Lonjanas ke Tattva Siddhanta Adhar par Nirla Kavya ka Adhyayan

Author(s): Praveshkumar Sinh
Publisher: Ilahabad University
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010401/1

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''lojA nasa ke udAtta tatva sirAnta ke AdhAra para nira lA kAvya kA adhyayana'' ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya kI DI0 phil0 upAdhi hetu prastuta zodha-prabandha as IYOR NIVERS BADAS QUOTE EMI TOTA TRBORE zodha kartApraveza kumAra siMha nirdezakaDaoN. kizorI lAla (pUrva prAdhyApaka) hindI vibhAga ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda 2002

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ghoSaNA-patra maiM ghoSaNA karatA hU~ ki mere dvArA prastuta zodha-prabandha 'lauMjAinasa ke udAtta-tatva siddhAnta ke AdhAra para nirAlA kAvya kA adhyayana' viSaya para kiyA gayA hai| yaha zodha mere svayaM ke prayAsoM kA pratiphala hai| isa zodha-kArya ko maiMne DaoN0 kizorIlAla jI ke nirdezana meM pUrNa kiyA hai| praveza azA lilaM (praveza kumAra siMha)

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DaoN0 kizorI lAla (pUrva-prAdhyApaka) hindI-vibhAga ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ilAhAbAda pramANa-patra pramANita kiyA jAtA hai ki praveza kumAra siMha ne 'lauMjAinasa ke udAtta-tatva siddhAnta ke AdhAra para nirAlA kAvya kA adhyayana' viSaya para yaha zodha-prabandha mere nirdezana meM DI0 phil0 upAdhi hetu prastuta kiyA hai| isa zodha-prabandha kI viSaya vastu pUrNataH maulika evaM zodha-paraka hai| ataH maiM saMstuti karatA hU~ ki isa zodha-prabandha ko parIkSANArtha preSita kiyA jaay| di................ nirdezaka Canay (DaoN0 kizorI lAla)

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bhUmikA Adhunika hindI kavitA meM sUryakAnta tripAThI nirAlA jIvana-saMskRti aura racanA-karma kI vyApaka aura gahana samajha ke sAtha tulasI ke rUpa meM eka bAra puna: 'maiM hI basanta kA agradUta' kahate hue jaba sAmane Ate haiM taba varjana ke sabhI vajra-dvAra tor3ate dikhAI dete haiN| kAvya-kSetra meM jo pahala chAyAvAda meM prasAda aura panta ne kI thI usakI sarvAdhika samartha sarjanAtmaka niSpatti nirAlA ke racanAkarma meM huii| kavitA ke pUre rItivAda ko isa kavi ne cunautI dekara dhvasta kiyA aura kAvya-vastu se lekara kAvyAlayoM taka hindI kavitA ko eka navIna sRjana-bhUmi pradAna kI / nirAlA ke kAvya-sRjana ko lekara jo sabase bar3A savAla zodhakartA ko bAra-bAra mathatA rahA hai, vaha 'mAtRbhUmi', 'jUhI kI kalI' se lekara 'sAndhyakAkalI' taka kI unakI sRjana-yAtrA meM utAra na AnA rahA hai| kisa zakti se ve nintara utkarSa, viveka vyaskatA, kAvya ke hara taraha ke rItivAda se vidroha, aura vicAra dhArAoM kI parAdhInatA se mukti ko samhAlakara yogI kI taraha urdhva-sAdhanA karate rhe| "rAma kI zakti pUjA' ke rAma ve svayaM kaise bana gayeM, 'zakti kI karo maulika kalpanA' kA artha unake rAma se jyAdA una para kaise lAgU ko gyaa| yahI ve kucha mUla prazna haiN| jinhone zodhakartA ko nirAlA kI ora AkarSita kiyaa| prastuta zodha-prabandha meM nirAlA kI kAvya-sarjanA ko pAzcAtya kAvyazAstrI lauMjAinasa ke udAtta-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para sAdhane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, jo sarvathA maulika hai| prastuta zodha-prabandha ko upasaMhAra sahita kula cAra adhyAyoM meM baoNTA gayA hai| prathama adhyAya meM udAtta-prakRti aura pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke matoM vizeSakara lauMjAinasa kA AlocanAtmaka parIkSaNa kiyA gayA hai| lauMjAinasa ke pUrva kavi

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kA mukhya karma pAThaka yA zrotA ko Ananda tathA zikSA pradAna karanA, tathA gadyalekhaka yA vaktA kA mukhya-karma anunayana samajhA jAtA thaa| lauMjAinasa ne isa sUtra meM kucha kamI mahasUsa karate hue nirNAyaka rUpa se yaha siddhAnta prastuta kiyA ki kAvya aura sAhitya kA param uddezya carmollAsa pradAna karanA hai, pAThaka yA zrotA ko vedyAAntara zUnya banAnA hai| dUsare adhyAya meM kavi nirAlA kI kAvya-sarjanA kA sarjanAtmaka vikAsa unake prakAzana varSa ke krama ke anusAra dikhAyA gayA hai| agale adhyAya meM nirAlA kAvya ko lauMjAinasa ke udAtta siddhAnta ke paoNcoM AyAmoM para sAdhane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki zodha-kartA ne pUre-ke-pUre nirAlA kAvya ko lauMjAinasa ke udAtta siddhAnta ke pAMcoM AyAmoM para sAtha hI liyA ho, yadyapi koziza yahI rahI hai| isa zodha-prabandha ke cauthe adhyAya ko upasaMhAra zIrSaka diyA gayA hai jisameM pUre zodha prabandha kA niSkarSa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prastuta zodha-prabandha ke viSaya cayana se lekara isake pUrA hone taka, isa zodha-prabandha ke nirdezaka aura mere gurU DaoN0 kizorI lAla jI kA anavarata sahayoga mujhe milatA rahA hai| isake lie unake prati kRtajJatA aura AbhAra vyakta karanA aupacArika sA laga rahA hai, kyoMki binA unake sahayoga pUrNa vyavahAra ke isa zodha-prabandha kA pUrA honA sambhava hI nahIM thaa| sAtha hI maiM apane vibhAga ke una prAdhyApakoM kA bhI AbhArI hU~ jinakA jAne-anajAne sahayoga mujhe samaya-samaya para milatA rahA hai vizeSa rUpa se pro0 satyaprakAza mizra evaM pro0 rAjendra kumAra kaa| apane mitroM tIrtharAja evaM unakI patnI zrImatI zAlinI, manoja, rAjeza, rAjIva, Ananda, azoka, ghanazyAma, subodha, upendra evaM suzrI hemalatA ke prati bhI maiM AbhAra vyakta karanA cAhU~gA jina logoM kA protsAhana isa zodhaprabandha ke pUrA hone taka barAbara milatA rahA hai| sAtha hI sAtha apane

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par3osana DaoN0 nizA zrIvAstava kA bhI AbhArI hU~ jinake roja-roja ke takAje ne isa zodha-prabandha ke jaldI pUrA hone meM kahIM na kahIM sahayogI jarUra rahA hai| apanI mamatAmayI mA~ zrI matI moharamani siMha kA vAtsalya yukta snehila pyAra hamAre zodha-kArya meM preraNA-srota kA kArya kiyA hai| apane agraja sarva zrI zivapUjana siMha, zatrudhna siMha evaM pramoda siMha evaM tInoM bhAbhiyoM ke prati kRtajJatA vyakta karanA mahaja aupAcArikatA hogI, jisake lie merA aMrtaman gavAhI nahIM de rahA hai| mere pitA sva0 zrI rAmadhArI siMha ke asAmayika nidhana ke bAda mere agraja bhAiyoM ne na sirpha mujhe pitA-tulyasaMrakSaNa diyA apitu unake dvArA diyA gayA protsAhana aura prayAga ke isa lambeM pravAsa ke daurAna anavarata dI gayI Arthika surakSA ne mujhe mAnasika rUpa se tanAva mukta rakhA, jisake kAraNa hI yaha zodha-prabandha pUrA ho skaa| parivAra ke anya sadasyoM ke sAtha-sAtha AbhArI hU~ apane agraja zrI zatrughna siMha ke samasta sahakarmiyoM kA bhI jinakA protsAhana mujhe barAbara milatA rhaa| maiM apanI jIvana-saMginI zrI matI arUNimA siMha evaM unake pitR-gRha ke sabhI janoM ke prati vizeSa AbhAra vyakta karanA cAhU~gA, jinhoneM na kevala isa zodha-prabandha ko pUrA karane ke lie nirantara protsAhita kiyA apitu mujhe kaI pArivArika jimmedAriyoM se bhI mukta rkhaa| maiM rAjendrA kampyuTara senTara ke 'samIra' kA bhI AbhArI hU~ jinake sahayoga-pUrNa vyavahAra ne isa zodha-prabandha ko taiyAra karane meM kAphI madada kI hai| isa zodha-prabandha ke lie adhyayana sAmagrI maiMne ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ke kendrIya pustakAlaya, banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke kendrIya pustakAlaya aura hindI sAhitya sammelana evaM ilAhAbAda saMgrahAlaya se bhI prApta kI hai| isalie maiM ina saMsthAoM ke karmacAriyoM ko dhanyavAda denA caahuuNgaa| basa itanA hii| dinAMka 15.8.2002 praveza kumAra siMha

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viSaya-vastu bhUmikA pRSThasaMkhyA adhyAya eka 7-26 (1) udAtta-prakRti aura pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke matoM vizeSakara lauMjAinasa kA AlocanAtmaka priikssnn| (2) udAtta kA svarUpa (ka) antaraMga tatva (I) ananta vistAra (II) asAdhAraNa zakti aura vega (III) alaukika aizvarya (IV) uttakRSTa evaM sthAyI prabhAva kSamatA (kha) bahiraMga tatva (I) alaMkAroM kI samucita yojanA (II) utkRSTa-bhASA (III) garimAmaya racanA-vidhAna (ga) virodhI tatva (1) abhivyakti meM kSudratA (II) bhAva mImAMsA adhyAya- do 27-44 (1) nirAlA kAvya kA sarjanAtmaka-vikAsa (ka) anAmikA (prathama) (kha) parimala (ga) gItikA

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45-171 (gha) anAmikA (dvitIya) (Da) tulasIdAsa (ca) kukuramuttA (cha) aNimA (ja) belA (jha) naye patte (Ta) ArAdhanA (Tha) gIta-kuMja (Da) sAndhya-kAkalI adhyAya-tIna nirAlA kAvya kA lauMjAinasa ke udAtta-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para AlocanAtmaka parIkSaNa / (1) mahAna avadhAraNAoM kI kSamatA (ka) samAjika yathArtha viSayaka audAtya / (kha) prakRti ke mAnavIkaraNa meM kavi kA audaaty| (ga) saundarya ke mA~sala-citraNa meM kavi kA audaaty| (gha) vaiyaktika duHkhAnubhUti kA audaaty| (Da) Avega mUlaka bhayaMkaratA kA audAtya (2) bhAvAvega kI tIvratA (ka) ujjavala udAtta sAMskRtika Avega (kha) nava jAgRti kA AhvAna (ga) purUSatva kA samAveza (gha) kAnti kA mAnavIkaraNa (Da) kavi kA virodhI svr|

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(ca) atIta kI smRti / (cha) yuddhonmAda kA citr| (ja) bhaviSya ke prati AzAvAdI dRssttikonn| (3) samucita alaMkAra yojanA (k)anupraas| (kha) smbodhn| (ga) purnarUkti prkaash| (gha) prshnaalNkaar| (Da) virodhAbhAsa (c)ruupk| (cha)- maanviikrnn| (4) utkRSTa bhASA-prayoga (ka) nirAlA kAvya meM oja kI prvaah-puurnntaa| (kha) nirAlA kAvya meM ruupk-yojnaa| (ga) upamAoM evaM ati-yuktiyoM kA ucit-pryog| (5) garimAmaya racanA-vidhAna (ka) nirAlA kA bimbagat vaishisstty| (kha) nirAlA kI chandagat mauliktaa| (ga) prakRti kA maanviikrnn| (Da) atIta kA vartamAna se sAmaMjasya / adhyAya-cAra 172-179 upasaMhAra sandarbha grantha sUcI - 180-183

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'udAtta kA svarUpa udAtta zabda 'dA' dhAtu se 'ut' evaM 'A' upasarga tathA 'tta' pratyaya ke yoga se banA hai| 'dA' dAne arthAta 'dA' dhAtu dAna athavA dene ke artha meM prayukta hotI haiN| 'ut' upasarga kA artha Upara kI ora jAnA yA Upara kI ora uThanA hai 'A' upasarga 'cAro ora se' yA samuccaya rUpa se ke artha meM prayukta hotI hai| 'tta' pratyaya 'bhAva' yA 'hone' artha meM hai| arthAt udAtta kA vyutpatti janita artha huA-aisA dAna (dene vAlA) jo samuccaya rUpa se Upara kI ora uThAtA hai| yA sabhI ora se utkarSaNa karatA hai|' koSa granthoM ke anusAra 'udAtta' kA sAmAnya artha dayAlu, tyAgI, dAtA hRdaya ko sparza karane vAlA, udAra uttama, zreSTha, sazakta evaM samartha Adi hai| karunA, nidhAna evaM anugrahI Adi bhI isake paryAya hai| udAtta kA aMgrejI paryAya 'sablAima' hai jisakA artha hai(ka)ka mAnavIya kriyA-kalApa evaM cintana Adi ke zreNThatam kSetroM se sambaddha vicAra satya evaM viSaya / (kha) vyakti aisA ho jo apane svabhAva, caritra, ucca kula, prajA evaM AdhyAtmika vaiziSTya ke dUsaroM se bahuta U~ce sthita hoN| (ga) prakRti evaM kalA ke kSetra kI aisI vastueM jo apanI mahattA abAdha zakti evaM vyApaka Adi ke kAraNa mana ko avibhUta karatI ho evaM saMbhrama karatI 1. DaoN0 prema sAgara ke matAnusAra, 'udAtta bhAvanA' eka vizleSaNa pRSTha-(1) 2. vRhat paryAyavAcI koSa, pRSTha ja- (22) / ka. mAnaka hindI koza, pahalA khaNDa - pRSTha - 345 kha. vAcaspatyam dvitIya bhAga - pRSTha - 1151-62 ga. zabda-katyadruma, prathama bhAga pRSTa 237|

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hoM vAstava meM udAtta kA saMbaMdha akhila mAnavIya kriyA-kalApa AcaraNa cintana bhAva tathA prakRti ke aise rUpoM se hai jo apanI lokottaratA meM mana ko abhibhUta karatI ho aura utkarSita karatI hoM / udAtta ke saMbaMdha meM jisa pAzcAtya vidvAna kA nAma sahaja hI vidvAnoM ko apanI tarapha AkarSita karatA hai vaha nAma hai "lauMjAinasa " / aura usake nAma se jo grantha sambaddha aura prasiddha hai vaha hai 'perihupsusa' / zatAbdiyoM kI upekSA aura vismRti ke bAda 'perihupsusa' 1954 I0 meM prakAzita huA jisakA zreya 'roberatello' nAmaka eka itAvalI vidvAna ko hai| 'perihupsusa' mUla rUpa se yUnAnI me likhI gayI hai jisakA aMgrejI anuvAda 'sablAima' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA haiM, jisakA zAbdika artha 'udAtta' hai| 'perihupsusa' kAvya nirUpaka grantha nahIM hai, yaha patra ke rUpa meM 'kostumiusa terentiyAnusa' nAmaka eka romI yuvaka ko sambodhita hai jo lauMjAinasa kA mitra yA ziSya rahA hogaa| patra kI bhASA yUnAnI (grIka) hai| lauMjAinasa ke pahale jisa vyakti ne 'udAtta' kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA usa vyakti kA nAma 'kekiliyasa thA, kintu isameM lauMjAinasa ko aneka truTiyA~ dikhAyI par3I / (1) viSaya kI paribhASA kA abhAva / (2) una paddhatiyoM ke vivecana kA abhAva jinakI sahAyatA se koI apanI zakti vikasita kara udAtta sI U~cAI taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| ( 3 ) bhAva jaise pramukha tatva ke nirUpaNa kA abhAva / (4) udAharaNoM kA anApekSita bAhulya / 1. di AksaphorDa iMgliza DiksanarI, vA dasa pRSTha 31-32 / 9

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kekiliusa kI isa kRti para lauMjAinasa ne pahale bhI kabhI terentiyAnusa ke sAtha vicAra-vimarza kiyA thA, usI ko vizad rUpa dete hue, lipibaddha karate hue aura kekeliusa kI truTiyoM kA yathAsaMbhava nirAkaraNa karate hue lauMjAinasa ne yaha racanA kii| 'perihupsusa' lagabhaga 60 pRSThoM kI laghukAya kRti hai, jisame choTe bar3e (44) adhyAya haiN| adhyAyoM kA AkAra bahuta hI asamAna hai| kula adhyAya do-tIna pRSThoM ke haiM to kucha kevala sAta-ATha paMktiyoM ke / isakA kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki kaI adhyAyoM ke aMza khaNDita haiN| pUrI pustaka kA prAyaH eka tihAI bhAga lupta hai| manuSyoM kI taraha kRtiyoM ke bhI bhAgya sote-jAgate rahate haiN| isake agaNita udAharaNoM meM 'perihupsusa' bhI hai| kAvya-zAstrIya itihAsa kA nizcaya hI yaha bahuta bar3A saubhAgya hai ki 'perihupsusa' jaisI mahatvapUrNa kRti khaNDita rUpa meM hI sahI prakAza meM aayii| vidvAnoM ne eka svara meM isa kRti aura kRtikAra kI prazaMsA kI hai| adhyAyAnusAra 'perihupsusa' kI viSaya-sUcI isa-prakAra hai:(1) adhyAya (1) se 7 : bhUmikA-grantha kA prayojana, udAtta kI paribhASA, katipaya doSoM kA vivecana aadi| (2) adhyAya 8 se 15: udAtta ke paoNca srotoM kA nirdezaH unake vicAra kI garimA tathA bhAva kI prabalatA kA niruupnn| (3) adhyAya 16 se 29: alaMkAroM kA niruupnn| (4) adhyAya 30 se 38: zabda, rUpaka, bimba Adi kA niruupnn| (5) adhyAya 39 se 40: racanA kI bhavyatA kA nirUpaNa / (6) adhyAya 41 se 43: dRSTibheda meM udAtta virodhI kucha anya doSoM kI carcA / (7) adhyAya 44: upasaMhAra-yUnAna ke naitika- sAhityika hAsa ke kAraNoM kA saMdhAna /

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lauMjAinasa se pUrva kavi kA mukhya karma pAThaka, srotA ko Ananda tathA zikSA pradAna karanA, gadya lekhaka yA vaktA kA mukhya-karma anunayana samajhA jAtA thaa| yadi homara kAvya kI saphalatA zrotAoM ko mugdha karane meM mAnatA thA, to erisTophenisa kavi kA kartavya pAThakoM ko sudhAranA mAnatA thaa| isI prakAra vaktA yA RHETOICIAN kA guNa samajhA jAtA thA- saMtulita bhASA, suvyavasthita tarka dvArA zrotA ke mastiSka para isa taraha chA jAnA ki vaha vaktA kI bAta mAna le| isa prakAra lauMjAinasa se pUrva sAhityakAra kA kartavya -karma samajhA jAtA thA-"To instruet to delight to persuadi" arthAta zikSA denA AhlAda pradAna karanA aura prayatna utpanna krnaa| lauMjAinasa ne anubhava kiyA ki isa sUtra meM kucha kamI hai, kyoMki kAvya meM ina tInoM bAtoM se kucha adhika hotA hai| aisA anubhava karate samaya kadAcit unake mana meM 'I on ' kI nimna paMktiyoM kI praticchAyA rahI ho| "The muse firest of all inspires men ---for all good poets -----compose there beautiful poems not by art but because they are inspired and possessed ----- when he has not attained to this state, he has power less and is unable to utter his oraels" lauMjAinasa kAvya ke lie bhAvotkarSa ko mUlatatva, ati Avazyaka tatva mAnatA thaa| usane nirNAyaka rUpa se yaha siddhAnta prastuta kiyA ki kAvya yA sAhitya kA param uddezya cararmollAsa pradAna karanA hai, pAThaka yA zrotA ko vedyAntara zUnya banAnA hai| isI bAta ko bAda meM calakara jobArTa ne ina zabdoM meM kahA" Nothing is poetry unless it transports" aura DikvinsI ne isake AdhAra para sAhitya ke do bhedaH-(1) jJAna kA sAhitya (2) zakti kA sAhitya kie, tathA kahA ki pahale kA kArya zikSA denA tathA dUsare kA kArya Ananda pradAna karanA hai| yadyapi lauMjAinasa ne 'kalpanA' zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA tathA usakA spaSTa mata thA

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ki sAhitya kA saMbaMdha tarka se nahIM hai, vaha kalpanA dvArA pAThaka ko abhibhUta karatA hai, yadi usane 'iliyaTa' ko 'oDaisI' se DimosthanIja ko sisaro se zreSTha mAnA to isakA kAraNa yahI thA ki 'iliyaTa' meM jIvana - Avega pragADha anubhUti, gati zakti aura vega tathA yathArtha bimba- vidhAna 'oDaisI' se kahI adhika the| isI prakAra sisaro kI zailI zithila aura sAmAnya se bhArAkAnta thI, to DimosthanIja kI zailI meM jIvana, Avega, gati, tatparatA, pracuratA Adi guNa the, jinake kAraNa pAThaka kI cetanA pUrNataH avibhUta ho jAtI thii| lauMjAinasa ne 'udAtta' kI koI paribhASA nahIM dI hai, use eka svataH spaSTa tathya mAnakara chor3a diyA hai| unakA mata hai ki udAttA sAhitya ke hara guNoM meM mahAna hai, yaha vaha guNa hai jo anya kSudra truTiyoM ke bAvajUda sAhitya ko sacce artho meM prabhAvapUrNa banA detA hai| unakI yaha dRSTi vyAvahArika tathA manauvaijJAnika donoM prakAra kI thI, ataH usane eka ora udAtta ke bahiraMga tatvoM kI carcA kI, dUsarI ora usake aMtaraMga tatvoM kI ora bhI saMketa kiyaa| udAtta ke isa vivecana meM unhoneM pA~ca bAtoM ko Avazyaka ThaharAyA: (1) mahAna dhAraNAoM yA vicAroM kI kSamatA | ( 2 ) bhAvAvega kI tIvratA / (3) samucita alaMkAra - yojanA | (4) utkRSTa-bhASA / (5) garimAmaya racanA - vidhAna | isameM se prathama do janmajAta haiM, ataH udAtta ke antaraMga pakSa ke antargata Ate haiN| to zeSa tIna kalAgat hai aura bahiraMga ke antargata Ate haiN| unhoMne apanI bAta ko spaSTa karane ke lie una tatvoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jo audAtya ke virodhI haiN| isa prakAra unake udAtta ke svarUpa vivecana ke tIna pakSa ho jAte haiN| 121

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(1) aMtaraMga ttv| (2) bahiraMga ttv| (3) virodhI ttv| (1) antaraMga tatva:- lauMjAinasa ne apanI pustaka 'Ana di sablAima' meM audAtya ke paoNca udgama srotoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai, jinameM do janmajAta yA aMtaraMga haiM aura zeSa tIna klaagt| ina pA~coM meM prathama aura sarvapramukha hai, mahAna dhAraNAoM kI kSamatA.... dUsarA hai uddAma aura preraNA-prasUta aaveg| audAtya ke ye do ataeva lagabhaga janmajAta hote haiM arthAt ina donoM tatvoM kA saMbaMdha AtmA kI garimA se hai: "isalie isa viSaya meM bhI....yathA sambhava hameM apanI AtmA meM udAtta vicAroM kA poSaNa karanA cAhie aura use bhavya preraNAoM se paripUrita rakhanA caahie| isako isa prakAra bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki "audAtya mahAn AtmA kI pratidhvani hai|" isa prakAra udAtta ke do aMtaraMga tatva haiM : udAtta-vicAra aura preraNA-prasUta Avega ina donoM meM bhI mukhya hai- aaveg| "maiM yaha bAta pUrNa vizvAsa ke sAtha kaha sakatA hU~ ki jo Avega unmAda utsAha ke uddAma vega se phUTa par3atA hai aura isa prakAra se vaktA ke zabdoM ko vikSepa se paripUrNa kara detA hai, usake yathA-sthAna vyakta hone se svara meM jaisA audAtya AtA hai, vaha atyanta durlabha hai| lauMjAinasa ne kevala preraNA-prasUta bhavya-Avega ko hI audAtya kA udgama mAnA hai| Avega ke sabhI rUpa udAtta nahIM hote aura svabhAvataH ve udAtta- kalA kI sRSTi nahIM kara skte| ataH audAtya aura Avega ko paryAya mAnanA bhUla hogii| bhavya Avega se abhiprAya aise Avega kA hai jisase "hamArI AtmA jaise apane Apa hI Upara uThakara garva se uccAkAza meM vicaraNa karane 1. kAvya meM udAtta tatva (DaoN0 nagendra) pRSTha-53-55 13

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lagatI hai tathA harSa aura ullAsa se paripUrNa ho uThatI hai| isI prakAra kA Avega udAtta kI sRSTi karatA hai| isake viparIta kucha "aise bhI Avega hote haiM jo audAtya se bahuta dUra haiM, aura jo nimnatara koTi ke haiM, jaise dayA, zoka bhaya aadi| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki isa prakAra ke bhAva udAtta kI sRSTi meM sarvathA asamartha hI nahIM varan bAdhaka bhI hote haiN| lauMjAinasa kA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki" sacce bAgmI (kalAkAra) ko nizcaya hI kSudra aura hInatara bhAvoM se mukta honA cAhie kyoMki yaha saMbhava nahIM hai ki jIvana-bhara kSudra uddezyoM aura vicAroM meM grasta vyakti koI stutya evaM amara racanA kara ske|" "mahAna zabda unhIM ke mukha se niHsRta hote haiM, jinake vicAra gambhIra aura gahana hoN| eka dUsare prakAra se bhI DaoN0 nagendra ne udAtta ke Antarika svarUpa kI vyAkhyA kI hai aura vaha hai prabhAva vrnnn| prabhAva varNana dvArAH udAtta kA prabhAva atyanta prabala aura durnivAra hotA hai|" vAstava meM mahAna racanA vahI hai jisase prabhAvita honA kaThina hI nahIM lagabhaga asambhava ho jAya aura jisakI smRti itanI gaharI ho ki miTAe na mitte| sAdhAraNa audAtya ke una udAharaNoM ko hI zreSTha aura saccA mAnanA cAhie jo saba vyaktiyoM ko sarvadA Ananda de ske| "bajrapAta kA binA palaka jhapakAe sAmanA karanA to AsAna hai, kintu eka ke bAda eka tIvra gati se hone vAle usa bhAva visphoTa ko avicala dRSTi se dekhanA sambhava nhiiN|" 1. kAvya meM udAtta tatva (DaoN0 nagendra) pRSTha-52 2. kAvya meM udAtta tatva (DaoN0 nagendra) pRSTha-54 3. kAvya meM udAtta tatva (DaoN0 nagendra) pRSTha-99-100 4. kAvya meM udAtta tatva (DaoN0 nagendra) pRSTha-52 5. kAvya meM udAtta tatva (DaoN0 nagendra) pRSTha-52 14

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yahI kAraNa hai ki sampUrNa vizva bhI mAnava mastiSka ke vicAra aura cintana ke lie paryApta nahIM lagatA aura prAyaH hamArI kalpanA diganta ko pAra kara jAtI hai| "kAraNa yahI hai ki hama svabhAva se hI choTI-choTI dhArAoM kI praMzasA nahIM karate, cAhe ve kitanI hI upayogI aura nirmala kyoM na ho, balki nIla nadI, DenyUba, athavA rAina aura ina sabase adhika mahAsAgara se prabhAvita hote haiN| ina saba viSayoM meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jo kucha upayogI tathA Avazyaka hai use manuSya sAdhAraNa mAnatA hai, apane sambhrama kA bhAva to vaha una padArthoM ke lie hI surakSita rakhatA hai jo vismaya-vimUDha kara dene vAle haiM? "aura sabhI guNa jahA~ yaha siddha karate haiM ki usako dhAraNa karane vAle munaSya haiM vahA~ audAtya lekhaka ko Izvara ke samIpa le jAtA hai, jahA~ doSa-mukta hone para AlocanAoM se chuTakArA milatA hai, vahA~ garimA Adara aura vismaya ko janma detI hai|" vivecana :- bhAratIya kAvya-zAstra kI zabdAvalI meM uparyukta uddharaNoM meM udAtta ke vibhAva evaM bhAva donoM pakSoM kA varNana hai| vibhAva se abhiprAya bhAva ke kAraNa kA hai, aura bhAva kA artha hai anubhuuti| ina vAkyoM meM udAtta bhAvanA ko janma dene vAle kAraNoM arthAt, usake Alambana pakSa kA aura udAtta bhAvanA ke anubhUti pakSa kA vivecana milatA hai| vibhAva pakSaH- (ka) vibhAva Alambana rUpa meM udAtta ke tatva haiM:(i) ananta vistAraH- (ka) sampUrNa vizva bhI paryApta nahIM lagatA aura prAyaH hamArI kalpanA diganta ko pAra kara jAtI hai|" 1. kAvya meM udAtta tatva (DaoN0 nagendra) pRSTha-99-100 2. kAvya meM udAtta tatva (DaoN0 nagendra)pR0 -100-101 15

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(kha) balki nIla nadI, DenyUba aura ina sabase adhika mahAsAgara se prabhAvita hote haiN| (ii) asAdhAraNa zakti aura vega :- na hama use ebanA ke jvAlAmukhiyoM kI apekSA adhika vismayakArI mAnate haiM, jo apane visphoTa meM atala-garbha se bar3e-bar3e patthara aura bRhadkAra zilAkhaNDa bAhara pheMkate rahate haiM aura kabhI-kabhI jinake garbha se vizuddha aura AtabhauMma jvAlA kA nada pravAha umar3atA calA jAtA hai| (iii) alaukika aizvaryaH- sabhI guNa jahA~ yaha siddha karate haiM ki unako dhAraNa karane vAle manuSya haiM vahA~ audAtya lekhaka ko Izvara ke (aizvarya ke) samIpa le AtA hai| (iv) utkaTa evaM sthAyI prabhAva kSamatAH(ka) bajrapAta kA binA palaka jhapakAe sAmanA karanA to AsAna hai, kintu eka ke bAda eka tIvragati se hone vAle usa bhAva visphoTa ko avikala na honA kaThina hI nahIM lagabhaga asambhava ho jAe aura jisakI smRti itanI prabala aura gaharI ho ki miTAe na mitteN|" bahiraMga tatvaH-lauMjAinasa ke nibandha kA mukhya pratipAdya udAtta-zailI hI hai-arthAt unakA dhyAna mUlataH una tatvoM para hI kendrita rahA hai jinake dvArA kAvya kI zailI udAtta banatI hai| spaSTataH ye udAtta ke bahiraMga-tatva haiM, svayaM lekhaka ke zabdoM meM ye "kalA kI upaja" haiN|' 1) alaMkAroM kI samucita yojanAH- jisake antargat bhAva aura abhivyakti donoM hI se saMbaMdhita alaMkAra A jAte hai| (ii) utkRSTa bhASA :- jisake antargat zabda cayana, rUpakAdi kA prayoga aura bhASA kI sajjA samRddhi Adi guNa A jAte hai| 1. kAvya meM udAtta tatva - DaoN0 narendra-pRSTha-53 16

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(iii) garimAmaya racanA-vidhAna :- lauMjAinasa ne vistAra se ina tInoM tatvoM ko lekara apane vicAra pragaTa kie hai| samucita alaMkAra-yojanA :isa prasaMga meM lekhaka ne do tathyoM ko grahaNa kiyA hai| (I) alaMkAra-vidhAna kA aucitya / (ii) udAtta ke poSaka alaMkAroM kA nirdesh| apanI mUla dhAraNA ke anurUpa hI lauMjAinasa alaMkAra-vidhAna meM aucitya ko prAthamikatA dete haiM, udAtta-zailI ke nirmANa me alaMkAroM kA prayoga to Avazyaka hotA hI hai, kintu usase bhI adhika Avazyaka prayoga kA aucitya jo sthAna DhaMga paristhiti aura uddezya ke Upara nirbhara rahatA, arthAta bhavya se bhavya alaMkAra bhI usI sthiti meM udAtta kA poSaka ho sakatA hai jaba usakA prayoga sthAna paristhiti rIti aura uddezya ke anukUla ho| vAstava meM alaMkAra prayoga kI sArthakatA to taba hai jaba vaha prasaMga kA sahaja aMga banakara Ae aura isa bAta para bhI kisI kA dhyAna na jAe ki yaha alaMkAra hai| saMkSepa meM lauMjAinasa kI "Ana dI sablAima" nAmaka pustaka meM udAtta Alambana ke guNa haiM, jIvanta Avega, pracuratA, tatparatA jahA~ upayukta ho vahA~ gati tathA aisI zakti aura vega jisakI samatA karanA saMbhava nhiiN|" bhAva-pakSaH- udAtta kI anubhUti ke aMtartatva isa prakAra hai:" mana kI UrjAH- arthAt AtmA kA utkarSa karane vAlI prabala anubhUti; lauMjAinasa ne do prakAra ke AvegoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai eka utsAha Adi jinase AtmA kA utkarSa hotA hai aura do bhaya-zoka Adi hInatara Avega jo AtmA kAapakarSa karate haiN| udAtta kI anubhUti pahalI koTi me AtI hai|" jisase hamArI AtmA jaise apane Apa hI Upara uThakara garva se uccAkAza meM 17

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vicaraNa karane lagatI haiN| bhAratIya kAvyazAstra meM jise citta kI 'dIpti' yA 'sphIti' kahA hai| (ii) ullAsaH- (ka) jisase hamArI AtmA harSa va ullAsa se paripUrNa ho jAtI (kha) sAdhAraNataH audAtya ke una udAharaNoM ko zreSTha saccA mAnanA cAhie jo saba vyaktiyoM ko sarvadA Ananda de skeN| (iii) saMbhrama arthAt Adara aura vismayaH- jo kucha bhI upayogI tathA Avazyaka hai use manuSya sAdhAraNa mAnatA hai, apane saMbhrama kA bhAva to vaha una padArtho ke lie hI surakSita rakhatA hai jo vismaya- vimUDha kara dene vAle haiN| (iv) avibhUti arthAt sampUrNa cetanA ke abhibhUta ho jAne kI anubhUtiH-udAtta kI anubhUti kA antima rUpa yahI hai: UrjA ullAsa sambhrama Adi ke sammilita-prabhAva rUpa aMtataH hamArI sampUrNa-cetanA abhibhUta ho jAtI hai lauMjAinasa ne "vismaya -vimUDha" zabda ke dvArA isI bhAva ko vyakta kiyA hai| tAki dhyAna na jAe ki yaha alaMkAra hai|' spaSTataH kalA kI yahI sabase bar3I siddhi hai ki usake prayoga ke viSaya meM pramAtA ko sandeha taka na ho, paravartI AlocanA zAstra meM ise hI kalA kA Atmagopana kahA gayA hai jaba alaMkAroM kA prakopa svatantra rUpa meM hone lagatA hai, arthAta jaba ve sAdhya bana jAte haiM to unakA uddezya hI viphala ho jAtA hai isalie lauMjAinasa alaMkAra prayoga ke lie yaha Avazyaka mAnate haiM ki vaha sAdhana-rUpa ho, prasaMgAnukUla ho, aticAra se mukta ho aura athalaja ho, kama se kama atyanaja pratIta ho kyoM ki kalA-prakRti ke samAna pratIta hone para hI sampUrNa hotI hai| 1. kAvya meM udAtta tatva - DaoN0 nagendra - pRSTha-77 2. kAvya meM udAtta tatva - DaoN0 nagendra - pRSTha-74

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udAtta ke poSaka alaMkAroM meM rUpaka ke atirakti lauMjAinasa ne vistAraNA, zapathokti (saMbodhana) praznAlaMkAra viparyaya, vyatikrama, punarAvRtti, chinna -vAkya, pratyakSIkaraNa, saMcayana, sAra rUpa parivartana, paryAyokti Adi kA manauvaijJAnika paddhati se vivecana kiyA hai| (I) vistAraNa:- kisI viSaya ke sampUrNa aMgoM aura aMgabhUta prasaMgoM ke samudAya kA nAma vistAraNa hai jisase viSaya ke vistAra dvArA yukti meM bala A jAtA hai| isake tatva haiM- vivaraNa aura prAcUrya / (ii) zapathoktiH - isameM Antarika zapatha ke dvArA oja aura vizvAsa ke aMkura utpanna kie jAte haiN| (iii) praznAlaMkAra:- paramparA ke anusAra vaktA svaMya prazna karake zIghra hI samAdhAna karane me yadi saphala ho jAtA hai to usakA yaha vaktavya atyanta udAtta aura vizvAsotpAdaka bana jAtA hai| (iv) viparyaya aura vyatikamaH- isameM zabdoM athavA vicAroM ke sahaja vyaktIkaraNa meM ulaTaphera kiyA jAnA svAbhAvika hai jisa prakAra manuSya vAstava meM kodha, bhaya, manyu, ISyA athavA kisI anya bhAvanA se, kyoMki Avega aneka aura asaMkhya haiM aura unakI gaNanA saMbhava nahIM, uttejita hokara kabhI-kabhI dUsarI ora mu~ha phera lete haiM, apane mukhya viSaya ko chor3akara dUsare para lapaka uThate haiM aura bIca meM hI koI sarvathA asaMbaddha bAta le Ate haiM aura phira usI prakAra acAnaka hI tejI se ghUmakara apane mukhya viSaya para lauTa Ate haiM aura bAta-caka kI bhA~ti apane vega paricAlita hokara jaldI -jaldI idhara-udhara bahakate ve apanI zabdAvalI ko vicAroM ko, aura unake sahaja kama ko, nAnA prakAra ke asaMkhya rUpoM meM badalate rahate haiM, usI prakAra zreSTha lekhaka viparyaya ke dvArA isa sahaja prabhAva ko yathA sambhava abhivyakta karate haiN| 19

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(v) punarAvRtti aura chinna-vAkyaH- ina alaMkAroM meM jaMba taka Atmika udAttatA kI sAmagrI nahIM AegI taba taka AtmA meM Avega aura saMkSobha kI abhivyakti se manodazA meM aneka manovegoM kA uThanA svAbhAvika hai| isalie bAdhya hokara prayoktA ko chinna vAkyoM aura punarAvRttiyoM kA sahArA lenA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| (vi) pratyakSIkaraNa:- pratyakSIkaraNa meM sAkSAt varNana kI kSamatA rahatI hai| samasta varNya-viSaya jIvanta-sA ho uThatA hai| isa alaMkAra kA prayoga prAyaH punarAvRtti aura chinna vAkya Adi ke sahayoga meM hI hotA hai| (vii) sAraH- isameM varNya-vastu ko udAtta-tatva kI dRSTi meM asAdhAraNa kI pravRtti utpanna hotI hai| tathA varNya-vastu meM lagAtAra udAtta kA abhivyaktikaraNa rahatA hai| (viii) rUpa-parirvatana:- yaha alaMkAra vacana, kAla, purUSa, kAraka aura liMga ke parivartana dvArA viSaya ke pratipAdana meM vividhatA aura sajIvatA utpanna karatA hai| (vx) purUSa- parivartana:- purUSa-parivartana meM anya purUSa ke lie prAyaH madhyama purUSa ke prayoga dvArA (athavA anya prakAra ke viparyaya dvArA) pratyakSa prabhAva utpanna kiyA jAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI aisA hotA hai ki lekhaka kisI anya vyakti ke bAre me bAta karate-karate ekAeka bAta ko kATakara svayaM apane Apako usa vyakti kA rUpa de detA hai| (x) paryAyoktiH - isameM bAta ko bahuta taraha se sajAkara camatkAra ke sAtha kahA jAtA hai| jaise mRtyu ke lie 'niyata-mArga' kA pryog| uparyukta alaMkAroM ke atirikta rUpaka aura atizayokti kA bhI udAtta zailI ke nirmANa meM yogadAna hai| utkRSTa-bhASA:- udAtta-zailI kA mukhya tatva hai utkRSTa bhASA, lauMjAinasa ne 'Ana di sablAima' nAmaka pustaka meM vicAra aura pad-vinyAsa ko eka dUsare 20

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ke Azrita mAnA hai| ataeva svabhAvataH udAtta kI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama utkRSTa yA garimAmayI bhASA ho sakatI hai| bhASA kI garimA kA mUla AdhAra hai zabda-saundarya, jisakA artha hai 'uparyukta aura prabhAvaka' zabda pryog| sundara zabda hI vAstava meM vicAra ko vizeSa prakAra kA Aloka pradAna karate haiN| unhIM ke dvArA pratyakSa rUpa meM kisI racanA meM sundaratam mUrtiyoM kI bhaoNti bhavyatA saundarya, garimA, oja aura zakti tathA anya zreSTha guNoM kA AvirbhAva hotA hai aura mRta-prAya vastueM jIvanta ho uThatI hai| kintu 'garimAmayI bhASA' kA upayoga sarvatra nahIM karanA cAhie kyoMki choTI-choTI bAtoM ko bar3I aura bhArI-bharakama saMjJA denA kisI se choTe bAlaka ke mu~ha para pUre AkAra vAlA trAsada abhinaya kA mukhauTA lagA dene ke samAna hai|' arthAt, garimAmayI padAvalI kA upayoga prasaMga ke anurUpa hI honA cAhie kyoMki vastu aura zabda ke bIca pUrNa sAmaMjasya binA udAtta kI yojanA ke sambhava nahIM haiN| garimA-maya evaM arjita racanA-vidhAna:- yaha udAtta-zailI kA tIsarA tatva hai|," racanA kA artha hai bhASA kA sAmaMjasya, yaha guNa svabhAva jAta hotA hai aura hamArI zravaNendriya ko hI nahIM varan hamArI AtmA taka ko prabhAvita karatA hai racanA-vidhAna ke arntagat zabdoM-vicAroM, kAryoM, sundaratA tathA rAga ke aneka rUpoM kA saMgumphana hotA hai arthAt racanA kA prANa tatva hai sAmaMjasya jo udAtta-zailI ke nirmANa ke lie anivArya hai| yaha sAmaMjasya vaktA aura hamAre bIca samabhAva kI sthApanA karatA hai|" hameM bhavyatA, garimA UrjA tathA apane bhItara nihita pratyeka bhAva kI ora pravRtta karatA hai, aura isa prakAra hamAre mana ke Upara pUrNa adhikAra prApta kara letA hai|" 1. kAvya meM udAtta tatva- DaoN0 nagendra-pRSTha-91 2. kAvya meM saundarya aura udAtta tatva-ziva bAlaka rAya - pRSTha-107

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kalpanA tatva:- lauMjAinasa ne "Ana di sablAima" nAmaka pustaka meM udAtta para vicAra karate samaya prAsaMgika rUpa se bimba aura kalpanA citra pravaktA kI garimA UrjA aura zakti ke sampAdana meM bahuta kucha sahAyatA karate haiN| 'kalpanA', lekhaka ke matAnusAra usa zakti kA nAma hai jo pahale kavi varNya-viSaya kA manasA sAkSAtkAra karAtI hai aura phira bhASA meM citrAtmakatA kA samAveza kara zrotA ke manazcakSu ke sAmane use pratyakSa kara detI hai| lauMjAinasa kI kalpanA-viSayaka ukta dhAraNA Aja bhI samIcIna pratIta hotI hai| virodhI tatva:- audAtya ke virodhI tatva para vicAra karate hue lauMjAinasa ne vAleyatA kA ullekha kiyA hai| vAleya zabda kA artha hai bacakAnA-jisameM baccoM ke durguNoM kA hI prAdhAnya rahatA hai- jaise cApalya garimA kA ekAnta abhAva, saMyama kA abhAva eka prakAra kI hInatA kAyaratA aadi| spaSTatayA ye hI audAtya ke virodhI tatva hai- aura caMcala pada-gumpha, asaMyata, rUcihIna, vAsphIti hIna aura kSudra bhAvADambara va zabdADambara ye sabhI doSa udAtta ko nikRSTa banA dete haiN| vAsphIti se abhiprAya hai artha yA bhAva kI garimA ke abhAva meM anAvazyaka vAgADambara kA pryog| udAharaNArtha- vRddha jaise kSudra padArtha ke lie "jIvita samAdhi' zabda kA pryog| bhAvADambara kA artha haiM 'jahA~ kisI Avega kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai vahA~ avasara ke anupayukta aura khokhale Avega kA pradarzana kiyA jAe athavA jahA~ saMyama kI AvazyakatA hai, vahA~ asamaya dikhAI de| zabdADambara se lauMjAinasa kA Azaya vAstava meM atiyukta zabdAvalI kA hai jisake lie hindI meM 'uhA' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| jaise-strI ke lie 'vakSudaMza', putalI ke lie 'A~kha kI kumArI' Adi kA pryog| inake atirikta anya sabhI prakAra kA vivekahIna camatkAra prayoga udAtta kA virodhI hai| Age

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calakara inhIM ke AdhAra para udAtta ke viparIta rUpa 'upahAsya' kA vivecana kiyA gayA / ' abhivyakti meM kSudratAH- isI prakAra abhivyakti kI kSudratA atyadhika saMkSiptatA jaDAva saMgIta tathA laya kA Adhikya bhI udAtta - zailI ke lie ghAtaka siddha hote haiM / abhivyakti kI kSudratA kA artha hai, kSudra artha ke vAcaka zabdoM kA prayoga | udAtta - viSaya ke anurUpa udAtta - zailI meM nikRSTa aura kutsita artha ke vAcaka zabda 'bhASA para kalaMka' se pratIta hote haiN| sAtha hI ukti kI atyadhika saMkSiptatA se bhI udAttatA kA hrAsa hotA hai kyoMki bahuta hI saMkIrNa ghere me vicAra ko ha~sane se bhI garimA naSTa ho jAtI hai| "yaha Aropa samAsa - zailI ke viSaya meM nahIM hai jo ki zailI kA guNa hai," "varan aisI ukti ke viSaya meM hai jo sarvathA kSudra aura choTe-choTe bhAgoM meM khaNDita hoM, kyoMki zabdoM kI alpatA artha ko saMkucita kara detI hai|" yahI bAta jar3Ava ke viSaya haiN| aise zabda jo eka - dUsare se bahuta saTe hue hoM, choTe-choTe akSaroM meM vibhakta hoM aura nitAnta viSamatA aura karkazatA ke dvArA mAnoM lakar3I kI kIloM se eka dUsare ke sAtha jar3e hoM, udAtta zailI ke dUSaNa hote haiM aura anta meM laya evaM saMgIta kA Adhikya bhI udAtta ke prabhAva ko naSTa kara detA hai, isake kAraNa ukti meM eka prakAra kI atizaya sukumAratA kRtrimatA aura eka - rasatA utpanna ho jAtI hai| aura zrotA kA dhyAna viSaya-vastu se haTakara laya evaM saMgIta para kendrita ho jAtA hai| jaisA ki pIche saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai grIka - sAhitya cintana paramparA meM lauMjAinasa pahale vyakti haiM jinhoMne kAvya-vastu evaM kAvya - garimA kA saMbandha racayitA ke vyaktitva se sthApita karate hue use mahatva pradAna kiyaa| unase pUrva arastU ne anukRti siddhAnta dvArA prakRti ko hI kAvya kA AdhAra - srota mAnate 1. kAvya meM udAtta tatva ( DaoN0 nagendra ) - pRSTha - 109 23

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hue kavi ke nijI vyaktitva ko sarvathA upekSita evaM tirohita kara diyA thA anukRti siddhAnta ke anusAra kalA prakRti kI anukRti hai isakA tAtparya hai ki kalA kA saundarya prakRti ke saundarya kI hI anukRti mAtra hai aisI sthiti meM kalAkAra kA kyA yogadAna hai| kevala anukRti prastuta kara denA to koI bahuta bar3I bAta nahIM haiN| lauMjAinasa ne anukRti siddhAnta kI sarvathA upekSA karate hue kavi ke vyaktitva kI viziSTitA evaM racanA kI maulikatA kA pratipAdana kiyA jo usakI nUtana dRSTi kA pramANa hai| vastutaH jahA~ pleTo ghora 'AdarzavAdI thA arastU vastuvAdI yA yarthAthavAdI vahA~ lauMjAinasa svachandatAvAdI ( romAMTika) thaa| pAzcAtya paramparA meM kavi vyaktitva ko mahatva pradAna karane ke kAraNa hI lauMjAinasa ko pahalA romAMTika Alocaka mAnA jAtA hai jo ThIka hI hai| dUsare audAtya siddhAnta kI pratiSThA bhI sarvaprathama lauMjAinasa dvArA huI / Age calakara vibhinna pAzcAtya AlocakoM evaM kalA - mImAMsako ne kalA ke do pramukha tatvoM ke antargat saundarya evaM audAtya ko sarvocca sthAna pradAna kiyA hai tathA kAnTa, hIgala, kairiTa saitAyana prabhRti - saundarya - zAstriyoM ne inakI vistAra se mImAMsA kI hai vastutaH Adhunika kalA-samIkSA meM arastU ke anukRti - siddhAnta kI apekSA audAtya ko hI adhika mahatva prApta hai| tIsare lauMjAinasa kA dRSTikoNa jitanA gambhIra hai unakA vivecana-vizleSaNa bhI utanA hI sUkSma evaM vyApaka hai, ve audAtya ko eka vyApaka rUpa pradAna karate haiM, ki usake antargat kavi kA vyaktitva vicAra-tatva, bhAva - tatva, zailI kA alaMkaraNa, zabda cayana racanA ke guNa-doSa Adi sabhI pramukha tatva samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| ve racanA kI sarjanA - prakriyA se lekara usakI AsvAdana - prakriyA taka kI sthitiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue usake sabhI mahatvapUrNa pakSoM kI vyAkhyA sarvathA - nUtana, maulika evaM praur3ha rUpa prastuta karate haiM / 24

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bhAva-mImAMsAH- bhAratIya dRSTi se lauMjAinasa kA bhAvAvegoM ko mahatva dete hue alaMkAra guNa-doSa Adi kI mImAMsA karanA vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| yadyapi lauMjAinasa ne mUlataH audAtya ko lakSya mAnA hai, para bhAvAvegoM ke udvelana evaM tajjanya Ananda kI bAta bhI unhoMne sthAna-sthAna para kI hai jo bhAratIya rasa-siddhAnta ke anukUla hai| jahA~ audAtya kI vyApaka rUpa se pratiSThA karate hue lauMjAinasa ne usakA saMbaMdha va vicAra, bhAva zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM se sthApita karane kA mahatva pUrNa kArya kiyA hai, vahA~ unakI yaha sImA bhI hai ki aisA karate samaya unhone audAtya ke mUla kSetra ko bhUlA diyA hai| audAtya kA mUla artha hai ucca-vicAra yA aisI bhAvanAe~ jo tyAga Atma-balidAna yA paropakAra kI preraka hoM, isa dRSTi se audAtya eka cAritrika yA naitika tatva hai| usakA kalA se sIdhA saMbaMdha nahIM haiM maharSi dayAnanda sarasvatI ke vicAroM meM yA mahAtmA gA~dhI ke jIvana-carita meM paryApta mAtrA meM audAtya ke hote hue bhI yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki kalAtmaka saundarya se yukta ho, kalA kA prAthamika guNa saundarya hai, audAtya usakA atirikta guNa hai| phira kalA yA kAvya meM audAtya ko sthAna audAtya ke kAraNa nahIM apitu usake kAvya saundarya ke kAraNa hI milatA hai, anyathA nahIM, udAharaNa ke lie kabIra kI nimnAMkita ukti ko lIjie "mAlI Avata dekhi kai kaliyA~ kareM pukaar| phUle-phUle cuni lie kAli hamArI bAra / / " yahA~ jisa udAtta vicAra kI abhivyakti kI gayI hai vaha apane kalAtmaka saundarya ke kAraNa hI svIkArya hai, anyathA nhiiN| yadi koI abhidhA likha de hama sabako maranA hai ataH saMsAra kA moha choDo- to yaha vAkya kAvya kI koTi meM nahIM aaegaa| yadyapi inameM audAtya hai|

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vivecana:- udAtta ke viSaya meM lauMjAinasa ke mata kA sArAMza isa prakAra hai: vibhAva rUpa meM udAtta se abhiprAya aise viSaya kA hai jo ananta vistAra asAdhAraNa zakti evaM vega, alaukika aizvarya tathA utkRSTa-prabhAva kSamatA Adi guNoM se sampanna ho| ___ bhAva rUpa meM udAtta se tAtparya ullAsa, vismaya sambhraNa Adi saMcAriyoM se puSTa, AtmA kA utkarSa karane vAlI aisI prabala anubhUti kA hai jo sampUrNa cetanA ko abhibhUta kara le| zailI ke rUpa meM udAtta meM AdhAra tatva haiM- uparyukta evaM prabhAvaka zabdoM se yukta utkRSTa bhASA, garimAmaya racanA-vidhAna, bhavya-yojanA aura prAyaH atizaya-mUlaka alaMkAroM kI yojanA jina para aucitya kA anuzAsana anivAryataH rahanA caahie| 26

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3KIRO kavi nirAlA kA tmaka vikAsa

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yadyapi nirAlA chAyAvAda ke pravartakoM meM parigaNita hote haiM, kintu nirAlA jaise aneka kSitijoM aura digaMta bhUmikAoM ke kavi ko kisI vAda kI sImA meM bA~dhanA kaThina hai| nirAlA kA yuga pramukhataH pragIta yuga rahA hai aura isa yuga kA kAvyotkarSa vastutaH pragIta kAvya kA hI utkarSa kahA jaaegaa| nirAlA vastumukhI aura citrAtmaka vizeSatAoM ke pragIta kavi haiN| pragIta paddhati meM nAda saundarya kI ora adhika dhyAna rahane se saMgIta tatva kA adhika samAveza dekhA gayA hai| saMgIta ko kAvya ke aura kAvya ko saMgIta ke adhika nikaTa lAne kA sabase adhika prayAsa nirAlA jI ne kiyA hai| nirAlA ne apane sAhitya kI racanA karate samaya zAyada yaha socakara ki unakA sAhitya svayaM nirAlA banakara yuvA pIr3hI kI paramparA se, rUDhiyoM se, sAmAjika viSamatAoM se, saMgharSa karane ke lie protsAhita karatA rahe, apane pAtroM ko bhI apane vidrohI, akkhar3a mastamaulA aura tejasvI svarUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| Aja bhI mahAmAnava va vidrohI nirAlA apane pAtroM ke mAdhyama se kaha uThatA hai: "tor3o, tor3o, tor3o kArA patthara se nikale phira gaMgA jala dhaaraa||" sacamuca yaha nirAlA kA Atma-vizvAsa bola rahA hai, patthara se gaMgA-dhArA nikAlane kA unakA yahI Atma-vizvAsa va akkhaDapana hI to unheM isa sIr3hI para lAkara khar3A kara detA hai, jahA~ unakA dIna-hIna kisAna bhI kAnti kA AhvAna karatA hai "jaga ke mahAmaya A~gana meM baraso viplava ke nvjldhr"|' 1. bAdala-rAga : nirAlA racanAvalI (1) : pRSTha-129 28

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mahAkavi nirAlA ke pAtra pUre pariveza va unakI sAmAjikatA ko ujAgira karate haiN| cAhe vaha kathA sAhitya ho, upanyAsa ho, kahAnI ho, rekhAcitra ho yA kavitA, apane pAtroM ko gar3hate samaya ve na kevala pAtroM ke caritra kA udAttIkaraNa karate haiM, varan ve anyAya, zoSaNa va rUDhiyoM ke khilApha mAnavIya mUlyoM ke usa dharAtala para cAritrika garimA ke sAtha unake pUre vyaktitva ko ubhArakara prastuta karate haiN| nirAlA kAvya kI racanA bhAva manovaijJAnika citraNa hai| mana ke Avega, mana kI nirAzA, mana kI khinnatA anekAneka bhAva jo tirohita hote haiM, una bhAvoM se pratIta hotA hai ki kavi ne manovaijJAnika zailI meM rAma ke mAnasika dharAtala kA vizleSaNa kiyA haiN| nirAlA ne kabhI bandhana svIkAra nahIM kiyA cAhe vaha maryAdApurUSotma rAma ke maryAdita caritra kA ho, ve jIvana ke kisI bhI kSetra meM nirarthaka bandhana kI bAta nahIM karate, rAma kA maryAdita svarUpa, zAnta va gambhIra vyaktitva sAhityakAroM ke lie AkarSaNa kA kendra banA rahA, parantu 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' meM rAma ko sahaja mAnava ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karane kA kAntikArI caraNa nirAlA ne apane vyaktitva ke anurUpa uThAyA thA, nirAlA ke rAma kA antardvanda aura Aveza dekhane yogya hai: "dhika jIvana jo pAtA hI AyA virodha dhik sAdhanA jisake lie sadA hI kiyA zodha jAnakI hAya uddhAra priyA kA ho na sakA vaha eka aura mana rahA rAma kA jo na thakA jo nahIM jAnatA dainya jo nahIM jAnatA viny"|' apane sampUrNa sAhitya meM nirAlA eka chAyA kI bhaoNti chAe rahate haiN| unake sAhitya ko par3hakara aisA lagatA hai mAnoM nirAlA svayaM ina vibhinna pAtroM ke mAdhyama se kabhI dIna-hIna dalita-varga ke prati sahAnubhUti prakaTa karate haiM, kabhI samAja meM 1. 'rAma kI zakti pUjA' - anAmikA-nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga-2-pRSTha-239

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AmUla parirvatana ke lie kAnti kA AhvAna karate haiM, to kabhI priyA ke prati praNaya nivedana: "maiM! na kabhI kucha kahatA, basa tumheM dekhatA rhtaa| cakita thakI citavana merI raha jAtI, dagdha hRdaya ke agaNita vyAkula-bhAva! mauna dRSTi kI hI bhASA kahalAtI / " sarjanA kA prathama sopAna:- nirAlA kI kAvya-sarjanA kA prathama sopAna 'anAmikA' ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai, jo bAlakRNNa-presa kalakalA se '1923' ke uttarArddha meM zrI 'navajAdikalAla zrIvAstava' ne prakAzita kiyA thaa| sAhitya-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se yaha saMkalana nirAlA kA prasthAna-bindu hai| yaha anubhava va abhivyakti kI anekamukhI prakRti ke kAraNa unakI AgAmI vyApaka kAvya-cetanA kI ora spaSTa saMketa kara rahA hai| vizeSataH anya samAna-dharmA kaviyoM prasAda, panta, mahAdevI kI Arambhika kavitAoM ke kaccepana kI tulanA meM 'anAmikA' ke kavi kI bhASika sarjanAtmakatA spRhaNIya hai| 'parimala' meM nirAlA kI kAvya-sAdhanA kA svarUpa:- kavi kI sarjanA kA dUsarA sopAna 'parimala' meM dikhAI detA hai jo sitambara '1929' meM prakAzita huI thI, 'parimala' meM kavi mithikIya aMza ko nae paripekSya meM vizleSita kiyaa| gvAla kavi paramparA se ba~dhe nirAlA ne paramparA amukta cintana kA prasAra aura nayI dRSTi kA viniyoga kiyA hai| yoM to 'parimala' meM prAyaH bhASA ke tatsam rUpa kA prayoga huA hai| kintu "jamunA ke prati" jaisI lakSaNA pradhAna alaMkArika kavitA ke apavAda ke sAtha lagabhaga sabhI zreSTha kavitAeM samAsa, zilpa-yojanA kI AgrahI nahIM haiN| 'jamunA ke prati' kavitA ukti-vaicitrya aura vizeSaNa bahulatA ke vAvajUda vAstavika jIvana 30

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saMvedanA se paripUrNa hai, jisameM smRti citroM ke mAdhyama se bhavya atIta ko pUrI sukumAratA ke sAtha bhASA me utArA gayA hai| "yamune terI ina laharoM meM kina adharoM kI AkulatAna pathika priyA sI jAga rahI hai usa atIta ke nIrava gAna / / chAyAvAdI kAvya ke sAtha kavitA kA zAbdika artha lene kI paramparA anupayogI siddha hotI hai, isa rUpa meM kavitA kAvya bhASA kI uttarottara, ghulanazIlatA, sUkSmatA aura anirdiSTa prakRti se adhika AtmIyatA aura Atma-vizvAsa ke sAtha jur3atI hai| kavitA kA zAbdika artha na ho sakane kI sthiti meM pAThaka aura kabhI-kabhI samIkSaka khIjhatA hai| para zreSTha kavitA kI saghana artha-prakiyA zAbdika artha na ho sakane kI sIdhI aura saralIkRta paddhati se pare hotI hai| isa dRSTi se 'parimala' kI 'mauna' kavitA pahale AtI hai: " baiTha leM kucha dera Ao eka patha ke pathika priya anta aura ananta ke sarala ati svachanda jIvana prApta ke laghupAta se utthAna patanAdhAta se raha jAe cupa nirddhnd||" 1. yamunA ke pratiH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga(1) pRSTha 115 (sampAdaka naMda kizora navala) 2. maunaH parimalaH nirAlA granthAvalI bhAga(1)-pRSTha 170 (sampAdaka- nanda kizora navala)

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isI saMgraha kI viSama mAtRkta chanda meM "praNIta', 'bAdala rAga' kavitA khar3I bolI para AdhArita kAvya-bhASA ke anupama svara-vistAra evaM nAda yojanA kI saMbhAvanA ko udghATita karatI haiM, isa kavitA meM sabya-sAcI arjuna ke rUpa meM parikalpita bAdala kA sevArata karmaTha-jIvana vizeSa pravaNatA ke sAtha mukharita huA hai| yadyapi mukta chanda kI zurUAta karane vAlI 'jUhI kI kalI', 'jAgRti meM', 'supti thI', 'zephAlikA' Adi kavitAe~ saundarya-praNaya ke vividha rUpoM ko hindI kAvya ke sandarbha meM nayA AyAma detI haiN| kintu inameM vastu saMvedanA ke prati vaiyaktika pratikriyA vyakta karane kI pravRtti hai| kisI ba~dhI-ba~dhAyI lIka para calane kA Agraha nahIM - "vijaya-vana-ballarI para sotI thI suhAga-bharI-sneha-svapna-magna amala-komala-tanu tarUNI-juhI kI kalI, dRga banda kiye, zithila-patrAMka meM bAsantI nizA thI; viraha-vidhura-priyA-saMga chor3a kisI dUra deza meM thA pavana jise kahate hai mlyaanil|" kavitA ke audAtya aura saMgIta kI mAdhurI kA samanvaya : 'parimala' ke bAda 'gItikA' (1936) ke rUpa meM kavi kA tIsarA kAvya saMkalana prakAzita huA / jo chAyAvAdI kAvya bhASA ke aura nikharane kA saMketa detA hai| 'gItikA' meM kavi ne saMgIta va kavitA ko eka dharAtala para milAne kI ceSTA kI hai| kavitA ko saMgIta se jor3ane kA eka saphala prayAsa nirAlA jI ne kiyA hai| saMgIta - 1. 'jUhI kI kalI' parimalaH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAva(1) sampAdaka-nanda kizora navalaH 32

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mAdhurI aura kavitA kA audAtya milakara eka apUrva rAgAtmaka anubhUti kA sRjana karatI haiN| "gavaiyA mAtra saMgIta kI zabdAvalI kA istemAla karate haiM kavitA ke tatva se mela nahIM ho pAtA, nirAlA ne saMgIta kI mAdhurI ko bhI paidA kiyA hai, sAtha hI sAtha kavitA ke astitva kI rakSA bhI kI hai| saMskRtaniSTha zabdoM kA bharapUra aura sarjanAtmaka upayoga karate hue kavi ne 'gItikA' ke gItoM meM gaMbhIra cintana, sAMskRtika sandarbhoM, vividha praNaya-sthitiyoM ko anusyUta karane kI saphala ceSTA kI hai| saMgItAtmakatA ko kendra meM rakhakara race gaye ina gItoM meM kavitA ke anubhava ko aura kavitA kI racanA - prakriyA ko akSata rakhane kI sajagatA hai| 'gItikA' kI bhUmikA meM nirAlA ne likhA hai- "prAcIna gavaiyoM kI zabdAvalI saMgIta kI rakSA ke lie, kisI taraha jor3a dI jAtI thI / isIlie unake kAvya kA ekAnta abhAva rahatA thaa| Aja taka usakA yaha doSa pradarzita hotA hai| maiMne apanI zabdAvalI ko kAvya ke svara se bhI mukhara karane kI koziza kI hai / " " 1 kavi kA zilpI rUpa 'parimala' kI apekSA 'gItikA' meM adhika ubharA hai, usameM eka to saMskRta ke nAda tatva ko, usakI saMgItAtmakA ko, usakI samAsa parakatA ko hindI ke grahaNazIla rUpa meM ghulAne - pacAne kI koziza hai| 'gItikA' kI durbodhitA ke kAraNa (choTe-choTe zIrSaka) nirAlA jI kI kavitAoM meM 'vinayapatrikA' kA prabhAva par3A, dIrgha--samAsa - bahulA padAvalI kA prabhAva nirAlA jI kI 'gItikA' meM paryApta mAtrA meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| 'anAmikA' meM kavi kI parivartita manaH sthitiyA~: kavi kA cauthA saMkalana 'anAmikA' (1937) ke rUpa meM prakAzita huA, jo kavi ke prathama kAvya-saMkalana 'anAmikA' ke atirikta thA ise 'dvitIya anAmikA' bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa saMkalana meM tatsam zabdAvalI para AtmavizvAsa adhika mukharita huA hai| 'preyasI', 'rekhA' jaisI lambI praNaya kavitAoM meM kavi ne dhArA pravAha rIti se 1. 'gItikA' - 'bhUmikA' - pRSTha - 12 33

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saMskRta zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| ina kavitAoM kI racanA ke mAdhyama se kavi jaise isa dhAraNA kA unmUlana karatA hai ki khar3I bolI meM saMskAra ke pariSkAra kI nyUnatA hai| 'anAmikA' meM hI 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' hai, jisake lambe, sugaThita, racanA-vidhAna meM khaDI-bolI para AdhArita kAvya-bhASA kI abhUtapUrva vyaMjanA kSamatA udghATita huI hai| racAnAtmaka kAvya-vyaktitva bhASA ke kitane srotoM ko unmukta kara sakatA haiN| yaha 'rAma kI zakti pUjA' meM dekhA jA sakatA hai: "ravi huA astaH jyoti ke patra para likhA amara raha gayA rAma-rAvaNa kA aparAjeya samara Aja kA, tIkSNa-zara-vidhRta-kSipra-kara vega-prakhara, zataHzela sambaraNazIla, nIla nabha-garjita-svara pratipala-parivartita-vyUha-bheda-kauzala-samUha vArita-saumitra-bhallapati-agaNita-malla-rodha, garjita-pralayAbdhi-kSubdha-hanumat-kevala-prabodha, udgIrita-bahina-bhIma-parvata-kavi-catuHprahara jAnakI-bhIrU-ura-AzAbhara,-rAvaNa-samvara" 'anAmikA' kI kucha kavitAoM kI racanA ke sAtha nirAlA dohare zilpa ke praNetA ke rUpa meM sAmane Ate haiN| 'dAna' 'banabelA' aura 'saroja-smRti' meM klaisikala aura yathArtha-paraka zilpa kI saha-vinyasti huI hai- khAsataura se 'saroja-smRti' jaisI zoka-gIti kA doharA racanA-vidhAna, tatsama evaM tadbhava para AdhArita bhASika saMracanA spRhaNIya hai: "dhIre-dhIre phira bar3hA caraNa, 1. 'dvitIya anAmikA': rAma kI zakti pUjAH sampAdaka nanda kizora navalaHpRSTha-329: nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka | 34

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bAlya kI keliyoM kA prAGgaNa kara pAra, kuMja-tArUNya sughara AyI, lAvaNya-bhAra thara-thara kaoNpA komalatA para sasvara jyoM mAlakauza nava-vINA para / / " 'anAmikA' meM jahA~ eka ora 'maraNa-dRzya' jaisI sUkSma gaMbhIra gIti racanA hai, vahIM 'khulA AsamAna', 'ThUTha' va 'kisAna kI naI bahU kI oNkheM, jaisI yarthAtha- paraka kavitAe~ haiM, jisameM mahatvahIna samajhe jAne vAle jana-sAmAnya meM pracalita zabdoM kA racanAtmaka upayoga kiyA gayA hai| "hTha' kavitA apane racanA-vidhAna meM bejoDa hai, kavi ne 'TTha' jaise mAmUlI vastu ko pratIka ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai aura usake mAdhyama se jIvana kI udAsI aura zrIhInatA kI gaharI vyaMjanAe~ vikasita huI haiM: "tUMTha yaha hai Aja! gayI isakI kalA, gayA hai sakala sAja! xxx kevala vRddha vihaga eka baiThatA kucha kara yaad"| yahA~ kavi 'dUMTha' rUpI pratIka ke mAdhyama se yauvana ke r3hala jAne kI zobhAhInatA aura anupayogitA ke bevasa ehasAsa kI mArmika sthiti kA saMzliSTa aMkana 'ThUTha' ke bimba meM huA hai| nirAlA kI prabandhAtmaka dRSTi:- '1938' meM nirAlA ke 'tulasIdAsa' kAvya kA prakAzana huaa| yahA~ kavi kA jhukAva muktaka kI tarapha bar3ha rahA hai| jisa samaya tulasI kA AvirbhAva huA, mugala sAmrAjya kA caramotkarSa thaa| yathArthavAdI dRSTikoNa 1. lUMTha: anAmikAH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTa-352 2. dUMTha: anAmikAH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga(1) pRSTha-352

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kA saMketa aura bhAratIya sAMskRtika dRSTi kA parAbhava ko kavi ne dekhA, loga adharmI hote jA rahe the| isa kAvya ke mAdhyama se tAtkAlika zAsana vyavasthA para kavi ne karArI coTa kI hai| 'nirAlA' ke 'tulasI' meM saMskRti kI sarjanAtmakatA ke prazna ko uThAne vAlI 'mAnasikatA' saMskArazIla zabdoM meM maitrI karatI hai / chanda kI maulika prakRti aura usakA kasAva, zabdoM ke jaTila rUpa, sUkSma - gambhIra kalpanAeM isa kAvya ko sAmAnya kI cintA meM viziSTa banA detI haiN| kavi ke zAbdika svecchAcAra yA dUsarI taraha se kahanA cAheM to bhASAgat abhijAtya kA 'rAma kI zaktipUjA' se bhI acchA udAharaNa 'tulasIdAsa' meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki yahAeN kavi saMskRta ke kozavAcI zabdoM kA bharapUra upayoga karatA hai, itanA hI nahIM, unameM yathocchita artha bhI anusyUta karatA hai / "aba, dhauta dharA, khila gayA gagana, ura-ura ko madhura, tApaprazamana bahatI samIra, cira-AliMgana jyoM unmana / jharate haiM zazadhara se kSaNa-kSaNa pRthvI ke adharoM para niHsvana jyotirmaya prANoM ke cuMvana, saMjIvana / / " 'kukuramuttA' meM bhASA kA ati- yarthAthavAdI dharAtalaH - zabdoM ke abhijAta saMskAra kA itanA dUragAmI upayoga ke bAda 'kumuramuttA' (1942 ) kI racanA apane Apa meM eka sukhada Azcarya hai / 'kukuramuttA' jana - sAmAnya se racI-basI bhASA meM ghoSaNApUrvaka racanAtmaka upayoga kI zurUAta karatA hai| satya bAta to ye hai ki nirAlA ne bhASA ke prayoga meM apanA Adarza - gurU, paMDita " ayodhyA siMha upAdhyAya hariaudha" ko banAyA / upAdhyAya jI ne jahA~ 'priya - pravAsa' meM rUpodyAna praphullapAya, 1. "tulasIdAsa : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha-283 36

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kalikA rAkendra bimbAnanA likhA, vahIM 'cokhe' 'caupade', 'cubhate-caupade' meM unakI bhASA sarvathA badala gayI hai| isI prakAra nirAlA kI bhASA varNa-viSayoM ke anusAra apane tevara aura vyaMjanA zakti ko badalatI calatI hai| zabdoM ke bharapUra aura dakSa upayoga se kavi ne hindI ke abhijAta zabda-koza kI savaMrddhanA kI hai| 'kukuramuttA' ke mAdhyama se kavi ne ekadama sAdhAraNa grAmINa aura kaThora zabdoM meM bharA-pUrA Atma-vizvAsI vyaktitva sirajA hai aura isa paraMparita dhAraNA ko nirmUla kara diyA hai ki kavitA kI racanA ke lie saMskArazIla zabda hI upayukta hote haiN| yahA~ to urdU zabdoM aura eka dama grAmINa zabdoM me TheTha muhAviredAnI kI sarvathA naI kSamatA mukharita huI hai: "cAhie tujhako sadA meharUnnizA jo nikAle itra, rU, aisI dizA bahAkara le cale logoM ko, nahIM koI kinArA jahA~ apanA nahIM koI bhI sahArA" khvAba meM DUbA camakatA ho sitArA peTa meM DaMDa pele hoM cUhe, jabA~ para laphz2a pyaaraa|" 'aNimA'- kavi ke jIvana kA sandhi sthalaH- 'kukuramuttA' ke bAda kavi kA jo kAvya-saMgraha prakAza meM AyA vo thA 'aNimA' | jo san 1943 I0 meM yuga-mandira unnAva se prakAzita huI thI / 'aNimA' meM kavi apane jIvana kI pIr3A, chala-chadma, zoSaNa Adi kI pravRttioM kA nidarzana (namUnA) prastuta kiyA hai| kavitA dekhane meM sarala haiM, lekina gaMbhIra-gUr3hatA ko sameTe hue haiN| kucha-eka prazastiyoM, zraddhAMjaliyoM ko chor3a deM to 'aNimA' meM abhivyakti ke vibhinna rUpa dRSTigocara hote haiN| saMvedanA evaM bhASA donoM hI staroM para yaha-saMkalana kavi-jIvana kA sandhi -sthala hai| jisameM eka ora 'gItikA', 'anAmikA' ke tatsam gItoM kI sI mRdu-gItAtmakatA hai, dUsarI 1. 'kukuramuttA'-nirAlA racanAvalI-bhAga-2, pRSTha-51 37

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ora kisI bhI prakAra kI layAtmaka udbhAvanA se yukta gadya-kalpa, zabda-pradhAna kavitAe~ haiN| lekina ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki uttarottara abhivyakti kI RjutA aura usa RjAtA meM kuzalatA se chipI gahanatA kI ora kavi kA jhukAva hotA jAtA hai "upanyAsa likhA hai, jarA dekha diijie| agara kahIM chapa jAe to prabhAva par3a jAya to prabhAva par3a jAya ullU ke paTThoM para manamAnA rUpayA phira le lU~ ina logoM se; nae kisI baMgale meM eka presa khola dU~ Apa bhI vahA~ caleM caina kI baMsI bje| apane pUrvavartI kAvya ke saMskAraniSTha bimba vinyAsa kI pravRtti ghaTatI calatI hai aura bahuta paricita sAdhAraNa vastuoM se kavi pratIka-bimba kA kAma letA hai| 'maiM akelA' kA kucha-kucha taTastha sA avasAda 'haTa rahA melA' aura 'koI nahIM bhelA' ke pratIkoM meM mukharita huA hai: "pake Adhe bAla mere, hue niSprabha gAla mere, 'cAla merI manda hotI A rahI haTa rahA melaa| jAnatA hU~ nadI jharane, 1. mAsko DAyalAgsaH aNimA saMgrahaH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga(2) pRSTha-42 38

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jo mujhe the pAra karane, kara cukA hU~ ha~sa rahA yaha dekha koI nahIM bhelA / "1 'melA' ke haTate jAnA jahA~ utsava - zUnya vRddha jIvana ko sAmane lAtA hai vahIM 'bhelA' kI anupasthiti Atma-nirbhara, racanA zIla vyaktitva ko ujAgira karatI hai| aura 'haTa rahA melA' ke viSAda ko pIche kara detI hai / viSAda aura upalabdhi kI aisI hI saha - avasthiti kI jaTilatA ko kavi ne kitanI sahajatA se Ama ke sUkhI DAla ke bimba meM anusyUta kara diyA hai| yaha 'sneha - nirjhara - baha gayA' gIta meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| 'gItikA' ke kliSTa zabdAvalI meM race siddhi, Atma-sAkSAtkAra ke gItoM ke sAmane 'aNimA' kA yaha gIta dRSTavya haiH- jisameM siddhi kA sArA ullAsa aura AtmIya anubhava bahuta anaupacArika r3haMga se aMkita kiyA gayA hai| "maiM baiThA thA patha para tuma Ae car3ha ratha para, ha~se kiraNa phUTa par3I TUTI jur3a gayI kar3I bhUla gae pahara ghar3I AyI iti atha para | utare, bar3ha gayI bA~ha, pahale kI par3I chA~ha, zItala ho gayI deha, tI avikatha para | "2 1. 'maiM akelA'- 'aNimA' 2. 'maiM baiThA thA patha para nirAlA racanAvalI (2) pRSTha 'aNimA' - - - - 48 nirAlA racanAvalI (2) - pRSTha - 48 39

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__ 'aNimA' kI kucheka kavitAe~ TheTha gadyAtmaka zabdAvalI aura saMracanA kI dRSTi se saphala bana par3I haiN| 'yaha hai bAjAra' kavitA me gaoNva kI rakhaila pravRtti para sUkSma aura sIdhA vyaMgya kiyA gayA hai| varNana kI nitAnta rUkhI samajhe jAne vAlI kintu prastuta prasaMga meM bemisAla laya-zUnya bhASA meN| 'lagegI na bAra' 'baiThAlI' vyAhI jaise gaeNvAra zabdoM kA belAga prayoga dekhane yogya hai "sukhiyA bolI apanI sAsa ko sunAkara yoM, mAsa ke paise zAyada aba taka bhI bAkI hoM, acchA hai agara kareM pUrI dhelI jyoM tyoN| TUTA rUpayA kharca hote lagegI na bAra / " dukhiyA bolA mana meM, "Thahara arI sAsa kI, mAsa khilAtA hU~ maiM tujhe abhI rAsa kI corI hai yAda mujhe, bAta kauna ghAsa kI baiThAlI kyA jAne vyAhI kA pyaar||" 'aNimA' meM prayogavAdI Thare kI kavitA "cU~ki yahA~ dAnA hai" apanI ajIbo-garIba saMracanA ke kAraNa ullekhanIya hai| isakI saMvedanA kucha-kucha aspaSTa aura peMcIdI hai| tor3a-maror3a karane para yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki isa kavitA meM Aja kI pU~jIvAdI vyavasthA para vyaMgAtmaka rIti se tIkhA AghAt kiyA gayA hai| jisameM sAre saMbaMdha, sAre kiyA kalApa, yahA~ taka kI AtmIya mA~-bApa kA riztA saba paise ke Azrita hai| 'dAnA' kA ehasAna hai: "cU~ki yahA~ dAnA hai isIlie dIna hai, dIvAnA hai| loga haiM mahaphila hai, nagmeM haiM, sAja haiM, diladAra hai, aura dila hai, 1. 'yaha hai bAjAra' - aNimA-nirAlA racanAvalI-2, pRSTha-92

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zammA hai paravAnA hai cU~ki yahA~ dAnA hai / / " 'belA' meM kavi kA bhASika - prayogaH- virATa racanA ke paripekSya meM aisI bhI racanA kavi ke bhASA adhikAra kI dyotaka hai / kavi kA yaha saMgraha mUlataH bhASika prayoga hai, jisameM kavi ne urdU gajaloM kI qhAnI aura lokapriyatA se prabhAvita hokara unheM hindI gItoM meM DhAlane kI sAhasika koziza kI haiN| lekina yaha sAhasikatA sarjana ke stara para mahatvapUrNa nhiiN| khAsataura se kavi kI virATa - racanA - prakriyA ke paripekSya meN| hindI zabdoM ke apanI viziSTa prakRti hai aura (yaha bAta hara bhASA ke saMbaMdha meM saca hai|) jisase ve gajaloM kI saMvedanA ko unake khAsa r3haMga ke loca ko bahana karane meM phArasI -urdU zabdAvalI kI taraha sakSama nahIM ho sakate / itanA jarUra hai ki khaDI bolI ke khar3epana ko saMvArane meM eka khAsa r3haMga se ye kRtakAya hue haiM, inameM uccAraNa saMgIta kI pratiSThA huI hai jo ina gItoM ke praNayana meM kavi kA eka viziSTa uddezya rahA hai| gajaloM kI paramparA se alaga kucha gIta apanI prakRti meM bahuta racanAtmaka bana par3e haiN| "miTTI kI mAyA choDa-cuke jo, ve apanA ghaTa phor3a cuke / nabha kI sudUratA se U~ceM jIvana ke kSaNa aba haiM cha~che, AkarSaNa ke abhiyAnI ke gatikama ko jaba ve tor3a cuke / "2 1. 'cU~ki yahA~ dAnA hai' aNimA nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga - 2, pRSTha-114 2. 'miTTI mAyA chor3a cuke' - belA - nirAlA racanAvalI ( 2 ) - pRSTha - 137 - 41

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kAvya bhASA ke vikAsa - krama meM kucha gIta gajaloM kI paramparA meM bahuta hI acche bana par3e haiM, jinameM hindI aura urdU ke zabdoM kA samanvaya kucha isa prakAra kA ho gayA hai mAnoM kavitA ke pravAha meM baha rahe haiM "girAyA hai jamIM hokara, aura chuTAyA AsamA~ hokara / nikAlA, duzmanejaoN; aura bulAyA meharabA~ hokara / camakatI dhUpa jaise hAthavAlA dabadabA AyA, jalAyA garamiyA~ hokara, khilAyA gulasitA~ hokara ujAr3A hai kasara hokara, basAyA hai asara hokara, ukhAr3A hai vaoN hokara lagAyA bAgabA~ hokara / "1 'nirAlA ke kAvya-bhASA ke vikAsa - krama meM unake kucha zabda - prayogoM kA ullekha karanA Avazyaka hogA:- vizeSakara vahA~ jahAeN kavi ne hindI-urdU zabdoM kA samanvaya yA samAsa se naI racanAtmakatA vikasita karanA cAhA hai, kintu ve prayoga saphala nahIM bana par3e haiM, jaise: "jar3atA tAmasa, saMzaya, bhaya, bAdhA, andhakAra, dUra hue durdina ke duHkha, khule banda dvAra jIvana ke utare kara; A~khoM ko dikhA sAra; - chuI bIna naye tAra kasa-kasa kara | 2 'nae patte' meM sapATa - bayAnIH- 'nae patte' 1946 bhASA aura saMvedanA donoM sandarbho meM kavi kA viziSTa saMkalana hai / kavitA ko tamAma vAhya upakaraNoM se mukti dilAkara use svAyatta banAne kI ceSTA 'nae - patte' kI khAsa vizeSatA hai| isa saMkalana meM saMgrahIta kavitAoM kI sapATa - bayAnI hindI kavitA kI eka apratima 1. girAyA hai jamIM hokara .. belAH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 2 ) - pRSTha 2. vahI rAha dekhatA hU~: belAH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 2 ) pRSTha - 175 42 - 138

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upalabdhi hai| behada ThaMDaka par3ane se sArI phasala naSTa prAya ho gayI hai, khetihara nirAza ho cuke haiM, kavi isa kaThora Rtu ke varNana ko pramANika banAne ke lie usI se 'sirajI" bhASA kA upayoga karatA hai aura tabhI usakI anaupacArikatA meM bharA-pUrA vyaktitva ubharatA hai "eka haphte pahale pAlA par3A thA arahara kula kI kula mara cukI thI / havA hAr3a taka bedha jAtI hai gehU~ ke per3a aiMThe khar3e haiM, khetiharoM meM jAna nahIM mana mAre daravAje kaur3e tApa rahe haiM eka dUsare se gire gale bAteM karate hue kuharA chAyA huaa||" sukhada Azcarya isa ehasAsa se upajatA hai ki aisI belausa bhASA 'svazabda vAcyatva 2 se ekadama alaga hai| aura yahIM para kavitA kavitA banatI hai| nArebAjI pracAra ke vilkula viparIta / 'arahara' kA kula kA kula maranA, havA kA hAr3a taka bedhanA, gehU~ ke per3a kA aiTheM khar3A honA, bejAna khetiharoM kA eka dUsare se gire - gale bAteM karanA, yaha hai zabdoM kI banAbaTa, jisameM pAle kI sthiti sajIva ho uThatI hai 1 nirAlA kI kAvyAtmaka sarjanA kA antima rUpa:- nirAlA ke kAvya vikAsa kama kA antima sopAna 'arcanA', ArAdhanA', 'gIta-guMja' aura 'sAndhya kAkalI' ke rUpa meM sAmane AtA hai| ina sabhI saMgrahoM meM kucha purAnI racanAe~ aura kucha nayI 1. 'sirajI' kA zAbdika artha - nirmita pAnI banI huI / 2. 'svazabda vAcyatva' - eka pAribhASika zabda hai yathA jisa rasa meM kavitA kI jAe usameM usa rasa kA nAmollekha na kiyA jAe, 'svazabda vAcaka' zabda vAcaka zabda kA doSa hai ki hAsya rasa kI kavitA meM hAsya zabda kA prayoga nahIM honA caahie| kavi jisa viSaya ko varNita karanA cAhatA hai usakA nAmollekha nahIM karatA / 43

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racanAe~ saMkalita huI haiN| 'sAndhya-kAkalI' ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI racanAeM unake jIvana-kAla meM hI prakAzita ho gayI thI, 'sAndhya kAkalI' kA prakAzana (1969) meM unake maraNoparAnta huaa| ye sArI racanAe~ nirAlA ke kAvya vikAsa-kama ko koI nayA AyAma nahIM de pAtI haiN| prathama dRSTayA inakoM dekhane se aisA lagatA hai ki nirAlA eka bAra phira piche lauTa gae haiN| jahA~ taka nirAlA kI dharma-bhAvanA kA savAla hai vo anta taka unameM banI rahI, una para 'vedAnta' kA bhI gaharA asara hai, lekina aneka bAra isakA atikramaNa bhI kiyA hai| eka jagaha 'mArksa' ne likhA hai, "dhArmika vedanA eka sAtha hI vAstavika vedanA kI abhivyakti aura vAstavika vedanA ke virUddha vidroha bhI hai"| nirAlA ke isa antima caraNa ke kAvya ko isI dRSTi se dekhanA ucita hogaa| unakI eka annayatam vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki ve grAmya jIvana ke bilkula nikaTa sthita haiM, jo unake antima caraNa kI racanAoM para grAmya-jIvana, grAmya-saMskRti ke adbhUta AtmIya varNana ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai| yazasvI kavi aura samIkSaka DA0 kedAranAtha siMha ne nirAlA kI isa caraNa kI kavitA ko "paradeza se ghara lauTe hue kavi kI kavitA" jaisI saMjJA se abhihIta karate haiN|

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ASUS 12 12 en hulle hulle belle cose Melo bestend

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pichale donoM adhyAyoM meM batAyA jA cukA hai ki lauMjAinasa ke "udAtta tatva' kI vizeSatA kyA hai? aura nirAlA ke sarjanAtmaka AyAma ko kamavAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM lauMjAinasa ke udAtta-tatva siddhAnta ke paoNcoM AyAmoM ko kamavAra nirAlA kI kavitAoM para isI ke paripekSya meM mUlyAMkana karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| lauMjAinasa kA pahalA siddhAnta hai-'mahAna avadhAraNoM kI kssmtaa| lauMjAnaisa ke anusAra usa kavi kI kRti mahAna nahIM ho sakatI jisameM dhAraNAoM kI kSamatA kA abhAva ho, udAttatA mahAna-vicAroM meM Azraya pAtI hai, kSudra vicAroM meM nhiiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki usI kavi kI kRti mahAna ho sakatI hai, anukaraNIya ho sakatI hai, sAhitya kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa ho sakatI hai, kAvya siddhAntoM kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa ho sakatI hai jisameM mahAna vicAroM kI kSamatA ho| nirAlA ke andara vo sAre guNa maujUda the, jisakA pratipAdana lauMjAinasa ne udAttatatva ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| kavi ko mahAna banane ke lie apanI AtmA meM udAtta-vicAroM kA poSaNa karanA hotA hai, tAki vaha gaMbhIra vicAroM vAle zabdoM kA sarjanAtmaka prayoga kara skeN| mahAna kaviyoM kI kRtiyoM ke pArAyaNa se jo saMskAra prApta hote haiM, ve nizcaya hI zreSTha racanA ke praNayana meM sahAyaka hote haiN| vijJa pAThaka nirAlA jI kI mahanIyatA se aparicita nahIM haiN| ve jitane udAtta the utane hI sahRdaya aura karUNApUrNa bhii| himAlaya ke samAna vyaktitva kI vizAlatA lie hue unakI sahaja dravaNa-zIlatA, karUNA kI gaMgA bana jAtI thI aura usa samaya ke kisI ke bhI duHkha ko dUra karane meM apanA saba-kucha tyAga sakate the| kisI dIna-dalita ke vedanA vihvala kSaNoM meM unakA rakSA kavaca bana jAnA tathA apane hRdaya rasa ke amRta se sarAvora kara use nirbhaya hone kA AzvAsana denA nirAlA jaise para-dukha kAtara kA hI kAma thaa| vyakti 46

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kI bhA~ti hI sAmAjika evaM rASTrIya jIvana ke dainya- durita - nivAraNa hetu unake antas kA karUNA sAgara vikSubdha ho uThatA thA / 'nirAlA ke jIvana' kA bahuta kucha bhAga baMgAla meM bItA thA, jo 'svAmI vivekAnanda' ke prabhAva kSetra meM AtA thaa| rAmakRSNa mizana ke dArzanika patra 'samanvaya' ke sampAdaka bhI kucha dinoM taka ve (nirAlA) rahe / svAmI vivekAnanda kI kucha racanAoM kA unhoMne anuvAda bhI kiyA thA, kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki nirAlA kA jIvana-darzana rAmakRSNa mizana aura 'svAmI vivekAnanda' se avazya prabhAvita rahA hogA / "bhUlakara jaba rAha, jaba jaba rAha bhaTakA maiM tumhIM jhalake he mahAkavi, saghana tama kI A~kha bana mere lie / / " kaviyoM ke kavi 'zamazera' kA mahAprANa nirAlA ke saMbaMdha meM yaha kathana aura kedAranAtha agravAla ke ki "tuma hamAre mUrtikAra, hama tumhArI mUrti haiM / / " se nirAlA ke kavi vyaktitva kA yA unakI mahAna avadhAraNAoM kA sahaja hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| yaha svIkAroktiyA~ kevala do viziSTa kaviyoM kI hI nahIM haiM balki pUre hindI sAhitya kI hai| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki sarvagrAhya vahI ho sakatA hai jo mahAna dhAraNAoM kI avadhAraNA kare, aura eka bahuta bar3e janamAnasa ko prabhAvita kare, kavi kI mahAna avadhAraNAoM ke saMbaMdha meM uparokta paMktiyaoN dRSTavya haiN| sAmAjika yathArtha viSayaka audAtyaH mahAkavi ke pAtra pUre pariveza aura usakI sAmAjikatA ko ujAgara karate haiN| kathA sAhitya ho upanyAsa ho, kahAnI ho, rekhAcitra ho, yA kavitA / nirAlA 47

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'vidhavA' ke lie "iSTadeva ke mandira kI pUjA-sI" jaisA bimba koI mahAna avadhAraNA vAlA kavi hI de sakatA hai| 'mandira kI pUjA sI' kahate hI bhAratIya vidhavA kI vaha pavitra-mUrti pAThaka ke sAmane upasthita ho jAtI hai, yaha kevala mUrti hI nahIM hotI hai balki usakA pUrA bhAratIya saMskAra pUrI sAdagI pavitratA ke sAtha upasthita ho jAtA hai aisI kalpanA mahAkavi nirAlA ke yahA~ hI saMbhava hai| nirAlA ke paravartI kAvya kI dUsarI zailI jo hAsya-vyaMgya aura vinoda pradhAna hai, jisameM unhone 'kukuramuttA' kI racanA kI hai, isa tarala zailI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, yaha bola-cAla kA hI nahIM dainika jIvana meM barate jAne vAle kaTAkSoM aura apazabdoM kA bhI prayoga karatI hai| nirAlA kI ye kAvya-zailiyA~ eka dUsare se itanI svatantra hai aura apane meM itanI sazakta bhI haiM ki unheM kisI vRhattara vRtta meM rakhakara nahIM dekhA jA sakatA aura na kisI laghutara vRtta meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| kAvyavastu aura kAvyazailI kA sAmaMjasya prastuta karane vAle ye suspaSTa evaM anirvAya zailI prayoga hai| itanA bar3A mahAna avadhAraNAoM kI kSamatA vAlA kavi hindI kAvya meM to hai hI nahIM, navayuga ke sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM bhI muzkila se milegaa| "abe! suna be, gulAba bhUla mata gara pAI khUzabU raMgo Aba khUna cUsA khAda kA tUne AziSTa DAla para itarA rahA kaipaTalisTa! kalI jo caTakI abhI sukhakara kATaoN huI hotI kabhI roja par3atA rA pAnI

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tU harAmI khAnadAnI / / " 'kukuramuttA' nirAlA kI una ginI- cunI racanAoM meM hai jisa para anaginata AlocakoM ne TippaNiyA~ kI hai| kisI ne ise abhijAtya se mukti kI saMjJA dI hai, to kisI ne kucha aur| yahaoN nirAlA ne eka tarapha gulAba ko rakhA hai to dUsarI tarapha kukuramuttA ko| gulAba jahA~ eka tarapha sabhya samAja kA pratIka hai vahIM kukuratamuttA asabhya samAja kA, gulAba kA bar3appana isa bAta meM hai ki vaha 'kukuramuttA' dvArA bAra-bAra kI gayI TippaNiyoM kA koI jabAba nahIM detaa| yahI se kavi kI bhUmikA prArambha hotI hai, yahI vaha udAttatA hai jisase samAja ko mahAna avadhAraNAoM kI kSamatA kA ehasAsa hotA hai| isa taraha kA udAtta anyatra asaMbhava hai| prakRti ke mAnavIkaraNa meM kavi kA audAtya: audAtya kI avadhAraNA 'sandhyA-sundarI' meM sirpha mAnavIkaraNa kI dRSTi se hI dekhA gayA hai: "divAsAna kA samaya meghamaya AsamAna se utara rahI hai| vaha sandhyA -sundarI parI -sI, dhIre-dhIre-dhIre, timirAMcala me caMcalatA kA nahIM kahIM AbhAsa, madhura-madhura hai donoM usake adharakintu gambhIra nahIM hai usameM hAsa vilaas|| 2 1. kukuramuttA : nirAlA racanAvalI (1) : haMsa mAsika 3 apraila 1941 - pRSTha - 50 2. saMdhyA-sAptAhikaHparimala meM saMkalitaHnirAlA racanAvalI(1)matavAlA sAptAhika: 24 navambara 1923:pR0-77

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sandhyA kA Agamana hotA hai to stabdhatA kA eka vAtAvaraNa sA bana jAtA hai| stabdhatA vyApAroM kI sUkSma abhivyakti nirAlA jI ke audAtya meM hI saMbhava hai, isameM dhvani-citra nahIM hai, eka zAnti kA citra diyA gayA hai| citroM kA aisA sUkSma evaM sarvAMgapUrNa citraNa kuzala-citerA aura nipuNa kalAkAra hI kara sakatA hai| sandhyA kA itanA sajIva mAnavIkaraNa kA citra kavi kI udAtta-bhAvanA ko hI prastuta karatA hai| jaisA ki kavitA kA zIrSaka hI hai sandhyA ko eka sundarI ke rUpa meM kavi upasthita karatA hai jo dina ke avasAna ke bAda AsamAna se sajadhajakara aisI utara rahI hai jaisI koI praur3hA nAyikA nAyaka se milane ke lie sajadhajakara A rahI ho| yahA~ para kavi ne sandhyA-sundarI ke hAsa kI kalpanA usake ujjavala komala evaM vedAga caritra se kI hai aisA kalpanA mahAna avadhAraNAoM kI kSamatA vAlA kavi hI kara sakatA hai| saundarya ke maoNsala citraNa meM kavi kA audAtya : rIti kAlIna kaviyoM meM sthUlatA, aindriyatA, sthiratA AyI usake uttara meM chAyAvAdI kaviyoM dvArA zrRMgArikatA kA eka saphala prayoga kiyA gayA hai: "banda kaMcukI ke saba khola die pyAra se yauvana-ubhAra ne, pallava-paryanata para sotI zephAlike ra mUka AhvAna-bhare lAlasI kapoloM ke RAKHEL vyAkula vikAsa para jharate haiM zizira se cumbana gagana ke|" cr 1. matavAlA sAhitya kalakattA : parimala : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha - 144

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saundarya kA udAtta-citraNa 'nirAlA' jaisA pUrNa vyaktitva vAlA kavi hI kara sakatA hai| 'zephAlikA' apane pUrNa-yauvana para hai, zephAlikA rUpI puSpa ke pUrNayauvana ko kavi ne eka sadyaH yauvana yuvatI ke rUpa meM dekhA hai| kisI ko unakI yaha kavitA yauvana kA maoNsala citraNa laga sakatI hai| lekina kisI mahAna avadhAraNA vAle vyakti ke lie eka divya bhavya citra kA udAharaNa ho sakatI hai| vaiyaktika duHkhAnubhUti kA audAtyaH kavi nirAlA apanI duHkhAnubhUti ko, jo ki unakI nijI thI, eka aisI udAtta-sthiti para pahuMcA diyA jahA~ ve sArI bhaugolika aura daihika sImAe~ pAra kara sArvajanIna aura sArvakAlika ho gae : "puSpa-maMjarI ke ura kI priya, gandha-manda gati le aao| nava jIvana kA amRta-mantra-svara bhara jAo phira bhara jaao| yadi Alasa se vipatha nayana hoM nidrAkaSarNa se ati dIna, mere vAtAyana ke patha se prakhara sunAnA apanI viin| xxx vINA kI nava ciraparicita taba vANI sunakara utUM turnt| samajhU jIvana ke patajhar3a meM

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AyA ha~satA huA basanta / / " yaha dekhakara Azcarya hotA hai ki duHkhoM se nirantara ghirA rahane vAlA aura saMgharSo se jujhate rahane vAlA vyakti jaba koI sarjanAtmaka abhivyakti detA hai, to vaha usa pUre pariveza meM puSpa - maMjarI kI sugandha aura nava-jIvana kA amRta mantrasara bhara denA cAhatA hai / aisI virodhI racanA -dharmitA nirAlA jaise mahAna avadhAraNAoM vAle kavi ke yahA~ hI saMbhava hai / patajhaDa ke bIca haeNsate hue basanta kI kalpanA koI virATa hRdaya vAlA kavi hI kara sakatA hai| 'saroja-smRti' nirAlA jI kI eka prasiddha racanA hai| kahane ko to AlocakoM ne ise zoka-gIta kI saMjJA dI hai| zoka- gIta kA isase acchA udAharaNa hindI-sAhitya meM philahAla birale hI haiN| isase saroja ke bahAne kavi ke kaTu jIvanAnubhava ke vibhinna AyAma parata-dara-parata khulate jAte haiN| lekina isa kavitA meM kavi apane Arthika-saMgharSo kA lekhA-jokhA prastuta nahIM kiyA hai balki apane utkRSTa vicAroM ko sarjanAtmaka jAmA pahanAkara eka ucca-koTi kI racanA kI hai / "dhIre-dhIre phira bar3hA caraNa, bAlya kI keliyoM kA prAdragaNa / kara pAra kuMja tArUNya sughara, AyI lAvaNya bhAra-thara-thara | kaoNpA komalatA para sasvara, jyoM 'mAlakauza' navavINA para 112 pitA ke mukha se putrI ke tArUNya kA varNana koI sahaja kAma nahIM hai| kintu nirAlA jI ne eka manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jo citra diyA hai, usase isa 1. basanta samIra : parimala : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha-192 2. saroja - smRti : nirAlA racanAvalI (1) dvitIya anAmikAH sudhA 9 akTUbara 1935: pR0-319 53

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I doSa kA parihAra ho jAtA hai| yahA~ racanAkAra kI sirpha kavi dRSTi hai| jaba racanAkAra kisI kA varNana karatA hai to usake sarvAMga citraNa meM usakI dRSTi ulajhatI hai| tArUNya kA bhAva saundarya ke kAraNa AyA hai / kavi usake saundarya ko rUpAyita karanA cAhatA thA / saundarya ko sarvAMgapUrNa banAne ke lie satat prayatnazIla hai| kavi ke rUpa meM nirAlA jI kI kavitA pUrI taraha doSa-mukta hai| putrI kA varNana karate samaya nirAlA jI ke mana meM vAtsalya rasa AyA vAtsalya kA citra khIMcate-khIMcate yauvana kA citra AyA to vAtsalya kaTa gayA to sampUrNa citra eka saphala racanAkAra kA ho gayA / vAtsalya aura zrRMgAra kA samaveta citraNa amanovaijJAnika hai yahA~ para kavi pitA nahIM racanAkAra kA rUpa ho jAtA hai| kyoMki vAtsalya evaM zrRMgAra durabhi sandhi kI pratIka hai / vahaoN jAte-jAte kavi kI dRSTi saundarya para jur3a gyii| usa samaya kavi ke sAmane saroja nahIM thI balki kavi eka navayuvatI kA citra khIMca rahA hai| kyoMki rasa kI dRSTi meM sAdhAraNIkaraNa ho gyaa| racanAkAra pitA nahIM raha gayA lar3akI eka sAmAnya yuvatI aura nirAlA rUpI pitA kavi rUpI 'nirAlA' ho gyaa| apanI hI putrI ke saundarya ko kAvya meM tirohita karanA sahaja bAta nahIM ho sakatI / saroja ke saundarya kA rekhAMkana jisameM vAtsalya kI laharila dhArA pravAhita ho rahI ho aura yauvana kA saundarya bhI jhA~katA ho, aisA citra kavi nirAlA hI khIMca sakate haiM / putrI kI yaunocita caMcalatA ko navavINA para 'mAlakauza' rAga ke komala svaroM ke jhaMkRta jaisA bimba dekara kavi ne jisa udAtta bhAva kA paricaya diyA hai vaha anyatra saMbhava nahIM hai saroja ke saundarya meM sampUrNa AkAza aura pRthvI tathA pRthvI ke aneka sarjanAtmaka AyAma mAnoM eka sAtha samAhita ho gae hoM / inako par3hane para kavi vara bihArI kI yaha paMktiyA~ barabasa khIMcatI haiM: 54

Page #58
"bhUSana bhAra samhArie, kyoM yaha tana sukumAra, sUkheM paoNva na dhari parai, zobhA hI ke bhAra / / " dArzanika dRSTiH- jisa prakAra nirAlA jI prakRti meM nArI kA saundarya dekhate the usI prakAra unakI rahasyamayI kavitAoM meM darzana kA puTa svayameva jhalakane lagatA hogA phira se durgharSa samara; jar3a se cetana kA nizivAsara / kavi kA pratidina se jIvana-bhara; bhAratI idhara hai udhara sakala / jar3a jIvana ke saMcita kauzala; jaya Idhara, Iza hai udhara sabala mAyA kara / / " " vyakti kI bhA~ti hI sAmAjika aura rASTrIya jIvana ke dainya- durita nivAraNa hetu unake antas kA karUNA - sAgara vikSubdha ho uThatA thaa| tabhI jar3atA kI rAvaNIvRttiyoM se cetanA ke rAmatva kA zAsvata saMgharSa karAte haiM aura jIvana kI harItimA ko cara jAne vAlI pratyeka zakti se yAvajjIvana lar3ane kI cunautI svIkAra karate haiN| vaha tretA kA mithaka hai, madhya-yugIna saMskRti kI AkAMkSA hai, aura Adhunika yuga kI AvazyakatA bhI hai| saMcita kauzala kI jar3atA unakI sArasvata - sAdhanA ke caraNa- - cUmatI hai| mAyAbI kitanA hI balavAna 1. tulasIdAsa : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 1 ) pRSTha - 305 mAsika patrikA 'sudhA' san 1934 I0 555

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kyoM na ho aMtataH use adhyAtya evaM devatva ke Age vinata-vinamra honA hI par3atA hai| abheda evaM akhaNDatA kI dRSTi kavi tAtkAlika vaimanasyatA evaM kaTutA tathA jAti ke nAma para dharma ke nAma para ApasI TakarAva ko samApta karake rASTra ke nava-nirmANa meM juTa jAne kA AhvAna karatA hai "ho rahe Aja jo khinna-khinna / chuTa-chuTakara dala se bhinna-bhinna, yaha akala-kalA gaha sakala chinna, jor3egI, ravi-kara jyoM vindu-vindu jIvana saMcita kara karatA hai varSaNa laharA bhava-pAdava-marSa-mana modd'egii||" kavi kA vizvAsa hai ki vibhinna jAtiyoM, dharmo ke bIca jo bheda kI dIvAreM khar3I haiM ve TUTa jaaeNgii| tulasI kI IzvarIya kalA sabhI ko paraspara ekatA ke sUtra meM Avaddha kregii| jaise sUrya kI kiraNeM eka-eka bUMda jala khIMcakara bAdala banAtI hai usakI varSA meM muAe prANoM kI harItimA lauTa AtI hai| usI prakAra tulasI kA nAnA-purANa nigamAgama-sammata jJAna aise 'mAnasa' kI puSTi karegA jisake prabhAva se dharatI para mUlya evaM naitikatA kA sAmrAjya punaH sthApita hogaa| yahA~ nirAlA ke isa ravikara jyoM-jyoM, vindu-vindu jIvana para mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza kI 'sahasaguNa mutsraSTuma Adatte hi rasaM raviH' jaisI paMktiyoM kA spaSTa prabhAva dikhAyI par3atA hai isa dharatI para AsurI 1. 'tulasIdAsa': nirAlA racanAvalI pRSTha-306 'sudhA mAsika : racanA 1943' 56

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atyAcAra bar3hatA hai kintu hamAre bIca koI rAma nahIM hai jo yaha praNa kara sake ki "nisicara hIna karaU~ mahi" rAma kA yaha zaurya supta ho gayA hai usakI vIratA kA AbhUSaNa chipa gayA hai ataH yaha cintA kisI dayAlu hRdaya meM hI jAga sakatI Atma-vizvAsa kI dRr3hatAH kavi nirAlA kA pUrA jIvana utAra car3hAva evaM dukha sukha ke jhaMjhAvAtoM se paripUrNa thaa| kavi isake bAda bhI apane Atma-bala evaM dRr3hatA se pUrI taraha lavareja dikhAI detA hai: karanA hogA yaha timira pAra dekhanA satya kA mihira dvAra bahanA jIvana ke prakhara jvAra meM nizcaya lar3anA virodha se dvanda-samara raha satya-mArga para sthira nirbhara jAnA-bhinna bhI deha, nija ghara niHsaMzaya / / " jahA~ nirAlA isa taraha kI preraNA dete hue dikhAI dete haiM vahA~ hameM usa vaidika RSi kI smRti ho AtI hai jo pUSan se prArthanA karatA hai ki: "hiraNya mayena pAtreNa satya syApihitam mukham tatvaM pUSannapAvRNu! satya dhamAye drssttye|| 1. 'tulasIdAsa ' : nirAlA racanAvalI(1) pRSTha289: sudhA-mAsika racanA-1934 2. IzAvAsyeniSad - 15 57

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nirAlA kI mahAna avadhAraNAoM kI kSamatA ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM aura bhI kaI kavitAe~ prastuta kI jA sakatI haiN| unakI tIna aura prasiddha kavitAe~, 'saroja-smRti', 'rAma kI zaktipUjA', aura 'kukuramuttA' ko yahA~ udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| Avega-mUlaka bhayaMkaratA: 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' kavi kI eka utkRSTa racanA hai, isa racanA meM udAtta-zailI ke ve pA~coM tatva dikhAI dete haiM, jisakA pratipAdana lauMjAinasa ne apane udAtta-siddhAnta meM kiyA hai| isameM eka ora AkAza, samudra, meghamaMDaka, vAyu-vega, digantavyApI andhakAra durgam parvata jyotiH prapAta Adi bhautika pariveza ke virATa bimba haiN| aura dUsarI ora yoga-vidyA sahasAra Adi cakoM ke alaukika bimba haiN| isa kavitA meM oja kA prAdhAnya hai| tatsam zabdoM kA prabhAvI prayoga hai, kiyA padoM se mukta saghana zabdAvalI kA prayoga hai tathA paripuSTa zabda-yojanA hai| "ye azru rAma ke Ate hI mana meM vicAra, udvela ho uThA zakti-khela-sAgara apAra, ho zvasita pavana-unacAsa, pitA-pakSa se tumula ekatra vakSa para bahA vASpa ko ur3A atula, zata ghUrNAvarta, taraMga-bhaMga uThate pahAr3a jala rAzi-rAzi jala para car3hatA khAtA pahAr3a tor3atA bandha-pratisaMgha dharA, ho sphIta-vakSa digvijaya-artha pratipala samartha baDhatA samakSa / "1 1. rAma kI zakti-pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : dvitIya anAmikA : pRSTha-332 58

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prastuta paMktiyoM meM hanumAna ke kodha kA vizada-citraNa hai| kathA kucha isaprakAra hai:- rAma kI A~khoM meM A~sU dekhakara unake priya hanumAna kodhita hokara AkAza kI ora daur3ate haiM zakti ko nigalane ke lie| hanumAna ke usI kodha kI vizadatA kI tulanA samudra kI vizadtA se kI gayI hai| aisI tulanA koI mahAna avadhAraNAoM vAlA kavi hI kara sakatA hai, yahA sAgara ke maryAdAhIna rUpa ko citrita kiyA gayA hai| jala-rAzi ko mathatA huA vAyu bhaMyakara zabda kara rahA hai| yaha zabda kI bhayaMkaratA kucha isa prakAra hai mAnoM bajra ke samAna dRr3ha aMga vAle tathA ekAdaza rUdra ke avatAra hanumAna jI kUddha hokara aTTAhAsa karate hue AkAza kI ora bar3ha rahe haiN| lekina isa bhaMyakaratA meM bhI jisa taraha kI udAttatA kavi ne dikhAI hai, vaha nirAlA ke yahA~ hI saMbhava hai| "uddAma preraNA prastuta Avega arthAta, bhAvAvega kI tIvratA" lauMjAinasa kA vicAra hai ki jo Avega, unmAda, utsAha ke uddAma vega se phUTa par3atA hai aura eka prakAra se vaktA ke zabdoM ko vismaya se bhara detA hai usake yathA-sthAna vyakta hone se svarNa jaisA audAtya AtA hai, vaha atyanta durlabha hai| bhavya Avega ke pariNAma svarUpa hamArI AtmA svataH Upara uThakara mAnoM garva se ucca-AkAza meM vicaraNa karane lagatI hai, tathA harSa evaM ullAsa se bhara jAtI hai| bajrapAta kA palaka jhapakAe binA sAmanA saMbhava hai para bhAvAvega ke prabhAva se avicala-achUtA banA raha pAnA saMbhava nhiiN| hamArA svabhAva hai ki hama choTI-choTI dhArAoM kI apekSA mahAsAgara se adhika prabhAvita hote haiN| audAtya manuSya ko Izvara ke aizvarya ke samIpa taka le AtA hai| ullAsa-Ananda, deza-kAla-nirapekSa hotA hai jo sadA sabako Anandita karatA hai vahI audAtya Avega hai| vismaya vimugdha karane vAlA camatkArI-bhAva pariveza mAnava meM garimA ko janma detA hai| udAtta utkRSTa vahI hai jo pAThaka yA srotA ko vimugdha yA 59

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avibhUta kre| Avega do prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai bhavya aura nimn| eka se AtmA kA utkarSa hotA hai, to dUsare se apkrss| nimna Avega meM dayA, zoka, bhaya, Adi ke bhAva Ate hai| udAtta sRjana meM vastutaH bhavya Avega sahAyaka hotA Ow nirAlA kAvya kA mukhara svara hai 'udAtta' usakA sajaga guNa hai 'oja' | usameM aisI zakti hai jo siddha saMgIta kI taraha manuSya kI cetanA ko Upara uThAtI hai, yaha udAtta-tatva kAvya kI viSaya-vastu mUrti-vidhAna dhvani evaM chanda kI laya meM eka sAtha vyApta rahatA hai yadyapi 'udAtta' bhAvanA ke lie vistRta kathA-vastu aura sUkSma-caritra sadA apekSita nahIM hotA hai thor3I se sAragarbhita zabdoM meM bhI eka vizad citra khIMcA jA sakatA hai| nirAlA kAvya meM pravAha hai lekina phailAva nahIM hai bhAvanA ghanIbhUta hokara kama se kama zabdoM meM prakaTa hotI hai| vIra rasAtmaka racanA meM vistAra adhika hai kavi kA vastu-vidhAna viSayAnusAra choTA aura bar3A hotA rahatA hai| arthAt kabhI ve laghu-citroM kI udbhAvanA karate haiM aura kabhI unakA citraphalana vastu ke anusAra vistRta aura viSad hotA hai| vIra rasa kI racanAoM meM nirAlA kA kAvya-zilpa adhika prasaraNa-zIla ho gayA hai, hama 'mahArAja zivAjI ke patra' ko dekheM athavA jAgo phira eka bAra sarvatra dUra-dUra taka vIra-bhAva ko jagAtI huI nirAlA kI paMktiyA~ vahA~ virAma letI haiN| jahA~ pAThaka eka lambe citra kA Akalana kara lene ke pazcAt svayaM virAma cAhatA hai| jahA~ jahA~ udAtta kI sRSTi kavi ne karanI cAhI hai vahA~ vahaoN zilpa meM isI prakAra kI saha-prANatA aura AkAragat prasAra A gayA hai| 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' ho yA 'tulasIdAsa' ina donoM racanAoM meM mahAkAvyocita audAtya lAne kA kavi kA prayatna rahA hai| kavi ke chandoM ke vAcana meM utAra-car3hAva kI kalA adbhUta evaM vilakSaNa thii| 'yamunA ke taTa para' 60

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aura 'paMcavaTI prasaMga' tathA 'tuma aura maiM' kI kalpanA - zIlatA dekhate hI banatI hai| 'bAdalarAga' aura 'kukuramuttA' jaisI kavitAe~ kavi ke udAttIkaraNa kI pravRtti ko eka nayA AyAma dete haiM / nirAlA ne apane kAvya meM udAtta citroM ko kAvyocita utkarSa diyA hai yaha unakI pAMDitya - zailI bhI kahI jA sakatI haiN| apane kAvya meM nirAlA ne vizAla - citra - phalaka para saMzaliSTa aura sAmAsika bhASA prayogo dvArA virATa citroM kI avatAraNA kI hai| ujjavala--udAtta sAMskRtika AvegaH 'tulasIdAsa' kavitA ke Arambha meM prAyaH dasa chandoM taka deza kI sAMskRtika vizrRMkhalatA evaM naitika Atmika vipannatA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| aise vAtAvaraNa meM tulasI jaise kisI bhI svAdhIna cetanA - sampanna bhAratIya ke mana meM ghuTana - TuTana kA anubhava svAbhAvika hai| ina Arambhika chandoM meM Avega kA nimna-svarUpa dikhAI detA hai| "vIroM kA gar3ha, vaha kAliMjara siMhoM ke lie Aja piMjara; nara haiM bhItara, bAhara kinnara - gaNa gAte; pIkara jyoM prANoM kA Asava dekhA asuroM ne daihika dava, baMdhana meM phaeNsa AtmA - bA~dhava duHkha pAte / X X X socatA kahA~ re, kidhara kUla bahatA taraMga kA pramuda phUla ? yoM isa pravAha meM deza mUla kho bahatA; 'chala-chala-chala' kahatA yadyapi jala, 61

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vaha maMtra mugdha sunatA kala-kala niSkiya; zobhA-priya, kUlopala jyoM rhtaa|" duHkha ke bAda sukha, nirAzA ke bAda AzA kA AnandadAyI saMcAra svAbhAvika hai| jaise rAta ke bAda dina AtA hai, asaphalatA se saphalatA kA prasphuTana hotA hai| usI prakAra madhyakAla kI viSama paristhitiyoM ke kuhAse ko cIrakara tulasIdAsa ke rUpa meM navIna sAMskRtika sUrya, anukUlatA kA prabhAta lekara prAdurbhUta huaa| diganta-vyApI jar3atA meM yahI cetanA bhregaa| kaNa-kaNa ko yahI apanI bhAsvara dIpti se Alokita kregaa| yahI sampUrNa deza kI AzAoM kA kendra bindu hai, isI se sabake svapna sAkAra hoNge| ataH isI sUryodaya ke sAtha kavivara nirAlA dezavAsiyoM ko jagAte haiM aura isa mahimA-maNDita jyotiSmAna virAT nakSatra se preraNA lene kI bAta karate haiN| yahA~ unakA bhavya Avega dekhate hI banatA hai: "jAgo, jAgo AyA prabhAt bItI yaha bItI andha rAta!, jharatA bhara jyotirmaya prapAta pUrvAcala, baoNdhoM bA~dhoM kiraNeM cetn| tejasvI hai tamajijjIvana, AtI bhArata ko jyotirdhana mhimaabl||2 tulasI ke rUpa meM yahA~ ujjavala udAtta-saMskRti kA punarUdaya ho rahA hai, kavi bhAvAvega se kintu udAttatA ko sameTe hue apane bhArata vAsiyoM kA AhvAna kara rahA hai ki he bhAratavAsiyoM jAgoM prabhAta ho gayA hai| andhakAra samApta ho gayA hai, dekho! yudacAyaka se jJAna kI kiraNeM kA jyotita jharanA jhara 1. tulasIdAsa : nirAlA racanAvalI (1) : pRSTha - 282, 283 2. 'tulasIdAsa' : nirAlA-racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 305 62

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rahA hai, yahA~ udAttatA-yukta bhAvAvega ke samAja ko naI, jAgRti va nava-cetanA kA saMcAra karatA hai| yuga kI kaThora AvazyakatAoM ne isa zaktidhara zobhAzAlI kavi ko janma diyA hai, isakI Urjasvit vANI meM mumuSuoM ko navIna prANoNyA milegii| dharatI se chala-kapaTa dveSa daMbha, duguNa, dUra, hoMge zubha sAtvika bhAvoM kA udaya hogA asat para rAta kI pratiSThA hogii| yahA~ kAvya ke mAdhyama se devI sarasvatI kA mukharita Avega jAga utthaa| jIvana ko jar3atA ke bhAvoM se bharane vAlI tathA dUSita bhAvoM rUpI paMkila se yukta jo saikar3oM kAvya kRtiyA~ rUpI nadiyoM ke vega ke sAtha bahatI rahatI hai: "deza-kAla ke zara se vidhaMkara, yaha jAgA kavi azeSa chvidhr| inakA svara bhara bhAratI mukhara hoegI, nizcetana, nijatana milA vikala / chalakA zat zat kalmaSa ke chala bahatI jo ve rAganI sakala soegii|" mAnasa kI kathA meM tulasI ke rAma RSiyoM kA asthi-samUha dekhakara A~khoM meM A~sU bhara lete haiM, phira yahI rAma RSimuniyoM evaM devatAoM ko apane Azvasti vacanoM se nirbhaya nizcinta banAte haiM: "asthi samUha dekhi raghurAyA, pUcheu muninha lAgi atidaayaa| nisicara nikara muninha saba khAe, suni raghuvIra nayana jala chaaye| xxx jAni Darapahu muni siddha suresA 1. tulasIdAsa : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga(1) : pRSTha - 306

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tumahiM lAgi dharihauM muni besaa| harihaU~ sakala bhUmi garUvAI nirbhaya hou deva smudaaii||" jaba yaha prasaMga hamAre dhyAna meM rahegA, to nirAlA kA Avega audAtya kucha AsAnI se samajha meM AegA, kyoMki yahA~ bhI kavirAT tulasI ke prayAsa se ve RSigaNa-sajjana biguNa harSita hai "sunA ura RSiyoM kA UnA, sunatA svara, ho harSita duunaa| Asura bhAvoM se jo bhunA, thA nizcala"2 lauMjAinasa kAvya ke mUlyAMkana kA adhikArI use mAnatA hai jisameM anubhava kI paripakvatA ho, usake lie jarUrI hai ki vaha zailI tathA saMghaTana kI una vizeSatAoM kI udghATita kara sake, jo udAttatA ke AdhAra-bhUta sAdhana haiN| nirAlA ne apane kAvya ke mAdhyama se jo udAttatA hama pAThaka taka pahuMcAyI hai use isa mahAkavi ne na sirpha anubhava kiyA thA, apitu bahuta nahIM to kucha aMza jiyA bhI thaa| yaha kavi ke kAvya kI vizeSatA hI rahI hai ki unakA kAvya cAhe yarthAthavAdI ho cAhe vyaktivAdI, yA sAmAjika yathArtha ho yA vaiyaktika dukhAHnubhUti rahI ho nirAlA jI apane Atma-vizvAsa kI dRr3hatA, Avega-mUlaka bhayaMkaratA evaM abheda akhaNDatA kI dRSTi ko audAtya ke rUpa meM pirone kA eka saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| lauMjAinasa ke anubhava kI paripakvatA kA bhAva spaSTa hai jo usa paristhiti ko jA~cA-parakhA ho yA yoM kaheM ki vAstavika jIvana meM bhI anubhava kiyA ho, kavi kI jIvana-zailI bhI kucha usake udAttarUpI kAvya se bhI mela khAtI thii| 1. tulasIdAsa : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga(1) 2. sandarbha : rAmacarita mAnasa

Page #68
nava-jAgRti kA AhvAna: nirAlA jI ne apanI kavitA 'jAgo phira eka bAra' ke mAdhyama se bhArata ke gauravapUrNa atIta kA smaraNa dilAkara evaM mahApurUSoM ko preraNA-srota banAkara, jana-mAnasa meM nava-jAgRti kA Avega bharakara, naI UrjA ke sAtha rASTra-nirmANa meM apanA yogadAna dene kA AhvAna karate hai| evaM nava-jAgaraNa kA zaMkhanAda karate hai: "jAgo phira eka bAra samara meM amara kA prANa gAna gAe mahAsindhu-se sindhu nada tIra-vAsI! saindhava turaMgoM para caturaMga camU saMga phAga kA khelA raNa bArahoM mahInoM meM? zeroM kI mA~da meM AyA hai Aja syaar| prastuta kavitA ke mAdhyama se kavi navajAgaraNa kA AhvAna karatA haiM ki he sindhutaTa ke nivAsiyoM arthAt bhAratIyoM! eka bAra punaH naI UrjA ke sAtha rASTra-nirmANa meM eka phiraMgiyoM ko khader3a bAhara karane kA AhvAna karatA hai, nirAlA jI kucha atIta ke dRSTAntoM ke mAdhyama se yahA~ ke jana-mAnasa ko yaha smaraNa dilAnA cAhate haiM ki usa caturaMgiNI senA ko smaraNa karo jo ghor3o para 1. jAgo phira eka bAra bhAga (2) : parimala : matavAlA sAptAhika kalakattA : pR0 - 152

Page #69
savAra hokara mahAsAgara ke-se gaMbhIra garjana se yukta svara meM yuddha-gIta gAte haiN| yaha yuddhagIta kahane ko eka gIta thA lekina isameM rasAnubhUti ke mAdhyama se mana ko chU lene vAlI gaharAI bhI thI, sAtha hI sAtha usI gaharAI meM jana-mAnasa ko rASTrIyatA rUpI Avega meM sarAbora karane kI kSamatA bhii| gurU-govinda siMha kI pratijJA kisI bhI vyakti ke andara sphUrti paidA karane ke lie saMjIvanI bUTI kA kAma kara sakatI hai| ve gurU govinda siMha kA vIroM ke mana ko mohane vAlA durjaya saMgrAma kA rAga gAte haiM, vaha rAga aisA mAnoM usa rAga se bhAratIya jana-mAnasa meM utsAha-rUpI Avega kA saMcAra ho gayA ho| kisI ne ThIka hI kahA thA ki gurU-govinda bAraho mahIne khUnoM kI holiyA~ khelate the aise siMha vIroM kA nivAsa-bhUmi meM kAyara Darapoka logoM kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| purUSatva kA samAveza: nirAlA kA spaSTa mata thA ki vIra bhogyA bsuNdhraa| isakA yaha abhiprAya kadApi nahI thA ki paurUSavAna vyakti ko hI jIne kA adhikAra hai balki unakA izArA aMgrejI zAsana kI taraha thA, ve dezavAsiyoM kA AhvAna apanI kavitA ke mAdhyama se karanA cAhate haiN| ve saMdeza dete the ki mere dezavAsiyoM agara Apako ina aMgreja phiraMgiyoM ko deza se nikAlanA hai to pahale apane pA~voM para calane kI Adata DAlo yAnI Atmanirbhara bno| "sihoM kI goda se chInatA re zizu kauna! mauna bhI kyA rahatI vaha rahate prANa? re aMjAna eka meSamAtA hI rahatI hai nirnimess| 66

Page #70
durbala vaha, chinatI saMtAna jb| janma para apane abhisapta, tapta A~sU bahAtI hai|" nirAlA kI kAvya zailI unake kAvya-vyaktitva ke AdhAra para kaI rUpoM meM abhivyakta huI hai, sabase vaha svachanda vidrohiNI zailI hai jo unake vidrohI vyaktitva va tadrupa kAvya-vastu kA pratinidhitva karatI hai nirAlA kI kAvya-zailI kA yaha kadAcit yaha sabase adhika sazakta svarUpa hai, mAnava jIvana kI sArI vizeSatAoM aura rUr3hiyoM kA ApAta vinAza karane vAlI bhAva-cetanA isI zailI kA Azraya lekara prasphuTita huI hai, nirAlA ne apane isa kAvya zailI ke mAdhyama se mAnava ke paurUSa aMzarUpI pratIka ko uddhRta kiyA hai| yahA~ kavi apane Avegamaya kavitA ke mAdhyama se eka dRSTAnta prastuta karate hue janamAnasa se yaha prazna karatA hai ki aisI zakti yA sAhasa kisameM hai jo siMhanI kI goda se usake bacce ko bala-pUrvaka le sake, kyA siMhanI apane jIte jI aisA hone degI? phira unhoneM bher3a kA dRSTAnta dete hue kahA ki sirpha bher3a hI aisA karane degI aura vaha-putra-viyoga meM tar3apa-tar3apa kara mara jAtI hai| phira punaH prazna karatA hai ki kyA zaktizAlI mAnava atyAcAra sahakara bhI jIvita raha sakatA hai kadApi nhiiN| arthAt kavi kA spaSTa sandeza apane dezavAsiyoM ke prati hai ki vIrabhogyA basundharA! isa prakAra nirAlA jI apane dezavAsiyoM kA AhvAna karate haiM ki apanI miTTI, apanI saMskRti evaM apane paurUSa para bharosA kareM, unakA samasta kAvyarUpI vyaMgya vANa cATukAra bhAratIyoM ke Upara hotA thaa| ve unake jamIra ko kAvyamayI vyaMgya bANa se jhakajhorate the aura rASTra kI mukhya dhArA meM 1. jAgo phira eka bAra (2) : parimala : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pR0-153

Page #71
zAmila ho jAne kA AhvAna karate the| isa prakAra nirAlA jI kA deza-prema mukhara hai, bher3a aura bakarI kI taraha nirUpAya evaM dIna banakara videzI dAsatA kA abhisapta jIvana vyatIta karane kI apekSA mAtRbhUmi para zIza car3hA denA kahIM adhika acchA hai| kAnti kA mAnavIkaraNa: nirAlA ne apane 'bAdalarAga' kavitA ke mAdhyama se prakRti ke viplavakArI sparUpa kA varNana kara rahe haiN| kavi Avega se yukta evaM mAnavIkaraNa se paripUrNa bAdala ko pucakArate hue mAnoM ulAhanA de rahA hai: "bAra-bAra garjana, varSaNa hai-mUsalAdhAra! hRdaya thAma letA hai saMsAra suna suna ghora bajra hukAra! azanipAta se zAyita unnata-zatazatavIra, kSata-vikSata hata acala zarIra gaganasparzI spardhA dhiir||" yahA~ kavi apane 'bAdala-rAga' kavitA ke mAdhyama se yaha darzAnA cAhatA hai ki kAnti ke samaya bar3e garvIle vIra dharAzayI ho jAte haiN| arthAta kAnti ke lahara ke sammukha koI bhI zakti Tika nahIM paataa| nirAlA jI kAnti kA AhvAna karate haiM, saccAI bhI yahI hai ki nirAlA kA yaha kAla baMgAla meM rahane kA kAla thA usa samaya baMgAla pradeza-kAntikAriyoM kI karmabhUmi banI huI thI, pUre deza meM mAnoM junUna chAH gayA thA / saccAI to ye hai ki kavi eka 1. bAdala-rAga : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pR0 - 68

Page #72
navajAgaraNa kA AhvAna isa kAvya ke mAdhyama se karanA cAhatA hai| kavi kahatA hai ki ye viplava ke bAdala! tuma bArabAra garajate ho athavA musalAdhAra varSA karate ho, yAnI sAmantI samAja ko cunautI kavi apane Avega-pUrNa kAvya ke mAdhyama se denA cAhatA hai| tumhAre ghora aura bhayaMkara garjana ko sunakara aura musalAdhAra varSA se trastra hokara saMsAra ke prANI apanA hRdaya thAma lete haiM arthAta bhaya se sihara utthte| tuma vIroM ke samAna apanA mastaka Upara ko uThAe hue una saikar3o parvata para bijaliyA~ girAkara acala zarIroM ko vidIrNa kara dete haiM jo U~cAI aura dhairya meM AsamAna ke barAbarI kAvya karane vAle hote haiN| saMbaMdhita kAvya ke mAdhyama se kavi ne bAdala kI tulanA tatkAlIna aMgrejI zAsaka se kiyA hai| kavi kahatA hai ki 'bAdala' kI taraha dhIre-dhIre kavi ne pUre sAmAjika pariveza va vAtAvaraNa ko cUsA hai| ___ chAyAvAdI kAvya meM yadyapi prasAda, panta, nirAlA evaM mahAdevI sabhI ne AtmAnubhUti ko vANI dI tathA nirAlA kA svara ojasvI rahA, 'bAdalarAga' likhane vAle nirAlA ke svara meM bAdala kI gurUgarjanA avazya huI hai kavi ko vaha garjanA spaSTa rUpa se sunAI par3atI hai : "jhUma-jhUma mRdu garaja-garaja ghanaghora! rAga-amara! ambara meM nija rora! jhara-jhara-jhara nirjhara-giri-sara meM, ghara, marU, tarU-marmara, sAgara meM, sarit-tar3ita-gati-cikata pavana meM, mana meM vijaya gahana-kAnana meM, Anana-Anana meM, rava-ghora-kaThora 69

Page #73
rAga-amara ! ambara meM bhara nija rora!" anubhUti aura abhivyakti kI ImAnadArI tathA saccAI nirAlA kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai| isa khAsa artha meM nirAlA pragativAda se jur3ate haiM, unake kAvya meM vizAla janaHmAnasa kI pIDA tathA gurU-garjanA kA virATa dRzya parilakSita hotA hai| aura kavi bAdalarUpI gurU kA jJAna kI varSA kA AhvAna karatA hai, tathA jana-mAnasa meM jana-jAgRti tathA deza bhakti kA jajbA bharane kA kavi kA anathaka prayAsa hai| mahAkavi ne uparyukta kavitA meM spaSTa kiyA hai ki baoNdhAe~ agara AveM bhI to use dUra kareM yA aura naI tAkata se usakA sAmanA kreN| rAma kI zakti-pUjA meM nATakIya tatva: nirAlA 'rAma kI zaktipUjA' meM nATakIya kAvya zailI kA samAveza bar3e hI cAtUryapUrNa DhaMga se kiyA hai| aura yaha nirAlA kA 'svagat kathana' hai| saMvAdoM ke mAdhyama se nirAlA ne apane Avega-mUlaka vicAroM kI sazakta abhivyakti 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' ke prati kI hai| Avega kI abhivyakti hI nATakIya tatva kA mUla guNa hai| yaha Avega svayaM hI apane Apa se prazna karane lagatA hai, Avega kA utAra-car3hAva AdyopAnta isa 'rAma kI zakti pUjA' meM chala kara rahA hai nATaka meM jaba vaha vyakti AtmahatyA karane ke lie taiyAra ho rahA thA ki taba taka zakti rAma kA hAtha pakar3a letI hai yahI Avega kA utAra-car3hAva isa kavitA meM spaSTa jhalakatA hai: "hai amAnizAH ugalatA gagana ghana andhakAra kho rahA dizA kA jJAnaH stabdha hai pavana cAraH apratihata garaja rahA pIche ambudhi vizAla bhU-dhara jyoM dhyAna magna kevala jalatI mazAla / 1. bAdala-rAga : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga - (1)

Page #74
sthira rAghavendra ko hilA rahA phira-phira saMzaya, raha-raha uThatA jana jIvana meM rAvaNa-jaya-bhaya, jo nahIM huA Aja taka hRdaya ripu damya zrAnta; eka bhI ayuta-lakSa meM rahA jo durA kAnta, kala lar3ane ko ho rahA vikala vaha bAra-bAra; asamartha mAnatA mana udyata ho haar-haar|" yahA~ nirAlA ke rAma jo ki eka sAmAnya mAnava haiM unake virUddha mahAzakti haiN| jo rAma kI sArI yuktiyoM ko apanI mAyA se dharAzAyI kara detI hai| mahAzakti anyAya kA pratIka rAvaNa kA sAtha dene lagatI hai, mahAzakti ko rAvaNa kA pakSa lenA mAno, cA~da kI zItalatA ko grahaNa laga gayA ho aise saMgharSarat pAtroM ke nATakIya aMtardvanda lakSmaNa, hanumAna, vibhISaNa Adi kI pRSThabhUmi ke lie prakRti kA yaha dRzya kavi ne ukerA hai| nirAlA ke rAma yuddha-bhUmi se vApasa Akara gahana maMtraNA meM laga jAte haiM, hara kisI ke mana meM yuddha kA Avega to hai lekina apane ArAdhya evaM yuddha ke mukhiyA rAma ke agale odaza kI pratIkSA meM hai, usa avasara para rAtri ke samaya kA citra khIMcA hai mahAkavi ne / amAvasyA kI rAta hai, AkAza nirantara andhakAra kA bamana kara rahA hai| arthAt AkAza meM nirantara andhakAra bar3hatA jA rahA hai pariNAma svarUpa dizAoM kA jJAna, dizAoM kA sUcaka saMketa cinha lupta ho gae haiM aura pavana kA saMcAra avarUddha ho gayA hai parvata ke pIche vizAla samudra nirbAdha vega se garjana karatA huA umar3a rahA hai udhara parvata mAnoM samAdhistha ho gayA hai| andhakAra ke AtaMka se sA~sa rokakara khar3A huA hai, saca to yaha hai ki 'rAma kI zakti pUjA' meM prakRti kA citraNa pUrI taraha manovaijJAnika tathA zailI vaijJAnika donoM dRSTiyoM 1 rAma kI zakti pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga(1) pRSTha - 330 dvitIya anAmikA : 23 akTUbara 1936

Page #75
se atyanta mArmika hai, cAhe varNa-yojanA ho bimba-racanA ho, yA laya vidhAna, sabhI me virodha zodha jaTilatA Adi guNoM kA atyanta camatkRta prayoga kiyA gayA hai| apane yuga kI viSama paristhitiyoM ke virUddha kavi kI pratibhA kA saMgharSa athavA vijaya kA vishvaas| kathA-vastu kA sUkSma-caritra-citraNa sadA apekSita nahIM hai mahAkavi kI ye vizeSatA rahI hai ki thor3e se sAragarbhita zabdoM meM eka vizad citra khIMca dete hai| unhone saMsAra ko prANa saMghAta kA sindhu kahA itane se hI zakti kI laharoM kA citra sAmane A gyaa| sadA udAtta-yukta eka hI racanA meM nirantara udAtta-svara hI sunAI de to zrotA bhI vicalita ho utthegaa| isIlie to kahA jAtA hai ki nirAlA kA kAvya virodhI tatvoM kA santulana hai| udAtta evaM anudAtta kA smnvy| andhakAra evaM prakAza (mazAla) kA smnvy| 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' meM eka ora rAma kA parAjita mana hai to dUsarI ora lakSmaNa kA amodya teja hai eka ora kavi me Avega se yukta yuddha kI vibhiSikA kA varNana hai to dUsarI ora mA~ dvArA rAma ko rAjIva nayana kahA jAnA virodhI tatvoM kI vaha viSamatA aura unakA santulana, viSama-vastu, mUrti-vidhAna aura chanda pravAha sarvatra dekhA jA sakatA hai| mahAkavi ke kAvya meM pravAha hai lekina phailAva nahIM hai bhAvanA dhanIbhUta hokara kama se kama zabdoM meM prakaTa hotI hai| nirAlA kA kAvya sahaja athavA subodha nahIM hai| isakA kAraNa kucha loga bhASA kI kliSTatA mAnate hai, jabaki saca ye hai ki bhAva kI gaharAI vyaMjanA kA baoNkApana zabdoM kI dhvani aura chanda kI laya kA anU~ThApana bhI isakA kAraNa hai thor3A parizrama karane para jaise milTana ke udAtta kAvya kA rasa milane para usake Age anya kaviyoM kI racanAai phIkI lagatI haiM, vaise hI nirAlA kAvya kA eka bAra rasa milane para dUsare kavi kama acche lgeNgeN|

Page #76
AcArya 'rAmacandra zukla' ne nirAlA jI ke isa kAvya ko saMzaliSTa kahA hai| saMbaMdhita paMkti meM kavi ne zivira ke irda-girda ke pariveza kA varNana kiyA hai AkAza andhakAra ugala rahA hai havA kA calanA rUkA huA hai pRSThabhUmi meM sthita samudra garjanakara rahA hai, pahAr3a dhyAnastha hai aura mazAla jala rahI hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki ye saba ke saba kiyAzIla hai havA kA rUkanA aura pahAr3a kA dhyAnAstha honA bhI anAyAsa nahIM hai ye unakI kriyAe~ hai| ye kriyAzIla hI isa bimba ko prabhAvazAlI banAte haiN| yahA~ kavi apane mAnasa kA pratibimba vAhya-jagat meM dekhatA hai kavi kA mAnasa Avega se pUrNa hai vaha hRdaya kI bhAvAnubhUti pahAr3o meM dekha rahA hai pahAr3a rUpI hRdaya mAnoM agni-varSA kara rahA hai| yahA~ mAnasa kA bimba vAhya jagata meM spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| kRtivAsa kI rAmAyaNa meM indra kI prArthanA para bramhA akAlabodhana dvArA rAma ko devI kI ArAdhanA karane kA parAmarza dete haiN| kintu 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' meM jAmavanta atyanta prabhAvI rIti se rAma ke gaurava ke anukUla isa prakAra kA parAmarza dete hai : "he purUSa siMha, tuma bhI yaha zakti karo dhAraNa, ArAdhana kA dRr3ha ArAdhana se do uttara, tuma varo vijaya saMyata prANoM se prANoM para; rAvaNa azuddha hokara bhI yadi kara sakA trasta, to nizcaya tuma ho siddha, karoge use dhvasta, zakti kI karo maulika kalpanA, karo pUjana, chor3a do samara jaba taka na siddhi ho, raghunandana! taba taka lakSmaNa haiM mahAvAhinI ke nAyaka,

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madhya bhAga meM, aMgada dakSiNa- zveta sahAyaka / "" baMglA rAmAyaNa meM eka sau ATha kamala se durgA pUjA karane kA prastAva hai / vibhISaNa kahate hai ki rAvaNa ke samAna zakti upAsanA karake Apa bhI mahAzakti ko apane vaza meM kara lo jAmbavAna kahate haiM zakti kA siMha hai, Apa bhI purUSoM meM siMha hai / Apa bhI apane Upara zakti ko dhAraNa kareM, phira to burAI kA sarvanAza sunizcita hai yahA~ mahAkavi kA izArA hai ki ArAdhanA kA ArAdhanA se hI uttara diyA jA sakatA hai| yAnI mahAmAyAvI rAvaNa ko usI ke chala-rUpI jJAna se parAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ kavi yaha spaSTa karanA cAhatA hai ki jaba pApI rAvaNa upAsanA ke dama para zakti kA sahayoga prApta kara sakatA hai to Apa upAsanA ke siddha purUSa hIM hai / yahA~ mahAkavi apane isa kAvya ke mAdhyama se yaha jana-mAnasa ko saMdeza dete haiM ki ArAdhanA kA dRr3ha ArAdhanA se do uttara yadi phira bhI burAI naSTa na ho to jaise ko taisA ke mArga para calanA caahie| yAnI 'saThe - sAThyam samAcare ! kI nIti para calakara burAI para vijaya prApta karo aura janatA ko mukti dilAoM, yahA~ kavi ne apane rAma se burAI para vijaya dilAne meM saphalatA bhI prApta kI hai / kavi ne eka anubhavI eMva bujurga pAtra ke mAdhyama se yaha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki tAmasI zakti kI apekSA sAtvika zakti kahIM adhika prabhAvakArI hotI hai| pAThaka aura zrotA ko isa kAvya ko par3hane para unameM sirpha Avega hI utpanna nahIM hotA balki romAMca bhI utpanna hotA hai| nirAlA dvArA bujurga jAmbavAna dvArA vyUha racanA karake evaM yuddha varNana ko sajIvatA pradAna karake mAnoM samUce kAvya ko hI nayA AyAma diyA hai, mahAkavi ne apane kAvya meM mAnoM burAI para acchAI kI vijaya ke lie samUce dezavAsiyoM kA AhvAna kiyA hai| 1. 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' : dvitIya anAmikA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pR0-335, racanA 23 akTUbara 1936 74

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kavi kA vidrohI svaraH mahAkavi ne apane Avegamaya kAvya ke mAdhyama se bAdala se prArthanA kI hai ki he gambhIra svara vAle bAdala tuma itanI kaThoratA se baraso ki sampUrNa prakRti meM eka nava-jIvana kA saMcAra ho jAe: "ghana-garjana se bhara do vn| tarU tarU pAdapa-pAdapa tn| aba taka guMjana-guMjana para nAcIM kaliyA~ chavi nirbhr;| bhauroM ne madhu pI-pIkara, mAnA, sthira-madhu-Rtu kaann| garajo he manda, bajra svara, tharrAre bhUdhara-bhUdhara, jharajhara jharajhara dhArA jhara, pallava-pallava para jIvana / / 1 nava-jIvana nirmANa ke lie rAga-raMga kA vAtAvaraNa hitakara nahIM hai isI kAraNa kavi megha se garjana ko prArthanA karatA hai vaha unake pralayaMkArI rUpa meM navIna sRSTi ke nirmANa kA darzana karatA hai, yaha kavi prakRti-rUpI bAdala se prArthanA karatA hai ki he bAdala! tuma apane garjana-rUpI Avegamaya varSA se vana ke pratyeka vRkSa aura paudhe ko bhara do, aba taka apane saundarya para jIvita rahane vAlI arthAt saundarya se bharI huI kaliyA~ bhauroM ke guMjana ko suna-sunakara nAcatI hai| bhauroM ne unakA madhu pI-pIkara vana meM basanta-Rtu kI zobhA ko sthAyI mAnA hai| prakRti kA mAnavIkaraNa karate hue nirAlA ne pU~jIvAdI varga ko bhauMrA evaM 1. 'ghana gajana se bhara': do mana : gIta : dvitIya anAmikA : pRSTha-35 75

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sarvahArA varga ko madhu kI upamA se saMbodhita kiyA hai, kavi kahatA hai he gambhIra svara vAle bAdala ! tuma itanI gambhIratA kaThoratA se garajo ki tumhArA svara sunakara pratyeka parvata bhaya se kA~pa jAya aura unase jhara-jhara pAnI ke jharane phUTa par3e tathA patte - patte meM nava-jIvana kA saMcAra ho uThe / yahA~ kavi ne prakRti kA mAnavIkaraNa kiyA hai, bhASA meM dhvanyAtmakatA draSTavya hai / vidroha kA AhvAna : nirAlA kAMtikArI kavi haiM / zakti kA upAsaka kavi cupacApa tatkAlIna vyavasthA kA anyAya kaise saha- sakatA hai? 'mahArAja zivAjI' kA patra meM aitihAsika prasaMga dvArA parAdhIna rASTra ke supta saMskAroM ko jagAte haiM : "A rahI hai yAda apanI marajAda kI, cAhate ho yadi kucha pratikAra / tuma rahate talavAra ke myAna meM, Ao vIra svAgat hai| sAdara bulAtA hU~, hai jo bahAdura samara ke / ve mara ke bhI, mAtA ko bacAyege / zatruoM khUna se, dho sake yadi eka bhI tuma mA~ kA dAga / kitanA anurAga dezavAsiyoM kA pAoge / nirjara ho jAoge 76

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amara khlaaoge|" nirAlA kI AsthA kA AdhAra bhAratIya janatA kI ajeya zUratA hai| pAramparika bheda-bhAva ko bhulAkara saMgaThita rUpa se videzI zAsakoM ke virUddha morcA jamAne kI preraNA hai| uparyukta kAvya meM deza-prema ke prati kavi kI arntarAtmA kI AvAja bAhara nikala par3atI hai| isalie vaha apane prabala-pratidvandI jayasiMha se apane sabhI bheda-bhAva bhulAkara usI ke mAdhyama se jana-jAgaraNa kA AhvAna kii| Aja kA samaya Apasa meM lar3ane kA nahIM apuita saMgaThita hokara phiraMgiyoM kA virodha karane kA hai| kavi kA kahanA hai ki he vIra! mere pAsa Ao maiM tumhArA svAgata karatA hU~ aura tumako apane pAsa Ane ke lie sAdara AmaMtrita karatA hU~ jo bahAdura hote haiM ve prANa tyAga kara bhI mAtR-bhUmi kI rakSA kreNge| yAnI kavi jana-sahayoga kA AhvAna karatA hai ki Ao hama sabhI milakara apanI mAtR-bhUmi kI rakSA karane kA vacana leN| kavi apane kAvya-rUpI Avega ko naI dizA dete hue kahatA hai ki he dezavAsiyoM! yadi tuma zatruoM ke khUna se bhArata mAtA kA eka bhI dAga dho sakoge to apane dezavAziyoM kA aTUTa sneha apane Apa prApta ho jAegA aisA karake tuma to devatA kahalAoge aura itihAsa meM amara bana jaaoge| aMgrejiyata meM raMge hue, aMgareja bhaktoM para kavi ne tIkhI TippaNI kI hai nirAlA ne aise cApalUsoM ko rASTra-drohI kI upamA se saMbodhita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai|ve ina cApalUsoM ko apane rASTra kA durbhAgya taka kI saMjJA dI hai| isa taraha kI jana-cetanA vaha bhI eka kAvya ke mAdhyama se nirAlA jaisA ucca-koTi kA kavi hI kara sakatA hai| nirAlA kI isa kavitA meM muhAvaredAra loka-vyavahAra kI bhASA bhI draSTavya hai| mahAkavi apane deza ke una gaddAroM ko apane kAvya-mayI vyaMga vANoM se aise bhedate the mAnoM jaMgala meM jisa taraha hiraNa yA anya jaMgalI jAnavaroM ko dekhakara 1. mahArAja-zivAjI kA patra : uparA : pRSTha - 82

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zera unake zikAra ke lie daur3atA ho, yahA~ kavi jayasiMha! ke mAdhyama se inako eka avasara de rahA hai ki deza-sevA se bar3hakara aura koI kArya nahIM, phira kavi deza ke sabhI nAgariko ko vizeSakara jo udAsIna hai, cApalUsa hai, uname rASTrIyatA kA saMcAra kara rahA hai aura jayasiMha ke madhyama se kahatA hai: "dhImAn kahate haiM tumheM loga jaya siMha! siMha ho tuma khelo zikAra khUba hiranoM kA yAda rahezera kabhI mAratA nahIM hai zera, kesarI, anya vanya pazuoM kA zikAra karatA haiN|" nirAlA lauha-purUSa the| Arthika, sAmAjika, pArivArika kisI prakAra kI vAdhAeM unake majabUta kandhoM ko jhukA nahIM paayii| vo AjIvana ekAkI samasta samAja se jUjhate rahe, unakA yaha adamya sAhasa 'chatrapati zivAjI' kavitA meM zivAjI ke kSatriyatva ke sAtha prakaTa huI, svAbhAvika hai ki kavi kA janma paratantra bhArata meM huA thaa| deza gulAmI kI ber3iyoM meM jakar3A huA thA, isa gulAmI ke lie kavi phiraMgiyoM se adhika jimmedAra svayaM apane dezavAsiyoM ko mAnatA hai, kavi yahA~ ke buddhajIviyoM vizeSakara par3he-likhe pU~jIpati varga ko kosate hue kahatA hai ki tuma sabhI ko loga vidvAna kahate haiM tuma kaise vidvAna ho maiM mAnA ki tuma vidvAna ho tumheM rASTra kI suvidhAoM ke dohana kA haka hai parantu jarA soco! jisa prakAra zera kabhI zera kA zikAra nahIM karatA usI prakAra tuma 1. 'mahArAja zivAjI kA patra' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha-162 78

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sabhI zera sirpha hirana rUpI phiraMgiyoM kA zikAra karo aura rASTra ko gulAmI evaM dAsatA se mukti dilAo / kavi yahAeN dezavAsiyoM ko AgAha karate hue kahatA hai ki hamArI pAramparika phUTa sabase bar3I kamajorI hai aura phiraMgiyoM kI tAkata ! ve rASTra ke samasta nAgarikoM kA AhvAna karate haiM ki jisa dina hama sabhI eka ho jAeM phira koI bhI videzI hamArI bhArata mAtA ko hathiyAne kA vicAra bhI mana meM nahIM lA sktaa| kavi ke anusAra ekatA aisI r3hAla hai jise vikhaNDita karane kA mAddA kisI videzI meM nahIM hai| isI ekatA kA AhvAna kavi isa Avegamaya kavitA ke mAdhyama se karatA hai: "vIra ! - sardIroM ke sardAra ! - mahArAja ! bahu-jAti, kyAriyoM ke puNya - patra - dala-bhare | Ana-bAna zAna vAle bhArata - udyAna ke, nAyaka ho, rakSaka ho, bAsaMtI surabhi ko hRdaya se harakara, diganta bharane vAlA pavana jyoM / vaMzaja ho - cetana amala aMza, hRdayAdhikArI ravikula- maNi raghunAtha ke / "" mahAkavi ne yahA~ jayasiMha ke vyaktitva va kRtitva kA citraNa kiyA hai raghukula gaurava zrIrAma ke mAdhyama se bhArata ke gauravamayI atIta kA varNana hai / dezabhakti kI vyaMjanA kUTa-kUTa bharI gayI hai kavi jayasiMha ! ke mAdhyama se deza ke pU~jIpatiyoM buddhijIviyoM kA AhvAna karatA hai ki Apa rASTra kI mukhya dhArA se jur3e jAo, jur3o hI mata balki hama garIba evaM anapar3ha janatA ko netRtva 1. mahArAja zivAjI kA patra : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha 156 79 --

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pradAna karo kavi kahatA hai ki Apa bhArata rUpI bagiyA ke mAlI evaM svAmI ho| Apa bhArata rUpI udyAna meM usI prakAra nava-cetanA bharate haiM jisa prakAra basanta-kAlIna vAyu bAsantI saurabha ko sArI dizAoM meM bhara detI hai| Aie! deza kI ekatA ke Dora meM ba~dhakara eka svatantra evaM nava-bhArata ke vikAsa meM eka kar3I bana joNe| atIta kI smRti: kavi nirAlA ke mana meM yamunA ko dekhakara bhAratIya saMskRti se saMbadhita samasta atIta jAgRta ho uThatA hai ve kathAoM kA sAra lekara evaM apane pichale anubhavoM kA sAra apanI kavitA 'yamunA ke prati ke mAdhyama se jana-AhvAna karatA huA kahatA hai ki: "mukta hRdaya ke siMhAsana para / kisa atIta ke ye samrATa dIpa rahe jinake mastaka para ravi-zazi-tAre-vizva-virATa? nikhila vizva kI jijJAsA-sI, AzA ko tU jhalaka amnd| antaHpura kI nija zayyA para raca raca mRda chandoM ke bnd||" prakRti ke mAdhyama se kavi rahasyAnubhUti kI abhivyakti karatA huA kahatA hai ki tere unmukta hRdaya ke isa siMhAsana para kisa vigat yuga ke samrATa virAjamAna haiM jinake mastaka para ye sUrya candra evaM hora vizAla-vizva-dIpaka kI 1. yamunA ke prati : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha-116 80

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taraha camakate rahate haiN| yaha kavi yamunA ke mAdhyama se sudura atIta kI kina khoI huI smRtiyoM ko jagAne kA prayatna kara rahA hai| laghu laharoM ke madhura svaroM meM kisa atIta kAla kI gaharI vizAla-kIr3A kI smRti meM gunagunA rahI hai| mAnoM tumhAre hRdaya para mAdaka dhvaniyA~ mauna pavana meM gUMjatI rahatI hai| tuma kisa premI ke dhyAna meM DUbI huI nitya-navIna saMgIta bhare gItoM kI racanA karatI rahatI ho, jisa samaya samUcA rASTra sotA hai aura eka khAmozI kA vAtAraNa rahatA hai usa samaya bhI terI kala-kala dhvani kA madhura saMgIta guMjAyamAna rahatA hai| yahA~ mahAkavi ne jana-mAnasa ko yamunA kA mAnavIkaraNa kara nirantara Age bar3hane kI preraNA detA hai| yuddhonmAda kA citra: nirAlA jI mAnava ko vilAsamaya jIvana tyAgane aura kucha kara gujarane kA AhvAna karate hue kahate haiM ki he dezavAsiyoM rASTra ke vikAsa meM yuddha-stara para yogadAna do, kavi rASTrIyatA kI dundubhI bajAte hue kahatA hai ki: "merI jhararar jharara, damAme ghora nakAroM kI hai copa, / kaD-kaDkaD sansan bandUkeM ararara ararara ararara top| dhUma-dhUma hai bhIma raNasthala, zat zat jvAlAmukhiyA~ ghor| Aga ugalatI dahaka-dahaka daha, kaeNpA rahI bhU nabha ke chora phaTate lagate haiM chAtI para, ghATI gole sau-sau baar| ur3a jAte haiM kitane hAthI,

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kitane chor3e aura svaar|" yahA~ kavi yuddha kA eka bhayAnaka citra prastuta karatA hai aura yaha bhI darzAne kA prayAsa karatA hai ki yuddha se Arthika zArIrika hAni hI nahIM hotI hai balki yuddha mAnava ke lie eka vinAza kA mArga prazasta karatI hai| jisase na sirpha eka rASTra eka manuSya kA nukasAna hotA hai varan sampUrNa mAnavatA kalaMkita hotI hai| sAtha hI sAtha kavi yaha bhI apane atIta ke mAdhyama se batAnA cAhatA hai ki isI rASTra ke Ana-bAna aura zAna kI rakSA ke lie pUrvajoM ne apane prANa kaise ha~sate-ha~sate nyochAvara kara diye| pravAha-pUrNa zailI meM yuddha kA sajIva citraNa hai| saca to yaha hai ki yaha varNana hameM vIragAthA kAla ke yuddha varNanoM kA smaraNa karA detI hai| maraNa kA svAgata: 'maranA nahIM mara kara amara honA' yaha thA nirAlA ke jIvana kA Adarza / yaha bAta nahIM hai ki mahAkavi ko nirAzA aura udAsI ne na gherA ho kintu usake pAra bhI kucha dekhane kA sAhasa saMjoe rhe| kavi kahatA hai: "giripatAka upatyakA para, harita tRNa se ghirI tnvii| jo khar3I hai vaha usI ko, puSpabharaNa apsarA haiN| jaba huA baMcita jagat meM, sneha se , AmarSa ke kssnn| sparza detI hai kiraNa jo, usI kI komalakarA hai||" 1. maraNa ko jisane barA hai : aparA : pRSTha - 142

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jo mRtyu se nahIM DaratA hai usI ko jIvana kA Ananda prApta hotA hai, anyathA vyakti kI sArI jindagI mRtyu meM bhaya meM hI vyatIta ho jAtI hai| chAyAvAdI kavi kI pramukha vizeSatA prakRti meM preyasI kA darzana karanA bhI hai| mahAkavi kI pramukha vizeSatA prakRti meM preyasI kA darzana karanA bhI hai| mahAkavi bhI pahADoM para tathA upavanoM meM harI ghAsa se sajI huI jisa komalAMgI nArI ke darzana hote haiM vaha mRtyu se na Darane vAle vyakti ko puSpoM se bhara dene ke lie prastuta khar3I apsarA hai jaba maiM saMsAra meM prema se baMcita huA aura mere jIvana meM kodha ke avasara Ae taba mujhe apane sparza se jo sAntvanA detI hai vaha kiraNa usI rahasyamayI sattA kA eka komala hAtha hai, yahA~ kavi kA dArzanika cintana paddhati bhI mukhara hai| jitanA hI apane jIvana meM mRtyu kI vikarAlatA kA anubhava kara rahe the| jitanA hI unakA zarIra viSa se dagdha ho rahA hai utanA hI svara komala aura zAnta hotA thaa| isI AvegapUrNa evaM ojasvI kavi (jo mAnava ke binA mRtyu kI vaitaraNI pAra karane vAle) kA nAma hai nirAlA / bhaviSya ke prati AzA: nirAlA kA kAvya bhaviSya ke prati AzA kA saMdeza bhI detA hai, tathA pUre meM kavi sakArAtmaka soca kI tarapha bar3hatA hai, san 1942 ke 'bhArata chor3oM' Andolana ke samaya deza ne apanA saba kucha dA~va para lagA diyA thaa| yahA~ kavi nirAlA bhAratIya itihAsa ke gauravapUrNa atIta kI ora saMketa karate haiM: "yaha deza! udhara adamya hokara bar3hatA hI calA rASTra islAmI vega prakhara / pRthvI sa~bhAlane meM asamartha huI nizcaya, durdAnta kSatriyoM meM jo thA prANoM meM bhy| una itara prajAoM meM chAyA usakA tuSAra

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adhikAra cAhatI hI denA, sunakara pukAra, prANoM kI pAvan gUMtha haar| apanA pahanAne ko adRzya priya ko sundara, U~cA karane kA apara rAga se gAyA svr|" yahA~ kavi ne bhAratIya itihAsa aura saMskRti kA ojasvI varNana liyA hai sama-sAmayika vAtAvaraNa meM deza-bhakti kI preraNA prApta karane ke lie atIta ke gaurava se paricita honA sarvathA Avazyaka hotA hai| kavi ko mAnoM atIta kI ghaTanAaiM eka-eka karake citrapaTa ke samAna oNkhoM ke sAmane ghUma jAtI hai| jisa prakAra nipuNa sRSTi navInatA cAhatI hai aura dUsare logoM ko usake adhikAra ginakara athavA bahuta hI sImita rUpa meM denA cAhatI hai| yahA~ kavi dezavAsiyoM ko yaha batAnA cAhatA hai ki jisa prakAra islAmI rASTra kA kArya kSetra bar3hatA gayA usI prakAra aMgrejoM kA bhI rAja uttarotra bar3hatA jA rahA hai kavi ke mAthe para cintA kI lakIra sApha jhalakatI hai| nirAlA ke kAvya meM 'uddAma preraNA prastuta Avega' apanI alaga pahacAna rakhatA hai udadAma kA zAbdika artha hai- jisameM koI bandhana nahIM ho yAnI bndhn-rhit| nirAlA ne apane kAvya meM bandhana yA dabAva ko kahI koI sthAna hI nahIM diyaa| samUcA kAvya nirbandha hai| yahA~ yaha spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai ki koI kavi sadA udAtta evaM ojapUrNa kavitAeM nahI kara sakatA hai| eka hI racanA meM yadi nirantara udAtta-svara hI sunAI de to zrotA vicalita ho utthe| nirAlA ke kAvya kI vizeSatA hai virodhI tatvoM kA santulana, udAtta evaM anudAtta kA samanvaya isake kathA-vastu, caritra-citraNa yA chanda pravAha meM eka rasatA nahIM Ane paatii| 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' meM eka ora rAma kA parAjita mana 1. sahasrAbdi : aparA : pRSTha - 179 84

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haiM to dUsarI ora hanumAna kA zakti-pradarzana hai vibhISaNa kI dInatA aura rAjya-lolupatA hai to dUsarI ora lakSmaNa kA amodya teja hai| nirAlA ke Avega pUrNa kAvya meM vistAra adhika hai kavi kA vastu-vidhAna viSayAnusAra choTA aura bar3A hotA rahatA hai, arthAt kabhI ve laghucitroM kI udbhAvanA karate haiM aura kabhI unakA citraphalaka vastu ke anusAra vistRta aura viSad hotA hai kavi ne chanadoM ke vAcana meM utAra-car3hAva kI kalA adbhUta evaM vilakSaNa thii| yahA~ mahAkAvyocita garimA ko maNDita karane kA saphala prayAsa mahAkavi ne kiyA hai| 85

Page #89
"samucita alaMkAra-yojanA" lauMjAinasa ke anusAra mAtra camatkAra pradarzana ke lie aMlakAroM kA prayoga nahIM honA cAhie, yaha adhika upayogI taba hogA jaba artha ko utkarSa pradAna kare, aura mAtra camatkRta na karake pAThaka ko Ananda pradAna kre| alaMkAra sarvAdhika prabhAvazAlI taba hotA hai jaba isa bAta para dhyAna hI na jAe ki vaha alaMkAra hai| alaMkAra kA zAbdika artha hai suzobhita karane vAlA yA vaha jisase suzobhita huA jAtA hai| ina donoM artho me paraspara thor3A antara hai, pahalA artha jahA~ alaMkAra ko kartA yA vidhAyaka sUcita karatA hai vahA~ dUsare artha meM vaha sAdhana mAtra raha jAtA hai kAvyazAstra meM alaMkAra ina dono artho meM prayukta huA hai| jahA~ vAmana, bhAmaha Adi ne alaMkAra ko vyApaka-artha meM grahaNa karate hue saundarya ke paryAyavAcI ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai vahA~ para kAvya ko suzobhita karane vAlA mAnA gayA hai| kintu jahA~ taka saMkucita artha meM viziSTa kathana zailiyoM ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai| vahA~ vaha kAvya-saundarya kA sAdhana mAtra raha gayA hai| "yuvate rivarUpa maka kAvyaM, svadate zudvaguNa tdtyviit| vihita praNaya nisntarAbhiH, sadalaMkAra vikalpanAbhi / / " arthAt kAvya-yuvatI ke rUpa meM samAna hai, vaha zuddha guNa yukta hone para rUcikara to hotA hI hai tathApi ratna AbhUSaNoM se sajjita ho jAne para rasika jano ko anyanta AkarSaNa pratIta hotI hai| usI prakAra guNa-yukta kAvya bhI alaMkAroM se yukta ho jAne para kAvya marmajJoM ke citra ko atyanta AhlAda pradAna karatA hai| DaoN0 zyAma sundara dAsa ne alaMkAra kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai ki bhAvoM kA utkarSa dikhAne aura vastuoM ke rUpa-guNa aura kiyA kA adhika tIvra anubhava karAne meM kabhI-kabhI sahAyaka hone vAlI yukti alaMkAra hai| 86

Page #90
kavivara "sumitrAnandana panta' ne apane grantha 'pallava kI bhUmikA' meM alaMkAra kI paribhASA meM dI hai jo isa prakAra hai: "alaMkAra kevala vANI kI sajAvaTa nahIM ve bhAva kI abhivyakti ke vizeSa dvAra hai bhASA kI puSThi ke lie rAga kI paripUrNatA ke lie Avazyaka upAdAna hai| ve bAgI ke AcAra vyavahAra aura rIti-nIti hai, pRthaka sthitiyoM ke pRthaka svarUpa bhinna avasthAoM ke bhinna-citra hai jaise vANI kI jhaMkAreM vizeSa ghaTanA se TakarAkara jaise phenAkAra hI gayI ho / vizeSa bhAvoM ke jhoMke khAkara bAla lahariyA~ tarUNa-taraMgoM meM phUTa gayI ho| kalpanA ke vizeSa bahAva meM par3a Avarto meM nRtya karane lagI ho, ve vANI ke hAsa, azru, spapnapulaka hAva-bhAva hai jahA~ bhASA kI jAlI ke bAla alaMkAroM ke caukhaTe meM phITa karane ke lie bunI jAtI hai| vahA~ bhAvoM kI udAratA zabdoM kI kRpaNa-jar3atA meM ba~dhakara senApati ke dAtA aura sUma kI taraha ikasAra ho jAtI hai|" hindI meM hI saMskRta ke anusaraNa para kavi kezavadAsa' ne alaMkAra zabda kA prayoga apanI 'kavipriyA' meM isI vyApaka artha meM kiyA hai 'saMkIrNa artha meM kAvya zarIra arthAt bhASA ko zabdArtha se susajjita tathA sundara banAne vAle camatkAra pUrNa manoraMjana r3haga ko alaMkAra kahate haiN| kAvya meM alaMkAra kI mahattA siddha karane vAloM meM vAmana ke atirikta AcArya bhAmaha, uddhaTa, daNDI aura rUdraTa ke nAma vizeSa prakhyAta haiM ina AcAryoM ke kAvya meM rasa ko pradhAnatA na dekara alaMkAra ko mAnyatA dI hai| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki kAvya meM alaMkAra kI mahattA ko prAyaH sabhI kAvya zAstriyoM ne cAhe vaha pAzcAtya kAvyazAstriyoM ho athavA bhAratIya kamoveza sabhI ne svIkAra kiyA hai| yahA~ alaMkAra ko aura spaSTa karate hue kezavadAsa jI kahate hai:- alaMkAra kalpanA kI cArUtA hai hamArI kalpanA jaba aneka prakAra ke citroM kA nirmANa karatI haiM to vaha nirmita alaMkAra kA paryAya hai| alaMkAroM kI dRSTi kalpanA se hI hotI hai yadi kalpanA kavi kI anubhUti va citra se pare hai

Page #91
to vaha kalpanA camatkAra vidhAyinI ho jAtI hai kalpanA camatkAra vidhAyinI na ho vaha aneka artha vimboM ko hamAre sAmane upasthita kara deN| alaMkAroM ke mukhyataH tIna varga kie gae hai: (1) zabdAlaMkAraH - zabda ke do rUpa haiM- dhvani aura artha | dhvani ke AdhAra para zabdAlaMkAra kI sRSTi hotI hai| isa alaMkAra meM varNa - yA - zabdoM kI layAtmakatA yA saMgItAtmakatA hotI hai| artha kA camatkAra nahIM / zabdAlaMkAra kucha zabdagat, kucha varNagat, kucha vAkyagat lAtAnuprAsa hote haiN| anuprAsa, yamaka, Adi alaMkAra varNagat aura zabdagat haiM to lATAnuprAsa vAkyagat pramukha zabdAlaMkAra meM haiM / anuprAsa, yamaka, punarukti, punarUkta badAbhAsa, vIpsA, vakokti zleSa Adi / (2) arthAlaMkAraH- artha ko camatkRta yA alaMkRta karane vAle alaMkAra arthAlaMkAra hai / jisa zabda se jo arthAlaMkAra sadhatA hai usa zabda ke sthAna para dUsarA paryAya rakha dene para bhI vahI alaMkAra sadhegA kyoMki isa jAti ke alaMkAroM kA saMbaMdha zabda se na hokara artha se hotA hai| (3) ubhayAlaMkAraH- jo alaMkAra zabda aura artha dono para Azrita rahakara donoM ko camatkRta karate haiM ve ubhayAlaMkAra kahalAte haiM / ayatnaja alaMkAra kAvya ke prabhAva ko bar3hAte haiM aura ye alaMkAra eka prakAra se kAvyAtmaka haiM / prAkRtika abhivyaMjanA meM alaMkAroM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| ataH unheM kRtrima mAnanA ucita nahIM haiN| inakA prayoga prAsaMgika tathA paristhiti eMva uddezya ke anurUpa honA cAhie yadi aisA nahIM hai to bhavya se bhavya alaMkAra kavitA kAminI kA zrRMgAra na banakara ve usake lie bojha bana 88

Page #92
jAegeM, ye sAdhana mAtra haiN| ataH inheM kAvya kA sahaja aMga banakara AnA cAhie, lauMjAinasa ne jina aneka alaMkAroM ko mahatva diyA hai, ve sabhI nirAlA ke kAvya-saMsAra meM upalabdha ho jAte haiM, kavi nirAlA alaMkAroM kA prayoga bhAvoM kA aMga banAkara karatA hai vahI unake alaMkArika prayoga kA audAtya hotA haiN| yahA~ unakA sodAharaNa nAmollekha kiyA jA rahA hai| (1) anuprAsa:- varNoM kI AvRtti meM anuprAsa kA puTa jhalakatA hai AvRtti se tAtparya une vargoM se hai jo eka se adhika bAra Ate haiN| kavi nirAlA ke kAvya meM yaha alaMkAra pAThaka yA zrotA kI ata'vedanA ko chUne lagatI hai, saca to yaha hai ki sampUrNa kAvya meM kavi kI vedanA aura usake nava-nava bhAvonmeSa kA sUcaka yA bodhaka banakara AyA hai| kavi nirAlA 'jUhI kI kalI' ke mAdhyama se anuprAsa alaMkAra kA eka sundara citra prastuta kiyA hai, prakRti kA Alambana rUpa me varNana hai kAvya meM kavi nirAlA kA prakuti prema mukhara hai: "vijana-vana-ballarI para, sotI thI suhAga-bharI-sneha-svapna-magnaamala-komala-tanu-tarUNI-'jUhI kI kalI' dRga banda kie, zithila-patrADka meN||" "vijana-bana-ballarI' meM jo dhvani nirmita hotI hai vaha vAtAvaraNa ke sannATepana ko ujAgara karatI hai, kavi ne yahA~ anuprAsa ke lAlitya ko lAne kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| balki ballarI (latA) yAnI jisa vana kI ballarI bhI vaha vana-vijana thA jahA~ para kavi ne ina zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai usa vAtAvaraNa kI aura gaharAI pradAna karane ke lie yA usakA vAstavika citra prastuta karane ke 1. 'jUhI kI kalI' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha - 41

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lie isa alakAra ne svayaM jagaha banA lI, isa kAvya meM eka sunasAna vAtAvaraNa yA nirjana vana meM sthita eka latA para pativratA nAyikA apanI pavana rUpI pati kI goda meM AkheM banda kie mAnoM AligaMna baddha hokara nirddhanda bhAva se so rahI ___ yahA~ kavi nirAlA bhAratI-vandanA ke mAdhyama se hamAre deza kI saMskRti kA adbhUta citra udghATita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai isa gIta ke mAdhyama se kavi ne rASTrIya jAgaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai "bhArati jaya vijaya kare kanaka zasya kamala dhre| laMkA padatala zatadala, garNitomi sAgara jl| dhotA zuci caraNa yugala stava kara bahu artha bhre|" yahA~ kavi ne apane deza (bhArata mAtA) kI tulanA sarasvatI se kI hai yaha gIta-prArthanA-paraka hai isameM rASTrIyatA kA bhAva mukhara hai bhArata mAtA sarasvatI ke samAna sunahare raMga ke pake hue dhAnya-rUpI kamala ko dhAraNa kie hue hai yahA~ kanaka evaM kamala dhare meM kavi ne anuprAsa alaMkAra kI jhalaka darzAyI hai| ___ kavi ne bar3e hI cAturyapUrNa DhaMga se bAdala ke pralayakArI rUpa ke mAdhyama se bhAratIya jana-mAnasa ke jamIra ko jhakajhorate hue kAnti kA AhvAna karatA hai: "tiratI hai samIra-sAgara para asthira sukha para duHkha kI chAyA jaga ke dagdha hRdaya pr| 1. 'bhArati-vandanA' : aparA : pRSTha - 9 90

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nirdaya viplava kI plAvita mAyA, yaha terI rnn-trii| bharI AkAMkSAoM, ghana merI se sajaga supta aMkura / / " Alambana rUpa meM prakRti-varNana chAyAvAdI kaviyoM kI pramukha vizeSatA rahI hai| isa kAvya meM nirAlA ne prakRti ke komala rUpa ke sAtha-sAtha usakI kaThoratA kA bhI varNana kiyA, yahA~ kavi bhAratIya saMskRti kI saralatA evaM sAtha hI sAtha kaThoratA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| yahA~ kavi ne 'samIra-sAgara' yAnI havA rUpI samudra evaM 'sajaga supta' yAnI soe hue avikasita meM anuprAsa alaMkAra ko bakhUbI sthAna kavi ne diyA hai| sAtha hI sAtha kavi kI kAntikArI bhAvanA samudra kI laharoM kI taraha hilore mAra rahI hai| isI prakAra kavi 'nirAlA' ne apane 'bAdala rAga 'kavitA ke mAdhyama se sampUrNa bhAratIya janatA ko rASTra ke lie kucha kara gujarane kA AhvAna karatA "bAra-bAra garjana varSaNa hai muslaadhaar| hRdaya thAma letA sNsaar| suna-suna ghora vajra huNkaar|| nirAlA ne dezavAsiyoM kA AhvAna karate hue kahA hai ki kAnti kA bigula bajA do, kyoMki kAnti kI oNdhI ke Age bar3e-bar3e garvIle vRkSa dharAzAyI ho jAte haiN| arthAt kAnti kI lahara jaba hilore mArane lagatI hai to usase kitanA hI catura patavAra ho Tika nahIM paataa| yahA~ bAra-bAra garjana yAnI janatA 1. bAdala-rAya-6 : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 135 2. bAdala-rAya-6 : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 135

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kA bAra-bAra AhvAna karatA hai kAnti kaa| yahA~ 'bAra-bAra' kI AvRtti evaM 'suna-suna' kI AvRtti do bAra huI hai, svAbhAvika rUpa se anuprAsa ne apanI jagaha uparokta kAvya meM banAyI hai| nirAlA jI dezavAsiyoM ko Atma-jAgaraNa kI preraNA dete haiM aura unako svayaM AtmAvalokana karane kI salAha dete haiM: "sahRdaya-samIra jaise poMcho priya, nayana-nIra zayana zithila bA~heM, bhara svApnila Aveza meM, Atura ura vasana-mukta kara do saba supti sukhonmAda ho;" kavi kahatA hai, he dezavAsiyoM tuma apanI cetanA para par3e hue nikivyatA ke isa bhAra ko dUra karake caitanya ho uttho| sahRdaya samIra yAnI zItala aura manda-vAyu, zayana zithila yAnI sokara uThane se zithila par3I huI haiN| saba surita sukhonmAda Adi meM anuprAsa kA abhinava prayoga kavi ne kiyA hai| isI taraha 'pAvana karo nayana' nAmaka kAvya se prakRti se udAtta bhAva preraNA grahaNa karate hue kahate haiM ki : "pAvana karo nayana! razmi, nabha-nIla-para spapna-jAgRti sughara duHkha-nizi karo zayana!"2 1. jAgo phira eka bAra bhAga (1) : aparA : pRSTha - 14 2. pAvana karo nayana : aparA : pRSTha - 19

Page #96
uparyukta kAvya meM kavi nirAlA kA dArzanika andAja jhalakatA hai isa duHkha kI rAtri meM tuma svapna jAgRti kA Ananda lAbha karo arthAta sote hue bhI tuma jAgRtivasthA meM sthira raho duHkha kI ghaTA ko nikala jAne dA) kyoMki ujAle ke bAda a~dherA aura duHkha ke bAda sukha kA svAbhAvika padArpaNa hogaa| yahaoN nabha, nIla, spapna sughara meM 'na' aura 'rA' kI AvRtti eka se adhika bAra hI huI hai| isa prakAra kAvya meM anuprAsa ko apanA sthAna banAe rakhane meM saphalatA prApta huI hai| chAyAvAdI kaviyoM ko prakRti ne apanI ora bharapUra AkarSita kiyA hai halAMki 'sumitrAnandana panta' ko hI 'prakRti kA catura citerA' kahA jAtA hai lekina kavi nirAlA ne bhI apane sampUrNa kAvya meM prakRti kA bakhUvI dohana kiyA hai kavi ne isa kavitA meM bhI prakRti ke mAdhyama se eka sundara ramaNI kA citra khIMcane kA prayAsa kiyA hai: "divAvasAna kA samaya, meghamaya AsamAna se utara rahI hai| vaha sandhyA -sundarI parI sI, dhiire-dhiire-dhiire-||" nirAlA jI ne apane uparyukta kAvya meM dhIre-dhIre-dhIre kA prayoga tIna bAra kiyA hai yahA~ kavi kI svargIya nAyikA yAnI 'sandhyA-sundarI' parI manda evaM sUkSma gati se vAtAvaraNa ko apane zAntamayI Agoza meM lene kA prayAsa kara rahI hai| pUrA vAtAvaraNa zAnta hai aura isI zAnta vAtAvaraNa meM sandhyA sundarI parI naI navelI dulhana kI taraha usI prakAra dhIre-dhIre kadama bar3hAte hue sampUrNa vAtAvaraNa ko apane agoza me le letI hai| 1. 'sandhyA-sundarI' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 77

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mahAkavi ne apane kAvyoM meM AdhyAtmikatA aura prakRti ke caitanyAropaNa ke bhAva ko kamavAra dekhate rahate haiN| "hera ura paTa phera mukha ke bAla, lakha caturdika calI manda marAla / geha meM priya-sneha kI jaya mAla; vAsanA kI mukti muktA; tyAga meM taagii|" uparyukta paMkti meM isa yuga ke kavi ke dvArA bhaktoM kI avatAraNA huI hai yahA~ bhI nirAlA kA nArI dRSTikoNa svastha evaM nirlipta hai aise sUkSma evaM divya citra nirAlA ke ekAdha hai| zabdoM kA aisA citra isa yuga meM virala hai| manda marAla tyAgI meM ma tathA ta kI AvRtti do-do bAra huI hai svayameva anuprAsa jhalakatA hai| kavi nirAlA ne basanta Rtu kI zItalatA evaM usI zItalatA ko mAdhyama banAkara prema-bhAvanA evaM saundaryAnubhUti kI sajIva abhivyakti kI gaI hai: "AvRta sarasI -ura-sarasija uThe, kezara ke keza kalI ke chuutte| svarNa-zasya-aMcalaH pRthvI kA lhraayaa|| prakRti ke pratyeka rUpa meM mAnavIya saundarya kA Aropa karake kavi ne eka sajIva-prakAra aura saMzaliSTa citra prastuta kara diyA hai, nirAlA ne yahA~ prakRti meM nArI ke antaraMga kA darzana pAThaka ko karAyA hai| cira-navayauvanA ke 'uroja' yAnI ubhAra ko aMcala ke pIche se pradarzita karate haiM, yahA~ kavi kezava ke keza 1. yAminI-jAgI : aparA : pRSTha-21 2. saSi, basanta AyA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAgI (1) : pRSTha - 254 94

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kali yAnI navayauvana nAyikA ke bAla kA khulakara vikharanA 'ka' kI AvRtti kA bAra-bAra prayoga anuprAsa ko svayaMmeva sthAna detA hai| chAyAvAdI kavitA kI komalakAnta padAvalI, varNana kI sajIvatA evaM saMgItAtmakatA draSTavya hai, vipralambha-zrRMgAra ke arntagata nAyikA kI smaraNa dazA kA sundara citra nirAlA jI ne khIMcA hai| "sumana bhara liyaM sakhi basanta gyaa| harSa-haraNa-hRdayaH nahIM nirdaya kyA?" kavi eka nAyikA kA dUsarI nAyikA se usakI vihvala aura pazcAtApa kA varNana karAte hue kahalavAtA hai ki ve sakhi! basanta Rtu to bIta gayI para tumane phUla ekatra nahIM kie arthAt priya- milana ke avasara para saMkocavaza pUrNa saMbhoga-sukha prApta nahIM kiyaa| hRdaya kI prasannatA kA haraNa karane vAlA vaha smaraNa bar3A hI kaThora hai| yahA~ kavi harSa, haraNa, hRdaya (hRdaya ke harSa ko harane vAlA) meM 'ha' kI AvRti kA kaI bAra prayoga kara kavi ne anuprAsa ko jagaha dI chAyAvAdI kAvya kI eka aura vizeSatA hai ki vaha prakRti ko sirpha eka sundara nAyikA ke rUpa meM hI nahIM dekhatA apitu use upadezikA ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai| sAtha hI sAtha bhAratIya jana-mAnasa ke karma ke sadmArga para calakara Age bar3hane kI preraNA bhI detA hai: "bahatI isa vimala vAyu meM vaha calane kA bala tolo-: 1 'zeSa'- nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha - 155

Page #99
mudrita dRga kholo|" yahA~ kavi ne mAnava ko prakRti ke mAdhyama se karmazIla jIvana kA sandeza dete hue kahatA hai ki mAnava ko apane Alasya tandrA klAnti evaM avasAda ko tyAgakara apane karmapatha meM juTa jAnA caahie| bahatI isa vimala vAyu meM 'va' kI AvRtti kA bAra-bAra AnA, anuprAsa ke samAhita hone kA sUcaka hai|| ___ kavi nirAlA ne zAyada apane kAvya-jIvana meM pahalI bAra eka zoSita, pratAr3ita evaM samAja meM apamAna kA ghUTa pIkara rahane vAlI zoSita nArI ke jIvana kA itanA karIba se dekhA jA~cA aura lekhanI ke mAdhyama se parakhA bhI hai usI zoSita evaM vivazatA se yukta nArI kA citra kavi ne kAvya meM utArA hai:: "dekhate dekhA mujhe to eka bAra usa bhavana kI ora dekhA chinnatAra; jo mAra khA roI nahIM sajA sahaja sitAra / mahAkavi kI yaha racanA eka pragativAdI kAvya kI abhUtapUrva racanA hai yahA~ nirAlA sadRzya vizAlakAya evaM svastha vyakti ko dekhakara usane sAmane ke bhavana kI ora dekhA usane apane phaTe kapar3oM meM se jhA~kate hue zarIrAMgoM kI ora dRSTipAt kiyA aura yaha saba kiyA ekAnta smjhkr| sAtha hI sAtha vaha kA~pa bhI uThI, usake mAthe se pasIne kI bUMda nIce gira gyii| vaha apane patthara tor3ane ke bAda kAma meM phira pUrvavat laga gayI yahA~ sajA sahaja sitAra meM 'sa' AvRtti bAra bAra huI hai anuprAsa alaMkAra kA puTa spaSTa jhalaka rahA hai| 1. prabhAvI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 196 2. tor3atI patharaH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga(1):pRSTha-342 96

Page #100
chAyAvAdI kaviyoM meM rASTra prema kUTa-kUTakara bharA huA thA, usameM se nirAlA jI kA sArA jIvana kaThina paristhitiyoM meM hote hue bhI rASTra ke lie hI samarpita rahA karatA thaa| yahaoN kavi nirAlA bhArata-mAtA kI bandanA karate hue kahate hai ki: "mUrti azru jala dhauta vimalaH dRga jala se pA bali-bali kara duuN|" kavi nirAlA bar3e hI bojhila mana se kahate haiM he! bhArata-mAtA duHkha sahana karake mujhako jo zakti prApta ho aura usake dvArA maiM isa janma meM kucha kRta-karma karake usake pUjA-phala ko maiM tere Upara nyochAvara kara duuN| duHkha aura tyAga meM hI jIvana kA prakAza nihita hai| kisI ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki "raMgalAtI hai hInA, patthara para ghisa jAne ke bAda / " bala-bali (nyochAvara karanA) meM 'ba' kI AvRtti kaI bAra huI hai anuprAsa kI jhalaka spaSTa hai| kavi nirAlA ne bhAratIya janamAnasa meM mAnoM janajAgaraNa kA kArya kiyA: "kiraNa-dRk-pAta, Arakta kisalaya sakala; zakta druma, kamala-kali -pavana-jala -sparza-cala / "2 deza ke jo loga rASTra kI dhArA meM nahIM zAmila hue the rASTrIyatA kA bhAva bharane ke saphalatA paayii| isa prakAra svatantratA kI AvRti kA kaI bAra AnA anuprAsa kA dvaitaka hai| asta hote hue sUrya tathA usa samaya ke vAtAvaraNa AsamAna meM chAI lAlimA Adi ke saundarya kA citra kavi ne apane kAvya meM utArA hai: "astAcala ravi, jala chala-chala-chavi 1. mAtR-bandanA : aparA : pRSTha -28 2. jagA dizA kA jJAna : aparA : pRSTha -29

Page #101
stabdha, vizvakavi, jIvana unmana / / " kavi ne isa kavitA meM prakRti kA varNana Alambana ke rUpa meM kiyA hai sampUrNa vAtAvaraNa zAnta hai mAnoM sampUrNa rASTra ciranidrA meM so rahA hai aise meM chala-chala-chavi ke dhvanyAtmakatA ke kAraNa prakRti bahuta hI hRdayagrAhI bana gayI hai| chala-chala-chavi kI dhvani kI AvAja mAnoM koI saMgItamaya dhuna ho, aura rAta ke zAntimaya vAtAvaraNa ko madhura dhvani ke mAdhyama se eka alaga mAdakatA pradAna karatI haiN| isameM anuprAsa alaMkAra kI upasthiti hai| kavi nirAlA dezavAsiyoM ko aMgrejiyata se dUra hokara, logoM ko rASTra-bhASA evaM bhAratIya saMskRti se jor3ane kA prayAsa karate haiN| kavi yahA~ rASTrabhASA kI vandanA karate hae kahatA hai ki: "bandU~ pada sundara tava; chanda navala svara gaurv| janani-janaka-janani-janani; janma bhUmi-bhASe / / kavi nirAlA ne hindI sAhitya meM pahalI bAra mukta chanda kA prayoga kara chanda evaM saMgIta kA samanvaya kiyA thA, vaha saMgItAtmaka laya ko kAvya ke lie anivArya mAnate the, kavi kA spaSTa mata thA ki kavitA yadi layavaddha ho to pAThaka yA zrotA svayameva kAvya kI tarapha AkarSita hote cale aaegeN| isa prakAra kavitA kA artha pAThaka ke mastiSka meM raca-basa jaaegaa| janani, janaka, janani-janani yAni (pitA, mAtA kI mAtA) meM 'ja' kI AvRtti eka se adhika bAra huI hai anuprAsa kA puTa jhalakatA hai| 1. astAcala ravi : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha - 246 2. 'bandU~ pada, sundara taba' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha - 247 98

Page #102
chAyAvAdI kaviyoM me anya guNoM ke sAtha hI sAtha eka guNa aura parilakSita hotA hai-vaha hai jJAnadayI mA~ sarasvatI kI vndnaa| hAlAMki sampUrNa kAvya meM prakRti evaM sundara nAyikA kA ullekha bAra-bAra prasphuTita huA hai lekina maoN sarasvatI kI upAsanA kavi nirAlA ke kAvya kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| "jAgo, jIvana dhanike! vizva-paNya-priya vaNike! kholo uSA-paTala nija kara Ayi, jnyaan-vipnni-khnike| kavi nirAlA yahA~ yaha spaSTa karanA cAhate haiM ki jJAna aura sampatti ke samanvaya dvArA hI deza kI pragati saMbhava hai| aura jahA~ deza pragati aura jJAna ke vikAsa kI bAta ho to hamArA dhyAna mahAjJAnI, vAkpaTu vivekAnanda kI tarapha jAnA svAbhAvika hai nirAlA jI para vivekAnanda kA prabhAva kalakattA pravAsa ke samaya se hI ho gayA thA, jo unake kAvya meM raha-rahakara svayaM A jAyA karate haiN| paNya-priya meM 'pa' kI AvRtti Ane se anuprAsa kA prabhAva kAvya para jhalakatA kavi nirAlA ke kAvya likhane kA eka alaga andAja thA ve jisa taraha sAmAjika jIvana meM paramparAoM, rUr3hiyoM kA parityAga kara svatantra rUpa se jIne ke Adi the usI prakAra kAvya meM bhI ve bandhana-mukta hokara kavitA-pATha karate dekhe gaye haiN| tabhI to vahI pahale kavi hue jinhoMne apane sampUrNa kAvya ko chandoM ke bandhana se mukta kara sampUrNa kAvya jagata ko eka naI dizA dene kI koziza 1. jAgo jIvana dhanike! nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha-256 99

Page #103
kii| kavi nirAlA apane sampUrNa jIvana meM paramparAoM rUr3hiyoM ko bAra-bAra tor3A hAlAMki unake isa kArya se logoM ne unheM tiraSkRta evaM bahiSkRta bhI kiyA lekina yaha manamaujI kavi binA kisI kI paravAha kie ina rUr3hivAdI samAja se akele lar3ane kA vINA utthaayaa| halAMki isa vidroha kI kImata bhI kavi ko bahuta cukAnI pdd'ii| isIlie inake kAvya meM bhI chandoM se bandhana - mukta hokara racanA kI hai "utarI nabha se nirmala rAkA; pahale jaba tumane ha~sa tAkA, bahuvidha prANoM ko jhaMkRta kara; baje chanda jo banda rahe / "1 nirAlA jI ne yahA~ yaha darzAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki nAyikA ke hAsya-darzana prApta karate hI mere kaNTha se kavitA phUTa par3I thI / arntarAtmA se aneka bhAva bhI parilakSita hote haiN| aura koI bhI kAvya yadi arntarAtmA kI AvAja se nikalA ho to kavitA meM vedAtmaka bhAva svayameva parilakSita ho utthegeN| nabha se nirmala meM 'na' kI AvRtti kaI bAra huI anuprAsa alaMkAra svayameya jhalakatA hai| kavi nirAlA apane sampUrNa kAvya meM cAhe va prakRti rUpI nAyikA ho yA adhyAtma se jur3e rAma hoM sabakA mAnavIkaraNa karate hue kAvya jagata ko eka nayA AyAma diyA hai / yahA~ kavi sAmAnya mAnavarUpI 'rAma' evaM anyAya kA paryAya bana cukA rAvaNa ke saMgrAma kI carcA ko bar3e hI sajIva r3haMga se citrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai: "ravi huA asta, jyoti ke patra para likhA amara; raha gayA rAma, rAvaNa kA aparAjeya samara / 1. nupura ke svAra manda raheH aparAH pRSTha-39 100

Page #104
Aja kA tIkSNa-zara-vighRta-kSipra-kara vega-prakhara; zata-zela samvaraNa-zIla-nIla-nabha- garjita-svara / / kAvya saundarya kI dRSTi se yaha kavitA Adhunika hindI kAvya ke pragati kI sImA mAnI jA sakatI hai| isameM rAma-rAvaNa ke yuddha kA varNana hai| mahAzakti rAvaNa ko saMrakSaNa pradAna karatI hai, rAma ke sabhI vAra (tIra se chor3e gae) khAlI jAte haiM / 'zata-zela sambandha zIla meM anuprAsa alaMkAra hai| kavi nirAlA vibhISaNa kI zaMkAoM ko nirmUla batAte hue tathA unheM sAntvanA dete hue rAma ke uttara kA varNana karate hue kahate hai: "rAvaNa kA adharmarata bhI apanA, maiM huA apara yaha rahA zakti kA khela samara shNkr-shNkr| karatA maiM yojita bAra-bAra zara-nikara nisita; ho sakatI jinase yaha saMskRti sampUrNa vijita / / "2 baMgAla meM dIpAvalI ke samaya kAlI-pUjA kA prabhAva spaSTa hai nirAlA ke kavi hRdaya ne sadaiva zakti kI pUjA kI hai yaha sampUrNa kAvya mAno mahAzakti kA khela ho gayA hai kavi kahatA hai, he zaMkara rakSA karo! maiM zAna para car3hAe hue una tIkSNa vANoM kA bAra-bAra saMdhAna karatA hU~ yahA~ 'zakti zaMkara-zaMkara meM anuprAsa kI jhalaka spaSTa hai, kavi kahatA hai ki koI adRzya zakti anyAya kA pratIka rAvaNa kI sahAyatA kara rahI haiN| rAvaNa kA aTTahAsa evaM garjana-yukta svara rAma ko Ahata kara rahA thA 'rAma' ke sAre astra rAvaNa ke Upara niSprabhAvI ho gae the| DAlI para pArvatI kA Aropa karate hue kavi nirAlA kahate haiM : rUkhI rI yaha DAla, 1. rAma kI zakti-pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha-239 2. 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA': nirAlA kI racanAvalI bhAga(1) pRSTha-334 101

Page #105
basana bAsantI legI / zaila-sutA arpaNa-azanA / 1 yahA~ kavi ziva ko pati ke rUpa meM prApta karane ke lie tapasyA karatI huI pArvatI ne pattoM taka kA AhAra karanA tyAga diyA thaa| jisa prakAra rIti paripATI meM kavi nArI meM prakRti kA darzana pAte the, usI prakAra yahaoN bhI nArI meM prakRti kA samAveza parilakSita hai, kavi nirAlA ke kAvya meM nArI kI rUpa-rekhA ko prakRti se jor3akara dikhAne para aneka AlocakoM ne nirAlA ke kAvya meM rIti kAlIna kaviyoM kA prabhAva meM Ane kI bAta kahIM hai jabaki yaha sahI nahIM hai| 'ba'aura 'a' kI AvRtti se anuprAsa kA prabhAva jhalakatA hai| ___ chAyAvAdI kavi prakRti ke basanta-rUpI patajhar3a evaM naI kopaloM kA hI varNana nahIM karate haiN| apitu grISmakAlIna prakRti-rUpI nAyikA kA aMtaraMga evaM bahiraMga citra khIMcane kA prayAsa kiyA hai: "varSa kA prathama; pRthvI ke uThe uroja maMju parvata niruupm| kisalayoM ba~dhe; pika-bhramara-guMja mukhara prANa raca rahe sdhe| 2 yahA~ kavi pRthvI para jagaha-jagaha uThe parvata kI tulanA nAyikA ke uroja se kI hai| yahA~ kavi ne prakRti kA varNana Alambana rUpa meM kiyA hai| mAnavIkaraNa kI sarala paddhati apanAyI gayI hai| yahA~ nirAlA grISma kI tapana ke mAdhyama se oja kI madhura vyaMjanA kI hai| uparyukta kAvya laya evaM saMgIta yukta hai, 1. basanta bAsantI legI : aparA : pRSTha-58 2. vana-belA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1): pRSTha - 345 102

Page #106
'pika-prAka' meM 'pa' kI AvRtti kA bAra-bAra honA anuprAsa ko parilakSita karatA hai / kavi nirAlA ne rItikAlIna kaviyoM kI taraha nakha - sikha varNana to nahIM kiyA hai| lekina ye bhI rItikAlIna kAvya lahariyoM ke hicakoloM se sarAvora nahIM to achUte nahIM the| isa kAvya meM bhI kavi ne netroM kA anya koNoM se kAvyAtmaka citra khIMcane kA eka saphala prayAsa kiyA hai " prema-pATha ke pRSTha ubhaya jyoM; khule bhI na aba talaka khule hoM, nitya anitya ho rahe haiM, yoM vividha vizva darzana praNayana ye / / " " rItikAlIna zailI kA yaha zabda camatkAra hI hai / kavi ne nAyikA ke sundara nayana ko isa prakAra varNana kiyA hai mAno usake donoM nayana prema-pATha ke do pRSTha haiM, jo nitya aura anitya rUpa meM mAnoM saMsAra ke samasta dArzanika siddhAntoM ko racane vAle haiN| prema pATha ke pRSTha evaM vividha vizva meM 'pa' aura 'ba' kI AvRtti kA puTa anuprAsa alaMkAra ko darzAtA hai| chAyAvAdI kAla kI kavitAoM meM ojapUrNa evaM deza bhakti se yukta kavitAoM kA sundara samAveza kiyA gayA hai, isI krama ko Age baDhAte hue nirAlA jI ne bhI mahArAja jayasiMha ke nAma chatrapati zivAjI ko patra kA kAvyamayaaMkana kiyA hai| zivAjI apane patra ke mAdhyama se jayasiMha ko saMbodhita karate hue kahate haiM ki: "durgad jyoM sindhunada; aura tuma usake sAtha varSA kI bADha jyoM 1. phulla nayana ye aparA pRSTha - 75 103

Page #107
bharate ho prabala vega plAvana kA; bahatA hai deza nija / / " nirAlA ke uparyukta kAvya meM deza-bhakti, rASTraprema kA svara mukhara hai, kavi dezavAsiyoM ko cetAvanI evaM bhaviSya kA mArgadarzana bhare lahaje meM sambodhita karate hue atIta ke kucha dRSTAtoM ko udAharaNa svarUpa darzAte hue kahatA hai ki he dezavAsiyoM ! ApasI phUTa se duzmana sadA majabUta hotA hai| hamAre deza para jaba jaba videzI tAkateM hAvI huI hai taba taba hama hindustAniyoM ke sahayoga se hI hAbI huI hai| vartamAna videzI tAkata bhI uparokta siddhAntoM kA vakhUbI pAlana karate hue hameM gulAmI kI dAsatA rUpI jaMjIroM se jakar3a rakhe haiN| unakI yaha nIti 'phUTa DAlo aura rAja karo' kI saphala mata hone do aura rASTra-nirmANa meM milajulakara hissA lo, aura ina phiraMgiyoM ko deza se bAhara karane meM sahayoga do| prabala, plAvana meM 'pa' kI AvRtti se anuprAsa kI jhalaka spaSTa hai| yamunA ko dekhakara kavi nirAlA ke mana meM yamunA se saMbaMdhita samasta atIta jAgRta ho uThatA hai, vaha aneka prakAra kI kathAoM kA sAra lekara isa kavitA kI sRSTi karate haiM kavi apane sakhi! yamunA ko saMbodhita karate hue kahatA hai ki: "ali alakoM ke tarala timira meM; kisakI lola lahara ajJAta | 2 kavi ke uparyukta kAvya meM rahasyavAda kI mArmika vyaMjanA kI gayI hai kavi kAvya meM kalpanAoM kI ur3Ana bharatA hai| yahAeN kavi kI rahasyavAdI jijJAsA dekhate hI banatI hai| 'a' aura 'la' kI AvRtti bAra-bAra hone se anuprAsa dRSTavya hai / 1. mahArAja zivAjI kA patraH nirAlA racanAvalI (1) pRSTha-157 2. yamunA ke prati nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 1 ) : pRSTha -118 104

Page #108
kavi nirAlA 'smRti' ke bhAvoM kA mAnavIkaraNa karate hue mana ke bhAvoM kA sajIva citraNa karane kA prayAsa karate haiM kavi yahA~ apane pUvajoM ke atIta kI smRti karate hue kahatA hai ki: "vijana-mana-mudita sahelariyA~ sneha upavana kI sukha, zrRMgAra; Aja khula khula giratI asahAya, viTapa vakSaH sthala se niruupaay|" kavi nirAlA yahA~ prakRti ke mAdhyama se pUrvajoM evaM burjugoM kI manodazA kA citraNa karate hae kahate haiM ki jo loga aba taka hamAre deza kI rASTra kI yA parivAra kI zobhA bar3hAte the, mere parivAra ke Avazyaka aMga the| vahI aba asahAya evaM anAtha se dikhate haiN| kavi kA izArA sApha hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti kabhI pUrvajoM evaM bujurgoM ko apamAna karane kI ijAjata nahIM detI hai, apitu hamArI saMskRti kA mUla-maMtra hI hai ki pUrvajoM evaM bujurgoM kI sevA tathA unake dvArA prApta ArzIvAda Izvara ke prasAda sadRzya hai| 'ma' 'ba' 'sa' kI AvRtti bAra-bAra hone se anuprAsa spaSTa jhalakatA hai| kavi nirAlA ne garIbI ko bahuta karIba se dekhA jA~cA aura parakhA thaa| Arthika vipannatA se ve ati trasta the, phira bhI kisI bhI kaThina paristhiti se ubarane kA hunara agara kisI kavi meM thA to ve mahAkavi hI the kavi viparIta paristhitiyoM ke hote hue bhI jIvana ke prati AsthA evaM dRr3ha vizvAsa dikhAtA hai| aura kaha uThatA hai: "dvAra dikhA dUMgA phira unako; hai mere ve jahA~ ananta 1. smRti-nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 140 105

Page #109
abhI na hogA merA anta / "" kavi nirAlA apane Ardaza ke anurUpa AcaraNa karake, samAja ke samasta duHkhoM ko dUra karake, sukha kA vAtAvaraNa utpanna karanA cAhate haiM vaha cAhate haiM ki samAja kaSTa evaM kleSa se nijAta pA le / 'da' kI AvRtti anuprAsa ko parilakSita karatI hai / kavi kI aMrtarAtmA use jhakajhorate hue kahatI hai ki he! paramAtmA hama asahAya ke lie apane snehamayI dvAra khola de aura usako apane zaraNa meM le lo, yA yoM kaheM kI kavi nirAlA AtmA kA paramAtmA se milana karavAnA cAhate haiM: "sneha ratna, maiM bar3e yatna se Aja kusumita kuMja- drumoM se saurabha saaj| "2 nirAlA ke isa kAvya meM rahasyamayI kAvya - bhAvanA mukhara hai| AtmA paramAtmA meM lIna honA cAhatI hai yAnI ahaMkAra kA unmUlana hI mAnava ko paramAtmA se milavA sakatI hai / kavi yahA~ spaSTa karanA cAhatA hai ki agara samAja kA, rASTra kA, saccA prema tujhe cAhie to sabase pahale Apa aMhakAra kA parityAga karo phira snehamayI varSA se Apa svayameva sarAbora ho jAegeM / kusumita kuMja meM 'ka' kI AvRtti kA bAra-bAra AnA anuprAsa alaMkAra kI upasthiti darja karAtA hai| kavi nirAlA kA kAvya aneka saMbhAnAoM se paripUrNa hai / kavi jahA~ rahasmayayI bhAvanA se ota-prota hai to vahI adRzya zakti kA AhvAna karate hue kahatA hai ki: 1. dhvani: nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha 2. aMjali : aparA pRSTha-112 - 106 126

Page #110
"eka bAra basa aura nAca tU zyAmA! sAmAna sabhI taiyAra, kitane hI hai asura, cAhie kitane tumako hAra? kara-mekhalA, muNDa-mAlAoM se bana mana abhirAmA eka bAra basa aura nAca tU zyAmA!" kavi yahA~ mahAzakti se pralaya arthAt jana-kAnti kA AhvAna karatA huA kahatA hai ki he adRzya zakti eka bAra bhAratIya jana-mAnasa ko andara taka aisA jhakajhora de ki samUcA samAja rASTrIya-bhAvanA se ota-prota hokara tAtkAlika vyavasthA ke khilApha uTha khar3A ho, kavi kA izarA sApha thA ki eka bAra agara samUcA rASTra ina phiraMgiyoM ke khilApha vidroha kA bigula bajA de to ye phiraMgI iglair3a kA rAstA pakar3a leMge aura hama deza-vAsI gulAmI kI dAsatA se mukti prApta kara legeM basa AvazyakatA hai to eka jana-kAMnti kI / uparyukta kavitA meM 'ma' kI AvRtti kA bAra-bAra kA AnA anuprAsa kI jhalaka dikhAtA chAyAvAdI kaviyoM meM nirAlA hI aise kavi haiM jo apanI viphalatA ko bhI kAvya meM sthAna dete haiN| apanI kamiyoM ko svayaM darzAnA koI sAmAnya kavi ke basa kI bAta nahIM : "prema hAya AzA kA vaha bhI svapna eka thaa| viphala hRdaya to Aja duHkha hI duHkha dekhatA / / "2 kavi eka virahiNI ko mAdhyama banAte hue apanI hRdaya kI viphalatA kA citra sajIva tarIke se khIMcA hai| yahA~ kavi ke kAvya meM abhivyakti laukika hote hue bhI rahasyAtmaka bana gayI hai| kavi prAcIna smRtiyoM ko apane hRdaya meM sameTe 1. AvAhana : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 85 2. viphala vAsanA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1)- pRSTha -77 107

Page #111
viraha-va hue kahatA hai ki merA ha - dagdha hRdaya kA tApa hI sUrya kI ina pravala kiraNoM meM samA gayA hai jo apane sparza se hI prANiyoM ko jhulasAtI hai| 'da' kI AvRtti anuprAsa kI jhalaka dikhAtA hai| nirAlA jI apanI preyasI ke mAdhyama se laukika zrRMgAra saMbaMdhI bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti karate haiM, sAtha hI sAtha eka cira nava - yauvanA nAyikA ke citra ko ukerA hai: "garvita, garIyasI apane meM Aja maiM / rUpa ke dvAra para moha kI mAdhurI / 1 kavi ne apane sampUrNa kavitA me manauvaijJAnika dRSTikoNa ko udghATika karatA hai kavi kI nAyikA kahatI hai ki zarIra rUpI vRkSa ke tArUNya dvArA ghira jAne para maiM sundaratA se bharI huI pallavita latA ke samAna ho gayI hU~ nAyikA jIvana ke tArUNya ke prathama pAyadAna para puNya kI taraha khila gayI hai usI taraha jisa taraha basantAgamana ke samaya vRkSa phUloM se lada jAte haiM; lekina itanA saba ke hote hue bhI prema ke pravAha meM nirAlA kI nAyikA apanA saMyama banAe rakhatI hai| jaba ki purUSa usa sundaratA se vesudha hokara baha jAte haiM / arthAt nirAlA kI nAyikA saMyamazIla, dhairyazIla evaM lajjAzIla hai| to nAyaka apanI bhAvanAoM para kAbU pAne meM asamartha / uparyukta kAvya meM 'ga' aura 'ma' kI AvRtti kA bAra-bAra honA anuprAsa kA darzana karAtA hai| chAyAvAdI kaviyoM ne kAvya meM vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa kI apekSA mAnavIya dRSTikoNa ko adhika mahatva diyA hai kavi nirAlA spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki hAlAMki vijJAna ne cahumukhI vikAsa kiyA hai| parantu mAnava mana kA uttarottara 1. 'preyasI' nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha - 328 / / 108

Page #112
hAsa huA hai| nirAlA jI samAja ke tathA kathita -zikSita varga kI ora izArA karate hue kahate haiM ki: "ha~sate hai jar3avAda grasta preta jyoM paraspara vikRta-nayana mukha kahate hue atIta myNkr|" kavi bhAratIya zikSita samAja para jo apane pUrvajoM kI jaMgalI kahane taka kA dussAhasa karate haiM unheM kavi sAMsArika bhautikavAda meM pha~sI huI vikRti mAnasikatA kA pratIka batAtA hai| nirAlA jI DArvina ke vikAsavAda para tIkhA vyaMga karate hue kahate haiM ki isa cintana ke anusAra manuSya bandara kA baMzaja hai hamAre pUrvaja sarvathA jaMgalI the aura hama kamazaH adhikAdhika sabhya hote jA rahe haiN| nirAlA jI sambhavataH yaha kahanA cAhate haiM ki: "We call our forefather's fools, wise as we grow, no double our children will callus so" 'sambodhana' : sambodhana alaMkAra ata'man ko udghATita karatA hai| isa alaMkAra meM kabhI amarSa bhAva, kabhI AhlAda, kabhI AtmaglAni, kabhI zaMkA, kabhI lajjA spaSTa hotI hai| kavi nirAlA sarasvatI -svarUpA bhArata-mAtA kI apane aMtarman meM vandanA karate hue kahate hai ki: bhArati jaya-vijaya kare! kanaka zasya kamala dhare!' 1. bhAratI - vandanA : aparA : pRSTha -9 109

Page #113
mahAkavi nirAlA ke yaha gIta rASTrIya jana-jAgaraNa ke lie likhA hai| kavi ne mA~ sarasvatI ke rUpa meM bhArata mAtA kI kalpanA kI hai, saca to yaha hai ki yaha gIta prArthanA-paraka hai parantu isameM rASTrIyatA kA bhAva mukhara hai deza kA pratyeka padArtha kavi ke lie preraNApada hai, yahA~ bhAratIya saMskRti ke cihna kamala kA varNana bhAratIya saMskRti ke prema kA dyotaka haiN| kavi ne bandanA karatA hai ki rASTra anna-jala se paripUrNa ho| yahA~ kavi ne apane aMtarman meM saMbodhana alaMkAra ko pirone kA eka saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| mahAkavi nirAlA dezavAsiyoM kA AhvAna karate hue kahate haiM ki he rASTra ke sapUtoM bhArata mA~ tumheM pukAra rahI hai, AvAja de rahI hai ki kama se kama eka bAra rASTra-nirmANa me apanA yogadAna do: "jAgo phira eka baar| pyAre jagAte hue saba tAre tumheM; khar3I kholatI hai dvAra jAgo phira eka baar|" ___ isameM kavi batAtA hai ki sakala prakRti meM jAgaraNa kI lahareM taraMgAyita haiN| aisI sthiti meM bhAratavAsiyoM ko kartavya se vimukha hokara sote rahanA ThIka nahIM haiN| cUki yaha kAvya 1918 ke AsapAsa kA hai jaba tilaka, aura lAlA jI jaise garamadala ke netAoM kA ubhAra thaa| yaha sampUrNa kAvya rASTra ko sambodhana kavi nirAlA niSkriya par3e bhAratIya jana-mAnasa kA AhvAna karate hue unheM rASTra nirmANa meM bar3ha car3hakara hissA lene kA mAnoM nimaMtraNa detA hai| kavi 1. jAgo phira eka bAra (1) : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 148 110

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apane isa kavitA ke mAdhyama se jAgRti evaM karmazIlatA kI preraNA dete hue AhvAna karatA hai ki : "priya mudrita dRga kholo! gata svapna-nizA kA timira-jAla; nava kiraNoM se dho lo mudrita dRga kholo!" kavi prakRti meM ajJAta zakti kA darzana kara jIvana kI preraNA grahaNa karatA hai| nirAlA rASTra ko sambodhita karate hue AhvAna karate haiM ki he rASTravAsiyoM a~dherA chaMTa gayA hai| sUryodaya ho rahA hai uTho aura naI UrjA, ke sAtha naI zakti ke sAtha rASTra nirmANa meM tana-mana-dhana se laga jAo aura deza vikAsa ke patha para le jaao| kavi yahA~ bhI rASTra ko sambodhita karate hue jana AhvAna kara rahA hai| chAyAvAdI kavioM ne vaise mAtR-bhASA ko mahatpUrNa sthAna diyA hai| lekina isameM nirAlA jI kA mAtR-bhASA prema sarvavidita hai| aisA mAlUma paDatA hai ki rASTrIyatA evaM mAtR-bhASA prema isa mahAmAnava ke raMga meM kUTa-kUTa kara bharI huI hai: "dRga-dRga ko raMcita kara aMjana bhara do bharadRga-dRga kI ba~dhI suchavi; baoNdhe sacarAcara bhAva!" nirAlA ne hindI sAhitya meM pahalI bAra mukta chanda kA prayoga kara chanda evaM saMgIta kA samanvaya kiyA thaa| vaha saMgItAtmaka laya ko kAvya ke lie 1. prabhAtI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha-196 2. bandU~ pada sundara tava : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 247 111

Page #115
anivArya mAnate the yahA~ sambhavataH unhoMne isI abhinava sAdhanA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| kavi ke sampUrNa kAvya meM mAtR-bhASA prema mukhara huA hai| nirAlA jI kahate haiM, he! mAtA tuma pratyeka pAThaka ko prasanna karake usako navIna jyoti pradAna kara do| kavi kahanA cAhatA hai ki jJAna aura sampatti ke samanvaya dvArA hI deza kI pragati sambhava hai| svAmI vivekAnanda ke vyavahAravAdI pAzcAtya jIvana-darzana kA prabhAva kavi para spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai kyoMki mahAkavi jIvana ko jInA pazcima baMgAla meM sIkhA thA tathA vivekAnanda ko kAphI karIba se jA~cA parakhA "jAgo, jIvana-dhanike! vizva-paNya-priya vaNike! kholo uSA-paTala nija kara ayi, chavimayi, dina-maNike!" kavi nirAlA sarasvatI kI vaMdanA karate hue kahatA hai ki, he mA~ tuma apane jJAna-rUpI prakAza se sampUrNa rASTra kA Alokita kara do jisase andhakAra rUpI ajJAna kI kAlimA chaTa jaae| vaha AhvAna karate hue kahatA hai, he mA~ jAgo! bhArata duHkha ke bhAra se daba rahA hai isako sahArA do| yahA~ mahAkavi vinayAvata hokara mA~ sarasvatI ko sambodhita karate haiN| mahAkavi nirAlA 'rAma kI zakti pUjA' nAmaka kAvya meM hInabhAvanA se grasta haiM jaba koI bhI mAnava hIna bhAvanA se grasta hotA hai| to use apane jIvana kA artha hI samajha meM nahIM AtA evaM andara hI andara AtmaglAni mahasUsa karane lagatA hai aura kavi ke rAma svayaM apane Apa se kaha uThate haiM ki: 1. 'jAgo jIvana dhanike': nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ekaH pRSTha-256 / / 112

Page #116
" dhik jIvana ko jo pAtA hI AyA virodha; dhik sAdhana jisake lie sadA hI kiyA zodha ! jAnakI ! hAya uddhAra priyA kA na ho sakA / vaha eka mana aura rahA rAma kA jo na thakA; "" 1 sAdhanA kI samApti ke samaya durgA ( mahAzakti) rAma kI pUjA kA kamala rUpI puSpa curA le jAtI hai! jaba rAma ko eka sau AThavaoN kamala nahIM prApta huA to ve vicalita ho uThe, phira unheM turanta yAda AyA ki mA~ mujhe sadA rAjIvanayana kahatI thI phira kyA thA rAma apanI A~kha car3hAkara anuSThAna pUrA karanA cAhate the| taba taka mahAzakti unakA hAtha pakar3a letI hai, aura rAma ko sahayoga kA vacana detI hai| lekina eka sau AThavA~ kamala gAyaba ho jAtA hai to nirAlA ke rAma apane ko dhikkArate hue AtmaglAni mahasUsa karate haiM / yahA~ kavi nirAlA ne AtmaglAni evaM saMzaya kA adbhuta samAveza kiyA hai| chAyAvAdI kaviyoM dvArA pUrvajoM evaM bujurgo kA sammAna koI nayI bAta nahIM hai| vaise bhI hamArI saMskRti meM bujurgoM ko anubhava evaM salAha ke sarvottama sthAna diyA gayA hai, kavi nirAlA ne bujurga jAmbavAna se rAma ko salAha dete hue rUpAyita kiyA gayA hai " he purUSa siMha ! tuma bhI yaha zakti karo dhAraNa; ArAdhana kA dRr3ha ArAdhana se do uttara, X X X zakti kI karo maulika kalpanA karo pUjana; chor3a do samara jaba taka na siddhi ho raghunandana / "2 1. rAma kI zakti - pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI : bhAga (1) pRSTha 2. rAma kI zakti pUjAH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha - 335 113 337

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Page #118
kavi nirAlA apane rAma ko purUSoM meM siMha ke samAna sambodhita karate hue kahate haiM ki Apa bhI zakti kI upAsanA karo! ve apane rAma ko ulajhana se ubArate hue kahate haiM ki jaba anyAya kA pratIka rAvaNa apane tapa ke bala se mahAzakti kA sahayoga prApta kara sakatA hai to Apa to sadaiva nyAya ke sadmArga para calate haiN| svAbhAvika hai ki tAmasI zakti kI apekSA sAtvika zaktiyA~ kahI adhika prabhAvazAlI hai| yahA~ nirAlA jI amarSa bhAva ke mAdhyama se rASTra ko saMmbodhita karate hai| mahAkavi nirAlA apane kAvya meM atIta kA samAveza karate hue use vartamAna se jor3ane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| isI prakAra mahArAja jayasiMha ke nAma 'zivAjI kA patra' kA kAvyamaya aMkana hai| yahA~ chatrapati zivAjI mahArAja jayasiMha ko saMbodhita karate hue kahate hai: 'vIra! sardAroM ke sardAra ! -mahArAja! vahu-jAti, kyAriyoM ke puNya-patra dala bhare baMzaja ho-cetana amala aMza, hRdayAdhikArI ravi-kula-maNi raghunAtha ke||" yahA~ mahArAjA jayasiMha ke vyaktitva ko nikharate hue, apane kula ke gaurava kA vAstA dilAte hue apane rASTra ke vikAsa aura unnati sAtha hI sAtha ekatA ko sudRr3ha karane ke lie kavi nirAlA dvArA bhaTake bhAratIyoM ke lie jana AhvAna bhI hai| kavi nirAlA pUrva meM logoM dvArA kie gae acche kAryoM ko apane 'smRti' meM sajone evaM Aja ke janamAnasa ke mana meM eka nayI cetanA kA AhvAna karate hue kahate hai ki: 1. 'chatrapati mahArAja zivAjI kA patra' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha - 156 114

Page #119
"vAyu-vyAkula zatadala-sA hAya; viphala raha jAtA hai nirUpAya / " kavi nirAla 'smRti' kA mAnavIkaraNa karake mana ke bhAvoM kA sajIva citraNa karate haiN| yahA~ kavi soye hue atIta ke gItoM ko sunAkara merA dhyAna apanI ora khIMca letI ho| arthAt tumhAre Ate hI mujhako saba purAnI bAteM yAda A jAtI haiN| kavi usa samaya ke teja vAyu ke dvArA jhakajhore hue kamala puSpoM se bhare hue tAlAba kI bhA~ti asahAya hone ke kAraNa kevala vyAkula hokara raha jAtA hai| isa prakAra kavi ke uparokta kAvya meM sambodhana kA bhAva spaSTa hai| chAyAvadI kavi agara apane kAvya meM prakRti ko adhika sthAna diyA hai to sAtha hI atIta kA udAharaNa dekara vartamAna meM jIne kI kalA bhI batalAI, yahA~ bhI 'khaMDahara ke prati' nAmaka kavitA ke mAdhyama se bhArata ke atIta gaurava kA varNana karate hai: "khaMDahara! khar3e ho tuma Aja bhI? adbhuda ajJAna usa purAtana ke malina sAja!"2 kisI ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki khaMDahara batA rahe haiM ki imArata ajIma thii| uparokta paMkti ke mAdhyama se kavi bhAratavAsiyoM ko atIta kI gauravagAthA sunAkara bhAratIyoM meM nava-utsAha bhara kara deza kI mukhya dhArA ke jur3ane kA AhvAna karatA hai| kavi kI yaha kavitA khaMDahara ke prati deza-bhakti kI bhAvanA se ota-prota hai| yahA~ kavi atIta ke khaMDahara ke dhUla ko mAthe para usI prakAra lagAne kA AhvAna karatA hai ki jisa prakAra kisI pUrvaja ke ArzIvAda ko apane mAthe para lagAkara eka alaga sukUna prApta hotA hai| 1. "smRti' :nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka pRSTha-81 2. khaMDahara ke pratiH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka pRSTha-81 115

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nirAlA ke kAvya me kabhI-kabhI dArzanika dRSTikoNa dikhAI par3atA hai, kavi yahA~ kisI alaukika priyA ko sambodhita karate hue kahatA hai ki: "kahA jo na, kaho! nitya-nUtana prANa apane baoNdhatI jAtI mujhe kara-kara vyathA se diin!||" kavi nirAlA mRtyu ke saMbaMdha me dArzanika dRSTikoNa apanAte haiN| kavi kA kahanA hai ki mRtyu bhI vastutaH eka prakAra kI mukti hai kyoMki vaha sAMsArikatA se chuTakArA detI hai| kavi kI yahA~ alaukika priyA ekaniSTa hokara prema karanA cAhatI hai isI meM isako sarvasva mila jaaegaa| vaise yaha saMsAra ananta hai yAnI sImAhIna hai| kavi yahaoN jana-mAnasa ko marane se na Darane kI cetAvanI detA hai| punarUkti prakAza jahA~ para bhAvoM me bala dene ke lie eka zabda kI do yA do se adhika bAra AvRtti ho yA kisI kathana ko ramaNIka banAne yA eka zabda ke balAghAta ko pradarzita karanA punarUkti alaMkAra kI zreNI meM AtA hai| jaise: kavi nirAlA ne prakRti kA varNana Alambana ke rUpa meM bAra-bAra kiyA hai, kavi ne prakRti ke utAra-car3hAva, patajhar3a evaM basanta bahAra kA sundara samAveza isa kavitA meM bhI dekhane ko ye milatI hai| "tiratI hai samIra-sAgara para; asthira sukha para duHkha kI chAyA tAka rahe hai, ai viplava ke bAdala! 1. maraNa - dRzya : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1)- pRSTha-359 116

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phira-phira!" uparokta kAvya meM prakRti kA komala rUpa ke sAtha-sAtha kaThora rUpa kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai yahA~ phira-phira kA bhAva gur3agur3akara meM punarUkti prakAza jhalaka rahA hai| nirAlA jI kahate hai ki ve bhAratavAsiyoM! yugo kI nidrA tyAgakara aba bhI to jAga jAo yAnI kavi yahA~ jAgaraNa kA sandeza dete hue kahatA hai ki: "uge arUNAMcala meM raviH AyI bhAratI-rati kavi-kaNTha meM, xxx aise hI saMsAra ke bIte dina, pakSa mAsa varSa kitane hI hajArajAgo phira eka bAra!"2 kavi kA izArA spaSTa hai ki yadi sakala prakRti meM jAgaraNa hI lahareM taraMgAyita haiM, aisI sthiti meM bhAratavAsiyoM ko kartavya se vimukha hokara sote rahanA ThIka nahIM haiM isameM kavi AtmAnubhUti kI jAgarA kA kAraNa batAtA hai aura vAsanA ke paMtha meM lipta bhAratavAsiyoM ko jagAtA hai| saca to ye hai ki isa kAvya meM kavi ne prakRti meM nita nae parirvatana kA AbhAsa dilavAyA hai| kSaNa-kSaNa yAnI (jaldI-jaldI) meM punarUkti prakAza dikhAtA hai| sandhyA-kAlIna nistabdha vAtAvaraNa kA sajIva citra kavi ne apanI kavitA meM ukerA hai| prakRti meM nArI kA darzana chAyAkArI kAvya zailI kI vizeSatA yahA~ dRSTavya hai| sandhyA-sundarI kA svarUpa varNana rItikAla kI 1. bAdala-rAga bhAga-6 : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga(1) pRSTha-135 2. jAgo phira eka bAra bhAga 1)- nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha - 77 117

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nakha-zikha zailI para kiyA gayA hai| adharoM evaM kuMcita kezoM kA sundara varNana timirAMcala meM caMcalatA kA nahI kahIM AbhAsa; madhura madhura hai donoM usake adhara guMthA huA una dhuMdharAle kAle bAloM se hRdaya-rAjya kI rAnI kA vaha karatA hai abhissek|" sandhyA kA samaya hai cAroM ora aMdhakAra evaM gaMbhIratA kA sAmrAjya hai usa gambhIra vAtavaraNa meM kevala eka tArA hI camaka rahA hai pratyakSataH yaha kisI zahara kI sandhyA nahI hai yaha kisI gaoNva kI sandhyA hai jahA~ sUryAsta ke sAtha saba kAma kAja banda ho jAte haiN| madhura-madhura aura kAle-kAle meM punarUkti prakAza jhalakatA hai| kavi nirAlA bAdala se vinayAvat ho kara nivedana karatA hai ki nava-jIvana nirmANa ke lie rAga-raMga kA vAtAvaraNa hitakara nahIM hai isI kAraNa kavi megha se garjana kI prArthanA karatA hai vaha usake pralayaMkArI rUpa meM navIna sRSTi ke nirmANa kA darzana karatA haiM : "ghana,garjana se bhara do vanaH tarU-tarU pAdapa paadp-tn| bhauroM ne madhu pI-pIkara mAnA, sthira-madhu Rtu kaann||2 1. sandhyA-sundarI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha-77 2. garjana bhara do vanaH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka: pRSTha- 245 118

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kavi nirAlA bAdala se prArthanA karate haiM ki aisI varSA karo kI samUcA vAtAraNa hariyAlI se paripUrNa ho jaae| tarU-tarU, pAdapa-pAdapa evaM guMjana-guMjana meM punarUkti alaMkAra kA samAveza hai| kavi rAma-rAvaNa ke yuddha kA varNana karatA hai rAma kI senA yuddha se birata hokara apane zivira kI ora gamana kara rahI hai, eka tarapha anyAya kA pratIka rAvaNa ke kheme meM ullAsa kA vAtAraNa hai dUsarI tarapha rAma kI senA bhArI mana se apane zivira kI ora A rahI hai : "lauTe yuga-dala, rAkSasa pada-tala pRthvI talamala viMdha mahollAsa se bAra-bAra AkAza vikala utarA jyoM durgama parvata para naizAndhakAra camakatI dUra tArAe~ jyoM ho kahIM pAra ||1 sandhyA ke vAtAvaraNa kI pRSThabhUmi meM rAma ne mana kA aMtarddhada citrita hai| yaha chAyAvAdI kavitA ke amUrta vidhAna kI vizeSatA hai| sAMketika zailI dvArA prakRti kA rUpAyana kiyA gayA hai / rAkSasoM ke aTTAsa kI garjanA se guMthakara AkAza bAra-bAra vikala ho rahA hai bAra-bAra meM purnarUkti aMlakAra hai| kavi nirAlA grISmakAlIna prakRti kA citra khIMcate hue usakA mAnavIkaraNa karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| "pulakita zata zata vyAkula kara bhara cUmatA rasA ko bAra-bAra cumbita dinakara xxx sarvasva dAna; 1. rAma kI zakti pUjA nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 329 119

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dekara, lekara sarvasva priyA kA sukRta maan||" kavi nirAlA yamunA ko dekhakara usase atIta se saMbaMdhita samasta bhAva jAgRta ho uThate haiN| kavi yamunA ko sambodhita karate hue kahatA hai ki "jAgRti ke isa nava jIvana me kisa chAyA kA mAyA-mantra gUMja-gUMja mRdu khIMca rahA hai ati durbala jana kA mana-yantra?"2 ___ uparyukta kAvya me prakRti ke mAdhyama se rahasya bhAvanA kI abhivyakti hai gUMja-gUMja meM purnarUkti prakAza jhalakatA hai| kavi nirAlA 'smRti' kA mAnavIkaraNa karake mana ke bhAvoM kA sajIva citraNa karate haiM mAnava apane atIta kI bAteM yAda kara usakI 'smRti' meM aisA kho jAtA haiM mAnoM sAre vAtAvaraNa meM eka nadIrUpI jharanA kala-kala dhvani se bahatA huA koI saMgIta kI dhuna nikAla rahA ho aura vaha usI meM khoyA huA hoN| "jaTila jIvana-nada meM tira-tira; DUba jAtI ho tuma cupa caap| supta mere atIta ke gAna, sunA, priya hara letI ho dhyAna! kavi nirAlA ne 'smRti' kA artha samajhAte hue kahate haiM ki tuma mere soye hue atIta ke gItoM ko sunakara merA dhyAna apanI ora khIMca letI ho arthAt 'smRti' kA Agamana hote hI mujhe saba purAnI bAteM yAda ho jAtI hai| yahA~ 'tira-tira' va 'phira-phira' meM punarUkti alaMkAra hai| 1. vana-velA-nirAlA racAvalI bhAga eka:pRSTha-346 2. yamunA ke prati : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 115 3. smRtiH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha:140 120

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kavi nirAlA chAyAvAdI zailI para apanI putrI ke saundarya kA rahasyAtmaka varNana kiyA hai, kavi ne putrI 'saroja' ke yauvanAgama kA bhAva-pUrNa citra prastuta kiyA hai: "dhIre-dhIre phira bar3hA caraNaH bAlya kI keliyoM kA praanggnn| xx paricaya-paricaya para khilA sakala nabha pRthvI, druma kali, kisalaya-dala ||" . mahAkavi 'preyasI' ke mAdhyama se laukika zrRMgAra saMbaMdhI bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti karate hai|, tathA sAtha hI pUrvarAga kA varNana karate haiM "taba tuma laghupada-vihAra; anila jyoM baar-baar| xxx zlatha gAta tumameM jyoM; rahI maiM baddha ho|" kavi nirAlA ke preyasI kI manodazA aisI jaise mAno havA vINA ke tAroM ko bAra-bAra jhanajhanA detI hai apane isa gIta para sukhada tathA manohara dAna ke usa AkarSaNa meM hRdaya kI laharoM se maiM saMsAra ke duHkha tathA klezoM ko bhUla gaI aura zithila gAta ho kara maiM tumase ba~dhI sI raha gii| 'bAra-bAra' purnarUkti prakAza alaMkAra hai| chAyAvAdI kaviyoM meM nirAlA rahasyavAda evaM dArzanika cIjoM meM ati vizvAsa karate the, kavi kA mAnanA hai ki koI adRzya zakti hai jo sAre saMsAra 1. saroja smRti : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga(1) : pRSTha: 319 2. 'preyasI' nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ekaH pRSTha-327 121

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kA saMcAlana karatI hai tabhI to nirAlA jI adRzya zakti yAnI bhagavAna se varadAna mAMgate haiM ki vaha mujhe isa bAta kI anumati deM ki vaha unake caraNoM meM sarvasva samarpaNa kara skeN| "dAga dagA kI Aga lagA dI tumane jo jana-jana kI, bhar3akI; karU~ AratI maiM jala-jala kara||" kavi viyogni ke vazIbhUta jIva-prabhu-darzana ke lie nirantara vyAkula rahatA hai, yAnI he prabhu Apane jo Aga kI cinagArI pratyeka jana ke hRdaya meM DAlI vaha aba prajjavalita ho gayI hai yAnI pUrI taraha dhadhaka rahI hai| mujhe prabhu aisA varadAna (zakti) do ki maiM usa Aga meM jala-jalakara ApakI AratI utaaruuN| 'jana-jana' aura 'jala-jala' punirUkti prakAza kA puTa dRSTigocara hotA 'praznAlaMkAra' : kavi nirAlA ke kAvya meM prazna kabhI svagat kathana meM hotA hai, kabhI sIdhA hotA hai, isa prakAra ke alaMkAra meM bhAvoddhelana kI pradhAnatA haiN| jaise mahArAja jayasiMha ke nAma 'chatrapati zivAjI kA patra' meM kAvyamaya aMkana hai| lekina kavitA meM aisA mAlUma par3atA hai ki kavi apane Apa se prazna karatA hai, chatrapati zivAjI mahArAja jayasiMha ko patra ke mAdhyama se socane kI salAha dete hai: "karo tuma vicAra; tuma dekhoM vastroM kI or| 122

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X sauMpatA tumheM maiM smRti sI nija prema kii| 2 yahAeN para kavi nirAlA atIta ke mAdhyama se bhArata vAsiyoM ko yaha socane ko kahate haiM ki apasI phUTa se lAbha hamezA videziyoM kA huA hai vaha AhavAna karate haiM ki AoM hama ekatA kI Dora ko aura majabUta kareM, jayasiMha ke mAdhyama se kavi una aMgrejI hukmarAnoM ke izAre para nirIha bhAratavAsiyoM ko khUna bahAne vAloM se prazna karatA hai ki jarA soco vaha khUna kisakA bahA hai| praznAlaMkAra svayaM meM spaSTa hai| X X chAyAvAdI zailI kI yaha eka vizeSatA hI kahI jAegI ki vaha kAvya ko svara - laharI lAlasA prabhRti amUrta vastuoM aura bhAvanAoM kA mAnavIkaraNa dekhate hI banatA hai| rahasyavAda kI vyaMjanA evaM kavi kI jijJAsA dekhate hI banatI hai: "kisa samIra se kA~pa rahI vaha vaMzI kI svara - sarita - hilora - ? kisa bitAna se tanI prANa taka chU jAtI vaha karUNa marora ?"3 kavi prakRti meM kisI ajJAta sattA kA darzana karatA hai isa zakti kA preyasI ke rUpa darzana kiyA gayA yahA~ kavi kahatA hai yamune! vaha baMzI kI svara rUpI saritA kI lahara kisa vAyu kA sparza pAkara kA~pa rahI hai? praznAlaMkAra kA samucita samAveza dRSTavya hai / 1 jana-jana ke jIvana ke sundara aparA: pRSTha: 161 2. chatrapati mahArAja zivAjI kA patra : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha - 158 3. yamunA ke pratiH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ekaH pRSTha-118 123

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pralaya evaM kAnti kA AhvAna karanA chAyAvAdI kaviyoM kI eka pramukha pravRtti rahI hai| saca to ye hai ki chAyAvAdI kavi tAtkAlika vyavasthA se Uba cuke the| ve cAhate the ki parivartana avilamba ho yahI AhvAna kavi apanI isa kavitA meM karatA hai: "eka bAra basa aura nAca tU zyAmA! sAmAna sabhI taiyAra, kitane hI haiM asura, cAhie kitane tumako hAra?'' kavi kA AhvAna usa adRzya zakti se hai ki he mA~ eka bAra tU apane zakti kA prayoga kara jana-jana meM kAnti karane kI preraNA bhara do cAhe isake lie hamAre rASTra ke logoM kA kucha kurbAniyA~ hI kyoM na denI par3e kyoMki koI bhI bar3I kAnti hotI hai to jana-dhana kI hAni honA svAbhAvika hai| kavi svayaM se prazna karatA hai ki Akhira kitanA atyAcAra aura hama saheM ? yahA~ praznAlaMkAra dRSTavya hai| kavi nirAlA 'smRti' kA mAnavIkaraNa karake mana ke bhAvoM kA sajIva citraNa karate haiM sAtha hI sAtha atIta ke bhUle-bichar3e paloM ko bhI citrita karane kA saphala prayAsa karate hai : "jagAne meM hai kyA Ananda? zrRMkhalita gAne meM kyA chanda 2 kavi nirAlA 'smRti' kavitA ke mAdhyama se prazna karate hai ki saMsAra ke vyaktiyoM ke hRdaya kI pichalI kAmanAoM ko kisI banda vANI meM sotI huI tAna ko, atIta kAla kI kisI mAtR-bhASA ko tathA mRtyu kI aTalatA ke smaraNa ko jagAne meM tujhe kyA Ananda milatA hai? jarA batA ki asta vyasta yA 1. AvAhana : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha - 85 2. smRti : lirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka:pRSTha-192 124

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idhara-udhara se jor3e gae gIta meM kyA koI chanda hotA hai yaha prazna kavi apane atIta kI smRtiyoM ke mAdhyama se vartamAna se karatA hai, uparokta kAvya meM kavi kI AtmAbhivyakti svayameva parilakSita hotI hai| vaha tAtkAlika vyavasthA se Ubakara 'smRti' ke mAdhyama se vartamAna ko AvAja detA hai| praznAlaMkAra kA puTa spaSTa hai| chAyAvAdI kavitA meM zakti kA AhvAna bAra-bAra kiyA gyaa| kAraNa thA tAtkAlika caramarAtI vyavasthA se ube kaviyoM kA hAra mAnakara adRzya zakti para aTUTa vishvaas| tabhI to nirAlA ne 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' ke mAdhyama se hanumAna kI mA~ aMjanA dvArA bhAratIya janamAnasa ke baukhalAhaTa kA kAraNa pUchatI hai? "kyA nahIM kara rahe ho tuma anartha? soco mana meM; kyA dI AjJA aisI kucha raghunnadana ne? tuma sevaka ho chor3akara dharma kara rahe kArya kyA asambhava yaha rAghava ke lie dhArya?" yahA~ kavi hanumAna ke antardvanda kA mAnavIkaraNa karate hue bhAratIya jana-mAnasa ke kaSTa kA mArmika citra khIMcA hai| halAMki abhI bhI bhAratIya janamAnasa hiMsA kA rAstA na apanAkara ahiMsaka tarIke se hI apanI bAta khe| kavi yahA~ mA~ anjanA ke mAdhyama se hanumAna ko samajhAtA hai ki kyA bhagavAna rAma ne tumako yaha anartha karane kI anumati dI hai arthAt kyA hiMsA kA rAstA apanAne kI ijAjata bhAratIya saMskRti kabhI degI? kadApi nahIM, yahA~ praznAlaMkAra kA samucita samAveza draSTavya hai| 1. rAma kI zakti pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha : 333 125

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chAyAvAdI kaviyoM kI eka aura vizeSatA thI ki ve nAyikA ke antaraMga evaM bahiraMga dono prakAra ke citra khIceM haiN| mahAkavi nirAlA isa kAvya meM vipralambha zrRMgAra ke arntagat nAyikA ke smaraNa dazA kA varNana kiyA hai: "sumana bhara na lie; sakhi ! basanta gyaa| harSa-haraNa-hRdaya; nahIM nirdaya kyoM? 1 kavi nirAlA ne eka sakhi kaise apanI saNi se aMtarman kI bAta karatI hai use darzAne kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai, he sakhi ! basanta Rtu vyatita bhI ho gayI maiMne phUloM ke apanI jholI meM bhara kara ikaTTA nahIM kiyA mana ke harSa ko haraNa karane vAlI viyogAvasthA nirdayI hai kyA ? praznAMlaMkAra kA puTa spaSTa jhalaka rahA hai / 'virodhAbhAsa' : ArcAya kezava ke anusAra "jahA~ vAstavikatA meM virodha na ho phira bhI varNana se virodha kA AbhAsa mile vahA~ virodhAbhAsa alaMkAra hotA hai| chAyAvAdI kaviyoM ne prakRti ko apane kAvya kI jIvana saMginI kI taraha apanAyA hai| usI taraha yahA~ nirAlA ne bhI 'smRti' saMcArI ke rUpa meM jUhI kI kalI' kI rati-krIr3A kA kAlpanika citra aMkita karate hue kahatA hai ki:"AyI yAda bichur3ana se milana kI vaha madhura bAta, AyI yAda cA~danI kI dhulI huI AdhI rAta, AyI yAda kAntA kI kampita kamanIya gAta phira kyA ? pavana / "2 1. zeSa : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha -155 2. jUhI kI kalI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha 126 -41

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yahA~ 'jUhI kI kalI' kA citraNa svakIyA nAyikA kI hai kavi nirAlA prakRti kA Alambana rUpa meM varNana karate haiM, nAyaka ke mana meM icchA huI ki vaha kisI taraha isI samaya apanI priyatamA ke pAsa pahu~ca jAe / vichur3ana meM bhI milana kA ehasAsa virodhAbhAsa kA lakSaNa hai| ___ yahA~ bhI chAyAvAdI kaviyoM kI taraha nirAlA ne prakRti ko apane kAvya meM bharapUra dohana kiyA hai yahA~ kavi sandhyA kA varNana eka sundarI ramaNI ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| "timirAMcala meM caMcalatA kA nahIM kahIM AbhAsa; madhura-madhura haiM donoM usake adhara; kintu gambhIra nahIM hai usake hRAsa -vilAsa / / " saca to yaha hai ki sandhyA ko sundarI batAnA hI kAvya -paramparA ke prati nirAlA jI ke vidroha kA ghotaka hai| jaise sandhyA ke Agamana ke sAtha bhU-tala para andhakAra phailane lagatA hai| andhakAra se bharA huA aMcala eka dama zAnta hai kyoMki sAMyakAla ke samaya vAtAvaraNa zAnta ho jAtA hai| usa sundarI kI mukha-mudrA kucha gambhIratA lie hue hai aura usameM hAsa-vilAsa ko vyakta karane vAlI ceSTAo kA abhAva hai| yahA~ milana evaM bichuDana kA virodhAbhAsa mukhara hai| yahaoN kavi eka bhakta ke mAdhyama se sAdhanA-patha- kI tarapha agrasara hote hue dikhAyA gayA haiM bhakta devI kI prArthanA karate hue kahatA hai ki: "prAta tava dvAra para; AyA, janani, naiza andha, patha pAra kara lage jo upala pada hue utpala jJAta, 1. sandhyA-sundarI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 77 127

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avasanna bhI hU~ prasanna maiM prAptavara; prAta tava dvAra pr| yahA~ sAdhaka kI sAdhanAvasthA kA kAvyamaya varNana hai bhagavAna ke dhyAna meM magna sAdhaka pratyeka bAdhA ko apanA zikSaka mAnatA hai aura usako apanA hitaiSI samajhatA hai| vaise hI jaise viSa kA pyAlA mIrA ke lie amRta kA pyAlA bana gayA thA aura saoNpa ke sthAna para zAlagrAma ke darzana hue the| isI taraha IzA aura maMsUra ke lie zUlI phUloM kI seja bana gayI thii| usI prakAra yahaoN bhakta ke rAste meM sAre patthara phUla se lagane lage unake dvArA pairoM meM Thokara zItala sukha kA ahasAsa karAne lagI yahA~ patthara kA phUla bananA virodhAbhAsa kA pratIka hai| mahAkavi yahA~ aisI nAgarI-nAyikA ke saundarya kA citraNa karate haiM nAyikA jo rAta kI keli-kIr3A ke uparAnta nIMda kI khumArI meM klAnta leTI huI hai: "lAja se suhAga kA mAna se pragalbha priya praNaya nivedana kA jAgRti meM supti thI jAgaraNa klAnti thI!" yahA~ kavi ne rItikAlIna zailI se nAyikA kA varNana kiyA hai| pralaya kAlIna vAtAvaraNa hai aura nAyikA ke raMga-biraMge svapna aura apanI priyA ke nizcala oThoM meM zarAba kI mAdakatA kA ehasAsa tathA usa mAdakatA kA dikhAI na par3anA isa prakAra nAyikA kI anekAneka virodhAbhAsI ceSTAe~, ye saba socakara oThoM meM Ae kampana virodhAbhAsa alaMkAra kA dvaitaka hai| 1. 'prAta tava dvAra para' : aparA : pRSTha - 31 2. "jAgRti meM supti thI' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 144 128

Page #133
kavi nirAlA yahA~ bar3A hI kArUNika citra prastuta karate haiM sAtha hI apane rAma kA mAnavIkaraNa karate hue azru-purita netroM se vibhISaNa ko kahalavAte hai ki he mitra vibhISaNa maiM apane bacana ko pUrA karane meM asamartha hU~ svAbhAvika rUpa se mahAzakti anyAya ke pratIka rAvaNa kA sAtha de rahI hai| kucha kSaNa taka rahakara mauna sahaja nija komala svara bole raghumaNi - mitravara vijaya hogI na samara X X X utarI pA mahAzakti rAvaNa se AmaMtraNa | anyAya jidhara hai udhara zakti kahate chala chala / "" yahAeN kavi nirAlA ne pAtroM ke mAnasika arntadvanda kA bar3A hI sajIva evaM prabhAvazAlI varNana kiyA hai, isameM kavi ne sAmAnya mAnava ke mAnasika durbalatA ko bhI citrita kiyA hai sAtha hI sAtha die gae vacana ko na nibhA pAne kI asamarthatA spaSTa parilakSita hotI hai| idhara kavi rAma ke prati pAThakoM kI sahAnubhUti baTorane meM saphalatA bhI prApta kI hai / anyAya jidhara hai udhara zakti meM virodhAbhAsa hai| kavi nirAlA apane deza kI vidhavAoM ke antarmana ko chUne aura usake kaSTa ko karIba se dekhane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai yahA~ kavi bhAratIya samAja dvArA vidhavAoM ke lie banAyI gaI bandizoM kI gaharAI meM jAkara samIkSA kI hai sAtha hI sAtha hamAre deza kI vidhavAoM kA lekhA-jokhA bar3e hI sajIva tarIke se apane kAvya meM utArA haiM " SaD-RtuoM kA zrRMgAra, kusumita kAnana meM nIrava - pada - saMcAra, vyathA kI bhUlI kathA hai; 1. rAma kI zakti-pUjA nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) pRSTha - 334 129

Page #134
usakA eka svapna athavA hai| vidhavA ko phlaiza-baika meM le jAkara Rtu ke mAdhyama se priya-milana kA sundara varNana karanA kavi nirAlA kI kAvyamayI kalA kA sundara namUnA hai| nIrava pada meM saMcAra meM virodhAbhAsa jhalaka rahA hai| chAyAvAdI kaviyoM ke mana meM utAra-car3hAva ke anurUpa hI kavitA kI vyakta zailI meM bhinnatA AyI hai kavi nirAlA kA andAja bhI isI prakAra kabhI dArzanika kabhI gambhIra, kabhI vidrohI to kabhI manohArI ho jAtA haiN| kavi yahA~ manohara vAtAvaraNa kA citra prastuta kara rahA hai : "kU-U,kU-U bolI komala antima sukha-svara, pI-kahA~ papIhA-priyA madhura viSa gayI chahara, chavi belA kI nabha kI tArAe~ nirUpanitA, zata-nayana-dRSTi vismaya se bharakara rahI vividha-Aloka sRSTi / / 2 / nirAlA ke uparyukta kavitA meM zabda-vinyAsa pravAhapUrNa evaM komala-kAnta hai yahA~ kavi milana evaM bichur3ana kA adbhud citra prastuta kiyA hai sAtha hI sAtha isa bIca meM Ane vAlI bAdhAoM ko haTAne kA bhI prayAsa kavi karatA hai| yahA~ prakRti kA varNana uddIpana rUpa meM huA hai 'pI kahA~ madhura viSa gaI chahara' meM virodhAbhAsa spaSTa jhalaka rahA hai| kavi nirAlA 'chatrapati zivAjI ke patra' meM jayasiMha ko saMbodhita eka patra likha rahe haiN| sAtha hI sAtha usa atIta meM vartamAna DhUMDha rahe haiN| nirAlA jI bhArata ke bichar3e yA bhaTake vIra sapUtoM ko vApasa apane ghara Ane kA nimaMtraNa dete 1. 'vidhavA' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 72 2 'banavelA' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 349 130

Page #135
haiN| sAtha hI sAtha yaha kahate haiM ki hameM ApakI vIratA, ApakI niSThA para koI zaka nahIM, lekina bhalA batAo ki kyA tuma una phiraMgiyoM ke izAre para bhArata mA~ ke vIra sapUtoM kI lAzeM bichaaoge| yadi nahIM to aba bhI kucha bigar3A nahIM tuma ghara vApasa A jaao| "vIratA kI goda moda bharane vAle zUra tuma X X X mogaloM ko tuma jIva dAna / / " kavi nirAlA ke isa pUre kAvya meM deza-bhakti mukhara hai, kalaMka kAlimA kA bhaya dikhAkara jayasiMha ko apane ghara vApasa lauTa Ane kI preraNA mahAkavi kI kAvya kuzalatA kA eka sundara namUnA haiM yahA~ pairoM ke prANa .......evaM jIvana dAna eka dUsare ke virodhAbhASI hai| mahAkavi nirAlA ke mana meM yamunA ko dekhakara yamunA ke samasta atIta evaM usakI gaurava gAthA jAgRta ho uThatI hai vaha kathAoM kA sAra lekara isa kavitA kI sRSTi karate haiM yahA~ kavi yamunA ko sambodhita karatA hai: "Apa A gaye priya ke kara meM; kaha kisakA vaha kara sukumAra; X X X kahA~ Aja taka citavana cetana; zyAma - moha - kajjala abhiyukta ? 2 kavi kI nAyikA atIta ko yAda kara rahI hai kavi bhI nAyikA ke mAdhyama se atIta para apanI majabUta pakar3a rakhane ke sAtha hI vartamAna me naI 1. zivAjI kA patra : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 1 ) : pRSTha 2. 'yamunA ke prati nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 1 ) : pRSTha 131 -157 -329

Page #136
pIr3hI ko sAtha lekara calane kA eka sundara prayAsa kiyA hai, nAyikA atIta ke mAdhyama se athavA vaha jIvana mA~ga rahI hai evaM pUMcha rahI hI ki vaha merA alasAyA jIvana kahA~ hai| jo priyatam kI kA~ToM me ba~dhA rahakara bhI svachanda banA rahatA thA yahA~ 'ba~dhA bAhuoM se bhI yukta meM' virodhAbhAsa kA puTa spaSTa jhalakatA hai| rUpaka : prastuta kA aprastuta meM eka prakAra kA abheda rUpa se Aropa rUpaka hotA hai| yA jahA~ upamAna kA sArA rUpa upameya meM citrita ho aura kevala sAdRzya hI kA bhAva na ho varan eka rUpatA ke sAtha hI abheda kA bhAva bhI ho, vahA~ rUpaka hotA hai| mahAkavi nirAlA kI yaha kavitA Adhunika hindI kAvya kI pragati kI sImA mAnI jA sakatI hai| 'rAma kI zaktipUjA' kAvya meM rAma-rAvaNa ke yudva kA varNana hai| mahAzakti rAvaNa ko saMrakSaNa pradAna karatI haiN| phalasvarUpa rAma ke samasta zastra viphala hote haiM - kavi rAma-rAvaNa ke anirNIta saMgrAma kA varNana karatI haiM : "ravi huA asta jyoti ke patra para likhA amara raha gayA rAma-rAvaNa kA aparAjeya samara; udgIrita-vahni-bhIma-parvata-kapi-catu : prahara jaankii-bhiiruu-ur-aashaabhr-raavnn-smbr|| rAma-rAvaNa ke yuddha kA sajIva evaM citrAtmaka varNana hai yaha varNana vIragAthA kAvya ke vIra rasAtmaka varNanoM kA smaraNa karAtA hai bhASA viSayAnukUla hai aura 1. rAma kI zakti-pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 329 132

Page #137
saMskRta-niSTha hone para bhI artha pratIti bAdhita nahIM hotI hai| jyoti ke patra evaM rAjIvanayana meM rUpaka spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| kavi nirAlA grISma kI tapana ke mAdhyama se oja kI madhura vyaMjanA kI hai yahA~ kavi nirAlA grISmakAlIna prakRti kA varNana karatA haiM : "varSa kA prathama, pRthvI ke uThe uroja maMjU parvata nirUpama / X X sarvasva dAna; dekara lekara sarvasva priyA kA sukRta mAna / / " prakRti ke saundarya meM nArI saundarya kA darzana chAyAvAdI kaviyoM kI vizeSatA haiN| yahA~ kavi nirAlA ne apanI nAyikA ke antaHprakRti aura - prakRti kA sundara samanvaya kiyA haiM tapana - yauvana meM rUpaka kA sundara samAveza haiM bAhya isI prakAra kavi yamunA ko dekhakara pichalI bAtoM kI yAda karatA hai, yAda karane ke sAtha vaha vesudha sA ho jAtA hai kavi yamunA ko sambodhita karate hue kahatA hai ki: X "svapnoM-sI una kina A~khoM kI; pallava - chAyA meM amlAna / X X X tere dRga kusumoM kI suSamA; jA~ca rahA hai bArambAra ?"2 1. vana - belA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 1 ) : pRSTha - 114 2. yamunA ke prati nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 1 ) : pRSTha - 114 133

Page #138
yahA~ kavi atIta ke mAdhyama se vartamAna rASTrapremiyoM ko apanI sAMskRtika virAsata kA vAstA dilAkara rASTra ke nava-nirmANa ke lie ekajuTa hokara naI dizA dene kA AhvAna karatA hai nirAlA kI yaha kavitA rASTraprema evaM sAMskRtika prema kA dyotaka hai pallavachAyA dRga-kusuma meM rUpaka alaMkAra dRSTavya hai| ___ kavi nirAlA yahA~ 'smRti' kA mAnavIkaraNa karake mana ke bhAvoM kA sajIva citraNa karate haiM "jaTila jIvana meM nada tira-tira; DUba jAtI ho tuma cupacApa! supta mere atIta ke jJAna, sunA, priya hara letI ho dhyAna! yahA~ kavi 'smRti' kA AhvAna karate hue kahatA hai ki jaba tuma mere pAsa AtI ho to hameM saba purAnI bAteM yAda ho jAtI haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki hama phlaiza-baika meM vApasa atIta meM cale gae hoM aura usako apanI smRtiyoM ke dvArA lekhanI ke mAdhyama se sajo rahe haiN| yahA~ kavi jIvana -gadya meM rUpaka kA prayoga huA hai| kavi nirAlA yauvana ke vega kI abAdha pravalatA kA ullekha karatA huA kahatA hai ki nava jIvana ke pravala umaMga ke sAtha saMsAra ke sImA ko pAra karake paramAtmA se milane calI Ara rahI hU~ : "bar3e dambha se khar3e hue the bhUdhara samajhe the jise bAlikA eka para dRSTi jarA aTakI hai 1. smRti : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 84 134

Page #139
dekhA eka kalI caTakI hai|" yahA~ nirAlA jI kahate haiM ki manuSya ko dambha evaM ahaMkAra chor3akara sarala tathA zItala zabda kA prayoga karanA caahie| kyoMki yaha mAnavIya guNa hai ki agara jisa vyakti meM dambha ahaMkAra hAbI ho gayA ho aise logoM ko ke mana meM ajJAnatA ghara kara jAegI isIlie koI bhI saphala vyakti ahaMkArI evaM dambhI nahIM ho sktaa| isa kAvya me pahAr3a apanI gurUtA ke ghamaNDa meM khar3e hue the ve nadI ko nanhIM-munnI baccI kI taraha samajhate the tathA idhara zilAkhaNDoM ko dekha thara-thara kA~pa rahe hai| yahA~ zilAkhaNDa evaM naramuND meM rUpaka alaMkAra dRSTavya hai| kavi nirAlA 'preyasI' ke mAdhyama se laukika zrRMgAra saMbaMdhI bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti karate hai : "ghera aMga-aMga ko laharI taraMga vaha prathama tArUNya kI, zizira jyoM patra para kanaka prabhAta ke, kiraNa sampAta se|" kavi navayauvanA nAyikA kA varNana prakRti ke udadIpana rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai nAyikA kA yauvana jala kI laharoM kI taraha hicakole le rahA hai, nirAlA ne prakRti ke mAnavIkaraNa ke mAdhyama se nauyavanA nAyikA ke aMrtaman kA sarala citra khIMcA hai| yahA~ tarU-tana meM rUpaka alaMkAra jhalaka rahA hai| isI prakAra kavi nirAlA basanta Rtu meM gomatI nadI ke taTa ko prAtaH kAlIna chaTA kA varNana kavi nirAlA karate haiN| 1. 'dhArA' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 84 2. 'preyasI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha -324 135

Page #140
"basantI kI goda meM tarUNa sohatA svastha mukha vAlA saa| gomatI kSINa kaTi naTi navala; nRtya para madhura Avega cpl|" yahA~ kavi prakRti meM nArI kA darzana eka preyasI ke rUpa meM karatA hai yahA~ 'kisalayoM' ke adhara evaM 'saurabha vAsanA gomatI nahIM' navala meM rUpaka alaMkAra kA puTa jhalakatA hai| basanta Rtu ko nAyikA rUpI prakRti kA bAlaka kavi nirAlA ne batAyA hai| lajjA zIla evaM komalAMgI yuvatiyoM ke kopaka rUpI yauvana ke mada se bhare hue lAla-lAla oTha suzobhita the| yahA~ kavi prAtaH kAlIna prakRti kI zobhA dekhate hue prakRti rahasyapUrNa niyamoM para vicAra karate hai| mahAkavi nirAlA saroja-smRti sirpha eka zokha-gIta nahIM hai yaha putrI kI mRtyu ke bAda eka pitA kA dArzanika andAja bhI hai| yahA~ nirAlA apanI svargIya putrI saroja ko sambodhita karate hue kahate haiM ki: "UnaviMza para jo prathama caraNa; terA vaha jIvana-sindhu-taraNa; karatI hU~ maiM yaha nahI maraNa, saroja kA jyoti; zaraNa-taraNa"2 apanI hI javAna putrI kI arthI ko apane kandhoM para le jAkara ghATa para pahu~cAnA phira use kAvyamaya rUpa denA nirAlA jaise mahAkavi ke hI vaza kI bAta haiN| yahA~ mahAkavi kA apanI putrI se yaha kahalavAnA ki pitA jI Aja maiM pUrNa - 1. 'dAna' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 307 2. 'saroja-smRti' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 315 136

Page #141
prakAza kA varaNa kara rahI hU~ yaha merA maraNa nahIM hai, apitu Aja Apa kI putrI jyoti ke zaraNa meM jA rahI hai| yahA~ kavi nirAlA saroja kI mRtyu ke prati eka dArzanika dRSTikoNa darzAte haiN| sAtha hI kavi kI arntarAtmA kI vedanA svataH parilakSita hotI hai| yahA~ jIvana-sindhu tathA mRtyu tarUNI meM rUpaka alaMkAra dRSTigocara hotA hai| kavi nirAlA jahA~ adhika yA kucha pecIle artha rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai vahA~ pada-yojanA usa artha ko dUsaroM taka pahuMcAne meM prAyaH azakta yA udAsIna pAyI jAtI hai| 'gItikA' kI yaha paMkti kauna tama meM pAra? (re-kaha) x x x sAra yA ki asAra (re-kaha) / / yahA~ kavi rUpa ke bANa (yAnI saundarya bANa ko nikAlanA) ko nikAlane meM eka ajIba prakAra kA sukha prApta karatA hai| sAhityakAra 'rAmacandra zukla' ke anusAra tIra ke nikalane meM sukhAnubhUti nirAlA jaisA kavi hI kara sakatA hai| 'upamA' : jaba do bhinna vastuoM meM eka hI sAdhAraNa dharma kA honA batAyA jAe arthAt sAmAnatA batAI jAe, taba upamA alaMkAra hotA hai| "upameya arU upamAna jaha eka rUpa hoI jaae"| kavi nirAlA kA sampUrNa kAvya rASTra-bhAvanA se ota-prota thA usI kama meM unakI kavitA 'chatrapati zivAjI mahArAja kA jayasiMha ke nAma patra' ke mAdhyama se bhAratIyoM ke vartamAna ko kuredane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| kavi 1. kauna tama ke pAra : gItikA : hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa 137

Page #142
kahatA hai ki ApasI phUTa hI hamArI sabase bar3I kamajorI aura duzmana kI sabase bar3I tAkata hai| kavi kahatA hai : "kintu hAya! vIra rAjapUto kI; gaurava-pralamba grIvA; apane sahodara-mitra; nissahAya trasta bhI upAya zUnya / / kavi nirAlA apane deza ke bhaTake hue bhAIyo ko usa atIta kI gAthA sunAkara aura usakA pariNAma batAkara, sAtha hI sAtha kula gaurava kI mAna-maryAdA aura purUSatva ko jagAkara bhaTake hue bhAIyoM ko eka pleTaphArma para lAne kA saphala prayAsa kiyA thaa| kavi ekatA kA vigula apane kAvya ke mAdhyama se phUMkane kA prayAsa karatA hI aura kahatA hai ki hamArI ekatA phiraMgiyoM ko vApasI kI buniyAda rkhegii| yahA~ 'dhUpa sI' aura 'sindhu jyoM meM upamA alaMkAra jhalakatA hai| kavi nirAlA vibhinna kathAoM kA sAra lekara yamunA ko mAdhyama banAkara, atIta kA guNagAna-kara, jana-mAnasa meM nava-cetanA kA saMcAra karate "ali-alakoM ke tarala timira meM; kisakI lola lahara ajnyaat| bajate haiM aba una caraNoM meM; aba adhIra nUpura-maMjIra?" 1. chatrapati zivAjI kA patra : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1)-pRSTha - 157 2. yamunA ke prati : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1)- pRSTha - 118 138

Page #143
kavi nirAlA 'yamunA ke prati pUre kavitA meM rahasyavAda' kI mArmika vyaMjanA kI hai| sAtha hI sAtha dArzanika dRSTikoNa ko mAdhyama banAyA gayA, soe jana-mAnasa ko jagAne ke lie| zazi-sA, mukha, jyotsanA sI gAta meM upamA alaMkAra kA adbhuta samAveza hai| 'preyasI' kAvya ke mAdhyama se kavi nirAlA laukika zrRMgAra saMbaMdhI bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti karate haiN| nAyikA kA yauvana ubhAra para hai, zArIrika parivartana se khuda nAyikA ke mana meM kautuhala vyApta hai, vaha adRzya saMsAra me gote lagAnA cAhatI hai: "ghera aMga aMga ko; laharI taraMga vaha prathama tArUNya kI / zizira jyoM patra para kanaka prabhAta ke; kiraNa-sampAta se| kavi kI nAyikA yuvAvasthA ke Agamana ke sAtha hI caMcalatA ne mere aMga-pratyaMga ko ghera liyA hai| prakRti ko udIpana ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| prakRti meM navayauvana nAyikA ko citrAMkita kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ 'latA-sI' evaM 'zivira jyoM' meM upamA alaMkAra parilakSita hotA hai| chAyAvAdI kaviyoM kI eka pramukha vizeSatA rahI hai ki ve kAvya likhate samaya rizte nAte yA sage saMbaMdho ko bIca meM Ane hI nahIM dete the| tabhI to mahAkavi nirAlA apanI hI putrI 'saroja' ke yauvanAvasthA kA bhAvapUrNa citraNa kiyA hai : "dhIre-dhIre phira bar3hA caraNa; bAlya kI keliyoM kA prAgaNa; 1. 'preyasI' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) - pRSTha - 324 139

Page #144
X X paricaya - paricaya para khilA sakala-: nabha, puthvI, drama, kali, kisalaya - dala / / " mahAkavi nirAlA jaisA vyaktitva hI apanI putrI kI yaunocita caMcalatA kA citra khIMca sakatA hai| saccAI ye hai ki yahA~ kavi pitA kama kavi jyAdA hI dikhAI detA hai| svAbhAvika rUpa se koI kavi kavitA likhate samaya agara rizte-nAte ko mahatva detA hai| to vaha kavitA kavitA ho hI nahIM sakatI kyoMki koI kavitA, kavitA tabhI bana sakatI hai jaba vaha aMrtarAtmA kI AvAja se nikalatI haiM / kavi jaba kavitA likhane baiThatA hai to usakA sArA dhyAna usa kavitA para hotA hai, rizte gaur3a ho jAte haiN| yahA~ kavi 'jyoM mAlakauza!' 'naiza svapna jyoM meM upamA kA prayoga kiyA hai| X mahAkavi nirAlA 'jUhI kI kalI' kavitA ke mAdhyama se rati - kIr3A kA kAlpanika citra prastuta karate samaya nAyikA ke bhAvanAoM ke aMrtaman ko udghATita karatA hai, nAyikA rUpI kalI ko pavana pahu~ca kara cUmatA hai| magara vaha jagatI nahIM hai| kavi yahAeN prakRti kA mAnavIkaraNa kara eka dUsare ko AliMgana rUpa meM pradarzita karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| "sotI thI; jAne kaho kaise priya - Agamana vaha ? kivA matavAlI thI yauvana kI madirA piye; kauna kahe ? 2 1. 'saroja- smRti' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 1 ) - pRSTha 2. jUhI kI kalI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) - pRSTha 140 -319 - 41

Page #145
yahA~ kavi jUhI kI kalI kA varNana prema-garvitA-svakIyA madhya nAyikA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| vaha Agata-patikA nAyikA hai| yahA~ hiDola meM upamAlaMkAra kA sundara samAveza hai| mahAkavi nirAlA bhAratavAsiyoM ko jAgaraNa kA saMdeza dete hue rASTra ke lie kucha kara gujarane kA saMdeza dete haiN| sAtha hI sAtha apane jIvana kI upayogitA ko siddha karane kA sandeza dete haiM : "A~kheM AliyoM sI kisa madhu kI galiyoM meM pha~sI; yA soyI kamala-korakoM meM banda ho rahA guMjAra / / " yahA~ mahAkavi nirAlA kA yaha kathana ki jisa prakAra bhauMrA madhupAna meM magna hokara athavA kamala-kalI meM banda hokara apanI guMjAra ko bhUla jAtA hai| usI prakAra tuma bhI svArthamaya hokara rASTra ke prati apane kartavya ko bhUla jAte ho 'aliyoM' kI upamA 'bhauMro' se dI gayI hai| mahAkavi nirAlA sandhyA sundarI kA varNana eka sundarI ramaNI ke rUpa meM citrita karate hue kahA hai ki "divAvasAna kA samaya; meghamaya AsamAna se utara rahI hai| vaha sandhyA sundarI parI-sI; dhiire-dhiire-dhiire| 1. jAgo phira eka bAra (1) : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) -- pRSTha-148 2. sandhyA-sundarI : : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) - pRSTha-77 141

Page #146
yahA~ kavi nirAlA kA prakRti-prema mukhara hai, yahAeN sandhyA-sundarI eka naI navelI dulhana kI taraha saja dhaja kara AsamAna se mAnoM dhIre-dhIre utara rahI ho / yAnI kavi kI nAyikA naI navelI dulhana kI taraha dhIre-dhIre kadama Aga baDhA rahI hai| yahA~ 'sandhyA sundarI' kI 'parI-sI' upamA draSTavya hai / isI prakAra kavi ilAhAbAda pravAsa ke daurAna patthara toDatI eka majadUra mahilA ke marma ko najadIka se jA~cA - parakhA / to yaha hai ki kavi usa mahilA ke arntaman ko vANI pradAna kI hai " car3ha rahI thI dhUpa; garmiyoM ke dina | X X X prAyaH huI dupahara;-- vaha tor3atI patthara / " yahA~ kavi kA eka majadUranI nArI kA patthara tor3akara giTTI banAnA vaha bhI cilacilAtI dopaharI meM / yahA~ garIba bhAratIya nArI ke bevasI kA citraNa spaSTa jhalakatA hai| 'rUI jyoM' meM upamAlaMkAra kA samAveza hai / mahAkavi nirAlA rAma ke manovaijJAnika sthiti kA sahaja citra khIMcate hai, sItA kI kumArikA chavi kI jhA~kI pAte hI rAma ko apane parAkrama kA smaraNa ho AtA hai| svAbhAvika hai ki aise meM rAma ke mana meM uThe arntadvanda kA citra kavi ne khIMcA haiM "siharA tana kSaNa-bhara bhUlA mana, laharA samasta;, hara dharnubhaga ko punarvAra jyoM uThA hasta, / X X X phira sunA - haeNsa rahA aTTAhAsa rAvaNa khala- khala 1. vaha tor3atI patthara : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 1 ) - pRSTha-343 142

Page #147
bhAvita nayanoM se sajala gire do muktA-chala / " yahA~ kavi nirAlA dvArA zaktizAlI rAma ko sAmAnya mAnava kI taraha manovaijJAnika ulajhana meM pha~sAnA, phira patnI sItA se apanI bebasI kA ijahAra karanA, mAnavIkaraNa kA sundara citra kavi ne khIMcA hai| ur3e jyoM devadUta, jyoM pataMka meM upamAlaMkAra hai| 'mAnavIkaraNa' : jahA~ kisI upamA yA prakRti eva rUpaka kA sahArA lekara apratyakSa rUpa se mAnava-samAja kI tarapha iMgita kI jAe vahI mAnavIkaraNa hai| mahAkavi nirAlA prakRti ke komala rUpa ke sAtha-sAtha usakI kaThoratA ko udaghATita kiyA hai| "tiratI hai samIra-sAgara para; asthira sukha para duHkha kI chaayaa| tAka rahe haiM ai viplava ke bAdala! phir-phir|" yahA~ kavi bAdala ke pralayakArI rUpa kA varNana karatA hai kavi yahA~ pralayakArI bAdala se jana-jAgaraNa kA AhvAna karatA hai saca to yaha hai ki uparokta pUre chanda meM mahAkavi ne prakRti kA mAnavIkaraNa kara diyA hai| mahAkavi nirAlA ne 'jUhI kI kalI' nAmaka kavitA meM sirpha nAyikA ke hI antarmana va bahirmana kA citra nahIM khIMcA hai, apitu vaha nAyaka ke manaH sthiti ko bhA~pane meM bhI saphalatA pAyI hai tabhI to nirAlA kA nAyaka binA samaya kA 1. rAma kI zakti-pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1)-pRSTha-331 2. bAdala-rAga bhAga -6 : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka-pRSTha -77 143

Page #148
yA loka-lajjA kA rUyAla kie sAre baMdhanoM ko tor3akara apane priyatamA ke pAsa pahuMcanA cAhatA hai : "AyI yAda vichur3ana se milana kI vaha madhura bAta * AyI yAda caoNdanI kI dhulI huI AdhI rAta pahuMcA jahA~ usanase kI keli| kalI-khilI sAtha / / " jaba kavi nAyaka-nAyikA ke pAsa pahuMcatA hai to nAyikA ko atIta kI sArI bAteM yAda A jAtI haiM vaha pavana ke saMyoga sukha se kampAyamAna sundara deha-latA kI yAda A gyii| isI kA sundara tarIke se kavi ne mAnavIkaraNa karate hue nAyikA apane milana kI prathama rAta ko soca-soca kara romAMcita ho uThatI haiN| tathA eka ajIba taraha kA kautUhala jo mAdakatAyukta hai usake mana meM jAgRta ho uThA hai| yahA~ milana kI yAda kA mAnavIkaraNa sundara tarIke se kiyA gayA hai| ___ kavi yahA~ sandhyA-sundarI kavitA ko mAdhyama banAte hue sandhyA kAlIna vAtAvaraNa ko ukerA hai| tathA sAtha hI sAtha prakRti kA usa samaya kA sundara najArA mana meM ubhArane meM saphalatA pAyI hai| "divAvasAna kA samaya; meghamana AsamAna se utara rahI / vaha sandhyA sundarI parI sI; dhIre-dhIre-dhIre / / 1. jahI kI kalI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka - pRSTha - 41 2. sandhyA -sundarI : : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) - pRSTha-77 144

Page #149
yahA~ "sandhyA-sundarI' rUpI nAyikA dulhana kI tarapha apanA kadama dhIre-dhIre Age bar3hA rahI hai, yahA~ sandhyA-sundarI kA mAnavIkaraNa kiyA hai / kavi-nirAlA bhagavAna rAma ke ananya bhakta hunamAna ko apane ArAdhya ko kaSTa meM dekhakara cItkAra uThane tathA sAtha hI sAtha apane ArAdhya rAma ke prati sarvasva nyochAvara karane kA saphala kAvyamaya citraNa 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' nAmaka kavitA meM dekhane ko milatI hai : "ye azru rAma ke Ate hI mana meM vicAra; uddhela ho uThA zakti-khela-sAgara-apAra / vajrAMga tejadhana vanA pavana ko mahAkAza; pahu~cA ekAdaza rUdra kSubdha kara aTTahAsa / / " kavi nirAlA dvArA yahA~ prakRti ke bhayaMkaratA kA sundara tarIke se varNana kiyA hai| hanumAna aura kuddha sAgara ke prayalaMkara rUpa kA saMzaliSTa citra aMkita kiyA gayA hai| jalarAzi kA mAnavIkaraNa spaSTa hai| mahAkavi nirAlA bhAratIya jana-mAnasa kA vidhavA nArI ke prati banI mAnasikatA se kAphI Ahata mahasUsa karate the tabhI to mahAkavi ne bhAratIya vidhavA nArI ke antaHmanodaza kA citra kAvya meM utArA hai : __ "dUra huA vaha vahA rahA hai; usa ananta patha se karUNA kI dhArA / / "2 eka vidhavA nArI duniyA vAloM kI burI najaroM se apane ko sapheda oNcala meM sajoe hue apane svatva hI rakSA karatI hai, bhAratIya vidhavA kI aMrtavedanA usake jamIra ko bAra-bAra jhakajhoratI hai kabhI-kabhI vaha aMrtavedanA vidroha karane kI 1. rAma kI zakti-pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) - pRSTha-332 2. 'vidhavA' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) - pRSTha-73 145

Page #150
hada taka jAne kA prayAsa karatI hai lekina samAja kI vyavasthA samAja kA tiraskAra usako andara se jhakajhoratA hai| bhAratIya samAja yadi kisI vidhavA ke prati saMvedanA bhI vyakta karatA hai to mAtra use becArI kahakara apanI jimmedAriyoM se mukti pAnA cAhatA hai / sampUrNa chanda kA kavi ne mAnavIkaraNa kiyA hai| mahAkavi nirAlA prakRti ko mAdhyama banAkara apane bhAva, apanI vedanA ko janatA taka pahu~cAne kA mAdhyama banAte the / yahA~ kavi prakRti meM apane bhAvoM kI praticchAyA dekhate hue sAndhya kAlIna vAtAvaraNa kA varNana karate haiM - - "tapa tapa mastaka ho gayA sAndhya nabha kA raktAbha diganta - phalaka; X X X sikta - tana-keza zata laharoM para kA~patI vizva ke cakita - dRzya ke darzanazara / / "" yahA~ prakRti ke mAdhyama se kavi ne apanI bhAvoM kI abhivyakti kI hai upavana - belA kA mAnavIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| anyathA sampUrNa prakRti varNana uddIpana vibhavAntaragat hai / ha~satI upavana belA meM mAnavIkaraNa kA puTa jhalakatA hai / ina alaMkAroM ke atirikta zabda vicAroM ke krama meM ulaTaphera, chinna, vAkya, vacana, kAraka, purUSa evaM liMga parivartana Adi ke dvArA bhI nirAlA ne apane kAvya meM abhinaya utkarSa lAne kI sarjanAtmaka koziza kI hai, bhAvayitrI aura kArayitrI pratibhA se Adya kuzala zilpI ne apane racanA saMsAra meM samucita alaMkAra yojanA kA vidhAna karake audAtya sRjana meM pUrNa saphalatA pAyI hai| aisA apratima zabda-vidhAna dekhakara koI bhI sahRdaya pAThaka camatkRta hue binA nahIM raha pAtA hai| 1. vana - belA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) - pRSTha-348 146

Page #151
"utkRSTa- bhASA kA prayoga" : isake antargata varNya-vinyAsa, zabda-cayana tathA rUpakAdi kA prayoga AtA hai| lauMjAisa ne vicAra evaM pada-vinyAsa ko isa prakAra anyonyAzrita mAnA hai| jaise- AtmA evaM shriir| udAtta-vicAro kI sarjanA meM sAdhAraNa zabda anupayogI ho jAte haiM, ataH garimAmayI bhASA Avazyaka ho jAtI hai| zabdoM ke saundarya se hI zailI garimAmayI banatI hai| sundara zabda hI vicAroM ko abhinava Aloka pradAna karate hai, isI prakAra sAdhAraNa bhAvoM kI abhivyakti ke lie garimAmayI bhASA anucita lagane lagatI haiM anukUla dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM ke prayoga tathA zabdayojanA meM saMgItAtmakatA kA kamika niyojana bhI bhASika-garimA meM vRddhi karatA hai aura lauMjAinasa ke anusAra bhASA kA vaiziNTaya evaM caramotkarSa hI udAtta hai| yahI eka mAtra srota hai jisase mahAna kaviyoM evaM itihAsakAroM ko jIvana meM pratiSThA aura amara yaza milatA hai| nirAlA jI kA kathana hai ki prakRti kI svAbhAvika cAla se bhASA jisa tarapha bhI jAe zakti sAmarthya aura mukti kI tarapha yA sukhAnuzayatA, mRdulatA aura chanda lAlitya kI tarapha, yadi usake sAtha jAtIya jIvana kA bhI saMbadha hai to yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jAegA ki prANa-zakti usa bhASA meM hai| vAstava meM jAtIya jIvana kA yaha unmeSa nirAlA kI bhASA ko prANavAna banAtA hai| ___utkRSTa bhASA prayoga ke antargat zabda-cayana bimba-vidhAna tathA zailIgat pariSkAra atabhUta haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki upayukta evaM prabhAvotpAdaka zabdAvalI zrotA ko AkarSita karatI huI use bhAvAvibhUta kara letI hai| aisI zabdAvalI jisameM bhavyatA-saundarya oja Adi zreSTha guNoM kI abhivyakti ho pratyeka vaktA yA lekhaka ke lie spRhaNIya hai| sundara zabda hI vAstava meM vicAroM ko vizeSa 1. nirAlA saMskaraNa : indranAtha madAna : pRSTha-127 147

Page #152
prakAra kA Aloka pradAna karate haiN| utkRSTa bhASA kI vibhinna vizeSatAoM ke antargat sundara zabdAvalI ke atirikta oja pravAha- pUrNatA, rUpakoM kA sImita prayoga, upamAnoM evaM ati-yuktiyoM kA ucita prayoga Adi ko sthAna diyA gayA haiN| vastutaH bhASA ke vibhinna guNoM kI upayogitA audAtya kI sRSTi meM hai yadi usake ye guNa isa lakSya kI pUrti karate haiM to svIkArya hai anyathA nhiiN| nirAlA ne jIvana-sAhitya evaM samAja kI hI bhA~ti kalA ke kSetra meM bhI rUr3hiyoM evaM paramparAoM ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA, unhoMne bhASA chanda zailI pratyeka kSetra meM maulikatA, navInatA kA samAveza karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| cAhe vaha bhAvapakSa ho yA kalA pakSa donoM hI kSetroM meM hindI sAhitya ko chAyAvAda ne mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA haiM kalA-pakSa ke kSetra meM nirAlA ne navIna bhASA zakti, maulika chanda-vidhAna evaM navIna alaMkAra zailI ko janma diyA, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki nirAlA sAdhanAvasthA ke kavi haiN| nirAlA kI prakRti zakti-sAmarthya aura mukti ke anukUla haiM, "prakRti ke anusAra bhASA-bhinna hogI lekina use pratyeka dazA meM jAtIya-jIvana se sambaddha honA jarUrI hai| jAtIya jIvana kA artha atItotmukhatA nahIM hai balki isake jIvana ke antargat vikAsonmukha rASTra kI ve samasta AkAMkSAeM samAhita hai jo usakI saMskRti ko alaga rUpa detI haiM jAtIya jIvana se anuprANita bhASA ke anekAnika saMbaMdhoM ko vyakta karane meM adhika artha-pUrNa ho jAtI hai|" 'rAma kI zakti pUjA' 'saroja-smRti', 'tulasIdAsa', 'jAgo phira eka bAra', Adi kI to bAta hI aura hai, kahIM se koI kavitA uThA lIjie usakI zabdAvalI jAtIya jIvana kA samagra bodha karAtI hai| 1. kAntikArI kavi nirAlA : DaoN0 baccana siMha : pRSTha - 145 148

Page #153
nirAlA kAvya meM oja kI pravAha-pUrNatAH - __ nirAlA kI bhASA kA pravAha usakA Avega- Aveza, cAhe vaha lekhana kA ho yA vAcana kA, vaha eka anubhava kI vastu hai| eka jagaha 'raghuvIra sahAya' ne likhA hai-" mere mana meM pAnI ke kaI saMsmaraNa haiM nirAlA ke kAvya ko ajasra nirbhara mAnakara maiM bhI kaha samatA hU~ ki mere mana meM pAnI ke kaI saMsmaraNa haiMajasra bahate pAnI ke, phira vaha bahanA cAhe musalAdhAra vRSTi kA ho, cAhe dhuMAdhAra jalaprapAta kA, cAhe pahAr3I nadI kA, kyoMki jaba nirAlA kavitA par3hate the taba aisI hI vegavatI dhArA sI bahatI thI, kisI roka kI kalpanA bhI taba nahIM kI jA sakatI thI- sarovara sA ThaharAva bhI unake vAcana meM akalpanIya thaa|" 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' meM oja kI pravAha-pUrNatA dekhate hI banatI hai: "ravi huA asta : jyoti ke patra para likhA amara; raha gayA rAma-rAvaNa kA aparAjeya smaar| udgIrita-bahina-bhI-parvata-kapi-catu : prahara jAnakI-bhIrU- ura-AzAbhara- raavnn-smbr||"2 nirAlA ne yahA~ rAma-rAvaNa ke anirNIta yuddha kA varNana kiyA hai| yahA~ zabdoM kA prayoga itanI kuzalatA ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai ki inako par3hane para aisA lagatA hai jaise pAThaka ke sAmane hI koI yuddha chir3A huA ho aura vyUha-samUha-pratyuyaM-hUha Adi dhvani-pradhAna zabdoM se mAnoM yuddha kI bhayAvahatA pratyakSa ho rahI hai| yahA~ yuddha ke vAtAvaraNa ko sajIva banAne ke lie 'Ta' varga ke akSaroM, mahAprANa dhvaniyoM, satyAnuprAsoM kA sundara prayoga kiyA gayA hai bhASA meM oja-guNa kI dIpti dRSTavya hai / 1. nAma-patha : nirAlA janmazatAbdI aMka 1996 : pRSTha - 152 2 rAma kI zakti-pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 1329 149

Page #154
mahAkavi nirAlA kI 'yamunA ke prati kavitA' bhASA pravAhatA kA udAharaNa prastuta karatI hai|: "yamune terI ina laharo meM; kina adharoM kI Akula tAna, pathika- priyA -sI jagA rahI hai; usa atIta ke nIrava-gAna? batA kahA~ aba vaha baMzIvaTa? kahA~ gaye naTanAgara zyAma? cala caraNoM kA vyAkula panaghaTa; kahA~ Aja vaha vRndAdhAma? / / " yamunA kA dekhakara kavi ke mana meM usase saMbaMdhita samasta atIta jAgRta ho uThatA hai, yahA~ atIta ke prema kavi ke rASTra-prema evaM sAMskRtika prema kA dvaitaka haiN| kavi ko yamunA kI laharoM meM pathika priyA kI bhA~ti kavi ke atIta kI smRtiyoM kA mAdaka kauna rUpa draSTavya hai| sAtha hI sAtha nirAlA kI bhASA kA pravAha dekhate hI banatA hai| nirAlA kI tulasIdAsa kavitA nArI ke vidrohAtmaka rUpa ke udAtta-svarUpa kA tathA bhASA-pravAha aura vAkya vinyAsa kI dRSTi se eka mahatvapUrNa kavitA hai: "bikharI chUTI zapharI-alakeM; niNyAta nayana-nayana nIraja plkeN| bhAvAtura pRthu ura kI chalakeM upazamitA; niH sambala kevala dhyAna magna / 1. 'yamunA ke prati' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1)- pRSTha - 115 150

Page #155
jAgI yoginI arUpa lagna; vaha khaDI zIrNa priya bhAva -magna nirUpamitA / / "1 yahAeN kavi nirAlA ne kAmAvibhUti tulasIdAsa ke Agamana se kruddha evaM duSita ratnAvalI kI roSapUrNa mUrti kA citraNa karate haiN| yahA~ unake vicAroM evaM pada - vinyAsa meM adbhuda sAmaMjasya dikhAyI detA hai| sAtha hI bhASA pravAha eMva kathana kI bhaMgimA ko eka udAtta-svarUpa bhI pradAna karatA hai| nirAlA kAvya meM rUpaka - yojanA : bhAratIya sAhitya meM rUpakoM kA prayoga yadyapi nayA nahIM hai, kintu nirAlA ke yahA~ inakA prayoga bilkula nae sandarbha ke sAtha prastuta hue haiN| prAyaH sabhI kaviyoM ne rUpakoM ke mAdhyama se apanI kalpanA ko sarjanAtmaka AyAma diyA hai bhAratIya sAhitya meM prakRti aura rUpaka kA gaharA saMbaMdha rahA hai| aprastuta kalpanA aura bimba prakRti ke mAdhyama se sarjanAtmaka abhivyakti pAte rahate hai; udAharaNa ke lie nirAlA kI 'yAminI jAgI' zIrSaka kavitA ko le sakate haiM : (priya) 'yAminI jaagii| asala paMkaja - dRga arUNa - mukha; tarUNa- anurAgI / khule keza azeSa zobhA bhara rahe, pRSTha - grIvA - bAhu - ura para tara rahe, bAdaloM meM ghira apara dinakara rahe, 1. 'tulasIdAsa' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha 151 - 302

Page #156
jyoti kI tanvI, tar3itadyuti se kSamA maaNgii| hera ura-paTa, phera mukha ke bAla lakha caturdika cAlI manda-marAla geha meM priya-sneha kI jayamAla vAsanA kI mukti-muktA tyAga meM taagii|" yahA~ hama aprastuta kalpanA aura bimba kA eka asAdhAraNa milana pAte haiN| 'alasa paMkaja dRga-arUNa-mukha tarUNa anurAgI' eka rUpaka hai| isI prakAra 'bAdaloM' meM phira apara dinakara raheM' bhI aprastuta yojanA hai| parantu zeSa sArI kavitA bimbAtmaka hai| kevala aMtima do paMktiyA~ 'vAsanA kI mukti', 'muktA tyAga meM tAgI' bimba kI sImA ke bAhara hai| isa prakAra varNya vastu bimba ke rUpa meM prastuta huI hai, usa bimba ko alaMkRta karane ke lie aprastuta kA prayoga huA hai| nirAlA kI 'bhikSuka', 'vidhavA', 'sandhyA-sundarI' jaisI racanAoM meM varNya-vastu bimba ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gayI hai| citraNa pradhAna kavi hone ke kAraNa nirAlA meM bimboM ke nirmANa kI sazakta pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai| nirAlA kI 'bhikSuka' kavitA meM kavi ne eka bhikhArI kA sahAnubhUtipUrNa citra khIMcA hai: "peTa pITha donoM milakara haiM eka; cala rahA hai lakuTiyA Teka, muTThI bhara dAne ko-bhUkha miTAne ko mu~ha phaTI-purAnI jholI ko phelAtAdo Tuka kaleje ke karatA pachatAtA patha para aataa|" 1. (priya) yAminI jAgI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha - 253 2. "bhikSaka' : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha -76 152

Page #157
kavi nirAlA ne garIbI ko najadIka se dekha thaa| kavi ne yahA~ para eka bhUkhe pyAse bhikSuka kA mArmika citra khIMcA hai| kavi nirAlA kA 'bhikSuka' muTThI-bhara anAja kI prApti ke lie kisa prakAra kI dara-dara kI ThokareM khAtA hai evaM jana-mAnasa kA apamAna sahatA hai, sAtha hI sAtha vaha apane pUrvajanma ko kosatA bhI hai| yahA~ bhikSuka rUpaka ke rUpa meM prastuta huA hai vaha eka pAtra hI nahIM balki pUre Arthika-pariveza se upajA huA caritra bhI hai| jo ki samasta sAmAjika evaM Arthika vyavasthA para coTa karatA hai| nirAlA kI 'vidhavA' kavitA bhI kucha isataraha sAmAjika vyavasthA para coTa karatI huI dikhAI detI hai| bhAratIya vidhavA kA yaha rUpa anyatra zAyada hI dikhAI deH "vaha iSTadeva ke mandira kI pUjA-sI va dIpa-zikhA sI zAnta bhAva meM lIna vaha kUra-kAla tANDava kI smRti-rekhA-sI vaha TUTe tarU kI chaTI latA sI dIna dalita bhArata kI hI vidhavA hai|" nirAlA jI ne bhAratIya vidhavA ko 'pUjA-sI' 'dIpa-zikhA sI', 'smRti rekhA-sI' kahakara rUpaka kA utkRSTa udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai| bhAratIya vidhavA apane ArAdhyadeva pati ke nAma para isa prakAra apanApana chor3e hue par3I hI jaise mandira meM devatA ke sammukha pUjA kI sAmagrI par3I rahatI hai| 'saroja-smRti' nirAlA ke aprastuta kI udAttatA kA eka utkRSTa udAharaNa hai| __ "dhIre-dhIre phira bar3hA caraNa; 1. vidhavA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 72 153

Page #158
bAlya kI keliyoM kA praanggnn| kara-pAra kujaM-tArUNya sughara; AyI, lAvaNya bhAra thara-thara kA~pA komalatA para sasvara; jyoM mAlakauza nava vINA pr|" yahA~ jyoM mAlakauza nava-vINA para yauvana ke prathamAgamana kA bimba hai, nava-vINA svayaM yuvatI hai jo sparza bhAva se jhaMkRta ho sakatI hai| mAlakauza kI taraha yauvana anubhUtiyAtmaka hai| 'nUpura ke sUra manda rahe' zIrSaka kavitA mAnavIkaraNa aura pada-maitrI kA sundara udAharaNa hai| "nUpura ke sura manda rahe jaba na caraNa svachanda rhe| nayanoM ke hI sAtha phire ve; mere ghere nahIM ghire ve, tumase cala tumameM hI pahu~ce; jitane rasa Ananda rhe|"2 yahA~ nUpura kI svachandatA se chanda kI svachandatA ko bA~dhA gayA hai, yahA~ nUpura kA mAnavIkaraNa hai nUpura-sura, chanda banda meM pada-maitrI hai| jisa prakAra pairoM ke na calane para paijanI kI dhvani banda ho jAtI hai usI prakAra chandoM se kavitA ko ba~dha jAne para kavitA kI svAbhAvikatA samApta ho jAtI hai| yahA nAyikA kI nAyaka ke prati prathama ha~sI ko pUrNamAsI ke nirmala rAtri ke bimba se bA~dhA 1. saroja-smRti : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha - 319 2. nUpura ke sura manda rahe : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga do : pRSTha - 67 154

Page #159
gayA hai| isa kavitA meM bhASA pravAha dekhate hI banatA hai| 'vanabelA' nirAlA jI kI eka bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa kavitA hai jisameM mAnavIkaraNa tathA upamA kA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai: "varSa kA prathama pRthvI ke uTha uroja maMjU parvata nirUpama kSobha se, lobha se, mamatA se; utkaMThA se praNaya ke nayana kI samatA se sarvasva dAna dekara, lekara sarvasva priyA kA sukRta maan| yahA~ prakRti kA mAnavIkaraNa kiyA gayA tapana-yauvana-kSobha lobha-mamatA-samatA meM pada-maitrI hai, tapana-yauvana meM rUpaka bhI hai, prakRti kA Alambana rUpa meM varNana hai grISma kI tapana ke mAdhyama se nirAlA ne oja kI madhura vyaMjanA kI hai, komalakAnta padAvalI meM nihita saMgItAtmakatA dRSTavya hai| 'dhArA' zIrSaka kavitA meM kavi nirAlA yauvana ke vega kI abAdha pravalatA kI carcA karate haiM: "sunA, rokane use kabhI kuMjara AyA thA, dazA huI phira kyA usakI ? phala kyA pAyA thA? tinakA jaisA-mArA-mArA phirA taraMgoM meM becArA garva ga~vAyA-hArA; agara haTha-vaza Aoge 1. banavelA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha - 345 155

Page #160
durdazA karavAoge-vaha jaaoge|" yahA~ 'tinakA-sA' meM upamA hai, yahA~ kavi ne yaha batAyA hai ki prabala dhArA ko rokane kA haTha karoge to tuma bhI baha jaaoge| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki kavitA ke pravAha ko chandoM meM nahIM bA~dhA jA sakatA arthAt kavitA svachanda hI rahanI caahie| kyoMki vaha atarAtmA kI ata'vedanA se nikalatI hai| upamAoM evaM ati-yuktiyoM kA ucita-prayoga: nirAlA kAvya meM upamA apanA viziSTha mahatva rakhatA hai 'jAgo phira eka bAra' (bhAga do) zIrSaka kavitA upamA ko darzAne kA eka sazakta udAharaNa hai: "sat zrI akAla bhAla-anala dhaka-dhaka kara jalA bhasma ho gayA thA kAla bheda kara saptAvaraNa-maraNa-loka, zokahArI! pahuMce the vahA~ jahA~ Asana hai sahasAra-12 yahA~ kavi mAtR-bhUmi ke hita meM balidAna hone vAle sikha vIroM ke balidAna kA prazasti karatA hai| vyomakeza ke samAna meM upamA hai| yahA~ yoga-zAstra aura kAvya-zAstra kA saphala sAmaMjasya hai| atIta ke gaurava-gAna dvArA deza prema kA svara vyaMjita hai| saptAvaraNa-cetanA ke sAtasvara inheM vibhinna prakAra se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| haThayoga meM inhe sAta-caka, rAja-yoga meM sAta zarIra kahate haiN| ye saptAvaraNa mUla pravRtti yA padArtha ke sAta svaroM ke 1. dhArA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha - 84 2 jAgo phira eka bAra bhAga (2) : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha - 153 156

Page #161
samakakSa mAne gaye haiN| Thosa, drava, gaisa, Ithara, supara Ithara nimna ANavika aura aannvik| 'dAna' zIrSaka kavitA ne na kevala upamA balki mAnavIkaraNa pada-maitrI rUpaka Adi kA sazakta udAharaNa hai: "bAsantI kI goda meM tarUNa sohatA svastha-mukha bAlArUNa; cumbita, sasmita, kuMcita, komala tarUNiyoM sadRza kiraNeM caMcala" saurabha vasanA samIra bahatI kAnoM meM prANoM kI kahatI; gomatI kSINa-kaTi naTI navala; nRtyapara madhura-Aveza capala / / " yahA~ basanta-Rtu sUrya, pavana, mallikA, palAsa gomatI Adi samasta varNa-padArthoM kA mAnavIkaraNa kiyA, bhAva tarUNiyoM sadRzya meM upamA hai| cumbita, sasmita, kuMcita, bana bana upavana Adi meM pada-maitrI hai| yahA~ prakRti kA varNana mAnavIkaraNa kI paddhati para hai zailI meM lAkSaNikatA hai| ___ kAvya-bhASA kA Adarza svarUpa vahI hai jo kavi ke vaktavya ko utkRSTa rUpa meM abhivyakta kara ske| yaha sAmAnya bhASA se adhika vyApaka vyaMjaka, viziSTha aura pariSkRta hotI hai aura sadaiva viSaya evaM bhASA kA anusaraNa karatI hai| viSaya yadi mahAna aura asAdhAraNa hai to use vyakti karane ke lie bhASA bhI udAtta aura asAdhAraNa hogI, nirAlA kA kAvya bhASA kI dRSTi se naye prayogoM naye vistAra aura namonmeSa kA pratinidhi hai| unakA bhASA Adarza saMskRti ke 1. dAna : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga eka : pRSTha - 307 157

Page #162
kavi jagadeva, tulasIdAsa aura ravIndranAtha Taigora se pUrNataH prerita aura prabhAvita hai| chandAnurUpa bhASA -vinyAsa unameM prAyaH sarvatra dikhAyI detA hai| kintu nirAlA kI kavitAoM meM vizeSakara dIrgha-chandoM ke prayoga se unakI bhASA mahAkAvyocita audAtya kA sparza karatI hai| naI cetanA bhUmiyoM kI abhivyakti ke lie jisa gaMbhIratA se unhoMne bhASA nirmANa kA prayatna kiyA vaha sarAhanIya hai| unakI samAsa-bahulA, padAvalI bhAvAnukUla zabda-yojanA, anekAneka chanda-prayoga nAda-vaiziSTya unake apane haiM, nirAle haiN| itanA adhika vistAra aura gaharAI apane sAMskRtika paramparAoM ko itane navIna, para kAvyocita r3haga se prastuta karane kI apratima kSamatA kisI anya kavi meM nahI pAyI jAtI / ' garimAmaya racanA-vidhAna : yadi kisI kRti meM zabda, vicAra, ghaTanA, kArya saundarya evaM rAga Adi ke vividha rUpoM kA sAmaMjasya dikhAyI de to usakA audAtya akSuNa banA rahatA hai| jisa prakAra zarIra ke vibhinna aMgo kI suDaulatA samAnupAta evaM santulana meM samAhita rahatA hai, usI prakAra kAvya ke vividha aMgo meM aucitya nirvAha se vaha hRdaya manohara bana jAtA hai| anyathA usameM zailIgat doSa A jAtA hai| kavi ko cAhie vaha sthAna rIti avasara Adi ke prati pUrNa satarka ho| garimA ke sampUrNa tatvoM kI saMyuti se hI kRti mahanIya udAtta banatI hai| lauMjAinasa ne bimboM ke nirmAtrI zakti ke rUpa meM kalpanA tatva kI carcA kI hai| anubhUti ke kSaNoM meM kalpanA ke sahayoga se kavi ke mAnasa paTala para jisa prakAra ke bimboM yA citroM kA nirmANa hotA hai| lauMjAinasa ise 'IpaithI' (saha-anubhUti) kahatA hai, aura use kAvya kA eka Avazyaka guNa mAnatA hai| kisI kavi kI zaktimattA usake artha-garbha mArmika bimboM ke sRjana meM nihita hotI hai, nirAlA aise hI pratibhA 1. nirAlA - saMskaraNa : indranAtha madAna : pRSTha-182, 170 158.

Page #163
sampanna kalAkAra hai jisameM aise sUkSma artha-vyaMjaka bimboM kI kamI nahIM hai jo apanI sahajatA meM anupama hai| nirAlA kA bimbagat vaiziSTayaH __ tulasI kavitA meM ratnAvalI kA bhAI jaba use livAne AtA hai taba vaha apanI ora se pitR-gRha ke sabhI janoM kA sandeza kahatA hai| pitA aura bhAbhI kA saMdeza yoM hai : "bole bApU yogI ramatA maiM aba to; kucha hI dina ko hU~ kuuldruum| chU lo pada phira, kaha denA tuma; bolI bhAbhI lAnA, kuMkuma zobhA ko|" ina paMktiyoM meM kuladruma se vRddhAvasthA kA vaha jarjara rUpa sAmane A jAtA hai jo nadI taTa ke vRkSa samAna cAhe jaba kAla kI dhArA kA grAsa ho sakatA hai to 'kuMkuma zobhA' meM ratnAvalI kI cAritrika niSkalaMkatA aura nArI sulabha garimA kI vyaMjanA hotI hai| nirAlA kI chandagat maulikatA : ___ nirAlA chandoM ke gurU the| unhoMne chandoM ke jo bahuvidha prayoga apane kAvya meM kie haiM, ve unheM zata-pratizata maulika siddha karate haiN| gItoM meM kAvya aura saMgIta kA samanvaya karake unhoMne eka abhinava paramparA kA sUtrapAta kiyA to pragItoM meM unhoMne rasAnukUla chandoM ko grahaNa kiyA aura svachanda chanda kA AviSkAra kiyaa| 'tulasIdAsa' meM caupAI chanda ko AdhAra banAkara eka naye chanda 1. tulasIdAsa : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 284 2. uparivat / 159

Page #164
kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai, jisake prathama, dvitIya, caturtha evaM paMcam caraNoM meM 16-16 mAtrAe~ haiM aura tRtIya evaM SaSTha caraNoM meM 22-22 mAtrAe~, antyAnuprAsa kA kama yaha hai ki vaha aura dvitIya caturtha aura paMcam tathA tRtIya aura SaNTha ko milatA hai| "cala ganda caraNa Aye bAhara ura meM paricita vaha mUrti sughara jAgI vizvAzraya mahimAdhara, phira dekhA saMkucita, kholatI zveta paTala / badalI, kamalA tiratI sukha-jala, prAcI -diganta-ura meM puSkala ravirekhA / / 2 mahAkavi nirAlA kA vyaktitva udAratA, saralatA, spaSTavAditA, niSkapaTatA aura sadAzayatA kI pratimUrti thaa| ve bhItara se jitanA hI niSkapaTa aura sarala the bAhara se utanA hI mRdul| unake yahA~ kRtrimatA kA koI sthAna nahIM thA svabhAva se ve vinodapriya the| saMkSepa me kahA jA sakatA hai ki nAma ke anurUpa hI unakA vyaktitva bhI nirAlA thaa| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki nirAlA kA pUrA kA pUrA sarjanAtmaka vyaktitva unake khuda ke vyaktitva se kAphI kucha milatA-julatA haiN| 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' kI nimnalikhita paMktiyA~ unake zabda-yojanA ko uddhRta karatI hai "bicchurita vahni-rAjIva-nayana-hata-lakSya-vANa, lohita-locana-rAvaNa-madamocana-mahIyAna; rAghava-lAghava-rAvaNa vAraNa gata yugma prahara 1. nirAlA saMskaraNa:indranAtha madAnaHpRSTha-170 2. tulasIdAsaH nirAlA racanAvalI bhAgaeka : pRSTha-307 160

Page #165
uddhRt-lNkaapti-muurchit-kpidl-chl-bl-bistr| 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' kI ina paMktiyoM meM rAma kI kodhita oNkhoM kI lAlimA ke lie bicchurita-bahina zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| jaba kI vahIM rAvaNa kI kodhita A~khoM kI lAlimA ko lohita zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| Age isI kavitA meM rAma ke mana meM sItA kI komala smRtiyA~ jAgRta hotI haiM, usako kavi ne kucha isa taraha dikhAyA hai : "dekhate hue niSpalaka, yAda AyA upavana videha kA,-prathama sneha kA latAntarAla miln| nayanoM kA nayanoM se gopana-priya saMbhASaNa palakoM kA nava palakoM para prathamotthAna patana kA~pate hue kisalaya jharate parAga samudaya - gAte khaga nava-jIvana paricaya, tarU-malaya-balaya jAnakI nayana kamanIya prathama kmpnturiiy||2 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' kI paMktiyoM meM bhAvAnurUpa zabda-yojanA draSTavya haiN| videha-bATikA meM sItA ke prathama darzana, nayanoM kA nayanoM se gopana priya saMbhASaNa', yAda Ate hI usa samaya ke virAT anubhUtyAtmaka pratikiyA bhI smRti-paTala para ubhara AtI hai| palakoM kA prathamotthAna patana, kyA huA ki kisalaya kA~pa uThe, caturdika parAga prasavita hone lagA, tarUdala, malaya, bayalita ho utthe| mAnoM prAtaH kAlIna svargIya jyotiH prapAta cAroM ora jhara rahA ho| nirAlA kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai, jise samIkSakoM ne virodhoM kA sAmaMjasya kahA hai| eka tarapha yuddha kI bhayAvahatA dUsarI tarapha priyA se milana kI pahalI 1. rAma kI zakti-pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 329 2. rAma kI zakti-pUjA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 331 161

Page #166
komalAnubhUti dono anubhUtiyA~ nirAlA kAvya ko audAtya kI U~cAI para pahu~cAte haiN| 'saroja-smRti' hindI kA sarvazreSTha zoka-gIta hai| yadyapi isakA kathAnaka putrI ke nidhana ke prasaMga ko lekara haiN| kintu bIca-bIca meM AyI huI aneka smRtiyA~ isa zoka ko aura bar3hA detI haiN| nirAlA ko 'saroja' aura usake bhAI kI mAra-pITa kA cubhatA huA dRzya yAda A jAtA hai : "khAI bhAI kI mAra, vikala roI, utpala-dala-dRga-chalachala; cumakArA phira usane nihAra; phira gaMgA taTa-saikata vihaar| karane ko lekara sAtha calA; tU gahakara calI hAtha capalA / ' 'saroja-smRti' kI ina paMktiyoM meM saroja ke bAlyakAla kI smRti nirAlA ko gahare zoka meM DUbo detI haiN| zoka ke anurUpa hI bhASA prayoga kucha isa taraha huA hai mAno choTI sI baccI ke rUpa meM saroja pAThaka ke sAmane upasthita ho jAtI hai| Age isI kavitA meM vinoda-vyaMgya kA puTa vivAha paddhati ko lekara hai: "ye kAnya-kubja kula kulAMgara khAkara pattala me kareM cheda inake kara kanyA, artha kheda isa viSaya beli meM viSa hI phala hai dagdha marUsthala nahIM sujl|"2 1. saroja-smRti : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 317 2. saroja-smRti : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 321 162

Page #167
yahA~ kannaujiyoM kI saMkIrNa vivAha paddhati para gaharA vyaMgya karake unakI kurIti daheja kI dUSita prathA, kula ke choTe bar3e hone ke chidrAnveSaNa Adi kI khUba khillI ur3AyI gayI hai, vyaMga ke anurUpa hI bhASA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 'khAkara pattala meM kareM cheda jaise muhAvaroM ke dvArA vyaMgya kI dhAra ko tIvra kiyA gayA hai| viSam beli meM viSa hI phala; jaise vyaMgAtmaka muhAvaroM kA prayoga dRSTavya haiN| kavi nirAlA kI 'tor3atI patthara' kalAtmaka saundarya evaM kathya kI dRSTi se apratima racanA hai, isa kavitA kA dUsarA bandha hai : "koI na chAyAdAra per3a vaha jisake tale baiThI huI svIkAra zyAma tana, bhara ba~dhA yauvana, nata nayana, priya-karma-rat mana, gurU hathaur3A hAtha, karatI bAra-bAra prahAra sAmane tarU-malikA, aTTAlikA prAkAra ||" isa kavitA kA eka-eka zabda aura vAkya ispAta kI taraha r3halA huA hai| ilAhAbAda ke patha para pUrI racanA sagumphita hai| isake abhAva meM 'tarU-malikA aTTAlikA' kI vyaMjanA adhUrI raha jAegI, koI ne chAyAdAra kahane se chAyA-hInatA kA bodha svataH ho jAtA hai| virUddhoM kA yaha sAmaMjasya kavi kI arthavattA ko saghana banA detA hai| 'karatI bAra -bAra prahAra', kI coTa sirpha patthara para hI nahIM par3atI apitu tarU-malikA aTTAlikA para bhI par3atI hai| jo zoSaNa kI sampUrNa vyavasthA para dhakkA to hai hI, sAtha hI usa dhakkA ko 1. tor3atI patthara : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 342 163

Page #168
mArane ke lie jisa Atmabala kI jarUrata hotI hai yA yoM kaheM ki dhakke dene ke lie jisa majabUja hAtha kI jarUrata hotI hai vaha 'gurU hathauDA' ke rUpa meM usake pAsa hai| 'kukuramuttA' nirAlA kA eka abhinava prayoga hai isameM eka ora bhASAgat abhijAtya hai to dUsarI ora usakA virodhI svara bhI hai| kahIM kahIM donoM kA milA julA rUpa bhI hai| 'abhipreta' arthavattA ke lie ve kisI bhI prakAra kI bhASA kA prayoga kara sakate the : "abe! suna be! gulAba; bhUla mata pAyI khUzabU rNgoaab| | khUna cUsa khAda kA tUne aziSTha; DAla para itarA rahA hai kaipttilis| kitano ko tUne banAyA hai gulAma mAlika kara rakhA sahAyA jAr3A ghAma hAtha jisake tU lagA paira sara para rakha kara vaha pIche ko bhagA jAniba aurata kI maidAne jaMga chor3a tabele ko TaTaT jaise taMga tor3a roja par3atA rahA pAnI; tU harAmI khaandaanii"| ina paMktiyoM meM jo tevara dikhAyI par3atA hai, usake lie khAda, aziSTha, jAniba aura tabele kA TaTU Adi zabda aura muhAvare artha kI bhaMgimA ke lie jarUrI the, tU harAmI khAnadAnI usake paramparAgat harAmIpana ko pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI 1. kukuramuttA : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 50 164

Page #169
ke harAmIpana ko saMvedanAtmaka stara para ujAgara karatA hai| bhASA kA aisA abhijAtya prayoga svayaM nirAlA ke yahA~ hI virala hai / prakRti meM nArI kA AropaNa : prakRti para apanI bhAvanAoM kA AropaNa prAyaH sabhI kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| manuSya ke lie manovaijJAnikoM ne siddha kara diyA hai ki nArI sundaratam padArtha hai / prakRti ke Upara nArItva kI bhAvanA kA Aropa karake usakI komalatA aura suSTatA kA paricaya prAyaH sabhI kaviyoM ne diyA hai| nirAlA ne to mAno zabda - citra hI likha diyA hai| 'sandhyA-sundarI' isa khaNDa kI sarvazreSTha citra hai-bhASA aura bhAva donoM dRSTiyoM se : "divAvasAna kA samayaH meghamaya AsamAna se utara rahI hai| vaha sandhyA sundarI parI -sI; dhIre-dhIre -dhIre / X X X alasatA kI sI latA; kintu komalatA kI vaha kalI / sakhI nIravatA ke kandhe para DAle bA~ha; chA~ha - sI andara patha se calI / "" kavi nirAlA ne 'sandhyA-sundarI' kI ina paMktiyoM meM sandhyA apanI maMtharatA, gaMbhIratA, nIravatA alasatA meM nirAle r3haMga se citrita ho uThI hai phira usakI yaha niravatA dhIre- dhIre, jagatI tala meM amala kamalinI dala meM, 1. sandhyA-sundarI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 1 ) - pRSTha 165 - 77

Page #170
saundaryagarvitA saritA ke vakSa sthala meM, himagiri aTala-acala meM, kSiti meM, jala meM, nabha meM, anila, anala meM phaila jAtI hai / sArA chanda usakI nIravatA, Adi guNoM ko apanI laya meM isa taraha bA~dha letA hai ki sampUrNa aMkana abhUtapUrva bana jAtA hai| nirAlA kI kavitAoM meM saundarya evaM rAga kA adbhuda sAmaMjasya dikhAyI detA hai| unake adhikAMza pragItoM meM rAga to hai hI sAtha hI sAtha saundarya bhI hai: " (priya) yAminI jAgI asala paMkaja-dRga arUNa - mukha tazraNa anurAgI / khula keza azeSa zobhA bhara rahe pRSTha- grIvA - vAhu - ura para tara rahe bAdaloM meM ghira apara dinakara rahe jyoti kI tanvI tar3ita tine kSamA mA~gI / / "" 'yAminI jAgI' zIrSaka kavitA kI paMktiyoM meM rAga aura saundarya kA adbhuta sAmaMjasya hai, saundarya-varNana rIti-kAlIna kAvya zailI para hai| saMskRtaniSTha komalakAnta padAvalI ke samAsa paddhati kA sundara prayoga hai| pUre chanda meM mAnavIkaraNa kA Aropa hai, mAnavIkRta prakRti para nArI kA yaha Aropa eka atindriyatA kA AbhAsa hotA hai| 1. ( priya) yAminI jAgI nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga ( 1 ) : pRSTha - 253 166

Page #171
prakRti kA mAnavIkaraNa : 'basanta AyA' zIrSaka kavitA me kavi nirAlA ne basanta Rtu kA mAnavIkaraNa kiyA hai jisake kAraNa rAga aura saundarya kA adabhuda sAmaMjasya paidA ho gayA hai: "kisalaya-basanA nava-vaya-lalitA milI madhura priya-ura tarU patikA madhupa-vRnda bandI pika-svara nabha srsaayaa| ina paMktiyoM meM kavi kA prakRti-prema abhivyakta hai| prakRti para caitanyAropaNa karake prakRti kA Alambana rUpa meM sajIva-varNana hai| prakRti meM nArI kA darzana karake saMyoga zrRMgAra kI vyaMjanA kI gayI hai komalakAnta padAvalI kA mAdhUrya draSTavya hai| nirAlA kA mana kabhI-kabhI samAjavAdI vicAra dhArA meM ramA hai 'belA' aura 'naye patte' kI kavitAoM meM inakI dhvani barAbara nikalatI rahI hakavi nirAlA ne vyaktigat sampatti kA niSedha karate hue usa para deza ke niyaMtraNa kA nivedana kiyA hai : "sArI sampatti deza kI ho, sArI Apatti deza kI bane janatA jAtIya veza kI ho xxx bheda kula khula jAya vaha sUrata hamAre dila meM hai 1. (priya) yAminI jAgI : nirAlA racanAvalI bhAga (1) : pRSTha - 253 167

Page #172
deza ko mila jAya jo pU~jI hamArI mila meM hai||" samAjavAda kI artha-paddhati meM vizvAsa karate hue kavi nirAlA kA mAnanA hai ki pU~jI kevala deza kI honI cAhie, vyakti kI nahIM, 'deza ko mila jAya jo pU~jI tumhAre mila meM hai' ko kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki pU~jIvAdI vyavasthA deza ke lie hAnikAraka hai| isase garIbI aura amIrI ke bIca kI khA~I bar3hatI hai pU~jIpatiyoM dvArA garIboM kA zoSaNa na ho isake lie kavi ne apanI sarjanAtmaka abhivyakti dI hai| atIta kA vartamAna se sAmanjasya : nirAlA ne bhArata kI prAcIna sAMskRtika pakSa kA udghATana 'anAmikA' kI kucha kavitAoM meM bar3e hI sundara r3haga se kiyA hai| 'yamunA ke prati', 'dillI' khaNDahara ke prati aura 'yahI' meM kavi ne apane atIta ke vaibhava ko dekhA hai kavi khaNDahara se pUchatA hai ki apane atIta ke vaibhava ko dekhA hai kavi kheDahara se pUchatA hai ki tumhArA uddezya kyA hai? : "Arta bhArata! janaka hU~ maiM; jaimini-pataMjali-vyAsa-RSiyoM kaa| merI hI goda para zaizava-vinoda kara; terA hai bar3hAyA maan| rAma-kRSNa-bhImArjuna-bhISma nara devoM ne; bhUle ve mukta prAna, saam-gaan-sudhaapaan|" 168

Page #173
kavi nirAlA ne khaNDahara ke mAdhyama se bhArata ke atIta gaurava kA varNana kiyA hai| yahA~ khaNDahara usa dhvasta gaurava kA pratIka hai jo kisI samaya adbhuta thA kintu jisako hama loga bhUla ge| isa kavitA ke mAdhyama se kavi kI deza-bhakti mukhara huI hai| kavitA ke anta meM kavi bhArata ke ujjavala bhaviSya kI maMgala kAmanA bhI karatA hai| nirAlA apane kavi-karma ke prati pUrNa sajaga evaM caitanya hai| bhASA garimA-vaicArika-bhavyatA aura Avega jaise kavi ke naisargika guNa isameM dikhAI dete haiN| bimba, pratIka, alaMkAra evaM zabda-vinyAsa Adi kI nipuNatA nirAlA ke sarjanAtmaka vaiziSTay ko pramANita karatI hai| isake prakRti citraNa kA kahanA hI kyA? usa para mugdha hokara vizvambhara mAnava likhate haiM prakRti kA jaisA udghoSa nirAlA jI ne yahaoN kiyA hai vaisA kama kavi kara pAte haiN| prArambha se hI inakI prakRti saMketamayI rahI hai| usI ke mAdhyama se kavi ne do saMskRtiyoM ke vaiSamya kI kathA samajhAyI hai, usI ke AdhAra para tulasI ke arntaddhanda ko citrita kiyA gayA hai aura vahI unheM moha ke parade ko sarakAkara satya ke darzana karAtI hai| isa racanA meM prakRti ke kaI virATa citra aMkita hue hai| usakI jar3atA aura cetanA donoM ko ThIka se pahacAnakara kavi ne usake mAyA-maya mAdhyama aura cinmaya donoM sparUpoM ko acchA udghATita kiyA hai| eTakinsana ne lauMjAinasa ke sarjanAtmaka vaibhava kI prazaMsA karate hue likhA hai ki- "There are, things in its that can, be never grow old, while its freshness and light will contine to charm all ages." unake ina vicAroM ko hama niHsandeha nirAlA kI isa divya sarjanA ke sanrdabha meM akSarazaH satya mAna sakate haiN| nirAlA kI isa anUThI racanA ko par3hakara bhASA-marmI evaM zabda-zilpI ajJeya jI ko usake sandarbha meM naye r3haga se socane ko bAdhya honA par3A thaa| ve likhate haiM ki isake bAda kI jisa bheMTa kA ullekha 169

Page #174
karanA cAhatA hU~, usase pahale nirAlA jI ke kAvya ke viSaya meM merA mana pUrI taraha badala cukA thaa| vaha parivartana kucha nATakIya Dhaga se hI huA zAyada kucha pAThakoM ke lie Azcarya kI bAta hogI ki vaha unakI 'jUhI kI kalI' va 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' paDhakara nahIM huA unakA 'tulasIdAsa par3hakara huaa| aba bhI usa anubhava ko yAda karatA hU~ to mAnoM eka gaharAI meM kho jAtA huuN| aba bhI 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' athavA nirAlA ke aneka gIta bAra-bAra par3hatA hU~, lekina nirAlA ke kAvya jaba-jaba par3hane baiThatA hU~ to itanA hI nahIM ki eka nayA saMsAra mere sAmane khulatA hai usase bhI vilakSaNa bAta yaha hai ki vaha saMsAra mAnoM eka aitihAsika anukama meM ghaTita hotA huA dikhatA hai| maiM mAno saMsAra kA eka sthira citra nahIM balki eka jIvita cala-citra dekha rahA hotA huuN| aisI racanAeM to kaI hotI hai jinameM eka rasika hRdaya bolatA hai| biralI hI racanA aisI hotI hai jinameM eka sAMskRtika cetanA sarjanAtmaka rUpa meM avatarita huI ho| kavi nirAlA ke kAvya meM aisI kaI racanA hai jo eka bAra par3hane ke bAda bAra-bAra par3hane kI icchA jAgRta hotI hai| merI bAta meM jo virodhAbhAsa hai vaha bAta ko spaSTa hI karatA hai, 'rAma kI zakti pUjA' ho, yA 'yamunA ke prati ho, 'saroja-smRti' ho yA 'tulasIdAsa' ina sabake sAtha hI sAtha unakI anya kavitAeM apanI ora AkarSita karatI haiN| spaSTataH vaha udAtta racanA kA hI prabhAva ho sakatA hai jisa bhI pAThaka ko aisI gaMbhIra sAhityika saMskAra aura soca samajha hogI usake lie yaha bodhagamya bnegii| nirAlA kI kAvya-bhASA kI pramukha vizeSatAeM rahI haiM- komalatA, zabdoM kI madhura-yojanA, bhASA kA lAkSaNika prayoga, saMgItAtmakatA, citrAtmakatA, prakRtigat pratIkoM kI pracuratA tathA rUr3hiyoM kA virodha / bhASA ko komalatA pradAna karane ke lie nirAlA ne aMgrejI aura bAMglA kI paddhati ko apanAyA hai| svarNamaya, svapnila, chala-chala, kala-kala, chalanA, kuhakinI, Adika zabdoM kI 170

Page #175
madhura-yojanA kI hai to vahIM dUsarI ora bhASA meM lAkSaNika prayoga bhI khUba kiyA hai| nirAlA kI kavitA laya, saMgIta-maya bhASA kA apratima udAharaNa hai| nirAlA ne kahIM-kahIM zabdoM ke bala para aisA bhAva citra prastuta kiyA hai ki varNanAtmaka vastu mAnoM upasthita ho gayI ho| kula milAkara hama kaha sakate hai ki bhASA para nirAlA kA pUrNa adhikAra thaa| cAhe vaha sAmAsika pradhAna rAma kI zakti-pUjA' ho 'tulasIdAsa' ho yA 'buddha ke prati' Adi para likha rahe hoM yA sarala vyavahArika bhASA meM 'vaha tor3atI patthara', 'bhikSuka' ityAdi kavitAeM likha rahe hoM yA alaMkRta bhASA ke rUpa meM 'yamunA ke prati', 'preyasI' jaisI kavitAoM ko uddhRta kara rahe hoN| bhASA evaM zabdoM kI pravAhapUrNatA meM kahIM koI avarodha nahIM dikhatA, kahIM-kahIM to mAno bhASA inakI cerI sadRzya dikhatI hai| 171

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Jr. 16 -----------T :

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prastuta zodha-prabandha meM nirAlA ke kAvya meM udAtta- tatva kI sarjanAtmaka abhivyakti, vizeSakara lauMjAinasa ke udAtta-tatva siddhAnta ke AdhAra para, ko vyAkhyAyita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| yaha vizvAsa hai ki isa dRSTi se nirAlA kAvya kA adhyayana karane kA yaha prathama prayAsa hai| isa zodha-prabandha meM kula cAra adhyAya haiM, prathama adhyAya meM udAtta-prakRti aura pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke matoM, vizeSakara lauMjAinasa ke udAtta-siddhAnta kA AlocanAtmaka parIkSaNa kiyA gayA hai| dUsare adhyAya meM nirAlA kI kAvya-vikAsa kI sarjanAtmaka abhivyakti ko kramavAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| tIsare adhyAya meM nirAlA kAvya meM udAtta-tatva ko lauMjAinasa ke udAtta-siddhAnta ke paoNcoM pratimAnoM para kamavAra sAdhane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, aura isa cauthe adhyAya meM pichale tInoM adhyAyoM kA samAhAra prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| prathama adhyAya meM udAtta-zabda kI vyutti usakA svarUpa aura koza granthoM ke AdhAra para 'udAtta' zabda kA sAmAnya artha tathA usake aMgrejI paryAya 'sablAima' ke artha kI vistRta vivecanA kI gayI hai| lauMjAinasa ke nAma se jo grantha sambaddha hai usakA nAma hai 'perihupsusa' jo 1954 meM prakAzita huA thaa| yaha mUla rUpa se yUnAnI meM likhI gayI hai, usakA aMgrejI anuvAda 'sablAima' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai tathA jisakA zAbdika artha hai-'udaatt'| lauMjAinasa ke pahale jina logoM ne udAtta kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA unameM eka nAma 'kekiliyusa' thA kintu unameM laujAinasa ko aneka truTiyA~ parilakSita huii| kintu yaha bhI saca hai ki 'perihupsusa' kI racanA meM kekiliyusa kA bahuta bar3A yogadAna hai 'perihupsusa' lagabhaga sATha pRSThoM kI laghukRti hai jisameM kula choTe-bar3e 44 adhyAya haiN| lauMjAinasa se pUrva kavi kA mukhya-karma pAThaka yA zrotA ko Ananda tathA zikSA pradAna karanA tathA gadya lekhaka yA vaktA kA mukhya-karma anunayana samajhA 173

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jAtA thA / yadi 'homara' kAvya kI saphalatA zrotAoM ko mugdha karane meM mAnatA thA to eristhophenIsa kavi kA kartavya pAThakoM ko sudhAranA mAnatA thA / isI prakAra vaktA yA RHATONICIAN kA guNa samajha jAtA thA - saMtulita bhASA suvyavasthita tarka dvArA zrotA ke mastiSka para isa taraha chA jAnA ki vaha vaktA kI bAta mAna le| isa prakAra lauMjAinasa se pUrva sAhityakAra kA kartavya-karma samajhA jAtA thA zikSA denA AhalAda pradAna karanA aura pratyaya utpanna karanA / lauMjAinasa ne anubhava kiyA ki isa sUtra meM kucha kamI hai| kyoMki kAvya meM ina tInoM bAtoM ke alAvA bhI kucha hotA hai| lauMjAinasa kAvya ke lie bhAvotkarSa ko mUla tatva, ati Avazyaka tatva mAnatA thA / usane nirNAyaka rUpa se yaha siddhAnta prastuta kiyA ki kAvya yA sAhitya kA parama uddezya cararmollAsa pradAna karanA hai| pAThaka yA zrotA ko vedAntara - zUnya banAnA hai / yadyapi lauMjAinasa ne udAtta kI koI nizcita paribhASA nahIM dI thI lekina usakA mAnanA thA ki 'udAttatA' sAhitya ke hara guNa me mahAna hai usake anusAra yahI vaha guNa hai jo anya choTI-choTI truTiyoM ke bAvajUda sAhitya ko sacce arthoM meM pravAhapUrNa banA detA hai| usane vyavahArika aura manauvaijJAnika donoM dRSTiyoM se 'udAttatA' ko jaoNcA prkhaa| usane eka ora jahA~ udAtta ke bahiraMga tatva kI carcA kI vahIM dUsarI ora usake antaraMga tatvoM kI ora bhI saMketa kiyaa| udAttA ke isa vivecana meM usane pA~ca tatvoM ko Avazyaka batAyA, (1) mahAna dhAraNAoM yA vicAroM kI kSamatA (2) bhAvAvega kI tIvratA ( 3 ) samucita alaMkAra yojanA (4) utkRSTa bhASA (5) garimAmaya racanA - vidhAna | mahAna dhAraNAoM yA vicAroM kI kSamatA ke saMbaMdha meM lauMjAinasa ne kahA ki usa kavi kI kRti mahAna nahIM ho sakatI jisameM dhAraNAoM kI kSamatA nahIM hai, udAtta guNa mahAna AtmAoM meM Azraya pAtA hai kSudra vicAra vAloM meM nahIM / dhIra-gurU gaMbhIra pratibhAvAna vyakti kI vANI se bhavyatA kA sphuraNa ho sakatA hai 174

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kavi ko mahAna banane ke lie apanI AtmA meM udAtta vicAroM kA poSaNa karanA caahie| kyoMki udAtta mahAna AtmAoM kI saccI pratidhvani hai| jo AjIvana saMkIrNa-vicAroM evaM uddezyoM se ghirA rahatA hai, vaha stutya evaM amara racanA nahIM kara sakatA gaMbhIra vicAra vAloM ke zabda bhI mahAna hote haiN| viSaya ke mahatva tathA anukrama kI zreSThatA se kAvya meM AnandAtireka kA tatva AtA hai| jisakA tatkAla sthAyI prabhAva hotA hai| mahAna kaviyoM kI kRtiyoM ke parAyaNa se jo saMskAra prApta hote haiM ve nizcaya hI zreSTha racanA ke praNayana meM sahAyaka hote haiN| bhAvAvega kI tIvratA ke saMbaMdha meM lauMjAinasa kA mata hai ki Avega-unmAda, utsAha ke udAma vega se phUTa par3atA hai aura eka prakAra se vaktA ke zabdoM ko vismaya se bhara detA hai usake yathAsthAna vyakta hone se svarNa jaisA audAtya AtA hai vaha atyanta durlabha hai| bhavya Avega ke pariNAmasvarUpa hamArI AtmA svataH uThakara mAnoM garva se ucca akAza meM vicaraNa karane lagatI hai tathA harSa aura ullAsa se bhara jAtI hai| vajrapAta kA palaka jhapakAye binA sAmanA saMbhava hai, para bhAvAvega ke prabhAva se avicala-achUtA banA raha pAnA sambhava nhiiN| hamArA svabhAva hai ki hama choTI-choTI dhArAoM kI apekSA mahAsAgara se adhika prabhAvita hote haiN| audAtya manuSya ko Izvara ke aizvarya ke samIpa taka le AtA hai| ullAsa-AnaMda deza-kAla-nirapekSa hotA hai jo sadA sabako Anandita karatA hai vahI audAtya Avega hai| vismaya-vimugdha karane vAlA camatkArI bhAva-pariveza mAnava meM garimA ko janma detA hai| udAtta utkRSTa vahI hai, jo pAThaka yA zrotA kI cetanA ko vimugdha yA abhibhUta kre| Avega do prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai- bhavya aura nimn| eka se AtmA kA utkarSa hotA hai to dUsare se apkrss| nimna Avega meM dayA, zoka, bhaya Adi ke bhAva Ate haiN| udAtta sRjana meM vastutaH bhavya Avega sahAyaka hotA hai| 175

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samucita aMlakAra yojanA meM lauMjAinasa mAtra camatkAra prardazana ke lie alaMkAroM ke prayoga ko sahI nahIM maanaa| usake anusAra yaha adhika upayogI taba hogA jaba artha ko utkarSa pradAna kare aura mAtra camatkRta na karake pAThaka ko Ananda pradAna kre| alaMkAra sarvAdhika prabhAvazAlI taba hotA hai jaba isa bAta para dhyAna hI na jAya ki vaha alaMkAra hai / ayatnaja alaMkAra kAvya ke prabhAva ko baDhAte haiM aura ye alaMkAra eka prakAra se kAvyAtmA haiM / prAkRtika abhivyaMjanA meM alaMkAroM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai, ataH unheM kRtrima mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| inakA prayoga prAsaMgika tathA paristhiti evaM uddezya ke anurUpa honA cAhie yadi aisA nahIM hai to bhavya se bhavya alaMkAra bhI kavitA- kAminI kA zrRMgAra na banakara ve usake lie bojha bana jAegeM / utkRSTa bhASA - prayoga ke antargat lauMjAinasa ne varNa vinyAsa - zabda cayana tathA rUpaka Adi ke prayoga para bala diyA hai usake anusAra udAtta - vicAroM kI sarjanA meM sAdhAraNa zabda - anupayogI ho jAte haiM ataH garimAmayI bhASA Avazyaka ho jAtI hai| zabdoM ke saundarya se hI zailI garimAmayI banatI hai / sundara zabda hI vicAroM ko abhinava Aloka pradAna karatI hai lauMjAnaisa ke anusAra bhASA kA vaiziSTya aura caramotkarSa hI udAtta hai yahI eka mAtra srota hai jisase mahAna kaviyoM aura itihAsakAroM ko jIvana meM yaza aura pratiSThA milatI hai / garimAmayI racanA- vidhAna meM lauMjAinasa ne zabda-vicAra, ghaTanA, kArya, saundarya evaM rAga Adi ke vividha rUpoM ke sAmaMjasya para bala diyA aura usake anusAra jisa prakAra zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM kI suDaulatA samAnupAta evaM saMtulana meM saundarya samAhita rahatA hai usI prakAra kAvya ke vibhinna aMgo ke aucitya nirvAha se vaha hRdaya manorama bana pAtA hai| kavi ko cAhie ki vaha sthAna, rIti, avasara, evaM udezya ke prati pUrNa svatantra rhe| garimA ke sampUrNa tatvoM kI saMyuti se hI kRti mahanIya udAtta banatI hai| 176

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prastuta zodha-prabandha ke dUsare adhyAya meM nirAlA ke kAvya vikAsa kI sarjanAtmaka abhivyakti ko unake prakAzana varSa ke krama meM rakhate hue unakI mUla saMvedanA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| nirAlA kI sarjanA kA prathama sopAna 'anAmikA' se zurU hotA hai yadyapi yaha kavi kA prathama kAvya saMkalana thA phira bhI apane samakAlIna kaviyoM kI Arambhika kavitAoM ke kaccepana kI tulanA meM 'anAmikA' ke kavi kI bhASika sarjanAtmakatA spRhaNIya hai| 'parimala' kavi kI sarjanA kA dUsarA sopAna hai, jisameM 'yamunA ke prati jaisI lakSaNa pradhAna AlaMkAraki kavitA ke sAtha-sAtha svara-vistAra evaM nAda yojanA se yukta kavitAe~ bhI haiN| isI saMgraha meM mukta-chanda kA udghoSa karane vAlI 'jUhI kI kalI' jaisI kavitAeM bhI haiN| kavi kA agalA kAvya-saMgraha "gItikA' jo 1936 meM prakAzita huA thA jise hama kavitA ke audAtya aura saMgIta kI mAdhurI kA samanvaya kaha sakate haiN| yahAM kavitA ko saMgIta se jor3ane kA saphala prayAsa nirAlA jI ne kiyA hai| saMgIta aura mAdhurI tathA kavitA kA audAtya milakara yahA~ eka apUrva rAgAtmakatA kA sRjana karatI haiM, kavi ne 'gItikA' ke gItoM meM gaMbhIra cintana, sAMskRtika sandarbho, vividha praNaya-sthitiyoM ko anusyUta karane kI saphala ceSTA kI hai| saMgItAtmakatA ko kendra meM rakhakara race gae ina gItoM meM kavitA ke anubhava ko aura kavitA ke racanA-prakriyA ko Azrata rakhane kI sajagatA hai| anAmikA ke dvitIya saMskaraNa meM kavi ke parivartita manaH sthiti kA patA calatA hai isa saMkalana meM tatsam zabdAvalI para AdhArita bhASika sarjanAtmakatA ke prati kavi kA jhukAva aura Atma-vizvAsa adhika mukhArita huA hai| 'preyasI' aura 'rekhA' jaisI lambI praNaya kavitAoM ke sAtha-sAtha 'rAma kI zakti pUjA' aura 'saroja-smRti' jaisI klaisikala aura yathArtha-paraka zilpa kI dohare racanA-vidhAna kI bhASika saMracanA se yukta kavitA bhI hai| 'rAma kI zakti-pUjA' 177

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na kevala chAyAvAdI racanAoM meM balki pUre hindI sAhitya meM eka mIla kA patthara sAbita huI / 'rAma kI zakti pUjA' jisakA lambA sugaThita racanA - vidhAna khar3I bolI para AdhArita kAvya bhASA kI abhUtapUrNa - vyaMjanA kSamatA kA udghATana karatI hai, yaha zuddha sAmAsika zailI meM likhI gayI hai| isI saMkalana meM 'ThUMTha' jaisI kavitA bhI hai jo apane racanA vidhAna meM bejor3a hai| kavi ne 'ThUMTha' jaisI mAmUlI vastu ko pratIka ke rUpa meM grahaNa karake usake mAdhyama se jIvana kI udAsI aura zrIhInatA kI gaharI vyaMjanA vikAsita kI hai| isake bAda 'tulasIdAsa' aura 'kukuramuttA' jaisI do prabandhAtmaka kRtiyA~ prakAza meM aayiiN| eka meM kavi ne chanda kI maulika prakRti aura dUsare meM muktaka kA prayoga kiyA hai| 'tulasIdAsa' meM nirAlA ne bhASAgat abhijAtya kA prayoga kiyA hai| yahA~ kavi ne saMskRti ke kozavAcI zabdoM kA bharapUra prayoga kiyA hai| 'kukuramuttA' ke mAdhyama se kavi ne ekadama sAdhAraNa grAmINa aura kaThora zabdoM kA bharA-pUrA Atma-vizvAsI vyaktitva sirajA hai aura isa paramparita dhAraNA ko nirmUla kara diyA hai ki kavitA kI racanA ke lie saMskArazIla zabda hI upayukta hote haiN| yahA~ kavi ne urdU zabdoM aura ekadama grAmINa zabdoM kI TheMTha muhAvaredAnI kI sarvathA navIna kSamatA mukharita kI hai| ina donoM prabandhAtmaka kRtiyoM ke bAda kavi kA jo nayA kAvya saMgraha prakAza meM AyA vaha 'aNimA' thaa| isake bAda 'belA', 'naye patte, 'arcanA', 'ArAdhanA', 'gIta-guMja' aura 'sAndhyakAkalI' jaise kAvya-saMgraha prakAza meM aae| 'naye - patte' ko sapATa-bayAnI ke nAte, aura 'belA' ko kavi ke bhASika prayoga ke nAte viziSTa prasiddhi milii| 'belA' meM kavi ne urdU gajaloM se prabhAvita hokara unhe hindI gItoM meM r3hAlane kI sAhasika koziza kI hai / kula milAkara hama kaha sakate haiM ki nirAlA ke kAvya meM kyA nahIM hai| sAhitya aura saMgIta kA pUrNa-saMgama, bhASA kI ojasvitA, vIratva kI bhAvanA mAnavIyakaraNa, mAnava mUlyoM kA udAttIkaraNa arthAt saba kucha to hai / nirAlA 178

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jaisA mahAna kavi yuga-yugAntara meM hI paidA hotA hai| jo dharatI ke duHkha darda ko pahacAnatA hai aura apane ko sthUla se sUkSma banA letA hai| prastuta zodha prabandha ke tRtIya adhyAya meM nirAlA ke kAvya kA lauMjAinasa ke udAtta-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para AlocanAtmaka parIkSaNa kiyA gayA hai| lauMjAinasa ke audAtya siddhAnta ke pA~coM pratimAnoM ko nirAlA kAvya meM DhU~r3hane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi isa zodha-prabandha meM nirAlA kAvya ke kevala eka pakSa arthAt nirAlA kAvya ke audAtya tatva para hI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| kintu audAtya kI prakRti aura nirAlA ke kAvya vikAsa ko bhI isa zodha-prabandha meM nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| tAki pUre zodha prabandha kA eka kama banA rahe aura nirAlA kA pUrA kA pUrA kAvya audAtya kI dRSTi se sAmane A jaay| 179

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" INT PTTTT T P" """"" ......... d at the use me."

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1. pAzcAtya kAvya - zAstraH devendra nAtha zarmA - mayUra pepara vaiksa, noyaDA, cha~ThA saMskaraNa - 2000 2. pAzcAtya kAvya zAstra ke siddhAntaH DaoN0 zAnti svarUpa gupta - azoka prakAzana dillI - 1994 | 3. bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya kAvya - siddhAntaH DaoN0 gaNapati canda gupta - lokabhAratI prakAzana ilAhAbAda, 1989 | 4. bhAratIya kAvya zAstraH DaoN0 nizA agravAla- lokabhAratI prakAzana ilAhAbAda 1996 | 5. kAvya zAstraH DaoN0 bhagIratha mizra - vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana vArANasI - 1975 6. rasa alaMkAra aura chanda:- DaoN0 jagadIza prasAda zrIvAstava, pro0 harendra pratApa sinhA - kailAza prakAzana, ilAhAbAda | 7. bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya kAvyazAstraH - DaoN0 kRNNa deva zarmA - vinoda pustaka mandira, AgarA, 1990 | 8. sAdhAraNI karaNa aura saundaryAnubhUtiH DaoN0 prema kAnta TaNDana - lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilAhAbAda 9. kAvya me udAtta - tatvaH DaoN0 nagendra 10. kAvya meM saundarya aura udAtta tatvaH ziva bAlaka rAya 11. udAtta bhAvanA eka vizaleSaNaH DaoN0 prema - sAgara 12. pAzcAtya kAvya - zAstra kI paramparAH DaoN0 nagendra 13. hindI kAvya - zAstra kA itihAsaH DaoN0 bhagIratha mizra 14. nAma - pathaH nirAlA janma zatAvdI aMka 1996 | 15. hindI sAhitya kA itihAsaH ArcAya rAmacandra zukla - nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, vArANasI, samvat 2049 | 181

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16. nirAlA parisaMvAdaH saM0 pro0 mIrA zrIvAstava-lokabhAratI prakAzana ilaahaabaad| 17. kavi nirAlAH AcArya nanda dulAre vAjapeyI-lokabhAratI prakAzana ilAhAbAda- 1997 | 18. nirAlAH saM DaoN vizvanAtha tivArI- lokabhAratI prakAzana ilaahaabaad| 19. nirAlA AtmahantA AsthAH dUdhanAtha siMha- loka bhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 20. nirAlA kI kavitAe~ aura kAvya bhASAH rekhA khare- lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 21. nirAlA kA gIta kAvyaH DaoN0 sandhyA siMha- lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 22. kAvya kA devatAH nirAlAH vizvambhara 'mAnava' -lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 23. prasAda-nirAlA-ajJeyaH pro0 rAmasvarUpa caturvedI-loka bhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 24. nirAlA (mUlyAMkana): DaoN0 indra nAtha madAna- loka bhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 25. kAntikArI kavi nirAlAH DaoN0 baccana siMha-vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana vArANasI-1992 26. sammelana patrikA (nirAlA janmazatAbdI aMka): hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga-bhAga-82, zak 1919 27. rAma kI zakti-pUjAH(nirAlA kI kAlajayI kRti):- DaoN0, nagendra nezanala pablisiMga hAUsa naI-dillI 1999 28. nirAlA racanAvalI (bhAga-eka) nanda kizora navala 182

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29. nirAlA racanAvalI (bhAga-do) nanda kizora navala 30. nirAlAH DaoN0 rAmavilAsa zarmA-rAdhAkRSNa prakAzana naI dillI 1996 31. hindI sAhitya aura saMvedanA kA vikAsaH pro0 rAmasvarUpa caturvedI lokabhAratI prakAzana-1993 32. nirAlA aura aparAH DaoN0 rAjezvara prasAda caturvedI, vinoda, pustaka mandira, AgarA sambat- 2028 33. Adhunika hindI sAhitya kA itihAsaH DaoN0 baccana siMha lokabhAratI prakAzana-1999, ilaahaabaad| 34. anAmikA (prathama): sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' 35. parimalaH sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' 36. gItikAH sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' 37. anAmikA (dvitIya): sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' 38. tulasIdAsaH sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' 39. kukuramuttAH sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' 40. aNimA : sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' 41. belAH sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' 42. naye-patteH: sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' 43. arcanAH sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' 44. ArAdhanAH sUryakAnta tripAThI "nirAlA' 45. gIta-kuMjaH sUryakAnta tripAThI 'nirAlA' | 46. sAndhya kAkalI 'sUryakAnta tripAThI nirAlA' 183