Jain Nyaya ka Vikas

Author(s): Nathmalmuni
Publisher: Nathmal Muni
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010272/1

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bena nyAya vA tAle pravaktA muni nayamala sapAdaka muni dujarAna prakAzaka naina vidyA anuzIlana vendra rAjasthAna vizrvavidyAlaya nayapura

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mAvAna mahAvIra ! ghagrIva nirvANa rAtAddI ke avasara para rAnasthAna vizvavidyArthI nApura sthApita nana vidyA anuzIlana " prathama puSpa

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prastAvanA rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya ke tatvAvadhAna meM "jaina vidyA anuzIlana kendra" ko viziSTa anudAna dvArA pratiSThita karane kA zreya rAjasthAna sarakAra ko hai| sarvaprathama kendra ke kArya ko gati dene ke lie usake tatkAlIna adhiSThAtA DA0 dyaakR0|| ne gaNyamAnya vidvAno ke bhASaNa kI vyavasthA karane kI yojanA bnaayii| saubhAgya se zrAdaraNIya munivara nayamalajI ne isa bhASaNamAlA kA zrIgaNeza karane kI svIkRti pradAna kii| phalata munijI ke cAra bhASaNa karavAye gye| inako lipivaddha kiyA gayA aura unakA kendra ke dvArA prakAzana Apake samakSa hai| jaina nyAya kA prANabhUta siddhAnta sthAdvAda hai aura usakA saketa prAcInatama jaina na tho me spaSTa milatA hai| paravartIkAla me bauddha aura brAhmaNa naiyAyikI ke sAtha paraspara vicAra eva zAstrArtha ke dvArA jana nyAya kA vikAsa huaa| samantabhadra aura siddhamena ne jisa nyAya zAstra kA bIjAropaNa kiyA use akalaka ne eke sUkSma zAstra ke rUpa meM parivarSita kiyA aura vidyAnanda evaM prabhAcandra ne isa zAstra ko bRhat zrAkAra pradAna kiyaa| nyAya ke sUkSma aura jaTila prakaraNoM se mUla tatvo kA sarala aura maulika pratipAdana muni nayamalajI ne apane vyAkhyAno me kiyA hai / unake pratipAdana me gabhIratA ke sAtha-sAtha prasAdaguNa adbhuta rUpa se vidyamAna hai joki unakI talasparzI vidyA kA ghotaka hai / hame AzA hai ki prastuta na tha vidvAno tathA jaina nyAya kI jAnakArI ke jijJAsuo ke lie upayogI siddha hogaa| maiM vizvavidyAlaya kI ora se vidvAn muni zrI ke prati AbhAra prakaTa karatA hai aura pA0ko se anurodha karatA hU~ ki na tha ke sAragarbhita viSaya se lAbha u0AveM / kendra ke vartamAna adhiSThAtA DA0 gopInAthajI zarmA badhAI ke pAtra haiM ki unake prayatno se yaha prakAzana pUrA ho sakA hai| vinya vandra pADe kulapati rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jypur| mArca 12, 19771

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prastuti jaina darzana AdhyAtmika paramparA kA darzana hai / saba darzano ko do zreNiyo me vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-zrAvyAtmika aura bauddhika / AdhyAtmika darzana sva aura vastu ke sAkSAtkAra yA pratyakSIkaraNa kI dizA me gatizIla rahe haiN| bauddhika darzana sva aura vastu se savadhita samasyAo ko buddhi se sulajhAte rahe haiM / AdhyAtmika darzano ne dekhane para adhika bala diyA, isalie ve tarka-paramparA kA sUtrapAta nahI kara sake / bauddhika darzano kA adhyAtma ke prati apekSAkRta kama AkarSaNa rahA, isalie unakA dhyAna takazAstra ke vikAsa kI aura adhika AkarSita huaa| tarastrIya vikAsane veMddha, naiyAyi-vazeSiaura mImAsa agraNI rahe haiM / mImAsaka manuSya ke atIndriyajJAna ko mAnya nahIM krte| nyAya aura zeSika darzana kI pRSThabhUmI me adhyAtma kA vaha vikasita rUpa nahIM hai jo sAkhyadarzana kI pRSThabhUmI me hai / vauddha darzana kI pRSThabhUmI pUrI kI pUrI AdhyAtmika hai| jaba taka bhagavAna buddha aura unakI paramparA ke pratyakSadarzI bhikSu rahe taba taka bauddha paramparA tarkazAstra kI ora AkarSita nahIM huI / sAdhanA kA bala kama hotA gayA, pratyakSadarzI bhikSu kama hote gae, taba takazAstra ke prati jhukAva hotA gyaa| jaina paramparA me tarkazAstra kA vikAsa bauddho ke bAda huA / isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki bauddho kI apekSA jaina zrAcArya adhika samaya taka pratyakSadarzI rahe haiN| pratyakSadarzana kI sAdhanA kama hone para hI hetu yA tarka ke prayoga kI adhika apekSA hotI hai / maiM yaha sthApanA nahI kara rahA hU~ ki pratyakSa-draSTA muniyo kI upasthiti me hetu yA tarka kA koI upayoga nahI hotA, kintu yaha kahanA mujhe iSTa hai ki usakA upayoga bahuta hI nagaNya hotA hai jaina darzana taka-paramparA me praveza kara vAda aura nyAya-vaizeSika darzano kI koTi me A gayA, kintu vaha apanI AdhyAtmika paramparA ko vismRta kie binA nahI raha skaa| bauddho me dhyAna-sampradAya kI paramparA tarka se dUra rahakara adhyAtma kI dizA me calatI rhii| jano me aisI koI svatantra paramparA sthApita nahI ho sakI, phalata adhyAtma aura taka kA milAjulA prayatna calatA rhaa| isa bhUmikA me jana darzana ke tarkazAstrIya sUtrapAta aura vikAsa kA mUlyAkana kiyA jA sakatA hai / bhane isI bhUmikA ko dhyAna me rakhakara usakA mUlyAkana kiyA hai|

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( 11 ) zrAvAya zrI tulasI san 1975 aa vAturmAsa nayapura maiM vatA rahe che ! rAkhayAna vizvavidyAlaya ke nati zrI govivandra pADe praura nA saMAya che DhIna zrI vayA AvAryazrI che pAma zrAp / hanhoMne rAjyAna vividyAlaya me madya sthApita 'jaina vidyA. anuzIlana kendra' che antayaMta 'naina nyAya' viSaya para bhASAmAtA Ayonita ne aa suAva prastuta yiA / AvAryazrI ne hase svIkRti vI chaura khAvA tene je niSpa mumai nirdeza viyA, maiM apanI taiyArI me nA thayA ! mAsa ii taiyArI che vAve bhASAmAtA cho ne prArama hai yA prati zukSvAra jainanyAya para bhASA tene vidh maiM zrapane sahyonI muniyo (muni zrIndrI, muni vrutajJAnanI aura muni mahendrakumAranI) ke sAya vizvavidyAlaya meM khAtAM aura bhASaNa vA manAtA / lati zrI pADe, phnchA hote dru bhI, samI bhASaNo ke citta nahI raha sa 1 pro. vayAnA prAya samI bhASaNo maiM sthita raheaura unhoMne vadyuta vittavapI nI 1 vivavidyAlaya che anya prane prAdhyApa, pravahA zraura goyavidyArthI vidyArthI kapasthita rahate / mumai prasannatA hai hanaLI rapati zraura ginAsAtro ne navA mu kucha nayA STino prastuta rane jaini prerita jiyA ! varzana ii narva samAvanA je viSaya meM maiM jujI prAga nahI cAlatA vipro yAdbhA Dsa prazna jo napasthita nahI rate / samaya, syAna zrAvi zrI vyavasyA me pravahA mund tAna ne vaDI tatparatA se apanA vAyitva nimAyA aura bhASAmAtA aa krma samIvIna rUpa se sampanna duA 1 bhASAnAnA vA prArambha 'naina vidyA branuzIlana ndra' ke dvAna ke rUpa me dumA 1 pro dayAkRSNa ne vata mAmi zabdo meM zrAvAryazrI tulasI je prati nRtajJatA vyao chI / bhASAmAtA zrAvAryazrI tulasI che sAnnidhya me sampanna huI / jhasa samaya jhulapati pADe tayA vizvavidyAlaya ke anya vidvAn karSAyata the ddI, sayoAvaza OM vonasiha joThArI nI vattA A nANuM the / rasa samaya prANi TE tAro se meMne anubhava ziyALi pArazvAtya tazAstra hai avyayana me rahanevAle vidyAnuM mAratIya tazAstra ja paramparAo je prati nAvaLa hote nA rahe haiM / sa mALAmAtA ja hase. nAAvatA ii DI je rUpa meM hI ana yiA thayA / mudde cahna vatta guma nA 1 maiM pravAryazrI tunasI ke pratti sarvAtmamAvena brahmAnata dU, ri| prastuta sattvameM meM ranave paraNo me apanI vinatra zraddhA sarpitaratA hU~ / vivavidyAtaya hai gulati tayA zranya vidvAno ne nisa vi aura sadbhAva se Aryakrma jo sampanna jarane me yoga vidyA, 7mA yavIrya mUlyAna r maiM hannAsa aa anumavatA hU~ I muninano oN sadyonI smaraNIya hai ki bhASA vene je tivAra mArzI khAnezrAne me nA yoA milatA rahA /

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zrI jerArIvandra juniyA, rAdhezyAma ra na putra yAma ne mAvo je Tepa le unhe surakSita kara lie / muni dulaha rAjajI ne unheM sapAdita kiyA aura pariziSTa bhI taiyAra kie / prati-melana me muni rAjendrakumArajI ne sahayoga diyaa| ve bhASaNa aba taka eka pustaka ke rUpa me prastuta haiM / rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya 'jana vidyA anuzIlana kendra' ke prathama puSpa ke rUpa me ise prakAzita kara pAThako ke sAmane prastuta kara rahA hai yaha bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pacIsavI nivAraNa zatAbdI ke avasara para rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya tathA hama sabakI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke prati zraddhApUrNa bhAvAjali hogii| jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU (rAjasthAna) 10-5-76 muni nayamala

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. viSayAnukSma Apana yuna aa naina nyAya prameya kI siddhi pramArAdhIna pramANa saMkhyA pAvAna che nAnAttva te pramANa 7 nAnAttva nyAya nI parimASA jaina nyAya che tIna cuma Ayurve vA jhaina nyAya jJAna kA svarUpa jJAna TM mULa srota aura utpatti rAnI sImA ndriyajJAna znaura pramANuzAstra prazna aura uttara varzanayuddha aa jaina nyAya zrAma pro hetu TM samanvaya ahetuAmya pavArtha hetuAmya pavArtha jJAna kA pramANIkaraNa pratyakSa pramANa ddI saLasUtrIya parimASA aneLAnta-vyavasthA praura varNana-samanvaya samanvaya che zrAyAma prarana zraura uttara anekAnta vyavasthA ke sUtra sAmAnya znaura vizeSa 7 vinAmAva nitya saura zranitya / vinAmAva astittva aura nAstitva aa dhruvinAmAva vAjya zraura zravAnya 7 avinAmAva aneAnta aa vyApaLa yoga .... .... .... ::: .... : : .... .... OM OM .... : .... 30.0 pR0 1 2 2 6 7 8 20=23 10 10 12 13 17 18 21 21 22 23 26 223 28 31 cheda cha ra 36 43

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4 5 6. asti nAsti kA zravinAbhAva nitya aura kranitya LA avinAmAva dravya aura paryAya ke bhedAbheda kA avinAbhAva eka aura aneka kA avinAbhAva anekAnta phalita aura samasyAe nayavAda ananta paryAya, ananta dRSTikoNa saMgraha aura vyavahAra naya saiAmanaya RjusUtrataya zabdanaya sarnAmatanaya evamutanaya naya kI maryAdA nikSepa naya aura nikSepa prazna aura uttara (v) syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI nyAya syAdvAda ke phalita prazna aura uttara pramAraNa-vyavasthA pramANa kI paribhASA prAmANya aura abrAmAkhya prasAraNa kA phala prasAraNa kA vibhAga smRti pratyabhijJA tarka zrAgama prazna aura uttara anumAna hetu hetu ke prakAra avayava-prayoga 140 ... * 100 ... + 4 = 50 44 45 46 47 48 50 50 51 53 55 56 58 58 59 61 63 6 37 66 73 77 81 81 85 87 88 96 97 99 100 102 104 106 107 107

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avinAmAva 113 avinAbhAva (vyApti) je nAnane laI upAya * * 115 barana ra 3ttara * - 121 mAratIya pramAzAstra che vizAla reM nana pa252 1 yohAna " 123 darzana baura pramANa-zAstra na sabhAvanA ha 121 parizie 1 pramANo # vimarza bahAra - - 133 2 vyaksi, samaya aura nyAya rananA * * 139 3 nyAya-nya che protAo va salipta nIvana-parivaya " 145 4 pAribhASirAddha-vivAra 161 5 prayupkhe sUvI 113.

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: 1: prAgamayuga kA jaina nyAya "yasmin vijJAnamAnanda, brahma cakAtmatA gatam / sa zraddhaya sa ca dhyeya , prapadya zaraNa ca tat // " prameya kI siddhi pramANAdhIna bhAratIya darzana meM sarvaprathama pramANa kI carcA kI jAtI hai| prameya kI carcA usake pazcAt AtI hai / pramANa aura prameya ye do nyAyazAstra ke mUlabhUta aMga haiM / prameya kI sthApanA pramANa ke dvArA hotI hai / 'prameyasiddhi pramANAddhi' prameya kI siddhi pramANa se hotI hai, yaha IzvarakRSNa kA abhimata hai / ' prAcArya akalaka kA bhI yahI mata hai / prameya kA astitva svatatra hai, kintu usakI siddhi pramANa ke adhIna hai| jaba taka pramANa kA nirNaya nahI hotA taba taka prameya kI sthApanA nahI kI jA sktii| isIlie darzana ke prArambha me pramANa-vidyA [tarka-vidyA, bhAnvIkSikI yA nyAya-vidyA ] kI carcA kI jAtI hai| Agama sUtro me pahale jJAna kA phira jJaya kA nirdeza milatA hai| prAcArya kundakunda ne pravacanasAra me jJAnakhaDa ke pazcAt jJayakhaDa kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| anuyogadvAra tathA nadIsUtra kA prArambha zAna-sUtra se hI hotA hai| satya jJaya hai / usako jAnane kA sAdhana jJAna hai / satya kA astitva apane Apame hai| vaha jJAtA ke jJAna para nirbhara nahIM hai aura usase utpanna bhI nahI hai / paitanya kA astitva bhI svataMtra hai| vaha zeya para nirbhara nahIM hai aura usase utpanna bhI nahI hai| paitanya ke dvArA kucha jAnA jAtA hai taba vaha jJAna banatA hai aura jo jAnA jAtA hai vaha jJeya banatA hai / paitanya me jAnane kI kSamatA hai isalie vaha zAna banatA hai aura padArtha me jJAna kA viSaya banane kI kSamatA hai isalie vaha jJaya banatA hai| isIlie jana dArzaniko ne jJaya se pUrva zAna kI mImAsA kI hai| 1 sAkhyakArikA, 4 2 tatvArtha rAjavAttika 1/10 prameyasiddhi pramANAdhInA / 3 uttarAyaNANi, 28/4-14

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( 2 ) prameya ke viSaya me do mata haiM / kucha darzana prameya kI vAstavitA ko svIkAra karate haiM aura kucha nakArate haiM, kinnu pramANa ke viSaya me do mata nahIM hai| prameya kI pAstavikatA aura avAstavikatA-dono hI pramANa ke dvArA siddha kI jAtI haiN| imalie sarvaprathama pramANa kI carcA karanA Avazyaka hai| pramANa saMsthA pramANo kI sasyA ke viSaya me mava darzana ekamata nahIM haiN| cArvAka darzana ne eka pratyakSa pramANa ko svIkRti dI hai| pAda aura vaizeSika darzana meM do prmaar|| sammata haiM-pratyakSa aura anumAna / janadarzana bhI do pramANo ko svIkAra karatA hai pratyakSa aura parokSa / mAkhya darzana me tIna pramANa svIkRta hai pratyakSa, anumAna aura bAgama / naiyAyika darzana pramANa-catuSTayI ko mAnyatA detA hai pratyana, anumAna, Agama aura upamAna / mImAmaka darzana meM prabhAkara ne 'apitti ko joDakara pAca aura kumArila ne 'prabhAva ke sAtha chaha pramANa svIkRta kie hai / maharSi caraka ne 'yukti' mahita mAta aura paurANiko ne 'aitihya ke mAya pA0 pramANa mAna hai| pramANo kI sasyA kA aura bhI vistAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / prAmANiko ne pramANasaMkhyA ke saMdarbha me ekamati kyo nahI pradazita kI ? nAnA matiyA kyo svIkRta hai ? isake hetu kI khoja Avazyaka hai| upAdAna ke nAnAtva se pramANa kA nAnAtva pramANa ke upAdAna pAra haiN| 1 indriya-jAna / 2 maansik-jnyaan| prnaa| 4 atIndriya-jAna / jina dArzaniko ne kevala indriya-jAna ko hI nirNAyaka mAnA unake sAmane kevala pratyakSa ko pramANa mAnane ke atirikta koI vikalpa zeSa nahI rahA / bhAratIya darzano me cArvAka darzana ne indriya-jAna ko hI satya kI zodha kA sAdhana mAnA thaa| usakA abhyupagama hai ki jo indriya ke dvArA jAnA jAtA hai vaha yathArtha hai, zeSa ayathArtha / indriyAtIta nAna kalpanA ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai| jaba jAnane kI maryAdA kevala indriya-jAna hai taba pratyakSa ke sivAya koI pramANa ho nahIM sktaa| eka pratyakSa prabhAsa kI svIkRti ke kAraNa pAki darzana ke anuyAyiyoM ko vyAvahArika kaThinAiyo kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| unake samAdhAna ke lie unhoMne 'anumAna' kI upAdeyatA svIkRta kii| yaha svIkRti mAtra zrIpacArika hai, vyavahAramiddhi ke lie hai, kintu vAstavika nahI hai /

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IsA kI solahavI gatI ke suprasiddha dArzanika phAsisa bekana (Francis Bacon) ne indriyAnubhava ke siddhAnta ko sarvopari mahatva diyA aura atIndriya paramArtha ko asatya eva kAlpanika btlaayaa| unake matAnusAra jo indriyAnubhUta nahI hai vaha yayArya nahIM hai, jo indriya-pratyakSa nahI hai vaha satya nahI hai / indriyavAdI dArzaniko ne bhI prajJA ko svIkRti dI hai| vekana ke anusAra kevala indriyAnubhava paryApta nahIM hai, AgamanAtmaka tarka bhI zrAvazyaka hai| sarvaprathama hama indriyAnubhava ke dvArA ghaTanApro aura tathyo kA sakalana kareM, phira unakA vizleSaNa kareM / vizleSaNa me prApta tulanA aura virodha ke AdhAra para sAmAnya niyama (vyApti) yA hetu kI khoja kreN| isa prakAra vekana ne pratyakSavAda aura prajJAvAda kA samanvaya kiyA hai| indriya-jAna, mAnasika-jAna aura prajJA ye tIno garI rAdhiSThAna kI sImA me Ate haiM / indriya-jAna kA upakaraNa mastika tathA zarIragata indriya adhiSThAna hai| mana aura prajA kA upakaraNa mastiSka hai| bhAratIya cintako ne isa zarIranimittaka jJAna se bhAge bhI prasthAna kiyaa| unake prasthAna kA sAra yaha hai indriya, mana aura prajA se pare bhI jAna hai / vaha prasthAna na bauddhika thA aura na tAkika / usakA anubhava yogika abhyAsa ke dvArA prApta thA / unhone nivikalpa sAvanA kA abhyAsa kiyA, jahA indriya samApta, mana samApta, buddhi aura tarka samApta, vikalpamAtra samApta ho jAte haiM / usa nirvikalpa bhUmikA me unhe sAkSAt anubhava huA, taba unhone atIndriya-jJAna ko svIkRti dii| vaha mAna indriyAtIta, manAtIta aura prajAtIta hai| usame zarIra kA koI upakaraNa sahayoga nahI karatA yA zarIra ke kisI bhI upakaraNa kI sahAyatA apekSita nahIM hotii| isa atIndriya-jJAna kI svIkRti ne Agama pramANa kI svIkRti dii| prAgama kA artha hai atIndriyamAna kI svIkRti / yadi atIndriyajJAna kI svIkRti nahIM hotI to zrAgama kA prAmANya pramANa kI zRkhalA me nahI juDatA / prAcArya kundakunda ke anusAra jise indriyAtIta-jJAna prApta hotA hai vaha sampUrNa satya ko jAna letA hai, dekha letA hai / bhAratIya darzano ne atIndriyazAna ko kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM mAnyatA dI hai| jaina aura vauddha dArzaniko ne puruSa me atIndriyajJAna ko svIkAra kiyA hai / IzvaravAdI dArzaniko ne Izvara ko atIndriyajAnI mAnA hai| sAkhya, naiyAyika, vaizepika aura mImAsaka ye sabhI darzana 'zrAgama' ko pramANa mAnate haiM / jaina darzana ke anusAra parokSa pramANa ke pAca prakAra haiN| uname 4 pravacanasAra, 29 , jAgAdi passadi Niyada, akkhAtIdo jagamasesa /

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( 4 ) pAvavA prakAra prAyama" hai kapAvAna tattva jI mannatA je chArA pramANa-zi para fbanna-misa maryAdA svIkRta dura hai pramANa che nAnAvuM te prameya thavA nAnAva pramANa vI nAnA svIotiyA haiM, prata prameya thI nAnAM svIkRtiyA darphe vizva vana ne tatvo je vibhinnatA svIkAra kI hai. baMne vana me gha dravya mIra nau tattva sammata haiM sAlya vana je pablIsa, vaiddha vana be vAra prArya satya, naiyA ivana sonA zrI vairobina vana ne sAta tattva mAnya OM vari pramANe pApa hotA to prameya nI svIkRti ba pa hotI vada pa nahI hai kSati, prameya vI vyavasthA bI parUpa nahI hai ! viSaya phI spaSTatA che tira kucha hAharA prastuta hai (1) ndriyavAvI vana prameya je mUrta zrI dhUna mAnate hai atIndriyavAhI varzana amUrta graura sUkSma tattva na svIAra pharate haiM mAtmA che viSaya che manAtmavA, kAtmavAda mIra ane tmivAta je tIna svItiyA minatI hai phandriyavAhI vana anAtmavAdI haiM AtmA phandriyamA nahI hai phana phandriyavAhI vase svIkRti nahI ke te atIndriyavAhI mAtmA che svIkRti hete haiM haname pI to svItiyA haiM. vedAnta zora grAhadaSTi vAre vAni ne zAtmavAda no svIkRti kI hai nana vana ne anekAtmavAda ne svIkRti hI hai taiyAyika zrI voliva vana bI ane chAtmavAvI che. (2) anitya aura nitya . viSaya je bI ane svItiyA hai, naM anityavAva, nityavAda aura nityAnityavAda | vauddha vana ne sava vIvo che eNnitya mAnA hai. sAlya vana nityavAhI hai taiyAyika nityanityavAhI haiM ve prArA mIra mAtmA to nitya mAnate haiM tathA vaparAvA Avi che nitya mAnate haiM na tana nI nityanityavAhI hai hindu rasa nityAnityatva siddhAnta taiyAyika vana naisA nahI hai. naina vana ve anusAra prArA 2 vaparAvA taru je samI pavArya nityanitya haiM prArA jevA nitya hI nahIM hai aura vIparizalA vana anitya hIM nadI che. prArA svamAvata parizamana hotA hai phalati vaha jhanitya ma hai kaura vipariAvA che paramANu ghara huM phalatipha vahu nitya bhI hai. sthAvAva zI maryAdA re. anusAra phorDa dravya jevA nitya cA vana anitya nahI hotA hai" 5 6 pramANanayatattvAno, 3/2. smarAmatyamijJAnatanumAnAmAmevatastara pakhyaprArA anya vyava chevatrazi, rato 5 AvIpamAvyomasamasvamAva, cAvAvamudrAnati meDi vastu / tannityamevamanityamajyahiti vavAnAdiSatA anApA

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( 5 ) (3) asatkAryavAda, matkAryavAda aura sadasatkAryavAda ye bhI prameya-vyavasthA ke bheda kI svIkRtiyA haiM / sAtya darzana satkAryavAdI yA pariNAmavAdI hai / usake anusAra kAraNa me kArya kI sattA hotI hai| sarvathA asatkArya kI utpatti nahI ho sakatI / upAdAna me kArya kA sadbhAva hotA hai| saba kAraNo se saba kArya utpanna nahI hote / samartha kAraNa bhI zakya kArya ko hI utpanna karatA hai, ata kAraNa me kArya kI sattA avivAda hai|' kArya kAraNa me zaktirUpa se rahatA hai| vaizeSika darzana asatkAryavAdI (prAramavAdI) hai / usake anusAra paramANuo ke sayoga se eka-avayavI dravya utpanna hotA hai / utpatti se pUrva usakI sattA nahI hotii| bauddha darzana bhI asatkAryavAdI hai| usake anusAra pUrva aura uttara kSaNa ke sAya vartamAna kSaNa kA vAstavika sabaMdha nahIM hotaa| jana darzana sadasatkAryavAdI (pariNAminityatvavAdI) hai| dravyAthika na4 kI dRSTi se sat naSTa nahIM hotA aura asat utpanna nahIM hotA, isalie satkAryavAda sagata hai| paryAyAthika naya kI dRSTi se sat vinaSTa aura asat utpanna hotA rahatA hai, isalie asatkAryavAda bhI saMgata hai| jIva caitanya guNa se kabhI cyuta nahIM hotA, isalie kahA jA sakatA hai ki sat kA vinAza nahI hotA aura asat kA utpAda nahI hotaa| jIva niratara vividha avasyAo me parimana karatA rahatA hai, isalie kahA jA sakatA hai ki sat kA vinAza hotA hai aura asat kA utpAda hotA hai 110 ___ satkAryavAda ke anusAra dahI dUdha kA pariNamana mAtra hai, isalie una dono me koI bheda nahIM hai| asatkAryavAda ke anusAra vastra dhAgo se niSpanna eka kArya hai, isalie vaha kAraNa se bhinna hai / sadasatkAryavAda ke anusAra miTTI ke paramANugo me ghaTa aura 5805 me pariNamana karane kI yogyatA hai, para miTTI ke piMDarUpa paryAya me paTarUpa meM pariNata hone kI sAkSAt yogyatA nahI hai| usame ghaTarUpa me 7 sAMkhyakArikA, 9 asadakaraNAdupAdAnagrahaNAt sarvasambhAvAbhAvAt / zaktasya zakyakaraNAt kAraNabhAvAcca satkAryam // 8 5cAstikAya, 15 bhAvassa pariya pAsI, patthi abhAvassa uppaado| 9 pacAstikAya, 19 iva so vAto prasavo nIvarsI tyi 3khAvo ! 10 5cAstikAya, 60 eva sadA viraNAso asado jIvassa hoI utpaado|

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pariNata hone kI sAkSAt yogyatA hai| bhinna-bhinna kArya bhinna-bhinna upAdAno se utpanna hote haiM / sabakA upAdAna eka nahI hai| dravya-yogyatA aura paryAya-yogyatA -dono kA samanvaya karane para hI sat aura asat kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| dUdha ke paramANutro me dahI05 me pariNata hone kI yogyatA sAkSAt paryAya kI dRSTi se hai, vyavahita paryAyo kI Ti se dUdha ke paramANu kapAsa ke paramANuo me badala sakate haiM / dUdha svayaM paramANuzrI kA eka paryAya hai| aura koI bhI paryAya ciratana nahIM hotA / ciratana paramANu haiN| dUdha, dahI, miTTI, kapAsa ye saba unake paryAya haiM, isalie paramANuo ke kisI eka paryAya se sAkSAt utpanna hone vAle paryAya ko sat aura vyavahitarUpa se utpanna hone vAle paryAya ko asat kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra sat aura asat paryAya ke AdhAra para bhI madasatkAryavAda kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| (4) darzana ke kSetra me do dhArAe haiM pastuvAdI aura avastuvAdI yA zrAdarzavAdI / indriyavAdI dArzaniko kA yaha abhyupagama hai ki dRSTigocara padArtha hI vAstavika hai / jaina, naiyAyika, varopika aura mAsya darzana ke anusAra bhI indriyagamya padArtha avAstavika nahI haiN| vauddha darzana kI do zAkhAe -hInayAna aura vinAnavAvI-phandriya padArtho je vAstavi nahI mAnatI Dana anusAra mavedana ke atirikta jo savedya hai vaha vAstavika nahI hai| vaha kAlpanika hai, svapnIpama hai yA mRgamarIcikA kI bhAti bhrAnta hai| prAcArya zakara ke vedAnta kI bhI yahI svIkRti hai / pazcimI dArganika hya ma aura varkale ne bhI savedana-pravAha ke atirikta sarvaca kA koI vAstavika astitva svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| jitane bhI nAnavAvI vArgani hai na savane vastuo je vAstavika astitva zI asvIkRti kI hai| nyAya kI paribhASA vastu kA astitva svata siddha hai / nAtA use jAne yA na jAne, isame usake astitva me koI antara nahIM paataa| vaha mAtA ke dvArA jAnI jAtI hai tava prameya vana jAtI hai aura jAtA jisase jAnatA hai vaha jAna yadi manyA yA nirNAyaka hotA hai to pramANa bana jAtA hai| isI AdhAra para nyAyazAstra kI paribhASA nirdhArita kI gii| nyAya-bhApyakAra vAtsyAyana ke anusAra pramANa ke dvArA artha kA parIkSaNa 'nyAya kahalAtA hai| umAsvAti ke anumA* artha kA adhigama pramANa aura naya ke dvArA hotA hai / 12 isa sUtra ke AdhAra para jaina tarka-para-parA me 11 12 nyAyabhASya, 11111 pramAgIrathaparIkSaNa nyAya / tatvArya mRtra, 1/6 __pramAgAna ravirAma /

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( 7 ) nyAya kI paribhASA isa prakAra hogI 'pramANanaye raryAdhigamo nyAya -pramANa aura naya ke dvArA artha kA adhigama ( nirNaya yA parIkSaNa) karanA 'nyAya' hai / udyotakara ne pramANa-vyApAra ke dvArA kiye jAne vAle adhigama ko 'nyAya' mAnA hai / 13 jaina paramparA me 'nyAya' kI apekSA 'yukti' zabda adhika pracalita rahA hai / yativRSabha kA abhimata hai ki jo vyakti pramANa, naya aura nikSepa ke dvArA artha kA nirIkSaNa nahIM karatA, use yukta prayukta aura prayukta yukta pratIta hotA hai / 14 pramANa kA artha hai samyag jJAna / naya kA artha hai vastu ke eka dharma ko jAnane vAlA jJAtA kA abhiprAya / nikSepa kA artha hai - - prastuta artha ko jAnane kA upAya / pramAraNa, naya aura nikSepa kI yukti ke dvArA hone vAlA artha kA adhigama 'nyAya' hai / yativRSabha ke zabdo me yaha nyAya AcArya paramparA se calA nA rahA hai 115 AcArya samantabhadra ke zrabhimata me jaina-nyAya kA pratinidhi zabda 'syAt ' hai / vaha sarvathA vidhi zrora sarvathA niSedha ko svIkAra nahIM karatA / usake anusAra vidhi aura niSedha dono sApekSa hai 116 jaina paramparA ke anusAra samUcA pramANazAstra yA nyAyazAstra syAdavAda kI maryAdA kA atikramaNa nahI karatA / ukta tathyoM ke AdhAra para jaina tarka-paramparA ke anusAra nyAya kI paribhASA yaha hogI pramANa, naya aura nikSepa ke dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA vastu kA sApekSa adhigama 'nyAya' hai / jaina nyAya ke tIna yuga 13 15 jaina nyAya tIna yugo me vibhakta hotA hai 1, Agamayuga kA jaina-nyAya | nyAyavArtika, 14 tiloyapaNNattI, 1/82 16 samastapramANavyApArAdarthAdhigatirvyAya / joga mAyehi kkhiveNa rikkhade pratya / tassAjutta jutta juju ca paDihAdi // tiloyapaNNattI, 1/ 83,84 hodi pramANo vi gAdussa hidayabhAvatyo / riNamkhevo vi uvAzro juttIe pratthapaDigahaNa // isa gAya avahAriya zrairiyaparaparAgada maraNasA puNvAiriyAzrAraNAsa raNana tiraraNayariNamittaM // svayaMbhU stotra 102 1 sarvathA niyamatyAgI yathAdRSTamapekSaka / syAcchandastAvake nyAye nAnyeSAmAtmavidviSAm //

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( 8 ) 2 darzanayuga kA jaina-nyAya / 3 pramANa-vyavasthAyuga kA jaina-nyAya / mahAvIra kA astitva kAla I0 pU0 599-527 hai| usa samaya se IsA kI pahalI rAtI taka kA yuga Agamayuga hai| IsA kI dUsarI zatI se darzanayuga kA prArambha hotA hai / IsA kI prA0vI-nItI rAtI se pramANa-vyavasyAyuga kA prArambha hotA hai| prAgamayuga kA jana nyAya bhAgamayuga ke nyAya me jJAna aura darzana kI vizada carcA prApta hai| zrAvRta cetanA ke do rUpa hote hai labdhi aura upayoga / jJeya ko jAnane kI kSamatA kA vikAsa lAna hai aura jAnane kI pravRti kA nAma upayoga hai / upayoga do prakAra kA hotA hai sAkAra aura anAkAra / AkAra kA artha hai vikalpa 17 AkAra sahita cetanA kA vyApAra 'sAkAra' (savikalpa) upayoga kahalAtA hai| ise jJAna kahA jAtA hai / prAkAra rahita cetanA kA vyApAra 'anAkAra' upayoga kahalAtA hai| ise darzana kahA jAtA hai| jana bhAgamo me savikalpa aura nivikalpa zadI kA prayoga nahIM miltaa| sAkAra aura anAkAra kA prayoga bahuta prAcIna hai / sAkAra aura savikalpa tayA anAkAra aura nivikalpa me artha-bheda nahI hai / darzana ghetanA nivikalpa aura nAnacetanA savikalpa hotI hai / jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai vaha jJAna hai / prAtmA jJAtA hai / vaha jJAna ke dvArA jJaya ko jAnatA hai / jJAna usakA guNa hai / AtmA aura zAna me guNI aura guNa kA sambandha hai| purA gurapI se sarvathA abhinna nahI hotA aura sarvathA bhinna bhI nahIM hotA / zrAtmA guNI hai aura jJAna usakA guNa hai isa vivakSA se vaha AtmA se kacid bhinna hai| jJAna prAtmA ke hI hotA hai isa vivakSA se vaha AtmA se kathAcid abhinna hai| jJAna ke pAca prakAra hai| 1. mati 2 zruta 3 avadhi 4 mana paryava 5 kevala mati aura zrata ye do indriyajJAna aura zeSa tIna atIndriyajJAna hai| ___17 tatvAryavAttika, 1/12 __ AkArI vikalpa /

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( 9 ) cAra jJAna kevala svArtha ravavodha ke lie hai| zrutazAna svArtha aura parArtha dono hai|18 sAna sva-pratyAyaka hI hotA hai / para-pratyAyaka hotA hai zabda / zrutajJAna bhI para-pratyAyaka nahI hai / zabda kA usase sambandha hai| isa sambandhopacAra ke kAraNa zrutajJAna ko 52-pratyAyaka mAnA gayA hai / jJAna ke isa vakiraNa me pratyakSa aura parokSa kA vibhAga mukhya nahI hai / 20 dUsare vargIkaraNa me pratyakSa zrIra parIkSa kA vibhAga mukhya hai1 indriyajAna parokSa aura atIndriyajJAna pratyakSa / prAcArya kundakunda kA tarka hai ki indriyA Atmika nahI hai / ve para-dravya hai / jo para hai vaha zrAtmA kA svabhAva se ho sakatA hai ? jo AtmA kA svabhAva nahI hai, usake dvArA upalabdha jJAna AtmA ke pratyakSa kase ho sakatA hai ? isalie 52 ke dvArA hone vAlA jo zAna hai, vaha parokSa hai 122 pratyakSa jJAna vahI hai jo kevala AtmA se hotA hai, jisameM indriya, mana aura prajJA kI sahAyatA apekSita nahI hotI 123 jisa zAna ke dvArA amUrta dravya aura atIndriya bhUta dravya tathA pracchanna dravya jAne jA sakate haiM vaha jJAna pratyakSa kahalAtA hai / 24 avidyamAna paryAya ko indriya-jJAna ke dvArA nahI jAnA jA sakatA kintu pratyakSa jJAna ke dvArA jAnA jA sakatA hai / sthUla paryAya me antalIna sUkSma paryAya indriya jJAna ke dvArA nahI jAnA jA sakatA kintu pratyakSa zAna 18 annuprogdaa||3, 2 tatya pattAri nAgAi pAI vaNijjAi, "suyanAsa uddaso, samuha so aNuNNA aNuaogo ya pavatta / 19 vizeSAvazyakamAya, 172,173 Na parapvodhayAi ja do vi sarUvato matisutAi / ta+kAraNAI doNha vi vodhanti tato raNa bheto siN|| 50vasuttamasAdhAraNakArato paravivodhaka hojjaa| 20 bhagavatI, 8, 2317 21 DAraNa, 2, 1 103 . 22 pravacanasAra, 57,58 . parada0 te aksA va sahAvo ti appaNo bhagidA / upalakSa hi kadha pacakha appayo hodi / / ja parado viNAya ta tu parokkha ti maNidamasu / 23 pravacanasAra, 58 1 jahi kevaleNa pAda hadi hi jIveNa 5ccasa / / 24 pravacanasAra, 54 ja pecchado pramutta mutta su adidiya ca pacchaNNA / sayala saga ca 382 ta gAra havadi paccakkha //

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( 10 ) ke dvArA jAnA sakatA hai / ata indriya aura mana se hone vAlA jAna parokSa tathA kevala zrAtmA ke dvArA hone vAlA jAna pratyakSa kahalAtA hai| indriya-jAna ko parokSa mAnane kA dUsarA kAraNa yaha hai ki usame mAya aura viparyaya kA avakAza rahatA hai / jinabhadragaraNI ne isake samarthana me likhA hai rAjaya aura viparyaya kI sabhAvanA ke kAraNa indriya-jJAna aura manojAna parokSa hotA hai| pratyakSa jJAna me sazaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya ye nahIM hote / 25 jJAna kA svarUpa zrAtmA kI cetanA eka aura akhaNDa hai| vaha sUrya ko bhAti sahaja pradIpta hai| usake do rUpa hote hai anAvRta aura zrAvRta / pUrNatayA anAvRta cetanA kA nAma kevala jAna hai / yaha svabhAva-jAna hai / ise nirupAdhika-jAna bhI kahA jAtA hai / anAvRta cetanA kI avasthA meM jAnane kA prayatna nahI karanA hotA, isalie vaha jAna sahaja hotA hai / zrAvRta avasthA me bhI cetanA sarvathA zrAvRta nahI hotii| vaha kucha na kucha anAvRta rahatI hI hai / sUrya ko AvRta karane vAle bAdala sadhana hote haiM to prakAza madatara hotA hai| para dina-rAta kA vibhAga ho sake itanA prakAza avazya rahatA hai / cetanA para Aparakha saghana hotA hai to mAna mada hotA hai / vaha saghanatara hotA hai to jAna mandatara hotA hai| phira bhI jIva-ajIva kA vibhAga ho sake itanA caitanya nizcita hI anAvRta rahatA hai| yaha jAna vibhAvajJAna yA sopAdhikamAna hai / 26 jJAna kevala indriyAnubhava se hone vAlA pratyaya yA vimAna hI nahI hai, vaha zrAtmA kA svara5 hai / vaha zrAtmA ke sAtha nirantara rahatA hai / hama jAna ko janma ke sAtha lAte haiM aura matyu ke sAtha use le jAte haiM / AtmA ke sAtha usakA sambandha isa podgalika zarIra jasA nahI hai jo janma ke sAtha vane aura mRtyu ke sAtha chUTa jAe / AtmA usa kore kAgaja jaisA nahI hai jisa para anubhava apane savedana aura sva-savedanarUpI aguliyo se jAnarUpI akSara likhatA rhe| zAna kA mUla srota aura utpatti mAna AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa hai aura vaha nyUnAdhika mAtrA me anAvRta rahatA hai| isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAna kA mUla srota paitanya kI 25 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 93 6 vimonimitta paroklaniha sAyADamAvAjho ! takakAraNa parIkkha joha mAmAsamaNumAra / / 26 niyamasAra, 11 kevalamidiyarahiya asahAya ta sahAvaraNArA ti / maNNAgiraviyappe bihAvaraNAga have duviha / /

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( 11 / anAvRta avasthA hai / isake atirikta tIna srota aura hai- indriya, mana aura shraatmaa| hamArA indriya-vikAsa caitanya-vikAsa ke AdhAra para hotA hai| mAna-vikAsa kI taratamatA ke AdhAra para zArIrika indriyo kI racanA me bhI taratamatA hotI hai / mAnasika vikAsa bhI tanya-vikAsa para nirbhara hai| indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke vinA hone vAlA mAna kevala prAtmA para nirbhara hotA hai / isa prakAra patanyavikAsa kI dRSTi se jJAna ke mUla srota tIna haiM idriya, mana aura AtmA / ___jJAna kI utpatti antaraga aura bahiraMga dono kAraNoM se hotI hai / bAharI padArthoM kA ucita sAmIpya hone para jAna utpanna hotA hai to Antarika manana ke dvArA bhI jAna utpanna hotA hai| jJAna kI sImA indriyA pAca hai sparzana, rasana, prANa, cakSu aura zrotra / pratyeka indriya me eka-eka viSaya ko jAnane kI kSamatA hotI hai 127 1 sparzana - sparza / 2 rasana - rasa / 3 prANa - gandha 4 cakSu - 25 / 5 zrotra - zabda / ye viSaya indriya-jJAna ko utpanna nahIM karate kintu inakA ucita sAmIpya hone para zAtA apane prayatna se indriyo ke dvArA unhe jAna letA hai| indriyA dravya ko sAkSAt nahI jaantii| eka guNa yA paryAya ke mAdhyama se use jAna sakatI hai, isalie indriyo kA paryAya-jJAna pratyakSa hotA hai aura dra0ya-jJAna parokSa / ve kevala vartamAna ko jAnatI haiN| atIta aura bhaviSya ko jAnane kI kSamatA uname nahI hai| anubhavavAdI dArzanika kevala indriyAnubhava ko hI vAstavika jJAna mAnate haiM, kintu indriyo ke vikhare hue jAna kA sakalana karane vAlA koI jJAna na ho to hama kisI bhI sAmAnya niyamanirdhAraNa nahIM kara sakate / mana sparza aAdi viSayoM ko sAkSAt nahIM jAnatA, indriyo ke mAdhyama se hI jAnatA hai| ata vaha vastu-sparzI nahI hai para usame indriyo dvArA gRhIta saba viSayo kA makalana aura traikAlika paryAlocana karane 27 jainasiddhAnta dIpikA, 2/27 pratiniyatAryagrahaNamindriyama /

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( 12 ) kI kSamatA hai 128 isa STi se indriya-jAna kI apekSA mAnasika-jJAna adhika vikasita hai / indriyo ke dvArA jo anubhava ajita hote hai, ve pratyaya yA vimAna kahalAte hai| hama kevala vijJAno ko hI nahI jAnate kintu aise niyamo zrIra saMbaMdho ko bhI jAna lete hai jo pahale jJAta nahIM hote| jJAna kI isa kSamatA kA nAma prajA yA puddhi hai / 29 indriya-jJAna, mAnasika-zAna aura prajJA-yaha matijJAna kI sImA hai / hama saketo aura zabdo ke mAdhyama se bhI jJeya viSaya ko jAna lete haiN| hama ani nAmaka padArtha ko dekhakara usake pAcaka zabda ko jAnane kA prayatna karate haiM, athavA agni zabda kA arthavodha kara usake vAcya-artha ko jAnane kA prayatna karate haiM / yaha prajvalita padArya agni zabda kA vAcya hai, isa prakAra vAcya-vAcaka savadha kI yojanA se hone vAle zAna, adhyayana se prApta jJAna aura prAyogika jAna kI niracAyakatA zrutajJAna kI sImA hai| bhUtta dravyo kA sAkSAt zAna karanA avadhi jAna kI sImA hai / mana kA sAkSAt zAna karanA mana paryava-jJAna kI sImA hai| kevala jJAna sarvathA anAvRta jAna hai, isalie usame saba dravyo aura paryAya) ko sAkSAt jAnane kI kSamatA hai / yahI usakI sImA hai| indriya-jJAna aura pramANazAstra atIndriya zAna eka viziSTa upalabdhi hai| vaha mArvajanika nahIM hai, isalie vaha nyAya-zAstra kA bahucarcita bhAga nahI hai| usakA bahucarcita bhAga indriya-jJAna (mati-zru ta jJAna) hai / matijJAna kramika hotA hai / usakA krama yaha hai 1 vijaya ra viSayI jA sannipAta ! 2. darzana nivikalpa boSa, sattAmAtra kA bodha / 3 avagraha 'kucha hai' kI pratIti / 4 IhA 'yaha honA cAhie' isa AkAra kA jAna / 5 avAya 'yahI hai' isa prakAra kA nirNaya / 28 29 janasiddhAnta dIpikA, 2133 savarthivAhi kAlika mana / / nadIsUtra (37) me matinAna ke do prakAra batalAe gae haiM zrutanizrita mati zrIra azratanizrita mati / vijJAnI ko jAnane vAlI mati ko zrutanizrita aura prajJA dvArA ajJAta vidhi-niSedha ke niyamo aura savadho ko jAnane vAlI mati ko azrutanizrita kahA jAtA hai /

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6 7 8 9 ( 13 ) dhAraNA nirNIta viSaya kI sthiratA, vAsanA, saMskAra / smRti saMskAra ke jAgaraNa se hone vAlA 'vaha' - isa AkAra kA bodha | sajJA smRti aura pratyakSa se hone vAlA 'yaha vaha hai' isa zrAkAra kA bodha cintA 'ghUma agni ke hone para hI hotA hai' isa prakAra ke niyamo kA nirNAyaka vodha, tarka yA aha / zrabhinibodha hetu se hone vAlA sAdhya kA jJAna, anumAna 10 hetu cAra prakAra kA hotA hai vidhi-sAyaka vidhi hetu 2 vidhi-sAyaka niSeva hetu 3 niSedhasAva vidhi hetu niSeva-sAdhaka niSedha hetu 4 viSaya-viSayI ke sannipAta aura darzana ke binA avagraha nahI hotA / zravagraha ke binA IhA, IhA ke binA avAya, avAya ke vinA dhAraNA, dhAraNA ke binA smRti, smRti ke vinA sajJA, sajA ke vinA cintA aura cintA ke binA zrabhinibodha nahI ho sakatA / zrutajJAna kA vistAra do rUpo me huA hai eka syAdavAda aura dUsarA naya | jaina tArkiko ne prameya kI vyavasthA zrutajJAna ( Agama) ke AdhAra para kI, syAdvAda aura naya ke dvArA kI / prAmANika kI pariSad me zrutajJAna kA hI Alavana liyA gayA aura usI ke AdhAra para nyAya kA vikAsa huA / use isa bhASA me prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai -- ' jAvaiyA vayaraNapahA tAvaiyA huti suryAvagappA' jitane vacana ke prakAra hai utane hI zrutajJAna ke vikalpa haiN| ve asakhya hai / pramANa bhI asakhya ho sakate haiM / hama sUkSma dRSTi se dekheM to yaha prApta hogA ki dekhane, socane aura kahane ke jitane nirNAyaka prakAra haiM utane pramANa haiM / naya ke viSaya me yahI bAta kahI gaI hai 'jAvaiyA vayaraNapahA tAvaiyA huti nayavAyA' jitane bolane ke prakAra utane hI naya / jitane Azaya jitanI svIkRtiyA utane hI naya / isakA artha yaha huA ki jaina nyAya ke anusAra pramANo kA sakhyAkaraNa sApekSa hai / X X X 1 kyA zrAgama se atIndriyajJAna prApta hotA hai ? kyA atIndriyajJAnI vAraNI kA prayoga nahI karatA ? kyA usake vikalpa nahI hote ? Agama se atIndriya tatvoM kA jJAna prApta ho sakatA hai jJAna kI upalabdhi kA sAdhana nahI hai / usakA sAdhana hai kintu vaha atIndriyadhyAna kA sUkSmatama

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( 14 ) abhyAsa | vaha zabda kI bhAvanA se nahIM kintu nirvikalpa zravasyA kI anubhUti se hotA hai | usame zabda samApta, vikalpa samApta aura indriya samApta | bAhara kA bhatra kucha samApta ho jAtA hai | zrAgama me pratIndriyajJAna nahI hotA kintu jinheM atIndriyajJAna prApta hotA hai unakI vANI Agama ho jAtI hai / zabda samApta hone kA artha yaha nahIM ki atIndriyajJAnI kucha bolatA hI nahI | vikalpa samApta hone kA artha yaha nahIM ki atIndriyanAnI kucha socatA hI nahIM / ni zavdatA aura nirvikalpatA zratIndriyajJAna ke kAla me hI hotI hai, kriyAkAla me nahI / 2 kyA prameya prakAraNaparataMtra hai ? prameya kI vyavasthA pramAraNa ke adhIna hai- isakA artha yaha nahIM ki prameya kA astitva pramAraNa ke pravIna hai / prameya bhI svatantra hai aura pramANa bhI svatantra hai / dono kA apanA-apanA astitva hai / pramANa kA kAma prameya ko utpanna karanA nahI hai, kintu usakI vyAkhyA, vizleSaNa aura vargIkaraNa karanA hai | yaha vyavasthA nAna ke dvArA hI ho sakatI hai / isalie prameya kI vyavasthA ko pramANAdhIna mAnane me koI kaThinAI pratIta nahIM hotI / pAnI hai, aura hajAro varSoM se vaha hai / 52 pAnI kI vyAkhyA jJAna ke dvArA hI kI jA sakatI hai / pAnI kyA hai ? vaha mUla dravya hai yA yaugika dravya ? yaha vyavasthA jJAna ke dvArA hotI hai | jahA~ vyavasthA kA prazna hai vahA pramAraNa kI prAthamikatA hogI aura prameya kI gAMraNatA / 3 hamArA sAmAnya anubhava yaha hai ki jJAna vikalpo se hotA hai / nivikalpa sthiti me dhyAna ho sakatA hai, para jJAna kaise ho sakatA hai ? hamAre pAsa vikalpa ke do mAdhyama haiM mana aura bhASA | jaba hama vikalpa kI sthiti meM hote haiM taba usakI alaga gaharAI meM chipA huA caitanya anAvRta nahI hotA ! hase anAvRta rane jaini hame vAya, zarIra, bhASA zraaura mana LI navatatA kA mavaraNa karanA hotA hai / yahI nirvikalpa sthiti hai | yahI caitanya ke prAvaraNa ko toDane kI prakriyA hai / jaba caitanya kA prAvaraNa TUTatA hai tava caitanya pragaTa ho jAtA hai, jo mahaja hai / kevala jJAna sUrya kI taraha prakAzapuja hai / sUrya ke Age bAdala AtA hai to prakAza me tAratamya ho jAtA hai / prakAza kI madatA aura tIvratA jaise bAdala kI saghanatA aura viralatA para AvRta hai vaise hI caitanya kI spaSTatA aura aspaSTatA zrAvaraNa kI saghanatA aura viralatA para AvRta hai / nirvikalpa caitanya kI anubhUti ke dvArA caitanya kA AvaraNa virala ho jAtA hai | yaha AvaraNa jaise-jaise virala hotA hai, vaise-vaise jJAna abhivyakta hotA hai | aspaSTatA aura spaSTatA se hone vAle jJAna ke vibhAjano ko zrImajjayAcArya ne eka caukI ke

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( 15 ) udAharaNa ke dvArA samajhAyA hai| jaise eka paukI 20 me dabI huI hai / usakA eka konA dikhAI de rahA hai / vaha eka svatantra vastu pratIta ho rahI hai| isI prakAra vAlU ke haTane para dUsarA, tIsarA aura cauthA konA dikhAI de to cAra vastue pratIta hone laga jAtI hai| bAlU pUrI caukI para se haTa jAtI hai to eka akhaDa caukI pratIta hotI hai| isI prakAra indriyo kI khir3akI se dekhakara hama kahate haiM yaha indriyazAna hai / mastika ke mAdhyama se cintana karate hai taba hama kaha sakate hai yaha manojAna hai mAdhyamo se hama jAna ko vATa dete haiN| java pUrA AvaraNa haTa jAtA hai tava sAre vibhAjana samApta ho jAte hai / taba kevala jJAna zeSa rahatA hai, nipAdhikazAna, zuddhamAna, sahajanAna / kevalamAna kA eka artha hotA hai korA jAna / isa bhUmikA me savedana samApta ho jAtA hai| jaba taka savedana hotA hai taba taka zuddha jAna nahIM hotA, kevala jJAna nahI hotA / zuddha caitanya kA anubhava hone kI sthiti me zAna "dhyAna bana jAtA hai aura zuddha patanya kA pUrNa udaya hone para dhyAna kevala jAna bana jAtA hai| 4 jana-nyAya me jJAna ko para-prakAzI hI mAnA gayA hai yA sva-prakAzI bhI ? jAna sva-para-prakAzI hai jo sva-prakAzI nahI hotA vaha para-prakAzI bhI nahIM ho sakatA, jaise-ghaTa / jo prameya acetana hotA hai vahI dUsaro ke dvArA prakAzita hotA hai / jAna yadi para-prakAzI ho aura sva-prakAzI na ho to use jAnane ke lie dUsare jJAna kI apekSA hogii| phira tIsare mAna kii| isa zRkhalA kA kahI anta nahI hogaa| anavasthA kabhI nahI ttuuttegii| sUrya ko dekhane ke lie dUsare sUrya kI apekSA nahIM hai kyoki vaha sva-prakAzI bhI hai isa prakAra jAna ko jAnane ke lie dUsare jJAna kI apekSA nahI hai kyoki vaha sva-prakAzI bhI hai| 5 kyA atIndriya zAna sarvasammata hai ? kyA hetu ke dvArA use siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ? jana darzana ne atIndriyajJAna ko svIkRti dI hai| sAkhya, vauddha, nyAya, zeSika, mImAsaka zrAdi darzano ne bhI use mAnyatA dI hai| isa svIkRti me eka antara hai| mImAsaka manuSya ko atIndriyajJAnI nahI mAnate / nyAya aura zeSika darzana bhI manuSya ke jJAna ko IzvarIya nAna se prakAzita mAnate haiM / jana darzana ke anusAra manuSya atIndriyazAnI ho sakatA hai / amUrta padArya aura atIndriyajJAna dono hetu kI sImA me nahI Ate / hetu kA prAdhAra hai vyApti aura vyApti kA AdhAra hai indriyajJAna aura mAnasazAna / jo puruSa apane dhyAna-bala se atIndriyazAna prApta kara cuke haiM, unakI vANI para hama vizvAsa karate haiM, tabhI hama kahate hai ki atIndriyanAna hotA hai / vaha zAna

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( 16 ) mumai mI prApta nahI hai aura zrApo nI prApta nahI hai maiM bhI mAnyatA che zrAdhAra para tArU ji vaha hotA hai aur zrApa nI mAnyatA ? zrAdhAra para hate haiM vadda nahI hotA / nisane dhyAna LA prakhyAta yiA hai vah sa nambArM che nita pannuna khAtA hai ji zratIndriyajJAna upalabdha hosatA hai / pusA prAthami rUpa hai prajJA / yoA jI bASA me puse prAtibhanAna te haiM| saLI kSamatA hama satra me hai / nIvana me kaI vAra hasaLA anumavarate haiM / mana meM zrayA mitra AA / varavAnA lolA aura mitra zrAvAyA / ztro me bhrAtA Amiti"na merA mArUM zroA' caMd AAmAsa hotA hai aura dUsare vina bhAre zrA mI. nAtA hai hama apanI timA jA 7payoga ma te haiM jisase ariSita haiM / mArI prapekSA pazu-pakSI zrapanI atIndriyajJAna nI zoo lAdhi GapayoAte haiM| prANIzAstriyo ae anusAra ane pazu-pakSI tUAna, muvAla, jvALAmulI viAti prajopo jo khAna chete haiM aura ve vahA se dU je nAte haiM| manuSyone ndriyo jA trAdhAra bradhiLa niyA satti" nI pratIndriyajJAna ii kSamatA ma o aa2e I hama jJAna ddo prajAra aa hotA hai paveza-nirapekSa aur paveza-nata / nAtismRti (pUrvananma aa jJAna) zraura prAtimannAna paveza-nirapekSa nAna haiM| nip phadde sahanatijJA nAtA hai / 75vezanita jJAna me save do satA hai, ntui no vyaktti zrapane pUrvananma jo svayaM veva rahA hai, cA zrapanI pratimA se nina sabbArDa jo nAna rahA hai, pase sa viSaya me savehse hovA ? bAr mahAvIra nAtismRti jI prayA vatatA vete the / sAvaLa saprajyA se nAtismRti je panava ddo nAtA, SThira te pratIndriyajJAna me savehna nahI hotA haiM yatimonane yoAvargana LI vRtti me nilA hai AvA zramane ziSyo jor3esA pratyakSa Rnubhava rA re khisake jIse apane sAyanA-mArca meM joI saveh na ddo ! atIndriyajJAna aa yA to anubhava yiA nA sakatA hai yA usa para vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai / kintu usakI sthApanA ke lie jore sarvasammata hetu prastuta nahI yiA ST sarjAtA I

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darzana yuga kA jaina nyAya darzana kI mImAmA IsA pUrva AThavI zatAbdI me prArambha ho cukI thii| IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI taka usameM yogIjAna yA pratyakSa jJAna pramukha thA aura tarka gauNa / usake bAda darzana ke kSetra me pramANa bhImAsA yA nyAya-zAstra kA vikAsa huA / darzana me pramANa kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai, isalie pramANa ke dvArA samarthita darzana yuga kA prArambha IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se hotA hai| isa yuga me pramANazAstra yA nyAya-zAstra kA darzanazAstra ke sAtha gaThabaMdhana ho gyaa| pro0 jekobI ke anusAra I0 200-450, pro0 dhruva ke anusAra IsA pUrva kI zatAbdI me gautama Rpi ne nyAyasUtra kI racanA kii| Isa) kI pahalI rAtI me kaNAda RSi ne vaizeSikasUtra kI racanA kii| IsA kI cauthI zatI me bAdarAyaNa ne brahmasUtra kI racanA kii| I0 pU0 6-7 vI zatI me kapilamuni ne sAkhyasUtra kA praNayana kiyaa| IsA kI dUsarI se cauthI zatI ke bIca IzvarakRSNa ne sAkhyakArikA kI racanA kii| nyAyazAstra ke vikAsa me vauddho aura naiyAyiko ne pahala kii| bauddha dArzanika nAgArjuna (I0 300) ne gautama ke 'nyAyasUtra' kI AlocanA kii| vAtsyAyana (I0 400) ne 'nyAyamUtra bhASya' se usa pAlocanA kA uttara diyA / bauddha zrAcArya diDa nAga (I0 500) ne vAtsyAyana ke vicAroM kI samIkSA kii| udyotakara (I0 600) ne 'nyAyavAtika' me unakA uttara diyA / vauddha AcArya dharmakIti (I0 700) ne 'nyAyavindu' me udyotakara kI samIkSA kI pratyAlocanA kI / vAda AcArya dharmottara (I0 8-9 zatI) ne 'nyAyavindu' kI TIkA me dinaa| aura dharmakIti ke abhyupagamI kI puSTi kii| vAcaspati mizra (I0 800) ne 'nyAyapAtika kI tAtparya TIkA' me bauddho ke AkSepo kA nirasana kara udyotakara ke abhyupagamo kA samarthana kiyaa| IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI se AThavI zatAbdI taka bauddho aura naiyAyiko me khaDana-maDana kA tIvra saMgharSa claa| isa sagharSa me nyAyazAstra ke naye yuga kA sUtrapAta huaa| jahA darzanI kA paraspara saMgharSa hotA hai, saba dArzanika apane-apane abhyupagamA kI sthApanA aura dUsaro ke abhyupagamo kA nirasana karate haiM vahI Agama kA gau|

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( 18 ) aura hetu kA mukhya honA svAbhAvika hai| dArzanika sAdhya kI siddhi ke lie Agama kA samarthana nahIM cAhatA, vaha hetu pAhatA hai| prAgama aura hetu kA samanvaya darzanayugIna jaina nyAya kI kucha viziSTa upalabdhiyA hai| pahalI upalabdhi haiAgama aura hetu kA samanvaya / zrAma yuga me atima prAmANya prAramaanya yA vyakti kA mAnA jAtA thaa| mImAsaka atima prAmANya vedo kA mAnate haiN| unakA abhimata hai ki veda apauruSeya haiM puruSa ke dvArA nirmita nahI haiN| IzvarIya nidaza haiM isalie atima prAmANya unhI kA ho sakatA hai / jaina AcArya pItA manuSya ko atima pramANa mAnate haiN| jana paribhASA me Agama kA artha hotA hai puru5 / vaha puru5 jisake sava doSa kSINa ho jAte haiM, jo vItarAga yA kevalI vana jAtA hai / syaanaa| mUtra me pAca vyavahAra nirdiSTa haiM zrAgama, zruta, pAsA, dhAraNA aura jIta / kevalanAnI, avadhijJAnI, mana paryavazAnI, caturdazapUrvI, dazapUrvI aura abhinnadazapUrvI (nau pUrva tathA dasave pUrva kI tIsarI AcAracUlA ko jAnane vAlA) ye chaho puruSa bhAgama hote haiM / Agamapuru5 ko upasthiti me vahI sarvopari pramANa hai| usakI anupasthiti me zrata (Agama puruSa kA vacana-sakalana) pramANa hotA hai| Agamayuga me pAgama puru5 kA aura usakI anupasthiti me zruta kA prAmANya thaa| darzanayuga me Agama kA prAmANya goya, hetu yA taka kA prAmANya mukhya ho gyaa| jana AcAryo dvArA Agamayuga me bhI hetu asvIkRta nahI yaa| 'nako'prati0'tarka a-pratita hai-yaha vicAra jaina nyAya me kabhI pratiSThita nahIM huaa| isakA kAraNa samajhane ke lie pUrva pacita pAca nAno ke viSaya-vastu ko samajhanA hogaa| mati aura zrutamAna ke dvArA saba dravya jAne jA sakate haiM, kintu unake saba paryAya nahI jAne jA sakate / ' dravya do prakAra ke haiM pUta aura amUrta / amUta dravya indriyoM ke dvArA jJaya nahI haiM, mana ke dvArA ve jAne jA sakate hai / ve propde| ke dvArA bhI jAne jA sakate hai / jaina Agamo me padravya kI vyavasthA hai dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, kAla, pudgalAstikAya aura jIvAstikAya / iname pudgalAstikAya mUta hai aura zeSa maba amUkta / amUrta dravya indriyo ke dvArA 1 (ka) bhagavatI, 8/184,185 1 (kha) tatvArya, 1/26 matizrutayonivandho dravyevamarvaparyAyaSu / 2 tatvAryavAtika, 126 banandriyapu mate ramAvAta marvadravyAnapratyaya kRti re, ra, naphandriyaviprytvaat /

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( 19 ) gamya nahI hote, isakA tAtparya hai ki usakI vyApti nahI ho sakatI-avinAbhAva ke niyama kA nirdhAraNa nahIM ho sakatA / jisakI vyApti nahI ho sakatI usakA anumAna nahI ho sakatA / ata abhUta dravya kevala paropadeza (zruta jAna) ke dvArA hI jAne jA sakate haiM / atIndriya-draSTA puruSo ne amUrta dravyo kA sAkSAt kiyA aura unakA pratipAdana kiyA / usa pratipAdana ke AdhAra hama jAna sakate haiM ki amUrta dravya haiM / mUrta dravyo ko indriyo ke dvArA jAna sakate haiN| unhe kucheka paryAyo dvArA nahIM jAna sakate haiM, saba payAyo dvArA nahI jAna sakate / cakSu ke dvArA vastu ke rUpa ko jAna sakate haiM kintu anya paryAyo ko nahI jAna sakate / paropadeza (zrutajJAna) zabda ke mAdhyama se hotA hai / zabda sakhyeya haiM / paryAya sakhyeya, asakhyeya aura ananta haiM, isalie paropadeza ke dvArA bhI sara paryAya nahI jAne jA skte| avadhi aura mana paryava ke dvArA mUrta dravya hI jAne jA sakate hai / kevalajJAna se mUta aura amUta-dono sAkSAt hote hai / / kevalajJAna ke dvArA zeya kA sAkSAt hotA hai, isalie usame hetu kA koI avakAza nahIM hotA / zrutajJAna ke dvArA padArtha kA sAkSAt jJAna nahI hotA isalie usame hetu kA avakAza hai / siddhAnta cakravartI nemicandra ne zrutajJAna ke do prakAra batalAe haiM zavdaja aura ligaja / zabda ke sahAre hone vAlA zrutajJAna zabdaja hotA hai aura liga (hetu) se hone vAlA zrutajJAna ligaja kahalAtA hai / eka arya ke dvArA dUsare artha kA upalabha honA zru tajJAna hai| jaba hama dhUma ke dvArA agni kA jJAna karate haiM taba dhUma nAmaka artha se agni nAmaka artha kA bodha hotA hai / isa prakAra zrutajJAna me hetu kI asvIkRti nahI hai / isakA tAtparya hai ki prAgamayuga me bhI hetu mAnya rahA hai / kintu zrAgamapuruSa kI upasthiti me usakI upayogitA kama ho jAtI hai| jaba taka 3 tatvArthavAttika, 1/26 zrutamapi zabdAraca sava sakhyayA eva, dravyaparyAyA puna saMkhyeyA'sakhyeyAnantabhedA , na te sarva vizeSakAraNa viSayAkriyante / 4 (ka) tatvArya 1/27 rUpivavadhe / (kha) vahI, 1/28 tadanantabhAgo mana paryayasya / 5 tatvArtha, 1/29 sarvadravyaparyAyeSu vevasyA.

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( 20 ) kevalajAnI aora viziSTa pUrvadhara pAnArya the taba taba jI para merA gA pramANa-mImAmA kA vikAsa nahIM huaa| nApI pahanI mAtA sI meM grAyakSina meM anuyogahAra mUtra me pramANa kI vizada jI kI hai| mana pravatI gAri 5 me pramANa kI itanI vizada pa prApta nahIM hotI / rzana yuga meM jan henuvA- pramunA aura viziSTa zrutava prAcAryo kI upayiti nahI rahI taba mana mAnAya bhI hetuvAda kI ora AkRSTa hue / im| margata ni ni mAritya meM milatA hai| niyuktikAra kA nidaza hai ki mandabuddhi zrotA ke lie udA. - grora tIra vAra zrotA ke lie hetu kA prayoga karanA caahie|" yativRpama ne hetuvAda ke samarthana meM ph mahAyapUrNa ud fail hai 13. anusAra atIndriya padArthoM ke viSaya me chadamamya manuSya (jise va nAna prApta nahI hai) ke vikalpa niyamata avimavAdI nahIM hote| ye vinayAdI bhI hote hai / isalie pUrvAcAryoM kI vyAsyAtrI ke mAtha-sAya hetuvAda kI di. bhI thI na honI pAhie / usase do lAma ho sakate hai vyutpanna ziSyoM ko buddhi kI manuSTi ho sakatI hai aura avyutpanna zipyo ko tattva kI aora zrApa kiyA jA sakatA hai| hetuvAda ke prayoga kI do ora me apekSA huii| dUsare dAnika va tupAda ke dvAga khaDana-maina karane lage taba apane middhAntoM kI surakSA ke lie hetuvAda kA prayoga karanA Avazyaka pratIta huaa| prabhAvAn jaina muni bhI viSaya ke pa88 boca lie hetuvAda kI mAga karane lge| isa prakAra bhItarI aura bAharI donoM kAraNo me hetuvAda ko vikasita karanA apekSita ho gayA / jana prAcAryoM ke pIche bhAgamapuruSo ke nirapaNo kI eka. puSTa paramparA pii| usame aneka atIndriyagamya tatva nirUpita the / ve hetugamya nahI the / isa sthiti me hetu ke prayoga kI maryAdA karanA Avazyaka huA / isa AvazyakatA kI pUrti AcArya samantabhadra aura siddhasena ne kii| prAcArya siddhasena ne 'manamati me mAgama aura hetuvAda ina do pakSo kI svatantratA sthApita kI aura yaha batalAyA ki AgamapAda ke pakSa me pAgama kA aura hetuvAda ke pakSa me hetu kA prayoga karane vAlA tatva kA samyaka vyAkhyAtA hotA hai tathA AganavAda ke pakSa me hetu kA aura hetuvAda ke 6 dazavakAlika niyukti, gAthA 49 / 7 tiloyapaNatI, 7/613 zraviMviNabu pavanvesu dukhatyaviyakhAAmavivAziyamAmAvAvo ! tamhA pu0vAiriyavasAyAparipAe esA vi disA hetuvAdAsAriviyupaNNasisAghugaha-anuppaNyAjaupAyaNa ca darise60vA /

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( 21 ) pakSa me pAgama kA prayoga karane vAlA tatva kA samyaka vyAkhyAtA nahI hotA 18 bArAmagranyo me kevalajAnI ke vacana sakalita hote haiN| uname prAya atIndriya artha nirUpita hote haiN| ve hetu yA tarka se atIta hote hai| isalie uname hetu kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| indriyagamya vi55 hetu ke dvArA samajhe jA sakate hai ata unakI siddhi hetu ke dvArA kI jAnI caahie| unakI siddhi ke lie Agama kA prayoga karanA upayukta nahIM hotaa| ahetugamya padArtha zarIramukta AtmA atIndriya hai| usakI siddhi ke lie koI tarka nahIM hai| mati use grahaNa nahI kara pAtI / bhRguputro ne apane pitA se kahA AtmA amUta hai, ata vaha indriyo ke dvArA nahI jAnA jA sakatA vanaspati ke jIva vAsa lete haiN| uname zrAhAra, bhaya, maithuna, parigraha, krodha mAna, mAyA, lobha ye sArI sajAe hotI haiM / harSa aura zoka hotA hai| pRthvI kAya ke jIvo me unmAda hotA hai| ye atIndriya viSaya haiM / hetu ke dvArA inhe pramANita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / amUta tatva, sUkSma mUta tatva aura sUkSma paryAya ye saba bAgama ke prAmANya se hI siddha ho sakate hai / atIndriya padArya bhAgama-sAdhita padArtha hote hai / hetugamya padArtha zarIrayukta jIva hetu ke dvArA siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai / jisame sajAtIya se utpanna hone aura sajAtIya ko utpanna karane kI kSamatA hotI hai vaha jIva hotA 8 sanmati prakaraNa, 3/43-45 duvihI dhammAvAzrI aheuvAzrI ya heuvAyo ya / tattha u aheuvAzro bhaviyA'bhaviyAdI bhAvA / bhavizrI samma6 saNa-pANa-carittapaDivattisapano / siyamA dukhatakaDo ti lakkharaNa heuvAyarasa / / jo heuvAyapasammi he'zro bhAgame ya zrAgamizrI / so sasamayapaNNavo siddha tavirAhI ano|| 9 dhavalA, 6/1/9/6 AgamI hi gAma kevalaNANapurassaro pAyeNa / zrAviyatyavaso aitiyasAmo nuttimoyarAvIyo 10 prAyA, 5/124,125 takkA tatya raNa vijja / maI tatya raNa gahiyA / 11 uttarayaNAgi, 14/19 no idiyagejjha amuttabhAvA /

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( 22 ) hai / jisame ye kSamatAe nahI hotI vaha jIva nahI hotA nimame zvAna LA pavana hotA hai vaha jIva hotA hai / garIvArI zrAtmA kA jIvatva hetu ke dvArA siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai / ata hetu sAvita padArtho ke lie hetu kA prayoga apekSita hai / zrAcArya samantabhadra ne likhA hai anApta vaktA kI upasthiti me tatva kI siddhi hetu se kI jAtI hai / vaha hetusAdhita tatva hotA hai / prApta vaktA kI upasthiti me tattva kI siddhi usake vacana se kI jAtI hai / vaha zrAgamansAcita ta hotA hai | 12 jJAna kA pramANIkaraNa dUsarI upalabdhi hai jJAna kA pramANa ke rUpa me prastutIkaraNa / zrAryarakSita dvArA anuyogadvAra sUtra me kiyA huA prasAraNa-nirUpaNa nyAyadarzanAvalambI hone ke kAraNa jaina nyAya me pratiSThita nahIM ho sakA / anya dArzanika pramAraNa kI carcA prastuta karate the, vahA jaina darzana me jJAna kI pratiSThA thI / pramAraNasamarpita darzana guma me jaba sabhI dArzanika pramANa kA vikAsa kara rahe the, una samaya samanvaya kI dRSTi se jaina AcAryoM ke sAmane bhI pramANa ke vikAsa kA prazna upasthita huA / isa prazna kA samAvAna sarva prathama vAcaka umAsvAti ne kiyaa| unhoMne jJAna aura pramANa kA samanvaya prastuta kiyA / yaha zrAgamayugIna jJAna-paramparA aura pramAraNavyavasthA ke bIca samanvayametu banA | siddhasena aura kalaka ne pramANa ko svataMtra rUpa me pratiSThita kara diyA | vAcaka umAsvAti kA samanvaya ina sUtro me prastuta hai 12 13 matizrRtAdhimanIparyaMcavajJAna jJAnam / tat pramANe / Adya parokSam / pratyakSamanyat / 13 mati, zruta, avadhi, mana paryaMva aura kevala ye pAca jJAna haiM / ye jJAna hI pramANa haiM / mati aura zruta ye do jJAna parokSa pramANa haiM / avadhi, mana paryaMva aura kevala ye tIna jJAna pratyakSa pramANa haiM / AptamImAsA, 78 vaktaryanApte yaddhato, sAcya taddhetusAvitam / prApte vakttari navAcArsAvyamAnamasAdhitana tattvArya, 1/9-12

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( 23 ) vAcaka umAsvAti dvArA prastuta pramANa-vyavasthA me prathama do jJAno ko parokSa tathA zeSa tIna jAno ko pratyakSa mAnane kI Agamika paramparA surakSita hai / isa vyavasthA me kevala itanA parivartana hai ki pratyakSa aura parokSa jJAna pratyakSa aura parokSa pramANa ke rUpa me prasthApita kie gae prAcIna paramparA me jJAna kA vahI artha thA jo darzanayuga me prasAraNa kA kiyA gayA / vAcaka umAsvAti ne pramANa kA lakSaNa samyagjJAna kiyA hai / jo jJAna prazasta, avyabhicArI yA sagata hotA hai vaha samyag hai 114 unhone anumAna, upamAna, arthApatti, sambhava aura prabhAva - vibhinna tArkiko dvArA sammata ina pramANo kA mati aura zrutajJAna me samAveza kiyA hai / ina pramANo me indriya aura artha kA mannikarSa nimitta hotA hai, isalie ye mati aura zrutajJAna ke antargata hI hai 115 zrAgama, siddhasena divAkara ne nyAyAvatAra kI racanA kI / jaina paraMparA me nyAyazAstra kA yaha pahalA grantha hai / isakI kula battIsa kArikAe hai| isame pramANa ke lakSaNa, prakAra tathA anumAna ke ago kI vyavasthA kI hai| isame pramANa-vyavasthA kA vikasita rUpa upalabdha nahIM hai, phira bhI nyAyazAstra kA Adi grantha hone kA gaurava ise prApta hai / AcArya samantabhadra ne nyAyazAstra kA koI svataMtra granya nahIM likhA, kintu zrAptamImAsA tathA svayabhUstotra me unhoMne nyAyazAstrIya viSayo kI carcA kI / unhone pramANa kA sva-para-prakAzI ke rUpa me prayoga kiyA hai 116 pratyakSa prasAraNa kI saparkasUtrIya paribhASA bauddha dArzanika indriyAzrita jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa mAnate the / indriyo se vastu kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai isalie usase hone vAlA jJAna pratyakSa hotA hai / vaha kalpanAtmaka nahI hotA aura bhrAnta nahI hotA ye usakI do vizeSatAe haiM / 14 tattvArthabhASya, 1/1 / 15 tattvAryabhASya, 1/12 16 anumAnopamAnAmArthASattisambhavAmAvAnadhi = pramANAnIti nir manyante / tat kathametaditi ? trocyate / sarvANyetAni mtishrutyorntrbhuutAnIndriyArthasannibaeNnimittatvAn / svayaMbhUstotra, 63 parasparekSAnvayabhedaliGgata, prasiddhasAmAnyavizeSayostava 1 samagratAsti svaparAvabhAsaka, yathA pramANa bhuvi buddhilakSaNam //

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( 24 ) naiyAyika indriya aura arya ke mantrika se hone vAle nAna ko pratyakSa mAnate haiM / navya naiyAthiko ne pratyakSa ke do bheda mAne hai laukika aura alaulika / lAMkika pratyakSa me indriya kA artha ke sAtha mAdhAraNa mannikarSa hotA hai| alokika pratyakSa me indriya kA padArya ke sAya asAdhAraNa yA alaukika manikarSa hotA hai / jana paraparA me indriyajJAna parokSa mAnA jAtA thaa| AcArya pundakunda ne indriyanAna ke parokSa hone kA tarkapUrNa paddhati se samarthana kiyaa| umAsvAti ne bhI mati-zruta ko parokSa pramANa mAnakara indriyanAna ke parokSa hone kI puSTi kii| isa prakAra indriyajJAna ke viSaya me prAmANiko me do 52parAe cala rahI thI eka pratyakSavAdI aura dUsarI prokssvaadii| isa sthiti me kucha jana dArzaniko ne dono paraparAoM ke bIca samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna prAbhi kiyaa| indriya-pratyakSa kA pahalA ullekha anuyogadvAra mUtra me milatA hai| sthAnA mUtragata jAna-mImAsA me pratyakSa ke 'kevala' (kevalanAna) aura 'no-kevala' (avadhi mana paryava) ye do prakAra milate hai / / 5 anuyogahAra sUtra me pratyakSa ke do prakAra ki gae haiM indriya-pratyakSa aura no-indriya-pratyakSa / indriya-pratyakSa ke pAca prakAra hai 1 zrotra-indriya-pratyakSa / 2 cakSu-indriya-pratyakSa / 3 nAga-indriya-pratyakSa / 4 rasa-indriya-pratyakSa / 5 sparza-indriya-pratyakSa / no-indriya-pratyakSa ke tIna prakAra haiM 1 avadhinAna / 2 mana pryvjnyaan| 3 kevala jAna 119 17 nyAyasUtra 1/1/4 indriyArthasannitpanna gAnamAvezyamavyaminAra vyavasAyAtma pratyakSam / 18 , 2/87 5pakse gANe dubihe paNyAta, na jahA kevalavANe gheva, gokevalavANe cv| 19 ayogadArAI , sUtra 516, 517, 518 /

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( 25 ) nadI sUtra me bhI anuyogadvAragata pratyakSa viSayaka paraparA kA anusaraNa huA hai / ina do hI Agamo me indriyamAna ko pratyakSa kI koTi me rakhA gayA hai / anuyogadvAra kA racanAkAla IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI aura nadI sUtra kA racanAkAla IsA kI pAcavI zatAbdI hai| jinabhadragaraNI kSamAzramaNa kA astitva kAla IsA kI sAtavI zatAbdI hai| ve Agamika 5255 / ke pratinidhi AcArya the| unhone mAta aura zrutajJAna ke parokSa hone kA samarthana kiyA hai kintu sAtha-sAtha usameM eka nayA unmeSa bhI joDA hai| unhone pratipAdita kiyA ki anumAna ekAntata pratyakSa haiM / indriya jJAna aura mAnasa-jJAna savyavahAra pratyakSa hai / 20 / sAdhana se hone vAlA sAdhya kA jJAna anumAna hai| dhUma-darzana se jo agni kA jJAna hotA hai, vaha indriyo ke bhI sAkSAt nahI hotaa| isalie anumAna jJAna ekAntata parokSa hai / avadhi Adi se hone vAlA artha kA jJAna sAkSAt hotA hai, usame kisI mAdhyama kI apekSA nahI hotI, isalie vaha ekAntata pratyakSa hai| indriyo se jo sparza zrAdi viSayo kA jJAna hotA hai vaha indriya sAkSAtkAra hai| prata vaha indriya ke lie pratyakSa hai aura AtmA ke lie vaha parokSa hai / indriyA svaya acetana haiN| unhe viSayo kA jJAna nahIM hotA / ve jAna ke mAdhyamamAtra haiN| isa dRSTi se yaha kahanA adhika upayukta hogA ki indriyajJAna vyAvahArika dRSTi se pratyakSa hai aura pAramArthika dRSTi se parokSa hai / / / jJAtA-jJaya--pAramArthika pratyakSa / sAtA- indriya jJaya-sAvyavahArika pratyakSa / (isa prakAra me jaya zAtA ke lie parokSa aura indriya ke lie pratyakSa hotA hai / ) * jJAtA- mana dhUma- agni kevala prokss| indriyajJAna ko sAvyavahArika koTi ke pratyakSa kI svIkRti ne saparka sUtra kA kAma kiyaa| jaina prAmANiko tathA anya prAmANiko ke bIca pratyakSa viSayaka jo samasyA thI usakA samAdhAna ho gyaa| pramANa-vyavasthA ke yuga meM bhI sAvyavahArika 20 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 95 egte| parokkha ligiyamohAiya ca pacakkha / i diyamaNobhava ja ta sabavahAra5ccakkha // 21 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAyA 95, svIpazavRtti yat puna sAkSAdindriyamanonimitta tat teSAmeva pratyakSam, aliGgatvAt, Atmano'vacyAdivat, na tvAtmana , aAtmanastu tat parokSameva para nimittatvAt anumAnavat ityuktam / teSAmapi ca tat savyavahArata eva tatpratyakSam, na paramAryata / kasmAt ? acetanatvAta, paTavat, ityuktam /

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( 26 ) aura pAramAyika pratyakSa kI paramparA mAnya ho / pramANa-vyavasthA ke mukhya suutrdhaa| prAcArya akalaka ne isa 52-52 / ko mAnyatA dekara ise sthAyitva de diyA 122 anekAMta-vyavasthA aura darzana-samanvaya cauthI upalabvi hai-na-manvaya aura usake lie anekAnta kI vyavasthA kA vikAsa aura usakA vyApaka pryog| upaniSada kAla se do prazna cacita hote rahe haiM ? 1 kyA pUrNa satya jAnA jA sakatA hai ? 2 kyA pUrNa satya kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai ? ina para vibhinna dAno ne vibhinna mamAvAna prastuta kie haiN| jaina darzana ne bhI inakA mamAvAna kiyA hai| prathama prAna kA samAdhAna jAna-mImAmA ke zrIdhAra para diyA aura dUsare kA samAdhAna anekAnta ke AdhAra para diyA / 1 kevalanAnI pUrNa matya ko jAna sakatA hai| unakA mAna mayA anAvRta hotA hai / isalie unake jAna me koI avarova nahIM hotA, antaya nahIM hotA / jo kevalagAnI nahI hai vaha pUrNa matya ko nahIM jAna sktaa| kyoki vaha jAnI hI nahIM hotA, ajAnI bhI hotA hai / hama akevalI ke jJAna ko svIkAra karate haiM to mAya-mAya unake ajAna ko bhI svIkAra karate haiN| petanA kI AvRta avasthA me nAna aura ajJAna dono juDe hue rahate haiM / kevalajAnI ko hI hama pUrNanAnI kaha sakate haiM / phevalajJAnI kA eka artha yaha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai 'korA jJAnI' / vaha kevalajJAnI hai, ajJAnI nahIM hai / nAna ke stara para kevalajJAnI se nIce jitane bhI loga haiM ve bhava jAnI bhI haiM aura ajJAnI bhI haiM / jJAna aura ajJAna kI mahasvIkRti kA phalita hai ki pUrNa satya ko kevalajJAnI hI jAna sakatA hai, dUsarA nahIM jAna sktaa| satya ke mukhya pahanu do haiM dravya aura paryAya / zrutamAnI mUta aura amUrtasabhI dravyo ko jAna letA hai, 52 mava paryAyo ko nahIM jaantaa| kevalI va dravyo aura mava paryAyI ko jAnatA hai, isalie vaha pUrNa matya ko jAnatA hai / zrutazAnI zruta ke AdhAra para saba dravyoM ko jAnatA hai| kevalagAnI unheM mAsAt jAnatA hai, imalie vaha pUrNa satya ko jAnatA hai / AcArya samantabhadra ke zabdo me svAdAda aura 22 (ka) laghIyastraya, 3 . pratyakSa vizada jJAna, mukhyasavyavahArata / parola pavinAna, pramANa iti magraha // (kha) laghIya-traya vivRttikaari5| 4 tatra mAvyavahAmidrivAnidriyapratyakSama |

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( 27 ) kevalajJAna dono sava tattvo ko prakAzita karane vAle haiN| dono me itanA antara hai ki kevalajJAna ke dvArA ve sAkSAt prakAzita hote hai aura syAdvAda ke dvArA ve parokSata prakAzita hote hai / 23 / ___2 jana tattva-bhImAsA ke anusAra mUla dravya do hai- cetana aura acetana / pratyeka dravya ananta-ananta svataMtra ikAiyo me vibhakta hai / pratyeka ikAI me anantaananta paryAya haiM / ina saba dravyo, unakI svatatra ikAiyo aura unake paryAyo kI samaSTi kA nAma pUrNa satya hai / atavAdI nirapekSa satya ko mAnyatA de sakate hai kintu dvaitavAdI use svIkRti nahIM de sakate / isIlie jaina darzana ne anekAntavAda ke AdhAra para satya kI vyAkhyA kii| satya ananta paryAyAtmaka hai aura bhASA kI zakti sImita hai| eka kSaNa me eka zabda ke dvArA eka hI paryAya kA pratipAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai| pUre jIvana me bhI sImita paryAyo kA hI pratipAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai, zrata pUrNa satya kI vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sakatI, satyArA kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| spinojA ne dra05 ko anirvacanIya batalAkara samasyA se mukti pAne kA prayatna kiyA hai 124 atavAdI bhAratIya darzano ne bhI satya ko anirvacanIya mAnA hai / jana tAkiko ne dravya kI anirvacanIyatA ko mAnyatA nahI dI / unakA tarka hai ki dravya yadi anirvacanIya hai to usakA nirvacana nahI kiyA jA sakatA aura usakA nirvacana kie vinA anirvacanIyatA bhI siddha nahIM hotii| ata dravya sarvathA anirvacanIya nahI hai aura sarvathA nirvacanIya bhI nahI hai| dravya ke ananta paryAya yugapat nahI kahe jA 23 prAptamImAsA, 105 syAdavAdakavalazAne, sarvatatvaprakAzane / bheda sAkSAdasAkSAcca, hyaparatvanyatama bhavet / / dravya nirguNa aura anirvacanIya hai / hamArI vANI aura buddhi kI pahuca dravya taka nahI hai| buddhi dravya kI ora saketa karatI hai, kintu use pUrNarUpa me nahI jAna sktii| yaha nirvikalpa anubhUti kA viSaya hai / guNa buddhi ke vikalpa haiN| kisI vastu kA guNa batAnA usa vastu ko usa guNa dvArA paricchinna karanA hai| kisI vastu kA nirvacana karanA use usa aza me sImita karanA hai / sImA yA pariccheda kA artha hai- anya guNo kA niSedha / jaise kisI vastu ko zveta kahanA usame kAle, pIle, lAla Adi guNo kA niSedha karanA hai / dravya aparicchinna hai, ata nirguNa aura anirvacanIya hai / [pAzcAtya darzana, pRSTha 109 ] 24

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( 28 ) sakate / isa dRSTi se yaha anirvacIya hai, kintu jina dharmoM kA nirvacana kiyA jAtA hai, unakI dRSTi se vaha nirvacanIya bhI hai / yaha vyArayA unhone sthAvAda ke AdhAra para kii| 'asti rakto ghaTa' ghaDA lAla hai isa vAkya me varga ke dvArA vaTa kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| ghaTa kevala vAtmaka nahI hai / usame rama, ganca, sparza Adi anya aneka dharma vidyamAna hai / hama eka dharma ke dvArA usakI vyAkhyA karate hai taba zepa dharmoM ko umase pRthaka nahI kara sakate aura yugapat maba dharmoM ko kaha maka, aisA koI upAya nahI hai / isa nirupAyatA kI samasyA ko sulajhAne ke lie 'syAt' zabda kA zrAvikAra kiyA gayA / syAvAda ke anusAra yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA 'asti rakto 58 , kintu yaha kahanA vAstavika hogA ki 'syAd asti rakto ghara' sApekSatA kI dRSTi se ghaDA lAla hai / 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga isa vAstavikatA kA sUcaka hai ki Apa ghaTa raktavarNa ko mukhya mAnakara ghaTa kA nirvacana kara rahe hai aura 5 dharmo ko gorA banAkara upekSita kara rahe haiM, kintu unheM asvIkAra nahIM kara rahe haiM / thvarNa ko ghaTa ke zeSa dharmo se vibhakta nahIM kara rahe, kintu usakA nirvacana karate hue bhI ghaTa kI mamatA kA vodha kara rahe haiM / 'sthAd asti 58' isame 'asti' dharma 58 ke 5 dharmo se vicchinna nahI haiM usake vicchinna hone para ghaTa kA ghaTatva bhI samApta ho jAtA hai / eka dharma kI mukhyatA se vastu kA pratipAdana aura usake zeSa dharmo kI mIna svIkRti yahI hamAre pAsa akhaDa vastu kI vyAkhyA kA eka upAya hai jisake AdhAra para hama vastu ko anirvacanIya aura nirvacanIya dono mAna sakate hai| hama bahuta bAra mApekSatA ke AdhAra para kevala eka dharma kA hI pratipAdana karate hai, eka dharma ke mAdhyama se zeSa dharmoM ke pratipAdana kA prayatna nahI karate / isa vyAkhyA-paddhati me anirvacanIya jaisA kucha nahI hotA / eka dharma kI vyAkhyA-paddhati ko 'naya' tathA eka dharma ke mAdhyama se akhaDa vastu kI vyAkhyA-paddhati ko 'svAdAda' kahA jAtA hai 125 akhaDa aura khaDa kI vyAkhyA kI ina dono patiyo kA vikAsa anekAnta-vyavasthA kA eka mahatvapUrNa pratiphalana hai / samanvaya ke prAyAma vAra, naiyAyika aura mImAsaka ye saba apane-apane siddhAnta kA samarthana aura dUsaro ke siddhAnto kA nirasana kara rahe the| isa paddhati me tIna nyAya aura kaTUktipUrNa AkSepa prayukta ho rahe the / ahiMsApriya jano ko yaha paddhati rUcikara nahI laga rahI thii| ve isa bhAgama-vANI se prabhAvita the jo apane siddhAnta kI prAsA aura dUsaro ke siddhAnto kI nindA karate haiM ve samasyA kA samAdhAna nahI 25 nyAyAvatAra, loka 30 nayAnAmaniThAnA, pravRtta. zrutavamani / napUrNaviniHzvAmi, sthAvAva,tamukhyate |

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( 29 ) apanI kara sakate 1920 lambI avadhi taka praviSTa hI nahI hue / ve bIca jo kucha cala rahA thA use aura rAjanItika paristhitiyo ne pariSad me upasthita hokara apane kI surakSA sabhava nahI rahI / usa sthiti me samarthana aura dUsaro ke siddhAnto kA nirasana zurU kiyA / kintu unakI nirasanapaddhati zrAkSepapradhAna nahIM thii| unhone ahiMsA kI surakSA aura satya kI sapuSTi ke lie nirasana ko samanvaya se joDa diyA / unakI cintanadhArA kA pra pratibimba haribhadrasUrI kI isa ukti me milatA hai 127 jaina vidvAn isa tarka gImAsA kI sImA me sImA me rahe aura vibhinna vAdI-prativAdiyoM ke mauna bhAva se dekhate rahe / sAmpradAyika, sAmAjika aisI vivazatA utpanna kara dI ki tArkiko kI siddhAnto ko tarka - samarpita kie binA prastitva jaina vidvAno ne apane siddhAnto kA , "zAstrakArI mahAtmAna prAyo vItaspRhA bhave / sattvAryasampravRttAzca katha te'yuktabhASiNa ?" 'jitane zAstrakAra hai ve saba mahAtmA haiM, paramArthadRSTi vAle hai / ve miyyA bAta kaise kaheMge ?" prazna uThA, phira unake darzanoM me itanA antara kyo ? to haribhadra ne kahA 'unake abhiprAya kI khoja karanI cAhie ki unhone yaha kisa Azaya se kahA hai / hama tAtparya ko samajhe binA virodha-pradarzita karate haiM, vaha satyonmukhI prayatna nahI hai / ' nirasana kI paddhati ko samanvaya kI dizA dene kA mahAn zreya AcArya samantabhadra aura siddhasena ko hai / ve anekAnta vyavasthA ke sAtha-sAtha samanvaya ke bhI sUtradhAra haiM | AcArya siddhasena ne sAkhya, bauddha, vaizeSika Adi darzano kI samIkSAtmaka samanvaya-paddhati me adbhuta kauzala pradarzita kiyA hai| unhone likhA hai sAkhya darzana dravyArthika naya kI vaktavyatA hai / vaha kUTasthanitya kI svIkRti hai / boddha darzana paryAyArthika naya kI vaktavyatA hai / vaha kSaNikatva kI svIkRti hai / eka kUTastha nityavAda aura dUsarA kSaNikavAda | dono me se eka mithyA hogA / yA to bauddho ke kSaNikavAda ko mithyA mAnanA hogA yA sAkhyo ke kUTasyanityavAda ko / dono sahI nahI ho sakate / vaizeSika darzana sAmAnya aura vizeSa - dono ko mAnya karatA hai | ata vaha dravyAyika aura paryAyAyika dono nayo ko svIkRti detA hai / kintu vaha sAmAnya aura vizeSa dono ko paraspara nirapekSa aura svataMtra mAnatA hai | isalie ye saba vaktavyatAe ekAgI hone ke kAraNa miyyA haiM / voddha aura 26 sUyagaDo, 1/1/50 27 saya saya pasasatA, garahatA para vaya / je utatya viussati, sasAre te viussiyA || zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 3 / 15 1

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( 30 ) vaizeSika mAkhyo ke satkAryavAda ko mithyA mAnate hai aura sAlya unake amatkAryavAda __ ko miyyA mAnate haiM / ukta sava vaktavyatAe satya haiN| uname koI bhI vyatA mithyA nahI hai / ve nirapekSa hone ke kAraNa mithyA hai / ve yadi sApekSa ho to koI bhI vaktavyatA mithyA nahIM hai / 58 miTTI se pRthaka nahIM hai, isalie vaha usame abhinna hai / paTAvasyA se pahale miTTI me 58 nahI thaa| vaTAkAra pariNati hone para ghaTa vanA hai, isalie vaha miTTI se bhinna hai / isa prakAra abheda aura bheda yA sAmAnya aura vize5 ko sApekSa pTi se dekhane para koI bhI vaktavyatA mithyA nahIM hotI / 28 jitane vacana-paya haiM utane hI nayavAda haiN| jitane nayavAda haiM utane hI parasamaya haiM anya darzana haiM / 29 pratyeka vicAra eka naya hai / vaha kimI dRSTikoNa se nirUpita hai / koI bhI eka vicAra pUrNa nahIM hai| vaha zeSa saba vicAro se saba hokara pUrNa hotA hai isalie koI bhI nirapekSa vicAra satya nahIM hotA aura koI bhI sApekSa vicAra mithyA nahI hotaa| prazna ho sakatA hai ki yadi nirapekSa vicAra mithyA hai to ve samudita hokara satya kase hoge ? mithyA kA samUha mithyA hI hogaa| vaha samyak kase hogA ? isa prazna kA prAcArya samantabhadra ne samAdhAna diyA ki vicAra mithyA nahIM haiM / ve nirapekSa hai isalie mithyA haiM / ve sApekSa yA samudita hote hI vAstavika ho jAte haiM 130 ___ 28 sanmati prakaraNa 3/48-52 ja kAvila darisaraNa eya dayaTTiyassa patta0 / suddhoNataNasta u parisuddho pajjavaviappo 1148 / / dohi vi Naehi pI satyamulUesa taha vi micchatta / ja savisaappahANataNeNa aNNoNya vekkhA / 49 / / ja matavAyadose makkolUyA bharagati mkhaa||| sakhA ya asatAe tasi sa0 vi te sappA 1500 te u bhayagovaraNIzrI samma saraNamaNuttara hoti / ja bhavadukpavimoksa do vi na pUranti pADika 115111 nAtya puDhavIvisiTTho ghaDo tti ja terA jujja asnnyo| ja puraNa ghaDo tti puSva raNa Ami puDhavI tazrI aNNA / / 5211 29 sanmati prakaraNa, 3/47 jAvaiyA vayapahA, tAvaiyA ceva hoti ||yvaayaa| jAvaiyA eyavAyA, tAyaDayA peva parasamayA / / 30 prAptamImAsA, loka 108 mithyAsamUho mithyA penna mithyakAntatAsti na ! nirapekSA nayA mithyA, mApekSA vastu te'rthakRt / /

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( 31 ) jina magaraNI kSamAzramaNa ne samanvaya kI dhArA ko itanA vizAla banA diyA ki usame sva-darzana aura para-darzana kA bheda parilakSita nahIM hotA / unakA tarka hai ki mithyAtvo (asatyo) kA samUha samyaktva (satya) hai / para-darzana samyag dRSTi ke lie upakAraka hone ke kAraNa vastuta vaha sva-darzana hI hai / sAmAnyavAda, vizeSavAda, nityavAda, kSaNikavAda ye saba samyaktva kI mahApArA ke karaNa haiM / ina sabakA samudita honA hI samyaktva hai aura vahI jaina darzana hai / 32 vaha kisI eka naya ke khaDana yA maDana me vizvAsa nahIM karatA, kintu saba nayo ko samudita kara satya kI akhaDatA pradarzita karatA hai| 1 kyA Agamayuga me samanvaya kA siddhAnta mAnya nahI thA ? kyA usa usa samaya dharmo ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI paddhati pracalita nahI thI ? samAna bhAgama-sAhitya vartamAna me upalabdha nahI hai| usake upalabdha azo ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki sApekSatA aura samanvaya ke siddhAnta usa yuga me mAnya rahe haiN| drshnyu| ke prAcAryoM ne vIjarUpa me prApta una siddhAnto ko hI vikasita kiyaa| zrAgama- sAhitya me svasamaya vaktavyatA, parasamaya vaktavyatA aura una dono kI vktvyt| isa prakAra tIna vaktavyatAe upalabdha haiN| isakA tAtparya hai ki usa samaya ke muni apane siddhAnto ke sAtha-sAtha dUsaro ke siddhAnto kA bhI adhyayana karate the / samanvaya me vizvAsa karane vAlo ke lie vibhinna vicAro kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karanA svAbhAvika hai| 2 kyA sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA samanvaya kiyA jA sakatA hai ? ata kA vicAra sAmAnyagrAhI hai| ata darzana saba padAryoM kA sazleSaNa kara antima sImA taka pahuMca gyaa| usa zikhara se usane ghoSaNA kI ki dUsarA koI nahI hai / bheda kI kalpanA vyartha hai| bauddho kA jAna pUrA vizleSaNAtmaka thaa| unhone vibhAjana ke carama-vindu para pahuMca kara udghoSa kiyA ki vizeSa hI satya hai| sAmAnya kI kalpanA vyartha hai| eka sAmAnya kA carama svIkAra aura eka vizeSa kA carama svIkAra / jaina dArzaniko ne kisI carama ko svIkRti nahIM dii| unhone 31 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 949 micchattasamUhamaya sammatta ja ca taduvagArammi / pati parasiddha to tassa tayo sasiddha to // 32 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1528 iya savaNayamatAi parittavisayAI samuditAI tu / jaisa vamantarAgada saNimittasagAhi //

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( 32 ) sAmAnya aura vize5 me samanvaya pradarzita kiyA aura isa mUtra kA pratipAdana kiyA 'mAmAnyazUnya vizeSa aura vizeSazUnya mAmAnya mithyA hai| dravya sAmAnya hai aura paryAya vi5 hai / dravya zUnya paryAya aura paryAyazUnya dravya kahI bhI upalabdha nahIM hotA / ' 3 vibhinna darzano ne bhinna-bhinna makhyAtro me tatvo kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / kyA unakA samanvaya bhI sambhava hai ? mUla tatva do haiM cetana aura acetana / 5 bhava tatva unake paryAya hai| tattvo kI saMkhyA kA vikAsa kimI apekSA yA upayogitA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / yadi upayogitA kI vivakSA na kI jAe to una sabakA samAveza do mUla tatvo me ho jAtA hai| 4 kyA pramANa bhI sApekSa haiM ? yadi vaha sApekSa haiM to kyA pramANa kI vyavasthA avyavasthA me nahI badala jaayegii| prameya hai tava pramANa hai| yadi prameya na ho to pramANa kI koI apekSA hI nahI hotI / pramAsa prameya sApekSa hai / pramAtA prameya ko jAnane kA yatna karatA hai taba pramANa apekSita hotA hai| isalie pramANa pramAtA-mApekSa bhI hai / mApekSavAda anizcaya kI sthiti utpanna nahIM karatA, kintu nizcaya kI pRSThabhUmi me rahe hue sabhI tatvo ke sambandho kI vyAkhyA karatA hai / yadi hama pramANa ko nirapekSa mAne to vaha pramAtA aura prameya se nirapekSa hokara apane astitva ko bhI nahIM bacA pAyegA / indriya-pratyakSa indriya-jAna kI apekSA se pramANa hai, atIndriyagAna kI apekSA se vaha pramANa nahI hai / ise ulaTa kara bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki atIndriyamAna avyavahita vipatha-grahaNa kI apekSA me pramANa hai, kintu vyavahita viSayamAhI mati aura zruta kI apekSA se vaha pramANa nahI hai| pramANa kI vyavasthA sApekSavAda ke AdhAra para hI sthira ho sakatI hai / zabdanaya kI apekSA se jAna aura ajAna kA vibhAga nahIM hotaa| jitane savikalpa upayoga haiM ve usa usakI dRSTi me mAna hI haiN| vaha zruta aura kevala-ina do gAno ko hI svIkRti detA hai / ata use pramANa aura apramANa kA vibhAga mAnya nahI hai / naigama, sagraha aura vyavahAra ye tIno naye nAna aura anAna ke vibhAga ko svIkRti dete haiM, ata unako sammati meM pramANa aura apramANa kA vibhAga samucita hai 133 pramANa aura apramANa kI samUcI vyavasthA vibhinna sanTikoNo zrIra apekSAbho 52 nirbhara hai| isakA nirNaya cetanA-vikAsa aura vitana kI vibhinna bhUmikAmI ke zrAvAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai| 33 tatvArthabhASya 1/351

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( 33 ) 5 kyA zrAgamayuga ke pUrva bhI kisI darzanayuga kI sthiti ko svIkRti dI jA sakatI hai / athavA nahI ? kyA koI darzana-vihIna yuga bhI thA ? ___ Agamayuga aura darzanayuga yaha vibhAjana bhI eka naya kI apekSA se hai / Agamayuga ko yA usase pahale ke yuga ko darzanayuga kaha sakate hai / vastuta Agamayuga aura darzanayuga me koI bheda nahIM hai / Apta-puru5, atIndriya-jJAna aura nirIkSaNa kI pradhAnatA hotI vahI vAstava me darzanayuga hai aura vahI Agamayuga hai / IsA pUrva tIsarI cauthI zatAbdI me darzana ke kSetra me tarka kA prAdhAnya ho gayA, usa naya kI apekSA se darzanayuga aura Agamayuga kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai| nirvikalpanAnubhUti yA aparokSAnubhUti hI vastuta darzana hai / vartamAna me usakI paribhASA badala gaI / Aja hama nirvikalpanAnubhUti yA aparokSAnubhUti ko darzana nahI mAnate / kintu savikalpazAna, tarka yA hetu ke prayoga ko darzana mAnane laga gae haiN| isI AdhAra para prastuta vibhAjana kA aucitya siddha hotA hai| aitihAsika kAla me darzana yuga kA prArambha bhagavAna pAra ke astitva-kAla yA upaniSad-kAla (IsA pUrva 8 vI zatI) se prAraMbha hotA hai| 6 sApekSavAda kA prayoga sarvatra hotA hai yA kahI-kahI ? yadi sarvatra hotA hai to kyA Apa hiMsA ko bhI sApekSa mAnate hai ? hisA hai bhI aura nahI bhI yaha mAnate haiM ? hiMsA bhI nirapekSa nahI hai| usakI vyAkhyA aneka nayo se kI jAtI hai| AcArya haribhadra ne isa prazna kI aneka nayo se samIkSA kI hai / 34 hiMsA pramAda-sApekSa hai / pramAda hai to hiMsA hai / yadi pramAda nahI hai to hiMsA bhI nahI hai / 35 7 kyA satya bhI iSTi-sApekSa hotA hai ? yadi hA to vaha sArvabhauma nahI ho sktaa| dravya me virodhI pratIta hone vAle svAbhAvika paryAyo me vastuta koI virodha nahI hai / isakI sthApanA ke lie sApekSavAda kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai| dravya ke sApekSika paryAyo tathA vibhinna sabadho kI vyAkhyA ke lie bhI usakA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| dravya satya hai aura paryAya bhI satya hai / dravya kA maulika svarUpa nirapekSa hai, kintu usake paryAya aura savadha nirapekSa nahIM hai| nirapekSa-satya kI vyAkhyA nirapekSaSTi se aura sApekSa-satya kI vyAkhyA sApekSaSTi meM kI jAtI hai / astitva kI dRSTi se satya sArvabhauma ho sakatA hai / ze5 paryAyo kI dRSTi se vaha niyata bhUmi vAlA hI hogaa| 34 hiMsAphalASTakaprakaraNam, 1-8 / 35 bhagavaI, 1/33, 34 /

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( 34 ) 8 yadi atIndriyazAnAvasthA me mana, bhASA, pANI Adi kA lopa ho jAtA hai to uma avasthA me lauTane para arthAt sAdhAraNa laukika-zAna ke stara para pAne ke bAda usa vyakti kI atIndriya avasthA kI smRti kase raha sakatI hai ? kyoki smRti to tava hI raha sakatI hai jaba atIndriya avasthA me zrApa mana kI bhI kisI prakAra me sattA svIkAra kreN| atIndriya-zAnAvasyA jJAnapakSa hai / yaha jIvana kA kriyApakSa nahI hai / vANI jIvana kA kriyApakSa hai / mana zAnapakSa aura kriyApakSa--dono ke dAyitva kA pahana karatA hai / kriyApakSa ko vahana karane vAlA dravyamAna aura zAnapakSa ko vahana karane vAlA bhAvamana hotA hai / atIndriyajJAnI yadi kevalI hai to unake kriyApakSa kA vahana karane pAlA mana aura vANI ye dono hote haiN| unake zAnapakSa kA mana nahIM hotaa| bAgama sAhitya me unhe no rAmanaska aura no-amanaska kahA gayA hai / sAmAnya atIndriyazAnI ke jJAnapakSa kA mana bhI hotA hai| kintu atIndriyamAna ke upayoga meM ve mana kA sahayoga nahI lete / atIndriya-jJAnAvasthA me mana vANI zrAdi kA lopa ho jAtA he isa bhASA kI apekSA yaha bhASA adhika upayukta hogI ki usa avasthA me mana, vANI Adi mahayukta nahIM hote| kevalI laukikazAna ke stara para kabhI nahI lauTate / sAmAnya atIndriyamAnI atIndriyajJAna ke lie mAnasazAna kA prayoga nahIM karate, kintu unake mana kA lo5 nahI hotA zrata nI pratIndriya netanA prapane anubhavo cho mAnasika vetanA ne sakrAnta kara detI hai| phalata atIndriya-jJAnAvasthA ke anubhava mana kI dharohara bana jAte haiM / 9 zrApane kahA-kevalI hI Agama hai aura svata pramANa hai / prazna hai ki kyA kevalI vAcika kriyA karatA hai athavA nahI ? yadi nahI taka to usakA jJAna vaiyaktika anubhUti-mAtra hai, isalie dUsare use jJAna kahakara savAdhita nahI kara sakeMge / aura yadi kevalI vAcika kriyA ke dvArA apanA jJAna abhivyakta karatA hai to dUsarI ke lie jo vastu pramANa hogA vaha usakI vAcika kriyA hogI, jo ki zrutazAna ke samAna hI hai| phira, mAtra vacana hI pramANa nahI ho sakatA / vacana ke sAtha kucha anya kAraka milakara hI zrutajJAna ko pramANarU5 me sthApita kara skeNge| __jaise parAnumAna kAla me anumAtA kA vacana dUsare ke lie pramANa hotA hai vaise hI kevalI kA vacana bhI dUsare ke lie pramANa hotA hai| korA vacana pramANa nahI hotA, kintu yaha zAna ko abhivyakta karatA hai isalie pramANa hotA hai / koI laukika prAptapuru5, jisane apanI zrAkho se vana me siMha ko dekhA hai aura vaha Akara

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( 35 ) kahatA hai - maine isa pana me siMha ko dekhA hai to hame pratyakSa darzana aura anumAna ke binA bhI vana me siMha ke hone kA bodha ho jAtA hai| kevala lokottara prApta hai| usake vacana se bhI hame a6STa aura ananumita viSaya kA vodha hotA hai| kevalI jo kahatA hai vaha usakA vAk-prayoga hai| hama usake vacana ke AdhAra para aryavodha karate haiM, vaha hamArA mAvazru ta hai| kevalI kA vacana hamAre bhAvata kA nimitta banatA hai isalie vaha dravyazruta hai / 000

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3 anekAnta-vyavasthA ke sUtra 1 sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA pravinAbhAva hama satya che nAnate haiM aura vase zramithajI rate haiM marya, zat zrI nAna vaha kasakI tripuTI hai vidhinna hAni ne ame banna-bhinna dRSTikoNa velA hai verAnta ne rama tIna pa ii vyAhyA hI hai pAmadha, vyAvahArika ra prAtimAsi | trApAramA satya hai phandriya-nama vyAvahAri satya hai. mRmarInipho-nAna, svapnajJAna prAti mAsa satya hai vahvo ne matya vize dipa mAnA hai paramArtha satya kaura savRtisatya (vyAvahAri yA chAtpanika satya ) vastu . sva-nnA (kSazitA) paramArtha satya hai vastu che mAmAnya nakSa prapojhanita hone je rUAra savRtisatya hai !' 1 () pramANavatta, 2/4 prakyiAsamarthe thatu, tavatra paramAryasat | prajya savRtisat bolata, te svasAmAnya che (1) sautrAntivo je anusAra samI dravyasana pavArtha pracavA vastu mA vAtmA fjyAgIna kava kSahi hai ta dhaTapaTa zrAvi hamArA parindrita virava vAstavika nahI kA nA satA kintu avAstavika hote dura mI sadI vyApAra sArthakatA svIkAra na hogI he yaha mAnanA pahema vi dhaTapaTa Adi gAna hamArI tvanA hote huNa zI hane vAchita vastu tava pavAne saura vAchita he vattAne e sahAyaka siddha hotA hai yadi vastu kSa ira sva-nala (dvitIya svabhAva) cu , hamArI sAmAnya-nAkSAtma jyanA vana para vyavahAra ke te nA hotI hai? ja prArA-luma pI sI korI phatpanA vyavadAropayo hota hai aura na tritonI se nyArI, hatpanna hote- viniSTha vastu, no na pa mI thI, maviSya ne zamI dorI vyavahAra che niNa sthirAsthira, maraMDAmadarI vastu l nA vAhinisane sAdhya maura sAdhana je noDane che niNa smRti, vivAra zrI majheba ! sArthaka pravajA

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( 37 ) vibhinna cintako ne satya ke vibhinna rU5 upasthita kie hai| usakI do AdhArazilAe haiM nirvikalpa anubhUti aura savikalpajJAna / nirvikalpa anubhUti me jaya kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai, isalie tadviSayaka bodha bhinna nahI hotA / aindriyika stara para hone vAle savikalpajJAna me jJeya kA sAkSAtkAra nahI hotA, isalie usakA vodha nAnA prakAra kA hotA hai / vedAnta ne dravya ko pAramArthika satya mAnakara paryAya ko kAlpanika mAna liyaa| vauddho ne paryAya ko paramArtha satya mAnakara dravya ko kAlpanika mAna liyA / jaina nyAya ke anusAra dra0ya aura paryAya dono pAramArthika satya haiM / paryAya kI tarago ke nIce chipA huA dravya kA samudra hame dRSTa nahI hotA tava paryAya pradhAna aura dravya gauNa ho jAtA hai| dravya ke zAnta samudra me jaba paryAya kI miyA adRSTa hotI haiM tava dravya pradhAna zrIra paryAya gauNa ho jAtA hai / vedAnta kA vikalpa samudra kI atara gita avasthA hai aura pauddho kA vikalpa usakI taragita avasthA hai| anekAnta kI dRSTi me ye dono samanvita hai 'aparyaya vastu samasyamAnamadravyametaca vividhyamAnam / AdezabhedoditasaptabhaGgamadIzava budharUpaqdham // 2 hamArA vikalpa java sazleSaNAtmaka hotA hai taba dravya upasthita rahatA hai, paryAya kho jAte haiM aura hamArA vikalpa java vizleSaNAtmaka hotA hai taba paryAya upasthita rahatA hai, dravya kho jAtA hai| anekAnta-vyavasthA ke yuga me kucha avinAbhAva ke niyama nirdhArita kie gae / yaha isa yuga kI mahatvapUrNa niSpatti hai| anekAnta kA pahalA niyama hai sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA avinAbhAva sAmAnya vizeSa kA avinAbhAvI hai aura vizeSa sAmAnya kA avinAbhAvI hai / isakA phalita hai ki dravya rahita paryAya aura paryAya rahita dravya satya nahIM hai| satya aura mithyA ke bIca me koI vizeSa dUrI nahI hai| eka vikalpa satya aura dUsarA vikalpa asatya aisI vibhAjana-rekhA nahI hai / kevala itanI-sI dUrI hai ki sAmAnya vizeSa se nirapekSa hotA hai aura vizeSa sAmAnya se nirapekSa hotA hai to ve dono vikalpa mithyA ho jAte haiM / dono eka-dUsare ke prati sApekSa hote haiM to dono vikalpa satya ho / vyavahAra na vizuddha kalpanA para AdhArita hai aura na vizuddha paramArya 52 / usakA vizva kalpita aura akalpita, dono hI prakAra ke tatvo se sapiDita hai| jahA sautrAntiko kI dRSTi usake vastupakSa para kendrita hai, vijJAnavAdiyo kI STi usake kalpanA-pakSa para / dinAga ne donoM ko samucita kara eka naI dhArA pravAhita kii| -apohasiddhi, govindacandra pADe kRta anuvAda, pRSTha 29 anyayogavyavacchedvAtrizikA, 2loka 23 1 2

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(38 } ho jAte haiM / dono eka-dUsare kA nirasana karate haiM to ve miyyA ho jAte haiM aura dono apane-apane viSaya kA pratipAdana karate haiM to satya ho jAte hai / 2 nitya aura anitya kA avinAbhAva anekAnta kA dUsarA niyama hai nitya aura sanitya nA vinAmAva nitya anitya kA avinAbhAvI hai aura anitya nitya kA avinAbhAvI hai / cArvAka kA abhimata hai ki indriya-jagat hI satya hai| AdhyAtmika satya jaisA kucha bhI nahI hai | zrAtmavAdI dArzaniko ne kahA AtmA hI satya hai, indriya-jagat miyyA hai | jaina tAkiko ne isakI samIkSA kii| unhoMne pratipAdita kiyA indriyajagat asatya nahI hai | satya vaha hai jisame arthakriyAkAritva hotA hai / indriyo kA arthakriyAkAritva hai, isalie ve asatya nahI haiM / unake viSaya bhI asatya nahI haiM / sad aa takSA haiM tlAva, vyaya zraaura dhrauvya |nisame prakriyA Aritva haiM, va utpanna bhI hotA hai, naSTa bhI hotA hai aura dhruva bhI rahatA hai / hama indriya-jagat ko matya aura AtmA ko zramatya mAneM, yaha vyavahAra kI bhASA ho sakatI hai kintu sUkSma satya kI bhASA nahI ho sakatI / hama kevala AtmA ko hI pAramAyika satya mAneM aura indriya-jagat ko zramatya mAneM yaha adhyAtma kI bhASA ho sakatI hai kintu vastu jagat kI bhASA nahI ho sakatI / zravyAtma aura tatva mImAsA kI bhASA eka nahI hotI / zravyAtma kI bhASA me indriya-vipaya kSaNika hai, naravara hai / bhautika jagat se virati utpanna karane ke lie yaha dRSTikoNa satya ho sakatA hai kintu tattvamImAsA me yaha satya nahI hai / vahA indriya-viSaya aura AtmA kI vAstavikatA me koI antara nahI hai | isa gragulI ke paramANu jitane satya hai, AtmA bhI utanA hI satya hai | AtmA jitanA satya hai, utane hI ima agulI ke paramANa satya haiM / jo utpanna aura naSTa hotA hai tathA dhruva rahatA hai, vaha nava matya hai | yaha vilakSaNAtmaka matva jaisA zrAtmA me hai vaisA pudgala me hai aura jaisA pudgala me hai vaisA AtmA me hai / avyAtma ve mUlya vastuqhAt mUlya vana 5 tava kSattiA [ siddhAnta vivAvAspad bana gayA / anyayA vaha bahuta mUlyavAn hai | adhyAtma ke sabhI cintako ne usakA pratipAdana kiyA hai / jeno ne bhI kSaraNamaguratA para bahuta bala diyA hai / unakI vAraha bhAvanAo me pahalI anitya bhAvanA hai / isa bhAvanA se apane mana ko bhAvita karane vALA sAtha 'sarvemanityak isa sUtra ko bAra bAra doharAtA hai, kintu yaha AdhyAtmika pakSa hai / jahA tAttvika pakSa kA prazna hai vahA jaina darzana ko yaha mAnya nahI hai ki podgalika jagat anitya hai aura Atmika jagat nitya hai / tattva- mImAsA me Atmika jagat jitanA nitya hai utanA hI podugalika jagat nitya hai aura podugalika jagat 3 tatvArtha, 5/29 utpAvavyavaRvyayukta sat /

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( 39 ) jitanA anitya hai utanA hI Atmika jagat anitya hai / nityatva aura anityatva ko vibhakta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| nitya ko anitya me vibhakta mAnane ke kAraNa mAlya darzana ne isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA banca aura mokSa prakRti ke hotA hai / puru5 ke -4 aura mokSa nahIM hotaa| vaha nitya-zuddha hai| puru5 ke vadha aura mola manane ghara se pariNAma para ainitya mAnanA paDatA Dhora caha vase phakTa nahI thA, isalie pu05 ko baca-mokSa se pare maanaa| AcArya pundakunda ne bhI yaha nirUpita kiyA hai ki jIva karma kA kartA nahI hai| karma karma kA karatA hai| yadi jIva karma kA kartA ho to vaha karmase kabhI mukta nahI ho sakatA / vaha karma kA patA nahIM hai isIlie kama se mukta hotA hai / zuddha dravyAthika naya kI dRSTi meM yaha matya hai ki jisakA jo svabhAva hotA hai vaha kabhI nahIM badalatA / cetana kA apanA viziSTa svabhAva hai paitanya / vaha kabhI vinaSTa nahIM hotA / u441 kAma hai-apanI anubhUti / phira vaha vijAtIya karma kA kA kase ho sakatA hai ? yaha zuddha dravyAyika yA kopAdhi-nirapekSa naya hai / isa naya me pAsya darzana ke prakRti ke banca mokSa vAle siddhAnta kA samarthana kiyA jA sakatA hai / jaina parimApA meM kahA jA sakatA hai kamagarIra ke hI 4 aura mokSa hotA hai / azuddha dravyAyika naya ina vikalpa ko svIkRti detA hai ki jIva karma kA kartA hai|' dravyAyika na4 sAmAnyagrAhI hai / jahA sAmAnya kA vikalpa mukhya hotA hai vahA paryAya gaura ho jAtA hai / nityatva isIlie matya hai ki vastu hai aura vaha madA hai / yaha ni.taratA isIlie cala rahI hai ki vastu me dIrghakAla taka rahane kA guNa hai / jahA hama vastu ke samAna azo kA nirNaya karate hai pahA ekatA, sAmAnya aura dravyatva kI dRSTi phalita hotI hai| utpAda aura vyaya kA krama nistara cala rahA hai / hama kase kaha sakate hai ki yaha vahI parvata hai ? yaha vahI manuSya hai ? yaha vahI bhavana hai jo dasa varSa pahale hamane vRhad nayacara 191 5 kAmAsa majmAda jIva jo gaha siddhasakAsa / bhaNi no suddhako khalu kAmovAhiNi rkkho|| vRhada nayacara 194 bhAve sarAyamAdI sa0ve jIvAmma jo du japadi / mo hu asuddho utto kammApovAhiriNakho // vRhad nayaca+ 192 . uppAdavaya kiyA jo gaha kelA sttaa| bhaNA so sudaNI iha sattAgAhiyo samaye / / 6

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( 40 ) dekhA thA ? purAne paramANu visthApita ho rahe hai aura nae paramANu sthApita ho rahe hai / hamAre zarIra ke bhI tadAkAra paramANu vijita ho rahe hai aura dUsare paramANu A rahe haiM / yadi tadAkAra paramANu visajita nahI hote tA anupasthiti me phoTo lene kI paddhati prAvikRta nahIM hotii| paramANuo kA yaha gamanAgamana pramANita karatA hai ki dravya anitya hai| jaba hama uttarottara mamAna paryAyo ko dekhate jAte hai taba hame nityatA kI pratIti hotI hai / jaba hama bhedo yA vizeSo kI ora dhyAna dete hai taba hame anityatA kI pratIti hotI hai / ina dono sthitiyo me kyA hama ninya ko satya mAne yA anitya ko satya mAne ? yadi nitya ko satya mAnate haiM to anitya ko mithyA mAnanA hogA aura yadi anitya ko satya mAnate hai to nitya ko asatya mAnanA hogA / eka ko satya aura eka ko amatya mAnane vAle paraspara vivAda kara rahe haiN| eka anityatva kA nirasana kara rahA hai to dUsarA nityatva kA nirasana kara rahA hai / anekAnta kisI eka naya ko satya nahI mAnatA / haso anusAra anitya-nirapekSa-nitya satya nahI hota 2 nitya-nirapekSa-anitya satya nahI hotA / dono sApekSa hokara hI satya hote haiM / ' prAcArya kundakunda ne likhA hai koI bhI aisA sRjana nahI hai jahA dhvasa na ho aura koI bhI aisA vasa nahI hai jahA sRjana na ho| koI bhI aisA sRjana aura dhvasa nahI hai jahA sthiti yA dhruvatA na ho / ina tIno ejana, vasa aura sthiti kA samanvaya hI satya hai / artha-paryAya kSaNavartI paryAya hai / usake anusAra yaha parvata vaha nahIM ho sakatA jise dasa varSa pahale hamane dekhA thaa| yaha manuSya vaha nahI ho sakatA jise dasa varSa pahale hamane dekhA thaa| vyajana-paryAya dIrghakAlIna paryAya hai / usake anusAra yaha parvata vahI hai aura yaha manuSya vahI hai jise hamane dasa varSa pahale dekhA thaa| artha-paryAya me sAdRzyavova nahI hotA / vyajana-paryAya me sAyavodha hotA hai / saya aura sAya ke AdhAra para anityatA aura nityatA ko phalita karanA sthUla satya hai, sUkSma matya nahIM hai / artha-paryAya me hone vAlA vaisadRzya aura vyajana-paryAya me hone vAlA sAdRzya ye dono hI paryAya haiM / ina dono se anityatA hI phalita hogii| kAla kI pralava zRkhalA me 7 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAyA 72 / eka vivadati yA micchAmiNivemato paropparato / idamiha sa0payamaya jimatamarAvajjamaccata // 8 pravacanasA* 100, 101 Na bhavo bhagavihINo bhago vA gariya sabhavavihINo / uppAdo vi ya bhago Na viNA ghora aty|| upAhidibhagA vijjate pajjaesu pajjAyA / 60ve hi sati siyada tamhA dara hapadi sa0 //

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( 41 ) eka dina aisA AtA hai ki manuSya mara jAtA hai aura parvata bhI vinaSTa ho jAtA hai| kintu jina paramANo se parvata kI saracanA huI thI ve paramANu kabhI vinaSTa nahI hoge / jina paramANupro se manuSya ke zarIra kI saracanA huI thI ve paramANu kabhI vinaSTa nahIM hoge / jisa zrAtmA ne usa zarIra me prAra-saMcAra kiyA thA vaha kabhI vina nahI hogaa| nityatA kA prAdhAra mUla dravya hai / paryAya kSaNika ho yA dIrthakAlIna, visadRza ho yA saza, anityatA ko hI prasthApita karatA hai| mAmAnya aura nityatA kA iSTikoNa yA vyAkhyA nyAyika naya hai / vizeSa aura utpAda-vyayAtmaka parizamana kA dRSTikoNa yA vyAkhyA paryAyAyika naya hai / ye do mUla naya haiM aura paraspara sApekSa hai / inakI sApekSatA ke AdhAra para anekAnta ke 'sAmAnya-vize5 kA bhedAbheda' aura 'sApekSa-nityAnityatva' ye do sUtra prasthApita kie ge| 3 astitva aura nAstitva kA avinAbhAva anekAnta kA tIsarA niyama hai astitva aura nAstitva kA avinAbhAva-- astitva nAstitva kA avinAbhAvI hai aura nAstitva astitva kA avinAbhAvI hai / pleTo kA tarka thA ki kursI kA kA0 kAra hai isalie vaha hamAre bhAra ko sahana karatI hai| usakA kA0 mRdu hai isalie use kulhAr3I se kATA jA sakatA hai / kaThoratA zrIra mRdutA dono virodhI dharma hai| virodhI dharma eka sAtha raha nahI sakate, isalie kaThoratA bhI asatya hai, mRdutA bhI asatya hai aura kursI bhI asatya hai| anekAnta kI paddhati me socane kA yaha prakAra nahI hai| vahA isa prakAra socA gayA ki eka hI dravya me ananta virodho kA honA aparihArya hai / dravya ananta dharmoM kI samaSTi hai / ve dharma paraspara virodhI haiM isalie dravya kA dravyatva banA huA hai| yadi saba dharma virodhI hote to dravya kA dravyatva samApta ho jaat|| virodhI dhoM kA honA dravya kA svabhAva hai, taba hama usa virodha kI cintA me ulajha kara dravya ke astitva ko nakArane kA prayatna kyA kareM ? dharmakIti ke zabdo me yadida svayamarthabhyo rocate tatra ke vayam' yadi virodha svayaM dravya ko rUcikara hai, vahA kauna hote hai hama usakI cintA karane vAle ? hamArI cintA yahI ho sakatI hai ki hama una virodhI dharmo ke mUla kAraNo aura unake samanvaya sUtra ko khojeN| anekAnta ne isakI khoja kI aura usane pAyA ki astitva aura nAstitva dono eka sAtha hote haiM / pratiSedhazUnya-vidhi aura vidhizUnya-pratiSedha kabhI nahI hotaa| vidhi bhI dravya kA dharma hai aura pratiSedha bhI dravya kA dharma hai| astitva vidhi hai aura nAstitva pratiSedha hai / astitva kA kAraNa hai dravya kA svabhAva aura nAstitva kA kAraNa hai dravya kA para-bhAva / ghaTa jisa mRt-dravya se banA vaha usakA sva-dravya hai, jisa kSetra me banA vaha usakA sva-kSetra hai, jisa kAla me banA vaha usakA sva-kAla

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( 42 ) hai tathA jisa varga aura prAkRti me hai vaha usakA sva-bhAva hai / sva dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se gha8 kA astitva hai / para dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se usakA nAstitva hai / yaha apekSA samanvaya kA sUtra hai / jisa apekSA se ghaTa kA astitva hai, usa apekSA se 58 kA nAstitva nahI hai| astitva aura nAstitva dono virodhI dharma haiM aura dono eka dravya me eka sAtha rahate haiM / para dono kA kAraNa eka nahI hai / apekSA kA sUtra dono me rahe hue sAmajasya ko pradarzita aura unake eka sAtha rahane kI vAstavikatA ko siddha karatA hai| AcArya akalaka ne astitva aura nAstitva ke vibhinna kAraNo kA ullekha kiyA hai / svAtmA kI apekSA para hai, parAtmA kI apekSA 58 nahI hai isa pratipAdana se prazna upasthita huA ki 58 kA svAtmA kyA hai aura parAtmA kyA hai ? uttara me AcArya ne batAyA jisa vastu me ghaTa-buddhi aura ghaTa-2006 kA vyavahAra ho vaha svAtmA aura usase bhinna parAmA hai / svAtmA kA upAdAna aura parAtmA kA apoha isa vyavasthA se hI vastu kA vastutva siddha hotA hai| yadi svAtmA me 'paTa' Adi parAtmA kI vyAvRtti na ho to sarvAtmanA bhI rUpo me ghaTa kA vyapadeza kiyA jAegA / parAtmA kI vyAvRtti hone para bhI yadi svAtmA kA upAdAna na hA to za ga kI bhAti vaha asat ho jaaegaa| ghaTa-zabda-vAcya aneka ghaTo me se vivakSita ghaTa kA jo AkAra Adi hai vaha svAtmA hai, anya parAtmA / yadi anya ghaTo ke AkAra se bhI vivakSita ghaTakA astitva ho to 58 eka hI ho jaaegaa| vivakSita ghaTa bhI aneka avasthA pAlA hotA hai| usakI madhyavartI avasthA svAtmA hai, pUrva aura uttaravartI avasyA parAtmA hai / vivakSita 58 kI madhyavartI avasthA me bhI pratikSA upacaya aura apacaya hotA rahatA hai / ata vartamAna kSaNa kI avasthA hI svAtmA hai aura atIta anAgatakAlIna avasyA parAtmA hai / yadi vartamAna kSaNa kI bhAti atIta aura anAgata kSaNo se bhI 58 kA astitva mAnA jAe to sabhI ghaTa eka kSaNavartI hI ho jaayeNge| atIta aura anAgata kI bhAti yadi vartamAna kSaraNa se bhI 58 kA nAstitva mAnA jAe to ghaTa kA astitva hI samApta ho jaaegaa| vartamAna kSaNavartI ghaTa me rUpa, rasa, irrd AkAra Adi aneka guNa aura paryAya hote haiM / 58 ke rUpa ko zrAkha se dekhakara usake astitva kA vodha hotA hai, ata rU5 svAtmA hai, rasa Adi parAtmA hai / yadi cakSugrAhya 58 me rU5 kI bhAti rama Adi bhI svAtmA ho jAe to ve bhI cAgrAhya hone ke kAraNa rUpAtmaka ho jaaeNge| isa sthiti me anya indriyo kI kalpanA vyarya ho jAtI hai /

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( 43 ) ghaTa zabda ke prayoga se utpanna ghaTAkAra jJAna svAtmA hai, bAhya ghaTAkAra parAtmA hai / cetanA ke do prakAra hote haiM- jJAnAkAra prativimvazUnya darpaNa kI bhAti / jJeyAkAra prativimvayukta darpaNa kI bhAti / iname jJeyAkAra svAtmA hai aura jJAnAkAra parAtmA hai / yadi jJAnAkAra se ghaTa kA astitva mAnA jAe to paTa Adi ke jJAnakAla me bhI ghaTa kA vyavahAra honA cAhie | yadi jJeyAkAra se ghaTa kA nAstitva mAnA jAe to ghaTa kA vyavahAra hI nirAdhAra ho jaaegaa| 4 vAcya aura zravAcya kA zravinAbhAva anekAnta kA cauthA niyama hai- vAcya aura avAcya kA avinAbhAva vAcya zravAcya kA avinAbhAvI hai aura avAcya vAcya kA avinAmAvI hai / dravya anantadharmAtmaka hai | eka kSaNa me yugapat ananta dharmoM kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, zrAyu aura bhASA kI sImA hone ke kAraNa kabhI bhI nahI kiyA jA sakatA | isa samagratA kI apekSA se dravya avAcya hai 110 eka kSaNa me eka dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai / aneka kSaraNo me aneka dharmoM kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai | isa Azika apekSA se dravya vAcya hai / anekAnta kA vyApaka upayoga ukta niyama-catuSTayI anekAnta kA AdhAra stambha hai | darzanayuga me dArzanika samasyAoM ko sulajhAne ke lie isa catuSTayI kA vyApaka upayoga huA hai / pramAraNa vyavasthA kA vikAsa hone para bhI isakA upayoga kama nahI huA / yaha siddhAnta barAbara mAnya rahA ki anekAnta ke vinA pramANa kI vyavasthA samyak nahI ho sakatI | AcArya siddhasena ne nyAyAvatAra me pramANa kI vivecanA kI aura anta me anekAnta kA nirUpaNa kara usakI anivAryatA sthApita kI / kalaka, vidyAnanda, haribhadra, mANikyanandi, vAdideva, hemacandra Adi sabhI AcAryo ne pramAraNa kI carcA 1 9 tattvAryavArtika 1161 10 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 450, svopajJavRtti ukkosayasutaraNANI vi jAraNamAraNo vi te'bhilappe vi / tarati savvevottu ra pahuppati jeraNa kAlo se // iha tAnutkRSTazruto jAnAno'bhilApyAnapi sarvAn (na) bhASate, anantatvAt, parimitatvAcyAyuSa kramavartinItvAd vAca iti / ,

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( 44 ) anekAnta kI chatrachAyA me kii| pramANa-vyavasthA kA vikAsa hone para bhI anekAnta kA avamUlyana nahIM huA, pratyuta avimUlyana huaa| bhAva aura abhAva, eka aura aneka Adi avinAbhAva ke niyamo kA vyavasthita vikAsa hotA gyaa| bhAgamayuga me anekAnta ke ina niyamo kA upayoga nahIM hotA thA aisA nahI mAnanA caahie| ye niyama darzanayuga me khoje gae aimA bhI nahI hai / dono yugo ke madhya kevala upayoga bhUmi kA antara hai| prAgamayuga me una niyamo kA upayoga dravya kI mImAsA ke lie hotA thA aura darzanayuga me unakA upayoga vibhinna dArzanika siddhAnto me samanvaya sthApita karane ke lie kiyA gyaa| 5 asti nAsti kA avinAbhAva gautama ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchA "bhate / kyA astitva astitva me pariNata hotA hai aura nAstitva nAstitva me pariNata hotA hai ? bhagavAna ne kahA 'hA, gautama / aisA hI hotA hai / 'bhate / astitva astitva me aura nAstitva nAstitva me jo pariNata hotA hai vaha prayoga se hotA hai yA svabhAva se hotA hai ?' gautama | vaha prayoga se bhI hotA hai aura svabhAva se bhI hotA hai / ' 'bhate / tumhArA astitva astitva me pariNata hotA hai, vaise hI kyA tumhArA nAstitva nAstitva me pariNata hotA hai ? jaise tumhArA nAstitva nAstitva me pariNata hotA hai, vaise hI kyA tumhArA astitva astitva me pariNata hotA hai ?' 'hA, gautama / aisA hI hotA hai / '11 bhagavaI, 1/133-135 se sUraNa bhate / atyitta vitta pariNamai ? natyitta natyitta pariNamaI ? hatA goyamA | ayita atyitta pariNama / je Na bhate | ayita asthitta pariNamai, nAtyatta natyitta pariNamaI, ta ki payogasA ? vIsasA ? goyamA ! payogasA vi ta, vAsamA vi ta / jahA te bhate / atthita asthitta pariNamaI, nAyitta natyita pariNamai ? jahA te natyitta natyitta pariNamA, tahA te atyitta ayita pariNama ? hatA goyamA / jahA me atyitta atyita pariNamai, tahA me natthitta nAtyatta pariNAma | jahA me natyitta nayita pariNamaI, tahA me atthitta ayitta pariNama / 11

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( 45 ) isa savAda me astitva zrIra nAstitva ke avinAbhAva kA pratipAdana huA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne 'sarva asti' aura 'sarva nAsti'- ina dono siddhAnto ko svIkRti nahIM dii| unhoMne 'asti' aura 'nAsti' dono ke samanvaya ko svIkRti dI / bhagavAn ke jyeSTha ziSya gautama ne anya dArzaniko se kahA - 'devAnupriyo / hama asti ko nAsti nahI kahate zrIra nAsti ko asti nahI kahate / devAnupriyo / hama 'sarva asti' ko asti kahate hai aura sa nAsti' ko nAsti kahate hai / isa nirUpaNa me kevala asti aura kevala nAsti kI asvIkRti aura dono ke samanvaya kI svIkRti hai| isameM yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki asti aura nAsti dono kA apanA-apanA sthAna aura apanA-apanA mUlya hai / 6 nitya aura anitya kA avinAbhAva ___ gautama ne pUchA 'bhate / asthira parivartita hotA hai, sthira parivartita nahI hotA / asthira mana hotA hai, sthira bhanna nahI hotA / kyA yaha saca hai ?' 'hA, gautama ! yaha aisA hI hai / dravya akampa aura prakampa tathA sthira aura asthira dono kA saha-astitva hai / eka avasthita aura dUsarA nirata ra parizamanazIla / jIva aprakampa hai, isalie vaha kabhI ajIva nahIM hotA aura vaha prakampa bhI hai, isalie niratara vibhinna avasthAo me pariNata hotA rahatA hai / maDitaputra ne puuch| 'bhate / jIva sadA nirata ra prakapita hotA hai aura phalata nAnA avasthAo me pariNata hotA hai / kyA yaha saca hai ? 12 bhagavaI, 7/217 / tae Na se bhagava goyame te aNNautthie eka bayAsI no khalu 44 devArAppiyA | ayi bhAva natyi tti dAmo, nasthi bhAva atyi ti daamo| amhe Na devANapiyA | sa0pa ayi bhAva asthi tti padAmo, sa05 natthi bhAva natthi ti vdaamo| 13 bhagavaI, 1/440 se sUraNa bhane / athire palodR3, no thire paloi ? athire bhajjai, no thira bhajja? hatA goyamA / athire palo3, no thire palodR / athire bhajja3, no thira bhajjai /

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dravya vaLI nityatA aa hetu hanaLA aSTampa (dhrauvyapurA) svabhAva ora anityatA ihetu rasanA prampa (sAva aura thaya) svamAva hai / nimna maMvAva se yah svapna ddo nAtA hai| gautama te jUthA--bate I nIva zAzvata hai yA zrazAvata ? bAvAnuM te hA-pautama 1 nIva tyA zAvata hai aura sthAt brazAzvata / dravya (dhrauvya purA) jai zrapekSA hai vaha zAravata hai aura bhAvArtha (utsAva aura vyaya) nI apekSA te vaha azAzvata hai / '16 nIva hrI~ nahI ntui samI dravya vana zAzvata cA azAvata no ph zAvata zraaura brazAvaMtanono haiM / 14 hA, mahitaputra I cattu sana hai !'14 paramANu che vidh nI sau siddhAnta jA pratipAvana duzmA hai 115 ke 7 dravya aura paryAya ke medAbheda kA zravinAmAva 'jJAna nIva aa lakSaNa haiM / '17 same nIva-dravya aura jJAna-puNa dono medraSTi se pratipAvita haiM / no zvAtmA hai, vaha vijJAtA hai / no vinAtA hai van AtmA hai ! 'nIva jhima dvArA khAnatA hU~ vad AtmA hai / '18 me khova aura jJAnavono aa ameva pratipAvita hai / 1 7 17 ( 46 ) 18 bhAvarDa, 3/143 / khIne rA mate ! sayA samita ti vaiyatti vati vaDuM vRk vubha chavIrava 7.7 bhAva piraNAma ? 7. 7. bhAva pariAmaD atA mazriputtA ! nIve rapha sayA mita ti bAvare, 7/150 mAvarDa, 1/58,59 uttarajyA, 28/10 nIvA rA mate 1 vi sAsayA ? asAsacA ? noyamA ! nIvA siya sAsayA, siya asAyA / te jeTTa rA mate 1 va vunnaH--navA siya sAsacA, siya zrasAsayA ? noyamA ! havadgayA! sAsayA, mAvagyANuM asAsayA 1 AyA / AyAro, 5/104 nIvo vasrolagho ne AyA se viAyA, ne viCAyA se zrAyA 1 ne vijJAAti se

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( 47 ) mRttikA dravya hai aura ghaTa usakA eka paryAya hai / ghaTa miTTI se hotA hai, usake binA nahI hotA - isa pekSA se vaha miTTI se abhinna hai / ghaTAkAra pariNati pUrva miTTI meM ghaTa kI kriyA (jala -dhAraNa) nahI ho sakatI, isa apekSA se vaha miTTI se bhinna bhI hai / 12 ghaTa kArya hai aura miTTI usakA upAdAna kAraNa hai 1 dravya aura paryAya me bhedAbheda samvandha hotA hai, ata kArya-kAraNa me bhI bhedAbheda sambandha hotA hai / 8 eka aura aneka kA pravinAbhAva somila ne pUchA 'bhate / 'somila | maiM dravya kI apekSA se eka hU, jJAna aura darzana kI apekSA se do hU / pradeza (dravya kA ghaTaka avayava) kI apekSA se akSaya, avyaya aura avasthita hU / pariNamanazIla caitanya - vyApAra (upayoga ) kI apekSA se maiM aneka 120 eka-aneka, sAmAnya-vizeSa aura nitya-anitya-ina sabake mUla me dravya aura paryAya haiM / dravya eka aura paryAya aneka hote hai / dravya sAmAnya aura paryAya vizeSa hote hai / dravya nitya aura paryAya anitya hote hai / sAmAnya do prakAra kA hotA hai - tiryak sAmAnya aura UrdhvatA sAmAnya 122 'maiM eka hU'yaha tiryak sAmAnya hai | isame ekatva anvaya yA dhruvatva kI anubhUti hai / 'maiM caitanya - vyApAra (upayoga ) kI apekSA se aneka hU'yaha UrdhvatA 19 Apa eka hai yA aneka ?" 20 21 sanmati prakaraNa, 3/52 natyi puDhavIvisiThThI ghaDo tija teNa jujjai aNNo / ja puraNa ghaDoti puvva ra asi puDhavI to praNo // bhagavaI 18/219,220 . ege bhava ? duve bhava ? zraNa mUcamAvadi bhava somilA | ege vi zraha jAva agabhUyabhAvabhavie vi zraha / ? ? ? akkhae bhava avvae bhava avaTThie bhava ? se kerATThe Na bhate / eva puccai. somilA | davvaTTayAe ege aha, nArada saraNaTTayAe duvihe zraha, paesaThThayAe aksara vizra, zravvae vi zraha, uvayogaTTayAe agabhUyabhAvamavie vi zraha / pramANanayatatvAloka, 5/3 sAmAnya dviprAratiyaMjJAmAnyamUtAsAmAnya( 1 ?

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mAmAnya hai phala parvoparva nI anubhUti hai tive nA tutya pariti huM, no ane avasthAmAM me putva sthApita karatI haiM kardhvatA sAmAnya pUrva ra kara paryAva hone vAvI temAna pariNIta hai no atIta, vartamAna jIra anAmatatIno zAno ne pratva sthApita ta huM grAma sAhitya ke anta cArvA vaLo vigata vivevana mitatA hai kAmila vyAvyA che. prasiddha sUtra huM ati niNavaya vihImAM jo na nanavavana nayana pela nahI hotA ! mAna che pratyenA vAkya nI vyAvyA nathI se nAtI thI anuti anusAra divAda nAmanA pUrvAnya ke vibhinna navo re phI bharDa hAni paNa pattaLuM thI nA pUrva tInI rotI je ko mutya mA nupta ho mayA, kucha marI roSa rahe : je zrAvAra para nirena vivAra bAvArya samanta ne vimitta navo ne hAni vaM ca namanvaya ne kI paddhati 1. sUtrapAta Ii siddhasena ne vahu cApita zivA vi sAlya vargana zo dravya naya ke samAvega hotA hai aura vaDha vana va paryAya naya ke samAveza hotA hai phasa prajA samI no je siddhAnto nI vimitra navo se sunA , name sApa je namanvaya pragata yiA hai phakta viSaya ne snI mahatvapUrNa ti phrenanmati' ! AvA tamantama vara mahatvapU tvanA huM AptamInAnA pAnane kone nityAnitya sAmAnya-viroSa, merAme, mAvAbhAva prAdi viravI vAvo me saptamI ne voganA : samanvaya sthApita diyA hai vono pratve ane jAnta-vyavasthA je bAvA khUMta haiM ananta nita aura samasyA anerUAnta zI raSTi se hAni na je no ghArA pravAhita zI vahu vArottara atiraNIta hotI narva nA vI zrAvI gata ne zrAvArya ane mara ramaka ne zaura adhika vizAta vanA vivA mAnArtha midra jA ane ttAvapatArA nAma anya ko svayam pramANe hai! samanvaya kI hirA nirantara vinita rotI ja hasate hu samasyA thI tanna durvA vAni nA meM yahuM barana sthita hone na ki naMna darzana kyA dUsare re darzana pustitvamAtra hai apano kucha mati vivAra nI huM? prAnika vidvAna mI Dana mApA me sovate kaura vono dainika jaina vAniko ne dUsaro je siddhAnto che prapanA 2 prapane vana sa vitta nivA hai phasa kAra che vivAra nirmANa ke naina nI samavayavRtti phrI nimitta hai vAva umAsvAti je mAmane bhI ca prAna hapati tuka thI jyAre vividha naya vimitra vano je matavAlo vAna huM prapanI mati DAnna ni huM pakSapANI vikalpa hai? indrone Dasa prazna che samAvAna ke hA re naya to vikhinna vargano che matavAvo sAna phrena re DAnna viNa nA vikalpa hai kintu

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( 49 ) anantadharmAtmA jJoya. pArthe je viSaya me hone vAre vimitra pravyavasAya (nirAya) haiM 122 Dsa viSaya aa vizava vivettana 'nayavAva' me jiyA nAUA 123 22 tattvAryamASya, 1/35 23 [][] [] mete tantrAntarIyA vAvina brAhosvit svatantrA va novapakSaprAoi matibheddana vipraSAvitA ti 1 pratronyate / naite tantrAntarIya nApi svatantrA matibhairena vipraRRAvitA / I yasya vasyAvyavasAyAntarAjyetAni 1 tevuM kAraNa sauyA /

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nayavAda : ananta paryAya, ananta dRSTikoNa saha pora vyavahAra naya astitva dravya kA mAmAnya guNa hai| koI bhI dravya aimA nahI hai jisakA astitva na ho / isa astitva guNa ke AdhAra para dravyamAna kA avata phalita honA hai / ' usa ata kA carama zikhara hai - mattA (mahAsattA yA parama maamaany)| isa sattA ke AdhAra 5. vizva kI vyAkhyA ina do me hogI 'vizva eka hai, kyoki sattA sarvatra sAmAnyarUpa se vyApta hai| 2 yaha ahata STi sagrahanaya hai / anekAnta ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne isa naya ke AdhAra para vedAnta, sAsya Adi darzanoM ke vicAroM kA samanvaya kiyA hai, kintu isakA artha yaha nahI ki unhoMne yaha addhata yA sAmAnya ko STi vedAnta yA sAsya darzana se RNa-5 me prApta kI hai| unhoMne matA kA nirapekSa-advata mAnane vAle darzano ke ekAgI dRSTikoNa kI samAlocanA kI hai / sattA tAtvika hai aura vizeSa atAtvika hai / yaha saMgrahanaya kA zrAbhAna hai / sattA guNa kI apekSA me viva eka ho sakatA hai, kintu dravya me mattA ke atirikta anya guNa bhI haiN| vizeSa' dravya kA eka guNa hai| uma mukha ke AdhAra para jaba vizva kI vyAkhyA karate hai tava dvaita phalita ho jAtA hai / mattA ke do-rUpa haiM- dravya aura paryAya / mAmAnya dravya kA guNa hai / usake AdhAra para hone vAlA adhyavasAya (nirNaya) ata kA samarthana karatA hai / vizeSa bhI dravya kA guNa hai| usake zrApAra para hone vAlA adhyavasAya hU~ta kA samarthana karatA hai| isa prakAra dra0ya me jitane guNa, dharma yA paryAya haiM utane hI unake adhyavasAya-nirNayAtmaka pTikoNa haiN| isIlie 1 vRhad nayacakra, 246 mavAraNa sahAvANa, atyitta puNa suparamasabhApa / visAvA tave, pracitta ma4mAvAya T 2 pramANanayatatvAloka, 7116 / vizvame madravizeSAdviti | 3 pramANanayatatvAloka, 7124 yat mat tad dravya payAryo vA /

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( 51 ) nayavAda ke AdhAra para dravya ke kisI bhI guNa para AdhArita vicAra kA samarthana kiyA jA sakatA hai / samanvaya isa nayavAda kI dena hai, isalie yaha bhrama nahI honA cAhie ki nayavAda vibhinna darzanoM ke vicAra-sakalana kA pratiphalana hai / sAmanaya dravya ananta dharmAtmaka hai kintu sarvAtmaka nahI hai / jIva dravya me bhI ananta dharma hai aura jIva dravya me bhI ananta dharma haiM / jIva aura prajIva me atyantAbhAva hai -- jIva kabhI ajIva nahI hotA aura ajIva kabhI jIva nahI hotA / isa atyantAbhAva kA hetu unake svarUpa kA vaiziSTya haiM / jIva me caitanya nAma kA viziSTa guraNa hai | vaha jIva me nahI hai / ajIva dravya ke pAca prakAra haiM ( 1 ) dharmAstikAya gati guraNa / (2) adharmAstikAya sthiti guraNa / (3) zrAkAzAstikAya -- avakAza guraNa | (4) pudgala varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza guNa / (5) kAla vartanA guraNa | guraNo ke AdhAra para unakI bhinnatA ajIva ke ye viziSTa guraNa jIva se nahIM / ina viziSTa guraNo ke zrAdhAra para jIva aura ajIva kA vibhAga hotA hai / sAmAnya guNo ke AdhAra para jIva aura ajIva kI ekatA sthApita hotI hai aura vizeSa sthApita hotI hai / dravya nisvabhAva nahI hai usakA dravyatva bAharI sabavo aura deza-kAla kI apekSAoM se prasthApita nahI hai / pratyeka dravya kA apanA maulika svarUpa hai, apanA vaiziSTya hai / savadha aura apekSA se phalita hone vAle guraNa use upalabdha hote haiM, para ve usake svarUpa ke nirNAyaka nahIM hote / / dravya me dharma hote haiM isalie use dharmI kahA jAtA hai / zoka hote haiM guNa aura paryAya / guNa sahabhAvI dharma hote haiM aura caitanya jIva kA sahabhAvI dharma hai / sukha, dukha, harSa aura dharma haiM / dharma aura dharmI sarvathA bhinna nahI hai aura sarvathA me hI hote haiM -- isa AdhAra aura prAdheyabhAva ke kAraNa ve eka aura dharma aneka isa dRSTikoNa se ve sarvathA bhinna nahI haiM / uname prabheda aura bheda dono samanvita haiM / isa samanvaya ke AdhAra para do zradhyavasAya nirmita hote haiM zra dharma do prakAra ke paryAya kramabhAvI / ye usake kramabhAvI bhinna nahI hai / dharma dharmI sarvathA bhinna nahI haiM / dharmI 1 jIva hai yaha abheda-pradhAna zradhyavasAya hai| isame 'jJAna' dharma 'jIva' dharmI se bhinna vivakSita nahI hai / 2 jJAnavAn jIva hai yaha bheda-pradhAna adhyavasAya hai / isame 'jJAna' dharma 'jIva' dharmI se bhinna vivakSita hai /

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( 52 ) abheda-pradhAna dRSTikoNa me dharma gauNa aura dharmA mukhya hotA hai| bheda-pradhAna dRSTikoNa me dharma mukhya aura dharmI gauNa hotA hai / dravya me paryAyo kA cakra calatA rahatA hai| vartamAna kSaNa me hone vAle paryAya sat hote haiM / bhUta aura bhAvI paryAya asat hote haiN| sat paryAya vastusparzI hotA hai aura asat paryAya jJAnani hotA hai| jo paryAya bIta cukA vaha vastu me nahIM rahatA, para hamAre jJAna me rahatA hai / hamAre mastiSka me kisI vastu ke nimaNi kI kalpanA utpanna hotI hai aura hama usakA kAlpanika citra banA lete hai / vastu-jagat me usakA astitva nahI hotA kintu hamAre jJAna me vaha avasthita ho jAtA hai| sabhI bhUta aura bhAvI paryAya hamAre jJAna me hI hote haiM / sakalpa eka sacAI hai, isalie usake AdhAra para utpanna hone vAle avyavasAya hamAre vyavahAra kA saMcAlana karate haiM / naigamanaya sakalpa kI sacAI ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai / kArya-kAraNa, AcAra-Adheya Adi kI dRSTi se hone vAle upacAro kI prAmANikatA bhI isI na4 ke AdhAra para siddha kI jAtI hai / __ 1 kArya me kAraNa kA upacAra 'eka varSa kA paudhA' isame paudhe kA parimana kArya hai / eka varSa kA kAla usakA kAraNa he / kArya me kAraNa kA upacAra kara paudhe ko eka varSa kA kahI jAtA hai| __2 kAraNa me kArya kA upacAra hisA dukha hai / hiMsA du kha kA kAraNa hai / kAraNa me kArya kA upacAra kara hiMsA ko hI dukha kahA jAtA hai| 3 AdhAra me Aya kA upacAra vAstava me jIva hI mokSa hotA hai| ve mukta jIva jisa lokAna me rahate hai, upacAra se use bhI mokSa kahA jAtA hai| 4 zrAdheya meM AdhAra kA upacAra macAna para baiThe loga cillAte haiN| upacAra se kahA jAtA hai macAna cillAtA hai| dharma aura dharmI tathA avayava aura avayavI me sarvayA bheda karane vAlA TikoNa prastuta naya ko mAnya nahIM hai, isalie use nagamAmAsa kahA jAtA hai / vaizeSika dharma aura dharmI me sarvathA bheda mAnate haiM, isalie unakA yaha vicAra nagamAbhAsa ke udAharaNa ke rUpa me prastuta kiyA gayA hai|

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( 53 ) RjusUtranaya aneka dravyo ke aAdhAra para abheda aura bheda ke adhyavasAya utpanna hote haiM, vaise hI eka dravya me bhI abheda aura bheda ke adhyavasAya utpanna hote hai| dra0ya kI avicchitti ke AdhAra para abheda kA adhyavasAya utpanna hotA hai aura kAlakrama se hone vAle paryAyo ke AdhAra 5. bheda kA adhyavasAya utpanna hotA hai| atIta aura anAgata pAyo kI upekSA kara pratyutpanna paryAya ko svIkRti dene vAlA adhyavasAya RjasUtranaya hai| ise vividha AkAro me samajhA jA sakatA hai|' ___1 kriyamANakRta eka vastra kA nirmANa kiyA jA rahA hai| yaha dIrthakAlIna kiyA hai, kintu usakA jo aza pratyutpanna hai vaha kRta hai| yadi pratyutpanna aza ko kRta na mAnA jAe to nimaNi ke atima kSaNa me bhI use nirmita nahI mAnA jA sktaa| prayama kSaNa me vastra kI sAzata aniSpatti nahIM hai| ata jitanI niSpatti hai ume kRta mAnanA caahie| yaha pratyutpanna kSaNa se utpanna hone vAlA adhyavasAya hai| ___2 nirhetuka vinAza utpanna honA aura naSTa honA vastu kA svabhAva hai / utpatti hI vastu ke vinAza kA hetu hai / vastu kA svabhAva hI aisA hai ki pahale kSaNa me vaha utpanna hotI hai aura dUsare kSaNa me naSTa ho jAtI hai / jo vastu utpatti-kSaraNa ke anantara naSTa na ho to phira vaha kabhI naSTa nahI ho sktii| ghaTa patthara Adi kisI dUsarI vastu ke yoga se phUTatA hai vinaSTa hotA hai, yaha sthUla jagat kA niyama hai / sUkSma jagata me yaha niyama ghaTita nahI hotA / / 3 nirhetuka utpAda jo utpanna ho rahA hai vaha apanI utpatti ke prathama kSaNa me apane kAryabhUta dUsare kSaNa ko utpanna nahI karatA / jo utpanna ho cukA hai vaha dUsare kSaNa me vinaSTa ho jAtA hai, isalie apane kAryabhUta dUsare kSaNa ko utpanna nahI krtaa| pUrvakSaNa kI sattA uttarakSaNa kI sattA ko utpanna nahIM krtii| ata utpAda kA koI hetu nahI hai, vaha svabhAva se hI hotA hai| 4 varNa Adi paryAya nyAzrita nahIM hote kauzrA kAlA nahI hai / ve dono apane-apane svarUpa me haiM kAlA raMga kAlA hai aura kauzrA kosA hai| yadi kAle raMga ko kozrI mAnA jAe to bhavare Adi ko bhI kAle hone ke kAraNa kauyA mAnanA 4 tatvAryavAttika, 1133, kasAyapAhuDa, bhAga 1, pR00 223-243 / kasAyapAhuDa, bhAga 1, pRSTha 227 para uddhata jAtireva hi bhAvAnA, niroghe heturiSyate / / yo jAtazca na ca vasto, nazyet pazcAt sa kena va //

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( 54 ) hogA / yadi kAlA raMga ko5 kA svarUpa ho to phira sapheda kopA nahI ho sakatA kaue ke lAla mAma, mapheda haDDI aura pIle pitta ko bhI phira kAlA mAnanA hogaa| vastuta aisA nahIM hai, ata kAlA / apane svarUpa me kAlA hai aura kotrA apane svarU5 me koyA hai / 5 sAmAnAdhikaraNya kA prabhAva kAle raMga aura kaue me sAmAnAvikaraNyado varmoM kA eka adhikaraNa nahI hotA, kyoki vibhinna zaktiyukta paryAya hI apanA astitva rakhate haiM, dravya kucha nahIM hai / yadi kAle raMga kI pradhAnatA me kaue ko kAlA kahA jAe to kAle raMga kI pradhAnatA vAlI kavalo ko bhI konA kahanA hogaa| 6 vizeSaNa-vizeSyabhAva nahIM hotA do bhinna paryAyo me vizeSaNa-vizeSya kA bhAva mAnane para avyavasthA utpanna hotI hai aura abhinna paryAyo me vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva hotA nahI / 7 grAhya-prAhakabhAva nahIM hotA jAna ke dvArA apavaddha artha kA grahaNa nahI hotA / yadi asava artha kA graha mAnA jAe to sabhI padAryo kA grahaNa prApta ho jAegA / phira grahaNa kI niyata vyavasthA nahI rhegii| nAna ke dvArA sabada arya kA prahaNa bhI nahI hotA, kyoki grahaNakAla me vaha rahatA hI nhiiN| 8 pAcya-pAcakabhAva nahIM hotA savara-artha zabda kA vAcya nahI hotA, kyoki usake sAtha sambandha grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai taba zabda-prayogakAla me vaha atIta ho jAtA hai / asabaddha artha ko zabda kA vAcya mAnane para avyavasthA hotI hai / ata asavaddha artha bhI zabda kA pAcya nahIM hotaa| artha se zabda kI utpatti nahIM hotii| usakI utpatti tAlu Adi se hotI hai, yaha pratyakSa hai / zabda se artha kI utpatti nahI hotii| da kI utpatti se pahale hI arya kI upalabdhi hotI hai| zabda aura artha me tAdAtmyasambandha bhI nahIM hai / zabda bhinna deza meM rahatA hai aura arya bhinna deza me / zabda zrIyondriyagrAhya hai aura artha anya indriyo se bhI grAhya hai / isa adhikaraNa aura karaNa (indriya) ke bheda kI sthiti me tAdAtmyasambandha ho nahIM sakatA / yadi aura artha me tAdAtmyasambandha mAnA jAe to agni zabda ke uccAraNa se muha ke jala jAne kA prasA AtA hai| artha kI bhAti vikalpa bhI zabda kA vAcya nahI hai| artha ko 88 kA vAcya mAnane para jina dopo kA udbhava hotA hai, vikalpa ko zabda kA vAcya mAnane para bhI unhI dopo kI prasakti hotI hai /

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( 55 ) RjusUtranaya pratyutpanna ekakSaNavartI paryAya se utpanna adhyavasAya hai / yaha atIta aura anAgata ko svIkRti nahI detaa| do paryAyo aura sambandho ko bhI yaha mAnya nahI krtaa| prastuta adhyavasAya loka vyavahAra-sammata nahI hai isa prazna ko upasthita kara yaha batAyA gayA ki yaha eka dRSTikoNa hai / loka vyavahAra kA pratinidhitva karane vAlA pTikoNa naigamanaya hai / vyavahAra saba nayo ke samUha se siddha hotA hai / eka na4 ke adhyavasAya se usakI siddhi kI apekSA nahI honI caahie|' RjusUtranaya se bauddho ke kSaNikavAda kI tulanA kI jAtI hai, kintu bauddhaSTi sarvanayasApekSa nahI hai isalie use RjusUtranaya ke prAbhAsa ke rUpa me bhI udAhata kiyA gayA hai / zavanaya zabda hamAre vyavahAra aura zAna kA eka zaktizAlI mAdhyama hai / manuSya samAja ne usa (zabda) me saketa Aropita kie haiM aura unake AdhAra para usame arthabodha karAne kI kSamatA nihita hai / usame svAbhAvika sAmartha bhI hai / vaha vaktA ke muha se nikala kara zrotA taka pahucatA hai / yaha abhivyakti kA sAmarthya agulI Adi ke saketo me bhI hai, para zavda me jitanA spaSTa hai utanA anya kisI me nahI hai, isI lie hama aryavodha ke lie zabda kA sahArA lete haiM / zabdo ke AdhAra para hamAre adhyavasAya utpanna hote haiM isalie nayazAstra me 2006-racanA yA vAkya-racanA kI bahuta sUkSma mImAsA kI gaI hai| laukika zabdazAstra me kAla, kAraka Adi ke bhinna hone para bhI vAcya ko bhinna nahI mAnA jAtA kintu zandanaya ko yaha mata svIkArya nahI hai / usakA adhyavasAya yaha hai ki kAla zrAdi ke dvArA vAcaka kA bheda hone para vAcyaartha bhinna ho jAtA hai| kAlabheda se arthameva jayapura thaa| jayapura hai| jayapura hogaa| 6 tatvArthavAttika, 133 sarvasanyavahAralo5 iti cet, na, viSayamAtrapradarzanAt, pUrvanayavaktavyAt savyavahAra siddhirbhavati / 7 sarvArthasiddhi, 133 sarvanayasamUhasAdhyo hi lokasavyavahAra / 8 pramANanayatatvAloka, 7130, 31 sarvathA dravyApalApI sadAbhAsa / yathA-tayAgatamatam /

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( 56 ) atItakAlIna, vartamAnakAlIna aura bhaviSyakAlIna jayapura eka nahIM ho| skte| ligabheva se ayameva mAmane pahADa hai| mAmane pahADI hai| pahADa aura pahADI eka nahIM ho sakate / vacanameda se arthabheda manuSya jA rahA hai| manuSya jA rahe haiN| jahA arthabheda vivakSita hotA hai vahI kAla Adi ke dvArA 288 kA bheda kiyA jAtA hai / isIlie yaha avyavamAya nirmita hotA hai ki jahA kAla Adi kRta zabdabheda ho vahA arthabheda honA hI cAhie / samilDrana samabhirunaya kA adhyavasAya gandanaya se sUkSma hai / isake anusAra eka pAyaartha me aneka vAcaka-zabdo kA prayoga nahI kiyA jA sktaa| hama artha ke jima paryAya kA vodha yA pratipAdana karanA cAhate hai usake lie usI paryAya-pratyAyaka kAda kA prayoga karate haiM / zabdakoSa me ekArthaka yA paryAyavAcI zabdo ko mAnyatA prApta hai, kintu prastuta naya unhe mAnya nahI krtaa| yaha 14 isa siddhAnta kI sthApanA karatA hai ki vAcya-arya kI bhinnatA hue vinA vAcaka zabda kI bhinnatA nahI ho sktii| aise koI bhI do zabda nahI haiM jo eka hI vAcya-artha ke lie prayukta kie jA sakate ho / do bhinna zabdo kA eka pAya-artha ke lie prayoga karane para virodha prApta hotA hai / do do kI zakti samAna nahI hotii| yadi unakI zakti samAna mAnI jAe to ye phira do nahI hoge / unheM eka hI mAnanA hogA, isalie bhinna-bhinna vAcaka zabdo kA prayoga bhinna-bhinna vAcya-yoM ke AdhAra para hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| prazna upasthita hotA hai ki zabda vastu (artha) kA dharma nahIM hai, kyoki vaha vastu se bhinna hai / zabda kI arthakriyA vastu kI arthakriyA se bhinna hai / zabda kI utpatti kA kAraNa vastu kI utpatti ke kAraNa se bhinna hai / gada aura vastu me upAya-upeyabhAva sabaMdha hai / zabda ke dvArA vastu kA bodha hotA hai isalie zabda upAya hai aura vastu upaya hai / zabda aura vastu kA abheda-sabaMdha nahI hai to phira zabda ke bheda se vastu kA bheda kase mAnA jA sakatA hai ?

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( 57 ) isakA samAdhAna pramANa aura sUrya Adi prakAzI dravyo ke Aloka me khojA jA sakatA hai / jaise--- (1) pramANa kA prameya (vastu) ke sAtha abheda sabadha nahI hai phira bhI pramANa prameya kA nirNaya karatA hai / pramANa aura prameya me bheda hone para bhI yadi grAhya-grAhaka sabadha svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai to zabda aura vastu kI bhinnatA hone para uname vAma-vAcaka savadha kyo nahI svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA ? (2) sUrya, pradIpa Adi prakAzI padArtha ghaTa Adi prakAzya vastuo se bhinna hote hue bhI unhe prakAzita karate haiM / pradIpa aura ghaTa me bhinnatA hone para bhI yadi prakAzya aura prakAzaka kA sabadha ho sakatA hai to zabda aura vastu me vAcya-vAcaka, savadha kyo nahI ho sakatA ? zabda aura vastu me vAcaka-vAcyabhAva savadha hai isalie vAcaka-zabda kA bheda hone para vAcya-rya kA bheda honA hI cAhie / zabda-bheda ke AdhAra para hone vAle artha-bheda ko ina rUpo me samajhA jA sakatA hai| (ka) yaha martya hai| (kha) yaha puruSa hai| ye dono manuSya ke paryAyavAdI zabda hai, kintu bhinna-bhinna paryAyo ke vAcaka hone ke kAraNa se ekArthaka nahIM haiM / (ka) yanuSya maradharmA hai isalie 'maya' hai / yaha zabda manuSya kI maraNa paryAya kA nirvacana karatA hai| (kha) manuSya zarIra me rahatA hai (puri zeta-puruSa ) isalie 'puruSa' hai / yaha zabda manuSya ke zarIra-paryAya kA nirvacana karatA hai / (ka) yaha bhAgIrathI kA pravAha hai / (kha) yaha haimavatI kA srota hai| ina vAkyo me bhAgIrathI aura hamavatI--ye dono gagA ke paryAyavAcI zabda hai, kintu bhinna-bhinna paryAyo ke vAcaka hone ke kAraNa ye ekArthaka nahIM haiN| (ka) gagA bhagIratha ke dvArA pravAhita kI gaI, isalie vaha bhAgIrathI hai / (kha) gagA kA utsa himAlaya parvata hai, isalie vaha haM bhavatI hai /

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( 58 ) evaM bhUtanaya atIta aura bhAvI paryAya kA bodha karAne vAle zabda kA prayoga samucita nahI hai yaha isa naya kA adhyavasAya hai / aryavodha ke lie da kA prayoga vahI honA cAhie jo vartamAna paryAya (yA kriyA) kA vAcaka ho / adhyApaka vidyArthI ko par3hA rahA hai / isa vAkya me adhyApana kriyA meM pariNata vyakti ko adhyApaka kahA gayA hai, ___ isalie yaha samucita prayoga hai| adhyApaka bhojana kara rahA hai / isa vAkya me adhyApaka zabda kA prayoga samucita nahIM hai / vaha bhojana kI kriyA me pariNata hai isalie use adhyApaka nahI kahA jA sakatA hai / naya kI maryAdA dravya sAmAnya hai aura paryAya vize5 / ye do hI mUlabhUta prameya haiN| inhI ke zrAvAra 52 naya ke do maulika bheda kie gae haiM (1) dravya yA sAmAnya vodha kA avyavasAya dravyAyikanaya / (2) paryAya yA vizeSa vodha kA adhyavasAya paryAyAyikanaya / negama, saMgraha aura vyavahAra ye tIna dravyAyikanaya hai| RjusUtra, ganda, samabhirUna aura eka bhUta-ye cAra paryAyAyikanaya haiN| prathama cAra naya aryAzrayI hone ke kAraNa arthanaya aura atima tIna zabdAzrayI hone ke kAraNa zabdanaya kahalAte haiM / yaha nayo ke vibhAjana kI dUsarI maryAdA hai| negama naya saMkalpanAhI hone ke kAraNa tathA bhUta-bhAvI paryAya vastu me nahI rahate, mAna me rahate haiM ata vaha zAnanaya bhI hai / naya ke do kArya haiM arthavova aura artha kA pratipAdana / arthavodha kI apekSA se sabhI naya jJAnanaya haiM aura arya-pratipAdana kI apekSA se sabhI naya zabdanaya haiN| hama dravya ke pAramAyika svarUpa yA upAdAna kA nirUpaNa bhI karate hai aura usakA nirUpaNa para nimitta se hone vAle paryAyo ke dvArA bhI karate haiN| prathama nirUpaNa nizcayanaya hai aura dUsarA vyavahAranaya / 9 tatvAyaralokavAttika, 1133 sarva gadanayAstena, parArthapratipAdane / svArthaprArAne mAturime jJAnanayA sthitA |

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( 59 ) anekAnta ke mUla vibhAga do hai pramANa aura naya / pramANa sampUrNa artha kA vinizcaya karatA hai aura naya artha ke eka aza kA vinizcaya karatA hai / syAdvAda ke dvArA jJAta akhaDa vastu ke khaDa-khaDa kA adhyavasAya jaba hama karate haiM tava na4paddhati kA sahArA lete hai / 10 ghaDe me bhare hue samudra ke jala ko samudra bhI nahI kahA jA sakatA aura a-samudra bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kintu samudrAza kahA jA sakatA hai / vaise hI pramANa se utpanna hone para bhI naya ko pramANa bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aura apramANa bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| naya apanA-apanA pakSa prastuta karatA hai, dUsare ke pakSa kA khaNDana nahI karatA, isIlie vaha naya hai / 2 dUsare ke pakSa kA khaNDana karane vAlA nirapekSa hone ke kAraNa durnaya ho jAtA hai / nirapekSa naya vivAda utpanna karatA hai| sApekSa yA samudita naya savAda utpanna karatA hai| jase eka sUtra me gu phita ratna apanI pRthak-pRthaka sajJAo ko miTAkara ratnAvalI kI sajJA ko prApta hote hai, vaise hI pRthaka-pRthak adhyavasAya vAle naya sApekSatA ke sUtra me Abaddha hokara anekAnta kI sajJA ko prApta hote haiM 113 anekAnta kA marmajJa nahI kahatA ki yaha naya satya hai aura yaha naya mithyA hai / vaha isa vAstavikatA kI ghoSaNA karatA hai ki nirapekSa naya mithyA aura sApekSa naya satya hai| nikSepa nikSepa viziSTa 2006-prayoga kI paddhati hai / eka zabda artha ke aneka paryAyo tathA prArIpo ko abhivyakta karatA hai / usa abhivyakti ke lie eka hI zabda aneka 10 prAptamImAsA, 106 sadharmagAva sAvyasya, sAdhAdavirodhata / sthAvAdapravibhaktAryavizeSavyajako naya // 11 tattvAryazlokavAttika, 116 nAya vastu na cAvastu, vastvaza kathyate yata / nAsamudra samudrI vA, samudrAzI yathocyate // 12 sanmati prakaraNa, 1128 yiyavaNijjasapA sa0varAyA paraviyAlaNe mohA / te u u disamazro vibhayaha sacce va alie vA // 13 sanmati prakaraNa, 1122-25 /

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( 60 ) vizeSaNo se vizepita hotA hai / jaise-nAma manupya, sthApanA manupya, dravya manuSya, bhAva mnupy| nikSepa kI pati Agamayuga me hI vikasita ho cukI thI / darzanayuga aura pramANa-yavasthA yuga meM bhI unakA upayoga satata hotA rhaa| anekArthaka zabda ke vivakSita artha kA nirNaya-vidhi alakA zAstra me vati hai, kintu ekAryakAla ke vivakSita arya kI nirNaya-vidhi kevala jaina zrAmo ke vyAcyA pranyo me hI upalabdha hotI hai / yaha kevala tarkazAstra ke lie hI upayogI nahIM hai, kintu pratyeka zAstra ke vivakSita artha ko jAnane ke lie isakI vizleSaNa pati bahuta mUlyapAna hai| hamAra jAna aura vyavahAra kA kramika vikAsa isa prakAra hotA hai marvaprathama hama pramANa ke dvArA akhaDa vastu kA bodha karane hai / tat pazcAt naya ke dvArA usake khaDa-khaDa kA vodha karate hai / pahale jAna salepaNAtmaka hotA hai phira vizleSaNAtmaka | java pramANa aura na4 ke dvArA padArtha nAta ho jAtA hai taba usakA nAmakaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| jaise- jala dhAraNa karane tathA viziSTa AkAra vAle padArtha kA ghara nAmakaraNa kiyA / ghaTa padArya aura gha8 zabda kI mamvavayojanA hone para padArtha ghaTa gada kA vAcya aura 58 bhabda usakA vAcaka ho jAtA hai / yaha prAthamika prakriyA hai, kintu kAlakrama se zabda kA artha-vistAra hotA jAtA hai / jalavAraNa kI kriyA se zUnya ghaTa kI pratikRti yA citra bhI ghaTa nAma se abhihita hotA hai| ghara kI prathama avasthA mRt-piMDa zrIra unako bhagnAvasyA kapAla bhI ghaTa da se abhihita hotA hai / java eka ganda kA artha vistAra ho jAtA hai taba inakA nirNaya Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki prastuta prakaraNa meM prayukta zabda kA vivakSita arya kyA hai ? usa vivakSita arya ko jAnane ke lie hI nAma ke sAtha vizeSaNa joDakara uname bheda kiyA jAtA hai / yahI nikSepa kI paddhati hai| nikSepa kI iyattA nahI hai / jo zabda jitane arthoM ko prakAzita karatA hai, utane hI usake nikSepa kie jA sakate haiN| kama se kama cAra nikSepa to pratyeka gAda ke hote haiM / padArya kA koI na koI nAma hotA hai aura koI AkAra bhI hotA hai| usake bhUta-bhAvI paryAya hote haiM aura vartamAna paryAya bhI hotA hai / ata nikSepacatuSTayA svata phalita hotI hai 1 nAma nikSe5 padArtha kA nAmAzrita vyavahAra / 2 sthApanA nikSepa padArtha kA AkArAzrita vyavahAra / 14 laghIyastraya, 74, svopajJavivRti tAitAnA vAcatAmApannAnA vAvaDu mevopacAra nyAsa !

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( 61 ) 3 dra0yanikSepa padArtha kA bhUta aura bhAvI paryAyAzrita vyavahAra / 4 bhAvanikSepa padArya kA vartamAta paryAyAzrita vyavahAra / jinabhadragati kSamAzramaNa ne nikSepa kI vyAkhyA bhinna prakAra se bhI kI hai| unake atusAra padArtha kI sajJA nAma nikSepa hai / usakA AkAra sthApanA nikSepa hai / kAraNarU5 padArtha dravyanikSepa hai| kAryarUpa padArtha bhAvanikSepa hai / / 5 sajJAkaraNa, prAkRtikaraNa, kAra-vyavasthA zrIra kArya-vyavasthA- ye vyavahAra jagat me avatarita vastu ke nyUnatama paryAya haiM / isIlie jo vastu hai vaha catupAyAtmaka avazya hI hotI hai 116 naya aura nikSepa naya arthAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka aura zabdAtmaka hote hai, vaise hI nikSepa bhI tIno prakAra ke hote hai / " naya jJAna hai aura nikSepa vyavahAra hai| iname viSaya aura viSayI kA sabadha hai vijayI. vipaya nAmanikSepa zabdAtmaka vyavahAra shbdny| sthApanAnikSepa jJAnAtmaka vyavahAra sakalpanAhI naigamanaya / dravyanikSepa arthAtmaka vyavahAra naigama, sagraha, vyavahAra aura RjusUtra 18 bhAvanikSepa arthAtmaka vyavahAra zabdanAya / 15 vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAyA 60 / aghavA tyabhidhAraNa gAma ThapaNA ya jo sdaagaaro| kAraNayA se da0 kajjAva taya bhAvI // _16 vizeSAvazyakamAvya, gAyA 73 sAmAdi bhedasaityabuddhipariNAmamAvato siyata / ja patthumatyi loe catupajjAya taya saca // 17 vacanapraveza, 74 nayAnugatanikSepapAya bhadavedane / viracacyArthavAkpratyayAtmabhedAn zru tApitAm // RjusUtra na4 do prakAra kA hotA hai zuddha aura azuddha / zuddha RjusUtra naya pratyutpanna paryAya ko grahaNa karatA hai| azuddha RjusUtra naya aneka kSaNavartI vyajanaparyAya ko grahaNa karatA hai| ata dravyanikSepa isakA viSaya bana jAtA hai / 18

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( 62 ) artha ke nAma, rUpa aura vibhinna paryAyo ko eka hI zabda abhihita karatA hai taba prakRta aura a-prakRta vAcya kA prazna upasthita hotA hai| siMha kA citrAkana bhI 'siMha' zabda ke dvArA abhihita hotA hai aura jIvita siMha bhI usI sanda ke dvArA abhihita hotA hai / miha kA mRta zarIra bhI miha kahalAtA hai pIra siMha zabda sunate hI 'siMha-artha' kA vo ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra ayaM ko vibhinna avasyAyo kA zabda me nyAna hotA hai| upanyAsa ko vizeSaNa ke dvArA viziSTa kA prastuta kA voSa kA liyA jAtA hai / jJAna aura dhyAna eka hI yAtrA ke do paDAva haiN| cala-jAna ke dvArA padArtha jeya banatA hai aura acala-jAna ke hArA vaha dhyeya banatA hai| dhyAna kI paddhati me bhI nikSepa bahata upayogI hai| koI vyakti nAma kA pAlana lekara dhyAna karatA hai to koI AkRti kA pAlavana lekara / koI bhUta bhAvI paryAyo kA pAlavana lekara dhyAna karatA hai to koI vartamAna paryAya kA bAlabana lekara dhyAna karatA hai| isa prakAra eka hI arya kI aneka avasyAe dhyeya bana jAtI haiM 120 pratikRti mUla artha kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, isalie naigamanaya uma jAnAtmaka artha kA mUladravya ke mAya abheda mAnatA hai| nAma vAJca-arya kA vova karatA hai isalie zabdanaya usa AndAtmaka artha kA mUla artha ke mAya abheda mAnane hai / bhUta aura bhAvI paryAya kA artha me upacAra kiyA jAtA hai, isalie naMgama, naraha aura vyavahAra naya mUla artha ke vartamAna paryAya ke mAya unakA abheda mAnate haiN| Adanaya artha ke vartamAna paryAya ko vAstavika mAnate haiM / isa prakAra artha kI vibhinna avasyAtrI kI abhivyakti ke lie hone vAle sa-vizeSaNa zabda prayoga ko nayoM kI mAnyatA prApta hotI hai / isa prakriyA me mAya, viparyaya aura anizcaya kI sthiti ko pAra kara hama 88 ke mAdhyama se vaktA ke vivakSita arya ko jAna lete haiN| 19 laghIyastraya, 74, svopajavivRti aprastutAryApAka pAt prastutAryavyAkaraNAca nikSepa. phalavAn / 20 vRhad nayacara, 270 dala vivihamahAva, jeNa mahAveza hoi na jheya / tassa gimitta kAras, ekkapi ya da01 paubheya // 21, dhavalA, 11119 sAthe viparyaye zrana vyavasAye vA sthita tempo pasArya niravaye kSipatIti nikSepa / athavA vAhyAvikalpo nikSe5 / aprakRtanirAkaraNadvAre prakRtaprarUpako vaa|

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( 63 ) 1 eka neya kA abhiprAya dUsare naya se bhinna hI nahI kintu virodhI bhI hai| isa sthiti me hama kise satya mAne ? eka ko satya mAnane para dUsare ko asatya mAnanA hI hogaa| dono virodhI mato ko satya mAnA nahI jA sktaa| kyA satya bhI nayo ke AdhAra 52 vaTA huA hai ? 1 dravya sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hotA hai| usakA anvayI dharma sAmAnya aura vyatirekI dharma vizeSa kahalAtA hai / anvayI dharma vyatirekI dharma se aura vyatirekI dharma prayI dharma ke sarvathA minna nahI hotA ! phatA dravya anvathI baura vyatire dharmoM kI svAbhAvika samanviti hai| anvayI dharma dhruva hotA hai aura vyatirekI dharma utpana eva naSTa hotA rahatA hai / pratikSaNa vyatikI dharma utpanna hotA hai| vaha apane se pUrvavartI vyatirekI dharma kA dhvama hone para hI utpanna hotA hai| isalie pUrvavartI vyatirekI dharma kAraNa aura utpanna hone vAlA vyatirekI dharma kArya kahalAtA hai / anvayI dharma bhI usakA kAraNa hotA hai / sahakArI sAmagrI bhI kArya kI utpatti me nimitta banatI hai / yaha vastu-sthiti kA nirUpaNa hai| manuSya kA samUcA cintana yA satya-bIca ukta do dharmo (sAmAnya aura vizeSa yA abheda aura bheda yA dhrauvya aura paryAya) ke zrAdhAra para hotA hai / nagamAnaya sAmAnyAzrita abhiprAya hai, isalie vaha kAraNa me kArya kA sadbhAva svIkAra karatA hai arthAt vaha satkAryavAda ko svIkRti detA hai / anSayI dharma ke AdhAra para isase bhinna cintana nahI ho sktaa| anvayI dharma jaise dravya kI vAstavikatA hai, vaise hI vyatirekI dharma bhI usakI vAstavikatA hai / RjusUtranaya vizeSAzrita abhiprAya hai, isalie vaha kArya-kAraNabhAva ko svIkAra nahIM karatA arthAt vaha asatkAryavAda ko svIkRti detA hai / eka naya satkAryavAda ko svIkRti detA hai aura dUsarA asatkAryavAda ko| yaha unakI svacchanda kalpanA nahI hai / vastu-jagat me aisA ghaTita hotA hai, isIlie ye dono vastu-Azrita vikalpa hai / anvayI dharma bhI vastu-Azrita hai aura vyatirekI dharma bhI vastu-Azrita hai / anvayI dharma zAvata aura vyajana-paryAya dIrghakAlIna hotA hai, isalie uname kArya-kAraNabhAva ghaTita hotA hai / artha-paryAya kSaNavartI hai, isalie usame kAryakArabhAva parita nahIM hotaa| ye dono vikalpa do bhinna tathyo 59 zrAdhRta haiM aura dono vAstavikatAe haiM / isIlie una dono (vaastviktaao| ko do naya bhinnabhinna rUpa me (jisame jaisA ghaTita hai usI rUpa me) jAnate aura pratipAdita karate haiM / na4 jJAnAtmaka haiM / unakA kAma jaya kA nirmANa karanA nahIM kintu jJeya ko yayArtharU5 me jAnanA aura nirUpita karanA hai / satya nayo ke AdhAra para vibhath nahIM hai kintu naya vAstavikatA ke AdhAra para vibhakta hai| nirapekSa nayavAdI darzana yA to sAmAnyAzrita vikalpa ko satya mAnate haiM yA vizeSAzrita vikalpa ko satya mAnate haiM / isalie kucha darzana kevala satkAryavAdI haiM aura kucha kevala asatkAryavAdI / jaina-darzana avayI aura vyatirekI dharmoM ko sApekSatA ke AdhAra para unase phalita

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( 64 ) hone vAle nayo ko bhI sApekSa mAnatA hai / isalie vaha satkAryavAda aura amatkAryavAda dono ko sApekSasatya mAnatA hai / ina dono me pratIta hone vAle virodha kA vaha sApekSatA ke prAcAra 52 parihAra karatA hai| anvayI dharma kI apekSA se satkAryavAda vAstavikatA hai aura vyatirekI dharma kI apekSA se asatkAryavAda vAstavikatA hai| dono vAstavikatAo ke do AdhAra hai aura ve dono sApekSa haiM eka hI dravya ke aMga hai, apanI-apanI maryAdAtro me rahate haiM, isalie ve virodhI nahI haiM / nava vono tathya virodhI nahI hai tava na cAdhAra para hone vAnA vikalpa virodhI kase ho sakatA hai ? jahA virodha kI zrArAkA ho vahA isa apekSA ko dhyAna me lenA Avazyaka hai ki yaha vicAra anvayI dharmAzrita hai aura yaha vicAra vyatirekI dharmAzrita hai| isa STikoNa se dekhane 50 virova kI pratIti sahaja hI nirasta ho jAtI hai| 2 sAsya kUTasyanityavAdI hai aura bauddha kSaNikavAdI hai| isa AdhAra para dra0yAyika aura paryAyAyika nayo kI yojanA nahIM kI gii| kintu dravya dhrInya aura utpAda-vyaya kI samanviti hai-pronya se utpAda-vyaya aura utpAda-0yaya se dhrauvya svatatrarU5 me kahI bhI prApta nahI hotA, isa AdhAra para dravyAyika aura paryAyAyika nayo kI yojanA huI hai| ve isa tathya ke vodhaka haiM ki dravya kA dhrauvya aza nitya hai aparivartanazIla hai aura usakA utpAda-vyaya aA anitya hai parivartanazIla hai| nayo ke AdhAra para dravya kI nityatA aura anityatA kI sthApanA nahI hai kintu dravya me upalabdha nityatva aura anityatva dharmoM ke AdhAra para nayo kI yojanA kI 3 abheda aura bheda dravya ke svagata dharma hai| dravyAthika naya abheda kA vocaka hai aura paryAyAthika naya bheda kA / dra0ya kA jo saza-pariNAma-pravAharU5-bheda eka zabda kA vAcya banakara vyavahArya hotA hai, vaha dravya kA vyajana-paryAya hai| jo bheda atima hone ke kAraNa avibhAjya yA avibhAjya jaisA pratIta hotA hai, vaha dravya kA artha-paryAya hai / dravya vyakti5 me eka aura akhaDa hotA hai| apane artha-paryAyo aura vyajana-paryAyo se khaDita hokara vaha aneka yA ananta ho jAtA hai| eka puruSa janma me mRtyu paryanta 'puruSa' zabda ke dvArA hI pAcya hotA hai| vyajana-paryAya kI apekSA se uma purupa me draSTA ko sadA puruSa kI hI pratIti hotI hai| yaha dravya kA abheda hai / usa puru5 me bAla, yovana Adi aneka bheda hote haiM / vAlya avasthA bhI vibhAjya hotI hai, jaise dUdhamu hA baccA, tIna varSa kA vaccA zrAdi-zrAdi / isa prakAra vyajana-paryAya abheda aura bheda arthAt ekatA aura anekatA - dono ko prasthApita karatA hai /

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( 65 ) 4 upaniSado me 'sa eSa neti neti' ke dvArA paramArya sattA ko anirvacanIya vatalAyA gayA hai / aacaaraa|| sUtra me batalAyA gayA hai ki prAtmA apada hai, isalie vaha kisI pada ke dvArA vAcya nahI hai / 22 bhagavAna buddha ne bhI AtmA, paraloka prAdi ko avyAkRta kahA hai / dravya ke svabhAva kA vizleSaNa karane para jJAta hotA hai ki yaha avAcyatA usake eka dharma se sApekSa hai| dUsare dharma kI hASTa se vaha vAcya bhI hai / artha-pAya kSaNavartI aura sUkSma hone ke kAraNa zabda kA viSaya nahIM bntaa| zrata artha-paryAya kI apekSA se dravya avAcya hai / vyajana-paryAya dIrghakAlIna aura sthUla tathA sadRza-pariNAma-pravAha kA janaka hone ke kAraNa zabda kA viSaya banatA hai / ata vyajana-paryAya kI apekSA se dravya vAcya hai| - isa carcA se yaha samajhA jA sakatA hai ki nayo kI yojanA kA mUla AdhAra dravya kA maulika rUpa aura usakA payAya-samUha hai| ye naya na to dUsaro ke mato kA sakalana haiM aura na aicchika vikalpa / 2 kyA 'pancyAputra'- isake lie bhI koI naya hai ? 'vandhyAputra' - yaha eka vikalpa hai / koI bhI vikalpa apekSAzUnya nahIM hotaa| asat kI hama kalpanA nahI kara skte| vaghyA asat nahI hai aura putra bhI asat nahI hai / prAkAza bhI asat nahI hai aura kusuma bhI asat nahI hai / ye yogaja-vikalpa haiM / putra eka sacAI hai / usakI apekSA se 'vandhyAputra' eka abhAvAtmaka vikalpa hai| kusuma eka sacAI hai / usake AdhAra para 'zrAkAzakusuma' eka abhAvAtmaka vikalpa hai / vandhyA ke putra nahI hotA kintu vAstava me yadi putra nahI hotA to 'pandhyAputra'yaha vikalpa bhI nahI bntaa| AkAza ke kusuma nahI hotA kintu kahI bhI yadi kusuma nahI hotA to 'AkAzakusuma' yaha vikalpa bhI nahI bntaa| isalie ye bhAvasApekSa abhAvAtmaka vikalpa haiM / naigama naya sakalpagrAhI hone ke kAraNa ina upacarita satyo kI bhI vyAkhyA karatA hai| 22 AyAro 51139 apayasta paya ptthi|

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sthAvAva aura saptasa~nI nyAya 'syAt' zabda ane arca svAAva 'syAt' zraura vAva' no zabdo se niSpanna hai / tti'nta pratirUpa nipAta haiM| saje 'aneLAnta, vivi, vizvAra zrAvi hote haiM / yahA GasA 'aneAnta' zrarya vikSita hai / yaha cit (veza) aura vASit (gana) ke a me bhI prayukta hotA hai / samAvanA aura sagaya che ame bhI sajA prayoga minatA hai / tyAvAva me 'sAt' zabda jA prayoga sazaya ke prarca me nahI hai / yaha aneAnta je zrarya meM hai aura aneAnta prananta dharmAtmA vastu jA nizvayAtma jJAna hai / solara 'syAt' gava mI nizvita arca vAtA hai / sabhAvanA aura sApekSatA pasane sAya buDe dru haiM / 'syAt' zabda jA prayo| ye vinA zbda dharma jI vidhi zaura aniSTa varma vA nileSa nahI jiyA nA sarjAtA, niye pAye jApratipAvana rane vAnI pratye vAjya-paddhati che sAya 'cAt' za / prayoga jiyA khAtA hai / nahI mA sAkSAt prayoga naddo hotA vaTThAM vad Amya hotA hai / vah vo a* jo sUSita ratA hai 1 vidhizUnya niSedha aura niSedhazUnya vidhi no ddo satI / 2 anvayI dharma (dhrauvya yA sAmAnya) zraura vyatireLI dharma (utsAva zraura vyaya vizeSa) - ce vono sApekSa haiM / dhrauvyaviddIna utpAva-vyaya zrIra utpAva-vyayavihIna prauvya ho bhI pAva nahIM hotA 1 1 tattvAryarpAttaLa, 4/42 sa niDansa (tiDanta) pratirUpo nipAta / sa~sthAneziivijJArAviyu vadhruvapu mamavatyu ha vivajJAvazAt ane ntAryo zrRdghate 1 2. sAyapAttuDa, mAya 1, pRSTha 370 miyAddo AivAyattAvo navi viproosu pratyenu vave, to vi patye tya vi vAje vese tti vesu pratyenu vatRmANo ghettantro ! 3 tattvAryavAtti, 1/6 sAAvo nizvitAryuM vekSitayAAtavastuvAviAt / 4 nyAyajInuMvattax, bhAva 2, pRSTha 694 svAbharamantare DAInaSvayoiiniSedhAnupatta /

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( 67 ) vastu kA svarUpa sarvAtmaka nahIM hai, isalie sva-rUpa se usakI vidhi aura para-05 se usakA niSedha prApta hotA hai| utpAda aura vyaya kA krama calatA rahatA hai / isalie utpanna paryAya kI apekSA se pastu kI vidhi aura anutpanna yA vigata paryAya kI apekSA se usakA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai| pAdarI nikolasa ke anusAra indriya-pratyakSa dvArA hone vAlA vastu kA savedana vidhAnAtmaka hotA hai, niSedhAtmaka nahIM hotaa| anumAna vidhyAtmaka aura niSedhAtmaka dono hotA hai / syAdvAda kA siddhAnta yaha hai ki vidhi aura niSedha vastugata dharma haiM / hama agni kA pratyakSa karate haiM, isalie usakI vidhi kA artha hotA hai ki amuka deza meM agni hai| hama dhUma ke dvArA agni kA anumAna karate haiM taba sAdhaka-hetu milane para amuka de| me usakI vidhi aura vAdhaka-hetu milane para usakA niSedha karate haiM kintu syadvAda kA vidhi-niSedha vastu ke dezakAla se saMbaddha nahI hai| vaha usake svarUpa-nirdhAraNa se sabaddha hai / agni jaba kabhI aura jahA-kahI bhI hotI hai vaha apane svarUpa se hotI hai, isalie usakI vidhi usake ghaTako para nirbhara hai aura usakA niSedha una tatvo para nirbhara hai jo usake ghaTaka nahI haiM / vastu me vidhi aura niSedha ye dono paryAya eka sAtha hote haiM / vidhi-paryAya hotA hai isalie vaha apane svarU5 me rahatI hai aura niSedha-paryAya hotA hai isalie usakA svarUpa dUsaro se zrAkAnta nahI hotA / yahI vastu kA vastutva hai / isa svarUpagata vizeSatA kI sUcanA 'syAt' zabda detA hai| syAdvAda ko vibhajyavAda' aura 'bhajanAvAda'' bhI kahA jAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA -muni vibhajyavAda kA prayoga kareM, tatva-nirUpaNa me jitane vikalpa sabhava ho una saba vikalpo kA prayoga kara, ekAMgI dRSTi se tatva kA nirUpaNa na kre| mahAvIra svayaM bhI aneka praznoM ke uttara vibhajyavAda kI paddhati se dete the| jayantI ne pUchA bhate / sonA acchA hai yA jAganA acchA hai| mahAvIra ne kahA 'jayantI | kucha jIvo kA sonA acchA hai aura kucha jIvo kA jAganA acchA hai|' 5 tatvArthavAttika, 1/6 svaparAmopAdAnApohanavyavasthApAca hi vastuno vastutvam / 6 sUyagaDo, 1114122 : 7 sAyapAhuDa, bhAga, 1, pR00 281 /

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( 68 ) 'bhate / yaha kaise? 'jo jIva adharmI haiM unakA monA acchA zrI. jo dharmI haiM unakA jAganA acchA hai| sonA hI acchA hai yA jAganA hI acchA hai yaha ekAgI uttara hotA / mahAvIra ne isa prazna kA uttara vibhAga karake diyA, ekAGgI dRSTi se nahIM diyaa| 'dravya se guNa abhinna haiM', yadi isa niyama ko svIkRti dI jAe to dravya aura guNa do nahIM rahate, eka ho jAte haiN| phira 'dravya me guNa'--isa prakAra kI vAkya-racanA nahIM kI jA sktii| dravya se guNa bhinna hai, yadi isa niyama ko svIkRti dI jAe to yaha guNa isa dravya kA hai' isa prakAra kI vAkya-racanA nahIM kI jA sktii| bhajanAvAra ke anusAra abheda aura bheda kA ekAgI niyama svIkRta nahIM hotaa| usame amada aura bheda-dono kI svIkRti hotI hai / dravya zrI. guNa kA abheda mAnane para uname vizeSa-vizeSya-bhAva nahI ho sakatA yaha prAzakA majanAvAda me mApekSa pTikoNa se samAhita ho jAtI hai / nIla utpala - isa vAkya me 'utpala' vizeSya aura 'nIla' vizeSaNa hai / nIla guraNa utpala se abhinna hai, bhira bhI uname vizeSya-vizeSaNamAva hai / 'dADhIvAlA manuSya pA rahA hai'- isa vAkya-racanA me manuSya' vizeSya aura 'dADhIvAlA' vizeSaNa hai| vizeSaNa vizeSya se kathaciTa pRthaka bhUta hotA hI hai / isalie dravya aura guNa me kaci bhedAbheda mAnane meM vizeSya-vizeSaNabhAva saMbaMdha vAdhA upasthita nahIM krtaa| vidheya pratiSedhya se viruddha nahI hai / yaha syAvAda kI maryAdA hai| jo dvandva (yugala) virodhI pratIta hote haiM, uname paraspara avinAbhAva saMbaMdha hai isa sthApanA ke AdhAra para anekAnta kA siddhAnta ananta virodhI yugalo ko yugapat rahane kI svIkRti detA hai / anekAntAtmaka arya kI pratipAdaka vAkya-paddhati syAdavAda hai / prastuta vAkya-racanA me vivi, niSedha Adi aneka vikalpo dvArA vastutatva kA niyamana kiyA jAtA hai / isa viSaya ko saptamagI ke prayoga se samajhA jA sakatA hai syAt asti eva ghaTa kayacid ghaTa hai hii| syAt nAsti eva gha8 kayacid gha8 nahI hI hai / syAt asti eva gha8 syAt nAsti eva ghaTa -kacid ghaTa hai hI aura kacida ghaTa nahI hI hai| syAt avaktavya eva ghaTa - kathacit ghaTa avaktavya hI hai| 8 bhagavaI, 12153,54 /

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( 69 ) syAt asti eva 58 syAt avaktavya eva 58 kayacid ghaTa hai hI aura kathacit ghaTa avaktavya hI haiN| syAt nAsti eva ghaTa syAt avaktavya eva ghaTa -kathacid 58 nahI hI hai aura kecit ghaTa avaktavya hI hai| syAt asti eva ghaTa syAt nAsti eva ghaTa syAt avaktavya eva ghaTa. kapiTa 58 hai hI, kathacita ghaTa nahI hI hai aura kayacid ghaTa avaktavya hI hai| saptamagI kI vAkya-racanA me 'syAt' zabda aneka dhAtmaka ghaTa ke astitva dharma kA mukhya rUpa se pratipAdana karatA hai aura usame vidyamAna zeSa dharmoM kA gauNa kara detA hai, unakI vivazA nahI krtaa| 'evAra' kA prayoga vivakSita dharma ke prati nizcayAtmaka dRSTikoNa detA hai / sAmAnyata kahA jAtA hai ki syAvAda me 'hI' ke sthAna se 'bhI' kA prayoga karanA cAhie, kintu kucha gahare me jAe to yaha bahuta arthavAna nahI hai| 'ekkAra' (hI) kA prayoga kie binA vivakSita dharma kA nizcaya hI nahI ho sakatA / yadi sApekSatA na ho to 'hI' kA prayoga ekAgI STikoNa banA detA hai / kintu sApekSatA sUcaka syAt-zabda kA prayoga hone para 'hI' kA prayoga ekAgI dRSTikoNa nahI detA, kevala vivakSita dharma kI asadigdhatA jatAtA hai| 'ekkAra' ke prayoga ke tIna prayojana hote haiM 1 ayoga kA vyavaccheda asabadha kI nivRtti / 2 anyayoga kA vyavaccheda dUsare ke saMbaMdha kI nivRtti / 3 atyantAyoga kA vyavaccheda - atyanta asabadha kI nivRtti / 'zava pANDura eva'-zakha zveta hI hai / isa vAkya me prayoga kA vyavaccheda hai / sadbhAva-viSayaka zakA kI nivRtti ke lie vizeSaNa ke sAtha 'ekkAra' kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / kisI kA prazna ho ki zakha zveta hotA hai yA nahI' tava usake uttara me yaha kahA jAtA hai ki zakha zveta hI hotA hai| ___ 'pArtha eva dhanurdhara.' ajuna hI dhanurdhArI hai| isa vAkya me anyayoga kA vyavaccheda hai| ajuna ke dhanurdhArI hone meM kisI ko sarAya nahI hai kintu arjuna jasA koI dUsarA dhanurdhArI hai yA nahI-isa sAdhAraNa sadbhAva viSayaka zakA kI nivRtti ke lie vizeSya ke sAtha 'ekkAra' kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai /

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( 70 ) 'nIla kamalamastyeva' -nIla kamala hotA hI hai / isa vAkya me atyntayo| kA vyavaccheda hai / pUrNa sadbhAva kI vidhi tathA sarvathA prayoga viSayaka arkA kI nivRtti ke lie kriyA ke sAtha 'ekkAra' kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / syAt asti evaM ghara' kathapid ghaTa hai hii| isa qAkya me 'paTa' vizeya aura 'asti' vizeSaNa hai / 'ekkAra' vizeSaNa ke sAtha jur3akara 58 ke astitva dharma kA avadhAraNa karatA hai| yadi isa vAkya me 'syAt' kA prayoga nahIM hotA to 'astitva- ekAntavAda' kA pramaga yA jAtA / vaha iSTa nahIM hai / kyoki ghaTa me kevala astitva dharma nahI hai usake atirikta anya dharma bhI usame haiN| syAt' zabda kA prayoga isa Apatti ko nirasta kara detA hai / 'ekkAra' ke dvArA sImita artha ko vaha vyApaka banA detA hai| vivakSita dharma kA amadina pratipAdana aura avivakSita aneka varmo kA sagrahaNa ina dono kI niSpatti ke lie 'syAtkAra' aura 'ekkAra' kA samanvita prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| saptamagI ke prathama bhaMga me vivi kI aura dUsare me niSedha kI kalpanA hai| prathama bhAga me vivi pravAna hai aura dUsare me niSedha / zabda ke dvArA vivakSita dharma pradhAna aura jo gamyamAna hotA hai (zabda dvArA vivakSita nahI hotA) vaha gorasa hotA hai| vastu svarUpazUnya nahIM hai isalie vivi kI pradhAnatA se usakA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai aura vaha sarvAtmaka nahIM hai isalie niSedha kI pradhAnatA ne usakA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai / vidhi jaise vastu kA dharma hai vaise hI niSedha bhI vastu kA dharma hai / sva-dravya kI apekSA ghaTa kA astitva hai| yaha vidhi hai / para dravya kI apekSA ghaTa kA nAstitva hai / yaha niSeva hai / isakA artha huA ki niSedha apikSika paryAya hai-dUsare ke nimitta se hone vAlA paryAya hai| kintu vastuta. aisA nahI hai / niSedha kI zakti dravya me nihita hai / dravya yadi astitva varmA ho aura nAstitpavarmA na ho to vaha apane dravyatva ko banAe nahI rakha sakatA / niSedha 'para' kI apekSA se vyavahRta hotA hai, isalie use ApekSika yA para-nimittaka paryAya kahate haiM / vaha vastu ke surakSA-kavaca kA kAma karatA hai, eka ke astitva me dUsare ko mizrita nahI hone detA / 'sva-dravya kI apekSA se ghaTa hai' aura 'para-dravya kI apekSA ghaTa nahI hai ye dono vikalpa isa sacAI ko pragaTa karate haiM ki 58 sApekSa hai / vaha sApekSa hai isalie yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki jisa kSaNa me usakA astitva hai, usa kSaNa me usakA nAstitva nahI hai / yA jisa kSaNa me usakA nAstitva hai, usa kSaNa me usakA astitva nahIM hai / astitva aura nAstitva (vidhi aura niSedha)-dono yugapat hai / kintu eka kSaNa me eka sAtha dono kA pratipAdana kara sake, aisA koI zabda nahI hai / isalie yugapat dono dharmo kA bodha karAne ke lie avaktavya bhaga kA prayoga hotA

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( 71 ) hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki dono dharma eka sAtha haiM, kintu unakA kathana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| asti, nAsti aura avakta05 -ye tIna mUla bhAga hai ' zeSa cAra bhaga bhAgaracanA kI gaNitIya paddhati se niSpanna hote haiM / Agamayuga me tIna bhago kA prayoga adhika milatA hai / sAta bhago kA prayoga bhI kucha nirUpaNo se phalita hotA hai / gautama ne puuch| 'bhate / videzI skUdha prAtmA haiM, anAtmA hai yA pravaktavya ?' ___ mahAvIra ne kahA gautama | videzI skadha syAt zrAtmA hai, syAt anAtmA hai aura syAt pravaktavya hai / ' gautama -- 'bhate / yaha kase ?' mahAvIra gautama / sva kI apekSA vaha AtmA hai, para kI apekSA vaha anAtmA hai aura dono kI apekSA vaha avaktavya hai|' prazna kI isa zRkhalA me cAra bhAga aura phalita hote hai 1 videzI skaMdha syAt zrAtmA hai, syAt AtmA nahI hai / 2 dvipradezI kapa syAt zrAtmA hai, syAt avaktavya hai| 3 videzI skadha syAt AtmA nahI hai, syAt avaktavya hai| sAtavA bhAga videzI skadha se phalita hotA hai tripradezI skagha syAt zrAtmA hai, syAt AtmA nahI hai, syAt avaktavya hai| vastu bhAvAbhAvAtmaka hai / usa bhAvAbhAva dharma ke AdhAra para ukta saptabhagI kI racanA huI hai| vaha sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka, nityAnityAtmaka, vAghyAvAcyAtmaka bhI hai| inameM se pratyeka yugala kI saptabhagiyA banatI hai| udAharaNasvarUpa pratyeka ke tIna-tIna bhaga prastuta haiM syAt sa eva 58 * kacit ghaTa sadRza hI hai| sthAt visaza eva ghaTa kathacit ghaTa visadRza hI hai| syAt pravaktavya eva ghaTa. kathacit ghaTa avaktavya hI hai / 2 syAt nitya eva ghaTa katha cit ghaTa nitya hI hai| 2yAt anitya eva ghaTa kathacit 58 anitya hI hai| sthAt pravaktavya epa ghaTa kayacit ghaTa avaktavya hI hai| 9 bhagavaI 121219 /

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( 72 ) 3 syAt vAcya eva 58. - katha cit ghaTa vAcya hI hai| syAt avAcya eva ghaTa kacit ghaTa avAcya hI hai| syAt avaktavya eva 58 - katha cit 58 avaktavya hI hai / vastu me jitane dharma hote hai utanI hI saptabhagiyA hotI haiM / nitya anitya kA aura anitya nitya kA virodhI hai, phira eka hI ghaTa nitya aura anitya dono kase ho sakatA hai ? isa virova me sApekSatA ke dvaar| samanvaya sthApita kiyA jAtA hai| IsA pUrva chaThI-pAcavI zatAbdI me hone vAle herephlAiTasa (Heraclhtus ) ne virodha ko samanvaya kA janaka mAnA hai| unake anusAra 'java dhanupa se vArA palAyA jAtA hai to calAne vAle ke dono hAya virodhI dizAo me khicate haiM, kintu lakSya unakA eka hI hai / vINA ke tAra bhinna-bhinna rAti se sope jAte haiM aura taka bhI vibhinna svara eka hI rAga ko utpanna karate haiM / ata virova samanvaya kA janaka hai / 10 ve kSa-bhagavAdI the isalie unhoMne yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki pratyeka vastu parivartanazIla hone ke kAraNa sApekSa hai| kyoki kSaNikavastu kA sApekSa honA anivArya hai| hama haiM bhI aura nahI bhI haiM / hama sat bhI haiM aura asat bhI haiM aura sat-asat-anivanIya bhii| jitane bhI dvandva haiM sava mApekSa haiM / herephlAiTasa kA sApekSavAda kSaNikavAda para AvRta hai| jana darzana ke sApekSavAda kA svarUpa isase bhinna hai| unake anusAra kSaNikatA akSaNikatA kI apekSA rakhatI hai aura akSaNikatA kSaNikatA kI apekSA rakhatI hai| una dono kA yoga hI vastu kA svarUpa banatA hai| kevala parivartana yA kSaNikatA kA dRSTikoNa ekAgI hai / usake zrApAra para sApekSatA kA siddhAnta sthApita nahI kiyA jA sktaa| do virovI dharmoM kI yugapat sattA me hI sApekSatA ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA kI jA sakatI hai / prAcArya amRta candra ne gopI ke TAnta dvArA sApekSatA ko samajhAyA hai / jaise gopI vilaunA karate samaya dAe hAya ko pIche le lAtI hai aura pAe hAtha ko Age lAtI hai, phira vAe hAya ko pIche le jAtI hai aura dAe hAya ko Age lAtI hai, isa krama meM use navanIta milatA hai| sthAvAda bhI isI prakAra pradhAna dharma ko Age lAtA hai aura gaur| varma ko pIche le jAtA hai| phira gaura dharma ko pradhAna banAkara Aga lAtA hai aura pradhAna dharma ko gorA banAkara pIche le jAtA hai| virodhI dizA me jAne vAle una pravAna aura gauNa varmA me sApekSatA hotI hai / 1 10 pAzcAtya darzana, pRSTha 5, 6 / 11 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, loka 225 ekanAkarSantI lithayantI vastutatpamitare / antena jayati jainI nItimanyAnanetramiva gopI //

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sAvAva che patita 1 tArkika jagat me kArya-kAraNa kA siddhAnta sArvabhauma mAnA jAtA hai, kintu syAdavAda ke anusAra yaha sArvabhauma niyama nahI hai / kArya-kAraNa kA niyama sthUla jagat meM ghaTita hotA hai| sUkSma jagat kA apanA svataMtra niyama hai / karmazAstrIya bhASA me karma ke vipAka yA vilaya se jo ghaTita hotA hai usame kAryakaraNa kA niyama khojA jA sakatA hai / sthUla paramANu skaMdho ke parivartana me bhI kArya-kAraNa kA niyama lAgU hotA hai / svAbhAvika parivartana (pAriNAmika bhAva ) me kArya-kAraNa kA niyama lAgU nahIM hotA / eka kAle va kA paramANu nizcita ho jAtA hai / prazna ho sakatA hai ki usake varNakoI kAraNa nahI hai / usake yaha usa paramANu kA svagata zrartha-paryAya (eka kSaraNavartI paryAya) kArya-kAraNa ke niyama se ko pratyeka kSaNa me badalanA paDatA hai / vartamAna kSaNa kA astitva dUsare kSaNa me tabhI surakSita rahatA hai jaba vaha dUsare kSaNa ke anurUpa apane Apako DhAla letA hai / arthaparyAya ko abhivyakti dene vAlA eka prasiddha zloka hai avadhi ke vAda dUsare varNa kA parivartana kA kAraNa kyA hai ? vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sakatI / parivartana ke hetu kI niyama hai / vastukA mukta hotA hai / dravya ( 73 ) 12 dravya anAdi aura ananta hai | usame pratikSaraNa sva-paryAya vaise hI utpanna aura vilIna hote rahate hai jaise jala me tarageM / 'anAdinidhane lo, svaparyAyA pratikSaNam / utpadyante vipadyante, jalakallolavajjale 11 * kArya-kAraNa ke viSaya me nayadRSTi kI bhImAsA isa prakAra hai * naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra aura vyajanaparyAyagrAhI RjusUtra - ye cAra naya kArya-kAraNa ke siddhAnta ko svIkRti dete haiM / zabda, samabhirUDha cora evabhUta ye tIna naya kArya-kAraNa ke siddhAnta ko mAnya nahI karate | inake anusAra kArya apane svarUpa se utpanna hotA hai / usakI kisI dUsare se utpatti mAnanA saMgata nahI hai / jo apane svarUpa se utpanna ho cukA hai, usakI dUsare se utpatti mAnane kA koI artha nahI hotA / kAraNa yadi kArya se abhinna ho to phira kArya aura kAraNa kA savadha hI nahI hotA | isalie kArya apane svAbhAvika pariNamana se hI utpanna hotA hai, kisI dUsare kAraNa se nahIM 112 kasAyapAhuDa, bhAga 1, pRSTha 319 eda yogama-sagaha-vavahAra-ujusudAraNa, tatya kajjakA rnnbhaavsbhvaado| tiNha saddayAraNa raNa keraNa vi kasA, tatya kAraNeNa viNA kajjuppattIe / havA zradaieNa bhAveraNa kasAo / eda rogamAdicauNha gayAraNa / tiha sahAyAraNa pAriNAmie bhAveNa kasA / kAraNeNa viraNA kajjuppattIdI |

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' 74 ) 2 zuddha dravyAyika naya paryAya ko svIkAra nahI karate / ata unake anusAra kAla ke bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna- ye tIna vibhAga nahI hote, kevala vartamAna kAla hI hotA hai 1 1 3 tIno zabdanaya paryAya ko svIkRti dete haiM, isalie ve kAla ke tIna vibhAga mAnya karate haiM / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki dravya kA apariNAmI aza kaalvimAna La apekSA nahI ralatA / arca-paryAya kSaravartI hotA hai, na hase nI kAla-vibhAga kI apekSA nahI hotI / vyajana-paryAya dIrghakAlIna hotA hai / ata use kAla-vibhAga kI apekSA hotI hai / 3 dravya me kramavartI aura akramavartI dono prakAra ke dharma pAe jAte haiM / vaha vartamAna me vivakSita svarUpa se hai, anya kAla me usa svarUpa se nahI hotA / usame jaise kAlabheda se svarUpa bheda hotA hai vaise hI sAvana Adi se bhI svarUpa bheda hotA hai | isa AdhAra para prakArAntara se svAdvAda ke sAta bhaMga banate haiM 14 ( 1 ) ( 11 ) (111) ( 1v ) 14 (V) (VI) (VII ) eka dravya hai / vaha kisI eka svarUpa se hai / usakI utpatti kA koI eka sAdhana bhI hai / usakA eka apAdAna bhI hai / usakA kisI se savava bhI hai / usakA koI eka adhikaraNa bhI hai / usakA koI eka kAla bhI hai / kramavartI paryAyoM me vartamAna paryAya nizcita hotA hai, kintu Ane vAle paryAya kI sabhAvanA aura anizcitatA ke lie koI niyama nahI banAyA jA sakatA zrabhuka paryAya ke bAda amuka paryAya hI hogA, aisI nizcita bhaviSyavANI nahIM kI jA sakatI / isa saMdarbha me hAijanavarga ke anizcitatA ke siddhAnta (Principle of Uncertainty ) kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai | 4 syAdvAda ke dvArA dUra-nikaTa, choTA vaDA Adi ApekSika paryAyoM kI hI vyAkhyA nahI kI jAtI, kintu dravya ke svAbhAvika paryAyoM kI bhI usase vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai / nityatA aura anityatA svAbhAvika paryAya hai / sthUla jagat me 13 kasAyapAhuDa, bhAga 1, pRSTha 260 appahAraNIkayapariNAmesu suddhadavvaTThiesu gaesu khAdIdAraNAgayavaTTamAraNakAlavibhAgo atyi / kamAyapAhuDa, bhAga 1, pRSTha 309 ( jayavavalA me uddhRta) yanvit rnAvat vivat chutaravat vaSit vat kadAcicceti paryAyAt syAdavAda. saptabhaGga mRt //

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( 75 ) na vonome virodha nI pratIti hotI hai / svabhAva me virodha nahI hotA, nir sApekSatA ke dvArA inake virodha kA parihAra kiyA jAtA hai / 5 syAdavAda ke sadarbha me vaijJAnika sApekSavAda kA adhyayana bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai| i sAhyiMLI vizeSajJo ne svAAva LI saptamanI ne sAhyabI (statistics) siddhAnta ke AdhArarUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / isa viSaya me pro0 PC Mahalanobis kA lekha vaDuta mAnanIya hai / usakA kucha praza isa prakAra hai ssion I should now like to make some bief observations of my own on the connexion between Indian-Jaina views and the foundations of statistical theory I have already pointed out that the fourth category of syadvada, namely, avaktavya or the "indeterminate" is a synthesis of three earlier categories of (1) assertion ("it 18"), (2) negation ("it is not"), and (3) assertion and negation in succeThe fourth category of syadvada, therefore, seems to me to be in essence the Qualitative (but not quantitative) aspect of the modern concept of probability Used in a purely qualiative sense, the fourth category of predication in Jaina logic corresponds precisely to the meaning of probability which covers the possibility of (a) something existing, (b) something not-existing, and (c) sometimes existing and sometimes not-existing The difference between Jaina "avaktavya" and "probability" lies in the fact that the latter (that 18, the concept of probability) has definite quantitative implications namely, the recognition of numerical frequencies of occurrence of (1) "it 18", or (2) "it is not", and hence in the recognition of relative numerical frequencies of the first two categories (of "it is" and "it is not") in a synthetic form It is the explicit recogition of (and emphasis on) the concept of numerical frequency ratios which distinguishes modern statistical theory from the Jaina theory of a syadvada At the same time it is of interst to note that 1500 or 2500 years ago syadvada seems to have given the logical background of statistical theory in a qualitative form Secondly, I should like to draw attention to the Jaina view that "a real is a particular which possesses a generic attribute" This is very close to the concept of an individual in relation to the population to which it belongs The Jaina view in fact denies the possibility of making any predication about a single and unique individual which would be also true in modern statistical theory

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( 76 ) The third point to be noted is the emphasis given in Jaina philosophy on the relatedness of things and on the multiform aspects of reals which appear to be similar (again in a purely qualitative sense) to the basic ideas underlying the concepts of association, correlation and concomitant variation in modern statistics The Jaina views of "existence, persistence, and cessation" as the fundamental characteristics of all that is real necessarily leads to a view of reality as something relatively permanent and relatively changing which has a flavour of statistical reasoning "A real changes every moment and at the same time continucs" is a view which is somewhat sympathetic to the underlying idea of stochastic processes Fifthly, a most important feature of Jaina logic is its insistence on the impossibility of absolutely certain predication and its emphasis on non-absolutist and relativist predication In syadvada the qualification "syat" that it, "may be or perhaps" must be attached to every predication without any exception All predication, according to syadvada, thus has a margin of uncertainty which is somewhat similar to the concept of 'uncertain inference" in modern statistical theory The Jaina view, however, is essentially qualitative in this matter (while the great characteristic of modern statistical theory is its insistence of the possibility and significance of determining the margin of uncertainty in a meaningful way) The rejection of absolutely certain predication naturally leads Jaina philosophy continually to emphasize the inadequacy of "pure" or "formal" logic, and hence to stress the need of making inferences on the basis of data supplied by experience I should also like to point out that the Jaina view of causality as "a relation of determination" bases on the observation of "concomitance in agreement and in difference" has dual reference to an internal condition in the developed state of our mind" which would seem to correspond to the state of organized knowledge in any given context and also to an external condition based on "the repeated observation of the sequence of the two events" which is suggestive of a statistical approach Finally, I should draw attention to the realist and pluralist views of Jaina philosophy and the continuing emphasis on the

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( 77 ) multiform and infinitely diversified aspects of reality which amounts to the acceptance of an "open" view of the universe with scope for unending change and discovery For reasons explained above, it seems to me that the ancient Indian Jaina philosophy has certain interesting resemblances to the probabilistic and statistical view of reality in monern times 1 1 'syAt' kA artha apekSA kaise ? kyA yaha vidhiliGga kA prayoga nahI hai ? 'astivIrA vasundharA' me 'asti' jaise nipAt hai vaise hI syAdavAda me 'syAt' zabda nipAta hai / yaha vidhiliGga kA prayoga nahI hai / yaha aneka arthI kA dyotaka hai / uname eka artha apekSA bhI hai / 2 cetana bhI anantavarmA aura acetana bhI anantadharmA, phira dono me antara kyA hai ? 'sarva sarvAtmaka' to ho hI gayA / dharma do prakAra ke hote haiM sAmAnya aura vizeSa / vizeSa dharma ke dvArA dravya kA svatantra astitva sthApita hotA hai / caitanya eka vizeSa dharma hai / vaha cetana meM hI hai, acetana me nahI hai | caitanya kI apekSA se cetana aura acetana me atyantAbhAva hai | isalie cetana acetana se aura acetana cetana se svatantra dravya hai / jo dravya hai vaha anantadharmA hai, phira bhI apanI asAdhAraNatayA ke kAraNa usame 'sarvaM sarvAtmaka' ke doSa kA prasaMga nahI hai / cetana me caitanya kI sattA svAbhAvika hai para-nirapekSa haiM / pudgala (acetana) me varNa, gadha, rasa aura sparza ye svAbhAvika guNa haiM-para-nirapekSa haiM / cetana aura pudgala ke sayoga se hone vAle jitane dharma yA vyajana-paryAya haiM, ve saba para sApekSa haiM / para-nirapekSa aura para-sApekSa ye dono paryAya saMyukta hokara dravya ko anantadharmA banAte haiM / 3 naiyAyika Adi bhI avacchedaka dharma ke dvArA vastu ke svarUpa nizcita karate haiM aura syAdavAda kI prakriyA meM bhI vizeSa dharma ke dvArA vastu ke svarUpa kA nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai / to phira dono me antara kyA hai ? dono me nirapekSatA siddha hotI hai / syAdavAda me sApekSatA honI cAhie / 'syAt astyeva jIva. ' - caitanya dharma kI caitanya kA astitva pradarzita hai, vahI jIva kA usakA svarUpa hai / prazna ho sakatA hai ki yadi 1 pI sI mahalanovisa kA pUrA DAilekTikA bhAga 8, na prakAzita hai / lekha 2, apekSA se jIva hai / isa vAkya me svarUpa nahI hai, kintu nAstitva bhI parAzrita nAstitva jIva kA svarUpa The foundations of Statistics 15 jUna 1954 svITjaralenDa me

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( 78 ) ho to jIva me jo rUpa Adi haiM use bhI jIva kA svarUpa mAnanA hogA / isakA uttara spaSTa hai | astitva aura nAstitva dono vastu ke svarUpa haiM, yaha pramAraNa-siddha rahate haiM / astitva nAtitva kA avinAbhAvI 1 vUma aura agni eka adhikaraNa me hai yaha siddha karanA hI syAdavAda kA pekSAvada hai / syAdvAda dravya ke svarUpa kA nirmANa nahIM karatA / usakA svarUpa svabhAva me hai | vaha kyo hai, isakI koI vyAkyA nahI kI jA sakatI / jo svarUpa hai usakI vyAkhyA karanA syAdvAda kA kAma hai | jaina darzana ne pAca viziSTa guraNa mAnya kie haiM / unake AvAra para pAca dravyoM kI svIkRti hai guNa 1 nAti 2 3 4 5 sthiti avakAza varNa, garva, rasa, sparza caitanya ina pAca guNo ke atirikta zeSa mava guraNa sAmAnya hai | sAmAnya aura vizeSa guNoM kI vyAkhyA syAdavAda kI paddhati se kI jAtI hai | dravya dharmAstikAya avarmAstikAya AkAzAstikAya pudgalAstikAya nIvAstiAya 4 Apane kahA ki dravya ke pratyeka dharma me saptabhagI kI yojanA kI jA sakatI makatI hai | kyA anekAnta me bhI saptabhagI kI yojanA kI jA sakatI hai ? yadi ko jA sakatI hai to usakA nipevAtmaka bhaga ekAnta bhI hogA / isa prakAra anekAnta kI vyavasthA sArvatrika nahIM ho sakatI / hai AcArya samantabhadra ne anekAnta kI vyAkhyA anekAntadRSTi se kI hai / prakhaMDa vastu che vorve zraura pratipAvana ve lipa nA tyAAva pramANa dha yoA yiA gAtA vahA anekAnta apekSita hai / zrIra usake eka varma ke vodha aura pratipAdana ke lie naya kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai vahA ekAnta bhI apekSita hai / anekAntavAdI ko mAnya haiM | isalie anekAnta kI saptabhagI ho dono anekAnta aura ekAnta makatI hai - 1 svAt ekAnta 2 syAt anekAnta 3 syAt ubhaya 4 syAt avaktavya 5 syAt ekAntazca kacit ekAnta hai | kacit anekAnta hai / karyAcita dono hai / kacit zravatavya hai / vaktavyazca syAt anekAntazca avaktavyazya kacit ekAnta hai aura avaktavya hai / kayacit anekAnta hai aura vaktavya hai /

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( 19 ) 7 syAta pAntara anekAntanna avarUthara ti kAnta hai. anekAnta hai aura zravajInya hai hamArA ekAnta se virodha nahIM hai / usa ekAnta ko hama asvIkAra karate haiM jo mithyA hai dUsare naya ke mata kA khaDana karatA hai / isa AdhAra para ekAnta ke je meda hote haiM--samyam jAnta ra mithyA anti sabhya kAnta jaya hai kaura mithyA kAnta durnaya ! anekAnta te hamArA phorDa indradhana nahI hai. hama kasa anekAnta ko bhI svIkAra nahIM karate jo eka vastu me pratyakSa Adi pramANo se viruddha aneka ghama vI kalpanA karatA hai usa khAvAra para anekAnta che zI vo mera hote haiM sabhya mAnta zrI mithyA anekAnta sa aneAnta pramANe hai aura miTyA anekAnta pramANamAsa hai5 sakhyam zAnta sArvatrika hotA hai. zrAvArya attara ne nIva dravya jema samanI vI yonanA phI sthA nIva vat nIva hai. sthAt zanIva - nita nIva nahI hai ciMtanya-vyApAra kI dRSTi je gIva netanAtmaka hai prameyatva zrAvi ghama vI pelA je nava vetanAtmA nahI hai phula bAra pramANe te aviruddha nitane bhI gharma haiM, re sava anekAnta viSaya vanate haiM 16 15 tavAryavAta II6 ane zAntoDapi diviSa sAnto mithyAnekAnsa pheti | tatrI sAnto hetuviroSasAmavela pramANe kavitAE verAverA / ttmAvaSorona pratyArobanirAzakavAchiimaththAnta | putra pratipakSAnedharmasvarani paNa yuvatyAkAmAkhyAmaviruddha sanehAnta ! tavatattvamAvavastuzUnya paripitAneAtma vana vAvijJAna mithyAnentta tatra sojAntI naya hatyugyatA sanehAnta pramANam ! nayA"AvezAntI mavati nirava pravAtvAta, pramANapaNAnekAnto mavati anenizvayAdhirAtvA che samIta miza, pRSTha 19 pavanaya yAjJIva phati mUnAmadayamAM tatropayogAtmanA nIva , prameyatvAghAtmanADanIva hati tavarSe | tadu maTTAnave prameyatnAvimiEnivAtmA nihAtmA ! jJAnavaranatastakmAnyetanAncetanA tiA anIvatva ja prazna teDanIvavRttiprameyasvAti dharmavatvama, nIvatva ra jJAnavanAdrimajvamiti dadavyam ! 16.

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( 80 ) 5 kyA sApekSa kI bhI sahabhagI ho sakatI hai ? yadi ho sakatI hai to nirapekSa satya kI svIkRti sahaja hI ho jAtI hai / vastu kayacit sApekSa hai aura vaha kayacit nirapekSa hai / ye dono bhAga mAnya ho sakate haiM / artha-paryAya yA svAbhAvika paryAya kI dRSTi se vastu nirapekSa hotI hai / artha-paryAya kI dRSTi se AkAza AkAza hai / ApekSika aura vaibhAvika paryAyoM kI dRSTi se vastu sApekSa hotI hai / sApekSa dRSTi se AkAza ghaTAkAza, paTAkoza Adi aneka rUpo me prApta hotA hai / jitane vyajana-paryAya haiM ve saba sApekSa hI hote haiM / isa vizva vyavasthA me koI eka tattva aisA nahI hai jise hama nirapekSa kaha sakeM | kintu pratyeka dravya nirapekSa aura sApekSa kI samanviti hai / nirapekSatA aura sApekSatA ko sarvathA pRthak nahI kiyA jA sakatA | unakA pArthakya bhI apekSA se hI hotA hai artha-paryAya kI dRSTi se nirapekSatA aura vyajana-paryAya kI dRSTi se mApekSatA hai / 000

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: 6: pramANa vyavasthA zrAcArya siddhasena ne IsA kI 3-5 zatAbdI me jana paramparA me pramANa0yavasthA kA sUtrapAta kiyA / isase pUrva pramANazAstra kA koI svatantra grantha upalabdha nahI hotA / jJAna-mImAsA viSayaka pracura vADamaya upalabdha thaa| kintu dUsare darzano ke saMdarbha me jisa pramANa-vyavasthA aura pramANazAstrIya paribhASA kI apekSA thI usakI pUrti kA prathama prayatna zrAcArya siddhasena ne kiyaa| pramANa-vyavasthA ke vikAsa kA zreya AcArya akalaka ko hai| unheM jana paramparA me pramANa-vyavasthA ke vikAsa kA puraskattA kahA jA sakatA hai / IsA kI AThavI zatAbdI me do mahAn prAcArya hue haiM haribhadra aura akalaka / haribhadra kA janma-sthala aura karmakSetra rAjasthAna pradeza rahA aura akalaka kA dakSiNAcala / haribhadra ne anekAnta aura samanvaya ke sUtradhAra ke rUpa me aura gola rUpa me pramANazAstra ke kSetra me bhI kArya kiyaa| akalaka kA mukhya kartRtva pramANazAstra ke kSetra me prasphuTita huaa| unhoMne laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya, pramANa-saMgraha Adi grantho ke mAdhyama se pramANa-vyavasthA kI sudRDha AdhArazilA rakhI / usake AdhAra para vartamAna zatI taka pramANa ke prAsAda khaDe hote rahe haiN| vauddha, naiyAyika, sAMkhya aura nazeSika darzana apanI-apanI paramparA ke anusAra pramANazAstrIya anya nirmita kara cuke the aura taviSayaka paribhASAe nirmita kara rahe the| akalaka zrAdi zrAcAryoM ne apanI paribhASAo kA nirmANa unake pazcAt kiyaa| isalie unhone apanI paramparA ke sAtha-sAtha dUsarI paramparAzro kA bhI upayoga kiyA / phalata ve adhika pariSkRta aura parimArjita paribhASAe prastuta kara ske| pramANa kI paribhASA ____ vAda nyAya ke mahAn zrAcArya dharmakIti ne pramANa kI yaha paribhASA kI hai avisavAdI jJAna pramANa hai / nayAthiko ne pramANa kI paribhASA isa prakAra kI-jo 1 pramANavAttika, 3 pramANamavisavAdi zAna arthaniyAsthiti / avivAna zAtreDamitrAyanivedranA che

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82 pavva kA hetu hai vaha pramAraNa hai / vauddho ne jJAna ko pramANa mAnA / naiyAyiko ne jJAna kI sahAyaka sAmagrI ko bhI pramAraNa ke rUpa me svIkAra kiyA | jaina tArkiko ko yaha iSTa nahI thA / ve jJAna ko pramANa mAnane ke pakSa me the / AcArya siddhasena ne pramAraNa kI paribhASA yaha nizcita kI - jo sva-para-prakAzI aura vAvavarjita jJAna hai vaha pramANa hai| jisake dvArA artha kA jJAna ho vaha pramANa hai arthAt pramA kA sAdhakatama karaNa pramAraNa hai / isa paribhASA me matadvaMta na hone para bhI sAvakatama karaNa ke viSaya me mataikya nahI thA / naiyAyika pramA me sAdhakatama karaNa indriya aura sannikarSa ko mAnate haiM / jaina aura voddha sannikarSa ko sAvakatama karaNa nahIM mAnate kintu jJAna ko hI sAvakatama karaNa mAnate haiM / isa dRSTi se pramAraNa kI paribhASA me 'jJAna' zabda kA prayoga karanA zrAvazyaka huA| | sagayajJAna aura viparyayajJAna jJAna hone para bhI pramANa nahI hotA / isa dRSTi me ke lakSaNa me 'vAvivajita' vizeSaraNa kA prayoga kiyA gayA / yaha vizeSaraNa 'samyam' pada kA pratinidhitva karatA hai | jJAna-mImAsA me jJAna aura ajJAna- ye do zabda vyavahRta haiM / sazaya aura viparyaya ajJAna kI koTi me haiM, isalie 'jJAna pramAraNa haiM' itanA hI kahanA paryApta hotA / umAsvAti ne jJAna ko hI pramANa kahA hai / " jJAna samyak aura nirNAyaka hI hotA hai / miyyA aura anirNAyaka jo hotA hai, vaha jJAna nahI hotA, ajJAna hotA hai / isa paribhASA ko anya-darzana sulabha karane ke lie 'vASavivarjitam' vizeSaraNa kA cunAva kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai / pramANa jJAna artha ko prakAzita karatA hai / yadi vaha sva-prakAzI na ho to artha ko prakAzita nahIM kara sakatA / vaha sva-prakAzI aura artha prakAzI dono hai / isa zrAzaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie 'svaparAbhAsi' vizeSaraNa kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| ( AcArya akalaka ne ukta paribhASA me kucha pariSkAra kiyA aura kucha nayA joDA / pramAraNa ke lakSaNa me Ae hue 'vAghavivarjitam' ke sthAna para 'avisavAdi' vizeSaraNa kA prayoga kiyA / sazaya aura viparyaya avisavAdI jJAna nahI hote / isalie ve zrapramANa haiM / prAraNa vahI jJAna hotA hai jo avisavAdI ho / dUsarA vizeSaraNa hai ki vaha ajJAta artha ko jAnane vAlA ho / ' smRti ke prAmANya kA samarthana 2 nyAyavAtti, 3 nyAyAvatAra, 1 4 5 aryopalavvihetu pramAraNam / pramANa svaparAbhAsi jJAna vAvavivarjitama / tattvArtha, 1/9,101 bhraSTazatI, pramANamavisavAdi jJAnamanadhigatAryalakSaNatvAt

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( 83 ) karate hu bhI prastuta vizeSaraNa kA prayoga sArthaka pratIta nahI hotA / kintu paryAyArthika naya kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para isakI sArthakatA samajha me A jAtI hai dravyAyika naya kI dRSTi se jJAta artha ko jAnane vAlA yA dhArAvAhI jJAna pramAraNa hai / paryAyAyika naya kI dRSTi se pratikSaraNa parivartanazIla zrarya ajJAta hI hotA hai / isalie hama jJAta ko nahI jAnate kintu ajJAta ko hI jAnate haiM / 'anadhigata' vizeSaraNa usI artha ko vyakta karatA hai / boddha nyAya me pramANa ke lakSaNa me jJAna kA 'anadhigatArthAdhigama' vizeSaraNa milatA hai | AcArya akalaka ne ukta vizeSaraNa ke prayoga me bauddhoM kA anusaraNa kiyA hai / isa anusaraNa kA abhiprAya hai - voddha sammata ekAntika abhiprAya ko anekAnta ke dvArA parimArjita kara prastuta karanA / naya dRSTi ke anusAra 'anadhigata' kA artha sarvathA ajJAta nahI hai | isalie boddho dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA smRti ke prAmANya nahI hai | kintu sApekSa ajJAta kA nirasana ucita mANikyanandi ( I0 993-1053) ne 'anadhigata' ke AdhAra para 'apUrva' zabda kA prayoga kiyA / " uttaravartI paramparA meM yaha vizeSaraNa bahuta samAhata nahI huA / mImAsaka jJAna ko parokSa mAnate haiM / unake anusAra jJAna artha ko jAnatA hai, svayaM ko nahI jAnatA / vaha anumeya hai / arthabodha ho rahA hai / yaha jisase ho rahA hai, vaha jJAna hai / arthabodha ke dvArA jJAna anumeya hai / naiyAyika jJAna ko jJAnAntavedya mAnate haiM / unake anusAra manuSya kA jJAna IzvarIya jJAna se prakAzita hai | sva-savidita jJAna Izvara kA hI ho sakatA hai | sAkhya jJAna ko acetana mAnate haiM / jaina paramparA kA abhiprAya ina sabase bhinna hai / usake anusAra jJAna svayaM prakAzita hokara hI dUsare ko prakAzita kara sakatA hai / jo sva-prakAzI nahI hotA, vaha para-prakAzI nahI ho sakatA / 'sva' kA artha jJAna aura '52' kA artha jJAna se bhina padArtha hai / " jJAna-kAla me jJAna apanI ora unmukha hotA hai, isalie vaha svaprakAzI hai aura bAhya padArtha kI ora unmukha hotA hai, isalie vaha para-prakAzI bhI hai / jaise, 'maiM ghaTa ko jAnatA hU' / jaba koI manuSya ghaTa ko jAnatA hai, taba use kevala ghaTa kA hI jJAna nahI hotA, 'maiM' isa kartRpada kA bhI jJAna hotA hai aura 'jAnatA hU' 1- isa kriyApada kA bhI jJAna hotA hai / " jJAna netra kI bhAti sva-prakAzI 6 parIkSAmukha, sUtra 111 7 svApUrvAryavyavasAyAtmaka jJAna pramANam / pramANanayatattvAloka, 1/15 jJAnAdanyo'para / 8 pramANamImAsA, sUtra 2, vRtti 'dhaDamA~ nAnAmi' tyAvI Rtu maMvat jJapte plavamAsamAnAt /

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( 84 ) nahI hai kintu sUrya kI bhAti sva-para-prakAzI hai| jaise sUrya kA prakAza apanI upalabdhi ke lie dUsare prakAza kI apekSA nahIM sitA meM hI jJAna apanI upalabdhi ke lie mAnAntara kI apekSA nahIM rkhtaa| mANikyanandi, vAdidevasUri,10 vidyAnanda Adi prAcAryoM ne 'svaparAmAsi' ke sthAna 52 'sva5ra0yavasAyi' kA prayoga kiyA, isalie 'vAdhavijitam' yA 'avimavAdi' jaise vizeSaNa apekSita nahI rahe / AcArya hemacandra ne pramANa ke lakSaNa me 'sva' ke prayoga ko bhI Avazyaka nahIM mAnA / unake matAnusAra pramANa kA lakSaNa 'samyaga artha nirNaya' hI paryApta hai / unhoMne yaha sthApita kiyA hai ki 'sva nirNaya' pramANa kA lakSaNa nahI ho sakatA, kyoki vaha apramANa me bhI ho sakatA hai / jJAna kI koI bhI mAtrA aisI nahIM hai jo svavidita na ho / vRddha AcAryoM ne pramANa ke lakSaNa me isakA prayoga kiyA hai, vaha parokSajAnavAda Adi kI parIkSA ke lie hai, isalie vaha doSapUrNa nahI hai 113 tanya AtmA kA svabhAva hai| usake anvayI pariNAma ko upayoga kahA jAtA hai| usake do rUpa haiM anAkAra aura sakAra / nirvikalpa petanA anAkAra zrIra savikalpa cetanA sAkAra hotI hai / zanAkAra upayoga darzana aura sAkAra upayoga jAna hai / 14 darzana kI tulanA bauddha sammata nirvikalpa jAna se kI jAtI hai / bauddha nirvikalpa jAna ko pratyakSa pramANa mAnate haiN| jana paramparA darzana ko isalie pramANa nahI mAnatI ki vaha vyavasAyI (nirNAyaka) nahIM hotaa| 9 parIkSAmukha, 1/1 10 pramANanayatattvAloka, 1/2 svaparavyavasAyi jJAna pramANam / 11 tatvArthazlokavAttika, 1/10/17 sAyAtmaka jJAna pramANam / 12 pramANamImAsA, sUtra 2 samyaga nirNaya pramANam / __13 pramANamImAsA, sUtra 3 svanirNaya sannapyalakSaNa apramANe'pi bhAvAt / vRtti svanirNayastu apramANe'pi sazayAdau vartate, na hi kAcit jJAnamAtrA sAta thI ja svasavivitA nAma . tato ja svanirNayo lakSaNamukto'smAbhi , vRddha stu parIkSArthamupakSipta ityadoSa / 14 darzana aura zAna kI vyAkhyA kA eka prakAra saiddhAntika hai aura dUsarA dArzanika / saiddhAntikavyAkhyA isa prakAra hai darzana me 'yaha 58 hai, 58 nahI' isa prakAra vAhya padAryagata vyatirekapratyaya nahI hotA / 'yaha bhI 58 hai, yaha bhI ghaTa hai'-isa prakAra vAhya padAryagata

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(85) prAmANya aura aprAmANya / jJAna kA svarUpa ubhaya prakAzI hai / usake svaprakAzI svarUpAza me prAmANya aura aprAmANya kA prazna upasthita hotA hai| 5 jo artha jaisA hai use usI rUpa me jAnanA, prameya ke prati avisavAdI yA avyabhicArI honA, prAmANya hai / vyabhicArI yA visavAdI honA- jo artha jasA nahIM haiM vaisA jAnanA - aprAmANya hai / 16 prAmANya aura aprAmANya jJAna me svAbhAvika hotA hai yA kisI bAharI sAmagrI se utpanna hotA hai ?- yaha prazna tArkika paramparA me bahuta mImAsita huA hai / jana paramparA kA mata yaha hai prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti parata hotI hai aura unakI jJapti (nizcaya) abhyAsa (paricaya kI) dazA me svata hotI hai aura anAyAsa (aparicaya kI) dazA me parata hotI hai| maiM mAnatA hUM ki vibhajyavAda kA zrAzraya lie vin| isa viSaya kI spaSTatA nahI ho sakatI / prastuta mata pramANazAstrIya carcA ke saMdarbha me nizcita huA hai / Agamika jJAna mImAsA ke anvaya-pratyaya bhI nahIM hotaa| isalie vaha bAhya padArtha ko grahaNa nahIM karatA, kevala caitanyarUpa rahatA hai| jaba bAhya padArtha ko jAnane ke lie caitanya sAkAra yA jJeyAkAra hotA hai taba vaha jJAna kahalAtA hai / viSaya aura viSayI ke sannipAta ke anantara padArtha kA jo nirvikalpa yA sAmAnya bodha hotA hai, vaha darzana hai / aura usake pazcAt jo savikalpa vodha hotA hai, vaha jJAna hai / yaha darzana aura zAna kI dArzanika vyAkhyA hai| dikheM kasAyapAhuDa, bhAga 1, pR0 338, dhavalA, bhAga 1, pRSTha 149, vRhad dravyasagraha TIkA, 45 43] anAkAra-sAkAragata 'prAkAra' zabda kA artha vikalpa, vizeSa aura karmakAraka hotA hai / bauddha tadutpatti aura tadAkAratA se pratiniyata artha kA jJAna honA mAnate haiN| janI ko yaha abhipreta nahI hai / amRta jJAna mUrta padArtha ke AkAra kA nahI ho sakatA / prastuta viSaya me sAkAra yA zeyAkAra kA prAzaya yahI hai ki bAhya viSaya ko jAnane ke lie zAtA me eka vikalpa utpanna hotA hai / usa Antarika vikalpa ko sAkAra yA zeyAkAra upayoga kahA jAtA hai / 15 prAptamImAsA, zloka 83 bhAvaprameyApekSAyA, pramANAbhAsanina / vahi prabheyApekSAyA pramANa tannibha ca te // pramANanayatatvAloka, 1118 jJAnasya prameyAvyabhicAritva prAmANyam / taditaratvamaprAmANyam / 17 pramAnayatatvAloka, 1119 tadubhayamutpattau parata eva, saptau tu svata paratazca / 16

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( 86 ) >>nusAra phate vikharu ne ghara jucha nayA tita hotA hai prAmAkhya kI spati parata hotI hai yaha mata nirapekSe nahIM ho sakatA | pratIndriya pratyakSa ke prAmAkhya jI kAtti svata hotI hai aura ndriya-jJAna che pramANe nI utpatti paraMta hotI hai atIndriya jJAna svApekSa hotA hai phaniI kasa kAmAkhya vI kAtti me visI dUsare kAra vI apekSA nahI hotA phandriyajJAna sApekSa hotA hai phalati para kAmAkhya phI katpatti parata hotI hai. phandriyajJAna nI katpatti me apekSita sAmagrI vaDhi nirdoSa hotI hai to usa kAmAkhya hotA hai zauraya vaha saddoSa hotI hai to hasI aprAmANya hotA hai| - indriyajJAna nI vidyuta mImita zaura praspaSTa huM phasaniha kasa kAmAkhya aura aprAmANya kI meDha relA vAta zI hai. AvArya chatta ne phasa viSayo marmasparzI paddhati me virati kiyA hai vizvavAda thI daSTi se yahuM vaDuta IM mahattvapUryA hai ! kanakA mata hai ki ijA dAbdo se kisI bhI jJAna cho pramANu yA tramANa nahI hA nA satA ! jJAna je nita prAri re tattva nirNaya hotA huM, vasa prapekSA se hasI prAmAkhya hotA hai, phanati pratyakSa zrI pratyakSAmAne che prAmA ra prakAmAkhya nI sthiti sArI hai sanI mArAya phasa kAra spaSTa riyA nA sakatA chorUM manuSya svasDa phandriyavAnA hone parama vandramAM che kSitija vo chUtA dumA telatA hai tha yathArya ne che kAraNa mA nahI haijo manuSya asvastha phandriya vAnA hone para te vAta devatA hai kasa vindra jJAna me satyA-jJAnavarodha visAvI hai, rizI vandrArA jJAna praviNavAvI hai phUla sthiti je pramANe zrIra pramANa vI vyavasthA AdhAra kyA ho satA ? dula 4ttara ne zrAvArya ane ne nilA hai gaMte nU aneka dravyo che je parama garva nI prArSatA che jarA hasI sajJA vatU hotI hai, vaise unasa jJAna me savAla hI pravardhatA hota hai kI sara pramANe hai aura nisane visavAva nI prarpatA hotI hai, usakI sattA prakamA hai 11 driya jJAna kI zaksi-sImA ra vAdya sAmagrI nI mAtA che jAra phandriya-pratyakSa vI pUrNa vizvasanIyatA nahI hotI ! phala zrAvAra para zrAvArya mana ne prAmAkhya aura aprAmArthe vI sItA [ siddhAnta nizvita yiA usakA mUlyAkana vahuta kama tAkika kara pAe haiN| 18 zraddhAtI (prAptamImAsA, ratta 101 vRtti) : vRddha rAntAt yenArA tattvari tapelayA pramANam | tata pratyakSatAmAsayorapi bAyo savI prAmAvetarasthitihannatinyA prasiddhAnupahoMdayadaErapa vandrAvivuM te pratyAtyAya mUtArAvamAsanAtuM tayopahatAlAverapi sahyAddhiviravADapi vaSnavasva mAvatattvopanA mAta ! tastrampayA vyaparAvyavasthA upadravyAvita .

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( 87 ) pramAga kA phala jaina darzana prAtmavAdI hone ke kAraNa AtmA ko pramAtA mAnatA hai / jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai aura vaha pramA kA sAdhakatama upakaraNa hai, isalie jJAna ko pramANa mAnatA hai| ajJAna kI nivRtti jJAna se hI hotI hai, isalie jJAna ko hI pramANa kA phala (pramiti) mAnatA hai| jJAna ko pramANa aura phala nahIM mAnA jA sakatA yaha prativAdI naiyAyika dvArA upasthApita taka hai / yadi jJAna hI pramANa aura vahI phala ho to, yA to jJAna hogA yA phala / dono eka sAtha kaise ho sakate hai ? isa samasyA ke samAdhAna ke rUpa me unakA parAmarza hai ki jJAtA aura viSaya-jJAna ke madhya sabadha sthApita karane pAlA indrina-vyApAra, sannikarSa Adi sAdhakatama karaNa pramANa hai aura usase hone pAlA viSaya-jJAna yA pramA pramANa kA phala hai / pramA kA jo sAdhakatama karaNa hai vaha pramANa hai isa viSaya me jaina aura naiyAyika taka paramparA me matabheda nahI hai| kintu matabheda isa viSaya me hai ki naiyAyika indriya-vyApAra, sannikarpa Adi acetana tattvo ko pramA kA sAdhakatama karaNa mAnatA hai / jaina darzana acetana sAmagrI ko pramA kA sAdhakatama kara nahI mAnatA, jJAna ko hI usakA sApakatama karaNa mAnatA hai| naiyAyika mAnyatA kA phalita yaha hai-jisa kAraNa se jJAna utpanna hotA hai, vaha pramANa hai| aura jJAna usakA (pramANa kA) phala hai| jaina mAnyatA kA phalita isase bhinna hai| usake anusAra pUrvakSaNa kA jJAna (sAdhana jJAna ) pramANa hai aura uttarakSaNa kA zAna (sAdhya zAna) usakA phala hai| pramANarUpa sa pariNata AtmA hI phalarUpa me parirAta hotA hai, isalie pramANa ko ajJAnAtmaka aura phala ko jJAnAtmaka nahI mAnA jA sakatA / jJayonmukha jJAna-vyApAra pramANa aura ajJAna-nivRttirUpa jJAna-vyApAra phala hotA hai / zAna kA sAkSAt phala azAna-nivRtti hai / jJAna hI ajJAna-nivRtti nahIM hai| jJAna se ajJAna-nivRtti hotI hai, isalie pramANa ajJAna-nivRttirUpa phala kA sAvana hai / pramANa pUrvakSaNavartI hai aura phala uttarakSaNAvartI / isa kSaNa-bheda ke kAraNa pramANa aura phala bhinna hai| pramANa zAna kA sAdhanAtmaka paryAya hai aura phala usakA sAdhyAtmaka paryAya hai / isa paryAtha-bheda se bhI pramANa aura phala bhinna haiN| jo pramAtA jJaya ko jAnatA hai usI kA ajJAna nivRtta hotA hai / jo jJAna rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai, vahI phalarUpa me pariNata hotA hai / isa apekSA se pramANa aura phala abhinna bhI haiN| anekAntadRSTi ke anusAra pramANa aura phala me sarvathA bheda isalie nahI ho - sakatA ki ve dono eka hI jJAnadhArA ke do kSaNa haiM, aura sarvathA abheda isalie nahI ho sakatA ki unameM paupirya yA sAdhya-sAdhana-bhAva hai| pramANa kA anantara (sAkSAt) phala azAna-nivRtti hai / usakA parapara phala upAdAna, hAna aura upekSAbuddhi

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( 88 ) hai / ajAna-nivRtti hone para pramAtA kisI vastu ko grahaNa karatA hai, kisI ko choDatA hai aura kisI ke prati upekSAbhAva rakhatA hai| kevalanAna kA parapara phala kevala upekSA hai / kevalI kRtakRtya hone ke kAraNa upAdeya zrIra heya ke prapaca se mukta hotA hai| pramANa kA vibhAga pramANa ke do vibhAga haiM pratyakSa aura parokSa / indriyagamya aura atIndriyagamya prameya kI isa dvivica pariNati ke AdhAra para pramANa ke pratyakSa aura parokSa ye do vibhAga kie gae haiN| prameya kI siddhi pramANa ke adhIna hai isa vAstavikatA ko ulaTa kara bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki pramANa kA vibhAgIkaraNa prameya ke avIna hai| atIndriyagamya padArya pratyakSa paddhati ke dvArA jAne jAte haiM aura indriyagamya padArtha parokSa paddhati ke dvArA jAne jAte hai| isIlie pramANa ke do vibhAga mAnya hue hai / 19 jinabhadragagI kSamAzramarA ne bhI jJaya-bheda se jJAna-bheda kA siddhAnta svIkAra kiyA hai / 20 pauddha tAkiko ne bhI meya kI vividhatA ke kAraNa mAna kI vividhatA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / 2 / carmakIti ke matAnusAra jJAna me do maulika tatva dekhe jAte haiM arya-sAkSAtkAra aura kalpanA / sAkSAtkAra me jJAna upasthita viSaya kA grahaNa mAtra karatA hai, athavA yaha kahanA cAhie ki eka viziSTa AkRti ke mAya jJAna kI sphUrti ayavA pratibhAsa hotA hai / isame jJAna kucha gaDhatA nahI, kevala dekhatA hai| dUsarI ora, zabda ke sahAre evaM usake dvArA pichalI smRtiyo aura saskAroM se kamAvata hora jJAna ane sAkSAtkAro phATa-chATa >>ra noDatoDa dvArA kalpanAe prastuta karatA hai| inameM nAma, jAti, dra0ya, guNa aura karma ye pAca kalpanAe to anAdi-pAsanA se siddha milatI hai aura inhe citta apane sthAyI sAco kI taraha prayukta karatA hai / anubhava kI sArI sAmagrI iname DhAlI jAtI hai aura isa 19 nyAyAvatAra, 2lAka 1 . pramANa svaparAbhAsijJAna vAcavijitam / pratyakSa ca parokSa ca vivA meyavinizcayAt // 20 vizeSAvazyabhASya, gAthA 400 ta purA catuti royametato te|| ja taduvayuttA / zrAvela sabdha havAtivAnvigha muti | svopajJavRtti iha jJayabhedAt jJAnabheda / 21 pramArAvAttika, 2/1 mAna vividha meya vicyAt /

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( 89 ) prakAra vikalpAtmaka jJAna siddha hotA hai| vikalpa eka prakAra ke mana Dhata haiM, kintu 'Eve' vastuo para anya vyAvRtti ke dvArA prAropita hone ke kAraNa uname vyavahArasamarthatA 52-parayA siddha hotI hai / vikalpa niyata-viSayaka aura aniyata-viSayaka dono hote haiM / niyata-viSayaka vikalpa pramANa-koTi me zrArUDha hotA hai / yahI anumAna kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra jJAna me pratIta dvaita se hI pramANo kA dvaita siddha hotA haimAkSAtkArAtmaka jJAna pratyakSa hai aura niyata-vikalpAtmaka anumAna / sabhI niyataviSayaka jJAna ina do koTiyo me samA jAtA hai / 22 ___vo do prakAra ke prameya mAnate hai svalakSaNa (vizeSa) aura anyApoha (sAmAnya) / vizeSa pratyakSa ke dvArA jAnA jAtA hai aura sAmAnya anumAna ke dvArA jAnA jAtA hai| jano aura vauddho kI tarka-paramparA me prameya kI vividhatA ke AdhAra para pramANa kI vividhatA mAnya hone para bhI uname maulika antara hai| jana 59mparA ke anusAra prameya sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hotA hai / sAmAnya aura vizeSa dono vastu dharma hai ata ve vAstavika haiM / nirvikalpa jJAna (anAkAra upayoga yA darzana) anizcayAtmaka hone ke kAraNa pramANa hI nahIM hotaa| savikalpajJAna (sAkAra upayoga) hI nizcayAtmaka hone ke kAraNa pramANa hotA hai / prameya kA sAkSAt grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna pratyakSa aura usakA asAkSAt (anya mAdhyamo ke dvArA) grahaNa karane vAlI jJAna parokSa hotA hai| pratyakSa ke do prakAra haiM- indriyamAnasa pratyakSa athavA sAvyavahArika pratyakSa aura atIndriya pratyakSa athavA pAramArthika pratyakSa / parokSa ke pAca prakAra haiM smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka, anumAna aura prAgama / svasavidita jJAna pratyakSa hI hotA hai| artha-grahaNa kI dRSTi me usake do prakAra hote hai pratyakSa aura parokSa / jo jJAna vizada hotA hai, jJaya artha ko sAkSAt jAnatA hai, kisI mAdhyama se nahI jAnatA, jisame jJAtA aura jJaya ke madhya koI vyavadhAna nahIM hotA, vaha pratyakSa hai / jo jJAna avizada hotA hai, bAharI upakaraNo ke mAdhyama se jJaya artha ko jAnatA hai, jisame zAtA aura jJaya ke madhya vyavadhAna hotA hai, vaha parokSa hai| pratyakSa kI niyAmaka-zakti vazaya hai / zrAtmamAtrApekSa hone ke kAraNa viSayabodha me vaha kahI bhI skhalita nahIM hotii| isIlie yaha paramArthika pratyakSa hai| indriya-manojanya mAna AtmamAtrApekSa nahIM hotA, isalie vaha avizada hai / phira bhI 22 nyAyavindu (govindracandra pAkRta anuvAda) pR0 4 /

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( 90 ) anumAna Adi kI apekSA vaha jJeya ko spaSTatayA jAnatA hai| isalie vaha sAvyavahArika pratyakSa hai / 23 parokSa kA niyAmaka tatva hai avarAdha / anumAna hetu ke mAdhyama se isIlie hotA hai ki usameM gadha kI kSamatA nahI hotii| bauddha pratyakSa ko nirvikalpa mAnate haiM / naiyAyika pratyakSa ko nirvikalpa aura savikalpa dono mAnate hai| unake anusAra nivikalpa jJAna savikalpa jAna ko utpanna karatA hai| jaina 59parA ke anusAra pratyakSa nivikalpa aura savikalpa - dono prakAra kA hotA hai| indriya-mAnasa-pratyakSa ke krama-vikAsa kI vyavasthA isa prakAra hai- sarvaprathama viSaya aura viSayI kA sannipAta hotA hai / cAra indriyA prApyakArI haiN| cakSu aura mana aprApyakArI haiM / indriya-catuSTaya kA viSaya ke sAtha sannikarSa tathA cakSu aura mana kA vi5ya ke sAtha ucita sAmIpya jo hotA hai vaha sannipAta hai| usake anantara sAmAnyamAtrAhI darzana hotA hai / tat pazcAt avAntara sAmAnya kA vova hotA hai / isakA nAma apagraha hai / prApyakArI indriyA vyajanAvagraha (savadha-voca) ke bAda arya ko grahaNa karatI haiM / cakSu aura mana artha ko sIdhe hI jAna lete haiM / avAha ke bodha kA AkAra 'kucha hai' yaha hotA hai / yaha anidazya sAmAnya kA vodha hai / isame nAma, jAti, dravya, guNa, aura kriyA kI kalpanA nahI hotI 124 yaha zabda hai, rUpa hai isa AkAra kA vodha nahIM hotaa| avagraha ke pazcAt sazaya-jAna hotA hai / isake bAda IhA hotI hai anvaya-vyatirekapUrvaka vimarza hotA hai| usakA AkAra hai-yaha zrotra kA viSaya bana rahA hai, anya indriyo kA viSaya nahIM bana rahA hai, isalie zabda honA cAhie / 'yaha zabda hI hai' - isa AkAra kA nirNaya jJAna avAya hai / nirNIta viSaya saskAra bana jAtA hai, vaha dhAraNA hai / yaha zabda-paryAya kA jJAna hai / zabda ke anya paryAyo ke jAna me bhI avagraha Adi kA kama calatA hai, jaise - 'zabda hai' - isa AkAra kA jAna avagraha hai| phira saMzaya hotA hai| yaha zabda mayuradharmA hai, kazadharmA nahIM hai, isalie zakha kA honA cAhie, sIga kA nahI honA cAhie-isa prakAra kA nAna IhA hai| 23 laghIyastraya, 3 pratyakSa vizada jAna, mukhyasavyavahArata / parokSa zeSavimAna , pramANe iti sagraha // vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAya 251 sAmamaNima malapaNAmatikapaNArahita // 24

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( 91 ) 'yaha zaMkha kA hI zabda hai' isa prakAra kA jJAna apAya hai / zava zabda ke bodha kI avicyuti dhAraNA hai / isa prakAra paryAyo kA uttarottara vodha hotA hai 125 indriya-pratyakSa kI bhAti mAnasa-pratyakSa bhI avagrahAdi catuSTayI ke krama se hotA hai / indriya-pratyakSa ke krama me avagraha taka kevala indriyA kAma karatI hai aura IhA se usame mana kA yoga ho jAtA hai / indriyoM kA kAma vastu ko jAnanA aura phevala vartamAna kA vodha karanA hai / vikalpa unakA kAma nahI hai / vaha mana kA kAma hai / prazna ho sakatA hai ki avagRhIta viSaya ko nirNaya kI koTi taka mana le jAtA hai. phira use indriya-jJAna kyo mAnA jAe ? isake samAdhAna kI bhASA yaha hai ki jisakA Arabha indriya-jJAna se hotA hai aura jo jJAna vastu-viSayaka hotA hai, vaha 25 mUlaparyAya ke bodha ko naizcayika avagraha-catuSTaya aura uttaraparyAyo ke vodha ko vyAvahArika avagraha-catuSTaya kahA jAtA hai| eka paraparA avagraha ko vizeSa' mAnane ke pakSa me rahI hai| usake anusAra darzana avibhAvita-vizeSa hotA hai, jaise-kucha hai| apagraha vibhAvita-vizeSa hotA hai, jaise yaha rUpa hai / yaha sapheda hai yA kAlA-yaha sazaya hai / yaha sapheda honA cAhie yaha IhA hai / yaha mapheda hI hai, kAlA nahI hai-yaha avAya hai / akalaka ke anusAra 'yaha purupa hai'--isa prakAra kA vodha avagraha hai / bhASA, avasthA Adi vizeSo kI zrAkAkSA IhA hai / vizeSa ke AdhAra para nirNaya honA avAya hai, jaise yaha puruSa dakSiNa pradezavAsI hai, yaha puruSa yuvA hai / (tatvAryavAtika 1135) jinabhadra ne isa avagraha, IhA zrIra zrAvAya kI dhArA ko upacarita mAnA hai / yaha uttarottara udghATita hone vAle vizeSa) kI apekSA sAmAnya hai, isalie isameM sAmAnya kA upacAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| java taka antima vizeSa yA bheda prApta na ho taba taka sAmAnya-vizeSa kA upacAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| (vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 281-283, vRtti iha yad vastusAmAnyamAtragrahaNamani6 2yamayamavigraho naizcayika samayamAtrakAla prathama / tata 'kimidam' ityanta ramIhitamastuvizeSasya zabdavizeSe vijJAnarUpI yo'vAya sa eva hi puna vinImIhAmavAya cApekSyA'vagraha ityupacarita sUtre, yasmAdeSyavizeSApekSayA sAmAnyamAlambate / sAmAnyArthAvagrahaNa pAvagraha iti / tato bhUya kimaya zAha zarDoi vetyAdri vizeSAH kSAnanta ramavAya zAha zA vetyAdri ! sa eva bhUyastavizepAkAkSAto bhAvinImAhAmavAyameSyavizeSAzcApekSya sAmAnyAlambanAdavagraha ityupacaryate / ityeva sarvatra sAmAnyavizeSApekSayA yAvadantyo bhedastadAkAkSAvinivRttivati / )

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( 92 ) indriya-pratyakSa hai / isa krama me mana usakA sahayogI hai, kintu usa jAna dhArA kA pravartaka nahI hai / mAnasa-pratyakSa me jAna kI dhArA kA prArabha mana meM hI hotA hai / mana indriyagRhIta viSayo ko grahaNa kara unakA sakalana, mImAmA, vitarka karatA hai tathA naye-naye niyamo aura pratyayo kA nirmANa karatA hai / ye pravRttiyA indriyAra nahI hotI / yaha manakA apanA kAryakSetra hai / nadI ke zikAra ne batAyA hai ki svapna avasthA me mana zabda Adi viSayo ko grahaNa karatA hai / vaha grahaNa avaha Adi ke krama se hotA hai / jAgRta avasthA me indriya-vyApAra ke abhAva meM kevala mana kA manana hotA hai / vaha bhI avagraha Adi ke krama me hotA hai / 25 hama jaba kabhI indriya-mAnasa-pratyakSa kI sthiti meM hote haiM taba isI avagraha Adi ke krama se gujarate haiM / yaha krama itanA prAzumacArI hai ki yaha patA hI nahI calatA ki aisA hotA hai / aparicita viSaya ke vodha me isa krama kA anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu paricita viSaya ke bodha me isakA mahaja anubhava nahIM hotA, yadyapi yaha kama avazya hotA hai| darzana vyavasAyI nahIM hotA, isalie tarka-paramparA me use pramANa kI koTi me nahI mAnA gyaa| phira avagraha aura IhA ko pramANa kase mAnA jA sakatA hai ? yaha prazna sahaja hI upasthita hotA hai| isa prazna ko do koNo se uttarita kiyA jA sakatA hai| pahalA kAraNa yaha hai apagraha, IhI aura avAya-ye eka hI mAnadhArA ke tIna virAma haiM, isalie avAya ke pramANa hone kA artha hai ki avaha aura IhI bhI pramANa haiN| dUsarA koNa yaha hai-avagraha me viSaya kA bodha hotA hai| hame anvaya mAra vyatireka ghama l vimarza hotA hai aura pravAya e nI puSTi hotI hai| isa prakAra pratyeka virAma me naye-naye paryAya kA udghATana hotA hai| aura yadi isameM koI visavAditA na ho to isa samaya jJAnadhArA ko pramANa mAnane me koI vipratipatti nahIM hai| vauddho ne pratyakSa ke cAra bheda mAne haiM 1 indriya-jJAna 2 mAnasa-pratyakSa 3 sva-savedana 4 yogi-pratyakSa / (ka) nadI, sUtra 56, pUNi evaM maNamo vi suviNe sahAdivimaesu avagahAdayo royA, aNNAtya vA idiyavAvAabhAva maNamAsati / (kha) vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAyA 293 / 26

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( 93 ) jana paramparA me sva-savedana-pratyakSa kI svataMtra gaNanA nahI hai / mAmAsako kA mata hai ki jAna kevala jJeya-ayaM ko prakAzita karatA hai| usakI apanI sattA kA arthavAva se anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| naiyAyika mAnate haiM ki jJAna kA jJAna jAnAntara (anuvyavasAya) se hotA hai| yaha ghaTa hai' aisA pratyakSa jJAna vyavasAya hai / isa pratyakSa jJAna kA mAnasa-pratyakSa anuvyavasAya kahalAtA hai| jaise gai dekha rahA hU ki yaha ghaTa hai| vauddha darzana kI eka zAkhA mAdhyamika bhI jJAna ko svaprakAzI nahI maantii| ina mato ko dhyAna me rakhakara dharmakAtti ne sva-savedana-pratyakSa ko svataMtra sthAna diyaa| jana paramparA me mAna kA svarUpa sva-para-prakAzaka hai, isalie svasavedana jAnamAtra me hotA hai| vaha pratyakSa kA viziSTa prakAra nahIM bana sktaa| sva-savedana cetanA kA anAkAra upayoga yA darzana hai| yadyapi dArzanika yuga me darzana kA artha sAmAnyagrAhI upayoga aura jJAna kA artha vizepanAhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai, kintu yaha mImAsanIya nahI hai, aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| dravya sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai, taba kevala vizeSa ko jAnane vAlA jAna (sAkA. yA savikalpa upayoga) pramANa kase ho sakatA hai aura kevala sAmAnya ko jAnane vAlA darzana (anAkAra yA nivikalpa upayo1) apramANa kase ho sakatA hai ? ukta vyAkhyA me kevalanAna aura kevaladarzana kA artha bhI ghaTita nahIM hotaa| unhe yugapat mAnA jAe to prastuta vyAkhyA ke anumAra ve dono yukta hokara pramANa banate haiM, akelA koI pramANa nahIM hotA / yadi unhe kama mAnA jAe to kevalajAna vizeSagrAhI hone ke kAraNa sapUrNa aryagrAhI nahI hotA, isalie vaha pramANa nahI ho sktaa| darzana (anAkAra upayoga) aura jJAna (sAkAra upayoga) ko yaha vyAkhyA mAnI jAe ki sva-savedana yA Antarika vodha darzana hai aura vAhya arya kA bodha jJAna hai aura ve sadA yugapat hote haiM to samUcI samasyA kA samAdhAna ho jAtA hai / darzana pramANa nahIM hai| ise isa prakAra vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki sva-mavedana me vAhya padArtha ko jAnane kA koI prayala yA zrAkAra nahIM hotaa| vaha kevala sva-pratyaya hI hotA hai, isalie anAkAra hai / aura anAkAra hai isalie use vAhya padArtha-bodha kI apekSA se pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| zAna me vAhya padArtha ko jAnane kA prayatna yA zrAkAra nahIM hotaa| vaha para-pratyaya hotA hai, isalie sAkAra hai aura sAkAra hai isalie vaha vAhya padArtha-bodha kI apekSA se pramANa hai / isa AdhAra para kevalajJAna ke prAmANya meM bhI koI zrApa nahI aatii| svarUpa kI apekSA jJAna pratyakSa hI hai| pratyakSa aura parokSa kA pramANazAstrIya vibhAga kevala bAhya padArya-bodha kI apekSA se hai| pramANa aura apramANa kA vibhAga bhI kevala bAhya padArya-bodha kI apekSA me hai / ina abhyupagamo kI sagati bhI darzana ko sva-pratyaya aura jJAna ko parapratyaya mAnane para hI hotI hai| darzana kA artha bhI pratyakSa yA sAkSAt hai / sva-pratyaya sAkSAt hI hotA hai, isalie darzana zabda usa artha ko yathArtha abhivyakti detA hai|

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( 94 ) atIndriya-pratyakSa (no-phandriya-pratyakSa) je tIna prajAra haiM prarve, mana paryava aura vana / sa viSaya meM pramANamInAsA LA vacce vipaya jJAnamImAtA ke miza nahI hai / zrRvadhijJAna mavahetu bhI hotA hai, nim zrIndriyajJAna jo pUrvAMta yovijJAna nahI . hA nA sarjAtA / ntu mava-pratyaya prarvAvanAno choDa r zeSa adhijJAna throra mana paryavajJAna au vauddho che yoni-pratyakSa sau navya taiyAco yoAna-pratyakSa ke tulanA kI jA sakatI hai / jaivalajJAna savase zrRSi sITI para sA AyA haiM / sa samarcana aura virova me vizAla pratya-rAzi pannavye hotI hai / levalajJAna LA zcarya hai sarvasatA / no sarvana hotA hai vad dharmajJa hotA haiM| hai / mImAsa mAnate haiM manuSya dharmajJa nahI ddo satttA 1 sase TI viparIta mata vauDho vadha hai / viDa nA aa ta hai ni manuSya dharma ho sattA hai, sarvaga nahI do satA dharmajJatA ke lipa ve-prAmANya nI AvazyatA nadI hai / jainadRSTi na vono se khinna haiM / -saje anusAra manuSya sarvajJa ho sarjAtA hai aura no sarvaga hotA hai, vah dharmAM hotA ddI hai / dharmaratA ja antima kAmA sarvajJatA hI hai / kundakunda zrAvAye ne sarvajJatA nI vyAhyA nayo che . AdhAra para jI hai / hanA mata hai ji valI mavaLo nAnatA hai-yad vyavahAranavA bdioyA hai / nizvayanaya LI daSTi se valI zrapano bhrAtmA jo hI nAnatA hai / DasA nita hai ji vyavahAranaya se jevI sarvana haiM zrIra nizvayanaya se prAtmA 18 samI zrAtmavAvI vargano ne atIndriyajJAnA sAkSAtkAro svIoti ddI hai / matameva aa no vintu maiM vah'sarva' za hai / sa 'sarva' zabda thI vyAvA nI savaLI misa-misa hai / caitta paramparA me sarvajJa che. 'sarva' zabda | vyAhyA yahna hai--valajJAna sava dravyo, satra kSetro, sava Ano aura sava paryAyo jo nAnatA hai / 'sarva' zabda jI 27 28 29 navIna taiyAyiLo ne pratyakSa je vo kAra pi haiM noLi pratyakSa braura prauLi pratyakSa 1 poza upAdhyAya je anusAra brau ipratyakSa rItta prAra / hotA hai --sAmAnyalakSA, vizeSajJakSA zraaura yogana / niyamasAra, mAyA 158 nANAvi pati sanna, vavahAranA valI mAva / valasANI nAvi patttavAiyamerA zrakhAya // nI, sUtra 33 I navo rA vananANI savavavADanAr pAsa lettazno rA vananAhI satva letta nArA pAsaph / LAno A vattanAthI savva Ana nArAj pAsavuM / mAvo aa vananANI satre bhAve nArA pAsad ii

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( 95 ) isa vyApaka viSayAvasAhitA me kevala mImAsako ko hI vipratipatti nahIM hai, vauddho ko bhI hai / eka dRSTi se naiyAyiko aura sAkhyo ko bhI hai| saiddhAntikeSTi se Agamayuga me kevalajJAna kI vyAkhyA ke ye phalita haiM 1 sarvathA anAvRta cetanA jo jJAnAvaraNa ke kSINa hone para hotI hai| 2 zuddha cetanA jo pAya ke kSINa hone para hotI hai / 3 kevalamAna jo kaSAyajanita sadano ke kSINa hone para hotA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna utpanna huA aura usake bAda unhoMne jo jAnA usase phalita hone vAlI kevalajJAna kI vyAsyA meM sarvazatA aura sarvabhAvadarzitA hai, phira bhI usakI utanI vyApakatA nahI hai jitanI dArzanika yuga kI vyAkhyAno me hai| nandIsUtra me kevalajAna kI jo nyAsyA hai aura jo bhagavatIsUtra me sakrAnta huI hai, usIke AdhAra para jaina tAkiko ne sarvajJatA kA samarthana kiyA hai| usake samarthana me aneka tarpha prastuta kie gae haiN| yahAM uname se kucheka tarko kA mai ullekha karUgA - 1 AtmA svabhAva se hI 'ja' hai| vaha pratibandhaka (zAnAvaraNa) ke hone para 'a-ja' hotA hai sUkSma, vyavahita aura dUsya padArthoM kA sAkSAta nahI kara sktaa| prativandhaka hetu samApta hone para vaha 'jJa' ho jAtA hai| phira 'jJa' aura 'jaya' ke vIca koI avarodha nahIM hotA, isalie jJeyamAtra usame pratibhAsita hotA hai 130 __2 sarpajJatA kA nirasana karane vAle kahate haiM ki manuSya sarvajJa nahI ho sakatA / prAcArya ne pUchA-yaha Apa kaise kahate hai ? sarvaza nahIM hai, yaha Apa jAnakara kahate haiM yA anajAne hI ? sadA, sarvatra, sabame se koI bhI sarvajJa nahI hotA, yadi yaha jAnakara kahate haiM to zrApa hI sarvajJa ho ge| aura yadi vinA jAne kahate hai to Apa yaha kase kaha sakate haiM ki kisI bhI deza-kAla me koI vyakti sarvajJa nahI hotA ? ___3 kisI tatva kI sattA sAdhaka-pramANa aura bAcaka- pramANa ke abhAva dvArA kI jAtI hai| sarvajJatA kA koI sunizcita vAcaka-pramANa upalabdha nahI hai| isalie usakI svIkRti nidhi hai / / 30 yogavindu, zloka 431 jJo jJeye kamaza. syAdasati prativandhake / dAhya 'gnidAhako na syAt kathamapratibandhaka // ___31 pramANamImAsA, 1/1/17 ___ bAdhakAmAvApa / 'vRtti--sunizcitAsamavaddhAdhakatvAt sukhAdivasiddhi /

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( 96 ) 4 sUkSma, antarita (vyavahita) aura deza-kAla se viprakRSTa padArtha kisI vyakti ke avazya pratyakSa haiM, kyoki ve anumeya haiM, jaise anumeya agni kisI ke pratyakSa hotI hai / 32 5 zAna me taratamatA upalabdha hotI hai / usakA koI carama vindu hotA hai| jase parimANa kI taratamatA kA caramarU5 AkAza hai, vaise hI jJAna kI taratamatA kA caramarUpa kevalajJAna hai / 33 mRti, avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA yaha pratyakSa kA krama-vibhAga hai| isakA uttaravartI krama-vibhAga parokSa kA hai| yaha vibhAjana vaizadha aura avadhi ke AdhAra para hai, kintu kAryakAraNabhAva ke prAcAra para ye saba eka hI sUtra meM Avaddha haiN| jo dhAraNA hotI hai-hamAre mastikIya prakoTho me saskAra nirmita ho jAte haiM vaha nimitta pAkara jAgRta ho jAtI hai / anya tAkika paraparAzro me smRti kA prAmANya sammata nahIM hai / jaina paraMparA me isakA prAmANya samarthita hai| smRti avisavAdI jJAna hai / atIta kI smRti me jAtismRti kA bhI eka sthAna hai, jisase sudUra atIta arthAt pUrvajanma kA mAna hotA hai / vaha yathArthavodha hai aura usake dvArA mavAdI vyavahAra siddha hotA hai, isalie usakA prAmANya asadigdha hai| bauddho kA tarka thA ki smRti pUrvAnubhava-paratatra hai, isalie vaha pramANa nahI ho sktii| pramANa vaha mAna hotA hai jo apUrva-artha ko jAnatA hai / smRti kA viSaya hai-pUrvAnubhava kA jAna / vaha pramANa kase ho sakatI hai ? mImAsapravara kumArila ne bhI gRhItArya-prAhitA ke AdhAra para smRti kA aprAmANya pratipAdita kiyA hai| naiyAyikamanIpI jayanta ne smRti ke prAmANya kA isalie nirasana kiyA ki vaha arthajanya nahIM hai / jAna ko arthaja-aryotpanna honA caahie| yadi vaha arthaja nahI hai to pramANa kase ho sakatA hai ? 32 prAptamImAsA, zloka 5 sUkSmAntaritadUrArthA pratyakSA. kasyacidyayA / anuyatvatoDakanyAvirati sarva sthiti . 33 pramANamAmAsA, 1/1/16 jJAtimavizvAtyAdrisiddha statsaddhi ! vRtti prajJAyA aMtarAya tAratamya kvacit vizrAntam, atizayatvAt parimANAtiyavadityanumAnena niratizayaprajAdisiddha yA tasya kevalajJAnasya middhi /

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( 97 ) jaina tArkiko ne ukta AkSepoM kI samIkSA me kahA ki smRti ke prAmANya kI kasoTI vyavahAra-pravartana hai / pAnI pIyA, pyAsa bujha gaI / mArga se calA, lakSya taka pahuca gayA / pAnI se pyAsa bujhatI hai isa pUrvAnubhava kI smRti ke AdhAra para manuSya pAnI pItA hai | amuka mArga amuka nagara ko jAtA hai - isa pUrvavodha kI smRti ke AvAra para manuSya nizcita mArga para calatA hai / vyavahAra kI siddhi savAditA siddha karatI hai, phira smRti kA prAmANya kaise nirasta kiyA jA sakatA hai, bhale phira vaha pUrvAnubhava paratatra yA gRhItArthagrAhI jJAna ho / smRti arthotpanna nahIM hai, isalie yadi use apramANa mAnA jAe to anumAna ke prAmANya me bhI kaThinAI upasthita hogI / puSya nakSatra kA udaya hogA, kyoMki isa samaya punarvasu nakSatra udita hai / puSya kA udaya hogA, vartamAna me vaha udita nahI hai phira pUrvacara hetu kaise banegA ? uttaracara hetu bhI kaise bana sakatA hai ? nadI me bADha dekhakara varSA kA anumAna (naiyAyika sammata zeSavat anumAna) kaise hogA ? isalie smRtijJAna arthotpanna nahI hai - yaha tarka mahattvapUrNa nahI hai / pratyabhijJA smRti kA hetu kevala dhAraNA hai / pratyabhijJA ke do hetu haiM pratyakSa aura smaraNa / isalie yaha saMkalanAtmaka jJAna hai / smRtijJAna kA AkAra 'vaha manuSya' hai aura pratyabhijJA kA AkAra 'yaha vahI manuSya hai' hai / 'yaha manuSya' yaha indriyapratyakSa hai / 'vaha' - yaha smRti hai / ina dono kA jo yoga hai, vaha ekatvapratyabhijJA hai / zAkAhArI pazu gAya kI bhAti pAnI pIte haiM / mAsAhArI pazu gAya kI bhAti pAnI nahI pIte / ve jIbha se pAnI kA lehana karate haiM / iname prathama sAdRzya-pratyabhijJA aura dUsarA vaisadRzya pratyabhijJA hai / 'yaha usase choTA hai', 'yaha usase baDA hai', 'yaha usase dUra hai', 'yaha usase nikaTa hai', yaha usase UMcA hai', 'yaha usase nIcA hai' yaha sApekSa pratyabhijJA hai | sajJA aura sajJI ke sabadha kA jJAna bhI pratyabhijJA se hotA hai / kisI ne batAyA ki jo dUdha aura pAnI ko alaga kare vaha hasa hotA hai / jisake tIna-tIna patta hote haiM vaha palAza hotA haiM / zrotA na hasa ko jAnatA hai aura na palAza ko / usane dekhA, aura pAnI jIsane vatA se sunA aura usake mana me eka saMskAra nirmita ho gayA / pakSI kI coca dUdha ko pyAlI me paDI aura dUdha phaTa gayA- dUdha alaga alaga | pratyakSa aura smRti - dono kA yoga huA, use sajJA zrIra sajJI (hasa zabda aura isa zabdavAcya pakSI) ke sabadha kA jJAna ho gayA / isI prakAra usane jagala me tIna-tIna patte vAle peDa ko dekhA / pratyakSa aura smRti donoM yukta hue aura use sajJA-sajJI ( palAza zabda aura palAza zabdavAcya peDa) ke sabadha kA jJAna ho gayA /

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( 98 ) do Adi sakhyA kA bodha bhI pratyabhijJAna se hotA hai / smRti aura pratyakSa ke nimitta se hone vAle jitane bhI sakalanAtmaka mAnama-vikalpa haiM ye saba pratyabhijJAna kehI prakAra haiM 134 bauddha tArkika pratyabhijJA ko mAnya nahI karate / unakA mata hai ki 'vaha' yaha parokSa jJAna hai aura 'yaha' yaha pratyakSa jJAna hai / pratyakSa aura parokSa do virodhI jJAno kA zrAdhAra eka nahI ho sakatA, isalie yaha do jAno kA samucaya hai, eka svataMtra jJAna nahI hai | pratyakSa aura jaina tArkika isa tarka ko svIkAra nahIM karate / ve kahate haiM ki parokSa jJAna pratyabhijJA ke kAraNa haiM / una dono kAraNo se eka svataMtra jJAna utpanna hotA hai / usI ke dvArA hama 'yaha' aura 'vaha' ke bIca me rahe hue ekatva ko jAnate haiM / usa ekatva kA bodha hame na pratyakSa se ho sakatA hai aura na parokSa se bhI ho sakatA hai / pratyakSa aura parokSa ke sammizraNa se eka nayA jJAna utpanna hotA hai aura usI ke dvArA hama ekatva ko jAnate haiM / vaha ektva pratyakSa nahIM hotA, isalie ekatva vodha ko parokSa kI koTi me sthAna diyA gayA hai / vauddhamatAnusAra eka hI jJAna nirvikalpa aura savikalpa do virodhI dharmo kA AdhAra ho sakatA hai taba pratyabhinA do virodhI dharmo kA grAdhAra kyo nahI ho sakatI ? naiyAyika pratyabhinA ko pratyakSajJAna mAnate haiM / unake anusAra sAvAraNa pratyakSa kevala vartamAnAvagAhI hotA hai aura pratyabhijJA me vartamAna savedana atIta kI smRti se prabhAvita hotA hai / pratItAvasyAvacchinna vartamAna ko mukhyatA dene ke kAraNa ise ve vartamAna kI koTi me sammilita karate haiM / jaina tarka ke anusAra pratyabhijJAna pratyakSa nahI ho sakatA / kyoki hame pratyakSa vyakti kA jJAna nahI karanA hai, kintu pratyakSa aura parokSa ina dono kAlo me vidyamAna vyakti ke ekatva ko jAnanA hai / vartamAna aza ko jAna lene ke bAda pratyakSa kA kArya saMpanna ho jAtA hai, isalie usake dvArA ekatva ko nahI jAnA jA sakatA | upamAna ke viSaya me nyAyazAstrIya dhAraNA eka nahI hai / vauddha upamAna ko pratyakSa se bhinna nahIM mAnate / vaizeSika use anumAna ke antargata mAnate haiM / naiyAyika use svatantra pramANa ke rUpa me svIkAra karate haiM / jaina paramparA meM vaha pratyabhijJA kA 34 pramANapraveza, 21 idamalpa mahaddddUramAsanna prAzuneti vA / vyapekSAta samakSe'yaM, vikalpaH sAdhanAntaram // dRSTeSvayaMpu parasparavyapekSA lakSaNa alpa mahatvAdijJAna adharottarAdijJAna dvitvAdisakhyAjJAna pratyacca pramANa, avisamvAdakatvAt upamAnavat /

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( 99 ) eka prakAra hai / ve isakA samarthana isa AdhAra para karate haiM gavaya gAya ke samAna hotA hai' isa AkAra me gAya aura gavaya kA jJAna mukhya nahIM hai, kintu uname rahA huA sA2ya-bodha mukhya hai / isalie yaha mAna pratyabhijJA se bhinna nahI hai| upamAna ko svatantra pramANa mAnane me koI Apatti nahIM hai / isakA pratyabhijJA me samAveza ho sakatA hai pIra pramANo kI sasyA ananta na ho, isa dRSTi se pramANavyavasthA-yuga me isakA pratyaminA me samAveza kiyA gyaa| tarka taka bhAratIya darzana kA suparicita zabda hai / kucha viSayo me ise aprati00 kahA gayA hai| phira bhI cintana ke kSetra me isakA mahattva bahuta pahale se rahA hai / nyAya-zAstra me isakA vizeSa artha hai / anumAna ke lie vyApti kI anivAryatA hai aura vyApti ke lie tarka kI anivAryatA hai kyoki isake vinA vyApti kI satyatA kA nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / prAya sabhI takazAstrIya paramparAe taka ke isa mahatva ko svIkAra karatI haiM / unameM yadi koI matabheda hai to vaha isake prAmANya ke viSaya me hai / naiyAyika prAdi ise pramANa yA apramANa kI koTi me nahI ginate, pramANa kA anuprAhaka mAnate haiM / jana paraparA me yaha pramANarUpa meM svIkRta hai| isakA svataMtra kArya hai, isalie yaha parokSa pramANa kA tIsarA prakAra hai / jahA~-jahA dhUma hotA hai vahA~-vahA agni hotI hai yaha vyApti hai / isa vyApti kA jJAna indriyapratyakSa aura mAnasa-pratyakSa ke dvArA nahIM hotA / pratyakSa kArya-kAraNa ko jAnatA hai, unake saMbaMdha ko nahI jAnatA / anumAna vyApti ke bAda hotA hai, ata usake dvArA bhI vyApti kA jJAna nahI ho sktaa| anumAna ke dvArA vyApti ko siddha kiyA jAe aura vyApti ke dvArA anumAna ko siddha kiyA jAe to isa anyonyAzrayatA me koI nirNayAtmaka vikalpa hamAre hAtha nahI lgtaa| isa samasyA ko sulajhAne ke lie jana tAkiko ne tarka kA prAmANya svIkAra kiyaa| tarka kA kArya vyApti kA nirNaya karanA hai / jo dhUma hai vaha agnijanya hai, agni-bhinna-padArtha se janya nahI hai / agni ke sadbhAva me dhUma kA honA upalabha hai aura usake prabhAva se dhUma kA na honA anupalabha hai| isa upalabha aura anupalabha se tarka utpanna hotA hai aura vaha dhUma aura agni ke sabadha kA nirNaya karatA hai / usake dvArA sarva kAla, sarvadeza aura sarvavyakti me prApta hone vAle avinAbhAva sabaMdha ko vyApti ke rUpa me svIkRti milatI hai / jo sabadha sArvakAlika, sArvadezika aura sArvavaiyaktika nahI hotA, use vyApti ke rUpa me tarka kA samarthana nahI milatA aura jise taka kA samarthana nahI milatA, vaha vyApti anumAna ke lie upayogI nahI hotii| tarka ke dvArA avinAbhAva-sabadha kA nizcaya ho jAne para hI sAdhana ke dvArA sAdhya kA jJAna arthAt anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai /

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( 100 ) prAgama prAcArya middhasena ne parokSa ke do bheda svIkAra kie haiM anumAna aura zruta-bAgama 135 smRti, pratyabhinA aura tarka kA unhone parokSa pramANa ke prakAra ke 95 me ullekha nahI kiyA hai / parokSa ke ukta pAca prakAroM kI vyavasthA prAcArya akalaka ne kii| usakA AdhAra tatvArthasUtra aura nadIsUtra me vaNita matinAna rahA 135 smRti, pratyabhijA, tarka aura anumAna ye cAra matijAna ke prakAra haiM aura bhAgama zrutajAna hai / akalaka ne anumAna ko zrutanAna ke antargata mAnA hai| 7 siddhAnta cakravartI nemicandra ne zrutamAna ke do prakAra kie haiM zabdAlagaja-Agama aura aligaja-anumAna 138 jana tAkiko ne zrAgama kA vyAtyA laukika aura lokottara dono staroM para kI hai / prApta ke vacana se hone vAlA artha-savedana zrAgama hai| upacAra se prApta-vacana bhI Agama hai| lokottara bhUmikA me atIndriyajJAnI prApta hotA hai aura laukika bhUmikA meM prApta kI kasauTI avisavAditva hai| jo jisa viSaya me avimavAdI (avacaka) hai vaha usa viSaya me prApta hai / 39 jana tk-5259| me 321 rIyanAna aura anya kI apArayatA ina dono ko koI sthAna nahI hai| usameM mAnavIyajJAna aura anya kI manuSyakRtatA-ye dono pratiSThita haiM / da paudgalika hai pudgala kA eka pariNAmana hai| pudgala kA parimana hone ke kAraNa vaha anitya hai / java zabda hI anitya hai taba koI bhI AdAtmaka anya nitya kaise ho sakatA hai ? vyaakr|| mAnate haiM ki pani kSaNika hai| unase arthavo nahI ho sktaa| varSa se atirikta kintu vAbhivyagya jo artha-pratyAyaka nitya zabda hai vaha sphoTa hai / vadhvani se vaha abhivyakta hotA hai / usase arthabodha hotA hai / 35 nyAyAvatAra, 2loka, 5,8,91 36 (ka) tatvArya, sUtra 1113 / (kha) nadI, sUtra 541 37. nyAyavinizcaya, zloka 473 sarvamatacchatajJAnamanumAna tayAgama / 38 gomaTasAra (jIvakANDa), gAyA 315 / 39 prAptamImAmA, loka 78, aSTazatI yo yatrAvisavAdaka sa tatrApta , tata paro'nApta / tattvapratipAdanamavivAda /

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( 101 ) mImAsako kA mata hai ki zabda kI kabhI utpatti nahI hotI aura usakA kamI vinAza nahIM hotaa| vaha nitya hai / zrAraNa yA vyavadhAna ke kAraNa vaha hame niratara sunAI nahIM detA / zrIcaraNa ke dUra hone para hama use suna sakate haiM / isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para unakA mAnanA hai ki zabda abhivyakta hotA hai, utpanna nahIM hotaa| jana paramparA me uth mata svIkRta nahI hai / usake anusAra zabda utpanna hotA hai / usakI utpatti ke do kAraNa hai saghAta aura bheda / do vastu paraspara milatI hai yA koI vastu alaga hotI hai, TUTatI hai taba zabda utpanna hotA hai / 40 usame pratipAdana kI zakti svAbhAvika hai| saketa ke dvArA usame arthavodhakatA Aropita kI jAtI hai| pratyeka zabda me pratyeka prarya kA vAcaka hone kI kSamatA hai| amuka zabda amuka arya kA hI vAcaka hAtA hai isakA niyAmaka saketa hai| svAbhAvika zakti aura saketa ke dvArA zabda arya kA vodha karAtA hai| jise saketa jAta hotA hai vahI vyakti zabda ke dvArA usake pAcya ko samajha pAtA hai| agni zabda me agni arya kA saketa prAropita hai| yadi vaha saketa mujhe jJAta hai to maiM agni zabda ke vAcya agni arya ko samajha paauugaa| jo bhAratIya bhASA ko nahI jAnatA vaha use nahI samajha paaegaa| tarjanI agulI ke hilAne meM eka saketa Aropita hai| use jAnane vAlA usake hilate hI tarjanA kA anubhava ke ne laga jAtA hai| yahI vAta zabda ke saketa kI hai| ___mImAsaka mAnate haiM ki zabda kA viSaya kevala sAmAnya hai| go zabda go vyakti kA nahI, gotva sAmAnya kA vAcaka hai| sAmAnya me saketa kiyA jA sakatA hai / asatya vizeSo me vaha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| janadRSTikoNa isase bhinna hai / usake anusAra zabda kA viSaya sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka vastu hai / kevala sAmAnya (jAti) arthakriyAkArI nahI ho sktaa| ghaTa, 58 zrAdi vyakti arthakriyAkArI ho sakate hai, kintu ghaTatya yA paTatva arthaniyAkArI nahI ho sakate / mamAna pariNati vAle vAcyaarthoM ke anagina hone para bhI saketa kA grahaNa ho sakatA hai| agni sAdhya hai aura dhUma sAdhana / ve asakhya haiM, phira bhI tarka ke dvArA una sabako jAnA jA sakatA hai taba asaMkhya vizeSo se savaddha saketa ko kyo nahI jAnA jA sakatA? vastu kA svarUpa hI sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai, isalie kevala sAmAnya yA kevala vizeSa zabda kA vAcya nahI hotA / sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka vastu hI zabda kA vAcya hotI hai / 40 lA 2/220 dohiM ThANehi saha pAte siyA, ta jahA sAhaNatANa gheva poggalAraNa sa6 pAe siyA, bhijjatAraNa ceva pogalApa saha ppAe siyA /

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( 102 ) dhUma aura agni me jame vyApti-sabaMdha hai, vaise lAda aura artha me vyAptisavadha nahI hai| unameM bhedAbheda kA mavadha hai| yadi bhanda arya se sarvathA abhinna ho, uname tAdAtmya saMbaMdha ho to agni artha aura agnigada kI priyA bhinna nahIM ho sktii| phira agni zabda ke uccAraNamAtra se dahana kA kriyA ho jaaegii| aisA nahIM hotA, isalie jAnA jAtA hai ki zabda aura artha meM vyApti savadha nahIM hai| yadi zabda artha se sarvathA bhinna ho to uname pAya-vAcaka-saMbaMdha nahIM ho sktaa| 58 2188 se 58 padArya kA vodha isIlie hotA hai ki gAda ke pratipAdana paryAya aura artha ke pratipAdya paryAya me eka savadha sthApita hai| ___gha8 da se ghaTa padArya kA hI bodha hotA hai, ghaTa se bhinna padArtha kA bodha nahIM hotaa| isakA niyamana 'saketa' karatA hai| zabda aura arya kA saMbaMdha naisagika nahI hai| jisa artha ke lie jisa Ada kA prayoga manuSya hA nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai vaha 2006 uma artha kA vAcaka ho jAtA hai| isalie zabda aura arya kA mavadha aicchika hai| isIlie vibhinna mUkhaDo me eka hI padArya ke aneka zabda vAcaka hai / yadi zabda aura artha kA mavadha naisargika hotA to sasA kI eka hI bhASA hotI aura eka artha ke lie svabhAvata eka hI vAcaka hotaa| sApekSa siddhAnta ke AvAra 59 sphoTa kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| bhASA paudgalika hai / samUce AkAza maDala me mApA-vargamA ke pudgala-skara phaile hue haiM aura ve sadA phaile hue rahate haiM / koI bhI manuSya volatA hai to una bhA5/-vargaNA ke pugala-skayo ko grahaNa kie binA nahIM bola sktaa| hamArI volane kI prakriyA yaha hai ki hama sarva prathama zArIrika prayatna ke dvArA bhApA-vargaraNA ke pudgala-skayo ko grahaNa karate haiM, phira unheM bhASA ke rUpa me pariNata karate haiM aura usake bAda unakA vimarjana karate haiM / yaha visarjana kA kSaNa hI zabda hai aura hI hame sunAI detA hai / visarjana-kSaraNa se pahale zabda agada hotA hai aura usa kSaNa ke bAda bhI da agara ho jAtA hai / visarjana-kSaNa me hone vAlI varNavani kSaNika aura anitya hotI hai / bhApA-vargaNA ke pudgala-skayo ko matati-pravAha-5 me nitya mAnA jA sakatA hai aura unakI sphoTa se tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| smRti me saskAra, pratyabhijJA me ekarapa aura sAya, tarka me avinAbhAva saMvaya aura zrAma me abhidheya-artha parokSa hote haiM, isalie ye saba parokSa pramANa ke avAntara vibhAga hai| 1 avagraha se anumAna taka kArya-kAraNa kA saMbaMdha pratIta hotA hai / phira pAraNA ko pratyakSa zrI smRti Adi ko parokSa mAnane kA kyA kAraNa hai ?

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( 103 ) pratyakSa aura parokSa kA vibhAga spaSTatA (vaizadha) aura aspaSTatA (avaMzadha) ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / avagraha se dhAraNA taka calane vAlI jJAnadhArA spaSTa hai, isalie vaha pratyakSa kI koTi me svIkRta hai / smRti se anumAna taka kI jJAnadhArA me jJeya-viSaya spaSTa nahIM hotA, isalie vaha parokSa kI koTi me svIkRta hai / 2 pratyabhijJA me jJeya-artha pratyakSa hotA haiM, phira use parokSa kyo mAnA jAe? anumAna me dhUma pratyakSa hotA hai, kintu usakA jJeya ghUma nahI hai / usakA jJeya agni hai, jo pratyakSa nahI hai / isI prakAra pratyabhijA kA jJeya sAmane upasthita vastu yA vyakti nahIM hai kintu unake atIta aura vartamAna paryAyo me hone vAlA ekatva hai, jo ki pratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM bntaa| 3 IhA kA kArya bhI anvaya-vyatireka ke dvArA upalabdha artha kI parIkSA karanA hai taba IhA aura tarka ko bhinna yo mAnA jAe ? hA paryAlocanAtmaka jJAna hai / usake dvArA vastu me pAe jAne vAle anvaya aura vyatireka dharma pAlocita hote haiN| unake AdhAra para artha ke svarUpa kI sabhAvanA kI jAtI hai / tarka kA kArya hai- vyApti kI parIkSA krnaa| isalie dono kA kArya eka nahIM hai / yadyapi IhA aura taka dono ke lie 'Uha' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai, phira bhI dono ke 'jaha' kA svarUpa eka nahI hai| 4 nirNAyaka jJAna avAya hotA hai, phira avagraha aura IhA ko pramANa kase mAnA jA sakatA hai ? eka sikorA hai jo abhI-abhI zrAve se nikAlA gayA hai / usa para jala kI eka vU da DAlI / vaha sUkha gii| phira do-cAra vU de DAlI ve bhI sUkha gii| bU deM DAlane kA krama cAlU rahA / eka kSaNa aisA AyA ki sikorA gIlA ho gayA / kyA siko| antima vU da se gIlA huA ? pahalI vU da se vaha gIlA nahIM huA ? hama kevala niSpattikAla ko hI gIlA hone kA kSaNa nahIM kaha sakate / prArabha kAla bhI usake gIlA hone kA kSaNa hai / yadi sikorA pahalI vU da se gIlA na ho vaha atima bU da se bhI gIlA nahI hogA / avagraha ke pahale kSaNa me yadi nirNaya honA prArabha na ho to avAya me bhI nirNaya nahI ho sakatA / avAya eka dhArAgata nirNayo kI niSpatti hai, isalie sthUla bhASA me hama kahate haiM ki avAya me nirNaya hotA hai / yadi sUkSma bhASA kA prayoga kareM to avagraha aura IhA bhI apane-apane zeya-paryAya) ke nirNAyaka hai|

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: 7: anumAna anumAna nyAyazAstra kA sabase mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| isakA parivAra bahuta bdd| hai| isI ke AdhAra para ta-ividyA yA AnvIkSikI kA vikAsa huA hai / anumAna gada 'anu' aura 'mAna' ina do zabdo se niSpanna huA hai / isakA artha hai pratyakSapUrvaka hone vAlA jAna / jana bhAgamo ke anusAra zruta matipUrvaka hotA hai 'maipukya suya' | nyAyadarzana me bhI anumAna ko pratyakSapUrvaka mAnA gayA hai|' ___ anumAna ke do aga hote haiM sAdhana aura sAdhya / mAvana pratyakSa hotA hai aura sAdhya parokSa / hama pahale sAvana ko dekhate hai, phira vyApti kI smRti karate haiM, usake bAda sAvya kA jJAna karate haiN| anumAna do prakAra kA hotA hai-svAnumAna aura parAryAnumAna / jana paraparA me samagrajAna svArya aura parArya ina do bhAgo me vibhata hai / sUtrakRtAna me nAna ke do sAvana batalAe gae haiN|aatmt aura parata / ' Atmagata jAna svArtha aura vacanAtmaka jAna parArya hotA hai / cAra jJAna kevala svArtha hote haiM, zrutagAna "vArya aura parArya dono hotA hai / vastuta jAna parArya nahIM hotA / vacana me mAna kA Aropa kara use parArya mAnA jAtA hai / jAna aura vacana me tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti saMbaMdha nahIM hai / vacana eka vyakti ke jAna ko dUsare vyakti taka sapreSita karatA hai, isalie upacAra se use jJAna mAnakara parArtha kahA jAtA hai / vastuta vacana hI parArtha hotA hai, na ki jAna / jAna ke viSaya me svArya aura parArtha kI dhAraNA prAcIna kAla se hai, kintu anumAna ke ye do vibhAga- (vArya aura parArtha nayAyika aura baura parapasa se gRhIta haiN| zrAcArya siddhamena ne anumAna kI bhAti pratyakSa ko bhI parArtha mAnA hai / unhoMne likhA hai-- prasiddha arya kA prakAzana pratyakSa aura anumAna dono se hotA hai aura ve dono hI dUsare ke lie jAna ke upAya haiM, 1 nyAyasUtra, 11115 tatpUrvakam / 2 nUyagaDo, 12119 je prAtato 5.to vA vi saccA /

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( 105 ) isalie ve dono hI parArya hote haiM / 3 vAdidevasUrI ne bhI isa siddhasenIya mata kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| anumAna dvArA jJAta arya kA vacanAtmaka nirUpaNa jaise parAryAnumAna hai vaise hI pratyakSa dvArA jAta artha kA vacanAtmaka nirUpaNa parArtha pratyakSa hai / sAdhana se hone vAlA sAdhya kA vijJAna svArthAnumAna hai| jaise kisI ne dhUma dekhA aura dUra deza me sthita agni kA jJAna ho gayA / isa zAna me pakSa aura dRSTAnta kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / dUsare ko samajhAne ke lie pakSa zrIra hetu kA vacanAtmaka prayoga karanA parArthAnumAna hai / jaise koI vyakti dUsare se kahatA hai ki dekho usa nadI ke kinAre agni hai, kyoki vahA dhUma dikhAI de rahA hai / yaha sunakara zrotA ke bho svArthAnumAna ho jAtA hai / pramANa jJAnAtmaka hotA hai aura parAryAnumAna zadAtmaka hai / zabdAtmaka hone ke kAraNa vaha pramANa nahIM ho sakatA / isIlie yaha upacArata pramANarUpa me svIkRta hai / parArthAnumAna svArthAnumAna kA kAraNa hai / kAraNa ko upacAra se kArya mAnakara parArthAnumAna ko pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| nyAya darzana me anumAna ke tIna prakAra milate hai pUrvavat, zeSavat aura sAmAnyatodaSTa / sAkhyazAstra aura paraka' meM bhI ye hI tIna prakAra prApta haiM / Arya rakSitasUrI ne bhI anumAna ke ye tIna prakAra thoDe me nAmabheda ke sAtha svIkRta kie hai pUrvavat, zepavat aura dRSTasAdhamryavat 18 vaudva nyAyazAstra ke vikAsa ke bAda ina tIno prakAro kI 525rA gauNa ho gii| jana 525 me anumAna kA lakSaNa sarvaprathama zrAcArya siddhasena ne kiyaa| usakA sabhI jana tAkika anusaraNa karate rahe hai| 3 nyAyAvatAra, zloka 11 pratyakSeNAnumAnena, prasiddhArthaprakAzanAt / parasya tadupAyatvAt, parAryatva dvayorapi // 4 pramANanayatattvAloka, 3126,27 1 5 nyAyasUtra, 11115 pUrvavaccheSavatsAmAnyato78 ca / 6 sAlyakArikA, 5, mA0ravRtti / 7 caraka, sUtrasthAna, zloka 28,29 / 8 azuzrogahArAI, sUtra 519 / nyAyAvatAra, zloka 5 sAdhyAvinAbhuvo liGgAt, sAdhyaniracAyaka smRtam / anumAna tadabhrAnta, pramANatvAt sapakSavat / /

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( 106 ) prAcArya suvandhu ne hetu ko rUpya mAnA aura diDa nAga ne usakA vikAsa kiyaa| unake anusAra hetu me pakSadharmatva, sapakSamatva aura vipakSAsatva ye tIna lakSaNa pAe jAte haiM 1 pakSavarmatva hetu pakSa me honA cAhie / 2 sapakSasatva hetu sapakSa anvaya 68/nta me honA cAhie / 3 vipakSAsattva hetu vipakSa me nahI honA cAhie / janatAkiko ne hetu ke isa rUpya lakSaNa kA nirasana kiyaa| unhone 'anyayAnupapatti' yA 'avinAmAva' ko hI ekamAtra hetu kA lakSaNa mAnA 110 svAmI pAtrakesarI ne vilakSaNakadarzana' anya me hetu ke trasya kA nirasana kara anyayAnupapatti lakSaNa hetu kA samarthana kiyaa| unakA prasiddha loka hai / 'anyayAnupapanatva, yatra tatra ye kim ? nAnyathAnupapannatva, yatra tatra traye kim ? jahA anyathA-anupapatti hai pahA hetu ko rUpyalakSaNa mAnane se kyA lAbha ? jahA anyathA-anupapatti nahI hai vahA hetu ko rUpyalakSaNa mAnane se kyA lAbha ? hetu ke lie pakSavarmatva Avazyaka nahI hai / rohiNI nakSatra kA udaya hogA kyoki kRttikA nakSatra kA udaya ho cukA hai| isa hetu me pakSadharmatva nahIM hai / kRttikA ke udaya aura mahUta ke pazcAt hone vAle rohiNI ke udaya me avinAbhAva hai, para kRttikA kA udaya rohiNI nakSatra kA udaya hogA' isa pakSa me nahI hai / ata. pakSa-. dharmatva hetu kA anivArya lakSaNa nahIM hai / zabda anitya hai kyoki vaha zrAvaNa hai zrotra kA viSaya hai isa anumAna me koI pakSa nahIM hai| jo-jo sunAI detA hai vaha mArA kA sArA zabda hai, isalie mapakSa ko koI avakAza hI nahIM hai| sunAI dene ke kAraNa zabda anitya hai aura jo sunAI detA hai vaha zabda hai-imame da aura zrAvaNatva kI antavyApti hai| isakA koI dRSTAnta yA samAna pakSa nahI ho sktaa| pahivyApti me sapakSa ho sakatA hai aura usakA upyo| isalie kiyA jAtA hai ki kimI dRSTAnta ke mAdhyama se hetu kA avinAmA batAyA jA sake, kintu una vahiApti (TAnta yA sapakSa) ke AdhAra para hetu gamaka nahIM hotaa| 10 nyAyAvatAra, zloka 21 : anyavAnupapanatva hatolakSamIritam /

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( 107 ) 'saba kucha kSaNika hai kyoki sat hai' isa hetu kA sapakSa nahI ho sakatA / vauddha) ke anusAra akSaNika kucha bhI nahI hai taba sapakSa kase hogA ? yaha pradeza agnimAn hai kyoki dhUma hai, jaise rasoI ghara / isa bahivyApti me sapakSa ho sakatA hai| dhUma jaise nirdiSTa pradeza me hai vaise hI rasoI ghara me bhI hai| antavyApti me samagra vastu kA samAhAra ho jAtA hai, zeSa kucha bacatA hI nahI / isalie 'sapakSasatva' hetu kA lakSaNa nahI ho sktaa| vipakSa me hetu kA asatva honA hI anyathAnupapatti hai / yahI hetu kA eka mAtra lakSaNa hai| jana taka-paraparA me yaha lakSaNa sabake dvArA samarthita aura mAnya hetu ke prakAra : jana tarka-paraparA me avinAbhAva kA saMbaMdha kevala tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti se hI nahI hai / avinAbhAva ke do rUpa haiM sahabhAva aura kramabhAva / sahabhAva tAdAtmyamUlaka bhI hotA hai aura tAdAtmya ke binA bhI hotA hai / isI prakAra kramamAva kAryakAraNabhAvamUlaka bhI hotA hai aura kArya-kAraNabhAva ke binA bhI hotA hai| avinAbhAva ke isa vyApaka svarUpa ke AdhAra para hetu ke svabhAva, vyApya, vyApaka, kArya, kAraNa, pUrvaca ra, uttaracara, sahacara ye ATha vikalpa mAne gae / iname kucha upalabdhi hetu haiM aura kucha anupalabdhi hetu / upalabdhi hetu vidhi aura pratiSedha (bhAva aura amAva) dono ko siddha karate haiM / anupalabdhi hetu bhI una dono ko siddha karate haiN| inakI vistRta carcA ke lie pramANanayatatvAloka 3154-109, yA 'bhikSunyAyakaNikA (pariziSTa pahalA) draSTavya hai'| avayava-prayoga __ jaina AcAryoM ne pratyeka viSaya para anekAntadRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai / naya ke viSaya me unakA dRSTikoNa hai ki zrotA kI yogyatA ke anusAra nayo kA pratipAdana karanA cAhie / avayava-prayoga ke viSaya meM bhI unakA yahI dRSTikora hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prAcInakAla me udAharaNa yA dRSTAnta kA prayoga pracuratA se kiyA jAtA thaa| prabuddha zrotA ke lie hetu kA bhI prayoga mAnya thaa| niyuktikAra bhadrapAhu ne likhA hai jina-vacana svayasiddha hai, phira bhI ubhe samajhAne ke lie apariNata zrotA ke lie udAharaNa kA prayoga karanA cAhie / zrotA yadi apariNata ho to hetu kA prayoga bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / 11. dazavakAlika niyukti, gAthA 49 jirAyaNa siddha ceva, maNyAe katyaI udAharaNa / prAsanna = sIyAra, hekkavi hRtti moLA ll

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( 108 ) niyuktikAra ne pAca tathA dasa avayavo ke prayoga kA bhI nidaga kiyA hai / 12 isa prakAra niyuktikAra ne avayava-prayoga ke pAca vikalpa nidiSTa kie haiM avayava hetu dRSTAnta hetu pratinI * pratinA pratijJA pratimA pratinA udAharaNa * hetu pratijJAvizuddhi pratijJAvimarajI * udAharaNa hetu upamahAra hetuvizuddhi hetuvimam dRSTAnta vipakSe daSTAntavizuddhi pratiSedha upasahAra dRSTAnta pasaMhAravizuddhi prAzakA nigamana tatpratipedha nimartAvizuddhi niyamana siddhasena ne pakSa, hetu aura haTAnta-5na tIna avayavo ke prayoga kI carcA kI hai| mAmAnyata prAya bhI tAkiko ne svAryAnumAna me pratijA aura hetu ina do avayavo kA tathA parArthAnumAna me una do ke atirikta mandamati ko vyutpanna karane ke lie dRSTAnta, upanaya aura nigamana kA bhI prayoga svIkRta kiyA hai| vAdidevasUrI ne bauddhoM kI bhAti kevala hetu ke prayoga kA bhI samarthana kiyA hai / mAnya kI siddhi ke lie uma (mAcya) kA nirdeza karanA pratimA hai, jame parvata animAna hai| mAdhya kI middhi ke lie mAvana kA nirdeza karanA hetu hai, jaise kyoki vh| cUma hai| mAthya ke samAna kimI pradeza kA nirdeza karanA haTAnta yA udAharaNa hai jahAjahA ghRma hotA hai vahA-vahA agni hotI hai, jaise - rasoIghara / / sAdhana-dharma kA mAvya-dharmI me upamahAra karanA upanaya yA upamahAra hai, jame-parvata dhUmayukta hai| 12 dazavakAlika niyukti, yA 50 karaya pacAvayava dasahA vA mavahA na pahisiddha / na ca puga ma0va mAra hadI savidhAramasAya //

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( 109 ) sAdhya - koTi kI pratijJA sAdhana ke dvArA siddha-koTi me A jAtI hai, vaha nigamana hai, jaise isalie parvata agnimAn hai / naiyAyika isa pacAvayavaprayoga ko svIkAra karate hai / unake anusAra isa zravayavaprayogAtmaka anumAna ko pacAvayava vAkya, mahAvAkya athavA nyAyaprayoga kahA jAtA hai | X X X 1 hama jAnanA cAhate haiM ki saMkhyA ke viSaya me jaina paramparA kA abhimata kyA hai ? kucha vicAraka jaina darzana ko paramasAkhya kahate haiM / jaino kA tatvacintana saMkhyA-pradhAna rahA hai, isalie yaha kahA bhI jA sakatA hai / zrAgamasAhitya cAra bhAgo me vibhakta hai 13 1 dravyAnuyoga - dravyamImAsA, darzana | ? caraNAnuyoga AcAramImAsA / 3 dharmakayAnuyoga haNTAnta, upamA aura udAharaNa 1 4 gaNitAnuyoga gaNitazAstra / dravyamImAsA aura karmazAstra me gaNita kA bahuta upayoga kiyA gayA hai / padArtha ko jAnane ke caudaha upAya nirdiSTa haiM 13 1 nirdeza nAma nirdeza, svarUpa nizcaya adhikArI / 2 svAmitva 3 sAdhana kaarnn| 4 adhikaraNa AdhAra / 5 sthiti kAla-maryAdA / 6 vidhAna prakAra / 7 sat astitva, sadbhAva | 8 saMkhyA - gaNanA, padArtha ke parimANa kI upalabdhi kA bhedalakSaNa vAlA sAvana / 9 kSetra AzrayasthAna 1 10 sparzana pAvartI AkAza-pradezo kA sparza / 11 phAla avadhi 12 antara do avasthAzrI kA madhyavartI antarAla | tattvAryaM sUtra, 1/7, 8

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( 110 ) 13 bhAva pariNati kA prakAra / 14 alpa-bahutva-tulanAtmakadRSTi se alpatA yA adhikatA ukta caudaha upAyo me sasyA pAThavA upAya hai / usake dvArA parimANa kA _ nirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai / vaha padArya kI vyAkhyA kA eka zrAvazyaka aga hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra me paryAya ke chaha lakSaNa pratipAdita hai 14 1 ekatva sadRza pariNati / / 2 pRyaktva visadRza pariNati / 3 sakhyA eka, do Adi vyavahAra kA hetu / 4 sasthAna prAkRti / 5 sayoga do padAryo kA vAhya mavadha / 6 vibhAga do sayukta padArthoM kA alagAva / dravya guNa-paryAyAtmaka hotA hai| guraNa usake svabhAvabhUta hote haiN| unakI pratIti para-nirapekSa hotI hai| paryAya usake kramamAvI dharma haiN| unakI pratIti parasApekSa hotI hai / alpa-bahuta, UMcA-nIcA, dUra-nikaTa, do-tIna zrAdi sakhyA ye saba paryAya dUsare padArthoM kI apekSA se abhivyakta hote haiM, isalie ye para-sApekSa haiN| makhyA dravya kA ApekSika paryAya hai| vaha jAtA ke jJAna para nirbhara nahI hai / jisakA astitva svatatra (jJAtA-nirapekSa) hotA hai vaha kisI ke jAnane se nirmita nahIM hotA aura na jAnane se samApta nahI hotaa| jaoNna laoNka (1632-1704) ne do prakAra ke guNa mAne haiM- mUlaguNa (Primary Qualitres) aura upaguNa (Secondary Qualities) / mUlaguNa dravyo ke vAstavika dharma haiM / upaguNa dravyo ke vAstavika dharma nahIM haiN| ve prAtmA ke savedanamAtra haiN| dravyo kA dhanatya (Solidity), Cater (Extension', 44141EUR (Shape), vla (Mouoni, faula (Rest) zrIra saMkhyA (Number) ye ekAdhika indriyo ke dvArA prApta hone ke kAraNa mUlaguNa hai-dravyAta vAstavikatAe hai| indriyo kA ina mUlaguNo se samparka hotA hai taba ve hamArI AtmA me savedana utpanna karate hai| hya ma ne mAnavajJAna ko do kATiyo me vibhakta kiyA hai / vinAnI ke pArasparika sambandho kA jAna Knowledge of the relations of the ideas 2 vastu-jagat kA jJAna Knowledge of the Matters of fact 14 uttarAyaNAriNa, 28/13 ematta ca puhatta ca, sakhyA sagaNameva ya / majogA ya vibhAgA ya, pajjavA tu lakkhara /

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( 111 ) gaNitazAstra aura takazAstra me vijAno ke pArasparika sambandho kA jJAna hotA hai, isalie gaNita aura taka me sArvabhauma aura anivArya siddhAnto kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| do aura do pAra hI hote hai yaha kevala kalpanA hai| isakA vastu-jagat se koI sambandha nahI hai / laoNka aura hya ma ye dono anubhavavAdI (Idealistic) dArzanika haiN| nava-vAstavikatAvAdI (New realistic) dArzaniko ke anusAra saMkhyAbova pratyaya-janita nahI hai / vaha pratyakSa se hotA hai| do aura do cAra hote haiM yaha abhigama apane astitva ke lie kisI samaya aura kSetra para AdhRta nahI hai, kintu samayo aura kSetro kI apekSA ke binA hI satya hai| isa abhigama ke dvArA jo satya pratipAdita hotA hai vaha vAstavika satya hai / vaha sIdhe (pratyakSa) hI jAnA jAtA hai aura sIdhe hI catanya kI anubhUti meM AtA hai, kisI pratyaya ke dvArA nahI / vAstavikatAvAdI vicAra ke anusAra taka aura gaNita ke abhigama apanA svataMtra (jJAtA-nirapekSa) astitva rakhate haiM aura vaijJAnika siddhAnto ko zrAvikRta karate hai, vanAta nahI / isa siddhAnta se isa vicAradhArA ko AdhAra milA hai ki vaijJAnika jaba phaoNrabhulAo, samIkaraNoM aura nigamana-vizleSaNo dvArA kArya karate haiM, taba ve vAstavikatA ke bAre me hI kAma karate hai / jaina darzana kI svIkRti anubhavavAda aura vastuvAda ina dono se bhinna hai / usake anusAra sakhyA kalpanA nahIM hai, vaha vastu kA eka paryAya hai| usakA bodha na kevala pratyaya se hotA hai aura na kevala pratyakSa se hotA hai, kintu pratyaya aura pratyakSa ke sakalana pratyabhijJA se hotA hai / jitane sabaMdhAtmaka, tulanAtmaka aura sAkSazAna hote haiM, ve sAre usIke dvArA hote haiM / vaha pratyakSa aura smRti--ina dono ke yoga se utpanna hotA hai, isalie sApekSabodha usakA viSaya banatA hai| kisI vaDI rekhA ko dhyAna me rakhakara hama dUsarI rekhA ko choTA kahate haiM / kevala eka rekhA baDI yA choTI nahI ho sakatI / choTA aura bar3A yaha do me hI hotA hai| pUrvajJAna kI smRti aura vartamAna kA pratyakSazAna ye dono milakara hI una do avasthApro (chuTapana, vaDapana) kA bodha karate hai| do rekhAe pratyakSa hotI haiN| unake tulanAtmaka jJAna meM bhI pUrvadeSTa kA jJAna parokSa hotA hai| dono rekhAo ko tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhate haiM taba kisI eka rekhA kI ora abhimukha hote hI dUsarI kA jJAna parokSa ho jAtA hai| sakhyA kA jJAna bhI isI paddhati se hotA hai| hamane dekhA ghaTa hai, phira dekha) 58 hai, taba hama ina dono ghaTa-zAnI kA sakalana karate haiM do ghaTa haiN| yaha dvitva paryAya sApekSa hai / do vastuo kI apekSA me hI yaha paryAya abhivyakta hotA hai| isa prakAra anekatvasUcaka saMkhyA ke jitane prakAra haiM ve saba sApekSa hI haiN| do aura do cAra hote haiM-yaha prAthamika vodha pratyakSa hotA hai, phira yaha saMskAra bana jAtA hai| do yugalo kA pratyakSa hote hI saMskAra jAgRta hokara smRti kA rUpa letA hai aura do aura do cAra hote haiM,

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( 112 ) isakA bodha ho jAtA hai| pUrva kA nirIkSaNa aura apara kA nirIkSaNa ye do nirIkSaNa apekSAvuddhi ko utpanna karate haiM aura usase masyA kI pratipatti hotI hai|15 bhAga mAhitya me pramANa kA vizada vargIkaraNa milatA hai / anuyogahAra me pramANa ke cAra prakAra pariNata haiM---dravyapramANa, kSetrapramANa, kAlapramANa aura bhAvapramANa / bhaavprmaa|| ke tIna prakAra haiM guNapramANa, nayapramANa aura styaaprmaann| AcArya akalaka ne sakhyA aura upamA ko eka koTika pramANa mAnA hai|" dravyo aura guNo me jo sasyAspa dharma pAyA jAtA hai use jayavalA me styaaprmaa| kahA gayA hai| zrAgamayuga me satyApramANa aura upamApramANa svatatra the| pramANa-yavasyAyuga me unhe pratyabhijJA ke antargata sthApita kiyA gyaa| 15 siddhivinizcaya, pR00 150 satyAdipratipattiraca, pUrvAparanirIkSaNAt / 16 vistAra ke lie dekheM pariziSTa 1 / 17 tatvAryavAttika, 3/38 / 18 kasAyapAhuDa, bhAga 1, pRSTha 381

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.8 vinAmAva anumAna hetumUlaka hotA hai aura hetu avinAbhAvamUlaka / isalie anumAna kA pradhAna aga hetu hai aura hetu kA pradhAna aga avinAbhAva hai| isa avinAbhAva ko dhyApti, saMgha yA prativandha bhI kahA jAtA hai| hama avinAbhAva ke AdhAra para sArvabhauma niyamo kA nirdhAraNa karate haiN| unhI ke AdhAra para hetu gamaka hotA hai| avinAbhAva ke AdhAra ye haiM 1. tAdAtmya, 2 tadutpatti, 3 sahabhAva, 4 kramabhAva / tAdAtmya sambandha uname hotA hai jo sahabhAvI hote hai hetu aura sAdhya, bhastitva kI dRSTi se, abhinna hote haiM, jaise yaha vRkSa hai, kyoki yaha azoka hai / isa pAkya me vRkSa sAdhya hai| azoka hai yaha hetu hai| isameM sAdhya hetu kI sattA ke atirikta kisI anya hetu kI apekSA nahI rakhatA, isalie yaha 'svabhAva hetu' hai / azokarapa aura vRkSatva me niyata sahabhAva hai, isalie yaha tAdAtmyamUlaka avinAbhAva hai| 'vyApaka' hetu bhI tAdAtmyamUlaka hotA hai| jaise isa pradeza me panasa nahI hai, kyoki vRkSa nahI hai / isa vAkya me panasa vyApya hai aura vRkSa vyApaka | vyApya kA vyApaka ke sAya niyata sahabhAva hotA hai| jahA vRkSatva nahI hotA ph| panasatva nahI hotA-isa avinAbhAva ke AdhAra para vyApaka' hetu banatA hai| dhUma agni se hI utpanna hotA hai, anya kisI se utpanna nahIM hotaa| isa tadutpatti ke AdhAra para dhUma kA agni ke sAtha kAryakAramUlaka avinAbhAva sabaMdha hai / agni kAraNa hai aura ghUma kArya / isalie ghUma agni kA gamaka hotA hai / sahabhAva tAdAtmyamUlaka hI nahI hotA, jiname tAdAtmya nahI hotA uname bhI sahabhAva hotA hai| isa AdhAra para sahacara hetu banatA hai| rUpa aura rasa dono sahacara haiN| 05 cakSugrAhya hotA hai aura rasa jihvAgrAhya / isa svarUpa bheda ke kAraNa uname tAdAtmya sabadha nahIM hai| uname tAdAtmya sabaMdha nahI hai isalie ve svabhAva hetu nahI ho sakate / rUpa aura rasa eka sAtha utpanna hote haiM aura eka sAtha utpanna

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( 114 ) hone vAlI me kAryakAraNamUlaka saMbaMdha nahIM hotA, isalie ve kAryakAraNa hetu nahI bana sakate / 61 rasa kA aura rasa ru5 kA, niyata sAhacarya ke AdhAra para, gamaka hotA hai, isalie sahacara hetu kI svIkRti meM koI vipratipatti nahIM hai / jaise koI manuSya adhere me Ama cUsa rahA hai| vaha usa rasAsvAda ke zrAvAra para yaha jAna letA hai ki isa Ama me rUpa hai, kyoki jahA rasa hotA hai vahA rUpa hotA hI hai / kramamA kAryakAraNamUlaka hI nahI hotA, jiname kAryakAraNAtmaka savaya nahI hotA uname bhI kramabhAva hotA hai / isa AdhAra para pUrvacara aura uttaracara hetu banate haiN| muhUta ke pazcAt rohiNI kA udaya hogA, kyoki isa samaya kRttikA udita hai| muhUrta pahale pUrvAphAlgunI kA udaya ho cukA hai, kyoki isa samaya uttarAphAlgunI udita hai| pUrvacara aura uttaracara me samaya kA vyavadhAna hotA hai, isalie ye svabhAvahetu aura kAryahetu nahI ho sakate / tAdAtmya madha samakAlIna vastuo me hotA hai aura tadutpatti savadha avyavahita pUrvottara-kSaNapatI padAryoM meM hotA hai| isa prakAra una dono me samaya kA vyavadhAna nahIM hotaa| jahI samaya kA vyavadhAna hotA hai vahA kAryahetu nahI hotaa| isIlie pUrvacAra aura uttarapara me kramamAva hone para bhI unhe kAryahetu kI koTi me nahI rakhA jA sakatA / kAraNa vahI hotA hai jo kArya kI utpatti me vyApRta hai| kumakAra ghaTa kI utpatti meM vyApta hotA hai taba use ghaTa kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| kArya ke prati vyApRta vahI hotA hai jo vidyamAna hotA hai| jo naTa ho cukA hai athavA jo abhI utpanna hI nahI huA hai vaha asat hai| asat kisI kArya kI utpatti me vyApRta nahI hotaa| jo kArya kI utpatti me vyApRta nahI hotA use kAraNa nahI mAnA jA sktaa| muhatta ke pazcAt hone vAlA rohiNI kA udaya anAgata hone ke kAraNa asat hai tathA muhatta pUrva udita pUrvAphAlgunI atIta hone ke kAraNa asat hai / isalie kRttikA ko rohiNI kA aura pUrvA-phAlgunI ko uttarAphAlgunI kA kAraNa nahI mAnA jA sakatA / kRttikA ke pazcAt rohiNI ke udaya kA krama niyata hai tathA uttarAphAlgunI ke pahale pUrvAphAlgunI kA udaya niyata hai| unake krama me koI niyamabhaga nahI hai, isalie pUrva cara aura uttarapara--dono gamaka haiM aura jo gamaka hotA hai use hetu mAnane meM koI vipratipatti nahI hotii| vIra mAnate haiM ki svabhAva aura kArya me hI tAdAtmya aura tadutpatti rahatI hai aura usIke AdhAra para jApya aura jJApaka kA samvanna hotA hai, isalie unhI kArya aura svabhAva se vastu arthAt vidhi kI siddhi hotI hai| isa prakAra ve vidhisAdhaka hetu do hI mAnate haiM-svabhAvahetu aura kAryahetu / unake anusAra kArya kAraNa

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( 115 ) ke binA nahI ho sakatA, isalie kArya kA kAraNa ke sAtha avinAbhAva sambandha hai / kArya kAraNa ke binA bhI hotA hai, isalie kAraNa kA kArya ke sAtha avinAbhAva sambandha nahIM hai / kAraNa kA kArya ke sAtha avinAbhAva nahIM hai, isIlie kAraNa hetu nahI bana sktaa| kAraNahetu ke samarthana me jaina paramparA kA tarka yaha hai pratyeka kAraNa hetu nahI hotaa| kintu vaha kAraNa hetu avazya hotA hai jisakI zakti pratibandhaka tatvo se pratibandhita na ho aura jisakI sahakArI sAmagrI vidyamAna ho / apratibadhita zakti aura sahakArI sAmagrI se yukta kAraNa kArya ko avazya utpanna karatA hai, isalie isa prakAra ke kAraNa kA kArya ke sAtha avinAmAva hotA hai / adherI rAta me prAma cUsane vAlA vyakti rasa ko utpanna karane vAlI sAmagrI kA anumAna karatA hai / jo rasa cUsA jA rahA hai vaha kArya hai / vaha pUrvakSaNavartI rasa aura rU5 ke dvArA utpanna huA hai, isalie vaha uttarakSaNavartI rasa-vijJAna kA kAraNa hai| yaha kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna hai| zrAma cUsane vAlA usa pUrvakSaNavartI rUpa se vartamAna kSaNavartI rUpa kA anumAna karatA hai| yaha kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna hai / bauddhamatAnusAra pUrvakSaNavartI rasa, rUpa Adi milakara hI uttarakSaNavartI rasa utpanna karate haiM / pUrvakSaNavartI rasa uttarakSaNavartI rasa kA upAdAna kAraNa hotA hai aura rUpa sahakArI kAraNa / isa prakAra pUrvakSaNavartI rUpa se jo uttarakSaNavartI rUpa kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai vaha kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna hai| avinAmAca (vyApti) ko jAnane kA upAya avinAbhAva ke lie akAlika anivAryatA apekSita hai| anivAryatA kI kAlikatA kA bodha hue vinA avinAbhAva kA niyama nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / nayAyika mAnate haiM ki bhUyo darzana se avinAmAva kA vodha hotA hai / pAra-bAra do vastuo kA sAhacarya dekhate haiM tava usa sAhacarya ke AdhAra para niyama kA nirdhAraNa kara lete haiM : niyama kA AdhAra kevala sAhacarya hI nahIM hotA, kintu vyabhicAra (apavAda) kA abhAva bhI honA cAhie / isa prakAra vyAptimAna ke lie do viSayo kA zAna Avazyaka hai sAhacarya kA jJAna tathA vyabhicAramAna kA abhAva / ghUma ke sAtha agni kA sAhacarya hai aura dhUma ke sAtha agni kA vyabhicAra kahI bhI prApta nahIM hai, ata avyabhicArI sAhacarya-sambandha ke zAna se vyApti kA vodha hotA hai| DAnina tathA usake anugAmI vikAsavAdI zAniko ne mAnA hai ki yadyapi prakRti niyamabaddha calatI hai, phira bhI kabhI-kabhI aura kahI-kahI utplavana bhI hotA hai, chlaa| bhI hotI hai / isa plutasacAravAda ke anusAra sAmAnya niyama kA atikramaNa bhI hotA hai / hama indriyanAna ke dvArA vizeSo ko jAna lene haiM, para vizeSo me

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( 116 ) sAmAnya viSayaka sUtro ko khojanA aura uname anivAryatA kA patA lagAnA bahuta kaThina hai / kAlikatA kA prazna aura bhI TeDhA hai| avinAbhAva taba banatA hai jaba kAlika avyabhicAra ho kisI bhI deza-kAla me usakA apavAda na ho / vartamAna me sAhacarya ke avyabhicAra ko jAnA jA sakatA hai / smRti kI paridhi me rahe hue atIta me bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu smRti kI paridhi se mukta atIta me aura ananta bhaviSya me sAhacarya kA niyama nahI hI badalegA- isakA niyamana ko kiyA jA sakatA hai ? isalie avinAbhAva ke niyama ke sAtha juDI huI kAlikanA kI zarta avazya hI parIkSA kI kasauTI 52 kamane yogya hai / hama niyama kI saracanA upalabdha nAna-sAmagrI ke AdhAra para karate haiN| anupalavya jAna upalabdha jJAna se bahuta vizAla hai, phira hama avinAbhAva ke niyama ko nirapekSa kA mAna sakate haiM ? avinAbhAva kA niyama upalabdha jAna-sApekSa hI honA cAhie / jana tAkiko ne bhI avinAbhAva ke niyama kA kAlika AdhAra mAnA hai / 52 nirantara vikAsamAna jAna aura anupalabdhi se upalabdhi kI ora bar3hate hue mAnavIya jAna-vijAna ke caraNa yaha socane ke lie bAdhya karate haiM ki vyApti ke pIche juDA huA kAlikatA kA vizeSaNa nirapekSa nahI ho sktaa| maiM dekha rahA hU~ ki vajAnika tathyoM ke udghATita ho jAne para aneka vyAptiyA khaNDita ho cukI haiM / yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki sArI vyAptiyA sahI hI haiM / jisa kAla me vyAptiyA nizcita kI gaI, avinAbhAva ke niyama nirdhArita kie gae, usa samaya unhe kAlika satya samajhA gayA thaa| kintu uttara kAla me unakI satyatA vaisI hI rahatI hai, yaha kahanA sabhava nahIM hai / vyApti ke nirmANa me hamArA pratyakSa hI kAma karatA hai| bAra-bAra nirIkSaNa ke dvArA jaba hama eka hI tathya kI punarAvRtti dekhate haiM taba eka vyApti banA lete hai isake hone para yaha hogA aura isake na hone para yaha nahI hogaa| vyApti vAdI aura prativAdI dono pakSo dvArA mAnya honI cAhie-yaha siddhAnta sarvamAnya rahA hai / jisakI vyApti pramANa se nizcita nahIM hotI use hetu nahI mAnA jAtA, kintu asiddhahetvAbhAsa mAnA jAtA hai / zabda pariNAmI hai, kyoki cAkSupa hai / yaha cAkSuSatva hetuvAdI aura prativAdI dono ke lie prasiddha hai / zabda kI vyApti cakSu ke sAtha nahI hai, isalie zabda kA cAkSuSa honA siddha nahI hai| 'vRkSa cetana haiM, kyoMki ve sote haiM / ' athavA 'vRkSa cetana haiM, kyoki saba chAla ke nikalane para ve mara jAte haiM ye hetu prativAdI paura ke lie prasiddha hai / ve mAnate haiM ki pakSabhUta vRkSo kA pattoM ke mikuDane se lakSita sonA azata siddha nahI hai, kyoki saba vRkSa gata me patta nahI mikoDate, kintu kucha vRkSa hI aisA karate haiM / vauddha vinAna, indriya aura zrAyu ke nirodha ko hI mRtyu kA lakSaNa mAnate haiM aura vaha (mRtyu) vRkSo me sabhava nahIM hai / sapUrNa cAla ke nikAlane kI marane ke sAtha jo

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( 117 ) vyApti jano ne nizcita kI, usake pratikAra me bauddha kahate haiM-'janavAdI ne sAdhya ke dvArA vyApta athavA anyApta mRtyu kA viveka kie binA mRtyumAtra ko hetu kahA hai / vAdI ne hetubhUta maraNa ko nahIM samajhA aura isa ajJAna ke kAraNa usake lie zuSkatArUpa m26|| vRkSo me dIkhane ke kAraNa siddha hai / prativAdI ko patA hone ke kAraNa prasiddha hai / yadi vAdI ko bhI patA hogA to usake lie bhI prasiddha hogA, yaha niyama se kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina tAkika mAnate haiM ki 'vRkSa cetana hai', isakA zAna bauddho ko hotA to ukta hetu prasiddha nahI hotA / isalie ve kahate haiM-'vRkSa acetana haiM, kyoki unakA vijJAna, indriya aura Ayu kI samAptirU5 maraNa nahI hotA / yaha hetu vAdI bauddha ke lie siddha hai, kintu prativAdI jana ke lie prasiddha hai / avinAbhAva ke niyama bahuta vivAdAspada rahe hai| prAkRtika tathyo me sabaddha vyAptiyA bhI bhinna-bhinna rahI haiN| unameM se eka kA ullekha upara kiya gayA hai| saMddhAntika vipayo se saMbaddha vyAptiyA vahata hI bhinna haiN| jisa darzana kA jo siddhAnta rahA, usane usIke zrAdhAra para vyApti kA nirmANa kiyA, jaise -- 1 jaina pariNAma nityatvavAdI haiN| isa pariNAmi-nityatA ke AdhAra para unhoMne eka vyApti nizcita kI- jo sat hai vaha utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvyayukta hai arthAt eka sAtha nitya aura anitya donA hai| 2 vIro ne kSaNikavAda ke AdhAra para yaha vyApti nizcita kI jo sat hai vaha kSaNika hai arthAt sat kevala anitya hai / 3 naiyAyika, vaizeSika darzana kucha dravyo ko nitya mAnate haiM aura kucha ko anitya mAnate haiM / isalie sat ke viSaya meM unakI nyApti bhinna prakAra kI hogii| ina udAharaNo se samajhA jA sakatA hai ki avinAbhAva ke niyama-nirdhAraNa ke prAdhAra (sahabhAva aura kramamAva) ke viSaya me saba kI samiti samAna hone para bhI unake phalita samAna nahIM haiN| isakA kAraNa yahI pratIta hotA hai ki sUkSma satyo ke viSaya me sabaka siddhAnta samAna nahI haiM / yaha saiddhAntika asamAnatA hI avinAbhAva ke niyamo me vibhinnatA lAtI hai| ___ yaha ho sakatA hai ki nae rahasyo ke udghATana ke pazcAt sarvasammata vyAptiyA bhI badala jAe, avinAbhAva ke niyama khaDita ho jAe / 1 nyAyabindu (govindacandra pANDe kRta anuvAda) pR00 85 /

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( 118 ) bhImAsapravara kumArila ne liyA hai 'yanApyatizayo dRpTa ma svAryAnatiladhanAn / dUrasUkSmAdi TI sthAna, na rUpe zronavRttitA / / 'jahA vizeSatA dikhAI detI hai, vaha unakI mImA meM hI hotI hai / sImA kA atikramaNa kara vaha nahIM hotI / dekhane me prAya kI paTutA kA prati jaya ho sakatA hai-dUrastha aura sUkSma vastu ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| kintu isa paTutA kA vikAsa yahA taka nahI ho sakatA ki zrAva sunane bhI laga jAe / jaba maiMne yaha zloka paDhA taba mere mana me prazna uThA ki yaha nirapaNa janasammata nahIM hai / jana mAnate haiM ki 'sabhinnayotopalabdhi' kA vikAsa hone 52 .ndriyo kI pratiniyatAryAhitA samApta ho jAtI hai| phira kisI bhI ndriya me kinI bhI indriya kA kAma liyA jA sakatA hai, pAva se dekhA bhI jA sakatA hai, munA bhI jA sakatA hai aura sparzavodha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna kA vimAna bhI isa satya kI puSTi karatA hai ki zarIra vimAna ke anusAra zarIra ke mava kopa eka jaise hai / kucha kopo ne vizeSajJatA prApta karalI hai / yadi prazikSita kI jAe to zrAva kI camaDI bhI dekha sakatI hai / kAna kI haDiyo kI tulanA me dAta dhvani kA apekSAkRta acchA vAhaka hai / eka upakaraNa ko dAto me phiTa kara unase kAna kA kAma liyA jA sakatA hai / ina vajAnika upalabdhiyoM ke pazcAt 'jo zronagAhya hai vaha gada hai' isa vyApti ko badalanA paDegA / usake datagrAhya hone para zrIjagrAhyatA kA niyama sArvamama na hatA ! maine tattvAyaMtra ii, siddhasenA ita mAvyAnusAra TIkA me pddh'| 'guliyo se paDhA jA sakatA hai|' usa para mujhe Azcarya huaa| kucha samaya pUrva vajAnika patrikAmI me par3hA ki rUsa me eka laDakI aguliyo se par3ha letI hai / phAsa me eka lar3akI azuliyo se 2 // pahicAna letI hai / yaha koI jAdUTonA yA majAkti nahI hai / unakI aguliyo ke jJAna tantu itane vikasita ho gae ki ve Akha kA kAma de sakate haiM / hamAre zarIra ke hara hisse me paitanya hai / use vikasita kara lene 52 garIra kA pratyeka bhAga vAhya vipayo ko jAna sakatA hai| eka vyApti hai - jo bhArI hai vaha nIce jAtA hai, jaise vRkSa kA sayoga TUTa jAne para phala, bhArI hone ke kAraNa, nIce giratA hai / 'jahA~-jahA gurutva hai, vahApahA adhogamana hai' isa prAcIna vyApti kA, nyUTana ke gurutvAkarSaNa (Theory of Gravitation) aura zrAisTIna ke AkAzIya 4tA (Curvation of Space) ke siddhAnta ke pazcAt, svarUpa badala jAtA hai| bhArI vastu nIce jAtI hai aura halkI vastu Upara jAtI hai-yaha siddhAnta vajana ke AdhAra para banA huA hai / nyUTana ne yaha sthApita kiyA ki do jaDa vastuoM ke dravyamAna (Mass) aura unake bIca kI 2 2lokavAttika, sUtra 2, 2lo0 114 /

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( 119 ) dUrI ke AdhAra para adhogamana aura Urdhvagamana hotA hai / dono vastue eka-dUsare ko zrAkarSita karatI haiM, gatimAn banAtI haiM / jisakA dravyamAna adhika hotA hai vaha dUrI ke anupAta me, kama dravyamAna vAlI vastu ko AkarSita kara letI hai / pRthvI kA dravyamAna phala ke dravyamAna kI apekSA atyadhika hai, isalie vaha phala ko apanI ora AkarSita kara letI hai / zrAisTIna ne isame saMzodhana prastuta kiyA / usake anusAra padArtha apane dvArA avagAhita zrAkAzIya kSetra me vaktA utpanna karatA hai / usa vakratA ke zrAvAra para adhogamana hotA hai / eka viSaya me jaise-jaise siddhAnta badalatA hai vaise-vaise usake AdhAra para nirmita niyama bhI badala jAte haiM / vartamAnajJAna ke AdhAra para niyamoM kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai / nayA jJAna upalabdha hone para niyama bhI nae bana jAte hai | isalie avinAbhAva yA vyApti kI pRSThabhUmi meM kAlika bodha nahI hotA, kAlika phira bhI ho sakatA hai / bhaviSya kI bAta bhaviSya para choDa denI cAhie / indriya aura mAnasajJAna kI eka nizcita sImA hai, isalie una para hama eka sImA taka hI vizvAsa kara sakate hai / kAlikabodha pratIndriya-jJAna kA kArya hai aura vaha pratyakSa hai, isalie vaha anumAna kI sImA se pare hai / vyApti aura hetu kI sImA kA bodha nyAyazAstra ke vidyArthI ke lie bahuta Avazyaka hai / isa bodha ke dvArA hama zranizcaya yA sadeha kI kArA me bandI nahI banate kintu avAstavikatA ko vAsta vikatA mAnane ke aminiveza se mukta ho sakate hai zrIra naI upalabdhiyoM ke prati hamArI grahaNazIlatA pravAdhita raha sakatI hai / pazcimI dArzanika hyUma ne kArya-kAraNamUlaka kramabhAva kI AlocanA kI hai / unake anusAra kArya-kAraNa kA sambandha jAnA nahI jA sakatA / hame pRthakpRthak savedano yA vijJAno ke zrAnantarya sambandha kA anubhava hotA hai, unake Antarika anivArya sambandha (Causation) kA anubhava nahI hotA / vastuno me aisA koI anivArya samvandha hame pratIta nahI hotA / hamAre vijJAno ke AnantaryabhAva ko, unakI isa apekSA se ki eka ke bAda turanta dUsarA AtA hai, hama apane abhyAsa ke kAraNa bhramavaza eka Antarika aura anivArya kAryakAraNabhAva nAmaka sambandha mAna baiThate haiM / vizva kI ekarUpatA (Uniformity of Nature) ke niyama kA hame anubhava nahI ho sakatA / indriyo ke dvArA hama kisI prakAra kI sArvabhaumikatA yA anivAryatA ke siddhAnta para nahI pahuca sakate / hya Uma ke anusAra kAryakAraNabhAva ke anivArya aura Avazyaka sambandha kA jJAna na pratyakSa se ho sakatA hai aura na anumAna se / zrAcArya hemacandra ne bhI yaha prazna upasthita kiyA ki vyApti kaise jAnI jA sakatI hai ? isa prazna ke uttara me unhone apanA nirNaya yaha diyA ki indriya-pratyakSa se vyApti kA nizcaya nahI kiyA 3 pAzcAtya darzana, pRSTha 161, 162 /

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( 120 ) jA sakatA / yadi usase vyApti kA nicaya kiyA jAe to sAra kArya pratyakSa ne hI ho jAegA, phira vyApti kI apekSA hI nahI hegii| indriya-pratyakSa kA vyApA. niyamata sannihita (vartamAna meM nihita) hai / yahI unake vyavasAya kI sImA hai| usake AdhAra para na koI niyama banAyA jA sakatA hai aura na kisI niyama kA nizcaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| anumAna me vyApti kA niracaya pArane me vahI anyonyAzrayadoSa zrAegA eka kI siddhi dUsare 5. nirbhara hogI / vyApti ke lie anumAna aura anumAna ke lie vyApti ke nAma kA kahI anta nahIM hogaa| vyApti kA nizcaya karane ke lie ekA lvana mAnanavikalpa kI apekSA hai| jo upalabha aura anupalama ke AdhAra para mAcya aura sAdhana ke sambandha kA parIkSA kara vyApti kA nivAraNa yA nizcaya kare uma mAnasa-vikalpa kI sanA 'taka' hai, jisakI carcA pUrva pRSThI me kI jA cukI hai| takanAna ke dvArA tAdAtmyamUlaka sahamA tathA tAdAtmyabhUnya sahabhApa ke bIca bhedarekhA khIcI jAtI hai / isI prakAra tadutpattimUlaka kramamAva yA kAryakAraNabhAva tathA tadutpanizUnya kamabhAva kA antara jAnA jAtA hai| agni aura ghUma me Anantarya sambandha nahIM hai, kintu zrAntarika anivArya sambanva hai| ani janaka hai aura dhUma janya hai, isalie uname Antarika anivAryatA hai| ravivAra ke anantara somavAra AtA hai- unameM kevala prAnantarya hai| ravivAra somavAra ko utpanna nahIM karatA, isalie uname janya-janakabhAva yA Antarika anivAryatA nahIM hai| yaha saca hai ki zrAnantarya ke AdhAra para kAryakAraNa sambandha kI kalpanA karanA mithyAjJAna hai aura yaha bhI saca hai ki indriyAnubhava vizepo taka sImita hai, isalie vaha sAmAnya yA sArvabhauma anivArya niyama ko prakalpanA nahI kara sakatA, kintu isa sacAI ko hama asvIkAra nahI kara sakate ki mAnasa-vikalpa kA svatatra kArya bhI hai| yaha kevala indriyAnubhava se prApta savedano yA vimAno kA pRthakkaraNa yA ekIkaraNa hI nahI karatA, isake atirikta bhI bahuta kucha karatA hai| jahA savedana kI gati nahIM hai vahA mAnasa-vikalpa ko pahuca nahI hai yaha vAta anubhavavikSa hai| vaha indriya-paratantra hai, para sarvathA indriya-paratatra nahIM hai, svatatra bhI hai| vaha apanI svataMtratA kA upayoga kara sAmAnya yA sArvabhauma anivArya niyama kA nizcaya karatA hai| ravivAra aura somavAra me hone vAle adhinAbhAva niyama kA AkAra kevala zrAnantarya hai| jaina tAkiko ne niyamita prAnantarya ke AdhAra para avinAmAva kA niyama nizcita kiyA hai| somavAra ravivAra ke bAda hI AtA hai, isalie ve paraspara gamaka hote haiM / rohiNI nakSatra kRttikA nakSatra ke vAda hI udita hotA hai, isalie ve paraspara gamaka hote haiM / pUrvacara aura uttaracara hetu kI kArya-kAraNahetu se pRthaka prakalpanA kara jana tAkiko ne Anantarya aura kAryakAraNabhAva ke pAryakya kA s58 vodha prastuta kiyA hai| isI

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( 121 ) prakAra unhoMne indriyAnubhava tathA indriyAnubhava-paratatra mAnasa-vikalpa se svatantra mAnasa-vikalpa kI sthApanA kara avinAbhAva yA vyApti ke nizcaya kI samasyA ko samIcInarUpa me samAhita kiyA hai / / aksivAditA pratyeka pramANa kI kasauTI hai / visavAdI jJAna pramANa nahIM hotA, phira prApta ko avisavAdI yA avacaka kahane kA hetu kyA hai ? prApta ke vacana se hone vAlA arya kA savedana Agama hai| jisake vacana se arya kA savedana huA hai vaha vyakti yadi prApta hai avisavAdI vacana kA prayoktA hai, to usakA vacana bhI pramANa hogaa| yadi vaha vyakti visavAdI vacana kA prayoktA hai to usakA vacana pramANa nahI hogaa| jo dUsare ko batA rahA hai use yathArtha jJAna honA cAhie aura usa jJAna ke anusAra hI usakA vacana honA cAhie / prAptatva kI kasauTI hai yathArya jJAna aura yathArtha vacana / avisavAditA pratyeka pramANa kI kasauTI hai, para jaba hama eka vyakti ke vacana ko pramANa mAna lete haiM vahA hama svayaM para nirbhara nahI rahate, usa para nirbhara ho jAte haiN| indriyAnubhava me hama indriyoM para nirbhara hote haiN| usame indriyo kI avisavAdakatA anivAryata apekSita hai, para vaha svayaM se bhinna nahI hai / Agama me avisavAditA dUsare vyakti se juDI rahatI hai, isalie dUsare vyakti kI prAmANikatA mukhya rahatI hai / isIlie prApta ke sAtha 'avisavAdI' yA 'avacaka' vizeSa joDA jAtA hai| 2 zrAptatva kA nirNaya kase hogA ? eka vyakti eka viSaya me prApta ho sakatA hai aura dUsare viSaya me anApta, phira use prApta mAne yA anApta ? zrAptatva ko hama sImA me nahI bAdha skte| jahA-jahA avisavAditA yA avacakatA hai vahA-vahA prAptatva hai| jahA visavAditA yA vacakatA hai vahA-vahA Atatva nahI ho sakatA / tarka ke dharAtala para hama kisI bhI laukika puruSa ko sArvabhauma prApta nahI mAna skte| 3 tAdAtmyamUlaka udAharaNa deM / pUrvAparatva ke udAharaNa me kyA antara hai, vaha samajhanA cAhatA hu / avinAbhAva yA vyApti kA AdhAra kevala tAdAtmya sambandha hI nahI hai, zrAnantarya sambandha bhI usakA prAdhAra banatA hai| ravivAra aura somavAra me tAdAtmya sambandha nahI hai| somavAra ravivAra se utpanna nahI hotA, isalie usakA ravivAra se tadutpatti sambandha bhI nahIM hai, kintu somavAra ravivAra ke anantara hI hotA hai,

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( 122 ) usase pahale nahIM hotaa| yaha prAnantayaM yA kamabhAva bhI mAmAnya yA mA moma niyama kA prAdhAra banatA hai| eka ke anantara dUsarI ghaTanA anivAryata. carita hotI hai, usake AdhAra para bhautikazAstrI aneka niyama nirdhArita karate haiN| uttaravartI paryAya kA pUrvavartI paryAya ke sAtha anivArya sampanna hotA hai to pUrvavartI paryAya uttaravartI paryAya kA aura uttaravartI paryAya pUrvavartI paryAya kA gamaka ho sakatA hai / pUrvapara pIra uttaracara me kyadhikaraNya hotA hai, ve eka AdhAra me nahIM hote, phira bhI unakA aAnantarya kahI aura kabhI vAdhita nahIM hotaa| tAdAtmya meM zipA se vRkSatva ko pRya nahI kiyA jA sktaa| ravivAra aura momavAra me tAdAtmya sambandha nahI hai, isalie inhe pRthaka kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu inake prAnantarya sambandha ko nahIM tor3A jA sktaa| Anantarya tAdAtmya kI bhAti gamaka ho sakatA hai, isalie isake AdhAra para sAmAnya niyama banAne me koI vAcA nahIM pA / / OOD

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:9 . bhAratIya pramANa-zAstra ke vikAsa meM jaina __paraMparA kA yogadAna vicAra-svAtaMtrya kI dRSTi se aneka paramparAtrI kA honA apekSAkRta hai aura vicAra-vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI vaha kama apekSita nahI hai| bhAratIya tatva-cintana kI do pramukha dhArAe haiM- zramaNa aura vaidika / dono ne satya kI khoja kA prayatna kiyA hai, tatva-cintana kI paramparA ko gatimAna banAyA hai| dono ke vaicArika vinimaya aura sakramaNa se bhAratIya pramANazAstra kA kalevara upacita huA hai| usame kucha sAmAnya tattva haiM aura kucha viziSTa / jana paramparA ke jo maulika aura viziSTa tatva hai unakI sakSipta parcA yahA prastuta hai / jana manISiyoM ne tattva-cintana me anekAntaSTi kA upayoga kiyA / unakA tatva-cintana syAvAda kI bhASA me prastuta huA / usakI do niSpattiyA huI-sApekSatA aura samanvaya / sApekSatA kA siddhAnta yaha hai eka virATa vizva ko sApekSatA ke dvArA hI samajhA jA sakatA hai aura sApekSatA ke dvArA hI usakI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| isa vizva me aneka dravya haiM aura pratyeka dravya ananta paryAyAtmaka hai| dravyo me paraspara nAnA prakAra ke sabaMdha hai| ve eka dUsare se prabhAvita hote haiN| aneka paristhitiyA haiM aura aneka ghaTanAe dharita hotI haiN| ina sabakI vyAkhyA sApekSa dRSTikoNa se kie binA vimagatiyA kA parihAra nahI kiyA jA sktaa| sApekSatA kA siddhAnta samagratA kA siddhAnta hai| vaha samagratA ke sadarbha me hI pratipAdita hotA hai / ananta dharmAtmaka dravya ke eka dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai taba usake sAtha 'syAt' zabda jur3A rahatA hai| vaha isa tathya kA sUcana karatA hai ki jisa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jA rahA hai vaha samagra nahIM hai| hama samAnatA ko eka sAtha nahI jAna sakate / hamArA jJAna itanA vikasita nahI hai ki hama samagratA ko eka sAtha jAna skeN| hama use khaDo meM jAnate haiM, kintu sApekSatA kA siddhAnta khaDa kI pRSThabhUmi me rahI huI akhaDatA se hame anibhijJa nahI hone detaa| nirapekSa satya kI bAta karane vAle isa vAstavikatA ko bhulA dete haiM ki pratyeka dravya apane svatva me nirapekSa hai kintu samvandho ke pariprekSya me koI bhI nirapekSa nahI hai|

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( 124 ) vyApti yA avinAmAva ke niyamoM kA nirdhAraNa mApekSatA ke siddhAnta para hI hotA hai| syUla jagat ke niyama sUkSma jagat me saTita ho jAte haiN| isIlie vizva kI vyAkhyA do nayo se kI gii| vAstavika yA kama matya kI vyAyA nizcaya naya se aura sthUla jagat yA dRzya satya kI yAyA vyavahAra naya meM kI gii| prAtmA karma kA kartA hai yaha sabhI pAstika dIno kI svIkRti hai, kintu yaha sthUla satya hai aura yaha vyavahAra naya kI bhaa5| hai| nizcaya naya kI bhASA yaha nahI ho sktii| vAstavika satya yaha hai ki pratyeka dravya apane svabhAva kA hI kA hotA hai| prAtmA kA svabhAva patanya hai, ataH vaha patanya-paryAya nAhI kartA ho sakatA hai| karma pIdgaliyA hone ke kAraNa vibhAva haiM, vijAtIya haiM / imalie AtmA unakA kattA nahIM ho sakatA / yadi prAtmA unakA pAta ho to vaha karma-cakra se kabhI mukta nahIM ho sakatA / ata 'AtmA pharma kA pAnA hai' yaha bhASA vyavahAra sApekSa bhASA hai| hama kisI ko halkA mAnate haiM aura kisI ko bhArI, kintu halkApana aura bhArIpana de-sApekSa haiM / gurutvAkarSaNa kI sImA me eka vastu dUsarI vastu kI apekSA halkI-bhArI hotI hai / gurutvAkarSaNa kI mImA kA atikramaNa karane 5. vastu bhArahIna ho jAtI hai| hama vastu kI vyAkhyA lambAI aura cauDAI ke rUpa meM karate hai / mUrta vastu ke lie yaha vyAkhyA ThIka hai / amUrta kI yaha vyAlyA nahI ho sktii| usame lambAI aura cauDAI nahIM hai| vaha AkAza-deza kA avagAhana karatI hai para sthAna nahIM roktii| ata. lambAI aura cauDAI bhU-dravya-mApekSa hai / utA ke rUpa meM vidyamAna UrjA ko gati meM badala dene para usakI mAtrA samAna rahatI hai| yaha ujAtA-tivijJAna (yoDAyanemiksa) kA pahalA siddhAnta hai / isakA dUsarA siddhAnta yaha hai ki kisI yatra me nikSipta UrjA kI mAtrA me kamI ho jAtI hai| vaha kamaza kSINa hotI jAtI hai| isalie kisI aise yantra kA nirmANa sambhava nahI hai jisame UrjA kA nikSepa viyA nA Ara vada ane dArA savA atigIna vinA rahe che vAniko dvArA yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI gaI hai ki hamAre deza aura kAla me vyavahAra meM prayukta karjA kI akSIyatA nippana nahI huI hai| 52 sambhava hai kisI deza aura kAla se vaha kSINa na ho aura usa deza-kAla me yaha sambhava ho sakatA hai ki eka bAra patra me UrjA kA nikSepa kara dene para vaha sadA gatizIla banA rahe / ina kucha udAharaNo se hama samajha sakate hai ki viziSTa deza aura kAla kI vyAptiyA savatra lAgU nahIM hotii| isalie unakA nivAraNa sApekSatA ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| sAkhyikI (statistics) aura bhautikavijAna (Physics) ke aneka siddhAnto kI vyAkhyA sApekSatA ke siddhAnta se kI jA sakatI hai| 1 dekheM pAcavA prakaraNa 'syAdavAda aura saptabhanI nyAya / '

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( 125 ) sthAvAda kI dUsarI nipatti samanvaya hai / jaina manopiyoM ne virodhI dharmoM kA eka sAtha honA asambhava nahI mAnA / unhone anubhavasiddha anityatA Adi dharmoM ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA, kintu nityatA Adi ke sAtha unakA samanvaya sthApita kiyA / tarpha se sthApanA aura taka se usakA utyApana- isa paddhati me tarka kA cakra palatA rahatA hai / eka tarka-paramparA kA abhyupagama hai ki zabda anitya hai, kyoki paha kRtaka hai / jo kRtaka hotA hai vaha anitya hotA hai, jaise pddaa| dUsarI tarkaparamparA ne isakA pratipAdana kiyA aura vaha bhI tarka ke AdhAra 5* kiyA ki zabda nitya hai, kyoki yaha prakRtaka hai / jo prakRtaka hotA hai vaha nitya hotA hai, jaise AkAza / ina do virodhI tarkoM me samanvaya ko khojA jA sakatA hai| virodha samanvaya kA janaka hai / 'zabda anitya hai - yaha abhyupagama isalie satya hai ki eka kSaNa me zabda zrIndriya kA viSaya banatA hai aura dUsare kSaNa me vaha atIta ho cukA hai / isa parivartana kI dRSTi se zabda ko anitya mAnanA asagata nahI hai| mImAsako ne zabda ke upAdAnabhUta sphoTa ko nitya mAnA, vaha bhI anucita nahI hai| bhASAvargaNA ke pudgala zabdarUpa me pariNata hote haiM aura ve pudgala kabhI bhI a-pudgala nahI hote / isa apekSA se unakI nityatA bhI sthApita kI jA sakatI hai / sApekSa siddhAnta ke anusAra vastu kA nirapekSa dharma satya nahI hotA / ve samanvita hokara hI satya hote hai / saay|| mAdhavAcArya (I0 1300) ne 'sarvadarzanasagraha' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kii| usame unhone pUrva darzana kA uttara darzana se khaNDana karavAyA hai aura antima pratiSThA vedAnta ko dI hai| prakhara tAkika mallavAdI (I0 4-5 zatI) ne dvAdazA-nayacakra kI racanA kii| usame eka darzana kA prasthAna prastuta hotA hai| dUsarA usakA nirasana karatA hai| dUsare ke prasthAna kA tIsarA nirasana karatA hai| isa prakAra prasthAna aura nirasana kA cakra calatA hai| usame antima pratiSThA kisI darzana kI nahI hai saba darzano ke naya samanvita hote haiM taba satya pratiSThita ho jAtA hai| eka-eka naya kI svIkRti mithyA hai| una sabakI svIkRti satya hai| isa samanvaya ke dRSTikoNa ne tarka-zAstra ko pitA ke pAtyAcakra se mukta kara satya kA svastha prAdhAra diyaa| jaina pramANa-zAstra kI dUsarI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai-pramANa kA vargIkaraNa / pratyakSa aura parokSa isa vargIkaraNa me sakIrNatA kA doSa nahI hai| isame saba pramANo kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / hama yA to jJeya ko sAkSAt jAnate haiM yA kisI mAdhyama se jAnate haiM / jAnane kI ye do hI paddhatiyA haiM / inhI ke AdhAra para pramANa ke do mUla vibhAga kie gae haiM / vauddha aura zapika tAkiko ne pratyakSa aura anumAna--do pramANa mAne to Agama ko unhe anumAna ke antargata mAnanA paDA / zrAgama ko anumAna ke antargata mAnanA nirvivAda nahI hai / parokSa pramANa me anumAna, Agama smRti, tarka Adi sabakA samAveza ho jAtA hai aura kisI kA lakSaNa sAkaryadoSa,

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( 126 ) se dUSita nahIM hotaa| isa dRSTi se pramANa kA prastuta vargIkaraNa sarvagrAhI aura vAstavikatA para AdhArita hai| indriyanAna kA vyApAra-kama (avagraha, IhA avAya aura dhAraNA) bhI jana pramANa-zAstra kA mAlika hai / isakI carcA pahale prakaraNa 'bhAgamayuga kA jana-nyAya' me tathA chaTha prakaraNa 'pramANa-vyavasthA' meM kI jA cukI hai| mAnasa-zAstrIya adhyayana kI dRSTi se yaha bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai| tarkazAstra me svata prAmANya kA prazna bahuta cacita rahA hai| jana tarka-paramparA me svata pramANa manuSya kA svIkRta hai| manuSya hI svata pramANa hotA hai, anya svata pramANa nahIM hotaa| anya ke svata prAmANya kI asvIkRti aura manuSya ke svata prAmANya kI svIkRti eka bahuta vilakSaNa siddhAnta hai / pUrvamImAsA grantha kA svata prAmANya mAnatI hai, manupya ko svata pramANa nahI maantii| usake anusAra manuSya vItarAga nahIM ho sakatA, aura vItarAga hue binA koI sarvana nahI ho sakatA aura a-sarvana svata pramANa nahI ho sktaa| jaina cintana ke anusAra manuSya vItarAga ho sakatA hai aura vaha kevala nAna ko prApta kara sarvana ho sakatA hai| isalie svata pramANa manuSya hI hotA hai| usakA pacanAtmaka prayoga, anya yA pAi maya bhI pramANa hotA hai, kintu vaha manuSya kI prAmANikatA ke kAraNa pramANa hotA hai isalie vaha svata pramANa nahIM ho sakatA / puruSa ke svata prAmANya kA siddhAnta jana takazAstra kI maulika dena hai| samUcI bhAratIya tarka-paramparA me sarvazatva kA samarthana karane vAlI jaina paramparA hI pradhAna hai / samUce bhAratIya vADa maya me sarvajatva kI siddhi ke lie likhA gayA vipula sAhitya jaina paramparA me hI milegaa| vauddho ne buddha ko svata pramANa mAnakara anya kA parata prAmANya mAnA hai| kintu ve buddha ko dharmana mAnate haiM, marvajJa nahI mAnate / pUrvamImAsA ke anusAra manuSya dharmana bhI nahI ho sktaa| bauddho ne isase Age prasthAna kiyA aura kahA ki manuSya dharmaja ho sakatA hai / jaino kA prasthAna isase Age hai / unhoMne kahA ganuSya sarvajJa bhI ho sakatA hai| kumArila ne samantabhadra ke sarvazatA ke siddhAnta kI kaDI bhImAsA kI hai / dharmakIti ne marvajatA para tIkhA vyaga kasA hai / unhoMne likhA hai "dUra pazyatu vA mA vA tatvamiSTa tu pazyatu / pramANa dUradarzI deta gRdhrAnupAsmahe / " ___1 pramANavAttika, 1/34 heyopAdeyatattvasya, sAbhyupAyasya vedaka / ya pramANamamAviSTo, na tu sarvasya vedaka // ___2 pramANavAtika, 1/351

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( 127 ) 'iSTa tatva ko dekhane vAlA hI hamAre lie pramANa hai, phira vaha dUra ko dekhe yA na dekhe / yadi dUradarzI hI pramANa ho to Aie, hama gIdhI kI upAsanA kareM kyoki ve bahuta dUra taka dekha lete hai|' sarvajJatva kI mImAsA aura usa para kie gae vyago kA jaina AcAryoM ne saTIka uttara diyA hai aura lagabhaga do hajAra varSa kI lambI avadhi se sarvajJatva kA nirata ra samarthana kiyA hai| jaina tarka-paramparA kI deya ke sAtha-sAtha prAdeya kI carcA karanA bhI aprAsagika nahI hogaa| jana tAkiko ne apanI samasAmayika tAkika paramparAo se kucha liyA bhI hai / anumAna ke nirUpaNa me unhoMne bauddha aura naiyAyika taka59parA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| usame apanA parimArjana aura pariSkAra kiyA hai tathA use jana paramparA ke anurUpa DhAlA hai| vauddho ne hetu kA rUpya lakSaNa mAnA hai, kintu jaina-tAkiko ne ullekhanIya pariSkAra kiyA hai| hetu kA anyathAanupapatti lakSaNa mAna kara hetu ke lakSaNa me eka vilakSaNatA pradarzita kI hai| hetu ke cAra prakAra 1 vidhi-sAdhaka vidhi hetu / 2 niSedha-sAdhaka vidhi hetu / 3 niSedha-sAdhaka niSedha hetu / 4 vidhi-sAdhaka niSedha hetu / kI svIkRti bhI sarvathA maulika hai / ukta kucha nidarzano se hama samajha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya cintana me koI avarodha nahI rahA hai| dUsare ke cintana kA apalA5 hI karanA cAhie aura apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi hI karanI cAhie aisI rUDha dhAraNA bhI nahI rahI hai / zrAdAna aura pradAna kI paramparA pracalita rahI hai / hama sapUrNa bhAratIya vADamaya me isakA darzana kara sakate haiN| darzana aura pramANa-zAstra : naI samAvanAe pramANazAstrIya carcA ke upasahAra me kucha naI saMbhAvanAzro para STipAta karanA asAmayika nahI hogaa| isame koI sadeha nahI ki pramANa-0yavasthA yA nyAyazAstra kI vikasita avasthA ne darzana kA abhinna aMga banane kI pratiSThA prApta kI hai| yaha bhI asadina hai ki usane darzana kI dhArA ko avaruddha kiyA hai, use atIta kI vyAkhyA me sImita kiyA hai| dArzaniko kI adhikArI zakti taka-mImAsA me lagane lagI / phalata nirIkSaNa gauNa ho gayA aura tarka pradhAna / sUkSma nirIkSaNa ke

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( 128 ) abhAva me nae prameyo komoja kA dAra . hA gayA / satyamI yojaphe tIna sAdhana haiM 1 nirIkSaNa (Observation) 2 anumAna yA taka (Logic! 3 parIkSaNa (Experiment) mAna-vinAna kI jitanI mAlAe haiM dana, bhautiyAvinAna, manovikAna, vanaspativijJAna una mayako vAstavikatAno kA patA hI nAvano menagAyA jAtA hai| inhI paddhatiyo me hama satya ko khojate nhe haiM jaba me hamane satya kI khoja prArambha kI hai| dana kI dhArA meM nae-nae prameya mAne gae haiM, ve nirIkSaNa ke dvArA hI khoje jA sakate haiN| jaba hamAre dAnika nirIkSaNa kI paddhati ko jAnate the taba prameyo kI khoja ho rahI thii| jaba taka-mImAsA ne buddhi pI pradhAnatA upasthita kara dI, tarka kA atirikta mUlya ho gayA nava nirIkSaNa kI parati dAnika ke hAra se TUTa gii| vaha vismRti ke garna me jAkara lupta ho gii| prAja kimI ko dArzani5. kahane kI apekSA darzana kA vyAkhyAtA kahanA adhika upayukta ho||| dAnika va hue haiM jinhone apane sUkSma nirIkSaNoM ke dvArA prameyo kI poja kI hai, nyApanA kI hai| ina pandraha zatAbdiyo me nae prameyo kI khoja yA sthApanA nahIM huI hai, kevala atIta ke dArzaniko ke dvArA khoje gae prameyo kI parcA huI hai, pAlocanA huI hai, khaDana-maina huA hai| sUkSma nirIkSaNa ke abhAva me iname atirikta kucha hone kI zrAgA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| sUkSma nigama kI eka viziSTa prakriyA thii| usakA pratinidhi sanda hai atIndriyajAna / __ vartamAna vijJAna ne nae prameyo, guNa-dhamoM aura sambandho kI khoja kI hai, usakA kAraNa bhI atIndriyajJAna hai / maiM nahIM mAnatA ki Aja ke vaijJAnika ne atIndriyanAna kI paddhati vikasita nahI kI hai| usake vikAsa kA mArga bhinna ho sakatA hai kintu jo tathya indriyo se nahI jAne jA sakate, unheM jAnane ke sAdhana vijJAna ne upala0 kie haiM / atIndriyajJAna ke tIna viSaya haiM sUkSma, vyavahita aura viprakR58 (dUrasya) / indriyo ke dvArA sUkSma, vyavahita aura viprakRSTa tathya nahI jAne jA sakate / Aja kA vaijJAnika sUkSma kA nirIkSaNa karatA hai| tarka kI bhASA me jo cAkSupa nahI hai, jinhe hama dharmacakSu se nahI dekha sakate, unhe vaha sUkSmavIkSaNa (Microscope) yatra ke dvArA dekhatA hai| isa sUkSmavIkSaNa yaMtra ko maiM atIndriya upakaraNa mAnatA hai / yaha atIndriyajJAna me sahAyaka hotA hai| jo indriya se nahIM dekhA jAtA vaha usase dekhA jAtA hai| vyavahita ko jAnane ke lie 'eksare' kI koTi ke yatro kA AviSkAra huA hai| unake dvArA eka vastu ko pAra kara dUsarI

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( 129 ) vastu ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| viprakRSTa (dUrastha) ko jAnane ke lie dUravIkSaNa, lisko5 zrAdi yatro kA vikAsa huA hai / jisa atIndriyajJAna ke dvArA sUkSma, vyavahita aura viprakRSTa padArtha jAne jAte the, vaha Atmika atIndriyajJAna vaijJAniko ko upalabdha nahIM hai kintu unhoMne una tIno prakAra ke padArthoM ko jAnane ke lie apekSita yAtrika upakaraNa (sUkSmadRSTi, pAradarzISTi aura dUradaSTi) vikasita kara lie haiM / dArzanika ke lie ye tIno bAteM Avazyaka haiM / dArzanika vaha ho sakatA hai jo indriyAtIta sUkSma, vyavahita aura vikRSTa tathyoM ko upalabdha kara sake / kintu darzana ke kSetra me Aja aisI upalabdhi nahIM ho rahI hai| mujhe kahanA cAhie ki tarkaparamparA ne jahA kucha acchAiyA utpanna kI haiM, vahA kucha avarodha bhI utpanna kie hai| zrAja hama atIndriyajJAna ke viSaya me sadigdha ho gae haiN| jina kSaNo me atIndriya-bodha ho sakatA hai una kSaNo kA avasara bhI hamane kho diyA hai / atIndriyabodha ke do avasara hote haiM 1 kisI samasyA ko hama avacetana mata me Aropita kara dete haiM / kucha dino ke lie usa samasyA para avacetana mana me kriyA hotI rahatI hai| phira svapna me hame usakA samAvAna mila jAtA hai| eka sabhAvanA thI svapnAvasthA kI, jisakA vIja ardhajAgRta avasyA meM pAyA jAtA thaa| usakA prayoga bhI Aja kA dArzanika nahI kara rahA hai| 2 dUsarI sabhAvanA thI nirvikalpa patanya ke anubhava kI / jIvana me koI eka kSaraNa aisA AtA hai ki hama vicArazUnyatA kI sthiti me cale jAte haiM / usa kSaNa me koI naI sphuraNA hotI hai, asabhAvita aura ajJAta tathya sabhAvita aura jJAta ho jAte haiN| ye do sabhAvanAyeM thI prAcIna dArzanika ke sAmane / vaha una dono kA prayoga karatA thA / vartamAna ke vazAniko ne bhI yatra-tatra ina dono sabhAvanAo kI carcA kI hai / vikalpazUnya avasthA me petanA ke sUkSma stara sakriya hote haiM aura ye sUkSma satyA ke samAdhAna prastuta karate haiN| svapnAvasthA me bhI sthUla cetanA nikriya ho jAtI hai / usa samaya sUkSma cetanA kisI sUkSma satya se saparka karA detI hai| maiM nahIM mAnatA ki Aja ke dArzanika me kSamatA nahI hai| usakI kSamatA tarka ke parato ke nIce chipI huI hai / vaha dArzanika kI apekSA tAki adhika ho gayA hai / usake nirIkSaNa kI kSamatA niSkriya ho gaI hai / darzana kI naI sabhAvanAo para vicAra karate samaya hame vAstavikatA kI vismRti nahI karanI caahie| taka ko hama asvIkAra nahI kara sakate / darzana se usakA sambandhaviccheda nahI kara sakate / para isa satya kA anubhava hama kara sakate haiM ki tarka kA sthAna dUsarA hai, nirIkSaNa aura parIkSaNa kA sthAna pahalA / 'anumAna' me vidyamAna 'anu' zabda isakA sUcaka hai ki pahale pratyakSa aura phira taka kA prayoga / tarka-vidyA kA eka nAma

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( 130 ) 'AnvIkSikI' hai / IkSaNa ke pazcAt taka ho sakatA hai, isIlie ise 'AnvIkSikI' kahA jAtA hai| nirIkSaNa yA parIkSaNa ke pazcAt niyamo kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai / una niyamo ke AdhAra para anubhava kiyA jAtA hai / prAyogika paddhatiyA hamAre lie atima nirNaya lene kI sthiti nirmita kara detI haiN| ve svayaM siddhAto kA nirUpaNa nahIM krtii| taka hI vaha mAdhana hai jisake AdhAra para nirIkSita tathyoM se niSkarSa nikAle jAte haiM aura unake AdhAra para niyama nirdhArita kie jAte hai| isa prakriyA kA anusaraNa darzana ne kiyA thA aura vijAna bhI kara rahA hai / vaijJAniko ne parIkSaNa ke pazcAt isa niyama kA nirdhAraNa kiyA ki ThaMDaka se sikuDana hotI hai aura ucyatA se phailAva / yaha sAmAnya niyama saba 59 lA hotA hai, para isakA eka apavAda bhI hai / cAra DigrI se jIro DigrI taka jala kA phalAva hotA hai / ThaDA hone para bhI vaha sikuDatA nahI hai / yaha vizeSa niyama hai / kevala sAmAnya niyamo ke AdhAra para vAstavika ghaTanAo ke bAre me vivAnAtmaka vAta nahI kI jA sakatI / yaha siddhAnta maMdhAntika vimAna (Theoratical Science), cikitsA aura kAnUna tIno para lAgU hotA hai / vizeSa niyama ke AdhAra para nirNAyaka bhaviSyavANiyA (Predictions) kI jA sakatI haiM, jaise- eka jJAnika jala kI cAra DigrI se nIce kI ThaDaka ke AdhAra 52 jalavAhaka pAipa ke phaTa jAne kI bhaviSyavANI kara detA hai / yaha saba tarka kA kArya hai / usakA bahuta bar3A upayoga hai phira bhI use nirIkSaNa kA mUlya nahI diyA jA sakatA / java nirIkSaNa ke sAkSya (Observational evidences) hamAre pAsa nahI haiM taba hama nimamo kA nivAraNa kisa adhiAra para kareMge aura tarka kA upayoga kahA hogA ? darzana ke jagat me maiM jima vAstavikatA kI anivAryatA kA anubhava kara rahA hU~ vaha tIna sUtro me prastuta hai - . 1 nae prameyo kI gavepaNA aura sthApanA / 2 sUkSma nirIkSaNa kI paddhati kA vikAsa / 3 sUkSma nirIkSaNa kI kSamatA (citta kI nirmalatA) kA vikAsa / isa vikAsa ke lie pramANazAstra ke sAtha-sAya yogazAstra, karmazAstra aura manovijJAna che samanvita adhyayana honA vAhaNa ! phala samanvita pravyayana lI ghAraNA mastiSka me nahI hogI taba taka sUkSma nirIkSaNa kI bAta saphala nahI hogii| 'yoga' darzana kA mahatvapUrNa aga hai| usakA upayoga kevala zArIrika asvAsthya tathA mAnasika tanAva miTAne ke lie hI nahIM hai, hamArI cetanA ke sUkSma staro ko udghATita karane ke lie usakA bahuta baDA mUlya hai / sUkSma satyo ke sAtha saparka sthApita karane kA vaha eka saphala mAdhyama hai| maharSi caraka podho ke pAsa jAte aura unake guNa-dharmo ko jAna lete / sUkSma yatra unheM upalavva nahI the| ve dhyAnasya hokara baiTha jAte aura pAvo ke guNa-dharma unako cetanA ke nirmala darpaNa me prati

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( 131 ) vimbita ho jAte / jaina vAI maya me hajAro varSa pahale vanaspati Adi ke viSaya meM aise aneka tathya nirUpita haiM, jo dhyAna kI viziSTa bhUmikAmo me upalabdha hue the / sUkSma nirIkSaNa kI paddhati ko vikasita karane ke lie karmazAstrIya adhyayana bhI bahuta mUlyavAna hai| hamAre paudgalika zarIra (Physical body) ke bhItara eka karma-zarIra (Karmic body) hai| vaha sUkSma hai / usakI kriyAe sthUla zarIra me pratikriyA ke rUpa me pragaTa hotI haiM / karma-zarIra ke bimbo ke nirIkSaNa kI kSamatA prApta kara hama sthUla zarIra ke pratibimbo kI sUkSmatama vyAkhyA kara sakate hai aura unake kArya-kAraNa-bhAva kA nirdhAraNa bhI kara sakate haiM / mana kI vibhinna pravRttiyo, usakI pRSThabhUmi me rahI huI cetanA ke vibhinna parivartano aura cetanA ko prabhAvita karane vAle vAharI tatvo kA adhyayana kara hama nirIkSaNa kI kSamatA ko nayA AyAma de sakate haiN| isa samanvita adhyayana kI paramparA ko gatizIla banAne ke lie dArzanika ko kevala tarkazAstrI honA paryApta nahIM hai| usa sAdhaka bhI honA hogaa| use citta kA nirmalatA bhI ajita karanI hogii| bahuta sAre vaijJAnika bhI sAdhaka hote haiM aura ve tapasvI jaisA nirmala jIvana jIte haiM jo satya kI khoja meM nirata hote haiM unake mana me kaluSatAe nahI rahatI aura yadi ve rahatI haiM to paga-paga para bAdhAe upasthita karatI haiM / satya kI khoja ke lie nirIkSaNa-paddhati kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai aura usake vikAsa ke lie citta kI nirmalatA aura ekAgratA Avazyaka hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika vAtAvaraNa me nirIkSaNa ke dvArA upalabdha prameyo kA parIkSaNa bhI honA cAhie / vijJAna ko darzana kA uttarAdhikArI milA hai, ata darzana aura vijJAna me dUrI kA anubhava kyo honA cAhie ? nirIkSaNa ke pazcAt parIkSaNa aura phira tarka kA upayoga - isa prakAra tIno paddhatiyo kA samanvita prayoga ho to darzana puna prANavAna hokara apane pitRsthAna ko pratiSThApita kara sakatA hai / isa bhUmikA meM nya,yazAstra yA pramANazAstra kA bhI ucita mUlyAkana ho skegaa|

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pariziSTa 1 pramAraNoM ke vibhinna prakAra

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pramANa ke cAra prakAra 1 2 3 4 dravya prasAraNa ke do prakAra vibhAganiSpanna ke pAva prakAra dravya pramANa kSetra pramANa kAla pramANa bhAva pramANa kSetra pramANa 1 2 1. pradeza niSpanna (paramANu, dvipradezika skadha Adi) 2 vibhAganiSpanna | 1 2 3 4 1 2 ( 135 ) mAna unmAna avamAna isase dhAnya aura rasa (drava) vastuo kA mApa kiyA jAtA hai / isame nagara ke krama zrAdi kA tola kiyA jAtA hai / hAya Adi se kiyA jAne vAlA bhApa | kAla pramANa ke do prakAra 1 2 gaNya gaNanA pramANa pratimAna svarNa, mariNa, muktA zrAdi kA mApa ke do prakAra pradezaniSpanna ( eka pradezAvagADha Adi) vibhAganiSpanna (gula prAdi) bhAva pramANa ke tIna prakAra 1 guraNa prabhAraNa guNadravya kA pariccheda karate haiM / zrata yaha pramANa hai / 2 naya pramANa' / 3 saMkhyA pramANa / pradezaniSpanna - - eka samaya sthitika Adi / samaya, valikA, muhUrta Adi / vibhAAniSpanna anuyogadvAra vRtti patra 212 ete ca nayA jJAnarUpAstato jIvaguraNatvena yadyapi guNapramANe'ntavanti tathApi pratyakSAdipramANebhyo nayarUpatAmAtreraNa pRthak prasiddhatvAt bahuvicAravipayatvAjjinAgame pratisthAnamupayogitvAcca jIvaguNaprabhAraNAt pRthaktA | anuyogadvAra, vRtti patra 224 nAmasyApanAvivavizvAnaviSayAt marayApramANAt guNapramAraNa pRyaguktam anyathA sakhyAyA api guNatvAd guNapramANe evAntarbhAva syAditi /

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guraNa pramAraNa ke do prakAra I jIvaguNa pramAraNa, jIva gureNa pramAraNa ke tIna prakAra 1 jJAnaguNa pramANa darzanaguraNa pramAraNa cAritraguraNa pramAraNa 3 jJAnaguNa pramANa ke cAra prakAra pratyakSa, zrIpasya aura 1 3 pratyakSa ke do prakAra- I indriya pratyakSa aura indriya pratyakSa ke pAMca prakAra zrotrendriya pratyakSa ghrANendriya pratyakSa sparzanendriya pratyakSa I 3 5 no-indriya pratyakSa ke tIna prakAra avadhijJAna pratyakSa mana paryavajJAna pratyakSa kevalajJAna pratyakSa 1 2 3 anumAna ke tIna prakAra 1 3 pUrvavat dRSTamAvayavat roSavat ke pAca prakAra 1 kAryeNa, 3 gugaNena, 5 zrAzrayeNa dRSTasAdharmyaMvat ke do prakAra 1 mAmAnyadRSTa ( 136 ) 2 jIvaguraNa pramANa 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 anumAna, Agama no-indriya pratyakSa cakSu indriya pratyakSa jihva endriya pratyakSa zepavat kAraNena, zravayavena, vizeSadRNDa |

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( 137 ) vizeSaSTa ke tIna prakAra / atItakAlagrahaNa, 3 anAgatakAlagrahaNa 2 vartamAnakAlagrahaNa, praupamya ke do prakAra - 1 sAcopanIta, 2 vaivopanIta sAdhaya ke tIna prakAra 1 kiJcit sAdhamrya, 3 sarvasAdharmya 2 prAya sAvayaM, pAgama ke do prakAra 1 laukika 2 lokottara darzana guraNa pramANa ke cAra prakAra / cakSudarzana 3 avadhidarzana 2 4 acakSudarzana kevalajAna caritragurA pramAga ke pAca prakAra / mAmayika 3 parihAra vizuddhi 5 yayAkhyAta 2 4 chedopasthApana, sUkSmasaparAya, naya pramAra ke tIna prakAra 1 prastarasapaTAntana 3 prAdabdAntana 2 vamatidRSTAntana saMkhyA pramANa ke pATha prakAra 1. nAma sandhyA 2 sthApanA sasyA 3 dravya sAyA 4. zrIpamya mAyA 5 parimANa mAyA jAna mamdhyA 7 gaganA masyA 8. bhAva garayA pramANa ke do prakAra / loki gro 2 joronara

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lokika pramAraNa 1 2 3 1 2 ke chaha prakAra lokottara pramANa ke cAra prakAra dravya, kSetra, mAna, unmAna, avamAna, 4 dravya pramANa ke do prakAra 1 sakhyA aura tatvAryavArtika 3138 ) pramANa ke sAta prakAra 1 2 3 nAma, ( 138 } sthApanA, sasyA, dravya, 4 5 6 3 4 2 5 6 7 gaNanA, pratimAna, tatpramANa kAla, bhAva 75mA kSetra phAla aura jJAna pramANa (maya mahassamidi savvaguraNAraNa malAraNa vammA sakhApa mAraga nAcapAhuDa, bhAga 1, jaya dhavalA pR 38 ) ceva pahAraNa, (pamAraNemu gANapamAraNa NAraNamabhAvappasanAdo -- kasAyapAhuDa, bhAga 1, jaya edeNa viraNA pR 42 ) sarkasenamA

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pariziSTa 2 vyakti, samaya aura nyAya-racanA

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( 141 ) prakalaka 7 9 10 vyakti samaya nyAya-viSayaka anya (IsavI zatAbdI) zrAvI aSTazatI, laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya pramArasagraha, siddhivinizcayA, nyaya cUlikA nantIti ___9-11 vI bRhatsarvajJasiddhi, ladhusarvasiddhi anantavIrya dasavI siddhivinizcaya TIkA anantavIrya gyArahavI prameyaratnamAlA abhayatilaka caudahavI nyAyAlakAravRtti, takanyAyasUtra TIkA, pakvajhanyAyatavyAthI abhayadava 10-11 vI tatvocavidhAyinI TIkA (vAda mahAva) AzAdhara (paDita) 1188-1250 prameya ratnAkara umAsvAti pahalI-dUsarI tatvAryasUtra tayA bhASya kundakunda dUsarI pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, pacAstikAya kumAranandi pAThavI vAdanyAya guNaratnamUrI 14-15 vI taka rahasya dIpikA 14-15 vI ratnAkararAvatArikA Tippanaka candrasena 12-13 vI utpAdasiddhi parikIti paDitAcArya --- pramANaratnAlakAra / jinadattamUrI terahavI paTdarzanasamuccaya vRtti jinapatimUrI 13 vI pravIvavAvata jinabhadragaNI 5-6 vizepAvazyaka bhASya kSamAzramaNa jinezvarasUrI 12-13 vI pramAlakSma saTIka devanandi(pUjyavAda) 6 sarvArthasiddhi devaprabhasUrI 12-13 vI nyAyAvatATippaNa devabhadra 11-12 vI nyAyAvatAravattarI devasena darzanasAra dharmabhUSaNa 14-15 nyAyadIpikA, pramANavistAra 11 12 jAnacandra 13 15 17 18 20 21 22 23 10

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13 navanDamUra narendranA 26 pAtranI pracaMmnasUrI 28 pramAnanTa 1 142 ) nyAyakadI vamAbayana trinarjana 5-6 12. vAcana 10-11 prameyamanamAra, vAyavumundrava zrAddha vinavatatvaprAga, prameya mAvajana 11-13 nyAya ne 4-5 14 10- 1 12 mAinDa 31 mannavAhI mannavA 33 mannive 34 machinavanandri muninandranI 36 ma7 37 ativRpane 38 ratnapramajUrI jAnavaranurI 40 rAmavandrasUrI vamunandri 42 vAdivevapUrI 15 5-6 39 12-13 14-15 13 11-12 nyAyavi para ribana syAdAmanI parIkSAnuva anevAntanApatAkAvRtti banavA paphurgananiya tiyapattI pannAlAvatAra ratnAkarAvatArijApanijhal vyatirekkanaigika prAptImAnAvRtti pramANanayatavAno, vAdrA ratnara (svopara TI) vAthavinignavivara, prabhAsa- niya, cArAsindri pramANaparIkSA, pramAAmI mAsA, pramAniya prApta rIlA, nanjaniya, niyavivara, zradananI mAri ! manamagIta zinI nyAyAvatAra prayatnamA 11-12 !! 43 virAnamUrI 44 vAvIH 45 vidyAnandri S-9 7-9. 15 46 vimAnavAmAM 47 bAtamUrI 48 gati 12

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5-6 50 rivArya mavandra zubhaprakAza 16 16 samantabhadra 2-3 sattAmaDha (tabu) 13 siddha 10 siddhana muvapravAsa 4-5 ( 143 ) uddhivinizvaya paDdarzanapramAgaprameyama graha nyAyamanDavivevana zrAptamImAsA, jyanuzAsana viSamatAtparyaTI nyAyAvatArardI sanmati, nyAyAvatAra nyAyatIpAvatI TI! sanmatita TIkA paDanasamuya TI nyAyapragamitravRttinA naspanirNaya anentinApatAvI, yodghaTasamuccaya, pado namuvayA pramAyAmImAmA. sumati. 8-9 14- 5 12 somati pUrI zrIcandrasUrI thIdratta harimaMda 60 6. makavandra 11-12

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pariziSTa 3 nyAya grantha ke praNetAzrI kA saMkSipta jIvana-paricaya

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( 147 ) 1 akalaka (I 8) inakA janma karNATaka prAnta ke mAnyakheTa nagarI ke rAjA zubhatu ga ( rASTrakUTa samrAT kRSNarAja prathama ) ke mantrI puruSottama ( a5. nAma lahana yA laghua01) ke ghara huA thA / / inakI mAtA kA nAma jinamatI thaa| 'bhaTTa' inakA pada thA / inake bhAI kA nAma nikalaka thA / eka bAra dono bhAI bauddha tarkazAstra kA abhyAsa karane ke lie eka vIda ma0 me rahane lge| vahI inake jaina hone kA patA lagA gayA / niSkalaka mAre ge| akalaka baca nikale / unhone AcArya pada prAptakara kaliMga nareza himazItala kI sabhA me bauddho se vAda-vivAda kiyaa| virodhI pakSa pAle eka ghaDe me tArAdevI kI sthApanA karate aura usake prabhAva me vAda me ajeya bana jAte / akalaka ne yaha rahasya jAna liyaa| unhone apane zAsana devatA kI ArAdhanA kI aura ghaDe ko phoDa vauddho ko vAda me parAjita kiyaa| inake dvArA racita mukhya granya ye haiM / tattvArtha rAjapAtika samASya / 2 aSTazatI samantabhadrakRta prAptamImAmA kI vyAkhyA / ladhIyastraya - isame pramANa, naya aura pravacana ye tIna prakaraNa haiM / nyAyavinizcaya pratyakSa, anumAna aura zrAgama ina tIna pramANo kA vivecana / pramANamagraha pramANa sambandhI vibhinna viSayo kI carcA prastuta karane vAlA grantha / 6 middhivinizcaya pramANa, naya Adi viSayo kI vivecanA se yukta / 7 nyaaycuulikaa| ___ inhe jaina nyAya kA pravartaka kahA jAtA hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki inake samaya me hI nyAya zAstra ko vyavasthita rUpa milaa| uttarakAlIna granyakAra anantavIrya, mANikyanandi, vidyAnada, hemacandra, yazovijaya grAdi sabhI prAcAryoM ne akalaka dvArA prasthApita jaina nyAya kI paddhati kA anusaraNa yA vistAra kiyA hai / aSTazatI para vidyAnanda ne, laghIyastraya para abhaya candra aura prabhAcandra ne, nyAyavinizcaya para pAdirAja ne tathA pramANasagraha aura siddhivinizcaya para anantavIrya ne vistRta vyAkhyAe likhii| devacandrakRta kannaDa bhASA ke 'rAjavalIkaye' nAmaka grantha me inake pitA kA nAma jinadAsa prAhmaNa batalAyA hai|

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( 148 ) 2 anantakAta (I0 9 vI se 11 vI ke vIca) ye prasiddha tAkika prAcArya the| unhoMne vRhatmamiddhi au. laghumarvasiddhi nAmaka granyo kI racanA kI hai / prazasti ke abhAva me inake viSaya kA koI vivaraNa prApta nahI hai| mAnA jAtA hai ki inake vRhatmavajamiddhi kA prabhAva prabhAvakRta nyAyakumudacandra 52 5 / hai / 3 anantavIrya (I0 10 tAbdI) ye vibhadra ke zipya tathA zravaNabelagolA ke nivAsI the| ye AcArya akalaka ke granyo ke pravAna TIkAkAra the / inhone 'siddhivinizcaya' TIkA likhii| ye akalaka ke anyo ke marmajJa zrI* yathAryajAtA mAne jAte the| AcArya prabhAcandra ne bhI prAcArya anantavIrya kI vidvattA aura talapagitA ke viSaya me likhA hai-mana akalaka kI tatvanirUpaNa paddhati kA tathA anantavIrya kI uktiyo kA saikaDo vAra abhyAsa kara mamajhane me saphalatA pAI hai| prAcArya alika ke mUTa prakaraNo ko yadi anantavIrya ke vacanapradI5 pragaTa nahI karate to unhe kAna samajha sakatA thA ? 4. anantavA (dvitIya) (I0 11 vI zatI) unhone 'ameyaratnamAlA' kI racanA ko| ima 52 AcArya prabhAcandra ke prameyakamalamArtaNDa tathA nyAyakumudacandra kA prabhAva spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai / 5 anyatilaka (I0 14 vI) sambhava hai ye momatilakasUrI ke guru bhAI ho| ye upAdhyAya padavI para suzobhita the| unhoMne 'nyAyAlakAravRtti', tarkanyAyasUtra TIkA, ' papasyanyAyataka vyAcA' Adi ane pranya nile ! 5 amayadeva (I0 10-11 vI) ye candrakulIya aura candragaccha ke pradya nasUrI ke zipya ye / inake vidyAziSyo eka dIkSA-ziyo kA parivAra bahuta vaDA aura aneka bhAgo me vibhakta thaa| isa parivAra me aneka vidvAna hue the aura unameM se kaI vidvAno ne rAjo se pracura sammAna bhI pAyA thaa| unakI jAti, mAtA-pitA athavA janmasthAna ke viSaya me kucha bhI jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai / unakA vihAra-kSetra rAjasthAna aura gujarAta .hA hai / inake do ziya-vanezvara aura jinevara bahuta vidvAn hue hai| unhoMne manmati para tatvavodhavidhAyinI nAma kI TIkA likhii| isakA a52 nAma hai - 'vAdamahArNava' / 7 prAzAvara (paDita) (I0 1188- 250) ye dhArA nagarI kI vavAla jAti ke vaizya the| inake pitA kA nAma mallakSaNa, mAtA kA nAma zrIratnI, patnI kA nAma sarasvatI aura putra kA nAma

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( 149 ) chAha thaa| unhone vidyArjana dhArA nagarI ke 'zAradA sadana' nAmaka vidyApITha me kiyA aura phira jaina dharma ke udyota ke lie ghaar| nagarI ko choDakara nalakacchapura (nAlachA) me Akara vama gae / lagabhaga patIsa varSa taka vahI rahakara inhoMne jana zAna aura sAhitya ko apUrva sevA kii| paDita zrAdhijI kI kucheka racanAe 1 prameya ratnAkara gadya-padyamaya grantha / 2 jAnadIpikA dharmAmRta (sAgAra-anagAra) kI svIpajJa pjikaa| mUlArAdhanA TIkA zivAryakRta ArAdhanA (prAkRta) kI TIkA / 4 ArAdhanAsAra TIkA prAcArya devasena ke ArAdhanAsAra nAmaka prAkRta granya kI ttiikaa| 8 umAsvAti (I0 44-85) unhone tattvAryasUtra ( mokSa mArga ) kI racanA kii| maskRta kA yaha Adi grantha mAnA jAtA hai / isa granya kI racanA kA bhI eka itihAsa hai| saurASTra me kaiyana nAma kA eka zrAvaka rahatA thaa| usake mana me eka vAra yaha vicAra AyA ki use mokSamArga viSayakA koI grantha taiyAra karanA cAhie / gahare cintana ke bAda usane yaha pratijJA kI "maiM roja eka sUtra kI racanA karake hI bhojana karU gA, anyathA usa dina upavAsa rakhU gaa|' isa sakalpa ke anusAra usane pahalA sUtra banAyA-'darzanajAnacAstriANi mokSamArga / ' vismRti ke bhaya se usane ise eka khabhe pa. likha diyA / dUsare dina vaha kAryavaza bAhara calA gyaa| eka muni bhikSA ke lie usake ghara pAe / lauTate samaya unakI dRSTi usa stabha para 5DhI jisa para pahalA sUtra likhA huA thA / unhone use par3hA aura prArambha me 'samyam' zabda joDakara ve vahA se cale ge| zrAvaka dvaipAyana ghara aayaa| sUtra ke Age 'samyam' sabda kI yojanA se usakA mana praphullita ho uThA aura use apane jJAna kI nyUnatA kA vodha huaa| vaha muni ke pAsa pahucA aura grantha-nirmANa ke lie muni ko nivedana kiyaa| muni usakI bhAvanA ko zrAdara de, anya-nirmANa meM laga gae / isI prayatna ke phalasvarUpa dasa adhyAyo me vibhakta tattvAryasUtra kI racanA huii| tattvAryasUtra aura aura usakA bhASya-ye inakI do mukhya racanAe hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara-dono paramparAe enhe samAna rUpa se Adara detI haiN| 6 kundakunda (I0 127-179) prAnIna ullekha ke anusAra inakA janmasthAna dakSiNa bhArata kA 'hamapAma' thaa| isakI pahacAna tAmilanADu prAnta ke 'ponnUra gAva se kI jAtI hai| use hI

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( 150 ) koNDakuNDapura (kuDakundapura) pahA jAtA hA ho / inake pAsa nIlagiri kI pahADI para prAcArya kundakunda kI cr|| pAdukAe bhI hai| inake pAca nAma the- pacanandi, kundakunda, vakragrIva elaka zrI. pincha / paanandi dIkSA mamaya kA nAma / 2 kundanda - gAva ke kAraNa pracalita nAma / vakrI gardana kucha TeDI hone ke kAraNa pracalita nAma / 4 elana / piccha-videha kSetra me loTana samaya gaste me mayUra piccha ke fjana nA ghara pRpicha nI mata Dam nAma anitA yaa| mAnA jAtA hai ki ye ca raNajaTahi me napanna the| zrI. bhUmi me cAra aguna Upara calane ye| inake dIkSAgurU jina candra aura zikSAguna kumAnindiye / re ahavAla hArA sthApita (vI ni 593) nandi magha ke tIsare prabhAvI prAcArya the| inhone 84 pADo (prAmRta) kI racanA kI kintu Aja kevala 12 pAi hI upalabdha haiN| uname me damaNa pAra pAttipA, muttapAi, bovapAhu, bhAvapADa zrI. mosapAhui 5. zrutasAgara / kI TIkA bhI upalabdha hai| inake dUsare musya grantha hai- samayasAra, pravacanamA* pacAstikAya, niyamamA yAnA Adi / inhone paTsaNDAgama anya ke prathama tIna vaNDo 52 vAda hA loka pramANa parikarma' nAma kI TIkA bhI lipI thii| samayamAra, pravacanamA. aura pacAstikAya meM nyAyA-tra kI prAraMbhika carcA prApta hai| 10 kumAranandi (I0 776) ye candranandi ke nippa the| inake ziSya kAttinandi zrI. prati vimala candra the| inhone 'vAdanyAya' nAma kA eka panya racA thaa| ye kundakunda ke anvaya ke the| 11 guNaratnasUrI (I0 1400- 475) ye apane kAla ke prabhAvaka prAcArya zrI deva mundarI ke ziSya the| inakA vihA kSetra gujarAta rAjasthAna *hA hai / ye vAdavidyA me kuzala the| inhone kiyAratnasamuccaya, karma nya, avadhU , Adi anya likhe| unhone prAcArya haribhadrakRta paTdarzanasamuccaya para taka rahasyadIpikA' nAma ko TIkA lipii|

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( 151 ) 12. jJAnacandra (I0 14-15 vI) ye sAdhupUrNimA (sArdhapUrNimA) gaccha ke AcArya guNacandra ke ziSya the / ye rAjazekha ra ke samakAlIna the / inhone ratnAkarAvatArikA para Tippana likhaa| 13. candrasena (I0 12-13 vI) ye pradyumnasUrI ke ziSya the / inhone vi0 1207 me 'utpAda siddhi' nAma ke grantha kI racanA kii| 14 jinadattasUrI (I0 13 vI) ye vAyaDAccha ke jIvadevasUrI ke ziSya the| inhone vivekavilAsa' kI panA kI / isake aSTama ullAsa me paDadarzanavicAra' nAma kA prakaraNa hai| 15 jinapatisUrI (I0 13 vI) ye 'prabovavAdasyala ke karatA hai| 16 jinamadrANI kSamAzramaNa (I0 6-7) ye bahuzrata vidvAna the| unakA pramukha anya hai- vizeSAvazyaka bhASya / isame Agamika viSayo kI gabhIra cI tayA yathAprasaga matAtaro kI carcA bhI prApta hai| isame tarkazAstra ke vibhinna ago para svatantra vicAra milate hai| prAcArya hemacandra ne inhe vyAkhyAtAyo me agraNI mAnA hai| 17 jinezvarasUrI (I0 12-13 vI) dhArA nagarI me eka dhanADhya peTha rahatA thaa| usakA nAma yA lakSmIpati / usake pAsa madhyapradeza kA eka brAhmaNa rahatA thaa| usake do putra the- zrIdhara aura zrIpati / dono prAcArya varvamAnasUrI ke pAsa dIkSita hue / - unakA nAma jinezvara aura buddhisAgara rakhA gyaa| Age calakara jinezva rasUrI ne kharataragaccha kI sthApanA kii| unhone jAbAlapura me rahate hue aneka anya race / uname mukhya hai-- paliMgIprakaraNa, haribhadrASTakaTIkA, pramAlakSma saTIka / 18 devanandi (pUjyapAda) (I0 5 6) inakA samaya vikrama kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrvAddha mAnA jAtA hai| vi0 kI dasavI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha (990) me likhe gae darzanamAra anya me yaha 2 yaha sarasvatI anyamAlA kAryAlaya, prAgarA se vi0 1976 me prakAzita ho cukA hai|

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( 152 ) ullekha prApta hotA hai ki pUjyapAda ke gipya vajanandi ne vi0ma0 526 meM dakSiNa mathurA (madurA) me drAviTa magha kI sthApanA kI thii| devanandi kundakunda grAmnAya ke dezIyagaNa ke prAcArya candranandi ke ziSya yA prathie / / ina munya grantha ye hai / janendra nyAya navarthimiti tatvAryasUtra pa. una para tI TIkA / 3 mmaabittr| 4 dAvatAra -pANini vyakti 59 nyAma / 5 janendra nyAma janendra pyAka para vApaja nyAma / 16 devaprabhasUrI (I0 12-13 vI) ye malabA hemacandra ke prabhipya zrIcandrasUrI ke ziSya the| inhoMne 'nyAyA4tAra TippaNa' liyaa| 20 devabhadra (I0 11-12) ye navAgI TIkAkAra amayadeva ke zima amanacandra ke ziSya the| inakA pahalA nAma guNacandra gasI yA / inhone aneka pranyo kI racanA kii| kagA- para 'pramANaprakAza nAmaka anya bhI likhA / 21 devasena (I0 10) inake guru kA nAma zrI vimanasena gAvara thA / aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki ye AcArya kundakunda ke anya ke prAcArya the| inhone bArA nagarI me pAnAya ke mandira me vi0 sa 990 mAgha zuklA dazavI ko darzanamAra nAmaka anya kI racanA kii| 22 dharmabhUSaNa (I 14-15) ye nandisagha ke prAcArya the| inhone 'nyAyadIpikA' aura 'pramANavistAra'ye do nyAyaviSayaka anya likhe / 3 4 bhAvasagraha, 701 mirivimala sAgaharamismo, khAmeNa devasepo ti| darzanamAra, 49,50 puvAyariyakavADa gAhAi macijaNa eyatya / siridevasegasiyA dhArAe mavasaraNa // zrI dasa sAro hAro bhavAya navamae nae / miripAsaNAhagehe suvisuddha mAhamudasamIe /

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( 153 ) 23. naracandrasUrI {I 13 vI) ye devaprabhasUrI ke ziSya the / unhone nyAyakadalI para TIkA likhii| 24 pAtrakesarI (I0 5-6 zatAbdI) inakA janma brAhmaNa kula me huA thaa| ye ahicchatra nagara ke rAjapurohita ye| mamantabhadra dvArA racita devAgamastotra sunakara ye jaina muni vane / ye nyAyazAstra ke pAragata vidvAna the / inakA nyAya-viSayaka grantha hai vilakSaNakadarthana bauddha zrAcAryoM dvArA nirapita hetu ke lakSaNoM kA khaDana karane vAlA grantha / yaha abhI upalabdha nahI hai| 25 pradhu manasUrI (I0 12 vI) inake gipya 'candramaina' the| inhone 'vAdasyala' nAma kA grantha rcaa| 26 pramAcandra (I0 980-1065) inake guru gollAcArya ke ziSya padmanandi saiddhAntika the| inakA kAryakSetra dhArAnagarI tathA usake grAmapAsa kA kSetra rahA hai / ye mUla sagha ke antargata nandigaraNa kI prAcArya-paramparA me hue the| ye dhArAnagarI ke rAjA bhoja ke mAnya vidvAna the| inake mavarmA zrIkulabhUpaNa muni the| inhone svatantra rUpa se bhI aneka grantho kI racanA kI tathA aneka granyo para vyAkhyAe likhii| gdykthaako| inakI svatantra racanA hai / vyAkhyA granyo me mukhya ye hai 1 prameyakamalamArtaNDa AcArya mANikyanandi kRta parIkSAmukha kI vyAkhyA / 2 nyAyakumudacandra ---prAcArya akalaka ke ladhIyastraya kI vyaakhyaa| isame pramANa viSayo ke sAtha prameya viSayo kI carcA hai / 3 tatvArthavRttipadavivaraNa sArthamiddhi kI vyAkhyA / 4 zAkaTAyana nyAsa zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa kI vyaakhyaa| 5 gAmbhojabhAskara-jainendra vyAkaraNa kA mahAnyAsa / 6 pravacanasArasa rojabhAskara kundakunda ke pravacanasAra kI TIkA / vidvAno kI mAnyatA hai ki prameyakamalamArtaNDa aura nyAyakumudacandra jaina nyAya ke zrAka ra anya hai aura janadarzana ke madhyayugIna anyo me apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhate hai / yadyapi ye vyAsyAe hai, phira bhI prAcArya prabhAcandra kI bahuzru tatA paga-paga para mukhara huI hai aura ye grantha uttarakAlIna nyAya viSayaka granyo ke lie AdhArabhUta bane haiN| 5 nyAyakumudacandra, bhAga 2, prastAvanA pR0 58 /

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( 154 ) ___ 27 mApasena ( 1 2-1 3 jI) ye sanagaNa ke zrAcAya the / inhe 'vidha yo uAvimApta thI ! inake tIna __anya prakAzita haiM uname do grantha nyAya-viSayaka haiM _1 vizvatatvaprakAza vibhinna darzano ke matavyo kA janadRSTi se priikssnn| 2 pramAprameya--- janadRSTi se pramANo kI vyAkhyA / aprakAzita anyo me nyAya ke anya ye haiM nyAyadIpikA, nyAyasUryAvalI / 28 mallavAdI (I0 4-5 AtI) ye sITa me valabhIpura ke nivAsI the / inakI mAtA kA nAma durlabhadevI thA / inhoMne apane mAtula prAcArya jinAnanda se dIkSA lii| ve bahuta bar3e tAkika the / eka vAra ve bauddha prAcArya se parAjita ho ge| isake phalasvarUpa rAjA zilAditya ne jana muniyo ko apane gajya se nirvAsita kara diyaa| yaha vAta mallavAdI ko bahuta apriya lgii| ve tarkazAstra ke gahana adhyayana me dattacitta hue aura rAjA zilAditya ke davAra me vauddha AcAryo ko parAjita kiyaa| unhone 'dAdagAranayacakra' kI racanA kI, kintu vaha Aja mUlarUpa me upalabdha nahIM hai / mihamUrI dvArA likhita TIkA ke AdhAra para usakA punaruddhAra karane kA prayatna hRyA hai| 29 mallavAdI (I0 700-750) inhoMne dharmakIti ke nyAyavindu 52 dharmAtara kI TIkA para Tippana likhA jo abhI taka amudrita hai| 30 malliperaNa (I0 14 vI) ye nAgendragadhIya udayapramabhUrI ke ziSya the| inhone jinaprabhasUrI kI mahAyatA se 'bhyAvAdamajarI' granya kA nirmANa kiyA / vaha hamacandra dvArA cita anyayogavyavacchedikA kI TIkA hai / upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne syAdvAdamajI para syAdavAdamajUpA nAma kI vRtti likhI hai / 31 mAsikyanandi (I0 993-1053) nandimagha dezIyagara gurvAvalI ke anusAra ye kAlyayogI ke ziSya the aura pramAcandra ke gura / 'parIkSAmukha' inakI pramukhakRti hai| isa para unake vidvAn zipya prabhAcandra ne 'prama kamalamAnaNDa' nAma kI TIkA livii| parIkSAmuka grantha 5. prAcArya zubhacandradeva ne-- 'parIkSAmukhavRtti' tathA yAtrAya jAtivaNoM ne 'prameyakaThikA' nAma kI TIkA likhii|

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t 155 ) 32 munindra (I= 12 vIM) ye vRhadgacchIya udyAnAcAya ke ziSya upAdhyAya zrAmradeva ke ziSya the / inake gurubhAI kA nAma thA nemicandrasUrI, jinhone uttarAdhyayana sUtra para 'sukhabodhA' vRtti likhI thii| mAnA jAtA hai ki isa vRtti ke likhane me mUla preraka municandrasUrI hI the / gAtisUrI ke battIsa ziSya the / ve apane guru ke pAsa pramAraNa zAstra kA abhyAsa karate the | eka bAra municandra nADola se vihAra kara vahA~ pahuce zrIra zAtimUrI dvArA dI jAne vAlI vAcanA ko khar3e-khar3e hI sunakara cale gae / yaha krama pandraha dino taka calatA rahA | solahaveM dina vattIya ziSyo ke sAtha-sAtha unakI bhI parIkSA lI gii| municandra kI pratibhA se prabhAvita hokara zAMtisUrI ne unheM apane pAsa rakhA aura pramANazAstra kA gaharA adhyayana karavAyA / inhoMne anekAntajayapatAkAvRtti para Tippara likhA / 33 merutu ga ( I0 15 vI ) ye acalagacchIya mahendraprabhamUrI ke ziSya ye / prasiddha dIpikAkAra mANikyazekharasUrI inhI ke ziSya ye / inhone 'paddarzananirNaya' nAma kA anya likhA / 34 yativRSabha ( I0 5-6 ) inakI mahattvapUrNa racanA hai- tiloyapaNNattI' | yaha prATha hajAra zloko me vaddha prAkRta racanA hai / hariperaNa ke kathAko me prApta eka kathA ke anusAra eka vAra zrAcArya yativRpakSa zrAvastI nagarI ke rAjA jayasena ko dharmabodha dene ge| vahA kisI zatru dvArA bheje gae eka guptacara ne yativRSabha ke ziSya kA veza dhAraNa kara rAjA kI ekAnta meM hatyA kara dI / taba jaina saMgha ko rAjaghAta ke kalaka se bacAne ke lie yativRpabha ne zrAtma-validAna kiyA 7 35 ratnaprabhasUrI ( I0 12-13 vI ) ye pramANanayatatvAlaka ke racayitA vAdI devasUrI ke ziSya the / vijayamenasUrI inake dIkSA guru the / pramANanayatatvAloka para 'syAdavAdaratnAkara' nAma kI svopana TIkA hai | isa TIkA ke praNayana me ratnaprabhasUrI ne sahayoga diyA thA, aisA prAcArya devasUrI ne ullekha kiyA hai / yaha TIkA atyanta gahana yI isalie ratnaprabha ne isa para 'ratnAkarAvatArikA nAma kI eka laghu TIkA likhI / parantu vaha bhI 6 7 kucha inhe yazobhadra ke ziSya mAnate hai / vIrazAsana ke prabhAvaka prAcArya, pRSTha 39 /

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( 156 ) itanI sarala nahI bnii| phira aneka prAcAryoM ne isa para paJjikA aura TippaNa likhe| 36 rAjezvarasUrI (I 14-15) ye malavArI abhayadevamUrI ke satAnIya hapapurIya malavArI gaccha ke prAcArya tilakasUrI ke ziSya ye| unhone vikrama kI pandrahavI zatAbdI ke pahale dUsare dazaka me ratnAvatArikA 52 panikA likhii| unhoMne syAdvAdakalikA, paTdarzanasamuccaya, Adi aneka granyo kI racanA kii| 37 rAmacandrasUrI (I0 1 3 vI) ye kalikAlasarvajJa hemacandra ke zipya ye / inhoMne 'vyatirekahAnizikA' anya likhA / 38 vasunandi (I0 11-12) ye zrI nemicandra ke ziSya the| inakA apara nAma 'jayasena' yaa| inakI kRtiyA haiM - prAptamImAmAvRtti, mUlAcAravRtti, vastuvidhA, zrAvakAcAra Adi-Adi / zrAvakAcAra kA apara nAma 'upAsakAdhyayana' hai / isa granya ke anta meM inhone apanI guru paramparA kA ullekha kiyA hai| unake anusAra zrI kundakunda kI prmpr| me zrInandI nAma ke prAcArya hue / unake ziSya the nayanandI aura nayanandI ke nipya the zrInemIcandra / ye inake guru the| 39 vAdidevasUrI (I0 1087-1170) ye zrImunicandrasUrI ke paTTaziSya ye / inakA janma gurjara deza ke prAvATavaMza me vi sa 1087 me huaaa| ye nau varSa kI avasthA ( 1096 ) me bhaDIca nagara me dIkSita hue aura ikatIsa varSa kI avasthA me vi sa 1118 me prAcArya pada 52 AsIna hue / ahilapura me rAjA jayasiMha siddhagaja kI sabhA me digambara vidvAn kumudacandra se vAda huprA aura usake bAda hI unheM 'vAdI' kI upAdhi prApta huI / mANikyanandi ke parIkSAmukha kA parivardhana kara inhone pramAnayatatvAloka kI racanA kI aura usa para 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' nAmaka bRhatkAya vyAkhyA likhii| inakA svargavAsa 1117 me huaa| bhadrezvara inake paTTavara ziSya hue aura labha pramukha ziSya / ratnaprabha ke syAdvAdanAkara kA makSiptarUpa ratnAkaravitArikA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| 40 pAdirAjasUrI (I 11) ye dakSiNa ke solakI 41 ke prasiddha nre| jayasiMha (prayama) kI rAjamamA ke sammAnita vAdI the| inake dvArA racita pAzrvanAtha caritra kI prazasti se patA lagatA

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( 157 ) hai ki ye 'kaTagerI' ke AsapAsa ke nivAsI the| yaha aba bhI eka sAdhAraNa sA gAva hai, jisake bhAnAvazeSo se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki yaha kabhI baDA zahara rahA hogaa| ye nandisagha ke arU gala anvaya ke prAcArya zrImAla ke zipya matisAgara ke ziSya the| inake gurubandhu kA nAma dayApAla thaa| 'vAdirAja yaha eka taraha kI padavI thii| unakA yathArtha nAma kyA thA, yaha ajJAta hai| 'paTtakapaNmukha' 'syAdvAdavidyApati' aura 'jagadekamallavAdI' ye inakI upAdhiyA thii| 41 vAdAmasiMha (I 8-9) yaha padavI hai nAma nhiiN| isa padavI ke dhAraka aneka prAcArya hue hai / ye zrAcArya puSyaSaNa akalaka ke ziSya vAdImasiMha hai| prAcArya puSyaSeNa akalaka ke gurubhAI the| vAdIbhasiMha kA mUla nAma kyA thA, yaha ajAta hai| unake do anya upalabve haiM / sthAbAda siddhi aura 2 navapadArtha nizcaya / 42 vidhAnandi (vidyAnanda) (I 775-840) jana tAkiko me inakA viziSTa sthAna thaa| ye magadha kI rAjya sabhA ke prasiddha vidvAna the / ye eka vAra pAvanAtha bhagavAna ke madira me caritrabhUSaNa muni ke mukha se zrAcArya mamatabhadra dvArA racita devAgamastotra kA pA0 sunakara prativRddha hue| mAnA jAtA hai ki ye akalaka kI AmnAya me unake kucha hI samaya pazcAt hue the| inakI pramukha racanAe hai 1 pramANaparIkSA 2 pramANamImAsA 3 pramANanirNaya 4 prAptaparIkSA 5 jalpanirNaya 6 navavivaraNa 7 yuktyanuzAsana 8 aSTasahastrI 9 tatvArthazlokapAtika 10 ptrpriikssaa| ye dakSiNa ke mahAn TIkAkAra ye / inhone samatabhadra kI prAptamImAsA zrIra usa para akalakadeva ke aTazatI bhASya ko sabaddha kara aSTasahanI nAmaka anya kI racanA kii| inakA vidyAnanda mahodaya' granya anupalabdha hai| 43 vimaladAsa (I 15) ye jana gRhasya the| inakA nivAsa sthAna tejAnagara aura guru anantadeva svAmI ye| unhone 'saptabhagItara giraNI' kI racanA kI / 8 paTkarNapaNmukha syAdvAdavidyApatigalu jagadekayallavAdigaluetimida zrIvAdirAjadevaram - mi rAisa dvArA sapAdita nagara tAlukkA ke iskipsana na 36 /

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( 158 ) -4 tirUrI (I 11) pUtala gaccha ke prAcArya vardhamAna ke ziSya the| unhone middhasena ke yAyAvatAra para vAtika kI racanA kI aura usa para TIkA bhI likhii| isake cAra karaNa hai- pramANa, pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama / 45 sAtiperaNa (I 13) unakA 'prameyaratnamAra' nAmakA anya upalabdha hai / 416 zivArya ye bhagavatI zrArAdhanA ke kartA hai / unhoMne saMskRta me 'siddhivinizcaya' nAmakA nya likhaa| 47 zubhacandra (I0 1516-1556) ye vijayakIti ke ziSya tathA lakSmIcandra ke guru the| inhe 'paTabhApA kavi' kI upAdhi thii| inhoMne aneka granyo kI racanA kii| uname se kucha ye hai prAkRta vyAkaraNa, agapaNyatti, samasyAvadanavikAra, 53darzanapramANaprameyasagraha, svAmikAtikeyAnuprekSA kI TIkA, Adi-zrAdi / 48 samantabhadra (I0 2-3) ye u. pu. ke rAjA ke putra the| inakA janmakAlIna nAma zAtivarmA thA / ye mahAbAdI ye / inakI da vizeSaNa prApta the| prAcArya, kavi, vAdirA, paDita, daMvana, miSaka, mAtrika, tAtrika, prAmAsiddha zrIra siddhamA svata / ina viropaNo se inakI bahuzrutatA kA sahaja vodha ho jAtA hai / inakI musya racanAe hai | paTTAgama ke prathama pAca vaDo 5. TIkA, 2 karmaprAbhRta TIkA 3 gadhahamtimahAbhASya 4 prAptamImAmA 5 yuktyanuzAsana 6 tattvAnuzAsana 7 svayabhUstotra 49 samantabhadra (laghu) (I0 13) unhoMne aSTamahanI (vidyAdita) para 'vipamapadatAtparyaTIkA' likhI hai /

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( 159 ) 50 lipi (I0 9-10) ye AcArya durgasvAmI ke ziSya the| inhone vi sa 962 jyeu zuklA pacamI ko 'upamitibhavapra5-cakayA' kI racanA kii| inhone siddhasena ke 'nyAyAvatAra' para TIkA bhI likhii| 51 siddhasena divAkara (I0 4-5 zatI) ye vidyAdhara gopAla se nikalI huI vidyAdhara zAkhA ke prAcArya vRddhavAdI ke ziSya the| inakA janma dakSiNa ke brAhmaNa kula meM huA thaa| eka bAra inhone Agamo kA saskRta anuvAda karane kA prayatna kiyA, kintu guru dvArA niSiddha karane 52 prayatna choDa diyaa| inake pramANa viSayaka do grantha bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai 1 sanmatitarka 167 prAkRta gAthAo me nayavAda kA vizada nirUpaNa prApta hai| 2 nyAyAvatAra 32 saskRta zloko me pramANo kA sakSipta vivecana hai| pramANa kA yaha Adya-grantha mAnA jAtA hai| 52 sumati (I0 8-9) vAdirAjasUrI ne apane dvArA racita pAvanAthacarita me inake 'sanmatitakaTIkA' kA ullekha kiyA hai / mallipaNa prazasti me inake 'sumatisaptaka' grantha kA ullekha hai| 53 somatilakasUrI (vi 1355-1424) inakA dUsarA nAma vidyAtilaka thaa| inakA janma vi 1355, dIkSA vi 1369, prAcAryapada vi 1373 aura mRtyu vi. 1424 me hai / inhone haribhadrakRta paTdarzanasamuccaya para Adityavardhanapura me vRtti kI racanA kI / 54 zrIcandrasUrI (I0 12 vI) ye zIlabhadrasUrI ke ziSya the / inakA dUsarA nAma pArvadevANi yaa| inhone aneka aAgamo para TIkAe likhii| inhone diDa nAga kRta nyAyapraveza para haribhadrasUrI dvArA kRta TIkA para paJjikA likhI / usakA nAma hai nyAyapravezahari madravRtti pjikaa| 9 gurvAvalI 273,29 /

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( 160 ) ___55 zrIdatta (I 6) ye pUjyavAda me kucha pahale hue hai / ye mahAn tAkika prAcArya the| vikrama kI cauthI zatAbdI me hone vAle vidyAnandI me mahAna tArkika prAcArya ke tatvArthalokapAtika ke anusAra inhone 62 vAdiyo ko parAjita kiyA thaa| inhone 'jalpanirNaya' nAma kA eka anya likhA thA / vaha aprApya hai / 56 haribhadra (I 7-8) ye citrakUTa (cittoDa) ke brAhmaNa kula me utpanna hue the| unhoMne jana mAvI yAkinI dvArA pratibuddha hokara jaina dIkSA grahaNa kii| ye vidyAvara gaccha ke AcArya jinabhaTTa ke ziSya the| inake dIkSAguru kA nAma jinadatta thaa| ye saMskRta ke prathama TIkAkAra zrIra bahuvidha mAhitya ke japTA the| inhoMne jaina darzana ke saMvardhana me apUrva kAma kiyaa| inakI kucheka nyAyaviSayaka racanAe ye hai--anekAntajayapatAkA, yogaSTisamuccaya, zAstrAta simuccaya, padanasamuccaya / unake dvArA racita lagabhaga sau granyo kA aba taka patA lagA hai| ye 1 444 prakIrNako ke racayitA mAne jAte haiM / 10 57 hemacandra (I 1088-1172) inakA janma gujarAta ke banyUkA nagara ke eka vaizya parivAra me man 1088 me huA / vAlya avasthA me ye prAcArya devacandra ke sagha me dIkSita hue aura vAisave varSa me prAcArya vane / ye kalikAlasarvajJa kahalAte the / inake pramukha granya haiM 1 uddhahemazabdAnurAmanA 2 anekArthacintAmaNikopa 3 abhivAnacintAmaNikopa 4 dezInAmamAlA 5. kAvyAnuzAsana 6 bandonuzAsana 7 inakA tarkazAstra kA pramukha anya hai--pramANamImAmA / 10 inake 5.parAgata vRttAnta ke lie de3 prabhAvakacaritra me haribhadra vRttAnta /

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pariziSTa 4 pAribhASika zabda vivaraNa

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madhyavamAya pranavyavasAgra ( 163 ) atIndriyanAnA kevala AtmA se udbhUta pratyakSa jJAna / nadaMtavAda -- - eka sarvavyApI tatva ko svIkAra karanevAlA siddhAnta / vAstikAya lokavyApI sthiti-sahAyaka dravya / nirNayAtmaka dRssttikonn| - vastu kA aspaSTa-bodha, vaha jAna jo vikalpa kI sthiti taka na pahuce / anAkAra ---- AkAra kA artha hai vizeSa yA vikalpa / jisame AkAra na ho vizeSa (bheda) yA vikala5 na ho vaha anAkAra arthAt nivikalpa / anAkAra bodha darzana hai aura mAkAra bodha jAna / anirvacanIya -- jisakA nirvacana na kiyA jA ske| anubhavavAda indriya-savedano ko vAstavika jJAna mAnane vAlA siddhAnta / anumAna sAdhana ke dvArA sAdhya kA jAna / pUrvavat kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna / opavat kArya me kAraNa kA anumAna / sAmAnyatAhaNTa / sAmAnya dharma ke dvArA hone vAlA anumAna / dRSTasAdhamryavat / ane nata - ananta dharmAtmaka vastu kA nizcayAtmaka jAna / samyak anekAnta -pramANa / mithyA anekAnta pramANAmAsa / aneka prAtmAo kI svIkRti vAlA siddhAnta / mAdhya me hI sAvana kA honA / abhAva anupalabdhi pramANa / 'yaha bhUtala ghaTazUnya hai kyoki yahA vaTa anupalabdha hai|' abhinivodha sAvana meM hone vAlA mAnya kA jAna, anumAna / abhinnApUrvI -nau pUrvo (Agama zAstro) tathA daza pUrva ( vidyAnupravAda ) kI tIsarI vastu (adhyAya) kA nAtA / / abhyupagama svIkRta siddhAnta / artha kriyAkAritva jimakA astitva hai usame kucha na kucha kriyA hotI hatI hai / yaha 'arya kriyAkavi ' hI vastu kA lakSaNa hai| arthapraryAya kSaNavartI paryAya / anekAtmavAda anvaya

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ayyarpItta coedayi avantuvAvI vargana avAya vinAmAva camatkAryavAna astitva AALAgAstiyi AmacuruSa zrAgamayuga AnvIsi ArabhavAda prArthanatya udA kalavA upayoga ( 164 ) -dRSTa artha LI siddhi ke tti siI adRSTa zrI panA ranA| jaise devavatta moTA hai / vaheM vina meM i nahIM jJAtA / Dana vono vALyo. jevadevAmAsa maiM hama ma vALya. meM mamati rate haiM ivavatta rAta meM monana ratA hai !' yahuM carcAtta hai / mImAnajo dvArA nammata pramANe hrIM haLa prajAra I ndriya aura carcA yoya hone para varjhana che. prazvAn hone vAlA nAmAtsavoMdha AvargavAvI vargana, jJAnavAdI varjhana / maLe anunAra vastu maiM sattA vAstavi nahI hotI / nirNAyAtma jJAna | - namAva caur mamAva aa niyama / --ArA jo sat aura hArya no at mAnanevAnA siddhAnta / nyAya aura vagepiLa vargano aa mimata|ze. A mavAda bhI kahate haiM / vastu aa vivyAtmaja veryuM 1 toLa-aloLa vyApI pravAAnanu vAnA dravya ke AptapuSpa, cAcaMdraSTA / vastu ; cacArye svasthya jo khAnane saura gAna ae anusAra sarjA pratipAvana ne vAlA puzya | ImA pUrve 599 te phrenA jI patnI zatAbdI ta aa yuT I -- taja-vidyA / --sAryavAva ja aparanAma / OM la, Tu vandetu, Tu la-nirodha aura du laniovakA rUpAya - vauddha varganeM sammata vAra prAryasatya - vivi-niSeva pUrvaja 'zramuru honA vA'inA brahmaya / - naLe ddo prarca haiM 1 atyanta mitra gabdo me mIniI samAnatA che cAvAra para hanI minnatA ii upekSA jaranA 2 mulya che amAtra meM gauNa te mulyavat mAnanA 1 - cetanA zai pravRtti 1

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sAkAra anAkAra upAdAna ekAnta samyak"ekAnta mithyA ekAnta ekAtmavAda petidya kriyamAraNakRta kUTasyanityavAda kSaNikavAda guNa jJAna matijJAna zrutajJAna adhijJAna mana paryavajJAna kevalajJAna nAnAntaravedya cintA netanA ta--i upayoga chadmasya jAtismRti ( 165 ) savikalpa cetanA kI pravRtti jJAna / nirvikalpa cetanA kI pravRtti - darzana / mUla kAraNa / ananta dharmAtmaka vastu ke eka dharma kA nizcaya / nayaSTi | durnaya | eka sarvavyApI zrAtmA kI svIkRti / - paurANiko dvArA sammata eka pramANa / - dekheM - prakaraNa cauthA / AtmA ko sarvathA aparivartanIya mAnane vAlA siddhAnta / -sava dravyo ko kSaraNavartI svIkRta karanevAlA boddha siddhAnta / - vastu kA sahabhAvI dharma / indriya ra mana se honevAlA jJAna / - vAcya vAcaka saMbaMdha kI yojanA se honevAlA mAnasika jJAna / - zratIndriya jJAna kA eka prakAra / mUrta dravyo ko sAkSAt jAnane vAlA jJAna | - pratIndriya jJAna kA eka prakAra | mana kA sAkSAt jJAna / - atIndriya jJAna kA eka prakAra / sarvathA anAvRta jJAna, korA jJAna, nirupAdhika jJAna / uttaravartI jJAna ke dvArA pUrvavartI jJAna ko jAnanA, jJAna kA sva- savedI na honA / niyamo kA nirNAyaka - vodha, tarka yA ah / - zrAtmA kA eka guNa / isI guraNa ke dvArA jIva kI prajIva me svatantra sattA sthApita hotI hai / jaya ko jAnane kI kSamatA / - ja ya ko jAnane kI pravRtti / - vaha puruSa jisakA jJAna pUrNata nirAvRta nahI hotA / pUrvajanmoM kA jJAna |

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tarka darzana vapUrvo durnaya dRSTAnta maiM tavAva dharmaga dharmAstikAya vAraNA naya naigama manaha vyavahAra euneodeossda - samabhiruda evabhUta ( 166 J - zranvaya aura vyatireka kA nirNaya | mattA mAtra kA bodha, nirvikalpa voca / jAnanaya - dagapUrvI (zAstro) kA jJAtA | apane abhipreta vastudharma ke atirikta anya dharmo kA nirAkaraNa karanevAlA vicAra-vikalpa | --vyApti kA pratIti-sthala | sAvya ke samAna kisI granya pradeza kA nideza karanA | isake do bheda haiM anvayI dRSTAnta aura vyatirekI dRSTAnta - do tattvo ( cetana aura acetana ) kI svataMtra svIkRta karane vAlA siddhAnta / vedo ke AvAra para varma ko jAnane vAlA | lokavyApI gati mahAyaka dravya | nirNayAtmaka jJAna kI avasthiti, maskAra yA vAmanA / ananta dharmAtmaka vastuke vivakSita kA grahaNa tathA zeSa zrI kA nirAkaraNa na karane vAlA pratipAdaka kA abhiprAya, vastu ke eka dharma ko jAnane vAlA jAtA kA abhiprAya | naya sAta haiM - prabheda yA bheda dono ko grahaNa karane vAlA abhiprAya / - mAmAnyagrAhI vicAra 1 isake do bheda haiM-para aura apara / lokaprasiddha artha kA pratipAdana karane vAlA vicAra | jaise bhareM me pA~co varNa hote hai, phira bhI use kAlA kahA jAtA hai / vartamAna paryAyagrAhI vicA kAla, makhyA, liMga Adi ke bheda meM zraryabheda svIkAra karanevAlA vicAra / mattA ko paryAyavAcI zabdo me nitabheda se arthabheda svIkAra karane vAlA vicAra | vibhinna apekSAo se nayo ke bheda kriyA kI pariNati ke anurUpa zabdaprayoga ko svIkAra karanevAlA vicAra - jJAnapravAna naya |

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( 167 ) zabdanaya nAstitva kriyAnaya -kriyApradhAna ny| dravyAyikanaya --sAmAnya yA abhedagrAhI dRSTikoNa yA vyAkhyA / prathama naya dravyAyika haiN| paryAyAyika naya vizeSa yA bhedagrAhI vicAra / ze5 pAra naya paryAyAthika hai / arthanaya - arthAzrayI dRssttikonn| prathama cAra naya naigama, sagraha, vyavahAra aura RjusUtra-ye aryanaya haiN| unameM zabda kA kAla, liga, nirukta Adi ke AdhAra para arya nahIM vdltaa| - sadAzrayI dRSTikoNa / zepa tIna naya zabda, samabhirUDha aura evabhUta ye zabdanAya haiN| inameM zabdo kA kAla, liMga, nieth Adi ke AdhAra para artha badala jAtA hai| nizcayanaya tAvika artha ko svIkAra karane vAlA vicAra / jaise-bhaurA kAlA hai kyoki usakA zarIra eka sthUla skaMdha hai / vastu kA pratiSedhAtmaka dharma / nikSepa prastuta artha ko jAnane kA upAya, viziSTa Anda-prayoga kI paddhati / nAma nikSepa ~padArtha kA nAmAtmaka vyavahAra / sthApanAnikSepa -padArya kA zrAkA rAzrita vyavahAra / dravyanikSepa -padArtha kA bhUta-bhAvI paryAyAzrita vyavahAra / bhAvanikSepa -padArtha kA vartamAna paryAyAzrita vyavahAra / niyamana mAdhya dharma kA varmA me upasaMhAra karanA / nityAnityavAda samI dravyo je nitya bora anitya svIta karane vAnA siddhAnta / niyuktikAra - jana prAgamo kI prAcIna vyAkhyA ko niyukti kahA jAtA hai| ye prAkRta bhASA kI padyamaya racanAe hai / AcArya bhadrabAhu dvitIya (vi pahalI zatI) niyuktikAra ke rUpa me mAnya haiN| nirvikalpajJAna anAkAra upayoga yA darzana / naMgamAbhAsa ekAnta sAmAnya yA ekAnta vize5 kA pakSapAtI dRssttikonn| no-kevalajJAna ~ avadhijJAna aura mana paryavasAna /

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nyAya ( 168 ) yukti ke dvArA tatva kA parIkSaNa / pacAvayava prayoga pratijJA, hetu, haTAnta, upanaya aura nigamana-ya pAca avayava hai / pagarvAnumAna meM inakA prayoga hotA hai / pakSadharmatva .-hetu kA pakSa me honaa| paryAya -~-vastu kA kramamAvI dharma paramANu parama + a =paramAe / sarva sUkSma avibhAjya ama / paramArtha matya nai cayika matya / 52-mamaya-4thvyatA - dUmaro ke siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa / pariNAmavAda satkAryavAda kA apara nAma / parivAminityatvavAda dekhe madamatkAryavAda / parokSa indriyo ke mahayoga se hone vAlA jAna / puigalAstikAya sparga, varNa, gadha aura mayukta mUrta dravya / jana pAgama-gAstra kI eka manA / 'pUrva' zruta yA zabda nAna ke akSaya kopa haiM / inakI nanyA caudaha hai / jAna kI vaha kSamatA jimame anAta niyama aura savava bhI jAna lie jAte hai| pratijJA mAdhya kA nidaMza krnaa| prativarvaka hetu avarodha utpanna karane vAlA pAra / dUsare prabhAraNo tayA paudgalika indriyoM kI mahAyatA ke vinA prAtmA se udbhUta hone vAlA jAna / laukika pratyakSa indriya-jAna / lokottara pratyakSa atIndriya-jAna / indriya pratyakSa indriyo me hone vAlA sAkSAt jAna / no-indriya pratyakSa atIndriya jAna / sAvyAvahArika indriya zrI. mana me sAkSAt hone vAlA jAna ! pratyakSa pAramAyika atIndriya pratyakSa / pranI pratyakSa pratyakSa parArtha pratyakSa pratyabhijA pratyakSa dvArA nAna artha kA vacanAtmaka nirUpaNa / anubhava aura smRti ke yoga se utpanna hone vAlA makAnanAtmaka jAna /

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pratyakSa (vijJAna) pramANa pramaya ( 169 ) indriyo ke dvArA ajita anubhava / samyagjJAna, yathAryajJAna / sazaya aura viparyaya se rahita bhAva se padArtha kA pariccheda karanA / pramANa kA sAdhya / nyAya ke cAra ago me se eka / abhyupagama, siddhAnta / - yogikajAna / bhaviSya me ghaTita hone vAlI ghaTanA kA pUrvAbhAsa / grAhya vastu se sapRkta hokara hI apane viSaya ko jAnane vAlI indriyaa| ve cAra haiM sparzana, rasana, brANa aura shrotr| prasthAna prAtibhanAna prApyakArI indriyA prAmANya -- svata prAmANya parata prAmANya bhaga bhajanAvAda bhASA vargaNA yukti yogipratyakSa vastuvAvI darzana jAnane ke sAtha-sAtha yaha jAnanA yathArtha hai' aisA svapratyathita jJAna / jAnane ke sAtha-sAtha yaha jAnanA yathArya hai' aisA savAdaka pramANa se jAnanA / vikalpa vikalpavAda / bhApA ke rUpa me pariNata hone yogya pudgalo kA samUha / nyAya-vidyA / maharSi caraka dvArA svIkRta eka pramANa / bauddha sammata pratyakSa kA eka bheda / vastu kI sattA ko vAstavika mAnane vAlA, vastu ke astitva ko jAna se bhinna mAnane vaalaa| pAcya-vAcaka kA savadha / vAcya jo kahA jA sake, vAcaka - jisake dvArA kahA jaae| hetu kA vipakSa me honaa| atat me tat kA adhyavasAya / jo jaisA nahI hai usako vaisA jaann|| vikalpavAda arthAt syAdavAda / dIrghakAlIna paryAya, jIvanavyApI paryAya / idriya aura artha kA sabadha-vodha / sAdhya ke abhAva me sAdhana kA abhAva / vAcyavAcakabhAva vipakSamattva viparyaya vibhajyavAda vyajana paryAya vyajanAvagraha thati reva

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( 170 ) vyapadeza kathana / vyavasAyI nirNAyaka thApti kAlika sAhacarya yA avinAmAva kA niyama / jame jahA. jahA dhUma hai vahA~-vahA agni hai| antarApti pakSIkRta viSaya me hI mAvana kI nAdhya ke sAtha vyApti mile, anyatra na mile, yaha antayApti hai| isameM sAvarya nahI miltaa| vahiravyApti - pakSIkRta viSaya ke sivAya bhI mAvana kI mAdhya ke mAya vyApti / isameM sAdharmya milatA hai| jA (pratyabhijJA) smRti aura pratyakSa se hone vAlA yaha vaha hai' isa prakAra kA vodha / mabhava .-paurANiko dvArA mammata prmaae| kA eka prakAra / mabhinnazrotoladhi - pratyeka indriya kA pAnI indriyoM ke viSayo ko grahaNa karane kI kSamatA kA vikAsa savRtisatya vyAvahArika yA kAlpanika satya / nirNayazUnya vikalpa / matkAryavAda kArya kI utpatti se pUrva upakI sattA kAraNa me vidyamAna rahatI hai aimA siddhAnta / sAsya satkAryavAdI hai| madamatkAryavAda kArya kAraNarUpa me mat aura kArya rUpa me amat rahatA hai emA siddhAnta / jaina sadsatkAryavAdI hai / ndriya caura zrarya to sAmIpya " sapakSasattva hetu kA pakSa (anvayadRSTAnta) me honA / saptamagI sAta vikalpa / syAdavAda ke sAta vikalpa hai| sAmAnAdhikaraNya do dharmoM kA eka prAdhAra me honaa| --abheda pratIti kA nimitta / tiryaka sAmAnya do yA aneka dravyo meM jAtigata ekatA, jaise varaMgada, nIma Adi me vRkSatva / eka hI dravya kI paryAyagata ekatA, jaise vacapana aura yauvana me samAnarU5 me rahane vAlA puruSatva / thatanAna dAtmaka jAna / zabda yA saMketa ke dvArA dUsaro ko mamajhAne meM samartha jJAna / saba mAmAnya UdhvatA sAmAnya

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/ 171 ) zabdAlagaja zabdAtmaka hetu se hone vAlA jJAna / aligaja arthAtmaka hetu se hone vAlA jJAna, jaise dhUma se hone vAlA agni kA jJAna / sautrAntika vauddha darzana ke cAra sapradAyo me ek| ye bAhyAnumeya vAdI hai| sphoTa zabda kA upAdAna kaarnn| smRti -~-saskAra ke jAgaraNa se hone vAlA 'vaha' isa prakAra kA vodha / ti'nta pratirUpaka nipAta / isake anekAnta, vidhi, vicAra, zrAdi aneka artha hote hai| 'syAdvAda' me prayukta 'syAt' zabda kA artha hai anekAnta / sthAdvAda dekheM pAcavA prkrnn| svalakSaNa vastu kA kSaNavartI honaa| sva-savedana pratyakSa bauddha-sammata pratyakSa kA eka bheda / sva-samaya vaktavyatA apane mata kA siddhAnta / hInayAna bauddha dharma kI eka zAkhA / dekha-prakaraNa sAtavA / syAt

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pariziSTa 5 prayukta grantha sUcI

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prakAzaka lekhaka-sapAdaka grantha jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU (1974) 1 sa. muni nathamala aNuaogaddArAi 2 prAcArya hemacandra anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA DaoN govindacandra pADe kRta anuvAda darzana pratiSThAna, jayapura (san 1971) 3 apohasiddhi bhA jaina siddhAnta prakAzana saMsthA, kAzI(san 1914) aSTazatI akalaka ( 175 ) prAptamImAsA prAcArya samantabhadra 5 6 AyAro sa muni nathamala jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU (san 1974) jaina zvetAmbara terApathI mahAsabhA, kalakattA (san 1967) vIra zAmana sagha, kalakattA (I 1955) 7 sa muni nathamala uttarajjhayaNAriNa 8 kasAyapAhuDa prAcArya guNadhara granyamAlA kalakattA 9 gomaTasAra yA nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI 10 caraka Adarza sAhitya sagha, cUrU (dvitIyAvRtti, san 1970) AcArya tulasI 11 jaina siddhAnta dIpikA

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prakAzaka lekhaka-sapAdaka grantha 12 ThANa sa muni nathamala jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU (san 1976) de lA jaina pustako phaDa, bambaI (vi 1982) 13 tattvArtha bhASya umAsvAti (svopajJa) bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI (1953) 14 tattvArtha vArtika akalaka 15 tattvArtha rAjavArtika ) 16 tattvArthazlokavArtika prAcArya vidyAnandi 9 prAcArya umAsvAti ( 17 tattvArtha sUya 18 tiloyapaNNattI 19 / dazavakAlika niyukti nirNayasAgara yatrAlaya, bambaI ( 1918) nirNayasAgara yatrAlaya, bambaI (I 1905) jaina maskRti sarakSaka saMgha, solApura (1943) Agamodaya mamiti, bhAvanagara, gujarAta prAcArya yativRpabha prAcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) sa muni nathamala AcArya kundakunda aprakAzita 20 nadI 21 niyamamAra digambara jaina pustakAlaya, mUrata, (sa 1966) nyAyakumundacandra prAcArya prabhAcandra mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA,bambaI(I.1938)

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na0 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 133 nyAyavindu nyAyabhASya nyAyavArtika nyAyavinizcaya nyAyasUtra nyAyAvatAra pacAstikAya parIkSAmukha pAzcAtyadarzana grantha puruSArthasiddhayupAya pramANanayatattvAloka DaoN govindacandra pADe kRta anuvAda vAtsyAyana udyotakara lekhaka-saMpAdaka akalaka akSapAda gautama siddhasena divAkara AcArya kundakunda AcArya mANikyanandi candradhara zarmA zrAcArya amRtacandra vAdidevasUrI prakAzaka darzana pratiSThAna, jayapura, (san 1972) siMghI jaina granthamAlA, kalakattA, ( I 1939) zve jaina mahAsabhA, bambaI (vi 1985) paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, bambaI ( vi 1972 ) jaina maskRti sagha, solApura (I 1962) manohara prakAzana, jatanavara, vArANasI (1973) paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa, gujarAta (pAcavI AvRtti, 1966) yazo ve jaina pAThazAlA, kAzI (I 1904 ) ( 177 )

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grantha lekhaka-sapAdaka prakAzaka prAcArya hemacandra siMghI jaina granthamAlA, kalakattA (I 1939) 34 pramANamImAsA 35 pramANavArtika varmakIrti 36 pravacanapraveza akalaka 37 pravacanasAra prAcArya kundakunda paramatha ta prabhAvaka maDala, vambaI (1969) 38 bRhadnayacakra ( 178 ) 39 bhagavaI ma, muni nathamala jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU (man 1974) 40 laghIyastraya prAcArya akalaka mA di jaina ganthamAlA, bambaI (vi 1972) 41 vizepAvazyaka bhASya | jinabhadragaraNI kSamAzramaNa zAstravArtAsamuccaya 43 zlokavArtika AcArya haribhadra prAcArya kumArila Rpabhadeva kesarImala zvetAmbara masthA, ratalAma (I 1936) zrI jaina grantha prakAzana sabhA, ahamadAbAda (I0 1939) 4+ saptamagInaragiNI vimaladAsa paramatha ta prabhAvaka maDala, bambaI (vI ni 2431)

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prakAzaka lekhaka-sapAdaka pantha , manmatiprakaraNa narvAmiti | mAnyakArikA bhUyagaDo / svayabhUstotra AcArya middhasena jJAnodaya TrasTa, ahamadAbAda (I 1963) prAcArya pUjyapAda bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vanArasa (I 1971) IzvarakRSNa anu DaoN brajamohana caturvedI nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, dillI (I 1969) ma muni nathamala jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU (I 1974) prAcArya samantabhadra vIra sevA madira, sahAranapura (I 1950) prAcArya haribhadra zrI jaina grantha prakAzana sabhA, ahamadAbAda (I 1939) ( 179 ) phalApTaprakaraNa