Shursen Janpad Me Jain Dharm Ka Vikas

Author(s): Sangita Sinh
Publisher: Research India Press
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/022668/1

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa saMgItA siMha

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prastuta pustaka 'zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 600 I. se 1200 I.' taka lekhikA kA mUlataH zodha-prabandha thA, jise pustaka kA svarUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| pustaka meM zUrasena janapada ke nAmakaraNa ke ullekha ke sAtha-sAtha mahAvIra yuga se lekara bArahavIM zatI. I. taka jaina dharma ke kramAgata vikAsa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma evaM kalA ko vibhinna yugoM meM prApta hone vAle rAjakIya logoM ke protsAhana aura saMrakSaNa tathA dhArmika evaM Arthika pRSThabhUmi kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendroM kA ullekha hai jaise - kaMkAlI TIlA, soMkha, zauripura, baTezvara, aMriga Adi se jaina kalA-kRtiyA~ prApta huI haiN| zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA aura mathurA kalA vividhatAoM se bharI huI hai, jisako kisI eka grantha meM ucita rUpa se pironA kaThina kArya hai kintu isa grantha meM mUrtikalA ke sAtha-sAtha vAstu-kalA, sAMskRtika unnati, bhASA-sAhitya tathA lalita kalA para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai, jo kaThina zrama aura lagana ko darzAtA hai| chAyA-citra bhI vAstavika aura aMkana bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| yaha grantha jaina dharma aura kalA ke vidyArthiyoM, zodhArthiyoM evaM vidvAnoM ko avazya hI lAbhAnvita kregaa| pro. je. ena. pAla prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa saMskRti evaM purAtatva vibhAga ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda

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zarasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa saMgItA siMha risarca iMDiyA presa naI dillI

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(c) lekhaka ISBN : 978-81-89131-89-0 prathama saMskaraNa : 2014 prakAzaka : risarca iMDiyA presa I - 6 / 84, naI dillI-110062 saMgama vihAra dUrabhASa : 011-26047013, mobAila : 9818085794 E-mail: researchindiapress@gmail.com TAIpasaiTiMga jI. Ara. zarmA mo.: 9968281826

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pUjya svargIya pitA jI rAma kRpAla siMha evaM pUjyanIya mAtA jI zrImatI kAlikA devI ke caraNoM meM sAdara samarpita

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Amukha AbhAra purovAk citra- sUcI viSaya sUcI adhyAya prathama : viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota (ka) sAhityika srota (kha) purAtAtvika srota adhyAya dvitIya : zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra adhyAya tRtIya : adhyAya caturtha : zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA adhyAya paMcam : zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti adhyAya SaSTam : adhyAya saptam : zUrasena janapada meM jainadharma kA yogadAna : bhASA, sAhitya, darzana evaM lalitakalA adhyAya aSTam : upasaMhAra saMdarbha grantha sUcI chAyA citra xi xiii xvii xix 1 24 48 71 102 119 139 165 173 199

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Amukha jaina dharma bhArata meM zramaNa saMskRti kA vaha mahatvapUrNa aMga hai jo prAcIna kAla se Aja taka akSuNNa banA huA hai| samaya evaM viparIta paristhitiyoM ke aneka thaper3e sahakara bhI jaina matAvalambiyoM ne apanI sAMskRtika virAsata ko surakSita evaM saMrakSita rakhane kA pUrNa prayAsa kiyA aura bhAratIya saMskRti ke bahumukhI vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| zUrasena janapada prAcIna bhArata ke solaha mahAjanapadoM meM eka pramukha janapada thA jisakI rAjadhAnI mathurA thii| bhagavAna kRSNa ke janma sthAna ke kAraNa mathurA ko bhArata kI hRdaya-sthalI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| zUrasena janapada meM jainadharma kA vikAsa mahAvIra yuga se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka kA adhyayana karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma kA vikAsa kalA evaM sAhitya ke dvArA jJAta hotA hai| purAtAtvika avazeSoM ke adhyayana se zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kI samunnata sthiti jJAta hotI hai| ___ mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata nirmita jaina kalAkRtiyoM ke adhyayana se jaina dharma kA kramika vikAsa dRSTigocara hotA hai| prastuta zodha prabandha meM kula ATha adhyAya haiN| prathama adhyAya meM viSaya ke mahatva para prakAza DAlA gayA hai tathA sAtha hI adhyayana srota kI bhI carcA kI gaI hai| viSaya kA mahatva isa dRSTikoNa se mahatvapUrNa hai ki zUrasena janapada sAMskRtika dRSTi se atyadhika samRddha rahA hai| sarvaprathama mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata jaina pratimAoM meM lAMchana utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai jisase pratimAoM ko cinhita kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa adhyayana srota meM purAtAtvika evaM sAhityika sAdhanoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai tathA sAtha hI sAtha videzI yAtriyoM ke yAtrA-vRtAntoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke kramAgata vikAsa kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma evaM kalA ko vibhinna yugoM meM prApta hone vAle rAjakIya logoM ke protsAhana aura saMrakSaNa tathA dhArmika evaM Arthika pRSThabhUmi para carcA kI gaI hai| __ tRtIya adhyAya meM zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendroM kA varNana hai jisameM kaMkAlI TIlA, soMkha, zaurIpura, baTezvara Adi kendroM se prApta jaina kalAkRtiyoM kA kAla paricaya evaM sAtha hI sAtha kalAtmaka mahatva bhI varNita hai| ina kendroM se prApta jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM jaina dharma sAmAnya jana kA dharma thaa| __caturtha adhyAya meM zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| sthAna-sthAna para jaina mUrtikalA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| jaina mUrtikalA meM aitihAsika sarvekSaNa atyanta upayogI siddha huaa| mathurA kalA zailI ko bhI ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| paMcama adhyAya meM jaina vAstukalA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA ke avazeSa atyalpa mAtrA meM prApta hue haiM parantu stUpa nirmANa ke krama meM deva nirmita stUpa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| zUrasena janapada ke vibhinna kSetroM se prApta jaina vAstukalA ke kramAgata vikAsa kI carcA kI gaI hai| SaSTam adhyAya meM zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti ke vibhinna pakSoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaina saMskRti ke antargata sAmAjika dazA evaM Arthika dazA ke sAtha hI sAtha sAMskRtika unnati ko bhI ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| saptama adhyAya meM zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke yogadAna ke antargata darzana bhASA, sAhitya evaM lalita kalA kA adhyayana dRSTavya hai| jaina dharma ke mahatvapUrNa yogadAna para prakAza DAlA gayA hai|

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Amukha 4. aSTam adhyAya upasaMhAra meM uparyukta adhyAyoM kA niSkarSa nikAlA gayA haiM yaha niSkarSa kramAgata adhyAya ke anusAra varNita hai| saMgItA siMha basanta paMcamI 15 pharavarI 2013 kAnapura

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AbhAra buddhakAlIna SoDsa mahAjanapadoM meM zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa kalA evaM saMskRti ke mAdhyama se prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA thii| kAlAntara meM zUrasena ke sthAna para mathurA hI jana sAmAnya kI jihvA para vidyamAna rhii| isa zodha kArya meM zUrasena janapada kA sUkSma adhyayana karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai jisameM pratiSThita vidvAnoM evaM AtmIya svajanoM kA sahayoga amUlya rahA hai| sarvaprathama maiM apane guru zreSTha DaoN. Ara. ke. paoNla, (sevAnivRtta), vibhAgAdhyakSa (itihAsa), krAisTa carca kaoNleja, kAnapura kA hRdaya se AbhAra vyakta karatI hU~ / zodha kArya ke Arambha se samApana taka satata utsAhavarddhana evaM vibhinna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM mahatvapUrNa sahayoga pradAna karane ke lie Apake prati kRtajJa huuN| sAtha hI maiM guru mAtA zrImatI je. ela. paoNla ke prati bhI AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne hara sambhava merA sahayoga kiyA tathA sadaiva mAtRvata sneha pradAna kiyA / rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU ke nidezaka (sevAnivRtta) AdaraNIya zrI jitendra kumAra ke prati AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne amUlya evaM vidvatApUrNa dizA-nirdeza pradAna kara zodha kArya ko pUrNa karane meM sahayoga pradAna kiyA / Apase sadaiva snehila sahayoga prApta hotA rahA hai / Apane pustaka kA purovAk likhane kI prArthanA svIkAra kiyA phalata: koTiza : dhanyavAda jJApita karatI hU~ /

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xiv zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa isI krama meM sammAnanIya vidvAna pro. je. ena. pAla, prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtatva vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ke prati natamastaka hUM jinhoMne isa pustaka ke sandarbha meM apanI lekhanI calAne kI merI prArthanA svIkAra kii| rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU ke saha nidezaka (sevAnivRtta) pitR tulya zrI AI. pI. pANDeya ke prati AbhArI hUM jinhoMne zodha sAmagrI upalabdha kraaii| ApakA vidvatApUrNa parAmarza aura pitravata sneha samAna rUpa se prApta hotA rahA hai| ___ zodha kArya kI pUrNAhUti karane meM DaoN. bI. sI. rAvata, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa, DaoN. zakuntalA mizrA vizvavidyAlaya, lakhanaU kA amUlya sahayoga rahA hai| zodha-sAmagrI evaM mahatvapUrNa dizA-nirdeza pradAna karane ke lie hRdaya se namana karatI huuN| Apane zodha-prabandha ko pustaka kA svarUpa pradAna karane kI preraNA pradAna kI aura harasambhava sahayoga kiyaa| __ anya vidvAna manISiyoM meM mathurA ke saha-nidezaka DaoN. esa. pI. siMha, sva. DaoN. zailendra kumAra rastogI, DaoN. zazikAnta jaina, DaoN. hanumAna bhAI, vArANasI aura DaoN. jagapAla siMha bhAI, naI dillI Adi vidvAnoM ke prati meM AbhArI hUM, jinhoMne zodha kArya meM vividha prakAra ke parAmarza evaM sahayoga pradAna kara mujhe lAbhAnvita kiyaa| ___ maiM pUjya pitAjI sva. zrI rAmakRpAla siMha, pUjya mAtA jI zrImatI kAlikA devI, agraja DaoN. praNavIra pratApa siMha, sAMkhyikI adhikArI, gorakhapura vi. vi., anuja prabala pratApa siMha, patrakAra, amara ujAlA kAnapura aura agrajA zrImatI rAjanItA siMha, pradhAnAcArya, bI. AI. DI. memoriyala skUla, mahArAjagaMja Apa sabhI ko hRdaya se namana karatI huuN| Apa sabhI ke sneha, dhairya, preraNA evaM AtmIya sahayoga se yaha zodha kArya apanI pUrNatA ko prApta kara skaa| zodha kArya ke daurAna Apa sabhI ne merA utsAhavardhana kiyA aura kadama-kadama para zodha kArya ko zIghra pUrNa karane ke lie mujhe Atmika, mAnasika evaM bhAvanAtmaka rUpa se Atmabala pradAna kiyaa|

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AbhAra XV mere pati manISa siMha kA sahayoga bhI AbhAra yogya hai, ataH Apako dhanyavAda jJApita karatI hU~ / anta meM isa pustaka ke prakAzaka zrI sumana pAThaka ko dhanyavAda detI hUM, jinhoMne isa pustaka ke prakAzana kA bhAra uThAkara merA utsAhavarddhana kiyA / vinayAvanat saMgItA siMha

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purovAk prAcIna kAla se hI bhAratIya jana-jIvana meM dharma kA pramukha sthAna rahA 1 zUrasena janapada kA ullekha SoDsa mahAjanapadoM meM kiyA gayA hai| mathurA zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI thii| yaha janapada vaidika, bauddha evaM jaina dharmoM kA pramukha kendra rahA hai / dharma pracAra-prasAra ke sAtha-sAtha dhArmika anuSThAnoM ke nimitta unake anuyAyiyoM ne kucha aisI sthAyI vastuoM kA nirmANa karane kA nirNaya liyA, jinase unakA dharma yuga-yugAntara taka cira sthAyI rhe| isI sandarbha meM guphAoM, stUpoM, mandiroM evaM mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA / jaina dharma kI prathama prAmANika pratimA mauryakAla kI mAnI jAtI hai, jo lohAnIpura se prApta huI hai / isI krama meM kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA se (150 I. pU. se 1023 I.) kI jaina mUrtiyA~ prApta huI haiM jinakI vizeSatAeM isa pustaka meM ullikhita haiN| tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI laTakatI jaTA, pArzvanAtha ke sAta sarpaphaNa, jinoM ke vakSa para vatsa aura zIrSa para uSNINa nirmita karane kA zreya mathurA kalA ko hI jAtA hai / mathurA kalA ke antargata hI pratimAoM kA aMkana dhyAnamudrA meM prArambha huA isase pUrva prApta pratimAoM meM jo lohAnIpura, causA kI hai, unameM jina kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3e haiM / pratimAoM meM lAchanoM ke sAtha-sAtha yakSa-yakSI yugaloM kA citraNa bhI sarvaprathama zUrasena janapada meM hI prArambha huA / kaMkAlI mathurA se prApta jaina purAtatva kA varNana bhI isa pustaka meM kiyA gayA hai zrI kRSNa ke janma sthAna ke kAraNa mathurA ko bhArata kI hRdaya-sthalI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA ke avazeSa atyalpa 1 TIlA,

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xviii zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa mAtrA meM prApta hue haiM, parantu stUpa nirmANa ke krama meM deva nirmita stUpa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa pustaka meM zUrasena janapada ke vibhinna kSetroM se prApta pratimAoM evaM sthApatya kalA ke kramAgata vikAsa kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti ke antargata sAmAjika-Arthika dazA ke sAtha hI sAtha sAMskRtika unnati ko bhI ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| prastuta pustaka ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM sUkSma adhyayana dRSTavya hotA hai| jaina purAvazeSa ke chAyA-citra bhI prazaMsanIya hai| lekhana zailI pravAhazIla hai| yaha pustaka vidvata samAja evaM zodhArthiyoM ke lie upayogI siddha hogii| ujjavala bhaviSya kI kAmanA ke saath| jitendra kumAra (sevAnivRtta) nidezaka, rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU, uttara pradeza, bhArata

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citra-sUcI 1. nIlAnjanA paTTa : dvitIya zatI I. pU., kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka J 354 2. jaina AyAgapaTTa : prathama zatI I. pU., mathurA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 250 3. harinaigameSI : prathama zatI I., mathurA, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, kramAMka, 00.E2 4. zivayazA kA AyAgapaTTa : prathama zatI I. kaMkAlI TIlA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, J255 / 5. amohinI kA AyAgapaTTa : saMvat 72-15 I., kaMkAlI TIlA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 1 6. stUpa yukta AyAgapaTTa : prathama zatI I., kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, kramAMka, Q2 | 7. kAyotsarga sarvatobhadrikA : prathama zatI; ajJAta, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, kramAMka, 00B.67 / 8. tIrthaMkara pratimA kI caukI : 127 I., kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, J 20 / 9. jaina sarasvatI : 132 I.; kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 24 /

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 10. cakrayukta AyAgapaTTa : prathama zatI I., kaMkAlI TIlA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 248 11. toraNa dvAra : pUrva kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka J 5671 12. toraNa dvAra (sAmane kA dRzya) : pUrva kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J535 / 13. jaina tIrthaMkara neminAtha : kuSANa kAla, ajJAta, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, kramAMka, 34.2488 / 14. kAyotsarga ariSTanemi : kuSANa kAla, mathurA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J8 15. dhyAnastha neminAtha : kuSANa kAla, mathurA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 117 16. dhyAnastha neminAtha : kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 6 / 17. jaina pratimA : kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 623 / 18. jaina-triratna : kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 659 / 19. jaina sthApatya khaNDa : kuSANa kAla (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, B 207 / 20. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara : kuSANa kAla, mathurA, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, kramAMka, OOB.63 21. harinegameSI : kuSANa kAla, mathurA, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, kramAMka 2547 / 22. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara : kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 15 /

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citra-sUcI xxi 23. tIrthaMkara mastaka : kuSANakAla, kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 194 / / 24. dhyAnastha pArzvanAtha : kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 39 / 25. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara : kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 686 / 26. chatra sahita kAyotsarga sarvatobhadrikA : kuSANa kAla, mathurA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, J 235 / / 27. tIrthaMkara mastaka : kuSANa kAla, mathurA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 172 / 28. tIrthaMkara mastaka : kuSANa kAla, mathurA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 169 / 29. kAyotsarga sarvatobhadrikA : kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 230 / 30. pArzvanAtha mastaka : kuSANa kAla, mathurA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 96 / 31. kAyotsarga neminAtha : 5vIM zatI I., kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J121 / / 32. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara : 5vIM zatI I., kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J118 / 33. tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha : guptakAla, ajJAta, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, kramAMka, 00B.33 / 34. kAyotsarga RSabhanAtha : guptakAla, mathurA, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, kramAMka, 12.268 / 35. sira vihina RSabhanAtha : guptakAla, mathurA, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathuga, kramAMka, B.24 /

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 36. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara : 5vIM zatI I., kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 104 1 xxii 37. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara : 5vIM zatI I., kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 119 / 38. dhyAnastha pArzvanAtha : 981 I., kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 143 / 39. dhyAnastha pArzvanAtha : 10vIM zatI I., kAgArola (AgarA), rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, kramAMka, 40.2874 / 40. dhyAnastha sarvatobhadrikA : 11vIM zatI I., kaMkAlI TIlA (mathurA), rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka, J 236 / 41. dhyAnastha neminAtha : 12 vIM zatI I., mathurA, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, kramAMka, 00B.77 / 42. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara munisuvratanAtha : 12vIM zatI I., AgarA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, kramAMka J776 1

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adhyAya prathama viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota chaThI zatAbdI I.pU. na kevala bhAratavarSa ke lie varan samasta vizva ke lie bauddhika evaM dhArmika krAnti kA yuga rahA hai mAnava kI jijJAsA evaM tarkazIlatA ne navIna vicAroM ko janma diyaa| yaha vaha yuga thA jaba yUropa ke sAtha-sAtha bhArata meM bhI loga prAcIna vyavasthA kI prAmANikatA, dhArmika kriyA - vidhiyoM, purohitoM kI asImita zakti aura suvidhAoM tathA maraNAsanna saMskRti ke prANaghAtaka bhAra ke viruddha the| ___ IrAna ke jarasthu, yUnAna meM pAithAgorasa aura cIna meM kanphyUziyasa ne navIna vicAroM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| isI krama meM bhAratIya dhArmika krAnti ke agradUta mahAvIra svAmI aura gautama buddha the| ___ bhArata meM jaina dharma evaM bauddha dharma ne brAhmaNa dharma ke karmakANDa para samAna rUpa se prahAra kiyaa| donoM dharmoM ko tatkAlIna rAjAzraya prApta huaa| bauddha dharma ne jahAM antarrASTrIya khyAti prApta kiyA, vahIM jaina dharma Aja bhI bhArata meM apanA astitva banAye hue hai| chaThI zatAbdI I. pU. meM jaina dharma ko mahAvIra svAmI ne bhArata ke kone-kone taka phuNcaayaa| chaThI zatAbdI I. pU. meM bhAratavarSa SoDsa mahAjanapada meM vibhakta thA jinameM se eka zUrasena janapada bhI thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI mathurA thii| zUrasena janapada yamunA nadI ke kinAre sthita thaa| jinasena ke mahApurANa ke anusAra bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI AjJA se indra ne bhArata ko bAvana janapadoM meM vibhAjita kiyA thA jisameM zUrasena kA nAma bhI ullikhita hai|'

Page #26
zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa janapada kA nAma zUrasena tathA usakI rAjadhAnI mathurA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| zUrasena janapada ko 'brahmarSideza' ke antargata mAnA gayA hai|' brahmarSideza evaM brahmAvarta ko prAcIna samaya meM bahuta hI pavitra mAnA jAtA thA aura yahAM ke nivAsiyoM kA AcAra-vicAra zreSTha evaM AdarzarUpa mAnA jAtA thaa| mathurA zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI thii| isakI sthApanA rAma ke bhAI zatrughna ne kI thii| zatrughna ke eka putra kA nAma zUrasena thA jisake nAma para isa deza kA nAma zUrasena pdd'aa| zatrughna ne madhuvana meM yAdava lavana ko mArakara aura jaMgala ko kATakara isa janapada kI sthApanA kI thii| zUrasena janapada ke uttara meM kurUdeza (Adhunika dillI aura usake AsapAsa kA pradeza) thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI indaprastha tathA hastinApura thii| dakSiNa meM cedi rAjya (Adhunika bundelakhaNDa tathA samIpa kA kucha bhAga) thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI sUktimati thii| zUrasena janapada ke pUrva meM pAMcAla rAjya Adhunika rUhelakhaNDa thA, jo do bhAgoM meM baMTA thaa| uttara pAMcAla jisakI rAjadhAnI ahicchatrA barelI jile meM vartamAna rAmanagara aura dakSiNa pAMcAla jisakI rAjadhAnI kAmpilya (Adhunika kampila, jilA pharrukhAbAda) thii| pazcima meM matsya janapada (Adhunika alavara riyAsata tathA jayapura kA pUrvI bhAga) thaa| isakI rAjadhAnI virATa nagara (vartamAna vairATa), jayapura meM thii|" zUrasena janapada kI yaha saMjJA IsavI san ke prArambha taka jArI rhii| zUrasena janapada para videzI zaka-kuSANoM ke adhikAra karane ke bAda janapada kI saMjJA usakI rAjadhAnI ke nAma para mathurA pracalita ho gii| varAhamihira ne bhI madhyadeza ke janapadoM kI gaNanA karate samaya 'mAthuraka' tathA 'zUrasena' kA ullekha kiyA hai|' jaina 'harivaMza purANa' meM prAcIna bhArata ke aTThAraha mahArAjyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, usameM zUrasena pradeza aura usakI rAjadhAnI mathurA kA nAma bhI ullekha hai|

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3 viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana strota mathurA nagarI jaina dharma ke sAtha-sAtha vaiSNava evaM bauddha dharma kI pramukha kendra rahI hai| bhAratavarSa ke sAMskRtika aura AdhyAtmika gaurava kI AdhAra zilAeM isakI sAta mahApuriyAM haiM / mathurA kI gaNanA sapta mahApurayoM meM kI gaI hai / sapta mahApuriyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiMayodhyA, mathurA, mAyA, kAzI, kAMcI, avantikA aura dvArikA / * padmapurANa meM mathurA kA mahatva sarvopari mAnate hue kahA gayA hai ki yadyapi kAzI Adi sabhI puriyAM mokSadAyinI haiM, tathApi mathurApurI dhanya hai / yaha purI devatAoM ke lie bhI durlabha hai / " isI kA samarthana 'gargasaMhitA' meM karate hue batalAyA hai ki puriyoM kI rAnI kRSNapurI mathurA brajezvarI, yajJa - taponidhiyoM kI IzvarI hai| yaha mokSadAyinI dharmapurI mathurA namaskAra yogya hai|10 12 zUrasena pradeza kI rAjadhAnI mathurA kI bhaugolika sImA samaya-samaya para parivartita hotI rahI / 'vArAha purANa' meM mathurAmaNDala kA vistAra 20 yojana batAyA gayA hai / 'vAyu purANa'"" meM isakA vistAra 40 yojana kahA gayA hai| eka yojana cAra kosa athavA sAta mIla kA hotA hai, ataH brajamaNDala kA vistAra caurAsI kosa kA mAnA gyaa| vidvAna kRSNadatta vAjapeyI ne likhA hai ki vartamAna mathurA tathA usake Asa-pAsa kA pradeza jise braja kahA jAtA hai, prAcIna kAla meM 'zUrasena' janapada ke nAma se prasiddha thA / isakI sImAeM samaya-samaya para badalatI rhiiN| kAlAntara meM mathurA nAma se hI yaha janapada vikhyAta huA / sAtavIM zatI meM jaba cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga mathurA AyA to usane likhA ki mathurA rAjya kA vistAra pAMca hajAra lI (lagabhaga ATha sau taiMtIsa mIla) thA / 14 isa varNana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sAtavIM zatI meM mathurA ke antargata vartamAna mathurA - AgarA jiloM ke atirikta Adhunika bharatapura tathA dhaulapura jile aura uparale madhyabhArata kA uttarI lagabhaga

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa AdhA bhAga rahA hogaa| dakSiNa-pUrva meM mathurA rAjya kI sImA jejAka bhukti kI pazcimI sImA se tathA dakSiNa-pazcima meM mAlava rAjya kI uttarI sImA se milatI rahI hogii| sAtavIM zatI ke bAda se mathurA rAjya kI sImAeM ghaTatI gii| isakA pradhAna kAraNa samIpa ke kannauja rAjya kI unnati thI, jisameM mathurA tathA anya par3osI rAjyoM ke bar3e bhU-bhAga sammilita ho ge| ___ zrI kaniMghama kA anumAna hai ki mathurA ke pazcima meM bharatapura aura dhaulapura taka pUrva meM jijhautI taka tathA dakSiNa meM gvAliyara taka hoNgii| isa prakAra usa samaya bhI mathurA eka bar3A rAjya rahA hogaa| bhAratIya dharma, darzana, kalA aura sAhitya ke vikAsa meM isa pradeza kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| yaha nagarI pazcimI uttara pradeza meM 270, 2830 akSAMza tathA 770, 41 pUrvI dezAntara para sthita hai| yamunA nadI ke kinAre sthita mathurA nagarI bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kI ekatA kI dyotaka rahI hai| ___ vartamAna mathurA ke uttara meM gur3agAMva aura alIgar3ha jile kA bhAga hai| pUrva meM alIgar3ha aura eTA, dakSiNa meM AgarA tathA pazcima meM bharatapura aura gur3agAMva kA kucha bhAga hai| ___ uparyukta varNana ke AdhAra para zUrasena janapada kA vistAra mathurA, baTezvara, zauripura taka thaa| jisameM jaina dharma kA pramukha kendra mathurA, kaMkAlI, jaina caurAsI, zaurIpura, baTezvara, ariMga evaM soMkha Adi haiN| ina sthAnoM se pracura mAtrA meM jaina kalAkRtiyAM milI haiN| sarvAdhika jaina kalAkRtiyAM kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI haiM jo tatkAlIna dhArmika evaM sAmAjika itihAsa kA digdarzana karAtI hai| bhagavAna kRSNa kI janmasthalI hone ke kAraNa bhI mathurA kA vizeSa mahatva hai| jaina paramparAnusAra sAtaveM tIrthaMkara zrI supArzvanAtha aura teIsaveM tIrthaMkara zrI pArzvanAtha kA vihAra bhI mathurA meM huA thaa|" tathA antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svAmI kA bhI padArpaNa huA thaa|' antima kevali

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viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota jambUsvAmI ke tapa aura nirvANa kI bhUmi hone se mathurA jainiyoM ke lie pramukha tIrtha sthAna rahA hai| __ isa prakAra zUrasena janapada jinoM kI vihAra bhUmi, vividha, muniyoM kI tapobhUmi evaM aneka siddha puruSoM kI nirvANa bhUmi hone ke sAtha hI sAtha jaina dharma ke suprasiddha stUpoM, mandiroM aura kalAkRtiyoM ke kAraNa atyanta prAcIna kAla se hI siddha kSetra tathA uttarApatha kA pramukha tIrtha sthAna mAnA gayA hai|" bhAratavarSa kI sarvopari pavitra aura prAcIna nadiyoM meM yamunA kI gaNanA gaMgA ke sAtha kI jAtI hai| gaMgA-yamunA ke doAba kI pavitra bhUmi meM hI AryoM kI purAtana saMskRti kA gauravazAlI rUpa nirmita huA thaa| zUrasena janapada kI yamunA eka mAtra mahatvapUrNa nadI hai| jahAM taka zUrasena janapada kI saMskRti kA sambandha hai yamunA ko kevala nadI kahanA hI paryApta nahIM hai| vastutaH yaha zUrasena janapada kI saMskRti kI sahAyaka, isakI dIrghakAlIna paramparA kI preraka aura yahAM kI dhArmika bhAvanA kI pramukha AdhAra rahI hai| 'yamunA sahastranAma' meM yamunA jI ke eka hajAra nAmoM se unakI prazasti kA gAyana kiyA gayA hai|20 __prAcIna sAhitya meM kaliMdajA, sUryatanayA, triyAmA Adi aneka nAmoM se yamunA kA ullekha milatA hai| ___ bhAgavata tathA skanda purANoM se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna vRndAvana meM yamunA govardhana ke nikaTa pravAhita hotI thIM, jabaki isa samaya vaha govardhana se prAyaH caudaha mIla dUra ho gaI hai| jo lagabhaga ikkIsa kilomITara hai| zUrasena janapada meM bAraha vanoM ke nAma kA ullekha milatA haimadhubana, tAlabana, kumudabana, bahulAbana, kAmabana, khadirabana, vRndAvana, bhadrabana, bhaNDIrabana, belabana, lohabana aura mahAbana / " zUrasena janapada ke uttara-pazcima kI pahAr3iyAM arAvalI parvata kI zrRMkhalAeM haiM, jo kAmabana aura usake Age taka phailI huI haiN| mukhya 'carana pahAr3I' kahalAtI hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zUrasena janapada meM prasiddha govardhana parvata hai, jise 'girirAja' kahate haiN| yaha mathurA nagara se lagabhaga 13 mIla pazcima hai aura dakSiNa pUrva kI dizA meM phailA hai| isakI lambAI karIba pAMca mIla hai aura UMcAI 100 phuTa taka jAtI hai / yaha parvata bahuta pavitra mAnA jAtA hai aura isakI bar3I saMkhyA meM zraddhAlu parikramA karate haiM / 1 zUrasena janapada kI bhUmi una bhU-bhAgoM ko chor3akara jahAM jaMgala, parvata yA TIle nahIM haiM anya maidAnI hisse ke samAna hI hai / bhUmi baMjara evaM urvaraka donoM prakAra kI hai| yahAM kI do mukhya phasaleM hai, kharIpha evaM rabI kI / kharIpha meM jvAra, bAjarA aura kapAsa kI khetI pradhAna hai / 6 makkA, moMTha aura jvAra bhI boyA jAtA hai / inake atirikta urda, mUMga, tila, san aura cAvala bhI paidA kiyA jAtA hai, para kama mAtrA meM gannA bhI kama hotA hai| rabI kI phasala meM gehUM aura canA mukhya hai / maTara, masUra, AlU, gAjara, sarasoM, alasI Adi kI bhI upaja kaI bhAgoM meM hotI hai| yamunA ke retIle bhAga meM kakar3I, kharabUje, kAzIphala Adi ugAyA jAtA hai aura zeSa bhAga meM jhAU, kAMsa, karIla, jharaberI Adi jhAr3iyAM utpanna hotI hai / jhAU se TokarI, Dale Adi banate haiM aura kAMsa kA upayogI chappara banAne meM kiyA jAtA hai 1 zUrasena janapada meM aneka prakAra ke vRkSa pAye jAte haiM, jaise- anAra, amarUda, amalatAza, aranI, azoka, Ama, AMvalA, imalI, kaTahala, jAmuna, gUlara, khajUra, nAraMgI, nIma, nIMbU, papItA aadi| cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga jaba mathurA AyA thA, taba usane isa kSetra meM hone vAle AmoM kI bahutAyata kA ullekha kiyA hai| usane likhA hai- 'yahAM para AmoM ke per3a itanI adhikatA se pAye jAte haiM ki kahIM-kahIM para unake jaMgala ho ge| yahAM do prakAra ke Ama pAye jAte haiN| eka kA phala choTA hotA hai, jo kaccA hone para harA aura pakane para pIlA ho jAtA hai / dUsare kA phala bar3A hotA hai jo pakane para bhI harA hI rahatA hai| 24

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7 viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota I pazu-pakSiyoM ke lie bhI zUrasena janapada bahuta prasiddha rahA hai varSAkAla meM mayUroM ke nRtya huA karate the / aba bhI braja meM morakuTI, mora mandira Adi nAma isa bAta ke smAraka haiM ki zUrasena meM mayUra pakSI kA kitanA mahatva thaa| anya pakSI koyala, gaureyA, abAbIla, kaThaphor3avA, ThaTherA, totA, nIlakaNTha, kauA Adi haiN| gAya, bhaiMsa, bher3a, bakarI, khaccara, ghor3A, hAthI Adi pAlatU pazu haiN| zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke vikAsa kA atyadhika mahatva hai / yaha viSaya isa dRSTi se bhI mahatvapUrNa hai ki yahAM para jainadharma kA astitva prArambha se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka rahA hai aura Aja bhI vidyamAna hai / jaba manuSya ne pRthvI para apane jIvana kA vistAra kiyA, taba use naye bhU-sthAnoM tathA jalavAyu parivartanoM ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta huI / bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM kI upayogitA evaM prakRti kI AkarSaka chaTA ne mAnava ko ekatra hokara rahane ke lie prerita kiyA / jaba manuSyoM ne eka hI sthAna para nivAsa karanA prArambha kiyA taba usane dekhA ki jalavAyu evaM RtueM parivartanazIla haiN| parivartanazIlatA ne mAnava jIvana ko AkarSita kiyA aura eka sImA taka prabhAvita bhI kiyaa| isa prakAra pUjA-paddhati aura AsthA evaM vizvAsa se manuSya kI athaka yAtrA ko samApta kara vibhinna dharmoM ke svarUpa ko dhAraNa kiyA / mAnava kI jijJAsA jo prAkRtika rahasya, upahAroM, zraddhA evaM anya gUr3hatam viSayoM ko jAnane ke kAraNa utpanna huI thI / usase manuSya zainaH zainaH adhyAtma evaM dharma kI ora pravRtta huA / dharma evaM adhyAtma ke prati AkarSaNa ke kAraNa vizva bhara meM mAnava ne bhinna-bhinna dharmoM evaM sampradAyoM kI sthApanA kI / mAnava svabhAva ne apane cintana ke dvArA Izvara ko DhUMDhane kA prayAsa jArI rkhaa| kabhI nirAkAra to kabhI sAkAra, lekina apane bhAvoM ko vyaktigata abhivyakti denA mUrtiyoM ke mAdhyama se prArambha kiyA / mUrtipUjA kA khaNDana hone ke bAda bhI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki pratyeka dharma-sampradAya ne mUrtipUjA ko kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna kii| ___ pASANakAla kI lambI yAtrA ko manuSya ne jaba pUrA kiyA to usane kucha upalabdhiyAM prApta kara lI thii| pASANakAla ke pazcAt manuSya tAmra pASANika yuga meM praveza karake vaha dharma ke bahuta hI nikaTa pahuMca gayA thaa| dharma jo ki atyanta hI prAcIna viSaya evaM Avazyaka rahA hai ki manuSya ne svabhAvagata rUpa se ise svIkAra kiyA aura anya rahasyoM ko udghATita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| bhAratavarSa kI prAcInatama sabhyatA siMdhu sabhyatA thI, kintu sindhu sabhyatA kI lipi apaThanIya hone ke kAraNa isa prAcIna sabhyatA ke viSaya meM kucha tathyagata rUpa se kahanA kaThina hai kyoMki hamAre pAsa isake paThanIya sAdhanoM kA abhAva hai| prAcIna bhAratavarSa ke AryAvarta meM vaidika dharma kI sthApanA huii| yaha dharma apanI sthApanA ke bAda vikAsa kI parAkASTha ko prApta haA vaidika dharma ke rUpa meM apanI eka pRthaka pahacAna sthApita kii| ___ kAlAntara meM, vibhinna rUr3hiyoM, ADambara, kharcIle lambe yajJa, pazubali Adi kurItiyoM kA isa dharma meM samAveza ho gyaa| vaidika dharma meM bahudevavAda kA jora prabala ho gyaa| ekezvaravAda kI prabhutA ko sthApita karanA kaThina thA aura yaha nirdhArita karanA aura bhI asambhava ho gayA ki bahudevavAda arthAt sampUrNa deva samUha meM sarvocca kauna hai? ___ eka paramezvara ko mAnane kA siddhAnta prAyaH lupta hotA jA rahA thaa| devatAoM ke samUha aura yajJa Adi ke kharca ko sabhI manuSya vahana nahIM kara sakate theM phalataH lambI avadhi taka calane vAle yajJa ko bhaviSya meM yathAvat calA pAnA kaThina ho gayA taba kisI aise dharma-vijJAna kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa kI jAne lagI jisameM yaha saba pAkhaNDa, vyaya, pazudhana kI bali evaM anya kurItiyoM ke lie koI sthAna na ho tathA paryAvaraNa ko bhI surakSita bacAyA jA ske| vaidika dharma kI kurItiyoM ke

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viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota kAraNa mAnava mastika ko eka ahiMsAvAdI dharma kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa huii| ___ chaThI zatAbdI I. pU. taka Ate-Ate AryAvarta ke uttara-pUrva kI sImAnta bhUmi se vanoM ko kATakara kRSi yogya banAnA prArambha ho gyaa| aba atirikta bhUmi dohana ke lie adhika pazudhana kI AvazyakatA thii| kyoMki phala vAle hala ko khIMcane kA kArya pazuoM dvArA hI ho sakatA thaa| __pazuoM ke bacAva ke lie yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki pazubali ko pUrNa niSiddha kara diyA jAe jisase pazuoM ko kRSi kArya ke lie prayoga meM lAyA jA ske| phalasvarUpa prAcIna bhAratIya brAhmaNa dharmAnuyAyI upAsakoM kA karmakANDIya dharma se mohabhaMga hone lgaa| isa prakAra ke vAtAvaraNa meM mahAvIra svAmI ne samAja meM vyApta paramparAgata asamAnatA para AdhArita atyanta hiMsAvAdI evaM kharcIle ADambarapUrNa brAhmaNa dharma kA virodha karake samAnatA, maitrIbhAva, ahiMsA tathA ADambara rahita dharma kA upadeza diyaa| sAmAnya janatA jo brAhmaNa dharma ke ADambaroM se thaka cukI thI, use yaha ahiMsAvAdI dharma ati rUcikara lagA, usane mahAvIra svAmI ke dharma upadezoM ko sunakara apane hRdaya meM dhAraNa kiyA aura tadnusAra AcaraNa karanA prArambha kiyA jisase yaha dharma eka pRthak ahiMsAvAdI dharma ke rUpa meM sthApita huA jo jaina dharma ke rUpa meM vikasita huaa| __ jaina dharma meM ahiMsA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| samAja ke pratyeka vyakti ko samAnatA kA ehasAsa huaa| Atmiya unnati kA dvAra jaina dharma ke dvArA sarala ho gayA, isa kAraNa pratyeka vyakti isa dharma ke prati AkarSita huA aura svIkAra karake gauravAnvita anubhava karane lgaa| ___ jaina sAhityika sAdhanoM ke anusAra mahAvIra svAmI ke pUrva teIsa tIrthaMkara ho cuke the, caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara svayaM mahAvIra svAmI the| apanI indriyoM para vijaya prApta karane ke kAraNa 'jina' khlaae|26

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa jaina dharma bhAratavarSa kI dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika paramparA kA mahatvapUrNa bhAga hai| bhinna-bhinna kAloM evaM pradezoM meM arhata, vrAtya, zramaNa, nirgrantha, anekAntI, syAdavAdI Adi nAma bhI jJAta hote haiN|27 saMsAra sAgara ko pAra karane vAle, dharma-tIrtha kI sthApanA evaM pravartana karane vAle janma-maraNa, sukha-dukha para vijaya prApta karane vAle tIrthaMkara kahalAte haiN| nirgrantha unheM kahA jAtA hai jo mAnava sampUrNa antaraMga aura bAhya parigraha ko tyAga kara de| tIrthaMkaroM, zramaNoM, nirgranthoM, arhatoM yA jinadevoM dvArA svayaM anubhUta, Acarita evaM saMsAra ke samasta jIvoM ke hita sukha ke lie upadezita aura pravartita dharma-vyavasthA kA nAma hI 'jina' athavA 'jaina' dharma haiN| jaina dharma kA svayaM kA darzana, jJAna, saMskRti evaM virAsata hai| ___jaina mAnyatAnusAra yaha vizva apane upAdAnoM sahita sattAbhUta, vAstavika aura anAdi vidhAna hai| saMsAra meM upasthita samasta padArthoM meM pratyakSa yA apratyakSa parivartana hote rahate haiN| jinakA kAraNa kAladravya hai| vyavahAra kAla kI ikAI, 'kalpa' ko sabase bar3I ikAI mAnA gayA hai| anantakAla samApta ho cuke haiM aura yaha saMsAra aneka kalpoM taka calatA rhegaa| pratyeka kalpa ke do vibhAga hote haiN| eka avasarpiNI jise adhomukha yA avanatizIla kahA jAtA hai| dUsarA utsarpiNI jise urdhvamukha yA unnatizIla kahA jAtA hai| inameM se pratyeka ke chaH Araka hote haiN| avasarpiNI meM prathama se chaThe taka sabhI Araka krama se calate haiM aura utsarpiNI kAla meM yaha krama viparIta ho jAtA hai| avasarpiNI meM yaha krama sukhamA-sukhamA, sukhamA-sukhamA, dukhamA-dukhamA aura dukhamA-dukhamA chaH Araka haiN| utsarpiNI kAla meM yaha krama ulTA ho jAtA hai jaisedukhamA-dukhamA, sukhamA-sukhamA, sukhmaa-sukhmaa| ___ zUrasena janapada kA dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa atyanta gauravazAlI rahA hai| zUrasena janapada ko yaha gaurava isalie prApta hai ki yahAM para bhArata ke sabhI pramukha dharma-sampradAyoM kA vikAsa huA thaa|

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viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota zUrasena janapada kI dhArmika saMskRti ne vibhinna kAloM meM deza ke adhikAMza bhAgoM ko prabhAvita kiyA thaa|29 __ zUrasena janapada meM vibhinna dharmoM kI avirala dhArA sadiyoM se pravAhita hotI rahI hai| yaha janapada vaidika, jaina evaM bauddha dharmoM kA pramukha kendra rahA hai| ____ bhagavAna zrI kRSNa kI janmabhUmi hone ke kAraNa yaha kSetra sadiyoM se vaiSNava dharma kA pramukha kendra rahA hai| zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA kI gaNanA pramukha dhArmika nagarI ke rUpa meM hotI hai| jaina AgamoM kA prArambhika saMkalana evaM lekhana zUrasena janapada meM huaa| sudharmAsvAmI evaM jambUsvAmI ne zUrasena janapada meM jaina AgamoM kA saMkalana kiyaa| jaina AgamoM ke saMkalana ke kAraNa isa janapada ke mahatva meM atyadhika vRddhi ho jAtI hai| zUrasena janapada ke zaurIpura meM jaina tIrthakara neminAtha kA janma huA thaa| neminAtha jainadharma ke bAisaveM jina bhagavAna mAne jAte haiN| bhagavAna neminAtha ko zrIkRSNa ke cacere bhAI ke rUpa meM bhI jAnA jAtA hai| neminAtha kI pratimAoM meM bhI zrIkRSNa evaM balarAma kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| __ zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA vaiSNava sampradAya kA kendra thI lekina zaka-kuSANakAla meM mathurA bhAgavata dharma kA gar3ha nahIM raha gayA thaa| mathurA se prApta laghu nAga-pratimA abhilekha se yaha pUrNataH siddha hotA hai ki mathurA meM nAgapUjA bhI pracalita thii| bhagavAna buddha ke eka ziSya mahAkaccAyana ne yahAM para jAti viSayaka eka pravacana diyA thaa| jaina mata ke anusAra do RSiyoM dvArA siddhi prApta kiye jAne ke kAraNa zUrasena ko 'siddhi kSetra' kahA jAne lgaa| zUrasena aura usake samIpastha gAMvoM ke nivAsI apane gharoM evaM AMgana meM jaina mUrtiyAM sthApita karane ke lie maMgalArtha athavA Ale banavAte the|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa kuSANa narezoM ke zAsanakAla, 78 I. ke bAda se sambandhita mathurA se prApta abhilekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki yahAM para jaina sampradAya na kevala adhiSTita hI thA varan pahale se hI yaha choTe-choTe vargoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thaa| cauthI zatAbdI meM zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA aura ballabhI meM do jaina saMgItiyAM bulAI gaI thiiN| mahAvIra svAmI ke nirvANa ke 827veM varSa mathurA meM AcArya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM jaina saMgIti kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| dUsarI jaina saMgIti isI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM Ayojita huii| ye jaina saMgItiyAM jaina dharma ke prAcArArtha evaM jaina sAdhuoM ko saMgaThita karane kI dRSTi se bulAI gaI thii| ina saMgItiyoM meM jaina dharma ke zramaNa evaM zramaNacaryA ke gaThana ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma kI racanA sambandhI vibhinna samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nikAlane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA thaa|42 mahAvIra svAmI ke pazcAt zUrasena janapada meM jJAta jaina sAdhuoM dvArA zvetAmbara jaina sampradAya kA pracAra kArya prArambha huaa| sAta jaina sAdhu the- suramantra, zrImantra, zrI tilaka, sarvasundara, jayamantra, anila lalita aura jymitr| zUrasena janapada meM sarasvatI Andolana huaa| isa tathya kI puSTi sarasvatI kI prAcInatam pratimA se hotI hai| sarasvatI kI pratimA banAkara mathurA meM jainAgamoM ko saMkalana evaM surakSita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| sarasvatI devI ko jaina dharma meM pratiSThita sthAna prApta hai|" zUrasena janapada ke pramukha jaina kendra kaMkAlI TIle se sarvAdhika jaina mUrtiyAM evaM kalAkRtiyAM prApta huI haiN| ____ kalA kI dRSTi se zUrasena janapada kA pramukha sthAna hai| gAndhAra kalA ke sAtha zUrasena janapada meM mathurA kalA zailI vikasita huI thI mathurA kalA ke aMtargata nirmita mUrtiyAM bhAratavarSa ke anya kSetroM meM bhejI jAtI thiiN| mathurA kalA vizuddha bhAratIya thii|

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viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota ___ kaMkAlI se prApta devanirmita jaina stUpa tIsarI zatAbdI I. pU. kA hai| kalA kI dRSTikoNa se yaha atyanta sundara evaM prAcIna hai| mathurA se abhilekhoM kI bhI prApti huI hai| zaka nareza mahAkSatrapa zoDAsa kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa abhilekha hai| isakI tithi 72 dI gaI hai| kaMkAlI se eka nartaka kI patnI zivayazA ne eka abhilikhita AyAgapaTTa sthApita karavAyA thA prApta huA hai| isase patA calatA hai ki zUrasena janapada meM vibhinna varga ke loga jaina dharma meM AsthA rakhate the| zUrasena janapada se isI prakAra ke aura bhI jaina abhilekha prApta hue haiM jo zUresana janapada meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI upAsanA ke nimitta bhinna-bhinna vyaktiyoM dvArA AyAgapaTTa nirmita karavAne kA ullekha hai| ina AyAgapaTToM para vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM kI upAsanA ke nimita unake alaga-alaga lAMchana nirmita haiN|48 mathurA kalA ke antargata cAra prakAra kI pratimAeM nirmita huI haiN| prathama kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3I pratimAeM, dUsarI padmAsana meM baiThI huI pratimAeM, tIsarI khar3I huI sarvatobhadrikA pratimAeM aura cauthI usI kI bhAMti Asanastha prtimaaeN|19 kuSANa kAla ke kucha abhilekhoM meM jaina zramaNoM ke gaNa, kula evaM zAkhA ke bhI sAkSya milate haiM isase yaha mahatvapUrNa tathya jJAta hotA hai ki zUrasena janapada kA jaina saMgha atyadhika susaMgaThita thaa|50 jaina pratimAvijJAna kI dRSTi se zUrasena janapada kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| zUrasena janapada meM hI mathurA kalA kA janma evaM vikAsa huaa| __ zuMga-kuSANa yuga meM jaina AyAgapaTTa evaM pratimAeM pracura saMkhyA meM nirmita huii| bhagavAna RSabha kI laTakatI jaTA, pArzvanAtha ke sAta sarpaphaNa, jinoM ke vakSa sthala para bhI zrI vatsa cinha aura zIrSa bhAga para uSNISa nirmita karane kA zreya mathurA kalA ko jAtA hai| jina-martiyoM meM aSTa-pratihAryoM, jaise-siMhAsana, cAmaradhara, prabhAmaNDala, chatratrayI, devadundubhi, surapuSTa-vRSTi, divyadhvani utkIrNa karane

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14 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa kA prArambha bhI yahAM se huaa| mathurA kalA ke antargata hI pratimAoM kA aMkana dhyAnamudrA meM prArambha huaa| isase pUrva prApta mUrtiyoM meM jo lohAnIpura, causA kI hai, unameM jina kAryotsarga- mudrA meM khar3e haiN| mUrtiyoM meM lAMchanoM ke sAtha-sAtha yakSa-yakSI yugaloM kA citraNa bhI sarvaprathama zUrasena janapada meM hI prArambha huii| __ zUrasena janapada se pratimAoM ke sAtha-sAtha abhilikhita caraNa caukI, AyAgapaTTa evaM anya kalAkRtiyAM bhI prApta huI haiN| tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana dRzyoM, vidyAdharoM, sarasvatI, kSetrapAla, jinoM ke mAtA-pitA, aSTa dikpAloM, navagrahoM evaM pratimA nirUpaNa se sambandhita ullekha tathA unakI abhivyakti bhI sarvaprathama zUrasena janapada meM hI huii| jaina zilpa meM ekarasatA utpanna karane ke lie sthApatya vizAla AyAmoM ko zilpagata vaividhya se saMyojita karane ke lie evaM anya dharmAvalambiyoM ko AkarSita karane ke lie anya sampradAyoM ke katipaya devoM ko bhI vibhinna sthaloM para nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA kI eka ambikA pratimA meM balarAma, kRSNa, kubera evaM gaNeza kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| mathurA evaM devagar3ha kI neminAtha pratimA meM bhI balarAma-kRSNa kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| ___ jaTAmukuTa se zobhita vRSabhavAhanA devI kA nirUpaNa zvetAmbara sthaloM para vizeSa lokapriya thaa| devI kI do bhujAoM meM sarpa evaM trizUla hai| devI kA lAkSaNika svarUpa pUrNataH hindU zivA se prabhAvita hai|" rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU kI do ambikA mUrtiyoM meM devI ke hAthoM meM darpaNa, trizUla, ghaNTA aura pustaka pradarzita hai jisa para umA evaM ziva kA prabhAva hai| zUrasena kA mahatva isa dRSTikoNa se bhI hai ki yaha eka mahatvapUrNa vyApArika kendra thaa| kuSANakAla meM jo rAjamArga pATaliputra se prArambha hotA thA vaha mathurA se hokara purUSapura taka jAtA thaa| isalie yaha nagara usa kAla meM bhAratIya rAjyoM ke atirikta videzoM se bhI apanA

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viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota vyApArika sambandha rakhatA thaa| zUrasena janapada ke vyApArI taba deza evaM videza kI aneka vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya kara yatheSTa dhanArjana karate the| __ puSyamitra ke zAsanakAla meM prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa pataMjali hue the, jinhoMne pANini kRta aSTAdhyAyI para 'mahAbhASya' kI racanA kI thii| unhoMne zUrasena janapada ke nivAsiyoM ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki yahAM ke nivAsI saMkAzya aura pATaliputra meM rahane vAloM se bhI adhika sundara aura samRddha hote haiN| __ zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke kramabaddha vikAsa ko prastuta karane ke lie jo sAmagrI upalabdha hai use mukhya rUpa se tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM : (1) sAhityika sAmagrI (2) purAtAtvika avazeSa aura (3) videzI yAtriyoM ke vRttaant| sAhityika sAmagrI meM maulika granthoM kA pramukha sthAna hai, tatpazcAta Adhunika granthoM kA sthAna AtA hai| maulika granthoM ko bhI do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM : (ka) brAhmaNa grantha, (kha) brAhmaNettara grnth| brAhmaNa granthoM meM purANoM kA vizeSa mahatva hai| pramukha purANoM meM zUrasena janapada kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| jaise- harivaMza purANa, matsya purANa, bhAgavata purANa, varAha purANa, padma purANa, skanda purANa, brahmavaivarta evaM garUNa puraann| ina mahatvapUrNa purANoM meM na kevala zUrasena janapada ke bhaugolika evaM prAkRtika varNana milate haiM apitu prAcIna vaMzAvaliyAM, yuddha, dharma, darzana, kalA evaM sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita vivaraNa milate haiN| zUrasena janapada ke sambandha meM harivaMza tathA bhAgavata purANa kA vizeSa dhArmika mahatva hai| paravartI saMskRta sAhitya meM manusmRti, smRti grantha, kAvya, nATaka, campU, AkhyAyikA Adi haiM jinase vizeSa ullekhanIya jAnakArI milatI

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16 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne bhI apane grantha meM zUrasena kA ullekha kiyA hai aura batAyA hai ki yahAM ke nivAsI pATaliputra se adhika sundara evaM sabhya hote haiN| brAhmaNettara sAhitya meM jaina evaM bauddha dharma ke granthoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| jaina sAhitya meM Agama grantha, kalpasUtra, bhagavatI sUtra, aMga vijjA, paumacariya, vasudevahiNDI, AvazyakacUrNI, Avazyaka niyukti, rAyapaseniya sUtra, samavAyAMga sUtra, uttarAdhyayana sUtra, vividhatIrtha kalpa vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| ___ ina mahatvapUrNa granthoM se caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kA jIvana vRttAnta evaM vibhinna tIrthoM ke viSaya meM mahatvapUrNa jJAna upalabdha hotA hai| vivAgasUya se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra svAmI kA zUrasena janapada meM vihAra huA thaa| isI krama meM karma vipAka, tiloyapaNNati, dazavaikAlika sUtra, tatvArtha sUtra, pariziSTa parvana, nandIcUrNi, prabandha cintAmaNi Adi granthoM se jaina dharma evaM darzana saMskRti kI amUlya jAnakArI milatI hai| zUrasena janapada meM sAta jaina sAdhuoM dvArA dharma ke pracAra kArya kA ullekha vimalasUri kRta paumacariya se jJAta hotA hai| bRhatkathAkoza, sthAnAMga sUtra, sUtrakRtAMga-TIkA, triSaSTizalAkApuruSa- carita, jJAtRdharmakathA Adi granthoM kA vizeSa ullekhanIya sthAna hai| ina pramukha granthoM se prAcIna bhArata meM jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti tathA kalA kA vRhad jJAna upalabdha hotA hai| ___ vRhatkalpasUtra bhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki mathurA rAjya ke 96 gAMvoM ke caurAhoM para 'maMgalacaitya' nirmita kiye gaye the aura unameM arhata pratimAeM pratiSTita kI gaI thiiN| zvetAmbara paramparA ke pramukha granthoM meM vappaTTisUri kRta cartuviMzatikA, zobhanamunikRta caturviMzati srota, nirvANakalikA pravacanasArodvAra Adi mahatvapUrNa granthoM se vizeSa jAnakArI milatI hai|

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viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota 17 digambara paramparA ke pramukha granthoM meM harivaMza purANa, Adi purANa, uttara purANa, pratiSThA-sAroddhAra, pratiSThA sArasaMgraha Adi granthoM se jaina sAMskRtika avadAna ke bAre meM jAnakArI milatI hai| __ inake atirikta bauddha granthoM meM ghaTa jAtaka, divyAvadAna, lalita vistAra, majhimanikAya, mahAvatthu, vetavatthu, aMguttara nikAya, saMyukta nikAya Adi granthoM se amUlya jAnakArI milatI hai| ina pramukha granthoM se tatkAlIna samaya kI sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, Arthika, dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa ke viSaya meM amUlya jAnakArI upalabdha hai| __ Adhunika sAhitya meM zrI prabhudayAla mIttala kI do pustakeM bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa haiN| prathama braja kI kalAoM kA itihAsa evaM dvitIyataH braja kA sAMskRtika itihaas| zrIkRSNa datta bAjapeyI kI pustaka braja kA itihAsa prathama evaM dvitIya khaNDa, DaoN. Ara. sI. zarmA kI pustaka mathurA saMgrahAlaya paricaya, braja kA prAcIna jaina tIrtha kaMkAlI sthala vizeSa pramukha hai jisase zUrasena janapada kI kalA evaM saMskRti ke adhyayana meM mahatvapUrNa jJAna upalabdha hotA hai| ___ isI krama meM DaoN. nIlakaNTha puruSottama jozI kI pustaka mathurA kalA, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kI pustaka bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, DaoN. jyoti prasAda jaina kI mahatvapUrNa pustaka uttara pradeza aura jaina dharma, jaina kalA aura sthApatya, uttara pradeza meM jaina dharma kA udaya aura vikAsa di jaina sorseja oNva di hisTrI oNva aiMzyeNTa iNDiyA, vizeSa ullekhanIya pustakeM haiN| ___ DaoN. mArUtinandana prasAda tivArI kI pramukha pustaka jaina pratimA vijJAna vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| DaoN. vI. ke. zarmA kI pustaka e spezala riphrensa vida mathurA tathA DaoN. zailendra kumAra rastogI kI pustaka lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya kI jaina pratimAeM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| DaoN. hemacandra rAya caudharI kI pustaka paoNliTikala hisTrI oNva aiMzyeMTa iNDiyA (saptama saMskaraNa), DaoN. vI. e. smitha kI pustaka di jaina stUpa eNDa adara

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa eNTIkviTIja oNva mathurA, DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina kI pustaka jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja tathA amalAnanda ghoSa kI jaina kalA evaM sthApatya tInoM bhAga bhI vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / 18 zrI alekjeNDara kaniMghama kI pustaka ainzayeMTa jyogrAphI oNva iNDiyA, zrI nAthUrAma premI kI pustaka jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, zrI mohana lAla mehatA kA jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa ke pAMcoM bhAga vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai evaM jaina dharma-darzana vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| DaoN. bimalacaraNa lAhA kI pustaka prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola evaM DaoN. vijayendra kumAra mAthura kI pustaka aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, DaoN. jhinakU yAdava kI pustaka jaina dharma kI aitihAsika rUparekhA, samarAiccakahA : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pustakoM se mahatvapUrNa jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai / DaoN. madhulikA vAjapeyI kI pustaka madhyapradeza meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai / yaha pustaka zodha prabandha ko dizA pradAna karane meM mahatvapUrNa AdhAra siddha huI / uparyukta granthoM se zUrasena janapada kI jaina kalA, sAhitya, darzana evaM bhaugolika sImA, itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke itihAsa kA jJAna prApta karane pracura sAmagrI upalabdha hai jo bahuta mUlyavAna hai / meM itihAsa lekhana ke lie sAhityika sAmagrI ke atirikta purAtAtvika sAmagrI kA vizeSa mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / yaha sAmagrI prAcIna mUrtiyoM, citroM, abhilekhoM, sikkoM tathA imAratI vastuoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha hai| zUrasena janapada meM I. pU. prathama zatI se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka ke jo avazeSa mile haiM unase maurya yuga se lekara gahar3avAla vaMza taka itihAsa evaM saMskRti jAnane meM sahAyatA prApta hotI hai / " granthoM meM nirUpita vivaraNoM ke vastugata parIkSaNa kI dRSTi se purAtAtvika sthaloM kI sAmagrI kA vizeSa mahatva hai, kyoMki mUrta dharohara, kalAtmaka evaM mUrtivaijJAnika vRttiyoM ke spaSTa sAkSI hote haiM /

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viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA se prAcIna zilAlekha mile haiM jinase na kevala vividha kAloM kI rAjanItika avasthA kA patA calatA hai balki tatkAlIna dhArmika evaM sAmAjika sthiti para bhI pracura prakAza par3atA hai| zUrasena janapada kI eka vizeSa kalA thI jo matharA kalA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| aba taka zUrasena janapada kI cittIdAra lAla balue patthara kI mUrtiyAM, stambha, zilApaTTa, siradala, caraNa caukI evaM stUpa mile haiN| ___ ina avazeSoM se prAcIna sthApatya kI vizad jAnakArI milatI hai| isase yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna zUrasena me kisa prakAra ke mandira, vihAra, stUpa, mahala, makAna Adi nirmita hote the| zodha chAtrA ne zUrasena janapada ke aitihAsika sthaloM kA vyaktigata vistRta sarvekSaNa kiyA hai| sarvekSaNa se prApta purAtAtvika sAmagrI kA samAveza isa zodha prabandha meM kiyA gayA hai| ___ bhArata meM prArambha se hI videzI yAtriyoM kA Agamana hotA rahA hai jinhoMne apane yAtrAvRtAnta likhe haiN| ina vRttAntoM se tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, sAmAjika evaM Arthika dazAoM kA vistRta jJAna upalabdha hotA hai| ina yAtriyoM ne yahAM kA AMkhoM dekhA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| sarvAdhika prAcIna vRttAnta yUnAnI yAtriyoM ke milate haiN| mauryavaMza ke samaya meM megasthanIja nAmaka yUnAnI rAjadUta bhArata AyA thaa| usane zUrasena kA ullekha kiyA hai| isakI iNDikA nAmaka pustaka Aja upalabdha nahIM hai lekina I. dUsarI zatI ke yUnAnI lekhaka eriyana ne apanI pustaka meM 'iNDikA' ke uddharaNoM ko prastuta kiyA hai jo isa prakAra hai- "zaurasenAI zUrasena" loga herAklIja (kRSNa) ko bahuta Adara kI dRSTi se dekhate haiN| __zaurasenAI logoM ke do bar3e zahara haiM- methorA (mathurA) aura klIsoborA (keshvpuraa)| unake rAjya meM jobaresa (jamunA) nAma kI eka nadI bahutI hai jisameM nAve cala sakatI haiN|

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20 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa prathama zatAbdI ke yUnAnI lekhaka plinI ne bhI mathurA aura kezavapurA ke bIca se bahane vAlI 'jomanesa' (jamunA) kA ullekha kiyA hai| ___ eka anya yUnAnI lekhaka TAlamI ne 'modurA' (mathurA) ko devatAoM kA nagara kahA haiM yUnAniyoM ke atirikta aneka cInI yAtriyoM ne bhI mathurA kA varNana kiyA hai| inameM phAhyAna tathA hvenasAMga kA nAma vizeSa pramukha hai| phAhyAna mathurA meM cauthI zatAbdI I. meM AyA aura eka mAsa taka nivAsa kiyaa| usane mathurA kI dhArmika sthiti kA varNana kiyA hai| ___ sAtavIM zatAbdI meM venasAMga cIna se mathurA AyA thaa| usane zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA kI sImA 5000 lI. batAyA hai aura AmoM kI do kismoM ke viSaya meM jAnakArI detA hai| usake varNana se zUrasena janapada ke kSetraphala aura dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika sthiti para prakAza par3atA hai| ye donoM cInI yAtrI bauddha dharma se prabhAvita hokara bhArata Aye the| unakA mukhya uddezya bauddha dhArmika sthaloM kI yAtrA karanA tathA bauddha granthoM kA adhyayana evaM anuvAda karanA thaa| sandarbha graMtha sUcI 1. mahApurANa; parva 16, zloka 155 2. manusmRti, 2, 19 3. manusmRti, 2, 18 tathA 20 4. kaniMghama, e.; aizyeMTa jyaoNgrAphI oNpha iNDiyA, pR. 706 5. pArjiTara; aizyeMTa iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala TreDizana, pR. 170 6. Rgveda, VII, 18, 6; gopatha brAhmaNa, I, 2, 9 biblyothekA iNDikA siirij'| 7. vRhatsaMhitA, 14, 3

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viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota 21 8. garUr3a purANa, 62 9. padmapurANa, 73-44, 45 10. gargasaMhitA, 34 11. vArAha purANa, adhyAya 158, 163, 168 zloka 1, 10, 15 12. catvArizaM yojanAnAM tatastu mathurA smRtaa| 13. bAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; braja kA itihAsa, prathama khaNDa, pR. 2 14. vATarsa, thAmasa; oNna yuvAna ccAmsa Traivelsa ina iNDiyA, prathama saMskaraNa, bhAga-1, pR. 301-313 15. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; pR. ni., pR. 2 16. kaniMghama, e; pU. ni., pR. 427-428 17. jinaprabhasUri; 'vividha tIrthakalpa' kA 'mathurApurI kalpa' 18. vivAgasUya, 6 19. mIttala, prabhudayAla; braja kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, pR. 21 20. garga saMhitA, mAdhurya khaMDa, adhyAya 19 21. aMguttara nikAya, IV, 101; saMyuktanikAya II, 135, V, 401, 460, 461; Rgveda 10, 75; atharvaveda 4, 9, 10; zatapatha brAhmaNa 13, 5, 4, 11; etareya brAhmaNa 8, 13; tAMDya brAhmaNa 9, 4, 10; jaiminIya brAhmaNa 3, 23 22. lAhA, bimala caraNa; prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola pR. 136 23. padmapurANa 11-17; mAthura, vijayendra kumAra; aitihAsika sthAnAvali, pR. 770 24. vATarsa, thAmasa; pU. ni., pR. 301 25. kAlidAsa; raghuvaMza, 6-50 26. samavAyAMga sUtra, 157; bhagavatI sUtra, 208, 58, 59, 16, 5; kalpasUtra, 2, 184, 203; paumacariya : 11-7, 5, 145, 48

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22 27. pU. ni. 28. pU. ni. 29. mIttala, prabhudayAla; braja ke dharma - zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa sampradAyoM kA itihAsa, pR. 1 vRhad itihAsa, bhAga-4, pR. 12 30. dozI, becaradAsa; jaina sAhitya kA 31. mAthura, vijayendra kumAra, pU. ni., 32. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je 117 T. 998 33. rAyacaudharI, eca. sI.; arlI hisTrI oNva da vaiSNava sekTa, 34. pU. ni. pR. 100 35. majjhima, II, pR. 83 36. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 50 pR. 99 37. bRhata bhAgavat I, 1774 38. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saM. kyU-2, bI. 71, bI. 72 39. kaimbrija hisTrI oNva iNDiyA, I, pU. 167 40. jaikobI, haramana; sTaDIja ina jainijma, pR. 20; mehatA, mohana lAla; jainadharma-darzana, pR. 348; dozI, becaradAsa; pU. ni. pR. 12-13 41. bhagavatI sUtra, 14, 38 42. yAdava, jhinakU; jaina dharma kI aitihAsika rUparekhA, pR. 124-125 43. vimalasUri; pauma cariu, II, karma vipAka, pR. 85-105 (paM. sukhalAlakRta hindI anuvAda sahita); mehatA, mohanalAla; AuTa lAinsa oNpha karma ina T. 10-13 jainijma, 44. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 24 45. dozI, becaradAsa; pU. ni. pR. 19-20 46. pU. ni. pR. 19-20; je. sI. sikadAra; sTaDIja ina bhagavatI sUtra, pR. 600 47. samarAiccakahA, 1, pR. 58

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viSaya kA mahatva evaM adhyayana srota 23 48. pR. ni. pR. 58 49. jaina, hIrAlAla; bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna pR. 234 50. bhagavatI sUtra, 7, 1, 255; samarAiccakahA, 3, pR. 217 51. rAva, TI. e. gopInAtha; elimeNTsa oNva hindU AikanogrAphI, khaNDa-1, bhAga-2, pR. 366 52. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je 66.225, je 312 : rAva TI.e. gopInAtha, pU. ni., pR. 360, 366, 387 53. mItala, prabhudayAla; pR.ni., pR. 94 54. pU.ni., pR. 94-95 55. mahAbhASya, 5-3-57 "sAMkAzyakebhyazca pATaliputrakebhyazrava mAthurA abhirUpatarA iti|" 56. raghuvaMza, 6-50 57. phyUrara; mathurA inskripzansa, 1888-1891; kaniMghama e.; oNrkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNva iNDiyA, vArSika riporTa, 1871, 1881, 1882, 1883; epha.esa. grAusa; mathurA-eDisTrikTa memoaar| 58. harbarTa, harTala; sama riz2alTsa oNva da ekzakevezansa aiTa soMkha : e prIliminarI riporTa, jarmana skAlarsa Ana iNDiyA, bhAga-2, naI dillI, 1976 59. eriyana; iNDikA VIII 60. plinI; necurala hisTrI, VI 19; mekriDila; aizyeMTa iNDiyA aija DiskrAibDa bAI TaoNlamI, esa. ena. majUmadAra saMskaraNa, pR. 98 61. saimuala bIla; Traivelsa oNva phAhyana; pR. 42 62. vATarsa, thAmasa; Traivelsa oNna yuvAna cyAMgsa, I, pR. 301

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adhyAya dvitIya zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa buddhakAlIna SoDsa mahAjanapadoM meM zUrasena janapada kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA thii| bhagavAna kRSNa kI janmabhUmi hone ke kAraNa mathurA ko bhArata kI hRdayasthalI ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| mathurA kI gaNanA saptamahApuriyoM meM kI gaI hai| __zUrasena janapada jaina dharma kA eka pramukha kendra rahA hai| jaina tIrthoM meM mathurA ko eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| zUrasena janapada ko vaidika, jaina evaM bauddha dharmoM kA pramukha sthala hone kA gaurava prApta hai| ___ manu ne brahmarSi deza ke antargata kurU, paMcAla, matsya aura zUrasena pradezoM kI sthiti ko svIkAra kiyA hai| zUrasena janapada ke nivAsiyoM kA AcAra-vicAra samasta pRthvI ke nara-nAriyoM ke lie Adarza thaa|' saMsAra kI sabase prAcIna vaidika saMskRti kA prAdurbhAva brahmarSi pradeza meM huA thaa| jaina dharma kI pracalita anuzrUti ke anusAra nAbhi ke putra bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI AjJA se indra ne bAvana dezoM kI racanA kI thii| una dezoM meM zUrasena deza aura usakI rAjadhAnI mathurA kA bhI ullekha hai|' ___jaina dharma ke sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzvanAtha kA vihAra zUrasena kI rAjadhAnI mathurA meM huA thaa| unake vihAra sthala kA kuberA devI dvArA eka sundara stUpa banAyA gayA thA, jo jaina dharma ke itihAsa meM bahuta prasiddha rahA hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa jaina dharma kI pracalita mAnyatA ke anusAra mahAvIra svAmI kA vihAra zUrasena janapada meM huA thA / usa samaya yahAM kA rAjA uditodaya thA / " 25 bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane dharma ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie aneka rAjavaMzoM kA sahayoga prApta kiyA / licchivi nareza ceTaka svayaM mahAvIra svAmI kA ziSya thA / uttarAdhyayana sUtra' se jJAta hotA hai ki magadha nareza biMbisAra, mahAvIra kA samakAlIna thA / usakI dasa rAniyAM jaina dharma meM AsthA rakhatI thIM / jJAtadharmakathA' tathA anuttaropapAsika dazAMga' Agama granthoM se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki biMbisAra kA putra ajAtazatru campA nareza dadhivAhana tathA usakI putrI candanA sabhI mahAvIra svAmI ke ziSya the / mahAvIra svAmI ke saMgha meM candanA nAmaka zramaNI kI adhyakSatA meM adhika saMkhyA meM bhikSuNiyAM bhI sammilita thIM / " sampanna parivAroM ke zrAvaka evaM zrAvikAeM bhI mahAvIra svAmI dvArA pratipAdita dharma meM AsthA rakhate the / 1 samavAyAMga" meM mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM kA ullekha milatA hai ina gaNadharoM para hI saMgha ke saMcAlana kA sampUrNa dAyitva thA / inake nAma isa prakAra haiM- indrabhUti, agnibhUti, vAyubhUti, vyakta, sudharmA, maMDita, mauryaputra, akampita, acala bhrAtA, metArya aura zrI prabhAsa / ye sabhI gRhastha jIvana meM vibhinna kSetroM ke nivAsI brAhmaNa the tathA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza se prabhAvita hokara unakA ziSyatva grahaNa kara liyA thA / 2 1 mahAvIra svAmI ke nirvANa ke pazcAt jaina dharma mukhya rUpa se do bhAgoM digambara paramparA evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM baMTa gayA thaa| sudharmA aura jambU svAmI ke pazcAt bhadrabAhu tIsarI zatAbdI I. pU. meM hue / candragupta maurya ke rAjyakAla meM bAraha varSIya durbhikSa par3A jisameM akAla kI sthiti A gii| phalasvarUpa bhadrabAhu apane zramaNa saMgha ko lekara candragupta maurya ke sAtha dakSiNa meM maisUra ke zravaNabelagolA nAmaka sthAna para cale gaye /

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa bhArata ke solaha mahAjanapadoM meM magadha janapada adhika zaktizAlI thA aura sAmrAjyavAdI zaktiyoM kA mahatvapUrNa kendra bhI thA tatkAlIna sabhI gaNarAjya magadha janapada kI adhInatA svIkAra karate the| zUrasena janapada bhI magadha sAmrAjya ke adhIna thA ataH maurya yuga meM zUrasena janapada meM baidika dharmoM ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma ko bhI protsAhana milatA thaa| candragupta maurya ne apane jIvana ke antima samaya meM jaina dharma ko pUrNataH aMgIkAra kara liyA thaa| candragupta maurya ke bAda bindusAra tathA azoka ne bhI jaina dharma ko protsAhana diyaa| azoka bauddha dharma ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma kA bhI Adara karatA thaa| azoka ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kA pAlana svayaM bhI karatA thA aura apanI prajA ko bhI prerita karatA thaa| azoka ne nirgranthoM evaM AjIviko ko dAna diyA thaa| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki maurya yuga meM sabhI dharmoM ko samAna sammAna prApta thA aura rAjya kI ora se bhI sabhI dharmoM ko paryApta sahayoga prApta hotA thaa| ___ azoka mahAna kA uttarAdhikArI samprati bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyI thaa| usake zAsana kAla meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa huaa|" / ___ zUrasena janapada ke sAtha magadha, aMga, kaliMga, kAzI, kozala, kurU, sauripura, paMcAla, ahicchatrA, saurASTra, videha, vatsa, nandIpura, malaya, matsya, cedi, sindhu sauvIra, zrAvastI Adi sthaloM ko Arya ghoSita kara jaina zramaNoM ke vihAra yogya banA diye ge| samprati ne jaina zramaNoM ke lie dAnazAlAeM sthApita karavAI tathA bhojana vastra pradAna karane kA bhI vyavasthA krvaaii| samprati ne AMndhra, dravir3a, mahArASTra aura koDukka ke pradezoM ko jaina sAdhuoM ke nivAsa evaM vihAra ke lie surakSita kara diyA thaa|" ___maurya yuga meM zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA pracAra-prasAra hotA rahA hai| maurya zAsakoM ne sabhI dharmoM ko samAna rUpa se prazraya diyaa| jaina dharmAnuyAyI svatantratApUrvaka apane dharma kA AcaraNa karate the| kAlAntara

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa meM maurya sAmrAjya kA patana ho gayA aura magadha para zuMga vaMza kA adhipatya sthApita ho gyaa| 27 puSyamitra zuMga ne magadha para adhikAra sthApita karake zuMga vaMza kA zAsana Arambha kiyaa| zuMga vaMza ke zAsakoM kA prayatna brAhmaNa dharma kA punarUtthAna karanA thA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa jaina, bauddhAdi zramaNa dharmoM ko hAni bhI phuNcii| 19 zuMgoM ke zAsanakAla meM bhAgavata dharma kI vizeSa unnati huii| zuMga vaMza meM zUrasena janapada para bhI zuMgoM kA adhikAra ho gayA aura janasAmAnya zUrasena ke sthAna para mathurA kA sambodhana prArambha kara diyA thaa| phalasvarUpa zUrasena kA nAma vilupta hone lagA aura usakI rAjadhAnI mathurA janasAmAnya tathA viziSTa donoM hI vargoM kI bolacAla meM sammilita hone lagI / prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa pataMjali puSyamitra ke samAkAlIna the, jinhoMne pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI para prasiddha mahAbhASya kI racanA kI / mahAbhASya meM pataMjali ne mathurA kA ullekha karate hue likhA hai ki yahAM ke loga saMkAzya tathA pATaliputra ke nivAsiyoM kI apekSA adhika zrIsampanna the 120 bhArata ke pramukha dharmoM meM vaidika, jaina evaM bauddha dharma kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| zUrasena janapada meM zuMgayuga meM bhI tInoM pramukha dharmoM kA mahatvapUrNa astitva thaa| jaina dharma kI prAcInatA magadha kI bhAMti zUrasena janapada meM purAvazeSoM se jJAta hotI hai I zuMga - yuga meM bar3e-bar3e vyApArika mArga zUrasena se hokara nikalate the / mathurA se eka mArga beraMjA hokara zrAvastI ko jAtA thA / takSazilA se pATaliputra kI ora tathA dakSiNa meM vidizA aura ujjayinI kI ora jAne vAlA mArga mathurA se hokara jAtA thA / " vaidika, jaina tathA bauddha dharma kA kendra hone ke kAraNa zuMga yugameM zUrasena janapada kI khyAti atyadhika phaila gaI thii|

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28 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zUrasena janapada ke atirikta isa samaya jaina dharma gujarAta meM bhI phaila cukA thaa| isakI puSTi kAlakAcArya kathA se hotI hai| kathA ke anusAra kAlaka ne bhar3auMca jAkara vahAM ke nivAsiyoM ko jaina dharma meM dIkSita kiyaa| ___ zuMgakAla kI jaina guphAeM udayagiri-khaNDagiri kI pahAr3iyoM para prApta hotI hai| udayagiri kI hAthI gumphA meM khAravela kA pahalI zatI I. pU. kA lekha utkIrNa hai| zuMga kAlIna nIlAnjanA ke nRtya paTTa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki zuMgakAla meM jaina dharma kA kalAtmaka vikAsa prArambha huaa| yaha nRtya paTTa zUrasena janapada se prApta huA hai| isa nRtya paTTa para utkIrNa jina pratimA ke kathAnaka se yaha siddha hotA hai ki tIrthaMkara mUrti nirmANa kI paramparA zUrasena janapada meM zuMgakAla se hI prArambha ho gaI thii| ___ zUrasena janapada se prApta AyAgapaTTa kA nirmANa bhI zuMgakAla se hI prArambha hotA hai| eka kSatigrasta AyAgapaTTa meM sarvaprAcIna bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai|25| ___ zuMgakAla se pahale pArzvanAtha kA aMkana nahIM milatA hai| ataH jaina dharma ke vikAsa meM yaha AyAgapaTTa vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| ___ zuMgakAlIna AyAgapaTToM para aneka pratIkoM kA aMkana bhI prApta hotA hai| pramukha pratIkoM meM cakra, triratna" paMcAgula pUrNa kalaza" Adi pratIka utkIrNa haiN| __ zuMgakAla taka tIrthaMkaroM kI svatantra pratimAeM nahIM prApta hotI haiM ataH pUjArthaka AyAgapaTToM kA nirmANa zuMgakAla se prArambha hotA hai| ina mahatvapUrNa kalAkRtiyoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki zuMga zAsaka brAhmaNa dharmAvalambI hote hue unhoMne anya avaidika dharmoM ko bhI protsAhana diyaa| zUrasena janapada meM jaina kalAkRtiyoM ke nirmANa kA prArambha zuMga kAla se Arambha hotA hai aura Age taka tIvragati se agrasara hotA hai| jaina dharma

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa kA pramukha kendra hone ke kAraNa zUrasena janapada ko atyadhika khyAti prApta huii| zuMga zAsakoM ne eka sau I. pU. taka zUrasena janapada para rAjya kiyaa| tatpazcAt rAjanaitika uthala-puthala prArambha hone ke kAraNa uttara bhArata meM zaka-kuSANoM kA zAsana Arambha huaa| zUrasena janapada ke mitravaMzI sthAnIya zAsakoM para isakA pratikUla prabhAva pdd'aa| __zaka rAjAoM ne uttara-pazcima bhArata kI patannomukha rAjanIti kA lAbha uThAkara zuMga sAmrAjya ke pazcimI bhAgoM para apanA adhikAra sthApita kara liyaa| zaka zAsakoM ne zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA ko apane jIte hue bhAga kA kendra banAyA, jo usa samaya apanI, dharma, kalA evaM vyApAra ke lie prasiddha thaa| zUrasena janapada para jina zakoM ne zAsana kiyA unake nAma sikkoM tathA abhilekhoM dvArA jJAta hote haiN| prArambhika kSatrapa zAsakoM ke nAma hagAna aura hagAmaSa milate haiN| kucha sikke kevala hagAmaSa nAma ke hI milate haiN| hagAna aura hagAmaSa ke sikkoM para eka ora lakSmI tathA dUsarI ora ghor3e kA aMkana milatA hai|922 zUrasena janapada se prApta eka zilAlekha para saM. 72 kA brAhmI lekha utkIrNa hai, jisake anusAra zoDAsa ke rAjyakAla meM jaina bhikSu kI ziSyA amohinI ne eka jaina AyAgapaTaTa kI sthApanA karavAyI thii|33 zaka zAsaka zoDAsa ke zAsanakAla meM jaina evaM bauddha dharma ko samAna rUpa se protsAhana prApta huaa| jaina dharma kA pracAra-prasAra apanI gati se sAmAnya janatA taka pahuMcatA rhaa| zakoM kI eka zAkhA ke rUpa meM kuSANa vaMza kA magadha para Adhipatya sthApita huaa| I. pU. prathama zatI meM bhAratavarSa ke sAtha samparka se kuSANoM ne bhAratavarSa kI sabhyatA ko aMgIkAra kiyA aura yahAM kI saMskRti meM raca-basa gye| zUrasena janapada meM brAhmaNa dharma kA astitva bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI rahA hai| chaThI zatAbdI IsA pUrva taka yaha janapada mukhya rUpa se hindU nagarI

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa ke rUpa meM vikhyAta rahI hai / 4 jaina dharma evaM bauddha dharma ke udbhava ke pazcAt zUrasena janapada vibhinna dharmoM ke pavitra sthala ke rUpa meM prasiddha huaa| zUrasena janapada se prApta kuSANa kAlIna jaina kalAkRtiyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki kuSANa zAsakoM ne vaidika dharma ke sAtha-sAtha jaina evaM bauddha dharma ko bhI protsAhana pradAna kiyA tathA usake pracAra-prasAra meM sahayoga kiyaa| 36 30 upalabdha purAtAtvika avazeSoM ke adhyayana se yaha siddha hotA hai ki kuSANoM ke zAsanakAla meM jaina dharma apane sarvocca zikhara para thA aura tIvragati se isakA pracAra-prasAra ho rahA thA / 7 kuSANa kAlIna abhilekhoM se tatkAlIna jaina dharma kI sthiti para pracura prakAza par3atA hai / kuSANa zAsakoM ne jaina dharma ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM bhI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| kuSANa zAsakoM kI dharma sahiSNu nIti mathurA meM jaina dharma evaM kalA ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka rahI hai / isI kAla meM jaina mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa pracura saMkhyA meM huaa| kuSANa kAla kI adhikAMza jaina pratimAoM para lekha utkIrNa hai jo brAhmI lipi tathA prAkRta bhASA meM hai| jaina saMgha ke gaNoM, gacchoM, kuloM, zAkhAoM kA ullekha abhilekhoM meM hai / 39 kuSANa kAla meM jaina tIrthakaroM kI upAsanA ke lie vibhinna varga ke vyaktiyoM dvArA AyAgapaTTa nirmita karAne kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / ina AyAgapaTToM para tIrthakaroM kI pUjA ke lie alaga-alaga pratIkoM kA aMkana milatA hai | 10 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke vikAsa meM janapada ke zAsaka varga, vyApArI evaM sAmAnya janatA kA sahayoga rahA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMgha atyadhika susaMgaThita thA / zUrasena janapada ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta abhilekhoM ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki adhikAMza jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM jaina zrAvaka evaM zrAvikAoM

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 37 dvArA nirmita karAI gii| ye loga adhikAMzataH madhyama varga se sambandhita the| kuSANa kAla meM Antarika zAnti vyavasthA thii| phalasvarUpa vyApAra ko bar3hAvA milaa| vyApAriyoM evaM vyAvasAyiyoM ne deza-videza se vyApAra karake dhana arjita kiyA jisakA upabhoga unhoMne dhArmika kAryoM, smArakoM tathA mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa meM kiyaa| kuSANoM ke yuga meM mathurA kalA zailI kA janma huA mathurA kalA zailI kI samakAlIna gAndhAra kalA kA bhI vikAsa huaa| mathurA kalA ke antargata lAla cittIdAra baluA pattharoM se kalAkRtiyoM kA nirmANa huaa| mathurA kalAoM ke antargata pratimAoM evaM AyAgapaTToM ke dvArA mUrti vijJAna kI vizeSatAoM kA prAdurbhAva huaa| mathurA kalA zailI vizuddha bhAratIya thii| mathurA kalA zailI kI pratimAoM para alaMkRta prabhAmaNDala, vakSa para zrIvatsa tathA hathelI aura taluvoM para dharma cakra kA aMkana sarvaprathama dRSTigata hotA hai| mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata nirmita mUrtiyoM kI mAMga sarvatra hotI thii| mathurA kalA kI mUrtiyoM meM bhAva evaM kathAnaka donoM bhAratIya haiN| ___ kuSANa kAla meM zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma sarvAdhika jIvanta rahA hai| sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke sAtha-sAtha kaniSka, huviSka aura vAziSka tathA vAsudeva Adi kuSANa rAjAoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai| inake atirikta sahastra dharma bhakta zrAvakoM, evaM dharmaniSTha mahilAoM ke nAmoM kA patA calatA hai|' ___ vibhinna dhArmika kAryoM, nirmANa kAryoM evaM dAna dene vAle strI-puruSoM kI jAti yA vargoM evaM vyavasAyoM ke nAma ullikhita haiN| aneka vyavasAyoM jaise- lohika", raMgareja', sArthavAha", sunAra", nartaka", grAmika aura jauharI"" Adi vibhinna vyavasAyoM meM rata strI-puruSoM ke nAma usa kAla meM jaina dharma kI vyApakatA ke sUcaka haiN| __isake atirikta gandhI", gandhI kI mAM', patnI evaM putravadhu dvArA dAna meM die gae AyAgapaTTa kA ullekha milatA hai| ina sAkSyoM se spaSTa

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 32 hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samaya meM sabhI vargoM meM jaina dharma svIkAra karane kI utsukatA thii| uparyukta vargoM ke dvArA jaina dharma ko aMgIkAra karanA tathA usake pracAra-prasAra meM yogadAna denA Adi mahatvapUrNa tathyoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya samAja meM samAnatA vidyamAna thii| sabhI varNa ke vyakti svecchA se dAna kara sakate the| zUrasena janapada ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta avazeSoM ke adhyayana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki dhammaghoSA nAmaka strI ne eka jaina mandira kA prAsAda dAna meM diyA thaa| eka anya strI ujhattikA dvArA mahAvIra svAmI kI mUrti tathA devakula dAna meM diyA gayA thaa| lavaNa zobhikA kI putrI vasu nAmaka gaNikA ne eka sundara AyAgapaTTa dAna meM diyA thaa| uparyukta tathyoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki kuSANa kAla meM striyoM kI sthiti atyadhika sammAna janaka thii| jaina dharma meM eka gaNikA ko bhI yaha adhikAra thA ki vaha dhArmika dAna kara sakatI thii| mathurA kalA ke antargata nirmita jaina mUrtiyAM evaM anya kalAkRtiyAM vizva prasiddha rahI haiN| kuSANa kAlIna aise abhilekha prApta hue haiM jinameM videzI mahilAoM ke nAma ullikhita haiN| jaise- ujhattikA, okhArikA", okhA, oghA aura AkA aadi| jaina dharma sabhI ke lie samAna thaa| ucca varNa, nimna varNa tathA videziyoM ne bhI jaina dharma ko aMgIkAra kiyA aura usake pracAra-prasAra meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| kuSANa zAsakoM kI dhArmika sahiSNutA kA sarvAdhika paricaya zUrasena janapada se prApta purAvazeSoM ke adhyayana se milatA haiM kuSANakAla meM jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ko nirgrantha bhI kahA jAtA thaa| abhilekhIya sAkSya meM jainoM ke lie arhata zabda bhI milatA hai|62 zUrasena janapada ke kaMkAlI TIle kI khudAI se kuSANa kAlIna tIrthaMkara pratimAeM prApta huI haiN| yaha pratimAe~ cAra prakAra kI haiM- prathama

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 33 kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3I pratimAeM, dUsarI padmAsana meM baiThI huI pratimAeM, tIsarI khar3I huI sarvatobhadrikA aura cauthI usI taraha kI Asana lagAI huI mudrA meM pratimAeM / kuSANa zAsaka kaniSka ke samaya meM zUrasena janapada kA sarvAdhika vikAsa huaa| yaha janapada rAjanaitika kendra hone ke sAtha-sAtha dharma, kalA, sAhitya evaM vyApAra kA bhI pramukha kendra bnaa| kaniSka bauddha dharmAnuyAyI thA lekina vaha eka dharma sahiSNu zAsaka thaa| usane jaina dharma ko bhI protsAhana pradAna kiyaa| kaniSka ke samaya meM dezI vyavasAya kI bhI unnati huI aura sAtha hI videzoM ke sAtha mahatvapUrNa samparka bhI sthApita huaa| pATaliputra se sAranAtha, kauzAmbI, zrAvastI, mathurA, puruSapura Adi nagaroM se hotA huA eka bar3A vyApArika mArga khotAna tathA kAzagara ko jAtA thaa| kAzagara se cIna ke lie mArga jAtA thaa| __ jaina granthoM meM zUrasena janapada ko eka mahatvapUrNa vyApArika sthala ke rUpa meM darzAyA gayA hai jo vastra nirmANa ke lie vizeSa mahatvapUrNa thaa| vyApAra ke lie zUrasena janapada sarvAdhika prasiddha kendra rahA hai| kuSANoM ke samaya meM zUrasena janapada kA mahatva bddh'aa| vividha dharmoM kA vikAsa hone ke sAtha yahAM sthApatya aura mUrtikalA kI abhUtapUrva unnati huii| zUrasena kI rAjadhAnI mathurA meM nirmita mUrtiyoM kI mAMga deza ke kona-kone meM hotI thii| ___ uttara bhArata meM pramukha rAjamArgoM para sthita hone ke kAraNa zUrasena janapada kI vyAvasAyika unnati bhI huii| isa kAla meM saMgaThita rUpa meM vividha zilpoM aura vyApAra ke saMcAlana ke udAharaNa isa janapada meM milate haiN| uttarApatha mArga para par3ane vAle pramukha sAMskRtika evaM vyApArika kendra sakala, indraprastha, kAnyakubja, prayAga, vArANasI aura pATaliputra Adi the|

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34 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa uttara bhArata kA pramukha mArga tAmralipti se campA, vArANasI, kauzAmbI, zUrasena, sakala, takSazilA hokara puSkalAvatI pahuMcatA thaa| puskalAvatI se khaibara ke darre, kAbula kI ghATI, hindu kuza ko pAra kara baikTriyA pahuMcatA thaa| zUrasena kI rAjadhAnI se eka mArga mAlavA kI rAjadhAnI dhAra taka jAtA thaa| kuSANa samrAToM ke zAsana kAla meM zUrasena janapada meM vidyA-kalA aura udyoga vANijya ke sabhI aMgoM ne pragati kI thii| kuSANa kAla meM mUrtikalA kI vizeSa unnati huii| kuSANa zAsaka bauddha dharmAvalambI hote hue bhI unhoMne jaina evaM bhAgavata dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM sahayoga diyaa| phalasvarUpa jaina mUrti vijJAna kA vikAsa huaa| kuSANakAla meM jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ne jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM kA nirmANa karAkara dAna meM diyaa| pramukha mUrtiyoM meM RSabhanAtha, zAntinAtha', ariSTanemi'', pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra svAmI Adi / kuSANa kAlIna sarasvatI kI mUrti bhI bahuta prasiddha hai|" sarasvatI kI pratimA brAhmaNa evaM jaina dharma donoM meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai| yaha pratimA deviyoM kI prApta sabhI pratimAoM meM sarvaprAcIna hai| sarasvatI kI pratimA se yaha siddha hotA hai ki kuSANa kAla meM jaina dharma apanI sarvazreSTha sthiti meM thaa| __kuSANa kAla meM jaina bhaktoM ne aneka AyAgapaTTa bhI nirmita kraaye| yaha AyAgapaTTa eka pUjArthaka zilApaTTa hote the| ye AyAgapaTTa alaMkRta hai jisa para svAstika, zrIvatsa, matsya yugala aura puruSa evaM strI bhaktoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| ___ kuSANa kAlIna eka AyAgapaTTa' kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai ki isameM stUpa vAstu kA pUrA nakzA utkIrNa hai| stUpa para eka lekha utkIrNa hai jisake anusAra gaNikA lavaNazobhikA kI putrI gaNikA vasu ne sabhA bhavana, devikula, pyAU aura zilApaTTa kI sthApanA kii| isameM arhata vardhamAna ko abhivAdana kiyA gayA hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa kAlAntara meM kuSANa sAmrAjya kA patana prArambha ho gyaa| dUsarI zatAbdI I. ke anta taka zUrasena janapada ke rAjanItika maMca para nAga vaMza kA udaya huaa| kuSANa sAmrAjya ko dhvasta karane vAlI zaktiyAM nAga, madya, yaudheya, mAdheya, mAlava, kuNiMda aura vAkATaka vaMzIya rAjyoM kI thii| ___ nAgoM ke Adhipatya ke phalasvarUpa vyApAra zithila par3a gayA kyoMki rAjanItika ekatA vikhaNDita hone lagI thii| bhAratavarSa kI prAcIna jAtiyoM meM nAga jAti kA ullekha milatA hai aura yaha anArya jAti thii| kuSANa zAsana kA anta karane meM nAga jAti kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA thii| bhAraziva nAga zaiva dharmAnuyAyI the aura bhAratIya saMskRti ke poSaka evaM rakSaka the| ve atyanta vIra the| nAga jAti zaiva dharmAnuyAyI thI parantu unake zAsanakAla meM jaina dharma tathA anya dharmoM kI gatividhiyAM bhI pracalita thiiN| nAgoM ne apanA vaivAhika sambandha mahatvapUrNa rAjavaMzoM ke sAtha sthApita kiye the| vAkATaka vaMza ke gautamI putra kA vivAha padyAvatI ke zAsaka bhavanAga kI putrI se sampanna huA thaa| mahAna samrATa candragupta vikramAditya kI rAjamahiSI kuberA devI nAgavaMza kI rAjakumArI thii| nAga zAsanakAla meM bhI kuSANoM kI bhAMti isa janapada ko dharma, kalA-kauzala tathA vyApAra kA pramukha kendra hone kA gaurava prApta huaa| isa janapada meM jaina dharma, bauddha dharma tathA vaiSNava dharma kA samAna rUpa se pracAra-prasAra hotA rhaa| nAga zAsana ke patana ke pazcAt yaha janapada gupta samrAToM ke zAsana ke adhIna A gyaa| gupta samrATa kI nIti dhArmika sahiSNutA kI thI ataH unhoMne sabhI dharmoM ko samAna rUpa se protsAhita kiyaa| gapta zAsaka vaiSNava dharmAvalambI the parantu unake rAjya meM prajA svatantra thii| prajA para koI rAjadharma nahIM thaa| prajA apanI icchAnusAra kisI bhI dharma ko aMgIkAra kara sakatI thii| gupta samrAToM kA kisI dharma

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa se dveSa nahIM thaa| unhoMne kabhI bhI viparIta dharmAnuyAyiyoM ko kaSTa nahIM diyaa| ___ bhAratIya itihAsa meM gupta zAsanakAla ko svarNayuga kahA gayA hai| isa janapada para guptoM ke zAsana kAla meM sarvatra sAMskRtika vikAsa huaa| jaina dharma kI pratimAoM kI prApti se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki guptoM ke samaya meM jaina dharmAnuyAyI svatantra rUpa se apane dharma kA pAlana karate the| dharma ke sAtha-sAtha vyApAra kA bhI vikAsa huA aura videzoM ke sAtha samparka sthApita huaa| ___ gupta samrAToM ne apanI vIratA evaM yogya zAsana-kSamatA se uttara bhArata ko ekasUtra meM sthApita kiyaa| zUrasena janapada bhI magadha sAmrAjya ke adhIna ho gayA aura usa para guptoM kA zAsana prArambha ho gyaa| gupta vaMza ke samaya meM deza meM vyavasAya aura vyApAra kI sthiti sudRr3ha huI tathA Arthika unnati prArambha huii| gupta zAsanakAla meM zarasena kI rAjadhAnI matharA aura anya nagara jaise bhar3auMca, ujjainI, vidizA, vArANasI, pATaliputra aura kauzAmbI mahatvapUrNa vyApArika nagara the jo sthala mArga se eka-dUsare se jur3e hue the| gupta-yuga meM bhArata varSa kA videzI vyApAra unnata avasthA meM thaa| deza kA vyApAra misra, grIsa, roma, parsiyA, sIlona, kamboDiyA, syAma, cIna aura sumAtrA Adi dezoM ke sAtha hotA thaa| gupta samrATa vaiSNava dharmAnuyAyI the| parantu unakA dRSTikoNa samabhAva thA aura gupta yuga meM sabhI dharmoM ko svatantratA prApta thI ki ve apane dharma kI unnati ke lie pracAra-prasAra kara sakate the| ___ candragupta vikramAditya ke samakAlIna mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne apanI racanA meM zUrasena janapada kA ullekha kiyA hai| kAlidAsa ne yahAM ke janapada ke nivAsiyoM kA AcAra-vyavahAra sarvazreSTha batAyA hai| zarasena janapada kI gaNanA kAlidAsa ne anya bar3e janapadoM ke sAtha kiyA hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa cauthI zatAbdI I. meM Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA meM jaina AgamoM kA saMkalana karane ke lie eka dharma pariSada kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| jaina dharma meM yaha Ayojana mAthurI vAcanA' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isI samaya ballabhI meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM jaina AgamoM ko saMkalita karane ke lie jaina saMgIti AhUta kI gii| ye saMgItiyAM jaina dharma ke pracArArtha evaM jaina sAdhuoM ke saMgha ko saMgaThita karane kI dRSTi se bulAI gaI thiiN| ina saMgItiyoM meM jaina dharma ke zramaNa evaM zramaNacaryA ke gaThana ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma granthoM kI racanA sambandhI vibhinna samasyAoM kA hala nikAlane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA thaa|88 gupta kAla meM jaina dharma kI sthiti ke viSaya meM sabase mahatvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki usa samaya ke prApta zilAlekhoM meM tIna jaina zilAlekha DaoN. hUlara ke anusAra gupta yuga ke haiN| koTiyagaNa kI vidyAdharI zAkhA ke dalitAcArya ke upadeza se bhaTTibhava kI putrI aura gRhamitrapAlita kI patnI zAmADhyA ne jina mUrti pratiSThita karAI thii| ___ gupta rAjAoM kI viziSTa bhakti viSNu ke prati thii| parantu dhArmika sahiSNutA kI paramparA ko sthApita karate hue gupta zAsakoM ne jaina evaM bauddha dharma ko phalane-phUlane kA avasara diyaa| gupta yuga meM sarvatra dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika pragati huii| ___ gupta zAsaka raNa-kuzala, dharma-prANa aura kalA-premI hone ke sAtha hI sAtha vidyAoM ke saMrakSaka tathA vidvAnoM ke AzrayadAtA the| unake protsAhana se kAlidAsa, vizAkhadatta aura ravikIrti jaise nATakakAra evaM kavi; AryabhaTTa aura varAhamihira jaise gaNitajJa evaM jyotirvida tathA amarasiMha jaise kozakAra ne vividha vidyAoM ke prasAra kA mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA thaa| dhArmika samanvaya kA jo kArya nAga kAla meM prArambha huA, guptakAla meM usakA atyadhika vikAsa huaa|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa guptakAlIna tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM meM RSabha", neminAtha aura pArzvanAtha' kI mUrtiyoM ko unake lAMchana ke dvArA cinhita kiyA gayA hai| pratimAoM ke vakSa sthala para zrIvatsa lAMchana se bhI jaina mUrtiyoM kI pahacAna kI gaI hai| zrIvatsa ke atirikta jina pratimAoM kI hathelI evaM taluvoM para dharma-cakra" kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| dhyAnamudrA meM prApta tIrthaMkaroM meM mathurA se prApta mahatvapUrNa kRti hai| __guptakAla kI mahAvIra svAmI kI pratimAeM durlabha hai| lAla cittIdAra balue patthara kI kAyotsarga pratimA ke do caraNa caukI mahAvIra svAmI kI zeSa hai| gupta zAsakoM ke samaya meM zUrasena janapada kI unnati huI parantu paravartI gupta zAsakoM ke samaya meM jaina dharma se sambandhita kalAkRtiyoM kA abhAva parilakSita hone lagatA hai| phalasvarUpa jaine dharma evaM zUrasena janapada para videzI AkramaNa prArambha ho gye| videzI AkramaNoM ke dvArA saba kucha naSTa ho gayA aura punaH zUrasena evaM jaina dharma kI sthiti sarvocca nahIM rhii| ___ gupta samrATa kumAra gupta ke samaya meM uttara-pazcima kI ora se hUNoM kA AkramaNa prArambha ho gyaa| skandagupta ne hUNa AkramaNa ko dabA diyaa| parantu paravartI gupta samrATa na to adhika zaktizAlI the aura na hI dUradarzI, phalasvarUpa hUNoM ne dakSiNa-pUrva se hokara takSazilA Adi bhavya nagaroM ko ujAr3ate hue mathurA ko lUTate hue madhya bhArata taka cale gaye the|" zUrasena janapada usa samaya apanI samRddhi para thA aura vahAM para aneka jaina, bauddha evaM bhAgavata upAsanA gRha the jinheM hUNoM ne naSTa kara diyaa| zUrasena janapada kI aneka sundara mUrtiyAM khaNDita ho gii| yahAM ke dhArmika sthaloM evaM vidyA-bhavanoM meM jo amUlya grantha-rAzi saMgrahIta thI, use jalAkara samApta kara diyA gyaa| hUNoM ke usa bhISaNa AkramaNa ne mathurA ke gupta kAlIna sAMskRtika vaibhava ko ghora AghAta phuNcaayaa|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa hUNoM ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa zUrasena janapada kI saMskRti prabhAvita huii| jaina dharma kA uttarottara hyAsa hotA calA gyaa| jaina dharma se sambandhita adhikAMza kalAkRtiyAM khaNDita ho gaIM / hUNa videzI the / ataH unake AkramaNa ke kAraNa deza kI rAjanaitika, Arthika, sAmAjika evaM dhArmika pragati meM bAMdhA utpanna huI aura deza kI ekatA khaNDita ho gaI / 39 gupta sAmrAjya ke patana ke pazcAt bhAratavarSa meM kendrIya zakti kA abhAva ho gyaa| kisI bhI zaktizAlI sArvabhaumika zAsana - sattA kI kamI ke kAraNa saba jagaha choTe-bar3e rAjya astitva meM Ane lge| yaha sabhI choTe-bar3e rAjya Apasa meM milakara lar3ate rahate the aura deza kI zAnti-vyavasthA ko AghAta pahuMcAte rahate the / " samrATa harSavardhana ke pahale taka koI aisI prabala kendrIya sattA nahIM thI jo choTe-choTe rAjyoM ko susaMgaThita karatI / I. chaThI zatI ke madhya se maukharI, vardhana, gurjara, maitraka, kalacuri Adi kaI rAjavaMzoM kA udaya huaa|12 isa janapada para maukharI, vardhana tathA gahar3avAla vaMzoM kA zAsana rahA / gupta sAmrAjya ke patana ke bAda maukharI zAsaka IzAnavarmana ne 'mahArAjadhirAja' kI upAdhi dhAraNa kI / antima maukharI zAsaka gRha varmana ke sAtha harSa vardhana kI bahana rAjyazrI kA vivAha huA thA / 103 puSyabhUti nAmaka rAjA ne thAnezvara aura usake Asa-pAsa eka naye rAjavaMza kI nIMva DAlI / haSavardhana isa vaMza kA pratApI zAsaka thA jisakA jhukAva bauddha dharma kI ora adhika thA / harSavardhana ke zAsana ke antargata zUrasena janapada thA aura harSa ke zAsanakAla meM sabhI dharmoM ko apanA pracAra-prasAra karane ke lie samAna avasara prApta the / harSavardhana sabhI dharmoM kA samAna Adara karatA thA / 104 harSa ke zAsanakAla meM cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga ne bhArata kI yAtrA kI aura usane tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, dhArmika evaM bhaugolika paristhitiyoM para mahatvapUrNa vicAra vyakta kiyA hai| usane bauddha dharma ke sAtha-sAtha jaina

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa dharma kI sthiti kA bhI varNana kiyA hai / usa samaya tIrthakara ke anuyAyI evaM devAlaya vidyamAna the / hvenasAMga ne mathurA kI sthiti evaM vyakti ke vyavahAra tathA AmoM kI kismoM kA bhI varNana kiyA / 105 40 hvenasAMga san 635 I. meM vairATa se hokara mathurA phuNcaa| vaha zarada Rtu meM mathurA AyA aura pandraha dina ThaharA / " 106 harSa ke zAsana kAla meM prajA sukhI thI / vaha apanI dAnazIlatA ke lie prasiddha thA / mathurA meM usa samaya paurANika hindU dharma kA jora ho calA thaa| sabhI dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM ko pUrNa svatantratA thI / harSa dhArmika sahiSNu thaa| 1 harSavardhana prabala yoddhA, suyogya zAsaka, mahAdAnI, vidyApremI aura uccakoTi kA sAhityakAra thA / usake race hue grantha ratnAvalI priyadarzikA aura nAgAnanda upalabdha hai / vaha vidvAnoM, dharmAcAryoM aura kaviyoM kA AzrayadAtA thA / usake darabAra kA sarvAdhika prasiddha kavi bANabhaTTa thA, jisane saMskRta meM 'harSa - carita' aura 'kAdambarI' nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kI thI / harSa prati pAMcaveM varSa prayAga meM eka 'mokSa pariSada' kA Ayojana karatA thA / 107 harSa kI mRtyu ke bAda kannauja meM kendrIya zakti kA abhAva parilakSita hotA hai| kannauja para Adhipatya karane ke lie pAla, pratihAra aura rASTrakUTa rAjavaMzoM ke bIca hone vAlA trikoNAtmaka saMgharSa sarvavidita hai| yaha bahuta mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA thI / gyArahavIM zatI I. kA itihAsa vibhinna svatantra rAjAoM se sambandhita hai, jinameM bahuta se rAjAoM ne apanA rAjanItika jIvana pratihAroM ke adhIna prArambha kiyA thA / pramukha rAjavaMzoM meM dillI ke cauhAna, gujarAta ke solaMkI aura mAlavA ke paramAra the / uparyukta rAjavaMzoM ke sAtha-sAtha gahar3avAlavaMza, candelavaMza aura kalcuri rAjavaMza bhI mahatvapUrNa haiM / ina rAjavaMzoM meM nirantara saMgharSa calatA rahatA thA | 108

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41 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zUrasena janapada gahar3avAla vaMza ke adhIna rhaa| san 1194 taka muhammada gorI ne pRthvIrAja cauhAna ke sAtha-sAtha gahar3avAla vaMzI zAsaka jayacanda ko parAjita kara hindU zAhavaMza kA anta kara diyA / san 1206 I. taka muslima zAsakoM ne sampUrNa bhArata para apanA adhikAra sthApita kara liyaa| 109 mathurA meM bhayaMkara lUTa-pATa jArI rahI / muslima AkramaNakAriyoM ne mathurA kI mUrtiyoM evaM mandiroM ko naSTa kara diyA tathA bhAratIya saMskRti ko prabhAvita kiyA / madhyayugIna jaina sthaloM meM zUrasena janapada kA nAma sarvAdhika prasiddha hai| yahIM se digambara- zvetAmbara kA bheda bhI prArambha huA / lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM zvetAmbara mUrtiyoM ke darzana hote haiN| 10 zUrasena janapada se madhyakAlIna chaH pratimAeM prApta huI jinameM tIna RSabhadeva kI kAyotsarga mudrA meM hai / "" baTezvara se eka terahaveM jina vimalanAtha | 12 kI pratimA dasavIM zatI kI milI hai jo kAyotsarga mudrA meM hai / dasavIM zatI kI do pratimAeM neminAtha 13 kI prApta huI hai jo dhyAnamudrA meM virAjamAna hai / baTezvara se eka pArzvanAtha kI mUrti dasavIM zatI kI milI hai / " " dasavIM zatI kI kaMkAlI TIle se eka jina caubIsI milI hai jo brAhmIlipi meM abhilikhita hai / RSabhadeva mUla meM padmAsana mudrA meM dhyAnastha hai | 115 baTezvara se bArahavIM zatI kI eka neminAtha kI paMcatIrthI prApta huI / vakSasthala para zrIvatsa aMkita hai / 116 uparyukta pratimAoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki videzI AkramaNoM ke bAda bhI jaina dharma sAdhAraNa janatA ke hRdaya meM vidyamAna thaa| jaina dharma kI kalAkRtiyAM guptottara kAla se kama milatI hai, parantu

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42 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa prApta purAvazeSoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina dharma sadaiva jana dharma ke rUpa meM sarvadA vidyamAna aura pragatizIla rhaa| saMdarbha grantha sUcI 1. garur3a purANa, 2:28.3 2. manusmRti, 2-17, 19, 20 3. jinasenAcArya; mahApurANa, parva 16, zloka 155 4. jinaprabhasUri, 'vividha tIrthakalpa' pR. 17, 85 5. vivAga sUya, 6 6. 40, 6-58 7. adhyAya, 10 8. tRtIya varga, sUkta 4 9. kalpasUtra, pR. 267 10. upAsakadazA, 7 vAM aMga 11. samavAyAMga sUtra, 11 12. jaina, jagadIzacandra; jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 17 13. AcArya hemacandra; pariziSTaparvana, 9.54, mukharjI, Ara. ke.; candragupta maurya eNDa hiz2a TAimsa, pR. 39-41 / 14. jaina, jyotiprasAda; uttara pradeza meM jaina dharma kA udaya aura vikAsa, pR. 8-10 / 15. thApara, romilA; azoka eNDa di DiklAina oNva di mauryaja, pR. 137-82, mukharjI, Ara. ke.; azoka, pR. 54-55 / 16. AcArya hemacandra; pU.ni. 9.54 17. yAdava, jhinakU; jaina dharma kI aitihAsika rUparekhA, pR. 48 18. bRhatakalpasUtra bhASya, 3, 3275-89

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 43 19. jaina, jyotiprasAda; uttara bhArata meM jaina dharma kA udaya aura vikAsa, pR. 8 20. "sAkAzyakabhyazca pATaliputrakebhyazca mAthurA abhirUpatarA iti" mahAbhASya, 5, 3, 57 21. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; mathurA, pR. 16-17 22. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 1-10 23. sarakAra, DI.sI; selekTa inskripzansa, kha-1, pR. 213 24. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 354 25. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 253 26. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 66.46 27. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 7, je. 25 28. harbarTa harTala; da eksakevezansa aiTa soMkha, e priliminarI riporTa : jarmana skAlarsa Ana iMDiyA, bhAga-2, pR. 88, citra 27 29. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 267, je. 1 30. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; braja kA itihAsa, pR. 79 31. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; bhArata ke sAMskRtika kendra mathurA, pR. 8 32. je. elana, kvAyaMsa oNpha aizyeMTa iMDiyA, bhUmikA, pR. 111-12 33. sarakAra DI.sI.; pU.ni. pR. 118-19 34. kANe, pI.vI.; hisTrI oNva dharmazAstra, bhAga IV, pR. 689 35. zrI nivAsana, DI.ema.; mathurA - di kalcarala heriTeja, pR. 64; agravAla, ___vI.esa.; mAsTara pIsa oNva mathurA skalpacara, pR. 1 36. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga X pR. 2 37. pU.ni. 1.2: smitha, vI.e.; di jaina stUpa eNDa adara eNTIkviTIja oNva mathurA, pR. 1

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44 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 38. kaniMghama, e.; oNrkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNva iNDiyA, bhAga-III, pR. 46 39. bhagavatIsUtra, 7.1.255 40. samarAiccakahA - khaNDa-I, pR. 58 41. pU.ni. khaNDa-3, pR. 217; epigrAphiyA iNDikA, X, pariziSTa, saM. 102 42. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, X, saM. 102; rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA, saMkhyA ___ kyU-2; purI, bI. ena., iNDiyA aNDara di kuSANa, pR. 149 43. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, saMkhyA 29 44. pU. ni., saM. 32 45. pU. ni., saM. 30 46. pU. ni., saM. 95 47. pU. ni., saM. 100 48. pU. ni., saM. 48 49. pU. ni., saM. 53 50. pU. ni., saM. 39 51. pU. ni., saM. 37 52. pU. ni., saM. 76 53. pU. ni., saM. 99 54. pU. ni., saM. 78 55. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA kyU.-2 56. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, X, pariziSTa, saM. 78; tivArI, mArUtinandana ___ prasAda; jaina pratimA vijJAna, pR. 18 57. pU. ni., saM. 78 58. pU. ni., saM. 78 59. pU. ni., saM. 29, tivArI, pU. ni., pR. 18, purI, bI. ena.; pU. ni., pR. 152

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 45 60. pU. ni., saM. 48 61. pU. ni., saM. 102 62. pU. ni., saM. 59 63. jaina, hIrAlAla; bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 234-35 64. bAjapeyI kRSNadatta; braja kA itihAsa kha-1, pR. 89, 90 65. candra, motI; sArthavAha, pR. 15, 16, 24 66. jaina, je. sI.; lAipha ina aizyeMTa iNDiyA; eja DipikTeDa ina da jaina kainansa, pR. 114-15 67. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; pU. ni., saM. 93 68. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; pU. ni., saM. 93, 94 69. candra, motI; pU. ni.; pR. 18-19 70. mizra, jayazaMkara; gyArahavIM sadI kA bhArata, pR. 11 71. mIttala prabhudayAla; braja kI kalAoM kA itihAsa, pR. 67 72. epigrAphiyA iNDiyA, X, pariziSTa, saM. 56, 117, 121 73. pU. ni., saM. 27 pU. ni., saM. 26 pU. ni., saM. 110 76. pU. ni., saM. 18, 28, 31 77. pU. ni., saM. 54 78. pU. ni., saM. 94 79. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA kyU. 2 80. mIttala, prabhu dayAla; pU. ni., pR. 68 81. jAyasavAla, kAzI prasAda; hisTrI oNva iNDiyA (150-350 I.), pR. 1-32

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46 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 82. upAdhyAya, vAsudeva; gupta sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, khaNDa-1, pR. 89 83. altekara, e.esa.; IkanaoNmika kaNDIzana, di vAkATaka gupta eja, pR. 357-58 84. maitI, esa.ke.; IkanaoNmika lAipha oNva nArdarna iNDiyA ina da gupta piriyaDa, pR. 120 85. raghuvaMza, sarga 45-51 86. nandIsUtra cUrNi, pR. 9; zAha, yU.pI.; sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa, pR. 110-11 87. dazavaikAlika cUrNi, pR. 204; AcArAMga cUrNi; pR. 207 88. yAdava, jhinakU; jaina dharma kI aitihAsika rUparekhA, pR. 124-25 89. epigrAphiyA iNDiyA, II, lekha saM. 38-40, pR. 198 90. pU. ni. lekha saM. 39, pR. 210-211 91. mattala, braja kI kalAoM kA itihAsa, pR. 70 92. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 6, bI. 7 93. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 89, je. 121 94. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 100 95. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 1, 488,624 96. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 1, 28 97. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 104 98. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 2 99. bAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; mathurA, pR. 20-21 100. pU. ni. pR. 20-21 ; mIttala, braja kI kalAoM kA itihAsa, pR. 71 101. mIttala, pR. ni. pR. 11 102. bAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; pU. ni. pR. 118

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 47 103. pU. ni. pR. 118 104. jaina, jyoti prasAda; uttara pradeza aura jaina dharma, . 11 105. TaoNmasa, vATarsa; Ana yuvAna cyAmsa Traivelsa ina iNDiyA, pR. 301-13 106. kaniMghama, e.; aizveMTa jyaoNgraphI oNpha iNDiyA, pR. 646 107. mIttala; pU. ni. pR. 215 108. tivArI, pU. ni.; pR. 20-21 109. bAjapeyI, pU. ni. pR. 21 110. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 142, 143, 144, 145, 776, 885 111. tivArI, pU. ni., pR. 86; pAMca mathurA meM tathA eka lakhanaU meM hai| 112. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 791 113. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 37.2738, bI. 77 114. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 813 115. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 57 116. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 793

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adhyAya tRtIya zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra chaThI zatAbdI IsA pUrva meM sampUrNa bhAratavarSa SoDza mahAjanapadoM meM vibhakta thA jinameM zUrasena janapada kA nAma pramukha thA jisakI rAjadhAnI mathurA thii| dhArmika evaM aitihAsika dRSTi se mathurA nagarI kA prArambha se hI pramukha sthAna rahA hai| prArambha se hI mathurA aitihAsika, sAMskRtika evaM rAjanaitika gatividhiyoM kA mahatvapUrNa kendra thaa|' vartamAna samaya meM mathurA AgarA khaNDa ke antargata uttarI pazcimI sImA para sthita hai| pazcimI uttara pradeza meM yamunA nadI ke taTa para 27deg31' uttara akSAMza tathA 77deg14' pUrvI dezAntara ke madhya sthita hai| mathurA kA pUrvI bhAga paMjAba kI sImA se milatA hai| isakI dakSiNI sImA para AgarA, pazcimI sImA para svatantra rUpa se bharatapura sthita hai| mathurA kI pramukha nadI yamunA hai jise Rgveda meM bhI ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| jise sUryatanayA kahA gayA hai| mathurA meM vana evaM TIle adhika haiN| ___ mathurA pahu~cane ke lie relamArga evaM basa mArga kI suvidhA upalabdha hai| dillI ke pUrva-dakSiNa kI ora jAne vAle pazcima tathA madhya relave kI bar3I lAina mathurA se hokara gujaratI hai| ____ bhArata ke uttarI-pazcimI tathA dakSiNI bhAgoM se inhIM mArgoM dvArA reloM ke dvArA mathurA pahu~canA sarala hai| pUrva tathA dakSiNa-pUrva bhArata kI ora se mathurA pahu~cane ke lie do mArga haiM- prathama AgarA se mathurA jo pUrva relave lAina ke hAtharasa jaMkzana se hokara pahuMcA jA sakatA hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra mathurA meM tIna relave sTezana haiM-mathurA jaMkzana, mathurA chAvanI tathA bhUtezvara / rela ke atirikta sabhI ora se basa dvArA bhI mathurA pahu~cA jA sakatA hai| aba mathurA ke prAyaH sabhI nikaTavartI zaharoM se yahA~ taka sarakArI baseM bhI Ane-jAne lagI haiN| lakhanaU se AgarA jAne vAlI choTI lAina kA kucha bhAga bar3I lAina meM parivartita ho gayA hai aura zeSa prastAvita hai| ___ mathurA ke nAmakaraNa ke viSaya meM purANoM meM ullikhita hai ki zatrughna ne rAjA lavaNa ko mArakara mathurA nAmaka pUrI ko basAyA thaa| anya granthoM meM mathurA kA anya nAma 'methorA'', 'madurA', 'mata-au-lA", 'mo-tu-lo' tathA zaurIpura kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| rAmAyaNa meM 'mathurA' evaM 'madhupurI' nAma jJAta hotA hai| anya nAma 'madhupahanA'; 'madhuSikA' evaM 'madhUpahana' bhI ullikhita plinI' ne yamunA nadI ko 'jomanesa' kahA hai jo 'methorA' tathA 'klIsoborA'12 ke madhya bahatI thii| mathurA bhagavAna kRSNa kI janmabhUmi ke sAtha hI sAtha jaina dharma kI gatividhiyoM kA pramukha kendra rahI hai| mathurA se prApta purAtAtvika avazeSoM se jJAta hotA hai ki yahA~ para jaina dharma prAcInakAla se lekara bArahavIM zatI taka apanI sudRr3ha sthiti meM vidyamAna thaa| ___ jinaprabhasUri ke anusAra- mathurA meM kuberA devI dvArA nirmita eka stUpa svarNa evaM maNinirmita thA jo sAtaveM tIrthakara supArzvanAtha ke sammAna meM banAyA gayA thaa| kAlAntara meM teisaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kI mathurA yAtrA ke uparAnta devI kI AjJA se isa para IToM kA AvaraNa car3hAyA gayA aura usake pArzva meM pArzvanAtha kI eka prastara-pratimA sthApita kI gii| mahAvIra svAmI ke nirvANa ke teraha sau varSoM ke bAda bappabhaTTi sUri kI preraNA se isa stUpa kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA gyaa|

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50 zarasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa ariMga mathurA tahasIla meM ariMga eka kRSi pradhAna gA~va hai| yaha 27deg29' uttarI akSAMza tathA 77deg32' pUrvI dezAntara ke madhya sthita hai| mathurA ke pazcima meM 19.31 kimI. aura 6.44 kimI. pUrva meM govardhana taka pakkI sar3aka jAtI hai| uttara-pazcima meM rAdhAkuNDa taka pakkI sar3aka se sambaddha hai| basoM ke dvArA yahA~ pahu~cA jA sakatA hai| isa sthAna ke nAma ke viSaya meM aneka kivadantiyA~ pracalita haiN| eka kivadantI ke anusAra kRSNa ne ariMgasura nAmaka daitya kA vadha kiyA thaa| ataH usake nAma ke AdhAra para isa sthAna kA nAma ariMga pdd'aa| ___eka anya lokazruti ke anusAra- sthAnIya bAjAra kA nAma, araMga thA, parantu vAstavika nAma aristha-grAma thaa| kAlAntara meM isakA nAma apabhraMza ke rUpa meM ariMga pdd'aa| yaha sthAna cAroM ora caubIsa choTe vanoM se ghirA huA hai| kilola kuNDa nAmaka tAlAba bhI isI sthAna ke nikaTa hai| ravivAra ke dina vahA~ hATa lagatA hai| __ ariMga se hI eka jaina pratimA choTe AkAra kI prApta huI hai| yaha sarvatobhadrikA pratimA hai| yaha navIM-dasavIM zatAbdI kI mUrti hai| cAra tIrthaMkara 'kAyotsarga' mudrA meM khar3e haiN| yaha pratimA teraha semI. U~cI haiN| vartamAna samaya meM yaha pratimA mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai|' kaMkAlI TIlA kaMkAlI TIlA mathurA nagara ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM bhUtezvara kraoNsiMga evaM bI. esa.e. kaoNleja ke madhya meM sthita hai| __ durgA jI kA eka rUpa kaMkAlI bhI hai| ataH hindU kaMkAlI devI kA mandira yahA~ para sthApita hone ke kAraNa ise kaMkAlI TIle ke rUpa meM khyAti milI hai| kaMkAlI TIle ko 'jainI TIlA'15 bhI kahA jAtA hai| kyoMki isa sthAna se asaMkhya jaina kalAkRtiyA~ prApta huI haiN|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra yaha saMrakSita kSetra hai / " DaoN. smitha " ne kaMkAlI kSetra ko 15000.0 seMmI. lambA tathA 5500.0 seMmI. caur3A batAyA hai parantu kaniMghama mahodaya'" ne 12000.0 seMmI. lambA tathA 8800.0 seMmI. caur3A batAyA hai / samaya-samaya para isa TIle kA utkhanana kArya hotA rahA hai| ina utkhananoM meM vizAla mAtrA meM jaina tIrthaMkara kI mUrtiyA~, AyAgapaTTa, stambha, chatra, stambha-zIrSa, vedikA - stambha, uSNISa, toraNa- khaNDa, toraNa- zIrSa, abhilikhita caraNa-caukI evaM anya kalAkRtiyA~ prApta huI haiN| san 1871 I. mArca aura navambara mAha meM 'ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA' ke DAyarekTara janarala e. kaniMghama" ne sarvaprathama kaMkAlI TIle ke pUrvI bhAga kA utkhanana kArya karavAyA tathA unhoMne punaH 1881, 1882, 1883 I. meM bhI utkhanana kArya kiyA / 20 jisameM jaina sAmagrI milI / 51 1871 se 1877 I. ke madhya grAusa mahodaya ne utkhanana kArya kiyA aura aneka kalAkRtiyA~ prakAza meM aaiiN| " 1888 se 1891 I. ke madhya phyUrara mahodaya ko kaMkAlI ke utkhanana kArya meM IToM kA eka jaina mandiroM ke avazeSa tatha anya purAvazeSa prApta karane meM saphalatA milI jo jaina dharma evaM usake sthApatyakalA ke viSaya meM mahatvapUrNa jAnakArI ke srota hai| 2 byUhalara mahAdeya" kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna yaha hai ki kaMkAlI se prApta abhilekhoM ko eka pramukha pustaka meM lipibaddha kiyA hai| ye sabhI abhilekha 150 I. pUrva se 1023 I. ke haiM aura purAtatva kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa haiN| kaMkAlI se kevala jaina dharma se sambandhita kalAkRtiyA~ hI nahIM prApta huI haiM apitu vaidika evaM bauddha dharma se bhI sambandhita purAvazeSa upalabdha hue haiN| kaMkAlI TIle se utkhanita sAmagrI rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA, rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU meM saMgrahIta haiM / ina kalAkRtiyoM meM tIrthaMkaroM ke

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa janma kalyANa kI gAthAe~ utkIrNa haiM / inake atirikta jaina mastaka bhI haiN| 21 52 jJAta sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki kaMkAlI TIle para jaina pratiSThAna eka aise stUpa ke cAroM ora sthApita kiyA gayA thA jise atyanta zraddhA se dekhA jAtA thA / eka zilAlekha meM jo ki eka pratimA ke pAdapRSTha bhAga para utkIrNa hai tathAkathita deva-nirmita 'bodava stUpa' para arhata nandyAvarta pratimA ke pratiSThApita kiye jAne kA varNana hai| 26 bRhatkalpa bhASya meM varNita hai ki jisa prakAra dharmacakra ke lie uttarApatha aura jIvanta svAmI kI pratimA ke kAraNa kauzala kI khyAti hai, isI prakAra devanirmita stUpa se kaMkAlI TIlA prasiddha hai| deva nirmita stUpa ke adhikAra ko lekara jainoM evaM bauddhoM meM kucha samaya pratidvinditA calatI rahI / kAlAntara meM loga stUpa ke nirmANa kI vAstukalA bhUla gae aura ise devanirmita mAnane lge| somadeva ke 'yazastilaka campU' meM bhI isakA ullekha milatA hai | 28 somadeva ke anusAra bajrakumAra ne ise nirmita karavAyA, vidyAdharoM kI alaukika zaktiyA~ thI 129 jisake pAsa kSetra se prApta kalAkRtiyoM meM utkIrNa stUpa AkRtiyA~ milI hai jo mathurA, lakhanaU, dillI ke saMgrahAlayoM meM surakSita hai / stUpa kA nirmANa tIrthaMkara kI pUjA hetu kiyA jAtA thA / kaMkAlI TIle kA stUpa pArzvanAtha ko samarpita hai, supArzvanAtha ko nhiiN| jinaprabhasUri ke anusAra stUpa ke sAmane kI AkRti pArzvanAtha kI hai| mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata nirmita kaMkAlI TIle se jaina tIrthaMkara kI pratimAeM do prakAra kI prApta huI haiM / dhyAnabhAva meM padmAsanAsIna athavA kAyotsarga mudrA tathA kAyotsarga mudrA meM hI sarvatobhadrikA prtimaaeN| kaMkAlI TIle se prApta kalAkRtiyA~ kuSANakAlIna haiN|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra jaina tIrthakaroM ke atirikta jaina devI jaise jaina sarasvatI kI pratimA prApta huI hai jo kuSANa yuga kI hai| kaMkAlI TIle se prApta AyAgapaTTa se tatkAlIna sAmAjika evaM dhArmika dazA kA bodha hotA hai / aSTamAMgalika pratIkoM kA aMkana sundara rUpa se dRSTavya hai / 1 tIrthakaroM ke lAMchana se unheM pahacAnane meM suvidhA hotI hai kuSANakAlIna pratimAeM vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai kyoMki ina para lekha utkIrNa hai| 53 mathurA kalAzailI ke antargata nirmita pratimAeM, zrAvastI, prayAga, sAranAtha Adi sthAnoM ko cauthI zatI I. taka bhejI jAtI thIM / mathurA kalA zailI ke kalAkAra kAzI evaM sAranAtha Adi ke zilpakAroM ko preraNA pradAna karate the / 7 kosI kalA kosI kalA chAtA tahasIla meM sabase bar3e kasbe ke rUpa meM sthita hai| yaha 27deg48' uttarI akSAMza tathA 77deg26' pUrvI dezAntara ke madhya sthita hai / yaha mathurA dillI mArga para sthita hai / yaha sthAna rASTrIya rAja mArga-2 se bhI sambaddha hai| kosI kalA mathurA ke uttara-pazcima meM 45.1 kimI. dUra hai tathA 11. 27 kimI. tahasIla mukhyAlaya se dUra hai| yaha uttara-pazcima meM zeragar3ha tathA dakSiNa-pazcima meM nandagA~va se pakkI sar3aka dvArA jur3A huA hai| kasbe ke dakSiNa meM kendrIya relave ke AgarA-dillI khaNDa para kosI kalA relave sTezana sthita hai| yahA~ para basa sevA bhI sadaiva mathurA, nandagA~va tathA dillI ke lie upalabaddha rahatI hai / isa sthAna ke nAma ke viSaya meM aneka kivadantiyA~ pracalita haiM 1 isakA nAma kuzasthalI thA jisakA dUsarA nAma dvArakA thA, jahA~ para bhAgavAna kRSNa ne kucha dina nivAsa kiyA thA / phalataH isakA nAma kosI

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa kalA pdd'aa| isa kasbe meM aneka tAlAba the jaise ratnAkara kuNDa, mAbhI kuNDa, gomatI kuNDa, mAyA kuNDa, bisAkhA kuNDa Adi / inameM se vartamAna samaya meM prathama tIna kuNDa astitva meM haiM / yaha sthAna tAlAba ke kAraNa cAroM ora jala se bharA huA hai aura manamohaka lagatA hai 1 54 kosI kalA eka mahatvapUrNa vyAvasAyika sthAna ke rUpa meM bhI prasiddha hai| yahA~ para dazaharA aura bharata milApa ke dasaveM aura gyArahaveM dina bahuta bar3A melA galatA hai| isa mele meM pazuoM kA kraya-vikraya mukhya rUpa se kiyA jAtA hai 1 kosI kalA vaiSNava dharma ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma kA bhI pramukha kendra rahA hai| yahA~ se pArzvanAtha kI prastara pratimA prApta huI hai| isa pratimA para sAta sarpaphaNoM kA sundara aMkana kiyA gayA hai / yaha mUrti padmAsana mudrA meM dhyAnastha hai| AkAza meM donoM ora strI-puruSa caurI evaM hAra lekara ur3a rahe haiM / nIce caraNa- -caukI ke madhya meM donoM ora siMha kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai tathA bIca meM cakra utkIrNa hai| yaha madhyakAlIna kalAkRti hai / isakI lambAI 79 seMmI. hai| vartamAna samaya meM yaha pratimA mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita hai| kainTUmenTa mathurA kA prasiddha mohallA kainTUmenTa hai / yahA~ para basa dvArA pahu~cA jA sakatA hai| kainTUmenTa se bAisaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI padmAsanastha dhyAnamudrA meM pratimA prApta huI hai| siMhAsana ke nIce do choTe-choTe stambha aura donoM ora eka-eka siMha sthita hai / donoM siMha siMhAsana ko uThAye hue pratIta hote haiN| siMhAsana kI caukI ke donoM siMhoM ke madhya alaMkRta vastra ke samAna laTaka rahA hai /

Page #79
zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra 55 sabase nIce caraNa-caukI ke madhya eka cakra sthita hai| bhagavAna neminAtha kA mastaka alaMkRta prabhAmaNDala se suzobhita hai| pratimA ke donoM ora do mukhya AkRtiyA~ vidyAdharoM ko ur3ate hue pradirzata kiyA gayA hai / mastaka ke donoM ora gandharva evaM apsarA ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai / gandharva ke hAtha meM hAra tathA apsarA ke hAtha meM phUloM kA aMkana kiyA hai| 1 tIrthaMkara kI A~kheM arddha-unmIlita haiM tathA nAka evaM hoThoM kA kucha bhAga khaNDita hai / keza ghuMgharAle haiN| vakSa para zrIvatsa kA lAMchana utkIrNa hai| yaha pratimA navIM dasavIM zatAbdI kI hai / yaha 1.36 seMmI. U~cI hai| vartamAna samaya meM yaha pratimA rAjakIya saMgahAlaya meM surakSita hai| 39 kaTarA kezavadeva mathurA tahasIla meM kaTarA kezavadeva nAmaka sthAna sthita hai / yaha sthAna kaMkAlI TIle se 11/2 kimI. kI dUrI para sthita hai| kaTarA ke pazcima meM kaMsa kilA sthita hai / kaTarA se hasanagaMja aura kile taka pakkI sar3aka jAtI hai| 1 mathurA pahu~cane ke bAda basa dvArA kaTarA pahu~cA jA sakatA hai / yahA~ para kArtika pUrNimA ke sAtaveM dina vArSika mele kA Ayojana hotA hai / kaTarA kezavadeva se eka jaina tIrthaMkara kI caraNa- caukI kA aMza prApta huA haiM / siMhAsana meM siMha kA mukha evaM eka mahilA upAsikA kA mukha utkIrNa hai| yaha caraNa - caukI abhilikhita hai / lekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki somagupta kI putrI mitrA ne bhagavAna sumatinAtha kI pratimA sthApita karavAyI thI / pA~caveM tIrthaMkara sumatinAtha kI yaha pratimA kuSANa kAlIna hai| yaha lAla balue patthara se nirmita hai| mathurA kalA ke antargata nirmita tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM meM yaha abhilikhita caraNa - caukI mahatvapUrNa hai /

Page #80
zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa isase tatkAlIna janasAdhAraNa kI sthiti jJAta hotI hai / vartamAna samaya meM yaha pratimA rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita hai / 10 56 Dempiyara nagara mathurA ke pramukha dvAra holI daravAjA ke dakSiNa-pazcima kI ora Dempiyara nagara sthita hai| mathurA ke lokapriya kalekTara 'Dempiyara' ke nAma para 'Dempiyara nagara' tathA 'Dempiyara pArka' kI sthApanA huii| vartamAna samaya meM 'Dempiyara pArka' kA nAma 'bhagata siMha pArka' hai I se yahA~ para basa sevA upalabdha hai / yaha kaMkAlI TIle taka pakkI sar3aka jur3A hai| hai / yahA~ se kaTarA kezavadeva taka pakkA mArga nirmita hai / prAnta kA ati prAcIna rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya bhI Dempiyara nagara meM hI sthita hai / isa sthAna se bAisaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI pratimA kA khaNDita bhAga prApta huA hai| dAyA~ bhAga lupta hai tathA bAyIM ora mastaka taka balarAma kI AkRti kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| nIce kA bhAga lupta haiM yaha pratimA madhyakAlIna hai / yaha halke pIle raMga ke prastara khaNDa para utkIrNa hai isakI U~cAI 28 seMmI. hai| vartamAna samaya meM yaha rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya" meM saMrakSita hai| 1 caurAsI TIlA jaina dharma kA pramukha kendra jaina caurAsI kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| mathurA sTezana se 5 kimI. caurAsI kSetra hai / isa kSetra para eka dharmazAlA banI huI hai|" yaha govardhana taka pakkI sar3aka se jur3A huA hai| jambUsvAmI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke praziSya sudharmA svAmI se pravajyA lekara mathurA ke isI sthala para tapasyA kara nirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| unheM jaina dharma kA antima kevali bhI mAnA gayA hai / unakI tapasyA aura mokSa prApti kA puNya sthala hone se yaha jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kA 'siddha kSetra' kahalAtA hai| jambU svAmI ke prabhAva meM Akara aneka sadgRhasthoM ke

Page #81
zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra S7 sAtha-sAtha dasyuoM ke jIvana meM bhI dhArmikatA kA udaya huA thaa| usa samaya ke kaI cora apane bahusaMkhyaka sAthiyoM ke sAtha duSpravRttiyoM ko chor3akara tapa aura dhyAna meM lIna hue the, jisase unheM bhI paramagati prApta huI thii| kAlAntara meM jaba jambUsvAmI kA mandira banA, taba usake samIpa una tapasvI dasyuoM ke smAraka bhI banAye gaye the| kAla ke prahAra ne una sabakoM naSTa kara diyaa| unakA koI avazeSa bhI aba taka upalabdha nahIM huA hai| yaha jambUsvAmI sthala ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| ___caurAsI TIle se eka lAla baluA patthara para nirmita eka baiThI huI tIrthaMkara kI mUrti milI hai| yaha pratimA dhyAnastha mudrA meM hai| yaha RSabhanAtha kI pratimA madhyakAlIna hai| isakI U~cAI 19 seMmI. hai| vartamAna meM yaha mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM sthita hai|" baTezvara AgarA meM sthita baTezvara eka mahatvapUrNa gA~va hai| yaha 26deg56' uttarI akSAMza tathA 78deg23' pUrvI dezAntara ke madhya meM sthita hai| AgarA se baTezvara kI dUrI sattara kimI. hai| yaha sthala AgarA ke bAha tahasIla meM avasthita hai| zaurIpura se baTezvara kI dUrI pA~ca kimI. hai| zikohAbAda se baTezvara lagabhaga tIsa kimI. dUra hai| AgarA se baTezvara taka pakkI sar3aka gaI hai| rela athavA basa mArga dvArA AgarA pahu~cane ke pazcAt basa dvArA baTezvara kI dUrI taya kara sakate haiN| isa sthAna ke nAma ke viSaya meM aneka kivadantiyA~ pracalita haiN| eka kivadantI ke anusAra bhagavAna ziva ke eka nAma baTezvaranAtha para isa sthAna kA nAma baTezvara pdd'aa| vartamAna samaya meM isa sthAna para bahuta se ghATa haiM jo yamunA nadI se nirmita hai| yamunA nadI ke kinAre bahuta bar3A vArSika melA evaM pradarzanI kA Ayojana hotA hai| isa vArSikotsava meM na kevala par3osa ke jile se

Page #82
58 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa hI loga Ate haiM, apitu madhya pradeza aura rAjasthAna se bhI loga Ate haiN| isa mele meM pazuoM kA kraya-vikraya kiyA jAtA hai| ___ baTezvara se eka jina caumukhI dasavIM zatI kI prApta huI hai| pArzvanAtha ke mastaka para sAta phaNoM kA aMkana hai| anya tIrthaMkaroM kI pahacAna sambhava nahIM hai| isI sthAna se eka khaDgAsana" pratimA gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI prApta huI hai| isa pratimA meM pA~ca sarpaphaNoM se yukta pAramparika yakSa-yakSI kA aMkana milatA hai| ___ eka anya pratimA bArahavIM zatAbdI" kI halke gulAbI raMga ke prastara para nirmita hai| mUla pratimA padmAsana mudrA meM tIrthaMkara ke pArzva meM bAyIM ora zrI kRSNa zaMkha lie aura AsavapAtra hAtha meM lie hue balarAma khar3e haiN| yaha neminAtha kI mahatvapUrNa pratimA hai| barasAnA barasAnA chattA tahasIla ke antargata sthita hai| yaha 27deg39' uttarI akSAMza tathA 77deg23' pUrvI dezAntara para sthita hai| mathurA se 49.89 kimI. uttarI-pazcimI tathA chattA se 16.09 kimI. dakSiNa-pazcimI aura govaradhana se 19.31 kimI. uttarI-pazcimI bhAga para sthita hai| sabhI eka-dUsare se pakkI sar3akoM se sambaddha hai| ___ isake nAma ke viSaya meM aneka kivadantiyA~ haiN| eka kivadantI ke anusAra brahmA ke nAma para barasAnA par3A tathA hindU mAnyatA ke anusAra yaha rAdhA kA ghara thaa| yahA~ para rAdhA jI kA mandira hai tathA tIna anya mandira bhI haiN| ____ barasAnA se jaina tIrthaMkara kI baiThI huI dhyAnamudrA meM mUrti milI hai| yaha 1.17 seMmI. U~cI hai| mastaka khilate hue kamala ke samAna pratIta hotA hai parantu prabhAmaNDala khaNDita hai| dAyIM evaM bAyIM ora do vidyAdhara ur3ate hue pradarzita kiye gaye haiN| unameM se do hAtha meM hAra liye hue haiM tathA

Page #83
zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra 59 do antarikSa devatA haiN| nIca do siMhoM ke madhya meM dharmacakra kA aMkana hai| yaha madhyakAlIna hai| mathurA" saMgrahAlaya meM sthita hai| bhUtezvara bhUtezvara se eka caumukhI mUrti kA adhobhAga prApta huA hai| yaha pratimA abhilikhita hai| yaha kuSANa kAla meM nirmita huI hai| yaha lAla baluA patthara se nirmita hai| pratimA ke abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki ise RSidAsa kI preraNA para abhisArika ke bhaTTidAmana ne sthApita karAyA thaa| __ abhisArika pezAvara ke pAsa hajArA batAyA gayA hai| bhaTTidAmana videzI thaa| jisane mathurA Akara jaina dharma svIkAra kiyA thaa| yaha pratimA mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM sthita hai| __isa pratimA kI prApti se yaha jJAta huA hai| ki kuSANa kAla meM jaina dharma videziyoM ke lie bhI AkarSaNa kA kendra thaa| videzI anuyAyiyoM ne jaina dharma ke pracAra meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| mahAvana mahAvana mathurA jilA sAdAbAda kI tahasIla meM sthita hai| yaha uttarI akSAMza tathA pUrvI dezAntara ke madhya meM sthita hai| yamunA nadI ke dAyeM taTa para hai| mathurA ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM 12;87 kimI. tathA gokula ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM 1:16 kimI dUra mathurA sAdAbAda taka pakkI sar3aka se jur3A huA hai| yahAM taka nijI baseM bhI calatI hai| ____ mahAvana se jaina tIrthakara supArzvanAtha kI mUrti kI caraNa caukI prApta huI hai| yaha lAla baluA patthara se nirmita hai| caukI ke nimna bhAga para zera kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| ___ yaha abhilikhita caraNa- caukI hai| jisameM tIrthakara kA nAma aMkita hai| yaha 11.10 seMmI; UMcI pratimA hai| isa samaya yaha mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai|

Page #84
zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa mAtAmaTha mAtA maTha holI daravAjA mathurA se vardhamAna kI choTI pratimA prApta huI hai| isa pratimA meM vardhamAna siMhAsana para dhyAna mudrA meM AsIna hai| isa pratimA kI kevala TAMgeM aura hAtha avaziSTa hai| stambha para sthita dharmacakra kI do puruSa aura do mahilA upAsaka pUjA kara rahe haiN| yaha abhilikhita mUrti hai| lekha ke anusAra koTTiyagaNa aura bacchAlika kula ke coDa ne RSidAsa ke sAtha vardhamAna mahAvIra kI pratimA sthApita kii| vartamAna meM yaha pratimA kA avaziSTa bhAga mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM sthita hai| yaha pratimA kuSANa kAlIna hai| sokha soMkha 27'29 uttarI akSAMza tathA 77'31 pUrvI dezAntara ke madhya sthita hai| mathurA ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM 25'7 kimI. dUra hai| govardhana taka yaha pakkI sar3aka dvArA jur3A huA hai| pakkA mArga se hI yaha rAjasthAna se sambaddha hai| mathurA pahu~cakarara basa dvArA yahAM pahuMcA jA sakatA hai| maMgalavAra ke dina yahAM para bahuta bar3A bAjAra lagatA hai| soMkha eka prAcIna evaM aitihAsika sthAna hai| isake nAmakaraNa ke viSaya meM aneka janazrutiyA~ pracalita haiN| eka janazruti ke anusAra soMkha grAma saMkhApura daitya ke nAma para par3A hai| eka anya janazruti ke anusAra prAcIna kAla meM zaunika muni yahA~ nivAsa karate the| ataH zaunika muni ke nAma para yaha soMkha ke nAma se vikhyAta huaa| aitihAsika paramparA ke anusAra isakI sthApanA dillI ke zAsaka anaMgapAla ne kI thii| soMkha se prApta purAtAtvika avazeSa isakI prAcInatA ke jvalanta pramANa haiN| vartamAna samaya meM isake AsapAsa ke TIle isakI prAcInatA ke mUka sAkSI haiN|

Page #85
zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra soMkha kA prAcIna TIlA mathurA se govardhana hokara jAne para ATha kilomITara dakSiNa meM sthita hai| ___soMkha kI purAtAtvika khudAI se jarmana vidvAna harTala ne prathama zatI I. pU. vAlI sattAisavIM parta se eka pakI miTTI kA bacAMgula prApta kiyA thaa| pA~coM khulI uMgaliyoM vAle isa pa~cAMgula kI hathelI para tIna mAMgalika cinha utkIrNa hai, bIca meM trIratna aura donoM ora svAstika evaM indradhvaja hai|" ___ paMcAgula ko mAMgalika pratIka mAnA gayA hai jisakI paramparA Aja bhI bhAratIya loka janamAnasa meM pracalita hai| soMkha se eka ghar3A prApta huA hai jise jaina dharma meM maMgala kalaza ke rUpa meM prasiddhi milI huI hai| kalaza kI grIvA ke nIce piTAra para do pratIka spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI dete haiM- dakSiNAvartI svAstika aura adhomukhI shriirtn| yaha kalaza kuSANakAlIna hai| ___ mRttikA pa~cAguMla dvArA yaha tathya prakaTa hotA hai ki candana athavA pIThI se paMcAguMla pratIka na kevala citrita hI kiye jAte the, apitu mAMgalika avasaroM para unake mUrta svarUpa kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| miTTI kA yaha pa~cAgula prathama zatI I. pU. kA hai aura isakI mApa 3.1 seMmI. x 2.1 seMmI. hai| yaha kisI mRNmUrti kA aMga na hokara yaha eka svatantra pa~cAgula hai| soMkha se prApta isa mRttikA pa~cAgaMla ke kalAtmaka rUpa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki inake nirmANa aura upayoga se usa samaya meM mathurA kalA ke dhArmika evaM laukika donoM rUpa unnata avasthA meM the| caubiyA pAr3A caubiyA pAr3A se jina pratimA kI caukI milI hai jisameM bane caraNoM se AbhAsa hotA hai ki mUrti khar3I hogii| yaha lAla balue patthara se nirmita hai| caraNa caukI ke madhya meM dharma cakra banA hai jisake eka ora bAeM hAtha

Page #86
62 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa para vastra khaNDa lie jaina muni haiN| isake pIche tIna puruSa upAsaka haiN| antima vyakti paridhAna se zaka pratIta hotA hai| cakra ke dUsarI ora tIna mahilA upAsikAeM mAlA aura puSpa lie haiN| yaha abhilikhita hai| abhilekha kA bhAva hai ki devaputra zAhi kaniSka ke 17veM varSa ke zIta Rtu ke dUsare mahIne ke 25veM dina koTTiyagaNa kI baIrA zAkhA ke sAMtinika kula kI kauzikI gRharakSita kI preraNA para isa pratimA kI sthApanA huii| yaha mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM sthita hai| janarala gaMja janarala gaMja se tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI baiThI huI dhyAnastha pratimA milI hai| isa para sAta sarpaphaNoM kA aMkana milatA hai| yaha lAla baluA patthara para nirmita hai| nIce ke bhAga para nAgarI lekha likhA hai| lekha ke anusAra saMvat 1071 = 1014 I. meM vaNika jasarAka kI patnI somA ne dAna diyA thaa| yaha 1.17 seMmI. U~cI hai tathA mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM sthita hai| balabhadra kuNDa balabhadra kuNDa se eka jaina tIrthaMkara kI mUrti milI hai| yaha pratimA isalie mahatvapUrNa hai ki isameM tIrthaMkara kA nAma RSabhanAtha diyA hai| tIrthaMkara dhyAna bhAva meM AsIna haiM, sira aura bhujA lupta hai, hastinakhA praNAlI se utkIrNa prabhAmaNDala kA kucha bhAga zeSa hai| vakSa para zrI vatsa kA cinha hai tathA hathelI aura talaveM para dharmacakra kA aMkana hai| caraNa caukI para dharmacakra aura dasa puruSa va strI upAsaka haiN| lekha ke anusAra bhagavAna arhata RSabhadeva kI isa pratimA kI pratiSThA mahArAja rAjAdhi rAja devaputra zAhI vAsudeva ke rAjyakAla saM. 84 arthAt 162 I. meM kumAradatta kI preraNA se bhaTTadatta ugabhinaka kI putravadhU ne karAI thii| yaha lAla balue patthara se nirmita hai / 2 yaha vartamAna meM mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM sthita hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra mokSa galI mokSa galI mathurA se 170 I. meM sthApita vardhamAna mahAvIra kI mUrti kA bhagnAMza prApta huA hai| isa pratimA para dharmacakra aura upAsakoM kI AkRtiyA~ nirmita hai| isa pratimA kA abhilekha apUrNa hai| lAla baluA patthara se nirmita yaha mUrti vartamAna samaya meM mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM sthita hai| yaha pratimA kuSANakAlIna hai| yamunA nadI yamunA nadI se tIrthaMkara pratimA kI caraNa caukI kA aMzamAtra prApta huA hai| isa pratimA para cAra paMktiyoM kA choTA sA lekha aMkita hai| lekha ke anusAra vardhamAn kI isa mUrti kI pratiSThA dala kI patnI, dharmadeva kI putrI ne bhavadeva ke lie karAI thii| lekha kuSANakAlIna brAhmI lipi meM likhita hai| ___ yaha mUrti 23 seMmI. U~cI hai| yamunA nadI se milI hai tathA vartamAna meM yaha mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita hai|' rAnIpurA rAnIpurA muhallA se jina caraNa caukI kA bhAga prApta huA hai| yaha huviSka ke samaya kA hai| isa caukI ke bhAga para saM. 33 (111 I.) aMkita hai| yaha vartamAna meM mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| sarasvatI kuNDa sarasvatI kuNDa mathurA se 1 mIla kI dUra para dillI mArga para sthita hai| jina kI baiThI huI dhyAnastha mudrA meM yaha pratimA sarasvatI kuNDa se milI hai, mastaka vihina isa pratimA ke vakSa aura hathelI para pratIkoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| yaha pratIka zrI vatsa hai| yaha vartamAna samaya meM mathurA saMgrahAlaya kI zobhA vRddhi kara rahI hai| yaha 21.5 seMmI. U~cI haiM

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zivapurasana gA~va govardhana ke nikaTa zivapurasana gA~va sthita hai| yahA~ se jaina tIrthaMkara kA mastaka prApta huA hai| mastaka para dhuMgharAle bAla haiN| yaha guptAkalIna mUrti hai| yaha mastaka 26.5 seMmI. U~cA hai tathA vartamAna meM mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| zaurIpura yamunA ke kinAre AgarA se dakSiNa-pUrva kI ora bAha tahasIla se 8 kimI. dUra sthita hai| baTezvara se isakI dUrI 5 kimI. hai| zikohAbAda se 25 kimI. dUra hai| AgarA se bAha ke lie basa se jA sakate haiN| baTezvara se zaurIpura kA mArga kaccA hai, kintu tAMgA, kAra Adi se jA sakate haiN| zaurIpura jaina dharma, itihAsa aura kalA kI dRSTi se bhI yaha sthAna mahatvapUrNa haiN| jaina dharma ke bAisaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna neminAtha ke garbha aura janma kalyANaka zaurIpura meM hue the| __harivaMza purANa meM ullikhita hai ki bhagavAna neminAtha ke svargAvatAra se chaha mAha taka indra kI AjJA se zaurIpura ke rAjA samudravijaya ke ghara devoM ne ratnoM kI varSA jArI rkhii| __ jaina grantha meM bhI bhagavAna neminAtha ke janma ke viSaya meM mahatvapUrNa tathya ullikhita hai ki neminAtha jinendra zaurIpura meM mAtA zivadevI aura pitA samudravijaya se baizAkha zuklA 13 citrAnakSatra meM utpanna hue| uparyukta ullekhoM se spaSTa hai ki kRSNa ke cacere bhAI jaina dharma ke bAisaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna neminAtha zaurIpura nagara meM utpanna hue| isa pAvana avasara para indroM aura devoM ne bhagavAna ke garbha aura janma kalyANakoM kA mahAna utsava zaurIpura meM mnaayaa| neminAtha ke janma kalyANakoM ke kAraNa yahA~ kI bhUmi atyanta pavitra mAnI jAtI hai| janma kalyANakoM ke atirikta yahA~ para kaI anya

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra muniyoM jaise muni zrI yama, zrI dhanya evaM zrI vimalAsuta kI nirvANa bhUmi mAnI jAtI hai| isakA ullekha paurANika sAhitya meM prastuta hai|" jina prabhasUri ne kalpapradIpa ke caturazIti mahAtIrtha nAmaka saMgraha ke antargata zaurIpura kA ullekha kiyA hai aura isa kSetra meM neminAtha mandira hone kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| eka kathA isa prakAra ullikhita hai ki sapratiSTha nAmaka munirAja rAtri ke samaya dhyAna mudrA meM the| pUrva janma ke virodha ke kAraNa sudarzana nAmaka yakSa ne munirAja para ghora upasarga kiyA munirAja avicala rhe| kucha samaya bAda unheM lokAloka prakAzaka kevala jJAna kI prApti huii| ve sarvajJa sarvadarzI bana ge| kucha samaya pazcAt zaurIpura nareza yAdavavaMzI andhakavRSNi aura mathurA nareza bhojakavRSNi ne jo donoM bhAI-bhAI the, inhIM kevali bhagavAna ke nikaTa muni-dIkSA grahaNa kii| ___ muni dhanya ko bhagavAna neminAtha ke upadeza se siddha pada prApta huaa| zaurIpura kA rAjA khAlI hAtha zikAra se vApasa A rahA thaa| usI samaya muni dhanya ko usane dhyAna magna dekhaa| rAjA ne socA ki ina nagna muni ke kAraNa hI use koI zikAra prApta nahIM huaa| isa kAraNa mUrkha rAjA ne vItarAga muni dhanya ko tIkSNa bANoM se bAMdha diyaa| karmoM ko naSTa kara muni dhanya ne siddha pada prApta kiyaa| ___ karnala TaoNDa ne 19vIM zatI meM zaurIpura kI prAcInatA kI khyAti sunI thii| karnala TaoNDa ke anubhava se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki zaurIpura nagara IsA pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM eka vyApArika kendra thaa|| __ bAkhnI vaMza ke yUnAnI rAjA apoloDoTsa aura pArthavavaMzI narezoM kA kAla IsA pUrva dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| vyApArika uddezya se yUnAnI evaM pArthiyana sikke Ate the|" _19vIM zatI ke antima dazaka meM janarala kaniMghama ke sahakArI e.sI. ela. kArlAila" ne zaurIpura ke khaNDaharoM ke sarvekSaNa kie| kArlAila ne zaurIpura ke vistRta bhagnAvazeSoM ke viSaya me likhA hai ki yahA~ ke logoM

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa meM eka kivadantI pracalita hai ki prAcIna kAla meM eka rAnI zaurIpura se hokara jA rahI thii| usane sAmane sthita bhavanoM ke viSaya meM puuchaa| use jaba yaha jJAta huA ki yaha sabhI bhavana jainoM ke haiM to usane unheM naSTa karane kI AjJA de dii| ___kArlAila ko zaurIpura meM eka gaDDhe meM eka padmAsanastha jaine pratimA prApta huii| eka anya pratimA AdinAtha kI 1025 I. kI prApta huI hai| ____11vIM-12vIM zatI kI do tIrthaMkara pratimAeM zaurIpura se kArlAila ko prApta huii| yaha padmAsanastha pratimAeM haiN| ___ zaurIpura ke paMcamar3hI nAmaka sthAna se 11-12vIM zatI kI tIna pratimAeM bulaAI pASANa kI bhUre raMga kI milI haiM do pratimAeM mahAvIra svAmI kI haiM kyoMki unake pArzva para siMha kA lAMchana aMkita hai| tIsarI pratimA para kamala kA aMkana hai ataH yaha neminAtha kI mUrti hai| yaha pratimAeM abhilekha vihIna hai| __ zaurIpura ke bhaTTArakoM dvArA banavAyA huA eka vizAla jaina mandira aura dharmazAlA hai| isa mandira meM parimAla candela ke prasiddha senAnI AlhA ke putra jalhaNa dvArA 1176 I. meM ajitanAtha kI pratimA pratisthApita kI gaI jo mahobA se lAI gaI hai, aisA batAyA jAtA hai ki gA~va meM yaha maniyAdeva ke nAma se prasiddha hai|" saMdarbha grantha sUcI 1. bAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; bhArata ke sAMskRtika kendra mathurA, pR. 108; ghoSa, amalAnanda : kalA evaM sthApatya khaM. 1, pR. 51 2. 10, 75 3. viSNu purANa, 1/12/4 4. mekriNDila; aizyenTa iNDiyA eja DiskrAibda bAI TAlemI, pR. 98 5. iNDiyana eNTikverI, saM. 20, pR. 375 6. legge, jemsa; Ti, Trevelsa oNpha phAhyAna, pR. 42

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra 7. vATarsa, thaoNmasa; oNna yuvAna cvAMgsa Traivelsa ina iNDiyA, bhAga-1, pR. 301 8. jaikobI, haramana; sekreDa buksa oNpha di isTa bhAga-1, 5, pR. 11 9. uttarakANDa, sarga 62, paMkti 17 10. hemacandrAcArya; abhidhAnacintAmaNi, pR. 390 11. plinI; necurala hisTrI, bhAga 6, pR. 19; kaniMghama, e. di aizyenTa jyogrAphI oNpha iNDiyA, pR. 315 12. kaniMghama, e.; pU. ni. T. 315 67 13. sUri, jinaprabha; saMpA. jinavijaya; vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 17; smitha, vI.e; jaina stUpa eNDa adara eNTikvITIja oNva mathurA, pR. 15; ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, nyU impIriyala sIrija, pR. 13 14. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 18. 1529 15. smitha, pU. ni. pR. 1; epha.esa. grAusa, pU. ni. pR. 117 16. vijJapti saMkhyA 706 ema. esa. / 110 ema.esa. 1927 17. smitha, pU. ni. pR. 1 18. ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve riporTa, bhAga - 3, pR. 19 19. epha.Ara. Alucina; di ArkiyolaoNjikala oNpha hisTaoNrika sAutha eziyA, di imarajensI oNpha sAiTsa eNDa sTeTsa, pR. 5 20. ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, vArSika riporTa, bhAga - 3, pR. 13; bhAga 17, pR. 111; bhAga-20, pR. 3 21. grAusa epha.esa; mathurA - e DisTrikTa memoAra, 1911 22. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga-1, pR. 292, mathurA inskripzansa, pR. 40 23. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga-1, pR. 371, 393, 397; smitha bI. e. pU. ni. prAkkathana, pR. 3 24. zrI nivAsana, DI.ema. mathurA : di kalcarala heriTeja, T. 332

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68 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 25. lyUDarsa lisTa oNpha brAhmI inskripzansa, kramAMka 47 26. haNDIkI, ke.ke.; yazastilaka eNDa iNDiyana kalcara, pR. 416 27.5/1536 28. ghoSa, amalAnanda; kalA evaM sthApatya, kha- 1, pR. 55 29. smitha, vI.e., pU. ni., citra 3 30. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA kyU. 2 31. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA 535, 683, 207 32. rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya dillI, je. 555 33. zAha, yU.pI.; sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa, 34. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR. 17 35. jaina, jyotiprasAda, uttara pradeza aura jaina dharma, pR. 120, 21 36. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA, je. 24 pR. 12 37. majUmadAra, Ara.sI.; di klaisikala eja, pR. 523 38. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA, saMkhyA 18.1505 39. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 77 40. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 47.3333 41. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 2000.42 42. jaina, balabhadra; bhArata ke digambara jaina tIrtha, bhAga-1, pR. 243 43. mIttala, prabhudayAla; pU. ni. pR. 92 44. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 16.1207 45. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA, je. 813 46. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA, je. 794 47. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA, je. 793

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra 48. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 18.1504 49. jaina, jyoti prasAda; uttara pradeza aura jaina dharma, pR. 122 50. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA 12.276 51. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 44.3147 52. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA bI. 18 53. jozI, I.bI.; gajeTiyara oNva iNDiyA, pR. 346 54. zukla, cintAmaNi; mathurA janapada kA rAjanaitika itihAsa, pR. 1 55. pUrva nirdiSTa, pR. 12 56. harbarTa harTela, eksavezansa aiTa soMkha (mathurA DisTrikTa) 1966-1967, saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA pR. 3, mArca 1968 57. harbarTa harTela, sama rijalTsa oNva da eksavezansa aiTa soMkha : e priliminarI riporTa : jarmana skaoNlarsa oNna iNDiyA, bhAga-2, pR. 88, citra saM. 27, zrIvAstava; e. ela. bhAratIya kalA pratIka, pR. 51 58. harbarTa harTela, DAI kuSANa horijoNTe ina hyUgala vaoNna soMkha (mathurA); iNDolojeNTeguMga 1971, bijbeDena, 1973, pR. 1 se 24; zrIvAstava, pU. ni. pR. 50 59. pU. ni. pR. 1 se 24; zrIvAstava; pU. ni. pR. 51 60. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 48.3385 61. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 40.2874/2 62. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 4 63. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 46.3223 64. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 32.2126 65. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 19.1565 66. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 79

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 67. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 10.134 68. jinasya nemistridivAvatArata : puravai SaNamAsapuramsarA suraiH / pravartitA tajjananAvadhi gRhe hiraNyavRSTi : puruhUta zAsanAta 1137/2 69. saurIpurammi jAdo sivadevIe smuddvijy| baIsAha terasIe sidAe nnemijinnoN| tiloyapaNNati; 547 70. jaina, balabhadra; uttara pradeza ke digambara jaina tIrtha, bhAga-1, pR. 66 71. jaina, rAmajIta, itihAsa ke pannoM meM zaurIpura-baTezvara; prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, aMka-13, pR. 39-40 72. zivaprasAda; jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana, pR. 115 73. harivaMza purANa, sarga 18 74. zrI nemidatta; ArAdhanA kathAkoSa, kathA, 71; hariSeNa kathAkoSa, 141 75. rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, bhAga-1, pR. 314 76. jaina, balabhadra; uttara pradeza ke digambara jaina tIrtha, bhAga-1, pR. 75 77. kArlAila, e.sI.ela; ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, 1871-72, ___ bhAga-IV 78. jaina, jyotiprasAda; uttara pradeza aura jaina dharma, pR. 45; jaina, balabhadra; pU. ni. pR. 71-73 79. jaina, jyoti prasAda; pU. ni. pR. 45

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adhyAya caturtha zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA jaina pratimAoM kA Arambha zUrasena ke mathurA kalA zailI ke zilpakAroM dvArA huaa| sthApatyakalA ke samAna hI mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM bhI yahA~ ke zilpakAroM evaM jaina AzrayadAtAoM kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai|' jaina granthoM tathA bauddha granthoM meM bahattara tathA brAhmaNa granthoM meM cauMsaTha prakAra kI kalAoM ko ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya kalA ke kSetra meM jaina dharma kA apUrva yogadAna hai| prApta kalAkRtiyoM se dharma ke vikAsa ko zUrasena janapada meM jaina kalA ke mAdhyama se mahatvapUrNa vikAsa kA bodha hotA hai| kalA ko sthAyitva pradAna karane ke lie dharma kA Azraya Avazyaka hai| ataH kalA evaM dharma donoM eka-dUsare ke paryAyavAcI haiN| upAsaka evaM upAsikAoM ke lie apane upadezaka ke viSaya meM jAnane kI icchA hotI hai ki usa mahAna vyakti kI AkRti kaisI rahI hogii| phalasvarUpa isa prakAra kI icchA ko zAnta karane ke lie prArambha meM pratIka svarUpa cakra, padma, caitya, vRkSa, svAstika, bhadrAsana, bhikSA pAtrAdi ke mAdhyama se upadezaka kI smRti ko sthira rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA gyaa| kAlAntara meM mUrti pUjA kA aMkana prArambha huaa| jaina, bauddha evaM brAhmaNa pratimAoM kA kalAtmaka vikAsa mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai| __ jaina tIrthaMkara pratimAoM ko sarvaprathama mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata hI nirmita kiyA gayA jisakA prArambha prathama zatI I. meM huaa| isakA

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72 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa udAharaNasvarUpa mathurA sthita kaMkAlI TIle se prApta pratimAoM evaM bihAra meM baksara ke nikaTa causA se prApta kI gaI kA~sya pratimAoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai| ___ kuSANa yuga meM mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata mathurA mUrti nirmANa kalA kA eka bar3A hI prasiddha kendra ho gayA thaa| mathurA kalA zailI kI nirmita pratimAoM ko zrAvastI, kauzAmbI, sA~cI, sAranAtha, rAjagRha, bodhagayA Adi rAjanItika evaM sAMskRtika kendroM meM bahuta sammAnapUrvaka mathurA se maMgavAyA jAtA thaa|' ___ jaina granthoM meM jina bhagavAna kI mudrAoM kA varNana hai, jisameM unhoMne nirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| ikkIsa tIrthaMkara ne kAyotsarga mudrA meM dhyAna karate hue tathA tIna jinoM ne RSabha, neminAtha aura mahAvIra svAmI ne dhyAnamudrA meM Asanastha nirvANa prApta kiyaa| lAMchana kA aMkana mUrti ke pAdapITha ke madhya meM tathA yakSa-yakSI ko dAyeM-bAyeM banAnA caahie| digambara paramparA ke anusAra tIrthakaroM kI mAtA dvArA solaha' svapna dekhe gae jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra jaina bhagavAnoM kI mAtAoM ne caudaha' svapna dekhe the| isa prakAra donoM sampradAyoM meM pratimA bheda spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| ___ jaina dharma kI kalA kA prArambhika vikAsa zUrasena, ahicchatrA aura vidizA ke kendroM meM pramukha rUpa se huaa| ina pramukha sthAnoM se jitanI bhI jaina kalAkRtiyA~ prApta huI haiM, unameM tIrthaMkara pratimAeM, deviyoM kI pratimAeM tathA AyAgapaTTa pramukha haiN| AyAgapaTTa pUjArthaka hotA thaa| zUrasena janapada maurya yuga meM magadha sAmrAjya ke adhIna thaa| candragupta maurya kA darabArI rAjadUta megasthanIja ne isa janapada kA varNana karate hue yamunA evaM mathurA nagarI kI prazaMsA kI hai| usane yahA~ ke nivAsiyoM kI dhArmika paramparA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA maurya yuga meM varNita kSetra se koI kalAkRti prApta nahIM huI hai, parantu dhArmika sahiSNutA avazya thii| mauryavaMza ke pazcAt zuMgavaMza ke zAsakoM kA magadha kI sattA para Adhipatya sthApita huaa| __ zuMgakAlIna tIrthaMkara pratimA sarvaprathama varNita kSetra kI rAjadhAnI mathurA se prApta zilApaTa para aMkita hai jo nRtyapaTa hai| isameM nIlAMjanA nAmaka apsarA nRtya kara rahI hai| yaha nRtya paTTa RSabha ke vairAgya ke lie prasiddha hai| ___ yaha do bhAgoM meM prApta huA hai| maNDapa ke bhItara eka nartakI nRtya kara rahI hai aura pA~ca puruSa vAdya bajA rahe haiN| isameM cAra stambha nirmita haiM tathA ina khambhoM para pUrA maNDapa TikA huA hai tathA maNDapa ke bAhara se loga nRtya kA Ananda uThA rahe haiN| vAdya vAdakoM ke mastaka para pagar3I hai| sabase kinAre para eka puruSa apanA mu~ha dAhinI ora kiye baiThe haiN| lambe bAloM vAlA eka vyakti nRtya dekhane meM lIna hai| prathama paTTa para itanA hI aMkita hai| _dUsare paTTa para jo isakA dUsarA bhAga hai usa para eka digambara puruSa ke hAtha meM kamaNDala hai tathA vaha bAyIM ora unmukha hai| do zilAoM para dhyAnastha muni aMkita hai| Upara kI ora eka puruSa ko hAtha jor3e hue dikhAyA gayA hai| zilA para aMkita muni kI laTe sira ke nIce taka laTaka rahI hai| AkRti kI banAvaTa evaM jaTAoM ke aMkana ke AdhAra para yaha RSabhanAtha kI pratimA hai tathA lakSaNa ke AdhAra para zuMgakAla kI hai| lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM I. pU. prathama zatI kA eka abhilikhita phalaka lAla cittIdAra patthara para nirmita hai| sIMgayukta ajamukhI mAnava zarIra vAle naigameSa Asana para dAyIM ora mu~ha ghumAe lalitAsana meM baiThe haiN| Asana ke pAyeM nakkAzIdAra aura pIThikAyukta hai| eka nagna bAlaka naigameSa ke pAsa tathA do striyA~ bhI AbhUSaNa evaM vastra se susajjita

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa hokara khar3I haiN| eka bAlaka ko goda meM lie dAyAM hAtha uThAe strI AvakSa aura anta meM bhradAsana kA aMza dRSTigocara ho rahA hai prophesara lUmAna evaM smitha ne kalpasUtra ke" AdhAra para yaha mata vyakta kiyA hai ki dRzyapaTTa meM naigameSa dvArA mahAvIra ke bhrUNa ko brAhmaNI devanandA ke garbha se saMkrAmita kara kSatrANI trizalA ke garbha meM sthApita kiyA gayA hai| ise byUlara ne bhI svIkAra kiyaa| 18 parantu eka anya mata yaha hai ki satyabhAmA jo zrIkRSNa kI paTarAnI thI rukmiNI se IrSyA karatI thii| unhoMne cAhA ki rukmiNI se pahale aura sundara putra unako prApta ho / jaina harivaMza purANa evaM anya granthoM meM bhI yahI prasaMga ullikhita hai / satyabhAmA putra prApta kara naigameSa kI arcanA ke lie gaIM ho, yaha dikhalAyA jA sakatA hai| rukmiNI bhI gaI thIM / 19 74 "antagaDdasAo" meM putra prApti ke lie haranaigameSI ke pUjana aura prasanna hokara devatA dvArA gale kA hAra dene kA ullekha hai / isI phalaka ke pIche nRtya ke dRzya kA aMkana hai jo putrotsava ke sandarbha kA dyotaka hai| jaina grantha" meM yaha kathA varNita hai ki indra ne jaba nRtyAMganA nIlAMjanA kI Ayu pUrNa hone para usake sthAna para eka anya apsarA ko nRtya ke lie upasthita kara dete haiM tathA RSabhadeva ko usakI mRtyu kA jJAna ho jAtA hai aura saMsAra kI asAratA dekhakara unakA hRdaya vairAgya evaM virakti se bhara jAtA hai / isa prakAra vairAgya kI anubhUti hone ke pazcAt ve uThakara calate haiM tathA paTTa para tapa karate hue bhI aMkita haiM / isa prakAra kA nIlAMjanA paTTa AbU gujarAta se upalabdha hai jo siyATala kalA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| 2 zuMgayuga meM tIrthakara pratimAoM kA aMkana AyAgapaTTa ke madhya kiyA gayA hai / zuMga vaMza kI svatantra jina pratimAoM kA varNita kSetra meM abhAva hai /

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA 75 AyAgapaTTa jise DaoN. byUhalara ne pUjAphalaka ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai| varNita kSetra kI jaina zilpAkRtiyoM meM inakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| stUpa ke A~gana meM U~ce sthAna para ina AyAgapaTToM ko sthApita kiyA jAtA thA aura dharmAnuyAyI unakI pUjA karate the| ina para sundara alaMkaraNoM kA kalAtmaka saMyojana bhI prApta hotA hai| ___ mathurA se prApta kSatigrasta AyAgapaTTa milA hai; jisameM sarva prAcIna bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| yaha abhilikhita hai lekina lekha kA adhikAMza bhAga bhagna hai| lekha ke zeSa bhAga se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki yaha AyAgapaTTa zivaghoSA ne nirmita karavAyA thaa| isakA bAyA~ bhAga atyadhika khaNDita hai| cAroM konoM para do hAthI, sAMpa, siMha, hiraNa, madhu kSatrapa kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| vRtta ke bhItara ubharI huI Asana caukI para padmAsanastha tIrthaMkara aMkita hai| inake Upara saptaphaNoM kA chatra aura usa para do phUloM kI mAlAe~ dAyeM-bAyeM laTaka rahI haiN| prayANa mudrA meM donoM ora eka-eka vivastra gaNadhara aMkita haiM jo jina pratimA kI ora mu~ha kiye hue khar3e haiN| isa AyAgapaTTa meM pArzvanAtha kA aMkana vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| ___eka abhilikhita AyAgapaTTa mathurA se zuMgakAla kA prApta huA hai| yaha cittIdAra patthara se nirmita hai| kamala kI bar3I-bar3I pattiyoM se nIce kA bhAga banAyA gayA hai tathA zeSa bhAga ko choTI pattiyoM se pUrNa kiyA gayA hai| Upara triratna, Age kisI alaMkaraNa kA antima chora, Upara darpaNa, TUTe bhAga para phUla, bhadrAsana aMkita hai| zuMgakAlIna eka AyAgapaTa mathurA se prApta huaa| isa prakAra dhvaja evaM siMha dhvaja kA aMkana donoM ora kiyA gayA hai| dAyIM ora se zaMkha, svAstika, ulTA ghaMTa, kamala kI kaliyoM kA gucchA phUla ke sAtha, kalpavRkSa aura patroM para rakhA huA phUloM kA donA banA huA hai| aSTamAMgalika pratIkoM kA aMkana sabase nIce kI paTTI para kiyA gayA hai jinakA dAyIM ora se krama isa prakAra hai khaNDita zrIvatsa,

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76 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa svAstika, AdhA khilA kamala, matsyayugama jinake mu~ha meM hAra hai, pAtra, nidhisahita pAtra, bhadrAsana tathA triratna kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| eka vRtta ke madhya meM laghupIThikA banAI gaI hai usa para jina mUrti virAjamAna hai| pratimA ke Upara chatra nirmita hai| yaha AyAgapaTTa abhilikhita hai|28 lekha ke anusAra acalA ne arhatapUjA ke lie yaha paTTa sthApita karavAyA thaa| lekha meM virAma ke rUpa meM zrIvatsa kA cinha aMkita hai| I. san prathama se pUrva ke eka AyAgapaTTa para aSTamAMgalika pratihAryoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| cAroM konoM para cAra bar3I-bar3I pattiyoM kA aMkana hai| mAlA, triratna, bhadrAsana, do kamAna AdhAra para zrIvatsa evaM sarAvasampuTa kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| donoM ora eka-eka stambha kA nimANa kiyA gayA hai| bhItara kI ora cAra triratnoM ke madhya meM vRtta tathA usake madhya meM U~cI caukI para arhanta kI padmAsanastha mUrti hai, chatra Upara kI ora utkIrNa hai| yaha abhilikhita hai| lekha ke anusAra siMhanandi nAmaka vyakti ne arhanta pUjA ke lie yaha AyAgapaTTa sthApita karavAyA thaa| lipi ke AdhAra para yaha I. san prathama se pUrva kI hai|30 ___ kaMkAlI TIle se eka zuMgakAlIna abhilikhita AyAgapaTTa prApta huA hai| yaha khaNDita hai| madhya meM padma va padmapatrAvali se bhradAsana kA aMkana hai| aSTa pratihAryoM meM bhadrAsana bhI pramukha hai| ___ eka matsya ko isake bhItara nirmita kiyA gayA hai| kamala kI paMkhur3iyoM va phUloM se bhadrAsana kI paTTiyoM ko alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| nIce kA AdhA bhAga phUla evaM bela se susajjita hai| sabase nIce lekha aMkita hai| lekha ke bhAvAnusAra arhanta barddhamAna kI arcanA ke lie AyAgapaTTa sthApita kiyA gayA hai| AyAgapaTTa kA alaMkaraNa sundara hai, jo jaina zilpiyoM kI kalAbhiruci kA pratIka hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA jaina mUrtikalA kI sarvottama pragati kuSANa yuga meM dRSTigocara hotI hai| kuSANa yuga meM jainoM ke pUjanIya stUpa, caityavRkSa, dharmacakra, zrIvatsa, svAstika mAMgalika cinha, stambha, dhvaja, vikasita kamala, matsya yugma, pUrNaghaTa, triratna, tIrthaMkara pratimAe~, devI lakSmI evaM sarasvatI kI mUrti sarAhanIya hai| kuSANa yuga kI sarvatobhidrakA mUrtiyA~ bhI prApta huI haiM jo samavasaraNa kI prAcIna paramparA kA vikasita rUpa thii| kuSANakAlIna tIrthakara pratimAeM do rUpoM meM prApta huI haiN| Asanastha evaM kAyotsarga mudrA zUrasena janapada ke zilpakAroM ne RSabha evaM mahAvIra kI kAyotsarga mudrA meM nirmita kiyA thA lekina unakI padmAsana mudrA meM dhyAnastha mUrti kuSANakAla kI prApta huI hai| kuSANakAla kI eka dhyAnastha pratimA AdinAtha kI prApta huI hai| pratimA kA mastaka evaM bAhu khaNDita hai tathApi kharauMcA huA kinArIdAra prabhAvala adhikAMza surakSita hai| vakSa para zrIvatsa kA aMkana hai tathA hAthoM aura pairoM ke taluvoM para cakra cinha utkIrNa hai| Asana para eka stambha ke Upara dharmacakra kA aMkana hai| dasa strI-puruSa arcanA kara rahe haiM, jinameM se do dharmacakra stambha ke nikaTa ghuTanA Teke haiM aura anya khar3e haiN| ___ yaha abhilikhita pratimA hai| lekha ke anusAra pratimA kI pratiSThA mahArAja rAjAdhirAja devaputra zAhI vAsudeva ke zAsanakAla saMvat 84 arthAt 162 I. meM kumAradatta kI preraNA se bhaTTadatta ugabhinaka kI putravadhU ne sthApita karAI thii| yaha varNita kSetra ke balabhadra kuNDa nAmaka sthAna se milii| kaMkAlI TIle se eka abhilikhita dhyAnastha pratimA 161 I. kI upalabdha huI hai jisakA mastaka evaM bAyA~ hAtha lupta hai| vakSa para zrIvatsa kA aMkana hai| lekha ke anusAra jinadAsI ne ise pratiSThita karAyA thaa| kaMkAlI TIle se eka abhilikhita pratimA prApta huI hai| caraNa caukI para upAsakoM evaM dharmacakra kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| abhilekha ke anusAra vardhamAna kI yaha pratimA koTTiya gaNa ke dharavRddhi aura satyasena

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa ke parAmarza para damita kI putrI okhArikA ne 162 I. meM sthApita karAI thii| ___ mathurA se prApta eka mastaka evaM bhujA rahita pratimA prApta huI hai| caraNa-caukI ke lekhAnusAra dina kI vadhu kuTumbinI ne koTTiyagaNa ke pavahaka kula kI majhama zAkhA ke sainika bhaTTibala kI preraNA se 168 I. meM pratiSThita kraayaa| yaha vAsudeva kA rAjyakAla thaa| __isI prakAra kI causA se dhAtu kI do kAyotsarga pratimAeM prApta huI haiM jo paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM hai| inake sira para tIna yA pA~ca laTeM laTakatI keza vallariyA suzobhita haiN| bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI eka kuSANakAlIna pratimA vikToriyA albarTa saMgrahAlaya landana meM hai|42 eka caraNa caukI para dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara kI TAMgeM bhI prApta huI haiN| nIce dharmacakra tathA upAsakoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| lekha ke anusAra yaha huviSka kAlIna hai| kuSANa yuga meM zUrasena janapada se prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha pA~caveM sumatinAtha, sAtaveM supArzvanAtha, bAisaveM neminAtha evaM unake sAtha kRSNa aura balarAma tathA teisaveM pArzvanAtha aura caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara vardhamAna mahAvIra kI pratimAeM pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha huI haiN| ina pratimAoM ko inake lAMchana ke sAtha pahacAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki ye jina mUrtiyoM lAchanoM ke sAtha utkIrNa kI gaI hai| lAchenoM kA udbhava evaM vikAsa kuSANa kAla meM mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata prArambha huaa|" kaMkAlI TIle se eka abhilikhita lAla cittIdAra balue patthara kI caraNa-caukI prApta huI hai| caukI ke donoM ora eka-eka siMha kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| madhya meM eka cakra aMkita hai| inameM aMkita adhikAMza AkRtiyoM ke khaNDita mastaka haiN| lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI pratimA hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI eka dhyAnastha pratimA kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI hai|" yaha mastaka vihIna pratimA hai| pratimA ke vakSa sthala para zrIvatsa lAchaMna aMkita hai / talue Upara kI ora haiM, jinapara eka cakra evaM eka triratna cinha aMkita hai / eka anucara mUlanAyaka ke dAyeM-bAyeM aMkita hai / 79 pratimA meM tIna bAlaka tIna puruSa dAyIM ora aMkita haiM tathA bIca meM stambha ke Upara cakra banA hai / bAyIM ora strI upAsikAoM ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| isameM utkIrNa lekha brAhmI meM hai / isI prakAra kI eka anya bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI dhyAnastha caraNa-caukI kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI hai / " isakI lipi brAhmI hai| dAyIM hathelI para cakra evaM uMgaliyoM ke pora spaSTa haiM dAyeM talue para cakra evaM triratna aMkita hai| pAdapIThikA para cakra ke nikaTa gaNadhara, sAdhu va do upAsakoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai / tIsare tIrthaMkara sambhavanAtha kI abhilikhita mUrti kuSANakAlIna kaMkAlI se prApta huI hai / yaha sabase prAcIna pratimA hai| 19 lekha meM 'sambhavanAtha' kA nAma utkIrNa hai / pratimA dhyAnastha hai| pIThikA para dharma cakra evaM triratna kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai / sambhavanAtha kA lAMchana azva hai 1 jaina dharma ke bIsaveM tIrthaMkara munisuvrata kA lAMchana kUrma hai| yaha sadvrata kA pAlana karane vAle muni mAne jAte the / yaha bhAva inake nAma kA pada bana gayA aura munisuvrata inakI saMjJA ho gaI | 30 jaina paramparAnusAra rAma evaM lakSmaNa muni suvrata ke samakAlIna the| " munisuvrata kI sarvaprAcIna abhilikhita pratimA 127 I. kI kaMkAlI TIle se milI hai, jisa para kuSANa brAhmI meM lekha utkIrNa hai| 2 triratna arthAt samyaka darzana, samyaka jJAna evaM samyaka caritra kA pratIka cinha caraNa-caukI ke madhya meM aMkita hai| isameM cakra, zaMkha, nandIpada evaM cakra kA bhI aMkana hai /

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80 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa tIna mahilAoM ko sAr3I pahane hue tathA eka hAtha se sambhAle hue aura dUsare hAtha meM moTI mAlA jisake phUla Upara kI ora khile hue dikhAe gae haiN| choTI AkAra kI sevikA hAtha jor3e khar3I hai| ___tInoM striyA~ lambI svastha evaM tIkhe nAka, nakza vAlI haiM, ina para gAndhAra zailI kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai kyoMki anya jaina pratimAoM kI caukiyoM para utkIrNa mahilAe~, zrAvikAeM, sAdhviyA~ inake AkAra kI apekSA choTI haiN| ___ phalasvarUpa inheM videzI striyoM kI zreNI meM abhihita kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma ke prati inakI zraddhA ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai, jo arhanta pUjA meM aaiiN| aisI AkRtiyA~, gAndhara pratimAoM meM hI dRSTigata hotI haiN| jaina dharma ke bAisaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna neminAtha kI eka dhyAnastha pratimA kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI hai| yaha prathama zatI I. kI pratimA hai| __ pratimA meM caturbhuja balarAma kI Upara bhujAoM meM gadA aura hala kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| caturbhuja kRSNa ko vanamAlA se zobhita darzAyA gayA hai| unakI tIna avaziSTa bhujAoM meM abhayamudrA, gadA aura pAtra aMkita hai| ___ yaha lAla balue patthara para nirmita hai| caraNa-caukI ke madhya bhAga meM stambha para dharmacakra sthita hai| isake dakSiNa ora do upAsaka aura vAma bhAga para do upAsikAe~ aMkita hai| yaha pratimA brAhmI meM abhilikhita hai jisameM arhanta evaM siddha ko namana kiyA gayA hai| pratimA kA adhikAMza bhAga kSatigrasta hai| kuSANakAlIna do anya neminAtha kI dhyAnastha pratimAoM meM kevala balarAma kI hI mUrti utkIrNa hai|* sAta sarpaphaNoM ke chatra se yukta dvibhuja balarAma namaskAra mudrA meM hai| caraNa-caukIko do siMha uThAye hue haiN| isake madhya meM stambha para cakra tathA donoM ora do-do upAsaka evaM upAsikAe~ aMkita haiN| caraNa-caukI para lekha utkIrNa thA jo isa samaya paryApta ghisakara miTa cukA hai| pratimA kA

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA dAyA~ bhAga khaNDita hai| mUla pratimA ke bAyIM ora ur3ate hue vidyAdhara kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| vakSa para zrIvatsa kA lAMchana aMkita hai| jaina dharma ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI sarvAdhika pratimAeM kuSANakAlIna hai| lAMchana sarpa hai| ____ lAla cittIdAra balue patthara para nirmita pratimA kaMkAlI se prApta huI hai| yaha 136 I. kI hai| bAda meM isa pratimA kA sarpaphaNa prApta huA jo mastaka ke sAtha hai ise aba isI pratimA meM jor3a diyA gayA hai| ___ pAda-pIThikA ke madhya stambha para dharma-cakra aura dAyeM-bAyeM eka-eka gaNadhara eka hAtha se dUsare hAtha ko thAme hue bhUmi para baiThe haiN| vakSa para zrIvatsa, dAyIM hathelI para cakra evaM donoM taluvoM para triratna va cakra kA aMkana hai| pArzvanAtha kA mukha sAtaphaNoM ke chatra ke nIce rahA hogA kintu isa samaya tIna sarpaphaNa hI upalabdha hai| eka sarpaphaNa para svAstika va do A~kheM, dUsarA khaNDita hai tathA tIsare meM cakra va donoM netra aMkita hai| __ pratimA ke pArzva meM vRkSa kA sajIva aMkana hai| vRkSa kI pattiyoM kI naseM va gola puSpa guccha ati svAbhAvika bana par3e haiN| jaina paramparA ke antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svAmI kI prAcIna pratimA kuSANa kAla kI hai| yaha pratimAeM mathurA kalA zailI kI anupama dena hai| kaniSka yuga kI eka abhilikhita mahAvIra kI pratimA kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI hai lekha meM 'vardhamAna' aMkita hai| caraNa-caukI ko dAyeM-bAyeM eka-eka siMha uThAe hue haiN| vardhamAna kI kAyotsarga pratimA 98 I. kI hai| 2 pAda pIThikA ke madhya bhAga meM stambha para dharma-cakra kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ko mAlA ke sAtha aMkita kiyA gayA hai| eka anya vardhamAna mUrti kA aMza 107 I. kI kaMkAlI se prApta huI hai jo abhilikhita hai|' isa para eka dampatti namana mudrA meM aMkita hai|

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82 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa dvitIya zatI I. kI vardhamAna pratimA abhilikhita prApta huI hai| vakSasthala para zrIvatsa tathA taluvoM para cakra va triratna aMkita hai| madhya meM cakra evaM siMha kA aMkana dRSTavya hai| yaha sabhI pratimAeM pratimA zAstra ke dRSTikoNa se bahuta mahatvapUrNa ___ sarvatobhadrikA pratimA kI dRSTi se kuSANa kAla atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai kyoMki inakA nirmANa isI samaya prArambha huaa| sarvatobhadrikA kA tAtparya hai ki vaha pratimA jo sabhI ora se zubha yA maMgalakArI ho, arthAt eka hI prastara khaNDa para cAroM ora cAra pratimAeM aMkita ho / caumukhI pratimAoM me sarva prAcIna pratimA lAla balue patthara para nirmita hai jo kaMkAlI TIle se milI hai| yaha abhilikhita hai tathA 83 I. meM isako sthApita kiyA gayA hai| ____ eka caumukhI lAla balue patthara para nirmita haiM sarpaphaNoM ke chatra se pArzvanAtha kI pahacAna sambhava huI hai| ___ causA se eka sAta sarpaphaNoM se yukta pArzvanAtha kI pratimA upalabdha huI hai jo kuSANakAlIna hai|69 ____ anya tIna jinoM kI pahacAna nahIM ho sakI haiM caraNa caukI para upAsaka evaM upAsikAoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| evaM madhya stambha para cakra aMkita hai| ___ eka caumukhI pratimA kA abhilikhita adhobhAga bhUtezvara se prApta huA hai| ___ anya sarvatobhidrakA pratimAoM meM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai jo lAla balue patthara para nirmita hai|" rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU meM bhI jina caumukhI saMrakSita haiN| eka abhilikhita caumukhI kaniSka kAla kI kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI hai| sarpaphaNa ke AdhAra para pArzvanAtha kI pahacAna kI gaI hai| cAroM jinoM ke vakSa para zrIvatsa aMkita hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA jinoM ke bAla ghugharAle tathA tIna para prabhAmaNDala nirmita hai| lekha meM 'sarvatobhadrikA' utkIrNa hai| eka jina caumukhI kA khaNDa mAtra san 96 I. kI prApta huI hai| yaha abhilikhata hai| ise mohinI ke dAna se sthApita kiyA gayA thaa| ___ eka bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa jina caumukhI kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI hai jisa para bhagavAna 'zAntinAtha' ke nAma ke sAtha 'bhagavato' bhI utkIrNa hai| kisI bhI pratimA para zrIvatsa kA aMkana nahIM hai| yaha kaniSkakAlIna pratimA hai| ___ eka caumukhI abhilikhita hai jisa para 'arahanta pratimA sarvatobhadrikA'75 utkIrNa hai| stambha para dharma cakra kA aMkana hai| yaha kuSANakAlIna kaMkAlI se milI hai| eka anya sampUrNa abhilikhita jina caumukhI lAla cittIdAra patthara para utkIrNa hai| yaha mathurA se milI hai| cAroM jina khaDgAsana mudrA meM haiM tathA keza dhuMgharAle haiM vakSa para zrIvatsa kA cinha aMkita hai| sAtaphaNoM ke pradarzana se pArzvanAtha kI pahacAna sambhava hai| caraNa-caukI para lekha utkIrNa hai| adhyayana kSetra ke kaMkAlI TIle se sarasvatI devI kI eka pratimA abhilikhita kaniSka kAlIna prApta huI hai| yaha 54.61 seMmI. U~cI hai| prArambhika jaina granthoM meM sarasvatI ke anya nAmoM kA ullekha medhA evaM buddhi kI devI yA zruta devI ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai|" ___ pratimA kA mastaka kSatigrasta hai| sampUrNa zarIra dhotI se DhakA hai jo bAyeM kaMdhe para rakhI hai| donoM hAthoM meM kaMgana hai tathA bAyeM hAtha meM pustaka hai| dAhinA hAtha bhagna hai lekina isameM mAlA ke kucha dAne dRSTavya haiN| upAsaka arcanA ke lie bAyIM ora khar3e haiN| dAyIM ora eka puruSa apanI bAyIM kalAI para vastra khaNDa laTakAe aura dAyeM hAtha meM kamaNDala lie khar3A hai|

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84 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa lekha ke anusAra isake saMsthApaka lohie gopa haiM, aura dharatI para bane 'raMga-nartana' meM sarvahita sukha ke lie isa pratimA ko sthApita kiyA gayA thaa| phalasvarUpa jaina Agamika jJAna kI adhiSThAtrI devI kI bhujA meM pustaka ke pradarzana kI paramparA prArambha huii|80 jaina paramparAnusAra naigameza aura naigamezI devatA kA mukha bakare ke samAna hotA hai| yaha baccoM ke rakSaka ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| isakI patnI revatI yA SaSThI devI bhI zizuoM kI rakSikA mAnI jAtI hai| eka kuSANa kAlIna naigameza kI pratimA prApta huI hai jise baccoM ke sAtha pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| __kaMkAlI TIle se prApta eka toraNa-khaNDa para naigameza devatA kI pratimA nirmita hai aura nIce 'bhagava nemeso' utkIrNa hai|92 kuSANa kAlIna eka ajamukhI pratimA eka phuTa sAr3he tIna iMca U~cI hai| bAyeM hAtha se do zizuoM ko pakar3e hue haiM, jo usakI jaMghA para laTaka __eka anya pratimA eka phuTa pA~ca iMca U~cI hai aura pratyeka kandhe para do-do bAlaka baiThe hue pradarzita haiM tathA dAhinA hAtha abhaya mudrA meM ___ eka pratimA ajamukhI devI kI eka phuTa cAra iMca U~cI hai| eka takiyA usake bAyeM hAtha meM hai, jisa para eka bAlaka apane donoM hAtha vakSasthala para rakhe hue so rahA hai| devI kA dAhinA hAtha khaNDita hai| eka anya devI pratimA ke gale meM hAra laTaka rahA hai| yaha ajamukhI mAnavAkRtiyA~ prathama dvitIya zatI I. taka lokapriya rhii| inake sAtha kucha zizuoM kA aMkana bhI kiyA jAtA hai| guptakAla meM bhI jaina mUrtikalA kA vikAsa dRSTigocara hotA hai| kuSANa kAla kI apekSA guptakAlIna, jaina kalAkRtiyoM kI saMkhyA kama hai, parantu inakA kSetra vistRta hai| ye pratimAeM rAjagira, vidizA, udayagIra, akoTA, kahoma aura vArANasI se bhI milI haiN|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA 86 ___ guptakAlIna granthoM ke anusAra jina mUrtiyA~ zrIvatsa cinha se yukta, nirvastra, AjAnulambabAhu aura taruNa rUpa honI caahie| jina-mUrtiyA~ pUrI taraha se alaMkaraNa-vihina honI caahie| guptakAla meM aSTa-pratihAryoM kA niyamita aMkana prArambha ho gyaa| ye aSTa-pratihArya the- azoka vRkSa, cava~ra, deva puSpavRSTi, mAlAdhara gandharva, divya dhvani, siMhAsana, trichatra, deva dundubhi evaM prbhaamnnddl| guptakAla meM hI mukhya jina-AkRti ke siMhAsana yA parikara meM choTI-choTI jina mUrtiyoM ke aMkana kI paramparA prArambha hui|8| ___ adhyayana kSetra se pArzvanAtha kI apekSA RSabhadeva kI adhika pratimAeM prApta huI hai| RSabhadeva kI pramukha pratimAoM ko unake viziSTa lakSaNa se pahacAna sakate haiN| kandhoM taka phailI huI jaTAoM se yaha pahacAna sambhava hai| guptakAlIna eka abhilikhita pratimA varNita kSetra se prApta huI hai / isa para tIrthaMkara 'RSabha' kA nAma bhI aMkita hai| lekha ke anusAra ise samudra aura sAgara nAmaka do upAsakoM ne pratiSThita karAyA thaa| tIrthaMkara zAntinAtha kI eka pratimA varNita kSetra se prApta huI hai|" usake siMhAsana para hariNoM kA aMkana kiyA hai| guptakAlIna tIrthaMkara kA vizAla mastaka milA hai jisase mUrti kI vizAlatA kA bodha hotA hai|92 neminAtha kI eka khaNDita pratimA varNita kSetra se prApta huI hai| dAyeM balarAma evaM bAyeM kRSNa kI caturbhuja mUrtiyA~ zobhAyamAna haiN| balarAma kI eka bhujA se hala tathA dUsarI jAnu para sthita hai| kRSNa kI eka bhujA meM gadA aura cakra kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| jina pratimA kAyotsarga mudrA meM prApta huI hai| pAda-pAThikA para dAyeM-bAyeM eka siMha bhItara kI ora pITha kie baiThe haiN| __eka anya pArzvanAtha kI pratimA lAla cittIdAra balue patthara para dhyAnastha hai| vakSa para zrIvatsa, kAna lambe, ubharI huI bAdAma jaisI

Page #110
zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa A~kheM, muMDita sira, gale kI do rekhAeM evaM donoM kohaniyAM bAhara ko nikalI huI aMkita hai| jina bhagavAna ke pIche sarpa kI kuNDalinI donoM ora banAI gaI hai| arhanta para sAta phaNoM kA aMkana hai jisameM cAra phaNa hI zeSa hai; anya khaNDita ho gae haiN| sarpaphaNoM ke Upara puSpa guccha, svAstika, matsyayugma evaM pUrNaghaTa kA spaSTa aMkana kiyA gayA hai| yaha kaMkAlI TIlA se prApta tIsarI zatI I. kI pratimA hai| mahAvIra svAmI kI guptakAlIna pratimAeM durlabha hai| lAla cittIdAra balue patthara kI kAyotsarga pratimA kI do caraNa-caukI mahAvIra svAmI kI zeSa hai| ___ pAdapIThikA ke Upara do ghumAvadAra DAToM ke UparI bhAgoM para mAhavIra ke donoM caraNoM ke paMje mAtra hai| mUlanAyaka ke bAyeM eka upAsaka kA nicalA bhAga va dAyIM ora do upAsakoM ke adhobhAga hI zeSa hai| ye sabhI adhovastra evaM uttarIya dhAraNa kiye hue haiN| yaha abhilikhita hai aura guptakAlIna hai| ____ pA~cavIM zatI I. kA eka jina mastaka varNita kSetra se prApta huA hai| keza dhuMgharAle, bhauheM dhanuSAkAra, A~kheM, pUrNa kamalavata, nAka khaNDita tathA kAna lambe haiN| eka anya guptakAlIna mastaka para uSNISa hai| A~kheM bar3I evaM nukIlI haiN| yaha lAla cittIdAra patthara para aMkita hai| eka anya mastaka kaMkAlI TIle se milA hai| mAthe para tilaka, kAna lambe, bhauheM tathA hoTha sphuTita dikhAe gae haiN|100 ___ guptakAlIna eka sarvatobhadrikA pratimA adhyayana kSetra se prApta huI hai| cAroM ora cAra jinoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| prathama jina AdinAtha, sAtaveM jina supArzvanAtha, teIsaveM jina pArzvanAtha tathA antima jina mahAvIra svAmI kI pratimAeM haiN|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA guptakAlIna RSabhanAtha kI eka pratimA kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI hai|102 pratimA kA mastaka khaNDita hai| pratimA dhyAnastha mudrA meN| dAhinI ora eka upAsaka khar3A hai| nIce caraNa caukI para donoM ora siMha kA aMkana evaM madhya meM cakra sthita hai| cakra ke donoM ora eka-eka muni dhyAnastha haiN| madhya pradeza ke sIrA pahAr3I se RSabhanAtha kI eka khaDgAsana pratimA upalabdha huI hai|103 vidizA se tIna guptakAlIna pratimAeM prApta huI hai, jo samprati vidizA saMgrahAlaya meM hai| inake lekhoM meM mahArAjAdhirAja rAmagupta kA ullekha hai|104 guptakAlIna eka dhyAnastha mahAvIra kI pratimA bhArata kalA bhavana, vArANasI meM saMgrahIta hai| isameM lAMchana siMha kA aMkana hai|105 rAjagIra se guptakAlIna cAra jina mUrtiyA~ milI haiM jo abhilikhita hai| dhyAnastha siMhAsana para virAjamAna jina kI pIThikA ke madhya meM cakra, puruSa aura usake donoM ora zaMkha utkIrNa hai| zaMkha neminAtha kA lAMchana hai|106 guptakAlIna do pratimAeM vikToriyA albarTa saMgrahAlaya landana meM hai / 107 varNita kSetra se AThavIM zatI I. kI jaina tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kI pratimA lAla balue patthara para nirmita hai, prApta huI hai|108 bhagavAna RSabhanAtha kA mukha khaNDita hai| pratimA padmAsanastha hai| mastaka ke pIche alaMkRta prabhAmaNDala aMkita hai| sabase Upara tIna muni dhyAnamudrA meM AsIna haiN| tIrthaMkara ke mastaka ke Upara stUpa AkRti kA ghaTATopa hai| donoM ora ur3ate hue vidyAdhara tathA jina ke dAyeM-bAyeM eka-eka strI AkRti kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| caraNa-caukI ke nIce madhya meM cakra aMkita hai| kaMkAlI TIle se 981 I. kI jaina tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI abhilikhita pratimA prApta huI hai|100 bhagavAna pArzvanAtha dhyAnamudrA meM padmAsanastha hai| A~kheM arddha-unmIlita haiN|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa vakSa para zrIvatsa kA aMkana hai tathA dAhinA kAna evaM nAka bhagna hai / keza ghu~gharAle haiM tathA caraNa - caukI para bela kI AkRti meM phUla bane haiM / yaha lAla balue patthara para nirmita mathurA kalA zailI kI vizeSa kRti hai| vartamAna meM yaha rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU ke mukhya dvAra para avasthita hai| 88 satanA jile se AThavIM zatI kA padmAsana mudrA meM pArzvanAtha kI pratimA prApta huI / tIrthaMkara mUrti kA sugaThita rUpAMkana, mukha maNDapa para dhyAnastha zAMta tathA AdhyAtmika dIpti kA vikiraNa aura deva anucaroM kI komala kamanIya mudrA kA aMkana ullekhanIya hai| 10 madhya pradeza ke gurgI se navIM zatI kI pArzvanAtha pratimA ilAhAbAda saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai / parantu isameM sarpa kI kuNDaliyA~ caraNoM taka banI hai| guptottara kAla kI pratimAoM kA abhAva parilakSita hotA hai / navIM zatI I. kI neminAtha kI pratimA ke parikara meM gaNeza, kubera, balarAma, kRSNa evaM aSTamAtRkAoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| 12 ambikA nAmaka yakSI padmAsana mudrA meM AsIna hai| ambikA kA vAhana Asana ke nIce aMkita hai / inakA dAhinA hAtha abhayamudrA meM aura bAyeM hAtha meM putra hai| dAhine pArzva meM ambikA kA dUsarA putra bhI upasthita hai| pIThikA para eka paMkti meM ATha strI AkRtiyA~ namana mudrA meM utkIrNa haiM aura kucha AkRtiyoM ke hAthoM meM phUla evaM anya sAmagrI haiM / ambikA ke zIrSa bhAga kI jina AkRti ke pArzvoM meM tribhaMga mudrA meM khar3I balarAma evaM kRSNa kI caturbhuja pratimAeM utkIrNa kI gaI haiN| ambikA neminAtha kI yakSI hai / 13 devI ke dAhinI pArzva meM lalita mudrA meM * gajamukha gaNeza jI kA aMkana dvibhuja ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai jinake hAthoM meM abhaya mudrA evaM modaka pAtra hai / vAma pArzva meM phala evaM dhana ke thaile ke sAtha kubera kA aMkana dRSTavya hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA dasavIM zatI kI eka RSabhanAtha kI dhyAna mudrA meM pratimA varNita kSetra se prApta huI hai|15 yaha pratimA lAMchana evaM yakSayakSIrahita hai| parantu agala-bagala kRSNa evaM balarAma ko utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| neminAtha kI eka anya pratimA jo dasavIM zatI kI hai| isameM bhagavAna ke kandhoM para jaTAeM utkIrNa haiN| 16 dasavIM zatI kI eka pIle balue patthara se nirmita jina caumukhI baTezvara se prApta huI hai|' pArzvanAtha ke mastaka para sAta sarpaphaNoM ko darzAyA gayA hai jisake sabhI phaNa kSatigrasta hai| mastaka para dhuMgharAle bAla haiN| kAna va hAtha lambe haiN| tIrthakara kI pratimAoM kA UparI bhAga gola khambhe kA bhAga hai, jo khaNDita hai| ___ kaMkAlI TIle se prApta eka jina caubIsI dasavIM zatI kI prApta huI hai; jo brAhmI lipi meM abhilikhita hai tathA lAla cittIdAra balue patthara para aMkita hai|18 mUlanAyaka RSabha padmAsanastha haiN| ve do siMhoM dvArA vAhita siMhAsana para virAjamAna hai| mUlanAyaka RSabhadeva padmAsanastha haiN| siMhAsana ke madhya meM cakra hai| alaMkRta prabhAmaNDala haiM mUla pratimA ke dAyeM-bAyeM nIce se Upara ATha-ATha jina kamala dala para AsIna hai| Upara ke paTa para sAta jina haiM, sabako milAkara caubIsa jina haiN| kaMkAlI TIle se gyArahavIM zatI I. kI abhilikhita sarvotobhadrikA pratimA prApta huI hai|19 jinoM ke vakSa para zrIvatsa kA aMkana hai| yaha caumukhI padmAsanastha hai| caraNa caukI ke madhya meM cakra aMkita hai tathA donoM ora siMha kA aMkana hai| eka ora pratimA khaNDita hai| baTezvara se bArahavIM zatI kI gulAbI raMga kI neminAtha kI pacatIrthI prApta huI hai| 0 devagar3ha se dasavIM aura bArahavIM zatI ke madhya kI tIsa se adhika neminAtha kI pratimAeM prApta huI haiN| ina mUrtiyoM para zaMkha kA

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa aMkana nahIM hai| neminAtha ke sAtha balarAma evaM kRSNa kA utkIrNana mathurA ke bAhara kA ekamAtra udAharaNa hai|121 ___ gyArahavIM zatI I. kI eka nemi pratimA paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM upalabdha hai|122 jaina dharma meM pratIka pUjA jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ne tIrthaMkara kI mAnavAMkana ke pUrva pratIka svarUpa kI pUjA-arcanA prArambha kara dI thii| prAcIna purAtAtvika avazeSa zUrasena janapada ke vibhinna sthAnoM se prApta hue haiN| pratimA nirmANa ke pUrva varNita kSetra meM jina bhagavAna kI pUjA prastara ke caukora zilApaTToM para kI jAtI thI, jinheM AyAgapaTa kahA gayA hai|123 _ 'AyAga' yA 'Aryaka' zabda kA artha 'pUjanIya' hai| isIlie DaoN. byUhalara ne inheM 'TaibeleTsa oNva homeja oNra varzipa' kahA hai|124 rAmAyaNa meM bhI varNita 'AyAga' zabda kA artha TIkAkAra ne 'yAjanIya devatA' arthAt pUjanIya devatA kiyA hai|125 jisa prakAra nAgArjunakoNDA se prApta bauddha Aryaka khambhA mAtra pUjA ke lie the, unakA vAstugata upayoga nahIM thA, usI prakAra adhyayana kSetra ke jaina AyAgapaTTa bhI svatantra prastara-phalaka the| inakA upayoga kevala arhanta pUjA ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| vAstukalA se inakA koI sambandha nahIM thaa| isa tathya kI puSTi lavaNa zobhikA kI putrI vasu dvArA sthApita eka AyAgapaTTa ke abhilekha se ho jAtI hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki yaha AyAgapaTTa arhata kI pUjA ke lie thaa|128 ___ jaina dharma meM pratIka pUjA ke rUpa meM cakra kA vizeSa sthAna hai| prathama zatI I. pU. kA eka cakra adhyayana kSetra se prApta huA hai||29 jinameM dAyIM ora tIna mAnavAkRtiyAM aMkita hai| inameM aMkita pratimAoM ke vastra ghisa gae haiN| isI prakAra kA dharma-cakra stambha dhAtu para aMkita paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM dRSTavya hai|130

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA dharma cakra kA varNana jaina grantha meM milatA hai / 131 kaMkAlI TIle se siMha stambha zIrSa zuMga kAla kA prApta huA hai jo mahAvIra svAmI kI pratIka pUjA kA aMkana hai | 132 91 eka dvAra zAkhA para sAmane kI ora do-do phalaka hai tathA dUsarI ora rAniyoM ke madhya meM rAjA va eka yugala kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai / vedikA stambha evaM do khambhoM kA aMkana hai / 1 kuSANakAlIna eka triratna varNita kSetra se prApta huA hai jo lAla balue patthara para nirmita haiM khile kamala ke samAna cakra banAyA gayA hai| 133 jaina dharma meM triratna ko samyak darzana, samyak jJAna evaM samyak caritra ko triratna ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra bhAgavata dharma meM tIna amRtapada (dama, tyAga evaM apramAda) kA abhilikhita sAkSya besanagara, vidizA se garUNa dhvaja stambha para prApta hotA hai / 134 adhyayana kSetra ke soMkha nAmaka sthAna se eka mRttikA paMcAgula prApta huA hai| isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki candana yA pIThI se paMcAgula kA pratIka na kevala citrita kiye jAte the apitu mAMgalika avasaroM para unake mUrta svarUpa kA bhI upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / jaina, brAhmaNa evaM bauddha dharmoM meM maMgala kalaza kA aMkana prApta hotA hai / maMgala kalaza ko stambha kA AdhAra mandira ke zikhara tathA pratimAoM meM trichatra ke Upara aMkita kiyA jAtA hai / sA~cI, mathurA, anurAdhApura, bharahuta, borobudUra Adi sthAnoM para pattiyoM, kaliyoM, kamala puSpoM sahita pUrNa kalaza kA aMkana kiyA hai| 136 1 eka pUrNa kalaza patthara ke dvAra ke madhya meM sthApita hai / yaha lAla cittIdAra patthara para do bhAgoM meM hai, lekina nIce kA bhAga AdhA hI surakSita hai| kalaza ke mukha para kamala kI kaliyA~ nikalI haiM / 137 jaina dharma meM svAstika eka lokapriya mAMgalika cinha hai / 138 yaha sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzvanAtha kA lAMchana hai / jaina dharmAnuyAyI svAstika ko 'siddhama' ke samakakSa pUjya mAnate haiM

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa svAstika kA mahatva vaidika, jaina evaM bauddha tInoM pramukha dharmoM meM hai| svAstika kA aMkana tIrthaMkara evaM bhagavAna buddha kI pratimAoM ke talue evaM hatheliyoM para kiyA gayA hai| pavitratA ke rUpa meM svAstika kA mahatva vyApaka hai / 140 92 varNita kSetra se prApta jaina AyAgapaTTa para svAstika sahita anya maMgala pratIkoM kA sarvotkRSTa aMkana hai / eka AyAgapaTTa ke kendra meM eka choTA vRtta hai, jisameM jaina tIrthaMkara pratimA aMkita haiM / " svAstiko ke tridala kA chora amarAvatI tathA nAgArjunakoNDA kI kalAoM meM dRSTavya hai| 2 AyAgapaTToM ke atirikta mathurA se prApta dvitIya zatAbdI ke lAla balue patthara ke eka chatra para bhI aSTamaMgala utkIrNa kie gaye haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM- nandipada, matsyayugma, svAstika, puSpadAna, pUrNaghaTa, ratna pAtra, zrIvatsa evaM zaMkhanidhi | 143 jaina dharma meM pratIka ke rUpa meM zrIvatsa cinha kA vizeSa mahatva hai / varNita kSetra ke prAcIna jaina stUpa ke vedikA stambhoM, AyAgapaTToM tathA tIrthakara bhagavAna kI pratimAoM para aMkana prApta hotA hai / 144 jarmana purAtatvavid DaoN. harTela ko varNita kSetra ke soMkha nAmaka sthAna se pakI miTTI kA eka paMcAgula prApta huA hai jisa para bAyeM se kramazaH zrIvatsa, nandipada tathA svAstika pratIkoM ko utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| 145 bauddha dharma meM bhI zrIvatsa ko mahApuruSoM kA pramukha lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai / 146 isI prakAra khAravela ke hAthI gumphA abhilekha meM bhI isakA viziSTa prayoga kiyA gayA hai| abhilekha ke prArambha meM bAyIM ora prathama se lekara pAMcavIM paMktiyoM ke sIdha meM Upara zrIvatsa aura usake nIce svAstika kA eka - eka cinha utkIrNa haiM / 147 kaMkAlI TIle ke eka AyAgapaTTa para triratna, kalaza, cakra, puSpamAla, pavitra pustaka, nadyAvarta, zrIvatsa, matsya - gugma aura bhadrAsana kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai / 148

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA isa prakAra mUrtikAla ke kSetra meM zUrasena janapada meM mahatvapUrNa vikAsa dRSTigocara hotA hai / 93 saMdarbha grantha sUcI 1. upAdhye, e.ena.; jaina kalA kI AcArika pRSThabhUmi, jainakalA evaM sthApatya khaNDa-1, pR. 43 2. samavAyAMga sUtra, pR. 77, aupapAtika sUtra, 4, pR. 186 3. divyAvadAna, pR. 58, 100, 391; lalita vistara, pR. 156 4. rAmAyaNa, 1/9/ 5 mahAbhASya, 1 / 1 /57; bhAgavata purANa, 10/45/36 5. kumArasvAmI, e. ke.; elImenTsa oNva buddhisTa AikanogrAphI, pR. 5 6. mitrA, debalA; mathurA va pUrva bhArata; jainakalA evaM sthApatya; bhAga-1, aMka 6, 7, pR. 51, 71, 74 7. mIttala, prabhudayAla, braja kI kalAoM kA itihAsa, pR. 67 8. tiloyapaNati, 4, 1210, vArAMgacarita; 2, 7, 9,270 9. AzAdhara; pratiSThAsAroddhAra, 1.77 10. jinasena; AdipurANa, sarga 12, zloka, 101, 19; harivaMza purANa, sarga 8, zloka 58.74 11. kalpasUtra, pR. 10 12. triveNIprasAda; jaina pratimA vidhAna, jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, bhAga-4, kiraNa 1, pR. 22 13. ojhA, gaurIzaMkara; jaina mUrtikala kA zilpa vaibhava, navabhArata TAimsa, pR. 6 14. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 354; DI. ema. zrInivAsana, mathurA-di kalcarala heriTeja, pR. 335 15. zAha, yU.pI.; sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa, pR. 11; rastogI, zailendra kumAra; prAcInatama jaina kalAratna, bhagavAna mahAvIra jayanti smAraka bhAga 2, pR. 21, 23

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 16. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 626 17. kalpasUtra 20.28 18. smitha, bI.e.; jaina stUpa eNDa adara eNTIkvITIja oNpha mathurA, citra 18, . 25 19. jozI, nIlakaNTha purUSottama, tathA rastogI, zailendra kumAra; kaMkAlI kI purAsampadA jaina nibandhamAlA, pR. 88 20. antagaDdasAoM, pR. 66.67 21. tiloyapaNNati, 4.606; 'usahe nIlajasAe maraNAo', jinasena, Adi purANa, parva 17, zloka 26, 40 22. zarmA, bRjendranAtha; videzI saMgrahAlaya meM mahatvapUrNa pratimAeM, paM. kailAza candra, abhinannadana grantha, bhAga 4, pR. 353 23. smitha, bI.e.; dI jaina stUpa eNDa adara eNTIkvITIja aiTa mathurA, pR. 64 24. agravAla, vAsudeva zaraNa; mathurAkalA, pR. 82, 83 25. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 253 26. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 260 27. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 252 28. (a) namA arahatAnam ..... bhadayazasa badhye bhadranadisa bhyaaye| (ba) aca (la) ye (aya) gapaTo ..... prati thApito arahata puujaaye|| 29. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 249 30. zAha, yU. pI.; pU. ni. pR. 80: epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga-X, pR. 207, __saM. 30 31. (na) mo arahato vadhamAnasya gotiputrasa pothayaza kAlavAsa - kozikiye zibhiprAye AyAgapaTTo pa - / / 32. iNDiyana eNTikverI, pR. 125, 30 33. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 36, upAdhye, e.ena.; pU.ni., pR. 43

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA 95 34. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 2, je. 9; upAdhye, e. ena. pU.ni. pR. 43 35. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA saM. bI. 4 36. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 4 37. jaina, hIrAlAla, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 344 38. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 2 39. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 14.490 40. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 5 41. zAha, yU. pI.; pU. ni.: pR. 13; prasAda, eca.ke.; jaina bronjeja ina di paTanA myUjiyama, pR. 275-80 42. zarmA, bRjendranAtha; videzI saMgrahAlayoM meM mahatvapUrNa pratimAe~; paM. kailAza candra zAstrI abhinandana grantha, bhAga 4, pR. 534 43. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 29 44. jaina, jyotiprasAda; uttara pradeza aura jaina dharma, pR. 124 45. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 26 46. 'prIyatAbha bhagavAna RSabha jI' 47. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 56 48. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 69 49. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 19 50. bhaTTAcArya, hemacandra; jaina pratimA vijJAna, pR. 56 51. jaina, hastImala; jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa, khaM. 1, pR. 134.35 52. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 20; zAha, yU.pI.; biginiMgsa oNva AikanogrAphI, saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA, aMka 9, pR. 5

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 53. rastogI, zailendra kumAra ; pU. ni. pU. 59; yaha caraNa caukI jaina ArTa oNva iNDiyA pradarzanI meM lAsa enjila klIvalaiNDa landana meM pradarzita ho cukI hai| 96 54. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 47 55. zrIvAstava, vI. ena.; samainTaresTiMga jaina skalpacarsa ina di sTeTa myUjiyama; lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA, aMka 9, pU. 50 56. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 117, je 60; thapalyAla, ke.ke.; kRSNa lIjeNDa aija DipikTeDa ina jaina peMTigsa ina lakhanaU myUjiyama, saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA, pR. 119-125, aMka 21.24, lakhanaU, jUna 78, disa. 1979 / 57. zrIvAstava, vI. ena. pU. ni. pR. 50-51 58. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 39, je. 113; rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA saM. bI. 63; bhaTTAcArya, bI.sI. pU. ni., pR. 58 59. jozI, nIlakaNTha purUSottama tathA rastogI, zailendra kumAra; kaMkAlI kI purA sampadA; jaina nibandhamAlA, pR. 86 60. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 67 61. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 5 62. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 9 63. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 14 64. 'vardhamAnasa pratimA pratisthApita' / 65. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 53 66. bhaTTAcArya, bI.sI. pU. ni., pR. 48; epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga 1, pR. 383, lekha - 2 67. rAjya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 71 68. rAjya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA je. 67

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA 69. prasAda, eca.ke.; pU. ni.; pR. 280-82 70. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 12.276 71. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 68, 72, 45.3209 72. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 230 73. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 231; smitha, vI. e.; pU. ni., pR. 19, 21 74. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 232; epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga-1, pR. 382, saM. 3 97 75. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 233; epigrAphiyA iNDikA, khaNDa-2, pR. 203, saM. 16 76. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 235 77. 'yaha mUrti sabhI prANiyoM ke hita- sUkha ke lie dAna kI gaI / ' 78. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 24 79. bhagavatI sUtra 11.11.430; paumacariya; 3.59 80. jaina, jyoti prasAda; jenesisa oNpha jaina liTarecara eNDa da sarasvatI mUvamenTa; saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA, lakhanaU, aMka 9, pR. 30-31 81. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 34.2547; smitha, vI.e.; pU. ni. pR. 24, phalaka 17, ci. 2 82. jaina, hIrAlAla; bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna; pR. 359 83. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 2547 84. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA I. 2 85. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA I. 3 86. agravAla, vAsudeva zaraNa; e noTa oNpha di gADa naigameSa; di jarnala oNva di yUnAiTeDa praoNviziyala sosAiTI, pR. 68, 73, jilda 20, khaM. 1, 2, lakhanaU 1947

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 87. bRhatsaMhitA, 58; mAnasara, 50, 40-46 88. u.bhA.jai.pra., pR. 170-72 89. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 6, bI. 33 90. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 12.268 91. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 75 92. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 61 93. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 2502 94. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 121 95. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 39 96. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 2 97. zarmA, Ara.sI.; jaina skalpacarsa oNpha di gupta eja ina di sTeTa myUjiyama lakhanaU; zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya svarNa jayantI, aMka 1, pR. 146 98. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 164 99. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 229 100. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 198 101. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 68 102. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 24 103. bAjapeyI, madhulikA; madhya pradeza meM jainadharma kA vikAsa, pR. 141 104. agravAla, Ara. sI.; nyUlI DiskavarDa skalpacarsa phrAma vidizA, jarnala oNva oriyaNTala oNva bar3audA bhAga 18, aMka 3, pR. 252-53 105. zAha, yU. pI.; e phyU jaina imejeja ina di bhArata kalA bhavana, vArANasI, pR. 234 106. candA, Ara.pI.; jaina rimensa aiTa rAjagira; ArkiyolAjikala sarve oNva iNDiyA enuala riporTa, 1925-26, pR. 125-126, phalaka 56, citra-6

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA 107. zarmA, bRjendranAtha, pU. ni. pR. 253 108. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 18.1504 109. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 143 99 110. kRSNadeva; jaina kalA evaM sthApatya, bhAga 1, pR. 176 111. candra, pramoda, sTona skalpacarsa ina di ilAhAbAda myUjiyama, pR. 115 112. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA DI. 7 113. zAha, yU.pI.; AikanogrAphI oNva cakrezvarI, di yakSI oNva RSabhanAtha, jarnala oNva di oriyaNTala iMsTiTyUTa oNva bar3audA, bhAga 20, aMka 3, pR. 286 114. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 21 115. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 37.2738 116. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA bI. 77 117. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 813; 118. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 57 smitha, bI. adara eNTikviTIja oNva mathurA; pR. 107 119. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 236 120. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 793 121. tivArI, mArutinandana prasAda, pU. ni. pR. 120 122. zarmA, bRjendranAtha; pU. ni., pR. 355 123. zrIvAstava, e.ela.; AyAgapaTUTTaH jaina pUjA ke prathama sopAna : navanIta, varSa 29, aMka 12, pR. 5; agravAla, vI. esa. kaiTelaoNga oNva mathurA myUjiyama : jarnala oNva yU. pI. hisTaoNrikala sosAyaTI, bhAga-23, aMka 1-2, pR. 69-71 124. byUlahara, epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga-1, pR. 396 e.; jaina stUpa eNDa

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100 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 125. rAmAyaNa, 1/32112 126. agravAla; vI.esa.; iNDiyana ArTa, pR. 231, 282,285 127. zarmA, ramezacandra, mathurA myUjiyama eNDa ArTa, 128. 'arhata pUjAye' 129. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA 66.46 130. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 66.46 131. tiloyapaNNatI, 913 132. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 268 133. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 659 134. sarakAra, DI.sI.; selekTa isakRpzansa, besa nagara garUr3a stambha lekha, pR. 89 pR. 36 135. harbaTa, harTala; da eksakevezana aiTa sokha : e priliminarI riporTa : jarmana skalaoNrsa oNna iNDiyA, bhAga - 2, pR. 88, citra 27 136. zukla, candrazekhara; kalaza kI avadhAraNA; dainika jAgaraNa, lakhanaU, 4 navambara, 1988 137. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 267 138. AcAra dinakara, uttarAdhyayana sUtra, abhidhAna cintamaNi 139. majUmadAra, ramezacandra; da eja oNva impIriyala yUniTI, pR. 426 140. brAuna; svAstika, pR. 17.18 141. smitha, bI.e.; pU. ni.; phalaka 9 142. zivarAmamUrti; amarAvatI skalpacarsa ina di gavarnamenTa myUjiyama madrAsa, citra 2 phalaka 21, 143. bAjapeyI, madhulikA; pU. ni. pR. 243 144. smitha, bI. e.; pU. ni., phalaka 69, citra 2

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina mUrtikalA 101 145. harbarTa, harTela, pU. ni. 146. jemsa, barjesa; buddhiSTa ArTa ina iNDiyA, pR. 161-163 147. jaina, zazikAnta; hAthIgumphA inskripzansa oNpha khAravela eNDa da bhAlU eDikTa oNpha azoka, phalaka 2 148. sarasvatI, esa. ke.; e sarve oNpha iNDiyana skalpacarsa, phalaka 13, ci 591

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adhyAya paMcam zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA jaina dharma kI vAstukalA meM usakI AtmA dRSTigocara hotI hai| jainoM ke tIrthasthala vAstavika rUpa meM sthApatya kalA ke bhaNDAra svarUpa haiN| isa sampradAya ne apane tIrthoM ko prAyaH bastI se dUra athavA pahAr3oM Adi meM sthApita kiyaa| jisakA mUla uddezya zAMta vAtAvaraNa meM ekAgracitta evaM Atmika cintana karanA rahA hai| aise sthAnoM se upalabdha mandira evaM jaina pratimAe~ apanI ekAgratA se bhaktoM ko Izvara ke sAnidhya kI anubhUti karAtI haiN| kalA kI AvazyakatA kalA ke bhAvanAtmaka pakSa ko prakaTa karane ke lie huI aura kalA ke vibhinna rUpoM kA AviSkAra huaa| ___ jaina dharmAnuyAyI apane mandira jaMgala yA pahAr3iyoM ke DhalAva meM aura, jahA~ asIma kSetra ho, vaise viyAvAna sthAnoM meM banAnA pasanda karate the| samudra sataha se tIna hajAra phuTa U~ce zatujaMya evaM giranAra parvatoM ke zikhara para mandiroM ke bhavya mandira vidyamAna haiN| mandira nagara nirmANa karane kI viziSTatA kA anya dharmoM kI apekSA jainoM ne hI vizeSa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai|' sabhI bhAratIya kalAe~ dhArmika hI haiM aura dharma se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiN| zaka-kuSANa yuga meM kalA kendra ke rUpa meM zUrazena janapada kI vizeSa unnati huii| yahA~ anya dharmoM kI bhA~ti jaina dharma kA asAdhAraNa vikAsa huaa| isa kSetra meM IrSyA dveSa rahita vibhinna kalAe~ pallavita hotI rahI

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA 02 haiN| yahA~ dhArmika sahiSNutA bhAratIya itihAsa meM vizeSa upalabdhi kahI jA sakatI hai| zUrasena janapada se aneka bar3e mArga hokara jAte the| dharma pracAra evaM sAdhAraNa AvAgamana tathA vyApArika suvidhA hetu inakA prayoga hotA thaa| eka bar3A mArga zUrasena janapada se padyAvatI (gvAliyara ke pAsa pavAyA), devagar3ha hotA huA vidizA jAtA thaa| vyApArI evaM anya yAtrI jo ina mArgoM se yAtrA karate the| ina mArgoM ke upayukta sthAnoM para mandiroM, dharmazAlAoM kA nirmANa karAte the| jaina sAdhu vanoM meM nivAsa karate the aura bhramaNa meM hI apanA jIvana vyatIta karate the| parvatoM kI prAkRtika guphAe~ unake lie Azrama kA kArya karatI thiiN| prArambhika guphAe~ alaMkaraNa vihina thIM, parantu kAlAntara meM unheM mandira ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyA gyaa| ye guphA mandira jaina sAdhuoM ke saMyamita jIvana tathA unake svecchayA mRtyu - varaNa kA smaraNa karAtI hai| vastakalA kA vikAsa pratimA arcanA ke parimANasvarUpa huaa| bauddha granthoM meM ullekha hai ki vajjideza aura vaizAlI meM arhata caityoM kA astitva thA, jo buddha pUrva yA mahAvIra svAmI ke pUrvakAla meM vidyamAna the|' prArambhika avasthA meM jaina vastukalA meM mandiroM ke sAtha-sAtha bauddhoM kI bhA~ti stUpoM ke nirmANa kI bhI paramparA aneka zatAbdiyoM taka calatI rhii| Rgveda meM Upara uThatI agni zikhAoM ko stUpa kahA gayA hai| paravarti vaidika sAhitya ke anusAra yaha kisI mahApuruSa kI smRti kA sIdhA - sAdA vAstu pratIka hotA thaa|" jaina sthApataya kalA ne bhArata ko sthApatya nirmANa meM gauravazAlI sthAna pradAna kiyaa| jainiyoM ne apane tIrthakaroM ko sthApita karane ke liye deza ke kone-kone meM mandira evaM vihAroM kA nirmANa karavAyA tathA pratimA sthApita kiyaa|

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104 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa jaina dharma kI vividha vyavahArika AvazyakatAoM ne vizeSa kAryoM ke lie apekSita bhavanoM kI prakRti ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| jaina kalA mukhyataH dharmonmukha rahI, 'mAnasAra' granthoM meM jaina pratimAoM tathA bhavana - nirmANa ke niyamoM kA kaThoratA se pAlana karane ko kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra ke niyama brAhmaNa evaM bauddha dharmoM kI kalA meM bhI the| brAhmaNa, jaina aura bauddha mandiroM meM jo vizeSa antara dRSTigocara hotA hai vaha svabhAvataH mukhya mandira meM pratiSThita devatA, pArzvavartI devI-devatA tathA sambandhita dharma kI paurANika kathAoM ke anusAra mUrtiyoM ke lakSaNa Adi ke kAraNa hai| sthApatya para vAtAvaraNa ke prabhAva kA yathocita mahatva samajhate hue hinduoM kI apekSA jainoM ne apane mandiroM ke nirmANa ke lie sadaiva prAkRtika sthaloM kA hI cunAva kiyaa|10 ___ Rgveda kI adhikAMza RcAoM meM sthApatya evaM pratimAoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM inameM Ayasapura, lauha nirmita zatagaNa durga tathA IMTa-patthara lakar3I kA banA zIta-tApa surakSita gRha Adi kA varNana hai|" __ prAcIna zUrasena janapada ke AdikAlIna sthApatya kA sarvaprathama ullekha vAlmIkikRta rAmAyaNa meM milatA hai| usase jJAta hotA hai ki zrI rAma ke zAsanakAla se pUrva asurarAja madhu kA zAsana isa kSetra para thA aura yahA~ ke madhubana meM usakI rAjadhAnI thii| vAlmIki kA kathana hai ki madhu kA rAja-bhavana camakadAra evaM zveta raMga kA U~cA aura bhavya thaa| zrI rAma ke zAsanakAla meM madhu kA putra lavaNa madhubana kA rAjA thaa| vaha mahAbalI hone ke sAtha hI sAtha krUra aura atyAcArI bhI thaa| rAma ne usake viruddha apane anuja zatrughna ko eka bar3I senA sahita madhubana bhejA thaa| lavaNa aura zatrughna ke bIca bhISaNa yuddha huA, jisameM asurarAja mArA gyaa| usake pazcAt zatrughna ne madhubana ke eka bhAga ko svaccha karA kara

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA 105 yamunA nadI ke taTa para arddha-candrAkAra mathurA ko basAkara zUrasena janapada ko rAjadhAnI bnaayaa|12 ___ mathurA kI vaha prathama bastI, vartamAna nagara ke dakSiNa-pazcima kI dizA meM usa sthAna para basI thI, jise Aja maholI kahate haiN| jaina dharma meM jJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt mahAna puruSoM ko 'tIrthaMkara' kahA gayA hai aura unakI saMkhyA caubIsa mAnI gaI hai| paurANika divya mahApuruSoM meM RSabhadeva se lekara neminAtha taka ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra svAmI ko aitihAsika mahApuruSa mAnate haiN| ___ AdikAla se hI zUrasena kI prasiddhi eka pramukha dhArmika kSetra ke rUpa meM rhii| sAtaveM tIrthaMkara ke sammAna meM kuberA devI ne kaMkAlI TIle para eka stUpa kA nirmANa karavAyA thA, jise 'deva nirmita' stUpa' bhI kahA jAtA thaa| _ 'stUpa' zabda mUlataH saMskRta bhASA kA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai 'Dhera' yA 'TIlA' / Rgveda meM 'agni stUpa' evaM 'hiraNya stUpa' zabdoM kA ullekha huA hai| ___ prArambha meM ulTe kaTore ke samAna stUpa kI racanA huii| kAlAntara meM miTTI ke TIloM para IMToM kI cinAI kI jAne lgii| Age calakara unheM IMTa-pattharoM se pakkA bhI banAyA jAne lgaa| surakSA ko dhyAna meM rakhate huye stUpoM ke cAroM ora pahale lakar3I ke bAr3e lagAye jAte the| kAlAntara meM IMTa-pattharoM dvArA caukora ghere banAe jAne lage the| varNita kSetra ke kaMkAlI TIle kA stUpa vizeSa mahatvapUrNa thaa| isI ke phalasvarUpa varNita kSetra ko jaina tIrtha kA mahatva prApta huA thaa|" 'jinaprabhasUri' ne 'vividhatIrtha kalpa' meM bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki zUrasena meM supArzvanAtha ke vihAra ke pazcAt kuberA devI ne eka ratnajaTita svarNa stUpa kA nirmANa karAyA thaa|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa ke surakSA kI dRSTi se teisaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM stUpa cAroM ora IMTa se bAr3a banA dI gii| 106 isa stUpa ke 'svarNa nirmita' evaM 'ratna jaTita' hone kI bAta to anuzruti ho sakatI hai kintu vaha jaina dharma kA prAcInatama stUpa thA, jo prAgaitihAsika kAla meM nirmita huA thA / kaMkAlI TIle ke utkhanana dvArA eka abhilikhita zilApaTTa prApta huA, jisa para 'devI nirmita bauddha stUpa utkIrNa hai / 18 kaMkAlI TIle se prApta ukta zilAlekha para aMkita zaka saMvat 79 meM vaha bahuta adhika prAcIna evaM apiricita ho gayA thA ki usake nirmANa kAla aura nirmAtA ke sambandha meM koI jAnakArI nahIM thI / phalataH use 'devanirmita stUpa' kI saMjJA dI gaI thIM / " I jaina dharma meM pUjA paddhati ke rUpa meM pratIkAtmaka pUjA prArambha huI aura phalasvarUpa AyAgapaTTa kA nirmANa prArambha huA / isa para stUpa, mandira evaM pratimAoM kA aMkana dRSTavya hai| prArambha meM pASANa kI caukora khaNDa para jaina dharma ke aSTa mAMgalika cinha-svAstika, zrIvatsa, nandyAvarta, vardhamAnaka, bhadrAsana, kalaza, matsya-yugma aura darpaNa kA aMkana kiyA jAtA thA / kabhI-kabhI ina para nirmAtAoM aura unake upAsya tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma bhI utkIrNa kiye jAte the| ina prastara khaNDoM ko 'AyAgapaTTa' kahA gayA hai 1 'AyAga' zabda saMskRta bhASA ke 'Aryaka " zabda se banA hai, jisakA artha hai 'pUjya' athavA 'pUjanIya' / jaina vAstukalA caitya vRkSa kA bahuta hI pramukha sthAna hai / caitya vRkSa kA nirmANa prArambha se kiyA gayA hai / sumsumArapura ke upavana meM azoka vRkSa ke nIce mahAvIra svAmI dhyAnastha hue the / " 'Avazyaka niryukti' meM tIrthaMkara ke nirvANa prApti ke pazcAt stUpa, caitya vRkSa evaM jinagRha nirmANa kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| isa para TIkA karate hue haribhadrasUri ne bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke nirvANa ke pazcAt

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA 107 unakI smRti meM putra bharata dvArA unake nirvANa-sthAna kailAza parvata para eka caitya tathA siMha- niSadyA-Ayatana nirmANa karAye jAne kA ullekha kiyA hai| _ 'arddhamAgadhI jambUdvIpapaNNati' meM to nirvANa ke pazcAt tIrthaMkara ke zarIra-saMskAra tathA caitya-stUpa nirmANa kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| uparyukta ullekhoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparAnusAra mahApuruSoM kI citAoM para stUpa nirmANa karAye jAte the| ___ adhyayana kSetra meM eka atyanta prAcIna jaina stUpa ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki prAcIna kAla meM vidyAdharoM dvArA pA~ca stUpa nirmita karAye gaye the| ina pA~ca stUpoM kI khyAti aura smRti muniyoM kI vaMzAvalI se sambaddha pAI jAtI hai| __ 'vRhatkalpasUtrabhASya'24 se jJAta hotA hai ki adhyayana kSetra ke chiyAnabbe gA~voM ke caurAhoM para 'maMgala caitya' nirmita kiye gae the, aura unameM arhat pratimAe~ pratiSThita kI gaI thii| uddezya yaha thA ki unase gA~voM ke bhavanoM ko sthAyitva prApta hogaa| __ jaina aura ajaina sabhI grAmINoM kA yaha loka vizvAsa thA ki nava nirmita bhavanoM ke samIpa 'maMgala caitya' na hone se unake asamaya hI girane kI AzaMka ho sakatI hai| usa loka-vizvAsa se jaina dharma ke tatkAlIna caityoM ke prati janatA kI AsthA kA paricaya milatA hai| ____1888 aura 1891 I. ke madhya phyUrara ne kaMkAlI TIle kA utkhanana kArya kiyA aura unheM khojakArya meM eka stUpa aura do mandiroM ke avazeSa tathA asaMkhya jaina kalAkRtiyA~ prApta huiiN| kaMkAlI TIle se prApta jaina purAvazeSoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jaina pratiSThAna eka aise stUpa ke cAroM ora nirmita huA thA, jo ki atyanta zraddhA evaM Adara kI vastu bana gayA thaa| 157 I. ke zilAlekha meM jo eka pratimA ke pAdapITha para utkIrNa hai aura tathAkathita 'boddha-stUpa' para arhata nandyAvarta kI pratimA ke sthApita kie jAne kA ullekha hai|

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108 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zuMga-kuSANa kAla meM adhyayana kSetra kI zilpazAlAoM meM sRjanAtmaka prakriyA apane caramotkarSa para thii| parimaNAmasvarUpa yaha nagara eka mahatvapUrNa kalA evaM sthApatya kA kendra bana gyaa| vaizyoM evaM samRddha vyApArI varga kI dhana-sampatti kA jaina vAstu-smArakoM kI samRddhi meM bahuta adhika yogadAna rhaa| vaizya evaM vyApArI varga meM pramukha rUpa se zreSThI, sArthavAha, vANijya, gandhika Adi the aura sAmAnya jana kI apekSA unakI saMkhyA adhika thii| zilpakAroM ko apanI abhivyakti karane kA pramukha sAdhana cittidAra lAla baluA patthara thA, jise sIkarI, rUpavAsa tathA tA~tapura jaise sthAnoM se maMgAyA jAtA thaa| ___ eka zilAlekha jo IsA pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI ke madhya meM eka jaina mandira ke astitva meM hone kA prabala sAkSya pradAna karatA hai, jisameM uttaradAsaka nAmaka zrAvaka dvArA eka pAsAda-toraNa samarpita kie jAne kA pramANa milatA hai|27 ___ prArambha meM jaina stUpoM kI banAvaTa bauddha stUpoM ke samAna thii| sarvAdhika prAcInatama jaina stUpa ke nirmANa kA ullekha kaMkAlI TIle kI munisuvrata kI pratimA kI caraNa-caukI meM utkIrNa hai| yaha vAstukalA kA utkRSTa namUnA hai| ___ jaina dharma kI vibhinna AvazyakatAoM ne pramukha prayojanoM ke lie vizeSa bhavanoM kI vizeSatAoM para apanI chApa chodd'ii|" jainoM ne aneka kSetroM aura kAloM kI pracalita zailiyoM kA apane vAstu nirmANa meM prayoga kiyaa| jaina mandiroM kA pramukha uddezya yahI hai ki usa sthAna para zAnta mana se tIrthaMkaroM ke guNoM ko cintana kara skeN| ___ jaina purANoM meM nagara, rAjaprAsAda, bhavana, harmya, toraNa, vAtAyana, A~gana, sopAna, stambha, vana, udyAna, kUpa, devAlaya aura guphA Adi vAstukalA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vAstukalA kA sundara evaM jIvanta

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA 109 citraNa jaina granthoM meM milatA hai| yaha bhI ullikhita hai ki bhavana nirmANa ke lie nIMva rakhane se pUrva bhUmi ko samatala banAnA zreyaSkara hotA hai| kaniSka prathama ke pUrva kA eka mahatvapUrNa prastara lekha kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huA hai| vaha eka zilpAMkita saradala khaNDa para aMkita hai| abhilekha se yaha vidita hotA hai ki dhamaghoSA ne eka pAsAda dAna meM diyA thaa| eka mahatvapUrNa AyAgapaTTa' kaMkAlI TIle se upalabdha huA hai| yaha abhilikhita AyAgapaTTa hai, aura isase yaha vidita hotA hai ki lavaNazobhikA kI putrI vasu nAmaka gaNikA ne nigraMtha arhatAyana meM eka maMdira, sabhAbhavana, pyAU aura eka zilApaTTa dAna meM diyA thaa| isase tatkAlIna caityoM kI AkRti kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| jaina sthApatya ke kSetra meM isakA vizeSa mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa AyAgapaTTa para sAmane cAra sopAna, toraNa, laTakatI mAlA, tIna saradala, sabase Upara donoM ora nandipAda evaM zrIvatsa, toraNa ke donoM ora vedikA stambha, sUcI va uSNISa utkIrNa hai| sAde stambhoM kA aMkana donoM ora dRSTavya hai jinameM dAyIM ora kA bhAga kSatigrasta hai| uSNISa para eka-eka nRtyAMganA tribhaMgamudrA meM eka-eka hAtha se stUpa ko uThAye hue aMkita hai| stUpa ke aMDa bhAga ke bIca vedikA stambha kA bhAga dRSTigocara ho rahA hai| ___isa abhilikhita mahatvapUrNa AyAgapaTTa se yaha vidita hotA hai ki prAcIna yuga meM nartakiyA~ bhI dhArmika kAryoM meM yogadAna detI thii| jaina vAstukalA meM sabase mahatvapUrNa tatva hai mandiroM ke khambhe evaM stmbh| stambhoM evaM khambhoM para ukere gae dRzya evaM citrAvaliyA~ sthApatya kalA kA anUThA udAharaNa hai| kaMkAlI TIle se IsavIM san prathama ke pUrva kA eka abhilikhita AyAgapaTTa prApta huA hai| isake Upara va nIce kI paTTI para aSTamAMgalika pratihAryoM kA aMkana dRSTigocara hotA hai| nIce kI paTTI para triratna, patto ke donoM meM mAlA, bhadrAsana, maMgala kalaza tathA Upara kI

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110 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa paTTI para matsyayugala, aspaSTa AdhAra para do kamAna, zrIvatsa tathA sarAvasampuTa aMkita hai| cAroM konoM ko cAra-cAra pattiyoM se alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| donoM ora eka-eka stambha nirmita hai| lekha se vidita hotA hai ki siMhanandI nAmaka kisI vyakti ne arhata pUjA ke lie AyAgapaTTa kA nirmANa karavAyA thaa| ___ adhyayana kSetra se kalA ke sundaratama udAharaNa ke rUpa meM AyAgapaTTa utkhanana dvArA prakAza meM Aye haiN| ye AyAgapaTTa alaMkRta evaM zilpakAroM kI bhAvanAoM kA atyanta uttama pradarzana hai| mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata nirmita AyAgapaTToM para pratIkoM evaM vAstu zilpa kA aMkana dRSTavya hai|99 ____ eka caukora AyAgapaTTa jo lAla balue patthara para nirmita hai| isa para lekha utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai aura usase yaha vidita hotA hai ki acalA ne isa AyAgapaTTa ko arhata pUjA ke lie sthApita karavAyA thaa| yaha prathama zatI I. pU. kA hai| ___ isameM khaNDita zrIvatsa, svAstika, kamala, matsyayugma, jinake mu~ha meM mAlA hai, zRMgAra, nidhisahita pAtra, bhadrAsana tathA triratna aMkita hai| AyAgapaTTa ghisakara virUpita ho cukA hai| vartamAna meM yaha rAjya saMgrahAlaya meM saMgrahIta hai| sAhitya kI bhA~ti jaina kalA kA pramukha lakSya AtmA ko paramAtmA ke rUpa meM parivartita krnaa| kalA kA pramukha kArya yaha hai ki anuyAyiyoM ke hRdaya meM dhairya, zAnti, zucitA, anAzakti, dAnazIlatA, karttavya parAyaNatA aura zraddhA- bhakti ke sAtha sAdagI tathA tyAga kI bhAvanA kA bIjAropaNa karanA hai| ___ kaMkAlI TIle se prApta eka kuSANa kAlIna zilAlekha eka khaNDita pratimA kI caraNa- caukI para utkIrNa hai| prastara lekha meM ullikhita hai ki arhatoM ke mandira meM mahAvIra svAmI kI pratimA kI pratiSThA aura eka jinAlaya kA nirmANa karavAyA gyaa|"

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA 111 ukta zilAlekha se vidita hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM jaina dharma ke prati apAra zraddhA- bhakti thii| mUrtikalA kI bhA~ti hI vAstukalA ke kSetra meM kuSANa yuga meM unnati huii| kuSANa kAlIna eka khaNDita zilApaTTa para 'vihAra' zabda utkIrNa haiM yaha prastara mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM dRSTavya hai| isa prakAra kalA kI dRSTi se devagar3ha ke jaina mandira tathA khajurAhoM ke jaina mandira" kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| mandira, stUpa evaM vihAra ke atirikta adhyayana kSetra se jaina vAtAyanoM ke udAharaNa bhI dRSTavya hai| eka akSata vAtAyAna meM cAroM konoM para vargAkAra praNAlI banAI gaI hai, kendrIya bhAga kI jAlI meM hIraka paMktiyoM kA aMkana dRSTigocara hotA hai| cAroM bhujAoM para cAra paMkhur3iyoM vAle puSpa utkIrNa haiN| eka khaNDita jAlI meM puSpoM ke samUha kA aMkana dRSTavya hai| ___ stUpa kI eka AkRti rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya meM eka khaNDita toraNa zIrSa para haiM, yaha adhikAMzataH Adhe se kucha kama hai| yaha kisI mandira kA khaNDa hai tathA bahuta hI AkarSaka hai| isameM stUpa kI sabhI vizeSatAyeM dRSTavya hai- jaise ki nIce arddhavRttAkAra zikhara hai, eka U~cA belanAkAra zikhara do vedikA ke madhya meM utkIrNa hai|47 ukta stUpa kI prApti varNita kSetra ke kaMkAlI se huI tathA kuSANa kAlIna hai| stUpa ke sabase adhika nikaTatama pIThikA ke Upara sthApita zilApaTTa ke madhya bhAga meM eka kalA-piNDa hai, jo cAra- triratnoM ke AdhAra para vRta ke rUpa meM utkIrNa hai| triratnoM kA aisA aMkana AyAgapaTTa ke aneka rUpoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| vAstukalA ke dRSTikoNa se stUpa nirmANa kI mAnyatA jaina dharma evaM bauddha dharma donoM meM samAna rUpa se rahI parantu kAlAntara meM jaina dharma ne stUpa nirmANa kI paramparA kA tyAga kara diyA, kintu bauddha dharma meM stUpa nirmANa evaM pUjana kI prathA pracalita rhii|

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112 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa eka mahatvapUrNa stUpa kA zilpAMkana eka khaNDita prastara AyAgapaTTa para kiyA gayA hai; jisakA nIce kA bhAga hI surakSita hai|" __ yaha mahatvapUrNa abhilikhita AyAgapaTTa kuSANakAla kA hai aura kaMkAlI TIle kI dena hai| lekha se yaha vidita hotA hai ki eka nartaka kI patnI zivayazA ne arhatoM kI pUjA ke lie dAna meM diyA thaa| ___ stUpa kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ anya stUpa ke samAna haiM parantu isakI pIThikA kI U~cAI kama hai| phalasvarUpa toraNa taka pahu~cane ke lie cAra sIr3hiyA~ pUrNarUpa se surakSita haiN| mukhya stUpa ke donoM ora do stambha haiM tathA stUpa ke U~ce belanAkAra zikhara kI nimna talavedI hI surakSita hai| kuzalatA se utkIrNa toraNa ke vakrAkAra saradaloM ke sire mur3I huI pUchoM vAle makaroM ke samAna dRSTigocara hotA hai| donoM ora eka strI AkRti evaM eka-eka stambha aMkita hai| stambhoM tathA zilAkhaNDoM ke bIca meM jAliyA~ nirmita haiN| nicale saradala ke kendrIya bhAga se mAlA sahita eka kamala-guccha laTaka rahA hai| ___ eka anya laghu stUpa kA aMkana eka toraNa zIrSa para dRSTigocara hotA hai| yaha lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| yaha toraNa zIrSa kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huA hai tathA kuSANa kAla kI vizeSa dena hai|" toraNa-zIrSa alaMkRta hai| tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai tathA bIca meM tIna paTTiyA~ haiN| Upara konoM para ur3ate hue vidyAdhara hAtha meM mAlA lie hue haiN| ___ madhya kI paTTI para jina bhagavAna kA laghurUpa aMkita hai aura donoM ora se upAsaka arcanA kara rahe haiN| sabase Upara ke bhAga meM madhya meM stUpa kA zilpAMkana kiyA gayA hai| stUpa ke donoM ora upAsaka hAtha jor3e hue khar3e haiN| ___ sabase nIce ke bhAga meM laghu AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiN| yaha alaMkRta toraNa-zIrSa tatkAlIna saundaryatA kA bodha karAte haiN| ___ lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM eka stambha surikSata hai, jisa para dAMyIM ora stUpa kA aMkana hai|2 stUpa meM eka vedikA Upara eka vedikA nIce

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA aMkita hai| sabase Upara eka caukora harmikA kA aMkana hai / stUpa ke cAroM ora patAkAe~ phahara rahI haiN| zobhA yAtrA ke dRzya kA aMkana stUpa para dRSTigocara hotA hai 113 upalabdha sAkSyoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki jaina stUpoM ke DholAkAra zikharoM ko, sA~cI ke stUpa saMkhyA eka, do tIna kI bhA~ti alaMkRta nahIM kiyA gayA hai|" isakA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki jaina dharmAvalambI ise zucitA kA pratIka mAnate the, phalasvarUpa ve ADambarahIna stUpoM kA nirmANa karAte the / mathurA sthApatya, kalA zailI ke antargata vedikAoM aura toraNoM ko alaMkRta nirmita kiyA gayA hai / vedikA stambha ko vargAkAra evaM aSTa bhujAkAra banAyA gayA hai| inameM kalA pratIkoM kA aMkana sImita kiyA gayA hai| sabase adhika kamala kA aMkana prApta hotA hai| eka vaMdikA stambha ke phUlle meM kamala ke bIca meM stUpa kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| eka phalaka para stUpa kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| * nIce do stambha dAMye- bAMye nirmita hai / eka deva namana mudrA meM sAtaphaNI Topa ke nIce khar3e haiN| nIce do upAsaka hAtha jor3e hue tathA eka bAlaka khar3A hai| abhayamudrA meM vastrAbhUSaNoM se susajjita devI khar3I haiN| pIche kI ora vRkSa kI pattiyA~ aMkita haiN| devI va sAdhu ke madhya ' kaNhasamaNa' lekha aMkita hai| stambha para do nikalI huI paTTI ke madhya meM dAyeM do tIrthaMkara dhyAnastha haiN| bAMye do jina bhagavAna eka pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra svAmI dhyAnastha haiM / ina donoM jinoM ke madhya stUpa ko spaSTa darzAyA gayA / usa samaya stUpa jina bhagavAna kI bhA~ti pUjya the / yaha kuSANakAlIna tathA lAla balue patthara para nirmita hai / yaha kaMkAlI kI amUlya dena hai 1 varNita kSetra ke kaMkAlI TIle se masUrAkAra sUciyA~ upalabdha haiM, jinakA AkAra eka samAna nahIM hai / sthApatya kalA ke stambha para eka

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa eka nArI pratimA aMkita hai, jo azoka vRkSa ke nIce dIna mudrA meM jhuke hue baune puruSa kI pITha para apanI deha meM AkarSaka A~kucana lie hue khar3I hai aura eka puSpakAla se apanA keza vinyAsa kara rahI hai| 57 114 sopAna kI vedikAoM para utkIrNa zilpAMkana bhI kalAtmaka dRSTi se utkRSTatam hai| eka tIrache stambha para azoka vRkSa ke nIce eka apane vAma hAtha ko Upara uThAye hue, jisa para eka thAlI sthita hai / thAlI meM kucha vastueM rakhI haiN| aura jisa para zaMku ke AkAra kA Dhakkana lagA huA hai| nArI apane dAhine hAtha meM eka mU~Tha vAlA pAtra pakar3e hue hai, jisakA tala U~cA hai| pRSTha bhAga para kamala kalA - piNDa kA aMkana dRSTigocara hotA hai| yaha vedikA-stambha kuSANa yugIna hai| 58 1 vAstukalA ke abhinna aMga meM prayukta hone vAle do ToDe kaMkAlI TI ke utkhanana dvArA prakAza meM Aye / ToDe bhinna prakAra ke haiM toraNa ke ToDe meM zAlabhaMjikAoM kA aMkana dRSTigocara hotA hai / donoM toraNa-toDo ke AdhAra meM eka cUla hai jo stambha ke koTara meM sthita kara dI jAtI thI / 39 toraNa stambhoM meM kuSANa kAlIna stambhoM ke zilpAMkana vizeSa rUpa mahatpUrNa haiN| inameM se eka abhilikhita hai, jisameM zrAvikA bala hastinI dvArA eka toraNa ke samarpaNa kA varNana hai| 60 sA~cI ke samAna ina stambhoM ke do pArzva nIce se Upara kI ora aneka phalakoM meM ba~Te hue haiM / vAstuzilpa ke eka toraNa meM do suparNa jo AdhA manuSya- AdhA pakSI hai aura pA~ca kinnaroM dvArA stUpa arcanA kA dRzya dRSTigocara hotA hai / pA~coM kinnaroM ke sira para pagar3I hai jaisA ki bauddha zilpa meM abhijAtyavarga ke manuSyoM ke dikhAI detI hai / jahA~ suparNastUpa kI arcanA kara rahe haiM, sA~cI ke ubhare hue zilpa meM dRSTavya hai 162

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA 115 adhyayana kSetra se prApta vAstuzilpIya purAtAtvika avazeSoM kI saMkhyA kuSANa yuga ke pazcAt alpa ho jAtI hai| videzI AkramaNoM ke phalasvarUpa jaina sthApatya kalA ke udAharaNa sarvathA naSTa ho gye| sAdhAraNa janamAnasa ne apane gharoM ke A~gana taka hI jaina vAstukalA ko sImita kara diyA thaa| jaina dharma ko bauddha dharma kI bhA~ti azoka mahAn aura kaniSka jaisA samrATa nahIM milA, apitu sA~cI, bharahuta aura amarAvatI ke stUpoM ke samAna jaina dharma kA stUpa bhI vidyamAna hotaa| ___ varNita kSetra se prApta kalAkRtiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha dRSTigata hotA hai ki mandira nirmANa kI paramparA banI rahI, parantu koI bhI sampUrNa prAcIna jaina sthApatya kalA kA pUrNa avazeSa mandira vartamAna samaya meM upalabdha nahIM hai| ur3IsA ke aura gujarAta ke jUnAgar3ha yA giranAra ke guhAmandira aura nivAsa apanI sUkSma takSaNa kArya kI veSTaniyoM sahita aura choTI se choTI bAta aura sajAvaTa meM paripUrNa aura mathurA ke avazeSoMke sundaratA se saje toraNa va AyAgapaTTa vAstukalA ke avazeSa ke rUpa meM hI nahIM apitu usake jIvanta udAharaNa haiN| saMdarbha grantha sUcI 1. pharagyUsana, je.; hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana eNDa IsTarna ArkiTekcara, bhAga-2, pR. 24; smitha, bI.e.; e hisTrI oNpha phAina ArTa ina iNDiyA eNDa silona pR. 11 2. kumArasvAmI, e. ke.; di ArTsa eNDa krAphTsa oNpha iNDiyA eNDa silona, pR. 16 3. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; madhyapradeza kI prAcIna jaina kalA, agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grantha, pR. 22 4. upAdhye AdinAtha; jaina kalA kI AcArika pRSThabhUmi, jaina kalA aura sthApatya, bhAga 1, pRSTha 45

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa jaina 5. jaina, jyoti prasAda; jaina kalA kA udgama aura usakI AtmA, kalA aura sthApatya, bhAga 1, pR. 41 116 AzvAlAyana, gRhyasUtra, 4, 5, 9, 10, (nArAyaNa bhASya ) pUnA, 1936 (saM.) bI. esa. rAnADe 7. smitha, bI. e., pU. ni., pR. 9 8. jaina, jyotiprasAda; pU. ni. pR. 38 6. 9. ghoSa, amalAnanda; prastAvanA, jaina kalA aura sthApatya, bhAga 1, pR. 5 10. lAMgaharsTa, e. eca.; hampI, pR. 99 11. Rgveda, 2.20, 8, 7, 3.7, 7, 15, 14, pRSTha 57 12. rAmAyaNa, uttarakANDa, 70-5, 6, 8 13. kaniMghama, eM.; ArkayolaoNjikala sarve riporTa, jilda 20, pR. 31; kalyANa, vijaya; zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra, pR. 379 14. zAha, yU.pI.; sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa, pR. 63 15. Rgveda, 7-2-1, 1-24-27 16. mIttala, prabhudayAla, braja kI kalAoM kA itihAsa, pR. 21 17. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 20 18. epigrAphiyA iNDikA bhAga 2, saM. 20; lyUDarsa lisTa, saM. 47; oNrkilaoNjikala sarve riporTa, pR. 141 : mathurA inskripzansa, pR. 41, 42 19. mIttala, pU. ni., pR. 23 20. agravAla, vi. esa.; iNDiyana ArTa, 21. bhagavatI vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, 32, 143 22. 2, 23 23. hariSeNa; bRhatkathAkoSa, 12, 132 24. 1, 1774 pR. 231

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina vAstukalA 117 25. smitha, vI.e.; dI jaina stUpa eNDa adara eNTIkvITIja oNva mathurA, __bhUmikA, pR. 2, 3 26. lyUDarsa; lisTa oNpha brAhmI inskripzansa 1912, kramAMka 47 27. epigrAphiyA iNDikA; bhAga-2, 1893-94, lyUDarsa, pU.ni., kramAMka 93 28. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; mathurA kA deva-nirmita stUpa, zrI mahAvIra smRti grantha, bhAga 1, 1948-49, pR. 188-91 29. smitha, vI.e.; pU. ni., pR. 9 30. zAstrI, nemicandra; Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR. 292 31. tiloyapaNNati, 2/22-26 32. vRhatkalpabhASya, pIThika 3313, dIgha nikAya, 1, pR. 9 33. epigrAphiyA iNDikA; bhAga-2, 1893, 94 99; lyUDarsa, pU. ni., kramAMka 99, rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 540 34. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA kyU. 2 35. jarnala Apha dI yU.pI. hisTArikala sosAyaTI (olDa), 23, 1940, 69, lyUDarsa, pU. ni. kramAMka 102 36. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 252 37. zAha, yU.pI.; sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa pR. 80; epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga-2, pR. 207, saM. 30 38. zrI nivAsana, DI.ema.; mathurA- di kalcarala heriTeja, pR. 333 39. jaina ArTa eNDa ArkiTekcara bhAga-1, pR. 64 40. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 686 41. lyUDarsa; pU. ni.9 kramAMka 78, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya golDana jubalI vAlyUma, mumbaI 1968, pR. 149 42. jarnala oNpha di yU.pI. hisTArikala sosAyaTI, (olDa) 23, 1950, 71

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118 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 43. brUna; dI jina imejaja oNpha devagar3ha, liDena, 1969 I. 44. kRSNadeva; Tempalsa oNpha khajurAho ina seNTrala enzyenTa iNDiyA, bhAga 15, 1959, I. pR. 43-65 45. smitha; pU. ni., citra 41 46. rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya dillI je. 555 47. mitrA, devalA; mathurA, pR. 65, jaina sthApatya aura kalA bhAga-1 48. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 249, je. 250 je. 253, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 48, 3424 49. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 255 50. epIgrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga-2, saM. 200; lyUDarsa, pU. ni., kramAMka 100 51. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA bI. 207 52. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 355 53. mitrA, devalA; pU.ni., pR. 60 54. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 283, je. 288, je. 282 55. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA 178, epIgrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga-1, saM. 22; lyUDarsa pU. ni.; saM. 75 56. mitrA, devalA; pU. ni., pR. 59 57. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 277 58. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 14.369 59. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 595 ka aura kha 60. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 532: lyUDarsa, pU.ni., saM. 108 61. mitrA debalA; pU. ni., pR. 63 62. pharagyUsana, je.; TrI eNDa sarpeTa varzipa, pleTa 37, citra 1

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adhyAya SaSTam zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti SoDsa mahAjanapadoM meM zUrasena janapada bhI apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatA thaa| isa janapada meM jaina dharma kA ullekhanIya pracAra-prasAra huaa| sarvazreSTha kalAtmaka vikAsa isa janapada meM dIrghakAla taka dRSTigocara hotA hai| zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma evaM saMskRti kA sarvonmukhI vikAsa huaa| ___ bhArata ke purAtAtvika aura aitihAsika sandarbha meM vaidika saMskRti aura jaina saMskRti kA astitva prAcIna kAla se hI svIkAra kiyA jAtA ____ saMskRti jana kA mastiSka hai aura dharma jana kA hRdaya / jaina dharma ke viSaya meM upalabdha paramparA aura sAkSyoM ke adhyayana se yaha vidita hotA hai ki jaina dharma kA prArambha kisI vyakti vizeSa yA sthAna vizeSa se nahIM huA hai ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki jaina dharma ke vikAsa kA sambandha usa kAla vizeSa se sambandhita hai, jabase kisI puruSArthI yogI ne Atma-svabhAva ko jAnane ke lie sAdhanA kii| rAga-dveSa se mukta Atmavijaya karane vAle vyakti jina khlaaye| zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA nagarI bhArata kI hI nahIM apitu vizva kI prAcInatama sAMskRtika pramukha nagariyoM meM se eka sAMskRtika nagarI rahI hai| pavitra yamunA ke dakSiNa taTa para basI yaha ramya prAcInakAla se hI adhyAtma, vividhadharma, saMskRti, sAhitya aura vividha kalAoM Adi ke kSetra meM agraNI aura vaibhava sampanna rahI hai| sarvadharma samabhAva kA to

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120 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zUrasena janapada kendra sthala rahA hai| jise yahA~ ke vibhinna dhArmika-sAMskRtika paramparAoM, mandiroM, mUrtiyoM evaM anya avazeSoM ke AdhAra para pratyakSa rUpa se dRSTigocara hote haiN| zUrasena janapada kI saMskRti ko 'braja saMskRti' bhI kahate haiN| bhagavata dharma ke udaya ke pazcAt zUrasena kI rAjadhAnI mathurA meM jaina saMskRti para anya dharmoM evaM paramparAoM kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| phalasvarUpa zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti ke vibhinna viSayoM ke sambandha meM mahatvapUrNa jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svAmI ne rUr3hivAdI varNa vyavasthA, pAkhaNDa, asamAnatA aura dhArmika karma-kANDoM ko asvIkAra kara samatA sthApita karane meM apanA sampUrNa jIvana vyatIta kiyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI ne Atma saMyama ke sAdhanA niyantraNa kA siddhAnta prastuta kiyA aura samAja meM naitika mUlyoM kI sthApanA kii| ___ saMskRti ghaTaka hai- sm+s+kRti| sama kA artha hai- samyaka, sa kA artha hai- zobhAdhAyaka tathA kRti kA artha hai- prytn| isa prakAra saMskRti kA artha hai- zobhAdhAyaka viveka sammata prytn|' saMskRti loka mAMgalika upayogI-prayatnoM ke mUla meM nihita mUlyoM kI samaSTi kA nAma hai| bhautika jIvanayApana ke samunnata sAdhanoM se manuSya kI sabhyatA kA AMkalana kiyA jAtA hai aura loka maMgalopayogI mUlyoM se saMskRti kA mUlyAMkana hotA hai| ___uccatama cintana kA nAma hI saMskRti hai| bhArata kA eka pramukha sAMskRtika kendra hone ke kAraNa zUrasena janapada ko prAcIna kAla meM atyadhika prasiddhi prApta huii| zUrasena janapada kA sAMskRtika samparka IrAna, yUnAna tathA madhya eziyA ke sAtha bahuta ghaniSTha rahA hai| zUrasena janapada vibhinna saMskRtiyoM ke pArasparika milana kA eka bar3A kendra bnaa| zUrasena janapada ke pramukha kalA kendroM kaMkAlI TIlA, zauripura, baTazvara, jaina caurAsI, soMkha, barasAnA, maTha, caubiyA pAr3A aura

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti 121 kaTarAkezava deva Adi kI khudAI ke dvArA bahusaMkhyaka jaina pASANa kalAkRtiyA~ prApta huI haiN| jaina dharma ne na kevala manuSyoM ko AdhyAtmika va naitika stara para uThAne kA prayatna kiyaa| apitu zUrasena janapada ke bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM ko sAMskRtika garimA pradAna kii| inake darzana se hRdaya pavitra aura Ananda vibhora ho jAtA hai| jaba jaina saMskRti zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai taba isase tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kA eka samAja hai aura vaha apanI saMskRti kI pahacAna karAne vAlI AcAra evaM vicAragata vizeSatAoM se maNDita hai, jo anyatra durlabha hai| parantu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki anya saMskRtiyoM ke hRdaya se jaina saMskRti kI AtmA bhinna hai| sarvonmukhI saMskRti ke rUpa meM zramaNoM ne apanI viziSTa pahacAna sthApita kii| ___ jaina dharma ne varNa-jAti rUpa samAja vibhAjana ko kabhI mahatva nahIM diyaa| Aja ke IrSyA aura saMgharSa ke viSa se jalate hue saMsAra ko jIvamAtra ke kalyANa aura utkarSa kI bhAvanAoM se ota-prota isa amRta samAna upadeza kI sarvAdhika AvazyakatA hai|" bauddhoM ne bhI zarasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI meM apane aneka kendra sthApita kie| aneka paurANika devatAoM kI pratimAoM kI bhA~ti bhagavAna buddha kI pratimA kA nirmANa bhI sabase pahale mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata huaa| yaha sthAna bhArata kA eka pramukha kendra hai| bhagavAna kRSNa kI janma tathA lIlA kSetra mathurA hai to bAisaveM jaina bhagavAna neminAtha kA janma sthAna zauripura hai tathA donoM cacere bhAI ke rUpa meM varNita kiye gae hai|' isa avasara para devatAoM ne neminAtha bhagavAna ke garbha aura janma kalyANakoM kA mahAn utsava zauripura meM maanyaa| sabase pramukha sAMskRtika vizeSatA yaha dRSTavya hotI hai ki vaidika-paurANika, jaina tathA bauddha dharma zUrasena janapada meM sadaiva zatAbdiyoM

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa taka sAtha-sAtha vikasita hote rahe / phalasvarUpa isa janapada meM samanvaya tathA sahiSNutA kI bhAvanAoM meM vRddhi huI / ina pramukha dharmoM ke kendroM meM binA pArasparika IrSyA-dveSa ke sAMskRtika pragati hotI rahI / isa prakAra zUrasena janapada meM isa dhArmika sAMskRtika samanvaya ne eka uccatama saMskRti kA sRjana kiyA jahA~ para bhagavAna kRSNa ne gItA kA upadeza diyA to vahIM para bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko vizvavyApI banA diyA / jaina dharma meM rAga-dveSa ko bhI hiMsA mAnA gayA hai / " 122 sAMskRtika vikAsa meM pramukha kendra takSazilA, zUrasena vArANasI, devagar3ha, ujjayinI, vidizA, nAlandA vikramazilA, pratiSThAna, zravaNabelagolA, kaliMga, ballabhI aura puNDravardhana Adi kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna thA / " zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma ke antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra kA samavasaraNa AyA thaa| unake upadezoM ko sunakara nagara zreSThI uditodaya, unake mantrI, rAjyAdhikArI aura aneka nAgarika bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dharmAnuyAyI bana gaye the| zanaiH zanaiH zUrasena janapada meM jainadharma jana sAdhAraNa kA dharma bana gayA aura vahA~ jaina saMskRti kA darzana pratimAkalA evaM sthApatyakalA meM spaSTa dRSTigocara hotI hai, tathA anya saMskRtiyoM para bhI isakA prabhAva dRSTavya hai| mahAvIra kI mRtyu ke pazcAta jaina dharma do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gayAdigambara evaM zvetAmbara / mahAvIra ke pramukha ziSyoM meM antima evaM sarvajJa jambU svAmI the|" jambU svAmI ne jaina saMgha ke saMcAlana kA bhAra caubIsa varSoM taka vahana kiyaa| 12 jambUsvAmI ko digambara tathA zvetAmbara sampradAyoM ke anuyAyI apanA-apanA AcArya mAnate haiM jambU svAmI jaina AcAryoM meM antima kevalI the / unake pazcAt kisI ko kevala jJAna prApta nahIM ho sakA / antima kevalI zrI jambU svAmI ke zUrasena janapada ke caurAsI kSetra meM mokSa prApta karane ke kAraNa yaha sthAna pAvana siddha kSetra ke rUpa meM prasiddha huaa| 14

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti zUrasena janapada ke pramukha sAMskRtika kendra zaurIpura meM zrIdhanya, yama, vimalAsuta, alasatkumAra kaivaliyoM ko nirvANa prApta huA thA / phalasvarUpa zUrasena janapada kI gaNanA siddha kSetroM meM kI jAne lgiiN| zUrasena janapada ke vibhinna sAMskRtika kendroM se utkhanana dvArA abhilekhiya sAkSya ke adhyayana se yaha vidita hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM gandhika, lohAra, sArtha, sunAra, kapAsa vyApArI, raMgareja Adi sAmAnya jAtiyA~ bhI jaina dhArmika kAryoM meM utsAha ke sAtha bhAga letI thIM / pratimAoM ke pAda - pIThoM para inakI kalAtmakatA kA ullekha milatA / inakA vistAra se varNana mUrtikalA ke adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai / " zUrasena janapada ke sAskRtika vikAsa meM vahA~ ke Arthika jIvana kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai / kyoMki zUrasena janapada vyApAra kA pramukha kendra thaa| isa nagara meM svarNa, rajata, dhana-dhAnya Adi kA kraya-vikraya hotA thA / yahA~ sArthavAha rahate the / hai 'padyacarita' meM varNita hai ki zUrasena janapada meM kastUrI, sugandhita dravya, vastra, gaja, azva, U~Ta aura gAya kA vyApAra hotA thA / kRSi ke lie yaha janapada prasiddha thA / 17 123 prAcIna bhArata meM zUrasena janapada eka pramukha vyApArika kendra thA / takSazilA se calakara sakala, syAla koTa eka mahAjanapatha zUrasena janapada meM Akara do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho jAtA thaa| eka zAkhA kannauja, prayAga, kAzI aura pATaliputra se hote hue tAmralipti ko calI jAtI thI / yaha mArga uttarApatha kahalatA thaa| dUsarA mArga ujjayinI hote hue pazcimI samudrataTa para sthita bharukaccha (bhar3IMca) ko jAtA thA / 18 zUrasena janapada se veraMjA, soroM, saMkisA, kAnyakubja evaM prayAga se hota hue eka mArga uttarApatha ke mArga meM mila jAtA thA, jahA~ se gaMgA pAra karake vArANasI taka mArga jAtA thA / 19 magadha sAmrAjya meM kozala aura vajji janapadoM ke mila jAne se uttara pradeza se lekara kajaMgala ( kurukSetra) taka kA mahApatha magadha ke adhikAra

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124 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa meM A gyaa| gaMgA ke maidAna kA dakSiNI mArga indraprastha se zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA hotA huA ilAhAbAda ke pAsa kauzAmbI pahu~catA thA aura vahA~ se cunAra jAtA thaa| mahAbhArata meM dezI aura videzI bandaragAhoM kA ullekha milatA hai| indraprastha se calakara eka mArga mathurA-mAlavApatha se mAhiSmatI hokara potanapura paiThana (bodhana jo haidarAbAda rAjya meM maMjirA aura godAvarI nadiyoM ke saMgama ke dakSiNa meM sthita thA) pahu~catA thaa| zUrasena janapada ghor3oM ke vyApAra ke lie prasiddha thaa| upagupta kI kathA meM ullikhita hai ki zUrasena janapada meM eka paMjAba kA vyApArI pA~ca sau ghor3e lekara aayaa| vaha itanA dhanI thA ki zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI meM praveza karate hI usane vahA~ kI sabase bahumUlya gaNikA kI mA~ga kii| ___ kAzI aura indraprastha ke madhya jala mArga dvArA bhI vyApAra hotA thaa| kAzI se nAva dvArA gaMgA se prayAga usake bAda vyApArI yamunA dvArA indraprastha pahu~cate the| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA jalamArga dvArA vyApAra karane kA pramukha kendra bhI rhii| __ zUrasena janapada meM siMcAI kI uttama vyavasthA thii| siMcAI ke lie rahaToM kA prabandha thaa| gehU~, dhAna, gannA, canA, kodo, mUMga, ur3ada aura moMTa Adi samasta dhAnya utpanna hote the| gehU~ kI khetI zUrasena janapada meM vizeSa rUpa se hotI thii| dUdha-dahI kI pracuratA thii| ___ zUrasena janapada Arthika dRSTi se atyanta samRddhi evaM sampanna thaa| sAmAnya janatA bhI, gandha mAlA, dUdha Adi padArthoM kA upabhoga karatI thii| yAtriyoM ko vizrAma ke sAtha-sAtha bhojana bhI prApta hotA thaa| yAtriyoM ke lie pyAU~, bhojana-zAlAe~ aura vizrAma zAlAe~ bhI nirmita thiiN| zUrasena janapada vyApAra ke lie vikhyAta thaa| yahA~ vastra uttama koTi kA nirmita hotA thaa| mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata nirmita pratimAe~ banArasa, zrAvastI tathA anya sthAnoM ko bhejI jAtI thiiN|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti 125 bhojana manuSya ke jIvana kI prAthamika AvazyakatA hai| 'AcArAMga sUtra' meM aneka phaloM jaise kelA, vilva, nAriyala, tAr3a, zrIparNI, dADima, kaserU aura siMghAr3A Adi phaloM kA ullekha milatA hai| yadyapi jaina samAja meM dhArmika dRSTi se mAMsAhAra varjita hai| zUrasena janapada meM mUrtikalA evaM sthApatya kalA ke mAdhyama se isa kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa sAMskRtika vikAsa huaa| kaMkAlI TIle ke utkhananoM dvArA asaMkhya pratimAeM prakAza meM AyIM, jinake adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki zUrasena janapada kalA kA eka pramukha kendra thaa| bhagavAna RSabhanAtha, pArzvanAtha, neminAtha evaM mahAvIra svAmI kI aneka pratimAe~ pramukha rUpa se upalabadha huI haiN| zUrasena janapada se prApta pratimAoM ke adhyayana se vidita hotA hai ki jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM meM videzI bhI hote the parantu jaina dharma ne jA~ti-pA~ti ko tor3akara videziyoM ko bhI AtmasAta kara liyA thaa| phalasvarUpa videziyoM ne bhI dAna Adi kAryoM meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA abhinita kii| ___ zUrasena janapada meM mahilAoM ne jaina dharma ke prati agAdha zraddhA prakaTa kii| yaha bhAva unake dvArA sthApita kiye gaye dAna AyAgapaTTa, pratimAeM tathA anya kalAkRtiyoM kI upalabdhatA se jJAta hotA hai| tatkAlIna samaya meM striyoM kA sammAnanIya sthAna thaa| unheM bhI dhArmika kArya karane kI svatantratA thii| ___ kaMkAlI TIle se prApta eka I. pU. prathama zatI kA AyAgapaTTa prApta huA hai| lekha ke anusAra pharguyaza nartaka kI patnI zivayazA ne sthApita karavAyA thaa| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zUrasena janapada meM pratyeka varga ko svecchA se sAMskRtika evaM dhArmika kAryoM ko karane kI svatantratA thii| anya pratimAoM meM aMkita nArI AkRtiyoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya striyoM kI sammAnajanaka sthiti thii| 'Rgveda' meM 'nRta' zabda kA ullekha huA hai, jisakA artha hai 'nartakI' 132 'vAjasaneyI saMhitA' meM vezyAvRtti ko eka pezA svIkAra

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126 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa kiyA gayA hai, parantu smRti granthoM meM isa peze ko sammAnajanaka nahIM kahA gyaa| jAtaka granthoM meM gaNikAoM ko kevala udAra hI nahIM batAyA gayA hai, apitu unheM Adara kI dRSTi se bhI dekhA gayA hai / " gaNikAe~ aneka kalAoM meM nipuNa hotI thIM / bRhatkalpabhASya meM cauMsaTha kalAoM meM pUrNa eka gaNikA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jaina aura bauddhakAla meM gaNikAe~ nagara kI zobhA mAnI jAtI thIM / rAjA unheM apanI rAjadhAnI kA ratna samajhatA thA / kaMkAlI TIle se prApta eka kuSANakAlIna jaina AyAgapaTTa ke lekha se vidita hotA hai ki gaNikA lavaNa zobhikA kI putrI vasu ne yaha AyAgapaTTa dAna meM diyA thaa|* isa AyAgapaTTa para sampUrNa stUpa kI AkRti nirmita hai I isa prakAra gaNikAyeM bhI jaina dharma ke prati Adara bhAva rakhatI thIM aura dAna, dharmAdi kAryoM ko karane meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna detI thiiN| 1 adhikAMza caraNa- caukI para utkIrNa lekhoM se vidita hotA hai ki sarvAdhika pratimA dAna evaM AyAgapaTTa dAna zrAvikAoM ne diyA thA / isa para mAtA, dAdI, patnI, putrI, sAsa, bahU, pautrI Adi ke rUpa meM varNita hai| samAja ke pratyeka varga dvArA kiyA gayA jaina dhArmika kArya prazaMsanIya hai| samAja meM sAdhvI striyoM kA ullekha bhI huA hai / yadyapi unakA jIvana kaThora thA aura muniyoM kI apekSA unheM adhika anuzAsita jIvana vyatIta karanA par3atA thA / 7 videzI striyoM ne bhI arhatapUjA ke prati zraddhA prakaTa kI / kuSANakAlIna kaMkAlI TIle se prApta eka tIrthaMkara pratimA para tIna lambI aura tIkhe nAka-nakza vAlI striyoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai / isa para gAndhAra kalA kA prabhAva dRSTavya hai / tInoM mahilAeM sAr3I pahane hue haiM jisameM videzI prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai | 38 mahAvIra svAmI ne sabhI prANiyoM ke prati dayA dikhAI tathA unake dharma kA dvAra sabhI varga evaM vyavasAya ke lie khulA thA / jaina dharma ke pramukha

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti 127 siddhAntoM meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha tathA kSamA, mRdutA Adi meM ahiMsA sarvopari hai| jaina dharma meM aneka prakAra ke vratoM aura upavAsoM, bhAvanAoM aura tapasyAoM, dhyAnoM aura yogoM kA uddezya AtmavRtti prApta krnaa| ___ tIrthaMkaroM aura AcAryoM ne isa vRtti ko jIvana meM sthApita karane ke lie jo upadeza diyA vaha aneka jaina granthoM meM varNita hai| ardhamAgadhI, zairasanI, mahArASTrI, apabhraMza prAkRta evaM saMskRta meM jaina dharma kA vipula sAhitya surakSita hai jo apanI bhASA, viSaya, zailI va sajAvaTa ke guNoM dvArA apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai| inakA advitIya mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| zUrasena janapada meM sAMskRtika gativadhiyoM kA pramukha sAkSya sAhityika grantha hI haiN| jaina dharma ke AgamoM kA prAmANika pATha nizcita karane ke lie cauthI zatAbdI meM AcArya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zUrasena janapada meM eka dharma pariSada kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| usameM jo pATha nizcita kie gae use jaina dharma meM 'mAthurI vAcanA' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai kyoMki sabhA zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA meM bulAyI gaI thii| kaMkAlI TIle ke utkhanana se eka mAtra sarasvatI kI kuSANakAlIna pratimA prApta huI hai| yaha sarvAdhika prAcIna abhilikhita pratimA hai| pratimA ke donoM kalAiyoM meM kaMgana jaise AbhUSaNa utkIrNa hai, jisase striyoM kA AbhUSaNa ke prati prema prakaTa hotA hai| __ mathurA kalA zailI ke kalAkAroM ne pustakadhAriNI isa sarasvatI pratimA kA nirmANa kara jainAgamoM ko lipibaddha karAne ke Andolana ko mahatvapUrNa praraNA pradAna kii| sarvaprathama pratimAoM meM zrIvatsa lAMchana kA nirmANa matharA kalA zailI ke antargata prArambha huaa| bAisaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ke bhagavAna zrI kRSNa evaM balarAma kA aMkana zUrasena janapada kI mUrtiyoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai|

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128 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti ke antargata pratimAkalA kA prArambha mathurA kalA zailI ke dvArA hI prArambha huA hai, jo anyatra durlabha hai| ___ zUrasena janapada meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvana gAthAoM se sambandhita do mahatvapUrNa kalAkRtiyoM kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huI haiN| jinoM ke jIvana se sambandhita kalAvazeSa anyatra durlabha haiN| ___ zuMgakAlIna prathama kalAkRti meM prathama jaina tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI sabhA meM nIlAnjanA apsarA ke nRtya kA dRzyapaTTa hai|" isa dRSyapaTTa se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zUrasena janapada meM nRtyakalA apanI vikasita avasthA meM thii| gIta evaM nRtya kA ekamAtra yaha prastara paTTa tatkAlIna jaina saMskRti kA bodha karAte haiN| apsarA ke nRtya paTTa kA kaMkAlI TIle se prApta hone ke kAraNa yaha tathya spaSTa hotA hai ki mathurA kalA zailI ke zilpakAroM ne jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana se sambandhita ghaTanAoM ko utkIrNa karane kA kArya sabase pahale prArambha kiyaa| eka anya kuSANakAlIna kRti caubIsaveM jaina tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svAmI kI jIvana se sambandhita hai| isa amUlya prastara kalAkRti meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bhrUNa ko kSatrANI trizalA ke garbha meM sthAnAntarita karane kI gAthA ko utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| ___ isa prastara kathA se yaha vidita hotA hai ki zUrasena janapada ke prAcIna cikitsaka garbha-sthAnAntaraNa kI atyanta jaTila zalya-kriyA meM nipuNa the| zUrasena janapada ke jaina muniyoM ne jaina dharma ko na kevala varNa, jAti, liMga Adi ke bhedabhAva se mukta rakhA aura brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra aura vibhinna vyavasAyoM ko karane vAle ucca jAtIya, nIca jAtIya, vividha vargIya, dezI-videzI, strI-puruSa, sabhI ko samAna adhikAroM ke sAtha svadharma meM dIkSita kiyA, varana apanI dharmAzrita kalA ko bhI vividha prakAroM evaM rUpoM meM atyanta udAratA ke sAtha pallavita kiyaa|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti 129 bhArata deza meM lekhana pravRtti ko lokapriya evaM janapriya banAne vAle loga zUrasena janapada ke jaina muni hI the aura isa kAla kI zUrasena janapada meM hI sarvaprathama eka sugaThita jaina muni saMgha ke sAtha-sAtha eka suvyavasthita evaM vizAla jaina sAdhvI saMgha ke bhI darzana hote haiN| prAcIna kAla se lekhana kalA kA jJAna prArambha ho cukA thaa|" lekhana kalAoM ko bahattara kalAoM meM bhI ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| sArthavAha ke loga bhI apanI yAtrA ke samaya zilA para mArga-sUcaka cinha banAte the, jisase yAtriyoM ke Ane-jAne meM suvidhA ho|" lipiyoM ke krama meM sarvaprathama brAhmI aura kharoSThI lipiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| brAhmI lipi bAyeM se dAyeM aura kharoSThI lipi dAyeM se bAyeM kI ora likhI jAtI thii| kharoSThI lipi prAcIna bhArata ke uttara-pazcima kSetra meM pracalita thI aura gAndhAra kI sthAnIya lipi ke rUpa meM vikhyAta thii| ___ brAhmIlipi meM jaina abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha haiN| brAhmI ke pariNAmasvarUpa devanAgarI varNamAlA kA vikAsa huaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne arddhamAgadhI bhASA meM apane pravacana kA upadeza diyA thaa| sabhI para isa bhASA kA prabhAva par3A tathA yaha bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha pazu-pakSiyoM taka kI samajha meM A sakatI thii| - isase siddha hotA hai ki jaise bauddhoM ne mAgadhI bhASA ko saba bhASAoM kA mUla mAnA hai, vaise hI jainoM ne ardhamAgadhI ko Arya bhASA kA mUla svIkAra kiyaa| jaina AgamoM kI bhASA bhI ardhamAgadhI hai| ___bharatamuni' ne mAgadhI, avantI, prAcya, zairasenI, brAlIkA aura dAkSiNatya ke sAtha-sAtha ardhamAgadhI ko sAta prAcIna bhASAoM meM ullikhita kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne jaina AgamoM ke prAcIna sUtroM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI batAyI hai| unhoMne prAkRta, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI aura apabhraMza bhASAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai|"

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130 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa __haribhadra sUri ne jainAgamoM kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI na kahakara prAkRta kahA hai| 'mArkaNDeya' ke matAnusAra zaurasenI ke samIpa hone se mAgadhI ko hI ardhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai| __ jaina saMskRti nivRtti mUlaka puruSArtha pradhAna vyaktivAdI dharma para AdhArita hai| jaina saMskRti vastu kI svataMtratA, AtmA kI svataMtratA evaM svAvalambana para vizvAsa karatI hai| yaha guNa pradhAna saMskRti hai jisameM ucca AcaraNa evaM saMskAra vyakti ko zreSThatA pradAna karate haiN| __ jaina saMskRti kI mAnyatA hai ki vizva anAdi aura ananta hai| jaina saMskRti evaM AcAra kA mUla AdhAra aMhisA, dayA, aparigraha anekAnta evaM samatA bhAva hai| zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti ke antargata Amoda-pramAda evaM manoraMjana kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| zUrasena janapada ke nivAsI aneka prakAra ke Amoda-pramoda aura manoraMjana kiyA karate the| utsava, yajJa, parva, goSThI Adi aise tyauhAra mila julakara manAte the| sadaiva hI manoraMjana kA jIvana meM mahatva rahA hai| "jJAtadharmathAMga' se jJAta hotA hai ki prajA ke manoraMjana ke lie rAjya kI ora se ucita prabaMdha kiye jAte the| __ aupapAtika aura rAjapraznIya Adi jaina granthoM se yakSAyatanoM kA astitva jJAta hotA hai jinakA svarUpa vartamAna manoraMjana gRhoM ke samAna thaa| avakAza ke samaya loga yahA~ ekatra hokara nRtya, saMgIta, mallayuddha, kathA, kahAnI, bAjIgaroM tathA jAdUgaroM ke vividha khela-tamAzoM kA Ananda uThAte the| vAsudevahiNDI se yaha vidita hotA hai ki gA~va ke bAhara aindrajAlikA jAdU kA khela dikhAyA jAtA thaa|63 jAtaka kathAoM meM manoraMjana ke lie sAMpa kA khela dikhAkara AjIvikA arjita karane vAle saperoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / ' mAnava sadaiva se utsavapriya rahA hai| utsava ke avasara para strI-puruSa, bAlaka,

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti vRddha, yuvA sabhI AbhUSaNoM se sajjita hokara nAcate, gAte, bajAte, bhojana-pAna karate Anandamagna hote the| 65 T manoraMjana ke lie pazu-pakSiyoM ko Apasa meM lar3AnA bhI prasiddha hai jaina granthoM meM mahaSi-yuddha, kukkuTa - yuddha aura mayUra - yuddha kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| rAjAoM ke vyasta jIvana meM AkheTa manoraMjana kA pramukha sAdhana thA 1 titi 131 'jJAtadharmakathAMga' se yaha vidita hotA hai ki gaNikAe~ bhI tatkAlIna samAja kA manoraMjana karatI thiiN| 7 jaina stambhoM para bhI manovinoda ke dRzya utkIrNa kiye gaye haiM / mathurA kalA zailI meM pakSiyoM ke sAtha krIDA karane ke aneka dRzya upalabdha hue haiN| phUla cunane aura geMda khelane ke bhI kaI manorama dRzya zUrasena janapada ke kendroM se prApta vedikA stambhoM para dekhe jA sakate haiN| kaMkAlI TIle se prApta stambhoM para isa prakAra ke kathAtmaka manoraMjana kA aMkana bahulatA se prApta huA hai| prakRti ke sAtha mAnava jIvana kA ghaniSThatam sambandha rahA hai 1 isakA udAharaNa sAhitya meM nahIM apitu kalA meM bhI latA-vRkSoM, pazu-pakSiyoM, nadI-sarovaroM Adi ke sAtha loka jIvana kA gaharA sambandha dRSTigocara hotA hai / isa prakRti sambandha ne aneka utsavoM ko janma diyA, jinameM eka zAlabhaMjikA kA utsava thA / zAlabhaMjikA utsava ke dina navor3hA yA anya yuvatI jisake paira mahAvara se raMge huye tathA AbhUSaNoM se susajjita hokara azoka vRkSa ke nikaTa jAtI thI / eka hAtha se vaha vRkSa kI DAla pakar3atI aura phira paira kA komala AghAta karatI thI / isa utsava ko 'azoka dohada' bhI kahate hai| arthAt isa utsava kA yaha abhiprAya thA ki yuvatI ke caraNoM ke AghAta se azoka kA per3a puSpita ho jAtA thA / isa utsava meM bhAga lene vAlI strI ko 'zAlabhaMjikA' kI saMjJA dI gyii| udyAnoM ke atirikta mandiroM aura stUpoM meM rAjA ke gharoM meM bhI

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132 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zrRMgAra aura alaMkaraNa ke rUpa meM zAlabhaMjikA pratimAoM kA aMkana hone lgaa| zUrasena janapada kI zAlabhaMjikA pratimAe~ kalA kI amara kRtiyA~ haiN| inameM azoka, campaka, nAga kesara kadamba Adi vRkSoM ke sahAre khar3I huI yuvatiyoM ke aMga-vinyAsoM kA manohara citraNa milatA hai| jainagranthoM 'rAyapaseNiyasUtra' meM vimAna ke AlaMkArika varNana ke prasaMga meM aneka sthaloM para zAlabhaMjikA mUrtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ye mUrtiyoM bar3e hI kalAtmaka DhaMga se nirmita kI gaI hai| __ zUrasena janapada se prApta vedikA stambhoM para snAna aura prasAdhana ke aneka dRzya aMkita haiN| zUrasena janapada ke nivAsI Arthika dRSTi se samRddha the| samAja meM sabhI varga ke strI-puruSa svayaM ko AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta karate the| AbhUSaNa sone, cA~dI, maNi-muktAoM aura ratnoM Adi se nirmita hote the|" striyA~ hAra, kuNDala, kar3e, aMgUThiyA~, kamarabandha, pairoM meM nUpura pahanatI thiiN| striyA~ raMga-biraMgI sundara mAlAe~ dhAraNa karatI thiiN| tatkAlIna purAtAtvika avazeSoM ke anuzIlana se vidita hotA hai ki vidyAdharoM kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa thaa| vidyAdharoM ko AkAzagAmI bhI kahA gayA hai| ve apanI icchAnusAra nirmita zreSTha vimAnoM meM yAtrA kiyA karate the| unheM jaina dharma meM bhaktoM ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| vidyAdhara aneka kalAoM kA prayoga karane meM nipuNa the| kaMkAlI TIle se prApta aneka kalAkRtiyoM meM ur3ate hue vidyAdharoM kA sajIva aMkana kiyA gayA hai| zUrasena janapada meM jisa saMskRti kA darzana hotA hai vahI saMskRti sampUrNa uttara-bhArata athavA sampUrNa bhArata meM vidyamAna thii| jaina dharma meM antima saMskAra karane kI vidhi ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki mRtaka kA antima saMskAra karane ke pazcAt usake Upara caitya aura

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti 133 stUpa kA nirmANa karane kA pracalana thaa| mRtyu ke pazcAt zava ko candana, agarU, turUkka, ghI aura madhu DAlakara jalAyA jAtA thaa| ___ zarIra ke jala jAne ke pazcAt asthiyoM ko ekatra kara una para stUpa kI saMracanA kI jAtI thii| prathama jaina tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke nirvANa ke pazcAt unakI asthiyoM para caitya-stUpa kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| isa samaya se bhasma ko ekatra kara usake Upara smArakoM kA nirmANa prArambha huaa| zUrasena janapada meM antima kevali jambUsvAmI ke nirvANa ke pazcAt unakI smRti meM caurAsI kSetra meM stUpa nirmita karAye jAne kA ullekha hai| mRtaka-pUjana kA bhI ullekha milatA hai ki mRtyu ke pazcAt zava kA pUjana karane ke pazcAt dAha saMskAra kiyA jAtA thaa| anAtha mRtaka jisakA koI uttaradAyI nahIM hotA thA, usakI asthiyoM ko kalaza meM rakhakara gaMgA jI meM pravAhita kara diyA jAtA thaa|" kabhI-kabhI zava ko pazu-pakSiyoM ke bhakSaNa ke lie jaMgala meM bhI chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| parantu yaha kriyA-vidhi adhika pracalita nahIM thii| jaina muni ke zarIrAnta hone para usakI nIharaNa kriyA kI vistRta vidhi kA ullekha milatA hai| mRtaka saMskAra se yaha vidita hotA hai ki manuSya kA antima samaya eka samAna hote hue bhI antima saMskAra meM vibhinnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| isa prakAra zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti kA vikAsa spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai| saMskRti sImita nahIM hotI hai ataH saMskRti para deza-kAla evaM paristhitiyoM kA prabhAva spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai jaina saMskRti kA hRdaya vizAla hai| jaina saMskRti kI AtmA meM bhAratIya evaM jana saMskRti kA darzana hotA hai| __ bar3e-bar3e jhaMjhAvatoM ke bAvajUda jaina saMskRti kI dhArA zUrasena janapada kI dharatI se lupta nahIM huii| mRtyu hI hAratI hai, vijaya sadA jIvana kI

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa I hotI hai| jaina saMskRti kA svabhAva bhI aisA hI lacIlA hai / videzI AkrAntAoM ne bhI use dabA to liyA parantu niSprANa nahIM kara pAye AkramaNakAriyoM ne maMdiroM aura pratimAoM kA vinAza kiyA parantu jaina saMskRti jana saMskRti banakara logoM ke hRdaya meM pallavita hotI rahI / zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti ne samAja, dharma, vyApAra, kalA, AcaraNa, samRddhi, sAhitya aura loka jIvana ko atyadhika prabhAvita kiyA jaina saMskRti kA anekAneka sukha-samRddhi ke udAharaNa zUrasena janapada se prApta purAtAtvika evaM sAhityika sAkSyoM meM bahulatA se dRSTigocara hotA hai 134 saMskRti eka pravAhamAna saritA ke samAna haiN| zramaNa saMskRti zatAbdiyoM se apanI eka viziSTa pahacAna ke sAtha pravAhita ho rahI hai / yaha nirantara gatimAna saMskRti hai / jaina saMskRti zUrasena janapada meM apanI dIrgha yAtrA meM aneka anya saMskRtiyoM ko prabhAvita kiyA evaM svayaM bhI prabhAvita huI parantu sadaiva gatizIla banI rhii| jisa prakAra ilAhAbAda vibhinna nadiyoM kA saMgama sthala hai usI prakAra zUrasena vibhinna saMskRtiyoM kA milana sthala hai| yahA~ dharmoM evaM saMskRtiyoM kI ekatA zatAbdiyoM pUrva se calatI A rahI hai / saMdarbha grantha sUcI 1. bhAnAvata, narendra; jaina dharma kA sAMskRtika mUlyA~kana, pR. 155 2. jaina, prema sumana jaina dharma kI sAMskRtika virAsata, pR. 3 3. tripAThI, rAmamUrti jaina saMskRti kI vizeSatAe~, pR. 144 karmayogI zrI kesarImala jI surANA-abhinandana grnth| 4. jaina, hIrAlAla, pU. ni., pR. 144 5. tripAThI, rAmamUrti pU. ni., pR. 144 6. jaina, hIrAlAla ; pU.ni., pR. 376

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti 135 7. harivaMza purANa, 1137/2; tiloyapaNNati, 547 8. jaina, balabhadra; uttara pradeza ke digambara jaina tIrtha, bhAga-1, pR. 66 9. jaina, anekAnta kumAra; rAga ko bhI hisA mAnate the mahAvIra; dainika jAgaraNa, 11 apraila, 2006 10. vivAga sUya, 6; nAgArca, bihArI lAla; zUrasena janapada kI jaina virAsata, pR. 98, RSabha saurabha, dillI 1998 11. yAdava; jhinakU, jaina dharma kI aitihAsika rUparekhA, pR. 44 12. yAdava; jhinakU, pU. ni., pR. 44 13. yAdava; jhinakU, pU.ni., pR. 44, 45 14. nAgArca, bihArI lAla; pU.ni., pR. 97 15. nAgArca, bihArI lAla; pU.ni., pR. 98 16. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 22, je. 45, je. 49, je. 61 17. padyacaritam, 2, 24, 31 18. candra motI; pU.ni., pR. 16 19. vinayapiTaka, 3, 2 20. candra motI; pU.ni., pR. 25; lAhA, bI.sI.; prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola, pR. 67 21. digvijayaparva, 2/28/11,2/28/39 22. rAyacaudharI, eca.sI.; paoNliTikala hisTrI oNpha ainzyenTa iNDiyA, pR. 81 (SaSTam saMskaraNa) 23. divyAvadAna, 26, 353 24. jAtaka, 3.447, motIcandra, pU.ni., pR. 3; paoNla, Ara.ke., sAutha pAMcAla, pR. 99 25. padyacaritam 2, 24, 31

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136 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 26. jaina, jagadIzacandra; jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 1 27. jaina, jagadIzacandra; bhArata ke prAcIna jaina tIrtha, pR. 45 28. AcArAMga sUtra; 2, 1, 4, 47, 48 29. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 255 30. zAha, yU.pI.; sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa, pR. 79 31. rastogI, zailendra kumAra; lekha, "namo arahatAna - arhatopUjAye' pR. 78, maNibhadra zrI AtmAnanda sabhAbhavana, jayapura, 1982 32. vaidika iNDeksa, 1, pR. 457 33. yAjJavalkyasmRti kI TIkA, pR. 287 34. penjara; kathAsaritsAgara 1, epeMDiksa 4, pR. 138 35. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR. 64 36. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA kyU. 2 37. antaHkRdazA 6, pR. 33 38. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 20 39. jaina, hIrAlAla; pU.ni. 376 40. jaina, hIrAlAla; pU.ni., 376 41. zrI nivAsana, DI.ema.; mathurA-di kalcarala heriTeja, pR. 210, deva, esa. bI.; hisTrI oNva jaina monaikijma, pR. 20 42. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 24 43. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 77; rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 34.2488 44. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 354 45. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 626 46. mIttala, prabhudayAla; braja kI kalAoM kA itihAsa, pR. 134

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti 137 47. ojhA, gaurIzaMkara; bhAratIya lipimAlA, pR. 2 48. jambUdvIpa prajJapti, 3.54; rIjaDeviDsa; buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR. 108 49. bRhatkalpabhASya, pIThikA 195; nizIthacUrNI 5, pR. 361 50. lalita vistAra, pR. 126 51. puNyavijaya; bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti lekhanakalA, pR. 8 52. samavAyAMga, pR. 57; aupapAtika sUtra 34, pR. 146 53. AcArAMga cUrNI, pR. 255 54. samavAyAMga, pR. 57 55. alaMkAratilaka 1.1 56. bharatamUni; nATyazAstra, 17.48 57. prAkRta vyAkaraNa, 8.4.287 58. dazavaikAlikavRtti, pR. 203 59. prAkRta prakAza 12.38 60. bRhatkalpabhASya, pR. 644 61. jJAtadharmakathAMga, 1/76, kalpasUtra, 98 62. aupapAtika sUtra; rAjapraznIya sUtra 2 63. vasudevahiNDI, bhAga-1, pR. 195 64. jAtaka kathA, 5/45 65. jJAtadharmakathAMga, 1/76 66. jJAtadharmakathAMga, 3/5 67. jJAtadharmakathAMga, 3/5 68. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; mathurA ke jaina bedikA-stambha, pR. 44, 45; bhAskara jaina siddhAnta, bhAga-2, ArA jUna 1953

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138 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 69. zrIvAstava, e.ela.; bhAratIya kalA pratIka, pR. 78, vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; pU.ni., pR. 44, 45 70. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta, pU.ni., pR. 44, 45 71. AcArAMga; 2.2, 1, 70 72. bhagavatIsUtra, 9, 3, 33 73. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga-2, gAthA 2287 74. vAyu purANa, 69; mArkaNDeya purANa, pR. 401-4 75. Avazyaka cUrNI, pR. 222-24 76. Avazyaka bhASya, 26, 27; AvazyakacUrNI, pR. 157 77. vRhatkalpabhASyaTIkA, 4.5215 78. mahAnizItha, pR. 25, lalita vistara, pR. 265 79. bRhatkalpasUtra, 4.29

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adhyAya saptam zUrasena janapada meM jainadharma kA yogadAna : bhASA, sAhitya, darzana evaM lalitakalA zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna vibhinna kSetroM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa dhArmika sahiSNutA se pUrNa thA / aneka bhaugolika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTi se yaha deza saMgaThita thA / eka sarvahita lokopakArI saMskRti ke nirmANa meM bhAratIya dhArmika sAmAjika praNetAoM tathA AcAryoM kA abhUtaparva yogadAna rahA hai / jaina dharma ke antima caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI the / mahAvIra svAmI tathA unake pahale ke aneka tIrthaMkara kI janma bhUmi tathA kArya kSetra hone kA gaurava bihAra ke magadha pradeza ko prApta huA / vaidika dharma kI mAnyatAoM ke prati anAsthA kA bIjAropaNa bhArata meM mukhyataH magadha meM prArambha huaa| usa kSetra meM jaina, bauddha, AjIvika Adi aneka sampradAyoM kA udaya tathA vikAsa huaa| pATaliputra, rAjagRha tathA usake Asa-pAsa kA bhU-bhAga isa dRSTi se vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / ' dhIre-dhIre jaina tathA bauddha vicAra dhArAoM ne susaMgaThita dharmoM kA rUpa prApta kara liyA tathA unakA vyApaka prasAra magadha se bAhara zUrasena kaliMga zravaNavelagolA, takSazilA, devagar3ha, vArANasI aura vidizA Adi sthAnoM para huA / zUrasena janapada kI saMskRti eka samudra ke samAna hai, jisameM vibhinna jAtiyoM, vargoM, evaM samudAyoM kI mAnyatAeM evaM vizvAsa haiM /

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140 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa bhAratIya itihAsa para vihaMgama dRSTi DAle to yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki dharatI ne apanI sahiSNutA sugandhi meM AkrAmaka samudAyoM taka ko AplAvita kara unheM bhAratIya banA diyaa| Aryetara sabhyatA ke avazeSa har3appA, mohanajodar3oM, kAlIbaMgA, raMgapura Adi sthAnoM se prApta hue haiN| inase pazcimI eziyA kI sabhyatAoM meM pArasparika sambandhoM kA sahaja jJAna hotA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM Aryetara jAtiyoM kI dhArmika-sAmAjika mAnyatAe~ jJAta huI hai| unake katipaya AcAra-vicAra ko AtmasAta kara AryoM ne apanI sahiSNutA kI prakRti kA paricaya diyaa| jaina paramparA meM sabhI tIrthaMkara bhagavAnoM ko gaMgA-yamunA pradeza tathA sUrya, candravaMzI hone kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| manISI saMskRti nirmAtAoM ne deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM vicaraNa karake jIvana kA sandeza prasArita kiyaa| ___ satya, ahiMsA, tyAga tathA paropakAra ke prati pUrNa AsthA rakhane vAle jaina muniyoM kA jIvana Adarzamaya thaa| janasAdhAraNa unake prati apAra zraddhA kA bhAva rakhatI thI tathA unase uttama vyavahAra kI zikSAe~ grahaNa karane ke lie tatpara rahatI thii| jaina muniyoM kA adhikatama samaya adhyayana, manana tathA sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika kArya karane meM vyatIta hotA thA, jisase samAja kA naitika stara U~cA uTha ske| ___ muni saMgha janasAmAnya ke nikaTa Ane kA prayatna karate the| jaina muni kSetrIya bhASAoM meM apane pravacana evaM upadeza pradAna karate the| phalasvarUpa sthAnIya bhASAoM ke stara ko garimA prApta huii| samaya-samaya para zUrasena janapada meM zAsakoM kA sahayoga jaina dharma ko prApta hotA rhaa| zAsakoM ke sAtha vyavasAyiyoM tathA vyApAriyoM ne jaina dharma evaM saMskRti ke utthAna ke lie mahatvapUrNa Arthika sahAyatA pradAna kii| zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA eka pramukha vyApArika kendra thii| jahA~ para videzI vyApArI bhI Ate the| rAjAoM tathA

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zarasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 141 vyApAriyoM ke Arthika sahayoga se jaina muniyoM ne samAja ke lie aneka mahatvapUrNa kArya kiye| kuSANa zAsakoM ne to jaina dharma ke prati agAdha zraddhA prakaTa kI bauddha dharma ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma pallavita evaM puSpita hotA rahA tathA zatAbdiyoM taka yaha janapada jaina dharma kA pramukha kendra rhaa| bI.e. sailetora kI yaha mAnyatA yukti saMgata hai ki jaba bhI jaina dharma ke anuyAyI zAsakoM kA zAsana rahA, unhoMne anya dharmAvalambiyoM ko kisI bhI prakAra utpIr3ita nahIM kiyaa| unake rAjyakAla meM adhika yuddha bhI nahIM hue, kyoMki ve ahiMsA premI hote the| zAsaka varga apane vyAvahArika kAryoM meM bhI dhArmika gurUoM kA parAmarza prApta karate the, jo ahiMsA ke pujArI the| jaina muni sabhI dharmoM ko eka samAna mAnate the tathA balapUrvaka dharma parivartana ko asaMgata mAnate the|' ___ bhASA tathA sAhitya ke itihAsa meM jaina dharma kA ullekhanIya yogadAna rahA hai| zUrasena janapada kI upalabdhiyoM se bhAratIya sAhitya samRddha huaa| samaya kI gati ke anusAra jaina AcAryoM, sAhityakAroM evaM kalAmarmajJoM ne bhASA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM uccakoTi ke sAhitya kA praNayana kara bhAratIya sAhitya ke saMvarddhana meM apanA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne usa yuga kI lokabhASA arddhamAgadhI meM apane dharma-upadeza dvArA vizva mAnavatA ke kalyANa ko naI dizA pradAna kI, usakI upAdeyatA Aja ke sandarbha meM bhI atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| nemicandra zAstrI ke matAnusAra manuSya kI bhASA sRSTi ke Arambha se hI nirantara pravAha rUpa meM calI A rahI hai, para isa pravAha ke Adi aura anta kA patA nahIM hai| nadI kI vegavatI dhArA ke samAna bhASA kA vega aniyantrita rahatA hai| bhaugolika paristhitiyoM kA AdhAra pAkara mUla bhASA vikAsa aura vistAra ko prApta karatI gii| isa prakAra vikAsa aura vistAra karate-karate eka se aneka bhASAeM banatI gaI, jinakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para unameM pUrNataH bhinnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zUrasena janapada kI sAhityika upalabdhiyoM se bhAratIya sAhitya samRddha huaa| jaina AcArya apane Apa meM eka sampUrNa saMsthA the| unakI AvazyakatAe~ atyanta sImita thIM aura unakA pUrA samaya adhyayana-adhyApana, lekhana tathA dharma pracAra meM vyatIta hotA thA / 1 142 jaina AcArya kisI viziSTa bhASA ke prati pakSapAta nahIM rakhate the / unhoMne devavANI kI utkRSThatA para bala nahIM diyaa| unake lie sabhI bhASAeM samAna thiiN| unhoMne janabhASAoM ko samRddha kiyaa| loka-bhASA aura sAhitya ke prati jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kA sadaiva Adara bhAva rahA hai| phalasvarUpa loka bhASAoM meM upadeza evaM sAhitya-sRjana kI paramparA nirantara vidyamAna rahI hai jaina AcAryoM aura lekhakoM ne saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, tamila, kannar3a, telagU, marAThI aura gujarAtI Adi bhASAoM ko apane lekhana ke dvArA samRddhi pradAna kii| unheM sazakta lokabhASAoM ke rUpa meM sAhitya-sRjana ke yogya banAyA phalasvarUpa jaina dharma evaM sAhitya jana sAdhAraNa taka pahu~ca sakA / azoka, khAravela, sAtavAhana tathA kuSANa Adi rAjAoM ne bhI janabhASAoM kA mahatva svIkAra kiyA aura unheM zAsana tantra meM pramukha sthAna diyA / " jaina AcAryoM ne sAmAjika kalyANa kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara sAhityika gatividhiyoM ko protsAhita kiyaa| bhArata ke rAjanItika itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke sambandha meM jaina sAhitya se mahatvapUrNa dizA-nirdeza prApta hote haiM / jainAcAryoM kA sAhitya ke kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai T mahAvIra yugIna tathA paravartI itihAsa kA vistRta citraNa jaina srotoM se jJAta tathyoM ke AMkalana dvArA magadha, zUrasena, avanti, vaizAlI, vatsa Adi janapadoM kA mahatva sahajatA se jJAta hotA hai / ' jaina AcArya paramparA se sambandhita grantha, patra - prajJapti, paTTAvaliyA~ itihAsa nirmANa meM bahuta sahAyaka evaM upayogI siddha huI hai| jaina srotoM

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 143 se yaha mahatvapUrNa jAnakarI prApta hotI hai ki rAjA, yuvarAja, senApati aura mantrI Adi kA zAsanatantra meM vizeSa mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| __zUrasena janapada meM zaurasenI ke sAtha-sAtha mAgadhI, prAkRta, saMskRta Adi bhASAoM kA pracalana thaa| isI prakAra mAgadhI aura arddhamAgadhI magadha kI pramukha bhASA thii| zaurasenI kA ghaniSTha sambandha 'madhyadeza' se thA, jo prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kA pramukha kendra rahA hai, aura yaha saMskRta nATakoM kI utpatti kA kendra mAnA jAtA hai| isI prakAra mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI kI bhA~ti zaurasenI kA janma bhI prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM se huA hai| mahArASTrI isake bAda AtI hai| digambara jaina AgamoM kI bhASA zaurasenI hai, apitu zvatombara jaina AgamoM kI bhASA arddhamAgadhI haiN| zUrasena AcAryoM kI pravRttiyoM kA pramukha kendra rahA hai, ataeva unakI racanAoM meM zaurasenI kI pramukhatA parilakSita hotI hai| digambara evaM zvetAmbara Agama granthoM kI bhASAoM meM sabase bar3A antara yaha hai ki arddhamAgadhI meM racita AgamoM meM ekarUpatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| pizala ne digambara Agama granthoM kI zaurasenI ko jaina zaurasenI kA nAma diyA hai| unake matAnusAra boliyoM meM jo bolacAla kI bhASAeM vyavahAra meM prayoga kI jAtI haiM unameM zaurasenI kA sthAna sarvaprathama evaM mahatvapUrNa hai| aMga granthoM ko digambara evaM zvetAmbara donoM sampradAyoM meM samAna sthAna prApta hai| dvAdazAMga granthoM meM gyAraha aMgagrantha pahale likhe gaye haiM aura ina gyAraha aMga-granthoM kI bhASA ArSa-vacana tathA arddhamAgadhI hai| yaha bhASA sabhI jana sAmAnya ke lie sahaja tathA sarala thI aura ise sampUrNa bhASAoM kI jananI bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|" ___ Agama sAhitya do prAkRta bhASAoM meM dRSTavya hote haiM- arddhamAgadhI aura shaursenii| gyAraha aMga?, bAraha upAMga, chaH chandasUtra, cAra mUlasUtra,

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144 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa dasa prakIrNaka aura do cUlikA sUtroM kI bhASA arddhamAgadhI hai tathA SaDkhaNDAgama sUtra aura kasAyapAhuDa kI bhASA shaursenii| isake atirikta siddhAnta, karma aura AcAra viSayaka aneka grantha zaurasenI bhASA meM parilakSita hai| arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, TIkA vivaraNa, vivRtti, dIpikA, avacUri, avacUrNI, vyAkhyA Adi rUpa meM asaMkhya sAhitya kA sRjana huA hai| __ I. pU. chaThI zatAbdI meM mahAvIra evaM buddha ke dharmopadeza ke phalasvarUpa prAkRta sAhitya kA prAdurbhAva huaa| vibhinna vidhAoM kA prAkRta bhASA meM sRjana huA, jisameM Agama, zilAlekha, mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya, caritakAvya, muktaka kAvya evaM kathA pramukha haiN| Agama granthoM para TIkAeM bhI likhI gaI hai| Agama granthoM meM zIla, sadAcAra, vicAra-samanvaya, sRSTi, karma saMskAra sambandhI pravRttiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| siddhAnta sAhitya meM guNa sthAna aura mArga tathA karma sAhitya meM karma svarUpa aura usake phala dene kI prakriyA kA varNana dRSTigocara hotA hai| AcAra viSayaka sAhitya meM ahiMsAmUlaka vyavahAra ko sthira rakhane kA upadeza samAhita hai|13 zUrasena janapada meM zaurasenI bhASA meM AgamoM kA saMkalana kiyA gyaa| bhASA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM isa janapada kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| samudAya kA kSetra vistAra hone para kSetrIya AdhAra para vibhinna vizeSatAeM utpanna huii| bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne kSetrIya AdhAra para mukhyataH pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- zaurasenI, mAgadhI arddhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI aura paishaacii| jaina matAvalambiyoM ne apane dharma evaM sAhitya kA pracAra-prasAra karane ke lie prAkRtabhASA ko mAdhyama bnaayaa| jainAcAryoM ne hI AlocanAtmaka granthoM kA praNayana kiyaa| pratyeka bhASA ko jaina vidvAnoM ne apanI sAhityika racanA se samRddha kiyaa|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 145 do hajAra varSa pUrva zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA kA 'sarasvatI Andolana' vizva itihAsa kI eka aisI adbhuta ghaTanA hai jisakA anyatra udAharaNa durlabha hai| __ zrutajJAna kI dhArA banAe rakhane, usake saMrakSaNa evaM pracAra-prasAra ke prati AcAryoM, vidvAnoM evaM vizAla jana-samudAya kI jAgarUkatA, pragatizIlatA samarpaNa evaM AsthA kA pratIka yaha Andolana thaa| isa Andolana ne isa zruta sampadA kI rakSA ke lie eka krAnti kI aura isakA jIvanta udAharaNa jinavANI, zrutadevI kI kuSANa kAlIna abhilikhita sarasvatI devI kI kaMkAlI TIle se prApta pratimA hai| jJAna kI devI sarasvatI kI pratimA pratiSThApita karake Andolana kI adhiSThAtrI banAyA gyaa| zilAlekha evaM tithi sahita prAcIna bhArata kI sarvAdhika prAcIna sarasvatI pratimA kA nirmANa evaM pratiSThA karane kA zreya zUrasena janapada ko hI prApta hai| isake pUrva jaina Agama na to saMkalita the aura na hI surakSita the| zrutAvataraNa ke samaya bhI gautama Adi gaNadhara devoM dvArA zruta gumphana ke bAvajUda inheM lipibaddha karane kI apekSA pUrva paramparA ke anusAra isa zruta sampadA ko 'gurU-ziSya' paramparA vidhi dvArA kaNThastha vidhi se ise dhAraNa karate hue agale chaha sau varSoM taka saMrakSita rakhane kA pUrA prayAsa kiyA gyaa|17 zUrasena janapada kA yaha mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai ki sarasvatI pratimA kI sthApanA sarvaprathama isI kSetra meM huI tathA jaina AgamoM ko saMkalita karane ke lie eka mahatvapUrNa sarasvatI Andolana prArambha huaa| __ sarasvatI Andolana ke phalasvarUpa AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, bhagavatI, jJAtadharmakathA, upAsakadazA, antakRddazA, anuttaropapAtika dazA, praznavyAkaraNa, vizAkazruta aura dRSTivAda isa dvAdazAMka zruta kA saMrakSaNa mahAvIra svAmI ke nirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda hI sambhava huaa|

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146 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa ___ cauthI zatAbdI meM AgamoM ko punaH vyavasthita rUpa dene ke lie AcArya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA meM dvitIya sammelana Ayojita kiyA gyaa| jaina AgamoM kI yaha dUsarI vAcanA 'mathurI vAcanA' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI (saurASTra) meM eka aura sammelana Ayojita huA aura vismRta sUtroM ko saMkalita kiyA gyaa| jaina dharma kA kendra magadha se badalane ke bAda zUrasena janapada astitva meM aayaa| kuSANa zAsakoM ne bauddha dharma ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| sarasvatI Andolana kA prabhAva dhIre-dhIre sampUrNa deza meM phaila gyaa| sarasvatI kI abhilikhita pratimA nirmita hone ke pazcAt sampUrNa deza meM sarvatra sarasvatI kI pratimA ke nirmANa kA abhiyAna prArambha ho gyaa| sarasvatI pratimA ko sarvatra nirmita karAne meM zUrasena janapada kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| vIra nirvANa ke pazcAt dazamI zatI meM zvetAmbaroM ne pATaliputra, mathurA aura vallabhI dvArA usa samaya kI apanI bhASA meM aMgoM kA saMkalana kiyA unakI bhASA ko arddhamAgadhI nAma diyA gyaa| SaTkhaDAgama, kasAyapAhur3a se prArambha kara 'samayasAra', 'dhavalA' Adi kI digambara AcAryoM dvArA racanA huI, unakI bhASA kA zaurasenI nAmakaraNa kiyA gyaa| ___ hArnale ke matAnusAra "arddhamAgadhI kA rUpa gaThana mAgadhI aura zaurasenI se huA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke do varga haiM, eka varga meM zaurasenI bolI hai aura dUsare meM mAgadhI, prAkRta bolI hai, inake madhya meM eka rekhA uttara meM khiMcane para khAlasI se bairATa, ilAhAbAda aura dakSiNa meM rAmagar3ha se jaugar3ha taka hai| isa prakAra zanaiH-zanaiH hI donoM prAkRta, mAgadhI aura zaurasenI milakara tIsarI arddhamAgadhI bana gii| yahI tathya priyarsana ne bhI ullikhita kiyA hai| prAcIna bhArata meM zaurasenI aura mAgadhI do hI bhASAeM thiiN| vartamAna meM zvetAmbara Agama

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147 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna sAhitya meM jo grantha arddhamAgadhI meM upalabdha haiM, vaha arddhamAgadhI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI divya dhvani kI bhASA nahIM hai / isakA rUpa to cauthI - pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM gaThita huA / 22 'nATyazAstra' meM yaha preraNAprada tathya ullikhita hai ki zaurasenI ko sabhI uttama purUSoM ke dvArA kAvya Adi sAhityika racanAoM meM prayoga karanA cAhie | 23 jaina AcAryoM kA mukhya uddezya dhArmika siddhAntoM tathA naitika zikSAoM ko samAja ke sammukha upasthita karanA thaa| isake lie unhoMne sabhI pracalita bhASAoM ko apanAyA / jaba apabhraMza bhASA kA vikAsa huA, taba jaina lekhakoM ne apanI racanAoM se use samRddha kiyA / apabhraMza sAhitya ko surakSita rakhane ke lie jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ne vizeSa prayatna kiyA, kyoMki yaha unake lie usI prakAra upayogI thI jisa prakAra saMskRta tathA prAkRta bhASAeM / zUrasena janapada meM bhASA evaM sAhitya ko surakSita rakhane ke lie jaina lekhakoM evaM AcAryoM ne mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA / zUrasena janapada kI pramukha bhASA zaurasenI kA vyApaka pracAra-prasAra huA / zUrasena janapada ke vyApAriyoM kA videzoM se vyApArika sambandha the / unake AvAgamana se samakAlIna zabda- sampadA kA bhI AyAta-niryAta hotA rahA / sAdhu saMtoM ke sarvatra vihAra karane se tathA zrutAMgoM evaM paThana-pAThana evaM svAdhyAya karate rahane tathA pravacanoM kA mAdhyama zaurasenI prAkRta rahane se vaha anya sAhityika granthoM evaM dainika jIvana meM bhI dUdha-zakkara kI bhA~ti ghula-mila gaI / udAharaNArtha siyArAma evaM naramAdA ke siyA evaM mAdA sItA evaM mAtA ke zaurasenI rUpa hai | 24 zaurasenI - sAhitya ke AcAryoM ne kevala Atmahita kA siddhAnta pratipAdita nahIM kiye, apitu sampUrNa jagata ke lie kalyAkaNakArI aNuvrata - pAlana ke mAdhyama se sarvodaya - siddhAnta kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA /

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148 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa zaurasenI prAkRta-sAhitya meM sarvodayI-saMskRti kA vyApaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| vaha hRdaya-parivartana evaM AtmaguNoM ke vikAsa kI saMskRti svIkAra kI gaI hai| usakA mUla AdhAra, prema, maitrI, karUNA evaM madhyastha bhAvanA hai| jaina kathA sAhitya kA prabhAva hindI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI kathAoM para bhI pdd'aa| isa sandarbha meM jaoNna harTala kA kathana ullekhanIya hai- "jaina sAhitya kevala saMskRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAoM ke lie hI upayogI nahIM hai, balki bhAratIya sabhyatA ke itihAsa para bhI isase mahatvUparNa prakAza par3atA hai| ___ jaina dharma meM do zabda haiM- eka jaina tathA dUsarA dhrm| jaina zabda 'jina' se banA hai| 'jina' zabda kA artha hai, jItane vaalaa| indriyoM para vijaya prApta karane vAlA 'jina kahalAtA hai| indriyoM para vijaya prApta karake koI bhI vyakti 'jina' arthAt paramAtmA bana sakatA hai| indriyoM para vijaya prApta karane vAlA vItarAga ho sarvajJa bana jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM vaha jo bhI upadeza detA hai vaha prAmANika hotA hai| 'jina' dvArA diyA gayA upadeza 'jainadharma' khlaayaa| dUsare zabdoM meM apane paurUSa se AtmA ko paramAtmA aura sAmAnya jana ko sukhI banAne kA mArga hI jaina dharma hai| jainAcAryoM ne vastu ke svabhAva ko dharma mAnA hai| pratyeka ke lie jo usakA nija guNa hai| svabhAva hai vahI dharma hai| gItA meM bhI ullikhita hai"svadharme nidhane zreyaH paradharmoM bhyaavhH|"26 zAstroM meM dharma kI vyAkhyA kartavya athavA dAyitva ke rUpa meM bhI kI gaI hai| mAnava jIvana ke utthAna ke lie jo bhI karane yogya hai, vahI dharma hai| dharma kA sAra tatva AcaraNa hai aura isakI sImAeM zAstroM meM nihita hai| dharma sAdhanA hetu adharma kA tyAga hI sarvazreSTha hai| sAgaramala jaina ke matAnusAra, "vaha saba dharma hai, jisase mana kI AkulatA samApta ho, cAha aura cintA miTe tathA mana kI nirmalatA, zAnti, svabhAva aura Ananda se bhara jaave|"27

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 149 bhAratIya saMskRti kI AtmA bhI dharma hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki yahA~ aneka dharma pallavita puSpita hue haiN| paM. kailAza candra zAstrI ke matAnusAra jainadharma kisI Izvara kI sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| vaha jIvAtmA ko sarvajJa svIkAra karatA hai| ataH jaina dharma kisI Izvara yA kisI svayaMsiddha pustaka ke dvArA nahIM kahA gayA hai, balki, usa mAnava ke dvArA jo kabhI hama hI jaisA alpajJa aura rAgadveSI thA, kintu jisane apane paurUSa se prayatna karake apanI alpajJatA aura rAgadveSa ke kAraNa se apanI AtmA ko mukta kara liyaa| isa taraha vaha sarvajJa aura vItarAgI hokara jina bana gayA, kahA gayA hai| ataH 'jina' hue usa mAnava ke anubhavoM kA sAra hI jaina dharma hai| jisa prakAra ziva ko devatA mAnane vAle zaiva aura unake dharma ko zaiva dharma tathA viSNu ko devatA mAnane vAle vaiSNava tathA unake dharma ko vaiSNava dharma kahate haiN| usI prakAra 'jina' ko devatA mAnane vAle jaina tathA unake dharma ko jaina dharma svIkAra kiyA gyaa| vizva ke prAyaH sabhI dharmoM meM hiMsA ko heya mAnA gayA hai, parantu use tyAjya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM dharma ke lakSaNoM meM eka ahiMsA hai| kintu ahiMsA ko dharma kA AdhAra yA aMga svIkAra karane kA mukhya zreya zramaNa-paramparA ko hai| ahiMsA aura satya jaina dharma ke Adarza siddhAnta hai| jaina dharma meM ahiMsA ko carama sImA taka pahu~cAyA gayA hai aura use dRr3hatA se apanAyA gayA hai| ahiMsA ke antargata bhAvanA aura vicAra ko lekara bhagavAna mahAvIra ne Atma zuddhi kA vyAvahArika rUpa sahaja kara diyaa| bhAratIya saMskRti ke saMskAra pakSa ko jaina dharma meM mAnya ahiMsA ne avirala prabhAvita kiyA hai| jaina dharma ne ahiMsA ko dharma kA mUla AdhAra mAnakara mAnavetara prANiyoM ke lie bhI jIne kA adhikAra mAnA tathA ise dhArmika dAyitva ke rUpa meM samAja kA kartavya svIkAra kiyaa| jaina dharma meM vyApaka stara para ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| muni tathA gRhastha ke lie ahiMsA pAlana kI alaga-alaga sImAeM nirdhArita

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150 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa kI gii| isa dharma meM ahiMsA ko eka naitika guNa mAnA gayA hai| jaba taka naitika stara U~cA nahIM hogA, taba taka vyavahAra bhI U~cA nahIM ho skegaa| mAnava-vyavahAra kI samIkSA karane ke lie ahiMsA sarvazreSTha naitika stara hai| sAmAjika staroM evaM naitika nirNayoM meM girAvaTa A jAne para koI bhI samAja, saMgaThana yA rASTra garimA ke sAtha jIvita nahIM raha sktaa| ucita yA anucita kA nirNaya vyakti ke stara para nirbhara karatA hai| ___ samAja meM kucha aise loga avazya hone cAhie jo dRr3hatA se naitikatA kA pAlana kreN| jaina muni aise hI vyaktitva haiM; jo ahiMsA tathA aparigraha ke siddhAntoM kA dRr3hatApUrvaka AcaraNa karate haiN| jaina muniyoM ne samAja ko sarvAdhika prabhAvita kiyaa| samAja jaina muniyoM kA sammAna karatA hai tathA unake samAna jIvanacaryA apanAne kA prayatna karatA hai| jaina dharma meM ahiMsA ko eka pramukha mahAvrata ke rUpa meM sthAna prApta hai| ___ ahiMsA mahAvrata se tAtparya pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasa- ye chaha kAyika jIva, indriya, guNoM sthAna, mArga, kula, Ayu aura yoni inameM jaba jIvoM ko upasthita jAnakara uThane-baiThane Adi kriyAoM meM hiMsA Adi kA tyAga karanA ahiMsA mahAvrata hai| ____ bhagavatI arAdhanA meM ullikhita hai- "jaise mujhe duHkha priya nahIM hai vaise hI una jIvoM ko bhI duHkha priya nahIM hai, aisA jAnakara sadA apanI hI taraha sabhI jIvoM ke prati samAna ahiMsApUrNa vyavahAra karanA caahie|"32 ___ bhUkha, pyAsa, roga, zIta tathA ApAta se pIr3ita hone para bhI anya prANiyoM kA ghAta karake apanI bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko zAnta karane kI bAta taka mana meM nahIM lAnA caahie| jaina darzana ahiMsA mAtra kisI ke ghAta se bacanA hI nahIM apitu vANI se na kisI ko Thesa pahu~cAnA aura na hI mana meM kisI prakAra kI durbhAvanA lAnA hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 151 ahiMsA vrata se bar3A aura koI vrata nahIM hai| yaha sarva AzramoM kA hRdaya, sabhI zAstroM kA marma aura sabhI vratoM kA nicor3a hai| samanvaya tathA pArasparika prema ko bar3hAne ke lie mahAvIra svAmI ne anekAnta siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyaa| jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne anekAnta siddhAnta ko svIkAra kara pArasparika sahiSNutA kA bhAva bddh'aayaa| ___ anekAnta ke anusAra satya ke aneka pakSa hote haiM tathA pratyeka pakSa ko dUsare pakSa kA sammAna karanA caahie| anekAnta eka vyApaka jIvana darzana hai| usakI vyAvahArikatA dharma ke naitika AdhAroM aura sahiSNu prakRti ke prasAra ke lie Avazyaka hai| anekAnta kI vicAra dhArA vibhinna dharmoM tathA AsthAoM ke bIca samanvayAtmaka pravRtti ko bar3hAne meM sahAyaka siddha huii| jahA~ ahiMsA ko sAmAjika Adarza kahA jA sakatA hai vahA~ anekAnta bauddhika kSetra kA Adarza hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ne apanI mahAna sAMskRtika sAdhanA ke dvArA isa bAta para vizeSa bala diyA ki ahiMsA hI saMskRti kI AtmA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ahiMsA, syAdvAda, karmavAda aura sAmyavAda kI jisa pAvana dhArA ko tIvra vega se pravAhita kiyA, usameM pavitra hokara manuSya sadaiva sthAyI sukha-zAnti evaM amaratva ko prApta karatA rhegaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pazcAta bhadravAhu, kunda kundAcArya, sthUlabhadrAcArya, umAsvAmI, samandabhadra, akalaMkadeva, hemacandra, skandilAcArya Adi AcAryoM ne jaina dharma evaM saMskRti kA saMrakSaNa evaM poSaNa kiyaa| jaina dharma meM vyakti pUjA kI apekSA guNoM ko adhika mahatva diyA jAtA hai| yahA~ sAdhanA kA lakSya hai Atma-vizvAsa aura pUjA kA lakSya hai dUsaroM ko Adarza mAnakara unake guNoM kI ArAdhanA / 38 ___darzana ke kSetra meM jaina dharma kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ke 'NamokAra mantra meM, jise jaina paramparA kA mUlamantra kahA jAtA hai, paMca parameSThI ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| arthAt una

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152 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa sabhI AtmAoM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai, jo Atma-vikAsa kI carama sImA ko prApta kara cuke haiM athavA pahu~cane ke lie satat prayatnazIla haiN| 'arahaMta zaraNam pavajjAmi' meM unhIM AtmAoM kI zaraNa lene kI bAta kahI gayI hai, jo anantadarzana, anantajJAna, anantasukha aura anantavIrya guNoM ke dhAraka hai| 'Namo loe satva sAhUNaM, jJAna tathya kA pratIka hai ki isa mantra ke praNetAoM kA hRdaya atyadhika udAra, vizAla aura madhyastha bhAva se ota-prota thaa| jaina dharma meM 'samatva' kA siddhAnta bhI bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| samatva kA jahA~ nivAsa hai vahA~ vizva prema kA svataH janma hotA hai| pUrNatA kI prApti isakA antima lakSya aura vizva-kalyANa kI kAmanA isakI prArambhika bhUmikA hai| yaha dharma sampatti- tyAga ke lie hai na ki nirdhanoM ke zoSaNa ke lie| __syAdvAda jaina dharma kI abhUta pUrva dena hai| yaha dhArmika sahiSNutA aura samanvayavAda kA pratIka hai| __ jaina dharma ke anusAra vyakti apanA vikAsa svayaM ke hI parizrama se kara sakatA hai| sukha-duHkha, utthAna-patana sabhI ke lie vaha svayaM uttaradAyI hai| jo jaisA karma karatA hai, usI ke anusAra phala kI prApti hotI haiN| koI Izvara yA anya brAhya zakti isa kAraNa kArya niyama meM hastakSepa nahIM kara sakatI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra karma eka svatantra dravya hai| ___ vartamAna meM upalabdha jaina siddhAntoM mahAvIra svAmI kI sAdhanA aura cintana kA pariNAma hai| mahAvIra svAmI ne jIvana aura jagata se sambandhita kisI bhI jijJAsA ko avyAkRta kaha kara sthagita nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne pratyeka jijJAsA kA saMtulita samAdhAna prastuta kiyaa| __jaina darzana samyakdarzana, samyakajJAna aura samyakcaritra kI dhuri para pratiSThita haiN| dRSTi jaba taka pavitra nahIM hai, jJAna saccA nahIM ho sakatA hai aura sacce jJAna ke binA sadAcaraNa kI apekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 153 phalasvarUpa jaina darzana meM inako sammilita rUpa se mokSa prApti kA mArga kahA gayA hai| ___ samyaka darzana meM sampUrNa tatva mImAMsA nihita hai| samyaka jJAna meM jJAna mImAMsA, samyaka caritra jIvana kI eka pUrNa AcAra-saMhitA hai| dIrgha avadhi ke pazcAta bhI jaina darzana ke tatva, cintana aura jJAna mImAMsA meM koI vizeSa aMtara nahIM aayaa| AcAra-saMhitA yuga aura paristhatiyoM ke anusAra parivartita hotI rahI hai| siddhAntoM kI udAratA aura vyApaka dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa hI jaina darzana ne vikAsa kI itanA vyApaka sambhAvanAe~ svIkAra kI ki vyakti se virATa, AtmA se paramAtmA, mAnava se mahAmAnava aura jIva mAtra meM bhagavAna banane kI zakti bharI huI hai| vAhya evaM Antarika dRSTiyoM kA bhAratIya darzana meM samAna sthAna hai| jahA~ vAhya dRSTi ke mAdhyama se jJAna jagata ke jar3a tatva arthAt sAMsArikatA kI jAnakArI ekatra karate haiM, vahIM Antarika dRSTi arthAt jJAna netra se cetana tatva ke sUkSma se sUkSmatara tatvoM kA jJAna prApta karate haiN| parama tatva kI prApti ke lie donoM padArthoM kA sAkSAtkAra honA atyanta Avazyaka hai| sUkSma padArthoM ke sAkSAtkAra ke lie arntadRSTi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| prajJA cakSu hI arntadRSTi hai, jise darzana kahate haiN| darzana kA mukhya uddezya AtmA evaM prakRti kA yarthAtha jJAna prApta karanA hai| jaina dArzanika paramparA meM pratyeka dravya athavA sat padArtha pariNAmI hone ke kAraNa eka dharma ko chor3akara dUsarA dharma grahaNa karatA rahatA hai| isI svabhAva ke kAraNa pratyeka sat kA utpAda vyaya bhI hotA rahatA hai|" Adi se anta taka jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM meM nivRtti mArga kA pradhAna sthAna hai, jisake mAdhyama se vyakti jagata kI aneka prakAra kI vyAdhiyoM aura tRSNAoM se vimukta ho jAtA hai| pravRtti mArga meM lipta vyakti sukha aura samRddhi ke lie sarvathA bhoga aura tRSNA meM vyasta rahatA hai| jaina dharma

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154 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa ke anusAra pravRtti kA tyAga karake nivRtti kA anupAlana hI vAstavika aura sthAyI sukha kA strota hai|2|| jaina dharma kA AcAra tatva mana aura AtmA kI zuddhi para vizeSa bala detA hai| isameM bAhya zuddhi ke sthAna para antaH zuddhi para vizeSa jora diyA gayA hai tathA saccaritratA aura sadAcAraNa usake pradhAna AdhAra mAne gae haiN| jaina dharma ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna pradAna kiyA gayA hai| ucca evaM nIca kA nirdhAraNa karma se hotA hai| satkarma kA pAlana karane vAlA vyakti hI ucca hai| jaina dharma ne darzana ke kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna pradAna kiyaa| triratna evaM syAdavAda, ahiMsA, paMcaaNuvrata Adi siddhAnta jaina dharmadarzana ke pramukha tatva hai| jinakA vyAvahArika pakSa Aja bhI dRSTigata hotA hai| ___ zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma evaM darzana ke kSetra meM sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa yogadAna yaha hai ki jana sAmAnya ne bhI jaina dharma evaM darzana ko svIkAra karake pracAra-prasAra meM vizeSa bhUmikA abhinIta kii| ___ jaina darzana ke phalasvarUpa bhAratIya, dArzanika cintana paramparA ko gaurava prApta huaa| unakA syAdvAda, tatvajJAna, anekAntavAda, karma, purnajanma, dvaitavAdI, siddhAnta Adhunika dArzanikoM ke lie mAnanIya hai| isake atirikta darzana ke kSetra meM jaina dharma ne sRSTi, AtmA, jIva, ajIva, Adi para vicAra prastuta kiye tathA dArzanika khaNDana-maNDana ke siddhAnta ko protsAhita kiyaa| ___ jaina dharma anIzvaravAdI dharma hai parantu vyakti kI AtmA kI sarvocca sthiti kA lakSya spaSTa karatA hai| ahiMsA ko janasAdhAraNa se lekara zAsakoM taka pahu~cAne kA zreya jaina dharma ko hI prApta hai| sabhI jIvoM ko bhI jIne ke adhikAra kA tathya spaSTa karane kA zreya jaina dharma ko hI jAtA hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 155 zUrasena janapada kA jaina dharma evaM darzana kI bhA~ti kalA ke kSetra meM bhI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| prAcIna kAla meM vAstukalA, mUrtikalA, citrakalA, saMgIta tathA nRtyakalA kA atyadhika vikAsa dRSTigocara hotA hai| ___ jaina sAhitya meM nagara niveza, patha, bhavana Adi ke nirmANa ke viSaya meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne mUrtipUjA kA koI vidhAna ghoSita nahIM kiyA thA parantu mAnava meM apanI zraddhA ko vyakta karane kA pratIka Arambha se rahA hai| isake phalasvarUpa mUrtiyoM aura mandiroM kA udbhava huaa| jaina paramparA meM sarvAdhika prAcIna abhilekha kaliMga ke zAsaka khAravela dvArA utkIrNa karAe gae, hAthI guphA abhilekha meM prApta huA ___ zUrasena janapada meM zuMgakAla se jaina stUpoM, AyAgapaTToM aura mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa kI paramparA dRSTigocAra hotI hai| ullekhanIya rupa se zuMga kuSANakAla se lekara uttara madhyakAla taka deza bhara meM bar3e rUpa meM jaina pratimAoM tathA mandiroM kA nirmANa huaa| mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata nirmita prastara pratimAoM evaM anya kalAoM kA nirmANa prArambha huA aura deza bhara meM bhejI jAne lgii| AyAgapaTTa pUjA ke lie nirmita kie jAte the| pratimAe~ tathA mandira janasabhAoM ke naitika caritra ko U~cA uThAne kA mAdhyama hai| bhAratIya kalAoM ko jaina dharma kA abhUtapUrva yogadAna hai| vibhinna rAjavaMzoM, dhArmika vargoM tathA janasAdhAraNa ne kalAoM ke utthAna meM pracura yogadAna diyaa| ___ jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa sampUrNa bhArata meM vyApaka stara para kiyA gyaa| jaina samAja ke dhanika varga ne apanI Aya ke bar3e bhAga kA upayoga mandiroM ke nirmANa ke lie kie| unake protsAhana se samAja meM zilpiyoM kA bar3A varga taiyAra ho gyaa| ina mandiroM se samAja kI dhArmika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti huii| mandiroM se pUjA sthala meM loga ekatra hote

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156 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa the| mandira dhIre-dhIre zikSA ke mahatvapUrNa kendra bane jahA~ se dhArmika tathA ucca vicAroM kA prasAra hotA thaa| ___ madhyakAlIna jaina dharma meM cAra aise tatva dRSTigocara hote haiN| jinase sAmAjika DhA~ce ko AdhAra prApta huaa| ye tatva the mandira jaina muni aura AcAryoM dhArmika jIvana para AdhArita saMgha tathA zikhA prApta huii|" ___ mandira prAsAdoM tathA pratimAoM ke nirmANa se sthApatya tathA mUrtikalA ko vizeSa protsAhana prApta huaa| mandiroM meM sAmUhika pUjA arcanA ke sAtha-sAtha zikSA tathA dhArmika vicAroM ke prasAra kI vyavasthA thii| aneka devAlayoM meM dhArmika saMgIta tathA nATya kA Ayojana hotA thaa| maurya, zuMga tathA kuSANa evaM sAtavAhana kAla meM kalA pakSa pradhAna thaa| isa samaya imAratoM kI bhavyatA aura vizAlatA para vizeSa bala diyA jAtA thaa| kuSANa kAla meM mUrtiyoM ko paripakvatA prApta huii| zuMga-kuSANa kAla kI prastara pratimAoM ke atirikta Arambhika mRNamUrtiyA~ bhI prApta huI haiM, jinameM mAtRkAoM kI pratimAe~ bhI prApta huI haiM, jo prAgaitihAsika kAlIna mUrtiyoM kI apekSA adhika vikasita hai| ____ ukta mUrtiyoM ke cehare hAtha se nirmita na hokara sA~coM se banAye gae haiN| inakI AkRti bhI pazu-pakSI kI na hokara mAnava kI hai| zarIra kA zeSa bhAga sA~ce kI bajAya hAtha kA gar3hA huA hai| prAcInatama mUrtiyoM kI bhA~ti inake AbhUSaNa bhI alaga se cipake hue haiM aura inake raMga bhI saleTI hai| inake netra bar3e aura keza susajjita haiN| mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM isa kAla kI mRNamUrtiyAM ullekhanIya haiN| tatkAlIna samaya meM mAtRkAoM kI pratimAoM ke atirikta miTTI ke khilaune bhI nirmita hone lage the| eka hAthI kA khilaunA saMrakSita ___ yaha Adhunika khilaune ke samAna hai| ise dekhakara yaha kalpanA karanA kaThina hai ki yaha atyadhika prAcIna hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna ___157 ___ zuMga-kAla kI mRNamUrtiyA~ maurya kAlIna mUrtiyoM kI apekSA atyadhika vikasita evaM kalAtmaka hai| isa samaya mRNamUrti kalA meM jo krAntikArI parivartana huaa| usane isake rUpa ko unnata banA diyA thaa| usa kalA kI mRNamUrtiyA~ pUrI taraha sA~coM meM DhAlakara banAI gaI hai, ataH unake kisI aMga athavA alaMkaraNa ko alaga se jor3ane kI AvazyakatA nahIM huii| inakA raMga gerUA hai| inameM mAtRkAoM ke kaI rUpoM ke darzana hote haiN| inake atirikta nara-nAriyoM, pazuoM aura vividha vastuoM kI mRNamUrtiyA~ bhI prakAza meM aayiiN| ___ zUrasena janapada se prApta ina mRNamUrtiyoM ke lalitakalA ko samajhane meM inakA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| zuMga-kuSANa kAlIna mUrtiyoM meM striyoM ke vibhinna rUpa dRSTigocara hote haiN| inameM keza-vinyAsa kI aneka zailiyA~ haiN| kisI kI beNiyA~ laTaka rahI hai, to kisI ke bAla bikhare hue haiM, anya vizAla jUr3A bA~dhe haiN| eka AkRti meM mahilA prasAdhana meM lIna hai| usake eka hAtha meM darpaNa hai, aura dUsare hAtha se vaha apane keza sambhAla rahI hai| sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha eka gaddedAra bar3I va U~cI kursI para baiThI hai, jo Ajakala kI ArAma kursI jaisI pratIta hotI hai| __ bhAratIya kalA meM khajurAhoM, koNArka purI Adi ke rIti pradhAna aMkanoM kI prAyaH carcA hotI hai, kintu usase bhI zatAbdiyoM pUrva zUrasena janapada meM purUSa tathA striyA~ miTTI meM aMkita dikhatI haiN| uttara bhArata meM jainakalA ke jitane prAcIna kendra the| unameM zUrasena janapada kI rAjadhAnI mathurA kA sthAna sarva pramukha hai| yahA~ ke cittIdAra lAla baluA patthara kI nirmita asaMkhya kalAkRtiyA~ zUrasena janapada se prApta huI haiN| inameM tIrthaMkara Adi kI pratimAoM ke atirikta caukIdAra alaMkRta AyAgapaTTa, vedikA-stambha, toraNa, tathA dvAra stambha Adi pramukha haiN| zUrasena janapada ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta jaina AyAgapaTTa vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / 50

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158 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa ina para bIca meM tIrthaMkara mUrti tathA usake cAroM ora vividha prakAra ke manohara alaMkaraNa milate haiN| svAstika, nandayAvarta, vardhamAna, zrIvatsa, bhadrAsana, darpaNa, kalaza, aura mInayugala Adi aSTamaMgala dravyoM kA AyAgapaTToM para sundaratA ke sAtha citraNa kiyA gayA hai| adhikAMza kalA-kRtiyA~ brAhmI lipi meM abhilikhita hai| mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata nirmita mUrtiyoM meM hAtha meM pustaka lie hue sarvAdhika prAcIna sarasvatI pratimA, abhayamudrA meM devI AryAvatI tathA naigameSa kI aneka pratimAe~ vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| jo vartamAna meM mathurA evaM rAjya saMgrahAlaya meM susajjita haiN| ___ kucha kAryotsarga mudrA meM bhI hai| aneka sarvatobhadrikA pratimA bhI prakAza meM AI jo kuSANa gupta tathA madhyakAla kI amUlya dena hai| kalAkAroM ne vibhinna jinoM ke pratimAoM ke nirmANa meM divya saundarya ke sAtha AdhyAtmikatA kA bhAva pradarzita kiyA hai| use dekhakara vidita hotA hai| ki bhAvoM ko abhivyakta karane meM ye kalAkAra kuzala tathA siddhahasta the| ___ jaina mUrtikalA meM tIrthaMkara ke atirikta anya devI devatA ko rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai, unameM yakSoM aura yakSiNiyoM kI pratimAe~ bhI ullekhanIya hai| pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke sAtha eka yakSa aura yakSiNI kA aMkana sarvAdhika prApta hotA hai| Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha kI yakSiNI kA nAma cakrezvarI hai| navIM zatI kI devI ambikA kI bhI pASANa-pratimA hai| jo vartamAna meM lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita hai| isa prakAra zUrasena janapada meM vAstukalA, mUrtikalA, Adi ke kSetra meM vizeSa yogadAna hai| jaina stambha sabase adhika prAcInatama kaMkAlI TIle ke avazeSoM meM dRSTavya hai| stUpa kA aMkana AyAgapaTTa para bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| kalA ke kSetra meM isa janapada meM jaina dharma kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| yahA~ ke kalAkAroM ne apanI kuzalatA kA paricaya kalAkRtiyoM meM dikhAyI hai|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna saMsAra kI lalita kalAoM meM citrakalA eka aisI kalA hai jisake dvArA siddhAnta aura mAnyatAoM kA sabase adhika pracAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / isake dvArA gambhIra aura vyApaka manobhAvoM ko bar3I saralatA evaM sahajatA se janatA ke samakSa prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| loka bhAvanAoM aura kriyA-kalApoM ko cirasthAyI banAne aura unakA pratinidhitva karane kI apUrva kSamatA citrakalA meM nihita hai / kabhI-kabhI hRdayagat mUlyavAna bhAvoM ke pravAha kA yathAgata spaSTIkaraNa zabdoM dvArA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, parantu raMga aura rekhAoM ke mAdhyama se akathanIya vicAroM ko prakaTa karanA bahuta sarala ho jAtA hai| 159 jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ne citrakalA ke vikAsa meM bhI apUrva yogadAna diyaa| prAcInatam jaina sAhitya meM citrakalA ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiN| chaThe jaina zrutAMga nAyAdhamma- kahAo " meM dhAraNI devI ke zayanAgAra kA sundara evaM sajIva varNana kiyA gayA hai, jisakA chata latAoM, puSpavalliyoM tathA citroM se alaMkRta kiyA gayA thA / bRhatkalpasUtra bhASya" meM eka gaNikA kA ullekha hai, jo causaTha kalAoM meM kuzala thI / usane apanI citrasabhA meM aneka prakAra ke jAtiyoM evaM vyavasAyoM ke purUSoM ke citra lagAye the / AvazyakaTIkA *" ke padya meM eka citrakAra kA udAharaNa dekara ullikhita kiyA gayA hai ki kisI bhI vyavasAya kA abhyAsa hI usameM pUrNa pravINatA pradAna karAtA hai / cUrNikAra ne isa tathya ko samajhate hue kahA hai ki nirantara abhyAsa dvArA citrakAra rUpoM ke samucita pramANa ko binA nApa-taula hI sAdha letA hai| eka citrakAra ke hasta - kauzala kA udAharaNa dete hue Avazyaka TIkA meM yaha bhI ullikhita hai ki eka zilpI ne mayUra kA paMkha aise kauzala se citrita kiyA thA ki rAjA use yathArtha vastu samajha kara hAthoM meM lene kA prayatna karane lagA /

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160 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa AvazyakacUrNikAra ne kahA ki sUtra ke artha ko spaSTa karane meM bhASA aura vibhASA kA vahI sthAna hai, jo citrakalA meM citrakAra ko prApta hai| jaina sAhityika ullekhoM se pramANita hai ki jaina paramparA meM citrakalA kA pracAra ati prAcIna kAla meM ho cukA thA aura yaha kalA suvikasita evaM suvyavasthita ho cukI thii| citrakalA kI aneka jaina sAhityika racanAoM meM bhI citrakalA sambandhI ullekha prApta hote haiN| 11vIM-12vIM zatAbdI meM racita jaina kathA kRtiyoM meM citrakalA ke sambandha meM bar3I hI upayogI carcAeM dRSTigocara hotI hai| ___ mAgadhI-prAkRta kI kathA kRti 'sUra sundarI kahA' meM bhramara aura kumudanI kA citra citrita hai| jaina grantha AcAMrAga sUtra meM jaina sAdhuoM aura brahmacAriyoM ko citrazAlAoM meM jAne aura Thaharane se varjita kiyA gayA hai| jainAcArya hemacandra (1082-1172 I.) ke mahAkAvya 'triSaSTizalAkApurUSacarita' meM tatkAlIna rAjadarabAroM meM aneka citrakAroM kI sabhA hone kA varNana hai, jo bhitticitroM se susajjita thiiN| prabhAvakacaritra ke 'vappabhaTTasUricaritra' meM navIM zatAbdI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke citrapadoM ke banAne kA ullekha hai| vappabhaTaTasari ko citrakAra ne mahAvIra kI mUrti vAle cAra citrapaTTa taiyAra karake diye| ___ vappabhaTTasUri jI ne unakI pratiSThA karake eka kannauja ke jaina mandira meM, eka mathurA meM, eka aNahillApATaNa meM, eka sattArakapura meM bheja die| jinameM pATaNa vAlA paTTa videzI AkrAntAoM ne pATaNa ko vidhvaMsa karate samaya naSTa kara diyaa| navIM zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke ukta cAra citrapaTa banAye jAne kA ullekha bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai| parantu duHkha hai ki unameM se eka bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| haribhadra sUrI ne Avazyaka vRtti meM samavasaraNa citra banAye jAne kA ullekha kiyA hai|"

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 161 __ jaina dharma kA pratyeka kSetra meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| kalA ke kSetra meM jaina dharma kI viziSTa bhUmikA hai| ___ zUrasena janapada ke kaMkAlI TIle se saMgIta ke kSetra meM prApta nIlAnjanA kA nRtya-paTTa yaha siddha karatA hai ki gIta-saMgIta ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| ___mahAvIra svAmI ke bhrUNa ke sthAnAntaraNa kA eka prastara paTTa kaMkAlI se upalabdha huA hai, usa para bacce ke janma ke mahotsava para nRtya kA suMdara aMkana kiyA gayA hai| saMdarbha grantha sUcI 1. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; bhAratIya vAstukalA ke vikAsa meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 15, prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, saMyuktAMka 36, navambara-disambara 2004 / 2. upAdhye e.ena.; jaina kanTrIbyUzana TU iNDiyana heriTeja, kanTrIbyUzana oNva jainijma TU iNDiyana kalcara (saM.) dvivedI, Ara.sI., pR. 10 3. zAstrI, nemicandra; prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR. 1 4. upAdhye; e.ena; pU.ni., pR. 15 5. jaina, hIrAlAla; bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 34 6. upAdhye, e.ena; pU.ni., pR. 15 7. nizIthacUrNi, 10.2860; jaina, jyoti prasAda : da jaina sorseja oNva da hisTrI oNva aizyanTa iNDiyA, pR. 60; zAha, sI. je.; jainijma ina nArtha iNDiyA, pR. 28, 188 pizala, prAkRta-bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa, pR. 18-25; manamohana ghoSa, kA jarnala oNva DipArTameMTa oNva leTarsa, jilda 23, kalakattA 1933 meM prakAzita "mahArASTrI zaurasenI ke bAda kA rUpa', nAmaka lekha; e.ema.

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162 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa ghATage, jarnala oNva da yUnivarsiTI oNva bambaI, jilda 3, bhAga-4, meM "zaurasenI prAkRta lekh"| 9. pizala; pU. ni. : pR. 39-43 10. majUmadAra, Ara. sI.; di klaisikala eja, bhAga-3, pR. 416 11. zAstrI nemicandra; pU.ni., pR. 4 12. rAya, rAmajI; prAkRta bhASA aura jaina dharma-darzana, pR. 13, zruta saMvardhinI, aMka 9, lakhanaU, disambara 2004 13. rAya, rAmajI; pU. ni., pR. 14 14. rAya, rAmajI; pU. ni., pR. 15 15. pANDeya, rAjendra; bhArata kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, pR. 73 16. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 24 17. premI, phUlacanda jaina; mathurA kA suprasiddha sarasvatI Andolana aura usakA prabhAva, pR. 11-13; zruta saMvardhinI, aMka 10, lakhanaU, janavarI 2005 18. premI, phUlacanda jaina : pU.ni., pR. 11-13 19. majUmadAra, Ara.sI.; pU.ni., pR. 415; caturvedI, rekhA; jaina Agama itihAsa evaM saMskRti, pR. 11, 12; muni, kalyANa vijaya; vIra nirvANa aura jaina kAla gaNanA, pR. 120 20. zAstrI, nAthUlAla jaina; tIrthaMkara divya dhvani kI bhASA; arhata vacana, aMka 11, pR. 45-48 21. hArnale; kampareTiva grAmara; bhUmikA, pR. 17 22. priyarsana; sevana grAmarsa oNpha dI DAilekTarsa, pR. 240 23. bharatamuni; nATzAstra, 17/34, pR. 273 24. jaina, rAjArAma; zaurasenI prAkRta kA udgama aura jaina sAhitya ko usakA avadAna, pR. 119, RSabha saurabha, 1998, naI dillii|

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 163 25. jaoNna, harTala; da liTarecara oNpha di zvetAmbara jainsa, pR. 376 26. gItA; 3.35 27. jaina sAgaramala; dharma kA marma, pR. 10 28. zAstrI, kailAzacandra; jainadharma, pR. 68 29. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta tathA pANDeya, vimalacandra; prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, pR. 36 30. dazavekAlika 4-11, mUlAcAra 1.5 31. AcAraMga, 5/1/1 32. AcArAMga, 5/1/1 33. pU.ni. 34. ahiMsA aura aNuvrata, pR. 11-12 35. bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, 784 36. upAdhye, pU.ni., pR. 25 37. koThiyA, darabArI lAla; zramaNa saMskRti kI bhAratIya saMskRti ko dena; jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, ArA, aMka 2, pR. 35-36, disambara 1971 38. koThiyA, pU. ni., pR. 36, 37 39. koThiyA, pR. ni., pR. 36, 37 40. yAdava, jhinakU; jaina dharma kI aitihAsika rUpa-rekhA, pR. 179 41. mehatA, mohana lAla; jaina dharma-darzana, pR. 358 42. uttarAdhyAna 13.6.17, 14.13, 13.26; jainasUtra 2.301.4 43. sarakAra, DI.sI.; selekTa insikrapzansa, bhAga-2, pR. 215 kalakattA 1965 44. upAdhye, e.ena; jaina kanTrIbyUzana Tu iNDiyana heriTeja, pR. 22 45. mIttala, prabhudayAla; braja kI kalAoM kA itihAsa, pR. 76

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164 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 46. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 19.1592, 40.2872, 42.2923 47. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA saMkhyA 55.3901 48. mIttala, prabhudayAla; pU. ni., pR. 76 49. mIttala, pU. ni. pR. 78 50. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta; jaina kalA evaM purAtatva, pR. 37 51. vAjapeyI; pU. ni., pR. 37 52. jaina, hIrAlAla; bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR. 354, 355 53. jaina, puSpamitra; jaina saMskRti kA yogadAna; jaina siddhAnta bhAskara; kiraNa-1, bhAga-25, ArA, julAI 1967 54. nAyAdhamma-kahAo-19 55. bRhatkalpabhASya; 2.5, 262 56. jaina, hIrAlAla, pU.ni., pR. 362, 363 57. jaina, hIrAlAla, pU. ni., pR. 363 58. gairolA, vAcaspati, bhAratIya citrakalA, pR. 93 59. AcAraMga, sUtra, 2/2/3/13 60. jaina, uSA kiraNa; jaina citrakalA, prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, pR. 17 navambara-disambara 2004, lakhanaU 61. bhagavAna mahAvIra citrAvalI, agaracanda nAhaTA, vIra parinirvANa, pR. 11 sitambara 1974 62. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 354 63. rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU saMkhyA je. 626

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adhyAya aSTam upasaMhAra jaina dharma kI gaNanA bhArata ke prAcInatama dharmoM meM hotI hai| jaina dharma kI lokapriyatA kA kAraNa naitikatA para AdhArita isakI sahajatA hai| jaina dharma zUrasena janapada meM mahAvIra kAla se hI astitva meM thaa| parantu mahAvIra kAla kA koI purAtAtvika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM huA hai| ___ uttara bhArata ke kucha hI rAjAoM ne jaina dharma ko aMgIkAra kiyA, jinameM candragupta maurya khAravela, nAgabhaTTa dvitIya aura kumAra pAla pramukha haiN| bAharavIM zatI I. taka ke adhikAMza rAjavaMzoM ke zAsakoM kA jaina dharma ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa rahA thaa| isake do pramukha kAraNa dRSTigocara hote haiM, prathama bhAratIya zAsakoM kI dhArmika sahiSNutA tathA dvitIya, jaina dharma kI vyApAriyoM, vyavasAyiyoM evaM sAmAnyajanoM ke madhya vizeSa lokpriytaa| ____ eka mahatvapUrNa tathya yaha bhI hai ki jaina dharma aura kalA ko zAsakoM se adhika vyApAriyoM, vyavasAyiyoM evaM sAmAnya janoM kA samarthana aura sahayoga prApta huaa| zUrasena janapada ke kuSANa kAlIna lekhoM se tatkAlIna sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke viSaya meM mahatvapUrNa jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke aneka aMgoM ke puSpita-pallavita karane meM jaina dharma kA ullekhanIya evaM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| jaina dharma meM svatantra cintana ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| ahiMsA tyAga aura paropakAra isa dharma ke AdhAra-stambha haiN| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svAmI ne jaina dharma ko

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166 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa sthAyitva pradAna kiyaa| ahiMsA para unhoMne vizeSa bala diyaa| samatA ke mahatva kA pratipAdana kara unhoMne jAti bheda kA bahiSkAra kiyaa| zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa kramAgata rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA haiM mahAvIra svAmI ke nirvANa prApta karane ke pazcAt bhI zUrasena janapada meM pracAra-prasAra hotA rhaa| magadha meM bimbisAra usake putra ajAtazatru tathA nandavaMza ke zAsakoM ne jaina dharma ko protsAhana evaM saraMkSaNa pradAna kiyaa| nandavaMza ke patana ke pazcAt magadha kI sattA para candagupta maurya kA zAsana sthApita huaa| ___ candragupta maurya ke viSaya meM sarvavidita hai ki vaha apane jIvana ke antima samaya meM jaina dharma aMgIkAra kara liyA thaa| zUrasena janapada meM maurya vaMza ke rAjAoM ne anya dharmoM ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM bhI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| zuMga sAtavAhana vaMza meM isa janapada meM jaina dharma anya dharmoM ke sAtha mukhya dhArA meM samAhita rhaa| ___ zuMgavaMza ke samaya meM zUrasena janapada ke pramukha kendra kaMkAlI TIle se eka stUpa kI prApti huI hai| prastara paTTa ke siradala para stUpa utkIrNa hai tathA dAyeM-bAyeM bhaktagaNa pUjA-arcanA ke lie khar3e haiN| zuMga-sAtavAhana vaMza ke zAsakoM ne jaina dharma ko mahatvapUrNa yogadAna pradAna kiyaa| __zaka kuSANa zAsakoM ne jaina dharma ko jana dharma banAne meM viziSTa bhUmikA nibhaaii| kuSANavaMzI zAsakoM meM pramukha rUpa se kaniSka evaM huviSka rAjAoM ne zUrasena janapada ko Arthika evaM dhArmika dRSTikoNa se samRddhazAlI bnaayaa| ___ kuSANakAla meM mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata nirmita pUjanIya stUpa, caityavRkSa, dharmavRkSa, AyAgapaTTa, dhvaja stambha, mAMgalika cinha, svAstika, zrIvatsa, vikasita kamala, matsyayugma, pUrNaghaTa, triratna, sarAvasampuTa evaM bhradAsana pratimAeM Adi kalAkRtiyA~ zUrasena janapada meM unnata kalA kA digdarzana karAtI haiN| sarvaprathama mathurA kalA zailI ke

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upasaMhAra antargata nirmita pratimAoM meM lA~chana utkIrNa kiyA gayA / yaha mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA hai| isa kramika vikAsa meM guptakAla meM bhI jaina dharma vaiSNava dharma ke samAna hI samAja meM vidyamAna cAra gupta zAsaka vaiSNava matAvalambI the parantu unameM dhArmika sahiSNutA vidyamAna thI, phalataH unhoMne sabhI dharmoM ko Azraya pradAna kiyA tathA sabhI dharmoM kI pragati meM yogadAna diyaa| 167 apane mUla nivAsa sthAna magadha se Arambha hokara pUrva meM kaliMga, pazcima meM zUrasena dakSiNa pazcima meM mAlavA tathA dakSiNa meM mahArASTra aura karnATaka pradezoM meM jaina dharma vikasita huaa| gupta zAsana kAla meM bihAra, uttara pradeza, madhya pradeza, gujarAta tathA rAjasthAna meM jaina dharma vaidika tathA bauddha dharmoM ke sAtha phalatA-phUlatA rhaa| kaI rAjavaMza zAsakoM ke mantrigaNa tathA vyApArI jaina dharma ke prati AsthAvana the| devAlayoM kA nirmANa, tIrthaMkaroM kI pUjA, jaina samArohoM kA Ayojana tathA jJAna kA prasAra cauthI se chaThI zatI taka vizeSa rUpa se huaa| guptoM ke patana ke pazcAt se bArahavIM zatI I. taka vivecya kSetra meM jaina dharma kA ullekhanIya pracAra-prasAra huA / muslima AkrAntAoM ke Agamana ke bAda bhI anya dharmoM ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma ko bhI AghAta pahu~cA / rAjAzraya ke abhAva meM evaM barbara AkramaNoM ke pazcAt bhI jaina dharma Aja bhI vidyamAna hai / jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM mauryavaMza ke rAjAoM se lekara rAjapUta yuga ke zAsakoM ne mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA / vivecya adhyayana kSetra meM jaina dharma ke mukhya kendroM meM kaMkAlI TIlA, jaina caurAsI, baTezvara, zaurIpura, sokha, ariMga, mahAvana, chAtA, maTha, bhutezvara, barasAnA aura caubiyA pAr3A Adi prAcIna aitihAsika pramukha sthala haiN| jahA~ se utkhanana dvArA vipula jaina kalAkRtiyA~ prakAza meM AI

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zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa / ina kalAkRtiyoM kI prApti se yaha vidita hotA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM jaina dharma zUrasena janapada ke kone-kone taka phailA thA / uparyukta choTe-choTe sthAna se tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kI prApti huyI jisase yaha vidita hotA hai ki sAmAnya jana pUjA-arcanA ke lie tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM pratisthApita karAte the 168 vivecya kSetra meM jaina mUrtikalA kuSANa kAla meM apanI caramotkarSa para thii| samaya-samaya para utkhanana kArya kiyA gayA jisameM asaMkhya jaina pratimAe~ prApta huI haiM / pratimAoM ke sUkSma adhyayana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki prArambhika kAla meM jinoM ke lAMchana nahIM the / pratimAoM para caturavarga saMgha kA aMkana dRSTavya hai 1 inameM sAdhu sAdhvI zrAvaka aura zrAvikAeM aMkita haiN| eka mahatvapUrNa udAharaNa meM tIrthaMkaroM ke janma kalyANa kA aMkana hai| mahAvIra ke bhrUNa kA sthAnAntaraNa karane kA dRSya hai tathA isameM zizuoM ke devatA naigameSa kI pUjA karane kA mahatva bhI aMkita hai| eka anya udAharaNa hai bhagavAna RSabha kA vairAgya paTTa yA nIlAnjanA kA nRtyApaTTa / isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna RSabha ko saMsAra kI asAratA kA jJAna huA aura unhoMne vairAgya dhAraNa kara liyA kyoMki nRtya karate-karate hI Ayu pUrI hone ke pazcAt nIlAnjanA kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai / yaha dekhakara RSabhanAtha ko vairAgya ho jAtA hai / kaMkAlI TIle se prathama zatI I. pU. se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka pratimAoM kA nirmANa kArya pramukha rUpa se huA / mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata nirmita pratimAeM viziSTa haiN| inameM sarvatobhadrikA pratimAe~ vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| sarvaprathama mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata nirmita mUrtiyoM ke kandhe para bikharI laToM aura sarpaphaNa ke AdhAra para AdinAtha evaM pArzvanAtha kI pahacAna kara sakate haiN| isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki tIrthaMkaroM ke lAMchanoM kA prayoga sarvaprathama mathurA kalA zailI ke antargata hI huA /

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upasaMhAra 169 adhyayana kSetra se tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM, devI pratimAeM, naigameSa, yakSa- yakSI kI mUrtiyA~ vidyAdharoM kI mUrtiyA~, bhaktagaNoM kI pratimAoM kA bahuta kuzalatA ke sAtha aMkana kiyA gayA hai / neminAtha ke sAtha kRSNa evaM balarAma kA aMkana milatA hai / jaina devI sarasvatI kI prAcInatama pratimA kaMkAlI TIle se milI hai jisase sarasvatI Andolana kA pramANa milatA hai aneka AyAgapaTToM kA sundara alaMkaraNa bhI jaina dharma meM kalA kA jJAna karAtI hai| jaina vAstukalA ke sandarbha meM bhI zUrasena janapada se do mandira evaM stUpa kA sAhityika evaM purAtAtvika sAkSya milatA hai / supArzvanAtha ke prati arpita deva nirmita stUpa kA ullekha milatA hai / stUpa sthApatya kA digdarzana eka AyAgapaTTa para dRSTavya hai jisakA sopAna, vedikA stambha, medhI evaM AdhA aNDa bhAga surakSita hai / yaha abhilikhita hai I eka abhilikhita AyAgapaTTa para stUpa kA sundara aMkana dRSTigocara hotA hai| do stambhoM ke madhya meM sthita stUpa para pahu~cane ke lie sopAna, vedikA evaM toraNa dvAra spaSTa hai| isakI pUjA ke lie vidyAdhara hAtha meM suparNamAlA lie tatpara haiM 1 adhyayana kSetra meM jaina saMskRti vyApaka rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI hai / jaina dharma meM varNa vyavasthA evaM jAti - pA~ti ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai / vivecya kSetra meM cAroM varNa kA astitva thA / vivecya kSetra meM mahilAoM kI sthiti uttama thii| gaNikAoM ko bhI dharmadAna dene kA adhikAra thA / lavaNazobhikA Adi mahilAoM dvArA diyA gayA AyAgapaTTa bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai jisameM sAsa-sasura, mAtA-pitA evaM pati kA nAma bhI ullikhita hai / phargyUza nartaka kI patnI zivayazA dvArA dAna meM diyA gayA eka AyAgapaTTa kaMkAlI TIle se prApta huA hai| isameM stUpa kA aMkana prApta

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170 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa hotA hai| isameM nandipAda evaM zrIvatsa kA aMkana dRSTavya hotA hai| stUpa ke aNDa bhAga ke madhya meM vedikA stambha kA bhAga dikhAyI par3atA hai| isakA nAma usameM utkIrNa hai| isa AyAgapaTTa se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki kuSANakAla meM nartakiyA~ bhI dhArmika kAryoM meM yogadAna detI thiiN| vivecya kSetra se prApta jaina kalAkRtiyoM meM mUrtikAra ne AkRtiyoM ko aMkita karake tatkAlIna jaina samAja ke sAdhu, sAdhvI, gRhastha evaM gRhaNI cAroM vargoM kI jhAMkI prastuta kI hai| cAro varga kA aMkana tIrthaMkara pratimAoM ke pAdapIThoM para aMkita hai| caraNa caukI para utkIrNa lekhoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki striyoM ne adhikAMza pratimAoM ke lie dharmadAna diyA thaa| __ adhyayana kSetra meM bahusaMkhyaka jaina dharmAvalambI nimna vargoM ke the| jaina dharma meM una sabhI ko usI prakAra zrAvaka-zrAvikA mAnA gayA hai jaisA ucca vargoM ke logoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| unake sAtha koI bheda-bhAva nahIM thaa| ye saba loga gRhastha the| jo gRhastha jIvana kA tyAgakara sAdhu bana jAte the unheM sAdhu yA sAdhvI kahA jAtA thaa| jAtigata varNa vyavasthA para prahAra kara samAja ke vibhinna vargoM ke madhya samAnatA sthApita karane kA krAntikArI kadama uThAne kA sarvAdhika zreya jaina dharma ko hai| mahAvIra svAmI dvArA sthApita sAdhu-sAdhvI paramparA ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM evaM kRtitva paramparA ko Age banAe rkhaa| jaina gRhasthoM ke lie yaha niyama thA ki ve vinamratApUrvaka sAdhujanoM kI vandanA kareM, ve sAdhu sAMsArika jIvana meM cAhe kisI bhI kula meM janma liyA ho| mahAvIra svAmI kI zikSAoM kI yaha eka anupama dena hai| ___ jainadharma kA zUrasena janapada meM sarvAdhika yogadAna hai| kalA, sAhitya, dharma, darzana Adi sabhI kSetroM meM jaina dharma kA bahumUlya yogadAna dRSTigocAra hotA hai|

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upasaMhAra 171 jaina dharma kA eka anya mahatvapUrNa yogadAna samAja meM striyoM kI sthiti ko U~cA uThAnA thaa| paravartI vaidika kAla meM nAriyoM kI sthiti gira gaI thii| isa sthiti ko sudhArane kA zreya tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ko jAtA hai| jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM meM strI aura purUSa ke bIca kisI prakAra kA antara nahIM rakhA gayA hai| vibhinna kAryoM ke sampAdana meM donoM ko samAna adhikAra pradAna kiyA gayA hai| dhArmika anuSThAnoM ke lie pratyeka varga kI striyoM ko sarvocca adhikAra pradAna kiyA gayA hai| nArI ko gauravapUrNa sthAna pradAna karane ke lie jaina dharma kA vizeSa avadAna hai| ___ satya aura ahiMsA jaina dharma ke Adarza siddhAnta hai| vizva ke prAyaH sabhI dharmoM meM hiMsA ko heya samajhA gayA, kintu use tyAjya nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| ahiMsA ko dharma kA pramukha AdhAra mAnane kA mUla zreya zramaNa-paramparA ko hai| jaina dharma meM ahiMsA ko dRr3hatA se apanAyA gayA hai| ahiMsA ke antargata bhAvanA aura vicAra ko lekara bhagavAna mahAvIra ne Atmazuddhi kA vyAvahArika rUpa prastuta kiyaa| ____ bhAratIya saMskRti ke saMskaraNa pakSa ko jaina dharma meM mAnya ahiMsA ne avirala prabhAvita kiyA hai| ahiMsA ko dharma kA mUla AdhAra mAnakara jaina dharma ne mAnavetara prANiyoM ke lie bhI jIne kA adhikAra mAnA tathA ise dhArmika dAyitva ke rUpa meM samAja kA kartavya nirUpita kiyaa| jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA vyApaka stara para kI gii| sAdhu tathA gRhastha ke lie alaga-alaga sImAe~ nirdhArita kI gii| gRhasthoM ke lie niyama adhika kaThina nahIM hai| jaina dharma meM ahiMsA ko eka naitika guNa mAnA gayA hai| jaba taka stara U~cA nahIM ho skegaa| ahiMsA sarvazreSTha naitika stara hai, jisake AdhAra para mAnava vyavahAra kI samIkSA kI jA sakatI hai| isase vyakti ke kArya aura naitikatA kI parIkSA lI jA sakatI hai| ucita yA anucita nirNaya vyakti ke stara para nirbhara karatA

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172 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa hai| sAmAjika staroM para evaM naitika nirNayoM meM girAvaTa A jAne para koI bhI samAja, saMgaThana yA rASTra garimA ke sAtha jIvita nahIM raha sktaa| ___ samAja meM kucha aise loga avazya hone cAhie jo dRr3hatA se naitikatA kA pAlana kreN| jaina sAdhu aise hI vyaktitva haiM jo ahiMsA tathA aparigraha ke siddhAntoM kA dRr3hatApUrvaka AcaraNa karate haiN| jaina muniyoM ne samAja ko kitanA prabhAvita kiyA, yaha samAja meM pracalita zAkAhArI bhojana-praNAlI kA dekhakara samajhA jA sakatA hai tathA samAja jaina-muniyoM kA sammAna karatA hai aura unake samAna jIvanacaryA apanAne kA prayatna karatA hai| ___ sAhitya evaM darzana tathA lalitakalA ke kSetra meM bhI jainadharma kA ullekhanIya yogadAna hai| mathurA meM jaina AgamoM kA saMkalana karane ke lie AcArya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM cauthI zatAbdI I. meM eka samiti AhUta kI gii| darzana ke kSetra meM ahiMsA, syAdvAda, anekAntavAda, karmavAda kA siddhAnta pramukha hai| vAstukalAoM meM bhI jaina dharma kA mahatvapUrNa yogadana ___ jaina dharma ne AcAra-vicAra ke kSetroM meM zIla sadAcAra tathA pavitratA kI bhAvanAoM kA unnayana kiyaa| samatA, ahiMsA evaM maitrI kI bhAvanA para bala dekara bhAratIya jIvana-darzana ko nayA sandeza pradAna kiyaa| Arthika tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA meM samRddhi, vyavahAra, zUcita tathA zAnti kI bhAvanA kA saMvardhana kara jaina dharma ne zUrasena janapada ko apanA viziSTa yogadAna diyaa| niSkarSAtmaka rUpa se jaina dharma zUrasena janapada meM vizeSa unnati patha para agrasara rahA aura sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke vividha kSetroM meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna pradAna kiyaa|

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sandarbha-grantha sUcI (ka) mUla grantha 1. aMgavijjA - saM. munipuNya vijaya, prAkRta grantha pariSada; banArasa 1957 / 2. aMtagaDadasAoM - saM. pI. ela. vaidya, pUnA 1932, anu. ela. DI. bArneTa, ___vArANasI, 1973 / 3. aparAjitapRcchA (bhuvana deva kRta) - saM. popaTa bhAI aMbAzaMkara mAMkaDa, gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala sirIja, bar3audA, 1950 / 4. amarakoza - amarasiMha, kRti, bhASA-TIkA, rAmasvarUpa, veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1905 / 5. abhidhAna-cintAmaNi (hemacandra kRta) - saM. haragovinda dAsa becara dAsa tathA ___ muni jinavijaya, bhAvanagara-1914; bhAga-2, 1919 / 6. AcAra, dinakara (vardhamAnasUrikRta) - bambaI, bhAga 2, 1923 / 7. AcAMrAgasUtra - anu. eca. yAkobI, saikreDa buksa oNva di IsTa, khaNDa 22, bhAga-1, dillI, 1973 / 8. AcAra dinakara - vardhamAna sUrikRta, bhAga-2, bambaI, 1923 / 9. AdipurANa (jinasekRta) - saM. pannAlAla jaina, jJAnapITha mUrti devI granthamAlA, saMskRta grantha saMkhyA 8, vArANasI, 1963 / 10. AvazyakacUrNi (jinadAsagaNi mahattara kRta) ratalAma, khaNDa-1, 1928, khaNDa-2, 19291 11. AvazyakasUtra (bhadrabAhukRta) - malayagiri suri kI TIkA sahita, bhAga-1, Agamodaya samiti, grantha 56, bambaI, 1928, bhAga-2, grantha 60 /

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174 zarasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa Avazyaka sUtra - bhAga-1, Agamodaya samiti grantha, 56, bambaI, 1928 Avazyaka sUtra - bhAga-2, Agamodaya samiti grantha, 56, sUrata, 1932 Avazyaka sUtra - bhAga-3, devacanda lAlAbhAI jaina pustaka dvAragrantha, 85, sUrata, 1936 12. uttarAdhyayanasUtra - anu. eca. yAkobI, saikreDa buksa, oNva di isTa, kha. 45, bhAga 2, (oNksaphorDa 1985), dillI, 1973, sa. ratanalAla doshii| 13. uvAsagaDasAo - saM. pI. ela. vaidya, pUnA-1930 / 14. kalpasUtra (bhadrabAhukRta) anu. eca. yAkobI, saikreDa buksa oNva di IsTa, khaNDa-22, bhAga-1, (AkasphorDa 1884), dillI-1973, saM. devendra munizAstrI, 1968 / 15 kalpasUtra - sArAbhAI maNilAla navAba, ahamadAbAda, 1952 16. tiloyopaNNati (yativRSabha kRta) - saM.e.ena. upAdhye tathA hIrAlAla jaina, jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA, zolApura, 1943 / 17. triSaSTizalAkApurUSacaritra (hemacandra kRta) - anu. jaoNnasana, gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala sirIja, bar3audA, khaNDa-1, 1931 / triSaSTizalAkApurUSacarita, khaM. 2, 1937 triSaSTizalAkApurUSacarita, khaM. 3, 1949 triSaSTizalAkApurUSacarita, khaM. 4, 1954 triSaSTizalAkApurUSacarita, khaM. 5, 1962 triSaSTizalAkApurUSacarita, khaM., 6, 1962 18. nAyAdhammakahAo - saM. vaidya, pUnA 1940 19. nizIthacUrNi - jinadAsagaNi; upAdhyAya kavi amaramuni aura muni kanhaiyA lAla, sammati jJAnapITha AgarA, 1957-1960 / 20. paumacariu (vimalasUri kRta) - bhAga-1, saM. yAkobI, anu. zAntilAla ema. borA, prAkRta TesTa sosAyaTI, vArANasI 1962 / 21. padmapurANa (raviSeNakRta), bhAga 1, saM. pannAlAla jaina, jJAnapITha mUrti devI jaina granthamAlA, grathAMka 20, vArANasI, 1958 /

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 22. pariziSTa parvana saM. yAkobI, kalakattA, 1932 - 23. pratiSThA sArasaMgraha ( vasunandi kRta), pANDulipi, lAlA bhAI, dalapata bhAI bhAratIya saMskRta vidyA maMndira, ahamadAbAda | 24. pratiSThA sAroddhAra ( AzAdharakRta) - saM. manohara lAla zAstrI, bambaI, 1971 / bhAga 1, saM. jinavijaya muni, siMdhI jaina 25. prabandha cintAmaNi (merutuMgakRta) granthamAlA 13, kalakattA, 1940 26. prabhAvaka carita candraprabha sUri 27. bRhatsaMhitA (varAhamihira kRta) 28. bhagavatI sUtra (gaNadhara sudharmAsvAmI kRta) saM. ghevaracanda bhATiyA, sailAnA, 1966 I - --- - 29. bhAgavatapurANa 30. bhaviSyapurANa 31. mahApurANa (puSpadatta kRta) grantha mAlA 42, bambaI 1941 / -- siMdhI jaina grantha mAlA, 13, bambaI 1909 | saM. e. jhA. vArANasI, 1959 / - gItApresa, gorakhapura / veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1959 / 175 1 - saM. pI. ela. vaidya, mAnika canda, digambara jaina 32. mAnasAra khaNDa 3, anu. prasanna kumAra AcArya, ilAhAbAda / guNacanda sUri kRta, devacanda lAlAbhAI, jaina, sIrija 15, 33. mahAvIracaritam bambaI, 1929 / 34. mahAbhArata vyAsakRta, kriTikala eDizana, pUnA, anu., pratApacandra rAya, kalakattA / 35. raghuvaMza - kAlidAsa granthAvalI, saM. paM., sItArAma cartuvedI, kAzI 2000 vi. gItApresa; gorakhapura, 2010 vi. 36. rAmacaritamAnasa 37. rAmAyaNa gItApresa gorakhapura 2024-25 vi. 38. lalita vistAra saM. pI. ela. vaidya, mithilA vidyApITha, nAlandA, 1958 khaNDa 1, saM. muni zrI puNyavijaya, AtmAnanda 39. vasudevahiNDI (saMghadAsa kRta) jaina granthamAlA 80, bhAvanagara, 1930 40. vAstuvidyA - vizvakarmAkRta, dIpArNava, saM. prabhAzaMkara aughar3a bhAI, somapurA, pAlitANa, 1960

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176 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 41. vividhatIrtha kalpa (jinaprabhasUri kRta) - saM. muni zrI jinavijaya, sindhI jaina granthamAlA 10, kalakattA, 1934 / 42. viSNapurANa - bambaI, 1889, aMgrejI anuvAda, eca. eca. vilsana, landana, 1864-70 43. samarAiccakahA (haribhadra sUrikRta) - saM. yAkobI, kalakattA, 1926 44. samavAyAMgasUtra - anu. ghAsIlAla, rAjakoTa, 1962; saM. kanhaiyAlAla, dillI-1966 45. sAdhanamAlA - gAyakavAr3a, oriyaNTala sIrija, khaNDa-41, bar3audA, 1928 46. sthAnAMgasUtra - saM. ghAsIlAla, rAjakoTa 1964 / 47. harivaMza purANa (jinasena kRta) - saM. pannAlAla jaina, jJAnapITha mUrti devI jaina granthamAlA, saMskRta grathAMka 27, vArANasI 1962 / (kha) Adhunika grantha 1. agravAla, vAsudeva zaraNa - bhAratIya kalA, vArANasI, 1966 - iNDiyA aija nona TU pANini, lakhanaU 1935 - iNDiyana ArTa, vArANasI, 1965 - mathurA kalA, ahamadAbAda, 1964 - guptA ArTa, lakhanaU, 1948 - kalA aura saMskRti, ilAhAbAda, 1952 - mAsTara pIseja oNpha mathurA skalpacara, ___ vArANasI, 1985 prI - kuSANa ArTa oNpha mathurA, vArANasI, 1966 2. agravAla, pRthvI kumAra - guptakAlIna kalA evaM vAstu, vArANasI, 1994 3. agravAla, urmilA - nArtha iNDiyana Tempala skalpacarsa, naI dillI 1995

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 4. avasthI, avadha vihArI lAla 5. agnihotrI, prabhudayAla 6. Ara. viliyamsa 7. iliyaTa aura DAusana 8. I.sI. sacAU 9. I.bI. haivela 10. upAdhyAya, 11. upAdhyAya, vAsudeva bharatasiMha 12. upAdhye, e. ena. 13. ojhA, gaurIzaMkara 14. kanighaMma e. 15. kAlA, satIza candra - - - - - - paTanA 1972 mUrti vijJAna, vArANasI, 1972 di soziyoM rilijasa kaNDIzana oNva nArtha iNDiyA, vArANasI, 1964 gupta sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, kha. 1, ilAhAbAda, 1957 buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, prayAga, 1961 mahAvIra eNDa hija philaoNsaphI oNva lAipha, guhATI 1965 jaina mUrtikalA kA zilpa vaibhava, dillI, 1968 - aiMzyeMTa jyaoNgrAphI oNva iNDiyA kalakattA, 1924 bhAratIya mRtikA, ilAhAbAda, 1972 - - 177 - prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola, lakhanaU, 1972 prAcIna bhArata kA bhaugolika svarUpa, lakhanaU, 1964 patajali kAlIna bhArata, paTanA 1963 jaina yoga, landana, 1963 hisTrI oNva iNDiyA eja TolDa bAI iTsa hisTaoNriyansa, bhAga 1- 3, perisa, 1861 alabarUnI iNDiyA, bhAga-2, landana, 1904 di aiMzyeTa eNDa meDivala ArkiTekcara oNva iNDiyA, landana, 1915 / prAcIna bhAratIya stUpa, guhA evaM mandira,

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178 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 16. kAntisAgara muni - khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava, 1959 17. kumArasvAmI, e.ke. - hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana iNDoneziyana ArTa, landana, 1927 - kaiTalaoNga oNpha iNDiyana kalekzansa ina di myUjiyama oNpha phAina ArTsa, bosTana, 1923 - iNTrokzana TU iNDiyana ArTa, dillI 1969 18. kANe, pI.vI. - hisTrI oNpha da dharmazAstrAja, pUnA, 1930 19. kozAmbI, DI.DI. - da kalcara eNDa sivilAijezana oNpha aiMzyeMTa iNDiyA ina hisTaoNrikala AuTa lAina, landana, 1965 20. kumAra, jitendra evaM girrAja prasAda- kaiTalaoNga Ava jaina eNTIkvITIja garvanamenTa myUjiyama mathurA, mathurA 2003 21. kumAra, jitendra 'mAsTara piseja oNpha mathurA myUjiyama', garvanamenTa myUjiyama, mathurA, 1989 - saM. guptakAlIna mathurA, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya mathurA, 2000 22. kumAra jitendra evaM rAvata, bI.sI. - bauddha-jaina pratimA-lakSaNa, lakhanaU, 2009 23. kumAra, kalA (saM) - zramaNa saMskRti, siddhAnta aura sAdhanA, AgarA, 1971 24. Umariza, sTelA - iNDiyana skalpacara, kalakattA 1933 25. gAilsa, ema.e. - di Trevelsa oNpha phA-hiyAna, Ara rikaoNrDa oNpha buddhisTika kiMgDamsa, kaimbrija, 1923 26. gupte, Ara.esa. AiknogrAphI oNpha di hindU, buddhisTa eNDa jainsa, baoNmbe, khaNDa-1, 1972

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 179 27. ghoSa, amalAnanda (saM) 28. candra, motI 29. candra, pramoda 30. candA, Ara.pI. 31. caturvedI, rekhA - jaina kalA evaM sthApatya, 3 khaNDa naI dillI, 1975 - sArthavAha, paTanA, 1953 - sTona skalpacara ina di ilAhAbAda myUjiyama, bambaI, 1970 - meDivala iNDiyana skalpacara ina di briTiza myUjiyama, landana, 1936 - jaina AgamaH itihAsa evaM saMskRti dillI, 2000 - paoNliTikala hisTrI oNva nArdana iNDiyA, phraoNma jaina sorseja, amRtasara 1963 - buddhisTa senTarsa ina ainzyenTa iNDiyA, kalakattA 1964 - prAcIna bhAratIya mUrti vijJAna, paTanA, 32. caudharI, gulAbacandra 33. caudharI, vineyendranAtha 34. jozI, nIlakaNTha purUSottama 1977 35. jinaprabhasUri 36. joharApurakara, vidyAdhara (saM) - mathurA skalpacara, mathurA, 1977 - yUja oNva oNspizasa simbalsa ina da kuSANa ArTa eTa mathurA, nAgapura 1965 - vividhatIrthakalpa, anu. agaracanda nAhaTA bha~vara lAla nAhaTA, rAjasthAna, 1978 - jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga-4, vArANasI, 1964 - digambara jaina AinogrAphI, vArANasI 1978 - hisTrI oNva iNDiyana eNDa isTarna ArkiTekcara, landana 1811 - bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, bhopAla, 1962 37. jemsa, bargesa 38. jemsa, pharagyUsana 39. jaina, hIrAlAla

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180 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 40. jaina, balabhadra 41. jaina, jagadIza candra - bhArata ke digambara jaina tIrtha bhAga-1, bambaI, 1974 - lAipha ina aiMzyeMTa iNDiyA aija DipikTeDa ina da jaina kainansa, bambaI, 1847 - bhArata ke prAcIna jaina tIrtha, vArANasI, 1952 42. jaina, kamala 43. jaina, jyoti prasAda 44. jaina, kailAza candra jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI, 1965 - prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana eka adhyayana, vArANasI, 1988 - di jaina sorseja oNpha di hisTrI oNpha aiMzyenTa iNDiyA, dillI, 1956 - rilijana eNDa kalcara oNva di jainsa, naI dillI, 1975 - uttara pradeza aura jainadharma, lakhanaU, 1976 - laoNrDa mahAvIra eNDa hija TAimsa, dillI, 1975 - uttara bhArata kA digambara jaina siddha kSetra zrI zaurIpura baTezvara, AgarA 1978 - jaina dharma kI sAMskRtika virAsata, vArANasI, 2005 - jainijma ina rAjasthAna, zolApura, 1963 - sTaDIja ina jainijma, ahamadAbAda, 1946 - hAthI gumphA inskripzansa oNva khAravela, dillI, 1971 - oNna yuvAna cvAgsa Trevelsa ina iNDiyA, landana 1904 45. jaina, pratApa candra 46. jaina, premasumana 47. jaina, ke. sI. 48. jaikobI, haramana 49. jaina, zazikAnta 50. TAmasa, vATarsa

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 181 51. tivArI, mArUtinandana prasAda 52. tivArI, mArUti nandana prasAda giri, kamala 53. tivArI, mArUti nandana prasAda evaM kamala giri 54. thapalyAla, kiraNa kumAra 55. thApara, romilA - jaina pratimA vijJAna, vArANasI, 1981 - jaina AikanogrAphI, vArANasI, 1983 - khajurAho kA jaina purAtatva, khajurAho, 1987 - ambikA ina jaina ArTa eNDa liTrecara, dillI, 1989 - madhyakAlIna bhAratIya mUrti kalA, vArANasI, 1991 - madhyakAlIna bhAratIya pratimA lakSaNa, vArANasI, 1997 - sTaDIja ina aizyenTa iDiyana sIlsa, lakhanaU, 1972 - azoka eNDa di DiklAina oNva di ___ mauryAja, AksaphorDa, 1963 - glimpasa oNva jainijma, dillI, 1970 - rilijana eNDa pIsa, mathurA, 1962 - bhAratIya mUrtikalA, kAzI, 1962 - phanDAmenTalsa oNva iNDiyana ArTa, bambaI, 1954 - purAtatva saMgrahAlaya mathurA kI paricaya pustaka, ilAhAbAda, 1947 - hisTrI oNva jaina monaikijma, pUnA, 1956 - jaina sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa, bhAga-1, vArANasI, 1966 - gilampasesa oNva jai jinma thro ArkiyolaoNjI ina uttara pradeza, bambaI, 1968 - sAutha pAncAla, kAnapura, 1985 56. divAkara, esa.sI. 57. dAsa, rAyakRSNa 58. dAsagupta esa. ena. 59. nAgara, madanamohana 60. deva, esa. bI. 61. dozI, becaradAsa 62. nigama, ema. ela. 63. paoNla, Ara. ke.

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182 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 64. purI, bI.ena. 65. pANDeya, vimala candra 66. pANDeya, rAjabalI 67. premI, nAthUrAma 68. pArjiTara, epha. I. 69. pizala 70. phyUrara 71. plinI 72. purI., bI.ena - iNDiyA aNDara di kuSAnAja mumbaI, 1963 - prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, AgarA, 1963 - hindU dharmakoza, vArANasI, 1978 -- prAcIna bhArata, vArANasI, 1962 - jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, bambaI, 1956 - aiMnzyenTa iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala TreDizana, dillI, 1963 - prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa - mathurA inskripzansa, 1888-1891 - necurala hisTrI, bhAga-6 - jainjima ina mathurA ina di arlI sencurIja oNpha di krizciyana erA, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya golDena jubalI, bambaI, bhAga-1, bambaI, 1968 si - yU - ki. buddhisTa rikArDsa oNva di vesTarna varlDa, hyavenasAMga kI mUla cInI bhASA se anuvAda, khaM. 2, landana 1906 di lAipha oNpha hyavenasAMga, landana, 1914 prinsapalsa oNva iNDiyana zilpazAstra, lAhaura, 1926 - DavalapamenTa oNva hindU AikanogrAphI, kalakattA, 1956 73. bIla. esa. 74. bosa. pI. ena. 75. banarjI, je. ena.

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 183 - 'jaina AIkansa', di eja Apha impIriyala yUniTI, saM. majUmadAra, Ara. sI., bAmbe, 1960 - AiknogrAphI, di klasika eja, saM. majUmadAra, Ara.sI., bAmbe, 1962 - di jaina imejeja oNpha devagar3ha, lIDena, 76. bruna, klAja 1969 77. brAuna, parsI 78. bulara, jArja 79. byUhalara, jI 80. bAzama, e. ela. - 'iNDiyana ArkiTekcara' (buddhisTa eNDa hindU pIriyaDsa) bAmbe, 1971 - di iNDiyana sekTa oNpha jainAja, kalakattA, 1963 - oNna di iNDiyana sekTa oNva di jainAja, landana, 1903 - e kalcarala hisTrI oNva iNDiyA, AksaphorDa, 1975 - di vAnDara daiTa vAja iNDiyA, landana, 1954 - di philaoNsaphI oNva di jainAja, mumbaI, 1958 - DivAiniTI ina jainijma, madrAsa, 1925 - di jaina AikanogrAphI, lauhAra, 1930 - iNDiyana imejeja, kalakattA, 1954 - bhAratIya saMskRti kA itihAsa, dillI, 81. bhaTTAcArya eca. esa. 82. bhaTAcArya, bI.sI. 83. bhagavadatta 1956 84. mAthura, vijendra kumAra - aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, naI dillI, 1969 - aizyenTa iNDiyA aija DiskrAibDa ina klAsikala liTrecara, kalakattA, 1901 85. maikakriDala

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184 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 86. majUmadAra., Ara.sI. 87. mekaDaoNnalDa evaM kItha 88. mizra, rAmagopAla 89. mizra, jayazaMkara - aizyenTa iNDiyA aija DiskrAibDa bAI megasthanIja eNDa eriyana, kalakattA, 1906 - aizyenTa iNDiyA aija DiskrAibDa bAI TAlemI, kalakattA, 1927 - da ija oNpha impIriyala yUniTI, bambaI evaM pusAlakara, e. DI. 1951 - da klAsikala eja, bambaI 1954 - vaidika iNDeksa eNDa nema eNDa sabjekTsa bhAga-2, vArANasI, 1958 - tapobhUmi - prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola, prayAga, 1923 - gyArahavIM sadI kA bhArata, vArANasI, 1968 - braja kI kalAoM kA itihAsa, mathurA 1975 - braja kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, mathurA, 1966 - candragupta maurya eNDa hija TAimsa, dillI, 1966 - azoka, dillI, 1974 - prAcIna bhArata, dillI, 1964 - tIrthaMkara mahAvIra smRti grantha, zivAjI vizvavidyAlaya, gvAliyara, 1977 - pratimA vijJAna, bhopAla, 1969 - jaina dharma - darzana, vArANasI, 1973 - di ikaoNnAmika phaikTarsa ina kuSANa hisTrI, kalakattA, 1970 90. mIttala, pradudayAla 91. mukarjI, Ara. ke. 92. mAlava, ravIndra (saM.) 93. mizra, indumatI 94. mehatA, mohanalAla 95. mukharjI, bI. ena.

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 185 96. yAdava, jhinakU - jaina dharma kI aitihAsika rUparekhA, vArANasI 1981 - samarAiccakahA; eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, vArANasI, 1977 97. rAyacaudharI, eca.sI. - paoNliTikala hisTrI oNpha aiMzyenTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1953 prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa, ilAhAbAda, 1976 98. rAya, nihAraraMjana maurya aiMDa zuMga ArTa, kalakattA, 1945 99. rAvata, bI. sI. - 'jaina pratimA-zilpa', rAyabarelI, 2008 - jaina pratimA-kalA, (uttara pradeza ke Aloka meM) dillI, 2010 100.rAvata, bI.sI. evaM siMha, jagapAla - madhya pradeza kI zailacitra kalA, dillI, 2013 101.rastogI, zailendra kumAra - lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya kI jaina pratimAe~ lakhanaU, 2002 - 'namo aharatAna -- arhatopUjAye'; maNibhadra, zrI AtmAnanda sabhA bhavana, jayapura, 1982 102.lAhA, vimalacaraNa - prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika, bhUgola, lakhanaU, 1972 103.lege, jemsa - di Trevelsa oNva phAhyayAna, dillI, 1973 104.lyUja-De-lyU, je.I. vAna - di sIthiyana piriyaDa, liDena 1949 105.vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta - mathurA paricaya, mathurA, 1950 - bhArata ke sAMskRtika kendra mathurA, 1980 - braja kA itihAsa prathama khaNDa, mathurA, 1955

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186 106. vijayamUrti (saM.) 107. vogala, je. pI. eca. 108. zarmA, rameza candra 109. zarmA, vI. ke. 110.zarmA, brajendra 111.zAha, cimanalAla - - -- - - mathurA, lakhanaU, 1955 yugoM-yugoM meM uttara pradeza, ilAhAbAda, 1955 jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga-2 bambaI, 1952 - kaiTalAga oNva di ArkiyolaoNjikala myUjiyama aiTa mathurA, ilAhAbAda, mathurA saMgrahAlaya paricaya, mathurA, 1972 1910 buddhisTa ArTa oNpha mathurA, dillI, 1984 -- -- zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa braja kA itihAsa dvitIya khaNDa, 1944 - mathurA - jaina kalA evaM purAtatva, vArANasI, 1976 -- - di spelanDara oNva mathurA ArTa eNDa myUjiyama, naI dillI, 1994 bhAratIya vAstukalA kA itihAsa, lakhanaU, 1990 mathurA ArTa eNDa myUjiyama, mathurA, 2003 hisTrI oNva jainijma vida spezala riphrensa mathurA, dillI, 2002 jaina pratimAe~, dillI 1979 zosala eNDa kalcarala hisTrI oNpha nArdarna iNDiyA, dillI, 1972 uttara bhArata meM jaina dharma, rAjasthAna, 1990

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 187 112.zAha, yU. pI. 113.zAha, sI. je. 114.zAstrI, kailAza candra 115.zAstrI, devendra muni 116.zAstrI, nemicandra 117.ziva prasAda - sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa, banArasa, 1955 - akoTA bronjeja, bambaI, 1959 - jaina pratimAeM, dillI, 1976 - jainijma ina nArtha iNDiyA, landana, 1932 bhAratIya dharma evaM ahiMsA, dillI, 1983 - jaina dharma, vArANasI, 1966 - sAhitya aura saMskRti, vArANasI, 1970 - bhAratIya sAhitya ke itihAsa meM jaina vAgamaya kA avadAna, khaNDa-1, sAgara, 1982 - jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana (vividhatIrtha kalpa ke sandarbha meM) vArANasI, 1991 - mathurA janapada kA rAjanaitika itihAsa, khaNDa-1, mathurA, 1955 - pratimA vijJAna, lakhanaU, 1956 - bhAratIya sthApatya, lakhanaU, 1968 - e sarve oNpha iNDiyana skalpacara kalakattA, 1957 mahAvIra, hija lAipha eNDa TIciMgsa, ahamadAbAda, 1930 - arlI hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, oNksaphreDa, 1924 - di jaina stUpa eNDa adara enTIkvITIja oNpha mathurA, ilAhAbAda, 1901 118.zukla, cintAmaNi 119.zukla, dvijendra nAtha 120.sarasvatI, esa. ke. 121.sarasvatI, rAghavAcArI 122.smitha, vI. e.

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188 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 123.siMha, azoka kumAra 124.haNDIkI, ke.ke. 125.hastImala 126.harTala, harbarTa 127.haivela, I.bI. - 'uttara pradeza ke prAcInatam nagara; naI dillI, 1988 - yazastilaka eNDa iNDiyana kalcara, zolApura, 1949 - jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa, jayapura, 1971 - DAI kuSANa - horijoNTe ina hyUgala vAna, soMkha (mathurA) iNDoMlojeNTAMgga, 1971, bijbeDena, 1973 - sama rijalTasa oNva di ekzakevezansa aiTa soMkha : e prIlimanarI rirpoTa jarmana skAlarsa oNna iNDiyA, bhAga-2, naI dillI, 1976 - 'iNDiyana skalpacara eNDa peMTiMga', dvitIya saMskaraNa, landana, 1928 - jaina saMskRti kI vizeSatAe~, rAjasthAna, 1942 - zrIvatsa : bhAratIya kalA kA eka mAMgalika pratIka, ilAhAbAda, 1983 - bhAratIya kalA pratIka, ilAhAbAda, 1989 - sama inTaresTiMga jaina skalpacarsa ina di sTeTa myUjiyama, lakhanaU, 1972 - TreDa eNDa kaoNmarsa ina aiMzyenTa iNDiyA, vArANasI, 1983 - zrIvatsa, ilAhAbAda, 1983 - mathurA - di kalcarala heriTeja, dillI 1989 128.tripAThI, rAmamUrti 129.zrIvAstava, e. ela. 130.zrIvAstava, vI. ena. 131.zrIvAstava, bI. 132.zrIvAstava, azarphIlAla 133.zrInivAsana, DI.ema. (saM.)

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 1. agravAla, vAsudeva zaraNa 2. upAdhye, e. ena. 3. koThiyA, darabArI lAla 4. gAMgulI, kalyANa kumAra 5. candA, Ara.pI. 6. jAyasavAla, ke.pI. (ga) zodha patra - - - - - 189 e noTa oNpha di gADa naigameSa, di jarnala oNva di yUnAiTeDa praoNviMziyala sosAyaTI, khaM. 1,2, pRSTha 68-73, lakhanaU, 1947 mathurA AyAgapaTTaja; jarnala oNva yU. pI. hisTaoNrikala sosAyaTI, kha. 16, bhAga-1, pRSTha 58-61, 1943 kaiTa lAga oNva di mathurA myUjiyama, jarnala oNva yU.pI. hisTArikala sosAyaTI, kha. 20, bhAga 1,2, 1947 jaina kalA kI AcArika pRSTha bhUmi, jaina kalA aura sthApatya, khaNDa 1, pRSTha 45, fact, 1975 zramaNa saMskRti kI bhAratIya saMskRti ko dena; jaina bhAskara siddhAnta, aMka 2, ArA, 1971 sama simbaoNlika riprejenTazansa ina arlI jaina ArTa, jaina jarnala, kha. 1, aMka 1, pRSTha 31-36, julAI 1966 'di zvetAmbara eNDa digambara imejeja oNpha di jainsa', oNrkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, enuala riporTa, naI famil, 1927-26 jaina imeja oNva maurya piriyaDa, jarnala oNva di bihAra, ur3IsA risarca sosAyaTI, khaNDa-23, bhAga-1, pRSTha 130-132, 1937

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190 7. jozI, nIlakaMTha purUSottama rastogI, zailendra kumAra 8. jaina, kundana lAla 9. jaina, je. ena. 10. jaina, jyoti prasAda 11. jaina, bhAgacandra 12. jaina, rAmajItaH 13. jaina, uSAkiraNa - - - - - -- zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa kaMkAlI kI purA sampadA; jaina nibandha mAlA, Ananda saMsthAna, rAmapura, 1977 uttara pradeza se prApta zilAlekhoM meM jaina sandarbha; RSabha saurabha, pR. 142-152, dillI 1998 'sama noTsa oNna di digambara jaina AiknogrAphI', iNDiyana ainTIkverI, 1904 jenisisa oNva jaina liTreMcara eNDa di sarasvatI mUvameNTa; saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA, aMka 9., pR. 30, jUna 1972 devagar3ha aura usakA kalA vaibhava; jena eNTikverI, khaMH 21, aMka 1 jUna 1955 uttara pradeza meM jaina dharma kA udaya aura vikAsa; bhagavAna mahAvIra smRti grantha, kha. 6, lakhanaU, 1975 jaina kalA kA udgama aura AtmA; jaina kalA evaM sthApatya; khaM. 1, dillI 1975 jaina dharmaH itihAsa aura paramparA prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, aMka 43, pR. 3-8, sitambara, 2005 itihAsa ke pannoM meM zaurIpura baTezvara ; prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAraH aMka 13, pR. 39-40, lakhanaU, janavarI, 2002 jaina citrakalA, 'prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra', aMka 36, pR. 17-20, lakhanaU, navambara-disambara, 2004

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 191 14. jaina, rAjArAma 15. jaina, anekAnta kumAra 16. tivArI, mArUti nandana prasAda - zaurasenI prAkRta kA udgama aura jaina sAhitya ko usakA avadAna; RSabha saurabha, pR. 107-124, dillI, 1998 - rAga ko bhI hiMsA mAnate the, mahAvIra, dainika jAgaraNa, kAnapura, apraila 2006 - sarasvatI ina iNDiyana AiknogrAphI, bhavansa jarnala, 1972 - e brIpha sarve oNpha di AiknogrAphI DeTA aiTa kuMbhAriyA, nArtha gujarAta, sambodhi, khaM. 2, aM. 3, 1973 - osiyAM se prApta jIvanta svAmI kI aprakAzita mUrtiyA~, vizva bhAratI, khaNDa 14, aMka 3, 1973 -- AiknogrAphI oNva yakSI siddhAdiyakA jarnala oNva aiziyATika sosAiTI, khaM. 15, aM. 1-4, 1973 - aina anapablizDa jina, imeja ina di bhArata kalA bhavana, vArANasI, vizvesvarAnanda iNDolaoNjikala jarnala, khaM. 15, aM. 1-2, 1975 - bhArata kalA bhavana kA jaina purAtatva; anekAnta varSa, aM. 2, pR. 51, 52, 58, jUna 1971 - zUrasena janapada kI jaina virAsata; RSabha saurabha, pR. 97-106, dillI, 1998 - impaikTa oNva jainijma oNna mathurA ArTa; jarnala oNva yU.pI. hisTaoNrikala sosAyaTI, khaM. 10, bhAga, 1, pR. 7-12, 17. nAgArca, bihArI lAla 18. nigama, ema. ela. 1961

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192 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 19. nAhara, pI.sI. 20. premI, phUlacanda jaina 21. purI, bI. ena. 22. bhaNDAkara, DI. Ara. 23. byUhalara, jI - jaina inskripzansaH bhAga 1; jaina vividha sAhitya zAstramAlA, bhAga 8, kalakattA 1918 - mathurA kA suprasiddha sarasvatI Andolana aura usakA prabhAvaH zrutasaMvardhinI, aMka 10, pR. 11-12, lakhanaU, janavarI, 2005 jainijma ina mathurA ina da arlI seMncurIja oNva di krizciyana erA, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya golDena jubalI vAlyUma, 156 61 mumbaI, 1968 - jaina AikanogrAphI; ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNva iNDiyA, ainuala riporTa, 1905-06; kalakattA 1908 - di digambara jainAja, iNDiyana eNTikvairI, khaM. 7, pR. 28-29, 1978 - nyU jaina inskripzansa phrAma mathurA, epigrAphiyA iNDikA, khaM. 1, kalakattA, 1892, pR. 393-97 - spesimensa oNva jaina skalacarsa phrAma mathurA, epigrAphiyA iNDikA, khaM. 2, kalakattA 1894, pR. 311-22 - mathurA, jaina kalA evaM sthApatya khaM. 1, dillI 1975 - namo arahAna - arhatopUjAye maNibhadraH zrI AtmAnanda sabhA bhavana, jayapura, 1982 prAkRta bhASA aura jaina dharma-darzana, zruta saMvardhinIH aMka 10, 11 pR. 14-16, 7-11, lakhanaU, janavarI-pharavarI, 2005 24. mitrA, debalA 25. rastogI, zailendra kumAra 26. rAya, rAma jI

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 193 27. rAvata, bI. sI. sironI khurda : jaina pratimA kendra, prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, zrI bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina tIrtha saMrakSiNI mahAsabhA, lakhanaU, aMka 4-5, navambara, 2005 'ariSTanemi kI aitihAsikatA' prAcIna tIrtha saMrakSiNI mahAsabhA, lakhanaU, aMka 4-8, apraila, maI, 2006 - 'kucado kI jaina kalA-kRtiyA~', saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA, aMka 55-56, jUna-disambara, lakhanaU, 1995 - jaina pratimA-kalAH pRSThabhUmi eMva paramparA', prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, zrI bhAratIvarSIya digambara jaina tIrtha saMrakSiNI, mahAsabhA prakAzana, lakhanaU, varSa 5, aMka 65 disambara, 2007 'AyAgapaTTa : eka aitihAsika adhyayana' prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, zrI bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina tIrtha saMrakSiNI, mahAsabhA prakAzana, lakhanaU, varSa 6, aMka 67 'uttara pradeza meM jaina pratimA kA udbhava' prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, zrI bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina tIrtha saMrakSiNI, mahAsabhA prakAzana, lakhanaU, varSa 6, aMka 74 "prAcIna sAhitya meM pratibimbita tIrthaMkara RSabha', prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, zrI bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina tIrtha saMrakSiNI mahAsabhA, lakhanaU, varSa 10 aMka 2 (116), navambara, 2012

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194 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 28. vAjapeyI, kRSNadatta 29. zAha. yU.pI. - jaina imeja oNpha sarasvatI ina lakhanaU myUjiyamaH jaina eNTikverI, pR. 1-4, 1946 - mathurA ke jaina vedikA stambhaH bhAskara jaina siddhAnta, bhAga-2, ArA, 1953 - bhAratIya vAstukalA ke vikAsa meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna; bhagavAna mahAvIra smRti grantha; khaM. 4, 1974 - biginiMgsa oNva jaina AikanogrAphI, saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA, aMka 9, pR. 1-14, jUna 1972 - e yUnika jaina imeja oNva jIvanta svAmI, jarnala oNva di oriyaNTala insTiyUTa oNva bar3audA, kha. 2, pR. 72-7, 1951-52 - kalaza kI avadhAraNAH dainika jAgaraNa, lakhanaU 4 navambara, 1998 - jaina skalpacarsa oNva di gupta eja ina di sTeTa myUjiyama lakhanaU; zrI - mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya svarNa jayantI, aMka 1, pR. 146 - braja kA prAcIna jaina tIrtha, jIrNoddhAra, aMka 22, pR. 2-4, lakhanaU, jUna 2003 - videzI saMgrahAlaya meM mahatvapUrNa pratimAeM; paM. kailAza candra, abhinandana grantha, khaM. 4, pR. 353, gujraat| - 'AiknogrAphI oNva di jaina gaoNDesa ambikAH jarnala oNva di yUnivarsiTI oNva bAmbe, khaM. 9, 1940 30. zukla, candrazekhara 31. zarmA, Ara.sI. 32. zarmA bRjendra nAtha 33. zAha, yU.pI.

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 195 34. zAha, yU.pI. 35. siMha, saMgItA - 'AiknogrAphI oNva disiksaTIna jaina mahAvidyAyAja jarnala oN va di oriyanTala insTITyUTa oNva bar3audA, khaM. 1, 1951 - kaMkAlI TIle kI jaina kalAkRtiyA~; prAcIna tIrtha jINoddhAra; aMka 42, pR. 20-21, lakhanaU julAI-agasta, 2005 zaurIpura kI jaina mUrtiyA~H prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, aMka 47, pR. 16, lakhanaU, pharavarI-mArca 2006 soMkha kA jaina purAtatvaH prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra; aMka 49, pR. 21, lakhanaU jUna-julAI, 2006 - kaMkAlI se prApta jaina purAtatva meM striyoM kA yogadAna, prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, aMka-11 (113) lakhanaU, julAI, 2012 - zUrasena janapada meM jaina saMskRti kI vizeSatAe~, anuzIlana, aMka-XXXIX, vArANasI, 2012 jaina saMskRti kI vizeSatAeM, karma yo gIzrI kesarI mala jI surANA-abhinandana grantha, pR. 144, rAjasthAna, 1982 AyAgapaTTa! jaina pUjA ke prathama sopAna; navanIta varSa 29, aMka 12 disambara, 1980 36. tripAThI rAmamUrti 37. zrIvAstava, e. ela.

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196 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa (gha) riporTsa evaM gajeTiyara 1. kaniMghama, alekjeNDara - ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNva iNDiyA, vArSika riporTa, bhAga, I, III, XVII, XX, vArANasI, 1863 2. kArlAila, e.sI. ela - ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, bhAga-IV, 1871-72 3. grAusa, epha. esa. - mathurAH DisTrikTa memoAra, mathurA, 1880 4. jozI, I.bI. - gajeTiyara oNva iNDiyA, lakhanaU, 1968 5. nevila, eca, Ara. - alIgar3ha - gajeTiyara, bhAga-VI, ilAhAbAda, 1909 6. phyUrara e. - ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNva iNDiyA, nArtha - vesTarna praoNvinseja eNDa avadha bhAga -VI, ilAhAbAda, 1891 7. vogala, je.pI.eca. - mathurA skUla oNva skalApcarsa: ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNva iNDiyA, vArSika riporTa, 1909, 1910 (Ga) zodha patrikAeM 1. saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA, lkhnuu| 2. prAcIna tIrtha jIrNoddhAra, lkhnuu| 3. zruta saMvardhinI, lkhnuu| 4. jarnala oNva di yU.pI. hisTArikala sosAyaTI, lkhnuu| 5. jaina eNTIkverI, aaraa| 6. jaina sandeza, lkhnuu| 7. purAtatva, buleTina oNva iNDiyana ArkiyolaoNjilaka sosAyaTI, naI dillii| 8. prAgdhArA, lkhnuu|

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 197 9. mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, jypur| 10. jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, aaraa| 11. jaina jarnala, klkttaa| 12. zramaNa, vaaraannsii| 13. nava bhArata TAimsa, dillii| 14. saMskRti-sandhAna, vaaraannsii| 15. jaina, nibandhamAlA, raampur| 16. zodhAMka, mthuraa| 17. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, naI dillii| 18. anekAnta, naI dillii| 19. ahiMsA vANI, naI dillii| 20. prAcI jyoti, kuruukssetr| 21. jaina-vijJAna bhAskara, aaraa| 22. nava utkarSa, lkhnuu| 23. buleTina oNva myUjiyama eNDa oNrkiyolaoNjI ina yU.pI., lkhnuu| 24. RSabha saurabha, dillii| 25. jJAna-pravAha, vArANasI

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chAyA citra 199 1. RSabhadeva kI sabhA meM nIlAnjanA, dvitIya zatI I. pU. kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra., rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 354 2. AyAgapaTTa prathama zatI I. pU., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 250

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200 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 3. ajamukhI harinaigameSI, kuSANa kAla, mathurA, u. pra., rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, saM. 00.E.2 HD RELASHATAKlasa PRODE bhAbhaAg sex 4. zivayazA kA AyAgapaTTa, prathama zatI. I., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 255

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chAyA citra saka 201 5. amohinI AyAgapaTTa, saM. 72-15 I., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, je. 1 TRAN 6. gaNikA lavaNazobhikA kI putrI vasu dvArA sthApita AyAgapaTTa, kuSANakAlIna, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, saM. 00.Q.2

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202 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 7. jaina sarvatobhadrikA, kuSANa kAla, mathurA, u. pra., rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, saM. 00B.67 TEAFALTAREET 8. tIrthaMkara pratimA kI caukI, 127 I., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, uTha u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 20

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chAyA citraka 203 TREAAR 9. abhilikhita jaina sarasvatI, 132 I., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 24 10. jaina abhilikhita AyAgapaTTa, prathama zatI. I., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 248

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204 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 11. jaina toraNadvAra, pUrva-kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 567 12. jaina toraNadvAra (sAmane kA dRzya) pUrva-kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 535

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chAyA citra la 205 13. jaina tIrthaMkara neminAtha, kuSANa kAla, ajJAta, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, saM. 34.2488 14. tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi, kuSANa kAla, mathurA, u. pra., rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 8

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206 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 15. tIrthaMkara neminAtha, kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 117 16. tIrthaMkara neminAtha, kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 6

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chAyA citra 207 17. abhilikhita jaina mUrti, kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 623 18. jaina maMgala pratIka-triratna, kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 659

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208 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 19. jaina sthApatya khaNDa, kuSANa kAla, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU saM. bI. 207 20. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara, kuSANa kAla, ajJAta, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, O0B.63

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chAyA citra 209 21. harinaigameSa, kuSANa kAla, mathurA, u. pra. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, saM. 2547 22. jaina tIrthaMkara, kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 15

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210 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 23. jaina tIrthaMkara kA mastaka, kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 194 24. abhilikhita pArzvanAtha pratimA, kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, je. 39

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chAyA citra 211 25. jaina tIrthaMkara, kuSANakAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 686 26. chatrayukta jaina sarvato bhadrikA, kuSANa kAla, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 235

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212 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 27. tIrthakara mastaka, kuSANa kAla, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 172 28. tIrthaMkara mastaka, kuSANakAla, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 169

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chAyA citra 213 29. abhilikhita jaina sarvatobhadrikA, kuSANa kAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 230 30. pArzvanAtha mastaka, kuSANa kAla, mathurA, u. pra., rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 96

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214 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 31. tIrthaMkara neminAtha, 5vIM. zatI. I., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 121 GEG 32. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara, 5vIM zatI I., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 118

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chAyA citra 215 33. jaina tIrthaMkara, RSabhanAtha, guptakAla, ajJAta, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, saM. 00B.33 34. jaina tIrthaMkara, RSabhanAtha, guptakAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, saM. 12.268

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216 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 35. tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha, guptakAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, saM. 00B.24 36. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara, guptakAla, kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 104

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chAyA citra ma 217 37. dhyAnastha tIrthaMkara, 5vIM zatI I., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 119 38. abhilikhita pArzvanAtha pratimA, 981 I., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 143

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218 zUrasena janapada meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa 39. tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha, 1014 I. zatI. kAgArola (AgarA), u. pra. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, saM. 40.2874 40. abhilikhita dhyAnastha sarvatobhadrikA, 11vI. zatI. I., kaMkAlI TIlA, mathurA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 236 41. tIrthaMkara neminAtha, 12vIM zatI. I., mathurA, u. pra. rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, mathurA, saM. 00.B77 42. tIrthaMkara munisuvratanAtha, 12vIM zatI. I. AgarA, u. pra. rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, saM. je. 776

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DaoN. saMgItA siMha : janma 5 apraila 1981 I. kAnapura meM, parantu mUlataH gorakhapura se smbndhit| zikSA : bI. e., 2000 meM, ema. e. 2002 meM itihAsa viSaya meM uttIrNa kiyA, kAnapura vizvavidyAlaya se hAI skUla se lekara ema. e. taka sabhI parIkSAoM meM prathama zreNI prApta kiyA hai| jUna 2005 I. meM yU. jI. sI., neTa uttIrNa kiyaa| 2006 meM jAmiyA-tutataiyabAta, kAnapura se urdU meM eka varSIya DiplomA korsa kiyA hai| jUna 2008 I. meM chatrapati zAhU jI mahArAja, kAnapura vizvavidyAlaya se itihAsa viSaya meM zodha kI upAdhi (pI-eca.DI.) prApta kiyaa| antarrASTrIya evaM rASTrIya stara para aneka zodha-patra prastuta kiyA hai| sAtha hI aneka rASTrIya kAryazAlAoM meM bhI sahabhAgitA kiyA hai| dasa zodha-patra prakAzita ho cuke haiM aura aneka prakAzAdhIna haiN| sthAI patA : ma. na. 11, jaya nagara kaoNlonI, gilaTa bAjAra, vArANasI-221002, yU. pI., bhArata (nikaTa -yU.pI. kaoNleja) samprati : ziva dulArI devI mahilA mahAvidyAlaya, kuzInagara, u. pra. meM prvktaa|

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