Hindi ke Mahakavyo me chitrit Bhagavana Mahavira

Author(s): Sushma Gunvant Rote
Publisher: Bharatiya Gyanpith
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/090189/1

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hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra DaoN. suSamA guNavanta roTe bhAratIya jJAnapITha

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prAkkathana ema.e. tathA ema. phila. kI upAdhi ke pAThyakramoM meM rAmacarita, kRSNacarita sambandhI Adhunika mahAkAvyoM kA adhyayana karane kA avasara kaI varSa pUrva prApta huA thA / rAma aura kRSNa bhAratIya paramparA meM prAcIna purANa puruSa hote hue bhI Adhunika kaviyoM ne yugIna sandarbha meM unake caritra meM AdhunikatA kA bodha hameM karAyA hai| hamArI pArivArika saMskRti ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI paurANika, atilaukika bhagavAna kA svarUpa mere mAnasa-paTala para eka paramparAgata pratimA ke rUpa meM sAkAra huA thaa| phalasvarUpa maiM unakI pUjA, bhakti bhI karatI rahI huuN| phira bhI antarmana yaha kahatA thA ki maiM mahAvIra ke caritra ke mAnavIya svarUpa kI talAza kruuN| bhagavAna mahAvIra Aja aitihAsika caritra ke rUpa meM sarvamAnya ho cuke haiM, phira bhI unake caritra para yuga-yugAntara meM alaukikatA, paurANikattA, IzvarIya bhagavattA evaM divyatA ke AvaraNa yugIna sandarbha meM DAle gaye haiN| unheM haTAkara Aja ke sandarbha meM eka aitihAsika mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM unake caritra kI vibhinna sandarbho meM talAza karane kI jijJAsA mere mana meM jAga utthii| mahAn vyaktitva ke jIvana para jaise atIta AvaraNa DAlatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise unake bhakta bhI unake caritra ke sAtha daivI alaukika ghaTanAoM ko jor3ate haiN| vastutaH bhagavAna mahAvIra utkaTa yathArthavAdI the| mahAvIra kI yathArthavAdI pratimA paurANika yuga meM camatkAroM, atizayoktiyoM aura daivI ghaTanAoM se lada gayI / madhyayuga meM mahAvIra kI eka tapasyAmUlaka chavi upasthApita huii| lokamAnasa . ne unheM ativAdI mAnA / Adhunika yuga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA mAnavIya rUpa meM aMkana karane kA prayAsa ho rahA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa kA prastuta anuzIlana isI dizA meM eka prayAsa hai| sAhitya ke itihAsa ke granthoM meM anUpa zarmA kRta 'barddhamAna' mahAkAvya kA ullekha milatA hai| Adhunika mahAkAvya kI paramparA kA Aja taka kA adhyayana karane para patA calatA hai ki mahAvIra carita viSayaka dasa kAvyagrantha prakAzita ho gaye haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa ke anuzIlana ke lie inameM se chaha mahAkAvyoM kA pratinidhi kAvyoM ke rUpa meM cayana kiyA hai| caritra ke anuzIlana ke pUrva mana meM pramukhataH tIna praznoM kI jijJAsA rahI hai|

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1. mahApuruSa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI prAmANika evaM vizvasanIya jIvanI ko jJAta karane ke lie kauna se srota upalabdha haiM? 2. Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa para AdhunikatA kA prabhAva kahA~ taka huA hai? 3. bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA kyA hai? mUlataH inhIM praznoM ne mujhe zodha-kArya ke lie prerita kiyA thaa| anusandhAna sampanna karane ke bAda maiMne ina praznoM ke uttara upasaMhAra meM diye haiN| jijJAsA kI tRpti ke lie maiMne deza ke vibhinna vidvAnI evaM jainAcAryoM se sAkSAtkAra kiyaa| dillI sthita rASTrasanta, AcArya vidyAnanda muni se mahAvIra caritra para anusandhAna karane kI preraNA mujhe milI aura AzIrvAda bhI prApta hue| 'anuttara yogI' upanyAsa ke kalAkAra dhIrendrakumAra jaina, mumbaI se mujhe isa sandarbha meM upayukta sAmagrI prApta huI aura unhoMne mujhe isa anusandhAna ke lie protsAhita bhI kiyaa| indaura ke nivAsI DaoN. nemicandra jaina se maiMne sAkSAtkAra kiyaa| unhoMne mere zodha-viSaya ko sarAhA aura AdhAra grantha (Alocya mahAkAvya) upalabdha karAne meM mArgadarzana kiyaa| Alocya mahAkAvya ke grantha mujhe ujjaina ke eka jinamandira ke grantha bhaNDAra se upalabdha hue| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI prAmANika jIvanI ke vRttoM ko saMkalita karane ke lie maiMne uttara bhArata ke madhyapradeza, uttarapradeza evaM bihAra ke kaI sthaloM kI zodha-yAtrA kii| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi vaizAlI ke nikaTa (basAdagA~va) kSatriya kuNDagrAma, unakI tapobhUmi rAjagRhI, unakA samavasaraNasthala vipulAcala evaM unakI nirvANabhUmi pAvApurI Adi tIrthakSetroM meM jAkara chAyAcitra, caritra viSayaka sAmagrI, jahA~ jo bhI prApta huI, unakA saMkalana maiMne kiyaa| dakSiNa bhArata meM zravaNabelagola ke bhaTTAraka cArukIrti, kolhApura ke bhaTTAraka lakSmIsena tathA solApura ke jaina sAhitya ke anveSaka DaoN. bhagavAnadAsa tivArI Adi vidvAnoM ne mahAvIracaritra viSayaka vastuparaka dRSTi se adhyayana karane meM sahAyatA pradAna kii| kolhApura ke jainadarzana ke antarrASTrIya khyAti ke marmajJa viddhAna DaoN. vilAsa saMgave kI preraNA evaM protsAhana prastuta viSaya ke ghayana meM evaM anuzIlana meM sadaiva mujhe prApta huA hai| zivAjI vizvavidyAlaya ke tatkAlIna hindI vibhAgAdhyakSa, rASTrapuruSa chatrapati zivAjI-caritra ke gambhIra anveSaka evaM prakhara pravaktA DaoN. vasantarAva more jI se sAkSAtkAra karake maiMne pI-eca r3I. upAdhi hetu bhagavAna mahAvIra caritra ke anuzIlana karane kI apanI manISA vyakta kii| unhoMne prastuta zodha-prabandha ke zIrSaka ke nirdhAraNa meM evaM anuzIlana kI dizA-digdarzana meM merI amUlya sahAyatA kI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa para merI jAnakArI ke anusAra abhI taka kisI bhI vizvavidyAlaya meM hindI meM anusandhAna kA kArya nahIM huA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra viSayaka prabandhakAvyoM ke AlocanAtmaka adhyayana ke prayAsa avazya hue haiN|

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'hindI ke mahAvIra prabandha-kAvyoM kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana' nAmaka zodha-prabandha DaoN. divyaguNAzrI kA 1998 I. meM ahamadAbAda se prakAzita huA thA / hindI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra viSayaka Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM kI viziSTa paramparA kA yaha anuzIlana prathama bAra prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| Adhunika hindI meM prakAzita bhagavAna mahAvIra caritra sambandhI chaha mahAkAvyoM kA cayana maiMne mUla AdhAra granthoM ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| una Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa kA anuzIlana isa pustaka meM kiyA gayA hai| prastuta pustaka mUla meM eka zodha-prabandha ke rUpa meM likhI gayI thii| usakI sahara sAmagrI kA yaha prakAzana hai| prabandha lekhana kI kAlAvadhi meM vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM evaM granthAlayoM, vizeSarUpa se ujjaina ke jaina granyabhaNDAra evaM indaura ke jaina zodha saMsthAna evaM pArzvanAtha zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI ke adhikAriyoM ke prati maiM AbhAra vyakta karatI huuN| maiM una RSiyoM, maharSiyoM evaM vidvAnoM ke prati apanI AdarAMjali samarpita karatI hU~, jinake vicAroM kA maiMne isa prabandha meM niHsaMkoca bhAva se upayoga kiyA hai| maiM parivAra ke samasta sadasyoM ke prati kRtajJatA vyakta karatI hU~, khAsa kara zvasura gha. zrI. gaNapatarAvajI evaM sau. lIlAvatI, dha zrI neminAthajI evaM sau. padmAvatI tathA AdaraNIyA zrImatI ratnAbAI, jinhoMne prastuta grantha lekhana meM mujhe sadaiva protsAhana diyA hai| mere pati guNavantajI evaM mere pitAjI sAMgalI ke prAcArya neminAtha guNDejI evaM mAtAjI devayAnI tathA zivAjI vizvavidyAlaya, kolhApura ke sAhU zodha kendra ke mAnada saMcAlaka DaoN. vilAsa saMgavejI kI maiM RNI rahU~gI, jinhoMne zodhakArya meM nirantara preraNA dekara mujhe Atmabala pradAna kiyA hai| merI beTI pUjA evaM beTe pArasa ne prabandha kI lekhana- kAlAvadhi meM mujhe jo sahayoga diyA hai, use maiM kabhI bhUla nahIM skuuNgii| pratyakSa evaM parokSa donoM rUpoM se prApta sahayoga ke lie maiM apane sabhI hitaiSiyoM ke prati apanA AbhAra vyakta karatI hU~ / prastuta pustaka ko prakAzita karane meM jo AtmIyatA aura sahRdayatA bhAratIya jJAnapITha ke prabandhakoM ne dikhAyI, usake lie maiM unake prati hArdika AbhAra prakaTa karatI hU~ / yaha eka saMyoga tathA parama santoSa kI bAta rahI haiM ki isa pustaka kA prakAzana bhagavAna mahAvIra kI chabbIsavIM janmazatAbdI jayantI samAroha ke varSa ke avasara para ho rahA hai| mujhe AzA hai ki prastuta anuzIlana svAntaH sukhAya hote hue bhI bahujanahitAya sahAyaka hogaa| - suSamA guNavanta roTe = 9 =

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prathama adhyAya bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke srota tIrthaMkara-paramparA jainadharma meM mAnya tIrthaMkaroM kA astitva vaidika kAla ke pUrva bhI vidyamAna thaa| itihAsa isa paramparA ke mUla taka abhI taka nahIM pahu~ca sakA hai| upalabdha purAtattva sambandhI tathyoM ke niSpakSa vizleSaNa se yaha nirvivAda siddha hotA hai ki tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA anAdikAlIna hai| vaidika vAGmaya meM vAta-razanA muniyoM, kezImuni aura vrAtya kSatriyoM ke ullekha Aye haiM, jinase spaSTa hai ki puruSArtha para vizvAsa rakhanevAle dharma ke pragatizIla vyAkhyAtA tIrthaMkara prAgaitihAsika kAla meM bhI vidyamAna the| mohana-jo-dar3o ke khaMDaharoM se prApta yogIzvara RSabha kI kAyotsarga mudrA isakA jIvanta pramANa hai| yahA~ se upalabdha purAtattvasambandhI sAmagrI bhI tIrthakara-paramparA kI puSTi karatI hai| AcArya vidyAnandajI ke anusAra vaidika 'padmapurANa meM tIrthaMkara kA ullekha prApta hai| kahA hai "asminvai bhArate varSe, janma vai zrAvake kule| tapasA yuktamAtmAnaM kezotpATana pUrvakam // tIrthakarAzcaturviMzattathAtaistu purskRtm| chAyAkRtaM phaNIndreNa dhyAnamAtra pradezikam // jo tIrtha kA kartA yA nirmAtA hai, vaha tIrthakara kahalAtA hai| 'tIrtha' kA abhidhAgata artha ghATa, setu yA guru hai aura lAkSaNika artha dharma hai| zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA isa caturvidha saMgha ko bhI 'tIrtha' kahA gayA hai| isa tIrtha kI jo sthApanA karate haiM una viziSTa vyaktiyoM ko tIrthakara kahate haiN| bhAratavarSa meM caubIsa tIrthaMkara kSatriya kula meM utpanna hue| unhoMne kezaluMcanapUrvaka nirvikalpa samAdhi meM lIna rahakara tapasyA kara nirgrantha pada ko puraskRta kiyA thaa| caubIsa tIrthakaroM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM1, RSabhanAtha, 2, ajitanAtha, 3. sambhavanAtha, 1. vidyAnandamuni : tIrthakara vartamAna, pR. 3 bhagavAna mahAvIra ko jIvanI ke srota :: / /

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4. abhinandananAtha 7. supArzvanAtha 10. zItalanAtha 5. sumatinAtha 8. candraprabhanAtha 11. zreyAMsanAtha 6. padAprabhanAtha 9. puNsadantanAtha 12. vAsupUjyanAtha 15. dharmanAtha 13. vimalanAtha 1. zAntinAtha 19. mallinAtha 22. neminAtha 24. mahAvIra (varddhamAna) jaina itihAsa meM tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM ke varNana upalabdha hote haiN| inameM se 2-1 tIrthaMkara aite zalAkA puruSa haiM, jinhoMne mAnava sabhyatA ke usa kAla meM samAja kI eka kramabaddha rUpa dene kA prayAsa kiyaa| 14. anantanAtha 17. kundhunAtha 29. punisuvratanAtha 28. pAzrvanAtha 18. arahanAtha 21. naminAtha caubIsa tIthaMkaroM meM ne prathama tIrthaMkara vRSabhanAtha, ikkIsaveM naminAtha, bAIsaveM neminAtha, teIsaveM pArzvanAtha tathA caubIsaveM bhagavAna lIghaMkara mahAvIra gurANa aura itihAsa kI pahu~ca meM haiN| zeSa tIrthakaroM ke aitihAsika pramANa upalabdha nahIM hue haiN| bhagavAna vRSabhanAtha prathama tIrthaMkara kA ullekha jaina purANoM ke atirikta, Rgveda, zrImadbhAgavata, zivapurANa ityAdi meM milatA hai| mohana-jo-daDo ke khaMDaharoM se prApta yogIzvara vRSabha kI kAyotsarga mudrA usakI prAgaitihAsikatA ko siddha karatI hai| jainamata meM AtmavidyA ke prathama puraskartA pravartaka bhagavAna vRSabhadeva mAne gaye haiN| bharatakSetra ke kAlacakra meM ve prathama kevalI, prathama jina, prathama tIrthaMkara aura prathama dharmacakravartI the| gRhasthoM ke lie aNuvratoM kA tathA sAdhuoM ke lie mahAvratoM ke dharmopadeza kI vaha vimala srotasvinI atidIrgha mArga ko pAra karatI huI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya taka pravAhita hotI AyI hai| mahAvIra ne anekAnta dvArA jainadharma ko yugAnukUla rUpa diyaa| 24veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra aura prathama tIrthaMkara vRSabhadeva ke bIca kA samaya asaMkhyAta varSoM kA hai| tIrthaMkara neminAtha kA kAla I. pU. 1000 ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kA nirvANa kAla I. pU. 777 hai| I. pU. 599 meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma huA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra jainadharma ke tIrthapravataMka kahe gaye haiM / ataH yaha suvidita hai ki jaine tIrthakaroM kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra antima caubIsaveM tIrthakara the I Adhunika hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI Adhunika hindI ke mahAvIra carita mahAkAvyoM meM kaviyoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ko sampUrNatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra aitihAsika mahApuruSa the| ye jainadharma ke pravartaka the| hindI-sAhitya ke Adhunika kAla meM jo mahAvIra caritra para mahAkAvya likhe gaye, unakA mUla AdhAra prAkRta saMskRta, apabhraMza evaM purAnI prAcIna hindI ke jaina sAhitya evaM mahAvIra purANa hI rahe haiN| Adhunika 12 hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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hindI mahAkAoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI paurANika, aitihAsika evaM romANTika zailiyoM meM prastuta kI gayI hai| ina mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta kahA~ taka prAmANika evaM aitihAsika satyatA ko lekara citrita huA he, isa tathya ke anuzIlana ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke vividha strotoM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke vividha srota aitihAsika dRSTi se bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vAstavika evaM prAmANika jIvanI ke adhyayana kI sAmagrI vividha taraha kI haiN| prAcIna zilAlekha, bhagavAna mahAvIra kI prAcInatama mUrtiyA~, bauddha-tripiTaka grantha, mahAvIra samakAlIna aitihAsika puruSa, jaina sAhitya- Agama-prAkRta saMskRta - apabhraMza - prAcIna hindI sAhitya Adi meM mahAvIra-jIvanacaritra viSayaka sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| ataH uparyukta srotoM kA vivecana kramazaH saMkSepa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai / abhilekhoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke kucha nirdeza jaina abhilekhoM meM milate haiN| DaoN. kastUracanda jaina 'sumana' ke zabdoM meM- "jaina abhilekha do taraha se utkIrNa milate haiM, pASANa para aura dhAtu- phalakoM para pASANa para milanevAle abhilekha pratimAoM ke Asana para pratimAoM ke pRSTabhAga para tIrthaMkara evaM AcAryoM ke caraNa- cihnoM para, stambha, guphA, mAnastambha, mandira kI vedikA, caukora zilAphalaka, dhvajastambha ityAdi para utkIrNa haiN| dhAtuphalaka tAmrapaTa, pItala evaM gilaTa dhAtu se nirmita pratimAoM, meru, yantralekha, siddha pratimAoM para utkIrNa haiN| ye abhilekha sAmAjika AdhAra para rAjanItika abhilekha evaM sAMskRtika abhilekha do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita haiM / " ye abhilekha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ke kucha nirdezoM ko jAnane, samajhane ke lie prAmANika srota haiN| jainadharma ke tIrthakaroM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra hI aise vyaktitva haiM, jinakI aitihAsikatA nirvivAda rUpa se svIkAra kI gayI hai| sAmAnyataH kisI vyaktitva kI aitihAsikatA kA nizcaya karane ke lie abhilekhIya aura sAhityika sAkSya mahattvapUrNa hote haiN| bhArata meM abhI taka par3he jA sake jo bhI prAcInatama abhilekha upalabdha hue haiM ve mauryakAla ke haiN| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM mauryakAlIna mathurA 'ke abhilekhoM meM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai, apitu usake sthAna para 'arhat' zabda kA prayoga hai, yathA arhat varddhamAna, arhatu pArzva Adi / mathurA meM IsA kI prathama zatAbdI kI upalabdha pratimAoM meM sarvAdhika pratimAe~ 1. zodhAdarza, aMka 27. pU. 268 bhagavAna mahAzera kI jIvanI ke khAMna :: 13

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varddhamAna kI haiN| usake pazcAta RSabha, pArzva aura ariSTanemi kI pratimAoM kA krama lagatA hai| usa kAla taka ye cAra tIrthaMkara pramukha rUpa se mAnya the aura 'kalpasUtra' meM inhIM ke sambandha meM sAhityika vivaraNa prApta haiN| mahAvIra ke sambandha meM eka abhilekha unake nirvANa ke 84 varSa pazcAt kA baDalI, rAjasthAna se prApta hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra viSayaka yaha abhilekha atiprAcIna aura sarvaprathama hai| vidyAnanda muni ko eka abhilekha seTha bhAgacanda sonI ke saujanya se prApta huA hai| isa sandarbha meM munijI kA kathana hai- " "miyANa' nAmaka grAma meM, jo ajamera se 32 mIla dUra hai, paNDita gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA (ajamera ke purAtattvAnveSI) ne eka kisAna se patthara prApta kiyA, jisa para vaha tambAkU kUTA karatA thaa| patthara para oMketa kucha akSara the, jinheM unhoMne par3hA, akSara prAcIna lipi meM the, ve akSara the-- "visaya bhagavatAya caturasItivasa kAye sAlAmAlAniyaraMni viTha mAjhAmike"... / arthAt mahAvIra bhagavAna se 84 varSa pIche zAlAmAlinI nAma ke rAjA ne majjhamikA nAmaka nagarI meM, jo ki pahale mevAr3a kI rAjadhAnI thI, kisI bAta kI smRti ke lie yaha lekha likhavAyA thaa| yaha zilAlekha vIra nirvANa ke 84 varSa bAda likhAyA gayA hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki pahale se hI vIra nirvANa saMvat pracalita thA aura lekhAdi meM usakA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| ukta zilAlekha ajamera myUjiyama meM surakSita hai| zilAlekhoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra pASANa-zilAoM-mUrtiyoM meM mahAbIra-caritra vipula mAtrA meM prApta hotA hai| "khaNDagiri, udayagiri ke hAthIgumphA vAle zilAlekha vizeSa mAttvapUrNa haiN| baDalI (rAjasthAna) se prApta mahAvIra viSayaka zilAlekha atiprAcIna hai jise kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ne 374 I. pU. kA pAnA hai| mahAvIra kA prathama upadeza vipula parvata para huA thaa| vipula parvata para ukerA huA zilAlekha pUrNa to nahIM hai, kintu usakA nimna bhAga zeSa hai jo zreNika se sambandha rakhatA hai, jisa para spaSTa likhA hai-"parvatI vipula-rAjA zreNika" ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha ullekha rAjA zreNika kA mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa meM jAne ke sambandha meM haiN| kaMkAlITIlA mathurA se mahAvIra viSayaka aneka zilAlekha prApta hue haiM unameM statiyA~ varNita haiN|...nmo arahato brddhmaans|| "dAnasAle ke (1108 I.) cAlukya sAmanta mahAmaNDalezvara sAntAradeva, jo bhagavAna pArzva ke vaMza meM janme the, unake zilAlekha meM mahAvIra ke tIrgha aura gautama 1. DaoN. sAgaramala jaina : arhat pAzca aura unakI paramparA, pR. 1,2 2. vidyAnanda mani : tIrthakara varddhamAna, pR. 2 3. janana oNfa da vihAra eNTa ur3IsA risarca sojAvaTo, bhA. [6 (1930), pR. 67.68 14 :: hindI ke pahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAbora

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gaNadharAdi kA ullekha nimna rUpa meM haiM-barddhapAnasvAmigala tIrthayati se gautamaragaNadhara rAga-pUrva, pRSTa 364-8710)" "bhInamAla meM 1277 I. kA eka stambha lekha jayakupa jhIla ke uttarI kinAre para hai| isameM mahAvIra ke zrImAla nagara meM Ane kA ullekha hai| isa lekha ko kAyasthoM ke naigamakula ke vAhikA rAjAdhyakSa zrI subhaTa Adi ne mahAvIra kI vArpika pUjA va rathayAtrA ke prasaMga meM utkIrNa karAyA thaa| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA evaM usake carita ke prAmANika adhyayana meM zilAlekhoM se sahAyatA prApta hotI hai| mUrtilekhoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra bhAratIya saMskRti meM mUrti ko kalAkRti ke rUpa meM nahIM, balki devatA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta rahI hai| 'pratIka' aitihAsika anveSaNa meM bhI sahAyaka hai| prAcIna mUrtiyA~ aura unake avazeSa pramANita karate haiM ki mAMgalika pratIkoM kI paramparA jaina, vaidika aura bauddha dharma meM prAcIna kAla se rahI hai| ___"jaina AmnAya ke anusAra jainadarzana meM mUrtipUjA kA tAtparya usa vyaktipUjA se nahIM, jo sAmAnya artha meM pracalita hai, balki kisI bhI mukta AtmA kI usa guNarAzi kI pUjA se hai, jisakA tIrthakara-mUrti kI pUjA ke rUpa meM koI pUjaka anusmaraNa karatA hai| bhagavAna tIrthaMkara kI mUrti-pASANapratimA apane atIta kA astitva surakSita rakhatI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pratimA-mUrti dekhane se satya, ahiMsA, asteya, aparigraha aura brahmacarya kA bhAva jhalakane lagatA hai / carita hI svayaM unakI mUrtiyoM se prasphuTita hotA hai| DA. kumudagiri 'jaina mahApurANa : kalAparaka adhyayana' zodha prabandha meM likhatI haiM-"sarvaprathama mathurA meM kuSANa kAla meM mahAvIra kI svatantra mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa prArambha huA, jinameM kisI cihna yA lAMchana ke sthAna para pITikA lekhoM meM diye gaye 'barddhamAna' aura 'mahAvIra' ke nAmoM ke AdhAra para tIrthakara kI pahacAna kI gyii| mahAvIra ke siMha lAMchana kA aMkana lagabhaga chaThI zatI I. meM prArambha huA, jisakA prAcInatama jJAta udAharaNa vArANasI se prApta aura bhArata kalAbhavana vArANasI (kra. 161) meM surakSita hai| mahAvIra ke yakSa-yakSI mAtaMga evaM siddhAyikA haiN| mahAvIra kI mUrtiyoM meM lagabhaga nauvIM zatI I. se yakSa-yakSI kA aMkana prArambha huA, jinake sarvAdhika jdAharaNa uttarapradeza evaM madhyapradeza sthita mathurA, devagar3ha, gyArasapura evaM khajurAho se mile haiN| ukta kathana se mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ke prAcIna tathyoM para prakAza par3atA hai| 1. ahiMsA trANI, apraila-maI 19, pR. 1140. 2. Ta gajeTiyara fiyathaI presIDensI bhAga 1, khaNDa 1. pR. 480. 3. pavanakunAra jaina : jaina katA meM vratIka, pR. I. 1. DaoN. kusudagiri : jaina mahApurANa : kAlAparaka adhyayana, pR. 106. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke srota :: 15

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"kaMkAlI Tola se mahAvIra kI eka ati sundara va prAcInatama mUrti sambhavataH 53 I. pU. kI milI hai| dillI meM saMgraha kra. 48-4/3 mahAvIra pratimA bhI anUThI hai| " mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM kra. 2126 kI mahAvIra pratimA nau iMca U~cI eka pIThikA para suzobhita hai| isake pAdapITha meM khude hue adhUre lekha meM 'varddhamAna' nAma spaSTa haiM, kintu samaya nizcita nahIM ho sakA hai| "" "kumbhariyA ke mahAvIra aura zAntinAtha mandiroM meM (11vIM zatI I.) aura kalpasUtra ke citroM meM mahAvIra ke paMcakalyANakoM tathA pUrvabhavoM evaM tapasyA ke samaya zUlapANi yakSa, saMgamadeva Adi ke upasargoM, candanabAlA se mahAvIra ke prathama bhikSA grahaNa ke kathA-prasaMga dikhAye gaye haiN| tathA elorA meM mahAvIra kI lagabhaga 12 mUrtiyA~ haiM, jinameM se 6 mUrtiyA~ gufA saM. 30, 4 guphA saM. 32 aura do mUrtiyA~ guphA saM. 33 meM haiM / " vidyAnanda muni kA kathana hai- "senApaticAmuNDarAyakRta 'varddhamAna purANam' ( kannaDabhASA) ke pRSTha 291 para eka citra hai| prastuta citra yamunA, mathurA se prApta 8 iMcI mUrti kI zilApaTTikA para utkIrNa hai| yaha mathurA purAtattva saMgrahAlaya, saMgraha saM. 1115 ( harInAI gaNeza) kI kuSANakAlIna pratimA kA hai| isa citra meM krIDArata rAjakumAra haiM - varddhamAna, caladhara, kAkadhara, pakSadhara, bakare jaise mukhavAlA saMgamadeva jo varddhamAna kI nirbhayatA se prabhAvita hokara unheM kandhe para baiThAye nRtva-vibhora hai|" ina uddharaNoM se bhagavAna mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA evaM jIvanI ke kramika vikAsa para prakAza par3atA hai 1 bauddha- 'tripiTaka' meM bhagavAna mahAvIra jaina Agama granthoM meM gautama buddha ke koI spaSTa nirdeza nahIM milte| kintu bauddha 'tripiTaka' meM nimgaNTha nAtaputa (nirgrantha jJAtRputra) ke nAma se mahAvIra aura unake upadeza Adi ke sambandha meM aneka saMketa pAye jAte haiN| "inakA patA lagabhaga sau varSa pUrva taba calA jaba landana kI 'pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI' tathA 'sekreDa buksa oNfa di IsTa' nAmaka granthamAlAoM meM bauddha evaM jaina Agama granthoM kA prakAzana Arambha huaa| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne AcArAMga, kalpasUtra, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana sUtra kA anuvAda kiyA (se. bu.kra. 22 va 15) aura unakI prastAvanA meM pAli sAhitya ke una ullekhoM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA, jinameM niggaNTha nAtaputa ke ullekha Aye haiN| 1. mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, rAjasthAna jaina sabhA, jayapura, 1963, pR. 21. 5. navanIta patrikA, jUna 1979, pR. 58. 3. kumudAgeri jaina mahApurANa kalAparaka adhyayana, pR. 106. : 4. vidyAnanda muni tIrthaMkara varddhamAna, pR. 37. 5. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina mahAvIra yuga aura jIvana darzana, pR. 42. 16 : hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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suninagarAja ne 'Agama aura tripiTaka' : eka anuzIlana zIrSaka grantha (kalakattA, 1969) meM choTe-bar3e aise 12 pAli granthoM ke uddharaNoM kA saMkalana kiyA hai, jinase yaha siddha hotA hai ki donoM mahApuruSa samakAlIna the| unhoMne pUrI chAna-bIna ke sAtha vIra nirvANa kAla I. pU. 527 pramANita kiyA haiM / bauddha sAhitya meM prayukta mahAvIra viSayaka prasaMga tIna dRSTiyoM se citrita haiM-carcA prasaMga, ghaTanA prasaMga ullekha prsNg| DaoN. zobhanAtha pAThaka likhate haiM "bhagavAna mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha samakAlIna the| tatkAlIna samAja ko sa~vArane kI dRSTi se donoM vibhUtiyoM dvArA kramazaH arddhamAgadhI (prAkRta) va pAli bhASA meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha, brahmacarya va paMcazIla Adi kI garimA ko smjhaayaa|"" isa prakAra unake ziSyoM ne use sUtrabaddha (Agama aura tripiTaka) karake unakI vANI ko sthAyitva pradAna kiyA hai| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 'RSibhASita : eka adhyayana' meM mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA para vivecana karate hue likhate haiM- "merI yaha mAnyatA hai ki RSibhASita ke vaddhamANa aura thera gAthA ke vaddhamANa eka hI vyakti haiN| sAtha hI pAli tripiTaka ke 'nimgaNTha nAtaputta' aura jaina paramparA ke barddhamAna mahAvIra bhI RSibhASita aura thera gAdhA ke varddhamAna hI haiN| isa AdhAra para varddhamAna kI aitihAsikatA bhI suspaSTa hai| "2 bauddhagranthoM meM mahAvIra ko 'NAThaputta', 'nigaNTha nAtaputta' kahA gayA hai, mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA jJAtRkula ke the, isIlie inheM 'jJAtRputra' kahA gayA / 'jJAtRputra' saMskRta kA, 'NAThaputta' prAkRta kA, 'nAtaputta' pAli kA zabda haiN| mahAvIra bAhyAbhyantara parigraha kI gA~ThoM meM ba~dhe hue nahIM the, ataH ve 'NiggaNTha' nirbaMdha haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura samakAlIna aitihAsika puruSa vaizAlInareza ceTaka - apabhraMza ke 'mahApurANa' grantha meM tathA saMskRta ke uttarapurANa meM vaizAlI - rAjA ceTaka kA vRttAnta AyA hai| unakI sAta putriyA~ thiiN| sabase bar3I putrI kA nAma priyakAriNI thA, jisakA vivAha kuNDapura nareza siddhArtha se huA thA / ve hI mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA the| ceTaka kI chaThI putrI kA nAma celanA thA, jisakA vivAha rAjA zreNika se huA thaa| sAtavIM kanyA candanA thI, jisane bandinI avasthA meM bhakti se mahAvIra ko AhAra diyA thaa| mahAvIra se dIkSA lekara vaha AryikA saMgha kI pramukha bnii| isase spaSTa hai ki vaizAlInareza ceTaka mahAvIra ke nAnA the| magadha nareza zreNika, kauzAmbIrAjA zatAnIka unake mausiyA the| candanA unakI mausI thI / magadhanareza zreNika bimbisAra magadha deza ke rAjA zreNika kA bhagavAna 1. DaoN. zobhanAtha pAThaka bhagavAna mahAvIra, 10 2. DaoN. sAgaramala jaina RSibhASita eka adhyayana, pR. 72 . bhagavAna mahAvora kI jIvanI ke srota : //

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mahAvIra se dIrghakAlIna aura ghaniSTha sambandha thaa| jaina kathA-paramparA kI paurANika paramparAoM meM zreNika ke prazna aura mahAvIra ke uttara athavA unake pramukha gaNadhara indrabhUti gautama ke uttara se prApta hotI hai| zrIcandrakRta 'kahAkosu' meM zreNika tathA unake putroM kA vRttAnta AyA hai| eka dina rAjA zreNika mahAvIra ke upadeza sunane vipulAcala parvata para gaye aura vahA~ ___ "dharma-sAdhanA ke prabhAva se unake samyaktva kI paripuSTi hokara saptama naraka kI Ayu ghaTakara prathama naraka kI zeSa rhii| yahI nahIM, unake tIrthakara nAma karma kA bandha bhI ho gyaa| isa avasara para rAjA zreNika ne gautama gaNadhara se pUchA ki he bhagavAn, mere mana meM jaina mata ke prati itanI mahAn zraddhA ho gayI hai, tathApi vrata-grahaNa karane kI merI pravRtti nahIM hotii| gaNadhara ne uttara diyA ki tumhArI naraka kI Ayu ba~dha cukI hai / deva Ayu ko chor3akara anya kisI bhI gati kI Ayu jisane bA~dha lI hai, usameM vratagrahaNa karane kI yogyatA nahIM hotii|' zreNika ne jaba se jaina dharma grahaNa kiyA taba se unakI dhArmika zraddhA dRr3ha hotI gyii| zreNika-putra-abhaya kumAra ne muni-dIkSA grahaNa kI aura ce mokSagAmI hue| dUsare putra bAriSeNa ne bhI dharma-sAdhanA karake munivrata dhAraNa kiyaa| tIsare putra gajakumAra ne bhI muni-dIkSA grahaNa kii| kauzAmbI nareza-zatAnIka aura udayana tathA ujjainI nRpa cnnddprdyot| ceTaka kI putrI mRgAvatI kA vivAha zatAnIka rAjA se huA thaa| unake putra udayana kA vivAha ujnI -nareza caNDapradyota kI kanyA vAsavadattA se huA thaa| bauddha sAhityika paramparAnusAra udayana kA aura buddha kA janma eka hI dina huA thaa| yaha eka sudRr3ha jaina paramparA hai ki jisa rAtri meM pradyota ke maraNa ke pazcAt putra pAlaka kA rAjyAbhiSeka huA, usI rAtri mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA thaa| isa prakAra ye ullekha donoM mahApuruSoM ke samasAmayika tathA tatkAlIna rAjanItika sthitiyoM para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlate haiN| mahAtmA gautama bauddha-bhagavAna mahAvIra aura mahAtmA buddha samakAlIna the| tatkAlIna samAja-vyavasthA meM parivartana lAne ke hetu donoM mahAmAnavoM ne kramazaH prAkRta aura pAli bhASA meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha, brahmacarya aura paMcazIla Adi kI mahimA janasAdhAraNa ko samajhAyI tathA use sUtrabaddha karake unake anuyAyiyoM ne Agama-tripiTaka Adi grantha rUpa meM sthAyitva pradAna kiyaa| mahAvIra aura yuddha kA eka-dUsare se kabhI sAkSAtkAra huA hai, aisA koI ullekha kisI Agama grantha meM nahIM miltaa| bauddha vAGmaya meM prayukta mahAvIra viSayaka prasaMgoM kI parakha ke dRSTikoNa se nirmiti huI hai / pracalita buddha nirvANa saMvat aura vIra nirvANa 1. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina : mahAnaura : yuga aura jIvana darzana, pR. 35 18: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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saMvat ke AdhAra para varddhamAna mahAvIra se buddha lagabhaga 30 varSa choTe siddha hote haiN| pAli sAhitya meM mahAvIra ko buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaMkaroM meM mAnA gayA hai I DaoN. ramezacandra gupta likhate haiM.. "jainadharma ke samAna hI bauddhadharma bhI zramaNa paramparA kA eka nivRttimArgI dharma hai| sAmAnyatayA isa dharma ke saMsthApaka ke rUpa meM gautama buddha ko mAnA jAtA hai| gautama buddha jainadharma ke antima tIrthakara mahAvIra ke samakAlIna haiN| "" niSkarSa prAcIna abhilekhoM meM zramaNa paramparA tathA usake pramukha pravaktA mahAvIra ke sambandha meM pracura ullekha milate haiM / tatsambandhI aneka sAhityika mAnyatAoM ko mUrtikAroM tathA citrakAroM ne bhI apanI kRtiyoM meM mUrtarUpa pradAna kiyaa| mahAvIra ke jIvana se sambandhita purAlekhoM, mUrtiyoM ke rUpa meM prAmANika aura vizvasanIya nirdeza milate haiN| jainamata meM mAnya 21 tIrthakaroM kA astitva vaidikakAla ke pUrva bhI vidyamAna thA, lekina itihAsa ke sAdhana isa paramparA ke mUla taka abhI taka pahu~ca nahIM pAye haiN| uparyukta upalabdha purAtattva abhilekhoM, zilAlekhoM, prAcIna pASANapratimAoM evaM samakAlIna aitihAsika puruSoM ke vivecana ke AdhAra para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana viSayaka kucha mahattvapUrNa tathyoM ke saMketa prApta hote haiN| aitihAsika kAla meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vItarAga mUrti kA adhika mAtrA meM pracalana thaa| yaha tathya hAthIgumphA, khaNDagiri, udayagiri Adi ke mUrti abhilekhoM se prApta hotA hai| jaina AgamoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sambandha meM spaSTa rUpa se kucha prAcInatama sAhityika sAkSya upalabdha hote haiM / 'RSibhASita' meM mahAvIra aura buddha ke pUrvavartI tathA samakAlIna 45 RSiyoM ke nAmollekhapUrvaka upadeza saMkalita haiN| inameM brAhmaNa paramparA ke, bauddha paramparA ke tathA anya svatantra zramaNa paramparA ke RSiyoM meM maMkhali gozAlaka Adi ke tathA jaina paramparA ke pArzva evaM varddhamAna ke upadeza bhI saMkalita haiN| ataH varddhamAna kI aitihAsikatA meM koI sandeha nahIM hai / 'AcArAMga' ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA ko spaSTa rUpa se pArzva kA anuyAyI batAyA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva nirgranthoM kI paramparA thI aura yaha pArzvanAtha kI ho sakatI hai| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM spaSTa rUpa se mahAvIra ko acela dharma kA pratipAdaka kahA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM anya Agama granthoM meM pArzvanAtha ko cAturyAma dharma kA aura mahAvIra ko paMcamahAvrata dharma kA 1. DaoN. ramezacandra gupta tIrthakara buddha aura avatAra, 9. 13 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke srota : 19

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pratipAdaka kahA gayA hai| parantu mahAvrata sabhI kAloM meM pA~ca hI rahe haiM, cAhe vaha vRSabhanAtha kA ho yA mahAvIra kaa| ___'RSibhASita' evaM 'bhagavatI' Adi ke ullekha se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki mahAvIra ne tattvajJAna sambandhI aneka avadhAraNAe~ yathAvat rUpa se pAzvapitvoM se grahaNa kI thiiN| parantu yathArtha yaha hai ki janma se hI ve mati-zruta-avadhijJAna-ina tInoM jJAna ke dhAraka the| tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI ke bAda 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI mAnyatA sthira hone ke bAda hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke carita ke saba varNana kalpasUtra, samavAyAMga, Avazyaka niyukti evaM tiloyapaNatti meM milate haiN| prAcIna yuga meM jIvanI kI apekSA kevala upadeza mAga kI hI pradhAnatA thI / jIvanI maukhika rUpa meM pracalita thii| jaina Agama sAhitya kA udgama bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mahAnatA se samasta jaina sAhitya alaMkRta hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kevalajJAna prApti ke pazcAt apanI divyadhvani dvArA lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA se jo hitopadeza diyA, use gaNadharoM ne sUtrabaddha kiyaa| kevalI, zrutakevaliyoM ne mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM evaM caritra kA avadhAraNa (smRti) evaM saMrakSaNa kiyA aura usake pazcAt sArasvatAcArya, prabuddha AcArya, paramparApoSaka AcAryoM evaM AcArya tulya kaviyoM evaM lekhakoM ne mahAvIra carita ko vizAla vAGmaya kI thAtI ke rUpa meM hameM pradAna kiyaa| vastutaH mahAvIra kI divyadhvani se udbhUta Agama Adi sAhitya dIpastambha ke samAna hai| jaina AgamoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke srota DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI kA kathana hai-"aitihAsika dRSTi se dharma-darzana kI utpatti kA patA lagAnA asambhava hai| isake lie prAgaitihAsika kAla kI sAmagrI kA vivecana Avazyaka hai| vizva meM dharma-darzana kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa karane ke hetu bItarAga netA yA tIrthakara janma grahaNa karate haiN| vartamAna kalpakAla meM cauvIsa tIrthaMkara hue haiM, jinameM antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra haiN|" jainadharma meM mAnya tIrthaMkaroM kA astitva vaidikakAla ke pUrva bhI vidyamAna thA / lekina itihAsa isa paramparA ke mUla taka abhI taka nahIM pahu~ca sakA hai| "upalabdha purAtattva sambandhI tathyoM ke niSpakSa vizleSaNa se yaha nirvivAda siddha ho jAtA hai ki tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA anAdikAlIna hai-mohanajodar3oM ke khaMDaharoM se 1. DaoN. nepicandra zAstrI : tIthaMkara mahAvIra aura unako AcArya parampaya, khaNDa 1, pR. 5 20 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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prApta yogIzvara vRSabha kI kAyotsarga mudrA isakA jIvanta pramANa hai|'' zramaNa saMskRti meM dhItarAga, hitopadezI aura sarvajJa caubIsa tIrghakaroM kI pratiSThA kara manuSya kI mahattA ko (pAnavatA ko mahattva pradAna kiyA gayA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya kA svarUpa mahAvIra-jIvana-vRtta ke mUla AdhAra-stambha jaina Agama haiN| paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI kA kathana hai-"upalabdha samasta jaina sAhitya ke udgama kA mUla bhagavAna pahAvIra kI vaha divyavANI hai, jo bAraha varSa kI kaThora sAdhanA ke pazcAt kevalajJAna kI prApti hone para lagabhaga 42 varSa kI avasthA meM (I.pU. 557 vaSa) zrAvaNa kRSNA pratipadA ke dina brAhma muhUrta meM rAjagRhI ke bAhara sthita vipulAcala parvata para prathama vAra niHsRta huI thI aura tIsa varSa taka niHsRta hotI rahI thii| zruta-mahAvIra kI divyadhvani ko hRdayaMgama karake unake pradhAna ziSya gautama-gaNadhara ne use bAraha aMgoM meM nibaddha kiyA / usa dvAdazAMga meM pratipAdita artha ko gaNadhara ne mahAvIra ke mukha se zravaNa kiyA thaa| isase use 'zruta' nAma diyA gyaa| ataH gaNadhara ko granthakartA evaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ko arthakartA kahA jAtA hai| gautama gaNadhara se lohAcArya aparanAma sudharmA, sudharmA se jambUsvAmI ko tathA jambUsvAmI se pA~ca kevalI taka zruta paramparA maukhika rUpa meM rhii| antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu the| dvAdazAMgarUpa zruta-AcArya-paramparA ke rUpa meM maukhika hI pravAhita hotA rhaa| zrutakevalI "bhadrabAhu' ke samaya taka usakA pravAha avicchinna banA rhaa| bhadrabAhu dvAdazAMga zruta ke ekamAtra prAmANika uttarAdhikArI zrutakeyalI the| kahA jAtA hai ki pATaliputra meM prathama jaina vAcanA huii| kintu zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kI anupasthiti ke kAraNa aMgoM kA saMkalana vizRMkhalita rhaa| zrutAvatAra-bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt jaina saMgha digambara aura zvetAmbara pantha meM vibhAjita hone lagA aura donoM kI guru paramparA bhI bhinna ho gayI / digambara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAta 683 varSa taka (I. san 156) aMgajJAna pracalita rhaa| pazcAt AcArya-paramparA ne use surakSita rakhA, lekina mUla meM usake kucha aMza hI surakSita raha paaye| zvetAmbara paramparA meM dUsarI vAcanA mathurA meM huii| balabhI kI tIsarI vAcanA ke samaya saMkalita gyAraha aMgoM ko sammizra pustakAlar3ha kiyA gayA, kintu mahattvapUrNa bArahavA~ aMga kA adhikAMza naSTa ho gyaa| paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI ke zabdoM meM___"caudaha pUrvo meM se do pUrvo ke do avAntara adhikAroM se sambaddha, do mahAn 1. DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI : tIrthakara mahAgIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, khaNDa / , pR. 3 2. paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI : jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga / , pR. 1 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke srota :: 21

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grantharAja digambara-paramparA meM surakSita haiN| unameM varNita viSaca aura usakA vistAra bhI pUrvI ke mahattva ko khyApana karatA hai| digambara paramparA ke jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa inhIM granyarAjoM se Arambha hotA hai| jaina Agama grantha kA svarUpa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI meM tattvajJAna, AcAra, lokavibhAga Adi aneka viSayoM ke sambandha meM unakI svatantra aura maulika dena hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tatkAlIna lokabhASA pAgadhI tathA zaurasenI (addhamAgadhI) ko apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama banAyA thaa| aura isa taraha gautama gaNadhara ke dvArA grathita dvAdazAMga zruta kI bhI bhASA arddhamAgadhI kahI jAtI hai, kintu unakA lopa hone para zaurasenI bhASA, jo vAstavika prAkRta hai, digambara jaina Agama sAhitya kI racanA kA mAdhyama rhii| aura jaba saMskRta bhASA lokapriya huI, to jainAcAryoM ne usameM grantha-nirmiti kii| apabhraMza bhASA kA pracAra hone para usameM bhI jaina sAhitya kA nirmANa huaa| anta meM apabhraMza se niHsRta Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM jaina Agama janatA ke lie sugama ho, isalie vidvattApUrNa granthoM-mahAkAvyoM Adi kA sRjana huaa| saba aMmoM evaM pUrvo kA ekadeza AcArya guNadhara, AcArya kundakunda tathA dharasenAcArya ko prApta huaa| guNadhara meM kasAyapAhuDa' (kaSAyaprAbhRta) grantha likhaa| AcArya kundakunda ne 84 'pAhui' evaM dharasenAcArya ke Adeza para bhUtabalI aura puSpadanta AcAryoM ne 'SaTkhaNDAgama' siddhAnta grantha kI racanA kii| saMkSepa meM zrutAvatAra kA yaha vivaraNa vIrasena svAmI kI 'kasAyapAhuDa' kI TIkA 'jayadhavalA' meM tathA SaTUkhaNDAgama kI TIkA 'dhavalA' meM diyA gayA hai| bhUtabalI apacArya ne SaTkhaNDAgama' kI racanA karake unheM pustakoM meM sthApita kiyA aura jyeSTha zuklA paMcamI ke dina pustakoM ke rUpa meM vidhipUrvaka pUjA kii| isase vaha tithi zrutapaMcamI ke nAma se prasiddha hai| jaina AgamagranthoM kA lipikaraNa digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra paMcamapUrva ke jJAtA AcArya guNadhara (I.pU. prathama zatAbdI) ne kasAyapAhui aura I. prathama zatAbdI meM dvitIya pUrva ke jJAtA AcArya dharasena ke ziSya AcArya puSpadanta aura bhUtabalI ne 'SaTUkhaNDagama' grantha kI racanA karake zruta ko lipibaddha kiyaa| isake pUrva hI AcArya kundakunda AdhyAtmika pAhui granthoM kI racanA kara cuke the| unake bAda cUrNi, sUtra tathA 'tiloyapaNNatti' grantha kI racanA yativRSabhAcArya ne kI / umAsvAmI kA tattvArthasUtra' aura vaTTakara AcArya kA 'mUlAcAra' 1. paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI : jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. / . 22 :: hindI ke pahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna pahAvIra

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bhI isI samaya likhA gyaa| isa taraha upalazca digambara Agama grantha i. jana prathama zatAbdI ke AmapAsa nipibaddha kiye gye| baMtAmbara mAnyatA ke ananAra nAgamoM ke lipivadrona ke pUrva nagara vAcanAeM huii| ina vAcanAoM ke pazcAna !!, AgamoM kA niSiddha kiyA gyaa| vividha vAcanAoM kA samanvaya karake 'mAthI' vAcanA ko AdhAra banAyA gyaa| rApalabdha Agama isI bAcanA ke pariNAma haiN| jaina sAhitya kA kAlavibhAjana paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI ne apana jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa' grantha meM likhA hai-jena Agama tAhitya ke vikAsa kA itihAsa prathama zatAbdI I. pU. meM Arambha hokara vartamAna kAla taka AtA hai| nimna prakAra se kAla vibhAjana kiyA jAtA hai.. 1. I.pU. prathama zatAbdI se I. ke catartha zatAbI ke anta tk| 5. I. pAMcavIM zatAbdI se nauvIM zatAbdI ke anta taka / 3. damIM zatAbdI se caudahavIM zatAbdI ke anta tk| 4. pandrahavIM zatAbdI ke Arambha se vIsI zatAbdI meM anna tk| prAkRta jaina sAhitya-jainadharma kI prAcInatA vaidika kAla yA usasa bhI prAcInatara mAnI jA makatI hai| usa kAla ke prAkRta jaina sAhitya ko '' maMjJA se jAnA jAtA thaa| unakI saMkhyA caudA hai-1. utpAdacaM, 2. anAvaNI, 3. cIyAMnavAda, 1. astinAstigravAla, 5. jJAnapravAda, , satyapravAda, 7. AtmapnavAda, H, karmapravAda, 11. pratyAkhAAna, 10. vidyAnuvAda, 11. kanyANavAda, 12. prANAvAya, 1:3. kriyAvizAla aura 1. lokvindusaar| paramparAgata sAhitya-uttarakAla meM yaha sAhitya digambara aura zvetAmbara parampaga meM vibhakta huaa| digambara-paramparA ke anusAra yaha sAhitya-aMgapraviSTa aura aMgavAdya rUpa hai| aMga praviSTa meM bAraha aMgAM kA samAveza hai 1. AcAgaMga, 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 3. sthAnAMga, 4, samavAyAMga, 5, vyAkhyAprapti, fi, jJAtRbhama kathA, 7. upAsakAdhyayana, 4. antaHkadUdazAMga #. anuttapipAtikadazAMga, 12. praznavyAkaraNa / / . vipAkadhUta 12. dRssttivaad|| dRSTibAda kaM pAMca bheda haiM-1. parikama, 2. sUtra, , prathamAnayoga, 1. pUrvagata aura OM. cUtikA / pUrva ke coraha bheda hai| una aMgoM ke AdhAra para racita granthoM kA aMgavAdya kahate haiM jinakI saMkhyA caudaha haiM-sAmayika, caviMzatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, vanayika, kRtikama, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpavyavahAra, kalpAkalpa, mahAkalpa, puNDarIka, mahApaNDarIka aura nipindrikaa| digambara-paramparA ina aMga praniSTa aura aMgavAya granthoM ko binuna hA mAnatA hai| usake anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bhAganarvANa ke 12 varSa ke pazcAta aMga grantha kramazaH vicchinna hona nge| dASTavAda kaM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvanI ke dhAna :: 13

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antargata dvitIya pUrva AgrAyaNI ke kucha adhikAroM kA jJAna AcArya dharasena ke pAsa zeSa thA jise unhoMne AcArya puSpadanta aura bhRtavalI ko diyaa| usI ke AdhAra para unhoMne 'SaTUkhaNDAgama' jaise vizAlakAya grantha kA nirmANa kiyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA aMga praviSTa aura aMgavAhya granthoM ko Aja bhI upalaJca mAnatI haiN| anuyoga sAhitya-aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya granthoM ke AdhAra para jo grantha likhe gaye unheM cAra vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-1, prathamAnuyoga, 2. karaNAnuyoga, 3. dravyAnuyoga, 4, crnnaanuyog| (1) prathamAnuyoga meM aise grantha hote haiM jinameM purANoM, caritoM aura AkhyAyikAoM ke mAdhyama se saiddhAntika tattva prastuta kiye jAte haiN| mahAvIra carita kAvya isI anuyoga meM Ate haiN| (2) karaNAnuyoga meM jyotiSa aura gaNita ke sAtha hI tIna lokoM kA samagna varNana hotA hai| sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti Adi granya isa vibhAga ke antargata Ate haiN| (3) dravyAnuyoga meM jIva tattva, adhyAtma Adi kA vicAra kiyA gayA haiN| aise granthoM meM samayasAra, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya Adi granthoM kA samAveza hai| (4) caraNAnuyoga meM muniyoM aura gRhasthoM ke niyamopaniyamoM kA vidhAna hotA hai| kundakundAcArya ke niyamasAra, rayaNasAra, caTTakara kA mUlAcAra, zivArya kI bhagavatIArAdhanA, AcArya samantabhadra kA ratnakaraNDanAvakAcAra Adi grantha isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM mahAvIra zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zrutopadeza ko surakSita rakhane ke lie pATaliputra vAcanA, mAdhurI vAcanA, balabhI vAcanAe~ sampanna huiiN| unake AdhAra para usa sAmpradAyika sAhitya kA nirmANa huaa| digambara paramparAoM meM ukta bAcanAoM ko svIkRti nahIM hai| kyoMke aMgajJAna ne sAmAjika rUpa kabhI grahaNa nahIM kiyaa| vaha guruziSya paramparA se pravAhita hotA huA mAnA gayA hai| ataH usakI dRSTi meM to lagabhaga sampUrNa Agama sAhitya lupta ho gayA, jo AMzika jJAna surakSita rahA usI ke AdhAra para 'SaTkhaNDAgama' kI racanA kI gayI hai| digambara aura zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke jIvana viSayaka saMketa kisa taraha ke prApta hote haiM, usakA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| aMgasAhitya-jaina AgamoM meM pratyakSataH Aye mahAvIra carita viSayaka prasaMgoM kA vivaraNa nimna rUpa meM hai AyArAMga (AcArAMgasUtra)-dvAdazAMgoM meM isakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / ataH ise aMgoM kA sAra kahA jAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra viSayaka vizeSa tathya AcArAMga ke nauveM 'upadhyAna zruta' nAmaka adhyayana meM prastuta haiM / mahAvIra kI caryA, zayyA, sahiSNutA, aura tapasyA kA mArmika varNana isake cAra uddezyakoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 5. :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita 'pagavAna mahAvIra

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AcArAMgasUtra kI tIsarI cUlikA ke bhAvanA adhyayana meM mahAvIra ke caritra aura mahAvrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA varNana hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana ke bahuta se sUtra isa jAgama meM upalabdha hote haiN| sUyagaiMga (sUtrakRtAMga)-isa grandha meM do zrutaskandha haiN| vIrastuti' adhyayana meM mahAvIra kA varNana karate hue unako hAdhiyoM meM airAvata, mRgoM meM siMha, nadiyoM meM gaMgA, pakSiyoM meM garur3a kI upamA dete hue use sarvottama batAyA hai| 'dharmaadhyayana meM dharma kA prarUpaNa hai| 'samAdhi' adhyayana meM darzana-jJAna-cAritra tathA samAdhi kI upAdeyatA para prakAza gayA DAlA hai| ThANAMga (sthAnAMga)-yaha sUtra dasa adhyayanoM meM vibhakta hai| pA~caveM adhyayana meM pA~ca mahAvratoM kA varNana hai| mahAvIra kI kumArAvasthA meM pravajita hone kA varNana hai| samavAyAMga-mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA, janma, nagarI, dIkSAsthAna evaM caityavRkSa kA varNana hai| viyAhapaNNatti (vyAkhyAprajJapti)-isakA dUsarA nAma bhagavatI sUtra hai / mahAvIra svAmI ke jIvana ke pracura prasaMga isameM varNita haiN| isameM mahAvIra ko vaisAliya vizAlika-vaizAlikAnivAsI) kahA gayA hai| aneka sthAnoM para mahAvIra kI mahattA ke AkhyAna sAhityika zailI meM prastuta haiN| nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtRdharma kathA)-"vyutpattigata artha hai-jJAtRputra mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa dharmakathAoM kA prruupnn| isakA dUsarA nAma vyAsadharma-kathA bhI sambhava hai| ___18veM adhyayana meM nandazreSThI ke meMDhaka janma kA vRttAnta hai jo mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa meM dharma-zravaNa kI kAmanA se calA, kintu rAste meM hI rAjA zreNika ke hAthI ke pA~va se kucalakara mara gayA, phira bhI use svarga milA / jantukathAoM kA sUtrapAta isameM hai| uvAsagadasAo (upAsakadazA)-prathama adhyayana meM mahAvIra kI mahattA 'dhIra' zabda kI varIyatA se batAyI gayI hai| mokSa ke anuSThAna meM jo parAkrama karatA haiM use vIra kahate haiN| aura jo vIroM meM vIra ho use 'mahAvIra' kahate haiN| antagaDadasAo (antaHkRddazA)-saMsAra kA anta karanevAle kevaliyoM kA kathana hone se isa aMga ko antaHkRddazA kahA gayA hai| arjuna mAlAkAra yakSa se prerita bhaTakatA huA mahAvIra kI zaraNa meM Akara zAnti prApta karatA hai| AThaveM sarga meM mahAvIra ke upavAsoM evaM tapoM kA varNana hai| aNuttarovavAiyadasAo (anuttaropapAtikadazA)-anuttara vimAnoM meM utpanna 1. DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI : prAkRta sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa. pU. 17] bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke srota :: 25

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honevAle viziSTa puruSoM kA AkhyAna isameM haiN| "dhanya anagAra kI kaThoratama tapasyA kI prazaMsA svayaM mahAvIra ne kI hai|" ___ paNhavAgaraNa (prazna vyAkaraNa)- isameM Asrava aura saMvara kA varNana hai| Asrava dvAroM meM hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla aura parigraha rUpa pA~ca pApoM kA tathA saMvara-dvAroM meM ahiMsAdi pA~ca vratoM kA vivecana hai| vivAgasuya (vipAkazruta)--mahAvIra kA prasaMga isameM gotapa gaNadhara ke praznoM ke mAdhyama se AyA hai| unake praznottaroM kA niSkarSa yahI hai ki manuSya apane kiye hue karmoM ke phala ko bhogatA hai| ataH duSkarma na karate hue satkarma hI karanA caahie| diThivAya (dRSTivAda)-isa antima bArahaveM aMga meM "vibhinna dRSTiyoM kA (mata-matAntaroM) prarUpaNa hone ke kAraNa ise dRSTivAda kahA gayA hai| dRSTiyAda kA aMgoM meM vizeSa mahattva hai| isake upadeza ke lie bIsa varSa kI pravrajyA Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai| digambara AmnAya ke anusAra dRSTivAda ke kucha aMzoM kA uddhAra 'SaTkhaNDAgama' aura 'kaSAyaprAbhRta' meM upalabdha hai| prAkRta jainAgama sAhitya kI do paramparAoM meM digambara-paramparA use to lupta mAnatI hai, parantu zvetAmbara-paramparA meM use aMga, upAMgoM, mUlasUtra, cheTasUtra aura prakIrNaka rUpa meM vivecita kiyA gayA hai| zvetAmvara paramparA ke aMgasAhitya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta viSayaka aneka mUla tathya prApta hote haiM, jisakA vivecana uparyukta bAraha aMgoM ke Aloka meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| AgamoM meM mahAvIra kI jIvanI viSayaka jo sAmagrI prApta hotI hai vaha bhI paryApta mAtrA meM sampUrNa rUpa se nahIM hai| batra-tatra bikharAva ke rUpa meM jIvana-vRttoM kA ullekha hai| Agama viSayaka dRSTikoNa kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke jIvana kI ghaTanAe~ bhinna-bhinna aura paraspara virodhI bhI nirdezita haiN| ataH prAmANika aura aitihAsika jIyanI likhane meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ AtI haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama meM bhagavAna mahAvIra yaha digambara paramparA kA granya hai| isake chaha khaNDa haiN| "prathama khaNDa kA nAma 'jIvaThANa, dvitIya kA 'khuddAbandha' (kSullaka bandha), tRtIya kA 'vandhasvAmitvavicaya' caturtha kA 'vedanA', paMcama kA 'vargaNA' aura SaSTa khuNDa kA nAma 'mahAbandha' hai| bhUtabalI ne 'mahAbandha' kI tIsa haz2Ara zlokapramANa kI racanA kI, yahI 'mahAdhavala' nAma se vizAla grantha hai| ina sabameM mahAvIra ke prasaMga vividha rUpoM meM Aye haiN|" 1. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina : prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 91 2. vahIM, pR. 48 3. vahI.. pR. 274-275 26 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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vIrasena AcArya ne ina chaha khaNDoM para 72 hajAra zlokapramANa 'dhavalATIkA' kI racanA kii| kaSAya prAbhRta' nAmaka grantha para AcArya jinasena ne TIkA likhI jo 'jayadhavalA' nAma se vikhyAta hai / " isa grantha meM batAyA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne 20 varSa, 5 mAsa, 20 dina taka (RSi, muni, yati aura anagAra) ina cAra prakAra ke lAdhusaMgha evaM zramaNa, zramaNI zrAvaka zrAvikA sahita dezavideza meM mahAn dharma pracAra kiyA" (dhavalA, pR. 81 ) / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sarvajJa, aura paramAtmA banane ke vidhi-vidhAna kA bar3A sundara citraNa 'jayaghavalA' meM kiyA gayA hai| "12 varSa, 5 mAsa, 15 dina taka tapazcaryA karane ke pazcAt bhagavAna mahAvIra ne prathama zukla dhyAna kI yogyatA prApta kii| isake bAda mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAva cAra ghAtiyA karmoM kA kSaya antarmuhUrta meM karake sarvajJa, vItarAga, jIvanamukta paramAtmA pada prApta kiyaa| tiloyapaNNatti ( trilokaprajJapti ) - yaha ATha hajAra zlokoM kA bRhad grantha hai / AcArya tivRSabha kI yaha dUsarI racanA hai| isake nau adhikAra haiN| "prathama mahAdhikAra meM mahAvIra prasaMgAntargata unake zarIra Adi kA varNana haiN| cauthe mahAdhikAra meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI janmabhUmi, nakSatra, Ayu kA ullekha hai| isI meM mahAvIra kI kumAra avasthA meM tapa svIkAra karane kA varNana hai|.... mahAvIra kA nirvANakAla nirdhAraNa karane meM isa grantha kA mahattva vizeSa hai| ** upAMgasAhitya-- jaina sAhitya meM aMgoM kI racanA gaNadharoM ne kI hai tathA upAMgoM kI sthaviroM ne upAMga saMkhyA meM bAraha haiM, jinameM vividha sAmagrI ke sAtha mahAvIra viSayaka prasaMga bhI paryApta haiN| ina upAMgoM meM 'ubavAiya', 'rAyapaseNaiya' (rAjapraznIya), 'jIvAjIvAbhigama', 'pannavaNA' (prajJApanA) tathA 'candapaNNatti' Adi pramukha upAMga haiN| unameM mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa ke pravacana vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiN| mahAvIra ke aMgopAMgoM kA bhI bar3A manohArI varNana hai / prakIrNaka sAhitya - tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa zruta kI, zramaNoM dvArA kathita racanAe~ 'prakIrNaka' kahI jAtI haiN| mahAvIra ke kAla meM prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 14000 batAyI gayI hai, jabaki Aja kevala 11 prakIrNaka upalabdha haiN| ina 10 prakIrNakoM meM kevala 'devindathava' (devendrastava ) prakIrNaka meM mahAvIra prasaMga AyA hai| chedasUtra sAhitya - cheda sUtroM kI saMkhyA chaha hai| inameM se dazAzrutaskandha' ( dasasuyakkhandha) cauthA chedasUtra hai / isa grantha meM dasa adhyayana haiN| AThaveM adhyayana meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke cyavana, janma, saMharaNa, dIkSA, kevalajJAna aura mokSa kA vistRta varNana hai| isI kA dUsarA nAma 'kalpasUtra' hai| mahAvIra kI jIvanI isameM kAvyamaya zailI 1. vidyAnanda muni tIrthakara barddhamAna, pR. 58, 50 5. AcArya yativRSabha tiloyapaNNani bhAga, pR. 941 bhagavAna mahAvIra ko jIvanI ke srota : 27

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meM likhI gayI hai, jisakA atyanta mahattva hai| mUlasUtra sAhitya-mUlasUtroM meM sAdhu-jIvana ke mUlabhUta niyamoM kA vivecana hai, ataH inheM mUlasUtra kahA gayA hai| 'uttaragjhayaNa' (uttarAdhyayana), Avassaya (Avazyaka), dasavAliya (dazavakAlika), 'piNDaniyutti' (piNDaniyukti)-ina cAroM mUlasUtroM meM mahAvIra ke jIvana viSayaka vividha vRtta prApta hote haiN| 'uttarAdhyayana meM mahAvIra ke antima cAturmAsa ke samaya ke uttara saMgRhIta haiN| isa grantha kA 'drumapuSpikA' nAmaka dasavA~ adhyayana svayaM mahAvIra ne kahA hai| teIsaveM adhyayana meM pArzvanAtha ke ziSya kezIkumAra aura mahAvIra ke ziSya gautama ke aitihAsika saMvAda kA ullekha hai, jisameM mahAvIra ko sarvalokavikhyAta dharmatIrtha kA pravartaka kahA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke pA~ca mahAvrata aura acela (nimrantha) dharma kA isameM vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| nijjutti (niyukti) sAhitya-sUtra meM nizcaya kiyA huA artha jisameM nibaddha ho use niyukti kahA jAtA hai| AgamoM para AryA chanda meM prAkRta bhASAoM meM likhA huA vivecana niyukti hai| 'Avazyaka niyukti' meM mahAvIra kathA ke prasaMga haiN| unake garbha se nirvANa taka kI mukhya-mukhya ghaTanAoM kA ullekha isameM huA hai| __ bhAsa (bhASya) sAhitya-bhASya kI racanA prAkRta gAthAoM meM kI gayI hai| isakA samaya cauthI, pA~cavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / kalpasUtra, uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka niyukti, dazabaikAlika sUtra Adi grandhoM para bhASya upalabdha haiN| inameM mahAvIra viSayaka prasaMga Aye haiN| cupiNa (cUrNi) sAhitya-carNivoM kI racanA gadya meM kI gayI hai| inakA samaya I. kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI hai| uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, Avazyaka niyukti Adi para cUrNiyA~ likho gayI haiN| unameM mahAvIra-caritra ke paryApta prasaMga Aye haiN| AvazyakacUrNi meM mahAvIra ke janma, DIkSA upasargoM tathA deza-dezAntara meM vihAra kA byorevAra (vistAra) varNana hai jo anyatra upalabdha nahIM hai| TIkA sAhitya-AgamoM meM mAnavIya Adarza kI jo vicAradhArAe~ haiM, TIkAe~ unakA vyApaka evaM vizada vivaraNa prastuta karatI haiN| jaina sAhitya meM, TIkAgranthoM meM mahAvIra kI kathAe~ bar3I rocaka aura svAbhAvikatA se prastuta kI gayI haiN| 'anuyogadvAra' para haribhadra kI TokA tathA AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga para zIlAMka kI TIkAe~ mahattvapUrNa haiN| kathA sAhitya-Agama to kathA sAhitya ke mUlasrota haiN| 'kahANayakosa' (kathAkozaprakaraNa) meM jinezvarasUri ne AgamoM para AdhArita aneka kathAe~ likhI haiN| ina kathAoM meM mahAvIra kA prasaMga zAlibhadra-dIkSA grahaNa meM vizeSa AkarSaka va preraka hai| zAlibhadra mahAvIra ke vyaktitva se prabhAvita hokara zramaNadharma svIkAra karatA hai| paurANika aura aitihAsika kAvya sAhitya - jainadharma meM 68 zalAkA mahApuruSoM 28 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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ke jIvana caritra kaviyoM ne likhe haiN| ina paurANika kAvyoM kA strota Agama sAhitya hai| inameM dharmopadeza, karmaphala, avAntara kathAeM, stuti, darzana, kAvya aura saMskRti ko samAhita kiyA hai| ye sabhI kAvya zAnta rasa se yukta haiN| inameM mahAkAvya ke prAyaH tabhI lakSaNa ghaTita hote haiM / lokatattvoM kA bhI samAveza inameM hai| 'paumacariya' paurANika mahAkAvyoM meM prAcInatama kRti hai| jainAcAcoM ne aitihAsika tathyoM ke AdhAra para katipaya prAkRta mahAkAvya likhe haiN| hemacandrasUri kA mahAkAvya cAlukyavaMzIya kumArapAla mahArAjA ke carita kA aisA hI aitihAsika carita kAvya hai / paurANika aura aitihAsika mahAkAvya sAhitya zAntarasa pradhAna rhaa| phira bhI inameM lokatattvoM kA samAveza abhinna rUpa meM rahA hai| prAcIna prAkRta bhASA aura usake Agama sAhitya ke sarvekSaNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne usakI hara vidhA ko samRddha kiyA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa aura saMskRti kA hara kSetra prAkRta Agama sAhitya kA RNI hai| kyoMki lokabhASA aura lokajIvana ko aMgIkAra kara unakI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI dizA meM AdhyAtmika cetanA ko jAgrata kiyaa| Adhunika sAhitya ke lie bhI yaha Agama sAhitya upajIvya banA huA hai| saMskRta caritakAcya ke preraka prAkRta Agama grantha hI haiN| 'SaTkhaNDAgama' meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sarvajJa aura paramAtmA banane ke vidhividhAna kA sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| prastuta Agama grantha ke chaha khaNDa haiM, ataH use 'paTkhaNDAgama' kahA jAtA hai| bhUtabalI ne 'mahAbandha' nAmaka khaNDa para tIsa hajAra zlokapramANa racanA kI jise 'mahAdhavala' bhI kahate haiN| bAraha aMgoM ke bAraha upAMga mAne jAte haiN| unakA nirmANa uttarakAlIna hai / 'mUlasUtra' meM jIvana ke AcAraviSayaka mUlabhUta niyamoM kA upadeza hai| zramaNa-dharma ke AcAra-vicAra ko samajhAne kI dRSTi se chedasUtroM kA vizeSa mahattva hai| cUlikAe~ grantha ke pariziSTa ke rUpa meM mAnI gayI haiM / Agamika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) ne niyuktiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai| prakIrNakoM meM tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA diye gaye upadezoM kI AcAryoM ne vyAkhyA kI hai| Agama ko aura spaSTa karane ke lie TIkA sAhitya likhA gayA hai 1 kathAsAhitya kA mukhya uddezya karma, darzana, saMyama, tapa, cAritra, dAna Adi kA mahattva spaSTa karanA rahA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya ke AcArya, kavi jaina Agama granthoM ke sabhI AcAryoM ne gautama gaNadhara dvArA grandhita zruta kA hI vivecana kiyA hai| viSayavastu vahI rahI hai, jisakA nirUpaNa tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra kI divyadhvani dvArA huA hai| vibhinna samayoM meM jaina sAhitya utpanna hone ke kAraNa ina AcAryoM meM kevala dravya, kSetra aura bhAva ke anusAra abhivyakti kI paddhati meM bhinnatA prApta hotI hai| tathya samAna hote hue bhI kathana karane kI prakriyA bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke srota : 29

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bhinna hai| prAcIna jaina sAhitya ke AcAyoM kI paramparA ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| zrutadhArI AcArya-AcArya guNadhara, kundakunda, puSpadanta, bhUtabalo, yativRSabha Adi ne praghamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, dravyAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga kA kevalo aura zrutakevaliyoM kI paramparA ke AdhAra para grantha rUpa meM Agama sAhitya nirmANa kiyaa| zruta kI yaha paramparA arthazruta aura dravyazruta ke rUpa meM lagabhaga I. pU. kI zatAbdI se prArambha hokara caturdha, paMcama zatAbdI taka calatI rhii| sArasvata AcArya-sArasvatAcAryoM ne zruta-paramparA kI maulika grantha racanA aura TIkA sAhitya dvArA pracAra aura prasAra kiyaa| ina AcAryoM meM samantabhadra, pUjyapAda, devanandI, akalaMka, vIrasena, jinasena, vidyAnandi Adi AcArya mAne jAte haiN| prabuddhAcArya-jo kalpanA kI ramaNIyatA se zrutavANI (vIravANI) ko gadya aura padya meM alaMkRta zailI meM kAvya-sRjana karate haiN| isa prakAra ke AcAryoM meM jinasena prathama, somadeva, prabhAcandra, Aryanandi, hariSeNa, padyanandi, mahAsena Adi kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| ___kavi aura lekhaka-zruta-saMrakSaNa aura isakA vistAra AcAryoM ke atirikta gRhastha lekhaka aura kaviyoM ne kiyA / unhoMne maulika racanAoM ke sAtha TIkA grantha bhI likhe| AcArya jinasena kI paramparA kA vikAsa prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza tathA tatkAlIna bhASAoM meM racita vAGmaya ke AdhAra para kiyaa| prabuddha AcAcoM ne jina paurANika mahAkAvyoM ke racanA-tantra kA prArambha kiyA thA, usa racanA-lantra kA samyak vikAsa saMskRta, apabhraMza, hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI, kannar3a, tamila, telugu Adi bhASAoM meM kaviyoM aura lekhakoM ne carita evaM siddhAnta vipayaka racanAe~ likhakara zruta-paramparA kA vikAsa kiyA hai| niSkarSa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM aura vAGmaya kA avadhAraNa evaM saMrakSaNa unake uttaravartI zramaNoM aura upAsaka AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| zrutadhArI AcAryoM se abhiprAya hai jinhoMne siddhAnta sAhitya, kama sAhitya, adhyAtma sAhitya kA grandhana kiyA hai aura jo cugasaMsthApaka evaM yugAntakArI haiN| Adya AcArya 'guNadhara' haiM aura unakA grantha 'kasAyapADa' haiN| dharasenAcArya ke ziSya puSpadanta evaM bhUtabalI kA 'SaDAkhaNDAgama' grantha hai| sArasvatAcArya se tAtparya haiM jinhoMne prApta huI zruta paramparA kA maulika grantha-praNayana aura TIkA-sAhitya dvArA pracAra evaM prasAra kiyA hai| isake prathama AcArya haiM-svAmI samantabhadra / pravaddhAcArya se abhiprAya hai jinhoMne apanI pratibhA dvArA grantha-praNayana ke sAtha vivRttiyoM aura bhASya bhI race haiM / paramparApoSaka AcArya ce haiM jinhoMne digambara paramparA kI rakSA ke tie prAcIna AcAryoM sAga nirmita granthoM ke AdhAra para apane naye 30 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM ciAyata bhagavAna mahAvIra

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grantha likhe aura paramparA ko gatizIla banAye rakhA hai| isa zreNI meM bhaTTAraka AcArya Ate haiN| jo svayaM AcArya na hote hue bhI AcArya jaise prabhAvazAlI mahAn kavi evaM zreSTha lekhaka hue haiM / unameM apabhraMza ke svayambhU pupadanta, saMskRta ke asaga, kavi dhanaMjaya tathA hindI ke banArasIdAsa, rUpacanda pANDeya Adi kavi Ate haiN| prAkRta meM mahAvIra caritra jainadharma meM 68 zalAkA mahApuruSa hue haiM, jinakA jIvana-caritra kaviyoM ne kAvyoM meM prastuta kiyaa| carita sAhitya kA vipula sRjana prAkRta meM kiyA gayA hai| 'tiresaTha-zalAkA puruSa carita' isameM pramukha hai| 24 tIrthakara, 12 cakravartI, 9 vAsudeva, 9 prativAsudeva aura 9 baladeva ke caritroM kA samAveza isa grantha meM huA hai| 'caupannamahApurisa cariya' mahAvIra kathA se sambandhita hai| mahAvIra cariyaM - san 1082 meM 'guNacandragaNi' ne 12025 zlokoM se pUrNa isa praur3ha grantha kI racanA kii| isa advitIya grantha meM 8 prastAva haiM, jinameM se Adhe bhAga meM mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kAvya kI dRSTi se utkRSTatama isa racanA meM rAjA, nagara, bana, aTavI, utsava, vivAhavidhi, vidyAsiddhi, tantra-mantra Adi kA varNana hai| mahAvIra ke janma, zikSA, dIkSA Adi kA vivaraNa cauthe prastAva meM vistAra se diyA gayA hai| pA~caveM prastAva meM zUlapANi aura caNDakauzika ke prabodhana kA varNana hai / "mahAvIra ke kumbhAragrAma meM dhyAnAvasthita hone, soma brAhmaNa ko devadUSya dene va barddhamAna grAma meM pahu~cane ke vividha prasaMga haiN| yahA~ para varddhamAna grAma kA dUsarA nAma asthigrAma batAyA gayA hai| sAtaveM prastAva meM mahAvIra ke parISaha-sahana aura kevalajJAna prApti kA varNana hai| usake bAda zrAvastI, kauzAmbI, vArANasI, mithilA Adi nagaroM meM bihAra kA varNana hai| kauzAmbI meM candanA dvArA kulmASa dAna grahaNa kara unakA abhigraha pUrNa huA / AThaveM prastAva meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa kA varNana kiyA hai| unhoMne madhyama pAvA meM nirvANa prApta kiyaa| guNacandrasUri (saM. 1189 ) nemicandrasUri ( 12vIM zatI) ke mahAvIracariya ( kramazaH 12025 aura 2385 zloka pramANa ) kAvya vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ina taraha mahAvIra carita kA yaha anupama grantha unake sarvAMga sundara jIvana para vistRta prakAza DAlatA hai| paumacariyaM (padmacarita ) - yaha vimalasUri kI anupama kRti hai| isameM mahAvIra viSayaka vizada vivecana hai| 'sirivIrajiNacariya' nAma se mahAvIra caritra varNita hai| janma - kathA ke vistAra ke sAtha unake 'mahAvIra' nAma kI varIyatA meM kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne meruparvata ko a~gUThe kI krIr3A mAtra meM prakampita kara diyA, ataH mahAvIra nAma devoM dvArA rakhA gayA / 1. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 535 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke srota :: 31

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" Akampiyo yajeNaM, meru aMguTThaeNa lIlAe / teNeha mahAvIro nAma si kathaM surindehi / " (vimalasUri : paumacariya, pR. 2/26) "aNuvaca mahavvAeDa ya, vAlataveNa ya havanti saMjuttA | te honti devaloe, devA pariNAma jogeNa // " (vahI, pR. 2/ 92 ) mahAvIra kI mahattA para paryApta prakAza isa grantha meM DAlA gayA hai| mAtA-pitA, bacapana, viraktabhAva, dIkSA, tapa, kevalajJAna, samavasaraNa, upadeza, zreNika zraddhA, stuti Adi vividha prasaMgoM ko bar3I hI kuzalatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya samuddeza bhI mahAvIra kI mahattA se pUrNa hai| mahAvIra kA upadeza yuga ko ubhArane kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai, jisameM aNuvratoM ke pAlana se devarUpa prApti kA ullekha hai / jaMbUcariyaM ( jambUcarita ) - gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM guNapAla muni ne prAkRta meM yaha carita kAvya likhA hai| jaina Agama ke anusAra jambu svAmI ne zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa kii| guru sudharma ne mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko jambU muni ko sunaayaa| ataH prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA ullekha jambUmuni ke sandarbha meM milatA hai| 'jambUcariya' meM jambUsvAmI kA caritra varNita hai| ve antima kevalI mAne jAte haiN| rAjA zreNika mahAvIra se jambUsvAmI ke carita ko lekara prazna karate haiN| usake uttara meM mahAvIra ne unake pUrvabhavoM kA varNana kiyA hai| jayanticariyaM - yaha kAvyagrantha mAnatuMga sUri ne likhA hai, jisa para unake ziSya malayaprabhasUri ne TIkA likhI hai| jayanti ne mahAvIra se jIva aura karma viSayaka aneka prazna puuche| unake upadeza se prabhAvita hokara jayanti ne mahAvIra se zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| stuti stotra - prAkRta meM 'mahAvIrathava' nannasUri kA prasiddha stotra grantha hai 1 devendrasUri kA 'vIracaritrastava' bhI mahAvIra kI varIyatA ko ujAgara karatA hai / 'vIrastuti' evaM 'bIrajinastotra' ye do prAkRta grantha kramazaH jaina mandira ajamera va jaina mandira bharatapura meM upalabdha haiM I tiloyapaNNatti - zaurasenI prAkRta meM yativRSabha ne yaha mahattvapUrNa grantha likhA hai| isameM prAkRta gAthAoM meM hameM tIrthaMkaroM aura anya zalAkA puruSoM ke caritra nAmAvalI - nibaddha prApta hote haiN| isameM mahAvIra kI jIvana-viSayaka prAyaH samasta yAtoM kI jAnakArI saMkSepa meM smaraNa rakhane yogya rIti se mila jAtI hai / caupannamahApurisa cariyaM (vi.saM. 925 ) - zIlAMka kavi ne isameM mahAvIra kA jIvana caritra prAkRta gadya meM varNita kiyA hai| mahAvIra cariyaM (vi. saM. 1139 ) - pUrNataH svatantra prabandha rUpa se mahAvIra kA caritra 'guNacandra sUri' ne ATha prastAvoM meM prastuta kiyA hai| prathama cAra meM mahAvIra ke marIci Adi pUrvabhavoM kA vistAra se varNana hai| 32 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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mahAvIra cariyaM (vi.saM. 1141) nemicandra sUri ne pUrNataH prAkRta padmavaddha mahAvIra carita kAvya likhaa| isameM marIci se lekara mahAvIra taka 26 bhavoM kA varNana hai| isakI kula padya saMkhyA lagabhaga 2100 hai| niSkarSa bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa I. pU. 527 meM huaa| indramRti gautama ne apane guru ke jIvana aura upadezoM kI samasta sAmagrI bAraha aMgoM meM saMkalita kii| bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda meM eka adhikAra prathamAnuyoga bhI thA / usameM samasta tIrthaMkaroM aura cakravartiyoM Adi mahApuruSoM kI vaMzAvaliyoM kA paurANika vivaraNa saMgraha kiyA gayA, jisameM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unake jJAtRvaMza kA itihAsa bhI sammilita thaa| durbhAgya se gaNadhara gautama dvArA nivaddha vaha sAhitya aba aprApya hai lekina usakA saMkSipta vivaraNa samasta upalabdha Agama sAhitya meM bikharA huA pAyA jAtA hai| usakA ullekha vivecana meM kiyA gayA hai| jAgama ke aMga, upAMga prakIrNaka, chedasUtra, mUlasUtra, niyukti, bhASya, cUNiM, TIkA, kathA evaM carita sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke prAmANika jIvanavRtta, mUla dArzanika, naitika aura AcAra sambandhI vicAroM kA vistAra se paricaya prAkRta sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai| saMskRta meM mahAvIra-caritra jaina kavi aura dArzanikoM ne prAkRta ke samAna hI saMskRta meM bhI apane kAvya evaM darzana kI racanAoM dvArA usake sAhitya ko samRddha banAyA hai| jainAcAryoM ne kAvya ke sAtha Agama, adhyAtma, AcAra Adi viSayoM para saMskRta meM grandha likhe| triSaSTi-zalAkA-puruSa caritra-zrI hemacandrAcArya racita yaha grantha saMskRta jaina sAhitya meM apanA viziSTatama sthAna rakhatA hai| dasa parSoM meM vibhakta isameM tIrthaMkara, cakravartI, baladeva Adi 6s mahApuruSoM kA jIvana varNita hai| dasavA~ pavaM mahAvIra viSayaka hai| teraha sargoM meM vibhakta isa parva meM mahAvIra ke janma, vivAha, dIkSA, kevalajJAna, nirvANa Adi kA varNana kAvyamaya zailI meM kiyA gayA hai| trizalA va devAnandA varNana, kSatriya va brAhmaNakuNDa, kuNDagrAma Adi kA vizada varNana prastuta karatA hai| yuvAkAla meM mahAvIra tapa kI ora unmukha hue| apane vaibhava pUrNa jIyana ko tyAga unhoMne bharI javAnI meM dIkSA grahaNa kara lI, kevalajJAna kI prApti hetu ve sAdhanA meM tallIna ho gye| antataH apanI kaThoratama sAdhanA se unheM kevalajJAna prApta huaa| caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA kara ve jana-jAgRti ke lie nikala pdd'e| aneka rAjA evaM rAjakumAroM ne mahAvIra se dIkSA le zrAvaka dharma svIkAra kiyaa| isa taraha pahAbIra kI jIvana kI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM ke saMketa isa grantha se prApta hote haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke khota :: 55

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triSaSTismRtizAstram-paNDita AzAdhara viracita isa saMskRta grantha kA prArambha vIra bandanA se haiN| anya 24 tIrthakaroM ke vizada varNana ke sAtha grantha ke anta meM mahAyIra kI kathA dI gayI hai| bAvana zalokoM meM kavi ne kuzalatA ke sAtha vIra ke janma, dIkSA, tapa Adi kA varNana kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA, janmasthAna viSayaka varNana jahA~ ati sundara haiM, vahIM unakA nAma samRddhi kA sUcaka 'varddhamAna' rakhA gayA thaa| 'vIra' se 'mahAvIra' banakara unhoMne pauruSa kI parAkASThA pAra kara do aura bauddhikatA meM bhI ye agragaNya rhe| vIra-barddhamAna-caritra-bhaTTAraka zrI sakalakIrti ne saMskRta bhASA meM vIra-varddhamAna caritra' kI racanA kI hai| ve vikrama kI 15vIM zatAbdI ke AcArya haiN| unakA samaya vi. saM. 1443 se 1199 taka rahA hai| isa caritra meM kula 19 adhyAya haiN| prathama adhyAya meM sarva tIrthaMkaroM ko pRthaka-pRthak zlokoM meM namaskAra kiyA hai| bhaTTAraka sakalIti ke 'vIra varddhamAna' carita kAvya kA anukaraNa Adhunika hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM adhikatara huA hai| varddhamAna caritam-nAmaka prasiddha mahAkAvya, 'mahAkavi asaga' dvArA dazama zatI ke uttarArdha meM racA gyaa| isa vizAla mahAkAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA aneka pUrva janmoM se yukta lokottara jIvanavRtta aThAraha sargoM meM divya-bhavyatA ke sAtha varNita hai| solaha sargoM meM atyanta udAtta zailI meM aura aneka varNana vaibhavoM kI AbhA meM barddhamAna ke pUrva janmoM kA varNana hai| utthAna-patana ke ananta dhaper3oM se jUjhatA huA barddhamAna kA cirasaMgharSazIla jIva hamAre mAnasa-paTala para eka prabhAvaka aura sthAyI bimba banA letA hai| satrahavauM sarga mahAkAvya kA sarvasva hai| barddhamAna ke janma se lekara kevalajJAna prApti taka kA prAyaH samasta jIvana isa sarga meM citrita hai| aThArahaveM sarga meM varddhamAna ke vibhinna upadezoM kA varNana hai aura antataH bahattara varSa kI Ayu meM nirvANa prApti kA varNana hai| jahA~ taka varddhamAna caritra ke kathAnaka srotoM kA prazna hai, mahAkavi asaga ne 'tiloyapaNNatti' aura 'uttarapurANa' se sahAyatA lI hai| purANa ko mahAkAvya kA rUpa dene meM kavi ne aneka sthaloM ko chor3A hai aura aneka hRdayasparzI sthaloM kI yojanA kI hai| Adhunika hindI ke mahAvIra carita mahAkAvyoM meM isI se milatI-julatI jIvanI citrita kI gayI hai| mahAvIra viSayaka anya caritakAvya kezava kA 'varddhamAnapurANa', guNabhadra kA varddhamAnapurANa' Adi unake nAma ke anusAra mahAvIra carita ke mahAkAvya haiN| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI kA kathana hai-"jinasenAcArya kI kevala tIna hI racanAeM upalabdha haiN| 'barddhamAnacarita' kI sUcanA avazya prApta hotI 34 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM cintrita bhagavAna pahAvIra

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hai, para vaha kRti abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huI hai|" jaina saiddhAntika racanAoM kA nirmANa adhikatara saMskRta sAhitya meM huA hai| 'tatvArthasUtra' kI racanA mAsvAmI ne kii| siddhasena divAkara ne apanI pA~ca stutiyA~ bhagavAna mahAvIra ko lekara likhiiN| ArambhakAlIna kAvyazailI meM likhita jaTAcArya ke 'carAMgacarita' tathA raviSeNa ke 'padmapurANa' (676 I.) kA nirdeza saMskRta sAhitya meM kiyA jAtA hai / ye donoM saMskRta caritakAvya 'kuvalayamAlA' prAkRta racanA se (779 I. se pUrva kAlIna haiN| tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana-caritra para 'mahApurANa' nAmaka sarvAMga sampUrNa racanA jinasena aura unake ziSya guNabhadra dvArA zaka saM 820 ke lagabhaga kI gayI thii| isake prathama 17 parva 'AdipurANa' ke nAma se prasiddha haiM, jinameM prathama tIrthakara vRSabhadeva aura unake putra prathama cakravartI bharata kA jIvana caritra varNita hai| 48 se 76 taka ke parva 'uttarapurANa' kahalAtA hai, jisakI pUrNa racanA guNabhadrakRta hai| usameM zeSa teIsa tIrthaMkaroM aura anya zalAkA puruSoM ke jIvana-vRtta haiN| inameM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA caritra antima tIna sargoM meM (74 se 76 taka) padyoM meM hai, jinakI kula padyasaMkhyA 5497 691 + 578 = 1818 hai (vArANasI 1954) / lagabhaga paune tIna sau varSa pazcAt hemacandrAcArya kavi ne 'triSaSTi-zalAkA-puruSa carita' kI racanA dasa poM meM kI, jisakA antima parva pahAvIracarita viSayaka hai| 'mahApuruSacarita' merutuMga dvArA racA gayA, jisake pA~ca sargoM meM kramazaH vRSabha, zAnti, nemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra ke caritra varNita haiN| yaha racanA lagabhaga 1300 I. kI hai| kAvya kI dRSTi se zaka saM. 1]0 meM 'asaga' dvArA 18 soM meM racA gayA 'varddhamAnacarita' hai (solApura 1931) / isameM prathama solaha soM meM mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavoM kA varNana hai aura unakA jIvana vRtta antima do sargoM meM hai / sakalakIrtikRta bartamAna-purANa meM 19 sarga haiM aura usakI racanA vi, saM, 1518 meM huii| padmanandi, kezava aura vANIvallabha dvArA bhI saMskRta meM mahAvIra carita likhe jAne ke ullekha pAye jAte haiN| Adhunika hindI meM mahAvIra carita mahAkAyoM ke kaviyoM ne adhikatara saMskRta ke varddhamAna purANoM kA Adarza sAmane rakhakara mahAkAvya rUpa meM racanAe~ kI haiN| apabhraMza meM mahAvIra-caritra apabhraMza sAhitya meM jana jIvana meM pracalita kAvyoM kA prayoga vizeSa rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| usameM lokopayogI sAhitya ke sRjana para adhika dhyAna diyA gayA hai| purANa, carita, kathA, rAsA, phAgu ityAdi aneka vidhAoM para jainAcAryoM ne apanI skuTa racanAe~ likhI haiN| rayaghU-viracita mahAvIra caritra-syadhU kavi ne apabhraMza bhASA meM aneka granthoM 1. DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI : Adi pagaga meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR. 44 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jobanI ke srota .: 36

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kI racanA kii| unakA samaya vikrama kI 15vIM zatAbdI hai| yadyapi unake pUrva race gaye mahAvIra caritoM ke AdhAra para ho unhoMne apane carita kI racanA kI, tathApi unake viziSTa vyaktitva kA unakI racanA meM sthAna-sthAna para prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| dhU ne tripRSTha ke bhava kA varNana karate samaya yuddha kA varNana aura usake naraka meM pahu~cane para vahA~ ke duHkhoM kA bahuta vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| gautama ke dIkSita hote hI bhagavAna kI divyadhvani prakaTa huii| isa prasaMga para syadhU ne paTU-dravya aura sapta tattvoM kA tathA zrAvaka aura munidharma kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| anta meM rayadhU ne bhagavAna ke nirvANa kalyANa kA varNana karake gautama ke pUrva bhava evaM bhadrabAhu svAmI kA caritra bhI likhA hai / sirihara - viracita - vaDDhamANacariu - kavi zrIdhara ne apane varddhamAna carita kI racanA apabhraMza bhASA meM kI hai| yadyapi bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kathAnaka evaM kalyANaka Adi kA varNana prAyaH vahI hai, jo ki digambara paramparA ke anya AcAryoM ne likhA hai, tathApi kucha sthala aise haiM jinameM digambara paramparA se kucha vizeSatA dRSTigocara hotI hai / tripRSThanArAyaNa ke bhava meM siMha ke mArane kI ghaTanA kA varNana prastuta granthakAra ne kiyA hai| gautama ko indra samavasaraNa meM le jAte haiN| ve bhagavAna se apanI jIva - viSayaka zaMkA ko pUchate haiN| bhagavAna kI divya dhvani se unakA sandeha dUra hotA hai aura ve jina - dIkSA grahaNa karate haiN| gautama ne pUrvAhna meM dIkSA lI aura aparAhna meM dvAdazAMga kI racanA kii| jayamittala - viracita varddhamAna kAvya - yaha kAvya kavitva kI dRSTi se bahuta uttama hai| isameM bhagavAna kA carita digambarIya pUrva paramparAnusAra hI hai| kucha sthaloM kA varNana bahuta hI vizeSatAoM ko liye hue hai / kevalajJAna prApta ho jAne para divyadhvani prakaTa hone taka nirgrantha muni Adi ke sAtha tIrthaMkara isa dharAtala para chiyAsaTha dina vihAra karate rhe| anya carita varNana karanevAloM ne bhagavAna ke bihAra kA isa prakAra ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| samagra grantha meM do prakaraNa aura ullekhanIya haiM- siMha ko sambodhana karate hue 'jinarattividhAna' tapa kA tathA dIkSA kalyANaka ke pUrva bhagavAna dvArA 12 bhAvanAoM ke cintavana kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| kavi jayamitrahala ne isa bAta kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra antima samaya meM pAvApurI ke bAharI sarovara ke madhya meM sthita zilAtala para jAkara dhyAnArUr3ha ho gaye aura vahIM se bAMga nirodha kara aghAti karmoM kA kSaya karate hue nirvANa ko prApta hue / jainadharma ke 24 tIrthakaroM aura anya zalAkApuruSoM ke caritra para apabhraMza meM vipula aura zreSTha sAhitya haiN| puSpadanta kRta 'mahApurANa' (zaka saM. 887 ) yaha sarvazreSTha evaM sarvakAvyaguNoM se sampanna mahAkAvya hai| isameM kula 102 sandhiyA~ haiN| inameM mahAvIra kA jIvana caritra sandhi 45 te anta taka yaNita hai| kavi zrIdhara ne bhI 36 : hindI ke mahAkAvyoM ma citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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I mahAvIra ke jIvana para eka svatantra racanA 'baTamANacariu' ke rUpa meM kI hai 'pAsaNAhacariGa' kA samApti kAla (vi.saM. 1180) ullikhita hai / kavivara rayadhU ne 'sammai cariu' dasa sandhinoM meM racA hai| jayamitrahala ne 'vahamANa kavva' kI racanA kI hai| apabhraMza sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke jIvanaviSayaka vRtta evaM unakI vicAradhArA kA vivecana jaina AgamoM para AdhArita hai| ina prakAra mahAvIra caritra kI viSaya-sAmagrI samakAlIna pariveza ke sandarbha meM prastuta kI gayI hai| Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra apabhraMza ke paurANika kAvyoM para AdhArita citrita kiyA gayA hai| purAnI hindI meM mahAvIra - caritra samUcA hindI jaina sAhitya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai- prAcIna yuga aura Adhunika yuga prAcIna yuga meM prAkRta, apabhraMza se udbhUta 'purAnI hindI' bhASA kI racanAe~ AtI haiN| Adhunika yuga meM khar3I bolI meM racI gayI adhikatara racanAe~ Adhunika vidhAoM kI zailI meM AtI haiN| apabhraMza sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAoM ne sAmAnyataH hindI sAhitya ko prabhAvita kiyA thaa| ataH jaina hindI kavi braja aura rAjasthAnI meM prabandhakAvya aura muktaka kAvyoM kI racanA karane lge| yaha satya hai ki jaina kaviyoM ne jainadarzana ke siddhAntoM ko bhI apane kAvyoM meM sthAna diyA / Arambha meM jaina kaviyoM ne lokabhASA hindI ko grahaNa kara jIvana kA cirantana satya, mAnava kalyANa ke lie preraNA evaM saundarya kI anubhUti ko abhivyakti pradAna kI hai| mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke AdhArabhUta grantha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra viSayaka mahattvapUrNa granthoM kA vivaraNa dete samaya DaoN. bhagavAnadAsa tivArI likhate haiM- "vizva kI mahAn vibhUti aura lokavandya tIrthaMkara ke nAte digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM sampradAya ke prAcIna granthoM, purANoM tathA caritakAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanagAthA AcArya evaM mahAkaviyoM ne bar3e vistAra se likhI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirmANa ke samaya se hI unake jIvana sambandhI vikasita itivRtta saMkalita kiye gaye, jinameM kavi-kalpanA kA yogadAna vilobhanIya hai / "" digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra mahAvIra - caritra viSayaka kucha mahattvapUrNa sandarbha granthoM ke nAma haiM- 1. yativRSabhAcArya kRta 'tiloyapaNpatti', 2. mahAkavi puSpadanta kRta 'tisaGimahApurisaguNAlaMkAra' yA 'mahApurANa 3. jayamitrahalla kRta 'baDhamANa kavva', 4. kavi narasena kRta 'baDhamANa kahA'. guNabhadra kRta 'uttarapurANa', 6. sakalakIrti kRta 'varddhamAna purANa (harivaMzapurANAntargata), 7. asaga kavikRta 'varddhamAna caritra', 1. DaoN. 'bhagavAnadAsa tivArI : bhagavAna mahAvIra jIvana aura darzana, pR. 4. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke srota 37

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8. merutuMga kRta 'mahApurANa caritra', 9. padmanandi kRta 'barddhamAna kAvya' ina granthoM meM digambara paramparA kI mAnyatAoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritrAMkana kiyA gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra caritraviSayaka kucha mahattvapUrNa sandarbha grantha nimnAnusAra haiN| aMgagranthoM ke rUpa meM 'AcArAMga', 'samavAyAMga', tathA 'kalpasUtra' mahattvapUrNa caritra sandarbha ke grandha haiN| sAtha hI-1, zIlAMkAcArya kRta 'caupannamahApurisacariya', 2. bhadrezvara kRta 'kahAvalI' 3, guNabhadrasUri kRta 'mahAvIra cariya', 4. nemicandra sUri kRta 'mahAvIra cariyaM', 5. devabhadragaNikRta 'mahAvIra cariya', 6, rAmacandra kRta 'mahAvIra svAmI cauDhAliyo' Adi racanAoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI cAritrika vizeSatAe~ nirUpita haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vyaktitva aura kRtitva para bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya bhASAoM meM saikar3oM patra-patrikAoM aura granthoM meM prabhUta sAmagrI prakAzita huI hai| phira bhI, sAmayika upayogitA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina saMgrahAlayoM meM vidyamAna hastalikhita granthoM tathA prakAzita anya mahattvapUrNa kAryoM se viSaya-sAmagrI saMkalita kI jA sakatI hai| unake nAma haiM uttarAdhyayana sUtra, dezakAlika, vasudevahiNDI, bhadrezvarakata mahAbalI, jaTAcArya kRta varAMgacarita, raviSeNa kRta padmapurANa, kavi vibudha zrIdhara kRta vaDDhamANa cariu, nAgavarma kRta vIra varddhamAna purANa, AcaNNa kRta varddhapAna purANa, padakavi kRta varddhamAna critr| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI kI rUparekhA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana aura cintana ke sambandha meM prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza aura Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM aura dravir3a bhASAoM ke sAhitya meM vipula mAtrA meM varNana prApta hotA hai| unake caritra evaM vyaktitva ko lekara aneka paurANika AkhyAna-upAkhyAna tathA camatkArika, alaukika nijandharI adbhuta ghaTanAe~ aura prasaMga upalabdha hote haiN| mahAvIra kI jIvanI kI prAmANika jAnakArI ke lie kucha zilAlekha, mUrtilekha, stupalekha Adi ko AdhAra mAnA jA sakatA hai, lekina aitihAsika adhyayana kI paryApta sAmagrI ke abhAva meM unake jIvana kA vaijJAnika evaM aitihAsika anuzIlana karanA kaThina hai| prApta prAmANika aura vizvasanIya jIvanI lekhana ke sAdhanoM ke AdhAra para vartamAna meM unake jIvana kI rUparekhA mAtra prastuta kI jA sakatI hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina aura A. ne, upAdhye ina do vidvAnoM ne 'mahAvIra yuga aura jIvana-darzana' grantha meM mahAvIra ke aitihAsika jIvanavRtta ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| bihAra prAnta meM paTanA se 30 mIla uttara meM Adhunika basADha grAma (vaizAlI) kA eka upanagara kSatriyakuNDa thaa| isI nagara meM rAjA siddhArtha kI rAnI trizalA kI kokha 38: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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se I. pU. 599 meM mahAvIra ne janma liyaa| unake vizeSa guNasvabhAva ke anusAra ke varddhamAna, sanmati, vIra, ativIra, mahAvIra Adi nAmoM se vikhyAta hue / mAtA trizanlA licchavi gaNatantra ke mahArAjA ceTaka ke parivAra kI thiiN| mahAvIra ke vivAha ke sambandha meM koI sarvasammata mata nahIM hai| pitA ke rAjya kA zAsanakArya bhI unhoMne yuvAvasthA meM nahIM calAyA / 30 varSa ke navayauvana meM mahAvIra ne samasta rAjaaizvarya kA tyAga kara saMnyAsa dhAraNa kiyaa| sacce Atmika sukha kI, Atmazuddhi kI prApti ke lie nirgrantha hokara kaThora tapazcaryA kii| Atma-vikAsa kI sAdhanA karate samaya aneka bAhya upadravoM evaM parISahoM para vijaya prApta kii| bAraha varSa kI kaThina tapazcayAM ke pazcAt unheM kevalajJAna prApta huaa| ve kevalI arhat sarvajJa khlaaye| rAjagRha ke nikaTa vipulAcala para mahAvIra kI prathama dezanA (upadeza) huii| tIsa varSa taka deza ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM unhoMne vihAra karake dharma-pracAra kiyA / isa vihAra ke kAraNa hI magadha rAjya kA nAma bihAra par3a gyaa| "mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA pArzvanAtha paramparA ke anuyAyI the| mahAvIra ne pUrvavartI 23 tIrthaMkaroM dvArA pratipAdita vicAradhArAoM se preraNA lekara dRr3ha zraddhA te jJAna-cAritra kI sAdhanA karake arhat kevalI kA pada prApta kiyA thaa| usa jJAna ke dvArA yugIna samasyAoM kI vyAkhyA karake unake samAdhAna bhI samanvayavAdI, mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa se prastuta kiye / / mahAvIra ne apane upadezoM meM samasta prANI mAtra kI AtmA ko zuddhatA, AcaraNa kI pavitratA evaM AtmA kI mahAnatA ke vikAsa kI mahattA para sabase adhika bala diyaa| AtmA hI paramAtmA ke rUpa meM pUrNatA ko Atmika puruSArtha se prApta kara sakatI hai| mahAvIra ke upadeza sabhI mAnavoM ke lie the| ve samatAvAdI evaM sarvodayavAdI the| ataH saMgha vyavasthA meM samasta mAnavamAtra ko praveza thaa| catuHsaMgha kI vyavasthA kA vidhAna rhaa| zrAvaka-zrAvikAe~ (gRhasthadharma), sAdhu-sAdhviyA~ (zramaNadharma) isa catuHsaMgha kI vyavasthA tathA jIvana-paddhati Aja taka pracalita rahI hai| mahAvIra ne tIrtha (nadI ke ghATa kI taraha sabake lie upayogI dharma) kA pravartana kiyA, jisameM dalita, zoSita, anyAyapIr3ita, mAnava isI janma meM sukha-zAnti aura paraloka meM bhI saccA zAzvata sukha prApta kara skeN| 527 I. pU. pAvApura meM 72 varSa kI Ayu meM mahAvIra ne nivAMNa prApta kiyaa| DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla mahAvIra kI prAmANika jIvanI kI aitihAsikatA ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM varddhamAna mahAvIra gautama buddha kI bhA~ti nitAnta aitihAsika vyakti haiN| mAtA-pitA ke dvArA unheM bhI hAr3a-mAMsa kA zarIra prApta huA thaa| anya mAnavoM kI bhA~ti ve bhI 1. DA. hIrAlAla jaina, A. ne. upAdhye : mahAvIra : yuga aura jIvana darzana, pR. 48 bhagasana mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke srota :: 39

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kaccA dUdha pIkara bar3he the, kintu unakA udAtta mana alaukika thA / tama aura jyoti, satya aura asatya ke saMgharSa meM eka bAra jo mArga unhoMne svIkAra kiyA, usa para dRr3hatA se paira rakhakara hama unheM nirantara Age bar3hate hue dekhate haiN| unhoMne apane mana ko akhaNDa brahmacarya kI A~ca meM jaisA tapAyA thA, usakI tulanA meM rakhane ke lie anya udAharaNa kama hI mileNge| jisa adhyAtma kendra meM isa prakAra kI siddhi prApta kI jAtI hai, usakI dhArAe~ deza aura kAla para apanA nissIma prabhAva DAlatI haiN| mahAvIra kA yaha prabhAva Aja bhI amara hai I niSkarSa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke vividha srotoM kA vivecana karane para nimnarUpa meM niSkarSa prApta hote haiN| 1. purAtana pASANa pratimAoM, mUrtiyoM, zilAlekhoM, stUpalekhoM se sambandhita jo abhilekhIya sAmagrI upalabdha huI hai, usase bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ke dhuMdhale se saMketa milate haiN| yaha sAmagrI jIvanI lekhana ke lie vizvasanIya aura prAmANika to hai, lekina paryApta nahIM hai| isase bhagavAna mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA nizcita rUpa se siddha hotI hai| 2. Agama granthoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma, tapa, dIkSA, upadeza, nirvANa Adi ko lekara prasaMgavaza vRttavarNana to milate haiM, lekina AgamoM ko lekara digambara aura zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM dRSTikoNa kI vibhinnatA hai| ataH sAmpradAyika dRSTikoNa se hI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke vRttoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, niyukti, mUlasUtra, chedasUtra, cUrNi Adi Agama grantha bhinna-bhinna samaya para bhinna-bhinna vidvAnoM ke dvArA granthita kiye gaye aura sAmpradAyikatA ke kAraNa apanI mahattA kI alaga pahacAna ke lie apane dharmapravartaka kI pratimA bhI apane-apane AdarzoM ke anusAra gar3hane meM magna rahe haiN| ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI aitihAsika evaM vizvasanIya rUpa meM sarvasammata nahIM bana pAtI hai| sAmpradAyika dRSTi ke kAraNa mahAvIra, mAnava mahAvIra na rahakara kalpita deva se bana gaye haiN| 3. jaina Agama sAhitya ke AcArya kaviyoM ne bhI sampradAyagata dRSTi se bhagavAna mahAvIra ko citrita kiyA hai| ye AcArya zrutadhArI, sArasvata, prabuddha, paramparApoSaka evaM gRhastha kavi rhe| ina santoM ne apanI bauddhika kSamatA ke anusAra evaM sampradAya vizeSa kI alaga pahacAna ko surakSita rakhane ke lie yugAnukUla mahAvIra ke jIvana meM aneka paurANika, kAlpanika ghaTanAoM kA samAveza kiyaa| ataH vizvasanIya jIvanI prApta nahIM hotI / 4. prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, purAnI hindI sAhitya meM samaya-samaya para deza kaM vividha sthAnoM meM vividha panthIya dRSTikoNa se jaina sAmpradAyika sAdhuoM, jainaMtara 4) hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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brAhmaNa vidvAnoM, videzI vidvAnoM dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra sAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM meM likhA gayA hai| uparyukta likhita mudrita sAmagrI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanIviSayaka jijJAsA ko tRpta karane meM samartha nahIM hai| aneka prakAra ke buddhibhrama nirmANa hote haiN| ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI kI rUparekhA ko hI mAtra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI tathya ko sAmane rakhakara adhyAya ke anta meM mahAvIra ko jIvanI kI rUparekhA ko prastuta kiyA haiN| vartamAna yuga kI pramukha vizeSatA hai-aitihAsika aura vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa kii| Aja ke yuga kI mAMga hai ki aitihAsika mahAvIra kA caritra tarkabuddhi-siddha aura itihAsa-sammata ho| mahAvIra-caritra likhane meM vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa apanAne kI atyadhika AvazyakatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta sambandhI jo asaMgata bAteM citrita kI jAtI haiM-jaise / . garbhApaharaNa, 2. zizumahAvIra ke aMguSTha dvArA merukampana, 3. svarga ke devoM kI sRSTi karake mahAvIra ke garbha, janma dIkSA, kevalajJAna, nirvANa ke kalyANaka mahotsavoM para unakI upasthiti aadi| inhIM asaMgatiyoM, paurANika kalpanAoM, alaukika adabhata prasaMgoM kA samAveza mahAvIra ke caritra meM tayugIna AvazyakatA ko mAnakara jo kiyA gayA, use Aja kI nayI pIr3hI buddhi grAhya nahIM maantii| ataH aitihAsika dRSTi se evaM ghaTanAoM ko tarkabuddhi kI kasauTI para kasane para mahAvIra ke caritra kA Adhunika vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se anuzIlana-anusandhAna karanA yugIna AvazyakatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ke sota :: 41

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dvitIya adhyAya Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra - caritra Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya hindI sAhitya meM AdhunikatA kA prArambha sAThottarI sAhitya se mAnA jAtA hai| ataH Adhunika tathA AdhunikatA ko bhI alaga-alaga arthoM meM samajhA jAne lagA hai I Adhunika zabda 'adhunA' zabda se niSpanna hai| adhunA kA koSagata artha hotA hai-aba, isa samaya, ina dinoM tathA vartamAna Adhunika zabda kA artha hogA jo Ajakala kA hai athavA jo aba isa samaya se sambandhita hai| Adhunika aura AdhunikatA meM paryApta antara hai, kyoMki Adhunika vizeSaNa hai, aura AdhunikatA saMjJA hai / = 'Adhunika' zabda ko itihAsa ke sandarbha meM do arthoM meM samajhA jAtA hai1. madhyakAla se bhinna navIna ihalaukika dRSTikoNa kI sUcanA denevAlI sArI gatividhiyA~ Adhunika kahI jA sakatI haiN| yaha Adhunika athavA navIna dRSTikoNa sAhitya meM abhivyakta huA / sAhitya kA sambandha mAnava ke sAdhAraNa sukha-duHkhoM se jur3a gayA / isa prakAra mAnavI dRSTikoNa se jo nayI cetanA AyI, vahI Adhunika kahalAyI / 'Adhunika' zabda kA eka dUsarA artha bhI dhvanita hotA hai| isa loka ke aihika dRSTikoNa ko dharma, darzana, sAhitya, kalA Adi ke sAtha vartamAna vAtAvaraNa evaM pariveza se jor3A gayA hai| "Adhunika lekhakoM, dArzanikoM, cintakoM, kalAkAroM tathA dhArmika vyAkhyAtAoM ne mAnava - cintanadhArA ko zuddha mAnavIya dharAtala para sthira kiyA / Adhunika yuga kI sAhityika dhArA ne sudhAra, pariSkAra tathA atIta ke punarAkhyAna ke sandarbha meM eka prakAra kI navInatA pradAna kI hai / " Adhunika kAla kahane se rItikAla athavA samasta madhyakAla se alaga aura navIna dRSTikoNa ko apane sAtha lekara calanevAle sAhitya ko Adhunika sAhitya kahA jAtA hai / hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM Adhunika kA prArambha lagabhaga saM. 1900 vi. se mAnA jAtA hai I 1. DaoN. jayanArAyaNa kSmAM hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa (Adhunika kAla), pR. 10 12 hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya kA prArambha saMskRta ke zAstrIya zailI ke mahAkAvyoM kI paddhati kA vAstavika anukaraNa Adhunika hindI meM bIsavIM zatAbdI meM prArambha huaa| zrI ayodhyAsiMha upAdhyAya 'hariaudha' ne san 1914 meM 'priyapravAsa' kI racanA khar3I bolI hindI meM saMskRta kI zAstrIya zailI para karane kA prathama prayAsa kiyaa| 'hariaudha' jI ne 'priyapravAsa' ko racanA meM paurANika bAtoM kA bauddhikIkaraNa kara Adhunika yuga ke lie vizvasanIya bnaayaa| yaha pravAsa dvivedI yuga kI punarutthAnavAdI sAMskRtika rASTrIyatA kI pravRtti ke anurUpa tho| punarutthAnavAdI rASTrIyatA kI pravRtti kI preraNA se hI Adhunika yuga meM khar3I bolI meM aneka mahAkAvya likhe gye| ina sabhI prabandhakAvyoM ko unake kaviyoM ne mahAkAvya mAnA hai| aura unakI racanA bhI mUlataH mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya lakSaNoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hI huI hai| Adhunika kAla meM kRSNacaritra para likhe kAvyagranthoM meM 'hariaudha' jI kA priyapravAsa' pramukha hai| kRSNacaritra se sambandhita alaukika kathAoM kI vyAkhyA kavi ne apane DhaMga para kI hai| Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya ke kathAsrota prasAdottara mAhAkAvyoM meM kathAnaka ke pramukha srota purANa aura itihAsa rahe haiN| kintu sama-sAmayika jIvana kI ghaTanAe~, paristhitiyoM evaM vyaktitva bhI mahAkAvya racanA ke AdhArabhUta pratimAna rahe haiN| udAharaNa ke lie 'vaidehIvanavAsa', 'kRSNAyana', 'sAketasanta', 'jayabhArata', 'pArvatI', 'razmirathI', 'ekalavya', urmilA', 'urvazI', 'kurukSetra', 'damayantI', 'rAmarAjya' Adi mahAkAvyoM kI kathAvastu purANoM para AdhArita hai, to 'nUrajahA~', 'siddhArtha', 'varddhamAna', 'mIrA', 'jhA~sI kI rAnI', 'vANAmbarI', 'vikramAditya' Adi mahAkAvya itihAsa para AdhArita haiN| ina mahAkAvyoM kI kathAvastu itihAsa, purANa para AdhArita hote hue bhI inameM kathAcayana kI navInatA, maulika prasaMgoM kI udbhAvanA evaM mArmika prasaMgoM kI sRSTi hai| __ vartamAna yuga kA utkRSTa mahAkAvya 'lokAyatana' hai| vartamAna yuga meM nirAlA, panna, bhagavatIcaraNa varmA, rAmakumAra varmA, dinakara tathA baccana Adi ke kAvya prakAza meM Aye haiN| sumitrAnandana panta jI kA 'lokAyatana' eka utkRSTa prabandha kAvya hai| usameM dArzanika vicAroM kI abhivyakti meM hI kathA kA vikAsa hotA hai| lokAyatana' vartamAna kI vaha gAthA hai, jo na atIta kI ora mur3atI hai aura na usakI ora se mu~ha mor3atI hai| bhAratIya lokabhUmi para vizva-mAnava ke antara-bAhya vikAsa kI parikalpanA isameM citrita huI hai| panta jI ke zabdoM meM lokAyatana grAma dharA ke A~cala meM janabhAvanA kI chandoM meM baiMdhI yuga jIvana kI bhAgavata kathA hai| jAdhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra :: 48

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Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM paurANika-aitihAsika mahAkAvya devIprasAda gupta ke zabdoM meM-"samaSTirUpa se mAnavatAvAdI jIvanadarzana, sAMskRtika niSTAra, utthAnamUlaka jIvanAdarza, nArI cetanA ke mukharita svara, janajAgRti kA udbotra, racanA-zilpa ko nInatA tathA caritroM kI yugIna sandabhoM meM avatAraNA Adhanika hindI mahAkAvyoM kI vizeSatAe~ rahI haiN| Adhunika pahAkAvyoM meM varNita rAmacarita, kRSNacaritra, zivacaritra para AdhArita paurANika caritra mahAkAvya haiM tathA buddha, mahAvIra, dayAnanda, vivekAnanda, chatrapati zivAjI, mahAtmA gA~dhI, neharU Adi aitihAsika mahAkAvya haiN| svAtantryottara yuga meM aise mahAkAvyoM kA sRjana yuga kI mAMga ke anusAra huA hai| DaoN. lAlatAprasAda saksenA ne Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM kA vargIkaraNa sAta vibhAgoM meM kiyA hai| "I. zraddhA manu sambandhI mahAkAvya-kApAyano aadi| 2. rAmacarita sambandhI mahAkAvya-sAketa, vaidehIvanavAsa Adi / 3. kRSNacarita sambandhI mahAkAvya-priyapravAsa, kRSNAyana aadi| 4. nalacarita sambandhI mahAkAvya-nalanareza, damayantI Adi / 5. buddhacarita sambandhI mahAkAvya-siddhArtha aadi| 6. anya mahAkAvya (ka) porANika mahAkAvya-pArvatI, tAraka-vadha, ekalavya, (kha) aitihAsika mahAkAvya-candragupta maurya, nUrajahA~, mAnavendra, saradAra bhagatasiMha 7. mahAvIra carita sambandhI mahAkAvya-'varddhamAna' aadi|" svatantratA prApti ke pazcAt hI mahAvIra-caritra sambandhI mahAkAvya prakAzita hue haiN| svAtantryottarakAlIna mahAkAvyoM ke itivRtta-vidhAna ke srota itihAsa, purANa aura samakAlIna jIvana rahe haiN| svAtantryottara mahAkAvyoM meM adhikAMza mahAkAvya caritramUlaka rahe haiN| DaoN. zambhUnAya siMha ke anusAra-"Adhunika yuga ke mahAkAvyoM kI tIna koTiyA~ dikhAI par3atI haiM__ 1. ve kAvya jinameM mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya lakSaNoM kA pUrNatayA nirvAha huA haiM, kintu jinameM dRSTikoNa aura rUpazilpa sambandhI koI maulikatA aura navInatA nahIM dikhalAI pdd'tii| 2. ve kAvya jinameM zailI kI yugAnurUpa navInatA aura dRSTikoNa kI maulikatA 1. DaoN. devIprasAda gupta : hindI mahAkAvya siddhAnta aura mUlyAMkana, pR. 67 5. DaoN. lAlatAprasAda saksenA : hindI mahAkAvyoM meM manovaijJAnika tattva, dvitIya bhAga, pR. 241 41 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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hota hara bhI pahAkAzya ke zAstrIya lakSaNoM ke nirvAha kA moha nahIM chor3A gayA haiN| 3. ye kAvya jinameM paramparAgata prabandharUr3hiyoM kA sarvathA tyAga kiyA gayA hai aura navInatA kI dhuna meM pravandhatva aura bhAvAtmakatA kA bhI bahiSkAra kara diyA gayA hai| ataH mahAvIra-caritra sambandhI Adhunika mahAkAvya prathamakoTi ke antargata samAviSTa hote haiN| jaise varddhamAna', 'cIrAyana' Adi / Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra viSayaka anuzIlana karane ke pUrva tadviSayaka paramparAgata svarUpa ko jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai| hindI sAhitya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra caritakAvya AdikAla se lekara Ajataka bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko lekara aneka racanAe~ likhI gayI haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra bIsavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM bhI mahAkAvya kA preraNAdAyI, Adarza aura mahAn dhIrodAtta nAyaka banA huA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra tathA unakA jIvana-darzana Aja bhI utanA hI prasaMgAnukUla, sandarbhasahita aura upAdeya rahA hai| AdikAla ke rAso kAvyoM meM pAdhyAya abhayatilaka ne saM. 1907 meM 'mahAvIrarAsa' ke nAma se caritakAcya likhA hai| 'rAsa' 'carita' kA paryAyavAcI zabda hai| satrahavIM zatAbdI kI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti 'mahAbIra dhavala' hai| jayapura meM vizAla jaina sAhitya ke lekhana kI sudIrgha paramparA rahI hai| kavi budhajana ne 'barddhamAnapurANa' kA chandobaddha anuvAda kiyaa| khuzAlacandakAlA ne 'uttarapurANa' kA payAnuvAda kiyaa| isa taraha rAjasthAnI bhASA ke sAhitya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ko lokanAyaka ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gyaa| bhaktikAla meM saM. 1600 ke AsapAsa padmakavi ne 'mahAvIra' kAvya rcaa| rItikAla meM navalarAma khaNDelavAla ne 'barddhamAna caritra' likhA / Adhunika kAla meM Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke atirikta mUladAsa mohanadAsa nipAcata ne 'vIrAyana' nAmaka mahAkAvya hindI anuvAda sahita gujarAtI meM san 1952 meM prakAzita kiyA hai| yati motI haMsajI ne 'tIrthakara zrIvarddhamAna' nAma se saM. 2016 meM kAvya racanA prakAzita kI hai, jo vizeSa rUpa se mahAkAvya kI koTi meM nahIM aatii| zrI harijI ne mahAvIra nAmaka kAvya racanA kI hai, jo aba taka aprakAzita hai| zrI gaNezamuni ne 'vizvajyoti mahAvIra' nAmaka kAvya san 1975 meM prakAzita kiyA hai| lekina vaha mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM ke anusAra nahIM hai| 1. DaoN. zambhUnAtha siMha : hindI mahAka yya kA syarUpa vikAsa, pR. Hg Adhunika hindI mahAkAyoM meM varNita pahAvIra-caritra :: 435

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uparyukta prabandha kAvya vizeSa rUpa se dvivedIyuga meM athavA dvivedIyugIna pravRttivAle kaviyoM dvArA tikhe gaye / isa vibhAga ke antargata DaoN. zambhUnAtha siMha ne pahAbIracaritra sambandhI 'varddhamAna' Adi mahAkAvyoM ko vizeSa mahattvapUrNa kAvya mAnA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra caritra viSayaka Adhunika mahAkAvya hindI sAhitya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra viSayaka kAyoM kI racanA AdikAla se lekara Adhunika kAla taka akhaNDa rUpa meM apabhraMza carita kAvya kI paddhati para paurANika zailI meM hotI A rahI hai| Adhunika hindI sAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM meM bho mahAvIra-caritra viSayaka sAhitya vipula mAtrA meM prakAzita huA hai| prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza se gujarakara hindI sAhitya meM mahAvIra-caritra mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA akhaNDa rUpa meM pravahamAna rahI hai| Adhunika kAla ke hindI mahAkAvyoM meM mahAvIra-carita viSayaka mahAkAvyoM meM anUpa zarmA kA 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya prathama mahAkAvya hai| zrImatI indurAya ne nimnAMkita mahAkAvyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kavi rAjadharalAla jaina kevalArI kRta 'vIra caritra', kavi dhanyakumAra jaina 'sudheza' kRta 'paramajyoti mahAvIra', kAra nAthUlAla trivedI kA 'mahAvIra caritrAmRta' Adei mahAkAvya bhI prakAzita ho cuke haiN| DaoN. divyaguNAzrI ne apane zodhaprabandha meM nimnalikhita prabandha kAvyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| "(1) anUpa zarmA kRta 'barddhamAna', 1951 I., bhAratIya jJAnapITha kaashii| (2) DaoN. rAmakRSNa zarmA kRta bhagavAna mahAvIra', bharatapura sarasvatIsadana prkaashn| (3) abhayakumAra yaudheyakRta 'zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra-caritra', 1976 I.. meraTha / (4) raghuvIrazaraNa 'mitra' kRta 'vIrAyana' vIra nirvANa, saM. 2500, mertth| (5) vidyAcandra sUri kRta 'carama tIrthaMkara' zrI mahAvIra, 1975 I., raajgddh'| (6) chaila bihArI kRta 'tIrthakara mahAvIra', 1976 I., indaura / (7) dhanyakumAra jaina 'sudheza' kRta 'paramajyoti mahAvIra', 1961 I., indaura / (8) mANikacanda kRta 'jayamahAvIra', 1986 I., biikaaner| (9) hajArImala jaina kRta 'trizalAnandana mahAvIra' sAhityasadana, jhaaNsii| (10) kavi navala zAha kRta 'yarddhamAna purANa', 1768 I., dehlii|| mahAvIra-caritra viSayaka jo kAvya, mahAkAvya kI kasauTI para arthAt zAstrIya lakSaNoM ko kasauTI para kama-adhika mAtrA meM ThIka likhe gaye haiM aise hI nimnAMkita chaha mahAkAvyoM kA cayana bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa karane kI dRSTi se prastuta anuzIlana meM kiyA gayA hai| I. DaoN divyagaNAzrI : hindI ke mahAvIra prabandha kAnyA kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 2 46 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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Adhunika mahAvIracarita mahAkAvya Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya kI paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra caritraviSayaka mahAkAvya kA sRjana 1951 I. meM mahAkavi anUpa zarmA kRta 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya se hotA hai| isakA prakAzana bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI se huA hai| samasta itihAsakAroM ne evaM AlocakoM ne ise prathama mahAvIra caritra mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM gauravAnvita kiyA haiN| 1959 I. meM kavi vIrendra prasAda jaina kRta 'tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra' nAmaka mahAkAvya kA prakAzana akhila vizva jaina mizana alIgaMja (eTA) uttarapradeza ke dvArA huA, jisakA dUsarA saMskaraNa 1965 I. meM prakAzita huaa| 1963 I. meM kavi dhanyakumAra jaina 'sudheza' kRta 'paramajyoti mahAvIra' nAmaka mahAkAvya, zrI phUlacanda javaracanda godhA, jaina granthamAlA 4, sara hukumacanda mArga, indaura dvArA prakAzita huA / san 1973 meM kavi khuvIrazaraNa 'mitra' kRta 'vIrAyana' nAmaka mahAkAvya kA prakAzana sadara, meraTha se huaa| mArca 1976 meM kavi DaoN. zailabihArI gupta kRta 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra mahAkAvya indaura se prakAzita huaa| agasta 1976 I. meM kavi abhaya kumAra baudheva kRta 'zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra - caritra' nAmaka mahAkAvya, bhagavAna mahAvIra prakAzana saMsthAna, jainanagara, meraTha dvArA prakAzita huA / ukta sabhI mahAvIra caritra rUpa chaha mahAkAvya 1951 I. se 1976 I. taka ke bIca likhe gye| ataH samaya kI dRSTi se ve Adhunika mahAkAvya haiN| Adhunika mahAkAvya kI parivartita mAnyatAoM ke anusAra bhI ye Adhunika mahAkAvya kI koTi meM A sakate haiN| ina mahAkAvyoM ke samasta kaviyoM ne apanI-apanI kAvyaracanA ko mahAkAvya kI saMjJA, bhUmikA meM pradAna kI hai| isa bIca meM aura bhI mahAvIra carita kA kAvya rUpa sRjana huaa| magara adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se ukta chaha mahAkAvyoM kA cayana mahAvIra ke caritra citraNa ke anuzIlanArtha pratinidhi rUpa meM kiyA hai| Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA svarUpa kramazaH prastuta kiyA jAtA hai / 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya paM. pannAlAlajI ke zabdoM meM- "digambara AmnAya meM tIrthaMkara Adi zalAkA puruSoM ke caritra ke mUlastambha, prAkRta bhASA ke 'tiloyapaNNatti' grantha meM milate haiN| isake caturtha mahAdhikAra meM tIrthaMkara kisa svarga se nikalakara Aye, unake nAma, nagarI aura mAtA-pitA kA nAma, janmatithi, nakSatra, vaMza, tIrthaMkaroM kA antarAla, Ayu, kumArakAla, zarIra kI U~cAI, varNa, rAjyakAla, vairAgya kA nimitta, cihna, dIkSA, tithi, nakSatra, dIkSAvana, SaSTa Adi prAthamika tapa, sAtha meM dokSA lenevAle muniyoM kI saMkhyA, pAraNA, kumArakAla meM dIkSA lI yA rAjyakAla meM dAna meM paMcAzcarya honA, chadmasthakAla, kaMvalajJAna kI tithi nakSatra - sthAna, kevalajJAna kI utpatti kA antarAla kAla, samavasaraNa Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra :: 47

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kA sAMgopAMga varNana, bihAra, nirvANatithi aura sAgha meM rahanevAle muniyoM kI saMkhyA Adi pramukha stambhoM kA vidhivat saMgraha hai| iso saMgraha ke AdhAra para zanAkApuruSoM ke caritra vikasita hue haiN| jinasena ne apane 'mahApurANa' kA AdhAra parameSThIkavi kRta bAgayaM saMgraha' pugaNa ko batalAyA hai| padmapurANa ke kartA raviSeNa aura 'harivaMza purANa' ke kA jinasena ne bhI tIrthakara Adi zalAkA puruSoM ke viSaya meM jo jJAtavya bRna saMkalita kiye haiM ve 'tiloyapaNNatti' para AdhArita haiN| vRttavarNana ke rUpa meM varddhamAna carita ke kathAnaka kA AdhAra guNabhadra kA 'uttarapurANa' jAna par3atA hai, kyoMki uttara purANa ke 74veM parva meM varddhamAna bhagavAna kI jo kathA vistAra saM dI gayI hai, usakA takSipta rUpa vartamAna-carita kAvyoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| itanA avazya hai ki kaviyoM ne usa paurANika kathAnaka ko mahAkAvya kA rUpa diyA hai| 'varddhamAna' meM mahAvIra-caritra varddhamAna ke sampUrNa caritra ko mahAkavi anUpa ne satraha sargoM meM prastuta kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aitihAsika caritra ko paurANika zailI meM chandobaddha karake kavi ne use mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| prathama sarga-bhagavAna mahAvIra kA garbhastha rUpa bhArata mahimA, videha-deza-prazaMsA, kSatriya-kaNDapara Adi sthAnoM kA vistAra se varNana tathA prakRti-citraNa hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma hone se pUrva bhArata varSa kI dhArmika aura sAmAjika paristhitiyoM kA citra spaSTa kiyA hai| mahArAja siddhArtha ke parAkrama kA varNana aura mahArAnI trizalA devI ke rUpa-saundarya kA kalAtmaka citraNa kiyA hai| trizalA devI kI sarvAMga chavi ko citrita karate hue mahArAnI kA nakha-zikha evaM zikha-nakha varNana kalAtmaka DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai, aura anta meM mahArAnI trizalA devI ke garbha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke garbhastha hone kA saMketa kiyA hai| dUsarA sarga--bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA prANata nAmaka kalpa se cyuta hokara vikramIma saMvat 553 varSa pUrva ASADha zuklA SaSTI kI madhya rAtri ke samaya kuNDapura meM trizalA kI kukSi meM bhagavAna mahAvIra avatIrNa hue| pUrvajanma meM meM svarga meM acyatendra the| mahAvIra ke rUpa meM unakI AtmA kI trizalA ke garbha meM sthApanA huii| garbhadhAraNA ke samaya kubera dvArA ratnavaSAM huii| 1. asagakRta vadamAna caritam kI prastAvanA, pR. 22 se uddhRta / 4R :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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jASAr3ha kI vaSAM Rtu kA sundara citraNa kiyA hai| janma ke pUrva chaH mAsa pahale se hI unake bhavana para ratnoM kI varSA hone lgii| rAjA siddhArtha aura rAnI trizalA devI ke premAlApa kA tathA unakI krIDA kA sarasa varNana kiyA hai| tIsarA sarga - SoDazasvapna madhyarAtri ke samaya kA prakRti-citraNa kiyA hai| mahArAnI trizalA devI ko dikhe solaha svapna aura unake phala kA bahuta hI sundara varNana prastuta hai| ina svapna-darzana kA phala svapnajJoM ne yaha batalAyA ki yathAsamaya trizalA devI ke garbha se mahAnU cakravartI athavA torthaMkara kA janma hogaa| jaba se bhagavAna mahAvIra mahArAnI trizalA ke garbha meM avatIrNa hue, tabhI se unake pitA kI rAjyasattA bar3hane lagI, unakA bhaNDAra dhana-dhAnya se paripUrNa hone lagA / cauthA sarga - svapna phalakathana nava prabhAta, uSA sambodhana, trizalA kA kautuka varNana, rAjya sabhA meM svapna kathana tathA usakA phalAdeza Adi kA vistRta varNana hai| siddhArtha ke antaHpura meM Anandotsava manAne kA citraNa hai / pA~cavA~ sarga - siddhArtha kA premavArtAlApa isake prArambha meM zarad Rtu kA varNana bahuta hI manohara DhaMga se kiyA hai| siddhArtha kA antaHpura meM praveza aura rAja dampatI ke premAlApa kA citraNa hai| chaThA sarga - trizalA kI dinacaryA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke garbha meM Ane para kisa prakAra kumArikA deviyA~ unakI mAtA kI sevA-zuzrUSA karatI haiM, aura kaise-kaise prazna pUchakara unakA manoraMjana karatI haiM aura * apane jJAna kA saMvardhana karatI haiM, yaha bAta bar3I acchI taraha se prakaTa kI gayI hai| trizalA devI kI garbhakAlIna dazA ke varNana ke sAtha hI kavi ne hemanta Rtu kA sundara varNana kiyA haiN| garbhAvasthA meM trizalA kI dinacaryA kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| sAtavA~ sarga - garbhamahotsava vasantaRtu kA aisA sundara varNana kiyA hai ki jisameM usake RturAja hone kA koI sandeha nahIM hotA / "vasanta dUtI madhu-gAyinI pikI, upasthitA maMju rasAla-DAla pai amanda vANI yaha bolane lagI, vasanta AyA, RturAja A gyaa|" ( varddhamAna, pR. 201 ) Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra : 49

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usake pazcAt rAjakIya upavana ke saundarya kA citraNa karake usameM trizalA ke vihAra kA citraNa haiN| rAjA udayana kI puSpa-zobhA, haMsa, kokila, bhramara, titalI Adi ke prati sambodhana karake vizva saundarya ke citraNa kA AbhAsa dikhalAyA hai| anta meM vasanta Rtu kI sandhyA kA manohArI citraNa aMkita hai| AThavA~ sarga-janma-mahotsava vi. saM. 542 varSa pUrva caitra sudI terasa kI madhyarAtri meM bhagavAna kA janma huaa| unake prabhAva se kSatriya kuNDapura hI nahIM, sArA saMsAra lokottara prakAza se pUrNa ho gayA aura samasta prANI mAtra ne anirvacanIya Ananda kA anubhava kiyaa| janma ke samaya svarga meM indrAsana kampita ho uTA, aura usI samaya devakumAriyoM tathA devasamUha janmotsava meM bhAga lene ke lie bhUtala para aaye| janma ke bArahaveM dina nAmakaraNa saMskAra sampanna huA aura unakA nAma varddhamAna rakhA gyaa| prastuta sarga meM bhagavAna pahAvIra kA janma tathA janma-divasa kA utsava-varNana, divya saMgIta, bhAvI jIvana kA AbhAsa, janma-prabhAva, Anandotsava, bAladarzana tathA bAlakAla kI lIlAoM kA citraNa hai| ___bhagavAna mahAvIra kA raMga gorA thaa| unake donoM kapola gulAba ke samAna the, mAdhoM meM sone ke khilaune the, donoM paira nirantara hilate the| vaha dRzya atyanta AkarSaka thaa| unake cehare kI kAnti svagoya prabhA ke samAna thii| unakI A~kheM rAjA ke netra ke samAna, bhaue~ maiMbaroM ke samAna thiiN| trizalA ke mukha kI taraha usake hanu, oTha aura bhAla the| eka vayovRddha ne bAlaka ko dekhate hI kahA"nRpAla! lokottara putra ApakA, apUrva hogA bala-kIrti-dharma meN|" (vahI, pR. 246) galaka varddhamAna calane lage aura sAtha-sAtha usakI buddhi bhI vikasita hotI gyii| AThaveM varSa meM use vizva ke padArthoM kA jJAna huA, samasta vidyAe~ hRdayaMgama huIM, sarva kalAoM kA jJAna huaa| usake sAnidhya meM grISma kAla bhI zItakAla lagatA thaa| isa prakAra mahAvIra ke bAlyakAla kA varNana anUpa kavi ne zraddhA aura bhakti-bhAva se kiyaa| navama sarga-kizora mahAvIra anUpa kavi ne varddhamAna kI bAla krIr3AoM kA manorama citraNa kiyA hai| sarga ke prArambha meM grISma Rtu kA pAramparika paddhati se citraNa hai aura usake bAda AmalI krIr3A kA citraNa hai| eka bAra jaba kupAra mahAvIra AmalakI nAmaka khela khela rahe the taba indra dvArA prerita eka saMgamadeva unake sAhasa tathA sAmarthya kI parIkSA lene aayaa| vaha 50 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM cintrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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sarpa banakara eka vRkSa ke nIce baiTha gayA aura phuMkArane lgaa| dUsare sabhI bAlaka bhayabhIta ho gaye, parantu kumAra ne usakA damana kara diyA "sa-veNu jaisA ahi- tuNDa gAruDI, kare vazIbhUta bhujaMga-rAja ko kiyA usI bhA~ti jinendra ne use, nitAnta kAkola-vihIna dIna bhii|" (vahI, pR. 266) "usI ghar3I se jaga meM jinendra kI, sukIrti phailI jana - citta mohinI, na nAma se kevala varddhamAna ke sabhI mahAvIra pukArane lage / " (vahI, pR. 267 ) P rAjakumAra kI bAlyAvasthA meM aneka aisI ghaTanAe~ huIM jo vAstava meM camatkArapUrNa kahI jA sakatI haiN| eka ghaTanA aura hai, vaha nAgadeva eka bAlaka banakara anya bAlakoM ke sAtha khela meM mila gayA tathA kumAra ko apanI pITha para biThAkara daur3ane lagA / daur3ate-daur3ate usane vikriyA se apane zarIra ko uttarottara bar3hAnA zurU kara diyaa| vIrakumAra usa deva kI cAlAkI ko samajha gye| unhoMne usake pITha para jora se eka muTTI mArI, jisase usa chamavezI kA garva naSTa ho gyaa| usane apanA rUpa saMkucita kiyA aura apanA yathArtha rUpa prakaTa karake unase kSamA-yAcanA kI aura kahane lagA "bhagavan, maiM indra dvArA prerita eka deva huuN| maiM ApakI parIkSA lene bhejA gayA thaa| aba prazaMsaka banakara jA rahA huuN| Apa satyameva mahAvIra haiN|" triloka meM unakI stuti hone lagI / lekina mahAvIra isa prazaMsA se garvita na hokara sadaiva Atmacintana meM magna rahate the / I dasavA~ sarga - yubaka mahAvIra kA Atmacintana dasaveM sarga meM RjubAlikA nadI kA varNana, sandhyA- samaya kA varNana, zmazAna dRzya, sAndhya tArA Adi prakRti varNana ke prasaMgoM kA citraNa hai| inake sAtha hI barddhamAna ke Atmacintana, jIvana-vimarza tathA cairAgyamUlaka pravRttiyoM ke anusAra prasaMgoM kA citraNa hai / gyArahavA~ sarga - vairAgya bhAva yuvaka varddhamAna kI vairAgyabhAvanA jJAna se niHsRta thii| ve karuNA kI mUrti the| ve socate haiM " dayA mahA uttama vastu vizva meM, dayA sabhI pai karanA sva-dharma hai, dayA banAtI jaga sahya jIba ko, dayA dikhAnA ati ucca karma hai / " (vahI, pR. 295) bhagavAna mahAvIra kA cintana dayA para AdhArita hai| Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra [5]

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bArahavA~ sarga-vivAha-prastAva 24 varSa kI Ayu meM kumAra kI vivAha-carcA mA~-bApa prArambha karate haiN| digambara sampradAya bhagavAna mahAvIra ko avivAhita mAnate haiM, parantu zvetAmbara sampradAya unako vivAhita mAnate haiN| kucha bhI ho, vivAha hone tathA na hone se pahAvIra kI vaiyaktika mahattA para kucha bhI prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai| prastuta mahAkAvya sAmpradAyika dRSTikoNa se nahIM likhA gayA hai| ataH kavi anUpa ne yahA~ apanI sapandhaya dRSTi kA paricaya diyA hai| kavi ne mahAvIra kA vivAha yazodA ke sAdha aura priyadarzanA ko prApti sapanoM meM dikhalAyI aura jAgane para mahAvIra yaha saMkalpa karate haiM "vivAha ho? divya vivAha kyoM na ho?, gharAta ho? deva samAja kyoM na ho? bane nahIM pANigRhIta mukti kyoM?, na deva hI zrIvara maNDaleza kyoM?" (vahI, pR. 368) isa prakAra kavi ne mukti rUpI strI kA mahAvIra ko pati mAnakara bhagavAna mahAvIra kI prazaMsA kI haiN| terahavauM sarga-anuprekSAoM kA cinAna bAraha prakAra kI bhAvanAoM kI bAra-bAra bhAvanA hone kA nAma dvAdaza anuprekSA hai| ina vairAgyadAyinI dvAdaza (bAraha) anuprekSAoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| inameM aisA cintana kiyA jAtA hai ki jIva akelA janma letA hai aura isakA maraNa bhI ekAkI hotA hai| isa loka meM rAga-dveSa anitya hai aura rAga-dveSa meM saMsAra kSaNabhaMgura hai| isa anitya vizva meM kevala nija zuddhAtmA zaraNa hai| AtmA ke zuddha svabhAva ke Azraya se hI AtmA kI upAdhijanya azuddhatA kA abhAva ho sakatA hai| apane zuddha svabhAva meM Thaharakara hama AtmajJAna prApta kara sakate haiM, jisase Atma-kalyANa hotA hai aura jo loka meM durlabha hai| mahAvIra ke hRdaya meM jana-jana kI tAtkAlika sthiti ko dekhakara jo vicAra utpanna hue haiM, ye bar3e hI mArmika evaM hRdayadrAvaka haiN| isa prakAra aneka dRzyoM kA citraNa karake kavi ne bar3A hI kAruNika, marmasparzI evaM udbodhaka varNana kiyA hai| caudahavA~ sarga-dIkSAsamAroha kavi ne kAla-mahimA kA citraNa kiyA hai| pahAvIra kI cintana-vairAgya bhAvanA ko vyakta kiyA hai| jagat kI vikaTa paristhitiyoM ko dekhakara eka dina mahAvIra marI javAnI meM ghara-bAra chor3akara, vana meM jAkara pravajita ho jAte haiN| mahAvIra ke aTThAIsaveM varSa meM unake mAtA-pitA kA dehAnta ho cukA thaa| ataH saMsAra se virakti honI svAbhAvika thI, parantu AptajanoM ke anunaya karane para unhoMne do varSa ke lie gRhatyAga 52 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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kA nizcaya sthagita kara diyA thaa| aura tIsa varSa kI avasthA meM unhoMne apanA dhyAna dIna-dukhiyoM ke uddhAra kI jora de diyA aura pratidina dAna de-dekara apanI sArI sampatti samarpita kii| dhana-dhAnya, rAjya parivAra Adi se apanA citta haTAkara rAjya vaibhava kA sampUrNa tyAga kiyaa| mArgazIrSa zuklA dazamI ke dina cauthe prahara meM candraprabhA nAmaka pAlakI meM savAra hokara rAjabhavana se jJAtRkhaNDa nAmaka udyAna meM pahu~ce aura vahA~ azoka vRkSa ke nIce vastrAbhUSaNa chor3akara paMcamuSTika kezaloca ke anantara apane bhAvI jIvana kA digdarzana karAne vAlI yaha pratijJA kI "maiM samabhAva ko svIkAra karatA hU~, aura sarva sAvadya yoga kA parityAga karatA huuN| Aja se bAvajjIvana kAyika, vAcika tathA mAnasika sAvadya yogamaya AcaraNa na to svayaM karU~gA aura na karanevAle kA anumodana kruuNgaa|" (varddhamAna, prastAvanA, pR. 29 ) isa prakAra dIkSA samAroha bar3e ThATha se sampanna huaa| ukta pratijJA karate hI mahAvIra ko 'mana:paryaya' nAmaka jJAna prApta huaa| pandrahavA~ sarga - tapazcaryA mahAvIra ke tapasvI jIvana kA savistAra varNana hai| dIkSA lekara mahAvIra ne bAraha varSa taka kaThora tapasyA kii| tapasvI jIvana meM mahAvIra ko pUrvabhava kA jJAna hotA hai| tapasyA kAla meM mahAvIra ko nAnA prakAra ke duHkha, kaThina vipattiyoM tathA vipadAoM kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| sarpa, agni, jala Adi ke bhayoM ko dhairyapUrvaka sahana karanA par3A / rAjadaNDa se bhI ve na baca ske| cora samajhakara rAjakarmacAriyoM ne kaI bAra unheM daNDita kiyA, parantu una saba kaSToM ko bhagavAna mahAvIra dhairya ke sAtha sahate rhe| ve kisI bhI avAMchita jagaha nahIM Thaharate the aura bhikSA ke lie kisI gRhastha se yAcanA bhI nahIM karate the| nitya dhyAna meM lIna rahakara mauna vrata kA pAlana karate the| dina meM kevala eka bAra bhojana hAtha meM lekara karate the| eka prasaMga meM gozAlaka nAma kA eka sAdhu unase milane A gyaa| vaha sAghu dhUrta thA aura kucha dinoM ke bAda bhAga gyaa| isa prakAra mahAvIra tapazcaryA se apane pUrva kRta karmoM kA kSaya karane lge| upasarga tathA parISahoM ko sahate hue vividha dhyAna tapa Adi kA nirantara abhyAsa karate rhe| bAraha varSa tapazcaryA ke bAda unake antaHkaraNa ke krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi kA abhAva ho gayA aura unameM kSamA, mArdava, Arjava, zauca Adi Atmika guNoM kA vikAsa huaa| isa prakAra unakA jIvana lokottara evaM nirmala ho gyaa| eka dina jambhIya nAmaka gA~va ke samIpa RjubAlikA nadI ke taTa para devAlaya ke samIpa zAla vRkSa ke nIce dhyAnAvasthita ho gye| zIghra hI zukladhyAna ke dvArA unhoMne cAra ghAtiyA karmoM kA kSaya kiyaa| usI samaya vaizAkha zukla dazamI ke cauthe prahara meM mahAbIra ko kevalajJAna prApta huaa| aba mahAvIra sarvajJa aura vItarAgI ho gaye / Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra : 53

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sampUrNa lokAlokAntargata bhUta-bhaviSya, sthUla-tUkSma, mUrta-amUrta padArtha unake jJAna meM Alokita ho gaye / mahAvIra kA vihAra campApura kI ora ho rahA thaa| rAste meM unheM eka candanA nAma kI dAsI hAtha meM thAlI lekara unake AhAra ke lie pratIkSA kara rahI thii| satI candanA kI kAmuka yakSa jabaradastI se uThA le gayA thaa| bIca meM bhaya se usane use jaMgala meM chor3a diyaa| eka bhIla use vyApArI ke yahA~ beca detA hai| vyApArI kI patnI yAvaza usakA sara muMDavAtI hai, pairoM meM zrRMkhalA DAlatI hai| satI candanA yaha parISaha sahana karatI rahI aura jinendra kI upAsanA karate-karate mahAvIra ke dvArA sammAnita huI, vaha bandhanahIna ho gyii| isa prakAra aneka duHkhI loga, kisAna, kahAra, camAra Adi apane-apane prazna lekara mahAvIra ke pAsa pahu~cate aura samAdhAna paate| solahavA~ sarga - kevalajJAna-prApti bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jRmbhikA praveza ke varNana ke sAtha hI unake kevalajJAna, prabhAva kA citraNa kiyA hai| dhArmika, AdhyAtmika cintana ko kavi ne samartha zabdAvalI meM padyabaddha kiyA hai| satarahavA~ sarga - nirvANamahotsava pAvApura meM eka bRhad yajJa cala rahA thA / somilAcArya nAmaka eka vidvAn brAhmaNa usake yajamAna the| yajJa meM deza-dezAntara ke bar3e-bar3e brAhmaNa Aye the| usI samaya mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna kI upalabdhi huI thii| usa brAhmaNa sabhA kA eka pramukha indrabhUti gautama tattvasambandhI jijJAsA lekara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa meM jAtA hai / vahA~ pahu~cate hI use loka- aloka, jIva-ajIva puNya-pApa, Asrava-saMbara, nirjarA, bandha aura mokSa Adi tattvoM kA astitva samajha meM AtA hai| naraka meM jIva kyoM jAtA hai ? tiryaMca prANiyoM ke kaSTa kauna se haiM? ina praznoM kA bhI samAdhAna ho jAtA hai| devagati meM puNya ke samApta hote hI saMsAra kI nAnA yoniyoM meM bhramaNa karanA par3atA hai| ataH svarga pAnA manuSya kA antima dhyeya nahIM hai| bhagavAna ne manuSya janma ko adhika mahattvapUrNa aura durlabha batAyA hai| kyoMki isI gati meM manuSya puruSArtha kara mokSa ko prApta kara sakatA hai| manuSya jIvana ko saphala banAne ke lie pA~ca aNuvratoM, mahAvratoM, sAtazIla tathA samyak dharma kA pAlana karanA caahie| isa upadeza se prabhAvita hokara usa yajJa meM Amantrita gyAraha pradhAna brAhmaNoM ne bhagavAna se dIkSA grahaNa kii| aura samasta brAhmaNoM kA yaha vizvAsa ho gayA ki mahAvIra kA kathana hI sacce arthoM meM veda hai / antataH 4411 brAhmaNoM ne bhagavAna ke zramaNa dharma ko svIkAra kiyA / tadanantara tIsa varSa taka bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vihAra kiyA tathA nikaTavartI pradezoM meM ghUma-ghUmakara divyadhvani rUpa upadeza diyaa| aneka rAjAoM tathA vidvAnoM ko dIkSA dii| jIvana ke 54 :: hindI ke mahAkAyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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antima samaya meM se punaH pAvApurI meM Aye aura kArtika kRSNacaturdazI kI rAta ke antima prahara meM karma- bandhana se mukta hokara unhoMne vikramIya saMvat pUrva 470 meM siddha pada prApta kiyaa| niSkarSa 'barddhamAna' mahAkAvya jisa uddezya aura dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karane ke lie likhA gayA hai, uttameM kavi anUpa kI saphalatA prApta huI hai| kavi anUpa kA uddezya hai - varddhamAna ke caritra kA yathArtha citraNa kara unake dvArA pravartita jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa karanA / uddezya kA nirvAha karate samaya kavi ne kAlpanikatA ko pradhAnatA dI haiN| prastuta mahAkAvya meM digambara sampradAya aura zvetAmbara sampradAya kI mAnyatAoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caritra sambandhI ghaTanAoM, prasaMgoM, garbhAntara, vivAha, dIkSA, tapazcaryA Adi meM samanvita dRSTikoNa apanAkara caritra citraNa kiyA hai | bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM ke sandarbha meM digambara, zvetAmbara mata meM bhinnatA nahIM hai, lekina upadezoM kI cintanadhArA meM brAhmaNa vicAradhArA se bhinnatA hote hue bhI mahAkavi anUpa ne usameM bhI samanvayavAdI dRSTi se pratipAdana kara bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pratimA vizvamAnavatAvAdI, sarvodayavAdI ke rUpa meM ubhArane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya, paramparAgata laukika sthUla dRSTi se eka zithila racanA kahI jA sakatI hai| aura yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki usameM jIvana ko dvandvAtIta, caritra ke ghAta-pratighAta se mukta aura ekAMgI jIvana dRSTi ko hI vyakta kiyA gayA haiN| lekina AdhyAtmika dRSTi se 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana meM pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke bIca mahAn saMgharSa kA itihAsa hai| samasta vikAroM para vijaya pAne ke lie manuSya ko vrata, saMghama, aparigraha, tapa, dhyAna Adi sahita kaThora sAdhanA karanI par3atI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra palAyanavAdI nahIM the| ve mAnavI duHkhoM ke kAraNoM ko samUla naSTa karane meM pravRtta hue the, aura unhoMne zAzvata sukha kI prApti ke lie pratyakSa AcaraNa ke dvArA mArga btaayaa| sAdhanA meM aneka ghAta-pratighAtoM, dvandvoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| ataH sUkSma dRSTi se bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra ekAMgI na hokara sarvAMga paripUrNa pratIta hotA hai| yaha mAnanA par3egA ki 'barddhamAna' mahAkAvya kI bhASA durUha, saMskRtaniSTha, durbodha hai| bhASA zailI ko dRSTi se mahAkAvyAtmaka saundarya kA abhAva hai| phira bhI mumukSuoM kI dRSTi se Atmavyaktitva kA carama vikAsa karane ke lie eka saphala kalAkRti hai / 'tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra' mahAkAvya san 1959 meM kavi vIrendraprasAda jaina praNIta 'tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra' mahAkAvya kA prathama saMskaraNa prakAzita huaa| chaha varSa ke antarAla para yatkiMcit parivardhana ke Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra :: 35

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sAtha san 1965 meM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra mahAkAvya kA dvitIya saMskaraNa 'zrI akhila vizva jaina mizana alIgaMja se prakAzita huA / prastuta mahAkAvya meM kula 'ATha' sarga haiM, jinakA nAmakaraNa kramazaH pUrvAbhAsa, janma- mahotsava, zizucaya, kizoravaya taruNAI - virAga, abhiniSkramaNa - tapa tathA nirvANa evaM vandanA rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| sarga zIrSakoM se hI tadantargata nihita kathya kA AbhAsa milatA hai| kyoMki kavi ne lokaraMjaka bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAvanacaritra kA sarala, sarasa bhASA meM manogrAhI citraNa kiyA hai| vivecya mahAkAvya meM chanda saMkhyAbaddha nahIM haiM / mahAkAvya ke paramparAgata lakSaNa kA anukaraNa karate hue kavi ne pratyeka sarga ke anta meM chanda-parivartana krama kA nirvAha kiyA hai| kAvya meM AdyopAnta gevatA aura layAtmakatA kA bhI dhyAna rakhA gayA hai / 'tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra' meM mahAvIra - caritra varddhamAna ke sampUrNa caritra ko vIrendraprasAda jaina ne apane 'tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra' nAmaka mahAkAvya meM ATha sargoM meM prastuta kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aitihAsika caritra ko paurANika zailI meM chandobaddha karake kavi ne use mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| prathama sarga - pUrvAbhAsa pUrvAbhAsa meM kavi ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma ke pUrva vaizAlI nagara meM jo utsAhapUrNa vAtAvaraNa thA, usakA kAvyamaya zailI meM citraNa kiyA hai| prakRti citraNa ke sAtha, vaizAlI nagarI kI sAmAjika, sAMskRtika garimA kA bhI sarasa citraNa hai| rAnI trizalA ke solaha sapanoM kA citraNa tathA usake phaloM kA savistAra varNana kiyA gayA hai / pUrvAbhAsa ke anta meM kavi kahatA hai "yaha dhanya bhAgya jo dharatI para aaeNge| bhAvI kumAra nija jo duHkha dUra kareMge / / aisA hI to svapnArthoM se bhAsA hai I yaha hI to apanI cira sacita AzA hai|" (tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR. 30) dvitIya sarga - janmotsava bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janmotsava sirpha mUtala para hI nahIM, devaloka meM bhI manAyA gyaa| bhavanavAsI, vyantaravAsI, jyotiSkavAsI, kalpavAsI, vaimAnika deva sabhI bhUtala para janmotsava manAne ke lie mAnavIya rUpa dhAraNa karake avatarita hue| zizu mukha dekhane ke lie indra ne apane sahasra netra banAye | 56 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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mAyAvI vAlaka ko soyo huI trizalA ke pAsa rakhakara zizu mahAvIra ko indra sumeru parvata para le jAkara jalAbhiSeka karate haiN| usa samaya bAlaka kA rUpa-saundarya apratima thaa| janmotsava manAne ke bAda indra, zacI bAlaka ko kuNDagrAma le jAte haiM aura pAyAvI bAlaka ko haTAkara usakI jagaha zizu mahAvIra ko rakhate haiN| samasta devagaNa svargaloka lauTa jAte haiN| vaizAlI nagara meM dasa dina taka janmotsava bar3I ghUma-dhAma se manAyA jAtA hai| tRtIya sarga-zizuvaya zizu varddhamAna dinoMdina bar3hatA jAtA hai| ve abhI bola nahIM pAte, lekina hara cIja ke prati jijJAsA banI rahatI hai| rAjanagara meM rAstoM para ghUmane meM bAlaka ko bar3A harSa hotA thaa| mAtA trizalA ko apane beTe kA unase dUra rahanA bahuta dukhadAyaka lagatA thaa| vaha mahala meM sadaiva usakI pratIkSA meM rahA karatI hai| bAlaka meM kuzalatama zAsaka banane kI kSamatA pitA ko najara AtI hai| bAla sulabha cepTA dekhakara vaha mana mohita hotA thaa| choTI avasthA meM bAlaka svayaM khilaune taiyAra karatA thA, guladaste banAtA thA, jhaNDiyA~ banAtA thaa| rAjA-rAnI ye saba dekhakara phUle nahIM samAte the| mA~ use kahAniyA~ sunAtI rhtii| zizu varddhamAna ko santoM kI kahAniyA~ sunanA acchA lagatA thaa| kavi isa tathya kI ora saMketa karatA huA kahatA hai "mujhako to bhalI lagI thI, usa dina kI kSamA khaanii| jisase ki pArzva svAmI ke, jIvana kI jhA~kI jaanii|" (vahI, pR. 68) ataH mA~ use RSabhadeva ke jIvana kI kahAnI sunAtI hai| zizu atyanta pagana kara sunatA thaa| caturtha sarga-kizoravaya kizora avasthA meM baccoM meM jo svacchandatA rahatI hai, jo hAsa-ullAsa calatA rahatA hai aura jo nirdvandvatA rahatI hai, unakA atyanta sundara citraNa sarga ke prArambha meM kavi ne kiyA hai| kizora varddhamAna apane samavayaska mitroM ke sAtha nagara ke bAhara khelane gaye the| kavi isa prasaMga kA varNana karatA hai"ina baccoM kI TolI ke haiM, adhinAyaka bAlaka vrddhmaan|" (vahI, pR. 74) bAlaka varddhamAna sakhAoM ke sAtha jaba khela rahA thA, usa samaya vijaya aura saMjaya do cAraNa Rddhi muni vahA~ se gujara rahe the| unake mana meM eka zaMkA satAtI thI ki jIva maraNa ke bAda kahA~ jAtA hai : svarga aura naraka ye haiM yA nahIM : yA kevala sirpha Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra :: 57

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yaha loka hI hai? jaba unhoMne kizora varddhamAna ke mukhamaNDala ko dekhA, usI samaya unakI zaMkA dUra huii| kavi isa prasaMga kA varNana nimna paMktiyoM meM karatA hai "yuga munivara ne inako pAyA, tu-vicakSaNa bAlaka medhAvI 1 jhaTa socA 'sanmati' nAma subhaga, gati bheda sakI gati mAyAvI || " (vahI, pR. 75) tabhI se unakA dUsarA nAma 'sanmati' jagavikhyAta rhaa| bAlaka varddhamAna apane mitroM ke sAtha muniyoM kI bandanA karatA hai aura unase AzIrvAda prApta karatA haiM / ghara lauTane para yaha ghaTanA mAtA - pitA guru-janoM ko jaba mAlUma hotI hai taba unheM bahuta hI Azcaryajanaka Ananda hotA hai| kizora varddhamAna ke zikSaka ne bhI apanA yaha mata jAhira kiyA ki jo bhI kucha maiM unheM nayI bAta sikhAtA hU~ use pahale hI vaha bAta jJAta rahatI hai| ve svayaM 'prajJAvAna' haiN| guru ko lagatA hai bAlaka ko kyA sikhalAyA jAe, unase to hameM jJAna prApta hotA hai / bAlaka varddhamAna satata adhyayanazIla rahatA hai| isa kizora avasthA meM bhI vaha sadA satya bolatA haiM, asteya vrata kA pAlana karatA hai, brahmacarya se rahatA hai aura parigraha parimANa bhI rakhatA hai| isa sadAcaraNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa usameM sAhasa, bala aura zaurya dina-ba-dina bar3hate jAte haiN| kavi isa prasaMga meM kahate haiM "unake sAdhAraNa kRtyoM meM, hai vIra-vRtti dikhatI sadaiva / puruSArtha hetu udyamI sadA, unakA Adarza na rahA deva ||" (vahI, pR. 77 ) ataH bAlaka sanmati kI isa vIra pravRtti ko dekhate hue saMsAra meM unakA 'vIra' nAma pracalita huaa| devaloka meM bhI bAlaka sanmati kI vIratA kI prazaMsA hone lagI, lekina 'saMgama' nAmaka deva ko isa para vizvAsa nahIM huA aura usane sanmati kI vIratA kI parIkSA lene ke lie kAle bhujaMga kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA aura jahA~ bAlaka barddhamAna sAthiyoM ke sAtha khelatA thA, vahA~ vaha phuMkArane lgaa| sabhI sAthI Dara ke mAre bhAga gaye, lekina cAlaka varddhamAna niDara hokara usa viSaile sarpa ke phaNa para khar3A rahakara khelatA rhaa| udhara bAla sakhAoM ne rAjamahana meM jAkara mAtA-pitA ko sarpa kI ghaTanA kA vRttAnta khaa| sabhI usa khela ke sthala para Aye, taba usa viSaile bhujaMga ne apanA asalI rUpa saMgamadeva ke rUpa meM prakaTa kiyA aura bAlaka 'sanmati' ko apane kandhoM para biThAkara usakI prazaMsA kii| sabake sAmane saMgamadeva ne use 'mahAvIra' nAma se sambodhita kiyaa| "yaha sanmAte kevala vIra nahIM, ye to saca atizaya dhIra vIra / 'hU~ nAma rakha rahA 'mahAvIra, yaha yathA nAma hai tathA guNa | " (vahI, pR. 84 ) paMcama sarga - taruNAI evaM virAga yuvA mahAvIra meM yauvanasulabha bhAvanAoM kA saMcaraNa ho rahA thaa| mana kI caMcalatA bhI ho rahI thii| lekina mahAvIra sUkSma draSTA hone ke kAraNa ina kAma-vAsanAoM 58 hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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se cauvana ke Agamana se saceta rahe aura socate rahe " socate ekAnta meM voM varddhamAna prazAnta mudrA / yaha javAnI hai nazIlI, raca rahI jo maMdira tandrA // " (vahI, pR. 97 ) kAma-vAsanA AtmA kA mUla svarUpa nahIM hai| dhamaniyoM kA yaha nazA hai| manuSya ke viveka jJAna para ye yauvanasulabha bhAva AvaraNa DAlate haiM, lekina yaha javAnI zAzvata nahIM haiM, kSaNabhaMgura hai| javAnI ko uddezya kara bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM "he javAnI! kintu mujhako, tU nahIM bhararmA skegii| tU na mere martya tana meM kAma taru panapA skegii| " ( vahI, pR. 47 ) kyoMki mahAvIra ko vizvAsa hai ki unakA zuddha jJAna saccA sAthI hone ke kAraNa kAma-vAsanA kA unmatta hAthI pAsa nahIM A skegaa| yaha saMsAra kSaNabhaMgura hai, duHkhamaya hai, mRtyu aTala hai, aura zuddhAtmA (paramAtmA) ke sivAya zaraNa meM jAne yogya koI nahIM haiN| ve akAmI ( vItarAgI) aura sarvajJa hone kI zakti ke kAraNa mukti (mokSa) - mArga kA hitopadeza karate haiN| isa mukti-mArga ke patha para dRDha bhAva se calane ke lie ve bAraha bhAvanAoM kA tathA zuddhAtma svabhAva kA sUkSma cintana karate haiN| yuvA mahAvIra kI ukta vairAgya avasthA ko dekhate hue mAtA trizalA aura pitA siddhArtha cintita ho uThate haiM aura usakA vivAha karanA iSTa samajhate haiN| dRta ke dvArA rAjAoM ko sandeza bhejate haiM aura aneka rAjyoM se rAjakumAriyA~ vahA~ pahu~catI haiN| unameM se kaliMga deza ke rAjA kI beTI yazodA, mAtA trizalA ko vadhU ke rUpa meM pasanda aayii| mAtA-pitA ne mahAvIra ke samakSa vivAha kA prastAva rkhaa| mAtA -trizalA ne mahAvIra se kahA, kintu ekAnta meM ve sAdhu ke samAna cintana karate rhe| kisI bhI prakAra se ve vivAha ke lie tatpara nahIM hue / SaSTha sarga - abhiniSkramaNa evaM tapa isa sarga meM kavi ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke abhiniSkramaNa evaM tapa sAdhanA kI vivecanA vistAra ke sAtha sarasa zailI meM kI hai| mAtA-pitA kA AzIrvAda lekara prabhu mahAbIra bana meM pahu~ce aura vahA~ para muni dIkSA grahaNa kI "hue tyAgI tyAga bhUSaNa, vastra ve digdeSa / aura luMcita kiye sAre, paMcamuSTi keshaa||" (vahI, pR. 129 ) muniveza meM sAdhanA karate samaya prabhu ne paMcamahAvrata, paMcasamiti, tIna gupti, bAraha tapa, dharmadhyAna ke dvArA Atmabala vikasita kiyaa| bAraha sAla mauna dhAraNa karate hue varddhamAna ne kaThora sAdhanA kI / Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra : 59

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saptama sarga - kevalajJAna evaM upadeza bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bAraha varSa taka muniveza meM nidoSa DhaMga se kaThora tapazcaryA kI aura anta meM RjukUlA ke taTa para zukladhyAna meM magna rhe| pariNAmasvarUpa unheM kevalajJAna kI prApti huii| "dvAdaza varSoM taka atighora tapasyA tpkr| upasargoM ko jhela, Tela vyAdhAe~ dustr||" (vahI, pR. 151) svarga ke indrAdi devoM ne vipulAcala parvata para prabhu upadeza ke prasAraNa ke lie samavasaraNa sabhA kI, alaukika DhaMga se racanA kii| indra baTu kA rUpa dhAraNa karake gautama se zaMkA pUchane jAte haiN| prazna kI ulajhana meM par3akara gautama bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa meM Ate haiM, aura tatkAla gautama ko indra ke prazna ke uttara prApta hote haiN| ve bhagavAna mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara hote haiN| gautama gaNadhara ke dvArA ziSyatva ke svIkRta hote hI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI divyadhvani khirii| aura unhoMne samavasaraNa meM ekaMtra sabhI prANiyoM ko upadeza diyaa| mahAvIra-vANI ko bAraha aMgoM evaM caudaha pUrvo meM gautama gaNadhara gUMthate haiN| mahAvIra ke cintana kA sAra hai "hai prativastu aneka dharma kI, nikhila vizva meN| yoM na satya ke darzana hote, eka dRSTi meN| miTate vAda-vivAda jagat ke syAdvAda meN| saptamaMga naya darzAtI 'sat' nirvivAda meN||" (vahI, pR. 160) aSTama sarga-nirvANa evaM vandanA bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kevalI dazA-arhanta dazA meM sIsa sAla taka sthAna-sthAna para vihAra karate hue jana-sAdhAraNa ko hitopadeza diyA aura AtmoddhAra ke patha ko nirdezita kiyaa| sAmAjika samatA kA samarthana karate hue, nArI ke uddhAra ke lie udbodhana kiyaa| ahiMsA, anekAnta aura svAdavAda kI dRSTi apanAkara vratoM kA AcaraNa karake saMyama, tyAga, tapa, dhyAna evaM ratnatraya kI sAdhanA se AtmakalyANa karane ke lie preraNA dii| ___bahattaraveM varSa ke anta meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa pAvApurI meM huaa| indroM ne vahA~ Akara nirvANa-mahotsava mnaayaa| niSkarSa __'tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra' kAvya kRti tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke Adarza jIvana aura bodhaprada zikSAoM kI paricayAtmaka chandobaddha kalAkRti hai| Adhunika hindI kavitA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra para jo mahAkAvya likhe gaye haiM unameM kucha tite :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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bhrAnta evaM nirAdhAra dhAraNAe~ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko lekara vyakta kI gayI haiN| prastuta kAvya-kRti kA sRjana karane kA uddezya kavi kA yaha rahA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA pramANita jIvana caritra prastuta kiyA jaae| __ prastuta kAvya meM mahAvIra kI cAritrika vizeSatAoM evaM unakI dArzanika vicAradhArA maulika na hokara paramparAgata hai| tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra jainadharma ke saMsthApaka nahIM haiM, ve usake pravartaka haiN| jainadharma vaidika hiMsaka yajJa paramparA ke virodha meM sthApana nahIM huA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sirpha apane yuga kI AvazyakatAoM ko dekhate hue jainadharma kA punaruddhAra kiyaa| unakA yaha kArya manuSya mAtra ke lie vizeSa upakArI rahA hai| prastuta kRti ke AkAra ko dekhate hue yaha prazna uThatA hai ki ise khaNDakAvya kahA jAe yA mahAkAvya / 180 pRSThoM kI isa kRti meM ATha sargoM meM atyanta saMkSepa meM pahAvIra ke caritra evaM upadeza ko paurANika AkhyAnoM ke AdhAra para varNita kiyA hai| zilpa kI dRSTi se yaha spaSTa hai ki kavi ne vividha chandoM meM rocaka DhaMga se mahAvIra ke caritra ko prastuta kiyA hai| kAvya zailI AkarSaka hai, vANI-vilAsa mAtra nahIM hai| isameM udAtta bhAvanAoM ko prAMjala bhASA meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai| zailIgata saundarya, dhvanyAtmakatA, spaSTatA aura pravAhamAnatA isa kRti kA AkarSaNa hai| kAvya meM bhAva-citraNa, viSaya kA nirvAha, sarasatA, sAhityika bhASA Adi kA nirvAha huA hai| caritra kA citraNa paMcakalyANakoM ke citraNa dvArA huA hai| 'paramajyoti mahAvIra' mahAkAvya ' prastuta mahAkAvya 'paramajyoti mahAvIra' san 1961 meM indaura se prakAzita huA haiN| kavi ne apane isa mahAkAvya ko karuNa, dharmavIra evaM zAntarasa pradhAna mahAkAvya kahA hai| isameM teIsa sarga hai aura 2519 chanda haiN| manuSya krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ina cAra kaSAyoM se samarambha, samArambha, Arambha pUrvaka mana, vacana, karma ina tIna kI sahAyatA se kRta, kArita, anumodana ina tIna rUpoM meM arthAt 108 (4 x 3 x 3x3 = 108) prakAra se pApa kiyA karate haiM / isI uddezya se kavi ne mahAkAvya meM pratyeka sarga meM 108 chanda rakhe haiN| sargoM kI saMkhyA 23 hI nizcita kI hai, kyoMki mahAvIra ke pUrva 23 tIrthaMkara ho cuke haiN| isa mahAkAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana viSayaka ghaTanAoM ke samyaka nirvAha ke sAtha tayugIna paristhitiyoM kA saphala citraNa kiyA hai| kathAvastu kI dRSTi se anya mahAkAvyoM se isameM pRthaktA hai| kevala isI mahAkAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 12' cAturmAsoM aura sAdhanAkAla kA vizada varNana kara caritra nAyaka ke caritra ko sampUrNatA pradAna kI gayI hai| Adi se anta taka kevala eka hI chanda kA prayoga hai| tubodha, sakomala aura jana pracalita bhASA ke prayoga ke kAraNa bhASA meM mAdhurya evaM prasAda guNa sahaja rUpa meM vyakta hue haiN| mahAkAvya meM Adhunika hindI pahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-cAgna :: tA

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prasaMgAnukUla Agata jaina pAribhASika zabdoM kA sarata artha pariziSTa 1 meM diyA hai| uttI prakAra pariziSTa 5 ora meM aitihAsika sthaloM aura vyaktiyoM kA vivaraNa bhI diyA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki kAvyazAstrIya dRSTi aura mahat uddezya ina donoM dRSTiyoM se prastuta mahAkAvya saphala rahA hai| paM. nAyUlAla zAstrI likhate haiM "paramajyoti mahAvIra meM mahAkAvya ke lakSaNa aura guNa pAye jAte haiN| abhI taka bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana sandarbha meM jo grantha prakAzita hue haiM unameM yaha apanA apUrva aura viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai|" (paramajyoti mahAvIra, prakAzakIya vaktavya) 'sudheza' jI ke gambhIra tathA khojapUrNa adhyayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI prastuta mahAkAvya hai| pahalA sarga-vaizAlI-kuNDagrAma nimnAMkita viSayoM kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai-bhArata bhavyatA-vider3a vibhava-kuNDagrAma garimA-siddhArtha zAsana-trizalA devI-dAmpatya divytaa| prastAvanA meM 'sudheza jI ne saMketa kiyA hai ki "unake ho mana kI karuNA-sI, unakI yaha karuNa kahAnI hai| yaha masi se lekhya nahIM isako, likhatA kavi-dRga kA pAnI hai|" (paramajyoti mahAvIra, pR. 46) isase spaSTa hotA hai ki mahAkAvya karuNa rasa se ota-prota hai| pahale sarga meM bhArata kI garimA kA citraNa karate hue videha vaibhava tathA kuNDagrAma ke saundarya ko citrita kiyA hai| siddhArtha zAsana kI prazaMsA karate trizalA rAnI ke saundarya kA nakhazikha varNana prastuta kiyA hai aura dAmpatya prema kI divyatA ko vizada kiyA hai| dUsarA sarga-cyavana prasaMga svarga ke deva apane puNya ke kAraNa satata bhoga vilAta meM magna rahate haiM, aura dhArmika viSayoM meM zraddhAmaya abhiruci rakhate haiN| devendra ne yaha avadhijJAna se jAnA ki acyutendra kI Ayu samApta huI hai aura vaha bhUloka para navA janma legaa| amarendra ne kuvera ko AjJA dI ki siddhArya ke mahala para ratnavRSTi kareM, kAraNa acyutendra kI AtmA trizalA ke garbha meM Agamana karane vAlI hai| trizalA kA garbhAdhAna hone ke kAraNa vaha nidrA meM atyanta sateja aura mohaka bana par3I thiiN| tIsarA sarga:-trizalAmAtA ke SoDazasvapna tIsare sarga meM nizItha tama kA citraNa karake trizalA mAtA ke solaha sapanoM kA varNana haiN| airAvata, vRSabha, siMha, lakSmI, mandAra-kusuma (do phUla mAlAe~), do svarNa Ge:: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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kalaza, machaliyoM kI jor3I, kamaloM se zobhita eka sarovara Adi solaha sapanoM kA nivedana rAnI trizalA ne siddhArtha ke sAmane kiyaa| tIryakara ke garbha meM Ane para svarga kI deviyA~ zuzrUSA ke lie trizalA ke mahala meM upasthita hotI haiN| cauthA sarga-svapnaphala-kathana cauthe sarga meM rAjA siddhArtha bharI sabhA meM jyotiSiyoM, vidvAnoM ko bulAkara ina solaha sapanoM ke phaloM ke bAre meM vicAra-vimarza karate haiN| "isa yuga ke antima tIrghakara tava kAnta-kukSi meM Aye haiN| unake garimAmaya guNa hI ina, sapanoM ne hameM batAye haiN|" (vahI, pR. 130) isa prakAra abhiprAya dekara hara eka svapna kA anvayArtha spaSTa karate haiN| pA~cavA~ sarga-garbhakalyANa zaradURtu ke saundarya kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| trizalA ke garbhavatI hone ke kAraNa rAjA siddhArtha rAnI trizalA ke antaHpura meM Akara trizalA ke sAtha dhArmika viSayoM kI carcA karate haiN| usakI prakRti aura manaHsthiti ko svastha rakhane ke lie hara taraha kI vyavasthA karate haiN| kavi ne hemanta Rtu ke vAtAvaraNa kA sarga ke anta meM sundara citraNa kiyA hai| chaThA sarga-janma-kalyANa kavi ne prArambha meM sUryodaya kA citropama zailI meM varNana aMkita kiyA hai| rAnI trizalA, mahala meM dAsiyoM ke sAtha dharmacarcA karato rahatI hai, aura unake dvArA pUche gaye sabhI praznoM kA samAdhAna prastuta karatI hai| phira vasanta Rtu kA citraNa kiyA hai / aise mohaka vAtAvaraNa meM mahAvIra kA janma huA, jisase jinendra ke janma hote hI prakRti ke samasta prANI-mAtra meM harSa ullAsa kA vAtAvaraNa chA jAtA hai| dAsiyoM ne rAjA siddhArtha ko putra-janma kI vArtA btaayii| rAjA siddhArtha ne janmotsava manAne ke lie Adeza diyaa| sAtavA~ sarga-jalAbhiSeka nagara-sajjA, utsava-vyavasthA, utsava-Arambha, saMgIta-prabhAva tathA anya Ayojana kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai| kuNDagrAma meM svarga ke devendra kA saparivAra jinendra-darzana ke lie Agamana hotA hai / janmAbhiSeka ke lie indra meru parvata para jAte haiN| sabhI jinendra kI bhaktibhAva se stuti karate haiN| indra aura indrANI ne mAyAvI zizu ko nidrita trizalA ke pAsa rakha diyaa| ve jinendra ko sumeru parvata kI ora lekara cle| vahA~ para eka hajAra ATha kalazoM se jalAbhiSeka kiyaa| indrANI ne bAlaka jinendra kA Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra :: 63

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saba taraha kA zRMgAra kiyaa| isa prakAra janma kalyANaka bar3e dhUma-dhAma se manAyA gyaa| AThavA~ sarga - - bhagavAna mahAvIra kA zizurUpa sarga ke Arambha meM bAlaka kI mahimA gAte hue unake pUrva bhavoM kA varNana devendra ne kiyA hai| pUrva bhava meM yaha bAlaka 'pururavA bhIla' thA aura usane muni ke pAsa mAMsa na khAne kA vrata grahaNa kiyA thA, jisake phalasvarUpa vaha svarga meM saudharma indra huA / yahA~ sukha bhogakara bharata ke putra 'marIci' ke rUpa meM paidA huaa| isa prakAra '88 ' bhavoM kA vistAra se kathana kiyaa| anta meM tIrthaMkara rUpa meM trizalA ke garbha meM usa jIva kA avatAra huaa| pUrva bhavoM kA vRttAnta prastuta karane kA uddezya yaha rahA hai ki tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM janma pAne ke lie bAlaka ke jIva ko pUrvabhavoM meM kisa prakAra tapazcaryA karanI par3I hai, isa tathya ko sUcita karanA hai| janmAbhiSeka ke bAda svarga ke indra-indrANI aura devatAoM ne nRtya kiyA aura apanA Ananda tathA bhaktibhAva pradarzita kiyaa| bAlaka ke janma para badhAI dene ke lie samasta nagara nivAsI mahala meM Ane lage aura prabhu kI sundaratA ko dekhakara vismita hue | bAlaka varddhamAna ke caritra kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve binA guru ke sikhAye saba naipuNya prApta kara lete haiN| unheM jJAna prApti ke lie kisI guru kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhii| jaise-jaise unakI umra bar3hatI gayI vaise-vaise unakA anubhava bhI sahaja rUpa se bar3hatA gyaa| unakA AcaraNa bhI ahiMsAmaya tathA saMyamapUrvaka rhaa| kavi kahatA hai "lagatA thA, dharma svayaM unake, mana, vacana, karma para basatA hai| aura janma kAla se jIvana saMginI banI samarasatA hai / / " (vahI, pR. 210) I arthAt janma se hI ve dhArmika vRtti ke rahe haiN| bAlaka kI dayAlutA, sat abhiruci dekhakara saba vismita hote the aura unake darzana karake ve vizuddha ho jAte the| bAlaka varddhamAna ke caritra kI vizeSatA yaha rahI hai ki unake samakSa jo bhI Ate haiM unakA saMzaya dUra hotA thA aura unheM satya kA jJAna hotA thaa| eka prasaMga para saMjaya aura vijaya do cAraNa muniyoM ke punarjanma ko lekara sambhrama thaa| jaba unheM bAlaka varddhamAna ke darzana hue taba unakA saMzaya Apa hI Apa dUra huaa| aura usI kSaNa bAlaka ko 'sanmati' ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA 1 bAlaka ke puNyamaya 'vyaktitva ko dekhakara mAtA-pitA Anandita hue aura umara ke AThaveM varSa meM hI bAlaka 'vIra' kI upAdhi ko bhI prApta karatA hai / navama sarga - bhagavAna mahAvIra eka kizorarUpa eka bAra saMgama nAmaka deva varddhamAna kI vIratA kI parIkSA lene ke uddezya se sarpa kA rUpa dhAraNa kara unake pAsa aayaa| usa samaya bAlaka varddhamAna apane sAthiyoM ke 64 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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sAtha eka vRkSa para car3hakara AmalI krIr3A kara rahe the| sarpa ko dekhakara sabhI sAthI bhAga gaye, kintu bAlaka varddhamAna ne usa para car3hakara nirbhaya hokara krIr3A kii| isa zaurya para saMgamadeva ne bAlaka kI stuti kI aura usakA nAma 'mahAvIra' rkhaa| isa prasaMga kA varNana karate hue kavi kahate haiM ki "tuma 'vIra' nahIM ho 'mahAvIra' maiM yaha hI nAma rakhatA huuN| jo bhUla huI vaha kSamA kareM, aba nija nivAsa ko jAtA hU~ / " (vahI, pR. 250 ) isa prakAra saMgamadeva bAlaka varddhamAna se kSamA mA~gakara svarga lauTa jAtA hai| yaha vArtA nagara meM phaila gayI to samasta janoM ne bAlaka kA kautuka kiyaa| bAlaka ke vividha nAmoM meM yahI 'mahAvIra' nAma jagavikhyAta huaa| kyoMki janatA ko yaha nAma adhika priya lagA | bAlaka barddhamAna kI vIratA ko prakaTa karanevAlA eka aura prasaMga hAthI kA hai| nagara meM hAthI matavAlA hokara ghUma rahA thaa| aneka janoM ko usane dhvasta kiyA / use kAbU meM rakhane ke lie sabhI asaphala rahe, lekina bAlaka varddhamAna usa hAthI ko zAnta karane meM saphala rhaa| kavi isa prasaMga kA citraNa karatA huA kahatA hai "usa dina se hI 'ativIra' nAma bhI unake lie prayukta huA / jo unake ati vIratva hetu, atizaya hI to upayukta huA / " (vahI, pR. 256 ) bAlaka varddhamAna ko advitIya jJAna thaa| Agama, purANoM kA ve nirdoSa vivecana karate the| jo unake guru banane Ate the vahI celA bana jAte the| dasavA~ sarga- bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yuvaka rUpa bAlaka barddhamAna ne yuvAvasthA meM padArpaNa kiyaa| unakI sundaratA ke bAre meM kavi ne kahA "aba to unakI sundaratA kI, dikhatI na kahIM bhI samatA thI / unakI suSamA meM manmatha kA bhI mada harane kI kSamatA thI / " (vahI, pR. 259 ) tAtparya barddhamAna ke deha kI sundaratA advitIya thii| kAmadeva ke ghamaNDa ko cUra karane kI usameM kSamatA thii| phira bhI, varddhamAna kA mana zaizava sadRzaya sarala thaa| bAlaka varddhamAna ke sabhI sakhAoM ne vivAha kiyaa| lekina barddhamAna ke mana meM vivAha karane kI icchA nahIM huii| aura ve satata antarmukha hokara zuddhAtma kA ekAnta meM cintana karate the| U~ca-nIca ke bheda-bhAva, varNa-vyavasthA kI kaTTaratA, kSudroM para hone vAle atyAcAra Adi ko dekhakara mahAvIra kA mana dravita ho jAtA thaa| samAja meM itanA ajJAna phailA huA thA ki devI- devoM taka ke svarUpa ko loga g2alata DhaMga se samajhate the| jaise Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra :: 66

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"pUjate haiM nada nAle parvata, ravi, zazi, patthara ke Dhera yhaaN||" __ (vahI, pR. 266) yuvaka barddhamAna ne tatkAlIna dhArmika, sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika vAtAvaraNa kA nirIkSaNa kiyA thA aura unheM isa bAta kA kheda hotA thA ki samAja meM nArI ko mAtra puruSa kI bhogya sAmagrI samajhA jAtA thaa| ve nArI-mukti ke samarthaka the| kavi ne kahA hai "sarvatra mAna hai nara kA hI, pAtI na samAdara nArI hai| au mAtra bhoga sAmagrI hI, samajhI jAtI becArI hai|" (vahI, pR. 266) yuvA mahAvIra ke vicAroM meM nArI uddhAra kI bhAvanA yuvAvasthA se hI rhii| ve kisI ko duHkhI dekhanA nahIM cAhate the| gyArahavA~ se terahavA~ sarga-bhagavAna mahAvIra kA virAgI rUpa dasaveM se terahaveM sarga ke anta taka cAra sargoM meM yauvana meM utpanna vairAgya bhAvanAoM kA vivecana hai| trizalA ke dvArA prastAvita vivAha kI yojanA se prabhu vartamAna namratApUrvaka inakAra karate haiN| brahmacarya vrata dhAraNa karake muni dIkSA lene ke apane dRr3ha saMkalpa ko ghoSita karate haiN| prabhu kahate haiM-- "uddezya pUrNa vaha karanA hai, jo lekara jaga meM AyA huuN| jo dharma pracAraNa karane ko, yaha tIrthakara pada pAyA huuN|" (vahI, pR. 285) pitA siddhArtha rAjyAbhiSeka ke prastAva ko barddhamAna ke sAmane rakhate haiM, lekina bIra isa prastAva ko bhI asvIkRta karate haiN| unakI virakti dinoMdina dRr3ha banatI jA rahI hai| prabhu varddhamAna ko janmataH avadhijJAna thaa| unheM apane pUrvabhavoM kA smaraNa hotA hai| mahAvIra ke jIva ne marIci ke bhava meM munidIkSA grahaNa kI thI, lekina usa sAdhanA patha para bhraSTa hone ke kAraNa aba taka aneka bhavoM meM tiryaca, nArakI, svarga, manuSya gatiyoM meM duHkha bhogane pdd'e| ___ ataH isa nara janma meM muni dIkSA dhAraNa karane ke lie mAnasika dRr3hatA bane, isalie bAraha anuprekSAoM kA sadaiva cintana karate rahate haiN| mAtA-pitA punaH-punaH use gRhastha dharma evaM rAjyazAsana kA netRtva karane ke lie manAte rahate haiM, phira bhI prabhu apane nizcaya meM dRr3ha rahate haiN| antataH munidIkSA grahaNa karate haiN| caudahavA~ se satrahavA~ sarga-bhagavAna mahAvIra kA tapasvI rUpa caudahaveM sarga meM prathama cAturmAsa meM dhyAna, dhAraNA kI sAdhanA karate samaya aneka bAdhAoM, upasargoM para prabhu ne niDaratA ke sAtha vijaya paayii| pandrahaveM sarga meM ATha 66 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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cAturmAsoM kI munisAdhanA kI prazaMsA kavi ne kI haiN| prabhu ko AtmasAdhanA se vicalita karane ke lie asura, daitya, pizAca Adi duSTa pravRttiyoM dvArA kaI prakAra ke upadrava-prasaMga nimANa kiye gye| svarga kI apsarAoM ne bhI unako tapazcaryA ko bhaMga karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| svarga ke devatAoM ne bhI mAyAvI rUpa dhAraNa karake mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kI parIkSA lii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sabhI parISahoM, upasargoM para vijaya prApta kii| aThArahavA~ se teIsavA~ sarga-bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kevalI rUpa tathA nirvANa rUpa satrahaveM sarga meM yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki sAdhaka kI dazA meM prabhu kI dRSTi samAja kI viSamatA ko dUra karane kI rahI hai| nArI ko puruSa kI dAsatA se mukta karane ke prayatna kiye| dAsI candanA kA uddhAra karake apanI pramukha ziSyA bnaayaa| varNa evaM Azrama-vyavasthA kA virodha karake samatAvAda kA pratipAdana kiyaa| bAraha varSa sAdhanA karane ke pazcAt unheM kevalajJAna kI prApti huii| indrAdi devoM ne mahotsava manA ke samavasaraNa ko sabhA kA Ayojana prabhu upadeza sunane ke lie kiyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apanI divyadhyani dvArA samasta prANImAtra ke kalyANa ke hetu upadeza diye / upadeza ke viSaya the--jIva-tattva nirUpaNa, ratnatraya kI mahimA, dharma ke lakSaNa, sarvodaya evaM mokss-paarg| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza se prabhAvita hokara aneka rAjAoM ne, rAniyoM ne, zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ne munidIkSA grahaNa kii| tIsa sAla taka bihAra karate hue unhoMne AtmakalyANa kA hitopadeza diyaa| umra ke 72veM sAla meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA arthAta siddha paramAtmA bane, nirvANa-mahotsaba manAyA gyaa| unake nirvANa ke pazcAt kevaliyoM ne dharma-pracAra karake vIravANI kA granthIkaraNa AcAryoM ne 'pakhaNDAgama' ke rUpa meM kiyaa| niSkarSa prastuta kAvya grantha 'paramajyoti mahAvIra' meM kavi ne bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa mahAvIra ke janma, jIvana aura zikSAoM ke guNAnuvAda se kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezAmRta ko kAvya kI salila dhArA se pravAhita kiyA hai| kavi ne zraddhAbhAva se prerita hokara paurANika, AkhyAnoM ke AdhAroM para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa kiyA hai| mahAkavi kI dRSTi meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke virATa vyaktitva ke anekAnta rUpa haiN| bhakti bhAvanA se ota-prota hokara ArAdhya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI vizeSatAoM kI mahimA gAyI hai| mahAvIra ke aitihAsika aura mAnavIya vyaktitva kA aMkana caritra-citraNa meM nahIM hai| prastuta mahAkAvya meM digambara mAnyatAoM ke anusAra kevalajJAna prApti ke lie mahAvIra kI kaThora tapazcayAM, asIma deha-damana, mahAvrata, upavAsa, saMyama, dhyAna, tapa Adi kA bhakti bhAva se caritra-citraNa huA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA vikAsa Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra :: 17

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AdhyAtmikatA ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra Atma-vikAsa kI yaha sarvocca avasthA arihanta, tiddha rUpa haiM / kevalajJAna, sarvajJa, arihanta hone para bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AhesA, mAnavatAvAda tathA anekAntavAda kA upadeza diyaa| 'paramajyoti mahAvIra' mahAkAvya hai| yaha dharma, vIra evaM zAntarasa pradhAna mahAkAvya hai| isameM mahAkAvya ke lakSaNa pAye jAte haiN| gambhIra aura khojapUrNa adhyayana se mahAvIra ke caritra ko prAkRtika sarala racanA zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke garbha, janma, tapa, jJAna aura mokSa ina pA~coM kalyANakoM ke varNana dvArA unake caritra kI atizayatA-alaukikatA kA citraNa karanA kavi kA uddezya rahA hai| prAsaMgika rUpa meM nagara, rAjA, rAnI, prajA, Rtu Adi kA sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| saMvAda evaM kathopakathana bhI rocaka aura manovaijJAnika haiN| viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se ise saphala mahAkAvya kahA jA sakatA hai| 'vIrAyana' mahAkAvya __ prastuta mahAkAvya ko svayaM kavi ne 'mahAvIra mAnasa mahAkAvya' kahA hai| kavi kI sAhitya sRSTi vipula hai| unakI caudaha kAvyakRtiyA~ hindI sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM, jinameM se 'jananAyaka' nAmaka mahAkAvya hai| prastuta 'vIrAyana' mahAkAvya vIra nirvANa saM. 2500 (san 1974) meM bhAratodaya prakAzana, 204 e-vaisTa eNDa roDa, sadara meraTha se prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| mahAkavi raghuvIrazaraNa 'mitra' ne jinendra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vandanA, arcanA tathA unakI amara vANI, Apta vacanoM kA sudUragAmI aura dIrghakAlIna prabhAva-prasAra ke uddezya se hI prastuta mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| mahAkAvyakAra ke zabdoM meM bhazraddhA ne tapasyA kA vrata liyA, saMkalpa kiyA ki tapAloka vIra bhagavAna para mahAkAvya rcuuNgaa| apanI laghutA aura bhagavAna mahAvIra kI gurutA kA bharosA kiyaa...| vIrAyana mahAkAvya se bhagavAna mahAvIra kA arcana kiyA hai aura kAvya racane kA uddezya jana-jana meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI kA sandeza denA... / merI yaha racanA svAntaH sukhAya hote hue bhI lokahitakArI hai|" yaha mahAkAvya 360 pRSThoM kA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI pramukha ghaTanAoM ke sandarbha meM zIrSaka dekara kula pandraha sagoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caritragata vizeSatAoM ko aMkita kiyA hai| prastuta prabandha kAvya meM mahAbIra kI samasta cAritrika vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| 'vIrAyana' meM mahAvIra-caritra prathama sarga-puSpapradIpa pradhama sarga meM maMgalAcaraNa ke rUpa meM aneka devI-davatAoM ke stuti kI gayI hai| 68 :: hindI ke gahAkAbboM meM citrita bhagavAna pahAvIra

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aneka AdarzoM ko praNAma karake jJAniyoM ko namaskAra kiyA hai| apane sRjana kArya meM saphalatA pAne ke lie kavi ne aneka zaktiyoM se nivedana kiyA hai| dRzya-adRzya tAkatoM se sahayoga bhI mA~gA hai| sarva zakti-sampanna tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vividha prakAra ke puSpa-pradIpoM se pUjA kA varNana hai| tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra, AzutoSa bhagavAna ziva, zeSazAyI bhagavAna viSNu, jJAnadAtA guru, saudharma indra, svarAloka zakti sarasvatI Adi devI-devatAoM se prArthanA kI gayI hai| RSi, puAne, tapasvI, yogiyoM kI vandanA kI hai| prakRti ke pratIkoM kI mannata, dharatI, duniyA aura deza kI namana, itihAsa ke dayanIya pRSTha para azru arghya prastuta kiye haiN| sajjana aura durjana-varNana hai / vividha rUpoM meM vividha pudgala paramANu AkAroM kI racanA sAphalya ke lie upAsanA kI hai| mahAvIra ke janma se pUrva kI sthiti kA varNana kavi ne sundara daMga se kiyaa| dvitIya sarga-pRthvI-pIr3A kAlacakra ke AkhyAnoM meM duHkha-sukha ke Amukha, suSamA-duHSamA ke do AroM ke bIca pRthvIcakra kA citraNa kiyA hai| bhUmi aura kavi ke saMvAda prastuta karake kAlakrama kI tasvIroM ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| prakRti aura puruSa ke praznottara prastuta kiye haiN| tatpazcAt pRthvI ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA hai| pRthvI ke mu~ha se vyathA kI kahAnI kahI hai| adharmI, anAryoM aura vidharmiyoM ke Ane se durdazA kA citraNa kiyA hai| anAryoM ke atyAcAroM kA varNana hai| vilAsitA, raMgaraliyA~, svArtha Adi kurUpoM kI tasvIreM rekhAMkita kI gayI haiN| pApa bar3hane se pralaya aura duHkhoM kI gatividhiyoM kA varNana hai| svArthoM kI ati se dhvaMsa kI vyAkhyA kI hai| isa dharatI para aneka bhayaMkara yuddha hue| usa pIr3A kI abhivyakti pRthvI mAtA ne kI hai| tRtIya sarga-tAla-kumudanI prastuta sarga kA Azaya nimnalikhita tathyoM ke saMketoM dvArA samajha meM A sakatA hai| dArzanika dRSTi se kathAvastu kA prArambha kiyA hai| vandanIya 'trizalA' aura 'siddhArtha ke pariNaya kA citraNa kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nAnA, mAmA, bAbA, pitA kI baMzAvalI ko sUtroM meM citrita kiyA hai| zrRMgAra kI pUrvAnubhUtiyA~, rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza Adi ke aMkura kA varNana haiN| varayAtrA, svAgata-satkAra, Ananda evaM sukha kA varNana atyanta sundara DhaMga se kiyA hai| vaivAhika AdarzoM ko abhivyakti, upadezAmRta, saMvedanazIla anubhUtiyA~, prakRti-vedanA Adi kA bhI citraNa hai| sarga ke anta meM kavi kI ukti hai| "trizalA meM the siddhArtha mukhara, svara gUMje kumudinI ke| jala meM tuSAra bhIge paMkaja, mAno the bhAla kumudinI ke||" (cIrAyana, pR. 871 Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra :: /

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caturtha sarga-janma-jyoti prastuta sarga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke garbhakalyANa kI upalabdhiyoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM janmotsava kA citraNa hai| zizu mahAvIra ke camatkAroM ko zraddhA se abhivyakta kiyA hai| zizu krIr3A, zizu lIlA kA bhI manohArI citraNa hai| janma jyoti' marga meM nimnalikhita prasaMgoM kA vivaraNa hai-trizalA-siddhArtha prakaraNa, saMcoga-darzana, pati-patnI-prasaMga, vadhU-svAgata, dAmpatya jIvana ke sUtra, rasavArtA, prIti, prabhA, zRMgAra, sUktiyA~, kApAnanda, solaha svapna, garbha kalyANaka upalabdhiyA~, bhagavAna ke janma se pUrva kA vaataavrnn| sukha-varSA, janmotsava-saMgIta, indra-indrANI dvArA bhagavAna kA arcana, sura-asura, rAjA-prajA dvArA vIra pUjA, zizu ke camatkAra, zizu kA vairAgya darzana, torI lAlitya, nAma-mahimA, bhArata mAtA dvArA Ananda, zizu-krIr3A, zizu-lIlA, zizu kI rIjha-khIjha, zizu se sukha, bAla digambara kA manohara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| paMcama sarga-bAlotpala bAlotpala meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAla-jIvana kA nimnalikhita prasaMgoM ke mAdhyama se vistAra se vivaraNa diyA hai bAla-jIvana, bAla-Adarza, khela-khela meM jJAna, bAla-guru vIra, bAlakoM meM bhagavAna, bAla-parIkSA, vAla-camatkAra, satsaMga-mahimA, samyak svarUpa, mAtA-pitA, mAtA kA Azcarya, mAtA trizalA kA sevAdarza, saba baccoM meM samAna sneha, vIra bAla mitroM ke sAtha, trizAlA mAtA kA vIra-sakhAoM kA bAla-bhoja karanA Adi kA citraNa kiyA hai| indraloka meM bIra-jyoti, rUpa zaktiyoM kA Azcarya, 'saMgamadeva' kA garya, 'saMgama' kA bAla-vIra kI parIkSA ke lie prasthAna, saMgama kA nAga rUpa dhAraNa kara vIra-sakhAoM meM Amagana / vIra kI antaraMga zakti kA prakAza, ananta bala darzana, saMgamadeva kA madacUra, 'saMgama' ko jJAna, 'saMgama' kA hAra jAnA, bAla pahAvIra kI garimA kA bhI citraNa prakAzita hai| varddhamAna kI atizayatA (atipavitra) isa prakAra kI thI ki sAdhAraNa-sI gAya bhI unake sAnnidhya meM Aye to vaha kAmadhenu bana jAtI thii| bAlaka varddhamAna kA vyaktitva aisA thA ki unakI A~khoM meM sadaiva nirveda bhAva jhalakatA thaa| unakI jihA para sarasvatI kA nivAsa thaa| mAtA ne bAlavarddhamAna ko jo AbhUSaNa pahanAye. unase bhI z2yAdA teja bAlaka ke muskurAhaTa kI thii| AbhUSaNoM se yukta bAlaka kI sundaratA kA varNana advitIya hai| bAlaka varddhamAna ke deha kA saundarya divya, alaukika tathA apratima thaa| svarga kI apsarAoM kA saundarya bhI unake samakSa manda hai| indra dvArA kI gayI prazaMsA ko sunakara saMgamadeva sarpa rUpa dhAraNa karake bhUtala para jAtA hai| mahAvIra kI bIratA kI parIkSA lenA cAhatA hai| taba indra kahate haiM70 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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"tInoM lokoM meM nahIM, mahAvIra-sA zUra / " (vahI, pR. 125) barddhamAna saMgama ko mAfa karake use ahiMsA kA upadeza dete hue kahate haiM .. "jiyo aura jIne sabhI jIva ko do|' (vahI, pR. 125) SaSTha sarga-janma-janma ke dIpa janma-janma ke dIpa isa sarga meM vIra bhagavAna ke pUrva janmoM ko kathAoM kA citraNa hai| sAtha hI bAla vIra se parAjita saMgamadeva indraloka meM AtA hai| varddhamAna kI vIratA ke bAre meM pUche gaye saMgamadeva ke praznoM kA indra dvArA zaMkA-samAdhAna kiyA jAtA hai| jIva ke vikAsa kI dizAe~ aura dazAoM kA vistAra se citraNa kiyA hai / bhautika aura AdhyAtmika sukhoM kI upalabdhiyoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dharmAcaraNa ke camatkAroM kI alaukikatA para prakAza DAlA hai| janma-janma kA puNya hai varddhamAna kA ruup||" (vahI, pR. 162) saptama sarga-pyAsa aura a~dherA prastuta sarga meM bhArata ke choTe-choTe rAjyoM ke saMgharSoM kA aura vaizAlI gaNarAjya kI dazAoM kA varNana karake nimnalikhita prasaMgoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai-rAjya aura ramaNI ke rUpa, rAjya aura ramaNI ke lie saMgharSa kA vAstavika citraNa varNita hai| 'AmrapAlI' prasaMga, antarvedanA se pIr3ita 'AmrapAlI' kI Aga, virodhAgni se dahaka kI yathArtha abhivyakti hai| saMgharSa, lUTa, apaharaNa, sAmAjika prahAra, kaSTa, yantraNAeM, rAjakIya, sAmAjika aura dhArmika sthitiyoM ke zabda-citra aMkita kiye haiN| AmrapAlI ke prasaMga kA citraNa karate hue likhate haiM-- "vaizAlI ko sukumAra kalI, lapaToM kI teja kaTAra bnii| mana kI ujiyAlI nagaravadhU, tana de-lekara talavAra bnii|" (vahI, pR. 184) aSTama sarga-santApa isa AThaveM sarga meM AryikA candanA ke jIvana ko prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| usake saMketa isa prakAra haiM-duHkhI gaNatantra, vyathA se krAnti, vaizAlI para AkramaNa, vaizAlI kI pArivArika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM kA yathArtha citra prastuta karane meM kavi ne paurANika AkhyAnoM para AdhunikatA kA raMga car3hAyA hai| candanA kA apaharaNa, kraya-vikraya, sautaDAha, candanA ko kArAvAsa kI yantraNA, candanA ke A~sU, bandhana se mukti ke lie usakI Arta pukAra, tIrghakara darzana ke lie usakI lAlasA aura pukAra kI kAvyAtmaka abhivyakti huI hai| Adhunika Adhunika hindI pahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra :: /

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bhAratIya nArI kI vyathA ko bhI mukharita kiyA hai| "kathA kI vyathA hai vyathA kI kathA haiM, purAnI kathA meM nayI yaha vyathA hai|" (vahI, pR. 198) yahI nahIM, "candanA tapasyA Tera rahI, RSi-muniyoM ke svAmI aao| isa kAlakoTharI se muhAko, padaraja se mukta karA jaao|" (vahI, pR. 208) navama sarga-virakti nirveda kA artha hai-vaha sukha jisake anta meM duHkha nhiiN| nirveda sthAyI bhAva hai, aura isakA rasa haiM-zAnta arthAt bhktibhaav| yuvA mahAvIra bAraha anuprekSA-bhAvanAoM kA cintana karatA hai| deha kI nazvaratA, saMsAra kI kSaNabhaMguratA, akelepana kI bhAvanA ko vyakta karake vivAha se virakta hotA hai| mAtA trizalA aura pitA siddhArtha vivAha kI upayuktatA para aneka tarka prastuta karate haiM, lekina yuvaka mahAvIra jIvana kI sArthakatA ke lie, AtmoddhAra ke lie tathA janatA ke uddhAra ke lie vivAha kI asAratA ko batAte haiN| dhana, daulata, paMcendriyoM ke viSayopabhoga, rAjya-sattA, rUpa-saundarya ke bhoga se AtmA kI zakti ghaTatI hai aura usameM manuSya kI zakti kA vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| varddhamAna mAtA-pitA ke vivAha prastAva kA inakAra karate hue kahate haiM "bandhana mujhako svIkAra nahIM, kevalajJAna cAhatA huuN|" (vahI, pR. 211) tathA"kAma ko jIta lU~, jJAna kI Aga se, mA~! alaga maiM rahU~ rUpa ke vAga se| jJAna kI Aga hU~, brahmacArI rahU~, tapa karU~ vindu se sindhu bana kara bhuuN|" (vahI, pR. 231) aura anta meM dRr3ha saMkalpa karake munidIkSA grahaNa karane vana meM jAte haiN| dazama sarga-vana-patha vana-patha isa sarga meM kaliMgakanyA yazodA ke bhakti-rUpa kA varNana milatA hai| rAjakumAra vIra ne mukuTa, kaTaka Adi rAjasukhoM kA tyAga karake, bhautikatA kA parityAga karake bana meM prasthAna kiyaa| 'kaliMga' kanyA kI bhAva-bhakti, tapasyA, 'rAjagRha'-citraNa, mUrta vana, prakRti, pratIka, mukhara prakRti Adi kA bhI sundara citraNa huA hai| vIra ke mAtA-pitA aura sambandhiyoM ne bidA lo aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ekAkI rahakara vana meM tapazcaryA karane lge| 72 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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ekAdaza sarga-divya-darzana prastuta sarga meM aneka tathyoM evaM prasaMgoM ko citrita karate hue bhagavAna mahAvIra kI kaThora sAdhanA kI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM divya-darzana, kevalajJAna kI prApti kA vivecana kiyA hai| aneka prasaMgoM ke mAdhyama se bhagavAna mahAvIra ko caritragata vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlA hai| dIrya sAdhanA ke phalasvarUpa varddhamAna ko divya-darzana kI (kevalajJAna kI prApti huii| "prApta hue kaivalya ko, prApta kiyA kaivalya / tIrthaMkara bhagavAna ne, liyA diyA kaivalya / " (vahI, pR. 292) dvAdaza sarga-jJAnavANI isa sarga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA diye gaye upadezoM kA varNana hai| indrAdi deva harSa se samavasaraNa kI racanA karate haiN| tIrthakara ne mauna dhAraNa kiyA hai| indropAya dvArA mauna mukharita huaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne prANI mAtra ko jJAna-dAna diyaa| bhagavAna ne upadeza dene ke lie tIsa sAla taka aneka sthAnoM para bihAra kiyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne samasta mAnava mAtra ke lie hitopakArI upadeza diye| pA~ca vratoM kA pAlana, cAra kaSAyoM kA damana, mAnavatAyukta sadAcAra ke pAlana, jJAna kI sAdhanA, cAritra-pAlana kI mahimA kA upadeza diyaa| mahAvIra kI vANI meM varNa-prathA ke virodha, U~ca-nIca ke bheda-bhAva ke virodha, sAmpradAyikatA ke virodha, nArI-dAsatA kA virodha kA prakhara svara gUMjatA rhaa| syAdvAda, anekAntavAda, ahiMsA tathA samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra, ce siddhAnta pramukha haiN| trayodaza sarga-uddhAra - isa sarga meM kArAgAra se candanA ke uddhAra kA varNana milatA hai| dAsI candanA se AhAra svIkAra karake mahAvIra ne use apanI ziSyA banAkara usakA uddhAra kiyaa| "varadAna diyA tIrthakara ne, dhUmila zazi kA uddhAra huaa| AhAra liyA tIrthakara ne, zuci dhArA kA satkAra huA||" (vahI, pR. 319) caturdaza sarga-ananta __isa sarga meM yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI kaNa-kaNa meM vyApta ho gyii| bhagavAna mahAvIra meM ananta rUpa, ananta jyoti, ratnatraya kA pUrNa rUpa citrita hai| mokSa-saurabha kA varNana anupama hai| anta meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI mahimA kA citraNa hai| Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra :: 73

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paMcadaza sarga-yugAntara antima sarga yugAntara meM kavi ne mokSa ke bAda muktezvara mahAvIra ke prabhAva kA varNana karake nimnalikhita tyAtoM para prakAza dAtA hai-mahAvIra bAGmaya kI jIvana aura jagat ko dena, bhAva-jagat aura rASTra-dharma, vIra-vANI kI cetanA, vIra-darzana kA jIvana meM upayoga, jainadharma se deza aura duniyA meM upalabdhiyA~, mahAvIra pUjA ke Adarza, pUjya mahAtmA gA~dhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke patha para, svatantratA prApti meM vIra-vANI kA yoga, Aja kI paristhitiyoM ko dizA-dAna, vIra mArga, vIra-vAGmaya, vIrArcana Adi tathyoM ke citraNa ke mAdhyama se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vyaktitva ko 'mitra' jI ne yugAntakArI, navayuga pravartaka ke rUpa meM rekhAMkita kiyA hai| niSkarSa bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita syAdavAda, anekAnta, ahiMsA, tapa, saMyama Adi kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana karake unake vyaktitva ke Antarika-AdhyAtmika vizeSatAoM kA citraNa atyanta prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se kiyA hai| mahAkAvya 'bIrAyana' meM kula pandraha sarga haiN| sargoM ke zIrSakoM para gaura karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kavi ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ko apanA ArAdhya bhagavAna mAnA hai| ataH chandoM ke mAdhyama se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko puSpamAlAoM, stuti sumanoM se surabhita kiyA hai| digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra paurANika anuzrutiyoM kA AdhAra lekara garma, janma, tapa, jJAna evaM mokSa Adi paMcakalyANakoM ke citraNa dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke alaukika caritra kA prabhAvI DhaMga se citraNa kiyA hai| prAsAdika zailI meM isa grantha kI svAbhAvika dhvani meM racanA huI hai| racanA meM gati hai aura gaharAI bhii| kAvya meM oja hai, sundara varNana hai, karuNA hai aura lalakAra bhI hai| zilpa kI apekSA kathya ko mahattva dene ke kAraNa kAvya meM yatra-tatra dArzanika evaM udAtta vicAroM kA vizleSaNa adhika mAtrA meM huA hai| chanda-racanA meM kavi siddhahasta hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke manovaijJAnika citraNa meM usako acchI saphalatA prApta huI hai| paurANika kathAvastu evaM caritra para AdhunikatA kA raMga bharane meM kavi saphala huA hai| vizvabandhutva, rASTrIyatA, mAnavatAvAda, sarvadharma samabhAva Adi Adhunika cintana-dhArAoM ke vizleSaNa se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke carita kI udAttatA ko adhika spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra' mahAkAvya avantikA ke prasiddha zabdazilpI DaoN. chailabihArI gupta kA 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra' mahAkAvya indaura ko zrI vIra nirvANa grantha prakAzana samiti kI ora se madhyapradeza zAsana ke vittIya sahayoga se mArca, 1976 meM prakAzita huaa| isa mahAkAvya meM A 74 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita 'bhagavAna mahAvIra

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sarga haiN| mahAkAvya kI kasauTI para yaha mahAkAvya kharA utaratA hai| isameM mahAvIra ke lokahitarata jIvana ko prasAdaguNasampanna zailI meM racA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke jIvana para upalabdha prAyaH sabhI pUrNa evaM paravartI sandarbhoM kA gaharA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI aitihAsika tathyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI apanI kalpanA kA kavi ne upayoga kiyA hai| kAvya aura itihAsa kA sundara milApa huA hai| kavi ko isa racanA meM kAvya aura itihAsa ko ekIkRta aura paraspara upakAraka rakhane meM apUrva saphalatA milI hai| prastuta mahAkAvya meM kahIM koI aisA prasaMga nahIM hai jo itihAsa se asaMgata ho| isa dRSTi se kavi kA yaha mahAkAvya hindI mahAvIra carita mahAkAvya kI eka advitIya upalabdhi hai| prastuta kAvya meM sahajatA se tathya satya aura kalpanA kA triveNI saMgama huA hai| kAvyazailI zabdADambara-rahita aura unake vyaktitva ke anurUpa nizcala hai / isIlie mahAkAvya ke kaI prasaMga itane marmasparzI bana gaye haiM ki pAThakoM ko sahaja hI AkarSita kara letA hai| kisI bhI tIrthaMkara ke jIvana caritra para mahAkAvya likhanA parizrama sAdhya kArya hai / jahA~ zAnta rasa pradhAna hai yahA~ kAvya ke lAlitya ke nirvAha meM kaI kaThinAiyA~ AtI haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana meM sAhityasRjana kI koI spaSTa sambhAvanAe~ aba taka dikhAI nahIM par3atI thIM / ataH bahuta kama kaviyoM ne mahAvIra caritra para mahAkAvya likhane ke prayatna kiye haiN| kintu DaoN. chailabihArI gupta ne una kaTinAiyoM ko pAra karake mahAkAvya vidhA meM mahAvIra ke carita ko usakI sampUrNa garimA aura pavitratA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| prastuta prabandha kAvya kI racanA tIrthaMkaroM ke caritra varNana kI prAcIna paramparA ko pravahamAna karate hue kI gayI hai| yaha mahAkAvya vartamAna samaya meM bhagavAna mahAbIra ke jIvana para hindI bhASA meM likhe gaye mahAkAvyoM meM advitIya hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma se lekara nirvANa taka kI vizAla AdhyAtmika yAtrA kA, AtmA se paramAtmA banane kI prakriyA kA vaijJAnika DhaMga se vivecana 'tIrthakara mahAvIra' mahAkAvya meM hameM prApta hotA hai / 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra' meM mahAvIra - caritra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI jIvanI evaM unake upadeza ke kathya ko kavi ne ATha sargoM meM citrita karake bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caritragata vizeSatAoM ko mahAkAvyAtmaka zailo meM prastuta kiyA hai| sargoM kA Azaya saMkSepa meM nimna rUpa meM hai prathama sarga - janma - kalyANa evaM zizu -avasthA isa sarga meM nimnalikhita prasaMgoM kA citraNa evaM vivaraNa mahAkavi ne kalAtmaka DhaMga se kiyA hai| Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra :: 75

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(1) vandanA meM arihanta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya sarvasAdha ina paMcaparameSThI ko praNAma kiyA hai| (2) pUrvAbhAsa meM kavi ne deza kI rAjanItika, sAmAjika, Arthika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM para prakAza DAlakara denyAvasthA kA citraNa kiyA hai| (3) mahArAnI trizalA ko dikhe solaha svapna aura unake phala kA varNana kiyA hai| unameM se tIrthakara kI janma kI mahattA citta meM sahaja hI aMkita ho jAtI haiN| (4) rAjakumAra barddhamAna kA janma caitra zukla trayodazI ko huaa| (5) indra dvArA janma-kalyANaka Ayojana huaa| svarga ke RSi-muni, indra-indrAgyo Anandita hue aura janma-kalyANaka kA utsava manAne ke lie 'vaizAlI' meM aaye| devendra dvArA bhagavAna kA abhiSeka huaa| indrANI ne bAlaka ko goda meM liyA aura janmAbhiSeka ke lie sumeru parvata para le gayI / vahA~ utsAhapUrvaka janmAbhiSeka kiyaa| saMgIta nRtya kA Ayojana tathA stuti kii| (6) saudharma indra ne sumeru parvata para zizu kA nAmakaraNa mahAvIra kiyaa| pitA ne varddhamAna ke rUpa meM nAma rkhaa| ye donoM hI nAma sArthaka haiN| ve vIra the aura unake janma hone para unake pitA siddhArtha kI sabhI bAtoM meM vRddhi huI, isalie unakA nAma varddhamAna sArthaka hai| (7) indra-indrANI zizu ko lekara kuNDapura jAte haiM, aura trizalA ke hAtha bAlaka ko sauMpa dete haiN| prAsAda meM indra dvArA mahArAja siddhArtha evaM mahArAnI trizalA kI mahAvIra jaise putra ko janma dene ke kAraNa stuti kI jAtI hai| janmAbhiSeka utsava kA sajIva varNana mahAkavi ne kiyA hai, aura tatpazcAt svarga ke deva aura indrAdika amarapura cale jAte haiN| (8) zizu apanI bAla-lIlAoM se mAtA-pitA ko apUrva Ananda detA thaa| candrakalA kI taraha zizu kA vikAsa hone lagA aura bAlaka kumAra ho gyaa| bacapana meM hI use pati, zruti, avadhijJAna the| ataH yaha sura-muniyoM kA guru bana gayA, jisase sanmati nAma pracalita ho gyaa| (9) bAlaka ne AThaveM varSa meM bAraha vratoM ko grahaNa kiyaa| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha, brahmacarya Adi vrata dhAraNa kiye| dvitIya sarga-kizora evaM yuvAvasthA prastuta sarga meM nimnalikhita prasaMgoM evaM ghaTanAoM ke mAdhyama se mahAvIra kI yuvAvasthA ke caritra ko aMkita kiyA hai| (1) indrasabhA meM devoM dvArA rAjakumAra kI prazasti hotI hai| eka dina saudharma indra kI sabhA meM carcA cala rahI thI ki bhUtala para sabase adhika zUravIra kauna hai ? indra kahane lagA, isa samaya sabase adhika zUravIra yarddhapAna svAmI hai| koI deva-dAnava unheM 76 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM ciAneta bhagavAna mahAvIra

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parAjita nahIM kara sktaa| IpyAMvaza saMgamadeva kA parIkSA hetu prasthAna hotA hai| saMgamadeva bhUtala para vana meM aayaa| vahA~ kumAra barddhamAna apane bAla-sakhAoM ke sAtha khela rahe the / saMgamadeva ke mahAviSadhara svarUpa dhAraNa karane se sabhI bAlaka 'bhaya ke mAre vahA~ se apane prANa bacAkara bhAga gaye; kevala 'varddhamAna' hI vahA~ raha gye| ve nirbhaya hokara sarpa ke mastaka para paira rakhate hue vRkSa ke nIce utara gye| sajakumAra sarpa ke Upara car3hakara bhIr3A karane lge| anta meM saMgamadaMya ne apanI parAjaya svIkAra kara lii| kumAra ke zaurya, sAhata aura nirbhayatA kI usane prazaMsA kii| (2) vana-krIr3A-upavana meM jAkara bAlaka vIra apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha geMda kA khela khelate the| per3a para A~kha-micaulI kA khela khelate the| bAlasakhAoM meM yuddha kA bhI khela khelate the| sabhI meM vIra bAlaka yazasvI hotA thaa| muniveza dhAraNa karake sAthiyoM ko upadeza bhI dete the 1 isa prakAra apane sakhAoM ke sAtha krIr3Ae~ karate the| (3) jala-krIr3A-eka dina sabhI sakhAoM ke sAtha jala-krIr3A karane sarovara gaye the| vahA~ geMda pakar3ane kA bhI khela karate rhe| sarobara meM kamala ko dekhakara bAlakoM meM usa kamala ko tor3ane kI hor3a lagI aura tairane meM vIra bAlaka hI prathama the| (4) Amoda-pramoda-isa prakAra bAlaka kI krIr3AoM ko dekhakara Anandita hokara gandharva lIlA-gAna karane lage, apsarAe~ nRtya karane lgiiN| rAjamahala meM nitya manoraMjana ke kAryakrama hote rhe| (5) kAvya dharma-carcA-prabhu mahAvIra rasika the aura naba rasapUrNa kAvya kI carcA bhI apane sakhAoM se karate the-dharma, karma kI carcA / veda-upaniSad ke gahana tattvoM para tathA paurANika upAkhyAna sAMkhya-coga Adi para bAteM kiyA karate the| sabhI atyanta bhAvukatA se vIra kI bAtoM ko sunA karate the| (6) munidvaya dvArA sanmati-nAmakaraNa-saMjaya aura vijaya nAmaka do cAraNa muniyoM ko kisI sUkSma tattva ke viSaya meM koI sandeha utpanna ho gyaa| jaba ve mahAvIra ke samIpa Aye to dUra se hI unake darzana-mAtra se unakA sandeha dUra ho gyaa| ve unakA 'sanmati' nAma rakhakara cale gye| (7) mahAvIra atyanta sAdhanAmaya aura anAsakta jIvana lekara utpanna hue the| unhoMne ATha varSa kI Ayu meM aNuvrata dhAraNa kiye| ve janmajAta AtmajJAnI the| ve anAsakta yogI dhe| pati-zruta-avadhijJAna ke dhAraka the| avadhijJAna se apane pUrva bhavoM ko dekhA aura vicAra kiyA ki jIvana ke amUlya tIsa varSa maine parigraha ke isa nissAra bhAva ko vahana karate hue akAraNa hI ga~vA diye| (8) vairAgyotpatti--cIra socate haiM ki maiM aba isa bhAra ko eka kSaNa bhI vahana nahIM kruuNgaa| AtmakalyANa kA mArga mujhe khojanA hai aura AtmasAdhanA dvArA Atmasiddhi kA lakSya prApta karanA hai| Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra ::77

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(5) rAjya - bhogAdikoM ke prati viraktikavi ke zabdoM meM " karanA hI hogA gRha tyAga, dhadhaka rahI hai antasa meM aag|" ( tIrthaMkara mahAvIra, pR. 57 ) isa prakAra kahate hue rAjya bhogAdikoM ke prati unake mana meM viraktti kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| ve tIsa varSa kI avasthA meM muni dIkSA grahaNa karate haiN| tRtIya sarga - vairAgya evaM munidIkSA (1) sAMsArika bhogoM ke prati pUrNa virakti - mahAvIra dhana-vaibhava chor3akara bairAgI bane aura vana meM dhyAnAvasthita hue| varSA, zIta, tApa, bhoga, pyAsa, sukha-duHkha bhUlakara ye tapa meM lIna rhe| saba riztoM se nAtA tor3akara ve AtmasAdhanA ke patha para vihAra karate rahe / (2) bAraha bhAvanAoM ke cintana-jina zAsana meM dvAdaza anuprekSAe~ athavA bAraha bhAvanAoM ke nAma se smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| pratyeka mumukSu, cAhe vaha muni ho athavA zrAvaka, jJAna-dhyAna kI sAdhanA ke lie tathA vairAgya meM sthira rahane ke lie inakA pratidina bArambAra cintana karatA hai| usI samaya lokAntika deva Akara unako sambodhana karate haiN| ataH mahAvIra kuNDapura kA rAjabhavana chor3akara ekAnta vana meM AtmasAdhanA karane hetu saMyama va sAmAyika cAritra kI dIkSA grahaNa karate haiM / indra dIkSA kalyANaka kA utsava manAtA hai| (3) kuNDapura se bAhara tapovana meM varddhamAna ko le jAne ke lie candraprabhA nAmaka divya pAlakI lAyI jAtI hai| usa pAlakI ko prathama manuSya, phira indra tadanantara deva apane kandhoM para uThAkara AkAza mArga se jJAtRkhaNDa vana meM le jAte haiM / indrAdi devoM se bhI manuSya kI zreSThatA pratipAdita kI jAtI hai| ( 4 ) mAtA trizalA kA viyoga-vilApa - trizalA ko jaba varddhamAna ke saMsAra se virakta hone kA samAcAra jJAta huA, taba vaha putra sneha meM vihvala ho gayI aura mUrcchita ho gyii| devoM ne mAtA trizalA ko smjhaayaa| devoM ne samajhAyA ki terA putra mahAn balavAna dhIra-vIra hai| vaha U~cA pada prApta karane jA rahA hai| ataH moha kA AvaraNa haTA de| tIrthaMkara kI jananI ananta kAla taka saMsAra tumheM yAda karegA, aisA devoM kA sambodhana pAkara mAtA trizalA prabuddha huI / (5) jJAtRvanakhaNDa meM saMyama dhAraNa- varddhamAna jJAtRbanakhaNDa meM eka svaccha zilA para baiThe / indrANI ne ratnacUrNa se usa zilA para kI kalApUrNa racanA kI / tadanantara unhoMne mana ko zAnta rakhA aura saMyama dhAraNa kiyA / ( 6 ) dasa parigrahoM evaM caudaha antaraMga parigrahoM kA parityAga - mahAvIra ne apane zarIra ke samasta vastrAbhUSaNa utAra diye| apane kRtrima veza dUra kara kezoM kA 78 hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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pA~ca muTThiyoM se loca kara unhoMne prAkRtika nagna zramaNa veSa dhAraNa kiyaa| dhyAnasya ho ye cintana karane lage / 'Namo siddhANaM' kahate hue siddhoM ko namaskAra karake paMca mahAvrata aura picchI kamaNDalu dhAraNa kara sarva sAvadya kA tyAga karake padmAsana lagAkara sAmayika meM lIna ho gye| 'siddhANaM' uccAraNa ke sAtha hI mahAvIra ko 'mana:paryaya' jJAna utpanna huA / bAharI vicAroM se mana ko rokakara mauna bhAva se acala Asana meM tIrthakara mahAvIra Atmacintana meM nimagna hue| (7) kulagrAma meM praveza, rAjA dvArA mahAvIra-vandana-arcana-nirgrantha hone ke bAda bhagavAna kulagrAma meM aaye| vahA~ ke rAjA bakula ne bhakti se vandanA kI aura candana - arcana kiyaa| rAjA vakula ne navadhA bhakti se bhagavAna ko khIra kA AhAra diyA / phalasvarUpa unake ghara para paMcAzcaryoM kI varSA huii| bhagavAna mauna avasthA meM ekAnta sthAnoM, nirjanavanoM meM tapazcaryA karane lge| caturtha sarga - bhagavAna mahAvIra kI tapasAdhanA evaM samatA bhAvanA (1) muni dIkSA lene ke bAda mahAvIra vana meM vihAra karate rhe| zmazAna bhUmi para tapazcaryA karate rhe| guhA meM zayana karate rhe| chaThe, AThaveM dina upavAsa karate the aura isa prakAra chaha mAsa taka anazana tapa bhI kiyaa| kaThora tapa sAdhanA karate hue kaThina parISoM para vijaya bhI prApta kii| mahAn kArya siddhi ke lie mahAn parizrama karanA par3atA hai| zrI varddhamAna ko anAdi samaya ke karmabandhana ko naSTa karane ke lie kaThora tapazcaryA karanI pdd'ii| jaba ve Atma-sAdhanA meM magna ho jAte, taba kaI dina taka eka hI Asana meM acala baiThe yA khar3e rahate the| kabhI-kabhI eka mAsa taka lagAtAra AtmadhyAna karate rahate the| usa samaya bhojana-pAna Adi banda rahatA thA, kintu isake sAtha bAharI bAtAvaraNa kA bhI anubhava na ho pAtA thaa| zIta Rtu meM parvata para yA nadI ke taTa para athavA kisI khule maidAna meM baiThe rahate the| grISma Rtu meM ve parvata para baiThakara dhyAna karate the| Upara se dopahara kI dhUpa nIce se garama patthara cAroM ora se tU (garama havA ) mahAvIra ke nagna zarIra ko tapAtI rahatI thI, kintu tapasvI barddhamAna ko usakA bhAna nahIM hotA thA / varSA Rtu meM nagna zarIra para mUsalAdhAra pAnI giratA thaa| teja havA calatI thI, parantu mahAn yogI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra acala Asana se Atma cintana meM rata rahate the "ahA jaba AtA varSA kAla, gagana meM bicha jAtA ghanajAla / dAminI damakI ulkApAta, jhar3I laga jAtI thI dina-rAta / / " (vahI, pR. 147) vana meM siMha dahAr3a rahe haiM, hAthI ciMghAr3a rahe haiM, sarpa phuMkAra rahe haiM, parantu parama Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra : 79

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tapasvI mahAvIra ko usakA kucha bhAna hI nahIM hai| aisI kaThora tapazcarcA karate hue mahAvIra deza-dezAntara meM vihAra karate rhe| nagara yA gAMva meM kevala bhojana ke lie Ate the| apanA zeSa samaya ekAnta sthAna, vana, parvata, mufA, nado ke kinAre, zmazAna, bAg2a Adi nirjana sthAna meM bitAte the| vana ke bhayAnaka hiMsaka pazu jaba tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke nikaTa Ate to unheM dekhate hI unakI krUra hiMsaka bhAvanA zAnta ho jAtI thii| ataH unake nikaTa siMha, hariNa, sarpa, nevalA, billI, cUhA Adi jAti-virodhI jIva bhI deSa, vaira bhAvanA chor3akara prema, zAnti se krIr3A kiyA karate the| (2) upasarga-ujyAyinI ke mahAzmazAna meM pratimA yoga sAdhanA tapasvI mahAvIra ne kii| unakI sthANu rudra dvArA dhairya parIkSA huii| usa parIkSA meM tapasvI mahAvIra uttIrNa hue| ataH rudra unakI zaraNa meM AyA aura mahAvIra kahakara unake nAma kA jayaghoSa kiyaa| yaha bhagavAna kA pA~cavA~ nAma hai| (3) candanA prasaMga-rAjA ceTaka kI putrI candanA (bhagavAna kI choTI mausI) ko vana-krIr3A meM Asakta dekha kisI vidyAdhara ne usakA haraNa kara liyA aura patnI ke Dara se mahAn aTavI meM chor3a diyaa| vahA~ ke bhIla ne use le jAkara vRSabhadatta seTha ko de dii| seTha kI patnI subhadrA usake prati sandigdha dRSTi hone se candanA ko khAne ke lie miTTI ke sakore meM kAMjI se mizrita kodoM kA bhAta diyA karatI thI aura krodhavaza use sA~kala se bA~dhe hue rakhatI thii| kisI dina usa kauzAmbI nagarI meM AhAra ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI A gye| unheM dekhakara candanA unake sAmane jAne lgii| usI samaya usake sA~kala ke saba bandhana TUTa gaye, usake sira para keza ho gaye aura vastra AbhUSaNa sundara ho gye| zIla ke mAhAtmya se miTTI kA sakorA svarNa pAtra aura kodoM ke cAvala svAdiSTa bhAta bana gye| usa candanA ne bhagavAna ko par3agAha kara navadhA bhakti se AhAra dAna diyaa| usake yahA~ paMcAzcaryoM kI varSA huI aura bandhuoM ke sAtha usakA samAgama ho gyaa| paMcama sarga-bhagavAna mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna-prApti {1) ambhikA grAma ke yAhara RjukUlA-taTa para pratimAryoga hetu do dina ke upavAsa kA varNana haiN| bihAra karate-karate tapasvI yogI, tIrthakara mahAvIra bihAra prAntIya tRmbhikA' gA~va ke nikaTa bahane vAlI 'RjukUlA' nadI ke taTa para aaye| vahA~ Akara unhoMne zAla vRkSa ke nIce pratimAyoga dhAraNa kiyaa| tadanantara samAdhi meM lIna ho gye| usake bAda pUrNa zukladhyAna huaa| karma-kSaya ke yogya Atma-pariNAmoM kA pratikSaNa asaMkhyAta guNoM kA rUpa vikasita honA hI kSapaka-zreNI hai| kSapaka-zreNo ATaveM, nauveM, dasaveM aura bArahaveM guNasthAna meM hotI hai| ina guNasthAnoM meM cAritra mohanoya kI zeSa 21 prakRtiyoM kI zakti kA kramazaH hAsa hotA jAtA hai, pUrNa kSaya bArahaveM guNasthAna meM ho jAtA hai| 80 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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"au tIna guptiyoM kI vizAla tho senA, aba prabala karma ari dala se Takkara lenA yoM mahAnora yoddhA mahAn balazAlI, sanaddha yuddha ko hue bajA kara taalo|" (bahI, pR. 173) ukta paMktiyoM meM vikAroM se kiye gaye yuddha kA sundara citraNa prastuta hai| usa samaya AtmA ke samasta krodha, mAna, kAma, lobha, mAyA Adi kaSAya samUla naSTa ho jAte haiN| AtmA pUrNa zuddha vIlarAga icchAvihIna ho jAtI hai| tadanantara dUsarA zukladhyAna (ekatva vitaka) hotA hai, jisase jJAna-darzana ke Avaraka tathA balahIna kAraka (jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya, antarAya) karma kSaya ho jAte haiN| taba AtmA meM pUrNa jJAna, pUrNa darzana aura pUrNa bala kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai, jisako dUsare zabdoM meM anantajJAna, anantadarzana, ananta sukha, ananta bala kahate haiN| ina guNoM ke pUrNa vikasita ho jAne se AtmApUrNa jJAtA (sarvajJa), draSTA bana jAtA hai| yaha AtmA kA 'terahavA~ guNasthAna' kahalAtA hai| mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya ina cAra karmoM ke kSaya se kevalajJAna (anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasukha aura anantabala) prakaTa ho jAtA hai| terahaveM guNasthAna ke anta meM tIsarA sUkSmakriyApratipAti nAmaka zukladhyAna hotA hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne ina sabhI prakriyAoM meM saphalatA prApta kii| unake ghAli karma kSaya hue| unhoMne usI dina vaizAkha zuklA dazamI ko kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| isa upalabdhi ke lie unheM bAraha varSa, pA~ca mAsa, pandraha dina (12 varSa, 5 mAsa, 15 dina) tapazcaryA karanI pdd'ii| "vaizAkha zukla dazamI kI sA~jha nirAlI, uttarA hasta nakSatra madhya kSaNa paalii| zubha candra yoga thA mudamada maMgalakArI, jaba karmazaktiyA~ mahAvIra se haarii||" (vahI, pR. 175) (2) samavasaraNa varNana-bhagavAna mahAvIra ko kaivalya prApti huii| ve tIrthakara ho gye| yaha patA calate hI svarga meM Ananda kI lahara daur3a gayI / indra ne kubera se kahA ki vaha tatkAla samavasaraNa kA Ayojana kre| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sammAna meM Ayojita samavasaraNa eka divya, bhavya, udAtta, suhAvanI saMkalpanA kA sAkAra pratirUpa thaa| kubera ne RjukUlA nadI ke taTa para, vipulAcala (parvata) para samavasaraNa (sabhA) kI saMracanA kii| sarvatra gahana hariyAlo chAyo thii| RjuklA kA nirmala, dugdhadhavala, zItala jala kala-kala, chala-chala karatA huA baha rahA thaa| zItala, manda, sugandhayukta samora prANoM meM nayI cetanA jagA rahA thaa| AkAza nirabhra aura prAkRtika pariveza zAnta thaa| aise vAtAvaraNa meM kubera ne virAT samaksaraNa kA Ayojana kiyaa| Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAyAra-caritra :: / /

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prathama bhAga meM 'nATyazAlA' yo, jahA~ nitya bhajana-kIrtana hotA thaa| dUsarA mAga 'jala bhUmi' thI, jahA~ svaccha jala meM asaMkhya kamala khile the, aura deva-devAMganAeM naukA vihAra kara rahe the| tIsare bhAga meM 'puSpavATikA' thI, jahA~ nAnA rUpa, raMga, rasa, gandhayukta mohaka phUla khile the| usake Age tyAgI, sAdhu puruSoM kA nivAsa thA, jise 'azoka bhUmi' kahate the| usake Age 'dhvaja-bhUmi' meM ucca parvata-zreNiyoM para, chattuMga stambhoM para raMga-biraMge dhvaja laharA rahe the| chaThI 'kalpavRkSa bhUmi para' apane zuddha svarUpa meM kevalajJAnI muni virAjamAna the| antima kSetra meM, jise 'stUpabhUmi' kahA jAtA hai, gaganacumbI stUpoM para bane hue mandiroM meM siddhoM aura arihantoM kI manojJa mUrtiyA~ thiiN| isake bAda cakrAkAra bhUmi meM bAraha sabhA-gRhoM kI racanA kI gayI thii| prathama tIna bhAgoM meM mani, kalpavAsIdeva aura AyikAe~ thiiN| phira deva-deviyoM ke lie sthAna surakSita thaa| do bhAgoM meM manuSya the| isa mAMgalika samAyojana meM pazu-pakSI bhI pArasparika baira-bhAva tyAgakara ekatra upasthita the| samavasaraNa ke madhya meM eka gandhakuTI thI, jisameM kamalAkAra svarNa-siMhAsana para bhagavAna mahAvIra virAjamAna the| sarvajJa kevalI hone ke kAraNa unakA parizuddha zarIra AtmacetanA te apUrNa thA, isIlie ve siMhAsana se Upara, vAyumaNDala meM adhara virAjamAna the| magavAna mahAvIra kI divyadhvani sunane ke lie Agantuka RSi, muni, sAdhu, zrAvaka, devI-devatAdi sabhI Atura the| sabane tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI vandanA kI, kintu unake zrImukha se vANI prasphuTita nahIM huii| avadhijJAna se indra ne jAnA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke divya vicAroM ko AtmasAt kara unheM saMsArI jIvoM taka hastAntarita karane ke lie eka suyogya saMghanAyaka gaNadhara ko AvazyakatA hai| (3) indra kA gautama brAhmaNa ke yahA~ gamana, mautama dvArA mahAvIra prabhu kI stuti evaM samyakudarzana-indra ne apane divya jJAna se yaha saMketa prApta kiyA ki magadha deza ke gaura grAma ke paNDita basubhUti kA jyeSTha putra 'indrabhUti gautama' bhagavAna mahAvIra kA prathama gaNadhara homaa| use yahA~ lAnA cAhie, ataH indra ne baTU kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA aura tAipatra para eka zloka likhakara indrabhUti gautama se usakA artha pUchA "traikAlyaM dravyaSaTkaM navapadasahitaM jIva-SaTkAya lezyAH / " ukta zloka kA ardha indrabhUti gautama kI samajha meM nahIM aayaa| ataH yA apane 500 ziSyoM ke sAtha baTu kA anusaraNa karate-karate vipulAcala para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa meM aayaa| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke darzana mAtra se use divyajJAna prApta huaa| use ucca koTi kA manaHparyayajJAna evaM buddhi, auSadhi, akSaya, oja, rasa, tapa aura vikriyA nAmaka sAta RddhiyA~ upalabdha huii| isa taraha se mahApaNDita, mahAjJAnI, indrabhUti gautama bhagavAna mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya aura jyeSTha gaNadhara hue| unhoMne tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI divyadhvani kA sUkSma Azaya AtmasAta kara use nokabhASA meM, H2 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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janavANI 'ardhamAgadhI meM lokahitArtha prakaTa kiyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara the - ( 1 ) indrabhUti (gautama), (2) agnibhUti, ( 3 ) vAyubhUti (1) zucidatta, (5) sudharmA, (6) mAnuSya (7) mauryaputra, ( 8 ) aMkapana, (9) acala bhrAtA ( 10 ) metArya aura ( 11 ) prabhAsa / inhIM gaNadharoM ne mahAvIra vANI kA saMkalana, vivecana, vizleSaNa, Akalana kiyaa| uparyukta prasaMga ke vivecana meM kavi ne nimna chanda kA prayoga kiyA hai"bana gaye vipra gautama pradhAna, jIvana sudhanya thA catura jJAna / gautama ne pAyA dizA jJAna, aba dvAdazAMga sambhava mahAna " (vahI, pR. 211 ) isa prakAra kevalajJAna prApti ke 66 dina bAda gautama ke gaNadhara banate hI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI divyadhyAna se hitopadeza kA lAbha upasthita prANImAtra ko samavasaraNa meM prApta huA / SaSTha sarga meM gaNadhara gautama tathA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke madhya praznottara kA varNana milatA hai| sAtavA~ sarga - bhagavAna mahAvIra ke hitopadeza kA prabhAva rAjagRhI ke mahArAja zreNika ( bimbasAra ) bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza zravaNa ke lie vipulAcala para Ate haiM aura unake darzana, vandanA Adi karate haiN| ve tIrthaMkara mahAbIra kA upadeza sunakara unake parama bhakta bana gye| gaNadhara gautama rAjA ke pUrva janma ke vRttAnta kA kathana karate haiN| mahAvIra kA marmasparzI upadeza jaba janatA ne sunA to dharma kA sundara satya svarUpa use jJAta huaa| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki pazu-yajJa ke virodha meM eka vyApaka lahara phaila gyii| yajJa karAnevAle purohitoM ke tathA yajJa karanevAle yajamAnoM ke hRdaya meM parivartana aayaa| ve ahiMsA ke samarthaka ho gye| isa taraha zrI vIra prabhu kI vANI prArambha se hI acchI prabhAvazAlI siddha huii| svayaM rAjA zreNika bauddhadharma kA tyAga kara jainadharma ko dRDha zraddhA se svIkAra karatA haiM 1 AThavA~ sarga - bhagavAna mahAvIra kA parinirvANa mahotsava bhagavAna mahAvIra kA vihAra pAvApura meM hotA hai| kaMvalyaprApti ke bAda bhagavAna mahAvIra loka-kalyANArtha satata bihAra karate rhe| ve jahA~ bhI Thahare, vahA~ unakA navIna samavasaraNa banatA rahA ( dhrmsbhaamnnddp)| kaI dinoM taka unakA prabhAvazAlI dharmopadeza huA aura dharma kI nirantara prabhAvanA hotI rhii| tIthaMkara mahAvIra ne icchArahita hokara bhI bhavya janoM ke prati sahaja dayA se prerita hokara magadha, kAzI, kazmIra, vaizAlI, zrAvastI, campA, vArANasI, kauzAmbI, mithilA, hastinApura, nAlandA, sAketa, vidarbha, Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra 83

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gaur3a, Andhra, kerala Adi pradezoM meM dharma prabhAvanA kii| unakI bhASA divyadhvanimaya thI, jise sabhI upasthita zrotA samajhate the aura anta meM pAvAnagara meM aneka sarovaroM ke bIca unnata bhUmi para ve sthita ho gaye / yahA~ unhoMne 6 dina yoga nirodha karake antima caudahavA~ guNasthAna prApta kiyA aura zeSa aghAtI karmoM kA kSaya karake kArtika vadI amAvasyA ke (brAhma muhUrta meM, sUryodaya se pahale) saMmAra ke AvAgamana se mukti prApta kii| audArika Adi zarIroM kA nAza kiyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra arihanta pada se siddha pada taka pahu~ca gye| AtmA ko siddhAvasthA caramAvasthA hai| vahI avasthA paramAtmAvasthA hai| AtmA se paramAtmA banane kI prakriyA kA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra se hameM prApta hotA hai| niSkarSa DaoN. chailabihArI gupta ne "tIrthakara mahAvIra' mahAkAvya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke caritra-varNana kI prAcIna paramparA ko apanAte hue bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa kiyA hai| prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM saMskRta ke mahAvIra viSayaka prabandhakAvyoM ke AdhAra para Adhunika hindI kAvya likhe gaye haiN| prastuta mahAkAvya meM kavi ne ATha sargoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma se lekara parinirvANa taka kI vizAla AdhyAtmika jIvana-yAtrA kA varNana kiyA hai| tIrthakara-caritra likhane ko prAcIna paramparA kA nirvAha karate hue apanI kalpanA evaM prakhara pratibhA ke dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa sundara evaM sarala zailI meM citrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| mahAkAvya meM sargoM ko zIrSaka nahIM diye haiN| phira bhI mahAvIra kI sampUrNa jIvanI ko ATha utthAnoM meM prastata kiyA hai| ATha varSa taka kA bAla-jIvana paricaya prathama sarga meM hai| dUsare sarga meM tIsa barasa taka kA kizora evaM yuvA jIvana citrita hai| tIsare evaM cauthe soM meM muni jIvana ke tapa, saMyama, dhyAna Adi ke dvArA caritra-citraNa kiyA hai| pA~caveM sarga meM kevalajJAna evaM arhanta pada kI prApti se prApta teja evaM samavasaraNa vaibhava ke varNana dvArA mahAvIra ke vyaktitva kI carama avasthA para prakAza DAlA hai| SaSTha sarga meM mahAvIra dvArA diye gaye upadezoM kA vivaraNa hai| sAtaveM sarga meM mahAvIra-yANI ke prabhAva ko aMkita karake AThaveM sagaM meM nirvANa-mahotsava kA citraNa kiyA hai| isameM pUrvabhavoM evaM garbhakalyANaka ke citraNa kA abhAva hai| 'zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra-caritra' mahAkAvya abhayakumAra 'yodheya' kA yaha abhinava mahAkAvya 'zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra' hai| isakA prakAzana bhagavAna mahAvIra prakAzana saMsthA, meraTha dvArA agasta, 1976 meM huaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI virATatA isameM varNita hai| zvetAmbara jainAcAryoM-kaviyoM-somaprabhasUri-mestugAdi ne apabhraMza bhASA meM tIrthaMkaroM 84 :: hindI ke pahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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ke caritra kA varNana kiyA hai| varddhapAna caritra kA varNana vibhinna kathAoM meM 'kalpasUtra' aura 'sthAnAMgasUtra' granthoM meM huA hai| ye hI prastuta caritra racanA ke upajIvya grantha haiN| prastuta mahAkAvya '352' pRSToM kA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sampUrNa caritra ko kavi ne nau sopAnoM meM vibhAjita karake citrita kiyA hai| 'zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra-caritra' meM mahAvIra-caritra prathama sopAna-garbha evaM janma-kalyANa (1) svarga se cayana-bihAra rAjya ke vaizAlI nagara meM mahAkuNDa nAmaka gA~va meM RSabhadatta brAhmaNa rahatA thaa| usakI patno devAnandA eka viduSI nArI thii| devaloka se tIrthaMkara ke jIva ne devAnandA ke garbha meM praveza kiyaa| yahI varddhamAna kA jIva thaa| tabhI se dhana-dhAnya kI samRddhi hone lgii| brAhmaNa kula meM tIrthaMkara kA janma nahIM hotA hai| varddhamAna ke jIva meM brahmateja ke sAtha kSatriya bhAvanA kA adbhuta mizraNa thaa| ataH brAhmaNa kula ko chor3a kSatriya kula meM garbha kA parivartana indra ne kiyaa| prabala saMskAra se yaha parivartana sambhava hotA hai| (2) mAtA trizalA ke garbha meM-vaizAlI ke kSatriya kuNDagrAma meM rAjA siddhArtha rahatA thaa| usakI rAnI trizalA ke garbha meM tIrthaMkara kA jIba aayaa| rAnI trizalA ko ASAr3ha zukla SaSThI tithi kI rAta ke antima prahara meM svapna dikhAI diye| sapanoM meM siMha, hAthI, baila, lakSmI, do puSpamAlA, candra, sUraja, dhvaja, kalaza, padma, sindhu, vimAna, ratna, dhUmrarahita agni, mukha meM jAtA huA hAthI Adi caudaha svapna the| (3) sapanoM kA vizleSaNa-rAnI trizalA ne rAjA siddhArtha ko sapanoM kI bAta khii| taba rAjA ne kahA ki sabhI svapnoM kA phala yahI hai ki eka bhavya alaukika jIva tIrthakara bhagavAna ke rUpa meM tere garbha meM bar3ha rahA hai| itane meM indra sapariyAra Akara rAjA-rAnI kA pUjana karake gotsava manAte haiN| (4) janmakalyANaka-caitra-zukla trayodazI somavAra (vidhuvAra) ke dina vAlaka varddhamAna kA janma huaa| prasava kAla meM svarga se devoM ne Akara utsava manAnA Arambha kiyaa| apsarAe~ nRtya karane lgiiN| indra aura indrANI usa navajAta bAlaka ko lekara sumeru parvata kI pANDukazilA para abhiSeka karane ke lie le jAte haiN| aura zizu ko rAjamahala meM mAtA ke pAsa lAkara chor3a jAte haiN| alaukika, mahAmAnava ke garbhajanma-mahotsava manAne svarga se indrAdidevoM kA Agamana hotA hai| yaha paurANika dRSTi rahI hai| dvitIya sopAna-bAla evaM kizora avasthA (1) bAla-lIlA-zizu barddhamAna ke janmataH tIna jJAna the-matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna / ve bhItara se saMvedanazIla the| varddhamAna bAhara se krIDAzIla the| bAlalIlAoM kA citraNa manohArI hai| Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra :: 8.5

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(2) kizora avasthA - eka dina barddhamAna ne chata para se dekhA ki nagara patha para eka madonmatta hAthI aneka logoM ko apane pairoM tale kucalatA huA daur3a rahA hai| varddhamAna jhaTa jAkara hAthI ko vaza meM kara lete haiM aura nagarajanoM kI rakSA karate haiN| kavi varNana karatA hai "aise saMkaTa kI belA meM kaisA zaurya dikhaayaa| jAna hathelI para lekara janatA ko Ana bcaayaa|| " + ( zramaNa magavAna mahAvIra - caritra, pR. 86 ) mahAvIra ke caritra meM paropakAra janakalyANa kI bhAvanA rahI hai| kizora varddhamAna jaMgala meM mitroM ke sAtha vRkSa ke Upara khela khela rahe the| itane meM vahA~ eka viSailA sarpa vikarAla rUpa dhAraNa karake dikhAI diyaa| sabhI bAla-mitra bhAga gye| lekina kizora barddhamAna ne usa para vijaya paayii| vaha sarpa mAyAvI rUpa chor3akara deva ke rUpa meM prakaTa huaa| usane kizora barddhamAna se kSamA mA~gI aura prabhu kI vandanA karake devaloka meM lauTa gayA / tRtIya sopAna - yuvaka evaM virAgI mahAvIra ( 1 ) taruNAvasthA - kizora varddhamAna ne yuvAvasthA meM padArpaNa kiyaa| kavi yuvAvasthA kA varNana karatA huA kahatA hai "vikasita pulakita aMga, hRdaya meM sAhasa, hIre-sI jagamaga thI kAyA / nakha - zikha meM anupAta, sugharatA chAbe meM sihara uThI yauvana kI mAyA // " (vahI, pR. 93 ) yuvaka varddhamAna ke saundarya se sabhI prabhAvita the| ataH mAtA-pitA ne varddhamAna ke sAmane vivAha kA prastAva rkhaa| vasantapura nagarI ke rAjA samaravIra kI beTI yazodA mAtA ko bahU ke rUpa meM pasanda thii| varddhamAna ke mana meM vivAha kareM yA na kareM - isa bAta ko lekara dvandva calatA rhaa| lekina mAtA-pitA ke prati atyadhika sammAna hone ke kAraNa ve vivAha ke pakSa meM vicAra karate haiN| (2) antardvandva - mAtA-pitA kI icchA ko TAlakara barddhamAna unheM duHkha pahu~cAnA nahIM cAhatA thaa| ataH unake prastAva ko svIkAra kiyaa| kuNDagrAma meM varddhamAna ke vivAha kI vArtA sunakara Anandamaya vAtAvaraNa phailaa| vivAhotsava bar3I dhUmadhAma se huaa| varddhamAna aura yazodA ke premavyavahAra kA citraNa kavi ne isa prakAra kiyA "TUTa gayI thI Dora vAsanA jIta gayI, madhura milana meM ghar3iyA~ kitanI bIta gayIM / paMkha lagAkara pyAra - gagana meM vicara gayA, thI ananta kI sattA jaise jIta gayI // " (vahI, pR. 105 ) 86 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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gRhasthAvasthA meM yuvaka barddhamAna rama gaye the| lekina kucha hI dinoM meM vAsanA aura viveka meM saMgharSa Arambha huaa| varddhamAna citta ke samasta vikAroM-vAsanA Adi ke viruddha saMgharSa karane udyata hue| (3) varddhamAna kA Atmacintana-mAtA-pitA kI mRtyu ko ghaTanA anubhava karake varddhamAna ke antaHkaraNa meM vairAgya bhAvanA jAga utthii| yuvaka varddhamAna saMsAra se virakta hokara dIkSA lene kA saMkalpa karate haiN| saMsAra kSaNabhaMgura hai, deha nazvara hai| ataH AtmakalyANa ke lie zeSa samaya kA upayoga karanA caahie| ve kahate haiM "mUlyavAna hai eka-eka pala isa jIvana kA, ho jAe vyatIta, na phira yaha mA~gA jaae|" (vahI, pR. 116) isa prakAra munidIkSA lene kA dRr3ha saMkalpa varddhamAna ne kiyaa| apanA saMkalpa mAI nandivardhana se khaa| bhAI virodha karatA hai| anta meM do sAla ke bAda mahala chor3ane kA nizcaya vyakta karate haiN| (4) mahaloM meM yogI-varddhamAna mahaloM meM rahakara bhI yogI the| ve bhogI nahIM the, nIroga the| unheM mukti ke vaibhava kA AkarSaNa rhaa| parapIr3A ko dUra karane ke lie dhanavaibhava kA upayoga kiyaa| dAna kI parAkASThA unake caritra meM hai| (3) bidA kI velA-gautama buddha kI yazodharA kI manovyathA kA jisa prakAra maithilIzaraNa guptajI ne 'yazodharA' campU kAvya meM citraNa kiyA hai, usI prakAra mahAkavi yodheyajI ne bhI barddhamAna kI vidrohI yazodA kI antara pIr3A ko mArmika DhaMga se vyakta kiyA hai| yazodA kI vyathita avasthA ko dekhakara varddhamAna kI A~khoM se azrudhArA bahane lgii| varddhamAna ke mukha-maNDala ko dekhakara yazodA zAnta huI aura usake prati zraddhA kA bhAva jAga utthaa| caturtha sopAna-bhagavAna mahAvIra kI munidIkSA (1) Atma-nirNaya ke kSaNa-varddhamAna ke mana ne saMkalpa kiyA ki___ "pIr3A meM koI palatA ho, la~gar3Akara koI calatA ho| usakA sambala banakara jInA, jo duHkha meM sar3atA galatA ho|" (vahI, pR. 151) isa taraha barddhamAna ke hRdaya meM dIna-dalitoM ke prati karuNA kA srota umar3a par3A aura paropakAra kI bhAvanA jAga utthii|| (2} sahanazIlatA-gulAba ke phUla, dharatI, tave para kI roTI kI taraha dUsaroM ke dvArA diye gaye kaSToM ko sahana karake unakA upakAra karatI hai| usI taraha manuSya ko Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra :: 87

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bhI sahanazIla honA caahie| ataH AtmA kI mahAnatA kA rahasya nimna paMktiyoM meM spaSTa hai "dayAvAna dAnI jo hotA, mAnarahita mAnava jo hotA, kSamAzIla hone se sabakA priya sakhA manabhAvana hotA // " (vahI, pR. 195 ) janakalyANa karane ke lie loka hitakArI caritra ko dayAzIla, kSamAzIla tathA vinamra honA anivArya hotA haiN| ( 3 ) dIkSA ke samIpa - barddhamAna satya, ahiMsA, samatA, saMyama kA cintana karate-karate muni dIkSA lene kA saMkalpa karate haiN| deva usa samAroha kI taiyArI meM lagate haiM / triloka meM prabhu ke isa saMkalpa se utsAha kA nirmANa huaa| lokakalyANa ke lie varddhamAna ghora tapazcaryA karane ke lie udyata hue / ( 4 ) dIkSA- varddhamAna mArgazIrSa kRSNa pakSa dazamI tithi ke subaha ratnajaTita paridhAna pahanakara dhIra-vIra senAnI jaise zatru para vijaya pAne ke lie mahala se vana nikle| vahA~ jaMgala meM saba vastra aura AbhUSaNa chor3a diye aura pA~camuSTi se kezaloMca kiyA / (5) dIkSA ke uparAnta-dIkSA ke uparAnta varddhamAna ke bhAI nandivardhana ko apanA jIvana adhUrA lagane lgaa| bhAI ke viraha meM ve atyanta duHkhI hue| eka naMgA bhUkhA brAhmaNa muni varddhamAna ke pAsa kucha bhIkha mA~gatA hai| prabhu ne AdhA deva vastra use de diyA / brAhmaNa ko usa Adhe vastra kA mUlya eka lAkha mohara milii| vaha prasanna huaa| zeSa AdhA vastra jaMgala kI jhAr3I meM ulajha gyaa| prabhu ne usa Adhe vastra ko vahIM chodd'aa| unheM use chor3ane kA tanika bhI kheda nahIM huaa| barddhamAna svecchA se samasta rAjavaibhava kA tyAga karake zramaNasAdhanA ke patha para calate rahe / paMcama sopAna - sAdhanA evaM upasarga ( 1 ) tapa sAdhanA evaM upasarga - prabhu varddhamAna vana ke prAMgaNa meM vanaspati, pazu-pakSiyoM ke bIca sahaja jIvana vyatIta karate hue AtmadhyAna karate the| varddhamAna ke tapa kA sAmarthya aisA thA ki samasta pazu-prANI parassara vaira ko bhUlakara nirbhayatA se baiThe hue the| (2) upasarga - tapa karate samaya aneka bha~varoM ne kIr3oM ne prabhu ke deha ko nocA, lekina ve zAnta bhAva se usa upasarga ko sahana karate rhe| SaSTha sopAna --- sAdhanA kA svarUpa (1) sAdhanA kA svarUpa Atmagata evaM samaSTigata-sAdhanA se sAdhaka ke hRdaya meM navazakti kA saMcAra hotA hai| kavi kA kathana hai hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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"AlasvahIna, zramalIna manuja, Abaddha-vRtti, sakriya manuja / ho jAtA AtmajayI ahaMtu, yadi svastha citta se rahe manuja / " (vahI, pR. 220 ) zramaNasAdhanA citta kI zuddhatA aura ekAgratA ke mahattva ko spaSTa karatI hai / (2) varddhamAna kA sAdhanA patha-barddhamAna kI sAdhanA kA patha atyanta kaThora thaa| vaha pIr3A se vicalita nahIM hote the| sadaiva kartavyazIla, sahanazIla aura nirlipta bhAva meM rahate the| "pApa-puNya donoM kI sImA, unako bA~dha na pAtI thI / kaThina sAdhanA karate rahakara, deha nahIM thaka pAtI thii|" (vahI, pR. 230 ) prabhu karuNA sAgara ne apanI pIr3A kA kabhI khayAla nahIM kiyaa| para pIr3A ko dUra karane ke lie jIvana samarpita kiyaa| saptama sopAna - bhagavAna mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna prApti (1) sAdhanA kI carama sthiti-bha -bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dhyAna-sAdhanA aba carama utkarSa para pahu~cI / ( 2 ) lakSya ke nikaTa - varddhamAna RjubAlikA nadI ke taTa para jRmbhaka nAmaka grAma meM vihAra karane gye| kaThora sAdhanA ke pariNAmasvarUpa varddhamAna bhagavAna mahAvIra bane / ( 3 ) kevalajJAna kI upalabdhi - vaizAkha mAsa ke zukla pakSa kI dasavIM tithi "kevalajJAna huA upalabdha 'vIra' ko tatkSaNa / saMsRti kA hara jIva, unheM thA vandana karatA / " (vahI, pU. 287) bhagavAna mahAvIra vItarAgI evaM kevalajJAnI bne| ataH ve sarvatra candanIya rahe / aSTama sopAna - bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza kA prabhAva (1) gyAraha gaNadhara - bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa meM indrabhUti gautama, agnibhUti, vAyubhUti Adi gyAraha gaNadhara phuNce| prabhu ke darzana se unakI sabhI zaMkAe~ nirmUla ho gayIM / samasta paNDitoM kA garva nAza huA aura unhoMne munidIkSA grahaNa kii| mahAvIra ke ziSya bane / prabhu kI sarvajJatA kI mahimA jAnakara vaidika brAhmaNa gaNadharoM ne jainasAdhanA meM dIkSA grahaNa kii| ( 2 ) candanabAlA kA saMyama grahaNa- bhagavAna ke samavasaraNa meM candanabAlA bhI sAdhanA karane ke lie saMyamapUrvaka dIkSA lene AyI thii| mahAvIra ne use sAdhanA - patha meM dIkSita karake use saMghapramukha banAyA / Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra caritra :: 89

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navama sopAna - bhagavAna mahAvIra kA parinirvANa - mahotsava (1) nirvANa kyA ? nirvANa kA artha hai-pukti pAnA / muktAvasthA meM pahu~canA mukti kA sukha yA Ananda zabdoM meM vyakta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / (2) parinirvANa - dhyAna kI cauthI sthiti zukladhyAna meM pahu~cane para zuddhAtmA paramAtmA pada ko prApta karatA hai arthAt usakA parinirvANa hotA hai| parinirvANa meM mAnyatA hai ki deha tyAgakara jIva jahA~ pahu~catA hai (lokAkAza kA agrima sthAna, siddha zilA) vahA~ se lauTakara nahIM AtA hai arthAt bhava-bhramaNa se mukta hotA hai| saMkSepa meM, abhayakumAra 'yodheya' ne zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa meM trizalA mAtA ke caudaha svapnoM kA vizleSaNa karake garbhAntaraNa ke prasaMga ko citrita kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke vividha nAmoM ke anvayArtha kA pratipAdana karate hue jina ghaTanAoM kA jikra kiyA haiM, ve prasaMga zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra haiN| varddhamAna ke vivAha kI ghaTanA tathA usake santAna hone kI mAnyatA bhI ukta paramparA kI hai| muniveza dhAraNa karake sAdhanA karate samaya jina upasargoM evaM parISahoM ko citrita kiyA gayA hai, ve bhI usI zvetAmbara paramparA prApta varNana haiN| mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA sAra yaha hai ki pratyeka jIva usI kI taraha sAdhanA karake vaisA hI kevalajJAnI bana sakatA hai| yaha svayaM apanA bhAgya vidhAtA hai| vrata, saMyama, tapa evaM dhyAna se hara jIvAtmA utthAna kI carama sImA taka arthAt paramAtmA pada taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| niSkarSa AdhunikatA kI dhAraNA kA mUlAdhAra aitihAsika cetanA hai| ataH vaha prAcIna itihAsa evaM paurANika paramparA se cetana, gatizIla tattvoM ko svIkAra karatI hai| mAnavI jIvana ke zAzvata - cirantana mUlyoM ko apanAkara unheM Adhunika pariveza ke yathArtha para vivekazIlatA kI kasauTI para kasakara unheM AcaraNa meM lAne kI buddhivAdI vaijJAnika jIvanadRSTi AdhunikatA hai| usa dRSTi se Adhunika aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM meM AdhunikatA kA raMga bharA gayA hai | prastuta grantha ke anuzIlana kA viSaya hindI mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra hone se mahAvIra caritra ke Adhunika chaha mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA anuzIlana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| Adhunika mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA adhyayana prastuta karane para niSkarSa ke rUpa meM nimna tathya prApta hote haiM (1) jainadharma ke antima 24veM tIthaMkara jainadharma ke samunnAyaka, prabala pravartaka, aitihAsika mahAvIra ke samagra jIvana kI abhivyakti samasta Alocya 90 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM huI haiN| tIrthaMkara, paramajyoti, zrapaNabhagavAna, arhat, kevalI bhagavAna, mahAmAnava ke rUpa meM mahAmahima varddhamAna ke aitihAsika caritra ko rUpakoM, pratIkoM, mithakoM ke dvArA paurANika mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM mukhyataH citrita kiyA gayA haiN| (2) samasta kaviyoM ne mahAvIra ke caritra kI alaukikatA, divyatA, lokottaratA kI mahimA kA bhakti-bhAva se varNana kiyA haiN| saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA purAnI hindI kI bhagavAna mahAvIra-carita sambandhI mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA kA anukaraNa karate hue Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM mahAvIra caritra ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isIlie samasta mahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko paMcakalyANaka mahotsavoM ke prasaMga varNanoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gyaa| ye samasta mahAkAvya aitihAsika hote hue bhI unameM eka mAtra caritra hI itihAsasiddha hai| inameM anya aitihAsika yathArtha prasaMgoM kA abhAva hai| (3) Adhunika kaviyoM ne aitihAsika mahAvIra ke caritra ko mAnavIya bhAvabhami para avatarita hone nahIM diyA, apitu unake lokottara, IzvarIya rUpa ko hI adhika grAhya, AdarzaparAyaNa aura parama AdhyAtmika mAnA hai| kyoMki ina carita mahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA pratipAdana evaM pracAra-prasAra mukhya uddezya rahA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM ko jaina paramparAsammata rUpa meM unakI AdhyAtmikatA evaM lokottaratA ko akSuNNa evaM vizuddha rakhA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana ko lekara kisI sampradAya vizeSa meM matabheda nahIM dikhAI detaa| matamatAntara jo hai vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra kI aitihAsika jIvanI ko lekara hai| Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke kaviyoM meM se kavi vIrendra prasAda jaina ne apane 'tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra' mahAkAvya meM mahAvIra kI jIvanI ko digambara sampradAya kI mAnyatAoM ke anusAra rekhAMkita kiyA hai| mahAvIra Ajanma brahmacArI rahe / yuvAvasthA meM hI digambara munidIkSA grahaNa karake nirgandha ke rUpa meM tapa-sAdhanA kii| dhanyakumAra jaina 'sudheza' ne mahAvIra ke caritrAMkana ko digambara sampradAya ke DhaMga para prastuta kiyA hai| ina donoM kaviyoM ne mahAvIra ke jIvana meM Adi se anta taka vItarAgatA ke rUpa ko spaSTa kiyA hai| (5) kavi abhayakumAra yodheya ne zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra meM unake vivAha tathA eka santAna hone kI carcA kI hai| dIkSA ke samaya sacela hone kA bhI ullekha hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahAvIra-caritra :: /

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garbhAntaraNa ke prasaMga bhI caritra meM samAviSTa haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAdhanA evaM upadravoM kI ghaTanAe~ paramparAgata zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM ke anusAra citrita kI gayI haiN| (i) mahAkavi anUpa ne 'barddhamAna' mahAkAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra prastuta karate hue digambara, zvetAmbara tathA vaidika sampradAya kI vicAradhArAoM meM samanvayavAdI dRSTi apanAyI hai| zramaNa paramparA aura brAhmaNa paramparA ke AdarzoM kA samanvaya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritrAdarzoM evaM upadezoM meM sthApita karake santulita dRSTi kA paricaya mahAkavi anUpa ne diyA hai| DaoN. chailabihArI gupta ne apane 'tIrthakara mahAbIra' mahAkAvya meM samanvaya kI dRSTi apanAte hue adhikatara digambara mAnyatAoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA paricaya diyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke garbhakalyANaka mahotsava ke prasaMga ko TAla diyA hai| mahAvIra ke caritra ke prati unakA dRSTikoNa buddhivAda kA rahA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI cintanadhArA kA suvyavasthita, santulita evaM vaijJAnika dRSTi se vivecana kiyA hai| bhagavAna. mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ko eka naye pariveza meM dekhakara use mahAkAvyAtmaka zailI meM abhivyakti dI hai| raghuvIrazaraNa "mitra' ne 'vIrAyana' meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aitihAsika caritra ko apane yugIna paristhitiyoM ke pariveza meM parakhakara unake jIvana-darzana kI abhivyakti ko pradhAnatA dI hai| sahI arthoM meM isa racanA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra-varNana meM AdhunikatA kI dRSTi kA paricaya hameM prApta hotA hai| samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko prastuta karane meM unheM saphalatA prApta huI hai| kula milAkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra meM hameM nara se nArAyaNa, jAtmA se paramAtmA, AtmavikAsa ke vividha sopAnoM kI prakriyA kI vaijJAnika dRSTi milatI haiN| sAmAjika pakSa meM udAramatavAdI, mAnavatAvAdI, samatAvAdI, sarvodayavAdI ke rUpa meM caritra ubharakara AyA hai| 92 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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tRtIya adhyAya bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA samagra citraNa hindI sAhitya kI eka bahuta bar3I upalabdhi hai| sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se mukta, aitihAsika evaM sAhityika mahAvIra-caritra hindI sAhitya kI dharohara ho sakatI hai| hindI ke Adhunika mahAvIra carita mahAkAvyoM ke anuzIlana se mahAvIra caritra kA samyak evaM vaijJAnika Akalana karane kA prayAsa bhagavAna mahAvIra lokottara, AtmajJa pahApuruSa the| ve antarjagata ke jagajjetA the| unakA vyaktitva aura caritra vizva ke una sabhI yoddhAoM, rAjAoM, mahArAjAoM aura cakravartI samrAToM se bhinna hai, jinhoMne bhayaMkara raktapAta kara apanI. rAjasattA kA vistAra kiyA tathA AtaMkavAdI sAmrAjyavAda kA poSaNa karate hue bhogAsakta jIvana bitAkara mRtyu kI zaraNa lii| yuddha meM lAkhoM-karor3oM durjeya yoddhAoM ko jItane kI apekSA eka apanI AtmA ko jItanA sarvazreSTha vijaya hai| AtmA dvArA AtmA ko jItanevAlA hI pUrNataH sukhI ho sakatA hai, saccA vijetA vahI haiN| mahAvIra aise hI vIra yoddhA haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanagAthA AtmasaMgharSa, Atmavilaya aura Atmasukha kI trisUtrIya yojanA meM guMthI huI hai| isIlie bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra bhautika ghaTanAoM aura sAmayika prasaMgoM kA citraNa mAtra nahIM hai| unakA caritra antaHsAdhanA, Atmacintana evaM Atmotkarpa kA kramika vikAsa hai| antarmukhatA unake caritra kA pradhAna guNa tathA ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha, saMyama, tapa, dhyAna Adi unakI bAhya abhivyaktiyoM haiN| karmakANDa kA pradarzana unakA svabhAva nahIM hai| DaoN. bhagavAnadAsa tivArI ke zabdoM meM-"yahI kAraNa hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vyaktitva aura caritra ke Akalana ke lie unake jIvana ko bAhya ghaTanAoM ke sAtha-sAtha unakI antaraMga vaicArika krAnti kA antardarzana anivArya haiN|...bhgvaan mahAvIra ke vicAroM ko samajhe binA unake vyaktitva aura caritra ko AtmasAta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vicAra aura vyavahAra, caritra ke kramazaH antaraMga aura bahiraMga pakSa haiN| isIlie bhautika jIvana ke utAra-car3hAva kI apekSA antaHsAdhanA meM, AtmAnveSI prajJA ko UrdhvagAmI gati meM, bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :: 1

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antaryAtrA meM bhagavAna gahAvIra kA sUkSma cAretra adhika spaSTa, mukhara aura prabhaviSNu ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa kramazaH bahiraMga citraNa aura antaraMga citraNa do vibhAgoM meM kiyA jAtA hai| bahiraMga-citraNa kA svarUpa pratyeka caritra ke do rUpa hote haiM-eka dRzya rUpa aura dUsarA adRzya ruup| vyakti kA AkAra, raMga, rUpa, vezabhUSA aura paMcendriyoM dvArA vyakta kriyAe~, ye sabhI dRzya rUpa ke antargata Ate haiN| koI kriyA karane ke pahale yA bAda meM vyakti ke mana meM jo vicAra Ate haiM ve avyakta rUpa meM hote haiN| kisI vyakti kA vyakta rUpa hI usakA bahiraMga rUpa hai aura avyakta rUpa hI usakA antaraMga rUpa hotA hai| himanaga kA vyakta rUpa dekhakara sampUrNa himanaga kI kalpanA karanA asambhava hai, kyoMki himanaga kA vizAla rUpa chipA rahatA hai| usI prakAra kisI pAtra kA jo vyakta rUpa (bahiraMga rUpa) hotA hai, usase usa pAtra ke sampUrNa caritra kI kalpanA karanA bhrAmaka hotA hai| phira bhI bahiraMga citraNa se pAtra ke antaraMga kA eka anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| DaoN. vasanta morejI kA kathana hai-"bahiraMga citraNa pAtra ke vyaktitva ko eka Thosa rUpa dekara use mAMsala banAtA hai| isa citraNa ke AdhAra para kisI pAtra kA eka mUrta rUpa hama dekha sakate haiM. aura isa citraNa kI sahAyatA se hI usakA antaraMga citraNa samajhane meM hameM sahAyatA milatI haiN|" bahiraMga citraNa kI praNAliyA~ carita nAyaka kA prathama prabhAva isa bahiraMga citraNa ke AdhAra para hI pAThakoM para par3atA hai| ataH zreSTa sAhityakAra pAtra ke antaraMga citraNa ke sAtha-sAya bahiraMga citraNa para bhI samAna rUpa se dhyAna dete haiN| usase pAtra ke vyaktitva kA paripUrNa aura prabhAvI citraNa hotA hai| ataH kAvya carita ke adhyayana meM bahiraMga citraNa Avazyaka hotA hai| rAjavaMzavarNana, nAmaartha-pratipAdana, AkRti-rUpa-vezabhUSA varNana, sthityaMkana, anubhAvacitraNa, yadanAoM dvArA citraNa ina chaha citraNa praNAliyoM se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA bahiraMga citraNa kiyA gayA hai| rAjavaMza-varNana :-Ajakala yaha nahIM mAnA jAtA ki zreSTha caritra kI dRSTi se caritra nAyaka kA janma zreSTha kula meM hI honA caahie| lekina prAcIna bhAratavAsiyoM kI 1. DaoN. bhagavAnadAsa tivArI : bhagavAna mahAvIra : jIvana aura darzana, pR. 4 5. DaoN. vasanta kezava pore : hindI sAhitya meM yarNita chatrapati zivAjI ke caritra kA pRtyAMkana, (zodha-prabandha), pR. 726 94 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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yaha dhAraNA thI ki caritranAyaka zreSTha kula meM hI utpanna ho| ataH mahAkAvya ke takSaNoM meM yaha anivArya thA ki nAyaka zreSTha kala meM (kSatriya, rAjavaMza meM) utpanna ho| Aja bhI kucha logoM kI aisI dhArapyA hai ki zreSTha kula ke kAraNa yaMzaparamparA se nAyaka meM zreSTha guNa A jAte haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma rAjavaMza meM kSatriya kula meM huA hai| pitA siddhArtha jisa ke adhinAyaka the vaha jJAtRkula bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA ikSvAkuvaMzIya kula thaa| bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA gotra bhI kAzyapa thaa| siddhArdha kA gotra bhI kAzyapa thaa| ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki 22 tIrthakara ikSvAkuvaMzIya kAzyapa gotrIya IsApUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM uttara bhArata ke pUrvI bhAga meM licchavi jAti ke nAthakula meM ikSvAkuvaMzIya, kAzyapagotrIya rAjA siddhArtha, vajjI gaNatantra ke prajAvatsala, dharmaniSTha, AtmajAgrata, sadAcArI, samyagjJAnI, mahAparAkramI, Adarza, lokapriya zAsaka the| unakA vivAha vaizAlI ke hI dharmavIra ceTaka kI kanyA priyakAriNI trizalA ke sAtha huA thaa| vaha atyanta rUpavatI, guNavatI, dharmaparAyaNA viduSI ghii| yahI trizalA aura rAjA siddhArgha tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA the| mahAkavi 'anUpa' 'varddhamAna' mahAkAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vaMza ke sambandha meM kahate haiM... "yahI yazasvI hari-vaMza-vyoma ke, dineza siddhAdhaM pradIptamAna the|" (varddhamAna, pR. 42) 'vIrAyana' mahAkAvya meM kavi bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kula ke sandarbha meM likhatA "jJAtRkula meM vIra vara, vaizAliya avatIrNa / aNu-aNu kaNa-kaNa meM huI, surabhita jyoti vikiirnn|" (vIrAyana, pR. 96) varddhapAna kI mAtA trizalA devI ke rAja-vaibhava kA citraNa karate hue kahA gayA "he kuNDagrAma meM chaTA prabIlo chAyo rAjodyAna meM rUpa-rAzi muskaayii||" (tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR. 22) bhagavAna ke pitA siddhArtha vaizAlI janatantra ke adhipati the| rAja-darabAra meM rAnI trizalA kA Agamana hote hI ve usakA yathocita svAgata kara sanmAna bhI karate haiN| kavi likhate haiM "rAjA ne bhI kara diyA rikta saasn| saba baiThe ava ho rahI sabhA Ate zobhanA" (vahI, pR. 20 sabhI prAcIna bhArata ke itihAsakAroM ne licchavi gaNatantra bhArata kA prAcInatama bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra citraNa :: 5

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gaNarAjya mAnA hai / videha deza sthita licchavi gaNatantra bhArata kA prAcInatama ujjvala gaNarAjya thaa| isa gaNarAjya ke pramukha rAjA ceTaka itihAsa prasiddha yazasvI kSatriya the| rAjA ceTaka ke eka atyanta saumya svabhAvavAlI trilokasundarI trizalA nAmaka kanyA thii| usake zIla saujanya ko dekhakara mAtA-pitA ne usakA eka anya nAma priyakAriNI rakhA / usakA yaha nAma usake tadguNoM ke anurUpa thaa| jaba vaha yuvAvasthA ko prApta huI to ceTaka mahArAja ne usakA vivAha bhUpAla ziromaNi kuNDagrAma purasvAmI rAjA siddhArtha ke sAtha kara diyaa| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne 'mahAvIra yuga aura jIvanadarzana' pustaka meM mahAvIra ke samakAlIna aitihAsika puruSoM kA vivaraNa sapramANa diyA hai| "mahApurANa (apabhraMza grantha) sandhi 98 meM tathA saMskRta uttarapurANa ( parva 75 ) meM vaizAlI ke rAjA ceTaka kA vRttAnta AyA hai| ceTaka ativikhyAta, vinIta aura parama arhat arthAt jina dharmAvalambI the| unakI rAnI kA nAma subhadrA devI thaa| unake daza putra evaM sAta putriyA~ thiiN| sabase bar3I putrI kA nAma priyakAriNI (trizalA ) thA, jisakA vivAha kuNDapura nareza siddhArtha se huA thaa| unheM hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA banane kA saubhAgya prApta huaa|"" isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra svayaM aitihAsika puruSa the| aura unake mAtA-pitA kI aitihAsikatA bhI pramANita ho cukI hai| bhagavatI prasAda khetAna varddhamAna mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA kI prAmANikatA ke viSaya meM likhate haiM- "licchaviyoM ke eka prAcIna jJAtukula meM bihAra kI vaizAlI nagarI ke samIpa kuNDagrAma (Adhunika vAsukuNDa) meM I. pU. 509 meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma huA | unake pitA siddhArtha isa kula ke mukhiyA the / "" ullekha hai ki isa bhAratavarSa meM caubIsa tIrthaMkara Avaka (kSatriya) kula meM utpanna hue| unhoMne kezaluMcanapUrvaka tapasyA meM apane Apako yukta kiyaa| unhoMne isa nirgrantha digambara pada ko puraskRta kiyaa| jaba-jaba ve dhyAna meM lIna hote the, phaNIndra nAgarAja unake Upara chAyA karate the| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma rAjavaMza ke kSatriyakula meM huA thA / tAtparya yaha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra vaizAlI gaNatantra ke rAjakumAra the| gaNatantroM ke itihAsa meM vaizAlI ke gaNatantra kA pramukha sthAna hai| yaha malla, licchavi, vajjI evaM jJAtu Adi ATha gaNatantroM kA eka saMyukta gaNatantra thaa| saMyukta gaNatantra kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI thii| isI vaizAlI ke upanagara kSatriyakuNDa ( basADha ) meM jJAtRzAkhA ke : 1. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina mahAvIra yuga aura jIvana darzana, pR. 31 2. bhagavatIprasAda khetAna mahAvIra niyAMNabhUmi pAyA eka vimarza, : pR. 1 96 : hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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gaNarAjA siddhArtha the| unake suputra mahAvIra haiN| yaha eka aitihAsika tathya hai ki bhArata varSa ke pUrvIca AMcala ke bihAra pradeza meM vaizAlI ke upanagara kSatriya kuNDa (vasAdagrAma) ke jJAtRgaNatantra ke kAzyapagotrIya rAjA siddhArtha aura mAtA trizAlA ke yahA~ 'caita sudi terasa' ke dina bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma huA thaa| Adhunika kAlagaNanA ke anusAra unakI janmatithi 27 mArca somavAra I. pU. 599 mAnI jAtI hai| mahAvIra kI mAtA vaizAlI kI rAjakumArI rAnI trizalA thI / trizalA 'vaizAlI' gaNarAjya ke mahAmAnya rASTrAdhIza ceTaka kI putrI thii| trizalA kA dUsarA nAma priyakAriNI thaa| mahAvIra ke nAnA mahArAjA ceTaka the| kaliMga deza ke rAjA jitazatru apanI beTI yazodA kA vivAha varddhamAna ke sAtha karanA cAhate the| bhArata kA pUrvakhaNDa una dinoM zAsanatantroM kI prayogabhUmi thaa| magadha, vatsa Adi rAjatantra ke samarthaka the| mahAvIra mUlataH gaNatantra ke rAjakumAra the, parantu unake pArivArika sambandha donoM tantroM se the| rAjakumAra mahAvIra ko rAjavaibhava sarvocca rUpa meM prApta thaa| parantu mahAvIra kA jAgrata mana vivAha aura vaibhava bhoga kI ora AkarSita nahIM ho sakA / yauvana ke raMgIna kSaNoM meM bhI ve janmajAta yogI rhe| isa prakAra Adhunika kaviyoM ne apane mahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke rAjavaMza kA varNana aitihAsika mAnyatA ke anusAra saphalatApUrvaka kiyA haiN| nAmoM ke pratIkArtha varddhamAna - bhagavAna mahAvIra ke garbhAvataraNa ke bAda vaizAlI meM pitA siddhArtha ke vaibhava, yaza, pratApa, prabhAva aura parAkrama meM vRddhi prApta hone lgii| aura svayaM bAlaka tIrthaMkara bhI dvitIyA ke candra kI bhA~ti vRddhi ko prApta hue| ataH unakA nAma 'varddhamAna' rakhA gyaa| mahAvIra ke vibhinna kAryakalApoM ke kAraNa unake aneka nAma rUr3ha hue haiN| unake nAmoM meM kevala nAma-nirdeza hI nahIM, apitu tadanukUla vAstavika guNa bhI kAraNa the / "kheta lahalahA uThe bharapura bar3hA pala-pala rAjA kA koSa diyA tapa, 'varddhamAna' zubhanAma huA nagarI kA saMvardhana" ( zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra caritra, pu. 25) bAlaka ke Agamana se vaibhava kI vRddhi huI, ataH varddhamAna nAma sArthaka hai / janma ke bArahaveM dina rAjA siddhArtha ne eka vizAla prItibhoja kA Ayojana kiyA, jisameM apane samasta mitra, svajana- parijanoM ko Amantrita kiyaa| sabhI ko bhojana, vastra Adi se sammAnita karake rAjA siddhArtha ne unake samakSa apane vicAra vyakta kiye "jala se yaha bAlaka devI trizalA ke garbha meM AyA hai, usI dina se hamAre bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :17

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parivAra meM paraspara prIti, sadbhAva, sammAna, lakSmI, dhana-dhAnya, maNi-suvarNa Adi kI abhivRddhi huI haiN| prajA meM Arogya, sukha-zAnti, sauhArda bar3hA hai| ataH devI trizalA evaM maiMne yaha vicAra kiyA hai ki isa bAlaka kA guNa sampanna nAma 'varddhamAna' rakhA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vividha nAmakaraNa indra ke dvArA hone kI carcA hai| kahate "siddhAdhaM tumhArA suta sanmati, satyoM kA satata prakAza yhaaN| yaha varddhamAna yaha jJAnavAna, yaha adbhuta Izvara kA svruup||" (vIrAyana, pR. 100) isa prakAra Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke kaviyoM ne varddhamAna nAma ke artha kA vizleSaNa karate hue mahAvIra ke caritra kA bahiraMga citraNa kiyA hai| sanmati-varddhamAna kA dUsarA nAma 'sanmati' pracalita rhaa| kyoMki inake darzana mAtra se hI darzakoM kI mithyA buddhi samyakubuddhi meM parivartita ho jAtI hai| ataH vijaya aura saMjaya cAraNa muniyoM ne varddhamAna kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA hai "yuga munivara ne inako pAyA, su-vicakSaNa bAlaka medhAvI / bhaTa socA 'sanmati' nAma subhaga, mati bheda sakI gati bhAyAvI" (tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR. 75) itta taraha vizeSa lakSaNa ko dekhakara varddhamAna kA nAma sanmati rakhA gyaa| kumAra barddhamAna bacapana se tIna jJAna (mati, zruta, avadhi) ke dhArI the, ataH unheM zikSA grahaNa karane kI vizeSa AvazyakatA nahIM thii| "purANoM meM kumAra varddhamAna ke medhAvI evaM sampati hone kI carcA milatI haiN| unhoMne saMjaya aura vijaya do muniyoM kI zaMkAoM kA nirasana kiyaa| varddhamAna ke rUpa meM tIrthakara ke jIva ke Ane kI bAta jAnakara do muni kucha zaMkA lekara aaye| parantu bAlaka barddhamAna ko dUra se dekhate hue unakI zaMkA kA nirasana ho gayA 1 ve atyanta santuSTa hue aura varddhamAna kA nAma tabhI se sanpatti vikhyAta huaa| isa taraha sanmati' nAma kI sArthakatA ko spaSTa karate hue mahAkaviyoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko vizeSatA ko spaSTa kiyA hai|" vIra-kuNDalapura meM eka bar3A hAthI madonmatta hokara mAga meM AnevAle strI-puruSoM kI kucalatA huA idhara-udhara ghUmane lgaa| janatA bhayabhIta ho utthii| varddhamAna ne hAthI 1. saM. zrI. amaramani : sacitra tIrthakara-cAretra, 9. II 298 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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kA kAla jaisA vikarAla rUpa dekhA / nirbhaya hokara varddhamAna ne kaThora zabdoM meM hAdhI kA lalakArA / vaha lalakAra siMha garjanA-so pratIta huii| ataH vaha lahamakara khar3A ho gayA varddhamAna usake mastaka para jA car3he aura apanI bajramuSTiyoM (mukkoM) ke prahAra se use nirmada kara diyaa| taba janatA ne varddhamAna kI nirbhayatA aura vIratA kI prazaMsA karake use 'vIra' nAma se pukaaraa| itta taraha barddhamAna kA nAma 'bIra' rUpa meM prasiddha huaa| pitA siddhArtha varddhamAna kI nirbhayatA ko prazaMsA sunakara dhanya hue / nagaravAsiyoM ne 'vIra' ke nAma se sambodhana kiyaa| ativIra-kavi ne 'varddhamAna' ke 'ativIra' nAma kI sArthakatA ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai-nagara meM eka madonmatta hAthI vikarAla rUpa dhAraNa karake utpAta macA rahA thaa| "usa dina se hI ativIra' nAma bhI unake lie prayukta huaa|" (paramajyoti mahAvIra, pR. 256) vIra barddhamAna kI isa dRr3hatA kI nirbhayatA kI prazaMsA karate hue nagara janoM ne usakA ativIra' nAma se jayajayakAra kiyaa| mahAvIra-lagabhaga ATha varSa ke hone para barddhamAna eka bAra apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha pramada-yana meM krIr3A karane gye| vRkSa ko lakSya karake krIr3A (ApalI krIr3A) kara rahe the| jaba ve apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha khela rahe the, tabhI indra dvArA prerita saMgamadeva unakI parIkSA lene AyA / vaha mahAbhayaMkara sarpa kA rUpa lekara utta vRkSa se Akara lipaTa gayA, jisa para varddhamAna apane mitroM ke sAtha khela rahe the| viSadhara ko dekhate hI anya sAthI to bhayabhIta hokara bhAga gaye, lekina varddhamAna Dare nhiiN| unhoMne donoM hAthoM se sarpa ko pkdd'aa| nirbhayatApUrvaka sapaM ke sAtha krIja karane lage / sarpa kI pUMcha pakar3akara dUra pheMka diyaa| apanI pITa para baiThAkara bhI saMgamadeva rUpI sarpa ne unheM irAnA cAhA, kintu saphala nahIM huaa| rAjakumAra varddhamAna kI nirbhavatA evaM sAhasa ko dekhakara saMgamadeva bahuta prasanna huA aura usane prakaTa hokara barddhamAna tIrthaMkara kI stuti kI, aura unheM 'mahAvIra' kI mahattA se alaMkRta kiyaa| tabhI se 'varddhamAna' 'mahAvIra kahalAne lge| Alocya mahAkAryoM meM 'ahi-mardana' prasaMga kA citraNa kalAtmaka DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. TelabihArI gupta ne tIrthaMkara mahAvIra' mahAkAvya meM par3AvIra nAma kI sArthakatA ke prasaMga kA citraNa cauthe sarga meM kiyA hai| varddhamAna digambara mudrA meM tapasAdhanA karate the| ujjayinI ke mahAzmazAna meM pratimA coga sAdhanA meM magna the| sthANurudra ne unakI dhoratA kI parIkSA lii| pizAcadala sahita usane vikarAla rUpa dikhAkara barddhamAna ko DarAne kA prayatna kiyA, lekina asaphala rahA / anta meM varddhamAna kI stuti karate hue kahate haiM bhagavAna mahAkA parika-vitA :: /

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"isI se mahAvIra zubha nAma, zreSThatama mAtra tumhIM gunngraam|" ( tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR. 84) yahI mahAvIra nAma vizvavikhyAta huaa| isa parIkSA ke bAda aura koI parIkSA kA prasaMga nahIM aayaa| varddhamAna ko kevalajJAna prApta huaa| tabhI se bhagavAna tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke rUpa meM vizvavyavahAra meM prasiddha rhe| samasta Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM AmalI krIr3A, hAyI niyantraNa, rudrasyANu kA upadrava, ahimardana Adi ghaTanAoM kA citraNa huA hai| ina ghaTanAoM ke kAraNa barddhamAna 'mahAvIra' ke rUpa meM vizvavikhyAta hue haiN| kumAra barddhamAna bacapana se hI niDara the| ve vIra, ativIra, sanmati evaM mahAvIra bane / DaoN. jayakizanaprasAda khaNDelavAla ne apane aitihAsika mahApuruSa tIrthaMkara varddhamAna mahAvIra' nAmaka grantha meM ukta ghaTanA ko aitihAsika ghaTanA ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai| "kumAra barddhamAna ke kumAra kAla ko AmalI krIr3A kI eka prAcIna pratimA lakhanaU ke purAtattva saMgrahAlaya meM hai| yaha IsavI prathama zatI kI hai| eka anya zilApaTTa mathurA purAtattva saMgrahAlaya meM kuSANa kAla kA hai| isameM barddhamAna apane bAla sakhAoM ke sAtha krIr3Arata haiN| mathurA purAtattva saMgrahAlaya kI zilApaTTa pratimA meM saMgamadeva kumAra barddhamAna ko dAyeM kandhe para aura eka anya kumAra ko bAyeM kandhe para car3hAye hue nAca rahA hai| mathurA saMgrahAlaya kA saMgraha saM. 1115 ATha iMca kA zilApaTTa hai| " barddhamAna purANam (senApati cAmuNDarAya kRta, kannar3a bhASA, pR. 291) ke anusAra kumAra varddhamAna ke sAtha krIr3Arata tIna anya kumAroM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- kumAra caladhara, kumAra kAkadhara, kumAra pakSadhara AcArya zrI vidyAnandajI aura DaoN. khaNDelavAla isake samarthaka haiN| isa prakAra varddhamAna ke pA~coM nAmoM ke artha pratipAdana vividha ghaTanAoM ke citraNa dvArA karake Adhunika mahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA bahiraMga citraNa kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke pA~ca nAma jahA~ eka ora anuzrutiyoM (kiMvadantiyoM) meM guthe haiM vahI dUsarI ora kathA kI sthUlatA ko cIrakara khar3I hai| una nAmoM ke bIca ke satya ko khoja nikAlane kI eka spaSTa zodha prakriyA hai / mahAvIra ke nAmAntara-varddhamAna, sanmati, vIra, mahAvIra, ativIra kI kahAniyA~ bahuta hI sthUla laukika dharAtala para haiN| lekina AdhyAtmika dharAtala para ina pA~ca nAmoM meM eka sUkSma gaharAI hai| mahAvIra ke pA~ca nAmoM ke pIche eka rahasya chipA huA hai| ise talAzane aura pakar3ane ke lie cina ko zuddha karane kI jarUrata hai| 1. DaoN. jayakizana prasAra vAna aitihAsika mahApuruSa tIrthakara barddhamAna mahAvIra, pa. 17 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM nitrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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mahAvIra kA sampUrNa jIvana satya aura samyakRtva kI khoja para samarpita jIvana thaa| samyaka darzana kI, samyaka jJAna kI aura samyak cAritra kI talAza arthAt unake satyArtha kI uttarottara khoja ne upalabdhiyA~ pAnA mahAvIra ke jIvana kA lakSya thA / isI tathya ko hama mahAvIra ke jIvana-patha ko eka sUtra meM kaha sakate haiM samyak-darzanajJAna- cAritrANi mokSamArgaH " mahAvIra satyArthI haiN| ataH unake pA~ca nAmoM meM satya ko khojane kI vaijJAnika pratikriyA pratinidhita hai| jo satyArthI haiM use barddhamAna bane rahane kI z2arUrata hai| varddhamAna se tAtparya pragatizIla honA hai| satya kI pahalI dikhAI dene vAlI mudrA hai - sAdhu arthAt prayogadharmI sAdhaka honaa| varddhamAna nAma nahIM hai, vaha sarvanAma hai| mahAvIra meM samyaktva kI khoja jahA~ se zurU hotI haiM vahA~ se vaha 'varddhamAna' hai barddhamAnatA kA sandarbha unakI siddhArthatA ke Arambha se hai| t barddhamAnatA sanmati ko janma detI hai| pragatizIlatA vizuddha mati ko janma detI hai | sanmati se tAtparya hai - viveka yukta jJAna / sanyati gatimAna evaM prajvalita hotI hai anuzAsana meM rahane se sAdhaka ke vratI banakara upAdhyAya ke anuzAsana meM rahane se vaha 'sanmati' bana jAtA hai| samyaktva kI khoja kI yaha dUsarI sIr3hI hai| prayoga ke bAda upalabdhiyoM ke lie anuzAsana kI AvazyakatA hai / I mahAvIra kA tIsarA nAma hai- vIra vIratva puruSArtha kA nAmAntara hai| varddhamAna, sanmati vIratva meM prakaTa hotI hai| bIratA kA matalaba hai-laukika ar3acanoM kI cintA na karate hue samyaktva kI khoja meM avicala rhnaa| mahAvIra meM isa khoja - yAtrA meM agrasara hone ke lie vaha nirbhayatA, zUratA AyI thI arthAt sva-para-vijJAna ke cintana se unakI prajJA carama utkarSa para pahu~cI / ujjayinI ke atimuktaka zmazAna meM dhyAnastha mahAvIra kI sAdhanA meM sthANurudra daitya ne aneka bAdhAe~ upasthita kI, lekina yaha daitya hAra gayA aura unakI zaraNa meM jAkara kahA - mahAvIra haiM Apa mujhe kSamA kreN| mahAvIra kI apratima sAdhanA ne use arhat kI arhatA ke sopAna para pratiSThita kiyaa| mahAvIra zmazAna svayaM gaye the, apane samasta vikAroM ke dahana ke lie| ataH mahAvIra kA vaha nAma kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA pA~cavA~ nAma ativIra haiN| ativIratva kI sthiti siddhatva meM hai| ativIratA se tAtparya hai - laukika (bAhya evaM Antarika) vIratA kI iti aura alaukika vIratA kA sadbhAva ativIratA zAzvata, cirantana vIratA hai| yaha vIratA AtmA kI ananta zakti hai| vIratA kI tIna zreNiyA~ haiM- vIratA, mahAvIratA, ativIratA / vIratA yAne pragatizIla, prayogadharmI sAdhu kI sanmati kA sArtha puruSArtha hai, mahAvIratA se tAtparya sva-para-bheda kA usakI sampUrNatA meM prakaTa honA hai| ativIratA se tAtparya hai - bandha-mokSa ke pArdhakya ko sampUrNa siddhi kA paramapuruSArtha hai| DaoN. nemicandra jaina likhate haiM - bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :: E

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"mahAvIra ke pAMcoM nAmoM kI sthiti ke anusandhAna kI kramAnuvartI kathA haiM I barddhamAna, sanmati, bIra, mahAvIra, ativIra ye pA~ca utthAna vikasita pUrNa vyaktitva ke mItastambha haiN| sAdhaka ko muni, upAdhyAya, AcArya, arihanta evaM siddha kI dazA se gujarakara hI mokSa prApti ho sakatI hai| gaNamokAra mantra aura mahAvIra bimba prativimba ke rUpa meM hai| yamokAra mantra sAdhaka ke jIvana kI zikhara para se utaratI Dagara hai / lAdhanA meM pahale prayoga, phira vizleSaNa, phira puSTi (kRti), phira vyavahAra (lokakalyANa) aura tadanantara siddhi jainadharma isI bheda-vijJAna kA darpaNa he I bhagavAna mahAvIra ko jitendriya bhI kahate haiN| sparzanendriya, rasanendriya, prANendriya, cakSurendriya, karNendriya-ina pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM ke bhoga se pUrNa virakta arthAt vItarAgI honA hI siddhapada ko prApta karanA hai| isa AdhAra para bhI unake paMcanAmoM kA artha- pratipAdana ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra nAma artha ke pratipAdana se Adhunika mahAkaviyoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA prabhAvI citraNa kiyA hai| AkRti, veza-bhUSA, rUpa-varNana AkRti yA veza-bhUSA rUpa ke AdhAra para kisI caritra ke guNoM ke sambandha meM kucha kalpanA karanA bhrAmaka ho sakatA hai| lekina kisI naye vyakti se prathama bheMTa ke samaya hamArA dhyAna sabase pahale usakI AkRti aura veza-bhUSA-rUpa para hI par3atA hai / sarvaprathama hama usa vyakti kI AkRti - veza-bhUSA rUpa ke AdhAra para hI usake caritra guNoM ko A~kane kA prayatna karate haiN| AkRti aura vezabhUSA rUpa ke AdhAra para sAhityakAra pAtroM kI manodazA para honevAle parivartanoM ko bhI vyakta karate haiN| pAThakoM ke sAmane pAtroM kI AkRti aura vezabhUSA rUpa ke citraNa dvArA hI sAhityakAra pAtroM kA sAkAra rUpa khar3A kara dete haiN| sirfa sAkAra rUpa hI prastuta karane ke lie AkRti aura vezabhUSA rUpa kA citraNa nahIM hotA, apitu pAtroM ke guNAvaguNoM kA aura manodazA ke sAMketika citraNa ke lie bhI upayukta hotA hai| ataH bahiraMga citraNa pAtra ke caritra-citraNa meM yogadAna avazya karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa karate samaya Alocya vIra carita mahAkAvyoM meM AkRti - vezabhUSA evaM rUpa kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai(1) AkRti - AkAra raMga-rUpa Adi kA citraNa (2) vezabhUSA - vastra, AbhUSaNAdi kA citraNa | (3) caritra ke vividha rUpa -- garbharUpa, bAlarUpa, kizora rUpa, yuvakarUpa, zramaNarUpa, ahaM rUpa tathA siddharUpa kA citraNa / AkRti varNana - bhagavAna mahAvIra jitane bhItara se sundara the, utane hI bAhara se 1. saM. DaoN. narendra bhAnAvata bhagavAna mahAvIra Adhunika sandarbha meM .. 1112 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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sandara the| unakA AntAreka sondayaM janmalabdha thA aura sAdhanA ne use zikhara taka pahuMcA diyaa| unakA zArIrika saundayaM prakRti-prApta thA aura svAsthya ne use zatagaNita banA diyA thaa| unake zarIra kI UMcAI eka dhanuSa thii| raMga pIlA suvarNa jaisA thaa| tInoM loka meM sabase sundara adbhuta rUpa yaa| atimanojJa unake zarIra meM janma se hA dasa atizaya the| sarvAMga sundara unako AkRti thii| sugandhita zvAsa thaa| atizaya bala evaM madhura vANI thii| unake zarIra meM 1008 uttama cihna the| mahAvIra kI deha malamUtra rahita, pralveda rahita, rakta kA raMga zveta dUdha samAna thA aura vanasaMhanana deha thA ! samasta Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM barddhamAna kI vezabhUSA kA citraNa dikhAI detA hai| citraNa paramparAgata paurANika paddhati ke anusAra Adhunika kaviyoM ne Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM kiyA hai| indra ke dvArA kiye gaye varddhamAna ke vezabhUSA ke citraNa kA ullekha paM. AzAdhara ne pUjApATha' meM kiyA hai "dhRtvA zekharapaTTahAra-padakaM graiveyakAlambakam / keyurAMgadamadhyabandhurakaTIsUtraM mudbhAnvitam / caMcatkuNDalakarNapUramamalaM pANidvaye kaMkaNam / maMjIraM kaTakaM pade jinapateH zrIgandhamudrAMkitam // "" arthAt rAjakumAra mahAvIra ke solaha AbhUSaNoM kA varNana yahA~ prastuta hai1. zekhara, 2. paTTahAra, 3. padaka, 4. avayaka, 5, Alambakama, 6, keyUra, 7, aMgada, 8. madhyabandhura, 9. kaTIsUtra, 10. mudrA, 11, kuNDala, 12, kaMkaNa, 19, karNapUra, 14. maMjIra, 15. kaTaka, 10. zrIgandha / vezabhUSA-varNana ke vivecana se yaha tathya spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra meM IzvarIya rUpa prArambha se hI mAnane kI pravRtti paramparAgata rUpa meM Aja taka vidyamAna rahI hai| isase tayugIna sAMskRtika jIvana kI vividha chaTAoM kA vodha hameM prApta hotA hai| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samagra caritra kI kathA ko varNita kiyA gayA hai| caritra kI vividha avasthAoM ke rUpoM kA garbharUpa, janmarUpa, zizurUpa, kizorarUpa, yuvArUpa, tapasvIrUpa, kevalI arhatarUpa tathA siddharUpa kA citraNa paurANika zailI meM paMcakalyANaka mahotsavoM ke varNanoM dvArA huA hai| kalyANaka-mahotsava kevalI arihantoM ke manAne kI paramparA paurANika kAla se Aja taka pracalita rahI hai| aise mahotsayoM ke avasaroM para svarga ke indra-indrANI, anya devatAgaNa bhUtala para manuSya rUpa meM avatarita hokara ahaMta mahAvIra ke caritra kI vividha avasthAoM ke rUpa, guNa Adi vizeSatAoM kI prazaMsA karate haiN| rAjA-mahArAjAoM, sAmantoM anya tyAgI gaNoM ke J. padmacandra zArabI : tothaMkara varddhamAna mahAvIra, pR. 91 se udRta / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :: 103

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dvArA bhI mahAvIra carita kI vividha avasyAoM kA garimApUrNa bhASA-zailI meM gauravagAna kiyA jAtA hai| Adhunika kaviyoM ne bhI apane carita-kAyoM meM isI paramparAgata citraNa paddhati ko apanAte hue mahAvIra ke caritra kA bahiraMga citraNa kiyA hai| garbharUpa-garbhastha prabhu mahAvIra carmacakSuoM ke agocara avazya haiM, kintu unake prabhAva se mAtA meM apUrva saundarya tathA adbhutatA dikhAI detI hai| bhagavAna ke garbha-kalyANaka ke utsava ke samaya pRthvI bhI ratnavarSA ke kAraNa ratnagarbhA ho jAtI hai| tattva-dRSTi se jIva kA garbha meM AnA tathA garbha se bAhara janma lene meM koI antara nahIM hai| antara itanA hI hai ki janma lene para carma cakSuoM se prabhu ke darzana karane kA saubhAgya sabako prApta hotA hai| prabhu kA sadabhAva mAtA ke udara ke bhItara garbhakalyANaka meM ho jAtA hai| isI kAraNa mAtA trizalA kA prabhAva adbhuta rUpa meM dikhAI par3atA hai| mAtA kI buddhi vizuddha ho jAtI hai aura usakA saundarya vilakSaNa hotA hai| zizurUpa-barddhamAna kA zizurUpa saundarya alaukika evaM divyatva se otaprota thaa| sabhI kaviyoM ne unake zizurUpa kA sundara citraNa kiyA hai| kizora rUpa-kumAra varddhamAna vividha bAla-lIlAoM ke karate hue zanaiH-zanaiH bar3ha rahe the| jaba unakI umra ATha varSa kI huI taba unhoMne binA kisI anya preraNA ke ho svayaM hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla, parigraha ina pA~ca pApoM kA AMzika tyAgakara pA~ca aNuvratoM ko dhAraNa kiyA / svarga ke deva kizorarUpa dhAraNa kara kizoravIra pramu ke sAtha sukhadAyI krIr3A karate the| isI kizora avasthA meM ahimarda, hAthI niyantraNa, muni sAhacarya Adi ghaTanAoM ke sandarbha meM unake sanmati, vIra, ativIra, mahAvIra Adi nAma pracalita hue| yuvA rUpa-kumAra varddhamAna kI yuvAvasthA meM unake aMga-aMga meM yauvana kA ubhAra A gyaa| ve bacapana se sundara the| yuvA hone para ve adhika sundara dIkhane lage, ThIka vaise hI jaise cA~da sahaja hI kAnta hotA hai, zarad Rtu meM vaha aura adhika kamanIya ho jAtA hai| kumAra kI yauvanazrI ko pUrNa vikasita dekha mAtA-pitA ne vivAha kI carcA kii| yauvana sulabha sundaratA kA varNana manohArI DhaMga se citrita hai| yauvana ke samaya svabhAva se nara-nAriyoM meM kAma-vAsanA kA prabala vega se saMcAra ho jAtA hai| kAmadeva para vijaya pAnA kaThina ho jAtA hai| lekina adamya kAmavAsanA kA lezamAtra bhI prabhAva kSatriya yuvarAja varddhamAna ke hRdaya para nahIM par3A hai| kavi dhanyakumAra ke zabdoM meM bhausa kAmadeva kI senA ke dvArA bhI hAre 'vIra' nhiiN| kyA tRNa se kSobhita ho sakatA hai kSIrodadhi kA nIra khiiN|" (paramajyoti mahAbIra, pR. 349) 104 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citreita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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kAmadeva madana se bhI yudhaka varddhamAna kAntimAna the| pitA-mAtA ke dvArA prastAvita vivAha kA virodha karate hue prabhu kahate haiM"bandha mujhako svIkAra nahIM maiM kevalajJAna cAhatA huuN|" (vIrAyana, pR. 211) prabhu ko animittika vairAgya prApta hotA hai| ve AtmavikAsa ke lie dIkSA grahaNa karanA cAhate haiN| zramaNa rUpa--AtmakalyANa aura lokakalyANa yuvarAja varddhamAna kA vizeSa AkarSaNa thaa| isIlie varddhamAna ne gRhasthAzrama kI apekSA zramaNa-muni jIvana ko aMgIkRta kiyaa| tIsa varSa kI avasthA meM kaThora zramaNasAdhanA patha ko svecchayA svIkRta kiyA / tapasyA ke bAraha varSa ke kAla meM mahAvIra ko manuSyakRta, devakRta evaM pazukRta aneka durdhara prasaMgoM ko jhelanA pdd'aa| phira bhI ve apanI sAdhanA para dRr3ha rahe / Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke kaviyoM ne mahAvIra kI zramaNAvasthA kI mahimA kA garimApUrNa bhASA-zailI meM bar3I zraddhA se citraNa kiyA hai| munidIkSA ke prasaMga ko vitrita karatA huA kavi kahatA hai "kara DAle sAre keza, vilucita kyA derii| baja uThI kahIM thI, sahasA koI raNabherI // nirmukta pApa kI sakala kriyA se the prabhuvara / aba mUla aThAisa guNa, ke pAlana meM tatpara // " (tIrthakara mahAvIra, pR. 124) munidIkSA ke samaya samasta veSa-AbhUSaNa kA tyAgakara sampUrNa nagna rUpa meM sthita honA, sira ke bAloM ko bhI apane hAthoM se ukhAr3akara pheMka denA, ghara tyAgakara vana meM ekAnta meM mauna rahakara sAdhanA karanA, upavAsa karanA tathA nIrasa AhAra saptAha meM, mAsa meM, dina meM eka bAra hastapuTa meM karanA Adi AcAroM kA pAlana atyAvazyaka hotA hai| muniveza meM tapa karate hue mahAvIra kI AkRtimudrA kA citrAMkana karate hue kavi guptajI kahate haiM "baiTha tarutala samAdhi meM lIna, kiyA karate tapa meM tana kssiinn| zizira meM jaba kAyA thara-dhara, catuSpada yA saritA taTa pr| baiTha prabhu karate the nitya dhyAna // " (vahI, pR. 147) sUrya ke teja ke samAna prabhu kA teja thaa| bAhya saMgharSoM ke sAdha Antarika saMgharSa kA citraNa bhI Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM huA hai| cAra kaSAyoM, aSTa karma rUpI zatruoM kA nAza karane ke lie mahAvIra ko svayaM se yuddha karanA pdd'aa| usa AtmasaMgharSa meM ve vijayI hue| guptajI likhate haiM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA cAretra-citraNa :: 105

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"jaba prabala karma ari dala se Takkara lenA yauM mahAvIra yoddhA mahAn blshaalii|" (vahI, pR. 173) . vartamAna kI vIratA, mahAvIratA, ativoratA bhautika pakSa ko lekara nahIM. AdhyAtmika pakSa kI dRSTi se samajhanA caahie| arhat rUpa-AtmA ananta vaibhava kA puMja hai| usakA mUla vaibhava atulanIya hai| apane hI Atma-puruSArtha se apane ananta catuSTaya darzana, jJAna, sukha, bIya) ko prakaTa karane te tathA saMyara-tapa kI sAdhanA se yaha AtmA parama zuddha paramAtmA banatI hai| paramAtmA, bhagavAna, siddha, tIrthaMkara, gaoNDa (God) Adi hajAroM nAma haiM-zuddhasvarUpa AtmA ke| jaina paramparA meM Izvara ke do rUpa haiM-sAkAra, niraakaar| saguNa (dehasahita) avasthA meM arhanta kI sampUrNa kAyA se divyadhvani prasphuTita hotI hai jo pratyeka prANI ko kalyANakArI upadeza detI hai aura jise pazu-pakSI bhI apanI-apanI bhASA meM sunate haiM tathA AtmakalyANa karate haiN| kevalI arihanta cAra aMgula antarAla meM sthira rahakara divyadhvani ke dvArA upadeza dete haiN| tIrthaMkara ko divyadhvani sarvAMgINa aura OMkAra rUpa nirakSaramaya rahatI hai| dhvani prAkRta bhASA meM gUMjatI thii| kavi raghuvIrazaraNa 'mitra' likhate haiM... "tIrthaMkara kI divyadhvAne, sunate haiM jo loga unako jIvana meM kabhI, rahatA zoka na rog|" (vIrAyana, pR. 298) siddharUpa-bhagavAna mahAvIra kI siddhAvarayA se tAtparya hai-AtmA kI muktaavsthaa| mukti kA artha bandhana se chUTanA hai arthAt pUrNa svatantratA ko upalabdha honaa| mukti kI avasthA meM jIva sadAkAla nija Ananda rasa meM lIna rahatA hai, usase kabhI calAyamAna nahIM hotaa| saMkSepa meM, vezabhUSAdi ke vivecana meM hamane dekhA hai ki svarga ke indroM dvArA zizu varddhamAna ke vezabhUSA ke paridhAna bhejane ke vivaraNa milate haiN| vAhya vaibhava vilAsa pradarzana meM virAgI varddhapAna kI ruci nahIM ke samAna dikhAI detI hai| ve mahaloM meM yogI ke rUpa meM hI dikhAI dete haiN| aitihAsika mahApuspa mahAvIra ko paurANika pariveza meM prastuta karate samaya unakI AkRti, rUpa-saundarya, veza, AbhUSaNa Adi ke varNana meM alaukikatA, divyatA kA AdhAra atizayoktipUrNa camatkArapUrNa DhaMga se dikhalAnA kavi sulabha sahaja pravRtti kA dyotaka hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zramaNa rUpa kI pavitratA evaM dIrgha sAdhanA kI abhivyakti se varddhamAna ko nirbhayatA, zUratA evaM puruSArtha kA prabhAva pAThakoM ke citta para amiTa rUpa te par3atA hai| eka dIrgha, kaThora tapasvI kI pratimA kA mahAna RSi kI mahAnatA kA-usakI alaukika divyatA kA bodha preraNAdAyI hai| kevalI arhat rUpa kA 106 :: hindI ke mahAkAyoM meM citrita 'bhagavAna mahAvIra

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citraNa paurANika zailI meM jaina paramparAgata rUpa meM vizvasanIya DhaMga se prastuta huA hai| jaina Agama kI mAnyatA ke anusAra ahaMta evaM siddhaM rUpa ke citraNa meM kaviyoM ko apUrva saphalatA prApta huI haiN| sthityaMkana kisI pAtra kI vyakta pratikriyA ke AdhAra para usake guNoM ke bAre meM kiyA gayA anumAna kadAcit bhrAmaka ho sakatA hai| ataH kisI pAtra ke caritra-citraNa ko sahI rUpa se jAnane ke lie usa pAtra kI vizeSa pratikriyA kisa vizeSa paristhiti meM vyakta kI gayI hai, yaha jAnanA bhI bahuta Avazyaka hotA hai| sthiti vizeSa ke kAraNa koI pratikriyA mahattvapUrNa vA kama mahattvapUrNa hotI hai| isI spaSTatA ke lie sthiti kA citraNa anivArya hai / raNavIra saMgrA kA kathana hai ki "kisI vyakti kI sthiti vizeSa (sicyuezana) ko jAne binA usakI vyakta kriyA-pratikriyAoM ke AdhAra para usake caritra ke bAre meM lagAyA gayA anumAna bhrAmaka siddha ho sakatA hai, kyoMki kisI kI kriyAkalApa kA vizvasanIya mUlyAMkana unheM usa sthiti ke sandarbha meM rakhakara hI kiyA jAtA hai jisameM ve vyakta hue hoN| sthitiyA~ apane bhItara uttejakoM ko liye rahatI haiM jo vyakti ke AcaraNa ko prerita karake uddIpta karatI rahatI haiN| "2 sirfa kriyA dekhane se usakA mahattva aura kriyA karanevAle pAtra kA caritra guNa spaSTa nahIM hotA / udAharaNArtha, yuddhasthiti kA anucita lAbha uThAkara deza ke rakSA koSa ke lie dasa haz2Ara rupaye dAna denevAlA kAlA bAjAravAlA vyApArI aura dasa rupaye rakSA koSa ke lie dAna denevAlI isI yuddha meM mAre gaye sainika kI vidhavA ina donoM meM kisakA dezaprema zreSTha hai? dasa hajAra rupayoM kA dAna yA dasa rupayoM kA dAna / yaha kArya dekhane se spaSTa hotA haiM ki kAlA bAz2AravAlA vyApArI zreSTha dezapremI hai| magara sthiti dekhane ke bAda usa vidhavA kA hI dezaprema saccA aura zreSTha hai, yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| 1 AkRti - vezabhUSA-rUpa varNana dvArA pAThakoM ke mana meM pAtra ke bAre meM jo abhimata banatA hai vaha satya hI hogA, aisA nahIM hai| jaba taka pAtra vibhinna sthitiyoM se gujaratA nahIM, taba taka usakA svabhAva adhika spaSTa nahIM hotA, isIlie zreSTha sAhityakAra apane pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa karate samaya pAtra kI vizeSa - kriyA kI vizeSa sthiti kA sUkSma se sUkSma citraNa karatA hai, jisase pAtra ke guNAvaguNa kA yathArtha citraNa hotA hai| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra citraNa karate samaya kaviyoM ne isa sthityaMkana tattva kA prayoga kisa prakAra kiyA hai, yaha dekhanA Avazyaka hai| 1. raNabIra rAMgA hindI upanyAsa meM caritra citraNa kA vikAsa, pR. 70 bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa : 107

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI janmataH bAlyAvasthA se vairAgya mUlaka manodhAraNA rhii| yuvAvasthA meM unakI yaha vairAgya bhAvanA dRr3hatama ho gayo / isa janma meM lo virAgatA kA bhAva carama utkarSa para udita huA, usake mUla rahasya ko jAne binA mahAvIra ke caritra kaM yathArtha kA aMkana sahI rUpa meM nahIM ho skegaa| 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kI isa dhAraNA kA kAraNa unake pUrvabhavoM ke saMcita karma haiN| unheM kumAra avasthA meM hI pUrvabhavoM kA jAtismaraNa ho jAtA hai| kisa prakAra 33 pUrvabhavoM meM mithyAtva ke kAraNa bhramaNa karanA par3A aura yaha durlabha manuSya janma aba prApta huA hai| ataH AtmavikAsa kI sAdhanA meM rata rahakara mukti ko pAnA unhoMne apane jIvana kA carama lakSya bnaayaa| mahAvIra kA vairAgya jJAnamUlaka thaa| vaha animittika vairAgya ghaa| pUrvajanmoM ke saMcita puNyodaya ke kAraNa janmataH ve chadmastha Izvara ke rUpa meM hI the| ataH ve mati, zruti, avadhi tIna jJAnadhArI the| pUrvabhavoM ke anuzIlana karane para hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI vaijJAnikatA kA yathArtha bodha ho skegaa| kisI bhI pahAn puruSa ke caritra ke anuzIlana meM usa caritra kI pArzvabhUmi, usakI manaHsthiti,Atmagata sthiti ko samajhanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| sthityaMkana ke bodha mAtra se caritra-nAyaka kI kriyA-pratikriyAoM ke citraNa kA samyak bodha ho sakatA hai| sthityaMkana kA varNana pUrvadIpti yA phlaizaveka zailI meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| jisameM smRti ke mAdhyama se AtmAnubhUta tathyoM kA nirapekSa aMkana hotA hai| ye pUrvabhava kI ghaTanAe~ vartamAna sthiti vizeSa se sambaddha hotI haiM athavA unakI sArthakatA pradAna karane meM sahAyaka hotI haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko bhagavat rUpa meM mAna lene se bhaktajanoM ko unake laukika jIvana kI samasta ghaTanAe~ alaukika hI pratIta hotI haiN| anubhAva-citraNa bhAvoM kA mana meM udaya hone ke bAda zarIra meM jo vikAra dikhAI dete haiM, unheM anubhAva kahate haiN| ve anubhAva hameM pAtra ke bhAvoM kA anubhAva karAte haiN| ataH pAtra kA antaraMga samajhane ke lie anubhAvoM kA adhyayana jarUrI hotA hai| "anubhAvayanti iti anubhAvAH / " ___ arthAt bhAvoM ke anubhava hone ko anubhAva kahate haiN| pratyeka sthiti meM usakI pratikriyA turanta prakaTa nahIM hotii| ataH pratikriyA vyakta hone se pahale sthiti prabhAva se pAtra kI manodazA meM honevAle parivartana jAnane ke lie pAtra ke anubhAvoM para hI nirbhara rahanA par3atA hai| sthityaMkana ke bAda turanta kriyA-pratikriyA kA varNana anubhAvoM ke varNana ke abhAva meM asvAbhAvika aura kAtrema ho jAtA hai| sahajAta pratikriyA ko dabAkara sAyAsa kI gayI banAvaTI pratikriyA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA anumAna bhI galata ho 108 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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sakatA hai| lekina sahajAta anubhAvoM ko davAnA kaThina hai| ataH pAtroM kI kriyA-pratikriyA kI apekSA unake anubhAvoM ke AdhAra para unheM samajhanA adhika vizvasanIya hotA hai| vyavahArakuzala rAjanItika pAtroM kI kriyA-pratikriyA bahudhA banAvaTI hotI hai / aise pAtroM kA vAstavika rUpa unake anubhAvoM se hI spaSTa hotA hai, aura kriyA-pratikriyA kI jo kRtrimatA hotI hai, usakI pola khula jAtI hai| ina sabhI kAraNoM se pAtroM kA mUla rUpa jAnane ke lie unake anubhAvoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| usI prakAra pAtroM ke saphala citraNa ke lie unake anubhAvoM kA citraNa bhI parama Avazyaka haiN| aba hama yaha dekheMge ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra citraNa karate samaya Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke kaviyoM ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anubhAvoM kA citraNa karane meM kahA~ taka saphalatA milI haiM? bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra virAgI vRtti se paripUrNa he ataH unake jIvana meM ghAta - pratighAta saMgharSa ke laukika prasaMga bahuta kama mAtrA meM citrita hue haiN| unakA saMgharSa Antarika vikAroM se thA aura saMgharSa ke zastra the mauna rahakara saMyamapUrvaka dhyAna, tapa karanA / ataH unakI mudrA para bhautika sukhoM se udAsInatA kI chaTA aura AtmAnanda kI prasannatA kA sundara samanvaya dikhAI detA hai| anubhAvoM ke dvArA kriyA-pratikriyA kA caritra-citraNa unakI kizora avasthA kI krIr3AoM evaM lIlAoM ke citraNa meM kiye gaye haiM, unameM anubhAvoM ke dRzya prApta hote haiN| unmatta hAthI ko vaza karane ke lie jisa sAhasa ke sAtha prabhu varddhamAna ne muThabher3a kI use kavi ke nimnAMkita chanda meM hama dekha sakate haiM " siMha sadRza kehari sammukha, jA khar3e hue bhaya-bhAva-rahita, madamAtA hAthI sU~r3a uThA, jhapaTA ina para ati vega- sahita / para vIra sU~r3a se car3he zIghra, usake mada vigalita mastaka para, gaja sahama gayA mada bhUla gayA, pA zAsana sanmati kA zira para / " ( tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR. 89 ) ukta chanda meM kizora barddhamAna ke anubhAvoM kA spaSTa citraNa hai| kavi ne prabhu barddhamAna kI yuvA avasthA meM unakI vAsanA aura viveka ke saMgharSa kA varNana karate hue anubhAvoM dvArA mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa kiyA hai| vAsanA jaba prabala hotI hai taba zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM meM halacala hotI hai| kavi ke zabdoM meM "tana gayI thI asthi majjA aura nasa-nasa dvandva meM par3akara huA vaha vIra bebasa / " ( zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra caritra, pR. 1006) yuvA avasthA meM vAsanA ke kAraNa prabhu ke zarIra meM jo kriyA-pratikriyA utpanna hotI thI usa dRzya ko nimna chanda meM citrita kiyA hai bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :

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" zvAsa phUlA, vakSa dhar3akA jA rahA thA, yuddha meM duzmana pachAr3e jA rahA thA / ubhara AyI, bhAla para usake zirAe~ thA uThA, para zvAsa ukhar3A jA rahA thaa|" (vahI, pR. 106) muni dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pUrva prabhu ke mana meM dIna, dalitoM ke prati apUrva karuNA bhAvanA umar3a rahI thii| prabhu varddhamAna virAgI nizcala tathA zAnta vRtti ke the| ataH anubhAvoM ke citraNa kama mAtrA meM hue / nirvedra vRtti hone se zAntarasa ke nAyaka ke citraNa meM isake lie avasara kama hote haiN| anubhAvoM dvArA caritra citraNa kI zailI ko bhI mahAkAvyoM meM apanAyA gayA hai / sthityaMkana dvArA citraNa meM hameM isa tathya kA bodha huA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra janma se lekara anta taka yogI se mahAyogI, paramayogI svarUpa kA rahA hai| ataH ve dhIrodAtta, virAgI, zAnta, gambhIra, nizcala vRtti ke vyaktitva ke rahe haiN| pariNAma svarUpa bahuta kama avasara kisI ghaTanA vizeSa ko lekara kriyA-pratikriyAoM ke dyotaka zArIrika halacaleM dikhAI detI haiN| pUrvabhava smRtyaMkana cetanA - pravAha citraNa praNAlI, pAtra ke adhyayana ke lie, usake vyaktitva ko samajhane ke lie upayukta hotI hai| kisI pAtra kI Aja ko mAnasika avasthA aura kArya ke kAraNoM kA, pAtra ke bhUtakAlIna yA pUrvabhava ke jIvana meM yA usakI vaMza paramparA meM DhU~r3hA jAtA hai| vigata jIvana kA kula paramparA kA aura pUrva bhavoM kA adhyayana karake pAtra ke Aja ke aura bhaviSyakAlIna vyaktitva ke nirdeza isa praNAlI ke citraNa dvArA prApta hote haiN| I pUrva dIpti paddhati dvArA mastiSka meM uThanevAlI smRti taraMgoM kA citraNa hotA hai| lekina cetanA pravAha zailI meM samasta ghaTanAe~ pUrvabhava vRttAnta bAhyajagat se dUra mAnasika saMsAra meM avatarita hotI haiN| saMtAra kI bAhya rUparekhAe~ Antarika bhAvAnubhUti meM badala jAtI haiN| bAhara se dikhAI denevAlI kriyA ke pIche sthita cetana mana kI sUkSma sthitiyA~, bhAva evaM saMvedanAe~ hI isa zailI meM zabdabaddha kI jAtI haiN| hRdaya kI pratyeka dhar3akana kA, bhAva - ghanatva ke utthAna-patana kA vizada citraNa hotA hai aura mana ke gUtama gaharoM meM chipe rahanevAle vicAroM ko prakAza meM lAyA jA sakatA hai | cetanA pravAha zailI meM kiyA gayA citraNa mAnava jIvana ke Antarika yathArtha kA citraNa hotA hai, jisase pAtroM ke tIvra antarhandra ko atyanta mArmika DhaMga se ujAgara kiyA jAtA hai I ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA avadhijJAna se smaraNa kI gayI pUrvabhavoM kI 2211 = hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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ghaTanAoM ke vivecana ne unake isa janma kI vairAgyamUlaka manaHsthiti kA samyak vodha ho skegaa| ataH unakaM 33 pUrvabhavoM kI ghaTanAoM kA citraNa Alocya Adhunika mahAkAcyoM meM hameM prApta hotA hai| jenadharma, jainasaMskRti aura jainadarzana meM karmatiddhAnta kA asAdhAraNa mahattva hai| kRtakarma ke phatAnusAra pratyeka AtmA bhava-bhavAntara kI zrRMkhalA meM, janma-janmAnnara kI paramparA meM, anekAneka yoniyoM meM bhaTakatI rahatI hai| karmasiddhAnta aura punarjanma kA anyonya sambandha hai| satkarma karane se puNya saMcaba hotA hai, duSkarma karane se duHkha bhugatanA par3atA haiN| jenadharma kA karmasiddhAnta eka nakada vyApAra haiN| isa hAdha se do, lasa hAtha meM lo| jaisI karanI, vaisI bharanI hotI hai| mithyAdarzana-mithyAjJAna-mithyAcAra se AtmA ko naraka, tiryaca yoniyoM meM bhramaNa karanA par3atA hai, to samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyakcAritra kI pUrNatA se nirmANa kI prApti hotI hai| saMsAra avasthA meM anAdi-ananta AtmA kI, janma-karma-jarA mRtyu kI zrRMkhalA meM karma-karmaphala, pApa-puNya aura punarjanma kI yAtrA calatI rahatI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko bhI kaMvalajJAna aura mokSa kI prApti taka anekAneka yoniyoM meM, bhavoM meM janma lekara tukha-dukha ke cakra meM ghUmanA par3A thaa| __isa prakAra mahAvIra caritra ke anuzIlana meM, unakI jIvanI ke samyak Akalana ke lie, unake caritra meM ghaTita kriyA-pratikriyAoM kI yathArtha anubhUti ke lie unake mUla meM sthita pariveza kI sthiti ke adhyayana meM unake pUrvabhavoM ke vivaraNa te sahAyatA prApta hotI hai| digambara paramparA meM unake taiMtIsa pUrvabhavoM kA tathA zvetAmbara paramparA meM sattAIsa pUrvabhavoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM pUrvabhavoM kA varNana guNabhadrAcArya racita uttarapurANa ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM varddhamAna, paramajyoti mahAvIra evaM vIrAvana mahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavoM kA citraNa prApta hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne svayaM batalAyA ki sarvasAdhAraNa ke samAna meM bhI anAdi kAla se saMsAra meM janma-paraNa ke cakkara meM bhramaNa karatA rhaa| isa yuga kI Adi meM maiM Adi mahApuruSa 'RSabhadeva' kA pautra thaa| kintu abhimAna ke vaza meM hokara maiMne apane usa mAnava paryAya kA durupayoga kiyA / pariNAmasvarUpa utthAna-patana kI aneka avasthAoM se gujarate hue uttarottara AtmavikAsa karake maiMne isa avasthA ko Aja prApta kiyA hai| ataH mere samAna hI sabhI prANI apanA vikAsa karate hue mere jaise bana sakate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA bhillarAja pururavA ke bhava se lekara antima bhava taka kA jIvana-kAla utthAna-patana kI aneka vismayakAraka karuNa kahAniyoM se bharA huA hai| kavi ke zabdoM meM "isa samaya unheM saMsmaraNa svataH nija pUrva janma ho Aye the| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa ::11]

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yA bhIla-janma se aba taka kA, hara janma unheM tatkAla dikhaa|" (paramajyAti mahAvIra, pR. 3240) taiMtIsabhava pururavA bhIla-tIrthaMkara bhagavAna banane kI maMgala sAdhanA kA Arambha bhIla pururavA ke jIvana se prArambha hotA hai| pururavA ko jhAr3iyoM ke jhuramuTa meM zAnta mudrA sthita koI zikAra dikhAI diyaa| usakA vadha karane ke lie usane dhanuSa-bANa utthaayaa| usakI patnI kAlikA ne bANa calAne se rokA, kyoMki vaha dekhatI hai ki vaha koI zikAra na hokara zAnta mudrAdhArI muni hai| pururavA ne una dhyAnastha muni kI vandanA kii| munirAja ne use ahiMsA kA upadeza diyaa| upadeza se prabhAvita hokara bhIlarAja ne ahiMsA Adi aNuvratoM ko dhAraNa kiyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa vaha mRtyu ke bAda svarga meM deva haa| isa prakAra mahAvIra kI jIvAtmA ne Atma-utthAna kI sAdhanA bhIla paryAya se prArambha kii| saudharma svarga meM deva-ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana karake bhIla se deva hue usa jIva ko saudharma svarga meM aneka divya RddhiyA~ prApta huI aura do sAgaropama varSa taka usane puNya phala kA upabhoga kiyaa| ahiMsA ke pAlana se eka bhIla jaise ajJAnI ko bhI svarga-sukha prApta huaa| svarga meM use avadhijJAna thA, parantu AtmajJAna kA abhAva thaa| Ayu pUrNa hone para svarga se cayakara manuSya loka meM avatarita huaa| RSabhadeva kA pautra marIcikumAra-svarga meM pUrva saMskAra se pururavA bhIla kA jIva vahA~ ke bhogoM meM Asakta nahIM huaa| phalasvarUpa bhArata varSa meM prathama cakravartI samrATa bharata ke yahA~ anantamatI rAnI ke garbha se marIci ke rUpa meM janma liyaa| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI dIkSA ke samaya gurubhakti se prerita hokara marIci ne digambara dIkSA dhAraNa kara lii| kintu zramaNa jIvana kI kaThora sAdhanA se usakA mana vicalita ho gyaa| isIlie usane zramaNa-sAdhanA ke kaThora niyamoM meM parivartana kara liyaa| vaha suvidhAvAdI parivrAjaka bana gyaa| bhagavAna RSamanAtha ke samavasaraNa meM marIci ke pitA bharata ne bhagavAna se pUchA-hamAre kula meM Apa tIrthaMkara hue| Apa jaisA tIrthakara honevAlA dUsarA koI uttama puruSa isa samaya kauna hai? to prabhu kI divya-dhvani meM uttara milA ki he bharata, tumhArA putra marIcikumAra isa bharata kSetra meM caubIsavA~ antima tIrthakara (mahAvIra) hogaa| prabhu kI vANI meM apane tIrthakara hone kI bAta sunakara usa marIci ne samyaktva kA anusaraNa na karate hue miyyAlva ko apnaayaa| muniveza chor3akara bhraSTa hue marIci ne tApasa kA veza dhAraNa kiyA aura sAMkhya mata kA pracAra kiyaa| usa mUrkha jIva ne miTyA mArga ke dhAraNa se apanI AtmA ko aneka bhavoM taka ghora saMsAra-duHkhoM meM DuboyA / marIdi kA yaha bhava bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jJAta pUrva bhayoM kI dRSTi se tIsaga bhava hai| yadyapi marIci 112 :: hindI ke mahAkAyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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jIvanabhara mithyA mAgaM kA pracAra karatA rahA, tathApi ghora tapa ke prabhAva se marakara vaha pA~caveM brahma svarga meM jAkara deva huaa| tIrthaMkara kala meM aura bAhyataH jaina dIkSA lekara bhI marIce ne samyakulya grahaNa nahIM kiyA thA, AtmajJAna nahIM prApta kiyA ghA, aura mithyAtva sahita kutapa kiyA thaa| pariNAmataH vaha pAMcaveM svarga meM deva huaa| mithyAtva sahita hone ke kAraNa svarga meM usake pariNAma kuTila the| ataH asaMkhya varSoM taka svargIya sukha bhogane ke bAda bhI use AtmazAnti kA anubhava prApta nahIM huaa| aura anta meM vaha jIva svarga se cyuta hokara manuSya gati meM eka brAhmaNa kA putra huaa| brAhmaNa kula meM janma hone para pUrva ke mithyA saMskAravaza isa bhava meM bhI vaha mithyAmArga kA pracAra karatA rhaa| mithyAtapa se klezapUrvaka marakara vaha jIva prathama svarga meM deva huaa| apane hita-ahita ke viveka se rahita vaha deva svarga meM bhI sukhI nahIM thaa| do sAgara taka tvargIya bhogoM ko lAlasA sahita bhogakara usane svarga se mRtyu loka meM janma dhAraNa kiyaa| sAtaveM bhava meM puSyamitra nAma kA brAhmaNa huA aura parivrAjaka banakara usI mithyAmata kA pracAra karatA rhaa| dIrghakAla taka mithyAtva sahita kutapa kA kleza sahana karake vaha marA aura dUsare IzAna svarga meM deva huA / dharma rahita, hIna, puNya kSoNa hone para svarga se cyuta hokara usane manuSyaloka meM janma dhAraNa kiyaa| nauveM bhava meM brAhmaNa kula meM janma lekara agnisaha nAma kA brAhmaNa huA aura parivrAjaka banakara usI kapilamata kA pracAra kiyaa| dIrghakAla taka kumArga kA pravartana karake anta meM marakara vaha cauthe mAhendra svarga meM sanatakumAra deva huaa| asaMkhya varSoM taka svargIya sukhoM kA upabhoga kara vaha manuSya loka meM avatarita huA / gyArahaveM bhava meM vaha punaH isI bhUtala para janma lekara agnimitra nAma kA brAhmaNa huA aura una tapasvI huaa| kapila mata kA pracAra kiyA / jIvana ke anta meM marA aura bArahaveM bhava meM mAhendra svarga kA deva huaa| vahIM puNyakSaya hone para bhUtala para manuSya loka meM narabhava dhAraNa kiyaa| terahaveM bhava meM bhAradvAja nAmaka brAhmaNa huA aura punaH gatajanma kI bhA~tei saMnyAsI hokara kutapa meM jIvana vyatIta kiyaa| kapila mata kA pracAra karatA huA marakara caudahaveM bhava meM mAhendra svarga kA deva huA 1 isa prakAra marIci kA jIva lagAtAra vigata pA~ca manuSya bhavoM meM apane pUrva dRr3ha saMskAroM se prerita hokara uttarottara mithyAtva kA pracAra karatA huA sabhI pApakarmoM kA bandha karatA rahA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa caudahaveM bhava meM svarga se cyuta hokara kaI nIca trasa paryAyoM meM bhaTakA / anta meM sthAvara ekendriya paryAya meM gayA / isa prakAra asaMkhya bAra bhava-bhramaNa karake usane kalpanAtIta duHkha sahana kiye| dIrghakAla meM kuyoniyoM se nikalakara punaH manuSya huaa| nigoda dazA ko sadA ke lie chor3a diyaa| karma-bhAra ke halake hone para marIci kA jIva gaNanIya pandrahaveM bhava meM 'sthavira' nAmaka brAhmaNa huaa| isa bhava meM bhI tapasvI banakara aura bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :: 113

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E midhyA mata kA pracAra karate hue marakara solahaveM janma meM mAhendra svarga kA deva huA / rAjagRhI ke vizvabhUti rAjA ke putra vizvanandi kI paryAAMca meM caritranAyaka kA jIva avatarita huA / cacere bhAI vizAkhanandi se udyAna pAne ke hetu yuddha kiyA / vairAgya bhAva se muni dIkSA grahaNa kii| muni veSa meM bhI cacere bhAI vizAkhanandi ko mAra DAlane kA nidAna kiyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa nidAna zalya sahita marakara tapa ke prabhAva se mahAzukra nAma ke svarga meM deva huaa| anupama vrata prApta karake bhI unakA pUrA lAbha vaha nahIM le sakA | deva Ayu ke pUrNa hone para vaha bharata kSetra meM unnIsaveM bhava meM 'tripRSTha ' nAma kA prathama nArAyaNa huA, aura usakA bhAI vizAkhanandi azvagrIva nAma kA pratinArAyaNa huA / vizvanandi tathA vizAkhanandi donoM cacere bhAiyoM ke jIva isa bhava meM tripRSTha vAsudeva nArAyaNa aura pratinArAyaNa 'azvagrIva' ke rUpa meM avatarita hue| pUrvabhava ke bhAva ke saMskAra se eka strI kA nimitta pAkara donoM meM ghamAsAna yuddha huaa| aura tripRSTa ne azvagrIva ko mArakara ekachatra trikhaNDa rAjyasukha bhogA / Ayu ke anta meM marakara bIsaveM bhava meM 'tripRSTha' kA jIva sAtaveM naraka kA nArakI huA / siMha bhava aura nArakI bhava-caritranAyaka ke ikkIsaveM janma meM, " vaha jIva siMha giri para janmA, jIvoM kA vadha karanevAlA / pApoM ko saMcita karatA thA, vaha zera prANa haranevAlA / phala milA mara gayA zara khAkara, jaisI karanI vaisI bharanI / sAgaraparyanta naraka meM raha, ha~sate rote bhogI karanI / " ( vIrAyana, pR. 141 ) vaha nirdaya siMha vahA~ se marakara punaH naraka meM gayA aura asaMkhya varSoM taka vahA~ ke tIvra dukha bhogane lgaa| caritranAyaka kA jIva naraka se nikalakara eka balavAna siMha huaa| dasaveM bhava meM jo tIrthakara honevAlA hai, aisA vaha siMha bharata kSetra ke eka parvata para rahatA thA / krUratA se vaha vanya pazuoM ko khAtA thaa| bhAgyavaza do cAraNa muniyoM ne vihAra karate hue utta siMha ko dekhakara kahA- he bhavya jIva, tUne jo tripRSTha nArAyaNa ke bhava meM rAjyAsakti se ghora pApa upArjana kiyA, usake phala se narakoM meM ghora yAtanAe~ sahI haiN| aura aba bhI tU isa mRgajaya se dIna prANiyoM ko mAra-mArakara ghora pApa kara rahA hai| munirAja ke vacana sunakara siMha ko jAti-smaraNa ho gayA aura vaha apane pUrva bhavoM ko yAda karake, A~khoM se A~sU bahAte hue nizcala khar3A rhaa| cAraNya muniyoM ke upadeza ko siMha ne zAntipUrvaka sunA aura tIna pradakSiNA dekara unake caraNoM meM apanA sira rakhakara baiTha gayA / munirAja ne use pazu mArane aura mAMta khAne kA tyAga karAyA aura use usake yogya zrAvaka vratoM kA upadeza diyaa| siMha kI pravRtti ekadama badala 114 :: hindI ke mahAkAya meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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gyii| usane jIvoM ko mAranA aura mAMsa kA khAnA chor3a diyA aura vaha nirAhAra rahakara vicarane lgaa| anta meM saMnyAsapUrvaka prANa chor3akara prathama svarga kA deva huA / yaha bhagavAna mahAvIra kA gaNanIya caubIsavA~ janma thaa| teIsaveM siMha bhaya taka unakA uttarottara patana hotA gayA / aura muni samAgama ke pazcAt caritranAyaka ke jIva kA AtmotthAna prArambha huA / kavi ke zabdoM meM "Asana para baiTha ahiMsA ke tapa vrata mRgendra ne bahuta kiye| tana sUkha gayA taja diye prANa, para AmiSa khAkara nahIM jiye || tapa ke prasAda vrata ke phala se, mRgarAja jIva surarAja hue| saudharma svarga meM siMhaketu' dharatI mAtA ke tAja hue|" (vIrAyana, pR. 149 ) saudharma svarga se cayakara caritranAyaka kA jIva paccIsaveM satra meM 'kanakojjvala' nAmaka rAjA huaa| kisI samaya vaha sumeru parvata kI vandanA ko gayA / vahA~ para usane eka munirAja se dharma kA upadeza sunA aura saMsAra se virakta hokara muni bana gayA / anta meM samAdhipUrvaka prANa tyAga karake chabbIsaveM bhAva meM lAntava svarga kA deva huA / sattAIsaveM bhava meM lAntava svarga se cayakara isI bharata kSetra ke sAketa nagara meM hariSeNa nAma kA rAjA huaa| rAjya - sukha bhogakara aura jina-dIkSA grahaNa karake aTThAIsaveM bhava meM vaha mahAzukra svarga kA deva huA / unatIsarve bhava meM dhAtakI khaNDasya pUrva dizA sambandhI videha kSetra kI pUrva bhAga- sthita puNDarIkiNI nagarI meM priyamitra nAma kA cakravartI huaa| anta meM jina dIkSA lekara yaha tIsaveM bhava meM sahasrAra svarga meM deva huaa| nandarAjA aura solahaveM svarga kA deva sahasAra svarga se calakara ikatIsaveM bhava meM isI bhUmaNDala para caritranAyaka kA jIva 'nandana' nAma kA rAjA huaa| isa bhava meM usane proSThila munirAja ke pAsa dharma kA svarUpa sunA aura jinadIkSA dhAraNa kara lii| tadanantara SoDaSakAraNa bhAvanAoM kA cintavana karate hue usane tIrthakara prakRti kA bandha kiyA / aura jovana ke anta meM samAdhipUrvaka prANa chor3akara battIsaveM bhava meM acyuta svarga kA vaha indra huaa| bAIsa sAgaropama kAla taka divya sukhoM kA anubhava kara jIvana ke samApta hone para vahA~ se cayakara vaha deva antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke nAma se isa vasudhA para avatIrNa huA / isa taraha varddhamAna kA vartamAna rUpa kaI bhavoM meM kiye gaye sukRtyoM ke pariNAma svarUpa hai| 'bhagavAna kI AtmA ne pUrvabhavoM meM kadIra AtmasAdhanA kI thii| phalasvarUpa isa manuSya janma meM eka apUrva alaukikatA ke tattva unake caritra meM vidyamAna rhe| ukta sthityaMkana ke pariprekSya meM varddhamAna caritra kI atizayatA evaM unake vicAroM kI bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :

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divyatA kA yathAdhaM vodha hameM ho jAtA hai| DaoN. A. ne. upAdhyejI pUrvabhava vRttAnta kA mahatva pratipAdita karate hue likhate haiM.... bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavavRttoM kA mahAca cAra dRSTiyoM se hai(1) jainadharma ke prathama tIrthakara vRSabhadeva se antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA sambandha sthApita hotA hai| (2) pUrvabhavoM ke adhyayana se karma siddhAnta ke niSkarSa kA yaha bodha hotA hai ki jIva apanI burAI-bhalAI ke lie svayaM jimmedAra hotA hai aura apane karmoM ke bhale yA bure phala svayaM usI ko bhugatane par3ate haiN| (3) pUrvabhavoM kA adhyayana AtmA ke vikAsa kA manovizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana (4) naitika evaM dhArmika saMskAroM se bhavya jIvoM kA parama kalyANa ho sakatA Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM digambara paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jJAta 33 bhavoM kA citraNa milatA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhagavAna ke 27 hI bhavoM kA varNana milatA hai| prArambha ke bAIsa pUrva bhava kucha nAma parivartana ke sAtha ve hI haiM jo ki digambara paramparA meM batalAye gaye haiN| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva bhavoM kA varNana bahuta hI sundara DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| yaha pUrva mayoM kA varNana 'guNabhadrAcArya' racita 'uttarapurANa' ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai aura usI kA anusaraNa paravartI vIracarita kAvyakAroM ne kiyA hai| pUrvabhavoM ke isa smaraNa se yaha sahaja hI jJAta ho jAtA hai ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI parAkASThA para pahu~canA kisI eka hI bhava kI sAdhanA kA pariNAma nahIM hai, balki usake lie lagAtAra aneka bhavoM meM sAdhanA karanI par3atI hai| __Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke caritranAyaka bhagavAna mahAvIra haiN| mahAvIra kI yaha tIrthakara bhagavAna avasthA taiMtIsa pUrvabhavoM kI sAdhanA ke pazcAt vikasita huI hai| kaviyoM ne caritranAyaka ke pUrvamavoM kA varNana itanA sarasa kiyA hai ki mahAvIra kI AtmA ke rUpa kA, vaibhava kA kramika vikAsa dRSTigocara hone lagatA hai| vaise to tIrthaMkara eka janma ke puruSArtha kI prakriyA nahIM hai| aneka janmoM ke satpuruSArtha se Atmazakti kramazaH anAvRta hote-hote tIrthakara svarUpa ko prApta karatI hai| tIrthakara hone kA puruSArtha kaba se prArambha huA? isakA uttara una bhavoM kI gaNanA meM prAyaH milatA hai| tIrthakara banane ke bAda gaNadharoM, devoM yA indroM ke dvArA isake rahasya ke pUchane para tIrthaMkara svayaM uttara dete haiN| ataH jaina sAhitya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke pUrva bhavoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| jaina darzana meM samyagdarzana kI upalabdhi mahattvapUrNa mAnI gayI hai, kyoMki isakI prApti se jIva nizcita rUpa meM mokSa jAtA hai| samyaktva kI prApti ke bAda tIrthaMkara ke bhava taka kitane janma dhAraNa karane pdd'eNge| isa jijJAsA ke kAraNa hI / :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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bhayoM kI saMkhyA hameM prApta hotI hai| manuSya janmoM kI gaNanA pramukhataH kI jAtI hai| paMcakalyANaka 'bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke kaviyoM ne paMcakalyANaka mahotsatroM kI paurANika paddhati para varNana karate hue kiyA hai| yaha saMsAra paMca prakAra ke akalyANoM, saMkaToM se vyApta hai| ise paMcaparAvartana (dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhava, bhAvarUpa) bhI kahate haiN| paMcakalyANaka sirpha kevalI tIrthaMkara bhagavAna ke caritra meM mahotsava ke rUpa meM citrita hote haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra tIrthakara haiN| ataH unake garbha, janma, dIkSA, jJAna tathA nirvANa ke prasaMga ko svarga ke indra devAdi deva bhagavAna kI janmabhUmi meM Akara nAgarikoM ke sAtha utsava ke rUpa meM manAte haiN| vizvAsa hai ki isa mahotsava meM sammilita hone se paMca prakAra ke saMkaTa naSTa ho jAte haiN| garbhakalyANaka-tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra jaba mAtA trizalA ke garbha meM svarga se avatarita hote haiM, tava zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra caudaha svapna aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra solaha svapna mAtA dekhatI hai| devatA aura manuSya milakara unake garbhAvataraNa kA mahotsava manAte haiN| usa kriyA ko garbhakalyANaka kahA jAtA hai| isa sandarbha meM kavi anUpa ne likhA hai "jinheM lakhA jAgRti meM na thA kabhI viloka le ve sukhasvapna supti meM prasanna hai putra tvadIya garbha meM sa-harSa detA nava preraNA tujhe / " (varddhamAna, pR. 107) janmakalyANaka-jaina mAnyatAnusAra jaba tIrthaMkara kA janma hotA hai, taba svarga ke deva aura indra pRthvI para Akara tIrthaMkara kA janmakalyANaka mahotsava manAte haiM aura meru parvata para le jAkara vahA~ unakA janmAbhiSeka karate haiN| dIkSAkalyANaka-tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dIkSAkAla ke upasthita hone ke pUrva lokAntika deva unase pravrajyA lene kI prArthanA karate haiN| ve eka varSa taka karor3oM svarNamudrAoM kA dAna karate haiN| dIkSA-tithi ke dina devendra apane devamaNDala ke sAtha Akara unakA abhiniSkramaNa mahotsava manAte haiN| ve vizeSa pAlakI meM ArUr3ha hokara vanakhaNDa kI ora jAte haiM jahA~ apane vastrAbhUSaNa kA tyAga karake paMcamuSTi loca karate haiN| tIrthaMkara svayaM hI dIkSita hote haiM, kitI guru ke pAsa dIkSA nahIM lete| isa taraha isa prasaMga ko mahotsavapUrvaka manAyA jAtA hai| ataH yaha dIkSAkalyANaka mahotsava kahA jAtA hai| kevalajJAnakalyANaka-tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra jaba apanI sAdhanA dvArA kevalajJAna prApta karate haiM, usa samaya bhI svarga te indra aura devamaNDala Akara kaivalya bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :: 117

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mahotsava manAte haiN| isa samaya indra ko AnA se kabara tIrthakara kI dharmasabhA ke lie samavasaraga kI racanA karate haiN| nirvANakalyANaka--bhagavAna mahAvIra ke parinivAMNa mokSa prApta hone para bhI svarga ke devoM dvArA unakA dAha-saMskAra kara parinirvANa-mahotsava manAyA jAtA hai| badhArya meM prabhu ne nirmANa ke kAraNa karmoM kA kSaya kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne mRtyu ko jItakara amaratva kI sthiti prApta ko| usa samaya deva, devendroM ne Akara nivAMNotsava mnaayaa| Alocca mahAkAvyoM meM ukta kalyANaka kA utsava ke rUpa meM citraNa nimna rUpa meM prApta hotA hai| kAve ke zabdoM meM "kara gayA sahaja hI Uryagamana, sata, zuddha buddha nirmala cetana / tanagRha se aba ziva sokhya-saina pahu~mA laharAyA jayaketana / tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR. 170) isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra meM mokSa (nirvANa) pAne kA mahotsava suranaroM ne manAyA / mokSa se tAtparya hai-duHkhoM se, vikAroM se, bandhanoM se mukta honaa| mokSa AtmA kI ananta AnandamayI dazA hai| zAzvata Anandamaya hone se mokSa parama kalyANasvarUpa hai| isa modha-prApti ke kAraNa hI garbha, janma, tapa Adi kalyANaka svarUpa mAne gaye haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra meM unake jIvana kI pA~coM ayasthAoM-garbha, janma, tapa, jJAna tathA nirvANa-ke mahotsaba deva-indra tathA manuSyoM dvArA manAye gye| vaibhavapUrNa mahotsava paMcakalyANaka ke nAma se pracalita haiN| ye paMcakalyANaka unake manAye jAte haiM jo kevalajJAna prApta karake vItarAgI, sarvajJa hokara lokakalyANa ke uddezya se upadeza dete haiN| tAtparya keyalo arihanta pada ko prApta tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana meM ye mahotsava hote haiN| "kalyANaM karoti iti kalyANakaH" kI ukti ke anusAra lokakalyANa karanevAloM ko karavyAgAka kahate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra kalyANaka caritra hai| pA~ca kalyANakoM meM nirvANakalyANa paramakalyANa svarUpa mAnA jAtA hai| bhagavAna pahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt paurANika buga aayaa| usameM aitihAsika mahApuruSoM ke caritra kI prastuti paurANika AkhyAnoM kI zailI meM camatkAroM ke pariveza meM kI gayI hai| aitihAsika mahApuruSa mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ke sAtha camatkArapUrNa ghaTanAe~ jur3a gyiiN| atizayoktipUrNa DhaMga se vo ghaTanAoM ko aMkita kiyA gyaa| paMcakalyANakoM ke citraNa meM taghya yA ghaTanA kI apekSA kavi-kalpanA kI gurutA adhika hai| yaha tathya hai yA nahIM, yaha anusandheya ho sakatA hai, kintu itte kAmagata satya to mAnA jA sakatA hai| sabhasta Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke kaviyoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samagna caritra ko paMcakalyANaka mahotsavoM kI ghaTanAoM, prasaMgoM evaM dRzyoM ke citraNa dvArA citrita kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra unake garma, janma, dIkSA, tapa, jJAna, upadeza tathA 118 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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nirvANa Adi samasta avasthAoM kA citraNa porANika zailI meM prastuta kara lokaraMjaka evaM lokakalyANakArI ke rUpa meM unake vyaktitva ko vANeta kiyA gayA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki vizva kA raMgamaMca vicitratAoM aura vividhatAoM kA apUrva saMgamasthala hai| hara eka jIva anAdi kAla se asaMkhya bhavoM meM bhaTakatA rahA hai| una jIcoM meM se koI aine tIca rahate haiM jo apanI AtmA ko svAvalambana ke dvArA samunnata vanAkara tiddha bhagavAna kI pUrNa sthiti ko prApta karane meM saphala hote haiN| aise hI prAtaHsmaraNIya evaM bandanIya puNyAtmAoM meM bhagavAna mahAdhIra haiN| hindI ke kaviyoM ne niSkarSa ke rUpa meM prAtapAdana kiyA hai ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI parAkASTA para pahu~canA kisI eka ho bhava kI sAdhanA kA pariNAma nahIM, balki usake lie lagAtAra aneka bhavoM meM sAdhanA karanI par3atI hai| aneka janmoM ke sat puruSArtha se Atmazakti kramazaH vikasita hotI huI bhagavat rUpa ko prApta karatI hai| jaina mAnyatA meM tIrthakara bhagavAna hone kA mUlAdhAra samyaktvapUrvaka SoDaza bhAvanAoM kI ArAdhanA mAnA gayA hai| pUrvabhava meM zramaNa sAdhanA kI kaThora tapazcaryApUrvaka SoDazabhAvanAoM ke cintana ke pariNAmasvarUpa bhagavAna mahAvIra ko tIrthakara prakRti kA bandha huA thA, aiso dRr3ha mAnyatA jaina paramparA meM dikhAI detI hai| hindI ke tIna mahAkAvyoM meM mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavoM kA vRttAnta, cetanA pravAha zailI meM karake unake isa janma ke janmajAta vairAgya mUlaka manovRtti ke manovaijJAnika siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| samasta Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke kaviyoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samagna caritra-unake garbha, janma, dIkSA, tapa, kevalajJAna, upadeza tathA nirvANa Adi avasthAoM ko paMcakalyANaka mahotsavoM kI paurANika ghaTanAoM ke varNanoM dvArA citrita kiyA hai| samasta kaviyoM ne mahAvIra kI AtmA ko unake isa manuSyabhava meM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| jaina Agama ke anusAra paMcakalyANaka mahotsava kevala tIrthaMkaroM ke svarga se Agata deva, indrAdi dvArA vizeSa rUpa se manAye jAte haiN| aura yaha mAnyatA vartamAna kAla meM bhI jinamandiroM meM tIrthaMkaroM kI tadAkAra mUrtiyoM ko pratiSThA mahotsavoM meM avicchinna rUpa se pracalita rahI hai| paMcakalyANaka prAtepTA-mahotsava usakA hI anukaraNa hai| isa mahotsava meM ahetU kevalI tIrthaMkara ke garbha, janma, dIkSA, kaMvalajJAna tathA nirvANa sambandhI kriyA-pratikriyAoM ke mAdhyama se nara se nArAyaNa banane kI prakriyA kA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa hotA haiN| antaraMga citraNa bahiraMga citraNa pAtra kA bAharI rUpa hamAre sAmane mUrta karatA hai| yaha rUpa bhrAmaka ho sakatA hai| ataH pAna kA antaraMga citraNa hI mahattvapUrNa hotA hai| pAtra kA bAharI rUpa hama dekha sakate haiM, pagara usakA antaraMga rUpa nahIM dekha skte| deha, AkRti, vezabhUSA rUpa vyakta hote haiM, lekina mana avyakta hotA hai| kucha kriyAoM dvArA yaha mana bhagavAna pahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :: 119

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- - vyakta hotA hai, lekina kisI bhI pAtra kA sampUrNa mana kisI kArya yA ghaTanA meM vyakta nahIM ho sktaa| himanaga kI taraha usake darzana AMzika hote haiN| pAtra kA priyajana bhI use pUrNarUpa se nahIM jAna sktaa| svayaM pAtra bhI apane mana ko pUrNa rUpa se jAnane meM asamartha hotA hai| sAhityakAra agara apane pAtroM kA nirmAtA aura abhivyaMjaka donoM hotA hai to vaha pAtra ke antaraMga kA sundara citraNa kara sakatA hai| vizvabandhu zarmA kA kathana hai-"caritra-kalpanA se yaha artha nikalatA hai ki pAtra ke Antarika evaM vAhyasvarUpa kA nirmANa usake varNa, rUpAkAra, vezabhUSA evaM vastrAlaMkAra, bhAva saundarya, guNa saundarya, vyApAra saundarya, upadeza evaM zikSaNa saundarya, bauddhikatA, kalAtmakatA, dhArmikatA, bhAva, avaguNa, AdateM, svabhAva, kArya-vyApAra Adi sabhI kA nirmANa caritra meM itihAsa, purANa aura kavi-kalpanA se hI hotA hai| itihAsa purANAzrita kavi kalpanA se caritra meM vividhatA AtI hai| isI vividhatA ke kAraNa pAThakoM ko Ananda kI anubhUti hotI hai| aisI balavatI kalpanA se hI sat-asat pAtroM meM saMgharSa citrita kara caritranAyaka ke guNoM kA caramotkarSa spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai| aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM meM yaha sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| sAhityika apane aitihAsika pAtroM kA sraSTA nahIM hotA, vaha sirpha nivedaka, kathAkAra yA caritracitraNakAra hotA hai| ataH sAhityika apane aitihAsika caritranAyaka se pUrNataH paricita nahIM hote| itihAsakAroM ne aitihAsika puruSa ke jIvana kI jo satya ghaTanAe~ dI haiM, una ghaTanAoM ke AdhAra para ho sAhityika ko calanA par3atA hai| usameM parivartana karane kA koI adhikAra sAhityika ko nahIM rhtaa| pariNAmasvarUpa aitihAsika caritranAyakoM kA antaraMga citraNa ina bandhanoM ke kAraNa sImita yA zithila hone kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| itihAsa meM adhikAMza nAyaka ke sAmAjika, AdhyAtmika aura rAjanItika jIvana ke hI nirdeza hote haiN| nAyaka ke pArivArika jIvana kA nirdeza itihAsa meM nahIM hotA hai| sAhityakAra sAmAjika, AdhyAtmika aura rAjanItika jIvana ko itihAsa-sammata citrita kareM aura pArivArika jIvana ko apanI kalpanA ke anusAra aura aitihAsika caritra-citraNa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara citrita kareM to antaraMga citraNa prabhAvI ho sakatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA antaraMga citraNa karane ke lie Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM nimna pramukha citraNa praNAliyoM kA prayoga huA hai| 1. svapnavizleSaNa dvArA citrnn| 2. antaHpreraNAoM ke anusmaraNa dvArA citrnn| 3. jIvana-darzana dvArA citrnn| svapnavizleSaNa pAtra ke acetana mana kI sthiti ko spaSTa karane ke lie sAhityakAra vibhinna 1. DaoN. vizvabandhu zarmA : sAThottara mahAkAvyoM meM pAtra-kalpanA, pR. 308 | 120 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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manovaijJAnika praNAliyoM kA prayoga karate haiN| kaviyoM ke lie isa prakAra kA citraNa karanA kaThina kArya hotA hai| ataH manovizzeSaNa, svapnavizleSaNa, nirAdhAra pratyakSIkaraNa vizleSaNa, pratyAvalokana vizleSaNa, sammohana vizleSaNa, pUrvavRttAtmaka praNAlI (pUrvabhava, zabda saha-smRti parIkSaNa Adi praNAliyoM kA upayoga sAhityakAra apane pAtroM ke antaraMga kA, acetana mana kA citraNa karate samaya karate haiN| vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM pAtroM ke vyakta vicAra, bhAva aura pratikriyAoM ko uttejita karanevAle kAraNoM ko spaSTa karake sAhityakAra pAThakoM ke sAmane pAtroM kA antaraMga spaSTa karate haiN| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM kaviyoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ko mAtA trizalA ke SoDazasvapnoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue svapnavizleSaNa citraNa praNAlI kA prayoga kiyA hai| svapnavizleSaNa zailI ke dvArA pAtra ko Antarika bhAvanAoM, icchAoM evaM vicAroM ko svapnacitraNa ke mAdhyama se ujAgara kiyA jAtA hai| svapnavizleSaNa kI bhA~ti nirAdhAra pratyakSIkaraNa zailI kA prayoga caritranAyaka ke avacetana mana meM sthita bhAvanAoM aura icchAoM kI abhivyakti ke lie hotA hai| jAgnata avasthA meM svapnavat manaHsthiti kA citraNa karane meM nirAdhAra pratyakSIkaraNa zailI kA vizeSa rUpa se prayoga hotA hai| pratyAvalokana vizleSaNa zailI meM pAtra ke cetana yA acetana mana ke vicAroM kI prakriyA ko abhivyakti dene kA prayAsa hotA hai| isa citraNa zailI ke mAdhyama se ghaTanAoM, paristhitiyoM tathA pAtroM ke kAryoM ke mUla meM sthita kAraNa spaSTa ho jAte haiN| bhagavAna ke janma hone ke pUrva mAtA ke cAroM ora kA vAtAvaraNa indra kI AjJA tathA kubera kI vyavasthA se 56 kumArI deviyA~ aisA sundara aura nayana manohArI banAtI haiM ki jisase kisI bhI prakAra kA kSobha mAtA ke mana meM utpanna na hone paae| isI saba sAvadhAnI kA yaha suphala hotA hai ki usa mAtA ke garbha se utpanna honevAlA bAlaka atula, tIna jJAna (matijJAna, zrutajJAna, aura avadhijJAna) dhAraka aura mahApratibhAzAlI hotA hai| sAdhAraNataH yaha mAnyatA hai ki kisI bhI mahApuruSa tIrthaMkara bhagavAna ke janma lene ke pUrva usakI mAtA ko kucha viziSTa svapna Ate haiM jo kisI mahApuruSa ke janma lene kI sUcanA dete haiN| DaoN. tivArI ke zabdoM meM-"svapnavijJAna aura lokavizvAsa ke anusAra svapna ardhacetana mana ke kAlpanika bica hI nahIM hote, antazcetanA dvArA pradatta bhAvI ghaTanA prasaMgoM ke pUrva saMketa bhI hote haiM, isalie kAlajJapuruSa svapnoM ke zubhAzubha phaloM kI vyAkhyA kiyA karate haiN| svapnoM ke anvayArtha : mahArAjA siddhArtha nimittajJAnI the| svapna zAstrAnusAra apanI rAnI trizalA ko unakA anvayArtha batAne lge| mAtA ke solaha svapna 1. DaoN. bhagavAnadAsa tivArI : bhagavAna mahAvIra : jIyana aura darzana, pR. 8 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :: 21

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(1) hAthI : svapnazAstra meM airAvata hAthI mahattA kA pratIka hai| vaha laukika gajoM se bhinna alaukika tathA manojJa hotA hai| mahArAjA siddhArtha ne kahA-airAvata hAtho ke darzana kA phala hai ki terA bAlaka tIrthanAyaka, patitapAvana, vizva-uddhAraka, anekAnta-sthApaka, parama jahiMsA dharma kA upAsaka, karuNA-sAgara, saMvega evaM jJAna vairAgya se sampanna hogaa| (2) zveta vRSama : mAtA trizalA ne dUsare svapna meM netroM ko pyArA, apane khuroM se pRthvI ko khodatA huA tathA megha ke samAna garjanA karatA huA baila dekhaa| zveta vRSabha kA dekhanA dhIra pavitra AcaraNasampanna bIlarAgI, sahiSNutA kA pratIka hai| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM isa svapna kA citraNa nimna paMktiyoM meM kiyA gayA haiM"hogA tava suta vaha dharma suratha kA cAlaka / " (tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR. 27) "vaha suta kI dharma dhurandharatA kI hI sAmarthya dikhAtA hai| (paramajyoti mahAvIra, pR. 181) tAtparya zveta vRSabha kA svapnadarzana yaha sUcita karatA hai ki bAlaka vItarAgI hogaa| (3) dhavala siMha krIDAsta : svapna meM siMha krIDA karate dekhanA, bala pratApa pauruSa kA pratIka hai| bAlaka zatrutA nAzaka, atula parAkramI, AtpadraSTA, svatantratA aura svAvalambana se paramAtma pada prApti karanevAlA hogaa| (4) siMhAsana para sthita lakSmI ko gajasnAna karAte hue : cauthe svapna meM kamala para virAjamAna tathA hAtha meM sundara saroja dhAraNa kiye hue lakSmI dekhI, jisakA zubha hAdhiyoM dvArA sugandhita jala se paripUrNa kalazoM se abhiSeka ho rahA thaa| siMhAsana sthita lakSmI kA gajoM dvArA snAna 'zatendra' pUjyatA kA pratIka hai| janma ke samaya saudharma indra apane parivAra sahita zizu kA sumeru para janmAbhiSeka sampanna kregaa| bAlaka bar3A hokara bAhya-Abhyantara lakSmI kA svAmI evaM vastu-svarUpa pratipAdaka hogaa| lakSmI snAna kA darzana bAlaka kI pUjyatA kA dyotaka hai| (5) mandAra puSpoM kI do mAlAe~ : mAtA trizalA ko pA~caveM svapna meM bhramaroM se zobhAyamAna tathA atizaya lambAyamAna, suvAsa sampanna do mAlAe~ dikhAI pdd'ii| mandAra puSyoM kI mAlAe~ yaza evaM atIndriya Atmasukha kI sUcaka haiN| garbhastha zizu kA zarIra sugandhita, kAntimAna aura aneka zubha-lakSaNoM se saMyukta hogaa| hRdaya komala evaM vAsanAmukta hogaa| svapna ke isa anvayArtha ko sunakara 'trizalA rAnI phUlI nahIM smaayii| tAtparya yaha hai ki mandAra puSma kI mAlA atIndriya Atmasukha kI ghotaka hai| samasta Adhunika kaviyoM ne svapnoM kA varNana apane mahAkAvyoM meM kiyA hai| (6) nakSatroM se pariveSTita pUrNacandramA : chaThe svapna meM andhakAra ko naSTa 122 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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karanevAlA atyanta ramaNIya candramA nirmala nabhomaNDala meM dikhAI pdd'aa| nakSatraveSTita candra anupama sadana ko pratIti karA rahA hai| candra prakAza atyanta zItala evaM AnandakArI hai| nakSatroM se veSTita candra amRta varSA kA pratIka hai| bAlaka ke sAMga se divyadhvani khiraMgI, jisase bhavya jIva karma -kAlimA miTAkara atIndriya Ananda prakaTa kreNge| bAlaka ke vacana bhavarogiyoM ko auSadhi, saMsAra tApitoM ke lie candana ke samAna zItala hoNge| tAtparya yaha hai ki pUrNa candramA kA dekhanA yaha artha sUcita karatA hai ki bAlaka ke sarvAMga se divyadhvani khiregii| (7) udita hotA sUrya: sAtaveM svapna meM rAnI ne dekhA ki udita sUrya se sampUrNa loka Alokita ho gayA / avani (pRthvI) aura ambara ratnaprabhA ke samAna prakAzita ho rahI hai| zItala prakAza sahasra sUryo kI AbhA jhalakA rahA hai| sUrya razmiyA~ motiyoM kI jhAlara sadRza dRSTigocara haiN| isa svapna kA artha hai- udita sUrya divya jJAna prApti kA pratIka hai| bAlaka janma se hI mati zruta, avadhijJAna kA dhArI hogaa| usakI divya jJAnajyoti se sarAgatA kI samApti aura vItarAgatA kA prakAza hogaa| ( 8 ) kamalapatroM se AvRta jalapUrNa do svarNa kalaza AThaveM svapna meM mAtA trizalA devI ne suvarNamayI kalaza yugala dekhe / ve kalaza sugandhita jala se paripUrNa the / tathA cAroM ora kamaloM se zobhAyamAna the| jala se paripUrNa kalazoM se pratIta hotA hai| ki tumhArA putra samasta jagat ke manorathoM ko pUrNa karegA aura usake prabhAva se rAja- mandira nidhiyoM se paripUrNa hogaa| kamalapatroM se AvRta kalaza karuNA kA pratIka hai| vaha jagat ke jIvoM ko bhava se pIr3ita dekha karuNA se dravIbhUta ho ahiMsA dharma kA prabala pracAraka hogaa| ( 9 ) sarovara meM krIDArata yugala mIna nauveM svapna meM mAtA trizalA ne bijalI ke samAna caMcala, paraspara meM sneha karanevAle, dveSarahita mIna yugala ke darzana kiye| mIna apanI mastI meM aThakheliyA~ kara rahI haiN| laharAtI balakhAtI madabharI cAla madhura rasa ko TapakA rahI hai| unake puccha bhAga maNimaya kAntimAna haiN| krIDA karatI huI machaliyA~ sUcita karatI haiM ki tumhArA putra pahale indriyajanya Ananda karatA huA, adhyAtmamaya jIvana jItA huA tapazcaryA ke bala se abhISTa siddhiyoM ko prApta kregaa| yugala mIna ananta saukhya kA sUcaka haiN| ( 10 ) haMsoM aura kamaloM se suzobhita vizAla jalAzaya : dasaveM svapna meM rAnI trizAlA ne eka nirmala svaccha vizAla sarovara dekhA / vaha jala se paripUrNa thA, kamaloM se alaMkRta thA, aura rAjahaMsa Adi sundara pakSiyoM se manohara dikhatA thaa| haMsoM aura kamaloM se suzobhita vizAla jalAzaya saMvedanazIlatA kA pratIka hai| bAlaka uttamottama lakSaNoM kA bhaNDAra hogA aura dhana Adi kI tRSNA se trasta manuSyoM kI tRSNA zAnta kara unheM paramadhAma mokSa meM phuNcaaegaa| bAlaka samadarzI, alipta, zAntisandezaka, svAnubhUtimagna hogaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa: 123

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(11) taraMgita athAha sAgara : gyArahaveM svapna meM bhayaMkara magaramaccha Adi svacchanda krIDA karanevAle jantuoM se paripUrNa vizAla samudra dekhA jo zubhaphena rAzi tathA unnata laharoM se alaMkRta thaa| samudra-darzana sUcita karatA hai ki putra kI buddhi samudra ke samAna gambhIra hogI tathA vaha aneka nIti rUpI nadiyoM se paripUrNa zAstra kA samudra hogaa| uttama mArga kA upadeza dekara jIvoM ko saMsArantAgara se pAra kregaa| athAha sAgara hRdaya kI vizAlatA kA pratIka hai| bAlaka ke hRdaya kI vizAlatA ahiMsAtmaka vidhi se jIvoM ko yathArtha sukha kA upAya btaaegii| (12) svarNa siMhAsana : bArahaveM svapna meM lakSmI kA svarNa-siMhAsana dekhA jo tejasvI siMhoM se alaMkRta thaa| utkRSTa ralamayI siMhAsana ke darzana kA yaha phala hai ki tumhArA putra samasta jagat para AjJA claaegaa| maNijaDita siMhAsana varcasva aura prabhutva kA sUcaka hai| Abhyantara sampadA kA svAmI ananta catuSTayadhArI hogaa| (13) ratnoM se alaMkRta deva-vimAna : terahaveM svapna meM AkAza meM gamana karatA huA sundara vimAna dikhAI diyA jo muktA (motI) mAlAoM se dedIpyamAna thaa| isa vimAna svapna kA anvayArtha Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM spATa kiyA gayA hai| kavi kA varNana hai *deva vimAna dikhA jo nabha meM, antara kA utthAna mahAn / deva vipUjita jIva prakaTa ho, ise satya karake lo jAna / " (zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR. 66) sundara vimAna darzana se sUcita hotA hai ki tumhArA putra nirahaMkArI manuSyoM kA svAmI hogA / deva vimAna kIrti kA pratIka hai| svarga se cyuta ho jIva garbha meM aaegaa| loka meM sarvatra kIrti phailegii| samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra kI ekatA rUpa mokSamArga kA netA hogaa| (14) pRthvI se uThatA huA nAgendra kA gaganacumbI bhavana : caudahaveM svapna meM udayAcala parvata para nAgendra kA gaganacumbI bhavana dekhaa| bhavana sarva suvidhAyukta hai| bhavana kA nicalA bhAga aruNa maNiyoM ke samAna kAntimAna hai| UrdhvabhAga ratnAbha hai| bhavana ke agrabhAga meM candrakAnta maNiyoM kI kAnti jalapravAha kA bhrama utpanna karatI hai / pRthvI ko bhedakara nikalA huA nAgendra bhavana sUcita karatA hai ki tumhArA putra isa saMsAra rUpI piMjare ko khaNDa-khaNDa karegA aura vaha mati, zruta tathA avadhijJAna rUpa trividha jJAna netroM ko prApta kregaa| nAgendra kA bhavana avadhijJAna kA pratIka hai| bAlaka janma se hI avadhijJAnI hogaa| dharmAndhatA kA lopa kara zuddha Atmadharma kA saMsthApaka hogaa| samasta jagat meM maitrI bhAva nirmANa kregaa| (15) raloM kI rAzi : pandrahaveM svapna meM ratnoM kI rAzi dekhI jo raMga-biraMgI kAnti se indra-dhanuSa tulya lagatI thii| aneka prakAra kI ratnoM ko rAzi ke darzana se 124 :: hindI ke mahAkAyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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sUcita hotA hai ki vaha nAnA guNarUpI ratnoM kI rAzi hogii| raloM ko rAzi ananta guNoM kI prApti kA pratIka hai| ratnatraya kI ekatA kI pUrNatA mokSamArga hai| use jana-jana ko sikhaaegaa| svayaM mokSamArgI banakara jagat kI mokSamArga kA prakAza kregaa| (16) dhakadhakAtI huI nirdhUma agni : antima solahaveM svapna meM trizalA devI ne zubha kAntiyukta dedIpyamAna dhUmrarahita agni dekhii| agni kI jvAlA aruNa maNiyoM kI jhAlara hai| nidhUma agni svapna ke dRSTAnta ko Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM rekhAMkita kiyA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki nidhUma agni sakala karmoM ke kSaya kI pratIka hai| bAlaka svarUpAcAraNa cAritra ke sAtha dhyAna-agni se aSTakarmoM ko naSTa kara siddha-pada prApta kregaa| anta meM rAnI trizalA ko yaha pratibhAsa huA ki "tadanantara mukha meM jAtA-sA dekhA thA gajarAja mahAna! aisA kautuka dekha anta meM jAgI mAtA, huA vihAna / " (zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra-caritra, pR. 62) svapna ke anta meM trizalA ko yaha AbhAsa huA ki mukha meM gajarAja praveza kara rahA hai| isakA pratIkArtha hai ki mAtA ke garbha se zIghra hI tIrthakara bhagavAna kA janma honevAlA hai| niSkarSa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahArAnI trizalA ke solaha svapna isa tathya kA pUrvAbhAsa thA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra divyaguNoM se yukta, dharmatIrthapravartaka, jagatvandha, manojayI, AtmajetA tIrthakara hoMge aura unakI gaNanA vizva kI eka mahAna vibhUti ke rUpa meM hogii| zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra kevalajJAna kI prApti ke pUrva zramaNasAdhanA ke carama zikhara para pahu~cate hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ko dasa svapna Aye the| una svapnoM kA phala nimittajJa ne isa prakAra batAyA ki zIghra hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna kI prApti hogI, dvAdazAMga rUpa jJAna kI dezanA kreNge| zrAvaka evaM zramaNa ke rUpa meM dharma ke do rUpoM kA upadeza hogaa| catuHsaMgha kI sthApanA hogii| cAroM nikAyoM ke devatA sevA karane aaeNge| mokSaprApti hogii| zramaNa mahAvIra ke sambandha meM dasa svapnaphala zIghra hI yathArtha rUpa meM sAkAra hue| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM se kevala 'zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra-caritra' mahAkAvya meM abhayakumAra yodheya ne dasa svapnoM kA aura mAtA ke caudaha svapnoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| mAtA ke solaha svapnoM kA vivecana anya pA~ca mahAkAvyoM meM huA hai| antaHpreraNAoM kA anusmaraNa janmajAta virAgI : bhagavAna mahAvIra dharma puruSArtha sampanna mahAvIra the| unhoMne bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-dinnaNa :: 125

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kaThora tapasyA karake vItarAgI arhanta pada ko prApta kiyaa| vizva ke samasta mAnava mAtra ko AtmotthAna kA hitopadeza dekara vizvamAnava kA kalyANakArI kArya kiyaa| ataH ve yugAntakArI navayuga ke pravartaka mAne jAte haiN| yugIna rUddhi, paramparA, varNa, varga, Azrama, liMgabheda, nArI kI dAsatA, viSamatA Adi ke prati vidroha karake navamAnavatAvAdI, samatAvAdI mAnyatAoM kI sthApanA kii| bhautika jIvana ke prati nivRtti - virakti apanAte hue bhI ve AdhyAtmika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika kSetra meM kAryapravaNazIla pravRtti sekrAntikArI mahAmAnava bne| mahAmAnava tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra meM pravRtti evaM nivRtti kA sundara samanvaya dRSTigocara hotA hai| ve vItarAgI hote hue bhI catuHsaMgha ke karNadhAra the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA adhyayana karate samaya kevala unake AdhyAtmika sAdhanAparaka munidazA tathA bhagavAna rUpa kA hI adhika vivecana hotA rahatA hai, lekina unakI zramaNa-sAdhanA kI upAsanA paddhati para jo sAmAjikatA kA, mAnavatAvAda kA, samatAvAda kA bhI putra car3hA huA hai, usakA anuzIlana Adhunika sandarbha meM karane kI AvazyakatA hai| P sAmAjikatA kI pravRtti bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yaha saMvedanAzIla vyaktitva sAdhAraNa jana ke lie ajJAta hI rahA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA AdhyAtmika vyaktittva jitanA mahattvapUrNa haiM, utanA hI unakA vizvamAnava kalyANakArI sAmAjika vyaktitva mahattvapUrNa hai| DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI kA kathana haiM, "nizcaya hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke antastala meM bhI yaha sahaja mahApremika mAnava vidyamAna thaa| brahmacarya, tapa, kaThora sAdhanA aura divya jJAna ke prakAza se hamArI A~kheM prAyaH cauMdhiyA~ jAtI haiM aura hama usa sahaja mAnava ko nahIM dekha pAte, parantu jo bAta kRcchrAcAra aura tapasyA ko manuSya ke lie grahaNIya aura AcaraNIya banAtI haiM, vaha hai mahAn guru kA sahaja manuSyatva / "" vItarAgI vRtti kA caritra mAnava ko kamajora, niSkriya nahIM banAtA, balki mAnava kalyANa- sukha kA patha-darzana karAte hue samAja vyavasthA ko sudRr3hatA evaM svasthatA pradAna karatA hai| bhautika jIvana ke sarvasva ko tyAgakara bane vItarAgI puruSa hI saMsAra meM mahAn krAnti, mahAn kArya karake 'mahAvIra' banate haiN| vairAgya bhAvanA se manuSya meM tyAga kI preraNA nirmita hotI hai| bhautika paMcendriyoM ke viSayopabhogoM kI ora se nivRtta hokara vaha apane AtmoddhAra se samasta mAnava ke utthAna, kalyANa ke lie cintanazIla kriyAzIla rahatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA vairAgya pUrNa munijIvana kavikalpita yA purANamatavAdI nahIM hai, vaha itihAsa-tammata haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA tIrthaMkaratva kA vyaktitva kartRtvasampanna, vItarAgatA ke sAtha samAjakalyANaparaka thA / ataH yuga-yuga taka ve pUje jA rahe haiN| ataH mahAvIra ke tIrthaMkaratva ke lie kAraNa banI vairAgyamUlaka antaHpreraNAoM kA svarUpa mahattvapUrNa haiM | 1. DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI tIdhaMkara mahAvIra kA purovAk, pR. 126 | hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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anuprekSA-cintana-yuvaka varddhamAna mahAvIra rAjabhavana meM apanA yauvana kAta bitA rahe the| pUrva saMskAroM ke kAraNa unake cintana meM udAttatA kA rUpa thaa| ce AtmasvarUpa ke cintana meM nimagna the| bAhya bhautika indriyopabhogoM meM unakI aruci thii| unake cintana kA kendrIya svara thA-tattvataH saMsAra meM pratyeka AtmA svatantra hai. aura hara AtmA meM paramAtmA kI sambhAvanA haiM arthAta pratyeka jIva mokSa-prApti kA adhikArI hai| ataH unhoMne jIva, jagat, karma-bandha, dharma, AtmasAdhanA tathA mokSa para gahana cintana-panana kiyA thaa| "mahAvijetA mahAvIra ne hameM yaha sandeza diyA hai ki paraspara lar3o nahIM, lar3anA hI hai to antara ke vikAroM se lar3o, apane antara ko jhakajhoro, sukha-samRddhi aura zAnti apane antara meM hI milegI, anyatra nhiiN| aisI antarmukhatA hI bhAratIya jaina saMskRti kI mahAn dena hai|": bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vaicArika mAnyatA ke anusAra saMsAra kI sabhI vastuoM meM nityatA aura anityatA, sthiratA aura vinAza donoM kA AvAsa rahatA hai, ataH saMsAra kI pratyeka vastu na so sarvathA nitya hI hai, na use sarvathA anitya kahA jA sakatA hai| vAstava meM saMsAra ke samasta padArthoM kI utpatti pudgalaparamANuskandhoM ke saMghAta se huI hai| paramANu puMja skandha haiN| pRthvI, jala, teja Adi sabhI padArtha paramANuoM ke rUpa saMghAta haiN| apane jIvana meM ina paramANuoM ko pratyakSa kriyamANa dekha pratyeka mumukSu jIva ko AtmoddhAra ke lie prayatna karanA caahie| ukta cintana ke pariveza meM jainadarzana AtmavAdI darzana hai| saMsAra meM pratyeka jIva pudgala kI karma-vargaNAoM se lipta hai| karma ATha prakAra ke haiN| una karmoM kI kArmaNa vargaNAoM se jIva ko alipta, mukta, svatantra karanA mokSa hai| samasta bhavoM meM narabhana mokSa-prApti kA sarvottama mAdhyama hai| ataH dharma kI ArAdhanA karake saMbara aura nirjarA dvArA pratyeka vyakti AtmA ko aSTakarmoM se mukta karane ke lie samasta laukika karmoM se nivRtta hotA hai| kyoMki laukika kriyA-karmoM se zubha-azubha bhAvoM kA Asrava Agamana) hotA hai| pudgala kArmaNa vargaNAoM ke saMghAta se vaha bandhana kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| jIvana-darzana : bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana se yaha tathya spaSTa hotA hai ki AcAra evaM vicAroM kI dRSTi se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM ke bIja bhagavAna vRSabhadeva ke vicAroM meM hameM prApta hote haiN| zramaNa vicAradhArA prAkvaidika kAla se vaidika vicAradhArA ke samAnAntara stara para vartamAna kAla taka pravAhita hokara AyI hai| vaidika evaM zramaNa sAdhanAe~ AtmavAdI vicAradhArA ko lekara to calatI haiM, lekina jIva, jagat evaM Izvara ke svarUpaviSayaka cintana meM donoM meM maulika antara hone ke kAraNa donoM vicAra-dhArAe~ pRthak rUpa meM apanA pRthak astitva Aja taka rakhatI AyI haiN| vaidika vicAradhArA AtmavAdI IzvaravAdI hai to zramaNa vicAradhArA AtmavAdI anIzvaravAdI 1. bra. harilAla jaina : caubIsa lIrthaMkara, pR. 5 bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :: 127

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hai| ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-darzana apanI svatantra sattA rakhatA hai| zramaNa saMskRti kA mUla siddhAnta hai-AtmavAda aura anekAntabAda / lekina yaha AtmavAda anIzvaravAdI haiN| pratyeka AtmA svatantra hai| vaha apane sukha-duHkha kA kartA-bhoktA svayaM haiN| vaha puruSArtha se paramAtmA ho sakatA hai| kisI aura zakti kA vaha kRpAkAMkSI nahIM hai| Izvara kA kartRtva nakArane ke kAraNa IzvaravAdiyoM ne zramaNa vicAradhArA ko anIzvaravAdI-nAstika kahA hai| vastutaH zramaNa jAstika hI haiN| unakI AstikatA, AtmA kI svatantratA, vikAsa ko virATatA, svAvalambana, parizrama, tapa evaM puruSArtha para AdhArita hai| vItarAgatA kI prApti pramukha lakSya hai| sarvajJa kevalI bananA pramukha dhyeya hai| samyagdarzana-jJAnacAritra kI samanvita anekAntavAdo dRSTi se tathA ahiMsAtmaka AcAra paddhati se hI kaMvalajJAna kI prApti hara AtmA ko ho sakatI hai| Alocya grantha dArzanika yA AdhyAtmika grantha nahIM haiN| ve mahAkAvyAtmaka caritra kAvyagrantha haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI mahAnatA, udAttatA tathA zreSThatA kA paricaya hameM unake sarvavyApaka, mAnavatAvAdI vicAroM se ho jAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bAraha varSa mauna dhAraNa karake zramaNa tapazcaryA kii| kevalajJAna-prApti ke bAda tIsa varSa vihAra karake apanI OMkArasvarUpa divyadhvani dvArA janasAdhAraNa taka AtmakalyANa kA mArga pratipAdita kiyaa| unake gaNadhara indrabhUti gautama ne mahAvIra ke vicAroM kI abhivyakti zabdarUpa meM kii| jainAgama ke AdhAra para racita prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza ke purANa, kAvya Adi lipibaddha grantha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAra-darzana ke AdhAra grantha rahe haiN| Adhunika kaviyoM ke mahAkAvyoM kA sRjana karane kA pukhya uddezya janasAdhAraNa taka bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sIkha kA pracAra-prasAra karanA rahA hai| ataH darzana, siddhAnta jaise gahana viSayoM kA vizleSaNa mahAkAvyoM meM prasaMgopAta hI rahA hai| mukhyataH Atmagata AcAra pakSa aura lokakalyANakArI vicAroM kI abhivyakti ina mahAkAvyoM meM ho pAyI hai| anekAntavAda jIva, jagat aura Izvara viSayaka cirantana praznoM ke uttaroM kI khoja mahAn dArzanika apanI sunizcita cintana-paddhati para bugIna sandarbha meM prastuta karate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra praNIta jIvana-darzana kI cintana praNAlI kA nAma hai-anekAntavAda / vicAra-dhArA kI kathana praNAlI kA nAma hai-syAbAda / kathana-praNAlI kI vividha paddhatiyoM kA nAma hai saptabhaMgInaya / anekAntavAda aura syAvAda bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana kI abhivyakti ke AdhArabhUta stambha haiN| jagat ke vastu svarUpa kA yathArtha zraddhAna, yathArtha jJAna tathA yathArtha AcAra-vyavahAra anekAntavAda se hI sambhava hai| isa maulika nirUpaNa praNAlI kI vivecanA Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM upalabdha nahIM hotii| dhIrendra prasAda jaina evaM raghuvIrazaraNa 'mitra' ne apane mahAkAvyoM meM ina tattvoM ke 128 :: hindI ke mahAkAnyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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i ullekhamAtra prasaMga ullikhita kiye haiN| vaijJAnika jagat kA sApekSavAda aura bhagavAna mahAvIra kA syAdvAda donoM meM ghaniSTa sambandha hai / syAdvAda meM bhautika jagat ke sAtha Atmatattva para bhI anveSaNa hai / isa dRSTi se syAdvAda purogAmI darzana haiN| vIrendraprasAda jaina ne apane mahAkAvya meM tInoM darzanoM kA jikra kiyA hai, to raghuvIrazaraNa 'mitra' ne mAtra syAdavAda kI mahimA gAvI haiN| samasta Alocya mahAkAvya caritrAtmaka mahAkAvya haiN| ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caritragata vizeSatAoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie unake dvArA diye gaye upadezoM ke citraNa para hI adhika bala diyA gayA hai / dArzanika siddhAntoM kA vivecana mahAkAvya kI kalAtmakatA ko kahIM nIrasa na kara sake, isIlie anekAntavAda, syAdvAda Adi siddhAntoM kA bauddhika vizleSaNa zAyada nahIM ho pAyA hai| Sadravya siddhAnta dravya siddhAnta ke vivecana meM jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ina chaha dravyoM kA sthUla paricaya prastuta karake paramANuvAda kA AtmavAda ke sAtha sambandha spaSTa kiyA hai| jIva, jagat evaM paramAtmA ina tInoM meM paraspara kisa prakAra kA sambandha hai | AtmA paramAtmA ke pada ko kaise prApta kara sakegA? Adi bAtoM ke vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jIva sat hai, jagat sat hai, paramAtmA bhI sat hai / sRSTi cetana aura acetana dravyoM se vyApta hai| pratyeka dravya kA astitva svatantra pRthak rUpa meM hai| AtmA nitya amara hai| karmabandha ke kAraNa usakI paryAe~ badalatI rahatI haiN| Izvara kA kartRtva na jIva ke sandarbha meM hai, na jagat ke sandarbha meM hai| pratyeka AtmA paramAtmA ho sakatI hai| samasta Adhunika Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM dravyasiddhAnta evaM jIva, Izvara, jagat ke svarUpa kA vivecana yathArtha rUpa meM ho pAyA hai| sirpha abhayakumAra yodheya ne ina siddhAntoM ke vicAroM kI abhivyakti nahIM kI hai| unakA lakSya pramukhataH jIvanI ko prastuta karanA hI rahA hai| saptatattva siddhAnta saptatattva siddhAnta ke vivecana meM jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA tathA mokSa ina sAtoM tattvoM kA sandarbha Adhunika kaviyoM ne apane mahAkAvyoM meM diyA hai / saptatattva viSayaka vicAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva ke tIrthaMkaroM ne pratipAdita kiye haiN| AtmA se paramAtmA pada taka pahu~cane kI tarkasammata prakriyA kA vivecana isa saptatattva siddhAnta meM hone ke kAraNa jaina siddhAntoM meM isakA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna haiN| inameM pApa aura puNya jor3ane se nau padArtha hote haiN| varddhamAna se mahAvIra banane kI vaijJAnika prakriyA kA citraNa isameM hai| cetana AtmA ko jar3a acetana ke aNu-skandhoM tathA rAga-dveSa-moha ke bandhana se mukta karAnA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM kA kendrIya bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra citraNa: 19

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svara haiN| mohAdi kaSAyoM ke kAraNa karmarUpa pudgala kArmaNoM kA bandha AtmapradezoM ke sAtha hotA hai| ataH padgala vargaNAoM ke Agamana ko saMyama se rokA jA sakatA hai, yahI saMvara tatva hai| tapa, dhyAna dvArA saMcita karma kI nirjarA (ahirgamana) hotI hai| cAra ghAtiyA karma naSTa hone para kevalajJAna kI prApti hotI hai| arihanta, vItarAgI, sarvajJa hone ke kAraNa nisargataH divyadhvani ke dvArA hitopadeza hotA hai| upadezoM ke vicAroM meM pradhAnataH lokakalyANa hetu AcAra pakSa pradhAna rahA hai, to mumukSuoM ke lie siddhAnta pakSa pramukha rUpa meM rahA hai, jiktake bodha hone para AtmA sAdhanA-patha para dRr3hatA se sambakacAritra kA pAlana karake paramAtmA bana sake / Adhunika Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM saptatattvoM kA savistAra vivecana saphalatApUrvaka ho pAyA hai| vivecana praznottara zailI meM kiyA gayA haiN| aSTakarma siddhAnta aSTakarma siddhAnta kI abhivyakti se yaha niSkarSa spaSTa hotA hai ki pudgala karma-vargaNAoM ke dvArA vibhAvoM (rAga, dveSa, moha) kA bandha lagAtAra nirantara hone se AtmA ko anAdikAla se bhava-bhavAntara meM bhaTakanA par3atA hai| ataH punarjanma kA bodha Avazyaka hotA hai| jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya karma AtmA kI jJAna evaM darzanazakti para AvaraNa DAlate haiM, ataH AtmA ajJAnI, mithyAtvI banI rahatI haiN| mohanIya karma ke udaya ke kAraNa jar3a ke prati Asakti, mamatva, tRSNA, mUcI banI rahatI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa AtmA kI vrata, saMyama, tapa, tyAga Adi ke cAritrapAlana kI buddhi nahIM hotI tathA antarAya karma ke kAraNa aneka upasarga, upadrava sahana karane par3ate haiN| ataH ye cAra karma AtmA kA dhAta karanevAle haiN| ina cAra ghAtiyA karmoM kA saMyapa, tapa, dhyAna ke dvArA nAza karanevAlA ho arihanta vItarAgI hotA hai / nAma, Ayu, gotra, vedanIya ye cAra aghAtiyA karma mahAnirvANa ke samaya Apa-hI-Apa naSTa hote haiN| arihanta ke mahAnirvANa hone para unakI AtmA siddhAvasthA meM pahuMcatI hai| ratnatraya siddhAnta 'ratnatrayasiddhAnta' meM samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra ke pAlana se hI mokSa mila sakatA hai, isa tathya kA vivecana hai| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM ratnatraya siddhAnta kI abhivyakti atyanta prabhAvI DhaMga se ho pAyI hai, lekina aSTakarmoM kA vivecana saphalatA ke sAtha mAtra DaoN. chailabihArI gupta kara pAye haiN| anya kaviyoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM kI abhivyakti ke lie prasaMgocita aSTakarmoM ke sandarbha mAtra diye haiN| AcAra-pakSa AcAra-pakSa viSayaka bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAra-darzana ko citrita karate hue 130 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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use zrAvakAcAra aura zramaNAcAra ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| zrAvaka (gRhastha ) kevalIpraNIta jinadharma para dRr3ha samyak zraddhAna rakhatA hai / vaha aSTamUlaguNoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai / sapta vyasanoM se dUra rahatA hai| ahiMsA, asteya, acaurya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha Adi paMcaaguvratoM ko dhAraNa kara yathAzakti aMzata: unakA pAlana karatA hai| zrAvaka AcAra saMhitA kA pAlana dainika jIvana meM sAvadhAnI se karatA hai| jina pUjA, abhiSeka, nirgrantha guru kI sevA, bhakti, svAdhyAya, saMyama ke vikAsa ke lie paMcendriyoM ko apane vaza meM rakhanA phalasvarUpa vrata, upavAsa kA pAlana yathAzakti sAmAyika, tapa, dharmadhyAna karanA tathA satpAtra ko dAna denA Adi dainika paTkAryoM ko AcaraNa meM lAne kA prayatna zrAvaka karatA hai| dharmasAdhanA meM citta ko sthira rakhane ke lie bAraha anuprekSAoM kA cintana karatA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa vaha virAgI hokara hI dharmamUlaka artha aura kAma puruSArtha kA sampAdana karatA hai| bAraha vratoM kA pAlana karate hue vaha kramazaH gyArahavIM pratimA kA adhikArI hotA hai| jIvana ke anta meM vaha sallekhanApUrvaka mRtyu ko zAntipUrvaka varaNa karatA hai| zrAvaka ke vyaktitva meM AtmakalyANa ke sAtha lokahitakalyANa kA bhAva bhI nihita hotA hai / vaha sadAcAra se puNyasaMcaya karake samatA, sahiSNutA, karuNA, ahiMsA, mAnavatA evaM aparigrahI saMyamI vRtti se AtmakalyANa ke sAtha lokakalyANa meM dattacitta rahatA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana ke anuzIlana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki kevalI arihanta bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA prarUpita jinadharma eka purAtana, sArvakAlika, sArvabhaumika, trikAlAbAdhita satya se yukta eka vizvamAnava kA dharma hai| yaha dharma AtmoddhAraka aura lokoddhAraka jIvana-mUlyoM se anusyUta hai| AdhyAtmika kSetra meM pratyeka AtmA kI svatantra sattA udghoSita kara jIvana kI mUlabhUta sattA aura usake nitya astitva para dRSTi sApekSa kI paddhati se sarvAMgINa vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vicAra meM anekAnta, AcAra meM ahiMsA aura vANI meM syAdvAda ye tIna sUtra bhagavAna mahAvIra jIvana-darzana kI viziSTatama upalabdhi haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA AtmAgata sAmyavAda, Arthika samAjavAda, udAtta AtmavAda, Atmika janatantravAda, mAnava prajJA kI ye hI mahattama upalabdhiyA~ haiM / sRSTi se Atmatattva kI ora unmukha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAra, virATU se sUkSma kI ora gatizIla haiM, kintu zrAvaka-zramaNAcAra dvArA mokSa prApti karanA unakA antima lakSya rahA hai| sAtha hI mAnavatA ke uddhAra ke lie aneka pavitra udAtta vicAra, saMkalpa tathA karma-vidhAnoM kI triveNI kA saMgama hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM kA pramukha sUtra 'samyagdarzana-jJAna-vAritrANi mokSamArga' hai| isa sUtra ke samyak bodha se 'jana' jaina banatA hai| jaina banakara manuSya zrAvaka, sAdhu, upAdhyAya, AcArya, arihanta aura siddha kI avasthA ko prApta kara mukta paramAtmA ke rUpa meM Urdhvagati siddhazilA para apane ko sthira rakhakara, ananta sukha, ananta darzana, ananta jJAna, ananta vIrya ina ananta bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra citraNa :: 131

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catuSTaya kA adhikArI ho jAtA hai / ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-darzana AtmoddhAraka aura lokoddhAraka hai| caritra-citraNa-saundarya Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke caritranAyaka bhagavAna mahAvIra aitihAsika caritra hone ke kAraNa bhAratIya loka-mAnasa meM unake caritra ke sambandha meM eka viziSTa baddhamUla dhAraNA pracalita rahI hai| ve jainadharma kI tIrthakara paramparA ke antima caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara haiN| jainadharma ke pramukha pravartaka ke rUpa meM unake dvArA prasthApita jIyana mUlyAdarzoM arthAt ahiMsA, anekAnta, syAdvAda samasta prANimAtra kI AtmA kI samAnatA, manuSya mAtra kI mahattA kI sthApanA, unakI AtmavAdI jIvana dRSTi meM hara AtmA apane puruSArtha ke bala para paramAtmA ke pada ko prApta kara sakatI hai arthAt jIvana kI svAvalambI dRSTi Adi upadezoM ko lekara unake anuyAyiyoM meM sarvasammati to hai, lekina unakI jIvanI viSayaka vividha prasaMgoM aura ghaTanAoM ko lekara matamatAntara hone ke kAraNa unake anuyAyiyoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko sAmpradAyika caritra banAyA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa tayugIna vividha jainetara sampradAyoM meM bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caritra viSayaka aneka mithyA dhAraNAe~ pracalita rahI haiN| ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA vizleSaNa aitihAsika evaM paurANika vikAsa krama ke pariprekSya meM karane kI Aja nitAnta AvazyakatA rahI hai| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa meM Adhunika kaviyoM ne manovaijJAnika, buddhivAdI evaM mAnavatAvAdI dRSTiyoM ko vizeSa mahattva diyA hai| vastutaH inhIM dRSTiyoM se mahAvIra ke vyaktitva tathA kRtitva kA sahI mUlyAMkana ho skegaa| Adhunika hindI kaviyoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aitihAsika caritra ko paramparAgata paurANika paramparA kA AdhAra lete hue bhI vartamAna yuga jIvana ke sandarbha meM unakI jIvanI ko prastuta kiyA hai| Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke kaviyoM ne mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa meM unake caritra kI mahattA ko sthApita kiyA hai| caritra ke kramika vikAsa ko darzAne ke hetu, kathAnaka ko sugaThita banAne ke lie, kAlakramAnusAra caritra kI ghaTanAoM kA citraNa vivaraNa zailI meM Adhunika kaviyoM ne prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne pAtra kA caritra-citraNa, kathAnaka, pRSThabhUmi aura dezakAla, cAtAvaraNa bhI vivaraNa zailI meM citrita kiyA hai| caritranAyaka kI yugIna paristhitiyA~ evaM unake pariveza ke citraNa dvArA caritra kI sampUrNatA kA AbhAsa vyakta karane meM yaha zailI vizeSarUpa se upayukta rahI hai| pAtra kI AkRtti, vezabhUSA, kriyA-pratikriyAoM ke sUkSma citraNa meM bhI isa zailI kA prayoga saphalatA se huA hai| nATakoM ke dRzyoM ke samAna mArmika prasaMgoM ko citrita karake, unheM sambaddha karane, mAnasika uthala-puthala ke kAraNa utpanna caritra ke sUkSma AcaraNa 132 :: hindI ke mahAkAyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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ko abhivyakti dene evaM mAnasika bhAvoM evaM vicAroM ke citraNa ke lie isa vivaraNa zailI kA prayoga pramAvakArI DhaMga se huA hai| Alocca mahAkAvyoM meM AtmakathAtmaka evaM saMvAda zailI kA bhI prayoga caritranAyaka ke hRdaya ke UhApoha, bhAvAndolana evaM AtmavizleSaNa ke lie huA hai| caritranAyaka ke manovizleSaNa ke lie dRzya zailI kA bhI yatra-tatra prasaMgocita prayoga huA hai| isa zailI ke dvArA choTe-choTe dRzyoM ke citraNa dvArA bAtAvaraNa aura pRSThabhUmi ke sAtha-sAtha caritranAyaka kI rUpAkRti evaM kAryoM kA sajIva citraNa huA hai| jisa prakAra citrakAra virATa dRzya korI rekhAoM evaM raMgoM ke mAdhyama se citra meM prastuta karatA hai, usI prakAra Alocya mahAkAyoM ke kaviyoM ne zabda-citroM ke mAdhyama se caritranAyaka ke mahattvapUrNa kAryoM, nirNayoM evaM choTe-choTe jIvanakhaNDoM aura ghaTanAoM kI dRzyaparaka prastuti kI hai| vividha manovaijJAnika zailiyoM ke prayoga ke sAtha-sAtha ekAlApa zailI kA prayoga bhI antaraMga citraNa paddhati meM dikhAI detA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra svayaM ko hI sambodhita karate hue apanI vibhinna mAnasika sthitiyoM kA svayaM vizleSaNa karate hue citrita kiye gaye haiN| isa prakAra Adhunika mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa kalAtmaka DhaMga se prastuta huA hai| 'varddhamAna' meM caritra-citraNa zilpa-sauSThava evaM kAvyagata utkRSTatA kI dRSTi se 'barddhamAna' eka saphala mahAkAvya hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sampUrNa jIvana ke samagna caritra ko pUrva bhavoM se lekara nirvANa paryanta taka satraha sargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke caritra kI zizu, kizora, yuvaka, tapasvI evaM upadezaka kI avasthAoM ko citrita karate hue kaI ghaTanAoM, prasaMgoM ko maulika udbhAvanA kI hai| jaise-a~gUThe ke sparza se meru kampana, ahimardana, madamatta hAthI niyantraNa, vyantaroM dvArA kiye gaye vividha upasarga, anaMga parIkSA, candanA uddhAra Adi ghaTanAoM ke vistRta varNana ke dvArA mahAvIra ke caritra kI katipaya vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlA hai| mahAvIra ke antaHkaraNa kI vividha manobhAvoM kI abhivyakti ke lie prakRti ke upakaraNoM kA jaise nagara, nadI, parvata, SaTRtuoM ke varNanoM dvArA caritra-citraNa huA hai| __ apanI kalpanA-zakti ke prayoga dvArA mahAvIra jaise aitihAsika caritra ko prAcIna paurANika AkhyAnoM aura upalabdha aitihAsika tathyoM kA AdhAra lete hue bhI citrita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra ke citraNa kA uddezya yugIna sandarbha meM mahAvIra ke caritra ko prastuta karanA rahA hai| kAvya kI bhASA AdyopAnta prAMjala aura saMskRtaniSTha rahI haiN| atyadhika sAmAsika padAvalI ke prayoga se caritra-citraNa meM durUhatA A gayI hai| caritra-citraNa kI bhASA-zailI meM oja, mAdhurya Adi guNa, vividha alaMkAroM kA bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :: 133

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sakSama prayoga huA hai| mahAkavi anUpa kI caritra-citraNa zailo ko vyApakatA aura gambhIratA unake vyaktitva ke anukUla hI rahI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA vyaktitva mUlataH vairAgyamUlaka rahA hai| ata: unako caritragata vizeSatAoM ke anusAra zAnta rasa ke paripAka se mahAvIra ke samasta caritra kA citraNa huA hai| zAnta rasa udAtta vRtti kA preraka aura poSaka hai| mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa meM zAnta rasa aMgIrasa ke rUpa meM pratiSTita huA hai aura gauNa rUpa meM zRMgAra, vIra Adi rasoM kI abhivyakti huI hai| 'nirveda' zAnta rasa kA sthAyI bhAva hai| 'Alambana' saMsAra kI asAratA aura kSaNabhaMguratA hai| aura 'uddIpana' zramaNAcAra ke AdazoM-saMyama, tapa-tyAga Adi haiN| mahAvIra ke caritra kI udAttatA evaM vicAroM kI mahAnatA kI kalAtmaka abhivyakti dvArA pAThakoM ko zAnta rasa kI anubhUti kA Ananda ho pAtA hai| isa taraha kavi anUpa ne mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa bahiraMga evaM antaraMga rUpa meM karake unake vyaktitva evaM kRtitva kI prAsaMgikatA ko spaSTa kiyA hai| 'tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra' meM caritra-citraNa kavi vIrendraprasAda jaina ne lokaraMjaka bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAvana caritra kA 'sarala', ADambararahita, sarasa bhASA-zailI meM panogrAhI citraNa kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa meM bahiraMga pakSa evaM antaraMga pakSa ina donoM meM vastu-varNana evaM bhAva-citraNa kA nirvAha sAhityika bhASA meM tathA sarala zailI meM svAbhAvika rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| prabandhakAvya meM vastu-varNana ke lie ATha sargoM kA vibhAjana hai / unakA nAmakaraNa kramazaH hai-pUrvAbhAsa, janmamahotsava, zizuvaya, kizoravaya, taruNAI, virAga, abhiniSkramaNa tathA tapa, nirvANa evaM vandanA / ukta prasaMgoM kA paMcakalyANaka mahotsayoM ke varNanoM dvArA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke carita kA digamvara-paramparAsammata vividha ghaTanAoM evaM paurANika prasaMgoM ke varNanoM dvArA citraNa kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke caritra-varNana kI zailIgata sundaratA, dhvanyAtmakatA, spASTavAditA aura pravAhapaTutA Adi vizeSatAe~ isa caritra-citraNa zailI kI rahI haiN| sargoM ke zIrSakoM se hI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ke kramika vikAsa kA AbhAsa mila jAtA hai| kadhi vIrendraprasAda jaina ne apanI kuzAgra kalpanA ke dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke paramparAgata caritra meM AdhunikattA kA bhI bodha karAyA hai| mahAkAvya ke prArambhika sarga se lekara AThaveM sarga ke anta taka bhagavAna mahAvIra kI antaHsacetanA ke pravAha kI abhivyakti ke lie prakRti varNana, SaTvAtu varNana, tadyagIna pariveza kA avalambana liyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vairAgyamUlaka caritragata vizeSatA ke anukUla hI zAntarasa ke mAdhyama se unake caritra kA citraNa kiyA haiN| gauNa rUpa meM karuNa aura vIra rasa kA bhI paripoSa huA hai| mahAkAvya ke prAcIna saMskRta 134 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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paramparAgata lakSaNoM kA anusaraNa karate hue kavi ne pratyeka saga ke anta meM chanda parivartana krama kA nirvAha kiyA hai| kula milAkara [11] chandoM meM par3AvIra ke caritra kA citraNa kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA tadhA sAdhanA ke samaya ke vividha upasargoM tathA parISahoM para vijaya prApta karane kI ghaTanAoM kA sajIva citraNa huA hai| candanA uddhAra, dalita evaM zUdroM ko saMgha meM zAmila karA denA Adi prasaMgoM ke citraNoM dvArA mahAvIra ke caritra kI mAnavatAvAdI, nArI svatantratAvAdI, samatAvAdI, ahiMsAvAdI Adi AdarzoM kI sthApanA karake aitihAsika caritra para AdhanikatA kA puTa car3hAne meM kavi ko kucha mAtrA meM saphalatA prApta huI hai| 'paramajyoti mahAvIra' meM caritra-citraNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI kathAvastu varNana kI dRSTi se anya Alocya mahAkAvyoM se isameM pRthak hai| isa mahAkAvya meM mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa 42 cAturmAsoM ke varNana tathA sAdhanA-kAla ke vividha upasargoM evaM kaSTa sahana karane ke vistRta varNanoM dvArA kiyA hai| kevalajJAna-prApti ke pazcAtU 30 sAla taka jina vividha sthAnoM para vihAra kiyA una bihAra-sthaloM kA bhI prAkRtika varNana ke dvArA citraNa kiyA hai| kavi sudheza' ne apanI prabala kalpanA-zakti ke dvArA mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa karate samaya vividha prasaMgoM evaM ghaTanAoM kI maulika udbhAvanA karake unake sampUrNa caritra ko prabhAvI DhaMga se citrita kiyA hai| 'paramajyoti mahAvIra' ke caritra-citraNa meM paramparAgata paurANika AkhyAnoM evaM paMcakalyANaka mahotsavoM kI varNana zailI kA avalambana liyA hai| 'sudheza' jI kI bhASA-zailI garimApUrNa hai| caritra-citraNa zailI ko mAdhurya evaM prasAdaguNasampanna banAye rakhane ke lie subodha, sukomala aura janapracalita bhASA kA Azraya liyA hai| mahAvIra-caritra ke prastutIkaraNa meM taiMtIsa sargoM meM caritra ke kramika vikAsa ko citrita kiyA hai| caritrAMkana meM kula 2319 chanda haiN| Adi se anta taka kevala eka hI chanda kA prayoga kiyA hai| mahAkavi sudheza ne caritra-citraNa karate samaya mahAvIra ke jIvana aura tatsambandhI ghaTanAoM ke tamyak nirvAha ke sAtha-sAtha mahAvIra yugIna rAjanItika, dhArmika, Arthika, aitihAsika tathA sAMskRtika pakSoM kA samucita nirUpaNa kiyA hai| sudheza ne apane mahAkAvya ko karuNa, bhakti evaM zAnta rasa pradhAna mahAkAvya kahA hai| citraNa zailI dvArA nizcita rUpa meM pAThakoM ko pahAvIra caritra ke anuzIlana se zAntarasa kI rasAnubhUti hotI hai| caritra-citraNa dvArA unake vyaktitva ke saphala citraNa ke sAtha unake kRtitva, upadeza, AcAra-saMhitA, dharma-darzana Adi jinendra mahAvIra ko divyavANI ko maulikatA ko akSuNNa rakhane kA stutya prayAsa kiyA hai| usase bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caritragata vizeSatAoM-mAnavatAvAdI, samatAvAdI, ahiMsAvAdI, bhagavAna gahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa :: 135

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anekAntabAdI kI AdhunikatA ke sandarbha meM sArthakatA ko vizada kiyA hai| mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya lakSaNoM ke anusAra racanA hote hue bho caritra vizleSaNa kI Adhunika paddhatiyoM se unakI caritra kI mahattA prasthApita kI gayI hai| 'vIrAyana' meM caritra-citraNa mahAkavi raghubIrazaraNa 'mitra' ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana ko samasAmayika sandarbha meM citrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa caritra kI kathAvastu ke varNana meM vartamAna kAlIna bhArata kI samasyAoM, abhAvoM, kurItiyoM Adi ke vistRta nirUpaNa tathA unake ucita samAdhAna ke upAyoM kA nirdeza bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritrAdarzoM ke anukUla kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke samagra caritra ko pandraha sargoM meM citrita karate samaya unake caritra kI vividha avasthAoM ko kAvyAtmaka, AlaMkArika paddhati se zIrSaka diye haiN| ina zIrSakoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki aitihAsika, paurANika, mahApuruSa ke cAritra kA adhyayana Adhunika sandarbha meM kisa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| antima sagaM 'yugAntara meM nirvANoparAnta bhagavAna mahAvIra ke amara vacanoM aura siddhAntoM kI jIvana evaM jagat ko dena tathA unakI upalabdhi aura upayogitA kA prabhAvakArI DhaMga se citraNa kiyA hai| mahAkAvyocita garimApUrNa bhASA-zailI kA prayoga bhI caritra citraNa meM saphalatApUrvaka saMyojita hai| vastutaH kavi kA uddezya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-vRttAntoM kA varNana karane kI apekSA unakI bandanA, arcanA aura amaravANI, AptavacanoM ke dIrghakAlIna prabhAva-prasAra kA uddezya hI prastuta mahAkAvya ke sRjana kA mUla AdhAra hai| ataH prastuta mahAkAvya meM kAvyagata saundarya kI dRSTi se caritra citraNa adhika saphala huA hai| bahula chandAtmaka isa kAvya meM sthAna-sthAna para svatantra pragItoM kA niyojana karake mahAvIra kI caritragata vizeSatAoM kA prabhAvI citraNa kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI Antarika bhAvanAoM evaM vicAroM kI abhivyakti ke lie prakRticitraNa kA svatantra rUpa se Alambana tathA uddIpana sabhI rUpoM meM marmasparzI citraNa kiyA hai / caritra citraNa ke antaraMga pakSa kI dRSTi se pramukha rUpa se zAnta rasa evaM gauNa rUpa se vIra, zRMgAra tathA karuNa Adi rasoM kI prasaMgocita niSpatti karake bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa sarasa banA diyA hai| mahAvIra ke caritra kI samasta kriyA vyApAroM aura ghaTanA pravAhoM kI rasAtmaka anubhUti karAne meM kavi kI kalpanA-zakti caritra-citraNa zailI meM upayukta rahI hai| samagra rUpa se mahAvIra ke vyaktitva tathA kRtitva kI vizeSatAoM kA mUlyAMkana karake vartamAna pariveza meM unakI prAsaMgikatA kA bhI citraNa mahattvapUrNa rahA hai| 'baurAyana' mahAkAvya meM oja hai, sundara varNana hai, karuNA hai aura lalakAra bhI hai| isameM mArmika aura dArzanika bhAva vyakta hue haiN| bhAvoM evaM vicAroM ke citraNa meM 136 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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! pavitratA kA saMcAra hotA hai| chanda-racanA meM khuvIrazaraNa 'mitra' siddhahasta haiN| bhASA bhI parimArjita aura praur3ha hai| prastuta mahAkAvya meM rASTra kI hI nahIM, mAnavatA kI vANI mukharita huI hai| isameM janamAnasa kI bhAvanAoM ko vANI milI hai| janasAdhAraNa ke svaroM kI jhaMkAra isameM sunAI par3atI hai / 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra' meM caritra-citraNa mahAkavi DaoN. chailabihArI gupta ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ke samasta itivRtta ko ATha sargoM meM vibhAjita karake mahAvIra ke lokahitarata jIvana ko prasAda guNa sampanna zailI meM citrita kiyA hai| aitihAsika tathyoM kA dhyAna rakhakara hI apanI kavi kalpanA ke sAmarthya se kAvya aura itihAsa ko ekIkRta aura paraspara upakAraka rakhane meM apUrva saphalatA pAyI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ke vastu-varNana meM aitihAsika satya kA, sAmpradAyika evaM pAramparika jaina mAnyatAoM kI akSuNNatA kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA hai / caritra ke vividha prasaMgoM ke citraNa meM koI bhI prasaMga yA kalpanA itihAsa visaMgata nahIM hai| mahAvIra ke caritra viSayaka paurANika AkhyAnoM ko anAvazyaka vistAra nahIM diyA hai| mahAvIra caritra kI viziSTa aura mahattvapUrNa vizeSatAoM, dhIra prazAnta, dhIrodAtta sanmati bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana vRtta ko prasAda tathA mAdhurya yukta garimApUrNa bhASA-zailI meM citrita kiyA hai| mahAvIra caritra ko subodha evaM sugama tathA sarasa banAne ke lie mahAkavi ne durUha, kliSTa, saMskRta garbhita zabdAvalI kA moha parityAga kara janapracalita sarala khar3I bolI hindI bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa sarala, grAhya aura pravAhazIla citrita hai / caritra-citraNa zailI zabdADambara rahita haiM, isIlie mahAvIra caritra ke kaI prasaMga itane marmasparzI bana gaye haiM ki pAThakoM ko sahaja rUpa se AkarSita karane meM saphala hue haiN| mahAvIra kA jIvana mUlataH vairAgyamUlaka hone ke kAraNa unake caritra citraNa meM zAntarasa kI pramukhatA kA honA sahaja hai| aise caritra citraNa meM mahAkAvya ke lAlitya kA nirvAha karane meM kaI kaThinAiyA~ AtI haiN| DaoN. chailabihArI gupta ne una samasta kaThinAiyoM ko eka ora karake bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko usakI sampUrNa garimA aura pavitratA ke sAtha mahAkAvyAtmaka zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| I DaoN. gupta ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-vRtta ko eka naye pariveza meM parakhakara unake vyaktitva evaM kRtitva kA vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyA hai| isa taraha mahAkavi DaoN. gupta ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko unake janma se lekara parinirvANa taka kI vizAla AdhyAtmika jIvana yAtrA ko purANa aura itihAsa paramparA ke Aloka meM apanI balavatI kalpanA evaM prakhara pratibhA ke dvArA sarata citraNa zailI meM citrita karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra-citraNa: 137

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'zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra-caritra' meM caritra-citraNa kavi yodheyajI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra jIvana ko chavi ko paryApta spaSTatA se praur3ha evaM paripakva citraNa zailI meM citrita kiyA hai| caritra nAyaka kI mahAnatA kI abhivyakti ke lie unake caritra kI vividha avasthAoM kA sarasa varNana nau topAnoM meM vibhAjita karake samagra jIvana vRtta ko prastuta kiyA hai| garbhAvataraNa se lekara nirvANa taka ke vastuvarNana meM unake caritra ko tIthaMkaroM ke paramparAgata paMcakalyANa mahotsavoM kI varNana zailI dvArA citrita kiyA hai| caritra-citraNa karate samaya zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko sAkAra kiyA hai| gAntaraNa kA prasaMga, 16 svapnoM kI bajAya 14 svapnoM kA dRSTAnta, vivAha-praNaya tathA santAna hone kA prasaMga, sAdhanA kAlIna upasargoM, parISahoM Adi ghaTanAoM kA citraNa zvetAmbara sampradAya ke anukUla citrita karane kI vRtti kavi kI rahI hai| - paramparAgata ghaTanAoM ke citraNa meM kahIM-kahIM apanI kalpanAzakti se maulika prasaMgoM kA citraNa karake caritra ko AkarSaka evaM sarata banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| caritra-citraNa ke bahiraMga evaM antaraMga pakSa ke citraNa meM bahiraMga kI apekSA antaraMga citraNa ko kavi ne adhika mahattva diyA hai| yodheyajI ne mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa meM unakI caritragata vizeSatAoM ke citraNa para adhika bala diyA hai| bhASA-zailI prabhAvI evaM sahaja bodhagamya hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko apanI sarasa, sulalita, saMgItAtmaka zabdAvalI meM prastuta karake janabhASA meM janasAdhAraNa taka caritra grAhya hone ke lie janamahAkAvyAtmaka rUpa meM prastuta geya kalAkRti kA sRjana kiyA hai| sarala, subodha, dhArA-pravAhI bhASA, prabhAvazAlinI-ojasvino zailI, bhAvAnukUla zabdavinyAsa aura mAdhurya Adi vizeSatAe~ unakI bhASA-zailI kI rahI haiN| chanda, alaMkAra Adi zilpagata vizeSatAoM kI ora unhoMne adhika dhyAna nahIM diyA hai| mahAkAvya meM prasaMgocita prakRti-citraNa, rAjavaMza kA varNana kiyA hai| pramukhataH unake caritra-citraNa meM caritranAyaka ke caritra kA zola, saundarya evaM alaukika vaibhava, unake mahAn jIvanAdarzoM, jIvanamUlyoM kA pracAra-prasAra karanA rahA haiN| rasAtmakatA kI dRSTi se pramukhataH zAntarasa evaM gauNarUpa meM anya rasoM kA paripoSa caritra-citraNa ke dvArA huA hai| yodheyajI ke dvArA citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya lokazikSaNa evaM lokaraMjana kI dRSTi se saphala lokamahAkAvya hai| tAtparya, Adhunika mahAkAvyoM meM itihAsa evaM kalpanA tathA purANa, itihAsa aura kavi-kalpanA ke maNikAMcana yoga se mahAvIra ke caritra kA sRjana huA hai| chanda, sarga, zilpa evaM sthUla zAstrIya lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ke aitihAsika caritra ko purANa mahAkAvyAtmaka rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra se tAtparya yaha hai ki Adhunika 13 :: hindI ke mahAkAyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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D : mahAkAvyoM meM mahAvIra ke pAtra ko mahAkAvya kA nAyaka ke rUpa meM kisa prakAra citrita kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka yuga kI samasyAoM, pravRttiyoM, AdazoM kA pratyakSa yA parokSa prabhAva usa yuga ke sAhitya para avazya par3atA hai| mahAvIra caritra sambandhI Adhunika hindo mahAkAvya bhI isa prabhAva se nahIM baca paaye| ina mahAkAvyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa meM Antarika evaM bAhya svarUpa meM kahIM-kahIM sUkSma aura kahIM-kahIM sthUla parivartana A gaye haiN| jaise barddhamAna ke zizuvaya evaM kizoravaya ke citraNa meM kaviyoM ne apanoM kalpanAoM se yugIna mAnyatAoM- dhAraNAoM kA AdhAra lekara vividha prasaMgoM kI udbhAvanA kI hai / candanA ke uddhAra ke prasaMga citraNa se nArI mukti viSayaka Adhunika dhAraNA spaSTa hotI hai| vartamAna sandarbha meM varNa, jAtibheda, U~ca-nIca kA bhedabhAva itanA kSINa hotA jA rahA hai, upekSitoM, dalitoM, pIr3itoM ke prati sahAnubhUti, unake prati samatAbhAva kI pravRtti Aja ke yuga kI AdhunikatA hai| kaviyoM ne isa AdhunikatA kI dRSTi se mahAvIra ke caritra kA citraNa karate samaya naye-naye prasaMgoM ke nirmANa dvArA mahAvIra ke caritra-citraNa meM AdhunikatA kA samAveza kiyA hai| paurANika aura yugIna Adarzo ke samanvaya se Adhunika kavi aitihAsika caritroM meM parivartana karate haiM | caritra ko devatA se nara, nara se nArAyaNa ke rUpa meM citrita karate haiN| ataH kavi-kalpanA sAhitya kI rIr3ha hai / aitihAsika caritra ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa meM Adhunika kavi apanI pratibhA se nava-navonmeSazAlinI kalpanA kA yogadAna karate haiN| kalpanA ke isa sparza dvArA aitihAsika yA paurANika pAtra apane pAramparika svarUpa se nirasta hokara naye svarUpa meM, yugIna pariveza meM Adhunika rUpa dhAraNa karate haiN| Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra meM AdhunikatA ko citrita kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra meM kaviyoM ne lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA kI kalpanA kI hai| Atmabodha- cirantana satya kI khoja ke lie rAjavaibhava tyAgakara bhramaNa sAdhanA meM bAraha varSa mauna rahakara magna rhe| sAdhanA le unakA vyaktitva parama ujjvala bnaa| ve ahiMsAvAdI the / upadrava karanevAloM ke prati bhI unake mana meM kSamA bhAvanA thii| unhoMne ahiMsA kA pAlana apanI sAdhanA meM kiyaa| ve jAtivAda ke virodhI the, U~ca-nIca ke bhedabhAva ko nahIM mAnate the| unhoMne aspRzyatA kA virodha kiyaa| mahAvIra nArIdAsatA ke virodhI the| ve zoSaNarahita, vargavihIna, samatAvAdI, janatAntrika samAja-vyavasthA ke samarthaka rhe| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caritragata ina vizeSatAoM ko vividha prasaMgoM kI udbhAvanA karake Adhunika kaviyoM ne citrita kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra meM devatva kI kalpanA karake kaviyoM ne alaukika dRSTAntoM kI yojanA kI hai| vyantara devoM dvArA mAyAvI sarpa kA rUpa dhAraNa karanA, bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra citraNa 189

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madamasta hAthI, zmazAna meM rudroM dvArA upasarga Adi sabhI dRSTAnta unakI alaukikatA ko citrita karane ke lie Ayojita haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko mahAkAvya ke nAyaka ke rUpa meM prastuta karate hue mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM ke anusAra mahAna nAyaka ke jitane sarvottama Adarza haiM una sabhI AdazoM kI sthApanA karake unheM vividha ghaTanAoM dvArA kalAtmaka DhaMga se citrita kiyA gayA hai| niSkarSa aitihAsika caritra ke Akalana ke lie unake jIvana kI bAhya ghaTanAoM ke sAdha-sAtha unakI antaraMga mAnasikatA kA antardarzana anivArya hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM ko samajhe binA unake caritra kA antaraMga citraNa saphalatA se ho nahIM skegaa| vicAra aura vyavahAra caritra ke antaraMga aura bahiraMga pakSa haiN| bhautika jIvana ke utAra-car3hAva kI apekSA unakI antaHsAdhanA meM, AtmAnveSI prajJA kI UrdhvagAmI gati meM, antaryAtrA meM unake antaraMga kA sUkSma caritra adhika spaSTa aura prabhaviSNu hai| ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA antaraMga citraNa nimna praNAliyoM ke mAdhyama se karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai-(1) svapnavizleSaNa, (2) antaHpreraNAoM kA anusmaraNa, (3) vicaardrshn| mAtA trizalA ke svapnoM kA anvayArtha spaSTa karake isa tathya kA vivecana kiyA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI katipaya antaraMga vizeSatAoM kA jJAna hameM prApta hotA hai| garbhastha jIva kI alaukikatA kA, usake divyazakti sampanna hone kA, unake prakhara teja saundarya kA, unakI loka kalyANakAritA kA tathA unakA kevalI arhatsiddha hone ke pUrvasaMketa bhI milate haiN| prabhu barddhamAna kI zramaNAyasthA meM Aye hue dasa svapnoM kA sUcaka artha bhI zIghra hI unake vItarAgI sarvajJa aura hitopadezI, lokakalyANakArI vyaktitva ke rUpa ko spaSTa karatA hai| __ antaHpreraNAoM ke anusmaraNa meM jaina sAdhanA meM pracalita bAraha anuprekSAoM ke vivecana ke dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra ko vairAgyamUlaka manobhUmikA ko vizada kiyA hai| apane pUrvasaMcita puNyAtizayoM ke kAraNa ye janmajAta yogI rahe / unakI vairAgya bhAvanA kisa prakAra dRr3hatara, dRr3hatama hotI rahI, pariNAmasvarUpa ve samasta rAjavaibhava kA tyAga karake brahmacayapUrvaka munidIkSA grahaNa karate haiN| yaha anuprekSAoM kA cintana gRhastha aura zramaNa ke bIca kA setu hai| niSkarSa ke rUpa meM yaha bodha hotA hai ki pratyeka AtmA kA ekAkIpana zarIra kI anityatA, karmabandha aura bhavacaka kI ananta yAtanAoM ke bodha ke binA bAraha anuprekSAoM kA, bhagavAna mahAvIra kI antaHpreraNAoM kA vaha mama nahIM samajha sakatA hai| AtmasvarUpa ke dasa lakSaNoM kA anucintana hI sAdhaka ko sAdhanA ke patha para sthira rakhatA hai| vastu kA svabhAva hI dharma haiN| AtmArUpI vastu kA mUlasvabhAva kSamA, 140 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita 'bhagavAna mahAvIra

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namratA, saralatA, pavitratA, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, akiMcana tathA brahmacarya svarUpa hai| yAMga, dhyAna, taparayA Adi dvArA ina guNoM kA AviSkAra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caritragata vizeSatAoM meM dikhAI detA hai| Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke caritra nAyaka bhagavAna mahAvIra haiN| mahAvIra aitihAsika pAtra haiN| phira bhI yuga-yuga meM unakaM caritra ke svarUpa meM alaukikatA, divyatA, AtazayatA ke pariNAmasvarUpa sAmpradAyikatA ke, paurANikatA ke raMga kaviyoM kI prabala kalpanAoM dvArA car3hAye gye| prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, purAnI hindI se hokara Adhunika Arya evaM dravir3a bhASAoM ke sAhitya meM Aja taka avirata rUpa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra para caritakAvya prakAzita hote rahe haiN| Adhunika yuga ke sandarbha meM Adhunika hindI ke kaviyoM ne apane mahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko samagratA se mahAkAvyAtmaka zailI meM prastuta kiyA, lekina bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko saMskRta, apabhraMza kI paramparA meM prApta caritra kI paddhati para hI Adhunika hindI meM unheM avatarita kiyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI zikSAoM kA, upadezoM kA vivecana Adhunika yuga ke sandarbha meM kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| ina kaviyoM kA pramukha lakSya bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI ko prastuta karane kI apekSA, unake vicAroM kI prAsaMgikatA ko pratipAdita karanA rahA hai| phira bhI caritra ko paurANika zailI meM prastuta karate samaya vaha caritra AkarSaka, rocaka evaM sarvajanagrAhya ho jAe, isIlie Adhunika yuga kI mAnyatAoM ke anusAra manovaijJAnika, vivaraNAtmaka, vizleSaNAtmaka, AtmakathAtmaka, ekAlApa, anusmaraNa, anucintanAtmaka, antaHpreraNAoM ke evaM jIvana-darzana ke citraNa dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko mahAkAvyAtmaka kalAkRti meM prastuta kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra janmajAta yogI ke rUpa meM hone ke kAraNa yogI se mahAyogI, mahAyogI se paramayogI taka kI unakI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA buddhigrAhya vaijJAnika vivecana prastuta karane meM Adhunika kaviyoM ko saphalatA milI hai| zAntarasa pradhAna rasa hone ke kAraNa Alocya mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ke anuzIlana se sAttvika bhAva jAgrata hokara alaukika Ananda kI, zAntarasa kI rasAnubhUti hameM prApta hotI hai| isI dRSTi se caritra-citraNa meM saundarya kI anubhUti abhivyajita hotI hai| bhagavAna par3Abora kA caritra-citraNa :: 141

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caturtha adhyAya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM meM varNita bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ke bahiraMga evaM antaraMga citraNa kA anuzIlana karane para hameM unake caritra kI jo upalabdhiyA~ prApta hotI haiM unake Aloka meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA evaM unake aitihAsika yogadAna ko nimnarUpa meM rekhAMkita kiyA jAtA hai| prAsaMgikatA ke vivecana meM yaha pratipAdita karane kA prayAsa rahA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritrAdarza Adhunika sandarbha meM pAnavamAtra ke lie kisa prakAra patha-pradarzaka rahe haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana ke prathama tIsa sAla rAjamahala meM bIta jAne para bhI ve brahmacaryapUrvaka sadAcAra kA jIvana vyatIta karate hue eka janmajAta yogI ke rUpa meM, AtmasvarUpa ke cintana meM magna rahe / samasta rAjavaibhana ko tyAgakara digambara muni bane / bAraha varSIya sAdhanAkAla unake apane jIvana ke lie vItarAga, arihanta kevalI pada kI upalabdhi kA AdhAra bnaa| tIrthaMkara bhagavAna banane ke bAda kA tIsa varSa kA samaya vizvakalyANa ke lie samarpita rhaa| ina tIsa varSoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aneka sthaloM para vihAra karake samasta loka meM apanI divyadhvani se navajAgaraNa kiyaa| apane vicAroM se bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yugoM se calI AtI aneka rUr3ha dhAraNAoM ko tor3A aura mAnavatA ke lie abhizApa rUpa aneka paramparAoM meM parivartana bhI kiyaa| unake caritra meM vyApta lokakalyANakArI mahAnatama upalabdhiyoM ko mukhya rUpa se hama isa rUpa meM dekha sakate haiM(1) dharma evaM paraloka kalyANa ke nAma para honevAle anuSThAnoM meM pazuhiMsA, mAnavabali tathA ajJAnamUlaka kriyAkANDoM kA, bAhyADambaroM kA virodha karakaM ahiMsA dharma kI ora janasAdhAraNa ko abhimukha kiyaa| (2) strI, zudra Adi zAstra par3hane aura dharma AcaraNa karane ke adhikAroM se vaMcita ghe, unheM jinadharma meM dIkSA dii| sabako samAna adhikAra evaM samAna-stara pradAna kiyaa| vargavAdI, varNavAdI, AzramavAdI, jAtivAdI, sAmantavAdI vicAroM ke mUlyoM kA nirmUlana karake samatAvAdI, mAnavatAvAdI, 142 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM niMtrita bhagavAna pahAbora

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F- - - - janatantravAdI, paradharma sahiSNutAvAdI evaM ahiMsA, anekAnta aura syAdvAdo jIvana mUlyoM ko punaH sthApita kiyaa| (4) janma para AdhArita jAti, dhana, sattA evaM bAhya vaibhava ke AdhAra para ba~Te mAnavIya mUlyoM ko, satkarma kI zreSThatA ke AdhAra para sthApita kiyaa| samatA evaM mAnavatA ke mUlyoM ke AdhAra para navasamAja-vyavasthA para bala diyaa| (4) samAja ke sampanna evaM uccavargIya vidvAnoM kI mAnya saMskRta bhASA ke sthAna para lokabhASA aura lokajIvana kI saMskRti ko mahattva dekara lokabhASA prAkRta meM sarasa lokazailI meM pravacana-upadeza karake lokasAdhAraNa meM AtmavizvAsa nirmANa kiyaa| unheM IzvaravAda bhAgyavAda ke jAla se nikAlakara AtmavAdI banAkara nirbhaya evaM puruSArthI bnaayaa| lokamAnava ko sarvopari pratiSThA pradAna kii| sahI arthoM meM ve apane yuga ke krAntikArI lokanAyaka the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zrAvakoM (gRhasthoM) evaM zramaNoM ko paramAtmA pada kI prApti kA mArga, "samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritrANi mokSamArgaH" ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA / sAdhanA mArga meM saMyama, tapa, dhyAna, brahmacarya, aparigraha, ahiMsA, vrata-upavAsa kI AcAra saMhitA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| sAtha hI lokakalyANa ke lie satata prayatna karate rahane kA bhI upedaza diyaa| (6) bhagavAna mahAvIra ne 'catuHsaMgha' tIrgha kI sthApanA kii| zrAvaka-zrAvikA ke lie paramAtma-sAdhanA ke lie AcAra-saMhitA kA pAlana yathAzakti aMzataH (aNuvrata) karane kA vidhAna kiyA, to muniAryikA ke lie AcAra-saMhitA kA kaTora evaM paripUrNa pAlana karane ke lie khaa| sabhI varga-varNastara ke strI-puruSa unake saMgha meM zAmila ho sakate the| (7) bhagavAna mahAvIra kA catuHsaMgha dharma, ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha, saMyama, tyAga, samatA, tapa, svAdhyAya, dhyAna Adi kI zreSThatA ke AdhAra para sthita thaa| (8) bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vicArazuddhi ke lie anekAntavAdI vicArazailI kA anUTA darzana diyA, jisase jIvana ke samasta vivAdoM meM susaMvAda sthApita ho ske| (7) AcArazuddhi ke lie ahiMsA darzana ko pratipAdita kiyA, jisase samasta prANimAtra ke prati prema, dayA, karuNA, samatA, sahaastitva, sahiSNutA Adi bhAva nirmANa hokara mAnavatAvAdI, sarvodayavAdI jIvanadRSTi ho skegii| (10) nirdoSavacana kI siddhi ke lie syAdvAda darzana kI dena vizva ko dI, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsAgakatA :: 143

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jisase jagat ke samasta padArthoM kA svarUpa jJAna saptabhaMgI zelI meM pUrNasatya svarUpa meM prApta ho ske| isa taraha samasta manuSya mAtra meM sahI AtmavizvAsa nirmANa karake. bhagavAna mahAvIra ne samyagjJAna se naitikatApUrNa sadAcAra kA AcaraNa karane kI preraNA nirmANa kara pratyakSataH AtmakalyANa aura parokSata: lokakalyANa kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| ataH unake caritra kI prAoMgakatA trikAlavatI haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA Adhunika hindI ke mahAvIra caritamahAkAvyoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA nimnarUpa meM citrita kI gayI hai| ___mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA ko citrita karate hue kavi raghuvIrazaraNa kahate haiM "prabhu mahAvIra kI vANI se, kavitAoM ko milatA prkaash| svAdhIna deza ke phUloM meM, tIrthaMkara kA khilatA prakAza // 'gA~dhI jI' ke siddhAntoM meM, prabhu mahAvIra kI vANI thii| jana-jana ke hita ke lie mitra, jina kI vANI kalyANI thI / " (bIrAyana, pR. 349) arthAt bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAra-darzana kA kriyAtmaka rUpa mahAtmA gA~dhI jI kI caritragata vizeSatAoM meM hameM prApta hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ahiMsA anekAnta evaM satya Adi kA vyApaka evaM prabhAvakArI prayoga bIsavIM zatAbdI meM mahAtmA gA~dhI ne pratyakSa AcaraNa ke dvArA vizva ke sAmane prastuta kiyaa| isase spaSTa hotA hai jinendra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI Adhunika yuga ke pariveza meM AtmahitakArI evaM lokakalyANakArI siddha ho sakatI hai| tathA "yuga badalA badala gayI duniyA, jhUThe ImAna nahIM bdle| prabhu mahAvIra ke bhArata meM, gA~dhI jI saccI rAha cale // gA~dhI jI kI vANI gUMjI, yA mahAvIra svAmI bole| jo sAre bandhana tor3a gaye, ve bola bujhAte haiM zole // " (vahI, pR. 358) mahAtmA gA~dhI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana ko, apane vaiyaktika jIvana-cAritra meM AtmavikAsa ke lie apanAyA, jisase ve AtmA se mahAtmA bana gaye tathA mahAvIra ke vicAroM ke sAmAjika tattvoM kA AdhAra lete hue bhArata deza ko parAdhIna se svAdhIna bnaayaa| mahAtmA gAMdhI cAhate the ki bhArata deza meM jIvana ke samasta kSetroM meM ahiMsA ke AdhAra para dhArmika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika, Arthika 141 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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vyavasthA meM AmUla parivartana ho / sAmyavAdI, janatAntrika, sarvadharmasamabhAvI, zoSaNarahita, taha-astica para AdhArita AhesAtmaka nayo samAja-vyavasthA kI sthApanA bhagavAna pahAvIra ke AdarzoM ko apanAne se hI ho sakatI hai| yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa mahAtmA gA~dhI ne apane caritra dvArA bhAratavAsiyoM ko dilAyA thaa| kavi kA svara isa prakAra hai "durgA dana zakti ahiMsA ne, yoddhAoM meM bhara diyA ramta / yaha zakti ahiMsA hai jisane, vIroM ke hAthoM liyA takhta // " (vahI, pR. 350 ahiMsA dharma kA pAtana, vIra Atmazakti sampanna, dRr3ha caritravAle hI kara sakate haiN| isa zastra ko calAne kI kSamatA kAyaroM meM kadApi nahIM A sktii| ahiMsA ke pujArI hI yaha kSamatA rakhate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jovana sArvajanIna lokopakArI hai| caritra kI prAsaMgikatA viSayaka abhimata AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA ke sandarbha meM vivecana karate hue likhate haiM "isa deza ke visaMgatibahula samAja ko ThIka rAste para le Ane ke lie, jina mahAtmAoM ne gaharAI meM dekhane kA prayAsa kiyA, unhoMne vANI dvArA kucha bhI kahane ke pahale apanA caritra zuddha rakhA hai|...is deza ke netRtva kA adhikArI ekamAtra vahIM ho sakatA hai, jisameM caritra kA mahAn guNa ho|...bhgvaan mahAvIra isa deza ke una gine-cune mahAtmAoM meM se haiM jinhoMne sAre deza kI manISA ko nayA mor3a diyA hai| unakA caritra, zIla, tapa aura vivekapUrNa vicAra sabhI abhinandanIya haiN| ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra evaM cintana kI Adhunika sandarbha meM prAsaMgikatA hai| DaoN. esa. rAdhAkRSNana likhate haiM, "vaiyaktika svAtantrya aura sAmAjika nyAya donoM mAnava-kalyANa ke lie paramAvazyaka hai| hama eka ke mahattva ko bar3hA-car3hAkara kaheM yA dUsare ko ghaTAkara kaheM, yaha sambhava hai| kintu jo AdamI anekAntavAda, saptabhaMgInaya yA syAvAda ke jaina vicAra ko mAnatA hai, vaha isa prakAra ke sAMskRtika kaThamullApana (saMkIrNatA) ko nahIM maantaa| vaha apane aura virodho ke matoM meM kyA sahI hai aura kyA g2alata hai, isakA viveka karane aura unameM uccatara samanvaya sAdhane ke lie sadA tatpara rahatA hai| yahI dRSTi hameM apanAnI caahie|" 1. saM. DaoN. narendra mAnAvata : bhagavAna mahAvIra Adhunika sandarbha meM, pR. 26, 28 | 2. vahI, pR. 151 bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA :: 145

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ukta kathana se bhagavAna mahAvIra kI anekAntavAdI jIvanadRSTi kI prAsaugekatA para prakAza par3atA hai| mahAtmA gA~dhI jI ke apane vicAra haiM, "isI siddhAnta ne mujhe yaha batalAyA hai ki musalamAna kI jA~ca muslima dRSTikoNa se tathA IsAI kI parIkSA IsAI dRSTikoNa se kI jAnI caahie| pahale maiM mAnatA thA ki mere virodhI ajJAna meM haiN| Aja maiM virodhiyoM kI dRSTi se bhI dekha sakatA huuN| merA anekAntavAda satya aura ahiMsA-ina bugala siddhAntoM kA hI pariNAma hai|" ataH yaha Avazyaka hai ki Adhunika jIvana ke sandarbha meM anekAntabAda ko apanAkara hI hama apanI samasta samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prApta kara sakate haiN| AcArya vinobA bhAve kA kathana hai-"maiM kabUla karatA hU~ ki gItA kA gaharA asara mere citta para nahIM hai, usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki mahAvIra ne jo AjJA dI hai vaha yAbA ko pUrNa mAnya haiN| AjJA yaha ki 'satyagrAhI' bno| Aja jahA~-jahA~ jo uThA so 'satyAgrahIM' hotA hai| bAbA ko bhI vyaktigata satyAgrahI ke nAte gA~dhI jI ne peza kiyA thA, lekina vAvA jAnatA thA vaha kauna haiM, vaha satyAgrahI nahIM, satvagrAhI hai| hara mAnava ke pAsa satya kA aMza hotA hai, isIlie mAnava janma tArthaka hotA hai| to saba dharmoM meM, saba panthoM meM, saba mAnavoM meM satya kA jo aMza hai, usako grahaNa karanA cAhie / hamako satyagrAhI bananA cAhie, yaha jo zikSA hai bhagavAna mahAvIra kI, bAbA para gItA ke bAda uso kA asara hai| gItA ke bAda kahA, lekina jaba dekhatA hU~ to mujhe donoM meM pharaka hI nahIM dIkhatA hai| vinobA jI ke isa kathana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAra-darzana se ve kitane prabhAvita the| kAkAsAheba kAlelakara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tattva-cintana kI prAsaMgikatA kA vizleSaNa karate hue likhate haiM, "Aja jaba saMsAra aneka dRSTiyoM se vyAkula ho uThA hai, taba : sa vyApaka jIvana kI pukhya ulajhana kA hala DhU~DhanA jarUrI ho gayA hai| isake lie mahAvIroM kI AvazyakatA hai, prayoga-vIroM kI AvazyakatA hai| aise loga apanI zraddhA vA dRr3ha banAne ke lie mahAvIra ke jIvana ko samajheMge aura svayaM hI U~ce uThane kA prayatna kreNge| mahAvIra ke smaraNa aura cintana se hama aisI preraNA prApta kareM aura apane vyaktigata tathA sAmAjika jIvana kA uddhAra kreN|" bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI tapasAdhanA, jJAnasAdhanA, dhyAna aura AtmasaMyama kI vinA ke adhyayana se manuSya kA vyaktitva ubharatA hai aura unake vratoM ke pAlana - - 1. i. DaoN. narendra mAnAvata : bhagavAna mahAbora Adhunika sandarbha meM, pR. 35 2. anobA bhAve : jainadharma merI dRSTi meM, pR. 40 3. kAkAsAheva kAlelakara : mahAvIra kA jIvana sandeza yuga ke sandarbha meM. pU. 6 146 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita 'bhagavAna mahAvIra

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T te AtmakalyANa ke sAtha-sAtha saMsAra ko aneka samasyAoM kA samAdhAna hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA vaiyaktika tathA sArvajanIna mahattva nirvivAda hai| AcArya zrI vidyAnanda muni likhate haiM- "hamArA vizvAsa hai, bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jina siddhAntoM kA upadeza diyA thA, unakA unhoMne svayaM saphala prayoga kiyA thA / ye vartamAna sandarbha meM bhI utane hI upayogI haiM, jitane DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva the| Aja unake punarmUlyAMkana kI AvazyakatA hai|" ukta uddharaNa se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA para prakAza par3atA hai| aTalabihArI vAjapeyI kA kathana hai- "bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAre meM itanA avazya kahU~gA ki jo bAhya zatruoM se lar3ate haiM use vIra puruSa kahate haiM aura jo paMcendriyoM ko jItakara AtmavikAsa meM vijaya prApta kara letA hai, use mahAvIra kahate haiN| 92 bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra Aja ke yuvakoM ko AtmavikAsa ke lie indriyanigrahI, saMyamI rahane kI preraNA detA hai| ravIndranAtha ThAkura kA kathana hai- "bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane DiNDima nAda se mokSa kA aisA sandeza hinda meM vistRta kiyA hai ki dharma yaha mAtra sAmAjika rUr3hi nahIM, kintu vAstavika satya hai| mokSa yaha sAmpradAyika kriyAkANDa ke pAlana se milatA nahIM, kintu satya dharma ke svarUpa kA Azraya lene se prApta hotA hai aura dharma meM manuSya manuSya ke bIca kA bheda sthAyI nahIM raha sktaa| kahate hue Azcarya utpanna hotA hai ki isa zikSaNa ne samAja meM jar3a jamAye baiThe hue vicAra rUpI vighnoM ko, jar3a se 'ukhAr3a pheMkA aura sAre deza ko vazIbhUta kiyA / " mUla ukta uddharaNa se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki vartamAna sandarbha meM bhI samAja meM vyApta andhavizvAta, bAhyADambara aura viSamatA ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM ko apanAkara hI dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai I lokamAnya bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka kA kathana hai- "caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM mahAvIra antima tIrthaMkara the| ve jainadharma ko punaH prakAza meM laaye| ahiMsA dharma vyApaka bnaa| Ajakala yajJoM meM pazu-hiMsA nahIM hotI / brAhmaNa aura hindU dharma meM mAMsabhakSaNa aura madirApAna banda ho gayA hai to vaha isa jainadharma kA prabhAva hai| 54 Adhunika jIvana ke sandarbha meM bhI pazuhiMsA, mAMsabhakSaNa evaM madirApAna jaise 1. jaina jagat mahAvIra jayantI vizeSAMka, apraila 91, pU. 121 2. vahI, apraila 91, pR. 12 / 5. vaDo, apraila 91. pR. 274 4. vahIM, apraila 91, pR. 271 bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA 147

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! hiMsaka AcAroM se mukti tathA udAtta vicAroM meM pravRtti, manuSya samAja ko bhagavAna mahAbIra ke vicAroM se hI prApta ho skeNgii| aura yahI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA hai| caritra kI prAsaMgikatA ke vividha AyAma I bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA ke sambandha meM uparyukta manISiyoM ke abhimatoM kA anuzIlana karane para hama isa tathya para pahu~cate haiM ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ke do pakSa haiM- eka AcArapakSa aura dUsarA vicArapakSa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA AcAra evaM vicArapakSa Aja bhI prAsaMgika hai aura Age bhaviSya meM bhI rhegaa| manuSya jIvana meM AcAroM ke Adarza jIvanamUlyoM para dRr3ha vizvAsa aura jIvana jagat ke vyavahAroM kA yathArtha jJAna prApta karake mAnavatAvAdI dRSTi se saMyamapUrvaka AcaraNa karake AcAra kI zuddhatA, pavitratA, saralatA rakhanA Adi bAteM jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ne batAyI haiM, ve Aja bhI utanI hI vyaktigata stara para mahattvapUrNa haiM jitanI Aja se DhAI haz2Ara sAla pahale thIM / vastutaH dekhA jAe to Adhunika racanAkAroM ko bhI mAnava caritra ke vikAsa ke lie asaMkhya preraNAstrota bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra meM mila sakate haiN| aise preraNAstrota, jinase jIvana ko svastha, nirmala, vivekazIla aura AcArazIla banAyA jA sakatA hai| tAtparya, bhagavAna mahAvIra kA AtmavAdI caritra vartamAna yuga kI yuvApIr3hI ke caritra nirmANa ke lie Aja bhI prAsaMgika, preraka aura upAdeya hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM bhI deza ke zikSita, paThita aura buddhijIvI varga ke lie vyaktigata AtmakalyANa, AtmotkarSa kI dRSTi se bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra aura jIvana-darzana prAsaMgika hai| kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra AtmavAdI itihAsasiddha mahApuruSa haiN| unakA caritra manuSya kA caritra hai| unake vicAra manuSya ke vicAra haiN| unakA darzana manuSya kA darzana hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne IzvarIya kartRtva ko nakArA hai| AtmavAdI sattA ko prasthApita kiyA hai| unhoMne bhAgyavAda kI jagaha parizrama- puruSArtha kI sthApanA kI hai| manuSya kI sarvopari mahattA ko sthApita kiyA hai| ve manuSya ko kisI bAhya IzvarIya zakti ke adhIna nahIM maante| manuSya ko apane kalyANa evaM sarvatomukhI vikAsa ke lie kisI kI kRpA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| manuSya ke kartRtva para itanA jabardasta vizvAsa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vyakta kiyA hai ki sukha-dukha kA kartA aura bhoktA manuSya ko mAnakara usameM svAvalambana evaM puruSArtha kI preraNA nirmANa karake nara se nArAyaNa AtmA se paramAtmA banane kA vizvAsa janasAdhAraNa meM nirmANa kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAbIra ne AtmavikAsa kI vaijJAnika jIvanadRSTi pradAna kI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvana kI dRSTi ko Aja ke samakAlIna pariveza meM vyakti aura samAja kI 148 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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upalabdhiyoM tathA vaijJAnika AviSkAroM se samanvita karake bauddhika stara para punamUrtyAMkana karake use AcaraNa meM lAnA Aja kI prAsaMgikatA haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anIzvaravAdI hone ke kAraNa IzvaravAdiyoM ne unheM nAstika kahA hai| jise hama nAstika kahate haiM, use apane para, apane kiye para pUrI AsthA hotI hai| vaha apane kiye kA doSa na bhagavAna, Izvara para mar3hatA hai, na bhAgya para / apane kiye ke lie vaha apane ko hI jimmedAra mAnatA hai| bhagavAna pahAvIra ke vicAroM meM yaha jagat satya hai, anAdi hai, pratyeka jIva svatantra hai, ekasamAna hai| isa sRSTi meM jo kucha hotA hai usakA eka kAraNa hotA hai| jIva, jagat aura paramAtma pada viSayaka isa vaijJAnika cintana meM bhAgya aura Izvara ko bilakula sthAna nahIM hai| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAbIra ne rUTa artha meM Izvara kI kalpanA aura usake tathAkathita camatkAroM se janasAdhAraNa ko mukti dilAkara unameM AtmavizvAsa, svAvalambana, puruSArtha aura nirbhayatA ke bhAva nirmANa kiye| unheM AtmasvarUpa kA samyak bodha karAke satkAryapravRtta kiyA hai| isIlie bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ke AtmavAdI cintana ko samakAlIna yuga-pariveza meM prAsaMgika mAnA jAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samasta vicAra unake AcaraNa meM utare aura unakA AcaraNa eka Adarza jIvana paddhati kA paryAya bana gyaa| janma, jIvana aura jagat ina tInoM ko sArthakatA kA kAlajayI nAma hai-mahAvIra / unake salya ke mahApauruSa ne samUce tAtkAlika asatya aura hiMsA ko jItA aura ve varddhamAna se mahAvIra ho gye| isa pariprekSya meM mahAvIra kisI eka samudAya vizeSa kI gharohara nahIM haiM, ve mAnavatA ke prANoM ke dharohara haiN| yadi 'satya' sabakA hai, ahiMsA sabakI hai, kSamA sabako hai to mahAvIra eka vizeSa samudAya ke nahIM ho sakate aura na hI ye jAti yA sampradAya vizeSa ke ho sakate haiN| samUcI mAnavatA ko samarpita mahAvIra sirfa samUcI mAnavatA ke hI ho sakate haiN| Aja manuSya kA sabase bar3A durbhAgya yaha hai ki tathAkathita sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha usakI sahaja, sarala evaM svAbhAvika jIvanazailI usase china gayI hai| Aja jIvana ke hara kSetra meM kRtrimatA aura chadmoM kI bahulatA hai| Asakti, bhogalipsA, bhaya, krodha, svArtha, kapaTa kI damita mUla pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa mAnavatA Aja bhI abhizApita hai| Antarika saMgharSoM ke kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana azAnta aura asta-vyasta hai| vaijJAnika pragati te samAja ke purAne sanAtana mUlya Dhaha cuke haiN| Aja hama mUlya riktatA kI sthiti meM jI rahe haiN| Aja hama vinAza ke kagAra para khar3e haiN| aisI santrasta evaM duHkhada sthiti meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA caritra evaM unake jIvana-darzanoM te hI vartamAna samalnAoM ke samAdhAna hameM prApta ho sakate haiN| vartamAna mAnava-jIvana kI samasyAe~ haiM-1) mAnasika antarrancha, (2) sAmAjika evaM jAtIya saMgharSa, (5) Arthika saMgharSa, (4) vaicArika saMgharSa / vartamAna yuga saMgharSayuga hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanagAthA sabhI saMgharSoM ke pAra rahI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA :: 149

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vItarAgatA vartamAna yuga meM jo mAnasika tanAya bar3ha rahA hai usake mUla meM vaiSamya kI bhAvanA hai| manuSya kI tRSNA, maccho, Asakti, bAsanA, ahaMkAra hI tanAvoM kI pUla jar3a hai| jitanI Asakti utanA duHkha, jitanI anAsakti utanA sukha, sukha-duHkha manobhAva vastugata nahIM, Atmagata hai| ataH pAnasika vikAroM para jaya prApta karanA vItarAgatA hai| cItarAgatA hI mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM jIvana kA sabase bar3A Adarza hai| Adarza kI prApti manuSya ko samatA-bhAva kI sAdhanA se ho pAtI hai| mAnavatAvAda janma ke AdhAra para mAnavatA ke jAtigata vibhAjana ko evaM ahaMkAra ko nindya mAnA hai| jAti yA kula kA ahaMkAra mAnavatA kA sabase yar3A zatru hai| manuSya mahAn hotA hai-apane sadAcAra se evaM saMvama, tapa, tyAga ke puruSArtha se| manuSya apane antaHkaraNa meM nihita mamatva aura vikAra bhAva ke kAraNa saMkucita aura sAmpradAyika banatA hai| phalataH bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAmpradAyikatA, prAntIyatA, saMkucita rASTrIyavAda hI sAmAjika evaM jAtIya saMgharSa ke mUla kAraNa rahe haiN| ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra kA sandeza hai ki vizva kI sampUrNa mAnava jAti eka hai, use jAti, dharma, varNa, varga, strI-puruSabheda, rASTra, bhASA, saMskRti ke nAma para vibhAjita karanA, mAnavatA ke prati sabase bar3A aparAdha hai| sAmAjika samatA evaM samAna nyAya ke lie mAnavatA ke kalyANa kI, vizvamAnava dharma kI jo samAnadharmA dRSTi pahAvIra ne batAyI usa para calanA hI Aja unake caritra kI prAsaMgikatA hai| aparigraha Aja kA buga arthapradhAna evaM yaunapradhAna hai| manuSya kA svArtha evaM kAmavAsanA Aja ke jIvana saMgharSa ke mUlabhUta kAraNa haiN| phalataH samAja dhanI aura nirdhana, zoSaka aura zoSita, zAsaka aura zAsita, dalita, pIr3ita aise vargoM meM vibhAjita hone se jIvana ke samasta kSetroM meM saMgharSa vyApta haiN| samAja meM jo viSamatAe~ vyApta haiM, usake mUla meM manuSya kI parigrahI evaM vAsanAvRtti hai| ataH mahAvIra ne isake lie aparigraha, parigraha parimANa aura bhoga--upabhoga parimANa ke vrata, aNuvrata aura mahAvrata ina do staroM para prastuta kiye / 'jio aura jIne do' kA sandeza diyA hai| paMca aNuvratoM kA pAlana karane se samAja meM vyApta Arthika aura yauna sambandhI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna hameM prApta ho sakate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne manuSya kI saMcaya vRtti, evaM kAmopabhoga kI vRtti para saMyama rakhane kA upadeza dekara mAnava jAti ke Arthika evaM naitika saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| 150 :: hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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anekAnta I Aja mAnava samAja meM dhArmika saMgharSa, jIvana mUlyoM meM vaicArika saMgharSa, rAjanItika daloM ke saMgharSa apanI carama sImA para haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM meM isa saMgharSa ke mUla meM ekAntavAdI durAgrahI vRtti hai| dUsare dharma, sampradAya, matavAda ko pUrNataH midhyA kahanA yahI sabase bar3A midhyAtva (aparAdha) hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM satya kA sUrya sarvatra prakAzita hotA hai| manuSya kI buddhi sImita hai, vaha satya ke kisI aMza ko grahaNa karatA hai aura dUsaroM ke satyAMza darzana ko mithyA kahatA hai ataH dUsaroM ke vicAroM ke matavAdoM ke siddhAntoM ke satyAMza kA samAdara karake vastusvarUpa ke pUrNa satya ko jAnane meM prayatnazIla rahanA caahie| manuSya kI ekAntabAdI, durAgrahI vRtti, vastu satya ko dekha pAne meM use asamartha banA detI hai| mahAvIra kI zikSA Agraha kI nahIM, anAgraha kI hai| satya kA AgrahI nahIM, satya kA grAhI honA hai| yahI anekAntabAdI dRSTi bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA evaM maulikatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jisa anekAntavAda ko pratipAdita kiyA, usakA mUla uddezya vibhinna jAtiyoM, dharmo, vargoM, rASTroM, bhASAoM, saMskRtiyoM ke matavAdoM ke bIca samanvaya aura sadbhAva sthApita karanA hai| apane hI dharmabAda se mukti mAnanA yahI dhArmika sadbhAva meM sabase bar3I bAdhA hai| sarvadharmasamabhAva anekAntavAdI dRSTi se hI Aja ke pariveza meM sambhava hai| ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kA sabase bar3A yogadAna hai ki unhoMne hameM Agraha mukta hokara satya dekhane kI dRSTi pradAna kI hai| tadanusAra samyak AcaraNa karane kI preraNA apane prayogadharmI caritra se pradAna kI hai| I isa taraha vItarAgI, ahiMsAvAdI, mAnavatAvAdI, samatAvAdI, sahiSNutAvAdI, svAvalambI, puruSArthI, aparigrahI saMyamI aura anekAntavAdI satyAnveSI jIvanadRSTiyoM ko apanAkara hI Aja ke sandarbha meM bhI manuSya samasta saMgharSoM se mukti pAkara vAstavika sukhI evaM sampanna ho sakatA hai| unake caritrAdarzoM ko zraddhApUrvaka viveka ke sAtha AcaraNa meM kriyAnvita karanA hI Adhunika sandarbha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI prAsaMgikatA :: 151

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upasaMhAra mahAkAvya jAtIya jIvana aura sAmAjika cetanA ke Akalana kA sAMskRtika prayAsa hotA hai / isa dRSTi se yadi mahAkAvya kI mahattA para vicAra kiyA jAe to vaha sarvopari kAvyarUpa siddha hotA hai| vaise to zilpagata vaiziSTya evaM jIvana darzana sambandhI upalabdhiyoM ke kAraNa mahAkAvya meM mahArthatA kA samAhAra anivAryataH hotA hai| mahAkAvya sambandhI samasta mAnyatAoM kA adhyayana karane para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki mahAnU kathAnaka, mahAn caritra, mahAn sandeza aura mahAn zailI- - ina cAra mahAn tattvoM se saMghaTita hone para hI koI kAvya mahAkAvya kI saMjJA prApta karatA hai| mahAkAvya kI kAvyAtmakatA kI zreSThatA kA mukhya AdhAra hai ki usameM navIna sAmAjika saMracanA kA udAtta saMkalpa, rASTrIya jIvana kA pratinidhi svarUpa, navajAgaraNa kA mahAn udghoSa, sAMskRtika AdarzoM kI pratiSThA, AdhyAtmika niSThAoM kA pariSkAra evaM kalAtmaka utkarSa hotA hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM AdhunikatA evaM navInatA ke prati vizeSa Agraha pAyA jAtA hai| sAtha hI paurANika evaM aitihAsika sandarbha meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke prati viziSTa ruci bhI dikhAI detI hai| bhAratIya samAja kA mAnasa mUlataH adhyAtmapravaNa evaM saMskRtimUlaka hai| sAhitya ke mAdhyama se yadi naye yuga kI nayI vicAradhArA se samAja meM jAgRti karanI ho to purANoM evaM itihAsa ke sarvazruta caritroM kA AdhAra grahaNa karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| paurANika evaM aitihAsika caritroM kA Azraya grahaNa kara apane vAMchita kathya ko hama spaSTa kara sakate haiN| vartamAna yuga kI khAsa vizeSatA hai-aitihAsika aura vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa kI / Aja ke yuga kI mA~ga hai ki aitihAsika mahAvIra kA caritra tarkabuddhisammata aura itihAsasammata ho / mahAvIra caritra likhane meM vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa kI atyadhika AvazyakatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta sambandhI alaukika aura asaMgata bAteM citrita kI gayI haiN| unheM Aja kI nayI cetanAbuddhi grAhya nahIM mAnatI / ataH aitihAsika dRSTi se evaM ghaTanAoM ko tarkabuddhi kI kasauTI para kasakara bhagavAna 152 hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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mahAvIra ke caritra kA Adhunika vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se anuzIlana anusandhAna karanA yugIna AvazyakatA rahI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra yugIna vyavasthA meM tarka aura vijJAna kA Azraya lenA cAhate the| unhoMne bhAvukatA se mor3a ko kabhI uttejita nahIM kiyaa| ve vaijJAnika vicAroM kI svAbhAvika pariNatiyoM ke mahApuruSa the / ve apane caritrAdarzoM se vyaktiyoM meM kAnti kA zaMkha phUMkate rhe| isa taraha unhoMne krAnti kI eka aisI antardhArA ko janma diyA, jo kabhI samApta nahIM hogii| Aja bhI unakI vaha dhArA utanI hI jIvanta aura samIcIna hai| vastutaH vaha itanI zAzvata hai ki kisI bhI yugIna sandarbha meM kAma A takatI hai| isI ardha meM vartamAna pariveza meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ke AcAra evaM vicAra pakSa kI prAsaMgikatA hai| mahAvIra ko samakAlIna samAja vyavasthA meM dharma kA AcaraNa dambhapUrNa aura lobha-paraka thA / ADambara, pradarzana aura ahaMkAra kA bhAva dharmAcaraNa meM thaa| akAraNa yajJa-hiMsA, zramika varga kA zoSaNa, striyoM aura zUdroM para anyAya aura atyAcAra, dharma ke purohitoM ne saMgaThita hokara apanI suvidhA prApti ke lie kiyA thA / yathAsthiti banI rahe, isIlie dharma ke purohitoM ne jIvanamUlyoM kI vyAkhyA manamAne DhaMga se kI, jisase sampanna varga ko zramika, pIr3ita, zoSita dalita varga se samasta lAbha prApta ho skeN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM meM sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika vyavasthA virodha kA svara gUMjatA hai / hiMsaka, saMgrahazIla, dAmbhika, pralobhana aura andhavizvAsagrasta vyavasthA meM AmUla parivartana karane ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne samAja ke dalita, pIr3ita, zoSita, utpIr3ita sarvahArA ( sarvasva luTA huA ) varga ke manuSya mAtra ke hita ke lie AdhyAtmika aura hitakArI sAmAjika vyavasthA kA udghoSa kiyaa| yahI unake caritra kA aitihAsika yogadAna rahA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra svayaM kSatriya rAjaputra the / lekina apanI Antarika karuNA arthAt mAnavatA prema ke kAraNa unhoMne Atma-sAdhanA kI apanAkara svayaM ko nirgrantha digambara bnaayaa| kyoMki vartamAna vyavasthA se bAhara rahakara hI usameM AmUla parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai / tad yugIna pracalita vyavasthA ke samasta nirIzvaravAdI vidrohI- (yogI, AgamAnuyAyI, vrAtya) bhagavAna mahAvIra, gautama buddha, kapila, kaNAda, nAgArjuna, sarahappA, gurunAnaka Adi ne isa deza meM, purohitoM, sattAdhIzoM, uccavarNiyoM aura pU~jIpatiyoM tathA maThAdhIzoM ke janasAdhAraNa ke hita virodhI ravaiyoM ke viruddha nirantara saMgharSa kiyA aura Ama AdamI kI mahattA ko prasthApita karake unheM adhyAtma evaM laukika kSetra meM unake kalyANa ke mArga prazasta kiye / vyavasthA virodha ke saMgharSa kI yaha yAtrA yuga-yuga se bartamAna yuga taka calatI rahI haiN| samAja vyavasthA kI racanA meM kabIra, nAnaka, gA~dhI jaise krAntikArI mahAtmA puruSa prayatnazIla rahe haiN| kuddha aura mahAvIra ne apane yuga meM upasaMhAra :: 15:3

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dharma-viSayaka jIvana-mUlyoM kI punavyAMkhyA kii| unhoMne 'satya', 'ahiMsA' 'samAnatA', 'sAmAjika nyAya' kI samAnAntara aura navIna vyAkhyAe~ prastuta kiiN| kintu kheda kI bAta yaha hai ki jina buniyAdI jIvana mUlyoM kI sthApanA ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kaThora sAdhanA kI, jisa varNa varga strI-puruSa bheda rahita sAmyavAdI samAja vyavasthA ke lie unhoMne tattva- cintana kiyA use unake anuyAyiyoM aura pujAriyoM ne saMkorNatA meM sImita kara diyaa| eka virATa vyaktitva ke cintana para saMkIrNa sAmpradAyikatA kA libAsa car3hAyA gyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra ko samagratA meM grahaNa na kara sakane ke kAraNa unakA vyaktitva khaNDa-khaNDa hokara bikharA huA hai| ataH unake samagra caritra kA samyak anuzIlana karanA Aja kI prAsaMgikatA hai| amAnavIya viSama vyavasthA ke viruddha saMgharSarata krAntikArI mahApuruSoM ke nAma para isa deza meM sirfa sampradAya, dala aura panya calate rahe haiN| unake anuyAyiyoM ne ina samatAvAdI, mAnavatAvAdI mahAmAnavoM ke sAtha apanI vyaktigata sukha-suvidhA ke lie vizvAsaghAta kiyA hai| vartamAna sandarbha meM Aja yaha atyanta Avazyaka ho gayA hai ki vyavasthA virodhI, samatAvAdI, mAnavatAvAdI mahAn sAdhakoM ke jIvana-darzana ke sambandha meM jo bhrama phailAye gaye haiM aura jo andhavizvAsa rUr3ha ho gaye haiM unheM vaijJAnika anuzIlana se dUra kiyA jaae| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI evaM unake jIvana-darzana viSayaka paramparAgata paurANika, kAlpanika, rUr3hivAdI dhAraNAoM ke bhItara chipI unakI mAnavatAvAdI, aitihAsika, sAmAjika, AdhyAtmika cetanAparaka jIvanamUlyoM ke satya kI khoja karanA Aja ke sandarbha meM prAsaMgikatA hai| I uparyukta tathyoM ke anusandhAna ke lie pahalI Avazyaka zarta yaha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nAma aura unakI mUrti ke AsapAsa andhavizvAsa aura pralobhana se jakar3e hue rUr3hivAdI purANamatavAdI logoM se bhagavAna mahAvIra ko mukta karanA hogaa| aura usake lie pracalita dharma-vyavasthA ke virodha meM saMgharSa kI manobhUmikA ko apanAnA pdd'egaa| tabhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM ke arthoM aura marmoM kA yathArtha Akalana sambhava ho skegaa| AdhyAtmika aura sAmAjika vyavasthA parivartana kI dIrgha saMgharSamayI yAtrA meM hameM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAnavatAvAdI vicAroM se lAbha ho skegaa| ataH unakI AtmA se paramAtmA banane kI vaijJAnika prakriyA kA anusandhAna bauddhika stara para karane kI AvazyakatA hI Adhunika sandarbha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra kI upAdeyatA hai / 154 | hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra

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mUlAdhAra grantha (Adhunika hindI mahAkAcya) a.kra lekhaka grantha prakAzaka saMskaraNa (ka) zarmA, anUpa varddhamAna pra. saM. 1951 pra. saM. 1959 (kha) jaina, vIrendraprasAda tIrthakara / bhagavAna mahAvIra (ga) jaina, dhanyakupAra parapajyoti 'sudheza' mahAvIra pra. saM. 1961 (gha) raghuvIrazaraNa 'mitra' cIrAyana bhAratIya jJAnapITa, banArasa-41 zrI akhila vizva jaina mizana alIgaMja (eTA) uttarapradeza zrI phUlacanda javaracanda godhA, jaina granthamAlA, 8, sara hukumacanda mArga, indaur| bhAratodaya prakAzana, 204-e, vaisTa eNDa roDa, sadara, mertth| zrI vIra nirvANa grantha prakAzana samiti, 48, sItalAmAtA bAjAra, indaura, mdhyprdesh| bhagavAna mahAvIra prakAzana saMsthAna, bI/70, jaina nagara, meraTha, uttara prdesh| pra. saM. 1974 (Ga) DaoN. gupta, chailabihArI tIrthakara mahAvIra pra. saM. 1976 pra. saM. 1976 (ca) yaudheya, abhayakumAra zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra caritra mUlAthAra grantha (Adhunika hindI mahAkAvya) :- 135

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156 hindI ke mahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra saM. zrI. amaramuni asaga DaoN. upAdhye A. ne. kAlelakara kAkAsAheba DaoN. kulakarNI go. rA. kusumaprajJA samaNI kausAmvI dhamAMnanda DaoN. khaNDelavAla, jayakizana prasAda DaoN. khaNDelavAla, jayakizana prasAda khetAna, bhagavatIprasAda DaoN. giri, kumuda gupta, devIprasAda sahAyaka grantha sUcI sacitra tIrthakara caritra barddhamAna caritam mahAvIra yuga aura jIvana-darzana mahAvIra kA jIvana sandeza yuga ke sandarbha meM paurANika kAvya : Adhunika sandarbha AcArya tulasI sAhitya : eka paryavekSaNa bhagavAna buddha jIvana aura darzana aitihAsika mahApuruSa tIrthakara barddhamAna mahAvIra hindI sAhitya kI pravRttiyA~ mahAvIra nirvANa bhRgi pAvA : eka vimarza jaina mahApurANa kalAparaka adhyayana hindI mahAkAvya siddhAnta padya prakAzana, narelA maNDI, dillii| zrI jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, solaapur| bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, kanATa plesa, nayo dillI / rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jypur| vidyA vihAra, AcArya nagara, kAnapura / jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM, rAjasthAna / lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| vIra - nirvANa bhAratI, tIragarAna TrasTa, meraTha-21 vinoda pustaka mandira, aagraa| pArzvanAtha zodha pITha, vArANasI-3| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, AI. TI. AI. roDa, karaudI, vArANasI / apolo pablikezana, savAI pra. saM. 1995 pra. saM. 1971 pra. na. 1971 pra. saM. 1982 pra. saMskaraNa pra. saM. 1991 pra. naM. 1909 pra. saM. 1973 rahavA~ maM. 1990 pra. saM. 1992 pra. saM. 1995 pra. sa. 1968

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DaoN. gupta, devIprasAda DaoN. gupta, ramezacandra pra. saM. 1973 pra. saM. 1988 jinasena AcArya jaina, kAmatAprasAda aura mUlyAMkana svAtantryottara hindo mahAkAvya tIrthakara, buddha aura avatAra mahApurANa hindI jainasAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa jaina kalA meM pratIka arhat pAva aura unako pra. saM. 1951 pra. saM. 1917 jaina, pavanakumAra DaoN. jaina, sAgaramala pra. ma. 1999 pra. saM. 1985 DaoN. jaina, jagadIzacandra mAnasiMha hAI ve jabapura 31 gADAdiyA pustaka bhaNDAra, bIkAnera, rAja.1 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kaashii| bhAratIya jJAnapITha, durgAkuNDa roDa, bnaars| jaina sAhitya sadana, lalitapura / pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| akhila bhAratIya jaina yuvA phaMDarezana, mahAvIra cauka. khairAgar3ha, mdhyprdesh| sanmati jJAnapITha, lohAmaNDI. AgarA-21 hIrA bhaiyA prakAzana, kanADiyA geDa, indaura, mdhyprdesh| bAra nirvANa granya prakAzana mamiti, indaura pra. naM. 11 pra. jaina, harinAnna prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jaina dharma kI kahAniyA~ mAga : 9, tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa praNAma mahAvIra pra. naM. 14396 DaoN. jaina, harIndrabhUSaNa pra. saM. 1971 sahAyaka grantha sUcI :: 17 DaoN. jaina, nemicandra pra. saM. 1992 DaoN. jena, nemicandra tR. sa. 1977 vaizAlI ke rAjakumAra tIrthakara varddhamAna mahAvIra

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DaoN. jaina, sAgaramala pra. saM. 1988 prathama saMskaraNa DaoN. raNDana. premanArAyaNa DaoN. ThAkura, deveza dvi. saM. 1992 158 :: hindI ke mahAkAryoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra DaoN. tivArI, bhagavAnadAsa pra. saM. 1992 tulasI AcArya DaoN. divya guNAzrI RSibhASita : eka pArzvanAtha vidyAghama, zodha saMsthAna, adhyayana vArANasI anUpa zarmA kRtiyA~ aura hindI sAhitya bhaNDAra, amInAbAda, kalA lkhnuu| Adhunika hindI mAhitya saMkalpa prakAzana, mumbii| kI mAnavatAvAdI bhUmikAeM bhagavAna mahAvIra jIvana mahAvIra zikSaNa saMsthA, aura darzana jayakupAra nagara, bIjApura roDa, solApura (mhaaraassttr)| bhagavAna mahAvAra bhArana jaina mahAmaNDala, mumvii| hindI ke mahAvIra prabandha vicakSaNa smRti prakAzana, kAvyoM kA ahmdaabaad| AlocanAtmaka adhyayana mahAzramaNa mahAvIra AcArvaratna dezabhuSaNa mahArAja granthamAlA, stavanidhi (maisUra) bhayavAna mahAvIra aura zrI. pArasadAsa zrIpAla jaina, moTaravAla, unakA tattvadarzana zyAmAprasAda mukharjI mArga, dillI-6 bhagavAna mahAvIra pAThaka prakAzana, zyAmalA hilsa, bhopaal| jaina darzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa nAgapura vidyApITha, naagpur| pra. saM. 1974 pra. saM. 1998 divAkara, superucandra pra. saM. 1968 dezabhUSaNajI mahArAja vi. saM. 1972 DaoN. pAThaka, zobhanAtha DaoN. bhAskara, pAgacanda saMzodhita saM. 1989 pra. saM. 1977

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saM. DaoN. mAnAvata, narendra pra. saM. 1971 mAce, vinobA pra. saM. 1974 'mahAprajJa' yuvAcArya DaoN. more, vasanta kezava ta. saM. 1990 1971 yativRSabha AcArya pra. rA. 1942 rAMnA, raNavIra pra. saM. 1951 bhagavAna mahAvIra Adhunika sandarbha meM zrI akhila bhAratavarSIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha, samatAbhavana, bIkAnera, raajsthaan| jaina dharma merI dRSTi meM bhArata jaina pahAmaNDala, hArnimana sarkila phorTa, bmbii| zramaNa pahAvIra jaina vizvabhAratI, laaddnuuN| hindI sAhitya meM varNita chatrapati aprakAzita zodhaprabandha zivAjI ke caritra kA mUlyAMkana tiloyapaNpatti bhaag| saM. AdinAtha upAdhye, jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, solaapur| hindI upanyAsa meM caritra bhAratI sAhitya pandira, citraNa kA vikAsa dillii| hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa ke. ela. pacaurI prakAzana, dillI-51 tIrthakara varddhapAna zrI vIra nirvANa-grantha-prakAzana-samiti, sItalAmAtA bAjAra, indaura mdhyprdesh| sAThottara hindI mahAkAvyoM mandhana pablikezansa, maoNDala TAuna, meM pAtra-kalpanA rohataka, hriyaannaa| jana sAhitya kA itihAsa (prathama bhAga) zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA, DumarAva kaoNlonI assI,vArANasI-51 tIrthakara mahAvIra aura unakA zrI pAratavarSIya digambara jaina vidvat pariSada AcArya paramparA (khaNDa 2) kAryAlaya, varNImavana, sAgara (mdhyprdesh)| DaoN. varmA, jayanArAyaNa vidyAnanda muni pra.sa. 1988 dvi. saM. 1925 DaoN. zarmA, vizvabandhu pra. saM. 1985 zAstrI, kailAzacandra pra. saM. 1975 sahAyaka grantha sUcI :: 159 DaoN. zAstrI, nemicandra jyotiSAcArya pra. saM. 1971

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------- -- ---- - --=-= -. -.. -- DaoN. zAstrI, nemicandra pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, zodha, saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| pra. saM. 1906 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa tIrthaMkara varddhamAna mahAvIra zAstrI, padmacandra pra. saM. 1974 zAstrI, kailAzacandra jainadharma 160: hindI ke pahAkAvyoM meM citrita bhagavAna mahAvIra dvi. saM. vI. ni. ni. saM. 2475 hi. naM. 1975 pra. gaM. 1975 zAstrI, kailAzacandra DaoN. zAstrI, devendrakumAra samaNasuttaM tIrthakara mahAvIra DaoN. zAstrI, nemicandra zAstrI, kailAzacandra zrI vIra nirvANa-grantha-prakAzana-samiti, sItalAmAtA bAjAra, indaura, mdhyprdesh| mantrI sAhitya vibhAga, bhA.. di, jaina saMgha, caurAsI, pthuraa| sarva-sevA-saMgha-prakAzana, rAjaghATa, vaaraannsii| zrI vIra nirvANa mahotsava-samiti, nImaca (mandasaura), mdhyprdesh| gaNezaprasAda varNI granthamAlA, vArANasI-51 gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA, prakAzana, vArANasI-51 nirmala prakAzana saMsthAna, bApUnagara, jypur-| omaprakAza berI, hindI pracAraka pustakAlaya, pizAva mocana, vaaraannsii-1| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha-saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| zrI digambara jaina samiti evaM sakala digambara jaina samAja ajamera, raajsthaan| pra.ma. 1968 pra. saM. 1976 pra.ma. 1971 AdepurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, dvitIya bhAga hindI mahAkAvyoM meM manovaijJAnika tatva (dvitIya bhAga) hindI mahAkAvya kA svarUpa vikAsa cAra tIrthaMkara vIrodaya mahAkAvya DaoN. saksenA, lAnatAprasAda Do. siMha, zambhUnAtha dvi. rA. 1962 saMghavI, sukhalAla jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja di. maM. 1989 dvi. saM. 1994 000