Paramarsh Jain Darshan Visheshank

Publisher: Savitribai Fule Pune Vishva Vidyalay
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006157/1

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ISSN 2320-4443 parAmarza (hindI) khaNDa 28 aMka 1-4 disaMbara 2007 - navaMbara 2008 bhAratIya saura mArgazIrSa - kArtika zake 1929-30 prakAzana varSa - aktUbara, 2015 jaina darzana vizeSAMka UNIVERSITY PUNE LLya:kriyAvAnasapaNDita kiyAya sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana

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parAmarza (hindI) sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vizvavidyAlaya ke darzanazAstra vibhAga kI ciMtanaparaka traimAsika patrikA saMsthApaka saMpAdaka : surendra bAraliMge pradhAna saMpAdaka : surajIta kaura cahala saMyukta saMpAdaka : hemalatA more kAryakArI saMpAdaka : mohita TaNDana saMpAdaka maMDala pradIpa gokhale ambikAdatta zarmA kAlIcaraNa pANDeya salAhakAra saMpAdaka maMDala satyapAla gautama pI.Ara. bhaTTa rAkeza caMdra saMpAdakIya sahAyaka sunIla rAUta prakAzanArtha lekhanasAmagrI evaM anya prakAra ke patrAcAra ke lie : pradhAna saMpAdaka, parAmarza (hindI), darzanazAstra vibhAga, sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vizvavidyAlaya, puNe 411007 sadasyatA zulka : traivArSika saMsthAoM ke lie vyaktiyoM ke lie rU. 400/rU. 300/rU. 150/rU. 125/ vArSika saMsthAoM ke lie vyaktiyoM ke lie eka prati kA mUlya rU. 40/kitAba / graMtha vijJApana kA mUlya AdhA pannA: rU. 300/- prati aMka rU. 900/- prati 4 aMka pUrA pannA: rU. 500/- prati aMka rU. 1500/- prati 4 aMka sadasyatA zulka manIoNrDara yA DimAMDa DrAphTa dvArA vitta va lekhA adhikArI, sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vizvavidyAlaya ke nAma patrikA ke pate para bhejA jaae| aMka na milane kI sUcanA aMka prakAzita hone ke bAda eka mahIne ke bhItara milane para, aMka bace hoM to, puna: bhejA jaaegaa|

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sampAdakIya isa varSa parAmarza (hindI) ke naye sampAdaka maNDala kA gaThana kiyA gayA hai| hamArA prayAsa rahegA ki pUrva kI bhAMti Age bhI patrikA meM darzana viSaya ke guNavattApUrNa evaM maulika lekhoM kA prakAzana nirbAdha gati se hotA rhe| patrikA ko adyatana karane ke uddezya se isake pichale aMkoM ko saMyukta rUpa se prakAzita karane kA nirNaya liyA gayA hai| isI krama meM vartamAna aMka 'jaina darzana vizeSAMka' ke rUpa meM prastuta hai| bhArata kI prAcIna sabhyatA kA sabase mahattvapUrNa pahacAna bindu hai isakI darzana prmpraa| kAlakrama meM vikasita huI yaha darzana paramparA bhAratIya saMskRti kI vividhatA kI paricAyaka hai| isa paramparA meM vibhinna darzana samUhoM kA vikAsa huaa| saiddhAMtika mata vibhAjana hote huye bhI ina samUhoM kA anavarata gatimAna saha astitva hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko anUThA banAtA hai| yahA~ vizeSakara jaina dArzanika ciMtana ullekhanIya hai jo sat va jJAna kA bahulavAdI dRSTikoNa prastuta karatA hai aura jisakI pariNati vyavahAra ke stara para sarvasamAvezI bahulavAdI sAMskRtika sahaastitva meM hotI hai| vartamAna vizva meM rAjanaitika, dhArmika, sAmAjika, Arthika va paryAvaraNIya saMkaToM ko dekhate huye jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA aura bhI prAsaMgika lagatI hai| jaina darzana ke inhIM vividha pahaluoM ko eka sAtha rakhane ke uddezya se patrikA kA yaha aMka 'jaina darzana vizeSAMka' ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi ise paryApta evaM pUrNa kahanA ucita na hogA, phira bhI AzA hai ki yaha aMka zikSakoM, vidyArthiyoM evaM sAmAnya pAThakoM ke liye upayogI siddha hogaa| pradhAna sampAdaka

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zraddhAMjali parAmarza ke pUrva sampAdaka evaM darzanazAstra vibhAga, puNe vizvavidyAlaya ke saMsthApakoM meM se eka pro. morezvara prabhAkara marAThe kA nidhana 22 jUna 2015 ko 76 varSa kI Ayu meM ho gyaa| unhoMne 1971 se 1999 taka vibhAga meM adhyApana evaM prazAsanika kArya kiyaa| vibhAga kI sthApanA evaM nirmANa ke prArambhika varSoM / pro. marAThe ne apanI vidvatA, zaikSaNika va prazAsanika kuzalatA se vibhAga ke vikAsa meM bahumUlya yogadAna diyaa| vaha eka samarpita zikSaka, gaMbhIra saMzodhaka evaM eka karmaTha prazAsaka the| prAcIna bhAratIya darzana kI paramparA ko saMrakSita va jIvita rakhane meM unhoMne apanA sampUrNa jIvana samarpita kara diyaa| unhoMne bhAratIya va pAzcAtya darzana onoM paramparAoM kA adhyayana evaM adhyApana kiyaa| jJAnamImAMsA aura tarkazAstra para unake vyAkhyAnoM ko unake vidyArthI Aja bhI smaraNa karate haiN| vidyArthiyoM kI zaikSaNika hI nahIM balki dainika, vyavahArika samasyAoM ke nidAna ke liye tatpara rahanA unake svabhAva meM thaa| pro. marAThe kI likhita evaM sampAdita aneka pustakeM prakAzita ho cukI haiN| sAtha hI rASTrIya-antarrASTrIya patrikAoM meM bhI unake lekha prakAzita haye haiN| pro. marAThe iMDiyana philaoNsaoNphikala kvArTI (AI. pI. kyU.) aura parAmarza (hindI) ke sampAdaka bhI rheN| darzana meM unake yogadAna ke liye unheM akhila bhAratIya darzana pariSda dvArA 'svAmI praNavAnanda lAIpha TAima acIvameMTa avArDa se sammAnita bhI kiyA gaya / / pro. marAThe ne darzana kA mAtra zikSaNa hI nahIM kiyA varan use jiyA bhii| apanI vasIyata meM unhoMne apanA zarIra eka meDikala kaoNleja ko aura apanA sArA dhana sAmAjika saMsthAoM ko samAja ke kalyANa hetu dAna kara diyaa| aise karmaTha va satyaniSTha AcArya ko hamArI zraddhAMjali !

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zraddhAjaMli darzanazAstra vibhAga, sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vizvavidyAlaya ke zikSaka DaoN. rAmabhAU rATADa kA nidhana dinAMka 14 jUna 2014 ko ho gyaa| inhoMne 1 agasta 1984 se 5 maI 2011 taka vibhAga meM sevA kii| parAmarza kI ora se inako bhAvabhInI shrddhaajNli| zraddhAjaMli darzanazAstra vibhAga, sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vizvavidyAlaya kI zikSaka DaoN. mInA keLakara kA nidhana dinAMka 06 sitaMbara 2014 ko ho gyaa| inhoMne 23 mArca 1979 se 31 aktubara 2000 taka vibhAga meM sevA kii| parAmarza kI ora se inako bhI bhAvabhInI shrddhaajNli|

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parAmarza (hindo) ke prakAzana-svAmitva sambandhI phArma 4 . 1. prakAzana sthala : tattvajJAna vibhAga, sAvitrIbAI phule . puNe vidyApITha, puNe- 411007 2. prakAzana avadhi : traimAsika 3. mudraka kA nAma va patA : pro. surajIta kaura cahala, tattvajJAna vibhAga, sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vidyApITha, puNe- 411007 4. prakAzaka kA nAma va patA : pro. surajIta kaura cahala, tattvajJAna vibhAga, sAvitrIbAIphule puNe vidyApITha, puNe- 411007 5. saMpAdaka kA nAma va patA : pro. surajIta kaura cahala, tattvajJAna vibhAga, sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vidyApITha, puNe- 411007 6. parAmarza traimAsika patrikA : tattvajJAna vibhAga, sAvitrIbAI phule puNe, ke prakAzana kA svAmitva vidyApITha, puNe- 411007 rakhanevAlevyakti/saMsthA kA nAma va patA maiM, surajIta kaura cahala, yaha ghoSita karatI hU~ ki uparyukta dI gaI sUcanAe~ mere saMjJAna meM satya evaM puSTa haiN| . surajIta kaura cahala

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hemacaMdra kI pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa sAgaramala jaina jaina nyAya kA vikAsa : ___ nyAya evaM pramANa-carcA ke kSetra meM sAmAnya rUpa se jaina dArzanikoM kA aura vizeSa rUpa se AcArya hemacandra ke grantha pramANamImAMsA kA kyA avadAna hai, yaha jAnane ke lie jaina nyAya ke vikAsakrama ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| yadyapi jainoM kA paMcajJAna kA siddhAnta paryApta prAcIna hai aura jaina vidyA ke kucha vidvAna use pArzva ke yuga taka le jAte haiM, kintu jahA~ taka pramANa vicAra kA kSetra hai usameM jainoM kA praveza naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM aura bauddhoM ke pazcAt hI huA hai| pramANa carcA ke prasaMga meM jainoM kA praveza cAhe paravartI ho, kintu isa kAraNa ve isa kSetra meM ve jo viziSTa avadAna de sake haiM, vaha hamAre lie gaurava kI vastu hai| ___ isa kSetra meM paravartI hone kA lAbha yaha haA ki jainoM ne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke siddhAntoM ke guNa-doSoM kA samyaka mUlyAMkana karake phira apane mantavya ko isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA ki vaha pakSa aura pratipakSa kI tArkika kamiyoM kA parimArjana karate hue eka vyApaka aura samanvayAtmaka siddhAnta bana ske| paM. sukhalAlajI ke anusAra jaina pramANa-mImAMsA ne mukhyata: tIna yugoM meM apane kramika vikAsa ko pUrNa kiyA hai : 1. Agama yuga, 2. anekAnta sthApana yuga aura 3. nyAya evaM pramANa sthApana yug| yahA~ hama ina yugoM kI viziSTatAoM kI carcA na karate hue kevala itanA kahanA cAheMge ki jainoM ne apane anekAnta siddhAnta ko sthira karake phira pramANa vicAra ke kSetra meM kadama rakhA thaa| unake isa paravartI praveza kA eka lAbha to yaha huA ki pakSa aura pratipakSa kA adhyayana kara ve una donoM kI kamiyoM aura tArkika asaMgatiyoM ko samajha sake tathA pUrva-vikasita unakI anekAnta dRSTi kA lAbha yaha haA ki ve una donoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita kara ske| unhoMne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke bIca samanvaya sthApita karane prayAsa kiyA, usI meM unakA siddhAnta sthira ho gayA aura yahI unakA nyAya evaM kSetra meM viziSTa avadAna khlaayaa| isa kSetra meM unakI bhUmikA sadaiva eka taTastha nyAyAdhIza kI rhii| unhoMne apane pUrvavartI siddhAntoM kI samIkSA ke mAdhyama se sadaiva apane cintana ko samRddha kiyA aura jahA~ Avazyaka lagA, vahA~ apanI pUrva mAnyatAoM ko saMzodhita aura parimArjita bhI kiyaa| cAhe siddhasena ho yA samantabhadra, akalaMka ho yA vidyAnanda, haribhadra ho yA hemacandra sabhI ne apane granthoM ke nirmANa meM jahA~ parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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sAgaramala jaina apanI paramparAoM ke pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM kA adhyayana kiyA, vahI anya paramparA ke pakSa aura pratipakSa kA bhI gambhIra adhyayana kiyaa| ataH jaina nyAya yA pramANa - vicAra sthira na rahakara gatizIla banA rhaa| vaha yuga-yuga meM pariSkRta, vikasita aura samRddha hotA rhaa| pramANamImAMsA kA upajIvya AcArya hemacandra kA pramANamImAMsA nAmaka yaha grantha bhI isI krama meM hue jaina nyAya ke vikAsa kA eka caraNa hai| pramANamImAMsA eka apUrNa grantha hai| na to mUlagrantha aura na usakI vRtti hI pUrNa hai / upalabdha mUla sUtra 100 haiM aura inhIM para vRtti bhI upalabdha haiN| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki yaha grantha AcArya hemacandra apane jIvana-kAla 2 pUrNa nahIM kara sake the| isakA phalita yaha hai ki unhoMne apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM hI isa kRti kA lekhana prArambha kiyA hogaa| yaha grantha bhI kaNAdasUtra yA vaizeSikasUtra, brahmasUtra evaM tattvArthasUtra kI taraha sUtra - zailI kA grantha hai, phira bhI isa grantha kI vargIkaraNa zailI bhinna hI hai| AcArya kI yojanA ise pA~ca adhyAyoM meM samApta karane kI thI aura ve pratyeka adhyAya ko do-do AhnikoM meM vibhakta karanA cAhate the, kintu Aja isake mAtra do adhyAya apane do-do AhnikoM ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| adhyAya aura Ahnika kA yaha vibhAga krama isake pUrva akSapAda ke nyAyasUtroM evaM jaina paramparA meM akalaMka ke granthoM meM dekhA jAtA hai| apUrNa hone para bhI isa grantha kI mahattA va mUlyavattA akSuNNa banI huI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne isa grantha ke lekhana meM apanI paramparA aura anya dArzanika paramparAoM ke nyAya sambandhI granthoM pUrA avalokana kiyA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM " Agamika sAhitya ke ativizAla khajAne ke uparAnta 'tattvArtha' se lekara 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' taka ke saMskRta tArkika jaina sAhitya kI bhI bahuta baDI rAzi hemacandra ke parizIlana patha meM AI, jisase hemacandra kA sarvAMgINa sarjaka vyaktitva santuSTa hone ke bajAya eka aise nae sarjana kI ora pravRtta huA, jo aba taka ke jaina vAGmaya meM apUrva sthAna rakha ske| 11 vastuta: niryukti, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, tattvArtha aura usakA svopajJa bhASya jaise Agamika evaM dArzanika grantha siddhasena divAkara, samantabhadra, akalaMka, mANikyanandI aura vidyAnanda kI prAya: samagra kRtiyA~ isakI upAdAna sAmagrI banI hai| paM. sukhalAla mAnyatA hai ki prabhAcandra ke 'prameyakamalamArtaNDa', anantavIrya kI 'prameyaratnamAlA' aura vAdidevasUri ke 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' kA isameM spaSTa upayoga huA hai| phira bhI

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hemacaMdra kI pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa unakI dRSTi meM akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kA mArgAnugamana pradhAnatayA dekhA jAtA hai| isI prakAra bauddha aura vaidika paramparA ke ve sabhI grantha, jinakA upayoga unakI kRti ke AdhAra bane haiN| punaH ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate hai ki bauddha paramparA ke diGnAga, dharmakIrti, dharmottara, arcaMTa aura zAntarakSita tathA vaidika paramparA ke kaNAda, bhAsarvajJa, vyomaziva, zrIdhara, akSapAda, vAtsAyana, udyotakara, jayanta, vAcaspati mizra, zabara, prabhAkara aura kumArila kI kRtiyA~ unake adhyayana kA viSaya rahI haiN|' vastutaH apanI paramparA ke aura pratipakSI bauddha evaM vaidika paramparA ke ina vividha granthoM ke adhyayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI hemacandra jaina nyAya ke kSetra meM eka viziSTa kRti pradAna kara skeN| candra ko isa kRti kI AvazyakatA kyoM anubhUta huI ? jaba unake sAmane abhayadeva kA 'vAdArNava' aura vAdideva ke 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' jaise apanI paramparA ke sarvasaMgrAhaka grantha upasthita the, phira unhoMne yaha grantha kyoM racA ? isa sambandha meM paM. sukhalAlajI kahate haiM ki "yaha saba hemacandra ke sAmane thA, para unheM mAlUma huA ki nyAyapramANa-viSayaka (isa) sAhitya meM kucha bhAga to aisA hai, jo ati mahattva kA hote hue bhI eka-eka viSaya kI hI carcA karatA hai yA bahuta saMkSipta hai| dUsarA (kucha) bhAga aisA hai ki jo sarva viSaya saMgrAhI to hai para vaha uttarottara itanA adhika vistRta tathA bhASA kI apekSA kliSTa hai ki sarvasAdhAraNa ke abhyAsa kA viSaya nahIM bana sktaa| isa vicAra se hemacandra ne eka aisA pramANaviSayaka grantha banAnA cAhA jo 3 ke samaya taka carcita eka bhI dArzanika viSaya kI carcA se khAlI na rahe, phira bhI vaha sAmAnya buddhi ke pAThaka ke paThana-pAThana ke yogya tathA madhyama kada kA ho| isI dRSTi se 'pramANamImAMsA' kA janma huA / ' "3 yaha ThIka hai ki pramANamImAMsA sAmAnya bauddhika stara ke pAThakoM ke lie madhyama AkAra kA paThana-pAThana ke yogya grantha hai, kintu isase usake vaiduSyapUrNa aura viziSTa hone meM koI A~ca nahIM AtI hai| yadyapi hemacandra ne isa grantha kI racanA meM apane evaM itara paramparA ke pUrvAcAryoM kA upayoga kiyA hai, phira bhI isa grantha meM yatra-tatra apane svatantra cintana aura pratibhA kA upayoga bhI unhoMne kiyA hai| ataH isakI maulikatA ko nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| isa grantha kI racanA meM aneka sthaloM para hemacandra ne viSaya ko apane pUrvAcAyoM kI apekSA adhika susaMgata DhaMga se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura isI kAraNa grantha meM yatra-tatra unake vaiduSya aura svatantra cintana ke darzana hote haiM, kintu usa sabakI carcA isa laghu nibandha meM kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai|

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sAgaramala jaina paM. sukhalAlajI isa grantha meM hemacandra ke vaiziSTya kI carcA apane bhASA-TippaNoM meM kI hai, jinhe vahA~ dekhA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ to hama mAtra pramANa-nirUpaNa meM hemacandra ke pramANamImAMsA ke vaiziSTya taka hI apane ko sImita rkheNge| pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa pramANamImAMsA meM hemacandra ne pramANa kA lakSaNa 'samyagarthanirNayaH' kaha kara diyA hai| yadi hama hemacandra dvArA nirUpita isa pramANalakSaNa se zAbdika dRSTi se to nitAnta bhinna hI hai| vastutaH zAbdika dRSTi se isameM na to 'sva-para-prakAzatva' kI carcA hai, na bAdha vivarjita yA avisaMvAditva kI, jabaki pUrva ke sabhI jaina-AcAryoM ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM ina donoM kI carcA avazya kI hai| isameM 'apUrvatA' ko bhI pramANa ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM nirUpita nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jisakI carcA kucha digambara jainAcAryoM ne kI hai| nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa ke jo lakSaNa nirUpita kiye gaye haiM, unameM sva-para prakAzatva aura bAdhavivarjita honA - ye donoM usake Avazyaka lakSaNa batAe gaye haiN| nyAyAvatAra kI isa paribhASA meM bhI bAdhavivarjita avisaMvAditva kA hI paryAya hai| jaina paramparA meM yaha lakSaNa bauddha-paramparA ke prabhAva se gRhIta huA hai| jise aSTazatI Adi granthoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se anadhigatArthaka honA yA apUrva honA bhI jaina pramANa lakSaNa meM sanniviSTa ho gyaa| akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ne ise bhI pramANa-lakSaNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| ___ isa prakAra jaina-paramparA meM hemacandra ke pUrva pramANa ke cAra lakSaNa nirdhArita ho cuke the 1. sva-prakAzaka : 'sva' kI jJAna paryAya kA bodha karAne vaalaa| 2. para-prakAzaka : padArtha kA bodha karAne vaalaa| 3. bAdhavivarjita yA avisNvaadi| 4. anadhigatArthaka yA apUrva (sarvathA navIna) ina cAra lakSaNoM meM se 'apUrva' lakSaNa kA pratipAdana mANikyanandI ke pazcAta digambara paramparA meM bhI nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| vidyAnanda ne akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kI paramparA se alaga hokara siddhasena aura samantabhadra ke tIna hI lakSaNa grahaNa kiye| zvetAmbara paramparA meM kisI AcArya ne pramANa kA 'apUrva' lakSaNa pratipAdita kiyA ho, aisA hamAre dhyAna meM nahIM AtA hai| yadyapi vidyAnanda ne mANikyanandI ke 'apUrva' lakSaNa ko mahattvapUrNa nahIM mAnA, kintu unhoMne 'vyavasAyAtmakatA' ko Avazyaka

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hemacaMdra kI pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa smjhaa| paravartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne bhI vidyAnanda kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| abhayadeva, vAdidevasUri aura hemacandra sabhI ne pramANa-lakSaNa-nirdhAraNa meM 'apUrva' pada ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA hai| jaina paramparA meM hemacandra taka pramANa kI jo paribhASAe~ dI gaI haiM, unheM paM. sukhalAlajI ne cAra vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai - 1. prathama varga meM sva para avabhAsa vAlA siddhasena (siddharSi) aura samantabhadra kA lakSaNa AtA hai, smaraNa rahe ki ye donoM lakSaNa bauddhoM evaM naiyAyikoM ke dRSTikoNoM ke samanvaya kA phala hai| 2. isa varga meM akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kI anadhigata, avisaMvAdi aura apUrva lakSaNa vAlI paribhASAe~ AtI haiN| ye lakSaNa spaSTa rUpa se bauddha mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se Ae hai| jJAtavya hai ki nyAyAvatAra meM bAdhavivarjita' rUpa meM avisaMvAditva kA lakSaNa A gayA hai| 3. tIsare varga meM vidyAnanda, abhayadeva aura vAdidevasUri ke lakSaNavAlI paribhASAe~ AtI hai jo vastutaH siddhasena (siddharSi) aura samantabhadra ke lakSaNoM kA zabdAntaraNa mAtra hai aura jinameM avabhAsa pada ke sthAna para vyavasAya yA nirNIta pada rakha diyA gayA 4. caturtha varga meM AcArya hemacandra kI pramANa-lakSaNa kI paribhASA AtI hai, jisameM 'sva', bAdhavivarjita, anadhigata yA apUrva Adi sabhI pada haTAkara pariSkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha ThIka hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa nirUpaNa meM nayI zabdAvalI kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki unhoMne apane pUrva ke jainAcAryoM ke pramANa-lakSaNoM ko pUrI taraha se choDa diyA hai| yadyapi itanA avazya hai ki hemacandra ne digambarAcArya vidyAnanda aura zvetAmbaracArya abhayadeva aura vAdidevasUri kA anusaraNa karake apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM apUrva pada ko sthAna nahIM diyA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM unhoMne 'sva' pada, jo sabhI pUrvavartI jainAcAryoM kI paribhASA meM thA, nikAla diyaa| avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi padoM ko dAkhila kiyA aura umAsvAti, dharmakIrti, bhAsarvajJa Adi ke samyak ' pada ko apanAkara 'samyagarthanirNayaH' pramANa ke rUpa meM apanA-pramANalakSaNa prastuta kiyaa| isa paribhASA yA pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'samyak' pada kisI sImA taka pUrvavartI AcAryoM dvArA prayukta bAdhavivarjita yA

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6 sAgaramala jaina avisaMvAdi kA paryAya mAnA jA sakatA hai 'artha' zabda kA prayoga bauddhoM ke vijJAnavAdI dRSTikoNa kA khaNDana karate hue pramANa ke 'para' arthAt vastu ke avabodhaka hone kA sUcaka hai, jo jainoM ke vastuvAdI ( Realistic) dRSTikoNa kA samarthaka bhI hai| punaH 'nirNaya' zabda jahA~ eka ora avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi kA sUcaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha prakArAntara se pramANa ke 'svaprakAzaka' hone kA bhI sUcaka hai| isa prakAra pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM anadhigatArthaka yA apUrvArthagrAhaka honA hI aisA lakSaNa hai, jisakA hemacandra ne pUrvavartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke samAna parityAga kiyA hai| vastutaH smRti ko pramANa mAnane vAle jainAcAryoM ko yaha lakSaNa Avazyaka pratIta nahIM huaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ne to use kabhI svIkAra hI nahIM kiyA / digambara paramparA meM bhI akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ke pazcAt vidyAnanda ne isakA parityAga kara diyaa| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne apane pUrvAcAryoM ke dRSTikoNoM kA sammAna karate hue aura unake pramANa - lakSaNoM ko sanniviSTa karate hue pramANamImAMsA meM 'pramANa' kI eka viziSTa paribhASA prastuta kI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa - lakSaNa -nirUpaNa meM 'sva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara svayaM unhoMne prathama adhyAya ke prathama Ahnika ke caturtha pAda kI svopajJa TIkA meM diyA hai, unhoMne batAyA hai ki jJAna to sva-prakAza hI hai, 'para' kA vyAvartaka nahIM hone se lakSaNa meM isakA praveza anAvazyaka hai| " paM. sukhalAlajI ke anusAra aisA karake unhoMne eka ora apane vicAra - svAtaMtrya ko spaSTa kiyA vahI dUsarI ora pUrvAcAryoM ke mata kA khaNDana na karake, 'sva' pada ke prayoga kI unakI dRSTi dikhAkara unake prati Adara bhI vyakta kiyaa| jJAna ke svabhAvataH sva-prakAzaka hone se unhoMne apane pramANa - lakSaNa meM 'sva' pada nahIM rkhaa| 13 isI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa - lakSaNa meM 'adhigata' yA 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA? isakA uttara bhI pramANamImAMsA meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI carcA meM mila jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya ko lekara do dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| eka ora nyAya-vaizeSika aura mImAMsakoM ke prabhAkara evaM bhATTa sampradAya kucha sUkSma matabhedoM ko choDakara sAmAnyatayA dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya ko svIkAra karate hai, dUsarI ora bauddha paramparA sAmAnya-vyakti (pramAtA) ke jJAna meM sUkSma kAla-bheda kA grahaNa nahIM hone se dhArAvAhika jJAna ko apramANa mAnatI hai| yadyapi kumArila bhaTTa kI paramparA bhI apane

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hemacaMdra kI pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa pramANa - lakSaNa meM apUrva pada rakhane ke kAraNa sUkSma kAla - kalA kA bhAna mAnakara hI usameM prAmANya kA utpAdana karatI hai| isI prakAra bauddha dArzanika arcaTa ne apane hetubindu kI TIkA meM sUkSma-kalA ke bhAna ke kAraNa yogiyoM ke dhArAvAhika jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai / 14 7 jahA~ taka jainoM kA prazna hai, sAmAnyatayA digambara AcAryoM ne apane pramANalakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada ko sthAna diyA hai, ata: unake anusAra dhArAvAhika jJAna, jaba kSaNa bhedAdi vizeSa kA bodha karAtA ho aura viziSTa pramAjanaka ho tabhI pramANa kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta zvetAmbara paramparA ke AcArya apane pramANa - lakSaNa me 'apUrva' pada nahIM rakhate haiM aura smRti ke samAna dhArAvAhika jJAna ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM hemacandra ne apane pramANalakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara bhI unakI pramANamImAMsA meM mila jAtA hai| AcArya svayaM hI svopajJa TIkA meM isa sambandha meM pUrvapakSa kI udbhAvanA karake uttara dete hai / pratipakSa kA kathana hai ki dhArAvAhika smRti Adi jJAna adhigatArthaka pUrvArthaka hai aura inheM sAmAnyatayA apramANa samajhA jAtA hai| yadi phira bhI inheM apramANa mAnate ho to (tumhArA ) samyagartha nirNayarUpa lakSaNa ativyApta ho jAtA hai ? pratipakSa ke isa prazna ke uttara meM AcArya hemacandra ne kahA thA ki yadi dhArAvAhika jJAna aura smRti pramANa hai to phira pramANa ke lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada nirarthaka ho jAtA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki " zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM hemacandra kI khAsa vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne gRhItagrAhI aura grahISyamANagrAhI meM samatva dikhAkara sabhI dhArAvAhika jJAnoM meM prAmANya kA jo samarthana kiyA hai, vaha viziSTa hai|" yahI kAraNa hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa - lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada kI udbhAvanA nahIM kI hai| vastuta: hemacandra ke pramANa - lakSaNa kI avadhAraNA hameM pAzcAtya tarkazAstra ke satya ke saMvAditAsiddhAnta kA smaraNa karA detI hai| pAzcAtya tarkazAstra me satyatA nirdhAraNa ke tIna siddhAnta hai - saMvAditA siddhAnta, gati siddhAnta aura upayogitAvAdI yA arthakriyAvAdI siddhAnta / uparyukta tIna siddhAntoM meM hemacandra kA siddhAnta apane pramANa - lakSaNa meM avisaMvAditva aura apUrvatA ke lakSaNa nahIM hone se tathA pramANa ke samyagartha nirNaya ke rUpa meM paribhASita karane ke kAraNa satya ke saMvAditA siddhAnta ke nikaTa hai| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne pramANa - lakSaNa -nirUpaNa meM apane pUrvAcAryoM ke matoM ko samAhita karate hue bhI eka vizeSatA pradAna kI hai|

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sAgaramala jaina saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ 1. paM. sukhalAlajI, (sampA. ), 'pramANamImAMsA', prastAvanA, pR. 16 2. vahI, pR. 17. 3. vahI, pR. 16-17 4. vahI, bhASA-TippaNAni, pR. 1-143 5. pramANa svaparAbhAsi jJAna bAdhavivarjitam, nyAyAvatAra, 1. 6. pramANamavisaMvAdi jJAnamarthakriyAsthitiH, pramANavArtika, 2/1 7. pramANamavisaMvAdi jJAnam aSTazatI/aSTasahasrI. pR. 175. 8. (a) anadhigatArthAdhigamalakSattvAt-vahI.. (ba) svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam-parIkSAmukha, 1/1 9. paM. sukhalAlajI, 'pramANamImAMsA', bhASATippaNani, pR. 16. 10. jJAtavya hai ki pro. ema. e. DhAkI ke anusAra nyAyAvatAra siddhasena kI racanA nahIM hai, jaisA ki paM. sukhalAlajI ne mAna liyA thA, apitu unake anusAra yaha siddharSi kI racanA hai, dekheM - M.A. Dhaky's artical "The Date and Author of Nyayavatara, 'Nirgrantha', Shardaben Chimanbha ___Educational Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Vol. 1,, 11. paM. sukhalAlajI, 'pramANamImAMsA', bhASATippaNani, pR. 7 12. vahI, mUlagrantha aura usakI svopajJa TIkA, 1/1/3, pR. 4 13. vahI, bhASATipaNani, pR. 11 14. vahI. pR. 12-13 15. vahI, mUlagrantha aura usakI svopajJa TIkA, 1/1/4, pR. 4-5 16. vahI, bhASATippaNani, pR. 14

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jaina darzana kA naya siddhAMta sAgaramala jaina kathana kA vAcyArtha aura naya zabdoM athavA kathana ke sahI artha ko samajhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki zrotA na kevala vaktA ke zabdoM kI ora jAye, apitu usake abhiprAya ko bhI samajhane kA prayatna kareM aneka bAra samAna padAvalI ke vAkya bhI vaktA ke abhiprAya, vaktA kI kathanazailI aura tAtkAlika sandarbha ke AdhAra para bhinna artha ke sUcaka ho jAte haiN| vaktA ke abhiprAya ko samajhane ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne naya aura nikSepa aise do siddhAnta prastuta kiye haiN| naya aura nikSepa ke siddhAntoM kA mUlabhUta uddezya yahI hai ki zrotA-vaktA ke dvArA kahe gaye zabdoM athavA kathanoM kA sahI artha jAna ske| naya kI paribhASA karate hue jaina AcAryoM ne kahA hai ki 'vaktA ke kathana kA abhiprAya hI naya kahA jAtA hai / ' kathana ke samyak artha nirdhAraNa ke lie vaktA ke abhiprAya evaM tAtkAlika sandarbha ko dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| naya siddhAnta hameM vaha paddhati batAtA hai jisake AdhAra para vaktA ke Azaya evaM kathana ke tAtkAlika sandarbha (Context) ko samyak prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana meM naya aura nikSepa kI avadhAraNAe~ syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ke vikAsa ke bhI pUrva kI haiN| tattvArthasUtra ke prathama adhyAya meM hameM naya evaM nikSepa kI avadhAraNAe~ spaSTa rUpa meM upalabdha ho jAtI haiM, jabaki vahA~ syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kI spaSTa avadhAraNA anupasthita hai| tattvArthasUtra ke pA~caveM adhyAya kA 'arpitAnArpite siddhesUtra' bhI mUlata: naya-siddhAnta arthAta sAmAnya evaM vizeSa dRSTi kA hI sUcaka hai| Agamika vibhAjyavAda evaM dArzanika nayavAda kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para hI Age syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa huA hai| yadi hama gambhIratApUrvaka dekheM to jainoM ke naya, nikSepa syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ina sabhI siddhAntoM kA sambadha bhASA-darzana evaM artha-vijJAna (Science of meaning) se hai| nayoM kI avadhAraNA ko lekara jainAcAryoM ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vaktA kA abhiprAya athavA vaktA kI kathana zailI hI naya hai to phira nayoM ke kitane prakAra hoMge? isa prazna kA uttara dete huai AcArya siddhasena dvArA kahA gayA hai ki jitane vacana-patha (kathana karane kI zailiyA~) ho sakatI hai, utane hI nayavAda ho sakate hai| vastutaH nayavAda bhASA ke artha-vizleSaNa kA siddhAnta hai| bhASAyI abhivyakti ke parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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sAgaramala jainaM jitane prArUpa ho sakate hai utane hI naya ho sakate haiM, phira bhI moTe rUpa se jaina darzana meM do, pA~ca aura sapta nayoM kI avadhAraNA milatI hai| yadyapi ina sAta nayoM ke atirikta nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya tathA dravyArthika naya aura paryAyArthika naya kA bhI ullekha jaina granthoM meM hai, kintu ye naya mUlata: tattvamImAMsA yA adhyAtmazAstra se sambandhita hai| jabaki naigama Adi sapta naya mUlataH bhASA-darzana se sambandhita haiN| __naya aura nikSepa donoM hI siddhAnta yadyapi zabda evaM kathana ke vAcyArtha (meaning) kA nirNaya karane se sambandhita hai, phira bhI donoM meM antara hai| nikSepa mUlataH zabda ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai, jabaki naya vAkya yA kathana ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai| jaina darzana meM nayoM kA vivecana tIna rUpoM meM milatA hai : (1) nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya (2) dravyArthikanaya aura paryAyArthikanaya tathA (3) naigamAdi sptny| bhagavatIsUtra Adi AgamoM meM nayoM ke prathama evaM dvitIya vargIkaraNa hI varNita haiM, jabaki samavAyAMga? anuyogadvAra, nandIsUtra evaM tattvArthasUtra meM nayoM kA tRtIya vargIkaraNa naigamAdi ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai, isakA bhASya mAnya pATha naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra evaM zabda aise pA~ca nayoM kA ullekha karatA hai, jabaki sarvArthasiddhi mAnya pATha naigama Adi sAta nayoM kA ullekha karatA hai| nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya mUlataH jJAna puraka dRSTikoNa se sambandhita haiN| ve vastu svarUpa ke vivecana kI zailiyA~ haiM, jabaki dravyArthika aura paryAyarthika naya vastu ke zAzvata pakSa aura parivartanazIla pakSa kA vicAra karate haiN| sapta nayoM kI carcA meM jahA~ taka naigamAdi prathama cAra nayoM kA prazna hai ve mUlataH vastu ke sAmAnya aura vizeSa svarUpa kI carcA karate haiN| jabaki zabdAdi tIna naya vastu kA kathana kisa prakAra se kiyA gayA hai, yaha batAte haiN| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya __jJAna kI prApti ke tIna sAdhana hai - (1) aparokSAnubhUti (2) indriyajanyanubhUti aura (3) buddhi| inameM aparokSAnubhUti yA AtmAnubhUti nizcayanaya kI aura indriyAnubhUti yA buddhi vyavahAranaya kI pratIka hai| tattvamImAMsA meM sat ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA ke lie pramukha rUpa se nizcaya aura vyavahAra ye do dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para hotI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra sat apane-Apa meM eka pUrNatA hai, anantatA hai| indriyAnubhUti, buddhi, bhASA aura vANI apanI-apanI sImA ke kAraNa anantaguNadharmAtmaka sat ke ekAMza kA hI grahaNa kara pAte haiM, yahI ekAMza kA bodha naya kahalAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, sat ke ananta pakSoM ko jina-jina dRSTikoNoM se dekhA jAtA hai, ve sabhI naya

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jaina darzana kA nayasiddhAMta kahalAte haiN| nayoM kA svarUpa ___ jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki sat kI abhivyakti ke lie bhASA ke jitane prArUpa (kathana ke DhaMga) ho sakate hai, utane hI naya, vAda athavA dRSTikoNa ho sakate haiN| vaise to jaina darzana meM nayoM kI saMkhyA ananta mAnI gaI hai, lekina moTe taura para nayoM ke do bheda kiye jAte hai jinheM 1. nizcayanaya aura 2. vyavahAranaya kahate hai| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya meM sabhI nayoM kA AntarabhAva ho jAtA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM ina donoM nayoM kA pratipAdana hI baDe hI rocaka rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai - gautamasvAmI bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchate hai ki bhagavAna pravAhI guDa meM kitane rasa, varNa, gandha aura sparza hote haiM ? mahAvIra kahate hai ki, gautama maiM isa prazna kA uttara do nayoM se detA huuN| vyavahAranaya se to vaha madhura kahA jAtA hai, lekina nizcayanaya se usameM pA~ca varNa, pA~ca rasa, do gandha aura ATha sparza hote haiN| vastuta: nizcaya aura vyavahAra dRSTiyoM kA vizleSaNa yaha batAtA hai ki vastu tattva na kevala utanA hI hai, jitanA indriyoM ke mAdhyama se vaha hame pratIta hotA hai athavA buddhi usake svarUpa ko nizcaya kara pAtI hai, sat svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie indriyAnubhUtijanyajJAna aura buddhijanyajJAna usake vyAvahArika pakSa ko hI pakaDa pAte hai, kyoMki buddhi bhI bhASA para AdhArita hai aura bhASA kA zabda bhaNDAra ati sImita hai| isI prakAra aparokSAnubhUti bhI yA Atmika anubhUti bhASA aura buddhi nirapekSa hotI hai| jise arntadRSTi yA prajJA kahA jAtA hai| nizcayanaya aparokSAnubhUti para aura vyavahAranaya indriyAnubhUti aura bauddhika jJAna para nirbhara karatI hai| isa prakAra vyavahAranaya bhI indriyAnubhUti aura bauddhika vimarza donoM kI apekSA rakhatA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM jJAna aura usakI abhivyakti ke indriyAnubhUtijanyajJAna, bauddhikajJAna aura AtmikajJAna aise jJAna ke tIna vibhAga bhI kiye gaye haiN| ThIka isI prakAra bauddha darzana ke vijJAnavAda meM bhI parikalpita, parataMtra aura pariniSpanna aise jJAna ke tIna bheda kiye gaye haiN| bauddha darzana kA zUnyavAda bhI ise mithyA saMvRtti, tathya saMvRtti aura paramArtha aise tIna rUpoM meM vyakta karatA hai| AcArya zaMkara ne bhI inheM hI pratibhAsika satya, vyAvahArika satya aura pAramArthika satya aise tIna vibhAgoM meM bA~TA hai| indriyAnubhUti aura bauddhika jJAna vyavahAra pakSa ko pradhAnatA dete haiM, ata: inako milA dene para do vidhAe~ hI zeSa rahatI hai - vyavahAra (vyavahAranaya) aura paramArtha (nishcyny)|

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12 sAgaramala jaina pAzcAtya - paramparA meM jJAna kI vidhAe~ - nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya na kevala bhAratIya darzanoM meM, varan pAzcAtya darzanoM meM bhI pramukha rUpa se vyavahAra aura paramArtha ke dRSTikoNa svIkRta rahe haiN| DaoN. candradhara zarmA ke anusAra pazcimI darzanoM meM bhI vyavahAra aura paramArtha dRSTikoNoM kA yaha antara sadaiva hI mAnA jAtA rahA hai| vizva ke sabhI mahAna dArzanikoM ne ise kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| herAkliTasa ke Kato aura Ano pAramenIDIja ke mata (Opinion ) aura satya (Truth) sukarAta ke mata meM rUpa aura AkAra ( Word and Form ) pleTo ke darzana meM saMvedana (Sense ) aura pratyaya ( Idea ) arastU ke padArtha ( Matter) aura cAlaka (Mover) spinojA ke dravya (Substance) aura paryAya (Modes) kAMTa ke prapaMca (Phenomenal) aura tattva, hegala ke viparyaya aura nirapekSa tathA breDale ke AbhAsa (Appearance ) aura sat ( Reality) kisI na kisI rUpa meM usI vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa karate haiN| bhale hI inameM nAmoM kI bhinnatA ho, lekina unake vicAra inhIM do dRSTikoNoM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| yahA~ yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki jahA~ taka vyavahAra kA prazna hai, usake jJAna ke sAdhana indriyA~, mana aura buddhi haiM aura ye tInoM sImita aura sApekSa haiN| isalie samasta vyavahArika jJAna sApekSa hotA hai| jaina dArzanikoM kA kathana hai ki eka bhI kathana aura usakA artha aisA nahIM hai jo naya zUnya ho, sArA jJAna dRSTikoNoM para AdhArita hai, yahI dRSTikoNa mUlataH nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kahe jAte haiN| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA artha tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi sat ke usa svarUpa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, jo sat kI trikAlAbAdhita svabhAvadazA aura svalakSaNa hai, jo paryAya yA parivartanoM meM bhI sattA ke sAra ke rUpa meM banA rahatA hai / nizcayadRSTi abhedagAmI sattA ke zuddhasvarUpa yA svabhAvadazA kI sUcaka hai aura usake para-nirapekSa svarUpa kI vyAkhyA karatI hai| jabaki vyavahAranaya pratIti ko AdhAra banAtA hai ataH vaha vastu ke para - sApekSa svarUpa kA vivecana karatA hai / nizcayanaya vastu yA AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa yA svabhAva lakSaNa kA nirUpaNa karatA hai jo para se nirapekSa hotA hai| jabaki vyavahAranaya parasApekSa pratIti rUpa vastu svarUpa ko batAtA hai| AtmA karma-nirapekSa zuddha, buddha, nitya, mukta hai - yaha nizcaya naya kA kathana hai, jabaki vyavahAranaya kahatA haiM ki saMsAra dazA meM AtmA karmamala se lipta hai, rAga-dveSa evaM kASAyika bhAvoM se yukta hai| pAnI

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jaina darzana kA naya siddhAMta sva-svarUpataH zuddha hai, yaha nizcayanaya hai| pAnI meM kacarA hai, miTaTI hai, vaha gandA hai, yaha vyavahAranaya hai| __tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi sattA ke usa pakSa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, jisa rUpa meM vaha pratIta hotI hai| vyavahAradRSTi bhedagAmI hai aura sat ke Agantuka lakSaNoM yA vibhAvadazA kI sUcaka hai| sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa kA prastutikaraNa vyavahAranaya kA viSaya hai| vyavahAranaya deza aura kAla sApekSa hai| vyavahAradRSTi ke anusAra AtmA janma bhI letI hai aura maratI bhI hai, vaha bandhana meM bhI AtI hai aura mukta bhI hotI hai| AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya kA antara __ jaina paramparA meM vyavahAra aura nizcaya nAmaka do nayoM kA dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai| ve tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana-donoM kSetroM para lAgU hotI haiM, phira bhI AcAradarzana aura tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi kA pratipAdana bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM huA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI isa antara ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM jo nizcaya aura vyavahAra rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM, ve tattvajJAna aura AcAra-donoM kSetroM meM lAgU kI gaI haiN| sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI taraha jaina-darzana meM bhI tattvajJAna aura AcAra donoM kA samAveza hai| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA prayoga tattvajJAna aura AcAra donoM meM hotA hai, lekina sAmAnyataH zAstrAbhyAsI isa antara ko jAna nahIM paataa| tAttvika nizcayadRSTi aura AcAraviSayaka nizcayadRSTi donoM eka nahIM hai| yahI bAta ubhayaviSayaka vyavahAradRSTi kI bhI hai| tAttvika nizcaya dRSTi zuddha nizcaya dRSTi hai, aura AcAraviSayaka nizcaya dRSTi azuddha nizcayanaya hai| isI prakAra tAttvika vyavahAra dRSTi bhI AcAra sambandhI vyavahAra dRSTi se bhinna hai| yaha antara dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika naya jaina darzana ke anusAra, sattA apaneApa meM utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya yukta hai| usakA dhrauvya (sthAyI) pakSa aparivartanazIla hai aura usakA utpAda-vyaya kA pakSa parivartanazIla hai| sattA ke aparivartanazIla pakSa ko dravyArthika naya aura parivartanazIla pakSa ko paryAyArthika naya kahA jAtA hai| pAzcAtya darzanoM meM sattA ke usa aparivartanazIla pakSa ko Being aura parivartanazIla Becoming bhI kahA gayA hai| sattA kA vaha pakSa jo tInoM kAloM meM eka rUpa rahatA hai, jise dravya bhI kahate haiM usakA bodha dravyArthika naya se hotA hai, aura sattA kA vaha pakSa jo parivartita hotA rahatA hai use

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14 sAgaramala jaina paryAya kahate haiM, usakA kathana paryAyArthika naya hI hai| jJAna mImAMsA kI dRSTi se yaha parivartanazIla pakSa bhI do rUpoM meM kAma karatA hai, jinheM svabhAva paryAya aura vibhAga paryAya ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| jisameM svabhAva paryAyavasthA ko prApta karanA hI usakA naitika Adarza hai| svabhAva paryAya tattva ke nijaguNoM ke kAraNa hotI hai, evaM anya tattvoM se nirapekSa hotI hai, isake viparIta vibhAga paryAya anya tattva se sApekSa vibhAva paryAya hotI hai| AtmA meM jJAtA draSTA bhAva yA jJAtA draSTA kI avasthA svabhAva paryAya rUpa hotI hai| krodhAdibhAva vibhAva paryAyarUpa hote haiN| parivartanazIla svabhAva evaM vibhAva paryAyoM ko kathana vyavahAra naya hotA hai| jabaki sattArUpa AtmA ke jJAtA draSTA nAyaka guNa kA kathana nizcaya naya hotA hai| naigama Adi saptanaya __yaha vargIkaraNa apekSAkRta eka paravartI ghaTaka hai| tattvArthasUtra ke bhASya mAnya pATha meM naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra aura zabdanaya aise pA~ca bheda kiye gaye hai| ye pA~coM bheda digambara paramparA ke SaTkhaNDAgama meM bhI ullekhita haiN| tattvArthasUtra ke bhASya mAnya pATha meM usake pazcAt naigamanaya ke do bheda aura zabdanaya ke do bheda bhI kiye gaye haiN| paravartIkAla meM zabda naya ke ina do bhedoM ko mUla-pATha meM samAhita karake sarvArtha siddhi mAnya pATha meM nayoM ke naigama Adi sapta nayoM kI carcA bhI kI gaI hai| digambara paramparA isa sarvArthasiddhi mAnya pATha ko AdhAra mAnakara ina sAta nayoM kI hI carcA karatA hai| vartamAna meM to zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM ina saptanayoM kI carcA hI mukhya rUpa se milatI hai| ina sAta nayoM naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra aura RjusUtra ina cAra nayoM ko arthanaya arthAt vastu svarUpa kA vivecana karane vAle aura zabda, samabhirUDha aura evaMbhUta ina tIna nayoM ko zabdanaya arthAt vAcya ke artha kA vizleSaNa karane vAle kahA gayA hai| arthanaya kA saMbaMdha vAcya viSaya (vastu) se hotA hai| ataH ye naya apane vAcya viSaya kI carcA sAmAnya aura vizeSa ina pakSoM ke AdhAra para karate haiN| jabaki zabdanaya kA saMbaMdha vAcyArtha (meaning) se hotA hai| Age hama ina naigama Adi saptanayoM kI saMkSepa meM carcA kreNge| naigamanaya : ina sapta nayoM meM sarvaprathama naigamanaya AtA hai| naigamanaya mAtra vaktA ke saMkalpa ko grahaNa karatA hai| naigamanaya kI dRSTi se kisI kathana ke artha kA nizcaya usa saMkalpa athavA sAdhya ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai jise vaktA batAnA cAhatA hai| naigamanaya sambandhI prakathanoM meM vaktA kI dRSTi sampAdita kI jAnevAlI kriyA ke

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jaina darzana kA naya siddhAMta antima sAdhya kI ora hotI hai| vaha karma ke tAtkAlika pakSa para dhyAna na dekara karma ke prayojana kI ora dhyAna detI hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne naigamanaya kA udAharaNa dete hue batAyA hai ki jaba koI vyakti stambha ke lie kisI jaMgala se lakaDI lene jAtA hai aura usase jaba puchA jAtA hai ki bhAI tuma kisalie jaMgala jA rahe ho to vaha kahatA hai maiM stambha lene jA rahA huuN| vastutaH vaha jaMgala se stambha nahIM apitu stambha banAne kI lakaDI hI lAtA hai| lekina usakA saMkalpa yA prayojana stambha banAnA hI hai| ataH vaha apane prayojana ko sAmane rakhakara hI vaisA hI kathana karatA hai| hamArI vyAvahArika bhASA meM aise aneka kathana hote haiM jaba hama apane bhAvI saMkalpa ke AdhAra para hI vartamAna vyavahAra kA pratipAdana karate haiN| DAkTarI meM par3hane vAle vidyArthI ko usake bhAvI lakSya kI dRSTi se DaoNkTara kahA jAtA hai| naigamanaya ke kathanoM kA vAcyArtha bhUta para AdhArita bhaviSyakAlIna sAdhya yA saMkalpoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| jaise- pratyeka bhAdrakRSNA aSTamI ko kRSNajanmASTamI khnaa| yahA~ vartamAna meM bhUtakAlIna ghaTanA kA upacAra kiyA gayA hai| ___saMgrahanaya : bhASA ke kSetra meM aneka bAra hamAre kathana vyaSTi ko gauNa kara samaSTi ke AdhAra para hote haiN| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra jaba vizeSa yA bhedoM kI upekSA karake mAtra sAmAnya lakSaNoM yA abheda ke AdhAra para koI kathana kiyA jAtA hai to vaha saMgrahanaya kA kathana mAnA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, jaba koI vyakti yaha kahe ki "bhAratIya garIba haiN| ' to usakA yaha kathana vyakti vizeSa para lAgU na hokara sAmAnyarUpa se samagra bhAratIya janasamAja kA vAcaka hotA hai| prajJApanAsUtra meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki jAti prajJApanIya bhASA satya mAnI jAye athavA asatya mAnI jAye yA vyakti vizeSa ke AdhAra para satya yA asatya mAnI jaaye| jAti prajJApanIya bhASA meM samagra jAti ke sambandha meM guNa, svabhAva Adi kA pratipAdana hotA hai, kintu aise kathanoM meM apavAda kI sambhAvanA se inkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sAmAnya yA jAti ke sambandha meM kiye gaye kathana kabhI vyakti ke sambandha meM satya bhI hote haiM aura kabhI asatya bhI hote haiN| ataH yaha prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai ki yadi usa kathana ke apavAda upasthita haiM to use satya kisa AdhAra para kahA jaay| udAharaNa ke lie yadi koI kahe ki striyA~ bhIrU (Darapoka) hotI haiM to yaha kathana sAmAnyatayA strI jAti ke sambandha meM to satya mAnA jA sakatA hai kintu kisI strI vizeSa ke sambandha meM yaha satya hI ho, aisA Avazyaka nahIM haiN| ataH saMgraha naya ke AdhAra para kiye gae kathana jaise 'bhAratIya

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16 sAgaramala jaina garIba haiN| athavA 'striyA~ bhIrU hotI hai', samaSTi ke sambandha meM hI satya ho sakate haiM, unheM usa jAti ke pratyeka sadasya ke bAre meM satya nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi koI isa sAmAnya vAkya se yaha niSkarSa nikAle ki sabhI bhAratIya garIba haiM aura biDalA bhAratIya hai, isalie biDalA garIba hai, to usakA yaha niSkarSa satya nahIM hogaa| sAmAnya yA samaSTigata kathanoM kA artha samudAya rUpa se hI satya hotA hai| yaha samaSTi yA jAti ke pRthak-pRthak vyaktiyoM ke sambandha meM satya bhI ho sakatA hai aura asatya bhI ho sakatA hai| saMgrahanaya hameM yahI saMketa karatA hai ki samaSTigata kathanoM ke tAtparya ko samaSTi ke sandarbha meM hI samajhane kA hI prayatna karanA cAhie aura usake AdhAra para usa samaSTi ke pratyeka sadasya ke bAre meM koI niSkarSa nahIM nikAlanA caahie| vyavahAranaya : vyavahAranaya sAmAnya garbhita vizeSa para bala detA hai| vyavahAranaya ko hama upayogitAvAdI dRSTi bhI kaha sakate haiN| vaise jaina AcAryoM ne ise vyakti pradhAna dRSTikoNa bhI kahA hai| artha prakriyA ke sambandha meM yaha naya hameM yaha batAtA hai ki kucha vyaktiyoM ke sandarbha meM nikAle gae niSkarSoM evaM kathanoM ko samaSTi ke artha meM satya nahIM mAnA jAnA caahie| sAtha hI vyavahAra naya kathana ke zabdArtha para na jAkara vaktA kI bhAvanA yA lokaparamparA (abhisamaya) ko pramukhatA detA hai| vyavahAra bhASA ke aneka udAharaNa haiN| jaba hama kahate haiM ki 'ghI ke ghaDe meM laDDu rakhe haiM', 'yahA~ ghI ke ghaDe' kA artha ThIka vaisA nahIM hai jaisA ki miTTI ke ghar3e kA artha hai| yahA~ ghI ke ghaDe kA tAtparya vaha ghaDA hai jisameM pahale ghI rakhA jAtA thaa| RjusUtranaya : RjusUtranaya ko mukhyataH paryAyArthika dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdaka kahA jAtA hai aura use bauddha darzana kA samarthaka batAyA jAtA hai| RjusUtranaya vartamAna sthitiyoM ko dRSTi meM rakha kara koI prakathana karatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'bhAratIya vyApArI prAmANika nahIM hai', yaha kathana kevala vartamAna sandarbha meM hI satya ho sakatA hai| isa kathana ke AdhAra para hama bhUtakAlIna aura bhaviSyakAlIna bhAratIya vyApAriyoM ke caritra kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kara skte| RjusUtranaya hameM yaha batAtA hai ki usake AdhAra para kathita koI bhI vAkya apane tAtkAlika saMdarbha meM hI satya hotA hai, anya kAlika saMdarbho meM nhiiN| jo,vAkya jisa kAlika saMdarbha meM kahA gayA hai, usake vAkyArtha kA nizcaya usI kAlika saMdarbha meM honA caahie| zabdanaya : naya siddhAnta ke uparyukta cAra naya mukhyataH zabda ke vAcya-viSaya (artha) se sambandhita haiM, jabaki zeSa tIna nayoM kA sambandha zabda ke vAcyArtha

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jaina darzana kA naya siddhAMta 17 (meaning) se hai| zabdanaya yaha batAta hai ki, zabdoM kA vAcyArtha unakI kriyA yA vibhakti ke AdhAra para vibhinna ho sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, "banArasa bhArata kA prasiddha nagara thA ' aura "banArasa bhArata kA prasiddha nagara hai| ina donoM vAkyoM meM " banArasa' zabda kA vAcyArtha bhinna-bhinna hai| ekha bhUtakAlIna banArasa kI bAta kahatA hai to dUsarA vartamAna kaaliin| isI prakAra, "kRSNa ne mArA ' - isameM kRSNa kA vAcyArtha kRSNa nAmaka vaha vyakti hai jisane kisI ko mArane kI kriyA sampanna kI hai| jabaki "kRSNa ko mArA ' - isameM kRSNa kA vAcyArtha vaha vyakti hai jo kisI ke dvArA mArA gayA hai| zabdanaya hameM yaha batAta hai ki zabda kA vAcyArtha kAraka, liMga, upasarga, vibhakti, kriyA pada Adi ke AdhAra para badala jAtA hai| samabhirUDhanaya : bhASA kI dRSTi se samabhirUDhanaya yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki abhisamaya yA rUDhi ke AdhAra para eka hI vastu ke paryAyavAcI zabda yathA - nRpa, bhUpati, bhUpAla, rAjA Adi apane vyutpatyArtha kI dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna artha ke sUcaka haiN| jo manuSya kA pAlana karatA hai, vaha nRpa kahA jAtA hai| jo bhUmi kA svAmI hotA hai, vaha bhUpati hotA hai| yo zobhAyamAna hotA hai vaha rAjA kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra paryAyavAcI zabda apanA alaga-alaga vAcyArtha rakhate hue bhI abhisamaya yA rUDhi ke AdhAra para eka hI vastu ke vAcaka mAna lie jAte haiM, kintu yaha naya paryAyavAcI zabdoM yathA- indra, zakra, purandara meM vyutpatti kI dRSTi se artha bheda mAnatA hai| evaMbhUtanaya : evaMbhUtanaya zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa mAtra usake vyutpattiparaka artha ke AdhAra para karatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie koI rAjA jisa samaya zobhAyamAna ho rahA hai usI samaya rAjA kahA jA sakatA hai| eka adhyApaka usI samaya adhyApaka kahA jA sakatA hai jaba vaha adhyApana kA kArya karatA hai| yadyapi vyavahAra jagat meM isase bhinna prakAra ke hI zabda prayoga kiye jAte haiN| jo vyakti kisI samaya adhyApana karatA thA apane bAda ke jIvana meM vaha cAhe koI bhI pezA apanA le mAsTara jI ke hI nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isa naya ke anusAra jAtivAcaka, vyaktivAcaka, guNavAcaka, saMyogI-dravya-zabda Adi sabhI zabda mUlataH kriyAvAcaka haiN| zabda kA vAcyArtha kriyA zakti kA sUcaka hai| ataH zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa usakI kriyA ke AdhAra para karanA caahie| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina AcAryoM kA naya siddhAnta yaha prayAsa karatA hai ki para vAkya prArUpoM ke AdhAra para kathanoM kA zrotA ke dvArA samyak artha grahaNa

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sAgaramala jaina kiyA jaay| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki kisI zabda athavA vAkya kA abhipreta artha kyA hogaa| yaha bAta usa kathana ke prArUpa para nirbhara karatI hai jisake AdhAra para vaha kathana kiyA gayA hai| naya siddhAnta yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki kathana ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa bhASAyI saMracanA evaM vaktA kI abhivyakti zailI naya siddhAnta zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa ekAntika dRSTi se na karake samagra pariprekSya meM karatA hai jisameM vaha kahA gayA hai|

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anekAnta kI AdhyAtmika cintana dhArA ___ anekAnta kumAra jaina kAnajI svAmI jaina adhyAtma ke sUkSma vizleSaka the| unhoMne jaina adhyAtma para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA aura anekAnta siddhAnta ke usa AdhyAtmika pakSa ko udghATita kiyA jo Aja taka achUtA thaa| inake isa vizleSaNa se jaina cintana ko kaI naye AyAma prApta hue| 'satya' ke sandarbha meM eka bAta prasiddha hai ki saMpUrNa satya ko koI bhI dArzanika vyAkhyAyita nahIM kara pAyA kintu jaba koI dArzanika satya ko kahane kA sAhasa karatA hai to aisA bhI nahIM hai ki vaha asatya hI pratipAdita karatA ho| vAstAvikatA yaha hai ki hamArA koI bhI anubhava bhrAMta nahIM hotA; yadi satya kA koI aMza hamAre anubhava meM A rahA hai to vaha nizcita hI astitva meM hai| dArzanika jaba usako kahatA hai taba yaha nizcita hI satya ke mahattvapUrNa pakSa kI vyAkhyA kara rahA hotA hai| usakA yaha pakSa satya ke anusaMdhAna meM bahuta sahAyaka siddha ho sakatA hai; isalie satya ke sacce khojI ke pAsa usa pakSa ke vizeSa yA niSedha ke lie koI avakAza nahIM raha jAtA hai| kAnajI svAmI ne dhArmika va dArzanika vicAraka jagata ko vimarza ke lie kucha mahattvapUrNa viSaya diye haiM jisameM kramabaddhaparyAya' kA siddhAnta pramukha hai| nimitta-upAdAna, nizcaya naya, vyavahAranaya, dravya aura paryAya ke sandarbha meM bhI unakA cintana anUThA hai jo hameM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi ko samajhane meM madada detA hai| syAdvAda, anekAnta aura naya ye tIna siddhAnta jainadarzana kI AtmA haiN| spaSTa hai ki inameM binA adhyAtma jaise gahare pakSa kara vicAra karanA kama se kama jaina dRSTi meM khatare se khAlI nhiiN| kAnajI svAmI ne mithyA ekAnta se dUra rahakara isI saMdarbha meM anekAnta kI sUkSmatA ko pratipAdita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unakI inhIM maulika vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa ye bIsavI sadI ke samakAlIna mahattvapUrNa dArzanika ke rUpa meM deza-videza meM pratiSThita huye haiN| kramabaddha paryAya aura ekAnta kramabaddhaparyAya siddhAnta ke anusAra vastu meM tInoM kAla kI avasthAyeM kramabaddha hI hotI hai; koI avasthA Age pIche nahIM hotI - aisA hI vastu svabhAva hai| DaoN. hakumacanda bhArilla isI ko samajhAte hue likhate haiM ki 'jisa prakAra nATaka meM dRzya kramazaH Ate haiM, eka sAtha nahIM; usI prakAra pratyeka dravya meM paryAyeM kramazaH hI hotI parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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anekAnta kumAra jaina haiM, eka sAtha nhiiN| nATaka meM yaha bhI to nizcita hotA hai ki kisa dRzya ke bAda kauna sA dRzya AyegA; usI prakAra paryAyoM meM bhI yaha nizcita hotA hai ki kisake bAda kauna sA paryAya aayegaa| jisa prakAra jisake bAda jo dRzya AnA nizcita hai, usake bAda vahI dRzya AtA hai, anya nahIM; usI prakAra jisake bAda jo paryAya (kArya) honA hotA hai, vahI hotA hai, anya nhiiN| isI kA nAma 'kramabaddhaparyAya' hai|' __ kArtikeyAnuprekSA meM svAmI kArtikeya kahate haiM ki, "jisa jIva ke, jisa deza meM, jisa kAla meM, jisa vidhAna se, jo janma athavA maraNa jinadeva ne niyata rUpa se jAnA hai; usa jIva ke, usa deza meM, usI kAla meM, usI vidhAna se, vaha avazya hotA hai| use indra athavA jinendra kauna TAlane meM samartha hai? arthAt use koI nahIM TAla sakatA hai|" ataH saMkSepa meM hama dekheM to siddhAnta yaha sthira huA ki 'jisa dravya kI, jo paryAya, jisa kAla meM, jisa nimitta va jisa puruSArtha pUrvaka, jaisI honI hai; usa dravya kI, vaha paryAya, usI kAla meM, usI nimitta va usI puruSArtha pUrvaka vaisI hI hotI hai; anyathA nahIM' - yaha niyama hai| ___ isa cintana kI tulanA dArzanika jagat meM niyativAda se kI jAtI hai| kramabaddhaparyAya ke siddhAnta para prazna cihna lagatA hai ki 'saba kucha nizcita hai' isI samAna mAnyatA ke kAraNa yaha siddhAnta bhI kyA ekAnta niyativAda hai? 'niyati' hai hI nahIM aisA to nahIM hai kyoMki jaina darzana ke paMtha samavAya siddhAnta meM niyati bhI eka kAraNa hai| siddhasena divAkara ne pA~ca samavAya meM niyati ko bhI eka kAraNa mAnA hai| kintu kramabaddhaparyAya meM ekAnta rUpa se mAtra niyati ko kAraNa nahIM mAnA jAtA; zeSa cAra samavAya ke binA to 'kramabaddhaparyAya' bhI ghaTita nahIM hotii| isalie kramabaddhaparyAya' bhI anekAnta paraka cintana hai; ekAnta paraka cintana nhiiN| kAnajI svAmI ke zabdoM meM 'niyata ke sAtha hI puruSArtha, jJAna, zraddhAdi dharma bhI vidyamAna hI hai| niyata svabhAva ke nirNaya ke sAtha vidyamAna samyak puruSArtha ko - samyak zraddhA ko, samyak jJAna ko svabhAva ko Adi ko svIkAra na kareM tabhI ekAnta niyatavAda kahalAtA hai| ajJAnI to, niyata vastu svabhAva ke nirNaya meM A jAne vAlA jJAna kA puruSArtha, sarvajJa ke nirNaya kA puruSArtha, svasanmukha zraddhA-jJAnAdi ko svIkAra kare binA hI niyata kI (jaisA honA hogA so hogA-aisI) bAta karate haiM, isalie unako to ekAnta niyata kahA jAtA hai; parantu jJAnI to niyata vastu svabhAva ke nirNaya meM sAtha hI vidyamAna

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anekAnta kI adhyAtmika cintana dhArA aise samyak puruSArtha ko, svasanmukha jJAna-zraddhA ko, svabhAva ko, kAla ko, nimitta ko - sabhI ko svIkAra karate haiM; isalie yaha mithyA niyata nahIM hai; parantu samyak niyatavAda hai, usI meM anekAntavAda A jAtA hai| __ . ve Age kahate haiM ki, 'kramabaddhaparyAya meM puruSArtha Adi kA krama bhI sAtha hI hai, isalie kramabaddhaparyAya kI pratIti bhI A hI jAtI hai| puruSArtha kahIM kramabaddhaparyAyoM se dUra nahIM raha jAtA, isalie niyata ke nirNaya meM puruSArtha uDa nahIM jAtA parantu sAtha hI A jAtA hai| isalie niyata svabhAva kI zraddhA yaha anekAntavAda hai - aisA smjhnaa| jo vastu kI paryAyoM kA niyata-kramabaddha honA na mAne, athavA jo kramabaddhaparyAya ke nirNaya meM vidyamAn samyaka puruSArtha ko na mAne use anekAntamaya vastu svabhAva kI khabara nahIM hai| _ pratyeka vastu ko anekAnta apane se pUrNa' aura 'para se pRthak' ghoSita karatA hai| pratyeka vastu anekAnta rUpa se nizcita hotI hai| eka vastu meM vastupana ko utpanna karane vAlI asti-nAsti Adi paraspara viruddha do zaktiyoM kA prakAzita honA anekAnta hai| isI prakAra upAdAna-nimitta, nizcaya-vyavahAra aura dravya-paryAya ina sabakA asti-nAsti svarUpa kAnajI svAmI ne anekAnta dvArA samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| nimitta sambandhI anekAnta nimitta sambandhI anekAnta ke viSaya meM kAnajI svAmI kahate haiM ki, 'upAdAna aura nimitta yaha donoM bhinna-bhinna padArtha haiM, donoM padArtha apane-apane svarUpa se asti rUpa hai aura dUsare ke svarUpa se nAsti rUpa hai; isa prakAra nimitta sva-rUpa se hai aura para-rUpa se nahIM hai; nimitta nimitta rUpa se hai aura vaha upAdAna rUpa se nAsti rUpa hai| isalie upAdAna meM nimitta kA abhAva hai, isameM upAdAna meM nimitta kucha nahIM kara sktaa| nimitta nimitta kA kArya karatA hai, upAdAna kA kArya nahIM karatA - aisA anekAnta svarUpa hai| aise anekAnta svarUpa se nimitta ko jAne tabhI nimitta kA padArtha jJAna hotA hai| "nimitta nimitta kA kArya bhI karatA hai aura nimitta upAdAna kA kArya bhI karatA hai|" aisA koI mAne to usakA artha yaha haA ki nimitta apane rUpa se asti rUpa hai aura para rUpa se bhI astirUpa hai; aisA hone se nimitta padArtha meM asti nAsti rUpa paraspara viruddha do dharma siddha nahIM hue, isalie vaha mAnyatA ekAnta hai| isalie 'nimitta upAdAna kA kucha karatA hai' aisA jisane mAnA usane asti

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22 anekAnta kumAra jaina nAsti rUpa anekAnta dvArA nimitta ke svarUpa ko nahIM jAnA kintu apanI mithyA kalpanA se ekAnta mAna liyA hai; usane upAdAna-nimitta kI bhinnatA, svataMtratA nahIM mAnI kintu una donoM kI ekatA mAnI hai|" ___ kAnajI svAmI ke sAhitya meM jaina darzana ke hArda rUpa vastu svAtaMtrya kA svara spaSTa mukharita hai| nimitta kI svayaM meM pUrNa svataMtratA aura upAdAna kI svayaM meM pUrNa svataMtratA kA kathana nimitta upAdAna ke saMbaMdhoM kI sUkSma samAlocanA hai| sthUla dRSTi sambandhoM ko upacAra se hI svIkAra kara sakate haiN| pAramArthika yathArtha meM nhiiN| upAdAna sambandhI anekAnta upAdAna sambandhI anekAnta ko pratipAdita karate hue kAnajI svAmI kahate haiM ki, 'upAdAna sva-rUpa se hai para-rUpa se nahIM hai| isa prakAra upAdAna kA Asti nAsti rUpa anekAnta svabhAva hai| upAdAna ke kArya meM upAdAna ke kArya kI Asti hai aura upAdAna kArya meM nimitta ke kArya kI nAsti hai, aise anekAnta dvArA pratyeka vastu kA bhinna-bhinna svarUpa jJAta hotA hai, to upAdAna meM nimitta kyA kare? kucha bhI nahIM kara sktaa| jo aisA jAnatA hai usane upAdAna ko anekAnta svarUpa se jAnA jAtA hai, kintu 'upAdAna meM nimitta kucha bhI karatA hai' - aisA jo mAne usane upAdAna ke anekAnta svarUpa ko nahIM jAnA hai kintu ekAnta svarUpa se mAnA hai| isalie usakI mAnyatA mithyA hai| __ isa tathya ko samajhane ke lie bahuta hI dhairya kI AvazyakatA hai| nimitta upAdAna meM kucha karatA hai athavA nahIM? ye donoM hI cintana sApekSa hai| sthUla dArzanika dRSTi se to yahI mAnA jAtA hai ki nimitta kI upasthiti anivArya hai| yaha vyAkhyA sthUla bhI hai aura sUkSma bhI, kintu AtmonmukhI jIva sUkSmAtisUkSma cintana kara apane pauruSya ko pUrNa svataMtra dekha rahA hai| parama zuddha svarUpa nimitta kA mohatAja nahIM hai| dravyadRSTi kI saccAI yaha hai ki nimitta kA niSedha nahIM varan usakA svarUpa samajha kara usakI gulAmI se inkAra kara denaa| nimitta svata: anukUla pariNamana kareMge kintu tabhI jaba dRSTi svabhAva sanmukha hogii| nimitta kI sattA kI aura usakI svataMtratA ko svIkAranA kintu isa svIkArokti meM upAdAna kI svataMtratA ko parAdhIna kara denA saMbhavata: nyAya nhiiN| dravya meM kisa samaya pariNamana nahIM hai? jagat meM kisa samaya nimitta nahIM hai| spaSTa hai ki jagat ke pratyeka dravya meM prati samaya pariNamana ho hI rahA hai aura nimitta bhI

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anekAnta kI adhyAtmika cintana dhArA 23 sadaiva hotA hI hai; taba phira cintana kareM ki isa nimitta ke kAraNa yaha huA' - yaha bAta kahA~ rahatI hai? aura nimitta na ho to nahIM ho sakatA'- yaha prazna bhI kahA~ rahatA hai? yahA~ kArya hone meM aura sAmane nimitta hone meM kahI samayabheda nahIM hai| nimitta kA astitva kahI bhI naimittika kArya kI parAdhInatA nahIM btlaataa| vaha mAtra apanI apekSA naimittika kArya ko prakaTa karatA hai; jaise pUchA jAe ki nimitta kisakA? taba uttara diyA jAegA ki jo naimittika kArya huA uskaa| yaha saba bAteM dRSTi kI haiN| anekAnta hara dRSTi kA mahattva svIkAratA hai| jJApaka svabhAva kI dRSTi hone se nimitta ke sAtha kA sambandha TUTa jAtA hai| jJAnI kI dRSTi meM bhI karma ke sAtha kA nimitta - naimittika sambandha chUTa gayA hai| __ vastu svarUpa meM anyAya nahIM hai| jo cIja jaisI hai usako vaisA jAnanA aura mAnanA yahI samyakatva hai| isameM paMtha, dharma, sampradAya aura pakSavyAmoha ko avakAza hI kahA~ rahatA hai? yahA~ nimitta aura upAdAna donoM ke prati Asti-nAsti kA achUtA pahalU hai| AdhyAtmika anekAnta yahI hai| nizcaya aura vyavahAra sambandhI anekAnta nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya ke mAdhyama se vastu svarUpa ko samajhane kA prathama prayAsa bhagavatI meM kiyA gyaa| vahA~ phaNita pravAhI (gIlA) guDa ko do nayoM se samajhAyA gyaa| vyAvahArika naya ki apekSA to vaha madhura kahA jAtA hai kintu naizcayika naya se vaha pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa aura ATha sparzoM se yukta hai| Age AcArya kundakunda ne vyavahAra-nizcaya naya kA tattvajJAna ke aneka viSayoM meM prayoga kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, balki tattvajJAna ke atirikta AdhAra ke aneka viSayoM meM bhI ina nayoM kA upayoga karake vizeSa parihAra kiyA hai| nizcaya aura vyavahAra kA AdhyAtmika sUtra bana gayA - AtmAzrito nizcayaH parAzrito vyvhaarH| jaba yaha dRSTi AtmA samajhane ke lie prayukta kI gayI taba inake svarUpa kA aura vikAsa huaa| nizcaya bhI Avazyaka samajhA gayA aura vyavahAra bhii| nizcayavyavahAra ke samanvaya ko hI anekAnta kI dRSTi mAnA gyaa| kevala nizcaya ko ekAnta aura kevala vyavahAra ko ekAnta mAnane kI dhAraNA svataH puSTa ho gyii| kAnajI svAmI ne nizcaya vyavahAra para bhI gahana vicAra kiyaa| AcArya kundakunda ke utkRSTa AdhyAtma ke rahasya ko samajhane kA eka sArthaka prayAsa yaha bhI rhaa| nizcaya aura vyavahAra ina donoM ko svIkArate huye ina donoM kI pUrNa svataMtratA para vicAra karanA

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24 anekAnta kumAra jaina AsAna nahIM? kAnajI svAmI nizcaya aura vyavahAra sambandhI anekAnta ko batalAte hue kahate haiM ki, 'upAdAna nimitta kI bhAMti nizcaya aura vyavahAra kA bhI anekAnta svarUpa hai| nizcaya hai vaha nizcaya rUpa se asti rUpa hai aura vyavahAra rUpa se nAsti rUpa hai; vyavahAra ha vaha vyavahAra rUpa se asti rUpa hai aura nizcaya rUpa se nAsti rUpa hai| isa prakAra kathaMcit paraspara viruddha do dharma hone se vaha anekAnta svarUpa hai| nizcaya aura vyavahAra kA eka dUsare meM abhAva hai, paraspara lakSaNa bhI viruddha hai - aisA anekAnta batalAtA hai, taba phira vyavahAra nizcaya meM kyA karegA? __ ve Age kahate haiM ki, 'vyavahAra vyavahAra kA kArya karatA hai aura nizcaya kA kArya nahIM karatA, arthAt vyavahAra bandhana kA kArya karatA hai aura abandhapane kA kArya nahIM karatA - aisA vyavahAra kA anekAnta svabhAva hai| isake badale 'vyavahAra vyavahAra kA bhI kArya karatA hai aura vyavahAra nizcaya kA bhI kArya karatA hai' aisA jo mAnatA hai usane vyavahAra ke anekAnta rUpa ko nahIM jAnA hai kintu vyavahAra kA ekAnta rUpa mAnA hai aura jisane 'vyavahAra karate karate nizcaya kA kAraNa hotA hai' - aisA maanaa| usane nizcaya aura vyavahAra ko pRthak nahIM jAnA kintu donoM ko eka hI mAnA hai, isalie vaha bhI ekAnta mAnyatA huii|11| ___ saMpUrNa jinAgama apekSAoM se bharA huA hai| kahA~ kauna sI bAta kisa apekSA se kahI jA rahI hai yaha samajhanA bahuta Avazyaka hai| isalie AcAryoM ne anekoM prakAra ke naya batAkara vyavasthA ko samajhane kI prathama salAha dI hai tAki hama pratyeka dRSTi ko usI dRSTi se samajha sake jisa dRSTi se vaha hameM samajhAyI jA rahI hai| dhavalA meM kahA gayA hai - gatthi nayahi vIhUNaM sUtta attho vva jinavaradamhi to NayavAde NiuNA muNiNo tiddhatiyA hoMti 12 arthAt jinendra bhagavAna ke mata meM nayavAda ke binA sUtra aura artha kucha bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai| isalie jo muni nayavAda meM nipuNa hote haiM, ve sacce siddhAnta ke jJAtA samajhane caahie| dravya aura paryAya sambandhI anekAnta dravya nitya hai paryAya anitya hai ataH nityatA bhI hai| jaina darzana ko nityAnityAtmakatA kI svIkRti hI anekAnta hai| dArzanika dRSTi se yahI anekAnta hai| kintu AdhyAtmika mApadaNDoM para anekAnta kisa prakAra kA hai? usI dravya aura

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anekAnta kI adhyAtmika cintana dhArA 25 paryAya sambandhI anekAnta kA pratipAdana karate huye kAnajI svAmI kahate haiM ki, "dravya dravya rUpa se hai aura saMpUrNa dravya eka paryAya rUpa nahIM hai| paryAya paryAya rUpa hai aura eka paryAya saMpUrNa dravya rUpa nahIM hai| usameM dravya ke Azraya se dharma hotA hai, paryAya ke Azraya se dharma nahIM hotaa| paryAyabuddhi se dharma hotA hai aisA mAnanA vaha ekAnta hai| svadravya ke Azraya se dharma hotA hai usake badale aMza ke (paryAya ko) Azraya se jisane dharma mAnA usakI mAnyatA meM paryAya ne hI dravya kA kAma liyA arthAt paryAya hI dravya ho gaI; usakI mAnyatA meM dravya-paryAya kA anekAnta svarUpa nahIM AyA hai| dravya dRSTi se (dravya ke Azraya se) hI dharma hotA hai aura paryAya buddhi se dharma nahIM hotA - aisA mAnanA anekAnta hai|"53 adhyAtma ke kSetra meM AtmA hI pramukha hai| pudgala gauNa hai| vahA~ dravya dRSTi kA artha mAtra AtmadRSTi hai| jaba ki jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ye sabhI dravya hI haiN| adhyAtma sArI vyAkhyA apane uddezya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara karatA hai aura usakA uddezya hai - aatmklyaann| darzana vastu kI vyAkhyA para bala detA hai| yahA~ yaha antara spaSTa hai| anekAnta kI tIna bhUmikAyeM ___ anekAnta ke saMdarbha meM naye-naye anasune vicAra sunakara kahIM hamAre mana meM isI ke prati saMdeha utpanna na ho jAye isalie samajhane kI dRSTi se hama dekheMge to hama pAte haiM ki anekAnta Aja tIna rUpoM meM hamAre sAmane khaDA hai - 1. zAstrIya anekAnta (yA dArzanika anekAnta) 2. vyavahArika anekAnta 3. AdhyAtmika anekAnta zAstrIya anekAnta kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha vividhatA ko svIkAratA hai aura usakA tAttvikIkaraNa karatA hai| yaha anekAnta' ko eka vidhi kI taraha prastuta karatA hai jo hameM vastu ke ananta dharmAtmaka svarUpa ko samajhane meM madada detA hai| vyavahArika anekAnta hameM pArivArika, sAmAjika, rASTrIya, antarrASTrIya kSetra meM vaicArika vaividhyatA ke madhya saMtulana baiThAne meM madada karatA hai| vyavahArika anekAnta kaI arthoM meM maulika hai aura usakI maulikatA zAstrIya anekAnta se kucha pRthak svarUpa lie hue hai| yahA~ manabhedoM kI asvIkRti nahI, varan matabhedoM kI asvIkRti

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26 anekAnta kumAra jaina AdhyAtmika anekAnta ina donoM se Age baDhakara koI nayI hI cetanA kA saMcAra karatA hai| yahA~ mukhyatA-gauNatA kA darzana upAdeyatA aura heyatA ke pArzva meM hotA hai| yahA~ AtmAnubhava kI prabala vidheyAtmakatA zeSa samasta bandhana svarUpa pratIta hone vAle tattvoM ke prati niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa kI utpatti kA sahaja kAraNa bana jAtI hai| zAstrIyatA kA sahArA lekara vastu svarUpa ko to yahA~ bhI samajha jAtA hai kintu usameM se AtmArAdhanA meM jo sAdhakatatva haiM unako upAdeya tathA zeSa anya ko heya batalAyA jAtA hai| isa kSetra meM 'sAra sAra ko gahi lahe thothA deD uDAya' vAlI sUkti kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai| isa kSetra meM jise heya karanA hai; atireka meM usake prati niSedha kI bhASA mukharita hone lagatI hai| jisa prakAra apane putra kI kisI harakata se parezAna hokara nArAja pitA yaha kahatA hai ki 'jA terA merA koI saMbaMdha nhiiN| na tU merA putra hai aura na mai terA baap| mere lie tU mara gayA smjho|' yahA~ vastusthiti yaha hai ki pitA ke kahane yA mAnane se unakA pitRtva aura putra kA putratva dharma samApta nahIM ho jAtA aura na hI putra mara jAtA hai| mere lie to mara gayA samajho' kA artha mAtraM dRSTi parivartana se hai vastu sthiti parivartana se nhiiN| usI prakAra AdhyAtmika dRSTi meM 'nimitta mere lie kucha nahIM, nizcaya vyavahAra jhUThA', 'jagata mithyA' jaise vAkya mAtra dRSTi parivartana kI apekSA se kahe jAte haiM; vastusthiti ke parivartana kI apekSA se nhiiN| jahA~ taka vastusthiti kI bAta hai AdhyAtmika dRSTi bhI eka kisma kI vastusthiti hai aura yaha tathya spaSTa na hone ke kAraNa adhyAtma ke prati kabhI-kabhI ekAntavAda kA Aropa bhI lagAyA jAtA hai| kintu usake bhASAtmaka pakSa se pare jAkara usake hArda ko samajhane kA prayatna kiyA jAya to hama vahA~ bhI anekAnta hI pAyeMge jo vastuta: mokSamArga kI prathama va anivArya zarta hai| dvaita se advaita kI ora jAnA, bheda se abheda kI ora jAnA hI lakSya hai| isalie hama adhyAtma ko samyak anekAnta se samyak ekAnta taka pahu~cAne vAlA eka sazakta mAdhyama mAna sakate haiN| anekAnta kA prayojana va lAbha ___ adhyAtma zailI meM vastu svarUpa batalAne vAle zrImadarAjacandra anekAnta kA prayojana batalAte huye kahate haiM ki, "bAhya vyavahAra ke aneka vidhi-niSedha ke kartRtva kI mahimA meM koI kalyANa nahIM hai| yaha kahIM ekAntika dRSTi se likhA hai athavA anya koI hetu hai aisA vicAra choDakara una vacanoM se jo bhI antarmukhavRtti hone kI preraNA mile use karane kA vicAra rakhanA so suvicAra dRSTi hai|.......baahy

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anekAnta kI AdhyAtmika cintana dhArA 27 kriyA ke antarmukha dRSTihIna vidhi-niSedha meM kucha bhI vAstavika kalyANa nahIM hai|......anekaantik mArga bhI samyak ekAnta nijapada kI prApti karAne ke atirikta anya kisI bhI hetu se upakArI nahI hai; yaha jAnakara hI likhA hai| yaha mAtra anukampAbuddhi se, nirAgraha se, niSkapaTa bhAva se, nirdambhatA se aura hita dRSTi se likhA hai; yadi isa prakAra vicAra karoge to yaha padArtha dRSTigocara hogaa|"14 yadi anekAnta se hameM kucha lAbha uThAnA hai to hameM usakA adhyAtma samajhanA paDegA tathA usako mahattva denA paDegA anyathA anekAnta AtmakalyANa kA patha batalAne kI apekSA buddhivilAsa mAtra kA sAdhana banakara raha jaayegaa| kAnajI svAmI niDarabhAva se isa bAta kI spaSTa ghoSaNA kara hI rahe haiM, 'jo jIva aisA anekAnta vastu svarUpa (jaisA ki pahale kaha Aye haiM) samajhe vaha jIva nimitta, vyavahAra yA paryAya kA Azraya choDakara apane drava-svabhAva kI ora Dhale binA nahIM rahatA; arthAt svabhAva ke Azraya se use samyak darzana jJAnAdika dharma hote haiN| isa prakAra anekAnta kI pahacAna se dharma kA prArambha hotA hai| jo jIva aisA anekAnta svarUpa na jAne vaha kabhI para kA Azraya choDakara apane svabhAva kI ora nahIM DhalegA aura na use dharma hogaa|"55 __Aja anekAnta viSaya ko lekara aneka rASTrIya evaM antarrASTrIya seminAra ho rahe haiN| una sammelanoM meM dekhA gayA ki anekAnta ke vyAvahArika pakSa aura yatkiMcit zAstrIya pakSa para to patra paDhe jAte haiM aura carcAyeM hotI haiM kintu isakA AdhyAtmika pakSa atimahatvapUrNa aura mUla hote huye bhI upekSita rahatA hai| isakA kAraNa jAnakArI kA abhAva bhI ho sakatA hai| maiMne apane isa laghu prayAsa meM saMkSipta rUpa se isa dRSTi ko Age lAne kI koziza kI hai| AzA hai vicAraka jagat isa mahattvapUrNa pakSa para vimarza kregaa| saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ 1. bhArilla, hukumacanda, kramabaddhaparyAya, ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, jayapura 1986, pR. 18 2. jaM jassa jammi dese jeNa vihAreNa jammi kAlammi / NAdaM jiNeNa NiyaMdaM jammaM vA ahava maraNaM vA / / taM tarasa tAmmi dese teNa vihAreNa tAmmi kAlammi / kau sakkAdi vAraduM iMdo vA taha jiNiMdo vA / /

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anekAnta kumAra jaina kAtikeyAnuprekSA - svAkiArtikeya, gAthA - 321, 322 3. kramabaddhaparyAya, pRSTha 19 4. sanmati sUtra, 3/53 5. kAnajI svAmI, 'jJAnasvabhAva aura jJeya svabhAva' - hindI anuvAda : maganalAla jaina, kundakunda kahAna di. jaina tIrtha surakSA TrasTa, jayapUra 1998, pR.227. 6. vahI, pR. 228 7. vahI, pR. 229-30 8. vahI pR. 230 9. goyamA! ettha do nayA bhavaMti, taM jahA- necchaDyanae va vAhahAriyanae y| vAvahAriyanayassa goDDe phANiyagule, necchaDyanassa paMcavaNNe dugaMdhe paMca rase aTThaphAse pnnte| bhagavatI (tRtIya khaNDa), aThAravAM zataka, uddezaka - 6, Agama prakAzana samiti, 1991, pR. 704.

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karma, baMdhana, mokSa : jaina aura advaita dRSTikoNa raJjana kumAra baMdhana aura mokSa vaha dArzanika prazna hai jisapara niraMtara vicAra kiyA jAtA rahA hai| vicAra zrRMkhalA atyaMta gaMbhIra evaM mahattvapUrNa hai| isa saMbaMdha meM jaina dArzanikoM evaM advaita vedAMta vizeSakara zAMkaramata kI kyA pratikriyA heM isI para cintana karane kA prayAsa prastuta patra meM kiyA gayA hai| baMdhana- mokSa duHkha athavA pIDA baMdhana hai jabaki isase mukti mokSa hai| isakA kAraNa kyA hai? yahI prazna dArzanikoM ke lie eka mahattvapUrNa paDAva hai| advaita-vedAnta ke anusAra baMdhana kA mUla kAraNa avidyA yA ajJAna hai|' jabaki jainadArzanika avidyA ke sAthasAtha avirati, pramAda, kaSAya evaM yoga ko baMdhana kA pramukha kAraNa mAnate haiN| yaha avidyA jIva athavA AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa nahIM hai, varan svayaM jIva kI mithyA kalpanA kA pariNAma hai| vastutaH jIva ke baMdhana kA kAraNa svayaM usake mana meM hI hai aura na hI bAhara kisI anya vastu meM, balki inake nimitta se mana meM rAga-dveSa rUpI jo bhAva utpanna hote haiM, una bhAvoM ke kAraNa hI bandhana hotA hai| vastutaH baMdhana kA mUla kAraNa rAga-dveSa ko mAnA gayA hai jo moha ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai| yahI moha jIva ko baMdhana meM DAla detA hai| yaha moha jIva kA svAbhAvika guNa hai| isa saMbaMdha meM AcArya zaMkara kA mata ullekhanIya hai- yadi hama yaha mAnakara caleM ki avidyA jIva kA svAbhAvika guNa hai to aisI paristhiti meM ajJAna kA kabhI nivAraNa hI nahIM ho sakatA hai aura jIva niraMtara baMdhana meM par3A rhegaa|' isalie yaha baMdhana bhI kevala vyavahArika dRSTikoNa se satya hai| pAramArthika satya to yaha hai ki jIva na kabhI baMdhana meM par3atA hai aura na kabhI mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| zaMkara kahate haiM ki baMdhana aura mokSa donoM kevala vyAvahArika dRSTi se hI satya haiN| ___ advaita vedAnta meM baMdhana ke kArakoM kA nivAraNa kara mukti prApta karane meM jJAna ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| zaMkarAcArya dRDhatApUrvaka isa siddhAMta ko pratipAdita karate haiM ki jJAna (AtmajJAna yA brahmajJAna) svayaM mokSa hai| mokSa ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki "AtmA kI apane svarUpa meM sthiti hI mokSa hai|" isakI dUsarI paribhASA yaha dI gaI hai ki "avidyA kI nivRtti hI mokSa hai", mokSa aura avidyAnivRtti eka hI hai| zaMkarAcArya kA kahanA hai ki mokSa kI prApti karma se yA parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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raJjana kumAra jJAnakarma samuccaya se nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki karma se niSpanna hone vAlA koI padArtha nitya nahIM hotA jabaki mokSAvasthA nitya hai|' mokSa jJAna kA utpAdya nahIM hai kyoMki jJAna kA utpAdya hone para vaha anitya ho jAegA, ataH jJAna aura mokSa eka hI hai|10 __ jaina dArzanika mokSa ko AtmA kI vaha vizuddhAvasthA mAnate haiM jisameM kisI bhI vijAtIya tattva ke sAtha saMyoga nahIM rahatA aura sampUrNa vikAroM kA abhAva hokara AtmA sva-svarUpa meM sthira ho jAtI hai| isameM jIvana kA visarjana na hokara mAnavabuddhi meM utpanna mithyAtva kA nAza hotA hai| isa mithyAtva ke sthAna para samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyagcAritra kA vikAsa hotA hai| mokSa vastutaH koI aisI durlabha vastu nahIM hai jise prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vAstava meM karmabaMdhana ke mUla kAraNoM para vijaya prApta kara lene para yaha svataH prApta ho jAtA hai| dazavaikAlika meM kahA gayA hai, ArakSita AtmA AvegoM meM pha~sakara karmoM kA baMdha karatI hai aura surakSita AtmA vikArajanya yA karmajanya samasta baMdhanoM ko toDakara mukta ho jAtI hai| ___ vastutaH jaina evaM advaitavAdI donoM isa bAta para sahamata haiM ki mokSa yA mukti jIvana kA abhinna aMga hai| baMdhana evaM mokSa jIvana ke do pakSa haiM jahA~ anyAnya kAraNavaza jIva/AtmA apanI prakRtAvasthA ko vismRta kara baiThatI hai vahI mokSAvasthA meM vaha samasta vikAroM kA damana kara eka zuddha vizuddha evaM zAzvata sthiti prApta karatI hai| karma, baMdhana aura mokSa baMdhana aura mokSa karma ke abhAva meM niSprayojya haiN| kyoMki karma hI jagata vaicitrya evaM dArzanika UhApoha kA keMdrIya tattva hai| yaha karma hI hai jo jIva ko baMdhanamukta karatA hai aura baMdhanamukta jIva isI karmabaMdhana se mukta hokara mokSAvasthA kI kAmanA karate haiN| vastutaH karma kyA hai aura yaha kisa prakAra baMdhana evaM mokSa se saMbaddha hai Adi kucha aise prazna haiM jinapara dArzanikoM ne paryApta cintana kiyA hai, jo atyaMta mahattvapUrNa mAne jAte haiN| karma kA sAdhAraNa artha 'kriyA' hotA hai| vedoM se lekara brAhmaNa kAla taka vaidika paramparA meM karma kA kriyAparaka artha hI dRSTigata hai, paraMtu jaina darzana meM karma zabda viziSTa artha meM prayukta huA hai| vaise jaina darzana meM kriyA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai aura kriyA meM jIva kI zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika tInoM hI prakAra kI kriyAoM ko samAviSTa kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH zarIra, mana evaM vANI ke nimitta se jo kucha bhI kiyA jAtA hai use karma kahA gayA hai| zArIrika, mAnasika evaM vAcika vyApAra ko

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31 karma, baMdhana, mokSa : jaina aura advaita dRSTikoNa jaina darzana meM 'yoga'12 kahA gayA hai aura isa vyAkhyA kA jo hetu hai vahI karma hai| AcArya devendrasuri karma kI paribhASA prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki "jIva kI kriyA kA jo hetu hai vahI karma kahalAtA hai"|13 _vastutaH jaina paramparA meM kriyA aura kriyA ke hetu yA kAraNa donoM ko karma kahA gayA hai| isake sAtha-sAtha yahA~ karma ko paudgalika mAnA gayA hai aura ye ve pudgala paramANu haiM jo kinhIM kriyAoM ke pariNAma svarUpa AtmA kI ora AkarSita hokara (Asrava) kAlakrama meM apanA phala pradAna karate haiM aura AtmA meM viziSTa manobhAva utpanna karate haiN| jaina matAnusAra AtmA kA baMdhana svataH hotA hai| ataH isakA koI nimitta kAraNa avazya honA caahie| baMdhana ke hetu kaSAya, rAga, dveSa, moha Adi manobhAva bhI AtmA meM svataH utpanna nahIM hote apitu karma-vargaNA ke vipAka ke phalasvarUpa cetanA ke samparka meM Ane para ye tajanita manobhAva banate haiN| ye hI baMdhana ke mUla kAraNa haiN| inase virata honA hI mokSa hai| ___ AcArya zaMkara kA isa saMbaMdha meM apanA vicAra hai| unakA mata hai ki jIva karma se baMdhana meM hai aura jJAna se mukta ho jAtA hai| isalie pAradarzI munijana karma nahIM krte| yahA~ jJAna aura karma ko vidyA, avidyA rUpa mAnA gayA hai| karma avidyAjanya hai| kevala ajJAnI dvArA karma kiyA jAtA hai| jJAnI ke lie karma kA vidhAna nahIM hai|15 kevala trayI-dharma (vaidika-karma) meM lage rahane vAle sakAma puruSa AvAgamana ko prApta hote haiN| ataH ajJAna kA pUrNatayA kSaya hone para jJAna se mokSa prApta hotA hai| yahI mokSa parama kalyANakArI aura sat -cit -AnaMda svarUpa hai| eka bAra yaha prApta ho jAtA hai to punaH isakA nAza nahIM hotaa| . __ vrata, dAna, tapa, yajJa, satya, tIrtha, Azrama aura karmayoga ye sabhI svarga ke hetu haiN| paraMtu azubha, akalyANakara aura anitya haiN| jJAna nitya, zAMtikAraka aura paramArtharUpa hai| manuSya yajJoM ke dvArA devatva prApta karatA hai, tapasyA se brahmaloka ko pAtA hai, dAna se taraha-taraha ke bhoga ko prApta karatA hai aura jJAna se mokSa pada pAtA hai| puruSa dharma kI rassI se Upara kI ora jAtA hai aura pAparajju se adhogati ko prApta hotA hai| paraMtu jo ina donoM ko jJAnarUpa khaDga se kATa detA hai, vaha dehAbhimAna se rahita hokara zAnti prApta karatA hai| __jainamata aura AcArya zaMkara ke mata meM yahA~ jo aMtara parilakSita hai vaha vastutaH nimitta aura upAdAna ko lekara hai| kyoMki baMdhana kI dRSTi se AtmA kI azuddha

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raJjana kumAra manovRttiyA~ (kaSAya aura moha) aura karma-vargaNA ke pudgaloM meM pArasparika saMbaMdha hai| vastutaH baMdhana kI dRSTi se jaDa karmaparamANu aura AtmA meM nimitta aura upAdAna kA saMbaMdha hai| karma-pudgala baMdhana ke nimitta kAraNa haiM aura AtmA upAdAna kaarnn| ekAMta rUpa se na to AtmA baMdhana kA kAraNa hai aura na hI karmapudgala hI, apitu donoM ke pArasparika saMyoga se AtmA baMdhana meM AtA hai| isa tathya kA bhAna ekamAtra jJAna se hI saMbhava hai| karma, jJAna aura mokSa mokSa AtmajJAna hai| AtmajJAna anAtmajJAna (avidyA) kI nivRtti hai| ataH mokSa jJAnasAdhya hai| paraMtu yahA~ eka svAbhAvika prazna uThatA hai ki karma kI upayogitA kyA hai? kyA karma kA koI mahattva nahIM hai? yadi jJAna hI mokSa kA sAdhana hai to sabhI prakAra ke karma laukika, adhyAtmika (vaidika) karma vyartha haiN| isa saMbaMdha meM zaMkara aura jaina donoM hI karma aura jJAna kI pArasparikatA ko udAharaNa ke dvArA samajhAte hue inake vaiziSTya kA vivecana karate haiN| AcArya zaMkara isa hetu pAramArthika evaM vyavahArika donoM hI dRSTiyoM kA sahArA lete haiM jabaki jaina matAvalaMbI pAramparika rUpa se isakA samAdhAna prastuta karate haiN| mokSa ke lie jJAna aura karma donoM ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| zaMkara jJAna aura karma meM andhakAra aura prakAza ke samAna nitAMta bheda mAnate haiN| prakAza ke sAmane aMdhakAra kA koI mahattva nahIM hai| jJAna hone para karma-sampAdana vyartha hai, AtmajJAnI ke lie karma niSprayojana hai| yaha pAramArthika dRSTikoNa hai| vyavahArika dRSTi meM karma kA prayojana hai| karma se hI citta zuddhi hotI hai aura vizuddhacitta meM hI zuddha-buddha-mukta AtmajJAna saMbhava hai| ataH karma vizuddhi kA mArga hai| jaina cintakoM kA bhI isa saMbaMdha meM samAna mata hai| unakA yaha mAnanA hai ki cAritrazuddhi ke binA mukti kabhI bhI saMbhava nahIM hai| kyoMki cAritra dharma hai| yaha cAritradharma tattvajJAna se puSTa hotA hai| Agama meM ise zIla kahA gayA hai| zIla ke binA jJAna nahIM aura jJAna ke binA zIla kI pravRtti nahIM hotaa| indriyoM ke viSayoM se virat rahane vAle vyakti hI zIlavAna hote haiM aura ve hI nirvANa prApta karate haiN|17 __ kevala kAmya karmoM ko choDakara anya sabhI vaidika karma jJAna meM sahAyaka hote haiN| karma se hI zarIra kI zuddhi hotI hai| zarIrazuddhi se hI citta-zuddhi hotI hai| cittazuddhi se vizuddhajJAna (AtmajJAna) hotA hai| ataH zarIra ko pApa rahita aura citta ko

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karma, baMdhana, mokSa : jaina aura advaita dRSTikoNa nirmala karane ke lie karma Avazyaka hai| paraMtu jJAna ke pUrva hI karma kA mahattva hai| AtmajJAna to aMtima sopAna hai| AtmajJAnI ke lie karma kA koI prayojana nhiiN| jJAna kI agni to sabhI karmoM ko bhasma kara DAlatI hai| ataH karma kA prayojana to vyavahArika hai, jJAna ke udaya hone ke pUrva haiN| jJAnodaya ke pazcAt to karma kA aMdhakAra sarvadA aura sarvathA samApta ho jAtA hai| paraMtu jJAnodaya ke lie sAdhaka ko sAdhana catuSTaya athavA triratna kI sAdhanA karanI par3atI hai| ___ inakI sahAyatA se sAdhaka mokSa kA adhikArI banatA hai| sAdhanacatuSTaya AtmA aura brahma ke dvaitabhAva ko naSTa karatA hai| sAdhaka brahmasvarUpa bana jAtA hai| jabaki triratna svayaM mokSasvarUpa hai aura yaha AtmA ke anaMta catuSTaya kA prkaashk| sAdhana catuSTaya nityAnitya vastu viveka, ihamutrArthabhoga virAga, zamadamAdisAdhana sampata aura mumukSatva kA saMyukta rUpa hai| triratna : samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra ke rUpa meM vikhyAta hai| sadeha aura videhamukti __sadehamukti aura videhamukti ke saMbaMdha meM jaina evaM advaitavAdI dvArA prastuta vicAra avalokanIya hai| vedAntI videhamukti ko hI pramukhatA pradAna karate haiN| jaina bhI videhamukti ko hI sarvottama mAnate haiN| paraMtu isa matasAmya meM bhI paryApta aMtara hai| donoM hI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki mokSa prApta vyakti kA zarIra prArabdha karmAnusAra vidyamAn rahatA hai| paraMtu vaha vyakti saMsAra ke prapaMcoM se dUra rahatA hai| moha use satAtA nahIM, zoka use abhibhUta nahIM karatA, sAMsArika viSaya ke lie use tRSNA nahIM hotii| yaha jIvitAvasthA meM hI mukti hai| vedAntI ise jIvanmukta kahate haiM jabaki jaina ise tIrthaMkara prArabdha karmoM ke samApta hote hI usakA zarIra chUTa jAtA hai| yaha videhamukti kI avasthA hai| jaina-paramparA meM ise siddhAvasthA kahA gayA hai| AcArya zaMkara jIvanmukti (sadehamukti) kA pratipAdana karate hae kahate haiM ki jJAnI jIvitAvasthA meM hI mukti prApta kara letA hai| sarpa ke utAre hue keMcula ke samAna jIvanmukta kA zarIra paDA rahatA hai| jIvanmukta zarIra meM sthita vaha AtmA azarIra hai, amRta, prANa aura brahma hai| svayaM prakAza hai aura vastutaH vaha netravihIna bhI sanetra ke samAna hai, zrotrahIna bhI sazrotra ke samAna hai, vANIrahita bhI vANIsahita sA, manarahita bhI manasahita sA hai| jIvanmukta kA bhoga zarIrapAta se pUrva taka nirlipta puruSa kI phalarahita kriyA mAtra hai|

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raJjana kumAra zaMkara pUrNa mokSa meM zarIra aura indriyoM kA abhAva mAnate haiN| jIvanmukta dehapAta ke bAda brahmaikyarUpa jisa mokSa kI anubhUti karatA hai vaha mokSa pAramArthika, kUTastha nitya, AkAzatulya sarvavyApI hai| yaha sabhI vikAroM se rahita, nitya tRpta, niravayava aura svayaM prakAza svabhAva vAlA hai| isameM dharmAdharmAdi nahIM rahate aura na hI isakA kAlatraya se koI sambandha haiN| yahI azarIrI nAmaka mokSa hai arthAt videhamukti hai|" sadAnaMda isI ko Anandaikarasa se pUrNa samasta bhedoM se rahita akhaMDa brahma meM avasthiti vAlA parama evaM pUrNakaivalya mAnate haiN|" jainaparamparA meM yaha siddha jIva hai jo samasta ghAtI-aghAtI karmoM se mukta hokara siddhazilA para pratiSThApita hotA hai| donoM hI mata mukta jIva ke punarjanma kA niSedha karate haiM kyoMki vaha phaloM kI AzA ke binA karma karatA hai| baMdhana mokSa : jaina aura zaMkaramata tulanAtmaka vivecana karane para hamAre samakSa baMdhana aura mokSa ke saMbaMdha meM jaina aura zaMkara ke vicAroM meM mUlabhUta aMtara milatA hai jo dArzanika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| AcArya zaMkara ne karma baMdhana ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM avidyA ko pramukha kAraka mAnA hai| isake viparIta jaina darzana meM avidyA ke sAtha-sAtha avirati, pramAda, kaSAya evaM yoga ko karmabaMdhana kA mahattvapUrNa kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| advaitavAdI baMdhana aura mokSa ko vyavahArika dRSTi se satya to svIkAra karate haiM paraMtu pAramArthika dRSTi se ve ise mithyA, bhramapUrNa aura avAstavika siddha karate haiN| dUsarI tarapha jainoM ne AtmA ke baMdhana aura mokSa ko mithyA yA avAstavika na mAnakara satya mAnA hai| isI ke AdhAra para ye sAMsArika aura mukta jIvoM kI vyAkhyA karate haiN| AcArya zaMkara mokSa prApti ke lie ekamAtra jJAna ko hI Avazyaka mAnate haiN| dUsarI tarapha mokSa ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM karma aura jJAna-karma samuccaya ke dAvoM kI bhI samIkSA karate haiM ki karma se mokSa kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI hai kyoMki karma kA pariNAma kisI vastu ko Arambha karanA hai, lekina mokSa nitya hai aura aura kisI bhI nitya vastu kA Arambha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| loka meM jisa vastu kA bhI AraMbha hotA hai vaha anitya huA karatI hai| ataH mokSa karmArabdha nahIM hai| jJAna meM bhI sabhI prakAra ke jJAna ko nahIM, balki tattvajJAna ko hI mokSa-prApti hetu mahattvapUrNa batAyA gayA hai| jabaki jaina paramparA meM jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha samyagdarzana evaM samyag cAritra ko bhI mokSa prApti kA anivArya sAdhana mAnA gayA hai|5

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karma, baMdhana, mokSa : jaina aura advaita dRSTikoNa sAtha hI sAtha donoM yaha mAnate haiM ki AtmA kI svAbhAvika dazA hI mokSa hai| baMdhana svAbhAvika dazA na hokara AtmA kI vaibhAvika dazA hai| yadyapi zaMkara ke anusAra vibhAva kI yaha avasthA satya nahIM, mAtra pratIti hai| jabaki isake viparIta jaina dArzanika AtmA kI isa vibhAva dazA ko pratIti na mAnakara satya svIkAra karate haiN| baMdhana kA kAraNa zaMkara ne avidyA yA mithyAtva ko mAnA hai jabaki jaina darzana moha ko baMdhana kA pramukha kAraNa mAnatA hai| ___ saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ 1. AramAni evaavidyaanivRttiH| zAMkara bhASya, bRha. upa., 1.4.10 2. mithyaadrshnaavirtiprmaadkssaayyogaabndhhetvH| tattvArthasUtra, 8.1 3. rAgo ya doso ni ya kammaNIyaM kammaM ca mohAppabhavaM vynti| uttarAdhyayana, 32.7 4. zaMkarabhASya, 6.3.42 5. lADa, azoka kumAra, bhAratIya darzana meM mokSa cintana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana, ma.pra. hindI akAdamI, bhopAla, 1973, pR. 156 mokssjnyaankaarymityucyte| bRha.upa.zAM.bhA., 3.1.13 7. svAtmanyavasthAna mokssH| taiti. upa.bhA., 1.11 8. avidyApagamayAtratvAt brhmpraaptiphlsy| bRha.upa.bhA., 1.4.10 9. nahi kriyA nirvRnArtho nityo dRSTaH nityazca mokssobhyupgmyte| vahI. 4.4.6 10. mokSapratibandhanivRttimAtrameva AtmajJAnasya phlm| zAM.bhA.1.2.4 / / 11. appA ha khalu sayayaM rakkhiyatvo 'savidiehiM susmaaiehiN| arakkhio jAipahaM uvei surakkhio savvadukkhANa muccii| dazavaikAlika cUlikA, 2.16 12. kAyavAGmanaHkarma yogH| tattvArthasUtra 6.1 13. kIrai jieNaM heuhiM, jeNa to bhaNNae kmm| karmagraMtha, prathamabhAga 14. paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, darzana aura cintana, pR.225 15. siMha, bI.ena., bhAratIya darzana, sTUDeNTas eNDa phreNDas, banArasa, 1984, pR.502-3 16. dharmarajvA brajedUrdhvaM pAparajvA brjeddhH| dvayaM jJAnasinA diSTavA videhaH shaaNtimRcchti|| zAM.bhA., zvetA.upa.1.1 17. cAritraM khalu dhammo dhammo jo so samo tti nnididttttho|

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36 raJjana kumAra mohavakhohavihiNo pariNAmo appaNo hu samo / pravacanasAra, 1.7 18. tadyathApipilvayanovalmIke mRtA pratyaratA zayItaivamevedaM zarIre zete / sacakSuracakSuriva, sakarNoakarNa iva savAgaavAgiva samanA amanA iva, saprANauprANa iva iti ca / zAM. bhA. bra. sU. 1.1.4 19. zaMkarabhASya, 4.4.10 20. vahI, 1.1.4 21. na tasya prANA utkrAmanti atraiva samavalIyante, vimuktazca vimucyata, ityAdizruteH / vedAntasAra, 226 22. NaTThaTThakammadeho loyAloyassa jANao daTThA / purisAyAro appA siddho jhAeha loyasiTTarattho / bRhaddravyasaMgraha, 51 23. zaMkarabhASya gItA, 2.10, tai. upa. pa. 1.3 24. bra. sU. zAM. bhA., 2.1.11, 3.3.32, zAM. bhA. gItA, 13.11 25. samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / tattvArthasUtra, 1.1

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jaina darzana meM strI - mokSa saMbaMdhI vicAra : eka dArzanika samIkSA* sunIla rAUta bhArata kI kucha jIvaMta dhArmika paramparAoM meM jaina darzana hai jo kAphI saMkhyA meM aisI striyoM ko sAdhvI ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai jo gRhastha jIvana tyAga kara saMnyAsI jIvana vyatIta karatI haiN| isa tathya se aisA laga sakatA hai ki jaina striyA~ purUSoM ke samAntara hI dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika sthiti dhAraNa karatI haiN| kiMtu vAstavikatA yaha hai ki jaina paraMparA ke aMdara bhI striyoM kI sthiti ke bAre meM gaharA matabheda hai| isa lekha meM, do mukhya jaina saMpradAya- digambara aura zvetAmbara ke bIca eka purAne vivAda, 'kyA striyA~ mokSa prApta kara sakatI haiM ? " kI samIkSA kI hai| jaina graMthoM kA eka gahana adhyayana laiMgikatA sambaMdhI asamAnatA ko darzAtA hai / aisA graMtha strI aura usake zarIra ko laiMgikatA sambaMdhI praznoM se sambaMdhita karate haiN| aura strI ko kevala eka bhAvanApradhAna prANI ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| jaina saMpradAyoM meM carcA kI pRSThabhUmi mukhyarUpa se carcA isa prazna para keMdrita hai ki kyA striyA~ jaina dharma meM batAe gae mahAvratoM kA pAlana kara sakatI haiM, jinameM ahiMsA aura aparigraha ko sabase jyAdA mahatva diyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra, tyAga anivArya hai aura gRhastha jIvana meM mokSa saMbhava nahIM hai| eka gRhastha laghuvratoM kA pAlana kara sakatA hai aura isa nimna stara para puruSa aura strI dono samAna pAye jAte haiM / kiMtu saMnyAsI jIvana meM vyakti ko mahAvratoM kA pAlana unake utkaTa evaM saghana rUpa meM karanA hotA hai| yahA~ zvetAmbara aura digambara saMpradAyoM ke bIca isaviSaya para matabheda hai ki kyA striyA~ mahAvratoM kA pAlana kara sakatI haiM ? digambaroM kA mAnanA hai ki 1. striyoM kI zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraNa (jisameM mAsika bahAva eka mukhya hissA hai) eka prakAra kI hiMsA unake jIvana meM aparihArya hai / 2. kyoMki striyA~ vastra vihIna nahIM raha sakatIM isalie eka prakAra kA parigraha bhI unake jIvana kA eka anivArya aMga bana jAtA hai| 3. striyA~ svabhAva se hI bhAvanA pradhAna (gRhastha passionate) hotI haiN| ataH ve kabhI bhI bhAvanAoM se mukta nahIM ho sktiiN| ye sabhI biMdu carcA ke lie Avazyaka haiM aura prastuta lekha meM zvetAmbara aura digambara ke bIca isI vivAda kI carcA kI jAegI / parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007 - navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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sunIla rAUta uparyukta do saMpradAyoM ke bIca vivAda kA eka mukhya viSaya vastra dhAraNa ko lekara thaa| digambara mAnate haiM ki jaina dharma ke aMtima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra eka nagna saMnyAsI the aura unhoMne anya vastuoM ke sAtha-sAtha vastra tyAga ko bhI mokSa ke lie Avazyaka maanaa|' vahI dUsarI ora zvetAmbara mAnate haiM ki bhikSuoM ke lie vastra tyAga ko anivArya nahIM mAnanA caahie| yaha kevala eka vikalpa ho sakatA hai| uparyukta paraspara virodhI dhAraNAoM meM sAmaMjasya biThAne ke lie zvetAmbaroM ne yaha tarka diyA ki yadyapi mahAvIra ke samaya meM nagnatA kA abhyAsa karanA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thA, lekina vaha Age kI pIDhI ke lie saMstuta ( advisable ) nahIM thA / jaina graMtha sUcita karate haiM ki mahAvIra ke mRtyu ke turaMta bAda nagnatA kA abhyAsa sthagita ho gayA thaa| isalie zvetAmbaroM ne digambaroM kI yaha kahate hue AlocanA kI ki ve unake AgamoM kI prAmANikatA kA niSedha karate haiN| 38 digambaroM ne nagnatA ko mokSa ke lie anivArya btaayaa| unake anusAra aisA koI vyakti, puruSa yA strI, mokSa prApta nahIM kara sakatA jisane vastra tyAga nahIM kiyA ho / kyoMki vastra dhAraNa se yauna AkAMkSA ApAdita hotI hai jo lajjA ke rUpa meM vyakta hotI hai| vahIM dUsarI ora digambara AcAryoM ne striyA~ ko kisI bhI sthiti meM nagnatA ke abhyAsa kI anumati nahIM dI aura isa bAta para jora diyA ki striyA~ vastra dhAraNa kreN| isase unhoMne yaha mata pratipAdita kiyA ki strI zarIra ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vyakti mokSa nahIM prApta kara sktaa| isa taraha striyoM ko sabhI prakAra ke parigrahoM se mukta hone kI saMbhAvanA se alaga rakhA gyaa| isa taraha mokSaprApti se bhI vaMcita rakhA gyaa| yadyapi strI sAdhakoM ko AryikA yA sAdhvI kahA gayA lekina takanIki rUpa se unheM kabhI sAdhaka yA saMnyAsI nahIM mAnA gyaa| vahIM dUsarI ora, zvetAmbaroM ne vastroM ko eka parigraha nahIM mAnA balki dhArmika jIvana kA eka Avazyaka aMga mAnA / isalie yadyapi sAdhviyA~ niyama ke anusAra vastra pahanatI thIM, phira bhI ve anya bhikSuoM ke samAna sAdhaka kA sthAna rakhatI thIM aura isa prakAra striyoM ko unake strI zarIra ke sAtha hI mokSa ke lie pAtra mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra zvetAmbara saMpradAya meM mokSa kisI zArIrika sthiti para AdhArita nahIM hai balki mAtra AdhyAtmika unnati para AdhArita hai| suttapAhuDa meM kuMdakudAMcArya kA tarka kuMdakuMdAcArya ne parivrajyA kA svarUpa spaSTa karate hue apane graMtha meM ATha sUtra

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jaina darzana meM strI-mokSa saMbaMdhI vicAra- eka dArzanika samIkSA batAe haiN| 1. jaina tIrthaMkaroM ne hameM yaha zikSA dI hai ki mokSa kA kevala eka hI mArga hai vaha hai saMpUrNa nagnatA aura hAthoM ko bhikSApAtra ke rUpa meM upayoga krnaa| anya sabhI mArga asatya mArga haiN| 2. aisA bhikSu jo vastuoM ko (yahA~ taka ki kapaDA, bhikSApAtra, Adi bhI) svIkAratA hai, use jaina AgamoM meM niMdita kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki vahI mukta hai jo gRhastha jIvana kI sabhI saMgRhIta vastuoM se mukta hai| 3. jisane pA~ca mahAvrata (satya, ahiMsA, aparigraha aura brahmacarya) lie haiM aura jo tIna prakAra kI guptiyoM se surakSita hai vahI vAstavika bhikSu hai| kevala vahI mokSa ke mArga para hai jo sabhI prakAra ke baMdhanoM se mukta (nibaMdha) hai| 4. bhikSu kI dusarI pahacAna hai ki vaha eka ucca koTi kA zrotA (zrAvaka) hai| jo apane bhASaNa aura padacAla meM pUrNataH niyaMtrita hai| jo apane bhikSApAtra meM bhikSA dekhakara bhI cupacApa Azcarya meM rahatA hai| 5. tIsarI pahacAna striyoM ke bAre meM hai, unheM AryikA' kahA jAtA hai| jo kevala eka samaya kA bhojana karatI haiM aura kevala eka vastra hI pahanatI haiN| 6. jaina zikSAoM ke anusAra eka vyakti jo vastra pahanatA hai vaha mokSa prApta nahIM kara sktaa| cAhe vaha tIrthaMkara hI kyoM na ho| mokSa mArga meM nagnatA Avazyaka hai| anya sabhI mArga asatya hai| jaina AgamoM meM kahA gayA hai ki striyoM ke vakSasthala meM, unakI nAbhi aura bagala meM bahuta sUkSma jIva utpanna hote haiN| taba kaise unake lie bhikSu-anuzAsana (parivrajyA) diyA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki ve ahiMsA vrata kA ullaMghana karatI haiN| 8. striyoM meM mana kI zuddhatA nahIM hotii| ve svabhAva se hI caMcala pravRtti kI hotI haiN| unameM mAsika bahAva hotA hai| ataH striyA~ ciMtAmukta hokara sAdhanA yA dhyAna nahIM kara sktii| kuMdakuMdAcArya ke ina tarkoM ke viruddha uttarapakSa ke rUpa meM viparIta vicAra vAle apanA pratipakSa rakhate haiN| sabase pahalI pratikriyA chaThI zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara AcArya jinabhadra kI ora se prApta hotI hai| unake graMtha 'vizeSAvazyaka bhASya' meM aise niyamoM kA kaDA samarthana kiyA gayA hai jo jaina bhikSuoM ko vastroM aura bhikSA pAtra ke prayoga kI anumati dete haiN| kiMtu ajIba bAta yaha hai ki jinabhadra kuMdakuMdAcArya ke sarvAdhika

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sunIla rAUta Apattijanaka kathana para mauna rakhate haiM, jisameM vaha jaivika saMracanA ke AdhAra para striyoM kI mahAvrata dhAraNa karane kI kSamatA para praznacinha lagAte haiN| Age calakara nauMvI zatAbdI meM 'strInirvANaprakaraNa' nAmaka graMtha meM hama vidvatApUrNa pratikriyA pAte haiM, jisameM mokSa prApti meM striyoM ke sakSama hone kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai| aisA samarthana na kevala zvetAmbara AcAryoM kI ora se nahIM thA balki zAkaTAyana paraMparA ke AcArya yApannIya dvArA bhI diyA gayA hai| strI mokSa ke samarthana meM zAkaTAyana ke vicAra zAkaTAyana ke anusAra striyA~ bhI nirvANa prApta kara sakatI haiM kyoMki puruSoM kI bhA~tI vaha bhI triratna se yukta haiN| jaisA ki jaina dharma ke sabhI saMpradAya mAnate haiM ki mokSa kevala manuSya jAti ko hI prApta ho sakatA hai| ataH triratna jo ki mokSa kA eka mArga hai, strItva ke sAtha asaMgata nahIM hai| vaha Age kahate haiM, eka sAdhvI jaina vicAroM ko samajhatI hai, usapara AsthA rakhatI hai aura unakA acUka pAlana bhI karatI hai| ataH eka strI hone meM aura triratna meM koI asaMgatatA nahIM hai| samyak jJAna, samyak AsthA kI ora le jAtA hai aura samyak AsthA samyak AcaraNa kI ora le jAtI hai| yahI mukhyataH triratna haiN| isakI pUrNatA hI vyakti (purUSa yA strI) ko mokSa prApta karAtI hai, jo ki sabhI karmoM se mukta honA hai| yahA~ pUrvapakSa kahatA hai ki strI nirvANa prApta nahIM kara sakatI kyoMki1. striyA~ kevala chaThe guNasthAna taka hI sAdhanA kara sakatI haiM kyoMki sAtaveM guNasthAna kI prApti ke lie saMpUrNa gRhastha jIvana kA tyAga karanA hotA hai| 2. unameM labdhi jaisI alaukika zaktiyoM kA abhAva hotA hai, jaise vAda-vivAda yA zAstrArtha jitnaa| 3. striyA~ jinakalpa ke (tIrthaMkaroM ke) vicAroM kA viSaya nahIM hotii| uparyukta tarkoM ke viruddha zAkaTAyana kahate haiM kiH1. yaha satya nahIM hai kyoMki kucha guNoM (jaise-sAtaveM guNasthAna para jAne kI yogyatA) ke abhAva ko mokSa prApti kI ayogyatA ke sAtha milAnA anupayukta 2. isake atirikta niSitabhASya meM aisA ullekha hai ki bIsa doSoM se yukta vyakti ko dIkSA nahIM denI caahiye| kiMtu yaha kahIM bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai ki strI honA mokSa prApti ke viruddha hai| ataH strI honA bhikSu hone ke mArga meM koI bAdhA nahIM

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jaina darzana meM strI-mokSa saMbaMdhI vicAra- eka dArzanika samIkSA 41 3. aisA koI aMtima niyama bhI nahIM hai ki mokSa kevala unhIM ke lie saMbhava hai jinhoMne jinakalpa kA pUrNa parityAga kara diyA hai aadi| aura na hI una * bhikSuoM ke lie hai jo sthavirakalpa ke niSedha-AjJAoM kA anupAlana karate digambara kahate haiM ki yadi yaha svIkAra kara liyA jAe ki mokSa vastra pahanane para hI saMbhava hai taba yaha eka sAdhAraNa AdamI ke lie saMbhava kyoM nahIM? yApannIyoM kA uttara hai ki gRhasthI meM parigraha kI bhAvanA hotI hai aura cU~ki vaha kisI nirodha yA anuzAsana ke aMtargata vastra nahIM pahanatA (sAdhvI se bhinna), vaha binA kisI pUrNa nigraha ke jIvana jItA hai| ataH vaha mokSa nahIM prApta kara sktaa| Age pratipakSa meM kuMdakuMdAcArya kahate haiM ki jaisA ki AgamoM meM kahA gayA hai, puruSoM kA sthAna striyoM se U~cA hai| strIyoM ko choTA yA kamajora prANI ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai| isalie yaha niyama mokSa prApti ke viSaya meM bhI lAgU hotA hai| ___ isa biMdu para yApanIya kahate haiM ki sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki 'siddha' avasthA na hI puruSavAdI hotI hai na hI striivaadii| isalie mahAvratoM ke saMbaMdha meM puruSa aura strI kA stara samAna hai| hAlA~ki AgamoM meM yaha ullikhita hai ki striyA~ doSapUrNa, agraha, caMcala Adi hotI haiN| kiMtu puruSa bhI aise doSapUrNa, azuddha aura caMcala hote haiN| kyoMki ina doSoM se utpanna karmoM ke saMbaMdha meM strI-puruSa jaisA koI bheda nahIM kiyA gayA hai| balki aisI sAdhviyA~ huI haiM jo AgamoM meM apane satva ke kAraNa prasiddha haiN| kucha mukhya sAdhviyA~ jaise-brAhmI, suMdarI, rijumatI, caMdanA Adi hai| gRhastha jIvana meM bhI sItA jaisI striyA~ haiM, jo apane sadAcaraNa aura apane sattva ke kAraNa jAnI jAtI haiN| ataH kaise ina striyoM ko tapa karane meM asakSama aura pavitra AcaraNa se rahita mAnA jA sakatA haiM ? isake atirikta yApannIya AgamoM se usa kathana kA bhI ullekha karate haiM jisameM kahA gayA haiM ki strI-puruSa donoM ke lie caudaha guNasthAna upalabdha haiN| ataH isa vicAra ko svIkAra karanA saMbhava nahIM hai ki striyA~ nirvANa nahIM prApta kara sakatI kyoMki aisA koI Thosa pramANa nahIM haiN| AcArya prabhAcaMdrasUrI ke strI mukti saMbaMdhI vicAra : ___ AcArya prabhAcaMdrasUrI' - yApannIyoM ke sAtha carcA kA prAraMbha digaMbaroM ke dRSTikoNa se zurU karate haiN| jaisA ki yApannIya kahate haiM ki striyoM ke lie bhI nirvANa zakya hai

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42 sunIla rAUta kyoMki unameM bhI mokSa ke lie anivArya dazAe~ pAI jAtI haiM, jaisAki puruSoM meM pAI jAtI haiN| isake viruddha digaMbara AkSepa karate haiM ki ubhayaliMgI kI bhA~ti striyoM meM bhI mokSa ke lie Avazyaka vizeSatAoM kA (For infinite, knowledge, perception, bliss, energy) abhAva hotA hai| unake anusAra strI mokSa prApta nahIM kara sakatI kyoMki vaha vastra dhAraNa karatI hai| aisA isalie kyoMki kapar3oM meM kITANu panapate haiM aura aise meM unakI hiMsA aparihArya ho jAtI hai| kiMtu yApanIyoM kA kathana hai ki aisI kisI Akasmika hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki yaha kisI asAvadhAnI yA lAparavAhI se utpanna nahIM hotii| jabaki sAvadhAnI apane Apa meM hI eka hiMsA hai| jaisA kI Agama kahate haiM, vyakti ke jIvana meM asAvadhAnIpUrNa kie gae kRtya hI hiMsA hai| yadi aisA na hotA taba to eka nagna sAdhU bhI bhikSA aura auSadhi Adi lene meM hiMsA karatA huA mAnA jaaegaa| isalie yaha tarka strI ko mokSa se dUra nahIM rakha sktaa| aisA kahA gayA hai ki asaMyamita AcaraNa hI hiMsA hai| eka saMyamI vyakti ke lie koI baMdhana nahIM hai kyoMki usane svayaM ko sabhI prakAra kI hiMsAoM se saMyamita kara liyA hai| isalie yApanIyoM kA tarka hai ki triratnoM kA dhAraNa hI mokSa ke lie anivArya zarta hai| ataH nikRSTatA yA utkRSTatA kA koI prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| AcArya jayasena ke strI mukti viruddha vicAra __ prabhAcaMdrasUrI ke bAda eka dUsare digaMbara AcArya jayasena ne bhI strI mukti kI saMbhAvanA kA virodha kiyaa| unakA tarka saMnyAsiyoM ke anuzAsana se saMbaMdhita hai| yaha mokSa ke lie nagnatA ko eka Avazyaka zarta mAnatA hai| dUsare tarka meM jayasena strI kI jaivika saMracanA ko AdhAra banAte haiN| vaha mAsika bahAva jaisI jaivika viziSTatAoM ko AdhAra banAkara strI kI tathAkathita azuddhatA kI bAta kahate haiN| unake anusAra yaha na kevala mana ko caMcala banAtI haiM balki zarIra ko asvastha bhI karatI hai| isake atirikta garbhadhAraNa aura jIva utpatti saMbaMdhI tathAkathita durguNoM se yukta honA use mahAvratoM ke pAlana ke ayogya banAtA hai| jayasena striyoM dvArA pUrNa karmanAza kI saMbhAvanA se inakAra karate haiN|12 strI mukti ke saMbaMdha meM AcArya guNaratna kA uttara : ___ AcArya guNaratna zvetAMbara dRSTikoNa ko Age baDhAte hue yaha tarka karate hai ki vastra apane Apa meM mokSa ke lie hAnikAraka yA bAdhaka nahIM hai| vastra pahanane kA artha

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jaina darzana meM strI - mokSa saMbaMdhI vicAra- eka dArzanika samIkSA hai eka pavitra jIvana jInA / digaMbaro ke tarka ko nirasta karate hue AcArya guNaratna kahate haiM ki mokSa ke anivArya kAraka haiM, samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak AcaraNa aura striyA~ pUrNatayA inako prApta karane meM sakSama haiN| isalie ve mokSa prApta karane yogya haiN| 43 strI muktisaMbaMdhI AcArya meghavijaya ke vicAra AcArya meghavijaya digaMbaroM ke isa mata kA khaMDana karate haiM ki striyA~ svabhAvataH caMcala hotI haiN| vaha striyoM kI azuddhatA saMbaMdhI dhAraNAoM kA bhI khaMDana karate haiN| yahA~ taka ki vaha napuMsaka ke lie bhI mokSa kI zakyatA batAte haiM / vaha Age yaha bhI kahate haiM ki striyA~ digaMbaroM dvArA pratipAdita gyAraha pratimAoM saMbaMdhI mahAvratoM kA pAlana karane meM sakSama haiM aura yaha bhI ki, saMnyAsiyoM dvArA kapaDe, bhikSApAtra, Adi rakhanA koI parigraha nahIM hai| isa prakAra meghavijaya kA yogadAna unakA puruSa, strI aura napuMsaka kI jaivikIya aura manovaijJAnika lakSaNoM ke bIca bheda pratipAdita karanA hai| unake anusAra jaba eka vyakti kA mana puMveda se utpanna strI saMbaMdhI yauna AkAMkSA para vijaya prApta kara letA hai to vaha 'bhAvapuruSa' kahalAtA hai| aura jaba vyakti kA mana strIveda se utpanna puruSa saMbaMdhI yauna AkAMkSA para vijaya prApta kara letA hai taba vaha 'bhAvastrI' kahalAtA hai| usI prakAra napuMsakaveda se utpanna donoM prakAra kI yauna AkAMkSAoM se upara uThane vAle vyakti ke 'bhAvanapuMsaka' kahate haiN| ataH digaMbara aura zvetAMbara kA vivAda strI-puruSa aura napuMsaka vyaktioM ke isI zArIrika aura manovaijJAnika bheda para keMdrita rahatA hai| AcArya meghavijaya isa bAta kI bhI puSTi karate haiM ki tIrthaMkara mallinAtha vastutaH mallI nAmaka eka strI tIrthaMkara thI, jise digaMbaroM ne puruSa ke rUpa meM prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| tIrthaMkara mallI vaha strI thI jisane apane kizorAvasthA meM hI kevalajJAna prApta kara liyA thaa| tIrthaMkara mallI kI strI pratimAaiM isake pramANa haiN| meghavijaya kA digaMbaroM ke viruddha tarka hai ki striyoM ke lie vastra tyAga dvArA pUrNa aparigraha aura ahiMsA kA pAlana karanA saMbhava nahIM hai| kiMtu yadi ve brahmacarya ke apane mahAvrata kA pAlana karane ke lie vastra pahanatI haiM to aisA karanA bilakula nyAyocita hai| meghavijaya yaha bhI tarka karate haiM ki sAdhuoM ke vastra aura anya vastuaiM parigraha nahIM haiM kyoMki ve unake saMyama sAdhanA meM sahAyaka hai| udAharaNa ke lie jalapAtra, morapaMkha kI jhADU Adi /

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sunIla rAUta meghavijaya strI prazaMsA meM kahate haiM ki ve anivAryatayA acche svabhAva kI hotI haiN| unake sadguNoM ke kAraNa hI striyA~ zuddha mana aura komala zarIra lekara janma letI haiN| vaha eka aisI Adarza mA~ kA bhI ullekha karate haiM jisake sadguNoM kI prazaMsA devatAoM ne bhI tIrthaMkara ke janmotsava para kI thii| upasaMhAra : __isa prakAra hama pAte haiM ki AdhyAtmika jIvana me praveza hetu striyoM kI yogyatA aura usa kAla meM striyoM kI sthiti kA vivecana jaina darzana kA eka rUcikara pahalU hai jisapara digaMbara kuMdakuMdAcArya se lekara zvetAMbara AcArya meghavijaya taka aneka jaina AcAryoM ne prakAza DAlA hai| vizeSakara digaMbara jaina saMpradAya meM striyoM aura unake zarIra ke prati eka vikArayukta va doSapUrNa pravRtti dikhAI detI hai| kuMdakuMdAcArya ke 'suttapAhaDDu' meM hama tIna prakAra ke mukhya tarka pAte haiN| yahI tIna prakAra ke tarka digaMbara jaina paraMparA meM strI mukti ke virodha meM bAra bAra doharAe gae haiN| ataH aba hama tarkoM kI AlocanAtmaka dRSTi se parIkSaNa karate haiN| 1. aparigraha saMbaMdhI tarka : . ___ isa tarka kI AlocanA meM yahA~ yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki hama AMtarika aparigraha aura bAhya aparigraha meM bheda kreN| eka taraha se bhautika zarIra bhI jIva ke lie eka parigraha hai| aise meM vaha vastra pahanatA hai yA nahIM yaha aprAsaMgika ho jAtA hai| kyoMki eka jIva zarIra ke rUpa meM vaha binA parigraha ke nahIM raha sktaa| kiMtu mukhya prazna AMtarika parigraha ke viSaya meM hai| jaina paraMparA meM manobhAva jIva ke AMtarika parigraha ko nirmita karate haiN| yadi jIva unase mukta hai to vaha mukta kahA jA sakatA hai| usa dazA meM jIva zarIra yukta hai yA nahIM aura jIva kapar3oM meM hai yA nahIM yaha sabhI bAteM aprAsaMgika ho jAtI haiN| jahA~ taka AMtarika aparigraha kA prazna hai, digaMbara aisA mAnate pratIta hote haiM ki AMtarika aura bAhya parigraha abhinna hai isa prakAra ki bAhya parigraha se AMtarika parigraha anivArya rUpa se ApAdita hotA hai| kiMtu yahA~ maiM mAnatA hU~ ki zvetAMbara yaha darzAne meM sahI haiM ki bAhya parigraha se AMtarika parigraha anivAryataH nahIM nikltaa| ___ isa pUrI carcA meM jisameM vastradhAraNa ko parigraha mAnA gayA hai, donoM hI pakSoM kI eka sAmAnya pUrvamAnyatA hai ki striyoM ke lie vastradhAraNa anivArya hai, jaba ki puruSoM ke lie nhiiN| yaha eka sAmAjika, sAMskRtika pUrva mAnyatA hai| jisapara tArkika dRSTi

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jaina darzana meM strI - mokSa saMbaMdhI vicAra- eka dArzanika samIkSA 45 se prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai| tArkika dRSTi se yaha pUrI taraha se svIkAraNIya hai ki striyA~ bhI puruSoM kI bhAMti nagna saMnyAsI kA jIvana jI sakatI haiN| AcArya meghavijaya isI bAta ko apane tarka meM uThAte haiN| eka puruSa pradhAna samAja meM laiMgikatA kA vicAra bhI puruSa pradhAna hai aura puruSoM kA striyoM ke prati dRSTikoNa aksara bhogavastu se adhika kucha nahIM hotaa| isalie nagna strI ko bhogavastu mAnA jAtA hai| jabaki nagna puruSa ko bhogavastu bilakula nahIM mAnA jaataa| balki digaMbara jaina paraMparA meM ise aise vyakti kI pahacAna batAyA gayA hai jisane apane iMdriyoM para vijaya prApta kara lI hai| aisI sthiti meM strI kA eka nagna sAdhvI ke rUpa meM vicAra ko na kevala asvIkArya mAnA gayA balki akalpanIya mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra jaina vimarza meM donoM hI pakSa AcArya meghavijaya ke striyoM ke prati eka Adarza dRSTikoNa ko zAmila nahIM karate haiM / vastrAdi pahananA sAMskRtika bAta hai| saMskRti kAlAnurUpa rahatI hai| saMskRti ke sabhI mUlya naitika nahIM hote haiN| yaha biMdu brahmacarya kI avadhAraNA se bhI saMbaMdhita haiN| striyoM ke vastradhAraNa kI anivAryatA kA saMbaMdha puruSoM ke brahmacarya se bhI thA / aisA mAnA gayA ki vastrarahita strI ko dekhane para puruSoM kA brahmacarya saMbaMdhI vrata TUTa sakatA hai| isalie yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki puruSa saMnyAsI dvArA apane iMdriya saMyama ko banAye rakhane ke lie striyoM ke vastradhAraNa kI anivAryatA para jora diyA gyaa| vAstava meM yaha puruSoM kI samasyA thI ki ve aise dRzyoM se AtmaniyaMtraNa kho sakate haiN| kiMtu apanI kamajoriyoM ko svIkArane ke bajAya puruSoM ne unako striyoM para thopa diyA / nagnatA kA pariNAma hamezA sabhI logoM para vAsanAoM ko jagAnevAlA nahIM hai| nagnatA aisI sIkha hai jisase nagna vyakti apanI vAsanAoM ko niyaMtrita karate haiN| yaha puruSa kendrita aura puruSa kI dRSTi se socA vicAra hai| yaha jarurI nahIM hai ki strI kI dRSTi se yahI niSkarSa prApta ho / 2. ahiMsA saMbaMdhI tarka : digambara striyoM ke viruddha hiMsA saMbaMdhI ApattiyA~ lagAte haiN| 1. striyoM ko kapaDe pahananA jarurI hai aura kapaDe pahanane se hiMsA hotI hai / 2. strI zarIra meM kaI prakAra ke sUkSma jIva paidA hote haiN| 3. mAsika bahAva bhI eka prakAra kI hiMsA paidA karatA hai| ye sabhI ApattiyA~ tIvra AlocanA yogya haiN| sarvaprathama jisa prakAra aparigraha kI

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46 sunIla rAUta carcA meM hamane AMtarika aura bAhya aparigraha meM bheda kiyA usI prakAra hiMsA aura ahiMsA kI carcA meM bhI hame AMtarika aura bAhya hiMsA aura AMtarika aura bAhya ahiMsA meM bhI bheda karanA hogaa| jaina darzana meM kabhI-kabhI AMtarika yA bAhya stara para hiMsA kI kisI bhI saMbhAvanA ko TAlane kI pravRtti pAte haiN| yadyapi sAdhU aura sAdhviyoM ko sUkSma se sUkSma jIva hiMsA se bacane kA vizeSa nirdeza diyA gayA hai phira bhI kucha aisI hiMsAe~ hotI haiM jinake prati ve saceta nahIM rahate / vAstava meM hama kitanA bhI hiMsA se bacane kA prayAsa kareM hiMsA kA pUrI taraha nirAkaraNa mAnavIya rUpa se asaMbhava hai| isa prakAra hama uddezyaparaka hiMsA aura anuddezyaparaka hiMsA (intentional and non-intentional Himsa) meM bheda kara sakate haiM aura hiMsA ko kevala uddezyaparaka hiMsA ke rUpa meM le sakate haiN| yadi hama hiMsA ke saMdarbha meM striyoM ke viruddha ApattiyoM ko dekheM to hama pAte haiM ki adhikAMza hiMsA anuddezyaparaka hotI hai| kapaDe pahanane se honevAlI hiMsA uddezyaparaka nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki striyA~ hiMsA karane ke uddezya se kapaDe nahIM phntii| balki strI ho yA puruSa kapaDe pahanane kA saMbaMdha sAMskRtika, sAmAjika paraMparA se saMbaMdhita hai| yaha Apatti ki kevala striyoM ke aMgoM meM sUkSma jIva panapate haiM sarAsara galata hai, kyoMki puruSa zarIra meM bhI sUkSma jIva panapate haiN| lekina zarIra meM utpanna kITANuoM kI hiMsA uddezyaparaka hiMsA nahIM hai| strI meM mAsika bahAva kA honA eka nitAMta prAkRtika ghaTanA hai aura ise kisI bhI dRSTi se uddezyaparaka hiMsA ke aMtargata nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| dUsare, strI ke jIvana meM mAsika bahAva koI niraMtara ghaTanA nahIM hai / yadi yaha mokSa prApti meM bAdhA hotA to digaMbaroM dvArA mAsika bahAva samApta hone ki Ayu meM striyoM ko mokSa prApti kI anumati dI jAnI cAhie thii| lekina unhoMne aisA nahIM kiyaa| ye dekhanA mahattvapUrNa hai ki amRtacaMdra jaise digaMbara vidvAnoM meM AMtarika aura bAhya hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bheda para bala diyA hai| unake anusAra mana meM rAga kA udaya honA hI apane meM eka hiMsA hai aura mana meM rAga kA bilakula na honA hI ahiMsA hai| ataH yadi mana meM koI rAga utpanna na ho aura bAhya rUpa me koI hiMsA ho jAye to use hiMsA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / 15 amRtacaMdra ke anusAra, kiMtu prAcIna digambara AcArya isa mahattvapUrNa bheda ko bhUla jAte haiM aura striyoM para sUkSma jIva hiMsA kA Aropa lagAte haiN| strI meM svAbhAvika mAsika bahAva hai aura eka mAsika bahAva meM eka hI

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jaina darzana meM strI-mokSa saMbaMdhI vicAra- eka dArzanika samIkSA . 47 aNDanAza hai| jabaki puruSa ke eka vIryapAta meM kucha lAkha zukrANu nAza hai| 3. azuddha mana saMbaMdhI tarka : ___ kuMdakuMdAcArya kA tarka hai ki striyA~ Avazyaka rUpa se puruSa se zArIrika, mAnasika evaM AdhyAtmika stara para nikRSTa hotI haiN| lekina yaha tarka pUrI taraha eka haThavAda hai aura paryApta pramANoM para AdhArita nahIM hai| zArIrika kamajorI ko mukhya tarka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki mokSa ke lie jo Avazyaka hai vaha hai mAnasika, AdhyAtmika zakti na ki zArIrika shkti| digaMbara AcArya yaha sthApita karane meM asaphala rahai haiM ki striyA~ AtmasaMyama nahIM rakha sakatI kyoMki ve strI haiN| manobhAva aura ardhamanobhAva (passions and quasipassions) saMbaMdhI samasyA sabhI manuSyoM ke lie hai cAhe vaha strI ho yA puruss| kiMtu cU~ki jaina paraMparA ke anusAra ve sabhI jIva haiM aura jIva meM svayaM ko niyaMtrita karane ke lie tAttvika rUpa se anaMta vIrya kI kSamatA hotI hai| ataH aisA koI kAraNa nahIM dikhatA ki kyoMki striyA~ isa kSamatA kA prayoga nahIM kara sktii| ___ yadi hama digaMbaroM ke viruddha zvetAMbara aura yApannIyoM ke tarkoM ke bIca tulanA kareM to hama pAte haiM ki jaina paraMparA meM striyoM ke samarthana meM tarka majabUta se majabUta hotA gayA hai| AcArya meghavijaya meM hama striyoM ke mokSa saMbaMdhI samarthana kA eka Thosa pramANa pAte haiN| yApannIyoM ke tarka sAmAnyatayA rakSAtmaka haiM vahIM dUsarI ora meghavijaya ke tarka adhika AkrAmaka aura Thosa haiN| yApanIya yaha dikhAne kA prayAsa karate haiM kiM striyA~ puruSoM ke samAna haiM balki meghavijaya kA tarka yaha darzAtA hai ki kucha pahaluoM meM striyA~ puruSoM kI tulanA meM utkRSTa aura zreSTha hotI haiN| saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ 'prastuta zodha patra pro. pI.pI.gokhale ke mArgadarzana meM kiye gaye lekhaka ke ema.phila.zodha nibaMdha para AdhArita hai| 1. eka apavAda jo unako anumanya thA vaha bhI rajoharaNa, eka jhADU jisakA upayoga vaha apane baiThane ke sthAna ko sApha karane ke lie prayoga karate the aura eka kamaMDalU jo unake nityakriyA meM upayoga hone vAle jala kA pAtra thaa| 2. jainI, pI.esa. jenDara enDa sAlvezana, munzIlAla manoharalAla pablizarsa, (prA.) li., dillI, 1991, pR. 34-35

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sunIla rAUta 3. kuMdakuMdAcArya apane batAe hue doSapUrNa mArgoM kA spaSTa vivecana nahIM karate haiN| kintu, yaha spaSTa hai ki yahA~ ve unakA nirdeza kara rahe haiM, jo vastra pahanate haiM aura bhikSA pAtra rakhate haiN| yaha vivaraNa eka zvetAmbara bhikSu para saTIka baiThatA hai| isake atirikta yaha brAhmaNavAdI aura bauddha anuzAsana se mela khAtA hai| 4. yahA~ karma ke tIna dvAroM (manasa, vANI aura zarIra) ke rakSaNa kA saMketa hai| 5. AryikA kA artha hai, eka Adarza strI zrAvikA hone yogya hai| jaina, mANikacaMda DI., (anu. va saMpA.) nivittabhASya, mANikacanda jaina grantha prakAzana, gujarAta, 1970, sUtra 3506-3508. 7. bAlaka, vRddha puruSa, ubhayaliMgI (kinnara), maMdabuddhi vyakti, napuMsaka vyakti, vyAdhI yukta vyakti, RNI vyakti, aparAdhI vyakti, durAcArI vyakti, anargala bolanevAlA vyakti, jisane jaina zikSAoM ko asvIkAra kiyA hai, garbhavatI strI, vaha strI jisake choTe bacce/baccA hai aadi| 8. vahI, jainI, pI.esa., sUtra 58, pR. 65 brAhmI aura sundarI prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI do putriyA~ thIM jo binA gRhastha jIvana meM praveza kiye hI sAdhvI bana gayI thii| rajomatI, bAisaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI maMgetara thI, jisane vivAha kI saMdhyA ko hI unake sAtha saMsAra choDakara saMnyAsI jIvana aMgIkAra kiyaa| candanA, mahAvIra kI chattIsa hajAra sAdhvIoM ke samUha kI pramukha thii| 10. jaina, mahendrakumAra, (anu. va saMpA.), 'nyAyakumudacandra', zrI. satgurU prakAzana, dillI, 1996, pR. 865-878 / 11. dIkSita, ke.ke., (anu. va saMpA.), 'tattvArthasUtra', ela.DI. saMsthAna, ahamadAbAda, 1974, pR. 7, 13 12. sUtraprabhRta, sUtra 6, 8 13. jaina, mahendrakumAra, (anu. va saMpA.) tarkarahasyadIpikA vRttI, zrI satgurU prakAzana, dillI, 1970, pR. 301-308, sUtra 1 14. amRtacandra, 'puruSArthasiddhapAya', zrI paramazrRta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImatarAjacandra ___ Azrama, AgAsa, gujarAta, 1966, sUtra 44-45

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AcArya bhAvasena kRta veda prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA saMdIpa kumAra bhArata kI prAcIna sabhyatA- kalA, sthApatya, sAhitya, dharma, nIti tathA vijJAnaina saba kA eka samanvita mUrta rUpa thaa| kintu bhArata kI sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa vaicArika upalabdhi thI - drshn| yahI samasta mUrdhanya vyavahArika evaM saiddhAntika gatividhiyoM kA carama lakSya mAnA jAtA thA tathA vividha prakAra kI jAtiyoM vAle isa vizAla bhUbhAga kI sAmAjika saMskRti meM jo vividhatA hai- usameM ekatA tathA tAdAtmya sthApita karane vAlA yahI eka biMdu thaa| yaha ekatA hamArI prAcIna saMskRti kI eka Atmika AkAMkSA kA phala thI, una AdhyAtmika siddhAMtoM ke mahattvabodha kA phala thI- jo anya sabhI mUlyoM kI bajAya kahIM adhika mahattvapUrNa mAne jAte the aura yaha bhAvanA vibhinna rAjanItika parivartanoM ke yugoM kI lambI yAtrA ke bAda Aja bhI jIvanta hai| __ bhAratIya darzana paramparA meM nau darzanoM ko zAmila kiyA jAtA hai| isake do pramukha tathA prAcIna varga haiM- 'Astika' tathA 'naastik'| yahA~ astika aura nAstika vizeSa artha meM prayukta haiM, na ki saadhaarnn| sAmAnyataH Astika ke do artha haiM- prathama vyutpattimUlaka tathA dUsarA paramparAgata arth| vyutpatti ke anusAra Astika vahI hai, jisakI paraloka aura punarjanma meM AsthA ho| isake viparIta jo paraloka aura punarjanma ko asvIkAra karatA hai, vaha nAstika hai| isa artha ko svIkAra karane meM kaThinAI yaha hai ki bauddha aura jaina dArzanika punarjanma ko mAnate hue bhI mAnya vibhAjana meM nAstika kahalAte haiN| paramparAgata artha ke anusAra Izvara aura AtmA meM AsthA rakhane vAle ko Astika tathA anAsthA rakhane vAle ko nAstika mAnate haiN| kiMtu isameM bhI eka kaThinAI hai- Izvara meM avizvAsa rakhane vAle mImAMsA aura sAMkhya ko Astika mAnA jAtA hai| vahIM AtmA meM vizvAsa karane vAle jaina darzana ko nAstika mAnA jAtA hai| dArzanika dRSTi se Astika- nAstika kA eka vizeSa pAribhASika artha hai- Astika darzana vedoM ko pramANa mAnate haiM, vahIM nAstika darzanoM ko vedoM kA prAmANya svIkAra nahIM hai| vedoM kI nindA karane vAlA nAstika hai| manusmRti kA 'nAstiko veda nindakaH' vAkya prasiddha hai| isaprakAra tIna mukhyatayA nAstika darzana haiM- cArvAka, bauddha evaM jaina tathA chaH Astika darzana haiM- sAMkhya, yoga, parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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50 saMdIpa kumAra nyAya, vaizeSika, mImAMsA evaM vedaaNt| inheM sAdhAraNataH SaDdarzana ke nAma se jAnA jAtA isa prakAra veda hamArI saMskRti ke mUla staMbha, apauruSeya, nitya, alaukika aura anaMta jJAna ke akSuNNa bhaMDAra haiN| vaidika vAkya maMtra haiM, inakI prAmANikatA svata:siddha hai| nAstikavAdI vicAradhArA ke anusAra veda sAdhAraNa graMtha ke rUpa meM mAne jAte haiM, svataH pramANa nahIM mAne jAte aura yaha Avazyaka nahIM samajhA jAtA ki siddhAMtoM kI puSTi ke lie kevala vedoM ko hI AdhAra mAnA jaaye| nAstika darzanoM vizeSakara jaina darzana ne vedoM ke prAmANya evaM unakI apauruSeyatA kA khaMDana kiyA hai| jainAcArya bhAvasena traividha ne apane graMtha 'vizvatattvaprakAza' meM vedoM kI apauruSeyatA kA aneka tarkoM dvArA nirAsa kiyA hai| vedoM kI apauruSeyatA ke khaMDana se pUrva Astika darzanoM dvArA apauruSeyatA kI svIkAryatA ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| mImAMsA kA mata vedoM kI apauruSeyatA ke maMDana ke lie pratinidhi ke rUpa meM upasthita hai| mImAMsA ke anusAra veda anAdi aura nitya haiN| veda saba satya vidyAoM kA bhaMDAra nic AcArya bhAvasena kA mata 1. vedoM ke ApauruSeyatva kA nirAsa - ___ cArvAkoM ke anusAra kAdambarI Adi ke vAkyoM ke samAna sabhI vAkya puruSakRta hote haiM ata: veda vAkya bhI puruSakRta haiN| yaha mata jaina dArzanikoM ko bhI svIkArya hai| (a) AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra mImAMsakoM ne vedoM ko apauruSeya mAnA hai kyoMki vedAdhyayana kI paramparA avicchinna hai kiMtu unake kartA kauna haiM isakA kisI ko smaraNa nahIM hai| yadi koI kartA hotA to kisI ko usakA smaraNa avazya hotaa| __AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra mImAMsA kA yaha tarka doSapUrNa hai| kartA kA smaraNa nahIM hai, ata: kartA hI nahIM hai yaha ucita nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha- tripiTaka ke kartA kA smaraNa nahIM hai ataH ve bhI apauruSeya hai| jabaki bauddha vidvAna inheM pauruSeya/puruSakRta mAnate haiN| jaba piTakatraya ko apramANa mAnA jAtA hai to veda bhI apramANa hogeM- donoM meM vizeSa aMtara nahIM hai| uparokta tarka-'veda kA kartA hI nahIM hai ata: usakA smaraNa nahIM hotA', meM anyonyAzraya doSa hai| kyoMki pahale kahA gayA hai ki smaraNa nahIM hotA isaliye kartA nahIM hai| aba kahA gayA ki kartA nahIM hai isalie smaraNa nahIM hotaa| ise siddha karane

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11 AcArya bhAvasena kRta veda prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA ke lie kisI svataMtra pramANa kI AvazyakatA hai| yaha kahane se parasparAzrita doSa hai ki veda apauruSeya hai isalie pramANa hai| dUsarA kathana veda pramANa hai ataH apauruSeya hai| AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra jaina Agama sarvajJapraNIta hone se pramANabhUta hote haiN| ata: pramANa hone ke lie apauruSeya honA jarurI nhiiN| (ba) AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra veda ke kartA kA smaraNa nahIM hai, kathana ucita nahIM hai| bauddha dArzanikoM kA mata hai ki veda ke kartA aSTaka, yAjJavalkya Adi RSi hai| isa para AkSepa karate hue mImAMsakoM kA tarka hai ki pratipakSiyoM meM veda ke kartA ke viSaya meM mataikya nahIM hai ata: unake kathana vizvasanIya nahIM hai| jainAcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra pratipakSiyoM meM veda ke kartA ke nAma ke bAre meM mataikya nahIM hone ke bAvajUda veda kA koI kartA avazya thA isa viSaya meM ekamata hai| ataH veda ke kartA kA smaraNa hI nahIM hai yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hai| (sa) mImAMsako kA eka AkSepa yaha hai ki jise eka bAra kisI vastu kA anubhava huA hai use hI usakA smaraNa ho sakatA hai| prativAdI ko veda-kartA kA anubhava hI nahIM huA hai ataH smaraNa bhI nahIM ho sktaa| AcArya bhAvasena kA uttara yaha hai ki pratyakSa anubhava na hone para bhI vRddhoM ke upadeza se veda ke kartA kA smaraNa ho sakatA hai tathA zabda/vAkya puruSakRta hote haiM isa anumAna se bhI veda ke kartA kA anumAna ho sakatA hai| dvitIya, sabhI deza aura sabhI kAloM meM sabhI vyaktiyoM ko kaise huA? yadi aisA saMbhava hai to mImAMsaka sarvajJa hI siddha hoNge| (da) mImAMsakoM kA tarka hai ki vedasyAdhyayanaM sarvaM gurvdhyynpuurvkm| vedAdhyayanavAcyatvAdadhunAdhyayana ythaa| arthAt jaise isa samaya veda kA adhyayana guru paramparA se kiyA jAtA hai vaise hI sarvadA hotA hai- vedAdhyayana avicchinna gurU paramparA se calatA hai| ata: vaha anAdi hai- kisI vyakti dvArA zurU kiyA huA nahIM hai| AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra yaha kathana sadoSa hai| Apastamba sUtra, baudhAyana kalpasUtra, baudhAyana, kaNva zAkhA ina nAmoM se hI spaSTa hai ki Apastamba, baudhAyana, kaNva Adi AcAyoM ne vedAdhyayana kI usa zAkhA kA prArambha kiyA hai| ataH vedAdhyayana kI paramparA anAdi nahIM hai| dvitIya, isa samaya veda kA hI adhyayana gurU

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saMdIpa kumAra ziSya paramparA se calatA hai aisA nahIM- piTakatraya kA adhyayana bhI gurU ziSya paraMparA se hI calatA hai| piTakAdhyayanaM sarvaM gurvdhyynpuurvkm| piTakAdhyayanavAcyatvAdadhunAdhyayanaM ythaa| phira mImAMsaka piTakatraya ko pramANabhUta kyoM nahIM mAnate? yadi bauddha tripiTaka ko puruSakRta mAnate haiM ata: ve apramANa haiM to bauddha matAnusAra veda bhI puruSakRta haiM ataH unheM bhI apramANa mAnanA hogaa| ata: veda aura piTakatraya ke pramANabhUta hone meM aMtara karanA pakSapAtapUrNa hogA, tArkika nhiiN|' mImAMsakoM ne anumAna prastuta kiyA hai ki atItAnAgatau kAlau vedkaarvivrjitau| kaalshbdaabhidheytvaadidaaniiNtnkaalvt| yaha kAla vedakartA se rahita hai usI prakAra sabhI kAla vedakartA se rahita hote haiN| ataH atIta aura bhaviSya meM bhI veda ke kartA nahIM ho skte| AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra yaha anumAna bhI doSapUrNa hai| vividha vaidika graMthoM ke kartA bodhAyana, Apastamba, AzvalAyana, yAjJavalkya Adi jisa kAla meM the use vedakartA se rahita kaise kahA jA sakatA hai| jaise mahAbhArata Adi graMthoM ke racayitA vyAsa Adi RSi the| usI prakAra vividha vaidika graMthoM ke racayitA Apastamba Adi RSi the| ataH ina donoM meM pharka karanA ThIka nahIM hai| mahAbhArata Adi graMthoM ke aMta meM graMthakAra ke nAma pAe jAte haiN| vaise vaidika granthoM ke aMta meM nahIM pAe jaate| ataH una graMthoM kA koI kartA nahIM yaha kahanA bhI ucita nhiiN| kyoMki eka to kaI vaidika graMthoM meM kartA kA nAma pAyA jAtA hai- jaise ki baudhAyana kalpasUtra meM "vaha nArAyaNa meM praveza karatA hai aisA bhagavAna baudhAyana ne kahA hai" yaha ullekha hai| dvitIya, mAtra nAma na milane se koI graMtha kartA se rahita nahIM ho jAtA - vartamAna meM bhI kucha kavi apanA nAma likhe binA graMtha racanA karate hai kiMtu itane se unake graMtha apauruSeya nahIM ho skte| 2. vedakartA ke sUcaka vaidika vAkya :- mImAMsA ke anusAra jisa prakAra AkAza ke kartA kA kisI pramANa se jJAna nahIM hotA usI prakAra veda ke kartA kA bhI kisI pramANa se jJAna nahIM hotaa| ata: veda kA koI kartA nahIM hai| ___ AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra uparokta tarka ucita nahIM hai| veda ke kartA ke viSaya meM vaidika graMthoM ke hI Agama pramANa milate haiN| jaise ki kahA hai- "usa samaya dina nahIM thA, rAta bhI nahIM thI, sirpha eka prajApati thA, usane tapa kiyA, usake tapa karane se

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AcArya bhAvasena kRta veda prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA cAra veda utpanna hue|" isa para mImAMsakoM kA mata hai ki veda ke vidhivAda tathA arthavAda nAmaka do bhAga kiye jA sakate haiN| inameM mukhya bhAga vidhivAda hai| vidhAyaka vAkya hameM kisI karma ko karane kA yA na karane kA Adeza dete haiN| isa prakAra vidhivAda karmaparaka Adeza detA haiM (abhihitaanvyvaad)| arthavAda yA siddhArthavAkya varNanAtmaka haiM jo hameM satya padArthoM kA jJAna karAte haiN| prabhAkara ke anusAra arthavAda bhI karma kA sahAyaka banakara hI prAmANika ho sakatA hai (anvitaabhidhaanvaad)| jaina AcArya ke anusAra mImAMsakoM kA mata hai ki vidhAyaka vAkya to pramANa hai kintu siddhArtha vAkya pramANa nahIM hai, ucita nahIM haiM kyoMki Agama meM aisA bheda karanA anucita hai jaise pratyakSa pramANa kArya aura siddha donoM arthoM meM pramANa hotA hai, vaise hI sabhI pramANa hote haiN| ata: Agama ko bhI kArya aura siddha (vidhAyaka aura siddhArtha) donoM viSayoM meM pramANa mAnanA caahie| __isa para mImAMsakoM kA AkSepa hai ki Agama pramANa zabda para Azrita hai aura zabda apane kAryaparaka artha yA vidhAyaka vAkya ke rUpa meM niyata hai| ataH Agama vidhAyaka vAkya yA kAryaviSaya meM hI pramANa hai| pratyakSa pramANa zabdoM para Azrita nahIM hai ataH usameM aisI maryAdA nahIM hai| AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra uparokta tarka ucita nahIM hai kyoMki prathama to, zabda kAryaparaka artha (vidhAyaka vAkya) meM hI niyata hote haiM aisA koI niyama nahIM haisiddhArtha vAkyoM ke liye bhI zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai| dvitIya, Agama ko vidhAyaka vAkya meM hI pramANa mAnakara bhI uparyukta AgamavAkya kA spaSTIkaraNa ho sakatA haiyaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'prajApati veda ke kartA haiM ata: unakI ArAdhanA karanI caahie|' mImAMsakoM kA mata hai ki vedoM meM jo kriyA pada hai unase vahI adRSTa artha vyakta hotA hai jisakA jJAna anya pramANoM se nahIM hotaa| jainAcArya ke anusAra jaise saba zabda dRSTa tathA adRSTa donoM viSayoM meM prayukta hote haiM vaise hI veda ke zabda prayukta hue haiN| ata: aisA niyama banAnA ki ve adRSTa viSaya ko hI vyakta karate hai, ucita nahIM hai| isa viSaya meM pUrvavartI AcArya ne kahA hai- "yadi adRSTa ko Agama se bhinna pramANa kA viSaya mAnate haiM to vaha apUrva viSaya nahIM rhegaa| kintu anya pramANoM se adRSTa kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra zabdoM dvArA isakA varNana saMbhava nahIM hogaa|" ata: veda pratipAdita viSayoM kA jJAna anya pramANoM se bhI hotA hai

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54 . saMdIpa kumAra tathA veda ke kriyApada yA vidhAyaka vAkya adRSTa se bhinna anya padArthoM kA bhI varNana karate haiM, yaha svIkAra karanA caahie| tadanusAra 'prajApati se veda utpanna hue' isa vedavAkya se hI veda ke kartA kA astitva spaSTa hotA hai| mImAMsakoM kA kathana hai ki siddhArtha vAkya pramiti ko utpanna nahIM karate ata: ye vAkya pramANa nahIM hote| AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra yaha ucita nahIM hai| siddhArtha vAkya ko sunakara artha kI pratIti to hotI hI haiN| yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki pramiti utpanna nahIM hotii| ___ mImAMsakoM kA uttara hai ki siddhArtha vAkya se artha to pratIta hotA hai kiMtu vaha pratIti smaraNarUpa hai| ata: yaha pramANa nahIM hai| __ AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra mImAMsakoM kA yaha uttara bhI aMtataH pratikUla hI siddha hotA hai| unake kathanAnusAra 'prajApati se veda utpanna hue' isa prastuta vAkya ko smaraNarUpa mAneM to spaSTa hai kisI ko isakA anubhava bhI huA hogA kyoMki anubhava se utpanna saMskAra se hI smaraNa hotA hai| zAlikanAtha ne smRti ke viSaya meM kahA bhI pramANamanubhUtiH sA smRteranyA punaH smRtiH| pUrvavijJAnasaMskAramAtra jnyaanmuccte|| arthAt "anubhUti pramANa hotI hai tathA vaha smRti se bhinna hotI hai| smRti vaha jJAna hai jo pahale ke jJAna ke saMskAra se utpanna hotA hai|" ata: 'prajApati se veda utpanna hue' isa vAkya ko smaraNarUpa mAnane para bhI asatya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| tadanurUpa veda apaurUSeya nahIM ho skte| veda pauruSeya haiM kiMtu sarvajJapraNIta nahIM haiM ataH ve pramANabhUta nahIM hai| 3. veda bahusammata nahIM hai vedoM ke samarthaka mImAMsA Adi darzanoM kA mata hai ki Ayurveda ke samAna veda bhI bahata logoM ko mAnya hai ata: ve pramANa haiN| jainAcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra sirpha bahuta logoM ko mAnya honA pramANabhUta hone kA sUcaka nahIM hai| tarUSka (maleccha) logoM ke zAstra bhI bahuta logoM ko mAnya haiM kiMtu unheM vedAnuyAyI pramANa nahIM maante| isake pratiuttara meM kahA jAtA hai ki sAdhAraNa logoM kI mAnyatA se pramANabhUta honA vyakta nahIM hotA- vedoM ko hI viziSTa vyaktiyoM kI mAnyatA prApta hai ata: vaha pramANa hai| yahA~ prazna hai ki viziSTa

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AcArya bhAvasena kRta veda prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA 55 vyakti kinheM mAnA jAe? jo veda kA anusaraNa karate haiM ve viziSTa haiM, yaha kahanA parasparAzraya doSa hogA kyoMki veda pramANa haiM yA nahIM, yahI prastuta vivAda kA viSaya hai| ___ yadi yuktivAda yA tarka kA Azraya lene se viziSTatA prApta hotI hai to yahA~ prazna upasthita hotA hai ki veda ko pramANa mAnanevAle yuktivAdI viziSToM meM atyadhika virodha kyoM pAyA jAtA hai? bhATTa mImAMsaka gyAraha padArtha mAnate haiM tathA prabhAkara mImAMsaka nau padArtha mAnate haiN| ye donoM Izvara kA tathA indra Adi devatAoM kA astitva nahIM maante| ye jagat ko nitya mAnate haiM- jagata kI utpatti aura pralaya para vizvAsa nahIM karate, saMsAra ko satya mAnate haiM, jagat kI sthiti hamezA aisI hI rahatI hai jaisI isa samaya haiN| ve AtmAoM kI saMkhyA bhI aneka mAnate haiN| ve jagat kI nityatA meM nimna vedavAkya AdhAra ke rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM dhruvA dhaudhuvA pRthivI dhruvAsaH parvate ime| dhruvaM vizvamiMda jagat dhruvo rAjA vishaamym|| dhruvaM te rAjA varUNo dhruvaM devo bRhsptiH| dhruvaM te indrazcAgnizca rASTraM dhArayatAM dhruvm|| arthAt 'yaha AkAza tathA pRthvI, parvata tathA saMpUrNa jagat dhruva hai usI prakAra yaha prajAoM kA rAjA bhI dhruva rheN| rAjA varUNa, deva bRhaspati, indra tathA agni tumhAre rAjya ko dhruva bnaaeN|' ___ isake viparIta zAMkarIya tathA bhAskarIya vedAMtI Izvara tathA devatAoM kA astitva mAnate haiM tathA jagat kI utpatti tathA pralaya mAnate haiM, AtmA eka hI mAnate haiM tathA saMsAra ko mithyA kahate haiN| inake pramANabhUta vedavAkya nimna haiM - sarvaM khalviMda brahma neha nAnasti kiNcn| ArAmaM tasya pazyanti na taM pazyati kNcn||" 'yaha saba brahma hI hai, yahA~ nAnA kucha nahIM hai, saba usake prabhAva ko dekhate haiM, use koI nahIM dekhtaa|' inameM bhI paraspara matabheda haiM - zAMkarIya to sirpha abheda hI mAnate haiM, bhAskarIya brahma aura prapaMca meM bhedAbheda mAnate haiN| naiyAyika solaha padArtha mAnate haiM aura vaizeSika chaha padArtha mAnate haiN| ye donoM jagat kI utpatti aura pralaya mAnate haiM, Izvara aura devatAoM kA astitva mAnate haiM, prapaMca satya mAnate haiM tathA AtmAoM kI saMkhyA aneka mAnate haiN| inake pramANabhUta vedavAkya

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saMdIpa kumAra wit ye haiM - vizvatazcakSurUta vizvatomukho vizvatobAhurUta vishvtHpaat| zaM bAhabhyAM dhamati saMpatatrai dyAvAbhUmI janayan deva ekH||2 'yaha eka deva hai jo pRthvI aura AkAza ko utpanna karatA hai, isakI A~kheM sarvatra haiM, isake mukha, bAha aura paira sarvatra haiM tathA yaha apane bAhaoM se kalyANa kA nirmANa karatA hai|' sezvarasAMkhya darzana ke anuyAyI bhI Izvara va devatAoM ko tathA sRSTi aura saMhAra ko mAnate haiM tathA AdhAra ke rUpa meM ye vedavAkya prastuta karate haiM - brAhmaNo'sya mukhamAsId bAhU rAjanyaH kRtH| urU tadasya yad vaizyaH padbhyAM zUdro ajaayt|| candramA manaso jAta: cakSu suuryo'jaayt|| mukhAdindrazcAgnizca prANAd vaayurjaayt||3 "usa (sarvavyApI purUSa) kA mukha hI brAhmaNa the, kSatriya usake bAhu the, vaizya usakI jaMghAe~ the| tathA zUdra usake pairoM se utpanna hue the| usake mana se candramA, A~khoM se sUrya, mukha se indra tathA agni evaM zvAsa se vAyu utpanna huA thaa|" nirIzvara sAMkhya dArzanika IzvarAdi devatAoM ko nahIM mAnate, AtmA ko bhoktA mAnate haiM, kintu kartA nahIM mAnate, AtmA ko jJAna se rahita, sarvadA zuddha mAnate haiN| inake mata meM jagat kI sRSTi tathA saMhAra kA krama isa prakAra hai- 'prakRti se mahat, usa se ahaMkAra, usa se solaha tattvoM kA samudAya tathA una solaha meM se pA~ca tanmAtrAoM se paMcamahAbhUta AvirbhUta hote haiN|' prakRtermahAMstato'haMkArastasmAd guNazca ssoddshkH| tasmAdapi SoDazakAt paMcabhyaH pNcbhuutaani||| isa prakAra vaidika darzanoM meM paraspara virodha itanA prabala hai ki una saba ko yuktivAdI yA tarkasaMgata kahanA saMbhava nhiiN| isalie yuktivAdI bahumata veda ko pramANa mAnatA hai yaha kahanA bhI vyartha hotA hai| vedoM ke bahusammata hone meM Ayurveda kA jo udAharaNa diyA hai vaha bhI nirUpayogI hai kyoMki Ayurveda koI pUrNa pramANa nahIM hai, yadi vaha pUrNa pramANa hotA to usa se niyamapUrvaka saba vyAdhiyA~ dUra hotI kiMtu aisA nahIM hai| ataH vedoM kI pramANatA meM Ayurveda kA udAharaNa vyartha hai|

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AcArya bhAvasena kRta veda prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA 4. veda sadoSa haiM : mImAMsakoM kA kathana hai ki jisa prakAra pratyakSa, anumAna, Apta purUSa kA vacana nirdoSa kAraNoM se utpanna hone para pramANa hote haiM, usI prakAra vedavAkyoM kI preraNA bhI pramANa hai kyoMki vaha nirdoSa kAraNoM se utpanna hotI hai| 57 AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra yaha ucita nahIM hai| veda sarvajJapraNIta nahIM haiM ataH ve doSarahita nahIM ho sakate aura isIlie pramANa bhI nahIM ho skte| veda apaurUSeya haiM ataH nirdoSa haiM yaha kathana bhI ucita nahIM kyoMki veda apaurUSeya nahIM ho skte| vedavAkya pramANa haiM kyoMki Ayurveda ke samAna vedavAkya bhI anya pramANoM se vAdhita nahIM hote| mImAMsakoM kA yaha anumAna bhI ucita nahIM hai| " AtmA se AkAza utpanna huA" Adi vedavAkyoM ko naiyAyika bAdhita mAnate haiN| "usake cakSu sarvatra haiM" Adi vedavAkyoM ko vedAntI bAdhita mAnate haiN| mImAMsaka ina donoM ko galata kahate haiN| kucha vAkya to saba ko amAnya hone jaise haiM, udAharaNa ke lie- tUMbI DUbatI hai, patthara tairate haiM, aMdhe ne maNi ko bIMdhA, devoM kI gAyeM ulTI bahatI haiM, aadi| ina saba bAdhAoM ke hote hue vedavAkyoM ko abAdhita kaise kahA jA sakatA hai? isa anumAna kA udAharaNa bhI sadoSa hai kyoMki Ayurveda pUrNata: abAdhita nahIM hai kyoMki usase saba vyAdhiyA~ dUra nahIM hotii| ataH abAdhita hone se veda pramANa hai yaha kathana nirarthaka hai| 5. veda pauruSeya haiM : veda pauruSeya haiM kyoMki ve vAkyoM meM niMbaddha haiM tathA vAkya pauruSeya hI hote haiN| veda' triSTup, anuSTupa Adi chaMdoM meM haiN| ataH ve vAkya nahIM hai, kahanA ucita nahIM kyoMki chaMdobaddha athavA abaddha donoM prakAra ke zabda samUhoM ko vAkya kahate haiN| amarakoza meM kahA bhI hai. suptiDatocayo vAkyaM kriyA vA kaarkaanvitaa|5 'vibhakti tathA kriyA ke pratyayoM se yukta zabdoM kA samUha vAkya kahalAtA hai, * athavA kAraka se yukta kriyA ko vAkya kahate haiN|' 'vedoM meM vAkya to haiM kintu unake kartA kA smaraNa nahIM hai ataH ve vAkya pauruSeya nahIM haiN| yaha kathana bhI saMbhava nahIM hai| jisake kartA kA smaraNa nahIM vaha apauruSeya hai, yaha koI niyama nahIM hai| yadi yaha kaheM ki jina vAkyoM ke viSaya meM 'ye kRta haiM' aisA jJAna hotA hai ve hI vAkya pauruSaSeya haiM to isase bhI vedavAkya pauruSeya hI siddha hote haiM kyoMki veda 7

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58 saMdIpa kumAra vAkyoM ke viSaya meM bhI 'ye kRta haiM' yaha jJAna hotA hI hai| jina vAkyoM kI racanA zakya ho ve hI pauruSeya hote haiN| yaha niyama vaisA hI hai| vedavAkyoM kI racanA bhI zakya hai ataH isa niyama ke anusAra unheM pauruSeya kahanA cAhie jo vAkya atIndriya viSayoM kA varNana karate haiM unakI racanA puruSoM dvArA zakya nahIM, ucita nahIM hai| piTakatraya atIndriya viSayoM kA varNana karate haiM kintu unakI racanA puruSoM dvArA hI huI hai| "vedoM meM samArthyayukta maMtra hai ataH veda pramANa haiM, yaha kathana upayukta nahIM hai| sAmarthyayukta maMtra piTakatraya meM bhI haiM phira mImAMsaka unako pramANa kyoM nahIM mAnate ? tripaTaka meM vedoM se hI maMtra liye gae haiM, yaha kahanA bhI saMbhava nahIM kyoMki veda saMskRta meM haiM aura tripaTaka prAkRta bhASA meM haiN| veda pauruSeya haiM yaha siddha karane kA sazakta pramANa yaha hai ki vedoM meM rAjarSiyoM kI carita-kathAe~ pAI jAtI haiN| vedamaMtroM ke mukhya cAra prakAra haiM- vidhi, maMtra, arthavAda tathA purAtana kthaavrnnn| vidhi vaha hai jisameM ajJAta vastu kI jAnakArI dI jAtI hai, jaise - saMdhyA kI upAsanA karanI cAhie, agnihotra kA havana karanA caahie| maMtra anuSThAna meM upayukta vAkya haiM, jaise- (agnaye svAhA ) 'agni ko arpaNa ho', (agne idaM na mama) 'yaha agni kA hai, merA nhiiN|' arthavAda anuSThAna kI stuti karane vAle vAkya haiM, jaise- puNya karane vAle loga mRtyu ke bAda usa sthAna meM jAte hai jahA~ garmI nahIM hotI, bhUkha nahIM hotI, glAni nahIM hotI, saba para jaya prApta hotI hai| purAtana kathA kA udAharaNa- deva-asura saMgrAma kathA, jisame devoM kI vijaya huii| ina udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki vedoM meM rAjarSiyoM kI carita-kathAe~ hai| ataH veda pauruSeya siddha hote haiN| veda meM vizvAmitra, janaka, janamejaya Adi jo nAma pAe jAte haiM ve viziSTa deza aura kAla meM vidyamAna vyaktiyoM ke haiM, gau, azva Adi jAti- nAmoM se tathA daNDadhArI, chatradhArI Adi upAdhisUcaka nAmoM se ye nAma bhinna haiN| kAdambarI, citralekhA Adi nAmoM ke samAna ina nAmoM kA prayoga bhI puruSakRta saMketa para avalambita hai| ataH vedoM meM inakA pAyA jAnA veda puruSakRta hone kA spaSTa pramANa haiN| tathA 'iSa tathA urja meM aMgirasa' Adi nAma bhI saMketa siddha haiM / bhaTTi, cANakya Adi nAmoM ke samAna aMgirasa Adi nAma bhI niyata vyakti kA vAcaka hai tathA jAti va upAdhi se bhinna hai| ataH puruSakRta saMketa dvArA hI isakA prayoga saMbhava hai| vedoM ke maMtra triSTup anuSTupa Adi chaMdoM meM nibaddha haiM tathA chaMdoM ke samUha haiM ataH mahAbhArata Adi ke samAna veda bhI

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AcArya bhAvasena kRta veda prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA puruSakRta hI siddha hote haiN| 6. zabda ke nityatva kA niSedha mImAMsakoM kA kathana hai ki zabda nitya hai ata: zabdasamuharUpa veda bhI nitya hai| AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra zabda hI nitya nahIM ata: veda bhI nitya nahIM hai| 'zabda sunA jAtA hai ata: yaha nitya hai' yaha anumAna ucita nahIM kyoMki udAtta, anunAsika Adi dhvani bhI sune jAte haiM kiMtu ve nitya nahIM haiN| mImAMsakoM ke anusAra 'yaha vahI AkAza hai' isake samAna 'yaha vahI zabda haiM' aisA jJAna hotA hai, ataH zabda nitya hai| yaha anumAna bhI ThIka nhiiN| zarIra kI viziSTa kriyAe~- nRtya kI mudrAM Adi- duharAI jAtI haiM taba unameM bhI pratyabhijJAna hotA hai- 'yaha vahI mudrAe~ hai' aisA jJAna hotA hai kiMtu ye mudrAe~ nitya nahIM hotii| mudrAe~ anitya haiM ata: unameM pratyabhijJAna bhramajanita hai kiMtu zabda ke viSaya meM pratyabhijJAna bhramarahita hai kyoMki zabda nitya hai| AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra zabda nitya hai yA nahIM yahI jaba vivAda kA viSaya hai taba "zabda nitya hai ata: usakA pratyabhijJAna bhramarahita hai" yaha kahanA kaise saMbhava hai? isameM anyonyAzraya bhramarahita hai yaha kahanA kaise saMbhava hai? isameM anyonyAzraya doSa hogaa| ata: zabda ko nitya siddha karane ke lie kisI dUsare pramANa kI AvazyakatA hai| ___ "zabda AkAza ke samAna amUrta hai, ataH nitya hai", yaha anumAna bhI ucita nhiiN| kriyAe~ amUrta hotI haiM kiMtu nitya nahIM hotii| isa doSa ko dUra karane ke lie isI anumAna kA rUpAntaraNa karate haiM- "zabda amUrta dravya hai, ataH nitya hai|" kiMtu yaha sadoSa hai| naiyAyikoM ke anusAra zabda guNa hai, dravya nahIM; dUsarI ora jaina matAnusAra zabda dravya to hai kiMtu mUrta hai- ata: zabda amUrta dravya hai, yaha kathana vivAdaspada hai| zabda ke mUrta hone kA pramANa yaha hai ki vaha sparzayukta hai| kAMse ke pAtra para zabda kA AghAta hone para vaise hI nAda utpanna hotA hai jaise kisI koNa (vINA bajAne kA daNDa) ke AghAta se utpanna hotI hai| nisAnAdi vAdyoM ke pracaNDa nAda se tathA paidala senA ke padAghAta ke nAda se prAsAda girate hue dekhe gae haiN| ina sabhI udAharaNoM se zabda kA sparzayukta tathA mUrta honA spaSTa hai| "zabda AkAza kA guNa hai, ata: AkAza kI vyApakatA ke samAna zabda bhI nitya hai|"aacaary bhAvasena ke anusAra yaha kathana yuktiyukta nahIM kyoMki zabda AkAza kA guNa nahIM hai| AkAza ke guNa bAhya indriyoM se jJAta hotA hai| ataH zabda AkAza kA guNa nahIM ho sktaa|

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60 saMdIpa kumAra AcArya bhAvasena ke matAnusAra zabda aisA bhAvarUpa padArtha hai jo kRtaka hai| ataH vidyuta Adi ke samAna zabda bhI anitya hai| bolane kI icchA hone para puruSa ke prayatna se tAla, jIbha Adi kI kriyA se zabda nirmANa hotA hai| ataH zabda ko kRta kahA gayA hai| isake virodha meM pratipakSiyoM kA mata hai ki tAlu Adi kI kriyA zabda ko sirpha vyakta karatI hai- utpanna nahIM krtii| ___ uparokta kathana ucita nahIM hai| tAlu Adi kI kriyA meM aura zabda meM niyata anvayavyatireka saMbaMdha pAyA jAtA hai- kriyA ho to zabda utpanna hotA hai, kriyA na ho to zabda utpanna nahIM hotA hai| ata: tAlu Adi kI kriyA ko zabda kA utpAdaka hI mAnanA cAhie vyakta hone vAlI aura vyakta karane vAlI vastuoM meM niyata anvayavyatireka nahIM pAyA jAtA- 'dIpaka ho to ghara hai, dIpaka nahIM ho to ghara nahIM hotA' yaha kahanA saMbhava nahIM hai| zabda nitya aura sarvagata hai ata: tAlu Adi kI kriyA hone para niyamata: zabda vyakta hotA hai| yaha kahanA bhI ucita nhiiN| zabda nitya nahIM tathA zabda sarvagata bhI nahIM hai kyoMki vaha bAhya indriyoM se jJAta hotA hai| isa prakAra zabda kI anityatA spaSTa hotI hai| tadanusAra zabdasamuha rUpa veda bhI paurUSeya va anitya siddha hote haiN| ata: veda apaurUSeya ataeva pramANa hai| yaha kahanA ucita nahIM haiN| 7. vedoM kA bAdhita viSayatva ___ AcArya bhAvasena ke matAnusAra veda apramANa hai kyoMki ve Apta purUSa-sarvajJa dvArA praNIta nahIM hai| isake mata ke pratipakSI AkSepa karate hai ki mImAMsakamatAnusAra veda sarvajJapraNIta na ho, kiMtu naiyAyika matAnusAra to veda sarvajJa- IzvarapraNIta haiN| isake samarthana meM kathana hai anantaraM tu vaktrebhyo vedAstasya viniHstaaH| pratimanvantaraM caiva zrutiranyA vidhiiyte|| ___ "tadantara Izvara ke mukhoM se veda nikle| isa prakAra pratyeka manvantara me bhinna-bhinna veda kI utpatti hotI hai|" AcArya ke anusAra Izvara sarvajJa nahIM ho sktaa| ataH Izvara praNIta hone para bhI veda pramANa nahIM ho skte| veda ke apramANa hone kA eka yaha bhI kAraNa hai ki usakA kathana pramANabadhita hai| vedavAkyoM ke vibhinna vaidika darzana bAdhita samajhate haiN| vedavAkyoM meM paraspara virodha bhI hai jaise

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AcArya bhAvasena kRta veda prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA sahastrazIrSA puruSaH sahastrAkSaH shstrpaat| sa bhUmiM vizvato vRtvA atyatipRSThada dshaanggulm||6 "usa puruSa ke hajAra sira the, hajAra A~khe thI, hajAra paira the, vaha bhUmi ko saba ora se gherakara dasa aMgula adhika rhaa|" uparokta vAkya ke virodha meM nimna sUtra hai__ apANipAdo javano grahItA pazyatyacakSuH sa shRnnotykrnnH| sa veti vizvaM na hi tasya vettA tamAharaNyaM purUSaM mhaantm||" 'agraNI mahAna puruSa vaha hai jisake hAtha-paira nahIM haiM kiMtu jo vegavAna hai, A~khe na hone para bhI jo dekhatA hai, kAna na hote hue bhI jo sunatA hai tathA jo saba jAnatA hai kiMtu use koI nahIM jaantaa|' yaha vAkya bhI hai| ___ isa virodha ke samAdhAna ke lie kahA jAtA hai ki Izvara to sadA mukta hai kiMtu bhaktoM ke anugraha ke lie zarIra dhAraNa karatA hai| ata: ye donoM varNana do avasthAoM ke lie haiN| AcArya bhAvasena ke anusAra yaha samAdhAna upayukta nahIM hai| jo mukta hai vaha sadAcAra-durAcAra se rahita hotA hai ata: usake koI adRSTa (puNya-pApa) nahIM hotA tathA adRSTa ke binA zarIra dhAraNa karanA saMbhava nahIM hai| ata: Izvara mukta hai tathA zarIra dhAraNa karatA hai| ye kathana spaSTataH paraspara viruddha hai| vedavAkyoM ke paraspara virodha kA eka udAharaNa aura hai 'tarati zokaM tarati pApmAnaM tarati brahmahatyAM yo'zvameghena yajate ya u cainamevaM ved|' ___ arthAt 'jo azvamegha yajJa karatA hai usakA zoka-pApa dUra hotA hai, use brahmahatyA ke pApa se chuTakArA milatA hai| jo isa prakAra jAnatA hai use bhI yahI phala milatA hai|' isa prakAra yahA~ atyAdhika vyaya tathA prayAsa se hone vAle yajJa kA phala tathA usa yajJa kA jAnane mAtra kA phala samAna kahA gayA hai jo asaMbhava hai| veda ke jJAna kI mahimA nirUkta meM bhI kahI hai 'sthANurayaM bhArahAra: kilAbhUdadhItya vedaM na vijAnAti yo'rthm| arthajJa it sakalaM bhadramaznute nAkameti jnyaanvidhuutpaapmaa| arthAt "jo veda ko kaNThastha karatA hai kiMtu usakA artha nahIM jAnatA vaha sirpha bojhA DhonevAle khaMbhe ke samAna jar3a hai, jo usa artha ko jAnatA hai vaha saba maMgala prApta karatA hai tathA jJAna se pApa ko dUra kara svarga prApta karatA hai|" isa prakAra yadi veda jJAtA ko brahmahatyA se chuTakArA milane kI bAta sahI hai to use brahmahatyA kA prAyazcita karanA Avazyaka nahIM hogaa| kiMtu isake viruddha vaidika

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saMdIpa kumAra graMthoM meM kahA gayA hai ki azvatthAmA ko brahmahatyA kI sirpha zaMkA hone para bhI bar3A prAyazcita diyA gyaa| azvatthAmA ko rUdra kA avatAra kahA gayA hai ata: vaha veda jAnatA hogA isameM saMdeha nhiiN| uparokta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki jJAna se pApa dUra nahIM hote| mImAMsaka uttara dete haiM ki yajJa ke jAnane se yaha phala prApta hotA hai| yaha kathana arthavAda yA siddhArthavAkya hai-prazaMsA ke liye kahA hai, akSarazaH satya nahIM hai| kintu aisA mAnane para yajJa karane kA phala bhI akSarazaH satya hai isakA nizcaya kaise hogA? ataH isa pUre kathana meM paraspara virodha dUra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 8. vedoM meM hiMsA kA vidhAna: veda isa liye bhI apramANa hai ki unameM turUSkoM (mlechoM) ke samAna brAhmaNa Adi ke vadha karane kA vidhAna hai- kahA hai- "brahmA ke liye brAhmaNa kA vadha kareM, kSatra ke liye kSatriya kA, marUto ke liye vaizya kA, tapa ke liye zUdra kA tathA tama ke liye cora kA vadha kreN|" ___ "brahmaNe brAhmaNamAlabheta kSatrAyaM rAjanyaM marUbhyo vaizyaM tapase zUdraM tamase taskaram ityAdinA braahmnnaadivdhvidhaanaat|" uparokta maMtra meM yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki brAhmaNa ke vadha kA tAtparya brAhmaNa ko sparza karanA hai| kintu yaha spaSTataH galata hai| yadi vadha kA artha sparza karanA ho to 'aizvarya kI icchA ho to sapheda bakare kI bali deM yahA~ bakare ko sparza karane se vidhi pUrNa kyo nahIM hotI? .. viziSTa yajJoM meM brAhmaNa Adi kA vadha bhI pApa kA kAraNa na hokara puNya kA kAraNa hotA hai| yaha kathana bhI tArkika nhiiN| prANivadha yajJa meM ho yA anyatra ho-vaha pApa kA hI kAraNa hotA hai| mImAMsako ke anusAra sabhI vadha pApakAraNa nahIM hotejinakA zAstroM meM niSedha hai ve hI vadha pApakAraNa hote haiN| kintu uparokta kathana ucita nahIM hai| vaidika graMthoM meM pApakAraNa vadha kA bhI vidhAna milatA hai, udAharaNArtha- abhicAra se zatru kA vadha karane ke liye zyena ke yajJa kA vidhAna hai| yahA~ zyena kA vadha pApakAraNa hote huye bhI vihita hai- niziddha nhiiN| ataH jo niziddha hai ve hI vadha pApakAraNa hai yaha kahanA saMbhava nahIM hai| dUsarA kisI anumAna meM isa prakAra upAdhi batAkara doSa nikAlanA yogya nahIM-yaha dUSaNAbhAsa hai jisakA aMtarbhAva utkarSasama, apakarSasama yA saMzayasama jAti meM hotA hai|

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AcArya bhAvasena kRta veda prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA 63 ___ ata: yajJa meM aMtarbhUta hiMsA bhI pApa kA kAraNa hotI hai| use hI vedoM meM svarga kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai isalie veda apramANa hai| veda hI pramANa nahIM hai to una para AdhArita vedAMga, smRti, purANa Adi pramANa kaise ho sakate haiM? isalie cAra veda, chaH vedAMga, purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra ye caudaha sthAna jinhe yAjJavalkya smRti meM pramANa mAnA hai, pramANa pratIta nahIM hote| puraannnyaaymiimaaNsaadhrmshaastraaddmishritaaH| vedAH sthAnAni vidyAnAM dharmasya ca cturdshaa| 9. vedoM ke svataH prAmANya kA niSedha mImAMsakoM kA kathana hai ki mithyA jJAna se yA dUSita abhiprAya se kisI vaktA dvArA kahA huA vacana apramANa hotA hai kintu veda aise kisI dUSita vaktA dvArA nahIM kahe gaye hai ata: veda svayaM pramANa haiN| kahA gayA hai zabde dozAdravastAvad vaktradhIna iti sthitH| tadabhAva: kavacit tAvad gunnvdvktRktvtH|| taguNairapAnAM zabde sNkraantysNbhvaat| yad vA vakturabhAvena na syurdoSA niraashryaaH||" "zabda meM doSa kI utpatti vaktA ke kAraNa hotI hai tathA vaktA guNavAna ho to zabda nirdoSa hote haiN| guNoM ke kAraNa doSa dUra ho jAne para zabda meM doSa nahIM A skte| athavA vaktA hI na ho to koI doSa apane Apa utpanna nahIM hotaa|" isake uttara meM AcArya ne pUrva meM hI spaSTa kiyA hai ki veda apaurUSeya nahIM ho skte| ata: unheM nirdoSa kaise kahA jA sakatA hai? dvitIya, kisI vacana kI pramANatA svaMyasiddha nahIM hotii| sarala Azaya tathA yathArtha jJAna se yukta purUSa ke hI vacana pramANa hote haiN| guNoM se doSa dUra hote haiM kiMtu vacana svataH pramANa hote haiM yaha kathana ucita nahIM haiN| prakAza aMdhakAra ko dUra karatA hai, sAtha hI rUpa ke jJAna meM sahAyaka hotA hai| usI prakAra guNa doSoM ko dUra karate haiM, sAtha hI prAmANya bhI utpanna karate haiN| ataH vaktA ke doSa se vacana apramANa hotA hai, vaktA ke guNa se vacana pramANa hotA hai tathA donoM avasthAoM meM jJAna utpanna karatA hai yaha mAnanA caahie| isI prakAra anumAna meM pakSadharmatA Adi guNa hoM to vaha pramANa hotA hai, asiddha Adi doSa ho to aprAmANa hotA hai tathA donoM avasthAoM meM jJAna utpanna karatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki vacana yA anumAna meM prAmANya kI utpatti yathArtha vaktA athavA pakSadharmatA Adi guNoM

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EX saMdIpa kumAra se hI hotI hai- svataH prAmANya utpanna nahIM hotaa| pratyakSa pramANa ke viSaya meM bhI yahI tathya hai- aMdhakAra, cakSudoSa, dUra kA aMtara, bhramaNa Adi se indriyoM meM doSa utpanna ho jAte haiM, unake kAraNa vaha pratyakSa apramANa hotA hai| indriyA~ nirmala honA, samIpatA, citta sukhI honA Adi guNoM se yukta pratyakSa pramANa hotA hai| tathA ina donoM guNoM meM jJAna sAdhAraNa hai| indriyoM kA nirmala honA, samIpatA, citta sukhI honA Adi guNoM se yukta pratyakSa pramANa hotA hai| tathA ina donoM guNoM meM jJAna sAdhAraNa hai| indriyoM kA nirmala honA yaha indriyoM kA svarUpa hI hai| ata: jJAna ora prAmANya kA eka hI sAmagrI se utpanna hote haiM yaha kathana ThIka nhiiN| indriyoM kI nirmalatA svAbhAvika hone para bhI guNa hai- usI prakAra jaise durAcAra kA abhAva hI sadAcArarUpI guNa hai| isa guNa se hI prAmANya utpanna hotA hai- sirpha jJAna se utpanna nahIM hotaa| ataH prAmANya kI utpatti svata: nahIM parata: mAnanA hI ucita hai| apramANa jJAna pApa kA phala hai tathA pramANabhUta jJAna puNya kA phala hai- yaha bhI prAmANya ke svataH utpanna hone meM bAdhaka hai| jJAna aura usakA prAmANya ye jala aura agni ke samAna bhinna kArya hai ata: unakA kAraNa bhI bhinna honA caahie| jJAna aura prAmANya ke bhinna kahane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki kahIM kahIM jJAna to vidyamAn hotA hai, kiMtu prAmANya nahIM hotaa| jisa prakAra aprAmANya jJAna kI eka vizeSatA hai usI prakAra pramANya bhI jJAna kI eka vizeSatA hai| ataH aprAmANya ke samAna prAmANya kI utpatti kA kAraNa bhI jJAna kI utpatti ke kAraNa se bhinna hotA hai| prAmANya aura jJAna eka hI hai yaha kahanA to saMbhava nahIM hai kyoMki prAmANya na hone para bhI jJAna vidyamAna hotA hai| ataH jJAna aura prAmANya kI utpatti bhinna kAraNoM se hotI hai| isalie prAmANya kI utpatti svataH na mAnakara parata: mAnanI caahie| aprAmANya kI utpatti bhI parata: mAnanA ucita hai| AcArya bhAvasena prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA kA parIkSaNa mImAMsakoM ne vedoM kI apauruSeyatA siddha karane tathA pauruSeyatA ke khaMDana- zabda, artha, zabdArtha saMbaMdha vAkya tathA vAkyArtha ke mAdhyama se kiyA hai| sarvaprathama AkSepa hai ki sabhI zabdoM kI utpati puruSa se huI hai, ata: zabda-samUha rUpa veda bhI pauruSeya hai| mImAMsakoM ke anusAra yaha ucita nahIM hai| zabda nitya haiN| nityastu syAd darzanasya parArthatvAt"

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AcArya bhAvasena kRta veda prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA 65 'sabhI zabda nitya hai, kyoMki unakA uccAraNa isalie kiyA jAtA haiM ki zrotA ke kAna taka pahu~ca kara vaktA kA tAtparya batalA ske| yadi zabda asthira hoMge to madhya meM hI naSTa ho jAeMge, saMsAra kA vyavahAra hI lupta ho jaaegaa| ata: mAnanA hogA ki zabdatva nitya hai| puruSa kI utpatti se pUrva hI vartamAna thaa| __ jainAcArya kA mata hai ki zabdoM ke artha-ghaTa, paTa Adi bhI nitya nahIM ho skte| ve to nisaMdeha puruSa dvArA race gaye haiN| ata: artha pauruSeya hai| mImAMsakoM kA mata hai ki zabda kA artha vizeSa vastu nahIM apitu sAmAnya jAti hone ke kAraNa nitya hai| sAsnAdiviziSTAdbhatiriti brUma:22 mImAMsakoM ke anusAra zabda kA artha hai jaati| jaise gau zabda kA gautv| zabda kA vAcya anitya tathA pariNAmI vyakti-padArtha nahIM hotA, apitu nitya sAmAnya hotA hai| jo vyaktiyoM meM anugata rahatA hai| mImAMsakoM ke anusAra zabda aura artha kA saMbaMdha bhI nitya hai| AlocakoM kA mata hai ki zabda aura artha kA saMbaMdha sthApita karanA puruSa kA kAma hai| binA saMbaMdha sthApita kie koI bhI zabda kisI artha ko nahIM kaha sktaa| saMbaMdha 'pauruSeya hai| maharSi jaimini ke anusAra zabda aura artha kA saMbadha nitya hai use anityapauruSeya kahanA mUrkhatA hogaa| autsargikastu zabdasyArthena saMbaMdha ___ yaha zabdArtha saMbaMdha na Izvara-saMketa se AtA hai aura na rUDhigata vRddha-vyavahAra se| ata: yaha nitya hai| jaimini ke anusAra vaidika vAkyoM kI racanA bhI pauruSeya nahIM hai tadabhUtAnAM kriyArthena samAmnAyo'rthasya tannimittavAt" __mImAMsA ke anusAra jaba sabhI zabda, artha, zabdArtha saMbaMdha nitya hai, to phira sabhI sAhityika yA sArthaka graMtha nitya ho jaaeNge| taba mAtra veda ko hI nitya mAnane kA kyA kAraNa hai? mImAMsakoM ke anusAra anya graMthoM yA prabaMdhoM meM yA bhASaNoM meM zabdoM ke prayoga kA krama yA AnupUrvI raciyatA yA vaktA ke Upara nirbhara rahatI hai, ata: graMthoM Adi kA bheda prasiddha hai| isalie ye graMthAdi pauruSeya hote haiN| aura inameM saMzaya viparyaya Adi doSoM kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| kiMtu veda apauruSeya haiM, aura unameM zabdoM kA krama yA AnupUrvI bhI nitya tathA svataH nirdhArita hai| ata: veda kI nityatA, apauruSeyatA aura svataH prAmANya svata: siddha hai|

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saMdIpa kumAra saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ 1. dAsagupta esa.ena., bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa, bhAga-1 2. AcArya bhAvasena traividha, saMpAdaka pro. vidyAdhara joharApurakara, 'vizvatattvaprakAza', pR. 73 3. mImAMsAzlokavArtika, pR. 949 4. syAdvAdasiddhi, 10-30 5. tattvasaMgraha, pR. 643 6. zarmA, candradhara, bhAratIya darzana- Alocana evaM anuzIlana, pR, 197 7. AcArya bhAvasena traividha, saMpA. pro. vidyAdhara joharApurakara, 'vizvatattvaprakAza', pR. 78 8. AcArya bhAvasena traividha, saMpAdaka pro. vidyAdhara joharApurakara, 'vizvatattvaprakAza', pR. 80 9. prakaraNapaMcikA, 2-6 10. Rgveda, 10-173-4,5 11. chAMdogyopaniSad, 3-14-1 12. zvetAzvataropaniSad, 3-3 13. Rgveda, 10-90-11, 12 14. sAMkhyakArikA, 22 15. amarakoSa, amarasiMha, 1-6-2 16. Rgveda, 10-90-1 17. zvetAzvataropaniSad, 3-91 18. nirUkta, 1-17 19. yAjJavalkyasmRti, 1-1-3 20. mImAMsAzlokavArtika, pR. 65 21. jaiminisUtra, 1-1-95 22. zabarabhASya, 1-1-5 23. jaiminisUtra, 1-1-5 24. jaiminisUtra, 1-1-25

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jaina darzana evaM yogavAsiSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ manoja kumAra tivArI sAdhanA-paddhati meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA naitika vikAsa kA apanA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| cAhe vaha vaidika paddhati ho, athavA avaidika, sabhI meM lakSya kI prApti ke lie AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI vibhinna avasthAoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko vyavahArika rUpa meM cAritrika vikAsa kI saMjJA se vibhUSita kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki cAritra kI vividha dazAoM ke AdhAra para hI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmioM yA avasthAoM kA sahaja rUpa meM anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM AdhyAtmika pUrNatA arthAt mokSa kI prApti hI sAdhaka kA lakSya mAnA gayA hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA tAtparya hI hotA hai AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI prApti / yadi hama pAribhASika rUpa meM kahanA cAheM to kaha sakate haiM ki AtmA kA svarUpa meM sthita ho jAnA hI AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI prApti hai / yahI sAdhaka kA parama lakSya bhI hai| sAdhaka kA sva-svarUpa meM sthita hone ke lie sAdhanA kI vibhinna zreNiyoM se gujaranA paDatA hai / yadyapi AtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa zuddha jJAna evaM sukhamaya hotA hai| mokSa prApti kI uttama sAdhana kyA hai, isa viSaya para matabheda hai lekina yogavAsiSTha kA spaSTa mata hai ki jJAna ke sivAya mokSa kA koI upAya nahIM hai| vaha jJAna kevala vAcika jJAna nahIM hai, na vaha tarkamAtra hai| mukti kA anubhava karane vAlA jJAna AtmA kA anubhava hai aura vaha anubhava vAstavika honA cAhie, kevala kathana mAtra nahIM / jIva ko brahma dRSTi prApta karake, usameM AruDha hokara usa dRSTi ke anusAra vyavahAra bhI karanA hai / yadi hamArA jIvana hamArI uccattama dRSTi ke anusAra nahIM hai to hamArA jJAna paripakva jJAna nahIM hai| kevala vAda-vivAda aura jIvikA ke lie jo jJAna prApta kiyA jAtA hai vaha jJAna aisA nahIM hai jo mokSa pada ko dilA ske| jJAnI vaha hai jisakA jIvana AdhyAtmika jIvana ho| yadi jIvana ko U~cA banAne ke lie jJAna prApta nahIM kiyA balki kevala nAma, yaza aura jIvikA Adi ke lie brahma-jJAna prApta kiyA hai, to aise jJAnI ko yogavAsiSTha meM jJAnI na kahakara 'jJAna bandhu' kahA jAtA hai| isa jJAna ko pUrNatayA prApta karane ke liye abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA hai| jJAna kA parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007 - navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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68 manoja kumAra tivArI abhyAsa, kramazaH hotA hai aura usa krama kA eka hI jIvana meM Arambha aura samApta honA bhI sAdhAraNatayA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH jJAna ko prApta karane aura usako abhyAsa dvArA siddha karane meM aneka janma laga jAte haiN| kitane samaya aura kitane janmoM meM jJAna kI siddhi aura usase jIvanmukti kI prApti hogI yaha pratyeka vyakti ke apane hI puruSArtha para nirbhara haiN| jinameM adhika lagana hotI hai aura jo adhika yatna karate haiM, ve jalda hI parama pada ko prApta kara lete haiN| jaba sAdhaka ko atyanta tIvra vairAgya aura tIvra mumukSA hotI hai taba use kSaNabhara meM mokSa kA anubhava ho jAtA hai| isalie mokSa kI vAsamA hone aura mokSa kA anubhava hone meM kitane samaya kA antara hai, yaha nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| jJAnI aura vidvAna lo kevala isI bAta kA nirNaya kara sakate haiM ki jJAna-mArga kA krama kyA hai, kina-kina sIr3hiyoM para car3hakara jJAna kI siddhi kA icchuka apane dhyeya para pahu~ca sakatA hai| jJAna ke mArga para jo-jo vizeSa kramika avasthAe~ AtI hai unakA nAma yogavAsiSTha meM bhUmiyA~ athavA bhUmikAyeM haiM / jaina darzana meM inakA nAma guNasthAna rakhA hai, pAtaJjala yoga meM yoga ke aMga kahA hai / jainoM ke anusAra caudaha guNasthAna hai, bauddhoM ke anusAra dasa bhUmiyA~ haiM, pataJjali ke anusAra yoga ke ATha aMga hai| yogavAsiSTha ne jJAna kI sAta bhUmikAe~ mAnI hai| hama yahA~ para jaina darzana ke caudaha guNasthAnoM evaM yogavAsiSTha ke bhUmikAoM kA vivecana kreNge| ___ jaina paramparA meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa krama kI caudaha avasthAe~ mAnI gayI haiM jo caudaha guNasthAna ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| Atmika guNoM ke vikAsa kI kramika avasthAoM ko guNasthAna kahate haiN| guNasthAna jaina cAritra kI caudaha sIr3hiyA~ haiN| sAdhaka ko inhIM sIr3hiyoM se car3hanA utaranA par3atA hai| AtmA kI vikAsa-prakriyA meM utthAna-patana kA honA svAbhAvika hai| Atmazakti kI vikasita aura avikasita avasthA ko hI jaina paramparA meM guNasthAna kahA gayA hai| caudaha guNasthAna isa prakAra hai- (1) mithyAtva (2) sAsvAdana (3) mizradRSTi 4) avirata samyak dRSTi (5) dezavirati samyak dRSTi (6) pramattasaMyata (7) apramattasaMyata (8) apUrvakaraNa (9) anivRttikaraNa (10) sUkSmasamparAya (11) upazAntamoha (12) kSINamoha (13) sayoga kevalI (14) ayoga kevlii| prathama se caturtha guNasthAna taka kA krama samyak darzana kI avasthAoM ko prakaTa karatA hai, jabaki pA~cave se bArahaveM guNasthAna taka kA vikAsakrama samyakcAritra se sambandhita hai| terahavA~ evaM caudahavA~ guNasthAna AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kA dyotaka hai|

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jaina darzana evaM yogavAsiSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ 69 1. mithyAtva guNasthAna - isa avasthA meM AtmA yathArtha jJAna aura satyAnubhUti se vaMcita rahatI hai| yaha AtmA kI ajJAnamaya avasthA hai| isameM moha kI prabalatama sthiti hone ke kAraNa vyakti kI AdhyAtmika sthiti bilkula girI huI hotI hai, kyoMki prANI yathArthabodha ke abhAva meM bAhya padArthoM se sukhoM kI prApti kI kAmanA karatA hai| mithyAdRSTi guNasthAna meM AtmA ekAntika dhAraNAoM viparIta dhAraNAoM, vainayikatA (ruDha paramparAoM), saMzaya aura ajJAna se yukta rahatI hai| jisake kAraNa usako yathArtha dRSTikoNa usI prakAra arucikara lagatA hai jisa prakAra jvara se pIr3ita vyakti ko bhojn| vastutaH yaha yathArtha dRSTikoNa yA satya prApta karane kI vastu nahIM hai, balki vaha sadaiva apane yathArtha rUpa meM hI rahatI hai| hama ekAntika dRSTikoNa yA pAkSika vyAmoha ke kAraNa use dekha nahIM pAte haiN| ataH jaba vyakti ekAntika dRSTikoNa kA tyAga kara detA hai to yathArtha dRSTikoNavAlA kahalAne lagatA hai| jaisA ki paM. sukhalAla jI saMghavI ne kahA hai ki prathama guNasthAna meM rahanevAlI aisI aneka AtmAe~ hotI haiM, jo rAga-dveSa ke tIvratama vega ko thor3A-sA dabAye hue hotI haiN| ve yadyapi AdhyAtmika lakSya ko prati sarvadA anukUlagAmI nahIM hotI, to bhI unakA bodha va cAritra anya avikasita AtmAoM kI apekSA acchA hI hotA hai| yadyapi aisI AtmAoM kI avasthA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se sarvathA Atmonmukha na hone ke kAraNa mithyAdRSTi, viparIta dRSTi yA asat-dRSTi kahalAtI hai, tathApi ve sat-dRSTi ke samIpa le jAnevAlI hone ke kAraNa upAdeya mAnI gayI hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa guNasthAna kA mukhya lakSaNa mithyAdarzana hai| 2. sAsvAdana guNasthAna- yadyapi sAsvAdana guNasthAna krama kI apekSA se vikAsazIla kahA jA sakatA hai, lekina vastutaH yaha guNasthAna AtmA kI patanonmukha avasthA kA dyotaka hai| mithyAdRSTi vyakti ko moha kA prabhAva kama hone para jaba kucha kSaNoM ke lie samyaktva arthAt yathArthatA kI anubhUti hotI hai, tana aisI avasthA meM samyaktva kA ati alpakAlIna AsvAdana hotA hai, jisake kAraNa ise sAsvAdana samyak-dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra khAnA khAne ke bAda vamana hone para vamita vastu kA eka vizeSa prakAra kA AsvAdana hotA hai, usI prakAra yathArtha bodha ho jAne para mohAsakti ke kAraNa jaba punaH ayathArthatA kA grahaNa hotA hai to use grahaNa karane ke pUrva thoDe samaya ke lie usa yathArthatA kA eka viziSTa prakAra kA anubhava banA rahatA hai| yahI sAsvAdana guNasthAna kahalAtA hai| isa guNasthAna meM

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70 manoja kumAra tivArI koI bhI AtmA prathama guNasthAna kI ora jAtI hai to isa dvitIya guNasthAna kI avasthA se gujaratI hai| isakA kAla ati alpa hotA hai| jisa prakAra phala kA vRkSa se TUTakara pRthvI para pahu~cane meM jo samaya lagatA hai, usI prakAra AtmA kI girAvaTa meM jo samaya lagatA hai vahIM samayAvadhi sAsvAdana guNasthAna ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| ___3. mitra guNasthAna - yaha guNasthAna AtmA kI vaha avasthA hai AtmA jisameM na kevala samyak dRSTi hotI hai aura na kevala mithyaadRsstti| isa avasthA meM sAdhaka satya-asatya, zubhAzubha meM bheda nahIM kara pAne kAraNa anirNaya evaM anizcaya kI sthiti meM rahatA hai| isa guNasthAna meM AtmA prathama guNasthAna se vikasita hokara nahIM AtI haiM, balki caturtha guNasthAna se patita hokara prathama guNasthAna ko prApta karane ke lie isa avasthA se gujarakara jAtI hai, parantu yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki AtmAeM tRtIya guNasthAna meM vikasita hokara A nahIM sakatIM, balki prApta kara sakatI haiN| jo AtmAe~ caturtha guNasthAna meM yathArtha kA bodha karake punaH punaH patita hokara prathama guNasthAna ko prApta karatI haiM, ve hI AtmAe~ apanI utkrAnti kAla meM prathama guNasthAna se sIdhe tRtIya guNasthAna meM AtI haiM, lekina jina AtmAoM ne kabhI samyaktva kA sparza nahIM kiyA hai, ve apane vikAsa meM prathama guNasthAna se sIdhe caturtha guNasthAna meM AtI haiN| isa prakAra mizra guNasthAna se sIdhe caturtha guNasthAna meM AtI haiN| isa prakAra mizra guNasthAna jIvana ke saMgharSa kI avasthA kA dyotaka hai| isa guNasthAna kI sabase mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA hai ki isa avasthA meM mRtyu nahIM hotI hai| isa sandarbha meM AcArya nemIcandra kA kahanA hai ki mRtyu usI sthiti meM sambhava hotI hai, jisameM bhAvI Ayukarma kA bandha nahIM hotA, ataH mRtyu bhI nahIM ho sktii| 4. avirata samyak-dRSTi guNasthAna - isa avasthA meM sAdhaka kA yathArthatA kA bodha ho jAtA hai| usakA dRSTikoNa samyak hotA hai, phira bhI usakA AcaraNa naitika nahIM hotaa| usakA jJAnAtmaka pakSa samyaka hone para bhI AcaraNAtmaka pakSa asamyak hotA hai| vaha azubha ko mAnatA hai, lekina azubha ke AcaraNa se baca nahIM paataa| aisA isalie hotA hai ki isa avasthA meM vAsanAoM ko AMzika rUpa se kSaya kiyA jAtA hai aura AMzika rUpa se dabAyA jAtA hai| dabI huI vAsanA punaH prakaTa hokara AtmA ko ayathArthatA kI ora agrasara kara detI hai| mahAbhArata meM aisA caritra hameM bhISma pitAmaha kA milatA hai jo kauravoM ke pakSa ko anyAyayukta, anucita aura pANDavoM ke pakSa ko nyAyapUrNa aura ucita mAnate hue bhI kauravoM ke pakSa meM hI rahane

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jaina darzana evaM yogavAsiSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ vivaza hai| jaina vicAra isI ko avirata samyagdRSTitva kahatA hai| 5. dezavirati samyagdRSTi guNasthAna - yaha vikAsa kI pA~cavI zreNI hai, isa avasthA meM vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM para AMzika niyaMtraNa kI kSamatA kA vikAsa honA zurU ho jAtA hai jisake kAraNa naitika AcaraNa kI dRSTi se yaha prathama stara hI hai| dezavirati kA artha hai - vAsanAmaya jIvana se AMzika rUpa se nivRtti| hiMsA, jhUTha, parastrIgamana Adi azubhAcAra tathA krodha, lobha, mohAdi kaSAyoM se AMzika rUpa se virata honA hI dezavirati hai| isa avasthA kA sAdhaka sAdhanA patha para phisalatA to hai lekina usameM sambhalane kI bhI kSamatA hotI hai| 6. pramattasaMyata guNasthAna - isa avasthA meM vaha pUrNatayA samyak-cAritra kI ArAdhanA prArambha kara detA hai| usakA vrata aNuvrata na kahalAkara mahAvrata kahalAtA hai| sAdhaka apanI AdhyAtmika paristhiti ke anusAra isa bhUmikA se nIce gira sakatA hai aura Upara car3ha sakatA hai| jaba-jaba sAdhaka kaSAyAdi pramAdoM para adhikAra kara letA hai taba-taba vaha Upara kI zreNI meM calA jAtA hai aura jaba-jaba kaSAyAdi pramAda usa para hAvI hote haiM taba-taba vaha Age kI zreNI se vicalita hokara punaH isa zreNI meM A jAtA hai| vastutaH yaha una sAdhakoM kA vizrAnti sthala hai jo sAdhanA patha para pragati to karanA cAhate haiM, lekina yatheSTa zakti ke abhAva meM Age bar3ha nahIM paate| isa avasthA meM AtmakalyANa ke sAtha lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA aura tadanukUla pravRtti bhI hotI hai| 7. apramattasaMyata guNasthAna - isa avasthA meM sAdhaka vyakta-avyakta sampUrNa pramAdAdi doSoM se rahita hokara AtmasAdhanA meM lIna rahatA hai| lekina pramAdajanya vAsanAe~ bIca-bIca meM sAdhaka kA dhyAna vicalita karatI rahatI haiN| isa kAraNa se sAdhaka kI naiyA chaThaveM aura sAtaveM guNasthAna ke bIca meM DolAyamAna rahatI hai| yaha guNasthAna naitikatA aura anaitikatA ke madhya hone vAle saMgharSa kI pUrva taiyArI kA sthAna hai| 8. apUrvakaraNa guNasthAna - yaha avasthA AtmaguNa-zuddhi athavA lAbha kI avasthA hai kyoMki isa avasthA meM sAdhaka kA cAritrabala vizeSa balavAna hotA hai aura vaha pramAda evaM apramAda ke isa saMgharSa meM vijayI banakara vizeSa sthAyI apramatta avasthA ko prApta kara letA haiM, phalataH use eka aisI zakti kI prApti hotI hai jisase vaha zeSa bace hue mohAsakti ko bhI naSTa kara sakatA hai| yadyapi jaina darzana meM niyati

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_manoja kumAra tivArI aura puruSArtha ke siddhAntoM ke saMdarbha meM ekAntika dRSTikoNa nahIM apanAtA hai, phira bhI yadi puruSArtha aura niyati ke prAdhAnya kI dRSTi se guNasthAna siddhAnta para vicAra kiyA jAya to prathama se sAtaveM guNasthAna taka kI sAta zreNiyoM meM niyati kI pradhAnatA pratIta hotI hai aura AThaveM se caudahaveM guNasthAna taka kI sAta zreNiyoM meM puruSArtha kA prAdhAnya pratIta hotA hai| AThaveM guNasthAna se apUrvakaraNa kI prakriyA ke dvArA AtmA karmoM para zAsana karatI hai| prANi-vikAsa kI caudaha zreNiyoM meM prathama sAta zreNiyoM taka anAtma kA Atma para adhizAsana hotA hai aura aMtima sAta zreNiyoM meM Atma kA anAtma para adhizAsana hotA hai| 9. anivRttikaraNa guNasthAna - dRSTa, zruta athavA bhukta viSayoM kI AkAMkSA kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa naveM guNasthAna meM adhyavasAyoM kI viSayAbhimukhatA nahIM hotI arthAt bhAva punaH viSaya kI ora nahIM lauttte| AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke krama meM gatizIla sAdhaka jaba kaSAyoM meM kevala bIjarUpa sUkSma lobha choDakara zeSa sabhI kaSAyoM kA kSaya yA upazamana kara detA hai, usake kAma Adi vAsanAtmaka bhAva bhI samUla naSTa ho jAte haiM, taba AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI yaha avasthA prApta hotI hai| 10. sUkSmasamparAya guNasthAna - mohanIyakarma kI 28 karma-prakRtiyoM meM se 27 karma prakRtiyoM ke kSaya yA upazama ho jAne para jaba mAtra saMjvalana lobha zeSa raha jAtA hai taba sAdhaka isa guNasthAna meM pahuMcatA hai| AdhyAtmika patana ke kAraNoM meM mAtra sUkSma lobha ke zeSa rahane ke kAraNa hI isa guNasthAna kA nAma sUkSmasamparAya hai| 11. upazAntamoha guNasthAna - AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI isa avasthA meM sAdhaka upazama vidhi dvArA kaSAyoM ko dabAkara hI praveza karatA hai| jo sAdhaka isa vidhi dvArA Age bar3hate haiM, usake patana kI sambhAvanA nizcita rahatI hai| gommaTasAra meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra zarada Rtu meM sarovara kA pAnI miTTI ke nIce baiTha jAne se svaccha dikhAI par3atA hai, lekina usakI nirmalatA sthAyI nahIM hotI, miTTI ke kAraNa samaya Ane para punaH malina ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra jo AtmAe~ miTTI ke samAna karmajala ke daba jAne se naitika pragati evaM Atmazuddhi kI isa avasthA ko prApta karatI haiM ve eka samayAvadhi ke pazcAt punaH patita ho jAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki upazama vidhi ke dvArA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karane vAlA sAdhaka sAdhanA ke mArga meM ucca stara para pahu~cakara bhI patita jo jAtA hai| 12. kSINamoha guNasthAna - isa avasthA meM sAdhaka kSAyika vidhi ke dvArA

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jaina darzana evaM yogavAsiSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ 73 dasaveM guNasthAna se sIdhe bArahaveM guNasthAna meM A jAte haiN| yaha naitika vikAsa kI pUrNa avasthA hai| usake jIvana meM naitikatA aura anaitikatA ke madhya hone vAlA saMgharSa sadaiva ke lie samApta ho jAtA hai, kyoMki saMgharSa ke kAraNarUpa koI bhI vAsanA zeSa nahIM rhtii| gyArahaveM guNasthAna ke viparIta svarUpavAle bArahaveM guNasthAna kI yahI vizeSatA hai ki vikAsa kI bhUmi meM sAdhaka ke patana kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI / 13. sayogakevalI guNasthAna - jaina darzana meM kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika vyApAra ko yoga saMjJA se vibhUSita kiyA jAtA hai aura ina yogoM ke astitva ke kAraNa hI isa avasthA ko sayogakevalI guNasthAna kahA gayA hai| isa guNasthAna meM Ane vAle sAdhaka, sAdhaka kI zreNI meM nahIM raha jAtA, use siddha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki usakI AdhyAtmika pUrNatA meM kucha kamI rahatI hai / aSTa karmoM meM se cAra ghAtIya karma to kSaya kara cuke hote haiM lekina cAra aghAtIya karma- Ayu, nAma, gotra aura vedanIya karmoM ke astitva ke bane rahane ke kAraNa AtmA deha se apane sambandha kA parityAga nahIM kara pAtI hai| ise sadehamukti yA jIvanmukti bhI kahate haiN| jaina paramparA meM isa avasthA ko arhat, sarvajJa, kevalI Adi nAmoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| 14. ayogakevalI guNasthAna sayogakevalI guNasthAna meM sthita sAdhaka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ko prApta to kara letA hai, lekina AtmA kA zarIra ke sAtha sambandha banA rahatA hai| sayogakevalI jaba apane zarIra se mukti pAne ke lie vizuddha dhyAna kA Azraya lekara mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika vyApAroM ko sarvathA roka detA hai taba vaha AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI parAkASThA para pahu~ca jAtA hai| AtmA kI . isI avasthA kA nAma ayogakevalI guNasthAna hai| isa avasthA meM kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika vyApAra kA pUrNataH nirodha ho jAtA hai| yaha cAritra vikAsa yA AdhyAtma vikAsa kI caramAvasthA haiN| AtmA utkRSTatama zukladhyAna dvArA sumeru parvata kI taraha niSprakampasthiti ko prApta kara anta meM dehatyAgapUrvaka siddhAvasthA ko prApta hotI hai / ise jaina darzana meM mokSa, nirvANa, zivapatha evaM nirguNa brahmasthiti kahA gayA hai|" - aba hama yogavAsiSTha meM pratipAdita jJAna kI sAta bhUmikAoM para vicAra kreNge| lekina isa para vicAra karane se pahale isI grantha meM pratipAdita ajJAna kI sAta bhUmikAoM kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| AtmasvarUpa meM anAdikAla se ajJAna

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74 manoja kumAra tivArI kA Aropa hai| ajJAna kI sAta bhUmikAe~ isa prakAra haiM- (1) bIja jagrat (2) jAgrat (3) mahAjAgrat (4) jAgrat-svapna (5) svapna (6) svapnajAgrat aura (7) sussupti| 1. bIja jAgrat - sRSTi ke Adi meM cinmaya paramAtmA se jo prathama, nAmanirdeza rahita evaM vizuddha vyaSTi cetana prakaTa hotA hai, vaha bhaviSya meM honevAle jIvAdi nAmoM se pukArA jA sakatA hai aura jisameM jAgrat avasthA kA anubhava bIjarUpa se sthita hotA hai, use bIjajAgrat kahate haiN| 2. jAgrat - navajAta bIja jAgrat ke pazcAt yaha jJAna ki "yaha maiM hU~", "yaha merA hai" jAgrat kahalAtA hai| isameM pUrvakAla kI koI smRti nahIM hotii| 3. mahAjAgrat - pahale janmoM meM udaya huA aura dRr3hatA ko prApta huA yaha jJAna ki "yaha maiM haiM" aura "yaha merA hai", mahA jAgrat kahalAtA hai| jaise brAhmaNa Adi jAtiyoM meM utpanna hae logoM meM se kisI-kisI vyakti kA janmAntara ke abhyAsa se apane varNocita karmoM meM vizeSa Agraha aura naipuNya dekhA jAtA hai, sabameM aisI bAta nahIM pAyI jAtI hai| ataH isa janma ke yA janmAntara ke dRr3ha abhyAsa se dRr3hatA ko prApta huI jo pUrvokta jAgrat pratIti hai, usI ko mahAjAgrat kahA gayA hai| 4. jAgrat svapna - jAgrat avasthA kA dRr3ha yA adRr3ha jo sarvathA tanmayAtmaka manorAjya hai, isI ko jAgrat svapna kahate haiN| vaha kaI prakAra kA hotA hai- jaise eka candramA kI jagaha do candramA kA darzana, sIpI ke sthAna para cA~dI kI pratIti aura mRgatRSNAdi kA bhaan| pracalita bhASA meM isa prakAra ke jJAna ko bhrama kahate haiN| isakA udaya kalpanA dvArA jAgrat dazA meM hotA hai isalie isakA nAma jAgratsvapna hai| 5. svapna - mahAjAgrat avasthA ke antargata nidrA ke samaya anubhava kiye hue viSaya ke prati jAgane para jaba isa prakAra kA bhAva ho ki 'yaha viSaya asatya hai aura isakA anubhava mujhe alpa samaya ke lie hI huA thA'- usa jJAna kA nAma svapna hai| 6. svapnajAgrat - jaba adhika samaya taka jAgrat avasthA ke sthUla viSayoM aura sthUla deha kA anubhava na ho to svapna hI jAgrat ke samAna hokara mahAjAgrat sA mAlUma paDane lagatA hai| sthUla zarIra ke rahate hue athavA na rahate hue jaba isa prakAra kA anubhava hotA hai to use svapna jAgrat kahate haiN| 7. suSupti - pUrvokta chaH avasthAoM kA parityAga karane para jo jIva kI jar3a

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75 jaina darzana evaM yogavAsiSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ avasthA hai vahI bhAvI duHkhoM kA bodha karAnevAle bIjarUpa ajJAna se sampanna suSupti hai| isa avasthA meM saMsAra ke tRNa, miTTI, patthara Adi saba hI padArtha atyanta sUkSma rUpa se vartamAna rahate haiN| ___ isa prakAra se ye sAta prakAra kI ajJAna kI bhUmikAyeM hai jo nAnA prakAra ke vikAroM tathA lokAntaroM ke bhedoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa nindya evaM tyAjya batAI gayI __ AtmA kA bodha karAnevAlI jJAna kI sAta bhUmikAyeM haiN| mukti ina bhUmikAoM se pare hai| mokSa aura satya kA jJAna ye paryAyavAcI zabda hai| jisako satya kA jJAna ho gayA hai vaha jIva phira janma nahIM letaa| jJAna kI sAta bhUmikAyeM isa prakAra hai - zubhecchA, vicAraNA, tanumAnasA, sattvApatti, asaMsakti, padArthabhAvanI, turygaa| inake anta meM mukti hai jisako prApta karake zoka nahIM rhtaa| ina bhUmikAoM kA varNana isa prakAra hai 1. zubhecchA - vairAgya utpanna hone para isa prakAra kI icchA ki 'maiM ajJAnI kyoM raha~, kyoM na zAstra aura sajjanoM kI sahAyatA se satya ko jAneM zubhecchA kahalAtI hai| zAstra niSiddha karmoM kA mana, vANI aura zarIra se tyAga niSkAma yajJa, dAna Adi ke anuSThAna se utpanna, saMyAsa muktiparyaMta rahanevAlI zravaNa Adi meM pravRtti ke phalasvarUpa Atma-sAkSAtkAra kI utkaTa icchA hI jJAna kI pahalI bhUmikA hai| isa bhUmikA ko zravaNa bhUmikA bhI kahate haiN| 2. vicAraNA - zAstroM ke adhyayana, manana aura satpuruSoM ke saMga tathA vivekavairAgya ke abhyAsapUrvaka sadAcAra meM pravRtti kA nAma vicAraNA hai| uparyukta prakAra se satpuruSoM ke saMga, sevA evaM AjJA-pAlana se sat-zAstroM ke adhyayana-manana se, tathA daivI sampadA sadguNa-sadAcAra ke sevana se utpanna huA viveka hI vicAraNA hai| bhAva yaha hai ki sat-asat aura nitya-anitya vastu ke vivecana kA nAma viveka hai| viveka inako pRthak kara detA hai| saba avasthAoM meM aura pratyeka vastu meM pratikSaNa AtmA aura anAtmA kA vizleSaNa karate-karate yaha viveka siddha hotA hai| uparyukta viveka ke dvArA jaba sat-asat aura nitya-anitya kA pRthakkaraNa ho jAtA hai, taba asat aura anitya se Asakti haTa jAtI hai evaM isa loka aura paraloka ke sampUrNa padArthoM aura karmoM meM kAmanA aura Asakti kA na rahanA hI 'vairAgya' hai| maharSi pataMjali ne kahA hai, dRSTAnuzravikaviTavitRSNasya vazIkAra saMjJA vairAgyam (yogadarzana 1/

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76 manoja kumAra tivArI 15) / isa prakAra viveka-vairAgya ho jAne para sAdhaka kA citta nirmala ho jAtA hai| usameM kSamA, saralatA, pavitratA tathA priya-apriya kI prApti meM samatA Adi guNa Ane lagate haiN| prathama bhUmikA meM zravaNa kiye hue mahAvAkyoM (tattvamasi, ahaM brahmAsmi Adi) kA nirantara manana aura cintana karanA hI pradhAna hone ke kAraNa isa dUsarI bhUmikA ko vicAraNA kahA gayA hai ataH ise 'manana' bhUmikA bhI kahA jAtA hai| 3. tanumAnasA - uparyukta zubhecchA aura vicAraNA ke dvArA indriyoM ke viSaya bhogoM meM Asakti kA abhAva honA aura anAsakta ho saMsAra meM vicaraNa karanA, yaha tanumAnasA kahalAtA hai| abhiprAya yaha hai ki uparyukta kAmanA, Asakti aura mamatA ke abhAva se satpuruSoM ke saMga aura sat-zAstroM ke abhyAsa se tathA vivekavairAgyapUrvaka nididhyAsana-dhyAna ke sAdhana se sAdhaka kI buddhi tIkSNa ho jAtI hai tathA usakA mana zuddha, nirmala, sukSma aura ekAgra ho jAtA hai, jisase use sUkSmAtisUkSma paramAtmatattva ko grahaNa karane kI yogyatA anAyAsa hI prApta ho jAtI hai| ise 'nididhyAsana bhUmikA' bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| ye tInoM bhUmikAe~ sAdhanarUpa hai| inameM saMsAra se kucha sambandha rahatA hai, ataH yahA~ taka sAdhaka kI jAgrat-avasthA mAnI gaI hai| 4. sattvApatti - uparyukta tInoM bhUmikAoM ke abhyAsa se bAhya viSayoM meM saMskAra na rahane ke kAraNa citta meM atyanta virakti hone se mAyA, mAyA ke kArya aura tInoM avasthAoM se zodhita, sabake AdhAra, sanmAtrarUpa AtmA meM dUdha meM jala ke samAna jJAna, jJAtA, jJeyabhAva ke vinAza se sAkSAtkAraparyaMta nirvilpaka samAdhirUpA sthiti sattvApatti hai| isa bhUmikA meM mana paramAtmasattvarUpa se sthita hone se jIva brahmavit kahA jAtA hai| isI ko gItA meM nirvANa brahma kI prApti kahA gayA hai- jo antaHkaraNa meM sukha kA anubhava karatA hai, jo karmaTha hai aura antaHkaraNa meM hI ramaNa karatA hai tathA jisakA lakSya antarmukhI hotA hai vaha sacamuca pUrNa yogI hai| vaha parabrahma meM mukti pAtA hai aura antatogatvA brahma ko prApta hotA hai| jisa prakAra sArI nadiyA~ bahatI huI apane nAma-rUpa ko choDakara samudra meM vilIna ho jAtI haiM, usI prakAra jJAnI mahAtmA nAmarUpa se rahita hokara parama divya puruSa parAtpara paramAtmA ko prApta ho jAtA hai, usI meM vilIna ho jAtA hai|" jaba sAdhaka ko parabrahma kA yathArtha jJAna ho jAtA hai, taba vaha brahma hI ho jAtA hai- brahma veda brahmaiva bhvti| (muNDakopaniSad 3/2/1)

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jaina darzana evaM yogavAsiSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ 77 __isa cauthI avasthA meM pahu~ce hue puruSa ko brahmavit-brahmavettA kahA jAtA hai aura vaha lauTakara nahIM aataa| isameM saMsAra usa jJAnI mahAtmA ke antaHkaraNa meM svapnavat bhAsita hotA hai, isalie yaha usake antaHkaraNa kI svapnAvasthA mAnI jAtI hai| zrI yAjJavalkyajI, rAjA azvapati aura janaka Adi isa bhUmikA meM pahu~ce hue mAne gaye haiN| 5. asaMsakti- jaba pUrvokta cAroM ke siddha ho jAne para svAbhAvika abhyAsa se bAhyAbhyantara sabhI viSaya-saMskAroM se atyanta asambandharUpa samAdhiparipAka se citta meM niratizayAnanda, nityAparokSa, brahmAtmabhAvasAkSAtkArarUpa camatkAra utpanna hone se aisI pA~cavI 'jJAnabhUmi asaMsakti' nAma se kahI jAtI hai|4|| parama vairAgya aura parama uparati ke kAraNa usa brahmaprApta jJAnI mahAtmA kA isa saMsAra aura zarIra se atyanta sambandha-viccheda ho jAtA hai| aise puruSa kA saMsAra se koI bhI prayojana nahIM rhtaa| ataH karma karane yA na karane ke lie bAdhya nahIM hai| gItA meM bhagavAna ne kahA hai- svarUpasiddha vyakti ke lie na to apane niyata karmoM ko karane kI AvazyakatA raha jAtI hai aura na aisA karma na karane kA koI kAraNa hI rahatA hai| use kisI anya jIva para nirbhara rahane kI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM raha jAtI phira bhI usa jJAnI mahAtmA puruSa ke sampUrNa karma zAstrasammata aura kAmanA evaM saMkalpa se zUnya hote haiN| isa prakAra jisake samasta karma jJAnarUpa agni ke dvArA bhasma ho gaye haiM, usa mahApuruSa ko jJAnIjana bhI paMDita kahate haiN| zrI bharatajI isa pA~cavI bhUmikA meM sthita mAne jA sakate haiN| . 6. padArthAbhAvanI - pA~cavI bhUmikA ke pazcAt jaba vaha brahmaprApta puruSa chaThI bhUmikA meM praveza karatA hai, taba usakI nitya samAdhi rahatI hai| isake kAraNa usake dvArA koI bhI kriyA nahIM hotii| usake antaHkaraNa meM zarIra aura saMsAra ke sampUrNa padArthoM kA atyanta abhAva-sA ho jAtA hai| use saMsAra kA aura zarIra ke bAharabhItara kA bilkula jJAna nahIM rahatA, kevala zvAsa Ate-jAte haiN| isalie isa bhUmikA ko padArthAbhAvanI kahate haiN| jaise- gAr3ha suSupti meM sthita puruSa ko bAharabhItara ke padArthoM kA jJAna bilkula nahIM rahatA hai, vaise hI isako bhI jJAna nahIM rahatA hai| ataH usa puruSa kI isa avasthA ko gAr3ha suSupti avasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai|

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manoja kumAra tivArI kintu gAr3ha suSupti meM sthita puruSa ke to mana-buddhi ajJAna ke kAraNa apane kAraNa mAyA meM vilIna ho jAte haiN| ataH usako sthiti tamoguNamayI hai, para isa jJAnI mahApuruSa ke mana buddhi brahma meM tadrUpa ho jAte haiN| ataH isakI avasthA guNAtIta hai| isalie yaha gAr3ha suSupti se atyanta vilakSaNa hai / 78 gAr3ha suSupti meM sthita puruSa to nidrA ke paripakva ho jAne para svataH hI jAga jAtA hai kintu isa samAdhistha jJAnI mahAtmA puruSa kI vyutthAnAvasthA to dUsaroM ke bArambAra prayatna karane para hI hotI hai, apane-a - Apa nahIM / usa vyutthAnAvasthA meM vaha jijJAsu ke prazna karane para pUrva ke abhyAsa ke kAraNa brahmaviSayaka tattvarahasya ko batA sakatA hai| isI kAraNa aise puruSa ko 'brahmavidvarIyAn' kahate hai / zrI RSabhadevajI isa chaThI bhUmikA meM sthita mAne jA sakate hai| 7. turyagA- chaThI bhUmikA ke pazcAt sAtavI bhUmikA svataH hI ho jAtI hai| usa brahmavettA jJAnI mahAtmA puruSa ke hRdaya meM saMsAra kA aura zarIra ke bAhara-bhItara ke laukika jJAna kA atyanta abhAva ho jAtA hai| kyoMki usake mana- - buddhi brahma meM tadrUpa ho jAte haiM, isa kAraNa usakI vyutthAnAvasthA to na svataH hotI hai aura na dUsaroM ke dvArA prayatna kiye jAne para hI hotI hai| jaise murdA jagAne para bhI nahIM jAga sakatA, vaise hI yaha murde kI bhA~ti ho jAtA hai| aMtara itanA hI rahatA hai ki murde meM prANa nahIM rahate aura isameM prANa rahate haiM tathA yaha zvAsa letA rahatA hai| aise puruSa kA saMsAra meM jIvana - nirvAha dUsare logoM ke dvArA kevala usake prArabdha ke saMskAroM ke kAraNa hI hotA rahatA hai| vaha prakRti aura usake kArya sattva, raja, tama tInoM guNoM se aura jAgrat, svapna, suSupti - tInoM avasthAoM se atIta hokara brahma meM vilina rahatA hai, isalie yaha usake antaHkaraNa kI avasthA turyagA bhUmikA kahI jAtI hai|" brahma kI dRSTi meM saMsAra kA atyanta abhAva hai| uparyukta mahAtmA puruSa usa saccidAnandaghana brahma ko nitya hI prApta hai| ataH usake mana-buddhi meM bhI zarIra aura saMsAra kA atyanta abhAva hai| isalie aise puruSa ko brahmavidvariSTha kahate haiN| aise mahApuruSa se vArtAlApa na hone para bhI usake darzana aura cintana se hI manuSya ke citta meM mala, vikSepa aura AvaraNa kA nAza hone se usakI vRtti paramAtmA kI ora AkRSTa hone para usakA kalyANa ho sakatA hai| yaha turyAvasthA jIvanmukta puruSoM meM isa zarIra ke rahate hue hI vidyamAna rahatI hai| isa deha kA anta hone para videha mukti kA viSaya sAkSAt turyAtIta brahma hI hai|

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jaina darzana evaM yogavAsiSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ 79 __ jJAna kI ye sAta bhUmikAe~ vivekI puruSoM ko hI prApta hotI hai| jo ina bhUmikAoM meM pahu~cakara uttarottara utkRSTa sthAnoM para vijaya pAte jAte haiM, ve mahAtmA nizcaya hI vandanIya hai| __isa prakAra se yogavAsiSTha aura jaina paramparA meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ye avasthAe~ hai jinameM sAta AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI avasthA aura sAta AdhyAtmika patana kI avasthA hai| yadi vicArapUrvaka dekhA jAya to jaina paramparA ke guNasthAna siddhAnta meM bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se vikAsa kA saccA svarUpa apramatta cetanA ke rUpa meM sAtaveM sthAna se prArambha hotA hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI caudaha guNasthAnoM meM sAta avasthAe~ AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora sAta avasthAeM AdhyAtmika avikAsa kI haiN| yogavAsiSTha kI uparyukta mAnyatA kI jaina paramparA se kitanI nikaTatA hai isakA nirdeza paM. sukhalAla jI ne bhI kiyA hai|20 . . ___ yogavAsiSTha evaM jaina paramparA meM AcaraNAtmaka pakSa para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke tIna ratna hai-samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak caaritr| jaba taka hama jJAna ko apane AcaraNa meM nahIM lAegeM taba taka hama mokSa kI ora agrasara nahIM hogeN| jJAnAtmaka pakSa ke samyak hone ke sAtha-sAtha usakA AcaraNa pakSa bhI samyak honA caahie| isI prakAra yogavAsiSTha kA bhI jJAna aura karma ke sambandha meM vicAra hai| isa graMtha meM jJAna aura karma meM samanvaya sthApita kiyA gayA hai| jo jJAna AcaraNa yA vyavahAra meM na ho usa jJAna kA koI artha nahIM hai| isa graMtha ne to yahA~ taka kahA hai ki jo jJAnI jJAna ke anurUpa AcaraNa nahIM karate arthAt jinakI kathanI aura karanI meM aMtara hai, ve jJAnI nahIM jJAnabandhu hai aura inase acchA ajJAnI hai| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ye donoM hI AcaraNa pakSa ko mahattvapUrNa mAnate haiN| hama apane lakSya arthAt mokSa ko tabhI prApta kara sakate haiM jaba jJAna ko apane AcaraNa meM samAviSTha kreN| vartamAna samasyAoM kI mUla meM hamArI isa AcaraNa pakSa kA asamyak honA hai| hama yathArtha ko jAnate haiM, kyA sahI hai kyA galata hai ise bhI jAnate haiM lekina use AcaraNa meM caritArtha nahIM kara paate| ataH hama jJAnAtmaka pakSa ke sAtha-sAtha AcaraNAtmaka pakSa ko bhI samyak karake hI AdhyAtmika patha ke pathika banakara apane lakSya kI ora uttarottara agrasara ho sakate haiN|

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manoja kumAra tivArI saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ 1. tattvArthasUtra, sarvArthasiddhi TIkA (pUjyapAda), 8/1 micchaMtaM vedaMto jIvo vivarIdayaMsaNo hodii| sA ya dhammaM rocehi hu mahuraM khu rasaM jahA jrido| 1/17 gommaTasara (jIva kANDa) jaina, je. ela., dI senTrala jaina pabliziMga hAUsa, ajitaAzrama, lakhanaU, 1927 / jaina, sAgaramala, guNasthAna siddhAMta : eka vizleSaNa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vAraNasI, 1996, pR. 53 4. sammattamicchaparisAmesu jahiM AugaM purA bddhN| tahiM marasAM samugdhAdo vi ya sA missmmi| 24 gommaTasara (jIva kANDa) jaina, je. ela., dI senTrala jaina pabliziMga hAUsa, ajitaAzrama, lakhanaU, 1927) kadakakaphalajudajalaM vA sarae saravAriyaM va shimmlyN| sayalovasaMtamoho ubasaMtakasAyao hodi| 61, gommaTasara (jIva kANDa) jaina, je. ela., dI senTrala jaina pabliziMga hAUsa, ajitaAzrama, lakhanaU, 1927 6. jJAnasAra tyAgASTaka, darzana evaM cintana, paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, pR. 275 jJAnabhUmiH zubhecchAkhyA prathamA smudaahRtaa| vicAraNA dvitIyA tu tRtIyA tnumaansaa| yogavAsiSTha 3/118/5 sattvApattizcaturthI syaattto'sNsktinaamikaa| padArthAbhAvanI SaSThI saptamI turyagA smRtaa| yogavAsiSTha 3/118/6 sthitaH kiM mUDha evA'smi prekSye'haM shaastrsjjnaiH| vairAgyapUrvamiccheti zubhecchetyucyate budhaiH| yogavAsiSTha 3/118/8 shaastrsjjnsmprkvairaagyaabhyaaspuurvkm| sadAcArapravRttiryA procyate sA vicaarnnaa| yogavAsiSTha 3/118/9 vicAraNA shubhecchaabhyaamindryaamindriyaarthessvskttaa| yA'tra sA tanutAbhAvAt procyate tnumaansaa| yogavAsiSTha 3/118/10 bhUmikAtritayAbhyAsAccitte'rthe virtervshaat| satyAtmani sthitiH zuddhe sttvaapttiruudaahRdaa|| yogavAsiSTha 3/118/11

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jaina darzana evaM yogavAsiSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ 12. yo'ntaH sukhontarArAmastathAntarkotireva yH| sa yogI brahmanirvANaM brhmbhuuto'dhigcchti|| gItA 5/24 13. yathA nadyaH syandamAnAH samudre'staM gacchanti nAmarUpe vihaay| vidvAn nAmarUpAt vimuktaH parAmparaM puruSapaiti divym|| muNDakopaniSad 3/2/ 2 14. dazAcatuSTayAbhyAsAdasaMgagaphalena c| rUDhasattvacamatkArAt proktaasNsktinaamikaa|| yogavAsiSTha 3/118/12 naiva tasya kRtenArtho nAkRteneha kshcn| na cAsya sarvabhUteSu kshcidrthvypaashryH|| gItA 3/18 / 16. yasya sarve samArambhAH kaamsNklpvrjitaaH| jJAnAgnidagdhakarmANaM tamAhuH paNDitaM budhaaH|| gItA 4/19 .. 17. bhUmikApancakAbhyAsAt svAtmarAmatayA dRddhm| AbhyantarANAM bAhyAnAM pdaarthaanaambhaavnaat|| yogavAsiSTha 3/118/13 18. bhUmiSaTacirAbhyAsAd bhedasyA144 Ambmo anuplmbhtH| yat svabhAvaikaniSThatvaM sA jJeyA turyagA gtiH|| yogavAsiSTha 3/118/15 19. jaina, sAgaramala, guNasthAna siddhAMta : eka vizleSaNa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vAraNasI, 1996, pR. 114-115 20. paM. sukhalAla jI, darzana aura cintana bhAga-2, gujarAta vidyAsabhA, ahamadAbAda, 1957, pR. 282-283 21. kevalAt karmaNo jJAnAnna hi moksso'bhijaayte| kintUbhAbhyAM bhavenmokSaH sAdhanaM tUbhayaM viduH|| yogavAsiSTha 1/1/8

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jaina paraMparA meM paryAvaraNa anila kumAra tivArI " jo vyakti pRthvI, jala, vAyu, agni tathA vanaspatiyoM kI upekSA yA tiraskAra karatA hai, vaha svaMya ke astitva jo ki vastutaH ina tattvoM se apRthak hai, kA tiraskAra karatA hai|" -mahAvIra prastAvanA : Arya sayyambhava racita dasaveyAliya sutta' (saMskRta - dazavaikAlika sUtra) ke prathama adhyAya ke prArambha meM kahA gayA hai : jahA dumassa pupphesu bhamaro AviyaiM rasaM / na ya pupphaM kilAmei so ya pINei appayaM / / 2 / / emee samaNA muttA je lAye saMti sAhuNo / vihaMgamA va pupphesu dANabhattesaNe rathA || 3 || arthAt eka zramaNa ko gRhasthoM se jIvita rahane ke lie usI prakAra kA bhojana prApta karanA cAhie jisa prakAra eka bhramara vibhinna puSpoM ko kSati pahu~cAye binA parAga-rasa kA pAna karate hai| gRhastha jIvana anya prakAra ke mAnava jIvana kA AdhAra hotA hai kyoMki isI jIvana meM dhanArjana aura upabhoga kI AMkAkSA kI jAtI hai tathA vidyArthI-vRddha-saMnyAsI sabhI kA poSaNa yahI se hotA hai| jaina sahita sampUrNa bhAratIya paramparA meM saMnyAsa jIvana ko Adarza mAnA jAtA hai aura isameM vyakti dvArA aise AcaraNa kI apekSA kI jAtI hai jisase samAja para koI hAnikAraka prabhAva na ho| dUsare zabdoM meM saMnyAsI ko samAja se utanA hI upabhogya prApta karane kI apekSA kI jAtI hai jisase aisA pratIta ho ki saMnyAsI koI upabhoga kara hI nahIM rahA hai| manuSya aura prakRti ke bIca isI taraha kA sambandha eka Adarza ho sakatA hai| Aja hama paryAvaraNa saMkaTa ke jisa daura se gujara rahe haiM usase mukta hone ke lie jaina paramparA yahI sujhAva denA cAhegI ki manuSya ko prakRti se utanA prApta karanA cAhie ki jitanA ki prakRti kA punarutpAdana karane kI kSamatA ke bhItara ho aura usameM koI apUrNanIya kSati na ho tathA paryAvaraNa meM asantulana na paidA ho| arthAt kisI yuga vizeSa ke mAnavIya astitva kA prakRti para koI niSedhaparaka sthAyI cinha aMkita nahIM honA caahie| isa sujhAva kA vaicArika AdhAra jaina darzana ke tattvamImAMsIya siddhAnta parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007 - navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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anila kumAra tivArI anekAntavAda tathA naitika siddhAnta ahiMsA meM dikhAyI detA hai| ina donoM siddhAntoM ko prasaMga ke anukUla saMkSepa meM samajhanA upayogI hai| anekAntavAda ___ anekAntavAda sApekSika bahutvavAda (Relative pluralism) kA siddhAnta hai| isake anusAra saMsAra meM agaNita cetana aura jaDa vastueM hai tathA unameM ananta guNa haiN| ina agaNita vastuoM aura unake guNoM se paraspara nirbharatA kA sambandha hai (prspropgrhopjiivaanaam)| jagat kI sthiratA aura vyavasthA kA AdhAra yahI parasparAzrayatA hai| vastuoM kA astitva aneka guNoM para nirbhara hai aura ina guNoM ke mAdhyama se ve jagat kI anya sabhI vastuoM se vibhinna sambandhoM se juDI huI haiN| pratyeka sambandha vastu ke eka pahalU kA nirdhAraNa karate haiM (ny)| isalie eka vastu ko pUrI taraha jAnane kA dAvA tabhI kiyA jA sakatA hai jaba vastu ke sabhI pahaluoM ko jAnA jaay| vastu ke sabhI pahaluoM ko jAnane kA artha hai usakA jagat kI zeSa vastuoM se sambandhoM kA jnyaan| tarkarahasyadIpikA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti eka vastu ko samagra rUpa se jAna letA hai vaha sabhI vastuoM ko jAna letA hai aura jo sabhI vastuoM ko jAna letA hai vaha eka vastu ko jAna letA hai| kisI vastu ke samagra rUpa kA jJAna eka sUcanA mAtra nahIM hai isase usa vastu ke prati hamAre vyavahAra kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| vAstava meM manuSya apane kRtyoM ke dvArA jagat kI vastuoM ke bIca sambandhoM kI hI punarracanA karatA hai| parantu sAmAnya manuSya ke jJAna kA dAyarA sImita hai aura isa sImita dAyare meM hI vaha sambandhoM kI sthApanA-punarsthApanA kA prayAsa karatA hai| hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki manuSya kA samasta jagat vyApAra sambandhoM kA hI vyavasthApana hai| udAharaNa ke lie yadi manuSya kisI vastu kI sAMgaThanika vyavasthA meM parivartana karatA hai to vaha usa vastu ke vibhinna bhAgoM ke bIca sambandhoM ko badalatA hai| isI prakAra jaba vaha kisI kamare kI vyavasthA ko badalatA hai to vaha kamare kI vastuoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM parivartana karatA hai| apane vAtAvaraNa meM vyavahAra karate samaya vaha Asa-pAsa kI vastuoM kI vyavasthA meM parivartana karatA hai| ___ yahA~ para do bAteM ullekhanIya haiN| pahalI yaha ki vivekazIla prANI hone ke kAraNa manuSya apane vAtAvaraNa meM kisI bhI navIna sambandha kI sthApanA ke pUrva pakSa-vipakSa para vicAra avazya karatA hai| vicAraNA ke antargata yaha apanI jAnakArI ke anusAra naye sambandha ke saMbhAvita pariNAma kI gaNanA karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vaha vicAra

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jaina paraMparA meM paryAvaraNa karatA hai ki usakA amuka kRtya kisa DhaMga kA prabhAva utpanna kregaa| kama se kama vaha yaha avazya socatA hai ki isa kRtya kA svayaM usake Upara yA mAnavajAti para kyA prabhAva pdd'egaa| parantu jaisA ki pahale kahA gayA hai usake jJAna kA dAyarA sImita hai aura isa bAta kI pUrI sambhAvanA rahatI hai ki vaha dUragAmI prabhAvoM kI gaNanA na kara ske| dUsarI bAta yaha ki vyakti apane sImita jJAna ke AdhAra para kArya karane kI pravRtti rakhatA hai, kama-se-kama aise jJAna ko kriyAnvita karane meM jo upayogI hai tathA bhautika sukha utpanna karatA hai| mAnava jIvana ko sukha aura suvidhA sampanna banAne ke lie hI vijJAna aura takanIkI ke kSetra meM ullekhanIya pragati huI hai| parantu sukha aura suvidhA juTAne kI lAlasA ne prakRti para gambhIra asara DAlA hai aura Aja hamAre samakSa paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa jaisI samasyA utpanna ho gaI hai| kyA hama ise prakRti ke viruddha kI gayI hiMsA kaha sakate haiM? ahiMsA jaina vicAra paramparA meM ahiMsA kA mahattva isI bAta se samajhA jA sakatA hai ki yaha prAyaH asambhava hai ki ahiMsA kI carcA ho aura jaina paramparA kA nAma dimAga meM na aaye| ahiMsA ke pujArI mahAtmA gAMdhI para isa mata kA vizeSa prabhAva dikhAyI detA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki ahiMsA kA siddhAnta jaina paramparA kI vizeSa pahacAna hai| svAmI mahAvIra kA kahanA hai ki ahiMsA se sUkSma aura jIvana ke prati sammAna se uttama AtmA meM koI anya guNa nahIM hai|' spaSTa haiM ki ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA jaina paramparA kI AtmA hai| yaha avadhAraNA usake jIva viSayaka siddhAnta para AdhArita hai| jaina darzana meM jIva zabda ko aneka arthoM meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jaise - prANI, cetanA, aatmaa| ise sArataH sAMkhya darzana ke puruSa ke nikaTa samajhanA caahie| jIvoM kI saMkhyA aparimita hai| samasta jIva anantacatuSTaya- ananta darzana, ananta jJAna, ananta vIrya evaM ananta AnaMda se yukta hai tathA pUrvajanma ke karmaphala (karmapudgala) ke anusAra vibhinna zarIroM se sambaddha hote haiN| jaise -mAnava zarIra, pazu zarIra, peDa paudhe evaM sUkSma jIvANu ityaadi| zarIra kI kSamatA ke anusAra usameM jIva-zakti kI abhivyakti hotI hai| jaina paramparA meM zarIra kI kSamatA kA Akalana jJAnendriyoM kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| sabase sUkSma zarIra vAle jIvoM, jinheM sthAvara kahA jAtA hai inameM kevala eka jJAnendriya hotI hai aura ve pRthvI, vAyu, jala, agni tathA vanaspati meM nivAsa karate haiN| anya jIvoM ko trasa kahate haiN| manuSya, pazu, pakSI

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anila kumAra tivArI Adi jIvoM meM sarvAdhika pAMca jJAnendriyoM pAyI jAtI haiN| jIva jisa bhI zarIra se sambaddha hotA hai usI kA AkAra dhAraNa kara letA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM jIva viSayaka eka vicitra mata milatA hai jisameM jIva ko sAkAra kahA gayA hai| jaina vicAraka sabhI sthAnoM evaM samasta vastuoM meM kisI na kisI jIva kA nivAsa mAnate haiN| isa artha meM paryAvaraNa eka jIvita samagra hai| jIvana ke kisI bhI rUpa ko kSati pahuMcAnA hiMsA mAnA jAtA hai isalie jaina vicArakoM kA ahiMsA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra karanA svAbhAvika hai| saMnyAsiyoM ke lie jaina paramparA meM pUrNatayA ahiMsaka honA Avazyaka hai (mhaavrt)| inheM hara taraha se pAMcoM vrata satya, ahiMsA, asteya, aparigraha aura brahmacarya kA mana, vacana, karma se pAlana karanA hotA hai| parantu samAja meM koI bhI jIva pUrNatayA ahiMsaka rahakara jIvita nahIM raha sktaa| arthAt jIvita rahane ke lie kucha mAtrA meM hiMsA anivArya hai| gRhastha Azrama na kevala eka uttaradAyitvapUrNa jIvana hai balki anya AzramoM kA AdhAra bhI hai| isI bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina darzana meM gRhasthoM ke lie aNuvrata kA prAvadhAna kiyA gayA hai jisameM pArivArika aura sAmAjika dAyitva ke nirvahana ke lie nyUnatama mAtrA meM hiMsA karane kI anumati dI gayI hai| manuSya ko sAmAjika dAyitva nirvahana ke lie kisI udyama kA cunanA aparihArya hai| jaina matAnusAra vyakti ko usI udyama ko varIyatA denI cAhie jisameM hiMsA kI mAtrA nyUnatama (alpadroha) ho|" isa paramparA meM hiMsA ko cAra koTiyoM meM rakhA gayA hai| udyama ke daurAna kI gayI hiMsA ko udyamI-hiMsA kahA gayA hai| paryAvaraNa sambandhI samasyA kA sambandha vizeSa rUpa se isI prakAra kI hiMsA se hai| isI taraha rojamarrA kArya karate samaya nirAzaya jo hiMsA ho jAtI hai use ArambhI hiMsA kahA jAtA hai| vyavasAya ke hisAba se svIkArya hiMsA kI mAtrA bhI alaga-alaga hotI hai| jaise hiMsA kI jo mAtrA eka vyApArI ke lie svIkArya hai vaha eka sainika ke lie aparyApta hai| apanI evaM deza kI surakSA ke lie AkrAntA ke viruddha kI gayI hiMsA ko virodhI-hiMsA kahA gayA hai| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra eka sainika ko virodhI hiMsA ke rUpa meM sadaiva surakSAtmaka dRSTikoNa hI apanAnA caahie| hamAre deza ne surakSA nIti ke rUpa meM isI dRSTikoNa ko apanAyA hai| uparyukta tInoM prakAra kI hiMsA gRhastha jIvana meM anivArya hai inheM isa jIvana meM rahate hue nirAkRta karanA kaThina hai| isa jIvana meM saMkalpI-hiMsA se bacA jA sakatA hai aura bacanA caahie| isake tahata aisI

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87 jaina paraMparA meM paryAvaraNa hiMsA AtI hai jisase binA kisI vizeSa asuvidhA ke bacA jA sakatA hai| jaise mana bahalAne ke lie zikAra khelanA yA pramAdavaza kisI ke prati hiMsA krnaa| gAMdhIjI ne isake lie eka sUcI taiyAra kI thI jisameM AvazyakatA se adhika bhojana karanA, . vizAla bhavana kA nirmANa, rezamI vastra pahananA, motiyoM kA vyApAra karanA, kITanAzakoM kA jyAdA istemAla karanA, paryAvaraNa ko dUSita karanA, baDe paimAne para audyogIkaraNa, bematalaba dhana saMcayana Adi ko varjita kahA gayA hai kyoMki inase anAzyaka hiMsA hotI hai| ___ jaina paramparA meM ahiMsA kA vahI sthAna hai jo karuNA kA bauddha paramparA meN| isakA artha yaha hai ki ahiMsA kevala eka niSedhAtmaka vicAra nahIM hai balki isakA bhAvAtmaka pakSa bhI hai| ahiMsA kA matalaba dUsaroM ko kaSTa pahu~cAne se hI bacanA nahIM hai balki usase prema karanA bhI isameM zAmila hai| ozo rajanIza isa artha meM bhI ahiMsA ko pUrNa yA vAstavika nahIM maante| unakA mAnanA hai ki ahiMsA vItarAga dazA hai| yaha rAga aura dveSa donoM se pare hai| isalie ve gAMdhIjI ko ahiMsaka nahIM mAnate kyoMki gAMdhIjI ke mata meM ahiMsA prema kI abhivyakti hai aura yaha abhivyakti niSedhAtmaka (dUsaroM ko satAnA nahIM) evaM bhAvAtmaka (unake kalyANa ke lie kArya karanA) donoM tarIke se ho sakatI hai| sAmAnyatayA jaina vicAraka jisa artha meM ahiMsA kI bAta karate haiM usameM bhAvanA kA vizeSa mahattva hai| yadi hiMsA karane vAle kI bhAvanA pavitra hai, kalyANamitra kI bhAvanA hai to hiMsA dikhAyI dene vAlA kArya ahiMsA kI koTi meM hI aayegaa| paryAvaraNa para jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se vicAra karane meM isa vicAra kA vizeSa mahattva hai| paryAvaraNa saMkaTa yahA~ samasyA (problem) aura saMkaTa (crisis) meM antara spaSTa karanA upayogI hai| koI bhI samasyA eka aisI apriya sthiti hotI hai jo samAdhAna kI apekSA rakhatI hai| samasyA kA gambhIra rUpa hI saMkaTa hai aura turanta samAdhAna kI apekSA rakhatA hai| Aja paryAvaraNa samasyA ne saMkaTa kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| ise hama tIna stara para dekha sakate haiM : sthAnIya, kSetrIya aura vaizvika (Local, Regional and Global) / yaha vibhAjana samasyA se jyAdA samAdhAna ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA dhvani pradUSaNa, mRdA pradUSaNa, jala pradUSaNa Adi jisa sthAna para utpanna hote haiM vahA~ inakI prabhAvitA tIvra hotI hai tathA inako samApta karane kA sthAnIya upAya karanA

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anila kumAra tivArI hotA hai| yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki paryAvaraNa sudhAra kAryakrama kA koI bhI kriyAnvayana sthAnIya hI ho sakatA hai aura jaba yahI kAryakrama eka sAtha kaI sthAnoM para calAyA jAtA hai to usakA prabhAva vyApaka (Regional orGlobal) hotA hai| kucha paryAvaraNIya samasyAyeM aisI hotI hai jinakA kevala eka sthAna se nidAna sambhava nahIM hotA hai| usake lie kSetrIya prayAsa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jaise nadiyoM ko pradUSita hone se bacAne ke lie usa nadI ke Asa-pAsa base sabhI zaharoM aura gAvoM meM saMyukta prayAsa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| unake lie pUre vizva ko eka sAtha prayAsa karane kI jarurata hotI hai| udAharaNa ke lie prAyaH pratidina hama samAcAra patroM meM paDhate haiM ki hamAre vAtAvaraNa kA tApamAna bar3ha rahA hai| isake kAraNa gleziyaroM kA tejI se kSaraNa ho rahA hai jisase samudra ke jalastara meM vRddhi ho rahI hai jisake kAraNa aneka dvIpoM kA astitva hI saMkaTa meM par3a gayA hai| isake alAvA Ane vAle bIsa yA pacAsa varSoM meM duniyA ke aneka bhAgoM meM pAnI kI kamI jaisI gambhIra samasyA kA sAmanA karanA paDa sakatA hai kyoMki jala kA pramukha srota gleziyara hI hai aura unake saMkucita hone se sadAnIrA nadiyoM meM jala pravAha kI kamI ho rahI hai| isa samasyA kA mAnavIya gatividhi se sIdhA sambandha hai tathA paryAvaraNa se juDI anya globala samasyAoM meM zAyada sabase adhika carcA kA viSaya hai| vAstava meM jaba paryAvaraNa saMkaTa kI bAta kI jAtI hai to manuSya kI vaha gatividhi bAtacIta ke kendra meM hotI hai jisakA paryAvaraNa para ghAtaka asara hotA hai aura use rokanA yA kama karanA manuSya kI icchA para nirbhara karatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie jala pradUSaNa pramukha rUpa se kArakhAnoM dvArA utsarjita tathA zaharoM se bAhara nikalate gande pAnI ko binA saMzodhita kiye nadiyoM meM pravAhita karane se hotA hai| paryAvaraNa kI samasyA utpanna hone ke pUrva kArakhAnoM kI sthApanA karate samaya yA nAliyoM meM rAsAyanika padArtha pravAhita karate samaya zAyada hI kisI ne socA ho ki yaha kRtya aneka prANiyoM kA jIvana samApta kara sakatA hai| isa utsarjita jala ke saMzodhana aura niyojana ke prayAsa kiye jA rahe haiM parantu yaha abhI taka UMTa ke muMha meM jIrA hI sAbita huA hai| isI taraha kala-kArakhAnoM kI cimaniyoM evaM vAhanoM se nikale dhuMe se prANavAyu viSAkta hotI hai| khetI meM rAsAyanika urvarakoM evaM kITanAzakoM ke prayoga se miTTI kI urvarA zakti kama hone tathA kRSimitra jaivika kIToM ke vinAza jaisI samasyAyeM dikhAI de rahI hai| kala-kArakhAnoM aura vAhanoM kI AvAja se utpanna

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jaina paraMparA meM paryAvaraNa dhvanipradUSaNa se tanAva aura anidrAjanita aneka rogoM kA sAmanA karanA par3a rahA hai| kyA paryAvaraNa saMkaTa hiMsA kA pariNAma hai? paryAvaraNa samasyA ko jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se dekhane para yaha prazna uThatA hai ki kyA paryAvaraNa kI kSati eka hiMsA hai? sAmAnya samajha (common understanding) yahI hai ki paryAvaraNa kI kSati karanA hiMsA hai| paraMtu kyA vaha kArya bhI hiMsaka mAnA jA sakatA hai jisake phalasvarUpa paryAvaraNa para vyApaka niSedhAtmaka asara huA ho parantu aisI kSatikArita karane kI bhAvanA na rahI ho? prAyaH aneka vaijJAnika AviSkAra jijJAsAvaza yA acAnaka (serendipitously) ho jAte haiN| yadi ina AviSkAroM kA vyApaka upayoga paryAvaraNa ko gambhIra kSati pahaMcAtA hai to kyA aisI jijJAsA eka hiMsaka kRtya hai? agara hama jaina vicArakoM kI isa dhAraNA ko pUrNatayA svIkAra kara leM ki kSati kArita karane kI bhAvanA hI kisI kArya ko hiMsaka ThaharAne ke lie uttaradAyI hai to paryAvaraNa para ghAtaka asara DAlanevAle bahata se kArya ahiMsA kI koTi meM A jaayegeN| yadi paryAvaraNa kSati kArita karane vAle sabhI kAryoM ko hiMsaka kahA jAya to pRthvI para jIvana kA astitva hI hiMsA kA paryAya ho jAyegA aura ahiMsA bemAnI ho jaayegii| isa duvidhApUrNa sthiti (paradoxical situation) se ubarane ke lie do bAteM kahI jA sakatI haiN| pahalI yaha ki jaina paramparA siddhAntataH ahiMsA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra karatI hai| isake anusAra vAtAvaraNa meM caturdik jIvoM kA nivAsasthAna hai isalie isameM koI bhI gatividhi kisI na kisI jIva ko kSati phNcaayegii| isa artha meM paryAvaraNa ko kSati paha~cAnA vAstava meM jIvana ko kSati pahu~cAnA hai isalie paryAvaraNa kI samasyA hiMsA kA pariNAma mAnI jAnI caahie| parantu jaisA ki pahale kahA gayA hai isa sthiti meM mAnava sahita aneka prANiyoM kA jIvana hI asambhava ho jaayegaa| isIlie jaina paramparA meM aNuvrata kA prAvadhAna kiyA gayA hai, jo ki jIvita rahane ke lie anivArya hiMsA kI svIkRti detA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha ki jJAna-vijJAna kA vikAsa aura usakA vyAvahArika yA vyApArika prayoga do alaga-alaga cIjeM haiN| jJAna ke vikAsa aura mAnava jIvana ko sukhamaya banAne ke lie nyUnatama mAtrA meM hiMsA kI svIkRti aNuvrata kA bhAga mAnA jA sakatA hai| parantu jaba vijJAna kA upayoga lAbha aura lobha se prerita hotA hai to aise kRtya dvArA kI gayI hiMsA sarvathA asvIkArya hai| Aja hamAre sAmane paryAvaraNa saMkaTa kA pramukha kAraNa vAstava meM lAbha aura lobha ke vaza meM prakRti kA avicArapUrvaka dohana karanA hI hai|

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90 anila kumAra tivArI jaba hama paryAvaraNa saMkaTa ko hiMsA kA pariNAma kahate haiM taba isI prakAra kI hiMsA kI tarapha hamArA nirdeza hotA hai| ___ ahiMsA kI carcA karate samaya jitane prakAra kI hiMsA kA ullekha kiyA gayA unameM do taraha kI hiMsA kA paryAvaraNa kI samasyA se sIdhA sambandha pratIta hotA hai ye hai udyamI hiMsA aura saMkalpI hiNsaa| inakI yahA~ para kucha vistAra se carcA karanA Avazyaka hai| paryAvaraNa samasyA kA sIdhA sambandha manuSya kI vikAsa sambandhI avadhAraNA se hotA hai| vikAsa se sambandhita eka truTipUrNa dRSTikoNa paryAvaraNa para viparIta asara DAlatA hai| prAcIna kAla meM manuSya anya prANiyoM kI taraha hI prakRti kA eka bhAga thaa| usakI koI bhI gatividhi prAkRtika asantulana paidA nahIM kara sakI kyoMki usakI icchAyeM aura AvazyakatAyeM sImita thii| parantu samaya ke sAthasAtha mAnavIya icchA aura AvazyakatA meM vRddhi huI jisakI pUrti ke lie manuSya ne vijJAna aura takanIka kA vikAsa kiyaa| yaha bhI satya hai ki vaijJAnika anusaMdhAnoM kI vRddhi huI jisakI pUrti ke lie manuSya ne vijJAna aura takanIka kA vikAsa kiyaa| yaha bhI satya hai ki vaijJAnika anusaMdhAnoM kI vRddhi ke sAtha-sAtha manuSya kI mahattvAkAMkSA aura UMcI hotI gyii| phalasvarUpa prakRti kA dohana tIvra se tIvratara hotA gayA aura atizaya dohana ne Adhunika yuga meM paryAvaraNa saMkaTa kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA hai| isa saMkaTa ke pIche usa yahUdI IsAI avadhAraNA ko batAyA jAtA hai jisake anusAra Izvara ne manuSya ko saMpUrNa prakRti ko adhIna karane kA nirdeza diyA hai| isake phalasvarUpa manuSya ke sampUrNa prayAsa (udyama) prakRti kA eka aMga na hokara usako niyaMtrita karane kI ora unmukha rhaa| isakA pariNAma Aja paryAvaraNa saMkaTa ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane hai| parantu isa dhArmika nirdeza para itanA gaMbhIra Aropa lagAnA manuSya kI maulika pravRtti ko najaraaMdAja karanA hai| vAstava meM manuSya sukhI rahanA cAhatA hai aura apane sukha ke lie bhautika saMsAdhanoM ko juTAnA hai| ina saMsAdhanoM se utpanna tAtkAlika sukha kA AkarSaNa itanA tIvra hotA hai ki manuSya unake pAza meM baMdha jAtA hai| paryAvaraNa meM Aja jo hama asaMtulana dekha rahe haiM vaha zAyada isI mahattvAkAMkSI maulika pravRtti kA pariNAma hai| anya tathya yaha hai ki yUnAnI mastiSka sadaiva se bahirmukhI rahA hai| yUnAnI vicAraka hI vAstava meM Adhunika vijJAna ke janmadAtA hai| bahirmukhI vyaktitva kA bAhya vastuoM meM sukha kI talAza karanA svAbhAvika hai aura isa pravRtti kA pariNAma prAkRtika asantulana ke rUpa meM honA niyata hai|

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__ 91 jaina paraMparA meM paryAvaraNa takanIkI jJAna ke prasAra ne mAnavIya udyama ke dAyare meM vRddhi kara dI hai| isase prakRti ke dohana meM tIvratA AyI hai, vanoM kA tejI se vinAza, anavIkRta (nonrenewable) UrjA saMsAdhanoM kA baDhatA upayoga navIkRta (renewable) saMsAdhanoM kA usake navIkaraNa kSamatA se jyAdA upayoga Adi isake pramANa haiN| DablyU.DablyU.epha. (World Wide Fund for Nature, initially known as World Wildlife Fund) kI dvivArSika riporTa ke anusAra manuSya ne prakRti se vyAja ke alAvA mUladhana bhI khAnA zurU kara diyA hai| aura yaha upayoga prakRti kI punarutpAdana kSamatA se 25% adhika hai jisake ki isa dara se 2050 I. taka 100% ho jAne kI saMbhAvanA hai| atizaya upabhoga ke kAraNa jahA~ jaiva vividhatA naSTa ho rahI hai vahIM mAnavIya hita para dUragAmI asara ho rahA hai| riporTa ke anusAra 1970 I.se 2003 I. ke bIca vibhinna jaiva prajAtiyoM kI saMkhyA meM lagabhaga 30% kI kamI huI hai| manuSya ke surakSita bhaviSya ke lie yaha Avazyaka ho gayA hai saMpoSya vikAsa (sustanable development) kA siddhAnta apanAyA jAya jisake anusAra prakRti se utanA hI grahaNa karanA cAhie jitanA usakI punarutpAdana kSamatA hai| uparyukta vivecana ke saMdarbha meM udyamI hiMsA ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai, anivArya udyamI hiMsA aura nivArya udyamI hiNsaa| jIvana ko sukhI banAne ke lie kiye jA rahe udyama ke daurAna kI gayI hiMsA anivArya udyamI hiMsA hai tathA jIvana ko vilAsitApUrNa banAne ke lie kiye jA rahe udyama ke daurAna kI gayI hiMsA nivArya udyamI hiMsA hai / saMkalpI hiMsA bhI eka taraha kI nivArya hiMsA hai jisase binA kisI asuvidhA ke bacA jA sakatA hai| parantu sukha aura vilAsitA sApekSika hai| koI vastu kisI ke sukhamaya jIvana ke lie Avazyaka ho sakatI hai to vahI vastu kisI ke lie vilAsitA ho sakatI hai| jaise kAra kisI kaMpanI ke karmacAriyoM kI AvazyakatA ho sakatI hai to vahI vastu kisI ke lie vilAsitA hotI hai| gAMdhIjI ne sabhI vilAsitApUrNa cIjoM ke utpAdana aura upabhoga ko hiMsA mAnA hai| parantu isake lie unhoMne jo sUcI banAyI vaha nirvivAda nahIM hai| pratyeka vyakti kI AvazyakatA aura ruci bhinna-bhinna hotI hai| isalie vilAsitApUrNa vastuoM kI eka sAmAnya sUcI banAnA jo sabhI ke lie samAna rUpa se svIkArya ho vyAvahArika rUpa se sambhava nahIM pratIta hotA hai| lekina yadi hama vicArapUrvaka apane Asa-pAsa dekheM to ina cIjoM ko cinhita karanA kaThina nahIM hai| yadi pratyeka vyakti inakI pahacAna

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92 anila kumAra tivArI karake inakA upabhoga sImita yA baMda nahIM karatA (aparigraha) to vaha kahIM na kahIM usa vastu ke utpAdana meM kI gayI hiMsA ke lie naitika rUpa se uttaradAyI hai| udAharaNa ke lie hama mobAIla phona para vicAra kara sakate haiN| Aja cAroM tarapha isakI dhUma macI huI hai| vizeSa rUpa se yuvA-varga ise lekara kucha jyAdA hI utsAha meM hai| inameM se adhikAMza loga isa bAta ko nahIM jAnate hoMge ki purAne mobAila hainDa seToM kA niStAraNa amerikA jaise vikasita dezoM meM paryAvaraNa ke lie eka gambhIra cunautI bana cukA hai| yadi pratyeka mobAIla dhArI ImAnadArI se svayaM se yaha prazna kare ki use isa phona kI kitanI AvazyakatA hai yA yadi vaha mobAIla phona kA prayoga na kare to usake jIvana meM kyA asara honevAlA hai, to use svayaM patA laga jAyegA ki mobAIlaphona kI use kitanI jarUrata hai| yadi use aisA pratIta ho ki mobAila phona usake lie anivArya nahIM hai, to use isakA prayoga banda kara denA caahie| yadi vaha aisA nahIM karatA, to use mobAIla phonajanita paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ke lie naitika rUpa se (yA sIdhe) uttaradAyI ThaharAnA ucita hogaa| samAdhAna : samyaktva yA samyakatrayI jaina paramparA samyaktva dRSTi vikasita karanA hI naitika jIvana kA antima lakSya mAnatI hai| yaha dRSTi taba utpanna hotI hai jaba samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak caritra kA samanvaya ho| vastuoM ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna aura unake prati naitika AcaraNa hI isa dRSTi ke mUla meM hai| aisI dRSTi vikasita hone para hI yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bheda satahI hai abheda hI jIvana kA mUla hai| jIva-jIva meM antara nahIM hai| tathAkathita ajIva kA bhI utanA hI mahattva hai jitanA eka jIva kaa| kisI na kisI jIva kA vAsasthAna hone ke kAraNa ajIva tattva se vyavahAra karate samaya sAvadhAnI kI apekSA kI jAtI hai| isalie jaina paramparA na kevala dRzyamAna jIvadhAriyoM balki sampUrNa prakRti ke prati ahiMsaka vyavahAra karane para bala detI hai| samasta prakRti eka jIvita samagra (an organism or a living whole) hai| jisa prakAra hamAre zarIra ke kisI eka aMga kI kSati-zarIra kI saMpUrNa kAryapraNAlI ko prabhAvita karatI hai usI prakAra prakati ke kisI vizeSa bhAga meM utpanna vikAra sampUrNa prakRti ke santulana ko prabhAvita karatI hai| paryAvaraNa saMkaTa ko samApta karane ke lie jainiyoM kA yaha vicAra mahattvapUrNa hai ki hame kevala dikhAI dene vAle hiMsaka kAryoM kA samAdhAna nahIM socanA cAhie balki

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jaina paraMparA meM paryAvaraNa usake mUla meM jhAMkanA caahie| manuSya kA mana aura hRdaya hI vaha sthAna hai jahA~ vAstavika hiMsA kA udaya hotA hai| vaicArika hiMsA hI samasta bure AcaraNa kI jananI hai| isalie vaicArika pavitratA kA vizeSa mahattva hai| hiMsaka ko samUla naSTa karane ke lie mAnavIya hRdaya kI malinatA ko dUra karanA Avazyaka hai| jaina darzana meM hiMsA ko isake vyApaka artha meM lete hue isameM mana, vacana aura karma tInoM se hone vAlI hiMsA ko zAmila kiyA gayA hai| hiMsA karane ke pUrva manas usa para vicAra karatA hai| yaha vicAra hI hiMsA kA janaka hai| jaina darzana meM hiMsA ke vicAra ko bhAvahiMsA tathA use kAryAnvita karane ko dravyahiMsA kahA gayA hai| vANI aura karma vicAra kI hI abhivyakti hai / inake dvArA vaicArika hiMsA kA hI kAryAnvayana hotA hai| isalie vaicArika hiMsA hI mUlahiMsA hai| kisI ke prati apriya yA apamAnajanaka zabdoM kA prayoga vANI kI hiMsA hai tathA sabase spaSTa kArmika hiMsA hai jisameM kisI kArya ke mAdhyama se kisI ko nukasAna pahu~cAyA jAtA hai| jaina darzana tIna sthitiyoM meM kisI vyakti ke AcaraNa ko hiMsaka karAra detA hai| vaha vyakti dvArA svayaM kiyA gayA ho (kRta) yA dUsare dvArA karavAyA gayA ho / ( kArita) yA kisI hiMsaka kArya kA anumodana kiyA gayA ho ( anumodanA ) / sAmAnyatayA hiMsA kA matalaba loga dUsaroM ke prati kI gayI hiMsA hI samajhate hai| jaina darzana meM ekendriya se lekara bahurendriya jIvoM ke prati jinakA prasAra sRSTi ke kaNaar meM hai, kiyA gayA krUra vyavahAra hiMsA kahA gayA hai| apanI AdhyAtmika yAtrA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne samasta prANiyoM ke prati sahAnubhUti, udAratA, jIvana kI pavitratA aura vibhinna dRSTiyoM meM sAmaJjasya kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava kiyA aura samasta mAnava samudAya se usakA anusaraNa karane kA Agraha kiyaa| unakA vizvAsa thA ki samasta sRSTi paraspara nirbhara hai eka bhAga dUsare kA virodhI nahIM balki pUraka hai eka dUsare kI apekSA rakhatA hai| jaina mata kA mUlyAMkana paryAvaraNa kI samasyA eka sAmAjika samasyA hai| jaise paramparA dvArA sujhAye gae ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke mArga vastutaH vyaktigata AdhyAtmika unnati ke lie upayukta mAne jAte haiN| yahA~ prazna uThatA hai ki vyaktigata mukti ke lie svIkRta mArga ko eka sAmAjika samasyA ke nirAkaraNa hetu kaise prayoga kiyA jaay| Aja ke vizva meM jahA~ aneka mata matAntara, sAmAjika sAMskRtika vividhatA, jIvana-stara kI 93

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94 anila kumAra tivArI asamAnatA, asamAnatA kI bhAvanA Adi vyApta hai vahA~ sabhI se yaha apekSA karanA kahA~ taka vyAvahArika hai ki ve paryAvaraNa ko svaccha banAne ke lie samAna rUpa se tyAga aura ahiMsaka AcaraNa karegeM? isake uttara meM do bAteM kahI jA sakatI hai| pahalI bAta yaha ki jaina paramparA AdhyAtmika aura sAmAjika jIvana ko eka dUsare se asambaddha yA pRthaka pRthaka nahIM dekhtii| AcaraNa ke niyama sabake lie eka hI haiM cAhe koI saMnyAsI ho yA gRhsth| antara kevala itanA hai ki saMnyAsiyoM se ina niyamoM kA dRDhatApUrvaka pAlana apekSita hai jabaki sAmAjikoM ke lie unakI vizeSa bhUmikA ke kAraNa kucha chUTa dI gayI hai| dUsarI bAta yaha ki paramparA jIvana ke sabhI rUpoM ko samAna mAnatI hai, eka jIva kA dUsare jIva se koI guNAtmaka bheda nahIM hai| aisI mAnyatA ke kAraNa eka jIvana kisI anya jIvana kA sAdhana bahuta hI saMkucita artha meM ho sakatA hai| jisa prakAra carma aura asthi ke lie pAlatU evaM jaMgalI jAnavaroM kA vinAza kiyA jA rahA hai tathA bhojana ke lie bhUcaroM aura jalacaroM kA atizaya zikAra kiyA jA rahA hai yaha jaina mata meM sarvathA asvIkArya hai| __ Aja sampUrNa vizva ko yaha anubhava ho cukA hai ki paryAvaraNa eka aisA kAraka hai jo kisI rASTra kI sImA nahIM jaantaa| vizva ke kisI eka bhAga meM huA paryAvaraNa kSaraNa zeSa vizva ko prabhAvita karatA hai| aneka vividhatAoM ke bAvajUda saMpUrNa vizva kama se kama paryAvaraNa ke mAmale meM eka (jIvita) ikAI hai| jisa prakAra kisI prANI ke kisI eka aMga para lagI coTa usakI pUrI kArya kSamatA ko prabhAvita karatI hai usI prakAra pRthvI ke eka bhAga meM huA paryAvaraNa asaMtulana Aja nahIM to kala saMpUrNa graha ko prabhAvita kregaa| vizva ke aneka bhAgoM meM bAra-bAra pralayakArI bADha Ane, sUkhA paDane, dhruvoM para barpha pighalane, ojona parata kA kSaraNa hone, mahAdvIpoM para dhuMe kA bAdala chAne jaise lakSaNa paryAvaraNa kI gambhIra dazA kA saMketa karate haiN| durbhAgyavaza tathAkathita vikAsa kI andhI dauDa meM inheM anadekhA kiyA jA rahA hai| saMkaTa se nipaTane kI gambhIratA kA anumAna isa tathya se lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki 1973 I. meM prArambha kiye saMyukta rASTra ke paryAvaraNa sambandhI kAryakrama (United Nations Environmental Program-UNEP) ko sucArU rUpa se saMcAlita karane ke lie prAyaH anudAna hI upalabdha nahIM ho pAtA hai| zAyada hameM vikAsa sambandhI avadhAraNA ke sAtha-sAtha logoM kI mAnasikatA badalane kI AvazyakatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki paryAvaraNa kA svAsthya isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki loga eka

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jaina paraMparA meM paryAvaraNa upabhoktA, eka zramika, eka nAgarika, eka adhikArI, eka paryaTaka, eka nivezaka, eka udyogapati ke rUpa meM kisa taraha kI mAnasikatA rakhate haiN| lAbha aura lobha kI mAnasikatA se antataH hAni hI hotI hai| isalie vyakti ko koI bhI bhUmikA nibhAte samaya mAnavIya bhAvanA rakhanI atyanta Avazyaka hai| kSudra svArtha evaM upabhogavAditA kI andhI daur3a meM lage rahane kA pariNAma vahI ho sakatA hai jo Aja hama bhoga rahe haiN| samasta prANI sukhamaya raheM tathA paryAvaraNa akSata rahe isake lie saMpoSya vikAsa ke siddhAnta ko apanAnA Avazyaka hai| isake lie svArthavAditA aura upabhogatAvAdI saMskRti tyAgakara apanI AvazyakatA ko sImita karanA hogaa| mahAtmA gAMdhI kA mAnanA hai ki saMsAra hamArI AvazyakatA to pUrI kara sakatA hai lekina lobha nahIM zAnta kara sktaa| isalie jaina paramparA dvArA prastAvita ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke mArga para calakara hI hama prANimAtra ke bhaviSya ko surakSita rakha sakate haiN| mahAvIra svAmI ke anusAra mahattva isa bAta kA hai ki hama kisa dizA kI ora baDha rahe haiN| na ki isakA ki Aja hama kahA~ khaDe haiN| hama jahA~ khaDe hai vaha hamAre pahale ke kiye kAryoM kA pariNAma hai, jisameM hama koI parivartana nahIM kara sakate hameM inheM bhoganA hI paDegA / mahattvapUrNa yaha hai ki Aja hama jisa paryAvaraNa saMkaTa se jUjha rahe haiM usase nipaTane ke lie hama kitanI sajagatA aura ImAnadArI se prayAsa kara rahe haiN| DablyU.DablyU.epha kI riporTa meM pAMca mukhya sujhAva diye gaye haiM jo paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa evaM jaiva vividhatA ke lie Avazyaka haiM : a) janasaMkhyA niyaMtraNa karanA evaM parivAra choTA rakhane ko protsAhana denA, ba) upabhoktAvAdI pravRtti kA tyAga evaM jIvana meM guNAtmaka sudhAra karanA, sa) utpAdana meM prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA sImita prayoga karanA, da) bhUmi kA ucita prabandhana karanA tathA ya) mRdA matyasya evaM vana kA vizeSa saMrakSaNa krnaa| yadi hama vicArapUrvaka dekheM to ina sujhAvoM kA AdhAra jaina paramparA kI ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke nikaTa hai| isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki paryAvaraNa saMkaTa kA vaizvika stara para koI bhI samAdhAna ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke anurUpa hI ho sakatA hai| yadi hama isa bhAvanA ke anusAra AcaraNa karane meM saphala rahe to manuSya aura prakRti ke bIca vAstava meM vaha sambandha sthApita ho jAyegA jo ki eka bhramara aura puSpa ke bIca hotA hai| 95

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96 anila kumAra tivArI saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ lakSmI malla siMghavI (Former High Commssioner of india to UK) ne vizva vanyajIvana phaMDa (World wildlife Fund) ke saMrakSaNa aura dharma para _antarrASTrIya neTavarka (International Network on Conservation and Religion) ke lie prakRti para jaina udghoSaNA (The Jain Declaration on Nature) zIrSaka se eka lekha likhA thA jisameM jaina darzana kI pAMca bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinakA paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ke lie vizeSa mahattva hai| ye bAte haiM : ahiMsA (Non Violence), parasparanirbharatA (Inter-depence) anekAntavAda (The Doctrine of Manifold Aspects), samatva (Equanimity) aura jIva dayA (Compassion, Empathy and Charity) yaha lekha vebasAITa http://www.jainworld.com/jainbooks/ books/jaindecl.htm/(retrieved on octo6. 2006) para upalabdha hai| prastuta sUkta isI lekha meM uddhRta hai| zvetAmbara jaina paramparA ke cAra maulika sUtra hai -Avazyaka sUtra, vizeSa Avazyavaka sUtra, dazavakAlika sUtra aura pAkSika suutr| inameM AcAra vicAra ke niyamoM kA vistRta ullekha hai| uddhRta sUtra kastUra canda lAlavAnI dvArA anudita dasaveyAliya sutta, motIlAla banArasI dAsa, dillI, 1973, se lie gaye haiN| anekAnta siddhAnta ko vAda kahane para vivAda hai| yaha apane Apa meM koI vAda nahIM hai balki yaha darzAtA hai ki sabhI vAda sImita dRSTikoNa hai aura pariprekSya vizeSa meM hI satya haiM na ki nirapekSa rUpa se| bauddha darzana kA zUnyatA siddhAnta isakA niSedhAtmaka rUpa pratIta hotA hai| zUnyatA samasta dRSTiyoM meM virodhAbhAsa dikhAkara unakA khaMDana karatI hai parantu yaha svayaM meM koI dRSTi yA mata nahIM hai| anekAnta samasta dRSTiyoM meM sApekSika satya dekhatA hai parantu svayaM kisI dRSTi vizeSa ke antargata nahIM aataa| isa taraha zUnyatA aura anekAnta kasauTI haiM na ki kasauTI ke viSaya isalie inheM vAda kahanA eka upacAramAtra pratIta hotA 4. tarkarahasyadIpikA AcArya guNaratna dvArA haribhadrasUri kRta SaDdarzanasamuccaya para TIkA hai| prastuta vicAra Jadunath Sinha kI Indian Philosophy, Vol

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jaina paraMparA meM paryAvaraNa II, Motilal Banarasidas Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Delhi : Reprint 1999, se lie gaye hai, pR. 199 / 5. siMghavI dvArA uddhRta op.cit (italics mine) 6. S. Radhakrishnan, Indian Philosophy, Vol. I, Londan George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1923, p. 58. rAdhAkRSNana ke anusAra jaina kA jIvaviSayaka siddhAnta nyAya-vaizeSika ke AtmA siddhAnta se milatA-julatA hai sAMkhya ke puruSa se nahIM kyoMki puruSa niSkriya hai, pR. 292 / parantu jaina mata kA jIva nyAya ke AtmA kI apekSA sAMkhya ke puruSa ke adhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai kyoMki jIva aura puruSa donoM cetana svarUpa hai jabaki AtmA svarUpataH acetana hai| isake alAvA sAMkhya ke puruSa kI taraha jIva bhoktA aura asaMkhya hai, pR. 314 / donoM meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki jIva sAkAra tathA sakriya hai jabaki puruSa nirAkAra aura nisskriy| ullekhanIya hai ki jaina samudAya vyApAra ko anya udyama kI apekSA jyAdA varIyatA detA hai| isake pIche zAyada yahI bhAvanA hai ki vyApAra meM svayaM se jIvoM ke prati hiMsA kI kama saMbhAvanA hotI hai| Azcarya nahIM ki jaina samudAya duniyA kA sabase bar3A vyApArika samudAya ho| Bhiku Parekh, Theory of Non-Violence. (p.159) in the Theory of Value edited by Roy W. Perrett, New York & Londan Garland Publishig ltd., 2000, pp. 135-166 dillI vizvavidyAlaya meM akhila bhAratIya ahiMsA saMgoSThI meM diyA gayA bhASaNa jo mahAvIra : merI dRSTi meM pustaka ke pariziSTa (1) meM ahiMsA (pR. 741764) zIrSaka se prakAzita huA hai| udAharaNa ke lie Oct. 26th 2006 ke The Hindu, Delhi Edition ke sampAdakIya panne para A Warming planet zIrSaka se eka lekha prakAzita huA jisameM amerikI aMtarikSa ejensI se sambaddha goDarDa insTiTyUTa ke vaijJAnikoM kA havAlA dete hue kahA gayA hai ki varSa 2005 I. pichale 12000 varSoM meM sarvAdhika garma rahA hai| pRthvI ke tApamAna meM 0.6degc kI vRddhi pichale kevala 30 varSoM meM huI hai| aura isakA kAraNa kArbana AdhArita UrjA saMsAdhanoM kA atizaya upabhoga hai| gaira-paramparAgata UrjA jaise - saura 10.

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98 11. International Enclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, Vol. 7, Oxford & New York: Elsevier Science Ltd., 2001, p. 4567 ??. Genesis, 1.27: So God created man in his own image....1.28 :And God blessed them (men), and God said unto them, be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth, and subdue it, and have domination over the fish of the sea, over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upen the earth. anila kumAra tivArI UrjA, pavana UrjA Adi ko vikasita karanA hI ekamAtra vikalpa batAyA gayA hai| 13. John Vidal, Collapse of Ecosystems likely if Plunder continues The Hindu, Delhi Edi., Oct 26, 2006 p. 11.

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jaina AgamoM meM aparigraha nItU bAphanA zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI ne 'dazavaikAlika sUtra' a. 6, gA. 11 meM prarUpaNA kI hai ki 'savve jIvAvi icchaMti jIviuM na marijauM-sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM na ki mrnaa| yahA~ kauna se jIvana kI apekSA hai to bhagavAna ne 'AcArAMga sUtra' 1-zru, 2-a, 3-3 meM pharamAyA ki-'savve pANA piyAuyA suhasAyA dukkha paDikUlA'-samasta prANI duHkha ke pratikUla sukha kI abhilASA karate haiN| usa sukhamaya jIvana hetu manuSya prAyaH manonukUla viSayoM meM nirantara gatizIla rahate haiM, paraMtu una viSayoM meM sukha alpa aura bahudhA duHkha hI pratiphalita hotA hai| aisA kyoM? kyA apanAyA huA mArga vAstavika sukha kA kAraNa na hokara, duHkha kA mUlabhUta hetu hai? isakA vizleSaNa karate hue bhagavAn ne tathya ko prakaTa kiyA ki manovAMchita viSaya Azrava rUpa hone se duHkhajanya hai| isa Azrava va usake pratipakSI saMvara kA vizad vivecana dasaveM aMga prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra meM gumphita hai| ___ Azrava va saMvara kI paribhASA graMthakAroM ne yaha kI hai ki Azrava 'AsamantAta zravanti pravizanti karmANi yena saH Azrava' arthAt jina kAraNoM se AtmA meM karma cAroM ora se praviSTa hote haiM vaha Azrava hai| 'saMvriyante nirUdhyante karma kAraNAni ye bhAvena sNvrH|' yAni AtmA meM jina kAraNoM se praviSTa hote hue karma ruka jAveM, vaha saMvara hai| Azrava navIna kramoM kA pravAha, saMsAra kA hetu hai aura saMvara mokSa kA yAni saMsAra kSaya karake avyAbAdha sukha kI praapti| hiMsA, asatya, caurya, maithuna aura parigraha ye pA~ca mukhya Asrava ke bheda haiM aura inake viparIta ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ye pA~ca saMvara haiN| sAmAnyatayA pA~coM hI saMvara AtmaguNoM ke vRddhikaraNa, upayogI, AnaMdadAyaka aura antatogatvA mokSa phala ke dAyaka haiM, paraMtu yahA~ aparigraha kA kathana karanA iSTa hai| ataH isakA vivecana kiyA jA rahA hai| ___pA~coM saMvaroM meM mUla bhUmikA rUpa aparigraha hai kyoMki aparigraha ahiMsA kA poSaka hai| lobha binA dveSa nahIM hotA aura dveSa hI hiMsA kA janaka hai| ataH phalita huA ki lobha ke abhAva meM hiMsA nahIM pnptii| yAni hiMsA kA nIMva rUpa sRjaka lobha hI haiN| lobha yA lAlacavaza manuSya dhana ke arjana, saMgraha, saMrakSaNa meM jhUTha bolatA hai, corI karatA hai aura parigraha ke mada meM vyabhicAra karane meM bhI nahIM hicktaa| parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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100 nItU bAphanA nirlobhI kyoM jhUTha bolegA, kyoM corI karegA aura vaha vyabhicArI bhI kyoM hogA? ina donoM kA 36 kA A~kaDA haiM arthAt jahA~ prakAza hai vahA~ ye aMdhere rUpa avaguNa nahIM raha skte| isalie ahiMsA, satya, acaurya kI jaDa aparigraha hai| aura AcArAMga sUtra a. 5, u 2, sUtra 155 meM kahA hai ki jo parigraha se virata hai usameM brahmacarya hotA hai| arthAt aparigrahI brahmacArI hai| aparigraha ko samajhane ke lie parigraha kA jJAna pahale honA Avazyaka hai| AgamakAroM ne parigraha kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai-'parigRhyate AdIyataSsmAditi prigrhH| mUrchAbhAvena mameti buddhyA gRhyate iti prigrhH|' kisI vastu kA samasta rUpa se grahaNa karanA athavA mamatva buddhi se, merepana kI buddhi meM mUrchAvaza jise grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha parigraha hai| parigraha ke bheda ___ aMtaraMga bhAva parigraha ko kahate haiM jabaki bAhya saMyogI padArthoM kA saMbaMdha bahiraMga parigraha kahalAtA hai| bahiraMga parigraha aMtaraMga parigraha kA nimitta hai| aMtaraMga parigraha 1. mithyAtva saddeva, sadguru va saddharma kA yathArtha svarUpa na jAnane se kudevAdi kA zraddhAna mithyAtva hai| jIva-ajIva Adi tattvoM kA samyak svarUpa na jAnakara unameM anyathA, viparIta zraddhA karanA mithyAtva hai| bandhana va mokSa ke svarUpa ko, inake kAraNoM ko yathArtha na samajhakara viparIta mAnyatA karanA mithyAtva hai| sva-para kA athavA jaDa caitanya kA yathArtha svarUpa na jAnakara viparIta zraddhAna karanA mithyAtva hai| mUla meM sva ke prati bebhAna rahanA hI mithyAtva hai| ataH yaha sabhI Azrava ke kAraNoM meM prathama va anaMta saMsAra baDhAne kA kAraNa hai| yahI mukhya parigraha hai| 2. krodha yaha eka mAnasika kintu saMvega kI uttejanAtmaka avasthA hai| isakI nimna avasthAe~ haiM - kopa-krodha se utpanna svabhAva kI cNcltaa| roSa-krodhAdi kA parisphuTa ruup| doSa-svayaM para yA 'para' para doSa thopnaa| akSamA-aparAdha ko kSamA na krnaa-ugrtaa| saMjvalana-bAra-bAra jalanA, tilmilnaa| kalaha-jora jora se bolakara anucita bhASaNa krnaa| cANDikya- raudra rUpa dhAraNa krnaa| bhaMDaNa

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jaina AgamoM meM aparigraha pITane, mArane para utArU ho jaanaa| vivAda- AkSepAtmaka bhASaNa karanA / krodha ke Aveza meM AkramaNa yA AkramaNa kI taiyArI hotI hai| mAna yA ahaMkAra kI rakSArtha krodha kA janma hotA hai| yaha eka kSaNika uphAna hai| mUla meM caitanya svabhAva se aruci hI krodha se mana meM, tana meM kaMpakaMpI chUTa jAtI hai| usakI zakti kSINa ho jAtI hai| 3. mAna ahaMkAra, abhimAna, ahaM, ghamaNDa ye mAna ke paryAyavAcI haiN| isakI nimna avasthAe~ haiM- mAna- apane kisI guNa para jhUThI ahaMvRtti / mada ahaMbhAva meM tanmayatA / dapa-uttejanApUrNa ahaMbhAva / stambha - avinamratA / gv-ahNkaar| atyutkrozaapane ko dUsaroM se zreSTha kahanA / paraparivAda - dUsaroM kI nindA / utkaSa - apanA aizvarya prakaTa krnaa| apakaSa - dUsaroM kI hInatA prakaTa karanA / unnata - - dUsaroM ko tuccha smjhnaa| unnatanAma - guNI ke sAmane bhI na jhukanA / durnAma yathocita rUpa se na jhukanA / mAna ke ATha bheda - 101 kulamada, balamada, aizvaryamada, jAtimada, jJAnamada, rUpamada, tapamada, adhikAra mada / vaise mAnava meM svAbhimAna kI mUla pravRtti hai hI paraMtu jaba usameM ucita se adhika zAsita karane kI bhUkha jAgrata hotI hai aura jaba apane guNoM va yogyatAoM ko parakhane meM bhUlakara jAtA hai taba usake antaHkaraNa meM mAna kI vRtti kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai / abhimAna meM uttejanA vA Aveza hotA hai| use apane se baDhakara yA apanI barAbarI kA koI vyakti dikhatA hI nahIM / 4. mAyA chala, kapaTa, dhUrtatA, dambha Adi mAyA hai| isakI nimna avasthAe~ haiM- mAyAkapaTAcAra / upAdhi-Thage jAne yogya vyakti ke samIpa jAne kA vicAra / nikRti - chalane ke abhiprAya se adhika sammAna karanA / valaya- vakratApUrNa vcn| gahana - Thagane vicAra se atyanta gUDha bhASaNa karanA / nUma- ThagAI ke uddezya se nikRSTatama kArya karanA / kalka- dUsare ko hiMsA ke lie ubhAranA / kurUpa nindita vyavahAra / jimhatA- ThagAI ke lie kArya manda karanA / kilviSika- bhAMDoM kI bhAMti kuceSTA karanA / AdaraNatA - anicchita kArya bhI apanAnA / gUhanatA apanI karatUta ko chipAne ke lie prayatna karanA / vaMcakatA - ThagI / pratikuMcanatA- kisI ke sarala

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102 nItU bAphanA rUpa se kahe gaye vacanoM kA khaMDana karanA / sAtiyoga- uttama vastu meM hIna vastu mizrita krnaa| saMkSepa meM mana meM kucha, vacana meM kucha aura kAya meM kucha aura aisI vakratA jIvana meM honA mAyA hai| 5. lobha mohanIya karma ke udaya se citta meM utpanna hone vAlI tRSNA yA lAlasA lobha hai| isakI 16 avasthAe~ haiM- lobha-saMgraha karane kI vRtti / icchA - abhilASA / mUcchAtIvratama saMgrahavRtti / kAMkSA prApta karane kI AzA / gRddhi prApta vastu meM Asakti honA / tRSNA - joDane kI icchA, vitaraNa kI virodha vRtti / mithyA- viSayoM kA dhyAna / abhidhyA - nizca se Diga jaanaa| AzaMsanA- iSTa prApti kI icchA karanA / prArthanA - artha Adi kI yAcanA / lAlapanatA- cATukAritA / kAmAzA - kAma kI icchaa| bhogAzA - bhogya padArthoM kI icchaa| jIvitAzA- jIvana kI kAmanA / maraNAzA - mRtyu kI kAmanA / nandirAga - prApta sampatti meM anurAga / 6. hAsya- khilI ThaThThA karanA, majAka karanA / 7. rati- Arambha Adi asaMyama-3 -pramAda meM rAga krnaa| 8. arati-saMyama, tapa Adi meM arati yA dveSa karanA / 9. bhaya- ihaloka, paraloka, maraNa, vedanA, ajasmAt bhaya, ArakSaNa bhaya, agupta bhaya / 10. zoka - iSTa viyoga meM zoka-vihvala honA / 11. jugupsA - glAni honA / 12. strIveda-puruSa ke sAtha ramane kA bhAva / 13. puruSaveda- strI ke sAtha ramane kA bhAva / 14. napuMsakaveda - strI-puruSa donoM ke sAtha ramane kA bhAva / uparyukta caudaha prakAra kA Abhyantara parigraha hI nizcaya se bhAva parigraha hai / yahI mUla duHkha hai| bahiraMga parigraha kevala caitanya Atma tattva ko choDakara jina-jina padArthoM kA saMyoga AtmA ke sAtha hotA hai, ve sabhI padArtha parigraha haiN| cUMki ina vastuoM kA saMyoga hone se viyoga nizcita hotA hai ataH ve bAhya parigraha haiN| karma bhI paudgalika hai, zarIra bhI paudgalika hai, ye donoM baddha parigraha haiM aura indriya bhogya padArtha jinase viSaya bhoge jAte haiM ve abaddha padArtha haiN| ve abaddha padArtha haiN| ve nau prakAra ke haiM 1. kSetra - kheta, bAga, bagIce Adi / 2. vAsta - bhavana, ghara, dukAna, baMgalA Adi / 3. cAMdI - cAMdI ke AbhUSaNa yA cAMdI / 4. suvaNa- sonA yA sone ke

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jaina AgamoM meM aparigraha 103 AbhUSaNa aadi| 5. dhana- mohara, ginnI, rupaye-paise, sikke noTa aadi| 6. dhAnya - sabhI prakAra kA anaaj| 7. dvipada - naukara, dAsa-dAsI, pakSI aadi| 8. catuSpada- gAya, bhaiMsa, ghoDA, baila, bakarI Adi jaanvr| 9. kupya - dhAtu (sonecA~dI ke sivAya) saba prakAra kI tAmbA, pItala, sTIla, lohA, lakaDI tathA kapaDe kI banI huI vstueN| ye nau prakAra ke bAhya parigraha hai| vaise sthAnAMga sUtra' meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne parigraha ke tIna prakAra batAye haiM : (1) karma parigraha (2) zarIra parigraha, (3) bAhya bhANDamAtra upakaraNa prigrh| 'upAsaka dazAMga sUtra' meM parigraha ke cAra bheda bhI batAye haiM : (1) gaNima - jinako ginakara diyA jA ske| (2) dharima - jo vastu tola kara dI jAye jaise gehU~, jau, makkA, cAvala aadi| (3) meya - jo mApakara dI jAye jaise kapaDA, jamIna aadi| (4) pariccheda - jo vastu parakhakara parIkSA karake dI jAya jaise hIrA, mANaka aadi| 'prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra' meM parigraha ke mukhya rUpa se tIsa nAma ginAye haiM -(1) parigraha, (2) saMcaya, (3) caya, (4) uvacaya, (5) vidhAna, (6) saMbhAra, (7) saMkara, (8) Adara, (9) piMDa, (10) dravyasAra, (11) mahecchA , (12) pratibandha, (13) lobhAtmA, (14) maharddhi, (15) upakaraNa, (16) saMrakSaNa, (17) bhAra, (18) sampAtotpAdaka, (19) kalikaraNDa, (20) pravistara, (21) anartha, (22) saMstava, (23) agupti, (24) avivega, (25) avivega, (26) amukti, (27) tRSNA, (28) anarthaka, (29) Asakti, (30) asntoss| isa taraha aparigraha evaM parigraha ke bheda vibhinna avasthAoM se yatra-tatra sUtroM meM batAye gaye haiN| rAga-dveSa rUpI Atma-pariNAma bhAva antaraMga parigraha hai aura unase jo pudgaloM kA saMcaya hotA hai vaha dravya bahiraMga parigraha hai| AtmA kA zuddha pariNAma bhAva saMvara hai jo Ate hue karmoM kA nirUMdhaka hai| bhAva saMvara meM aparigraha mukhya hai jisakI vyAkhyA AgamakAroM ne yahI kI hai - 'na vidyate dhamopakaraNAdate zarIropabhogAya svalo'pi parigraha yasya sa ythaa| pratyAkhyAta parigrahe saadhau|' (abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, prathama bhaag|) na vidyate parisamantAta sukhArtha gRhyati iti prigrh| yasyA sAva-parigraha-jisane

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104 nItU bAphanA kisI bhI prakAra kA padArtha zArIrika sukha hetu grahaNa nahI kiyA hai| use aparigraha kahate hai| aise sampUrNa rUpa se aparigrahI vizva meM paMca mahAvratadhArI zramaNa nirgrantha hI haiN| 'Avazyaka sUtra' meM yaha unakA pA~cavA mahAvrata hai| zramaNa nirgrantha tIna karaNa, tIna yoga se samasta prakAra ke parigraha ke tyAgI haiN| phira bhI ve apane zarIra ke nirvAha ke lie zIta, garmI kI rakSA va dhArmika kriyA karane hetu vastra, pAtra, dhArmika upakaraNa Adi rakhate hI haiN| kyA yaha parigraha nahIM hai? isake samAdhAna meM svayaM carama tIrthakara ne 'dazavakAlika' sUtra a. 6, gAthA 21 meM prarUpaNA kI hai - Na so parigNaho vutto, NAyaputteNa taainnaa| . "muddA pariggaho vutto" iha vuttaM mhesinno|| __cha: kAyoM ke rakSaka jJAtaputra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne anAsakti bhAva se vastra, pAtra Adi rakhane ko parigraha nahIM kahA hai, kintu mUrchAbhAva ko hI (vastu para Asakti rakhane ko) parigraha kahA hai| isI adhyayana kI 19 vI gAthA meM prabhu ne cetAvanI dI hai ki padArtha kA saMgraha karanA to dUra, sirpha saMgraha kI icchA (mAnasika saMkalpa) karane vAlA sAdhu, sAdhu nahIM varan gRhastha hai - lohassesa aNupphAsoM, maNNe annyraamvi| je siyA saMNihikAme, girI pavvAie Na se|| aneka Agama zAstroM meM aparigraha sambandhI varNana upalabdha hai parantu usakA sAMgopAMga vivecana 'praznavyAkaraNa sUtra' meM hI hai| isake paMcama aparigraha saMvara dvAra meM nimna binduoM para vistAra se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| (1) antaraMga parigraha se virati / (2) aparigraha kA mahatva svarUpa / (3) aparigraha kI pahacAna / (4) aparigraha vrata ko puSTa karane vAlI pA~ca bhAvanAe~ / zramaNa nirgrantha samasta bAhya parigraha kA tyAgakara akiMcana bhikSu hotA hai, phira bhI usake mana meM vyakta vastuoM para mamatA moha rUpa antaraMga pariNAma na hove aura doSoM se jAgarUka rahane hetu isa saMvara dvAra meM 33 boloM kI prarUpaNA kI gaI hai jaise eka prakAra kA asaMyama, do bheda rAga, dveSa isa taraha se eka 2 bola kI vRddhi karate hue taiMtIsaveM bola meM taiMtIsa prakAra kI AzAtanA TAlane kA nirdeza hai| heya, jJeya, upAdeya rUpa ina

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jaina AgamoM meM aparigraha 105 boloM kI ArAdhanA karane se aparigrahI sAdhaka apanI maMjila kI ora nirvighnatA se pragati karatA hai| aparigraha kI mahimA aura svarUpa kA kathana AgamakAroM ne zreSTha vRkSa kI upamA dvArA kiyA hai| mahAvIra svAmI ke zreSTha vacanoM se prarUpita parigraha - nivRtti hI usakA vistAra hai aura samyaktva hI vRkSa kI mUla hai| dhRti (dhairya) hI usakA skaMdha aura vinaya-namratA usakI vedikA (thalA) hai| aparigraha kA tIna loka meM vistRta yaza isakA tanA hai aura pA~ca rUpa isakI vizAla zAkhAyeM haiM / anitya Adi bAraha bhAvanAyeM aparigraha vRkSa kI tvacA (chAla) aura zubhadhyAna, prazasta yoga aura jJAnarUpa patte aura aMkura se yaha vRkSa zobhita hai| nirlobha Adi guNa rUpa phUloM se yaha vRkSa alaMkRta hai aura zIla hI usakA saurabha hai| anAzrava navIna karmoM kA agrahaNa hI usakA phala hai| isa aparigraha kA bIja mokSa kA bodhi bIja rUpa hai aura yahI usakI minA sAra rUpa hai| isa upamA ke anta meM zAstrakAra batalAte hai ki merU parvata ke zikhara ke coTI ke samAna yaha mokSa jAne ke lie nirlobhatA zreSTha mArga kA zikhara rUna hai, yAni aparigraha mokSa ke mArgoM meM sabase zreSTha hai / aparigrahI ke lie bahumUlya, alpamUlya vastuoM kA saMgraha na karanA, saMcita padArtha tyAjya hai aura prAsuka eSaNIya padArtha hI grAhya hai| va kauna kauna se doSa TAlanA, vastra, pAtra Adi kitane rakhane kA kalpa hai| ina saba pravRttiyoM ke vidhiniSedha rUpa AcaraNa Agama pATha ' jattha na kappaI.. . bhAyaNabhaMDogahi uvaragaraNa' meM dRSTavya hai| aparigrahI vyakti kI pahacAna usake samatA, kSamA, saralatA, mRdutA, satya Adi guNoM aura tadarUpa AcaraNa se pratibimbita hotI hai, jisakA vistRta vizada varNana mUla pATha evaM se saMjate vimute ege careja dhammaM' meM nihita hai| tyAgI ke rUpa meM aparigrahI ko 'dazavaikAlika sUtra' a. 2, gAthA 3 je ya kaMte vipe bhoeM, laddhe vipiTThikuvva / - sAhiNe cayai bhoe, se hu cAitti vucca / / pradarzita kiyA hai| jo manohara priya bhogane yogya vastuoM ko prApta kara aura bhogane meM svAdhIna hote hue bhI unakI tarapha pITha kara detA hai athAt tyAga detA hai, vahI saccA tyAgI arthAt aparigrahI hai| aise mahAtyAgI sAdhaka Agama ke pRSThoM meM yatra tatra camaka rahe haiN| unameM se do

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106 nItU bAphanA udAharaNa 'uttarAdhyayana' sUtra ke yahA~ prastuta haiM - adhyayana 9 - namirAja RSi se deva loga sarise, aMteuravagaoM vrbhoe| bhuMjitu namirAyA, buddho bhoge pariccayaI // 3 // mihilaM sapura-jaNavayaM, balamorohaM ca pariyaNaM svvN| ciccA abhinikkhaMto, egaMta mahiDio bhavayaM // 4 // devaloka ke samAna kAma bhogoM, antaH pura, rAjyalakSmI sabako tyAga kara namirAja RSi dIkSita ho gye| adhyayana 14-iSukAra nareza aura unakI kamalAvatI rAnI caitA viulaM rajaM, kAma bhoge ya dcce| nivisayA nirAmisA, ninnehA nippariNahA // 49 // vizAla rAjya aura dustajaya kAma bhogoM ko choDakara rAjA aura rAnI bhI viSaya Asakti se rahita, icchAoM se rahita, sneha (kuTumbIjanoM ke prema) rahita, bAhyaantaraMga parigraha se mukta hue| AgamajJoM ne aparigraha vrata kI surakSA hetu pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA nirdezana kiyA hai| sabase prathama manojJa aura amanojJa zabdoM ke karNagocara hone para sAdhaka kaisI dRSTi rakhe, usakA kathana nimna prakAra se kiyA hai| zrota indrita kI jaya karane kI bhAvanA - maNuna bhaddaemu Na tesu samaNeNaM, sajjiyavvaM, na gijjhiyavvaM,na hasiyavvaM, na mujjhiyavvaM, na vinigghAyaM, AvajjiyavvaM na lubhidhavvana, na tusiytvN| manojJa aura priya zabdoM ko sunane para saMyamI ko una para Asakti nahIM rakhanI cAhie aura rAga bhI nahIM karanA cAhie, na gRddhi bhAva rakheM aura na vismayapUrvaka ha~se, unameM mUrchita na hoye na una para nyochAvara ho| unako pAne ke lie lalacAye nahIM aura prApti hone para prasannatA prakaTa na kreN| amaNannu pAvaesuNa tesu samaNeNaM, rUsiyavvaM, na hIliyavvaM, na niMdiyavvaM, nakhisiyavvaM na chidiyavvaM, na bhidiyavvaM na vahe yvvN| amanojJa aura azubha pApakArI vacanoM ko sunakara zramaNa roSa nahI kare, na unakI hIlanA, avajJA, niMdA kare, na una para khIjhanA cAhie aura na usa vastu ko toDe (bhAMge) bhedana kara bhayAnaka zabdoM meM DarAyeM aura na mArapITa kre| jisa prakAra zrotendriya ke zubha-azubha zabdoM ke karNagocara hone para samabhAva rakhane

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jaina AgamoM meM aparigraha 107 kI zikSA dI gaI hai, vaise hI cakSu indriya ke viSaya sundara priya rUpa aura kurUpa apriya rUpa dekhakara, manamohaka saurabha aura durgandhayukta padArthoM kA ghrANa indriya ke saMyukta hone para, madhura svAdiSTa aura kaDave nIrasa vyaMjanoM ke rasanA indriya ke saMyoga hone para aura komala, mRdu aura rukSa-kaThora padArthoM ke sparza hone para saMyamI anukUla saMyoga para harSa se AhlAdita na hoye aura viparIta prasaMgoM para DATa phaTakAra, tiraskAra, nAka bhauMha sikoDanA, ghaNA napharata na karatA huA aisA cintana kare ki yaha to pudgaloM kA pUrana galana dharmA svabhAva hai, jo palaTatA hI rahatA hai| jo vastu Aja AkarSaka aura lubhAvanI hai, vahI kAlAntara meM adarzanIya aura ghRNA kA pAtra bana jAtI hai| yuvAvasthA meM jo zarIra kA nikhAra hotA hai vahI buDhApe meM kurUpa ho jAtA hai| pudgaloM / ke guNa dharma parivartana sambandhI chaThe aMga 'jJAtAdharma kathAMga' ke bArahave adhyayana meM subuddhi pradhAna ne khAI (nagara ke gaMde nAle) ke pAnI ko jo mahA durgandhamaya, azubha varNa, gaMdha, rasavAlA thA, usako prayoga dvArA sugandhita, svAdiSTa aura pathya rUpa meM parivartana kara nRpa ko AsvAdana kraayaa| rAjA bhI usa pAnI ko pIkara vismita huaa| isakA sundara anupama dRSTAnta hai| 'uttarAdhyayana sUtra' ke 32 veM adhyayana meM bhI prabhu ne yahI bhAva darzAye haiN| usakA sAra nimna gAthA meM nicoDa rUpa meM bhara diyA hai - je sadda rUba rasa gaMdhamAgae, phAse ya saMpappa mnnunnnnpaave| gehI paosaM na sarejja paMDie sa hoti daMte, virae, arkicnne|| jo manojJa zabda, rUpa, rasa, gaMdha aura sparza kI prApti meM rAga nahIM karatA aura amanojJa para dveSa nahI karatA, vahI paMDita hai, virata, zAMta, akiMcana yAni aparigrahI parigraha yAni duSTa saMyoga para prIti-ratibhAva aura aniSTa para aprIti-arati bhAva ye donoM hI mAnasika saMkalpa, vikalpa, janma-maraNa rUpa saMsAra hai aura aparigraha yAni ina bhAvoM se vimukta hone yA samabhAva rakhanA hI saMsAra se kinArA karanA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, aparigraha mokSa kA bhavya dvAra hai jisake ArAdhana se jIva sAdhaka kAlAntara meM siddha, buddha aura mukta hotA hai| ___ saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ 1. Maitra, S. K., Ethics of Hindues, p. 223 2. dazavaikAlika, 6/21 3. madhukara muni, aparigraha-darzana, pR. 8-9

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108 nItU bAphanA 4. mattI, 8 : 19-20. 5. mattI, 4 : 4 6. mattI, 6 : 24-26 7. nIti vacana, 23 : 4 8. nIti vacana, 28 : 22 / 9. lUkA, 12 : 34 10. lUkA, 12 : 15 11. lUkA, 12 : 16-20 12. bhajana saMhitA, 62 : 10 13. timuthiyusa kI patrI, 6 : 10 14. karinthiyo kI patrI, 8 : 9 84. Handerson, C., "Learning to him Frugally', Span, New Delhi, July, 1979,p. 15. 16. Amritchandra, Purusarthasidhupayaya, p. III 17. bhAgavata, 7/14/8 18. maMgala prabhAta, pustaka se uddhRta 19. sarvodaya, disambara, 52 20. bhUdAna-yajJa, 21 akTUbara 1955 21. yogazAstra, kI gAthA 2/106 22. dazavaikAlika, 6/20 23. dazavaikAlika, 4/17

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anekAntavAda : sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAva kA darzana bAlezvara prasAda yAdava 1.prastAvanA vizva ke sampUrNa dezoM meM vibhinna saMskRtiyoM kI aneka dhArAe~ anAdi kAla se pravAhita hotI calI A rahI haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti ke antargata bhI na jAne kitanI cintanadhArAe~ prAcIna se lekara Aja taka anavarata gatimAna hotI huI vidyamAna haiN| vibhinna cintanadhArAoM ke paraspara bhedopabheda evaM tantrAtmaka vaibhinya ke bAvajUda inakA sahabhAva (saha-astitva) atyanta hI viSezopama evaM draSTavya hai| prAcIna AryAvarta kI bhUmi para udbhUta hone se lekara vartamAna bhArata taka pallavita evaM puSpita vibhinna saMskRtiyoM ko do bhAgoM meM pramukha rUpa se vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo haiMvaidika evaM avaidika paramparA kI sNskRtiyaaN| ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ kramaza : brAhmaNa evaM zramaNa paramparA ke rUpa meM abhijJAta haiN| brAhmaNa paramparA kA pravAha vedoM evaM upaniSadoM se prArambha hokara nAnA purANoM, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata evaM Astika sampradAya ke SaDdarzanoM se hote hue Adhunika hindU dharma kI paramparA evaM saMskRti taka prastRta hai| zramaNa paramparA bhI utanI hI prAcInatA lie hue jaina, AjIvaka, cArvAka evaM bauddha darzana ke vibhinna sampradAyoM se hote hue inake adyatana parivartita rUpoM meM parilakSita hote haiN| brAhmaNa evaM zramaNa cintanadhArA kI tattvamImAMsA ke prabhedaka pRthak-pRthak rahe haiN| isI prakAra inakI jJAnamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA meM bhI paryApta bhinnatAe~ rahI haiN| ina cintanadhArAoM ke antargata bhI svayaM ke antarvirodha evaM tadanurUpa tattvamImAMsIya, jJAnamImAMsIya evaM AcAramImAMsIya bhinnatAe~ atyanta hI utkaTa rUpa meM parilakSita hotI haiN| inhIM cintanadhArAoM ke antargata zramaNa paramparA meM parigaNita jaina darzana meM jisa prakAra kI, tattvamImAMsA kA vikAsa huA hai usase tattva ke bahutvavAdI hone kA pramANa upalabdha hotA hai| ise hI jaina darzana meM 'anekAntavAda' nAma ke viziSTa dArzanika pada se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| vaise to isa pada ko jaina darzana meM kevala tattva kI saMkhyAtmaka evaM guNAtmaka viSezatAe~ batAne ke kAraNa hI cinhita kiyA gayA hai, parantu isakI sampUrNa arthavattA ise taba prApta hotI hai jaba isakA prayoga isa darzana kI jJAnamImAMsIya evaM AcAramImAMsIya pariprekSyoM meM bhI hotA hai| aneka tattvoM ke astitva ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa yaha darzana anekAntavAdI hai| isake parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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110 bAlezvara prasAda yAdava samAnAntara tattva ko bahula rUpa meM jJAta karAne vAlA siddhAnta syAdvAda kahalAtA hai| jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA ke isa siddhAnta kA kathya evaM lakSyArtha kevala tattva taka hI sImita kara denA anekAntavAda evaM jaina darzana ko eka sImA taka sImita kara dene jaisA hogaa| isa siddhAnta ko paripUrNa arthavattA tabhI prApta ho sakatI hai jaba isakA upayoga samAja evaM nIti darzana ke pariprekSya meM bahulavAdI sAMskRtika saha-astitva ke AdhAra-siddhAnta ke rUpa meM bhI kiyA jaay| prastuta zodha-Alekha meM yaha dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki jaina darzana ke tattvamImAMsA ko citrita karane vAlA yaha siddhAnta (arthAt 'anekAntavAda') samAja evaM AcAramImAMsA ke kSetra meM bhI sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAva (saha-astittva) kA darzana hai| kahane kA tAtparya hai ki yaha siddhAnta na kevala bhArata apitu sampUrNa vizva ke sabhI vicAradhArAoM kA samyak sammAna karate hue sabhI saMskRtiyoM ke zAMtipUrNa saha-astitva meM vizvAsa karatA hai jo Aja ke azAMta vizva kI AtyaMtika AvazyakatA hai| Aja sampUrNa vizva meM dhana, bala, jJAna, sainya-zakti, dharma, jAti, prajAti Adi ke nakArAtmaka prayoga evaM varcasva ke dvArA svayaM kI saMskRti ko sarvotkRSTa evaM anya ko nakArane yA sarvadAuccheda ke lie parokSa yA pratyakSa rUpa se jaMga jaisI sthiti cala rahI hai| sabako sAtha lekara calane kA abhAva manuSyoM ke prathama sAMgaThanika ikAI parivAra se lekara rASTra taka meM dikha rahA hai| hara jagaha asaMtoSa evaM alagAva kI cingArI sulagatI draSTigocara ho rahI hai| manuSyoM evaM unake dvArA nirmita saMskRtiyoM ke paraspara saMgharSa ke kAraNa sahabhAva yA saha-astitva ke samakSa Asanna saMkaTa ko dekhate hue jaina darzana ke tattvamImAMsIya siddhAnta anekAntavAda kA nIti evaM samAja darzana meM anuprayoga ke dvArA uparyukta samasyA kA isa Alekha meM eka bauddhika samAdhAna prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA 2. anekAntavAda bhAratIya cintanadhArA ke pratyeka dArzanika sampradAya meM svayaM kI viziSTa pahacAna usake tattva, jJAna evaM AcAra sambandhi siddhAntoM ke kAraNa hai| zramaNa paramparA ke aMga jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA aneka tattvoM ke astitva ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa anekatattvavAdI yA bahutvavAdI hai jise 'anekAntavAda' ke vizeSa pada dvArA abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isameM 'anta' nAmaka padAMza kA prayoga huA hai jisakA artha 'vastu' aura 'dharma' donoM hai| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina mata meM yaha mAnyatA hai ki isa

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anekAntavAda : sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAva kA darzana 111 jagat meM vastue~ to aneka haiM hI, sAtha hI una vastuoM ke dharma bhI aneka haiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana tattva ko anantadharmAtmaka mAnatA hai kyoMki pratyeka vastu ke ananta dharma hote haiN| yahA~ 'dharma' zabda guNa, lakSaNa yA vizeSatA ke artha meM AyA hai| 'aneka' pada kA artha hai- eka se adhik| isa prakAra 'anekAntavAda' pada yadyapi kozIya artha meM nakArAtmaka hai, padArtha kI dRSTi se nakArAtmaka nahIM hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra, "anekAnta zabda jainAgamoM meM upalabdha nahIM hai| yaha zabda sarvaprathama dArzanika siddhAntoM ke racanAkAla ke Arambha meM pAyA jAtA hai| saMbhavataH siddhasena divAkara pahale vyakti the jinhoMne isakA prayoga kiyaa|" isase yaha spaSTa hai ki tattva ke svarUpa ko lekara jaba vibhinna dArzanika sampradAyoM meM matabheda gahavara ho gaye taba jaina darzana ne sarvasamAveSI siddhAnta ke rUpa meM anekAntavAda' kA AviSkAra kara eka sarvamAnya tattvamImAMsA upasthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| jaina darzana dravya ke do prakAra ke dharma ko svIkAra karatA hai- svarUpa dharma evaM Agantuka dhrm| isa taraha jainAcAryoM ne dravya ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki dravya vaha hai jisameM svarUpa dharma aura Agantuka dharma pAye jAte haiN| svarUpa dharma dravya ke aparivartanazIla evaM nitya lakSaNa ko kahate haiM jisake abhAva meM dravya kA astitva sambhava nahIM hai| yathA, cetanA jIva kA svarUpa dharma hai; mRttikA ghaTa kA svarUpa dharma hai| Agantuka dharma dravya ke parivartanazIla lakSaNa hai| ye lakSaNa dravya meM Ate haiM aura cale bhI jAte haiN| inake abhAva meM bhI dravya apane astitva ko banAye rakha sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha- sukha, duHkha, icchA, saMkalpa Adi jIva ke Agantuka lakSaNa yA dharma haiM jabaki raMga, rUpa AkArAdi ghaTa-paTAdi ke Agantuka dharma haiN| jaina darzana svarUpa dharma ko guNa (aTrIbyuTa) evaM Agantuka dharma ko paryAya yA vikAra (moDa) kahatA hai| etatprakAra jaina matAnusAra, dravya vaha hai jo guNa evaM paryAya vAlA ho|' bhAratIya dArzanika sampradAyoM ke tattvamImAMsIya vikAsa ke Arambha meM vibhinna darzanoM ke tattvavicAra bhinna-bhinna the jinameM sArvabhauma ekatA kA spaSTa abhAva thaa| kucha darzana to aise the jo tattva ke svarUpa ko parama nitya mAnate the aura kucha anya use parama kSaNika yA anitya mAnate the| sAMkhya darzana meM prakRti ko nitya evaM pariNAmI donoM mAnA gayA hai, parantu puruSa tattva ko parama nitya mAnA gayA hai jisakA vikAra yA pariNAma nahIM hotaa| vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra pRthvI tattva kAraNarUpa meM nitya tathA kAryarUpa meM kSaNika yA anitya hai, parantu AtmA, Izvara evaM AkAza meM koI pariNAma

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112 bAlezvara prasAda yAdava yA vikAra nahIM hai| bauddha darzana 'arthakriyAkAritva' ko sat kA lakSaNa mAnatA hai, jabaki advaita vedAnta 'trikAlAbAdhitvatA' ko sat kA lakSaNa svIkAra karatA hai| bauddha darzana nityatA kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTarUpeNa asvIkAra kara detA hai, jabaki advaita vedAnta kA 'brahma' kUTastha nitya tathA 'mAyA' sat-asat - anirvacanIyA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bhinna-bhinna dArzanika sampradAyoM meM tattva ke svarUpa evaM saMkhyA ko lekara gaMbhIra vivAda hai jo sArvabhauma svIkAryatA ke abhAva meM anAvazyaka rUpa se vivAda kA kendra banA huA thaa| aise meM, jaina darzana meM tattva ke svarUpa evaM saMkhyA ko lekara eka sarvasvIkArya siddhAnta 'anekAntavAda' ke rUpa meM AyA jo tattva ke svarUpa ko utpatti, vinAza evaM sthiti- ina tInoM rUpoM meM svIkAra karatA hai| arthAt 'dravya vaha hai jo sat ho' tathA 'sat vaha hai jo utpAda, vyaya ( vinAza) evaM dhrauvya (nityatva) yukta ho' / ' dravya ke ina tInoM vizeSatAoM meM koI Atmavirodha nahIM hai, apitu tInoM vyavahAryatA kI dRSTi se parIkSya haiM kyoMki guNa kI dRSTi se dravya meM ekatA, sAmAnyatva evaM nityatA kI siddhi hotI hai aura paryAya kI dRSTi se anekatA, vizeSatva evaM anityatA kI / isa prakAra jaina mata meM ekAntavAda kI dRSTi se nitya yA anitya ke rUpa meM sat ke lakSaNa ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| arthAt dravya kathaMcit nitya hai aura kathaMcit anitya / guNa sApekSa vaha nitya hai tathA paryAya sApekSa anitya hai| isa prakAra sat ko nitya, anitya, cetana, acetana, kUTastha aura kSaNika sabhI prakAra se svIkAra karane vAle tattvamImAMsIya siddhAnta ko anekAntavAda kahate haiN| vAstava meM jaina darzana sarvasamAvezI dArzanika ciMtana ko prazraya detA hai| isake anusAra ekAntavAda kisI eka dRSTikoNa kA hI samarthana karatA hai| yaha yA to sAmAnya yA vizeSa ke rUpa meM milatA hai; yA to kabhI sat yA asat ke rUpa meM upasthita hotA hai; kabhI tattva nirvacanIya yA anirvacanIya ke rUpa meM, to kabhI hetu yA ahetu ke samanvaya ke rUpa meM svIkAra hotA hai / isa prakAra aneka siddhAntoM ke rUpa meM ekAntavAda apane ko dArzanika 'vAda' ke rUpa meM upasthApita nahIM kara pAtA hai| paryApta vyavahArya evaM sArvabhauma svIkArya tarkoM ke abhAva meM sabhI ekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa vAle matavAda paraspara zatrutA bhAva se saMbaMdhita hokara nakArAtmaka tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA, samAja evaM nItimImAMsA kA nirmANa kara DAlate haiM jisase samAja meM saMgharSa evaM varcasva kI aMdha hor3a zurU ho jAtI hai| vAstava meM jaina darzana kI dRSTi meM pratyeka dharma yA mata kI eka maryAdA hai jo svayaM kI viziSTopapanna tarka se udbhAsita hai| usakA ullaMghana na

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anekAntavAda : sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAva kA darzana 113 karake use bhI yathocita sthAna denA hI satya ke sAtha nyAya karanA hai| jo vyakti isa bAta ko na samajhakara apane Agraha ko hI jagat kA tattva mAna letA hai vaha tattva ke sampUrNa yA dUsare pakSa kI avahelanA karatA hai| vyakti svayaM ke ekAntavAdI Agraha ke kAraNa vastu ke eka pakSa ko sarvathA satya mAna letA hai tathA dUsare pakSa ko asvIkAra kara detA hai| etatkAraNena vastu kI saMpUrNatA kA jJAna apUrNa raha jAtA hai| eka hI vastu meM parasparApekSI evaM Atyantika virodhI donoM hI guNa raha sakate haiM, kyoMki eka vastu eka hI sAtha kaI guNoM yA dharmoM kA Azraya bana sakatI hai| yahI samajha anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa se yukta kahalAtI hai| isa tattvamImAMsA kA yadi prayoga jJAnamImAMsA, AcAramImAMsA, sAmAjika vaicArikI, manovijJAna, sattAvijJAna evaM anya samAveSI adhyayana kSetroM meM kiyA jAya to 'anekAntavAda' ko usake sampUrNa arthavattA ke sAtha samajhA jA sakatA hai| anekAntavAda ko samajhane ke lie jaina darzana meM vikasita jJAnamImAMsA kA prayoga aba hama agravat kreNge| 3. anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda __ jaina darzana meM 'syAdvAda' kA vikAsa anekAntavAda' ko samajhAne vAle upakaraNasiddhAnta ke rUpa meM huA hai| yaha siddhAnta eka prakAra se mAnavIya jJAna kI sImA rekhA ko bhI iMgita karatA hai kyoMki pratyeka vyakti ke jJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA pRthakpRthak evaM sImita hai| koI bhI vyakti vastu ke sabhI dharmoM kA jJAna nahIM prApta kara sktaa| yaha paryApta sambhava hai ki koI viziSTa lakSaNa yA dharma kisI vyakti vizeSa ke dvArA jAnA jAya aura anya dRSTikoNa kA jJAna kisI anya vyakti vizeSa dvArA ho kyoMki vastu to anantadharmAtmaka hai aura sabhI dharmoM kA jJAna honA kisI eka manuSya ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| manuSya jaise-jaise jJAna prApta karatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise usakA kathana bhI karatA jAtA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki eka hI vastu meM do virodhI dharma upasthita hoM aura unakA pRthak-pRthak deza-kAla- paristhiti meM jJAna ho rahA ho| aisI sthiti meM hama 'syAt' pada kA prayoga karate hue kathana ko upasthApita karane kA prayAsa karate haiN| isakA lAbha yaha hotA hai ki hama Atyantika satya kA dAvA nahIM kara paate| hamAre jJAna kA pratyeka kathana eka 'naya' kahalAtA hai jisameM kevala eka AMzika satya ko hI abhivyakta karane kI kSamatA rahatI hai kyoMki kisI vyakti kA eka kathana pUrNa nahIM hotA, vaha kevala sApekSa ho sakatA hai jisakA kathana kisI eka 'naya' ke dvArA ho sakatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra yaha kathana karanA ki 'yaha syAt sat hai', pramANa

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114 bAlezvara prasAda yAdava to hai, parantu isake dvArA jJAna kI AMzikatA aura sApekSatA hI prakAzita hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki kisI bhI jJAnAtmaka kathana ke pUrva 'syAt' pada kA prayoga na karanA jJAna kI nirapekSatA tathA aikAntikatA kA upAkhyAna karanA hai, jo mithyA evaM bhrAmaka hai| jaina matAnusAra ise na mAnane se evaM apane-apane durAgrahoM para aDiga rahane ke kAraNa hI dhArmika unmAda evaM dArzanika vivAda dekhane ko milate haiN| svayaMnirNita AMzika evaM sApekSa satya ko paramasatya mAnanA tathA anya-pratipAdita AMzika satya ko asvIkAra karanA hI saMgharSa, asaMtoSa evaM kalaha ko janma denA hai| isase anekAntatA evaM vastu ke anekadharmAtmakatA kA apalApa hone se saha-astitva yA sahabhAva kI bhAvanA samApta ho jAtI hai| isa sambandha meM aikAntika mata ke kAraNa utpanna vivAda kI sthiti kA varNana hAthI ke svarUpa ke jJAna ke sambandha meM alagaalaga andhoM ke dvArA prastuta vibhinna kathanoM ke pArasparika virodha kA udAharaNa jaina mata meM prastuta kiyA gayA haiN| yathA, eka andhe ne hAthI ke paira ko chuA aura kahA'hAthI khambhe ke samAna hai'; dUsare andhe vyakti ne kAna ko chUkara kahA- 'hAthI sUpa ke samAna hai'; tIsare ne sUMDa ko chUkara kahA- 'hAthI eka vizAla ajagara hai'; isa prakAra cauthe ne pU~cha chUkara hAthI ko rassI, pA~cave ne peTa kA hissA chUkara dIvAra kahA aura apane-apane kathana ke durAgrahavaza Apasa meM lar3ane lge| pratyeka andhe vyakti kA kathana AMzika rUpa se satya hai, parantu sampUrNatA meM vaha satya nhiiN| jaina mata kA mAnanA hai ki vyaktiyoM kA durAgraha isI prakAra dhArmika evaM dArzanika asahiSNutA ko utpanna kara detA hai jo sahabhAvana ke lie khatare kI ghaNTI hotI hai| uparyukta inhIM kAraNoM se jaina matAnusAra pratyeka kathana-rUpa 'naya' ke pUrva meM 'syAt' pada kA prayoga anivArya hai| jaina darzana 'syAt' kA artha 'kathaMcit' ke rUpa meM karatA hai| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki kisI eka dRSTi se vastu 'isa prakAra se' kahI jA sakatI hai aura kisI anya dRSTi se vastu ko 'isa amuka prakAra se' kahA jA sakatA hai| syAt pada nirapekSatA kA apaghaTana kara sApekSa kI abhivyakti kara detA hai| 'syAt yaha sat hai'- isa kathana kA tAtparya yaha hai ki 'sApekSatayA yaha sat hai| isI 'syAt' pada ke prayoga ke kAraNa isa siddhAnta kA nAma 'syAdvAda' par3A hai| yaha sthAdvAda vastu ke ananta dharmAtmaka caritra kA kathana hai|" jaina darzana ke grantha syAdvAdamaMjarI meM bhI ise paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki 'syAt' pada nAmaka avyaya anekAnta kA dyotaka hai, ataeva 'syAdvAda' ko 'anekAntavAda' kahate haiN|

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anekAntavAda : sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAva kA darzana 115 isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki anekAntavAda evaM syAdvAda donoM hI eka hI kathya ko prakAzita karane vAle alaga-alaga siddhAnta haiN| anekAntavAda tattvamImAMsA kI dRSTi se jabaki syAvAda jJAnamImAMsA kI dRSTi se apanA-apanA mahattva rakhate haiN| jaina mata ke prasiddha vidvAn DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA kA mAnanA hai ki prayoga kI daSTi se 'syAdvAda zabda adhika prAcIna hai, kyoMki AgamoM meM 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga dekhane meM AtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana kA yaha udAra evaM sahiSNu siddhAnta-dvaya na kevala vibhinna bhAratIya dArzanika evaM dhArmika sampradAyoM, apitu sampUrNa vizva ke samakSa eka aise Adarza kI prastuti karate haiM jinameM sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAvana ke tattva pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha haiN| 4. anekAntavAda : sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAva ke dArzanika AdhAra ___ jaba hama kisI dArzanika sampradAya kA adhyayana karate haiM taba usakI jJAnamImAMsA evaM tadanurUpa tattvacintana kA samyak avalokana karate haiN| tatpazcAt hama usa tattvamImAMsA ke sAnukula eka nItimImAMsA kI bhI parikalpanA karate haiM aura usakI vyavahAryatA ke dvArA usa siddhAnta kI saphalatA kA Akalana karate haiN| isa parIkSaNa ke anukrama meM jaina darzana kA tattvamImAMsIya siddhAnta jo 'anekAntavAda' ke rUpa meM pUrva meM ullikhita evaM vizleSita ho cukA hai, apane samAnAMtara jJAna-siddhAnta- 'syAdvAda' ke rUpa meM bhI parIkSaNotIrNa ho cukA hai| aba isa khaNDa meM isa siddhAnta kI vyavahAryatA kA parIkSaNa nIti evaM samAja darzana ke kSetra meM avalokya hai jisakA nihitArtha vibhinna virodhAbhAsoM ke bAda bhI bhinna-bhinna saMskRtiyoM ke saha-astitva evaM saha-jIvana hetu sarvasamAvezI siddhAnta ke rUpa meM vicAraNIya hai| 4.1 sahabhAva (saha-astitva) dRzya prakRti ke svabhAva meM hI virodhI tattva vidyamAna haiM, parantu yaha bhI utanA hI satya hai ki prakRti ke andara hI saikar3oM-lAkhoM virodhAbhAsoM ke bAvajUda sahaastitva yA sahabhAva kA niyama hai| vahA~ bahulatA hai; sarvasamAvezI bhAvanA hai, kyoMki jIvana ke lie paraspara nirbharatA (parasparopagraho jIvanam) kI atyanta AvazyakatA hotI hai| sampUrNa jagat yA prakRti paraspara-nirbharatA evaM sahabhAva ke niyama se saMcAlita hai| yahI usakI vaividhyapUrNa ekatA kA saundarya hai| pratipakSatA ko prakRti kA svAbhAvika guNa mAna lene se anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa kA udaya hotA hai jisake phalasvarUpa zAMtipUrNa sahabhAva kI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai| anekAntavAda ke mUla meM tIna bAteM

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116 bAlezvara prasAda yAdava pramukha haiM- pahalI sApekSatA, dUsarI samanvaya evaM tIsarI sahabhAva yA saha-astitva kI bhaavnaa| isa jagat meM yatkicit hai, usakA pratipakSa bhI avazya hai (yat sat tat sprtipkssm)| udAharaNArtha, samasta prakRti meM jar3a evaM cetana kA samanvaya evaM sahabhAva hai jabaki ve donoM hI Atyantika virodhI tattva haiN| zarIra jar3a hai; AtmA cetana hai, parantu donoM kA samanvita saha-astitva hai| tadvat cirasthAyI evaM kSaNabhaMgUra, samAna aura asamAna, duHkha aura sukha, divA aura rAtri, prajAtaMtra evaM rAjataMtra, ekatvavAda aura anekatvavAda Adi pratipakSI yugma sampUrNa virodhoM ke uparAnta bhI sahabhAva meM sthita rahate haiN| ina yugmoM kI vAstavikatA evaM jAgatika upayoga na jAnane ke kAraNa hI vivAda evaM viSAda kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai| dhArmika evaM dArzanika matavAdoM meM matabheda ke kAraNa vyaktiyoM ke ekAMgI pratipAdana kI kuNThita dRSTi sahabhAvana kI bhAvanA ko kamajora karane lagatI hai| jaba vyakti dUsare pakSa kA sunatA nahIM, kevala apanI hI bAta manavAne yA thopane kI icchA rakhatA hai taba samanvaya yA sahabhAva kI sthiti samApta ho jAtI hai| jaba 'tU' yA 'maiM' kI bhAvanA prabala ho jAye, tathA 'tU' aura 'maiM' kI bhAvanA zithila par3a jAye tabhI saMgharSa uTha khar3A hotA hai| saMsAra ke bar3e se bar3e yuddha kA kAraNa yahI choTA-sA 'tU' yA 'maiM' rahA hai| ise tArkika DhaMga se nimnavat dekhA jA sakatA hai : 'yA to 'tU' rahegA yA 'maiM' raha~gA' = ta yA ma = ta X ma ___ isa tarkavAkya kA antima niSpAdana 'ekatattvavAda' yA 'aikAMgitAvAda' ke rUpa meM parilakSita hotA hai jo jaina darzana ko svIkArya nahIM hai, jabaki isI ke sthAna para yadi yoM kahA jAya : 'tU' rahegA aura 'maiM' bhI rahU~gA' = ta va ma = ta ma __ to isa tarkavAkya ke antima niSkarSa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki hama donoM kA astitva hogA; yahA~ saha-astitva kA bodha ho rahA hai, arthAt isase vAkya meM anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa samAhita hone kA patA calatA hai| __ jaina darzana ke anekAnta dRSTi ko apanAkara samasta virodhoM kA zamana sambhava ho sakatA hai| "paraspara virodhI mAne jAne vAle dharmoM kA eka hI dravya meM avirodhI samanvaya karanA anekAntavAda kI dena hai"11 anekAntavAda se sahabhAva yA sahaastitva kI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai jisase sahiSNutA evaM vicAra kI svataMtratA ke lie paryApta avakAza upalabdha ho jAtA hai| jaina mata ke isa siddhAnta ke dvArA

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117 anekAntavAda : sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAva kA darzana tatkAlIna dArzanika matavAdoM ke paraspara bhedoM ke zamana hetu samanvita vaikalpika siddhAntoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| yathA, saMgrahanaya ke dvArA vedAnta darzana, RjusUtranaya kI apekSA se bauddha darzana, dravyArthikanaya kI dRSTi se sAMkhya darzana tathA dravyArthika naya aura paryAyArthika naya ke saMyukta dRSTikoNa se vaizeSika darzana ke paraspara bhedopabhedoM kA zamana kara eka udAra evaM sahiSNu dRSTikoNa ke rUpa meM navonmeSI vicAradhArA ko lAyA jA sakatA hai, parantu yaha anekAntavAda evaM syAdvAda ke pravidhiyoM dvArA hI sambhava hai| anekAnta kI dRSTi vikasita kara lene ke pazcAt vyakti Atmavat sarvabhUtoM ko mahattva pradAna karane lagatA hai| vahA~, taba usakA na kisI se rAga raha jAtA hai aura na kisI se dvess| sabake prati anekAnta dRSTi ko mahattva dene se vyakti 'Atmatulya bhAva rakhe' (Aya tule payAsu), aisA bhagavAn mahAvIra ne upadiSTa kiyA hai| ina dRSTiyoM ke mUla meM anekAnta kI bhAvanA hai| isa prakAra hama yaha anubhava kara sakate haiM ki jaina mata meM anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta sAMskRtika sahabhAva hetu Avazyaka tattva yA mUlAdhAra hai| 4.2 ahiMsA kI vaicArikI ___ jaina darzana ne ahiMsA ko jitanI sUkSmatA se grahaNa kiyA hai utanI sUkSmatA anyatra kahIM bhI nahIM dekhI gayI hai| ahiMsA kI vaicArikI kA mUla bhI jaina darzana kA anekAntavAdI tattvacintana hI hai| jaisA ki prasiddha jaina vidvAn DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA ne likhA hai : "ahiMsAmUlaka AcAra evaM anekAntamUlaka vicAra kA pratipAdana jaina vicAra dhArA kI vizeSatA hai|"14 vaha punaH isake mahAtmya ko batAte hue likhate haiM : "jainAcAra kA prANa ahiMsA hai| ahiMsaka AcAra evaM vicAra se hI AdhyAtmika utthAna hotA hai jo karmamukti kA kAraNa hai|......... ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra AtmasAmya hai| pratyeka AtmA- cAhe vaha pRthvI sambandhI ho, cAhe usakA Azraya jala ho, cAhe vaha kITa athavA pataMga ke rUpa meM ho, cAhe vaha pazu athavA pakSI meM ho, cAhe usakA vAsa mAnava meM ho- tAttvika dRSTi se samAna hai|"15 jaina tattvamImAMsA meM anekAntavAda ko itanA adhika mahattva dene ke kAraNa hI hiMsA ko sarvathA- manasA, vAcA evaM karmaNA prativArita kiyA gayA hai| jaba hama dUsaroM ke prati kadApi hiMsA nahIM karate haiM to isakA artha yaha hai ki hama use apane sAtha astitva bane rahane dene meM vizvAsa karate haiN| yahI bhAvanA sahabhAva hai| ahiMsA kI vaicArikI se saha-astitva kI bhAvanA ko mahatI bala milatA hai| vaidika hiMsA ko cunautI dene se lekara Ajakala azAMta ho rahe sampUrNa vaizvika

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.118 bAlezvara prasAda yAdava saMskRti ke lie khatarA utpanna karane vAle vizvayuddha ko vaicArika dharAtala para paTakhanI dene vAlA yaha anekAntavAdI cintana citta se pakSapAta kI durabhisandhi nikAlakara evaM para-matavAda ke viSaya meM sahiSNutApUrvaka vicAra kara eka sAtha 'jIo aura jIne do' ke Adarza ko prazasta karatA hai tathA sahabhAva ke lie utprerita karatA hai| Aja jo nikhila vizva meM azAMti prasRta evaM vyApta hai usakA mUlakAraNa eka 'vAda' kA yA eka saMskRti' kA dUsare 'vAda' yA dUsarI 'saMskRti' para manamAne DhaMga se rauba gA~Thane evaM use na svIkAra karanA hI hai| zaktizAlI dezoM ko aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ve hI sabase adhika sabhya evaM zreSTha haiM, anyoM kA sthAna unake samakSa nahIM rahanA cAhie; unhIM kA dharma evaM unhIM kI saMskRti sarvazreSTha hai, anyoM kI nhiiN| aise hI, svayaM ke deza ke bhItara bhI bhArI virodhAbhAsa hai| sAmyavAdiyoM ko lagatA hai ki prajAtAMtrika praNAlI galata hai aura prajAtAMtrikoM ko lagatA hai ki sAmyavAda asaphala evaM kUr3e kI TokarI meM pheMke jAne vAlA siddhAnta hai| aise hI vibhinna dharmAvalaMbiyoM kI kahAniyA~ haiN| ve apane-apane dharma kI zreSThatA meM dUsare dharma kI AlocanA karanA tathA sAmpradAyika sadabhAva ko naSTa karane ke kutsita prayAsa karanA apanA punita kArya samajhate haiN| aisI vikaTa paristhiti meM jahA~ astitva kA saMkaTa khar3A ho; vaicArika unmAda zArIrika hiMsA ke rUpa prakaTa ho rahA ho, vahA~ jaina darzana ke anekAntavAdI cintana praNAlI kA prayoga sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAva ke lie avazyaMbhAvI ho jAtA hai| jaina darzana kA yaha tattvacintana mAnasika rUpa se matAndha ho gaye vyaktiyoM ke lie davA kI khurAka ke rUpa meM prayojya hai| isI dhAraNA ko lakSya karate hue rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' ne apanI prasiddha pustaka saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya meM kahA hai: "isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki anekAnta kA anusandhAna bhArata kI ahiMsA sAdhanA kA carama utkarSa hai aura sArA saMsAra ise jitanA zIghra apanAegA, vizva meM zAnti bhI utanI hI zIghra sthApita hogii|"16 4.3 sAmAjika saMtulana evaM vizva-zAnti ___ na kevala bhArata, apitu sampUrNa vizva meM aneka samudAyoM evaM saMskRtiyoM ke loga nivAsa karate haiN| sabakI apanI-apanI samasyAe~ haiN| apane deza ko liijie| kahIM garIbI kI samasyA hai, to kahIM azikSA kI, kahIM dalita utpIr3ana kI samasyA hai, to kahIM janajAtiyoM kI, kahIM alpasaMkhyakoM ke sAtha anyAya, to kahIM nArI zoSaNa, to kahIM pichar3oM ke haka kI samasyAe~ hai, kahIM-kahIM kSetravAda hai, to kahIM

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anekAntavAda : sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAva kA darzana 119 dhArmika unmAda hI sira car3hakara bola rahA hai| aise hI vizva ke anya dezoM meM bhI unakI paristhitiyoM ke sApekSa samasyAe~, bAhya evaM Antarika asurakSA vyApta ho cukI haiN| kahane kA tAtparya hai ki sampUrNa sAmAjika saMtulana ke tAra asta-vyasta ho gaye haiN| ina sabakA mUla kAraNa vaicArika dharAtala para hai| hama sabako sAtha lekara calane meM vizvAsa nahIM kara rheN| yahA~ taka ki saMyukta parivAra khaNDita ho rahe haiN| koI bhI apane hI parivArIjanoM ke sAtha eka chata ke nIce nahIM rahanA caahtaa| aisI paristhiti ke A jAne para jaba vyaktiyoM meM sahabhAvana kI sambhAvanA na dikhatI ho, taba anekAntavAda kA darzana logoM meM eka naye bhaviSya kI AzA ke sAtha saha-astitva ke bIja kA punarvapana kara sakatA hai| yaha tattvamImAMsA kA siddhAnta vyakti, samAja, rASTra evaM sampUrNa vizva meM sahajIvana evaM zakti kA saMcAra kara sakatA hai| 5. upasaMhAra jaina darzana bhAratIya saMskRti ke zramaNa cintanadhArA kA eka dArzanika sampradAya hai| isa darzana kI anUThI tattvamImAMsA kA tArkika siddhAnta jo 'anekAntavAda' ke rUpa meM prakhyAta hai, isa darzana kA prANatattva hai| yaha siddhAnta na kevala apanI vaicArikI ke kAraNa prasiddha hai, pratyut isakA prayoga jJAnamImAMsA, nIti evaM samAja darzana ke kSetra meM bhI saphala evaM vyavahArya hai / anekAntavAda kA dArzanika AdhAra yahI hai ki yaha vAda anya vAdoM ko bhI samyak avakAza pradAna karatA hai| isake anusAra jaina darzana kA kahanA hai ki vastu meM aneka guNa hai, aura hama apanI sImita jJAna-zakti ke dvArA kucha ko hI jAna sakate haiM, sabako nhiiN| aise meM anyoM ke kathanoM ko nakArane kA hameM tArkika AdhAra prApta nahIM hai| ataH hameM use bhI AMzika satya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara lenA cAhie / yahI vicAra jaina darzana ko ucca naitika mAnadaNDa sthApita karane ke lie prerita karatA hai jisase sarvasamAvezI saha-astitva kI bhAvanA kA naitika darzana vikasita hotA hai| arthAt jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA kA 'anekAntavAda' usakI jJAnamImAMsA ke 'syAdavAda' evaM nItimImAMsA ke sarvasamAvezitAvAda ke rUpoM meM tarkataH prakaTa hotA hai| 1. saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ 66 yAdava, bAlezvara prasAda, 'zramaNa-brAhmaNa cintanadhArA ke prabhedaka tattvamImAMsIya pariprekSya", saMskRti saMdhAna, jilda - XXV, naM. 2, 2012, pR. 109-122

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120 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. bAlezvara prasAda yAdava anantadharmAtmakaM vstu| anantadharmAtmakameva tattvam / - anyayogavyacchedikA, pR. 22, uddhRta zarmA, candradhara, bhAratIya darzana : Alocana aura anuzIlana, motIlAla banArasIdAsa pablizarsa prA. li., dillI, 1991, pR. 32 AcArya mahAprajJa, anekAnta : philaoNsaphI oNpha ko ekjisTeMsa, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU~, 2010, pR. 21 - guNaparyAyavad dravyam, tattvArthasUtra, 5.37 utpAdavyayadhrauvyasaMyuktaM sat, yathopari, 5.29. sadeva sat syAtsaditi tridhArtho mIyeta durniitinyprmaannaiH| anyayogavyacchedikA, 28 anekAntAtmakArthakathanaM syAdvAdaH / - laghIyastrayaTIkA, 62 syAdityavyayamanekAntadyotakaM tataH syAdvAdo'nekAntavAdaH / syAdvAdamaMjarI, 5 mehatA, mohana lAla, jaina dharma-darzana: eka samIkSAtmaka paricaya, seTha - mUthA chaganamala memoriyala phAuNDezana, beMgalora, 1999, pR. 359. 10. tattvArthasUtra se uddhRta, dekheM AcArya mahAprajJa, (anu.) raghunAthana, sudhAmAhI, anekAnta : da tharDa AI, jaina vizva bhAratI yUnivarsiTI, lADanU~, 2009, pR0 23. mehatA, mohana lAla, pUrvoddhRta, pR. 353. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 19.25 11. 12. 13. sUtrakRtAMga, 1.11.33. 14. mehatA, mohana lAla, pR. 505. 15. tatraiva / 16. 'dinakara', rAmadhArI siMha (2012), saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, ilAhAbAda loka bhAratI prakAzana, pR. 115.

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sAmAjika naitikatA kI vartamAna meM prAsaMgikatA : - jaina-dharma ke pariprekSya meM - anila kumAra sonakara ananta catuSTaya sampanna tIrthakaroM ke sAkSAt upadeza para AdhArita nivRttimArgI jaina-dharma meM una zuddha, nitya va zAzvata niyamoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai, jina para calane se manuSya kA aihika, AmuSmika evaM sanAtana kalyANa hotA hai, samAja meM sthiratA aura saMtulana sthApita hotA hai tathA jinake nirvahana se vyakti tathA samAja donoM kA hI zreya hotA hai| samasta dharmoM kA paramazreya-samatva jaina dharma ke antargata mAnasika kSetra meM anAsakti yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM, sAmAjika kSetra meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM, vaicArikatA ke kSetra meM anAsakti yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM, sAmAjika kSetra meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM, vaicArikatA ke kSetra meM anekAnta yA anAgraha ke rUpa meM aura Arthika kSetra meM aparigraha ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai| isa prakAra jaina-dharma meM paramazreya ke rUpa me jo mokSa hai, vahI dharma hai aura jo dharma hai, vahI samatva-prApti hai| ___ janasAmAnya ke kalyANa hetu AcAra -vyavahAra ke suvyavasthita niyamoM kA pratipAdana karane vAlA jaina dharma vyApaka AdarzoM vAlA vaha vaijJAnika jIvana-paddhati hai jo manuSya kI AcAra -zuddhi aura sAdhanA dvArA carama unnati kA samartha AzvAsana pratipAdita karate hue manuSya ko jainatva se sampanna karane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai sAtha hI anyAnya paramparAoM ke viparIta muktidAtA ke rUpa meM kisI sarvocca sattA sampanna Izvara athavA tIrthaMkara ke anastitva kA nirdeza karate hue usa AsthA kA vidhAyaka hai ki manuSya apane prayAsoM evaM karmoM se jagat meM sarvocca sthiti ko prApta kara sakatA hai| mAnava ke aihika mUlyoM kI prApti kA sAkSAt hetu tathA pAralaukika mUlyoM kI prApti kA pAramparika hetu jaina dharma mAtra vaiyaktika mukti kA upAkhyAna nahIM karatA, apitu use samaSTigata kalyANa ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai| usakI yahI dRSTi manuSya meM Atmagaurava, AtmavizvAsa aura Atmazakti ko udita karane meM saphala rahatI hai| jaina dharma viveka para AdhArita usa sAmAjika cetanA ko vikasita karane hetu prayatnazIla rahatA hai jisake dvArA sAmAjika naitikatA kA paramazreya samatva samprApta ho ske| aura etadartha vaha sAmAjika sandarbha kI dRSTi se sAmAjika dAyitvoM ke nirvahana kI apekSA sAmAjika jIvana ko dUSita karane vAle tattvoM ke nirasana va caritra nirmANa parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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122 anila kumAra sonakara para Agraha karatA hai| jaina-dharma ke aMtargata sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tattvaahiMsA, anekAnta aura aparigraha, jaba sAdhanA ke triaMga-samyakdarzana, samyakjJAna, samyakacAritra se sambandhita hote haiN| taba samyak AcaraNa ke aMga ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiN| samyak AcaraNa jIvana-zuddhi kA vaha prayAsa hai, jisake antargata mAnasika karmoM kI zuddhi hetu, anAsakti, vAcika karmoM kI zuddhi hetu anekAnta aura kAyika karmoM kI zuddhi hetu ahiMsA ke pAlana kA nirdeza abhihita hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra jisa prakAra cetanA ke tIna pakSa jJAna, darzana aura caritra AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dizA meM eka-dUsare se apRthaka haiM, usI prakAra AtmIyatA, prema, tyAga, samarpaNa aura sahayoga ke AdhArabhUta stambha ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha bhI mAnava jIvana meM lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA, samatA, ekatA, zAnti prabhRti ko prasphuTita va vikasita karane meM tathA sAmAjika samatA kI saMsthApanA meM eka-dUsare se apRthaka haiN| sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tattvoM ke nirUpaNa ke pUrva una pakSoM para dRSTipAta karanA ucita hogA jisakI upasthita meM sAmAjika samasyAyeM va viSamatAeM utpanna hotI haiN| sampUrNa AcAra-darzana kA sAra samatva-sAdhanA hai| samatva hetu prayAsa hI jIvana kA sAratattva hai| satat zArIrika evaM prANamaya jIvana ke abhyAsa ke kAraNa cetanA bAhya uttejanAoM evaM saMvedanAoM se prabhAvita hone kI pravRtti vikasita kara letA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa bAhya vAtAvaraNajanya parivartanoM se prabhAvita hokara apane sahaja svabhAva samatva kA parityAga kara detA hai aura saMsAra ke prati mamatva-bhAva ko puSTa karane kI pravRtti vikasita kara letA hai| prapaMcAtmaka jagat ke padArthoM kI upalabdhi-anupalabdhi se svayaM ko sukhI-duHkhI samajhatA hai| usameM 'para' ke prati AkarSaNa yA vikarSaNa kA bhAva samutpanna hotA hai| vaha usa para ke sAtha rAgAtmaka sambandha sthApita karane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa vaha vedanA, baMdhana yA duHkha ko prApta karatA hai| vaha rAga na kevala use samatva ke svakeMdra se padacyuta karatA hai, pratyuta use bAhya padArthoM ke AkarSaNa kSetra meM lAkara usameM eka tanAva vyutpanna kara detA hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa cetanA do kendroM meM ba~Ta jAtI hai aura donoM hI staroM para cetanA meM doharA, saMgharSa utpanna hotA hai- prathama, cetanA ke AdarzAtmaka pakSa kA usa bAhya pariveza ke sAtha, jisameM vaha apanI vAsanAoM kI pUrti cAhatA hai| mAnava kI yaha svAbhAvika pravRtti hai jisake prati vaha Asakti rakhatA hai, vahI usake lie 'sva' bana jAtA hai aura usase bhinna 'para' bana jAtA hai| AtmA kA samatva keMdra se vilagAva

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sAmAjika naitikatA kI vartamAna meM prAsaMgikatA : jaina-dharma ke pariprekSya meM 123 hI 'sva' tathA 'para' ke AvirbhAva kA kAraNa hai| naitika ciMtana meM inheM 'rAga tathA 'dveSa' kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isameM 'rAga' AkarSaNa kA siddhAnta hai, jabaki 'dveSa' vikarSaNa kA / inhIM ke kAraNa cetanA meM sadaiva tanAva, saMgharSa athavA dvandva calatA rahatA hai| yadyapi cetanA apanI svAbhAvika zakti dvArA sadaiva hI sAmyAvasthA ke lie prayAsarata rahatI hai| lekina rAga aura dveSa kisI bhI sthAyI saMtulana ko sambhava nahIM hone dete / yahI cetanA jaba rAga, dveSa se yukta ho jAtI hai, to vibhAvadazA / viSamatA ko prApta hotI hai / citta kI viSamAvasthA hI samagra doSoM evaM anaitika AcaraNa kI janmabhUmi hai| rAga-dveSa se utpanna doSa hI vyakti, parivAra, samAja evaM vizva ke lie viSamatAoM ke vazIbhUta hokara vyakti anaitika kRtyoM kA sampAdana karatA hai, jisase parivAra, samAja, deza va vizva kA ahita hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya naitikatA meM rAga-dveSa se Upara uThanA samyag jIvana kI anivArya zarta mAnI gayI hai| pratyeka yuga meM mAnava-jIvana kI samasyAe~ lagabhaga samAna rahI haiN| vastutaH mAnava jIvana kI samasyAe~ (vyavahArika evaM Antarika donoM) viSamatA janita haiN| samakAlIna paristhitiyoM ke pariprekSya meM mAnava jIvana kI samasyAe~ pramukhataH cAra rUpoM me prakaTa hotI haiM- sAmAjika, Arthika, vaicArika aura mAnasika / ina samasyAoM ke mUla meM mukhyataH vyakti kI rAgAtmaka pravRtti kAma karatI hai / mAnava jIvana kI samasyAe~ cAhe sAmAjika jIvana se juDI hoM athavA pArasparika sambandhoM (vyakti aura parivAra, vyakti aura nIti, vyakti aura samAja, vyakti aura rASTra tathA vyakti aura vizva) se, jaba taka inameM rAgAtmaka pravRtti hetu rUpa meM upasthita hogI, taba taka inameM viSamatAe~ / samasyAe~ svAbhAvika rUpa se rhegii| pariNAmasvarUpa bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sampradAyavAda aura rASTravAda kA udbhava bhI astitva meM rhegaa| Aja ke sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM meM vyavadhAna svarUpa ye tattva manuSya ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sampradAyika prabhRti nikRSTa svArthoM se Upara Ane nahIM dete| vastutaH yahI sAmAjika viSamatA kI avasthA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM vyApta viSamatA ke mUla meM jaina paramparA meM pratipAdita rAga ke sahapratyaya kaSAya (saMgraha, Aveza, garva aura mAyA) haiN| ina kaSAoM kI upasthiti meM hI zoSaNa, nirapekSa- vyavahAra, vizvAsaghAta, ghRNA, amaitrIpUrNa vyavahAra, saMgharSa, yuddha prabhRti kA prAdurbhAva evaM vikAsa hotA hai| Arthika viSamatA vyakti aura bhautika jagat ke sambandhoM se utpanna viSamatA hai| -

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124 anila kumAra sonakara mukhyataH isake mUla meM saMgraha-pravRtti kAma karatI hai| bhautika jIvana ko samyak-rUpeNa sampanna karane hetu cetanA ko anekAneka vastue~ apane prANamaya jIvana ke lie Avazyaka pratIta hotI hai, lekina jaba yahI AvazyakatA Asakti meM pariNata ho jAtI hai to saMgraha-pravatti kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| yaha abhAva svAbhAvika nahIM hai, 'pratyuta tRSNA prasUta mAnasika vyAdhi hai, jisake mUla meM saMgrahecchA aura bhogecchA kI pravRtti vidyamAna hai| sAtha hI sarvasvIkRta dhAraNA hai ki svAbhAvika abhAva kI pUrti to sambhava hai, lekina tRSNA janita abhAva kI nhiiN| yahI viSamatA vicAroM para kendrita hokara vaicArika viSamatA ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai| anekAneka siddhAnta aura unase prAdarbhUta vaicArika matabheda sAmAjika jIvana ko atyadhika duSita kara rahe haiN| vartamAna meM vizva meM vyApta saMgharSoM ke mUla meM rAjanaitika athavA Arthika vicAra utane mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai, jitanA vaicArika Adhipatya kI sthApanA kaa| ye samasta viSamatAe~ sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita haiM aura naitikatA ke bAhya pakSa ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| inakA prakaTana Antarika hotA hai| naitikatA kA Antarika AdhAra manojagat hai, jise prabhAvita karane meM caturvidha kaSAya mUla hetu haiN| yadi vyakti sambandhI vighaTanakArI tattvoM kA manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to yaha spaSTa parilakSita hogA ki manojagat kI viSamatA ukta kaSAya prasUta haiN| etadartha kaSAyoM para vijaya-lAbha dvArA mAnasika viSamatA ke visarjana kA jaina paramparA meM nirUpaNa huA hai| kaSAyoM kI pUrNa samApti kara hI eka pUrNa vyaktitva kA prakaTana hotA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki aba taka una pakSoM kA nirUpaNa haA jisase sAmAjika jIvana daSita hotA hai| sAmAjika jIvana ko sthAyitva va saMtulana pradAna karane vAle tattvoM kA vighaTana hotA hai, jisakA prabhAva parivAra samAja va rASTra sabhI para par3atA hai| isI ke prabhAva meM mAnava bhautikatA kI AMdhI meM bahirmukhI banakara una jIvana-mUlyoM kA parityAga kara rahA hai, jisase vaha sukha, samRddhi zAnti, vinayazIlatA, ekatA, samatA, saMyama prabhRti sadguNoM ko prApta karatA hai| mAnava apanI bahirmukhI pravRtti ke kAraNa hI viSamatA, hiMsA, svArthaparatA, anyAya, atyAcAra ityAdi ko prApta kara rahA hai, jisase vaha svayaM azAnta va vyathita hai| parivAra, samAja va rASTra parezAna va cintita haiN| Aja samAja meM yaha dhAraNA prabala rUpa dhAraNa karatI jA rahI hai-naitika evaM ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThA rakhane vAlA manuSya sukha-suvidhA kI dRSTi se hAni meM rahatA hai| etadartha pragati ke nAma para Aja mAnava ukta naitika jIvana mUlyoM evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana ke prati audAsinya

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sAmAjika naitikatA kI vartamAna meM prAsaMgikatA : jaina-dharma ke pariprekSya meM 125 bhAva prakaTa kara rahA hai| vartamAna vicAraNAnusAra jIvana kI AvazyakatAe~ jitanI adhika hoMgI utanI hI sAmAjika unnati hogii| isa mAnyatA ne samAja meM aisI bhoga kI spardhA khaDI kara dI hai ki isa spardhA meM koI bhI pIche nahI rahanA caahtaa| Aja jana-mAnasa isa pakSapara vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna de rahA hai ki naitika jIvana-mUlya khaNDita hoM to bhale hoM, lekina sukha-suvidhAe~ prApta honI caahie| isa mAnyatA ke nimitta hI satya aura prAmANikatA kA mUlya kama huA hai| vastutaH manuSya ke lie jisa Ananda aura zAntimaya jIvana kI apekSA hai, vaha bhogoM kI upasthitI meM sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki jinheM santuSTi ke alpa sAdhana upalabdha haiM, ve adhika Anandita haiM, apekSAkRta unake jo bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI vipulatA ke bAda bhI utane Anandita nahI haiN| yadi sAmAjika jIvana meM vyApta viSamatAoM kA visarjana karanA hai athavA naitika mUlyoM ke hrAsa ko rokanA hai to vyakti ko svayaM tathA sAmAjika stara para bhautika mUlyoM ke sAtha-sAtha AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko svIkAranA hogA aura eka aisI jIvana-dRSTi kA sRjana karanA hogA jo manuSya meM ucca mUlyoM ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI samasta mAnavatA ko bhaya, saMgharSa, tanAva, aprAmANikatA prabhRti se mukta kara ske| __ naitika jIvana kA lakSya sadaiva hI usa jIvana-praNAlI ko pratiSThita karanA rahA hai, jisake dvArA eka aise mAnava-samAja kI saMracanA ho sake jo sAmAjika jIvana meM vyApta viSamatAoM (sAmAjika, Arthika, vaicArika aura mAnasika) tathA saMgharSoM (Antarika manovRttiyoM kA saMgharSa, Antarika icchAoM aura unakI pUrti ke bAhya prayAsoM kA saMgharSa aura bAhya samAjagata evaM rASTragata saMgharSa) se mukta hai| yadyapi ye saMgharSa evaM viSamatAe~ mAnava dvArA prasUta nahIM haiM, tathApi use prabhAvita karate haiN| samasta saMgharSoM evaM viSamatAoM kA nirodha sirpha jIvana ke paramAdarza samatva kI avasthA meM hI sambhava hai| isa paramAdarza kI upalabdhi manuSya svayaM ke prayAsoM dvArA kara sakatA hai| samatvaprApti mAnava kA svabhAva hai aura jo svabhAva hai, vahI Adarza hai, sAdhya hai| isa sAdhya kI samprApti jisa AcaraNa dvArA ho, vahI naitika AcaraNa anukaraNIya hai| isa naitika AcaraNa kA sampAdana to isa sAmAjika cetanA dvArA sambhava hai, jo viveka para AdhArita hai| sAmAnyataH yaha sarvasvIkRta dhAraNA hai-rAga-bhAvanA vyakti ko vyakti se joDatA hai, lekina yaha vAstavikatA ke sarvathA viparIta hai, kyoMki vyakti ko vyakti se jor3ane vAlA tattva rAga nahIM, pratyuta viveka hai| rAga-vRtti kA kArya joDanA aura toDanA donoM hai| isI pariprekSya meM vargabheda aura varNabheda kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| isake

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126 anila kumAra sonakara viparIta viveka dAyitva-bodha evaM kartavya-bodha kI bhASA hai| isI kI upasthiti meM vAstavika meM vAstavika sAmAjikatA kA sRjana hotA hai| etadartha jaina-dharma viveka para AdhArita usa sAmAjika cetanA ko vikasita karanA cAhatA hai, jisase mere aura tere, apane aura parAye kI cetanA vilupta ho jAtI hai aura kevala Atmavat dRSTi zeSa rahatI hai| yahI Atmavat dRSTi jaina-dharma dvArA pratiSThita sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tattvoM (ahiMsA, anekAnta aura aparigraha) meM bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai| ye AtmIyatA, prema, tyAga, samarpaNa aura sahayoga ke AdhArabhUta stambha haiN| inase hI sAmAjika jIvana meM vyApta viSamatAoM evaM saMgharSo kA visarjana hotA hai, sAtha hI mAnava jIvana meM lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA, samatA, ekatA, zAnti prabhRti kA prasphuTana va pravAhana hotA hai| etadartha ina kendrIya tattvoM kA nirUpaNa aparihArya ho jAtA hai| tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadezita ahiMsA vaha zAzvata, zuddha aura nitya dharma hai jisakA mUlAdhAra jIvana ke prati sammAna, samatva-bhAvanA evaM advaitabhAvanA hai| ahiMsA cara evaM acara sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| jabaki sUtrakRtAMga sUtrAnusAra jJAnI hone kA sAra hai-kisI prANI kI hiMsA na kreN| ahiMsA hI samagradharma kA sAra hai, ise sadaiva hI smaraNa rakhanA caahie| isake sarvAdhika vyApaka svarUpa kA nirUpaNa AcArAMgasUtra meM huA hai- bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI arhat yaha upadeza karate haiM ki kisI bhI prANa, pUta, jIva aura sattva ko kisI bhI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA caahie| yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai| samasta loka kI pIDA jAnakara arhatoM ne isakA pratipAdana kiyA hai| vastutaH ahiMsA prANiyoM ke jIvita rahane kA naitika adhikAra hai jabaki isakA vikAsa samatvabhAvanA se samutpanna sahAnubhUti tathA advaitabhAvanA se samutpanna AtmIyatA se hotA hai| ahiMsA kI dhArA kA pravAhana sarvatra AtmabhAvamUlaka karuNA aura maitrI vidhAyaka anubhUtiyoM se huI hai| vaha kriyA nahIM, sattA hai, AtmA kI eka avasthA (apramatta avasthA hai)| jaina-dharma meM ahiMsA ke pazcAt anAgraha evaM aparigraha kA pratipAdana huA hai| anAgraha vaha siddhAnta hai jo apane vicAroM kI taraha dUsaroM ke vicAroM kA sammAna karanA sikhalAtA hai| isa siddhAnta ke viparIta vyakti jaba sva-mata kI prazaMsA va paramata kI niMdA karatA hai to sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgharSa kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai, sAmAjika jIvana meM vigraha, viSAda aura vaimanasya kA bIjavapana hotA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM

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sAmAjika naitikatA kI vartamAna meM prAsaMgikatA : jaina-dharma ke pariprekSya meM 127 spaSTa kahA gayA hai- jo apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare mata kI nindA meM hI apanI vidvatA dikhAte haiM tathA loka ko satya se bhaTakAte haiM, ve ekAntavAdI svayaM saMsAra cakra meM bhaTakate haiN| vastutaH satya to sarvatra dedIpyamAna hai, jo bhI manuSya unmukta dRSTi se dekhane kA prayAsa karegA, vahI use prApta bhI kregaa| satya kevala satya hai, vaha na merA hai aura na dUsare kA / jaina vicArAnusAra, jisa prakAra ahiMsA kA siddhAnta kahatA haijIvana jahA~ kahIM ho, usakA sammAna karanA cAhie, ThIka usI prakAra anAgraha kA siddhAnta kahatA hai- satya jahA~ kahIM ho usakA sammAna karanA caahie|' jaina tattvajJAna antargata pratyeka vastu ananta dharmoM vAlI mAnI gaI hai jabaki rAga- -dveSa ke nimitta udbhUta ekAnta va Agraha sattA ke eka hI pakSa ko grahaNa karate haiN| isa sthiti meM jahA~ ananta sattA ke anekAneka pakSoM kA apalApa mAtra hotA hai, vahI manuSya kA jJAna bhI saMkucita evaM sImAvasthA ko prApta hotA hai, kyoMki Agraha kI upasthiti meM ananta sattA ko jAnane kI jijJAsA hI nahIM hotI hai| isake viparIta jainavicAraNAnusAra tattva pakSAtikrAnta hai, vaha parama satya hai, ataH use Agraha dvArA prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isakA darzana to kevala satya kA sAdhaka vItarAgI athavA anAgrahI kara sakatA hai| isI pariprekSya meM jaina dharma anekAnta ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karatA hai, uddezya hotA hai anAgrahI evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ko prastuta karanA jisake dvArA vaicArika asahiSNutA ko samApta kiyA jA sake, kyoMki vaicArika asahiSNutA kI upasthiti se hI sAmAjika va pArivArika jIvana viSAktAvasthA ko prApta hotA hai| punazca, sAmAjika naitikatA ke kSetra meM yahI anAsakti aparigraha ke rUpa pariNata hotI hai| jaina dharma meM nirUpita paMcamahAvratoM meM se prathama tIna (asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha) anAsakti ke vyavahArika rUpa haiN| Asakti ke bAhya rUpoM ( apaharaNa, bhoga aura saMgraha) kA nigraha ukta tInoM mahAvratoM dvArA hotA hai| vastutaH Asakti tRSNA kA pratirUpa hai| isake sambandha meM dazavaikAlika meM kahA gayA hai - Asakti kA dUsarA nAma lobha aura lobha hI samagra sadguNoM kA vinAzaka hai| jabaki sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra manuSya jaba taka kisI prakAra kI Asakti rakhatA hai, vaha duHkha se mukta nahIM hotA hai|"" yadyapi Asakti eka mAnasika tathya hai, mana kI eka vRtti hai, jisakA duSprabhAva sAmAjika jIvana para paDatA hai| vastutaH jainAcAryoM ne Asakti ke visarjana hetu jisa aparigraha ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA, nizcita rUpa se usake mUla meM yahI anAsakti kI pradhAna dRSTi kArya kara rahI thI, sAtha hI isako Avazyaka samajhakara hI

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128 anila kumAra sonakara jainAcAryoM ne parigraha ke tyAga para bala diyA jisase anAsakti ko AcaraNa meM utArA jA ske| anAsakti kI dhAraNA ko vyavahArika rUpa dene hetu hI jaina-dharma meM gRhastha jIvana meM parigraha-maryAdA aura zramaNa jIvana meM samagra parigraha ke tyAga kA nirdeza abhihita hai| Asakti aura aparigraha me sUkSma antara hai-aparigraha meM mamatva ke sAthasAtha sampadA kA visarjana hotA hai, yaha sAmAjika tathA vyavahArika donoM stara para hotA hai| isake viparIta anAsakti vaiyaktika hai tathA isameM kevala mamatva kA visarjana hotA hai| vastutaH anAsakti evaM aparigraha donoM se hI Arthika pragati kA mArga prazasta hotA hai| aparigraha kA siddhAnta artha-arjana ke pakSa meM use sImA taka rahatA hai, jahA~ taka usake sAtha zoSaNa kI duSpravRtti saMyukta nahIM rahatI hai| yadyapi aparigraha kA koI sArvabhauma mAnadaNDa sambhava nahIM hai, tathApi isakA nirdhAraNa deza-kAla, vyakti aura paristhiti para nirbhara avazya hai| punazca, yadyapi parigraha-maryAdA kI avasthA meM samAna vitaraNa aura samAja meM zAnti va ekatA sthApita ho, tathApi mAnasika zAnti sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki mAnasika zAnti hetu tRSNA kA nirundhana Avazyaka hai aura yaha anAsaktAvasthA meM hI sambhava hai| vastutaH jaba aparigraha anAsakti se phalita hotA hai tabhI vyakti evaM samAja ke bIca saccI zAnti va samatA kI saMsthApanA hotI hai| ukta tathyoM para dRSTipAta kareM to yaha spaSTa parilakSita hogA ki mAnava jIvana kI samagra samasyAoM/viSamatAoM (samakAlIna athavA vartamAna yugIna) ke mUla meM rAga-dveSa tathA rAga ke saha pratyaya kaSAya-catuSka (saMgraha, Aveza, garva aura maayaa)haiN| rAga-dveSa ke nimitta hI mAnava apanI svAbhAvika pravRtti kA parityAga kara bhautika padArthoM ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karatA hai| phalataH mAnava-jIvana ko sArthaka banAne vAle jIvana-mUlyoM (sukha-samRddhi, zAnti, samatA, ekatA, vinayazIlatA, saMyama prabhRti sadguNoM) kA parityAga kara viSamatA, hiMsA, saMgharSa, svArthaparatA, anyAya, atyAcAra prabhRti duSpravRttiyoM ko prApta karatA hai, jisase vaha svayaM azAnta va vyathita hotA hai, parivAra, samAja va rASTra bhI ciMtita va parezAna hotA hai| yahA~ svAbhAvika prazna samutpanna hotA hai- vaha kauna sI avasthA hai? jise prAptakara mAnava rAga-dveSa va usake sahapratyayoM se sarvadA ke lie mukta ho sakatA hai| isa jijJAsA ke nivAraNArtha eka hI avasthA mAnava-cakSu ke sAmane dedIpyamAna hotI hai aura vaha avasthA hai-samatvaprApti kii| punazca, svAbhAvika jijJAsA samutpanna hotI hai ki samatva-saMsthApanA meM jaina-dharma tathA AtmIyatA prema, tyAga, samarpaNa aura sahayoga ke AdhArabhUta stambha

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sAmAjika naitikatA kI vartamAna meM prAsaMgikatA : jaina-dharma ke pariprekSya meM 129 usake kendrIya tattva-ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha kahA~ taka prAsaMgika hai ? isa jijJAsA ke nivAraNArtha Avazyaka hai ki prArambha meM vivecita una tathyoM para dRSTipAta kareM jisake prayAsa se sAmAjika naitikatA kA paramazreya samatva samprApta ho ske| dhyAtavya hai ki jaina-dharma viveka para AdhArita usa sAmAjika cetanA ko vikasita karane hetu prayatnazIla rahatA hai jo dAyitva-bodha aura kartavya-bodha se pUrNa ho / yathArtha cetanA dAyitva-bodha va kartavya-bodha ke rUpa meM AtmIyatA, prema, tyAga, samarpaNa, sahayoga, sama-vitaraNa, zAnti, abhaya sabhI prakAra kI sahiSNutA ( sAmAjika, rAjanItika, dhArmika aura vaicArika) Ananda prabhRti sadguNoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kiye hue hai| vastutaH ina sadguNoM kA udgama sthala tIrthaMkara upadezit sAmAjika naitikatA ke kendrIya tattva - ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha haiM / etadartha mAnava jIvana meM vyApta samasta samasyAoM/ viSamatAoM (sAmAjika, Arthika, vaicArika aura mAnasika) ke nirundhana meM inakI mahatI bhUmikA hai| mAnava jIvana meM rAga janita ahaM ke pratyaya ke nimitta vyApta parataMtratA kA visarjana ahiMsA dvArA hotA hai, kyoMki ahiMsA kA siddhAnta samatva-bhAvanA, advaita bhAvanA va svataMtratA ke sAtha juDA huA hai, jabaki sumadhura sAmAjika sambandhoM ko dUSita karane vAloM tattvoM kA nirAkaraNa anAsaktidRSTi athavA vitarAgatAvasthA meM hotA hai| jaina-dharma Arthika kSetra meM samatva kA sRjana (parigraha visarjana) anAsakti va aparigraha dvArA hotA hai / punazca, bahirmukhI pravRtti meM nimitta naitika mUlyoM kA jo hrAsa ho rahA hai, usakA nirodha ahiMsA anAgraha aura aparigraha ke siddhAnta ko AcaraNa meM pUrNataH utArakara hI ho sakatA hai, kyoMki ye siddhAnta apane meM bhautika mUlyoM ke sAtha-sAtha AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko bhI samAviSTa kiye hue haiN| anAsakti dRSTi dvArA hI mAnava jIvana meM vAstavika naitikatA kA sRjana ho sakatA hai, kyoMki isa avasthA meM vyakti apane vAstavika vyaktitva kA yathArtha darzana karatA hai / yathArtha darzana kI avasthA meM lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA se sambandhita samasta sadbhAvanAoM kA prakaTana svataH hotA hai sAtha hI loka kalyANa hetu vItarAgI puruSa AcaraNa kA sampAdana karane lagatA hai| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki jaina-dharma praNita sAmAjika naitikatA ke AdhArabhUta stambha ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha mAnava jIvana meM lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA, samatA, ekatA, saMyama, zAnti, vinayazIlatA, sukha-samRddhi prabhRti sadguNoM ko prasphuTita karane aura vikasita karane meM tathA sAmAjika samatA kI punarsthApanA meM pratyeka dezakAla va paristhiti meM pUrNataH prAsaMgika hai|

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130 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.. saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ Atreya, bhIkhamalAla, bhAratIya nItizAstra kA itihAsa, jaoNba priMTarsa, ilAhAbAda, 1964, pR. 612 muni, nathamala, surAnA, jayapura, 1969, pR. 6, 13-14 sTesa, DablyU. TI., dI kAnsepTa oNpha mAralsa, di maeNkamilana kaM. li., laMdana, 1937, pR. 143 prazna vyAkaraNa sUtra, anila kumAra sonakara naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, mannAlAla 2/1/21/22 sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1/4/10 AcArAMga sUtra, 1/4/1/127 sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/2/23 jaina, sAgaramala, jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka bhAga 2, rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura, 1982, pR. adhyayana, 223 9. dazavaikAlika, 8/38 10. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1/1/2

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samantabhadra kI dRSTi meM sarvajJatA kA svarUpa ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra ke AdhAra para RSabha jaina Apta ke tIna lakSaNa vItarAgatA, nirdoSatA evaM sarvajJatA batAye gaye haiN| Apta ke vacanoM kI prAmANikatA vItarAgatA aura nirdoSatA ina do guNoM se abhivyakta hotI hai| ina guNoM ke nA hone para vacanoM kI prAmANikatA saMdigdha hogii| jo vyakti vItarAgI aura nirdoSa hogA vahI sarvajJatA prApta karegA, kyoMki donoM meM kArya kAraNa bhAva hotA hai| vItarAgatA ke binA sarvajJatA prApta nahIM hotii| ataeva pahale vItarAgatA rUpa kAraNa kA aura pIche sarvajJatA rUpa kArya kA ullekha karanA ucita hai| phira bhI yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki sarvajJatA ke lie sAmAnya vItarAgatA kI nahIM apitu viziSTa evaM pUrNa vItarAgatA hI kAraNa hai, kyoMki sAmAnya vItarAgatA to caturtha guNasthAnavartI asaMyata samyagdRSTi ke bhI pAyI jAtI hai, parantu caturtha guNasthAna se sarvajJatA siddha nahIM hotI / vAstava meM kisI bhI kArya kI siddhi ke lie samartha kAraNa (anyathA anupapattirUpa kAraNa) vahI mAnA jA sakatA hai jisake dvArA prayatna ke avyavahita uttara kSaNa meM hI kArya kI niSpatti ho jaay| phalataH sarvajJatA ke lie caturthAdi guNasthAna kI sAmAnya vItarAgatA samartha kAraNa nahIM hai, kintu bArahaveM guNasthAna kI pUrNa vItarAgatA hI samartha kAraNa hai| vItarAgatA ke pratipakSI moha karma ke udaya kA gyArahaveM guNasthAna meM sarvathA abhAva hai| parantu vahA~ bhI sarvajJatA niSpanna nahIM huA karatI kyoMki yadyapi pratipakSI moha karma kI prakRtiyA~ yahA~ para upazAMta ho gaI haiM; prayatna vizeSa ke kAraNa ve phala dene meM kucha kAla ke lie asamartha ho gaI haiM, parantu ve na to nirmUla hI huI haiM, aura na unakI sAmarthya hI sadA ke lie naSTa huI hai, unakI sattA to vahA~ banI hI hai / vAstava meM unakA abhI taka karmatva hI naSTa nahIM huA hai| ataeva kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa 11 veM guNasthAna kI vItarAgatA nirApada nahIM haiM aura isIlie sarvajJatA ke lie jisa vItarAgatA ko kAraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| vaha 12 veM guNasthAna ke aMtima bhAga kI vaha vizuddhi vizeSa hI hai jahA~ para ki ekatva vitarka avIcAra nAma kA zukla dhyAna hote hI jJAnAvaraNAdi tInoM hI karmoM kA eka sAtha nirmUlana ho jAtA hai| ataeva sarvajJatA ke lie sAmAnya vItarAgatA kI nahIM apitu pUrNa evaM viziSTa vItarAgatA hI kAraNa hai| samantabhadra ne vardhamAna kA vizeSaNa "nidhUrta kalilAtmA" kahA hai jahAM nidhUrta se parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007 - navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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132 RSabha jaina tAtparya vikAra nirmUlana (ucchedana) se hai jo ki anyatra nahIM pAyA jAtA aura jisake hone para ukta pApa karmoM kA AtmA ke sAtha kisI prakAra kA aMzamAtra bhI saMbaMdha nahIM raha jAtA hai| vicAraNIya hai ki nirdhRta kalilAtmA kA artha vItarAgatA karanA cAhie athavA nirdoSatA? prazna ho sakatA hai ki vItarAgatA aura nirdoSatA meM kyA aMtara hai? uttara sahaja hai ki mohakarma ke abhAva se vItarAgatA aura sampUrNa doSoM ke na rahane para sarvajJatA haA karatI hai| jinAgama meM 18 doSa ginAye jAte haiN| ve mAtra moha karma se hI sambandha nahIM rkhte| unakA sambandha AThoM karmoM se hai| vItarAgatA aura nirdoSatA meM viSama vyApti hai na ki sama vyApti arthAt jahA~ vItarAgatA hai vahA~ nirdoSatA bhI ho yaha niyama nhiiN| parantu jahA~ nirdoSatA hai vahA~ vItarAgatA avazya huA karatI hai kyoMki Azcarya Adi doSoM ke kAraNabhUta jJAnAvaraNAdi kA jahA~ taka udaya rahatA hai vahA~ taka vAstava meM vItarAgatA ke rahate hue bhI nirdoSatA nahIM kahI jA sktii| parantu yaha bAta satya hai ki vItarAgatA ho jAne para hI nirdoSatA huA karatI hai| isalie Agama meM sarvajJa ko 18 doSoM se rahita batAyA hai| na ki chadmastha kSINa moha ko| ataeva samantabhadra Apta kI vItarAgatA ke sAtha sAtha nirdoSatA bhI siddha karanA cAhate haiN| pA~cavI kArikA meM 'ucchinna doSeNa' kahakara unhoMne isa bAta kI bhI puSTi kI hai| kyoMki nirdoSa kahane se to vItarAgatA kA artha bhI sammilita ho jAtA hai parantu yadi vItarAgatA mAtra hI artha liyA jAe to nirdoSatA kA artha niyamita rUpa se usameM garbhita ho gayA aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| vAstava meM vItarAgatA ke saMbaMdha meM kevala mohanIya karma ke abhAva se aura nirdoSatA kA saMbaMdha sampUrNa ghAtikarmoM ke nirmUla ho jAne para sAtha sAtha anya asAtA vedanIya Adi pApakarmoM ke apanA apanA kArya karane meM asamartha ho jAne se bhI hai| taba vItarAgatA kI apekSA nirdoSatA hI pradhAna aura mahAna siddha hotI hai| ataeva usa viziSTa dharma ko hI yahA~ batAnA adhika ucita evaM saMgata pratIta hotA hai| dezanA kI pUrNatA hI karmoM se hai| Apta purUSoM meM prAmANikatA ke lie vItarAgatA aura sarvajJatA ina do guNoM kI AvazyakatA hai unameM utpatti kA krama bhI aisA hI hai ki pUrNa vItarAgatA ke ho jAne para hI sarvajJatA siddha huA karatI hai| AtmA kA vizeSa guNa cetanA hai usakI Agama meM tIna dazAyeM batAI gayI haiM - karmacetanA, karmaphala cetanA aura jnyaancetnaa| sarvajJatA jJAnacetanA kA sarvotkRSTa antima svarUpa hai| ise darpaNa ke dRSTAnta se samajhAyA gayA hai| jaise darpaNa ke sAmane Ae hue sabhI padArtha usameM svayaM pratibiMbita hote haiN| vaise hI sarvajJatA meM lokAloka

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samantabhadra kI dRSTi meM sarvajJatA kA svarUpa - ratnakaraNDa.... ke sabhI dravya, tattva, padArtha evaM unake guNadharma tathA trikAlavartI samasta vyaMjanaparyAyeM va arthaparyAyeM yugapat pratibhAsita hote haiN| Azaya yaha hai ki sarvajJatA kI sthiti meM jIva kI jJAna cetanA pUrNa rUpa se sadA ke lie nirvikAra ho jAtI hai tathA usakI svacchatA evaM nirmalatA parAkASThA ko prApta kara cukI hotI hai| yadyapi usakI vRtti dhruvarUpa se prakRti dravya rUpa se antarmukha bana gaI hai parantu samasta carAcara traikAlika jagat usameM pratikSaNa pratibhAsita rahA karatA hai| cetanA kA yaha svabhAva hai ki padArtha usameM pratibhAsita ho jaise darpaNa kA svabhAva hai ki usake sammukha jo bhI padArtha jisa rUpa meM bhI upasthita hotA hai vaha vaise hI usameM pratibimbita huA karatA hai| cetanA kI svacchatA isase bhI adhika aura vicitra hai usameM vidyamAna aura avidyamAna anaMtAnaMta padArtha yugapat pratibhAsita huA karate haiN| jisa taraha darpaNa kisI padArtha ko dekhane kA svayaM prayatna nahIM karatA parantu jo bhI usake sammukha AtA hai vaha svayaM hI darpaNa meM darpaNa kI svAbhAvika svacchatA vizeSa ke kAraNa pratibimbita ho jAyA karatA hai usI taraha sarvajJa kI cetanA padArtha ko jAnane kA svayaM prayatna nahIM krtii| jisa taraha alpajJa saMsArI jIvoM kI cetanA viSayoM kI tarapha unmukha hokara krama se aura yogya padArtha ko hI grahaNa kiyA karatI hai| bAhya tana meM to sabhI jIvoM kA cetanA kA svarUpa aisA hI hai kintu indriya jJAnoM meM yaha nAma hamArI samajha meM nahIM AtA ki indriya jJAna bhI binA prayatna ke hI apanI vyakta yogyatAnusAra hI jJeyoM ko jAnatA hai| vaha cetanA padArthoM kI tarapha unmukha nahIM haA karatI apitu padArtha svayaM hI jJAna ke jAnane meM Ate haiN| phira ve padArtha vidyamAna avidyamAna (bhUta-bhaviSyat) rUpa se kitane hI pramANa meM kyoM na hoN| vaha sabhI padArthoM ko eka sAtha grahaNa kara letI hai, aisA kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki usameM yaha bhI eka vizeSatA A jAtI hai ki usameM phira kisI bhI taraha kI nyUnAdhikatA nahIM hotii| jisa taraha saMsArI jIvoM kA jJAna nyUnAdhika huA karatA hai vaisA sarvajJa kA nahIM hotaa| vaha apane jisa pUrNa rUpa ko dhAraNa kara pragaTa hotA hai vaha phira ananta kAla taka usI rUpa meM niraMtara pragaTa hotA rahatA hai| sarvajJa niyama se vItarAga nirdoSa aura sarvajJAnI hote haiN| mohanIya karma ke sarvathA abhAva se jo vItarAgatA utpanna hotI hai vaha sarvajJatA kI utpatti ke lie samartha kAraNa hai| isI taraha nirdoSatA kI utpatti ke lie vItarAgatA evaM sarvajJatA samartha kAraNa ke milane para niyama se kArya utpanna huA karatA hai| ataeva sarvajJatA ke sAtha vItarAgatA aura nirdoSatA kI vyApti banatI hai| kahA jA sakatA hai ki jo jo sarvajJa

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134 RSabha jaina hai vaha to niyama se vItarAga aura nirdoSa hai| kintu hitopadezakatA ke sAtha sAtha isa taraha kI vyApti nahIM hai kyoMki jJAna kA vacana ke sAtha niyata saMbaMdha nahIM hai| jo jo jJAnavAna ho vaha vaha vaktA bhI ho aisA niyama nahIM hai yaha sarvamAnya rUpa se avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki kisI bhI vaktA ke vacana kI prAmANikatA usakI vItarAgatA nirdoSatA aura jJAna para nirbhara hai| jo vyakti jitanA adhika vItarAga aura nirdoSa hone ke sAtha-sAtha samyakjJAnI hai usake vacana bhI utane hI adhika pramANabhUta huA karate haiN| ataeva jo pUrNa vItarAgI, pUrNa nirdoSa aura pUrNa jJAnavAna hai usake vacana bhI pUrNatayA pramANa rUpa hI haiN| Apta zabda kA sAmAnyatayA prasiddha artha yaha hai ki 'yo yatrAvaMcakaH saH tatra AptaH ' arthAt jo jisa viSaya meM avaMcaka hai vaha usI viSaya meM Apta hai| kintu yahA~ tAtparya hai ki jisane jJAnAvaraNAdi cAra ghAti karmoM ko naSTa karake apane zuddha jJAnAdi guNoM ko prApta kara liyA hai use Apta kahate haiN| anya prakAra se Aptatva bana hI nahIM sktaa| isI prakAra 'A samantAt gamyate budhyate vastu tattvaM yena yasmAdvA' arthAt pratyeka dRSTi se jisake dvArA samasta vastu tattva kA parijJAna ho usako Agama kahate haiN| aise vacana sarvajJa ke hI hote haiN| zruta kA viSaya sAmAnyatayA kevalajJAna kI samakoTi meM batAyA hai, unameM kevala pratyakSa aura parokSa kA antara hai| jagata meM bhinna-bhinna sampradAya vAloM ne Apta kA svarUpa bhI bhinna bhinna prakAra se hI mAnA hai / yadyapi ye mAnyatAyeM aneka haiM, phira bhI inako sAmAnyataH sAta bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ para Apta ke tIna vizeSaNa diye gaye haiM - 1. utsanna doSa, 2. sarvajJa, 3. Agama kA Iza / prata meM Apta se abhiprAya zreyomArga rUpa dharma ke upajJa bala se hai| jisameM ina tInoM hI vizeSaNoM kA rahanA Avazyaka hai| saMsAra meM Apta ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM jaba aneka taraha kI mithyA mAnyatAyeM pracalita ho rahIM haiN| aura jagata ke prANI unameM bhramita ho rahe hoM athavA unako mAnakara gRhIta mithyAtva ke dvArA duHkha rUpa saMsAra meM bhramaNa kara rahe hoM, taba vAstavika Apta aura AcAryoM kA svAbhAvika kartavya ho jAtA hai ki ve unakI bhrAnta dhAraNAoM ko dUra karane ke lie unake ajJAnatama ko naSTa karane ke lie unake samakSa yathArtha vastusvarUpa ke prakAza ko upasthita kareM jisase ve zreyomArga meM nirvighnatayA calakara zuddha satya aura zAzvata sukha ko prApta kara skeN| Apta ke ina tIna vizeSaNoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki

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samantabhadra kI dRSTi meM sarvajJatA kA svarUpa - ratnakaraNDa.... 135 inameM se koI bhI vizeSatA yadi na mAnI jAya to nizcita hI AptapanA nahIM bana sktaa| Apta zabda kA loka meM prasiddha artha yaha hai ki jo satya kA jJAtA ho aura rAgadveSAdi se rahita satya kA upadeza karane vAlA ho| AptatA do prakAra se hotI hai| 1-laukika 2-paarlaukik| loka prasiddha artha laukika Apta ke viSaya meM samajhanA caahie| yahA~ hama paralaukika Apta kI carcA kara rahe haiN| Apta zabda kA eka prasiddha artha yaha bhI hai ki jo jisa viSaya meM avaMcaka hai vaha usa viSaya meM Apta mAnA jAtA hai| yaha bAta dRSTi meM rahanA jarurI hai ki avaMcakatA ke lie vAstava meM ajJAna aura kazAya ina do doSoM kA nirharaNa atyAvazyaka hai yahA~ pAralaukika Apta kA svarUpa batAyA hai vaha laukika arthoM kA virodhI nahIM hai phira bhI isa kathana se yaha bAta avazya hI spaSTa hotI hai ki loka prasiddha artha paryApta nahIM hai vaha laukika viSayoM taka sImita hone se AMzika hai| pAralaukika Apta laukika evaM pAralaukika sabhI viSayoM kI pramANikatA para prakAza DAlatA hai| jisa taraha zruti se aviruddha hI smRtiyAM pramANa mAnI jAtI haiM na ki svataMtra athavA zruti se viruddh| isI taraha prakRta viSaya meM samajhanA caahie| pAralaukika Apta se jo aviruddha haiM ve hI laukika Apta pramANa mAne jA sakate haiM, na ki svataMtra tathA pAralaukika Apta ke viruddha vacana karane vaale| zreyomArga rUpa dharma ke vyAkhyAna aura usakI prAmANikatA kA mUla Apta hI hai| jisa taraha nIMva ke binA mandira yA jar3a ke binA vRkSa Tika nahIM sakatA usI taraha tathAbhUta Apta ke binA dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa kA na to kisI ko parijJAna hI ho sakatA hai aura na usake viSaya meM pramANikatA kA vizvAsa hI ho sakatA hai| jagata meM isa sambandha meM kAlpanika mAnyatAyeM pracalita haiN| jinako na to yuktiyoM kA hI samarthana prApta hai aura na jinako anubhava hI svIkAra karatA hai| isake alAvA isa kathana ke karane vAle ve zAstra hI svayaM pUrvApara va paraspara virodha evaM bhinna bhinna prakAra ke artha karane vAle AcAryoM kI viruddha nirUpaNAoM ke kAraNa aprAmANika Thahara jAte haiN| koI koI dharma vyAkhyAtA Agamaveda ko anAdi mAnate haiM, jabaki yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki koI bhI zabda vizeSa usake vaktA ke binA pravRtta nahIM ho sktaa| koI usako apaurUSeya azarIra Izvara kRta batAte haiM kintu koI bhI vicArazIla yaha samajha sakatA hai ki zarIra ke binA aise zabdoM kI racanA, utpatti, kathana kisa prakAra se ho sakatA hai| koI koI usako hiMsA jaise mahApApa kA vidhAyaka bhI svIkAra karate haiM aura

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136 RSabha jaina koI koI unhIM vAkyoM kA bhinna bhinna prakAra kA artha batAte hue dRSTigocara hote haiN| unheM yaha kahate hue sunA jAtA hai veda vihita hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM khte| aisI avasthA meM jabaki usakA mUla vaktA hI siddha na ho athavA jisameM saMsAra bhramaNa evaM mahAna duHkha paramparA ke kAraNabhUta hiMsA jaise mahApApa kA samarthana pAyA jAtA hai aneka paraspara svavacana bAdhita tathyoM se bharA par3A ho usakA vaktA sazarIra nahIM ho taba yahA~ usakA vaktA prAmANika aura nirdoSa hai yaha bAta kauna vicakSaNa svIkAra karegA? use kauna pramANa mAnegA aura vaha kisake anubhava meM A skegaa| yaha to haThAgrahapUrvaka asatya kA svIkAra karAnA hai| isake sivAya anya logoM ne AptakA jaisA kucha svarUpa mAnA hai usako dekhate hue na to unakI sarvathA nirdoSatA hI siddha hotI hai aura na sarvajJatA hii| kyoMki koI bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra nahIM karegA ki vItarAgatA evaM sarvajJatA ke binA yadi koI bhI vyakti kucha bhI bolatA hai to usake vacanoM meM svataH pramANikatA kabhI bhI nahIM mAnI jA sktii| phira dharma jaise viSaya meM to use prAmANika vaktA mAnA hI kaise jA sakatA hai ? kyoMki dharma kA saMbaMdha indriya agocara AtmA aura paraloka se hai jisakA ki satya pUrNa evaM spaSTa jJAna sarvajJa ko hI ho sakatA hai| vaha sarvajJatA bhI jisake dvArA mUrta amUrta sabhI padArtha unake guNadharma aura unakI traikAlika sampUrNa avasthAoM kA yugapada sAkSAtkAra huA karatA hai taba taka prApta nahIM ho sakatI jaba taka ki vaha vyakti sAdhAraNa saMsArI jIvoM meM pAye jAne vAle ajJAna aura kazAya jaise doSoM se rahita nahIM ho jaataa| astu yaha bAta yuktiyukta aura acchI taraha anubhava meM Ane vAlI hai ki ina donoM hI guNoM sarvajJatA aura vItarAgatA ko prApta kie binA koI bhI vyakti Agama siddha viSayoM ke prAmANika varNana karane kA yathArthataH adhikAra prApta nahIM kara sakatA / ataeva mokSamArga ke vaktA Apta meM ina donoM hI guNoM kA rahanA atyAvazyaka hai| ina donoM guNoM kA Apta meM rahanA jainAgama meM batAyA gayA hai| ataeva usakA hI pratipAdita dharma nirdoSa evaM satya hone ke kAraNa vizvasanIya, AdaraNIya, hitopadezI, kalyANakArI tathA AcaraNIya hai| Apta ke donoM vizeSaNoM meM yaha bAta bhI jAna lenI cAhie ki inameM uttarottara ke prati pUrva kAraNa haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki nirdoSatA ( vItarAgatA ) sarvajJatA kA kAraNa hai, doSoM kA nAza hue binA sarvajJatA prApta nahIM ho sakatI aura sarvajJatA hue binA Agamezitva (Agama kA prAmANika pravaktA) bana nahIM sktaa| kyoMki ina donoM guNoM

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samantabhadra kI dRSTi meM sarvajJatA kA svarUpa - ratnakaraNDa.... 137 ko prApta kiye binA yadi koI Agama ke viSaya kA pratipAdana kare to vaha yathArtha evaM pramANabhUta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| Agama kA viSaya parokSa hai| na to indriya gocara hai aura na hI anumeya hai| aise viSaya meM pUrNa pratyakSa jJAna hI pravRtta ho sakatA hai| ekadeza pratyakSajJAna bhI viSaya ke sarvAMzoM ko grahaNa nahIM kara sktaa| ataeva zreyomArga yA dharmAdharma tathA usake phala kA yathArtha varNana sarvajJatA ke dvArA hI ho sakatA hai aura vahI pramANa mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha sarvajJatA taba taka prApta nahIM ho sakatI jaba taka ki vaha vyakti samasta doSoM ko nirmUla nahIM kara detaa| isalie pUrva pUrva ko kAraNa aura uttarottara ko kArya mAnanA ucita evaM saMgata hI hai| isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki uttarottara ke prati pUrva pUrva kI vyApti niyata hai| arthAta jahA~ AgamezitA hai vahA~ sarvajJatA bhI avazya hai aura jahA~ sarvajJatA hai vahA~ nirdoSatA vItarAgatA bhI niyata hai, kintu isake viparIta yaha niyama nahIM hai ki jahA~ jahA~ vItarAgatA hai vahA~ sarvajJatA bhI hai aura jahA~ jahA~ sarvajJatA hai vahA~ vahA~ Agamezitva bhI niyata hai kyoMki kSINamohanigraMtha nirdoSa vItarAga to kahe jA sakate haiM parantu ve sarvajJa nahIM kahe jA sakate haiN| yadyapi vaha vItarAgatA sarvajJatA kA sAdhana hai| hA~ yaha bAta ThIka hai ki rAga dveSa aura moha kA abhAva ho jAne se prApta huI nirdoSatA (vItarAgatA) ke binA ghAtitraya kA abhAva athavA sarvajJatA kI siddhi nahIM ho sktii| isI taraha yaha bhI niyama nahIM hai ki jo jo sarvajJa hoM ve saba Agama ke Iza yA upajJa vaktA hoM hii| 1. 2. saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ AcArya samantabhadra, ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, zlo. 1 . AcArya samantabhadra, ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, zlo, namaH zrI varddhamAnAya nirdhUta klilaatmne| sAlokAnAM trilokAnAM yad vidyA drpnnaayte|| AcArya samantabhadra, devAgama stotra, kA. 5, Aptenocchinna doSeNa

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jaina darzana meM mana kA svarUpa sacindra jaina jJAnazakti AtmA kA dharma hai para usakI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama zarIra ke avayava banate haiN| jisa prakAra bolane ke zakti usake prAyogya pudgaloM kA grahaNa evaM pariNamana tathA bolane kA prayatna ye saba AtmA ke binA nahIM ho sakate yaha jitanA satya hai utanA hI yaha bhI satya hai ki ye kevala AtmA se nahIM ho skte| vAcika pravRtti ke samAna zArIrika aura mAnasika bhI sazarIrI AtmA kA guNa hai| zarIra aura AtmA kA sAMyogika pariNamana hai| bAhya padArtha ke Alocana meM jaise indriyoM kI apekSA hotI haiM vaise hI usa padArtha ke viSaya vicAraNA, IhA, apoha Adi vicAra vimarza tathA vAcya vAcaka kA jJAna karane ke lie jisa karaNa kI apekSA hotI hai usakA nAma hai-mn| samagra saMkalpa icchAe~, kAmanAe~ evaM rAga dveSa kI vRttiyA~ Adi adhikAMza naitika pratyaya mana prasUta haiM, mana hI sad-asad kA viveka karatA hai| yahI hamAre zubhA-zubha bhAvoM kA AdhAra hai, ataH mana ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| cittaM mano mAnasaM vitraANaM hRdayaM mnN| nAmAni tAni vohArapathe vaccanti paayto|| zAbdikoM ke anusAra citta, cetA, hRdaya, svAnta aura mAnasa ye mana ke paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| mana kA svarUpa ___ mana ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM mukhyataH tIna avadhAraNAe~ haiN| nyAya, vaizeSika evaM mImAMsaka ke anusAra mana nitya hai jabaki sAMkhya, yoga evaM vedAnta darzana ke anusAra mana ko anitya mAnate haiN| bauddha darzana bhI mana ko kSaNika mAnatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra koI bhI padArtha sarvathA nitya vA anitya nahIM hotA ataH mana ko bhautika aura abhautika mAnatA hai| dravyamana aura bhAvamana ___ jaina darzana meM mana ke bhautika svarUpa ko dravyamana aura cetana rUpa ko mana kahA gayA hai| dravyamana manovargaNA nAmaka paramANuoM se banA hai| yaha mana kA AMgika evaM saMracanAtmaka pakSa hai| sAdhAraNatayA isameM zarIra ke sabhI jJAnAtmaka evaM saMvedanAtmaka parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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140 sacindra jaina aMga A jAte haiN| manovargaNA ke paramANuoM se nirmita usa bhautika racanA taMtra meM pravAhita hone vAlI caitanyadhArA bhAvamana hai| dUsare zabdoM meM isa racanA taMtra ko AtmA se milI huI jJAna, vedanA evaM saMkalpa kI caitanya zakti hI bhAvamana hai| mana kA sthAna eka prazna yaha bhI uThatA hai ki dravyamana aura bhAvamana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita haiM? dravyamana kI do avadhAraNAe~ haiM- digambara paraMparA ke anusAra dravyamana manovargaNA ke pudgaloM se banA huA hai, isakI AkRti ATha pakhaMDI vAle kamala jaisI hai| yaha vIryAntarAya evaM no indriyAvaraNa ke kSayopakSama tathA nAmakarma ke udaya se hotA hai| isa dravyamana kA sthAna hRdaya hai| zvetAmbara paraMparA meM hRdaya kamala vAlI mAnyatA nahIM hai| unake anusAra mananakAla meM bananevAlI manovargaNA ke pudgaloM kI AkRtiyA~ hI dravyamana hai| isa prakAra unakA sthAna hRdayamAtra ho- yaha pratIta nahIM hotaa| jahA~ taka bhAvamana kA prazna hai usakA sthAna AtmA hI hai, kyoMki Atmapradeza samasta pradeza meM vyApta hai| jahA~-jahA~ caitanya kI anubhUti hotI hai vahA~ vahA~ bhAvamana apanA Asana bichAe hue hai| isa prakAra bhAvamana kA sthAna sampUrNa zarIra hI siddha hotA hai| mana kA kArya manana karanA mana hai athavA jisake dvArA manana kiyA jAtA hai vaha mana hai| (mananaM manyate anena vA manaH) isa vyutpatti ke AdhAra para mana kA kArya manana-ciMtana vaha indriya janya jJAna meM nimitta to banatA hI hai indriya nirapekSa, icchA, dveSa, sukha, dukha Adi kI anubhUti meM bhI kAraNIbhUta hai| jaina darzana meM icchA, dveSa, prayatna Adi AtmA kI vaibhAvika pariNatiyA~ hai ataH bhAvamana se unakI jJapti meM koI asaMgati pratIta nahIM hotii| jaina vicAraNA meM bandhana ke lie amUrta Atma tattva aura jaDa karma kA jo sambandha svIkRta hai| usake vyAkhyA ke lie mana ke svarUpa kA yahI siddhAnta abhipreta haiM, anyathA jaina darzana kI baMdhana aura mukti kI avadhAraNA hI asambhava hogii| jar3a aura cetana ke madhya sambandha mAnane ke kAraNa mana ko ubhayarUpa mAnanA Avazyaka hai| jaina vicAra meM mana ubhayAtmaka hone ke kAraNa hI jaDa karma vargaNA aura cetana AtmA ke madhya yojaka kaDI bana gayA hai| mana kI zakti cetanA meM hai aura usakA kAryakSetra- bhautika jagat hai| jaDa pakSa kI ora se vaha bhautika padArthoM se prabhAvita hotA hai aura cetana pakSa kI ora se AtmA ko prabhAvita karatA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika mana ke dvArA AtmA aura jaDa tattva ke madhya aparokSa sambandha

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jaina darzana meM mana kA svarUpa 141 banA dete hai| isa sambandha ke AdhAra para hI bandhana kI dhAraNA siddha karate hai| mana, jaDa aura cetana ke madhya avasthita eka aisA mAdhyama hai jo donoM svataMtra sattAoM meM sambandha banAye rakhatA hai| jaba taka yaha mAdhyama rahatA hai taba taka jaDa tathA cetana jagat meM pArasparika prabhAvakatA rahatI hai, jisake kAraNa baMdhana kA silasilA calatA rahatA hai| nirvANa kI prApti ke pahale mana ke ubhaya pakSoM ko alaga karanA hotA hai| isase mana kI zakti kSINa hone lagatI hai aura anta meM mana kA vilaya ho jAne para nirvANa prApta ho hotA hai| nirvANa dazA meM ubhayAtmaka mana kA abhAva hone se baMdhana kI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| mana ke isa vizAla kAryakSetra ke viSaya meM jaina darzana ke atirikta kisI bhI darzana yA dArzanika ne itanI spaSTatApUrvaka carcA kI hai, pratIta nahIM hotaa| ___ aba jarA vicAra kareM ki mana hI bandhana aura mokSa kA kAraNa kyoM hai? isa para vicAra kara hama pAte haiM ki jaina tattvamImAMsA meM jaDa aura cetana do mUla tattva hai, zeSa Asrava, saMvara, bandha, mokSa aura nirjarA ina do mUlatattvoM ke sambandha kI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiN| zuddha AtmA to bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usameM mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika kriyAoM (yoga) kA abhAva hai| dUsarI ora manobhAva se rahita kAyika aura vAcika karma evaM jaDa karma paramANu bhI bandhana kAraka nahIM hote haiN| bandhana ke kAraNa rAga, dveSa, moha Adi manobhAva Atmika avazya mAne gaye haiM, lekina inheM Atmagata isalie mAnA gayA hai ki binA cetana sattA ke ye utpanna nahIM hote haiN| cetana sattA rAgAdi ke utpAdana kA nimitta kAraNa avazya hai binA mana ke vaha rAgAdi bhAva utpanna nahIM kara sakatI aura ve hI bandhana ke hetu haiN| ataH mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai| baMdhana aura mukti kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti mAnI gaI hai| baMdhana kI dRSTi se vaha paurANika brahmAstra se bhI bhayakaMra hai| karma siddhAMta kA eka vivecana hai ki mAtra kAyayoga se mohanIya jaise karma kA bandhana utkRSTa rUpa meM eka sAgara kI sthiti kA ho sakatA hai| vacanayoga milate hI paccIsa sAgara kI sthiti kA utkRSTa bandha ho sakatA hai| ghANendriya arthAt nAsikA ke milane se pacAsa sAgara aura cakSu ke milate hI sau sAgara kI sthiti kA bandha ho sakatA hai aura jaba jaba amanaska paMcendriya kI dazA meM kAna milate haiM to hajAra sAgara taka kA bandha ho sakatA hai| lekina yadi mana mila gayA aura utkRSTa mohanIya karma kA bandha hone lagA to vaha lAkha aura karoDa sAgara ko pAra kara jAtA hai| sattara koDA-koDI (70 karoDa x 70 karoDa) sAgaropama kA sarvotkRSTa mohanIya karma kA bandha mana milane para

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142 sacindra jaina hI hotA hai| yaha haiM bandhana kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti isalie mana ko khulA choDane se pahale manana karanA cAhie ki vaha AtmA ko kisI gahana garta meM to nahIM dhakela rahA haiM ? jaina darzana meM mana mukti ke mArga kA prathama pravezadvAra hai| vahA~ kevala samanaska prANI hI isa mArga para Age baDha sakate haiN| amanaska prANiyoM ko to isa rAjamArga para calane kAhI adhikAra prApta nahIM hai| samyakdRSTi kevala samanaska prANiyoM ko hI prApta ho sakatI hai aura ve apane sAdhanA dvArA mokSa kI ora baDhane ke adhikArI hai| samyagdarzana ko prApta karane ke lie tIvratama krodhAdi AvegoM kA saMyamana Avazyaka hai, kyoMki mana ke dvArA hI AvegoM kA saMyamana sambhava hai| isalie kahA gayA hai ki samyagdarzana kI prApti ke lie kI jAnevAlI granthabheda kI prakriyA meM yathApravRttikaraNa taba hotA hai jaba mana kA yoga hotA hai| mana ke saMyamana se ekAgratA AtI hai, jisase jJAna (viveka) prakaTa hotA hai aura usa viveka se samyaktva athavA zuddha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi hotI hai aura ajJAna ( mithyAtva) samApta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra ajJAna kA nivartana aura satya dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi jo mukti (nirvANa ) kI anivArya zarta hai, binA mana zuddhi ke sambhava nahIM hai| ataH jaina darzana meM mana mukti kA Avazyaka hetu hai| zuddha saMyamita mana nirvANa kA hetu banatA hai, jabaki aniyaMtrita mana hI ajJAna athavA mithyAtva kA kAraNa hokara prANiyoM ke bandhana kA hetu hai| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM mana kA nirodha ho jAne para karma (baMdhana) bhI pUrI taraha rUka jAte haiM, kyoMki karma kA Asrava mana ke adhIna hai, lekina jo puruSa mana kA nirodha nahIM karatA hai usake karmoM (bandhana) kI abhivRddhi hotI rahatI hai| ' saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ 1. vibhajyavAda, pR. 143 2. amarakoza, 5 / 31 3. abhidhAna rAjendra khaMDa 6 pR. 74 4. gommaTasAra, jIvakAMDa gAthA 442. 5. darzana aura jIvana, bhAga 1 pR. 140 6. sAgara samaya kA mApa vizeSa 7. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 29/56 8. yogazAstra, 438

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jaina avaktavyatA aura bauddha avyAkRtavAda : eka tulanAtmaka vivecana DaoN. bhikhArI rAma yAdava jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki sabhI vastue~ ananta dharmAtmaka haiM aura vyavasthAnusAra pratyeka vastu ke pratyeka dharma ke lie alaga-alaga zabda nirdhArita kiye gaye haiM jaise lAlimA ke lie lAla, kAlimA ke kAlA zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra anya dharmoM ke lie anya zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| kintu vastuoM ke ananta guNa-dharmoM ko sambodhita karane ke lie bhASA ke pAsa ananta zabda nahIM haiN| tathApi yadi zabda saMyoga se ananta vastuoM ke ananta guNa-dharmoM ke lie bhinna-bhinna zabda pratIka banAyeM jAe to una ananta guNa dharmoM kA bhI vAcana saMbhava ho sakatA hai| kintu hamArI bhASA meM aisA koI zabda nahIM bana sakatA, jo vastu ke ananta guNa dharmoM ko eka sAtha yugapatataH abhivyakta kara sake, kyoMki bhASA ke eka zabda ke dvArA eka guNa yA dharma kA hI vAcana saMbhava hai| isalie jaba do yA do se adhika dharmoM ke eka sAtha pratipAdana kI apekSA hotI hai, taba zabda asamartha ho jAtA hai| zabda kI isI asamarthatA ko prakaTa karane ke lie jaina darzana meM avaktavya kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| eka anya bAta yaha hai ki vastu ke sampUrNa dharma eka dUsare se paraspara bhinna haiN| isalie una paraspara bhinna dharmoM ke pratipAdaka zabda bhI paraspara bhinna haiM, sAtha hI, bhASA meM koI aisA ubhayAtmaka zabda nahIM hai jo vastu ke una paraspara bhinna-bhinna dharmoM ko eka sAtha abhivyakta kara ske| isalie bhI jaba una paraspara bhinna-bhinna dharmoM ko eka sAtha kahane kI apekSA hotI hai, taba unheM avaktavya hI kahanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| avaktavya ke isI Azaya kA pratipAdana karate hue zlokavArtika' meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba zukla aura kRSNa varNa paraspara bhinna haiM taba unakA saMsRSTa rUpa eka nahIM ho sktaa| jisase eka zabda se kathana ho ske| koI eka zabda yA pada do guNoM kA yugapata vAcaka nahIM ho sktaa| yadi aisA mAneMge to sat zabda sattva kI taraha asattva kA bhI vAcana karane lagegA tathA asat zabda sattva kA / para aisI loka pratIti nahIM hai, kyoMki pratyeka dharma ke vAcaka zabda alaga-alaga haiN| isa taraha kAlAdi dRSTi se yugapat bhAva kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai tathA ubhayavAcI koI eka zabda hai nhiiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki zabda eka kAla meM eka hI guNa-dharma kA vAcaka ho sakatA hai do yA do se adhika guNa dharmoM kA nahIM / saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki sabhI parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007- navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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144 bhikhArI rAma yAdava zabda eka kAla meM hI pradhAnatA se sattva aura asattva donoM kA yugapat pratipAdana nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki usa prakAra pratipAdana karane kI zakti zabda meM nahIM hai kyoMki sabhI zabdoM meM eka hI padArtha ko viSaya karanA siddha hai| ataH jo sattvAdi dharmoM meM se kisI eka dharma ke dvArA padArtha vAcya hai, vahI sattva, asattva, ubhaya dharma se avAcya hai / " isase yaha spaSTa hai ki kAlakrama se vastu ke asti, nAsti Adi dharma pRthak pRthak rUpa se kisI uddezya ke vidheya bhale hI bana jAya, para yugapat rUpa se kisI uddezya kA vidheya bananA asambhava hI hai| yahI zabda kI asamarthatA hai, vANI kI nirIhatA hai / isI ko abhivyakta karanA avaktavya kA uddezya hai / punaH zlokavArtika meM ise spaSTa kiyA gayA hai - "jaba do pratiyogI guNoM ke dvArA avadhAraNa rUpa se yugapat eka kAla meM eka zabda se samasta vastu ke kahane kI icchA hotI hai to vastu avaktavya ho jAtI hai, kyoMki vaisA zabda aura artha nahIM hai / 4 isa prakAra avaktavya kA mUlArtha hai yugapat kathana meM bhASA kI asamarthatA, avaktavyatA, nirIhatA va vivazatA ko spaSTa krnaa| spaSTa hai ki yahA~ avaktavya ke do artha ho jAte haiM : 1. vastu ke samagra svarUpa ko avAcya kahanA aura 2. vastu ke kinhI do dharmoM ko yugapatataH avyAkhyeya kahanA / avaktavya ke ina donoM hI rUpoM kA vivecana jainAgamoM meM sarvatra prApta hotA hai| DaoN. rAmajI siMha ne avaktavya ke ina svarUpoM kA vivecana karate hue kahA hai ki "vastu kA svarUpa kucha itanA saMzliSTa evaM sUkSma hotA hai ki zabda usake akhaNDa antasthala taka nahIM pahu~ca pAte haiN| phira bhI usakA varNana to kiyA hI jAtA hai| pahale asti rUpa varNana hotA hai kintu jaba vahIM aparyAptatA aura apUrNatA prakaTa hotI hai to usakA nAsti rUpa varNana hotA hai kintu phira bhI jaba vastu kI vAstavika evaM anantasImA ko vaha chU nahIM pAtA hai to asti evaM nAsti ke yugapat ubhaya rUpa meM varNana karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| lekina phira bhI vaha vastu kI samagra vAstavikatA kA jaba darzana nahIM kara pAtA hai to vANI kI nirIhatA, zabda kI akSamatA evaM asamarthatA para khIMjhakara use avaktavya, anirvacanIya, avyAkRta, agocara, 'vacanAtIta Adi kaha detA hai yA mauna dhAraNa kara letA hai|" punaH unhoMne avaktavya ke dUsare artha ko prastuta karate hue kahA hai, avaktavya kA artha asti evaM nAsti kA yugapat varNana karane kI zAbdika akSamatA hai| donoM arthoM meM vastu tattva ke svarUpa prakAzana meM vANI kI asamarthatA ko hI 'avaktavya' kahA jaayegaa| lekina pahale artha

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145 jaina avyaktavyatA aura bauddha avyAkRtavAda.... meM avyaktavya vANI kI sAmAnya evaM vyApaka asamarthatA hai, antima artha meM avaktavya do dharmoM ko yugapat nahIM kaha sakane kI dRsstti| jo bhI ho, kula vivecana kA artha yaha hai ki vANI kahIM bhI yugapatataH pratipAdana meM asamartha hai, cAhe vaha vastu ke samagra svarUpa ko lekara ho yA kinhIM do dharmoM kA lekara ho| isake atirikta eka anya bAta yaha hai ki bhASA vastu ke kisI dharma ko hU-ba- . hU prastuta karane meM asamartha hai| bhASA vaijJAnikoM kI aisI mAnyatA hai ki artha bodha kI prakriyA meM zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA pratinidhitva to karate haiM para unakA hU-bahU bodha nahIM karA pAte haiN| kyoMki unakI vAcyatA-sAmarthya sImita hai| zabda kI zakti kI isa sImitatA kA kAraNa yaha hai ki anubhUtiyoM evaM bhAvanAoM kI jitanI vividhatAyeM hai utane zabda nahIM haiN| apane varNya-viSaya kI apekSA zabda-saMkhyA aura zabda-zakti donoM hI sImita hai| jaise eka zabda mIThA hai| yaha zabda ganne kI miThAsa, guDa kI miThAsa, Ama kI miThAsa, rasagulle kI miThAsa, tarabUja kI miThAsa Adi saba ko sambodhita karatA hai| kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA sabakI miThAsa eka hI taraha kI hai| nizcaya hI, sabakI miThAsa alaga-alaga hai| eka taraha kI nahIM hai phira bhI hama eka hI zabda kA prayoga sabake lie karate haiN| yaha hamArI vivazatA hai| isI saMdarbha meM eka dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kI ThIka ThIka anubhUti apane zrotA ko nahIM karA pAtA hai| jaise yadi kisI aise vyakti ke samakSa guDa kA vivecana kiyA jAya jisane kabhI guDa kA svAda nahIM liyA hai| taba lAkha prayatna karake bhI hama use guDa ke miThAsa kI anubhUti zabda dvArA nahIM karA sakate haiN| isI prakAra jisane eka vastu ko kabhI nahIM dekhA hai yadi usake samakSa hama aneka upamAoM yA udAharaNoM dvArA usakI vyAkhyA kareM to lAkha prayatna karane para bhI hama usako usa prakAra nahIM samajhA sakate haiM jisa prakAra vaha use eka bAra dekhakara samajha letA hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki yadi koI vyakti kisI vastu yA dharma kA bodha zabda dvArA dRSyamAna rUpa meM yA anubhUti meM karanA yA karAnA cAhe to use avaktavya hI kahanA pddegaa| yahI jaina ke avaktavya kA lakSya hai| isa prakAra jaina avaktavya ke dvArA tattva vivecana ke sAtha-sAtha bhASA kI azakyatA /asamarthatA/ vivazatA ko abhivyakta karatA hai| isI taraha kI milatI-julatI vicAradhArA bauddha dharma meM bhI hai| jise avyAkRtavAda kahate haiN| bhagavAn buddha tatkAlIna tattvamImAMsIya praznoM ke saMdarbha meM yA to mauna rahe yA unheM asamucita kaha kara TAla diye aura unake saMdarbha meM yadi kucha kahanA hI Avazyaka huA to

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146 bhikhArI rAma yAdava unhoMne unheM avyAkRta yA avyAkhyeya khaa| ve tattvamImAMsIya prazna cAra koTiyoM meM rakhe gaye haiN| 1. loka kI nityatA- anityatA kA prazna 2. loka kI sAntatAanantatA kA prazna 3. jIva-zarIra ke bhedAbheda kA prazna aura 4. jIva kI nityatAanityatA kA prshn| ye hI prazna buddha ke samaya ke pramukha dArzanika prazna the| inhIM praznoM ko lekara una dinoM taraha-taraha ke vAda-vivAda cala rahe the| inhIM praznoM ko buddha ne avyAkRta yA avyAkhyeya kahA thaa| unake sammukha pramukha samasyA yaha thI ki yadi loka yA jIva ko mAtra nitya kahA jAya to zAzvatavAda ko svIkAra karanA par3egA aura yadi use mAtra anitya kahA jAya to azAzvatavAda yA ucchedavAda ko mAnanA pddegaa| jabaki vAstava meM ekAntika rUpa se ye donoM kI matavAda doSapUrNa haiN| isalie ina donoM hI matavAdoM ke viSaya meM kucha bhI ekAnta rUpa se kahanA doSapUrNa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ne ina vAdoM se saMbaMdhita sabhI praznoM kA uttara yA to niSedharUpa se diyA yA avyAkRta btlaayaa| unhoMne svayaM kahA hai ki mRtyu ke bAda tathAgata hote haiM yA nahIM? jIva nitya hai yA nahIM? aise prazna sArthaka nahIM hai| ye prazna na to brahmacarya ke lie upayogI hai, na nirveda ke lie, na abhijJA ke lie, na sambodhi ke lie aura na nirvANa ke lie hii| isIlie maiM inheM avyAkRta kahatA huuN| maiM bhUtakAla meM thA ki nahIM thA? maiM bhUtakAla meM kyA thA? maiM bhUtakAla meM kaisA thA? maiM bhUtakAla meM kyA hokara phira kyA huA? maiM bhaviSyat kAla meM hoU~gA ki nahIM? maiM bhaviSyat kAla meM kyA hoU~gA? maiM hU~ ki nahIM? maiM kyA hU~? maiM kaisA hU~? yaha sattva kahA~ se AyA? yaha kahA~ jAyegA?-Adi praznoM ko unhoMne asamIcIna khaa| unakA kahanA hai ki bhikSuoM! asamyak prakAra se dhAraNa karane para anutpanna Asrava utpanna hote haiM aura utpanna Asrava bar3hate haiN| ataeva ina Asrava saMbaMdhI praznoM meM laganA sAdhaka ke lie anucita hai| ina sabhI praznoM ko chor3a kara cAra Arya satyoM meM laganA hI nirvANa phaladAyaka hai| tathAgata maraNAntara hotA hai yA nahIM? aisA prazna anya tIrthakoM ko ajJAna ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai| unheM rUpAdi kA ajJAna hotA hai| ataeva ve aisA prazna karate haiN| ve rUpAdi ko AtmA samajhate haiM yA AtmA ko rUpAdI yukta samajhate hai, yA AtmA meM rUpAdI samajhate hai, yA rUpa meM AtmA ko samajhate haiM jabaki tathAgata vaisA nahIM smjhte| ataH tathAgata ko vaise prazna bhI nahIM uThate aura dUsaroM ke aise prazna ko ve avyAkRta kahate haiN| maraNAntara rUpa, vedanA Adi prahINa ho jAte haiN|

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jaina avyaktavyatA aura bauddha avyAkRtavAda.... 147 ataeva aba prajJApanA ke sAdhana rUpAdi ke na hone se tathAgata ke lie "hai" yA "nahIM hai" aisA vyavahAra kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| ataeva maraNAntara tathAgata "hai" yA "nahIM hai" ityAdi praznoM ko maiM avyAkRta batAtA haiN| maraNAntara tathAgata ki sthiti ko avyAkRta kahane kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki paramatattva kucha itanA guhya hai ki usake AdyopAnta kA na to jJAna hI saMbhava hai aura na ina azakta zabdoM (bhASA) se kathana hI saMbhava hai, kyoMki vaha to aparimeya hai, agamya hai, agocara hai, phira usakA vidhi mUlaka varNana bhI to usako saMkIrNa sImAoM se Abaddha kara saMkucita kara detA hai| buddha ne kahA hai ki jaise gaMgA ke bAlU kI nApa nahIM, jaise samudra kI gaharAI kA patA nahIM, vaise hI maraNottara tathAgata bhI gambhIra haiN| aprameya haiN| ataeva avyAkRta haiN| ___ isI prakAra jIva aura zarIra ke bhedAbheda ke prazna ko bhI unhoMne avyAkRta batAyA hai| unakA kahanA thA ki jIva aura zarIra eka hai yA bhinna? isa viSaya meM bhI kucha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki yadi zarIra ko AtmA se bhinna mAnA jAya to brahmacaryavAsa saMbhava nahIM hai aura yadi abhinna mAnA jAya to brahmacaryavAsa saMbhava nhiiN| ataeva ina donoM antoM ko choDakara madhyama mArga kA anugamana karanA hI ucita hai| isa prakAra buddha ne ukta sabhI praznoM ko yA to avyAkRta kahA yA unheM asamIcIna kaha kara TAla diyaa| aisI bAta nahIM hai ki buddha una praznoM kA uttara nahIM de sakate the| ve una sabhI praznoM kA uttara samucita DhaMga se de sakate the / parantu unake samakSa tIna samasyAyeM thI 1. sattA kA gUDhatam svruup| 2. jana sAmAnya meM sattA ke yathArtha paricayAtmaka jJAna kA abhaav| 3. bhASA kI siimaayeN| ye samasyAyeM aisI haiM jo buddha ko mauna rahane ke lie bAdhya kara diyaa| sattA ke gUDhatam svarUpa ke yathArtha jJAna ke abhAva meM yadi jana sAmAnya se kucha kahA jAya to vaha tathya ko yathAvat nahIM samajha sakatA hai balki lakSya se haTakara kucha aura bhI samajhane lgegaa| phalataH vaha pathabhraSTa ho sakatA hai kyoMki bhASA bhI mAtra saMketa kara sakatI hai yathAvat anubhUti nahIM karA sktii| ataH yahA~ mauna rahanA hI zreyaskara hai aisA buddha ne socaa| ___ isa taraha bhagavAn buddha tattva ke rahasya, bhASA kI sAmarthya aura janatA kI sthiti ko samajhane ke bAda janatA ko prAcIna AcAryoM kI bhAMti, isa taraha nahIM samajhAnA cAhate the ki paramAtmA eka rAjA kI taraha hai jo samasta prajA para zAsana karatA hai|

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bhikhArI rAma yAdava 148 hamAre acche karma kA acchA aura bure karma kA burA phala pradAna karatA hai| vaha yaha nahIM batAnA cAhate the ki hamArI AtmA usI taraha purAnI jIrNa-zIrNa zarIra ko choDakara nayI zarIra dhAraNa karatI hai jisa taraha hama purAne vastroM ko choDakara naye vatroM ko dhAraNa karate haiN| isa taraha ke upadeza se janatA gumarAha hotI hai aura aise vicAra hI hamArI sArI sAmAjika burAIyoM ke udgAtA haiM kyoMki vAstavikatA isa taraha kI nahIM hai| vaha tattva to itanA rahasyamaya hai, itanA gUDha hai ki usake viSaya meM ina akSama zabdoM dvArA yathArthataH kucha bhI kaha pAnA saMbhava nahIM haiM jo kucha bhI hama usake viSaya meM kahate haiM vaha AMzika satya hotA hai, yathArtha evaM pUrNa satya se kAphI dUra hotA hai aura usa AMzika jJAna se pUrNa jJAna para pahu~canA asaMbhava hai / bhagavAn buddha AMzika jJAna dekara sAta aMdhoM kI kahAnI ko caritArtha nahIM karanA cAhate the / isalie ve cAhate the ki pratyeka vyakti tattva kI anubhUti svayaM kareM kyoMki anubhUti ke dvArA hI tattva kA satya jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhASA ke dvArA tattva kA vizleSaNa karake usakA yathArtha jJAna karAnA kathamapi saMbhava nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki una tattvoM ke viSaya meM pUche jAne para ve mauna ho jAyA karate the yA use avyAkRta kaha dete the| yaha bAta jaina darzana bhI svIkAra karatA hai isakA vivecana hama pUrva meM kara Aye haiN| isa taraha jaina kA avaktavya aura bauddha kA avyAkRtavAda kucha arthoM meM bilkula ekArthaka ho jAtA hai| saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ 1. zlokavArtika 2/1/6/56/477/6 2. saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI, pR. 60 3. vahIM, pR. 70 4. zlokavArtika, 2/1/56/477/6 5. dArzanika traimAsika varSa 18, aMka 2, apraila 1972, pR. 113 6. vahIM 7. rAjavArtika 1/26, uddhRta jaina bhASA darzana, pR. 82 8. dIghanikAya 1, poTThapAda sutta 9. majjhimanikAya, bhAga 2, 2 : 1 (savvAsavasutta) 10. vahIM. 11. saMyuttanikAya pAli bhAga, 3, 44 : 8 ( avyAkRta saMyutta ) 12. vahIM, bhAga 2, 44 : 8 ( vyAkRtasaMyutta ) 13. vahIM, bhAga 3, 44 : 8 -

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pustaka-samIkSA Aloka TaNDana darzana ke sarokAra, lekhaka DA0 saroja kumAra varmA, amidhA prakAzana mujaphpharapura, 2012, pR0-128, mU0-200/ Ama zikAyata hai ki Aja darzana zAstra jIvana aura jagata kI samasyAoM se vimukha hokara bhASA aura tArkika vizleSaNa kI galiyoM meM bhaTaka gayA hai| aise meM DA0 saroja kumAra varmA kI pustaka 'darzana ke sarokAra' eka sukhada havA ke jhoMke kI taraha hai| isameM saMkalita bAraha nibandha unakI isa pUrva-mAnyatA kI puSTi karate haiM ki darzana 'jindagI ko usakI sampUrNatA aura gahanatA meM chUne-parakhane kA Agraha karatA hai|' unakI sthApanA hai ki Aja pUrI duniyA aura duniyA ke sAre manuSya jina antarvirodhoM se jUjha rahe haiM, usake bIja darzana meM hI chupe huye haiM aura isaliye una antarvirodhoM ko dUra karane ke sUtra bhI darzana meM hI talAzane hoNge| Aiye dekheM ki alaga-alaga sandarbho meM likhe gaye ye nibandha Aja ke vakta ke antarvirodhoM ko pakar3a kara, vizleSita karane aura unheM dUra karane ke sUtra talAzane meM kahA~ taka saphala ho pAye haiN| lekhaka kA yaha dAvA ucita hI jAna par3atA hai ki ina lekhoM meM kAla-bhinnatA ke bAvajUda tattva-bhinnatA nahIM hai| alaga-alaga viSayoM para likhe jAne ke bAvajUda inakI pRSThabhUmi meM vaicArika sthApanA eka hI hai| sabhI lekhoM ke sAMgopAMga vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki lekhaka darzana meM AdhyAtmika dRSTi kA samarthaka hai aura bhautikavAda kA virodhii| itanA hI nahIM, vaha Aja ke manuSya kI samasyAoM ke mUla meM bhautikavAda kI vizva dRSTi aura jIvana dRSTi ko cinhita karatA hai| takanIka samarthita Adhunika vikAsa kI avadhAraNA ko tadjanya hiMsA, paryAvaraNa saMkaTa aura upabhoktAvAda ke AdhAra para praznAMkita karatA hai aura prAcIna bhAratIya naitika Adarza praNAlI-puruSArtha kI avadhAraNA ke sahAre vartamAna antarvirodhoM kA hala prApta karane kI vakAlata karatA hai| saMgraha kA pahalA hI lekha 'bhautikavAda banAma adhyAtmavAda' para hai| isameM unhoMne darzana ke do AdhArabhUta siddhAntoM - bhautikavAda aura adhyAtmavAda kI tattva mImAMsIya, jJAna mImAMsIya aura nIti mImAMsIya sthApanAoM kA spaSTa vivecana aura tulanAtmaka parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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150 Aloka TaNDana adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki Aja ke saMkaTa kA AdhArabhUta kAraNa darzana kA bhautikavAdI siddhAnta hai| isa bhautikavAdI darzana ke duSpariNAma ko adhika Thosa, saghana, vyApaka aura dIrghakAlika banAne kA kAma vijJAna ne kiyA hai| usakI khojoM kI anivArya pariNati upabhoktAvAda meM huI hai| AdhyAtmika sattA ko mUla mAnane vAlA adhyAtmavAdI darzana hI hameM isa saMkaTa se bacA sakatA hai| unhIM ke zabdoM meM "bhUta ko antima satya nahIM mAnane ke kAraNa yaha siddhAnta sirpha zArIrika sukha kI hI vakAlata nahIM karatA, balki cetanA ko mUla mAnane ke kAraNa Atmika Ananda ko parama lakSya ghoSita karatA hai| svabhAvata: isameM bhautika upalabdhiyoM kA aMbAra lagAne aura usakA adhikAdhika bhoga karane kI pravRtti naSTa hotI hai aura jIvana meM sAdagI, saMtoSa, tyAga tathA aparigraha Adi guNoM kA prasphuTana hotA hai| " ( pR0 19-20 ) aisA lagatA hai ki advaitavAdI adhyAtma ke samarthana meM lekhaka ati saralIkaraNa kA zikAra ho gayA hai| bhautikavAda banAma adhyAtmavAda kI bahasa ko prAcIna bhautikavAda (cArvAka) ko kendra meM rakhakara nahIM jItA jA sakatA, use to Aja vijJAna samarthita bhautikavAda kI cunautI kA sAmanA karanA hogaa| yahA~ yaha bhI pUchanA samIcIna hogA ki kyA upabhoktAvAda kI giraphta meM phaMse sAre manuSya dArzanika rUpa se bhautikavAda ke samarthaka haiM ? hAla meM huye eka sarve ke mutAbika amerikA kI sattara pratizata janatA IzvaravAdI hai, bhArata meM yaha AMkar3A to aura bhI jyAdA hogaa| hameM bhautikavAda ke tattva-mImAMsIya siddhAnta aura nIti-mImAMsIya siddhAnta meM bheda karanA caahie| pahalA jagata kI saMracanA kI vyAkhyA karatA hai to dUsarA jIne ke prati eka naitika dRSTikoNa mAtra hai| eka tathyAtmaka hai to dUsarA muulyaatmk| donoM meM Avazyaka tArkika sambandha nahIM hai| sadiyoM se pUrva va pazcima donoM meM adhyAtmavAdI darzana kA hI to varcasva rahA hai phira bhI Aja ke saMkaTa ko vaha nahIM roka pAyA, hala karane kI bAta to dUra rhii| bhArata meM bhI AdhyAtmika guruoM kI bAr3ha aura upabhoktAvAda kA tAMDava eka sAtha hI cala rahA hai| apane agale nibandha 'svadharma : eka punarvyAkhyA' meM gItA meM varNa vyavasthA ke AdhAra para 'svadharma' kI vyAkhyA ko badale vartamAna saMdarbha meM aprAsaMgika karAra karate huye lekhaka ne naye DhaMga se 'svabhAva yA pravRtti ke AdhAra para punarvyAkhyAyita karane kA -

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pustaka-samIkSA 151 prayAsa kiyA hai| unake anusAra yahI vyAkhyA Aja prAsaMgika hai| vyakti ko apane peze kA cunAva apanI ruci, pravRtti aura svabhAva ke anusAra karanA caahiye| jahA~ yaha sambhava na ho vahA~ mile huye kArya ko naitika kartavya aura loka kalyANa kI bhAvanA ke sAtha adhikAdhika ImAnadArI se sampanna karanA cAhiye, yahI usakA svadharma hogaa| isI prakAra parivAra, umra, sAmpradAyikatA, bhUmaMDalIkaraNa ke sandarbha meM bhI svadharma kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| kintu lagatA hai ki svabhAva aura kartavya meM antara spaSTa nahIM hai| isI kAraNa naitika asamaMjasa, duvidhA, TakarAva kI sthiti meM svadharma kI ThIka se vyAkhyA karanA muzkila hai| eka vyakti jo ruci-svabhAva se kalAkAra bananA cAhatA hai kintu pArivArika jimmedArI ke nirvahana ke liye kisI avAMchita kAma ko karane ke liye majabUra hai, aise meM usakA svadharma kyA hogA? ___ apane agale lekha jaina, ahiMsA aura vizva zAnti' meM jaina darzana meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA - kAyika ahiMsA se vaicArika ahiMsA taka ke vikAsa kA samyaka vivecana karate haye DA0 saroja varmA eka vicAraNIya prazna hamAre sAmane rakhate haiM ki 'itanI gaharI, itanI mukammala, itanI upAdeya aura itanI prAsaMgika hone ke bAvajUda, ahiMsA janajIvana meM vyApta kyoM nahIM huyI?' svayaM isakA uttara dete huye ve kahate haiM ki eka naitika AcaraNa kI taraha use bAhara se vyaktitva para Aropita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA, andara se pratiphalita hone nahIM diyA gyaa| yaha pratiphalana AtmajJAna se hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| Atma jJAna ko upalabdha vyakti kA AcaraNa apane Apa ahiMsaka ho jAtA hai| ve AcArya rajanIza ko uddharita karate haiM ahiMsA ko lAnA nahIM hotA, ahiMsA AtI hai| lAnA hotA hai sva-sthiti ko|' isakA matalaba yaha hai ki ekabAragI pUrI duniyA ahiMsaka nahIM ho sktii| yaha dhIre-dhIre vyaktiyoM meM sambhava hai| phira kyA vizva zAnti ke liye hajAroM sAla se prasphuTita na ho pAyI jaina ahiMsA kA intajAra karanA hogA? kyA gAMdhI kI ahiMsA, ahiMsA nahIM thI? kyA dUsare kI hiMsA kA pratirodha karane ke liye ahiMsaka pratirodha bemAnI hai? ___ zaMkarAcArya ke darzana meM jJAna kI avadhAraNA' zIrSaka lekha apane viSaya se nyAya karatA pratIta hotA hai| DA0 rAdhAkRSNan kI mAnyatA se sahamata na hote haye ve mAnate haiM ki zaMkara ne jJAna ke tIna nahIM chaH sAdhanoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai - pratyakSa, anumAna, zAstra, upamAna, arthApatti aura anuplbdhi| DA0 varmA ne prAmANyavAda aura bhrama

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152 Aloka TaNDana siddhAnta se jor3akara zaMkara kI jJAna mImAMsA kA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| kintu, zAyada svayaM advaitavAda ke samarthaka hone ke kAraNa ve zaMkara kI jJAna mImAMsA kI AlocanA karane se cUka gye| ___ 'kabIra ke dArzanika sarokAra' meM lekhaka ne kabIra ko eka advaitavAdI dArzanika ke rUpa meM sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai jo tattva mImAMsIya dRSTi se ucita hI pratIta hotA hai| kabIra ke anusAra bhI mUla tattva saMkhyA meM eka aura svarUpa meM cetana hai| yaha sArA saMsAra usI cetana sattA kI abhivyakti mAtra hai| yadyapi kabIra usa sattA ke liye 'rAma' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM kintu unakA rAma nirguNa, nirapekSa aura nirAkAra sattA hI hai| unakA rAma unake guru rAmAnuja ke rAma kI taraha saguNa nahIM haiN| kabIra para DA0 varmA, anya vidvAnoM kI taraha, islAmI prabhAva svIkArate haiN| lekina kabIra para islAmI ekezvaravAda kA prabhAva bhale ho, parantu ve ekezvaravAdI hai nhiiN| haiM ve advaitavAdI hii|' aisA lekhaka kA vicAra hai| kabIra kA mAyA vicAra, mokSa prApti kA upaya jJAna ko mAnanA unheM zaMkara ke karIba lA dete haiN| darzana kI duniyA meM kabIra ko kSata sthAna dilAne kI yaha koziza prazaMsanIya hai| sAtha hI hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki kabIra aisA sAmAjika vyaMgya/sarokAra anya kisI advaitavAdI meM nahIM milatA, aisA kyoM? kabIra para aneka pustakoM kA havAlA dete samaya yaha vizvasanIya nahIM lagatA ki pichale sAloM meM prakAzita DA0 puruSottama agravAla kI pustaka 'akatha kahAnI prema kI' kA jikra karanA lekhaka kaise bhUla gaye? zAyada yaha lekha usake prakAzana se pahale kA ho| __saMgraha meM vaicArika dRSTi se sabase uttejaka lekha 'dharma ke vaijJAnika adhyayana kI sambhAvanA, idhara hA~, udhara nahIM hai| dharma ke do pakSa - Antarika aura bAhya svIkArate huye lekhaka ne yaha sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki dharma ke bAhya pakSa kA vaijJAnika adhyayana saMbhava aura apekSita hai jabaki dharma ke Antarika pakSa kA vaijJAnika adhyayana sambhava nahIM hai| isake pIche unakA tarka hai ki Antarika dharma, bhAvanA para AdhArita vizeSa abhivRtti hai, jo apane alaukika ArAdhya ke prati unmukha rahatI hai aura usake prati pUrNa AsthA rakhatI hai, lekina vijJAna dvArA isa anubhUti aura AsthA kA adhyayana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vaijJAnika adhyayana laukika padArthoM taka hI sImita hai, alaukika sattA usake dAyare meM nahIM aatii| dharma aura vijJAna kI vidhiyoM

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pustaka-samIkSA 153 meM bhI bhinnatA hai| isake alAvA dharma mUlyaparaka hotA hai aura vijJAna tathyaparaka / isa vibheda ke kAraNa bhI dharma kA vaijJAnika adhyayana sambhava nahIM hai| dharma ke Antarika pakSa ke vaijJAnika adhyayana kI isa asambhAvanA ke sAtha dharma ke bAhya pakSa ke vaijJAnika adhyayana kI vakAlata karane ke pIche lekhaka kA uddezya dharma ko rUr3hiyoM, andhavizvAsoM tathA sAmpradAyika jhagar3oM se mukta karanA hai| unakA tarka hai ki yadyapi karmakANDa ko dharma se pRthaka nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kintu vaijJAnika adhyayana se yaha samajha paidA kI jA sakatI hai ki karmakANDoM kI bhinnatA se dharma ke Antarika tattva para koI prabhAva nahIM pdd'taa| vaijJAnika adhyayana dharma se jur3e una aMdhavizvAsoM ko bhI dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai jo dharma ko zoSaNa kA taMtra banAte haiN| tArkika vizleSaNa se rUr3hiyoM, kurItiyoM aura jhUThe vizvAsoM ke caMgula se bhI AdamI nijAta pA sakatA hai / niSkarSa ke rUpa meM lekhaka ozo ke sAtha khar3e haiN| 'vaijJAnika cintana ke AdhAra para dhArmika cintana ko khar3A karanA hai| dhArmika cintana se mukta nahIM ho jAnA hai| vaijJAnika buddhi bAhara kI vyavasthA kare aura dharma ko manuSya kI bhItara kI vyavasthA karane deN|' ( pR0 73) kahA jA sakatA hai ki sadiyoM se dharma manuSya ke bhItara kI vyavasthA ThIka karane kA dAvA karatA rahA hai kintu usake pariNAma nirAzAjanaka haiN| jisa rahasyAtmaka anubhUti kI carcA lekhaka ne kI hai, vaha adhikAMza anuyAyiyoM kI hotI hI nahIM aura jinako hotI hai ve spaSTa rUpa se kucha kaha nahIM paate| yadi vijJAna anubhUti - AsthA para vicAra hI nahIM kara sakatA ho phira andhavizvAsa aura tArkika vizvAsa ke bIca dIvAra kaise khIMcI jA sakatI hai ? bhaviSya meM jaba vijJAna cetanA ke rahasyoM para se pardA uThA degA tabhI hama dhArmika anubhUti kI vAstavikatA se paricaya pA skeNge| isaliye dharma ke vaijJAnika adhyayana ko kevala dharma ke bAhya pakSa taka sImita rakhanA ucita nahIM jAna pdd'taa| vartamAna meM yoga, dhyAna, samAdhi kA vaijJAnika adhyayana prArambha ho cukA hai| hameM unake natIjoM kA intajAra karanA cAhiye / saMgraha kA sabase rocaka aura vartamAna jIvana zailI ke antarvirodha para cuTIlA kaTAkSa karatA lekha 'upabhoktAvAdI jIvana meM yoga : uddezya kA visthApana' hai / jaisA ki zIrSaka se hI spaSTa hai, tyAga ko kendra meM rakhane vAlA yoga, Aja bhoga kA upakrama bana gayA hai, yoga kA yaha avamUlyana hI lekhaka kI cintA kA viSaya hai| bhArata meM yoga

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154 Aloka TaNDana kI eka laMbI paramparA rahI hai, jise zIrSa para pahuMcAne kA kArya maharSi pataMjali ne kiyaa| unhoMne bikhare huye sUtroM ko saMkalita karake eka vyavasthita, samyaka rUpa pradAna kiyaa| unase pahale aura bAda, sabhI ne bhoga kA uddezya mokSa prApti batAyA hai| kintu Aja yaha uddezya AdhyAtmikatA se visthApita hokara bhautika ho gayA hai| ise roga dUra karane aura zArArika svAsthya ThIka rakhane kA sAdhana mAtra samajhA jA rahA hai| yoga cikitsA vijJAna nahIM hai kintu isI rUpa meM prayukta ho rahA hai| isake pIche upabhoktAvAda hai, aniyaMtrita bhoga se utpanna zArIrika roga aura mAnasika vikRtiyoM se bacane kI cAha hai, ailopaithika davAoM kA daSprabhAva hai, adhika utpAdana ke lie tanAva se mukti kI jarUrata hai| lekhaka ne yaha prazna bhI uThAyA hai ki kyA kAraNa hai ki sAloM se hamAre pAsa hone para hamane yoga ko vaha mUlya nahIM diyA jo Aja de rahe haiM? isake pIche yoga ko pazcima meM milI svIkRti hI hai| yaha hamArI mAnasika gulAmI kA hI lakSaNa hai| eka AdhyAtmika anuzAsana kA zArIrika vyAyAma meM tabdIla ho jAnA nizcaya hI cintA kA viSaya hai| Aja jaba yoga kA yaha nayA avatAra saMyukta rASTra saMgha dvArA samAdRta ho cukA hai, yaha aura gaharI soMca kI mAMga karatA hai| __Age ke do nibaMdhoM- 'vikAsa, takanIka aura mAnavIya mUlya' tathA 'paryAvaraNa aura vikAsa' ko 'bhautikavAda banAma AdhyAtmavAda' kI Age kI kar3iyoM ke rUpa meM hI dekhA jA sakatA hai| vikAsa kI Adhunika avadhAraNA bhautika vikAsa ko hI vikAsa kA ekamAtra mAnadaMDa mAnatI hai| isameM udyogoM dvArA adhikAdhika vastuoM kA utpAdana aura unakA adhikAdhika upabhoga hI lakSya rahatA hai| takanIka kI sahAyatA se donoM meM betahAzA vRddhi hotI jAtI hai| isa prakAra eka aisI bhogavAdI jIvana zailI kA janma hotA hai jahA~ manuSya jarUrI aura gaira jarUrI cIjoM meM aMtara kiye bagaira jyAdA se jyAdA bhautika cIjoM kA upabhoga kara lenA cAhatA hai| pariNAma naitikatA ke avamUlyana aura paryAvaraNa vinAza ke rUpa meM sAmane AtA hai| ve isake lie sukhavAda ke siddhAMta ko bhI doSI ThaharAte haiN| vikalpa ke rUpa meM lekhaka ne bhAratIya AdhyAtmika saMskRti kI AdhArazilA para sArthaka vikAsa kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI hai jisameM vilAsitA aura viSamatA ke sthAna para samatA aura sAdagI ke jIvana mUlyoM ko apanAyA jAegA jisase paryAvaraNa ko saMkaTa meM DAle binA sabhI logoM kI buniyAdI jarUratoM ko pUrA karanA saMbhava ho skegaa| utpAdana aura upabhoga ke asIma vistAra

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pustaka-samIkSA 155 kI jagaha Atma niyaMtraNa bala diyA jaaegaa| kintu savAla vahI purAnA hai ki yaha saba karegA kauna? kaise hogA yaha saba ? kevala purUSArtha kI mahattA darzAne se to yaha kAma hone vAlA nhiiN| hameM yaha bhI socanA cAhie ki vikAsa ke Adhunika pUMjIvAdI maoNDala meM aisA kyA AkarSaNa hai ki hama anAyAsa hI, eka mahatI AdhyAtmika paramparA ke vAhaka hote hue bhI, use apanAte cale jA rahe haiM? yaha sahI hai ki vikAsa Adhunika maoNDala meM Arthika vikAsa aura naitika vikAsa meM antarvirodha hai kintu kyA kevala naitikatA ke upAyoM se use dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai ? uparyukta lekhoM ke atirikta bhI saMkalana meM tIna lekha haiM- 'bhAratIya kalA kA mUla tattva', 'anuzAsana kA dArzanika pariprekSya' aura 'lokAyata darzana : eka tathyAtmaka vimarza' / lokAyata darzana kI prAcInatA ke bAre meM kisI ko saMdeha nahIM hai lekina usakA koI grantha aba taka upalabdha na hone se usake bAre meM hama usake virodhiyoM ke kathanoM se hI jAnate rahe haiN| kucha samaya pahale hI gujarAta se jayarAzi bhaTTa dvArA 89vIM zatAbdI meM racita eka grantha 'tattvopaplava siMha' upalabdha huA hai jisakI carcA bhI lekha meM apekSita thii| atiprAcIna bhautikavAdI paramparA ke granthoM kI anupalabdhatA mahAna AdhyAtmika paramparA ke anuyAyiyoM kI naitikatA ke sAmane prazna cinha bhI lagAtA hai jisakI carcA bhI lekha meM jarurI thI / yaha mAna lene ke bAda ki bhAratIya paramparA kA mUla tattva adhyAtma hai, yaha mAnane meM koI visaMgati nahIM dikhatI ki yahA~ kI sArI kalAyeM, apane bodha se lekara uddezya taka, AdhyAtmika haiN| isa sthApanA kI satyatA kA parIkSaNa isa samIkSaka kI kSamatA se pare hai| ata: yaha kisI anya kalA - vizeSaNa kI apekSA rakhatA hai / kintu lokakalAoM ke bAre meM bhI aisA kahanA zAyada muzkila hogaa| yaha mAnate huye ki zikSA kA uddezya Atma viveka jagAnA hai na ki anuzAsana, lekhaka ne bAhya anuzAsana ko thopane ke sthAna para Antarika anuzAsana para ThIka hI bala diyA hai| kintu chAtroM se Atma bodha, advaita para AdhArita AtmAnuzAsana kI apekSA karanA kucha jyAdA hI apekSA karanA lagatA hai| lekhoM ke aise kisI bhI saMkalana meM bikharAva aura doharAva kA khatarA barAbara rahatA hai| advaitavAdI dRSTi se sabhI lekhoM ko eka Dora meM pirone meM lekhaka ne isa saMkalana meM saphalatA pAyI hai jo eka upalabdhi hI kahI jaayegii| alaga-alaga samaya para likhe gaye lekhoM meM doharAva se bacanA zAyada sambhava nahIM hai, isalie yaha kamI to hai| eka

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Aloka TaNDana 156 bar3I vizeSatA lekhaka kI sApha, sutharI, sahaja, subodha bhASA aura vAkya saMracanA hai jo jaTila viSayoM ko bhI pAThaka taka saralatA se saMpreSita karane meM sakSama hai| kahIMkahIM uddharaNoM kI adhikatA se lekhaka kA apanA mantavya daba sA gayA hai| chapAI kI bhUla se kahIM-kahIM paMkti ke aMta meM AdhA zabda aura agalI paMkti ke prArambha meM AdhA zabda mudrita huA hai ( pR0 22, 25) jo agale saMskaraNa meM sudhArA jA sakatA hai| isake bAvajUda lekhoM kA yaha saMkalana na kevala dArzanikoM balki Ama par3he likhe logoM dvArA par3hA jAne yogya hai kyoMki yaha hamArI paramparA aura hamAre samaya ke bIca eka saMvAda prastuta karatA hai| Apa sahamata hoM na hoM, socane ko to vivaza haiN| lekhaka isake liye badhAI ke pAtra haiN|

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pustaka samIkSA DaoN. pUrNendu bhokhara __ Adhunika yuga banAma bhAratIya jIvana-sUtra . samaya se saMvAda; lekhaka DaoN Aloka TaNDana; nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, jayapura, dillI; prathama saMskaraNa 2015; pR0-132, mUlya -250/ samaya se saMvAda kA lakSya vastutaH kisI nirapekSa tattvamImAMsIya kAla (TAIma) kI avadhAraNA ke kisI bhI vimarza ko vistAra denA nahIM hai, balki isa prapaMcAtmaka jagat meM hone vAle vividha parivartanoM ko cihnita karanA, kramika evaM vyavasthita DhaMga se udghATita karanA evaM unase prabhAvita jIvana ke lie eka behatara vikalpa kI talAza karanA hai| lekhaka isameM samasta jAgatika samasyAoM ko sparza karane kA na to dAvA karate dIkhate haiM aura na apane talAze vikalpa kI khoja kI yAtrA ko aMtima ThaharAne kA garva-bhAva hI dikhalAte haiN| paraMtu, itanA avazya hai ki jina muddoM ko lekara ve bar3hate haiM una muddoM ke lie pAThaka ko do mahattvapUrNa IMTa jor3ane athavA do kadama calane ke lie vivaza karate haiN| pravAhamAna saMsAra meM nita naI samasyAe~ ubharatI haiM aura unake samAdhAnoM ke vikalpa kI khoja phisalatI huyI agale vikalpa para khisakatI bhI rahatI hai| parivartana cihnita karanA, unheM spaSTa karanA, unake samAdhAna svarUpa vikalpa ke lie vicAra sthira karanA koI sthAyI evaM sthira prakriyA nahIM hai| isalie jimmedAra ciMtaka kI taraha lekhaka Adhunika vizva, bhAratIya samAja evaM bhAratIya mAnava para apanA vimarza phokasa karate haiM tAki ciMtana pravAha kI sAtatyatA ke bAvajUda viziSTa samaya kI samasyAoM ko lekara saMvAda ho ske| niraMtara pravAha meM ubharate anavarata muddoM ke bIca Aja kA mAnava isa saMsAra meM kisa taraha ke mUlyoM kA bahiSkaraNa, grahaNa, nirvahana, nirdhAraNa, pAlana evaM saMvardhana kare lekhaka ke samaya se saMvAda kA yahI mukhya abhISTa hai| lekhaka kI saphalatA yahI hai ki ve samasyAoM ko bakhUbI cihnita karate haiM, spaSTa karate haiM aura unake samAdhAna ke lie vaicArika rUpa se apane tatpara, sajaga, sucintya evaM vyavasthita prayAsa se pAThaka ko bhI vimarza ke usI tala para lAkara khar3A karane meM saphala ho jAte haiN| lekhaka prArambha meM hI hameM isa tathya se rUbarU karA dete haiM ki (1) praudyogikI ne jIvana ke hara kSetroM meM kAyA-palaTa kara dI hai aura (2) AdhunikatA ne, kama se kama, mAnava kI jIvana-zailI ke pratyeka AyAma ko vicAra ke lie khola diyA hai| jahA~ paraMparAgata jIvana-zailI kA kendra bindu dharma hai vahIM Adhunika jIvana-zailI praudyogikI ke vikAsa para nirbhara hai| haoNlAki Aja jisa taraha praudyogikI ne hameM parAmarza (hindI), khaNDa 28, aMka 1-4, disambara 2007-navambara 2008, prakAzana varSa aktubara 2015

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pUrNendu bhokhara bevaza kara diyA hai, lekhaka usa mUrcchA evaM taMdrA ko bhaMga karane kA maMtra dete haiM- 'hama anukaraNa ko abhizapta nahIM haiM, jisakI gUMja gAMdhI ke hinda svarAja meM zatAbdI pUrva sunI jA sakatI hai| belagAma bhogavAdI pravRtti, svArthavAdI pravRtti, suvidhAparastI ne kahIM hameM praudyogikI kA gulAma to nahIM banA diyA hai? manuSya ke mAtra 'vyaktitvahIna upabhoktA' meM tabdIla ho jAne kI ciMtA lekhaka ko isa para vimarza karane ke lie bhItara taka jhakajhoratI hai| isalie lekhaka praudyogikI kI prakRti se hI isa vimarza kI zurUAta karate haiN| lekhaka kA mAnanA hai ki yaha aba eka vicAradhArA bana gaI hai / ( 1 ) ve likhate haiM ki 'aba yaha eka sAMskRtika prakriyA bhI hai|' (pR 6) yaha kisI eka hI mAMga ko sRjita nahIM karatI, balki vividha mAMga ko bAra-bAra sRjita evaM vistArita karatI hai| lekhaka ko lagatA hai ki isa sthiti se ubarane ke lie ciMtana kA AkAza kholanA Avazyaka hai| nirNayavAda, nirmANavAda evaM anirNayavAda ina tIna dRSTiyoM ko praudyogikI ke upara vicAra ke lie lekhaka mahattvapUrNa rUpa se zAmila karate haiN| nirNayavAdI dRSTi vaikalpika bhaviSya kI saMbhAvanA ko hI nakAra detI hai / bhaviSya nirmANa kA dvAra nirmANavAda meM khulatA dIkhatA hai lekina kaI vikalpoM meM se kisI eka kA hI cayana sAmAjika karttA dvArA ho pAtA hai / anirNayavAdI dRSTi se vicAra karane para praudyogikI kI vaikalpika saMbhAvanAoM kA behatara mArga khulatA dIkhatA hai| cUMki lekhaka ko lagatA hai ki yaha takanIkI evaM sAmAjika donoM taraha 1 kArakoM se prabhAvita hotI hai| ataH praudyogikI samAja kA nirdhAraka nahIM ho sakatA hai / koI praudyogikI sAmAjika mUlyoM se saMgata hokara hI sAmAjika prabhuttva prApta kara sakatI hai| tarkabuddhiparakatA AdhunikatA kA carama sAMskRtika mUlya hai / paraMtu lekhaka ko lagatA hai ki takanIkI buddhiparakatA sArvabhaumika nahIM apitu pUMjIvAda kI eka vizeSatA mAtra haiN| lekina (1) sAmAjika kArya aura (2) sAmAjika kSitija praudyogikI ke cayana kI sApekSatA ko ujAgara karane meM sahayogI hogaa| yahAM para lekhaka ke dvArA hAiDegara kI cunautI dene vAlI (caileMjiMga phortha ) evaM prakaTIkaraNa karane vAlI (bRgiMga phortha) praudyogikI kI carcA rocaka lagatI hai| isa krama meM hAiDegara vikalpa kI talAza meM kaba mAnavIya kartRtva ko kama karake AMkane laga jAte haiM zAyada hAiDegara ko jJAta nahIM ho pAtA hai| 158 lekhaka kI saphalatA isa bAta ko sthApita karane meM dikhatI hai ki praudyogikI kA vikAsa pUMjIvAdI vAtAvaraNa meM huA hai; jisakA uddezya adhikatama lAbha arjita karanA hai; aura jisake lie samasta sAmAjika jimmedAriyoM se pallA jhAr3anA tathA aicchika uddezya kI pUrti evaM prApti meM anaicchika pariNAma ko najaraaMdAja kara diyA jAnA isakI vizeSatA hai| phalasvarUpa praudyogikI eka varga vizeSa kA prabhuttva kAyama karane vAlA astra bana jAtA hai| lekhaka ko isa prabhuttva ko cunautI dene

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pustaka-samIkSA 159 vAlA vikalpa 'prajAtaMtrAtmaka yAMtrikIkaraNa' kI parikalpanA meM dIkhatA hai| lekina 'prajAtaMtrAtmaka yAMtrikIkaraNa kI avadhAraNA evaM usakI anuprayuktatA ke lie aura adhika vimarza apekSita raha jAtA hai| You praudyogikI, AdhunikatA evaM pUMjIvAdI niyati se jUjhane kA samAdhAna saMbhavataH lekhaka ko hinda svarAja ke punarpATha meM dIkhatA hai| yahAM bhI cAya vijJAna, praudyogikI, evaM Adhunika sabhyatA ke irda girda ghUmatA hai| jaba lekhaka likhate haiM ki AdhunikatA ne manuSya ko sRSTi nahIM sraSTA ke sthAna para pratiSThita kiyA hai (pR. 28) aura pUrva ke adhyAya meM ve mAnava kI sthiti praudyogikIya Adhunika yuga meM 'vyaktitvarahita upabhoktA' mAtra batAte haiM to praudyogikI ko lekara hamArA dvaMdva mukhara ho uThatA hai| AdhunikatA samasyAgrasta nahIM, duvidhAgrasta bhI hai (pR. 29 ) / Aja una samasyAgrastatA kA hala khojanA hI sAmAjika dArzanika ciMtana kA kendrIya vi ya hai| hinda svarAja' AdhunikatA evaM sabhyatA ke pAzcAtya maoNDala kI samIkSA karatA hai aura satyAgraha ke dvArA vaikalpika sabhyatA (sarvodaya, svarAjya) evaM vaikalpika AdhunikatA ko rekhAMkita karatA hai| isa Alekha meM lekhaka bhAratIya AdhunikatA ke maoNDala ke vaikalpika prArUpa ko khaMgAlane kI koziza karate haiN| isameM yaMtra ke durupayoga evaM aindriya bhogavAdI sabhyatA para gaharI coTa hai| gAMdhI bhoMga kI hada bAMdha dete haiN| spa Ta hai ki pazcimIkaraNa aura mazInIkaraNa kA virodha vAstava meM aupanivezika sattA aura saMskRti kA virodha hai, pazcima mAtra kA virodha nahIM hai| raoNbarTa yaMga ise 'kAuMTara maoNDarniTi' (Counter modernity) kahate haiM jisase lekhaka sahamata nahIM hote haiN| lekhaka gAMdhI ko 'sAmrAjyavAdI virodhI AdhunikatA' ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM jisameM sAmAjika AvazyakatA aura naitikatA kA aTUTa saMtulana hai| 'hinda svarAja' vastutaH eka mUlya vyavasthA kI racanA karatA hai jisameM 'sva' evaM 'anya' donoM ke vyApaka sammAna evaM vistAra kI saMbhAvanA hai| gAMdhI ke 'hinda svarAja' evaM mArksa- enjelsa ke kamyunisTa meniphesTo meM bheda hai, lekhaka, ise bhI rekhAMkita karate hue hinda svarAja ko eka prabhAvazAlI yUTopiyA kI haisiyata dete haiM aura mAnate haiM ki jahA~ se yAtrA prArambha kI jA sakatI hai| caturtha Alekha pavitra sAdhana kI talAza kI kar3I ko bar3hAtA hai| gAMdhI ke lie satyAgraha ke binA sAMcI sabhyatA, sarvodaya evaM svarAjya kI sthApanA asaMbhava hai| lekina yuga badalA hai, yuga dharma bhI badalA hai isalie isakI saphalatA evaM asaphalatA ke vastuniSTha evaM AtmaniSTha kArakoM ko khaMgAlane evaM use behatara banAne ke spaSTa prayAsa hI isa Alekha kA abhISTa hai| isa Alekha kI upalabdhi yahI hai ki ve satyAgraha kI asaphalatA ke kArakoM kA AinA dikhAne meM saphala ho jAte haiM / satyAgraha kI asaphalatA meM badalI paristhiti meM satyAgrahI kA kisI vyApaka hita ke

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160 ... pUrNendu bhokhara lie laMbe saMgharSa ke lie sudIrgha, niraMtara aura samarpita sAhasa, dhairya evaM caritra kA na honA eka misiMga liMka hai| ina misiMga liMka kI talAza meM lekhaka madada karate haiM aura satyAgraha kA nayA sa janAtmaka svarUpa vikasita karane kA Agraha bhI karate haiM tAki Aja ke samaya meM ise adhika kAragara evaM prAsaMgika banAyA jA ske| ___ gAMdhI ko AdhunikatA ke virodhI evaM uttara Adhunika siddha karane kI hor3a meM lekhaka apane ko ukta paMkti se alaga khar3A karate haiN| unake anusAra gAMdhI ko kisI eka maoNDale 'para phiTa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| "gAMdhI eka vaikalpika sabhyatA ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiM jisameM pUrva-Adhunika, Adhunika aura uttara Adhunika tInoM dhArAoM kA saMgama hai, jinako alagAnA AsAna nahIM hai| (pR. -26) 'gAMdhI : Adhunika yA uttara Adhunika' isa Alekha meM lekhaka isI niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiN| vaise yaha saca hai ki bhinna-bhinna staroM meM jIne vAle bhAratIya samAja kA bahuta bar3A varga AdhunikatA evaM uttara AdhunikatA kI pAzcAtya avadhAraNA ko sparza hI nahIM kara pAyA hai| ikkIsavIM sadI meM kucha mudde aise haiM, jinake lie ciMtana ko bhinna DhaMga se vyavasthita karane kI jarUrata hai| dalita-mukti, saMbhoga ke uccatama rUpAMtaraNa kI saMbhAvanA, rAjanIti aura naitikatA Adi kucha aise hI mudde haiN| ye praudyogikIya yuga kI samasyA se bhinna lagate haiM lekina saMpUrNa mAnavatA kI rakSA ke saMgharSa se dalita-mukti ke vimarza ko alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| lekhaka kA dalita-mukti ke saMbaMdha meM bIja vAkya hai 'hindU dharma aura paraMparA ke dAyare meM dalita-mukti saMbhava nahIM hai' (pR. -83) / cUMki yaha hindU dharma kI vyavasthA kA hI eka aMga hai (pR. 83) / samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai ki varNa aura jAti bheda hindU dharma kI sirpha AdhyAtmika vyavasthA nahIM hai, yaha saMpatti aura utpAdana ke bhautika sAdhanoM ke vitaraNa kI bhI vyavasthA hai| isI bindu para lekhaka ko dalita mukti kI kalpanA ke sAkAra hone kI saMbhAvanA dIkhatI hai| isa tathya kA udghATana ki ambeDakara ko lagA ki bhAratIya rAjya ko sAmAjika aura Arthika rUpa se ni pakSa banAnA aitihAsika rUpa se saMbhava nahIM hai - isI kAraNa unhoMne navagaThita bhAratIya rAjya ko saMvaidhAnika rUpa se taTastha banAne kI muhima lAI - yaha taMdrA-bhaMga karatA hai ki DaoN. ambeDakara kisa hada taka bhAratIya sAmAjika vyavasthA ko samajhate the evaM usake nirmANa meM nAjuka pakSoM kI gaMbhIratA ke prati kitane sajaga evaM sAvadhAna the| phira bhI "bhAratIya lokataMtra dalitoM ke prati sirpha apratyakSa pakSadharatA kA gunahagAra banakara raha gyaa| kintu yahI apratyakSa guMjAIza unake maujUdA sAmAjika mukAma, unakI rAjanItika tAkata aura unake bhaviSya ke sapanoM ko Thosa AdhAra bhI pradAna karatI hai (pR. 85) / haoNlAki isakI pariNati yaha huI. hai ki isa vyavasthA meM sAmAjika samarasatA (sauhArdatA) kA lakSya kabhI hAsila na karane vAlA

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pustaka-samIkSA . 161 lakSya banakara raha gyaa| lekhaka kA mAnanA hai ki gAMvoM ke Arthika vikAsa kiye binA kevala varga-saMgharSa evaM dalita rAjanIti se dalitoddhAra yA unakA bhAgya nahIM badalane vAlA hai| isake lie jAti prathA ko samApta karanA Avazyaka hai| para itanA avazya hai ki isakA javAba gaira dvija jAtivAda kadApi nahIM hai jo eka bhaTakAva hai| lekhaka ko 'jAtivAda kI samApti evaM savarNoM ke prAyazcita meM isakA samAdhAna dIkhatA hai| kiMtu lekhaka jAtivAda samApti kA upAya nahIM batalAte haiN| vaise jAtivAda kI samApti evaM savarNoM kA prAyazcitta donoM jaTila evaM laMbI prakriyA ko AtmasAta kie hue hai| hinda svarAja ke punarpATha kI taraha lekhaka ozo rajanIza ke 'saMbhoga se samAdhi kI ora' kA punarpATha bhI karate haiN| prastuta lekha ozo ke kAma, AdhyAtma aura vivAha-saMbaMdhI vicAroM kA Adhunika saMdarbha meM samIkSA kA choTA-sA prayAsa mAtra hai (pR. 90) / isa pustaka ke pahale Alekha ke sAtha isa vimarza kA sUtra bhI jor3A jA sakatA hai| itanA taya hai ki praudyogikIya Adhunika yuga meM samAja meM nArI kI sthiti meM parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha prema, vivAha aura parivAra kI paribhASAeM bhI badalane lagI hai| isa Alekha se lekhaka vivAha, prema-vivAha, liva-ina-rilezana evaM samaliMgI sambandha ke vikalpa ke vimarza ko anajAne meM cher3a dete haiN| hAMlAki mUla prazna hai 'vyakti aura samAja meM kAma kA kyA mahattva hai, eka zreSTha jIvana meM usakI kyA maryAdAeM honI cAhie (pR. 91) / ozo ne kAma ke saMbaMdha meM dRSTi badalane kI koziza kI hai| unhoMne vivAha ko apratyakSa rUpa se nakArA aura prema evaM prema rUpI vivAha ko zubha btaayaa| prema yadi vivAhapUrva janma le sakatA hai to vivAhottara vaha janma le. hI nahIM sakatA hai evaM vivAha yadi kalahoM kA krIDAMgana hai to prema vivAha kalahoM kA krIDAMgana ho hI nahIM sakatA hai - ina nizcayAtmaka niSkarSa para ozo kaise Ate haiM,tanakA AdhAra hI khokhalA lagatA hai| aisA kahanA cAhie ki vivAha ko vyartha, mirarthaka evaM sabase kharAba vyavasthA batalAnA Aja eka sAmAjika AstikatA evaM AdhunikatA kA pratIka mAna liyA gayA hai| vivAha yA koI saMbaMdha kalahoM kA krIDAMgana na ho yaha vaiyaktika evaM sAmabaMdhika paripakvatA, pratibaddhatA, dIrgha utpAdakatA, zuddhatA Adi para nirbhara hai, jisakI kamI vyaSTiyoM meM hotI hai, vivAha meM nhiiN| aisA lagatA hai ki ozo saMbhoga kI urjA ko AdhyAtmika seksa (prema) meM rUpAMtarita karane meM evaM prema vivAha ko vivAha ke vikalpa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karane meM asaphala ho gae haiN| kAma meM AdhyAtmikatA A hI nahIM pAtI aura vyApaka AdhyAtmikatA yA uccatama jJAnAvasthA (samAdhi) meM 'kAma' kAma raha hI nahIM jAtA hai| donoM ke bIca sahI mAyane meM koI brija priMsipala nahIM mila pAtA hai| lekhaka bhI isa niSkarSa para Ate haiM ki 'vivAha kA koI sArthaka

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162 pUrNendu bhokhara vikalpa upalabdha nahIM hai (pR. 100) sAmAjika pahalU kI avahelanA karane se ozo saMbhoga se samAdhi taka pahu~cane meM asaphala ho jAte haiN| laMbe samaya taka kartavya nirvAha evaM lokahita kI nirantara vRddhi hI vivAha ke sAmane kisI anya vikalpa ko Tikane nahIM detA hai| merA mAnanA hai ki mUlyoM ke darakane mAtra ko kisI sudIrgha evaM zreSTha vyavasthA se pallU jhAr3ane kA avasara nahIM samajhanA caahie| itanA hI nahIM samAdhi taka pahu~cane ke kaI aura vikalpa haiN| vivAha ke vividha rUpa, vivAha ke dAyitva', solaha saMskAra, RNa kI avadhAraNA, puruSArtha Adi ko kendra meM lAkara isa vimarza ke vyApaka AkAza meM pAThaka vicaraNa kara sakate haiN| Aja rAjanIti aura naitikatA bar3A hI prAsaMgika muddA hai| lekhaka sArca ke kathana se rAjanIti meM cihnita dharma-saMkaTa (gaMde hAthoM) kI ora saMketa karate haiN| lekhaka do dRSTiyoM ko sAmane lAte haiM (1) jo naitikatA ko rAjanItika svArtha ke Age sadaiva varIyatA dete haiM (kAMTa) (2) jo rAjanItika svArtha ke Age naitikatA ko tyAjya athavA ativAdI mAnate haiM (maikyiaavailii)| isa krama meM vimarza ko Age bar3hAte hue meksa bebara evaM mAikela vAljara ke vicAroM ko rekhAMkita karanA rAjanIti evaM naitikatA kI duvidhAoM kA gAMTha aura adhika spaSTa DhaMga se kholatA hai| lekhaka batalAte haiM ki Adhunika prajAtaMtra meM rAjanItika pada para AsIna kisI rAjanayika ko aise tIna kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai jo use vyaktigata naitikatA se pare socane para majabUra karatA hai| (pR. 122) lekina kula milAkara gaMde hAthoM kI parighaTanA kA rocaka vivecana aura usake rAjanItika saMdoM kI vyAkhyA hameM rAjanItika naitikatA kA nayA maoNDala gar3hane kI jarUrata kI ora saMketa karatI hai| isI kI sthApanA isa Alekha kI sArthakatA siddha karatI hai| bhUmaMDalIkaraNa, AdhunikatA kI hI tArkika pariNati hai, kiMtu naye saMdarbho meM usane nayA artha aura gati grahaNa kara lI hai, jisakI ora dhyAna denA jarUrI hai| hArve bhUmaMDalIkaraNa ko samaya-sthAna saMkucana (time-space-compression) kahate haiN| (pR. 104) jahA~ taka sAMskRtika asmitA kA prazna hai to pahalA tarIkA saMkIrNa, baMda aura sanAtana-sAravAdI kA hai aura dUsarA aitihAsika, khulA aura sarvasamAvezI hai| lekina bhUmaMDalIkaraNa vizva pUMjIvAda kA tAjA-tarIna saMskaraNa hai| (pR. 106) yaha sAMskRtika samarUpatA ko bar3hAvA de sakatA hai, (pR. 106) jisase varcasvazAlI deza kI saMskRti kamajora deza kI saMskRti para hAvI ho sakatI hai (sAMskRtika saamraajyvaad)| isa saMbaMdha meM lekhaka variSTha samAjazAstrI pro. yogendra siMha se sahamati jatAte hue kahate haiM ki yaha vaizvika evaM sthAnIya ke bIca ke saMbaMdha kI punarracanA meM bhI sahayogI ho rahA hai| lekina bhArata meM parivAra, jAti aura dharma ke saMbaMdha abhI bhI majabUta haiM jo sAMskRtika pahacAna ko majabUta AdhAra pradAna karate haiN| itanA hI

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pustaka-samIkSA 163 nahIM lekhaka yaha mAnate haiM ki isa samaya saMskRti ko rASTra-rAgyA kI sImAoM meM bAMdhakara rakha pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai lekina rASTra kI saMprabhutA ke mahatva ko nakArA bhI nahIM jA sakatA hai| rASTrIya saMprabhutA, sAMskRtika svAyattatA kI anivArya zarta hai (pR. 110) / lekina Aja apanI asmitA ke lie isa taraha kA nirNaya galata hogA ki pazcimI saMskRti kA sabhI kucha tyAjya hai aura hamArI sAMskRtika paraMparA meM sabhI kucha pUjya hai jisake lie lekhaka AlocanAtmaka viveka evaM apanI jimmedArI ko vikasita karane kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa karate haiN| ___ AdhyAtma aura naI sadI kI cunautI, evaM ikkIsavIM sadI kI cunautI aura vyAvahArika vedAMta meM lekhaka naI sadI meM AdhyAtma evaM vyAvahArika vedAMta kI prAsaMgikatA DhUMDhate haiM jo rUcikara evaM vyavasthita DhaMga se hamAre samakSa kucha mahattvapUrNa vicAroM ko spaSTa karate haiN| jo loga darzana ke marmajJa DaoN. devarAja evaM zrI ziva nArAyaNa agnihotrI (devAtmA) ko jAnate haiM unake lie lekhaka ina donoM ke mUlya evaM naitikatA-saMbaMdhI vicAra kA phalaka kholate haiM jo jJAnavardhaka bhI hai evaM kucha anachue parata ko bhI kholatA hai| yaha pustaka kaI lekhoM (13) kA saMkalana hai| kaI viSayoM meM antasaMbaMdha nahIM rahane para bhI unakA vimarza khIMcatA hai| kaI lekhoM meM antarsaMbaMdha talAzai jA sakate haiN| yauM to isa saMgraha ke sabhI Alekha vaicArika rUpa se saMvAda kI sahabhAgitA ke lie prerita karate haiM kyoMki lekhaka kI zailI hI kucha aisI hai ki ve pratyeka viSaya se saMbaddha vividha vimarza ke tAra ko jhaMkRta kara dete haiN| ve apane hI kaI tI se jUjhate haiM aura pari kRta toM kI sthApanA ke lie hamezA tatpara evaM unmukha hote haiN| saMvAda karane meM praznoM kI spaSTatA, viSayoM kI samasAmayikatA, behatara takoM kI khoja kI vyAkulatA hI isa pustaka kI sabase bar3I saphalatA hai| AdhunikatA. praudyogikI, uttara AdhunikatA, dalita-mukti, saMbhoga se samAdhi, ikkIsavIM sadI aura vyavahArika vedAMta, bhUmaMDalIkaraNa Adi viSayoM ko rakhakara lekhaka ina sabhI vimarza meM Adhunika yuga meM bhAratIya jIvana ke sUtroM kI mahattvapUrNa evaM prAsaMgika talAza karanA kabhI nahIM bhUlate haiN| paraMtu itanA avazya hai ki kucha Alekha lekhaka kA pasaMdIdA lagatA hai, jisameM ciMtana kA sUkSma pravAha, toM kA tarakaza evaM vicAra rUpI tIroM kA painApana aMdara taka chUtA hai| aMta meM lekhaka kI taraha yaha kahanA upayukta laga rahA hai ki bAkI kyA kucha bana pAyA, isakA nirNaya to aba Apake hAthoM meM hai| lekina aisA merA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki yaha pustaka suvyavasthita, sucintya saMvAda ko AmaMtrita karane meM saphala hogI evaM jJAna ke kSetra meM apanA mahattvapUrNa avadAna degii| isa ummIda evaM maMgalakAmanAoM ke saath|

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isa aMka ke lekhaka : prAdhyApaka, prAcya vidyApITha, dupAr3A roDa, zAjApura (ma. pra. ) : vyAkhyAtA, jainadarzana vibhAga, zrI. lAla ba. zAstrI rA. saM. vidyApITha naI dillI - 16 : sahayogI prA. evaM adhyakSa, darzanazAstra vibhAga, ema.je.pI. rohelakhaNDa vizvavidyAlaya, barelI - 243005 ( u.pra . ) saMzodhana sahAyaka, Aya. pI. kyU., parAmarza, darzanazAstra vibhAga, sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vidyApITha, puNe - 411007 : zodhArthI, darzanazAstra vibhAga, DaoN. harisiMha gaura kendrIya vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara (ma. pra. ) : darzana evaM dharma vibhAga, bI.eca.yU. vArANasI. : sahAyaka prAdhyApaka, skUla oNpha philaoNsaoNphI eNDa kalcara, zrI mAtA vaiSNodevI vizvavidyAlaya, kaTarA, jammU zAntIpurA, jodhapura (rAjasthAna ) : sahAyaka prAdhyApaka, darzanazAstra vibhAga, mahAtmA gAMdhI kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI 10. zrI. anila kumAra sonakara : zodhachAtra, darzana evaM dharma vibhAga, kalA saMkAya, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI - 221005 (u. pra. ) : janarala phelo, (Aya. sI. pI. Ara. ) 18, purAnI bajariyA, lalitapura, (u. pra. ) : zodha chAtra, darzana vibhAga, DaoN. harisiMha gaura vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara (ma. pra. ) : ema Aya jI 100, cANakya purI kaoNlonI, gayA ( bihAra ) pina ko . 823001 : 53, azarApha TolA, haradoI - 241001, (u.pra.) : esosieTa prophesara snAtakottara darzanazAstra vibhAga: tilakAmAMjhI bhAgalapura vizavavidyAlaya, bhAgalapura - 812002; 1. DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 2. DaoN. anekAnta kumAra jaina 3. DaoN. rajjana kumAra 4. zrI. sunIla rAUta 5. zrI. saMdIpa kumAra 6. DaoN. manoja kumAra tivArI 7. DaoN. anila kumAra tivArI 8. DaoN. nItU bAphanA 9. DaoN. bAlezvara prasAda yAdava 11. DaoN. RSabha jaina 12. zrI. sacindra jaina 13. DaoN. bhikhArI rAma yAdava 14. DaoN. Aloka TaNDana 15. DaoN. pUrNendu bhokhara 0:0 :

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lekhakoM hetu nirdeza * parAmarza (hindI) ciMtanaparaka vaicArika patrikA hai| isameM vizuddha ciMtanaparaka va dArzanika dRSTikoNa ke lekha svIkRta hoNge| lekha kI svIkRti parIkSaka saMpAdakoM ke nirNaya para nirdhArita hogii| asvIkRta lekhoM ke nirNaya kI sUcanA dI jaayegii| saMpAdakoM kA prakAzita sAmagrI se sahamata honA anivArya nahIM hai| prakAzita lekhoM para pratikriyAtmaka vaicArika TippaNiyA~ bhI svAgatayogya haiN| yathAyogya hone para ve prakAzita kI jA sakatI haiN| * patrikA meM prakAzita sAmagrI kA svAmitva adhikAra patrikA kA hogaa| anyatra pUrva-prakAzita lekha patrikA meM prakAzana hetu svIkArya nahIM hoNge| patrikA meM apanI pustaka ke vijJApana hetu pradhAna sampAdaka ko likheN| * zodha-patra lekha kI zabdasImA 2000 se 5000 zabda ke bIca honI caahiye| lekha kA phaoNnTa Kruti Dev 010 AkAra 14, Normal, aMgrejI phaoNnTa Times New Roman AkAra 12, Normal evaM paMktiyoM ke madhya sthAna 1.5 honI caahiye| saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~ lekha ke anta meM eka alaga pRSTha para deN| kRpayA saMdarbha kA pUrva vivaraNa deN| saMdarbha isa prakAra rakheM : lekhaka kA nAma (upanAma se prAraMbha karate huye), pustaka kA zIrSaka (italic meM), prakAzaka, prakAzana-sthAna, prakAzana-varSa, pRsstthsNkhyaa| pAdaTippaNiyoM ko lekha ke aMta meM 'saMdarbha evaM TippaNiyA~' ke antargata rkheN| yadi saMdarbha kisI jarnala kA hai to kramAnusAra lekhaka kA nAma, lekha kA zIrSaka, jarnala kA nAma (italic meM), aMka saM, varSa, pRSTha saM. aMkita kreN| * lekhaka apanA vivaraNa (nAma, pada, saMsthAgata sambaddhatA, patravyavahAra kA patA, phona naM, Imela) eka alaga pRSTha para lekha ke aMta meM deN| * lekhaka ko sujhAva hai ki lekha bhejane se pUrva lekha kI bhASA, vAkya-vinyAsa, mAtrA Adi sambaMdhI azuddhiyoM ko jA~ca leM tAki samaya kI bacata ho ske| lekha kI eka soft copy MS Word Format meM nimnalikhita Imela pate para preSita kareM ipq1973@unipune.ac.in * lekha kI do Hard Copies isa pate para bhejeM pradhAna sampAdaka, 'parAmarza' (hindI) darzanazAstra vibhAga, sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vizvavidyAlaya, puNe- 411007 sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vizvavidyAlaya ke darzanazAstra vibhAga ke liye pradhAna saMpAdaka surajIta kaura cahala ne yaha traimAsika sAvitrIbAI phule puNe vizvavidyAlaya mudraNAlaya meM chapavAkara prasiddha kiyaa|

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parAmarza (hindI) paMjIkaraNa saM. 39889/79 sAgaramala jaina : hemacaMdra kI pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa sAgaramala jaina : jaina darzana kA naya siddhAMta anekAnta kumAra jaina : anekAnta kI AdhyAtmika cintana dhArA raJjana kumAra : karma, baMdhana, mokSa : jaina aura advaita dRSTikoNa sunIla rAUta : jaina darzana meM strI-mokSa saMbaMdhI vicAraeka dArzanika samIkSA saMdIpa kumAra : AcArya bhAvasena kRta veda-prAmANyavAda kI samIkSA manoja kumAra tivArI : jaina darzana evaM yogavAsiSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmiyA~ anila kumAra tivArI : jaina paraMparA meM paryAvaraNa nItU bAphanA : jaina AgamoM meM aparigraha bAlezvara prasAda yAdava : anekAntavAda : sarvasamAvezI sAMskRtika sahabhAva kA darzana anila kumAra sonakara 120 sAmAjika naitikatA kI vartamAna meM prAsaMgikatA : jaina-dharma ke pariprekSya meM RSabha jaina samantabhadra kI dRSTi meM sarvajJatA kA svarUpa - ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra ke AdhAra para sacindra jaina jaina darzana meM mana kA svarUpa bhikhArI rAma yAdava : jaina avaktavyatA aura bauddha avyAkRtavAda - eka tulanAtmaka vivecana Aloka TaNDana : pustaka samIkSA pUrNendu bhokhara : pustaka samIkSA