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ARYAN ELEMENT IN SINHALESE.
MARCH, 1883.]
p. 74) the little altered tatsama istri (in Elu modelled into itiri, N. v. 151), by the side of the more usual géni, which must be derived from *gahine Skr. grhint (on the forms of the Pali and Prakrit cf. E. Kuhn, Beitr. zur Pali-Gramm. p. 16); Mald. anghaine (P.), anghenung (Ch.), is clearly identical with angand (cf. angana N. v. 151).
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Among terms of relationship we meet with some which like appd for father and ammd for mother recal the Dravidian, but possibly are only borrowed from languages of this family; besides these there are good Aryan words in living use. A relation in general is no ñati, besides the further developed nyd, with which is to be connected perhaps also nend, female cousin, cousin german. For father and mother the Aryan terms are piyd pitá, and mavu, mav, Elu mava, = mátd. For son and daughter we have puta putta and duva, dé, duhita (cf.k Mald, mapoutte, mon fils," and mandié, fille," in P., futu, "boy," in Ch.). A more general word for child is daruvd = daraka (Mald, dary P., daring Ch.) For brother and sister the modern speech simply (without difference of age) knows of the tatsamas sahodara-yd and sahodart; the bob, brother, quoted by Rhys Davids (Journ. R. 48. Soc. N. S. vol. VII, p. 366), goes back to the bati of the inscriptions, and is identical with the Mald. bé (bee P., bébe Ch.) for elder brother. Bahand, bend, nephew (said to be originally also elder brother: of. Rhys Davids loc. cit.), is from bhagineyya. To munuburd, grandson, with the fem. minibirt, we find neither in Skr. nor in Pali or Prakrit anything exactly corresponding, but it is identified by P. Goldschmidt (Report on Inscriptions, &c. 1876, p. 4) with the manumaraka of the inscriptions, and, by a comparison with the wellknown example of nandana, son, is derived by him from manorama, which is certainly not absolutely impossible. For father-in-law and mother-in-law the Mald. has according to Pyrard hours and housse, which are of course identical with Pali sasura and sass. The modern Sinhalese employs mámá and nændd (older næñdi), also nadi, which signify strictly avunculus and amita; nændd is, like Skr. nandndy Pali nanandá, to be traced tonand. The Elu has besides nandi the word suhul, related to sassura, sassú, and for father-in-law, with the like transference of meaning, mayil beside the tatsama mátula (N. v. 154); cf. nadimayiló as the explanation of the plural sasurd in Subhuti, Abhidhanappadipika v. 250. For son-in-law Pyrard gives damy, which is manifestly to be identified with jamáta.
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we have radala ("gentleman," L., "husband," headman," "chief," C.), and its contraction rála ("yeoman," L., "husband," "master," "lord," "a term affixed to names or titles, implying respect," C.), which appear to be connected. Biso, bisava, queen, is according to Clough to be derived from abhiseka. The oft-recurring pd of the inscriptions as a designation of a high officer of state is from adhipa (vide Rhys Davids, Indian Antiquary, vol. II, p. 248; Journ. R. A. Soc. N. S. vol. VII, p. 365). Kamburd, smith ("ironsmith"), Pali kammdra, and is used to explain this word by Subhati in Abhidh. v. 509. Kumbala, potter, kumbhakára, and similarly sommaru tanner, doubtless assimilated from the Elu samvaru with samkaru chammakára, cf. Hindi chamár; in lókuruvd, smith (brazier, L., N.), = lohakaraka, which as a compound is much more intelligible, has been preserved. Radavd, washerman, = valdhaki. Vedd. rajaka. Vaduva, carpenter, = ma doctor, vejja, Skr. vaidya. Væddá (older vædi)= vyddha (Childers, Journ. of the R. As. Soc. N. S. VIII, p. 131). Hord, thief cora. Eduru, teacher, dcariya, mahand samana, bamunu to Skr. and Pali brahmana, have already been mentioned above.
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Castes, classes, &c.-We have already spoken of the terms for king, raja, rada, rajd. Besides
1
61
On mit, mitura, mitra-yd, friend, see ante p. 57a. The word is the same in Mald., as is seen from demitourou, "compagnons" P. (i. e., de mitourou, two friends), and rahumaiteri, "friend," (Ch.); another popular word is yahalu-va, yalu-vd, in Elu (N. v. 189) without diminutive ending yahala, yahalu, which may be a somewhat irregular form of a theme identical with Páli sakhdra.20 For enemy the little altered tatsama saturd Skr. çatru is in use.
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The words of Aryan origin for animals are tolerably numerous. Among cattle we have first gond, bull, ox, gona, and with the same meaning geriyd (cf. Mald. guery P., geri Ch. ox), a diminutive of Hindi gorú and its allies, which like gona itself are, as Pischel says (Bezzenberger's Beiträgenz. Kunde der indogerm. Sprachen, III, p. 237), to be derived from a root gur. Vassd, calf, older vasu, is of course = vachchha, Skr. vatsa. On dena dhenu, which figures directly as a feminine suffix, Childers (Journ. R. A. Soc. N. S. vol. VIII, p. 144) may be consulted. The monosyllable m in the compounds mi-haraka (Mald. mígunu, Ch.), buffalo, and mi-dena, buffalo cow, is, as Childers has already rightly stated, to be identified with mahisa; the Elu has besides a fuller mivu, which however may also possibly be identical with the diminutive amplified modern mi-vd. Eluvá, sheep, goat, elaka. Urd, pig (Mald. oure P. úru Ch.), for hurd, súkara. Otuvd, camel (cf. Mald. ol,
30 The forms sakhi and eakhd answer to the Elu words saki and saha given in loc. cit.
