAvI puruSa, (4) bahuzruta puruSa, (5) zaktizAlI puruSa evaM (6) kalaha rahita puruSa-sthAnAMga, 6/1: ThANaM pR0 655 tathA 685-861 77. jinaziSya vizeSa: dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina maunaikijma, pR0 148 78. bhagavAna ke pAMcaveM gaNadhara sudharmA svAmI ko uttaravartI sAhitya yA pAzcAtya saMkalita AgamoM meM kahIM bhI gaNadhara nahIM kahA gayA hai| unake lie ajjasuhamme kA hI prayoga huA hai| uttaravartI sAhitya meM jahAM AcArya ke artha meM gaNadhara zabda kA prayoga huA hai, vaha vizeSaNa rUpa meM hI huA hai| 79. muni nathamala, jaina paramparA kA vikAsa, dra0 sAdhvI kanakadhI, tulasI prajJA, mArca 76, pR0 611 80. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 201 81. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 148 / kintu TIkAkAra kI ukta mAnyatA kA srota kyA rahA hai, yaha avazya cintanIya hai kyoMki zramaNI saMgha ke saMcAlana kA bhAra pravartinI para hotA thaa| yaha chedasUtroM, unake vyAkhyA granthoM tathA uttaravartI sAhitya ke AdhAra para . nirvivAda siddha hai| sambhavata: vizAla sAdhvI saMgha kI vyavasthA, patha darzana aura Arta gaveSaNA kA vRhattama dAyitva gaNadhara para hI thaa| lekina sAdhviyoM kI vyavasthA ke lie kisI variSTha zramaNa kA manonayana hotA thA aisA ullekha anyatra kahIM nahIM miltaa| 82. zrubiMga, DAkTrina Apha dI jainaja, pR0 2541 83. Avazyaka niyukti gAthA 1209 kI avacUrNi 721 84. vyavahAra bhASya, 3/14, 191 85. vahI, 3/14: dra0 sTaDIja ina buddhisTa eNDa jaina monaikijma, pR0 211 / 86. Avazyaka niyukti gAthA 1209 kI avacUrNi 71 87. sthAnAMga vRtti, pR0 232 tathA 245 A gaNavacchedaka saMgha ko sahArA dene ke lie, use sudRr3ha banAne ke lie, saMyama yAtrA ke lie zramaNoM ke choTe choTe samUha lekara vihAra karate haiN| tulasI prajJA, jUna 78, pR0 621 88. vyavahAra bhASya, 3/14, 191 89. vahI, 3/14,20 : sTaDIja ina buddhisTa eNDa jaina monaikijma, pR0 211 / 90. sAdhvI kanakazrI, tulasI prajJA, janavarI-mArca,76, pR0 62 / 91. jI0esa0pI0 mizra, sama riphalekzansa Apha arlI jaina eNDa buddhisTa monaikijma, jijJAsA, aMka 3-4 julAI-akTUbara 1974, pR0 101 92. vullavagga, nAlaMdAsaMskaraNa pR0 271-74| 93. jI0esa0pI0mizra, puurvokt|

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160 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 94. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 1491 95. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 143-49 tathA DAkTrina Apha dI jainaja, pR0 253 56: jijJAsA aMka 3-4, julAI-akTUbara, 1974, pR0 101 96. sAdhvI kanakanI, pUrvokta, tulasI prajJA, janavarI-mArca 1976, pR0 37: vyavahArabhASya, 3/ 11/12:4/111 97. isa cintana meM saMzodhana kI apekSA hai kyoMki aMga sAhitya evaM uttaravartI jaina granthoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yaha vyavasthAeM mahAvIra kRta to haiM hI nahIM, mahAvIra kAlIna bhI nahIM hai| unakA sUtrapAta va vikAsa kramazaH huA tathA AcArya bhadrabAhu ke samaya taka inakI pUrNa pratiSThA ho cukI thii| ukta padoM kI jAnakArI nizItha, vyavahAra, bRhatkalpa aura dazAzrutaskandha tathA unake bhASyoM kI cUrNiyoM meM milatI hai| kAlakrama se ina padAdhikAriyoM ke dAyitva meM saMkoca, vistAra aura saMkramaNa bhI hotA rahA hai| 98. dekheM, hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 151 / 99. bhagavatI TIkA pR0 382: dra0 vahI, pR0 151 : sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 489: ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 10121 100. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, uddhRta, hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 151 : dra0 jijJAsA naM0 3. 4, julAI-akTUbara 1974, pR0 8 / 101. uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 79 pAda TippaNa 2, jaikobI kI vyaakhyaa| 102. dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 1501 103. dra0 jijJAsA naM0 3-4 julAI-akTUbara, 1974, pR0 5 / 104. dra0 DAkTrina Apha dI jainaja, pR0 252: sthAnAMga vRtti, patra 489: dra0 ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 10121 105. uttarAdhyayana esa0bI0I0, ji0 45, pR0 79 / 106. sthAnAMga 7/1: ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 713 / 107. dazAzrutaskandha, 2:50 uttarajjhayaNANi saTippaNa 108. vRhadavRti, patra 435-361 svecdApravRttayA gANaMgaNietti gaNAdagaNaM sA mAsAmyAntara evaM saMkrAmatIti gANaMgaNika hatyAgamikI pribhaassaa| tula0 jaikobI kI TippaNI : uttarAdhyayana esa0bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 79: zrI sthAnAMgasUtra zrI akhila bhArata esa0esa0 jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa, 1965 ji0 2, pR0 99-1001 109. zrubiMga, dI DAkTrina Apha dI jainaja, pR0 2521 110. dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 151 : uttarAdhyayana esa0bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 1671 - 111. jaikobI sambhoga ko ekAmaNDalayAma AhArakArAnAM kahate haiN| dra0 jaina sUtraja bhAga-2, pR0 167 pAda TippaNa-11 112. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 152 / 113. vhii| 114. guru kI muSTi jaisI koI bAta buddha ke dharma meM nahIM thI kyoMki buddha dharma paurohitya kA virodhI thaa| buddha ke mastiSka meM yaha vicAra kabhI nahIM upajA ki vaha bhikSu saMgha kA netRtva kareM yA bhikSu saMgha unake netRtva meM rhe| buddha kA apane ziSyoM ko yahI parAmarza thA ki

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 161 "aptadIpo bhavo, AtmAnA gaveseyyAtha, yo dhamma passati, so mAM pssti|' bhikSu pratimokSa ke niyamoM se bhI anuzAsita ho sakate the praatimokkhsNvrsNvuto| buddha eka vyakti ke pratiniSThA kI vyarthatA tathA vyakti pUjA se hone vAlI hAni apane prajJA cakSu se dekhate the-aMguttaranikAya pAlI TaiksaTa sosAyaTI, pR0 103:dra0 dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 108-9 / 115. vahI, pR0 108-1101 116. jijJAsA naM0 3-4, julAI akTUbara 1974, pR0 17 / 117. dra0 tulasI prajJA, janavarI-mArca 1976, pR0 63 / 118. vhii| 119. vhii| 120. vyavahAra bhASya gAthA, 328,331 / 121. vahI, dra0 tulasI prajJA, janavarI-mArca 1976, pR0 62 / 122. vyavahAra sUtra, 26-32 / 123. vyavahAra bhASya gAthA 1 124.vyavahAra bhASya, 4/111 125. ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa 10/15, pR0 904, adhika vistAra ke lie dra0 pR0 952-9591 isI prakAra pravrajyA kitane prakAra kI hotI hai, vistRta vivaraNa ke lie dra0 ThANaM 3/180 83 tathA 4/571 se 577 pR0 187-88 tathA pR0 459-461 / 126. mUla jaina dharma jAtivAda kA virodhI thaa| harikezina jo ki parihAra nimna jAti kA thA use saMgha meM praveza diyA gayA tathA anyoM ke lie bhI saMgha praveza ke dvAra khola diye the| dra0 uttarAdhyayana esa0bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 50: citra aura sambhUta do cANDAloM kA saMgha praveza bhI aisA hI dRSTAnta hai| uttarAdhyayana, vahI, pR0 56-571 127. uttarAdhyayana esa0bI0I0 ji0 45, adhyayana 8 / kauzAmbI ke brAhmaNa kapila kA udAharaNa jo svayaM sambuddha bana gayA aura pAMca hajAra brAhmaNoM ko pravajita kiyaa| 128. ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa 3/474-75, pR0 247 / 129. bAlaka kA pravrajyA dene meM aneka kaThinAiyAM thiiN| loga bAlaka ko zramaNoM ke sAtha dekhakara upahAsa karane lagate ki yaha bAlaka unake brahmacarya kA phala mAlUma hotA hai| bAlaka ke kAraNa vihAra meM antarAya hotA hai, rAtri meM vaha bhojana bhAMgatA hai| zramaNoM kI nindA janasAmAnya bAlaka kA cAragapAla (jelara) kahakara karate haiM, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 3841 130. dra0 vahI tathA dayAnanda bhArgava, jaina ithiksa, pR0 148 / 131. deva, hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 139-40, pAdaTippaNa 3 / 132. jaina ithiksa, pR0 1491 133. dharmasaMgraha-3, 73-78 pR0 1 zrI jaina siddhAnta--bAlasaMgraha se uddhRta khaNDa, 1 pR0 1581 134. hindU saMnyAsiyoM ke lie likhI gaI pustaka "nAradaparivAjakopaniSada' meM lagabhaga yahI pAtratAeM saMnyAsa ke lie rakhI gayI haiN| yadyapi isameM kucha sAmpradAyika sandarbha bhI haiM jo jaina zramaNa ke lie aprAsaMgika haiN| dra0 mAinara upaniSadsa, madrAsa 19/12 khaNDa-1, pR0 136-371 135. pravacana sAroddhAra : gAthA 890-91, pR0 228 kA 136. dIrgha nikAya, 1-51

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162 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 137. eka upadeza vArtA ke krama meM buddhadeva ajAtazatru se pUchate haiM ki kyA aise bhUtapUrva dAsa ko jo saMgha kA sadasya bana gayA hai, apanA dAsa mAneMge aura use puna: dAsakarma karane ke lie bAdhya kreNge| rAjA kA uttara nakArAtmaka hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ne sAmAjika asantulana se samAja aura saMgha ko bacAne ke lie niyamoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| 138. jaina saMgha meM pravrajyA niSedha ke niyamoM ke lie dra0 sthAnAMgasUtra, ji0, pR0 242-51: bauddha saMgha ke niSedha ke lie : mahAvagga nAlandA saMskaraNa pR0 76-82: dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 140 : dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 116 / 139. mahAvagga, pR0 76: dra0 dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 116 / 140. vAtika kA sAmAnya artha bAta rogI hai kintu isakI vyAkhyA yaunavikRta vyakti ke artha meM kI gayI hai| dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 140 / 141. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 1161 142. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa. pa0 141 143. svayaM mahAvIra ne parivrAjaka niyama svIkAra karane ke lie tathA pravrajyA ke lie apane bhAI se anujJA prApta kI thii| kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 256 tathA rAjImatI ne bhI pravrajyA karane ke lie mAtA-pitA se anujJA prApta kI thii| uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45 adhyAya 22-Aja bhI jaina saMgha meM pravrajyArthI ko apane sAMsArika abhibhAvakoM se anApatti ghoSaNA patra lAnA hotA hai| parivAra vAloM se AjJApatra pUrva meM liyA jAtA hai jisameM mukhyajana likhita meM ghoSaNA karate haiM ki vaha saharSasaMgha ko isa yA usa vyakti ko samarpita kara rahe haiN| yaha ghoSaNApatra hastAkSarayukta hotA hai tAki saMgha ne baccA, pati, patnI Adi curA liyA, apaharaNa kara liyA hai jaisA virodha na ho ske| 144. AcArAMga esa0bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 1991 145. dra0 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 387 / 146. ehi bhikkhu, svAkkhAto ghammo, cara brahmacariyaM sammA dukkhassa antkiriyaay| jaTiloM aura rAjagRha meM saMjaya belaTThiputra ke ziSyoM ne bhI isI prakAra pravrajyA prApta kI thii| mahAvagga nAlaMdA saMskaraNa, pR0 15-16,25,33,41 / 147. vahI, pR0 14: dra0 bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 1401 148. pratIta hotA hai ki alpavaya evaM aparipakva bhikSuoM ke saMgha meM praveza ke kAraNa pravrajyA aura upasampadA kA bheda sthApita huaa| jaba bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA bar3hI taba vaha tathAgata ke pratyakSa saMparka meM bhI kama A pAte the ata: upasampadA ke niyama meM parivartana ho gyaa| 149. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 113-151 150. jI0esa0pI0 mizra, "sama riphalaikzansa Apha arlI jaina eNDa buddhisTa monaikijma' jijJAsA naM0 3-4, julAI akTUbara 1975, pR0 11 / 151 bauddha pAli vinaya meM sAmAnya dAnta meM parivIkSA ke viSaya meM koI vizeSa kAla nirdhArita nahIM hai| mahAvagga: nAlandA saMskaraNa, pR0 73 meM avazya hI aisA ullekha hai ki yadi bhinna mata kA vyakti saMgha meM praveza kI anujJA cAhe to use cAra mAha kI parivIkSA para rakhA jAtA thaa| yahAM cAra mAha kA kAla anumAnita isalie kahA gayA hai kyoMki jaina saMgha meM yaha itanA hI hai| jijJAsA, naM0 3-4, julAI-akTUbara 1974, pR0 121 152. zrI sthAnAMgasUtra, khaNDa-2, pR0 23 / 153. jagadIzacandra jaina, pUrvokta, pR0 132, paadttippnn-1| 154. jijJAsA naM0 3-4, julAI akTUbara 1974, pR0 121

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 163 155. zrI sthAnAMgasUtra, pR0 129: dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 143 / 156. vahI, pR0 240: dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 143: sUtrakRtAMga esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 277,4/2/13 meM zramaNo zabda prayukta huA hai| jabaki sthAnAMgasUtra meM antevAsI zabda milatA hai| ThANaM, 4/424-25, pR0 516-171 157. antevAsI usa ziSya ko kahate the jise guru kI nikaTatA prApta ho jAye, jo guru ke vicAra evaM AjJA se dUra nahIM jaataa| ataH zrutajJAna prApti ke icchuka ko dravya aura bhAva donoM prakAra se guru ke nikaTa rahanA caahie| vyavasthA ke lie dekheM-AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zruta skandha zrI AtmArAmajI mahArAja pR0 11 / 158. AyAro, pR0 171-72 sUtra 401 159. ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa, 3/476 pR0 2471 160. jainoM meM ise uvatthAvaNa kahA jAtA hai| yaha eka prakAra se puSTikaraNa hai| dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 1431 161. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 140: dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 117 / 162. sAMkhyAyanagRhasUtra esa0bI0I0 ji0 24, pR0 65: AzvalAyana gRhasUtra esa0bI0I0 ji0 24, pR0 190 tathA hiraNyakezIgRhasUtra esa0 bI0I0 ji0 30, pR0 152: tulanIya, mahAvagga nAlandA saMskaraNa, pR0 43 / 163. uttarAdhyayana, 11/32, Amukha : uttarajjhayaNANi sAnuvAda, pR0 1321 164. sUyaM meM bhavissaha tti ajjhaiyatvaM bhvi| egaggacittobhavissAmi tti ajjhAiyatvaM bhvi| appANaM bhavaissAmi tti ajjhAiyavvaM bhvi| Thio para bhavaissAmi tti ajjhAiyavvayaM bhvi| -dazavaikAlika lADanaM saMskaraNa, 9/4/1, pR059-601 165. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnuvAda, 11/4-5 pR0 132 / / 166. aha paMcadi ThANehijehi sikkhA na lbmii| thammA kohA paramAeNaM, rogeNA lassAeNa y|| uttarAdhyayana 11/3 vhii| 167. vyAdhisyAna saMzayamabhadAlasyAviratimranti darzanA labdhabhUmiktvAna vasthitvAnI cita _ vikSepAstentarAyA: - pAtaMjala yogadarzana, 1/30 / 168. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnuvAda, pR0 2081 169. AcArAMgasUtra (esa0bI0I0) ji0 22, pR0 1991 170. uttarAdhyayana esa0bI0I0 ji045.16/10. pR0751 171. vahI, 16/1-13, pR0 75-77 tathA dazavaikAlika saM0 muni nathamala, lADanUM, adhyayana - 9, uddezaka 1-4, pR0 51-60 / uttarajjhayaNaNi 1/26 tathA 2/16-17, 8/18-19, pR0 11, 29, 102 / 172. jaina tathA bauddhamata meM vinaya anuzAsana ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| 173. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnuvAda, pR0 7 sUtra 2,3, 8-101 174. vahI, pR0 9 sU0 12-13, pR0 10 sU0 36, pR0 13 sU0 41 / 175. vahI, pR0 14 sU0 46 / 176. vahI, pR0 10, 20 tathA 21 / AcArAMgasUtra jainAgama prakAzana samiti, ludhiyAnA 1963 prathama adhyAya pR0 11 - zruta jJAna kI prApti ke lie guru caraNa sevA hI paryApta nahIM samajhI gayI hai| parantu unake nikaTa rahanA bhI utanA hI Avazyaka hai| guru ke nikaTa rahanA

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164 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti do arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai - 1. sadA guru ke samIpa yA samakSa rahanA jisase samaya para guru kI sevA kara sake tathA unheM Avazyaka kAryavaza AvAja dekara idhara udhara se nahIM bulAnA par3e tathA 2. unakI AjJA meM vicaraNa karanA / kSetra se paristhitivaza dUra raha kara bhI sadA unakA anugamana krnaa| 177. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0 1 / 18, 20, 30 tathA 17 / 13 pR0 215 1 178. vahI, pR0 12, 14 pR0 215-18 / 179. vahI, pR0 217 / 180. uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 79 sU0 17 / 181. vahI, pR0 1, 2 sU0 3,4,71 182. ThANaM saM0 muni nathamala, lADanUM, 4/258 : uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 143-44 adhyayana 261 183. uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 354, sU0 2571 184. vahI, sU0 256 185. suzruta saMhitA, 2/9/10: tulanIya sthAnAMgasUtra, 10/20-211 vizeSa vistAra ke lie dra0 ThANaM lADanU saMskaraNa, pR0 964-70 / 186. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0, pR0 11 sU0 131 187. vahI : ThANaM lADanUM 5/49, pR0 5591 188. tIna vAcanA dene arthAt adhyApana ke ayogya haiM - 1. avinIta, 2. vikRti meM pratibaddha rasalolupa evaM 3. avyavazamita prAbhRta arthAt kalaha ko upazAnta na rahane karane vAlA ThANaM, 3/76-771 189. icchA Adi kA samAcaraNa varNita hone ke kAraNa ise sAmAcarI kahA gayA hai| 190. ogha sAmAcArI kA antarbhAva dharmakathanAnuyoga meM hotA hai aura pada vibhAga kA karaNAnuyoga meN| uttarAdhyayana dharmakathanAnuyoga ke antargata hai / 191. (i) AvazyakI aura naiSedhikI se niSprayojana gamanAgamana karane para niyantraNa rakhane kI Adata panapatI hai, (ii) micchAcArI se pApoM ke prati sajagatA ke bhAva panapate haiM, (iii) ApRcchA aura pratipRcchA se zramazIlatA tathA dUsaroM ke lie upayogI banane ke bhAva jagate haiM, (iv) chandanA se atithi satkAra kI pravRtti bar3hatI hai, (v) icchAkAra se dUsare ke anugraha ko saharSa svIkAra karane tathA apane anugraha meM parivartana karane kI kalA AtI hai| paramparAnugraha saMghIya jIvana kA anivArya tatva hai, aura (vi) upasampadA se parasparagrahaNa kI abhilASA utpanna hotI hai| 192. uttarajjhayaNANi saTi0, pR0 178 | 193. vahI, pR0 179 194. uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 142 195. uttarajjhayaNANi saTippaNa, pR0 3501 196. vahI, pR0 1801 197. ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa, 3/353, pR0 221 AcAryatva kI, 2. upAdhyAyatva kI evaM 3. gaNItva kI / pR0 275 TippaNa 631 198. uttarajjhayaNANi saTippaNa, pR0 180 199 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, ratalAma, 7 / 200. dayAnanda bhArgava, jaina ithiksa, pR0 1501 upasampadA tIna prakAra kI hotI hai - 1.

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa. 165 201. bRhatkalpabhASya ji0 5,5290 dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 150 / 202. vyavahAra meM paTala aura colapaTTa kA upayoga jananendriya ko Dhakane ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| dra0 kAmatA prasAda jaina, jaina eNTIkverI, ji0 9, naM0 111 203. zithila sAdhuoM meM sArUpika, siddhaputra, asovegna, pArzvastha Adi ullekhanIya haiN| 204. vastroM ke sAtha caudaha upakaraNa rakhane vAle zvetAmbara kahalAte the| haribhadrasUri ne inheM klIvakAyara kahA hai| dra0 rAjezvaraprasAda caturvedI, jaina dharma, pR0 65 / 205. vyavahAra bhASya, 8/250 Adi : dra0 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 3921 206. bRhatkalpabhASya 3/4263,dra0 vhii| 207. pahalA vastra vihAra meM pahanane ke lie, dUsarA tathA tIsarA vastra vihAra se bAhara jAte samaya pahane tathA cauthA sabhA meM phne| - uttarAdhyayana esa0bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 1571 208. vastra na dhoe, na raMge aura na dhoe raMge vastroM ko dhAraNa kre| yaha yathAparigrahIta vastra kI vyavasthA hai| yaha niSedha vibhUSA kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| nisIhajjhayaNaM 16/154: dra0 AyAro, pR0 313-141 209. AcArAMga (esa0 bI0I0), ji0 22, pR0 158 tathA AyAro, pR0 313-14 bhikSu ke lie tIna zATaka uttarIya, prAvaraNa yA pachevar3I rakhane kA vidhAna hai| usameM do sUtI aura eka UnI honA caahie| sardI ke anupAta meM inheM or3hane kI paramparA rahI hai| 210. vastra nirIkSaNa kA kAraNa yaha hai ki usameM svarNa yA AbhUSaNa chupA raha sakatA hai jo zramaNa ke mana meM vikAra utpanna kara sakatA hai| jIva, bIja yA aNDA raha sakatA hai, jisase hiMsA kA bhaya rahatA hai - jaikobI esa0 bI0I0, ji0 22, pR0 161 / 211. AcArAMga esa0bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 161 (15) / 212. avama gaNanA aura pramANa do dRSTiyoM se vivakSita hai| gaNanA kI dRSTi se tIna vastra rakhane vAlA avamacelika hotA hai| pramANa kI dRSTi se do ratnI muTThI baMdhA huA hAtha aura ghuTane se kaTi taka caur3A vastra rakhane vAlA avama celika hotA hai - dra0 AyAro, pR0 313-14 / 213. hemanta Rtu ke bIta jAne para vastroM ko dhAraNa karane kI vidhi isa prakAra hai - grISma Rtu Ane para tInoM vastroM ko visarjita kara deN| sardI ke anupAta meM do phira eka vastra rkhe| sardI kA atyanta abhAva ho jAne para acela ho jaaye| yaha sardI kI dRSTi se vastra visarjana kI vidhi hai| 214. yadi vaha vastra jIrNa ho gaye hoM - AgAmI hemanta Rtu meM kAma Ane yogya nahIM ho to una tInoM vastroM ko visarjita kara de aura zeSa ko dhAraNa kreN| kintu unheM kAma meM nahIM le| yadi eka vastra adhika jIrNa hai to use visarjita kara deM, anya ko dhAraNa kre| tInoM atijIrNa hoM to tInoM ko visarjita kara deN| 215. dayAnanda bhArgava, jaina ithiksa, pR0 171 / 216. haridattazarmA, kanTrIbyUzana TU dI hisTrI Apha brAhma'nikala eseTisijma, pUnA 1939, pR0 411 217. AcArasAra, 8/14-15: anAgAra dharmAmRta, 5/2-38 : dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 171 tathA uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 131 pAda TippaNa 71 218. doSayukta bhojana kI cAra zreNiyAM batAyI gayI haiM - 1. eSaNA udgamadoSa, 2. gavaiSaNA utpAdana doSa, 3. grahaNeSaNA, 4. pribhogaissnnaa| isa prakAra kula milAkara bhojana sambandhI chiyAlIsa doSa haiM jinakA parimArjana Avazyaka hai| jaikobI, jainasUtraja, bhAga-2, pR0 131 /

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166 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 219. dazavaikAlika, 3/2, pR0 61 220. uttarAdhyayana, esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 1331 221. dazavaikAlika lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 22 / dazavaikAlika ke anusAra yaha bhojana mizrajAta hai arthAt gRhastha tathA sAdhu donoM ke lie sammilita rUpa se banAyA huA / 222. vahI, pR0 23 - nasainI para caDhane se gRhastha ke girane kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| usake hAtha, paira TUTa sakate haiN| usake girane se nIce daba kara jIvoM kI virAdhanA ho sakatI hai| 223. vahI, pR0 22 - dazavaikAlika ke anusAra prAbhitya kA artha hai nirgrantha ko dene ke lie koI vastu dUsaroM se udhAra lenA / 224. mAlAhata ke tIna prakAra haiM- 1. UrdhvamAlApahRta: Upara se utArA huA, 2. adhomAlApahRtaH bhUmigRha talaghara se lAyA huA, evaM 3. tiryaga mAlApahRtaH gahare bartana yA koThe Adi meM se jhukakara nikAlA huaa| dazavaikAlika lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 231 225. uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 132-331 226. jAti, kula, gaNa, zilpa aura karma kA avalambana lekara bhikSA prApta karanA / dazavaikAlika, pR0 6 / 227. uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 1331 228. dazavaikAlika lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 20-21 229. AyAro, pR0 17-18: 5/79-801 230. vahI, pR0 218 sUtra 831 231. ullekhanIya hai ki jaina muniyoM ke vinaya aura bauddha bhikSuoM ke vinaya meM eka antara hai| jaina muniyoM ke lie taiyAra kiye gaye AhAra mAtra kA grahaNa niSiddha hai| jaina muni kA kathana hai - parappavittasya arthAt dUsaroM ke lie niSpanna AhAra meM se bhikSATana ke lie AyA huuN| jabaki bauddhabhikSu apane lie niSpanna AhAra meM se bhI bhikSA grahaNa kara sakatA hai| yadi AhAra mAMsa, machalI yukta ho to vaha usake lie niSpanna nahIM honA caahie| aisA na hone se vaha AhAra parizuddha nahIM rahatA / bauddhabhikSu ke lie parizuddha AhAra kI hI anujJA hai / -- dra0 tulasI prajJA, aprela jUna, 1975, pR0 120 232. vRhatkalpabhASya, khaNDa 1, pR0 532-401 233. dazavaikAlika saM0 muni nathamala, lADanUM, 1 / 2-3, pR0 31 234. baudhAyana-2, 10,18, 13 tulanIya, AcArAMga sUtra - 2, 1: dra0 jaikobI, jaina sUtraja bhAga-1, pR0 291 235. kintu Adhunika zodha se anukaraNa kA yaha siddhAnta nirasta ho gayA hai tathA isa viSaya kI sthApanA ho cukI hai ki svayaM brAhmaNa dharma meM saMnyAsa Azrama zramaNa paramparA ke anukaraNa para mAnya huaa| jisa zramaNa paramparA se kAlAntara meM bauddha aura jaina matoM ne AkAra prApta kiyA thA: jaikobI ke isa vizvAsa meM ki nivRtti kA Adarza brAhmaNoM ke dharma meM pahale udita huA aura caturtha Azrama ke rUpa meM vyakta huA, pIche bauddhoM aura jainoM ne anusaraNa kiyaa| isa abhyupagama ke samarthana meM paryApta yukti bala nahIM dIkhatA kyoMki cAturAzramya ke siddhAnta kI brAhmaNa dharma meM pratiSThA sarvaprathama dharmasUtroM meM huii| usake pahale nahIM aura adhika sambhAvanA isa bAta kI hai ki parivrajyA kA bhI grahaNa brAhmaNoM ne zramaNoM se kiyA, na ki zramaNoM ne brAhmaNoM se bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 25 tathA Age / 236. AcArAMga, esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 1361 237. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 1571

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 167 238. AcArAMga, esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 137 / 239. dra0 bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 151 / 240. AcArAMga, esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 1361 kalpasUtra, esa0bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 296 | 241. baudhAyana-2, 6,11, 20: dra0 jaikobI kA inTroDakzana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22 | 242. vahI, pR0 136-1371 AcArAMga esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 138-39 / 243. 244. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 1561 245. aisI avasthA meM jaina sAdhu ko Adeza hai ki vaha mArgazISa ke pUra mAha meM usI sthAna para vAsa kare jahAM usane varSAkAla vyatIta kiyA hai| 246. gautama esa0 bI0I0 ji0 2, 3, 13: baudhAyana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 2, 6, 11, 20: mahAvagga, 3, 11 tathA AcArAMga esa0 bI0I0 ji0 2, 3, 1-4 pR0 136: kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 2961 247. dra0 sTaDIja ina buddhisTa eNDa jaina monaikijma, pR0 169 248. AcArAMga esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 137 / 249. mahAvagga, 31/1 : dra0 sTaDIja ina buddhisTa eNDa jaina monaikijma, pR0 169 / 250. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 296 1 251. dra0 bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 152 / 252. AyAro, lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 218, sUtra 821 253. AcArAMga esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 11, adhyAya 1-3 / 254. dra0 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 394 / 255. vahI, tu0 majjhimanikAya - 11 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, hindI anuvAda laTikopamasutta, pR0 1321 256. . jaikobI ke anusAra mleccha se abhiprAya varavara, saravara tathA pulindra se hai / anArya vaha hai jo 361/2 pradeza meM nahIM rahate haiM / jainasRtraja, bhAga-1, pR0 137 1381 257. AcArAMga esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 137-381 258. vahI 259. vahI 260. vahI, pR0 139 : bRhatkalpabhASya, 4/5629-33 ke anusAra zramaNa vidveSI sAdhuoM ko naukArUr3ha hone ke uparAnta unheM kaSTa pahuMcAne ke lie apanI nAva ko nadI ke pravAha yA samudra meM DAla detA thaa| kabhI koI nAvika sAdhuoM athavA unakI upadhi para jala ke chIMTe DAlatA thA sAdhu ko jala meM pheMka detA taba magara jaise jalacara jIvoM tathA coroM se sAdhuoM ko upasarga kA bhaya ho sakatA thaa| dra0 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 3961 261. AcArAMga, esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, 14:431 262. vahI, pR0 1451 263. vahI, pR0 146-47 / 264. paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, nizItha eka adhyayana, pR0 65-661 265. vyavahArabhASya, 5/72 ke anusAra pravartinI yadyapi adhyakSA thI kintu phira bhI usa para kucha pratibandha the| udAharaNa ke lie vaha akelI vihAra nahIM kara sakatI thii| varSa ke grISma aura zIta ke ATha mAha use do anya zramaNiyoM ke sAtha vyatIta karane hote the tathA varSAkAla

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168 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti tIna ke saath| dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 4691 266. vahI, pR0 467: tulanIya, cullavagga, 114 bauddha saMgha meM sau varSa ke paryAya vAlI bhikSuNI ko bhI zramaNoM taka ko jhukakara abhivAdana karane kA vidhAna hai| 267. vyavahAra bhASya, 5/4-5: dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 471 / 268. vyavahAra bhASya, 5/11-121 269. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 473 / 270. vRhatkalpa, 1/51 - yaha Arya deza mAnA jAtA thaa| usase bAhara anArya deza thaa| paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, nizItha eka adhyayana, pR0 82 / 271. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnuvAda, adhyAya 1, pR0 11 / 272. bhikSuNI pavitra jIvana vyatIta kara sake isake lie bauddha saMgha bhI sajaga thaa| bhikSuNI ke lie vana meM AvAsa niSiddha thaa| dra0 cullavagga bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, pR0 399 / 273. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 504 / bauddha bhikSuNI ke lie bhI lagabhaga yahI niyama the| tu0 dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 132: bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 161 / 274. hisTI Apha jaina monaikijma. 10 4771 275. vahI, pR0 4771 276. dra0 iNDiyana eNTIkverI, ji0 39, pR0 266 pada TippaNa 421 277. rAjImatI ne dIkSA lekara svayaM ke bhaure jaise kAle kezoM kA hAthoM se tuMcana kiyaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra sAdhvI zrI candanA 22/30, pR0 2291 278. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 4871 279. vyavahArabhASya, 7/8-9 / / 280. dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 488-89 / 281. vRhatkathAkoSa, bhUmikA, pR0 21 / 282. gacchAcAra, 123: hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 489 / 283. vRhatkalpa,4/9-101 284. vRhatkalpabhASya, ji05,52531 285. vahI, ji0 1/122-25 piitthikaa| 286. vahI, ji0 6, 62671 287. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 463 / 288. vRhatkalpabhASya ji0 4,41331 289. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 463 / ullekhanIya hai ki uttarAdhyayana meM bhI aisA hI prasaMga hai ki deva ke mandiroM meM do gharoM ke bIca kI saMghiyoM meM aura rAjamArga meM akelA muni akelI strI ke sAtha na khar3A rahe na saMlApa kare - uttarajjhayaNANi sAnuvAda adhyayana 1/ 26, pR0 111 290. mUlAcAra, yathA gaurUpaviSati, 4/195 tulanIya striyoM ke lie prajJapta 6, zikSApada ____ pAcittIya saMkhyA 63-68: dra0 bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 150 / 291. mUlAcAra, 4/1951 299 hisTI Apha jaina monaikijma. pa0 4941 293. vhii| 294. kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 303 / 295. AcArya kundakunda, pravacanasAra, sampAdita e0ena0 upAdhye 111, 71

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 169 296. vahI, 10-141 297. vahI, pR0 8-91 298. mUlAcAra, 4, pR0 80-81: dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 4991 299. mUlAcAra 4/183-841 300. vahI, 4/195: tulanIya, bauddha grantha pAcittiya saMkhyA 63-68: dra0 bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 1521 301. ThANaM (lADanUM saMskaraNa), pR0 980: nizIthabhASyakAra ne tIrthakAra kI tulanA dhanvantarI se, prAyazcita prApta sAdhu kI rogI se, aparAdhoM kI rogoM se aura prAyazcita kI auSadha se tulanA kI hai| nizIthabhASyagAthA, 65071 302. dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 1521 303. ThANaM, 10/72 kI TippaNa 25, pR0 980 / 304. vahI pR0 916 tathA 8/19, pR0 7971 305. vahI, 8/18, pR0 796 tathA 10/72, pR0 917 / 306. dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 152 / 307. ThANaM, 10/70, pR0 916 / 308. vahI, 10/73, 8/20, pR0 797 tathA 917-prastuta sUtra meM skhalanA ho jAne para muni ke lie prAyazcita batAye gaye haiN| aparAdha kI laghutA aura gurutA ke AdhAra para inakA pratipAdana huA hai| laghutA aura gurutA kA nirNaya dravya, kSetra aura kAla ina bhAvoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| 309. nandakizora prasAda, sTaDIja ina buddhisTa eNDa jaina monaikijma, pR0 230-31 / 310. bhikSu jinAnanda, cAra bauddha pariSadeM, pI0vI0 bApaTa sampAdita bauddha dharma ke 2500 varSa Ajakala, vArSika aMka sitambara 1956 pR0 29-30 / Ananda ke atirikta isI prasaMga meM canna para abhiyoga tathA brahmadaNDa kI sajA mahatvapUrNa hai| 311. tulanIya, ddhitIya saMgIti meM karakaNDukaputra yaza para vajji ke bhikSuoM ne samasta saMgha ke samakSa abhiyoga lagAyA thaa| use pATisAraNIyakamma tathA uppekhaNIya kamma nAmaka daNDa diyA gayA jisakA artha saMgha niSkAsana thaa| dra0 vahI, pR0 301 312. ThANaM, 3/473, pR0 2471 313. vahI, 3/472, pR0 247 / 314. vahI, 5/47, pR0 558 / 315. sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 2861 316. ThANaM,3/471, pR0 2461 317. dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 104 / 318. ThANaM, 4/133, pR0 3261 319. tatvavArtika meM parihAra nAmaka prAyazcita kA ullekha hai jisakA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM nahIM hai| isakA artha hai-pakSa, mAsa Adi kAla maryAdA ke anusAra prAyazcita prApta muni ko saMgha se bAhara rkhnaa| pakSamAsAdivibhAgena dUrataH parivarjanaM parihAra: tatvArthavArtika, 9/221 320. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 1541 321. dra0 jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 64 / 322. ThANaM, 7/40-41-42, pR0 751 /

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170 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 323. vahI, pR0 773 / 324. vahI, pR0 7811 325. dra0 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa, pR0 30-31 / 326. dra0 jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 651 327. Avazyaka malayagiri vRtti, patra 405,406: dra0 ThANaM, pR0 7751 328. sinkle yara sTIvensana, da hArTa Apha jainijma, pR0 73 / muni nathamala ke anusAra yaha ninhava AcArya ASAr3ha ke ziSyoM dvArA huaa| 329. rohagupta SaDUlaka ke nAma se bhI jAne jAte the| yaha trairAzika mata ke pravartaka the| kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 290 ke anusAra yaha terAsiya Arya mahAgiri ke ziSya the| samavAyAMga kI TIkA ke anusAra ve gozAla pratipAdita mata ko mAnate the| 330. jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa, pR0 31 / 331. darzanasAra, gAthA 11 / 332. bhAratIya itihAsa patrikA, ji0 15, bhAga-3,4 pR0 2021 333. dra0 DA0 rAjezvaraprasAda caturvedI, jaina dharma, pR0 66 / 334. devasena, bhAvasaMgraha, gAthA 53-701 335. devasena sUri kI kathA meM durbhikSa ke samaya valabhI nagarI meM gae hue sAdhuoM kA durbhikSa ke kAraNa pAtra, kambala Adi grahaNa karanA batalAyA gayA hai| kintu hariSeNakRta kathA meM pahale ardhaphAlaka sampradAya kI utpatti batAI gayI hai| arthAt zithilAcArI sAdhu bAyeM hAtha para vastra khaNDa laTakA kara Age kara lete the, jisase nagnatA kA AvaraNa ho jAtA thaa| pIche valabhI nagarI meM unhoMne pUrA zarIra DhakanA zurU kara diyA aura kambala Adi rakhane lge| devasena kI kathA ke ukta aMza tathA hariSeNa kI kathA kA ardhaphAlaka vAlA aMza buddhigrAhya hai tathA mathurA se prApta purAtatva se bhI isakA samarthana hotA hai| 336. jAyasavAla tathA banarjI, epigrAphikA iNDikA, ji0 20, pR0 801 337. jarnala Apha vihAra orienTala sosAyaTI, ji0 4, pR0 338,390 tathA ji0 13 pR0 233 / isa abhilekha ke vAcana meM antara hai kintu nirUpaNa meM nahIM hai| 338. henariravajimara, dI philAsaphIja Apha iNDiyA, uddhRta, jyoti prasAda jaina, rilIjana eNDa kalcara Apha jainaja, pR0 168 / 339. vahI, pR0 1691 340. jainI, je0, AuTa lAinsa Apha jainijma, kaimbrija, 1916 / dra0 jayaprakAza siMha, AspekTsa Apha arlI jainijma eja nona phrAma pR0 26 / 341. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 211-12 / 342. uttarajjhayaNANi saTippaNa, pR0 1451 343. muni kezoM ko hAthoM se noca DAle, isake hetu haiM - (1) keza hone para aptakAya jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai| (2) bhIgane se jueM utpanna hotI haiN| (3) khujalAtA huA muni unakA hanana kara detA hai| (4) khujalAne se sira meM nakhakSata ho jAte haiN| (5) yadi koI muni kSura ustare yA kaiMcI se bAloM ko kATate haiM to AjJA bhaMga kA doSa hotA hai| (6) aisA karane se saMyama aura AtmA donoM kI virAdhanA hotI hai|

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jaina saMgha kA svarUpa * 171 (7) jueM mara jAtI haiN| (8) nAI apane kSura yA kaiMcI ko saMcita jala se dhotA hai isalie pazcAta karmadoSa hotA hai| (9) jaina zAsana kI avahelanA hotI hai| isa loca vidhi meM ApavAdika vidhi kA bhI ullekha hai| subodhikA patra 190-91 meM tathA digambara sAhitya meM isakA kucha anya hetu bhI batAye gaye haiM - (ka) rAga Adi kA nirAkaraNa karane hetu, (kha) apane pauruSa ko prakaTa karane hetu, (ga) sarvotkRSTa tapazcaraNa tathA (gha) liMga Adi kA jJApana karane ke lie loMca kareM -mUlAcAra TIkA, dra0 uttarajjhayaNANi saTippaNa, pR0 145-461 344. mUlArAdhanA, AzvAsa 2/88-92: dra0 uttarajjhayaNANi saTippaNa, pR0 1461 345. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 11 / 346. AyAro, lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 237,241 / 347. vahI, pR0 2951 348. sadAsakhyAta dharmavAlA tathA dhatAcArasevI mani AdAna vastra kA parityAga kara detA hai| jo muni nirvastra rahatA hai, usake mana meM yaha vikalpa utpanna nahIM hotA ki merA vastra jIrNa ho gayA hai, isalie maiM vastra kI yAcanA kruuNgaa| phaTe vastra ko sAdhane ke lie dhAge tathA suI kI yAcanA karUMgA, use sAdhUMgA, sIUMgA, choTA hai isalie jor3akara bar3A banA dUMgA, bar3A hai to choTA banAUMgA, pahanUMgA, oddhuuNgaa| dra0 vahI, pR0 2371 349. hArTa Apha jainijma, pR0 296-97 meM sinkleyara sTIvensana jainoM ke siddhAnta kI AlocanA karatI huI kahatI haiM ki unakI niyama maryAdA avyAvahArika hai tathA prakRti ke niyama ke viruddha hai| isa dRSTi se to vyakti ko janma hI nahIM lenA cAhiye ki kahIM mAM na mara jaaye| janma ke bAda sAMsa bhI nahIM lenI cAhie kyoMki jitane kSaNa sAMsa letA hai Ayu vRddhi karatA hai| use maranA bhI nahIM cAhie ki kahIM usakI citA meM koI jIva na jala jaaye| 350. rilIjana eNDa kalcara Apha jainaja. pR0 168 / 351. glAsenaipa, jainijma, pR0 339-40 / 352. hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 12 /

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adhyAya 4 jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa nItizAstra kA pramukha kArya jIvana ke sAdhya kA nirdhAraNa karanA aura usa saMdarbha meM vyakti ke AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana karanA hai| AcAra aura vicAra jIvana ratha ke do cakra haiN| ve anyonyAzrita haiN| donoM ke samyak evaM santulita vikAsa dvArA hI vyaktitva kA vikAsa sambhava hotA hai| ise kriyA aura jJAna kA santulita vikAsa kahA jA sakatA hai| AcAra aura vicAra kI anyonyAzritA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue bhAratIya cintakoM ne darzana aura dharma kA sAtha-sAtha nirUpaNa kiyA hai| jJAnahIna AcaraNa andhe vyakti ke samAna hai tathA AcaraNa rahita jJAna paMgu puruSa ke sadRza hai| ___ bauddha paramparA meM hInayAna AcAra pradhAna hai tathA mahAyAna vicAra prdhaan| jaina paramparA meM bhI AcAra aura vicAra ko samAna mahatva diyA gayA hai| ahiMsA mUlaka AcAra evaM anekAnta mUlaka vicAra kA pratipAdana jaina cintana dhArA kI vizeSatA jainAcAra kA prANa : ahiMsA jainAcAra kA prANa ahiMsA hai| mana, vacana tathA karma se pUrNa ahiMsA Adarza hai| ahiMsA kA jitanA aura jaisA sUkSma vivecana evaM AcaraNa nirUpaNa jaina paramparA ke antargata hotA hai, vaisA anyatra kahIM nahIM hotA hai| ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra AtmasAmya hai| vanaspati Adi ekendriya jIvoM se lekara mAnava taka ke prati ahiMsaka AcaraNa kI bhAvanA jaina paramparA kI vizeSatA hai| ahiMsA mUlaka sadAcAra kA yaha vikAsa jaina saMskRti kI amUlya nidhi hai| ahiMsA ko hI kendra bindu mAnakara amRSAvAda, asteya, amaithuna evaM aparigraha ke siddhAntoM kA vikAsa huaa|

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa. 173 pAMca mahAvrata sarvavirati arthAt sarvatyAga rUpa mahAvrata pAMca haiM jinakA vidhAna zramaNa, bhikSu, nirgrantha, muni, anagAra, saMyata, virata Adi yaha saba ekArthaka haiM ke lie kiyA gayA hai| (1) sarvaprANAtipAta viramaNa-arthAt sampUrNa hiMsA kA pUrNataH tyaag| (2) sarvamRSAvAda viramaNa-arthAt saba prakAra ke jhUTha kA pUrNa tyaag| (3) sarvaadatAdAna viramaNa-arthAt saba prakAra kI corI kA pUrNa tyaag| (4) sarvaparigraha viramaNa-arthAt saba prakAra ke saMgraha athavA Asakti kA pUrNata: tyaag| isa prakAra ke tyAga meM mana, vacana, kAma aura rUpa tInoM kA antarbhAva hai, ataeva isa prakAra ke tyAga ko navakoTi-pratyAsthAna bhI kahate haiN| (5) sarvamaithuna viramaNa-arthAt pUrNa brahmacarya kA paaln| sarvaprANAtipAta viramaNa sarvaprANAtipAta virapaNa arthAt ahiMsA jainAcAra kA mUla hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ne ise parama dharma aura parama brahma donoM batAyA hai| ahiMsA hI mAnava kA saccA dharma hai| ahiMsA hI sukha zAnti dene vAlI hai aura isI ke dvArA saMsAra kA trANa aura samAja kA kalyANa saMbhava hai| pArzvanAtha kI ahiMsA vIroM kA bAnA hai, isake binA mAnava kI mAnavatA asaMbhava hai| unake vicAra se mAnava aura dAnava meM kevala ahiMsA kA hI antara hai| dAnavatA se trANa pAne kA kevala eka upAya hai jIo aura jIne do| ahiMsA bAhya kama Antarika adhika hotI hai| hamArA cintana hI hamAre vyavahAra ke rUpa kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| isake lie hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki jIva mAtra cAhe vaha vanaspati ho yA jantu sabhI prANa dhAraNa karate haiM tathA duHkha-sukha kI anubhUti karate haiN| zaMkA kI jAtI hai ki jala meM jantu haiM, sthala meM jantu haiM aura AkAza meM bhI jantu haiN| isa prakAra samasta loka jantuoM se bharA hai to muni kyoM kara ahiMsaka ho sakatA hai ? isakA uttara isa prakAra hai ki jIva do prakAra ke haiM, sUkSma aura vAdara yA sthuul| jo jIva sUkSma arthAt adRzya hote haiM vaha na to kisI se rukate haiM aura na rokate haiM, unheM to koI pIr3A dI hI nahIM jA sktii| jahAM taka sthUla jIvoM kA prazna hai, unameM jinakI rakSA kI jA sakatI hai unakI kI jAtI hai| ata: jisane apane ko saMyata kara liyA hai, use hiMsA kA pApa kaise laga sakatA hai|' spaSTa hai ki jo vyakti jIva ko bacAne kA bhAva rakhatA hai, vaha apanA pratyeka kArya aisI sAvadhAnI se karatA hai ki usake dvArA kisI ko kaSTa nahIM phuNce| ahiMsA

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___ 174 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kA dharma mana kA dharma hai aura pratyeka vyakti se yaha AzA kI jAtI hai ki vaha apane svArtha ke pIche kisI jIva ko satAne ke bhAva apane citta meM na Ane de| ahiMsA ko vyavahArya banAne ke lie hiMsA ke dravya hiMsA aura bhAvahiMsA do bheda kiye gaye haiN| usako gRhastha kI ahiMsA aura sAdhu kI ahiMsA ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| inakI sImAeM nirdhArita karake inheM phira anya aneka bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna ne hiMsA ahiMsA ke vistRta vivecana dvArA yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki jaba taka mana meM moha rahatA hai, taba taka hiMsA kA sAmrAjya rahatA hai| ahiMsA na avyavahArya hai aura na vaha kAyaratA evaM nirbalatA kI jananI hI hai| ahiMsA ke kSetra meM vaicArika hiMsA ke tyAga kI bahuta AvazyakatA hai| alpavacana priyakArI aura hitakArI bolane para bahuta sI ApattiyoM se bacA jA sakatA hai| ahitakAriNI bAtoM ke dvArA azubha evaM ahitakara vAtAvaraNa taiyAra hotA hai| jisake viSaya meM yaha vArtAlApa hotA hai, usake prati azubha evaM sthUla lahariyAM bhejI jAtI haiM tathA inake dvArA vyakti svayaM bhI apane cAroM ora azubha lahariyoM ke kampanoM kA jAla buna letA hai| isI kAraNa jaina dharma meM mauna rahane para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| vyakti ko dUsare ke viSaya meM nirNaya dene kA adhikAra nahIM hai na hI vyavasthA meM anucita hastakSepa kaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina muni mauna dhAraNa karate haiN| mauna ahiMsA kI pahalI sIr3hI hai| ___ caritra ke do rUpa haiM-eka hai pravRtimUlaka aura dUsarA hai nivRtimuulk| ina donoM hI caritroM kA prANa hai ahiMsA aura usake rakSaka haiM satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aprigrh| jaina dharma jaba ahiMsA paramodharma: kI dhvajA lekara bar3hatA hai taba vaha ahiMsA kI saiddhAntika vyAkhyA ko hI paryApta nahIM mAnatA hai, vaha isake vyAvahArika prayoga meM usake vAstavika mahatva kA darzana karatA hai| ahiMsA vastuH sAdhana bhI hai aura sAdhya bhii| manasA, vAcA, karmaNA ahiMsaka ho jAnA jIvana kI carama upalabdhi hai| jo kevala vyaktisAdhya hai, loka sAdhya nahIM ho sakatA hai| ahiMsApUrNa AcaraNa ke dvArA jIvana zuddha banAtA hai aura vicAroM meM pavitratA AtI hai| jIvana zuddhi, AcAra aura vicAra, AhAra aura vihAra sabhI kSetroM meM ahiMsA ke vyavahAra dvArA hI sambhava ho sakatI hai| jaina dharma kI mAnyatA hai ki vyakti kA jaisA AhAra hogA, usake vicAra aura vyavahAra bhI usI prakAra ke hoNge| yadi AhAra hiMsA dvArA niSpanna huA hai to vicAra bhI hiMsaka hoMge tathA vyavahAra bhI nirdayatApUrNa hogaa| ahiMsA do prakAra kI hotI hai-eka kaSAya se arthAt jAnabUjha kara aura dUsarI ayatrAcAra yA asAvadhAnI se hone vaalii| jaba manuSya krodha, mAna, mAyA yA lobha

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 175 ke vazIbhUta hokara dUsare manuSya para vAra karatA hai taba vaha hiMsA kaSAya kahI jAtI hai aura jaba manuSya kI asAvadhAnI se kisI kA ghAta ho jAtA hai yA kisI ko kaSTa pahuMcatA hai to vaha hiMsA ayagrAcAra se kahI jAtI hai| ahiMsA kA bheda bahuta hI sUkSma hai| inakA vivecana jisa prakAra kiyA jAtA hai, usameM hameM mAnasika pakSa kI pradhAnatA dikhAI detI hai / ataeva vaicArika ahiMsA hI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa mAnI jAtI hai, yathA - jIva cAhe jIye cAhe mare, asAvadhAnI se kAma karane vAle ko hiMsA kA pApa avazya lagatA hai| vastuta: ahiMsA ko kAyA aura sAmAnya vyavahAra evaM AcAra kI sImA meM baddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi ise vicAra kA bhI AdhAra na banAyA jAye to ahiMsA kI upayogitA bahuta hI sImita raha jAtI hai| isa ora jaina paramparA kI dRSTi gaI hai aura usane AcAra ke kSetra ke sAtha vicAra ke kSetra meM bhI garimA ko Thosa bhUmikA evaM nizcita rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| jaina paramparA ne vaicArika hiMsA kI sambhAvanAoM ko samApta karane kA pUrA prayatna kiyA hai| jaina ahiMsA bhaya para AdhArita nahIM hai apitu isa mAnavIya evaM bauddhika bhAvanA para AdhArita hai ki sabhI jIva eka haiM aura jo vyakti jAnavaroM ko khAte haiM, ve una jAnavaroM se zreSTha nahIM hai jo dUsare jAnavaroM ko khAte haiN| AcaraNagata ahiMsA hamAre mana meM anya prANiyoM kI rakSA bhAvanA ko to protsAhana pradAna kara sakatI hai, parantu vaha hamAre mana meM maitrI kA bhAva nahIM jagAtI hai| ahiMsA vastuta: maitrI kA dharma hai, vizva bandhutva kI jananI hai jo jAgatika prema aura sabhI prANiyoM ke prati karuNA se utpanna hotI hai| sAmAnyataH hiMsA cAra prakAra kI hotI hai-saMkalpI, udyogI, ArambhI aura virodhii| niraparAdha jIva kA jAnabUjha kara vadha karanA saMkalpI hiMsA kahalAtA hai, jaise kasAI dvArA pazuvadha / jIvana nirvAha ke lie vyApAra, khetI Adi karane se, kala kArakhAne calAne tathA senA meM naukara hokara yuddha karane Adi se jo hiMsA ho jAtI hai, use udyogI hiMsA kahate haiN| sAvadhAnI rakhate hue bhI bhojana Adi banAne meM jo hiMsA ho jAtI hai, use ArambhI hiMsA kahate haiM aura apanI yA dUsaroM kI rakSA karane ke lie jo hiMsA karanI par3atI hai use virodhI hiMsA kahate haiN| spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma ne samasta prakAra kI hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA hai| mAMsa bhakSaNa kisI bhI rUpa meM vaidha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| dharma samajha kara pazuoM kI jo bali caDhAI jAtI hai vaha eka prakAra kI mUr3hatA evaM nRzaMsatA hai tathA hiMsA kI sImA meM AtI hai| isI prakAra jaina AcArya mRgayA ko bhI anucita mAnate haiN| unakA kahanA to yahAM taka hai ki hiMsA aura zUratA - vIratA kA paramparA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| prAyaH aise udAharaNa mila sakate haiM jaba svabhAva tathA abhyAsa se hiMsA karane vAle yuddha kA avasara upasthita hone para kAyaroM kI bhAMti prANa bacAkara bhAge haiN|

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176 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti isa prakAra sarva prANAtipAta viramaNa ke vivecana kA sArAMza yaha hai ki sarvavirat bhikSu ko krodhAdi kaSAyoM kA parityAga kara, samabhAva dhAraNa kara vicAra va vivekapUrNa saMyama kA pAlana karanA caahie| ahiMsA zabda meM niSedhAtmaka pratyaya lagane para bhI yaha dayAbhAva ke darzana kA dyotaka hai| jaina darzana kyoMki cetanA ke sAtatya meM AsthA rakhatA hai ataH usake anusAra kisI bhI manuSya ko kisI prANI kI pragati meM bAdhA DAlane kA adhikAra nahIM hai| pIr3A pahuMcAne kA artha spaSTa rUpa se bAdhA DAlanA hai ata: bAdhaka na bananA naitika mAnA gayA hai| ___ yadyapi ahiMsA vrata ke antargata spaSTa evaM sarvAMgINa vikAsa nihita hai tathApi isameM koI Azcarya nahIM ki isa siddhAnta kI bhI AlocanA kI gayI hai| moniyara viliyamsa ne likhA hai ki ahiMsA ke pAlana meM jaina loga anya sabhI bhAratIya sampradAyoM se Age haiM aura ise asaMgati kI sImA taka pahuMcA diyA hai| zrImatI sTIvensana kA mata hai ki ahiMsA kA niyama vaijJAnika dRSTi se asambhava hai, kyoMki yaha prakRti ke niyama ke viruddha hai| kintu ina vidvAnoM kA videzI hone ke kAraNa jaina dharma kI pRSThabhUmi se pUrNa paricaya nahIM hai| devatAoM ko prasanna karane ke nAma para yajJoM meM nirIha pazuoM ke vadha ke prati jainoM kA dRSTikoNa pratikriyAtmaka rahA hai| ataH prANiyoM ke jIvana ko saMrakSita karane ke lie sahAnubhUtipUrvaka jainoM ne AvAja utthaayii| usakA prabhAva bhAratIya nItizAstra para par3A hai| sarvamRSAvAda viramaNa arthAt satya satya kA tAtparya hotA hai vastusthiti ko yathAtathya prastuta krnaa| kintu jaina dharma meM satya kA lakSya itanA hI nahIM apitu ahiMsA kI rakSA karanA hai| siddhAnta rUpa meM satyAnubhUti ke anurUpa AcaraNa hI ahiMsA hai| hama saba prANI eka hI parama zakti se udbhUta haiM ata: bhAI-bhAI haiN| bandhutva anusAra vyavahAra hI vastuta: ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA vaha sAdhana hai jo satyAnubhUti ke sAdhya taka le jAtA hai aura antataH pUrNa ahiMsaka banA detA hai| ___ ahiMsA kI rakSA ke lie Avazyaka hai ki prANI apriya vacana nahIM bole, kyoMki kaThora evaM apriya vANI kaSTa kA hetu banatI hai aura hiMsAkAraka hotI hai| isalie jaina dharma meM jo vacana dUsaroM ko kaSTa pahuMcAne kA hetu banatA hai vaha satya hone para bhI asatya kahalAtA hai| vaidika dharma meM bhI priya satya bolane kI vidhi hai, apriya satya bolane kA niSedha hai satyaM brU yAta priyaM brUyAta na brUyAta satyaM priym| priyaM ca nA nRtaM brUyAta, eSa dharma snaatnm||

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 177 dUsaroM ke hita ke lie bolA huA asatya vastuta: hitakArI bana jAtA hai tathA dhokhe se bhI kisI kA ahita karane vAlA satya pApa bana jAtA hai / parantu yadi jhUTha bolakara kisI aise duSTa kI prANa rakSA kI jAye jisase samAja para saMkaTa Ane kI saMbhAvanA hai, to vyakti dohare pApa kA bhAgI banatA hai- eka to asatya bhASA evaM dUsarA samAja kA kaSTa / tAtparya yaha hai ki satyA - satya kA bheda nirapekSa na hokara sApekSa hai| yadi dRSTi vyApaka hita para rahatI hai, to satyAsatya kA viveka sahaja sAdhya bana jAtA hai| lakSya ke vyApakatva para dharma karma kA mahatva nirbhara karatA hai| satya zramaNa krodha, lobha, lAlaca, haMsI-majAka asAvadhAnI Adi kisI ke bhI vazIbhUta hokara kabhI bhI jhUTha nahIM bolatA hai| jaina zAstra meM spaSTa likhA hai ki '"nApi spRSTaH sudRSTiyaH saH saptamimayairmanAka' arthAt jaina dharma meM jisakI satya zraddhA hai, vaha sAta prakAra ke madoM se sarvathA achUtA rahatA hai jo madoM se achUtA hai vaha asatya se svayameva achUtA rahegA / satyavrata athavA sarvamRSA viramaNa ke lie pAMca bhAvanAeM batAyI gayI haiM(1) vANI viveka, (2) krodha tyAga, (3) lobha tyAga, (4) bhaya tyAga evaM (5) hAsya tyaag| sarvaadattAdAna viramaNa athavA asteya jaina dharma meM asteya kA artha hai corI nahIM karanA / AvazyakatA se adhika vastu ke saMgraha yA upayoga ko corI mAnA jAtA hai| jo manuSya curAne ke abhiprAya se dUsare kI eka tRNa mAtra vastu ko bhI le letA hai, vaha cora hai aura jo isa prakAra kI corI ko tyAga detA hai, vaha acauryavatI hai| corI kA sambandha bhI mana se adhika hai aura usakA uddezya bhI vastuta: ahiMsA kI rakSA karanA hai| jaba kisI vastu ke sambandha meM yaha sandeha utpanna ho jAye ki vaha merI hai yA nahIM, taba usakA upayoga nahIM karanA caahie| jo aisA karatA hai vaha cora hai| jaba taka yaha sandeha dUra nahIM ho jAye, taba taka usa vastu ko nahIM apanAnA caahie| jo aisA nahIM karatA vaha cora hai| corI karane se usako kaSTa pahuMcatA hai, jisakI corI hotI hai athavA jisako Arthika hAni pahuMcAI jAtI hai| isa prakAra corI bhI hiMsA kI sImA meM A jAtI hai| taba corI na karanA-acaurya yA asteya hiMsA se bacane athavA ahiMsA kA pAlana karane kA eka mahatvapUrNa sAdhanA hai| acaurya yA asteya niyama ke nirvAha ke lie nimnalikhita kArya kabhI bhI nahIM kiye jAne cAhie

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178 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (1) kisI cora ko svayaM yA dUsare ke dvArA corI karane kI preraNA denA, usakI prazaMsA karanA tathA cAkU, kaiMcI, Adi corI ke aujAroM ko becanA yA coroM ko apanI ora se denaa| cora se kahanA ki yadi tumhAre pAsa khAne ko nahIM hai, to maiM khilAtA hUM, tumhAre mAla kI bikrI nahIM ho rahI hai to lAo maiM kharIdatA hUM athavA bikavAtA hUM Adi bAteM kahanA bhI corI hI hai| ukta prakAra ke vyavahAra dvArA yadyapi cora kA hita sAdhana hotA hai tathApi usake dvArA sAmAjika ahita hotA hai aura samAja meM pIr3A kA prasAra hotA hai / bAta vahI hai - bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya / yadi vyakti ke mana meM sadaiva samAja ke hita kI bAta rahe, sabhI sthitiyoM meM vaha sadA moha mukta rahe, ahiMsA ko Adarza mAne, tabhI corI ke pApa se bhI bacA jA sakatA hai| (2) jo vyakti corI kA mAla kharIdatA hai, vaha kAnUna kI najara meM bhI cora samajhA jAtA hai ataH isa prakAra kA vyApAra corI se yA chipA kara kiyA jAtA hai| (3) bAMTa, tarAjU, gaja, mITara Adi kI kImata jyAdA rakhanA / usase dUsaroM kI hAni hotI hai aura unheM kaSTa pahuMcatA hai| yaha bhI hiMsA hai| kahA bhI jAtA hai ki jo lene aura dene ke bAMTa bhinna rakhatA hai vaha cora mAnA gayA hai| (4) prAyaH vyApArI loga adhika lAbhAMza kamAne ke vicAra se kisI vastu meM usase kama kImata kI vastu milA dete haiM, yaha bhI hiMsA hai kyoMki isase dUsare kI Arthika hAni bhI hotI hai aura jIvana se khilavAr3a bhI / jaina dharma ina kAryoM ko anaitika mAna kara unakI bArambAra nindA karatA hai| (5) yuddha athavA durbhikSa jaise devI prakopa ke samaya vastuoM kA lopa ho jAnA yA mUlya bar3hAnA, eka rAjya se dUsare rAjya meM corI chipe niSiddha vyavahAra karanA hiMsA hai| kyoMki isa vyApAra se sAmAnya jana kI hAni hotI hai, unheM kaSTa pahuMcatA hai tathA duHkha kI mAtrA meM vRddhi hotI hai| yaha to huI vyApAra evaM bAhya vyavahAra ko lakSya karake batAI gaI coriyAM / isake atirikta mAnasika rUpa se bhI corI kI jAtI hai jaise kartavya kA nirvAha na karake thothe AzvAsana dete rahanA aadi| sArAMza yaha hai ki kisI bhI prakAra kI corI karanA hiMsA hai| dhana manuSya kA prANa hai| ataH jo kisI kA dhana haratA hai vaha usake prANa haratA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina binA diye eka tinakA uThAnA bhI corI samajhate haiN| asteya kI rakSA ke lie pAMca bhAvanAeM batAI gayI haiM (1) avagrahAnujJApanA : avagraha arthAt vastu lete samaya usake svAmI ko acchI taraha jAna kara AjJA mAMganA /

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 179 (2) avagraha sImAparijJAnatA : avagraha ke sthAna kI sImA kA yathocita jJAna krnaa| (3) avagrahAnugrahaNatA : svayaM avagraha kI yAcanA karanA arthAt vasatistha tRSA, paTTaka Adi avagraha svAmI kI AjJA lekara grahaNa krnaa| (4) gurujanoM tathA anya sAdharmikoM kI AjJA lekara hI sabake saMyukta bhojana meM se bhojana krnaa| (5) upAzraya meM pahale se rahe hue sAdharmikoM kI AjJA lekara hI vahAM rahanA tathA anya pravRtti krnaa| sarvaparigraha viramaNa athavA aparigraha aparigraha kA zabdArtha hotA hai-dAna kA asviikaar| zarIra kI mAtrA ke lie jitanA Avazyaka ho usase adhika dhana, anna Adi grahaNa na krnaa| aparigrahI vaha hai jo parigraha na kare. akiMcana banA rhe| strI, puruSa, ghara, dhana-dhAnya Adi vastuoM ke prati mamatva, ye merI hai kA bhAva rakhanA parigraha hai| jina logoM ke pAsa vipula sampatti hai, ve avazya parigrahI haiM, parantu jinake pAsa kucha bhI nahIM hai aura phira bhI citta meM bar3I-bar3I AkAMkSAeM liye rahate haiM, ve aparigrahI nahIM haiN| vastuta: ve bhI parigrahI hI haiM, kyoMki mana se akiMcana nahIM hai kevala avasara kI kamI hai| parigraha bhI hiMsA kA hI eka rUpa hai kyoMki parigraha kI vRtti A jAne para vyakti ko yukta ayukta, nyAya-anyAya kA bheda nahIM raha jAtA hai| parigrahI vyakti dhana kA svAmI na raha kara dhana kA dAsa bana jAtA hai| __jaise bhautika sampatti bAhya parigraha hai, vaise hI kAma, krodha, mada aura moha Adi bhAva jinheM hama vikAra kahate haiM abhyantara parigraha hai| yaha manovikAra hI hameM aucityAnaucitya ke viveka se vimukha kara dete haiN| jainAcAryoM kA kahanA hai ki hameM apanI AvazyakatAoM kI eka sImA nirdhArita kara lenI cAhie aura usake Age apane pAsa kucha bhI nahIM rkheN| jainAcAryoM ne bAra bAra balapUrvaka kahA hai ki nyAya kI kamAI se manuSya jIvana bhara nirvAha kara sakatA hai, kintu dhana kA bhaNDAra ekatra nahIM kara sktaa| aTUTa sampatti to pApa kI kamAI se hI bharatI hai| nadiyAM jaba bharatI haiM to varSA ke gande jala se hI bharatI haiN|' aparigraha ke nirvAha hetu jAMca doSoM se vizeSa rUpa se bacane kI bAta kahI gayI hai, yathA

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180 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (1) lAbha meM Akara manuSya aura pazuoM se adhika kAma lenaa| (2) dhAnyAdika kA saMgraha karanA tathA ApatkAla meM atyadhika munAphA kmaanaa| (3) dUsaroM ke vyApAra meM bAdhaka honaa| (4) paryApta lAbha hone para bhI adhika lAbha kI icchA krnaa| (5) dhanAdika kI maryAdA kA nitya bar3hAte jaanaa| aparigraha kI pAMca bhAvanAeM batAI gaI haiN| yaha he zrotra, cakSu, prANa, rasanA aura tvacA ke viSaya zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa aura sparza ke gocara hone para rAmabhAva tathA amanojJa para dveSabhAva na lAkara udAsIna bhAva rkhnaa| isI prakAra aparigraha vrata kI dRDhatA aura surakSA ke lie pAMca bhAvanAeM batAI gaI haiN| yathA (1) soca vicAra kara vastu kI yAcanA krnaa| (2) AcArya Adi kI anumati se bhojana krnaa| (3) parimita padArtha svIkAra krnaa| (4) punaH puna: padArthoM kI maryAdA karanA, tathA (5) sAdharmika sAthI zramaNa se parimita vastuoM kI yAcanA krnaa| sarvamaithuna viramaNa athavA brahmacarya brahmacarya mukhyata: kAmavAsanA ko saMyata rakhane para bala detA hai, kyoMki bhoga ke dvArA isakI zAnti nahIM vRddhi hotI hai| brahmacarya kA pAlana na karanA bhI hiMsA kA hetu banatA hai, kyoMki isase samAja meM dukha prasAra ke sAdhana ke hetu banate haiN| brahmacarya kA pAlana bhI mana, vacana aura karma se apekSita hai| brahmacarya ke antargata vastuta: zAstra adhyayana, vIryarakSaNa evaM Iza cintana Ate haiN| zAstroM ke samyak parizIlana evaM Iza cintana se kAmabhAvanA svata: bAdhita hotI hai| brahmacarya aparigraha kA hI aMza hai| brahmacarya pAlana karane ke lie aneka vidhi niSedhoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| zArIrika aura Atmika bala ko kendrita karane kA brahmacarya apUrva sAdhana hai| isakA nirvAha karane ke lie saba prakAra ke mamatva kA unmUlana anivArya hai| kundakundAcArya kA kathana hai ki jinakI indriya viSayoM meM Asakti hai unako svabhAvika dukha samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki yadi unheM dukha svabhAvI nahIM hai to ve viSayoM kI prApti ke lie yatna hI kyoM karate? brahmacarya kI rakSA ke lie uttarAdhyayana meM dasa sthAnoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 181 isI ko nAmAntara se sthAnAMgasUtra tathA samavAyAMga sUtra meM nau guptiyoM ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra hai (1) nirgrantha, strI, pazu aura napuMsaka se AkIrNa zayana aura Asana kA prayoga na kre| (2) kevala striyoM ke viSaya meM kathA na kare arthAt strI kathA na kre| (3) striyoM ke sAtha eka Asana para na baitthe|'5 (4) striyoM kI manohara aura manorama indriyoM ko dRSTi gar3A kara na dekhe aura na. avadhAnapUrvaka unakA cintana kre| (5) striyoM ke kUjana, rodana, gIta, hAsya, vilApa Adi zabda na sune| (6) praNIta rasabhojI na ho| (7) pUrva, krIr3AoM kA anusaraNa na kreN| (8) mAtrA se adhika na khAye na piie| (9) praNIta AhAra na kre| (10) zabda, rUpa, rasa, sparza, gandha tathA loka kIrti meM Asakta na ho| (11) vibhUSA na kre| (12) sukha meM pratibaddha na ho| brahmacarya kI virAdhanA ke dasa kAraNa batAye gaye haiM (1) strI saMsarga-striyoM ke sAtha saMsarga krnaa| (2) praNIta rasa bhojana-atyanta gRddhi se pAMcoM indriyoM ke vikAroM ko bar3hAne vAlA AhAra krnaa| (3) gandhamAlya saMsparza-sugandhita dravyoM tathA puSpoM ke dvArA zarIra kA saMskAra krnaa| (4) zayanAsana-zayana aura Asana meM gRddhi rkhnaa| (5) bhUSaNa-zarIra kA maNDana krnaa| (6) gIta-vAdya-nATya, gIta Adi kI abhilASA krnaa| (7) arthasamprayojana-svarNa Adi kA vyvhrnn| (8) kuzIla saMsarga-kuzIla vyaktiyoM kA sNsrg| (7) rAja sevA-viSayoM kI pUrti ke lie rAjA kA guNa kIrtana krnaa| (10) rAtri saMcaraNa-binA prayojana rAtri meM idhara udhara jaanaa| digambara vidvAna AzAdharajI ne brahmacarya ke dasa niyamoM ko nimna rUpa meM

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___182 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti rakhA hai (1) mA rUpAdi rakhaM pipAsA sudRzAm-brahmacArI rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza tathA zabda ke rasoM ko pAna karane kI icchA na kre| (2) mA vastimokSaM kRthA-vaha aisA kArya nahIM karane kI icchA na kre| (3) vRSyaM mA bhaja-vaha kAmoddIpaka AhAra na kre| (4) strIzayanAdikaM ca mAM bhaja-strI tathA zayana Asana Adi kA prayoga na kre| (5) varADa.ge dRzaM bhA dA-striyoM ke aMgoM ko na dekhe| (6) strI mA satkuru-striyoM kA satkAra na kre| (7) mA ca saMskuru-zarIra saMskAra na kre| (8) rataM vRtaM mA smara-pUrva sevita kA smaraNa na kre| (9) vaya'n mA iccha-bhaviSya meM krIr3A karane kI na soce| (10) iSTa viSayAn mA jujasva-iSTa rUpAdi viSayoM se mana ko yukta na kre| veda athavA upaniSada meM aise zRMkhalAbaddha niyamoM kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| dakSasmRti ke anusAra-smaraNa, krIr3A, dekhanA, guhyabhASaNa, saMkalpa, adhyavasAya aura kriyA yaha ATha prakAra ke maithuna haiN| inase vilaga hokara brahmacarya kI rakSA karanI caahie| sarvamaithuna viramaNa ke lie jaina dharma meM mana, vacana evaM karma se maithuna karane tathA karavAne ke anumodana kA niSedha hai| maithuna ko adharma kA mUla tathA mahAdoSoM kA sthAna kahA gayA hai| zramaNa athavA zramaNI ke saMdarbha meM isa vrata kA artha hai sambhoga se pUrNata: virata rhnaa| sambhoga ke karma ke sAtha-hI-sAtha sambhoga se sambandhita vicAra bhI avAMchanIya tathA anaitika mAne gaye haiN| jaina zramaNa ko Adeza hai ki vaha manohara citroM se AkIrNa, mAlya aura dhUpa se suvAsita, kivAr3a sahita, zveta candobA se yukta sthAna kI mana se bhI kAmanA nahIM kare kyoMki kAma rAga ko bar3hAne vAle vaise upAzraya meM indriyoM kA nivAraNa karanA bhikSu ke lie duSkara hotA hai| isalie ekAkI bhikSu zmazAna meM, zUnya gRha meM, vRkSa ke mUla meM athavA parakRta ekAnta sthAna meM rahane kI icchA na kre| paramasaMyata bhikSu prAsuka, anAbAdha aura striyoM ke upakrama se rahita sthAna meM rahane kA saMkalpa kre| brahmacarya kI rakSA ke lie sAdhu snigdha aura pauSTika AhAra na kre|

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa. 183 zramaNa kA AcAra sAdhu ke sattAIsa guNa sarvavirata zramaNa ke lie sattAIsa mUla guNoM kI pAlanA Avazyaka hai| yaha haiM(1) prANAtipAta se viramaNa, (2) mRSAvAda se viramaNa, (3) adattAdAna se viramaNa, (4) maithuna se viramaNa, (5) parigraha se viramaNa, (6) cakSu indriya nigraha, (7) zrotrendriya nigraha, (8) prANendriya nigraha, (9) rasanendriya nigraha, (10) sparzendriya nigraha, (11) krodha viveka, (12) mAnaviveka, (13) mAyA viveka, (14) lobha viveka, (15) bhAvasatya, (16) karaNa satya, (17) yoga satya, (18) kSamA, (19) virAgatA, (20) mana-samadhAraNatA, (21) vacana samadhAraNatA, (22) kAyasamadhAraNatA, (23) jJAna sampannatA, (24) darzana sampannatA, (25) caritra sampannatA, (26) vedanA adhisahana, (27) mAraNAntika adhishn| pAMca mahAvatA (1) ahiMsA mahAvrata-sadA vizva ke zatru aura mitra sabhI jIvoM ke prati samabhAva rakhanA aura yAvajjIvana prANAtipAta se virti| (2) mRSAvAda se viramaNa-apramatta rahakara mRSA kA varjana karanA tathA satata sAvadhAna rahakara hitakArI vacana bolnaa| (3) adattAdAna viramaNa-datauna Adi bhI binA diye na lenA tathA datta vastu bhI vahI lenA jo anavaya aura eSaNIya ho| (4) maithuna viramaNa-abrahmacarya kI virati karanA aura ugra brahmacarya ko dhAraNa krnaa| (5) parigraha viramaNa-dhanadhAnya aura preSyavarga ke parigrahaNa kA varjana, saba ArambhI dravya kI utpatti ke vyApAroM meM mamatva kA tyaag| ATha pravacana mAtAeM pAMca samiti tathA tIna gupti ratnatrayI samyakdarzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak caritra ko pravacana kahA jAtA hai|2 muni ke samasta caritra ke utpAdana rakSaNa aura vizodhana ke lie yaha AThoM ananya sAdhana haiN| inameM samasta pravacana gaNipiTaka dvAdazAMga samAyA huA hai|24 ina AThoM se pravacana kA prasava hotA hai|

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184 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti samiti samiti kA artha hai samyak prvrtn| isakA mApa daNDa ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA se jo saMcalita hai vahI samiti hai| muni kaise jAye, kaise bole, kaise cale, vastuoM kA vyavaharaNa kaise kare, utsarga kaise kare, isakA spaSTa vivecana samitiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai| (1) IryAsamiti-muni jaba cale taba gamana kI kriyA meM upayukta ho jaaye| pratyeka caraNa para use yaha bhAna rahe ki vaha cala rahA hai| saMyamI muni ahiMsA kA viveka kre| vaha Alambana, kAla, bhAva aura vacana-ina cAra kAraNoM se yatanA kare, parizuddha IryA se cle|26 IryA kA Alambana ratnatrayI hai| ata: muni utpatha kA varjana kre|27 dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva se yatanA kre| dravya se arthAta AMkhoM se dekhe| kSetra se arthAt yugamAtra muni ko dekhe| kAla se jaba taka cale taba taka dekhe| bhAva se upayukta gamana meM dattacitta rhe| vaha indriya viSayoM kA varjana kara IryA meM tanmaya rhe| (2) bhASA samiti--muni asatya bhASaNa na kre| asatya ke ATha kAraNa haiM-krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, hAsya, bhaya, maukharya aura vikthaa| muni inakA varNana kre| yaha bhASA sambandhI ahiMsA kA viveka hai| (3) eSaNA samiti-eSaNa samiti jIvana nirvAha ke Avazyaka upakaraNoM, AhAra, vastra Adi ke grahaNa aura upabhoga sambandhI ahiMsA kA viveka hai| prajJAvAna muni AhAra, upadhi aura zaiyA ke viSaya meM gaveSaNA, grahaNeSaNA aura paribhogeSaNA ina tInoM kA vizodhana kre|2 yatanAzIla yati prathama eSaNA gaveSaNA: eSaNA meM udgama aura utpAdana-donoM kA zodhana kre| dUsarI eSaNA grahaNa-eSaNA meM eSaNA grahaNa sambandhI doSoM kA zodhana kare aura paribhogaiSaNA meM doSa catuSka saMyojanA, apramANa, aMgAradhUpa aura kAraNa kA zodhana kre| AdAna samiti--yaha dainika vyavahAra meM Ane vAle padArthoM ke vyavaharaNa sambandhI ahiMsA kA viveka hai| muni audha, upadhi sAmAnya upakaraNa aura aupagrahika-upadhi vizeSa upakaraNa donoM prakAra ke upakaraNoM ko lene aura rakhane meM isa vidhi kA prayoga kre|34 sadA samyak pravRtta aura yatanA zIla yati donoM prakAra ke upakaraNoM kA cakSu se pratilekhana kara tathA rajoharaNa Adi se pramArjana kara unheM le aura rakha le| muni ko pratyeka vastu yAcita milatI hai| usakA pUrNa upabhoga karanA muni kA kartavya hai kintu usake lene aura rakhane meM ahiMsA kI dRSTi honI caahie| (5) utsarga samiti-utsarga sambandhI ahiMsA kA vivekA uccAra, prazramaNa, zleSa, (4)

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 185 nAka kA maila, AhAra, upadhi, zarIra yA usI prakAra kI dUsarI koI utsarga karane yogya vastu kA upayukta sthAna meM utsarga kare | 36 jo sthaNDila arthAt sthala banApAta asaMtoka jahAM logoM kA Avagamana nahIM ho tathA vaha dUra se bhI dikhAI nahIM dete hoM, para ke lie anupa ghAtakArI, sama, azuSira arthAt pole yA darAra rahita, kucha samaya pahale hI nirjIva banA huA, " kama-se-kama cAra aMgula kI nirjIva parata vAlA, gAMva Adi se dUra, bila rahita aura trasa prANI tathA bIjoM se rahita ho - usameM uccAra Adi kA utsarga kare | 38 yaha vidhi ahiMsA kI poSaka hone ke sAtha sabhyajana sammata bhI hai / ina pAMca samitiyoM kA pAlana karane vAlA muni jIvAkula saMsAra meM rahatA huA bhI pApoM se lipta nahIM hotaa| 39 jisa prakAra dRr3ha kavacadhArI yoddhA bANoM kI varSA hone para bhI nahIM bIMdhA jA sakatA, usI prakAra samitiyoM kA samyak pAlana karane vAlA muni sAdhu jIvana ke vividha kAryo meM pravartamAna hotA huA bhI pApoM se lipta nahIM hotA 140 gupti gupti kA artha hai nivrtn| jisa prakAra kSetra kI rakSA ke lie bAr3ha, nagara kI rakSA ke lie khAI yA prAkAra hotA hai, usI prakAra zrAmaNya kI surakSA ke lie, pApa nirodha ke lie gupti hai| 1 mahAvratoM kI surakSA ke tIna sAdhana haiM (1) rAtri bhojana kI nivRtti / (2) ATha pravacana mAtAoM meM jAgarUkatA / (3) bhAvanA saMskArApAdana- eka hI pravRtti kA puna: puna: abhyaas| isa prakAra mahAvratoM kI paripAlanA samiti gupti sApekSa hai| inake hone para mahAvrata surakSita rahate haiM aura na hone para asurakSita | 12 yaha gupti tIna haiM (1) manogupti-asat cintana se nivartana | 3 (2) vacana gupti-asat vANI se nivartana | 44 (3) kAya gupti-asat pravRtti se nivrtn| mAnasika tathA vAcika saMkalezoM se pUrNataH nivRtta honA manogupti tathA

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186 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vacanagupti haiN| manoyoga tathA vacanayoga ke cAra prakAra haiM- (1) satya, (2) asatya, (3) mitra tathA (4) vyavahAra / kAyayoga sthAna, niSIdana, zayana, ullaMghana, gamana aura indriyoM ke vyApAra meM asat aMza kA varNana karanA kAya gupti hai| 15 isa prakAra yaha samiti va gupti sAdhu AcAra kA prathama va anivArya aMga haiN| caudaha pUrva par3ha lene para bhI jo muni pravacana mAtAoM meM nipUrNa nahIM hai, usakA jJAna ajJAna hai| jo vyakti pravacana mAtA meM nipUrNa hai, saceta hai, vaha vyakti sva-para ke lie trANa hai| yaha sAdhu jIvana kA upaSTambha hai| isake mAdhyama se hI zrAmaNya kA zuddha paripAlana sambhava hai| jo isameM skhalita hotA hai vaha samUce AcAra meM skhalita hotA hai| damana kA pratyaya aura jaina darzana jaina darzana meM indriya saMyama para kAphI bala diyA gayA hai| lekina prazna hai ki kyA indriya nigraha sambhava hai? Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se indriya vyApAroM kA nirodha eka asvAbhAvika tathya hai| AMkha ke samakSa apane viSaya ke prastuta hone para vaha usake sauMdarya darzana se vaMcita nahIM raha sakatI / bhojana karate samaya svAda ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ataH vicAraNIya prazna hai ki indriya damana ke sambandha meM kyA jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa Adhunika manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se sahamata hai? jaina darzana kA mata hai ki indriya vyApAroM ke nirodha kA artha indriyoM ko apane viSayoM se vimukha karanA nahIM varan viSaya ke mUla meM jo nihita rAga dveSa haiM unheM samApta karanA hai| jainAgama" AcArAMgasUtra ke anusAra yaha zakya nahIM hai ki kAnoM meM par3ane vAle acche yA bure zabda sune na jAyeM ata: zabdoM kA nahIM zabdoM ke prati jagane vAle rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA caahie| isI prakAra anya indriyoM ke viSaya meM apekSita hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra sAdhanA kA mArga aupazamika nahIM varan kSAyika hai, damana aura nirodha meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA kyoMki kSAyika mArga vAsanAoM ke nirasana kA mArga hai| yaha damana nahIM citta vizuddhi hai / damita mAnasika vRttiyAM punaH jAga sakatI haiN| vAsanAoM ko dabA kara Age bar3hane vAlA sAdhaka vikAsa kI agrima kakSAoM se anivAryata: padacyuta ho jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra yadi koI sAdhaka upazama yA damana ke AdhAra para naitika tathA AdhyAtmika pragati

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 187 karatA hai to vaha pUrNatA ke lakSya ke atyadhika nikaTa pahuMca kara bhI patita ho sakatA hai| brahmacarya kA artha vasti-nigraha hai| vaha pAMcoM indriyoM tathA mana ke saMyama ke binA prApta nahIM hotaa| isalie isakA artha sarvendriya saMyamaTha hai| yaha indriya nigraha vItarAgI ke lie Avazyaka hai kyoMki phira usake lie indriya viSaya duHkha ke hetu nahIM rhte|48 rAga grasta vyakti ke lie vaha parama dAruNa pariNAma vAle haiN| isalie bandhana aura mukti apanI hI pravRtti para avalambita hai| jo sAdhaka indriyoM ke viSayoM ke prati virakta hai, use unakI manojJatA yA amanojJatA nahIM staatii| usameM samatA kA vikAsa hotA hai| sAmya ke vikAsa se kAmaguNoM kI tRSNA kA nAza hotA hai aura sAdhaka uttarottara guNasthAnoM meM Aroha karatA huA lakSya ko prApta kara letA hai| (1) sparzana indriya : sparzana indriya saMyama ke lie zayanAsana aura eka Asana para baiThanA varjita hai| (2) rasana indriya saMyama : isake lie sarasa aura ati mAtrA meM AhAra karanA varjita hai| (3) prANa-indriya saMyama : isake lie koI pRthaka bhAga nirdiSTa nahIM hai| (4) cakSu-indriya saMyama : isa saMyama ke lie strI va usake hAva-bhAva kA nirIkSaNa varjita hai| (5) zrotra indriya saMyama : isa saMyama ke lie hAsya vilAsa pUrNa zabdoM kA sunanA varjita hai| (6) mAnasika saMyama : isake lie kAma kathA, pUrva krIr3A kA smaraNa aura vibhUSA varjita hai| jo asaMyamI kAma guNoM meM Asakta hotA hai vaha krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, jugupsA, arati, rati, hAsya, bhaya, zoka, puruSa veda, strI veda, napuMsaka veda tathA harSa, viSAda Adi aneka vikAra utpanana hote haiM jinase vaha karuNAspada, dIna, lajjita aura apriya bana jAtA hai| vikAroM kI prApti ke pazcAt usake samakSa use moha mahArNava meM Dubone vAle viSaya sevana ke prayojana upasthita hote haiN| phira vaha sukha kI prApti aura da:kha ke vinAza ke lie anurakta banakara usa prayojana kI pUrti ke lie udyama karatA hai| isIlie indriya saMyamI honA zramaNa ke lie Avazyaka hai|

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188 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti zramaNa ke dasa uttama dharma yA guNa muni ko dasa uttama guNoM kA poSaNa karanA cAhie--(1) zAnti, (2) muktinirlobhatA yA Asakti, (3) mArdava, (4) Arjava, (5) lAghava, (6) satya, (7) saMyama, (8) tapa, (9) tyAga-apane sAmbhogika sAdhuoM ko bhakta Adi kA dAna denA evaM (10) brhmcry| ina dasa lakSaNa dharmoM kA uddezya AdhyAtmika vikAsa hai| yadyapi isa sUcI meM kucha una guNoM kI bhI AvRtti huI hai jo mahAvrata athavA samiti gupti ke antargata haiM, yadyapi tatvArthasUtra kI rAjavArtika vibhASA meM inameM vibheda karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai|60 kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki hindU dharma ke dasa lakSaNa dharmoM ke anukaraNa ke AdhAra para jaina cintakoM ne jaina dharma ko bhI dasa uttama dharmoM para AdhArita kara diyA hai| muni kI bAraha pratimAeM yaha bAraha pratimAeM vaha bAraha pratimAna haiM jinake dvArA muni AdhyAtmika utkarSa ko prApta karatA hai|62 yaha haiM prathama pratimAdhArI muni ko eka datti pAnI aura eka datti ana lenA kalpatA hai| sAdhu ke pAtra meM dAtA dvArA diye jAne vAle anna aura jala kI dhArA jaba taka akhaNDa banI rahe vahI datti hai| dhArA khaNDita hone para datti bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| jahAM eka vyakti ke lie bhojana banA ho vahIM se bhojana lenA, kintu jahAM eka se adhika kA banA ho vahAM se nahIM lenaa| isakA samaya eka mahInA hai| dUsarI pratimA bhI eka mAsa kI hai| do datti AhAra va do datti jala svIkAra krnaa| isI prakAra tIna, cAra, pAMca, cha: aura sAta datti anna kI aura utanI hI pAnI kI grahaNa kI jAtI hai| pratyeka pratimA kA samaya eka mAsa hai| kevala dattiyoM kI vRddhi ke kAraNa hI yaha kramaza: dvimAsikI, trimAsikI, cAturmAsikI, paMcamAsikI, SaDamAsikI aura saptamAsikI kahalAtI hai|63 ___ AThavIM pratimA saptarAtri kI hotI hai| isameM ekAntara cauvihAra upavAsa karanA hotA hai| gAMva ke bAhara uttAnAsana AkAza kI ora muMha karake sIdhA leTanA, pAzrvAsana eka karavaTa se leTanA athavA niSkAsana paira ko barAbara karake khar3A honA yA baiThanA se dhyAna lagAnA caahie| navI pratimA saptarAtri kI hotI hai| isameM cauvihAra tele pAraNA kiyA

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 189 jAtA hai| gAMva ke bAhara ekAnta sthAna meM daNDAsana, lagur3Asana athavA utkaTukAsana se dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| dasavIM pratimA saptarAtri kI hotI hai| isameM cauvihAra tele pAraNA kiyA jAtA hai| gAMva ke bAhara godohana Asana, vIrAsana athavA AmrakunjAsana se dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| gyArahavIM pratimA ahorAtra kI hotI hai| eka dina aura eka rAta arthAt ATha prahara taka inakI sAdhanA kI jAtI hai| cauvihAra tele ke dvArA inakI ArAdhanA hotI hai| nagara ke bAhara donoM hAthoM ko ghuTanoM kI ora lambA karake daNDAyamAna rUpa meM khar3e hokara kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai| bArahavIM pratimA eka rAtri kI hai| arthAt isakA samaya kevala eka rAtri hai| isakI ArAdhanA bele ko bar3hAkara cauvihAra telA karake kiyA jAtA hai| gAMva ke bAhara khar3e rahakara, masta ko thor3A sA jhukA kara, kisI eka mudgala para dRSTi rakhakara, nirmimeSa netroM se nizcalatApUrvaka kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai| upasargoM ke Ane para unheM samabhAva se sahana kiyA jAtA hai| pariSaha-pravibhakti jo sahA jAtA hai use parISaha kahate haiN| sahane ke do prayojana haiM-(1) mArgacyavana aura (2) nirjraa| svIkRta mArga se cyuta na hone ke lie nirjarA tathA karmoM ko kSINa karane ke lie parISaha kiyA jAtA hai|64 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dharma prarUpaNA ke do mukhya aMga haiM-ahiMsA aura kaSTa shissnnutaa| kaSTa sahane kA artha zarIra, indriya aura mana ko pIr3ita karanA nahIM hai, kintu ahiMsA Adi dharmoM kI ArAdhanA ko susthira banAye rakhanA hai| yadyapi eka sImita artha meM kAya: kleza bhI taparUpa meM svIkRta hai kintu parISaha aura kAya kleza eka nahIM hai| kAya: kleza Asana karane, grISmaRtu meM AtApanA lene, varSA Rtu meM tarumUla meM nivAsa karane, zItaRtu meM apAkRta sthAna meM sone aura nAnA prakAra kI pratimAoM ko svIkAra karane, na khujalAne, zarIra kI vibhUSA na karane ke artha meM svIkRta hai| __bauddha bhikSu kAya: kleza ko mahatva nahIM dete kintu parISaha sahana kI sthiti ko vaha bhI asvIkAra nahIM krte| svayaM mahAtmA buddha ne kahA hai-muni zIta, uSma, kSudhA, pipAsA, ghAta, Atapa, daMza aura sarIsRpa kA sAmanA kara khaMga-viSANa kI taraha akelA vicaraNa kre|67 AcArAMga niyukti meM parISaha ke do vibhAga haiM

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190 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (1) zIta manda pariNAma vaale| jaise strI parISaha aura satkAra priissh| yaha do anukUla parISaha haiN| (2) uSNa tIvra pariNAma vaale| yaha pratikUla parISaha haiN| (1) kSudhA parISaha deha meM kSudhA vyApta hone para tapasvI aura prANavAna bhikSu phala Adi kA chedana na kare na kraaye| pakAye, na pkvaaye| zarIra ke aMga bhUkha se sUkhakara kAkajaMghA nAmaka tRNa jaise durbala ho jAyeM, zarIra kRza ho jAye, dhamaniyoM kA DhAMcA bhara raha jAye to bhI AhAra pAnI kI maryAdA ko jAnane vAlA sAdhu adInabhAva se viharaNa kre|68 (2) pipAsA parISaha asaMyama se ghRNA karane vAlA, lajjAvAna saMyamI sAdhu pyAsa se pIr3ita hone para saMcita pAnI kA sevana na kare, kintu prAsuka jala kI eSaNA kre| nirjana mArga meM jAte samaya pyAsa se atyanta Akula ho jAne para bhI sAdhu pyAsa ke parISaha ko sahana kre| (3) zIla parISaha vicarate hue virata aura rukSa zarIra vAle sAdhu ko zIta Rtu meM sardI satAtI hai| phira bhI vaha jina zAsana ko sunakara Agama ke upadeza ko dhyAna meM rakhakara svAdhyAya Adi kI maryAdA kA atikramaNa na kre| zIla se pratAr3ita hone para bhI muni aisA na soce ki mere pAsa zIta nivAraka ghara Adi nahIM hai aura chavittANa vastra, kambala Adi bhI nahIM hai, isalie maiM agni kA sevana kruuN|0 (4) uSma parISaha garma dhUla Adi ke paritApa, sveda, maila yA pyAsa ke dAha athavA grISmakAlIna sUrya ke paritApa se atyanta pIr3ita hone para bhI muni sukha ke lie vilApa na kre| garmI se abhitapta hone para bhI medhAvI muni snAna kI icchA na kre| zarIra ko gIlA na kre| paMkhe se zarIra para havA na le||

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 191 (5) daMza-mazaka-parISaha DAMsa aura maccharoM kA upadrava hone para bhI muni samabhAva meM rahe, krodha Adi kA damana kre| mAMsa aura rakta khAne pIne para bhI unakI upekSA kare kintu unakA hanana na kre|2 (6) acela parISaha jinakalpa dazA meM athavA vastra na milane para muni acelaka bhI hotA hai aura sthavira kalpa dazA meM vaha sacelaka bhI hotA hai| avasthA bheda ke anusAra ina donoM ko yati dharma ke lie hitakara jAnakAra jJAnI muni vastra na milane para dIna na bne| (7) ari parISaha eka gAMva se dUsare gAMva meM vihAra karate hue akiMcana muni ke citta meM arati utpanna ho jAye to usa parISaha ko vaha sahana kre|4 (8) strI parISaha striyAM brahmacArI ke lie daladala ke samAna haiM'-yaha jAnakara medhAvI muni apane saMyamI jIvana kI ghAta na hone de, kintu AtmA kI gaveSaNA karatA huA vicaraNa kre| (9) caryA parISaha muni asadRza hokara vihAra kre| parigraha mamatva bhAva na kre| gRhasthoM se nirlipta rhe| aniketa gRhamukta rahatA huA parivrajana kre| (10) niSathA parISaha rAga-dveSa rahita muni capalatAoM kA varjana karatA huA zmazAna, zUnyagraha athavA vRkSa ke mUla meM baitthe| dUsaroM ko trAsa na de|"

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192 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (11) zayyA parISaha tapasvI aura prANavAna bhikSu utkRSTa yA nikRSTa upAzraya ko pAkara maryAdA kA atikramaNa na kare harSa yA zoka na laaye| jo pApa dRSTi hotA hai vaha maryAdA kA atikramaNa kara DAlatA hai|78 (12) Akroza parISaha koI manuSya bhikSu ko gAlI de to vaha usake prati krodha na kre| krodha na karane vAlA bhikSu puruSa, dAruNa aura grAma kaNTaka pratikUla bhASA ko sunatA huA usakI upekSA kare, mana meM na laaye| (13) vadha parISaha saMyata aura dAnta zramaNa ko koI kahIM pITe to usakI AtmA kA nAza nahIM hotAaisA cintana kare, para pratizodha kI bhAvanA na laaye|80 (14) yAcanA parISaha gocarAgra meM praviSTa muni ke lie gRhasthoM ke sAmane hAtha pasAranA sarala nahIM hai| ata: gRhavAsa hI zreya hai-muni aisA cintana na kre| (15) alAbha parISaha gRhasthoM ke ghara bhojana taiyAra ho jAne para muni usakI eSaNA kre| AhAra thor3A milane yA na milane para saMyamI muni anutApa na kre|82 (16) roga parISaha AtmagaveSaka muni cikitsA kA anumodana na kre| roga ho jAne para samAdhipUrvaka rhe| usakA zrAmaNya yahI hai ki vaha roga utpanna ho jAne para bhI cakitsA na kare, na kraaye|

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 193 (17) tRNa sparza parISaha acelaka aura rukSa zarIra vAle saMyata tapasvI ke ghAsa para sone se zarIra meM cubhana hotI hai| yaha jAnakara bhI tRNa se pIr3ita muni vastra kA sevana nahIM krte| 4 (18) jalla parISaha nirjarArthI muni anuttara Aryadharma ko pAkara deha-vinAza paryanta kAyA para "jatta'' svedajanita maila ko dhAraNa kare aura tajjanita pariSaha ko sahana kre|85 (19) satkAra puraskAra parISaha jo rAjA Adi ke dvArA kiye gaye abhivAdana, satkAra athavA nimantraNa kA sevana karate haiM, unakI icdA na kare-unheM dhanya na maane| alpa kaSAya vAlA ajJAta kuloM se bhikSA lene vAlA, alolupa bhikSu rasoM meM gRddha na ho| prajJAvAna muni dUsaroM ko dekha anutApa na kre|86 (20) prajJA parISaha pahale kiye hue ajJAnarUpa phala dene vAle karma pakane ke pazcAt udaya meM Ate haiN| isa prakAra karma ke vipAka ko jAnakara muni AtmA ko AzvAsana na de|87 (21) ajJAna pariSaha tapasyA aura upadhAna ko svIkAra karatA hUM, pratimA kA pAlana karatA hUM, isa prakAra vizeSa caryA se viharaNa karane para bhI merA chadma jJAnAvaraNAdi karma nivartita nahIM ho rahA hai aisA cintana kre|88 (22) darzana parISaha jina hue the, jina haiM aura jina hoMge-bhikSu anavarata aisA cintana kre|

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194 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti SaT Avazyaka jaina muni ke lie kaSAyanivRtti hetu cha: Avazyaka karma nirUpita kiye gaye haiM: (1) sAmAyika (2) caturviMzatistava (3) vandanA (4) pratikramaNa (5) pratyAkhyAna (6) kAyotsarga (1) sAmAyika citta kI samAvasthA ko sAmayika kahA gayA hai| jIvana aura mRtyu ke bIca samabhAva, lAbha aura hAni, viyoga aura saMyoga, zatru aura mitra, harSa tathA viSAda sabhI viparIta paristhitiyoM meM samabhAva rakhanA zramaNa kA Avazyaka caritra mAnA gyaa|" zramaNa vahI hai jisameM samatva hai jo apane parAye ke bheda se virata hai, jo para strI ko mAtA ke samAna samajhatA hai| niyamasAra ke anusAra araNyavAsa, kAya: kleza, anazana, svAdhyAya aura mauna se usa muni ko kyA lAbha jisameM samabhAva nahIM hai|2 ____ mUlAcAra ke anusAra sAmAyika hetu vairAgya, zAstroM ke prati zraddhA, pApoM se nivRtti, tIna gupti, indriya nigraha, pavitratA, lezyAoM tathA indriya sukhoM se nivRtti, Arta tathA raudra dhyAna se nivRtti tathA dharma evaM zukla dhyAna ke prati zraddhA Avazyaka hai| jaba ki anAgAra dharmAmRta ne Avazyaka sAmAyika kI chaH zreNiyAM batAI haiM"4 (1) nAma : (2) sthApanA : (3) dravya : (4) kSetra (5) kAla : (6) bhAva : acche athavA bure nAmoM se anaaskti| susthApita athavA visthApita vastuoM meM anaaskti| zubha athavA azubha dravya meM anaaskti| acche athavA bure kSetra meM anaaskti| zubha athavA azubha kAla meM anaaskti| zubha athavA azubha vicAroM meM anaaskti|

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 195 (2) caturdizatistava caturdizatistava kA artha hai caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti |" ina tIrthakaroM ke nimna guNa haiM (1) vaha lokoM ko apane AdhyAtmika prakAza se Alokita karate haiN| 7 (2) vaha vikAroM ko zAnta karate haiM, vAsanA kA nAza karate haiM, mAnasika dUSaNa ko dUra karate haiN| yaha dravya tIrtha bhI haiM aura bhAvatIrtha bhI haiM / " ye zraddhA, jJAna aura caritra se sampanna hote haiM / " 198 (3) jinhoMne kaSAya vijaya kara lI hai| 100 (4) jinhoMne karma praNAza kiyA hai| 101 (5) jo sarvapUjita haiM / 102 ( 6 ) jo kevalajJAna se yukta haiN| 103 ina tIrthaMkaroM se svatantratA, jJAna aura samAdhi maraNa ke lie anukampA kI prArthanA kI jAtI hai| 04 kintu zraddhA kI dRSTi se yaha asatyamRSA hai kyoMki 'jina' anurAga aura ghRNA jaisI bhAvanAoM se mukta hone ke kAraNa samAdhimaraNa athavA jJAna pradAna nahIM kara sakate | 105 (3) vandanA vandanA kA tAtparya hai dharmapravartaka, zramaNa, arhanta aura siddhoM kI pratimAoM ke prati zraddhA prakaTa krnaa| variSTha pravrajita zramaNoM tathA anya guNoM meM Age bar3he hue zramaNoM ke prati sammAna vyakta karanA bhI isa Avazyaka ke antargata AtA hai| 106 jo vyakti paMca mahAvratoM kA pAlana nahIM karate muni unake prati sammAna nahIM kre| isa niyama ke antargata mAtA-pitA, DhIle caritra kA guru, rAjA jainettara zramaNa, zrAvakoM Adi kI gaNanA kI gayI hai / vandanA battIsa doSoM se yukta honI cAhie jinameM anAdara, abhimAna, bhaya, AkAMkSA tathA vizvAsaghAta sammilita hote haiN| 107 isake atirikta yaha ziSTatA kI maryAdA hai ki una vyaktiyoM ke prati zraddhA prakaTa nahIM kI jAye jinhoMne kevala upadeza diye hoM, jo asAvadhAna hoM, jo bhojana kI maryAdA yA pAtra kI maryAdA se hIna hoM | 108

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196 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (4) pratikramaNa mAnasika pApa nivRtti ke lie jo Atma Alocana nindA kI gardha nAmaka kriyA guru ke samakSa gardA kI jAtI hai tathA guru ke samakSa jina pApoM kI svIkRti yA AlocanA kI jAtI hai vaha pratikramaNa kahalAtI hai|109 pratikramaNa dina meM, rAta meM, pAkSika, caturmAsika athavA vArSika athavA jIvana paryanta kriyAoM meM asAvadhAnI ke prAyazcita svarUpa kiyA jA sakatA hai|10 pratikramaNa mithyAdRSTi Atma niyantraNa ke abhAva, vAsanAoM tathA apavitra kriyAoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| pratikramaNa karate samaya mana meM abhimAna kI bhAvanA nahIM rahanI caahie|12 guru ke samakSa aparAdhoM kI svIkRti meM kadApi vilamba nahIM honA caahie|113 pApa svIkRti bhAva pratikramaNa hai aura pratikramaNa sUtra kA saMgAyana dravya pratikramaNa hai| yaha donoM pratikramaNa sAtha sAtha kiye jAte haiN|114 (5) pratyAsthAna pratyAsthAna kA artha hai pApamaya pravRtiyoM se bacane kA pUrNa dRr3ha sNklp| jahAM pratikramaNa bhUtakAla ke pApa se sambandhita hai vahIM pratyAsthAna bhaviSya kI gatividhiyoM se sambandhita hai| 5 mUlAcAra16 ke anusAra pratyAsthAna dasa prakAra ke upavAsoM se sambandhita hai| (1) samaya se pUrva hI upavAsa rkhnaa| (2) samaya ke uparAnta upavAsa rkhnaa| (3) kSamatA ke anusAra upavAsa rkhnaa| (4) ucita samaya para upavAsa rkhnaa| (5) tArA samUha para kendrita upavAsa rkhnaa| (6) apanI icchA se upavAsa rkhnaa| (7) antarAya kAloM meM upavAsa krnaa| (8) jIvana paryanta bhojana tyAga kA vrata krnaa| (9) parvata Adi ko pAra karate samaya vrata krnaa| (10) kisI udadezya se vrata krnaa| (6) kAyotsarga kAyotsarga kAyA ke prati anAsakti kA pratIka hai|17 kAyotsarga ke prati yaha

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 197 apekSA kI jAtI hai ki zarIra ke avayava nizcita rheN||18 mokSArthI jisane nidrA para vijaya prApta kara lI hai, jo sUtroM tathA unake arthoM ke jJAtA haiM, zuddha vicAroM se sampanna haiM tathA jinameM zArIrika aura AdhyAtmika bala hai vahI muni kAyotsarga ke upayukta hai|19 muni kI dinacaryA ke cAra bhAga muni ko cAhie ki vaha divasa ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kare aura tadanusAra dinacaryA sampanna kre||20 yathA (1) prathama prahara meM mukhyata: svAdhyAya kre| (2) dvitIya prahara meM dhyAna kre| (3) tRtIya prahara meM bhikSAcaryA kre| (4) caturtha prahara meM puna: svAdhyAya kre||2| isI prakAra rAtri ke cAra bhAga kare aura cAroM praharoM meM kramaza: svAdhyAya, dhyAna, nidrA evaM puna: svAdhyAya kre|122 ___ isase pratIta hotA hai ki zramaNa kI dinacaryA meM adhyayana kA mahatva sarvAdhika hai| zramaNa ke svAdhyAya meM pAMca kriyAoM kA samAveza kiyA jAtA hai-(1) yAcanA, (2) pRcchanA, (3) parivartanA punarAvartana, (4) anupekSA cintana aura (5) dhrmkthaa|123 ___ isa dinacaryA ke pazcAt divasa ke prathama prahara ke prArambhika caturtha bhAga meM zramaNa vastra pAtrAdi kA pratilekhana nirIkSaNa kare, guru ko namaskAra kare aura sarvaduHkhamukti ke lie svAdhyAya kre||24 divasa ke antima prahara ke caturtha bhAga meM svAdhyAya se nivRtta hokara guruvandanA ke pazcAt vastrapAtrAdi kA punarpratilekhana kre||25 pratilekhana karate samaya vaha sAvadhAna evaM ekAgra rahe, kisI se vArtAlApa na kre| tIsare prahara ke kartavya bhikSAcArI, AhAra tathA dUsare gAMva meM bhikSArtha Adi jAne kA vidhAna hai| 26 bhikSArtha jAte samaya muni ko pAtra Adi kA samucita pramArjana kara lenA cAhie tathA adhika-se-adhika do kosa taka jAnA caahie||27 __caturtha prahara ke kartavya vastra-pAtra-pratilekhana, svAdhyAya, zayyA aura uccArabhUmi kI pratilekhanA kA vidhAna hai| 28 muni ko caturtha prahara ke anta meM svAdhyAya se nivRtta hokara vastra pAtrAdi kI pratilekhanA ke uparAnta malamUtra ke visarjana kI bhUmi ko dekhanA cAhie tathA phira kAyotsarga karanA caahie|29 arthAt

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198 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti divasa sambandhI aticAroM, doSoM kI cintanA evaM AlocanA karanI cAhie | 130 tadanantara rAtri kAlIna svAdhyAya karanA caahie| rAtri ke caturtha prahara meM svAdhyAya isa prakAra kiyA jAnA cAhie ki usakI AvAja se gRhastha jAga na jAyeM | 31 caturtha bhAga kA caturtha prahara zeSa raha jAne para punaH kAyotsarga karanA cAhie evaM rAtri sambandhI aticAroM kI cintanA evaM AlocanA karanI cAhie / varSAvAsa jaina AcAra zAstra ke anusAra muniyoM kA varSAvAsa cAturmAsa lagane se lekara pacAsa dina vyatIta hone taka kabhI bhI prArambha ho sakatA hai, arthAt ASAr3ha zukla caturdazI se lekara bhAdrapakSa zuklA paMcamI taka kisI bhI dina Arambha ho sakatA hai / 132 sAmAnyataH cAturmAsa Arambha hote hI jIvajantuoM kI utpatti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue muni ko varSAvAsa kara lenA cAhie / paristhiti vizeSa kI dRSTi se use pacAsa dina kA samaya aura diyA gayA hai| isa samaya taka use varSAvAsa avazya kara lenA caahie| 133 varSAvAsa meM sthita zramaNoM ko cAra ora pAMca kosa taka hI gamanAgamana kI kSetra sImA rakhanA kalpya hai| 34 hRSTapuSTa, Arogyayukta evaM balavAna zramaNa ko dUdha-dahI, makkhana, ghI, tela Adi rasavikRttiyAM bAra-bAra nahIM lenI cAhie | 135 isa saMdarbha meM tIna bAteM atyanta Avazyaka haiM- (1) pANipAtra bhikSu ko tanika bhI pAnI barasatA ho to bhaktapAna ke lie bAhara nahIM nikalanA cAhie tathA bhojana usa dazA meM kadApi nahIM karanA cAhie jaba taka zarIra pUrI taraha sUkhA na ho| 136 (2) paryUSaNA ke bAda arthAt varSARtu ke pacAsa dina vyatIta hone para zramaNa zramaNI ke sira para gAya ke bAla jitane bhI keza nahIM hone caahie| bAloM ko kaiMcI, ustarA yA loMca dvArA nikAla denA cAhie | 137 (3) paryUSaNa ke dina paraspara kSamAyAcanA dvArA upazamavAda kI vRddhi karanI cAhie | 138 saMlekhanA athavA samAdhimaraNa jo viSayoM meM Asakta hote haiM, vaha ajJAnI mRtyu se Darate haiM aura kAlamaraNa se marate haiN| jo viSayoM meM anAsakta hote haiM tathA mRtyu se nirbhaya rahate haiM, vaha jJAnI paNDita maraNa se marate haiM / mRtyu kA samIpa AnA jAnakara jJAnI bhojana meM saMkoca karatA huA zarIra ko samAhita karatA huA zAMta citta se zarIra kA parityAga karatA hai| isI kA nAma paNDita maraNa yA samAdhimaraNa hai|

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 199 cUMki isa prakAra ke maraNa meM zarIra evaM kaSAya ko kRza kiyA jAtA hai-kuredA jAtA hai, ata: ise saMlekhanA bhI kahate haiN| saMlekhanA meM nirjIva kI ekAnta sthAna meM tRNa zayyA saMstAraka bichA kara AhArAdi kA parityAga kiyA jAtA hai| ata: ise saMghArA saMstAraka bhI kahate haiN| gommaTasAra'39 meM maraNa ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM--(1) kadalIghAta (akAla mRtyu) aura (2) sNnyaas| kadalIghAta viSabhakSaNa, viSaile jIvoM ke kATane, raktakSaya, dhAtukSaya, bhayaMkara vastudarzana tathA usase utpanna bhaya, vastraghAta, saMkaleza kriyA, zvAsocchavAsa ke avarodha aura AhAra na karane se jo zarIra chUTatA hai use kadalIghAta maraNa kahA jAtA hai| saMnyAsa maraNa kadalIghAta sahita athavA kadalIghAta ke binA jo saMnyAsa rUpa pariNAmoM se zarIra tyAga hotA hai, use vyakta zarIra kahate haiN| vyakta zarIra ke tIna bheda haiM-(1) bhakta pratijJA, (2) iMginI aura (3) praayogy| (1) bhakta pratijJA bhojana kA tyAga kara jo saMnyAsa maraNa kiyA jAtA hai, use 'bhakta parijJA maraNa'' kahA jAtA hai| isake tIna bheda haiM-jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRsstt| jaghanya kA kAlamAna antarmuhUrta hai, utkRSTa kA bAraha varSa aura zeSa kA mdhymvrtii| (2) iMginI apane zarIra kI paricaryA svayaM kare, dUsaroM se sevA na le| isa vidhi se jo saMnyAsa dhAraNapUrvaka maraNa hotA hai, use "iMginI maraNa" kahA jAtA hai| (3) prAyogya, prayopagamana apane zarIra kI paricaryA na svayaM kare aura na dUsaroM se karAye, aise saMnyAsapUrvaka maraNa ko prAyogya yA prAyopagamanamaraNa kahA jAtA hai| 40

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200 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti samyak bhagavatIsUtra'4' meM maraNa ke do bheda - bAla aura paNDita kiye gaye haiN| bAla maraNa ke bAraha prakAra haiM aura paNDitamaraNa ke do prakAra / kula milA kara caudaha bheda yahAM milate haiN| bAlamaraNa ke bAraha bheda haiM- (1) valaya, (2) vazArta, (3) anta: zalya, (4) tadbhava, (5) giri- patana, ( 6 ) tarupatana, (7) jalapraveza, (8) agnipraveza, (9) viSabhakSaNa, (10) zastrAvapATana, (11) vaihAyasa tathA (12) gRddhapRSTha | 142 paNDitamaraNa ke do bheda haiM- (1) prAyopagamana aura (2) bhaktapratyAsthAna | 143 sthAnAMgasUtra144 meM maraNa ke tIna bheda batAye gaye haiM- (1) bAlamaraNa - asaMyamI kA maraNa, (2) paNDitamaraNa-saMyamI kA maraNa, (3) bAla paNDita maraNasaMyamAsaMyamI kA maraNa / samavAyAMga 45 meM tathA mUlArAdhanA meM maraNa ke sattaraha prakAroM kA ullekha hai jinakA vistAra vijayodayAvRtti meM milatA hai-- samavAyAMga (1) AvIci maraNa (2) avadhi maraNa (3) Atyantika maraNa (4) valanmaraNa (5) vazArtamaraNa (6) anta: zalya maraNa (7) tadbhava maraNa (8) bAla maraNa (9) paNDita maraNa (10) bAla paNDita maraNa mUlArAdhanA 46 (vijayodayAvRtti) (1) AvIci maraNa (2) tadbhava maraNa (3) avadhimaraNa (4) Adi anta maraNa (5) bAla maraNa (6) paNDita maraNa (7) avasanna maraNa (8) bAla paNDita maraNa (9) sazalya maraNa (10) valayamaraNa (11) chadamastha maraNa (12) kevala maraNa (13) vaihAyasa maraNa (11) vyutsRSTa maraNa (12) vipranAsamaraNa (13) gRddhapRSTha maraNa (14) gRddhapRSTha maraNa (15) bhakta pratyAkhyAna maraNa (16) iMginI maraNa (14) bhakta pratyAkhyAna maraNa (15) prAyopagamana maraNa (16) iMginI maraNa (17) prAyopagamana maraNa (17) kevalI maraNa ukta sattaraha prakAra ke maraNoM kI saMkSipta vyAkhyA isa prakAra hai--

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 201 Ayu karma ke dalikoM kI vicyuti athavA pratikSaNa Ayu kI vicyuti, AvIci maraNa kahalAtA hai| 47 vIci kA artha hai trNg| samudra aura nadI meM pratikSaNa lahareM uThatI haiN| vaise hI Ayukarma bhI prati samaya udaya meM AtA hai| pratyeka samaya kA maraNa AvIci maraNa kahalAtA hai||48 jIva eka bAra naraka Adi jisa gati meM janma maraNa karatA hai to use avadhi maraNa kahA jAtA hai|149 jIva vartamAna Ayukarma ke pudgaloM kA anubhava kara maraNa ko prApta ho, phira usa bhava meM utpanna na ho te usa maraNa ko Atyantika maraNa kahA jAtA hai| 50 ise Adyanta maraNa bhI kahA jAtA hai| jo saMyamI jIvana patha se bhraSTa hokara mRtyu pAtA hai, usakI mRtyu ko balanmaraNa kahA jAtA hai||51 bhUkha se tar3apate hue marane ko bhI balanmaraNa kahA jAtA hai||52 dIpakalikA meM zalabha kI taraha jo indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara mRtyu pAte haiM, use vazAta maraNa kahA jAtA hai||53 isake cAra bheda haiM-indriya-vazAta, vedanA vazArta, kaSAya vazArta tathA no kaSAya vshaat||54 __zarIra me zastra kI noka ityAdi rahane se jo mRtyu hotI hai vaha dravya anta: zalya maraNa kahalAtA hai| lajjA aura abhimAna Adi ke kAraNa aticAroM kI AlocanA na kara doSapUrNa sthiti meM marane vAle kI mRtyu ko bhAva antaH zalya maraNa kahA jAtA hai| 55 vartamAna bhava janma se mRtyu hotI hai, use tadbhava maraNa kahA jAtA hai| 56 mithyAtvI aura samyakdRSTi kA maraNa bAla maraNa kahalAtA hai| 57 vijayodayA meM bAla maraNa ke pAMca bheda kiye gaye haiM (ka) avyakta bAla : choTA baccA jo dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ko nahIM jAnatA tathA inakA acaraNa karane meM samartha nahIM hotaa| (kha) vyavahAra bAla : loka vyavahAra, zAstrajJAna Adi ko jo nahIM jaantaa| (ga) jJAna bAla : jo jIva Adi padArthoM ko yathArtha rUpa se nahIM jaantaa| (gha) darzana bAla : jisakI tatvoM ke prati zraddhA nahIM hotii| __ agni, dhUpa, zastra, viSa, pAnI, parvata se girakara zvAsocchavAsa ko rokakara ati sardI yA garmI hone se bhUkha aura pyAsa se, jIbha ko ukhAr3ane se, prakRti viruddha AhAra karane se ina sAdhanoM ke dvArA jo icchA se prANa tyAga karatA hai, vaha icchA pravRtta darzana bAla maraNa kahalAtA hai| yogyakAla meM yA akAla meM marane kI icchA ke viruddha jo mRtyu hotI hai, vaha anicchA pravRtta va darzana bAla maraNa kahalAtA hai| (Ga) cAritra bAla : jo cAritra se hIna hotA hai| viSayoM meM Asakta durgati meM jAne

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202 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vAle, andhakAra se AcchAdita, Rddhi meM Asakta, rasoM meM Asakta aura sukha ke abhimAnI jIva bAla maraNa se marate haiN| saMyati kA maraNa paNDita maraNa kahalAtA hai| vijyodyaa|58 meM isake cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM (ka) vyavahAra paNDita : jo loka, veda aura samaya ke vyavahAra meM nipUrNa unake zAstroM kA jJAtA aura zuzruSA Adi guNoM se yukta ho| (kha) darzana paNDita : jo samyakatva se yukta ho| (ga) jo jJAna se yukta ho| (gha) jo cAritra se yukta ho| saMyatA-saMyata kA maraNa bAla paNDita maraNa kahalAtA hai|159 sthUlahiMsA Adi pAMca pApoM ke tyAga tathA samyak darzana yogya hone se vaha paNDita hai| sUkSma asaMyama se nivRtti na hone ke kAraNa usameM bAlatva bhI hai|160 manaH paryavajJAnI, avadhijJAnI, zrutajJAnI aura matijJAnI zramaNa ke maraNa ko chadmastha maraNa kahA jAtA hai||6| kevalajJAnI kA maraNa kevali maraNa kahalAtA hai| vRkSa kI zAkhA para laTakane, parvata se girane aura jhaMpA lene Adi kAraNa se hone vAlA maraNa vaihAyasa maraNa kahalAtA hai||62 hAthI Adi ke kalevara meM praviSTa hone para usa kalevara ke sAtha-sAtha usa jIvita zarIra ko bhI gIdha Adi noMca kara mAra DAlate haiN| isa maraNa ko gRddhapRccha maraNa kahate haiN|163 ___ yAvad jIvana ke lie trividha athavA caturvidha AhAra ke tyAgapUrvaka jo maraNa hotA hai, use bhaktapratyAkhyAna maraNa kahA jAtA hai| 64 pratiniyata sthAna para anazanapUrvaka maraNa ko iMginI maraNa kahate haiN| jisa bharaNa meM apane abhiprAya se svayaM apanI suzruSA kare, dUsare muniyoM se sevA na le use iMginI maraNa kahA jAtA hai| apanI paricaryA na svayaM kare aura na dUsaroM se karAye, aise maraNa ko prAyopagamana athavA prAyogyamaraNa kahate haiN||65 vRkSa ke nIce sthira avasthA meM caturvidha AhAra ke tyAgapUrvaka jo maraNa hotA hai, use pAdopagamana maraNa kahate haiN|166 apane pAMvoM ke dvArA saMgha se nikalakara aura yogya pradeza meM jAkara jo maraNa kiyA jAtA hai use pAdopagamana maraNa kahA jAtA hai| isa maraNa ko cAhane vAle muni apane zarIra kI paricaryA na svayaM karate haiM na dUsaroM se karavAte haiN| 67

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 203 bhagavatI meM pAdopagamana yA prAyopagamana ke do bheda kie gaye haiM-nirhAri aura anirhaari||68 nirhAri kA artha hai bAhara niklnaa| upAzraya meM maraNa prApta karane vAle sAdhU ke zarIra ko vahAM se bAhara le jAnA hotA hai, isalie usa maraNa ko nirhAri kahate haiN| anirhAri araNya meM apane zarIra kA tyAga karane vAle sAdhU ke zarIra ko bAhara le jAnA nahIM par3atA, isalie use anirhAri maraNa kahA jAtA hai| jaina zrAvaka tathA zrAvikA kA AcAra gRhastha ke lie jaina zrAvaka zabda kA prayoga karate haiN| zrAvaka zabda una vyaktiyoM ke lie prayukta hotA hai jinhoMne samyak zraddhA caritra ko prApta kara liyA hai kintu jo bhikSu nahIM bane haiN| yaha vyakti yA to AMzikarUpa se aNuvratoM kA pAlana karate haiM athavA avarata samyak dRSTi hote haiN| kintu samyak cAritra jaina zrAvakoM ke lie Avazyaka pAtratA hai| vaha zrAvaka ke lie batAye gaye bAraha vratoM kA pAlana karatA hai taba apanI vAsanAoM ko maryAdita karane kI dizA meM bar3hatA hai| jaba taka ki vaha ina vratoM ke pAlana dvArA bhikSu kA jIvana aMgIkAra karane meM samartha na ho jaaye| yaha kramika vikAsa kI avasthA hai| isase ucca AdhyAtmika vikAsa hone para zrAvaka naiSThika kahalAtA hai| naiSThika zrAvaka sAMsArika jIvana kA tyAga karake aisA jIvana batAte haiM jo zramaNa jIvana ke sadRza yA zramaNa mUla pratimA hai| isa prakAra zrAvaka aisA vyakti hai jisameM gRhastha ke AcAra bhI haiM aura hindU dharmazAstra meM batAye vAnaprasthI ke bhii| gRhastha kA sthAna jaina nItizAstra pramukha rUpa se saMnyAsa pradhAna hai| gRha, jIvana kA artha eka alpa vizrAma bhara hai| eka choTA sA ThaharAva, eka mor3a unake lie jo abhI bhikSu jIvana kI kaThinAiyoM ko sahane ke yogya nahIM hae haiN| isa prakAra naitikatA kI dRSTi se gRhastha kA sthAna bhikSu ke pazcAt AtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM ke prAcInatama grantha udAharaNa ke lie zvetAmbara grantha AcArAMgasUtra tathA digambara grantha mUlAcAra pramukha rUpa se zramaNa jIvana ko samarpita haiN| ThIka isake viparIta sthiti brAhmaNa dharma meM pAI gaI hai| Arambhika brAhmaNa sAhitya kA pramukha Agraha gRhastha jIvana para hai| saMnyAsa brAhmaNa dharma meM paravartI kAla meM svIkRta saMsthA hai| brAhmaNa sAhitya kI pratinidhi manusmRti isa prasaMga meM ullekhanIya hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra sabhI nadiyAM samudra meM Azraya pAtI haiM usI prakAra sabhI Azrama gRhasthAzrama meM Azraya pAte haiN| 69

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204 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti avirata samyak dRSTi kA Adarza mukti ke patha meM samyak dRSTi patha pradarzaka hai||70 samyak dRSTi se sampanna eka zrAvaka samyak dRSTi se hIna zramaNa se adhika zreSTha hai| __jaina dharma Antarika vairAgya evaM saMsAra tyAga donoM para hI bala detA hai| samyak dRSTi AMtarika vairAgya ko prakaTa karatI hai| yaha sthiti gItA ke karmayoga ke samAna hai kyoMki samyak dRSTi se sampanna vyakti ke lie ho sakatA hai ki saMsAra ko pUrNa rUpa se tyAganA ekadama sambhava na ho kintu usake karma use bAMdhate nahIM haiN| ardhapudgalapravRtta ko samyak dRSTi dvArA Age bar3hane ke lie dharAtala mila jAtA hai, taba vaha aNuvratoM kA pAlana karanate hue zramaNa jIvana kI ora agrasara ho jAtA hai|172 zrAvaka ke bAraha vrata jaina AcAra zAstra meM vratadhArI gRhastha ko zrAvaka, upAsaka, aNuvratI, sAgAra Adi kahA gayA hai| cUMki vaha zraddhApUrvaka apane gurujanoM athavA zramaNoM ke nirgrantha pravacana kA zravaNa karatA hai, ata: use zraddhA zrAvaka kahate haiN| cUMki vaha gRhastha hai ghara dhAraNa karatA hai, ata: usako sAgAra, AgArI, gRhastha, gRhI Adi nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai| zrAvakAcAra se sambandhita upAsaka dharma kA pratipAdana tIna prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai (1) bAraha vratoM ke AdhAra para, (2) gyAraha pratimAoM ke AdhAra para, (3) pakSacaryA niSThA evaM sAdhanA ke AdhAra pr| zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM meM pAMca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata tathA zeSa cAra zikSAvrata kahalAte hai||73 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra ke anusAra zrAvaka ko ATha AvazyakoM kA pAlana jarUrI hai jisameM pAMca aNuvratoM kA pAlana tathA mAMsa, madirA aura madhu kA parityAga Ate haiN|174 samyak dRSTi ina ATha Avazyaka aMgoM ke dvArA paripUrNa hotI hai| jisa prakAra se mantra mAtra eka akSara ke kama raha jAne para viSa kI pIr3A kama nahIM kara sakate usI prakAra samayak dRSTi ina ATha AvazyakoM meM se eka ke bhI abhAva meM janmoM kI zrRMkhalA nahIM chor3a sktaa||75

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 205 pAMca aNuvata pAMca kI saMkhyA prAcIna bhAratIya paramparAoM ke lie viziSTa mahatva rakhatI thii| chAndogya upaniSada ke anusAra eka zreSTha vyakti meM pAMca guNa Avazyaka haiN|76 (1) tapa, (2) dAna, (3) Arjava sAdagI, (4) ahiMsA, tathA (5) satya vcn| chAndogya upaniSad meM ullikhita antima do guNa arthAt ahiMsA evaM satya vacana jaina pAMca mahAvatoM ke pahale do mahAvrata haiN| tIsare guNa kI vyAkhyA asteya se kI jA sakatI hai| 7 isa prakAra chAndogya upaniSada ke yaha naitika guNa jaina vratoM se milate julate haiN| baudhAyana pramukha naitika sadguNoM kI sUcI isa prakAra batAte haiN|78 (1) jIvita prANiyoM kI hiMsA se bacanA ahiMsA, (2) satya, (3) dUsaroM kI sampatti ke adhigrahaNa se bacanA, (4) Atma saMyama sambhoga Adi se nivRtti, (5) daan| chAndogya upaniSada meM ullikhita tapa kA sthAna jaina paramparA meM Atma saMyama ne le liyA thaa| dAna nAmaka pAMcavAM sadguNa jaina AcAra ke lie upayukta nahIM thaa| ata: isake sthAna para aparigraha ko svIkAra kiyA gyaa|7| yaha pAMcavAM vrata antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke samaya svIkAra kiyA gayA kyoMki unake pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ne kevala cAturyAma ko hI svIkAra kiyA thaa||80 __mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma ke sthAna para pAMca mahAvrata kyoM svIkAra kiye isake viSaya meM uttarAdhyana meM carcA huI hai| pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI Rju evaM buddhimAna the jabaki mahAvIra ke anuyAyI pAkhaNDI aura manda buddhi ke the||81 isalie mahAvAra ko spaSTa karanA par3A ki aparigraha aura brahmacarya donoM hI samAna mahatvapUrNa haiM aura isa kAraNa unhoMne eka hI mahAvata ke do bhAga kara diye| pAzrvAnuyAyiyoM kI apekSA mahAvIra ne nagna rahane kA Adeza diyA thA, isakA

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206 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kAraNa mahAvIra kA kaThora aparigraha vrata thaa| vastra pahanane kI paramparA zvetAmbaroM meM hai| digambara AcArya kundakunda ne bhikSuoM ko vastra pahanane kA niSedha kiyA hai|182 ullekhanIya hai ki brAhmaNa paramparA meM yaha niyama saMnyAsiyoM ke lie bane haiM, gRhasthoM dvArA inake pAlana kA yogasUtra se pUrva koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| pataMjali ne sarvaprathama pAMca aNuvratoM ko gRhasthoM ke lie pratipAdita karane para vicAra kiyaa| mUla brAhmaNa paramparA meM gRhastha yajana, adhyayana aura dAna ko hI sadguNa samajhate the aura saMnyAsa kI apekSA inhIM sadguNoM se nirdiSTa hote the| zramaNa paramparA ke anusAra gRhastha jIvana zramaNa jIvana kI ora prayANa hai| ata: Arambha se hI zrAvaka ke nivRttimArgI sadguNoM kA AMzika rUpa meM pAlana karAyA jAtA thaa| zramaNa inakA pUrNatA se pAlana karate the| __ isa prakAra pAMca sadguNoM kI chAndogya upaniSada se Arambha kI huI yAtrA yogasUtra ke pAMca yamoM para Akara tthhrii| jaina nivRtti dhArA ne bAhmaNa paramparA ko prabhAvita kiyA aura dAna jaise sadguNa ko aparigraha jaise saMnyAsa guNa se sthAnApanna kiyaa| aparigraha para Atyantika Agraha mahAvIra kI jaina paramparA ko maukhika dena hai| mUla rUpa meM brAhmaNa paramparA kisI vyakti ke pUrNa yuvAvasthA meM saMsAra tyAga ke pakSa meM nahIM thii| sAMsArika jIvana ke kartavyoM ko pUrNa karane ke uparAnta hI vyakti avakAza prApta kara lene para, vana meM jAkara saMnyAsavRtti apanA sakatA thA, cintana kara sakatA thaa| kintu zramaNa paramparA ne isa dRSTi se bhI brAhmaNa paramparA ko prabhAvita kiyA ki unakI caturAzrama vyavasthA usI rUpa meM to calatI hI rahI kintu isa naye vicAra ko bhI svIkAra kara liyA gayA ki jyoM hI mana meM vairAgya bhAvanA udita ho vyakti gRha tyAga sakatA hai| ahiMsANuvrata vaidikakAlIna Arya pravRttivAdI the| AdhyAtmika upalabdhi kI jJAna kI ora rujhAna kI cintanA kA dharAtala unake pAsa nahIM thaa| vaha yuddha kI saMsthA ko pratiSThita karate the kyoMki usakA paristhitijanya mUlya thA, zatruoM kA dmn| uttaravaidika kAla meM yajJa kI saMsthA pratiSThita ho gayI thii| mahAvIra ke yuga meM pazu nirdayatA se yajJoM meM bali caDhAye jAte the jinheM mahAvIra ne sahAnubhUti aura karuNA kI bhAva pravaNatA ke prasAra dvArA rokaa| yadyapi jaina tathA bauddha dharma ne ahiMsA ko paripUrNatA para pahuMcAyA kintu brAhmaNa paramparA bhI ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA se aparicita nahIM thii| mahAbhArata meM ahiMsA paramodharmaH kA nAda sunAI detA hai| aSTAdaza purANoM ke samyak parizIlana ke

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 207 pazcAt maharSi vyAsa ne do niSkarSa nikAle the ki puNya paropakAra hai tathA pApa parapIr3A pahuMcAnA hai| dUsaroM se vaisA vyavahAra nahIM karanA cAhie jaisA tuma unase apane lie nahIM cAho / isI meM mahAbhArata kI zikSA nihita hai / manusmRti bhI mAMsAhAra parityAga kI prazaMsA karatI hai / 183 hindU nItizAstra ke anusAra yaha siddhAnta prANiyoM kI samAnatA ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai| bhAratIya dArzanikoM ke anusAra sabhI prANI samAna haiM aura sabako jIne kA samAna adhikAra hai| ataH buddhimAna manuSya kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na kare / yadi vyakti apanA yaha adhikAra samajhatA hai ki dUsare vyakti usakI rakSA kareM to usakA bhI yaha dAyitva ho jAtA hai ki vaha dUsaroM kI rakSA kare / ahiMsA kA prayoga do arthoM meM kiyA jAtA hai, niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM aura bhAvAtmaka rUpa meN| niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM ahiMsA kA artha hai kisI bhI prANI kI jAna na lenaa| bhAvAtmaka rUpa meM ahiMsA kA artha hai AtmasaMyama, tyAga, dayAlutA, sahAnubhUti tathA sabhI prANiyoM ke prati maitrI kI bhAvanA / bauddha darzana, jaina darzana, tathA manu Adi ne ahiMsA kA uparyukta arthoM meM prayoga kiyA hai| parantu jaina matAbalambiyoM ne ahiMsA para jitanA bala diyA hai, utanA anyatra nahIM miltaa| jainoM ne sthUla, sUkSma sabhI prakAra ke prANiyoM ke prati mana, vacana aura karma - tInoM hI rUpa meM ahiMsAvrata ke pAlana kA Adeza diyA hai| manu ne ahiMsA kA artha kevala niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM liyA hai, phira bhI vizeSa paristhiti meM vaha hiMsA ko niyamAnukUla mAnate haiM / 184 manu ke pUrva bhI yajJoM meM kI gayI hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM mAnA jAtA thA / 'vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati / ' prakRti kA niyama bhI kucha aisA hai ki bahuta se prANiyoM kA jIvana anya ke jIvana para nirbhara karatA hai| 185 jIvo jIvasya jIvanaM; jIvo jIvasya bhojanaM / vyAvahArika jIvana meM yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki kisI prakAra kI hiMsA kI hI nahIM jaaye| kabhI kabhI lokakalyANa ke lie hiMsA kA bhI sahArA lenA ahiMsA se vimukha honA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jana kalyANa kI bhAvanA kI rakSA ke lie yadi hiMsA ke atirikta anya koI sAdhana baca hI na jAye aura aisI paristhiti meM jana kalyANa kI rakSA ke lie hiMsA karanA par3e to koI Apatti nahIM kI jAnI caahie| inhIM vicAroM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue zrAvaka ke lie ahiMsANuvrata ko do binduoM se nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| 186 (1) zrAvaka kI pArivArika paristhitiyAM muni se bhinna hotI haiN| use apane parivAra ke dAyitva pUre karane hote haiM tathA parivAra ke sadasyoM kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hetu AjIvikA karanI par3atI hai| (2) use apanI tathA deza kI zatruoM se rakSA karanI hotI hai| pArivArika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke sAtha ahiMsA pAlana ko dRSTi meM rakhate

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208 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti hue zrAvaka se nizcita vyavasAyoM ko karane kI apekSA kI jAtI hai| use sAvadhAnIpUrvaka aise vyavasAya cunanA hotA hai jisameM nyUnatama hiMsA ho| udyama hiMsA se bhI jahAM taka ho bacanA caahie| gRhastha ke yahAM bhojana pakAne kI prakriyA Adi meM bhI hiMsA kI thor3I bahuta sambhAvanA rahatI hai| ArambhI hiMsA tathA udyama hiMsA gRhastha ke lie kSamya haiN|187 isI prakAra AtmarakSA ke lie hiMsA kI jahAM sambhAvanA hai, vahAM zrAvaka se apekSA kI jAtI hai ki vaha yuddha meM hiMsA ko rakSA kA hI mAdhyama banAye, AkramaNa kA nhiiN| paristhiti se bAdhya hokara vaha yuddha kI cetAvanI milane para virodhI hiMsA kA sahArA le sakatA hai| zrAvaka ko kisI bhI sthiti meM saMkalpI hiMsA kA parityAga karanA hai|188 saMkalpI hiMsA ke antargata Ananda yA kautUhala ke lie kI jAne vAlI hiMsA tathA tIvra vAsanA ke kAraNa kI jAne vAlI hiMsA parigaNita hotI hai| inakA tyAga zrAvaka sahajatA se kara sakatA hai kyoMki yaha na to usake vyavasAya kI vivazatA hai aura na hI isakA sambandha AtmarakSA yA dezarakSA se hai| yahI nahIM ahiMsANuvrata ke antargata Ane vAlI nyUnatama hiMsA bhI zrAvaka ke karma to bAMdhatI hI hai| jyoM-jyoM zrAvaka AdhyAtmika utkarSa ko prApta hotA hai vaha apane AcAra meM sabhI prakAra kI hiMsA ko tyAgatA jAtA hai tathA nirantara nindA aura gardA ke dvArA apane kiye kA prAyazcita karatA hai|89 satyANu vrata bhAratIya nItizAstra meM satya na kevala naitika pratyaya hai apitu tAtvika sattA bhI hai| 90 kintu, jaina satya viSayaka avadhAraNA meM- (1) satya, brahma jaisI amUrta tAtvika sattA hone kI apekSA mAtra eka naitika siddhAnta hai| (2) tathya kA kathana mAtra satya nahIM hai jaba taka ki usakA preraka hita na ho| (3) satya ahiMsA ke adhIna hai| ahiMsA kI paripAlanA ke lie sahAyaka bhara hai| jaina zrAvaka ke lie satyANu vrata kA vaisA kaThora pAlana Avazyaka nahIM hai jaisA ki muni ke lie hai| jaina nItizAstra meM satya para Agraha hai kintu abhiprAya kaTuvacana yA kaTusatya se nahIM hai| satyavAditA yathArthavAditA avazya ho, parantu usameM kaTutA nahIM honI caahie| jaina zrAvakoM ke satya kA svarUpa hai- "satyaM pathyaM vacastathyaM sunRtaM vrtmucyte|''191 prAcIna brAhmaNa paramparA meM bhI apriya satya ko bolane kI manAhI thii| manu ke anusAra

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 209 satyaM brUyAta priyaM brUyAta na brUyAta astyNpriym| priyaM ca nAnRtaM brUyAta evaM dharma snaatnN||192 isa prakAra manu aura jaina donoM hI kaTusatyavAditA se adhika priya satyavacana para bala dete haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki kaTu yA yathArtha satya bolane se kabhI ahiMsA vrata kA ullaMghana ho sakatA hai arthAt kaTu satya bolane se sunane vAle ko coTa pahuMca sakatI hai| __ prazna uThatA hai ki kyA hareka paristhiti meM satyavrata kA pAlana sambhava hai| eka cikitsaka jAnatA hai ki rogI nahIM bacegA, phira bhI usake parivAra vAloM kI sAntvanA ke lie tathya ko chipAtA hai| eka vakIla yaha jAnate hue bhI ki mukadameM meM hAra nizcita hai, apane muvakkila ko vijayI hone kA AzvAsana detA hai| hara eka paristhiti meM mana, vacana aura karma se satyavrata kA pAlana ho hI, aisA saMbhava nahIM hai| anya vratoM ke anusAra isakA pAlana bhI apavAda rahita nahIM ho sktaa| mahAbhArata sAkSI hai ki dharmarAja yudhiSThira ne bhI satyavrata kA ullaMghana "azvatthAmAhato naro vA kuMjaro vA' kaha kara kiyA thaa| dharmagranthoM meM satyavrata ke pAlana ke do apavAda batAye gaye haiN|93 (1) kisI atyAcArI se niraparAdha kI rakSA ke lie asatya bolA jA sakatA hai| aisI paristhiti meM yathArtha ko chupAnA satyavrata ke viruddha nahIM hai| (2) AtmarakSA aura lokahita yA hiMsA se bacane ke lie asatya bhASaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina AcAra meM zrAvaka ke lie satyavrata ke bhAva kA pAlana mAtra karanA Avazyaka hai|194 cUMki ahiMsA hI sabase mahatvapUrNa vrata hai, isalie zeSa sabhI vratoM kA pAlana mAtra itanA hI Avazyaka hai ki ahiMsA vrata kA khaNDana na ho|195 aisI paristhiti meM jahAM satya bolane se hiMsA yA hatyA ho sakatI hai, jaise hatyA karane ke lie pIche hue DAkuoM se bacane ke lie jaba koI vyakti chipa jAtA hai to usakA sthAna na batAne meM jo jAnabUjha kara asatya bola jAtA hai vaha naitika dRSTi se ucita hai| aisI sthiti meM jhUTha bolane se hatyA ho sakatI hai| isalie yaha usa sacAI se zreSThatara hai jisase ki hiMsA yA hatyA ho sakatI hai| isI prakAra, koI jAnavara jhAr3I meM chipa gayA hai aura zikArI ko isakI jAnakArI nahIM hai, to aisI sthiti meM satya batAne se usa jAnavara kI hatyA ho sakatI hai| jaina satyavrata ke isa svarUpa kA samarthana mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM bhISma ke isa kathana se hotA hai ki viSama paristhiti meM binA bole hue kAma cala jAye to

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210 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti mauna rahanA hI acchA hai| lekina yadi bolanA anivArya hI ho athavA na bolane para sunane vAle ke mana meM sandeha utpanna hone kI AzaMkA ho to tathya chipAnA bhI satyavrata kA ullaMghana nahIM kahA jA sktaa||96 asteyANuvrata asteya kA artha hai corI nahIM karanA arthAt dUsare kI sampatti kA avaidhAnika aphrnn| bhAratIya nIti zAstra meM mAnava jIvana ke cAra lakSyoM dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa meM se artha ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| isI artha meM dhana sampatti ko bhI puruSArtha kahA jAtA hai| jainoM ne bhI jIvana rakSA ke lie artha ko bar3A sahAyaka batAyA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya dharma granthoM se bhI yaha spaSTa saMketa milatA hai ki AvazyakatA se adhika dhana saMcaya karane kA praNiyoM kA adhikAra hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM to yahAM taka kahA gayA hai ki jitanI sampatti se peTa bharane kA kAma cala sake, utanA hI dhana saMcaya karane kA prANiyoM ko adhikAra hai||97 __isa vrata ke pAlana ke viSaya meM bhI gRhastha kI apanI kucha sImAeM haiN| isalie usase kevala sApekSa pAlana kI hI AzA kI jAtI hai| gRhastha ke lie isa vrata ke pAlana kA artha hai-na dI gayI vastuoM ko na lenA aura dUsaroM kI girI huI, chUTI huI yA khoI huI vastuoM ko na utthaanaa| isI prakAra gRhastha ko cAhie ki vaha bhUmigata tathA anAdhikRta sampatti ko svIkAra nahIM kre| aisI sampatti kI sUcanA turanta rAjA ko pradAna kre| aparigrahANuvrata jaina AcAra zAstriyoM ke anusAra vyakti jaba taka sAMsArika vastuoM aura unase utpanna sukhoM kI Ara udAsInatA kI bhAvanA nahIM lAyeMge taba taka naitika jIvana kI zuruAta nahIM ho sktii| isa prakAra aparigraha vrata ke lie tyAga evaM nivRtti kI bhAvanA Avazyaka hai||98 spaSTata: yaha vrata muniyoM ke lie hai, kyoMki pravajita hone ke pahale unheM apanI sArI sampatti tathA dhana ko tyAganA hotA hai kintu bhautika vastuoM ko tyAganA taba taka sArthaka nahIM hai jaba taka unakA smaraNa hotA rhe| cUMki tyAgI huI vastuoM kA vyakti ke sAtha satata samparka rahA hai ataeva usakI smRti ke sAtatya kI saMbhAvanA banI rahatI hai ata: tapasvI ko unakA smaraNa bhI nahIM karanA caahie|199 vastutaH aparigraha dhana aura sampatti taka hI sImita nahIM hai| isa vrata ko jIvana ke prati dRSTikoNa apanAne taka bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai| manuSya kA apane ghara

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 211 parivAra tathA sambandhita vastuoM ke prati itanA adhika moha bar3ha jAtA hai ki vaha ina sabako apanI sampatti samajha baiThatA hai| jainacintana meM tapasvI ko aisA jIvana bitAnA cAhie ki vaha apane zarIra tathA mana ko bhI, mokSa ke mArga kI bAdhA smjhe| zrAvaka ke lie aparigraha vrata kA artha hai AvazyakatA se adhika kA saMgraha karane kI cAha na rkhnaa| zrAvaka ko isa vrata ke pAlana meM jo chUTa dI gayI hai usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki isa vrata kA kaThora pAlana samAja ke hita meM na hogaa| ___vyavasAya cAhe koI bhI ho, isa vrata ke pAlana kA artha hogA apane kartavya kA na kevala kuzalatA se, apitu ImAnadArI se bhI pAlana krnaa| udAharaNa ke lie vyApArI ke sandarbha meM kuzalatA kA artha hogA vyApAra ke niyamoM kI jAnakArI tathA unakA sahI prayoga jisase Arthika sAdhanoM meM vRddhi hotI hai| vyApArI dvArA ImAnadArI baratane kA artha hai apane dhandhe ko vyaktigata sukha tathA samAja kalyANa kA sAdhana smjhnaa|200 apane vyavasAya meM ucita athavA naitika tarIkoM ko apanAkara vyApArI mahattama lAbha uThAte hue samAja kI sevA kara sakatA hai| ___vyApaka rUpa meM jIvana ke prati tyAga kI yaha bhAvanA, jise antatogatvA vyakti ko apanAnA hotA hai, sAmAnya jIvana bitAne vAle zrAvaka dvArA bhI vyavahAra meM lAI jA sakatI hai| ___ yadyapi asteya evaM aparigraha vrata meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai, phira bhI donoM meM kucha antara hai| jahAM asteya dUsaroM kI sampatti na lene yA lobha nahIM karane para jora detA hai, vahAM aparigraha vrata meM apanI vastuoM ke prati bhI udAsInatA athavA anAsakti para jora diyA gayA hai|201 brahmacaryANuvrata "brahmacarya'' kA artha hai-kAma vAsanAoM kA pUrI taraha tyaag| jaina mata meM brahmacarya vrata kA mana, vacana aura karma se pAlana karane para bala diyA gayA hai| dRr3hatApUrvaka jJAnendriyoM evaM karmendriyoM para niyantraNa rakhane vAle vyakti ko durAcArI aura dambhAcArI kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| Upara se indriyoM para niyantraNa rakhanA evaM mana se unakA cintana karanA brahmacarya nahIM hai|202 gItA meM bhI aisA AcaraNa karane vAle ko mithyAcArI kahA gayA hai|203 zrAvaka ke sandarbha meM isa vrata kA kaThora rUpa meM pAlana saMbhava nahIM hai| saMbhoga se virata rahane kA yadi kaThoratA se pAlana kiyA jAye to vyakti ke lie parivAra kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| jaina dArzanika samasyA ke isa pahalU se anabhijJa nahIM the| isalie unhoMne sujhAyA ki zrAvaka dvArA eka patnIvrata kA pAlana karane se isa vrata

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212 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kA pAlana ho jAtA hai| zrAvaka dvArA brahmacarya kA pAlana kiye jAne kA artha hai apanI patnI ke prati ekaniSTha honaa| anya strI kI kAmanA mAtra se isa vrata ko kSati pahuMcatI hai| ekaniSTha vaidha saMbhoga isa vrata kI zuddhatA kA dyotaka hai| isase vyakti ko surakSA aura santoSa donoM hI prApta hote haiN| sArAMzata: AtmA kI khoja meM nikale hae zrAvaka ke lie yaha pAMcoM vrata patha pradarzaka stambha haiN| ina vratoM meM pAyA jAne vAlA samagra rUpa isa tathya meM nihita hai ki sabhI vrata antatogatvA ahiMsA vrata meM hI samA jAte haiN| inake pAlana se vyaktitva paripUrNa hotA hai| zrAvaka ke ATha mUlaguNa amRtacandra ke anusAra pAMca aNuvratoM ke atirikta madirA, mAMsa, madhu tathA pAMca udumbara phaloM ke sevana kA parityAga zrAvaka se apekSita thaa| yaha zrAvaka ke ATha mUla guNa haiN|204 samantabhadra ne ATha mUla guNoM kI sUcI meM pAMca aNuvratoM kA pAlana tathA mAMsa, madhu, madirA, sevana ke parityAga ko ginA hai|205 ___ AcArya amitagati ne amRtacandra kI sUcI ko svIkAra karate hue eka mUla guNa aura jor3A vaha hai rAtribhojana kA tyaag|206 AcArya basunandi ne mRgayA, dyUta, vezyAgamana, parastrIgamana tathA corI ke parityAga ko mUla guNoM ke antargata batAyA hai|207 zrAvaka ke yaha ATha mUla guNa usake ahiMsA vrata ke paripAlana ke lie Avazyaka mAne gaye haiN| zrAvaka ke zIlavata pAMca aNuvratoM ke pUraka ke rUpa meM sAta zIlavatoM kA pAlana zrAvaka ke lie Avazyaka hai| ina sAta zIlavatoM ke antargata tIna guNavrata tathA cAra zikSA vrata Ate haiN| tatvArtha sUtra208 ke anusAra guNavata yaha haiM : (1) digvata, (2) dezAvakAzika, tathA (3) anrthdnnddvrt| cAra zikSA vrata isa prakAra haiM-(1) sAmAyika, (2) pauSadhopavAsa, (3) bhogopabhoga tathA (4) atithisNvibhaag| samantabhadra ke anusAra guNavatoM kA pAlana aNuvratoM ke pAlana meM nizcaya ko

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 213 dRr3ha tathA zuddha banAtA hai|209 guNavratoM kI sahAyatA se hI aNuvrata mahAvratoM meM pariNata ho jAte haiN| zikSAvrata jaisA ki nAma se hI spaSTa hai nirvANArthI ko AdhyAtmika jIvana tathA pUrNa vairAgya ke lie zikSita karate haiN|210 guNavata aNuvratoM kI bhAvanA ko dRr3ha karane ke lie jina vizeSa guNoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, unheM guNavrata kahate haiN| guNavrata tIna haiM (1) digvata athavA dizAparimANavata apanI tyAgavRtti ke anusAra vyavasAyAdi pravRttiyoM ke nimitta dizAoM kI maryAdA nizcita karanA dizApariNAmavrata hai| isake dvArA aparigraha aNuvrata kI rakSA hotI hai| digvata ke pAMca aticAra yaha hai (a) UrdhvAdika pramANAtikramaNa-pahAr3I athavA vRkSoM para svayaM dvArA nizcita maryAdA se Upara cddhnaa| (ba) adhodika pramANAtikramaNa-kueM athavA bhUmigata bhaNDAroM meM nizcita maryAdA se nIce utrnaa| (sa) tiryaka digpramANAtikramaNa-kisI guphA meM athavA kisI bhI anya dizA meM sImA se Upara yAtrA krnaa| (da) kSetra vRddhi-kriyA kI svatantratA ke lie sImAeM bddh'aanaa| (ya) smRtyAntardhAna-smRtidoSa se sImA kA atikramaNa krnaa| (2) dezAvakAzika vrata isa vrata meM jIvana paryanta ke lie gRhIta kSetra maryAdA ke eka aMza rUpa sthAna kI kucha samaya ke lie vizeSa sImA nirdhArita kI jAtI hai| maryAdita kSetra se bAhara na jAnA, bAhara se kisI ko na bulAnA, na bAhara kisI ko bhejanA aura na bAhara se koI vastu maMgavAnA, bAhara kraya-vikraya na karanA Adi isa vrata ke lakSya haiN|12 dezAvakAzika vrata ke pAMca aticAra haiM (a) Anayana prayoga-kisI vyakti ko nirdhArita sImA se bAhara kucha anunaya se

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214 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti lAne bhejanA, arthAt vrata ke antargata svayaM raha kara dUsare se atikramaNa kraanaa|213 (ba) preSyaprayoga-sevaka ko Adeza dvArA nirdhArita sImA se bAhara bhejnaa|214 (sa) zabdAnupAta-zabda dhvani dvArA nirdhArita sImA se bAhara gaye nizcita vyavasAya meM lage vyaktiyoM ko saMketa denaa|215 (da) rUepAnupAta-hAvabhAva ke saMketa dvArA aise vyaktiyoM ko sAvadhAna krnaa|216 (ya) pudgalaprakSepa-kisI vastu DhelA Adi dvArA nirdhArita sImA se bAhara gaye vyakti ko saMketa bhejnaa|217 (3) anarthadaNDa viramaNa apane kuTumba athavA svayaM ke jIvana nirvAha ke nimitta hone vAle anivArya sAkSya arthAt hiMsA pUrNa vyApAra vyavasAya ke atirikta samasta pApapUrNa pravRttiyoM se nivRtta honA anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata hai| anarthadaNDa viramaNa se vizeSa rUpa se ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kA poSaNa hotA hai| upAsakadazA tathA zrAvaka prajJapti anarthadaNDa ke cAra prakAra svIkAra karate haiN| jaba ki akalaMka deva, kArtikeya tathA samantabhadra ne anarthadaNDa ke pAMca prakAra svIkAra kiye haiM218 (1) apadhyAna-chidrAnveSaNa, parahAni kI kAmanA, parastrI lolupatA tathA anya ke jhagar3e meM ruci lenA isake antargata haiN|219 (2) pApopadeza-dAsoM kA vyApAra, pazuoM kA vyaapaar| badhika ko zikAra kI sUcanA denA tathA hiMsAtmaka kAryoM kA parAmarza denA, isake antargata Ate haiN|220 (3) prasAdacaritra-bhUmikhanana, prastarachedana, jalasiMcana, agni prajvalana tathA havA karanA aadi|221 (4) hiMsAdAna-viSa, kaMTaka, zastra, agni, rassI, kor3A, beMta Adi pradAna krnaa|222 (5) du:zruti-kAma kathAoM kA kathana va shrmnn|223 anarthadaNDa vrata ke pAMca aticAra haiM224_(1) kAndarpa-lampaTatApUrNa bhASaNa, (2) kautukusya-garhita yA gopanIya bhASaNa, (3) maukharya-anargala pralApa, (4) asamIkSyAdhikaraNa-binA soce kArya karanA tathA (5) upabhogAdhikya-pramoda kI ati krnaa|

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 215 zikSA vrata zrAvaka ko katipayavratoM kA nirantara abhyAsa karanA hotA hai| isI abhyAsa ke kAraNa ina vratoM ko zikSAvrata kahA gayA hai| zikSAvrata cAra haiM (1) sAmAyika isakA artha hai samabhAva kA lAbha athavA samatA kI praapti| sAmAyika kA zAbdika artha hai ekaatmgmn|225 samantabhadra ke anusAra sAmAyika karane vAlA zrAvaka aise zramaNa ke samAna hai jise kisI ne vastra pahanA diye hoN|226 isa prakAra sAmAyika mana, zarIra aura vacana kA tAdAmya hai|227 sAmAyika karane ke lie sthAna, kAla va kAyamudrA mahatvapUrNa hai| sAmAyika karane kA sthAna bhIr3a, kolAhala tathA jIvajantu rahita honA caahie| siddhasenagaNI tatvArthasUtra kA ullekha karate hue kahate haiM ki zrAvaka ko dina meM tIna bAra anyathA kama se kama se kama do bAra sAmAyika avazya karanI caahie| vrata kA dina sAmAyika ke anukUla honA caahie| sAmAyika kA kAla kAla abhyAsa ke sAtha nirantara bar3hanA caahie| zrAvaka ko khar3e hokara yA baiThakara dhyAna karanA caahie| zrAvaka ko yA to mantroccAra karanA cAhie yA Atmacintana karanA caahie| zrAvaka ko sAmAyika ke pAMca aticAroM se bacanA cAhie (1) vAgduSpraNidhAna-bhASAtmaka duraacaar| (2) kAyaduSpraNidhAna-zArIrika duraacaar| (3) manoduSpraNidhAna-mAnasika duraacaar| (4) anAdara-sAmAyika karane meM anicchaa| (5) smRtyAnupasthAna-sAmAyika ke niyamana meM vismRti Adi krnaa| (2) pauSadhopavAsa vizeSa niyamapUrvaka upavAsa karanA arthAt Atmacintana ke nimitta sarvasAvadha kiyA ko tyAga kara zAntipUrNa sthAna meM baiThakara upavAsapUrvaka niyata samaya vyatIta karanA pauSadhopavAsa hai| lagabhaga sabhI dharmoM meM bhojana sambandhI kucha viziSTa niyantraNa milate haiN| vrata ko Atmazuddhi kA sAdhana mAnA jAtA hai| jaina zramaNa hoM yA zrAvaka vratoM kA abhyAsa karate haiN| aSTamI, caturdazI tathA pUrNimA kA upavAsa pauSaghopavAsa ke antargata karanA par3atA hai|228 yahAM upavAsa meM kevala bhojana kA hI parityAga nahIM

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216 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kiyA jAtA apitu snAna, sugandha, zArIrika vibhUSA, alaMkaraNa, tathA pApamaya kriyAoM kA bhI parityAga hotA hai| zrAvaka ko isa upavAsa ke antargata brahmacarya kA pAlana karanA hotA hai|229 upavAsa ke antargata zrAvaka ko cintana svAdhyAya, nididhyAsana, jina evaM sAdhu stava tathA samyaka caritra meM pramAda rahita honA hotA hai| zrAvaka ko bhUmi zayana karanA hotA hai| pauSadhopavAsa ke pAMca aticAra haiM (1) apratyAvekSita pramArjitotsarga-prAkRtika utsarga meM saavdhaanii|230 (2) apratyAvekSita pramArjitA dAnanikSepA-vastu ke rakhane uThAne meM saavdhaanii|231 (3) apratyAvekSita pramArjitA saMstara-saMstAraka, kuzA va kambala prmaarjn|232 (4) anAdara-Avazyaka karane meM anutsaah|233 (5) smRtyAnupasthAna-pauSadhopavAsa vrata kI vismRti-isase citta kI magna ekAgratA kA bhAna hotA hai|234 (3) upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANavata kisI vastu ke upayoga kI maryAdA ko nizcita karanA upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANa vrata kahA jAtA hai| isa vrata se ahiMsA evaM santoSa kI rakSA hotI hai| isase jIvana meM saralatA evaM sAdagI AtI hai tathA vyakti ko mahAtRSNA evaM mahAparigraha se mukti milatI hai|35 upabhoga kA artha hai vastu kevala eka bAra upayoga meM AtI hai jaise bhojana, peya, mAlA aadi| paribhoga kA artha hai vastu kA aneka bAra prayoga meM AnA jaise saMstAraka, zaiyA, AbhUSaNa, gRha ityaadi|236 _isa vrata ke antargata paribhoga kI vaha vastueM AtI haiM jinheM jIvana paryanta tyAganA hotA hai| yaha haiM-(1) mAMsa, madhu tyAga kyoMki inase eka se adhika indriyoM vAle jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai| (2) madirA, aphIma Adi kA sevana, (3) udumbara phala jaise adaraka, mUlI, gAjara, AlU, makkhana Adi kA tyAga, (4) yAtrA ke anupayukta sAdhana rikze, pAlakI kI savArI Adi tathA anupayukta alaMkAroM kA tyAga, (5) pazu pakSI Adi kI khAla ke bane vastroM kA prityaag| yahI nahIM bahuta sI aisI vastueM jo tyAjanIya haiM kintu jinake parityAga se gRhastha ko asuvidhA hotI ho unheM bhI kucha samaya ke lie tyAganA vAMchanIya hai| jaise bhojana, savArI, ArAmadeha vistara, pAna, vastra, AbhUSaNa, gAyana-vAdana aadi|37 samantabhadra ke anusAra isa vrata ke pAMca aticAra haiM238_ (1) viSayAviSatonuprekSA-kAmasukhoM ke viSaya meM avivek|

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 217 (2) anusmRti-atIta ke sukhoM kA smrnn| (3) atilaulya-kAmasukhopabhoga ke bAda bhI usameM raagaatmktaa| (4) atitRSNA-bhaviSya sukhoM kI gaharI caah| (5) atynubhaav-atikaamsukh| (4) atithi saMvibhAga apane nimitta banAI huI apane adhikAra kI vastu kA atithi ke lie samucita vibhAga karanA tathA saMvibhAga yA atithi saMvibhAga kahalAtA hai|39 zrAvaka kA yaha kArya kisI svArthavaza na hokara vizuddha paramArthavaza kiyA jAtA hai| samantabhadra isa vrata kA vistAra vaiyAvRtya taka kara dete haiM jahAM isake antargata muni ke caraNavandana unake pAMva dabAnA Adi bhI AtA hai| isa vrata ke antargata dAna kI atimahimA hai| tIna prakAra ke vyakti dAna kI pAtratA meM uttama haiM240--(1) jaina sAdhu, (2) jaina sAdhaka zramaNera yA zramaNa, (3) jaina shraavk| dAtA ko bhI sAta sadguNoM se yukta honA cAhie241 (1) zraddhA-bhikSAdAna meM tathA usake pariNAmoM meM shrddhaa| (2) bhakti-dAna ke pAtra meM bhakti kI bhaavnaa| (3) tuSTi-dAna kA sntoss| (4) vijJAna-kaise pAtra ko kaisA dAna denA cAhie kA jnyaan| (5) alaulya-sAMsArika pariNAmoM pAritoSakoM meM virkti| (6) kSamA-bhar3akAye jAne para bhI dAna denaa| (7) zakti -sampanna nahIM hone para bhI dAna dene kA utsaah| upabhoga-paribhoga vrata ke aticAra242 (1) sacittanikSepa-yadi zrAvaka muni ke lie hare patte para bhojana prose| kucha vyakti jAnakara aisA kara sakate haiM tAki muni vaha bhojana nahIM svIkAre aura zrAvaka ko lAbha ho| (2) sacittApidhAna-bhojana ko patte Adi sacitta vastu se lpettnaa| (3) kAlAvikrama zrAvaka jAnabUjha kara bhikSu ko aise samaya bhikSA de jaba vaha use svIkAra nahIM kara ske| (4) parivyapadeza-muni se yaha kahanA ki bhojana kisI aura ke lie rakhA hai| (5) mAtsarya-muni ke lie anAdara honaa| usa para krodha prakaTa karanA athavA unheM

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218 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti dAna dene vAle sampanna par3osI se IrSyA karanA isa aticAra ke antargata Ate saMlekhanAvata jIvana ke antima samaya meM arthAt mRtyu Ane ke samaya taka tapa vizeSa saMlekhanA kahalAtA hai| isakI vidhi kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi saMlekhanA kI vidhi se kucha vyaktiyoM ko AtmaghAta kA bhrama hotA hai kintu samyak parizIlana se yaha bhrAnti dUra ho jAtI hai|243 pUjyapAda kA kahanA hai ki AtmaghAta rAga doSa ke kAraNa kiyA jAtA hai jaba ki saMlekhanAvrata lene vAle kA rAga dveSa pahale hI upazAnta haA rahatA hai|244 saMlekhanA ko usa avasthA meM nyAyasaMgata mAnA jaayegaa| yadi zarIra vratoM ke anupAlana kI dRSTi se asamartha ho gayA ho| saMlekhanA durbhikSa, vipatti, vRddhAvasthA, roga tathA AdhyAtmika kriyAoM ke karane meM bAdhA upasthita ho jAye to sammata hai|245 saMlekhanA usa samaya bhI kI jA sakatI hai yadi prAkRtika mRtyu Asanna ho|246 Atma niyantraNa dvArA mRtyu kA svecchika varaNa usa avasthA se zreSThatara hai jisameM usa jIvana ko nirarthaka rUpa se bacAyA jAye jisakI cikitsaka bhI sahAyatA nahIM kara pA rahe hoN|247 jisa samaya indriya zaktiyAM kSINa ho jAtI haiM taba Atma niyantraNa saMlekhanA se adhika kaThina ho jAtA hai| yadi anta samaya meM mastiSka niyantrita va zuddha nahIM rahe to jIvana bhara kA Atma niyantraNa, tapasyA, svAdhyAya, upAsanA aura dAna vyartha ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra ki zastranipUNNa rAjA kA sArA kauzala akAratha ho jAtA hai yadi yuddha bhUmi meM jAkara vaha mUrchita ho jaaye|248 saMlekhanA lene vAle ko sneha aura baira ko tyAga kara sarvakSamAdAna karanA cAhie aura sabase kSamA kI yAcanA karanI caahie| apane kRta, kArita tathA anumata duSkAryoM kA prAyazcita karanA caahie| use asantoSa, dukha:, bhaya tathA kleza se nirbandha hokara sabase pahale Thosa AhAra tyAganA cAhie, phira dravya mevoM ko aura anta meM amlapeyoM ko249 phira sirpha anazana kare tathA arhanta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya tathA muni kA smaraNa kara zarIra tyaage| digambara paramparA meM saMlekhanA ke pAMca aticAra mAne gaye haiM 250 : (1) jIvitAzaMsA-jIne kI icchA, (2) maraNAzaMsA-marane kI icchA, (3) mitrAnurAga-mitroM kI smRti,

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 219 (4) sukhAnubandha-atIta ke sukhoM ko dohraanaa| (5) nidAna-bhaviSyata samRddhi kI apekssaa| zvetAmbara paramparA saMlekhanA ke aticAroM ko isa prakAra batAtI hai-51 (1) ihalokAzaMsA-saMsAra ke lie tIvra icchaa| (2) paralokAzaMsA-dUsare loka kI tIvra icchaa| (3) jIvitAzaMsA-jIvana kI icchaa| (4) maraNAzaMsA-mRtyu kI icchaa| (5) kAmabhogAzaMsA-indriya sukhoM kI icchaa| zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAeM pratimA kA artha hai pratijJA vizeSa, niyama vizeSa, vrata vizeSa, tapa vizeSa athavA abhigraha vishess|252 yaha pratimAeM sAdhanA kI kramaza: bar3hatI huI avasthAeM haiN| ata: uttaravartI pratimAoM meM pUrvavartI pratimAoM kA samAveza svayaM hI ho jAtA hai| jaba zrAvaka gyArahavIM tathA antima pratimA kI ArAdhanA karatA hai taba usameM prArambha se antima taka samasta pratimAoM ke guNa rahate haiN| zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAeM ye haiM : (1) darzana zrAvaka pratimA, (2) kRtavrata zrAvaka pratimA, (3) kRta sAmAyika pratimA, (4) pauSadhopavAsa nirata, (5) dina meM brahmacArI aura rAtri meM parimANa karane vaalaa| (6) dina aura rAta meM brahmacArI, snAna na karane vAlA, dina meM bhojana karane vAlA aura kacchA na bAMdhane baalaa| (7) sacitta parityAgI, (8) Arambha parityAgI, (9) preSya parityAgI, (10) udiSTa bhakta parityAgI, tathA (11) zramaNa bhuut|253 ukta pratimAeM digambara paramparA ke anusAra haiM, zvetAmbara paramparA meM ekAdaza

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220 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti nAma yaha haiM (1) darzana, (2) vrata, (3) sAmAyika, (4) pauSagha, (5) niyama, (6) brahmacarya, (7) sacitta tyAga, (8) prArambha tyAga, (9) preSya parityAga athavA parigraha tyAga, (10) uddiSTa bhakta tyAga tathA (11) zramaNa bhuut| darzana pratimA isameM samyagdRSTi prApta hotI hai| kyoMki yaha sAdhanA kI prathamAvasthA hai ata: sAdhaka se mAMsa, madirA Adi ke tyAga kI apekSA kI jAtI hai| isa Arambhika avasthA meM hI zrAvaka se rAtri bhojana tyAga kI AzA kI jAtI hai| isa avasthA meM zrAvaka ko pAMca udumbara phaloM, chUta, mRgayA, mAMsa, madirA, madhu, vezyAgamana, vyabhicAra tathA corI tyAgane kI apekSA kI jAtI hai|254 pAMcoM aNuvrata tathA mUla guNa pratimA se saMyukta haiN| vrata pratimA isameM zIlavata, guNavrata, viramaNavrata, pauSadhopavAsa Adi dhAraNa kiye jAte haiN| sAmAyika pratimA isake antargata sAmAyika evaM dezAvakAzika vratoM kI samyak ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai| caturdazI, aSTamI, amAvasyA evaM pUrNimA ke dina pauSadhopavAsa vrata kA pAlana nahIM hotaa|255 pauSadha pratimA isameM caturdazI Adi ke dinoM meM paripUrNa pauSadhavrata kA samyak pAlana kiyA jAtA

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 221 niyama pratimA isameM sthita zrAvaka nimnokta pAMca niyamoM kA pAlana vizeSa rUpa se karatA hai256 (1) snAna nahIM karanA, (2) rAtri bhojana nahIM karanA, (3) dhotI kI lAMgha nahIM lagAnA, (4) dina meM brahmacArI rahanA evaM rAtri meM maithuna kI maryAdA krnaa| (5) eka rAtri kI pratimA pAlana karanA arthAt mahIne meM kama-se-kama eka rAta kAmotsarga avasthA meM dhyAnapUrvaka vyatIta krnaa| brahmacarya pratimA dina kI bhAMti rAtri meM bhI brahmacarya kA pAlana krnaa| isameM kevala sambhoga kA hI tyAga nahIM hai apitu kisI bhI prakAra kA strI sAhacarya niSiddha hai| vibhUSA varjita hai|257 sacitta tyAga pratimA saba prakAra se sacitta AhAra kA parityAga tathA dUsaroM ko bhI aise AhAra dene kA prityaag|258 ArambhatyAga pratimA sabhI sAMsArika vyavasAyoM jaise sevA, kRSi tathA vANijya vyApAra kA tyaag| sAdhaka ko isa pratimA ke antargata na to kisI anya ko ina vyavasAyoM ko karane ke lie kahanA cAhie na hI apanI sammati denI caahie|259 parigraha tyAga pratimA Arambha ke nimitta kisI ko bhI bhejane-bhijavAne kA tyaag| mAtra kucha vastuoM ke atirikta sabhI vastuoM kA prigrh| yahAM parigraha ke antargata kevala bAhya sampatti hI nahIM AtI apitu Antarika doSa, yauna abhilASA, para meM mamatva, hAsya, kAmavAsanA, rAga tathA virAga bhI Ate haiN|260 zvetAmbara ise preSyatyAga pratimA bhI kahate haiN|261 anumatityAga pratimA bhI yahI hai| isakA artha hai sabhI viSayoM se indriyoM ko haTA kara bhAgya ke adhIna kara denaa|262 udiSTa bhakta tyAga pratimA . isa pratimA meM sthita zrAvaka ustare se muNDita hotA huA zikhA dhAraNa karatA hai

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222 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti arthAt sira ko ekadama sApha na karAtA huA coTI jitane bAla sira para rakhatA hai| vaha kSullaka arthAt do vastra pahanatA hai athavA kevala eka adhovastra pahanatA hai| hAtha meM pIchI jhADU rakhatA hai tathA dina meM kevala eka bAra bhojana karatA hai, pANipAtra kamaNDalu hotA hai tathA pratyeka parva para upavAsa rakhatA hai| zramaNabhUta pratimA isa pratimA me sthita zrAvaka zramaNa ke samAna AcaraNa karatA hai| vaha una sthAnoM se mAMga kara bhojana letA hai jahAM se muni lete haiN|263 __isa prakAra jaina AcArazAstra meM muni, AryikA, zrAvaka tathA zrAvikA samAna mahatvapUrNa haiN| zrAvaka zrAvikA isalie mahatvapUrNa haiM kyoMki unake sahayoga ke abhAva meM municaryA sugama nahIM hotii| zrAvakoM meM se hI muni banate haiN| isa prakAra jaina zrAvaka kA AcAra muni ke AcAra kI nIMva hai| saccA jaina zrAvaka Adarza gRhastha tathA bhaviSya kA muni hotA hai| __ jaina zAstroM ke anusAra jaina zrAvakoM se gyAraha prakAra ke AcaraNa kI apekSA kI jAtI hai264 (1) nyAyapUrvaka dhana kamAeM, (2) guNIjanoM kA Adara kareM, (3) mIThI vANI boleM, (4) dharma, artha aura kAma kA sevana isa prakAra kare ki kisI anya ke lie bAdhaka na ho, (5) lajjAzIla ho, (6) AhAra aura vihAra se mukta rahe, (7) sadA sajjanoM kI saMgati meM rahe, (8) zAstrajJa ho, (9) kRtajJa ho, (10) dayAlu ho, (11) jitendriya ho| jaina AcArazAstra kA samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa AcAra zAstra kI prakRti aura paribhASA donoM hI dRSTi se jaina paramparA kA dRSTikoNa samanvayavAdI evaM sarvAMgINa hai| jaina vicAraNA siddhAnta aura vyavahAra ko parampara sApekSa mAnatI hai| usakI dRSTi meM AcAra darzana kA kArya na kevala naitikatA kI

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 223 samasyAoM kA bauddhika vizleSaNa hai varan samyak jIvana jIne kI kalA kA nirdezana bhI hai| nItizAstra kI adhyayana vidhi ke sambandha meM bhI dRSTikoNa samanvayAtmaka hai| vaha vyavahAra evaM nizcaya naya ke rUpa meM anubhavAtmaka aura anubhavAtIta donoM hI vidhiyoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| usake anusAra naitika sAdhya aura AcaraNa ke Antarika pakSa kA adhyayana nizcaya naya ke AdhAra para aura AcaraNa ke bAhya rUpa kA adhyayana vyavahAra naya ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM AcaraNa kA Antarika pakSa nirapekSa aura bAhya pakSa dezakAla sApekSa mAnA gayA hai| karma kI naitikatA sApekSa hai lekina citta vRtti kI naitikatA nirapekSa hai| naitika nirNaya ke viSaya ke sambandha meM jaina darzana karma preraka evaM vAMchita karma pariNAma donoM ko hI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya mAnatA hai| jahAM taka niSpanna karma pariNAma kA prazna hai vaha naitika dRSTi se adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM mAnA gayA hai phira bhI vyAvahArika evaM sAmAjika dRSTi se use upekSita nahIM kiyA gayA hai|265 naitika pratimAna ke sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA samanvayavAdI hai| usameM pAzcAtya paramparA meM vivecita vibhinna naitika pratimAnoM ko svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai| yadyapi usakA jhukAva vItarAgatA niSkAma bhAva evaM Atma pUrNatA ke mAnaka ke prati adhika hai| naitika jIvana kA paramazreya rAga-dveSa se rahita cetana kI zuddha dazA kI upalabdhi ko mAnA gayA hai jo svabhAvata: AtmaparNatA kI dizA meM le jAtI hai| jaina cintana eka aisA tatvadarzana detA hai jisameM AcAra darzana kI spaSTa sambhAvanA ho| usakI tatvamImAMsA kI prakRti mUlata: naitika hai| vaha paramatatva kI ekAnta kUTastha evaM advaitavAdI dhAraNA ko isalie asvIkAra karatA hai kyoMki usameM karmaphala vyatikrama ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA aura mUla praNAza evaM akRtabhoga ke doSa upasthita ho jAte haiN| naitikatA kI pramukha mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM AtmA kI amaratA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| niyativAda aura saMkalpa svAtantrya kI dhAraNAoM meM jaina darzana eka sundara samanvaya prastuta karatA hai| usake anusAra AtmA tAtvika kSamatA kI apekSA se hI svatantra hai| vastuta: vyakti svatantra nahIM hai, vyakti ke sambandha meM svatantratA tathya nahIM saMbhAvanA hai| naitika jIvana ke mAdhyama se jIva vAsanAoM ke AvaraNa se mukta ho kara svatantratA kA lAbha uThA sakatA hai jo usakI AtmA kA satya svarUpa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva svayaM hI apane bandhana kA sarjaka hai aura usase mukta hone kI kSamatA bhI usI meM hai| ___ jaina paramparA meM nirvANa naitika jIvana kA sAdhya mAnA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM nirvANa AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka, mUlyAtmaka aura saMkalpanAtmaka pakSoM kI pUrNatA tathA tanAva aura kSobha se rahita zAzvata Ananda kI samatvapUrNa avasthA hai| bauddha aura

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224 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vaidika paramparA ke anurUpa jaina darzana meM jIvana mukti kA pratyaya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| usameM jIvanmukti kA tAtparya rAgadveSa se rahita avasthA hai| . jaina AcAra paramparA meM naitika burAI kA AdhAra Asakti yA rAga ko mAnA gayA hai| rAga kI upasthiti meM dveSa sahaja hI prakaTa ho jAte haiM aura inhIM avasthAoM se krodha, mAna, mAyA aura mAha ina cAra kaSAyoM kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| ina kaSAyoM se Upara uThakara cAritrika pragati ke lie jaina paramparA meM samatva yoga ke sAmAyika ko darzana paramparA kA kendrIya tatva mAnA gayA hai| samatva yoga kI upalabdhi ke lie samyakjJAna, samyakdarzana aura samyakcAritra ke trividha sAdhanA patha kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| jaina AcAra kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usameM jJAna, karma aura bhakti zraddhA meM se kisI eka ko mokSa kA sAdhana nahIM mAnA gayA hai varan tInoM ke samanvaya para bala diyA gayA hai| ___ jaina AcAra darzana vyAvahArika evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM samatva ke saMsthApana ke lie bhI ahiMsA, anAgraha anekAnta aura anAzakti ke rUpa meM eka dUsarA trividha mArga prastuta karatA hai| AcAra meM ahiMsA, vicAra meM anAgraha aura vRtti meM anAsakti yahI jaina AcAra kA antima niSkarSa hai| anAgraha anekAnta se vaicArika saMgharSa evaM viSamatAoM kA nirAkaraNa hotA hai tathA samanvaya kI sRSTi hotI hai| upasaMhAra jaina AcAra darzana kI gItA aura bauddha AcAra darzana ke sAtha tulanA karane para hameM jJAta hotA hai ki tatva darzana aura bAhya niyamoM sambandhI kucha matabhedoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA unameM vilakSaNa sAmya parilakSita hotA hai| ina sabhI kA AcAra sambandhI mUlabhUta dRSTikoNa to samAna hI hai| yadi Arhata pravacana kA antima niSkarSa rAga-dveSa kA kSaya hai to gItA ke upadeza kA antima hArda Asakti kA tyAga hai aura buddha kI dezanA kA sAra tRSNA para prahAra hai| isa prakAra tInoM hI paramparAoM ke mUla tantuoM meM koI dUrI nahIM raha jAtI hai| anAsakta, vItatRSNA yA vItarAgI jIvana dRSTi kA udaya hI ina sabhI AcAra darzanoM kA sAdhya hai| jaina AcAra zAstra meM nirUpita AcAra saMhitA atyanta vyApaka aura vistRta hai| usameM pratyeka varga aura pratyeka koTi ke vyakti ke anukUla AcaraNa kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| uddezya yaha hai ki vyakti ke vyaktitva kA vikAsa ho aura vaha apane mana ke vikAroM se kramaza: nivRtta hotA jAye aura saMsAra ke prati upazAnta hokara jIvana vyatIta kre| isa AcArazAstra kI yaha anupama vizeSatA hai ki yaha kahIM bhI kaTTara nahIM hai| isameM vyakti ke vyaktitva evaM usakI vyaktigata durbalatAoM kA pUrA-pUrA dhyAna

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa. 225 rakhA gayA hai| jisase vyakti AcAra saMhitA ko bandhana rUpa na mAnakara mitravata svIkAra kara ske| vicAraka AgasTAina kI bhAMti jaina AcAra zAstrI yaha kahate hai ki tuma kevala prema karanA sIkha lo, zeSa bAtoM kI cintA mata kro| jaina AcAra zAstra meM ahiMsA ko dharma kA sAdhana aura sAdhya donoM hI rUpoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isI se yaha sArvabhauma evaM sanAtana hai| saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyAM 1. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0, 21/11 pR02791 2. vahI, 21/12, pR0 279 / 3. sUkSmA na pratipIDayante prANinaH sthuulmuurtyH| ye zakyAste vivaya'nte kA hiMsA sNytaatmnH| dra0 jainadharma, pR0 161 4. esa0 gopAlana, jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, pR0 1451 5. dra0 TI0jI0 kAlaghaTagI, jaina vyU oNpha lAipha, pR0 163 / jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, pra0 1461 7. inheM isa prakAra bhI kahA gayA hai- anuvicintya bhASaNatA, krodhaviveka, lobhaviveka, bhayaviveka, hAsyaviveka - dra0 uttarAdhyayana sUtra sAdhvI candanA, pR0 4661 8. uttarAdhyayana, sAdhvI candanA, TippaNa, pR0 466 / 9. vahI 10. jesi visayesu radI tesiM dukkhaM piyANa svbhaavN| jadi laM Na hi savabhAvaM vAvAroNatyi visytthN|| -uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0 21/13 pR0 279 tathA 35/3, pR0 493 / uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0, adhya0 16 vambhacerasamAhiThANaM, pR0 199-209 / sthAnAMgasUtram (ThANaM), lADanUM saMskaraNa 9/3-4, pR0 845-471 sthAnAMga vRttikAra ne eka ke bAda eka Ane vAle ina kAma vikAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai jisase unmAda Adi roga hI utpanna nahIM hote apitu vyakti mRtyu dvAra taka jA pahuMcatA hai| yaha haiM - kAma ke prati abhilASA, usako prApta karane kI cintA, usakA satat smaraNa, usakA utkIrtana, udvega, pralApa, unmAda, vyAdhi, jar3atA yA akarmaNyatA tathA mRtyu| sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 423-241 13. samavAyAMga, samavAya 9/1-81 14. uttarAdhyayana meM jo dasavAM sthAna hai vaha sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kA AThavAM sthAna hai| anya sthAnoM kA varNana samAna hai| kevala uttarAdhyayana kA pAMcavAM sthAna zeSa do meM nahIM hai| 15. samavAyAMga meM isake sthAna para - nirgrantha strI samudAya kI upAsanA na kare - aisA pATha hai| 16. dakSasmRti, 7/31-33: dra0 uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0 a0 16 Amukha pR0 197 17. vhii| 18. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0 35/4,5,6,71 tu0 dIrghanikAya mahAparinivArNa sutta 2/3 jisake anusAra buddha se Ananda ne pUchA - bhaMte / striyoM ke sAtha kaisA vyavahAra kareMge? "adarzana, aannd|" "darzana hone para bhagavAna kaisA vartAva kareMge'?

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226 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti "AlApa na karanA, aannd|" bAteM karane vAle ko kaisA karanA cAhie? smRti ko saMbhAle rakhanA caahie| 19. uttarAdhyayana sUtra sAdhvI candanA, pR0 4661 20. zrI jaina siddhAnta bala saMgraha, ji0 6, pR0 228-230 tathA uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0, 19/14 tathA 31/18, pR0 243, 436 tathA uttarajjhayaNaM saTippaNa, pR0 298 tu0 samavAyAMga, samavAya 9 / vRhadvRtti, patra 616 meM isa sUcI meM kucha antara hai : kyadadakka miMdiyANaM ca, nimAho bhAvaM karaNasaccaM c| khamayAvirAgayAviya, maNamAINaM Niroho y|| taha mAraNaMtiya hiyAsaNayA e e nngaargunnaa|| - tu0 mUlAcAra, 1/2-3 : pravacanasAra, 3/8 8, tathA anAgAra dharmAmRta, 9/84,851 21. uttarAdhyayana, 19/25-301 22. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0 Amukha a0 24, pR0 321 / 23. mUlArAdhanA, AzvAsa 6, zlo0 11851 24. uttarAdhyayana, 24/3 / mana, vANI aura zarIra ke gopana ko utsarga yA visarjana ko gupti tathA samyak gati; bhASA; AhAra ko eSaNA; upakaraNoM kA grahaNa nikSepa aura malamUtra Adi ke upasarga ko samiti kahA gayA hai| 25. uttarAdhyayana, 24/1, pR0 3251 26. vahI, 24/51 27. vahI, 24/61 28. vahI, 24/81 29. vhii| 30. vahI, 24/91 31. vahI, 24/101 32. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0 24/11 pR0 3261 33. vahI, 24/12, pR0 327 / 34. vahI, 24/131 35. vahI, 24/141 36. vahI, 24/151 37. vahI, 24/171 38. vahI, 24/181 39. mUlArAdhanA, 6/1200 / 40. vahI, 6/12021 41. uttarajjhayaNANi, a0 24, Amukha pR0 3221 42. mUlArAdhanA, 6/11851 43. uttarAdhyayana, 24/20-21 / 44. vahI, 24/22-23 / 45. vahI, 24/24-251 46. AcArAMga sUtra AtmArAma jI mahArAja, dvi0 zruta0 a0 11, pR0 13191 47. DA0 sAgaramala jaina, jaina naitika darzana kI manovaijJAnika samIkSA, tulasI prajJA, dvitIya

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khaNDa aMka 7-8 julAI - disambara, 19761 48. uttarAdhyayana, 32/1001 49. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0 32 / 106, 107, 108 pR0 460 / 50. vahI, 32 / 74-861 51. vahI, 32/61-731 52. vahI, 32/46-601 53. vahI, 32/22-341 54. vahI, 32 / 35-451 55. vahI, 32/87-991 56. uttarAdhyayana, 32/1011 57. vahI, 32 / 101 / 58. vahI, 32 / 104 1 59. vahI, 31/10: uttarajjhayaNaM TippaNa 2 / 26, pR0 21, tu0 sthAnAMga samavAyAMga : samavAya 10 zvetAmbaroM kI vibhinna sUcI ke lie draSTavya, Apha dI jainaja, pR0 305-61 60. bhaTTa akalaMka, tatvArthasUtra, 9/6, pR0 958 jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 227 61. manusmRti, 9/6/91 / 62. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0, 31/ 11 pR0 434 : uttarajjhayaNaM saTi0 pR0 291 / 63. uttarAdhyayana sUtra sAdhvI candanA, pR0 461 / 64. uttarAdhyayana niryukti, gAthA 691 65. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 2/1/14 66. uttarAdhyayana, 30 / 27 tathA aupapAtika sUtra, 191 67 suttanipAta, uragavagga, 3 / 18 / 68. uttarAdhyayana 2/2-3 69. vahI, 2/4-51 70. uttarAdhyayana, 2/6-71 71. vahI, 2/8-91 72. vahI, 2/10 - 111 73. vahI, 2/131 74. vahI, 2/71 75. vahI, 2/17 / 76. uttarAdhyayana, 2/191 77. vahI, 2/201 78. vahI, 2/221 79. vahI, 2/24-251 80. vahI, 2/26-271 81. vahI, 2/30 82. vahI, 2/34-351 83. vahI, 2/28-291 84. vahI, 2/331 10/712 tathA dI DAkTrina

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228 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 85. vahI, 2/371 86. vahI, 2/38-391 87. vahI, 2/411 88. vahI, 2/431 89. vahI, 2/451 90. mUlAcAra, 7/15 tathA uttarAdhyayana, 26/2-4 / dra0 dayAnanda bhargava, jaina ithiksa, pR0 1661 91. pravacanasAra kA paricaya kundakundAcAryakRta, e0 ena0 upAdhye dvArA sampAdita 92. niyamasAra, 124 saikreDa buksa Apha dI jainaj ji0 9 pR0 57 / 93. mUlAcAra, 7/22/32 tathA anAgAra dharmAmRta, 8/18 / 94. vahI, 7/171 95. vahI, 8/19-261 96. vahI, 8/24 dra0 ithikala DAkTrinsa ina jainijma, pR0 139 / 97. mUlAcAra, 7/591 98. vahI, 7/62 / 99. vahI, 7/631 100. vahI, 7/641 101. vhii| 102. vahI, 7/651 103. vahI,7/671 104. vahI, 7/691 105. vahI, 7/701 106. vahI, 7/95 tathA anAgAra dharmAmRta, 8/521 107. mUlAcAra, 7/106-1111 108. vahI, 7/100 tathA anAgAra dharmAmRta, 8/53 / 109. mUlAcAra, 1,26 : dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 168 / 110. vahI, 7/1161 111. vahI, 7/1201 112. vahI, 7/1211 113. vahI, 7/1251 114. vahI, 7/1261 115. dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 1701 116. mUlAcAra, 7/132-133 / 117. mUlAcAra, 28 : dra0 ithikala DAkTrinsa ina jainijma, pR0 1401 118. ithikala DAkTrinsa ina jainijma, pR0 6501 119. vahI, 6511 120. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0, 26/11, pR0 351 / 121. vahI, 26/127 122. vahI, 26/17-18 pR0 3521 123. dra0 jainadharma, pR0 861

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 229 124. uttarAdhyayana uttarajjhayaNANi, 26/11 / 125. vahI, 26/22,2911 126. vahI, 26/31-341 127. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0, 26/35, pR0 3561 128. vahI, 26/37-381 129. vahI, 26/381 130. vahI, 26/39-401 131. vahI, 26/44-451 132. dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina maunekijma, pR0 158 / 133. AcArAMga esa0bI0I0 - 2,3/1/4-5, pR0 1371 134. kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0 yati ke lie niyama 2/9 pR0 297 tathA 27/62, pR0 310 / 135. vahI, niyama 5/17, pR0 2981 136. vahI, niyama 11, 12/28-30, pR0 301-302 / 137. vahI, niyama 22/56-57, pR0 3081 138. vahI, niyama 24/59 pR0 3091 139. dra0 uttarajjhayaNaM sAnu0 adhya0 5, Amukha, pR0 64 / 140. gommaTasAra karmakANDa, gAthA 57-611 141. dra0 uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0, adhya0 5 Amukha pR0 57 / 142. bhagavatI 211, sUtra 901 143. vhii| 144. ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa, 4/519 pR0 2551 145. samavAyAMga, samavAya 17, patra 331 146. (ka) mUlArAdhanA, AzvAsa 1, gAthA 25 / (kha) vijayodayAvRtti, patra 87 / 147. samavAyAMga, samavAya 17 vRtti, patra 341 148. vijayodayAvRtti, patra 871 149. (ka) samavAyAMga samavAya 17 vRtti patra 34 / (kha) uttarAdhyayana niyukti, gAthA 216 / (ga) vijayodayAvRtti, patra 87 / 150. vhii| 151. vhii| 152. bhagavatI, 219 sU0 90 vRtti patra 211 / 153. vijayodayAvRtti, patra 89-90 / 154. bhagavatI 2/1 sU0 90 vRtti patra 2111 155. vahI 156. (ka) samavAyAMga samavAya 17 vRtti patra 34 / (kha) uttarAdhyayana niyukti, gAthA 221 / (ga) vijayodayAvRtti, patra 871 157. bhagavatI 2/1, sU0 90 vRtti patra 211 / / 158. vijayodayAvRtti, patra 881 159. uttarAdhyayana niyukti, gAthA 2221 160. vijayodayAvRtti, patra 881 161. uttarAdhyayana niyukti, gAthA 223 dra0 uttarajjhayaNaM, sAnu0, pR0 61 /

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230 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 162. (ka) bhagavatI, 2/1 sU0 90 vRtti patra 211, (kha) uttarAdhyayana niyukti, gAthA 2241 163. vhii| 164. vahI, gAthA 2251 165. (ka) bhagavatI, 2/1 sU0 90 vRtti, (kha) samavAyAMga, samavAya 17 vRtti patra 35, (ga) uttarAdhyayana niyukti, gAthA 225 vRtti, patra 2351 166. vijayodayAvRtti, patra 113 dra0 uttarajjhayaNaM sAnu0, pR0 62 / 167. gommaTasAra karmakANDa, gAthA 61, dra0 vhii| 168. bhagavatI, 2/1, sU0 90 vRtti patra 2121 169. yathA nadI nadA: sarvesAgare yAnti sNsthitim| tethavAzramiNa: sarvegRhasthe yAnti sNsthitim|| -manusmRti caukhambA saMskRta granthamAlA 6/901 170. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, pR0 33 / 171. vahI, pR0 351 172. dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 102 / 173. upAsaka dazAMga, rAjakoTa 1961, pR0 201-2441 174. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra.pa.51-661 175. vahI, pR0 211 176. chAndogya upaniSad, 3/17/4: taittirIya upaniSad, 1-91 dra0 jaina ithiksa pR0 103 / 177. AcArAMgasUtra meM aura bhI tIna vratoM kA ullekha hai| esa0bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 63 / 178. baudhAyana 2/10/18 esa0bI0I0 ji0 22 bhUmikA, pR0 23 saM uddhRt| 179. yoga sUtra, 2/301 180. sthAnAMgasUtra 4/1/266 : dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 103 / 181. uttarAdhyayana, 23/26-271 182. mUlAcAra, 1/301 183. manusmRti, 5/45-551 184. vahI, 5/561 185. jIvo jIvasya jiivnm| zrImadabhAgavatapurANa, gItApresa vi0 saM0 2010 1/14/461 186. muni nathamala, ahiMsA tatva darzana, curu 1960, pR0 85-861 187. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/6-71 188. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 531 189. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/8 / 190. "satyaM jJAnamanantaM brahma"-taittirIyopaniSada. 2/1/1: tathA RtaMca satyaMcAbhIdvastapaso dhyajAyata-Rgveda, 10/190/11 191. dra0 divAkara pAThaka : bhAratIya nItizAstra, pR0 119 / 192. manusmRti, 4/1381 193. dra0 bhAratIya nItizAstra, pR0 1201 194. jaina dArzanika isa bAta ko bhalI bhAMti jAnate the ki apane dainika jIvana meM zrAvaka kaTu vacanoM kA pUrNa tyAga nahIM kara sktaa| vizeSata: apane ghara meM, dhandhe meM, aura jIvana tathA surakSA ke mAmale meN| ata: ina mAmaloM meM apavAda banAye gaye the aura anya mAmaloM meM

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa * 231 asatya se bacane ke niyama banAye gaye the| niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM satya kA yaha bhI artha hai ki vyakti atizayokti na dikhAye aura avaguNa khojane tathA asabhya bAtacIta meM na ulajhe / satya kA spaSTa artha hai upayogI, santulita tathA sAragarbhita zabdoM ko bolnaa| 195. jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, pR0 148 196. dra0 bhAratIya nItizAstra, pR0 130 1 197. yAvamriyeta jaTharaM tAvaskvatvaMhi dehinAma / adhikaM yo mimanyate sa staina: iti kathyate / / 198. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, pR0 103: dra0 jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, pR0 149 tathA jaina ithiksa, pR0 119: sAgAradharmAmRta, 4/48 / 199. dra0 jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, pR0 149 / 200. vahI, pR0 1501 201. dra0 bhAratIya nItizAstra, pR0 122 202. uttarAdhyayana, a0 161 203. karmendriyANi saMyamya ya Aste manasA smaran / indriyArthAnvimUDhAtmA mithyAcAraH sa ucyate / / gItA a0 3/61 204. amRtacandra, puruSArthasiddhayupAya, pR0 61 / 205. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, pR0 661 206. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 5/11 207. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra, 591 'kucha 208. tatvArthasUtra, 7/16 : dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 125 : zvetAmbara paramparA meM nAmoM meM pherabadala hai| dra0 upAsaka dazAMga - I, II pR0 216-26 kintu antara maulika na hokara kevala AcAryoM kA paramparAbheda darzAtA hai| 209. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, pR0 67,701 210. sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/11 211. upAsaka dazAMga, 1/50 : tula0 tatvArthasUtra, 7/251 212. dra0 jaina dharma, pR0 881 213. dra0 pUjyapAdakRta tatvArthasUtra, 7/31/ 214. vahI / 215. vahI / 216. vahI / 217. vahI / 218. dra0 ithikala DAkTrinsa ina jainijma, pR0 971 219. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 344: ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 781 220. dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 128 / 221. vahI / 222. yogazAstra, 5/9, pR0 1711 223. dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 1291 224. tatvArthasUtra, 7/27 tathA upAsakadazAMga, 1/521 225. pUjyapAdakRta tatvArthasUtra, 7/211 226. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, pR0 1021

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232 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 227. ithikala DAkTrinsa ina jainijma, pR0 102 / 228. siddhasenagaNi kRta tatvArthasUtra, 7/16 / 229. tatvArtha sUtra umAsvAti, 7/16 : dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 1351 230. tatvArthasUtra pUjyapAda 7/341 231. tatvArthasUtra siddhasenagaNi, 7/29 / 232. vahI, 7/341 233. tatvArthasUtra, pUjyapAda, 7/28-29 / 234. vhii| 235. dra0 jaina dharma, pR0 88 / 236. dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 1301 237. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 87 tathA sAgAra dharmAmRta, 5/14 meM upabhoga-paribhoga parimANavata ko yama tathA niyama kahA gayA hai| 238. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, pR0 88-89 : jaina ithiksa, pR0 132 / 239. dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 1371 240. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra, 220-21: puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 171: amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 10/4 : sAgAra dharmAmRta, 5/441 241. ethikla DAkTrinsa ina jainijma, pR0 107 / 242. dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 1391 243. dra0 jaina dharma, pR0 891 244. na sallekhanAM pratipannasya rAgAdaya santi tatau naatmvdhdossH| dra0 tatvArthasUtra pUjyapAda, 7/22: sAgAradharmAmRta, 8/81 245. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 1221 246. sAgAradharmAmRta, 8/20: amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/981 247. sAgAradharmAmRta, 8/71 248. zrAvakaH kila sakalasya zrAvakadharmasyodyapanArthamivAnte saMyama pratipadyate-yogazAstra hemacandra, 3/149 pR0 272: dra0 jaina ithiksa, 1401 249. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 127-28: dra0 ethikala DAkTrinsa ina jainijma, pR0 118-19 / 250. tatvArthasUtra 7/32, amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 7/15 tathA sAgAradharmAmRta, 8/45, dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 1411 251. upAsakadazAMga, 1/571 252. dra0 jainadharma, pR0 891 253. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0 31/11, pR0 434 saTippaNa pR0 291: dazavaikAlika uttarAdhyayana, lADanUM, pR0 259: samavAyAMga, samavAya, 11 / 254. vasunandina zrAvakAcAra, pR0 57,591 255. abhayadeva isake antargata kevala aNuvrata pAlana ko rakhate haiN| 256. upAsakadazAMga dra0 ithikala DAkTrinsa ina jainijma, pR0 112 / 257. sAgAra dharmAmRta, 7/27: dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 144 / 258. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 779-801 259. vasunandina zrAvakAcAra, 2991 260. kArtikayAnuprekSA, zubhacandra, pR0 3861

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jaina nItizAstra kA svarUpa. 233 261. dra0 jaina ithiksa, pR0 1451 262. bhaviyavvaM bhAvaMto aNumaNa virao have so du| dra0 vahI 263. dra0 ithikala DAkTrinsa ina jainijma, pR0 1151 264. dra0 jaina dharma, pR0 441 265. DA0 sAgaramala jaina, jaina AcAra darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, tulasIprajJA aMka 5, san 1976, pR0 721

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234 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti digambara paramparA guNavata - zikSAvata AcArya 1 2 3 1 2 3 1. kundakunda digvata anarthadaNDavata bhogopabhoga sAmAyika prauSadhopavAsa atithi saMlekhanA parimANavata vrata vrata saMvibhAga 2. (i) umAsvAti : (ii) cAmuNDarAya digvata dezAvakAzika anarthadaNDavata sAmAyika prauSadhopavAsa bhogopabhoga atithi (iii) amRtacandra vrata vrata parimANavata saMvibhAgavata (iv) somadeva (v) amitagati 3. (i) samantabhadra digvata anarthadaNDavata bhogopabhoga dezavata sAmAyika vrataprauSadhopavAsa vaiyAvRtya (ii) AzAdhara parimANavata 4. kArtikeya digvata anarthadaNDavata bhogopabhoga sAmAyika prauSadhopavAsa atithisaMvibhAga dezavata parimANavata vrata vrata 5. vasunandi digvata dezavata anarthadaNDavata bhogavirati paribhoga atithisaMvibhAga saMllekhanA nivRtti zvetAmbara paramparA 1. umAsvAti digvata dezavata anarthadaNDavata sAmAyika prauSadhopavAsa bhogopabhogaatithisaMvibhAga parimANavata vrata vrata 2. grantha (i) zrAvaka prajJapti (ii) upAsakadazA (iii) haribhadra bhogopabhoga sAmAyika dezavrata prauSadhopavAsa atithi digvata anarthadaNDa vrata parimANavata vrata vrata saMvibhAgavata (iv) hemacandra (v) yazovijaya

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adhyAya 5 samAja darzana evaM samAja-vyavasthA yadyapi jaina AcAra paramparA nivRttiparaka hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha gRhastha jIvana kI apekSA zramaNa jIvana ko adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnatI hai, phira bhI usameM sAmAjika jIvana evaM lokahita kI upekSA nahIM kI gayI hai| jaina darzana meM aise lokahita yA parArtha kA anumodana kiyA gayA hai jo hamAre AdhyAtmika jIvana ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka na ho| jaina mAnyatA yaha hai ki saccA loka hita yA paramArtha tabhI saMbhava hotA hai jabaki vaha hamAre AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA sahagAmI ho| vaha svArtha aura paramArtha kA samanvaya usa vItarAga avasthA meM karatA hai jisameM mere aura parAye kA bhAva hI nahIM hotA hai| usa avasthA meM jo lokahita phalita hotA hai vahI sacce arthoM meM loka hita hai| jaina paramparA aise hI lokamaMgala kA samarthana karatI hai| jaina paramparA ke gRhastha evaM zramaNa AcAra ke niyama yadyapi bAhya rUpa se vyaktiparaka aura niSedhAtmaka pratIta hote haiM tathApi unakI mUlAtmA samAjaparaka aura vidhAyaka hI hai| jaina paramparA kI AcAra niyamoM ke saMdarbha meM jo gahana evaM vizleSaNAtmaka dRSTi rahI hai vaha burAI ke mUla kAraNoM kI taha taka pahuMcakara usakA nirAkaraNa karatI hai| jaina vicaraNA sAmAjika evaM vaiyaktika naitika svAsthya ke anurakSaNa ke lie niyamoM kA aisA surakSita durga nirmANa karatI hai jisameM naitika jIvana ke ghAtaka zatruoM ke alpatama praveza kI alpatama hI saMbhAvanA raha jAtI hai| yadyapi kucha niyama vartamAna paristhitiyoM meM adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM haiM aura unake pracalita vartamAna rUpoM ne unheM adhika hAsyAspada banA diyA hai phira bhI sAmAnyatayA jaina AcAra kI niyama vyavasthA Aja bhI sAmAjika evaM vaiyaktika jIvana ko zAnta aura madhura banAne meM bahuta kucha sakSama hai| zarta yahI hai ki una niyamoM kI mUlAtmA ko samajha kara unakA niSThApUrvaka pAlana kiyA jaaye| bhAratIya sAmAjika saMsthAeM bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko pratirUpita karatI haiN| ye saMsthAeM bhAratIya jIvana kI vidhi ko batAtI haiM, bhAratIya vicAra Adarza evaM

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236 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti AkAMkSAoM se paricita karAtI haiM, tathA samAja vyavasthA ke mUlatatvoM kA udghATana karatI haiN| ina sAmAjika saMsthAoM meM varNa, jAti, kuTumba, parivAra, striyoM kI dazA, sAmAjika saMskAra, vivAha saMsthA, sAmAnya Arthika jIvana, sAmAjika rIti rivAja Adi pramukha vivecya viSaya haiN| jaina paramparA ke anusAra AdipuruSa bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI jIvana gAthA kalA aura saMskRti, zikSA aura sAhitya, dharma aura rAjanIti kA Adi srota haiN| yaha mahAprANa vyaktitva do yugoM kA saMdhikAla hai| jaba akarma se jIvana meM jar3atA chA rahI thI aura bhogAsakti ne jIvana ko ni:satva banA rakhA thA taba RSabhadeva karmayuga ke Adi sUtradhAra bne| unhoMne adharma ko karma kI ora prerita kiyA, bhoga ko yoga se pariSkRta karane kI kalA sikhlaaii| puruSArtha jagA, kalA kA vikAsa huA, samAja kI racanA huI, rAjyazAsana kA nirmANa huA aura dharma evaM saMskRti kI pAvana rekhAeM AkAra pAne lgiiN|' varNa vyavasthA jaina paramparA ke anusAra yaugalikoM ke samaya varNa vyavasthA nahIM thii| samrATa RSabhadeva ne kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ina tIna vargoM kI sthApanA kii| yaha varNana Avazyaka niyukti, Avazyaka cUrNi, Avazyaka malayagirivRtti, Avazyaka haribhadrIyAvRtti, triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra prabhRti zvetAmbara granthoM meM spaSTa rUpa se nahIM hai| yahAM yaha spaSTIkaraNa kara denA Avazyaka hai ki varNa vyavasthA kI saMsthApanA vRtti aura AjIvikA ko vyavasthita rUpa dene ke lie thI, na ki uccatA va nIcatA ke kaarnn| manuSya jAti eka hai| kevala AjIvikA ke bheda se vaha cAra prakAra kI ho gayI hai-vrata saMskAra se brAhmaNa, zastradhAraNa se kSatriya, nyAyapUrNa dhanArjana se vaizya aura sevAvRtti se shuudr| kArya se hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra hote haiN| isa prakAra jainAgamoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra nAmaka cAroM varNoM kA ullekha hai| AcArya jinasena ke mantavyAnusAra RSabhadeva ne svayaM apanI bhujAoM meM zastra dhAraNa kara mAnavoM ko yaha zikSA pradAna kI ki atyAcAriyoM se nirbala mAnavoM kI rakSA karanA zakti sampanna vyakti kA prathama kartavya hai| ina dAyitvoM kA nirvAha karane vAle vyakti kSatriya khlaaye| zrI RSabhadeva ne dUra dUra taka kI yAtrA jaMghAbala se kara jana jana ke mana meM yaha vicAra jyoti prajvalita kI ki manuSya ko satata gatimAna rahanA caahie| eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna ko vastuoM kA AyAta niryAta kara prajA ke jIvana meM sukha kA

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 237 saMcAra karanA caahie| jo vyakti prastuta kArya ke lie sannaddha hue vaha vaizya kI saMjJA se abhihita kiye gye| kAlAntara meM bhUmipati ko kSatriya tathA sAhUkAroM ko gRhapati kahA jAne lgaa| tatpazcAt agni utpanna hone para zilpI vaNika kahe jAne lage tathA zilpa kA vANijya se sambandha hone ke kAraNa vaha vaizya ke nAma se jJAta hue| isa prakAra vaizya kRSi va pazupAlana bhI karate the|' ___ zrI RSabhadeva ne mAnavoM ko yaha preraNA pradAna kI ki karmayuga meM eka dUsare ke sahayoga ke binA kArya nahIM ho sktaa| ata: sevAbhAvI vyakti zUdra khlaaye| bharata ke rAjyakAla meM zrAvaka karma utpanna hone para brAhmaNoM arthAt mAhaNa kI utpatti huii| yaha loga atyanta sarala svabhAvI aura dharmapremI the| isalie jaba vaha kisI ko mArate pITate dekhate to kahate mata mAro 'mAhaNa' tabhI se yaha mAhaNa brAhmaNa bhI kahe jAne lge|' RSabhaputra bharata ne sacce zrAvakoM kI parIkSA kI aura jo usa parIkSaNa prastara para khare utare unheM samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak caritra ke pratIka ke rUpa meM tIna rekhAoM se cinhita kara diyaa| yahI rekhAeM Age calakara yajJopavIta ke rUpa meM pracalita ho gyiiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki bauddha granthoM ke samAna prAcIna jaina granthoM meM bhI brAhmaNa zabda ko eka dArzanika rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai jisameM vyakti ke janma ke sthAna para usake ahiMsAtmaka guNa ko rekhAMkita kiyA gayA hai| zramaNa paramparA ne samAja meM pracalita vyavasthA kA koI navIna maulika vikalpa prastuta nahIM kiyA pratyut usakI eka bhinna vyAkhyA hI prastuta kii| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki AgamakAlIna samAja bhI varNAzrama dharma kI cAturvarNa vyavasthA para AdhArita thaa| yadyapi yaha samAja vyavasthA atisaMkIrNa nahIM thii| jaina, bauddha tathA brAhmaNa sAhitya iMgita karate haiM ki samAja dhArmika, rAjanItika, Arthika evaM bhaugolika paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para baMTA huA thaa| jo kucha jAti ke viruddha buddha yA mahAvIra kara sake vaha mAtra itanA thA ki unhoMne isa bAta kA samyak prasAra karaka diyA ki jAti mukti ke mArga kI bAdhA nahIM hai| anyathA varNa aura jAti unake samaya bhI vidyamAna thI aura bAda meM bhI astitvazIla rhii| buddha ke amita Agraha ke bAda bhI svayaM unake saMgha meM bhikSu jAti ke prabhAva se mukta nahIM ho ske| jaina dharma aura bauddha dharma ne brAhmaNoM ke Upara kSatriyoM kA prabhutva ghoSita karate hue bhI janma para AdhArita varNa vyavasthA kA virodha kiyaa| saiddhAntika dRSTi se jaina tathA bauddha cintakoM ne pracalita jAtivAda kA tIvratama virodha kiyA aura apane prAMgaNa ko sabhI vargoM ke lie unmukta AkAza sA khola diyaa| phalata: unakI dRSTi se kisI varga vizeSa meM mAtra utpatti hI usakI zreSThatA kA AdhAra nahIM hai balki usakI zreSThatA kA AdhAra usake vicAra aura karma haiN| isalie unhoMne kahA

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238 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti ki krmdaayaadobhvN| kintu isa bAta kI puSTi kisI bhI grantha se nahIM hotI ki mahAvIra aura buddha ke kAla meM varNa vyavasthA sarvathA gauNa yA naSTa ho gyii| yahI nahIM jAtakoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki svayaM buddha ke samaya janma ke AdhAra para saMgha meM sarvazreSTha AvAsa, bhojana aura jala isa krama se denA ucita samajhA jAtA thA : khattiya kulapavajjito, brAhmaNAkula pabjajito, gahapatikula pvjjito|| mAhaNa (brAhmaNa) jaina sUtroM meM brAhmaNa ke prati upekSA kA bhAva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai tathA adhikatama bAra isa bAta kI punarAvRtti kI hai ki brAhmaNa jaina dharma ke virodhI the| kinta vyAvahArika dRSTi se virodhI pracAra prasAra ke uparAnta bhI brAhmaNoM kI sthiti nirvivAda rUpa se sarvopari thii| isakA kAraNa brAhmaNa varNa kI daivIya utpatti ke siddhAnta kI mAnyatA thI jisake anusAra brAhmaNa virATa puruSa ke mukha se utpanna hue haiN| isa kAla meM bhI brAhmaNoM, agni, gaMgAjala aura gAya ko samAna rUpa se pavitra mAnA jAtA thaa| jaina sUtroM meM brAhmaNoM kI apekSA kSatriyoM ko zreSThatA pradAna kI gayI hai| unake sabhI tIrthaMkara kSatriya kula meM sarvazreSTha hone ke kAraNa utpanna hue the| yahAM taka ki svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ko brAhmaNI devanandA ko parityAga kara kSatriyANI trizalA ke garbha meM AnA pdd'aa|' kalpasUtra ke isa kathana ke AdhAra para ki arihanta kSatriya kula meM janma lete haiM tathA brAhmaNa kula kI gaNanA heya kuloM se kI gayI hai vidvAnoM kA eka varga yaha mAnatA hai ki usa samaya kSatriyoM ke netRtva meM brAhmaNa virodhI sAmAjika dhArmika Andolana ho rahA thaa| yaha varga saMgharSa thA jabaki kSatriya varga apanI prabhutA ke bala para brAhmaNa dharma kI sarvoccatA ko hIna kara svayaM sarvocca ho jAnA cAhatA thaa| brAhmaNoM kI ucca sthiti ke eka mAtra AdhAra brahma jJAna para bhI kSatriya adhikAra jamA lenA cAhate the| yaha pratikriyA brAhmaNa virodhI jaina aura bauddha dharma dvArA to haI hI svayaM brAhmaNa varga meM bhI upaniSadoM dvArA parilakSita hii| kSatriya yajJa hiMsA, paurohitya aura karmakANDa kI AlocanA karane lage tathA brahmajJAnI hone kA prayAsa karane lge| kucha kSatriya isa yuga meM bauddhika jIvana ke siramaura bhI bana gaye the| upaniSadoM meM aneka jJAnI rAjAoM kA varNana hai jinameM pAMcAla rAja pravAhaNajaibAli pramukha haiM jisane zvetaketu ke pitA uddAlaka ko upadeza diyaa|2 kaikeyarAja azvapati aura kAzIrAja ajAtazatru bhI aise hI udAharaNa haiN| rAjA janaka rAjarSi ke rUpa meM sukhyAta the hii| mahAbhArata meM kRSNa kSatriyakula meM utpanna hokara bhI jJAna ke AgAra the| buddha aura mahAvIra bhI janmanA kSatriya the| DA. govindacandra pANDe ne isa avadhAraNa kA pratyAkhyAna kiyA hai| unake

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 239 anusAra brAhmaNa kSatriya varga saMgharSa kI aitihAsikatA svIkAra karane ke lie koI vAstavika AdhAra nahIM miltaa| kSatriyoM ne navIna AdhyAtmika aura bauddhika AndolanoM meM mahatvapUrNa bhAga liyA kintu isase yaha anumAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki Arthika lAbha, sAmAjika pratiSThA athavA rAjakIya zakti ke lie brAhmaNoM athavA kSatriyoM meM jAtibaddha athavA vargaza: saMgharSa thaa| avazya hI naiSkarmya paraka AdhyAtmavidyA paurohitya kI virodhinI thI, para isake netA vAstava meM zramaNa the jinakI AdhyAtmika sAMskRtika paramparA meM isa samaya kSatriya aura brAhmaNa donoM hI the| buddha aura mahAvIra janmanA kSatriya the, kintu jAti ke parityAgapUrvaka hI vaha zramaNa bana ske| dUsarI ora upaniSadoM meM aura gItA meM saMketika vizuddha kSatriya vidyA karma kA pratyAkhyAna nahIM krtii| upalabdha sAkSya ke AdhAra para kevala itanA hI svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki purohitoM ke karmakANDa kA isa yuga meM aneka dizAoM se virodha huA, jisakA zramaNoM, prabuddha kSatriyoM aura AdhyAtmavAdI brAhmaNoM ne netRtva kiyaa| vizvAmitra aura vasiSTha ke saMgharSa kI kathA isa prasaMga meM ni:sAra hai| isI prakAra mahAbhArata meM ullikhita jAmadagnaya ke lie hue kSatriya saMhAra kI kathA ko bhI bhArgavoM kI atiraMjita kalpanA hI mAnanA caahie|26 jainasUtroM meM brAhmaNa ke lie dhijjAI arthAt dhik jAti zabda kA nindAparaka prayoga kiyA gayA hai| bauddhagranthoM meM unheM hIna jaccako kahA gayA hai|28 bauddhagranthoM meM vizeSakara jAtakoM meM brAhmaNoM ko hInakula meM udbhUta kahanA bahuta apratyAzita tathA vismayakArI hai| vizeSa rUpa se unake lie jo brAhmaNa paramparA se paricita haiM tathA jinheM mahAbhArata aura manusmRti kA ghaniSTha paricaya hai| rAisaDeviDasa kI isa viSaya meM yaha mAnyatA hai ki yaha alaMkAra brAhmaNoM ko kSatriyoM kI apekSA se nahIM apita rAjA tathA sAmantoM kI tulanA meM diyA gayA hai| isa daSTi se brAhmaNa unakI tulanA meM nimna kulotpanna the| jainasUtroM meM brAhmaNoM ke karmakANDIya yajJoM kI AlocanA kI gayI hai| ina sUtroM kA kathana hai ki sira muMDAne se koI zramaNa nahIM hotA, oMkAra jApa karane se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, jaMgala meM rahane se tathA kuzacIvara dhAraNa karane se koI tApasa nahIM hotA kintu hara koI samatA se zramaNa, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa, jJAna se muni aura tapa se tapasvI hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki janma se kSatriya vaMza meM janma lene para bhI jaina sAkSyoM meM mahAvIra ko karma se brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai| unheM mAhaNeNa matimANa mAhaNa arthAt brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai kyoMki mahAvIra kI sAdhanA, mAhaNa hiMsA nahIM karane kI sAdhanA thii| yadyapi saiddhAntika dRSTi se jainoM ne varNa aura jAti kI jI bhara kara nindA kI thI lekina phira bhI vyavahAra meM vaha jAti-pAMti ke bandhanoM

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240 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti se apane Apako sarvathA mukta nahIM kara pAye the|| unhoMne jAti Arya aura jAti juMgita arthAt jugupsita, karma Arya aura karma juMgita tathA zilpa Arya aura zilpa jaMgita meM bheda batAkara UMca nIca kA saMstaraNa kiyA hai| 2 phika kI to yaha mAnyatA hai ki buddha sudhAravAdI nahIM the| unhoMne jAti unmUlana ke lie vacana yA karma kisI se bhI prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| vaha to kevala udAravAdI kahe jA sakate haiN| cArlsa iliyaTa ke anusAra buddha ne yadyapi anya jAtiyoM kI apekSA brAhmaNa janma se UMce haiM isa bAta se inkAra kiyA thA kintu jAti ke viruddha kucha nahIM kahA thaa| ___ yadyapi jaina sAhitya meM kSatriyoM kI apekSA brAhmaNoM ko nimna ThaharAyA gayA hai phira bhI samAja meM brAhmaNoM kA sthAna UMcA thaa| isI kAraNa jaina sUtroM meM brAhmaNoM sambandhI avadhAraNAoM meM virodhAbhAsa pAyA jAtA hai| jaina sUtroM meM samaNa (zramaNa) tathA mAhaNa (brAhmaNa) zabda kA kaI sthaloM para sAtha sAtha ullekha yaha darzAtA hai ki donoM kA hI samAja meM samAna rUpa se Adara thaa| yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki mahAvIra ko jainasUtroM meM mahAgopa, mahAsArtha mAhaSeNa maimayA : matimAna mAhaNa, mAhaNa aura mahAmANa' kaha kara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| nizItha cUrNi meM kathana hai ki brAhmaNa svarga meM devatA ke rUpa meM nivAsa karate the| prajApati ne isa pRthvI para unheM devatA ke rUpa meM hI utpanna kiyaa| ataeva jAti mAtra se sampanna ina brahma bandhuoM ko dAna dene se mahAna phala kI prApti hotI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne janma kI apekSA karma para adhika bala diyA hai| jaina sUtroM meM karmaniSTha brAhmaNa kA Akalana kiyA gayA hai jo caritra ke sabhI utkRSTa guNoM se sampanna haiN|0 brAhmaNoM ke vizeSAdhikAra aura kartavya yadyapi saiddhAntika dRSTi se mahAvIra aura buddha ne sabhI vargoM ko samAna sthAna pradAna kiyA kintu vyAvahArika dRSTi se brAhmaNoM ko vizeSAdhikAra prApta thaa| rAjA unheM apane Azraya meM rakhate the aura unakI AjIvikA kA prabandha karate the| caudaha vidyAoM meM pAraMgata kAzava nAmaka brAhmaNa kauzAmbI ke jitazatru nAmaka rAjA kI sabhA meM rahA karatA thaa| usakI mRtyu ho jAne para usakA sthAna dUsare brAhmaNa ko de diyA gyaa|42 __brAhmaNoM ke pAramparika kartavyoM para kalpasUtra ke isa dRSTAnta se acchA prakAza par3atA hai ki jaba brAhmaNI devanandA ne nidrA meM caudaha zubha svapna dekhe taba usane pati ko inake viSaya meM btaayaa| taba RSabhadeva ne prasannatA vyakta karate hue kahA ki unake nau mAha sAr3he sAta dina bAda sarvAMga zubha lakSaNoM se yukta putra hogA jo ATha varSa ke uparAnta yuvA hone taka cAroM vedoM Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda aura

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 241 atharvaveda paMcamaveda itihAsa purANa tathA SaSTamaveda nighaNTu ko aMgoM, upAMgoM aura rahasya sahita kaNThastha kara legA, unakA artha jAnegA aura smRti meM rkhegaa| vaha sATha paryAyoM ke darzana, sAMkhya kA vijJa, gaNita meM niSNAta, bhASA, kalpa, chanda, rahasya, nirukta aura vyAkaraNa tathA jyotiSavid hogaa| vaha khagolazAstra kA paNDita sAtha hI brahmavidyA va yati vidyA kA jJAtA hogaa| dharmazAstra ke anusAra brAhmaNa ke cha: pradhAna kartavya the-yajana yAjana, adhyayana adhyApana, dAna aura prtigrh| kintu yathArtha meM aneka brAhmaNa na purohita the na aacaary| kucha prazAsakIya kAryoM meM adhikRta the aura kucha jamIMdAra athavA kSudra kisAna aura daridra karmakAra the| brAhmaNoM ko adhikAMzata: AdhyAtmika vRtti kA samajhA jAtA thaa| jaina grantha uttarAdhyayana ne karmaniSTha brAhmaNa kA citra isa prakAra kiyA hai ki jo saMyoga meM prasanna nahIM hotA, viyoga se khinna nahIM hotA, Arya vacana meM ramaNa karatA hai, jo pavitra hai, abhaya hai, ahiMsaka hai, acauryavRtti hai, brahmacArI hai, anAsakta hai, gRhatyAgI hai, akiMcana hai, vahI brAhmaNa kahalAtA hai| jainAgamoM kI TIkAoM meM ullekha hai ki bharata cakravartI brAhmaNoM ko pratidina bhojana karAte the| kAkiNI ratna se cinhita kara unheM dUsarI jAtiyoM se pRthaka kara diyA thaa|46 rAjA dAnamAna se unake prati Adara vyakta karate the| pATaliputra ke nandarAjAoM ne brAhmaNoM ko bahutasA dhana dekara unake prati Adara vyakta kiyA thaa| jana sAmAnya bhI brAhmaNoM kA sammAna karate the|48 janma maraNa Adi avasaroM para brAhmaNoM kI pUcha hotI thI aura bhojana Adi se unakA satkAra kiyA jAtA thaa| kintu bauddha jAtakoM ke yuga meM saMhitA kI dRSTi se brAhmaNoM ko vizeSAdhikAra nahIM the aura na hI unake prati sahiSNutApUrNa dRSTikoNa pracalita thaa| brAhmaNoM meM yajJa kA pracalana thaa| zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt apane vihAra ke samaya mahAvIra ne campA ke eka brAhmaNa kI agnihotra vasahI meM cAturmAsa vyatIta kiyA thaa| brAhmaNa svapna pAThaka hote the| brAhmaNa zubha aura azubha dina aura muhUrtoM kA pratipAdana karate the| khattiya (kSatriya) jaina sUtroM meM kSatriyoM kI prabhutA kA varNana hai| kalpasUtra ke anusAra zakra ne brAhmaNI devanandA ke garbha se mahAvIra ke bhrUNa ko kSatriyANI trizalA ke garbha meM sthAnAMtarita kara diyA thaa| trizalA ne zizu ke rUpa meM mahAvIra ko janma diyaa|54 TI0DablyU0 rAisa DeviDasa ke anusAra usa samaya brAhmaNoM kI ucca sthiti svIkAra nahIM kI jAtI thii| kintu aisA ucita pratIta nahIM hotaa| bauddha grantha

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242 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti pAcitiya ke anusAra rAjA saMskArapUrvaka kSatriya kula meM se cunA jAtA thaa| rAjA puruSoM meM sarvaprathama samajhA jAtA thaa| apane bhujabala dvArA kSatriya deza para zAsana karane kA adhikAra rakhate the| rAjA aura unake parivAra jana aneka vyasana karate the jaise mRgayA, chUta, pAna, strIsaMga tathA yuddh| kucha kSatriya AdhyAtmika jIvana kI paryeSaNA karane ke pazcAt saMsAra tyAga kara siddha ho gaye the, jaise ugra, bhoga, rAjanya, jJAtR aura ikSvAkukSatriya kul| ___ uttarAdhyayana ke nami-zakra samvAda se kSatriya ke kartavyoM para acchA prakAza par3atA hai| nami ke putra ko rAjya sauMpa kara muni bana jAne para mithilA meM kolAhala A jAtA hai aura zakra unase Agraha karate haiM ki nami pahale parakoTA, burja vAle nagaradvAra, khAI aura zatadhI00 yantra banavAyeM phira muni bneN| prasAda, vardhamAnagRha 2 aura candrazAlAeM banavAyeM aura phira muni bneN| baTamAroM, prANaharaNa karane vAle luTeroM, girahakaToM aura coroM kA nigraha kara nagara meM zAnti sthApita kreN| jo rAjA samakSa nahIM jhukate unheM vaza meM kareM, pracura yajJa kareM, zramaNa brAhmaNa ko bhojana karAye, dAna deM, bhoga kreN| cAMdI, sonA, maNi-motI, kAMse ke bartana, vastra, vAhana aura bhaNDAra kI vRddhi kareM phira muni bana jaaeN| gahavai (vaizya) AgamakAla meM vaizyoM ko gahavai arthAt gRhapati nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| yadyapi isa zabda kI sArthakatA utanI nahIM rahI thii| vaizya samAja kA sabase sampanna aura samRddha aMga the jinakA artha vyavasthA para gaharA niyantraNa thaa|67 jainasUtroM meM aise aneka gRhapatiyoM kA ullekha hai jo samaNopAsaka zramaNopAsaka the|68 buddha aura mahAvIra ke kAla meM hI bhAratIya saMskRti sarvaprathama dravya ke yuga meM avatIrNa ho rahI thii| Arthika jIvana ke drutaparivartana ne nae vargoM ko janma tathA gRhapatiyoM ke utkarSa meM yogadAna diyaa| inameM se kucha kRSaka the| jo sarvAdhika sampanna the vaha zreSThi the, jinheM pUMjIpati bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| choTe udyogadhandhoM ke lie yaha pUMjI aura zrama donoM pradAna karate the| udyoga, kRSi aura vANijya tInoM para inakA adhikAra thaa| vaNiyagrAma ke dhanasaMpanna bhUmipati Ananda gRhapati ke pAsa aparimita hiraNyasuvarNa, gAya-baila, ghor3A, gAr3I, vAhana Adi the| pArAsara kRSi karma meM kuzala hone ke kAraNa 'kisI pArAsara' arthAt kRSi pArAzara nAma se vikhyAta thaa| vaha cha: sau haloM kA svAmI thaa|" kuiyaNNa yA kuvikarNa ke pAsa bahuta sI gAeM thii|2 gosaMtI kuTumbI ko amIroM kA svAmI kahA gayA hai| usakA putra apanI gAr3iyoM ko ghI ke ghar3oM se bharakara campA meM becane ke lie jAtA thaa|4 bharata cakravartI kA gRha ratna sarvaloga meM prasiddha thaa| vaha vividha dhAnyoM kA utpAdaka

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 243 thaa| usake ghara saba prakAra ke dhAnyoM ke hajAroM kumbha bhare rahate the| isa prakAra yaha yuga zreSThiyoM kA yuga thaa| kintu smaraNIya hai ki yahI zreSThi usa yuga ke saMnyAsa parAyaNa zramaNa sampradAyoM ke poSaka the| yaha zramaNoM kA Adara sammAna karane ke sAtha hI unheM bhojana, vastra aura AvAsa pradAna karate the tathA samaya-samaya para unheM dAna dete the|" jahAM samAja apane AdhyAtmika utkarSa ke lie zramaNoM kA mukhApekSI thA vahIM yaha zramaNa abAdhita sAdhanA ke lie tathA pUrNa ahiMsA va aparigraha ke pAlana ke lie dharma tathA dharma ke samyak pracAra va prasAra ke lie isa dhanika zrAvaka varga kA apekSI thaa| isa prakAra samAja kI do viruddha dharmaka pravRtti tathA nivRtti dhArAoM meM anUThA tAratamya dikhAI detA hai| isake atirikta zreSThI janopayogI kArya bhI karate the-jaise pAThazAlAoM kA nirmANa, udyAnoM kA nirmANa aadi| nanda rAjagRha kA eka prabhAvazAlI zreSThi thaa| jisane bahuta sA dhana vyaya karake puSkariNI kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| vidvAnoM ke eka varga kA Agraha hai ki jaina dharma aura bauddha dharma ke abhyudaya meM zreSThiyoM kI anukUlatA eka sahayogI kAraNa thaa| kintu yaha Agraha pUrNatayA aprAmANika hai| jaina tathA bauddha dharma svabhAvata: nivRttiparaka sampradAya the jinakI dhana se rAgAtmakatA amAnya hai| yadyapi zreSThiyoM ne zramaNa sampradAya kI sahAyatA kI kintu ina sampradAyoM ke tatkAlIna udbhava se zreSThivarga kA udbhava anivArya sambandha rakhatA thA yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hai| brAhmaNa varNa vyavasthA ke antargata bhI vaizyoM kI sthiti tInoM vargoM ke Arthika AdhAra hone ke kAraNa bahupratiSThita thii|80 kintu apanI sampannatA ke prati sahajAta vRtti ke kAraNa ina gRhapati vaizyoM kI jainasUtroM meM nindA bhI kI gayI hai tathA inheM atyanta adhArmika svabhAva, AcaraNa aura caritra vAle vyakti kahA gayA hai| jo apanI AjIvikA raktaraMjita hAthoM se kamAte haiN| hiMsA karate haiM, krUra haiM, chala, chadma, pAkhaNDa aura ADambara se yukta haiM tathA svabhAvata: rizvata lete dete haiN|82 tathA galata mApa tola ke bAMToM kA prayoga karate haiM tathA apane bhRtakoM aura dAsoM se yAtanApUrNa amAnavIya vyavahAra karate haiN| bhautika sukhoM ke adhIna haiM tathA mAtA-pitA va nikaTatama sambandhI pati, patnI, putravadhu ke bhI sage nahIM haiN|84 zUdra Arambha se hI hIna dazA meM rahate Aye haiN| mahAvIra aura buddha ne unakI dazA sudhArane kA amita yatna kiyA, lekina phira bhI varNa aura jAti sambandhI pratibandha dUra nahIM kiye jA ske| Agama kAla meM zUdroM kI dazA atyanta zocanIya thii| jaina sAhitya meM aspRzya samajhe jAne vAle mAtaMga aura cANDAloM kI carcA milatI

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244 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti hai| jAti jugupsitoM meM pANa, Domba aura morattiya kA ullekha hai| mAtaMgoM ko jAti kA kalaMka samajhA jAtA thaa|6 samAja vyavasthA meM nyAya kI pratiSThA sadA hI mUlyavAna hai jisakI mAMga hai sAmAjika samatA kintu varNa vyavasthA, samatA dene meM asamartha rhii| samatA kA Adarza vidhAnAtmaka na hokara anivArya naitika mUlya hai aura isIlie sAmAjika nyAya yA dharma kI arthavattA lie hai kintu brAhmaNa paramparA ne isa pariprekSya meM ise sArthaka nahIM kiyaa| uttarAdhyayana meM citta aura sambhUta nAmaka do mAtaMga dArakoM kI kathA AtI hai| donoM rUpavAna the tathA gaMdharva vidyA meM nipuNNa the| eka bAra madanamahotsava ke avasara para donoM bhAiyoM kI TolI gAtI bajAtI banArasa meM hokara nikalI, jisane sabhI ko mugdha kara diyaa| lekina brAhmaNoM ko bahuta IrSyA huii| pariNAmata: citta aura sambhUta ko jAtivAda kA sahArA lekara bahuta yAtanA dI gii|87 ___pANoM ko cANDAla bhI kahA jAtA thaa| yaha gRhavihIna AkAza kI chAyA meM nivAsa karate the|88 yaha pramukha rUpa se zmazAna meM murde Dhone kA kAma karate the|89 jallAda prAyaH isI varga meM se hote the| DomoM ke kacce ghara hote the, ve gIta gAkara aura sUpa Adi banAkara apanI AjIvikA calAte the| unheM kalahazIla, roSa karane vAle aura cugalakhora batAyA gayA hai| yaha kiSika vAdyoM ke cAroM ora tAMta lagAte aura vadha sthAna ko jAne vAloM ke Age bAje bajAte the| sovAga zvapaca kuttoM kA mAMsa pakAkara khAte aura tAMta kI bikrI karate the| varur3a rassI baMTakara AjIvikA calAte the| jaina grantha satrakRtAMga meM cANDAla kI gaNanA zabara, draviDa kaliMga aura gandhAroM ke sAtha kI gayI hai| harikeza aura luhAroM kI bhI jAti jugupsitoM meM ginatI kI gayI hai|2 jAti jugupsitoM ko aspRzya mAnA jAtA thaa| kyoMki yaha jAtiyAM mukhyata: zikArI aura baheliye ke rUpa meM jIvana bitA rahI thIM aura inakI tulanA meM brAhmaNa samAja ke loga dhAtukarma aura kRSi kA jJAna rakhate the tathA nagara jIvana kA vikAsa kara rahe the| bauddha sAhitya meM ina jAtiyoM ke hIna saMskAra aura tajjanya unakI durAvasthA kA varNana ina zabdoM meM kiyA gayA hai- "yadi vaha mUr3ha, manuSya kI kokha se janma letA hai to vaha nIca jAti ke ghara jAtA hai, jaise cANDAla, niSAda, veNa, rathakAra aura pukks| inakA punarjanma ghumakkar3a aura akiMcana ke rUpa meM abhAvagrasta jIvana bitAne ke lie hotA hai| inheM peTabhara bhojana aura vastra zAyada hI mila pAtA hai|''94 karma aura zilpa se jugupsita spRzya jAtiyoM meM mayUra poSaka, kukkuTapoSaka, naTa, laMkha, vyAghra, mRgalubdha, vAgurika, zaukarika, macchImAra, rajaka Adi karmajugupsita tathA carmakAra, paTave, nAI, dhobI Adi kI zilpa jugupsitoM meM gaNanA kI gayI hai| bauddha granthoM meM bar3haI aura bhaMgI kA kArya hIna koTi kA samajhA jAtA thaa| nalakAra bAMsa kA kAma karane vAle kumbhakAra, pesakAra bunakara cammakAra

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 245 aura nahApita yA hajjAma pAMcoM vyavasAyoM ko hIna koTi kA batAyA gayA hai| eka bauddhagrantha meM luddhAcAra khuddAcAra ti vAkyakhaNDa kA prayoga zUdra kAryoM ke nirdhAraNa ke lie kiyA gayA hai| jisakA Azaya hai ki zUdra vaha hai jo zikAra aura anya hIna karma dvArA jIvana nirvAha karate haiN| jaina granthoM meM bhI vRSala gRhadAsa janmajAta dAsa aura hIna kula meM utpanna adhama vyakti jaise zabdoM kA prayoga usI rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai jisa rUpa meM kuttA, cora, Dakaita, Thaga, makkAra Adi ko dutkArA jAtA hai| dharmasUtroM se zUdravarNa ke rahana-sahana para prakAza par3atA hai| zUdra se apekSita thA ki vaha utAra pheMke gaye jUte, chAte, vastra aura caTAI kA istemAla kre|100 jAtaka kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki cUhe dvArA kATa kara cithar3e banAye gaye vastra inheM diye jAte the|10| yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki buddhadeva ke netRtva meM cala rahe eka sAdhu samAja ke pIche-pIche pAMca sau vyakti jUThana khAne ke uddezya se jAte the| 02 vasiSTha dharmasUtra kI eka kaMDikA meM zUdroM ke lakSaNa isa prakAra batAye gaye haiM : cugalI khAnA, asatya bolanA, nirdayI honA, chidrAnveSaNa karanA, brAhmaNoM kI nindA karanA aura unake prati nirantara vaira bhAva rkhnaa|103 jisase saMketa milatA hai ki zUdra tatkAlIna varNavyavasthA ke prati aura vizeSakara Adarza varNa netA brAhmaNoM ke prati zatrutA kA bhAva rakhate the|104 antata: vicAraNIya viSaya hai ki isa kAla ke dhArmika sudhAra Andolana ne zUdroM kI sthiti ko kahAM taka prabhAvita kiyaa| jahAM taka dhArmika uddhAra kA sambandha hai bauddha dharma ne na kevala cAroM vargoM ke lie apanA daravAjA kholakara unheM saMgha meM praveza karake bhikSu banane kI anumati dI105 apitu cANDAloM aura pukkusoM ko bhI nirvANa prApti ke yogya bnaayaa|106 isa prakAra zUdroM ke saMgha praveza se brAhmaNoM dvArA chIne gaye zikSA ke adhikAra unheM punaH mila ge| buddhadeva ke vicArAnusAra koI bhI vyakti cAhe vaha kisI bhI jAti kA kyoM nahIM ho, adhyApaka bana sakatA hai| kahA gayA hai ki adhyApaka zUdra, caNDAla yA pukkusa hI kyoM na ho usakA Adara kiyA jAnA caahie|107 bauddha dharma kI manovRtti kA eka vizeSa udAharaNa jAtaka kathA meM milatA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki eka brAhmaNa ne caNDAla se jAdU sIkhA kinta lajjAvaza use garu nahIM svIkAra karane ke kAraNa vaha jAda bhUla gyaa|108 Arambha meM jaina dharma ne bhI sabhI vargoM ke sadasyoM ko saMgha praveza kI anumati dI aura cANDAloM ke utthAna kA bhI prayAsa kiyaa|109 mahatvapUrNa hai ki mahAvIra kI prathama ziSyA dAsI thI jo bandI banA kara lAI gaI thii|110 uttarAdhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki hariSeNa jo janma se sovAga zvapAka caNDAla thA, eka brAhmaNa ke yajJa parisara meM gayA aura brAhmaNa ko usane tapasyA, sAdhu jIvana, samyak ceSTA, Atma nigraha, zAnti aura brahmacarya kA upadeza diyaa|

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246 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti prAcIna jaina sAdhu brAhmaNoM ke viparIta,112 nimnavarga ke parivAroM, jinameM bunakara bhI sammilita the|13 kA anna grahaNa karate the| isI prakAra bauddha bhikSu tathA bhikSuNI cAroM vargoM ke parivAroM meM anna mAMgane jAte the athavA nimantraNa milane para unake ghara jAkara bhojana kara sakate the|114 sAmAnya dhAraNA thI ki dhana aura zakti ke atireka se janamAnasa gRha tyAga karate the||15 phalata: nimnavarga ke loga ghara nahIM tyAgate the| kintu tathya isake viparIta haiN| jainAgama ke anusAra saMnyAsa dhAraNa ke kAraNoM meM akiMcanatA, asvasthatA, Akasmika krodha aura apamAna Adi bhI the|16 sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki bahudhA jaina sAdhuoM kI AlocanA isI AdhAra para kI jAtI thI ki jo zramaNa ho jAte haiM, vaha adhamAdhama koTi ke kAmagAra hote haiM; ve apane parivAra kA bharaNa poSaNa karane meM asamartha hote haiM; vaha hInajAti aura hInakoTi ke tathA akarmaNya hote haiN||17 zramaNoM kI nirantara bar3hatI saMkhyA se samAja asantulita hone lagA thA tathA gRhasthoM ko vaha bojha lagane lage the| ataH isa pravRtti ko rokane ke lie aise vicAroM kA prasAra kiyA gayA ki jo dukhI vyakti dUsaroM se bhojana prApta karane ke uddezya se sAdhu banegA use agale janma meM suara bananA par3egA jo pheMke gaye jUThana kI khoja meM ghUmatA phiregaa||18 udAra svAmI dAsoM ko yadA-kadA prasanna hokara mukta bhI kara dete the||19 bauddhagrantha ke anusAra bimbisAra ke rAjya kAla meM saMgha ko rAjA kI ora se vizeSa surakSA prApta thii| yadA kadA bandI, cora, kor3e se pITe jAne kA daNDa prApta krazAhata vyakti RNI aura bhAge hue gulAma bauddha dharma kI zaraNa meM cale jAte the aura abhiSikta ho jAte the| 20 jaba aise mAmaloM kI ora buddha kA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA gayA taba aise vyaktiyoM ke saMgha praveza ko rokane ke lie niyama banAye gye| koI dAsa dAsatva se mukta hue binA tathA RNI RNazodhana kiye binA saMgha praveza nahIM kara sakatA thaa||2| jaina saMgha meM bhI Dakaita, rAjA ke zatru, RNI, anucara, sevaka aura aise vyakti jinakA balAta dharma parivartana kiyA gayA ho saMgha meM pravrajyA nahIM pA sakate the| 22 kAraNa spaSTa thA ki bauddha tathA jaina saMgha una tatvoM ko prazraya nahIM denA cAhate the jinake kAraNa saMgha kI mAnahAni hotI, lokapriyatA ko AghAta pahuMcatA tathA samAja aura rAjya kA virodha sahanA pdd'taa| yaha bhI iSTakara nahIM samajhA jAtA thA ki bahuta bar3e zramika varga ko saMgha meM lekara sAMsArika kartavyoM se vimukha kara diyA jaaye||23 kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa kAla ke atyanta zakti sampanna rAjavaMzoM meM se eka zUdra utpatti kA thA aura zUdroM ne nicalI gaMgAghATI meM sarvocca sattA prApta kara rakhI thii||24 kintu yaha vivaraNa usa sImA taka hI prAmANika mAne jA sakate haiM jisa sImA taka nandoM ko hInakula kA batAyA gayA hai| isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki rAjanItika sattA zUdra samudAya ke hAtha calI gayI thii| kyoMki koI bhI aisA tathya nahIM hai jo yaha pramANita kara sake ki nandavaMza ke

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 247 utthAna se zUdroM kI azaktatAeM samApta ho gayI thiiN| 125 dAsoM kI krAnti kA eka mAtra udAharaNa vinayapiTaka meM milatA hai aura yaha atisAmAnya prakAra kI thii| 126 eka bAra kapilavastu ke zAkyoM ke dAsa niyantraNa se bAhara ho gaye tathA bhikSuoM ko bhojana arpita karane gaI upAsikAoM se chInAjhapaTI kI tathA satItva bhaMga kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ApattikAla meM bhI vahAM tInoM dvija varNa zastra dhAraNa kara sakate haiN| zUdroM ko isa vizeSAdhikAra se vaMcita kiyA gayA hai| 127 isase spaSTa hai ki niyama banAne vAle ke mana meM aisI Akasmika sthiti kI kalpanA rahI hogI jaba zUdra balapUrvaka varNa kI sImAoM ko tor3ane kA prayAsa kreNge| 28 yadyapi kapilavastu ke dAsoM kI sAmAnya krAnti ke atirikta isa prakAra ke prayAsa kA koI anya dRSTAnta nahIM hai phira bhI vasiSTha ke niyama se AbhAsa hotA hai ki ucca varNoM ke logoM ko AzaMkA thI ki zUdroM para jo azaktatAeM lAdI gayI haiM unake calate kahIM vaha vyApaka vidroha na kara baittheN| 129 sAmAjika darzana jaina AcAryoM ne yadyapi jaina zramaNoM ko aisI AcAra saMhitA dI thI tathA aisA dizA nirdeza diyA thA ki zramaNa yA muni kI samAja para nyUnatama nirbharatA rahe phira bhI apane zrAvakoM tathA anya gRhasthoM kI AdhyAtmika utkRSTatA ke AdhAra para avahelanA nahIM kI thii| vaha zrAvakoM kA mUlya bhalI bhAMti jAnate the ata: vaha isa viSaya meM bhI satata sajaga the ki zramaNoM ko zrAvakoM kI zraddhA va sadbhAvanA hI prApta ho / udAharaNa ke lie bhikSAcaryA ke nimitta muni ko yaha Adeza hai ki vaha zramaNoM, pArzvastha yA anya mata ke sAdhuoM ke sAtha gRhastha ke yahAM bhikSA lene na jAye aura na hI kisI gRhastha ke sAtha usI gRhastha ke yA anya ke ghara meM jaaye| kyoMki bahuta bAra gRhastha itane sAdhuoM ko eka sAtha bhikSA dene kI sthiti meM nahIM ho sakatA hai athavA vaha dene kA anicchuka ho to bhI lajjA yA dabAva ke kAraNa use denA par3atA hai| 3deg isase sAdhu ko to asaMyama doSa lagatA hI hai kintu gRhastha athavA zrAvaka kI sadbhAvanA bhI asadbhAvanA meM badala jAtI hai| kaI bAra usa para adhika Arthika bhAra par3a jAtA hai aura sAdhu kA isa prakAra Agamana antarmana meM khIjha paidA kara sakatA hai| jaina sAdhu saMcita tathA aneSaNIya AhAra grahaNa nahIM karate the kintu anya pantha ke sAdhu ke sAtha bhikSA lene para unheM pAkhaNDI va DhoMgI samajha kara unakI isa prakAra nindA kI jA sakatI hai, ki yaha sAdhu anya sAdhuoM ke sAtha milakara ekAnta meM aneSaNIya va saMcita AhAra bhI milabAMTa kara khA lete haiN| 31 isase zrAvakoM ko sAdhuoM ke AcAra para duHzaMkAeM ho sakatI haiM tathA unake ghara meM sAdhuoM ke kAraNa

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248 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vAda-vivAda va kleza bhI ho sakatA hai / 1 32 apane bhojana ko anya pantha ke sAtha baiThakara khAne para gRhasthoM kA jaina muniyoM se vizvAsa haTa sakatA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki jaina AcArazAstra meM isa bAta kI atyanta satarkatA rakhI gayI hai ki muni kA AcAra samAja kI tathA gRhastha zrAvakoM kI dRSTi meM asandigdha rahe tathA unakI chavi ujjvala banI rhe| isI prakAra muni ko Adeza hai ki jahAM gAya kA dohana ho rahA ho yA AhAra paka rahA ho taba sAdhu usa samaya bhikSA ke lie vahAM na jaaye| 33 kyoMki yadi gAya duhane ke samaya muni vahAM pahuMce aura gAya sAdhu ke veza se Dara jAye to duhane vAle gRhastha ke coTa laga sakatI hai aura yaha socakara aba isa muni ko bhI dUdha denA par3egA vaha jhallA kara bachar3e ke hisse kA bhI dUdha nikAla legaa| isa prakAra apratyakSa rUpa meM sAdhu kI upasthiti gRhastha ko hiMsA ke lie uksaayegii| isI prakAra yadi vaha AhAra pakane ke samaya pahuMca gayA to gRhastha ko bhojana pakA lene kI AturatA hogI tathA isase agnikAyika jIvoM kI virAdhanA hogii| jaise bhramara eka hI phala se rasa na lekara aneka puSpoM se thor3A-thor3A letA hai aura phUla kA saundarya nahIM bigAr3atA vaisI hI tRpti muni ko gRhastha dvArA bhikSA lekara karanI caahie| na to vaha itanA grahaNa kare ki gRhastha kA parivAra bhUkhA raha jAye aura na hI itanA ki muni ke lie puna: pkaaye| yadi bhikSArtha gayA muni gRhastha kA ghara kaNTakazAkhA se banda dekhe to binA pUrvAnumati usameM praveza na kare / 134 kyoMki - ( 1 ) yadi koI strI andara snAna kara rahI ho to sAdhu ko dekha kruddha ho sakatI hai, (2) gRhasvAmI Aveza meM muni ko apazabda kaha sakatA hai, (3) kisI vastu ke khAne kA doSAropaNa muni para ho sakatA hai, evaM (4) pazu Adi andara Akara gRhastha kI hAni kara sakate haiN| yadi kisI zrAvaka ke dvAra para pahale se hI zAkyAdi bhikSu athavA zramaNa khar3e hoM to jaina muni unakA ullaMghana karake Age na jAye kyoMki ullaMghana karake Age jAne se zrAvaka ke mana meM yaha viparIta bhAvanA A sakatI hai ki yaha kaisA muni hai, isameM itanA bhI viveka nahIM ki pahale khar3e vyakti ko lAMgha kara khAtA hai| usake mana meM yaha bhI A sakatA hai ki sabako Ane ke lie merA ghara phAlatU lagatA hai| yadi gRhastha bhaktivaza pahale jaina muni ko degA to anyadharmI gRhastha ko pakSapAtI kaheMge aura gRhastha kA mana khinna ho jAyegA / 35 isase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki usa yuga meM sabhI gharoM meM saba taraha ke bhikSuoM ko dAna dene kI paramparA nahIM thI / bahuta se vyakti bahuta se bhikSuoM ko binA kucha diye khAlI hAtha bhI lauTA dete the| bhikSA ke lie jAne vAlA sAdhu yaha dhyAna rakhe ki vaha ghara ke dvAra athavA navanirmita dIvAra ko na pkdd'e| snAna ghara ke sammukha khar3A na ho tathA dIvAra kI

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 249 sandhiyoM se zarIra ko Upara-nIce karake na dekhe, na kisI ko dikhaaye| caMcalatA tathA capalatA tyAga kara sthira rhe| kyoMki yadi dvAra yA dIvAra jIrNa huI to Dhaha jAyegI aura gRhastha kI Arthika kSati hogI tathA sthAna asurakSita ho jaayegaa| dIvAroM kI sandhi se dekhane tathA snAna ghara ke sammukha khar3e hone se unake caritra para zaMkA kI jaayegii||36 yahI nahIM yadi use gRhastha bhojana na de to bhI vaha khinna hokara kaThora vacana na kahe kyoMki isa para gRhastha sAmUhika rUpa se sabhI zramaNoM kA bahiSkAra kara sakate haiN| yadi zrAvaka ko kisI bhI prakAra kA kaSTa ho to muni vahAM bhikSA kI yAcanA na kre||37 yadi gahastha ke pAsa sAjhe kA ghara ho aura mani ko Azraya kI AvazyakatA ho to sAjhe ke ghara meM usake svAmiyoM meM se eka kI bhI Apatti ho to muni usa makAna meM na tthhre||38 kyoMki isa prakAra usa gRhastha ko muni dvArA usakI sampatti adhigrahIta kara lene kA bhaya ho jAyegA aura vaha rAjA ke samakSa nyAya ke lie jA sakatA hai yA pravAda phailA sakatA hai| muni gRhastha se lAye saMstAraka ko bhI yatanapUrvaka svaccha karake lauTAe tAki punaH kisI sAdhu ko dene kI dazA meM use koI Apatti na ho| isI prakAra yadi kisI naukA ke lie gRhastha ko dhana denA par3e yA muni ke lie nae sire se use Arambha karanA par3e to muni usa naukA meM kadApi na baiThe tAki gRhastha kabhI bhI muni ko bhAra svarUpa na smjhe||39 yadyapi jaina muni jaina zrAvakoM se vyavahAra yatanapUrvaka karate the tAki saMgha ke donoM ghaTakoM pravRttimAna aura nivRttimAna meM sauhArda samanvaya banA rahe kintu satya to yaha hai ki siddhAntata: yaha donoM ghaTaka avirodhI aura paraspara pUraka the| prazna uThatA hai ki zrAvaka vaiyaktika sukhabhoga ke pratIka the aura muni naitika Adarza ke? eka kA mArga indriyamUlaka aura dUsare kA buddhimUlaka phira vaha avirodhI kaise hue? kintu isa samasyA kA nirAkaraNa jJAna mImAMsA se hotA hai jisameM jJAnagata dvaita asvIkRta hai| bhoga aura nIti kA virodha bhI tabhI taka rahatA hai jaba taka bhoga kI vyAkhyA vyaktiparaka ho| vastutaH sAmAjika bhoga ke lie karma niHsvArtha hokara naitika bana jAtA hai| yahI naitikatA kA sAra hai| yahI samAja darzana hai| saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyAM 1. RSabhadeva eka parizIlana, pR0 3 / 2. utpAditAstrayo varNAH tadA tenaadiveghsaa| kSatriyAH vaNijaH zUdrAH kssttraannaadimirgunnaiH| mahApurANa, 183/16/3621 paravartI vijJoM ne avazya usa para kucha likhA hai - athavA brAhmaNa-kSatriya-vaizya-zUdra bhedAt tatra-brAhmaNA, brahmacaryeNa, kSatriyAH zastrapANayaH kRSikarmakarA vaizyAH shuudraaprekssnnkaarkaaH|

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250 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 3. -kalpalatA samayasundaragaNi, pR0 1991 uttarAdhyayana, 25/31 (dazavaikAlikaH uttarAdhyayana, lADanUM), pR0 177 : tulanIya - bhagavadgItA jahAM guNa aura karma ke AdhAra para hI cAturvarNoM kI utpatti mAnI gaI hai - cAtarvarNyamayA saSTaM guNakarmavibhAgazaH - bhagavadagItA. 4/131 4. uttarAdhyayana, 25/31: vipAkasUtra 5, pR0 33: AcArAMga niyukti 19/27: bauddha granthoM meM bhI cAroM varNa ullikhita haiN| mahApurANa, 243/16/368--isa prasaMga meM ullekhanIya hai ki vargoM kI yaha utpatti AdipuruSa ke aMgoM se mAnakara jaivIya tathA daivIya utpatti ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahI siddhAnta Rgveda ke puruSasUkta, mahAbhArata tathA anya paravartI vaidika sAhitya se prApta hotA hai| tula0 - brAhmaNoM asyamukhamAsId / bAhu rAjanyaH kRtH| uru tadasyayad vaizyaH zUdrA: padamyAM ajaayt|| Rgveda, 10/90/121 6. mahApurANa, 244/16/368 : dra0 RSabhadeva eka parizIlana, pR0 861 7. vaizyAzca kRSi vANijya pAzupAlyopajIvitA: - mahApurANa, 184/16/362 / 8. vahI, 245/16/3681 jaina sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 2231 10. triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra, 1/6/241 / 11. brAhmaNa paramparA meM yajJopavIta upanayana kA pratIka thA aura deva, pitR aura RSi kI smRti dilAtA thaa| 12. bhagavatIsUtra, 15/1/557 : uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 25/31 : vivAgasUtra 5: AcArAMga niyukti 19-27 : Rgveda, puruSa sUkta 90 : manu 1/31 : bhagavadgItA 4/13 : mahAbhArata zAntiparva, 12/60/2 : dra0 buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 233 : DAyalAgsa oNpha buddha, 1/ 148: vinayapiTaka 11/4/1601 13. sTaDIja ina dI bhagavatI sUtra, pR0 1461 14. bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa, pR0 398 tulanIya - cAturvarNya mayAsRSTaM gunnkrmvibhaagshH| - bhagavadgItA, 4/13 / aise aneka bauddha evaM jaina sAkSya haiM jinase jJAta hotA hai ki bauddha evaM jaina saMgha meM praveza karate samaya vyavahAra meM ucca jAti ko prAthamikatA dI jAtI thii| dra0 phika ricArDa, sozala lAipha ArgenAijezana ina nArtha IsTa iNDiyA ina buddhAja TAima, pR0 31-321 16. nizItha cUrNi pIThikA 487 kI cUrNi (jinadAsagaNi mahatara) upAdhyArA kavi amara muni tathA muni kanhaiyAlAla, aagraa| 17. brAhmaNoM asyamukhamAsId - Rgveda 10/90/121 18. brAhmaNa ko sAkSI mAnakara agni ko, gaMgAjala ko athavA gAya ke gobara ko hAtha meM lekara sAkSI bhI dI jA sakatI thI aura zapatha yA praNa bhI kiyA jA sakatA thaa| - zAmazAstrI, arthazAstra-61 19. AcArAMga (esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22), 2/17-18 pR0 189 tathA kalpasUtra (esa0bI0I0 ji0 22), 2/17-18 pR0 2251 tulanIya bauddhagrantha, nidAnakathA - jahAM para aisA hI ullekha hai ki buddha khattiya aura mAhaNa nAma kI UMcI jAtiyoM meM hI paidA hote haiM, nIcI jAtiyoM meM nhiiN| yahAM bhI cAra varNoM meM kSatriyoM kA nAma pahale liyA gayA hai| dra0 lalita vistAra, pR0 31 /

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 251 20. rAisa DeviDsa : buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 311 21. vAjasaneya saMhitA, 38/19: kAThaka saMhitA, 28/5 : meM bhI kSatriyoM ko, brAhmaNoM se zreSTha kahA gayA hai| vasiSTha (brAhmaNa) aura vizvAmitra (kSatriya) meM kisakI jAti zreSTha hai vicAraNIya viSaya bana gayA thaa| dra0 jI0esa0 ghurye, kAsTa eNDa resa ina iNDiyA, pR0 63 Adi tathA ratilAla mehatA, buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 37-38 / 22. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 6/2 tathA chAndogya upaniSad, 5/3 / 23. chAndogya upaniSada, 5/11 tathA vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 2/1 24. bhagavadgItA rAjarSi paramparA kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karatI hai - zrI bhagavadgItA, 9/33: uttarajjhayaNANi sAnuvAda, 18/50, pR0 232 / 25. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 20 / 26. dra0 sTaDIja ina dI orijinsa Apha buddhijma, pR0 313-14 : tathA pAdaTippaNa 251 27. "egodhijjAio paNDitamANI sAsaNaM khisati''-Avazyaka cUrNi (jinadAsagaNi) pR0 496 tathA paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, nizItha eka adhyayana, pR0 831 kintu vyAvahArika dRSTi se hama isake viparIta hI pramANa pAte haiN| yadi brAhmaNoM ko yathArtha meM ghRNA aura zatrutA ke kAraNa dhikjAti samajhA jAtA to mahAvIra unheM saMgha meM gaNadhara jaise uccapada para AsIna nahIM karate jabaki unake pramukha gyArahoM gaNadhara brAhmaNa kulotpanna the| udAharaNa ke lie nAma jAti gotra sthAna gautama brAhmaNa " gobaragrAma indrabhUti agnibhUti bhAI vAyubhUti kyitA suhammA mandiya moriyaputra akampiya ayalamaya majjA pramAza kollakasaMniveza vaizyAyana moriya saMniveza bhAradvAja agni vasiSTha kAsava gautama haraAyaNa koNDiNya mithilA saMniveza kauzala saMniveza tuMgIya saMniveza rAjagRha jaikobI esa0bI0 I0 ji0 22, pR0 286-87 tathA hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 771 28. dra0 rAisaDeviDsa, buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 37-38 / 29. uttarAdhyayana, 12/29,441. uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke harikezIya nAmaka isa adhyayana meM harikeza nAmaka cANDAla muni kI kathA hai| eka bAra vaha kisI brAhmaNa ke yajJa maNDapa meM gae jahAM unhoMne vAstavika yajJa ke yaha lakSaNa batAye haiM- "vAstavika agni tapa hai, agni sthAna jIva hai, zruvA cammacanumA lakar3I kA pAtra jisase Ahuti dI jAtI hai mana, vacana aura kAya kA yoga hai, karISa kaNDe

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252 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kI agni zarIra hai, samidhA karma hai, homa saMyama hai aura yoga zAnti hai, sarovara dharma hai aura vAstavika tIrtha brahmacarya hai| 30. vahI 25/29 tathA AcArAMga AtmArAmajI prathama dra0 9/4/17, pR0 734-351 bauddhasAkSyoM se tulanA ke lie dra0 dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 163-641 dhammapada 393 dra0 bhAratIya nIti zAstra, pR0 661 31. dI sozala ArgenAijezana ina nArtha IsTa iNDiyA ina buddhAja TAima, pR0 30-31 / haTana kA vicAra hai ki buddha ne jAtiprathA ko lagabhaga naSTa kara diyA thaa| dra0 kAsTa ina iNDiyA, pR0 1171 kintu isa vicAra ko anya vidvAnoM ne asvIkRta kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha I0 je0 thAmasa, hisTrI Apha buddhisTa thaoNTa, pR0 110, iliyaTa, hinduijma eNDa buddhijma, 1, pR0 22: dra0 dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 15 / 32. bauddhoM meM bhI apane hI vaMza meM vivAha karake rakta ko zuddha rakhane kA prayatna hai| dra0 phika, pUrvokta, pR0 52 / tu0 ghurye, kAsTa eNDa resa ina iNDiyA, pR0 661 33. dra0 ghurye, kAsTa phAra klAsa eNDa AkyUpezana, pR0 70-71 / 34. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 163 / / 35. AcArAMga cUrNi jinadAsa gaNi pR0 93 : tu0 saMyuktanikAya, samaNa brAhmaNa sutta 2 nAlandA dezI pATha granthamAlA, banArasa, 1959 pR0 Adi 4, pR0 234 tathA 5 pR0 1 / 36. sUtrakRtAMga esa0bI0I0, ji0 45,9/1 pR0 301, tu0 milinda prazna hindI anu0 pR0 274 meM buddha ko brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai| mahAvagga nA0 de0 gra0 1956 pR0 4 tathA udAna esa0bI0I0 ji0 8 pR0 5: AcArAMga AtmArAma jI mahArAja ludhiyAnA 193, prathama zru0 9/4/17 pR0 7351 37. upAsakadazAMga, 7 pI0 ela0baidya, pUnA 1930 pR0 551 38. nizItha cUrNi 13, 4423 / sUtrakRtAMga esa0 bI0I0, ji0 45, pR0 417 meM ullekha hai ki vedAntI yaha mAnate the ki snAtakoM ko bhojana karAne se svarga kI prApti hotI hai| tu0 hajArA, purANika rikArDsa oNna hindU rAiTsa eNDa kasTamsa, pR0 2581 39. uttarAdhyayana. 25/2933 aadi| bauddhoM ne bhI isa prakAra ke vicAra vyakta kiye haiN| unake anasAra janma aura jAti ahaMkAra paidA karate haiM. gaNa hI sabase zreSTha hai| isa loka meM dharmAcaraNa karane para sabhI varNa devatAoM kI duniyA meM eka ho jAte haiN| suttanipAta, 1,7: 3,9 phika, pUrvokta, pR0 29, majUmadAra, kAraporeTa lAipha ina enzenTa iNDiyA, pR0 354-631 uttarAdhyayana, 25/11-451 40. uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45, a0 25, 20-29, pR0 138-391 41. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 163 / 42. nizIthabhASya, 13,4423 tathA AcArAMgacUrNi, pR0 182 / uttarAdhyayana 25/6-8 meM brAhmaNoM ko zakunipAraga kahA gayA hai| zakunI arthAt caudaha vidyAsthAna jo isa prakAra haiM - cAra veda Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda aura atharvaveda cha: aMga zikSA, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, jyotiSa, chaMda aura kalpa tathA mImAMsA, nyAya, purANa aura dhrmshaastr| 43. kalpasUtra (esa0bI0I0), ji0 22, pR0 220-21 / 44. phika, pUrvokta kalakattA 1920 pR0 222: dra0 govinda canda pANDe, bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 22 / 45. uttarAdhyayana ke paccIsaveM adhyayana meM unnIsaveM zloka se battIsaveM zloka taka brAhmaNoM ke

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 253 lakSaNoM kA nirUpaNa hai| aTThAisa se ikkIsa ke atirikta pratyeka zloka ke anta meMtaM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM, aisA pada hai| isakI tulanA dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga 36 veM, suttanipAta ke vAseta 35 ke 245veM adhyAya se kI jA sakatI hai| dhammapada ke brAhmaNavarga meM nau zlokoM ke atirikta sabhI zlokoM kA antima pada tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM, hai / inameM kauna brAhmaNa hotA hai aura kauna nahIM isakA sundara vivecana kiyA gayA hai / antima niSkarSa yahI hai ki brAhmaNa janmanA nahIM hotA karmaNA hotA hai| isI prasaMga meM tulanIya, mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, a0 245 | isameM chattIsa zloka haiN| isameM sAta zlokoM ke antima caraNa meM taM devA brAhmaNaM vidaH aisA pada hai| isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura brAhmaNa tInoM sAkSyoM meM brAhmaNa viSayaka avadhAraNA meM Azcaryajanaka samAnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| 46. Avazyaka cUrNi, pR0 213 aadi| 47. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 3, pR0 571 48. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 163 / 49. uttarAdhyayana TIkA- 131 50. ratilAla ena0 mehatA, prI buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 249 / 51. uttarAdhyayana, adhyAya 25 | 52. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0, ji0 45, pR0 220-211 53. vahI, ji0 22, pR0 2251 54. isI viSaya meM eka dUsarI paramparA bhI hai jisake anusAra mahAvIra trizalA hI ke garbha meM Aye aura unhIM se janma grahaNa kiyaa| isakI vyAkhyA tIna prakAra se kI jA sakatI hai- (1) yaha ghaTanA brAhmaNoM ko nIcA dikhAne ke lie bAda meM jor3I gaI ho, (2) kRSNa kI taraha mahAvIra ke jIvana ko camatkAramaya banAne ke uddezya se gar3hI gaI ho evaM (3) garbhApaharaNa kI ghaTanA vAstavika hai| garbha kI jaivika prakriyA ke sthUla siddhAnta se yaha spaSTa hai ki puruSa ke vIrya se hI strI meM mAnava nirmANa kI prakriyA Arambha hotI hai| yadi hama yaha svIkAra kara leM ki mahAvIra RSabhadatta dvArA devanandA ke garbha meM Aye to siddhArtha aura trizalA kA mahAvIra ke viSaya meM mAtra yaha dAya raha jAtA hai ki trizalA ne unakA poSaNa kiyA cAhe garbha ke rUpa meM yA navajAta zizu ke rUpa meM / siddhArtha kA koI bhI dAya isa dRSTi se mahAvIra ke janma dene meM nahIM hrtaa| dUsarA prazna yaha uThatA hai ki trizalA ne devanandA ke garbha kA poSaNa kyoM svIkAra kiyaa| koI strI yaha dAyitva tabhI svIkAra kara sakatI hai jaba vaha svayaM zizu ko janma dene meM asamartha ho / yadi yaha mAnA jAye ki trizalA ke santAna nahIM hotI thii| isalie usane sampoSaNa kA dAyitva svIkAra kiyaa| taba anusandhAtA ke samakSa eka anya kaThinAI utpanna hotI hai ki vardhamAna mahAvIra kA bar3A bhAI nandivardhana kauna thA ? yadi vaha trizalA kA beTA thA to usake bAda mahAvIra ko trizalA dvArA santAnahIna hone ke kAraNa poSaNa kI yuktisaMgata nahIM rhtii| yadi mahAvIra vaya: meM nandivardhana se choTe nahIM the to vaha bAta samajha meM nahIM A sktii| arthAt mahAvIra ke sampoSaNa taka trizalA ke koI putra nahIM thA isalie unhoMne devanandA ke putra ko svIkAra kiyaa| bAda meM svayaM usake putra utpanna ho gyaa| niSkarSa rUpa meM hameM do meM se eka ko cunanA hogA - (1) mahAvIra yadi devanandA ke garbha meM Aye to vaha RSabhadatta aura devanandA ke hI putra the / trizalA aura siddhArtha ke nhiiN|

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254 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti (2) yadi trizalA aura siddhArtha ke putra the to trizalA hI ke garbha meM Aye the| dra0 DA0 gokulacanda jaina, "tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA jIvana aura virAsata", tulasIprajJA, apraila-jUna 1975, pR0 31-32 / isake atirikta bhI eka sambhAvanA hai ki RSabhadatta eka kalpita nAma ho aura mahAvIra kI mAtA devanandA tathA pitA siddhArtha hI hoM kintu mAtA ke kSatrANI na hone se use nandivardhana kI apekSAdAya kama milane kI sambhAvanA dekhate hue svayaM siddhArtha ne use trizalA kA putra ghoSita karA diyA ho / 55. buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 31,37, 381 sAhitya meM brAhmaNoM ko hIna jaccako kahA gayA hai| udAharaNa jAtaka 5/2571 56. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 166-671 57. pAcittiya, pR0 2131 58. manu, 8 / 2/81 59. dra0 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 2281 60. eka bAra meM sau vyaktiyoM kA saMhAra karane vAlA yantra / 61. uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0, ji0 45, pR0 371 62. vRhatsaMhitA, 53/36 meM ullikhita tathAkathita sarvazreSTha gRha / 63. uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0 Iga0, ji0 45, pR0 38 1 64. tu0 prajAnAMrakSaNaM dAnamijyA adhyayanameva ca / viSayeSavaprasaktizca kSatriyasya smaasktH|1 manusmRti, 1/89, prajA kI rakSA karanA, dAna denA, yajJa karanA, paDhanA, viSaya meM Asakti nahIM rakhanA, saMkSepa meM ina karmoM ko kSatriyoM ke lie batAyA gayA hai| 65. uttarajjhayANi sAnuvAda, 9/46, pR0 1161 66. mahAvagga, adhyAya 9, olDanabarga kI mAnyatA thI ki gRhapati vaizya kA paryAya mAnA jA sakatA hai| dra0 hisTrI Apha dI iNDiyana kAsTa sisTama anuvAda esa0 jI0 cakalAdAra: iNDiyana enTIkverI ji0 XLIX, pR0 1920, pR0 228 tathA enalsa Apha bhaNDArakara orienTala risarca insaTITyUTa, pUnA 1934, pR0 681 67. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 229 / 68. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 21 / 69. dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 1671 70. ratilAla mehatA, pUrvokta, pR0 2211 71. uttarAdhyayana TIkA zAntisUri, bambaI 1902, ji0 2, pR0 45 / 72. Avazyaka cUrNi, pR0 441 73. gRhapatiyoM ko ibhya, zreSThI aura kauTumbika nAma se bhI kahA gayA hai| inheM rAjaparivAra kA aMga mAnA jAtA thaa| aupapAtika sUtra, 27, phika, pUrvokta pR0 2561 74. vahI, pR0 297 75. Avazyaka cUrNi, pR0 197-98 / 76. malAlasekara, DikzanarI Apha pAlI propara nemsa, ji0 291 77. sampUrNa jaina Agama udAharaNa ke lie AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana tathA kalpasUtra Adi isa bAta ke utkRSTa pramANa haiM ki zramaNoM ko bhojana, vastra tathA AvAsa kisa prakAra gRhapatiyoM se prApta hotA thaa| isa viSaya meM zramaNa tathA zramaNiyoM kI AcAra saMhitA manthana yogya hai| go boddhagranthoM meM ullikhita aMga ke meNDaka, kauzala ke anAthapiNDaka tathA kozAmbI ke ghoSaka nAmaka dhanADhya zreSThi jinhoMne saMgha ko ArAma, vihAra tathA svarNa

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 255 mudrAeM dAna meM dI thiiN| jaina zrAvakoM ke viSaya meM vistAra ke lie dra0 jayaprakAza siMha, AspekTsa Apha arlI jainijma eja nona phrAma epIgrAphsa, pR0 271 78. jJAtRdharmakathA, 13 sa0 ena0vI0 vaidya, pR0 141 / 79. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 21 / 80. pazUnAM rakSaNaM dAnamijyAadhyayanameva c| vaNikyadhaM kusIdaM ca vaizyasya kRssimevc|| - manusmRti, 1/901 81. sUtrakRtAMga esa0bI0I0 ji0 45, pR0 3731 82. vahI, 2/2/621 83. vahI, 2/2/62-63 / 84. vahI, 2/2/64-651 85. udAharaNa ke lie jaina tathA bauddha saMgha kA dvAra binA kisI bhedabhAva ke mahAvIra svAmI tathA gautama buddha ne sabake lie khola diyaa| kintu saMgha vistAra ke sAtha saiddhAntika AdhAra to vahI banA rahA kintu vyavahAra meM saMgha praveza ke lie jAtIya AdhAra para prAthamikatA dI jAne lgii| kAlAntara meM digambara jaina saMgha meM zramaNoM ko zUdra jala parityAga kA vrata dilAyA jAne lgaa| itanA avazya thA ki inake saMghoM meM praveza karane se pUrvaM jAti yA kulInatA artha rakhatI thI kintu saMgha praviSTa hone para jAti apanA artha, mUlya aura svarUpa kho detI thii| vastuta: Aja bhI jaina saMgha meM praviSTa vyakti ko jAti sambandhI upAdhi se nahIM jAnA jAtA apitu usake AdhyAtmika paryAya se upalabdha AcArya, sAdhaka. sAdhvI jaisI upAdhi se jAnA jAtA hai| saiddhAntika dRSTi se jaina abhI bhI yahI svIkAra karate haiM ki saMgha meM praviSTa sabhI sadasya vyakti yA vyaktigata cetanA haiM jAti nahIM kintu sAtha hI sAtha zUdroM ke samAnatA ke avasara ko bAdhita karane ke lie unhoMne aisA niyama banA rakhA thA ki saMgha kA niyamita sadasya banane ke lie sAdhanA kI nyUnatama yogyatA Avazyaka hai tAki saMgha AcAra ko pAla ske| isa nyUnatama yogyatA ke AdhAra para hI adhikAMzataH zUdra ayogya mAna lie jAte the| adhika vistAra ke lie dra0 phika, pUrvokta, pR0 30-33; ghurye, kAsTa klAsa eNDa AkyUpezana, pR0 70-71: cArlsa iliyaTa, hindUijma eNDa buddhijma-1,221 86. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnuvAda, pR0 156 tathA uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 13, pR0 186, dra0 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR02321 87. uttarajjhayaNANi, a0 13, Amukha, pR0 156 / / 88. anta:kRddazA, 4, pR0 22 tu0 manusmRti, 10/50 jahAM kahA gayA hai ki ina varNa saMkara jAtiyoM ko caityadruma grAma ke samIpa prasiddha vRkSa zmazAna, parvata aura upavanoM meM apanI AjIvikA ke kArya karate hue rahanA caahie| zUdroM ke lie prAya: anArya tathA mleccha zabda bhI prayukta huA hai| jisameM mleccha kI gaNanA meM varavara, saravara aura pulindra nAmaka jAti AtI thI tathA anArya sAr3he chattIsa pradeza se bAhara rahane vAle the| 89. dra0 AcArAMga esa0bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 137-38 / 90. anta:kRddazA, 4, pR0 22 / 91. nizIthacUrNi, 4/1816 kI cuurnni| 92. sUtrakRtAMga esa0bI0I0, ji0 45,2/271. 93. uttarAdhyayana esa0bI0I0, ji0 45, a0 12/1 pR0 50 yahAM harikeza ko cANDAla kahA gayA hai|

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256 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 94. phika, pUrvokta, pR0 3241 95. majjhima nikAya - III na lAbhI annarasa pANassa, pR0 169 70 tathA aMguttara nikAya - II, pR0 851 96. vyavahArabhASya, 2/37:3/921 97. hArnara, dI eja Apha Disiplina-1, anuvAda saikreDa buksa Apha dI buddhisTa meM AI bI0 hArnara dvArA ji0 11, pR0 1751 98. vinayapiTaka, ji0 4,6 saM0 eca0 olDanavarga, anu0 AIbI0 hArnara - saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa buddhisTa, yadyapi upAli nAmaka hajjAma bhikSu bana gayA thA phira bhI bhikSuNiyAM use hInakula meM utpanna kaha kara nindita karatI thIM jisakA pezA logoM kA sira dabAnA aura gaMdagI sApha karanA thA 'kasavato malabhajjano ni hIna jacco', To 3081 99. dIrghanikAya, 3, 951 100. AcArAMgasUtra : tu0 dIrghanikAya, pR0 92-93 101. gautamadharmasUtra, 58, jIrNAnyUnapAnacchattavAsaH kUrcAni / dvijAti kI sevA, kRSi, pazupAlana va zilpa tathA vArtA zUdra kA pAramparika adhikAra thA / dra0 arthazAstra zAmAzAstrI, saM0 6, a0 3, pR0 71 102. jAtaka, 1, pR0 3721 103. vinayapiTaka olDana varga-1, pR0 2201 104. vasiSTha dharma sUtra, 24 / dIrghaveramasUyA cAsatyaM brAhmaNadUSaNaM, paizUnya nirdayatvaM ca jAnIyAta zUdralakSaNam // 105. dra0 zUdroM kA prAcIna itihAsa, pR0 1241 106. majjhimanikAya, 1, pR0 211: / / pR0 182-84: saMyukta nikAya, -1, 99, vinayapiTakaII, pR0 239, aMguttara nikAya, pR0 202 : dIrgha nikAya - III, pR0 80-87 ullekhanIya hai ki mahAvIra ne bhI apane zramaNoM se kahA ki dharma kA upadeza jaisA sampanna ko do vaisA hI tuccha ko do, jaisA tuccha ko do vaisA hI sampanna ko do / AyAro, 2/174: dra0 jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 102 | 107. jAtaka, III, pR0 194, 4, pR0 3031 108. vahI, pR0 2001 109. vhii| 110. uttarajjhayaNANi sAnu0 a0 11 / 111. lAipha eja DipikDeDa ina jaina kainansa, pR0 1071 112. uttarAdhyayana, a0 12 / 113. Apastamba dharmasUtra-II, 8 / 18 / 2 : baudhAyana dharmasUtra - II, 2 / 3 / 1 / vasiSThadharmasUtra 14,2,4 114. AcArAMgasUtra - II, 1, 2,21 115. vinayapiTaka, III, 184-85: pR0 80, 1771 116. bosa, sozala eNDa rurala ikAnaoNmI Apha nArdarna iNDiyA, 2, pR0 4231 117. ThANAMga, 10, 712 : parijunA, rogiNI tIA, rosA aura aNADhitA pavvajjA / 118. sUtrakRtAMga-II, 2/541 119. vahI, 7/251 120. sAlmasa Apha dI bretharena, 17, pR0 21-22 121. kArabhedako coro- coro kasAhate kadaNDa kammako iNAmiko- dAso / vinayapiTaka, 1, -

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samAja darzana evaM samAja vyavasthA * 257 pR074-761 122. dIrgha nikAya,1,51 123. ThANAMga-III, 202: sozala lAipha eja DaipikTeDa ina dI arlI jaina kainansa, pR0 194 / 124. zUdrA kA prAcIna itihAsa, pR0 1201 125. rAya caudharI, arlI hisTrI Apha vaiSNava saikTa, pR071| 126. zUdroM kA prAcIna itihAsa, pR0 971 127. vinayapiTaka, pR0 181-82 / sAkiyadAsa kA avaruddhA honti - sAkiyaniyo acchidimisu c| 128. baudhAyana dharmasUtra-II, 2/4/18 AtmatrANe varNasaMvarge - vasiSTha dharmasUtra,III, 24-25: dra0 phuharara, vasiSTha dharmasUtra kI prastAvanA, pR0 5 / 129. tu0 vesTaramanna, dI sleva sisTamsa Apha grIka eNDa romana enTikviTI, pR0 37: grIkoM aura romanoM ke yuddha meM dAsoM se yoddhA kA kAma nahIM liyA jAtA thaa| 130. rAmazaraNa zarmA, zUdroM kA prAcIna itihAsa, pR0 1251 131. AcArAMga sUtra, AtmArAma jI mahArAja,II, 1/1, pR0 754-56 / 132. vhii| 133. vhii| 134. vahI, 1/4, pR0 8121 135. vahI, 1/5, pR0 829-301 136. vahI, pR0 8391 137. vahI, pR0 843-441 138. vahI, pR0 8601 139. vhii|

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adhyAya 6 rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa prAcIna bhArata meM rAjanIti zAstra ko rAja dharma, rAjya zAstra, daNDa nIti Adi nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| inameM se rAja dharma va rAjya zAstra nAma isalie diye gaye haiM ki usa samaya nRpatantra yA rAjatantra sAmAnyataH pracalita thA va isalie zAsana zAstra ko rAja dharma yA rAjya zAstra kA nAma denA svAbhAvika thaa| daNDa nIti yaha nAmAbhidhAna bhI samajhane meM kaThina nahIM hai| aneka rAjanIti zAstrI bhI rAjasattA kA antima AdhAra daNDa yA balaprayoga samajhate the| yadi rAjyasattA aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa na degI to samAja meM mAtsya nyAya yA arAjakatA zurU ho jAyegI, daNDa ke bhaya se hI loga nyAya patha kA anusaraNa karate haiN| jaba saba loga sote haiM taba TaNDa jAga kara unakA rakSaNa karatA hai| daNDa hI dharma hai aisI bhAratIya zAstroM kI dhAraNA thii|' pAli granthoM meM daNDa zabda kA prayoga ThakammaTha zabda se huA hai| jainasUtroM meM bhI yaha zabda isI artha meM prayukta huA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM pApa ke teraha kAraNoM meM se prathama pAMca kA anuvAda jaikobI ne daNDa samAdAna ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| yahAM daNDa tIna prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM-deha daNDa, vAka daNDa tathA mnodnndd| kintu Avazyaka yaha hai ki daMDa kA prayoga sAvadhAnI se kiyA jaaye| sAmAnyata: hindU rAjya zAstra kI yahI bhAvanA hai| kauTilya ke anusAra yadi rAjA kar3A daNDa de to loga usase dveSa kreNge| yadi bahuta kama daNDa de to vaha usakA Adara nahIM kreNge| yadi vaha ucita mAtrA meM diyA jAye to janatA sukhI rhegii| samAja kI pragati hogI va rAjA kA Asana sthira rhegaa| kauTilya ke anusAra yaha dhAraNA ucita nahIM hai ki daNDa se logoM ke mana meM

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 259 bhaya utpanna hotA hai| aparAdhI ko daNDita hote dekha kAnUna se calane kI pravRtti svabhAvataH utpanna hotI hai jisake phalasvarUpa daNDa prayoga karanA bhI samAja meM Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| isase na kevala vyakti kA apitu samAja kA bhI kalyANa hotA hai / uzanasa ke anusAra sabhI nIti rAjanIti para nirbhara haiN|' manu ne daNDa dene vAle vyakti ko rAjA nahIM mAnA kintu daNDa ko hI zAsaka samajhA hai | " aisI paristhiti meM zAsakoM ke kartavya va samAja ke kalyANa ko batAne vAle zAstra ko daNDanIti nAma denA sarvathA upayukta hai| somadeva racita nIti vAkyAmRta tathA hemacandra racita laghvarhannIti nAmaka do paravartI jaina granthoM meM rAjanIti zAstra ke viSaya meM jaina dRSTikoNa kA vivecana prApta hotA hai| ye donoM grantha mahAvIra dvArA mAgadha rAjA bimbisAra ko diye gaye upadeza kA sAra prastuta karane kA dAvA karate haiN| ina granthoM ke avalokana se yahI pratIta hotA hai ki arthazAstra ke mAnya siddhAnta jaina AcAryoM ko bhI sAmAnyataH svIkArya the aura isa prasaMga meM unakA kevala vizeSa Agraha yaha thA ki rAjA jaina dharma meM zraddhAlu ho tathA yathAsaMbhava niSpakSa evaM nyAyI ho aura yuddha se bacane kA prayAsa kre| ve bhI yaha nahIM kahate ki rAjya ke niyamoM kA anupAlana binA logoM ko daNDa diye calAyA jA sakatA hai athavA yaha ki yuddha kadApi nahIM karanA caahie| ina kAryoM meM hiMsA aparihArya hai kintu rAjakArya ke saMdarbha meM inase sarvathA bace raha pAnA kaThina hai| hiMsA kA sarvathA parihAra kevala mithakIya yugoM meM saMbhava thA / ' mahAvIra kAlIna rAjanItika sthiti bhagavatI sUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke samaya bhArata meM rAjanItika sthiti bikharI huI thii| kisI eka zaktizAlI rAjA kA Adhipatya nahIM thaa| bhAratavarSa bahuta se svatantra rAjatantrIya athavA arAjatantrIya rAjyoM meM baMTA huA thaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM solaha mahAjanapadoM kI sUcI prApta hotI hai, jo isa prakAra haiM- aMga, magadha, malaya, mAlavaka, accha (rikSa), vaccha (vatsa), koccha kaccha(kautsa), pAda pANDya, lADha (rADha) (pazcima baMgAla), vajja vajji (videha), molI malla (pAvA) tathA kuzInArA, kAzI, kosala, avAha abhI taka samIkaraNa nahIM ho pAyA tathA saMmuntara sumahottara / " lagabhaga yahI sUcI kiMcita parivartana ke sAtha bauddhagrantha aMguttara nikAya meM prApta hotI hai| 12 isa sUcI ke anusAra solaha mahAjanapada kI gaNanA isa prakAra hai- kAzI, kosala, aMga, magadha, vajji (vRjji), malla, cetiya (cedi), vaMza (vatsa) kuru, pAMcAla, maccha (matsyajayapura), zUrasena (mathurA), assaka (azmaka) avanti, gandhAra tathA kamboja / donoM hI sUciyoM meM aMga, magadha, vatsa, kAzI tathA kosala ke nAma prApta hote

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260 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti haiM kintu bhagavatIsUtra meM ullikhita mAlavaka aura molI bhinna haiM jinakA samIkaraNa aMguttara nikAya ke avanti aura malla se kiyA jA sakatA hai| 3 yaha mahAjanapada videha ke patana ke pazcAt vajjisaMgha ke utkarSa tathA mahAkosala dvArA kosala ke sAmrAjya meM kAzI meM vilaya ke pUrva ke haiN| mahatvapUrNa rAjanItika ghaTanAeM isa samaya kI rAjanIti kI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA catuSkoNIya 14 saMgharSa hai jisameM kAzI, kosala, magadha tathA vajji ke mahatvAkAMkSI zAsaka uttarapUrvI bhArata para apanA rAjanItika Adhipatya tathA sAmrAjya kI pratiSThA sthApita karanA cAhate the| vajjisaMgha kI sainyazakti uttara bhArata meM vaizAlI rAja ceTaka ke netRtva meM vikasita ho rahI thii| rAjA ceTaka apane mitroM ke sAtha saMgaThita thA jinameM nau mallakI, nau licchavI tathA kAzI, kosala va unake aTThAraha gaNarAjA sammilita the|'' dUsarI ora jhagar3e meM aguA rahane vAlI magadha kI rAjazakti thI jisakA pradhAna videhaputra kuNika ajAtazatru thA jo ki apanI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha se magadha ke prasAra aura svayaM ke abhyutthAna meM nirata thA / " jainagrantha kalpasUtra" tathA sUtrakRtAMga " se jJAta hotA hai ki magadha sAmrAjya kA sAmanA karane ke lie licchaviyoM ne pUrA prayAsa kiyA va mitrarAjyoM ke sAtha milakara saMgaThana banAyA jisase magadha sAmrAjya kA niyantraNa kiyA jA sake kintu phira bhI uttara pUrvI bhArata meM zakti saMtulana sthApita na ho sakA / mahatvAkAMkSI sAmrAjyavAdI zAsakoM ke bIca do aitihAsika yuddha hokara rahe jo mahAzilAkaNTaka" saMgrAma tathA rathamUsala saMgrAma 20 ke nAma se jJAta haiN| yaha donoM yuddha mahAvIra bhagavAna ko jJAta the| ina donoM yuddhoM se magadha, vaizAlI, kAzI tathA kosala ke madhya antarrAjyIya sambandhoM tathA yuddha kI prakRti va prakAra para prakAza par3atA hai| yuddha ke eka dRzyAnusAra kuNika ne yaha jAnakara ki vajjisaMgha se bhayAnaka mahAzilAkaNTaka saMgrAma zurU ho gayA hai apanI senA ko turanta pramukha hAMthI udAyina ko sajAne tathA caturaMgiNI senA ko jisameM padAti, hAthI, ratha aura ghur3asavAra the sajAne kA Adeza diyaa| usake Adeza ke sAtha hI senA ne turanta prayANa kiyA va takanIkI vizeSajJoM dvArA taiyAra kiye vyUha meM senA baMTa gayI va druta gati se sampUrNa senA ke yuddha meM pravRtta hone kI sUcanA rAjA ko de dI gyii| isake pazcAta rAjA kuNika ne dhArmika saMskAra kiyA aura caturaMgiNI senA tathA anya padAdhikAriyoM jaise bhATa, caTakAra Adi ke sAtha mahAzilAkaMTaka saMgrAma kI ora

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 261 prasthAna kiyaa| rAjA kuNika ne yuddha bahuta bahAdurI se lar3A aura nau mallakiyoM, nau licchavI, kAzI-kosala aura unake aTThAraha gaNarAjAoM kI saMyukta senA ko eka dizA se dUsarI dizA kI ora khdedd'aa| isa saMgrAma meM jitane bhI hatAhata hue yA kAlakavalita hue unameM yahI nAda kiyA ki vaha mahAzilA se mAre gaye isIlie isa yuddha ko mahAzilA kaNTaka saMgrAma kahA gyaa| isa yuddha meM caurAsI lAkha vyakti mAre gaye kintu yuddha meM kuNika kI vijaya nirNAyaka vijaya nahIM thii| 22 mahAzilAkaNTaka yuddha anirNAyaka rahane ke kAraNa zIghra hI dUsarA mahAyuddha rathamUsala saMgrAma" Arambha ho gayA jise mahAzramaNa mahAvIra ne jAnA aura yAda kiyaa| yaha yuddha magadharAja kuNika tathA nau mallakI va nau licchaviyoM ke bIca huA jisameM mallakI aura licchaviyoM ke saMgaThana kA netRtva vaizAlI kA pratApI rAjA ceTaka kara rahA thA kintu isa dUsare mahAsaMgrAma meM kAzI kosala va aTThAraha gaNarAjAoM kA ullekha prApta nahIM hotaa| aba kI bAra kuNika yuddha maidAna meM caturaMgiNI senA ke sAtha to AyA hI sAtha hI nayA vidhvaMsaka yuddhAstra lekara aayaa| mahAzilAkaMTaka ke samAna hI usane apanI kuzala senA ke sAtha nau mallakI aura nau licchaviyoM kI senA ko eka dizA se dUsarI meM khdedd'aa| rathamUsala eka aisA ratha thA jisameM eka bahuta bar3A mUsala jur3A thaa| ise hara dizA meM daur3AyA jisase apAra janahAni huI tathA eka kalpa 24 taka ke lie usane zatruoM kA pUrNa unmUlana kara diyA tathA yuddhabhUmi ko rakta kI kIca se sIMca ddaalaa| isa yuddha meM chiyAnaveM lAkha vyaktiyoM ne jAna se hAtha dhoye aura kuNika ne zatruoM ko bhayAnaka parAjaya dii| zramaNopAsaka nAgaputra varuNa jo ki vaizAlI kA pramukha nAgarika thA, use rAjA ke Adeza, gaNa tathA pariSada ke Adeza tathA senA ke Adeza mile ki vaha rathamUsala saMgrAma meM zatru ke viruddha bhAga le / use apane rAjya ke AjJApatra ke samakSa jhukanA par3A tathA apanI sazastra senA jisameM aneka gaNapramukha tathA rAjapUta sImA rakSaka the, ke sAtha yuddha ko prayANa kiyA / usane yuddha meM svayaM AkramaNa na karane kI nIti kA pAlana kiyaa| zatru ke tIra se burI taraha Ahata hone para usane turanta yuddha bhUmi ko chor3a diyA tathA apanI antima sAMsa ekAnta bhUmi meM nirgranthamata kI zikSAoM ke anusAra lii| 25 kintu ina do mahAsaMgrAmoM jisameM ceTaka kI adhInatA meM itanI bar3I yuddha saMdhi karake mallakI aura licchavIgaNa Aye kA mUla kAraNa kyA thA isa viSaya para sUtrakRtAMga, kalpasUtra aura bhagavatIsUtra tInoM mauna haiN| jainagrantha niryAvalisUtra ke anusAra isa mahAna saMgharSa kA kAraNa prasiddha hAthI seyAMga secanaka thA jo ki bahuta camakIlA thA tathA jisake gale meM aTThAraha lar3a

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262 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kA muktAoM kA hAra thA jo rAjA seNiya bimbisAra 27 magadharAja dvArA apane choTe putroM halla aura behalla ko jo ki usakI rAnI cellaNA ke putra the upahAra meM de denA thaa| cellaNA rAjA ceTaka kI putrI thI / kuNika ne jaba pitA kI gaddI para adhikAra jamA liyA aura zaktizAlI adhipati bana gayA taba patnI ke ukasAne para usane apane bhAiyoM se donoM upahAra vApisa maaNge| choTe donoM bhAiyoM ne pitA ke upahAra ko vApisa karane se inkAra kara diyA aura usI samaya bhAgakara apane nAnA ceTaka ke yahAM zaraNa le lii| ceTaka dvArA donoM zaraNArthiyoM tathA upahAra ke zAntipUrvaka tarIke se vApisa nahIM lauTAne para rAjA kuNika ne ceTaka se yuddha kI ThAna lii| 28 AjIvaka sampradAya ke netA makhaliputta gozAla ne bhI ina yuddhoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jaina sUtroM se jJAta hotA hai ki makhaliputta kI mRtyu se solaha varSa pazcAt jaba mahAvIra kA parinirvANa huA usa samaya bhI magadha ke viruddha mallakI tathA licchavI ke gaNarAjyoM ke saMgha bane hue the| ina saMghIya rAjyoM ne mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke upalakSya meM dIpaka jalAye the | 29 gaNarAjya vyavasthA jaina sUtroM meM prAya: gaNa zabda kA ullekha huA hai| prAyaH gaNa kA abhiprAya gaNatAntrika prajA se hI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM licchavi evaM zAkya Adi aneka zaktizAlI gaNatantra rAjya the / vajji gaNatantra meM nau licchavi aura nau mallakI tathA kAzI aura kosala ke aTThAraha gaNarAjya sammilita the| kalpasUtra meM ise ThagaNarAyANoTha likhA hai| 30 ataeva vRhadavRtti meM bhI ukta zabda kI vyAkhyA karate hue zAntyAcArya likhate haiM, gaNAmallAdi samUhAH / yoM to rAjyatantra hI prAcIna bhArata kI sarvamAnya saMsthA thI kintu jahAM rAjya tantra nahIM thA vahAM kulInatantra, gaNatantra tathA lokatantra jaisI zAsana vyavasthA thI / " kucha logoM kI mAnyatA hai ki gaNarAjya prAcIna bhArata meM the hI nahIM apitu vaha janajAtIya rAjya the| udAharaNa ke lie mAlavagaNa va yaudheyagaNa kramazaH mAlavA tathA yaudheya ke gaNarAjya nahIM the apitu mAlava va yaudheya janajAtiyAM hone para bhI unake rAjya gaNarAjyIya vyavasthA se zAsita the | 32 gaNa eka nizcita prakAra ke zAsanatantra the jo rAjyatantra se bhinna the| gaNa aisI zAsanasaMsthA the jisameM samprabhutA vyakti meM nihita na hokara gaNa yA samUha meM nihita hotI thii| 34 gaNasabhA meM kevala kSatriya hote the jo rAjanya kahe jAte the| 35 jaina sAdhu ko AgAha kiyA gayA hai ki vaha aise deza meM jahAM rAjA na ho, yA yuvarAja zAsaka ke rUpa meM ho yA do rAjA Apasa meM lar3a rahe hoM yA jo gaNarAjya dvArA zAsita ho meM jAne se bace | 36 jaina sAdhu ke lie varjita kSetroM meM gaNarAjyoM ko

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 263 bhI parigaNita karanA Azcaryajanaka lagatA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vividha kAraNoM se gaNarAjyoM kA patana prArambha ho gayA thA aura unameM arAjakatA, avyavasthA tathA cAritrika apakarSa kI sthiti A cukI thii| zramaNa ko aise sthAna se bacanA cAhie jahAM rAjA na ho yA ekAdhika rAjA ho, yA amanonIta rAjA ho yA dvairAjya ho yA zAsanatantra na ho yA durbala tantra ho kyoMki aise sthAna para ajJAnI prajA sAdhu kA utpIr3ana kara sakatI hai| hiMsA kara sakatI hai| kisI deza kA guptacara samajhakara durvyavahAra kara sakatI hai| spaSTa hai ki usa samaya bhArata meM gaNarAjyoM kI bhI vyavasthA thii|" kAzI aura kosala meM malla aura licchaviyoM kA zAsana thA isase yaha siddha hai ki usa samaya bhI bhArata kaI prAntoM meM vibhakta thA jinameM alaga-alaga zAsakoM kA zAsana thA jo sImAoM kI surakSA athavA vistAra ke lie paraspara lar3ate rahate the| gaNoM kA nizcita vidhAna hone ke kAraNa gaNa kA eka nizcita vaidhAnika artha thaa| bahusaMkhyaka mudrAsAkSya ise pramANita karate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie mudrAoM para yaudheya, mAlava aura ArjunAyana rAjAoM kA nahIM varan unake gaNa kA ullekha hai jo yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki unakA tAtparya jana yA jAti se nahIM apitu gaNa yA lokatantra rAjya vyavasthA se hai jisakI mudrAeM calAyI gyiiN| yUnAnI lekhakoM ne avazya hI bhArata meM prajAtantrIya rAjyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| phika kA mata hai ki grIka lekhakoM dvArA varNita prajAtantra yA svayaMzAsita rAjya choTI-choTI riyAsateM yA nagara rAjya the jo magadha jaise sAmrAjya ke nikaTa raha kara bhI svAyattatA banAye hue the|38 kucha lekhakoM kA kathana hai ki ina rAjyoM ko prajAtantra yA lokatantra kahanA ucita nahIM hai kyoMki inameM sAre adhikAra sAdhAraNa janatA ke hAtha meM nahIM varan eka choTe se uccavarga ke hAtha meM the| yaudheyoM meM zAsanasUtra 5000 vyaktiyoM kI pariSada ke hAtha meM thA jinameM se pratyeka ke lie rAjya ko eka hAthI denA jarUrI thaa| spaSTa hai ki isa rAjya meM uccavarga ke sadasya hI hote the jo eka hAthI dene kI sAmarthya rakhate the| janasAdhAraNa kA rAjya ke zAsana meM koI hAtha na thaa| zAkyoM aura koliyoM ke rAjya meM yahI sthiti thii| isameM sandeha nahIM ki Ajakala prajAtantra aura lokatantra kA jo artha hai isa artha meM to prAcIna bhArata ke yaudheya, zAkya, mAlava aura licchavi gaNarAjya lokatantra nahIM kahe jA skte| Adhunika unnatizIla lokatantra rAjyoM kI bhAMti prAcIna bhArata ke ina gaNarAjyoM meM zAsana kI bAgaDora sAmAnya janatA ke hAtha meM nahIM thI kintu phira bhI inheM hama prajAtantra yA gaNatantra kaha sakate haiN| rAjanIti ke pramANabhUta granthoM ke anusAra prajAtantra rAjya vaha hai jisameM sarvocca zAsana adhikAra rAjatantra kI bhAMti eka vyakti ke hAtha meM na hokara eka samUha gaNa

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264 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti yA pariSada ke hAtha meM ho jisake sadasyoM kI saMkhyA cAhe kama ho yA adhik| isI prakAra pracIna roma, etheMsa, spArTA, kArtheja Adi prajAtantra mAne gaye yadyapi inameM prajAtantra ke saba lakSaNa vidyamAna nahIM the| isa prakAra zAstrIya aura aitihAsika donoM AdhAroM se prAcIna bhAratIya gaNarAjya prajAtantra kahe jaaeNge| ina rAjyoM meM zAsanAdhikAra eka vyakti nahIM apitu eka varga ke hAtha meM thA / licchavi kA gaNarAjya adhika vistRta na hone para bhI usameM 7707 rAjya saMsthApaka ke vaMzajoM rAjA kI padavI kA adhikAra thA / 40 dhIre-dhIre rAjya saMcAlana para kSatriyoM ekAdhikAra ho gayA taba do prakAra ke gaNatantra sAmane aaye| jahAM kevala rAjya saMsthApaka kSatriya vaMzajoM ke hAtha meM sattA thI usa gaNatantra ko rAjaka gaNatantra kahane lge| jahAM sarvakSatriya varga ke hAthoM meM sattA thI usa gaNatantra ko rAjanyaka gaNatantra kahA jAne lgaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki zAntiparva meM eka jagaha gaNatantroM meM saba adhikArI eka jAti ke va eka vaMza ke rahate haiM aisA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / 1 gaNarAjya apanI samarazUratA ke lie prakhyAta the| unake mantrimaNDala ke sabhAsada avazya hI saMkaTa se apane gaNa ke uddhAra kI zakti rakhane vAle dhIra vIra senAnI rahe hoNge| gaNanetA ke lie prajJA, pauruSa, utsAha, anubhava, zAstra aura gaNaparamparA kA jJAna Adi guNoM kI atyanta AvazyakatA thI / 12 gaNAdhyakSa hI mantrimaNDala kA pradhAna aura samiti kA adhyakSa huA karatA thaa| zAsana kArya kI dekharekha ke sAtha hI usakA mukhya kArya gaNa kI ekatA banAye rakhanA aura jhagar3e tatha phUTa kA nivAraNa karanA thaa| jo bahudhA gaNarAjyoM ke nAza ke kAraNa hote the| gaNAdhyakSa ke uttaradAyI pada ke kAraNa hI sambhavata: jaina saMgha ne apane saMghIya prazAsanika adhikAriyoM meM 'gaNi' pada sRjita kiyA jo saMgha meM ekatA banAye rakhane kA prayAsa karatA thaa| gaNi, gaNadhara, gaNavacchedaka gaNavyavasthA ko Adarza mAnakara sRjita kiye gaye pada pratIta hote haiN| jaina sUtroM meM gaNi kA sAmAnya artha gaNa ke adhipati ke artha meM hI huA hai| jisakA gaNa ho vahI gaNi hai gaNoyasya astiti|43 muni zrI nathamala ke anusAra choTe-choTe gaNoM kA netRtva gaNi kA kArya thaa| 14 gaNa saMgha kI sabase bar3I ikAI thaa| isakI vyAkhyA kulasamudaya: ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai|'' bhagavatI sUtra ke anusAra gaNa kI racanA tIna kuloM kI se kI jAtI thii| 46 ullekhanIya hai ki gaNatantrAtmaka zAsana vyavasthA mahAvIra ke kAla meM vidyamAna thI aura usI ke anukaraNa para mahAvIra ne apane saMgha ke 11 gaNoM meM gaNadhara pada para niyukti kI / isa prakAra jaina dharmasaMgha rAjanItika gaNa saMgha kA anukaraNa bhara thaa| isa prasaMga meM ullekhanIya hai ki bauddha saMgha ke viSaya meM yahI dhAraNA pAI jAtI hai| 7 yadi hama yaha mAla leM ki bauddha saMgha ne niyama tatkAlIna

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 265 gaNa yA saMgha rAjyoM ke AdhAra para banAye the to gaNa kI zAsana paddhati ko samajhane meM sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| 48 bauddha saMgha kI gaNapUrti korama ke lie bIsa sadasyoM kI upasthiti Avazyaka thii| isI prakAra kA koI niyama gaNatantra kI samiti meM bhI avazya rahA hogaa| khAsa kara jaba vibhinna daloM meM pratidvandvitA ho / pANini ke anusAra jisa sabhAsada ke Ane se gaNapUrti hotI thI usako 'gaNatitha yA saMghatitha' kahate the|" gaNapUrti jo Avazyaka kAryavAhI karatA thA, use gaNapUraka kahate the 50 sadasyoM ke baiThane kA sthAna nirdhAraNa karane ke lie bhI eka karmacArI niyukta thaa| sambhavata: gaNa-pramukha maMca para baiThate the aura zeSa sadasya daloM ke anusAra unake sAmane rahate the| gaNamukhya adhivezana kA adhyakSa hotA thA aura mantraNA kA niyantraNa karatA thaa| kiMcita pakSapAta ho jAne para vaha AlocanA kA pAtra hotA thaa| pahale prastAvaka aupacArika rUpa se prastAva upasthita karatA thA, tatpazcAt usa para vAdavivAda hotA thaa| bauddha saMgha meM yaha prathA thI ki prastAva ke samarthaka mauna rahate the kevala virodhI hI asahamati prakaTa karate the| samitiyoM meM prastAva para avazya hI vAda-vivAda hotA hogaa| bauddha saMgha meM prastAva tIna bAra upasthita aura svIkRta kiyA jAtA thA / matabheda hone para matadAna kI vyavasthA thI aura bahumata kA nirNaya mAnya hotA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki gaNavyavasthA kA AdhAra prajAtAntrika mAnA jAtA thaa|" jaba zAkyoM ko kosala kI senA dvArA rAjadhAnI ghira jAne para kosala kI AkhirI cetAvanI milI taba unakI samiti yaha nizcaya karane ke lie bulAI gaI ki durga ke phATaka khole jAeM yA nhiiN| kucha sadasya pakSa meM the kucha nahIM the| ataH mata saMgraha huA jisameM bahumata AtmasamarpaNa kI ora thaa| ataH vahI kiyA gyaa| 2 matadAna kabhIkabhI aprakaTa rUpa se kiyA jAtA thA taba use grahayaka matadAna kahate the| kabhI-kabhI sadasya matasaMgraha karane vAle ke kAna meM apanA mata rakhate the, taba use sakarNajapaka matadAna kahate the| kabhI kabhI prakaTa rUpa se matadAna hotA thA taba use vivataka matadAna kahate the|" pratyeka sadasya ko aneka raMga kI zalAkAeM dI jAtI thIM va pUrvasaMketa ke anusAra viziSTa raMga kI zalAkA viziSTa prakAra ke mata ke lie 'zalAkAgAhapaka' ke pAsa dI jAtI thI / mata ke lie chaMda zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| jisakA tAtparya vyakti ke nijI abhiprAya se thaa| jaisI matadAna paddhati bauddha saMgha meM thI nizcaya hI vaisI gaNatantroM meM bhI hogI | 24 nirvivAda hai ki buddha ke jIvanakAla meM malla, licchavi aura videha rAjya gaNatantra the| unake par3osI magadha aura kosala ke rAjA unheM jItane kA bArambAra prayAsa karate the isalie apanI rakSA ke lie yaha gaNatantra apanA eka saMyukta rAjyasaMgha bIca-bIca meM banAte rahate the| kabhI licchavI malloM se mila jAte the to kabhI videzoM se, para 500 I0 pU0 meM magadha ne malla aura videha rAjyoM ko jIta

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266 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti liyA / licchaviyoM ko bhI magadha sAmrAjya ke Age natamastaka honA par3A thA, para 200 I0pU0 taka vaha puna: svatantra ho gye| 400 I0 meM licchavi rAjya atyanta zaktizAlI thA aura candragupta prathama ko rAjyavistAra meM licchaviyoM ke jAmAtR hone se bahuta sahAyatA milii| samudra gupta apane Apa ko 'licchavi dauhitra' kaha kara gauravAnvita hotA thA / isa prasaMga meM ullekhanIya hai ki zAkya licchavi ityAdi kSatriya gaNatantroM meM brAhmaNoM ke hAthoM meM adhikAra the yA nahIM kahanA kaThina hai| nizcaya hI brAhmaNoM kA sAmAjika stara sarvocca thaa| vaha sainika va senApati ke padoM para bhI the tathA unake gaNatantra sikandara ke abhiyAna ke samaya sindha meM the arthAt vahAM unake hI adhIna saba rAjya rahate the|" gaNatantravAsI vANijya va yuddhakalA meM pravINa hote the aisA kathana arthazAstra meM milatA hai jo vaizyoM ke sammAnajanaka sthAna kI ora iMgita karatA hai|" kintu prAya: bahusaMkhyaka gaNatantra kSatriyapradhAna the aura yahAM rAjya saMsthA rAjanyoM ke hAtha meM rahatI thI / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM rAjA ko yUthAdhipati va gaNAdhipati kahA gayA hai|" anya zAsanatantra tathA dvirAjyazAsana AcArAMgasUtra meM jahAM chaH prakAra ke tantroM kA ullekha huA hai jisameM dvirAjya va viruddharAjya kI bhI carcA hai| 8 yadi do rAjA Apasa meM lar3a rahe hoM yA viruddha dazA meM ukhar3e hoM to ise viruddharAjya kahA jAtA thaa| aisA rAjya jo svayaM apane viruddha lar3a rahA ho, asantulita ho to ise dvirAjya (do rajja) kahA jAtA thaa| aise ullekha milate haiN| jaba do cacere bhAiyoM ne yadi unakA rAjya para samAna adhikAra banatA ho to rAjya bAMTane kI jagaha saMyukta rAjya kiyA ho yA do yugala bhrAtAoM ne aise hI rAjya kiyA ho| jisa prakAra eka myAna meM do talavAra nahIM raha sakatI usI prakAra eka rAjya para do rAjA asImita zaktiyoM ko pAkara rAjya nahIM kara skte| aise rAjya meM samUha bana jAte haiM tathA guTabandI ho jAtI hai jisase rAjya kI ekatA chinnabhinna ho jAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki aise rAjya meM jaina sAdhu ko bhikSAcaryA yA bhramaNa ke lie jAnA niSiddha hai| arthazAstra bhI aise rAjya kA samarthaka nahIM hai| 19 dvairAjya meM kaI bAra rAjya do rAjAoM meM baMTa jAtA thA jaise ki zuMgakAla meM vidarbha rAjya do rAjAoM meM baMTa gayA thA / " mahAtmAbuddha arAjaka vairAjya samAja kI ora AkRSTa the aura cAhate the ki guNoM ke AdhAra para "vairAjya" kA vikAsa ho / " vaha kahate the ki vyakti apanA svAmI Apa hai / usakA dUsarA koI svAmI kaise ho sakatA hai? apane ko acchI taraha damana kara lene se vaha durlabha svAmitva ko prApta 59

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 267 karatA hai| vairAjya kI yaha Adarza avadhAraNA hameM mahAbhArata kAla meM bhI dekhane ko milatI hai|2 aitareya brAhmaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki uttaramadra tathA uttarakuru Adi himAlaya ke uttara ke pradezoM meM vairAjya vyavasthA thI tathA yaha gaNatantra 'virATa' kahalAte the| virATa sambodhana ina vairAjyoM ke rAjAoM kA nahIM apitu nAgarikoM kA hai aura abhiSeka rAjA kA nahIM janatA kA hotA thaa|64 jaba saMyukta rAjya ke donoM zAsakoM meM mela rahatA thA taba use dvairAjya (saMskRta) yA do rajja (prAkRta) kahate the, jaba una rAjAoM meM jhagar3A rahatA thA taba use viruddharAjya (saMskRta) yA viruddharajja (prAkRta) kahate the| vairAjya zabda se prAyaH gaNatantra kA nirdeza hotA thaa| vigato rAjA yasmAtta-rAjyaM, arthAt jisa zAsanasaMsthA meM rAjA nahIM hotA thA vaha vairAjya kahA jAtA thaa| rAjyatantra yA nRpatantra maigasthanIja ke vivaraNAnusAra cauthI zatAbdI I0pU0 meM bhArata meM eka paramparA pracalita thii| jisake anusAra prajAtantra kA vikAsa rAjatantra ke bAda mAnA jAtA thaa| purANoM meM buddha ke pUrva kI jo rAjavaMzAvalI hai usase prakaTa hotA hai kI chaThI zatAbdI ke madra, kuru, pAMcAla, zivi aura videha gaNatantra pahale nRpatantra hI the| yadyapi mahAvIra-kAlIna zAsana vyavasthA ubhayatantrI thI jisameM rAjyatantra ke sAtha sAtha nRpatantra bhI dikhAI detA hai| janasAmAnya kA sahaja AkarSaNa prabhAvI rAjatantra kI ora hI thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki Rgveda se Arambha huI zAsanatantra kI yAtrA mahAjanapada se janapada hotI huI puna: nRpatantra meM vilIna ho gyii| yadyapi jainasUtroM meM gaNatantrAtmaka paddhati ke prati dRSTikoNa sahAnubhUtipUrNa dikhAI detA hai kintu yathArtha meM prabala AkarSaNa sabala rAjatantra kI ora unmukha thaa| __yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sUtroM meM rAjA viSayaka avadhAraNA prazastipUrNa hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM rAjA ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki manuSyoM meM eka rAjA hai jo itanA zaktizAlI hai jaise mahAna himavanta, malaya, mandAra tathA mahendra prvt| jisane apane rAjya meM sAre rAjanItika tathA sainika viplava dabA diye haiN| rAjA ko zakti kA pratIka samajhA jAtA thA isalie usakI tulanA hathiniyoM se ghire sATha varSa ke aparAjita balavAna hAthI", tIkSNa sIMgoM va valiSTha kandhoM vAle vRSabha68 pazuoM meM zreSTha duSparAjeya yuvA siMha se69. tathA aparAjita bala astrazastroM se susajjita vajrapANi purandara se kI gayI hai| aise zaktimAna rAjA se apekSita thA ki vaha duSparAkramI, zUra vIra yoddhA vijaya vAdyoM kI jayajayakAra se suzobhita ho|

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268 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti Adarza rAjA kI avadhAraNA yadyapi jaina dharma evaM bauddha dharma kI nivRtti paraka vicAradhArA rAjanIti jaise laukika viSaya ko upekSA kA hI viSaya mAnatI hai kintu rAjanIti jaise pratyaya ko sarvathA nakAranA saMbhava nahIM thA / ata: jaina manISiyoM ne rAjanIti jaise laukika viSaya ko AdhyAtmikatA kA bAnA pahanA diyaa| jahAM vyakti hoMge vahAM samAja hogA, jahAM samAja hogA vahAM rAjya bhI hogA, jahAM rAjya hogA vahAM rAjanItika saMsthAeM bhI Avazyaka rUpa se hoNgii| isa vyAvahArikatA kI upekSA jaina sAhitya nahIM kara skaa| ataeva jaina dhArmika sAhitya kA mUla viSaya AdhyAtma kendrita hone para bhI usameM itastataH rAjanIti kA bhI ullekha prasaMgavaza ho gayA hai| anya bhAratIya paramparAoM ke samAna hI jaina paramparA bhI rAjA ke zreSThavaMza kI kula paramparA ko mahatvapUrNa mAnatI hai / yadyapi jaina dRSTi jAti ke viruddha thI tathApi brAhmaNa paramparA ke anukUla isameM bhI rAjA ke kSatriya kulotpanna hone kA vidhAna hai kyoMki jaina sUtroM ke anusAra balabhadra, cakravartI, vAsudeva tathA arihanta kSatriya kuloM meM hI bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna meM hote rahe haiN| " svayaM mahAvIra jJAtRka nAmaka kSatriyakulotpanna the| 2 kSatriya rAjA kA jAtimAna honA Avazyaka thA / " jaina hI kyoM paramparAvAdI brAhmaNadharma bhI ise anivArya mAnate the, sAtha hI sAtha pAli granthoM kA bhI isa bAta para vizeSa Agraha hai ki rAjA kSatriya kula kA va pratiSThita kula kA ho| 74 rAjA se apekSA thI ki vaha pUrNa aizvaryamAna '", mahAna Rddhi sampanna, mahAna yazasvI ", loka meM zAnti sthApita karane vAlA", vikhyAta kIrti, dhRtimAna 78, bhogazAlI ", zatruoM kA mAnamardana karane vAlA, zreya aura satya meM parAkramazIla, amarakIrti, mahAna yazasvI tathA guNoM se samRddha ho / " rAjA kA dhRtimAna honA isalie Avazyaka thA kyoMki jainasUtroM ke anusAra mUrkha rAjA zIghra hI rAjya kho detA hai| 2 yahI kAraNa hai ki rAjA se AzA kI jAtI thI ki vaha sahasracakSu ho, udIyamAna sUrya ke samAna andhakAra nAzaka ho, pUrNimA ke paripUrNa candra ke samAna jJAnAdi kalAoM se paripUrNa ho / rAjA ko uttama lakSaNoM se yukta honA caahie| use svara se susvara, gambhIra, eka hajAra ATha zubha lakSaNoM kA dhAraka, RSigotra kA dhAraka, vajraRSabha, nArAca saMhanana, samacaturastrasaMsthAna tathA machalI ke udara ke samAna komala udara vAlA honA caahie| 84 rAjA ko yazasvI, jitendriya, zreSTha aura lokanAtha honA cAhie | ss sAmAnyata: jaina paramparA meM rAjatva ko atIta ke puNyoM kA phala samajhA jAtA thA / rAjA ko daivI zaktiyoM se yukta mAnane kI paramparA vaidika sAhitya se calI A rahI hai| rAjA meM yaha daivatva aneka guhya yajJoM ke sampAdana se AtA hai kintu jaina 85

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 269 paramparA jo hiMsA se ghRNA karatI hai tathA saMskAroM aura bali se jise koI lagAva nahIM hai| svabhAvata: rAjA kI daivIya zakti ko yajJoM se niSpanna nahIM mAna sktii| vaha rAjA jo vaidika yajJa sampanna karatA hai, hiMsA meM yukta hotA hai, vaha svayaM ko bhI santApa detA hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI yAtanA dene kA bhAgIdAra hotA hai| jahAM bauddha dharma meM Adarza rAjA kA citraNa dhArmika rAjA ke rUpa meM huA hai jisameM ki kucha rahasyamaya zaktiyAM nihita haiM, jaise ki cakravartI rAjA meM mahApuruSa ke vaha sabhI guNa vidyamAna hote haiM jo ki bodhisatva meM pAye jAte haiM 'mahApurISa lakkhanAni', vahAM jaina dharma meM hameM rAjarSi paramparA ke darzana vaidika dharma ke samAna hI hote haiN| isa viSaya meM pro0 govindracandra pANDe kA mata hai ki rAjarSi kI yaha paramparA jisameM kSatriya RSi ke samAna AcAra aura vicAra rakhe samanvaya kI paramparA kA udAharaNa hai|36 gItA meM zrIkRSNa kSatriya kula ke hokara adhyAtma jJAna pradAna karate haiN| 7 aisA pratIta hotA hai ki uttarapUrvI bhArata ke kSatriya zramaNa paramparA ke samIpa the jabaki pazcimottara bhArata ke kSatriya paurANika vaidika paramparA ke samIpa the jisameM saMsAravAda ke vicAroM kA naiSkarmya se sundara samanvaya kiyA gayA thaa| ina vicAroM ke pratinidhi pravAhaNa jaibAli tathA vAsudeva kRSNa the| isa prasaMga meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki eka hI kula ke do vyakti do vibhinna dhArAoM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa ke pratinidhi bana gaye the kyoMki unake vicAroM kA mUla adhyAtma hone para bhI abhivyakti bhinna thii| yaha the, jaina tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi va yogIzvara bhagavAna kRssnn|89 ___ ayodhyArAja sagara jo dvitIya tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha ke choTe bhAI the, dvitIya cakravartI rAjA bane, inhoMne ajitanAtha se pravrajyA lii| rAmAyaNa ke prathama adhyAya meM inakA upAkhyAna milatA hai| zrAvastIrAja samudra vijaya ke putra madhavana tRtIya cakravartI samrATa apanI patnI bhadrA sahita bhAratavarSa kA rAjya tyAga kara dIkSita hue| hastinApura nareza azvasena tathA mahArAnI sahadevI ke putra caturtha cakravartI sanatkumAra rAjya tyAga kara tapasvI kA89 hue|92 solahaveM tIrthaMkara zAntinAtha, satrahaveM kunthunAtha jo ikSvAkuvaMza ke cakravartI samrATa the tathA aTThArahaveM ara bhAratavarSa kA rAjya tyAga kara zramaNa bne|4 naveM cakravartI mahApadma hastinApura ke rAjA the jinhoMne rAjya tyaagaa| inake bar3e bhAI viSNu kumAra ne muni suvrata se dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| hariSeNa kAmpilyarAja mahAharI ke putra the| yaha dasaveM cakravartI the jinhoMne rAjya tyAga kara jina zAsana svIkAra kiyaa| gyArahaveM cakravartI jaya samudravijaya ke putra the| jinhoMne hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha rAjya tyaagaa|"

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270 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti ina cakravartI samrAToM ke atirikta bhI aneka rAjAoM ke nAma jainasUtroM meM prApta hote haiN| jinhoMne jinazAsana meM zaraNAgati lI, unameM se pramukha haiM-mahAvIra ke samakAlIna dazArNa nareza dazArNabhadra, kaliMga ke karakaNDu, paMcAla ke dvimukha, videha ke nami, gandhAra ke nggti| cAroM rAjA apane putroM ko zAsana rur3ha kara zramaNa ho gye| sindhusauvIra rAja udrAyaNa (udayana) ne munidharma svIkAra kiyaa|100 banArasa rAja agnizikhara ke putra sAtaveM baladeva kAzIrAja nandana ne munidharma svIkAra kiyaa| dvArakAvatI ke brahmarAja ke putra, vAsudeva dvipRSTha ke bar3e bhAI vijayarAjA rAja tyAga kara saMnyAsI hue|102 isase prakaTa hotA hai ki pitA dvArA apane jIvana kAla meM uttarAdhikArI manonIta kara dene athavA putra ko rAjya pradAna karane kI paramparA AgamakAla meM thii| yaha paramparA bhArata meM bAda taka clii| gupta nareza candragupta prathama ne bhI apane jIvanakAla meM hI samudragupta ko rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI manonIta kara diyA thaa| hastinApura ke rAjA bala ke putra mahAbala ne jo terahaveM tIrthaMkara vimala ke samakAlIna the| sira dekara sira prApta kiyA arthAt saMskAra kA visarjana kara siddhirUpa ucca pada prApta kiyaa|103 sugrIva nagara ke rAjA balabhadra tathA mahArAnI mRgAvatI ke putra balazrI ne saMsAra tyAga kara pravrajyA lii|104 sAketa rAjA municandra rAjya tyAga kara sAgara candra muni ke pAsa dIkSita huaa|105 vastutaH ina cakravartI samrAToM tathA anya rAjAoM ke sAtha vividha rAjyoM kI carcA bhI ho gayI hai jaise dazArNa, kaliMga, videha, sindhusauvIra, banArasa, kAzI, paMcAla, hastinApura, ayodhyA, sAketa, kAMpilya, dvArikA, zrAvastI aadi|106 isake atirikta kauzAmbI107, campAnagarI,108 pihuNDanagara 09 tathA soriypur|10 kI carcA hameM AgamoM meM milatI hai| AgamakAla meM bhI bhAratIya saMskRti AdhyAtmonmukhI thii| yaha isa sAmAnya siddhAnta se paripuSTa hotA hai ki rAjazakti brahmazakti se mArgadarzana letI thii| rAjA saMjaya ko mRgayA kA vyasana thaa| isI prasaMga meM eka bAra rAjA ne muni kI tapasyA meM vighna DAla diyaa| muni ke prati rAjA sAmAnyata: zraddhAbhAva se paripUrNa hote the ataH rAjA bhayabhIta ho muni se kSamAyAcanA karane lagA taba muni ne use samajhAyA ki rAjA ko to muni kA abhayadAna hai kintu rAjA bhI abhayadAtA bne| vaha anitya loka meM hiMsA meM saMlagna na rahe kyoMki rAjya kI Asakti vyartha hai, trANadAyI nahIM hai| mahimugdha jIvana to vidyuta kI camaka ke samAna anizcita aura caMcala hai|11 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma kA zramaNa paramparA se ghaniSTha sambandha hone ke kAraNa rAjya dharma meM bhI nivRttivAda kI hI pramukhatA hai|

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 271 rAjA ke kartavya jaina sUtroM se rAjA ke kartavyoM para bhI acchA prakAza par3atA hai| rAjA se apekSA kI tI thI ki vaha cAMdI, sonA, maNi, motI, kAMse ke pAtra, vastra, vAhana, koSa aura bhaNDAra kI abhivRddhi kreN| 12 yahI nahIM vaha bhUmi kA vistAra kare, pazu aura dhAnya kI bhI vRddhi kare | | 13 rAjA ko pura, janapada, rAjadhAnI, senA aura anta: pura kA svAmI tathA rakSaka honA caahie| 14 kaliMgarAja khAravela ke hAthIgumphA abhilekha se prakaTa hotA hai ki jaina dharma ke pAlaka isa kaliMgAdhipati ne caubIsaveM varSa kI samApti para mahArAjAbhiSeka prApta kiyaa| abhiSeka ke prathamavarSa meM tUphAna se naSTa hue kaliMga nagara ke pramukha dvAra prAcIra aura gRhoM kA jIrNoddhAra kiyaa| TUTe hue zItala jalAzayoM kA punarnirmANa kiyA aura unake sopAna banavAye tathA paiMtIsa lAkha mudrA vyaya karake prajA ko prasanna kiyA / itihAsakAra isa viSaya meM Azcarya prakaTa karate haiM ki jaina dharma ke anuyAyI, abhilekha ke Arambha meM arhatoM aura siddhoM ko AvhAna karane vAle mahArAja khAravela hiMsAjanya raktapAta meM saMlagna rhe|'' rAjA ko argalA, burja, khAI, 116 nagara kA parakoTA, gopura nagara kA dvAra, aTTAlikAeM, durga, durga kI khAI tathA zataghnI eka bAra meM saikar3oM ko mArane vAlA durga vizeSa banAnA caahie| 17 isa prasaMga meM kaliMgarAja khAravela kI stuti hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM kI gayI hai| vaha nandarAjA ke dvArA tIna sau varSa pUrva udghATita tanasuli nahara ko nagara taka le AyA thaa| isa prakAra usane prajAhita kArya kiyaa| rAjA ko apane rahane ke lie prAsAda, vardhamAnagraha | 18 tathA candrazAlAeM'" banAnA caahie| rAjA baTamAroM, prANaghAtaka DAkuoM, gAMTha kATane vAloM aura coroM se nagara kI rakSA kre| 120 use daNDa kA ucita prayoga karanA cAhie tAki nirdoSa kI rakSA ho aura aparAdhI ko daNDa mile| 21 jo rAjA usake samakSa na jhukate hoM, usakA zAsana na mAnate hoM unheM apane adhIna kre| 122 vaha apanI senA kA itanA bala bar3hAye ki dasa lAkha yoddhAoM ko jIta ske| 123 sambhavataH yaha AzAeM aura apekSAeM sAmrAjyavAda kI AkAMkSA rakhane vAle cakravartI samrATa se kI gayI pratIta hotI haiN| bhAvI samrATa ko vidhivata zikSA dI jAtI thI / yadyapi AgamoM meM aisI spaSTa carcA nahIM hai tathApi abhilekhika sAkSya isa viSaya para spaSTa kathana karate haiN| hAthIgumphA abhilekha 124 se prakaTa hotA hai ki jaina zAsaka kaliMgarAja khAravela pandraha varSa kI Ayu taka zobhAyukta zarIra dvArA kumArocita krIr3A karate rhe| taduparAnta lekha, rUpa, gaNanA, vyavahAra meM vizArada aura saba kalAoM meM nipUrNa nau varSa taka yuvarAja rhe| rAjA se yaha bhI apekSA kI gayI hai ki vaha vipula dAnI ho tathA dasa lAkha

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272 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti gAyoM ko dAna dene vAlA ho|125 yaha apekSA isa bAta kI ora iMgita karatI hai ki rAjA ko dharma dvArA maryAdita honA cAhie aura laukika dhArmika paramparAoM kA anupAlaka honA caahie| rAjA ko ekachatra zAsaka banane kA prayAsa karanA caahie||26 itanA zaktizAlI rAjA rAjadharma ke prati nirapekSa bhAva rakhe tathA muni dharma ke pAlana kA prayAsa kre||27 rAjA ko apanI sainya vyavasthA sudRr3ha rakhanI caahie| senA rahita rAjA asahAya hotA hai|128 rAjA zarIra sauSThava se yukta balavAna honA caahie| bala aura kAnti ke lie rAjA pratidina vyAyAma kre||29 rAjA kA yaha bhI kartavya hai ki vaha apane rAjya ke sAre rAjanaitika va sainika viplava dabA de||30 rAjya uttarAdhikArI kA janmotsava rAjya ke uttarAdhikArI kA janma atyanta harSa kA viSaya mAnA jAtA thaa| rAjya kI kula paramparA ke adhikArI ke janma ke avasara para rAjakIya utsava manAne kI paramparA thii||3| yaha utsava kaI dinoM taka manAyA jAtA thaa| pahale dina janma kA utsava hotaa| tIsare dina bAlaka ko sUrya aura candra ke darzana karAye jAne kA utsava manAyA jAtA thaa| chaThe dina chaThI kA rAtri jAgaraNa hotA thaa| gyArahaveM dina zrAvaka snAna kA utsava kiyA jAtA thaa| bArahaveM dina bhojana, peya, masAle, miSTAnna ke vizAla Ayojana ke sAtha mitra va sambandhiyoM ko Amantrita kiyA jAtA thaa| samasta sapravara va sapiNDa sambandhI nimantrita kiye jAte the| isake pazcAta pitA snAna kara, kuladevatA ko prasAda arpita kara, rAjasI vastra dhAraNa kara, mUlyavAna AbharaNa pahanakara, mukha zuddhi kara sabhAgRha meM jAtA thA atithiyoM ko puSpahAra tathA mUlyavAna vastra upahAra detA thaa| taba bAlaka kA nAmakaraNa va jAti saMskAra kiyA jAtA thaa| 32 rAjaprAsAda rAjA rAjabhavanoM yA rAjaprAsAdoM meM nivAsa karate the| devoM ke nivAsa sthAna ko prAsAda aura rAjAoM ke nivAsa sthAna ko bhavana kahA jAtA thaa||33 prAsAda UMce hote the, unakI UMcAI caur3AI kI apekSA dugunI aura bhavana kI UMcAI caur3AI kI apekSA kama hotI thii| bhavana ITa ke bane hote the||34 jainasUtroM meM ATha tala vAle prAsAdoM kA ullekha hai : yaha prAsAda sundara zikharoM se yukta tathA dhvajA, patAkA, chatra aura mAlAoM se suzobhita rahate the| inake taloM meM vividha prakAra ke amUlya ratna jar3e rahate the||35 ina bhavanoM meM UMce-UMce gavAkSa hote the, jinase nagara ke do

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 273 rAhe, tirAhe aura caurAhe dikhAI dete the / 1 36 pAMcAla nareza brahmadatta ke pAsa uccodaya, madhu, karka, madhya aura brahmA nAmaka rAjaprAsAda the| 1 37 yaha rAjaprAsAda viziSTa padArthoM se yukta vividha aura pracura dhana se paripUrNa the| yahAM striyoM se parivRtta rAjA nATya, gIta aura vAdyoM se manoraMjana karatA thaa| 138 rAjA ke yaha prAsAda nandana prAsAda kahe jAte the| inameM aizvarya ke sabhI sAdhana vidyamAna hote the| rAjaprAsAda meM rAjA ke lie vyAyAmazAlA hotI thI jahAM vyAyAma ke pazcAt sahasra prakAra ke sugandhita tela rAjA kI mAliza ke lie hote the / 1 39 isa vyAyAmazAlA meM rAjA pratidina vyAyAma karatA thaa| UMcI kUda, kuztI, chalAMga aura mukkebAjI kA abhyAsa tathA santulita vyAyAma rAjA zArIrika sauSThava hetu karatA thA / catura vyakti apanI hatheliyoM se usake aMgoM kI mAliza karate the / 140 rAjaprAsAda meM snAnagRha bhI ati ramaNIya banAye jAte the| jinameM aneka muktAoM se alaMkRta gavAkSa hote the| inakA kuTTimatala bahumUlya pattharoM se nirmita hotA thaa| snAna kA paTA ratnajar3ita hotA thA / snAna kA jala sugandhita hotA thA / aMgaprokSaNa komala aura AkarSaka hote the| zarIrAcchAdana ke pazcAta rAjA candana aura gozIrSa kA Alepana karAtA / pazcAt bahumUlya vastra dhAraNa kara, AbharaNoM se alaMkRta hotA thaa| 141 rAjaprAsAda meM sabhA ke lie vizAla prAMgaNa tathA sabhAkakSa hote the jahAM rAjA pUrvAbhimukha hokara siMhAsana para prajA kI bAta sunate the| 142 rAjA ke samIpa hI pArzva meM bahumUlya, pAradarzaka, svarNa khacita, komala aura kalAtmaka AkRtiyoM se bunA huA AvaraNa laTakatA thA jahAM rAjamahiSI ratnajaTita siMhAsana para, gAvatakie lagA kara pArivArika bhRtya aura paricArikAoM ke bIca baiThatI thI / 143 prAsAda kA mukhya dvAra siMhadvAra kahalAtA thA, jahAM se nagara ke gaNamAnya vyakti evaM prazAsanika padAdhikArI praveza karate the / 144 rAjA kI pariSada rAjA ko pratidina rAjapariSada ke sAtha prajA ke sammukha AnA hotA thA / 145 vaha koriMtha puSpoM kI mAlA pahana kara jaya jayakAra kI dhvani ke bIca calatA thA, jahAM usa para nirantara caMvara DhulAyA jAtA thA / aneka zAsana pramukhoM, sAmanta rAjAoM, yuvarAjoM, janapramukhoM, kuTumbIjanoM, mantriyoM, nAgarikoM, vyApAriyoM, zreNikoM, senApatiyoM, dUtoM aura aMgarakSakoM ke sAtha rAjA Akara siMhAsanAsIna hotA thA / 1 46 rAjA kI pariSada meM kSatriya, gaNa, ugra, rAjaputra, brAhmaNa aura bhogika hote the| 147 rAjapariSada ke sadasyoM ko rAjya kahakara pukArA jAtA thaa| 48 gaNasabhA aura saMghasabhA donoM meM yahI vizeSaNa sadasyoM ke lie prayukta hotA thA | 149 bauddhagrantha isa

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274 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti bAta kI puSTi karate haiM ki licchavi gaNatantra 7707 rAjanya the jo eka-dUsare ko choTA-bar3A nahIM mAnate the| saba apane Apako rAjA kahate the jabaki saba kA adhikAra barAbara thA aura vaha eka the| 150 sUtrakRtAMga''' se jJAta hotA hai ki ugra, bhoga ikSvAku tathA kauravoM kI gaNanA jJAtRka tathA licchaviyoM ke sAtha usI prakAra kI gayI hai mAno vaha saba eka hI pariSada ke sadasya hoN| isI grantha meM anyatra 52 eka aise zaktizAlI rAjA kI carcA hai jisane sAre rAjanaitika tathA sainika viplapa dabA diye haiN| isa rAjA kI pariSada meM ugra 153 tathA ugraputra, bhoga tathA bhogaputra, ikSvAku tathA ikSvAkuputra, jJAtRka tathA jJAtRkaputra, kaurava tathA kauravaputra, yoddhA tathA yoddhAputra, senApati tathA senApatiputra, brAhmaNa tathA brAhmaNaputra aura licchavi tathA licchaviputra the / . rAjapariSada meM mantripada mahatvapUrNa thA kyoMki rAjA mantrI kI AMkhoM se dekhatA hai / 1 54 mantrI sArI prazAsanika gopanIyatAoM se paricita hotA hai / ata: rAjA unase matabheda nahIM rakhate the / 155 senA rahita rAjA ko asahAya mAnA jAtA thA / 156 svAbhAvika hI thA ki rAjA apanI senA para paryApta dhyAna detaa| rAjya ke aMga ke rUpa meM senA kI carcA prApta hotI hai| 157 prazAsanika ikAiyAM prazAsanika ikAiyoM meM grAma, nagara nigama va rAjadhAnI kI carcA prApta hotI hai / 1 58 isI prakAra zreNi, maNDala, droNamukha, pattana, AkAra, Azrama, kheTa, karbaTa saMvAha, sanniveza aura ghoSa yaha zabda bastI ke prakAra haiN| 159 jinakI vyAkhyA isa prakAra 1. grAma - jo buddhi Adi guNoM ko grasita kare athavA jahAM 18 aneka prakAra ke kara lagate hoN| 160 jahAM kara lagate hoN| " jisake cAroM ora kAMToM kI bAr3a ho athavA miTTI kA parakoTA ho| 162 kRSaka Adi kA nivAsa sthAna ho / 163 2. nagara - jisameM kara lagatA ho / 164 jo rAjadhAnI ho / 165 arthazAstra meM rAjadhAnI ke lie nagara yA durga aura sAdhAraNa kasboM ke lie grAma zabda prayukta huA hai| prastuta prakaraNa meM nagara aura rAjadhAnI donoM kA ullekha hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki nagara bar3I bastiyoM kA nAma hai, cAhe vaha rAjadhAnI ho yA na ho / rAjadhAnI vaha hotI hai jahAM se rAjya kA saMcAlana hotA hai| 3. nigama - vyApAriyoM kA gAMva thA / 166 4. rAjadhAnI - vaha bastI jahAM rAjA rahatA ho| 167 jahAM rAjA kA abhiSeka huA

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 275 ho|168 janapada kA mukhya ngr|169 5. kheTa-jisake cAroM ora dhUli kA prAkAra ho||70 6. karkaTa-parvata kA DhalAna tathA kunagara,171 cUrNikAra ne kunagara kA artha jahAM kraya-vikraya na hotA ho kiyA hai| jile kA choTA sanniveza,172 pramukha nagara73 athavA vaha nagara jahAM bAjAra ho||74 7. maNDava-DhAI yojana athavA cAroM ora Adhe yojana jisase eka yojana taka koI dUsarA gAMva na ho|175 8. droNamukha-jahAM jala aura sthala donoM nirgama aura praveza ke mArga hoM jaise bhRgukaccha aura taamrlipti|176 400 gAMvoM kI raajdhaanii||77 9. pattana78-jalamadhyavartI dvIpa tathA nirjala bhU-bhAga vAlA dviip| 10. Akara-jahAM sone, lohe Adi kI khAna ho athavA jisake samIpa majadUra bastI ho| 11. Azrama-tApasoM kA nivAsa sthAna tathA tIrthasthAna ho|180 12. saMvAha-jahAM cAroM vargoM ke loga ati mAtrA meM nivAsa karate hoN||| 13. sanniveza-yAtrA se Aye manuSyoM ke rahane kA sthAna tathA sArtha aura kaTaka kA nivAsa sthaan||82 14. ghoSa-amIra bstii||83 ___ AgamoM se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjya kA bhAra putra ko sauMpane kI paramparA usa samaya vidyamAna thii||84 nirvaMzI yA pravRjyAgrahaNa karane vAloM kI sampatti rAjyAdhIna ho jAtI thii|185 jaina paramparA meM mithilA ke rAjA nami ko rAjarSi ke sambodhana se pukArA gayA hai||86 rAjarSi nAma ke atirikta jaina sUtroM meM aise aneka rAjAoM ke ullekha haiM jinhoMne satsaMgata pAkara AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora caraNa bddh'aaye| rAjagRha ke maNDikukSi udyAna meM magadhezvara zreNika ko muni ne anAtha batAyA kyoMki karmajanita pIr3aoM se koI parijana, vipuladhana-aizvarya vyakti ko trANa nahIM de sktaa| yahI anAthatA hai| yadi zrAmaNyabhAva se mamatva aura pIr3A ke bIja Asakti ko tyAga jAye to jIvana sArthaka ho sakatA hai| yaha vicAra jAnakara traiNika saparivAra dharmAnurakta huA tathA zramaNa upAsaka huaa||87 uttarAdhyayana ke eka anya aise hI kurukSetra ke rAjA iSukAra kI carcA hai|88 jise yaha adhyAtma preraNA apanI rAnI kamalAvatI se prApta huii| kAmpilya nagara kA rAjA saMjaya bhI muni upadeza pAkara muni ho gayA thaa||89

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276 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti cakravartI kI avadhAraNA jainasUtroM meM prAya: cakravartI rAjA kI carcA prApta hotI hai tathA use cAturanta cakravartI kahakara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| cAturanta vaha hai jisake uttara diganta meM himavAna parvata aura zeSa digantoM meM samudra ho 90 aise cakravartI rAjA 14 ratnoM kA svAmI hotA hai| yahI kyoM uttarAdhyayana meM zaMkha, cakra aura gadA dhAraNa karane vAle vAsudeva kI bhI carcA hai| rAjA ko vajrapANi kaha kara pukArA gayA hai|192 cakravartI rAjA samprabhu hotA hai| yaha samprabhutA usake alaMkaraNoM meM nivAsa karatI hai| udAharaNa ke lie mattagandhahasti para ArohaNa, sira para cUr3Amani, UMce chatra va cAmara se suzobhita, dazAha cakra se parivRta yugalakuNDala, sUtraka, karadhanI va AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta, zivikAratna zreSTha pAlakhI meM ArUDha, vAdyoM kA gaganasparzI divyanAda tathA yathAkrama se sajI caturaMgiNI senaa|193 vaha nandanaprAsAda, jegala kI bhUmi, vAstu, kara, hiraNya, sonA, azva, hAthI, nagara aura anta:kula zAsana jaisI pradhAna zreSTha sampadA se yukta hotA thaa| 94 yadyapi cakravartI rAjA kI avadhAraNA jaina sAhitya meM hai kintu usakI anUThI vizeSatA hai ki rAjapada para samprabhuzAsaka ke rUpa meM AsIna hone para bhI cakravartI rAjA pUrNavizrAma gRhatyAga aura rAjyatyAga kara saMnyAsa jIvana meM hI pAte rahe haiN| isa prasaMga meM ullekhanIya hai ki jainasUtroM meM jina bhI rAjAoM kA ullekha hai vaha vahI haiM jo cakravartI samrATa the kintu jo anta meM dIkSA lekara muni ho gye| yaha the-ayodhyA ke cakravartI samrATa bharata jo tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke putra the tathA jo anta meM paMcamuSTi loMca karake muni bana gye||95 saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyAM 1. daNDaH zAsti prajA: sarvA daNDa evaabhirkssti| daNDa: supteSu jAgarti daNDaM dharma vidurbudhaa|| manusmRti, 8/141 2. jaina sUtraja, ji0 45, paricayAtmaka, pR0 17 / 3. sUtrakRtAMga, (esa0bI0I0), pR0 357 tathA aage| 4. sthAnAMgasUtra, tRtIya uddezaka : iNDiyana eNTIkverI, ji0 9, pR0 1591 5. manuSyoM dvArA kaI bAra mithyA daNDa diyA jAtA hai| niraparAdha pakar3e jAte haiM va doSI chUTa jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayana, 9/301 6. tIkSNadaMDo hi bhuutaanaamudrejniiyH| mRdudaNDaH pribhuuyte| yathArhadaNDaH puujyH| kauTilya arthazAstra 2/1 tathA manusmRti, 7/19/271 7. mahAbhArata, 12/62/28-29: dra0 prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pR0 2 / 8. sa rAjA puruSo daNDaH sa netA zAstA ca sH|| - manusmRti, 7/7 / 9. dra0 jI0sI0 pANDe, zrI Ara0 ke0 jaina memoriyala lekcarsa Ana jainijma, pR0 28-291

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 277 10. bhagavatIsUtra abhayadevakRta, prathama uddezaka zataka 15 dra0 sTaDIja ina dI bhagavatI sUtra: pR0 62 tathA uvAsagadasAo (hArnale) prishisstt| 11. samuttara kA samIkaraNa pazcima baMgAla ke jile midanApura tathA bAMkurA se diyA gayA hai| - dra0 mArkaNDeya purANa, pR0 3571 aMguttaranikAya pAliTeksTa sosAyaTI -1 213, 1, 252, 256, 260 tathA dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 204 / mahAvastu 1/34 meM bhI yahI sUcI milatI hai kintu isameM gandhAra aura kamboja ke sthAna para zivi tathA dazArNa paMjAba aura rAjasthAna kA ullekha milatA hai| jahAM taka chaThI zatAbdI I0pU0 ke rAjanItika pariveza kA prazna hai aMguttara nikAya kI sUcI ko adhika prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai| dra0 eva0sI0rAya caudharI, poliTikala hisTrI Apha enzieMTa iNDiyA, pR0 861 13. sTaDIja ina dI bhagavatI sUtra, pR0 63 / 14. bhagavatIsUtra abhayadeva, 7/9/300-3011 15. uttarAdhyayana candanAjI 9/15 TippaNa pR0 435 / kalpasUtra meM ise ThagaNarAyANoMTha likhA hai ata: vRhadvRtti meM bhI ukta zabda kI vyAkhyA karate hue zAntyAcArya likhate haiMgaNAmallAdi smuuhaaH| - jaina kalpasUtra 1281 niryAvalisUtra, pR0 27 vArena dvArA saMpAdita 16. kuNika videhaputra ko bhagavatIsUtra meM asogavanacandra yA asogacanda kahA gayA hai kyoMki janma ke pazcAt use azoka udyAna meM pheMka diyA gayA thaa| ovAiya sUtra 7 pR0 20 ke anusAra use gobara ke Dhera para pheMka diyA gayA thA jahAM usakI kaniSThA uMgalI murge ne khAlI ata: usakA nAma kuNika par3a gyaa| niryAvalisUtra ke anusAra kuNika vaizAlI ke rAjA ceTaka kI putrI cellaNA kA putra thaa| vaizAlI videha kA bhAga thii| isalie use videhaputra kahA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA ke anusAra nikAyoM meM bhI kuNika ko videhaputra hI mAnA hai yadyapi buddha ghoSa use vikhyAta rAjakumArI kA putra mAnate haiN| jAtaka unakI mAM ko kosala kI rAjakumArI mahAkosala kI putrI tathA rAjA prasenajita kA bhAMjA batAte haiN| dekheM, thussajAtaka 338 tathA bhUmikA-jAtaka 373 saMyukta nikAya buka Apha kAinDarDa semiMgsa 110 kintu isI pustaka kI prathama jilda meM pR0 38 para ise bhadrA kA putra kahA hai jabaki DikzanarI Apha pAlI proparanemsa meM eka tibbatI lekhaka usakI mAtA kA nAma vAsavI batAtA hai| jo ho, jaina tathA bauddha paramparA donoM ajAtazatru ko hI kuNika videhaputra mAnatI 17. jainasUtraja esa0bI0I0ji0 22, pR0 266 tathA ji0 45, pR0 3391 18. vhii| 19. bhagavatI sUtra, abhayadeva 7/9/300-3011 20. vhii| 21. vahI, pR0 300 : sTaDIja ina dI bhagavatI sUtra, pR0 661 22. bhagavatI sUtra, abhayadeva 7/9/3001 23. vahI, 7/9/3011 24. kalpa ke anta meM pralaya ho jAtI hai va punaH sRSTi kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| 25. bhagavatI sUtra, abhayadeva,7/9/3031 26. niryAvalisUtra, 1 dra0 uvAsagadasAo hArnale pariziSTa / / , pR0 7 / 27. Avazyaka cUrNi-II, pR0 158, rAjA seNiya zreNika bimbisAra nAma se jAnA jAtA thA

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278 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti kyoMki eka bAra kusaggapura kA prasAda rasoiye kI lAparavAhI se jala gayA jo seNiya ne mAtra eka bambhA Drama para uThAyA thaa| 28. yadyapi bauddha paramparA ina yuddhoM kA kAraNa Arthika va rAjanItika donoM hI mAnatI hai jo ki mUlata: gaMgAghATI ke pAra eka ratna kI khAna aura bandaragAha ko lekara thI jise magadha hathiyAnA cAhatA thA kintu yuddha kI ghaTanAeM vahI haiM jo jaina granthoM meM haiN| dekheM dIrgha nikAya mahAparinibbAna sutanta, aTThakathA : dI eja Apha impIriyala yUniTI, pR0 241 29. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0, pR0 2661 30. vahI, tathA vistAra ke lie dekheM dI eja Apha vinaya, pR0 2061 31. keciddezA gaNAdhInA: ke cidraajaadhiinaaH| avadAnazataka-2, pR0 103 / 32. prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, altekara, pR0 109 / 33. uttarAdhyayana, 15/9 TippaNa candanAjI pR0 4351 34. AcArAMgasUtra, 1/3/1701 35. abhiSikta rAjanya - pANini, 6/2/341 36. arAyaNi kA gaNarAyANa vA javarAyANa vA dorajjaNi vA, verajjaNi vA, viruddharajjaNi vaa| - AcArAMgasUtra, 2/3/1/9 / 37. prAcIna bhArata ke gaNatantra rAjyoM kA vRttAnta uttara pazcima meM mukhyata: grIka lekhakoM aura uttarapUrva meM bauddhagranthoM se jJAta hotA hai| pANini, kAtyAyana pataMjali jayAditya aura vAmana Adi vaiyAkaraNoM se bhI bahuta se zabdoM kI vyutpatti siddha kI gayI hai| mahAbhASya meM bhI do adhyAyoM meM ina rAjyoM ke vidhAna aura unake guNa doSoM kI sahAnubhUti pUrvaka carcA kI gaI hai|-mhaabhaart, 12/81/107: arthazAstra meM bhI mukhyata: gaNoM aura saMghoM kI zakti bhaMga karane ke upAyoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 38. dI sozala ArgenAijezana ina nArtha IsTa iNDiyA ina buddhAja TAima, pR0 1371 39. maikakriDala, invejana Apha alekjeMDara dI greTa, pR0 1811 40. jAtaka, 1,504, dra0 sTaDIja ina dI bhagavatIsUtra, pR0 1351 41. jAtyA ca sadRzAH sarvekulena sdRshaastthaa|-mhaabhaart, 12/107/29 / 42. vahI, 12/107/20-211 43. dra0 hisTrI Apha jaina monaikijma, pR0 1461 44. dra0 jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 33 / 45. dra0 jI0esa0pI0 mizra, "samariphalaikzansa Apha arlI jaina eNDa buddhisTa monaikijma', jijJAsA, aMka 3-4, julAI akTUbara, 19741 46. dra0 DAkTrina Apha dI jainaja, pR0 252 : sthAnAMgavRtti, pR0 252: ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 10121 47. buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 55 tathA hindU pAliTI, pR0 40-421 48. prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pR0 941 49. vahI 50. mahAvagga, 3/3/6: dIrgha nikAya, II esa0bI0I0, pR0 821 51. gokuladAsa De, DemokresI ina arlI buddhisTa saMgha, pR0 28 / 52. dra0 prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pR0 951 53. cullavagga, 4/14/241 54. Ara0sI0 majUmadAra ke0pI0 jAyavAla ke uparokta mata meM thor3A parivartana va saMzodhana

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 279 karate haiN| dra0 kAraporeTa lAipha ina enzieMTa iNDiyA, pR0 118-19 kintu benI prasAda jAyasavAla ke uparokta mata se asahamata haiM: dra0 dI sTeTa ina enzieMTa iNDiyA, pR0 158: jabaki yU0ena0 ghoSAla ke anusAra gaNatantra meM vivAda sulajhAne aura saMgha meM vivAda sulajhAne meM pariNAma mAtra kA antara thaa| dra0 sTaDIja ina iNDiyana hisTrI eNDa kalcara, pR0 3801 55. prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pR0 831 56. arthazAstra, 11/11 57. uttarAdhyayana, 11/191 58. arAyaNi vA gaNarAyaNivA juvarAyaNi vaa| dorajjaNi vA. verajjaNi vA viruddharajjaNi vaa|| -AcArAMga sUtra esa0bI0I0 ,II,3/1/10 pR0 138 / 59. dvairAjyamanyonyapakSadveSapurAgAmyAM paraspara saMgharSeNa vA vinyshyti|-arthshaastr 8/21 60. mAlavikAgnimitra, aM0 5/5/13 / / 61. attA hi attano nAtho ko hi nAtho prosiyaa| attanAva sudantena nAthaM labhati dubblN|| 62. na vairAjyaM na rAjAssInna ca daNDo na dnnddikH| . dharmeNeva prajA: sarvA rakSanti eva prsprm||-shaantiprv, 59/14 / 63. aitareya brAhmaNa, 7/3/141 64. sAyaNa prajAtantra rAjyoM ke astitva se anabhijJa the| ata: unhoMne vairAjya kA artha "itarebhyo bhUpatibhyaH zreSThayam'' kiyA hai| mahAbhArata, 12/67/54 meM virATa rAjA kA eka paryAya mAnA gayA hai| yadi virATa kA artha vizeSaNa rAjA ho sakatA hai to vi binA rAjA bhI ho sakatA hai| vaidika iNDeksa meM vairAjya bhI rAjazakti kA eka prakAra kahA gayA hai jisameM pUrI janatA kA abhiSeka hotA thA va rAjazakti aneka hAthoM meM thii| 65. eriyana, a0 9: dra0 prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pR0 83 / 66. sUtrakRtAMga esa0 bI0I0 ji0 45 II, 1/13, pR0 339 / 67. uttarAdhyayana, 11/181 68. vahI, 11/191 69. vahI, 11/22-231 70. vahI, 11/171 71. kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0, mahAvIra kA jIvana 1/17-18, pR0 2251 72. uttarAdhyayana, 18/241 73. vahI, 11/171 74. dra0 "arlI buddhisTa kiMgazipa'', dI janarala Apha eziyana sTaDIja, ji0 26, naM0 1, navambara 1966, pR0 171 75. uttarAdhyayana, 18/351 76. vahI, 11/22: 18/361 77. vahI, 18/381 78. vahI, 391 79. vahI,411 80. vahI, 421

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280 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 81. vahI, 501 82. uttarAdhyayana, 2/38, sambhava hai ki zAstrakAra kI dRSTi meM antima maurya nareza bRhadratha kA udAharaNa samakSa ho jisake prajJAdurbala hone ke kAraNa senApati puSyamitra ne samasta senA ke samakSa prANa bhI haraNa kara lie aura rAjyAdhikAra bhii| 83. vahI, 11/23-241 84. vahI, 22/5-61 85. vahI, 22/41 86. zramaNa TreDIzana, pR0 8 / 87. bhagavadgItA, 4/21 88. zramaNa TreDIzana, pR08| 89. uttarAdhyayana, sAdhvI candanA, a0 22, pR0 223-241 vrajamaNDala ke soriyapura zauryapura meM rAjA samudravijaya rAjya karate the| jinake ariSTanemi, rathanemi, satyanemi aura dRr3hanemi cAra putra the| vAsudeva samudravijaya ke sabase choTe bhAI the jinake do putra the kRSNa aura blraam| jarAsaMdha ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa yAdava jAti ke yaha saba kSatriya saurASTra pahuMce aura vahAM dvArikA nagarI kA nirmANa kara eka vizAla sAmrAjya kI nIMva ddaalii| rAjya ke pramukha zrIkRSNa vAsudeva hue| kRSNa ke Agraha para unhoMne bhogakula ke rAjA ugrasena kI kanyA rAjImatI se vivAha karanA svIkAra kiyA kintu barAta meM jAte samaya vAdyoM ke tIvra ninAda aura bhojana meM mAMsa ke vividha vyaMjana banAne ke lie piMjaroM aura bAr3oM meM avaruddha pazupakSiyoM ke karuNa krandana se unakA citta karuNA se vyAkula ho gyaa| unhoMne saMtrasta pazupakSiyoM ko mukta karAkara binA vivAha kiye hI vairAgya dhAraNa kara liyaa| vAgdattA rAjImatI ne bhI zramaNa dIkSA svIkAra kara lii| muni jIvanadhAraNa kara ariSTanemi tIrthaMkara hue| 90. uttarAdhyayana, 18/351 91. vahI, 18/361 92. vahI, 18/371 93. rAmAyaNa, 1/171 94. uttarAdhyayana, 18/38-40 kunthunAtha zAyada kAkustha kA apabhraMza hai jo ikSvAku kula meM 25veM the| jaikobI kI TippaNI, esa0 bI0I0, ji0 45, pR0 85-861 95. uttarAdhyayana, 18/411 96. vahI, 18/421 97. vahI, 18/431 98. vahI, 18/441 99. vahI, 18/46,47 100. vahI, 18/48 / 101. vahI, 18/491 102. vahI, 18/501 103. vahI, 18/511 104. vahI, candanAjI, 19, pR0 183-841 105. vahI, a0 131 106. vahI, a0 18 /

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107. vahI, 2018 / 108. vahI, 21/1-31 109. vahI / 110. vahI, 22/11 111. vahI, 18/7 / 112. vhii| 113. vahI 9/491 rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 281 114. vahI, 9/4 / 115. dra0 bhArata ke prAcIna abhilekha, pR0 102-31 116. uttarAdhyayana, 9/201 117. vahI, 9/18: dra0 bhArata ke prAcIna abhilekha, pR0 103 | 118. varddhamANagihANI cUrNi aura TIkA meM isakA artha spaSTa nahIM hai| moniyara viliyamsa ne isakA artha vaha ghara jisameM dakSiNa kI ora dvAra na hoM kiyA hai / - dra0 saMskRta iMgliza DikzanarI, pR0 926 : matsyapurANa, pR0 254 kA bhI yahI mata hai| vAstusAra meM ghara ke 64 prakAra batAye haiM jisameM tIsarA vardhamAna hai| jisake dakSiNa dizA meM mukhavAlI gAvIzAlA ho / - uttarajjhayaNa saTippaNa, pR0 78 : DA0 haramana jaikobI ne varAhamihira saMhitA 53/36 ke AdhAra para mAnA hai ki yaha gRha samastagRhoM meM sundaratama hai / dra0 uttarAdhyayanasUtra esa0bI0I0, pR0 38 pAdaTippaNa 1, vardhamAnagRha dhanaprada hotA hai| dra0 vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, 5/8 dakSiNadvArahitaM vardhamAnaM dhanapradam / 119. candrazAlA jalAzaya meM nirmita laghuprAsAda hai / - dra0 vRhadvRtti, prapatra 3121 120. uttarAdhyayana, 9 /281 121. vahI, 9/301 122. vahI, 9/321 123. vahI, 9 / 341 124. bhArata ke prAcIna abhilekha, pR0 102 / 125. uttarAdhyayana, 9/401 126. vahI, 18/42 yahAM ekacchatra se abhiprAya punaH cakravartI sAmrAjyavAdI rAjA se hai| 127. pAMcAla deza kA rAjA brahmadatta muni citta ke vacanoM kA pAlana nahIM kara skaa| ata: anuttara bhoga bhoga kara saptama narka meM gayA / - uttarAdhyayana, 13/341 128. vahI, 14/301 129. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0, pR0 242601 130. sUtrakRtAMga esa0bI0I0, 2/1/13 | 131. ullekhanIya hai ki uparokta vRttAnta mahAvIra ke janma ke samaya kA hai| jinakA janma jJAtRka kSatriya kula meM huA thA / ataeva yaha paramparA brAhmaNa dharma sammata kSatriya paramparA hai| svayaM jaina dharma meM kyA aisI paramparA thI pramANita karanA kaThina hai| - kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0, lAipha Apha mahAvIra 103, pR0 254 / 132. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0, pR0 2541 133. abhayadeva, vyAkhyAprajJapti TIkA, 5/7, pR0 228 becaradAsa doSI kA anuvAda | 134. dra0 Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 51 / 135. uttarAdhyayana, 19/4: 21/3 : uttarAdhyayana TIkA meM saptabhUmika prAsAda kA hai| jAtakoM meM

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282 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti varNita viSaya ke lie dra0 ratilAla mehatA, prI buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 107 aadi| 136. vahI, 21/4 zAntyAcArya ne gavAkSa kA artha sabase UMcI caturikA kiyA hai-vRhadvRtti, patra 451 / 137. uttarAdhyayana, 13/13-14 / 138. vahI 139. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0 pR0 242/61 / 140. vahI, pR0 242/621 141. rAjA ke AbhUSaNoM meM gale meM laTakA 18 lar3a kA hAra, nau lar3a kA hAra, tIna lar3a kA hAra, motI kA hAra, ekAvalI bAhulya, kuNDala Adi AbhUSaNa the| 142. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0, pR0 2421 143. vhii| 144. vahI, pR0 280/641 145. vahI, mahAvIra kA jIvana carita, 621 146. uttarAdhyayana, 15/9: Avazyaka niyukti, gAthA 198 ke anusAra bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne cAra varga sthApita kiye the-(1) ugra ArakSaka senA, (2) bhoga-gurusthAnIya, (3) rAjanya samavayaska athavA mitrasthAnIya, tathA (4) kSatriya-anya vykti| bhogika kA artha sAmanta bhI hotA hai| zAntyAcArya isakA artha rAjamAnya pradhAna puruSa karate haiN| nemicandra ne subodhA meM viziSTa vezabhUSA kA bhoga karane vAle amAtya Adi, artha kiyA hai| 147. dra0 uttarAdhyayana saTippaNa, pR0 4351 148. jaina kalpasUtra, 128 aura niryAvali sUtra, pR0 27 vArena dvArA sampAdita dra0 mohanalAla mehatA, jAtaka kAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, pR0 60 / 149. abhiSikta rAjanya:-pANini. 6/2/34: kauTilya ne bhI rAjazabdopajIvinaH kaha kara una saMghoM kI ora iMgita kiyA hai jisameM rAjA upAdhi saMghIya saMgaThana kA mUlAdhAra thii| 150. ekaika evaM manyate ahaM rAjA ahaM rAjeti-lalita vistAra, 3/23 / 151. dra0 saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa, ji0 45, pR0 339 / 152. vahI, 2/1/13 pR0 3391 153. ugra tathA bhoga kSatriya the| jaina paramparA ke anusAra RSabhadeva ne jinheM kotavAla ke pada para niyukta kiyA thA unake vaMzaja ugra the jabaki bhoga unake vaMzaja the jinheM RSabhadeva ne AdaraNIya tathA sammAna kA pAtra mAnA thaa| dra0 jaikobI, saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa, pR0 71 / licchavi tathA mallakI kAzI aura kosala ke pramakha the| rAmAyaNa meM varNita ikSvAka vaMza ke yaha vaMzaja the| pUrvI bhArata meM isa prajAti ne pramukha zakti banakara aneka zatAbdiyoM taka rAjya kiyaa| RSabha ko kosalIya kauzalika kaha kara pukArA gayA hai kyoMki vaha kosala athavA ayodhyA meM utpanna hue the| mallakI, mallInAtha kI santAna the| dra0 kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0, pR0 280-81 / isI prakAra kAzI aura kosala ke aTThAraha saMghIya rAjAoM jinameM nau mallakI va nau licchavI the, ne mahAvIra ke prayANa divasa para 'poSagha ke dina dIpamAlikA kii| dra0 kalpasUtra, pR0 266 154. sahasrAkSa vajrapANi, purandara-uttarAdhyayana, gAthA 23 cUrNi ke anusAra indra ke pAMca sau devamantrI hote haiN| rAjA mantrI rUpI AMkhoM se dekhatA hai arthAt unakI dRSTi se apanI nIti nirdhArita karatA hai, isalie indra sahasrAkSa hai| 155. uttarAdhyayana, gAthA 13, pR0 117-18 /

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rAjanItika evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa * 283 156. vahI, 14/371 157. pura aura janapada, rAjadhAnI, senA aura anta:pura rAjya ke mahatvapUrNa aMga haiM-uttarAdhyayana, 9/41 158. vahI, 2/18 / 159. ThANaM, 2/3901 160. uttarAdhyayana, vRhavRtti patra 605 : dazavaikAlika haribhadrIya TIkA, patra 1471 161. nizIthacUrNi, bhA0-3, pR0 346 sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 821 162. dazavaikAlika eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR0 2201 163. uttarAdhyayana vRhadvRtti, patra 6051 164. ThANaM lADanUM saMskaraNa, pR0 143 / 165. vhii| 166. uttarAdhyayana vRhadvRtti, patra 6051 167. nizIthacUrNi bhAga-3, pR0 3461 168. sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 82-83 / 169. uttarAdhyayana vRhadvRtti, patra 6051 170. vhii| 171. moniyara viliyamsa, e saMskRta iMgliza DikzanarI, pR0 2591 172. uttarAdhyayana vRhadvRtti, patra 6051 173. dazavaikAlika : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR0 220: isameM karbaTa kA mUla artha kUTasAkSI athavA jahAM anaitika vyavasAya hotA hai, se kiyA hai| 174. e saMskRta iMgliza DikzanarI pR0 2591 175. uttarAdhyayana vRhadvRtti, patra 6051 176. sthAnAMga vRtti patra 83: nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3 / 177. vhii| 178. vhii| 179. vhii| 180. vhii| 181. vhii| 182. vhii| 183. vhii| 184. uttarAdhyayana, 9/31 185. vahI, 14/371 186. mithilArAja nami saba kucha tyAgakara nirgrantha muni ho gye| unheM vivekamUlaka vairAgya kA udAtta jAgaraNa haa| namirAja yakAyaka mani ho gaye haiM-isa tyAga kI jJAna cetanA sthira hai athavA yaha koI kSaNika ubAla hai yaha jAnane va kSAtra dharma kI yAda dilAne ke lie devendra brAhmaNa veza meM unake pAsa AyA kintu nami kA uttara thA ki mithilA jala rahI hai to usameM merA kyA hai? merA to kucha bhI nahIM jala rahA hai| nami ke isa uttara meM adhyAtmabhAvanA ke prANa bheda vijJAna kI carcA prApta hotI hai| yadi nami kI deha bhI jalatI to vaha yaha hI khte| rAjya rakSA, rAjya vistAra, zatru aura cora luTeroM ke damana kI apekSA antara kA rAjya, Atmadamana, AtmarakSA adhika mahatvapUrNa haiN| bAhara kI duniyA ko bacA lene para bhI

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284 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti antarjIvana agara asurakSita hai to bAhara kI surakSA kA koI artha nahIM hai| bAhara ke hajAroM zatruoM ko jItane kI apekSA Antarika zatruoM para prApta kI jAne vAlI vijaya hI vAstavika vijaya hai| namirAja pUrNa anAsakta hue-uttarAdhyayana esa0 bI0I0, a0 9, pR0 35-411 187. vahI, 20 : mhaanirgrnthiiy| 188. kurukSetra ke iSukAra nagara meM bhRgurAjapurohita apanI patnI yazA ke sAtha rahate the jinake do sundara alpavayaska putroM ne dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| yaha dekha mAtA-pitA ne bhI zramaNa saMyama grahaNa kara liyaa| isa sampanna purohita kA tyakta dhana paramparAnusAra rAjyakoSa meM Ane lgaa| yaha sUcanA pAkara rAnI kamalAvatI ne rAjA ko samajhAyA "jIvana kSaNika hai|" isa kSaNika jIvana ke lie tuma dhana saMgraha kyoM kara rahe ho? jise purohita chor3a rahA hai use tuma kyoM svIkAra kara rahe ho? yaha to dUsaroM kA vamana cATane ke samAna hai| jisa prakAra mAMsa khaNDa para cIla, kaue aura gIdha jhapaTate haiM, usI prakAra dhana lolupa dhana para jhapaTate haiN| ata: isa kSaNa nazvara dhana ko tyAga kara zAzvatadhana ko khojeN| isa prakAra rAjA rAnI ne zramaNa dIkSA svIkAra kara lii|-uttraadhyyn, esa0bI0I0, a0 14, pR0 61-691 189. kAmpilya nagara kA rAjA saMjaya zikAra ke lie gayA haA thaa| usakI senA ne jaMgala hiraNoM ko eka eka kara biiNdhaa| unakA pIchA karate hue rAjA latA maNDapa meM gayA jahAM muni gardamAli tapasyArata the| muni ne bhayabhIta rAjA se kahA- "rAjana! merI ora se tumheM abhaya hai| para tuma bhI abhaya dene vAle bno| jinake lie tuma yaha anartha kara rahe ho, vaha svajana evaM parijana koI bhI tumheM bacA nahIM skeNge|" yaha upadeza pAkara rAjA muni bana gyaa| vahI, a0 18, pR0 80 / 190. vahI, pR0 481 191. uttarajjhayaNANi 11/21-vRhadvRtti ke anusAra vAsudeva ke zaMkha kA nAma pAMcajanya, cakra kA sudarzana aura gadA kA nAma kaumudakI hai| lohe ke daNDa vizeSa ko gadA kahate haiN| 192. uttarAdhyayana, 11/231 193. vahI, 22/10-24| 194. uttarajjhayaNANi, saTippaNa, pR0 432 / yaha ratna haiM (1) senApati, (2) purohita, (3) gAthApati, (4) gaja, (5) azva, (6) manacAhA bhavana nirmANa karane vAlA vaddharki bar3haI, strI, (8) cakra, (9) chatra, (10) cama, (11) maNi, (12) jisase parvata zilAoM para lekha yA maNDala aMkita kiye jAte haiM vaha kAkiNI, (13) khaDga, tathA (14) dnndd| 195. uttarAdhyayana, adhyA. 11, 18, 21 tathA 221

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adhyAya 7 Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa-isa puruSArtha catuSTaya ke AdhAra para bhAratIya manISiyoM ne sampUrNa mAnava astitva ko niyamita karane kA upakrama kiyA hai aura inake bIca santulana rakhane kI dizA bhI prastuta kI hai| kintu, phira bhI bhAratIya manISA kA jhukAva mokSa kI ora rhaa| samAja meM daridratA hai, vipannatA hai isakA cintana to huA kintu isa AdhyAtmika pariprekSya meM ki vaha vyakti ke kiye hue karmoM kA phala hai| isa karmaphala satra meM hetu kI khoja bhI haI hai| use parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai, isa paryAya kI dizA kA udghATana nahIM huA hai| isakA kAraNa rahA karmasiddhAnta kA ekAMgI dRssttikonn| yadi anekAnta dRSTi se samAjazAstrI va arthazAstrI dekhate to vyavasthA parivartana ke dvArA daridratA samApta karane kA mArga durlabha nahIM thaa| ___ jaina dRSTi ke anusAra sampannatA yA vipannatA karma hetuka bhI hotI hai kintu karmahetuka hI nahIM hotii| kisI bhI kArya kI niSpatti eka hetu se nahIM hotI, hetu samavAya se hotI hai| karma kA vipAka bhI apane Apa nahIM hotA apitu vastu, kSetra, kAla, bhAva Adi kI yuti se hotA hai| samAja-vyavasthA kA bhAva paryAya samucita hotA hai to vipannatA ko phalita karane vAle karma kA vipAka hI na hotaa| samAja ke samakSa viSamatA, daridratA, zastrIkaraNa, yuddha, jAtIyatA, pUMjIvAda, sAmpradAyikatA Adi aneka samasyAeM haiM kintu cintana ke dharAtala para ina bhautika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna dArzanikoM ne pAramArthika AdhAra para karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, vyAvahArika samAdhAna kI dazA meM unakA svara mukhara nahIM hai| __zAzvata aura azAzvata donoM eka hI satya ke do pahalU haiN| ina donoM ko vibhakta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isa sthiti meM darzana ko kevala zAzvata kI vyAkhyA taka sImita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| parivartana, jIvana vyavahAra aura sAmayika samasyAoM kI vyAkhyA karanA bhI darzana kA hI kArya hai|' yadyapi jaina Agama pramukha rUpa se dharma aura darzana se sambandhita haiM tathApi

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286 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti Arthika saMsthAoM ke viSaya meM bhI prasaMgavaza sUcanAeM prApta hotI haiN| kRSi vyavasthA tathA pramukha paidAvAra jaina dharma yadyapi vizeSa rUpa se apane anuyAyiyoM ko kRSi karma na karane kA Adeza detA hai tAki hiMsA kA pUrNa parityAga ho sake kintu kRSi karma kI upekSA sambhava nahIM thii| sambhavata: jainettara sampradAya ke vyakti pramukha rUpa se kRSi karma aMgIkAra karate the aura jaina apavAda svruup| jainasUtroM se jJAta hotA hai ki Agama kAla meM kRSi kArya ati vikasita thaa| jainasUtroM meM satraha prakAra ke dhAnyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai-vrIhi (cAvala), yava (jau), masUra, godhUma (gehUM), mudga (mUMga), mASa (ur3ada) tila , caNaka (canA), aNu (cAvala kI eka kisma), priyaMgu (kaMgana), kAdrava (kodoM)", akuSTaka (kuTaTu), zAli (cAvala), ADhakI, kalAya (maTara), kulattha (kulathI),12 aura saNa (sn)| cAvala zAli kI khetI bahutAyata se hotI thii| kalama zAli pUrvIya prAntoM meM utpanna hotA thaa| raktazakti mahAzAli aura gandhazAli isakI baDhiyA kismeM thiiN| kulmASa, ur3ada, bukkasa, pulAka tathA maMthu, jau aura cAvala' pramukha paidAvAra thiiN| baiMgana tathA kakar3I sabjiyoM meM utpanna hotI thiiN| kelA, Ikha, kukuramuttA, jau, canA, AlU, mUlI, zRMgabera, adaraka kI paidAvAra ke viSaya meM uttarAdhyayana se jJAta hotA hai| __ aneka prakAra ke kandamUla phala usa samaya utpanna hote the jaise hirilIkanda, sirilIkanda, jAvaIkanda, keda, kadalIkanda, kustumbk| lohI, snihu, kuhaka, vajrakanda, sUraNakanda, azvakarNI, siMhakarNI, musur3hI haridrA Adi jamIkanda the|" pyAja tathA lahasana kI bhI khetI hotI thii| AlU, mUlI, adaraka bhUmi ke andara utpanna hone vAlI anya sabjI thiiN|22 nAriyala, Ikha,24 kukuramuttA anya paidAvAra thiiN| inheM kramaza: latAvalaya, parvaja aura kuhaNa zreNI ke antargata rakhA gayA hai| kacce Ama, pake Ama, kacce kapittha, pake kapittha, khajUra tathA drAkSA28 kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai| tillI, tila, jigaraphalI, niSpAva, kulaTTha, Alsina, elAmiccha,29 (ilAyacI), sarasoM, sapheda sarasoM,' pramukha tilahaneM thii| anna bhaNDAroM meM bhara kara rakhA jAtA thaa|2 masAloM meM kAlImirca,33 haridrA (haldI),34 sarasoM, haritAla, trikaTu, gajapIpala kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| gannA pramukha phasaloM meM se thaa| ise kolhuoM mahAjanta kolluka meM perA jAtA thaa|

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 287 phasala pakane para dhAnya ghar3oM meM bharakara rakhA jAtA thA phira yaha ghar3e surakSA kI dRSTi se lIpa-pota kara, mohara lagA kara koThAra meM rakha diye jAte the| 6 sUtrakRtAMga meM okhalI tathA mUsalI kI carcA AtI hai jisakA prayoga sambhavataH dhAnya kUTane ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA hogaa|" gaMjazAlA meM dhAnya kUTe jAne kI puSTi jaina grantha nizIthasUtra se bhI hotI hai| seba, aMgUra, khajUra, nAriyala, imalI, cakotarA, unnAva, tinduka, bilva, zrIparNI tathA kiMpAka phaloM ke sAtha phaloM meM Ama, anAra,40 tathA bera" kI carcA milatI hai| vibhinna prakAra kI sabjiyoM meM AMvalA,43 AlU, mUlI, adaraka, pyAja, lahasuna tathA laukI ke viSaya meM jJAta hotA hai| puSpoM meM mandAra, campaka, azoka, nAga, punnAga, priyaMgu, zirISa, mudgara, mallikA, yUthikA, aMkolA, korAntaka, damanaka, navamAlikA, bakula, tilaka, vArAntikA, naphara, pATala, kanda, atimukta. Amrabera Adi kI carcA prApta hotI hai| yaha sabhI puSpa sugandhiyukta the tathA inheM AbharaNa banAkara zarIra para dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thA tathA inakI sugandha itra ke rUpa meM bhI pracalita thii| aisA loka vizvAsa thA ki azoka kI kalI tabhI caTakatI hai jaba sajI dhajI yuvatI kA pAMva chU jAye tathA bakula tabhI paripUrNa yauvana se sarAbora hotA hai jaba madirA se sIMcA jAtA hai|47 ketakI,48 alasI ke puSpa, kunda puSpa, kamala, zirISa, kumuda rakta kamala lodhapuSpa Adi kA tathA jala kumudanI kA nAma bhI jaina sUtroM meM prApta hotA hai| anya vanaspati jaina granthoM meM aneka vRkSa, paudhe, gucda, ghAsa, jhAr3I tathA tRNoM ke nAma milate haiM jinameM kucha kI pahacAna nahIM ho pAyI hai kintu unake prAkRta nAma jJAta haiN| isa sUcI meM latA, gulma, valli, jar3I bUTiyAM tathA jhAr3iyAM bhI sammilita haiM : kAkajaMghA-dhuMghacI yA guMjA kA vRkSa, sudarzanA7-jaMbuvRkSa kA nAma, zAlmali vRkSa8-semala kA vRkSa, azoka tela kaNTaka, alasI, kunda2, saNa,

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asaNa, kar3avA tUmbA'", nIma, kaTuka rohiNI", pAma vRkSa, candana, padyama, bAMsa", pIpala 2. amarAta" jighirA 74, 288 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti zatagu", ambara 76, pilAMkhu", nyagrodha', niyUra", azvattha sallakI", dhAtakI 82, zAla, isake atirikta ikSumeru, aMkakarelu, kaseru, saMghATika tathA puTiyAla 84 nAmaka paudhoM ke nAma prApta hote haiN| 86 vibhinna ghAsoM meM ikkaTA, jantuka, kuzA, pArA yA parAga, kukkhA jala kumudanI, morAga mayUra paMkha yA morapAMkhI, " pApaka tathA rAlaga va kukkaka nAma prApta hote haiN| 87 jala meM utpanna vibhinna vanaspatiyAM jinameM jalatatva nihita haiM unake nAma isa prakAra milate haiM- udaga, Avaga, pAnaga, zaivAla, kalambuya kadamba kasesa, cakkhamANiya, uppala, pauma, kumuda, nalina, subhAgaseNiya, pauNDarIya, mahApauNDarIya, sayAvattA, sahasAvattA, kalahAra, kokanda, tAmarasa, pukkhala tathA pukkhaladiThI / ** 188 bhUmija vanaspatiyoM isa prakAra haiM-Aya, kAya, kuhaNa, kaMdu, utvehaliya, nivvehaliyAM aiSava, sakkha, khaTagga, vAsAniya / 89

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 289 vyavasAya tathA udyoga jaina sAhitya se tatkAlIna bhAratIya vyavasAyika sthiti para prakAza par3atA hai| Agama kAla meM vyavasAya aura udyogoM kI bar3I unnati huI thii| isa samaya bhArata meM saMgaThita rAjya sthApita hue tathA nagara sabhyatA kA vikAsa Arambha huaa| isa yuga se ina vyavasAyoM kI yaha vizeSatA dekhane ko milatI hai ki putra apane pitA ke vyavasAya meM dakSa hone kA prayatna karatA hai| vaMzAnugata pravRtti ke sAtha zilpa ke sthAnIkaraNa kI bhAvanA bhI pAyI jAtI hai| zilpiyoM ne apanI zAlAeM banA rakhI thiiN| zilpazAlAoM meM kumbhakArazAlA, lohakArazAlA, paNyazAlA Adi nAma prApta hote haiN| bar3haI aura lohAra" kA vyavasAya ati unnata thaa| nAI,92 raMgareja, dhobI,94 aura mAlAkAra bhI apane vyavasAyoM meM pratiSThita the| darjI,96, zIze ke rogana kA kAma karane vAlA," gopAla, bhANDapAla, gAyoM aura kirAne ke svAmI, kA ullekha milatA hai| lakar3I kI nAva banAne kA bhI vyavasAya hotA thaa| camar3e ke jUte,100 nazIle dravya bhI banAye aura bece jAte the| prazAsanika vyavasAyoM meM nigama zabda vyApArika kendra ke liya prayukta hotA thaa|102 gvAlA, gar3ariyA, zikArI, machuArA, kasAI,103 tathA baheliyA|04 jaise karmakAroM kA ullekha bhI jaina sUtroM meM prApta hotA hai| bAMsa kI TokarI banAne vAle, sIMkoM kA kArya105 karane vAle, paMkhe bunane vAle hIna zilpiyoM kI carcA bhI prApta hotI hai| bAje banAne vAle, kapar3e kI geMda banAne vAle, kursI bunane vAle, lakar3I kI kursI banAne vAle, candana kI khar3AU banAne vAle,106 tathA dhAge se vastra bunane bAle107 tabhAga yA tantuvAya bhI isI zreNI ke antargata Ate haiN| cora,108 ucakke aura seMdhamAra,109 juArI 10 apanI AjIvikA anucita sAdhanoM se prApta karate the| kalpasUtra se hameM sUMghanI banAne banAne vAle, khilAr3I, nartaka, rassI para nAcane vAle, kuztIbAja, kathAvAcaka, cAraNa, abhinetA, saMdezavAhaka, laMkha, zahanAIvAdaka tathA bAMsurI vAdaka ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta hotI hai|' kumhAra, luhAra, citrakAra, tantuvAya, nAI pratyeka kI vyAsAyika zAkhAeM thIM, jahAM ina vyavasAyoM kA prazikSaNa diyA jAtA thaa|12 kRSi, vANijya aura vyavasAya svayaM vikasita the| striyAM nRtya tathA saMgIta se bhI AjIvikA calAtI thiiN||13 __AcArAMgasUtra meM dukAnoM, kArakhAnoM aura palAla maNDapoM ke viSaya meM jJAna prApata hotA hai| 4 gAr3IvAna15 gAr3iyoM meM sAmAna bharakara vikraya hetu le jAte the| grAma rkssk| ina sabakI surakSA kA prabandha karate the| gopAla aura bhANDapAla||5 gAya tathA anya pazuoM va bartanoM kA vyApAra karate the|

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290 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti jaina grantha kalpasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki vyApAra tathA udyoga kI suvidhA ke lie tirAhe, caurAhe, sar3aka aura bAjAra bane hue the| vyApAriyoM ke kAravAM kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai||18 samAja kA eka varga ucca vidyAoM ke dvArA AjIvikA prApta karatA thaa| yaha vidyAeM isa prakAra thIM-chinna-chidra vidyA, svara sapta-svara vidyA, mauna, antarikSa, svapna, takSaNa, daNDa, vAstuvidyA, aMgavikAra, svara vijJAna, Ayurveda jJAna tathA mntrjnyaan||17 zubhAzubha batAkara18 tathA adhyApana'19 ke dvArA bhI vyakti dhanArjana karate the| mantra aura vidyA dvArA cikitsA!20 tathA auSadhi nirmANa!21 se bhI AjIvikA calAI jAtI thii| luhAra, kumhAra Adi karmakAra luhAroM kammAroM, karmAra, kA vyApAra unnati para thaa| yaha loga khetI bArI ke lie hala aura kudAlI tathA lakar3I kATane ke lie pharasA, vasUlA, Adi banAkara becA karate the||24 yaha karapatra, karabata, kavaca, ArA Adi zastra, talavAra, bhAle aura lohe ke DaNDe, jue vAle jalate lohe ke ratha, tejadhAra vAle chure - churiyAM, kaiMcI, kulhAr3I, pharasA,125 kuMdakuMbhI pakane ke loha pAtra Adi kA nirmANa karate the||26 lohe, vapusa, tAmra, jaste, sIse, kAMse, cAMdI, sone, gaNi, danta, sIMga, zaMkha, bajra Adi se bahumUlya pAtra banAye jAte the||27 tAmbe ke baratana ko candAlaga kahate the|128 ispAta se sAdhuoM ke upayoga meM Ane vAle kSura pippalaga suI129 ArA, nahanI Adi banAye jAte the| luhAra kI dukAna samara kahalAtI thii||30 lohe ke hathaur3e se kUTate, pITate, kATate aura usase upayogI vastuoM ko taiyAra karate the||3| gandhI aura citrakAra manohara gandha 32 tathA manohara citra'33 taiyAra karate the| astra-zastra tathA anya upakaraNa jaina sUtroM meM prasaMgavaza aneka upakaraNoM tathA astra zastroM kA ullekha huA hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki ina zastroM kA nirmANa kArakhAnoM meM vizAla paimAne para hotA thaa| DhAla tathA kavaca'34 senA kI AvazyakatA pUrti hetu banate the| cakra, aMkuza'35 tathA gadA'36 anya upakaraNa the jo yuddha meM kAma Ate the| vajra'37 talavAra, malli, lohadaNDa yuddha meM tathA AtatAyiyoM se nipaTane meM kAma Ate the||38 yuddha ke lie lauha rathoM kA nirmANa hotA thaa| 9 aparAdhiyoM, dAsoM aura karmakaroM para cAbuka 40 se mAra lagAI jAtI thI ata: cAbukoM kA nirmANa aura vikraya hotA thaa| mugadara, bhusuNDI, zUla tathA mUsalA41 kA prayoga aparAdhiyoM ko

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 291 trAsa dene ke lie hotA thaa| chure, churI, kaiMcI 42 kaMTI43 machalI pakar3ane kI kulhAr3I aura pharase kA nirmANa gharelU upayoga tathA dhandhe pAlana kI suvidhA ke lie hotA thaa| chatra tathA cAmarA 44 kA nirmANa devatA tathA rAjanyoM ke lie hotA thaa| vardI, trizUla, ustare tathA cAkU kA ullekha sUtrakRtAMga se prApta hotA hai| 45 suI kA nirmANa kapar3e sIne ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa||46 yAna, jhUle, pAlakI, zivikA vizeSa tathA ghor3e kI kAThI kA nirmANa hotA thaa| 47 vyApArI sArtha148 banAkara vyApAra hetu dUra dezoM ko jAte the| ___ karachiyAM,149 karavata,150 pagahA kueM kA phAMsI, muzka, tIra aura kodd'aa| tathA talavAra, DhAla'52 aura ustarA'53 jaise gharelu aura sainika upakaraNoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| choTe zilpI aura karmakara dainika upayoga kI aneka vastuoM kA nirmANa karate the| luhAra bAla ukhAr3ane kI cimaTI|54 saundarya priya mahilAoM ke lie, suI, haMsiyA, mUsala tathA imAmadaste'55 tathA slaakhoN|56 kA nirmANa karate the, bar3haI lakar3I kI khar3AUM,157 caukI, parthaka, zaiyA,158 hatthe vAlI kursI aura baiThane kI caukI!59 banAte the| ghor3e kI kAThI|60 bhI yahI banAte the| bAMsa ke sUpa61 banAye jAte the| bartana vAle Drama, rAmajhAre,162 hukke163 banAte the| miTTI ke kamor3a bhI banAye jAte the|164 bhANDa aura upakaraNoM165 meM bhikSApAtra166 tathA cimaTA167 ke nirmANa ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN| __kucha loga jana-sAmAnya ke manoraMjana se sambandhita vyavasAya bhI karate the| yaha nartaka, vAdaka, abhinetA aura kavi ke rUpa meM vikhyAta the| kucha vyakti inakI kalA ke upakaraNa jaise prasAdhana sAmagrI, dhuMgharu tathA vAdya Adi ke nirmANa kA kArya karate the| __Agama kAlIna jana jIvana suruci aura sampannatA kI dRSTi se ativikasita thaa| yaha prAmANika rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai| nATya, gIta aura vAdya manoraMjana ke sAdhana the||68 aneka prakAra ke vAdya banAe jAte the tathA una para svara, rAga aura rAginiyAM bajAI jAtI thiiN| vINA, tUrya, nagAr3A tathA pAtRpataha,169 veNu, sitAra170 tathA vINa evaM baaNsurii|| jaise vAdya bajAne kI carcA jaina grantha sUtrakRtAMga meM AI hai| vINA, vipAMkI vadavIsaka, tunnAka, pannAka, tumba, vinikA, ghaMkuNa tAla, laTTiya, mRdaMga, nandI-mRdaMga tathA jhallarI jaise vAdya bhI lokapriya the||72 duMdabhi, turahI, nagAr3A, tabale, muraga, mRdaMga, sAmAgA-gAmAgA, tUriya, jhAMjha, maMjIrA, bigula Adi vAdyoM kA ullekha usa samaya kI kalA priya pariSkRta saMskRti ko pratibimbita karatA hai||73

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292 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vastra vyavasAya vastra udyoga tathA vastra vyavasAya Agama kAla meM ativikasita dazA meM the| phara ke bane vastra svarNa se kasIde kiye, alaMkRta aura vibhinna jIvoM kI khAloM ke bane vastra'74 sampanna vyaktiyoM kI zobhA dviguNita karate the| rAjasI vastra bahumUlya nagoM se alaMkRta hote the| ina vastroM kI banAvaTa aneka prakAra kI hotI thI tathA una para hajAroM namUne kaDhAI kiye jAte the||75 bahumUlya vastra mulAyama tathA kasIdA kiye hue hote the tathA ina para pazu, pakSI, yakSa, kinnara, per3a, paudhe, kAr3he jAte the|176 kucha nagara vastra nirmANa ke lie vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha the tathA AzAtIta vastroM kA bhI upayoga hotA thaa|7 UnI, rezamI, paTuvA, tAr3a ke pattoM se bane sUtI vastra tathA arkatUla ke reze se bane vastra atyanta lokapriya the||78 kara ke utkRSTa vastra bakarI ke bAloM se bane bastra, nIle sUta se bane vastra, sAdhAraNa sUta ke bane tAMta paTTa, malaya vastra, kalakala, malamala, tejAba, rezama, dezarAga, amila, jaggala, phAlima, pracalita vastroM kI anya kismeM thiiN||79 jUTa ke rezoM se rassI bunI jAtI thii||80 dhanika vividha prakAra ke bahumUlya vastra dhAraNa karate the jinameM svarNatAra se vibhUSita vastra AINaga!82 ajina, pazuoM kI khAla se bane vastra, sahiNa sUkSma bArIka vastra, sahiNakallANa pAradarzI vastra, Aya183 bakare ke bAloM ke bane vastra kAya84 nIlI kapAsa ke bane vastra, khomiya kSaumika-kapAsa ke bane vastra dugulla185 (dakula), paudhe ke tantuoM se bane vastra, malaya, patunna,186 patraurNa, vRkSa kI chAla se bane aMsuya (aMzuka), cINAMsuya cInAMzuka ke desarAga raMgIna vastra, amilA87 svaccha vasatra gajjaphala188 pahanate samaya kar3a kar3a zabda karane vAlA vastra. phAliya sphaTika ke samAna ujjvala vasatra, koyavA89 rueMdAra kambala, pAvAra prAvaraNa vastroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| anya vastroM meM ur3ada 90 (udra), sindhu deza meM utpanna hone vAle udra nAmaka matsya ke carma se niSpanna pes'| sindhu deza meM hone vAle pazu vizeSa ke carma se niSpanna paisala jisa para pesa carma ke belabUTe kar3he hoM, kanakakAnta'92 jisakI kinAriyAM sunaharI hoM vivabha arthAt cIte kI carma se niSpanna AbharaNa vicitra'93 patra, candralekhA, svastika, ghaMTikA aura mauktika Adi aneka namUnoM se niSpanna Adi vastroM kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM prApta hotA hai| 94 paTTa|95 tathA iSya kA mUlya eka sahastra AMkA jAtA thaa| vijaya dUSya aisA vastra thA jo zaMkha, kuMda, jaladhArA aura samudraphena ke samAna zvetavarNa kA hotA thaa|197

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 293 AbhUSaNa vyavasAya isa kAla meM sunAra tathA sarrAphA pragati ke zikhara para thaa| jainasUtroM se jJAta hotA hai ki striyAM tathA puruSa AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate the| caudaha prakAra ke AbhUSaNoM kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM milatA hai-hAra aTThAraha lar3I vAlA198 ardhahAra-nau lar3I kA hAra ekAvali eka lar3I kA hAra, kanakAvali, ratnAvali, muktAvali, keyUra, kaDaya, kar3A, tuDiya bAjUbanda mudrA aMgUThI, kuNDala, urasUtra, cUr3AmaNi aura tilk|199 isa prakAra hAra, ardhahAra trisaraya tIna lar3I kA hAra pralaMba nAbhi taka laTakane vAlA hAra kaTisUtra karadhaunI, graiveyaka gale kA hAra, aMguliyaka aMgUThI kA kacAbharaNa keza meM lagAne ke alaMkaraNa mudrikA, kuNDala, mukuTa, valaya vIratvasUcaka kaMgaNa200, aMgada bAjUbanda, pAdapralaMba paira taka laTakane vAlA hAra201 muravi kAna kI vAlI,202 Adi AbhUSaNa puruSoM dvArA dhAraNa kiye jAte the| nupUra, mekhalA, hAra, kaDaga khuddaya aMgUThI valaya, kuNDala, ratna tathA dInAramAlA203 striyoM ke AbhUSaNa the| __anya AbhUSaNoM meM kuNDala,204 mukuTa,205 cUr3AmaNi,206 karadhanI,207 muktAhAra,208 karNaphUla209 the| bAhuvalaya, kadaga, tudiya, kaiDUra keyura kaMkaNa, truTikA, bAhurakSitA tathA aMgada jaise AbharaNa210 pahanane kA calana thaa|2|| hAra karNAbharaNa, bAliyAM, bAjUbanda tathA mukuTa pracalita the|212 motiyoM ke hAra tathA kAnoM meM hilate jhumake pahane jAte the jo kandhoM ko chUte the|213 dhanika varga AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karane ke atirikta cAMdI ke pyAloM,214 kA upabhoga karate the| maNi aura ratnajaTita taloM vAle prAsAda aura gavAkSoM se yukta aTTAlikAoM se nagara ke tirAhoM aura caurAhoM kA avalokana kiyA karate the|15 unake palaMga svarNajaTita hote the tathA sone ke zRMgAra jhArI se jala pIte the|216 khanija udyoga Agama kAla meM khAnoM meM lohA, rAMgA, tAmbA, jastA, sIsA, kAMsA, cAMdI, hiraNya athavA rupya, sonA suvarNa maNi aura ratna upalabdha the|217 bhArata ke vyApArI kaliyadvIpa se hiraNya, suvarNa, ratna, vajra tathA bahumUlya dhAtueM nAvika mArgoM se bhara kara bhArata meM lAte the|218 ___ khanija padArthoM meM lavaNa (namaka) Usa (sAjI) mATI geru, haratAla, hiMgaluka siMgarapha maNasila (manasila), sAsaga saMDiya (sapheda miTaTI), sAraTThiya aura aMjana ke nAma jJAta hote haiN|19 candana, sor3A, masAragalla, lAla khar3iyA, haMsagarbha, pulAka tathA gandhaka anya dhAtueM thiiN|220 sindUra, lAla haratAla, suramA, abhrapaTala

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294 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti tathA abhrabAluka kI bhI carcA milatI hai|21 pravAla, pAMDa, bhUrI miTTI aura panaka anya khanija the|222 nizcaya hI yaha khanija sampadA apane bahu upayogoM ke lie jJAta thI aura vyApAra ko samRddha banAne meM yogadAna de rahI thii| koyale223 kI khAne bahutAyata se thiiN| dhAtueM cAMdI, sonA, kAMsA, prasiddha dhAtueM thiiN|24 cAMdI, sonA, jevara banAne ke kAma AtA thA jaba ki kAMsA bartana banAne ke kAma AtA thaa|25 tAmbA, lohA, rAMgA, Tina aura sIsA jaisI dhAtueM Agama kAla meM suvikhyAta thiiN|226 bahumUlya ratna tathA maNiyAM hIrA,227 mUMgA,228 lohitAkSa, pannA, bhUja, mAMcaka, nIlama, billaura, sphaTika, haMsagarma, pulAka, candraprabha, baidUrya, jalakAnta tathA sUryakAnta229 bahumUlya ratnoM meM parigaNita hote the jinake alaMkaraNa svarNa tathA hiraNya se saMyukta banate the| gomedaka, rucaka, aMka-30 tathA muktA31 anya bahumUlya ratna tathA motI the| kalpasUtra meM bhI mUMgA, mANika, lAla, zaMkha aura kaur3I kA ullekha prApta hotA hai|32 indranIla, sasyaka, marakata, pravAla tathA aMkamaNi kI bhI carcA milatI hai|33 mudrA vinimaya mudrA vinimaya kA pramukha sAdhana hai| jaina sUtroM meM aneka prakAra kI mudrAoM evaM sikkoM kA ullekha hotA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM hiraNya suvarNa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai|234 suvarNa kA pRthaka ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai|35 anya mudrAoM meM kArSApaNa (kAhAvaNa),236 mASa,37 ardhamASa tathA rUpaka-38 kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM suvaNNa mAsaya svarNamASaka zabda prApta hotA hai|39 cAMdI ke sikkoM meM dakhma240 tathA svarNa meM dInAra241 kA pracalana thaa| tAmbe ke sikke meM kAkiNI pracalita thaa|242 choTe sikkoM kA bhI kAphI pracalana thaa|243 kAkiNI dakSiNApatha meM pracalita thaa| yaha tAmbe ke kArSApaNa kA cauthA bhAga hotA thaa| vaNika sambhavata: mahAjanI baiMka kA kArya bhI karate the tathA byAja va sUda para rUpayA udhAra dete the| isa anumAna kA AdhAra uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM prApta mUlapUMjI zabda hai|244 isI prakAra AcArAMga sUtra meM upabhoga ke bAda bacA dhana, arjita dhana

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 295 aura saMrakSita artharAzi kI carcA puna: isI ora iMgita karatI pratIta hotI hai|245 pratIta hotA hai ki sudUra dezoM se jalamArga se vyApAra hotA thaa|46 yadyapi samasAmayika bauddha tathA brAhmaNa sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vyApArI zreNiyoM meM saMgaThita the kintu jaina granthoM se aisI koI sUcanA prApta nahIM hotii| pazu sampadA bhArata sadA se kRSi pradhAna deza rahA hai| svAbhAvika hI hai ki kRSi karma kI AvazyakatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara pazu-sampadA kA bhI saMrakSaNa kiyA gayA ho| pazu na kevala kRSi kArya ke lie pratyakSa sahAyaka the jaise baila jutAI ke lie, kuttA rakhavAlI ke lie, gAya dUdha aura gobara ke lie apitu bahuupayogI the| unake carma se vastra banate, Dholaka aura maSaka banatIM, unase dUdha milatA, khAda milatI, mAMsa milatA, unakI asthiyoM se kaMghI Adi banatI, unake gobara kI khAda banatI, unake bAloM se dhAge tathA Una banatI tathA aneka rasAyana banate the| pazu bhAravAhI kA bhI kArya karate the jaise UMTa aura baila Adi savArI ke kArya Ate the| jaise hAthI ghor3A aadi| jainAgamoM meM aneka pAlata tathA jaMgalI jAnavaroM ke nAma prApta hote haiM jo isa prakAra haiM-gAya,247 baila,248 bakarA,249 memanA250 bahuupayogI gharelU jAnavara the| UMTa, gAya, bhaiMsa, ghor3A, gadhA Ara suara jaise jAnavara bahutAyata se pAle jAte the|51 jinase aneka kAma liye jAte the| UMTa aura gadhA sAmAna Dhote the| ghor3A savArI ke kAma AtA thaa| gAya aura bhaiMsa dUdha detI thii| sUara mailA khAte the tathA unake bAloM se jhAr3ana banAye jAte the| gAya-bhaiMsa ke sIMgoM se kaMghI tathA khilaune banAye jAte the| inakA gobara khAda ke kAma, mAMsa khAne ke kAma tathA carma vastra va jUte banAne ke kAma Ate the| jaina granthoM meM aneka pazuoM kI carcA huI hai jaise kuttA, nevalA,152 udra tathA paisa253 bhaiMsa tathA jaMgalI suara,254 ghor3A,255 hAthI,256 hiraNa,257 billI tathA cUhe 58 Adi kii| sthala cara jIvoM kI carcA karate hue uttarAdhyayana meM eka khura bAle ghor3e, do khura vAle baila, gaMDIpada hAthI tathA sanakhapada siMha Adi kI carcA huI hai|259 vargIkaraNa kI yaha pariSkRti pravRtti darzAtI hai ki AgamakAla meM vizleSaNa tathA tArkika kramabaddhatA tathA niyojana kI pravRtti kA paryApta vikAsa ho gayA thaa| pazuoM kI vizeSatA batAte hue uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM anyatra jAtimAna azva kamboja deza ke kaMthaka, ghor3e, hathiniyoM, tIkSNasIMga tathA puSTa skandha bAle baila, mRga, tIkSNa dAr3ha ke yuvA duSparAjeya siMha kA ullekha huA hai|260 gaiMDA,261 sAMDa,262 suara,263 jala mArjAra tathA Uda bilAva264 ke nAma bhI prApta hote haiN| AcArAMga sUtra265 meM kAle, nIle, pIle hiraNa tathA cIte kA ullekha huA hai|

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296 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti bher3iyA, sAMDa, ghor3A, hAthI, hiraNa266 tathA zizumAra thUthana vAlA stanapAyI kI carcA kalpasUtra meM prApta hotI hai| pakSI AcArAMga sUtra meM ur3ane vAle jIvoM ke lie sampAtima zabda milatA hai|267 uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM khecara jIvoM ko (1) carmapakSI, (2) romapakSI, (3) samudaga pakSI, tathA (4) vitata pakSI ke antargata rakhA gayA hai|2681 haMsa, kauMca, garur3a tathA gIdha,269 saMDasI jaisI coMca vAle DhaMkU,270 bAja,271 balAkA,272 khaMjana,273 cApa pakSI,274 kabUtara,275 totA,276 Adi kI carcA uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM prApta hotI hai| batakha, tItara, cakora aura baTera,277 murgA,278 kauA,279 tathA bhAruNDa280 anya pakSI haiN| piMgalA (phreMkolina pATija),281 kaThora coMca vAle pakSI282 kI carcA bhI prApta hotI hai| bagulA, kursI, machalI khAne vAle pakSI, bar3I cir3iyA aura tItara mAMsAhArI pakSI ke antargata Ate the|283 bihaga, pota284 rAjahaMsa,285 koyala,286 mora, sArasa aura cakravAka287 jaise pakSI mausama vizeSa meM nRtya aura gAyana se mana mohate the|288 anya jIva jantu jaina sUtroM meM aneka jIva jantuoM kA ullekha huA hai| jIva jantu yoM to phasala ko nukasAna pahuMcAte the jaise cUhe anAja khA jAte the kintu jahAM kucha hAnikAraka the vahIM anya lAbhakAraka bhI the| udAharaNa ke lie sAMpa cUhoM ko khA jAte the, billI cUhe khAtI thI, cir3iyAM choTe jIvoM ko khA letI thIM to giragiTa Adi anya kRmiyoM ko khA jAte the| madhumakkhI Adi se zahada prApta hotA thaa| TiDDI phasala khAtI to bAja sAMpa, TiDDI Adi ko pakar3a lete the| rezama ke kIr3oM se rezama ke vastra banate the| sIpa, zaMkha, kaur3I bhI jIvoM se hI prApta hotI thiiN| jinake gahane banAye jAte the| zaMkha bajAne ke kAma AtA thA to kaur3I khela ke pAMse ke rUpa meN| jIva jantu auSadha nirmANa ke kAma bhI Ate the| vizeSa rUpa se viSaile jntu| ghuna, dImaka,289 cIMTI,290 DAMsa, macchara, makkhI ,291 madhumakkhI ,292 makar3I,293 kITa, pataMgA aura bokkasa,294 aise hI choTe jIva the| __kRmi, saumaMgala, alasa, mAtRvAhaka, vAsImukha, sIpa, zaMkha, zaMkhanaka, pallIya, aNullaka, kaur3I, jauMka, jalauka, caMdaniyAM, indriya jIva the|295 kuMthu, cIMTI, khaTamala, makar3I, dImaka, tRNahAraka, kASThAhAraka, ghuna mAluka, patrAhAraka, karpAsAsthi, bhiMjaka, tinduka, vapuSabhiMjaka, zatAvarI, kAnakhajUrI,

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 297 dvIndriya tathA trIndriya jIvoM ke antargata Ate haiN|296 __ andhikA, pauttikA, makSikA, bhramara, kITa, pataMga, dikuNa, kuMkuNa, girITa, kukkur3a, nandAvarta, bicchu, Dola, bhuMgarITaka, biralI, akSivedhaka, apakSala, mAgagha, akSiror3aka, vicitra-patraka, citra-pattaka, ohiMjaliyA, jalakArI, nIjaka tathA tantaka kI carcA caturIndriya jIvoM ke antargata kI gayI hai|297 matsya, kacchapa, grAha, makara aura suMsumAra, paMcendriya tiryaMca jIva haiN|298 chipakalI, nevalA, sAhI, meDhaka, giragiTa, khorasa, gRhakokikA chipakalI, cUhe, vizvambharA, bicchU, pAiliya, gAha, caupaiyA299 tathA kachuA300 paMcendriya laukika jIvoM ke antargata Ate haiN| __machaliyoM301 ke aneka prakAroM kI carcA jainasUtra meM huI hai jaise rohita,302 samudrI machalI,303 timiMgalA vhela niruddha aura titilikaa|304 magaramaccha,305 chipakalI aura kachuA306 tathA meDhaka 307 kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| sAMpa308 bhI do prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM-(1) sarpa tathA (2) prisrp| parimarpa bhI do prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM-(1) bhuja parisarpa-hAthoM ke bala calane vAle goha aadi| (2) uraH parisarpa-peTa ke bala calane vAle sAMpa aadi| sarpo kI zreNI meM mahoraga kA bhI nAmollekha huA hai jisakI lambAI eka hajAra yojana hotI hai|309 jIva jantuoM kA vargIkaraNa isa kAla kI paryAvalokana kI sahajavRtti ko darzAtA hai jisake lie mahAvIra aura buddha kA kAla buddhivAdI (vibhijjAvAda) tArkikatA ke lie sukhyAta ho gayA thaa| yaha vRtti chaThI zatAbdI kI dena hai kyoMki isase pUrva aisI pravRtti hameM vaidika sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hotii| upabhoga autpAdanika krAntizIlatA samAja kI pravardhanazIlatA kA AdhAra hai| vaijJAnika aura prAvidhika vikAsa para AdhArita samRddhatA upabhoga kI suvidhAoM ko sarvasulabha banAne kI dizA meM caraNanikSepa karatI hai| isa krAnti kA mUlAdhAra hai aise jJAna kI khoja jo bhautika pravRtti ko svAyatta kara bhautika upAdAnoM ke dvArA bhoga sampAdana meM samartha hai| vijJAna, prAvidhi aura audyogika utpAdana mAnavIya bhogoM ko AzAtIta vaicitrya, prAcurya aura saulabhya pradAna karate haiN| aisI sthiti meM mAnavIya karmoM kA lakSya sAmAjika abhyudaya aura sAmAjika abhyudaya kA artha bhautika sAdhanoM aura sukhoM kI vRddhizIlatA para sthira honA hai| bhautika vikAsa kevala upabhoga kA vikAsa nahIM hai apitu mAnavIya aizvarya, avakAza aura suvidhAoM kA bhI vikAsa hai aura isa prakAra vaha manuSya ko sthUla

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298 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti apekSAoM aura karmoM kI dAsatA se mukta kara use isa bAta kA avakAza pradAna karatA hai ki vaha Atmocita jIvana kI prApti ke lie prayAsa kara ske| isameM sandeha nahIM ki aisI Arthika sthiti jo manuSya ko dAsatA, kRSi dAsatA aura majadUrI kI ghora daridratA aura sirpha dUsare ke lie kamarator3a parizrama meM nAthe hue pazu jIvana se ubAratI hai aura use ArAma, avakAza, svacchandatAM aura sAmAjika barAbarI detI hai avazya hI mAnavIya hita kI avasthA mAnI jAnI caahie| khAdya padArtha sukha kI khoja mAnava kA zAzvata lakSya hai| jIvita rahane aura sukhI rahane meM abhedAtmaka sambandha hai| donoM hI pravRttizIla manuSya ke samaveta lakSya haiN| na to mAnava kSaNika sukha meM jInA cAhatA hai aura na hI cirakAla taka dukha meN| sukha saMvedana kA eka AyAma hai jivhA sukh| vaicitrya saMvalita AsvAda sukha kA anusandhAna sAmAjika jIvana kI AdhAra pIThikA para alaMkaraNa hai| jainasUtroM meM cAra prakAra ke bhojana kA ullekha upalabdha hai-azana, pAna, khAdya tathA svaady| 10 jainasUtroM meM eka ora nIrasa aura rukSa bhojana kI carcA hai to dUsarI ora vividha svAdamaya jaise tIte, kaDuve, kasaile, khaTTe, mIThe aura namakIna12 bhojana kI carcA hai| bhojya padArthoM meM dUdha, dahI, makkhana,313 ghI; tela,14 madhu, mAMsa, madirA15 zakkara, bUrA16 Adi kI carcA prApta hotI hai| ___ pakavAnnoM ke antargata zuSkulI,317 (saMkulI), jalebI athavA lUcI, pue 18 aura zrIkhaNDa (zikhariNI)319 tathA tilapapar3I ke nAma milate haiN| ___ anya vyaMjanoM meM odAnapAka320 (mIThe cAvaloM se taiyAra kiyA bhojana), kSIra321 (khIra) zarbata,322 (zakkara kA rasa) mudgamAzAdi323 mAMsAhArI vyaMjana the| sattU/24 ThaNDA bhAta,325 manthu (bera kA cUrNa),326 daliyA 27, osAmana28 anya lokapriya AhAra the| nAriyala,329 gannA,330 khajUra aura dAkha31 prAya: khAye jAte the| bhojana susvAda banAne ke lie vividha masAloM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa|32 lahasana33 aura makkhana34 bhI isa hetu se prayukta hote the| jau kA pAnI,335 kAMjI kA pAnI36 tathA pAna-supArI37 bhojana pacAne ke lie pIye aura khAye jAte the| vividha Asava aura pradhAna surAoM ke antargata surA, sIdhu, madhu, aura maireyaka AtI thIM jo ati kasailI hotI thiiN|338 jaina sAdhu ke lie mAMsa bhakSaNa va madyapAna sarvathA niSiddha thaa| jainAcAra meM madirApAna heya dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thaa| karmaphala ke prasaMga meM mRgAputra batAtA hai ki pUrva janma meM use madirAeM priya thIM yaha yAda dilA

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 299 kara use khUna pilAyA gayA thaa|39 jaina sUtroM ke saMkhAsUtroM meM saMkhar3iyoM (bhojoM) kA ullekha hai jahAM jIvoM ko mArakara unake mAMsa ko atithiyoM ko parosA jAtA thaa|340 uttarAdhyayanasUtra 41 se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya vivAha, prItibhoja Adi para mAMsa ke vividha vyaMjana banAye jAte the| bhagavAna ariSTanemi ugrasena kI kanyA rAjImati se vivAha karane gaye to pAkazAlA se Ane vAle pazukrandana sunakara vairAgI ho gye| sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki bauddhoM aura hastitApasoM ke sAtha zAstrArtha karate hue ArdrakumAra ne mAMsa-bhakSaNa ko nindanIya batAyA thaa|42 jaina sAdhu ke lie mAMsa bhakSaNa sarvathA niSiddha thaa| mAMsa-bhakSaNa kI gaNanA usa pApa se kI gayI hai jisake phala janma-janmAnatara taka bhogane par3ate haiN| apane pUrvajanma ke karmoM kA smaraNa karate hue mRgAputra kahatA hai ki use zUla meM piroyA huA, Tukar3e-Tukar3e mAMsa priya thA yaha yAda dilAkara usake hI zarIra kA mAMsa kATakara aura lAla tapAkara use khilAyA gyaa| jalatI huI carbI khilAI gyii|43 yadyapi brAhmaNa paramparA meM mAMsabhakSaNa zAstrasammata thA kintu yahAM bhI anya jIvoM ke prati ise aparAdha mAnakara isake prAzyacita kA vidhAna thaa|344 sAmAnya avasthA Agama kAla meM janasAmAnya kI dazA santoSajanaka kahI jA sakatI hai| sambhavata: samAja meM vargabheda vidyamAna thaa| jahAM eka ora dhanika vividha suvidhAoM aura AnandoM kA upabhoga kara rahe the vahIM nimnavarga, jisameM hIna zilpakAra tathA karmakara the, kI dazA atyanta zocanIya thii| samAja ke vargoM meM brAhmaNa, rAjA, vyApArI tathA janasAmAnya ko pRthaka darzAyA gayA hai|345 rAjA veNi ke vyakti vyApAriyoM dvArA AyAtita bahumUlya vastra pahanate the|46 gAr3I, yAna, jhUle, pAlakI, koca, zivikA Adi kA vaha upabhoga karate the|47 zayana, Asana. pAna, bhojana vibhinna prakAra ke khAdya aura svAdya padArtha jIvana kI atRpti ko bar3hA rahe the|348 __ dhanika apane AvAsoM ko bahumUlya sundara vastroM ke pardo49 se sajAte the tathA unake gRha manohara striyoM se AkIrNa, mAlya aura dhUpa se suvAsita hote the tathA unake kivAr3a zveta candovA se yukata banAte the|350 ___ striyAM atyanta zrRMgAra priya thiiN| bAla ukhAr3ane kI cimaTI, kaMghA, bAloM ko bAMdhane ke phIte tathA darpaNa kI carcA hameM jaina sUtra meM prApta hotI hai| 51 dAMtuna tathA jhAmoM kA ullekha vaha aMgoM ko kAntimAna banAne ke lie karatI thiiN|352 taila mardana aura danta prakSAlana kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai|353

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300 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vibhinna AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karane ke atirikta vaha sindUra, lAla, haratAla tathA surame kA prayoga saundarya prasAdhana meM karatI thiiN|354 aMjana ke lie vizeSa rUpa se choTI choTI DibbI banatI thiiN|355 bichaune, pATa, pIDa, Asana, paira pauMchana ke kambala, zaiyA, saMstAraka, bAMhoM kI kursI aura baiThane vAlI caukI, paryaMka Adi unake AvAsoM ko sajAne aura jIvana ko suvidhAmaya banAne ke upakaraNa the|350 dhanikoM kI striyAM AvAgamana pAlakI athavA zivikA meM karatI thiiN|57 gAr3I kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai|358 naukA vihAra:59 tathA ratha yAtrA60 kI bhI carcA prApta hotI hai| camar3e ke jUte pahanane 61 aura dhUmrapAna se bhI samAja paricita thaa|362 ___gandha aura sugandha kA prayoga bahutAyata se hotA thaa|363 manoraMjana ke lie nATya, gIta aura vAdya pramukha sAdhana the|64 usake atirikta AkhyAyikA, daNDayuddha aura muSTiyuddha se bhI jI bahalAyA jAtA thaa|365 vividha upahAroM kA AdAna-pradAna kiyA jAtA thaa|366 sAmAnyata: logoM ke pAsa cala aura acala donoM prakAra kI sampatti hotI thii|67 yadyapi jaina aura bauddha dharma aparigraha aura ahiMsA kA vAtAvaraNa banA rahe the kintu samAja meM nivRtti ke sAtha-sAtha pravRtti lakSaNa bhI vidyamAna thaa| saMsAra tyAga aura naiSyakarma ke udAtta Adarza yadyapi caritArtha hone lage the kintu sRjana aura upayoga kI pravRtti lakSaNa paramparA kSINa nahIM huI thii| samAja meM aba bhI yajJoM kI paramparA thI jisameM yUpa, yajJa stambha, kANDa368 aura kaNDe369 kI agni kA upayoga hotA thaa| aise dhanika bhI samAja meM vidyamAna the jo dasa lAkha gAyoM ko dAna meM dete the|70 vahIM dUsarI ora juArI, cora, zaTha, girahakaTa, luTere aura baTamAra mArgoM meM lUTa karate the|371 ata: yAtrA surakSita na thiiN| puruSa tathA strI dAsa rakhanA samAja meM sampannatA kA cinha mAnA jAtA thaa|72 naitikatA kI bArambAra duhAI dene para bhI samAja meM rizvata, dhokhA, chala, kapaTa, SaDyantra aura beImAnI kA utanA hI bolabAlA thaa|373 samAja ke nimnavarga kI dazA ullekhanIya rUpa se zocanIya thii| yadyapi mahAvIra aura buddha ne bar3I sahAnubhUtipUrvaka inake utthAna kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| cANDAloM ko bar3I ghRNA se dekhA jAtA thA aura unakI bastI nagara se bAhara banAI jAtI thii|374 caNDAla aura bokkasa zmazAna para kArya karate the|75 dAsoM kI dazA bhI bahuta kharAba thii| samAja kA eka bar3A dhanika varga apane hI samAna mAnava ko dAsa76 banAkara usakA zoSaNa kara rahA thaa| dAsa aura kArmika khetoM para kAma karate the| dAsa ko koI vetana nahIM milatA thA jabaki bhogilla arthAt karmakAra ko vetana ke rUpa meM upaja kA chaThA bhAga milatA thaa| dAsa aura bhAr3e ke zramika khetoM ke choTe-choTe Tukar3oM meM kArya karate

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 301 the|37 Agama kAla meM gaMgA ke nicale maidAnoM meM lohe ke phAla ke kAraNa bar3e bar3e kheta bne| eka eka parivAra ke pAsa itanI bhUmi A gaI jise vaha svayaM nahIM jota sakatA thaa| ata: sampanna gharoM kI khetI calAne ke lie dAsoM aura kammakaroM kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| kintu ina dAsoM aura kammakaroM kI dazA bar3I heya thii| jainagranthoM meM dAsoM, naukaroM pessa aura bhAravAhaka pazuoM ko eka hI koTi meM rakhA gayA hai|378 jaina srotoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mRtaka cAra prakAra ke hote the379 (1) divasabhayaga-jo dainika majadUrI para kAma karate the| (2) jAtabhayaga-jo yAtrA bhara ke lie rakhe jAte the| (3) uccatAbhayaga-nirNIta samaya para kAma pUrA karane ke lie ghaNToM ke hisAba se Theke para rakhe jAte the| (4) kabAla bhayaga-bhUmi khodane vAle jinheM kiye kAma ke anupAta meM bhugatAna kiyA jAtA thaa| jainagranthoM se jJAta hotA he ki preSyoM, dUta yA naukara ko char3I mAra-mAra kara kAma karane ke lie kahA jAtA thaa|380 jaba nirdoSa kAmagAroM kI yaha dazA thI taba aparAdhiyoM kI dazA kaisI rahI hogI? sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki zramajIviyoM ke choTe-choTe aparAdha ke lie bhI unheM atyanta kaThora daNDa diye jAte the| koI vyakti apane AzritoM ko choTe-choTe aparAdha ke lie bhI kaThora daNDa de sakegA arthAt usake bAla nocegA, use pITegA yA lohe ke zikaMjoM meM aura ber3iyoM meM jakaDa degaa| kATha meM usake pAMva Thoka degA. use kArA meM banda kara degaa| usake hAtha pAMva ko kar3I meM jakar3a degA, unheM tor3a degA yA zarIra ke kisI bhI aMga ko kATa degaa|81 usakI TAMgeM cIra degA, AMkheM aura dAMta nikAla legA, use rassI se laTakA degaa|382 usake Upara ghor3e daur3A degA, cAka para ghumA degA, sUlI para car3hA degA, use cIra degA, usake ghAvoM para tejAba uMDela degA, gaMDAse se kATa degA, kisI bhI prakAra kI bhISaNa mRtyu kA zikAra banA degaa|383 khetI meM zrama kI AvazyakatA kevala bar3e-bar3e kRSakoM aura gRhapatiyoM ko hI nahIM thI balki sAdhAraNa gRhasthoM ko bhI ekAdha dAsa athavA karmakara kI jarUrata hotI thii| kRSakoM ke kara dene ke kAraNa mahAjanapadoM athavA bar3e rAjyoM kA janma huA jinakI sevA aura gharelU kAma ke lie bhI dAsoM aura karmakaroM kI AvazyakatA thii| rAjAoM ke hathiyAra banAne ke lie aura kRSakoM ke hathiyAra banAne ke lie khetihara majadUra aura zilpI lagAye jAne lge| unheM apane zrama ke anurUpa pArizramika nahIM milatA thA aura unake zrama kA pratiphala vizeSa rUpa se

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302 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti svAmI ko milatA thaa| aba prazna uThatA hai ki kyA utpAdana vRddhi hI hita vRddhi hai / pahale to utpAdita paNyoM kA vitaraNa kaisA hai yaha prazna prAsaMgika hai| vibhinna vyaktiyoM, vargoM aura samAjoM meM kisa anupAta se dhana kA vitaraNa honA cAhie isakA nirNaya kevala Arthika nirNaya nahIM hai / vitaraNa kA prazna sAmAjika nyAya ke sAtha utanA hI baMdhA hai jitanA ki utpAdakoM ke kAryakauzala ke saath| pravidhi kA vikAsa tathA upabhoga mAnava zrama se sikta aura prakRti ke garbha ke sImita upAdAnoM kA vyaya karake hI sampanna hotA hai| niSkarSata: AgamakAla meM janasAmAnya kI Arthika sthiti kharAba nahIM kahI jA sktii| deza dhanadhAnya se samRddha thaa| vyApAra vikasita the| vilAsitA ke sabhI sAdhana upalabdha the| uccavarga kA jIvana Anandamaya thA / madhyamavarga kI jIvanazailI bhI sukhamaya thI kintu nimna varga kI avasthA zocanIya kahI jA sakatI hai| aneka prakAra ke zilpa karake bhI unakA jIvana zoSaNa kA zikAra thaa| isa dRSTi se vicAraNIya hai ki bhautika vikAsa kevala upabhoga kA vikAsa nahIM hai apitu mAnavIya aizvarya, avakAza aura suvidhAoM kA bhI vikAsa hai| isa prakAra yaha manuSya ko sthUla apekSAoM aura karmoM kI dAsatA se mukta kara use isa bAta kA avakAza pradAna karatA hai ki vaha Atmocita jIvana kI prApti ke lie prayAsa kara ske| isameM snadeha nahIM ki aisI Arthika sthiti jo manuSya ko dAsatA, kRSi dAsatA aura majadUrI kI ghora daridratA aura sirpha dUsare ke lie kamara tor3a parizrama meM hue pazujIvana se ubAratI hai aura use ArAma, avakAza, svatantratA aura sAmAjika samAnatA detI hai| avazya hI amAnavIya hita kI avasthA mAnI jAnI caahie| saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyAM 1. muni nathamala jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 91 2. uttarAdhyayana, 7/1 : sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/63: uttarAdhyayana, 9/491 3. uttarAdhyayana, 15/131 4. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/631 uttarAdhyayana, 7/71 5. 6. vahI, 12/43-44: 7/1 : AyAro, 9/4/41 7. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/631 8. AyAro, 9/4/131 9. kalpasUtra, 1/4/631 10. AyAro, 9/4/4 : sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/111 11. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/631 12. vhii|

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 303 13. uttarAdhyayana, candanAjI, 36/97-991 14. vahI, 8 / 2 pR0 671 15. vahI, 9/49, pR0 811 16. vahI, 36 / 94, pR0 3941 17. vahI, 36/951 18. vahI, 36/971 19. vahI, 36/981 20. vahI, 39 / 99 21. AcArAMga, 2/7/2/6 esa0 bI0I0, pR0 1751 22. uttarAdhyayana, 36/961 23. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/2 / 1 /6 : uttarAdhyayana, 36/951 24. vahI, 36/94-95 : AyAro, 1/6/19-201 25. uttarAdhyayana, 36/951 26. vahI, 34 / 12 27. vahI, 34 / 13 / 28. vahI, 34/19/ 29. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/631 30. AcArAMga, 2/5/11 31. kalpasUtra, 1 /4/631 32. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/6/271 33. vahI, 2/6/371 34. uttarAdhyayana, 34/12/131 35. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 19/531 36. vahI, 11/18 37. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/2/12 38. nizIthasUtra, 9/7 39. AcArAMga, 2/1/8:1-4:2/1/9, 14, 15: uttarAdhyayana, 19/171 40. AcArAMga, 2/1/8/51 41. uttarAdhyayana, 12/43-44 maMdhu kI carcA bera ke viracana cUrNa ke rUpa meM huI hai| 42. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0, 1/4/2/51 43. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/2/101 44. uttarAdhyayana, 36/95-991 45. kalpasUtra, 1 /4/631 46. AcArAMga, esa0 bI0I0 1 / 116, pR0 10 47. vahI, 2/2/21 48. uttarAdhyayana, 34/61 49. vahI, 34 / 9 : kalpasUtra, pR0 2351 50. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/70 : 1/6/221 51. uttarAdhyayana, 34 / 191 52. vahI, 10 / 281

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304 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 53. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/2/71 54. vahI, 2/2/71 55. uttarAdhyayana, 2/11 56. vahI, 10/271 57. vahI, 19/521 58. vahI, 34/41 59. vahI,34/61 60. vhii| 61. vahI, 34/91 62. vahI, 34/81 63. vhii| 64. vahI, 34/101 65. vhii| 66. vhii| 67. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/5/2/231 68. vahI, 1/6/191 69. AyAro, 1/6/1/61 70. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/3/151 71. AcArAMga, 2/1/8/61 72. vahI, 2/1/8/3 73. vhii| 74. vahI, 2/1/8/31 75. vahI, 2/1/8/61 76. vahI, 2/1/8/71 77. vhii| 78. vahI, 2/1/8/51 79. vhii| 80. vhii| 81. vahI, 2/2/291 82. kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0 pR0 263 1201 83. AcArAMga, 2/1/8/91 84. isake nakalI phUla banAye jAte the| AcArAMga, 2/2/3/181 85. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/7| AcArAMga meM ise mokSa vRkSa yA muSkAka kahA gayA hai| 86. vahI, 2/2/7-111 87. vahI, 2/3/18 / inake nAma prAkRta meM diye gaye haiN| 88. vahI, 2/3/16 / yaha nAma bhI prAkRta meM hI haiN| 89. AyAro,9/2/21 90. uttarAdhyayana, 19166,671 91. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/2/61 92. vahI, 1/4/2/91

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93. vahI, 1/4/2/17 94. vahI, 1/7/13 / 95. vahI, 1/4/2/121 96. kalpasUtra, 1/3/6/81 97. uttarAdhyayana, 20/451 98. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/5/1/91 99. vahI, 2/2/48 100. vahI, 2/2/761 101. uttarAdhyayana, 30 / 161 102. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/281 103. vahI, : uttarAdhyayana, 14/361 104. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/2/8:10 105. vahI, 1/4/2/14-15 106 uttarAdhyayana, 2/351 107. AyAro, 9/2/8 Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 305 108. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/281 109. vahI, 1/5/2/4 110. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0, pR0 2531 111. vahI, pR. 282211 / jaikobI kI TippaNI naM. 21 112. vahI / 113. AyAro, 2/2/9 114. uttarAdhyayana, 5/14 | 115. AyAro, 9/2/8 116. uttarAdhyayana, 20/451 117. kalpasUtra, pR0 2488 / 91 118. vahI, 15/7,81 119. vahI, 17/18 / 120. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/791 121. uttarAdhyayana, 20/221 122. vahI, 19/79: 20/ 23 : sUtrakRtAMga, 2/1/491 123. AyAro, pR0 57 tathA 64 / 124. uttarAdhyayana, candanAjI, 19/52, 54, 56, 62, 661 125. vahI, 19/501 126. vahI, 36/73 : aupapAtika sUtra, 38, pR0 1731 127. sUtrakRtAMga, 4/2/631 128. AyAro, pR0 2411 129. uttarAdhyayana, 1 / 261 130. vahI, 19/67 / 131. vahI, 35/4 / 132. vahI, 32/521

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306 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 133. vahI, 9/221 134. vahI, 9/601 135. vahI, 10/21 / 136. vahI, 11/231 137. vahI, 19/55 1 138. vahI, 19/561 139. vahI / 140. vahI, 19/61 / 141. vahI, 19/621 142. vahI, 19/641 143. vahI, 19/661 144. vahI, 22/11 / 145. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/5/1/8, 9 : 1/5/2/2, 31 146. uttarAdhyayana, 29/591 147. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2:621 148 uttarAdhyayana, 30 / 171 149. vahI, 12/44 150. vahI, 34 / 18 / 151. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/18 152. vahI, 2/2/261 153. vahI, 2/2/661 154. vahI, 1/4/2/11 155. vahI, 1/4/2/121 156. vahI, 2/2/760 157. vahI, 1/4/2/151 158. vahI, 2/2/761 159. vahI, 2/2/721 160. vahI, 2/2/621 161. vahI, 1/4/2/121 162. vahI, 1/4/2/13, 14 / 163. uttarAdhyayana, 15/8 | 164. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/2/12/ 165. uttarAdhyayana, 26/211 166. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/761 167. vahI, 2/2/801 168. uttarAdhyayana, 13/14 | 169. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/551 170. vahI, 1/4/2/7 171. vahI, 2/21 172. AcArAMga esa0 bI0I0, 2/2/1/1/2 pR0 1831

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 307 173. kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0, pR0 253-54 1021 174. AcArAMga, 2/5/1/51 175. kalpasUtra, 1/4/631 176. vhii| 177. vhii| 178. AcArAMga, 2/5/1/61 179. vahI, 2/5/1/41 180. uttarAdhyayana, 19/561 181. AcArAMga, II 25 AtmArAmajI pR0 13388 dIkSA ke pUrva bhagavAna zramaNa mahAvIra ko nAsikA kI vAyu se hilane vAle viziSTa nagaroM meM nirmita, kuzala kArIgaroM se svarNatAra ke bane hue haMsa ke samAna zveta vastra pahanAye gye| 182. zera, cItA, teMnduA, gAya aura hariNa kI khAla se bane vastra dra0 AcArAMga sUtra esa0bI0I0 ji0 22, II 5/1/3-6 pR0 157-58 / 183. nizIthasUtra, 7/12 kI cUrNi ke anusAra tosAlI deza meM bakaroM ke khuroM meM lagI huI zaivAla se vastra banAye jAte the| 184. nizItha cUrNi ke anusAra kAka deza meM hone vAle kAkajaMghA nAmaka paudhe ke tantuoM se banAye jAte the| 185. AcArAMga ke TIkAkAra ke anusAra yaha vastra gaur3a deza meM utpanna eka vizeSa prakAra kI kapAsa se banate the| 186. arthazAstra, 2/11/29/112 ke anusAra yaha magadha puNDraka tathA suvarNa kuDyaka ina tIna dezoM meM utpanna hotA thaa| 187. AcArAMga ke TIkAkAra zIlAMka ne isakA artha UMTa kI khAla se bane vastra se kiyA hai| 188. parimujjamANA kaDa-kaDeti, nizItha cUrNi, 71 189. yaha vastra bakare athavA cUhe ke bAloM se banatA thaa| 190. AcArAMgasUtra esa0bI0I0 ji0 22, II 5/1 pR0 1581 191. vhii| 192. AcArAMga AtmArAma jI, ii pR0 13881 193. vahI, esa0bI0I0 ji0 22,ii5/1/51 patrika caMdalehikasvastikaghaMTikamauktika mAdI hi maMDitA-nizItha cuurnni| 194. nizIthacUrNi 195. vahI, anuyogadvAra sUtra 37 meM kITaja vastroM ke pAMca bheda batAye gaye haiM-paTTa, malaya, aMsuga, cInAMsuya aura kimiraag| TIkAkAra ke anusAra kisI jaMgala meM saMcita kiye hue mAMsa ke cAroM ora ekatrita kIr3oM se paTTa vastra banAye jAte the| malaya vastra malayadeza meM hotA hai| aMzuka cIna ke bAhara tathA cInAMzuka cIna meM hotA hai| aMzuka komala taMtuoM se banA rezama hai jabaki cInAMzuka koA rezama yA cInI rezama se banatA hai| reza mahAbhArata meM kITaja kahA gayA gayA hai jo cIna yA bAhalIka se AtA hai| maikanDala ke anusAra kaccA rezama eziyA ke Antarika mArgoM meM taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| dra0 e0ena0 upAdhye, bRhatkathA koSa kI prastAvanA, pR0 881 196. AcArAMga sUtra, i, 15/201 197. rAjapraznIya 43 pR0 100 / dra0 kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22, pR0 252-561

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308 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 198. rAjA zreNika ke pAsa aTThAraha lar3IvAlA sundara hAra thaa|-aavshykcuurnni-2, pR0 170: AcArAMga AtmArAma jI, ii 2/170, kanyA ke vivAha avasara ke alNkrnn| 199. vahI, nizItha sUtra, 7/71 200. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0 ji0 22,4/62 pR0 243 aupapAtika sUtra 31 / 201. AyAro, pR0 831 202. jJAtRdharma kathA, 1, pR0 301 203. rAjapraznIya sUtra, 1371 204. kalpasUtra, esa0bI0I0 ji0 22,3/36 pR0 233 / uttarAdhyayana, candanA, 6/5 : 9/60, pR0 831 205. uttarAdhyayana, 9/601 206. vhii| 207. vahI, 20/101 208. vahI, 20/201 209. vahI, 34/91 210. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/521 211. vahI, 1/4/2/71 212. kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0, pR0 223 151 213. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/741 214. kalpasUtra, 4/36, pR0 2321 215. vahI, 1/3/38 / 216. uttarAdhyayana, 19/41 217. vahI candanA jI, 9/461 218. vahI, 6/5: 8/17: 9/46,49,60: 19/68 AyAro, pR0 83 / 219. jJAtRdharmakathA, 17 pR0 2021 220. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 36/74 : sUtrakRtAMga 2/4/61 : 1/4/2/7 : 1/7/13 / 221. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/3/36: uttarAdhyayana, 36/761 222. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/3/35/21 223. uttarAdhyayana 34/7:36/72-741 224. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/8/80 / 225. uttarAdhyayana, 9/46, 48 : sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/68: kalpasUtra, pR0 252, 98 226. uttarAdhyayana, 19/68 : sUtrakRtAMga, 2/3/36: 2/2/70,801 227. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/3/36, pR0 3971 228. vahI, 2/3/35/21 229. vahI, 2/3/361 230. uttarAdhyayana, 36/751 231. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/47,62 : uttarAdhyayana, 34/9 / 232. kalpasUtra, pR0 249,901 233. vahI, pR0 235,238 va 2411 234. AcArAMga esa0bI0I0, 2/2/1, pR0 123 jaikobI isakI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki TIkAkAra hiraNya kA artha apariSkRta svarNa se lete haiM jabaki suvarNa pariSkRta svarNa thaa|

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 309 jaikobI hiraNya kA artha sone cAMdI kI dhAtu se tathA suvarNa gahane yA sikkoM se lagAte haiN| -tula0 upAsakadazAMga, vaidya 1, pR0 6 / 235. nizIthasUtra, 5/351 236. uttarAdhyayana, 20/42 kArSApaNa ko kUTa bhI kahA gayA hai| yaha rAjA bimbasAra ke samaya se rAjagRha meM pracalita thaa| apane saMgha ke niyama banAte samaya buddha ne ise mAnaka rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA thaa| yaha sone cAMdI aura tAmbe kA hotA thaa| dra0 bauddhagrantha sAmantapAsAdikA, 2, pR0 2971 237. uttarAdhyayana, 8/17 / 238. sUtrakRtAMga esa0bI0I0, 2/2/62 pR0 374 rUpaka rUpaye ke lie prayukta hotA thaa| 239. uttarAdhyayana, 8/171 240. yaha yUnAna kI mudrA thI jise yUnAnI bhASA meM drakhma kahA jAtA thaa| ullekhanIya hai ki yUnAniyoM kA bhArata ke kucha pradezoM para I0 pU0 do sau se lekara do sau I0 taka zAsana rahA thaa| 241. IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI meM kuSANa kAla meM pracalita roma ke Direniyasa nAmaka sikke se yaha zabda liyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0, pR0 233 / 4/36 kI vyAkhyA karate hue jaikobI anumAna lagAte haiM ki dInAra zabda kA prayoga yUnAnI zabda ke anukaraNa para hI hai jo yaha iMgita karatA hai ki kalpasUtra ke isa bhAga kA saMkalana bahuta bAda meM kiyA gayA thaa| 242. IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI meM kuSANa kAla meM pracalita roma ke Direniyasa nAmaka sikke se yaha zabda liyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0, pR0 2334/361 243. uttarAdhyayana, 7/11 yaha eka prakAra kA choTA sikkA thA jise rUpaye kA AThavAM bhAga kahate haiN| 244. vahI, 7/141 245. AyAro, 2/181 246. jalapota para vyApArI-uttarAdhyayana, 14/37 / 247. uttarAdhyayana, 6/5,34/16: sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/26, 1/3/2 / 248. uttarAdhyayana, 27/4: 10/20: sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/70: kalpasUtra, pR0 2351 249. uttarAdhyayana, 7/71 250. vahI, 7/11 251. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/451 252. uttarAdhyayana, 34/16: AyAro, 9/2/71 253. yaha sindha ke jAnavara the jinakI khAla se phara banatA thA-dra0 AcArAMga esa0bI0I0, 2/ 5/1/51 254. vahI, 1/1/7/51 255. uttarAdhyayana, 6/5, 18/2: sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/261 256. vahI, 6/5: 18/2 : vahI, 2/2/101 . 257. vahI, 13/6 : vahI, 2/2/10 / 258. vahI, 32/13: vahI, 2/6/431 259. uttarAdhyayana, 36/1081 260. vahI. 10/16/18,20-21: 19/63:32/891

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310 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 261. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/701 262. vahI, 1/2/3/51 263. vahI, 1/3/3/19: 1/5/2/101 264. vahI, 1/7/151 265. AcArAMga, 2/5/1/51 266. kalpasUtra, 1/4/63 pR0 2361 267. AyAro, 1/1/7/1641 268. uttarAdhyayana, 36/1881 269. uttarAdhyayana, 13/6: 14/26: 14/36,46,47: 19/581 270. vahI, 19/58 : sUtrakRtAMga 1/12/271 271. uttarAdhyayana, 19/651 272. vahI, 32/61 273. vahI, 34/41 274. vhii| 275. vahI, 34/61 276. vahI, 34/71 277. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/101 278. vahI, 2/2/261 279. uttarAdhyayana, 19/5: sUtrakRtAMga 2/12/26 : 1/5/2/7 / 280. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/701 281. vahI, 1/4/1/121 282. vahI, 1/5/2/91 283. vahI, 1/12/27-281 284. AyAro, 1/5/1/741 285. kalpasUtra esa0 bI0I0, pR0 2391 286. vahI, pR0 2411 287. vhii| 288. vahI, pR0 235-361 289. AyAro, 8/8/171 290. uttarAdhyayana, 3/4: AyAro, 9/2/7 : 1/6/1/1061 291. AyAro, 9/2/71 292. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/561 293. kalpasUtra esa0bI0I0, pR0 305: AyAro, 1/6/1/106 / 294. uttarAdhyayana, 3/41 295. vahI, 36/128, 1291 296. vahI, 36/137, 138 / 297. vahI, 36/146-1481 298. vahI, 36, 1721 299. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/3/251 300. AyAro, 1/6/1/6 /

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 311 301. uttarAdhyayana, 19/64,22/6 / 302. vahI, 14/351 303. kalpasUtra, 1/4/631 304. vahI, pR0 2371 305. uttarAdhyayana, 14/35: 19/641 306. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/631 307. vahI, 1/6/1/121 308. uttarAdhyayana, 36/1811 309. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/3/24: jaikobI kI TippaNI naM0 4, pR0 394 es0bii0ii0| 310. ThANaM, lADanUM saMskaraNa, 4/288 pR0 365 : nizIthasUtra, 1/61 311. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/2/5/1641 312. vahI, tula0 dazavaikAlika, 5/1/971 313. AyAro, 1/2/18: tula0 uttarAdhyayana, 30/261 314. uttarAdhyayana, 13/18: 12/43-44: 17/151 315. vahI,7/7:19/69-70: sUtrakRtAMga 2/2/72 / 316. uttarAdhyayana, 34/15, 191 317. AcArAMga esa0bI0I0 2/1/5/41 318. vhii| 319. vhii| 320. vahI, 2/1/2/5 pR0 931 321. uttarAdhyayana, 34/151 322. vhii| 323. bher3iye ke mAMsa se banA maTana, uttarAdhyayana, 7/3 / 324. AyAro, 9/4/41 325. vahI, 9/4/131 326. vahI, 12/43-441 327. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/72 : 2/3/21 / 328. uttarAdhyayana, 15/131 329. vahI, 36/96: sUtrakRtAMga, 1/2/1/61 330. AcArAMga, 2/7/2/6 pR0 1751 331. uttarAdhyayana, 34/151 332. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/1/551 333. AcArAMga, 2/7/2/61 334. uttarAdhyayana, 34/191 335. vahI, 15/131 336. vhii| 337. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/2/12 / 338. uttarAdhyayana, 19/34/141 339. vahI, dra0 kalpasUtra, 9/171 340. saMkhaNDayante virAdhayante prANino yatra sA saMkhaDi-arthAt jahAM aneka jIvoM ke prANoM kA

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312 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti nAza karake bhojana taiyAra kiyA jAtA hai| AcArAMga AtmArAma jI mahArAja dvi0 zru0 a0 1, uddezaka 2, pR0 780-821 341. uttarAdhyayana esa0bI0I0, 22/14-22, pR0 114-151 342. sUtrakRtAMga esa0 bI0I0 bhAga-2, 2/6/37-41, pR0 4161 343. uttarAdhyayana sAdhvI candanA jI, 19/69-70 pR0 1951 344. ApastambadharmasUtra, 9/25/13: baudhAyanadharmasUtra, 10/19/6 / 345. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/2/1/51 346. vahI, 1//3/2/31 347. vahI, 2/2/621 348. vahI, 15/111 349. vahI, 15/81 350. vahI, 35/41 351. vahI, 1/4/2/11: uttarAdhyayana, 20/30 yaha cimaTI sambhavataH striyoM dvArA apanI bhauMhoM ko sundara AkAra dene ke kAma meM AtI thii| 352. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/2/10-11 / 353. AyAro, 9/4/21 354. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/3/352: 2/1/491 355. vahI, 1/4/2/71 356. uttarAdhyayana, 17/7, 23/4: sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/72-74 / 357. vahI, 2/2/621 358. vahI, 1/5/2/31 359. uttarAdhyayana, 23/701 360. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/481 361. vahI, 18/21 362. uttarAdhyayana, 15/81 363. vahI, 32/52, 12/36: sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/2/61 364. vahI, 13/141 365. AyAro, 9/1/91 366. vahI, 2/5/1041 367. uttarAdhyayana, 6/51 368. vahI, 12/391 369. vahI, 12/431 370. vahI, 9/471 371. vahI, 5/16,7/5,9/281 372. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/7/21 373. vahI, 2/2/621 374. uttarAdhyayana, 13/181 375. vahI, 3/41 376. vahI, 3/17, 6/51 377. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/2/721

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Arthika dazA evaM arthavyavasthA * 313 378. sUyagaDam, pI0 ela0vaidya, ii, 1/13 / 379. vahI-i,4/2/181 380. ThANAMga, 4/1471 381. sUyagaDam, 5/2/51 382. sUtrakRtAMga esa0bI0I0 pR0 374-75 kI pAda ttippnnii| 383. sUyagaDam ii, 2/20 dra0 zUdroM kA prAcIna itihAsa, pR0 100-101 /

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AdhArabhUta grantha mUla jaina graMtha AyArAMga (AcAraMga) niyukti, bhadrabAhu cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 19411 TIkA, zIlAMka, sUrata 1935 / aMgrejI anuvAda, harmana jaikobI, saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa, ji0 22, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, naI dillI, 1973 / AyAro, vAcanApramukha AcArya tulasI, sampAdaka vivecaka muni nathamala, jaina vizvabhAratI, ___ lADanUM, rAjasthAna vi.saM0 2031 / zrI AcArAMga sUtra, AtmArAma jI mahArAja, jainAgama prakAzana samiti, jaina sthAnaka, ludhiyAnA, bhAga-1, 1963 bhAga-2, 19641 AcArAMgasUtra, saMyojaka evaM pradhAna sampAdaka yuvAcArya zrI madhukaramuni, mUla, anuvAda, vivecana, TippaNa aura pariziSTa yukta zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, jaina sthAnaka pIpaliyA bAjAra, byAvara, raajsthaan| sUtrakRtAMga (sUyagaDaMga) niyukti, bhdrbaahu| cUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 1941 / TIkA, zIlAMka, Agamodaya samiti. bambaI 1917 / aMgrejI anuvAda, harmana jaikobI, saikreDa buksa oNpha dI IsTa, ji0 45, motIlAla banArasI dAsa, naI dillI 1973 / sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAkAra hemacandra jI mahArAja, sampAdaka amaramuni, Atma jJAnapITha, mAnasAmaNDI, paMjAba, 1981 / uttarAdhyayana-(uttarajjhayaNa) niyukti, bhadrabAhu cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma 1933 / TIkA, zAntisUri, bambaI, 19161 TIkA, nemicandra, bambaI, 19371 aMgrejI anuvAda haramana jaikobI, saikreDa buksa oNpha dI IsTa ji0 45, motIlAla banArasI

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AdhArabhUta grantha * 315 dAsa, naI dillI, 19741 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, sampAdana, jArla zAnTiyara, ajaya buka sarvisa, dillI, 1980 / dazavaikAlika uttarAdhyayana, sampAdaka muni nathamala, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, rAjasthAna vi0sa0 20311 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, sAdhvI zrI candanA, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA-2, 19721 uttarajjhayaNANi sAnuvAda (ii) uttarajjhayaNaM saTippaNa vAcanApramukha AcArya zrI tulasI sampAdaka, muni nathamala, Agama anusaMdhAna granthamAlA bhAga-2, 3 jaina zvetAmbara terApanthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA-1, 1963 / uttarAdhyayana sUtra, ke0sI0 lalavANI, kalakattA-61 anya jainAgama anuyogadvAra sUtra, AryarakSitakRta cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 1928 / TIkA, haribhadra, ratalAma, 1928 / TIkA, maladhArI hemacandra, bhAvanagara, 19391 anta:kRddazA (antagaDadasAo) sampAdana, pI0 ela0 jaina, pUnA, 19321 TIkA, abhayadeva, ema0sI0 modI, ahamadAbAda, 1932 / aMgrejI anuvAda, ela0 DI0 bArneTa, landana, 1907 / Avazyaka (Avassaya) niyukti, bhdrbaahu| bhASya cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 1928 / TIkA, haribhadra, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1916 / TIkA, malayagiri, bambaI, 1928 / upAsakadazA (uvAsagadasAo) sampAdana, pI0ela0 vaidya, pUnA, 19301 TIkA, abhydev| aMgrejI anuvAda, hornela, kalakattA, 1888 / kalpasUtra aMgrejI anuvAda, haramana jaikobI, saikreDa buksa Apha dI IsTa ji0 22, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, naI dillI, 19731 jJAtRdharmakathA (nAyAdhammakahA) TIkA, abhayadeva Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 19191 sampAdana, pI0 ela0vaidya, pUnA, 1940 / dazavaikAlika uttarAdhyayana ___ sampAdaka muni nathamala, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, vikrama samvat 2031 / nizItha (nisIha) nizItha eka adhyayana, upAdhyAya kavi amaramuni aura muni kanhaiyAlAla, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1957-19601 prajJApanA (paNNavaNA)

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316 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti TIkA, malayagiri, bambaI, 1918-19 / prazna vyAkaraNa (paNhavAgaraNa) TIkA, abhayadeva, bambaI, 1919 / bRhatkalpa bhASya, saMghadAsagaNi TIkA, malayagiri aura kSemakIrti, puNyavijaya, AtmAnanda, jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1933-38 / bhavagatI TIkA, abhayadeva, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1921, ratalAma, 1937 / bhagavatI sUtra, ke0 sI0 lalavANI, bhAga-1,2 jaina bhavana, kalakattA, 1973, 19741 sTaDIja ina dI bhagavatIsUtra, sikadAra, je0sI0, risarca iMsTITyUTa prAkRta eNDa ahiMsA, mujaphpharapura, bihAra, 19641 vyavahAra bhASya TIkA, malayagiri, bhAvanagara, 19261 vipAkasUtra (vivAgasUya) TIkA, abhayadeva, bar3audA, vi0saM0 19221 vyAkhyA prajJapti TIkA, abhayadeva, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1921, ratalAma, 1937 / sthAnAMga (ThANAMga) TIkA, abhayadeva, ahamadAbAda, 19371 ThANaM, muni zrI nathamala, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, rAjasthAna vi0 saM0 2033 / aMgabAhya jaina grantha 1. AcArasAra, siddhAnta, cakravartI vIranandi, zolApura, vIranirvANa saM0 2462 / 2. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, amitigati, bambaI, 1963 / 3. anAgAra dharmAmRta, AzAdhara, bambaI, 1919 / 4. pravacana sAroddhAra, nemicandra, bambaI, 1922-261 5. prAcIna tIrthamAlA saMgraha, bhAga-1, bhAvanagara, san 1978 / 6. vRhatkathAkoSa, hariSeNa, e0ena0 upAdhye, bambaI, 1943 / 7. bhavagatI ArAdhanA athavA mUlArAdhanA, zivakoTi, bhASya aparAjitasUri tathA AzAdhara, devendra korti granthamAlA, zolApura, 1935 / 8. mUlAcAra, do bhAga, vaTTakerAcArya, bhASya vasunandi, bambaI, vi0saM0 1977-80 / 9. niyamasAra, kundakundAcArya, lakhanaU, 1931 / 10. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, samantabhadrAcArya samIcIna dharma zAstra ke nAma se prakAzita, sampAdaka jugala kizora mukhtAra, dillI, 19551 11. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra, vasunandi, sampAdaka hIrAlAla jaina, kAzI, 1952 / 12. sAgAra dharmAmRta, AzAdhara, sUrata, vIranirvANa samvat 2466 / bhASya, AzAdhara, bambaI, vi0saM0 1972 / 13. samayasAra, kndkndaacaary| 14. zrI jaina siddhAnta balasaMgraha, saM0 bhairoMdAna seThiyA, biikaaner|

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AdhArabhUta grantha * 317 15. tatvArthasUtra umAsvAti saM0 sAdhvI, sukhalAla, 1945 dvi0 saM0 banArasa 1952-vyAkaraNAcArya bhaTTa akalaMka, kalakattA 1929, gaNisiddhasena, sUrata 1930, pUjyapAda, zolApura, 1839: umAsvAti, sUrata 1930: vidyAnandi, 1918 / jainetara pramukha mUlagrantha aMguttara nikAya, saM0 bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, pAlI pablikezana borDa, bihAra, 1960 / aitareya brAhmaNa, saM0 hAMgamArTina, bambaI, 1863 / cullavagga, devanAgarI-pAlI sIrIja, nAlandA, 1956 / dIrghanikAya, saM0 bhAgavata ena0 ke0, bambaI, 1942, anu0 rAhula sAMskRtyAyana, banArasa, 19631 bhagavadgItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura, vi0saM0 2009 / mahAbhArata, vyAsa, pUnA, 1933 / mahAvagga, saM0 bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, bihAra, 19561 majjhimanikAya, anu0 rAhula sAMskRtyAyana, sAranAtha, 1933 / yogasUtra, pataMjali, gItApresa, gorakhapura, vi0saM0 2013 / manusmRti, caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vaaraannsii| Rgveda, saM0 sAtavalekara, esa0DI0 anutha, 19471 zrImadbhAgavad purANa, gItApresa, gorakhapura, vi0 saM0 2010 / sahAyaka grantha 1. alTekara, ananta sadAziva, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, bhAratI bhaNDAra, lIDara presa, ilAhAbAda, 19491 2. agravAla, vI0esa0, iNDiyA eja nona TU pANini, lakhanaU, 19351 3. karNa, eca0, mainuala Apha iNDiyana buddhijma, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, baMgalo roDa, javAharanagara, dillI, 19741 4. kApar3iyA, eca0Ara0 : e hisTrI Apha dI kainonikala liTarecara Apha dI jainaja, 19411 5. kaNe, pI0vI0, hisTrI Apha dI dharmazAstra, bhAga 1, 2, 3, puunaa| 6. kauzAmbI, DI0DI0 : dI kalcara eNDa sivilAijezana Apha aizienTa iNDiyA, ina hisTArikala AuTalAina, dillI, 19751 7. kAlaghATagI, TI0TI0, jaina vyU Apha lAIpha, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 19691 8. kamalakumAra, zramaNa saMskRti siddhAnta aura sAdhanA eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA-2, 1931 / 9. glAsenaipa, eca0 : DAkTrina Apha karmana ina jaina philAsaphI, anu0 jI0 berI gipharDa, bambaI, 1942 / 10. vahI, jainijma, ahamadAbAda, 1942 / 11. gusevA, ena0Ara0 : jainijma (rUsI se aMgrejI anuvAda) anuvAda vAI0esa0 reDakara,

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318 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti bambaI, 1971 / 12. gopAlana, esa0 : jaina darzana kI rUparekhA, naoNilI IsTarna li0, naI dillI, 1973 / 13. ghurye, jI0esa0 : kAsTa eNDa resa ina iNDiyA, landana, 1932 / 14. vahI, kAsTa, klAsa eNDa AkyUpezana, bambaI, 1961 / 15. vahI, iNDiyana sAdhUja, bambaI, 1953 / 16. cakravartI, haripada, aiseTisijma ina aiMziyenTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1973 / 17. cakravartI, e0 : jainijma iTasa philAsaphI eNDa ithiksa, dI kalcarala hairiTeja Apha iNDiyA, ji0 1, bhAga-4, dvitIya saMskaraNa, kalakattA, 1958 / 18. cainasukhadAsa : jaina darzana mAra, vIra pustaka bhaNDAra, manihAroM kA rAstA, jayapura, 1971 / 30. jAyasavAla, ke0pI0 : hindU paoNliTI, tRtIya saMskaraNa, baMgalaura, 19551 31. jaina, muni uttamakumAra : jaina saikTsa eNDa skUlsa, kansaipTa pabliziMga kampanI, dillI, 19751 32. jhA, paM0 ramAkAnta tathA paM0 harihara : abhilekhamAlA, caukhambA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI-1, 19621 33. TATiyA, ena0 : sTaDIja ina jaina philAsapI, jaina kalcarala risarca sosAyaTI, banArasa, 19511 34. datta, ena0 : arlI monaisTika buddhijma, kalakattA orienTala presa, li0 ji0 1, 2 kalakattA 1941-451 35. datta, esa0, arlI buddhisTa monekijma, eziyA pabliziMga hAusa, bambaI, 19601 36. deva, esa0vI0 : hisTrI Apha jaina monekijma, pUnA, 1956 / 37. vahI, jaina monesTika jUrispUDeMsa, banArasa, 1960 / 38. dAsagupta, esa0ena0 : hisTrI Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI, ji0 1, landana, 19321 39. doSI, becaradAsa : Agama sAhitya kA vRhaditihAsa, bhAga-1,2 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, 19661 40. pANDe, govinda candra : bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, hindI samiti, sUcanA vibhAga, uttara pradeza, lakhanaU, 19571 41. vahI, sTaDIja ina dI orijina Apha buddhijma, ilAhAbAda, 19571 42. vahI, zramaNa TreDIzana iTsa hisTrI eNDa kanTrIbyUzana TU iNDiyana kalcara, ela0DI0 insTITyUTa Apha iNDolaoNjI, ahamadAbAda, 1978 / 43. vahI, mUlyamImAMsA, rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI, jayapura, 1973 / 44. vahI, laikcarsa Ana jainijma, dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI, 19771 45. premI, nAthUrAma : jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, dvitIya saMskaraNa, bambaI, 19561 46. prANanAtha : e sTaDI ina dI ikanaoNmika kanDIzana Apha iNDiyA, landana, 19291 47. pAThaka, DA0 divAkara : bhAratIya nItizAstra, bihAra hindI grantha akAdamI, paTanA, 19741 48. pArajITara : enziyenTa hisTorikala TreDIzana, landana, 19221 49. prasAda, nandakizora : sTaDIja ina buddhisTa eNDa jaina monekijma risarca insTITyUTa Apha prAkRta, jainolAjI eNDa ahiMsA, vaizAlI, 19721 50. phika, ricarDa : dI sozala ArgenAijezana ina nArtha IsTa iNDiyA ina buddhAja TAima, anuvAda esa0bI0 maitrA, kalakattA, 1920

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AdhArabhUta grantha * 319 51. varuA, bI0 ema0 : prI buddhisTa iNDiyana philAsaphI, kalakattA, 1921 / 52. bAzama, e0ela0 : hisTrI eNDa DAkTrina Apha dI AjIvakAja, landana, 1951 / 53. bar3audiyA, yU0DI0 : hisTrI eNDa liTarecara Apha jainijma, bambaI, 1909 / 54. buhalara, je0jI0 : dI iNDiyana saikTa Apha dI jainaja, kalakattA, 1963 / 55. bApaTa, pI0vI0 : bauddhadharma ke paccIsa sau varSa, Ajakala kA vArSika aNk| 56. bhAskara, bhAgacandra jaina : hisTrI Apha buddhisTa kalcara, nAgapura, 19721 57. bhagata, ema0jI0 : enziyanTa iNDiyana aisoTisijma, dillI, 19761 58. bhaTTAcArya, eca0esa0 : rIyalsa ina dI jaina maiTAphIjiksa, bambaI, 1962 / 59. bhArgava, dayAnanda : jaina ithiksa, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 1968 / 60. mehatA, e0ela0 : jaina sAikalAjI, jaina dharma pracAraka samiti, 19551 61. mukarjI, Ara0ke0 : lokala gavarmenTa ina enziyanTa iNDiyA, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 19511 62. mAlavANiyA, dalasukha : Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 19661 63. mehatA, ema0ela0 : AuTalAinsa Apha jaina philAsaphI, jaina mizana sosAyaTI, baMgalaura, 19541 64. mizra, jI0esa0pI0 : dI eja Apha vinaya, munzIrAma manoharalAla, naI dillI, 19721 65. majUmadAra, Ara0sI0 : kAraporeTa lAipha ina eziyanTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 19221 66. vahI, saM0 dI eja Apha impIriyala yUniTI, ji0-11, dvitIya saMskaraNa, bambaI, 19531 67. vahI, dI klAsikala akAunTa Apha iNDiyA, kalakattA, 19601 68. muni nagarAja : Agama aura tripiTaka eka anuzIlana, kalakattA, 19691 69. muni, kalyANa vijaya : vIra nirvANa samvat aura jaina kAla gaNanA, jAlaura, vikrama saMvat 19371 70. muni, nathamala : ahiMsA tatvadarzana, curu, 19601 71. vahI, jaina darzana ke maulika tatva, ji0-11, kalakattA, 1960 / 72. vahI, jaina darzana, manana aura mImAMsA, curu, rAjasthAna, 1973 / 73. vahI, zramaNa mahAvIra, jaina vizva bhAratI prakAzana, lADanUM, rAja0 19741 74. mukhtAra, jugalakizora : jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa para vRhad prakAza, kalakattA, 19561 75. muni, jinavijaya : sTaDIja ina jainijma, jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka samiti, ahamadAbAda, 19461 76. mukarjI, rAghAkumuda : candragupta maurya aura usakA kAla, dillI, 19621 77. muni devendra : RSabhadeva eka parizIlana, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1967 / 78. rAisaDeviDsa, TI0DablyU : buddhisTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1962 / 79. vahI, iNDiyana buddhijma, ilAhAbAda, 19721 80. lA, vilA caraNa : sama kainonikala sUtraja, rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, bambaI, 19491 81. lAhA, bI0sI0 : iNDiyA eja DipikTeDacha ina arlI TaiksTa Apha buddhijma eNDa jainijma, landana, 19411 82. viyogI, paM0 mohanalAla mahatA : jAtaka kAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, bihAra rASTra bhASA pariSada, paTanA, 19581 83. vAgle, narendra : sosAyaTI eTa dI TAima Apha buddhA, pApulara prakAzana, bambaI, 19661 84. vinTaranitsa, ema0 : hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, ji0-2, kalakattA, 19271

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320 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti 85. zAha, sI0je0 : jainijma ina nArtha iNDiyA, landana, 19321 86. zrubiMga : DAkTrinsa Apha dI jainaja, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI 1962 / 87. zAstrI, vijayamuni tathA muni samadarzI prabhAkara : Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya, eka anuzIlana, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 19641 88. zarmA, rAmazaraNa : zUdroM kA prAcIna itihAsa, anu0 vijayadAna ThAkura, bhAratIya itihAsa anusaMdhAna pariSada, dillI, 1979 / . 89. zAstrI, paM0 kailAzacandra : jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga-1, vaaraannsii| 90. vahI, Agama sAhitya eka anuzIlana, pUrva pIThikA, vaaraannsii| 91. sogAnI, ke0sI0 : ithikala DAkTrinsa ina jainijma, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 19671 92. siMha, jaya prakAza : AspaikTsa Apha arlI jainijma, banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya, 19721 93. sTena, ATo, saM0 jinavijaya muni : dI jainisTa sTaDIja, jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka pratiSThAna, ahmdaabaad| 94. sTIvenzana sinkleyara : dI hArTa Apha jainijma, munzIrAma manoharalAla, dillI, 1970 / 95. sena, amUlyacandra : skUlsa eNDa saikTasa ina jaina liTarecara, vizva bhAratI sTaDIja, kalakattA, 19311 96. sleTara, gilabarTa : draviDiyana ailImenTsa ina iNDiyana kalcara, esa0esa0 pablikezansa, dillI, 19761 97. hArnela, AjIvakAja : ensAiklopIDiyA Apha rilIjana eNDa ithiksa, saM0 hesTiMgsa, ji0-11

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aMga, 138, 259 aMgagraMtha, 20 aMgapaNatti, 24 aMgapraviSTa, 18 aMguttaranikAya, 21, 94, 161, 256, 259, 260, 277 aMba, 88 aMbarSi, 88 aMza, 307 akampiya, 251 akarmAza, 63 akalaMka, 145, 214, 227 akriyAvAda, 64, 65, 68 agnibhUti, 251 agnizikhara, 270 agnIdha, 53, 154 anukramaNikA accha, 259 acchavI, 63 ajAtazatru (kAzIrAja), 70, 161, 238, 260, 277 ajitakeza kambali, 61, 66, 72 ajitanAtha, 269 ajJAnavAda, 64, 65, 68 aNutarovavAiyadasAo, 20 atharvaveda, 58, 93,241, 252 adatta, 49 anaMgapraviSTa, 18 anAgAra dharmAmRta, 165, 194, 226, 228 anAbhoga bakuza, 62 anuttaropapAtika, 22 anuyoga kRdAcArya, 158 anuyogadvAra sUtra, 6, 9, 18, 19, 22, 36, 38, 93, 307 antakRddazAMga, 22, 98, 255 antagaDadasAo, 20 antaraMjikA (puramaMtaraMjika), 146, 148 antarAgama, 18 andhaka vRSNi, 154 aparizrAvI, 63 abAddhika, 146, 148 abhayadevasUri, 17, 71, 232, 277, 281 abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi nAmamAlA, 157, 158 amitagati, 212, 230, 231, 232, 234 amRtacandra, 212, 233, 234 ayalamaya, 251 ayodhyA, 270 ariSTanemi, 44, 154, 269, 280,299 arihanta, 268 artha,285

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322 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti arthazAstra, 250, 256, 266, 274, yakSa ArAdhanA 86, AgamakAla meM ___276, 278, 279, 307 zUdroM kI dazA 243, AgamakAla kI arthAgama (atthAgame), 18 rAjanItika dazA 270, AgamakAla arhana, 54, 59, 100 kI Arthika dazA 285, AgamakAla avagrahAnugrahaNatA, 179 meM kRSi 286, AgamakAlIna janaavagrahAnujJApanA, 178 jIvana 291 avagraha sImAparijJApanA, 179 AcArazAstra, 198, 222, 224, 225, avacUrNi, 159 248 avadAnazataka, 278 AcAra sAra, 165 avanti, 259, 260 AcArAMgacUrNi, 27, 252, 277 avAha, 259 AcArAMga niyukti, 41, 189, 250 avyaktika, 146, 147 AcArAMgasUtra, 1, 19, 20, 22-24, 26, azavala, 63 32, 33, 35, 41, 42, 78, 83, azoka, 8, 71, 91 89- 91, 93 95, 97, 102, 119, azokArAma, 8 131, 133, 152, 155, 157, 158, azvattha, 52 163, 165-167, 186, 203, 226, azvapati (kaikeyarAja) 238 229, 230, 250, 252, 254-257, azvamitra, 146, 147 266, 278, 279, 289, 294-296, azvasena, 154, 269 303, 304, 306-312 aSTAdhyAyI, 91, 92 AjIvaka, 61, 66, 70, 71, 95, 96, asaMvRta bakuza, 62 262 asipatra, 88 AtmaSaSTIvAda, 64 asiyantra mahAvana, 88 AtmAgama, 18 asogavana candra, 277 AtmAdvaitavAda, 64, 83 assaka (azmaka), 259 AdinAtha, 29, 44, 53, 54, 57, 100 Ananda, 8, 38, 143, 225, 226 ApastambadharmasUtra, 93, 256, 312 Agama vyAkhyA aura sAhitya, 39 Apastamba zrautasUtra, 58 Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA, 39 Abhoga bakuza, 62 Agama siddhAnta, 1, 2, 4, Agama kA AyAro, 94, 96, 97, 156, 163, 165pustakAkAra 6, Agamalekhana paramparA __167, 171, 302-305, 308-312 9, 12, 13, 14, Agama saMrakSaNa meM ArjunAyana, 263 bAdhA 15, Agama bhASA 16, Agama Ardraka, 72, 76, 77, 85, 95 vibhAga 17, Agametara sAhitya 18, ArdrakumAra, 299 Agamatithi carcA 19, Agama kAla Aryadeva, 90 ke dArzAnika vicAra 44, AgamakAlIna Aryadharma, 49 cintanadhArAeM 64, Agama kAla meM Arya rakSita, 6, 18, 23

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anukramaNikA * 323 Aryavajra, 23 uttarajjhaNaM, 98, 281 ahita dharma, 44, 59, 76, 80, 83 uttarajjhayavANi, 155-157, 160, 163, Avazyaka gAthA, 36 164, 168, 170, 171, 225, 226, Avazyaka cUrNi, 36, 98, 236, 251, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 251, 253, 254, 304 254, 255, 256 Avazyaka niyukti, 22, 41, 42, 93, uttaramadra, 267 126, 146, 158, 159, 236, uttarAdhyayana cUrNi, 93 282 uttarAdhyayana niyukti, 36, 42, 43, 227, Avazyaka malayagirivRtti, 170, 236 ___229, 230 Avazyaka vyavahAra, 158 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 1, 20, 22, 32, 33, Avazyaka sUtra, 39, 42 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 53, Avazyaka haribhadrIyAvRtti, 38, 93, 236 58, 88, 89, 90-94, 97-99, 102, AzAdhara, 181, 234 114, 121, 154, 155, 158-164, AzvalAyana gRhasUtra, 93, 163 166, 168, 180, 205, 225-230, ASAr3hasena, 146, 147, 170 232, 241,242, 244,245, 250256, 266, 276-284, 286, 294 296, 299, 302-312 ikSvAku, 154, 242, 269, 274, 280, udaka pair3hAla, 102 282 udAyina, 260 iNDiyana enTIkverI, 38, 39, 96, 155, uddAlaka, 238 _156, 168, 254 uddezyazataka, 277 indra, 34, 52, 55, yati virodhI indra udrAyaNa (udayana), 270 59, svarga kA devatA indra 85, 86, upadezapada, 36 98, 282 uparudra, 88 indrabhUtigautama, 102, 104, 105, 256 upAli, 256 iSukAra, 34, 275, 284 upAzraya, 179 upAsaka dazAMga, 22, 230-232, 252, 309 IzvaravAda, 64 umA, 93 umAsvAti, 232, 234 ullukAtIra, 146, 148 ugra, 274 uvAsagadasAo, 96 ugrasena, 154, 280, 299 uzanasa, 259 uccodaya, 273 ujjainI, 149 uNDaka RSi, 98 Rgveda, 54-59, 91-93, 100, 154, uttarakuru, 267 230, 240, 250, 252, 267

Page #358
324 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti RSabhadatta, 253, 254 karaNAnuyoga, 23 RSabhadeva, 29, 53, 54, kezadhArI RSa- karIkrata, 55 bhadeva 56-60, 100, 154-156, karka, 154, 273 236, 237, 240, 249, 276, 283 kaliMga, 244, 270, 271 RSabhapura, 146, 147 kaliyadvIpa, 293 RSi maNDala prakaraNa, 36 kalpasUtra, 6, 22, 53, 85, 92, 98, RSyazRMga, 55 99, 104, 111, 152, 154-157, 162, 167, 168, 170, 229, 238, 240, 241, 250, 252-254, 260ekAdaza aMga, 13 262, 277-279, 281, 282, 289, etaza, 55 290, 294, 296, 302, 303,305, etheMsa, 264 307, 308-311. epigrAphikA iNDikA, 38, 39, 170 kalpasUtravRtti, 111 kalpAvataMsikA, 22 kalpikA, 22 aitareya brAhmaNa, 51, 91, 93, 267, 279 kalyANavijaya, 3, 4, 5, 37 kavaSa ailUSa, 52 kaSAya kuzIla, 62 oghaniyukti 12, 22, 108, 157 kasAya pAhuDa, 41, 42 ogha samAcArI, 164 kAkadeza, 307 ovAiyasUtra, 95, 277 kAkustha, 280 kAThaka saMhitA, 251 kAtyAyana, 58 aupapAtika, 22, 45, 90, 95, 227, kAma, 285 254, 305, 308 kAmpilya, 270, 284 kAmbala, 150, 151 kArtikeya, 214, 234 kacchavI, 9 kArtheja, 264 kaNva, 36 kAla, 88 kathAkoSa,2 kAlakAcArya, 21 kathAvalI, 37, 46 kAlAsyavaizika, 102 kanakazrI, 156-160 kAlI, 103 kapila, 34, 161 kAzava, 240 kapilavastu, 119, 247 kAzI, 259-263, 270, 282 kamalAvatI, 275, 284 kinnara, 86, 292 kamboja, 259, 277, 295 kuTaka, 100 karakaNDu, 169, 270 kuTakAMcala parvata, 53, 155

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kuNAla, 138 ghfurch, 260-262, 277 kunthu, 10, 46, 296 kunthunAtha, 269, 280 kundakundAcArya, 168, 180, 206, 228, 234 kumArI parvata, kumbha, 88 kuru, 259, 267 kurukSetra, 98, 275, 284 11 anukramaNikA * 325 kulAlaya, 84 kuvikarNa, 242 kuzInArA, 259 kuzIla, 61, 62 kusaggapura, 278 kRSNa, 54, 154, 155, 238, 253, 269, 280 kezI, 35, 36, 58, 100, 102, 154 kezIkumAra, 58 gautama, 35 kezIvRSabha, 57, 58, 154 kezIsUkta, 91 kesariyA nAtha, 57, 159 koMka, 100 kocchakaccha (kautsa), 259 koli, 263 kosala, 17, 251, 259 261-263, 265, 277, 282. kauTilya, 258, 276, 282 kaurava, 274 kauzAmbI, 138, 161, 240, 270 kyitA, 251 kramadIzvara, 17 kriyAvAda, 64, 65, 67 kSullaka muni, 148 khaNDarakkha, 147 kharasvara, 88 khAravela, 11, 151, 271 gaMga, 146, 148, gacchAcAra, 168 gaDDArikA, 86 gaNitAnuyoga, 23 gaNipiTaka, 18, 83, 183 gaNDI, 9 gandharva, 86 gandhAra, 244, 259, 270, 277 garga, 35 gardamAli, 284 gAMgeya, 102 giranAra, 91, 154 giranAra parvata, 154 gItA, 32, 59, 93,204, 211, 224, 231, 239, 250, 251, 269, 280. gomaTTasAra, 24, 199, 229,230 gozAlaka, 61, 70-72, 84, 95, 97, 146 goSThamAhila, 146, 148 gosaMti, 242 gautama gaNadhara, 1, 17, 34, 35, 102 gautama dharmasUtra, 91, 256 grahayaka, 265 cakravartI, 98, 268, 276 catuHzataka, 90 candanA, 104, 105, 155, 168, 225227, 277, 278, 280, 303, 308, 312. candragupta prathama, 266, 270 candragupta maurya, 2, 10, 59, 151

Page #360
326 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti jIvAbhigama, 21, 22 jUti, 55 candra prajJapti, 21, 22, 23 candrasUri, 36 campA, 241, 242, 270 caraNAnuyoga, 23 caritra kuzIla, 62, 63 caritra pulAka, 62 cAranta cAturanta, 88, 276 cArvAka, 22, 46, cArvAka kA lokAyata mata 72, 73, 96 cullavagga 105, 157, 159, 167, 168, 278 cUlikA sUtra, 22 ceTaka, 260-262, 277 cetiya (cedi), 259 cellaNA, 262, 277 chAndogya upaniSada, 205, 206, 230, 251 janaka rAjarSi, 238 jamAlI, 146, 147 jambUdvIpa prajJapti, 21, 22, 92 jaya, 269 jayaghoSa, 35 jaya dhavalA, 19, 24, 40 jayAnandasUri, 36 jarAsaMdha, 280 jAmadagnaya, 239 jitazatru, 240 jinadAsa mahattara, 5, 36, 37, 40, 250 252 jinasena, 236 jinAnanda, 169 jItakalpa, 22 jIva prAdezika, 146, 147 jUnAgar3ha, 154 jaitavana, 154 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, 161, 162, 165, 167, 250, 254, 255, 281 jainadarzana kI rUparekhA, 90, 91, 225, 231 jainadarzana manana aura mImAMsA, 37, 38, 157, 159, 169, 170, 278, 302 jaina dharma kA udgama aura vikAsa, 154, 155, 169, 170 jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, 37, 40, 92 jaina sAhitya kA vRhada itihAsa, 40, 42, 95, 96 jJAtadharma kathA, 22, 89, 98, 119, 255, 308 jJAtRka, 268, 274, 281 jJAna kuzIla, 62, 63 jJAna pulAka, 61 jyotiSakaraNa TIkA, 5, 37 ThANaM, 94, 155, 157-161, 163, 164, 169, 170, 225, 229, 256, 257, 278, 311, 313 Direniyasa, 309 tajjIva taccharIvAda, 64, 73, 96 tatvavArtika, 41, 42, 169 tatvArtha sUtra, 61, 94, 188, 212, 215, 227, 231, 232 tathAgata, 143

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anukramaNikA * 327 tanasuli, 271 39, 40, 41, 61, 132, 152, 155, tANDaya brAhamaNa, 58, 59, 93 158, 159, 165, 166, 232, 250, tAmralipti, 275 283, 311 titthogAlI pAinnA, 36 dazavaikAlika niyukti, 94, 163 tiSyagupta, 146, 147 dazArNa, 270, 277 tuMgIyagrAma, 103 dazArNabhadra, 270 turakAvaSeya, 52 dazAzratuskandha, 18, 22, 90, 160 tulasI AcArya, 155 dAnava, 86 tulasI prajJA, 156-161, 166, 226, dIrghanikAya, 91, 93, 94, 99, 155, - 233, 254. ____161, 225, 256, 257, 278 taittirIya AraNyaka, 55, 92 duHkhavAda, 64 taittirIya upaniSada, 230 duvAlasaMgegaNipiDage, 19 taittirIya saMhitA, 93 dRr3hanemi, 280 trikAya piTaka, 19 dRSTivAda, 22 tripiTaka, 2, 8, 61, 66 deva, 86, 161 trivikrama, 16 devadatta, 76 trizalA, 238, 241, 253, 254 devarddhigaNi, 2, Agama ke saMkalana kartA triSaSTIzalakapuruSacaritra, 93, 236, 250 3, vAlabhI vAcanA ke pramukha 4, 5, trairAzika, 146, 148 siddhAntoM ke saMkalana kartA, 6, 7, 9, trairAzika sampradAya, 82, 97, 170 _12, 14, 18, 22 devanandA, 238, 240, 241, 253, 254 devasena, 148, 170 thussa jAtaka, 277 devendra, 283 theragAthA, 92, dogundagadevatA, 85 theravAda, 157 dravir3a, 244 dravyAnuyoga, 23, 28 druma puSpikA, 35 dakSa prajApati, 93 dvAdazAMga, 1, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 22, dakSa smRti, 182, 225 83, 111, 183 darzana kuzIla, 62, 63 dvArikA, 154, 270, 280 darzana pulAka, 61 dvimukha, 270 darzanasAra, 148, 170 dvaikriya, 146, 148 dalasukha mAlavaNiya, 39, 167, 168, 251 dazapura, 146, 148 dhanu, 88 dazaratha, 71 dhanvantarI, 169 daza vaikAlika, 9, 18, 22, 32, 38, dharma, 285 .

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328 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti dharmakathAnuyoga, 23 nirIzvaravAda, 64 dharmaghoSa, 36 . nirgrantha, 61, 63, 166, 283 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, 90, 91, 93 nirgrantha dharma, 44, 103 dharma saMgraha, 117, 161 nirgranthanAtha, 61 dharmasUtra, 245 niryAvalisUtra, 26, 277, 282 dhavalA, 19, 24, 40, 41 ni'Dha, 18 dhUta, 25 nivRttivAda, 64 nizItha cUrNi, 9, 17, 22, 26, 40, 61, 85, 240, 250 255, 283, naggati, 270 307 nathamala, 37, 38, 92, 95, 155, 157- nizItha bhASya, 38, 160, 169, 252 159, 163, 164, 166, 170, 230, nizIthasUtra, 93, 98, 167, 168, 251, 246, 302 287, 303, 307-310 nanda, 243, 246, 271 nIti vAkyAmRta, 259 nandana, 270 nemicandra, 36, 282 nandivardhana, 253, 254 neminAtha, 34 nandIcUrNi, 5, 36, 37 nandITIkA, 5 nandIsUtra, 12, 18, 20-23, 40, 42 paMcakalpa, 22 nandIsthavirAvalI, 6, 37 paMcatantra, 20 nami, 34, 242, 270, 275, 283, 284 pakudhakacchAyana, 61, 66 narendradeva, 38 pataMjali, 49, 52, 60, 206 nAga, 85, 98 padmapurANa, 92 nAgaputra varuNa, 261 padmamundira, 36 nAgArjuna, 4, vAlabhI vAcanA ke pramukha pannavaNA, 21 5, 12 paramparAgama, 18 nAgArjunIyavAcanA, 4, 5 parimujjamANA, 307 nAtha, 59 pahAparijJA, 26 nAbhi, 53, 54, 100, 154 pAMcAla, 259, 267, 273, 281 nArada parivrAjakopaniSada, 161 pAcitiya, 242 nAlandA, 91, 94, 102, 157, 159, pATaliputra, 2, 8, 10-14, 39, 241 ___162, 163, 252 pATaliputra vAcanA, 36 38 nAyAdhammakahAo, 20, 103 pANini, 98, 265, 278, 282 niArkasa, 9 pAdapANDya, 259 nighaNTu, 241 pAyAsipaesi, 72 ninhava, 146, 147, 148, 170 pArAMcita, 143 niyativAda, 64, 69 pArAzara, 242

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anukramaNikA * 329 pArzva, 58, 154-156 priyavrata, 53, 154 pArzvanAtha, 1, 34, 35, 44, 49, 100 pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma, 102, 103, 173, 205 bakuza, 61, 62 pAlivinaya, 119, 134, 162 banArasa, 244, 252, 270 pAvA, 259 bala, 270 piTaka, 7, 19 baladeva, 270 piNDaniyukti, 12, 22, 41 balabhadra, 268, 270 pihuNDanagara, 270 balarAma, 280 puNDraka, 307 balazrI, 270 puNyavijaya, 37 bahurata, 146, 147 purandara, 267, 282 bAlukA, 88 purANacarita, 23 bindusAra, 71 puruSasUkta, 250 buddha, 7, 8, 35, 38, 50, 55, 61, puruSArtha siddhayupAya, 231, 232 64, 66, 100, 101, 111, 118, pulAka, 61 119, 121, 133, 151, 154, 157, puSkariNI, 243 160, 161, 189, 224, 225, 237puSpacUlikA, 22, 103 240, 242, 243, 245, 246, 250, puSpikA, 22 255, 266, 267, 297, 309 puSyamitra, 2, 280 buddhaghoSa, 277 pUtanA, 86 buddhacaryA, 38 pUraNakAssapa, 61, 66, 68 bRhatkathAkoSa, 150, 168, 307 prajApati, 240 bRhatkalpa bhASya, 36, 38, 40, 98, 127, prativeSaNa kuzIla, 62 ____133, 135, 158, 160, 164-168 prativeSA pulAka, 61 bRhatkalpa sUtra, 18, 138 prathamAnuyoga, 23 bRhadratha, 280 prabhAvaka caritra, 37 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSada, 251 pramAza, 251 behalla, 262 pravacana-sAroddhAra, 93, 118, 161, 226 baiMka, 100 pravAhaNa jaibAli (pAMcAlarAja), 238, 269 boTika, 148 prazna vyAkaraNa, 22 baudhAyana gRhasUtra, 93 praznopaniSada, 92 baudhAyanadharmasUtra, 49, 91, 133, 166, prasenajita, 277 ____ 167, 205, 230, 256, 257, 312 prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 40 bauddha dhammapada, 42, 43, 92, 252, 253 prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, 157 bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, 38, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, 278, 90, 91, 94, 95, 162, 166-169, 279 251, 252, 254, 255

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330 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti bauddhavinaya, 113 262, brahmajAlasUtta, 66 magadha, 2, 3, 10, 11, 17, 133, 138, brahmadatta, 273, 281 259, 263, 267, 278, 307 brahmarAja, 270 maccha (matsya-jayapura), 259 brahmA, 273 majjhima nikAya, 92, 94, 167, 256 maNinAtha, 148 maNDikukSi, 275 bhagavatI cUrNi, 158 matsyapurANa, 281 bhagavatI sUtra, 22, 39, 40, 70, 89, mathurA, 2, 4, 6, 11, 86, 171, 259 95, 96, 98, 102, 103, 114, madra, 267 140, 155, 156, 160, 199, 202, madhavana, 269 229, 230, 250, 259, 260, 261, madhu, 273 264, 277, 278 madhya, 273 bhadrabAhu, 1, 2, 9-12, 18, 20, 22, manaka, 18 24, 28, 33, 64, 96, 149-151, manu, 154, 207-209, 250, 254, 259 160 manusmRti, 93, 203, 207, 227, 230, bhadrabAhucarita, 151 239, 254, 255, 276 bhadrA, 269, 277 mandiya, 251 bhadrezvara, 4, 6 marudevI, 53, 54, 92, 100, 149, 154, bharata, 29, 53, 98, 149, 237, 241, malaya, 254, 307 242, 276 malayAgiri, 3, 5, 6 bhAgavatapurANa, 54-57, 92, 100, 154, malla, 59, 259-263, 265, 266 155 mallinAtha, 149, 282 bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA, 89 mahAkAla, 88 bhAratIya nItazAstra, 230, 231, 252 mahAkAzyapa, 8 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yoga- mahAkozala, 260, 277 dAna, 92 mahAgiri, 240 bhISma, 209 mahAgopa, 240 bhUta, 85, 98 mahAghoSa, 88 bhUtavAda, 64 mahAnirgranthIya, 34, 284 bhRgukaccha, 275 mahAnizItha, 22 bhRgurAja purohita, 284 mahApadma, 269 bhoga, 274 mahApariNNA, 24 bhoja, 5 mahApurANa, 249, 250 mahAbala, 270 mahAbhArata, 59, 81, 98, 154, 206, makkhalIgozAla, 61, 66, 70, 170, 207, 209, 238, 239, 250, 253,

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anukramaNikA * 331 267, 276, 278, 279, 307 . milindaprazna, 252 mahAbhASya, 91 mukunda, 85, 98 mahAmANa, 240 muNDakopaniSada, 85, 93 mahAyAna, 172 mudgala, 57, 58 mahArASTra, 17 municandra, 270 mahAvaMza, 71 mUlAcAra, 156, 168, 169, 171, 203, mahAvagga, 68, 94, 97, 157, 162, 226, 228, 230 ___163, 167, 252, 254, 278 mUlArAdhanA, 171, 200, 226, 229 mahAvastu, 277 mRgAputra, 34, 298, 299 mahAvIra, 1, 2, 8-13, 17-19, 22, mRgAvatI, 270 24-28, 30, 32-36, 44, 49, 50, meghakumAra, 119 52, 53, 58, 60, 61, 64, 66- mejjA , 251 70, 72, 78, 79, 86, 95, 99, maigasthanIja, 51, 91, 267 100, mahAvIra ke paMca mahAvrata 101- mokSa, 285 105, 111, 114, 115, 118, 119, moriyaputra, 251 133, 146-149, 154-157, 160, molI, 259, 260 162, 173, 183, 189, 205, 206, mohanajodar3o, 60 237-243, 245, 253-255, 259262, 264, 267, 268, 270, 279, 281, 282, 297, 307 yakSa, 85, 86, 98, 292 mahAzilAkaNTaka saMgrAma, 260, 261 yajurveda, 240, 252 mahAsArtha mAhaSeNa maimayA, 240 yajJadatta, 76 mahAharI (kAmpilyarAja), 269 yati, 59 mahendra, 8 yathAsUkSma kuzIla, 62, 63 mahoraga, 297 yathAsUkSma pulAka, 62 mAinara upaniSada, 161 yathAsUkSma bakuza, 62 mANika candra, 40 yaza, 8, 169 mAtRzakti, 52 yazA, 284 mAthurI vAcanA, 5, 6, 38 yazovijaya, 224 mArkaNDeyapurANa, 17, 277 yAjJavalkya smRti, 93 mAlava, 262, 263 yudhiSThira, 209 mAlavaka, 259, 260 yogadarzana, 169 mAlavA, 17 yogazAstravRtti, 5, 231, 232 mAlavikAgnimitra, 279 yogasUtra, 49, 206, 230 mAhaNa, 238, 240, 250 yaudheya, 262, 263 mithilA, 17, 34, 146, 147, 242, 251, 275, 283

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ratnakaraNDa, 204, 230-232 rathanemi, 34, 35, 280 rathamUsala saMgrAma, 260, 261 rAjagRha, 1, 102, 162, 243, 251, 275, 309 rAjapraznIya, 21, 22, 307, 308 rAjavArtika, 24 rAjavartika vibhASA, 188 rAjImati, 162, 168, 280,299 rAjula, 35, 155 rAma, 54, 155 ramilla, 150 332 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti vaccha (vatsa), 259 vajji, 153, 157, 169, 259, 260, rAhulakumAra, 119 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, 38, 167 rudra, 85, 88, 98 roma, 264 gupta, 94,170 laMkA, 8 laghu jAtaka, 96, laghvarhannIti, 259 laTikopanasutta, 167 labdhilAka, 61 lalita vistAra, 250, 282 lATa, 17, 98 lATyAyana, 58 lADha (rAr3ha- pa. baMgAla), 259 liMga kuzIla, 62, 63 liMga pulAka, 62 licchavI, 59, 260-266, 274, 282 loka prakAza, 4 loka vijaya, 25, 47 lokasAra, 25 vaMza (vatsa), 259 262 vajjiputtaka, 8 vajrapANi, 267, 276, 282 vanaparva, 98 vapravAda, 150 varAhamihira, 71 varAhamihira saMhitA, 281 varddhamANagihANI cUrNi, 281 valabhI, 2, valabhI tIsarI vAcanA, 3-7, 11, 12, 14, 20, 38, 148, 149, 150, 170 vasiSTha, 93, 239, 245, 247, 251 vasiSThadharmasUtra, 256, 257 vasunandi AcArya, 147, 212, 231, 232, 234 vAgdattA, 280 vAjasaneya saMhitA, 251 jUti, 55 vAtarazanA, 53-57, 92, 154 vAyubhUti, 251 vArANasI, 154 vAlabhI vAcanA, 5, 6, 21, 38 vAlabhya saMgha, 5 vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, 53, 98, 269, 280 282 vAsavI, 277 vAsudeva, 154, 268, 270, 275,280 vikramarAja, 148 vijayaghoSa, 35 vijayamuni, 96 vijaya rAjA, 270 vijayodayAvRtti, 200-202, 229, 230 vidarbha, 17, 266 videha, 260, 265-267, 270, 277 vinayadhara, 8

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vinayapiTaka, 38, 247, 250, 256, 257 vinayavAda, 64, 65, 82 vinayavijaya, 3 vipAka, 22, 256 vipulAMcala parvata, 1 viprajUti, 55 vimala, 270 vimokSa, 26 virATa, 267, 279 vivataka, 265 vivAgasuyaga, 20, 250 vizAkhAcArya, 150, 157 vizAlA, 33 vizeSAzvayaka bhASya, 40, 164 vizvAmitra, 239, 251 viSANaka, 55 viSNu, 54, 100, 155 viSNukumAra, 269 viSNudatta parIkSita, 54 vIra nirvANa, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 20, 21, 36, 37, 41, 148 anukramaNikA * 333 vIrasena svAmI, 19 vRtti, 36, 108 vRSabha, 52 vRSNidazA, 22 vRhatsaMhita, 254 vRhadagautama smRti, 158 vRhada jAtaka, 96 vRhadavRtti, 94, 98, 99, 226, 262, 281-284 vRhadAraNyaka sUtra, 91 vedavAda, 64 vedAntI, 82 veluvana, 153 vaitaraNI, 46, 87, 88 vaitAlika parvata, 87 vaizAlI, 8, 260, 261, 277 vaizramaNa, 85 vaiSNava vedAnta, 82 vorTe mahAvIraja, 21 vyavahAra bhASya, 106, 114, 158, 160, 161, 165, 167, 168, 256 vyAkhyA prajJapti, 95, 281 vyAsa, 81, 207 zaMkarAcArya, 91 zakendra, 56 zakra, 241, 242 zatapatha brAhmaNa, 91 zabara, 244 zabala, 88 zayyambhava, 18 zalAkAgAhayaka, 265 zastraparijJAsUtra, 95, 97 zAkinI, 86 zAkya, 79, 247, 248, 263, 265, 266 zAntinAtha, 269 zAntiparva, 154,209, 250, 253, 264, 279 zAntisUri (zAntyAcArya), 5, 35, 36, 149, 150, 252, 262, 277, 282 zArIputra, 119 zAstA, 119 zAhabAjagar3hI, 91 ziva, 52, 85, 93 faifa, 267, 277 ziznadeva, 58 zItoSNIya, 25 zIlAMka, 24, 26-29, 32, 42, 64, 67, 71, 81, 94, 96, 97, 99, 307

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334 * jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti zIlAcArya, 24 225-227, 229 230, 232 zuMga, 36 samAcArIzataka, 3 zUrasena (mathurA), 259 samudragupta, 266, 270 zaiva mata, 81 samudrapAla, 34 zaurasenI, 17 samudra vijaya (zrAvastIrAja), 269, 280 zaurIpura, 154 samuntara sumahottara, 259, 277 zyAma, 88 sambhUta, 244 zyAmArya, 12, 18, 21 sambhUti, 34 zramaNadharma, 44 samyakatva, 25 zrAvaka prajJapti, 234 sATikA, 9 zrAvastI, 102, 146, 147, 270 sarva adatAdAna viramaNa, 173, 177, 183 zrImadbhAgavatapurANa, 55, 92, 210, 230 sarva parigraha viramaNa, 173, 179, 183 zvetaketu, 238 sarva prANAtipAta viramaNa, 173, 183 zvetapaTa, 148 sarva mRSAvAda viramaNa, 173, 176, 183 zvetikA, 146 sarva maithuna viramaNa, 173, 180, 183 sahadevI, 269 sAMkhyavAda, 64,74, 76 SaTakhaNDAgama, 36, 41, 42 sAMkhyAyana gRhasUtra, 163 SaDUlaka (rohagupta) 146, 148, 170 sAketa, 270 sAgaracandra, 270 sAgAra dharmAmRta, 40, 231, 232 saMkSiptasAra, 17 sAtavAhana, 36 saMkhAsUtra, 299 sAmaMjjaphalasutta, 70, 72, 91, 93, 94, saMjaya, 34, 270, 275, 284 155 saMjayabelaTTiputta, 61, 66, 69, 162 sAmanta pAsAdikA, 309 saMyuktanikAya, 252, 256, 277 sAmaveda, 58, 240, 252 saMvRta bakuza, 62. sAmAyika, 28 saMzuddhajJAnadarzanadhArI, 63 sAmucchedaka, 146, 147 sakarNajayaka, 265 sAyaNa, 51, 54, 56, 58, 93, 154, sagara (ayodhyArAja) 269 279 satyanemi, 280 sAvalipattana, 151 sanatkumAra, 269 sikandara, 9, 266 samaNa brAhmaNasutta, 252 siddhasenagaNi, 215, 232 samadarzI prabhAkara, 13, 39 siddhArtha, 253, 254 samanta bhadra, 212, 214-217, 234 sindha, 266, 292, 309 samavAyAMgasUtra, 22, 36, 40, 42, 95, sindhughATI, 60 99, 110, 111, 170, 181, 200, sindhu sauvIra, 270

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sugrIva nagara, 270 suttanipAta, 33, 66, 94,227, 252, 253 sudharmA, 12, 18, 24, 30, 105, 159 sundaragaNi, 3, 250 supApUrva, 60 subhadra, 7, 8 suvrata, 269 suzruta saMhitA, 164 suhammA, 151 anukramaNikA * 335 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1, 22, 28, 32, 33, 36, 64, 68-73, 76, 77, 79, 81, 84, 86, 90, 94-99, 156, 162, 244, 246, 252, 254-256, 258, 260, 261, 267, 274, 276, 279, 281, 287, 291, 299, 301306, 308-313 sUtrAgama (suttAgame), 18 sUyagaDama, 313 sUryaprajJapti, 21-23 sRSTi, 9 seNiya bimbisAra (magadhezvara ), 246, 259, 262, 275, 277, 278, 309 seriyapura, 270,280 seyAMga secanaka, 262 somadeva, 234, 259 saurASTra, 148-150, 280 skanda, 85, 98 skandilAcArya, mathurA sammelana ke pramukha 4-6 sTaDIja ina dI orijiMsa Apha buddhijma, 40, 41, 42, 91 sthAnAMgavRtti 111, 158-160, 169, 225, 278, 283 sthAnAMgasUtra, 21, 22, 42, 52, 61, 63, 95, 100, 106, 108, 109, 110, 114, 116, 117, 140, 142, 146, 159, 160, 162, 164, 181, 200, 225, 227, 230, 276 , 138 sthUlabhadra, 11, 147, 150 sthUlabhadrakathA, 36 sthUlabhadracaritra, 36 snAtaka, 61, 62 spArTA, 264 svAyaMbhUmanu, 53, 154 harikeza, 34, 161, 244, 250, 255 hariNegameSI, 86, 98 haribhadra, 5, 9, 36, 41, 165, 234, 283 harivaMzapurANa, 92 hariSeNa, 2, 150, 170,245,269 halla, 262 hastitApasavAda, 64, 77 hastinApura, 269, 270 hAthIgumphA abhilekha, 11, 151, 270 hiMsAvAda, 64 hiraNyakezIgRhasUtra, 42, 163 hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, 38, 39, 41, 42, 92 hInayAna, 172 hemacandrAcArya, 5, 17, 36, 37, 40, 60, 93-98, 106, 108, 234, 259

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Page #371
DA. rekhA caturvedI janma : 1952 jayapura (rAjasthAna) zikSA-dIkSA : rAjasthAna pAThana : rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura parAmarzadAtrI-iMdirA gAMdhI mukta vizvavidyAlaya rAjakIya (snAtakottara) mahAvidyAlaya, haldvAnI prAcIna itihAsa evaM saMskRti vibhAga, ruhelakhaMDa vizvavidyAlaya, barelI samprati : prAcIna itihAsa evaM saMskRti vibhAga, - gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorakhapura zikSaNetara : AkAzavANI evaM dUradarzana se sambaddha 'mAtRzakti' : saMsthApaka sadasya 'trivaTI nAtha zodha saMsthAna' saMsthApaka sadasya 'iMDiyana susAiTI phAra grIka eNDa romana sTaDIja' sadasya 'sakala digambara jaina dharma darzana vijJAna zodha saMsthAna' se 1997 meM 'brAhmI' aura 1998 meM 'gArgI' upAdhi se vibhUSita

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sammatiyAM jaina Agama sAhitya bhAratIya saMskRti ke AdhAra grantha haiN| inameM jaina dharma ke viSaya meM bahumUlya sAmagrI ke sAtha samakAlIna samAja ke vibhinna pakSoM para mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI prApya hai| hindI meM isa prakAra ke prabandha ke abhAva kI isa grantha se yatheSTa pUrti hotI hai| bhAratIya itihAsa aura saMskRti para nayA prakAza DAlane ke lie lekhikA kA prayAsa sarAhanIya hai| lallanajI gopAla jaina sAhitya prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanItika, dhArmika, Arthika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa kA eka mahatvapUrNa srota hai| aneka vidvAnoM ne isa para zodha kiyA hai, parantu isa dizA meM bahuta kucha kArya zeSa raha gayA hai| isa dRSTi se DA. (zrImatI) rekhA caturvedI kA jaina Agama : itihAsa evaM saMskRti nAmaka zodhagrantha prAcIna bhArata ke sAmAjika, Arthika evaM dhArmika itihAsa ke kSetra eka viziSTa yogadAna hai| DaoN. bI.ena.esa. yAdava lekhikA ne zramapUrvaka aura aitihAsika maryAdA ke anurUpa jaina sAhitya, vizeSataH Agama sAhitya kA aitihAsika tathA sAMskRtika dRSTi se vivecanA prastuta kI hai| prastuta grantha jaina vidyA ke atirikta bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyayana meM ruci rakhane vAle logoM ke lie bhI samAna rUpa se upayogI siddha hogA, aisA merA vizvAsa hai| DA. mAruti nandana tivArI anAmikA pablizarsa eMDa DisTrIbyUTarsa (prA.) limiTeDa