Pathik 2005 Vol 45 Ank 04 05 06 07 08 09

Author(s): Bhartiben Shelat, Subhash Bramhabhatt
Publisher: Mansingji Barad Smarak Trust
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/535532/1

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pathika PATHIK satyameva jayate avibhaktaM vibhakteSu tajjJAnaM biddhi sAtvikam DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT Akshardham, Delhi ' sAMskRtika virAsata Editor Dr. Bharati Shelat Prof. Subhash Brahmbhatt For Private and Personal Use Only

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ANNYA NENNAN Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir Akshardham, Delhi For Private and Personal Use Only Akshardham, Delhi

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra Our www.kobatirth.org STAMOS | MANY: by Vi Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir GENERELEMBROSIA MAHTANAALKOTTAYA For Private and Personal Use Only EVERY Akshardham, C 30 Akshardham, Delhi

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pathika davA - rodiyA, PATHIK AjIvana sabhya 298 Do. rAmajIbhAI ThAkarazI sAvaliyA e-4, yajJa purUSanagara, karmacArI nagara sAme, rannApArka, dhATaloDiyA, amadAvAda - 380 061 JUARTERLY JOURNAL: HISTORY CULTURE & ARCHAEOLOGY vi.saM. 2061 varSa 45 saMyukta aMka 4 thI 9 jAnyu. thI jUna 2005 sAMskRtika virAsata saMpAdaka DaoN. bhAratIbahena zelata pro. subhASa brahmabhaTTa Financial Assistance satyameva jayate avibhaktaM vibhakteSu tajjJAnaM biddhi sAtvikam DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT pathika kAryAlaya, clo. bho. je. vidhAbhavana, AzramaroDa, amadAvAda-380009, phona : 2588862 For Private and Personal Use Only

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AdyataMtrI sva. mAnasaMgajI bAraDa TrasTImaMDaLa Do. ke. kA. zAstrI, sva. DaoN. cinubhAI nAyaka, DaoN. bhAratIbahena zelata, pro. subhASa brahmabhaTTa pathika vi.saM.2061 varSaH 45 saMyukta aMka: 4-5-6-7-8-9 jAnyu. thI jUna 2005 sUcanA - pathika dara trIjA aMgrejI mahinAnI 15mI tArIkhe prasiddha thaze. pachInA 15 divasamAM aMka na maLe to sthAnika posTa ophisamAM lekhita phariyAda karavI ane nakala amane mokalavI. - pathika sarvopayogI vicArabhAvanA jJAnanuM sAmayika che. jIvanane UrdhvagAmI banAvatAM abhyAsapUrNa ane ziSTa maulika lakhANone svIkAravAmAM Ave che. - prasiddha thaI gayelI kRtine pharI prasiddha karavA mATe na mokalavAnI lekhakoe kALajI rAkhavI. - aMgrejI, gujarAtI athavA hindI lekha sArA akSare zAhIthI ane kAgaLanI eka ja bAjue lakhelI hovI joIe. lekhamAM koI anya bhASAnAM avataraNa mUkyAM hoya to eno gujarAtI tarajUmo Apavo jarUrI che. - pathikamAM prasiddha lakhonA vicAro-abhiprAyo sAthe taMtrI sahamata che ema na samajavuM. - asvIkRta kRti pAchI meLavavA jarUrI TikiTo AvI haze to tarata parata karAze. pathikanuM vArSika lavAjama rU. 100/- che. AjIvana sabhyapada rU. 501/- che. - ma.o., kAphTa-patro mATe lakho. pathika kAryAlaya C/o. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, eca. ke. koleja kempasa, Azrama roDa, amadAvAda-9 pathika kAryAlaya vatI mudraka-prakAzaka : pro. subhASa brahmabhaTTa, C/o. bho.je.vidyAbhavana, eca.ke.kaoNlejanA kempasamAM, Azrama roDa, amadAvAda-9 mudraNasthAna : kriSnA grAphiksa, 966, nAraNapurA jUnA gAma, amadAvAda-380013 phona : 27494393, mobA. 9426302640 For Private and Personal Use Only

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prAstAvika itihAsa, saMskRti ane purAtattva viSayaka pathika sAmayikanA vizeSAMka rUpe sAMskRtika-virAramAM nAmano A laghugraMtha prakAzita karatAM ane atyaMta gauravanI lAgaNI anubhavIe chIe. bhArata ane duniyAnA saghaLA dezomAM prAcyavidyAnA kSetre itihAsa, saMskRti ane purAtattvanuM ati mUlyavAna sthAna rahyuM che. e samAjanA dareka varganA lokone sparze che ane bhUtakALanI ghaTanAo uparathI bodhapATha laI prajA samakSa utpanna thayela Arthika, sAmAjika, bhautika ane sAMskRtika prazno ukelavAmAM temaja bhaviSyanA pathadarzana mATe dIvAdAMDInuM kArya kare che. itihAsa ane saMskRtinuM phalaka samAjanAM sarva pAsAMo-vidyA, kalA, saMskAritA, ciMtana ane sAhityanI atUTa paraMparAo - e sarva dizAomAM vistareluM che. vijJAnamAM to agAu tAravI kADhelA niyamo ja AgaLanI zodhanuM sopAna bane che. arthataMtra ane rAjakAraNa mATe itihAsa anivArya che. zilpa, sthApatya, citra, saMgIta vagere kalAo itihAsa ane saMskRtinuM abhinna aMga che. emAM prAcIna bhAratIya RSio ane saMskRtiprerakonAM mahAna pratibhAsaMpanna kAryone biradAvavAmAM AvyAM che ane rASTrIyatA, vIratA tathA vasudhaiva kuTum nI bhAvanAne poSaNa apAyuM che. koI paNa deza ke pradezanI prajAnA ghaDataramAM aneka jIvanaraMgothI bharapUra itihAsanuM mahattvanuM pradAna hoI enA vize sAcI samaja keLavavI e ApaNuM sahunuM kartavya che. A vizeSAMka svarUpa laghugraMthamAM prakAzita thayela saMzodhana-lekho vedasAhitya, lokasaMskRti, abhilekho, bhAratIya dharmo, Adhunika itihAsa ane enI vibhAvanA, samakAlIna sAmAjika prazno vagere viSayone lagatA che. prAcyavidyAnA kSetre prakAzita sAhityamAM mahattvanuM prakAzana hoI A vizeSAMka saMzodhako mATe ghaNo upayogI ane sAmAnya vAcako mATe mahattvano graMtha puravAra thAya tema che. A graMthamAM prakAzana mATe je je vidvAnoe potAnA saMzodhana lekho ApIne amane sahakAra Apyo che te sahunA ame aMtarathI khUba khUba AbhArI chIe. gujarAta rAjaya purAtattva khAtA taraphathI A vizeSAMkanA prakAzana mATe Arthika sahAya maLavA badala tenA ucca adhikArIono ame AbhAra mAnIe chIe. graMthanA sughaDa prakAzana mATe kriznA prinTarInA kAryakartAo dhanyavAdane pAtra che. bhAratI zelata pUrva niyAmaka, bho. je. vidyAbhavana amadAvAda subhASa brahmabhaTTa AcArya zrI ha.kA. ArTsa kaoNleja amadAvAda AbhAra zrI vAya. esa. rAvata niyAmaka, purAtattva khAtuM, gujarAta rAjya, gAMdhInagara For Private and Personal Use Only

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AdyataMtrI sva. mAnasaMgajI bAraDa TrasTImaMDaLa Do. ke. kA. zAstrI, sva. Do. cinubhAI nAyaka, DaoN. bhAratIbahena zelata, pro. subhASa brahmabhaTTa pathika vi.saM. 2061 varSa 45 saMyukta aMka: 4-5-6-7-8-9 jAnyu. thI jUna 2005 anukramaNikA The Rigveda and The Fundamentals Dr. Rakesh A. Jani of Economics Dr. Kamlesh P. Joshipura Folk Culture, Processes and Methodology for enriching its Heritage Laxman U. Vadher sAhitya, sAmAjika zAstro ane itihAsa : gujarAtanA itihAsanI palaTAtI jatI dizAo DaoN. makaranda mahetA ta--granthomAM tAranuM (om kAranuM) svarUpa, rahasya ane mahimA Do. ravIndra vi. khAMDavALA bhAratIya paraMparAmAM pustaka DaoN. thomasa paramAra somanAtha-pATaNanI abhilikhita prazastio DaoN. bhAratI zelata sAhitya ane abhilekhomAM ullekhita aNahilapuranA lupta prAsAdo : eka zodhapatra DaoN. lalita esa. paTela solaMkIkAlanI Arthika sthiti DaoN. praphullA sI. brahmabhaTTa bAdazAhI zaheranI poLo pri. subhASa brahmabhaTTa gAMdhArInI manovyathA (nArI-hRdayanI saMvedanA) DaoN. hariprasAda zAstrI kalAvArasAnI rakhevALI DaoN. priyabALA zAha karachanA sAMskRtika vArasAnAM saMbhAraNA pramoda je. jeThI gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra DaoN. Ara.TI. sAvaliyA saurASTramAM aMgrejonA yAdagIrIrUpa smArako DaoN. kA e. mANeka saurASTranAM dezI rAjayomAM rAjakIya parivartananA pariprekSyamAM samAja-prazno, paribaLo ane prabhAva(I.sa. 1858-I.sa. 1948) DaoN. esa. vI. jAnI goviMda sakhArAma saradesAI prA. bI. ena. gAMdhI dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIomAM sAmAjika parivartana : paribaLo ane dizAo, 1871930 pri. Do. jagadIzabhAI esa. caudharI 109 saradAra paTela ane kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSada DaoN. nItA je. purohita 115 zrI sayAjIrAva (trIjA) gAyakavADanA vaDodarA rAjyano 'bALalagna pratibaMdhano kAyado' - eka abhyAsa DaoN. narezakumAra je. parIkha 120 kahevatomAM itihAsa DaoN. hasamukha vyAsa 126 sAmAjika itihAsa AlekhavAnuM jJApakIya lakhANa DaoN. raseza jamInadAra 133 For Private and Personal Use Only

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The Rgveda and The Fundamentals of Economics Dr. Rakesh A. Jani* Dr. Kamlesh P. Joshipura+ Majority of people, who are interested in the subject of Economic generally believe that considerable contemplation and emphasis has been carried out, from 16th century onwards, by the European and American thinkers alone, in this context. Depending on this concept, Adam Smith has been looked upon as the 'Father of Economics, and the norms and principles in this particular area, prescribed and practised by many scholars like Smith, Ricardo, Malthus, Fisher, Marshal and Keynes, are being discussed with great respect in schools and colleges today. However, while undertaking an elaborate study of our grand and glorious heritage of Indian Culture crowned with its inexhaustible treasure of the vedic literature, Manu Smrti', ShukraNiti'. 'The Mahabharat' and the literature produced by Kautilya and the like, it becomes apparent that before thousands of years, an elaborate and excellent discussion on the Fundamentals of Economics had been provided in the 'Rgveda'. As a matter of fact, the Rgveda, which happens to be the earliest extant value on Human Culture all through out the world, does contain the fundamentals of the modern Economics ! Under the circumstances, it will not be difficult to realize the utilitarian value or unique significance of what is known as 'Indian Economics.' Population : Population' - or 'people - is ever reckoned as the first lesson of Economics. The study of Economics, therefore, offers us a study of people's toilsome activities as well as their behaviour or manners. In the Kgveda, great emphasis is laid on the longevity of people at large. If there be discipline and wisdom in the daily routine activities of any person, such a person will surely live upto the age of 100 years of even more, and will contribute something substantially both for his society and for his nation. People ought to be bold and courageous so that they might be able to protect their properties. To be explicit, society needs such persons who are warriors as well as proficient. Such kind of presentation as envisaged in the Rgveda is considered highly useful even today for the system of economic management - The occupational distribution of people as specified in the Rgveda, is as follows: Champions of Warfare, Cultivators, Merchants and Craftsmen. Means : Factors of Production : In the modern economics, the next indication is that of 'Means' or factors of * Associate Prof. of Economics, Saurashtra University, Rajkot (Guj.) + Asst. Prof. of Law, Vice-Chancellor of Saurashtra University, Rajkot (Guj.) pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 5 For Private and Personal Use Only

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production. In the Rgveda, certain things are described as 'Means', viz. Land, Ocean, Rain, Climate, Forests, Trees, Minerals, Cattle or Livestock. The bulk of such means is large and extensive, indeed. However, the same must be utilized with great restraint, as is mentioned in the Ryveda. Utillization (Consumption) : In the Modern Economics, we undertake a study in respect of our requirements. Yajnam for example, symbolizing the worship of the God of Fire, lies at the centre of our fundamental desires and their fulfilment. As stated in the Rgveda, "...Desires should not be such nature as would prompt us to commit wicked and sinful deeds (for their fulfilment)". In the Rgveda, adequate importance has added to the concept of maximum utilization of means (for fulfilment of our common desires). While examining our present socio-economic situation, it appears distinctly that hither to we have ignored this fact altogather. Production : Modern Economics undertake the discussion of production, or say, Mass Production. In the Rgveda, on the other hand, there is an ample discussion in connection with agricultural products, besides a neticulous description of various kinds of corn and their types. It is also stated in the Rgveda that, by vitrue of various handicrafts vitally useful to society, there will be mass production of essential commodities, such as : cloth, wool, dwelling, Soma-Rasa' (Nector) Ghee, Milk etc. in a great bulk, and ultimately this will bring about wel fare of the mankind. Bartar (Exchange) : The present system of Economics is mainly dependent of Financial Foothold. But in the Vedic times, there was a system known as 'Barter system' Prevalent among human beings. People were used to exchange various articles or commodities mutually depending upon their needs and the utility value of respective articles. Distribution: A number of allusions are available in the Rgveda about employing a servant in the context of household... services, such persons who had lost their properties used to earn their livelihood by serving in the mansions or on the farms of wealthy persons. Taxation : There is an indication of Taxation, too, in the Rgveda, which topic is currently being studied extensively today in Modern Economics. There exists a clear command or mandate that all persons should pay taxes to the king. On the basis of the facts narrated above, it will not be out of place if we express a clear opinion while asserting the view that, the fundamentals of Economics 495 : MoY24121 - Rat, 2004 OE For Private and Personal Use Only

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are to be found in the Rgveda. Of course, in Modern Economics, certain definitions are provided or framed quite a new, or at best, are added at a later stage. At the same time, a subtle analysis of certain policy-matters concerning the facts of Economics narrated above is also provided in the Rgveda. In the economic planning of our country, overwhelming its multitudes of economic problems, I humbly maintain that a great many problems could be solved or at best be minimised if only we make up our mind to employ the means and materials suggested here in the context of what has been referred to here as 'Hindu Economics'. References 1. Shastri T. S., "Kautilyanun Arthashastra", Part 1. 2. Bokare M. G., "Hindu Economics" 3. Shastri Chitrav, "Rgveda" (Marathi Translation). 4. Lakshmidhar, "Krutya Kalpataru". 5. Bhargav R. N., "Indian Public Finance". The Rgveda and The Fundamentals of Economics a For Private and Personal Use Only

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Folk Culture, Processes and Methodology for enriching its Heritage Laxman U. Vadher* Preface : Folk culture is a nectar fruit of our long lasting history. It is a valuable treasure of the nation. It is treasured with past, present and future of human life. Folk culture has many doors and windows and external cultural flows move inside and outside with fine waves and its beauty continues to expand. It is moralising for general public. It is like spiritual guide for human lives. The biography of groups includes therein. The best material of folk nature and folk thoughts is found therefrom. It trains the groups of people regarding creative labour and makes us experience joy. Folk culture is very ancient. It is difficult to find its origin and pure shape. Folk culture has remained honourable since Vedic era of India. Today also the Vedic words are considered like divine words. Today also, Folk-culture is prosperous in folk groups of Africa and Latin America. Post elements are reembodied for cultural consciousness in Europe and America also under the impression of industrialisation, modernisation, urbanisation, science and individualism. When the tide of communism invaded Russia also, careful efforts have taken place to maintain additional elements of folk-culture. Folk culture does not develop through single individual, but is a result of joint efforts of groups. With passage of time, transformation and blooming takes place. What is Folk culture ? Folk culture means an all general group of all castes and religions. It includes life style, dress, food, costumes, residence, agriculture, economics, language, vocabulary, festivals, civilization, knowledge, spiritualism, songs, dances, artistic skills, entertainment, games etc. of the people. The smallest group of human beings also, possesses Folk culture. The traditions of Folk activities are understood by observation that all elements of Folk culture arc flooded with different experiences of labour lives. It provides joy to individual minds and bestow peace and prosperous feeling. Caste, religion, cult are considered without significance in it. It is not dependent on anyone. It is joined with human exertion. Music and dancing are there in reaping, boating, grazing animals, forging iron, ploughing and in all the activities as per all seasons. Further, the insight for beauty and preference to practical thinking is the peculiarity of Folk culture. Let the dresses be of leaves of grass or filaments of jute, and ornaments be of stones, soil, metal, oceanic conch; and weapons, gadgets, * Lecturer, Dept. of History, Shamaldas Arts College, Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar. as: Myaud - 4, 2004 o C For Private and Personal Use Only

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utensils be from soil, stones, wood or metals, but with beautiful engraving and studding work in all these are of exemplary nature of art. Further all individuals can contribute in these artistic works easily. It does not have the signature of the artist. Folk culture becomes prosperous through joint partnership. Each individual provides momentum with his vision and capacity. Folk culture and urban civilization though one and the same, there is spiritual difference between them viz. one considers "extinguishing a lamp" as a bad omen, while the other considers it as economy. The Folk culture of India has become prosperous through combination of multi coloured civilization of people of different regions, art and thoughts. The Folk culture is the best medium for construction of pious ideal of group life. Main elements of Folk culture : In eventuality of numerous ficrceness and troubles also sweetness and delicacy of Folk culture has been preserved. Its main elements are unity in diversity, devotion towards nature, feeling of welfare, humanity and tolerance, spiritual development transformation in external forin but elementary stability, following of inmortal truth feeling of sacrifice, development of all auspicious arts and skills, manifestation of saints, philosophers, great men in ages, thirst for knowledge and capacity of absorption, enthusiasm for converting devilish mentality into auspicious, dedication towards life and importance of labourer to preacher of knowledge. Folk culture is Revolutionary : The knowledge of cultural traditions reach from one generation to another through the medium of cultural traditions. It is not stable or inanimate. It transforms as per time. When motion is seen as an essential activity of human society, Folk culture enters in the cadre of scientific art slowly. Due to different cultural contacts and mutual exchange, new elements are added in Folk culture. Similarly, due to industrialisation and modernisation; new forms, novelty in subjective form of Folk culture has been accepted. Different aspects of Folk culture : Glory and beauty of different aspects of Folk culture, gives enjoyment of faith, trust and entertainment of group of people. Main aspects of Folk culture are as follows: (1) Dresses and ornaments : India is divided in many parts from geographical point of view. Its effect is seen on lives of the people. Dresses are put on by men and women of each province in view of insight in usefulness. Artistic decoration and sclection of colours increase its aitraction. In Gujarat only many types of turbans are worm over head, while in South, rich and poor wear loongi (piece of cloth round the waist covering legs). Folk Culture, Processes and Methodology for enriching its Heritage o u For Private and Personal Use Only

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There are different styles of wearing sarees in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bengal and there are different decorations of sarees. The dresses of Kutch and Saurashtra provinces is incomparable in wealthy countries of the world, viz. the embroidery and tailoring work is eye-catching in the dresses of Kathi, Aahir, Bharwad, Rabari, Kuchi Jat, Rajput, Kanbi castes. There are different types of turbans for men, on the basis of which caste and status can be known. There are different types of Chundadi (piece of multicoloured cloth worn over head by women) viz. Bandhani, Bhamariun. Chundadi, Chhelarun, Odhani, Ambar, Navrangia, Dadmiya, Sefaliyun, Vasantiyun, Pomchun, Laheriyun, Chokadiyun, Hiragol, Ghatadi, Ganderi, Chhayal, Lachhudi, Kapuriyun, Kasturiyun, Gajvada, Sirakh etc. have finc mixture of beauty and colour. Men and women of India are very fond of ornaments. In Gujarat only there are Kambiyun, Kadala, Zanzar, Toda, Bedi, Darshaniya, Zumna, Madaliya, Tholiya, Vedhla, Dheska, Hansdi, Vinchhiya, Ring, Angothi, Zoomar, Earrings, Kadi, Lavingiya, Ser for ears, Latkaniya, Haar, Mangalsutra, Bajubandh, Ponchi, Ghodo, Kardo, Mahanmala, Magmala, Tulsimala, Rudrakshmala, Zudo, Fish for lcg, Tiko, Nakhli for ears, Bangles, Patla, Balaiyun, Kada etc. Due to tatoo, heena, weaving of colourful flowers over head, weaving of hair, fragrant substances. elegance of woman flourish. There is art even in shoes, embroidered shoes, chappal also. (2) Folk dances and Folk dramas : Folk dances and folk dramas produce expression of natural joy and beauty of life and biography of the people. It reflects culture of people and establishes emotional unity. Folk dances and Folk dramas nourish entertainment of public in celebrations, festivals and fairs. In Garba, Garbi, Ras, Rasda, Dandiyaras, Hudaras, Tipaniras, Bedaras, Solangaraas, Humchi dance, Thali dance, Hinch dance, joy of people of Saurashtra overflows. The Folk dances like Bhangada dance and Lavni are the prosperous inheritance of Folk culture. Folk dramas like Bhavai, Ramlila, Akhyan makes social devotion and religious reverence in person. (3) Folk instruments and Folk music : Folk music nourishes joy and gaiety of Folk lives. In Folk instruments Sharnai, Morli, Vansli, Bhungal, Shankh, Nagfani, Pavo, Dhol, Dholak, Dak, Damru, Maan, Nobat, Nagarun, Zanz, Kartal, Manjira, Ghughra, Khanjri, Ravaj, Ravan-Hattho, Ektaro etc. are main. By tune and rhythm of Folk instruments, Duha, Chhand, Raas, Garba, Bhajan in Gujarat and Fisherman songs, Baul songs in Bengal and Pavada in Maharashtra and Bande in Rajasthan swing the minds. (4) Folk literature : Folk literate Shri Joravarsinh Jadav identifies Folk literature as recollection pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 10 For Private and Personal Use Only

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volume of Folk life. It is like valuable treasure of Folk life, like soul of Folk culture. The spirit of Folk life is produced therein. There are novelties in heroic stories, love stories, stories of river, pond, ocean, well, trees, mythological stores and Garba, Garbi, Rasda, Marriage songs, Folk songs, vow songs, setting up of Folk Goddesses and Folk Gods, songs for the time of pledge, Arayna to persuade Mataji, dhol, chanting, chabkha, pad, kafi, Ramvala, Chandravala, seasonal songs, bravery songs, verse, duha, lullaby etc. in event, time and tune. Folk songs and Folk life are having relationship like blind and fame. Without first, the existence of other is useless. "Bande' in Rajasthan is eye-catching. Veda is considered as origin of these Folk songs. There are different sections of it. The seasonal songs of Kajli, Fag, Holi, Chaiti, Barhinasa; songs for vowing of Nagpanchmi, Randal, Bahura, Godhan, Tij, Jaya Parvati; related to sowing like Sohni, Zumar, Alchari, Purbi etc. are the artistic inheritances of prosperity of Folk-life. (5) Folk festivals & Fairs : There is very much significance of Folk festivals and fairs in Folk life. It lightens affection and reverence towards society and religion. It keeps existent joy of Folk groups and sentimental conversation with society and religion. Makarsankranti, Pongal, Vasant Panchmi, Shivratri, Idd-ul-Zuha, Holi, Gangaur, Mahurram, Baisakhi, Pooram, Minakshi, Kalyanam, Nagpanchmi, Ganeshchaturthi, Dusherra, Durgapuja, Navratri, Guru Poornima, Idd-ul-Fitra, Christmas, Tulsi Vivah, Festival of Dariya Pir and Pushker Fair, Sonpur Fair, Kumbh Fair, Bhavnath Fair in Junagadh, Tamnetar Fair, Sonpur Fair, Sarkhej Fair, Surajkund Fair, Amarnath Yatra, Hajj (Mucca), Chardham Yatra etc. are the imaginary tree of pleasure of Folk life. The tradition of Dhanurmah, Girimah, Nadimah, Yakshmah, which existed before thousands of years, today also thousands-lacs of people take benefit of it and feel fortunate. The people have selected to celebrate the joy-festivals at the places of confluence of rivers, motherland, places of activity, death place of great men. Fairs and festivals provide fragrance of nature and joy of swcet sonorous sound. (6) Show of rope dancer, Juggler, Disguised : The works of entertainment and civilization have been carried out of jugglers and disguised persons. In an cra, to view art of rope dancing was considered an enjoyment. They walked on rope by placing leg over a plate and showed their show just like it is being shown over rope in today's circus, showed gymnastic acts, lifted heavy weight with teeth, showed fighting with four swords, showed dance by putting approx. twelve water pots over head. This inheritance continued from onc generation to another. Today these artists are very much residue. Jugglers provide entertainment through snakes, mongoose, owl, python, shelo etc. There are branches like Lalwadi, Fulwadi, Maanwadi and Dhanwadi amongst Folk Culture, Processes and Methodology for enriching its Heritage o 99 For Private and Personal Use Only

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these jugglers. The art of jugglers known as Samjunath in Gujarat is famous all over India. He shows snake, Scorpio bringing out of the mouth. One art of entertainment of Folk life is of disguising. There are approx. 52 costumes of these disguises. He exhibits costumes like Hanuman, Ardhnarishwar, Mahakali, Arab, Malan and during the days of Navratri entertains through new costumes. (7) Art of Daubing & wall pictures : This art is famous in many village areas of India. Prosperous exhibits of art of daubing have been preserved in Saurashtra and Kutch till today. Walls of home, verandah, grain grinder, grain storing vessels, kitchen, stoves, water place, windowsdoors, poles etc. are decorated with art of daubing. The pictures of peacock, parrot, deer, Krishna-Radha, Ram-Sita, Shiv-Parvati, serpent, Folk-Goddesses are painted over the walls with soil of white or coloured dust powder. This art is attained by rural women. This art flourishes during festivals and marriage celebrations. (8) Folk-embroidery : There is variety of Folk-embroidery in India. It is one unique inheritance of civilization of Folk-culture. It is decoration of beauty for rural women. There is pure handicraft in dresses of men-women, children, decoration over doors, decoration of oxen-cart, decoration of horse, chakla, barsakhiyan, chitariyan, pillows etc. The Banni Embroidery of Kutch is incomparable. Its embroidery work, colour combination, subtleness and beauty is world renowned. Pearl work is also like giving honour to inheritance of civilization and art. (9) Rural Professions : Folk life has become civilized through rural professions. Items of clay work like earthen pot, small round water pot, jug, ghad, moriyo, large round water pot, batak, dhumio, loti, jakro, bhambho, gujardo, kodiyan, tavdi, tavo, kathro!, garvo, walia, thus a long list of exhibits of wooden craft can be made. Copper-Brass utensils, idols, engraving on stones, lathe turner, colour work, weaving work of patola of Patan are like world renowned art work of weaving work. Silk, kinkhab, muslin, perfume and fragrant elements, industries of murabba and pickles make folklife artistic and interesting. Procedures and systems of Making folk culture and its inheritance prosperous : Folk culture includes literature, art and arca of life. Ancient and latest history of human life requires to be invented. It is necessary to find out solutions and provide facilities to keep the Folk Culture and its inheritance lively and make prosperous, because if Folk Culture has to be lived, the art requires to be made lively and to keep the art lively, our artists and civilized atmosphere will have to be made prosperous. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 12 For Private and Personal Use Only

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To maintain and make prosperous the Folk Culture and its inheritance, the following formalities and procedures can be thought of. (1) To construct the cultural Policy : The future of Folk culture can be determined on the basis of changing form of people and cultural policies. First, it is important that a meaningful conversation must take place for the issues of Folk culture. And it is necessary that a feeling of honour and dearness is developed towards Folk Culture. Folk culture must get an equal opportunity fort expressing cultural disparity. Activities for creation of link between different Folk Cultures must be carried out. Systematic propaganda and spreading of Folk Culture should be done through public communication, and thereby to solve the basic problems of Folk groups through seminars and sessions for Folk Culture and programmes for creating awareness against useless imitation and perverseness and to solve the fundamental problems of Folk Culture through specialities and vigor. Lastly, the creation and use of Folk Culture be made prestigious in the form of Fundamental human rights. And for this, keeping in view collective interest, instead of individual interest, inheritance of meaningful Folk Culture be made prosperous. (2) Education : The importance of study of Folk Culture requires to be accepted in our present set up of education. Facilitated education be provided to understand inheritance of Folk Culture and its minutest forms. The mental and its stable state can be bestowed only through detailed study of Folk Culture. Through study and comparison of Folk Culture of different provinces, benevolent cultural inheritance of national life can be fully observed. The assessment of inheritance of Folk Culture being traditional or transformable can be carried out only through education. The inheritance of Folk Culture requires to be accepted as a compulsory subject in schools and colleges, and for this purpose text books be prepared and colleges or schools be established for study of inheritance of Folk Culture, viz. Folk Literature Vidyalaya, Folk Art Vidyalaya, Folk Literature Bhavan, Folk Art Bhavan, Folk Music Convention, Folk Dance Programmes, and facilities for series of lectures in foreign countries be raised, and financial assistance and infrastructural association be provided and when public co-operation is achieved, it will be a fragrance in gold. Just like a wonderland, without the courses of inheritance of Folk Culture, the education of the country is incomplete, because Folk Culture is like a foundation stone of principles, civilization of the people of the country. Tours of places, centres, Artists etc. of Folk Culture and visits thereof is a very important system in making the inheritance of Folk Culture prosperous. This namesake fund allotted in Five Year Plans for education and advancement Folk Culture, Processes and Methodology for enriching its Heritage o 13 For Private and Personal Use Only

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of inheritance of Folk Culture requires to be increased. (3) Exhibition : Exhibition is a useful system for propaganda of inheritance of Folk Culture. "Kachhi Folk Culture in Moscow" and its albums can be published in Indian and foreign languages in Indian cities and also in foreign cities like Moscow, Paris, London, New York, Packing etc. The inheritance of Folk Culture can be made prosperous by exhibition for Rural Beauty through arranging artistic scenes of celebrations like Dandiya Raas, Rural Games, Marriage Processions, Religious Processions, Flowers Group, Panihari, Shepherd, Farmer, Vagdo, deep forests, opium doses, couples, Village Panchayats, relationship between Mother-Child, Animal-man, love of environment, marriage rituals etc. Such exbibitions are arranged of National Festivals From 1953 onwards. Still such efforts are necessary to make the urban people familiar with this inheritance on large scale. The best exhibits of wooden craft, knitting work, pearl work, weaving work and ornaments be arranged and a live show exhibiting how the Artists perform be arranged in these exhibitions. The exhibition of beauty of women, sagacity, scriousness, power and grace be given a place therein. The events of courage of mariners and their lives, exhibition of inheritance of tribal people, work of sons of soil and their lives, secular integrity etc. can also be displayed. In addition serials of Folk Culture in T.V., Video cassettes and programmes of Folk Artists can be arranged in schools and colleges. Instead of making propaganda fully, planning for its acceptance as per physical presence and capacity amongst the people be planned. The guidance regarding skills, labour, art of Folk Artists of dedication towards art of professions, benefits derived by the families, villages and society can be arranged during this exhibition. (4) Multi purpose spiritual activities : Since ancient times, the saints and Great Poets shaped and gave life to the pictures and characters of Folk life through internal knowledge and imagination. Folk culture reached to its peak through spiritual activities of Gautam Buddha. He explained the spiritual shape of public interest in folk language. The understanding of qualities of civilization and etiquette to the whole mass of people and saved from perverse traditions. Its nectar is seen expressed in Great Poems, mythological literature, Ellora, Kaushambi, Sanchi, Sarnath etc. This work was carried out by devotion and Saints of Sufi cults. Gandhiji also made constructive efforts to carry out public spiritual activities to get independence from political slavery. The spiritual inheritance of Folk Culture can be brightened through planning of public religious discourses, series of discourses, chaturmas, Ramayana, Bhagavat pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 14 For Private and Personal Use Only

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discourses, kirtan, bhajan, historical lectures, spiritual activities through temples and by arranging lectures of saints and religious preachers of different religions and cults. (5) Assistance and planing by the Government : The achievements of the Government works can be considered through maintenance and development of inheritance of Folk Culture. Folk Artists and Folk Professionals are required to be provided with financial assistance and infrastructural facilities for this. An academy be established for all aspects viz. "Kathputli Art Academy". To make schemes for giving honour and prestige, additional facilities be provided to voluntary institutions in this regard. Folk Culture Department be formed and activities for development of inheritance of co-ordinators of Folk Culture be made. The inheritance of Folk Culture will surely prosper when feeling of Folk Artists become more and more dense towards Folk Culture, when they develop artistic activities by devoting time to these activities and earn bread and experience contention. (6) Advertising Media : Advertising media is a glorious system for prosperity of inheritance of Folk Culture. Different elements of Folk Culture can be spread-advertised through Radio, T.V., Computer, Newspapers. However, today in Aastha, Sanskar and other regional, national and international channels, glimpse of Folk Culture is being shown. Now Folk Culture can be seen in commercial advertisements also. Especially, the glory of Folk Culture of Rajasthan is seen spread in advertising mediums. It is a credit to the glorious elements of Folk Culture, but it must also be seen that the same is not perversed in the quagmire of marketisation. In addition, Folk Culture can be advertised by affixing large posters in schools, colleges, public buildings, cross roads, bus and railway stations of village and towns. By finding out minutest artistic exhibits and artists of Folk Culture from every corner of the country, spread-advertising can be done, and for this purpose audio-visual publicity can be done. Today also, thousands of Folk-songs, Folk-sayings, Folk-stories, Bhajans are in the memory of Folk and before it vanishes, it is necessary to store the same. For this work, the glorious inheritance be made more prosperous by providing traning and encouragement to the eager and enthusiastic researchers. Shri Jorawarsinh Jadav is carrying out these activities in Gujarat through Folk Foundation. Still, it is necessary that the individuals and institutions having love towards Folk Culture takes interest. (7) Publication & Musical Notation : Musical literature requires to be protected. Shri Zaverchand Meghani collected Folk Literature from every corner of Saurashtra province. In other provinces also, Folk Culture, Processes and Methodology for enriching its Heritage 44 For Private and Personal Use Only

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this pious work has been done. Folk Literate or Folk Architect compiles and edits the same, while the Government publishes the edited collection. In Bhavnagar, Shri Khodidas Parmar has prepared a very precious treasure of forgotten villages pictures of Saurashtra. It is necessary that the same is published at the earliest. If pictorial publication and distribution of peculiarities of Folk Culture of different provinces is done, the graph of Folk Culture can surely be taken high. Similarly in the field of Folk Music, it is necessary that musical notations takes place of Folk Songs, Bhajan etc. The musical notations requires to be done in its original form by an artist with rich voice, viz. the Gujarati Folk Songs sung by Diwaliben Bhil have become more popular. Thus rich voice and tuning of Folk Songs makes Folk Culture honourable. Many times, mixture music is produced in Folk Music. Therein, the piousness of innocent Folk Music in its original form is not maintained. Such music requires to be improved. In Gujarat playing of cymbals is inheritance of Folk Culture, but it is not like trained inheritance of 'Terataali' of Rajasthan. Therefore, planning be made to provide training from these artists to the artists of Gujarat. It is necessary to carry out more and more efforts to spread-advertise the Folk Culture through musical notations and publication and distribution of cassettes, C.Ds. cards etc. (8) Competitions : The partnership of people can be increased by organizing competitions of different elements of Folk Culture, viz. competitions of Folk stories, saying stories, vowing stories, moralising stories can be organized. In Folk Music, the competitions of playing big flute, flute. Ravan-hattha and song competitions of Bhajan, Folk Songs, Duha-chhand, Chopai, marriage songs can be arranged. The artists be encouraged by distributing prizes in these competitions. Arrangements to give awards to good artists requires to be made. If training is provided to artists at village level through experts, good artists can be obtained. (9) Fashion Show : In modern time, the system of fashion is a useful system for spread of Folk Culture. Fashion parade of clothes of different provinces, fashion parade of Folkornaments requires to be arranged. Arrangements for telecasting these programmes through T.V. can be made. the inheritance of Folk Culture can be made prosperous if arrangement for a market exhibiting clothes and ornaments in fashion show is made, then the attraction of the people will increase and employment can be provided to the artists of this field. (10) Virasat and celebration of Navratri Festivals : There is disparity of festivals in India and people participate enthusiastically in it as the same being symbol of Folk faith and honour. The programmes of pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 E 16 For Private and Personal Use Only

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celebration of Virasat festival in Rajasthan and celebration of Navratri festival in Gujarat have taken place through encouragement of the Government. Such type of programmes flourish through partnership of the Government and people. If the main objective of its organization is development of Folk Culture, this inheritance can surely become prosperous. (11) Letters : The people belonging to different provinces become familiar of Folk Culture of the respective provinces through pen-friendship and nearness is cultivated. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru gave introduction of the Indian History and Culture to Smt. Indira Gandhi through letters. If such type of hobby of pen-friendship is cultivated in schools and colleges, the boundaries of Folk-culture can surely become prosperous. (12) Museums : The museums for introduction of Folk Culture of different provinces can be established, viz. a Museum providing glimpse of Folk Culture of different provinces named 'Gram Shilpa' is in Bhopal. Similar museums must be in other cities also. Unknown people can also get introduction of Folk Culture of different provinces through it. (13) Rural Decoration : India is inhabited in villages. Rural inheritance is still intact. It is necessary for the development of Folk Culture that Urban people and foreigners are attracted for rural observation. For this purpose, pouring of nature in villages on river banks requires to be done. Nimb, Pipalo, Banyan, Coconut trees and other dense trees be raised and maintained. Public places be decorated, bygone attraction for pious works of village families, bravery, animal love, churches, family God, memorial stone of martyr be created and the events of affectionate feeling can be exhibited, viz. Hindus reside in village Pipli (Ta. Kodinar, Dist. Junagadh) of Saurashtra. There is a tomb of only Muslim Pir in the village. At the time of marriage Hindu Bridegroom, wears chain of this Pir. After Marriage Saptapadi, the couple feel fortunate by removing the chain before the tomb of Pir. In addition, the rural prosperity can be exhibited through Kamdhenu Mahima, Krishi Mahima, Gram Udyog Mahima, Shram Mahima and fine exhibits of handicraft. The institutes like Indian Institute of Design be made to take interest in the activities of research and spread of beautiful exhibits of Folk Culture. Through establishment of Folk Foundation, programmes for water service dignity, Folklore club, Folk Cultural Fund, Folk Cultural Trust, Village Cultural Society, Temple Cultural Society, Folk Cultural Club in schools or colleges, Folk Cultural Academy, the inheritance of Folk Culture can be made prosperous. Folk Culture, Processes and Methodology for enriching its Heritage 17 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Conclusion : The inheritance of Folk Culture of India has reached upto Greece, Rome, Africa, countries of South-East Asia, far East countries, countries of middle East. The people of India made this inheritance prosperous by weaving threads without differentiation of religion, cult, caste, language. It is an obligation of all of us to make prosperous this inheritance with the feeling of zeal, workmanship, devotion and co-operation. The physical and mental health of the people increases due to prosperity of Folk Culture. A feeling of egotism and concentration rises. People start understanding the importance of collective creation and people start understanding usefulness of their lives. The independence of civilization is maintained and a feeling of world village rises. Natural beauty is filed in Folk life of India. It is necessary that vigor of identifying, understanding and enjoying the said beauty is awakened. Today, such view point is necessary which does not disturb the path of development and rising of Folk Culture and assistance is obtained in finding new ways and to go forward with speed. It is necessary to be warned that perverseness of politics do not damage this inheritance by finding differences between people and cults under the shadow of Folk Culture. The politicians need to be compelled to become co-partners in the activities of development of inheritance of Folk Culture. The future of Folk Culture will be decided on the basis of our devotion, principles and co-operation. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 18 For Private and Personal Use Only

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sAhitya, sAmAjikazAstro ane itihAsa : gujarAtanA itihAsanI palaTAtI jatI dizAo DaoN. makaranda mahetA sAhitya, sAmAjika zAstro ane itihAsa mAnava pravRttiono abhyAsa karatAM hovA chatAM temanAM dRSTibiMduomAM taphAvata che. sAmAjika zAsro manuSyanI rAjakIya, Arthika, sAmAjika ane manovaijJAnika pravRttio tapAse che. jemake, rAjyazAstranA abhyAsanA kendrasthAne sattA che. arthazAstranuM kendrabiMdu saMpatti ane tenI vaheMcaNI che. samAjazAstrIono jhoka saMsthAo ane maMDaLo jevA samAjanA aMgaupAMgo upara che. sAmAjika manovaijJAniko vyakti ane jUthonA vartananI bhItaramAM chUpAyelA mAnasika ane bhAvAtmaka tANAMvANAMonuM vizleSaNa kare che. sAmAjikazAstrIo temanI jarUriyAto mujaba mulAkAto, sarvekSaNo, mAtrAtmaka pramANo vagereno upayoga karIne mAnavapravRttiomAMthI nIpajatA sAmAnya niyamo tArave che. gujarAtanI sAmAjika, Arthika ane rAjakIya ghaTanAo ane parivartanone samajavA gujarAtI bhASAmAM A prakAranA thokabaMdha abhyAso thayA che. teno abhyAsa karyA vagara koI paNa mahattvAkAMkSI itihAsakAra Aje to AgaLa vadhI zake tema ja nathI. sAhityika sarjakano abhigama taddana judo che. sarjaka pote sAmAjikazAstro ane itihAsa aMge game teTalo jAgRta hoya, Ama chatAM eka sarjaka tarIke te sAmAjika vidyAo ane itihAsanA niyamothI para che. teno mULa Azaya kalA ane kalpanAne AdhAre mAnavInA mana ane hRdayane DhaMDhoLavAno che, sIdhuM dastAvejIkaraNa ane pRthakkaraNa karavAno nahIM. tethI mAnava svabhAva ane mAnava samAja ke prakRtinuM sArvatrika stara paranuM darzana karavAmAM tene itihAsakAranI jema samaya ane sthaLanI maryAdAo naDatI nathI, vaLI tene sAmAjikazAstronI paddhatio paNa naDatararUpa nathI. teno artha haragIjha e nathI ke te sAhityetara vidyAo paratve udAsa che ke tenAthI te ajANa che, paNa mULabhUta rIte sAhityakAra eka sarjaka che ane tethI ja te samAjamAM rahelI vAstavikatAone abhivyakta karavAnA AzayathI vAcakane koI vilakSaNa sRSTimAM praveza karAve che ane vAcakane potAnI racanA sAthe otaprota karavA te vAstavika ane kAlpanika pAtro, saMvAdo ane keTalIkavAra to ukhANAM ane kahevato bhajano ane kAvyo jevA sAdhanono paNa upayoga kare che. sAcuM pUcho to sAmAjikazAstrI ane itihAsakAranI jema sarjaka phoTogrAphara nahIM paNa citrakAra che. te kevI rIte ? tenuM eka rasika dRSTAMta atre prastuta che. eka prasaMge vizvavikhyAta briTiza komeDiyana cArlI ceplInane oLakhI batAvavA mATe eka samAraMbha yojAyo. tethI tene maLatA AvatA bIjA vIseka ekTarone maMca para khaDA karavAmAM AvyA. parIkSakoe eka ekTarane oLakhI batAvyo. paNa sAco cArlI sTeja upara ja hato. te krodhe bharAyo ane jAhera karyuM ke 'asalI, vAstavika cArlI to huM ja chuM, bAkInA tamAma nakalI che. inAma mane ja maLavuM joIe.' paNa parIkSakoe jaNAvyuM : 'tamArI vAta sAcI che, paNa amAre mana sthULa ceplInanuM mahattva nathI. sTeja para ekTaranA hAvabhAva kevA hovA joIe ane te kevo lAgavo joIe tene lakSyamAM laIne ja tame jene nakalI gaNo cho tene asalI gaNIne ame tene inAma ApyuM che.' kahevAya che ke badhA ja parIkSako sAhitya sarjako hatA, eka paNa itihAsakAra ke sAmAjika zAstrI na hato. tethI asalI cArlI ekI sAthe hasato-raDato potAne * itihAsanA imeriTasa prophesara, gujarAta yunivarsiTI, amadAvAda na pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 T 19 For Private and Personal Use Only

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ghera ravAnA thaI gayo. Ama sAhityakAra hoya ke citrakAra, koI paNa sarjaka sthaLa ane vAstavika jagatanuM rUpAMtara sabhAna rIte bhAva jagatamAM kare che. tethI ja navalakathAkAra, navalikAkAra, kavi ane nATyalekhaka saunA karatAM vadhAre bahoLo vAcaka varga dharAve che. govardhanarAmanI mULa icchA to aitihAsika kRti racIne temanA samayanA bhAratIya samAjanuM darzana karAvavAnI hatI, ane temaNe aneka nibaMdho ane ciMtanAtmaka graMtho dvArA tema karyuM che. udAharaNa tarIke 1894 mAM temaNe prasiddha karela aitihAsika graMtha "The Classical Poets of Gujarat and Their Influence on Society and Morals". A graMthanI prastAvanA mujaba temaNe aitihAsika paddhati apanAvI che. paraMtu temane thayuM ke jo vizALa janasamudAya sudhI pahoMcavuM haze to sAhityanuM mAdhyama apanAvyA vagara chUTako nathI. A rIte temaNe "sarasvatIcaMdra' navalakathAnuM Ayojana karyuM hatuM. atre e khAsa yAda rahe ke potAnI atyaMta mahattvAkAMkSI navalakathAno uddezya pAra pADavA temaNe lakhatAM pahelAM ane lakhANa daramiyAna (1887-1901) itihAsa, tattvajJAna, rAjyazAstra, arthazAstra ane tarkazAstrano UMDo abhyAsa karyo hato. rAmano cauda varSano vanavAsa te AnuM nAma ! A rIte temaNe racelI navalakathA mAtra gujarAtanA ja nahIM, vizvasAhityamAM paNa amara gaNAya te staranI che. jo ke e prazna paNa pUchI zakAya ke govardhanarAme jo teTalI ja tapazcaryA karIne ItihAsa, rAjayazAstra, arthazAstra ane philasUphIno graMtha lakhyo hota to teo lAkho vAcakonA mana ane hRdayamAM vastI zakyA hoya? te ja pramANe lerI kolInsa ane DomInIka lepIyare 197pamAM prasiddha karelo graMtha 'Freedom at Midnight che. keTakeTalA vizvaprasiddha itihAsakAroe bhAratanA svAtaMtryasaMgrAma vize graMtho lakhyA che. paNa uparokta graMthamAM kolInsa ane lepIyare gAMdhIyuganA vAstavika prasaMgo ane pAtrone nATakIya DhabathI upasAvyA che ane tene anurUpa romAMcaka bhASA ane zailIno upayoga karIne itihAsane jIvaMta ane mohaka banAvyo che. vyavasAyI itihAsakAra hovAno dAvo temaNe karyo nathI. paraMtu e paNa eTaluM ja cokakasa che ke temano 'besTa selara' graMtha ItihAsa karatAM sAhityanI vadhAre najIka che. tethI ja nyUryoka DeilI nyUjhe tene vize lakhyuM hatuM : "A book that reads more like sensational fiction... a drama of the highest order." tethI temanI kRti Best-Seller banI che. A rIte vicArIe to sAhitya ane vyavasAyI itihAsa vacce moTo taphAvata che. sAhityanI sarakhAmaNImAM itihAsa vadhAre niyamabaddha, vAstavika, sthaLa ane vastulakSI viSaya che. ItihAsa zAMta ane saMyamI (sober) viSaya che. itihAsakAranI sthiti to purANakALanA pelA trizaMku jevI che. nathI te sAmAjika zAstrIno ekamArgI abhigama svIkArato ke nathI te sarjakanI jema kalpanA karIne samaya ane sthaLano cheda uDADI deto. te nathI to sattA, saMpatti, saMsthA, dharma, samAja ane mAnava vartaNUko jevA samAjanA aMga upAMgone pRthapha pRthak svarUpamAM joI zakato. itihAsa kAMI bhUtakALanuM arthazAstra ke rAjyazAstra nathI. itihAsa tenAthI vizeSa che. mAnava samAjanI caDaUtarane samajavA itihAsakAra tamAma paribaLone sAMkaLIne tenI tamAma akhilAIomAM jovA-tapAsavAnI mathAmaNo kare che. sAhitya ane sAmAjikazAstrono vattAochA pramANamAM abhyAsa karyA vagara te samAjopayogI itihAsa lakhI zake nahIM. AvA kAraNosara Ajano prophezanala itihAsakAra graMthAlayo ane abhilekhAgAromAM sacavAyelI asaMkhya hakIkatono mahAmahenatathI saMcaya kare che. ghaNuM kharuM to A hakIkato' virodhAbhAsI hoya che. tethI itihAsakAra tenA vaicArika mALakhAne AdhAre tenA 'DeTA' vacce saMkalana kare che, prazno pUche che, ane tyAra bAda vizleSaNa kare che. A rIte ItihAsakAra teno 'DeTA' pasaMda kare che. jo tema na kare to tenI kRti sarakArI gejheTiyaranI jema narI hakIkatono thokaDo ja banI jAya. itihAsakAranI kharI kasoTI ja e che ke teNe potAnI sAhitya, sAmAjikazAstro ane itihAsaH gujarAtanA itihAsanI palaTAtI jatI dizAo n 20 For Private and Personal Use Only

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vicArasaraNI anusAra paraMparA ane parivartananA saMdarbhamAM mAnava ghaTanAonA pravAho samajAvavA paDe che. A kAma saraLa nathI. vaLI te anya vidyAzAkhAonI sarakhAmaNImAM ochA mahattvanuM paNa nathI. ItihAsakAra bhalene bhUtakALanI vAto kare ! Ama chatAM vizvabharanA susaMskRta dezoe svIkAryuM che ke jo rASTra ane samAjanA navanirmANa mATe yuvA peDhIne taiyAra karavI hoya to bhUtakALanA anubhavonuM jJAna mahattvanuM che. dekhItI rIte ja A prakAranA anubhavomAM mAtra siddhionI "bhavya gauravagAthAo' ja nahIM, paNa truTio ane niSphaLatAo paNa che. teno muktamane ane kheladIlIpUrvaka svIkAra karavo ja paDe. iMglenDa, amerikA ane jApAna jevA vikasita dezo to itihAsane eka mahattvano viSaya gaNIne te zALA-kaoNlejo ane yunivarsiTIomAM kALajIpUrvaka zIkhave che. pAThya pustako ane saMdarbhagraMtho paNa koI eka ja nirdhArita pratibaddhatAne varelA hotA nathI. kAraNa ke zikSaka ane prophesarono hetu vidyArthI svataMtra rIte itihAsanuM mUlyAMkana karIne teno ane samAjano vikAsa kare te che. iMgleMDa ane amerikAmAM to ame joyuM che ke tyAMnI yunivarsiTIomAM tabIbI ane ijanerI vidyAzAkhAonA vidyArthIo paNa eka-be korsa itihAsanA bhaNe che ane tene mATe teo UMcI phI paNa Ape che. ApaNA dezamAM, khAsa karIne vepArapradhAna gujarAtamAM, paristhiti taddana UMdhI che. ahIM to bALako paNa temanI kAlI kAlI bhASAmAM bole che : "huM moTo thaIne dAktara ke enjiniyara thaIza." jo ke 100-150 varSamAM phera moTo paDyo che. pahelAnA jamAnAmAM AThadasa varSanAM bALakonAM lagno mA-bApa karI nAMkhatA. Aje bALaka janmatAnI sAthe ja tenAM atI hoMsIlA mA-bApe tenI keriyara' nakkI karI nAMkhI hoya che ! jyAM paiso ja paramezvara gaNAyo che tevA gujarAtamAM bALakanI prakRti ane svAbhAvika ruci zI che te jANIne tene ucheravAnI kone phikara ke darakAra hoya ?! AvAM kAraNosara have itihAsakAro UMghamAMthI saphALA jAgyA che. teo jANI gayA che ke temanuM cIlAcAlu DugaDugiyuM cAlI zake tema nathI. chellA vIseka varSathI je gatithI ane dizAmAM bhAratamAM itihAsalekhanavidyA pAMgarI che te batAve che ke agragaNya itihAsakAro temanI kRtio dvArA AjanA samAja, rAjakAraNa ane arthakAraNa upara paNa vadhateoche aMze prakAza nAkhe che. jyAM sudhI bhUtakALane vartamAna samasyAo sAthe sAMkaLavAmAM nA Ave tyAM sudhI Ajano komyuTara ane mobAIla phonadhArI vAcaka bhUtakALane vAgoLyA karavAmAM teno samaya ane zakti zuM karavA veDaphe ?! A daSTie vyavasAyI ItihAsa-lekhanano hetu ane saMdarbha badalAyo che. saMzodhanano navo pravAha ghaNo upayogI che. chellA daseka varSanAM prabhAvaka itihAsa-sAmayiko jonArane jarUra pratIti thaze ke sAmAjika parivartana vize lakhanAra jAgRta itihAsakAra parivartananA siddhAMtothI paNa vAkepha hoya che. te ja pramANe bhAratIya saMskRtinA tajajJo jayAre samAjamAM pravartatA dharma, nItimattA, sAmAjika ane rAjakIya mUlyo, sAhityanA vividha prakAro jJAti ane varNavyavasthA, maMdiro ane masjidonAM bAMdhakAma, rAjAo dvArA karavAmAM AvelA dAvo vagere saMbaMdhI lakhe che. tyAre teo mAnavInI naitika, kalAtmaka, mAnavatAvAdI, AdhyAtmika ane sarjanAtmaka prakRtine samajavA mATe te samayanA Arthika ane bhautika paribaLone (jemake sAmaMtazAhI mALakhuM) paNa lakSyamAM le che. Ama teo saMskRti-prayukta ane bhautikavAdI dRSTikoNo (CulturistMaterialist Perspectives) vaccenuM saMyojana karIne mAnava-ghaTanAone tenI tamAma AMTIghUMTIo sahita samajAve che. navAbo, rAjAo, sAmaMto ane temanI vaMzAvaLIo vize lakhanAra sAmaMto ane temanI vaMzAvaLIo vize lakhanAra vidvAno rAjakIya prakriyAne mahelAtI pravRttio pUratI maryAdita na rAkhatAM tene sattAjUtho ane baLanA rAjakAraNanAM temaja rAjakIya ane sAmAjika parivartananA pariprekSyamAM mUlavatA thayA che. relvenA TAImaTebala ane hoTalanAM menunI jema saMzodhana lekho ane graMtho mAhitI-patrako nathI e vAta pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 ] 21 For Private and Personal Use Only

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have svIkArAtI gaI che. Ajano itihAsakAra bhUtakALanA banAvone vaicArika mALakhAmAM goThavavA mATe arthazAstra, rAjyazAstra ane samAjazAstranA siddhAMtono khUba ja cIvaTapUrvaka upayoga kare che. AvAM kAraNosara AjanAM keTalAka sarjanazIla sAmAjika kAryakaro, udyogapatio, vyApArI pratiSThAnonA saMcAlako, sAhityakAro, amaladAro ane samAja sudhArako itihAsanA graMthone upayogI gaNIne te vAMce che ane sAra grahaNa kare che. Aje saMzodhananAM keTalAMka navAM kSetro vikasyAM che. temAM prayojakIya itihAsa(entrepreneurial history) nuM paNa sthAna che. vepArIo, zarApho, udyogapatio, kheDUto ane kArIgaro jevA je loko pratyakSa ke parokSa rIte utpAdananI pravRttio sAthe saMkaLAyA hoya temanI pravRttiomAM rahelI sarjanazakti ane khAsa karIne navI navI rIte kArya karavAnI temanI zakti (inrovative talents) ne tenA sAmAjika saMdarbhamAM prayojakIya itihAsakAro mUlave che. A dRSTie prayojakone Arthika vikAsanA ane Arthika-sAmAjika parivartananA mukhya cAlako gaNavAmAM AvyA che. Arthika ane prayojakIya itihAsakAronuM eka noMdhapAtra pradAna e che ke temaNe sAmrAjyavAdI yuropIya ane amerikana vidvAnonAM bhAratane halako cItaratAM lakhANone joradAra radiyA ApyA che. meksa vebara, verA enTI, viliyama kaeNpa ane morisa DeviDa morIsa jevA yuropakendrI vidvAnoe evI dalIlo karI hatI ke "bhArata upara briTiza hakUmata sthapAI te pahelAM bhArata khetI ane vyApAra-udyoga temaja TeknolojIne kSetre yuropanI sarakhAmaNImAM ghaNuM pachAta hatuM ane tene mATe hiMduonI jJAtisaMsthA temaja temanA pAralaukika AcAravicAro javAbadAra hatA." aMgrejoe A prakAranA haka-dAvAo eziyA ane AphrikAnA dezo upara temanuM sAmrAjya dRDha karavA ane vaLI tene naitika samarthana ApavAnA AzayathI karyA hatA. paraMtu bhAratIya itihAsa-saMzodhakoe AvA pracArAtmaka haka-dAvAone AhvAna ApatAM lakhyuM che ke madhyakAlIna bhAratamAM, eTale ke bhAratamAM briTiza sAmrAjya sthapAyuM tenAM 200-300 varSa pahelAM, bhArata vyApAraudyoga ane TekanolojIne kSetre yuropanI sarakhAmaNImAM na to pAchaLa hatuM ke na to tenA kahevAtA "pachAtapaNA" mATe tenI jJAti-saMsthA ke dhArmika mUlyo javAbadAra hatAM. aMgrejoe bhAratanA arthataMtrane khoravyuM te pahelAM mughala-bhArate tenA sAmaMtazAhI DhAMcAmAMthI mahattvapUrNa mUDIvAdI tattvo vikasAvyAM hatAM, paraMtu vyApArI mUDI paripakva thaIne arthapUrNa rIte audyogika mUDImAM rUpAMtara pAme te pahelAM to bhArata upara briTiza zAsana ArUDha thaI cUkyuM hatuM ! A bAbatamAM mAre namratApUrvaka jaNAvavAnuM ke meM mArAM saMzodhanomAM uparyukta yuropakendrI vicArasaraNIne saiddhAMtika rIte ane navA srotone AdhAre paDakArI che. meM ema batAvyuM che ke gujarAte to vyApArI saMskRti khIlavI hatI ane A pradezamAM mAtra jaino ane vaiSNava vANiyAo ja nahi, paNa brAhmaNo, rAjapUto, lohANA, bhATiyA, suthAra ane kaNabI jevI vaizyatara jJAtiomAM janmelA mANaso paNa jANItA banyA hatA. hakIkatamAM to gujarAte "vyApArI jJAtio" nahi, paNa "vyApArI varga" vikasAvyo hato. amadAvAda ane suratamAM pAMgarela mahAjanomAM hiMdu, jaina ane musalamAna vepArIo sAmela thayA hatA. 17mA saikAno suratano zarApha ane vepArI dayArAma nAgara brAhmaNa hato. A samaye vaizya jJAtio dharAvatA vepArIo uparAMta keTalAe bhATiyA ane brAhmaNo paradeza vasatA hatA. 18mA saikAno suratano suprasiddha zarApha arjunajI nAthajI travADI brAhmaNa hato. teno samakAlIna kacchano karoDapati zAhasodAgara suMdarajI zivajI khatrI hato. gujarAtamAM navI TeknolojIne AdhAre mila-udyoganI sthApanA karanAra raNachoDalAla choTAlAla ane becaradAsa lazkarI anukrame sAThodarA nAgara ane kaDavA paTela hatA. suprasiddha maphatalAla grupanA sthApaka maphatalAla gagalabhAI kaDavA paTela hatA. vaDodarAnI elembika kaMpanInA sthApako tribhuvanadAsa gajjara ane bhAIlAlabhAI amIna sAhitya, sAmAjikazAstro ane itihAsa : gujarAtanA itihAsanI palaTAtI jatI dizAo D 22 For Private and Personal Use Only

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anukrame suthAra ane pATIdAra jJAtinA hatA. AphrikAmAM udyogo sthApIne dezaparadezamAM gujarAtanuM gaurava vadhAranAra nAnajI kALidAsa mahetA lahANA jJAtinA hatA, jamazedajI tAtA jevA pArasIo to mahAna prayojako tarIke deza-videzamAM paMkAyA hatA. 17mA saikAmAM pArasIo kArIgaro hatA. paNa tyArabAda temaNe je deDha AtmavizvAsa ane tvarAthI vepAra ane tyAra pachI udyoganA kSetramAM jhaMpalAvyuM teno joTo jaDe tema nathI. AvA saiddhAMtika ane sAdhanasAmagrIyukta abhyAsoe yuropIya pracAro sAme lAlabattInI garaja sArI meM bIjo siddhAMta e rajU karyo hato ke vepArane kSetre gujarAtIo sAhasika ane UMDI vyavahAra sUjhavALA hatAM. temanA pAralaukika vicAro ane khAsa karIne jainonI bAbatamAM) "aparigraha" ane "asteya" ' jevAM vrato eka tarapha hatAM ane vyApArI pravRttio bIjI tarapha hatI, joke tenI vacce haMmezA visaMvAditA ja hatI tema nahi, UlaTAnuM, tAjetaramAM juragena luTa nAmanA jarmana itihAsakAre vallabha saMpradAyanI bAbatamAM batAvyuM che, te mujaba e saMpradAyanA "manuSyayatna, IzvarakRpA" jevA vyavahAru siddhAMto ane AdezonI asara nIce tenA ghaNA rAjapUta anuyAyIo vepAra tarapha vaLyA hatA. "karma ane puruSArtha thakI jIvanamAM saphaLatA prApta karIe to khuda Izvara paNa prasanna thAya che." - A prakAranI dhArmika philasUphIne puSTimArgI anuyAyIoe dhanaprApti mATenuM vyavahAru svarUpa ApyuM hatuM. yuropamAM kelvinavAdIo ane poTesTaMTavAdIonI jema "karma dvArA saphaLatAnI philasUphIe vallabhasaMpradAyanA anuyAyIone paNa vyApArI saphaLatA prApta karavAmAM sahAya karI hatI, te ja pramANe svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA keTalAka siddhAMtoe lokone "zrama ane sAdAI dvArA siddhi"no mahimA samajAvyo hato. A bAbatamAM "zikSApatrImAM ApavAmAM AvelA zloka naMbara 140145 ane 2para uparathI spaSTapaNe phalita thAya che ke sahajAnaMda svAmIe jeTaluM mahattva zrama ane sAdAIne ApyuM hatuM teTaluM ja mahattva paisAnI bacatane temaja khetI ane pazupAlana tathA vyApAranI pravRttione ApyuM hatuM. zloka 143mAM Adeza ApavAmAM Avyo che ke koI paNa sAkSIe lakhANa karyA vagara potAnA mitra ke putra sAthe paNa nANAMno vyavahAra na karavo. A vastusthiti batAve che ke gujarAtI vepArIo dhanane puruSArtha ane mahattvAkAMkSAnA phaLasvarUpa gaNatA. teo zAstranA amUrta siddhAMtone nahi, paNa tenAM vyavahAropayogI tattvone anusaratA. teo dhanane sAmAjika pratiSThAnA sAdhanarUpa gaNatA ane te hAMsala karavAmAM temano mokSa jotA hatA. AvA vyavahArakuzaLa vepArIone "Other-worldly" kevI rIte kahI zakAya ? zAstro ke paMDito bhale dariyo oLaMgavAnI manAI kare, paNa teo to eziyA ane AphrikAnA dezomAM jaIne puSkaLa dhana kamAtA. AvA saMjogomAM gujarAtI bhASA dezabharamAM vepAra-vANijayanI bhASA tarIke prasthApita thAya temAM zI navAI ? phAMko perArDa (1580-1621) nAmanA pheMca musAphare A bAbatamAM samarthana ApatAM lakhyuM che ke : "The language of all those countries as also of all others belonging to the Great Mughal, and those neighbouring thereto, is the Gujarati language, which is most widespread than any other Indian tongue" (mahAna mughalonA hindustAna uparAMta hiMdanI paDozanA dezomAM jo sauthI vadhAre pramANamAM koI paNa bhASA calaNI banI hoya to te gujarAtI bhASA che.) gujarAtI prajA tarIke Aje paNa ApaNane gaurava apAve tevI A bAbata che, paraMtu A kSetramAM haju vadhAre UMDA UtaravAnI jarUra che. sarvagrAhI dRSTikoNa rAkhIne jo pUrvadhAraNAo (Assumptions and Hypothesis) ne vadhAre spaSTa ane dhAradAra banAvavAmAM Ave to saMzodhananuM A kSetra ghaNuM AzAspada che. Arthika ane prayojakIya itihAsanI sAthe sAthe have nagarIya itihAsa, kuTuMba ane jJAtino itihAsa, pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 23 . For Private and Personal Use Only

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dhArmika saMpradAyono itihAsa, rASTriya AMdolanono itihAsa, bhakti ane sUphI AMdolano temaja samAjasudhArAno itihAsa navA dRSTikoNothI lakhAvA zarU thayA che. vaLI strIonA itihAsanuM kheDANa zarU thaI gayuM che. AjanA nArIvAdI AMdolananA eka abhinna bhAga tarIke srIono itihAsa ekAda dAyakAthI lakhAvo zarU thayo che. ghaNI zikSita strIo sAcuM ja kahe che ke atyAra sudhI je itihAsa lakhAyo che te mukhyatve karIne puruSapradhAna samAjavyavasthA paratvenA pUrvagrahathI prerAIne jANe-ajANye lakhAyo che. aitihAsika srI-pAtro tarIke haju paNa "satI" sItA, "satI" anasUyA, rAdhA, rajhiyAbegama, cAMdabIbI ane mIrAMbAIne AgaLa dharavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu jo navI rIte itihAsane jovAmAM Ave to prAcIna ane madhyakAlIna bhAratanI sAmAnya varganI strIo paNa prakAzamAM AvI zake tema che. udAharaNa tarIke luhAra jJAtinI loyaNa, kaNabI, jJAtinI ratanabhAI ane Ahira jJAtinI amarabAI. 18mA saikAmAM janmelI amarabAIe to raktapittiyAnI sevAno dharma svIkArelo. gujarAtanAM AvAM nArIratno paratve saMzodhano karavAno samaya have pAkI gayo che. sarjanAtmaka sAhityika kRtimAM AlekhAyelI strIono itihAsa-mUlaka abhyAsa A dizAmAM eka mahattvanI kaDIrUpa che. ApaNe jo Adhunika samayanI vAta karIe to samAjasudhArAnA AMdolanamAM, rASTriya AjhAdInI laDatamAM temaja zikSaNa ane keLavaNInA kSetramAM strIono phALo nAnosUno na hato. paraMtu strIono itihAsa lakhavo e vAta sahelI nathI. strIoe bhajavelI bhUmikAnuM vizALa sAmAjika saMdarbhamAM tarkayukta Alekhana tyAre ja thaI zake ke jyAre hakIkato, ghaTanAo ane tenA tathyArthone jovA-tapAsavAno ApaNo abhigama badalAya. huM mAnuM chuM ke A bAbatamAM navI navI sAdhanasAmagrI khoLI nAkhavA karatAM paNa vadhAre mahattvanI bAbata navI rIte prazno pUchavAnI che. jo tema nahIM thAya to, strIono itihAsa ucca jJAtiomAMthI AvatI ati-zrImaMta strIo tathA ucca jJAtionI madhyamavarganI strIonAM jIvanacaritrothI AgaLa nahi vadhI zake. alabatta, atyAra sudhI strIonAM jIvanacaritronI saMkhyA alpa che, temanI AtmakathAo to nahivat che, tethI jo jIvanacaritro rUpI aitihAsika sAhitya vadhe topaNa te AvakAradAyaka che. Ama chatAM paNa buddhizALI ane saMvedanazIla itihAsakAra strIonI temaja srIonAM maMDaLo ane saMsthAonI pravRttione tenA Arthika-sAmAjika vargonA saMdarbhamAM samajAvI zake ane tene samAjanAM anya aMgo sAthe sahetuka rIte sAMkaLI zake tevI zakyatAo paNa che. sadbhAgye bhAratanI keTalIka yunivarsiTIoe temanA zaikSaNika abhyAsakramomAM strI aMgenA abhyAso (Women Studies) dAkhala karIne temaja seminAro yojIne A dizAmAM mahattvanI kAmagIrI zarU karI che. saMzodhakone AtmasaMtoSa thAya tevuM A kSetra temanI rAha joIne besI rahyuM che. chellAM dasa-paMdara varSathI bhAratIya itihAsakAroe saMzodhananI eka navI ane mahattvanI dizAmAM praveza karyo che. te che kacaDAyelA vargono itihAsa. atyAra sudhI je itihAsa lakhAyo che te moTe bhAge madhyamavargIya ane upalI jJAtionA dRSTikoNothI lakhANo che, paraMtu have ApaNA zreNIkramika sAmAjika pirAmiDanI cheka taLiye sabaDatA lokono itihAsa lakhAvo zarU thayo che. 'Subaltern History', 'History from Below' ane 'History of the Historyless' jevA vedhaka zabdothI pracalita banelA garIbonA abhyAso mukhyatve dalito, AdivAsIo, khetadAso tathA audyogika kAmadAronA jIvana ane temanA saMgharSone sparze che. A prakArano 'Subaltern History' lakhavA mATe itihAsakAre graMthAlayo ane abhilekhAgAromAM sacavAyelI sAdhanasAmagrIno upayoga to karavo ja paDe, paNa briTiza rekorDajhamAM to bhIla koLI bAraiyA, ane pATaNavADiyA jevA AdivAsI ane jJAtivyavasthAnA DhAMcAmAM 'halakA' gaNAyelA anya mAnavasamUhone 'cora', sAhitya, sAmAjikazAstro ane itihAsa : gujarAtanA itihAsanI palaTAtI jatI dizAo 3 24 For Private and Personal Use Only

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'lUMTArA', 'bahAravaTIyA' ane 'gunegAronAM ToLAM' tarIke varNavavAmAM AvyAM che. tethI mAtra AvA ekataraphI ahevAlone AdhAre ja garIbonI Urmio, spaMdano ane anubhUtiono aNasAra paNa kevI rIte AvI zake ? AvAM kAraNosara lokagIto, bhavAI, ukhANAM ane kahevato, gAmaDAnA meLA ane bajAro temaja 'halakA' gaNAyelA garIbo ane piDitomAM bolAtI bhASA ane temanI jIvanazailI jevI maukhika ane sAMskRtika paraMparAono talasparzI abhyAsa to khUba mahattvano banI rahe che. A aMgenuM aitihAsika sAhitya to upalabdha che ja, paNa teno pUratA pramANamAM upayoga thayo nathI. vaLI, A badhuM varga, varNa, jJAti, sattA ane saMpattinA saMdarbhamAM samajavuM paDe. sAhitya temaja sAmAjikazAstromAMthI prApta thatI sUjhono upayoga karyA vagara itihAsakAra mAtra tenA 'DeTA'ne AdhAre ja AgaLa vadhI zake nahIM. zuM karavA jevuM che te aMge keTalAMka udAharaNo atre ApIzuM. ApaNe sau eTaluM to jANIye chIe ke vaDodarA rAjayanA mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa eka pragatizIla zAsaka hatA, ane temaNe dalito, AdivAsIo ane srIonI sthiti sudhAravA mATe aneka stutya prayAso karyA hatA. te mujaba temaNe premAnaMda dhoLIdAsa paTela nAmanA vaDodarAnA zikSaNa adhikArIne AdivAsIono sarvAMgI abhyAsa karavAno hukama karyo. teo dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIo vacce doDha varSa rahyA ane temaNe AdivAsIonAM lokagIto, vArtAo, ramatagamato, kahevato, ukhANAM vagerene akSarazaH kAgaLamAM utArI lIdhAM. codharI, dUbaLA, vasAvA ane gAmItonI jIvanazailI, temanI prakRti ane samAja paratvenI cetanA, temanAM nRtyo temaja pIThAvALA pArasIo, pATIdAra ane anAvila jevA jamInadAro tathA vANiyA jevA zarApho sAthenA saMbaMdhone paNa temaNe noMdhI lIdhA. tenA pariNAma svarUpa vaDodarA rAjye 1901 mAM 'navasArI prAMtanI kALIparaja' nAmano khAsso moTo graMtha prakAzita karyo. tyArabAda nAthajI mahezvara pAThaka nAmanA zikSake gujarAta ane rAjasthAnanI sarahadamAM AvelA DuMgarapura ane vAMsavADAnA bhIlonAM lokagItono saMgraha karIne 1915 mAM eka graMtha prasiddha karyo. prastAvanAmAM jaNAvyA mujaba saMpAdake bhIlone vizvAsamAM laIne temanI pAse lokagIto gavaDAvyAM hatAM ane temanI ja bhASAmAM akSarazaH kAgaLamAM kaMDArI lIdhAM hatAM. lagabhaga A ja arasAmAM raNajitarAma vAvAbhAI mahetAe gujarAtI lokagItono saMgraha karyo hato. tyAra bAda to vyaktigata rIte ane gujarAta vidyAsabhA, gujarAta rAjya lokasAhitya samiti ane gujarAta risarca sosAyaTI jevI saMsthAo dvArA A kSetramAM ghaNuM sAruM kAma thayuM che. 'sarakArI cAryA bhorAM, hAda de mA juvAnyA', 'mArI jAna tADInI tarasI che', 'bANo gAMDIne bAuDA dukhyAM chAtIe AvyA, cunIlAla mojaNIvALA', ane 'guno pUchIne pachI mAraje sIpaiDA' jevAM gAMdhIyuga pahelAMnAM lokagIto tathA 'DUbiyAM, DUbiyAM, DUbiyAM ApaNe' tathA 'ApaNI traNa jaNAnI joDI, ene koI zake na toDI, zAhUkAra, jamAdAra, dArU gALanAra' jevAM gAMdhIyuganAM lokagIto mukhyatve AdivAsIo ane dalito jevA kacaDAyelA vargonI potAnI Urmio ane saMvedanAone vAcA Ape che. zabda, bhASA, zailI ane lAlityanI bAbatamAM A lokagIto ane kAvyo umAzaMkara ane suMdaram jevA ApaNA pratiSThita ane saMvedanazIla kavionAM garIbone lagatAM kAvyo karatAM taddana bhinna rIte tarI Ave che. sarvahArAonI jIvanazailI ane temanI Urmione vyakta karatAM lokagItonI saMkhyA ghaNI moTI che. tethI atre udAharaNa tarIke aitihAsika mahattvanuM eka lokagIta rajU karIzuM. 'chappaniyA' (I.sa. 18991901) tarIke oLakhAtA dukALa vakhate ane tyArabAda paNa A lokagIta DuMgarapura ane vAMsavADAnA AdivAsIo gAtA hatA. ane jyAre ame eprila, 2004 mAM temanI mulAkAta lIdhI tyAre paNa bhIla strIpuruSoe A gIta rAgaDA tANIne gAI saMbhaLAvyuM hatuM. temanI 'orala TreDIzana' ane 'klekTIva popyulara memarI' kevI sateja che teno khyAla A parathI AvI zakaze. kharekhara banelo prasaMga e che ke dukALa daramiyAna pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 325 For Private and Personal Use Only

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maMgaLiyA uparAMta seMkaDo bhIla strI-puruSo ane bALako bhUkhe maratA hatA. tethI DuMgarapuranA maMgaLIAnI saradArI nIce bhIloe lUMTaphATa karIne zAhukAro ane aMgreja amaladAronAM khUna karyA. paNa chevaTe "maMgaLiyo kaTAro' pakaDAI gayo kepTana eca.bI. pikoka nAmanA poliTikala ejanTe tene jelamAM pUryo. tenI sAme korTamAM kesa cAlyo. mane A badhI hakIkato briTiza rekorDajhamAMthI prApta thaI hatI. briTiza ahevAlo mujaba gunegAronI ToLInA saradAra maMgaLiyAne phAMsIe laTakAvIne ApaNe zAMti sthApI che.' paNa lokagIta mujaba nyAyAdhIze maMgaLiyAne pUchyuM : "A gunegArI te karI che ? te tane kabUla che ?' bhIle svamAna, tiraskAra ane bephikarAIthI uttara vALyo : "bIjA koIe nahIM, meM sAMTe ja A guno karyo che. maMgaLiyAne phAMsIno hukama thayo. lokagItane aMte hRdayadrAvaka zabdomAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che, "maMgaLiyAnA sagAsaMbaMdhIone teDI maMgAvo, tene phAMsIne mAcaDe laTakAvI devAmAM Avyo che. gAMdhIyuga pahelAMnuM A aitihAsika lokagIta nIce mujaba che : "maMgaLIyAne pharaMgI bolAve.. maMgaLIyuM to doDatuM ghAmatuM Ave, maMgaLIyuM to joDe hAthe (sAMkaLa bAMdhelo hAtha) UbhuM, laIvALA meDA koNe bALyA ? jhalaIvALA meLA A hAMDe bALyA zAhUkAranA copaDA kINe coryA ? zAhUkAranA copaDA bairAMsorAe coryA kalAlanA poMga koNe vADhyA? kalAlanA poMga mI hAMDe vAlyA kalAleNanA kaDalA kINe hADyAM ? kalAleNanA kaDalA mI hAMDe hADyA maMgaLIAne phAMsIno ekame maMgaLIAnA bairAMsorAM teDo maMgaLIAnA kAkA bApA teDo maMgaLIyAne phAMsIe saDAvyo che." uparyukta daSTAMta uparathI samajAze ke nirakSara ane kacaDAyelA lokono itihAsa lakhavA mATe sarakArI srotone lokaparaMparA sAthe sarakhAvavAnI jarUra che. dalito ane AdivAsIonA potAnA anubhavone vAcA ApavA temanI maukhika paraMparAo atyaMta mahattvanI che. te ja rIte bAbara devA jevA kheDA jillAnA ane saurASTranA bahAravaTiyA upara paNa ghaNuM lakhI zakAya tema che. jhaveracaMda meghANInA kAmane AgaLa dhapAvavAno samaya kyAranoe pAkI gayo che. pATaNavADIA jJAtino bAbara devA asalamAM to kheDUta hato. bhUmihIna banyA pachI te bahAravaTe caDyo ane 1924 mAM tene phAMsI ApavAmAM AvI. briTiza ahevAlomAM to pATaNavADiyA, dhArALA, vAgharI ane bAreyAone "gunhegAronAM ToLAM' tarIke ja cItaravAmAM AvyAM che. tethI temanI asala sthiti, zAhu ro ane jamInadAro sAthenA temanA saMbaMdho, kRSi vyavasthA vagerenI jANakArI vagara bahAravaTIA tarIkenI temanI pravRttio viSe lakhI na zakAya. vaLI svAtaMtryottara gujarAtamAM temanAmAM AvelA parivartanano tAga meLavavo to khUba ja jarUrI che. nIcalA varNa ane varganA parivartananI prakriyAmAM dharmaguruo, kathAkAro, zarApho ane jamInadAro svaicchika saMsthAo ane sattAdhArI rAjakAraNIo zo bhAga sAhitya, sAmAjikazAstro ane itihAsa: gujarAtanA itihAsanI palaTAtI jatI dizAo D 26 For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhajave che ? temanI vacce kevA saMbaMdho pravarte che? teo sattAnA kevA prakAranAM taMtro ane svarUpo viksAve che ? ane bauddhiko temaja sAmAjika kAryakaro A samagra prakriyAmAM potAnI bhUmikAne kaI rIte jue che? - A prakAranI sugrathIta bAbato bhUtakALa ane vartamAnakALane sAMkaLanArI che. A daSTie cheka pa00-600 varSa pahelAM gujarAtamAM pAMgarelI sUphI ane saMta paraMparA mahattvanI che. te ApaNA tejasvI aitihAsika vArasA samAna che. sUphI ane saMtoe UMcanIcanA bhedabhAvo sAme temano avAja uThAvyo hato. temaNe hiMdu ane musalamAna komo vacce ekhalAsanI bhAvanA paNa pragaTAvI hatI. loko sudhI potAnI vAtane pahoMcADavA mATe temaNe saMskRta bhASAne badale sAdI ane saraLa gujarAtI bhASAno upayoga karyo hato. pAchaLathI gAMdhIjIe paMDitayuganI bhASA badalIne jevI rIte sIdhI, sAdI ane saraLa gujarAtI bhASAno upayoga karyo tevuM A hatuM. A to cheka madhyayuganI ghaTanAo che. tethI pazcimanA prabhAva heThaLa ghaDAyelA narmada, durgArAma, karasanadAsa mULajI ane dalapatarAma jevA samAja sudhArako te samaye kyAMthI hoya ? dalapatarAma paNa "phArabasa sAhebanA paricayamAM AvatAM pahelAM rAjadarabAro ane svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanI sevA karavAmAM ja vyasta hatA. A dRSTie je vicArIe to madhyayugano sAMskRtika vAraso mahattvano gaNAya. aMdhazraddhA, vahema ane dharmaguruonA pAkhaMDo sAmenA akhAnA chappAo ('cAbakhA') to jANItA che. paNa ghaNAne e jANIne navAI lAge ke cheka zAhajahAMnA samayamAM 1642 mAM bharUcanA saMta kavi dAmodara svAmIe dharmaguruonA durAcaraNone samAjamAM ughADA pADavA pAkhaMDa dharma khaMDana nATaka racyuM hatuM. te jamAnAmAM chApakhAnuM ane relave na hovA chatAM A nATaka lokapriya banyu hatuM. hakIkatamAM to karasanadAsa mULajI ane puSTimArganA dharmaguruo vacceno gajagrAha jayAre "mahArAja lAyabala kesa' (1860-62)mAM pariNamyo tyAre dharmaguruo sAme akhabAro ane sAmayiko dvArA pote karelA tejAbI prahArone aitihAsika samarthana ApavA karasanadAsa ane narmade muMbaInI adAlatamAM "pAkhaMDadharma khaMDana nATakanI hastaprata rajU karI hatI. A rIte je 'jUnuM' (1642) hatuM te 1860 nA dAyakAmAM navA svarUpamAM ane sphoTaka rIte jAheramAM AvyuM. e to dIvA jevI spaSTa vAta che ke aMgrejoe vaicArika ane bhautika (relave, chApakhAnuM, tAra ane TapAla) dRSTie, krAMtikArI pheraphAro karyA. briTiza adAlato ane kAnUnI prathA 'gobrAhmaNapratipALanA Adarzone varelI na hatI. tethI dharmaguruo jevA mukadmAmAM hAryA ke tarata temane sajA thaI hatI. Ama briTiza zAsananA krAMtikArI gaNAya tevA pragatizIla pAsAMo to svIkAravAM ja paDe. bhAratanuM to badhuM ja bhavya ane mahAna' jevA dezane pAchaLa dhakelI detA lAgaNIveDA ane tenI pAchaLa raheluM rAjakAraNa Aje cAlI zake tema ja nathI. tethI mukhya savAla madhyakAla ane sAMsthAnika yuganA temaja svAtaMtryottara gujarAtanA pravAhone vadhAre pragalabha rIte sAMkaLavAno che. sUphI ane saMta paraMparA to cheka narmada ane gAMdhIyuga daramiyAna paNa eka yA bIjA svarUpamAM cAlu rahI hatI. aspRzyatA nivAraNanI jhuMbeza daramiyAna gAMdhIjIne preraNA ApanAra saltanata yuganA narasiMha mahetAnA 'giri taLeTI ne kuMDa dAmodara" ane "vaiSNava jana' jevAM bhajano paNa hatAM. gAMdhIjIe "vaiSNavajana' je rIte samagra dezamAM lokapriya banAvyuM te kAMI akasmAtarUpa na hatuM. A rIte gujarAtamAM paraMparAonuM AdhunikIkaraNa (Modernization of Traditions) thatuM AvyuM che. Aje ekavIsamI sadImAM paNa bhUtakALa ApaNA paDachAyAnI jema ApaNI sAthe jIve che. AvA saMjogomAM gujarAta tathA samagra dezane eka jhATake kevI rIte badalI zakAya? Ama chatAM lAMbA gALAnA aitihAsika saMdarbhamAM joIe to badhuM dhIme dhIme badalAtuM gayuM che.keTaluMka jhaDapathI paNa badalAyuM che ane 1990 pachIthI to atyaMta jhaDapathI ane abhUtapUrva rIte badalAyuM che. briTiza zAsana daramiyAna bhArata pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 27 For Private and Personal Use Only

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ane khAsa karIne vyApAra pradhAna gujarAtamAM lokazAhInA mULiyAM sArA pramANamAM prasaryA hovAthI ahIM hiMsaka krAMti dvArA badhuM ekI taDAke rAtorAta mUlagata rIte badalI nAMkhavAnI praNAli ja paDI nathI. bhArata ane pAkistAna eka sAthe ja svataMtra thayA hatA. Ama chatAM svataMtra bhAratamAM kadI lazkarI saramukhatyArazAhI sarjAI nathI. cInanI jema sAmyavAdI krAMti paNa nathI sarjAI. tenI bhIMtaramAM paNa ApaNI hajAro varSonI lAMbI ane pragalma paraMparAo chUpAI che. temAMthI badalAvo paNa sarjAtA rahyA che, paNa te zAMtine mArge. A vidhAnanA samarthanamAM e.I. Dabalyu. normana brAunanA yAdagAra zabdo TAMkIzuM. 'Perhaps the enduring element, which has animated Indian civilization for so long, is tolerance, a tolerance of the new, the unusual and the different, a capacity to reshape itself in changing conditions, a quickness of comprehension and a willingness to seek for new solutions to new problems. Certainly her history from period to period has revealed this kind of flexibility. She can kecp the old, if it is useful, because she can also give up the old, when it is no longer useful. She does not have to experience a violent conversion, get rid of all her past at once, and suddenly become something different. She can instead progress by successive steps, even by steps taken in quick succession, as at present. She can always be adapting herself, without experiencing feeling of guilt in doing so. Or so, at least, I surmise.' prophesara normana brAuna vizvaprasiddha itihAsakAra ane saMskRta bhASAnA tajjJa hatA. teo bhAratanA bhAvi mATe mAtra aTakaLa (Surmise) ja kare che, paNa te ItihAsanA abhyAsane AdhAre che. Ama jarA udAra ane vizALa daSTithI joIe to itihAsa bhaviSya ghaDI rahelI AjanI prajA mATe upayogI viSaya che. te cetavaNIo ane bodhapAThonI sAthe sAthe preraNA pUrI pADe tevo viSaya che. e rIte bhUtakALano abhyAsa vartamAnakALa ane bhaviSyakALane joDatI kaDIrUpa che. saMdarbho 1. premAnaMda dhoLIdAsa paTela, navasArI prAMtanI kALIparaja', (vaDodarA, 1901) 2. nAthajI mahezvara pAThaka, "bhIlonAM gIta', (amadAvAda, 1915) 3, raNajItarAma vAvAbhAI paTela (saMpA.), lokagIto', (surata, 1922). 4. makaranda mahetA, "prayojakIya ItihAsa : kAryakSetra ane saMzodhana paddhati', "vidyApITha", zizira-vasaMta, 2036 5. makaranda mahetA, 'hiMdu varNavyavasthA samAja parivartana ane gujarAtanA dalito', (amadAvAda, 1995) 6. vidyuta joSI, sAhitya ane samAja" (amadAvAda, 2004) 7. mohana paramAra ane harIza maMgalam, gujarAta dalita sAhitya : svAdhyAya ane samIkSA' (amadAvAda, ra001) C. Jurgen Lutt, 'Max Waber and Vallabhacharis' International Sociology, Vol. 2, no. 3, September, 1987 6. Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition as History (Oxford, 1985) sAhitya, sAmAjikazAstro ane itihAsa : gujarAtanA itihAsanI palaTAtI jatI dizAo gha 28 For Private and Personal Use Only

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tannagranthomAM tAranuM (om kAranuM) svarUpa, rahasya ane mahimA DaoN. ravIndra vi. khAMDavALA omakAra ke praNava e koI varNasamUhanuM nAma nathI paNa e parabrahmavAcaka ke parabrahmano paryAya che. omakAra nAdAnusaMdhAna dvArA divya anubhUti karAvI zake che. AkAra anuttara eTale ke paramezvara ke kAmezvarano vAcaka che. jema upaniSadoe omkArane parabrahmano pratipAdaka mAnyo che ane praNava'ne "dhanuSya' kahyo che tema tannagranthomAM praNava - 'tAra' evA nAmathI paNa oLakhAya che. tannagranthoe enAM navAM rahasyo pragaTa karyA che. pAMcarAtraAgamanA sArarUpa evA "lakSmatatramAM 'tAraprakAza' nAmanA covIsamA adhyAyamAM tArapraNava-oskAranAM svarUpa, rahasya ane tenA mahimA vize vicAra karavAmAM Avyo che. lakSmItantra mujaba prathama tArasvarUpe devI pragaTa thAya che." "prapaMcasAratatramAM tAranI utpatti vize jaNAvAyuM che ke - "tAra: prakRtivitiprasthitaH' | TIkAkAra rAdhava A lakSaNa samajAvatAM kahe che ke - "pravRtiH nizatA para vAchUpanI parapraNavAtmikA kuNDalinI zaktiH / tasyA vikRtivikAraH pazyantyAdirUpaH tadrUpeNa protthitaH abhivyaktaH / ' TIkAkAra rAdhava omakArano artha karatAM kahe che - 'prAvasthAthe sAnubhavanAthanam " arthAta omakAra anubhavagamya che. lakSmatatramAM tArapatrano uddhAra A pramANe sUcavAyo che - prathamaM dhruvamAdAya tataH karNa samuddharet / nAbhiM samuddharetpazcAt prathamekatra yojayet / / " ahIM prayojAyela dhruva' pada 'akArano vAcaka che, "karNa pada 'u'kArano ane 'nAbhi pada anunAsikano vAcaka che. A tatramAM "oyune 'prathama graMmatamam' kahyo che. ahIM binduthI yukta evA omakAranuM nAda sAthe tailadhArAvata avicchinnarUpe pravAhita svarUpanuM dhyAna karavAnuM sUcavAyuM che tathA A traNa akSarovALo oskAra e viSNunuM svarUpa che ane e ja zAzvata brahma kahevAya che ema paNa jaNAvAyuM che. 'lakSmIta-'nI vimarzinI TIkA mujaMba "omkAra'nuM Tyuta svaramAM uccAraNa karavAnuM hovAthI tene "tAra' kahevAmAM Avyo che. A tatra mujaba 'tAra-omkArano "akAra aniruddha che, paMcama svara 'u'kAra pradyumna che, "ma'kAra saMkarSaNa che ane bindu' vAsudeva che. A cAreyanA avibhAga-yogane "nAda' kahevAya che. " 'tAranuM svarUpa spaSTa karatAM lakSmItatramAM jaNAvAyuM che ke - visRSTiM pUrvamAdAya sUryamante niyojayet / saMnikarSe pare jAte tadomityuditaM mahaH // arthAt visarcayukta akAra - "a"nI sAthe anne sUrya eTale "ane sthApita karavo. tyArabAda a ane enI sandhi karavAthI "om nAmanA tejano udaya thAya che. * saMskRta vibhAga, zrI eca. ke. ArTsa kaoNleja, amadAvAda tannagranthomAM tAranuM (om kAranuM svarUpa, rahasya ane mahimA 29 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra zrI sudhAkara mAlavIya A saMdarbhe TIkAmAM lakhe che ke - 'visRSTi = vin / sUrya-bAra ! a +x kRti sthiti 'gato ro: tyutte muLe pUrvarUpe haiM omiti mati / :, baM, atorAjIvaati se 3 svara, punaH guNa tadanantara pUrvarUpa karane para 'om' yaha rUpa niSpanna hotA hai / 10 www.kobatirth.org A visarga ane bindunA saMyogathI tAra sRSTinA saMhAranuM lakSaNa paNa bane che tathA "smarcamAAM para tattva prANayati yad dhruvam / '' oskAranuM nirantara smaraNa karavAthI nizcita rUpe prakAza utpanna thAya che. tantrazAstramAM 'om'nI sADA traNa mAtrAo mAnavAmAM AvI che.2 'lakSmItantra' mujaba "traNa agni, traNa loka, traNa veda, traNa guNa, traNa devatA, traNa vyUha, traNa varNa, traNa svara - A rIte jagatamAM je kaMI trita dekhAya che. tene a, u, maiM - e traNa mAtrAonuM svarUpa samajavuM joIe. bAkI rahela ardhamAtrA arthAt bindu nirvikAra mAyArahita che.13 tArano aMganyAsa cha svaronI sAthe karavAnuM vidhAna che jemake OM aM namaH / OM AM namaH / OM I namaH / OM IM namaH / OM uM namaH / OM OM namaH / - - Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir tArano upAMganyAsa - AM tarjanibhyAM namaH / OM iM madhyamAbhyAM namaH / OM IM anAmikAbhyAM namaH / OM aM aGguSThAbhyAM namaH / OM OM uM kaniSThikAbhyAM namaH / OM OM karatalakarapRSThAbhyAM namaH / OM aM hRdayAya namaH / OM AM zirase svAhA / OM iM zikhAyai vaSaT / OM IM kavacAya hum / OM uM netratrayAya vauSaT / OM OM astrAya phaT // 14 3 36 nama: nAkhau / OM mAM nama: pRthru / OM iM namaH bAhvoH / OM IM namaH urvoH / 34 "OM nama: nAvo: / 3 namaH pADyo: 15 tyArabAda 'a'kAramAM zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa ane gaMdharUpI aniruddhAtmaka svarUpanuM dhyAna karavuM ane jAgRti avasthAno laya karavo. 'u'kAramAM tejanA deva pradyumnanuM dhyAna karI svaprAvasthAno laya karavo. pachI 'ma'kAramAM saMkarSaNanuM dhyAna karI suSupti avasthAno laya karavo. anne ardhamAtrAmAM jJAnasvarUpa vAsudevanuM dhyAna karI turIyAvasthAno laya karavo ane turIyAtIta avasthAmAM vAsudevano laya karIne paramezvarI vaiSNavI lakSmImAM praveza karavo. A rIte sAdhaka ahaMtAmaya bane che ane samAdhistha thaIne zAzvata AnaMdano upabhoga kare che. ik 'ha'kAranI sAthe 'o'kAranA yogathI 'hrI~' e tArano 'prAsAdamantra' gaNAya che. ane 'haM:' e 'annamantra' che. 'soDam' e tArano 'paramAtmamantra' bane che.18 'hA' pa2mAtmAno vAcaka che 'sa:' visarga sAtheno 'sa' mahAmAyAsvarUpa che ane oSkAra sAthe joDAtAM 'haMsom', 'som' ane 'haMsa: zivom' vagere gurupAdukA mantro bane che. upaniSadomAM omUkAranA svarUpa ane mahimAnuM gAna thayuM che paNa tantragranthoe okArane sau pathika : jAnyuArI jUna, 2005 - 30 For Private and Personal Use Only

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prathama aMga ane upAMganyAsa dvArA temAMthI pragaTatI UrjAne zarIramAM pravAhita karIne pachI paccakromAM omakArane AjJAcakra sudhI laI jaIne layayoga dvArA a, u, mu mAM traNa avasthAo ane traNa prakAranI vANIno laya karIne pachI sahastrAracakramAM omakAranI turIyAtIta zaktino ane parAvANInA rUpamAM omakArano tejomaya sAkSAtkAra batAvyo che. Ama, tAranA asamanna dvArA omakAranuM pratikSaNa phuraNa thAya che. prAsAdamI dvArA mUkAra anubhUtinA kSetramAM (AjJAcakramAM praveze che ane pachI tenI sUkSmatA nAdAnusaMdhAna dvArA siddha thatAM omakAra paramatattvanI anubhUti karAvI che. ane e rIte omakAra 'tArakamatra che. mahAmuni pataMjalie paNa A "tArakamanna' tarIke omakArano A ja kAraNe svIkAra karyo che. 'kulArNava tatra'nA chaThThA ullAsamAM omakAranI kalAonAM nAma vize paNa vicAra karavAmAM Avyo che. A tannagrantha mujaba "omakAranA "akAramAMthI "kathI "ca" varganI dasa sRSTikalA utpanna thaI che ane te "brahmajAtA' che; jema ke sRSTirmedhA smRtiRddhiH kAntirlakSmIdyutiH sthirA / sthitiH siddhiriti proktA: kacavargakalA daza / akAraprabhavA brahmajAtAH syuH sRSTaye kalAH // " 'u' kAramAMthI 'Ta'thI ta' varganI dasa sthitikalA utpanna thaI che ke je viSNujAtA' che; jemake- jarA ca pAlinI zAntirIzvarI ratikAmike / varadAlAdinIprItidIrghAH syuSTatavargatrAH / ukAraprabhavA viSNujAtAH syuH sthitaye kalAH // 20 kAramAMthI "pa" thI "ya' varganI dasa "saMhArakalAo utpanna thaI che, jene "rudrajAtA' kahevAya che; jemake - tIkSNa raudrI bhayA nidrA tandrA kSutkrodhinI kriyA / utkArI mRtyurityuktA payavargakalA daza / makAraprabhavA rudrajAtAH saMhRtaye kalAH // 2 // che temAMthI "Sa' varganI cAra "tirodhanakalA' utpanna thAya che jene "IzvarajAtA kahevAya che, jemake - SavargagAzcatasraH syuH pItA zvetAruNAsitAH / 22 omakAranA nAdamAMthI svaronI soLa anugrahakalA utpanna thaI che, jene "sadAzivajAtA' kahevAya che. 23 nivRttizca pratiSThA ca vidyA zAntistathaiva ca / indhikA dIpikA cApi recikA mocikA parA // sUkSmAsUkSmAmRtA jJAnA'mRtA cApyAyinI tathA / / vyApinI vyomarUpA ca SoDaza svarajA: kalAH / / sadAzivabhavA nAdAdanugrahakalA: kramAt / kalAzcezvara saJjAtA stirodhAnAya bindujAH // 2 // tannagranthomAM tAranuM (om kAranuM svarUpa, rahasya ane mahimA 31 For Private and Personal Use Only

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a pUrNodarI kIrti be tra vasudAu lakSmItantramAM kAramAMthI thatI zabdArthaprapaMcotpatti darzAvAI che, tadanusAra badhA ja zabdo "akAramAMthI utpanna thayelA che, "u'kAramAMthI sUrya, soma ane agnisvarUpa - e traNa teja utpanna thAya che. eTaluM ja nahIM, pRthvIthI prakRti sudhInAM pacIsa tattvo "kAramAMthI utpanna thayAM che. 25 A tannagranthamAM 'oma'kAranI ardhamAtrAne "jyotirmayI', cinmayI' ane 'paramakalA' kahI che. 21 tkAriNItatranA ma-koSavivaraNa nAmanA prathama paTalamAM mAtRkAonA adhiSThAtA devatA ane temanI vividha zaktionuM nirUpaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che e rIte "omakAranA varSonuM vargIkaraNa karIe to rudradevatA raudrIzakti viSNudevatA vaiSNavIzakti zrIkaMTha kezava amarezvara vartulakSI viSNu vRti mahAkAla jayA kAmadhenutatramAM dazama paTala antargata pratyeka varNono manuSyanA zarIranAM vividha aMgo sAthe je saMbaMdha che te darzAvAyuM che. e rIte omakAranuM vizleSaNa karIe to - sa - lalATatattva, bIjatattva 3 - AkAzatattva, dakSAkarNa 6 - udaratattva ...sAthe saMbaMdhita che. 28 tannarAjatatranI 'pramANamaMjarI' nAmanI TIkA mujaba pratyeka varNonI adhiSThAtrI rAzio che, tene dhyAnamAM rAkhIne "omakArano vicAra karIe to - adhiSThAtrI rAzi meSa vRSabha makaraH jaNAya che. 'prapaMcasAratatra' mujaba varNanA judA judA adhiSThAtA graho ane nakSatro hoya che; e rIte a, u, mu no vicAra karIe to, varNa adhiSThAtA graha adhiSThAtA nakSatra varNa 5 m = 5 m sUrya - azvinI kRttikA zravaNa30 zani parAtrizikA'mAM samagra mAtRkAnuM vAcaka ane vAcya evA be arthamAM vibhAjana karavAmAM AvyuM che, te rIte "omakAra vize vicArIe to - pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 32 For Private and Personal Use Only

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vAcaka-varNa vAcya-artha ziva mana, buddhi, ahaMkAra, prakRti ane puruSa." kAmadhenutanna'nA varNa-vimarzane AdhAre 'oskAranuM vargIkaraNa karatAM temAMthI je sUcitArtho niSpanna thAya che te joIe - - "akAra, zaradaRtunA candra jevo, annamaya, prANamaya, manomaya, vijJAnamaya ane AnaMdamaya - ema paMcakozamaya che.2 - 'ukAra caturkAnamaya, paMcaprANamaya ane svayaMkuMDalinI che. teno varNa pIttavarNanA caMpaka puSpa jevo che. tathA paMca devamaya ane cAra puruSArthono sAdhaka che. - 'makAra e svayaM parama kuMDalI svarUpa, asaNa Aditya samAna ane cAra puruSArthono sAdhaka che.* saundaryalaharInI "lakSmIdharA' nAmanI TIkAmAM pratyeka varNana yojana-vistAra vize vicAra karavAmAM Avyo che. A dRSTie "omkAranA "'no vistAra 80 lAkha yojana che. 'no vistAra 1 karoDa yojana che ane 'no vistAra 160 lAkha yojana che." vardhinI TIkAmAM pratyeka varNanI AbhA-raMga vize spaSTatA karavAmAM AvI che e rIte "omkAranA vargonuM vizleSaNa karIe to, no raMga sphaTika, 3 no raMga sphaTika ane m no raMga vidyuma (rakta) jaNAya che. omakAranI sarvavyApakatA ane sArvabhaumatva darzAvavA "lakSmItatramAM jaNAvAyuM che ke, onA akAramAMthI traNa vyAhRtio ane traNa varNa udbhavyA che, tenA caraNamAMthI sarvapAvanI sAvitrI tathA traNeya veda utpanna thAya che. vadhu to zuM paNa " "tamathakeveTuM tau ivai ivavaH 37 laukika ane vaidika samagra vAya paNa oskAra svarUpa ja che. omakArano mahimA pragaTa karatAM A tatra kahe che ke - yathA nyagrodhadhAnAyAmantabhUto mahAdrumaH / tathedaM vAGmayaM vizvamasminnta:sthitaM sadA // 38 prastuta zloka paranI "vimarzinI TIkAmAM TIkAkAra spaSTa kare che ke - "paha6mI vIve sUkSmatatvasthaankthnN cAtra sAMkhyasatkAryavAdamanurudhya / aupaniSadamate tu dhAnAyA mahAdrumasya copAdAnaikyAt satkAryavAda iti avasthAbhedAt kAryakAraNabhAvavyavahAra iti ca bhidA / "34 tannagranthomAM tAranuM (om kAranuM) svarUpa, rahasya ane mahimA u 33 For Private and Personal Use Only

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40 'lakSmItantra' tArane sarvaprathama mahAbIja, samasta zabdonI parA prakRti, paramadhAma ane pavitra parama mahAna zabdabrahma tarIke oLakhAve che. A tattvamAM oskAranA paryAyo tarIke praNava, tAra, haMsa, nArAyaNa, dhruva, vedAtmA, sarvavedAdi, Aditya, sarvapAvana, mokSada, muktimArga ane sarva saMdhAraNakSamane gaNAvyAM che. oskAra ajJone mATe zaraNa che to vijJone mATe paNa zaraNuM che tathA 'JayasvacchatAM svarga: pota: pAraM titIrthaMtAm / " arthAt svarganI icchA karanArAo mATe svarga che, saMsArarUpI samudrane pAra karavAnI icchA karanArAo mATe te jahAja che. Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 'tantrasAra' nAmanA graMthamAM AcArya abhinavagupte pratyeka svaro ane vyaMjano vize gUDha ciMtana prastuta karyuM che. tene AdhAre ahIM 'okAra' vize vicArIe to, 'om'kArano 'a'kAra prathama parAmarza che, te anuttara vimarzano bIja che, mAtRkA zaktino prathama ullAsa che, te sUryAtmaka che. 'a'kAra bIjanAM be rUpa che anuttara ane AnaMda. anuttararUpamAM vizrAntinI avasthAne ja AnaMda kahevAya che. 'a' zivatattva ane sUkSma svaratattva che.4ra oskArano 'u'kAra tRtIya parAmarza che. te unmeSa tattvanuM bIja che, te sUryAtmaka che, te paMcaka bIja che. unmeSanI prathama tuTi 'u' che. te paNa zivatattva ane svaratattva che. jJAnazaktinA AlokanI prathama anubhUti 'u'kAra che.43 omakArano 'm' varNa puruSatattva che. temAM mana, ahaMkAra, buddhi, prakRti ane puruSano tathA zivanI paMcazAtmakatAno samAveza thAya che.44 A rIte okAra vedAntIo ane brahmajJAnIo mATe jema paramAtmAno vAcaka che ema vaiSNavatantro okArane viSNusvarUpa mAne che ane zaktitantromAM paNa oskAra paramatattvano vAcaka che. okAranI pacAsa kalAo e ja pacAsa varSovALI mAtRkA che, e ja sRSTiprapaMcanI racayitA che. vAgbhavatrikoNamAMthI A mAtRkAnI utpatti thAya che ane aMte ziva-zivAnA sAmarasyabiMdurUpe vilasato oskAra ja mahAzUnya che, e ja adhomukhatrikoNanA biMdurUpe rahelo che. oskAranI lIlAsvarUpe prakAza ane vimarzanA rUpamAM, prakRtivikRtinA rUpamAM, vividha raMga ane rUpamAM - A sRSTi sphure che. paramatattvanuM akSaramaya svarUpa e ja oskAra che ane e ja tAraka che. 'e ja tuM e ja tuM' e paNa omakA2 che. - rU. sandarbhagrantho DaoN. sudhAkara 1. kulArNavatantram (jhAnAyatantrAbham), viThThAvAna saMskRta saurIna 6, sammA mAnavIya:, prAA - vRAvAsa gAmI, vArALasI-1, prathama saMra, 2006, pR. 120, 222 2. tantrasAda: (dvitIyo mALa:) (periLI tantram) (Amadhenutantram), sampAva: ma.ma. zrI gopInAtha kavirAjaH, prakAzaka: vArALaseya - saMskRta - vizvavidyAlaya, vArALasI, prathama saMskam, vai.saM. 2026, pR. 164 gaura pR. 16, 11, 107 tantrasAraH (zrImadabhinavaguptapAdAcArya), 'nIrakSIraviveka' hindI bhASyasaMvalitaH, prathama khaNDa: (tRtIya) Ahnikam ), ( adhyAyaH 1-7), bhASyakAra DaoN. paramahaMsamitra:, prAza caukhambA surabhAratI prAzana, vArALI, prathama saMra, 1116, pR. 60 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 T 34 - For Private and Personal Use Only -

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4. prapaJcasAratantram (zaGkarAcAryaH), (rAghavaTIkAyuktam), sampAdakaH - Arthara evalona, prakAzaka - motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, punarmudrita, 1989, pR. 318 5. lakSmItantram ('sudhA' hindIvyAkhyopetam), caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja-113, sampAdaka evaM vyAkhyAkAra - DaoN. sudhAkara mAlavIyaH, prakAzaka - caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja Aphisa, vArANasI, prathama saMskaraNa, 2003, pR. 230-243 6. saundaryalaharI, (zaGkarAcAryaH), Edited & Published by - A Kuppuswami, The Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Govt. of India, Banglore, First Ed., p. 183 7. saMvid, varSa-27, tantre akSararUpANi, zrI sureza upAdhyAya, aGkAH - 1-4, 15 agasta 1990 taH 15 mai 1991, pR. 53 pAdaTIpa 1. prathama tArarUpeNa yathAsmyevaM samuddharet / - lakSmItantra (24-4), pR. 230 2. prapaJcasAratantram, (30-5), pR. 318 3. prapaJcasAratantram, 30-5 752nI rAghavanI TI1, pR. 318 4. ejana, 30-5 752nI rAghavanI TI, pR. 318 5. lakSmItantram, 24-5, pR. 230 6. ektadvaiSNavaM rUpaM tryakSaraM brahmazAzvatam / - lakSmItantram, 24-6,7, pR. 230 7. ejana, 24-8nI vimazinI TI.51, pR. 231 8. ejana, 24-9, pR. 231 8. ejana, 24-13, pR. 232 10. ejana, 24-13 nI vimarzanI. TI.51, pR. 232 11. ejana, 24-14, pR. 232 12. asya mAtrA vidhAnajJaiH sArdhAstisra udAhRtAH / bhena, 24-18, pR. 233 13. ejana, 24-19, 20, pR. 233 14. ejana, 24-22, pR. 234 15. ejana, 24-23, pR. 234 16. ejana, 24-25 thI 30, pR. 235 17. ejana, 24-52, pR. 241 18. ejana, 24-66, pR. 243 18. kulArNavatantram, 6-41, pR. 110 20. ejana, 6-42, pR. 110 21. ejana, 6-43, pR. 110 22. ejana, 6-44, pR. 111 23. ejana, 6-44-46, pR. 111 tannagranthomAM tAranuM (om kAranuM svarUpa, rahasya ane mahimA 35 For Private and Personal Use Only

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24. sarve zabdA akArotthA ukArAttejasAM trayam / pRthivyAdi prakRtyantaM makArotthaM purandara // lakSmItantram, 24 - 21, pR. 234 26. lakSmItantram, 24-22, pR. 234 27. tantrasaGgrahaH (dvitIyo bhAga:), phetkAriNItantram (1 - 25 thI 35), pR. 164 28. kAmadhenutantram, (10- 1, 2 ane 8), pR. 118 28. saMvid, varSa- 27, aGkAH, 1-4, pR. 53 30. prapaJcasAratantram (4 - 25 thI 27) bhane (4-51 thI 57 ) 31. saMvid, varSa- 27, aGkA:- 1-4, pR. 56 32. kAmadhenutantram, 1-13, pR. 96 33. ejana, 3-7, 8, pR. 99 34. ejana, 5- 21, 22, pR. 107 34. saundaryalaharI (lakSmIdharA TIkA), pR. 183 36. saundaryalaharI (saubhAgyavardhinI TIkA), pR. 6 37. lakSmItantram, 24-45, 46, pR. 238 Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 38. ejana, 24-47, pR. 238 38. ejana, 24-47 52nI TI pR. 238 40. ejana, 24-48, pR. 238 41. ejana, 24-49 thI 52, pR. 239 42. tantrasAraH (prathamaH khaNDaH), tRtIya Ahnikam, pR. 60 jane pR. 74 43. ejana, pR. 59, 60 44. ejana, pR. 74 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 T 36 For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya paraMparAmAM pustaka DaoN. thomasa paramAra* prAcInakALathI bhAratIya saMskRtimAM jJAnanI sAdhanA thatI AvI che. mokSaprApti mATe jaNAvelA traNa mArgo-jJAnamArga, karmamArga ane bhaktimArga-mAM jJAnane ja prathama sthAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che. hiMdu paraMparAmAM UjavAtI RSi paMcamI ane jaina paraMparAmAM UjavAtI jJAnapaMcamI jJAnanI ArAdhanAnA sUcaka che. jJAnanI sAthe pustaka saMkaLAyeluM che. pustaka e jJAnanuM pratIka che. prAcIna kALamAM zruti ane smRti dvArA jJAnapradAnanuM kArya thatuM. e rIte aneka graMtho kaMThastha karavAmAM AvatA. lakhANa mATenA sAdhano zodhAtAM e graMtho lipibaddha karavAmAM AvyA ane pustako sAkAra svarUpe astitvamAM AvyAM. pustako lakhavA mATe paththara, tADapatra, bhUrjapatra, kApaDa ane dhAtunAM patarAMno upayoga thato. lakhANa lakhatA lahiyAnuM zilpa nAgArjunakaDAmAMthI prApta thayuM che. A prakAranuM te sauthI prAcIna zilpa che. buddhanA janma pachI temanA janmAkSara lakhavAno prasaMga A zilpamAM kaMDArelo che. lakhANa lakhatI eka strInuM lAvaNyamaya zilpa khajUrAhomAM AveluM che, je ghaNuM ja prasiddha che. dakSiNa bhAratamAM lakhANa mATe tADapatrano upayoga thato jyAre uttara bhAratamAM bhUrjapatrano vaparAza vizeSa hato. keTalAMka bhAratIya deva-devIonA hAthamAM pustaka dhAraNa kareluM hoya che. sarasvatIne jJAnanI devI tarIke hiMdu, jaina ane bauddha paraMparAmAM svIkArela che. tenAM vividha nAmo paikI vAgdavI nAma jANItuM che. jaina graMthomAM tene medhA tathA buddhinI devI athavA zrutadevI tarIke oLakhAvI che. te jaina AgamonI adhiSThAtrI devI che. jJAnanI devI hovAthI tenA eka hAthamAM pustaka dhAraNa kareluM hoya che. sarasvatInI sauthI jUnI pratimA kuSANakAlIna che ane hAla te lakhanaunA saMgrahasthAnamAM surakSita che. brahmAnA eka hAthamAM paNa pustaka dhAraNa kareluM jovA maLe che. eliphanTAmAM zilpamAM Alekhita brahmAnA eka hAthamAM pustaka dhAraNa kareluM che. ziva yogI, abhyAsI ane mokSamArganA sAcA tattvavid paNa manAya che. A lakSaNo vyakta karatI zivanI pratimA dakSiNAmUrti tarIke oLakhAya che. zivanI A prakAranI pratimAmAM paNa pustaka dhAraNa kareluM hoya che. dakSiNAmUrti svarUpa vize potAnA Damaru dvArA pANinine vyAkaraNa zIkhavyuM hovAnI mAnyatA che. ' dakSiNa bhAratanA maMdironA maMDapamAM zivanI A svarUpanI pratimA mUkavAno rivAja che. kAverIpAkkamamAMthI maLI Avela pallava zailImAM ghaDAyela zivanuM zilpa dakSiNAmUrti svarUpane vyakta kare che. AThamI sadInA A zilpamAM zive DAbA hAthamAM pustaka dhAraNa karyuM che. nArAyaNa svarUpa viSNunA hAthamAM paNa pustaka darzAvavAnI paraMparA che. A prakAranuM prAcInatama zilpa (guptazailI, pAMcamI sadI) devagaDhamAMthI prApta thayuM ? che. madhyakAlIna sUryanI pratimAomAM tenA anucara daMDanA hAthamAM zAhIno khaDiyo ane kalama dhAraNa karela jovA maLe che. graMthone vidyApIThanI dIvAlo para kotaravAnI prathA hatI. vidyApIThonI bhIMta para kotarelA A graMtho dvArA vidyArthIo A graMtho pUratI potAnI smRti tAjI karI zakatA. dhAramAM rAjA bhoja dvArA nirmita bhojazAlAmAM prAdhyApaka, bhAratIya saMskRti vibhAga, eca. ke. ArTsa kaoNleja, amadAvAda nRttAvasAne naTarAjarAjo nanAda DhakkAM navapaJcavAram / uddhartukAmaH sanakAdisiddhAn etad vimarza zivasUtrajAlam / / zivanA DamarumAMthI je 14 sUtrono nAda guMjyo tene "pore sUvA' tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. jemake, 3[ I 2 | por aa che t | (A zloka jaNAvavA mATe DaoN. ravIndra khAMDavAlAno AbhAra) bhAratIya paraMparAmAM pustaka [ 37 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Ano namUno jovA maLe che. ahIM maMDanakRta 'pArijAtamaMjarI nATikA'nA cAra aMko paikI be aMko dIvAla para kotarIne lakhavAmAM AvyA hatA. bhoje prAkRtamAM racelAM be kAvyo paNa ahIM bhIMta para kotaravAmAM AvyAM hatAM. 'sUryazataka'nI paMktio dharAvato eka staMbhano nAno bhAga kAMcIpuramAMthI maLyo che. A paMktio 11mI sadInI graMthalipimAM kotarelI che. A parathI anumAna karI zakAya ke tyAMnA sUryamaMDapamAM saMpUrNa 'sUryazataka' hastaprata kotarelA staMbho hovA joIe. tirucirApallInA eka zailAtmaka maMdiranI dIvAlo para saMpUrNa 'sauMdaryalaharI' kotarelI hatI. takSazilA, nAlaMdA, vikramazIlA, valabhI, banArasa, kAMcI vagere prAcIna bhAratanI vidyApITho sAthe moTA pustakabhaMDAro saMkaLAyelA hatA ane temAM seMkaDo graMtho hatA. A pustakabhaMDAromAM pustakAriNI sarasvatInI pratimA rAkhavAmAM AvatI. A prakAranI sarasvatInI eka pratimA rAjA bhoje dhAranA pustakabhaMDArane ApI hatI. Ano ullekha pratimAnI pIThikA paranA lekhamAM karavAmAM Avyo che. hAla A pratimA briTiza myujhiyamamAM surakSita che. bauddha vidyApIThomAM paNa sarasvatInI AvI pratimA rAkhavAmAM AvatI. nAlaMdA vidyApIThamAM vINAdhAriNI bauddha vidyAdevInI pratimA hatI. vidyApITho ane mahAvidyAlayo sAthe saMkaLAyelAM graMthAlayo sarasvatIbhaMDAra tarIke oLakhAtAM. zedeivInA eka abhilekhamAM tyAMnA maMdiranA sarasvatIbhaMDArane eka brAhmaNa dvArA dAna ApavAno ullekha che. zrIraMganA maMdiramAM sarasvatIbhaMDArano ullekha karato eka abhilekha maLyo che. nAlaMdAnA sAdhunA pAlana-poSaNanA ane tyAMnA graMthonI nakala karavAnA kharca peTe devapAle rAjagRha jillAnA pAMca gAmo dAnamAM ApyAM hovAnuM mugiri(moMdhIra)nA tAmrapatra dvArA jANavA maLe che. bukka bIjA ane devarAyanA samayanA vijayanagaranA be abhilekhomAM guMgerI maThanA graMthAlayane rAjya taraphathI maLela Arthika sahAyano nirdeza che. amoghavarSa 1lAnA samayamAM bhadraviSNue pustakonI kharIdI mATe dAna ApyuM hatuM. vedonuM sanmAna thatuM. vedane 'trayIpuruSa' mAnIne tenI pUjA thatI. bIjApuranA saloI gAmamAM kRSNa trIjAnA samayamAM rASTrakUTa samrATanA maMtrI nArAyaNe eka mahAvidyAlayanI sthApanA karI hatI ane te 'trayIpuruSa'ne arpaNa karavAmAM AvI hatI. rAjAo taraphathI graMthanuM keTaluM badhuM sanmAna karavAmAM AvatuM teno uttama dAkhalo gujarAtanA solaMkI rAjA siddharAja jayasiMhano che. mALavAnA 'bhoja vyAkaraNa'thI paNa caDhiyAto vyAkaraNagraMtha racavA siddharAje AcArya hemacaMdrAcAryane vinaMtI karI. A graMtha pUro thayA bAda tene 'siddha-hemazabdAnuzAsana' nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM. hAthI para sonAnI aMbADI para padharAvI pATaNa nagaramAM tenI zobhAyAtrA kADhavAmAM AvI hatI. zobhAyAtrAmAM siddharAja pote AcAryanI sAthe page cAlato hato. A rIte eka mahAna graMthane mahAna rAjavI dvArA bhavya rIte sammAnita karavAmAM Avyo. graMthanI sAdhanA mATe bhAradvAja RSino dAkhalo jANIto che. vedano abhyAsa karatAM bhAradvAje traNa vakhata mAnavajanma dhAraNa karyo. vedono abhyAsa cAlu rAkhavA bhAradvAje indrane pharIthI vinaMtI karI. indra jaNAvyuM ke, 'vedonuM jJAna ananta che, tame je jJAna meLavyuM te to traNa mUThIbhara che.' graMthanuM pArAyaNa karavAmAM jene traNa mAnavabhava paNa ochA paDyA tevA graMtha-sAdhaka bhAradvAjano joTo jaDe tema nathI. jJAnanI vividha vidyA-zAkhAo pratye bhAratIya mAnasamAM UMDA mAnanI lAgaNI hatI. tenI pratIti dara varSe UjavAtA upAkarmamAM pratibiMbita thayelI che. te divase loko samUhamAM ekatra thatA ane abhyAsa zarU karavAno nirNaya letA. te pachInA divase AkhA varSa daramiyAna vadhu ne vadhu abhyAsa vadhAravAno mahAsaMkalpa karatA. A vidhi Aje paNa vizeSa karIne dakSiNa bhAratamAM ghaNI jagyAe UjavavAmAM Ave che. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 // 38 For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhAratIya paraMparAmAM Aje paNa pustako AdarabharyuM sthAna dharAve che. prAcIna samayamAM graMtho paththaranI bhIMto para kotarIne lakhavAnI prathA hatI te Aje paNa pracalita che. amadAvAdanA gItA maMdiramAM gItAnA aDhAre adhyAya dIvAlo para kotarIne lakhelA che. solAnI bhAgavat vidyApIThanA saMkulanA maMdiranI dIvAla para zrImad bhAgavata kotarela che. jainatIrtha zaMkhezvaranA parisaramAM eka Agama maMdira AveluM che jenI dIvAlo para Agama graMtho kotarIne lakhelA lahiyo, ikSvAku, I.sa. 3jI sadI, che. zIkhonA gurudvArA(maMdiro)mAM temanA pavitra pustaka 'graMthasAheba'ne nAgArjunakonDA, da. bhArata (naeNzanala myujhiyama) padharAvIne mAna-sanmAna ApavAmAM Ave che. - tA. 30-9-2005nA roja gujarAtI vizvakozanA 20mA graMthanuM vimocana karyA bAda rAmabhakta zrI morAri bApue jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, "vyaktine jIvanayAtrA pUrI karavA mATe cha vastuonI mukhya jarUra paDe che - saMta, iSTa, paMtha, mUrti, maMtra ane graMtha. A cha mAMthI koI ekanI pasaMdagI karavAnI hoya to huM 'graMtha'nI ja pasaMdagI karuM kAraNa ke graMthanuM vimocana mUrtinI sthApanA barAbara che. graMtha e iSTa, paMtha, maMtra, mUrti tamAmanuM kAma karI Ape che.'' graMthanuM mahattva samajAvatAM temaNe 'avatAra caritra graMtha'nA racayitA naraharadAno dAkhalo Apyo hato. teo niHsaMtAna hatA. eka divase temanI patnIe temanI pAse putranI mAMgaNI karI. naraharadAne eka varSa rAha jovA jaNAvyuM. eka varSa daramiyAna temaNe 'avatAra caritra graMtha' lakhyo ane pachI te graMtha potAnI patnInA khoLAmAM mUkatAM kahyuM, "A ApaNuM bALaka. have koI ApaNane vAMjhiyA nahIM kahe." Ama bhAratIya paraMparAmAM jJAnanA pratIka pustakanuM AdaraNIya sthAna rahyuM che. pustakane deva tulya saMtAna tulya paNa gaNavAmAM AvyuM che. saMdarbha C. Sivaramamurti, Some Aspects of Indian Culture. brahmA vAkATaka, I.sa.nI 6ThThI sadI, eliphanTA Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 4] pAna J{ XXX Y Z wijd }**j[nitar 2 12 459345 sarasvatI kuSANa I.sa.nI bIjI sadI, lakhanau myujhiyama bhAratIya paraMparAmAM pustaka 3 39 For Private and Personal Use Only maNIkkAvAcakara coLa I.sa. 11mI sadI, mudukUra, da. bhArata

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somanAtha-pATaNanI abhilikhita prazastio DioN. bhAratI zelata* bhAratanA vividha pradezomAM gujarAta ghaNA prAcIna kAlathI eka prAdezika ekama tarIke najare paDe che. bhaugolika maryAdAone laIne temaja emAM vaselI mAnava-jAtionI viziSTatAone laIne ane emanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsanI viziSTatAone laIne gujarAtano pradeza e eka ekama banyuM che. AthI bhAratanA eka aMtargata pradeza tarIke rahelA gujarAtanA itihAsanuM nirUpaNa prAdezika itihAsa tarIke atyaMta mahattvapUrNa che. gujarAtano pramANita itihAsa mauryakAla (I.pU. 3rara- I.pU. 185)nA AraMbhathI zarU thAya che. enA itihAsa AlekhananA sAdhanomAM purAvastukIya, likhita ane abhilikhita sAmagrI pramANita svarUpe vipula pramANamAM upalabdha thAya che. 19mI sadImAM upalabdha prAcIna abhilekho ukelAvA lAgyA ane prasiddha thavA lAgyA tyArathI gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsamAM eka maurya kAla sudhInA itihAsa para prakAza paDyo che. - abhilekho eTale zilA, dhAtu, kASTha, mATI jevA padArtho para kotarelAM lakhANo. A abhilekho te te samayane lagatI vyaktio tathA ghaTanAo vizenA samakAlIna lakhANo hoI itihAsanA sAdhana tarIke ghaNuM mahattva dharAve che, ane tatkAlIna bhASA temaja te samaye pracalita lipimAM kotarAyelA hovAthI aitihAsika ane sAMskRtika vigatonI saMgIna sAmagrI pUrI pADe che. vividha padArtho paranA abhilekhomAM zilAlekha ghaNA jANItA che. A zilAlekha sAmAnyataH zaila (moTI zilA), zilAkhaMbha, zilAyaSTi (paththaranI UbhI lATa) ke zilAphalaka upara kotaravAmAM Ave che. A zilAlekhomAM vividha prakAranA viSayonuM Alekhana kareluM hoya che; u.ta. vANijiyaka prakAranA lekho, dhArmika anuzAsano, smAraka lekho, dAnazAsano, pUrNa nirmANanA lekho, prazastio, pratimA lekho, sikkA lekho vagere. prazasti prakAranA lekhomAM parAkrama ke paramArthanI ghaTanA nimitta hoya che ne e nimitte rAjAnI tathA paramArtha kArya karanAra vyaktinI lAMbI rucira prazasti racavAmAM Ave che, jenAM prasiddha udAharaNo mahAkSatrapa dradAmA ane skaMdaguptanA jUnAgaDha zailalekho, samudraguptano alAhAbAda zilAtaMbha lekha, kaliMganA rAjA khAravelano hAthIguMphA lekha, yazodharmAno maMdasora zilAtaMbhalekha, kumArapAlano vaDanagara prazasti lekha, zrIdharanI prabhAsapATaNanI prazasti, DabhoInI vaidyanAtha prazasti, tejapAlano Abu prazastilekha, nAnAkanI koDinAra prazasti vagere che. somanAtha-pATaNanI abhilikhita prazastio nIce mujaba che : 1. prabhAsa pATaNamAM bhadrakALInA maMdiramAM solaMkI rAjA kumArapALanA samayano zilAlekha, valabhI saMvata 850 (I.sa. 1169). prabhATa pATaNa (ji. jUnAgaDha)mAM AvelA bhadrakAlInA maMdiranA praveza dvAranI jamaNI bAjue sthita eka moTI kALI zilA para 54 paMktimAM kotarelo saMskRta lekha che.' enuM mApa 70 se.mI. x 45 se.mI. che. lekhano mukhya viSaya solaMkI rAjA kumArapAle (I.sa. 1142 - I.sa. 1172) potAnA dharmaguru bhAvabRhaspatinA upadezathI somanAthanA maMdirano jIrNoddhAra karAvyo tene lagato che. lekhanA AraMbhamAM ziva ane vighnahartA gaNezanI tathA sarasvatInI stuti karavAmAM AvI che. * niyAmaka, bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 40 For Private and Personal Use Only

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tyArabAda pAzupata maThonuM saMrakSaNa karanAra bhAvabRhaspatinI prazasti karavAmAM AvI che. vArANasImAM janmelA teo gAgye gotranA kAnyakubba brAhmaNa hatA. zizu vayamAM emane pUrva saMskAronA baLe cauda prakAranI vighAonI nipuNatA prApta thaI hatI. emaNe pAzupata vrata grahaNa karyuM hatuM ane pAzupatAcArya banyA hatA. pAzupata matanA graMthonI racanA karanAra A mahAna AcArye taponidhi rAjAone dIkSA ApavA ane pazupatinA sthAnonI rakSA karavA pravAsa AraMbhyo. 'ati vidvAna, akhila jagatathI pUjita, vividha yAtrA karanArAonA upamAnanI padavI dhAraNa karanAra, nakulIza samAna dehavALo, muniothI pUjAto, kAmadeva samAna ane teno potAno Agama spaSTa karatAM ekatra mUkelAM zAso samAna bhAvabRhaspatinI mati sarvathI ujjavaLa bhAse che." mAlava deza, kAnyakubdha ane ujanamAM karelA tapanA prabhAvathI mALavAnA paramAra rAjAone ziSya banAvyA ane tyAMnA pAzupata maThonuM saMrakSaNa karyuM. solaMkI rAjA siddharAja jayasiMhano bhrAtRbhAva prApta karI sarvotkRSTa mAna meLavyuM. siddharAjane emaNe somanAtha maMdirano jIrNoddhAra karavAno upadeza Apyo, paraMtu A pahelAM siddharAjano svargavAsa thayo. pachI rAjA kumArapAle gurunA AdezathI somanAthano jIrNoddhAra karyo. zaMkaranA zAsanathI mahAna maMdira baMdhAvanAra, cAra varSothI mAna pAmelA, daDha mananA, gArgeya gotramAM janmelA zrI bhAvabRhaspatine pRthvI para gaMDezvaranA nAmathI vikhyAta evA sarvanA svAmI banAvyA.' Ama somanAtha maMdirano jIrNoddhAra rAjA kumArapAlanI udAra rAjyazrIthI tathA gaMDa bhAvabRhaspatinA sakriya puruSArthathI thayo. kailAsa parvata samAna jIrNoddhAra pAmelA zaMkaranA devAlayane joIne ati prasanna thayelA rAjAe emane gaMDanuM pada vaMzaparaMparAgata ApyuM ane somanAtha tIrthanA sarvezagaMDezvara banAvyA. solaMkI rAjA kumArapAlanI prazasti kavi nIcenA zabdo dvArA kare che : ke ke naiva viDambitA narapateragne vipakSavrajAH / keSAM naiva mukhaM kRtaM sumalinaM keSAM na do hRtaH / keSAM nApahRtaM padaM dRDhatayA dattvA padaM mastake ke vAnena virodhino na balinA bhikSAvrataM grAhitAH // 19 // te pratApI rAjAnI samakSa kyA zatruo ajita rahyA hatA? konA mukha kalaMka vinAnAM rahyAM hatAM ? kono darpa Utaryo na hato ? konA padane temanAM mastako upara tenuM caraNa mUkIne balathI teNe chinavI lIdhuM na hatuM ? A baLavAna vaDe kayA zatruo bhikSuka thayA na hatA ? susthAmabhirbahiridaM bahubhiryadIyai puDhaM guNairniyamitaM yadi nAbhaviSyat / nUnaM tadaMtarakhilaM subhRtaM yazobhi ___brahmANDabhANDakamaNusphuTamasphuTiSyat // 20 // e brahmAMDano kuMbha bAhya bhAgamAM tenA gADha sadguNothI sArI rIte bahAranA bhAgamAM dabAyo na hota to jarUra te tenI aMdaranA mahAna yazathI phUTI gayo hota.' yadrUpekSaNavAJchayA zatamukho dhatte sahasraM dRzAM yanniHsImaguNastutau kRtadhiyo dhAtuzcaturvaktratA / yanmAhAtmyabharAccaleti vasudhA gotrAcalaiH yatkIrtina bhuvi prayAsyati tato nUnaM trilokIkRtA // 21 // somanAtha-pATaNanI abhilikhita prazastio | 41 For Private and Personal Use Only

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'kharekhara Indra tenuM rUpa nihALavA sahastra cakSu dhAraNa karyA che, brahmAne tenA asaMkhya guNonuM gAna karavAnA nizcayathI cAra mukha dhAraNa karavAM paDyAM che, tenA mahimAthI dUjelI pRthvI parvato vaDe sthAnamAM rakhAI che ane pRthvI ne samAvI zake te yaza samAvavA traNa bhuvana sarjelAM bhAse che.' bhAva bRhaspatie prabhAsapATaNamAM meru nAme navo prAsAda baMdhAvyo. papapa saMtonI pUjA karI. somanAtha maMdiranI dakSiNamAM ane uttaramAM majabUta durga baMdhAvI nagarano vistAra karyo. gaurI, bhImezvara, ziva, siddhezvara vagere devonAM maMdira para teNe suvarNanA kaLazo mUkyA. rAjAone ekatra karavA darabAra banAvyo. sarasvatInI vApI baMdhAvI. zaMkaranA maMdiranA agrasthAnamAM suMdara staMbhanA AdhAravALo oraDo ane rUpAnA jalamArgavALuM maMDUkanA AkAranuM zivanuM Asana banAvyuM. pApamocana maMdirano jIrNoddhAra karyo. dvijo mATe vizALa gRho baMdhAvyAM ane viSNunI pUjAne sahAya karI. somanAthanA mArga para navA nagaramAM be vApI karAvI ane caMDikAnI sthApanA karI. 'amRta samAna jaLavALI A vApI je ramya taraMgono dhvani kare che ane jenA jaLanuM pAna aneka pittaLanI DolathI thAya che te ghaTTamAMthI pragaTelA agatya RSithI pAna karAyelA jaLavALA sAgarane hAsya karatI bhAse che. sUrya-caMdranA grahaNa dine ane parva dinoe vidvAna ane guNI dvijone sarva dAna ApI pUjA karAve che. bhAvabRhaspati zaMkaranI bhaktimAM parAyaNa, brahmanA jJAnamAM lIna, zrutimAM zraddhAvALo, dAnano zokhIna, kSamAnI mativALo, sucaritavALo zAzvata zreyanI prApti mATe zaMkaranI ArAdhanA kare che. bhAvabRhaspatinI patnI mahAdevInI prazasti karatAM kavi jaNAve che. etasyAbhavadiMdusuMdaramukhI patnI prasiddhAnvayA gaurIva tripuradviSo vijayinI lakSmIrmurAreriva / zrIgaMgeva sarasvatIva yamune vedAgrakIA girA ___ kAtyA soDhalasaMbhavA bhuvi mahAdevIti yA vizrutA // 35 // 'tenI patnI pRthvI para mahAdevI nAmathI vikhyAta, indu samAna ramya mukhavALI, vikhyAta kuLanI, tripura daityanA zatru zaMkarane pArvatI samAna, viSNune zrIlakSmI samAna, soDhalanA saMbhavanI, yaza, vANI ane sauMdaryamAM gaMgA, sarasvatI ane yamunAne anukrame samAna hatI. 'tenuM lAvaNya caMpAnA phUla jevuM hatuM, rathanI gati samAna tenA bAhu hatA. nayana zirISa puSyanI zreNI samAna hatAM, hAsya mogarAnA phUla jevuM hatuM. tenA kapoLa pUrNa vikaselA lodha puSpa samAna hatA. ethI ema dekhAtuM hatuM ke kAmadeva zilpIe sarva RtunA sauMdaryavALuM tenuM aMga banAvyuM hatuM. caMdragrahaNanA samaye gaMDarAje somanAthanI pUjA karI ati prasanna thayo. dAnapatra vaDe eka gAma dAnamAM ApyuM. zIghra kavie gaMDanA guNonI prazasti racI. lakSmIdharanA putra rUpasUrie lakhANa karyuM. lekhanI miti valabhI saMvata 850, aSADha mAsanI che. A samaye I.sa.nuM varSa 1169 ane vi.saM.nuM varSa 1225 Ave. kumArapALanA samayanA abhilekha parathI jaNAya che ke mukhya maMdira, nRtyazALA, raMgamaMDapa, rasoIgRha ane kIrtitoraNa vagere mahattvanAM aMgo sAthe somanAtha maMdira joDAyeluM hatuM. maMdiranI cotaraphanA vistRta prAMgaNane pharatA koTanI racanA hatI. maMdiranA prAMgaNamAM daityasUdana viSNunuM maMdira hatuM. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 9 4ra For Private and Personal Use Only

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2. zrIdharanI devapATaNa prazasti, vi.saM. 1273 (I.sa. 1216) verAvaLa najIka somanAtha pATaNamAM eka kAjInA ghara najIkanA staMbha upara A prazastilekha jaDAyelo hato. hAla je zilA upara A lekha kotarAyo che te zaheranA moTA daravAjAnI jamaNI tarapha killAnI dIvAlamAM caNelI che. je zilAnuM mApa 75 se.mI. x 67.5 semI. che. nIcenA bhAgamAM 12.5 se.mI. jagyA khAlI che. uparanA DAbI taraphanA khUNAmAM eka TukaDo bhAMgI gayo che. lekhanA aMte jamaNI taraphanA bhAga vadhu nukasAna pAmelA hoI, nIcenA bhAgamAM paMktiono jamaNI taraphano bhAga vAMcI zakAto nathI. lekhanI lipi 13mI sadInI nAgarI ane bhASA saMskRta che. mULAkSaromAM va ne sthAne 3 no prayoga thayo che, jemake kavo: (paM. 20) zrIdhara prazastino AraMbha zivanI stutithI karavAmAM Avyo che. emAM zivanuM para brahma sAthenuM abhijJAna karavAmAM AvyuM che. eno mukhya viSaya devapaTTanamAM ghaNAM maMdira bAMdhanAra vastrAkula vaMzanA pratinidhi zrIdharanI prazasti karavAmAM AvI che. tyAra bAda somanAtha maMdira ane nagaranI prazasti karavAmAM AvI che. bhUmithI Urdhvagula evuM somanAtha maMdira ananya sAdhAraNa zobhA dhAraNa karatuM hatuM. jaladhinI saMnidhimAM purAtana kAlamAM asahya kSayarogathI pIDAtA indue mukti mATe somanAtha maMdira ane nagaranI prazasti karI. solaMkI kulanA mUlarAja 1lAthI bhImadeva rajA sudhInA rAjAonuM varNana A zilAlekhomAM karavAmAM AvyuM che. sAthe sAthe nRpa bhImadeva rajAnA rAjapuruSomAM Adara pAmelA zrIdharanA pUrvajonuM varNana Ave che. zrIdharano vaMza vastrAkula vaMzathI khyAti pAmelo hato. A vaMzanuM vaidika gotra zAMDilyanA gotranuM hatuM. A vaMzanA mahAna dharmI jozI UyA bhaTTa vaDanagaramAM nivAsa karatA. e rAjajozInA AzIrvAdathI mULarAja 1lAe indranA vakSa:sthaLamAM IrSA upajAve evuM zatruothI mukta cirakALa sudhI rAjaya karyuM. UyA bhaTTanA traNa putro mAdhava, lUla ane bhAbhane aneka sakhAvatonI dekharekha temaja vApI, kUpa, taDAganA khodakAma, kuSTima (Azraya gRha), vidyA, maTha, prAsAda, satrAlaya, sauvarNachAja daMDa, kamAno, bajAro, nagaro, gAmo, prapA ane maMDapanAM bAMdhakAma soMpyAM hatAM (zlo. 9-10). cAmuMDArAje pitAnA mitra mahAmaMtrI mAdhavane kanTezvara grAma dAnamAM ApyuM (zlo, 12). lUlano putra bhAbha bhImadeva 1lAne mitra hato. eno putra kumArapAla rAjAno saciva hato (glo. 25). rohiNI sAthenA lagna bAda vallane caMdra samAna potAnA vaMzane vikasAvanAra ane rAjA bhImadeva rajAnA rAjapuruSomAM sammAna pAmela zrIdhara nAme putra thayo (glo. 26, 27) "e kAMtimAM caMdra samAna, vRttimAM sAgara samAna, prabhavavidhimAM brahmAsamAna, kIrtimAM rAma samAna ane rUpa-sauMdaryamAM kAmadeva samAna hato. e saujanyamUrti, sattvazALI ane enA hRdayamAM purANA-puruSanI cetanA hatI, e zrIdhara hovA chatAM vaikuMTha nahoto, sarvajJa hovA chatAM nirguNa nahoto, Izvara hovA chatAM kAmano zatru nahoto." (zlo. 29-31). e vIra hato, udAra hato, sucarita ane subhAgyavALo hato. tArmivanavaMdafma: saMdhyAmivi vAra: | : zrIdharaH zobhate zazvallokavyApyekadIpakaH // 41 // 'bhuvanamAM vaMdanIya saMdhyAo vaDe jema divasa zobhe che, tema zAzvata lokavyApI advitIya dIpaka samAna zrIdhara zobhe che." 'zyAma tamAla vRkSonA vana samAna mALavAnA yuddhanA mAtaMgonA gaNathI kaMpita dezane zrIdhare tenA maMtrabaLathI punaH sthira karI nija baLathI devapattana (somanAtha pATaNa)nuM rakSaNa karyuM (zlo. 42).' vIra hamIra ghaNuM karIne musalamAna senApati hato ane eka karatAM vadhAre vakhata caDhAI karIne bhImadevanA samayamAM TUMka samaya somanAtha-pATaNanI abhilikhita prazastio 43 For Private and Personal Use Only

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mATe jIta meLavI haze ane zrIdhare tenA sainyane harAvyuM hovAnuM jaNAya che. vaLI durganA darparUpa zrIdhare vIra hammIranA sainyane tRNa samAna karI nAMkhyuM (zlo. 43). potAnA mAtAnA zreya mATe rohiNIsvAmI nAme kRSNanuM maMdira ane pitA vallanA nAmathI eka zivAlaya baMdhAvyuM (glo. 44). zrIdharanI traNa patnIo sAvitrI, lakSmI ane saubhAgyadevI nAme hatI. zrIdharanA vastrAkula vaMzanA pUrvajonI vaMzAvaLI UyA bhaTTa mAdhava lUla bhAbha zobha : valla =rohiNI, zrIdhara =sAvitrI, lakSmI ane saubhAgyadevI zilAlekhamAMnI miti vi.saM. 1273, vaizAkha sudi 4, zukravAranI che. e divase varSagaNanAnI caitrAdi paddhati pramANe 22 eprila, I.sa. 1216 Ave (L.D. Swamikannu Pillai, An Indian Ephemeris, Vol. IV, Delhi, 1982, p. 84) 3. bhImadeva rajAno verAvaLa zilAlekha : A zilAlekha jUnAgaDha jillAnA verAvaLamAM phojadAranA makAnamAM Avelo che. enuM mApa para.5 semI. x 42.5 semI. che. 45 paMktimAM kotarAyela A lekhanI bhASA saMskRta ane lipi devanAgarI che. aMtima ATha paMktionA akSara taddana ghasAI gayA hovAthI vAMcI zakAtI nathI. AraMbhamAM somezvara deva ane sarasvatInI stuti karavAmAM AvI che. tyArabAda taponidhi vizvezvararAzinI prazasti karavAmAM AvI che. teo zivano eka aMza gaNAtA. somanAtha maMdiranA saMrakSaNamAM temano vizeSa phALo hato. ziva samAna prabhA ane caMdrakaLAvALA, sUrya samAna tejasvI ane apratima rUpavALo deha dharAvatA te vizvezvara rAzie traNa zakti-prabhAva, maMtra ane utsAha-samAna pratApadevI (bhAva bRhaspatinI putrI)ne patnI tarIke grahaNa karI. kumArapAlanA avasAna bAda enA anugAmI ajayapAlanI vinaMtIthI vizvezvara rAzie zrI somanI sthitino uddhAra karyo tyAre rAjAe emane gaMDanA pada para sthApita karyA. bhImadeva 2 jAnA samayamAM jagadeva pAse vizvezvara rAzie somanAthano meghanAda nAme prAsAda karAvyo. vizvanAthamAMthI avatarelo tapano nidhi, pUrvanA saMskArathI cauda vidyAmAM nipuNatA prApta karanAra ane mahAkAladevanA maThonA bhaktono ziSya tapa mATe avanti gayo, zAzvata sukharUpa zreSTha avinAzI tattva sAthe potAnI ekatA vize kaThina dhyAna ghaNAM varSo sudhI karyuM. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 44 For Private and Personal Use Only

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4. vAghelA rAjA sAraMgadevanA samayanI sinTrA(porTugala)mAMnI devapattana prazasti : vi.saM. 1343 (I.sa. 1287) A prazastinI eka nakala cArlsa vilphinsanA bhASAMtara sAthe Travels in Portugal (1798)mAM prathama prasiddha thaI hatI. DaoN. barjese Arkiyolojikala sarve oNpha vesTarna inDiyA (1879), naM. 9, pR. 104mAM Do. bhagavAnalAla indrajInA saMskRta pATha sAthe prazastino TUMka sAra ApI prasiddha karI hatI. lekha lAMbA lIsA kALA paththara para kotarelo che. tenuM mApa 105 semI. * 50 semI. che. lekhamAM 66 paMktio lekhano mukhya viSaya tripurAntaka nAmanA zaiva sAdhue somezvaranA maMDapanI uttare pAMca zivAlaya karAvyA tene lagato che, A pAMcamAM 1. potAnI mAtA mAlDaNadevInA nAmathI mAlhaNezvara, 2, umApatigaMDabRhaspatinA nAmanuM zivAlaya, 3. bRhaspatinAM patnI umAnA nAmathI umezvara, 4. potAnA nAma parathI tripurAMtakezvara ane pa. potAnAM patnI ramAnA nAma parathI ramezvara. A pAMcenA vacalA bhAgamAM gaurakSaka (gorama)nuM, bhairavanuM, hanumAnanuM, sarasvatInuM ane siddhivinAyakanuM ema sthAna karAvyAM ane uttaranA kAra sAme suMdara staMbho upara toraNa karAvyuM. A maMdironA nibhAva mATe-nityapUjA jAte ane bIjAo pAse lAgI apAvI karAvI. lekhanA AraMbhamAM ziva ane gaNapatinI stuti karavAmAM AvI che. tyAra bAda vAghelA rAjA vizvamalla (vIsaladeva I.sa. 1243-1297) ane tenI rANI nAgalladevI, nAno bhAI pratApamalla, pratApamallano putra rAjA arjunadeva ane enA putra sAraMgadevanI prazasti rajU karavAmAM AvI che. vizvamallanA parAkrama ane vIratAnuM varNana kavi A pramANe kare che. zrIvizvamalla iti bhUpatimauliranaM caulukyavaMzamataMsayati sma jiSNum / yasya dvidhAramapi saMyati maMDalAna mArAdamasta zatadhAramarAtivargaH // 8 'pUrve, bhUpationo mukuTamaNi jayazAlI zrI vizvamala caulukya vaMzano alaMkAra hato, jenI be dhArI khaJane zatruo yuddhamAM aneka dhAravALI mAnatA.' AbaddhamUlamabhitaH kSitipAdrijAta munmUlayan kulizavaMzabhuvA bhujena / sattvasya ya: kimapi dhAma janena rAja ___ nArAyaNeti jagade jagadekanAthaH // 5 // cAre bAju mULa nAMkhI rahelA parvata jevA rAjAone vaja samAna bhuja vaDe ukheDI nAkhato e sattvazALI, jagatano eka nAtha "rAjanArAyaNa' kahevAyo." arjunadevanuM suMdara varNana upamA ane zleSa dvArA kavie karyuM che : rAkAnizAkarasanAbhiguNAbhirAmo dAmodarAMza iva vikramamAMsalazrIH / bhUpAlamaulimaNirarjunadevanAmA kAmA nImiva dhanAni tharAmadugdha // 10 // somanAtha-pATaNanI abhilikhita prazastio 45 For Private and Personal Use Only

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'pUrNa caMdranA jevA guNathI AnaMdadAyaka, dAmodaranA aMza jevA, parAkramathI yazasvI thayelA bhUpationA mukuTamaNi evA arjunadeve kAmadhenunI jema pRthvIne dohIne dhana meLavyuM.' pAzupata saMpradAyanA sthApaka, kAyAvarohaNamAM vasavATa karanAra lakulIzanA cAra ziSyo kuzika, gAgye, kauruSa ane maitreya thayA. gArgeya gotranA alaMkAra samA kArtikarAzi sthAnAdhipati (maThAdhikArI) hatA. emanA anugAmI vAlmIkirAzi hatA je nirmala citta samAna vimala padanyAsa vaDe vANIne ane tIrtha padavIne pAvana karatA. temanA ziSya tripurAMtaka hatA, jemanI prazasti sAraMgadevanA samayamAM kotarAI. taruNa vaye teo satpuruSonA upadezaka nimAyA hatA. himAlaya, kedAra, prayAga, narmadA, godAvarI, tryaMbaka, rAmezvara sudhI tripurAMtake yAtrA karI ane pazcimamAM prabhAsapATaNa AvyA hovAnuM tIrthayAtrA varNanamAM jaNAvAyuM che. tripurAMtake somanAthamAM pAMca devaLo baMdhAvyAM, pAMca mUrtinI pratiSThA karI. ane be staMbhanA AdhAravALuM toraNa racAvyuM. pote baMdhAvelAM maMdironI pUjA arthe tripurAntake ghaNAM dAno ApyAM. devonI zuddhi mATe kAvaDa jaLa naivegha anna, pratimAsa 8 dramma caMdanakAi kharIdavA ApavAnuM nakkI karyuM. mALIonA maMDaLe pratidina 200 zveta kamaLa ane 2000 sugaMdhita kaneranAM puSpa ApavAnA, 2 maNaka (10 maNa) cokhA, eka mANaka (5 maNa) maga, cAra karSa ghI ane tela, pAMca sopArI, gugaLa, 50 nAgaravelanAM pAna, maMdirane ApavAM. koThArIe pazupAlane pratidina eka maNa cokhA ane be pallikA maga, be karSa dhI ApavAM. maMdironI sevA karatA baTukanA pAlana mATe prati mAsa 9 dramsa apAvyA. pUjA arthe AvanAra pazupAlane pratimAsa 15 drambha apAvyA. mahAjanoe caitra ane bhAdrapada pUrNimAnA utsava samaye pavitraka ane vistaraNa kriyA mATe dareka hATamAMthI eka draSma Apyo. traNa zuddha mananA vepArIoe nitya jAteja zrI somanAtha prabhunA traNa rAjapATikAmAM hAra, zrIphaLa ane mulAyama vastronI joDa zivarAtrinA utsava samaye ApavAM. prazastino racayitA baMdhano putra dharaNIdhara hato. pUrNasiMhanA putra maMtrI vikrame lekha lakhyo hato. zilpI pUNasIha nAhaDanA putre kotaryo hato. lekhanI miti vi.saM. 1343 nI mAgha zudi 15ne somavAranI che. e divase I.sa. 1287 nA jAnyuArI mAsanI 20 mI tArIkha Ave (An Indian Ephemeris, Vol. IV, p. 176). Ama somanAtha pATaNanI abhilikhita prazastio parathI bhAratanAM zaivatIrthomAM somanAthanuM zivamaMdira agrasthAne hovAnuM ane prabhAvazALI tIrthanA parisaramAM prasiddha pAzupata AcAryoe aneka maMdiro banAvyA hovAnI sthApatyakIya mAhitI prApta thAya che. e dRSTie zilAlekho gujarAtanA sAMskRtika itihAsanA adhyayananI sAmagrI mATe khUba mahattvapUrNa che. 2. 3. 4. pAdaTIpa 1. A Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscriptions, (CPSI.), Pub. The Bhavnagar Archaeological Dept., Bhavnagar, pp. 186 ff.; gi.va. AcArya, 'gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho', (guaila.) bhA.2, muMbaI, naM. 155 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. II, Calcutta, 1894, pp. 437 ff; guaile., bhA.2, naM. 163 CPSI., pp. 208 ff., guaile., bhA.2, naM. 204 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. 1, pp. 271 ff; guaile. bhA.3, naM. 222 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 rU 46 For Private and Personal Use Only

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sAhitya ane abhilekhomAM ullekhita aNahilapuranA lupta prAsAdo eka zodhapatra prA. DaoN. lalita esa. paTela madhyakAlIna gujarAtanI prasiddha rAjadhAnI pATaNanI sthApanA anuzruti anusAra vanarAja cAvaDAe saM. 802 (I.sa. 746)mAM karI hatI. paraMtu aghatana saMzodhana anusAra enA pachI lagabhaga 94 varSe eTale ke vi.saM. 896mAM sthApanA thaI hatI tema mAlUma paDe che.' vanarAja cAvaDAe potAnA sahAyaka aNahila nAme bharavADanA nAme A nagara vasAvyuM, evI sAmAnya mAnyatA che. paNa jinaprabhasUri emanA prAkRta 'vividha tIrthakalpa'mAM je mAhitI Ape che te pramANe lAkhArAma nAme prAcInatama gAmanI jagyAe aNahilapura pattana vasyuM hatuM. tyAM e cAvaDA vaMzanuM rAjaya vi.saM. 98 (I.sa. 942) sudhI rahyuM. cAvaDA vaMzanA chellA rAjA sAmaMtasiMhano vadha karI mULarAja solaMkIe sthApela solaMkI vaMzanuM zAsana vi.saM. 1300 (I.sa. 1244) sudhI rahyuM. A samaye aNahilavADa pATaNanuM nAnuM rAjaya pazcima bhAratanuM vizALa rAjaya banyuM. e pachI tyAM vAghelA-solaMkI vaMzano rAjA visaladeva sattArUDha thayo. A vaMzanI sattA vi.saM. 1360 (I.sa. 1303-04) sudhI pravartI. A rIte pAMca-cha zatAbdI karatAM vadhAre samaya sudhI A nagara gujarAtanuM rAjakIya, vepArI ane sAMskRtika kendra rahyuM. tyArabAda dilhInI khalajI saltanatanI ane tyArabAda tughalaka saltanatanA nAjhimonI sattA pATaNamAM pravatI . 15mI sadInA AraMbhamAM eTale ke I.sa. 1403mAM nAjhima mujhaphapharakhAnanA putra mahaMmadazAhe AzAvalamAM potAnI svataMtra saltanata sthApI, paraMtu te be-traNa mAsamAM avasAna pAmyo. pachI I.sa 1407mAM tenA pitA mujhapharakhAne sulatAna mujhaphpharazAha tarIke potAnI sattA sthApI. tyArabAda teno pautra ahamadazAha gAdIe Avyo teNe AsAvala pAse amadAvAdanI sthApanA karI ane rAjadhAnI pATaNathI khaseDI amadAvAda banAvI (I.sa. 1411). A rIte I.sa. 840 thI 1411 sudhI arthAta poNA chaso varSa sudhI aNahilavADa pATaNa gujarAtanI rAjadhAnI rahI. A samaya daramyAna pATaNamAM aneka bhavya sthApatyakIya smArakonuM nirmANa thayuM. hAlamAM te smArako paikI rANakIvAva ane sahastraliMga sarovara jevA jaLAzayonA avazeSa bAkI rahyA che. jyAre judA judA rAjavIo dvArA sthApita aneka rAjaprAsAdo ane devaprAsAdo nAmazeSa (lupta) thayelA che. te samaye sthApela vipula samakAlIna sAhitya ane abhilekhomAM AvatA ullekha uparathI pATaNanA AvA aneka prAsAdonI mAhitI maLe che, je eka samaye pATaNanI bhavyatAmAM vadhAro karatA haze. sAkhaDa bharavADanA putra aNahila bharavADe batAvela bhUmi upara vanarAje aNahilapura nAmanuM nagara vasAvI vi.saM. 802nA varSamAM vaizAkha suda-2ne vAra somavAre jAlavRddhAnA mULa upara baMdhAvela dhavalagRhamoTAmahela-mAM potAno rAjayAbhiSeka karAvyo hato. dhavalagRha eTale rAjaprAsAda athavA rAjamahela. pote rAjA banaze evuM bhaviSya bhAkhI Azaro ApanAra guru zIlaguNasUrine paMcAsara gAmathI potAnA mahelamAM padharAmaNI karAvI ane potAnA rAjya siMhAsana upara besADI saghaLuM rAjya zIlaguNasUrinA caraNe arpaNa karavA mAMDyuM, paraMtu sUrie teno inkAra karatAM temanI AjJAthI paMcAsaramAM bhagavAna pArzvanAthajInuM bhavya caitya baMdhAvyuM. temAM vanarAje pote ArAdhanA karato tenI sAme Ubho hoya e mudrAmAM potAnI pratimA karAvI, sthApanA karI. paMcAsaranuM te jinAlaya kALakrame nAza pAmatAM bhagavAna pArzvanAthanI tathA vIra vanarAjanI te pratimAo hAlanA pATaNamAM Avela pArzvanAtha jinAlayamAM sthApita karI hovAnuM kahevAya che. dhavalagRhamAM vanarAje kaMThezvarI devIno prasAda paNa karAvyo hato.' * adhyakSa, ItihAsa vibhAga, ArTsa kaoNleja, pATaNa sAhitya ane abhilekhomAM ullekhita aNahilapuranA lupta prAsAdo : eka zodhapatra | 47 For Private and Personal Use Only

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vanarAjanA putra yogarAje bhaTTArikA yogIzvarInuM maMdira pATaNamAM baMdhAvyuM hatuM. cAvaDA vaMzanA ja cAhaDe karkarApurImAM cAhaDezvara (cAgaDezvara) ane kaMTezvarI prAsAda baMdhAvyA hatA tevuM prabaMdhaciMtAmaNimAM jaNAvyuM che. aNahilapura pATaNamAM cAhaDezvaranuM maMdira astitvamAM hatuM. rAjA bhUyaDe aNahilapura pATaNamAM bhUyaDezvaranuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM hatuM. A rAjAe nagarane pharato prAkAra (koTa) paNa karAvyo hato. solaMkI vaMzanA sthApaka mULarAja pahelAe aNahilapuramAM mUladeva svAmInuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM hatuM. mUlarAja dara somavAre zrI somezvara pATaNanI jAtrA karavA jato hato, tethI tenI bhaktithI saMtuSTa thayelA somanAtha mahAdeve upadeza Apyo ane pote sAkSAta maMDalI nagaramAM padhAryA, pachI mUlarAjanI bhakti joI vacana ApyuM ke huM samudra sAthe pATaNa AvIza ane tema thatAM ziva sAthe sAgara AvavAthI pATaNanAM badhAM jaLAzayomAM pANI khArAM thaI gayAM. AnA pariNAme mUlarAje khuza thaI aNahilapuramAM Avela somezvara mATe bhaktipUrvaka tripuruSa prAsAda" nAmanuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM. A prAsAdanA prabaMdha mATe kaMthaDI mahArAjane vinaMtI karI, e tapasvIe te kartavya potAnA ziSya vayajalladevane soMpyuM. rAjAe jAgIra, zvetachatra tathA uttama caMdanAdi padArthonA prabaMdha sAthe e pada para vayajalladevanI niyukti karI. A sivAya mUlarAje potAnA pitAmaha muMjAladevanA nAmathI zrI muMjAladeva prAsAda nAme zivAlaya paNa baMdhAvyuM hatuM. teNe pATaNamAM "mUlarAja vasarikA' nAmanuM jaina dharmasthAna paNa baMdhAvyuM hatuM ane tenA putra cAmuMDe vIragaNi nAmanA jaina sAdhuno AcArya mahotsava moTA ADaMbarathI karyo hovAnI daMtakathA che." mUlarAjanA putra rAjA cAmuMDarAje pattanamAM caMdanAthadeva ane cAriNezvaranA maMdira karAvyA hatA. rAjAnI bahenanuM nAma "vAciNI hatuM tethI bIjA maMdiranuM nAma "vAciNIzvara' hovAno saMbhava che. rAjA durlabharAje aNahilapura pATaNamAM durlabha sarovara baMdhAvyuM. A durlabha sarovaranA sthAne siddharAje sahastraliMga sarovara banAvyuM hovAnI prabaLa mAnyatA che. teNe pATaNamAM vyayakaraNa zALA tathA hAthIo bAMdhavA hastizAlA paNa banAvela. teNe sAta mAvano dhavalagRha rAjaprAsAda banAvyo hato. A rAjaprAsAdamAM samaya jovA mATe ghaTIkA staMbha banAvyo hato. A ghaTImAstaMbha e vaijJAnika bAMdhakAma gaNAya. A sivAya teNe potAnA svargastha bhAI vallabharAjanA zreyArthe madanazaMkara prAsAda karAvyo hato.' rAjA bhImadeva 1 lAnA samaya (I.sa. 1022-1064) daramyAna solaMkI rAjyamAM aneka bhavya prAsAda baMdhAyA. A rAjAne mULarAja nAme kuMvara hato, teNe duSkALanA varSamAM kheDUtonuM mahesUla choDI dIdhuM ane te acAnaka avasAna pAmyo. bIjA varSe sAro varasAda thatAM kheDUtoe rAjAne pAchalA varSanuM paNa mahesUla . ApavA mAMDyuM. rAjAe temAM potAnA khajAnAmAMthI dravya umerI kumAra mULarAjanA zreya arthe aNahilapura pATaNamAM tripuruSa prAsAda baMdhAvyo, vaLI, eNe tyAM bhImezvara nAme zivano tathA bhaTTArikA bhirUANI nAme devIno prAsAda karAvyo. bhImadevanI rANI udayamatie aNahilapura pATaNamAM eka suMdara vAva baMdhAvI je hAlamAM 'rANakIvAva'nA nAmathI samagra vizvamAM prakhyAta che. rAjAnA mahAmaMtrI dAmodare eka suMdara kUvo baMdhAvyo je dAmodara kUvA tarIke jANIto hato. tenA uparathI gujarAtamAM eka kahevata che ke, "rANakIvAva ne dAmodara kUvo, jeNe nA joyo te jIvato mUo.' rAjA karNadeve (I.sa. 1064-1094) pattanamAM zrI karNameruprasAda baMdhAvyo hato. tenA maMtrI zAjUe ahI vasahikA karAvI hatI." siddharAja jayasiMhano samaya aNahilapura pATaNanI jAhojalAlIno samaya hato. tenA samayamAM teNe gujarAtabharamAM aneka bhavya vAsukRtio karAvI gaNAya che. eNe mahAlaya, mahAyAtrA, mahAsthAna, ane pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 48 For Private and Personal Use Only

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mahAsara karAvI apUrva kIrti prApta karI hatI. siddhapurano rUdramahAlaya, somanAthanI mahAyAtrA ane aNahilapura pATaNanuM sahastraliMga sarovara tenA samayanA prasiddha sukRta che. sahastraliMga sarovaranuM varNana zrI rAmalAla cu. modIe tathA zrI kanaiyAlAla bhA. davee vigatathI karela che. vaDodarA rAjayanA purAtattva khAtAe utnanana dvArA sahastraliMga sarovara vize ghaNI bAbato prakAzamAM ANI che. A sarovaranA kAMThe 1008 zivaliMganI derIo hatI. eka bAju zeSazAyI viSNunuM maMdira hatuM. pazcimamAM devInAM 108 maMdira hatAM. eka dazAvatAranuM maMdira hatuM. dakSiNamAM prApya somanAthanuM maMdira hatuM. A sivAya tenA kinAre nakulIza, vinAyaka, kArtikeya, mahAkAla vagerenAM maMdira hovAnuM prabaMdhakAroe noMdhyuM che. sarovaranI madhyamAM vidhyavAsinI devInuM uttuMga maMdira hatuM. sarasvatI purANamAM A jaLAzayanuM vigatavAra varNana karela che. hemacaMdrAcArye 'yAzraya' mahAkAvyamAM paNa A sarovaranuM varNana karela che. siddharAjanA samayamAM aNahilapuramAM vasAha AbheDa aneka navAM dharmasthAna banAvelAM temaja prAcIna dharmasthAnono jIrNoddhAra karAvelo. temAM pATaNanA koI prAsAda ke prAsAdono samAveza thayo haze, rAjA kumArapAle (I.sa. 1143-1172) paNa rAjyabharamAM aneka bhavya prAsAda baMdhAvelA. e jaina dharma tarapha parama anurAga dharAvato. kahe che ke kumArapAle abhakSya bhojananA prAyazcittarUpe 30 dAMta nimitte eka pIThasthAna para 32 jainamaMdira baMdhAvyAM hatAM. eka uMdaranA mRtyunA prAyazcittarUpe "mUSakavihAra' banAvarAvyo. eka vepArInI patnIe potAne rastAmAM cokhAnA karaMba ApI tRpta karelo, tenI kRtajJatArUpe rAjAe aNahilapura pATaNamAM "karambaka vihAra karAvyo. jUnI hatyA karanAra eka dhanika pAse daMDarUpe "yukA vihAra' baMdhAvarAvyo. rAjA kumArapAle aNahilapuramAM kumArapAlezvara nAme zivamaMdira ane kumAravihAra nAme jinamaMdira karAvyuM hatuM. rAmacaMdra-racita "kumAravihAra zataka' kAvyamAM kumAravihAranAM bhavya sthApatya tathA suMdara zilpanuM sarasa varNana che. kumArapAle potAnA pitAnA nAme tribhuvanapAla vihAra paNa baMdhAvyo hato. vIrAcAryanA nAmanuM jinAlaya paNa teNe baMdhAvyuM hatuM.' A pachInA samayamAM pATaNamAM koI navA prAsAda baMdhAyA hoya to tenI mAhitI javalle ja maLe che. rAja bhImadeva bIjAnA rAjayakAla daramyAna dhoLakAnA rANA vIradhavalanA maMtrI vastupAla tathA tejapAle aNahilapura vagere nagaromAM navAM dharmasthAna baMdhAvyAM ane jIrNoddhAra karAvyA evo vyApaka ullekha giranAranA zilAlekhomAM Ave che. 19 arisiMha kRta "sakRtasaMkIrtana' parathI mAlUma paDe che ke vastupAla paMcAsarAmAM pArzvanAthanA maMdirano jIrNoddhAra karyo hato. vaLI, hAthIA vApInI najIkamAM AvelA zrI suvidhinAtha tIrthakaranA maMdirano jIrNoddhAra karI temAM navIna biMba sthApyuM hatuM." tejapAle paMcAsarA pArzvanAthanA maMdiramAM mUlanAyakanI navI pratimA padharAvI prAsAdane hemakuMbhathI vibhUSita karyo hato. gajathara, azvathara ane naratharanI racanAvALo bhagavAna zAMtinAthano 7ra devakulikAothI yukta AsarAja vihAra karAvyo hovAnuM paNa jaNAya che. tejapAlanA pitAnuM nAma AsarAja (azvarAja) hatuM. tejapAle A prAsAda para 72 suvarNakalaza caDAvyA. enI DAbI bAjue mAtA kumAradevInA zreya arthe ajitasvAmI caitya karAvyuM ne temAM kumAradevInI gArUDha mUrti mukAvI. kumAravihAra para sAta tAmrakalaza caDhAvyA. AhaDadevanA caityamAM mukhamaMDapa karAvyo ne caityamAM neminAthanI dhAtu pratimA padharAvI. koraMTavAla gacchanA caityamAM caMdraprabhajinanuM biMba karAvyuM. khaMDeravAla gacchanI vasatimAM be tIrthakaronI kAyotsarga pratimA karAvI. sAntu vasatikAno jIrNoddhAra karAvI tenA para hemakuMbha caDhAvyo. mallinAtha tIrthaMkaranA maMdirano jIrNoddhAra karAvyo. vIrAcArya caityamAM gajazALA karAvI tathA aSTApadAvatAranuM caitya karAvyuM. nAgendra gacchanA sAdhuo mATe traNa majalAno upAzraya karAvyo. A vastupAla tejapAle-dhavalakka (dhoLakA) ane staMbhatIrtha(khaMbhAta)nI jema pattana(pATaNa)mAM sarasvatI-bhAMDAgAra arthAt sAhitya ane abhilekhomAM ullekhita aNahilapuranA lupta prAsAdo H eka zodhapatra B 49 For Private and Personal Use Only

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graMthabhaMDAra karAvyo hato. vastupAla I.sa. 1240mAM ane tejapAla I.sa. 1248mAM mRtyu pAmyA hatA. e pachI paNa pATaNamAM koI navA prAsAda baMdhAyA haze, paNa tenI koI mAhitI upalabdha nathI. 'kIrtikaumudI' kAvyamAM kavi somezvara aNahilapuranuM varNana karatAM lakhe che : dattacittaprasAdeSu prAsAdeSu sadA vasan / yatra zambhurna kailAsavilAsamabhilaSyate // prAsAda cittane detA prAsAdomAM sadA vase. nahIM zaMbhu na cAhe che kailAsanA vilAsane. bhAnti devAlayA yasmin himAlayasamazriyaH / bhUtalaM vyApya bhUtA(?pA)nAM kIrtikUTA ivodgatAH // himAlaya samAM zobhe vyApI bhUtalane nahIM; nRponA kIrtikUTo zAM jANe devAlayo vase. gujarAtanI A bhavya jAhojalAlI dharAvatI prAcIna rAjadhAnI samaya jatAM 'zrIpattana" tarIke khyAti pAmI. vartamAna pATaNa nAmamAM 'pattana' zabda jaLavAI rahyo che. paraMtu hAlamAM astitva dharAvatA rANakIvAva tathA sahasraliMga sarovara sivAyanA tenA bhavya prAsAdo-rAjaprAsAdo tathA devaprAsAdonuM astitva nathI. kALakrame e jIrNa thaI prAcIna nagaranA khaMDeronA nIcalA tharomAM daTAI gayelA lAge che. hAlanA pATaNanI bAjumAM ke jyAM prAcIna pATaNa hovAnuM kahevAya che te anAvADA ane tenI AsapAsanAM sthaLoe purAtattva khAtA taraphathI ukhkhanana karavAmAM Ave, to e nAmazeSa banelA pattananA bhavya prAsAdo paikInA koI lupta prAsAdanA avazeSa maLI Ave tema che. vaDodarA rAjyanA purAtattva khAtAe sahasraliMga sarovaranA sthaLanuM thoDAka samaya pahelAM utpanana karAvyuM hatuM ane tenA pariNAme sarovaramAM pANI lAvavAnI te samayanI je bhavya yojanA hatI te bhAgane khullo karela che. te ja rIte varSo sudhI rANakIvAva jamInamAM dabAyelI rahI ane utpanana dvArA te vAvane suMdara rIte prakAzamAM lAvI tenI suMdara zilpakRtio Aje prajA samakSa khullI mUkela che. pATaNanI pAse vaDalI gAmamAM Aje paNa prAcIna pATaNamAM ghIkAMTA' bajAra hatuM tenA avazeSo joI zakAya che. AthI ja bhArata ke gujarAta sarakAra gujarAtanI A prAcIna rAjadhAnInAM khaMDeronI sthaLa-tapAsa karI tenA bhUgarbhastha avazeSone prakAzamAM lAve to ApaNAM prAcIna sthApatyono aitihAsika vArasAno vartamAna prajAne paricaya thAya tema che. pAdaTIpa 1. zAstrI hariprasAda, gujarAtanI prAcIna itihAsa, pR. 242 2. ejana 3. ratnamaNirAva joTe, "gujarAtano sAMskRtika ItihAsa', islAma yuga, khaMDa-1, pR. 298, 302 4. merUtuMga, 'prabaMdha ciMtAmaNi' (saM. muni jinavijayajI), pR. 13 5. ejana, pR. 15 6. sAMDesarA bho, ja, gujarAtanA sAMskRtika itihAsanuM eka bhulAyeluM pRSTha', gujarAta dIpotsavI aMka saM. 2023, pR. 7-8 7. merUtuMga, pUrvokta, pR. 14-15 8. hemacaMdrAcArya, 'yAzraya', pR. 15-16 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 50 For Private and Personal Use Only

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9. merUtuMga, pUrvokta, pR. 17-18 10. ejana, pR. 15 11. merUtuMga, pUrvokta, pR. 20 12. ejana, pR. 23 13, rasikalAla cho. parIkha, gujarAtanI rAjadhAnIo', pR. 126 14. merUtuMga, pUrvokta, pR. papa 15. sarga 15, zloka 144. 16. merUtuMga, pUrvokta, pR. 91 17. 2. cho. parIkha, pUrvokta, pR. 127 18. merUtuMga, pUrvokta, pR. 87 19. AcArya gi. vagujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho', bhAga 3, lekha naM. 203-212 20. sarga-11, zloka-2 21. muni jinavijayajI, "prAcIna jaina lekhasaMgraha', bhAga 2, lekha 66 22. jina harSagaNi, "vastupAla carita', sarga-7. 23. rAjazekhara, prabaMdhakoza' (saM. jinavijayajI), pR. 129 sAhitya ane abhilekhomAM ullekhita aNahilapuranA lupta prAsAdo : eka zodhapatra 51 For Private and Personal Use Only

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solaMkIkAlanI Arthika sthiti DaoN. praphullA sI. brahmabhaTTa itihAsa eka vizALa gahana viSaya che. AdhArabhUta sAdhano vinA itihAsanuM saMzodhana zakya nathI. gujarAtanA itihAsamAM solaMkIkAla e "suvarNakALa' tarIke oLakhAya che. tenA saMzodhana mATe je sAdhano maLI Ave che, tene traNa vibhAgamAM vaheMcI zakAya : abhilekho, sAhitya ane purAtana avazeSo. (1) abhilekho : solaMkIkAlano itihAsa jANavA mATe abhilekho eka mahattvanuM aMga che. tene zilAlekho, tAmralekho, pASANa-pratimAo ane dhAtu-pratimAlekhomAM vaheMcI zakAya. keTalAka lekhomAM maMdira, killA vagerene lagatI suMdara prazastiono samAveza thAya che. keTalAka lekhomAM vividha lAgAonI pedAzonI mAhitI maLe che. te uparAMta A vaMzanA amAtyo - vastupAla tejapAlanI prazasti paNa A lekhomAMthI maLe che. te uparAMta hAlanA gujarAtanI bahAranA keTalAka najIkanA pradezono samAveza thato hoI sAMcora, bhAMDuDA (mAravADa), kirADa (mAravADa), bAlI (mAravADa), ratanapurA, cittoDa vagere pradeza-vistAranA zilAlekhomAMthI paNa mAhitI maLe che.' e pradezone siddharAja jayasiMha tathA kumArapAla jevA rAjavIonA vizALa rAjyanI aMtargata gaNAve (2) sAhitya : gujarAtanA solaMkIyuganI sAhityakRtione be vibhAgamAM anukrame vaheMcI zakAya : (1) samakAlIna sAhitya, (2) anukAlIna sAhitya. jemAMthI tatkAlIna sthitinI vividha prakAranI mAhitI maLe che. samakAlIna sAhitya : solaMkI rAjA kumArapAlanA samayamAM hemacaMdrAcArye 'zvAzraya' racyuM je 28 sargamAM vaheMcAyeluM. jemAM te samayanA itihAsanI pramANabhUta mAhitI tathA siddharAja ane kumArapAlanA jIvanacaritrano paNa khyAla Ave che. vastupAlanA samayamAM kavi somezvarakRta kIrtikaumudI', arisiMhakRta "sukRta saMkIrtana', bAlacaMdrakRta 'vasaMtavilAsa', udayaprabhasUrikRta "dharmAlyudaya" athavA "saMghapati carita', sarvAnaMdasUrikRta 'jagaDUcarita' vagere graMtho paNa racAyA. A yuga daramyAna bilDaNakRta "karNasuMdarI' tathA yazacaMdraracita "mudritakumudacaMdra, yazapAlakRta "moharAja parAjaya' racAyuM jemAM siddharAja tathA kumArapAlanA zAsanakALanA prasaMgo tathA jaina dharmanA vAdavivAdonuM jIvaMta citra maLe che. A yuga daramyAna uttama prazastionI racanA thaI. zrIdharakRta sahastraliMga prazasti, kavi zrIpAlakRta vaDanagara prazasti, bhAvabRhaspatinI prazasti, devapaTTananI zrIdhara prazasti, somezvarakRta Abuprazasti, giranAranA zilAlekhomAMno gadya bhAga, somezvara upAzrayanI udayaprabhasUrikRta prazasti sukRta kIrtikallolinI, khaMbhAtanA upAzrayanI udayaprabhasUrikRta prazasti tathA temanI vastupAla prazasti, narendraprabhakRta vastupAla prazasti, nAnAka prazasti, devapaTTananI tripurAntaka prazasti, khaMbhAtamAM ciMtAmaNi pArzvanAthanA maMdiramAMthI maLela khelAnI prazasti.... sarva prazastiomAM keTalIka maMdirane lagatI jayAre keTalIka vastupAlane lagatI che. tema chatAM temAMthI samakAlIna rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika mAhitI maLe che. te uparAMta stotro, prabaMdho, dharmakathAsaMgraho, rAsakathAo, alaMkAragraMtho, vyAkaraNagraMtho, chaMdazAsa.... anya sAhitya paNa che. * itihAsa vibhAga, AdivAsI ArTsa enDa komarsa kaoNleja, saMtarAmapura (ji. paMcamahAla) pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n para For Private and Personal Use Only

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anukAlIna sAhityamAM merUtuMgakRta 'prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi' (I.sa. 1361), rAjazekhara sUrikRta 'prabaMdhakoza' (I.sa. 1405) tathA tyAra pachInA samayamAM racAyelA keTalAka prabaMdhonA saMgraharUpe bahAra pADela 'purAtana prabaMdhasaMgraha' mahattvanuM sthAna dharAve che. jinaprabhasUrie racelA vividha tIrthakalpamAM zatruMjaya, arbuda, raivataka vagere tIrthadhAmone lagato vRttAMta Alekhelo che. I.sa. 1366 -1469 daramyAna somatilakasUri, jayasiMhasUri, dharmaratna, jinamaMDanagaNi ane caritrasuMdaragaNie kumArapAlacaritra lakhyAM. te uparAMta kAnhaDade prabaMdha, dharmAraNya mAhAbhya, ratnamAlA, amIra khuzaronuM khajhAInuM lutuha-davalAnI-va khijharakhAna, IsAmInuM phutuha-usa salAtIna, jhiyAuddIna barnanuM tArIkha-I-phIrojazAhI; nijhAmudInanuM tabakAte akabarI vagere graMthomAMthI paNa mAhitI maLe che. mughalakAlanA aMta pachI racAyela mirAte-ahamadI, mirAte sikaMdarI vageremAMthI cAvaDA, solaMkI ane vAghelA rAjavIone lagatI vigato maLe che. marAThAkAlanA aMtabhAgamAM raMgavijayasUrie "gurjaradeza bhUpAvalI' I.sa. 1809mAM racyuM; jemAM mahAvIra svAmInA nirvANathI mAMDIne potAnA samaya sudhInA gujarAtanA rAjavIonI vaMzAvaLI Apela che. " (3) purAtana avazeSo (imArato) : A yuganA sthApatyakIya avazeSo jevA ke mahelo, maMdiro, killAo, toraNo, vAva, taLAva, kuMDa vagerenAM zilpo, lekho tathA citrakAmamAMthI A yuganI rAjakIya, sAmAjika, Arthika tathA sAMskRtika sthitinI mAhitI maLe che. A samaya daramyAna jaina tathA zaivadharmanAM maMdiro mukhyatve baMdhAyAM jemAM moDherAnuM sUryamaMdira, siddhapurano rudramALa, Abu-delavADAnuM vimalavasahanuM maMdira, kuMbhAriyAnAM jaina maMdiro, galatezvaranuM zaiva maMdira, sejakapura ane dhUmalInA navalakhA maMdironA avazeSo jovA maLe che. * A samaya daramyAna baMdhAyela killAmAM jhIMjhuvADA tathA DabhoInA killAonA avazeSo hAlamAM jovA maLe che. toraNomAM zAmaLAjI, moDherA, vaDanagara, kapaDavaMja vagere sthaLoe AvelAM toraNo A samayanA sarvottama namUnA che. A samayanI bIjI vizeSatA tenAM jaLAzayo jemAM aNahilavADanuM sahastraliMga, vIramagAmanuM munasara ane dhoLakAnuM malAva taLAva e jANItAM che. te uparAMta jaLAzayono bIjo prakAra che vAva. jemAM pATaNanI rANIvAva, aNahilavADa pATaNanI bAroTa vAva, bAyaDa gAmanI vAva, naDiyAdanI jUnI vAva, kapaDavaMjanI vAva, vaDhavANanI mAdhA vAva vagere solaMkIkAla daramyAna sthapAyela che. Ama, A vividha prakAranI aitihAsika sAdhana-sAmagrI vaDe ApaNe solaMkIkAlanI sthitinuM Alekhana karI zakIe chIe. aNahilavADa pATaNamAM solaMkI vaMzanI sthApanA : gujarAtanI prasiddha rAjadhAnI pATaNanI sthApanA anuzruti anusAra saM. 802 (I.sa. 746)mAM thaI je cAvaDA vaMza, solaMkI vaMza ane vAdhelA vaMzanA zAsanakALa daramyAna pATanagara hatuM. aNahilavADa pATaNanI sthApanA vanarAja cAvaDAe karI. tyArathI solaMkI vaMzanA rAjAoe paNa tene potAnI rAjadhAnI tarIke svIkArI. eTale ke cAvaDA vaMzanI sattAnA aMta pachI tyAM cAlukya (solaMkI) vaMzanI sthApanA thaI. mUlarAjanuM rAjyArohaNa vi.saM. 993, 998)mAM ane vicArazreNImAM vi.saM. 1017mAM thayuM hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che. siddharAja jayasiMhanA sAMbhara zilAlekhamAMno vadhu prAcIna ane prabaLa ullekha A paikI vi.saM. 998nA varSane samarthana Ape che. A anusAra aNahilavADanA solaMkI rAjyanI sthApanA I.sa. 94ramAM thaI. solaMkIkAlanI Arthika sthiti [ 53 For Private and Personal Use Only

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solaMkI rAjya e kAlanuM mukhya ane sahuthI prabaLa rAjya hatuM. enA pratApI rAjAoe eno rAjya-vistAra hAlanA gujarAta rAjyanA karatAM vadhu vizALa vistAra para vistAryo hato. bhASA, sAhitya, dharma, kalA, ityAdi vividha sAMskRtika kSetromAM paNa gujarAte A kAla daramyAna gaNanApAtra pragati sAdhI hatI. emAM solaMkI rAjAonA protsAhanano vipula phALo rahelo che. udyoga, dhaMdhA ane vepAra khIlatAM gujarAtamAM Arthika saMpatti vadhI hatI. A ja samayamAM 'gurjara pradeza' ke 'gujarAta' nAma paNa A pradezane maLyuM. pATaNanA cAvaDA vaMzanA rAjA sAmaMtasiMhe somanAthanI yAtrAe AvelA dhoDesavArImAM nipuNa evA 'rAja' sAthe potAnI bahena lIlAdevI paraNAvI. lIlAdevInA putra mULarAja mAmA sAmaMtasiMha pAsethI pATaNanI rAjadhAnI hastagata karI ane pATaNamAM caulukya vaMzanI sthApanA thaI. ane A caulukyanuM gujarAtI rUpa solaMkI thayuM. A vaMzamAM mULarAja 1 lo, cAmuMDarAja, vallabharAja, durlabharAja, bhImadeva 1 lo, karNadeva, siddharAja jayasiMha, kumArapAla, ajayapAla, mULarAja 2 jo, bhImadeva 2 jo, tribhuvanapAla vagere rAjavIo thayA. solaMkI samayanI Arthika sthiti : tenI mAhitI abhilekho, hemacaMdrAcAryanI kRtio, pravAsanoMdhomAMthI savizeSa prApta thAya che. A samaye gujarAtamAM khetIvADI, udyoga-dhaMdhA, vepAra-vANijya vagere samRddha hatAM. solaMkIkAlanI Arthika sthitinuM Alekhana A pramANe karI zakAya. (1) khetI : A samayamAM gujarAtanI prajAne khetI aMgenuM jJAna sAruM hatuM. teo jamIna kheDavA mATe lokhaMDanA haLano upayoga karatA.. taiyAra thayelA anAjane pagathI chUTuM pADavAmAM AvatuM. A paddhatine 'pAmadA' kahevAmAM AvatI.' A kAmamAM hAlanI mAphaka baLada ane majUrono upayoga karavAmAM Avato haze. khetaramAM taiyAra thayelA mAlanA rakSaNArthe kUtarA rAkhavAmAM AvatA ane pakSIothI rakSaNa karavA cADiyA' rAkhatA. pAka taiyAra thatAM, kheDUta satata cokI karato. srIo paNa sakriya rahetI. ziyALu, unALu ane comAsuM ema traNa prakAranA pAka levAtA. kheDUto varasAda para AdhAra rAkhatA. jamInanI mApaNI haLathI, be haLathI kheDI zakAya e rIte thatI. abhilekhomAM tenA mATe 'tavAda zabdano prayoga che. siddharAjanI janmakuMDaLI karanAra jyotiSIne karNe so haLathI kheDI zakAya, teTalI jamIna dAnamAM ApI hatI.13 jyAzrayamAM solaMkIkAla daramyAna thatA pAka jevA ke dRga, mASa, zAli, yava, vrIhi, aNu, umA, bhuMgA, tila, amAla vagerenuM varNana maLe che. te samaye gujarAtamAM ghauM, maga, tuvera, aDada, DAMgara ane juvAra e dhAnya tathA nAraMgI, lIMbu, keLa, koThA, karamadA, cAroLI, pIluM, kerI, sItAphaLa, bijorA, khajUra, drAkSa, zeraDI, phaNasa e phaLa thatAM ema nAbhinaMdanajinodvAra prabaMdhamAM jaNAvyuM che.14 e uparAMta sopArI, zrIphaLa, dADama, AMbaLA ane bora e phaLa thatAM ema prAkRta cAzrayamAM jaNAvyuM che. anya sAdhano parathI jaNAya che ke A uparAMta masUra, caNA, vaTANA, tuvera, java, juvAra, tala, bAjarI, kodarA vagere pAka thatA; zeraDI, gaLI, kapAsanuM vAvetara thatuM. mAMgaroLa-coravADanA pradezamAM nAgaravelInAM pAna ane samRddha kinArAnA pradezamAM nALiyeranAM vRkSo thatAM.5 ghauM : gujarAtanA kheDUto ghauMno pAka cheka jeTha suda pUnama sudhI letA. ghauM mukhyatve saurASTra, bharUca ane khaMbhAtanI AsapAsanA pradezomAM letA. caNA : A samaya daramyAna caNAno pAka gujarAtamAM sArA pramANamAM thato. AnA mATe dezInAmamAlAmAM 'aNuIso' zabda Apyo che.16 prabaMdha ciMtAmaNimAM kaMdoInI dukAnano ullekha Ave che.17 A samaye vividha prakAranI mIThAIo banatI hovAno pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 . 54 For Private and Personal Use Only

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saMbhava che. emAM caNAno upayoga paNa karavAmAM Avato haze ema spaSTa jaNAya che. "dezInAmamAlA'mAM zeraDIno spaSTa ullekha maLe che. emAM zeraDI mATe traNa zabdo (1) raMgAlI (2) aMgAlie (3) gaMDI che. zeraDInA zabda mATe "azruarIThAM' zabda jovA maLe che. A uparathI jaNAya che ke solaMkIkAla daramyAna A pAka thato ja haze. 'triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita'mAM gaLInA raMgano ullekha maLe che.19 A uparathI jaNAya che ke gaLInuM vAvetara paNa te samaye thatuM haze. talano upayoga paNa te samaye thato. temAMthI tela kADhavAmAM AvatuM. dvayAzrayamAM 'tila' zabda jovA maLe che. kapAsanI khetI paNa A samaye sArA pramANamAM thatI haze. kAraNa ke solaMkIkAla daramyAna paradezamAM gujarAta enA judA judA prakAranA vaNelA kApaDa mATe gaurava dharAvatuM hatuM. AthI spaSTa jaNAya che ke gujarAtamAM kapAsanI khetI sArA pramANamAM thatI haze. 'dezInAmamAlAmAM rU mATe 'karAIvI20 zabda Apelo che. A zabdano artha 'rU utpanna karatuM vRkSa' ema karavAmAM Avyo. AthI spaSTa thAya che ke zImaLAnA rUno paNa upayoga karavAmAM Avato haze. dezInAmamAlAmAM "eravaDa' zabdano ullekha jovA maLe che. AthI spaSTa thAya che ke gujarAtamAM AnuM utpAdana thatuM haze ane temAMthI divela kADhavAmAM AvatuM haze. mAMgaroLanI soDhaLI vAvamAMthI maLatA ullekha mujaba pAnano uttama pAka thato hato. ane pratyeka khetare eka kArdApaNa karaverA tarIke levAto. A uparathI anumAna karI zakAya ke A samaye mAMgaroLI pAnano sArA pramANamAM upayoga thato haze. udyoga : kApaDa udyoga : prAcInakALathI gujarAta enA kApaDa udyoga mATe vikhyAta hatuM e periplasa AdinA ullekho parathI itihAsasiddha che. prAraMbhamAM A kApaDa jADuM taiyAra thatuM. paNa pachInI zatAbdIomAM kApaDanI guNavattA ghaNI sudharI hatI. 13mI sadImAM iTAliyana musAphara mArko polo bhAratamAM AvyA tyArasudhImAM gujarAtano kApaDaudyoga prakhyAta banI cUkyo hato. mArkopolonI pravAsanoMdha mujaba khaMbhAta ane bharUcamAM aneka prakAranuM kApaDa taiyAra thatuM. e baMne baMdarothI dezavidezamAM enI nikAsa thatI. abula abbAsa ala nuvAyarI nAme eka misarI prasiddha bhUgoLavettAe lakhyuM hatuM ke bharUcamAM thatuM kApaDa 'baroja" athavA "barojI' tarIke ane khaMbhAtanuM kApaDa "kaMbAyatI' tarIke jANItuM hatuM. jo ke badhA ja prakAranAM uttama vastro gujarAtamAM taiyAra thatAM nahotAM. keTalAMka AyAta paNa karavA paDatAM. pATaNanAM prakhyAta paToLAM vaNanAra sALavIone siddharAja ke kumArapAlanA samayamAM mAravADamAMthI gujarAtamAM vasAvavAmAM AvyA. kema ke, paToLAnI mAMga gujarAtamAM rahetI ane bahArathI AyAta karavAne lIdhe te moMdhI paDatI. rAjAonA nimaMtraNathI sALavIone pATaNamAM vasAvavAmAM AvyA ane teone gujarAtamAM sthira thavA mATe rAjaye madada paNa karI. 12 judA judA prakAranAM Azare pAMcaso vastronI sUci 'varNaka samuccaya'mAM che. emAMnAM keTalAMka nAma phArasI-ArabI mULanAM hoI, muslima rAjayazAsanamAM pracalita thayAM haze, paNa bIjAM anekanAM nAma solaMkIkAlanA jIvananuM sAtatya vyakta kare che. khAMDa : A paNa eka mahattvano udyoga A samaya daramyAna khIlelo hato. khAMDamAMthI utpanna thatI mIThAIono ullekha "dayAzraya', prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi'mAMthI maLe che. udezInAmamAlAmAM zeraDImAMthI banatI vastuo banAvavA mATe khAsa prakAranA majUronuM nAma 'tu' ApeluM che. hemacaMdra ene "IlsakarmakarA' e nAme oLakhAve che. A ja graMthamAM khAMDa banAvavAnA sAdhananuM nAma paDyunipIDana" e nAme ApavAmAM Ave che. e sAdhano vAMsanAM banAvavAmAM AvatAM. jayAre 'varNakasamuccayamAM goLanI nava jAtano, khAMDanI cauda jAtano ane sAkaranI sAta jAtano ullekha maLe che. zeraDI pIlavAnA yaMtrane kolDa tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. solaMkIkAlanI Arthika sthiti ] 55 For Private and Personal Use Only

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carmodyoga : A samaye carmodyogano paNa sArA pramANamAM vikAsa thayo hato. mArkopolonI noMdha mujaba gujarAtamAM cAmaDA kamAvavAno moTo udyoga cAlato. jemAM dheTAM, bheMsa, baLada vagere jAnavaranAM cAmaDAM hatAM. cAmaDAM bharelAM saMkhyAbaMdha vahANo dara varSe gujarAtanAM baMdaroethI paradeza jatAM. saurASTra, uttara gujarAta ane kacchamAM bahoLuM pazudAna hatuM, je Aje paNa che. Ane kAraNe carmodyoga suvikasita hato.24 'lekhapaddhati'mAM saMgRhIta lATApallI lADola ane peTalAdanA grAmavyavasthAne lagatA be dastAvejomAM 'carmacamerikA' cAmaDAnI corI mATe paccIsa dramma daMDa lakhyo che.25 e kAlanuM jIvana jotAM e kharekhara Akaro gaNAya. paNa ghaNA divasa sudhI cAmaDAM khullAmAM sUkavavA paDatAM hoI e pAchaLa carmaudyogane rakSaNa ApavAno Azaya haze. A cAmaDAmAMthI jAta-jAtanAM joDAM banatAM. khaMbhAtanAM prasiddha pagarakhAMno ullekha ala-masaUddI (I.sa. 943)e karyo che. pANInI pakhAla ane telanI kUMpIo cAmaDAMnI banatI e hemacaMdre 'dezInAmamAlA'mAM noMdhyuM che. nikAsa thatI kImatI cIjomAM cAmaDAnA gAlIcA noMdhapAtra che. mArkopolo e vize lakhe che ke 'rAtA ane bhUrA raMganA pazupaMkhInA citarAmaNavALA ane sonA-rUpAnI jarI bharelA cAmaDAnA suMdara gAlIcA gujarAtamAM bane che. A gAlIcA eTalA AkarSaka hoya che ke jotAM ja Azcarya thAya che ane eno upayoga arabo sUvA mATe paNa kare che. kharekhara, jagatamAM sarvottama ane kalAmaya temaja sauthI kImatI cAmaDAno mAla A rAjya gujarAtamAM taiyAra thAya che." 28 solaMkIkAlanAM nagaro, durgo, mahAlayo, devAlayo, jalAzayo, nivAsagRho AdinA je avazeSo maLyA che tenA parathI spaSTa thAya che ke sthApatya, zilpa, kaDiyAkAma, IMTavADo, paththarakAma, suthArIkAma, Adi--hunnara kalAo sArI rIte vikasI hatI.7 jUnA samayamAM viziSTa sthapati ke zilpIne sAmAnya kArIgara gaNavAmAM AvatA nahotA. uttama kalAdhara uparAMta vidvAna ane zAstrajJa hoI e sammAnano adhikArI hato. rudramahAlayanA sthapati gaMgAdhara ane enA putra prANadharanuM tathA DabhoInA killAnA zilpI hIrAdharanuM gujarAtanI anuzrutimAM mAnAspada sthAna che. Abu upara vastupAla-tejapAlanI lUNavasatinuM nirmANa karanAra sthapati zobhanadevanI pratiSThA tatkAlIna samAjamAM mahAna AcArya jevI hatI. tatkAlIna maMdiromAM zilpakAma mATenAM jarUrI hathiyAro ane ojAro A pradezomAM ja taiyAra thatAM haze, jenAthI dhAtukAmano suvikasita hunnara sUcita thAya che. ArAsura upara kuMbhAriyAnAM maMdiro pAse agAunI ArasanI khANonI najIka, lokhaMDanA kIToDA paDelA che. te khANomAMthI paththara kADhavA-toDavA ane ene suyogya ghATa ApavA mATe lokhaMDanAM ojAra banAvavAno tathA gALavAno udyoga sthaLa upara ja vikasyo hoya tevAM enAM vAsaNo ane rAca-racIluM banAvavAno udyoga suvikasita hato. anya hunnarakalAomAM sonI, mALI, kuMbhAra, vaNakara ane darajInA dhaMdhAnA tathA vyavasAyomAM purohita, jyotiSI, vaidya, sainika, dhobI, raMgATI, vALaMda, ghAMcI, taMboLI, bhoI, kalAla, rasoIyA, gAyaka, vaNiko, kaMdoI, oDa vagereno ullekha che. varNaka samuccayamAM chIpA, baMdhArA, vAMchA, sAgauTI, pArakhI, ratnaparIkSaka, maNiyAra, gAMdhI, Dabagara, nANaMTI Adi vyAvasAyikono ullekha paNa maLe che,9 ane emAM pUrva paraMparAnuM sAtatya haze ema mAnavuM nyAyI raheze. vepArIonI zreNI : A samaye alaga-alaga saMgha astitva dharAvatA hatA. 'triSTizalAkApuruSacarita'mAM hemacaMdre aDhAra prakAranI zreNIno ullekha karyo che. Ama, vividha dhaMdhAdArIonI zreNI athavA mahAjana astitva dharAvatAM haze. kumAragupta 1lAnA samayanA dazapura(maMdasora)nA lekhamAMthI jaNAya che ke lATa pradezamAMthI sthaLAMtara karI tyAM jaI vaselA paTTavAyo(paTavA-paToLAM vaNanAra kArIgaronI zreNI)e tyAM I.sa. 436mAM sUryanuM maMdira pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 3 56 For Private and Personal Use Only

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baMdhAvyuM hatuM.. solaMkIkAlamAM A zreNIo vizeSa saMgaThita banI haze ema anumAna karavAne kAraNa che; to ja pachInA samayamAM mahAjanonuM prAbalya samajAvI zakAya. sAraMgadeva vAghelAnA samayanI vi.saM. 1343 (I.sa. 1278)nI tripurAMtaka prazastimAM mArgIonI zreNI(mAlIka zreNI)no ullekha che. ane e zreNI 'somanAthanA maMdiramAM pratidina 200 kamaLa ane karaNanAM 2000 puSpa Apaze' evuM vidhAna maLe che. AvI aneka zreNIo sAthenA rAjyanA saMbaMdhonI dRSTie 'zreNikaraNa' jevuM sarakArI khAtuM astitvamAM hoya e saMbhavita che. varNaka samuccayamAM eka sthaLe maMtrIne 'samasta mahAjana-pradhAna' kahyA che. e rAjyavahIvaTamAM mahAjanono ja avAja haze tenuM sUcaka che. AyAta-nikAsa ane vyApArI saMbaMdho : kacchathI lATa sudhIno samudrakinAro ane tyAM AvelAM aneka nAnAMmoTAM baMdara gujarAtanAM e kAlanAM dhIkatAM baMdaro hatAM. IrAna, arabastAna ane e dvArA yuropa sAtheno vepAra A baMdaromAMthI kheDavAnuM sauthI anukULa hatuM. saMghavI samarasiMhe karAvelA zatruMjayatIrthodvAra varNavatAM nAbhinaMdanajinodvAra prabaMdhano ullekha maLe che. bharukaccha-bhRgukaccha-bharUca, khaMbhAta ane somanAtha pATaNa e traNa mukhya baMdara hatAM. devigiranA yAdava rAjAo ane mALavAnA paramAro sAthenA gujarAtanA satata vigrahanuM eka mukhya kAraNa bharUca ane khaMbhAta upara kabajo jamAvavAnI spardhA hatuM. jemAM chevaTe gujarAtano vijaya thayo. mALavAnA samRddha pradezono tathA rAjasthAna ane uttara bhAratano 522ASTrIya vepAra gujarAta mAraphata cAlato.32 jamInamArge vepAra baLada, UMTa, gadheDAM ane gADAMonA sArtha mAraphate cAlato. sArthanA netA 'sArthavAha' kahevAtA. jeno paryAyavAcaka zabda 'vANijayakAraka' che je upara prA. 'vANijjArao' apabhraMza vANijjA2 thaI vaNajAro' zabda Avelo che. AMtarapradezano mAla sArtha dvArA baMdaromAM ekatra thato. ahIMthI nikAsa thatI cIjomAM sutarAu ane rezamI kApaDa, cAmaDuM, marI, sUMTha, raMga, gaLI, gUgaLa, kapAsa, khAMDa, sugaMdhI padArtho, lAkha, AMbaLA, vagere IrAna, arabastAna, AphrikA ane cIna jatAM. sonuM, rUpuM, cAMdI, suramo, ghoDA vagerenI AyAta thatI. sarvAnaMdasUrinA 'jagaDUcarita'mAM spaSTa ullekha che ke jagaDUzAhano paradezo sAthe bahoLo vepAra hato ane IrAnamAM horamujha khAte jagaDUno 'jayaMtasiMha' nAme eka sevaka aneka jAtanA mAla bhareluM eka vahANa laI Ardrapura athavA eDana gayo hato.4 vahANavaTAno udyoga : koMkaNanA upa2 aNahilavADanA rAjavIonI sattA hatI. A samaye koMkaNamAM devagirinA yAdavonI sattA hatI. solaMkI rAjavIonA naukAsainyanuM mukhya mathaka ghoghA hatuM. vepAranuM mukhya mathaka khaMbhAta hatuM, pATaNamAM paNa bAravA koma mahattvanuM sthAna dharAvatI hatI. temanA mATe khAsa mahollo hato. Ama, gujarAta vahANavaTA mATe prAcIna samayathI khyAti pAmeluM hatu. 'hammIramadamardana' nATakamAMthI jANavA maLe che ke, vastupAle bagadAdanA khalIphanA mANasone gujarAtanA naukAsainya mAraphate harAvI emane keda pakaDI khaMbhAta ANyA hatA. solaMkIkAla daramyAna khaMbhAta naukAsainyanuM mahattvanuM mathaka haze. mArkopolo khaMbhAtane hiMdanuM moTuM rAjya kahe che ane khaMbhAtanA moTA vepAranuM varNana kare che. A parathI spaSTa thAya che ke gujarAtanAM vahANa sAgaramAM dUra dUranA arabastAna - IrAna vagere dezomAM musApharI karatA. solaMkIkAlanI Arthika sthiti 57 For Private and Personal Use Only

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nANA-vinimaya prathA : A samayanI Arthika sthitine samajavA mATe vinimaya paddhatino khyAla meLavavo Avazyaka che. solaMkIkAlanA koI cokakasa sikkAno abhAva che. AthI, A samayanI vinimaya paddhatino cokkasa khyAla meLavavo muzkela bane che. prabaMdhonA tathA lekhapaddhatinAM sAdhanomAM maLatA bhImapriya, kumArapAlapriya, luNasApriya, vizvamallapriya, Adi dramano ullekha che. 3pa alAuddIna khalajInI dilhInI TaMkazALanA ucca adhikArI Thakkara pherunI prAkRta dravya parIkSA'nA "gurjarI mudrA' prakaraNa (pR. 27-28)mAM gurjarapati rAjAonI bahuvidha mudrAonAM vividha nAma ApavAmAM AvyAM che; emAM kumarapurI, ajayapurI, bhImapurI, lAvaNasApurI, arjunapurI mudrAo ane sAraMgadeva narapati mudrAo tathA teonAM vajanano ullekha maLe che. A parathI anumAna karI zakAya ke te rAjAo potAnA sikkA paDAvatA haze. - tatkAlIna sAhityika ane utkIrNa sAdhanomAMthI keTalAka pracalita sikkAnAM nAma maLe che. niSka, bista, krama, bhAgaka, rUpaka, kAkaNi, kArlApaNa, prastha, zUrpa e sikkAono ullekha kayAzrayamAMthI maLe che. paNa temAMthI koI khAsa sikkA upalabdha karI zakAyA nathI. tethI vinimayaprathA grAmyakakSA para pracalita haze. yAzrayanA ullekha mujaba "dhAnyanA be droNathI, cha AkhalAthI ane unanA so kAmaLAthI eka ghoDI kharIdI zakAtI. e ja graMthamAM vyAjano dara abdha, pAMca ke cha TakA jeTalo jaNAvelo che. ardho Tako eTale mAsika ardho Tako hato. lakhapaddhatimAMnA eka dastAvejamAM vyAjano dara 12 mAsika be TakA eTale ke vArSika 24% no jaNAvela che. kadAca vyAjanA dara nANAM lenAranI garaja ane dhIranAranI jokhama levAnI taiyArI anusAra badalAtA hoya. tenAM baMdhana be prakAranAM hatAM : gupti (kedakhAnuM) ane kacabaMdha. A kacabaMdha kauMcapakSInA AkAranI eka beDI hatI. Ama, solaMkIkALa daramyAna gujarAtanI Arthika sthiti samRddha hatI, tathA khetI, hunnara udyoga, vyApAra dhaMdhA bahoLA pramANamAM cAlatAM. tethI ja solaMkIkAlane gujarAtanA itihAsamAM suvarNayuga' tarIke itihAsavido oLakhAve che. pAdaTIpa 1. "gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho bhAga-2, 3 lekha naM. 138, 148, 146, 148, 148, 149, 150, 151, 156, 157, 171, 185 2. rasikalAla choTAlAla parIkha tathA DaoN. ha. ga. zAstrI (saMpAdako) : "gujarAtano rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ' itihAsa', graMtha 2, khaMDa 1, pR. 20 3. navInacaMdra AcArya : "gujarAtano solaMkIkAlIna itihAsa', pR. 3 4. ejana, pR. 4 5. munizrI jinavijayajI (saMpA.) : 'purAtana prabaMdhasaMgraha', pR. 28 6. ramaNalAla nA. mahetA : "gujarAtane maLela sthApatyano vAraso', pR. 110 7. rasikalAla choTAlAla parIkha : "gujarAtanI rAjadhAnIo', pR. 219 6. A. K. Majumdes : Chaulukyas of Gujarat, Pub. Bharatiya Vidhya Bhavan, Bombay, 1956, pp. 108 & 262, 9. 'gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho' bhAga 3, pR. 238 10. 'yAzraya', sarga 19, zloka 7. 11. "dezInAmamAlA', varga 6, zloka 30 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 58 For Private and Personal Use Only

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12. "jyAzraya', sarga 15, zloka 49 13. rAmalAla modI "saMskRta dayAzraya kAvyamAM madhyakAlIna gujarAtanI sAmAjika sthiti', pR. 30 14. hariprasAda zAstrI : "gujarAtano prAcIna itihAsa', pR. 289 94. A. K. Majmudar : Chaulukyas of Gujarat, p. 260 16, dezInAmamAlA', sarga 1, zloka 10 17. ejana, sarga 1, zloka 117 18. ejana, sarga 2, zloka 2.82, sarga 1, zloka 28-29 19. 'jyAzraya', sarga 18, zloka 18-19 20. "dezInAmamAlA', sarga-2, zloka-18 24. A. K. Majmudar : Chaulukyas of Gujarat, p. 262 22. bhogIlAla je. sAMDesarA : "saMzodhananI keDI', pR. 244 23. girajAzaMkara AcArya : gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho', bhAga 3, lekhAMka 222 24. lekhapaddhati, pR. 15 25. ejana, pR. 15 26. A. K. Majmudar : op-cit, pp. 260-261 27. hariprasAda zAstrI : "gujarAtano prAcIna itihAsa', pR. 289 28. bhogIlAla sAMDesarA : "itihAsa ane sAhitya', pR. 276-78 29. ejana, pR. 208 30. A. K. Majmudar : op-cit, pp. 216-221 31. rAmalAla modI, "saMskRta kayAzraya kAvyamAM madhyakAlIna gujarAtanI sAmAjika sthiti', pR. 30 32. M. S. Commissariat : A History of Gujarat, Vol. 1, London, 1938, pp. 265-266 33, ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva : 'gujarAtanuM vahANavaTuM, vasaMta rajata mahotsava smAraka graMtha, pR. 195 34. ejana, pR. 199 3pa. 'lekhapaddhati', pR. 26-27 solaMkIkAlanI Arthika sthiti D pa9 For Private and Personal Use Only

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bAdazAhI zaheranI poLo che. subhASa brahmabhaTTa* sAmAjika, Arthika surakSAnuM pratIka eTale potAnuM ghara. itihAsanAM judAM judAM pAnAMo tapAsatAM jaNAya che ke samaye samaye manuSya potAnA raheThANamAM vAtAvaraNane anurUpa pheraphAro karyA che. vijJAnanI jemajema zodhakhoLo thatI gaI tema tema manuSya potAnI sagavaDo vadhAravAmAM vijJAnano viniyoga karato gayo che. potAnI surakSA ane sAdhanonI upalabdhine dhyAnamAM laIne manuSya raheThANa vikasAvyA che. paththara yugano mAnavI guphAmAM raheto hato. ane Aje 21 mA saikAmAM mANasa simenTa, koMkrITanA jaMgala vacce so majalA UMcI ImAratamAM vasavATa kare che. ema kahevAya che ke manuSyo vacce jayAre saMbaMdhonI koI bhUmikA na hatI tyAre mAnavI ekalo ekalavAyuM jIvana jIvato hato. paraMtu khetInI zodha thatAM manuSyanuM jIvanasthira thayuM. A sthiratAne pariNAme manuSyane potAnA surakSita vasavATanI AvazyakatA UbhI thaI. A surakSita vasavATa eTale manuSyanuM potAnuM raheThANa. sAmUhika jIvananI bhAvanAno vikAsa thatAM samUha raheThANono vicAra vaheto thayo ane dhIme dhIme A sAmUhika raheThANa gAma tarIke oLakhAvA lAgyA. majAnI vAta e che ke ekasarakhuM kAma karanArA loko ane ekasarakhI vicAradhArA dharAvatA lokoe potapotAno samUha Ubho karyo. ane A samUha Aje lattA, poLa ke sosAyaTI tarIke oLakhAya che. ApaNA gujarAtamAM je je vistAromAM raheThANonA vasavATano vikAsa thayo che temAM moTe bhAge surakSAno vicAra sauthI pahelo karavAmAM Avyo. ethI ja svataMtra makAnone sthAne ekabIjAnI divAlone aDoaDa raheThANo UbhA karavAmAM AvyA che. A prakAranAM raheThANI mATe ApaNe tyAM poLa zabda-prayoga karavAmAM Ave che. gujarAtamAM poLonuM bAMdhakAma kyAre ane kevI rIte zarU thayuM te kahevuM muzkela che. gujarAtanA sauthI moTA bAdazAhI zahera amadAvAdamAM asaMkhya poLo AvelI che. paraMtu amadAvAda to cheka 15 mA saikAmAM baMdhAyuM. e pahelAM pATaNa e gujarAtanI rAjadhAnInuM nagara hatuM. ane tyAM paNa Aine akabarImAM jaNAvyA pramANe nAnI moTI poLo baMdhAI gaI. saltanata pachI mughalakAlamAM dhIme dhIme gujarAtamAM poLa jevAM raheThANono vikAsa thayelo jaNAya che. cheka marAThAkAlamAM to nAnI moTI aneka poLo amadAvAda, pATaNa, vaDodarA, surata vagere zaheromAM jovA maLe che. bAdazAhI zahera amadAvAdamAM A poLonuM bAMdhakAma kevI rIte thayuM ane tenI bAMdhaNInA mULamAM zuM dhyAnamAM rAkhyuM haze te khUba ja rasaprada che. sauthI pahelAM to gujarAtamAM thatA vAraMvAranA AkramaNathI bacavA eka surakSita samUha vasavATanI AvazyakatA UbhI thaI. A vasavATa evo hoya ke jemAM samaya Ave badhI ja vyavasthA UbhI karI zakAya. ane A poLanA sTrakacarane samajIe to ApoApa khyAla Avaze ke ApaNA vaDavAoe A poLanA svarUpamAM kevI rIte suvidhAo UbhI karI che. sAmAnyapaNe gujarAtanI poLo khAssI UMDI hoya che. sAmAnyapaNe poLane eka ja daravAjo hoya che. keTalIka poLomAM pAchalA daravAjAothI bIjI paLomAM jaI zakAya tevI vyavasthA paNa hoya che. jene bArI paNa kahevAya che. poLano mukhya daravAjo gAma ke nagaranA mukhya rastA upara paDato hoya che. daravAjAne moTA kamADa hoya che. moTe bhAge poLonA daravAjA kamAnavALA ane keTalIkavAra DahelA jevA corasa hoya che. pravezanA mukhya * AcArya, zrI eca.ke.ArTsa kaoNleja, Azrama roDa, amadAvAda pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 60 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra www.ke daravAjAnI upara meDI hoya che. ene mADha kahevAmAM Ave che. kyAreka AvelA mahemAnone ahIM prasaMgopAta utAro ApavAmAM Ave che. A meDImAM poLano rakSaka poLiyo rahe che. A poLanA moTA daravAjA baMdha thaI jAya eTale poLa aMdarathI surakSita ane A moTA kamADane nAnI bArI jevA daravAjA karavAmAM Ave che. jyAMthI mANasa nIcA namIne avarajavara karI zake. sAmAnya paNe dararoja rAtre A poLanA daravAjA baMdha thaI jatA. ane phakta moTA kamADanI A nAnI bArI jevA daravAjA Avana jAvana mATe khullA rahetA. '' dareka poLanI aMdara moTuM cokaThuM hoya che. hoLI ke havana jevA yajJa samaye poLanA cokaThAmAM sahu ekaThAM thaI dhArmika anuSThAnano lAbha letA hoya che. lagabhaga dareka poLanI pANInI jarUriyAtane pahoMcI vaLavA eka ke be kUvAonuM Ayojana karavAmAM Ave che. keTalIka poLomAM nAnA moTA maMdira paNa bAMdhavAmAM AvelA hoya che. jethI poLanI strIo ane AbAlavRddha savAra-sAMja poLanA maMdiramAM thatI AratIno lAbha laI zake. keTalIka poLomAM to jaina sAdhu-sAdhvIone rahevA mATenA apAsarAnI vyavasthA paNa UbhI karavAmAM AvI che. poLomAM paMkhIone caNa nAMkhavA mATe cabutarAonI paNa racanA karavAmAM AvatI. A cabutarA lAkaDAnA ke paththaranA bAMdhavAmAM AvatA. moTAbhAganI poLonI aMdara khaDako athavA DaheluM acUka hoya. poLomAM rahetI agatyanI vyaktinA nAme A khaDakI ke DaheluM oLakhAtuM. nagarazeThano vaMDo Aje paNa amadAvAdamAM jANIto che. poLanAM makAnonI bAMdhakAma paddhati paNa anokhI che. lagabhaga dareka makAnane oTalo hoya. A oTalA upara savAra-sAMja besIne sAma-sAme oTalA upara ekabIjAnA khabara aMtara pUchI zakAtA. ane ethI oTalA upara beThA beThA ja poLamAMthI pasAra thatI dareka vyaktinA khabaraaMtara jANI zakAtA. A oTalo eTale poLanI ekatAnuM pratIka. oTalAvALA UMcA makAnamAM pravezatAM ja nAnakaDI osarI Ave, e pachI eno madhyastha khaMDa hoya. vaccenA bhAgamAM cheka agAsI sudhIno khullo coka Avelo hoya. ane pAchalA bhAgamAM rasoDuM karavAmAM Ave che. madhyakhaMDanI be bAjue zayanakhaMDanI racanA karavAmAM AvI che. amadAvAdanI lagabhaga ghaNI kharI poLonA makAnamAM varasAdI pANInA saMgraha mATe TAMkAnI vyavasthA karavAmAM Ave che. jethI karIne lAMbA samaya sudhI varasAdanuM pANI ghara vaparAzanA kAme laI zakAya. ApaNe jANIe chIe ke lAMbo samaya saMgrahI rAkheluM varasAdI pANI bagaDI jatuM nathI. kyAreka to moTA lagna prasaMgoe A pANI rasoInA kAmamAM levAya che ane A pANIthI Akho prasaMga paNa pAra pADI zakAya.ApaNA vaDavAo A vAtane barAbara samajatA hatA. mATe duSkALanA samaye AvAM pANInA TAMkA khuba kAma AvatAM. pANInAM AvAM TAMkAnI racanA khUba rasaprada hoya che. TAMkAmAM UtaravAnAM pagathiyAM hoya ane AkhA mANaso UtarI zake, pharI zake teTalAM moTAM TAMkA hoya che. A TAMkAmAM uparanA bhAge goLa kamAna paNa karavAmAM Ave che. jethI makAnanA uparanA bhAganuM vajana A kamAno dvArA jhIlI zakAya. madhyakhaMDanA eka khUNAmAM upalA majale javAnI lAkaDAnI sIDI karavAmAM AvatI. ane upalA majale madhyacokane pharate nAnA-moTA oraDA karavAmAM Ave che. AgaLanA bhAge bAlkanI paNa banAvavAmAM AvatI. A bAlkanI eTale jharUkho. dareka gharamAM lAkaDAnI kotaraNIvALA kalAtmaka jharUkhA racavAmAM AvatA. tenA uparanuM bArIka lAkaDAnuM kotarakAma Aje paNa poLanAM makAnonI vizeSatA tarIke oLakhAya che. temAM lAkaDAnI nAnI-moTI mUrtio athavA to gaNeza ke anya devatAonI pratikRtio kotaravAmAM AvatI. kyAMka kyAMka to phUlavelanI bhAta tathA velanA buTTAnI racanA karavAmAM AvatI. makAnamAM sauthI uparanA bhAgamAM khullI agAsI athavA to DhaLatAM chAparAM ane tenA upara naLiyAM goThavavAmAM AvatAM. jethI unALAmAM garamIthI rAhata meLavI zakAya. poLanAM makAnonI dIvAlomAM karavAmAM AvatA gokhalAomAM ghareNAM ke paisA saMtADavA mATenAM khAsa corakhAnAM banAvavAmAM AvatAM. je pahelI najare mAtra gokhalo ja dekhAya. paNa jANakAra vyaktine khabara hoya bAdazAhI zaheranI poLo [ 61 For Private and Personal Use Only

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ke aMdara UMDo hAtha nAMkhavAthI corakhAnA sudhI vastu levA mUkavA hAtha pahoMcato. A makAnonI aMdara pANiyArAM ane vAsaNo mUkavAnI chAjalIo paNa kalAtmaka karavAmAM AvatI. pANiyArAnA TekA khAssA kalAtmaka jovA maLyA che to chAjalIo upara tAMbA pittaLanAM vAsaNo goThavavA e paNa eka kalAno viSaya hato. nAnA-moTA glAsa, loTA, nAnI-moTI thALIo ane moTI tAsakone divALInA samaye lIMbu ane chAsathI mAMjIne camakAvIne goThavavAnI paraMparA poLonA makAnomAM vizeSa jovA maLe che. poLonA makAnonuM eka AgavuM lakSaNa eTale beThaka khaMDanI madhyamAM goThavAto hiMcako. lagabhaga dareka poLanAM makAnomAM hiMcakAnI vyavasthA acUka karavAmAM AvatI. jethI karIne hiMcakA upara besIne hiMcakAnI gati sAthe vicAronI gatinuM tAdAbhya sAdhI zakAtuM. bahAra kAmakAjathI thAkIne AvelI vyakti thoDIka vAra hiMcakA para bese ane pagathI hicako khAya eTale AkhA divasano thAka UtarI jAya. hA, poLonAM keTalAMka makAno aMdhAriyAM kharAM. jyAM sIdho taDako bhAgye ja pahoMcato. bhara bapore paNa lAITa karavI paDe. ane nAnakaDI bArImAMthI jeTaluM ajavALuM Ave eTalo ja prakAza A makAnonI eka vizeSatA e hatI ke bhara unALAmAM paNa temAM tApa na lAgato. IMTa, cUno, gAro ane selakhaDInA mizraNathI tenI dIvAlo upara lIMpaNa karavAmAM AvatuM. makAnanA madhyabhAgamAM je khullo coka karavAmAM Avato tyAMthI havAnI Avana jAvana paNa rahetI ane pUrato sUryaprakAza paNa makAnamAM Avato. AthI gujarAta garama pradeza hovA chatAM paNa A makAnomAM kyAreya tApa lAgato nahIM. aDoaDa makAno hovAne kAraNe dIvAlo upara sIdho sUryaprakAza na aDato hovAthI dIvAlo garama thatI nahIM ane cUnAnA plAsTarane kAraNe garamI zoSAI jatI hovAthI bharaunALe A poLanAM makAnonI dIvAlo ThaMDI rahetI. bIjuM ke makAno aDoaDa hovAne kAraNe garamI ochAmAM ochI lAgatI. A poLanAM makAnonI racanAnI eka vizeSatA e hatI ke dharatIkaMpa jevI Apatti veLAe makAnonI dIvAlone ekabIjAno Teko raheto hovAthI bhUkaMpanI asara A makAno upara ochAmAM ochI thatI. tAjetaramAM gujarAtamAM AvelA bhUkaMpa daramiyAna thAMbhalAo upara UbhA karavAmAM AvelA phleTsa pattAnA mahelanI jema paDI gayA, jayAre poLonAM makAnone ochAmAM ochuM nukasAna thayuM hatuM. tenuM kAraNa ekabIjAne aDoaDa UbhelA makAnoe dharatIkaMpanA AMcakA khamI lIdhA hatA. ema kahevAya che ke amadAvAdamAM sauthI pahelI mANekacoka madhye muhUrtanI poLa banI haze. je Aje muratanI poLa tarIke oLakhAya che. jo ke moTAmAM moTI poLa amadAvAdamAM mAMDavInI poLa che. enuM eka nAkuM mANekacokamAM ane bIjuM eka AsToDiyA cakalAmAM paDe che. ema kahevAya che ke 187ramAM ekalI mAMDavInI poLamAM 10,000 mANaso rahetA hatA. A mAMDavInI poLamAM sauthI moTuM cauTuM haze. A cauTuM eTale vacceno coka arthAt tenA upara je racanA karavAmAM AvatI te mAMDavI kahevAtI. AthI A poLanuM nAma mAMDavInI poLa paDyuM haze. mAMDavInI poLanI aMdara eka nAgajI bhudaranI poLa AvelI che. e poLanA thAMbhalA upara eka lekha che. temAM noMdhyuM che ke 1760mAM zrAvaNa suda bIjane divase A poLa karavAmAM AvI hatI. nAgajI bhudara nAmanA jaina zAhukAranA nAma uparathI A poLanuM nAma paDyuM haze. keTalIka poLomAM eka vyavasAya karanArA ane eka ja jJAtinA sabhyo sAthe rahetA haze. dA.ta. kaMsArAnI poLa. temAM temanI kuLadevI kAlikA mAtAnuM maMdira paNa che ane poLamAM moTA bhAganA lokono vyavasAya kaMsArAno che. mAMDavInI poLamAM eka khAMDanA vahepArI rahetA hatA tethI eTalA vistAra khAMDavALAnI poLa tarIke oLakhAya che. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 62 For Private and Personal Use Only

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amadAvAdamAM AsToDiyA cakalAmAM eka DhALanI poLa AvelI che. A poLamAM pesatAM ja caDhANavALo DhoLAva ghaNo UMco che tethI tenuM nAma DhALanI poLa paDyuM che. AkAzeTha karIne eka zAhukAre eka sthaLe kUvo karAvelo. AthI e poLanuM nAma paDyuM AkAzeThanA kUvAnI poLa, Ama judI judI poLanAM nAma e poLamAM rahetI jANItI vyakti athavA jAtinA samUha ke ekasarakhA vyavasAyane kAraNe tene lagatA nAmothI poLo oLakhAtI hatI. keTalIka poLo e poLanI vizeSatAne kAraNe e nAmathI oLakhAtI. dA.ta. khijaDAnI poLamAM khijaDAnuM jhADa hatuM ethI te poLa khijaDAnI poLa tarIke oLakhAI. kAlupura javAnA raste luhArono vasavATa hato ane tyAM luhAronI bhaThThI AvelI hatI eTale te bhaThThInI poLa tarIke oLakhAya che. amadAvAdanA ratanapoLa pAse jhaverIonI vastI ghaNI moTI hatI. ahIM aneka jaina maMdiro che. A vistAra jhaverIvADa tarIke oLakhAyo. bAdazAhI samayamAM zaheranI madhyamAM TaMkazALa AvelI hatI. AthI tyAMnA vasavATanuM nAma paDyuM TaMkazALa poLa. sAraMgapura daravAjA khAte jatAM DAbe hAthe saravaTano vyavasAya karatA musalamAno vasavATa karatAM hatAM AthI A vistAra sarakhIvADa tarIke oLakhAyo. gujarAtamAM saltanata ane mughalakAla daramiyAna poLo sAmAnyapaNe ghaNI pahoLI hatI. paraMtu marAThAkAlamAM svArthI sattAdhArIoe nAnI moTI rakama laIne rastAo sudhI lokonAM makAno AgaLa karavA dIdhAM to kyAMka oTalAo bahAra kheMcavAmAM AvyA. AthI poLo nAnI ane sAMkaDI thaI. prAcInakALamAM bahAranAM AkramaNo sAme poLo ghaNI salAmata hatI. bhAIcAro ane ekatAnuM vAtAvaraNa poLanA mAholamAM vizeSa jovA maLe che. ekabIjAnA sukhaduHkhamAM ahIM bhAgIdArI ane saMpa vizeSa jovA maLe che kAraNa makAno aDoaDa hatAM. vATakI vyavahAramAM ke sArA-mAThAM prasaMgoe sau ekabIjAnI paDakhe UbhA rahetA tenuM kAraNa poLanuM vAtAvaraNa hatuM. saMpa ane ekatAnuM pratIka eTale poLa. bhAratanI sAmAjika vyavasthAmAM dhArmika utsavonuM vizeSa prAdhAnya rahyuM che. koI paNa dhArmika utsava poLanA vAtAvaraNamAM sahiyArI javAbadArI banI jAya che. nAnA-moTA sau sAthe maLIne dhArmika utsavo ujave che. poLano koI paNa prasaMga e sahunI sahiyArI javAbadArI banI jato. pachI e koI eka parivArano lagna prasaMga hoya ke maraNanI ghaTanA hoya. badhA ekabIjAnI paDakhe rahI koI paNa praznano nikAla lAvatA. poLa A rIte ApaNA sAmAjika utsavanI sahiyArI javAbadArInuM pratIka che. bAdazAhI zaheranI poLo g 63 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra gAMdhArInI manovyathA (nArI-hRdayanI saMvedanA) www.kobatirth.org hariprasAda zAstrI gurudeva ravIndranAtha ThAkure 'mahAbhArata'ne lagatI keTalIka ghaTanAo ke keTalAMka pAtro vize hRdayaMgama UrmikAvya racyAM hatAM. emAMnuM eka kAvya che 'gAndhArIra Avedana', je 'kAhinI'mAM mArca, 1900mAM prakAzita thayeluM. emAM pAMDavone ghRtamAM parAjaya ApI, draupadInI bharasabhAmAM avahelanA karI duryodhanane kevo harSonmAda thAya che, paraMtu enAM mAtA gAMdhArInA hRdayamAM e aMge kevI marmabhedI vyathA thAya che, te pati dhRtarASTrane vinave che ke AvA durAcArI putra duryodhanano tyAga karo, paraMtu dhRtarASTra to putrasnehanA mohapAzamAM tema karavA tatpara nathI, aMte gAMdhArI duryodhananI patnI bhAnumatIne paNa draupadInI avahelanA karI enA manohara vastrAlaMkArothI khuza na thavA samajAve che. kharekhara gurudeva gAMdhArInA mAtRhRdayanI mArmika manovyathA dvArA e udAtta pAtranuM hRdayaMgama Alekhana karyuM che. gurudevanuM mULa kAvya baMgALI bhASAmAM racAyuM che. zrI nagInadAsa pArekhe eno akSarazaH gujarAtImAM anuvAda karelo. te bhArata sarakAranI sAhitya akAdamI dvArA prakAzita 'ekottara zatI' nAme 101 kAvyonA saMgrahagraMthamAM samAveza pAmyo che. ahIM A hRdayaMgama Urmi kAvyanA thoDA saMkSepa sAthe vAcakone paricaya ApavAmAM Ave che. gAndhArIra Avedana (gAMdhArInuM Avedana) duryodhana tAta, Apane caraNe praNAma karuM chuM. dhRtarASTra : are durAzaya, tAruM abhISTa siddha thayuM ke ? duryodhana : huM jaya pAmyo chuM. dhRtarASTra H have sukhI thayo ne ? duryodhana : huM vijayI thayo chuM. Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir dhRtarASTra : he durmati, akhaMDa rAjya jItyA chatAM paNa tane sukha kyAM che ? duryodhana : mahArAja, meM sukha ichyuM nahotuM, jaya jaya ijhjho hato. ane Aje huM jayI thayo chuM.... he tAta, Aje huM sukhI nathI, jayI chuM. pitA, sukhI to huM tyAre hato jyAre ame pAMDavo ane kauravo... sukhamAM ekasAthe badhAMyelA hatA. sukhamAM to huM tyAre hato, jyAre pAMDavanA gAMDIva-TaMkArathI zaMkAkula zatrudaLa AMgaNe AvavAnI hiMmata karatuM nahotuM. ... sukhamAM to huM tyAre hato jyAre pAMDavonA jayadhvaninA paDaghA kauravone kAne athaDAtA hatA..... Aje pAMDunA putrone parAbhava vanamAM vahI jAya che, Aje huM sukhI nathI. Aje huM jayI chuM. dhRtarASTra H dhikkAra che tArA bhAdrohane. pAMDavonA ane kauravonA pitAmaha eka che te zuM tuM bhUlI gayo ? duryodhana : te huM bhUlI zakato ja nathI, tema chatAM dhanamAM, mAnamAM, tejamAM ame eka nathI.... Aje huM jayI. chuM. dhRtarASTra : Aje dharmano parAjaya thayo. * nivRtta niyAmakazrI, bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda-9 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 64 - For Private and Personal Use Only

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duryodhana : lokadharma ane rAjadharma eka nathI. .... rAjadharmamAM bhrAtRdharma ke baMdhudharma nathI hotA, kevaLa jayadharma ja hoya che. dhRtarASTra : kapaTa dhUtathI jItIne tuM tene jaya kahe che ? duryodhana : pitA, jenuM je baLa te tenuM aa... yuddhanuM to eka mAtra lakSma jayalAbha hoya che. pitA, Aje huM jayI thayo chuM. duryodhana : niMdAthI have huM Darato nathI... duryodhana pApI che', 'duryodhana dUra che', 'duryodhana hIna che' evuM evuM ATalA divasa mUMge moDhe bahu sAMbhaLyuM.... ane badhA loko pAse huM kahevaDAvIza ke "duryodhana rAjA che'. ... mArA niMdakoe tamane sadA pAMDavonA guNagAna ane amArI niMdA saMbhaLAvyA karI che. dhRtarASTra : hAya, abhimAnI vatsa, mArAmAM ATalo badho sneha che ke meM adharmamAM sAtha Apyo che, huM jJAna khoI beTho chuM, tAro sarvanAza karavA beTho chuM.. jayI thA, sukhI thA. ekezvara rAjA thA. (carano praveza) : cara : he mahArAja, vikagaNa, agnihotra, ane deva-upAsanAno tyAga karIne, pAMDavonI pratIkSA karatA cauTe AvIne UbhA che. ... dukAno badhI baMdha che. duryodhana : e mUDha abhAgIo, Aje tamAro kAma gherAyo che. jouM to kharo ke prajAnI A parama uddhatAI... keTalA divasa rahe che ! pratihArIno praveza) pratihArI : mahArAja, mahArANI gAMdhArI Apane caraNe darzananI prArthanA kare che. dhRtarASTra : huM temanI ja rAha jouM chuM. duryodhana : pitAjI, huM jAuM tyAre. (jAya che.) (gAMdhArIno praveza) gAMdhArI : ApanA zrIcaraNamAM mAre nivedana karavAnuM che. ATalI vinaMtI rAkho, nAtha. ...abaghaDI tyAga karo. dhRtarASTra : mahArANI, kono ? gAMdhArI : putra duryodhanano ! dhRtarASTra : teno huM tyAga karuM ? gAMdhArI : e ja mArI vinaMtI che. dhRtarASTra : he gAMdhArI, A prArthanA dAruNa che. gAMdhArI : he kaurava e prArthanA zuM mArI ekalInI che? kurukuLanA pita pitAmahe svargamAMthI ahoniza e prArthanA karyA kare che. dhRtarASTra : huM pitA chuM. gAMdhArI : garbhabhAra-jarjarita huM mAtA nathI? ... to paNa te mahArAja, huM kahuM chuM ne te putra duryodhanano Aje tyAga karo. dhRtarASTra : hAya priye, dharmane vaza thaIne cUtamAM baMdhAyelA pAMDavonuM lUMTAI gayeluM rAjya meM eka vAra pAchuM ApyuM hatuM. thAya bIjI ja kSaNe pitRneha mArA kAnamAM so so vAra guMjana karavA lAgyo... rAjya pAchuM ApavAthI paNa pAMDavonA manano apamAnano ghA rujhAvAno nathI. pAMDavone meM pAchA gAMdhArInI manovyathA [ 65 For Private and Personal Use Only

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bolAvyA dhUtanI chalanAthI meM temane lAMbA vanavAse mokalyA. gAMdhArI ! mahArAja. pAMDavo vanamAM jaze, pAchA vaLyA vaLaze nahi.. have A rAjaya tamAruM ekalAnuM che. A ghaDIe tamArA putrano tyAga karo.. huM tamane pUchuM chuM, jo tamAro koI prajAjana satI abaLAne pArakA gharamAMthI ghasaDI lAvIne tenuM vinA doSe apamAna kare, to tame zI sajA karazo? dhRtarASTra : dezavaTAnI. gAMdhArI : to Aje badhI strIo vatI huM rAjAne caraNe nyAyanI mAgaNI karuM chuM... putra duryodhana aparAdhI che, Apa pote enA sAkSI cho,... meM to mAnyuM hatuM ke mArA garbhamAM vIra putro janmyA che. hAya nAtha, te divase jyAre anAtha pAMcAlInA Arta kaMTha svare prAsAdanI bhIMtone bhijAvI nAkhI, tyAre meM bArIe doDI jaIne joyuM, to tenAM vastra kheMcIne sabhAmAM gAMdhArInA putra-pizAco khaDakhaDa hasatA hatA. mahArAja, sAMbhaLo ATalI vinaMtI. jananInI lAja dUra karo.... duryodhanano tyAga karo. dhRtarASTra : priye, suMdarI, e tamArI vANInA mohapAzane huM toDI zakato nathI.... huM tene nahi tyajI zakuM !... banavAnuM hatuM te banI gayuM. je pariNAma AvavAnuM haze te Avaze. (jAya che.) (duryodhananI mahArANI bhAnumatIno praveza) bhAnumatI : (dAsIone) mAlyavatra alaMkAra mAthe upADI lo. gAMdhArI : paurava bhavanamAM Aje zAno mahotsava che? navAM vastro ane alaMkAro sajIne kyAM jAya che, vahu? bhAnumatI : zatru-parAbhavanI maMgaLa ghaDI AvI pahoMcI che. gAMdhArI : ...navA alaMkAra kyAMthI ANyA, kalyANI ? bhAnumatI potAnA bhujabaLathI vasumatIne jItIne pAMcAlInA pAMca patioe tene je badhAM ratno mATe alaMkAro ApyAM hatAM, te ratnonAM AbhUSaNothI mane zaNagArIne tene vanamAM javuM paDyuM. gAMdhArI : are mUDha, ... te ratno laIne tuM ATalo ahaMkAra kare che ?... bhAnumatI mAtA, ApaNe kSatriya strIo chIe... kadI jaya, kadI parAjaya. gAMdhArI : beTA... Aje AnaMdano divasa nathI. svajananA durbhAgya upara aMge aMge zaNagAra sajIne garva karIza nahi.... kADhI nAkha A alaMkAro ane navuM raktAMbara.... agnigRhamAMthI, purohitane bolAva. (bhAnumatI jAya che.) (draupadI sAthe pAMca pAMDavono praveza) yudhiSThira : vidAya veLAe AzIrvAda mAgavAne AvyAM chIe, mAtA. gAMdhArI : ..he vatsa, saubhAgyano dinamaNi duHkharAtrinuM avasAna thatAM bamaNo ujjavaLa thaIne Ugyo.. tamAro dezavaTo sadA nirbhaya ho... putrathI ye vadhu evA he putro, mArA putre je kaMI aparAdha karyA che te badhA mArA AzIrvAdathI phoka thaI jAo. (draupadIne AliMgana karIne) dhULamAM roLAyelI suvarNalatA, o mArI dIkarI, eka vAra mAthuM UMcuM kara, mArA bola sAMbhaLa... jA, beTA, pati sAthe amalina mukhe rahI araNyane svarga banAvaje, duHkhane sukhamAM palaTI nAkhaje.... pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 66 For Private and Personal Use Only

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kalAvArasAnI rakhevALI priyabALA zAha* ApaNA purAtattvIya avazeSo kyAMka kyAMka veraNacheraNa paDyA hoya che. sAmAnya prajAne te aMgenI samajadArI bahu ochI hoya che. sarasa majAnI paththaramAM kaMDArelI mUrti rastAnI eka bAjue paDelI hatI. teno jo abhyAsa karavAmAM Ave to te mUrtino samaya, temAMnI strI-AkRtino paheraveza, teno upayoga arthAta te aMgenA rItarivAja, sAmAjika paristhiti athavA teno dhArmika itihAsa vagereno abhyAsa thaI zake. A sthaLethI thoDA divasa pachI pasAra thatAM khyAla Avyo ke ahIM rasto banAvavA mATe khodakAma karAtuM hatuM ane te khodakAmamAM A mUrtine dATI devAmAM AvI. Avo ja bIjo dAkhalo Abu pahADanI taLeTImAM AveluM devAMgaNa. temAM aneka mUrtio veraNacheraNa paDI hatI. temAMnI suMdara mUrti te trimUrtinI. te ArasanI hatI. koI eka paise Take sukhI ane zokhIna vyaktine te laI javAnI icchA thaI. keTalAka majUrone te mATe tenuM mahenatANuM ApavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu gAmalokone A bAbatanI khabara paDI eTale temaNe te mUrtine laI jatAM majUronI sAthe jhaghaDo karIne mUrtine te ja jagAe pAchI mukAvI. AvA to kAMIka zilpAkRtionA namUnAo sAmAjika vArasAne samajavA mATe upayogI thaI paDe che. AvA to kaika avazeSo kyAMka ane kevI rIte UpaDI jAya che te ApaNane ApaNA bhArata ke gujarAtanA itihAsane samajavA mATe muzkelI UbhI kare che. A astavyasta paDelA purAtattvIya ke sAhityakIya avazeSono vyavasthita abhyAsa jarUrI bane che. ApaNA prAcIna avazeSo te ja ApaNo kalAvAraso. A kalAvAraso ApaNane ApaNA dezanI kalAsamRddhino khyAla Ape che. sAthe sAthe te vakhatano pariveza, vagerethI mAMDIne ApaNI kalAsamRddhi temaja bIjI aneka samRddhino paricaya karAve che. Aja sudhI ApaNA kalAvArasA pratye bedarakArI rAkhavAmAM AvI che, paNa have jAgRti AvI che. ApaNA dezanI kalAnAM sthApatya, zilpa Adi mahattvanI kArIgarInA keTalAye namUnAo TheraThera vikharAyelA paDyA che. tene ekatra karIne prAcIna kalAnuM saMgrahAlaya banAvAya to te prAcIna kalAnA abhyAsa mATe anukULa thAya. AvuM saMgrahasthAna bane to kalAnA vartamAna upAsakone temaja bhaviSyanI prajAne temanA kalAvArasAnI jANakArI upalabdha thAya temaja itihAsanA abhyAsIo paNa teno yogya rIte upayoga karI zake. sAMcI ke amarAvatI stUpanA paththaromAM kaMDArelI bauddha kathAo ApaNane te te kALanA saMskAranuM citra pratyakSa karI Ape che. tevI ja rIte ilorA ke eliphanTAnI guphAo te kALanA zaivadharmanuM svarUpa, te kALanI sthApatya tathA zilpakalAnuM hRdayaMgama svarUpa, dharmaprasAra mATenI utkaTa vAsanA vagere te kALanI samAjanI vividha vAtone ApaNI najara samakSa tAdaza karI Ape che. gujarAtamAM moDherAnuM sUryamaMdira sUryapUjAnA pracArano ke rudramahAlaya athavA somanAtha maMdiranA bhagnAvazeSo zivapUjAnA pracArano je khyAla ApI zake che te bIjI koI rIte maLavAno saMbhava nathI. A to saMpUrNa zilpamaya pustaka najara AgaLa dekhAya che. kadAca, pustako paNa Avo tAdaza citAra darzAvI zake nahIM. maMdiro, killAo, masjido vagere sthApatyano te te samayano itihAsa vagara muzkelIo prApta thaI zake che. keTalAMka saMgrahasthAnomAM bauddhamUrtionA abhyAsa mATe hajAro namUnAo saMgRhIta thayelA che ane teno vizeSa abhyAsa paNa karI zakAya che. tene mATe koI prazna raheto nathI. bhArata dezamAM AvA keTalAye zilpaviSayaka namUnAo veraNacheraNa paDyA che tenA vize kAMI vicArAtuM nathI athavA te vicAravA mATe pUrato avakAza hoto nathI. AvA to kaiMka namUnAo gujarAta rAjayamAM Aje paNa mojUda che te dANacoro moM-mAMgyA dAma laIne zrImaMtone padharAvI de che. temane mATe to temanA beThaka rUmanA zaNagAra sivAya tenuM bIjuM koI ja mahattva hotuM nathI. * nivRtta AcAryA, mAtuzrI vIrabAImA mahilA koleja, rAjakoTa kalAvArasAnI rakhevALI [ 67 For Private and Personal Use Only

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jayAM rastAo khodAtA hoya, makAnanA pAyA khodAtA hoya tyAre temAMthI mUrtio, sikkAo, tAmrapatro vagere prApta thAya che paNa tenI sAcavaNI thatI nathI. sikkAo temaja AvI purAtattvIya sAmagrI itihAsanI punarracanA mATe khUba upayogI sAdhana che. AvA sikkAo, tAmrapatro vagere paradeza ghasaDAI jAya che. lobhI vepArIo AvA dhAtunA namUnAo gaLAvI nAMkhe che. khodakAma karanAra majUrone AnI koI jANakArI hoya nahIM tethI AvI cIjo vepArIo athavA kalAnI kAMIka samajadArI hoya tevA loko mAmUlI rakama majUrone ApIne hastagata kare che. khaMDita mUrtio pUjA mATe yogya gaNAtI nathI. tethI tene nadImAM vahevaDAvI devAmAM Ave che athavA nadIkinAre koI eka vRkSa nIce mUkI devAmAM Ave che. TUMkamAM prajAnuM ajJAna ane jANakAronI bedarakArIthI AvI kalAsamRddhinI rakhevALI joIe te pramANe thatI nathI. AvI vastuo barAbara sacavAvI joIe. temAM bhAMgaphoDa na thAya te paNa eTaluM ja jarUrI che. sAco itihAsa AvA purAvazeSomAMthI jANI zakAya che. itihAsanI kathA te dAdImAnI vAto ke parIkathA jevI AjanI ApaNI peDhIne na lAge mATe tene vyavasthita sAcavIne ApaNo bhavya bhUtakALa zALA-mahAzALAnA vidyArthIone tenA abhyAsamAM upayogI thaI zake tema rajU karavo joIe. ApaNI rASTriya saMpattine jANe-ajANe athavA aNasamajaNane laIne ghaNuM nukasAna thayuM che - thAya che. tenI rakhevALI karavA te vastuo corAI na jAya, paradeza ghasaDAI na jAya, sikkA ke tAmrapatro jevI cIjonuM dhAtumAM parivartana na thaI jAya te mATe bhArata sarakAre prAcIna-smAraka - imArato, sthaLo ane bIjI vastuone lagatA dhArA ghaDyA che. A dhArAnA amalathI prAcIna zilpo, sikkAnA saMgraho vagere je sAdhano vaDe myujhiyamo samRddha thAya che te meLavavA sarakAra zaktimAna thAya che. e paNa noMdhavuM joIe ke jamInamAMthI prApta thayela nidhinI jANa kalekTarane karavAmAM Ave ane sarakAra te nidhi prApta karavAnuM nakkI kare to te zodhanAra ane mAlikane vastunI mULa kiMmata karatAM 15 vadhAre rakama maLe che. Ama chatAM ajJAnI loko durbhAgye potAne jaDelI cIjone ghaNI vAra saMtADI rAkhatA hoya che, dhAtunI cIjone gALI nAMkhatA hoya che; A rIte itihAsa ane purAtattvavidyAne hAni pahoMcADatA hoya che. 1878mAM bhAratIya guNadhana dhArAnI jogavAI karavAmAM AvI. A dhArA pramANe jyAre koI paNa mANasane dasa rUpiyAthI vadhAre kiMmatano nidhi eTale ke jamInamAM daTAI gayelI agara jamInamAM coMTI gayelI koIpaNa cIjamAM DhaMkAI gayelI vastu maLe tyAre teNe je jaDelI cIja aMge kalekTarane jANa karavI ane najIkanI tijorImAM te nidhi jamA karAvavo agara kalekTarane yogya bAMhedharI karavI. tyArabAda 1904mAM prAcIna smAraka imAratano saMrakSaNa dhAro amalamAM Avyo. 1947mAM prAcIna smAraka imArato ane purAtattvIya sthaLo ane avazeSone lagato dhAro Antiquities Act amalamAM Avyo. A purAtana vastuone lagatA dhArA anusAra sarakArI paravAnA vagara: nikAla niyamana - Export Control 100 varasa karatAM vadhAre jUnI hoya evI vastuonI nikAsa karavA mATe agara nikAsa karavAnA prayatna mATe sajAo TharAvavAmAM AvI che. teno Azaya dezanI purAtattvIya saMpattinuM haraNa na thAya evI cokasAI rAkhavAno che. 1959nA 15mI okTobarane divase amalamAM AvatA dhArAne prAcIna smAraka, imAratonA saMrakSaNadhArAnA vibhAgone AjanI jarUriyAta pramANe anukULa rIte goThavavA uparAMta A navA kAyadAmAM bIjI keTalIka hitakAraka jogavAIo che. kAyadAnI jogavAIo 1951mAM rASTrIya agatyanAM jAhera karAyelAM badhAM smAraka imArato ane sthaLone lAgu paDe che, arthAtu prAcIna smAraka ImArata saMrakSaNadhArA heThaLa saMrakSAyelAM badhAM smArako ane jUnAM dezI rAjyomAMnI keTalIka agatyanI imAratone te lAgu paDe che. uparAMta gejheTamAM jAherAta karIne e yAdImAM navI smAraka imArato ane navAM sthaLo sarakAra umerI zake che. AvAM badhAM sthaLo ane imArato saMrakSita imArato ane sthaLo tarIke jANItAM che. A dhArAmAM samAtA gunAo mATe traNa mahinAnI keda athavA pAMca hajAra rUpiyAno daMDa athavA baMne sajA pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 68 For Private and Personal Use Only

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thaI zake che. A thaI kalAvArasAnI rakhevALI sarakArI rAhe. sarakArI rAhe dhAkadhamakIthI, kAyadAnI bIkathI kalAvArasAnuM rakSaNa karavAnuM thayuM paNa ApaNe prajAjano ApaNo samRddha vAraso kevI rIte sAcavIzuM te paNa vicAravuM jarUrI bane che. lokamata keLavavo joIe. myunisipAliTI ke paMcAyatoe kalAvArasAnI sAcavaNInuM kArya hAtha para levuM joIe temaja lokone UMDI samaja ApavI joIe. teno abhyAsamAM upayoga karAvavo joIe. kalAnI jALavaNIthI ApaNo vAraso, bhavya bhUtakALanI samajaNa ApatI philmo batAvavI joIe. te mATenI jijJAsA tIvra thAya ema karavuM joIe. gujarAtanI sauprathama rAjadhAnI bhinnamAlamAM eliphanTAnI guphAonAM zilpo jevAM zilpo, sAtamA saikAnAM zilpo jhADIonI vacce taLAvane kinAre khUba paDelAM che. taLAvane kinAre paDelA paththaranAM zilpono upayoga sAmAnya rIte lUgaDAM dhovAnA kAmamAM karavAmAM Avato hoya che. AvI aNasamajaNathI sArAM zilpo dhovAI jAya che, tUTI jAya che. nAnAM nAnAM gAmaDAMmAM zALAo hoya tenA zikSakoe, paMcAyato hoya to tenA sarapaMco vageree AvI zilpasamRddhine ekatra karIne zALAnA AMgaNAmAM mukAvavI joIe. zALAnA AMgaNAmAM ke gAmanA corAmAM ke paMcAyatanI oNphisamAM zilpo rAkhavAmAM Ave to temAM kharaca thatuM nathI. vastuo sacavAya che ane vidyArthIone potAnA abhyAsamAM upayogI bane che. AvI rIte kalAzilponI jALavaNI karavAmAM AvI hoya to tenuM suMdara saMgrahasthAna banAvI zakAya che. ApaNA gujarAta rAjyamAM hAlamAM eka saMgrahasthAna amadAvAda zaheramAM saMskAra kendramAM thayuM che. paNa te uparachalluM che. zilponI vAta thaI te pramANe prAcIna citro, hastaprato, dastAvejo, dhAtupratimA, dhAtunI prAcIna itaracIjo, pakavelI mATInAM ramakaDAM, prAcIna IMTo, mATInAM citrita tathA raMgIna vAsaNo, prAcIna samayanAM kApaDa ke vasro vagere bhAratanA itihAsanA punarracanAnAM sAdhano tarIke upayogI gaNAya che. tenI jALavaNI yayAyogya karavI joIe ane tene yathAsthAne goThavavI joIe. AvI cIjo abhyAsane mATe sulabha banAvavI joIe. tenA phoTA vagere paDAvavA joIe. jethI cIjo nAza pAme to paNa vastunA phoTA ke pratikRti ApaNI pAse sacavAyelI rahe che ane abhyAsamAM ane itihAsanI punarracanA ke ApaNA sAMskRtika vArasAne samajavAmAM te upayogI thAya che. uparAMta enA aneka namUnAo pratikRtithI taiyAra karavAmAM Ave ke jeno abhyAsa dUradUranA dezomAM paNa karavAno sulabha thaI zake che. e rIte jo TUMkamAM gaNAvIe to so varSa pahelAMnA akSarovALA koI zUravIranA eka sAmAnya pALiyAthI AraMbhI pAMca hajAra varSa pahelAMnI siMdhu saMskRtine prakAzamAM lAvanAra moheM-jo-DerAnA khodakAmamAMthI maLelI nAnImoTI aneka cIjo, zilAlekho, tAmrapatro, sikkAo, jUnAM makAno, jUnI mUrtio, jUnA graMtho vagere anekAneka jUnI aitihAsika mUlyavALI vastuo saMgrahavI joIe. tenI philma taiyAra karAvavI joIe, phoTA ke pratikRtio paNa rAkhavI joIe. tenI mArgadarzikA lakhAvavI joIe ane temAM spaSTa samajAvavuM joIe ke A badhI cIjomAMthI taiyAra thatI aitihAsika mAhitI dAdImAnI vAto ke parIonI kathA karatAM kAMIka judI che. jenI jALavaNI ApaNI saMskRti samajAvavA mATenuM uttama sAdhana che. Ane mATe ApaNA samRddha kalAvArasAnI jALavaNI-rakhevALI karavI joIe. prAcIna kalAkArIgarI, mUrtio, aitihAsika imArato vagere ApaNI rASTriya saMpatti che. tenI jALavaNI e ApaNA deza pratyenI sauprathama pharaja che. chatAM eka navo vicAra : ghaNI imArato che jenuM mUlya aitihAsika che, kalAkArIgIrInA suMdara namUnAo che. amadAvAdamAM ghaNI havelIo-poLomAM che temAM kASThakalAnA kArIgaroe adbhUta takatIo taiyAra karelI che. have to A AvI havelIomAMthI kASThakALanI takatIo vecAvA mAMDI che to koI saMsthA ke zrImaMtavarga AvI imArato-havelIone dattaka laIne tenI jALavaNInI khevanA kare to te dhanyavAdane pAtra gaNAya. sAthe sAthe eTaluM yAda rAkhavuM jarUrI che ke zilpasthApatya e mANasanI saMskRtinuM pratibiMba che. kalAvArasAnI rakhevALI 3 69 For Private and Personal Use Only

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kacchanA sAMskRtika vArasAnAM saMbhAraNAM pramoda je. jeThI kaccha e pravAsanI dRSTie ati mahattvano jillo che. kacchano itihAsa samRddha ane gauravazALI che. kacchanAM gAmaDe gAmaDe Avela pALiyA, maMdiro tathA masjido kacchanA itihAsanI sAkSI ApatAM UbhAM che. kacchamAM jovAlAyaka sthaLo, dhArmika sthaLo, purAtattvIya sthaLo ane aitihAsika sthaLo ghaNAM AvelAM che. A uparAMta kaccha potAnI AgavI saMskRtimAM dhabakatuM rahyuM che. kacchanI lokasaMskRti temaja bhAtIgaLa jIvanazailI Aja paNa jIvaMta che. tA. ra6mI jAnyu. 2001nA roja Avela vinAzaka bhUkaMpanA bhoga banela zilpasthApatyathI bharapUra kacchanI samRddhinAM sAkSI evAM samRddha smArako kALanI gatimAM vilIna thaI gayAM jenuM duHkha kalApremIone rahevAnuM che. bhadrezvara jaina maMdira : kacchI sthApatya ane nakazIkAmathI sabhara gujarAtabharamAM jaina lokonuM jANItuM tIrthadhAma eTale vasaI tIrtha. para (bAvana) tIrthakaronA daherA ane ra18 staMbha para caNAyela A maMdira ramI jAnyu. 2001nA vinAzaka bhUkaMpamAM kSatigrasta thatAM jaina samAje A maMdiranA jIrNoddhAra mATe navA plAna-nakazA banAvI maMdirane navesarathI bAMdhavAno nirNaya letAM jUnA zilpa sthApatyanuM darzana karAvatuM maMdira jamInadosta karavAmAM AvyuM. tenI jagyAe pAyAthI navesarathI navA AkAranuM maMdira nirmANa thaI rahyuM che. eka samaye A jagyAe samRddha bhadrAvatI nagarI hatI. bhagavAna mahAvIranA nirvANa bAda 22 varSe bhadrAvatInA rAjA siddhasenanI sahAnubhUti ane sahAyathI devendra nAmaka zrAvake A jaina maMdira baMdhAvyuM hatuM. bAdamAM A tIrthadhAmano samayAntare nava vakhata jIrNoddhAra thayela hato. kaMthakoTanuM jaina maMdira : bhacAu tAlukAmAM Avela kaMthakoTanA killAmAM ati prAcIna jaina maMdira AveluM hatuM. kacchamAM Avela I.sa. 1819nA bhUkaMpe kacchanA sAMskRtika vArasAne ghaNuM ja nukasAna pahoMcADela hatuM. tema chatAM A bhUkaMpa bAda zilpasthApatyanAM darzana karavAthI eka samayanA kaMthakoTanI samRddhinAM darzana thatAM hatAM. maMdiranA gabhArA tathA maMDapanI chatamAM ghaNAkharA ghummaTo ne staMbho paDI gayelA hatA. maMdiranI dhasAI gayelI aspaSTa zilpasamRddhimAM utkRSTa kArIgarI jovA maLatI hatI. enA staMbha para saMvata 133)no lekha vaMcAto hato jemAM A maMdira AmadevanAtha suta lAkha tathA pAsIle baMdhAvela che evo ullekha hato. bIjA staMbha para saMvata 1324 zrAvaNa suda 5 nA lekhamAM A maMdira baMdhAvanAra jaina zrImALI vaMzano hato evuM * kyureTara, AyanA mahela, bhUja pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, ra00pa 70 - - - - For Private and Personal Use Only

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jANavA maLatuM hatuM. chellAM baso varSathI A maMdiranA koI jaina zreSThIe jIrNoddhAra karavAnuM kAma karela nahIM. tema chatAM bacelo Ubho bhAga pravAsIone AkarSato hato. je 25 mI jAnyu. 2001nA vinAzaka bhUkaMpamAM jamInadosta thaI gayo. A bhavya maMdira patharonA DhagalAmAM pheravAI gayuM. mahArAvazrI lakhapatajInI chataraDI : I.sa. 1761mAM mahArAvazrI lakhapatajI deva thayA. temanI yAdamAM A bhavya kalAtmaka chataraDI UbhI karavAmAM AvI hatI. chataraDIne pharate Avela zilpomAM rAgarAginI, daza avatAra, apsarAo, kinnarIo, graho temaja hAthInI sAThamArI, mallayuddho ane prANIonAM benamUna zilyo AvelAM hatAM. I.sa. 1819nA dharatIkaMpamAM A chataraDIno amuka uttara taraphano bhAga ghummaTa sAtheno paDI gayela. bAkIno bhAga akabaMdha rahyo hato. samayAntare tenA ghummaTomAM tirADo paDatI gaI. varasAda-pavananI asara jhIlatI A kalAtmaka chataraDInuM sAcavaNInuM kAma bhArata sarakAranA A.S.I. khAtA dvArA zarU karavAmAM Avela hatuM. uparanA nukasAna thayela ghummaTo ripera paNa thaI gayA hatA. ra6mI jAnyu. ra001nA Avela vinAzaka bhUkaMpamAM dharatI evI dhrUjI ke A majabUta bAMdhakAmavALI chataraDI jamInadosta thaI gaI. eka samaye ahIM chataraDI hatI jeno ahesAsa ja rahyo. eka paNa pilara ke chataraDIno bhAga Ubho rahevA pAmyo nahIM. AvI samRddha chataraDIne pharIne UbhI karavA A.S.I.e bIDuM jhaDapyuM che. plIMthathI cAra phUTanuM bAMdhakAma mULa asalarUpamAM thaI paNa gayuM che. paNa je chataraDI pahelA hatI tevI UbhI thaze ke kema? e prazna che. AzA rAkhIe ke A.S.I. A chataraDIne jevI hatI tevI ja banAvI kacchanI prajAne teno sAMskRtika vAraso pAcho Apaze. bhuja darabAragaDhanuM toraNiyuM nAkuM : bhuja zaherane saMvata 1605 mAgazara vada 5 nA roja toraNa baMdhAyuM. ane tyAra bAda chellAM 450 varSanI kIrtigAthA gAtuM A sthaLa pravAsIonuM AkarSaNanuM kendra banI rahyuM che. A rAja AvAsane darabAragaDha tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. A darabAragaDha pharate killo bAMdhavAmAM Avyo. kacchanI rAjagAdI para beThelA jADejA vaMzanA 18 rAjavIoe potapotAnI jarUrata mujaba A jagyAe alaga alaga rAjamahelo baMdhAvyA. mahArAvazrI lakhapatajIe (I.sa. 17pa0-61) AyanA mahela tathA mahArAvazrI prAgamallajI bIjA(I.sa. 1860-1875)e prAga mahela baMdhAvyo. A darabAragaDhanA pravezadvArane toraNiyuM nAkuM kahevAmAM Ave che. A pravezadvAranA bAMdhakAmamAM mughala, Daca tathA kacchI kalAnAM darzana thAya che. A e ja toraNiyuM nAkuM hatuM jayAM divasa-rAta daramyAna badalAtA coghaDiyA pramANe kacchI laMgAo potAnI zahenAI-nobatanA sUra laherAvatA hatA. addabhuta bAMdhaNIvALuM, pazu-pakSIonI vividha AkRtio tathA bahAranI bAjue Daca zailIno pozAka paherela vAMjitra vagADatA paheregIranI paththaranI benamUna AkRti khAsa AkarSaNa jamAve che. ra6mI jAnyu. ra001nA vinAzaka bhUkaMpamAM A pravezadvAranA uparanA be mALa jamInadosta thaI gayA ane bAkIno Ubho rahelo aDadho bhAga eka samayanI samRddha jAhojalAlInI yAda apAve che. patrIno darabAragaDha : kacchamAM jADejA vaMzanA rAjavIoe I.sa. 1510 thI I.sa. 1948 sudhI ekacakrI rAjya karyuM. rAjAno sauthI moTo kuMvara jene "TilAta" kahevAya; je kacchanI rAjagAdIno vArasadAra kahevAya ane tenuM kacchanA sAMskRtika vArasAnAM saMbhAraNAM n 71 For Private and Personal Use Only

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nivAsasthAna bhuja darabAragaDha rahyuM hatuM. jyAre anya bhAIone "phaTAyA" kahevAya. ane A phaTAyA kuMvaronA kuMvara kacchanI judI judI jagyAe teone maLelA garAsa bhogavatA hatA. kaccha rAjavInA "bhAyAta" A garAsadAro je jagyAe rahyA ane jayAM potAnuM AvAsa baMdhAvyuM tene "dvAro" ke "darabAragaDha' kahevAya che. AvA dvArA ghaNI jagyAe che. jemAM atisuMdara bAMdhaNIvALo darabAragaDha jo hoya to te patrIno darabAragaDha che. A darabAragaDhamAM alaga alaga traNa bilDigo AvelI hatI. jemAM jharUkhAo, bArIo tathA bAraNA paranI paththaranI kotaraNI benamUna hatAM. kacchI gaeNIdharonI kalA-kauzalatAnAM darzana karAvatI A imArato ra6mI jAnyu, 2001nA vinAza bhUkaMpamAM ghaNI ja nukasAna pAmI, jene laIne tenA riperiMga kAma karAvatI vakhate imAratano amuka bhAga utArI levo paDyo. A imArata Aja ripera thaIne UbhI che je ApaNA mATe gauravanI vAta che. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 72 For Private and Personal Use Only

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gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra prA. DaoN. Ara.TI.sAvaliyA* manuSyanI samasta jAtinI mukhya cAra jAto che, Arya, semeTika, moMgola ane nIgro. khristI vagere semeTika jAtio che. yuropanI prajAomAM bahudhA semeTika jAti che. yahUdI dharma pracalita thayo te pahelAM paNa A semeTika prajAno eka prAcIna dharma to hato ane temAM prakRtinA badhA padArthone deva tarIke manAtA. A loko sAthe besIne samUhabhojana karatA ane raktanuM balidAna ApatA. temanAM vahema ane jAduvighA jANItAM hatAM, bhUta pizAcanI temanI mAnyatA ane devapUjA sAthe prANIpUjA ane pitRpUjA paNa A Adi semeTiko karatA. gotra ke kuLa jevI A Adi semeTikonI samAja racanA hatI. dareka kuLanA devatA hatA. kuTuMba sukhanI bhAvanA A lokomAM balavattara hatI ane kuTuMbanA zatruono nAza karavo tene paNa teo pharaja samajatA. A samAjamAM kuLa uparAMta bahArano koI dharma ja mAnavAmAM Avato na hato. yahUdI dharma pahelAM A semeTikonI AvI sthiti hatI. yuropIya dharmomAM A yahUdI dharma prAcInamAM prAcIna dharma che. khristI dharma e pachI 1390 varSe thayo. muslima dharma paNa A yahUdI dharmane mULa dharma tarIke svIkAre che. A dharma judAM judAM nAmothI oLakhAya che. jevAM ke, hibru, ijharAela, jayu, yahUdI vagere enAM nAmo jANIto che." yahUdI prajA : yahUdI prajA semiTika jAtinI che. eno itihAsa ghaNo lAMbo ane aTapaTo che. enI anuzruti teonA jUnA karAra'mAM ApelI che; vivecana ane purAtattvanI kasoTIe emAMnI mukhya bAbato aitihAsika hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che. anukRti anusAra teonA pUrvajo pazupAlaka hatA ne pahelAM sumeriyA (dakSiNa IrAka) dazanA ura pradezamAM rahetA hatA. I.pU. 2000nA arasAmAM abrAhama nAme agraNI A prajAne tyAMthI pazcima tarapha jorDana nadInI pele pAra bhUmadhya samudranI pUrve AvelA dezamAM laI gayA tyAM teo istrI ke ApavAnuM vacana ApeluM te e ja deza manAyo. A mulaka pazcima eziyAmAM Avelo che. enI uttara-pUrva sIriyA dakSiNa-pUrve jaoNrDana ane pazcime bhUmadhya samudra Avelo che. vadhu dUra jatAM pUrvamAM bebiloniyA ane esiriyAnAM temaja dakSiNa-pazcime ijiptanAM mahArAjaya AvyAM hatAM. abrAhAmanA pautra yAkobanA bAra putromAMthI yahUdIonA bAra kabIlA thayA. teomAMnA AIjhakanA putra yAkoba AgaLa jatAM isarAela tarIke oLakhAyA. e parathI emanA vaMzajo 'isarAelIo ke "IsarAelaputro' kahevAyA. yAkobanA putra yahUdAhanA nAma parathI 'yahUdI' kahevAyA. yahUdIo kenAnamAM traNeka sadI sukhe rahyA, paraMtu tyAM dukALa paDatAM teo tyAMthI ijiptamAM jaI vasyA. tyAM ijiptanA lokoe teone kanaDyA ne gulAma banAvyA. yahUdIoe A rIte ijiptamAM gulAmI ane trAsanI yAtanA cAraso eka varSa veThI. Akhare mUsA (moze) nAme yahUdI mahAnubhAve teonI AgevAnI lIdhI, temanA bAra kabIlAone saMgaThita karyA ane ijiptamAMthI nirgamana karAvI svataMtratA apAvI. mUsA (moze) e yahUdIone IzvaranI "dasa AjJAo'nA upadeza dvArA navI dharmadaSTi ApI. paraMtu + nezanala semInAra ona sAyansa philosophI enDa kalcara ina gujarAtI leMgvajha enDa liTarecara, gAMdhI lebara insTiTyUTa, amadAvAda, 25 mI 27 eprila, 2004 mAM vaMcAyela zodhapatra. * adhyApaka, bho.je.adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana, Azrama roDa, amadAvAda 9 gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra [ 73 For Private and Personal Use Only

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e teone kaeNnAna lAve te pahelAM teonuM avasAna thayuM. AoNnanI AgevAnI nIce yahUdIoe kaeNnAna jaI tyAM potAnI sattA punaH sthApita karavA prayatna karyo, paraMtu teonA misaravAsa daramiyAna tyAM rahelA kaeNnAnI lokonI prabaLa sattA sAme teo yahozuA (jazuA)nI AgevAnI nIce mAtra thoDe aMze ja saphaLa thayA (lagabhaga I.pU. 1100) evAmAM bhUmadhyasAgaranI paeNlesTAIna nAme jAtinA lokoe tyAMno samudrataTIya pradeza jItI laI yahUdIonA prasArano mArga sarvathA rokI dIdho. A deza have teonA nAma parathI 'paeNlesTAIna' tarIke oLakhAyo.4 yahUdI dharma : jagatanA vidyamAna dharmomAM yahUdI dharma ghaNo prAcIna che. A dharmano ItihAsa ghaNo lAMbo che. samaye samaye temAM aneka sudhArA-vadhArA thayA che. yahUdI dharmanAM zAstromAM covIsa graMtho che. tenA traNa bhAga karavAmAM AvelA che : (1) niyama graMtha (Law) (2) saMtonA graMtha (Prophets) ane (3) lekho (Hagiographa). A badhAM zAstro prAyaH hibrU bhASAmAM lakhAyela che. temano samUha jagatamAM sAmAnya rIte 'khristI dharmano jUno karAra' e nAme oLakhAya che. jagatanI utpatti, yahUdI prajA ane yahUdI dharma e traNe viSayonI carcA karanArA pahelA pAMca bhAgo athavA niyamagraMtha che ane dharma custa yahUdIo e bhAgone dhaNA pavitra mAne che. dhArmika bhAvanAthI je uttamottama phaLa maLe che tenI suMdara carcA 'niyama graMtha'nA pAMcamA bhAgamAM prArthanAomAM ane 'saMtonA graMtho'mAM karavAmAM AvI che. A bhAga ghaNo mahattvano che. yahUdI dharmanA mukhya deva 'yahovAha' nAmathI jANItA che, jo ke mULa nAma to kadAca 'jaDveha' athavA 'yatveha' hoya. horeba (sinAI) parvata upara jyAre vAdaLAMonI garjanAo thaI rahI hatI ane kudaratano dekhAva ghaNo adbhuta thayo hato te vakhate prabhue pote je dasa AjJAo karI hatI te ja AjJAo mUsAe ApI. e daza AjJAo te nIce pramANe che. 1. mArA sivAya koI bIjo deva nathI. 2. dhAtu paththara athavA bIjI koI AjanI ghaDelI svarUpanI mUrti banAvavI nahi tevI ane tevI koI mUrtine namavuM nahi. 3. prabhunuM nAma nakAmuM nakAmuM levuM nahi. 4. cha divasa kAma karavuM. paNa sAtame divase vizrAma karavo jethI potAnA nokara cAkarane tathA DhoraDhAMkharane paNa ArAma maLe. 5. mAtApitAne mAna ApavuM. 6. khUna karavuM nahi. 7. vyabhicAra karavo nahi. 8. corI karavI nahi. 9. potAnA paDozInI virUddha khoTI sAkSI ApavI nahi. 10. paDozInA ghara upara, cAkara upara ke pazu upara lobhI dRSTi rAkhavI nahi. A uparAMta yahovAhe ema paNa kahyuM ke Aja sudhI huM IjharAIla (yahUdI) prajAmAM 'ela-zadAI' nAmathI oLakhAto, have 'yahovAha' nAmathI oLakhAIza. upara mujabanI daza AjJAo ApI yahovAhe ijharAIlanI prajA sAthe karAra karyo ke pUjAmAM koI gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra n 74 For Private and Personal Use Only

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devanI pUjA karavI nahi ane pUjAmAM ghaDelI mUrti vAparavI nahi. e pramANe mojhejhe yahovAhanI pUjAne nItimAna banAvI. sAmAjika anyAyamAMthI lokone dharmaniSTha prabhue ja bacAvyA che ema lokone samajAvI, saguNa dharmaniSTha IzvaramAM dareka mANasa ane janasamAje zraddhA rAkhavI ema kahIne mUsAe pahela-vahelo isarAelano dharma sthApyo. yahUdI dharmanA mahAna ciMtakoe ekezvaravAdanI sthApanA karI ane lokone upadeza Apyo ke A vizvano eka ja Izvara che, yahovAhanI dasa AjJAo niSedhAtmaka AdezarUpe che. anekadevavAda, khUnAmarakI, vyabhicAra, corI, mithyAvAda, mUrtipUjA vagereno temAM niSedha che. dasa AjJAomAM yahovAha kahe che, "huM ja tAro prabhu che. jeNe tane IjiptanA kArAgAramAMthI mukti apAvI. mArA vinA bIjAnI upAsanA karIza nahIM.' yahUdIoe bAIbalamAM bhagavAnane mAnavI ane pazunA rakSaka tarIke saMbodhyo che. mAnavIya snehasaMbaMdhone yahUdI dharme khUba biradAvyA ane mAnavI mAnavI vaccenA vyavahAranA niyamo nakkI karavAmAM A dharma nI lIdhI. yahovAhane temaNe temanA eka mAtra ane nyAyI deva tarIke Alekhyo che. temanI dasa AjJAo rAjA (mojhijha), bhagavAna ane prajA vacceno tripakSI karAra che. karArano bhaMga thatAM, rAjA paNa sattA gumAvI bese. yahUdI samAjanI jema rAjA paNa kAyadAthI baMdhAyelo hovAthI e roja kAyadApothIno pATha karato. Ama nyAya, mAnavatAbharI daSTi, ekezvaravAda mUrtipUjAno niSedha vagere dvArA yahUdIoe mAnavamUlyonuM moTuM pradAna karyuM che. yahUdI saMto : I.pUrve navamA saikA sudhI vahUdIomAM evI mAnyatA hatI ke yahovAha te eka ja yahUdIono deva che, pelesTAInanI nadI ja pavitra che ane e nadImAM nhAvAthI ja puNya maLe che. patIAonuM pata paNa e nadImAM nhAvAthI maTI jAya che. paNa kenana dharmanI asara pachI teo A maMtavyamAM zithila thayA hatA. ane yahovAhane bhUlatA jatA hatA. Ave vakhate keTalAka saMtono yahUdI dharmamAM AvirbhAva thayo. temaNe upadeza karI A DhIlA paDatA yahUdI lokone jAgRta karyA. prabhu pratye temanI zI pharajo che e batAvyuM. vaLI temaNe kahyuM ke, yahovAha ekalA IjharAelI (yahUdI)onA ja deva nathI paNa saunA che. IsrAela paNa jo pApane paMthe cAlaze toyahovAha tene paNa sajA karaze. saMtonI A vANImAM rAjAone paNa zraddhA utpanna thatI. Ama A saMtoe prabhunI marajImAM mAnanArA tarIke temaja bhaviSya bhAkhanArA tarIke ghaNuM mAna meLavyuM. A saMtomAM mukhya emosa, hosIA, IsAiyAha, jeremiyAha, ejhekiyala vagere hatA. A saMtoe yahUdI matamAM keTalAka pheraphAro karyA je nIce mujaba che. 1. yahovAha mAtra IsrAyelanA ja deva nathI paNa sarva prajAnA deva che. 2. IjharAela paNa je ADe mArge cAle to tene paNa yahovAha sajA kare che. 3. dharma pALe teno che, te mATe dareka prabhu pratye potAnI javAbadArI samajIne pavitrapaNe cAlavuM. 4. karmakAMDa karatAM sadAcAranuM mahattva vizeSa che. 5. bAhya AcAra nahi, paNa aMtaranI bhakti ja prabhune vahAlI che. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 75 For Private and Personal Use Only

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upara mujaba saMtonI sAmAnya upadeza hatA. emosanA upadezamAM khAsa e hatuM ke, dareka mANase dharmaniSTha prabhunI AjJA mAnavI. jo te pramANe nahi karavAmAM Ave to yahovAhanA bhaktone paNa zikSA thaze. yahovAhano nyAya e niraMkuza nyAya hato. e pachI hosIyA nAmanA saMta puruSe "paramezvara dareka manuSyane cAhe che." evuM eka navuM satya kahyuM. jagatanA badhA dharmomAM hosIyAnuM satya e eka navA ja prakAranuM satya che. prabhu badhAMne cAhe che, eTaluM ja nahi paNa koI pApI pazcAtApa kare che tene bhagavAna kSamA paNa Ape che ane je koI pazcAtApa nathI karato tene prabhu zikSA karatAM aTakatA nathI. Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir hosIyA pachI eka IsAIAha nAmanA saMta thaI gayA. temane yahovAhanI pavitratAno sAkSAtkAra thayo hato. IsAIAhe yahovAhanI bhakti ane tenuM rahasya lokone samajAvyuM. AthI IsrAelanI prajAmAM vadhu zraddhA ane pracAra vadhyo. eka mIkAha nAmanA saMte prabhu sAthe dInatAthI cAlavuM, nyAyathI vartavuM ane dayA rAkhavAno upadeza Apyo. yahUdI saMtonA AvA kathano uparathI khristI dharmanA pola, ogasTAIna, ane lyuthara jevA prasiddha payagambaro upara paNa sArI asara thaI hatI. paNa yahUdI dharmanuM kharuM pracAra kArya to jeremiAhe karyuM hatuM. A pracArane pariNAme yahUdI dharmanuM pracAra kArya ghaNuM AgaLa vadhyuM hatuM. khristI dharmanI AjanI pracAra praNAlikA jeremiAhe zarU karelA pracAramAMthI janmI che. eka vakhate yahUdI ane bebIloniyAnI prajAo vacce yuddha thayuM. temAM yahUdI lokonI hAra thaI. AthI yahUdIone bebIloniyAmAM thoDo vakhata dezavaTo bhogavavo paDyo. A prasaMge yahUdI saMta ejhekiele spaSTa kahyuM ke yahUdIomAMthI yahovAhanI zraddhA pratye zithilatA thavAthI A pariNAma AvyuM che, je ucita ja che. AthI yahUdI prajAnA hRdayanI zuddhi thaze. Izvara pApI lokonAmAM navuM hRdaya mUke che. ejhekiyele e pramANe lokomAM zAMti ane utsAhanI preraNAo ApI. AthI dezanikAla pachInA hIbrUo 'jyu' tarIke oLakhAvA lAgyA. 1. A pachI I. pUrve sAyarase bebIlona jItI lIdhuM ane yahUdIo pAchA potAnI janmabhUmi pelesTAInamAM pravezyA. paNa A vakhate ya yahUdIomAMnA ghaNAMkharA paradeza tarapha cAlyA gayA hatA ane judA judA dezomAM jaI vasyA hatA. tyAM jaI temaNe khetIne badale vyApAra zarU karyo. Ama chatAM teo jyAM jaI vasyAM tyAM paNa potAno dharma ja cAlu rAkhyo. Ama yahUdIo ane yahUdIdharma ghaNe dUra dUra pahoMcyo. yahUdI dharmanA utsavo : 2. yahUdI dharmamAM traNa moTA utsavo manAya che. (1) pesovara (2) senTIkosTa (3) Tebarnekala. pesovara : grahano utsava che. gharane sAphasUpha karI, meja upara khamIra vagaranI roTalIo tathA kaDavo mITho (sukha duHkhanA sUcaka rUpe) bhAjIpAlo pAtharavAmAM Ave che. enI AsapAsa kuTuMba ekaThuM thaIne 'nirgamana'nI kathAo vAca che. tathA sAMje sau ekaThAM besIne bhojana kare che. penTIkosTa : A utsavamAM prArthanAnAM maMdirone suMdara puSpothI zaNagAravAmAM Ave che ane temAM penTeTayukanonuM dharmazAstra vAMcavAmAM Ave che. gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra D 76 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 3. Tebarnekala : e ujANIono utsava che. A utsavamAM loko bahAra rAvaTImAM jaI rahe che ane ujANIo kare che. I.pU. 1025nA arasAmAM yahUdIoe sAula nAmanA adhikArIne rAjA banAvyA. e saMyukta yahUdI rAjyanA pahelA rAjA che. enA uttarAdhikArI dAude (DeviDe) yahUdI sattAne saMgaThita tathA surdaDha karI yahUdI rAjya vistAryuM ne emAM zAMti tathA salAmatI sthApI. eNe potAnI rAjadhAnI jerUsalema rAkhI. tyAM prathama maMdira baMdhAyuM. enA putra saoNlomane (lagabhaga I.pU. 975-935) yahUdI rAjyano vepAra vikasAvyo, rAjakozanI samRddhi paNa vadhI. paNa eNe e potAnA bhogavilAsamAM kharcI ne prajA bhAre karaverAthI piDAtI rahI.. e samaye uttaranA kabIlA pragatizIla vicAro dharAvatA ne anya saMskRtiono saMparka dharAvatA, jyAre dakSiNanA kabIlA rUDhicusta rahI purANI raheNI-karaNIne vaLagI rahetAM. uttaranA dasa kabIlAoe saoNlomanA uttarAdhikArI reholaoNma sAme vidroha karyo ne isarAelamAM potAnuM alaga rAjya sthApyuM; jUnA rAjyavaMzanI sattA juDAhamAM sImita rahI. Ama yahUdI rAjya isarAela ane juDAha evA be rAjyomAM vibhakta thayuM. I.pU. 722mAM esiriyanoe isarAela jItI tyAMnA yahUdIone potAnA sAmrAjyamAM ahIM tahIM vasAvI dIdhA, jyAM teo samaya jatAM tyAMnI jAtiomAM vilIna thaI gayA. juDA rAjya ekAda zataka TakI rahyuM, paNa I.pU. 586mAM khAlphiyanoe juDAha jItI lIdhuM. jerUsalemane lUMTyuM ane bALyuM, temaja tyAMnA yahUdI maMdirono nAza karyo ne tyAMnA lokone kedI tarIke baeNbilona laI gayA. pacAseka varSa bAda I.pU. 539mAM IrAnanA hakhAmanI samrATa kuruSe (sAyarase) bebilona jItI lIdhuM ne pachI tyAMnA yahUdIone juDAha pAchA javAnI ane jerUsalemamAM navuM maMdira bAMdhavAnI chUTa ApI. A bIjuM maMdira nAnA pAyA para baMdhAyuM. A chUTano lAbha thoDA yahUdIoe lIdho ne teoe tyAM nAnuM yahUdI rAjya sthApyuM. i.pU. 322mAM mahAna sikaMdare IrAnI sAmrAjyanI sAthe A rAjyane jItI lIdhuM, tenA mRtyu bAda tyAM ijiptanA TaoNlemI vaMzanI rAjasattA pravartI. sIriyAnA selukavaMzI rAjA aMtiyoka 4thAe A deza para sattA prasArI, jerUsalemanA yahUdI maMdiramAM grIka deva jyUsanI mUrti sthapAvI. I.pU. 167 mAM yahUdAnI AgevAnI nIce makAbIe jerUsalemane videzI zAsanamAMthI mukta karI tyAM yahUdIonuM svataMtra rAjaya sthApyuM. I.pU. 63mAM tyAM maLI romanonI sattA pravartI. romana samrATa herode yahUdIonA bIjA maMdiranuM navanirmANa karyuM (I.pU. 26). enI eka dIvAla hajI jerUsalemamAM che. pachI thoDAM varSamAM Isuno janma thayo. romana zAsakonA bhAre karaverAthI piDAtI juDAnI prajAe I.sa. 66 mAM e zAsana sAme baMDa karyuM. ghaNA yahUdIo haNAyA, keda thayA ke hAMkI kaDhAyA. I.sa. 70 mAM jerUsAlema kabaje karI raoNmanoe tyAMnA bIjA yahUdI maMdiranoya nAza karyo. pachI jerUsalemane jamInadosta karI dIdhuM ne juDAhane paeNlesTAInamAM vilIna karI dIdhuM. nirAdhAra yahUdIo yuropanA dezomAM kherivakhera thaI gayA ne chatAM teoe potAnI saMskRti TakAvI rAkhI. romana zahenazAha dri ane yahUdIone jerUsAlemamAMthI hAMkI kADhavA, jerUsAlemanuM nAma badalI tyAMnA yahUdI maMdiranA sthaLe romana deva jyupITaranuM maMdira bAMdhyuM ne juDiyAne 'sIriyA-pelesTinA' nAma ApyuM. yahUdIo deza tajI videzomAM kheravikhera thaI gayA. emAMnA ghaNA raziyAmAM jaI vasyA. bIjA yuropanA dezo, misara, bhArata tathA amerikA ane cInamAM paNa rahyA. phrAnsa, iMglaeNnDa, spena, jarmanI, raziyA, polaeNnDa vagere dezomAM teoe ghaNI satAmaNI veThI. romana sAmrAjye I.sa. 313 mAM khristI dharma aMgIkAra karyo ne jerUsalema khristI dharmanuM mahAkendra banyuM, paNa yahUdIo to parAdhIna ja rahyA. bAIjhenTAIna zahenazAhonA samayamAM paNa teonI A dazA cAlu rahI. 11 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 T 77 For Private and Personal Use Only

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I.sa. 614mAM IrAnIoe ane 636mAM Araboe paeNlesTAIna jItI lIdhuM. jerUsAlema muslimonuM trIjuM pavitra nagara banyuM. pachI thoDAM varSe selyukonuM zAsana pravartye. dhaNA yahUdIo tathA khristIone muslima banAvavAmAM AvyA. I.sa. 1099mAM khristI krujheDaroe A pradeza kabaje karyo.13 14mI sadImAM IjiptanA mamaNUka sulatAnoe krujheDaronA zAsanano aMta ANyo. soLamI sadImAM oNTomAna turkono vijaya thatAM paeNlesTAIna turka sAmrAjyano bhAga banyuM. ane cheka I.sa. 1917 sudhI turkonuM zAsana cAlyuM. spenathI kADhI mukAyelA ghaNA yahUdIo turka sAmrAjyamAM Azraya pAmyA ne temAMnA keTalAka paeNlesTAIna pAchA pharyA. I.sa. 1700 pachI pUrva yuropamAMthI ghaNA yahUdIo ahIM AvI vasyAne 19mI sadInA aMtamAM tyAM yahUdIonI vastI bamaNI thaI. je Izvaradatta paeNlesTAIna hoya ne teo tyAM TharIThAma vase tevuM 'jhAyona' AMdolana AraMbhAyuM. haMgerInAthI oDaoNra harjhela nAme yahUdIe A AMdolananI AgevAnI lIdhI hatI. I.sa. 1897mAM enI pahelI pariSada svitjharlenDamAM bharAI hatI. siyona (kejhAyona) e jerUsalemanuM eka nAma che. ne raziyAmAMthI ahIM teonA dezAMtargamana thavA vAgyAM. pahelAM vizvayuddha daramyAna 1917mAM briTana paeNlesTAIna kabaje karyuM. videzamaMtrI bAlphare paeNlesTAInamAM yahudIo vase e siddhAMta svIkAravAnno DhaMDhero bahAra pADyo. I.sa. 1948 sudhInA aMgreja zAsana daramyAna yahUdIo Arthika ane rAjakIya rIte A pradezamAM mahattvanuM sthAna pAmyA. paraMtu arabono rASTriyavAda yahUdIone herAna karavA lAgyo ne briTiza sarakAra paNa teonA praveza sAme zvetapatra (1939) dvArA pratibaMdha mUkavA lAgI. A vikhavAdanA ukela mATe aneka yojanAo sUcavAI. Akhare yunoe paeNlesTAInane yahUdI isarAela ane Araba jorDana evA be dezomAM vibhakta karavAnuM ne vivAdagrasta jerUsalemane AMtararASTriya saMkula nIce alaga rAkhavAnuM TharAvyuM. (I.sa. 1947). yahUdIoe A samajUtI svIkArI lIdhI ne 14mI me, 1948 nA roja IsarAelanuM rAjya astitvamAM AvyuM. paDozI araba rAjyoe navodita isarAela para AkramaNa karyuM, IsarAele e kAramI kasoTIno sabaLa sAmano karyo. jerUsAlemano keTaloka bhAga IsarAelanI ane keTaloka bhAga jaoNrDananI sattA nIce gayo. 1967nA cha divasanA vigrahamAM isarAele misara, jaoNrDana ane sIriyAnA keTalAka mulaka kabaje karI potAno pradeza vistAryo ne bAkInA jerUsalema jItI laI e samasta nagaranuM ekIkaraNa karyuM. 1973mAM IsarAele sIriyA tathA IjiptanA AkramaNano sabaLa sAmano karyo. isarAele e be dezonA 9 jItelA keTalAka mulaka yunonI bhalAmaNathI jatA karyA. IsarAelamAM pramukhazAhI prajAsattAka taMtra che ne enuM pATanagara jerUsalema che. isarAela satata puruSArtha dvArA sarva kSetromAM abhyudaya sAdhI rahyuM che ne comerathI yahUdIo tyAM vasavATa karavA jaI rahyA che. 1948mAM tyAM yahUdIonI vastI sADA cha lAkhanI hatI, te 1971mAM sADA paccIsa lAkhanI thaI; hAla e enA karatAMya ghaNI vadhI che ne varSa prativarSa vadhatI rahe che.14 bhAratamAM yahUdIo : yahUdI loko bhArata sAthe cheka IsavI sana pUrvethI saMbaMdha dharAvatA. bhArata AvI vaselA yahUdIomAM sahuthI prAcIna be komo bene-isarAela (IsarAelanAM saMtAno) ane kocInamAM yahUdIo tarIke prasiddha che. A prajAnuM bhAratamAM Agamana kyAre thayuM te aMge judI judI aTakaLo karavAmAM AvI che. I.pU. 722mAM esiriyanoe paeNlesTAIna jItIne yahUdIo para khUba atyAcAra gujAryAM. AthI keTalAka yahUdIo AzrayanI zodhamAM bhArata AvyA haze. bIjI eka sAmAnyatA evI che ke I.pU. 587mAM khAlDiyana rAjA nebuceDanajhAre jerUsAlema jItIne pavitra maMdirano nAza karyo, jerUsAlemamAM yahUdIone vasavAnI manA karI tyAre keTalAka yahUdIo chaTakIne bhArata AvyA hoya ke romana samrATa nIronA senApati vespesiyane jerUsAlema I.sa. 70 mAM jItyuM tyAre yahudIo bhArata AvyA hoya.5 gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra . 08 For Private and Personal Use Only

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yahUdIonA bhAratamAM Agamana aMge bIjI paNa mAnyatA che ke I.pU. 175mAM ijiptamAM grIka rAjavI enTIoNkse IsarAela jItatAM yahUdIo vepAra mATe eNlatha baMdarethI rAtA samudra mAraphate pazcima bhAratanA koMkaNa kinArAnA ceula baMdare UryAM.16 marAThI bhASI bene-IsarAela yahUdIonA pUrvajo lagabhaga 2000 varSa pUrve vahANa tUTatAM koMkaNa kinAre kolAbA jillAnA navAMvanA bhUmi para AvyA ane mahArASTramAM vasyA. A prajA vepAra mATe bhAratamAM AvelI. keTalAka yahUdIo madrAsamAM vaselA. keTalAka vaLI muMbaI, kalakattA, pUnA ane suratamAM vaselA. briTiza kAla daramyAna muMbaI prAMtanA bhAratIya lazkaramAM ghaNA bene-isarAela yahUdIo joDAyA ane sUbedAra, bahAdura, saradAra bahAdura ane (TIpu sulatAna) sAthenA yuddhamAM senApati banyA. keTalAka sarakArI ane relvenI nokarImAM joDAyA. keTalAka DaoNkTara ane vakIla banyA. 1934mAM bhArata ane brahmadezamAM lagabhaga 20,000 jeTalA bene-isarAela yahUdIo hatA.7 1951nI vasatIgaNatarI anusAra tyAre temanI saMkhyA 20,000nI hatI. 1961mAM teonI saMkhyA ghaTIne 16,000 ane 2001mAM 5,500 jeTalI rahevA pAmI hatI. I.sa. 1984mAM IlIjAha jekobe karelA sarvekSaNa mujaba navI dilhImAM 55, amadAvAdamAM 350, muMbaImAM 2160, thANemAM 1600, punAmAM 350, kocInamAM 85 ane kolakattAmAM 75 yahUdIo hovAnuM jANavA maLyuM che. bagadAdamAMthI sahu prathama bhAratamAM AvI vasavATa karanAra yahUdIomAM lImana bI. jaeNkaba nAmanA yahUdI gRhastha hatA. kavi abrAhAma bI. mera Ibana ejharAe paNa eka prasaMge bhAratanI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI ema manAya che. 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM DaeNviDa sAsuna bhAratamAM AvelA. sahu pahelAM bhAratamAM AvI vasanAra yahUdIo zanavAra telI kahevAtA. 19 yahUdIo gujarAtamAM mughala kAlathI vasavA lAgelA. mahArASTranA bene-IsarAela ahIM 19mI sadInI zarUAtamAM dAkhala thayA. AraMbhamAM teo mukhyatve lazkaramAM sevA karatA. amadAvAda, vaDodarA, surata, DIsA, rAjakoTa, vaDhavANa, bhujavagere aneka sthaLoe teonAM kabarastAna che. amadAvAdamAM teonuM jUnuM kabarastAna kenTaoNnamenTa vistAramAM AveluM hatuM. dUdhezvara mArga para AveluM hAlanuM kabarastAna 1876 thI 1887 daramyAna tharU thayuM che. 1933-34mAM teonuM senegoMga (prArthanAlaya) baMdhAyuM che. 20 bene-IsarAela potAnA dharmanuM anupAlana kare che ne sAthe sAthe prAdezika hiMduo tathA muslimonA keTalAka rItarivAja paNa apanAve che. besatuM varSa tathA dhArmika tahevAro teo niSThApUrvaka Ujave che. yahUdIonI bIjI kema je kocInanA yahUdIo tarIke prasiddha che te pamI sadImAM rAjA kobadanA rAjyakAla daramyAna IrAnamAMthI dakSiNa bhAratamAM keMganoramAM vepAra mATe AvyA. lagabhaga I.sa.nI 1lI sadIthI bhAratamAM yahUdI vasAhato hatI. 10,000 jeTalA yahUdIone hiMdu rAjAe AvakAra Apyo. rAjA bhAskara ravivarmAe keMganoramAMnI aMjuvanam tarIke jANItI bhUmi keTalAka yahUdIone dAnamAM ApI ane e hakIkata tAmrapatra para kotarAvI, I.sa. 379mAM yahUdI netA josepha rabbAnane bakSisa ApI. keMganoranI mura lokoe yahUdIo para atyAcAra gujAratAM teo tyAMthI kocIna gayA ane tyAM sthAnika rAjAe temane AvakAra Apyo. I.sa. 1557mAM rAjAe bakSisa Apela sthAna para prasiddha yahUdI pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 379 For Private and Personal Use Only

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nagara vasAvyuM ane 1568mAM tyAMnuM prasiddha senegaoNga baMdhAvyuM. e 1664mAM porTugIjha lokonA humalA bAda valaMdAonI hUMpha maLatAM pharI baMdhAyuM ane 1762mAM tene navo AkAra apAyo." | briTiza samayamAM yahUdIone dhArmika svAtaMtrya maLyuM. teo karela pradezamAM sthira thayA ane teoe malayALama tathA aMgrejI bhASA apanAvI. Aje kocInanA yahUdIo jUja saMkhyAmAM che. temAMnA ghaNA kharA vepArIo che. temaNe potAnA dharmane TakAvI rAkhI bhAratIya saMskRti sAthe ekatA sAdhavAno prayAsa satata jArI rAkhyo che. gujarAtamAM yahUdIo gujarAta sAthe yahUdIono saMbaMdha cheka mughalakAlamAM zarU thayo jaNAya che. tyAre IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInA mANasone surata ane bharUca baMdaro sAthe je gADha saMbaMdha baMdhAyo temAM yuropanA aneka yahUdIono paNa samAveza thayelo, jenI vigato suratanA jUnA kabarastAnamAM tyAranA keTalAka Arabhika yahUdI vepArIonI kabaro adyaparyata surakSita che tethI kahI zakAya. suratamAM prArthanAlaya hatuM te hAla nAmazepa che. emAMnuM torAha kabarastAnamAM zaMku ghATanI kabaramAM dATeluM che. kabaro paranA lekha hibrU bhASAmAM che. hAla enI jamIna vecAI gaI che, paNa tyAM yahUdIne dATavAno haka akabaMdha rAkhelo che. mahArASTramAM vaselI bene IsarAela komanA mANaso gujarAtamAM lagabhaga 19mI sadInI zarUAtamAM AvelA. teomAMnA ghaNA muMbaI IlAkAnI lazkarI TukaDIomAM nokarI karatA hatA. AthI amadAvAdamAM kenTonamenTa vistAramAM teonuM jUnuM kabarastAna AveluM che. vaDodarAmAM paNa zaheranI bahAranA kaeNnTonamenTa vistAramAM bene IsarAela komanuM kabarastAna AveluM che. 1931 sudhI eno vahIvaTa tyAMnA briTiza resiDanTa karatA. e kabarastAnamAMnI sahuthI jUnI kabara I.sa. 1815nI che. suratamAM A komanuM eka nAnuM kabarastAna AveluM che. tyAM briTiza TukaDIo cheka 1799 thI rakhAtI hatI. jUnA DIsA (ji. banAsakAMThA)thI lagabhaga 2.5 ki.mI.nA aMtare AvelA kenTonamenTa vistAramAM paNa A komanuM kabarastAna AveluM che. hAla e vistAramAM navuM DIsA vasyuM che. tyAMnI sahuthI jUnI kabara, enI uparanA marAThI lekhamAM jaNAvyA mujaba, I.sa. 1886 nI che. saurASTramAM rAjakoTa ane vaDhavANamAM tathA kacchamAM bhujamAM paNa jUnAM yahUdI kabarastAna che. briTiza kAla daramyAna gujarAtamAM rAjakIya zAMti ane salAmatI sthapAtAM ane relave vagerenA vyavahAranI sagavaDa vadhatAM gujarAtanAM zahero ane nagaromAM bena-IsarAelonI vastI vadhatI rahI. gujarAtamAM ThekaThekANe AchI saMkhyAmAM patharAyelAM yahUdI kuTuMbonuM vaDu mathaka amadAvAda che. ahIM DaoN. abrAhAma benjAmIna elakara nAme bene IsarAela sivila hospiTalamAM hAusa sarjana nimAtAM 1848mAM AvI vasyA. tyAre A zaheramAM mAtra cALIseka bena-IsarAela rahetA hatA. ahIMnI bene-IsarAela vastImAM saMgaThananAM pagaraNa DaoN. elakare mAMDyAM. teo hibrU bhASAmAM niSNAta hatA ne ghaNA dharmaniSTha hatA. emaNe potAnA makAnamAM eka khaMDamAM samUha prArthanA zarU karI eTaluM ja nahi zAbAtha ane tahevArone divase dhArmika prArthanA tathA kriyA paNa pote karAvatA. emaNe potAnAM sagAMsaMbaMdhIone tathA potAnI komanA anya gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra [ 80 For Private and Personal Use Only

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mANasone ahIM AvI vasavA protsAhana ApyuM. pote ahIM jamIna kharIdI ne bIjAone paNa kharIdAvI. emane sAta putra ane cAra putrI hatAM. teomAM bIjI DaoN. solomane iMglenDa jaI ema.bI.nI tabIbI upAdhi meLavelI. emane inDiyana meDikala sarvisamAM sArI nokarI maLatI hatI, paNa te jatI karI teo muMbaImAM sthira thayA ne uttarAvasthAmAM potAnA vayovRddha pitAnuM davAkhAnuM saMbhALyuM. pitAnI hayAtI bAda teo ahIMnI komanA adhyakSa thayA. emanA bhAI DeviDa elakara berisTara thaI iMglenDamAM sthira thayA. tyAM teo 'IsarAeliTa' nAme aMgrejI-dezI mAsika calAvatA. evA eka bIjA agragaNya bene-IsarAela gRhastha hatA. DaoN. josepha solomana dAMDekara. teo amadAvAdanI gAMDAonI ispitAlamAM, 1866nA arasAmAM nimAyA hatA. ahIMnI bena-IsarAela komanI sAmAjika tathA dhArmika pravRttione vikasAvavAmAM A baMne dAktaronuM pradAna amUlya che. DaoN. dAMDekare zaheranI bAjumAM dilhI daravAjA bahAra dUdhezvara mArga upara jamIna kharIdI ane e bene-IsarAela komane kabarastAna mATe bheTa ApI. AthI sAteka kilomITaranA aMtare Avela kenTonamenTanA kabarastAnamAM dUra javAnI viTaMbaNA TaLI. A navA kabarastAnamAM jUnAmAM jUno kabara lekha I.sa. 1887 no che. DaoN. abrAhama elakare nivRtta thatAM pAnakora nAkAmAM potAnuM khAnagI davAkhAnuM kholyuM. teo potAnI komanA daradIo tarapha bhAre kALajI dharAvatA ne zaheranA samasta samAjamAM "abrAhIma dAdA' tarIke ghaNA lokapriya hatA. teo 1887mAM avasAna pAmyA. emanA bIjA putra DaoN. solomana abrAhama eralakare pitAnI sAmAjika pravRttio cAlu rAkhI. pAnakora nAkA para AveluM potAnuM ghara jJAtine arpaNa karyuM, jayAM navuM prArthanAlaya baMdhAtA sudhI prArthanA thatI. DaoN. abrAhamanI hayAtI bAda bena-IsarAela prArthanAlaya DaoN. josepha dAMDekaranA makAnamAM paNa rAkhavAmAM AveluM. AgaLa jatAM e mATe moTI jagA bhADe rAkhavAmAM AvI ne pagAradAra hajhAna (pAThaka)nI niyukti paNa karavAmAM AvI. relavenI sagavaDa vadhatAM ghaNA bene IsarAela e khAtAnI nokarImAM joDAI gujarAtamAM AvI vasyA. *1891mAM teonI kula vastI 479 jeTalI noMdhAI che. jemAMnA 216 amadAvAdamAM hatA, saurASTramAM 105 ane kacchamAM 7 hatA. 1911mAM teonI kula vastI vadhIne 579 thaI, emAM 306 puruSo ane 273 strIo hatI. 22 DaoN. abrAhama elakaranI murAda hatI ke amadAvAdamAM niyamita prArthanAmaMdira jeTalI beneIsarAelonI kAyamI vasavATa dharAvatI vastI thAya tyAre ahIM eka senegaoNga baMdhAya. ene mATe emaNe potAnA vasiyatanAmAmAM moTI rakama paNa alaga phALavI rAkhelI. vaDodarAnA sTezana mAstara mi. erana solomana carIkara, je teonA sagA thatA hatA, temaNe paNa rU. 5,000 nI rakama A aMge alaga rAkhelI. 1921mAM A aMge phaMDa zarU karavAmAM AvyuM. 1922mAM mirajhApura rastA para rU. 17,074mAM 456 corasavAra jagA kharIdavAmAM AvI. A jamIna jJAtijanone dUra paDe tema hovAthI 1930 mAM rU. 7074 nI khoTa khAI e jamIna rU. 10,000mAM vecavI paDI. DaoN. abrAhama elakare phALavelI rakama vyAja umerAtAM rU. 8,840 thaI ne jUnA prArthanAlayanI imArata vecatAM tenI kiMmata rU. 11,600 UpajelI. DaoN. josepha bAmanolakara, zrI semyuala hAIma AgaravAkara ane mi. elAyajA killekara jevA pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 rU 81 For Private and Personal Use Only

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utsAhI maMtrIonA puruSArthathI muMbaI, koMkaNa, dakhkhaNa, siMdha ane barmAmAMthI sAro pratibhAva prApta thayo imArata phaMDamAM lagabhaga 30 hajAranI rakama ekaThI thaI. zaheranI aMdara khamAsA cokI pAse bukhArA mahollAma pArasI agiyArI sAme 750 corasavAra jamIna rU. 18041mAM kharIdavAmAM AvI. I.sa. 1933ma senegaoNganA makAnanI khAtavidhi thaI. enI koNazilA DaoN, zrImatI AbigAyelabAI benjAmIna Ayajha bhonakaranA haste sthapAI. prArthanAlayanuM makAna pUruM thatAM enuM udghATana I.sa. 1934 mAM rajI sapTemba thayuM. imArata bAMdhavAmAM ane ene sajAvavAmAM rU. 60,000 thI vadhu kharca thayeluM. A prArthanAlayanuM nAma "mAgena abrAhama (abrAhamanI DhAla) rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. A nAma DaoN. abrAhama ekaranI smRti rahelI che; uparAMta yahUdI dharmazAstramAM Izvara yahUdI prajAnA prAcIna bhAva: abrAhamane kahe che. 'gabharAto mA. huM tArI DhAla chuM." e pachI ahIM enuM nAma "abrAhamanI DhAla evuM rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. kevuM dvisaMdhAna bhAva-sabhara nAmAbhidhAna ! udghATana samaye zAstravidhi karAvavA mATe muMbaInA vayovRddha mAnada mejisTreTa pro. I. ema. IjhIkalane teDAvelA. - senegaoNgamAM staMbho vinAno vizALa khaMDa che. bAjumAM kiMmatI vastuono koThAra, TrasTIonuM kAryAla ane hajhAna tathA amAsa mATe raheThANa paNa baMdhAyAM che. 1934nA DisembaramAM muMbaI IlAkAnA gavarnara lorDa breborna amadAvAda AvyA tyAre temaNe A prArthanAlayanI mulAkAta lIdhelI ne ahIMnI bene IsarAela komanA sabhyoe emane mAnapatra ApeluM. gavarnara sara rogara luvalIe tathA vAIsaroya laoNrDa vevele paNa senegaoNgamAM A komanI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. amadAvAda, vaDodarA ane surata jevA sthaLoe evAM keTalAMka agragaNya yahUdI kuTuMbo thaI gayAM, jemaNe komanI pravRttiomAM sakriya rasa lIdho che. vaDodarAnA kolasAnA vepArI ane kamizana ejanTa zrI solomana gerezana agaravArakare potAnA pUrA kharce vaDodarAmAM bene IsarAela kabarastAna karAvyuM che. rAjakAraNanA kSetramAM paNa keTalAka yahUdIoe phALo Apelo che. zrI josepha sadIka sempala (sTeTa beMka, amadAvAda) ahIMnI vahUdI komanI dhArmika tathA sAmAjika pravRttiomAM sakriya rasa dharAvatA utsAhI kAryakara che. teo "inDiyana jhIyonisTa' (Zionist) oNrgenijhezana opha bombe'nA amadAvAda khAtenA pratinidhi ne saMgaThaka rahyA che. amadAvAda tathA suratamAM inDo-IsarAela phrenDazipa lIga' sthapAyuM che ne gujarAtamAM yahUdIo tarapha temaja navodita IsarAela rASTra tarapha sadbhAva pravarte che. IsarAelamAM "phaMDarezana oNpha InDiyana nyUjha che. gujarAtamAM yahUdIonI saMkhyA 1948mAM lagabhaga 800 sudhI pahoMcelI, paNa have ghaNA yahUdIo navodita IsarAela dezamAM jaI vasatA hoI e saMkhyA ghaTIne lagabhaga 250 jeTalI thaI gaI che. A rIte gujarAtamAM yahUdIonI saMkhyA ghaTatI jaze to senegaoNga ane kabarastAnanI vyavasthA jArI rAkhavAnI samasyA UbhI thaze. 23 bhAratamAM vividha dharma-saMpradAyonI sthApanA sAthe teonA aneka dhArmika sthApatyonuM nirmANa thayeluM jovA maLe che. A badhAmAM yahUdI prajAnuM dhArmika sthApatya "senegaoNga' tarIke oLakhAya che. je tenI sthApatyakIya racanA paratve viziSTa lakSaNo dharAve che. senegoganI racanAmAM AgaLa raveza tenI saMmukha bhavya praveza dvAra madhyamAM vizALa prArthanA khaMDa, tenI vacce nAno prArthanA-maMca, pazcima cheDe pavitra hibru bAIbala rAkhavAno maMca temaja prArthanA khaMDamAM beThakonI upara pIthikAonI racanA joI zakAya che. aMdaranA bhavya khaMDamAM pazcima gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra u 82 For Private and Personal Use Only

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che. "khAla' samagra divAlane AvatI leto kabATa sahitano maMca)nI racanA karelI hoya che. khaMDanI chatomAM siyona" nAmanA pakoNa tAraka cihnonI AkRtio ane manorAnI AkRtionA suzobhano karelA hoya che. bhAratamAM yahUdI prajAnA vasavATa sAthe A prakAranA senegaoNganuM nirmANa zarU thayeluM jaNAya che. jemAM I.sa. 1885mAM bagadAdI yahUdI dvArA kalakattAmAM prathama senegaoNganuM bAMdhakAma thayuM ane 1936mAM teonA kabarastAnanI zarUAta thaI. I.sa. 1568mAM kocina - kerAlAnA rAjAe potAnA mahelanI bAjumAM yahUdIone dhArmika ImArata bAMdhavA mATe jamIna phALathI, 1861 je paradezI senegaoNga tarIke oLakhAya che. I.sa. 1861mAM bene IjharAyalIyahUdIoe muMbaImAM semyualasTrITamAM zAra-ha-rahamIna (Gate of Mercy) senegaoNga baMdhAvyuM ane 1884mAM kenesetha IlIyAho senegaoNganuM nirmANa thayuM. navI dilhImAM juDAha hayama senegaoNga AveluM che. 24 senagoMga : amadAvAdamAM khamAsA geTanI sAmenA vistAramAM pArasI agiyArInI sAme samagra gujarAtamAMnuM yahUdIonuM "mAgena abrAhama (I.sa. 1934) ekamAtra sinegaoNga (prArthanA maMdira) che. UMcI pITha para pUrvAbhimukha UbhelI A ImAratamAM racanA paratve AgaLano raveza, madhyano vizALa prArthanAkhaMDa, tenI vacceno nAno prArthanA-maMca, pazcima cheDe pavitra hibru bAIbala rAkhavAno meca temaja prArthanAkhaMDamAM beThakonI upara vIthikAonI racanA joI zakAya che. maMca temaja prArthanA khaMDamAM beThakonI upara vIthikAonI racanA karelI che. ravezanI saMmukha bhavya pravezadvAra che, jyAre tenA uttara cheDe ophisakhaMDa ane dakSiNa cheDe vIthikAomAM javAnI sIDI karelI che. praveza dvAranI jamaNI bArasAkha para 'sadAya" (pavitra tIsmazIzI) lagAvela che, jene dareka AvanAra-janAra hAtha vaDe cUme che. Aja rIte pratyeka yahUdI potAnA gharanA pravezadvAranI jamaNI bArasAkha para AvuM sadAya' lagAve che ane gharanI aMdara ke bahAra jatI vakhate ene hAtha vaDe cUme che. sinegaoNganA aMdaranA bhavya khaMDamAM pazcima cheDe ekhAla'nI racanA karelI che. okhAla eTale pUrI divAlane AvarI letA kabATa sahitano maMca. emAMnA kabATane 'tarata' kahevAmAM Ave che, jemAM hibrUmAM lakhela bAIbalanA moTA oLiyA svarUpanA vIMTAo dharAvatA dhAtunA kotaraNIyukta dAbaDAo rAkhelA che. madhyamAM karelI prArthanAmaMca (vyAsapITha)ne TebA (tebah) kahevAmAM Ave che. e Arasa jaDita nAnA oTalA svarUpanA maMca upara pharatI lAkaDAnI vedikA karelI che. ane temAM saMmukhathI pravezavAnI jagyA rAkhI che. TebAnI pazcima vedikAne AvarI letI lagabhaga bephUTa (90 se.mI.) ane traNa phUTa (90 se.mI.) ja TalI UMcI pIThikA karelI che. A maMca para bAkInAM be paDakhAMomAM babbe khurazIo mUkelI che. prArthanAnA divaso, tahevAro temaja viziSTa prasaMgoe torAtamAMthI bAIbala bahAra ANI tene pavitra pIThikA para padharAvI tenuM vAcana karavAmAM Ave che. DAbI bAjunI khurazI hajhana (dharmaguru) mATe che. jayAre temanI sAmenI khurazIo para vadhu rakamanI uchAmaNI bolI bAIbala varakanyA bese che. prArthanAkhaMDanAM be paDakhAmAM purUSone besavAnA bAMkaDA goThavelA che. A khaMDamAM vAyavya khUNAmAM sunnata mATe vAparavAnI be viziSTa khurazIo che. prArthanAkhaMDamAM pazcimanI ekhAlavALI dIvAla sivAyanI traNe bAjue vIthikAo karelI che. jenA para sIDI dvArA javAya che. vIthikAomAM beThako goThavIne strIo mATe alAyadI beThaka - vyavasthA karavAmAM AvI che. ebAlanI uparanA bhAgamAM manorA cihnanI bhavya AkRti kaMDArI che jayAre khaMDanI chatomAM siyona nAmanA pakoNa tAraka cihnanI AkRtio ane kyAMka-kyAMka menoranI AkRtionA suzobhano paNa draSTigocara thAya che. A ImArata urdhva darzanamAM tenI ravezanI chata TekavatA UMcA bhavya gothika prakAranA be staMbho vaDe temaja epAlanI pachItavALA bhAgane prakSepa rUpe bahAra kADhI tenA upara karela viziSTa prakAranA vitAna vaDe khAsa dhyAna kheMce pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 83 For Private and Personal Use Only

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che. 25 yahUdIonI dharmabhAvanA : yahUdIo bhAratamAM judA judA pradezomAM vasatA hoI temanA AcAravicAra upara prAdezika asara vartAya che. ahIMnA yahUdIkuTuMbomAM chokarA chokarInA vivAhamAM koI madhyasthI hoya che. chokarAno bApa chokarInA bApa pAse prastAva laIne jAya che. baMne pakSe saMmata thatAM gaLyuM moTuM karAvIne vIMTInI adalAbadalI thAya che. lagna sanegaoNgamAM thAya che. A vakhate karAra thAya che. zarabata apAya che. vara-vadhU aDadho aDadho pyAlo zarabata pIe che. pachI pyAlAnI rUmAlamAM mUkIne phoDI nAkhe che. A vakhate jUnA karAramAMthI dhArmika vAMcana thAya che. maMgalasUtra bheTa apAya che. maMgalasUtrane "jhamIna" (dharmaguru) pyAlAmAM mUkI tenA para dhArmikavidhi kare che. lagna pachI pavitra torAha graMthanA darzana karAvavAmAM Ave che. pachI varakanyA ghera jAya che. yahUdIo, khristIo temaja musalamAnonI mAphaka zabane daphanAve che. mRtyu samaye dAna puNya karavAno rivAja nathI. zabane snAna karAvI, pavitra vastra paherAvI dhUpa, abIla vagere sugaMdhI padArtho tenA para nAkhavAmAM Ave che. aMtima darzana karAvI mukha DhAMkI devAmAM Ave che. A vakhate saMbaMdhIo zabanI AMkha upara jeksalemanI mATI padharAve che. A pachI prArthanA vagere karIne zabane kabarastAnamAM laI javAmAM Ave che. zabane laI jatA rastAmAM senegaoNga Ave to tenA bAraNA AgaLa zabane mUkIne prArthanA karavAmAM Ave che. kabarastAnamAM zabane daphanAvyA bAda, maranAranA saMbaMdhIo sAta divasa sudhI dADhI ke snAna karIne sUtaka pALe che. maraNottara vidhi sAdAIthI, ke bhavya rIte thAya che. temAM sthiti pramANe kuTuMbIo phALo Ape che. ahIMnA samAjamAM dhArmika nANAno upayoga ayogya rIte karavAnI vRtti dekhAtI nathI. utsavo : A dharmanA be noMdhapAtra utsavo bhavya rIte ujave che : (1) hanukA-mukti dinanI yAdamAM ujavAya che. (2) rozakazAnA (yahUdInuM navuM varSa) A prajA ghaNI ja dhArmika rIte potAnA utsavo ujave che. A vakhate teo bole che ke "ApaNo Izvara eka ja che." amadAvAdano tribhASi yahUdI zilAlekha ane tyAMnuM yahUdI kabarastAna A zilAlekha amadAvAdamAM khamAsA cokI pAse AvelA bukhArA mahollAmAMnA yahUdI sainegaoNganA mukhya daravAjAmAM pravezatAM jamaNI bAjue senegaoNganI bahAranI dIvAla para AvelI ArasanI takatImAM kotarelo che. A AkhI takatInuM mApa 61 x 35 se.mI. che. zilAlekha hibrU, aMgrejI, marAThI ema traNa bhASAmAM lakhelo che. hibrU bhASAmAM lakhANanI cAra, aMgrejI bhASAmAM cAra ane marAThI bhASAmAM be paMktio ema badhI maLIne kula 10 paMktio kotarelI che. hibrU lekhamAM saLaMga lakhANavALI paMktiomAM akSaronI sarerAza saMkhyA 35 thI 37 nI che. aMgrejI lekhamAM akSaronI saMkhyA 39 thI 42 nI che. emAM 1lI ane 4thI paMkti lekhanA vaccenA bhAgamAM ardhI kotarelI che. e paMktiomAM akSarasaMkhyA 29 thI 24 nI che. marAThI lekhamAM 1lI paMktimAM akSarasaMkhyA 37 ane rajI paMktimAM akSarasaMkhyA 28nI che. A tribhASI zilAlekhanuM hibrU livyaMtara devanAgarI lipimAM ApavAmAM AvyuM che. lekhanI traNeya vAcanAono saMyukta sAra A pramANe che : mAgena abrAhAma senegaoNga, amadAvAdanI A koNazilA DaoN. misisa AbigAyelabAI benjAmIna aijhaka bhanakara ela.sI.pI.esa. (muMbaI)nA haste hibrU varSa pa694nA tisarI mAsanA 29mA divasa-I.sa. gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra u 84 For Private and Personal Use Only

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1933nA okTobara mAsanI 19mI tArIkha ne guruvAre sthApavAmAM AvI hatI. hiba ekalI hibrU vAcanAmAM ApavAmAM AvI che, jyAre IsavI sananI miti aMgrejI ane marAThI vAcanAmAM ApelI che. hibrU vAcanAmAM lakhelI mitimAM varSa yahUdIonA sRSTi saMvatanuM che. yahUdIo potAnAM paMcAMgomAM sRSTi saMvata prayoje che, je sRSTinA sarjananA varSa (I.pU. 3760)thI zarUthalo manAya che. enAM varSa cAMdra-saura che. mahinA caMdranI gati pramANe suda ekamathI amAsa sudhInA (1 thI 29 ke 30 sudhI) saLaMga gaNAya che. varSanA mahinA bAra che. tisarI, mAra-hezavAna, kisalava, tebetha, zabAta, AkAra, nisAna, Isara, sivAna, tamyujha, Aba ane embula. sAmAnya rIte e ekAMtare 30 ane 29 divasanA gaNAya che, paNa kyAreka hezavAna ra9 ne badale 30 divaso ane kisavela 30 ne badale 29 divasano gaNAya che. dara 19 varSanuM saMvatsara-cakra gaNAya che. temAMnA 3jA, 6, 8mA, 11mA, 14mA, 17mA ane 19mA varSe AdAra mAsa pahelAM 30 divasano adhika mAsa umeravAmAM Ave che, jene "AdAra 1lo" kahe che ne pachInA AdArane "AdAra rajo" kahe che. yahUdI kAlagaNanAmAM divasa sUryAstathI sUryAsta vyavahAramAM sAMjanA 6-00 thI sAMjanA 6-GO) gaNAya che. enA 24 kalAka che. sAMjanA 6-00 thI zarU thato gata kalAka 0 gaNAya che, tyAra pachInA gata kalAka 1 thI 23 gaNAya che. kalAkanA 1080 bhAga che. je dareka 31/3 sekanDano thAya che. enA vaLI 76 vibhAga paDe che, je dareka 5/114 sekanDano che. vAra sAta che. emAMno chello zanivAra che, je "zAbAtha" kahevAya che. IsavI sananI paddhatimAM mAtra Rtuono samaya sacavAya che, ne hijarI sananI paddhatimAM mAtra cAMdra mAsa sacavAya che, jayAre hiMdu paMcAMganI jema yahUdI paMcAgamAM paNa cAMdra mAsane lIdhe caMdranI kalA mAlUma paDe che, ne adhika mAsane lIdhe saura gati anusAranA Rtucakrano ya meLa maLato rahe che. hibrU kelenDaramAM ApelAM koThako ApelAM koikonI cakAsaNI karatAM sRSTi saMvatanA varSa pa694nA mahinAnA ra9mA divase I.sa. 1933nA okTobara mahinAnI 19mI tArIkhane gurUvAra baMdha bese che. senegono nAmanirdeza lekhanI hibrU ane aMgrejI vAcanAmAM che. marAThI vAcanAmAM nathI. bAkInI vigato traNeya vAcanAomAM sarakhI che. yahUdIonA prArthanA-maMdiramAM hibU ne veta vakSeta ane aMgrejImAM "rsanegaoNga' kahe che. A prArthanA maMdirane je vyaktinuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM che te Do. abrAhama solomane elakara (I.sa. 1822-1887) amadAvAdamAM vaselA yahUdIomAM agrima sthAna dharAvatA. teoe ahIMnA yahUdI samAjamAM sakriya sevA karelI ane amadAvAdamAM paheluM prArthanAlaye potAnA makAnamAM zarU kareluM ne amadAvAdamAM prAthanAlayanuM khAsa makAna baMdhAya tevI murAda sevelI. A svapra emanI hayAtI bAda I.sa. 1933-34mAM siddha thayuM tyAre yahUdI samAjane emaNe karelI ananya sevAnI kadararUpe e ImAratane "mAgena abrAhama (abrAhamanI DhAla) nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM. A nAmamAM mukhya artha Izvara yahovAhano rahelo che. A prArthanAlayanuM uddaghATana rajI sapTembara, 1934nA roja thayuM. prArthanAlayamAMnI koNazilA imAratanI khAtavidhinA divasane lagatI che. koNazilA paranA lekhamAM jemano ullekha Ave che te DaoN. zrImatI AbigAyelabAI benjAmIna aijhaka bhanakara vize jUja mAhitI upalabdha che. A koNazilAnA sthApanAnA samAroha samaye uchAmaNImAM sahuthI vadhu rakama bolIne DaoN. AbigAyelabAIe rU. 1303nuM dAna ApyuM hatuM. AthI enuM khAtamuhUrta teozrInA haste karAvavAmAM AveluM. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 85 For Private and Personal Use Only

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amadAvAdamAM dUdhezvara roDa para eDavAnsa milanI pAchaLanA bhAgamAM yahUdIonuM kabarastAna AveluM che. temAM DaoN. zrImatI AbigAyelabAI bhAnakaranI kabara che. A kabara para temanA mRtyunuM varSa ane uMmara jaNAvelAM che. temanuM mRtyu hibrU varSa pa707, tisarI mAsanA ra9mA divase-I.sa. 194panI pamI okTobare thayuM hatuM. mRtyu samaye temanI uMmara 50 varSanI hatI. "mAgena abrAhama prArthanA maMdiranI koNazilAnI sthApanAnA samaye je hibrU mAsa ane divasa hato te ja mAsa ane divasa temanA mRtyunuM varSa ane uMmara jaNAvelAM che. temanuM mRtyu hibrU varSa 5707, tisarI mAsanA ra9mA divase - I.sa. 194panI pamI okTobare thayuM hatuM. mRtyu samaye temanI uMmara 50 varSanI hatI. "mAgena abrAhama prArthanAmaMdiranI koNazilAnI sthApanAnA samaye je hibrU mAsa ane divasa hato te ja mAsa ane divasa temanA mRtyuno paNa hato A eka Akasmika yoga gaNAya. pATha 1. jhota ebena hApInAha 2. yoma khAmIzI, kApha-tetha lekhodeza tizarI (ereba roza-khodeza0 zanAha tAva-reza-tsAde-dAletha lIpharAtha kAtAna 3. Ala-yAda sAmekha-yoda doktora AbIgAyela bInayAmIna itsihAka bhonakara mIma-vetha-tAva 4. lemosadotha beta hAkenesetha hAjheha "mAgena abarAhAma" yoha Aina-Alepha This Comer stone of the 2. "Magen Abraham" Synagogue, Ahmedabad was Laid by Dr. Mrs. Abigailbai Benjamin Isaac Bhonker, L.C.P.S. (Bom). 4. On Thursday 19th October 1933. 1. hI konazilA DaoN. misesa AbIgAelabAI beMjyAmIna aijhaka bhonakara, ela.sI.pI.esa. (mubaI) 2. yAMcyA hasteM guruvAra tA. 19 oNkTobara 1933 rojA basaviNyAMta AlI. amadAvAda zaheranA dUdhezvara roDa para eNDavAnsa milanI pAchaLanA bhAgamAM yahUdI lokonuM kabarastAna AveluM che tenAM mukhya pravezadvAranI bahAra jamaNI bAjue ArasanI taktI para hibrU bhASAmAM "betha hAkhIma zela IsarAela" aMgrejImAM "ISRAELITE CEMETERY' ane marAThImAM rAjyanAM sthAna lakheluM che. aMdara pravezatAM jamaNI bAjue ArasanI taktI para marAThI bhASAmAM A mujaba lekha che : 1. yA smAraka staMbhAcyA palikaDIla jAgA 2. DaoNkTara yosepha sAlomana dAMDekara 3. yAMnI i.sa. 1876 sAlI vikta gheUna 4. tI 22 sAcyA palaTaNItIla tyAMce sva. pitA 5. marahUma sAlomana AMbrAhama dAMDekara / 6. yAMcyA smaraNArthe ahamadAbAda, yethIla 7. bene-isarAyela jJAticyA upayogArtha 8. vakSiNa triI se. 9. AlikaDIla jAgA kabarasthAMnA karitAM 10. sarakArAkaDUna bhokta deNpAMta AlI ase / gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra 86 For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhASAMtara A smAraka staMbhanI pelI bAjunI jagyA DaoN. josepha solomana dAMDekare I.sa. 1876nI sAlamAM vecAtI laIne 22mI palaTaNamAMnA sva. pitA marahUma solomana abrAhAma dAMDekaranA smaraNArthe amadAvAdamAM bene-IsarAela komanA upayoga mATe bakSisa ApI che. A bAjunI jagyA barastAna mATe sarakAra taraphathI maphata ApavAmAM AvI che. yahUdIonA A kabarastAnamAM hAla lagabhaga 400 jeTalI kabaro AvelI che, jemAMnI keTalIka ghaNI moTI che. keTalIka madhyama kadanI che, jyAre keTalIka ghaNI nAnI che. keTalIka kabaromAM mAtra pratIkarUpe paththara Ubho karavAmAM Avyo che, to keTalIka kabaro ArasanA paththaramAMthI banAvelI che, jyAre moTA bhAganI kabaro sAdA paththaranI banelI che. A kabaronA AkAra paNa judA judA che, keTalIka beThA ghATanI che, to keTalIka UbhA ghATanI che, vaLI keTalIka peTI AkAranI paNa che. A kabaromAMnI be kabaro vimAnanA AkAranI banAvelI che. zrI dAMDekara tathA DaoN. erulakaranAM kuTuMbo mATe pUrva taraphanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM khAsa sthAna khAlI rAkhavAmAM AveluM che. emAMnA vacalA bhAgamAM eka oraDAmAM DaoN. abrAhAma benjAmIna erulakara ane emanA putra DaoN. solomana abrAhAma erulakaranI kabaro AvelI che. DaoN. solomananI kabara para bAjumAM sUcaka cihna (Insignia) cItareluM che. A badhI kabaro para prAya vyaktinA janmanuM varSa ke pUrI janmatArIkha, pUro mRtyudina, uMmara ane hoddo jaNAvavAmAM Ave che. temAM sahuthI upara menorAnuM lakhANa ane / athavA siona (Sion) nuM dhArmika pratIka kotareluM hoya che, kabaramAM mastaka pUrva tarapha rAkheluM hoya che, jethI e vyakti beThI thAya tyAre enuM mukha pazcima tarapha rahe, je dizAmAM jerusalema AveluM che. keTalIka vAra lekhanI baMne bAju para kotaraNI karelI hoya che. moTA bhAganI kabaro para hibrU ane aMgrejImAM lekha hoya che. keTalIka kabaro para hibrU, aMgrejI ane marAThI ema tribhASI lekha paNa hoya che. kvacit mAtra hibrUmAM ke marAThImAM ke gujarAtImAM athavA aMgrejImAM lekha jovA maLe che. be eka kabaro para je takatI lagAvelI che tene oLiyA (Scroll)no kalAtmaka ghATa ApavAmAM Avyo che. A kabaro para sahuthI vahelAmAM vaheluM varSa I.sa. 1887 maLe che. je kabara para hibrU bhASAmAM lekha che, temAM yahUdIonA sRSTi saMvatanuM varSa ane mAsa temaja roja ApelAM che. u.ta. eka kabara hibrU varSa 5678 nA hezavAna mAsano 30mo roja jamAvyo che. bIjI be kabaro para hibrU varSa 5712 ane 5728 jaNAvela che. eka kabara para A hibrU varSa aMgrejI lekhamAM Apela che, jyAre bIjI eka kabara para A varSa aMgrejI temaja marAThI lekhamAM jaNAvela che. eka kabara para marAThI lekhamAM zaka varSa paNa jaNAvela che. dareka aMgrejI lekhamAM aMte prAyaH "me hijha sola TesTa ina pIsa' evuM vAkya lakheluM temaja marAThI lekhamAM ghara tyAMbA gAbhyAsa zAMti levo ema lakheluM hoya che. eka kabara para lekhanA aMte 'premAjha smRti sava' ema lakheluM che. eka kabara para lekhamAM mRtyu pAmela strInuM mAtra nAma ja ApavAmAM AvyuM che, tenA patinuM nAma ke aTaka jaNAvAI nathI. kvacit kabaramAM vyakti je samaye mRtyu pAmela hoya te samaya paNa jaNAvelo hoya che. A kabaromAM takatIlekho parathI keTalIka gaNanApAtra vyaktionAM janmavarSa, AyuSya ane mRtyudina aMgenI mAhitI maLI rahe che.27 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 387 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Ama vizvamAM, bhAratamAM ane gujarAtamAM yahUdI dharma potAnA viziSTa lakSaNone laIne anya dharmathI jUdo tarI Ave che. chatAM sarvadharma pratye AdaranI bhAvanAne laIne vizeSa mAnapAtra banyo che. pAdaTIpa 1. satyadeva dave, jagatanA dharmo, pR. 196-97 2. caMdrakAnta paTela, IjharAyela, amadAvAda, 1975, pR. 5 3. gilabarTa, IsrAela ane pelesTAIna viSayaka praznottarI (guja. anu. hiMmatalAla AzIrvAda), pR. 3 4. ha.gaM.zAstrI ane bhAratI zelata, yahUdIo ane teono bhAratamAM vasavATa', "pathika', jAnyu. 1981, pR. 13 5. goviMdalAla ha. bhaTTa, vizvanA dharmo', (bIjI AvRtti), vaDodarA, 1958, pR. 157-58 6. satyadeva dave, uparyukta, pR. 199 7. ha.gaM zAstrI ane bhAratI zelata, uparyukA, pR. 15-16 8. satyadeva dave, uparyukta, pR. 201-204 9. jayAnaMda cauhAna, anokhI IjharAyala prajA', pR. 24 90. Will Durant, 'Our oriental Heritage,' Vol. I, Part-I, The Story of Civilization, p. 306 11. jayAnaMda cauhAna, uparyukta, pR. 65-76 92. Carta's Historical Atlas of Isral, Carta, Jerusalem, 1977, p. 13 13. caMdrakAnta paTela, uparyukta, pR. 9 14. ha.gaM. zAstrI ane bhAratI zelata, uparyukta, pR. 14-15 15. caMdrakAnta paTela, uparyukta, pR. 128 96. M.D.Japheth, The Jews of India, 4th impression, Bombay, 1972, p. 5 17. "mona abrAhama' prArthanAdya rIporTa (2-1-2634 thI 31-12-2236) mahAvIra, 1937, pR. 28 96. Rachael Rukmini Israel, 'The Jews of India their Story', Mosaic Books, New Delhi, 2002, pp. 9, 71 20. M.D.Japheth, op.cit., pp. 2-3 21. ha.gaM.zAstrI ane bhAratI zelata, uparyukta, pR. 17 21. M.D.Japheth, op. cit, pp. 17, 19-20, 24 22. Shellim Samuel, 'The Jews of Gujarat', 'Shulom', New Year Number, (Bombay, 197, pp. 1-4) 23. ha.gaM zAstrI ane bhAratI zelata, gujarAtamAM yahUdIo, "pathika', eprila, 1981, pR. 14-15 2X. Rachuel Rukmini Isrwel, op.cit., pp. 18, 28, 33, 57 25. ha.gaM.zAstrI ane prAci.parIkha (saMpA.) "gujarAtano rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa , graMtha 9, pR. 461 26. navInacaMdra AcArya, 'gujarAtanA dharmasaMpradAyo', pR. 168-169 27. pravINacaMdra parIkha ane bhAratI zelata, gujarAtanA abhilekho : svAdhyAya ane samIkSA', amadAvAda, 1991, pR. 155-158 gujarAtamAM yahUdI paMthano prasAra 7 88 For Private and Personal Use Only

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saurASTramAM aMgrejonAM yAdagIrIrUpa smArako prA. DaoN. kalpA e. mANeka I.sa. 1807mAM saurASTranA rAjavIo sAthe karnala vaoNkare karAra karavAnA pariNAme saurASTramAM yuddhanA yuganI samApti thaI ane zAMtinI uSA pragaTI. tyAra pachIthI 1820 sudhI gAyakavADe saurASTranA sarasUbA tarIke viThThalarAva devAjIne nImyA hatA. I.sa. 1820mAM to gAyakavADe saurASTramAMthI khaMDaNI ugharAvavAnI sattA aMgrejone soMpI detAM aMgrejo saurASTramAM sarvoparI banyA. pariNAme saurASTramAM sarvocca sattA gAyakavADanA badale aMgrejonA hAthamAM AvI. tethI temaNe rAjakoTamAM 1820-22mAM briTiza ejansI (koThI)nI sthApanA karI. tenAM sauprathama vahIvaTI vaDA tarIke kaeNpTana Ara. bArnavelane nImavAmAM AvyA. I.sa. 1820 thI 1947 nA 127 varSanA samayagALA daramyAna saurASTramAM briTiza sattA sarvoparI rahI. A varSo daramyAna briTiza zAsana heThaLa aMgrejoe potAnI sArvabhauma sattA sthApI dIdhI hatI. saurASTranAM rAjyo AMtarika bAbatomAM svataMtratA bhogavatA hovA chatAM bAhya bAbatomAM aMgrejonI sattA heThaLa ja arthAt parAdhIna hatA. vaLI zakti ke sattAne sau name che te sUtra anusAra saurASTranA rAjavIo dvArA potAnI upara sarvoparI sattA bhogavatI briTiza sattAnA sattAdhIzone khuza rAkhavA vividha prayAso karAyA hatA. pariNAme temaNe saurASTranA briTiza poliTikala ejanTa ke anya ucca adhikArIo, ke muMbaInA gavarnara ke temanA ejanTa ke bhAratanA vAisaraoNya ane gavarnara janarala ke tenA ejanTane khuza rAkhI temanI najaramAM potAne briTiza sattAne vaphAdAra darzAvavA, temanI kRpAdRSTi meLavavA, ke temanI vAha ane cAha meLavavA potapotAnA rAjyamAM athavA briTiza vahIvaTanA mukhya mathaka evA rAjakoTamAM vividha bAMdhakAmo karAvelAM. tene uparokta aMgreja adhikArIonA nAma sAthe joDI temanI prazaMsA meLavavA temaNe prayatna karyA hatA. Ama, saurASTramAM aMgrejonI yAdagIrI rUpe je smArako che te moTA bhAge je te rAjyamAM, je te rAjyanA kharce athavA rAjakoTamAM saurASTranAM rAjayonA ke prajAnA phALAthI baMdhAyelAM che. A smArako skUlo, kaoNleja, madresA, lAyabrerIo, haoNspiTalo, haoNla, myujhiyama, Dema, nahera (kenAla), pula (brija), baMdara, geiTa (daravAjA), klaba, bAvalAM, citro, phuvArA, bagIcA, bajAra, zAkamArkeTa, greina mArkeTa vagerenA svarUpamAM che. keTalAka aMgrejonI kabaro ke tenA uparanA lekha ke zaurya lekha paNa prApya che. te saurASTramAM aMgrejonA 127 varSanA zAsananA vArasA rUpe che. temAMthI tatkAlIna samAja, rAjakAraNa, prajAkalyANanAM kAryo ane sAMskRtika pravRttionI mAhitI prApya bane che. A smArakomAMthI keTalAMkanAM nAma svataMtratA pachInAM varSomAM badalIne tene navAM nAma ApavAmAM AvyAM che. jema ke rAjakoTanI AlphreDa hAiskUlanuM nAma mohanadAsa gAMdhI vidyAlaya rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. joke haju jUnAM nAma lokajIbhe rame che ane navAM nAma joIe teTalAM lokapriya banyAM nathI, e paNa eka hakIkata che. Ama saurASTramAM aMgrejonI yAdagIrIrUpa vividha prakAranAM je aneka smArako che temAMnAM mukhya ane mahattvanAM smArakonI vigatono A saMzodhanalekhamAM samAveza karavAmAM Avyo che. (1) ane (2) : belenTAina baMgalo ane vaoNkara lAyabrerI (amarelI) : aMgrejonI yAdagIrIrUpa smArakomAM saurASTramAM sauprathama amarelIno eka baMgalo gaNAvI zakAya. kaeNpTana belenTAina I.sa. 1817 thI 1819 daramyAna amarelImAM rahetA marAThI sUbedArane kAThiyAvADano vahIvaTa calAvavAmAM madadarUpa thavA mATe nImyA hatA. tyAre belenTAine A baMgalo baMdhAvyo hato. svataMtratA * AsisTaMTa prophesara, itihAsa anusnAtaka bhavana, saurASTra yunivarsiTI, rAjakoTa. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 389 For Private and Personal Use Only

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pachIthI te sivila sarjananuM nivAsasthAna baneluM hatuM. tevI ja rIte I.sa. 1807-09 daramyAna karnala vaoNkara amarelImAM gAyakavADa sarakArane madadarUpa thavA rahyA hatA. vaDodarAnuM gAyakavADanuM rAjya pustakAlaya vikAsa pravRttimAM agresara hatuM. tethI gAyakavADI tAbA heThaLanA amarelImAM sauprathama sArvajanika pustakAlaya (lAyabrerI) 1873mAM sthapAyuM hatuM. tene vaoNkara lAyabrerI nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. (3) AI. pI. mizana garlsa skUla (rAjakoTa) : aMgrejonI yAdagIrIrUpa smArako sauthI vadhu rAjakoTamAM jovA maLe che. tenuM mukhya kAraNa e che ke te saurASTramAM aMgrejonI ejansInI sattAnuM vaDuM mathaka hatuM. saurASTramAM sauprathama kanyA keLavaNI mATe 1840184ramAM rAjakoTamAM AI. pI. mizane kanyAzALA sthApI hatI. e rIte AI. pI. mizana skUlane ApaNe aMgrejo dvArA saurASTramAM kanyA keLavaNIno prAraMbha karanAruM mahattvanuM smAraka gaNAvI zakIe. (4) laMga kanyAzALA : 1846 thI 1859 daramyAna saurASTramAM poliTikala ejanTa tarIke karnala Dabalyu. pheMga hatA. temanA vize durgArAma mahetAe noMdhyuM hatuM ke "temaNe potAnA kAryakALa daramyAna aneka sAmAjika sudhArA karyA hatA. dA.ta. zItaLAnA rogathI prajAne bacAvavA mATenA upAya karyA, kanyA keLavaNI mATenI nizALo kholI, jugAra ramADavAnA ijArA baMdha karAvyA, rAjapUtomAMthI dIkarIone dUdha pItI karavAno rivAja baMdha karAvyo vagere."" karnala leMge 1855 mAM rAjakoTamAM potAnA kharce eka kanyAzALA sthApI hatI. Ama saurASTramAM kanyA keLavaNIno pAyo temaNe nAkhyo hato. temanA nAma uparathI te zALA laMga kanyAzALA kahevAtI hatI. pachIthI 1876mAM rAjakoTanA rAjavI bAvAjIrAje A kanyAzALAno kharca upADI lIdho hato ane te zALAnuM nAma badalIne bAvAjIrAja kanyAzALA rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM.' (5) AzleDa hAIskUla : rAjakoTamAM saurASTranI prathama aMgrejI zALA evI "rAjakoTa iMgliza skUla" 17-11-1853nA roja sthapAI hatI. 1867mAM te saMpUrNa kakSAnI hAiskUla banatAM tenuM nAma kAThiyAvADa hAiskUla rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. iMglenDanAM mahArANI vikToriyAnA bIjA naMbaranA putra AlphaDa (DyUka oNpha eDinabaro)nI 1870nI bhAratanI mulAkAtanI smRtimAM jUnAgaDhanA navAba mahAbatakhAnajI - bIjA (1851 thI 1882)e A zALAnA makAnanA bAMdhakAma mATe rUpiyA eka lAkhanuM dAna ApI bhavya gothika zailInA makAnanuM bAMdhakAma karAvyuM hatuM. teno nakazo kAThiyAvADa ejansInA ijanera robarTa bela buthe taiyAra karyo hato. tethI 1871 thI A zALAnuM nAma AphreDa hAIskUla rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. joke zALAmAM mUkelA zilAlekha anusAra AlTeDa hAiskUla nAma cheka 1807mAM apAyuM hatuM. Ama briTiza sArvabhauma sattAne khuza rAkhavAno jUnAgaDhanA rAjavIno A eka namra prayAsa hato ema kahI zakAya. pachIthI to bIjAM rAjayo paNa khuzAmatanI harIphAImAM UtaryA hatA. pariNAme bhAvanagara rAjyamAM paNa 187ramAM AlleDa hAiskUla sthapAI hatI. Ama A banne AphreDa hAiskUlonAM gothika zailInAM makAna aMgrejonI yAdagIrInAM bhavya smArako che. rAjakoTanI AlphaDa hAIskUlamAM ja mohanadAsa ka, gAMdhI (gAMdhIjI) 1880 thI 1887 daramyAna bhaNyA hatA ane 39,6% guNa meLavI muMbaI yunivarsiTInI maTrikanI parIkSA pAsa karI hatI. AphreDa hAIskUlane 1971mAM eka so varSa pUrNa thatAM tenuM zatAbdI varSa UjavAyuM hatuM ane tenuM nAma badalIne "mohanadAsa gAMdhI vidyAlaya" rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. muMbaInI elphinsTana insTiTyUTanI jema ja rAjakoTanI AlleDa hAIskUla paNa saurASTra ane muMbaI prAMtanA jAhera jIvananA aneka agraNIonI mAtRsaMsthA banI hatI. e rIte tenuM muMbaI ilAkAnA jAhera saurASTramAM aMgrejonAM yAdagIrIrUpa smArako [ 90 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra jIvanamAM anupama pradAna che.10 (6) rAjakumAra kaoNleja : saurASTranA poliTikala ejanTa Dabalyu. Dabalyu. enDarasane (1867 thI 1874) rAjakoTamAM rAjakumAra kaoNlejanI sthApanA karI hatI. tenA gothika zailInA yuropiyana makAnanI DijhAina paNa ejansI enjiniyara mi. Ara. bI. buthe taiyAra karI hatI. tenA prathama prinsipAla tarIke cesTara mekanATanane mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. te 1871 thI 1896 te hoddA para rahyA hatA.11 1871 thI 1874 sudhI te "kiMga kaoNleja' kahevAtI hatI. pachIthI te rAjakumAra kaoNleja kahevAtI hatI. saurASTranAM rAjyonA rAjakumAronA zikSaNa mATe A kaoNleja sthapAtAM saurASTramAM Adhunika yugano prAdurbhAva thayo hato. aMgrejonA mahattvanA sAMskRtika vArasAnuM te mahattvanuM smAraka che. uparAMta ahIMthI zikSaNa pAmelA saurASTranA rAjakumAroe rAjavI banatAM potAnA rAjyanuM AdhunikIkaraNa karavAnA prayAsa karyA hatA. A saMsthAe saurASTrano vividha kSetre vikAsa karavAmAM atyaMta mahattvanI ane noMdhapAtra kAmagIrI bajAvI hatI. A kaoNlejanI siddhinAM zikharo sara karavAmAM 26 varSa sudhI tenA prinsipAla 2helA zrI mekanATana (1871-1896) ane pachIthI 20 varSa sudhI 1903 thI 1923)12 thI tenA prinsipAla rahelA sI. je. mAyanenuM pradAna amUlya che. te bannenAM A kaoNlejamAM AvelAM bAvalAM paNa temanAM mahattvanAM smArako che. (7) laeNMga lAyabrerI : saurASTramAM 1856mAM rAjakoTamAM "guNa grAhaka maMDaLI"e eka lAyabrerI sthApI hatI. temAM vividha viSayo upara nibaMdhavAMcana karAtuM ane te sAmAjika utkarSanAM kAryo paNa karatI hatI. temAM mahAna sudhAraka durgArAma mahetA sakriya rasa letA. pachIthI tenuM nAma 'kAThiyAvADa janarala lAyabrerI' rakhAyuM hatuM. pachIthI 1864mAM saurASTranA poliTikala ejanTa leMganAM kAryonI kadara rUpe tenuM nAma badalIne 'kAThiyAvADa janarala laeNMga lAyabrerI' rakhAyuM hatuM. je Aje mAtra laeNMga lAyabrerI tarIke oLakhAya che. A lAyabrerImAM Avela tenA phoTAnI nIcenA lekhamAM darzAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke "A lAyabrerInI sthApanA karnala leMga ke jemaNe kAThiyAvADamAM 28 varSa sevA bajAvI hatI ane 1846-59mAM poliTiksa ejanTa hatA temanI smRtimAM kAThiyAvADanA rAjavIoe karI hatI. te rAjavIonA mitra ane daDha nizcayI vahIvaTakartA hatA."13 A graMthAlayane "jJAnanI paraba", 'nAnakaDI paNa prANavAna vidyApITha" ane "saMzodhananI pravRttionuM kendra" gaNAvavAmAM Avela che. te rAjakoTano ujjvaLa sAMskRtika vAraso che. A graMthAlayamAM ja kavi nAnAlAla, kavi kAnta, ba.ka. ThAkora vageree mUlyavAna graMthonuM vAMcana karyuM hatuM. e rIte A saMsthA gujarAtanI sAMskRtika mUDIno eka mahattvano bhAga che.14 A lAyabrerI 1893 thI hAlanI bhavya imAratamAM bese che. gujarAtanuM ja nahIM paraMtu bhAratanuM A eka jUnAmAM jUnuM A graMthAlaya che. lagabhaga 150 varSa pUrve thaI gayela poliTikala ejanTa karnala laeNMganI smRtine te jALavI rahyuM che. (8) ane (9) haMTara TreniMga kaoNleja ane bArTana TreniMga kaoNleja : saurASTramAM zikSaNano prasAra vadhatAM vidyArthIonI saMkhyA vadhI. pariNAme tAlIma pAmelAM puruSa ane strI zikSako tyAra karavAnI jarUriyAta UbhI thaI. pariNAme rAjakoTamAM 1863mAM puruSo mATe haMTara TreniMga kaoNleja zarU karAI, je svataMtratA pachI morabImAM sthaLAMtarita karAI hatI. pachIthI 1878 thI 1883 daramyAna saurASTramAM poliTikala ejanTa rahI cUkelA karnala ela. sI. bArTananI smRtimAM rAjakoTamAM srIo mATenI bArTana TreniMga kaoNleja 1885mAM sthapAI hatI je Aje paNa astitva dharAve che.15 pathika H jAnyuArI - jUna, 20053 91 For Private and Personal Use Only

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(10) bArTana lAyabrerI : myujhiyama : karnala bArTananI smRti kAyama rAkhavA mATe bhAvanagaranA mahArAjA takhrasiMhajIe paNa bhAvanagaramAM 1882mAM eka kitAbakhAnuM (lAyabrerI) ane myujhiyama mATe suMdara imArata bAMdhavA mATenI jAherAta karI hatI. vartamAnapatro ane sikkAo bharelI eka bATalI pAyAnA paththaramAM karelI jagyAmAM baMdha karI cAMdInI thALImAM cUno laIne misisa bArTane A imAratanI zilAropaNa vidhi karI hatI. te dhyAnAkarSaka che.'* chellAM 120 varSathI A graMthAlaya bhAvanagaranI sAMskRtika pravRttionuM zreSTha kendra banI gayuM che. svataMtratA pUrve temAM 14,000thI vadhu pustako hatAM je 1970mAM 50,000 thI upara thaI gayAM hatAM. tenA dainika vAcakonI saMkhyA 1500 thI 2000nI che. 17 graMthAlayanA uparanA majale myujhiyama rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. temAM alabhya sikkAo ane kalAnA uttama namUnAo saMgrahita che. uparAMta temAM saurASTranA rAjAo dvArA vaparAtAM hathiyAro ane zastrono saMgraha che. (11) voTsana myujhiyama : karnala jahona Dabalyu. vaoNTsana 1886 thI 1899 daramyAna saurASTranA poliTikala ejanTa hatA. teo bhAratamAM 34 varSa rahyA. temAM sauthI vadhu saurASTramAM rAjadvArI adhikArI tarIke, AsisTeTa poliTikala ejanTa tarIke, bhAvanagara rAjyanA saMyukta vahIvaTakartA tarIke, rAjasthAnika korTanA pramukha tarIke ane chelle poliTikala ejanTa rahyA hatA. temaNe "kAThiyAvADa gejheTiyara" nAmano saurASTranA itihAsano amUlya graMtha lakhyo che. teo eka sArA itihAsakAra ane ucca koTinA vahIvaTadAra paNa hatA. uparAMta temaNe jUnAgaDha, jAmanagara, bhAvanagara, dhrAMgadhrA jevAM mukhya ane mahattvanAM prathama varganAM rAjayonI AMkaDAkIya mAhitI ApatA "sTeTisTikala ekAunTa' nAmanA graMtha lakhyA hatA. saurASTranA itihAsa-AlekhananI temanI A sevA avismaraNIya che. mAtra 51 varSanI uMmare 1888mAM temanuM avasAna thatAM saurASTranA rAjavIo, zaherIo, zubhecchako ane mitroe bhaMDoLa ekatra karI temanI sevAo badala smAraka rUpe rAjakoTamAM vaoNTsana myujhiyamanI sthApanA karI hatI. jayubilI bAgamAM Avela "memoriyala insTiTyUTamAM beMga lAyabrerI, vaoNTsana myujhiyama ane konoTa holano samAveza karavAmAM Avyo hato. 1 (12) konoTa hola : mahArANI vikToriyAnA trIjA naMbaranA putra Arthara DyUka oNpha konoTa) 1887mAM rAjakoTanI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. te varSe ja vikToriyAnA rAjyArohaNanAM pacAsa varSa pUrAM thatAM hatAM. te prasaMganI smRtimAM golDana jyubilI darabAra bharAyo hato ane rAjakoTamAM yubilI bAga baMdhAyo hato. A bAganuM mULa nAma 'vikToriyA jyubilI bAga' hatuM. A prasaMganI yAdagIrImAM saurASTranAM aneka rAjyomAM jayubilI hospiTala, jyubilI madresA, jayubilI pula vagere baMdhAyAM hatAM. rAjakumAra ane DayUka oNpha konoTanI rAjakoTa mulAkAtanI smRtirUpe jayubilI bAgamAM konoTa hola baMdhAyo hato. A haoNlamAM ja pachIthI saurASTra rAjayanI vidhAnasabhA besatI hatI 22 hAla tenuM nAma rAjakoTa myunisipala kaoNrporezananA mAjI pramukha araviMdabhAI maNiyAranA nAma sAthe joDavAmAM AvyuM che. 23 (13) ane (14) kaisare hiMda pula ane vikToriyA pula : mahArANI vikTorinA zAsananAM 40 varSa 1877mAM pUrAM thatAM hatAM. tyAre temaNe kaisara-e-hiMda(hindanI samrAjJI)nuM biruda dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. te prasaMganI smRtimAM bhAvanagaranA rAjavI takhatasiMhajIe rUpiyA 1.14 lAkhanA kharce rAjakoTamAM 1879mAM kaisare hiMda pula baMdhAvyo hato. te rAjakoTanA saurASTranA bIjA pradezo sAthenA vAhanavyavahAra mATe khUba upayogI banyo hato. A pulanI DAbI bAjue te aMgeno lekha kotarAyelo che. 24 saurASTramAM aMgrejInAM yAdagIrIrUpa smArako n 92 For Private and Personal Use Only

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rAjakoTanI jema ja jAmanagaramAM paNa jAmanagarane anya sthAno sAthe joDato vikToriyA pula smRtirUpe bAMdhavAmAM Avyo hato (1890). chellA dazakAmAM A banne pulonuM lagabhaga 110 ke 120 varSa pachI navInIkaraNa karavAmAM AvyuM che. tevI ja rIte morabImAM paNa vAghajI ThAkore A prasaMganI smRtimAM kesare hiMda pula baMdhAvI tenA upara be AkhalAnAM ane be ghoDAnAM pUtaLAM mukAvyAM hatAM, 25 (15) kArnegI phuvAro : karnala eca. jI. kArnegI hAlAra prAMtanA poliTikala ejanTa hatA. teo gIranA jaMgalamAM siMhano zikAra karatAM jhapAjhapImAM mRtyu pAmatAM temane rAjakoTa lAvI temanI aMtima yAtrA kADhavAmAM AvI hatI. pachIthI temanI yAdamAM rAjakoTamAM kArnegI phuvAro baMdhAvAyo hato. (16) vesTa hospiTala : rAjakoTamAM ejansI hovAthI sivila sTezana vistAramAM 1836mAM pAzcAtya paddhatinI haoNspiTala sthapAI hatI. saurASTranA tatkAlIna poliTiksa ejanTa I. Dabalyu. vesTa (1883 thI 85) nA nAma uparathI pachIthI A hospiTalanuM nAma vesTa hospiTala rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A hospiTalanA navA makAnamAM pachIthI saurASTra sarakAra vakhate sacivAlaya besatuM hatuM. (17) thI (25) keTalAMka bAvalAM ane citro : karnala je. Dabalyu. vaoNTsananuM vaoNTsana myujhiyamamAM AveluM bAvaluM ane citra, leMga lAyabrerImAM AveluM laeNganuM citra, rAjakumAra kolejamAM Avela prinsipAla mekanATana, mAyane vagerenAM bAvalAM ane rojarasananuM citra vagere temanI smRtirUpe che. vaoNTsana myujhiyamamAM Avela rANI vikToriyAnuM sapheda ArasanuM bAvaluM ane morabImAM Avela maNimaMdiranI sAme mUkela rANI vikToriyAnuM bAvaluM uparAMta 1901mAM morabImAM mukAyela muMbaInA pUrva gavarnara laoNrDa re nuM bAvaluM, jAmanagaramAM mukAyeluM tatkAlIna hindI vajhIra monTegyanuM bAvaluM tathA saurASTranAM anya zaheromAM mukAyelAM aMgreja aphasaronA bAvalAM temanI kAmagIrInI smRti Aje paNa ApaNane karAve che. (26) thI (35) zaurya ke mRtyu lekha : keTalAka aMgreja amaladAroe saurASTranA bahAravaTiyAonI sAmenAM dhIMgANAmAM potAnA jAna gumAvyA hatA. tenA zauryalekha paNa prApya che; jema ke mALiyA miyANAmAM vAlA nAmorI nAmanA bahAravaTiyA sAthenI laDAImAM mRtyu pAmelA lepha. eca. ela. gorDanano zauryasmRti lekha leMga lAyabrerImAM che. tevI ja rIte hAla jAmanagara jillAmAM Avela mAcharaDA gAmamAM mULu mANeka ane devA mANeka28 vagere vAdhero sAthenAM dhIMgANAmAM henrI hebarTa ane cArlsa lAsa nAmanA aMgreja adhikArIo 1867mAM mRtyu pAmyA. A baMne aMgreja amaladAronI kabaro mAcharaDA gAmanI TekarI upara che. teno ullekha meghANI jhaveracaMde potAnA graMtha soraThI bahAravaTiyA - bhAga-2 mAM karelo che. tevI ja rIte karnala belenTAInanI kabara uparano lekha porabaMdaramAM Avelo che. tevI ja rIte rAjakoTamAM yuropiyana kabrastAnamAM karnala vaoNTsana tathA prinsipAla rojarasananI kabara upara Avela lekha tathA yuropiyana proTesTaMTa carcamAM Avela AsisTaMTa poliTikala ejanTa kalasana, kAryavAhaka poli. ejanTa karnala viliyama skoTa ane sekanDa AsisTaMTa poliTikala ejanTa karnala jayorja, kaeNpTana henrI thomasa harbarTa ane kepTana cArlsa bleTa vagerenAM smaraNAMjalI lekha che.29 (36) viliMgaDana sekreTarIeTa : morabIne "saurASTranuM perisa" banAvanAra ane "saurASTranA zAhajahAM" tarIke oLakhAtA morabInA ThAkora vAghajI bIjA (1870 thI 1922)e rUpiyA 30 lAkha kharcIne potAnI svarUpavAna priyatamAM maNi pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 D 93 For Private and Personal Use Only

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1903 mAM mRtyu pAmatAM temanI smRtimAM maNi maMdira tarIke oLakhAtI bhavya imAratanuM bAMdhakAma karyuM hatuM. tenA putra lakhadhIrajIe rUpiyA be lAkha vadhAre kharcIne te pUrNa karyuM hatuM. pachIthI tenI AsapAsanI jagyAmAM rAjyanI badhI kacerIo rAkhI bhAratanA gavarnara janarala ane vAisaraoNya laoNrDa viliMgaDana (1931 thI 1936)ne khuza karavA A imAratanuM nAma viliMgaDana sekreTarIeTa rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. (37) thI (38) vuDa hAusa geiTa - laoNiDa geiTa : morabInA vAghajI ThAkore perisanA pravAsa pachI tenA ephila TAvarathI prabhAvita thaIne morabInI mukhya bajAramAM eka geiTa (daravAjA) banAvI tyAM lokhaMDanuM TAvara baMdhAvyuM hatuM. tatkAlIna briTiza amaladAra vuDa hAusane khuza karavA tenuM nAma 'vuDa hAusa geiTa' rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. tevI ja rIte morabInA lakhadhIrajIe 1935mAM briTiza adhikArI laoNiDanA nAma uparathI laoNiDa geiTa baMdhAvyo hato.30 (39) ane (40) parsivala phuvAro ane parsivala zAka mArkeTa : bhAvanagaranA rAjavI takhatasiMhajInI sagIrAvasthA daramyAna muMbaInA gavarnare gagA ojhA ane muMbaI presiDensInA zolApuranA madadanIza kalekTara mi. eDavarDa homa parsivalano saMyukta vahIvaTa sthApyo hato." saMyukta vahIvaTano A prayoga muMbaI prAMtamAM sauprathama hato. parsivale karelAM kAryone prajAe paNa biradAvyAM hatAM ane pachIthI rAjye bhAvanagaramAM temanI smRtimAM parsivala phuvAro ane parsivala zAka mArkeTa baMdhAvyAM hatAM. 2 (41) gavarnara bajAra : bhAvanagaramAM rAdhanapurI bajAra je khUba sAMkaDI hatI tene pahoLI banAvavA mATenAM keTalAMka sUcano muMbaInA tatkAlIna gavarnara sara simora phITjharAlDe karelAM. tethI A navI pahoLI karAyelI bajAranuM nAma temane khuza karavA 'gavarnara bajAra' rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. 33 (42) paoNrTa AlbarTa vikTara : rANI vikToriyAnA pautra prinsa AlbarTa vikTara (zahenazAha paMcama jyaoNrjanA vaDIla baMdhu ane DyUka oNpha klerensa) 1890mAM hindanI mulAkAte AvyA tyAre bhAvanagara AvatAM temanuM bhavya svAgata karAyuM hatuM. temanI bhAvanagara rAjyanI mulAkAtanI smRtimAM rAjulA gAma pAsenA pIpAvAva gAmanI khADI upara eka navuM baMdara kholavAnuM ane tenuM nAma 'prinsa AlbarTa vikTara paoNrTa' rAkhavAnuM jAhera karAyuM hatuM. A navuM paoNrTa bAMdhavAnI kAmagIrI niSThApUrvaka khUba parizrama laIne rAjyanA enjiniyara ricArDa praoNkTara simse bajAvI hatI. A baMdaramAM Aje paNa eka ghara che, jyAM rahIne simse baMdaranA bAMdhakAmanI dekharekha rAkhI hatI. pachIthI 31-5-1900nA roja 50 varSanI uMmare simsanuM tyAM ja avasAna thatAM tenI smRtimAM paoNrTa vikTaramAM tenI kabara baMdhAvI tenA upara smRtilekha kotaravAmAM Avyo che.74 (43) ane (44) pIla gArDana ane vikToriyA pArka : je. bI. pIla mahArAjA takhatasiMhajI ane dIvAna zAmaLadAsa mahetAnA sArA mitra hatA. te 1874 thI 1878 daramyAna saurASTramAM poliTikala ejanTa rahyA hatA. temanA nAma uparathI bhAvanagaranA mahArAjAe bhAvanagaramAM pIla gArDana (hAlamAM saradAra vallabhabhAI paTela pArka) nAmano bagIco banAvyo hato.5 tevI ja rIte mahArAjA bhAvasiMhajI bIjA(1896 thI 1919)nA samayamAM vikToriyA pArka nAmanA abhayAraNyano vikAsa karavAmAM Avyo hato ane e rIte paryAvaraNanI jALavaNI karavAnA prayatno karAyA hatA te prazaMsanIya hatA. saurASTramAM aMgrejonAM yAdagIrIrUpa smArako For Private and Personal Use Only 94

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(45) ane (49) irvina sarkala ane Irvina haoNspiTala jAmanagaranA rAjavI raNajitasiMha (1907 thI 1933)nA zAsana daramyAna tatkAlIna vAisaraoNya ane gavarnara janarala irvinane khuza karavA ane pachInA vAisaroya viliMgaDanane khuza karavA darabAragaDha pAse viliMgaDana kesanTa ane irvina sarkalanAM bAMdhakAma karAyAM hatAM.37 te pUrve 1875mAM vibhAjI bIjAe vuDa hAusa zAka mArkeTa ane hospiTalano pAyo nAkhyo hato. vuDa hAusa te samaye muMbaInA gavarnara hatA. 28 jAma raNajitasiMhe I.sa. 1933mAM rUpiyA 6 lAkhanA kharce irvina hospiTala baMdhAvI hatI. te hAla gurugoviMdasiMha haoNspiTala tarIke oLakhAya che. vaLI te ema. pI. zAha meDikala koleja sAthe saMkaLAyela che. (47) leDI hArDinja kanyA vidyAlaya : jAmanagaramAM hAla sajubA garlsa hAIskUla tarIke oLakhAtuM vidyAlaya leDI hArDinja garlsa skUla nAmathI zarU karAyela hatuM. tenuM makAna rAjamahela jevuM baMdhAvAyela hatuM." (48) ane (49) rIDiMga greina mArkeTa ane cemsaphorDa vejITebala mArkeTa : jAmasAheba digvijayasiMhajIe 1934mAM rIDiMga greina mArkeTa ane cemsaphorDa vejITebala mArkeTa (hAlamAM subhASa mArkeTa) baMdhAvyAM hatAM, zAka mArkeTanA pravezadvAranI sAme hiMdI vajhIra laoNrDa monTegyunuM pUtaLuM 19rapamAM mukAvyuM hatuM. te 1967mAM haTAvI levAyuM hatuM.' (50) thI (55) anya zaheromAM : saurASTranAM rAjakoTa, bhAvanagara, jAmanagara ane morabI sivAyanAM zaheromAM paNa aMgrejonI yAdagIrIrUpa keTalAMka smArako AvelAM che. jemake lIMbaDInuM vuDa hAusa zAka mArkeTa, jUnAgaDhano AlbarTa vikTara anAthAzrama, jUnAgaDhamAM Avela viliMgaDana Dema ane pAlItANAnI herisa hAIskUla, porabaMdaramAM Avela mekonIkI krikeTa klaba ane vikToriyA jyubilI madresA (1887) ane belenTAinano kabara lekha vagere 42 saurASTra ra22 dezI rAjayono pradeza hato. temAM mukhya ane mahattvanAM evAM salAmI rAjyomAM briTiza zAsana daramyAnanAM 127 varSo (1820-1947) daramyAna vividha aMgreja adhikArIonI kRpAdRSTi meLavIne temane khuza karavA, rAjayoe zALAo, madresA, kaoNlejo, phuvArA, hospiTala, mArkeTa, myujhiyama, lAyabrerI, Dema, pula, bagIcA ke pArka, porTa (baMdara), geTa (daravAja), hola (sabhAkhaMDa), bAvalA, citra, klaba, sekreTarIeTa, zaurya smArako tathA kebara lekha baMdhAvyAM hatAM. A smArakomAM aMgrejonI yAdagIrI jaLavAI rahI che. rAjavIoe bhale khuzAmata mATe A smArako UbhAM karyA hoya paNa tema chatAM temAMthI tatkAlIna itihAsa meLavavAnA sAdhana tarIke tenuM mahattva amUlya che. e rIte A smArakone saurASTrano itihAsa jANavAnA ane tatkAlIna rAjakIya, sAmAjika, Arthika ane sAMskRtika paristhiti pratibiMbita karatA mahattvanA AdhArastaMbho gaNAvI zakAya. badhAM ja smArako e sattAdhIzone khuza karavA mATenAM ja nathI. paraMtu temAMthI keTalAMka to temaNe karelI saurASTranI prajAnI ananya sevA mATe noMdhapAtra smAraka saMpuTa che; jemake voTsana myujhiyama, leMga lAyabrerI, bArTana lAyabrerI ane myujhiyama, AphreDa hAIskUla, rAjakumAra koleja vagere. tethI ema kahI zakAya ke upara darzAvelA saurASTramAM AvelAM aMgrejonI yAdagIrIrUpa smArako saurASTranA itihAsanAM sAdhanomAM mugaTamaNi samAna che ane e kSetre saMzodhanane haju ghaNo avakAza che. saMdarbho 1, DaoN. jAnI, esa. vI. - "saurASTrano itihAsa', amadAvAda-203, pR. 109 | 'amarelI DisTrikTa gejheTiyara' (aMgrejImAM) - amadAvAda, 1972, pR. 605 3. ejana, pR. 545 4. Thakkara, pravINA - "gujarAtano sI keLavaNIno itihAsa', amadAvAda, 1979, pR. 3 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n lpa ... For Private and Personal Use Only

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5. "niraMtarA", leMga lAyabrerI savA zatAbdI ujavaNI varSa, rAjakoTa, 1982, pR. 6 6. DaoN. jAnI, esa. vI. - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 380 rAjakoTa jillA sarva saMgraha, gAMdhInagara, 2001, pR. 571 8. DaoN. jAnI, esa. vI. - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 376 9. AphreDa hAIskUla zatAbdI graMtha, rAjakoTa, 1971, pR. 4 thI 9 10. DaoN. jAnI, esa. vI. - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 390 11. rAjakumAra kolejamAM Avela zilAlekha 12. trivedI, abhijJA - "rAjakoTanI rAjakumAra kaoNlejanuM zikSaNa ane anya kSetre pradAna" ema.phila.no laghuzodha nibaMdha, sau. yuni., 1990, rAjakoTa, pR. 208 13. "niraMtarA' - pUrvokta pustaka, pR. 65 thI 68 14. leMga lAyabrerI 126 mo vArSika ahevAla - rAjakoTa, 1982, Amukha tathA pR. 4 thI 9 ane 21. 15. DaoN. jAnI esa. vI. - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 376 16. DaoN. korATa, DaoN. jAnI ane DaoN. bhAla (saMpA.) - 'bhAvanagara rAjyano ItihAsa', amadAvAda, 1995, pR. 273 17, 'bhAvanagara DisTrikTa gejheTiyara' (aMgrejImAM) - amadAvAda, 1969, pR. 524 18. ejana 19. vaoNTsana, je. Dabalyu.nA pustakano gujarAtI anuvAda - "kAThiyAvADa sarva saMgraha', muMbaI, 1886, anukramaNikA tathA pR. 1-2 20. citalavAlA, vAya. ema.no lekha - 'karnala vana", "navanIta samarpaNa", muMbaI, mArca-2001, pR. 584 21. DaoN. mANeka, kalpA e.no lekha - "vaoNTsana myujhiyama' "pathika" - oNkTo.- Dise. 2003, myujhiyama vizeSAMka, amadAvAda, pR. 147 22. 'rAjakoTa jillA sarvasaMgraha' - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 572 23, DaoN. jAnI esa. vI. - pUrvokta pustaka, pR. 214 24. palANa ane taiyArelA - "ke. kA. zAstrI gvAlagraMtha", porabaMdara, 1981, pR. 267 25. DaoN. jAnI, esa. vI. - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 241 26. DaoN. jAnIno lekha - "vidyA"no aMka, gujarAta yunivarsiTI, amadAvAda, oNgasTa-1981, pR. 113 27. bela, vinpharaphorsa - 'hisTrI opha kAThiyAvADa' (aMgrejImAM), dilhI, 1980, pR. 255 28, medhANI, jhaveracaMda - 'soraThI bahAravaTiyA" bhAga-2, bhAvanagara, 1981, pR. 179 thI 184 29. 'vAlagraMtha' - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 278-279 30. jAnI, esa. vI. - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 242 ane 247 31, jhAlA, bhAla ane korATa (saMpA.) - 'bhAvanagara kSetranI asmitA' graMtha 1, bhAvanagara, 1988, pR. 84 32, mahetA, ko. vI. - "zrImAna gaurIzaMkara u. ojhAnuM jIvanacaritra', jUnAgaDha, 1903, pR. 279 ane 280 33. korATa, jAnI, ane bhAla (saMpA.) - pUrvokta graMtha - pR. 91 34. amarelI DisTrikTa gejheTiyara (aMgrejImAM) - pUrvokta, pR. 27 35. DaoN. jAnI, esa. vI. - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 394 36. korATa, jAnI, bhAla (saMpA.) - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 118 37, mAdhavANI, ratilAla - 'jAmanagaranI yazagAthA', jAmanagara, 1983, pR. 18 38. ratna, mAvadAnajI - "yaduvaMza prakAza', jAmanagara, 1934, pR. 327 39, jAnI, esa. vI. - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 201 40. mAdhavANI, ratilAla - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 30 41. ejana, pR. 85-87-93 42. vorA, maNibhAI - 'porabaMdara', porabaMdara, 1996, pR. 32 saurASTramAM aMgrejonAM yAdagIrIrUpa smArako n 96 For Private and Personal Use Only

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saurASTranAM dezI rAjyomAM rAjakIya parivartananA pariprekSyamAM samAja-prazno, paribaLo ane prabhAva* (I.sa. 1858 - I.sa. 1948) prA. DaoN. esa. vI. jAnI* bhAratamAM svataMtratA pUrve kula padara dezI rajavADAM hatAM. temAMthI 222 dezI rAjayo to saurASTra pradezamAM hatAM. purANaprasiddha saurASTrano pradeza marAThAonA AkramaNanA samayathI svataMtratA sudhI "kAThiyAvADa" nAmathI oLakhAto hato. 1947-48mAM saurASTranAM 222 rAjyomAM 14 salAmI, 17 binasalAmI ane 191 anya rAjyono samAveza thato hato. tenuM kSetraphaLa lagabhaga 65 hajAra co.ki.mI. ane vastI 36 lAkha hatI. A rAjayo sAmAjika pratiSThA, mAna-maratabo ane vizeSAdhikAronI daSTie vividha prakAranI sattA ane svAyatattA bhogavatAM hatAM. badhAM rAjayomAM adhikAra eka samAna na hatA, amuka rAjyone amaryAdita sattAo ane amukane maryAdita sattAo hatI, to keTalAkane nahivat sattA hatI. Ama ItihAsamAM jeno joTo na maLI zake tevuM rAjakIya vibhAjana ahIM jovA maLatuM hatuM.' ogaNIsamI sadInA prAraMbhe I.sa. 1807mAM thayela vokara karArane pariNAme saurASTramAM trAsadAyaka marAThA mulukagIrI caDAIono tathA AMtarika azAMtino saMpUrNa aMta Avyo. Ama 1807-08nuM varSa saurASTramAM zAMtinA eka navA yugano prAraMbha sUcave che. mahamada gajhanInA 11mI sadImAM thayelA somanAtha uparanAM AkramaNa pachInAM lagabhaga AThaso varSa pachI saurASTra zAMtinA navA yugano anubhava karyo. tyAra pachI I.sa. 1820mAM vaDodarAnA gAyakavADe saurASTramAMthI potAnI khaMDaNI ugharAvavAno hakka briTiza IsTa iMDiyA kaMpanIne soMpI dIdho. tyAra pachI jUnAgaDha rAjaye paNa potAnI joratalabI ugharAvavAnuM kAma aMgrejone soMpI dIdhuM. Ama I.sa. 1820 thI saurASTramAM gAyakavADa sarakAra je sarvocca sattA bhogavatI hatI te briTiza sarakAranA hAthamAM AvI. briTiza sarakAre 1820mAM rAjakoTamAM briTiza ejansI (koThI)nI sthApanA karI. briTiza ejansIe saurASTramAM sulehazAMti jALavavAmAM, vidroho zamAvI devAmAM tathA parasparanA jhaghaDAo patAvI devAmAM khUba jAgRti dAkhavI hatI. Ama 1820 pUrve je pradezamAM aMdhAdhUMdhI ane avyavasthA pravartatI hatI tyAM sukha, zAMti ane samRddhinI uSA pragaTI hatI.' Ama, ogaNIsamI sadInA prAraMbhe saurASTramAM rAjakIya sattAmAM parivartana thayuM. dezI rAjyomAM rAjavIo potAnA AMtarika vahIvaTamAM pahelAMnI jemaja svAyattatA bhogavatA rahyA, paraMtu temanA bAhya saMbaMdho upara niyaMtraNo AvyAM. kAraNa ke briTiza sattA have saurASTramAM sarvopari banI hatI. 1820 thI 1947 sudhInA briTiza sattAnA sarvopari pada heThaLanA samayamAM saurASTramAM eka paNa yuddha laDAyuM na hatuM. Ama sattAmAM parivartana sAthe ja AMtarika zAMti ane bAhya salAmatIno saurASTra anubhava karyo. vaLI briTiza sattA upara paNa 19mI sadImAM tatkAlIna yuropiyana udAravAda ane sudhArAvAdanI asara thaI hatI. bhAratamAM paNa ogaNIsamI sadI sAmAjika temaja Arthika kSetre sudhArAno samaya gaNAya che. vaLI zAMti sthapAtAM saurASTranAM rAjayomAM paNa briTiza sattAnA prabhAva heThaLa sudhArA karavA aMge saMcAra thayo. 1807 thI 1857nA IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInA prabhAva heThaLanA samayamAM sAmAjika ke Arthika kSetre nahivat pragati thaI hatI. chatAM te rIte saurASTranA vikAsanI pUrvabhUmikA racAI. saurASTra bahAranA aneka pradezo sAthe saMparkamAM AvatAM sAMskRtika kSetre navA pravAhonI * saurASTra yunivarsiTImAM 26-27 phebruArI, 2005nA roja yojAyelA rASTrIya seminAramAM rajU karela saMzodhana lekha, + nivRtta prAdhyApaka ane adhyakSa, ItihAsa anusnAtaka vibhAga, saurASTra yunivarsiTI, rAjakoTa. saurASTranAM dezI rAjyomAM rAjakIya parivartananA pariprekSyamAM samAja-prazno,.. 97 For Private and Personal Use Only

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zarUAta thaI. Ama 1820 thI 1857 sudhInA briTiza kaMpanInA zAsananI asara jarUra thaI, paraMtu te khAsa prabhAvaka na hatI. paraMtu 1858mAM tAjanuM zAsana sthapAyA pachI briTiza sarakAranI vahIvaTI nItimAM paNa parivartana AvyuM ane temaNe "prajAkalyANa'nI nIti apanAvI. sAthe sAthe temaNe saurASTranA rAjavIone paNa tenI nIti apanAvavA protsAhita karyA. Ama saurASTramAM rAjakIya sattAnA parivartananA parokSa pariNAme saurASTranA rAjayomAM sAmAjika ane Arthika kSetre vikAsavAdI nItino prAraMbha thayo ane saurASTranA udAravAdI, pragatizIla rAjavIoe potAnA rAjayanA sAmAjika ane Arthika kSetre rahelA praznonA nirAkaraNa mATenAM pagalAM laI AdhunikIkaraNanA paMthe saMcaraNa karyuM. ogaNIsamI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM saurASTramAM jADejA, jeThavA, sumarA vageremAM dIkarIne dUdha pItI karavAnI amAnavIya prathA pracalita hatI. tene nAbUda karavAmAM karnala vaoNkara, je. pI. vilobI, karnala leMga, karnala jekaba ane mAleTa jevA aMgreja amaladAroe tathA jUnAgaDhanA dIvAna raNachoDajI jevAe mahattvanI kAmagIrI bajAvI hatI. gujarAtanA Adya sudhAraka evA svAmI sahajAnaMde paNa dUdha pItI karavAnI paddhatino virodha karI tene tri hatyA (sagAMnI, bALakanI ane strInI hatyA) kahI hatI. temaNe satI prathAno paNa virodha karyo hato. uparAMta samAjamAM nIcalI, halakI ane pachAta gaNAtI aneka jJAtione sAmAjika tathA dhArmika dUSaNomAMthI mukta karI temaNe eka krAMtikArI samAjasudhArakanI kAmagIrI bajAvI hatI." 1858 thI 1948nAM varSo daramyAna saurASTranA samAjajIvanamAM aneka dUSaNo pravartatAM hatAM. ogaNIsamI sadImAM AMtarajJAtIya saMbaMdho ghaNAM ja rUDhicusta hatA. jJAtionI vacce AMtarajJAtiya bhojana ke lagna aMge atyaMta kaDaka pratibaMdho hatA. hiMduo-hiMduo vacce ke hiMdu-muslimo vacce A aMge atyaMta junavANI khyAlo pravartatA hatA. jJAtinA A niyamono bhaMga karanArane jJAtibahiSkRta karavAmAM AvatA hatA ane temanI upekSA karavAmAM AvatI. paraMtu vIsamI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM zikSaNanA prasAra, pAzcAtya saMskRtinA prabhAva ane rASTrIya caLavaLane pariNAme AMtarajJAtIya bhojana aMgenI mAnyatAmAM thoDuM parivartana AvyuM hatuM, paraMtu AMtarajJAtiya lagna to apavAda rUpe ja thatAM ane te samAjane ochAM svIkArya banatAM. vaLI samAjamAM strInuM sthAna gharanI cAra dIvAlo vacce hatuM. "je kanyA bhaNe te vidhavA thAya tevI eka mAnyatA pracalita hatI. paraMtu vIsamI sadImAM e mAnyatAnuM khaMDana karIne Adhunika zikSaNa lenAra mA-bApoe potAnI kanyAone zikSaNa ApavAnuM zarU karyuM. zikSita strIo zikSikA ke narmano vyavasAya karatI thaI. paraMtu rASTrIya caLavaLanA vikAsanI sAthe saurASTranI keTalIka strIoe temAM potAnA pitA, pati, bhAI ke putranI sAthe bhAga lIdho hato. dArUnA pIThAM upara ke paradezI kApaDanI dukAno upara pikeTiMgamAM te joDAtI ane lAThImAra paNa sahana karatI hatI. paraMtu samAjamAM bALalagna prathA pracalita hatI ane vidhavA vivAha upara pratibaMdha jevI sthiti hatI. keTalIka jJAtiomAM dUdha pItInI prathA pracalita hatI. vIsamI sadImAM satIprathA nAbUda thaI gayelI jovA maLe che. paraMtu koI jJAtimAM pUrve koI strI satI thaI hoya to tenI pUjA satImA tarIke thatI hatI. rAjavIo ane dhanika vargamAM bahupatnI prathA pracalita hatI. jAmanagaranA rAjavI vibhAjIne 24 rANIo hatI, ekathI vadhu patnI hovAnuM pratiSThAmUlaka gaNAtuM. tethI keTalAka samRddha kheDUto pratiSThA darzAvavA ekathI vadhu patnI karatA. daheja prathA pracalita hatI. muslimomAM talAka prathA hatI. hiMduomAM uccAromAM chUTAcheDA thatA na hatA. paraMtu udyogonA vikAsanI sAthe strIo paNa kArakhAnAmAM kAma karavA lAgI hatI. to goMDala ane bhAvanagaranAM mahArANI naMdakuMvarabAe paradezano pravAsa karyo hato ane strIonA vikAsa mATe prayAso karyA hatA. paraNa (lagna) ke maraNa prasaMge moTA jamaNavAra karavAnI prathA hatI. rAjapUta vargamAM aphINanA vaparAza pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 98 For Private and Personal Use Only

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u52thI ane upalA varNamAM ghInA vaparAzanA pramANa uparathI temanI moTAInuM mUlyAMkana karAtuM hatuM. dArU pIvAnuM amuka varga pUratuM maryAdita hatuM. paraMtu pachIthI keTalAMka pragatizIla rAjyoe dArUbaMdhI pharamAvI hatI. hoko, calama ke bIDI pIvAnAM vyasano paNa hatAM. paraMtu pachIthI to temAM gAMjAno upayoga zarU thayo hato. jugAra paNa ramAto hato. janmASTamInA tahevAro daramyAna varasamAM eka vAra jugAra ramavAne samAjamAM kharAba gaNavAmAM Avato nahi. 1938mAM rAjakoTa rAjye A tahevAra upara jAhera jugA2 2mavA mATenuM kendra kholavAnI paravAnagI ApatAM, rAjakoTanI prajAe teno virodha karI satyAgraha karyo hato. vezyAvRtti jAheramAM jovA maLatI na hatI, paraMtu zaheramAM te chAnechapane cAlatI hatI. uparAMta aMdhazraddhA, vahemo, grAma samAjamAM vizeSa hatAM. dorA, dhAgA, maMtra, taMtra, DAkalAM, bhUvA vagereno prabhAva hato. aspRzyatAnI bhAvanA prabaLa hatI. paraMtu zikSaNanA prasAra ane rASTrIya caLavaLanA prabhAvane kAraNe A badhAM dUSaNonI pakaDa DhIlI paDI hatI. saurASTramAM ogaNIsamI sadInA uttarArdhamAM tathA vIsamI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM 1858 thI 1948 nA 90 varSanA gALAmAM sAmAjika kSetre ghaNAM dUSaNo pravartatAM hatAM. A gALAmAM vizvamAM tathA bhAratamAM thayela sudhArAnI caLavaLanI asara saurASTramAM paNa thaI hatI. temAM paNa keTalAka pragatizIla udAravAdI rAjavIo, keTalAka dIvAno, briTiza ejansI sAthe saMkaLAyelA keTalAka gujarAtI amaladAro, keTalIka bina-sarakArI saMsthAo tathA keTalAMka vRttapatro ke sAmayikonA saMyukta prayatnonA prabhAva svarUpe samAjamAM jAgRti AvI hatI. zikSaNa pAmelA zaherIjano jUnAM rUDhibaMdhano ane aMdhavizvAso tathA vahemone tilAMjalI ApI nUtana samAjanA sarjanamAM sahayogI banavA prerAyA hatA. briTiza ejansInA vahIvaTakartAo paNa AvI sudhAraka pravRttine protsAhita karatA hatA. bhAvanagaranA takhatasiMhajI ane bhAvasiMhajI-bIjA, rAjakoTanA lAkhAjIrAja, goMDalanA bhagavatasiMhajI, porabaMdaranA naTavarasiMhajI, morabInA vAghajI jevA rAjavIo; gaMgA ojhA, prabhAzaMkara paTTaNI, gokaLajI jhAlA, kabA gAMdhI, karasanadAsa mULajI jevA dIvAno; durgArAma mahetA, maNizaMkara kIkANI, haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvAlA, bhogIlAla prANavallabhadAsa, kavi nAnAlAla jevA ejansInA adhikArIo tathA aneka bina-sarakArI saMsthAo ane sAmayiko ke vRttapatroe samAjasudhArAnA kAryamAM potAnuM yogadAna ApI temAM saphaLatA meLavI hatI. 1870-71mAM rAjakoTamAM rAjakumAra kaoNlejanI sthApanA sAthe ja saurASTramAM Adhunika yugano prAraMbha thayo tema kahI zakAya. prAraMbhamAM cAra varSa sudhI 'kiMga kaoNleja' tarIke oLakhAtI rAjakumAra kaoNleja parokSa rIte saurASTramAM vividha kSetre sudhArAno mazAlacI banI. temAM abhyAsa karIne rAjavI banelAoe potAnA rAjyamAM sAmAjika, Arthika ane sAMskRtika kSetre sudhArA karavAmAM mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo hato, Ama A saMsthAe eka jyota pragaTAvI jenAthI saurASTranA rAjA tathA prajAnAM aMdhavizvAsa,vahema, rUDhinAM baMdhano, sAmAjika kurivAjo jevA dUSaNorUpI aMdhakArane dUra karI zakAyo. te rIte teNe saurASTranA sAmAjika tathA Arthika utthAnamAM noMdhapAtra prAna karyuM hatuM. pazcima bhAratamAM sAmAjika kSetre sudhArA mATenA prayatna sauprathama muMbaImAM ane pachIthI surata ane amadAvAdamAM thayA hatA. te mATe 1844mAM suratamAM mAnavadharmasabhA ane 1848mAM amadAvAdamAM gujarAta barnAkyulara sosAyaTI sthapAI hatI. saurASTramAM sudhArAnAM mukhya kendra rAjakoTa ane jUnAgaDha hatAM. saurASTramAM briTiza zAsananI sthApanAne pagale sAmAjika kSetre sudhArAnuM vAtAvaraNa sarjAyuM hatuM. saurASTramAM briTiza vahIvaTataMtramAM athavA dezI rAjyomAM mahattvanA hoddA dharAvatA briTiza amaladAro tathA hiMdI amaladAroe A kSetre pahela pharI hatI. saurASTramAM sAmAjika sudhArAnI caLavaLanA mukhya praNetA hatA - jUnAgaDhanA maNizaMkara kIkANI. teo 134 thI 1874nAM 40 varSa daramyAna rAjakoTamAM sthapAyela briTiza ejansImAM vividha hoddAo upara rahyA saurASTranAM dezI rAjyomAM rAjakIya parivartananA pariprekSyamAM samAja-prazno,... aa 99 For Private and Personal Use Only

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uparathI ane upalA varNamAM ghInA vaparAzanA pramANa uparathI temanI moTAInuM mUlyAMkana karAtuM hatuM. dArU pIvAnuM amuka varga pUratuM maryAdita hatuM. paraMtu pachIthI keTalAMka pragatizIla rAjyoe dArUbaMdhI pharamAvI hatI. hoko, calama ke bIDI pIvAnAM vyasano paNa hatAM. paraMtu pachIthI to temAM gAMjAno upayoga zarU thayo hato. jugAra paNa ramAto hato. janmASTamInA tahevAro daramyAna varasamAM eka vAra jugAra ramavAne samAjamAM kharAba gaNavAmAM Avato nahi. 1938mAM rAjakoTa rAjya A tahevAra upara jAhera jugAra ramavA mATenuM kendra kholavAnI paravAnagI ApatAM, rAjakoTanI prajAe teno virodha karI satyAgraha karyo hato. vezyAvRtti jAheramAM jovA maLatI na hatI, paraMtu zaheramAM te chAnechapane cAlatI hatI. uparAMta aMdhazraddhA, vahemo, grAma samAjamAM vizeSa hatAM. dorA, dhAgA, maMtra, taMtra, DAkalAM, bhUvA vagereno prabhAva hato. aspRzyatAnI bhAvanA prabaLa hatI. paraMtu zikSaNanA prasAra ane rASTrIya caLavaLanA prabhAvane kAraNe A badhAM dUSaNonI pakaDa DhIlI paDI hatI. saurASTramAM ogaNIsamI sadInA uttarArdhamAM tathA vIsamI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM 1858 thI 1948 nA 90 varSanA gALAmAM sAmAjika kSetre ghaNAM dUSaNo pravartatAM hatAM. A gALAmAM vizvamAM tathA bhAratamAM thayela sudhArAnI caLavaLanI asara saurASTramAM paNa thaI hatI. temAM paNa keTalAka pragatizIla udAravAdI rAjavIo, keTalAka divAno, briTiza ejansI sAthe saMkaLAyelA keTalAka gujarAtI amaladAro, keTalIka bina-sarakArI saMsthAo tathA keTalAMka vRttapatro ke sAmayikonA saMyukta prayatnonA prabhAva svarUpe samAjamAM jAgRti AvI hatI. zikSaNa pAmelA zaherIjano jUnAM rUDhibaMdhano ane aMdhavizvAso tathA vahemone tilAMjalI ApI nUtana samAjanA sarjanamAM sahayogI banavA prerAyA hatA. briTiza ejansInA vahIvaTakartAo paNa AvI sudhAraka pravRttine protsAhita karatA hatA. bhAvanagaranA takhatasiMhajI ane bhAvasiMhajI-bIjA, rAjakoTanA lAkhAjIrAja, goMDalanA bhagavatasiMhajI, porabaMdaranA naTavarasiMhajI, morabInA vAghajI jevA rAjavIo; gaMgA ojhA, prabhAzaMkara paTTaNI, gokaLajI jhAlA, kabA gAMdhI, karasanadAsa mULajI jevA dIvAno; durgArAma mahetA, maNizaMkara kIkANI, haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvAlA, bhogIlAla prANavallabhadAsa, kavi nAnAlAla jevA ejansInA adhikArIo tathA aneka bina-sarakArI saMsthAo ane sAmayiko ke vRttapatroe samAjasudhArAnA kAryamAM potAnuM yogadAna ApI temAM saphaLatA meLavI hatI. 1870-71mAM rAjakoTamAM rAjakumAra kolejanI sthApanA sAthe ja saurASTramAM Adhunika yugano prAraMbha thayo tema kahI zakAya. prAraMbhamAM cAra varSa sudhI "kiMga kaoNleja' tarIke oLakhAtI rAjakumAra koleja parokSa rIte saurASTramAM vividha kSetre sudhArAno mazAlacI bane. temAM abhyAsa karIne rAjavI banelAoe potAnA rAjayamAM sAmAjika, Arthika ane sAMskRtika kSetre sudhArA karavAmAM mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo hato. Ama A saMsthAe eka jyota pragaTAvI jenAthI saurASTranA rAjA tathA prajAnAM aMdhavizvAsa,vahema, rUDhinAM baMdhano, sAmAjika kurivAjo jevA dUSaNorUpI aMdhakArane dUra karI zakAyo. te rIte teNe saurASTranA sAmAjika tathA Arthika utthAnamAM noMdhapAtra pradAna karyuM hatuM. pazcima bhAratamAM sAmAjika kSetre sudhArA mATenA prayatna sauprathama muMbaImAM ane pachIthI surata ane amadAvAdamAM thayA hatA. te mATe 1844mAM suratamAM mAnavadharmasabhA ane 1848mAM amadAvAdamAM gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTI sthapAI hatI. saurASTramAM sudhArAnAM mukhya kendra rAjakoTa ane jUnAgaDha hatAM. saurASTramAM briTiza zAsananI sthApanAne pagale sAmAjika kSetre sudhArAnuM vAtAvaraNa sarjAyuM hatuM. saurASTramAM briTiza vahIvaTataMtramAM athavA dezI rAjayomAM mahattvanA hodA dharAvatA briTiza amaladAro tathA hiMdI amaladAroe A kSetre pahela karI hatI. saurASTramAM sAmAjika sudhArAnI caLavaLanA mukhya praNetA hatA - jUnAgaDhanA maNizaMkara kIkANI. teo 1834 thI 1874nAM 40 varSa daramyAna rAjakoTamAM sthapAyela briTiza ejansImAM vividha hoddAo upara rahyA saurASTranAM dezI rAjyomAM rAjakIya parivartananA pariprekSyamAM samAja-prazno,... [ 99 For Private and Personal Use Only

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hatA. zrI maNizaMkara kIkANIe jUnAgaDhamAM "supaMtha pravartaka maMDaLI' 1854mAM sthApI hatI. te pachIthI saurASTra nAgara maMDaLI' nAme oLakhAtI. te maMDaLIno hetu pracalita rItarivAjomAM ucita pheraphAra karAvavAno hato. 1854mAM tenI eka beThaka rAjakoTamAM zrI kIkANInA nivAsasthAne maLelI. temAM nirNaya levAyelo ke - (1) bhAMga-gAMjA vagereno nazo karavo nahi. (2) bALakone sArI zALAmAM zikSaNa levA mokalavAM. (3) aMga dekhAya tevAM jhINAM pAradarzaka vastro strIoe paheravAM nahi.' rAjakoTamAM briTiza koThInI sthApanA pachInAM varSomAM rAjakoTa saurASTranI rAjakIya, sAmAjika, Arthika ane sAMskRtika pravRttionuM kendra banI gayuM hatuM. zrI maNizaMkara kIkANI 1834 thI 1874 sudhI rAjakoTamAM briTiza ejansImAM vividha hoddAo upara rahyA hatA. suratanA durgArAma mahetA 18paramAM suratathI zikSaNa khAtAmAM badalI pAmIne rAjakoTa AvyA hatA. to vaLI 1853mAM amadAvAdanI aMgrejI zALAnA heDamAsTara bhogIlAla prANavallabhadAsa kAThiyAvADanA keLavaNI khAtAnA vaDA tarIke baDhatI pAmIne rAjakoTa AvyA hatA. surata ane amadAvAdanA A baMnenA sahakArathI zrI kIkANIe rAjakoTamAM vidyAbhyAsa maMDaLI' (1856mAM)nI sthApanA karI hatI. A saMsthA paNa sAmAjika dUSaNo tathA vahemo dUra karavA prayatna karatI hatI. I.sa. 1864mAM zrI maNizaMkara kIkANIe jUnAgaDhamAM "jJAna grAhaka sabhA sthApI hatI. Ama to te eka sAhityika pravRttio karavA mATenI saMsthA hatI. paraMtu sAhityanA mAdhyamathI te saMsthAe sAmAjika sudhArAnuM paNa kAma karyuM hatuM. zrI kIkANI mAnatA hatA ke vyavahAra mATe gujarAtI, unnati mATe aMgrejI ane dharmajJAna mATe saMskRta e traNe bhASA jarUrI che. A saMsthA sthApyA pachInA bIjA ja varSe 1865mAM A saMsthAe "saurASTra darpaNa" nAmanuM mAsika-patra zarU kareluM. A mAsike navA vicArono phelAvo karavAmAM mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo hato. zrI kIkANIe emAM punarlagna tathA mUrtipUjA jevA viSayo upara lekho lakhyA hatA. pachIthI tenI cAra hajAra nakalo vecAtI hatI, te tenI lokapriyatA darzAve che. 1865nA varSamAM ja sarvazrI maNizaMkara kIkANI, bhAvanagaranA dIvAna gaurIzaMkara (gagA ojhA, jUnAgaDhanA dIvAna gokuLajI jhAlA tathA durlabhajI bApubhAI, kRSNAjI bhagavAnajI, karamacaMda (kabA gAMdhI (gAMdhIjInA pitA), vagerenA prayatnothI rAjakoTamAM "vidyAguNa prakAzana sabhA' sthapAI hatI. tyAra pachI 1867mAM karasanadAsa mULajI jevA prasiddha sudhAraka kAThiyAvADanA poliTikala ejanTanA madadanIza tarIke rAjakoTamAM nimAtAM saurASTranI sudhArAnI pravRttine vega maLyo hato. temanA protsAhana ane zrI kIkANI, uttamarAma narabherAma, nagInadAsa vrajabhUSaNadAsa vagerenA prayatnothI rAjakoTamAM 1868mAM vijJAna vilAsa' mAsika zarU thayuM hatuM. tenA taMtrI tarIke haMTara mela TreniMga kolejanA prinsipAla haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvALA hatA. maNizaMkara kIkANI sudhAraka uparAMta ciMtaka paNa hatA. teo kanyA keLavaNInA samarthaka ane bALalagna prathAnA virodhI hatA. vidhavA punarvivAhanI te tarapheNa karatA na hatA. temaNe lakheluM ke - "bALavivAha na karo yAra, na napho emAM aMte pastAvo thAze, nuksAna che apAra emAM... juo vicArI tame, e kAma che vicArataNuM, zocyA viNa je karo cho, thAo cho khuvAra temAM ja teo dayAnaMda sarasvatInI jema hiMduo mATe vedane pramANabhUta graMtha mAnatA hatA. chatAM teo saurASTranA A mahAna sudhAraka dayAnaMdanI jema mUrtipUjAnA virodhI na hatA. temaNe to svAmI dayAnaMdane mUrtipUjA aMge carcA karavA 24 prazno pUchayA hatA. tenA javAba dayAnaMda vatI pUrNAnaMda ApyA hatA. Ama zrI kIkANInuM valaNa pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 100 For Private and Personal Use Only

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ekaMdare rUDhicusta sudhArAvAdInuM hatuM. teo hiMdu dharmanI praNAlIne anusarIne sudhAro karavAnI tarapheNamAM hatA. pariNAme temanA sudhArA AMdolane gujarAtanI jema pratyAghAta pedA karyA na hatA. 1874mAM dayAnaMda sarasvatI rAjakoTamAM AvyA pachInA varSomAM rAjakoTamAM AryasamAjanI sthApanA thaI hatI. te uparAMta rAjakoTamAM svadeza udyamavardhaka sabhA, jAmanagaramAM manoraMjaka sabhA, ane porabaMdaramAM subodha DIbeTiMga sosAyaTI jevI saMsthAo sthapAI hatI. to morabInI Arya subodhaka maMDaLI, dvArakAnI nautama nATaka maMDaLI ane vAMkAneranI Arya hitavardhaka nATaka maMDaLIe paNa sAmAjika parivartananI prakriyAmAM parokSa rIte mahattvano prabhAva pADyo hato."A badhAM svaicchika maMDaLo moTAbhAge zaheromAM sthapAyAM hatAM ane samAjanI nAgara, brAhmaNa, vANiyA, kAyastha, brahmakSatriya vagere ucca jJAtione sparzatA hatA. A badhI saMsthAone pariNAme keTalAka sAmAjika sudhArA AkAra pAmyA hatA. jemake - saurASTramAM prathama vidhavA vivAha 1873mAM thayo hato. 1881-82 sudhImAM vidhavA vivAhanA banAvo kutiyANA, dhorAjI, jAmanagara, rAjakoTa, kuMDalA vageremAM paNa banyA hatA. paradezagamana upara sAmAjika pratibaMdho hovA chatAM gAMdhIjI sahita keTalAka yuvAnoe iMgleMDa tathA videzanA anya dezonI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. zALApatra (1862), saurASTra darpaNa (1865), vijJAnavilAsa (1898), priyaMvadA (1885), jJAnadIpaka (1887), ane saurASTra (1921) jevAM sAptAhika ke mAsikoe paNa samAjanAM dUSaNo aMge lekho prasiddha karI te aMge prajAjAgRti lAvavAmAM noMdhapAtra kAmagIrI bajAvI hatI. - bhAvanagaranA mahArAjA takhatasiMhajI (1869-1896), goMDalanA ThAkorasAheba bhagavAnasiMhajI (1869-1944), saurASTranA keTalAka dIvAno ke kArabhArIo (dIvAna gagA ojhA, gokuLajI jhAlA, prabhAzaMkara paTTaNI, karasanadAsa mULajI) paNa samAjasudhArAnA himAyatI hatA. paraMtu samAjamAM rUDhivAdI paribaLonuM prabhutva hatuM. tethI paraMparAvAdIo ane sudhArAvAdIo vacce gharSaNa sarjAze tevo bhaya hato. paraMtu sudhArakonA agraNI zrI maNizaMkara kIkANIe AvA saMgharSane TALyo hato, kAraNa ke temaNe mAtra evA ja pAzcAtya sAmAjika vicAro ane mUlyo svIkAryA je tatkAlIna samAjamAM paraMparAgata mUlyo sAthe TakarAtAM na hoya. Ama temaNe dhImI gatie AgaLa vadhavAnuM pasaMda karyuM hatuM. taLa gujarAta karatAM saurASTranAM rajavADAMno pradeza vadhu rUDhivAdI hato. tethI baMne pradezanA sudhArakonI sudhArA karavAnI paddhatimAM phera hato. taLa gujarAtanA bauddhiko parivartanavAdI hatA, jyAre saurASTranA saMrakSaNavAdI hatA. taLa gujarAtanA sudhArako upara pAzcAtya saMskRtinI UMDI asara hatI, paraMtu saurASTranA sudhArako bhAratIya saMskRtinA pAyAnAM tattvonA cAhaka hatA. gujarAtanuM sudhArA AMdolana jhaDapI gativALuM ane vyApaka svarUpanuM hatuM, jayAre saurASTranuM sudhArA AMdolana dhImI gatinuM hatuM ane tenuM kSetra maryAdita hatuM. saurASTranA rajavADI pradezano sudhAro taLa gujarAtanA sudhArAnI jema gAjI zakyo nahi. gujarAtamAM sudhArAnuM kAma saMkSepathI thayuM paraMtu saurASTramAM te zAMtithI, gaMbhIratAthI thayuM. e rIte zrI maNizaMkara kIkANIno sudhAro ThAvako ane Tharela hato. te prajAnI jIvanapaddhatimAM Uthala-pAthala karanAro na hato. Ama saurASTramAM sAmAjika sudhArAnA AMdolananI gati dhImI hatI, teno prabhAva ujaLiyAta varga pUrato maryAdita hato, chatAM teNe rUDhicusta samAjanA kavacane levuM hatuM ane samAjane parivartananI eka navI dizA tarapha te dorI gayuM hatuM. pachIthI vIsamI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM ane temAM paNa gAMdhIjInI netAgIrI heThaLanI rASTrIya caLavaLanI asara heThaLa saurASTranAM rajavADAMnI prajAmAM jAgRti AvI hatI. gAMdhIjInA netRtva heThaLa saurASTranA phUlacaMdabhAI zAha, maNilAla koThArI, amRtalAla zeTha, Thakkara bApA, darabAra gopALadAsa, u. na. Dhebara, baLavaMtarAya mahetA, rasikalAla parIkha, jItubhAI adANI, jeThAlAla jozI jevA aneka AgevAnoe sAmAjika sudhArAnI saurASTranAM dezI rAjyomAM rAjakIya parivartananA pariprekSyamAM samAja-prazno... n 101 For Private and Personal Use Only

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pravRttimAM sakriya bhAga lIdho hato. 1920mAM DhasAmAM kavi nAnAlAlanA pramukhapada heThaLa aMtyaja pariSada bharAI hatI ane darabAra gopALadAse gAmanA jAhera kUvA uparathI dalitone pANI bharavAnI chUTa ApI, aspRzyatA nivAraNa kAryakramane vega Apyo hato. 1931mAM amarelImAM maLelI kAThiyAvADa mahilA pariSade paNa bhaktilakSmI desAInA pramukhapade strI uddhAra mATenA keTalAka TharAva karyA hatA. uparAMta zAradAbahena zAha, saralAbahena trivedI, bhaktibA desAI, puSpAbahena mahetA, hIrAlakSmI zeTha, durgAbahena bhaTTa, caMcaLabahena dave, maMjulAbahena dave, kastUrabahena kavi jevI mahilAoe paNa strI-kalyANanI pravRttio upara vizeSa dhyAna ApyuM hatuM. strIne samAjamAM yogya sthAna maLe te mATenA prayatna karyA hatA. anAtha, tyaktA, bALa gunegAra, patinA trAsathI trasta mahilAone rakSaNa ApavA mATe nArIgRho ke mahilA vikAsa gRho, bALa saMrakSaNa gRho ke anAthAzrama zarU karavAnA prayatna thayA. AjhAdI pachI temAM vega Avyo hato. Ama, saurASTramAM je rAjakIya sattA-parivartana thayuM ane aMgrejI zAsananI sarvoparitA sthapAI, tenA prabhAva rUpe sAmAjika kSetre pravartatI paraMparAmAM paNa aneka krAMtikArI kahI zakAya tevAM parivartana AvyAM hatAM. A parivartanonI gati dhImI jarUra hatI. chatAM tenA pariNAme samAjamAMthI vahemo, aMdhazraddhA ghaNAM ghaTI gayAM, bALavivAha ghaTyA, bALakIne dUdha pItI karavAnI prathA nAbUda thaI, satI prathA pratye samAjamAM jAgRti AvI, strIo upara thatA atyAcAro ghaTyA ke nAbUda thayA. gAMjo, aphINa, taMbAkunuM sevana, jugAra, vezyAvRtti, dArUpAna jevAM dUSaNomAM kamI AvI. Ama samAjane korI khAtAM dUSaNo ghaTyAM ke dUra thayAM. tethI samAja sAmAjika rIte svastha banyo. dUSaNomAMthI mukta thavAnA pariNAme samAja vividha kSetre pragati tarapha gatimAna thayo ane AjhAdIno AnaMda tathA pachIthI AvelI Arthika sukha samRddhine bhogavI zakyo.9 pAdaTIpa 1. menana, vI.pI. - dha sTorI opha dhI inTIgrezana oNpha dhI inDiyana sTeTsa', muMbaI, 1969, pR. 168 2. ojhA, kevalarAma - "rIkansTrakzana oNpha lAIpha enDa poliTI ina kAThiyAvADa sTeTsa', rAjakoTa, 1946, pR.1 3. cuDagara, pI. ela. - iDiyana prinsesa aMDara briTiza proTekzana', laMDana, 1929, pR. 3 4. "rAjakoTa DisTrikTa gejheTiyara', amadAvAda, 1965, pR. 19 5. bela, kaeNpTana vilbaraphorsa - dha hisTrI opha kAThiyAvADa', nyU dilhI, 1980, pR. 165 6. jAnI, Do. esa. vI. - saurASTrano itihAsa', amadAvAda, 2003, pR. 109 7. hothorDa spojheka - "arabana-rUrala inTIgrezana ina rIjIonala DevalapamenTa' : e kesa sTaDI oNpha saurASTra, zikAgo, 1976, pR. 33 8. jAnI, DaoN. esa. vI. - pUrvokta sau. I., pR. 135 9. bhAlajI, maNilAla ela. - svAmI sahajAnaMda' (aMgrejImAM), amadAvAda, 1960, pR. 32 10. jAnI, DaoN. esa. vI., pUrvokta sa. I., pR. 340 11, jozIpurA, ja. pu., - maNizaMkara kIkANI, vaDodarA, 1920, pR. 41-42 12. jAnI, DaoN. esa. vI., "itihAsanI ArasImAM saurASTra, rAjakoTa', ra004, pR. 82-83 13. jozIpurA. ja. pu. - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 51 14. ejana, pR. 87 15. zAstrI, ha. gaM. ane parIkha pra. ci. (saMpA.) - gujarAtano rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa', graMtha 8, amadAvAda, 1984, pR. 478 16. jAnI, esa. vI.no lekha - "ogaNIsamI sadImAM gujarAtamAM sAmAjika parivartanamAM sAmAjika maMDaLonuM pradAna', "svAdhyAya", amadAvAda, eprila 90, mArca 91, pR. 153 17. jAnI, Do. esa. vI. - pUrvokta "sau.i.', pR. 342 18. jozIpurA, ja. pu. - pUrvokta graMtha, pR. 68 19. jAnI, DaoN. esa. vI. - pUrvokta sau.I. pR. 343 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 102 For Private and Personal Use Only

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goviMda sakhArAma saradesAI prA. bI. ena. gAMdhI* hiMdamAM itihAsa pratyenI sabhAnatA briTiza sanadI adhikArIo ane itihAsakAro dvArA racita hiMdanA pUrvagrahayukta itihAsa pratyenI pratikriyA temaja rASTrIya jAgRtinA pariNAme udbhavI hatI. hiMdanA vArasAne tathA enI asmitAnI bhavyatAne ujAgara karavAnI utkaMThAnA kAraNe hiMdI itihAsakAro ghaNIvAra AtmalakSI banyA hatA. itihAsa-lekhananI A eka anivArya maryAdA che. itihAsakAranAM dRSTibiMduo sAMprata rAjakIya paristhitio ane vicArasaraNIothI prabhAvita thatAM hoya che. marAThAo haju paNa potAnAM sAmrAjaya ane gauravapUrNa divasane bhUlyA na hatA. mahArASTranA aneka dezabhakta yuvAnone rAjakIya sarvoccatAne gumAvavAnuM duHkha thayA karatuM hatuM. mahArASTranA AvA vAtAvaraNamAM goviMda saradesAIno janma 1865mAM ratnAgiri jillAnA hAsola gAmamAM eka mAvaLaMkara parivAramAM thayo hato. goviMde 1884mAM ratnAgirinI hAIskUlamAMthI meTrikanI parIkSA pasAra karyA bAda pUnA ane muMbaInI kaoNlejomAM ucca zikSaNa meLavyuM hatuM. 1888mAM bI.e. pAsa karyA bAda te 1889mAM vaDodarAnA mahArAjA sayAjIrAva trIjAnA aMgata klArka tarIke vaDodarA rAjyanI sevAmAM joDAyA hatA. teone vaDodarAnA rAjakumAra pratApasiMhane zikSaNa ApavAnI javAbadArI paNa soMpavAmAM AvI hatI. mahArAjA sAthe deza ane videzomAM pravAsa karavAnI tako teone upalabdha thaI hatI. AnA kAraNe te eka rASTrIya itihAsakAra banavAnI sajjatA prApta karI zakyA hatA. mahArAjA sayAjIrAvanI icchA viruddha te 1925mAM vaDodarA rAjayanI sevAmAMthI mukta thayA bAda mahArAjAe teone prati mAsa rU. 237/- nuM penzana maMjUra karyuM hatuM. 1927mAM mahArAjAe eka kaMpanImAM mukela rU. 50 lAkha gumAvyA hatA. A mATe saradesAIne doSita gaNI mahArAjAe emanA penzanamAM 60%no kApa mUkyo hato. bAra varSa pachI (1939) mahArAjA pratApasiMhe e kApa rada karyo hato (saradesAI, pR. 13-15). sayAjIrAva sAthe matabhedo UbhA thayA hovA chatAM saradesAIe emanA "nyU hisTrI oNpha marAThAnA graMtho teone arpaNa karyA hatA. saradesAIne itihAsakAra banavuM na hatuM temaja teoe itihAsakAra banavA mATenuM jarUrI prazikSaNa lIdhuM na hovA chatAM te eka itihAsakAra banI gayA, e tathya ItihAsanA vilakSaNa akasmAtomAMnuM eka che. AthI keTalAka teone "A Historian by Accident) kahe che. saradesAI vize AMtararASTrIya khyAti prApta karanAra emanA samakAlIna jadunAtha sarakAre kahyuM hatuM ke emanI vaccenI 44 varSanI mitratA daramiyAna saradesAInI sahuthI vadhu koI bAbate emane (sarakArane) prabhAvita karI hoya to te che emano satya mATeno Agraha. teo koI paNa pUrvagrahanA baMdhanamAM jakaDAyela na hatA. A uparAMta teomAM athAka parizrama karavAnI Teva, bauddhika satarkatA ane jarmana vidvattAnI lAkSaNikatA paNa hatI. teoe pratyeka mAhitI ane vicAranI noMdha rAkhavAnI ane tene cIvaTapUrvaka coksAIthI vigatavAra paddhatisara goThavavAnI jarmana Teva keLavI (AtmasAtu) hatI. (guptA, pR. 13-15). 1958mAM 93 varSanI Ayue emanuM avasAna thayuM hatuM. vaDodarA rAjayanI sevAmAMthI nivRtta thayA pachI lagabhaga traNa dAyakA sudhI te ItihAsa-lekhana kSetramAM sakriya rahyA hatA. teoe marAThA itihAsamAMthI saMbaMdhita graMthonI racanA aMgrejI ane marAThImAM karI hatI temaja mAhitInAM sAdhanonA graMthonuM saMpAdana karyuM hatuM. mahArAjA sayAjIrAvanA sUcanathI saradesAIe mezyAvilInA prinsa'no ane silInA "eksapAnzana * 151, prabhAkuMja sosAyaTI, zrImALI vADI pAse, godharA. goviMda sakhArAma saradesAI [ 103 For Private and Personal Use Only

Page #108
oNpha iMglenDa'nA anuvAda marAThImAM anukrame 'rAjadharma' ane 'iMglenDadezAcA vistAra' karyo hato. saradesAIe svayaM svIkAryuM hatuM ke A baMne pustakono anuvAda nabaLo siddha thayo paNa A kAryathI prApta karela anubhavanA kAraNe ja teo 'riyAsatakAra' banI zakyA hatA. A mATeno zreya teo sayAjIrAvane Ape che. (saradesAI, pR. 16). riyAsata graMtho : saradesAIe potAnA zAhI vidyArthIo mATe saMpUrNa marAThA itihAsanuM nirUpaNa karatA graMthonI racanA marAThI sAdhanomAMthI upalabdha thatI mAhitInA AdhAre marAThI bhASAmAM karI hatI. A graMthone vaDodarAnA 'sayAjI vijaya'e prasiddha karyA hatA. A graMthonI racanA mATe marAThI sAdhanomAMthI prApta mAhitIne anya bhASAomAM upalabdha sAdhanomAMthI prApta mAhitI sAthe sarakhAvI hovAno dAvo DaoN. esa. ke. mukhopAdhyAyane zaMkAspada lAge che. saradesAIne aMgrejI sivAya anya koI bIjI yuropIya bhASA tathA phArasI bhASAnuM jJAna na hatuM. emanA 1898mAM prasiddha thayela musalamAnI riyAsatanA be graMthomAMthI prathamamAM hiMdanA muslima vijayathI mAMDIne 1526 sudhInA ane bIjA khaMDamAM 1527 thI 1803 sudhInA itihAsane AvarI lIdho che. 1923mAM prasiddha thayela briTiza riyAsatanA prathama graMthamAM 1600 thI 1757 sudhInI tathA 1939mAM prasiddha thanAra bIjA khaMDamAM 1757 thI 1858 sudhInI ghaTanAonuM Alekhana karyuM che. DaoN. mukhopAdhyAyanI dRSTie musalamAnI ane briTiza riyAsatanA graMtho karatAM marAThI riyAsata graMtho vadhu sArA che. DaoN. jadunAtha sarakAranA maMtavya pramANe emAM 'riyAsatakAra' dvArA sAdhanomAMthI prApta mAhitIne cokasAIpUrvaka ekatrita karavAmAM Avela che paNa temanAmAM marAThImAM upalabdha maulika sAdhano sivAya anya sAdhanonA jJAnano abhAva jaNAya che. te sAdhanono nirdeza kare che paNa e sAdhanonI vizvasanIyatAnuM vizleSaNa karatA nathI. DaoN. vasaMta DI. rAvanA mate jo teoe sAdhanonI vizvasanIyatAnI kALajIpUrvaka tapAsa para dhyAna kendrita karyuM hota to teo vadhu sAro itihAsa ApI zakyA hota. saradesAIe 'riyAsata'nAM prakaraNo tathA vibhAgone zIrSaka khUba ja arthapUrNa ane nirUpaNane anurUpa ApyAM che, dA.ta., sAmrAjyanirmAtA zivAjI, pavitra zAhu. marAThAono navIna itihAsa : 80 varSanI Ayue riyAsatakAra saradesAIe marAThI riyAsatanA 8 graMthonA AdhAra para aMgrejImAM 'New History of Marathas'nA traNa graMthonI racanA karI hatI. AmAM marAThAonA udayathI mAMDIne emanA patana sudhInA itihAsanuM Alekhana karyuM che. marAThAonA navIna itihAsanA prathama bhAgamAM saradesAIe 1600 thI 1707 sudhInI ghaTanAone samAvI che. A bhAgamAM temaNe zAhajInA samayanA mahArASTra, zivAjInI saphaLatA ane zivAjInA mRtyu bAda samrATa auraMgajhebanA mRtyu sudhInA samaya daramiyAna mahArASTra svataMtratA mATe karela saMgharSonuM mUlyAMkana karyuM che. bIjA bhAgamAM marAThA sattAnA vistAranA (1707 thI 1772) itihAsanuM Alekhana karyuM che. DaoN. mukhopAdhyAyanA mate saradesAIe zAhunA samayanA gRhayuddhane vizeSa nyAya Apyo nathI. gRhayuddhanuM vivaraNa phakta be pAnAMmAM ja ApyuM che. pezvA bAlAjI vizvanAtha ane pezvA bAjIrAva prathamanI uttara taraphanI vistAravAdI nIti ane saphaLatAonI saradesAIe khUba prazaMsA karI che. saradesAInI dRSTie 1761nA pANIpatanA trIjA yuddhamAM marAThAonA thayela parAjaya eka moTI Apatti puravAra thaI na hatI, ane pezvA mAdhavarAvanA samayamAM marAThAoe uttara hiMdamAM potAnuM varcasva punaHsthApita karyuM hatuM. saradesAIe trIjA bhAga - 'mahArASTrano sUryAsta'mAM (1772-1847) marAThAonA patana mATenAM pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 D 104 For Private and Personal Use Only

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javAbadAra paribaLo - naitika adhaHpatana, payaMtro, AMtarika vikhavAdo vagerenuM Alekhana karyuM che. A graMthanA aMtima prakaraNamAM saradesAIe marAThAonA patana mATenAM kAraNonI samIkSA karI che. saradesAI marAThA sattAnA patanamAM saMyoga ane ajJAta paribaLoe bhAga bhajavyo hovAnuM svIkAre che. dA.ta., mahArASTranA kaTokaTInA saMjogomAM enA kAbela netAo zivAjI, pezvA bAjIrAva prathama, mAdhavarAva ane nAnA phaDanavIsa vagerenAM avasAna thayAM hatAM. DaoN. mukhopAdhyAyanA mate A graMthamAM saradesAI nirUpaNa ane mUlyAMkananI daSTie saMbhavataH sarvazreSTha che. marAThAonA navIna itihAsanI prastAvanAmAM saradesAI kahe che, "meM A graMthanuM nAma "navIna itihAsa rAkhyuM che paraMtu e dvArA e dAvo karato nathI ke Ane nirNayAtmaka ane pramANabhUta graMtha mAnavAmAM Ave. mAro e abhiprAya nathI ke huM vidvAna athavA prasiddha itihAsakAra chuM. huM to mAtra eka utsuka kAryakartA chuM." DaoN. je. ena. sarakArane lakhelA eka patramAM te spaSTa kahe che, "huM atyAra sudhI e vicAra para cAlato hato ke mAre citranI sArI bAju rajU karavI joIe kemake pazcimanA lekhakoe kharAba bAju paryApta mAtrAmAM rajU karela che. parantu huM mArA vicAro vAcako para lAdyA vinA dastAvejone emanI hakIkato rajU karavA daIza." marAThAonA navIna itihAsanA bhAga traNanA Alekhana ane vigatomAM jadunAtha sarakAre karela sudhArAonA kAraNe ene eka mAnaka, pramANabhUta ane zraddhaya graMthanuM svarUpa prApta thayuM che. A bAbatano svIkAra karatAM saradesAIe jadunAthane tA. 25-4-1947nA roja lakhela patramAM jaNAvyuM hatuM, "huM jyAre mArA graMtha mATe tame uThAvela jehamatane jouM chuM tyAre e graMtha mAro hovAno dAvo karatAM zarama anubhavuM chuM. tame tamAma bAbato para jhINavaTabharyuM dhyAna Apela che. ... karela sudhArAonA kAraNe lokonI dRSTimAM e graMthanuM mUlya bezaka 4491." ("When I see the immense labour you have bestowed upon this work of my history. I feel ashamed to claim it as my own. You have given minutest attention to all the parts of matter.... the improvements thus effected are sure to enhance the value of the work in public estimation." - Gupta, p. 12). marAThA itihAsanA A traNa graMthomAM marAThA itihAsa saMbaMdhI thayelA badhA saMzodhananA pariNAmone samAvI laI saradesAIe karela nirUpaNa niHsaMdeha prazasya che. marAThA itihAsanA mukhya pravAho : itihAsanA saMzodhana kSetramAM (mugala-marAThAyuga) saradesAInA sahapravAsI ane paTaNA yunivarsiTInA itihAsanA prAdhyApaka jadunAtha sarakAranA prayatnonA pariNAme saradesAIne paTaNA yunivarsiTImAM marAThAonA ItihAsa para vyAkhyAno ApavA mATe AmaMtraNa maLyuM hatuM. saradesAIe 1926mAM paTaNAmAM marAThA itihAsanA samagra kSetrane AvarI letAM je sAta vyAkhyAno ApyAM hatAM, te pustaka rUpe 1949mAM "Main Curents of Maratha History'nA nAme prasiddha thayAM hatAM. saradesAIe Apela vyAkhyAnonA viSayo hatA - (1) mahArASTra dharma - marAThAono Adarza, (2) marAThA itihAsanAM sAdhano, (3) zivAjInA uddezyo tathA cotha ane saradezamukhI, (4) marAThA sattAno vistAra, (5) muslimo sAtheno saMgharSa, (6) nAnA phaDanavIsa ane mahAdAjI vaccenA saMbaMdho, (7) marAThAonuM patana. prathama vyAkhyAnamAM saradesAIe mahArASTra dharmanI vibhAvanAne spaSTa karI che tathA muslima sattAnI viruddha vidroha karavA mATe mahArASTrane preraNA ApanAra paribaLonI chaNAvaTa karI che. marAThAonA patana saMbaMdhI vyAkhyAnamAM patana mATenAM javAbadAra paribaLonI carcA karI che. teoe daDhatApUrvaka e mata vyakta karyo ke topadaLanI upekSA karI marAThAoe eka gaMbhIra bhUla karI hatI. marAThAonA svabhAva vize kahyuM ke teo anuzAsanamAM rahevAnuM pasaMda karatA na hatA. senAnuM netRtva pUrNataH eka vyaktinA hAthamAM rahetuM na hatuM. goviMda sakhArAma saradesAI 0 105 For Private and Personal Use Only

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pANIpatanA trIjA yuddhanAM pariNAmo vize potAnA vicAro vyakta karatAM saradesAI kahe che ke bhale A yuddhamAM marAThA sattAno saMpUrNa vinAza na thayo hoya paNa tema chatAM pANIpatamAM nirbaLa banela marAThAo ane muslimonA kAraNe hiMdamAM briTiza sattAno udaya saraLa banyo hato. pANIpatanuM yuddha hiMdanA itihAsa mATe eka vaLAMkabiMdu (turning point) sAbita thayuM hatuM. A graMtha) vyAkhyAno aMge Do. mukhopAdhyAya yathArtha kahe che, "It is in the form of running criticism of the principal actors and events of Maratha History". A graMtha marAThA ItihAsanA pramukha netAo ane ghaTanAonA kramAnusAra vivecanasvarUpano che. sAdhano saMbaMdhI saMpAdita graMthoH saradesAI saMzodhana mATe maulika sAdhanonA mahattvane sArI rIte samajatA hatA. TI. esa. zejalavalakara, ApTe tathA vAkasakaranA sahayogathI saradesAIe "marAThAyAMcA itihAsae sAhitya' graMtha 1924mAM prasiddha karyo hato. saradesAIe 1925mAM aitihAsika viSayAMcI suci' prasiddha karI hatI. 1878mAM zarU thayela "kAvyatihAsa saMgraha' nAmanA sAmayikamAM prasiddha thayela dastAvejomAMthI mahattvanA dastAvejonI pasaMdagI temaNe kulakarNI ane kALe kALanI sahAyathI karI hatI. pasaMda karAyela dastAvejo 1930mAM "kAvyatihAsa saMgrahAta pasaMdIdA jhAlela aitihAsika patre yAdI vagere lekha'nA nAmathI, temaja "aitihAsika patravyavahAra" nAmano teoe saMpAdita karela graMtha 1933mAM prasiddha thayA hatA. sattA-hastAMtara samaye IsTa inDiyA kaMpanIne pezvA pAsethI prApta thayela daphataranA 15 bhAga pUnAnI Dekkana varnAkyulara sosAyaTIe prasiddha karyA hatA. jadunAtha sarakAre A daphataranA anya bhAgo saradesAI pAse saMpAdita karI prasiddha karAvavA mATe muMbaI sarakArane sUcavyuM hatuM, je sarakAre svIkAryuM hatuM. A daphataranA kula 45 bhAga (Selections from Peshwa Daftar - SPD) prasiddha thayA che. pezvA daphataranuM kArya pUrNa thayA bAda saradesAI ane jadunAtha sarakAre 'pUnA resiDansI korasaponDansa' (Poona Residency Correspondence - PRC)nA saMpAdananuM kArya zarU karyuM hatuM. pIArasI'nA prasiddha thayela 15 bhAgomAMthI, 2, 6, 7, 12 ane 13mA bhAganuM saMpAdana saradesAIe karyuM hatuM. A uparAMta temaNe phArasImAM lakhAyela patrono marAThImAM anuvAda karyo hato. A anuvAdanA prasiddha thayela be graMtho - (1) "dilhI yathIla rAjakAraNa ane (2) dilhI yuthIla vakIla'nuM saMpAdana jadunAthe karyuM hatuM. saradesAI ane sarakAranA prayatnonA pariNAme abhyAsIo/ saMzodhakone marAThA itihAsa saMbaMdhita mULabhUta sAdhano | dastAvejonA anuvAdita ane saMpAdita 6ra graMtho upalabdha thayA che. saradesAIe saMpAdita karela graMthomAM tArIkha ane ghaTanAonA - kALAnukrama vizenI keTalIka kSatio rahI javA pAmI che. Ama chatAM, DaoN. mukhopAdhyAya kahe che tema te niHsaMdeha guNavattApUrNa tathA vidvattApUrNa racanAo che. anya racanAo : saradesAIe 1956mAM potAnI AtmakathA "mAjI saMsArayAtrA' prasiddha karI hatI. emAM, temaNe potAnA prAraMbhika jIvana ane kauTuMbika jIvananI vigato ane vaDodarAnA nivAsa daramiyAna thayela anubhavo vagereno ullekha karyo che paNa itihAsalekhananA potAnA kAryano saheja paNa nirdeza karyo nathI. saradesAIe mahArASTranA aneka netAo - zivAjI, saMbhAjI, saMtAjI ghorapaDe, bAjIrAva, mahAdAjI siMdhIyA-nA jIvanavRttAnto lakhyAM hatAM. temaNe marAThA itihAsa vizenA aneka lekho gujarAtI, hindI temaja aMgrejImAM lakhyA hatA. temaNe chatrapati zivAjInI 500mI janma jayaMti prasaMge prasiddha thayela zivAjI smAraka graMthanuM saMpAdana karyuM che. A graMthanA eka lekhamAM temaNe 6 eprila 1927ne zivAjInI janmatArIkha tarIke svIkAravAnI himAyata karI hatI. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 106 For Private and Personal Use Only

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A tArIkha sAcI hovAno svIkAra vyApaka pramANamAM karavAmAM Avela che. saradesAInA nava marAThI lekho kramazaH sapTembara thI navembara 1955 daramiyAna "svarAjyamAM pUnAnA suprasiddha dainika "sakALa'nA taMtrI DaoN. parUlekare prasiddha karyA hatA. A lekhono saMgraha "zrI sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa vAMce sahavAsAMta'nA nAme prasiddha thayo hato. A saMgrahano hindI anuvAda "sayAjIrAva ke sAnidhyame 1994mAM prasiddha thayo che. A saMgrahamAMthI sayAjIrAvanA zAsana daramiyAna banela keTalIka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAonI AdhArabhUta mAhitI prApta thAya che. dA.ta., sayAjIrAva ane aMgreja zAsako vaccenA saMbaMdho, vaDodarA rAjyamAM cAlatI krAMtikArI pravRttio (rAjadroha, dezapAMDe prakaraNa). saradesAInA (1) New History of the MarathasnA 3 khaMDo ane (2) Main Currents of Maratha HistorynA hindImAM anuvAda thayA che. mUlyAMkana : marAThA itihAsalekhanamAM noMdhapAtra pradAna karavA badala dhuLiyA (mahArASTra)nA rAjavADe saMzodhana maMDaLa dvArA saradesAIne 1946mAM sanmAnita karI 'itihAsa mArtaDanuM biruda ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. 1957mAM pUnA yunivarsiTIe teonuM bahumAna DI.li.nI mAnada padavI ApI karyuM hatuM ane bhArata sarakAre teone "padma vibhUSaNathI vibhUSita karyA hatA. saradesAIne mate "A study of history means search for truth and truth is never one sided." AthI ja teoe marAThI bhASAmAM upalabdha sAdhano uparAMta anya bhASAomAM upalabdha sAdhanono upayoga marAThAonA itihAsanA AlekhanamAM karavAnI himAyata karI hatI. phArasInuM potAne jJAna na hovAno svIkAra karI saradesAIe bhAratIya ItihAsamAM saMzodhana karanArane aMgrejI, saMskRta tathA phArasI vagere bhASAonuM paryApta jJAna hovuM ja joIe evo spaSTa mata jayapuranA inDiyana hisTrI koMgresanA (1951) pramukhapadethI Apela pravacanamAM vyakta karyo hato. saradesAIne itihAsa-Alekhana kAryamAM jadunAtha sarakAra taraphathI khUbaja sahAyatA, mArgadarzana ane protsAhana maLyAM hatAM. TIkakara lakhe che tema sarakAre teone eka sArA saMzodhanakAranI pratiSThA prApta karavA pUratI tako maLI rahe e mATe prayatno karyA hatA. sara jadunAtha sarakAranA satata mArgadarzananA kAraNe ja teo eka siddhahasta ItihAsakAra banI zakyA hatA. jadunAtha sarakAre karela pradAnano svIkAra karatAM saradesAIe emanA paranA patramAM lakhyuM hatuM, "mAruM e sauthI moTuM sadbhAgya che ke huM mArA kAryamAM mArgadarzana meLavavA tamane eka kAyamI ghaDavaiyA tarIke prApta karI zakyo." ("It is my greatest good fortune that I should have secured in you a permanent mentor to guide my foot-steps.") saradesAIe jadunAtha paranA tA. 29-8-1947nA patramAM lakhyuM hatuM : "huM jANuM chuM ke vidvattAnI bAbatamAM huM sUrya sAme AgiyA hovAno dAvo karI zake tema nathI, "..... in point of scholarship I know, I cannot claim to be a glowworm before the sun." (Gupta). saradesAIe marAThAonA itihAsa-AlekhananuM kArya vyApaka pramANamAM karyuM che paNa tema chatAM temanA graMthomAM keTalIka UNapa rahela che. marAThI bhASAmAM upalabdha sAdhanomAMthI marAThAonI sAmAjika, Arthika ane dhArmika paristhitio; sAhitya vagerenI aneka vigato maLI rahe che tema chatAM saradesAIe marAThAonA navIna ItihAsamAM emanuM nirUpaNa karela nathI. teoe itihAsa-AlekhanamAM abhilekho, sikkAo ane purAtattvIya avazeSomAMthI prApta mAhitIno upayoga karyo nathI. DaoN. vasaMta rAvanA mate teone saMzodhana paddhatiomAM rasa goviMda sakhArAma saradesAI 107 For Private and Personal Use Only

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na hato tathA aitihAsika anveSaNanI vibhinna paddhationo khyAla na hato. "He went on writing as he collected material." paNa navAM sAdhanomAMthI prApta mAhitInA saMdarbhamAM teo potAnA graMthonI navI AvRttimAM jarUrI sudhArAo karavAnuM cUkyA na hatA. potAnA samakAlIna bhAratIya itihAsakAronI jema saradesAIne bhAgya ane niyatimAM vizvAsa hato. marAThAonA navIna itihAsanA trIjA bhAganA aMtima prakaraNamAM teo kahe che ke manuSyanuM bhAgya bahudhA evI rIte nakkI thaI jAya che ke jenA pariNAme kAryakAraNanA siddhAMta anusAranI tapAsa haMmezAM zakya banatI nathI. daivayoganA prapaMcano paNa teo svIkAra kare che. mahArASTramAM aneka netAonA akAla avasAnamAM teone e dekhAya che, jemake zivAjInA akAla mRtyunA kAraNe mughala samrATa mahArASTra para AkramaNa karI zakyo hato; pezvA bAjIrAvanA akAla mRtyunA kAraNe nijhAma dakSiNamAM potAnI sattA sthira karI zakyo hato ane pezvA mAdhavarAvanA akAla avasAnanA kAraNe mahArASTramAM vidhaTanakArI paribaLo ane videzIonA hastakSepane protsAhana maLyuM hatuM. saradesAI marAThAonA prazaMsaka hovA chatAM teoe marAThAonI siddhio ane niSphaLatAonuM niSpakSa mUlyAMkana karavAno prayAsa karyo che. itihAsamAMthI pratyeka prajAe bodhapATha grahaNa karavo joIe evuM teo dRDhapaNe mAnatA hatA. keTalAkanI dRSTie 'riyAsatakAra' goviMda sakhArAma saradesAI mAtra eka saMkalanakartA hatA parantu jadunAtha sarakAranI dRSTie teo eka mahAna marAThA itihAsakAra hatA, DaoN. vasaMta rAvanA maMtavya pramANe saradesAI eka mAtra evA marAThA itihAsakAra che jemaNe ApaNI samakSa marAThAono saMpUrNa ane saMkalita itihAsa rajU karyo che. teoe bhaviSyanI peDhI mATe marAThA itihAsanA kSetramAM saMzodhana karavA mATeno mArga saraLa karI Apyo che. jadunAtha sarakAre saradesAIne emanA 82mA janma divase lakhela patramAM (tA. 11-4-1946) e AzA vyakta karI hatI, "A divase mArA manamAM sahuthI vadhu mAtra eka ja vicAra Ave che ke ApaNuM haju je zeSa jIvana bacyuM che e Arthika vaLatara (material reward) tathA nAmanA (public fame) meLavavAnI darakAra karyA vagara jJAnanI upAsanAmAM ane satyanA zodhaka tarIke vyatIta thAya." 93 varSanI Ayue mRtyu pAmanAra saradesAIe sarakAranI jema ja potAnuM jIvana itihAsa-saMzodhana ane Alekhana-pravRttine samarpita karyuM hatuM. niHsaMdeha saradesAI Adhunika bhAratanA eka agragaNya pratiSThita itihAsakAra hatA. saMdarbhagraMtho 1. Gupta, H. R. (ed.); Life and Letters of Sir Jadu Nath Sarkar, Punjab University, Hoshiarpur, 1958 2. Mathur, L. P; Historiography and Historians of Modern India, Inter-India, N. Delhi, 1987 3. Mukhopadhyay, S. K., Evolution of Historiography in Modern India, Bagchi, Calcutta, 1981 4. Sardesai, G. S. (tr. by Bansidhar); sayAjIrAva ke sAMnidhyameM, pablikezana skIma, jayapura, 1994 5. Sen, S. P. (ed.); Historians and Historiography in Modern India, Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, 1973 6. Tikekar, S.R., On Historiography, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1964 sAmayika : gAMdhI bI.ena.; sa2 jadunAtha sarakAranA jI.esa.saradesAI paranA patro - eka adhyayana, saMzodhana (dhorAjI), julAI-sapTembara 2004, aMka 3 pathika : jAnyuArI ~ jUna, 2005 T 108 For Private and Personal Use Only

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-- dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIomAM sAmAjika parivartana : paribaLo ane dizAo, 1870-1930 pri. DaoN. jagadIzabhAI esa. caudharI* prastAvanA : kheDUto, khetamajUro, AdivAsIo, milamajUro ane dalito jevA samAjanA kacaDAyelA vargone kendramAM rAkhIne tAjetaramAM keTalAka abhyAso thayA che. paraMtu A prakAranA ghaNAkharA abhyAsomAM briTiza zAsakonA "rekorjha"no AdhAra levAmAM Avyo hovAthI kacaDAyelA vargonI sAcI paristhitino khyAla AvI zakato nathI. AvAM kAraNosara prastuta lekhamAM dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIonI paraMparAonI chaNAvaTa karIne temanAmAM AvelAM sAmAjika parivartanone samajAvavAmAM AvyAM che, ane vaLI A gatividhione samajAvavAmAM temanAM durlabha gaNAya tevAM lokagItono samAveza paNa karavAmAM Avyo che. A prakAranAM lokagIto AdivAsIonI jIvanazailIne samajavAmAM madadarUpa che kAraNa ke te temanI potAnI lAgaNIo ane Urmione vyakta kare che. briTiza zAsana ane AdivAsIo : Aje ApaNe jene surata jillA tarIke oLakhIe chIe te pradeza 19mA saikAmAM aDadho briTiza tAbAmAM ane aDadho gAyakavADI tAbAmAM hato. jemake sonagaDha, vyArA, mahuvA, navasArI, gaNadevI ane mAMDavInA amuka bhAgo vaDodarAnA gAyakavADa sarakAranA tAbAmAM hatA jayAre surata, olapADa, kAmareja, bAraDolI, jalAlapora, valasADa ane bilimorA jevA vistAro briTiza rAjyanA tAbAmAM hatA, paNa gAyakavADa ane briTiza rAjAnA ghaNAkharA vistAromAM dubaLA, codharA, gAmIta, nAyakaDA, koMkaNA, mAMga, DhuMDhiyA, vAralI ane dhoDiyA jevA AdivAsIo mukhyatve vasavATa karatA hatA. udAharaNa tarIke I.sa. 1891nA vastI-gaNatarInA ahevAla mujaba surata jillAmAM AdivAsIonI kula vastI 2,11,116 hatI ane vaDodarA rAjyanA AdivAsIonI vastI 2,00,349 hatI." briTiza ahevAlomAM dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIone "pachAta" uparAMta "gunegAronI ToLIo" tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvyA che. vaLI evo dAvo paNa karavAmAM Avyo che ke AvA "pachAta ane gunegAra" loko khristI banyA pachIthI temanAmAM sudhAro thayo che. paraMtu A prakArano dAvo hakIkato ane tathyothI tadna vegaLo che. sAcI hakIkata e che ke I.sa. 1915 pachI gAMdhIvAdI saMsthAo ane rItarasamo dvArA AdivAsIomAM samAjasudhAro thayo. te pahelAM cheka 1860 bAda temanAmAM "bhagata AMdolana" zarU thayuM hatuM. AdivAsI samAjamAM pragaTa thayelA keTalAye bhagatoe temane dArU-tADInuM sevana nahIM karavAnA upadezo ApyA hatA. vaLI A bhagatoe temanAmAM ghara karI gayelI bhUtapreta, DAkaNa ane bhUvAo jevI aMdhazraddhAono paNa virodha karyo hato. durgArAma mahetAjI ane kavi narmada jevA 19mA saikAnA suratanA prakhara samAjasudhArako jyAre AdivAsI samAja sudhI pahoMcI nahIM zakelA tevA saMjogomAM I.sa. 1860 bAda zarU thayeluM "bhagata AMdolana" samAjaparivartananI daSTie atyaMta mahattvanuM hatuM.' 19mA saikAmAM dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIo "kALI paraja" tarIke oLakhAtA hatA. premAnaMda dhoLIdAsa paTela nAmanA vaDodarA rAjyanA DepyuTI vidyAdhikArIe temane vize abhyAsa karIne "navasArI * esa. vI. ArTsa kaoNleja, itihAsa vibhAga, rilIpha roDa, paththarakUvA, amadAvAda-1 dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIomAM sAmAjika parivartana : paribaLo ane dizAo... p109 For Private and Personal Use Only

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prAMtanI kALIparaja' nAmano graMtha I.sa. 1901mAM prasiddha karyo hato. te mujaba AdivAsIo jaMgalanA bhAgamAM DuMgarAnI TekarIo upara, khINomAM ane medAnomAM chUTAchavAyA jhUMpaDAM bAMdhIne rahetA hatA. teo pATIdAra temaja anAvila brAhmaNonAM khetaromAM vaMzaparaMparAgata gulAmo tarIke khetaro kheDatA. A prakAranI "hALIprathA" evI to jaDabesalAka hatI ke khAsa karIne dukALanAM varSo daramiyAna jo koI hALI trAsamAMthI mukta thavA potAnuM jhUMpaDuM choDIne nAsI jAya to tene polIso pakaDI pADIne sakhatamAM sakhata sajA karatA ane tenI soMpaNI tenA "dhaNIyAmAM" (mAlika) karatAM. teo kodarA, bAvaTo, baMTI ane nAgalI jevAM halakAM dhAna ane kaMdamULa temaja mAMsa para temanuM astitva TakAvI rAkhatA hatA. pArasI pIThAvALAoe dArUno pracAra karIne temanuM ghaNuM zoSaNa karyuM hatuM. AvA saMjogomAM gAMdhIyuga pahelAM temanAmAM zarU thayeluM bhagata AMdolana sAce ja mahattvanA sImAcihnarUpa hatuM. AdivAsIonI jIvanazailI : AdivAsIo atyaMta garIba hovA chatAM teo potAnI rIte vAra-tahevAro ane utsavo mANavAnuM cUkatA nahIM. hoLI, navarAtrI, divALI ane janmASTamI jevA utsavo teo UjavatA. A dRSTie temanuM nIcenuM lokagIta atre prastuta che : "hoLI AvI rUmajhUma' bArA mahine AvI hoLI rUmajhUma, jIvyA to AgaLa hoLI rUmajhUma, maryA to bhaI hoLI rUmajhUma. Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir uparokta gIta jANe ke temanAmAM garbhita rIte rahelA "astitvavAda"nuM sUcana kare che. mRtyu pachI kAMI ja nathI, ane jIvana mANavA mATe che - e prakAranI jIvanazailI A gIta dvArA AbehUba rIte vyakta thaI che. have bIjuM gIta joIe. A gIta AdivAsI premIonA saMvAdarUpe che. khAsa karIne dubaLA, codharA ane gAmIto te gAtA. te mujaba yuvaka ane yuvatIne vADIomAM harIpharIne prema to karavo che, paNa temane bhaya che ke vADInA choDa jo tUTI jaze to sarakAra ApaNane mAra mAraze, maracAM ane lasaNanI vADImAM temane pharavAnuM mana che, paNa polIsano bhaya che. Ama chatAM daMDa bharIne paNa yuvaka ane yuvatI vADImAM rAta vitAvavAnI icchA dharAve che. UrmipradhAna A gIta nIce mujaba che : "sarakArane daMDa bharIne paNa vADImAM ghUmIzuM" o sela mIracyA vADImAM rAta rayanoro; o sela mIracyo tUTyo to doMDa beTho re; o sela pacAha mAgI to hova dehuM re. o sela kAMdA vADImAM rAta rayanoro; o sela kAMdo tUTyo to kroMDa beTho re; o sela cALI mAgI to eMsI dehuM re. o sela gaMdalI vADImAM rAta rayanoro; o sela gaMdalI tUTI to doMDa beTho re; o sela tIsa mAgI to cALI dehuM re. pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 D For Private and Personal Use Only 110

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o sela veMgA vADImAM rAta rayanoro; o sela veMgo tUTyo to doMDa beTho re; o sela pAdara mAge, to cALI dehuM re. AdivAsIone ghaNI vakhata sarakArI adhikArIo veTha karAvatA. temanA nasIbamAM rAtadivasa khetara kheDyA karavAnuM ane veTha karavAnuM lakhAyuM hoya tyAM haLavAzathI vAto karavAno samaya ja kyAMthI hoya? nIcenA gItamAM yuvaka yuvatIne maLavA bolAve che, paNa yuvatI kahe che ke mane to sarakAra ghAsa bharavA, daLaNuM daLavA ane DAMgara khAMDavA bolAve che. huM kevI rIte AvuM ? sarakAranI veTha karyA pachI tane maLavA AvIza. sarakArI veTha" sarakArI cAryA bhorAM, hAda che mA juvAnyA; jAhuM kAma selavADI, leuMkA mA juvAnyA. sarakArI dolaNAM dolAM, hAda he mA juvAnyA; jANuM kAmA selavADI, thelaMkA mA juvAnyA. sarakArI bhAtAM chaDo, hAda he mA juvAnyA; jAhuM kAmAM selavADI, veDaMkA mA juvAnyA. sarakArI bhAta bharAM, hAda che mA juvAnyA; jAhukA mAM selavADI, yeuMkA mA juvAnyA. uparokta lokagIto svayaMspaSTa che ane te AdivAsIonAM spaMdano AbehUba rIte vyakta kare che. sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa ane AdivAsIo : junavANI ane pachAta AdivAsI samAjanI jIvanazailImAM hastakSepa karIne AdivAsIonI paristhiti sadhAranAra jo koI hoya to te vaDodarAnA mahArAjA sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa (I.sa. 1863-1939) hatA. teo Akasmika rIte mahArAjA banyA te pahelAM nAsika jillAmAM AvelA kavaLANe nAmanA gAmaDAmAM teo kheDUtaputra hatA. kheDUto pratye temane hamadardI hatI tethI ja teo I.sa. 1882 bAda vaDodarA rAjyanAM gAmaDAonI mulAkAta laIne lokasaMparka karatA. I.sa. 1884mAM temaNe A rIte sonagaDha ane vyArAnI mulAkAta lIdhI ane AdivAsIone maLyA. AdivAsIonI paristhiti ghaNI viSama hatI. Arthika ane sAmAjika daSTie teo atyaMta pachAta hatA. tethI sayAjIrAve temanI keLavaNI viSayaka ane sAmAjika paristhiti sudhAravA I.sa. 1885mAM sonagaDhamAM eka zALA ane hosTela zarU karI. te samaye AdivAsIo "kALI paraja" (eTale kALI prajA) tarIke oLakhAtA. temane mATenI hosTela "ghANakA vastIgRha" tarIke oLakhAtI. tyArabAda sayAjIrAve vyArA jevAM gAmaDAMomAM zALAo ane vastIgRho sthApyAM. temaNe AdivAsIone sudharelAM biyAraNo ane khetInAM ojAro pUrAM pADyA. I.sa. 1892mAM temaNe AdivAsIono khAsa abhyAsa karavA vaDodarA rAjyanA DepyuTI ejyukezanala inspekTara premAnaMda dhoLIdAsa paTelanI badalI vyArAmAM karI. premAnaMda paTela tyAM varSo sudhI rahyA. tenA pariNAmasvarUpa vaDodarA rAjya taraphathI I.sa. 1901mAM "navasArI prAMtanI kALI paraja' nAmano graMtha prasiddha thayo hato. seMkaDo varSa jUnI paraMparAomAMthI AdivAsI samAjanuM parivartana kevI rIte thayuM te A prakAranI ghaTanAo uparathI sArI rIte samajI zakAya che. atre khAsa yAda rAkhavuM paDe tema che ke je kAma kavi narmada, durgArAma mahetAjI ane mahipatarAma rUparAma jevA prathama paMktinA samAjasudhArako karI zakyA na hatA te kAma sayAjIrAva gAyakavADe karI batAvyuM hatuM. kavi dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIomAM sAmAjika parivartana : paribaLo ane dizAo, p111 For Private and Personal Use Only

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narmada, kavi dalapatarAma, durgArAma ane mahipatarAma jevA samAjasudhArakonI pravRttio moTebhAge uccavarNanA ane nagaromAM vasatA hiMdu samAja pUratI maryAdita hatI. A dRSTie joIe to mahAtmA gAMdhIjI pahelAM grAmasudhAraNAno kAryakrama amalI banAvanAra sauprathama vaDodarAnareza sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa hatA. gAMdhIcIMdhyA mArge AdivAsI-utkarSa pravRttio : I.sa. 1915mAM dakSiNa AphrikAthI hiMdamAM kAyamI vasavATa karavA mATe gAMdhIjI AvyA. gAMdhIjIe eka tarapha briTiza sAmrAjya sAme ahiMsaka rIte laDavAnA kAryakramo ApyA. samasta hiMdanI prajAne temaNe bhegI karI. bIjI tarapha temaNe harijano ane AdivAsIo sahita garIba lokonI unnati karavAnA bhagIratha prayAso AdaryA. temaNe "mAsa muvamenTa" - eTale ke prajAkIya AMdolana zarU karyuM. temAM harijano, kheDUto ane AdivAsIo joDAyA. gAMdhIjIe dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIone hAnI prathAmAMthI mukta karAvavAnA prayAso karyA. bIjI tarapha temaNe dArU-tADInA vyasanamAMthI AdivAsIone mukta karAvavAnA prayAso karyA. jugatarAma dave jevA tejasvI sAmAjika kAryakaro (Grass Root Workers) A rIte UbhA thayA. temaNe racanAtmaka kAryakramonA bhAgarUpe khAdInuM kAma upADI lIdhuM. Isa. 1922 ane tyArabAda bAraDolI, veDachI, sarabhoNa ane vyArA jevA gAmomAM svarAja Azramo zarU thayA. A aMgenuM varNana ane vizleSaNa suprasiddha samAjazAstrI AI. pI. desAIe temanA graMthamAM asarakAraka rIte karyuM hovAthI tene doharAvavAnI jarUra nathI. mAtra eTalI ja spaSTatA karavI che ke nirakSara ane abhaNa AdivAsIo sudhI pahoMcavA mATe gAMdhIvAdI pAyAnA kAryakaro sAdI ane saraLa bhASAno upayoga karatA. teo kAvyo dvArA paNa gAMdhIvAdI kAryakramone AdivAsI samAjamAM lokapriya banAvatA. temAMthI ukAbhAI caudharI jevA aneka AdivAsI netAo UbhA thayA. AdivAsI samAjamAM eTale ke grAmINa samAjamAM prasarelAM gIto kavi kAnta, narasiMharAva ke kalApI, umAzaMkara joSI ke suMdaramUnI bhASA ane zailI mujabanAM na hatAM. te to samAjaparivartananA dhyeyane amalI banAvavAnA irAdAthI racAyAM hatAM. AdivAsIonuM zoSaNa karanAra mukhyatve zAhukAro ane dArUtADIne pIThAvALAo hatA. temanI pravRttiothI vAkepha banIne temane jAgrata karavAno AvAM kAvyono mukhya udeza hato. "lakhamIdhara zeTha" huM to lakhamIdharajI zeTha, mAruM bahu moTuM che peTa ! duniyA AkhI samAya temAM, sonA-cAMdI sameta ! mAruM bahu moTuM che peTa ! dukALiyAMnI bhUkha, e to mAruM moTuM sukha! e bhUkhamAMthI mahora pakAvuM, evo mAro paMca ! mAruM bahu moTuM che peTa ! dArUDiyAno dArU; e to mAruM dhananuM bAruM ! dhana Ape ne upara Ape mAguM eTalI veTha ! mAruM bahu moTuM che peTa ! pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 x 112 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra gulAmanI gulAmI, mArI e to peDhI nAmI ! nahIM toya lAvI lAvI sonuM dharatAM bheTa ! mAruM bahu moTuM che peTa !17 * ''zeTha--dArUvALo--jamAdAra ApaNI traNa jaNAnI joDI, ene koI zake nahIM toDI ! zAhukAra, jamAdAra, dArUno ijAradAra, traNe thaIne dhArIe to, duniyA nAkhIe toDI ! ApaNI traNa jaNAnI joDI ! ApaNI traNeyanI bhAIbaMdhI, ene koI zake nahIM khaMDI ! baMdUkavALo, dArUvALo, sonAnA sikkAo vALo, ApaNuM traNa jaNAnuM gADuM, ene koIna Ave ADuM ! kalAliyo ne vANiyo, rAjyano vaLI rAjiyo, traNe thaIne dhArIe to DaMko badhe vagADuM ! ApaNuM traNa jaNAnuM gADuM. 18 samApana : paraMparAmAMthI parivartananI prakriyA kevI rIte sarjAya che tenuM dRSTAMta dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIomAM AveluM parivartana pUruM pADe che. jaMgalamAM vasavATa karanAro A eka grAmINa samAja hato.9 AdivAsI prastuta saMzodhananuM tAraNa e che ke samAjamAM parivartana karanAra traNa paribaLo hatAM : bhagata AMdolana, sayAjIrAva gAyakavADanI pravRttio ane I.sa. 1915 bAda zarU thayelI gAMdhIvAdI pravRttio. gAMdhIvAdI pravRttio sauthI vadhAre asarakAraka hatI. sayAjIrAvanI pravRttio rAjya dvArA thayelI hovAthI ghaNe aMze sImita hatI. bIjI tarapha AdivAsI kalyANanI gAMdhIvAdI pravRttio lAMbAgALAnA racanAtmaka kAryakramonA bhAgarUpe yojAI hatI. aneka gAMdhIvAdI racanAtmaka kAryakaro tenI sAthe saMkaLAyA hatA. dakSiNa gujarAtanA AdivAsIomAM sAmAjika parivartana H paribaLo ane dizAo,... T 113 For Private and Personal Use Only

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pAdaTIpa 9. Jan Breman, Patrorige and Exploitation : Changing Agrarian Relations in South Gujarat - (California, 1974); DeviDa hArDimana, devI AMdolana, anuzAMtibhAI merAI (surata, 1986); AI. pI. desAI, veDachI AMdolana : samAjazAstrIya abhyAsa (surata, 1982). Bombay Government, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. 9, Part-1, Gujarat Population : Hindus, (Bombay, 1899), pp. 291-330. 3. ejana 4. premAnaMda dhoLIdAsa paTela, "navasArI prAMtanI kALI paraja', vaDodarA, 1901), pR. 1-4 5. 19mA saikAnA samAja sudhArAnA AMdolana mATe juo R. . Raval, Socio-Religious Reform Movement in Gujarat during the 19th Century (New Delhi, 1987). 6. DeviDa hArDimana, uparokta; jagadIza caudharI "briTiza saMsthAnavAda ane gujarAtanA dukALo, 1800 19OO" (pIeca.DI. mahAnibaMdha, gujarAta yunivarsiTI, 2002) 7. premAnaMda dhoLIdAsa paTela, uparokta 8. ejana 9. ejana 10. makaranda mahetA, 'hiMdu varNavyavasthA, samAjaparivartana ane gujarAtanA dalito', (amadAvAda, 1995), pR. 24-32 11. ejana 12. Ara. ela. rAvala, uparokta 13. Bhikhu Parekh, 'Gandhi's Legacy', in R, Srinivasan and Usha Thakkar (eds.), Pushpanjali, Essays on Ghandhian Theme, (Delhi, 1999), pp. 21-47 14. vadhu vigata mATe juo, rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka, gujarAtamAM racanAtmaka saMsthAo ane sevako', (amadAvAda, 1977). 15. AI. pI. desAI, uparokta 16. ejana 17, jugatarAma dave, "grAma bhajanamaMDaLI', (amadAvAda, 1938) 18. ejana 19. DeviDa hArDimana, uparokta pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 114 For Private and Personal Use Only

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saradAra paTela ane kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSada prA. DaoN. nItA je. purohita bhAratamAM vIsamI sadIno pUrvArdha e rASTrIya caLavaLanAM vikAsa ane lakSyanI siddhino yuga gaNavAmAM Ave che. sAmAnya rIte evI mAnyatA pravarte che ke bhAratanI rASTrIya caLavaLano udaya ane vikAsa mukhyatve briTiza bhAratamAM thayA hatA. paraMtu A vidhAna bhUlabhareluM che kAraNa ke jayAre paNa briTiza bhAratamAM rASTrIya caLavaLa jara pakaDatI tyAre tenI paDozamAM AvelAM dezI rAjayomAM tenA paDaghA paDyA vinA rahetA nahIM.' bhAratamAM kula 563 dezI rAjyo AvelAM hatAM temAMthI saurASTra pradezamAM ja 14 salAmIvALAM, 17 binasalAmIvALA ane 191 anya tAlukA ane pradezo maLI kula 222 rAjyo AvelAM hatAM. vIsamI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM saurASTramAM rAjakoTa ane bhAvanagara jevA rAjayone bAda karatAM anya dezI rAjayomAM Apakhuda ane atyAcArI zAsana pravartatuM hatuM. prajAnuM damana thatuM hatuM ane zAsakone sArvabhauma briTiza sattAnuM pIThabaLa hovAthI prajAno avAja rUMdhAI gayo hato. A samaye briTiza bhAratanA anya pradezonI jema saurASTramAM paNa khAsa karIne 1920 pachI AjhAdInI laData aMge vyaktio ane saMsthAomAM vizeSa jAgRti AvI rahI hatI tethI tenI asara vyApaka banavA lAgI hatI. joke zarUAtamAM saurASTramAM saMsthAo karatAM vyaktionuM kArya mahattvanuM rahyuM hatuM. paraMtu pachIthI prajAkIya saMsthAonI sthApanA thatAM rASTrIya caLavaLamAM vega Avyo hato. keTalAMka dezI rAjyoe samaya pArakhIne prajA pratinidhi sabhAnI racanA karI hatI. pazcima bhAratamAM sau prathama vaDodarA rAjayamAM 1916mAM prajA maMDaLanI, saurASTramAM bhAvanagara rAjaye 1917mAM prajA pratinidhi sabhAnI* ane 1919mAM jAmanagara rAjaye salAhakArI kAunsilanI racanA karI hatI. vaLI 1923mAM rAjakoTa rAjaye prajA pratinidhisabhA sthApI hatI." Ama 1920nI AsapAsa prajAkIya saMsthAonI sthApanA dvArA rASTrIya caLavaLamAM gati AvI hatI. paraMtu pa-12-1920nA divase rAjakoTamAM samasta saurASTranA praznone vAcA ApavA ane prajAmAM jAgRti lAvavA 'kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya parISada'nI sthApanA thaI. ane jANe ke saurASTranA nUtana rAjakIya jIvananuM sonerI prabhAta UgyuM. saikA jUnI taMdrA tyajIne totiMga saurASTra ALasa maraDIne beThA thavAno jANe nirdhAra karyo. A saMsthAno mukhya hetu prajAmAM svadezAbhimAna khIlavavAno tathA temanamAM saMgha zakti jAgrata karavAno hato. gAMdhIjIe tenA kArya aMge sUcaveluM ke teNe rAjAonA julamanI sAme jAhera mata keLavavAnuM kArya paNa karavuM joIe. 10 kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSadanI sthApanAne saurASTranA rAjakAraNamAM eka sImAcihnarUpa gaNI zakAya kAraNa ke pahelIvAra saurASTranA samasta jIvanane sparzatA prazno ukelavA mATenI saMsthA racAI ane nUtana kAThiyAvADa' vicAra karavAmAM Avyo.'' A pariSadanuM prathama adhivezana 1921mAM rAjakoTamAM ane chelluM ane sAtamuM adhivezana 1946mAM prAMgadhrAmAM maLyuM hatuM. Ama A pariSada tenA lagabhaga 25 varSanA samayagALA daramyAna saurASTranA vividha praznone vAcA ApavAmAM agresara rahI hatI. tenI eka bIjI vizeSatA e rahI ke tene prAraMbhathI ja rASTrIya kakSAnA be mahattvanA netAo evA gAMdhIjI ane saradAra vallabhabhAI paTelanI preraNA ane mArgadarzana maLatAM rahyAM hatAM. A pariSadanA pramukhonAM nAma tapAsavAthI paNa jANI zakAya che ke A pariSada keTalI mahattvanI hatI. 1921mAM tenuM prathama adhivezana rAjakoTamAM maLyuM tyAre tenA pramukha tarIke * adhyakSa, itihAsa vibhAga, DI. ke. vI. kaoNleja, jAmanagara saradAra paTela ane kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSada 1 115 For Private and Personal Use Only

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viThThalabhAI paTela hatA je pachIthI 1925mAM bhAratanI vaDI dhArAsabhAnA pramukha paNa banyA hatA. to 1929mAM morabImAM bharAyelA tenA pAMcamA adhivezanamAM tenA pramukha bAraDolInI laDatanA saradAra evA vallabhabhAI paTela hatA. Ama kheDA jillAnA A be mahAna baMdhuonuM mArgadarzana A saMsthAne maLyuM hatuM.' kAThiyAvADa pariSadanA rAjakoTamAM bharAyelA adhivezanamAM pramukhasthAnethI zrI viThThalabhAI paTele bolatAM dezanI paristhitino citAra ApI saurASTramAM karavAnAM kAryo aMge mArgadarzana ApI prajAne preraNA vaDhavANa kempamAM 1922mAM vaDodarA rAjyanA nyAya khAtAmAM lAMbI sevA ApI cUkelA abbAsa taiyabajInA pramukhapada heThaLa maLyuM hatuM. A pariSadamAM saradAra paTela paNa sau prathamavAra hAjara rahyA hatA. ane Ama kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSada sAthe temano saMbaMdha baMdhAyo hato. abbAsa taiyabajIe pramukhapadethI abrAhama liMkananA lokazAsanano siddhAMta samajAvyo hato, A pariSadamAM sarakArI nokarI choDI asahakArI banelA kavi nhAnAlAle prasaMgocita svaracita gIta gAyuM hatuM. kaLIyuganA bhImasena gaNAtA pro. rAmamUrtie paNa hAjara rahI rASTrIya ekatA upara mananIya vyAkhyAna ApyuM hatuM. A pariSadamAM prathamavAra hAjara rahenAra saradAra vallabhabhAI paTele potAnI kAma karavAnI lAkSaNika paddhatino badhAne anubhava karAvyo hato. pariSadanA adhivezanamAM dalito mATe juduM sthAna rAkhavAmAM AveluM tyAre vallabhabhAI paTela pariSada pramukhanI bAjunuM UMcuM sthAna tyajIne dalito mATe rakhAyelA alaga sthAnamAM dalitonI sAthe jaIne baThA. temanA pagale saurASTranA tyAgavIra rAjavI darabAra gopALadAsa desAI paNa potAnA kuTuMbane laIne tyAM beThA. A pariSade aspRzyatAnivAraNano TharAva pasAra karyo hato paNa saradAra paTelanA A kAryanI TharAva karatAM paNa vadhAre asara thaI. Ama saradAra paTele potAnA A kArya dvArA pariSadanA kAryakarone vAto karavAne badale amalIkaraNa upara bhAra mUkavAnuM daSTAMrUpa kArya karI batAvyuM ane pote vAstavavAdI che tevuM puravAra karyuM. A pariSadanuM trIjuM adhivezana 1925mAM sonagaDha ke bhAvanagaramAM bharavA aMge vivAda Ubho thayo hato. bhAvanagara rAjayanA dIvAna prabhAzaMkara paTTaNIe A pariSada bhAvanagarane badale sonagaDhamAM bharavA sUcavyuM hatuM kAraNa ke bhAvanagaramAM bharavAthI bALa mahArAjAnI gAdI jokhamamAM AvI paDe evI temane AzaMkA hatI. tethI bhAvanagaramAM A pariSada bharavA aMge temaNe manAI hukama karyo. bIjI bAju bhAvanagara sahita saurASTranA moTAbhAganA kAryakaro manAI hukamano bhaMga karI satyAgraha karIne pariSada bhAvanagaramAM ja bharavAnuM maMtavya dharAvatA hatA. saradAra vallabhabhAI paTela paNa gAMdhIjInI sUcanAthI saurASTranA rAjayomAM rasa levA AvyA hatA. temaNe paNa A manAI hukamano bhaMga karIne bhAvanagaramAM ja pariSada bharavA mATe saMmati ane salAha ApI hatI. paraMtu aMte A pariSadanuM pramukhapada gAMdhIjIe svIkAravAnI saMmati ApatAM pariSadanA sthaLano vivAda zamI gayo ane zrI paTTaNIe bhAvanagaramAM pariSada bharavA sAmeno manAI hukama pAcho kheMcI lIdho. A samaye gAMdhIjI keMgresanA paNa pramukha hatA tethI thoDA samaya mATe kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSade rASTrIya svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. A pariSadamAM rAjakoTanA rAjavI lAkhAjIrAjanI prajAhitanI kAmagIrIne biradAvavA mATe mAnapatra ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. gAMdhIjInA pitA rAjakoTa rAjyanA dIvAna rahI cUkyA hatA. tethI gAMdhIjIe rAjakoTa rAjaya sAthenA saMbaMdhone dhyAnamAM laI pote pariSada pramukha hovA chatAM lAkhAjIrAjane apAyelA mAnapatranuM vAMcana thayuM tyAM sudhI pote UbhA rahIne potAnI lAkhAjIrAja pratyenI AdaranI lAgaNI vyakta karI hatI. A pariSadamAM paNa saradAra vallabhabhAI paTele hAjara rahI asarakAraka bhASaNa karI tenI kAmagIrImAM sakriya bhAga lIdho hato. I.sa. 1928mAM porabaMdaramAM A pariSadanuM cothuM adhivezana ThakkarabApAnA pramukhapade maLyuM hatuM temAM paNa gAMdhIjI ane saradAra vallabhabhAI paTela hAjara rahyA hatA. A pariSadamAM ja gAMdhIjIe kaheluM ke "A pathika : jAnyuArI -- jUna, 2005 D 116 For Private and Personal Use Only

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pariSada bakarAnI che, siMhanI nathI''" ema kahIne temaNe pariSadanI ane temanA kAryakaronI maryAdAono ullekha karyo hato, jene saradAra paTele Teko Apyo hato. gAMdhIjIe jaNAveluM ke 'rAjyomAM ghaNAM duSTa kAmo thatAM sAMbhaLuM chuM paNa tenAthI vadhAre duSTa kAma e rAjyanI bahAra moTAM rAjyomAM thaI rahyAM che te karanArAonI coTalI pakaDIzuM eTale rAjyonI vAtano saheje nikAla AvI jaze.20 Ama pariSada upara mUkelI keTalIka svamaryAdAo aMge temaNe jaNAveluM ke 'atyAre ApaNI pAse kAThiyAvADanA koI rAjyanI sarahadamAM rahIne tenI ke bIjAM rAjyonI TIkA karavAnI zakti nathI eTale ja evI TIkA karavAnI zakti bhaviSyamAM meLavavAnI AzAe ApaNe AvI maryAdA mUkI che. kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSadanuM pAMcamuM adhivezana morabImAM 1929mAM maLyuM hatuM ane tenA pramukha tarIke saradAra vallabhabhAI paTela varAyA hatA. morabInI A pariSada maLI enA eka varSa agAu bAraDolI satyAgrahanuM yogya netRtva karI saphaLatA meLavI teo sAcA arthamAM 'saradAra' puravAra thayA hatA. morabI rAjye A pariSada bharavA aMge saMmati ApI hatI paraMtu tenI sAthe ja tyAM kAThiyAvADa yuvaka pariSada bharAya te tene nApasaMda hatuM kAraNa yuvaka pariSadamAM kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSade dorI ApelI maryAdAono bhaMga karIne vyaktigata rAjyo ane rAjavIonI ugra TIkA thavAnI saMbhAvanA hatI tethI A baMne pariSada eka ja sthaLe morabImAM bharAya te gAMdhIjIne paNa ThIka lAgyuM na hatuM. chatAM temaNe A aMge kAThiyAvADanA yuvaka netAone saradAra paTelanI salAha ane mArgadarzana meLavavA jaNAvyuM hatuM. temaNe paNa gAMdhIjInI jema yuvakane maryAdAo svIkA2vA jaNAvatAM yuvaka netAo nArAja thaIne morabI choDIne cAlyA gayA chatAM AvA DahoLAyelA vAtAvaraNamAM saradAra paTele kunehathI kAma lIdhuM ane keTalAka yuvaka netAo hAjara rahyA. vizeSatA to e rahI ke yuvaka pariSadamAM varAyelA pramukha maNilAla koThArI ane temanA sAthIdAro A pariSadamAM hAjara rahyA hatA ane pariSada pramukha saradAra paTelanI paDakhe rahyA hatA. gAMdhIjI ane saradAre kAThiyAvADanI e vakhatanI paristhitinI jhINavaTabharI chaNAvaTa karI rAjA ane prajA baMnene spaSTa mArgadarzana ApyuM hatuM. pramukhapadethI bolatAM saradAra paTele yuvakonI vAcALatA ane mAtra zabdomAM ja bahAdurI batAvavAnI adhIratAnI AlocanA karI hatI. to rAjAonI jhATakaNI kADhatAM temano niraMkuza sattA pratyeno moha ocho karavA ane briTiza sAmrAjyanI soDamAM bharAvA karatAM prajAno prema saMpAdana karavA salAha ApI hatI. uparAMta temaNe ema kaheluM ke 'kAThiyAvADa eTale tenAM aneka gAmaDAMomAM vasatI prajA. teno prANAgni olavAI gayo che tethI tenA bujhAyelA haiyAmAM cinagArI pragaTAvavAnI jarUra che..... AjanI paristhitimAM pariSadanuM mukhya kAma prajAmAM prANa reDavAnuM ja hovuM joIe. e tyAre ja banI zake taprota thaI jAya.'22 upasaMhAra bhASaNamAM temaNe kahyuM ke '1921 thI 1929nAM nava varSamAM ApaNe mAtra pAMca pariSado bharI eTale ke dara varSe ApaNe pariSada bharI zakyA nathI. te pariSadanI maryAdA darzAve che. vaLI rAjAo pAse kAma karAvavuM hoya to pariSadano rAjA pratye prema joIe athavA pariSadamAM rAjAne padabhraSTa karavAnI zakti joIe; paraMtu jo e bemAMthI eka paNa zakti ApaNAmAM na hoya to ApaNI dazA varNasaMkaranI thAya.... mATe kAThiyAvADanI prajAe khuzAmata choDI daI zakti ekaThI karavA jaNAvyuM.... bahu bolavAthI lAbha nathI paNa hAni che. khAlI niMdAthI koI rAjA hAryo evo dAkhalo nathI.23 Ama temaNe potAnI lAkSaNika zailImAM prajAnI maryAdAno khyAla ApI vAstavavAdI banavA salAha ApI. morabI pariSada 1929mAM bharAyA pachI cheka ATha varSe 1937mAM rAjakoTamAM tenuM chaThThuM adhivezana darabAra gopALadAsa desAInA pramukhapade maLyuM hatuM. temAM paNa saradAra paTela hAjara rahyA hatA. Ama 1929 thI 1937 sudhI saradAra vallabhabhAI paTela kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSadanA pramukhapade hatA. pariSadanA chaThThA saradAra paTela ane kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSada 117 For Private and Personal Use Only

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adhivezana pachI ja rAjakoTamAM anyAyI karaverA ane julamItaMtra sAme 1938-39mAM satyAgraha thayo hato.24 A pariSadanuM chelluM ane sAtamuM adhivezana cheka 1936mAM prAMgadhrAmAM darabAra gopALadAsanA pramukhapade maLyuM hatuM ane temAM kAThiyAvADanA ekamono TharAva pasAra karavAmAM Avyo hato. kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSadanA pramukhapade saradAra paTela AvyA pachI gAMdhIjI paNa kAThiyAvADanA kAryakarone temanA prazno aMge saradAra paTelanuM mArgadarzana levA jaNAvatA hatA te gAMdhIjInI saradAranI zaktimAM rahelI zraddhA ane saradAra paTelanI kAThiyAvADanA praznone samajavAmAM rahelI kuneha darzAve che. tethI ja 1931mAM gAMdhI-irvina karAra thaI jatAM saMdhikALa hovA chatAM irvina karAra thayo tyAre saradAra paTele saurASTranA kAryakarone potAnI lAkSaNika zailImAM jaNAveluM ke, 'talavAra myAnamAM rAkhajo, paNa hAtha to maLe che kAraNa ke A saMdhikALanA varSa 1931mAM ja saurASTramAM prola, vaNoda, morabI ane prAMgadhrAmAM satyAgraho thayA hatA. jemAMthI pahelA be saphaLa rahyA ane chellA be niSphaLa rahyA. saradAra paTelanI sUcanAone avagaNIne sthAnika kAryakaroe potAnI maryAdAo ane je te rAjayanI zaktinuM mApa kADhyA vinA morabI ane prAMgadhrAnA satyAgraha karyA tethI te niSphaLa gayA hatA. tyAra pachIthI saradArazrInI salAhamAM rahelA DahApaNanuM phUlacaMdabhAI zAha tathA anyone bhAna thayuM hatuM. 25 Ama kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSada e saurASTranA vividha praznone vAcA ApanArI eka kendriya saMsthA hatI. tethI saurASTramAM rASTrIya AMdolananI pravRttiomAM te agrasthAne hatI. kAThiyAvADanI pAghaDIonA vaLa jevuM kAThiyAvADanuM rAjakAraNa viziSTa bhAta dharAvatuM hatuM. tethI kAThiyAvADanA kAryakaronI A AMdolanamAM agni-parIkSA thaI hatI tema kahI zakAya. paNa prAraMbhamAM temane gAMdhIjI ane pachIthI temanA adanA sipAhI evA saradAra vallabhabhAI paTelanuM vAstavadarzI mArgadarzana maLyuM tenA pariNAme kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSada 1929 thI 1948 sudhInA saurASTranA khAkharecI, viramagAma, dholerA, kola, vaNoda, morabI, prAMgadhrA, rAjakoTa, lIMbaDI jevA satyAgrahomAM kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSadane saradAra paTelanuM satata mArgadarzana maLatuM rahyuM hatuM. jUnAgaDhanI ArajhI hakUmatane paNa temanA chUpA AzIrvAda hatA. tethI ja jUnAgaDhano mukti saMgrAma saphaLa banyo hato. saurASTranAM dezI rAjyonuM ekIkaraNa karavAmAM bhAvanagara rAjaye saradAra paTelanI salAhathI pahela karI hatI. ane pachIthI saradAra ane tenA cunaMdA sacivonA jUthe saurASTranAM rAjayonuM ekIkaraNa kunehapUrvaka karyuM hatuM. tenAthI gAMdhIjIne paNa saMtoSa thayo hato. Ama kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSadanA 1921nA prathama adhivezananA pramukha viThThalabhAI paTela hatA. tenA 1929nA morabImAM yojAyelA pAMcamA adhivezananA pramukha saradAra vallabhabhAI paTela hatA. ane chaThThA ane sAtamA adhivezananA pramukha darabAra gopALadAsa desAI hatA. Ama karamasadanI baMdhu-belaDI ane vasonA darabAra gopALadAsa desAI kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSadanA saphaLatAnA AdhArastaMbho hatA te rIte joIe to saurASTranI rASTrIya caLavaLamAM agragaNya bhAga bhajavanAra saMsthA evI kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSadanA mukhya ane mahattvanA sUtradhAro carotara pradezanA hatA. e rIte joIe to carotara pradeza ane tenA sauthI agragaNya evA sapUta saradAra paTelanuM saurASTranA svAtaMtrya saMgrAmamAM amUlya pradAna rahyuM hatuM ema kahI zakAya. kharekhara raMga lAvIne rahI mATI carotaranI, suNI raNahAkane UkaLI UThI mATI carotaranI. gayA e gre ja ne rAjA -navAbo eka jhaTakAmAM, biruda lokhaMDanuM pAmI gaI mATI carotaranI, amara saradAra vallabhane kadI itihAsa nahIM bhUle." pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 118 For Private and Personal Use Only

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saMdarbho 1. honDA, Ara, ela., 'hisTrI oNpha phIDama sTragala ina prinsalI sTeTsa', nyU dilhI, 1968, pR. 2 menana, vI. pI., dha sTorI oNpha dhI inTIgrezana oNpha inDiyana sTeTsa', muMbaI, 1969, pR. 168 3, rAjagora, zivaprasAda, "gujarAtano rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa', amadAvAda, 1974, pR. 215 3. DaoN. jAnI esa. vI.no lekha "arthAt, surata, oNkTo.-Dise., 1991, pR. 10 5. 'amarelI DisTrikTa gejheTiyara', amadAvAda, 1972, pR. 78-80 6. 'bhAvanagara DisTrikTa gejheTiyara', amadAvAda, 1969, pR. 95-96 7. 'jAmanagara DisTrIkTa gejheTiyara', amadAvAda, 1970, pR. 88 8. bhaTTa tribhuvana pu. (saMgrahakartA), "saMsthAna rAjakoTanI DirekTarI, bhAga 1', rAjakoTa, 1929, pR. 171 9. zAha, kAMtilAla, "saurASTramAM gAMdhIjI," rAjakoTa, 1972, pR. 39 10. gAMdhI mo. ka. 'dezI rAjyono prazna", amadAvAda, 1941, pR. 38-39 11. jAnI esa. vI. kendrIya vaktavya, gujarAta itihAsa pariSada, bhANavaDa jJAnasatra, 1982, pR. 4 12. "svAtaMtrya saMgrAmanA laDavaiyA bhAga 1', amadAvAda, 199, pR. 273 13. zAha, kAMtilAla, "pUrvokta graMtha', pR. 40 14. ejana, pR. 42 15. ejana, pR. 44 16. 'saurASTra' sAptAhika, rANapura, tA. 4-11-1924, pR. 5 17, zAha kAMtilAla, 'pUrvokti graMtha', pR. 44-45 18. ejana, pR. 38 19. ejana, pR. 82 20. ejana, pR. 85 22. ejana, pR. 101 23. ejana, pR. 101-102 24. palANa ane reyArelA, ke.kA.zAstrI : gvAlagraMtha', porabaMdara, 1981, pR. 155 25. DaoN. jAnI esa. vI.no pUrvokta lekha, pR. 15 ra6 . yojanA, aMka 7, "gAMdhIjI ane saradAra paTela', oNkTo. 1999, pR. 8 saradAra paTela ane kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSada D 119 For Private and Personal Use Only

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zrI sayAjIrAva (trIjA) gAyakavADanA vaDodarA rAjyano "bALalagna pratibaMdhano kAyado' - eka abhyAsa DaoN. narezakumAra je. parIkha* vedakAlIna samAjamAM strIonuM sthAna mobhAvALuM hatuM. strIo patinI ardhAginI gaNAtI. dhArmika kAryomAM paNa bhAga laI zakatI hatI. paraMtu "manusmRti'nA abhyAsa parathI jANI zakAya che ke strIonA svAtaMtrya upara dhIme dhIme aMkuzo AvatA gayA. briTiza sattAnI sthApanA pUrve bhAratanI strIonI sthiti dayAjanaka hatI. nIrA desAI noMdhe che te mujaba "briTiza Agamana pUrve bhAratamAM strIne kAM to devI tarIke kAM to gulAma tarIke jovAmAM AvatI hatI. paraMtu kyAreya strI pAse eka mAnava tarIke enuM AgavuM vyaktitva che evo svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo na hato.' gujarAtanA agraNI samAjasudhAraka karasanadAsa mULajIe I.sa. 1858mAM nIcenAM lakhANomAM strIo paratveno sAmAnya sAmAjika abhigama kevo hato tenuM nirUpaNa karyuM che. 'puruSa ane strI banne manuSya che ane manuSyanA sarvavAjabI ane jarUranA hakko je rIte puruSa sarva hakko meLavavAne ane bhogavavAne lAyaka che te rIte strI paNa lAyaka che. mAnavIpaNAno je hakka puruSa bhogave che te hakka jo abaLA strIne bhogavavAnI chUTa puruSa Ape nahIM to teNe mAnavIpaNAnA ucca darajjAne toDI pADyo ane halako karI nAkhyo che ema kahI zakAya. ema chatAM paNa strIone mAnavIpaNAnA vyAjabI ane Avazyaka hakka ApavA bAbate jayAre bhalAmaNa karavAmAM Ave che. ghaNAkharA dezIone te geravyAjabI ane aNaghaTatuM lAge che. tenuM kAraNa zuM? tenuM kAraNa e ja ke teo kALanI gatithI keTalAka banAvonA saMyogathI strIonuM mAnavIpaNuM bhUlI gayA che ane mAnavIpaNAnA vAjabI hakka teoe temanI pAsethI chInavI lIdhA che. teo strIone potAnI dAsI tarIke gaNavAnuM zIkhyA che ane teone jagatamAM vaitaruM karavAne pedA karI hoya ema samajavA lAgyA che. bhAratIya samAjamAM bALaka janme tyAre "patharo jabhyo' ema kahevAtuM. rAjapUta samAjamAM to bALakI janme ke tarata ja "dUdhapItI karI devAmAM AvatI hatI. bahupatnItva ane devadAsI prathAe strInA jIvananI karuNatA vadhArI hatI. 'chokarI bhaNe to vidhavA thAya' evI aMdhazraddhA pravartatI hatI. ogaNIsamI sadInA samAjanI strIo to pagamAM pagarakhAM paherI zakatI nahIM ane chatrI paNa oDhI zakatI nahIM. vidhavAnI sthiti to ghaNI ja dayAjanaka hatI. vidhavAne mAthAnA vALa kaDhAvI nAkhavA paDatA hatA. saubhAgyanAM sarva AbhUSaNo khUMkhavI levAmAM AvatAM hatAM. jo ke A ja sadImAM (19mI sadI) sAmAjika-dhArmika aniSTo sAme gujarAtanA te samayanA samAjasudhArakoe bAtha bhIDI hatI. zrI durgAzaMkara mahetA, kavi narmadAzaMkara, zrI mahipatarAma rUparAma, zrI navalarAma lakSmIrAma, kavi dalapatarAma, zrI haragoviMdadAsa kA. kATAvAlA, zrI karasanadAsa mULajI, zrI govardhanarAma tipAThI jevA prathama paMktinA sudhArakoe samAjamAM vyApelA kurivAjo sAme prahAro karI samAjanI punaHracanArthe jhuMbeza zarU karI. uparokta sudhArako thoDAghaNAM saphaLa rahyA paraMtu saMdezAvyavahAra ane vAhanavyavahAra jevAM krAMtikArI sAdhanono saMpUrNa phelAvo thayo na hovAthI teo samAjane saMpUrNa sudhArI zakyA na hatA. * sAyansa enDa ArTsa kaoNleja, kaDI (u.gu.) pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 120 For Private and Personal Use Only

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zrI sayAjIrAva (trIjA) gAyakavADanI sAmAjika vicAradhArA : zrI sayAjIrAva trIjAe prakhara samAjaciMtaka ane samAjasudhAraka tarIkenI janasamAjamAM khyAti meLavI hatI. teo mAnatA ke 'jyAM sudhI sAmAjika sudhAraNA thaze nahIM tyAM sudhI samAjano sArvatrika vikAsa thaI zakaze nahIM. potAnuM ghara sudhAryA pahelAM deza sudhAravAno prazna hAthamAM levo e hAsyAspada che. jema pAyA vagaranI imArata UbhI rahI zake nahIM tema samAjasudhAraNA vagara dezoddhAranI vAta karavI nirarthaka che." sayAjIrAve potAnI kArakirdI daramyAna manasA, vAvA, jarmanA ema traNeyano sulabha samanvaya karIne sudhArAo karyA hatA. paDadAprathA ane paradezagamana jevI bAbatomAM potAnAthI ja sudhArAnI zarUAta karI. sayAjIrAvanI sudhAraNAmAM temanI ardhAMginI mahArANI cimanAbAI bIjAno phALo noMdhapAtra hato. kAyadAno sahAro laI samAjasudhArAno prayatna karavAmAM Avyo. bALalagna pratibaMdhano kAyado : Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir = bALa-lagnanI prathA samAjamAM varSothI pracalita hatI. AvAM lagnathI chokarA-chokarI bannene nukasAna thatuM hatuM, aNasamajamAM thayelA lagnathI keTalIka vakhata kajoDAM paNa UbhAM thatAM hatAM. chokarIonAM lagna nAnI uMmaramAM thavAthI zArIrika takalIpho paDatI hatI. zikSaNa paNa pUrNa karI zakatI nahIM. AthI ja zrI sayAjIrAve 'bALalagna pratibaMdha'no kAyado bahAra pADI, samAjasudhAraNAno prayatna karyo. teo koI paNa kAyado rAjyamAM lAgu pADe te pahelAM lokamata letA hatA. teo 'AjJApatrikA'mAM mutsaddo rajU karatA, tyArabAda lokamata laI kAyado pasAra karatA hatA. 'AjJApatrikA'mAM 'bALalagna pratibaMdha' kAyadAnI jAherAta : 30mI eprila, I.sa. 1903nI 'AjJApatrikA'mAM mutsaddo taiyAra karavA mATe prajAne be mahinAno samaya ApavAmAM Avyo. judI judI jJAtio taraphathI 14 aMgrejImAM, 42 gujarAtImAM, 10 marAThImAM ane 1 hiMdImAM arajI AvI. temaja A aMge 14 aMgrejI, 12 marAThI vartamAnapatro, 6 gujarAtI, 1 hindI ane 5 judAM judAM sAmayikomAM abhiprAya rajU karavAmAM AvyA hatA.pa ATha gRhasthonAM nAma H 1. zrImaMta rA.rA. AnaMdarAva gAyakavADa 2. zrI rA.rA. ciMtAmaNirAva nArAyaNarAva majamudAra 3. zrI rA.rA. nArAyaNarAva ghATage judI judI jJAtionI arajIo, sUcanAo, TIkAone ekatrita karIne eka sAduM pustaka taiyAra karIne, sayAjIrAvane suparata karavAmAM AvyuM. zrI sayAjIrAve ATha gRhasthonI eka kamiTI banAvI, temanA 'bALalagna pratibaMdha'nA abhiprAyo maMgAvyA hatA. 4. zrI rA.rA. rAmarAva gaMgAdhara mesaLa 5. zeTha zrI maganalAla puruSottama haribhaktivALA 6. me.rA.rA. amRtarAva zAstrI 7. me. hakIma sAheba chATe sAheba 8. maulavI basIrakhAna sAheba kAyadAno mutsaddo : uparokta ATha gRhasthonI banelI kamiTIe ApelA abhiprAya upara vATAghATo karavA zrI mahArAjAe zrI sayAjIrAva (trIjA) gAyakavADanA vaDodarA rAjyano 'bALalagna pratibaMdhano kAyado'... For Private and Personal Use Only n 121

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www.kobaur Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir cAra sabhyonI bIjI eka kamiTI banAvI. A kamiTInA sabhyo hatA - 1. me. rA.rA. vAsudeva gopALa lAbhazaMkara mahetA 2. me. rA. manubhAI naMdazaMkara mahetA 3. me. rA. goviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI desAI 4. me. rA. haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvAlA A kamiTInI traNa beThako tA. 26-4-1904, tA. 9-5-1904 ane 10-5-1904nA roja maLI. A kamiTIe potAnA maMtavyo rajU karyA bAda, zrImaMta sayAjIrAva trIjAe 4thI jUna 1904nA roja "AjJApatrikAmAM "bALalagna pratibaMdhano kAyado prasiddha karyo. I.sa. 1904nI 21mI julAInA roja aSADha suda noma, saMvata 1960) A kAyado samagra vaDodarA rAjayamAM pasAra karavAmAM Avyo. I.sa. 1904no "bALalagna pratibaMdhIno kAyado : A kAyadA mujaba lagna mATe chokarInI uMmara 12 varSanI ane chokarAnI uMmara 16 varSanI rAkhavAmAM AvatI. jo koI vyaktine potAnAM chokarA-chokarAnAM lagna nakkI karela varSa pahelAM karAvavAM hoya (chokarInI uMmara bAra varSathI ochI ane chokarAnI uMmara soLa varSathI ochI) to te vyaktie lagnanI paravAnagI nyAyAdhIza pAsethI meLavI levAnI hatI. nyAyAdhIzanI paravAnagI meLavyA bAda ATha divasanI aMdara prAMta nyAyAdhIzane maMjUrInI eka nakala mokalavAnI rahetI hatI. jo koI vyakti nyAyAdhIzanI paravAnagI vagara nakkI karela uMmara pahelAM lagna karAve to temane rUpiyA 100/- nA daMDanI sajA karavAmAM AvatI hatI. vaDodarA rAjayamAM koIpaNa bhAgamAM lagna thAya to te lagna, lagna noMdhaNI karanAra amaladAra pAsethI noMdhAvavA jarUrI hatAM. jo lagna noMdhAvavAmAM na Ave to rUpiyA 10/-no daMDa karavAmAM Avato hato. bALalagna pratibaMdhInA kAyadAmAM sudhArAo : I.sa. 1904nA kAyadAthI dhArI saphaLatA na maLatAM A kAyadAmAM sudhAro karI pharIthI I.sa. 1929mAM navo kAyado bahAra pADyo. A kAyadA anusAra 8 varSathI nIcenAM chokarA-chokarIonA lagna mATe javAbadAra vyaktine rU. 500/-no daMDa athavA eka mahinAnI sajA ke banne sajA thaze. I.sa. 1936 - 37mAM A kAyadAmAM sudhAro karI chokarAnI uMmara 18 varSanI ane chokarInI umara 14 varSanI rAkhavAmAM AvI. A kAyadAno bhaMga karanAra vyaktine daMDanI jogavAI karavAmAM AvI. daMDanI rakamamAMthI kanyAone abhyAsa mATe ziSyavRttio ApavAmAM AvatI hatI." kAyadAnI asara : I.sa. 1937-38 ane I.sa. 1938-39nA varSamAM thayela jAti-peTAjAtinAM bALalagnanI mAhitI nIcenA koThAmAM ApavAmAM AvI che." krama jAtinuM nAma zikSA pAmela vyaktinI saMkhyA I.sa. 1937-38 I.sa. 1938-39 brAhmaNa 213 114 rAjapUta 125 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 rU 122 74 For Private and Personal Use Only

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50 23 che. 05 05 3 41 vANiyA kaNabI 1190 45ra sonI, luhAra, sudhAra 135 39 musamAna koLI, bAriyA 1022 542 rabArI-bharavADa 248 70 mAchI. 25. bhIla 110 11. rAnIparaja 12. bAvA-berAgI 13. vAgharI 151 103 14. DheDha-bhaMgI 533 428 15. anya jAtio 487 286 4410 2285 uparokta koSTaka parathI kahI zakIe ke I.sa. 1937-38mAM 4410 vyaktione zikSA thaI hatI ane I.sa. 1938-3mAM vyaktionI zikSA ghaTIne 2285 thaI hatI. I.sa. 1927-28 thI 1938-39 sudhImAM vaDodarA rAjyamAM thayela bALalagnonI mAhitI nIce pramANenI hatI : varSa kula kissAo I.sa. 1927-28 7557 I.sa. 1928-29 6711 I.sa. 1928-30 5721 I.sa. 1930-31 2720 I.sa. 1931-32 3450 I.sa. 1932-33 3ra 14 I.sa. 1933-34 3130 I.sa. 1934-35 3436 I.sa. 1935-36 4624 I.sa. 1936-37 4637 I.sa. 1937-38 3306 I.sa. 1938-39 2054 uparokta koSTaka uparathI mAlUma paDe che ke, jema jema varSo vItatA gayA tema tema zrI sayAjIrAva gAyakavADe bahAra pADelo "bALalagna pratibaMdhano kAyadonI sArI evI asara thatI gaI che. A kAyadAthI bALalagno aTakyAM ane samAja svastha banyo. mAnavasamAja jema jema vikAsa karato gayo tema tema tenI bIjI bAju samAjamAM mAnavIne khabara na zrI sayAjIrAva (trIjA) gAyakavADanA vaDodarA rAjyanI bALalagna pratibaMdhano kAyado... n 123 For Private and Personal Use Only

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paDe e rIte kurivAjo paNa astitvamAM AvyA. zarUAtamAM to e tarapha koInuM dhyAna gayuM nahi athavA to te sArA mATe ja che evuM mAnatA. paNa dhIme dhIme e kurivAja che evI khabara paDatAM emAMthI bahAra nIkaLavAnI mathAmaNa thavA lAgI. sayAjIrAvanA samayamAM paNa keTalAka kurivAjo hatA. temAM vaLI 'bALalagno' phUlyA-phAlyA hatA tethI ja kAyadAno upayoga karIne bALalagno aTakAvavA prayatno karyA. je samaye prajA abhaNa hatI, aneka kurivAjo-rUDhio vagere para samAjanI majabUta pakkaDa hatI, samAjanA niyamonuM ullaMghana karavuM e motane bheTavA jevuM hatuM - e samaye zrI sayAjIrAve jaNAvyuM ke "bALalagna pratibaMdhano kAyado amalamAM mUkavo e gujarAtanI prajAnI moTAmAM moTI sevA che. zAsake prajA mATe je karavuM joIe te kartavya temaNe yogya rIte bajAvyuM che. phakta emaNe e kAyadAne ema ne ema amalamAM mUkyo nathI, paraMtu judA judA vibhAgomAM vibhAjita karI jhINAmAM jhINI vigatono samAveza karI ene yogya nyAya Apyo che. prajA pratyenI vaphAdArI ane rAjadharma ahIM dekhAI Ave che. gujarAtanA hindu samAja mATe emaNe A bhagIratha kArya karyuM je badala gujarAtanI prajA emanI sadAyane mATe RNI che." sAbhAra : dakSiNa daphatara vartuLa kacerI, vaDodarA gUjarAta vidyApITha, amadAvAda pAdaTIpa 9. Desai Nira, 'Women in Modern India', p. 7 2. mULajI karasanadAsa kRta 'nibaMdhamALA', pustaka-1, pR. 109 3. bhaTTa uSAbahena, Adhunika bhAratamAM strI-jAgRtino uddabhava ane vikAsa', pR. 3 4. dAte yu. rA., "zrI sayAjI gauravagraMtha', pR. 84 5. nyAyamaMtrInI kacerI - phA.naM. 2212, I.sa. 1902-03, pR. 23 6. uparokta - phA.naM. 22para, I.sa. 1902-03, pR. 100 7. uparokta - phA.na. ra25/ra, pR. 193 8. trivedI navalarAva jagannAtha, "samAjasudhArAnuM rekhAdarzana', pR. 201 6. Baroda Administration Report, 1938-39, p. 31 10. DaoNkTara cimanalAla ma., "hIraka vaDodarA', pR. 6 11. pUrvokta, dAte yu. rA., - pR. 428-29 12. paMDita darzanA, 'vaDodarA rAjayanA keTalAka agatyanA sAmAjika sudhArAo', apragaTa laghunibaMdha, pR. 49-50 13. parIkha narezakumAra je., u.gu.mAM vaDodarA rAjayanA gAyakavADonA zAsanano itihAsa', apragaTa mahAnibaMdha, pR. 181 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 124 For Private and Personal Use Only

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aMgrejI vartamAnapatroe rajU karela bALalagna pratibaMdha kAyadA aMgeno abhiprAya The Statesman, 21-5-03 Eearly Marriage in India Propose Reform In Baroda His highness The Gaekwad of Baroda is to be congratulated on his resolve to discourage. The marriage of boy and girls at an unduly and unnecessarily early age. The law proposed to be enacted in Baroda differs from the Mysore Infant Marriage prevention law in one important respect. The Mysore Act prescribes an age limit below which a marriage shall under no circumstances be prescribed but that limit is very low. The proposed Baroda regulation prescribes a higher limit - 14 years for girls and 18 for boys but it allows marriage at an earlier age provided that they are senctioned by a magisterial license. The Magistrate to whom an application is made for the license shall invite three assessors from the applicant's community and appoint a day for the hearing. They shall consider the reasons given and evidence adduced by the applicant, with the aid of the assessors and shall issue a licence for the marriage provided that at least two of the assessors and himself are convinced - (a) that the postponment of the marriage would involve risk of excommuni cation, or (b) that the intended bride or bridegroom will have no change of marriage for another twelve years if the intended alliance is not allowed, or (c) that the parent or guardian cannot expect to live until the boy or girl reaches the legal age limit, or - (d) that similar other reasons. zrI sayAjIrAva (trIjA) gAyakavADanA vaDodarA rAjyano "bALalagna pratibaMdhano kAyado'.. n 125 For Private and Personal Use Only

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kahevatomAM itihAsa DaoN. hasamukha vyAsa kahevata bhASAnuM baLa-sAmarthya che. koI paNa bhASAnI te AMtara-zobhA che. loka" ke "janasamAjamAM pracalita uktine lokokti ke "kahevata' kahevAya che. kahevata'nA mULamAM kahe-kahevuM che. paraMtu je vyakti te kahetI-bolatI hoya che te (ukti) tenI potAnI hotI nathI ! paNa "lokomAM Ama kahevAya, che" evo teno kahovAno bhAva rahyo hoya che. kahevata "kahe' - kahevuM" parathI vyutpanna hoI teno "kahevuM - kaheNI' evo artha nIkaLe che. A paMkti-ukti lokapracalita hoya che ane lokapracalita kaMI saraLatAthI thaI zakatuM nathI ! paraMparAthI kahevAtuM hoya tevuM upayogI mArgadarzaka jJAnayukta, anubhavayukta saMkSipta - sUtrAtmaka mArmika kathana te kahevata. thoDAmAM ghaNuM kahevAnI enAmAM zakti hoya che : dekhanameM choTI lage para ghAva kare gaMbhIra, te anubhavI vyakti-lokonAM bodharUpa-daSTAMtarUpa kathanavacana-vAkya svarUpe hoya che. kahevata mATe sAmAnya rIte cAra tattvonI AvazyakatA rahe che : alpazabdAtmakatA; vyavahAritA, camatkRti ane loka-jana pasaMdagI. AgaLa kahyuM tema te janasamAjamAM pracalita ukti hoya che, je janasamudAyanI paraMparAgata DahApaNa ne anubhavavANI dharAve che. AthI ja to dulerAya kAgANI tene "vaMzaparaMparAthI lokasaMbhASaNamAM UtarI AvelAM anubhavI vyaktionAM bodharUpa - dRSTAMtarUpa vacanabANo" kahe che. Ama paraMparAthI kahevAtuM upayogI mArgadarzaka jJAnayukta, anubhavajanya saMkSipta-sUtrAtmaka mArmika kathana te kahevata, aMgrejImAM paNa A matalabanAM kathana maLe che : Proverbs are the daughters of Experience. - Dutch. Proverb is a short popular saying expressing well-known truth & fact. adhikAMza kahevatomAM deza athavA jAtivizeSanA saMkSipta anubhava-nidhi saMgRhIta hoI tene "mAnavajAtino alikhita kAnUnasaMgraha' kahela che. tenI anubhavajanya sAragarbhitA, saMkSiptatA, aNIdAra-vaicitrya, prAsamena ityAdi tene kALajIthI banAve che. sAMsArika vyavahAra paTutA ane sAmAnya buddhinuM kahevata jevuM nirUpaNa ane nidarzana anyatra maLatAM nathI. hA, AmAM abhivyakta thatuM tathya nirapavAda ke nirapekSa hotuM nathI. eTaluM nahi, ene eka-vyaktijanya tathya - dRSTikoNa mAtra paNa gaNI zakAya. evo paNa A saMdarbhe eka mata che. tenuM satya ke tathya sAkSepa ne sApavAda hoya che. AthI to kahevAyuM che ke, Proverbs are moral universals, not logical universals. sAmAnya vyavahAramAM prayuta saMkSipta ne sArapUrNa ukti, nAnuM vAkya paNa dIrgha anubhavano sAra dekhADatuM hoya che. lokoktiomAM je-te samaya(yuga)nuM pracalita ane anubhavajanya vyavahArajJAna saMkaLAyela hoya che. AthI ja to Bacon kahe che, The genius wit and spirit of a nation are discovered through its proverbs. arthAtu koI rASTranI pratibhA, vidagdhatA temaja tenuM AMtaradarzana tenI kahevato dvArA thAya che. lokokti-kahevata nItisAhitya (Wisdom literature)nuM pramukha aMga manAya che, je gadya-padya bannemAM hoya che. kahevatonuM mULa ke prAcInatA kahevatanuM mULa ke tenI prAcInatA viSe eTaluM ja kahIe ke mAnava bolato thayo athavA tenI vANI * 158, vizvakarmA sosAyaTI, Adarza skUla pAse, dhorAjI, ji. rAjakoTa pathika H jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 126 For Private and Personal Use Only

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khullI thaI tyArathI hovAnuM kahIe to atyokti nahi gaNAya ! lekhanakaLA paNa haju astitvamAM AvI na hatI e pUrve bhAva-vicAranI abhivyaktimAM mAnava potAnI anubhavavANI avazya prayojato haze. alabatta ApaNI pAse AnAM pramANa nathI. kahevato nItisAhityanuM pramukha aMga che. bAibalamAM Proverbs nAmanuM eka prakaraNa che. jemAM vyavahAru-upayogI aneka parimArjita sUtro maLe che. pensilaveniyA vizvavidyAlayanA asIriyana bhASA-itihAsanA prAdhyApaka DaoN. esa. ena. kemare mATInI be moTI paTTI zodhI che. AnA para vizvanI sauthI prAcIna likhita kahevato aMkita che. bhAratanA prAcInatama likhita sAhitya RgvedamAM lokoktionAM aneka dRSTAMto maLe che; jemake, na vai straiNAni sakhyAni saMti / strIonI maitrI maitrI na kahevAya. agninAgniH samiddhate / Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir agnithI agni bhaDake che. ahIM e noMdhavuM jarUrI che ke vaidika kahevatono adyApi vidhivat samIkSAtmaka abhyAsa thayela na hoI; koIke A kAma karavuM rahyuM - jarUrI che. A (vaidika sAhitya) pachIthI rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata - brAhmaNaupaniSad temaja vibhinna purANa graMtho uparAMta mahAkAvyo-nATako vageremAM vipula pramANamAM kahevato prayojAyela che. kauTilyanuM arthazAstra lokoktio mATe mahattvapUrNa che. prastuta graMthamAM aneka prAcIna AcAryonAM rAjanIti temaja nItiyukta viSayaka maMtavyo lokokti svarUpe maLe che. kahevatomAM itihAsa AgaLa noMdhyuM tema kahevata janasamudAyanA anubhavonuM tAraNa-sAra hoI temAM viSaya-vaividhya paNa eTaluM ja jovA maLe che. hA, AmAM pradhAnatA nItibodha-DahApaNa (Wisdom)nI hovA chatAM anya viSayo paNa maLe che. ema kahI zakAya ke tatkAlIna samAjanAM rIti-rivAja rUDhi-paraMparAo ane mAnyatAomAM ujAgara thayela hoya che. eTaluM ja nahi; itihAsanI (khAsa to tatkAlIna) aneka ghaTanAono paNa nirdeza maLe che. kahevatomAM sthAnika itihAsane lagatI koI ghaTanA-banAva ullikhita hoya che. samagra itihAsane sUcavatI-darzAvatI kahevato nahivat maLe che. ema kahI zakAya ke, kahevatomAM 'itihAsa kaNa' maLe che. Ama chatAM A rItanI koI nAnakaDI ghaTanAno nirdeza saMbaMdhita pradeza vizeSanA saLaMga itihAsanA abhyAsa-nirUpaNa mATe upayogI banI rahe che. kahevatomAM rahelA 'sAmAjika itihAsa'nuM paNa eTaluM ja mahattva hoI tenoya saghana abhyAsa thavo joIe sUcana asthAne nahi jaNAya. have gujarAtI kahevato (ke jenuM vipula pramANa che)mAM prApta itihAsa arthAt aitihAsika kahevatonI carcA karatAM pUrve punaH e spaSTatA jarUrI che ke A prakAranI kahevatomAMthI itihAsanI koI ghaTanA-banAva saMbaMdhI ullekha maLato hoya che. alabatta saMbaMdhita pradezanI khUTatI kaDIrUpe e upayogI banI rahe che. gujarAtI bhASAnA sthAnika ane prAdezika itihAsanA saMdarbhe aneka kahevato maLe che, je saLaMga itihAsanA lekhananirUpaNa mATe upayogI banI rahe tema che. AmAMthI pracalita ne mahattvanI evI keTalIka kahevato jarUra jaNAya tyAM tenA mULa saMdarbha sAthe noMdhIe. bAbAzAI khAtuM jUnA vaDodarA rAjyanA gAyakavADI zAsana daramyAna vaDodarAnA calaNa sAthe briTiza nANuM paNa calaNamAM hatuM. vaDodarAnA 'bAbAzAI' nAme oLakhAtA paisAnI kiMmata briTiza paisA 'kaladAra' karatAM eka kahevatomAM itihAsa D 127 For Private and Personal Use Only

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pAI ochI hoI e hINo gaNAto. AthI vaDodarAnA rAjya mATe eka niMdAsUcaka zabda 'bAbAzAI' prayojAvA lAgyo; khAsa karIne AsapAsanA briTiza pradezomAM pachIthI dhIre dhIre koI paNa DhaMgadhaDA vagaranI vastu-paristhiti ke vyakti mATe paNa e zabda kahevatasvarUpe vaparAto thayo. gharanI dhorAjI jUnA goMDala rAjyanuM dhorAjI nagara mULa jUnAgaDha navAbanuM hatuM. navAba bahAdurakhAnanA samaya daramyAna vasaMtarAya purabiyo nAmano eka mAthAbhAre-baLavAkhora saradAra hato. tenI pAse ArabonI moTI bhADUtI phoja rahetI. te navAbane avAranavAra Arthika madada paNa karato. AvI ja koI madadanA badalAmAM navAba pAsethI emaNe dhorAjI, supeDA, DumIyANI, nAnI mAraDa ne pIpaLIyA maMDAvI lIdhela. (I.sa. 174546 daramyAna). A pachIthI rAjyanI AMtarika khaTapaTa thatAM vasaMtarAye vidrohIone Teko Apela. paNa tyAM kuMbhAjIe navAbane sahAya karatAM vasaMtarAya bhAgI mANazIA khAMTa sAthe uparakoTamAM jaI bharAyo. paNa tyAMthIya kuMbhAjIe tene tagaDI mUkatAM navAbe khuza thaI dhorAjI vagere pAMca gAmo kuMbhAjIne ApyAM (lagabhaga I.sa. 1747). Ama kuMbhAjIe navAbanI dhorAjI 'dharanI' arthAt potAnI karI. A pachIthI 'gharanI dhorAjI' lokokti pracalita thaI. alabatta atyAre te sAva judA ja arthamAM prayojAya che : 'gharanI dhorAjI' arthAt mana phAve tema vartavuM ! raLe rAmapara ne khAya khoDu hAla vartamAna surendranagara jillAnA A (rAmapara--khoDu) banne gAma jUnA vaDhavANanAM hatAM. AmAMnuM rAmapara Arthika rIte sadhdhara hatuM; to khoDu nirdhana. vaLI rAjAzAhI daramyAna khoDumAM lazkara rahetuM hoI tenI jALavaNIno kharca rAmapara bhogavatuM ! Ama rAmaparanI Avaka-Upaja khoDu khAI jatuM ! koInI kamANI koI bhogave ke khAya tyAre prastuta kahevata vaparAya che. kyAM rAjA bhoja ne kyAM gAMgo telI ? asamAna tulanA - sarakhAmaNInA saMdarbhe prayojAtI A kahevatanuM mULa hindI che : kahAM rAjA bhoja aura kahAM gaMgu tailI ? paraMtu mULamAMya A kahevata khoTI che. mULa A pramANe che 'kahAM rAjA bhoja aura kahAM gAMgeya tailaMga ?' gAMgeya tripurA ane tailaMga tailaMgaNa jevA sAmAnya rAjyanA rAjA hovA chatAM banne mALavAnA mahArAjA bhojanA zatru banatAM prastuta ukti pracalita banI ! bAjhavuM hoya to hAla pAMca pIpaLA lokokti svarUpe prayojAtI ukta uktinI pAchaLa madhya saurASTranA itihAsanI mahattvanI ghaTanA saMkaLAyelI che : vartamAna jetapura (ji. rAjakoTa) tAlukAnA pAMca pIpaLA gAma pAse I.sa. 1782mAM jUnAgaDhanA amarajI dIvAna ane navAnagara (jAmanagara)nA dIvAna meru khavAsa vacce laDAI thayela. saurASTranI A chellI moTI laDAI gaNAya che. AmAM asaMkhya mANaso kAma Avela, e samayanAM be sabaLa rAjyo laDavA (bAjhavA) mATe pAMca pIpaLAnI sImamAM Avela hoI pachIthI koI vyakti bAjhavA icchatI hoya - kharekhara bajhavuM hoya to-nA saMdarbhe A kahevata prayojAya che. - cittalanA pAdara jevuM bhAvanagara darabAra AtAbhAI (vakhatasiMha gohila) ane saurASTranA kAThI darabAro vacce saMgharSa rahyA karato. AthI kAThIo eka thaI bhAvanagarano sAmano ka2vA cittala (ji. amarelI) mukAme potAnA mANaso pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 T 128 For Private and Personal Use Only

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sAthe ekaThA thayA. AnI jANa bhAvanagara thatAM vakhatasiMhe turata ja moTI phoja laI pahelo ghA rANAno karatAM kAThIonI moTI nukasAnI thaI. badhA veravikhera thaI gayA. cittalamAMthI badhAne hAMkI kADhyA bAda tene (cittalane) pADIne pAdara ujjaDa karI dIdhuM. tyArathI A kahevata pracalita thaI. hAla jyAM paNa moTI tArAjI ke nukasAnI jovA maLe tyAre e prayojAya che. anne dvArakA bhImorA (tA. coTIlA) khAcara darabAronuM mahattvanuM mathaka hatuM. ahIM nAnakaDo killo-gaDha paNa hato. koI kAraNasara tenA darabAra nAnI khAcara ne jasadaNa darabAra celA khAcara vacce TakarAva thatAM celA khAcare vaDodarAnI sahAya laI bhImorA para caDhAI karI. A daramyAna dvArakAnI yAtrAe nIkaLelA rAjasthAnanA sAta yAtrALuo ahIM rokAyela, nAnI khAcare "ahIM have yuddha-laDAI thavAnI hoI AgaLa javA" teone vinaMtI karatAM yAtrALuoe nA kahI ne kahyuM ke "have A paristhitimAM - tamArA mAthe muzkelI Ave che tyAre - amArAthI yAtrAe na javAya. Akhare to have "a dvArakA' arthAtu ahIM ja dvArakA - amArI yAtrA A ja ! A pachIthI thayelI laDAImAM nAnI khAcara sAthe e sAte yAtrALuo paNa kAma AvI gayA. bhImorAnA gaDhamAM AnI khAMbhIo che. samaya - lagabhaga I.sa. 1830nI AsapAsa.* dAvalathI dedA bhalA, paTIne kIdhAM pIra sulatAna mahamUda begaDAnA eka saradArano putra maleka latIpha AmaraNa (ji. jAmanagara)mAM phojadAra tarIke nimAyo. eNe sthAnika rAjapUtone dabAvI kaDakAI karela. tenA A pagalAthI khuza thaI mahamUda begaDAe tene "dAvara mulkIno IlkAba paNa Apela. paraMtu I.sa. 1509mAM dedA rAjapUtoe tene mArI nAkhatAM tene tyAM (AmaraNamAM) daphanAvAyo. A pachIthI te "dAvala zA pIra' tarIke lokomAM pUjAvA lAgyo. havelI letAM gujarAta khoI - I.sa. 1795-96 mAM bAjIrAva pezavAe potAnA nAnA (10 varSanA) bhAI cimAjIne gujarAtanA subedAra tarIke ane marAThA rIta pramANe enA nAyaka tarIke AkhA zelUkarane mokalyA. zelUkara vilAsI ne krUra hato. AMtarika khaTapaTanA kAraNe te pezavAnI viruddha gayo ne amadAvAdanI hakUmata hAthamAM laI letAM goviMdarAve zivarAma gAradIne moTI phoja-topa ane dArUgoLo vagere ApI TolUkara viruddha mokalyo. amadAvAda gherAI gayuM hovA chatAM chevaTa sudhI nAcagAnamAM lIna zelUkarane chevaTe amadAvAda choDavAnI pharaja paDI, prajA upara gujArelA trAsa ane damanathI te apriya thaI paDyo hato. AthI tenI hAra thatAM lokomAM prastuta ukti pracalita thaI. havelI arthAta amadAvAda levA jatAM samagra gujarAtanI nAyabagIrI paNa gaI. mULa kahevata A pramANe che : hAthamAM daDo bagalamAM moI havelI letAM gujarAta khoI. A rItanI bIjI paNa kahevato maLe che, jene noMdhIe : haLavada letAM morabI khoI. vAMkAnera saratAnajIe najIkanA morabImAM muslimonA jorane na dabAvatAM prathama dUranA haLavadane levA IcchA karI ane e pachI morabI javAnuM nakkI kareluM. paraMtu tyAM ja bhUjanA kheMgArajI jADejAe morabI laI lIdhuM ! Ama jayAre pAsenAMne pachI; pahelAM dUranAne meLavI laI levAnI vAta Ave tyAre ukA kahevata kahevatomAM ItihAsa g 129 For Private and Personal Use Only

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prayojAya che.' verAvaLa letAM coravADa khoI coravADa (ji. jUnAgaDha)mAM porabaMdaranA rANA saratAnajI(I.sa. 1757-1804)nuM zAsana hatuM tyAre tene najIkanA verAvaLane laI levAnI icchA thayela paraMtu AmAM prathama to tene saphaLatA maLela nahi. bIjI vakhata caDhAI karI verAvaLa jItI to lIdhuM paNa e daramyAna jUnAgaDhanA dIvAna rUganAthajI (raghunAthajI)e coravADa laI letAM ukta ukti pracalita banI." zivarAma gAradI, mahino ne bAra dI" cAlyA pachI cAra dI, UDyA pachI ATha dI. vaoNkara seTalamenTa (I.sa. 1807) pUrve marAThAkALa daramyAna saurASTramAM "kharA jAta'nAmanI eka khaMDaNI marAThAo dvArA ugharAvAtI. AnI zarUAta zivarAma gAradIthI thayela. dhAkadhamakI ne baLajabarIthI AnI vasUlAta karavA te lAva-lazkara laI Avato. kAThiyAvADamAM Avato ne konA mulakamAM keTalo samaya paDAva nAkhI paDyo raheto te kaMI nakkI rahetuM-kahevAtuM nahi ! AthI ukata kahevata pracalita thaI. keTalIka kahevato saMbaMdhita sthaLa-gAmanI vizeSatA-vicitratA darzAvatI hoya che, je sAmAjikaArthika itihAsanA prAdezika saMdarbhe upayogI banI rahe che. AvI kahevato noMdhIe : sUrata sonAnI mUrata (samRddhi darzAve che). sUratanI baLela. sUratanuM jamaNa sUratI vAta sUratI sodA sUratI te maMgala mUrati, sUratanAM gAMDA ne bharUcanAM DAhyAM sUrata zaheramAM dAvara* ghaNAM. bhAMgyuM toya bharUca vaDuM gAma te valasADa nava naDiyAdI, sAta peTalAdI ne eka umareThI ! (barAbara). koI gAmamAM koIne vyaktigata aDacaNa ke takalIpha paDI hoya ne pariNAmasvarUpa dveSa, kaDavAzathI je kaMI kahevAyuM (jemake, ukta ukti) hoya tene je te gAmanuM kharuM mUlyAMkana gaNI zakAya nahi. paravAratA pAraDI jAya ne nakAmA nAragola jAya baLyuM gAma bAraDolI mUvuM gAma mahuvA bhale bhale kodAde gayAM to khAdhA dUdha ne pahuvA. ja A nAmanAM parAM ke gAma, pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 [ 130 For Private and Personal Use Only

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bhulAsaramAM bhUlAM paDyAM ne AMkhe AvyAM tamA sANaMdIyA to sAmAM maLyAM te jANe moTA jama. mUvA masAna nahi jaIe ne jIvatAM bheMsANa nahi jaIe. jo jAIe mALIe* to loTa bAMdhIe phALIe. dasADA gAma daphataramAM nahi dasADe daphatara karyuM nahi ? briTiza zAsana daramyAna A (dasADA, ji. surendranagara) gAma be-traNa rAjyonI sarahade Avela hoI ahIM kazI vahIvaTI vyavasthA na hovAnA saMdarbhe prastuta kahevata pracalita thaI che. pATaNa AMbo vALIo Ugyo amadAvAda; phAlyo phUlyo mALave, veDyo jhAlAvADa, golavAyuM khoyuM gore ne kastI khoI gorANIe. gayAM tavarI ne AvyAM ravaDI. navasArI pAse Avela ukta tavArI gAmamAM pahelAM pANInI kheMca hoI musApharone koI pANI pAtuM nahi. AvI ja eka ukti saurASTranA molaDI (tA. sAvarakuMDalA) viSe paNa maLe che : molaDIe memAna, asuro AvIza nahi; dharAIne khAje dhAna, paNa pANI mAMgIza nahi. baTakuM roTalo khAvo paNa rANakI na jAvuM. haDALAnI kUtarI. travADInA traNase kUvA toya travADI tarase mUvA. pAse ghaNI zakti-saMpannatA hovA chatAM koI teno upayoga na karavAnA kAraNe herAna thAya ukta e saMdarbhe prayojAyela kahevata. oDa umareThanA UMDA kUvA dIkarI de enAM mAbApa mUvA. cittalamAM na devI dIkarI, zeDubhAramAM na devo DhAMDho amarelInI na levI dIkarI, bhale chokaro riye vAMDho ! cittalamAM pANInI kheMca hatI - dUra vADIomAMthI vahuvAruone pANI lAvavuM paDatuM. to zeDubhAramAM puSkaLa pANI hoI tyAM kAyama vAvetaranA kAraNe satata koza cAlyA karatAM prathama paMkti banI. amarelI jUnA * ji. jUnAgaDhanuM gAma + pATaNa (siddhapura) prathama rAjadhAnI pachI amadAvAdano saMdarbha. kahevatomAM ItihAsa 131 For Private and Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra - www.kobatirth.org vaDodarA rAjyanuM mahattvanuM nagara hatuM. ahIM gAyakavADa sarakAre pharajiyAta kanyA keLavaNI karela hoI ahIMnI dIkarIo bhaNelI hoI; AvI dIkarIo (bhaNelI) abhaNa ke ochuM bhaNelAone gaNakAre nahi tevI mAnasikatA bIjI paMkti darzAve che ! lAThInI zULI. IDariyo gaDha jItavo. Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir jUnA IDara rAjayano gaDha durgama hato. te sahelAIthI jItI zakAya tema na hato chatAM jayAre te jitAyo pachIthI koI muzkela ke azakya kAma pAra paDAya tyAre ukta kahevata prayojAya che. A kahevatomAM anubhavanI abhivyakti hoya che e vAta kharI, paraMtu tenA nirUpaNamAM sattva ke satya hoya ja ema mAnI levAya nahIM. eka mArgadarzana-nidarzanasvarUpe e upayogI avazya che paNa enA ja AdhAre cAlI zakAya nahi e paNa hakIkata che. AmAM vyakta-nirUpita satya-tathya eka dRSTikoNa svarUpe hoya che. to, kahevatomAM itihAsa-nirUpaNa jarUra maLatuM hovA chatAM jyAM sudhI tenA mULa saMdarbha sudhI pahoMcI na zakAya tyAM sudhI ghaNI vAra tenuM tathya spaSTa thaI zakatuM paNa nathI. vaLI, itihAsa-nidarzana karatI kahevatamAM anubhavanuM DahApaNa paNa ghaNI vAra jovA maLatuM hotuM nathI arthAt ghaTanA-banAvano saMdarbha darzAvavA pUratuM ja tenuM mahattva rahetuM hoya che. Ama chatAM A rItanI kahevatonI upayogitA jarA paNa ochI nathI e vAstavikatA svIkAravI ja rahI ! AdhAragraMtho 1. pItIta jamazedajI nasaravAnajI, 'kahevatamALA' bhA. 1-2, I.sa. 1903 2. zAha AzArAma dalIcaMda, 'gujarAtI kahevatasaMgraha', amadAvAda, I.sa. 1967 3. svAmI praNavatIrtha, 'kahevata-kathAnako', vaDodarA, I.sa. 1973 4. kArANI dulerAya, 'sArtha kacchI kahevato', amadAvAda, I.sa. 1976 5. DaoN. trivedI zazikalA, 'madhyakAlIna gujarAtI sAhityamAM kahevato ane tenuM sAhityika pRthakkaraNa', amadAvAda, I.sa. 1984 6. gujarAtI vizvakoza, khaMDa 4, amadAvAda, I.sa. 1992 7. jezI lakSmIlAla, 'mevADa kI kahAvateM', ajamera, I.sa. 1996 8. sahagala kanaiyAlAla, 'rAjasthAnI kahAvateM', jodhapura, I.sa. 1997 pAdaTIpa 1. sahagala kanaiyAlAla (saM.), 'rAjadhAnI kahAvataeN', I.sa. 1997, pR. 37 2. meghANI jhaveracaMda, 'saurASTranI rasadhAra', pAMca bhAganI saMkalita AvRtti, bhAvanagara, I.sa. 1997, pR. 206 3. parIkha 2. cho. ane zAstrI ha. gaM. (saM.), 'gujarAtano rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa : marAThA kAla', amadAvAda I.sa. 1976, pR. 105-6 4. zukla nathurAma, 'jhAlAvaMzavAridhi', vAMkAnera, I.sa. 1918, pR. 560 5. zAstrI araviMda, 'zrI bRhat kahevata kathAsAgara', rAjakoTa, I.sa. 1993, pR. 199 pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 D 132 For Private and Personal Use Only

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sAmAjika itihAsa AlekhavAnuM jJApakIya lakhANa Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir DaoN. raseza jamInadAra koI paNa vyakti ke saMsthA ke samAja ke deza samaya sAthe tAla milAvI pragatinA paMthe vikAsakUca kare nahIM to te agaNita daSTie pachAta rahI jAya che. eTaluM ja nahIM anyothI alagatApaNAno bhAva anubhave che. ApaNe ethI abhijJa hovA jarUrI che ke samayanuM eka mAtra mukhya lakSaNa parivartananuM che, AgekUcanuM che, satata pragatinuM che. samaya kyAreya sthagita raheto nathI ke thobhato paNa nathI. samaya to calatA bhalA. ApaNe paNa ApaNA rojiMdA jIvanamAM vAranavAra sAMbhaLIe chIe ke zuM jamAno badalAyo che ke zuM samaya badalAyo che. kahevAnuM tAtparya e che ke parivartananuM lakSaNa AthI Ama satata pragatinuM che. taLAvanuM baMdhiyAra pANI durgaMdhanA AvaraNathI tarabatara rahe che, jyAre nadInAM vahetAM nirmaLa nIra nirdugaMdhI hoya che. vyakti, saMsthA, samAja ke dezanuM paNa baMdhiyArapaNuM durgaMdhane aMke rahe che, jyAre te tenI mokaLAza ke nirbaMdhapaNuM svacchatAne poSe che. ahIM e noMdhavuM jarUrI che ke itihAsanuM mukhya lakSaNa samaya che ane tethI samayanI jema itihAsa paNa parivartanane adhIna che. hA, e bhramamAMthI saveLA mukta thavAnI jarUra che ke itihAsa punarAvartana pAme che. kahevuM to e che ke itihAsanuM mukhya dhyeya parivartananuM che. jayAM jyAre kazuMka punarAvartana samuM dekhAya che te kevaLa bhrama che. hakIkatamAM e paribaLa satatapaNAnuM ghotaka che. itihAsanuM kArya satata vahetA rahIne samAjane nirmaLa paryAvaraNa pUruM pADavAnuM che. itihAsanI buniyAda parivartananI che ane tethI te samayanI gaMgotrInuM sthAna dhAraNa karatuM zAstra che. hA, itihAsa AlekhananAM sAdhano to enAM e ja che ane temAM samayAMtare umeraNa thatAM rahe che. pariNAme samaye samaye e sAdhanonAM-jJApakonAM arthaghaTana badalAtAM rahe che. ane e to samayanI tAsIranuM paribaLa che tema vyaktinAM manogata manoyatnanA badalAvanuM pariNAma che. ochAvattA pramANamAM gujarAtanA sarvagrAhI vikAsamAM anerAM yogadAna kSatriya ane pATIdAra komoe pradatta karyAM che e hakIkata aMke karavI ja rahI. hA, gujarAtanA vividha vistAramAM saMkhyAnI dRSTie sahuthI vadhAre vastI sAmAnyataH kSatriyathI oLakhAtI vividha komonI che, chatAMya emanA saMskAra-saMskRti bhAtIgaLa che, vividhAtAmAM ekatA jevAM che. parantu sAmAjika mobhAnI dRSTie, Arthika samRddhinA saMdarbhe ane zaikSaNika saMpadAnI bAbate sahuthI vizeSa mahattva pATIdArathI khyAta saMkhyAdhika komanuM che. A traNeya kSetramAM kSatriya pachAta che evuM kahevAnuM koI tAtparya nathI. jema ghaNI pATIdAra koma A traNe bAbate UNI Utare che tema thoDIka kSatriya koma A traNeya kSetramAM pramANamAM ThIka ThIka saMpanna che. sadbhAva ane pratibhAva baMne komamAM che tema A baMne sivAyanI anya saMkhyAdhika ke agaNita nAnImoTI komamAM paNa A bAbate AvI vRttio-pravRttio sahaja che. gujarAtanA sarvAMgINa vikAsamAM anya jJAtisamudAyanAM yogadAna samaye samaye ane sthaLavizeSe jovAM prApta thAya che ema itihAsI pRSThanAM avalokanathI khasUsa sUcavAya che. ApaNAM upalabdha jJAtipurANa ane vahIvaMcAnI noMdha A bAbatanI zAheda che. * * * prastuta abhigamanA pariprekSyamAM ane sAmAjika sudhAraNA saMdarbhe ApaNe ahIM eka graMthane avalokavAno upakrama rAkhyo che. pustaka che 'saurASTranA leuvA pATIdArono itihAsa'. mULa lekhaka che zaMbhubhAI TIDAbhAI sAmAjika itihAsa AlekhavAnuM jJApakIya lakhANa n 133 For Private and Personal Use Only

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paTela ane vartamAne saMpAdaka che goradhanadAsa soraThiyA, mULagraMtha 'prabhunI phUlavADI' zIrSakathI IsvI 1925mAM pragaTa thayo hato. enI bIjI AvRtti keTalAka mahattvanA umeraNa sAthe, kaho ke pUrtirUpe isvI 2000mAM pragaTa thaI ane be ja mahinAmAM enI trIjI AvRtti pragaTa thaI. A bAbata ja mULagraMthanI upayogitAnI ghotaka che. sAMbhaLyA mujaba enI cothI AvRtti pragaTa thavAmAM che tyAre mULa mathALuM yathAvat rAkhI kauMsamAM 'saurASTranA leuvA pATIdArono itihAsa' mUkAya te ja ucita che. sAthesAtha mULagraMthanAM traNeya prakaraNa vibhAga bIjAmAM che tene sthAne te badhAM vibhAga eka tarIke mUkAya te vadhu yogya raheze tema poNA saikA pUrve eka vyaktie potAnA samAjanAM duSaNo ane guNo paratve ApaNuM dhyAna AkRSTa karyuM te bAbatane yogya aMjali samarpita thaze. pUravaNI svarUpe A kAraNe vibhAga ekane vibhAga be tarIke mUkAya te jarUrI che. * avalokita graMtha saurASTra vistAranA pATIdAra komanA keTalAka bhaDavIra mahAnubhAvanI gAthA paratve sahunuM dhyAna AkarSita karavAnuM che jemaNe gaI sadInA prathama caraNa daramyAna sudhAraNAnAM bIjanAM vAvetara karyAM hatAM ane je Ajeya apanAvavA jevAM che. jo ke mULagraMthakartAnA lakhANa vAMsovAMsa vartamAna saMpAdake gujarAtanI pATIdAra kome yathAsamaye yathAzakti dazAMgula kAThuM je upasAvyuM che te bAbate saMkalita vigata prastuta karIne mULagraMthanI bhAvanAne vizeSarUpe vyApakatA bakSI che. * A pustaka be vibhAgamAM vaheMcAyeluM che. pahelo vibhAga A pustakanA saMpAdaka goradhanadAsa soraThiyAnuM zramita yogadAna che. emaNe sothI vadhu pRSTha mAraphate gujarAtanI samagra pATIdAra koma vize paMkhInajare alapajhalapa vigato prastuta karI anya mahAnubhAvanAM lakhANa je te-nA nAme A saMdarbhe uddhRta karyAM che. AthI, gujarAtanA pATIdAro vize ghaNI badhI vigata ApaNane sAMpaDI zakI che. jo ke saMpAdake saMpAdakatvanI niSThA supere adA karI che. parantu je nimitte emaNe badhI mAhitI ekatrita karavA kAje dhULa dhoyAnI niSThA darzAvI che te sarAhanIya ja gaNAya ane te vAste tema ja aprApya graMthane ApaNI pratyakSa karavA sAru te abhinaMdananA adhikArI che. A pUravaNIrUpa vibhAgamAM saMpAdake pATIdAra samAjanAM saMmelana, pariSada, te te kSetranA thoDAka dazAMgula UMcerAM vyaktitvano samAveza karyo che teya AvakArya che. A pustakano vibhAga bIjo hakIkatamAM prastuta pustakanA prakAzananA nirmANanI bhUmikArUpe che. A vibhAga ApaNe noMdhyuM tema 'prabhunI phUlavADI' zIrSakathI zaMbhubhAI TIDAbhAI paTele I.sa. 1925mAM prakAzita karyo hato. mULagraMthakartAno uddeza pATIdAra samAjamAM keTalAMka jarUrI parivartana ANavA saMdarbhe che tema chUTAchavAyA thayelA sudhArA paratve sahune abhijJa karavAno che. * * * khera, atyAre A svarUpe A pustaka itihAsano graMtha che ema to kahI zakAya tema nathI. hA, itihAsa lakhavA utsuka adhyetAne AnA vAMcanathI preraNA avazya sAMpaDI zake che tema emAM nirdiSTa mAhitIthI keTalIka pUrvadhAraNA (hipaoNthisisa) ke kalpitArtha zodhIne navesarathI anveSaNakArya hAtha dharI zake tevI kSamatAya che ja. A ja che A pustakanI upAdeyitA ane upayogitA. kahevAnuM tAtparya e che ke A graMtha e keTaleka aMze pratyakSa mAhitIthI sabhara evo jJApakagraMtha che, sAdhanagraMtha che. AnA sahAre A bAbate vizeSa anveSaNa karavAnI ane sAmAjika itihAsanAM keTalAMka gRhItane samajavAnI ane vartamAne tadnusAra sudhAraNAnA paMthe viharavAnI taka saMpaDAvI Ape che. * graMthakartA zaMbhubhAIe A pustaka cAra divAlanI vacce mejastha banIne lakhyuM nathI; balake cAra dizAo pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 na 134 For Private and Personal Use Only

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www.ko Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir vacce bhramaNa karIne pratyakSarUpe mAhitI AkRSTa karIne enuM nirmANa karyuM che. eTale kSetrakArya AdhArita A pustaka che ane tethI tenI vizvasanIyatA rahe che. A bAbatanI spaSTatA lekhake prastAvanAmAM karI che. tema chatAM ghaNuM rahI gayAno aphasosI ahesAsa paNa emaNe dilacorI vinA abhivyakta karyo che. te temanI lekhana paratvenI sabhAnatAnuM dyotaka che. eTaluM ja nahIM paNa jemanA kuLamAM ke kuTuMbamAM mahAnubhAva thaI gayA hoya te aMgenI kharI vigato jANakAro pAsethI ane bAroTanA copaDAno viniyoga karIne meLavIne mokalI ApavAno nikhAlasa anurodha paNa karyo che jethI tenI sAmagrI bIjI AvRttimAM samAvI zakAya. paNa dhAryuM dhaNInuM thAya e mujaba bIjo bhAga pragaTa thayo nahIM e ApaNuM durbhAgya che; parantu ene saubhAgya bakSavAnuM kArya zaMbhubhAI jevA prAmANika niSThA dharAvatA ekAda-be vIralAe karavAnuM Ijana emanA aphasosamAM vyakta thayuM ja che je paDakAra koIke upADI levA jevo che. atyAranA anveSake kSetrakAryane agratA ApavAnI preraNA A lekhakamAMthI aMke karavA jevI che. vADIkhetaramAM vasanAra prajAnAM jIvana A pustakamAM AlekhyAM che tethI tenuM nAma "prabhunI phUlavADI rAkhyuM che evuM lekhakanuM kahevuM yathArtha che. prabhunI vADInAM phUla badhAM ja eka sarakhAM ane eka raMgI hotAM nathI. te to bahuraMgI ane bhAtIgaLa hoya che. tema A pustakamAM paNa lekhake bahuraMgI ane bhAtIgaLa vyaktitva dharAvanAra sATheka caritra prastuta karyA che, alabatta pratyakSa meLavelI prAthamika mAhitInA AdhAre, ane te mAraphate pATIdAra samAjanAM bahuraMgI lakSaNa ApaNI pratyakSa karyA hoI enI zraddheyatA svIkAravI rahI. lekhaka rajUAtamAM nikhAlasa che. je kahevuM hoya te spaSTatAthI sIdhI rIte kahI de che. kulaDImAM goLa bhAgavAnI vRtti emaNe svIkArI nathI. prabhunI phUlavADI'mAM zaMbhubhAIe traNa prakaraNa ane Azare baso pRSTha mAraphate pATIdAra koma aMge pAradarzaka nukatecInI saraLatAthI karI che. je te vyakti vize lakhatAM, alabatta rUbarU mulAkAtathI, lekhake bahu AyAmI paddhatithI samAjanA guNadoSa sahajatAthI AlekhyA che. pratyeka mahAnubhAva vize lakhatAM prAraMbhe te vyaktinA gAmavizeSanI prakRti paratve TUMkamAM paNa rasaprada varNana kare che. AthI, je te gAmano ThIka paricaya ApaNane thAya che. taLAva, nadI, khetara, taraNa-sthApanA jevI ghaNI vigata teo lAdhavatAthI rajU kare che. uparAMta te vyaktivizeSanA jIvananAM ane temanA kuTuMbanAM bhAtIgaLa pAsAM saMkSepamAM paNa bahu suMdara rIte AlekhyAM che. ane jarUra jaNAya tyAM teonA hAthe thayelA guNadoSa ke lAbhAlAbhanAM varNana niHsaMkoca karI le che. pATIdAra jJAti carotara vistAramAMthI kAThiyAvADa pradezamAM kevI rIte sthira thaI, tyAMnA rAjAo sAthe kevA prakAranA saMbaMdha prasthApita karyA, khetInA vikAsa vAste kevI mathAmaNa karI jevI bAbatathI paNa lekhaka ApaNane ujAgara kare che. kayA saMjogane kAraNe emaNe kahyuM kuLanAma (aTaka) apanAvyuM tenI mAhitI paNa prasaMgopAt jaNAvI de che. AthI, saurASTra vistAranA pATIdAronI aTakamAM je vaividhya jovuM prApta thAya che teya rasaprada to che ja paNa te te aTaka paDache rahelAM kAraNa vize paNa anveSaNanI apekSA jarUra jagave che. hakIkatamAM A vistAranA pATIdAranI aTakano abhyAsa sAmAjika dRSTie rasaprada bhUmikA pUrI pADe che. bIjA prakaraNamAM, lekhake jJAti saMbaMdhita ahevAla pragaTapaNe nirUpyo che, jemAM pATIdAronI nItaratI sevAbhAvanAne kAraNe keTalAka aNagamatA rItarivAja dUra karavA kevA prakAranI mathAmaNa thayelI, kevAM maMthana hAthavagAM thayAM ane te kAje kevAM pagalAM levAM paDelAM tenI ThIka ThIka jikara lekhake spaSTa zabdomAM karI che. sAthosAtha rAjA ane tenA adhikArI varga taraphathI thatA julama, navA karaverA dvArA prajAne parezAna karavAnI vigatoya vaNI lIdhI che. A prakaraNano sAra e che ke duHkhamAMthI mukti mATe pATIdAra samAje Avazyaka zikSaNa aMke karavAno mahattvano nirdeza karyo che je Ajeya A koma vAste tatparatAthI eno vyApaka amala karavo jarUrI che ema khasUsa kahI zakAya. kahevAnuM tAtparya e che ke zikSaNanA prasAra vinA pATIdAra samAjanI samasyA ochI nahIM thAya. A vAta sAmAjika ItihAsa AlekhavAnuM jJApakIya lakhANa 1 135 For Private and Personal Use Only

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* * lekhakanA mate poNo so varSa pUrve jeTalI AvazyakatA hatI eTalI ja A avalokanakAranA mate Ajeya anivArya che. zikSaNano vikAsa koI paNa samAja ke koma vAte anivArya Avazyaka hovAnI vAta A pustakanA vAMcanathI suspaSTa thAya che. chellAM pacAsa pRSTha eTale prakaraNa trIjuM. lekhake emAM keTalAMka rasaprada daSTAMta ane vRttAMta prastuta karIne A koma eTale ke pATIdAra samAje potAnI vartamAna sthitimAMthI kevI rIte mukta thaIne kaI dizAmAM prayANa karavAthI jJAtino uddhAra thaze tenI sarasa rajUAta karI che je dhyAnArha ane prazaMsAI che. dazAMgula UMcerAM kuTuMbanI vigato darzAvIne emAMthI preraNA levAno lekhakano anurodha sarAhanIya che ja. A badhAM daSTAMta-vRttAMta preraNAdAyI to che ja paNa kauTuMbika paraMparAmAM nihita guNadoSa tarapha aMgulinirdeza karI zaMbhubhAI ApaNane te paratve ujAgara kare che. * kahevuM acUka joIe ke graMthakartAe A pustakamAM sAgarane sahajatAthI gAgaramAM samAvavAno saMniSTha prayAsa , ane pramANaniSTha abhigama prastuta karyo che, ane hA, te tyAre jayAre emano samAja kUpamaMDUkavRttinA bharaDAmAM ane rUDhicusta rivAjonAM baMdhanamAM jakaDAyelo hato. je te vigata kevaLa aMgulinirdeza jevI che paNa teno taMtu (abhigama) pakaDIne adhyetAe bhUtAtaMtunI jema dhairyapUrvaka ene AgaLa laI javAnI ane te te nirdiSTa vicArane vikasAvavAnI tAtI jarUra che ane pATIdAra samAjanA ahIM prastuta thayelA pAMkhA tANAvANAne sughaTTa karavAnI jarUra che ane e daSTie A pustaka anveSaNakartA sAru kAcI paNa prAthamika ane buniyAdI mAhitI hAthavagI karI Ape che. eka koma vize lakhatA hovA chatAMya lekhake samakAlIna prakRti, paryAvaraNa, sAmAjika saMbaMdho, rAjakIya abhigama, rItarivAjo, rAjAonI vartaNUka, peDhInAmuM taiyAra karavAnI sAmagrI, gAmatoraNa bAMdhavAnI prathA, itihAsAlekhana kAje upAdeyI thaI zake evI rAjakIya-sAmAjika tavArikha, gAmano ijAro, zaMkaranAM maMdiravizeSanI vigata, dhArmika lekhAMjokhAM, khetI viSayaka mAhitI, Arthika tANAvANA, sthaLanAmanA paricaya, aTakaprathAnAM paribaLa ane tenAM nAmakaraNanI bhUmikA, eka ja pradezanA eka viratAramAMthI bIjA vistAramAM sthaLAMtaranAM kAraNa ane sthira thavAnI mathAmaNanAM suphaLa, samAjasaMracanA jevI DhagalAbaMdha vigata, alabatta dizAsUcaka prakAranI, lekhake ApaNane sUtrAtmaka paddhatie paNa preraNAdAyaka abhigamathI saMpaDAvI ApI che te khasUsa AvakAravA yogya che ja. AthI, gaI sadInA bIjA caraNanA prAraMbhe eka baMdhiyAra jJAtine mukta-avakAzamAM parivartita karavAnI lekhake je hAma bhIDI hatI te prazaMsAI to che ja, sAthosAtha emanuM dUraMdezIpaNuM paNa dRSTigocara thAya che. pustakanI rajUAta sakSama che. emAM abhigama pAmelI sAmAjika vyathA Ajeya ghaNA aMze grAmaprajAmAM mojUda hovAnuM narI AMkhe joI zakAya che. hA, ekavIsamI sadI ughaDatAMnI sAthe pATIdAra samAjamAM A paratve AraMbhAyelI thoDIka halacala ane cahalapahala vikAsane paMthe javAnI ane baMdhiyAra rItarivAjanA ajJAnanAM aMdhAra ulecavAnI dizAnAM ghAtaka che teya AzAspada che. paNa phirakAo vaccenAM aMtara dUra karI ekatva tarapha javAnI dizA zaMbhubhAIe darzAvI che te ja A pustakanA lakhANanI sArthakatA che. chelle, masta-phakIra ane nirbhika patrakAra goradhanadAse aprApya pustakane prApta karI ApyuM che teya ghaTanA abhinaMdanIya ane AvakArya che. saMpAdakano hetu pATIdAra samAja vikAsane paMthe pragati kare, pArasparika saMgharSane daphanAvI de, kurivAjone dhvasta kare ane jJAnavijJAnanI dizA pakaDe e tarapha AMgaLI cIMdhavAno che. samAja A pustakane AtmasAta karI emAM vyakta vibhAvanA, vicAraNA ane vAstavikatAthI ujAgara thaI pragatinA paMthe vihare to ja lekhaka ane saMpAdakanI mahenata ane uddeza, kaho ke sAhasa lekhe lAgaze. astu. 13-2-06 'pathika : jAnyuArI - jUna, 2005 n 136 For Private and Personal Use Only

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