Bhakti kavya ka Samaj Darshan

Author(s): Premshankar
Publisher: Premshankar
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/090551/1

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bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana premazaMkara

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saMginI zobhA ko : jaha~ jaha~ biha~si subhAvahiM ha~sI taha~ taha~ chiTaki joti paragasI

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anukrama 15 30 50 nivedanam kavitA aura samAjadarzana madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa kabIra : jo ghara phUMkai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana 89 109 134 167 212

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nivedanam bhaktikAvya racanAzIlatA kA aisA kAlajayI svara hai, jo madhyakAlIna samaya se TakarAtA huA use atikramita karatA hai, eka uccatara mAnavIya mUlya-saMsAra kI sadAzayatA se pricaalit| usake kaI pakSa haiM dhArmika-sAMskRtika se lekara sarjana-kSamatA taka aura loga use apane-apane DhaMga se dekhate-samajhate rahe haiN| mahAna sarjana se saMvAda kisI bhI aise samaya kI anivAryatA hotI hai, jo tatkAla meM nizzeSa nahIM ho jAnA caahtaa| sIkhane na sIkhane kA prazna dUsarA hai, para itanA to jAnA hI jA sakatA hai ki koI racanA zatAbdiyA~ pAra kara, kaise hama taka pahuMcatI hai| vaha lokakaMTha meM vAsa karatI hai aura tathAkathita buddhijIvI varga ko bhI lalakAratI hai| TIkA-TippaNI karanA sarala hai, para sArthaka racanAzIlatA ke sahI vivecana ke lie, pUrvAgraharahita dRSTi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| korA bhAvavAda aura ahaMkArI kutarka ke khatare spaSTa haiM, aisI sthiti meM kisI saMtulita dRSTi kI apekSA hotI hai-rAga-virAga se thor3A httkr| yaha nivedana isalie kyoMki adhyayana kA AraMbha Adhunika sAhitya se kiyA thA, para idhara lagabhaga do dazakoM se samakAlIna racanAzIlatA ke sAtha yAtrA karate hue, bhaktikAvya se saMvAda kA prayatna bhI karatA rahA hU~, aura mujhe isase saMtoSa milaa| Adhunika pAThaka jaba paraMparA ke jIvita aMza para vicAra karatA hai, to usake samakSa vaha pariveza bhI hotA hai, jisameM usakA nirmANa huA thaa| bhaktikAvya bhaktiAMdolana kI pIThikA para AyA, isalie yaha svAbhAvika prazna ki vaha apane samaya ke yathArtha ko kaise dekhatA, samajhatA hai aura usakI abhivyakti ke kauna se sAdhana juTAtA hai| darzana, zAstra, pAMDitya kI bauddhika paraMparA bhaktikAvya ke pUrva maujUda thI, para racanA ke dharAtala para usase Age bar3hane kA mahattvapUrNa prazna bhI thaa| jisa saMkramaNakAla meM bhaktikAvya nae mArga kA saMdhAna kara rahA thA, use pAra karane kA kArya utanA sarala na thA, prAyaH jitanA samajha liyA jAtA hai| samaya se jUjhate hue, Age kI nivedanam / 9

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rAha khojanA sArthaka racanA ke lie bar3I cunautI hai| Adhunika samaya meM bhI sthiti yahI hai, balki jaTilatara, jisakA saMketa nirAlA, muktibodha jaise kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| bhaktikAvya eka ora loka ko saMbodhita karatA hai, dUsarI ora buddhijIvI ke lie cunautI banakara upasthita hai, jo kaI prakAra kI haiN| naimiSa kSetra meM janma, kAzI meM zikSA, lakhanaU-sAgara meM adhyApana-isa prakAra jIvana-vRtta banA hai| bhaktikAvya kahIM mere avacetana meM vAsa karatA rahA hai, jisake AraMbhika saMskAra mujhe karmaTha-ImAnadAra mAtA-pitA se mile| Adi AcArya ThAkura jayadevasiMha ke bhakti-saMgIta ne bhI mujhe saMskArita kiyA aura kAzI vizvavidyAlaya meM AcArya paM. kezavaprasAda mizra jaise guru mile| guruvara AcArya nandadulAre vAjapeyI ne mujhe prasAda para zodhakArya karane kA Adeza diyA aura Adhunika kAvya ke sAtha, samakAlIna sarjana bhI mere adhyayana kA viSaya bnaa| pUjya DaoN. rAmaprasAda tripAThI aura AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne kahA : Adhunika bahuta ho cukA, aba thor3A bhaktikAvya kI ora bhI dekho| mere saMskAroM ko jaise kisI ne jagA diyA ho aura maiM bhaktikAvya kI ora mudd'aa| para merI apanI kaThinAiyA~ thIM, jinameM eka yaha ki Adhunika sAhitya kA vidyArthI isase samIpI sAkSAtkAra karate hue, usase muThabher3a kaise kare, jo kArya svayaM bhaktakaviyoM ne madhyakAla meM kiyA thaa| tulasI kI yAda AI : mati ati nIca U~ci ruci AchI, cahia amiya jaga jurai na chaachii| karma aura ImAna mujhe virAsata meM mile haiM, vahI jIvanasaMgharSa meM mere sAthI rahe haiM aura inhIM para mujhe bharosA thaa| eka zodhayojanA ke aMtargata bhaktikAvya ke sAMskRtika adhyayana kA kArya AraMbha huaa| ise maiMne nayA rUpa diyA jo kaI pustakoM meM sAmane aayaa| bhakticiMtana kI bhUmikA (vaidika yuga se lekara bhAgavata taka), bhaktikAvya kI bhUmikA (aitihAsika-sAMskRtika pIThikA), kRSNakAvya aura sUra, rAmakAvya aura tulsii| phira samApana aMza AyA : 'bhaktikAvya kI sAmAjika-sAMskRtika cetanA' aura bAda meM 'bhaktikAvya kA samAjazAstra' pustaka aaii| inheM pAThakoM kA bharapUra sneha milA, kRtajJa huuN| bhaktikAvya para kAma karane ke bAda maiM phira apanI purAnI z2amIna para lauTA aura 'naI kavitA kI bhUmikA' pustaka likhI jo nae kAvya-vivecana kA AraMbhika aMza hai| racanAAlocanA ke aMtassaMbaMdhoM para vicAra karate hue 'sRjana aura samIkSA' pustaka aaii| patra-patrikAoM ke mAdhyama se samakAlInatA se saMvAda karatA rhaa| para na jAne kyoM bhaktikAvya mujhe AMdolita-udvelita karatA rahA aura maiMne ise 'bhaktikAvya kA samAjazAstra' ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyaa| mere bhItara yaha prazna bhI ki kyA racanA kevala dastAvez2a hai ? aura maiMne vinamra pAThaka ke rUpa meM pAyA ki mahAna racanAe~ apane samaya se gahare stara para TakarAtI haiM, isa artha meM ki unameM vikalpa kA saMketa bhI hotA hai| samaya ke yathArtha meM ve Upara-Upara tairakara nahIM raha jAtI, aMtaHstala meM praveza 10 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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karatI haiM aura kaI bAra unameM vivaraNa-vRttAMta nahIM hote, para samaya kI gaharI pahacAna hotI hai| saMbhava hai mukhara vAcAlatA unameM kama ho, para ve samaya-samAja ke mUlyAMkana meM kahIM adhika sahAyaka hotI haiM, banispata unake jo roz2anAmacA athavA sUcIpatra hone kA dAvA karatI haiN| to samaya-samAja kI abhivyakti mAtra nahIM, para usase TakarAne, muThabher3a karane kA prazna barAbara mujhe uttejita karatA rhaa| usase bhI bar3A prazna mujha jaise pAThaka ke lie yaha ki kyA racanA kevala jUjhakara samApta ho jAtI hai ? palAyana vaha kara hI nahIM sakatI, yadi vaha sArthaka honA cAhatI hai, to| nahIM to kalAvAda ke kitane saMskaraNa racanA meM haiM jo AbhijAtya kA sparza karake raha jAte haiN| isa biMdu para racanA zabda athavA kalA-krIr3A nahIM pratIta hotI, vaha eka vyApaka saMskRti ke aMza rUpa meM dikhAI detI hai aura sabhyatA ke gocara jagat se Age nikalakara, mUlya-stara para soca-vicAra kA ImAnadAra prayatna bhI hai| isa artha meM bhaktikAvya, jisakI pIThikA meM virATa janAMdolana-bhakti AMdolana hai, mujhe eka 'pratisaMskRti' ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai-nae mUlya-saMsAra kI khoja krtaa| bhaktikAvya samaya ke sAkSya ke sAtha, vikalpa kA saMketa bhI hai, jo sAMskRtika ciMtA kA pramANa hai| samAjadarzana prAyaH samAjazAstra se aMtarbhakta karake dekhA gayA hai, para mujhe lagA ki racanA vikalpa kI khoja kA jo prayatna mUlya-stara para karatI hai, usake lie samAjadarzana zabda kA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se yaha pustaka merI pichalI pustaka 'bhaktikAvya kA samAjazAstra' kA agalA caraNa hai aura isa prayatna meM mujhe una saba vidvAnoM se Aloka milA jo bhaktikAvya ko vartamAna samaya-saMdarbha meM dekhate haiN| AcArya rAmacaMdra zukla ne tulasI ke mAdhyama se jisa lokadharma ko rekhAMkita kiyA thA, use AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne kabIra ke mAdhyama se nayA vistAra diyaa| akAdamika prayAsoM ko chor3a deM, to phira use nae DhaMga se dekhane-samajhane kI pUrI paraMparA vikasita huI-DaoN. rAmavilAsa zarmA, vidyAnivAsa mizra, nAmavara siMha, viyajadevanArAyaNa sAhI, vizvanAtha tripAThI, ramezakuntala megha, mainejara pAMDe, paramAnanda zrIvAstava, zivakumAra mizra se lekara bilakula naI pIr3hI ke vIrendra mohana, lakSmIcandra, aruNa mizra aadi| ina sabase maiMne sIkhane-samajhane kA prayatna kiyA, para lagA ki kahIM-kahIM samAjazAstra adhika prabhAvI ho gayA hai, isa dizA meM kucha aura bhI socA jA sakatA hai| prastuta pustaka isI aMtaHsaMgharSa kA pratiphala hai aura Aja bhI lagatA hai ki 'avigati gati kachu kahata na Avai' kI sthiti banI huI hai| samAjazAstra-samAjadarzana ko bhaktikAvya meM 'kAvyasatya' kI sthiti prApta huI hai, jisakA nirmANa kaviyoM kI sajaga sAMskRtika cetanA se huA hai| bhaktikAvya mujhe bhItara-bhItara AMdolita karatA rahA aura jaba maiM bhAratIya saMskRti aura sAhitya kA prAdhyApaka hokara ekAdhika bAra videza gayA to maiMne pAyA ki vahA~ nivedanam / 11

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1 ke buddhijIvI varga meM isake prati ruci hai / itihAsa merA priya viSaya rahA hai aura sacAI yaha hai ki paristhitiyA~ mujhe sAhitya kI ora na lAI hotIM to maiM itihAsa kA hI pAThaka hotA / itihAsa - sAhitya kI saMgati meM merI AsthA hai, aura itihAsa - samAja ke adhyayana ne bhaktikAvya kI samajha meM merI sahAyatA kI aura maiMne jAnA ki samAja kI aMtardhArAoM ke binA racanA kI pahacAna hI adhUrI hogI / samartha racanA kevala kalA - jagat kA khela nahIM hai, usakI vaicArika kSamatAe~ bhI hotI haiM jinheM saMvedana- saMsAra meM vilayita kara, samagra kalAkRti kA rUpa diyA jAtA hai| darzana- vicAradhArA kA prAsaMgika prazna hai aura bhaktikAvya kI pIThikA meM vaha upasthita hai, para darzana mUlataH bauddhika prayatna hai, jabaki racanA saMvedana meM saba kucha samotI calatI hai| bhaktikAvya Age bar3hA aura vaiSNavAcArya apanI samAja-sudhAra dRSTi ke bAvajUda thor3A pIche chUTa gae / bhaktikAvya ke sarvottama ne loka se preraNA lI aura use sIdhe hI saMbodhita kiyA, cetAvanI se lekara vinaya bhAva taka / zravya kAvya ko saMbodhana aura dRzya kAvya meM kaise rUpAMtarita kiyA jA sakatA hai, ise bhaktikAvya ne saMbhava kiyaa| vaiSNava- ciMtana meM mAnavavAda ke saMketa haiM, para prAyaH vaha paMDita varga ke lie hai aura bhaktikAvya ne bhaktidarzana ko zAstrIya sImAoM se nikAlakara, samAjadarzana kA abhinava prayatna kiyA - anubhava para bala diyA- 'maiM kahatA A~khina kI dekhI, tU kahatA kAgada kI lekhI' kA dvaMdva usane nipaTAyA / vaha loka-saMpatti banA, use vyApaka svIkRti milI / eka jaTila samaya meM racanA - karma kitanA kaThina kitanA cunautI bharA hotA hai, ise ImAnadAra racanAkAra jAnate haiM / muktibodha ko uddhRta kareM to : 'pisa gayA vaha bhItarI au bAharI do kaThina pAToM bIca, aisI TraijiDI hai nIca / ' madhyakAla kA sAmaMtI samAja hai, jahA~ kaI prakAra kI bhUlabhulaiyA haiM, jise sabhI kaviyoM ne mahasUsa kiyA : kisI ne use kalikAla ke rUpa meM dekhA, kisI ne vikRta vyavasthA ke rUpa meM / para saba AMtarika stara para vikSubdha, asaMtuSTa haiM aura use apane-apane DhaMga se cunautI dete haiM-kabIra kA vidroha, jAyasI kA prema-bhAva, sUra kI rAgAtmakatA, tulasI kA lokadharma, mIrA kI bhAvanAmayatA saba milakara asaMtoSa ko vyakta karate hue, samAnAMtara vaikalpika mUlya-saMsAra racate haiM, jise unakA samAjadarzana kahA jA sakatA hai, jisameM unakA bhaktidarzana aMtarbhukta hai / 'doi kahaiM tinahIM ko dojakha, mA~gi kai khaibo masIta ko soibe' meM asaMtoSa ke sAtha lalakAra kA bhAva hai, jo kaviyoM ko vaikalpika mUlya-jagat racane kI preraNA detA hai / samAjadarzana ke sahAre sajaga bhaktakavi apane samaya ko cunautI dene meM sakSama ho sake aura kabIra kA vasaMta RturAja, jAyasI kA siMhala dvIpa tathA premapaMtha, sUra kA baikuMThI vRMdAvana, tulasI kA rAmarAjya, mIrA kA gokula vikalpa ke saMketa haiN| pariNAma kA prazna dUsarA hai, kyoMki isake lie sAmAjika saMgaThana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| vyaktitva kI banAvaTa ke anusAra bhaktakaviyoM kI patharekhAoM 12 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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meM pArthakya ho sakatA hai, para unakA samaveta svara eka hI gantavya taka jAnA cAhatA hai-uccatara mUlya-saMsAra : jAti-pA~ti pUchai nahiM koI, hari ko bhajai so hari ko hoii| isa dRSTi se bhaktikAvya apane samaya kA samAdhAna sAMskRtika stara para khojatA hai, madhyakAlIna zarIravAda, mithyAcAra, ADaMbara ko cunautI detA huaa| usakA sarvAdhika Akroza usa sAmaMtavAda-samarthita karmakAMDI purohitavAda ke prati hai, jisase AcaraNa kI zuddhatA nepathya meM calI jAtI hai| pAthara pUjane se hari nahIM mila jAte; agocara indra ke sthAna para, sAmane upasthita govardhana ko zraddhA-sumana arpita kro| kabIra-sUra kI avadhAraNAe~ satahI taura para dekhane se virodhI bhI pratIta ho sakatI haiM, para gaMtavya meM adhika aMtara nahIM hai| bhaktikAvya ne apane samaya meM jAtivihIna sahaja premapaMtha kI parikalpanA kI, jisakA udAtta rUpa bhakti hai, jahA~ sIdhe saMvAda sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai, kisI madhyastha kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| bala jJAna-viveka para hai jisase hama aMdhakAra se prakAza meM Ate haiM : saMto bhAI AI gyAna kI A~dhI athavA rAmakRpA bhavanisA sirAnI, jAge phiri na ddsaihauN| jJAna-viveka sarvopari haiM, jinheM niSkAma prema se saMyojita kara bhakti kA rUpa diyA gyaa| sArthaka racanA, jo tIna-cAra zatAbdiyoM taka sakriya rahI, use lekara vAda-vivAda svAbhAvika hai| para kyA yaha usakI asaMdigdha svIkRti nahIM ki bhaktikAvya vRhattara samAja ko udvelita-AMdolita karatA hai, aura loga use apane DhaMga se dekhate rahe haiN| maiM apanI sImAoM se paricita hU~ aura apanI laghutA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara maiMne bharasaka prayala kiyA ki koI dAvA karane kI bhUla na kruuN| para vinaya bhAva se svIkArU~ ki bhaktikAvya mujhe saMvedanAtmaka jJAna ke dharAtala para gaharAI se mathatA rahA hai aura mujhe lagA ki usake kucha pakSa Aja bhI vicAraNIya haiN| racanA apane samaya se ba~dhI hotI hai, para jitanA saMbhava hotA hai, vaha usase bAhara bhI nikalatI hai aura isa dRSTi se samaya kI sImAe~ racanA kI bhI sImAe~ bana jAtI haiN| bhaktikAvya ko isa pariprekSya meM dekhane para, usake sAtha adhika nyAya kiyA jA sakatA hai aura usake lokavAdI-mAnavavAdI svara kI sahI pahacAna ho sakatI hai| jise lokottara adhyAtma Adi kahA jAtA hai, vaha vAstava meM mAnava-mUlyoM kA uccatama saMsAra hai, jisakI parikalpanA bhaktikAvya ne kI aura darzana-vicAra-saMvedana ke saMyojana se use rUpAyita kiyaa| karmabhare caritroM ke mAdhyama se use caritArthatA dI aura maryAdA puruSottama, lIlA-puruSa kRSNa ko vaikalpika mahAnAyaka ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyaa| sahayogI pAtra bhI saMsarga se vyaktitva pA jAte haiN| saba kucha kalAkRti rUpa meM vinyasta huA, yaha ullekhanIya hai| pustaka merI cetanA meM thI kyoMki yaha prazna mujhe bAra-bAra udvelita karatA hai ki Akhira racanA kI sAmAjika-sAMskRtika bhUmikA kA svarUpa kyA hai ? vaha kisa rUpa meM nivedanam / 13

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samaya-samAja meM hastakSapa karatI hai aura kaise vaha laMbA samaya pAra kara, hama taka pahu~catI hai| isa dRSTi se bhaktikAvya mujhe cunautI detA hai, naI pahacAna ke lie AmaMtrita karatA hai| saMyogavaza vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga pariyojanA ne mujhe avasara diyA ki maiM apane vicAroM ko mUrta rUpa de sakU~ aura isa sahAyatA ke lie dhanyavAda denA caahuuNgaa| AbhAra AcArya rAdhAvallabha tripAThI ke prati jinakI sadAzayatA mujhe niraMtara milatI AI hai aura maiM sakriya saMskRta vibhAga se saMbaddha hokara apanA kArya nizciMtatA se kara skaa| 'gurujI' zrI trilocana zAstrI ko sAdara praNAma nivedita hai, jinakA sAgara-pravAsa hama sabake lie preraNAprada hai| kRtajJatA-bhAva una sabake prati jinakA sneha mujhe sahaja sulabha rahA hai aura jisake pratidAna kI sAmarthya bhI mujhameM nahIM hai| mere aneka zubhecchu haiM-gurujana, iSTajana se lekara ziSya-mitroM taka-sabakA smaraNa karatA huuN| satsaMga se kucha pA sakA, yahI merI pa~jI hai para maiM apanI sImAoM se bhI paricita huuN| 'dhIraja, dharma, mitra aru nArI' mere jIvana-pAtheya rahe haiM, inhIM ke sahAre itanI yAtrA kara skaa| svIkAra karanA cAhU~gA ki saMginI zobhA ke sahayoga se hI kucha kara pAnA saMbhava ho skaa| vilsana jaoNna mere akSaroM ko AkAra dete haiM, unheM dhnyvaad| vinamra vicAra hai ki bhaktikAvya ko khulI dRSTi se dekhane para usakA jIvaMta svara Aja bhI prAsaMgika hai| nirAlA ke tulasIdAsa kA saMkalpa hara samaya meM racanA kI sArthakatA kA pramANa hai : 'karanA hogA yaha timira pAra, dekhanA satya kA mihira dvaar|' vizvavidyAlaya parisara, sAgara svataMtratA divasa 1999 premazaMkara 14 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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kavitA aura samAjadarzana sAhitya aura samAja ke saMbaMdhoM kI carcA kisI na kisI rUpa meM paryApta samaya se hotI rahI hai, para jIvana kI bar3hatI jaTilatAoM ke sAtha, isa viSaya para adhika gaMbhIratA se vicAra karane kA anubhava kiyA gyaa| prAcIna kAla meM jaba kavitA, nATaka pramukha vidhAe~ thIM, taba unake racayitA ko viziSTa pratibhA saMpanna, yahA~ taka ki apauruSeya athavA daivI pratibhA kA vyakti mAnA gayA / sAhitya-racanA meM usa samaya dharma, nIti, darzana Adi ke dabAva pramukha rUpa se kArya karate dikhAI dete haiM / mahAkAvya tathA nATaka meM niyati, prArabdha Adi ke daivI vidhAna haiM jinase kathAvastu saMcAlita hotI hai / samaya-samAja jisa tIvra gati se parivartana kI prakriyA se gujara rahe the, usameM avadhAraNAoM para punarvicAra svAbhAvika thA / racanA meM samAja kI upasthiti kA prazna satrahavIM zatAbdI meM bhI uThA thA, jaise jemsa rAiTa ne nATakoM ke saMbaMdha meM isakI carcA kii| para aThArahavIM zatI meM sAhitya-samAja ke aMtassaMbaMdhoM para vicAra kI prakriyA ko naI gati milii| yaha Agraha kiyA gayA ki sAhitya aura kalAoM ke mUla Azaya taka pahu~cane ke lie sAmAjika pariveza kA parijJAna bhI apekSita hai / ailana sviMgavuDa ne 'soziyAlaoNjI oNpha liTarecara' meM sAhitya ke samAjazAstra ke vikAsa kI carcA kI hai| viko kI nyU sAiMsa (1725 ) meM ve isakA pUrvAbhAsa dekhate haiM aura je. sI. harDara (1744-1803) tathA madAma dastAla (1766-1817 ) se isakA vidhivat AraMbha mAnate haiM, jahA~ isa viSaya ko tArkika AdhAra milA / sAhitya kA samAjazAstra eka Adhunika viSaya hai, aura yaha prazna bhI vicAraNIya ki samAjazAstra aura sAhitya kA kyA saMbaMdha hai ? sAhitya ke samAjazAstra kI avadhAraNA kA svarUpa kyA hai ? aura phira yaha ki samAjazAstra ke sAtha samAjadarzana kI koI sthiti ho sakatI hai kyA ? yadi hai to usakI pArthakya rekhAe~ kyA hoMgI / sAhitya ke samAjazAstra kI carcA Adhunika samaya meM vyApaka rUpa se hotI hai, isalie sarvaprathama usa para vicAra karanA upAdeya hogA / harDara aura madAma da stAla meM deza 1 kavitA aura samAjadarzana / 15

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vizeSa kI jalavAyu, bhaugolika sthiti, sAmAjika saMsthAoM kI samAnatAe~ haiM, jinase sAhitya prabhAvita hotA hai| sAhitya ke samAjazAstra ke saMdarbha meM madAma da stAla ke kucha vicAra isa dRSTi se ullekhanIya haiM ki unase AgAmI ciMtana vikasita huaa| unhoMne madhyavarga ke udaya ko sAhitya meM mahattva diyA, jo audyogika samAja ke sAtha naI bhUmikAoM meM sakriya huaa| 1789 kI phrAMsIsI krAMti se niraMkuza sAmaMtI zAsana kA patana huA, mAnavAdhikAroM kI ghoSaNA huI-svAdhInatA, samAnatA, baMdhutva aura stAla ke ciMtana para usakA prabhAva svAbhAvika hai| madhyavarga kI vizeSa sthiti svIkAra karate hae unhoMne upanyAsa ko prabhAvI racanA-mAdhyama maanaa| arase taka sAhitya kavitA, nATaka keMdrita rahA hai aura inhIM ko sAhitya-vivecana meM pradhAnatA milii| madAma da stAla ne madhyavarga aura upanyAsa ko jo mahattva diyA use sAhitya ke AgAmI samAjazAstrIya ciMtana meM pramukhatA milI, jaise jaoNrja lukAca Adi meM / isa prakAra sAmAjika saMsthAoM se sAhitya ke saMbaMdha para vicAra se ne sAhitya ke samAjazAstra kA AraMbha huaa| sAhitya kA samAjazAstra zabda nirmita karane kA zreya Agyusta koMta (1798-1857) ko diyA jAtA hai, para ise vaicArika vikAsa dene meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA ImAlIta aDolpha tena (1828-93) kI hai| tena kaI dizAoM ke vicAraka the aura 'aMgrejI sAhitya kA itihAsa' unakA prasiddha graMtha hai| ve isa dRSTi se vivAdAspada rahe haiM ki Age calakara vibhinna ziviroM meM unheM saMpUrNa svIkRti nahIM milI, para kalA aura sAhitya ke viSaya meM unake vicAra samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se saMpanna haiN| tena ke samaya meM jo vastuparaka, satyAnveSI vaijJAnika dRSTi prabhAvI ho rahI thI, usane unake ciMtana ko rUpAyita karane meM sahAyatA kii| 'kalA kA darzana' meM tena sAhitya aura kalA ko sAmAjika tathya ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM aura vibhinna jJAnAnuzAsanoM ke samanvita prabhAva ko racanA meM svIkRti dete haiN| unakA ciMtana dharma-darzana ke ekAdhipatya se Age bar3hakara, prakRti-vijJAna taka ko svIkAratA hai| tena eka prakAra se sAhitya kI bhAvavAdI avadhAraNA ko tor3ate haiM aura use bauddhika AdhAra dete haiN| sAhitya kA mukhya prasthAna hai, vaha samaya-samAja jo usakI mUla preraNA hai| kalA aura sAhitya ko 'sAmAjika utpAdana' mAnate hue, ve usa tathya kI par3atAla kA Agraha karate haiM, jise kathya rUpa meM vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| sAhitya ke samAjazAstra kA unakA bahucarcita siddhAMta prajAti, pariveza tathA yugacetanA se nirmita hai, jisase racanA kA samagra rUpa banatA hai| yadyapi yaha bhI sahI hai ki ina tInoM meM saMgati sthApita karane meM tena ne kaThinAI kA anubhava kiyaa| unhoMne sAhitya meM manuSya kI upasthiti svIkAra karate hue lekhaka ke vyaktitva ko bhI mahattva diyA, kyoMki usakA apanA vaiziSTya hai jo racanA meM sakriya hotA hai, sarjanAtmaka stara pr| vidvAnoM ne sAhitya ke samAjazAstra meM tena ke isa mahattva ko svIkArA hai ki sAhitya ko sAmAjika dastAvez2a ke rUpa meM dekhane meM ve agraNI 16 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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OMArakhAnova jaisA mArksavAdI bhI mAnatA hai : 'mArksa kA koI bhI anuyAyI binA sI vivAda ke isa sabake sAtha sahamata hogA : hA~, kisI bhI dArzanika praNAlI sAhItaraha kalA kI kisI kRti kI vyAkhyA usake yuga ke vicAroM tathA AcAra-vyavahAra hI avasthA ke AdhAra para hI kI jA sakatI hai' (itihAsa ke advaitavAdI dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa. pa. 219) / Age calakara tena kI dastAvez2a vAlI avadhAraNA ko pratibaddhatA aura sauMdaryavAda donoM ne saMdeha kI dRSTi se dekhaa| sAhitya ke samAjazAstra kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa isa prakAra huA ki racanA isa artha meM eka mAnavIya utpAdana hai ki use apanI sAmagrI samAja se prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra sAhitya kI jo sAmAjikatA nirmita hotI hai, vaha samAjazAstrIya adhyayana kA viSaya banatI hai| isa kSetra meM kaI dhArAe~ kArya karatI rahI haiM aura unake vicAra eka-dUsare se TakarAte bhI haiM, jaise mArksavAdI aura gair-maarksvaadii| Aja sAhitya ke samAjazAstra ne eka mahattvapUrNa svataMtra sthiti prApta kI hai, jisameM kucha vicArakoM kI pramukha bhUmikA hai, jinakI carcA upAdeya hogii| sAhitya kA samAjazAstra banane meM mArksavAda ke jo prabhAva rahe haiM, unheM svIkAranA hogaa| kArla mArksa (1818-83), phreDarika eMgelsa (1820-95) ne 1848 meM 'kamyunisTa ghoSaNApatra' prakAzita kiyaa| isameM vizva bAz2Ara kI talAza meM phailate Adhunika pU~jIvAda ke viSaya meM kahA gayA : 'utpAdana praNAlI meM niraMtara krAMtikArI parivartana, sabhI sAmAjika avasthAoM meM lagAtAra uthala-puthala, zAzvata anizcayatA aura halacala-ye cIjeM pU~jIvAda yuga ko pahale ke sabhI yugoM se alaga karatI haiN| sabhI sthira aura jar3IbhUta saMbaMdha, jinake sAtha prAcIna aura pUjya pUrvAgrahoM tathA matoM kI eka pUrI zrRMkhalA hotI hai, miTA die jAte haiM, aura sabhI nae banane vAle saMbaMdha jar3IbhUta hone ke pahale hI purAne par3a jAte haiN| jo kucha bhI Thosa hai vaha havA meM ur3a jAtA hai, jo kucha pAvana hai, vaha bhraSTa ho jAtA hai, aura AqhirakAra manuSya saMjIdA naz2ara se jIvana ke vAstavika hAlAtoM ko, mAnava-mAnava ke ApasI saMbaMdhoM ko dekhane ke lie majabUra ho jAtA hai' (saMkalita racanAe~, bhAga eka, pR. 48) / isa prakAra vikasita pU~jIvAdI samAja meM saMbaMdhoM meM jo tIvra parivartana hote haiM, unakA saMketa yahA~ milatA hai| samAja kA bhautika AdhAra svIkAra karate hue, mArksavAda use vargoM ke itihAsa rUpa meM rakhakara dekhatA hai aura sAhitya meM bhI isakI praticchAyA dekhI jA sakatI hai| mArksa-eMgelsa aura lenina isa artha meM sAhitya para svataMtra rUpa se vicAra nahIM karate, jisake lie sAhityazAstriyoM aura AcAryoM ke nAma lie jAte haiN| para sajaga sAmAjika vicAraka ke rUpa meM sAhitya aura kalA meM unakI ruci hai aura unhoMne sAhitya-ciMtana ko vyApaka stara para prabhAvita kiyaa| mArksa-eMgelsa ke vicAra 'oNna liTarecara eMDa ArTa' pustaka meM saMkalita haiN| vI. krilAva ne saMpAdana karate hue laMbe prAkkathana meM likhA hai ki 'mArksa-eMgelsa ne isa tathya kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA kavitA aura samAjadarzana / 17

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ki varga vizeSa kA sAmAjika jIvana aura vicAra kalA meM pratibiMbita hote haiM, para unakI prakriyA yAMtrika nahIM hotI' (mArksa-eMgelsa : oNna liTarecara eMDa ArTa, prAkkathana, pR. 3) / sAhitya ke samAjazAstra para vicAra karane ke lie unake pAsa itanA samaya na thA ki ve pUrI vyApti meM jAkara, sUkSmatA se vivecana kara skeN| para darzana-vicAra ke rUpa meM jo AdhArabhUta sUtra ina pratibaddha vicArakoM ne die haiM, unheM sAhitya ke samAjazAstra kA AraMbhika prasthAna mAnA jAtA hai| vicAraNIya yaha ki samarthaka tathA virodhI donoM inase TakarAte rahe haiM aura yathArthavAda-saMbaMdhI ciMtana meM ise vizeSa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| lenina ke prasiddha lekha 'pArTI saMgaThana aura pArTI sAhitya' (1905) kA ullekha prAyaH kiyA jAtA hai ki 'sAmAjika-janavAdI sAhitya ko pArTI-sAhitya honA caahie| 'sarvahArA saMskRti' kI carcA karate hue ve lUnAcarkI kA virodha karate haiM (lenina : saMskRti aura sAMskRtika krAMti, pR. 123) / yaha vicAraNIya ki mArksavAda-leninavAda aura sAhitya kA samAjazAstra athavA samAjadarzana eka hI Azaya dhvanita nahIM krte| kaTTara mArksavAdiyoM ne to Aropa lagAyA ki samAjazAstra pazcimI pU~jIvAda ke burjuA vicAroM se niHsRta hai, jahA~ sAMkhyikI pradhAna hai| isake viparIta mArksavAdI dhAraNA krAMtikArI hai jisameM sAhitya meM sAmAjika parivartana kI AkAMkSA bhI sannihita hai| liyona TraoNTaskI (sAhitya aura krAMti), jI. vI. plekhAnova (kalA aura sAmAjika jIvana), e. vI. lUnAcarkI Adi ne sAhitya ciMtana ko mArksavAdI AdhAra para vikasita kiyaa| para sAhitya ke samAjazAstra ke Adhunika vikAsa meM unakI bhUmikA AMzika hI svIkArI jA sakatI hai| kAraNa kaI haiM, jinameM pramukha yaha ki mArksavAda svayaM saMpUrNa samAjazAstra kA dAvedAra nahIM hai, jaisA prayatna nikolAI bukhArina ne kiyA thA : 'aitihAsika bhautikavAda : lokapriya samAjazAstra kI eka pAThyapustaka' (1921), jise sAmAnyIkaraNa mAnA gyaa| samAjazAstra aura sAhitya ko lekara eka se adhika vicAraka-varga Amane-sAmane haiN| mArksavAda ko samAjazAstra banAne ke prayatna kA virodha to svayaM mArksavAdiyoM ne bhI kiyA hai, e. grAmzI athavA jArja lUkAca ne| saMbhavataH mArksavAdI kaTTaratA se jo rUr3hiyA~ banIM, vizeSatayA stAlina-yuga meM, usake prati eka asahamati kA bhAva jnmaa| sAhitya meM ruci rakhane vAle vidvAnoM ne ise 'kutsita samAjazAstra' ke rUpa meM dekhA aura racanA kI yAMtrika prakriyA kA virodha kiyaa| vastugata adhyayana kI avadhAraNA apane rUpa meM sahI hai, para racanAkAra use nayA rUpAkAra bhI detA hai| ailana sviMgavuDa svIkArate haiM ki jahA~ taka kathya kA prazna hai sAhitya aura samAjazAstra donoM meM samAnatAe~ haiN| lakSya kI samAnatAoM meM bhI kisI sImA taka bahuta dUrI nahIM hai| para svayaM sviMgavuDa yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki samAja kI samajha meM sAhitya aura samAjazAstra eka-dUsare ke pUraka hokara bhI racanA prakriyA aura pravRtti meM bhinna haiM (da soziyAlaoNjI oNpha liTarecara, pR. 95) / samAja ke aneka anuzAsana dharma, darzana, 18 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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rAjanIti, vicAra Adi sAhitya ko prabhAvita karate rahe haiM, para sAhitya kA samAjazAstra apekSAkRta eka zithila zabda prayoga hai / eka dRSTi yaha ki samAja sAhitya meM prakSepita hotA hai| para prazna yaha ki yadi biMba - pratibiMba bhAva hI hai, to phira racanAkAra aura usake vyaktitva kI bhUmikA hI kyA hogI ? yahA~ racanAkAra, usakA pariveza, vicAra, darzana, gantavya Adi ke prazna uThate haiM / sAhitya ke samAjazAstra ke vikAsa meM eka bhUmikA racanA ko utpAdana se saMbaddha karake dekhane kI hai / racanA yadi 'sAmAjika utpAdana' hai, aura samAja kathya detA hai, mukhya preraka hai, to vahI usakA upabhoktA bhI hai| racanA ke rUpa meM lekhaka ne jo sAmagrI prApta kI hai, use vaha nayA rUpAkAra dekara usI samAja ko lauTAtA bhI hai / nae samAjazAstriyoM ne isa saMdarbha meM utpAdana-saMbaMdhI kaI prazna uThAe jaise ki lekhana kA bAz2Ara sikur3a rahA hai| lekhaka alagAva kI sthiti meM haiM aura navInatama sthiti yaha ki zravya-dRzya, mIDiyA Adi ke dabAva usa para hAvI haiM jise ' zabda kA saMkaTa ' bhI kahA gayA hai / audyogika samAja banA, madhyavarga meM bar3hotarI huI, vizva bAz2Ara kA phailAva huA - ina sthitiyoM meM racanA ko utpAdana rUpa meM dekhane-samajhane meM bhI parivartana aayaa| lyUsie~ golDamAna (1913-1971 ) kI 'sAhitya ke samAjazAstra kI paddhati' jaisI pustaka maraNoparAMta prakAzita huI, para jIvanakAla meM 'avyakta Izvara' athavA 'da hiDena gaoNDa' (1956) tathA upanyAsa ke samAjazAstra kI dizA meM unhoMne mahattvapUrNa sthApanAe~ kIM / racanA kI vizvadRSTi kA Agraha karate hue, golDamAna use eka samagra prayatna (ToTailiTI) ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM / unakI jijJAsA hai ki samaya-samAja racanA meM kisa prakAra prakSepita hote haiM / unake lie racanA eka prakAra kI mAnasika saMracanA hai, jisameM sAmAjikatA kI sakriya bhUmikA hotI hai / unakI sthApanA hai ki zreSTha dArzanika evaM kalAtmaka racanAe~ vizvadRSTi kA pratinidhi hotI haiM (da hyUmana sAiMsez2a eMDa filAsaphI, pR. 129) / sAhitya ke samAjazAstra kI dizA meM kArya karane vAle aneka nAma haiM : tena, liyo lAveMthala, jaoNrja lUkAcaM, golDamAna, raimaMDa viliyamsa, ailana sviMgavuDa, TerI IgalaTana, jaoNna radaraphorDa Adi / para sAhitya ke samAjazAstra ke saMdarbha meM ullekhanIya yaha ki isakA vivecana pramukhataH upanyAsa sAhitya ko keMdra meM rakhakara kiyA gayA / golDamAna kI prasiddha pustaka 'da hiDena gaoNDa' satrahavIM zatAbdI ke phrAMsIsI nATakakAra resina aura dArzanika pAskala ko keMdra meM rakhakara likhI gaI / para unakI pustaka ' upanyAsa ke samAjazAstra kI eka dizA' pU~jIvAda ke sAtha upanyAsa ke vikAsa ko saMbaddha karake dekhatI hai jisake ve kucha pramukha caraNa mAnate haiM / isa saMbaMdha meM jaoNrja lUkAca (1885-1971) aura lyUsie~ golDamAna meM vaicArika samAnatAoM kI talAza kA prayatna bhI vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai, vizeSatayA vizvadRSTi ko lekara / lUkAca kI pustaka 'upanyAsa ke siddhAMta' unakI AraMbhika kRtiyoM meM hai jahA~ ve samagratA ke lie dAnte kA smaraNa kavitA aura samAjadarzana / 19

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karate haiM (da thiyorI oNfa da nAvela, pR. 70 ) / upanyAsa jaise prAcIna mahAkAvya kA sthAnApanna hai aura ve bAlz2Aka, tAlstAya ko prastuta karate haiM / lyUsie~ golDamAna kI pustaka 'TuvarDsa da soziyAlaoNjI oNpha nAvela' kA aMgrejI saMskaraNa 1975 meM AyA / upanyAsa kA samAjazAstra vivecita karate hue unhoMne use eka mahAkAvyAtmaka vidhA mAnA aura kahA ki eka adha:patita saMsAra meM yaha prAmANika mUlyoM kI khoja kA prayatna bhI hai / golDamAna lUkAca kA ullekha kaI bAra karate haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki upanyAsa ko keMdra meM rakhakara sAhitya kA samAjazAstra gar3hate hue lekhaka kavitA ke dabAva se pUrNa mukta nahIM hai| hegela, mArksa Adi meM bhI ise dekhA jA sakatA hai| ailana sviMgavuDa kA vicAra hai ki golDamAna meM lUkAca ke upanyAsa - siddhAMta kA jo samAjazAstrIya vikAsa huA, usameM tena, plekhAnova Adi bhI haiN| hiMdI meM bhI yaha TippaNI kI gaI ki kavitA ke siddhAMta nae kathA - sAhitya para Aropita kie jAte I prazna yaha ki sAhitya kA samAjazAstra kyA kevala gadya, vizeSatayA upanyAsa taka sImita kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMbhavataH nhiiN| DaoN. mainejara pANDeya ne golDamAna kI sthApanAoM para vicAra karate hue 'godAna' ke sAtha 'kAmAyanI' aura 'rAma kI zaktipUjA' ko bhI sammilita kiyA hai| unakA vicAra hai ki 'viSaya aura aMtarvastu ke stara para tInoM alaga-alaga haiN| lekina tInoM meM vizvadRSTi ke stara para cetanA kI saMracanA ke stara para samAnatA hai / tInoM meM parAjaya aura nirAzA kI pradhAnatA hai / yadyapi rAma kI zaktipUjA ke aMta meM AzA kI eka kiraNa hai lekina pUrI racanA meM vyApta aMdhakAra aura nirAzA ke Age vaha bahuta mahattvapUrNa nahIM lgtii| tInoM meM saMgharSa, parAjaya aura nirAzA ke mAdhyama se jo vizvadRSTi ubharatI hai, vahI pAThakoM ko prabhAvita karatI hai' (sAhitya ke samAjazAstra kI bhUmikA, pR. 150 ) / kavitA kA samAjazAstra banAne ke prayatna virala hue haiM aura mUla nAmakaraNa 'sAhitya kA samAjazAstra' hai, para mUlataH usake keMdra meM kathA - sAhitya hai / hamAre viSaya ke saMdarbha meM yaha prazna prAsaMgika hai ki kavitA kA samAjazAstra racane kI kaThinAiyA~ kyA haiM ? apanI pustaka 'naI kavitA kI bhUmikA' ke AraMbha meM maiMne kavitA ke samAjazAstra kA prazna uThAyA hai / jIvana - yathArtha ke dabAva sAhitya ke samAjazAstrIya adhyayana ke keMdra meM haiM aura mAnA gayA ki Adhunika kathA - sAhitya meM usakI vyApaka upasthita hai / para kyA yaha saMbhava hai ki prAcInatama mAdhyama - kAvya apane samaya-samAja se pUrNatayA asampRkta raha jAya ? mAnA ki sRjanAtmaka kalpanA kI bhUmikA kavitA meM paryApta hotI hai, para yathArtha ko punaHsarjita karane kA yaha racanAtmaka prayAsa hai / merA vicAra hai ki 'sAhitya jaba jIvana - yathArtha ko svIkAratA hai to usameM kalpanAtmaka aMtardRSTi aura sarjanAtmaka pratibhA ko saMyojita karake use eka nayA rUpAkAra dene kA prayatna karatA hai' (premazaMkara : nayI kavitA kI bhUmikA, pR. 6 ) / kavitA kI saMzliSTa, sUkSma prakriyA I 20 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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meM samAjazAstra kI pahacAna aura bhI kaThina ho jAtI hai| isa saMdarbha meM prAyaH kavitA kI AMtarikatA athavA nijatA kI bAta kI jAtI hai| para vizva kA sarvottama kAvya pramANa hai ki nijatA kI sArvabhaumatA aura kalAkRti ke rUpa meM usakI anviti anivArya guNa haiN| - hamane apane vivecana ke lie samAjadarzana athavA 'sozala philAsaphI' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| prAyaH samAjazAstra aura samAjadarzana ko eka-dUsare ke itanA samIpI mAna liyA gayA ki donoM meM pArthakya kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava bhI paryApta vilaMba se kiyA gyaa| samAjadarzana ko samAjazAstra meM hI aMtarbhukta mAna liyA gyaa| para samAjazAstra ke vivecana meM bhI paryApta vistAra huA hai aura vaha samAja, arthazAstra, rAjanIti Adi taka sImita nahIM hai| jI. DI. remaliMga 'soziyAlaoNjI oNpha naoNleja' pustaka kA saMpAdana karate hue jJAna ko dharma, darzana se lekara Adhunika samaya ke vijJAna taka se saMbaddha karake dekhate haiN| usameM kArla mAnahAima jaise vidvAn sammilita haiM jinakI pustaka 'esez2a oNna da soziyAlaoNjI oNpha naoNleja' 1952 meM laMdana se prakAzita huI thii| prazna hai ki sAmAjika astitva tathA jJAna meM kyA saMbaMdha hai aura sAhitya kI sthiti kahA~ hai (soziyAlaoNjI oNpha naoNleja, prAkkathana, pR. 7) / piTirima e sArokina kI pustaka 'sozala filAsaphIja oNfa ena eja oNpha krAisisa' meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke Atma-darzana kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jisakA saphala pratIka nirvANa hai (sArokina : saMkrAMti yuga ke samAjadarzana, pR. 104) / racanA kA sAmAjika-Arthika AdhAra mUla prasthAna ho sakatA hai, para vaha usakA aMta nahIM hai| sAhitya saMskRti bhI racatA hai jise hama racanA kA samAjadarzana kaha sakate haiN| pro. dayAkRSNa kI pustaka 'sozala philAsaphI : pAsTa eMDa prejeMTa' meM svataMtratA ko eka mUlya ke rUpa meM svIkArA gayA hai aura use saMskRti kA pramukha upAdAna mAnA gayA hai (pR. 78) / isa dRSTi se racanA eka mUlya-saMskRti hai| sArokina 'sozala eMDa kalcarala DAyanemiksa' ke prathama khaMDa 'phAuMDezaMsa oNfa fArsa oNfa ArTa' meM vicAra vyakta karate haiM ki kalAe~ sAMskRtika utthAna-patana ke adhyayana kA mahattvapUrNa mAdhyama haiN| isa prakAra sAhitya ke samAjazAstra ke sAtha samAjadarzana para bhI vicAra hotA rahA hai| sAhitya-samAja ke aMtaHsaMbaMdha samAjazAstra-samAjadarzana donoM ke viSaya kahe jA sakate haiN| phira aMtara kahA~ hai ? samAjazAstra sAmAjika saMsthAoM aura saMbaMdhoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue, jaba sAhitya kI ora AtA hai, taba isa biMdu para bhI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai ki tathya racanA meM kisa rUpa meM praviSTa hue haiN| para racanA kI prakriyA itanI yAMtrika nahIM hai ki A~kar3oM-sUcanAoM meM simaTa jaay| sAhitya ko varga ke pratibiMba rUpa meM svIkArane vAle plekhAnova, e. ke. lUnAcarkI se lekara jaoNrja lUkAca taka sAhitya meM varga kI sthiti svIkArate haiN| vicAraNIya yaha ki sAhitya samAja kA biMba mAtra nahIM, vaha use atikrAMta bhI karatA hai| aura samAjazAstra ke sAtha, kavitA aura samAjadarzana / 21

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racanA kA sauMdaryazAstra bhI hotA hai jise samagra kalAkRti kahA gayA / lyUsie~ golDamAna kA nibaMdha 'da soziyAlaoNjI oNpha liTarecara : sTeTasa eMDa prAblamsa oNfa methaDa', iMTaranezanala sozala sAiMsa jarnala meM 1967 meM prakAzita huA thA jisameM utpattimUlaka saMracanAvAda kI avadhAraNA prastuta karate hue vizva dRSTi, samagratA kA Agraha kiyA gyaa| sAhitya ke samAjazAstra ko, udArapaMthiyoM dvArA vyApaka dRSTi dI gaI aura Age calakara usameM sauMdaryazAstra kA bhI praveza huaa| 1 samAjadarzana ko isa dRSTi se samAjazAstra kA AgAmI caraNa bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki yahA~ racanAkAra kI apanI jIvanadRSTi adhika mukhara ho sakatI hai / pratibaddhatA prazna ko lekara bhI mArksavAdiyoM ke zivira haiM - kaTTarapaMthI, udArapaMthI / eka vicalanabhaTakAva (Deviezana) Adi kA virodha karate hue lAla pustaka ko pramANa mAnatA hai / nAgArjuna ne apanI kavitA 'pachAr3a diyA mere Astika ne' meM isakA saMketa kiyA hai : pachAr3a diyA Aja mere Astika ne mere nAstika ko / sAkSI rahA tumhAre jaisA naujavAna posTagrejueTa mere isa 'Deviezana' kA / udArapaMthI kutsita samAjazAstra ( valgara ) para tIkhI TippaNI karate haiM / aisI sthiti meM samAjadarzana eka adhika vyApaka Azaya kA zabda ho sakatA hai, vizeSatayA racanA-vicAra ke saMdarbha meM / yahA~ samAjazAstra kI sUcanAoM, A~kar3oM, sAMkhyikI, vivaraNa, tathya, adhisaMracanA (supara sTrakcara) Adi kA saMpUrNa Agraha nahIM hai / svayaM meM darzana ko aMtarnihita kie hue, samAjadarzana agale caraNa kA saMketa karatA hai, samAjazAstra kArya-kAraNa- saMbaMdhoM kI khoja karatA hai aura tathyoM kI tarkasaMgata vyAkhyA se siddhAMta pratipAdita hote haiM / sAhitya ke samAja kI praticchAyA rUpa meM dekhane kI prakriyA, Aja sahI nahIM hai / yahIM sAhitya kA samAjadarzana adhika prAsaMgika zabda pratIta hotA hai| sacAI yaha hai ki jo samaya-samAja apane lie upayukta darzana- vicAra nahIM talAza pAte, unake samakSa kaI prakAra ke prazna cihna laga jAte haiM, pragati avaruddha ho jAtI hai I 1 sAhitya aura kalAoM kI nirmiti meM samAja kI bhUmikA nirNAyaka hai para mAo jaisA krAMtikArI, jo svayaM kavi thA, svIkAra karatA hai ki usameM mAnava mastiSka kI bhUmikA bhI hotI hai jisase yathArtha citrita hotA hai / isIlie koI bhI yathArtha aneka rUpoM meM ujAgara hotA hai / 'mahAmArI ke devatA ko vidAI' mAo kI eka kavitA hai jisameM prakRti kA sakSama upayoga hai : agaNita hare jalasrota, nIle parvata, vAsaMtI bayAra, sarapata vana : grAma saikar3oM pha~se, ghire kharapatavAroM meM / mAnava-prANa na jAne kitane visarjita / ujar3a gae ghara-dvAra sahasroM kI gaNanA meM / karate preta- pralApa yahA~ zokAgni samarpita (kavitAe~, pR. 41 ) / kavitA meM jijIviSA, AsthA ke svara pramANita karate haiM ki krAMtikArI kavi kA samAjadarzana bhI hai / nirAlA kI aMtima kavitAoM meM AsthA kara svara hai : patrotkaMThita jIvana kA viSa bujhA huA hai / AzA kA pradIpa jalatA hai, hRdaya kuMja meM (sAMdhya - kAkalI) / kavi svayaM ko bhISma pitAmaha kI zara- zayyA kI sthiti 22 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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meM prastuta karate hue bhI, jIvana ke prati Azvasta hai| yaha Azvasti bhAva racanA meM samAjadarzana kA eka pramukha upAdAna hai| racanA isa artha meM eka kalAkRti ke sAtha, darzana, vicAra, mUlyasaMsAra, saMpUrNa saMskRti bhI hai ki vaha apane samaya-samAja meM aMtaHpraveza kI kSamatA rakhatI hai / yathArtha Upara-Upara nahIM tairatA, usake AvaraNa hote haiM, jinheM bhedakara, racanAkAra ko bhItara praveza karanA hotA hai / yaha usakI pratibhA kSamatA, saMvedana - sAmarthya para nirbhara ki vaha kitane gahare praveza kara sakatA hai| jahA~ taka kavitA kA prazna hai, vaha bhAvAzrita hokara bhI, bhAvAlApa nahIM hai, usakA eka bauddhika - vaicArika saMsAra hotA hai / pahale ise darzana kahA gayA aura ise vibhinna dArzanika nikAyoM ke pariprekSya meM dekhA jAtA thA / vaicArika jagat meM praveza karate hue, ise vicAradhArA se saMbaddha karake dekhA gayA / muktibodha ne racanAkAra ke mAnavatAvAda (mAnavavAda ) kA prAsaMgika prazna uThAte hue kahA hai, 'lekhaka ke aMtaHkaraNa meM jo bhAva-tattva haiM, jo jIvana jJAna- vyavasthA hai, aura usa vyavasthA ke aMtargata jo dRSTi hai, unase paricAlita aura paripuSTa jo saMvedanAtmaka uddezya hai, unase kalAbhivyakti apanI abhivyakti ke lie apekSA rakhatI hai, una para nirbhara karatI hai apane rUpa tattva ke vikAsa ke lie' (muktibodha : nae sAhitya kA sauMdaryazAstra, pR. 20) / isa prakAra muktibodha samAjazAstra se Age bar3hakara, samAjadarzana kI parikalpanA karate haiM aura vastu rUpa ( kanTeNTa- faoNrma) kA dvaita pATate hue, usameM eka saMyojana kA prayatna karate haiN| ise ve racanA kA AtmasaMgharSa kahakara saMbodhita karate hue kAvya ko eka sAMskRtika prakriyA kahate haiM, 'kAvyaracanA kevala vyaktigata manovaijJAnika prakriyA nahIM, vaha eka sAMskRtika prakriyA hai / aura, phira bhI vaha eka Atmika prayAsa hai| usameM jo sAMskRtika mUlya parilakSita hote haiM, ve vyakti kI apanI dena nahIM, samAja kI yA varga kI dena haiM' (muktibodha : nayI kavitA kA AtmasaMgharSa, pR. 19) / racanA ko kevala darpaNa athavA dastAvez2a mAna lene se kaI kaThinAiyA~ upasthita hotI haiM / prazna yaha bhI ki kyA racanAkAra isa sImA taka yAMtrika ho sakatA hai ki samAja ke prati usakI jo pratikriyAe~ hotI haiM, unakI koI bhUmikA hI na ho / citrakalA, mUrtikalA Adi meM ise vizeSa rUpa se dekhA-samajhA jA sakatA hai / vahA~ dRSTi ke sAtha usa 'koNa' kI bhI bhUmikA hai, jisase dRzya dekhA gayA hai aura usI ke anusAra citra nirmita huA hai| monAlisA athavA da lAsTa sapara jaisI citra - mUrti kRtiyoM meM yaha vicAraNIya hai / kavitA, jise zabda kI sUkSmatama abhivyakti se saMbaddha kara dekhA-parakhA gayA, vahA~ yaha kaThinAI bhI ki varNana - vivaraNa kI suvidhA eka sImA taka hI hotI hai| pratibhAvAna kavi ko svaviveka kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai jo anubhava ke sAtha usakI jIvana dRSTi, mUlya - ciMtA Adi se bhI saMbaddha hai / kavitA kI hI kyoM, kisI bhI racanA kI vastuniSThatA ke bAvajUda, usakI nirapekSa sthiti ko isa sImA taka nahIM svIkArA jA sakatA ki racanAkAra pUrNatayA anupasthiti ho jAya / romAMTisijma kavitA aura samAjadarzana / 23

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kA virodha karate hue, TI. esa. iliyaTa ne jaba kavitA ko vyaktitva kI abhivyakti ke sthAna para, usase palAyana ke rUpa meM dekhA, taba usakA Azaya yahI thA ki 'sva' se mukti racanA kI uThAna ke lie Avazyaka hai| utpattimUlaka saMracanAvAda kA siddhAMta gar3hate hue, golDamAna (lUkAca se preraNA lekara) svIkAra karatA hai ki pratibiMbana samAja ke bAhara se nahIM, bhItara se hotA hai| usake vivecana meM lUkAca kI 'trAsada cetanA' (Traijika kaoNnzasanesa athavA Traijika viz2ana) kI chAyA hai (lyUsie~ golDamAna : da hiDena gaoNDa, pR. 145) / kevala tathya-vastu ke AdhAra para kavitA kA vikAsa saMbhava nhiiN| jise nATaka ke saMdarbha meM arastU ne jIvana kI punarracanA kahA aura jo aneka prakAra se kaI bAra duharAI gaI vivecanA hai, usameM sAmAjika darzana kA praveza hotA hai| samaya-samAja kI prabhAvI upasthiti hai aura kavitA unase palAyana nahIM karatI, para vaha pUrNa anumodana bhI nahIM hai| aisI bhI sthitiyA~ ho sakatI haiM jaba mUlya-maryAdAe~ isa sImA taka TUTa jAe~ ki darzana, vicAra, mUlya kI carcA kA avasara bhI na ho| taba prazna hogA ki isa samaya-samAja kA koI samAjadarzana hai kyA ? aura yadi hai to usakA svarUpa kyA hai ? rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata do mUlya-maryAdAoM kA saMketa karate haiN| eka meM tapa-tyAga kI bhUmikA hai : rAjIva-locana rAma cale, taji bApa ko rAja baTAU kI naaiiN| dUsarI ora saMgharSa hI z2amIna ke Tukar3e ko lekara hai| donoM sAmAjika sthitiyA~ badale samaya-saMdarbha kI sUcanA detI haiN| pUre kathA-vinyAsa para vicAra kareM to tretA-dvApara samaya-yathArtha ke pratIka haiN| kavi apanI dRSTi se isa vastuparaka tathya ko dekhatA-samajhatA hai| sthitiyoM ke badalane para samAjadarzana athavA samAja kI vicAradhArA meM jo parivartana dikhAI dete haiM, unakI pahacAna kA kAma aMtardRSTi kI mA~ga karatA hai| isIlie vidvAnoM ne svIkAra kiyA ki samAjazAstra kI tathyAtmaka, vivaraNaparaka sImAoM kA atikramaNa kara hI, mahAn racanA prastuta kI jA sakatI hai| rUmAnI taura para kaviyoM ne jisa abhIpsita kalpanA-loka ko racA, usameM yathArtha ke saMsparza durbala the| isIlie yathArtha aura vAstavikatA ke dabAva rUmAnI kavitA jhela nahIM paaii| para jise samAjadarzana athavA sozala philAsaphI kahA gayA, usameM samAja meM aMtaHpraveza kA prayatna bhI hai| samAjadarzana kA eka pakSa vaha jahA~ samaya-samAja kI sthiti ke sAtha, usakI vicAradhArA ko bhI dekhA-parakhA jAya aura isake lie viveka-saMpanna AlocanA-dRSTi kI AvazyakatA hai| maoNlkama breDabarI kA vicAra hai ki racanA meM zreSThatara mUlya jIvita rahate haiM (nAmavara siMha : AlocanA, apraila-jUna, 1973, pR. 9) / racanA vastuoM kA yathAtathya vivaraNa nahIM hai, vaha eka prakAra kI TakarAhaTa bhI hai, jise muThabher3a kahA gayA, isa artha meM ki sajaga-saceta lekhaka, usake vizleSaNa meM saMvedana ke sAtha, tArkika kSamatA kA upayoga bhI karate haiN| kavitA kA yaha tarkazAstra khaMDana-maMDana kI paddhati se kiMcit bhinna hotA hai kyoMki yahA~ jAgrata saMvedana kI ullekhanIya upasthiti hai| 24 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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maktibodha ne kavitA ke saMdarbha meM jJAnAtmaka saMvedana aura saMvedanAtmaka jJAna zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai jo purAne bhAva-vicAra kA adhika saceta svarUpa hai| paramAnanda zrIvAstava ne kavitA meM yathArtha ke lie saMgharSa kI bAta karate hue, usake rUpoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jise kaviyoM kI bhinnatAoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| muktibodha ko vizeSa sthAna dete hue unhoMne likhA hai : 'muktibodha ke kavikarma kI jaTilatA akAraNa nahIM hai-usake pIche yathArtha kI kaThora visaMgatiyoM kI cetanA hai aura vastu-paristhiti kA jaTila dabAva hai| yathArtha aura phaiMTesI ke jisa aMtargaThana se muktibodha kI kavitAe~ saMbhava huI haiM, usake pIche virATa kalpanA, vaicArika sAhasa, ugra asaMtoSa aura tanAvamUlaka dRSTi hai' (paramAnanda zrIvAstava : samakAlIna kavitA kA yathArtha, pR. 19) / sAhitya kA samAjazAstra vyApaka Azaya kA zabda hai, jabaki samAjadarzana sImita bhI ho sakatA hai| donoM meM pArthakya kI khoja kI kucha kaThinAiyA~ bhI ho sakatI haiN| darzana zabda kI vyAkhyA ko lekara bhI matabheda haiM aura usakI kaI zAkhAe~-prazAkhAe~ haiN| darzana ko jIvana se saMbaddha karake mArksa ne use naI prayojanazIlatA dii| zIrSAsana kI mudrA meM vicarate darzana ko unhoMne pairoM ke bala khar3A kiyA, jIvana-jagat ko vastuvAdI AdhAra diyaa| mArksa ne darzana kI krAMtikArI bhUmikA kA patha bhI nizcita kiyA ki dArzanikoM ne abhI taka jagat kI vyAkhyA hI kI hai, hamArA kAma use badala denA hai| aisI parivartita sthiti meM anumAna, kalpanA, bauddhika vilAsa Adi ke sthAna para darzana jIvana se adhika gahare rUpa meM saMbaddha karake dekhA jAtA hai| saMbhavataH samAjadarzana isI soca-vicAra ko dhvanita karatA hai| saMzaya ko mArksavAdI DhaMga se, bhAratIya darzana kA prasthAna-biMdu mAnate hue, mRNAlakAMti gaMgopAdhyAya gautama kA ullekha karate haiM (bhArata meM darzanazAstra, pR. 16) / darzana kI eka anavarata prakriyA bhArata meM rahI hai, kabhI niSedha para sthita aura kabhI vyAkhyA-vivecana se nae saMdarbha talAzatI huii| pazcima meM darzanazAstra vyAkhyA-vivecana se saMbaddha hai, jisameM tarka kI pramukha bhUmikA hai| Adhunika samaya meM jaba samAjazAstrIya adhyayana kI dizA tIvra gati se agrasara huI to darzana, vicAradhArA, jJAna, sAhitya, kalA jagat ko isa saMdarbha meM dekhA gyaa| remaliMga dvArA saMpAdita pustaka 'TuvarDsa da soziyAlaoNjI oNpha naoNleja' meM vidvAnoM ne kucha praznoM para vicAra kiyA hai| maikaDUgala ne 'sozala philAsaphI' pustaka likhI aura isI zIrSaka se je. esa. mekeMjI kI pustaka bIsavIM zatAbdI ke AraMbha meM aaii| unhoMne samAja athavA sAmAjika darzana ko samAjazAstra se eka pRthaka viSaya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| samAjadarzana kI sImAe~ svIkAra karate hue ve mAnate haiM ki samAjazAstra adhika vyApaka zabda hai| vijJAna se darzana kI svataMtra sthiti svIkArate hue ve kahate haiM ki 'yaha vizeSa rUpa se jIvana ke mUlyoM, uddezyoM tathA AdarzoM kA adhyayana hai' (je. esa. mekeMjI : kavitA aura samAjadarzana / 25

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samAjadarzana kI rUparekhA, pR. 2) / samAjadarzana nItizAstra kA aMza ho sakatA hai, para usameM sAmAjika saMgaThana para vizeSa bala hai| samAjadarzana meM darzana zabda kI vyaMjanA yaha bhI hai ki samAja aura manuSya ko keMdrIyatA dete hue, vaha una para vicAra karatA hai| anya jJAnAnuzAsanoM se saMbaddha hone ke kAraNa, usake svataMtra astitva ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| pahale nItizAstra aura phira samAjazAstra ke aMtargata use vivecita kiyA gyaa| samAjadarzana sAmAjika saMgaThana ke bhItara manuSya kI keMdrIya upasthiti svIkArate hue, apanA dhyAna usI ke vivecana-vizleSaNa kI ora lagAtA hai| sAmAjika manovijJAna athavA sozala sAikaoNlaoNjI se bhI eka sImA taka sahAyatA milatI hai| para mAnava-mana kA vizleSaNa, sAmAjika pIThikA para kie jAne kA Agraha samAjadarzana karatA hai aura asAmAnya manovijJAna se pRthaktA sthApita karatA hai| sAmAjika parivartana itihAsa kI anivArya prakriyA hai aura samAjadarzana use jAnatA-samajhatA hai| sabhyatA-saMskRti kI vikAsa-yAtrA usake lie mahattvapUrNa hotI hai| dharma, nIti, adhyAtma se lekara Adhunika yuga taka kA itivRtta usake samakSa hotA hai| jIvana kI suvidhAoM para AdhArita sabhyatA se lekara vaha saMskRti ke bauddhika vyApAra taka ko apanI paridhi meM letA hai aura isa prakAra racanA ke vivecana meM usakI bhUmikA asaMdigdha ho jAtI hai| itihAsa kevala ghaTanAcakra, vivaraNa-vRttAMta nahIM hai, usake bhItara sabhyatA-saMskRti kI aMtardhArA pravAhita rahatI hai jau bauddhika kriyA-vyApAra tathA kalA-jagat kI samIpI hai| samAjadarzana svayaM ko isa sAMskRtika prakriyA se saMbaddha karatA hai| ArnAlDa je. TvAyanabI ne apane prasiddha graMtha 'e sTaDI oNfa hisTrI' kA AraMbha sabhyatAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se kiyA hai aura bhAratIya samAja para vicAra karate hue likhA hai : 'isa samAja (hiMdU) kA sArvabhauma rAjya gupta sAmrAjya hai (375-475), sArvabhauma dharma hiMdU dharma hai jo guptakAla meM carama zakti ko pahu~ca gayA' (ArnAlDa TvAyanabI : itihAsa, eka adhyayana, khaMDa 1, pR. 16) / pustaka sabhyatAoM ko keMdrIyatA detI hai : utpatti, vikAsa, vinAza, vighaTana se lekara sabhyatA ke bhaviSya tk| itihAsa, samAja, sabhyatA, saMskRti, sAmAjika saMsthAe~ Adi racanA kI pIThikA meM upasthita rahate haiM, para apanI pRthak sattA khokara, samagra racanA-saMsAra meM vilayita ho jAte haiN| unakA prabhAva nizcita hI nirNAyaka hotA hai, para inheM pAra kara sakane kI kSamatA bhI racanA ko arjita karanI hotI hai| isI artha meM kahA gayA ki mahAn racanA apane samaya meM upasthita hai, isa rUpa meM ki usameM vaha kAlakhaMDa samAyA huA hai| para racanA kA eka kAlajayI svara bhI hotA hai aura yahA~ vaha apane samaya ko atikrAMta kara, adhika laMbI yAtrA kA saMkalpa racAtI hai| vaha samaya meM bhI hai aura usake pAra bhI hai| yahA~ samAjadarzana zabda bahuta spaSTa na hokara bhI, kahIM adhika sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| AraMbha se hI racanAzIlatA ke saMdarbha meM mahattvapUrNa prazna uThAyA 26 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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jAtA rahA hai ki Akhira usakA gantavya kyA hai ? vaha kahA~ pahu~canA cAhatI hai| yaha prazna to bAda meM uThegA ki vaha kise saMbodhita karanA cAhatI hai| svAMtaHsukhAya aikAMtika yAtrA nahIM hai, usameM samAja-samaya upasthita haiM, isa tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| balki yaha 'sva' jitanA hI virATa hogA, samaya kI upasthiti utanI hI vyApaka hogii| pleTo buddhi-tarka ko sarvopari svIkAratA huA, 'viveka' para bala detA hai| kAvyazAstra racate hue arastU ne anubhava kiyA ki viveka ke khaMDita hone para trAsadI hotI hai| vicAroM kA itihAsa sabhyatA-saMskRti ke sAtha-sAtha agrasara huA, para kaI bAra samaya ke prati apanI asahamati darja karAtA huaa| isa dRSTi se samAjadarzana kI do pramukha dizAe~ kahI jA sakatI haiM, eka biMdu para samaya-samAja kI aMtardhArAoM kA vivecana aura racanA para usake prabhAva kI phcaan| para dUsare biMdu para racanA kI eka sAMskRtika bhUmikA bhI hai, jise udAtta athavA unnayana kA prayatna kahA gyaa| mArksavAdiyoM ke lie yaha eka sAmAjika astra hai| remaMDa viliyamsa saMskRti ke samAjazAstra meM kalA aura bauddhika kriyAe~ letA hai (kalcara, pR. 13) / samAjadarzana racanAkAra kA apanA arjita satya bhI hai, jise vaha jIvanAnubhava se prApta karatA hai| racanA kA yaha samAjadarzana kaI bAra pratipakSa, asahamati kA kArya karatA hai| 'rUso ne manuSya kI mukti kI kalpanA se svataMtratA, samatA, baMdhutva ko pratipAdita kiyA, jisane samagra darzana aura racanAzIlatA ko prabhAvita kiyaa| yahA~ taka ki samAjavAda-sAmyavAdI AMdolanoM meM bhI usakI bhUmikA hai' (zobhAzaMkara : Adhunika bhAratIya samAjavAdI ciMtana, pR. 10) / eka zithila zabda-pada ke rUpa meM samAja-ciMtana kA upayoga hotA rahA hai, jisameM samAja aura darzana kA saMyojana hai| eka ora samaya-samAja ke tathya haiM, dUsarI ora racanAkAra kI apanI pratikriyAoM se upajA vicAra-kSetra hai, jise kaI bAra vikalpa bhI kahA gayA, cAhe vaha 'yUTopiyA' athavA kalpita divAsvapna hI kyoM na ho| para yadi 'viz2ana' athavA dRSTi kI koI kAragara bhUmikA nahIM hogI to racanA kA unnayana vAlA pakSa nitAMta durbala ho jaaegaa| lUkAca 'pariprekSya' para bala detA hai (nirmalA jaina (saM.) : sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya ciMtana, pR. 45) / racanA dastAvez2a bhara nahIM hai, vaha usake pAra jA sakane kA upakrama bhI hai| sAdhAraNa racanAe~ sUcanAe~ dekara cuka jAtI haiM, para mahAn racanA apanI aMtardRSTi meM tathyoM ke Ara-pAra dekha letI hai, jise pAradarzI dRSTi bhI kahA gyaa| samAja kI kaI ikAiyA~ hotI haiM, vyakti, parivAra se lekara sAmAjika saMsthAoM taka, jinameM rAjya bhI hai| inake bhItara manuSya kA jIvana-pravAha saMcarita hotA hai, para jahA~ taka racanA kA saMbaMdha hai, usameM prakRti kI bhI ullekhanIya upasthiti hai, jisameM manuSya, prANI, anya jIvadhArI bhI A jAte haiN| isa dRSTi se samAjadarzana kA kSetra sImita hokara bhI adhika mAnavIya pratIta hotA hai, isa artha meM ki usakI ciMtAoM meM mAnava-mUlyoM ko pramukhatA milatI hai| dharma, darzana se lekara rAjanIti taka ke sAmane kaI bAra tAtkAlika prazna ho sakate haiM, para inheM bhedakara kavitA aura samAjadarzana / 27

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AgAmI samaya meM praveza kara sakane kI sAmarthya uccatara mUlya-saMsAra racatI hai aura samAjadarzana isake prati adhika ciMtAkula rahatA hai / golDamAna ne samAjavAdI athavA mAnavavAdI saMskRti para bala diyA hai (paoNvara eMDa hyUmanijma, pR. 187 ) / vicAra aura racanA ke saMdarbha meM samAjadarzana kA prayoga karate hue, hamArA Azaya yahI hai ki kyA mAnava mUlyoM kA koI saMsAra, vicAra-darzana athavA saMvedana - stara para racane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ? yadi nahIM to nizcaya hI yaha usakI eka durbalatA hai / prAcIna racanAoM meM deva-dAnava, puNya-pApa, sat-asat, maMgala- amaMgala Adi ke prazna uThAe gae aura satya kI pratiSThA ke lie zubha ko vijayI ghoSita kiyA gayA, kAvya - nyAya ke rUpa meM hI sahI / Azaya hai samAja meM mUlya-maryAdAoM kI sthApanA kA : jAni garala je saMgraha karahIM, kahahu umA te kAhe na marahIM / para eka prAsaMgika prazna yaha hai ki jaTilatara hote jAte samaya meM yaha pravRtti - vibhAjana kitanA saMgata hai ? ku~varanArAyaNa ne apanI 'Azaya' kavitA meM racanA kI AMtarika vyathA kA ullekha kiyA hai : hAya para mere kalapate prANa, tumako milA kaisI cetanA kA viSama jIvana-mAna/ jisakI iMdriyoM se pare, jAgrata haiM anekoM bhUkha (cakravyUha, pR. 34 ) / racanA aura mAnavamUlya svataMtra carcA kA viSaya hai aura vidvAnoM ne isa ora vizeSa dhyAna diyA hai| unakA vicAra hai ki darzana, vicAra isa artha meM eka pratisaMskRti (kAuMTara kalcara) bhI haiM ki ve samaya ke prati apanA asaMtoSa vyakta karate haiM aura vikalpa ke saMketa bhI unameM dekhe jA sakate haiM / thiyoDora roz2Aka ne apanI pustaka kA nAmakaraNa hI kiyA hai : 'da mekiMga oNfa e kAuMTara kalcara / ' racanA aura vicAra ke kSetra meM samAjazAstra ke sAtha samAjadarzana kA upayoga adhika sArthaka pratIta hotA hai / sakArAtmaka vicAra jIvana kI bhUmikA meM kAragara hastakSepa karate haiM, itihAsa kI dizA badalate haiN| krAMti ke mUla meM samAjadarzana ke zabda hote haiM, ise sabane svIkAra kiyA hai| racanA sAmAjika parivartana meM pratyakSa hastakSepa karatI hai, athavA nahIM, ise lekara vAda-vivAda hai / para pariveza banAne meM usakI bhUmikA hotI hai, yaha nirvivAda hai / yaha racanA kA mUlya-saMsAra hai jisake kucha upAdAna, itihAsa ke parivartita samaya-cakra meM bhI bane rahate haiM / AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne karuNA ko sAmAjika-sAMskRtika mUlya ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA : 'sAmAjika jIvana kI sthiti aura puSTi ke lie karuNA kA prasAra Avazyaka hai / samAjazAstra ke pazcimI graMthakAra kahA kareM ki samAja meM eka-dUsare kI sahAyatA apanI-apanI rakSA ke vicAra se kI jAtI hai (sAmAjika anubaMdha siddhAMta); yadi dhyAna se dekhA jAya to karmakSetra meM paraspara sahAyatA kI saccI uttejanA dene vAlI kisI na kisI rUpa meM karuNA hI dikhAI degI' (ciMtAmaNi, bhAga -eka, pR. 51 ) / jaTila hote jAte samaya meM yaha aura bhI Avazyaka hai ki racanA kA saMsAra svayaM ko mUlya - ciMtA se gahare rUpa meM saMbaddha kare / yahA~ vaha - eka aisI saMskRti hai, jo jaTilatAoM ke bIca sahI mArga talAzatI hai aura racanA 28 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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meM use pramANita karatI hai| naitikatAe~ badaleMgI hI, para aisI nahIM ki manuSyatA ke viloma kA hI saMkaTa upasthita ho jaay| manuSya isalie manuSya hai kyoMki usakA eka malya saMsAra hai-viveka-saMpanna, sNvedn-pricaalit| racanA ke saMdarbha meM jisa samAjadarzana kI bAta kI jAtI hai, vahA~ uccatara mAnava-mUlyoM kA yaha saMsAra pramukhatA prApta karatA hai| eka ora hai samaya kI vAstavikatA, apane sukha-dukha ke sAtha, dUsarI ora hai, ise pAra kara uccatara mAnavamUlyoM ke jagat meM praveza karane kI manuSya kI adamya jijiivissaa| racanA ise vyakta karane kA eka samartha mAdhyama hai| sAre saMkaToM ke bIca manuSya manuSya kaise banA raha sake, apane jAgrat viveka tathA udAra saMvedana ke sAtha, yaha samasta vicAraNA aura racanAzIlatA kI keMdrIya ciMtA honI caahie| samAjadarzana kA upayoga isI artha meM karanA adhika prAsaMgika hai-yathArtha se TakarAhaTa, usI ke bhItara se mUlya-mArga kA saMdhAna karate hue| manuSya zreSThatama jIva hai, isa artha meM ki vaha adhika viveka-saMpanna hai aura sarjana kara sakatA hai| vaha sAmAjIkRta hotA hai aura use sahacara hone kI kalA AtI hai| parivAra-kuTuMba se Age bar3hakara, vaha vizvabhUmi taka ko apanI ciMtana-paridhi meM lAtA hai| prakRti ke sAtha usakI bhUmikA duharI-tiharI hai| usase manuSya kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hotI hai, para usI se usakI TakarAhaTa bhI hai| racanA meM prakRti, prArabdha, niyati, bhAgya, AkasmikatA, saMyoga, daivI vidhAna, alaukika zakti Adi kaI zabda haiM, jinakA upayoga madhyakAla taka vizeSa rUpa se hotA rahA hai| Adhunika samaya meM isa saMbaMdha meM punarvicAra huA aura inheM sAmAjika sthitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM dekhA gyaa| para AkasmikatA kA prazna apanI jagaha maujUda hai, jise lokavizvAsa-lokAcAra Adi ke saMdarbha meM rakhakara dekhane kA prayatna bhI kiyA jAtA hai| samAjadarzana, racanA ke prasaMga meM kevala abhijana, ziSTa samAja se saMbaddha nahIM hai, usameM loka-mAnasa kI prabhAvI bhUmikA hai| loka upAdAna bhI racanA meM usa saMskRti ke vAhaka haiM, jisakI ciMtA meM uccatara mUlya-saMsAra hotA hai| isa dRSTi se samAjadarzana, saMskRti kA samIpI zabda hai, jahA~ samaya-samAja kA yathArtha upasthita hai, saMvedana-dharAtala para, sAtha hI ise atikramita karane kA sarjanAtmaka saMkalpa bhI hai, racanA ke apane samAjadarzana ko dhvanita karatA huaa| muktibodha kI kavitA 'mAlava-nirjhara kI jhara-jhara kaMcana-rekhA' meM yahI pratijJA hai : 'pAra kara muzkile' sabhI/jAduI aruNa kamala/usa dUra deza ke razmivikiraNazIla sarovara kA/tuma lA denA/ekAgra prayatnoM kA vaha komala amRta pilA denA saMtApagrasta jIvana kI durnivAra auSadhi lAnI hogI/yoM mara-marakara jiMdagI yahA~ pAnI hogii| kavitA aura samAjadarzana / 29

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madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti madhyakAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa ko lekara vidvAn Apasa meM TakarAte rahe haiN| bAhara se jAtiyA~ AIM aura apane AMzika prabhAva chor3atI huI, mukhya dhArA meM vilayita ho gayIM / para madhyakAla meM jaba islAma ne AkrAmaka rUpa meM praveza kiyA, to kaI kaThinAiyA~ upasthita huiiN| jise hiMdU samAja kahA jAne lagA, vaha prAyaH eka se adhika devatAoM kA pUjaka thA, bahudevavAdI / jaina-bauddha darzana ke Izvara - AtmA meM saMzaya ke bAvajUda hiMdU AstikatA prabala thii| kaI jAtiyoM-upajAtiyoM meM ba~Takara bhI, vaha devavAda ke sahAre jur3A thA / islAma paigaMbara ko Izvara - dUta rUpa svIkAratA hai aura 'eka hI khudA ke baMde' kahakara anuyAyiyoM ko ekajuTa rakhane kA prayAsa karatA hai / yadyapi vidvAnoM ne ise rekhAMkita kiyA hai ki bhAratIya prAcIna jAti-upajAtivAdI DhA~ce ne islAma ko bhI birAdariyoM meM bA~Tane kA prayatna kiyaa| sabase adhika TakarAhaTa mUrtipUjana ko lekara thI, jise islAma meM koI svIkRti nahIM thI / isa prakAra do viparIta dRSTiyoM kI TakarAhaTa AraMbhika madhyakAla meM vidyamAna hai / para ise rekhAMkita karanA Avazyaka hai ki islAma yahIM basa gayA aura khalIphA kA sthAna svayaM zAsakoM ne le liyA, taba saMvAda eka anivArya prakriyA hai ise nakAranA itihAsa - dRSTi kI anedakhI karanA hogA aura maiMne 'bhaktikAvya kI bhUmikA' pustaka meM isakI vistRta carcA kI hai : 'AraMbha kA alagAva dhIre-dhIre TUTatA hai aura akabara ( zAsana : 1560-1605) jaise udAra zAsaka ke samaya meM sAMskRtika saMvAda pUrNatA para pahu~catA hai' (pR.61 ) / itihAsakAroM kA vicAra hai ki uttara meM harSavardhana ( zAsana : 606-647) aura dakSiNa meM cAlukya nareza pulakezina dvitIya ( zAsana : 609-642) prAcIna bhArata ke aMtima mahAn zAsakoM meM the, isa dRSTi se ki unhoMne apane rAjya ko saMgaThita kiyA / para bAda meM bikharAva kI prakriyA tez2a ho jAtI hai aura kaI rAjavaMza sakriya hote haiM : cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, cola, caMdela, pratihAra, pAla Adi / rAjanItika asthiratA ke samaya meM bhArata bAhya AkramaNoM ko jhelane ke lie vivaza thA, aura pratirodha ke lie koI 30 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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saMgaThita zakti na thI / muhammada bina kAsima ne 711 meM siMdha para AkramaNa kiyA / isake bAda 1001 I. se mahamUda gajanavI se AkramaNa - zrRMkhalA AraMbha huI jisane lagabhaga satraha bAra deza ko lUTA / 1192 ke tarAina yuddha meM muhammada gorI dvArA pRthvIrAja cauhAna kI parAjaya se islAmI zAsana kI sthApanA huI aura kutubuddIna aibaka ne dillI ko apane adhikAra kSetra meM le liyA ( 1193 ) / itihAsa kI dRSTi se dUsarI nirNAyaka tithi 1526 kA pAnIpata yuddha hai jaba bAbara ne ibrAhIma lodI ko parAjita kara mug2ala rAjavaMza (bAdazAhI) kI sthApanA kI / tarAina yuddha ( 1192) aura pAnIpata yuddha ( 1526) ke bIca saltanata kAla kahA gayA, jisameM kaI rAjavaMza haiM : tathAkathita dAsa, khaljI, tugalaka, saiyada, lodii| isa bIca maMgoloM ke kaI AkramaNa hue / islAmI zAsana kA dUsarA daura pAnIpata yuddha meM bAbara kI vijaya ke sAtha AraMbha hotA haiM : bAbara, humAyU~, akabara, jahA~gIra, zAhajahA~, auraMgajeba / bhArata meM islAma praveza para ema. ena. rAya kI TippaNI hai ki ucca varga bhraSTa thA aura sAmAnyajana nirAza (islAma kI aitihAsika bhUmikA, pR. 8 ) / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya samAja ko sAmaMtI samaya kahA gayA hai, para vidvAn isa zabda kA upayoga karate hue kahate haiM ki bhArata ke utpAdana-saMbaMdha kiMcit bhinna rahe haiN| nUrula hasana kA vicAra hai ki 'mug2ala vyavasthA apane caritra meM sAmaMtI aura prAk-pU~jIvAdI thI' (thaoNTsa oNna egreriyana rilezaMsa ina mug2ala iMDiyA, pR. 3 ) / irafAna habIba ne apanI pustaka 'da egreriyana sisTama oNfa mug2ala iMDiyA' meM isa para vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai / rAmazaraNa jozI ne apanI prasiddha pustaka 'bhAratIya sAmaMtavAda' gupta-kAla (320 I. se gupta saMvat kA AraMbha ) ko sAmaMtI samAja ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai : 'gupta kAla se sammaMDaloM aura jiloM ke adhikAriyoM ke pada uttarottara vaMzAnugata hote cale gae / phalataH eka ora keMdrIya sattA kI jar3a khokhalI hotI gaI aura dUsarI ora prazAsana kA svarUpa aura bhI sAmaMtavAdI hotA calA gayA' (pR. 25 ) / sAmaMtI samAja mUlataH kRSi-vyavasthA para AdhArita hai, yadyapi vibhinna samAjoM meM isake rUpa bhinna-bhinna rahe haiN| kRSi AdhArita vyavasthA eka prakAra se svayaMsaMpUrNa hai, jisakA vizeSa ullekha mArksa ne bhAratIya saMdarbha meM kiyA hai / madhyakAla meM bhUmi kA mukhya svAmI siddhAMtataH keMdrIya zAsaka hai jo apanI suvidhA ke lie choTe sAmaMtoM kI niyukti karatA hai, jinakA dAyitva zAsaka ko eka nizcita rAzi denA hai aura yuddha ke lie senA juTAne kA kArya bhI inheM karanA hai / jaba keMdrIya zAsana vyavasthA nahIM thI, jaise vikhaMDita bhArata meM pratihAra, pAla, sena, cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, pallava, cola Adi, taba bhI zAsaka ke adhInastha sAmaMtI adhikArI the, jo zAsana ke sahAyaka the aura bhUmidAna isI kA eka aMga hai / madhyakAlIna bhArata meM kramazaH keMdrIya vyavasthA sudRr3ha hotI gaI aura sAmaMtI DhA~ce kA, usI kI AvazyakatAoM ke anurUpa DhalanA anivArya thA / itihAsa ke dabAvoM madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti / 31

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kA niSedha saMbhava nahIM, samaya apanA mArga talAzatA hai aura isa prakAra vyavasthA meM parivartana hote haiM, AMzika hI shii| jaba vyavasthA pUrI taraha jarjara aura asaphala ho jAtI hai, taba eka prakAra se vaha apane hI aMtarvirodhoM se TUTatI hai| itihAsa ke aise prabhAvI kAraka hote haiM ki prakriyA ko roka pAnA saMbhava nhiiN| isa dRSTi se aMtarvirodha athavA itihAsa ke dabAvoM ko yadi vastuparaka DhaMga se dekhA jAya to unameM dUrI kama ho skegii| pUrva madhyakAla kA pratinidhi saltanata kAla ko pUrI taraha dharmarAjya/dharmataMtra (thiyokresI) ke rUpa meM dekhanA ucita nahIM hogaa| DaoN. rAmaprasAda tripAThI, DaoN. tArAcanda Adi isa vicAra kA virodha karate haiM ki islAmI zAsana dharmataMtra para Azrita thaa| eka bar3e deza meM, jahA~ aneka vividhatAe~ haiM, yaha saMbhava bhI nhiiN| DaoN. tripAThI kA vicAra hai ki fIroz2a kI udAra nIti aura akabara dvArA 1564 meM jaz2iyA kA haTAyA jAnA pramANita karatA hai ki do pramukha jAtiyoM kI dUrI kama ho rahI thI (sama aispekTsa oNfa mug2ala eDaminisTrezana, pR. 315) / islAmI rAjya meM zAsaka khudA kA pratinidhi hai, aura dhArmika purohita nyAyavida ulmA ke rUpa meM kurAna zarIfa, zarIyata kI vyAkhyA karate the| para itihAsa pramANa hai ki dillI ke sultAna svayaM ko bag2adAda ke qhalIfA se mukta karane kA prayatna karane lage (asitakumAra sena : pIpula eMDa pAliTiksa ina arlI meDivala iMDiyA, pR. 2) / sultAna svayaM khutabA par3hane lagA aura eka prakAra se sarvocca bhUmikA nibhAne lgaa| hara nirNaya ke lie qhalIfA kA anumodana na saMbhava thA, na aavshyk| isake kucha pariNAma sAmane Ae jinameM eka yaha ki islAmI zAsaka kA apanA vyaktitva nirmita huA, vaha usa deza se jur3A, jahA~ vaha rAjya kara rahA thaa| ise sAmaMtI samAja kA vikAsa isa rUpa meM kahanA hogA ki zAsaka kendrIya sattA ke rUpa meM sarvopari sAmaMta thaa| itihAsakAroM ne fIroz2a tug2alaka jaise udAra sultAna kA vizeSa ullekha karate hue likhA hai ki islAma ke bhAratIyakaraNa kI prakriyA meM usakA bhI yogadAna hai jise sUphI saMtoM ne racanA ke mAdhyama se zIrSa para pahu~cAyA (ke. esa. lAla : TvilAiTa oNfa da saltanata, pR. 244) / mugalakAla eka prakAra se keMdrIya sAmaMtavAda kA pratinidhi bhI hai jisameM bAdazAha ne bar3e sAmrAjya ke lie sUboM kI vyavasthA kI aura vahA~ vizvasta prAMtapatiyoM athavA sUbedAroM kI niyukti kii| ye prAyaH rAjakula se saMbaddha athavA bAdazAha ke samIpI vizvasanIya vyakti hote the| sUbedAra, amIra-umarA, jAgIradAra, manasabadAra saba keMdrIya sAmaMtI vyavasthA ko puSTa karate the| jaba yaha keMdrIya zakti durbala huI to sAmaMta svayaM zAsaka banane kA prayatna karane lage, jise satIzacandra ne sAmaMtI aMtarvirodha ke rUpa meM dekhA hai (pArTIz2a eMDa paoNliTiksa eTa da mug2ala korTa : bhuumikaa)| ___ madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samAja kA eka rUpa nahIM hai| vidvAnoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki saltanata kAla meM mukhyatayA nagara-sabhyatA thI aura grAma-samAja kI ora adhika dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA, jabaki janasaMkhyA kI dRSTi se vahI bahumata hai| arase taka 32 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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bhArata ko gA~voM kA deza kahA gayA / madhyakAla meM grAma deza kI mukhyadhArA se achUte the aura svayaMsaMpUrNa ikAI hone se nagara se unakA saMparka kama thA / kRSi vyavasthA para AdhArita grAma samAja ke khAlI samaya meM kuTIra udyoga hastazilpa kA vikAsa saMbhava thA, bazarte gA~va kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke sAtha unheM bAhara kA nagara - samAja bhI upabhoktA ke rUpa meM prApta ho / grAma-samAja kI dainaMdina AvazyakatAe~ pUrI karane ke lie kaI sahAyaka vyavasAya the : luhAra, bar3haI, bunakara, carmakAra, kumhAra, nAI, dhobI, purohita Adi / kaThinAI yaha thI ki upaja kA mukhya lAbha utpAdaka ko nahIM thA, jo mUla zramika athavA kArIgara thaa| mug2ala kAla meM jaba nagara samAja ke upabhoktA samAja meM vRddhi huI to bicauliyoM kA vyApArI varga bhI bddh'aa| grAma samAja apanI sAmagrI becane ke lie vivaza thA aura isameM anna usakA sahAyaka thA kyoMki yahI vinimaya - mudrA kA kArya karatA thA / kRSi aura anna bhAratIya madhyakAla ke vinimaya-mAdhyama haiM, mudrA ke sthAnApanna / bicauliyA saste mUlya para sAmagrI kharIdakara, kahIM adhika dAma para use nagaroM meM becatA thA / udyoga-vyavasAya ko protsAhana milane para masAle, kapar3A, AbhUSaNa Adi kA niryAta karane kA kAma bhI vyApArI varga ke hAtha thA / 1 grAma-vyavasthA ke kRSaka aura kArIgara donoM isa sAmaMtI vyavasthA meM nirdhana sthiti meM the / mAla ko saste dAma para becane kI vivazatA ne unheM vipanna kara diyA thA / akAla ho, athavA bahiyA kisAna ko apanI upaja kA eka nizcita bhAga rAja kara ke rUpa meM denA hI thA / gA~va meM jAtIya AdhAra para varga-bheda bhI the, jise sAmaMtI vyavasthA kA poSaNa prApta thA / gA~va ke tathAkathita ucca varNa-purohita, kSatriya, vaNika apekSAkRta behatara sthiti meM the kyoMki grAma samAja kI vyavasthA ke niyAmaka the inakI tulanA meM sAmAnyajana, jinameM kisAna - kArIgara Ate the, akiMcana the / madhyakAlIna grAmajIvana kA varNana karate hue itihAsakAroM ne pramANoM se puSTa kiyA hai ki gA~va kA mukhiyA acchI sthiti meM thA - makAna, cabUtarA, A~gana, bAr3A, cahAradIvArI Adi / usakI tulanA meM sAmAnyajana kA zayana dharatI para thA, zarIra ke cAroM ora basa eka kapar3A bhara thA / miTTI ke bartana unake pAtra the aura prAyaH moTA anna - jvAra, bAjarA unakA bhojana, vaha bhI kaI bAra eka hI jUna (ke. ema. azarapha : lAipha eMDa kaMDIzaMsa oNfa da pIpula oNpha hiMdustAna, pR. 161 ) / bAbara ne apanI AtmakathA meM bhI isakA saMketa kiyA hai / isa prakAra svayaMsaMpUrNa hokara bhI, grAma-samAja isa dRSTi se vibhAjita thA ki vahA~ varNa-varga-bheda the| eka-dUsare para Azrita rahane ke kAraNa, ve Upara se mile-jule pratIta hote the, para sAmAnyajana dvitIya tRtIya zreNI nAgarika kI sthiti meM the| svayaM ko ucca varNa kahalAne vAlA samAja khetIbArI ke lie sAmAnyajana kA upayoga zramika ke rUpa meM karatA thA, jise majadUrI ke rUpa meM anna diyA jAtA thaa| kahA jA sakatA hai ki ucca varga eka prakAra kA parajIvI jaisA thA, madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti / 33

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dUsaroM ke zrama para jiitaa| brAhmaNa, purohita devatA-maMdira-karmakAMDa ke sahAre apanA kAma calAte the| kSatriya rAjA ke lie senA saMgaThita karane kA kArya kaThinAI ke samaya meM karate the| vaNika avazya vyApAra meM lagA thA, para vaha isa dRSTi se catura zoSaka thA ki adhikAdhika lAbhAMza milatA rhe| jinheM nimna jAti kahA gayA, nimnatama varNa aura choTe peze ke kAraNa, ve bhUmihIna zramika kI sthiti meM the, nirdhn-vipnn| grAma-samAja kA varNa-varga-bheda madhyakAla kA sabase dayanIya pakSa hai, jisameM kRSaka aura sAmAnyajana kI sthiti ciMtAjanaka thii| bhUmi-vyavasthA ke badalate prayogoM meM, kRSaka-jIvana kI dazA meM ullekhanIya sudhAra Adhunika samaya meM bhI nahIM ho sakA, jisakA trAsada citraNa premacanda ne apane kathA-sAhitya meM kiyA hai| horI jaise pAtra isakA pratinidhitva karate haiM, kRSaka rUpa meM, jo jamIna se bedakhala hokara majadUra bana jAte haiN| sAmAnya varga ke anya pAtra haiM jo nirdhanatA kA bhAra vahana karate haiM, jaise kafana Adi kahAniyoM meN| madhyakAla meM kRSaka aura nimnavarga eka sAtha kaI yAtanAoM se trasta the-prAkRtika vipadAoM se lekara mAnavIya atyAcAra tk| durbhikSa unheM bhAgyavAdI banAtA thA, jisakA lAbha purohita varga uThAtA thA-aMdhavizvAsa, karmakAMDa meM ulajhAtA huaa| gA~va meM hI mahAjana the, maha~ge sUda para RNa dete the, jo pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI calA AtA thaa| ba~dhuA majUrI dAsa-prathA ke kaI rUpa saMsAra meM pracalita rahe haiN| vijetA apane sAtha dAsa lAte the aura unase begAra lete the, jaise yUnAna, misra, roma Adi meN| bhArata meM nimna varga ucca varga kI majUrI meM lagA thA, sevA-Tahala krtaa| aspRzyatA aura dAsatA ko itihAsakAroM ne bhAratIya madhyakAla ke pramukha abhizApoM ke rUpa meM dekhA hai (e. ela. zrIvAstava : meDivala iMDiyana kalcara, pR. 25) / jIvana kI mukhyadhArA se kaTA-phaTA grAma-samAja, bahusaMkhyaka hokara bhI madhyakAlIna bhArata ke sAMskRtika mAnacitra meM nahIM A paataa| vahA~ zikSA, sAhitya, kalA ke abhijana prayatna nahIM haiM, yadyapi apanI sahaja lokakalAoM meM vaha racanA ko AdhArabhUta sAmagrI pradAna karatA grAma kI tulanA meM bhAratIya madhyakAla kA nagara-samAja hai, itihAsa kA dUsarA dRzya prastuta krtaa| vaha alpAMza hokara bhI prabhAvI kyoMki zAsaka varga aura usase saMbaddha ucca varga vahIM vAsa karate haiN| itihAsakAroM kI Ama rAya hai ki saltanata kAla to prAyaH nagara-keMdrita hI thaa| para jaba mugalakAla meM keMdrIya sattA kA phailAva huA aura vaha sthAyI huI, taba adhikAra kSetra grAmoM taka bar3hA-paTavArI Adi ke mAdhyama se / saltanatakAla ke aMtima daura meM bahamanI rAjya kA TUTanA aura pA~ca vibhinna saltanatoM kA bananA (barAra, bIjApura, ahamadanagara, golakuMDA aura bIdara) pramANita karatA hai ki sultAnoM kI tulanA meM mugalakAla kI keMdrIya sattA adhika sudRr3ha thii| jise sultAnoM kA turka aphagAna zAsana kahA jAtA hai, usakA samaya do-tIna zatAbdiyoM kA hai aura nagara-keMdrita zAsana-vyavasthA meM unakI ruci svAbhAvika hai| mugalakAla bhI lagabhaga 34 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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itanA hI samaya pAra karatA hai, para jo nagara-samAja saltanatakAla meM banA thA, use . vaha apane DhaMga se vikasita karatA hai aura grAma-vyavasthA kI ora bhI usakA dhyAna jAtA hai| ToDaramala ke prayatna isa dizA meM vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM, yadyapi vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki isameM mUla maMzA rAjakoSa meM vRddhi hai| jyoM-jyoM rAjya-vistAra huA, zAsakoM ke samakSa yaha samasyA thI ki keMdrIya sattA ko sadara kSetroM taka pahu~cAne kI vyavasthA kaise kI jaay| kevala keMdra se saba kacha saMcAlita karanA saMbhava na thaa| saltanatakAla meM saMpUrNa vyavasthA ko sUboM meM bA~TA gayA, jinameM amIra. malika, khAna Adi sAmaMtI pratIka haiN| dillI ke Asa-pAsa jo upanagara bane vahA~ keMdrIya sattA dvArA poSita viziSTa varga the (e. ke. sena : pIpula eMDa paoNliTiksa ina meDivala iMDiyA, pR. 87) / sUbedArI kI yaha vyavasthA mugalakAla meM aura sudRr3ha hii| rAjya-vistAra itanA adhika ho gayA thA ki mug2ala sAmrAjya kA saMpUrNa saMcAlana dillI, AgarA se kara pAnA saMbhava na thaa| vizvasanIya sUbedAroM ke sahAre keMdrIya sattA ko sthira karane kA prayatna huaa| akabara jaise dUradarzI ne mAnasiMha ko mahattvapUrNa pada diyA aura rAjapUtoM kA viziSTa sahayoga liyaa| sUbedAra apane-apane sUboM meM bhI nagara-sabhyatA kA nirmANa karane lage aura eka naI nagara-saMskRti kA vikAsa huA, jisameM keMdrIya sattA ke anugamana kA prayatna thaa| madhyakAla kI nagara-sabhyatA meM ucca varga ko pramukhatA milI jisameM rAjAzraya kI pradhAnatA hai| rAjakula se kisI bhI rUpa meM saMbaddha vyakti prabhAvI adhikArI haiM, jinakA darabAra-e-qhAsa hai, viziSTa jana kA prayatna : amIra-umarA, jAgIradAra, manasabadAra Adi isameM sammilita haiN| isa nagara-samAja kI eka apanI AcAra-saMhitA hai, vaibhava ke irda-girda parikramA karatI aura isakA eka pUrA taura-tarIkA hai, AbhijAtya kA prtiik| kile aura mahala ke bhItara kA yaha jIvana nagara-sabhyatA ko vyakta karatA hai| khAna-pAna, AcAra-vyavahAra, veza-bhUSA sabameM madhyakAlIna nagara sabhyatA eka AbhijAtya kA bodha karAtI hai, jisake keMdra meM pramukha zAsaka thA aura usakA anugamana karate anya saamNt| aise meM vilAsa-sAmagrI kA nayA vyavasAya AraMbha huA aura zilpI-kArIgaroM kI naI birAdarI meM vRddhi huI / madhyakAlIna sthApatya-kalA meM ise vizeSa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai jahA~ kile ke bhItara vilAsa-bhavana kI vyavasthA kI gaI, surakSA kI dRSTi se| jahA~ taka sAmaMtI abhijana samAja kA prazna hai, vizva ke prAyaH sabhI sAmrAjyoM meM isake pratIka bhinna nAma-rUpa meM milate haiM-nobula, bairana aadi| para bhAratIya madhyakAla meM isake cAroM ora jo nagara-sabhyatA vikasita huI, vaha sAmrAjya kA abhinna aMga jaisI hai tathA nagara ke ucca varga meM yaha sAMskRtika mela-jola kA eka upakrama bhI hai| utsavadharmitA kA mAhaula yaha ki akabara ne muslima tyauhAroM ke sAtha hiMdU, pArasI utsavoM kI bhI vyavasthA kii| zikSA, sAhitya, kalA keMdroM ke rUpa meM madhyakAlIna bhAratIya nagaroM kA vikAsa itihAsa kA ullekhanIya pakSa hai| madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti / 35

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madhyakAlIna itihAsa aura saMskRti kI dRSTi se grAma-nagara kA dvaMdva eka vicAraNIya viSaya ho sakatA hai, yadyapi vidvAnoM ne isa ora adhika dhyAna nahIM diyaa| para saMskRti aura racanAzIlatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue yaha eka upayogI viSaya hai| madhyakAlIna bhArata meM jaise do samAja haiM-grAma aura nagara ke tathA inakI sthitiyA~ bhinna haiM, eka-dUsare se lagabhaga achuute| grAmoM ko apane keMdrIya zAsaka kI qhabara taka nahIM hai : kou nRpa hou hamahi kA hAnI, ceri chA~r3i abahoba ki rAnI (tulasI : ayodhyaakaaNdd)| apane abhAvoM se jUjhate grAma-samAja ke sAmAnyajana, dUsarI ora sAmaMtI vilAsa ke pratinidhi nagara-samAja ke abhijn| ayodhyA (tulasI), mathurA (sUra) nagara-sabhyatA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM jabaki vanakhaMDI aura brajamaMDala gokula grAma-samAja kaa| madhyakAla meM abhijana samAja nagaroM meM uccavargIya saMskRti kA pratIka hone kA dAvA karatA hai, para jahA~ taka racanAzIlatA kA prazna hai, usakI pramukha preraNA grAma-samAja hI hai jisakI carcA bhaktikAvya ke vivecana meM hogii| yadyapi yaha ullekha karanA Avazyaka hai ki zAhI darabAra aura sAmaMtoM kI nikaTatA se nagaragrAma samAjoM meM saMvAda kI prakriyA bhI AraMbha huI (nUrula hasana : laiMDa kaMTrola eMDa sozala sTrakcara lekha, pR. 7) / para yaha kucha vargoM taka hI sImita thI aura vargoM/vargoM meM alagAva thA, ise svIkAra karanA hogaa| madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samaya ke una pakSoM para bhI vicAra honA cAhie jinhoMne madhyakAlIna samAja-saMskRti ko rUpAyita karane meM apanI bhUmikA nibhaaii| AraMbhika TakarAhaTa ke bAda, sAMskRtika saMvAda kI jo prakriyA AraMbha huI, vaha sarvAdhika vicAraNIya hai| rAjanItika pakSa kI dRSTi se sAmaMtavAda kI apanI durbalatAe~ aura usake apane aMtarvirodha hote haiN| tarAina yuddha meM pRthvIrAja cauhAna kI parAjaya isakA pramANa hai| vibhinna zAsakoM meM vibhAjita bhArata, bikhare sAmaMtavAda kA pratIka rahA hai aura isane bAra-bAra AkramaNa jhele haiN| uttara se lekara dakSiNa taka ke sAmaMtI rAjya ekajuTa nahIM ho sake, Apasa meM TakarAte rahe : gurjara, pratihAra, aharavAra, caMdela, cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, yAdava, hoyasala, pallava, cola aadi| bikhare hue sAmaMtI samAja meM bhI kalA-saMskRti ko poSaNa milA, yadyapi usakI kSetrIya sImAe~ kahI jA sakatI haiN| sthApatya, vAstukalA, sAhitya meM unakA yogadAna hai kyoMki ve kalAoM ke AzrayadAtA the| itihAsakAroM ne vijayanagara rAjya (14 vIM-16 vIM zatI) kI sAMskRtika upalabdhiyoM kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA hai (Ara. sI. majUmadAra (saM.) : da delahI saltanata, pR. 320) / saltanata kAla aura mugalakAla meM sUboM ke sUbedAra apane-apane sthAnoM para kSetrIya kalA-saMskRti ke poSaka bne| isase dezI bhASAoM ko naI sakriyatA prApta huI, jise racanAzIlatA meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| yorapa meM laiTina ke sthAna para dezI bhASAoM kA udaya eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hai| bhArata meM saMskRta, arabI, phArasI rAjabhASAoM ke rUpa meM samAdRta rahI haiM aura darabAra meM tathA vidvat samAja meM inheM hI svIkRti milii| 36 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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para janabhASAoM kI sakriyatA varga-bheda miTAne meM sahAyaka hotI hai aura isase sarjanazIlatA ko naI dizAe~ milatI haiN| AbhijAtya TUTatA hai aura sAmAnyajana ke saMvedana racanA meM abhivyakti pAte haiM / saMgIta zAstrIya paddhatiyoM ke sAtha lokadhunoM ko samAyojita karatA hai aura sarjanazIlatA kA samagra saMsAra lokaupAdAnoM se samRddha hotA hai| sAmaMtavAda ke saMrakSaNa meM kalAe~ vikasita huIM aura yadi keMdrIya sattA kA AbhijAtya -poSaNa hai, to dUsarI ora prAMtoM meM kSetrIya svarUpa ko vikAsa milA / dezI bhASAoM kI sakriyatA sAmaMtI saMrakSaNa ke saMdarbha meM dekhI jAnI caahie| avadhI, braja meM vipula hiMdI racanAe~ prastuta huiiN| saMpUrNa mahAdeza meM bhAratIya bhASAoM kI sakriyatA madhyakAla kA ullekhanIya tathya hai aura jise dakkhinI hiMdI kahA jAtA hai, usakI racanAzIlatA bhI vicAraNIya hai ( zrIrAma zarmA : dakkhinI hiMdI kA sAhitya, pR. 40 ) / saltanata kAla ke AraMbhika daura meM janme, sUphI saMta niz2AmuddIna auliyA ke ziSya amIra khusaro ko dRSTAMta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai jinhoMne apanI bhASA ko 'hiMdavI' khaa| ve kaI sultAnoM se saMbaddha rahe aura unhoMne rAjanItika utthAna-patana dekhe / arabI, phArasI, saMskRta bhASAoM kA unheM jJAna thA jisameM unakI racanAe~ haiM, para hiMdI bhASA kA AraMbhika rUpa unakI mukariyoM, paheliyoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai : gorI sovai seja para, mukha para DAre kesa/cala khusaro ghara Apane raina bhaI cahu~ desa / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya samAja meM sAmAsika saMskRti vikasita karane ke jo prayatna hue, unheM sAmaMtoM ke bhavana nirmANa, kalA - niyojana taka sImita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, yadyapi isase do pramukha saMskRtiyoM ke saMyojana ke saMketa milate haiM / saMgatarAza saMgamaramara ko kalAkRti kA rUpa de rahe the, jisakI samRddha paraMparA par3osI fArasa meM thI / humAyU~ phArasI kalA-saMskRti se prabhAvita huA aura vahA~ kI udAra vicAradhArA kI chAyA usake vyaktitva meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| kaI bAra 'sUphiyAnA aMdAz2a' kA paricaya unake vaktavyoM se milatA hai (gulabadana begama : humAyU~nAmA, pR. 120 ) / sthApatya, vAstukalA meM vibhinna saMskRtiyoM kA saMyojana pramANita karatA hai ki pramukha jAtiyoM meM saMvAda kI prakriyA gati mila rahI thI / saMgIta, citrakalA ko kaTTarapaMthI svIkAra karane ke lie taiyAra na the aura inheM islAma ke virodha meM mAnate the / humAyU~ phArasI citrakalA kA prazaMsaka thA, jise akabara-jahA~gIra ke samaya meM vikAsa milA / abula faz2ala ne Aine akabarI meM citrakalA ko 'tasvIra kI kalA' kahakara saMbodhita karate hue kaI citrakAroM - gAyakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jahA~gIra ke samaya meM mug2ala citrakalA apanI pUrNatA para pahu~cI aura vaha svayaM bhI isakA pArakhI thA / saMgIta kI naI rAga-rAginiyA~ vikasita kI gaIM aura akabara ke samaya meM tAnasena jaise siddha gAyaka hue| isa prakAra bhAratIya madhyakAla ke kalA-jagat meM kaI saMskRtiyoM kA milana dekhA jA sakatA hai / mug2ala citrakalA kA svataMtra vyaktitva nirmita huA, jise mug2ala athavA zAhI kalama kahA gayA (eca. ke. zeravAnI : kalcarala TreMDsa ina meDivala iMDiyA, pR. 46 ) / madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti / 37

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samaya-samAja kaI rUpoM meM prakSepita hote haiM jinameM pramukha vaha bhI jise vicAra, darzana, ciMtana athavA jIvana-dRSTi Adi nAmoM se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya samAja ke nirmANa zAsakoM ke ruci - bodha kA AkhyAna karate haiM, isameM saMdeha nahIM / kile, masjideM, mahala bhavya athavA zAnadAra haiM jinheM 'graiMDa sTAila' kahA jAtA hai| isase zAsaka kA rutabA vyakta hotA hai, jo prajA para apanA prabhAva sthApita kare / para zAhajahA~ taka Ate-Ate kalA sauMdaryAbhiruci se adhika saMpanna huI, jisakA eka udAharaNa tAjamahala hai, jise 'saMgamaramarI kAvya' kahA gyaa| kaI kalAoM ke mizraNa se kalA meM vaividhya AyA aura usakA utkarSa huA / akabara ne fatehapura sIkarI nAma se naI nagarI banAne kA prayatna kiyA, jise vaha apane udAra paMtha-sulahakula athavA dIna-e-ilAhI ke keMdra rUpa meM vikasita karanA cAhatA thA / kalAoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke sammizraNa saMvAda, saMyojana kA bodha karAte haiM, jisase madhyakAla kI vikasita hotI sAmAsika saMskRti kA paricaya milatA hai / yaha tathya vicAraNIya hai ki jaba bhArata meM islAmI zAsana sthira hokara, keMdrIkRta huA to usakA ekAyAmI rUpa nahIM thA / usameM islAma kI hI kaI nasleM thIM : araba, maMgola, afagAna, turkI, fArasa Adi kii| isameM dharma-parivartana se Ane vAle vyakti bar3I saMkhyA meM sammilita hue (z2immI) jo apane saMskAra sAtha lAe the / isa prakAra madhyakAlIna samAja kA eka sammilita svarUpa hai, jisameM varNa-varga-bheda haiM / islAma yoM to dhArmika stara para samAnatA kI bAta karatA thA, para bAharI nasloM tathA bhArata jAtIya DhA~ce ke AdhAra para, usameM bhI bheda the / rAjAzraya se saMbaddha vyakti viziSTa varga meM the, madhyakAla kA abhijana samAja / rakta kI zuddhatA kA dAvA madhyakAla nahIM kara sakatA kyoMki ucca islAmI varga meM bahupatnIprathA svIkRta thI, aura 'harama' ke vivaraNa itihAsa-graMthoM meM prApta hote haiN| madhya eziyA se Ae sunnI adhika kaTTara mAne jAte the aura isakI tulanA meM phArasa ke ziyA adhika udAra / sUphiyoM ke saMdarbha meM bArA-bezarA kA jo vivAda hai, use madhyakAla meM do dRSTiyoM kI bhinnatA ke rUpa meM dekhA jAnA caahie| vidvAnoM ne svIkArA hai ki kaI kaThinAiyoM ke bAvajUda sUphI saMtoM kA zAsakoM para AdhyAtmika prabhAva rahA hai (mahamUda hasana siddIkI : da memaoNyarsa oNpha sUphIz2a riTena ina iMDiyA, pR. 8 ) / badalate samaya-saMdarbha meM madhyakAla kI dhArmika dRSTi meM AMzika parivartana svAbhAvika thaa| AraMbha meM vijetAoM kA garva thA, jise anudAratA, dharma-parivartana Adi meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| dUsarI ora vijita jAti kA parAjaya bhAva thA, jisase vaha bhItara-bhItara aura simaTatI - sikur3atI calI gaI / para sahaastitva ke lie saMvAda eka anivArya prakriyA hai / AcArya hajArIprasAda kA vicAra hai ki yadi bhArata meM islAma na AyA hotA to bhI bhakti AMdolana kA udaya hotA, jise ve bhAratIya ciMtA kA svAbhAvika vikAsa kahate haiM (hiMdI sAhitya kI bhUmikA, pR. 2 ) / para ise svIkAra 38 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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karanA hI hogA ki kaI jAtiyoM ke pArasparika saMvAda aura vicAra-vinimaya se eka saMyojita ciMtana bhUmi taiyAra huI jise vidvAn 'hiMdustAnI saMskRti' kahate haiM aura kucha 'rASTrIya saMskRti' bhI / isa mela-jola kA prabhAva bhAratIya ciMtana aura samagra racanAzIlatA para dekhA jA sakatA hai| eka prakAra se yaha nae samAjadarzana kA AraMbha hai, jahA~ dUriyA~ kama hotI haiM, alagAva TUTatA hai aura saMvAda kI zuruAta hotI hai| donoM jAtiyoM ke saMvAda se madhyakAlIna ciMtana ko eka naI dizA prApta hotI hai, isameM saMdeha nahIM / sUphI isakA eka pakSa prastuta karate haiN| 1 bhAratIya madhyakAlIna samAja meM sUphiyoM kI bhUmikA udAra ciMtana, sAMskRtika saumanasya, jAtIya sahiSNutA aura sAhitya kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| sUphI athavA tasavvupha islAma kA udAra paMtha hai, jo sarala jIvana, AdhyAtmika ciMtana kA Agraha karatA hai| AraMbha meM ise kaTTarapana ke prahAra jhelane par3e, para kramazaH sAmAnyajana meM ise svIkRti milI aura zAsaka bhI isa ora AkRSTa hue| sUphI ciMtana kA udaya araba meM huaa| 632 I. meM paig2ambara muhammada ke nidhana ke anaMtara khalIphA zAsaka hue : abU vakra, prathama khalIphA the, phira umara, usmAna aura alI / islAma dharma jaba araba, turkI hotA huA IrAna athavA phArasa AyA to usameM paryApta parivartana ho cuke the| sUphiyoM kA paMtha kurAna zarIfa aura hadIsa kI udAra vyAkhyA para AdhArita hai / nikalsana, brAuna jaise itihAsakAra ise usake vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa mAnate haiM (I. jI. brAuna : liTarerI hisTrI oNpha parziyA, pR. 427 ) / IrAna meM sUphI mata apanI pUrNatA para pahu~cA jisakA paricaya phArasI sUphI kavi pharIduddIna attAra ( 1120-1222) kI pustaka 'tajakirAtula auliyA' se milatA hai jisameM sUphI saMtoM kI carcA hai aura sUphI sAdhakoM meM rAbiyA ala-adAbiyA jaisI mahilA bhI hai / vidvAnoM ne sUphI saMtoM kI laMbI sUcI dI hai : husaina bina maMsUra ala-hallAja jise sUlI para car3hA diyA gayA thA kyoMki usane kahA thA : 'anala haka' : maiM khudA hU~ ( ahaM brahAsmi) / abU hamIda muhammada alI g2az2AlI ne sUfI mata ko dArzanika, vaicArika AdhAra dene kA prayatna kiyaa| sUphI saMtoM ne sarala jIvana para bala diyA aura samAja meM svIkRta hue / unheM valI kahA gayA. arthAt divya zakti se saMpanna, yahI auliyA huA jo valI kA bahuvacana rUpa hai| IrAna meM abula majda - majadUda-bina Adama sanAI, pharIduddIna attAra, jalAluddIna rUmI jaisI sUphI pratibhAe~ haiN| bhArata meM cAra pramukha sUphI saMpradAya sakriya rahe : ciztiyA, suharavardiyA, kAdiriyA aura nakzabaMdiyA / qhvAjA muInuddIna ciztI bhArata Ane vAle AraMbhika sUphI saMtoM meM the jinameM niz2AmuddIna auliyA ( 1238 - 1325) ko vyApaka svIkRti milii| sUphI saMtoM kA vaiziSTya ki ve janasamAja meM lokapriya hue aura hiMdU-musalamAna donoM ne unheM Adara diyA / parazurAma caturvedI ne sUphiyoM ko udArapaMthI kahate hue likhA hai ki hRdaya kI zuddhatA, bAhyAcaraNa kI pavitratA, Izvara (nirguNa) ke prati apAra zraddhA, pArasparika sahAnubhUti, vizvabhrAtRtva va vizva-prema kI ora ye T madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti / 39

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sabakA dhyAna AkRSTa karate the (uttarI bhArata kI saMta paraMparA, pR. 77) / dhArmika sahiSNutA aura udAratA sAMskRtika saMvAda kI upaja haiM aura sUphI saMta isakA sAkSya haiM jinhoMne hiMdU-muslima aikya ko agrasara kiyaa| akabara isa dizA meM sabase sajaga islAmI zAsaka hai ki usane sAmrAjya-vistAra ke anaMtara usake sAMskRtika ekIkaraNa kA svapna dekhaa| holI-dIvAlI, Ida-muharrama, zabebarAta Adi para logoM kA milanA-julanA jAtiyoM kI dUrI kama honA batAtA hai| isa dizA meM mukhya rUpa se akabara ke 'dIna-e-ilAhI' kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai, jisa para sUfI udAratA kI chAyA bhI hai| akabara ne apane sAmrAjya ko cAroM dizAoM meM phailAne ke sAtha, dhArmika udAratA kI dizA meM bhI socaa| tulanA meM kaThinAI ho sakatI hai, para kaliMga yuddha ke anaMtara azoka mahAn bauddha dharma kI ora unmukha huA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki zekha mubAraka aura usake beTe phaiz2I tathA abula phaz2ala ke vicAroM kA bhI usa para prabhAva thaa| z2abarana dharma-parivartana ke virodha meM akabara ke Adeza, 1563 meM tIrtha-kara aura 1564 meM dharma-kara z2az2iyA kI samApti usake udAravAdI kadama the| AgarA ke nikaTa fatehapura sIkarI meM usane nayA nagara basAyA jisameM eka 'ibAdatakhAnA' bhI thA, jahA~ sabhI dharmoM ke lie praveza ke avasara the : hiMdU, bauddha, jaina aura yahA~ taka ki IsAI aura yahUdI bhii| dIna-e-ilAhI athavA sulahakula eka prakAra se sarvadharma samabhAva athavA samanvaya kA prayatna kahA jA sakatA hai| jina vidvAnoM ne dIna-e-ilAhI para mukhya rUpa se kArya kiyA hai, unakA vicAra hai ki akabara ko kevala kUTanItijJa kahanA, usake sAtha nyAya karanA nahIM hogaa| phatehapura sIkarI ko vaha dIna-e-ilAhI ke keMdra rUpa meM vikasita karanA cAhatA thA, jahA~ se dhArmika sahiSNutA kI lahara pUre deza meM phaile| dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha bhI hai ki madhyakAla meM ulmA prabhAvI the aura ziyA-sunnI TakarAhaTa bhI thii| aisI sthiti meM dIna-e-ilAhI eka samanvaya paMtha athavA madhyamArga kI talAza bhI hai| eka ora Agare kA lAla kilA hai, zAhI vaibhava kA pratIka, dUsarI ora zekha salIma ciztI ke prati kRtajJatA bhAva vyakta karane ke lie sUphiyAnA aMdAz2a kI nagarI fatehapura sIkarI hai| phargusana kA vicAra hai ki vilAsa ke sthAna para isameM salIma ciztI ke saMtatva kI chAyA adhika hai| pahale AgarA meM phira fatehapura sIkarI meM dharma ke udAra paMtha ko lekara jo vicAra-vinimaya hue, usI kA rUpa hai, 1582 meM dIna-e-ilAhI kI ghossnnaa| DaoN. mAkhanalAla rAyacaudharI ne usa para sUphI prabhAva kA ullekha kiyA hai (dIna-e-ilAhI, pR. 116) / Aine akabarI ke anusAra usake kucha pramukha biMdu the : udAratA, paropakAra, kSamA, vinamratA, zubha kArya, jAgrata viveka, madhura vANI, sadvyavahAra, Izvara ke prati rAga-bhAva aura smrpnn| isameM eka udAra sadAzayatA kA bhAva hai aura uccatara AdhyAtmika mAnava-mUlyoM kI ora prayANa kA prayatna / eka prakAra se yaha madhyakAlIna dhArmika saumanasya kA rAjakIya prayAsa hai| para Tukar3oM meM ba~Te vRhattara 40 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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bhAratIya samAja taka isakA pracAra-prasAra nahIM ho sakA aura yaha samrATa akabara kI kalpanA kA divAsvapna banakara raha gyaa| isakI aitihAsika bhUmikA isa rUpa meM svIkArI jAegI ki madhyakAla meM yaha sAMskRtika saumanasya kA abhinava prayAsa thaa| Ara. kaSNamUrti ne akabara kI dharma-dRSTi ko 'tauhIde ilAhI' ke rUpa meM vivecita karate hae, use ekezvaravAda kA samarthaka nirUpita kiyA hai, IrAnI sUphI athavA bhAratIya vedAMtI kI taraha (akabara : da relijasa aispekTa, pR. 147) / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya samAja meM udAratA kI jo dhArA pravAhita huI, vaha rekhAMkita karane yogya hai aura isase ciMtana, sAhitya, saMpUrNa kalA jagat meM naI saMbhAvanAoM kA udaya huaa| __ madhyakAla ko kisa rUpa meM jAgaraNakAla kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai, yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai| prAyaH use utkarSa ke rUpa meM dekhate hue bhavana-nirmANa, rAjamahala, kile, sthApatya, vAstukalA, sAhitya, kalA Adi ke dRSTAMta prastuta kie jAte haiN| keMdrIya sAmaMto samAja ko isakI suvidhA bhI hotI hai kyoMki bhItara thor3I vyavasthA hotI hai aura bAhya AkramaNoM kA bhaya apekSAkRta kama rahatA hai| vizva ke itihAsa meM isa prakAra kI sakriyatA yUnAna, misra, roma Adi sabhyatAoM meM bhI dekhI jA sakatI hai| para vicAraNIya yaha ki jo sabhyatA nirmita huI, usakA koI samagra rUpa hai kyA ? aura yadi hai to kaisA ? bhAratIya samAja ke varNa-vibhAjita mUla DhA~ce meM, AtmasAta karane kI zakti kramazaH kama hotI gaI, ise svIkAra karanA hogaa| karmakAMDa, aMdhavizvAsa, eka vicitra prakAra kI rUr3hivAditA hAvI huI, jise islAma ke Agamana ke samaya kA jar3a, niSkriya samAja bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, kama se kama ciMtana aura vicAra ke dharAtala pr| karmakAMDa aura purohitavAda ko yadi bhAratIya samAja kI durbalatAoM meM svIkArA jAya, to madhyakAla kA AraMbhika daura kisI bAharI prahAra ko jhela sakane meM samartha nahIM thaa| sAmAjika vikRtiyoM ke vistAra meM jAe binA kahA jA sakatA hai ki deza kI pratirodhakSamatA zithila thI, rASTrIya netRtva kA abhAva thA aura ekatA ke sUtra durbala the| bhArata meM islAmI sattA ke Agamana ke samaya kA khaMDita bhArata rAjanItika dRSTi se. azakta thaa| para yaha kahanA sahI nahIM hogA ki bhAratIya ciMtana kSamatA ne bhI parAjaya svIkAra kara lI thii| viparIta isake, vaha pUrNa parAbhUta nahIM thI, bhItara-bhItara sakriya thI aura usane sAMskRtika hAra nahIM mAnI thii| romilA thApara ke zabdoM meM : 'AThavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI taka ke kAla ko kabhI-kabhI aMdhakAra yuga kahA jAtA hai, jaba hiMduoM kI ucca saMskRti kA hrAsa huA aura rAjanItika vizRMkhalatA ke phalasvarUpa eka pUrNatayA videzI zakti ko isa upamahAdvIpa meM vijaya prApta karane meM suvidhA huii| paraMtu yaha aMdhakAra yuga na hokara nirmANAtmaka yuga thA, jisakA vistRta adhyayana lAbhaprada ho sakatA hai' (bhArata kA itihAsa, pR. 200) / sAmAjika vikAsa kI prakriyA meM rAjanIti eka sImA taka hI prabhAvI ho sakatI hai, saMpUrNa rUpa meM nhiiN| aisA nahIM ki madhyakAla meM saba kucha rAjanIti-sattA-keMdrita madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti / 41

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ho gayA thA aura ciMtana, kalA Adi prayAsoM ke lie avasara na the| sattA ucca varga taka sImita thI aura usakA eka viziSTa saMsAra kahA jA sakatA hai jahA~ pAMDitya Adi ke bauddhika prayatnoM ko svIkRti thii| hotA yoM hai ki sAmAjika-sAMskRtika cetanA bhItara-bhItara AMdolita hotI hai aura samaya pAkara usakI abhivyakti hotI hai| vaiSNavAcAryoM kI paraMparA nAthamani se svIkAra kara lI jAya, jo navIM-dasavIM zatI ke saMdhisthala ke AcArya haiM, to bauddhika sakriyatA kA AbhAsa milatA hai| cAra pramukha vaiSNavAcAryoM-rAmAnuja, madhva, nimbArka, viSNusvAmI gyArahavIM-terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya sakriya haiM, jo rAjanItika dRSTi se pahale vikhaMDana aura phira parAbhava kA samaya hai| thor3A Age bar3hakara rAmAnanda aura vallabhAcArya (paMdrahavIM-solahavIM zatI) kA samaya hai, jinakA vyApaka prabhAva bhaktikAvya para hai| caitanya ne, jo vallabha ke samakAlIna haiM, pUrvAMcala meM bhakti cetanA jgaaii| mahArASTra ke pA~ca saMta kavi-jJAnezvara, nAmadeva, ekanAtha, tukArAma aura rAmadAsa ne terahavIM-satrahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca alakha jagAne kA kArya kiyaa| anya bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhakti kI yahI sakriyatA vidyamAna hai, jise janAndolana kahA gyaa| hiMdI bhaktikAvya kI samartha sarjanazIlatA ke sAtha prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya desI bhASAoM meM kavitA ke aise svara haiM jinase isa samaya ko madhyakAlIna jAgaraNa kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai| pandrahavIM zatI meM asamiyA bhASA meM zaMkaradeva ne bhAgavata bhakti ko janapriyatA dii| baMgAla meM caitanya-caMDIdAsa kA vyaktitva prabhAvI hai| racanAzIlatA kA Azaya janajAgaraNa se saMbaddha hai aura sadAzayatA-saMpanna sAmAjikasAMskRtika unmeSa yahA~ dekhe jA sakate haiM, sudhAra-bhAvanA ke saath| __madhyakAla kisa artha meM jAgaraNa kA samaya kahA jA sakatA hai, yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai| isI ke sAtha yaha bhI ki jAtiyoM ke saMvAda kI isameM kitanI aura kaisI bhUmikA hai, tathA isakA samagra rUpa kyA hai ? jise hama madhyakAlIna samaya, samAja aura saMskRti kahate haiM, usake banane meM rAjAzraya kI bhUmikA eka sImA taka hI ho sakatI hai| aura vaha yaha ki rAja-saMrakSaNa se usake saMvardhana meM sahAyatA milI tathA eka varga-vizeSa usa ora sakriya huA, jo rAjAzraya se sIdhe jur3A thaa| eka pramANa yaha ki mugalakAla ke bikharAva ke bAda rAjAzraya meM palane vAlI racanAzIlatA kramazaH vyApaka jIvana-pravAha se kaTatI gaI-dehavAdI, alaMkAravAdI ho gaI : bhare bhauna meM karata haiM, nainana hI sauM bAta / madhyakAla meM anya bhASAe~-saMskRta, arabI, turkI, phArasI ke sAtha desI bhASAoM kI niraMtara vikasita hotI sarjanazIlatA pramANita karatI hai ki sarjana ke lie sukha-suvidhA bahuta upAdeya nahIM hai, saMgharSa bhI racanAzIlatA ko gati aura dizA detA hai| zabda jo saMskRti racate haiM, unake mUla meM apane samaya se TakarAtA ciMtana to hotA hI hai, pIThikA meM paraMparA kA sarvottama bhI upasthita rahatA hai| isI artha meM madhyakAlIna sAMskRtika pariveza aura usake nirmANa ke gaMbhIra prayatnoM ko dekhA-parakhA jAnA caahie| rAjadarabAroM meM eka saMskRti nirmita hotI hai, jahA~ viziSTa 42 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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varga kI upasthiti hai| aisA nahIM ki sarjana-saMsAra meM isakA koI vaiziSTya hI nahIM hotaa| hotA hai, para aisI racanAe~ taba aura bhI sArthaka hotI haiM, jaba ve rAjAzraya se bAhara nikalakara, vyApaka samAja meM phaila jaaeN| bhavana-nirmANa Adi zilpa-kauzala kA saMketa karate haiM, para jahA~ taka saMskRti kA prazna hai, vicAra, darzana, sAhitya, kalA, lokAcAra Adi sahI pravaktA banate haiN| madhyakAla ke saMdarbha meM aura anyatra bhI kaI bAra abhijana samAja kI saMskRti (ilITa, erisTraoNkresI) ko ziSTa saMskRti kahakara saMbodhita kiyA jAtA hai aura janasamAja kI saMskRti ko lokasaMskRti / saltanata kAla meM jo 'nAdima' thA, vaha mugalakAla meM darabArI huA, zeSa sAmAnya varga the| mere vicAra se varga-bheda ke AdhAra para yaha vibhAjana saMskRti ke samagra pariveza ko ujAgara nahIM kara paataa| saMskRti eka sAmUhika prayatna hai aura usakA samagra rUpa hI dRzya ko pUrNatA detA hai, use khaMDa-khaMDa kara dekhanA ucita nahIM hai| islAma jaba bhArata AyA to usameM kaI tattva sammilita ho cuke the aura itihAsakAroM ne bala dekara kahA hai ki bhArata meM 'islAma kA bhI bhAratIyakaraNa' huA, isa artha meM ki usane yahA~ kI sabhyatA-saMskRti ke saMsparza se svayaM ko nayA vikAsa diyA aura qhalIfA se mukti pAkara, ise gati milii| akabara ne phatehapura sIkarI ke muajz2ima ko haTAkara, apane nAma se khutabA par3hA aura isa prakAra dharma kA 'sarvocca paMca' bnaa| isase ulemAoM ke ekAdhikAra meM kamI AI aura zAsana adhika udAra ho skaa| itihAsakAroM ke vicAra meM paryApta dama hai ki akabara jaise udAra dUradarzI zAsakoM ne isa bAta kA prayatna kiyA ki jAti-vibheda ke bAvajUda, bhArata meM samAna nAgarikatA ke kucha sUtra sthApita ho skeN| sAMskRtika saMyojana meM una vargoM kI bhUmikA kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai, jo dharma-parivartana kara islAma meM Ae the| saiddhAMtika rUpa se islAma meM jAti-upajAti kI koI guMjAyaza nahIM hai, pada-pratiSThA ke AdhAra para varga-bheda ho sakate haiN| madhyakAla meM jise 'azarapha' kahA gayA, vaha bhI ucca varga kA pratinidhitva karatA hai aura usameM araba, turka, afagAna, phArasiyoM ke vaMza se saMbaddha loga the| inheM darabAra meM sthAna prApta thA aura ve ucca padoM para the| isI prakAra jo loga dvijoM se dharma-parivartana kara islAma meM sammilita hue the, unheM kulInatA ke AdhAra para ucca varga meM mAnA gyaa| ina viziSTa vargoM kI tulanA meM sAmAnyajana, cAhe kisI jAti-birAdarI ke hoM, samAja meM unakI sthiti ThIka nahIM thii| madhyakAla meM sAdhAraNa pezoM meM lage loga zramika kI sthiti meM hI the, jaise kisAna, majadUra, kArIgara aadi| eka hI peze kI donoM jAtiyoM ke logoM meM adhika bhedabhAva na thA aura ise vyavasAya kI samAnatA kahA jA sakatA hai| vicAraNIya yaha ki madhyakAla meM usa prakAra kA sAMpradAyika saMgharSa nahIM dikhAI detA, jaisA sAmrAjyavAdI samaya meN| sAmAjika saumanasya ke nirmANa meM rAjAzraya kI bhUmikA sImita hai, para dharma-parivartana kara Ae hue varga ke lie apane madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti / 43

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purAne saMskAroM, rItiyoM, yahA~ taka ki kucha pracalita paraMparAoM se pUrI mukti pAnA sarala nahIM thaa| isa biMdu para jAtIya saumanasya kA vikAsa huA ki kaI paraMparAoM meM, vizeSatayA lokotsava meM ve eka sAtha the| isa dRSTi se bhArata kA madhyakAlIna grAma-samAja pArasparika nirbharatA aura sahayoga kA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai| peze meM lage logoM meM eka bhAIcArA thA, ve kisI bhI jAti ke hoN| gA~va kA khulA jIvana saumanasya kA bodha karAtA hai, vyavahAra-stara para, jisameM jAtiyoM meM ApasI saMvAda hai| bhAratIya madhyakAla meM kaI saMsAra eka-sAtha dekhe jA sakate haiM, aura inase milakara usa samaya kA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika vRtta pUrA hotA hai| jAtiyoM kA pArthakya thA jise kaTTara purohita, ulmA banAe rakhane meM ruci rakhate the, kyoMki unake nihita svArtha the| saMsAra ke itihAsa meM sabhI dharmoM-saMpradAyoM ke kaTTarapaMthiyoM meM isa prakAra ke anudAravAdI dRzya dekhane ko milate haiM, jisase jAtIya TakarAhaTa bar3hatI hai| sAtha hI samAja meM aMdhavizvAsa, rUDhi, karmakAMDa Adi ke pratigAmI vicAra phailate haiN| zAstra kI manacAhI vyAkhyAe~ kaTTarapana kI upaja kahI jA sakatI haiM, jaba usake sahAre samAja ko saMcAlita karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai| samaya ke sAtha parivartana eka pragatizIla kadama hai aura apanI sImAoM meM madhyakAla ne isa dizA meM prayatna kie| hiMdU jAti kaI upajAtiyoM meM vibhAjita thI aura varNa-bheda ke atirikta aspRzyatA kA abhizApa bhI maujUda thaa| samAja kI sevA karate hue unake jo peze nimna mAna lie gae unake kAraNa unheM dUra rakhA gayA, zUdra-aMtyaja Adi / brAhmaNa-purohita, maulavI-ulmA jo ki zAstra ke vyAkhyAtA the aura purohita bhI, unameM adhika saMvAda saMbhava na thA aura unheM madhyakAlIna kaTTaratA kA pratIka kahA jA sakatA hai| para unake apane bhI vicAra-vibheda the, jaise ziyA-sunnI athavA zaiva-vaiSNava ke| eka aisI vaicArika TakarAhaTa thI, jisakA koI vyApaka bauddhika AdhAra nahIM kahA jA sakatA, varan vaha pAMDitya kA kutarka bhI ho sakatA hai| bauddhika stara para alagAva kama karane kI dizA meM eka prayatna musalamAna zAsakoM dvArA bhAratIya jIvana ko jAnane kA prayatna hai| alabarUnI ke arabI graMtha 'tArIkhe hiMda' kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA jAtA hai, jisameM hiMdU dharma, darzana, jJAna kA vivaraNa hai| rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, upaniSada, purANa Adi kA anuvAda fArasI meM kiyA gyaa| svIkAra karanA hogA ki rAjAzraya ke hote hue bhI bauddhika stara para vicAra-vinimaya kA prayatna sImita rahA aura ise pUrI gati nahIM milii| isake lie madhyakAla ke saMta-bhaktikAvya ne adhika sArthaka pahala kI, jahA~ sAMskRtika saumanasya, udAratA, sahiSNutA kI pravRttiyA~ mukhara huI haiN| yaha vRtta siddha-nAtha (800-1200 I.) se AraMbha hokara rAmAMnada (caudahavIM zatI), kabIra-jAyasI se hotA huA guru nAnakadeva (1469-1538) taka phailA huA hai| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti ko vizeSatayA saltanata kAla (1192-1526) tathA mugalakAla (1526-1707) ke madhya sthita kiyA jAtA hai| isake alaga-alaga 44 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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sAMskRtika citra bhI banAe jAte haiM aura yaha anubhava kiyA jAtA hai ki saltanata kAla ke paravartI bhAga meM jo vikAsa huA, vaha akabara se zAhajahA~ taka apanI pUrNatA para phuNcaa| sAmAjika, Arthika, sAMskRtika sthitiyA~ dikhAne ke lie vivaraNa, vRttAMta prastuta kie jAte haiM, jinameM prAyaH madhyakAlIna itihAsa kI sAmagrI dastAvez2a ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI jAtI hai| mohibbula hasana ne 'hisToriyaMsa oNpha meDivala iMDiyA' kA saMpAdana kiyA hai / madhyakAlIna itihAsa sAmagrI kI sImA rekhA yaha hai ki use prAyaH rAjAzraya meM likhA gayA : bAbaranAmA, humAyU~nAmA, akabaranAmA, Aine akabarI, jahA~gIranAmA, zAhajahA~nAmA aadi| inake keMdra meM sAmaMtI samAja hai aura bahusaMkhyaka sAmAnyajana ke lie yahA~ adhika avasara nahIM haiM / iliyaTa ke itihAsa aura saiyada atahara abbAsa riz2avI meM madhyakAlIna sAmagrI kA saMkalana hai| isake atirikta amIra khusaro jaise lekhaka haiM jo tatkAlIna samAja para prakAza DAlate haiM / kucha yAtriyoM ke vivaraNa bhI haiM jinakI zuruAta alabarUnI se mAnI jA sakatI jisane 1030-31 meM apanA yAtrA-vRttAMta likhA / Adhunika itihAsakAroM ne apane DhaMga se madhyakAlIna samAja-saMskRti kA vivecana karate hue svIkAra kiyA hai ki usa samaya kI jo AdhArabhUta sAmagrI (sorsa maTIriyala) upalabdha hai, usameM sAmAjika-Arthika kArakoM kA vizleSaNa nitAMta kSINa hai / yaha usakI sImA rekhA hai (mohibbula hasana : hisToriyaMsa oNpha meDivala iMDiyA, bhUmikA, pR. 12 ) ki zAsaka aura dharma vahA~ itihAsa - dRSTi ko sImita kara dete haiM / isa rUpa meM, kaI sImAoM ke bAvajUda, abula faz2ala ko itihAsa ke prati nae dRSTikoNa kA lekhaka kahA jAtA hai, jisameM eka udAratA hai / bhAratIya madhyakAla meM jo kucha racA gayA aura jisake sarvottama ko bhakti AMdolana kI pIThikA para upajA bhaktikAvya kahA jAtA hai, jisakA prasAra pUre deza meM, lagabhaga sabhI pramukha bhAratIya bhASAoM meM hai, vaha sAmAjika-sAMskRtika itihAsa kI dRSTi se kucha sahAyaka ho sakatA hai ? yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai / racanA meM yathArtha tathA kalpanA kI samanvita bhUmi hotI hai, jisameM samaya-samAja kA yathArtha punaHsarjita hotA hai| alagA pAne kA kArya bhI sarala nahIM hotA, kyoMki racanA na pUrI taraha dastAvez2a hai aura na korI kalpanA / para madhyakAla kI racanAzIlatA, vizeSatayA saMtoM kI vANI ( bAnI) tathA bhakti racanAoM meM jo tatkAlIna dRzya Ae haiM, ve usa samaya kA saMketa karate haiN| yahA~ vivaraNa-vistAra adhika nahIM haiM, para TUTate - mUlyoM kI trAsadI vyakta huI hai| akabara ke samaya meM durbhikSa the jisakA saMketa tulasI meM hai : kali bArahi bAra dukAla parai, binu anna dukhI saba loga marai / mUlya-stara para yaha ciMtA adhika mukhara hai, jise usa samaya ke racanA - sAhitya meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa saMdarbha meM eka prAsaMgika prazna yaha hai ki kyA madhyakAla ke kavi kevala kavi the ? saMbhavataH nahIM / unheM saMta bhakta kahakara saMbodhita kiyA gayA aura unakI pratibaddhatAoM ko bhI rekhAMkita kiyA gayA / unakI bhUmikA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika bhI hai, jahA~ ve samAja-sudhAraka ke rUpa meM dekhe madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti / 45

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jAte haiN| abula phaz2ala ne TippaNI karate hue likhA hai ki samAja meM adhomukhI vRttiyA~ hotI haiM aura aise meM bAdazAha kA naitika dAyitva honA cAhie ki vaha uccatara mUlya sthApita kare (Aine akabarI, khaMDa do, pR. 285-86) / sAmaMtI samAja kI kaThinAiyA~ thIM, aise meM usa samaya ke saMta-bhakta kavi samAja-sudhAraka bhI kahe jA sakate haiM aura sAMskRtika citra ko pUrNatA dene ke lie unakI bhUmikA vicAraNIya hai| madhyakAla meM udAra-kaTTara dRSTiyoM kI TakarAhaTa madhyakAlIna vicAradhArA aura saMskRti kI sahI samajha meM sahAyaka hai| donoM pramukha jAtiyoM meM inake pratinidhi haiM, apane nihita Azaya ke lie| para akabara jaise zAsaka yaha nahIM svIkAra karate ki rAjya ko kisI para dharma thopane kA adhikAra hai, aura isalie vaha adhika udAra nIti kA poSaka hai (paramAtmA sarana : da prAviMziyala gavarnameNTa oNfa mug2alsa, pR. 430) / akabara aura auraMgajeba kI pRthak dRSTiyA~ batAtI haiM ki udAra-anudAra vicAradhArAe~ saMgharSarata thiiN| sthApatya, mUrti, zilpa, vAstu Adi kI carcA apane sthAna para upayogI hai, para isase madhyakAlIna bhArata kA sAMskRtika citra pUrNa nahIM hotA aura isake lie usa samaya kI vicAradhArAoM ko samajhanA hogaa| kSitimohana sena kI pustaka 'meDivala misTisiz2ma ina iMDiyA' meM ArthoDAksa tathA libarala thiMkarsa (rUr3hivAdI tathA udAra vicAraka) kI carcA huI hai| unakA vicAra hai ki madhyakAla ke AraMbhika caraNa meM bhAratIya samAja kI vaha grahaNazIlatA durbala thI, jisane aba taka aneka prakAra kI ciMtanadhArAoM ke dvAra usake lie unmukta rakhe the| bauddhika pratibhA, tArkika kSamatA kI kamI na thI, para ciMtakoM meM saMyojana-samIkaraNa ke tattva kSINa the (pR. 7) / kaTTaratA donoM jAtiyoM ke dharmaniyAmakoM meM thI, jise banAe rakhane meM unake nihita svArtha bhI the| para vicAraNIya tathya yaha ki dhArmika aMkuza ke bAvajUda, dharmabhIru sAmAnyajana, vizeSatayA nimna kahe jAne vAle varga meM sugabugAhaTa thI, vicalana kA bhAva thaa| kucha buddhijIviyoM ne bhI isa aMsatoSa ko pahacAnA aura sAmAjika sudhAra ke lie Age bar3he, AMzika hI shii| chaThI-nauvIM zatAbdI ke bIca AlavAra saMtoM ne tamila bhASA meM racanA kI aura prAyaH ve sAmAnya varga se Ae the, jinameM ANDAla mahilA bhI thii| dakSiNa ke rAmAnujAcArya (1016-1137) ne prapatti-darzana kI pratiSThA sAmAnyajana ke lie kI, zAstra ko bhAvAtmaka vistAra diyA aura apanI sImAoM meM ve madhyakAla ke udAra vaiSNavAcAryoM meM svIkAre jAte haiM (rA. go. bhaMDArakara : vaiSNava, zaiva aura anya dhArmika mata, pR. 62) / ___ madhyakAlIna sAMskRtika vivecana meM prAyaH veza-bhUSA, khAna-pAna, bhavana-nirmANa, melA-utsava, tIja-tyauhAra, zikSA-kalA Adi ke vivaraNa die jAte haiN| pramANita kiyA jAtA hai ki pramukha jAtiyoM meM saMvAda kI jo prakriyA kramazaH vikasita huI, usase sabhyatA-saMskRti kA eka milA-julA saMsAra banAne kA prayatna huA, yadyapi jAtIya pArthakya banA rhaa| donoM eka-dUsare se prabhAvita hue, isameM saMdeha nahIM aura isake pramANa 46 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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AcAra-vyavahAra meM milate haiM / 'bhaktikAvya kI bhUmikA' meM premazaMkara ne isakI carcA kI hai| vicAraNIya yaha ki samAja-sudhAraka ke rUpa meM jo vicAraka saMta madhyakAlIna bhArata meM sakriya the, unakA sAMskRtika avadAna kyA hai aura unhoMne samanvita saMskRti kA kauna-sA rUpa gar3hanA cAhA / sultAna aura bAdazAha apane darabAra ke sAtha prAyaH ucca varga taka sImita the, yadyapi akabara jaise udAra zAsaka bhI the, jo isa dizA meM sajaga the ki samanvaya adhUrA hai aura ise pUrNatA dene kA kArya bhI AsAna nahIM / para itanA to kiyA hI jA sakatA hai ki saMvAda kA sahI mAhaula bane, khulA vicAra-vinimaya ho, kaTTaratAe~ TUTeM aura udAra paMtha vikasita ho| isa dRSTi se madhyakAlIna saMta bhakta kaviyoM kI bhUmikA samAja-sudhAraka aura sAMskRtika netRtva kI hai| unakA AkramaNa vyartha kI rUr3hiyoM, aMdhavizvAsoM, ADaMbara, pAkhaMDa, karmakAMDa aura sabase adhika ghanaghora jAti-upajAtivAda para thaa| kabIra kA prazna hai ki jAti - birAdarI kyA hotI hai : hiMdU kahata haiM rAma hamArA, musalamAna rahamAnA / Apasa meM dou lar3e marata haiM, marama ko nahiM jAnA / AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI kA vicAra hai ki 'kabIradAsa ne bAhyAcAramUlaka dharma kI jo AlocanA kI hai, usakI eka sudIrgha paraMparA thii| isI paraMparA se unhoMne apane vicAra sthira kie the' (kabIra, pR. 135 ) / siddha - nAtha-saMta-bhakta racanAzIlatA meM sAmAjika sudhAra kA jo bhAva vidyamAna hai, vaha batAtA hai ki sajaga manISA apane samaya-samAja se saMtuSTa nahIM thI aura nayA mArga talAza rahI thI / sAmAjika sudhAra se saMskRti ke lie naI dizAe~ khulIM aura sAmaMtI samAja ko dekhate hue, ise mahattvapUrNa kahA jaaegaa| udAra ciMtana kA prathama saMgharSa usa jAti-upajAtivAda se rahA hai jo madhyakAlIna bhArata meM bahupracalita thI / caturvarNa upajAtiyoM, birAdariyoM meM vibhAjita ho gae the, jinakI saMkhyA bar3hatI jAtI thI / peze para AdhArita loga the, jinheM varNa-vyavasthA se bAhara rakhA gayA / inameM ve bhI haiM jo sarakArI likhAI kA kAma karate the aura Age calakara zikSita samAja meM sammilita hue / kaThora jAti vyavasthA ne islAma taka ko kisI aMza taka vikRta karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura aspRzyatA to bhAratIya samAja kA sabase bar3A kalaMka hai| zAsaka bhI ise jAnate the ki jAti-upajAtivAda saccI rASTrIyatA ke vikAsa meM bar3I bAdhA hai jisake kAraNa bhAva - aikya nahIM ho pAtA, dUriyA~ banI rahatI haiN| rAjya - vistAra meM unake pAsa vyavasthA meM sudhAra ke lie pUrA avasara na thA, para jaba bhI avakAza milA, to udAra zAsakoM ne isa ora dhyAna diyA / jisa saltanata kAla ko kaI bAra anudAra rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai, usa samaya bhI rAjakIya stara para jAtIya saumanasya ke prayAsa ho rahe the| golakuMDA ke sultAnoM ne hiMdU maMtriyoM kI niyukti kI aura baMgAla ke muslima zAsakoM ne rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata ke anuvAda bAMglA meM karAe tAki sabako usakI jAnakArI ho / saltanatakAla meM vidyA ko saMrakSaNa prApta thA, jisakA ullekha itihAsakAroM ne kiyA hai| tArIkhe - fIroz2azAhI meM bhI isakI carcA hai, jo madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti / 47

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fIroz2azAha ke rAjyakAla meM likhI gii| dakkhinI bahamanI sultAnoM se prAMtIya bhASAoM ko protsAhana milA aura dakSiNa ke vijayanagara rAjya kI sAMskRtika sakriyatA, vizeSa rUpa se maMdira-nirmANa meM dekhI jA sakatI hai, jaise kRSNadeva rAya kA kAMcIpuram meM nirmaann| use 'AMdhra-bhoja' kahakara saMbodhita kiyA gayA jisane telugu sAhitya ko prazraya diyA (Ara. sI. majUmadAra (saM.) : da delahI saltanata, pR. 320) / saMskRti eka sAmUhika, bauddhika prayatna hai jo vicAra, darzana, sAhitya, kalA meM vikAsa pAtI hai| yaha sabhyatA kA agalA caraNa hai| madhyakAla meM kaI vargoM kA isameM yogadAna hai aura udAra zAsaka inameM eka haiN| buddhijIvI varga ne prAyaH pAMDitya, zAstracarcA meM ruci lI aura isase bhASya-paraMparA ko nayA vikAsa milaa| saMtoM kA saMsAra mUlyaciMtA kA hai aura ve sAmaMtI samAja kA viloma jaisA dikhAI dete haiN| eka ora vaibhava-vilAsa kA sAmaMtI pariveza hai, dUsarI ora saMtoM kA AdhyAtmika saMsAra hai jahA~ mukhya bala AcaraNa para hai| madarasA, pAThazAlA kI zikSA meM dharma ko sthAna thA, para saMtoM kA Agraha jIvanAnubhava se prApta jJAna para thaa| akabara ne zikSA meM darzana, vyAkaraNa, nyAya ke sAtha vyAvahArika viSayoM kA praveza karAyA (Aine akabarI : bhAga 2, pR. 239) / itihAsakAroM kA kathana hai ki fIroz2azAha tugalaka Adi udAra zAsakoM ne madhyakAla meM zikSA kI ora paryApta dhyAna diyA, jisakA vikAsa mugalakAla meM huaa| hauz2a khAsa kA bar3A madarasA lagabhaga sattara ekar3a meM banA thA, jisameM sabhI vyavasthAe~ nizzulka thiiN| pAThazAlA-madarasA ke nae svarUpa se naI cetanA kA vikAsa huaa| kAzI, nAdiyA, mathurA, prayAga, mithilA, zrInagara Adi ke vidyA saMsthAnoM meM ucca zikSA kA prabaMdha thA, jahA~ ke adhyApaka samAja meM AdaraNIya the| bauddhika pariveza ne madhyakAlIna jAgaraNa meM isa dRSTi se sahAyatA kI ki prAcIna graMthoM kI naI vyAkhyAe~ prastuta huIM, aura parokSa hI sahI, para sAMskRtika cetanA ke nirmANa meM unakI eka bhUmikA hai| jinheM samAja-sudhAraka kahA gayA, unake bhI do varga kahe jA sakate haiM para unakI saMkhyA adhika thI, jo sAmAnya varga se Ae the aura pAMDitya kA dAvA nahIM kara sakate the| para jo zAstra ke jJAtA the, ve bhI dhArmika kaTTaratA se mukti meM sahAyaka the, jaise appaya dIkSita, paMDitarAja jagannAtha, madhusUdana sarasvatI Adi kucha nAma haiN| bhakti AMdolana sabhI vargoM ke sammilita prayatna kI upaja hai jo pUre madhyakAla meM sakriya hai aura ise nae svAbhAvika sAMskRtika unmeSa ke rUpa meM dekhanA hogA, jahA~ saMkIrNatAe~ TUTatI haiM, jAti-baMdhana zithila hote haiM, karmakAMDa kI anivAryatA nahIM rahatI aura bala zuddha AcaraNa para hai| kRtivAsa ojhA ko bAMglA kAvya kA pitA kahA jAtA hai jinhoMne rAmAyaNa ko nayA rUpa diyA (1418) / rAmAnanda jaise AcArya haiM jo paMDita hokara bhI, sAmAnyajana meM prabhAvI banate haiM aura jinake ziSyoM meM nimnavarga ke loga bhI haiN| DaoN. rAmaratana bhaTanAgara kA vicAra hai ki rAmAnanda meM ciMtana kI samanvita bhUmi hai, jisameM kaI paraMparAe~ ghula-mila gaI haiN| vizuddha bhAvabhUmi 48 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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para sthira rahakara aura karmakAMDa ke kina kara aura karmakAMDa ke tiraskAra dvArA hI vaha yaha samanvaya sthApita kara gIna vaiSNava saMskRti aura tulasIdAsa, pR. 72) / caudahavIM zatI meM rAmAnanda vicAraka udAra ciMtana kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| yaha udAra paMtha nAnaka 100-1538) taka phailA huA hai aura ina sabase madhyakAlIna sarjanazIlatA puSTa hii| zakAlIna samaya, samAja, saMskRti kA rUpa milA-julA hai, kaI pravRttiyoM kA mizraNa aura sabako milAkara, yaha vRtta pUrA hotA hai jise bhArata kI madhyakAlIna kati kahA jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM vidvAnoM ke vicAroM meM matabheda rahe haiM, para usake mahatva ko sabane svIkRti dI hai| sabake sammilita sahayoga se jo sAmAsika saMskRti madhyakAla meM nirmita huI, usameM udAra zAsakoM se lekara una sAmAjika sudhAraka saMtoM-bhaktoM kI bhUmikA hai, jo apane pariveza ko udAtta mAnavamUlyoM se saMbaddha karake dekhanA cAhate the| nirmANa Adi kA apanA sthAna hai, para ciMtana kI bhUmi para jo nayA udAra pariveza banA usane madhyakAlIna UrjA ko naI dizAoM kI ora agrasara kiyA jisase vicAra, sAhitya-kalA kA aisA saMsAra racA gayA, jo niraMtara carcA ke keMdra meM rahA hai aura jise bhAratIya manISA ke sarvottama adhyAyoM meM ginA jAtA hai| AraMbhika TakarAhaTa ke bAda jaba pArthakya TUTA aura saMvAda kI prakriyA AraMbha huI to donoM pramukha jAtiyoM ne eka-dUsare ko jAnane-samajhane kA prayatna kiyA, sIkhA, prabhAvita huiiN| bahuvivAha, pardA-prathA jaisI kurItiyA~ bhI AIM, para unakA pracalana ucca varga meM adhika thaa| hiMdU sabhyatA ne islAma ko prabhAvita kiyA aura sUphI kaviyoM ne bhAratIya kathAoM para kAvya rce| hiMdU prathA ke samAna hamAy, akabara, jahA~gIra, zAhajahA~ ke tulAdAna hue| vijayAdazamI, dIpAvalI, vasaMta, holI ke utsava rAjakIya stara para svIkRta hue; nauroz2a mUlataH fArasa kA utsava hai-navavarSa, vasaMta kA pratIka aura dIvAna-e-Ama ke isa utsava kA varNana tatkAlIna itihAsakAroM ne vistAra se kiyA hai (prANanAtha copar3A : sama aisapekTsa oNfa sosAyaTI eMDa kalcara DyUriMga da mug2ala eja, pR. 5) / rAjakIya stara para jo prayatna hue, ve eka darga vizeSa taka sImita the, jise abhijana samAja kahA gayA, para saMta-bhakta sAhitya ne janatA ko saMbodhita kiyA aura sAMskRtika saMvAda ko sArthakatA pradAna kii| madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja aura saMskRti / 49

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bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa bhakti-bhAvanA ke srotoM kI khoja ke lie vidvAna vaidika-yuga taka jAte haiM, para usakI yAtrA kucha pramukha caraNoM meM huI hai| ise bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa aura AtmasaMgharSa ke rUpa meM bhI dekhA jAnA cAhie ki vaha kisa prakAra sthitiyoM se TakarAtI. svayaM ko agrasara karatI rahI hai| AraMbhika vaidika yuga meM prakRti pramukha sthAna para hai aura iMdra sarvopari deva haiN| upaniSadoM meM bhakti-darzana ubharA hai aura jaba viSNu Ae taba vaiSNava dharma ko vikAsa milaa| prAyaH mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva ke nArAyaNIya upAkhyAna meM zveta dvIpa kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai jahA~ vaiSNava bhakti kA vivecana hai| viSNu-nArAyaNa-vAsudeva kA milana vaiSNava dharma ko naI gati detA hai, jise bhAgavata dharma bhI kahA gyaa| gItA meM bhakti ko yoga kA dharAtala diyA gayA, para use uccatara mUlyoM se saMbaddha kiyA gayA : dveSabhAvarahita, niHsvArtha, sarvapremI, dayAlu, ahaMkAra-mukta, nirvirAgI, kSamAzIla, saMtuSTa, jiteMdriya, saMkalpI, samabhAvI Adi (gItA : 12:13-19) / purANa yuga meM gAthA-saMsAra banA, devatva ke mAnuSa rUpa kI prakriyA meM gati AI, lIlA-jagat nirmita huaa| IsavI kI AraMbhika zatAbdiyoM meM bhakti kA prasthAnagraMtha bhAgavata aayaa| 'bhakti-ciMtana kI bhUmikA' pustaka meM bhakti kI vikAsa-yAtrA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| madhyakAlIna bhaktikAvya kI pIThikA meM prAcIna bhakti-ciMtana aura bhakti AMdolana upasthita haiM, yaha sarvasvIkRta hai| vidvAnoM ne isa saMdarbha meM kaI prazna uThAe aura unakA tArkika samAdhAna pAne kA prayatna kiyaa| bhakti kA prasthAna bhAgavata hai, jise prasthAnatrayI-brahmasUtra, upaniSada, gItA ke krama meM caturtha prasthAna kahA gayA jisake maukhika rUpa ne chaThI-nauvIM zatAbdI ke bIca nizcita AkAra liyA aura yahI samaya AlavAra saMtoM kA hai, jinheM bhI bhakti kA AraMbha kahA gyaa| sarvapallI rAdhAkRSNan ke ziSya siddhezvara bhaTTAcArya ne do khaMDoM ke apane graMtha 'da filaoNsaphI oNpha da zrImadbhAgavata' meM ise mahApurANa rUpa svIkArate hue likhA hai ki isameM tamila saMtoM 50 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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kA yogadAna bhI hai (pR. 15) / rAdhAkumuda mukharjI kA kathana hai ki gupta samrAToM ne svayaM ko parama bhAgavata kahA aura unake samaya meM vaiSNava dharma ko vikAsa milA (gupta sAmrAjya, pR. 150) / bhAgavata meM rAdhA kI anupasthiti ke prasaMga ko chor3a deM to yaha gaMtha madhyakAlIna bhakti AMdolana kI pIThikA meM apanI ullekhanIya upasthiti kA bodha karAtA hai| pramukha bhAratIya bhASAoM meM isa graMtha ke bhASya-TIkA prayatna hue aura racanAzIlatA ko bhI isase preraNA milii| AraMbha meM bhAgavata mAhAtmya meM kalikAla kI jisa durdazA kA saMketa nArada ke dvArA huA hai, vaha prakArAMtara se usa samaya kI malyahInatA hai| dravir3a meM janma, karnATaka meM vikAsa, mahArASTra meM Adara, gujarAta meM vArdhakya aura aMta meM vRMdAvana meM navayauvana kI prApti, bhakti svayaM batAtI hai aura jJAna-vairAgya nAmaka do putroM kA ullekha karatI hai| bhakti kaliyuga kI muktidAtA hai jisameM jJAna bhI sammilita hai| jJAnI zreSTha hai, isakA varNana gItA (11-19-5) se lekara tulasIdAsa taka meM hai : gyAna virAga-joga vigyAnA (mAnasa, uttara, 114-15) / bhAgavata kA ciMtana samasta bhakti AMdolana ko gatizIlatA detA hai, yaha nirvivAda hai| ullekhanIya yaha ki yahA~ bhakti bauddhika zAstrIya sImAoM se nikalakara sAdhAraNIkRta hotI hai, sAmAnyajana ko saMbodhita karatI hai| bhAgavata kA kathana hai ki nimnatama varga bhI bhakti ke adhikArI haiM (3-33-6,7) / yadi AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI ke anaMtara dezI bhASAoM kA unnata vikAsa svIkAra kara liyA jAya to bhAgavata darzana bhaktikAvya kI pIThikA meM upasthita hai| bhakticiMtana kI laMbI paraMparA hai jise bhAgavata ko prasthAna mAnakara AgAmI vikAsa ke rUpa meM dekhanA caahie| islAmI zAsana ke samaya rASTrakUTa, pAla-gurjara-pratihAra Adi rAjavaMza the aura pallava, cAlukya, pAMDya, cola Adi bhI, jinhoMne bhaktibhAvanA ko prazraya diyaa| hiMdI bhaktikAvya kA mukhya vRtta prAyaH caudahavIM-satrahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jo rAjanItika dRSTi se saltanata kAla (alAuddIna khalajI, mRtyu 1316) se AraMbha hokara zAhajahA~ (1627-1658) taka jAtA hai| para bhakticiMtana kA AraMbha pahale ho cukA thI, yaha sarvasvIkRta hai| vicAraNIya yaha ki bhakti ko lekara eka ora zAstra-ciMtana cala rahA thA, dUsarI ora pAMDitya kI sImAoM ko tor3akara use sAmAnyajana taka lAne ke prayatna bhI ho rahe the| devamaMdira bhI isI krama meM dekhe jAne caahie| jise dakSiNa kA AlavAra yuga tathA bAda kA AcArya yuga kahA jAtA hai, vaha samaya pallava narezoM kA hai (narasiMhavarmana prathama, 642-68) aura bAda meM cola rAjyoM kA (gyArahavIM-bArahavIM shtii)| donoM rAjavaMza zreSTha maMdira-nirmAtA the, jinhoMne bhaktibhAvanA ko prazraya diyaa| __ AlavAra chaThI-navIM zatAbdI ke madhya sakriya the aura bhaktipravAha meM unakA pradeya yaha ki saMskRta bhASA kA varcasva tor3ate hue, unhoMne tamila bhASA meM sAmAnyajana ko sIdhe hI saMbodhita kiyaa| vahA~ pAMDitya-zAstra ke sthAna para anubhUti kA Agraha bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 51

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hai aura bhakta-Izvara ke bIca sIdhA saMvAda hai| AlavAra prAyaH sAmAnya varga se Ae the aura apanI bhAvamayatA se unake pada varSoM taka maukhika paraMparA meM janatA meM pracalita rhe| sabhI vargoM ke sAtha aMtyaja tathA mahilA ANDAla taka inameM thI aura samAja para inakA vyApaka prabhAva rahA hai| dezI bhASA meM hone ke kAraNa devamaMdiroM meM unake bhajana-gAyana kI jo vyavasthA Age calakara nAthamuni dvArA huI, usase padoM ko janapriyatA milii| eka prakAra se yaha saMhitArahita bhakti kA svara hai, jahA~ karmakAMDa kA niSedha hai| yadyapi vaiSNava AlavAroM ke sAtha zaiva nAyanamAra bhI sakriya the, para bhakti pravAha ko gati dene meM AlavAroM kI bhUmikA adhika prabhAvI hai| yahA~ varNa-jAti, pAMDitya, karmakAMDa ke baMdhana TUTate haiM aura binA kisI madhyastha ke upAsya ko saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se AlavAroM kI bhUmikA aitihAsika hai| 'AlavArsa oNpha sAutha iMDiyA' kA saMpAdana karate hue ke. sI. varadAcArI kA mata hai ki 'AlavAroM kI lokapriyatA kA rahasya unakI sahaja bhAvanAmayatA hai, jise unakI bhakti racanAoM, geya padoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai' (prAkkathana, pR. 16) / saMbhavataH saMpUrNa bhaktikAvya kI janapriyatA kA eka rahasya yaha bhI hai ki vaha devamaMdira, gAyana, prArthanA aura yahA~ taka ki dRzya-lIlAoM se jur3akara maukhika paraMparA kA eka avibhAjya aMga bana gyaa| zravya-dRzya kAvya kA adbhuta samAgama usakI kSamatA hai aura janatA meM use vyApaka svIkRti milii| AlavAroM meM nammAlavAra pramukha haiM, jinheM zaThakopa bhI kahA gayA, zUdra the para unake ziSya madhura kavi braahmnn| zaThakopa ko avayavI mAnA gayA, zeSa ko avyv| AlavAra saMtoM ke bAda AcArya yuga hai, dasavIM se caudahavIM zatAbdI ke aMta tk| AlavAra saMtoM kA prabhAva itanA vyApaka thA ki use sAmAnyajana ke sAtha paMDita varga kI bhI svIkRti milii| AcAryoM meM prasthAnatrayI brahmasUtra, upaniSada aura gItA para bhASya kI paraMparA thI aura ise pAMDitya kA pratimAna bhI mAnA jAtA thaa| Age calakara caturtha prasthAna-bhAgavata para bhI TIkAe~ likhI giiN| AlavAroM kI bhakti-bhAvanA ko svIkArate hue, AcArya yuga ke Adi AcArya raMganAtha muni ne, jinheM nAthamuni (824-924) bhI kahA jAtA hai, AlavAra saMtoM kI vANI kA saMkalana kiyA jise 'divyaprabaMdham' kahA gayA aura ise tamila veda kA sammAna milaa| AcAryazrI ne zrIraMgam maMdira meM inake bhajana-gAyana kI vyavasthA kI aura isa prakAra AlavAra-padoM kA vyApaka prasAra huaa| nAthamuni ne eka sAtha kaI bhUmikAoM kA nirvAha kiyaa| divyaprabaMdhama ke gAyana kA prabaMdha eka prakAra se unakA sAMskRtika kArya hai, para viziSTAdvaita kA prathama dArzanika graMtha (nyAyatattva) racane ke sAtha unhoMne aisI vyavasthA kI ki bhakti meM sabhI vargoM-jAtiyoM ke loga sammilita hoM aura yaha unakA sarAhanIya sAmAjika kArya hai| nAthamuni ke krama meM puMDarIkAkSa, rAma mizra ke nAma Ate haiM, phira pautra yAmunAcArya (916-1034) kaa| kahA jAtA hai ki yazasvI vaiSNavAcArya rAmAnujAcArya (1016-1137) 52 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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vA ke ziSya haiN| isa prakAra AcAryoM kI pahalI pIr3hI hai, jisane bhakticiMtana agasara kiyA aura use sAmAnyajana taka pahu~cAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| ullekhanIya ki unhoMne dakSiNa-uttara ke bIca eka sAMskRtika setu kA kArya kiyA, bhakti nagArika stara para / varNa-jAti ke baMdhana TUTane meM AlavAra saMtoM kI bhUmikA hai| AlavAra saMta aura AcArya yuga ke AraMbhika caraNa ke anaMtara vaiSNavAcAryoM kA vaha yA AtA hai, jise catuHsaMpradAya kahA jAtA hai : rAmAnuja, madhvAcArya, niMbArka, viSNasvAmI jo gyArahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca sakriya the| phira do mahattvapUrNa AcArya haiM : rAmAnanda (1365-1468) aura vallabhAcArya (1478-1530) / ___ AlavAra saMta aura AcArya-yugoM ke bIca bhAratIya manISA kA eka aisA virATa vyaktitva upasthita hai, jise vivekAnanda (1863-1902) kI taraha alpa Ayu milI, para jisane apanI tejasvitA se ciMtana kA nayA itihAsa rcaa| Adi zaMkarAcArya (788-820) ne kevala battIsa varSa kI Ayu pAI, para apanI advaita vedAMtI vyAkhyA se unhoMne vaicArika krAMti kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| brahmasUtra kA bhASya karate hue kahA ki brahma satya hai, jagat mithyA hai| unhoMne satya aura bhrama ko sarpa-rajju dRSTAMta se samajhAne kA prayatna kiyaa| Adi zaMkarAcArya kI tArkika-medhA aisI akATya ki unheM 'pracchanna bauddha' taka kahA gyaa| brahma nirguNa, nirvizeSa, parama satya hai aura mAyA avidyA hai, jisake pAza meM jIva ba~dha jAtA hai| sarvapallI rAdhAkRSNana ne samakAlIna sthiti para prakAza DAlate hue likhA hai ki AlavAra, adiyAra, Izvara-bhakti ke mArga kA pracAra kara rahe the| maMdiroM meM pUjana, tyauhAra, paurANika hiMdU dharma pratiSThA pA rahe the| aise meM zaMkara kI sammati meM paraspara virodhI saMpradAyoM ke aMdara advaita darzana hI ekamAtra nihita satya hai| unake zabda haiM : 'zaMkara ke jIvana meM virodhI bhAvoM kA saMgraha milatA hai| ve dArzanika bhI haiM, aura kavi bhI, jJAnI paMDita bhI haiM aura saMta bhI, vairAgI bhI haiM aura dhArmika sudhAraka bhI' (bhAratIya darzana, khaMDa 2, pR. 444) / AnaMda laharI, sauMdarya laharI meM unakI kAvya-pratibhA vyakta huI hai, unakI bauddhika kSamatAe~ to bhASyoM meM spaSTa haiM hii| dhArmika sudhAraka aura saMgaThanakartA kA paricaya dete hue unhoMne deza ke cAroM konoM meM maTha sthApita kie : zRMgerI, dvArakA, purI aura bdriinaath| zaMkarAcArya kI asAdhAraNa bauddhika pratibhA ne isa artha meM vaiSNavAcAryoM ko udvelita kiyA ki yadi zaMkara kI vedAMtI vyAkhyA pUrNatayA svIkAra kara lI jAya to sAkAropAsanA ke lie avasara hI kahA~ raha jAegA ? yadyapi zaMkara ne svayaM maTha sthApita kie, jahA~ deva-sthAna bne| zaMkarAcArya ne vaiSNavAcAryoM ko prasthAnatrayI para naI vyAkhyAe~ prastuta karane ke lie uttejita kiyaa| isa prakAra vaiSNava-ciMtana ko gati dene meM unakI prakArAMtara bhUmikA hai, pratikriyA rUpa hI shii| zaMkarAcArya bauddhika unmeSa ke advitIya AcArya haiM jo bhAratIya ciMtana ko tArkikatA dete haiN| bhakti AMdolana kI bhUmikA meM AlavAra saMta, bhAgavata, zaMkarAcArya se vaicArika bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 53

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asahamati, vaiSNavAcArya aura dharmasudhArakoM kI sakriyatA hai| bhAgavata ko caturtha prasthAna tathA bhakti kA prasthAnagraMtha kahA gyaa| vaiSNavAcAryoM ne prasthAnatrayI para bhASya likhate hue naI vyAkhyAe~ kI aura unake nAma para dArzanika saMpradAya bne| rAmAnujAcArya ne zrI saMpradAya ke viziSTAdvaita ko agrasara kiyA aura ve zAMkara vedAMta kI nirAkArI vyAkhyA ko asvIkAra kara dete haiN| unhoMne Izvara ko jJAna, bhakti, karuNA ke samuccaya rUpa meM dekhaa| Izvara-jIva-saMbaMdhoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue unhoMne bhagavAna ko azeSI (svAmI) kahA aura jIva ko zeSa athavA daas| rAmAnuja kA sabase mahattvapUrNa pradeya hai : 'prapatti darzana' athavA dAsya bhakti, jo aisA samarpaNa bhAva hai, jisameM saba Izvara ke prati samarpita ho sakate haiN| isa zaraNAgati bhAva se bhakti mArga ko nayA vikAsa milA kyoMki saba jAtiyA~ isameM sammilita ho sakatI thiiN| isa dRSTi se prapatti kA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika mahattva hai, vizeSatayA madhyakAlIna jAti-vyavasthA ko dekhate hue| apane graMtha 'zrIbhASya' meM dArzanika niSpattiyA~ pratipAdita karate hue ve jJAna-bhakti ke saMyojana meM vizvAsa vyakta karate haiN| rAmAnujAcArya kA pradeya yaha ki unhoMne prasthAnatrayI kI vyAkhyAoM meM prapatti athavA zaraNAgati bhAva kA Agraha kiyA kyoMki sAmAnyajana ke lie apekSAkRta yaha sahaja mArga hai| unhoMne devasthAnoM ke nirmANa meM ruci lI aura unheM vaiSNava keMdroM ke rUpa meM vikasita kiyA jahA~ se bhakti AMdolana agrasara huaa| bhakti ko vyApakatA dene meM rAmAnuja kI bhUmikA asaMdigdha hai : 'bhakti ke dvAra zUdra, aMtyaja, nimna varga ke lie khule aura unhoMne vyavasthA kI ki zUdra bhI maMdira meM darzana kara sakeM' (tArAcanda : inphlueMsa oNpha islAma oNna iMDiyana kalcara, pR. 102) / vidvAnoM dvArA rAmAnujAcArya ke prabhAvI vyaktitva ko eka dArzanika samAja-sudhAraka ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai| ve eka aise samaya meM the, jaba zaMkarAcArya kI advaita vedAMtI vyAkhyA kA bauddhika AtaMka paMDita varga para thA, dUsarI ora jAtivAdI vyavasthA meM ulajhe samAja meM anirNaya kI sthiti thii| prapatti athavA zaraNAgati bhAva ke mAdhyama se unhoMne eka aise sahaja mArga kI khoja kI jisa para calanA kaThina nahIM thaa| rAmAnujAcArya ne madhyakAlIna bhakti ko sAmAjika prasthAna diyA aura uttara-dakSiNa ko jor3ane kA sAMskRtika kArya kiyA : 'bhakti drAvir3a UpajI, lAe raamaannd|' ___ vaiSNavAcAryoM meM madhva ne viSNu ko mahattva diyA, jisase bhakti bhAvanA ko gati milii| darzana meM ve dvaitavAdI haiM aura bhagavAna-bhakta donoM ko svIkArate hue unhoMne pravRtti darzana kI sthApanA kI aura jagat ko asatya mAnane se inakAra kiyaa| yahA~ vairAgya koI anivAryatA nahIM hai aura kahA gayA ki niSkAma karma karate hue bhaktimArga apanAyA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne 'aNubhASya' meM Izvara ko anaMta guNa-sampanna mAnA, kahA ki jIva kA brahma meM laya honA bhakti kA parama lakSya hai aura sAyujya mukti sarvopari hai jahA~ jIva Izvara se ekAkAra hotA hai| madhvAcArya ke ciMtana se gRhastha ke lie bhI bhakti kA mArga sulabha huA kyoMki vahA~ saMnyAsa anivArya nahIM 54 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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1 hai| vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki madhvAcArya kI paraMparA meM caitanya (1486-1533) Ate haiM jinhoMne baMgAla, pUrvAMcala se vRMdAvana taka kI vaiSNava bhakti ko prabhAvita kiyaa| nimbArka dvaitAdvaita ke samarthaka haiM - jise bhedAbheda bhI kahA jAtA hai / jIva-brahma muktAvasthA meM abheda kI sthiti meM haiM aura bRddhAvasthA meM bheda kI sthiti meM / nimbArka se kRSNabhakti ko vizeSa gati milI kyoMki ve zrIkRSNa athavA vAsudeva ko parabrahma mAnate haiM tathA rAdhA-kRSNa kI kalpanA se kRSNa-lIlA meM naI sakriyatA AI jabaki bhAgavata meM rAdhA anupasthita haiM / 'dazazlokI' (4/5 ) meM kRSNa kA rUpa varNita hai, rAdhA-dhyAna ke saath| rAdhA ke vikAsa para vicAra karate hue vidvAnoM ne nimbArka ko mahattva diyaa| zrI baladeva upAdhyAya kA kathana hai : 'nimbArkI kaviyoM ne isI yugala tattva ( rAdhA - kRSNa) kA unmIlana apane bhASA-kAvyoM meM bar3I suMdaratA se kiyA hai| zrIrAdhA-kRSNa kA nitya vihAra hI upAsya tattva hai' (kalyANamala lor3hA (saM.) : bhAratIya sAhitya meM rAdhA, pR. 45) / viSNusvAmI nAma se kaI AcArya haiM, isalie unheM lekara kiMcit matabheda hai| para yaha mAna liyA gayA ki viSNusvAmI kI paraMparA meM vallabhAcArya (1478-1530) hue, jisase unake mahattva meM vRddhi huI / vaiSNavAcAryoM kI svataMtra vyAkhyAoM ke hote hue bhI, inameM kucha samAnatAe~ haiM / ve zAMkara vedAMtI vyAkhyA ko asvIkAra karate hue, saguNa paramAtman kI parikalpanA karate haiM jo sarvaguNa saMpanna hai / bhakti ko agrasara karate hue, ve jIva ke lakSya rUpa meM bhagavat-prApti ko nirUpita karate haiM / bhakti ke dvAra sabake lie unmukta haiM aura jAti-vyavasthA ko yahA~ koI svIkRti nahIM hai / ye AcArya dArzanika stara para saguNa-sAkAra bhakti ko pramukhatA dete haiM, maTha-maMdira nirmita karate haiM aura apanI laMbI yAtrAoM se uttara-dakSiNa ko jor3ate haiM / isa prakAra unakI eka sAmAjika-sAMskRtika bhUmikA bhI hai jisakI vyAkhyAe~ alaga-alaga ho sakatI haiM / vaiSNavAcAryoM ne lagabhaga caudahavIM zatI taka kArya karate hue bhakti AMdolana ko naI sakriyatA dI, vaicArika dharAtala para aura apanI vyAkhyAoM se jaise ve bhakti kA zAstra gar3hanA cAhate haiM / unakI yAyAvarI vRtti prAcIna zAstrIya - paMDitAI sImAoM ko pAra karatI hai aura yaha ullekhanIya hai ki unakA bhakticiMtana sAmAnyajana ko bhI apanI dRSTi meM rakhatA hai / vaiSNavAcAryoM kI aitihAsika bhUmikA yaha ki ve kahIM vaicArikatA aura bhAvanA ke milana-biMdu para upasthita haiM / ve zAMkara vedAMtI vyAkhyA se apanI asahamati vyakta karate haiM aura saguNa kA Agraha karate haiM / samarpaNa athavA zaraNAgati bhAva meM bhakti - jJAna kA saMyojana unake ciMtana kI viziSTa upalabdhi hai aura vaiSNava dharma isa ciMtana se eka nayA prasthAna prApta karatA hai, isameM saMdeha nahIM / AlavAra saMtoM ne sAmAnyajana ke lie bhaktibhAva ke jo dvAra unmukta kie the, usameM AcAryoM ne devArpita ciMtana kA praveza karAyA, use sthAyitva dene kI kAmanA se| Age calakara rAmAnaMda, vallabhAcArya, caitanya, nAmadeva, zaMkaradeva Adi meM bhakti ko nayA vikAsa milA aura saMpUrNa deza bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 55

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meM bhakticetanA kA prasAra dekhA jA sakatA hai| bhakti AMdolana aura madhyakAlIna bhakti sAhitya bhakti kI vyApaka cetanA kA bodha karAte haiN| usakI prazasta ciMtana bhUmi hai jahA~ prasthAnatrayI, bhAgavata Adi ke bhASya ke mAdhyama se sUkSmatama vicAra prastuta kie gae : jIvana-jagat-mAyA kI sthiti, paramezvara kA svarUpa, jIva-brahma ke saMbaMdha, parama satya, sAdhanA mArga aadi| isa jJAna-carcA ke atirikta usakA sAmAjika pakSa hai ki pAMDitya kI sImAe~ pAra karate hue, sAmAnyajana ko kaise saMbodhita kiyA jAya aura isa dRSTi se ciMtakoM kA rUpa samAja-sudhAraka kA bhI hai| isa pIThikA para bhaktikAlIna racanAzIlatA hai, jo saMpUrNa deza meM vidyamAna hai aura jisakA prabhAva vyApaka hai| madhyakAlIna bhakti ke nae unmeSa ke lie rAmAnanda kA sAdara ullekha kiyA jAtA hai, jinakI ziSya-praziSya-paraMparA kI laMbI sUcI hai, jisameM hara jAti-birAdarI ke loga haiN| rAmAnanda ko dArzanika bhUmi para viziSTAdvaita se saMbaddha kiyA jAtA hai, jo rAmAnujAcArya kA bhI mata hai| para yahA~ svIkRti sItA-rAma ko hai, jinheM mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA gyaa| prapatti (zaraNAgati) kA jo bhAva rAmAnanda meM varNita hai, usameM saba sammilita ho sakate haiM, yahA~ varNa-jAti-varga kA koI bheda nahIM hai| Izvara-anugraha (Iza-kRpA) se hI bhakti saMbhava hai| rAmAnanda kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA yaha ki ve bhakti ko sahaja sAmAnya bhUmi para lAkara prastuta karane kA sakSama prayatna karate haiM aura isa dRSTi se madhyakAla ke viziSTa samAja-sudhAraka haiN| 'rAmAnanda ne bhaktidhArA ko naI sarjanAtmaka dizA dene meM aitihAsika bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyaa| nizcita hI ve rAmAnujAcArya-rAghavAnanda kI paraMparA se jur3e haiM, para apanI sAmAjika bhUmikA ke prati ve madhyakAla ke sabase saceta saMta haiN| ve bhakti ko aisI sahajatA dete haiM ki binA kisI bar3I taiyArI ke, koI bhI vyakti usameM sahaja bhAva se sammilita ho sakatA hai| unake samaya taka samAja meM aneka aMtarvirodha janama cuke the aura kaI vicAradhArAe~ eka-dUsare se TakarA rahI thiiN| rAmAnanda ne jAgarUka vyaktitva se saba kucha dekhA-sunA aura phira bhakti ko sAmAjika cetanA se saMpanna karane kA mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA' (premazaMkara : bhaktikAvya kI bhUmikA, pR. 125) / rAmAnanda madhyakAlIna udAra ciMtana ke pratIka haiM, jinhoMne bhaktikAvya ko naI dizAoM meM agrasara kiyaa| rAmAnuja ne jisa 'prapatti' ko Izvara-prApti kA sAdhana mAnA, use rAmAnanda ne nayA artha-vistAra diyaa| bhakti unake lie jAti-varNarahita mArga hai, jahA~ na zAstra kI AvazyakatA hai, na karmakAMDa kii| yahA~ zAstrIyatA-pAMDitya paripArzva meM cale jAte haiM aura anya madhyastha bhii| jIva brahma se sIdhA sAkSAtkAra kara sakatA hai, ArAdhaka apane ArAdhya se| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki rAmAnanda apane samaya kI jaTilatAoM se paricita haiM aura unakI sajaga sAmAjika cetanA sahaja bhakti-paMtha talAzatI hai| rAmAnuja ke samAna ve bhI samarpaNa, dAsya-bhAva kA Agraha 56 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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karate haiM, jahA~ purohita-pujArI dRSTi se haTa jAte haiN| AcArya hajArIprasAda ke zabdoM meM : 'rAmAnanda samagra svAdhIna ciMtA ke guru the, upAsanA ke kSetra meM hI ve jAti-pA~ti ke baMdhana ko asvIkAra karate the, para apane kisI bhI vyaktigata mata ko unhoMne ziSyoM para lAda nahIM diyA' (hiMdI sAhitya kI bhUmikA, pR. 48) / isIlie rAmAnanda kI prakhara ziSya-paraMparA hai, jisakA ullekha nAbhAdAsa ke 'bhaktamAla' meM milatA hai| inameM bAraha pramukha haiM, jinheM dvAdaza ziSya kahA gayA : kabIra, raidAsa aadi| rAmAnanda bhakti ke vikAsa meM viziSTa sthAna para haiM aura madhyakAlIna bhaktikAvya ko nayA prasthAna dete haiN| bhaktikAvya meM rAmAnanda ke sAtha vallabhAcArya kA nAma liyA jAtA hai jinakA mahattva kRSNakAvya ke saMdarbha meM hai| vallabha kI jIvanI 'vallabha digvijaya' se jJAta hotA hai ki ve tailaMga brAhmaNa the, para unakA saMbaMdha kAzI nagarI se adhika thaa| viSNusvAmI kI paraMparA meM unhoMne zuddhAdvaita tathA puSTimArga kI pratiSThA kI, jisake anusAra saguNa hokara bhI brahma zuddha aura advaita hai| 'tattvadIpanirNaya' ke anusAra vaha puruSezvara, puruSottama hai| kRSNa parabrahma haiM aura hara sthiti meM vizuddha, kyoMki mAyArahita haiM-nirlipta / mAyAvAda kA khaMDana karate hue vallabha kahate haiM ki brahmarUpa jagat satya hai aura jIva usakA aMza mAtra hai| dArzanika dharAtala para jo zuddhAdvaita hai, bhakti ke dharAtala para vaha puSTimArga hai aura yaha prapatti kA navInatama rUpa hai| Iza-kRpA se bhakti puSTa hotI hai aura yahI jIva kI AkAMkSA honI caahie| DaoN. dInadayAlu gupta ne 'aSTachApa aura vallabha saMpradAya' meM isakA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| puSTi mArga zuddhAdvaita kI vyavahAra-AdhAra bhUmi hai, bhakti ke lie upayogI jisakA sajaga sAmAjika pakSa hai, jisa viSaya meM AcArya rAmacandra zukla kA kathana hai : 'puSTi mArga strI-puruSa, dvija-zUdra sabake lie khulA hai| manuSya mAtra isake adhikArI haiN| isa bhaktimArga meM paramAtmA kA svarUpa to vahI liyA gayA hai jo upaniSadoM ke jJAnakAMDa meM pratipAdita hai, para sAdhanA kA AdhAra zuddha prema rakhA gayA hai jo bhagavAna ke anugraha yA poSaNa se prApta hotA hai' ( sUradAsa, pR. -72) / vallabhAcArya ne 'puSTipravAha maryAdA' meM isakA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| vallabhAcArya ke ciMtana meM zrIkRSNa parabrahma haiM, sarvottama guNoM se vibhUSita, manuSyoM meM shresstthtm| isa prakAra ve niMbArka kI kRSNa-bhAvanA ko svIkArate haiN| vallabha ne kRSNa ko parama AnaMda kA svarUpa mAnA, jinake prati saMpUrNa bhAva se samarpita honA, jIvana ke carama lakSya ko pA jAnA hai| yahA~ bhakti hI mokSa hai, isake atirikta kucha nahIM / sUra kI gopikAe~ isakA sarvottama udAharaNa haiM aura ratnAkara ke 'uddhavazataka' meM ve kahatI haiM : 'mukti-muktA ko mola-mAla hI kahA hai jaba, mohana lalA pai mana-mAnika hI bAri cukiiN|' pravRtti mArga kI sthApanA vallabha kA Azaya hai aura isake keMdra meM kRSNa ko rakhakara unhoMne kRSNa ke lIlA-saMsAra ko nayA vikAsa diyA, bhAgavata jisakA bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 57

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prasthAna hai / pratipAdita kiyA gayA ki mAyA brahma kI zakti hai, usI ke adhIna, isalie zAMkara vedAMta kA mAyAvAda prAsaMgika nahIM pratIta hotA / jaise rAmAnanda ke udAra paMtha se bhaktikAvya ko naI dizA milI, usI prakAra vallabhAcArya ke anugraha siddhAMta aura kRSNa - bhAvanA se, saMpUrNa kRSNabhakti kAvya ko naI sarjanazIlatA prApta huI | puSTimArga rAgAnugAbhakti hai, rAgabhAva para AdhArita, vahA~ karmakAMDa adhika prAsaMgika nahIM / vallabha dvArA pravartita puSTimArga ke AdhAra para viTThalanAtha ne kRSNabhakti kaviyoM ko aSTachApa kA kavi kahA : sUradAsa, paramAnandadAsa, kuMbhanadAsa, nandadAsa Adi / kRSNabhakti kA aisA udAra paMtha ki vaha baMgAla, pUrvAMcala taka phailA - caitanya - caMDIdAsa ke mAdhyama se aura isameM rahIma, rasakhAna jaise musalamAna bhakta kaviyoM ne apanA yogadAna kiyA / bhakti AMdolana kA svarUpa vyApaka haiM aura ciMtana pakSa se lekara kAvya taka usakA prasAra hai| vaiSNavamata usakI pIThikA meM upasthita hai, jise vidvAnoM ne vibhinna dRSTiyoM se dekhA hai - zAstrIya pakSa se lekara udAra sAmAjika bhUmi taka / usakI aneka zAkhAe~ - prazAkhAe~ banIM, mata-matAMtara hue, para sarjanazIlatA, vizeSatayA kAvya kA eka samagra rUpa ubharatA hai, mAnavIya udAratA ko ujAgara karatA / vaiSNava dharma kA prasAra bhArata ke bAhara bhI huA aura videzI vidvAn bhI isameM ruci lete rahe haiM (sTivena je. rosena (saM.) : 'vaiSNaviz2ma', 1994 ) / para bhakti AMdolana aura bhaktikAvya ke saMdarbha meM kucha mahattvapUrNa prazna uThate rahe haiM, jinameM eka vivAdAspada prazna yaha ki isakI sarjanazIlatA meM islAma ke Agamana kI bhUmikA kyA hai ? rAmasvarUpa caturvedI ne apanI pustaka 'hiMdI sAhitya aura saMvedanA kA vikAsa' meM isakI carcA kI hai, vizeSatayA ve AcAryadvaya rAmacandra zukla aura hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke dRSTikoNa para vicAra karate haiN| AcArya zukla ne 'sUradAsa' meM 'bhAratIya bhakti ke zuddha svarUpa' kA ullekha karate hue, ise rekhAMkita kiyA hai ki 'hamAre yahA~ kA bhaktimArga bhagavAna ko anaMta, zakti, zIla aura sauMdarya ke adhiSThAna rUpa meM isI jagat ke vyavahAra bIca rakhakara calA hai' (pR. 55 ) / ise ve tulasI ke rAma ke vivecana meM pramANita karate haiN| para bhaktikAla ke sAmAnya paricaya meM ve likhate haiM : 'itane bhArI rAjanItika ulaTaphera ke pIche hiMdU janasamudAya para bahuta dinoM taka udAsI - sI chAI rhii| apane pauruSa se hatAza jAti ke lie bhagavAna kI zakti aura karuNA kI ora dhyAna le jAne ke atirikta dUsarA mArga kI kyA thA' (itihAsa, pR. 52 ) | AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI 'hiMdI sAhitya kI bhUmikA' ke AraMbha meM hI bhaktikAvya ko bhAratIya ciMtA ke svAbhAvika vikAsa ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM aura kahate haiM ki 'agara islAma nahIM AyA hotA to bhI sAhitya kA adhikAMza vaisA hI hotA / ' nAmavara siMha ne 'dUsarI paraMparA kI khoja' meM ina donoM AcAryoM ko sAmane- sAmane rakhakara dekhA hai, usakI carcA bhI DaoN. caturvedI ne kI hai aura ise ve itihAsa - dRSTi ke aMtara rUpa meM dekhate haiM (pR. 40 ) / bhakti AMdolana kA sAmAsika svara hai, isase inakAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, 58 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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para ise apanI hI mATI kI upaja svIkAra karanA hI hogA, jisameM anya vijAtIya tattva vilayita ho sakate haiN| racanA meM AropaNa kA avasara adhika nahIM hotA aura sajana-prakiyA meM sabhI kucha saMyojita hokara samagra racanA-kRti kA rUpa letA hai| isalie bhaktikAlIna kaviyoM ko darzana-vicAra ke vibhAjana meM rakhakara samajhane kA prayatna sahI nahIM hai| viyajadevanArAyaNa sAhI ne jAyasI kA vivecana karate hue, yaha mahattvapUrNa prazna uThAyA hai aura uttara diyA hai ki ve kavi pahale haiM aura kucha bAda meN| para darzana-vicAra kI bhUmikA apane sthAna para hai hii| madhyakAlIna bhaktikAvya kI pIThikA meM siddha-nAtha sAhitya vidyamAna hai, jisake mahattva ko rAhula sAMkRtyAyana jaise pratibaddha vidvAnoM ne svIkArA hai| AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI ne hiMdI kA AdikAla, nAtha saMpradAya, hiMdI sAhitya kI bhUmikA, kabIra Adi graMthoM meM isa sAhitya kA vivecana kiyA hai| suvidhA ke lie ise saMta sAhitya kahA gayA aura kaI bAra 'nirguNiyA~' rUpa kI pramukhatA mAnI gii| kucha vidvAn siddha-nAtha-bhakti kAvya meM eka krama dekhate haiM, jo sahI hai, para bhaktikAvya ke vivecana meM sAkAra-nirAkAra, saguNa-nirguNa tathA anya mata-matAMtara ke vibhAjana ke aucitya meM saMdeha ho sakatA hai| saMbhava hai kisI pravRtti vizeSa kI pramukhatA ke kAraNa nAmakaraNa kie gae hoM, para vAstavikatA yaha hai ki mahAn racanAoM kA eka samaveta svara ubharatA hai| siddha-nAtha saMpradAya kI vidrohI cetanA vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya hai, para yahA~ dvaita kI sthiti bhI hai| eka ora unakA AkrozI svara hai, jo jAtivAda, aMdhavizvAsa, pAkhaMDa, zarIravAda para tIkhe AkramaNa karatA hai, dUsarI ora unakI AdhyAtmika cetanA hai, jo yoga se apanA saMbaMdha sthApita karatI hai| eka ko grahaNa kara, dUsare ko chor3a dene se saMta kAvya ke ciMtana-vRtta ko samajhane meM kaThinAI hogI kyoMki ve paraspara pUraka bhI haiM, virodhI nhiiN| vaha eka prakAra se bhAratIya itihAsa kA saMkramaNa kAla hai jahA~ koI keMdrIya sattA nahIM thI, eka TUTA-bikharA samAja thaa| islAma kA praveza ho rahA thA, jisake sAtha AraMbhika daura meM saMvAda ke prayatna adhika nahIM hue| dharma kI maryAdAe~ TUTI thIM aura mUlya-ciMtA kA sthAna ADaMbara ne le liyA thA, jahA~ karmakAMDa hAvI thaa| choTI kahI jAne vAlI jAtiyA~ vipanna sthiti meM thIM, aura ucca varNa bhI kartavya-pAlana meM cyuta thaa| saMkaTakAla meM aise hI mUlyahIna samaya Ate haiM, sabhyatA-saMskRti ke itihAsa meN| para isI vikRti sthiti se nae maryAdA-saMsAra kA udaya hotA hai aura saMgharSa sarjana ko gati detA hai| siddhoM kA samaya ATha sau-gyAraha sau ke bIca svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura unakI saMkhyA caurAsI batAI gaI hai| inameM sabhI vargoM ke loga the jo zAstrIyatA-pAMDitya Adi kA dAvA nahIM kara sakate the| inake pAsa apanA anubhava-saMsAra thA aura isI ke sAtha ImAnadAra saMvedana kSamatA, jisake bala-bUte para ve racanA meM agrasara hue tathA inheM sAmAnyajana kI svIkRti milii| prAyaH bauddhoM ke nigatikAla se saMbaddha vajrayAna bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 59

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zAkhA se inakA saMbaMdha mAnA jAtA hai / yaha saMpradAyagata pakSa ho sakatA hai jisake saMketa unakI tAMtrika zabdAvalI meM milate haiM, jise anagar3ha lokabhASA kahA gayA, para inakA mahattva inakI sAmAjika cetanA meM hai| eka prakAra se ve apane samaya ke vikSobha ko vANI dene kA AraMbhika prayAsa karane vAle saMta kavi haiM aura unakA AkramaNa usa garhita jAti-vyavasthA para hai, jisase U~ca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva panapatA hai / ve prazna karate haiM ki vedapATha, maMtrocAra se Izvara kI prApti kaise hogI ? mUla prazna AMtarika zucitA kA hai / siddhoM meM sahajatA kA Agraha isalie bhI hai ki yahA~ pAMDitya kI sImAe~ TUTatI haiM, ahaMkAra kI samApti hotI hai / siddhoM kI dRSTi ko prAyaH avaidika bhI kahA gayA aura unheM vaiSNava mata kI mUla dhArA meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA, para jahA~ taka bhaktikAvya kA prazna hai, usa para usakI chAyA hai, isase inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kabIra Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| rAhula sAMkRtyAyana sarahapAda ko prathama siddha mAnate haiM aura zabarapA, luipA, DombhipA, kaNhapA Adi kI pUrI sUcI prastuta karate hue, unakI kavitAoM ke sAmAjika Azaya kA vizeSa ullekha karate haiM / vyavasthA para AkramaNa aura janabhASA meM usakI abhivyakti se siddhoM ko sAmAnyajana kI svIkRti milI / vicAroM kI dRSTi se unameM do viparIta dizAe~ bhI dekhI jA sakatI haiM, sAmAjika cetanA tathA yoga zabdAvalI, para loka ne unheM svIkArA, maukhika paraMparA meM aura unakA sAmAjika Azaya ullekhanIya hai / 1 nAtha saMpradAya kA vikAsa siddhoM se huA jo bArahavIM - caudahavIM zatI ke bIca sakriya the| inameM bauddha-taMtra, zaiva-zAkta kA saMyojana mAnA jAtA hai aura isakI kaI zAkhAe~ bhI batAI jAtI haiN| nAtha saMpradAya ke pravartakoM meM matsyendranAtha kahe gae para isameM gorakhanAtha (terahavIM zatI) ke sAhitya ko adhika mahattva diyA gyaa| siddhoM-nAthoM meM paryApta samAnatAe~ haiM- jAti-varNa-virodha, bAhyAcAra kI asvIkRti, zAstra se mukti aadi| nAtha sAhitya meM sAdhanA ke donoM stara haiM, vaiyaktika jo zuddha AcaraNa para Azrita hai aura sAmAjika sajagatA jahA~ vikRtiyoM para AkramaNa haiN| gorakhanAtha dvArA yogamArga kA samarthana pramANita karatA hai ki Agraha iMdriya - nigraha para hai / iMdriyoM kA svAmI mana hai, jo caMcala hai, use vaza meM karane ke lie yoga-sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / saMskRta ke sAtha hiMdI meM unakI racanAe~ haiM, jinheM 'gorakhabAnI' nAma se saMkalita kiyA gayA (saM. pItAmbara datta bar3athvAla ) / gorakhanAtha ke 'gorakSasiddhAMta saMgraha ' ( ma. ma. gopInAtha kavirAja) se jJAta hotA hai ki ve aneka graMthoM ke racayitA haiM / unameM guru kI svIkRti hai aura gorakSasiddhAMta ke AraMbha meM hI guru kI mahimA pratipAdita hai / sAdhanA ke mArga meM guru kA mahattva asaMdigdha hai kyoMki vaha mArga prazasta karAtA hai, rahasya samajhAtA hai / vaha AraMbhika AlokadAtA hai, prakAza-puMja tathA sarvopari saMta- avadhUta bhI vahI hai, jo tIrtha ke samAna hai| gorakhanAtha kA apane samaya meM vyApaka prabhAva thA aura unheM keMdra meM rakhakara maTha taka sthApita hue / 60 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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siddha-nAtha sAhitya ko sAtha rakhakara dekhane para, katipaya bhinnatAoM ke bAvajUda kacha samAna-sUtra ubharate haiN| unameM kalAtmaka utkRSTatA kI khoja kama karanI cAhie, para unakA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika Azaya spaSTa hai| unake ciMtana kI sammilita bhUmi hai, jisameM bauddha prabhAva, yoga-sAdhanA, vizeSatayA haThayoga, taMtrayAna ke sAtha, sajaga sAmAjika cetanA hai| unakI aTapaTI bAnI lokabhASA meM sAmAnyajana ko sIdhe hI saMbodhita karanA cAhatI hai aura prahArAtmaka hotI hai, jisameM Akroza-bharA vyaMgya bhI vyakta haA hai| aisI do-TUka zabdAvalI meM bAteM kahI gaI haiM ki AbhijAtya ko lalakAratI pratIta hotI haiM aura kaviyoM ke samakSa loka barAbara upasthita hai| siddha-nAtha saMkramaNakAla kI upaja haiM, jaba samAja eka vicitra anirNaya kI sthiti meM thA aura aise meM sabase vicAraNIya pakSa samaya ke prati ina saceta saMtoM kA asaMtoSa bhAva hai| inakA svara nirguNiyA adhika hai aura ve karmakAMDa ko svIkRti nahIM dete| inake lie zarIra hI maMdira hai, isalie sArA Agraha AMtarika zucitA, iMdriya-nigraha, saMyama, zuddha AcAra para hai| sahajatA inake ciMtana kA mUlAdhAra hai, jisameM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM para bala diyA gayA hai| ahaMkAra se mukti saccA jJAna hai aura gRhastha ke lie bhI mokSa saMbhava hai : sahajazIla kA dhare zarIra, so girahI gaMgA kA niir| apane sahaja zIla meM gRhastha gaMgAjala ke samAna pavitra hai| jAti-pA~ta ke baMdhanoM para prahAra karate hue siddha-nAtha apane samaya kI kurItiyoM ko pahacAnate haiM, behatara mArga kI talAza karate haiM aura isakA eka sAmAjika pakSa hai, jisase bhaktikAvya ko bhI preraNA milii| siddha-nAtha kI racanAe~ paryApta samaya taka saMpradAya athavA paMthabaddha hone ke kAraNa vidvAnoM dvArA upekSita rahIM, yadyapi lokajana meM unakA pracalana thaa| jaba unake vivecana-vizleSaNa kI ora dhyAna gayA, jisameM rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, kSitimohana sena, AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pItAmbara datta baDthvAla, parazurAma caturvedI Adi vidvAn haiM, to yaha svIkArA gayA ki siddha-nAtha-saMta-bhakta kA eka krama banAyA jA sakatA hai| isakA eka pakSa sAmAjika cetanA se saMpanna hai, para dUsarA bauddha dharma kI nigatikAlIna sthiti kI upj| bhArata kI gyArahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI meM samAja kI saMkramaNakAlIna sthiti thI, jahA~ kaI vicAradhArAe~ TakarAtI dikhAI detI haiM, para ciMtana kA koI sabala, spaSTa pakSa ubhara nahIM pA rahA thaa| jahA~ taka racanA kI vicArabhUmi kA prazna hai, nirvivAda hai ki anubhUti-saMsAra ke bhItara hI usakI sthiti hotI hai| jise hiMdI kA AdikAla kahA jAtA hai, use prAyaH dasavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca mAnA gayA hai| isake anaMtara bhaktikAla kI prabhAvI racanAzIlatA AtI hai| siddha-nAtha sAhitya isalie bhI ullekhanIya ki isa samaya racanA kA eka sammilita svara hai, jisake bhItara vaha sakriya ho skaa| jaina-prabhAvita apabhraMza sAhitya hai jisameM adhyAtma-zRMgAra donoM prakAra kI racanAe~ haiN| rAso kI vIratA-zRMgAra-mizrita paraMparA hai, jisameM pRthvIrAja rAso jaise kAvya bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 61

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haiN| eka vizRMkhala samAja thA, rAjanItika asthiratA thI, niraMtara AkramaNa-saMgharSa kA vAtAvaraNa thA, aisI sthiti meM koI gatizIla UrjAvAna ciMtana vikasita nahIM ho pA rahA thaa| jo racanAe~ AIM unameM lokabhASA ke kaI rUpa haiM, para unameM mUla aMza kitanA hai aura prakSipta kitanA, yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| unakI prAmANikatA ko lekara bhI saMdeha vyakta kiyA gyaa| abdula rahamAna (terahavIM zatI) kA 'saMdezarAsaka' apanI premakathA ke lie vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa karatA hai| para kala milAkara sthiti yaha hai ki racanAoM para sAmaMtI dabAva haiM aura dhArmika dRSTiyA~ bhI hAvI haiN| aise meM siddha-nAtha sAhitya, yoga-prabhAvita hokara bhI apane prativAdI svara ke kAraNa bhaktikAvya kA mArga prazasta karatA dikhAI detA hai| use arase taka yadi vidvAnoM kI svIkRti nahIM milI, to usakA eka kAraNa thA ki vaha darzana tathA racanA kI pracalita paraMparA se kiMcit bhinna thA aura aTapaTI bAnI kI svIkRti meM samaya lagatA hI hai| bhaktikAvya ke atirikta jo kaI saMta-paMtha vikasita hue, unakI pIThikA meM bhI inakI upasthiti hai : nAmadeva, kabIra, dAdU, malUkadAsa Adi se lekara nAnakadeva tk| bhaktikAvya kA mUlavRtta laMbI racanAyAtrA taya karatA hai, caudahavIM se satrahavIM zatI tk| isa bIca kaI zAsaka Ate haiM jinake vyaktitva kI chAyA samAja para par3atI hai aura jisameM kucha anudAra sAmaMtoM ko chor3akara, zeSa prAyaH udAra dRSTi rakhate haiN| keMdrIya sAmaMtavAda, sAMskRtika saMvAda, bar3hate AtmavizvAsa se ciMtana aura racanA meM naI sakriyatA AtI hai| bhaktikAvya ke mUla itivRtta, vizeSatayA usake samAjadarzana kI carcA ke pUrva kucha praznoM para vicAra karanA prAsaMgika hai| suvidhA ke lie hI sahI, para sAkAra-nirAkAra athavA saguNa-nirguNa Adi ke jo vibhAjana kie jAte haiM aura phira rAma-kRSNa Adi kI zAkhA-prazAkhA meM unheM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai, yaha eka sImA taka hI saMbhava hai| mahAn racanAoM kI pramukha pravRttiyA~ ho sakatI haiM, para unakA samaveta svara hotA hai, jo unheM garimA detA hai| kAlidAsa zaiva the athavA nahIM yaha prazna gauNa hai, vizeSatayA jaba ve 'kumArasaMbhavam' ke prathama sarga meM hI pArvatI kA rUpacitra banAte haiM, vistAra se| pArvatI kA yaha mAnuSIkaraNa mata vizeSa kA atikramaNa kara kAvya ke anubhUti kSetra meM pahu~catA hai : raktima adharoM para nirmala hAsa, jaise aruNAbha kisalaya meM zveta prasUna athavA svaccha pravAla meM jar3ita muktA (kumArasaMbhavam : prathama sarga, 44) / darzara-vicAra kAvya ko bauddhika sAmarthya dete haiM, dRSTi kA vikAsa hotA hai, para ise vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra banAkara vivecana karane kI kaThinAI hai| isa saMkaTa ko kavi bhI pahacAnate haiM jaise kabIra nirAkAra meM AsthA rakhakara bhI, rAma kI bahuriyA bananA cAhate haiN| jAyasI kI padmAvatI rUpa-guNa meM advitIya hai : bedhi rahA jaga bAsanA, parimala meda sugaMdha (nakhazikha khNdd)| sUra kA tarka hai : saba vidhi agama vicArahi tAteM sUra saguna lIlA-pada gAvai aura tulasI ne kahA hai : sagunahi agunahi nahiM kachu bhedA, gAvahiM muni purAna budha vedA (mAnasa. baalkaaNdd)| 62 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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bhaktikAvya ke saMdarbha meM darzana-vicAra ke bhI prazna haiM jina para vaiSNavAcAryoM kI chAyA hai| dvaita-advaita-dvaitAdvaita, zuddha-viziSTa Adi ke dArzanika nikAyoM meM ina kaviyoM ko kahA~ rakhA jAya aura yaha prazna bhI ki nirguNa-nirAkAra, saguNa-sAkAra se saMbaddha karake inheM kaise dekhA jAnA cAhie ! bhaktikAvya bhAvAveze kA kAvya nahIM hai aura bhakti bhI jJAna-paricAlita hai, jise sarvopari viveka kahA gyaa| vArtAlApa ke prasaMgoM ko chor3a deM jahA~ zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna hai-eka vaktA hai, dUsarA zrotA, anyathA vaicArikatA samagra saMvedana-saMsAra meM aMtarbhukta hai| bhaktikAvya jAnatA hai ki upadeza, pravacana kI sImA hotI hai, saba kucha AcaraNa se pramANita karanA hotA hai-sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa caritra ke mAdhyama se| mIrA jo dArzanika dhArA se sIdhe-sIdhe saMbaddha nahIM haiM aura bhAvAzrita gItoM meM apanI bhaktibhAvanA vyakta karatI haiM, unakA bhI Adarza spaSTa hai : jAke sira mora-mukuTa mero pati soii| avatAroM ke vibhAjana kA anumAna bhI ina kaviyoM ko hai, isalie tulasI ne zrIkRSNa gItAvalI kI racanA kI aura sUrasAgara meM rAmakathA kAMDoM meM varNita hai (navam skaMdha) tathA yazodA bAlaka kRSNa ko rAmacarita sunAtI haiN| isa sabase bhaktikAvya kI sammilita bhUmi kA paricaya milatA hai| ___samAjazAstra aura samAjadarzana ke saMdarbha meM bhaktikAvya kA vaividhya vicAraNIya hai| devatva ke mAnuSIkaraNa kI prakriyA ko purANa-kAla meM naI gati prApta huI, yaha nirvivAda hai| devatAoM kI caritArthatA pRthvI para avatarita hone meM hai, taba ve vizvasanIya banate haiM, hamAre smiipii| jise lIlA-gAna kahA gayA, usakI dArzanika sthiti hai ki paramezvara jIva ke sukha-kalyANa ke lie pRthvI para janma lete haiM, para sArI sthitiyoM ke bIca asaMga rahate haiN| bhAgavata ke dazama skaMdha ke 29 veM adhyAya ke aMta meM kRSNa gopiyoM kA garva-mAna haTAne ke lie aMtardhAna ho jAte haiN| sUra kA pada hai : rudana karati vRSabhAnu kumArI/bAra-bAra sakhiyana ura lAvati, kahA~ gae giridhArI (pada, 1729) / devatva kA yaha mAnuSIkaraNa bhaktikAvya ko sAmAnyajana kA samIpI banAtA hai, sahaja sAdhAraNIkaraNa hotA hai| sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhaktikAvya kA yaha sAmAjika-sAMskRtika pakSa rekhAMkita karane yogya hai| vaiSNavAcAryoM ne yAyAvarI vRtti dhAraNa kI, uttara-dakSiNa ko jor3A, deva maMdiroM meM pada-bhajana-gAyana kI vyavasthA kii| caitanya ne pUrvAMcala meM eka naI bhakticetanA kA prasAra kiyA, jo vRMdAvana se jur3I aura caMDIdAsa, vidyApati meM bhakti-sAmya dekhA gyaa| para bhaktikAvya ne lokabhASAoM ke mAdhyama se devatva kI aneka mAnavIya chaviyA~ ubhArI aura usake sarvottama svaroM ne kAlajayatA prApta kii| kaThinAI kahA~ hai ? saguNa-nirguNa prasaMga meM vicAraNIya hai ki madhyakAla meM karmakAMDa, purohitavAda patanazIla sthiti meM the| dharma vikRta thA aura paMtha-saMpradAya kI bahulatA thI, jahA~ satya-saMdhAna ke sthAna para maTha-mahaMta pramukha the| aisI sthiti meM nirguNiyoM ne socA ki mUrtipUjana se mukti pAI jAya to purohitavAda bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 63

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kamaz2ora hogaa| isIlie nirguNa kA AkramaNa siddha-nAtha ke krama meM, hara prakAra ke ADaMbara, aMdhavizvAsa para hai| saguNa kA apanA tarka hai ki mana yoM hI caMcala hai, binA kisI AdhAra ke vaha sthira kaise hogA ? ekAgratA saMbhava hogI kyA ? sAkAratA eka sAdhana hai, para durbhAgya se kaI bAra vaha sAdhya banakara raha jAtI hai| jina mUlyoM ke AdhAra para caritra gar3he gae, ve mUlya bhulA die jAte haiM, mUrti-pUjana hI pradhAna ho jAtA hai, jisake niyAmaka purohita hote haiM aura patanazIla sthiti kI yahI durghaTanA hai| saMta bhaktikAvya ke vargIkaraNa kI apanI kaThinAiyA~ haiM, vizeSa rUpa se saMta ko nirguNiyA~ mAnanA aura bhakti ko sAkAropAsanA se saMbaddha karanA / para vAstava meM donoM kI sammilita sthiti hai| saMtakaviyoM meM pA~ca marAThI saMta - jJAnezvara, nAmadeva, ekanAtha, tukArAma, rAmadAsa kI vizeSa carcA hotI hai, jo terahavIM - satrahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca kriyAzIla rahe haiN| vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki marAThI bhakti sAhitya meM saguNa-nirguNa kA vaisA vibhAjana nahIM hai, jaisA anya bhASAoM meM dikhAI detA hai| marAThI saMta donoM rUpoM ko svIkArate haiM, sAkAra se AraMbha kara nirAkAra taka pahu~cate haiM- bhakti - jJAna ko saMyojita karate hue / yahA~ saMta bhakta lagabhaga samAna artha ke vAhaka zabda haiM : 'mahArASTra ke saMta bhagavAna ke saguNa aura nirguNa donoM rUpa mAnate the tathA donoM kI samAna zraddhA se upAsanA bhI karate the / saguNa aura nirguNa meM bheda yA virodha kA anubhava karanA to dUra rahA, unameM unheM sAmaMjasya kI anubhUti hotI thI' (bhI. go. dezapAMDe : marAThI kA bhakti sAhitya, mukhabaMdha, pR. 3) | marAThI saMta-bhakti kAvya kI pragatizIla sAmAjika-sAMskRtika dRSTi ullekhanIya hai, yadyapi isa para nAtha paMtha kA prabhAva hai| ise bArakarI saMpradAya kahA gayA, jisakA pramukha keMdra hai, paMDharapura | bhAgavata prasthAna graMtha ke rUpa meM hai, para gItA kI bhI svIkRti hai / saMta jJAnezvara (1275-1296) ne ikkIsa varSa kI alpAyu meM hI gItA - bhASya 'jJAnezvarI' likhakara sAmAnyajana meM pratiSThA prApta kI, jo asAdhAraNa upalabdhi hai / jJAnezvara kA jIvana svayaM meM AMtarika saMgharSa hai, jo brAhmaNa hokara bhI, zUdroM ke samIpI hue / unake pitA viTThalapaMta saMnyAsI se punaH gRhastha hue the, isalie paMDitoM meM svIkRta na ho sake / unameM paraMparA aura vidroha kA dvaMdva dekhA jA sakatA hai: eka ora vedoM kI svIkRti hai, dUsarI ora bhakti ko ve sabhI varNoM-jAtiyoM ke lie khulA rakhanA cAhate haiM / yaha unake ciMtana kA sAmAjika pakSa hai, jisa ora sabhI kA dhyAna gayA aura sAmAnyajana meM, nimna varga meM unake prati Adara bhAva hai / bArakarI paMtha ko 'upekSitoM kA paMtha' taka kahA gyaa| marAThI saMtoM kI sAmAjika cetanA ke saMdarbha meM eka prazna yaha bhI vicAraNIya ki vaiyaktika anubhava sAmAjikatA meM kaise rUpAMtarita hote haiM, jise muktibodha ne vyakti-samAja-saMvedana kA saMyojana kahA hai / yaha eka prakAra kA unnayana bhI hai, svayaM ko pAra karanA, jisase racanA meM uThAna AtI hai / vicAradhArA bhI isameM sahAyaka hotI 64 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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ka sImA taka hii| marAThI saMta nAmadeva (1270-1350) jJAnezvara ke mitra aura unake mArga ko vikAsa dene kA kArya unhoMne kiyaa| jJAnezvara ko bhraSTa saMnyAsI yA kahakara apamAnita kiyA gayA, para apanI pratibhA se ve samAja meM svIkRta bar3e bhAI nivRtti nAtha ko guru svIkArate hue, unhoMne jJAnezvarI meM bAra-bAra kA sAdara smaraNa kiyA hai| saMta jJAnezvara kI bhAvArtha dIpikA jJAnezvarI ciMtana aura kAvya ke saMyojana se upajI gItA kI adbhuta TIkA hai, jisakA vyavahAra pakSa bhI hai, jise sAmAnyajana saralatA se samajha sakate haiN| isameM kavi kA kartavya-bodha sakriya hai, samAja kA AvAhana karatA huA ki aura Upara uTho, iMdriyoM para vijaya prApta karate he| bAteM lokabhASA marAThI meM kahI gaIM, loka chaMda oviyoM meM (sAta sau anuSTupa zloka nau hajAra oviyoM meN)| saMskRta ke paMDita hokara, unhoMne lokabhASA apanAI, isase unakI sAmAjikatA kA patA calatA hai| pratibhA meM itanA gaharA AtmavizvAsa aura saMkalpa ke prati aisI sajagatA ki paMdraha-solaha varSa kI Ayu meM jJAnezvarI / jJAnezvarI eka prakAra se gItA kI punarracanA hai, jisakA mahattva aitihAsika bhI hai, sAmAjika bhii| ve laMbI vyAkhyA meM bAra-bAra zrotA-samAja ko saMbodhita karate haiM, jIvanAnubhava ko aMtarbhukta karate hue| isalie jJAnezvarI kA vyApaka prabhAva hai, samasta saMtakAvya ko preraNA detA aura hiMdI meM bhI unakI kucha pada-racanAoM kA ullekha vidvAn karate haiN| jJAnezvara madhyakAlIna jAgaraNa ke staMbhoM meM haiM, jinhoMne apane samAjadarzana se samAja ko AMdolita kiyaa| saMta jJAnezvara ke samakAlIna nAmadeva jAti se darjI the aura apane vyaktitva se AdaraNIya hue| jJAnezvara-nAmadeva kI nikaTatA kA ullekha vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai, eka uccakulIna hokara bhI tiraskRta hai aura dUsarA sAdhAraNa jAti meM janma lekara asviikRt| para donoM sAmAnyajana ke lie bhakti kA mArga prazasta karate haiM aura unakA prabhAva dUra-dUra taka hai| nAmadeva kA Akroza jAti-varNa vyavasthA para hai, jo bhAva-aikya meM sabase bar3I bAdhA hai aura unakA kahanA hai ki ADaMbara, mithyAcAra se saccA jJAna nahIM prApta hotaa| saMta nAmadeva ke ciMtana ko kabIra se lekara guru nAnaka taka meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne abhaMgoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAnyajana ko saMbodhita kiyaa| unakA Agraha mana ke zuddhIkaraNa para hai aura dhArmika anuSThAna-japa-tapa, vrata-parva-tIrtha koI anivAryatA nahIM haiN| unhoMne bAhyAcAra para AkramaNa kie : jaTA-bhAra, bhasma, tripuMDa tilaka, mAlA saba vyartha haiN| unakI racanAoM meM lokakalyANa kA bhAva unheM sarvagrAhya banAtA hai aura usakI sahajatA mArmika banatI hai| unakI aisI svIkRti ki 'zrI gurugraMtha sAhaba' meM unake pada saMkalita haiN| nAmadeva kI bhASA ke kaI rUpa haiM-marAThI, khar3I bolI, paMjAbI aura urdU ke zabda bhii| sAMskRtika saumanasya ke bhAva se ve donoM pramukha jAtiyoM ko saMbodhita karate haiN| kaI bAra nAmadeva-kabIra ke nAma se bhAvasAmya ke AdhAra para eka hI pada : hiMdU pUjai dehurA, musalamAnu masIta/nAme soI seviA, bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 65

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dehurA na masIta / nAmadeva rAmAnanda kI taraha sajaga sAmAjika cetanA se paricAlita haiM, para unakA mukhya mAdhyama kavitA hai / apane samaya se vikSubdha nAmadeva ne karmakAMDa, purohitavAda ko asvIkAra kara diyA aura inheM jAtIya saumanasya meM bAdhA maanaa| unakA vicAra hai ki nAma - smaraNa dAna-puNya se zreSTha hai jisase mana kA dharAtala uThatA hai / mahArASTra kI mahAra jaisI sAdhAraNa jAti nAmadeva kI ora AkRSTa huI kyoMki unakA paMtha sabake lie thA / unhoMne prazna kiyA ki kulInatA se kyA hogA, yadi AcaraNa kI zuddhatA nahIM hai / 'zrI nAmadeva gAthA' zIrSaka se pro. zaM. vA. dAMDekara kI adhyakSatA meM nAmadeva kI racanAoM kA bRhad saMkalana prakAzita huA hai, jisase saMta vyaktitva kI virATatA kA bodha hotA hai / pItAmbara bar3athvAla kI ' rAmAnanda kI hiMdI racanAe~ kI taraha DaoN. bhagIratha mizra ne 'nAmadeva kI hiMdI padAvalI' saMpAdita kI hai| isase jJAta hotA hai| ki nAmadeva marAThI ke sAtha hiMdI bhASI samAja taka bhI pahu~canA cAhate haiM | nAmadeva aura unase prabhAvita saMtajana Izvara ke prati rAga-bhAva se samarpita haiM aura isa prakAra na jAti ke lAMchana ko gaurava meM badala dete haiM | cokhA, baMkA, mahAra jaise kavi haiM jo zaraNAgati se muktikAmanA karate haiM / nAmadeva kA kathana hai ki Izvara para sabakA samAna adhikAra hai aura uttara bhArata kI yAtrA karate hue unhoMne jaba jAtiyoM ko saumanasya kA upadeza diyA, prema bhakti ke mAdhyama se / unake lie nAmasmaraNa aura saMkIrtana bhAva kA mahattva hai kyoMki yaha nizchala rAga-bhAva hai, jahA~ jAtIya sImAe~ TUTatI haiM / madhyakAlIna vibhAjita samAja ko dekhate hue, yaha nAmadeva kA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika yogadAna hai / jJAnezvara - nAmadeva meM siddha-nAtha paraMparA ko nayA vikAsa milA aura aTapaTI bAnI adhika bhAvanA-saMpanna huI / usameM kAvya ke saMvedana tattva gaharAI se praveza kara sake, premabhAva ke sAtha | nAmadeva ko AcArya rAmacandra zukla hiMdI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM eka samanvita svara ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM / svAmI rAmAnanda kI paraMparA meM hokara unhoMne bhAratIya advaitavAda ke sAtha sUfI saMskAroM se bhI sIkhA aura ve advaitavAda - ekezvaravAda kI milana - bhUmi para sthita haiM / AcArya zukla kA niSkarSa hai : 'nAmadeva kA lakSya eka aisI sAmAnya bhakti paddhati kA pracAra thA jisameM hiMdU aura musalamAna donoM yoga de sakeM aura bhedabhAva kA kucha parihAra ho / bahudevopAsanA, avatAra aura mUrtipUjA kA khaMDana ye musalamAnI joza ke sAtha karate the aura musalamAnoM kI kurabAnI (hiMsA), namAz2a, roz2A Adi kI carcA pUre hiMdU brahmajJAnI banakara karate the / sArAMza yaha ki Izvara - pUjA kI una bhinna-bhinna bAhya vidhiyoM para se dhyAna haTAkara, jinake kAraNa dharma meM bhedabhAva phailA huA thA, ye zuddha Izvara - prema aura sAttvika jIvana kA pracAra karanA cAhate the' (pR. 61) | nAmadeva ke sAmAjika-sAMskRtika vyaktitva kI svIkRti, vizeSatayA jAtIya saumanasya meM unakI bhUmikA, saMta mahAn ke yogadAna 66 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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rekhAMkita karatI hai| nAmadeva kI aisI vyApaka svIkRti ki ve sikha dharma ko prabhAvita kara sake aura sAdhAraNa jAtiyA~ unheM apanA masIhA mAnatI haiN| jJAnezvara-nAmadeva kI saMta-paraMparA kA krama ekanAtha, tukArAma, rAmadAsa taka hai jinheM paMtha marAThI saMta kahA gyaa| ise viSNu bhikAjI kolate ne 'marAThI saMtoM kA sAmAjika kArya' kahA hai| saMta ekanAtha (1533-1596) ko yugapravartana kA zreya diyA jAtA hai, isa dRSTi se ki ve saMta jJAnezvara ke avatAra-rUpa mAne jAte haiN| gRhastha hokara bhI unhoMne saMta dharma kA nirvAha kiyA aura saMta jJAnezvara-nAmadeva kI paraMparA ko naI gatizIlatA dii| jIvana abhAvagrasta thA, para unakI prajJA asAdhAraNa thI, aura yuvAvasthA ke pUrva hI ve rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata Adi kA gahana adhyayana kara cuke the| garu janArdanasvAmI kI preraNA se ekanAtha ne catuHzlokI bhAgavata para marAThI ovI chaMda meM bhASya likhA, jo jJAnezvara kI paraMparA kA vikAsa hai| jJAnezvara kA bhASya gItA para hai, ekanAtha kA bhAgavata pr| pravacana, saMkIrtana se unhoMne bhakti kA vyApaka pracAra-prasAra kiyA aura unheM janapriyatA milii| bhAgavata caturtha prasthAna, bhakti kA prasthAna hai aura isa dRSTi se ekanAtha kI 'nAtha bhAgavata' (1573) kA mahattva asaMdigdha hai| jJAnezvara kI 'jJAnezvarI' ke krama meM ekanAtha ke bhASya 'nAtha bhAgavata' kA Adara-sammAna hai| para nAthabhAgavata meM saMvAda kRSNa-uddhava ke bIca hai, jisakA AdhAra bhAgavata kA gyArahavA~ skaMdha hai| AkAra meM yaha jJAnezvarI se adhika bar3I hai| ekanAtha kI mAnyatA hai ki bhAgavata dharma kA Azaya hai-prANimAtra ke prati prema-samAnatA kA bhAva aura yaha sAmAjika cetanA unakI udAratA kA bodha to karAtI hI hai, usameM sahI saumanasya kA Agraha bhI hai| bhAgavata ekanAtha kA priya graMtha hai aura 'nAtha bhAgavata' kI mAnyatA paMDitajana meM bhI hai| yahA~ ve bhAgavata dharma kA mAnavIya pakSa ujAgara karate haiM, jisase use sAmAnyajana meM svIkRti milii| mUla bhAgavata meM rekhAMkita kiyA gayA hai ki bhakti meM varNa-jAti ke lie avasara nahIM hai aura sabhI usake adhikArI haiN| bhakti kA sAmAjIkaraNa bhAgavata meM kaI sthaloM para vyakta huA hai, jahA~ kahA gayA ki Izvara ke zravaNa-kIrtana se adhama bhI vandanIya banate haiM (bhAgavata : 3/33/6) / ekanAtha premabhAva ko bhAgavata dharma ke sAmAjika pakSa ke rUpa meM nirUpita karate haiN| unhoMne lokasaMgraha kA Agraha kiyA, jisameM aMtaHkaraNa kI zuddhi nAmasmaraNa se hI saMbhava hai aura kahA ki citta zuddha ho to, AtmajJAna kI prApti sahaja ho jAtI hai| unake vicAra meM sarvottama bhakti vahI hai, jisameM vidhAtA kA darzana sabameM kiyA jaay| ekanAtha ne 'nAtha bhAgavata' ke sAtha 'bhAvArtha rAmAyaNa' graMtha racA, jo pUrNa na ho skaa| kahA jAtA hai ki mahAkavi tulasIdAsa ke vyaktitva se prabhAvita bhAvArtha rAmAyaNa apane samaya se udvelita racanA hai, jisameM rAma-rAvaNa ke mAdhyama se madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja para TippaNiyA~ haiN| yahA~ gItA, rAmacaritamAnasa kI yaha vyAkhyA rekhAMkita kI gaI hai ki duSTatA se mukti dilAne bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 67

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ke lie Izvara kA avataraNa hotA hai| bhAvArtha rAmAyaNa ke saMketa vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya haiM jisase ekanAtha kI sajagatA kA AbhAsa milatA hai| bAteM pratIkoM, saMketoM meM kahI gaI haiM; jaise : 'Atmaprabodha lakSmaNa, bhAvArtha bhakti bharata, Atmanizcaya zatrughna aura pUrNa vigraha kA nAma rAma hai| dazaratha ahamAtmA haiM aura utpatti ke mukhya kAraka bhii| zrIrAma kA vanagamana isakA aMta hai|' isa prakAra rUpaka gar3hane kA prayatna hai, jisakA sAmAjika Azaya hai| ekanAtha kI lokaciMtA samaya ko lekara hai aura ve kRSNa-rAma donoM kI pratiSThA karate haiN| unake kucha hiMdI pada bhI upalabdha haiM, jisameM ADaMbara para vyaMgya hai : koI dina rAjA bar3A adhikArI, eka dina hove kaMgAla bhikhaarii| vidvAn ekanAtha ko paramArtha kA saMta kahate haiM jinhoMne aspRzyatA nivAraNa se samAja-sudhAraka kA kArya kiyaa| ekanAtha tathA tulasIdAsa samakAlIna the aura vidvAnoM ne unameM samAnasUtra khojane kA prayatna kiyA hai (vi. bhi kolate : marAThI saMtoM kA sAmAjika kArya, pR. 81) / paMca marAThI saMtoM meM saMta tukArAma (1608-1650), samartha rAmadAsa (1608-1682) aMtima kar3I ke rUpa meM Ate haiM jo chatrapati zivAjI (1627-1680) ke AdaraNIya the| tukArAma apane abhaMgoM ke lie prasiddha haiM aura unake kIrtana bhAva ne logoM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| eka ora unakA Agraha Atmazuddhi para hai to dUsarI ora unake kAvya kA sAmAjika pakSa hai, jahA~ nIti, prema-bhAva kA Agraha hai| tukArAma gRhastha the aura isI ke bhItara ve bhaktibhAva kI kalpanA karate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki kartavya kA pAlana karate hue hari-bhakti prApta kI jA sakatI hai| unakI racanAe~ kaI bAra bhAvAkula pratIta hotI haiM, jaise jIva Izvara se saMvAda kI sthiti meM hai| unake prArthanA-bhAva ko caitanya-caMDIdAsa Adi ke sAtha rakhakara dekhA jA sakatA hai| bhAvAvega ke bhItara se tukArAma jIvanAnubhava ko vyakta karate calate haiM aura unakA Agraha 'citta kI nirmalatA' para hai| ve bhakti ke mArga meM saba vargoM ko svIkArate hue kahate haiM ki zUdra, cAMDAla, vezyA ko bhI isakA adhikAra hai| unake lie 'bhedAbheda bhrama amaMgala hai' (abhaMga 46) kyoMki sArA saMsAra hI viSNamaya hai| zadra jAti meM janme tukArAma ne bhakti ko jAti-varNahIna birAdarI ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA, jise unake sAmAjika pradeya ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai : 'rAma-kRSNa kA niraMtara smaraNa karane vAlA antyaja, brAhmaNa se zreSThatara hai|' saMta tukArAma jJAnezvara-nAmadeva-ekanAtha ke pAMDitya kA dAvA nahIM kara sakate, para unheM apane samaya se TakarAne kA prayAsa karate hue dekhA jA sakatA hai| bhakti meM ve zUravIratA kA praveza karAte haiM, nirbhayatA kI zikSA dete haiN| ve apane sthAna taka sImita rahe, para unake abhaMgoM ke vaividhya ne lokajIvana meM praveza kiyA aura unake hiMdI dohoM para kabIra kI chAyA hai|| samartha rAmadAsa bhI apane samaya kI upaja haiM, isa dRSTi se ki ve bhI saMta tukArAma kI taraha bhakti-bhAva taka sImita nahIM haiM aura una para samaya-samAja ke dabAva dekhe 68 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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1 jA sakate haiN| sAdhAraNa paTavArI parivAra meM janme rAmadAsa mUlataH rAmabhakta haiM, para apanI yAtrAoM meM unhoMne samAja kA jo yathArtha dekhA, usase ve vicalita hue / bhakti kI yaha sAmAjika pariNati prakArAMtara se rASTrIya cetanA se jur3I huI hai aura madhyakAlIna sthitiyoM ko dekhate hue, rekhAMkita karane yogya hai / ve chatrapati zivAjI ke guru the aura kahA jAtA hai ki unake preraNA - puruSa bhI / rAmadAsa ke 'dAsabodha' ko vizeSa Adara milA jise 'puruSArtha kAvya' kahA gayA / yaha guru-ziSya saMvAda ke rUpa meM racI gaI aura isameM rAmamaMtra kI pratiSThA tathA upAsanA - aMgoM kA vivecana hai / bhakti ke sAtha anya viSaya bhI Ae haiM- samAja, rAjanIti Adi jise tatkAlIna prabhAva ke pariprekSya meM dekhanA caahie| unakI hiMdI racanAe~ bhI haiM jinameM jAti-saumanasya kA bhAva hai : hiMdu musalamAna majahaba cale, yeka sarajinahArA / sAhaba Alama kuM calAve, so Alama hI nyArA / rAmopAsanA ke sAtha, dhArmika sudhAra kA bhAva bhI saMta rAmadAsa meM hai / bhaktikAvya ke samAjadarzana ke saMdarbha meM marAThI saMtoM kI carcA isa dRSTi se prAsaMgika hai ki unakA hiMdI bhakti racanA para prabhAva hai aura unheM kabIra ne prabhAvita kiyA hai| isa prakAra hiMdI - marAThI bhakti meM eka sAMskRtika saMvAda dekhA jAtA hai / AcArya vinaya mohana zarmA, prabhAkara mAcave Adi ne isa dizA meM prAraMbhika kArya kiyA thA, jise anya vidvAnoM ne Age bddh'aayaa| marAThI saMtoM kI hiMdI racanAe~ sAMskRtika saMvAda kI unakI icchA pramANita karatI haiM aura marAThI saMta-bhakti sAhitya ke samAna sUtra vicAraNIya haiM / yahA~ sAkAra - nirAkAra kI samanviti sthiti hai, jisameM sabhI jAtiyA~ sammilita ho sakatI haiN| yaha bhakti kA sAmAjika pakSa hai, jisane sAmAnyajana, pichar3I jAtiyoM, dalita varga ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA | marAThI saMta kaviyoM kI apanI saMgharSa - gAthA hai, jJAnadeva - nAmadeva kI, jise unhoMne sAmAjika bhAva kI ora unmukha kiyaa| aura jAti-pA~ta kA virodha usakA prabhAvI svara hai / bhakti kI jAti kyA hogI ? isase ucca jAti kA varcasva TUTatA hai, paMDita-purohita durbala hote haiM / nAmadeva kahate haiM : kahA karau jAtI, kahA karau pAtI / rAma ko nAma japau dinarAtI / sAmAjika-sAMskRtika Azaya se saMpanna kaviyoM ne varNa-varga bheda miTAne kA prayatna kiyA, jAtIya saumanasya kA Agraha kiyaa| ve mAtra upadezaka nahIM haiM, AcaraNa para bala dete haiN| unakA kathana hai ki karmakAMDa, tIrthATana, vrata saba vyartha haiM, prabhu to prema se milate haiM | marAThI saMtakAvya kI pragatizIla dRSTi kA bhaktikAvya meM vizeSa sthAna hai aura nAmadeva kI sAMskRtika cetanA ullekhanIya hai| navIna dalita cetanA isakI sImAoM kA saMketa karatI hai, para ise svIkAranA hogA ki saMta kaviyoM kI udAra sAmAjika dRSTi madhyakAlIna sAMskRtika cetanA ko saumanasya kI ora agrasara karatI hai / ve TippaNI karate haiM : hiMdU pUjai dehurA, musalamAna masIta / nAme soI seviA, jaha dehurA na masIta / marAThI saMtoM kA sAmAjika bhAva unheM samAja sudhAraka koTi meM rakhatA hai, paravartI do saMtoM bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 69

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tukArAma-rAmadAsa ke punarutthAna bhAva ko tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM kI upaja rUpa meM dekhA jAnA caahie| jise samAja kA dalita varga kahA jAtA hai, usa para marAThI saMtoM kA vyApaka prabhAva rahA hai aura unheM dalita sAhitya kA prasthAna mAnA jA sakatA hai| sajaga sAmAjika cetanA ke lie marAThI saMta kAvya ullekhanIya hai, jahA~ paraMparA aura Akroza eka sAtha upasthita haiM, kAvya kA samAjadarzana racate hue| hiMdI bhaktikAvya ke mUla meM hiMdI samAja kI jAtIya cetanA kI bhUmikA hai, para sAMskRtika AdAna-pradAna ke mAdhyama se usameM anya pradezoM kI cetanA bhI AI hai| bhakti ke prasthAnagraMtha bhAgavata kI navadhA bhakti prAyaH sabameM vivecita hai aura usakI sAmAjikatA sarvasvIkRta hai, isa artha meM ki bhakti ke adhikArI saba haiN| yahA~ varNa-jAti-varga kI sImAe~ TUTatI haiN| marAThI saMta kaviyoM ne hiMdI meM bhI racanA kI, isalie hiMdI bhaktikAvya se usa kAvya kA nikaTa saMparka rahA hai| kabIra Adi usa saMta paraMparA meM svIkRta haiM aura isakA prabhAva sikha paMtha taka phailA hai| vaiSNava cetanA ke mAdhyama se sabhI sAhitya eka-dUsare ke samIpI haiM, prAdezikatA kA aMtara ho sakatA hai| baMgAla-pUrvAMcala meM caitanya-caMDIdAsa ne vaiSNava mata kA pracAra kiyA aura vaha aMcala vRMdAvana se jur3a gyaa| baMgAla kI vaiSNava cetanA kA prabhAva vyApaka rahA hai aura caitanya kI preraNA se SaTagosvAmI-rUpa, sanAtana, raghunAthadAsa, raghunAtha bhaTTa, gopAla bhaTTa, jIvagosvAmI ne brajamaMDala meM kRSNabhakti ko vaicArika AdhAra diyaa| asama meM zaMkaradeva (1449-1569) kA 'ekazaraNa dharma' kAvya tathA nATaka ke mAdhyama se prasarita huA aura janasAmAnya meM prabhAvI bnaa| tamila AlavAra saMta evaM vaiSNavAcArya, telugu meM bemanA (1412-80), bammera potanA (1400-1475), gujarAta meM narasI mehatA, rAjasthAna meM mIrA (1504-1558) Adi se bhAratIya bhaktikAvya kI sakriyatA kA patA calatA hai| isI artha meM bhakti AMdolana aura bhaktikAvya kI vyApakatA svIkArI gaI hai| bhaktikAvya ke vivecana meM ise svIkAranA hogA ki bhakti AMdolana ke mUla meM lokajAgaraNa upasthita hai, jise bhakta kaviyoM ne vANI dii| isakA rUpa samanvita hai jisameM paraMparA kI svIkRti hai,. eka biMdu, para dUsare biMdu para usase asahamati bhI hai| DaoN. rAmavilAsa zarmA ne saMta-bhakta sAhitya kI krAMtidharmitA kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai : 'saMta lokadharma ke saMsthApaka haiN| hiMdU dharma, islAma, inake karmakAMDa, dharmazAstra, kaTTara AcAra-vicAra, pujAriyoM aura maulaviyoM kI rIti-nIti ke viruddha ye saMta mUlataH prema ke AdhAra para mukti, Izvara-prApti Adi ke pakSa meM the' (paraMparA kA mUlyAMkana, pR. 45) / uttara bhArata meM jahA~ hiMdI bhaktikAvya kA sarvottama racA gayA-kabIra, jAyasI, sUra, tulasI, mIrA haiN| madhyakAla kI caudahavIM zatI se hiMdI bhaktikAvya ke mUla vRtta ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| saltanata kAla, jise khaljI sultAnoM (1290-1320) se AraMbha kiyA jA sakatA hai-terahavIM-caudahavIM IsavI kA 70 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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saMdhikAla / ise saMkrAMtikAla kahA gayA, isa dRSTi se ki kaI vicAradhArAe~ sakriya thIM, para koI samagra rUpa ubhara nahIM pA rahA thaa| aise meM vibhinna vicAra TakarAte haiM : eka ora purAtanapaMthI pratigAmI zaktiyA~ haiM, to dUsarI ora naI dizAoM kI khoja karate pragatizIla tattva / dvaMdva kI isa sthiti meM bhaktikAvya kA mUla vRtta sakriya hotA hai| svIkAranA hogA ki dharma kI tulanA meM racanAzIlatA kI sthiti bhinna hai, jahA~ jar3atA ke lie adhika sthAna nahIM hotA aura samAja - itihAsa ke dabAva use AMdolita karate haiM, para vaha apanI racanAtmaka UrjA se inheM pAra karatA hai / I siddha-nAtha-saMta kI paraMparA meM sabase jujhArU racanAzIlatA kabIra ( 1398-1518) hai kI mAnI jAtI hai, jinakA pUrA vyaktitva hI vidvAnoM meM vivAda upajAtA rahA unakI jIvana-rekhAe~ bhI kama vivAdAspada nahIM aura use lekara kaI prakAra kI kathA- kiMvadaMtI haiN| julAhA jAti meM janme kabIra kisI pAMDitya kA dAvA nahIM kara sakale, para sAmAnyajana ne unheM svIkArA aura zrI gurugraMtha sAhaba meM unheM sthAna prApta hai / AcArya rAmacaMdra zukla kabIra ko rAmAnanda kI paraMparA meM rakhate hue, una para sUphI bhAvanA kA prabhAva bhI dekhate haiM: 'unhoMne bhAratIya brahmavAda ke sAtha sUphiyoM ke brahmAtmaka rahasyavAda, haThayogiyoM ke sAdhanAtmaka rahasyavAda aura vaiSNavoM ke ahiMsAvAda tathA prapattivAda kA mela khar3A karake apanA paMtha khar3A kiyA' (itihAsa, pR. 67 ) / AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne kabIra ke vyaktitva ko nae saMdarbha meM dekhaa-prkhaa| tulasIdAsa AcArya zukla ke priya kavi haiM, kavitA ke pratimAna, AcArya dvivedI kabIra ke akkhar3a-phakkar3a rUpa se bahuta prabhAvita haiM aura unheM madhyakAlIna samAja - itihAsa kI dRSTi se milana - biMdu kA kavi mAnate haiM / ve viparIta dhArA meM cale, pracalita zAstra ke virodha meM, jisase unakI samajha meM kaThinAiyA~ AIM, yadyapi sAmAnyajana meM kabIra kI svIkRti do-TUka vANI aura nirbhaya vicAroM se hai / dvivedIjI ke zabdoM meM : 'kabIra kA rAstA bahuta sAfa thA / ve donoM ko ( hiMdU-muslima dharma) zirasA svIkAra karane vA nahIM the / ve samasta bAhyAcAroM ke jaMjAloM aura saMskAroM ko vidhvaMsa karane vAle krAMtikArI the / samajhautA unakA rAstA nahIM thA / itane bar3e jaMjAla ko nAhIM kara sakane kI kSamatA mAmUlI AdamI meM nahIM ho sakatI / jise apane mizana para akhaMDa vizvAsa nahIM hai, vaha itanA asama sAhasI ho hI nahIM sakatA' (kabIra, pR. 185 ) / I kabIra kaThinAI upasthita karate haiM ki unameM haThayoga hai, jise DaoN. rAmakumAra varmA Adi ne rahasyavAda kahA, para isase kavi kI sAmAjika cetanA dhUmila huI / akAraNa nahIM ki kabIra jaise vidrohI - krAMtikArI kavi - vicAraka ke nAma para maTha sthApita ho gae aura maThAdhIzatva pradhAna ho gyaa| kabIra ke tejasvI vyaktitva kI mAnyatA itanI vyApaka ki madhyapradeza ke chattIsagar3ha ke satanAmI svayaM ko kabIra - paraMparA se jor3ate haiM aura paMjAba taka kabIra kA prabhAva hai| marAThI saMtakAvya para unakI chAyA hai aura kavitA kA AbhijAtya tor3ate hue, ve sAmAnyajana ko saMbodhita karate haiM aura Aja bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 71

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bhI prAsaMgika banate haiN| ve harizaMkara parasAI jaise vyaMgyakAra ke preraNA-puruSa banate haiM aura naI kavitA ke hastAkSara vijayadeva nArAyaNa sAhI apane kavitA-saMkalana 'sAkhI' kI aMtima kavitA 'prArthanA : guru kabIradAsa ke lie' meM unheM praNAma nivedita karate haiM : 'do to aisI nirIhatA do/ki isa dahAr3ate AtaMka ke bIca phaTakAra kara saca bola skuuN|' kedAranAtha siMha ke kAvya-saMkalana kA nAma hai- 'uttara kabIra' / ve Adhunika upanyAsa, nATaka ke nAyaka banate haiN| yaha saba darzAtA hai ki kabIra kahIM na kahIM asAdhAraNa haiM aura apane samaya para tIkhe AkramaNa karate hue, niddr| bhaktikAvya ke pUre vRtta meM kabIra kA apanA sthAna viziSTa hai, yadyapi ve svayaM ko lagabhaga anapar3ha kahate haiN| para anubhava-jJAna sabase bar3A jJAna hai, yadi usakA sahI-sArthaka upayoga ho sake aura kabIra ne ise pahacAnA : maiM kahatA A~khina kI dekhI, tU kahatA kAgada kI lekhii| kabIra rAmAnanda ke ziSya hue, isase unakI sAmAjika cetanA vikasita huii| koI mA~ laharatArA tAlAba ke kinAre navajAta kabIra ko rakha AI thI, jisakA pAlana-poSaNa nIrU julAhA ne kiyaa| yaha kathA kabIra se jur3I huI hai, para isa ajJAta kulazIla pratibhA ne apanI prakharatA aura nirbhayatA se madhyakAlIna dharmasAdhanA ko eka naI dizA dI, kavitA meM use vyakta kiyaa| kama pratibhAe~ hotI haiM, jinakI paraMparA agrasara ho aura kabIra kA paMtha vikasita huA, yaha bAta aura ki usakI zAkhAe~-prazAkhAe~ banIM, eka prakAra kI pratikrAMti huii| kabIra meM itane prakAra ke saMyojana haiM ki unake vyaktitva kI virodhI dizAe~ jaisI dikhAI detI haiM aura unakI bhASA ko sadhukkar3I taka kahA gayA, jabaki vaha unakA nirbhaya vyaktitva ujAgara karatI hai| kabIra ke tIkhe AkramaNa usa garhita vyavasthA para haiM jahA~ U~ca-nIca kA bhedabhAva hai, samAja mithyAcAra-ADaMbara se ghira gayA hai, aise meM satya bilA gayA hai| kabIra ke asaMtoSa meM tIvra Akroza kA jo bhAva hai, vaha kaI bAra AkrAmaka hotA hai : paMDita bAta badaMte jhuutthaa| svayaM ko 'nA hiMdU nA musalamAna' kahate hue ve rAma-rahIma meM aMtara nahIM mAnate aura jAtIya saumanasya ke sabase prabala pravaktA banate haiN| unakA AkramaNa madhyakAlIna dehavAda para hai, sAtha hI purohitavAda para bhI, para ve vikalpa kI khoja bhI karanA cAhate haiM, AdhyAtmika stara para, jahA~ pavitra mana, zuddha AcaraNa, premabhAva sarvopari haiN| pragativAdI kabIra ko sarAhate haiM, yadyapi ve kavi kA eka aMza hI svIkArate haiN| kabIra kI racanAoM kI prAmANikatA ko lekara paryApta vAda-vivAda hue haiN| ThAkura jayadeva siMha-vAsudeva siMha ne ramainI, sabada, sAkhI khaMDoM meM unheM saMkalita kiyA hai| unake pada saMgIta se jur3akara loka kI saMpatti hue aura 'kabirA' hara jagaha gAyA jAne lgaa| aisI janasvIkRti bhaktikAvya ke kaviyoM ko hI sulabha huI aura unameM bhI kabIra kI vANI paryApta dUrI taka phailI, vizeSatayA sAmAnyajana meN| jisa vyakti 72 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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ne svayaM svIkArA ki usane 'masi kAgada' nahIM chuA hai, vaha apanI aMtaHpreraNA se jo kucha kahatA-bolatA gayA, usakA eka aMza to maukhika paraMparA meM A gayA aura kucha ko ziSyoM ne lipibaddha karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| isake mUla kI pahacAna meM thor3I kaThinAI huI, zuddha pATha ke stara para bhI, aura aneka pAMDulipiyoM ke AdhAra para hI saMkalpa-saMpAdana kiyA jA skaa| bhASA meM itane prakAra ke saMyojana haiM-khar3I bolI, braja, avadhI, bhojapurI, paMjAbI ki usase bhI pATha-nirdhAraNa kI smsyaa| para jitanA jisa rUpa meM upalabdha hai, usase spaSTa hai ki kabIra apane samaya-samAja se sIdhe jUjhane vAle kaviyoM meM pramukha haiN| dharamadAsa, zekha pharIda, malUkadAsa, dAdUdayAla, prANanAtha Adi isa paraMparA meM mAne jAte haiM, yadyapi inake tevara utane jujhArU nahIM haiN| sUphI kAvya bhaktikAvya meM eka nae bhAva-bodha kA praveza karAtA hai, jise prema-bhAva kahA jAtA hai| sUphI araba-IrAna se calakara bhArata Ae, jinameM muInuddIna ciztI 1190 I. meM bhArata aae| isa krama meM mahattvapUrNa nAma niz2AmuddIna auliyA kA hai, jo 1238 I. meM janme the aura jinakA prabhAva vyApaka hai| sUphI udAra islAmI paMtha ke pratinidhi haiM aura AraMbha meM unheM kaSTa bhI sahane par3e, para kramazaH unake udAra paMtha ko svIkRti milI aura ve hiMdU-musalamAna donoM meM, apane 'sAdA jIvana, ucca vicAra' ke kAraNa AdaraNIya hue| laukika se alaukika kI sAdhanA unakA premapaMtha hai, jisakI abhivyakti ke lie unhoMne hiMdU kahAniyA~ liiN| darzana tathA kAvya kI maitrI se sUphI kaviyoM ne apane racanA-jagata kA nirmANa kiyA aura unakA eka saMpUrNa pratIka-saMsAra hai, AdhyAtmika saMketa krtaa| lokabhASA avadhI ko apanAte hue, unhoMne lokapriyatA pAI aura jAtIya saumanasya ke pratIka bne| kabIra aura sUfiyoM kA premabhAva eka hI dizA kI ora agrasara hai-jIva-brahma aikya, para kabIra kA svara jujhArU hai aura sUfiyoM kA zAMta-saMyata, yadyapi unameM bhAvAvega ke kSaNa bhI haiN| sUfiyoM ko premAkhyAnaka kAvya se saMbaddha kiyA jAtA hai, jisakI paraMparA IrAna-bhArata donoM meM hai| amIra khusaro (1253-1325) kI kRtiyoM meM ise dekhA jA sakatA hai, jinhoMne kaI prakAra kI racanAe~ prastuta kii| sUphI kAvya paraMparA meM IrAnI jalAluddIna rUmI, sanAI, attAra jaise phArasI masanavIkAra haiN| para sUphI mata bhAratIya ciMtana ko bhI svayaM meM samotA hai aura jo sUphI premAkhyAna race gae, unase yaha pramANita ho jAtA hai| jAyasI ne padmAvata meM kucha kA ullekha kiyA hai (rAjA gar3ha chekA khaMDa) jo unake pUrvavartI haiN| mullA dAUda kA caMdAyana (1380), kutubana kA mRgAvatI (1504), jAyasI kA padmAvata (solahavIM zatI), maMjhana kA madhumAlatI (1545), usamAna kA citrAvalI (1613), zekhanabI kA jJAnadIpa ullekhanIya haiN| DaoN. zyAmamanohara pAMDeya ne sUphI premanirUpaNa kA vistRta vivecana karate hue usakI AdhyAtmikatA kA vaiziSTya batAyA hai (madhyayugIna premAkhyAna, pR. 131) / ina sUphI kAvyoM meM bhAratIya kahAniyoM meM premadarzana ko aMtarbhukta kiyA bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 73

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gayA hai, jo kaviyoM kI udAra saMyojana-kSamatA kA bodha karAtA hai| strI-puruSa-saMbaMdha AdhyAtmika bhUmi para pahuMcate haiM, isake saMketa dete hue, kavi use eka pUrNatA denA cAhate haiM aura viyoga-bhAva isake pratipAdana meM sahAyaka hai, jisase prema pragAr3ha hotA hai| isakI prApti ke lie ahaM kA visarjana Avazyaka hai-saMpUrNa samarpaNa bhAva; hastI ke phanA hone para hI khudA milatA hai| jisa premabhAva para sUphI kAvya khar3A hai, usake saMbaMdha meM eka prAsaMgika prazna ki kyA vaha jIvana se palAyana hai ? mAnA ki apane samaya se vaha sIdhe nahIM TakarAtA, para apane loka-upAdAnoM meM vaha viziSTa hai aura lokajIvana kI, lokabhASA meM abhivyakti isameM dekhI jA sakatI hai, jisameM avadha kA svarUpa vizeSa rUpa se ubharA hai| prakRti kA bhI isameM upayoga hai aura grAmajIvana kI chaTA bhI yahA~ hai, sAmaMtI samAja kA pratiloma bnkr| sUphI kaviyoM kA prema-bhAva unheM madhyakAlIna jIvana-yathArtha se TakarAne nahIM detA, para ve jAtIya saumanasya ke anyatama udAharaNa haiN| nAyikA-pradhAna kAvya se nArI ke prati unakI udAra dRSTi kA patA calatA hai| malika muhammada jAyasI kA samaya 1464-1542 svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai aura unhoMne svayaM zerazAha sUra (zAsana : 1540-45) kA ullekha zAhevakta ke rUpa meM kiyA hai : serasAhi dehalI sulatAnU (padmAvata : stuti khNdd)| jAyasI kI racanAe~-padmAvata, akharAvaTa, AkhirI kalama, masalA, kaharanAmA haiN| hAla meM hI prakAzita 'kAnhAvata' kAvya aba bhI vivAda ke ghere meM hai| para unakI kIrti kA mukhya AdhAra padmAvata hai, jisameM citaur3agar3ha ke rAjA ratnasena aura siMhaladvIpa kI padmAvatI kI kathA hai| ratnasena hIrAmana sugge se padmAvatI kA sauMdarya varNana sunakara use pAnA cAhatA hai| vaha sauMdarya advitIya hai : kA siMgAra ohi baranauM rAjA, ohika siMgAra ohI pai chaajaa| use pAne kI prakriyA bhI sarala nahIM aura eka kaThina sAdhanA mArga se gujaranA hai, tapa karanA hai : tajA rAja, rAjA bhA jogI, au kiMgarI kara gaheu viyogii| padmAvatI ko prApta karane ke anaMtara saMgharSa-kathA hai jisameM dillI-zAsaka alAuddIna citaur3agar3ha para AkramaNa karatA hai| para jisa padmAvatI ko vaha prApta karanA cAhatA hai, vaha sakhiyoM ke sAtha satI ho jAtI hai : lAgI kaMTha Agi dei horI, chAra bhaI jari, aMga na morI (padmAvatI-nAgamatI-satI khNdd)| itihAsa-kalpanA ke saMyojana se apanI kRti kA nirmANa karate hue jAyasI prema-darzana kI pratiSThA karate haiM, jise pUre kAvya meM dekhA jA sakatA hai : prema-ghAva-dukha jAna na koI, jehi lAgai jAnai tai soI (prem-khNdd)| tulasI ke anaMtara AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne sarvAdhika sarAhanA malika muhammada jAyasI ko dI hai, jo sUphI kAvya paraMparA ke zIrSa para haiM : 'hiMdU-hRdaya aura musalamAna-hRdaya Amane-sAmane karake ajanabIpana miTAne vAloM meM inhIM (sUfiyoM) kA nAma lenA pdd'egaa| inhoMne musalamAna hokara hiMduoM kI kahAniyA~ hiMduoM kI hI bolI meM pUrI sahRdayatA se kahakara unake jIvana kI marmasparzinI avasthAoM ke sAtha apane udAra hRdaya kA 74 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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pUrNa sAmaMjasya dikhA diyaa| kabIra ne kevala bhinna pratIta hotI huI parokSa sattA kI ekatA kA AbhAsa diyA thaa| pratyakSa jIvana kI ekatA kA dRzya sAmane rakhane kI AvazyakatA banI thI / vaha jAyasI dvArA pUrI huI' ( padmAvata: bhUmikA, pR. 2) | padmAvata ke sAMketika adhyAtma ko lekara upasaMhAra aMza uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai : tana citaura mana rAjA kInhA, hiya siMghala, budhi, padamini cInhA/ guru sUA jei paMtha dekhAvA, binu guru jagata ko niraguna paavaa| isake viSaya meM vidvAn ekamata nahIM haiM, para nirvivAda hai ki sUphI kAvya bhAva- aikya kA AgrahI hai, jise uccatama dharAtala para pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai| maulAnA dAUda ne nAyikA - pradhAna 'candAyana' kAvya kI parikalpanA kI, jahA~ nAyikA cA~da pradhAna sthAna para hai| kutubana kI 'miragAvatI' bhI pramukhatA pAtI hai| isa prakAra nArI ke prati sahAnubhUti - dRSTi meM bhI sUphI kAvya kI udAratA kA saMketa hai, jo madhyakAlIna pariveza ko dekhate hue ullekhanIya hai / 1 avatAravAda meM kRSNa-rAma sarvopari devatA rahe haiM aura inheM keMdra meM rakhakara, bhaktikAvya vikasita huA / viSNu ke ye do pramukha avatAra vaiSNava paraMparA ko racanA meM naI gati dete haiM aura brahmavaivarta purANa, bhAgavata, AlavAra saMta se lekara aSTachApa ( paMdrahavIM - satrahavIM zatAbdI) ke kaviyoM taka madhyakAlIna bhakti kA yaha krama vidyamAna hai / kRSNakAvya kA aisA AkarSaNa ki isameM sabhI jAti-saMpradAya ke kavi haiM aura musalamAna rahIma (1556-1627), rasakhAna (1533-1618) jaise kavi bhI / rAmAyaNa- mahAbhArata ke carita nAyaka tretA dvApara ke haiM, para jahA~ taka bhaktikAvya kA saMbaMdha hai, kRSNa kucha pahale A gae aura solaha kalA avatAra vAle apane bahuraMgI vyaktitva se lokapriya bhI hue| rAma tretA yuga se jur3akara bhASA - racanA meM thor3I dera se Ae aura caritra kI maryAdAoM ne unakI sImA banA dI / bhAgavata aura AlavAra saMtoM se kRSNabhakti ko sArthaka prasthAna milA aura vaiSNava cetanA ne kRSNakAvya ko gahare bhAva-stara para prabhAvita kiyA / kRSNa ke cAroM ora eka samagra lIlA - saMsAra hai, jisameM rAdhA kA praveza naI gimAe~ janmAtA hai / bhramaragIta gopI-bhAva se saMbaddha hai aura rAdhA mahAgopI bhAva kI pratIka haiM / prAyaH kahA jAtA hai ki kRSNa kAvya meM lokaraMjaka rUpa adhika hai, jisakA eka kAraNa bhAgavata kI preraNA bhI hai, jahA~ lIlA - saMsAra pradhAna hai| mahAbhArata ke kRSNa yahA~ pramukhatA nahIM prApta karate / bhAgavata ke aMtima aMza ke mAhAtmya - samApana meM 'premAnanda phalapradam' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai jisase isakI rasa- dRSTi spaSTa hai| purANa ke atirikta prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAoM meM kRSNa-carita kA bakhAna huaa| kRSNa kA mahattva yaha ki unhoMne saMpUrNa kalA - saMsAra - mUrti, vAstu, citra, saMgIta Adi meM sthAna prApta kiyaa| ve janapriya devatA hue aura unase samarasa hone meM sAmAnyajana ko adhika kaThinAI nahIM huii| ve dAsya ke sAtha sakhya-bhAva se bhI dekhe gae aura bhArata ke bAhara bhI unheM svIkRti milii| unheM keMdra meM rakhakara saMpradAya bane-niMbArka, haridAsa, vallabha, rAdhAvallabha Adi / baMgAla kI prAcIna kRSNabhakti bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 75

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gaur3Iya saMpradAya meM AtI hai, jisake pravartaka caitanya ke nAma para ise caitanya mata bhI kahA gyaa| ___ vallabhAcArya ne kRSNa bhaktikAvya ko naI preraNA dI aura brajamaMDala pUrvAMcala se jur3a gyaa| aSTachApI kaviyoM kA kRSNakAvya paraMparA meM viziSTa sthAna hai, jisameM sUradAsa sarvopari haiM aura unake sAtha paramAnandadAsa, nandadAsa jaise kavi haiN| bhAratIya bhASAoM meM kRSNa bhaktikAvya kI anavarata paraMparA kRSNa kI sarvasvIkRti hai, bhAgavata jisakA mukhya prasthAna hai| vidvAn hAla-racita gAhAsatasaI athavA gAthAsaptazatI kA ullekha karate haiM jahA~ kRSNa-rAdhA ke rasika prasaMga Ae haiN| rAsalIlA mahattvapUrNa kAvya-viSaya banA, jisakA saMketa bhAgavata kI rAsapaMcAdhyAyI meM hai| Age calakara jayadeva, vidyApati meM kRSNagAthA ko vikAsa milaa| jayadeva kA gItagovinda apanI madhura komalakAnta padAvalI ke lie vikhyAta hai, jahA~ zrRMgAra khulI bhUmi para hai aura rAdhA-kRSNa kA yaha mAnuSIkaraNa rAsaprasaMga, mAna-manuhAra Adi meM vizeSa rUpa se ubharA hai| zrRMgAra kI yaha rasabhUmi vidyApati meM vidyamAna hai, jahA~ rAdhA 'lAvaNya-sAra' hai aura kRSNa rs-ruup| rAdhA aparUpa rUpA hai, jaise vidhAtA ne caMdramA ke sAra se use racA : amiya dhoya AMcara dhani pochali daha disa bhaila ujore| saMyoga-viyoga donoM sthitiyoM meM vidyApati ke rAdhA-kRSNa unmukta bhUmi para haiN| caitanya, caMDIdAsa kRSNagAthA ko prArthanAbhAva se jor3ate haiM aura baMgAla tathA pUrvAMcala meM kRSNa bhaktikAvya kA mArmika vikAsa huaa| anya ahiMdI bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhAgavata pramukha prasthAna ke rUpa meM hai| hiMdI kRSNabhakti kAvya sUradAsa meM apanI pUrNatA para pahu~catA hai, ve usake racanA-zikhara haiM, sarvottama prtibhaa-puruss| yoM aSTachApI kAvya kI prasiddhi hai, jisa para DaoN. dInadayAlu gupta ne prAmANika kArya kiyaa| DaoN. zivaprasAda siMha ne 'sUra-pUrva brajabhASA aura usakA sAhitya' meM kaviyoM kI laMbI sUcI dI hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki hiMdI kRSNabhakti kAvya sUra meM apane zIrSa para phuNcaa| kavi viSNudAsa kI mahAbhArata kathA bhAgavata-AdhArita adhika hai| aSTachApa kaviyoM meM : sUradAsa, paramAnandadAsa, nandadAsa adhika yazasvI haiN| paramAnandadAsa (1493-1584) bhI sUra kI bhA~ti kRSNa-kathA kA varNana nahIM karate, unakI ruci kRSNa kI bAla-lIlA meM adhika hai| kaI bAra sUra ke padoM aura paramAnanda ke padoM meM adbhuta sAmya hai : kahana lage, mohana maiyA-maiyA; bAla vinoda gopAlA ke dekhata mehi bhAvai aadi| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sUradAsa itane janapriya the aura unake pada janamAnasa meM isa sImA taka pracalita ho gae ki brajamaMDala ke anya bhakta kaviyoM para unakI bhAva-chAyA svAbhAvika prakriyA hai| prazna pratibhA kA bhI hai ki usameM kitanI maulika sarjanAtmaka kSamatA niSpAdita kI jA sakatI hai| paramAnandadAsa mUlataH gopIbhAva se paricAlita haiM aura kRSNabhakta kaviyoM meM ve sahaja bhAvabhUmi para haiM : braja ke birahI loga vicAre bina gopAla Thage se ThAr3he ati durbala tana hAre (pada 553) / nandadAsa (1533-83) bha~varagIta ke lie 76 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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prasiddha haiM, yadyapi kRSNakathA se saMbaddha unakI anya racanAe~ bhI haiM : rAsapaMcAdhyAyI dazama skaMdha aadi| nandadAsa AcArya bhI haiM, alaMkaraNa ke kavi mAne jAte haiM jaise udadhavazataka ke racayitA brajaratnadAsa ratnAkara / kRSNakAvya kI laMbI sUcI hai, para vaha kaI bAra saMpradAyabaddha bhI hai| mIrA kRSNa bhaktikAvya meM viziSTa haiM-madhyakAla meM nArI jAgaraNa kA svara banakara (premazaMkara : bhaktikAvya kA samAjazAstra, pR. 121) / unakI jIvanI se saMgharSa kA anumAna bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo ki bhAvAtmaka stara kA hai-loka aura adhyAtma ke biic| jaba ve kahatI haiM : 'mIrA giradhara hAtha bikANI, loga kahyAM bigar3I, taba ve isa mAnasika saMgharSa kA saMketa karatI haiM, para apane bhakti bhAva meM aDiga haiN| mIrA ke parama ArAdhya kRSNa haiM : AdhyAtmika devatA : mero to giradhara gopAla, dUsaro na koI aura isakA svarUpa hai : jAke sira mora mukuTa mero pati soii| yaha AdhyAtmika saMbaMdha sUfiyoM kA smaraNa bhI karAtA hai, para eka aMtara ke saath| mIrA sIdhA saMvAda sthApita karatI haiM, apane ArAdhya ke sAtha, jabaki sUfiyoM meM laukika (izka miz2Az2I) ke mAdhyama se alaukika (izka hakIkI) kI vyaMjanA hai| mIrA ke pada gIta-saSTi haiM aura rAga-rAginiyoM meM bhI baddha kie gae, para unakI sahajatA, loka upAdAnoM ke sAtha unheM sAmAnyajana se jor3atI hai| pada maukhika paraMparA kI saMpatti banate haiM aura jIvanakAla meM hI sUra kI taraha mIrA ke pada gAe jAte the| mIrA na kisI kathA kA Azraya letI haiM, na darzana kA, ve apane bhAvaloka ke sahAre kRSNabhakti ke gIta gAtI haiN| yaha sahaja bhAvanAmayatA unakI kSamatA hai kyoMki saba kucha akuMThita bhAva se kahA gayA hai| unake viyogabhAva meM vaisA hI samarpaNa bhAva hai, jaisA jIva vidhAtA ke abhAva meM anubhava karatA hai| yahA~ ve kabIra se Age nikalatI haiM, bhAva-vihvalatA meN| koI racanAkAra sImita pU~jI ke sahAre bhI sArthaka yAtrA kara sakatA hai, mIrA kA kAvya ise pramANita karatA hai| saghana bhAva-pravaNatA, sahaja prema bhAva, akRtrima abhivyakti se unhoMne ise saMbhava kiyA, loka ko saMbodhita karate hue| unakA upAsanA bhAva uccatama dharAtala para pahuMcatA hai| calo mana vA jamaNAM ke tIra/vA jamunA kA niramala pAnI, sItala hota sarIra/vaMsI bajAvA, gAvA kAnhA, saMga liyA blviir| mIrA ko madhyakAlIna nArI-asmitA ke rUpa meM dekhA jAnA cAhie aura samAjadarzana kI dRSTi se ve eka viziSTa svara kA pratinidhitva karatI haiN| jAtIya saumanasya ke lie kabIra aura sUphI kaviyoM kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| para yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki kRSNakAvya ke sekyulara caritra ne musalamAna kaviyoM ko bhI isa ora AkRSTa kiyaa| inameM kaI nAma haiM, para jahA~ taka bhaktikAvya kA saMbaMdha hai rahIma, rasakhAna kA sthAna viziSTa hai| abdurrahIma khAnakhAnA (1556-1627) kA jIvana ghaTanAbahula hai aura unake vyaktitva kI kaI dizAe~ haiN| unhoMne jIvana ke kaI utAra-car3hAva dekhe, rAjasattA se jur3akara uThe bhI, gire bhii| kaI viSayoM aura bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 77

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bhASAoM ke jJAtA, arabI-phArasI ke sAtha ve saMskRta bhI jAnate the aura hiMdI meM bhI unakI racanAe~ haiN| rahIma ne nIti-viSayaka dohe likhe aura unheM lokapriyatA milI kyoMki ve sAmAnyajana ke lie grAhya the : jo bar3ena ko laghu kaheM, nahiM rahIma ghaTi jAhiM/giradhara muralIdhara kahe, kachu dukha mAnata naahiN| athavA je garIba para hita kareM, te rahIma bar3a loga/kahA~ sudAmA bApurI, kRSNa mitAI jog| baravai rahIma kA priya chaMda hai jise unhoMne avadhI bhASA meM saadhaa| inhIM chaMdoM meM kRSNabhakti kA zrRMgAra varNana eka sau eka chaMdoM meM hai : manamohana bina tiya ke, hiya mukha bAr3ha/Ayau nanda-DhoThanavA, lagata asAr3ha braja-bAsina ke mohana, jIvana-prAna/Udhau yaha saMdesavA akaha mahAna; lakhi mohana kI baMsI, baMsI jAna/ lAgata madhura prathama pai, bedhata praan| kRSNa ke sAtha rahIma ne rAma kA bhI smaraNa kiyA hai : bhaja mana rAma siyApati, raghukula Isa/dInabaMdhu dukha TArana, kausaladhIsa / rahIma ke viSaya meM AcArya zukla kA kathana hai : 'jIvana kI saccI paristhitiyoM ke mArmika rUpa ko grahaNa karane kI kSamatA jisa kavi meM hogI, vahI janatA kA pyArA hogA' (hiMdI sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 188) / zuklajI ne tulasI-rahIma meM samIpatA bhI dekhI hai, bhAva-stara pr| rasakhAna (1533-1618), rahIma (1556-1627) lagabhaga samakAlIna haiN| rasakhAna ne bhI rahIma kI taraha kaI rAjavaMza dekhe the, humAyU~ se jahA~gIra taka, para ve sAmaMta (jAgIradAra) hokara bhI, usase dUra the aura musalamAna hokara bhI kRSNabhaktoM meM parigaNita hue| rasakhAna graMthAvalI kA saMpAdana karate hue AcArya vizvanAtha prasAda mizra ne rasakhAna dvArA kavitta-savaiyoM meM varNita kRSNalIlA ko vibhinna zIrSakoM meM rakhA hai : bAla-lIlA, gocAraNa, kuMja lIlA, rAsa, panaghaTa, rAdhA-rUpa-chaTA, vaMzI premabhAva Adi / rasakhAna apane bhakti bhAva ko, pUrI tanmayatA ke sAtha svataMtra rIti se prastuta karate haiM, usa para dArzanika dabAva nahIM haiN| vahA~ prema pradhAna hai aura kavi bhAvanAmayatA ke sAtha isameM sammilita haiM : mAnuSa hauM to vahI rasakhAna, basauM braja gokula gA~va ke gvArana/jo pazu hauM to kahA basa mero, carauM nita nanda kI dhenu maeNjhArana athavA yA lakuTI aru kAmariyA pai, rAja tihUMpura ko taji DArauM/AThahu~ siddhi navo nidhi ko sukha, nanda kI gAya carAi bisArauM / rasakhAna kRSNa-caritra ke sAtha bhAvAtmaka yAtrA karate haiM-kRSNa, rAdhA, gopiyoM ko viSaya rUpa svIkArate hue| vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki alaMkArazAstra ne bhI kavi ko prabhAvita kiyA hai, para ve bhAva ko sarvopari rakhate haiN| rasakhAna gopI-bhAva kI puSTi karate haiM : kou na kAhu kI kAni karai, sigaro braja bIra bikAi gayo hai athavA bhaI madhu kI makhiyA~ rasakhAna, jU neha ko baMdhana kyoM hU~ chuTai nA (a~khiyA~ madhu kI makhiyA~ bhaIM merI ) aadi| rahIma kI ruci kRSNa kI lIlAoM ke varNana meM nahIM hai, usa mAdhyama se sarjita hone vAle bhAvaloka meM hai aura yahI unheM mArmikatA detA hai| 'premavATikA' ke dohoM meM unhoMne prema-bhAva ko vyakta kiyA hai, sUfiyoM kI taraha, para AraMbha rAdhikA se hai : prema-ayana kI rAdhikA, prema barana naMda nNd| 78 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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rasakhAna kI bhAvapravaNatA dhyAna AkRSTa karatI hai aura unakI racanAzIlatA pramANita karatI hai ki bhakti meM jAti-varNa nahIM hote tathA kAvya meM bhASA-vibhAjana katrima hai kyoMki saMvedana kI samAnatA hotI hai : kA bhASA, kA doharA, prema cAhie sA~cu / rasakhAna ne bhAva-stara para kRSNa se apanApA anubhava kiyA, yaha unakA rAga-bhAva hai jisake abhAva meM kAvya meM aisI bhAvanAmayatA saMbhava na thii| kRSNalIlA ke prasaMgoM meM rasakhAna prAyaH upasthita haiM, gopikAoM ke mAdhyama se hI shii| yaha bhI vicAraNIya ki bhramaragIta prasaMga meM gopI-rAdhA kI uktiyoM meM mahAkavi sUra kisa biMdu para upasthita haiM ? bhakta kaviyoM ne svayaM ko inake mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA hai aura ve apane ArAdhya ko sIdhe bhI saMbodhita karate haiN| rasakhAna ke lie kRSNagAthA ke pramukha pAtra mAdhyama haiM-bhAvAbhivyakti ke lie| rasakhAna racanAvalI kA saMpAdana karate hue AcArya vidyAnivAsa mizra apane prAkkathana ke AraMbha meM hI kahate haiM : 'hiMdI kRSNa kAvyadhArA meM rasakhAna kA yogadAna guNAtmaka evaM viziSTa hai| unakA kRSNa-prema dharma aura saMpradAya kI sImAoM se pare hai| ve sacce artha meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke pratinidhi haiN|' rasakhAna meM sAMskRtika saumanasya kA bhAva rAgAtmaka stara para vyakta huA hai| kRSNa unake lie mAdhyama haiM, jinake prati samarpita hokara, ve apane isa milana-bhAva ko abhivyakti dete haiN| kRSNa ke rUpacitra banAte hue, rasakhAna unakI AkarSaka chavi kA bakhAna bAra-bAra karate haiM, jisameM vaMzI kA yogadAna viziSTa hai| ve rUpa ke sAtha guNa-saMpanna bhI haiM-'mahAchavi' haiM : 'vaha bA~surI kI dhuni kAna pareM, kulakAni hiyo taji bhAjati hai|' prema ke isa saMbaMdha ko uccatama dharAtala para pahu~cAte hue, ve usake anyonyAzrita rUpa kA varNana karate haiM : brahma maiM DhU~r3hayo purAnana gAnana veda ricA suni caugune cAyana dekhyo sunyo na kabahU~ na kirtuM vaha kaise sarUpa aura kaise subhAyana Terata herata hAri parayo rasakhAni batAyo na loga lagAyana dekhau durau vaha kuMjakuTIra maiM baiTho paloTata rAdhikA paayn| isa savaiyA kI kaI artha-dhvaniyA~ haiN| yahA~ zAstra kA atikramaNa hai ki brahma jo parama satya kA pratIka hai, use khojA-pAyA kahA~ jAya ? graMtha isameM adhika sahAyaka nahIM pratIta hote kyoMki ve zabda-Azrita haiN| vidhAtA ko sarvatra khojA, to kabIra ne kahA ki mokoM kahA~ khoje baMde, maiM to tere pAsa meM-kAbA, kailAza meM nhiiN| para rasakhAna ise premabhAva se ghaniSTha rUpa meM saMbaddha kara kahate haiM ki vidhAtA jIva ke sneha kA pratidAna karate haiM, prema svIkArate haiM : rAdhA ke paira paloTate hue kRSNa mAdhurya bhAva kA dRzya upasthita karate haiN| rasakhAna bhakti-bhAva ko ucca dharAtala para pratiSThita karate haiM, binA kisI anyokti kA sahArA lie| ve sIdhI abhivyakti ke kavi haiM, sahajatA ko apanAte hue| sAMskRtika saumanasya kA vistAra aisA ki sAmAnya varga kI gopikAe~ apane bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 79

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samarpaNa bhAva se kRSNa ko sahaja hI prApta kara letI haiM : DhU~r3he phire tiraloka meM sAkha sunArada 'lai kara bIna bajA vaiM/ tAhi ahIra kI chohariyA~, chachiyA~ bhara chAcha pai nAca nacA vaiM / paramabhakta nArada jinake nAma para nAradIya bhaktisUtra kI racanA huI, tIna lokoM meM bhaTakate hue, jisa paramezvara ko prApta karanA cAhate haiM, use ahIra kI chohariyA~ nAca nacAtI haiM, vaha bhI thor3I chAcha ke lie / bhakti kI jisa rasa - sRSTi meM rasakhAna kI ruci hai, vahA~ bala sneha-samarpaNa para hai, jahA~ sAre bhedabhAva samApta ho jAte haiM / rahIma ne kaI sthaloM para unmukta zRMgAra kA varNana kiyA hai, para isakI tulanA meM rasakhAna adhika sAvadhAna pratIta hote haiM / ve sAmaMtI samAja se asaMtuSTa haiM aura kahA jAtA hai ki dillI ko 'masAna rUpa' pAkara unhoMne usakA parityAga kiyA thA : dekhi gadara hita sAhabI, dillI nagara masAna / chinahiM bAdasA baMsa kI, Thasaka chori rasakhAna ( premavATikA, dohA 48 ) / bhakti kI ora kavi kA prayANa vilAsa ke prati asaMtoSa se upajA hai, aura apanI bhaktibhAvanA se unhoMne eka aise prema-saMsAra kA nirmANa kiyA, jahA~ jAtIya saumanasya kI saMskRti ke sAtha, uccatara prema- saMkalpa bhI hai| sUradAsa ( 1478-1581 ) kI sAmAjika cetanA aura unake samAjadarzana kI carcA vistAra se hogii| para eka prazna vicAraNIya ki maukhika paraMparA se jur3e isa zreSTha kavi ne vallabha saMpradAya ke dArzanika pakSa ko apanI racanA meM aise rasa-dharAtala para vilayita kara liyA ki Aja yaha prazna bhI lagabhaga gauNa ho gayA hai / kavitA pahale kavitA hai aura kucha bAda meM / sUra kI jIvana-gAthA ke saMdarbha meM yaha prazna bAra-bAra uThatA hai ki ve janmAMdha the athavA nahIM ? vArtA sAhitya ne camatkAroM kI carcA karake kaI praznoM ko aura ulajhA diyaa| sUradAsa, netrahIna ke lie karuNA-mizrita sammAnajanaka zabda ke rUpa meM bhI pracalita hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI meM avadha kSetra meM baccU sUra hue haiM jo rAmacarita mAnasa ke vyAkhyAkAra the, eka-eka dohA - caupAI ke kaI artha karate / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sUra kI netra - jyoti unase kucha samaya ke anaMtara vidA letI hai, aMgrejI kavi milTana kI taraha / isa bIca unhoMne jo jIvanAnubhava prApta kiyA thA, usakA upayoga unhoMne kAvya meM kiyA, jaise dRzyoM kA rekhAMkana, zeSa ke lie unakI pratibhA sahAyaka thI / vallabhAcArya ke saMparka meM Akara sUra ko nayA bodha huA, isakA ullekha bhI kiyA jAtA hai| sUra kA yaha nayA rUpAMtaraNa thA aura dainya ke sthAna para kRSNalIlA ke rasAtmaka varNana meM unakI adhika ruci huI / yaha nivRtti se pravRtti kI ora prayANa hai, jisase racanAzIlatA ko naI prayojanavatI bhUmikA prApta hotI hai / 'aba hauM nAcyau bahuta gopAla' jIvana ke prati jisa virAga bhAva kA saMketa hai, vahA~ uccatara dharAtala para jAne kA racanA - saMkalpa bhI dhvanita hotA hai / eka prakAra kA manojAgaraNa, jisake sarvottama pratinidhi rUpa meM tulasIdAsa kI 'vinayapatrikA' ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sUradAsa se akabara kI bheMTa huI thI, athavA nahIM, yaha vivAda kA viSaya ho sakatA hai aura ise pramANita kara pAnA bhI sarala nahIM / para 80 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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nA to spaSTa hai ki sUra apane jIvanakAla meM itanI nAmavarI pA gae the ki unase bheMTa kA icchuka thaa| Aine akabarI meM mahAkavi sUradAsa, tulasIdAsa praveza kara pAte, yaha prazna bhI prAsaMgika hai| sUra kA dainya-prArthanA se, kRSNa ke prati rAgAtmaka bhakta kI ora prayANa ullekhanIya hai| kaSNagAthA ke prasthAna rUpa meM mukhyatayA bhAgavata kI carcA hotI hai, para sUra stitva use naI bhAva-vyaMjanA detA hai| sUra prabaMdhakAra nahIM haiM aura tulasI kI mAha unheM kathA kaha sakane kI suvidhA nahIM hai| para yaha kama Azcaryajanaka nahIM simara kaSNa-lIlA ke asaMkhya pada gItAtmakatA ke AdhAra para racate haiN| lAkha padoM kI janazruti para dhyAna na deM, to bhI jitane pada upalabdha haiM, ve bhI padoM kI gIta maSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue, pratibhA kA vaiziSTya pramANita karate haiN| apane ko adhika na duharAnA, punarAvRtti doSa se yathAsaMbhava bacane kA prayAsa karanA aura aMtima kSaNa taka sarjanarata rahanA pratibhA kI kSamatA se hI saMbhava hai| AraMbha meM prArthanA-bhAva hai : nAtha anAthani hI ke saMgI/dInadayAla, parama karunAmaya jana-hita hari bahuraMgI athavA syAma garIbani hU~ ke gAhaka/dInAnAtha hamAre ThAkura, sA~ce prIti nibAhaka aadi| madhya meM sthiti hai-kRSNa lIlA-gAna, jisakI aneka chaviyA~ haiM, bAla-varNana se lekara rAsa-prasaMga aura mahArAsa taka / bhramaragIta prasaMga upAsya-upAsaka ke prema-bhAva ko ujAgara karatA hai aura use saguNa-nirguNa vivAda taka sImita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yahA~ bhAva pradhAna hai aura tarka bhI hai to bhAvAzrita, jo svayaM meM virodhAbhAsa hai, jise lagabhaga tarkahIna kaha sakate haiM, para yahA~ gopiyA~ bhakti-bhAvAvega se paricAlita haiN| akAraNa nahIM ki yahA~ netra, vaMzI ko pramukhatA milatI hai : netroM ne dekhA, rUpa para mugdha hue aura vaMzI ko sunA to gopikAe~ guNa para nichAvara ho giiN| A~kheM kRSNa ko dekhanA cAhatI haiM, usI rUpa meM jisameM unheM prathama bAra dekhA thA : sthiti yaha ki nisidina barasata naina hamAre sadA rahati pAvasa Rtu hama pai, jaba teM syAma sidhAre athavA aura sabai aMgana taiM Udhau, a~khiyA adhika dukhaarii| A~khoM ko paMkha laga gae haiM : 'bahuta roke aMga saba pai, nayana ur3i-ur3i jaat|' bahiyA A gaI hai : tumhAre biraha brajanAtha, aho priya nayanana nadI bar3hI aadi| rUpa-guNa ke saMyojana se sUra kI bhakti nirmita huI hai, jisameM lokaupAdAnoM kA sakSama upayoga huA hai| sUra usa paraMparA ke pratIka, jinheM apane jIvana-kAla meM hI aisI janapriyatA milI ki ve vAcika-maukhika paraMparA se jur3a ge| janatA ke kaMTha meM pahuMcakara kavitA kAlajayatA prApta karatI hai| bAlakRSNa ke varNana meM sUra advitIya haiM aura jina AcArya rAmacandra zukla ke kAvya-pratimAna tulasI haiM aura jinheM ve apanI samIkSA meM prathama sthAna dete haiM, ve bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki 'yadyapi tulasI ke samAna sura kA kAvya kA itanA vyApaka nahIM ki usameM jIvana kI bhinna-bhinna dazAoM kA samAveza ho para jisa parimita puNya-bhUmi meM unakI vANI ne saMcaraNa kiyA usakA koI konA bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 81

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1 achUtA na chuuttaa| zRMgAra aura vAtsalya ke kSetra meM jahA~ taka unakI dRSTi pahu~cI vahA~ taka aura kisI kavi kI nahIM / ina donoM kSetroM meM to isa mahAkavi ne mAnoM auroM ke lie kucha chor3A hI nahIM, ( sUradAsa, pR. 96 ) / jaise bAlavarNana, jahA~ kRSNa kI asaMkhya bAla chaviyA~ pUrI rAgAtmakatA meM citrita haiN| bAlaka kRSNa kI eka-eka chavi yahA~ ubharI hai, nirapekSa rUpa meM nahIM, bhakti-bhAva ke sAtha, nanda-yazodA, gvAla-bAla saba usameM sammilita haiM : sobhita kara navanIta lie / ghuTuruni calata renu tana-maMDita, mukha dadhi lepa kie| pada kA samApana hai : dhanya sUra ekau pala ihiM sukha kA sata kalpa jie / prAyaH padoM ke samApana aMza meM yaha rAga-bhAva vyakta hotA hai aura mAkhana- lIlA, go- cAraNa, vaMzI - gAyana Adi meM kRSNa ke rUpacitra apanI pUrI advitIyatA meM haiN| sAre prasaMga kRSNa ko sAmAjIkRta karate haiM aura ve parama ArAdhya banate haiM : bana taiM Avata dhenu carAe / saMdhyA samaya sA~vare mukha para, go-pada-raja lipttaae| aura aMta meM : sUradAsa bali lIlA prabhu kI, jIvata jana jasa gaae| sUradAsa meM muralI AkarSaNa kA vistAra hai : sUradAsa muralI hai, tIna- loka-pyArI, vaha guNa - bodhaka hai| 1 I sUradAsa meM kRSNa-carita eka nayA rAgAtmaka vistAra pAtA hai, yaha nirvivAda hai bhAgavata to samasta bhakti kA prasthAna hai, para sUra kRSNa ko eka prakAra se punaHsarjita karate haiM, rAdhA ke saMyojana se use nayA utkarSa dete haiM aura kaMcanavarNI rAdhA pUrA prasaMga naI dIpti pA jAtA hai / svakIyA - parakIyA jaise prazna aprAsaMgika haiM, kyoMki mUlataH nigatikAlIna samaya ke rItizAstra se saMbaddha haiN| svakIya vaha jo apane vyaktitva ko isa sImA taka vilayita kara de ki pArthakya hI na raha jAya, aise meM jise parakIya kahA jAtA hai, vaha bhI svakIya kA adhikArI hai / isIlie rAdhA ko parama gopI bhAva, mahAbhAva kahA gayA aura usake binA kRSNa adhUre haiM / viyoga kA sarvAdhika vyathA - bhAra bhI vahI jhelatI hai : ati malIna vRSabhAnu kumArI / hari srama-jala aMtara tanu bhIjai, tA lAlaca na dhuAvati sArI / kRSNa sneha svIkArate haiM- ubhayapakSIya prema ko pratiSThita karate / 'sUra ne braja ke loka-jIvana ko lagabhaga duha liyA aura ve kRSi - carAgAhI saMskRti ke pratinidhi kavi haiN| lagatA hai jaise brajamaMDala 'sUrasAgara' meM samA gayA hai -utsava, parva se lekara lokajIvana taka' ( premazaMkara : kRSNakAvya aura sUra, pR. 129 ) / svayaM ko vyakta karane ke lie sUra ne brajabhASA ko usake caramotkarSa para pahu~cAyA aura kaI bAra bhASA citra banAne meM jisa kauzala ke sAtha agrasara hotI hai, vaha sarjanAtmaka kSamatA kA pramANa hai| braja meM pracalita zabdAvalI kA prayoga karate hue, sUra ne use kAvyopayogI banAyA, jisakA anusaraNa anya kaviyoM ne bhI kiyaa| braja kA lokajIvana sUra meM isalie bhI prAmANikatA pA sakA kyoMki pUrA muhAvarA brajamaMDala se prApta kiyA gayA hai| sUra gItasraSTA haiM aura isake nirvAha ke lie lAlitya, mAdhurya, laya Adi guNoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| sUra kA kAvya isakA apratima udAharaNa hai / pada rAga-rAginiyoM meM bA~dhe gae aura unameM zAstrIya saMgIta tathA lokasaMgIta kA sakSama 1 -- 82 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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saMyojana hai| sUra meM kRSNakAvya kA carama vikAsa hai, sabhI staroM para / bhaktikAvya ke do pramukha prasthAna haiM, yadyapi inase bAhara jAkara rAma aura kRSNa bhI racanA ke prayatna hue haiM, para unheM aisI vyApaka svIkRti nahIM milii| ina donoM avatAroM kI keMdrIyatA racanA kI anivAryatA banI, isameM saMdeha nahIM / rAmakathA ke prasthAna rUpa meM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa sarvasvIkRta hai aura kaviyoM ne usakI sAmagrI kA upayoga apane bhAva-saMsAra ke anusAra kiyA hai| vAlmIki, kAlidAsa, bhavabhUti Adi mukhya rUpa se isameM Ate haiN| vicAraNIya yaha ki rAma athavA kRSNa purAkathA ke sarvottama nAyaka haiM, para racanA meM Akara unake vyaktitva meM niraMtara vikAsa hotA hai| samaya-samAja ke dabAva unheM nae saMdarbha dete haiM jisameM kavi kA apanA vyaktitva bhI kriyAzIla rahatA hai| vAlmIki ke rAma mahAnAyaka haiM- aneka guNa samuccaya / dhArmikatA yahA~ Adikavi ko isa sImA taka paricAlita nahIM kara pAtI ki kAvyataMtu kSINa ho jAe~ / rAma jisa virATa vyaktitva kA bodha karAte haiM, usameM alaukikatA kama, sAmarthya adhika hai| unameM sAttvika krodha bhI hai, jo unake dAyitva - bodha se jur3A hai, jaise sItAharaNa ke anaMtara ve duSToM ke vinAza kA saMkalpa lete haiN| rAmakathA kA pracAra-prasAra vRhattara bhArata, arthAt par3osI dezoM meM bhI huA, jaise iMDoneziyA, zyAma, jAvA, sumAtrA Adi meM, jisase usakI vyApakatA kA patA calA hai| rAma maryAdA ke caritra haiM aura kRSNa kI tulanA meM zRMgAra se thor3A dUra bhI, isIlie unakI sImAe~ haiN| yaha sImA hai zIlavAna vyaktitva kI, jise apanI maryAdAoM kA dhyAna hai / vaha mRgI para bANa nahIM calAegA, duSTa ko bhI samajhA-bujhAegA, phira daMDita karegA Adi / saMskRta ke atirikta prAkRta meM bhI rAmakathA hai, jisakA ullekha vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai ( kAmila bulke : rAmakathA ) / dakSiNa meM kaMbana rAmAyaNa kA vizeSa sthAna hai, jisakI dRSTi pracalita rAma - kathA se kiMcit bhinna hai / telugu ( raMganAtha rAmAyaNa), baMgalA (kRtivAsI rAmAyaNa), marAThI ( ekanAtha : bhAvArtha rAmAyaNa) Adi prasiddha haiM / saMskRta meM rAmakAvya ke lie kAlidAsa ke 'raghuvaMzam ' mahAkAvya kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai, para yahA~ vaha raghuvaMzoM kI paraMparA meM aMtarbhukta hai / chaH- sAta sargoM meM yaha kathA varNanAtmaka DhaMga se AI hai| rAma kA svarUpa kyA hai ? kAlidAsa kahate haiM ki kauzalyAne tamoguNa harane vAle putra ko janma diyA jise vaziSTha ne rAma maMgalakArI nAma diyA (10-66-67 ) / isI krama meM mahAkavi kahate haiM ki saMsAra ke doSa bhAga gae, guNoM kA prasAra huA, mAnoM viSNu ke sAtha svarga pRthvI para utara AyA hai / rAma ke dAyitva kA bhI saMketa hai : rAvaNa ke mukuTa kI maNiyA~ z2amIna para gira pdd'iiN| rAma kA kartavyabodha AraMbha meM hI nizcita hai aura kathA meM rAma ise pramANita karate haiN| para 'raghuvaMza' meM kAlidAsa zRMgAra ke rasarAjatva bhAva ke sAtha haiM, jaise dvAdaza sarga meM ayodhyA lauTate hue rAma sItA se vArtAlApa karate haiM : parvata kI DhalAna para jo tamAla vRkSa hai, usake kisalaya kA karNaphUla tumheM pahanAyA thA aura jo jvAra - aMkura bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 83

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jaise pIta kapoloM para suMdara lagatA thA ( 12 - 49 ) / kAlidAsa ko raghuvaMziyoM kI mahAn paraMparA kA dhyAna hai, para rAma kA vyaktitva vIratA - zRMgAra kI sammilita bhUmi para racA gayA hai, mahAkavi kI sauMdarya dRSTi ke anurUpa / bhavabhUti ke 'uttararAmacarita' nATaka meM rAma kA dUsarA rUpa ubharatA hai, jisameM sItA kI bhI ullekhanIya upasthiti hai / bhavabhUti ne karuNa rasa ko ekamAtra rasa kahA, aura isa prakAra karuNA bhAva kA mahattva svIkAra kiyaa| isakI vyApti vyApaka hai, jisase uccatara mAnavamUlyoM kA niSpAdana hotA hai / prAyaH kaviyoM ne sItA-nirvAsana kI kathA ko chor3a diyA kyoMki isase rAma kA mahAnAyakatva khaMDita hotA hai, yadyapi vAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa ke uttarakAMDa meM vaha vistAra se AI hai / bhavabhUti kI nArI - dRSTi meM sahAnubhUti sItA ke sAtha hai aura rAma bhI unake guNoM kI niraMtara sarAhanA karate haiM: janma se hI pavitra sItA ( uttara. 1 / 13 ) / vidvAnoM ne prazna uThAyA hai ki vAlmIki athavA bhavabhUti ne rAma kathA meM sItA - nirvAsana ke karuNa prasaMga ko kyoM sthAna diyA hai / bhavabhUti ne ise uttararAmacarita kahA, rAma kI mUla gAthA kA paravartI AkhyAna / sItA pavitra haiM, kevala lokApavAda se rakSA ke lie samrATa rAma sItA ko isa yAtanA se gujArate haiM / jaise rAja- kartavya vaiyaktika prema para hAvI hai, para bhavabhUti rAma ko bhI AMtarika vyathA se gujArate haiM, jisase rAma kA vyaktitva karuNA kI naI bhUmi para dekhA jA sakatA hai / uttararAmacarita meM rAma kA vilApa prakArAMtara se sItA kI mahimA kA bakhAna hI hai, jisameM prakRti bhI sammilita hai : sItA kA sasneha - smaraNa karatA parvata kA mayUra (320) / rAmakathA meM bhavabhUti kA sthAna kaI dRSTiyoM se viziSTa hai, para paravartI paraMparA rAma kI uttaragAthA kA anusaraNa nahIM karatI kyoMki use lagatA hai ki isase rAma kA vyaktitva dhUmila hotA hai| Adhunika samaya meM bhAratabhUSaNa agravAla ne apane kAvya 'agnilIka' meM sItA kA pakSa prastuta kiyA hai, jinakA rAma para AkSepa hai ki ve mahattvAkAMkSA kI rAjanIti se paricAlita haiM aura tathAkathita rAmarAjya mAtra eka chala hai : ye to rAjya ke matavAle the / vijayazrI ke bhUkhe the / pyAra se inheM lagAva hI kathA (agnilIka, pR. 52 ) / bhavabhUti bhaktibhAvanA se paricAlita kavi-nATakakAra nahIM haiM aura rAma-sItA ke mAdhyama se nArI - puruSa - saMbaMdhoM para bhI vicAra karate haiM / yaha unakI maulikatA hai, jise vyApaka svIkRti milI hai : 'saMskRta kAvya meM bhavabhUti kA sthAna kAlidAsa ke bAda hI svIkAra kiyA jAtA haiM / 'uttarAmacarita' meM trAsada sthitiyA~ haiM aura rAma kA aMtaHsaMgharSa kAvya-nATaka kA mUla svara kahA jA sakatA hai' ( sI . kunhana rAjA : sarve oNpha saMskRta liTarecara, pR. 188 ) / isa prakAra rAma ke mAnuSIkaraNa kI jo prakriyA saMskRta kAvya meM AraMbha huI, use Age calakara vikAsa milA / bhAratIya sAhitya meM rAmakAvya kI vistRta paraMparA hai, jisase hiMdI bhaktikAvya preraNA pAI hai, sAmagrI bhI / Adikavi kA vAlmIki rAmAyaNa prasthAna hai, para adhyAtma 84 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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rAmAyaNa, hanumannanATaka, prasannarAghava kA prabhAva bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya bhASAoM meM rAmakAvya race gae : kaMba rAmAyaNa (tamila), dvipada rAmAyaNa (telugu), adhyAtma rAmAyaNa (malayAlama), torave rAmAyaNa (kannar3a), kRtivAsa rAmAyaNa (baMgalA) aadi| rAmakathA prAkRta-apabhraMza meM bhI gatizIla rahI, kiMcit parivartana ke saath| loka-sAhitya para to usakA vyApaka prabhAva hai hI, sAtha hI anya rAmakAvya bhI haiM : rAmAyaNa kathA (viSNudAsa), IzvaradAsa, bhAvArtha rAmAyaNa (ekanAtha) aadi| jina vidvAnoM ne rAma bhakti kAvya para kArya kiyA hai, ve anusaMdhAna ke AdhAra para pramANita karate haiM ki hiMdI meM tulasIdAsa ke pUrva rAmabhakti racanAe~ huii| kRSNabhakta sUradAsa ne rAmakathA kA upayoga kiyA aura unameM tulasI se kucha sthaloM para Azcaryajanaka bhAva-sAmya haiM (premazaMkara : rAmakAvya aura tulasI, pR. 28-30) / prasaMga hai, sItA-haraNa ke pazcAt rAma kI vyathA kA, jahA~ tulasI kahate haiM : he khagakula he madhukara zrenI, tuma dekhI sItA mRga nainii| rUpa-smaraNa ke sAtha, sUra kA pada hai (sUrasAgara, 9 164) : phirata prabhu pUchata, bana-druma-belI aho baMdhu kAhU~ avalokI ihiM maga badhU akelii| ahau bihaMga, ahau pannaga-nRpa, yA kaMdara ke rAi abakai merI vipati miTAvau, jAnaki dehu btaai| samaya ke dabAva meM racanA aneka dizAe~ letI haiM aura kRSNakAvya, rAmakAvya meM rasika rekhAoM kA praveza huA jisase usakI sAmAjika cetanA durbala huii| saMpradAyoM kI yahI sImA-rekhA hai ki vahA~ khaMDa-khaMDa dRzya Ate haiM, samagra jIvana-chavi nahIM ubhara paatii| nAyakoM kI bhI durgati hotI hai aura nigatikAlIna samaya prakSepita hotA hai| kezavadAsa ke pAsa pAMDitya hai, zAstra bhI, para unake pAsa vaha udAtta bhAva-dharAtala nahIM hai ki ve tulasI ke kAvyanAyaka rAma jaisA vyaktitva raca skeN| AcArya zukla kI TippaNI ki kezava ko kavi-hRdaya nahIM milA thA, isI kA saMketa hai| kRSNa-rAmakAvya kI anavarata dhArA hai, para samAja meM vyApaka svIkRti ke lie, zikhara rUpa meM sUra-tulasI kA nAma kyoM liyA jAtA hai ? isalie ki ve caritanAyakoM ke mAdhyama se apane samaya se bhI TakarAte haiM aura use eka naI dizA dene kA kAvya-saMketa karate haiN| isI ko racanA kA samAjadarzana kahA jAtA hai| itihAsa-krama kI bAta dUsarI hai, para mahAn lekhaka apanI racanA ke mAdhyama se svayaM itihAsa meM vinamra yogadAna kA prayatna karate haiN| racanA-stara para ise pratipakSa athavA vikalpa kahA jAtA hai| tulasIdAsa kI jIvanagAthA ko lekara vidvAn Aja bhI ekamata nahIM haiM, yadyapi racanA ke biMdu para ve rAmakAvya ke hI nahIM, saMpUrNa hiMdI bhaktikAvya ke sarvopari kavi haiN| unakI jaisI vyApaka svIkRti virala hotI hai, para anya bhakta kaviyoM kI taraha unheM bhI lekara vivAda ki soroM meM janme the, athavA rAjApura meM ? zrI caMdrabalI pAMDe ne pUrI pustaka hI likhI hai jo 2011 vi. meM chapI thI : 'tulasI kI jiivn-bhuumi'| bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 85

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samaya kyA hai aura jIvana-rekhAe~ kaisI ? nAbhAdAsa (bhaktamAla), veNImAdhavadAsa ( gosAIMcarita), kRSNadatta mizra ( gautama candrikA) Adi meM jo saMketa milate haiM, unhIM se jIvana-rekhAe~ banAne kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, para ye itihAsa- graMtha nahIM haiM, isalie inameM janazrutiyA~ aura camatkAra - aMza bhI haiM / racanAoM ke bhItara se jo jIvana-rekhAe~ aura vyaktitva ke koNa talAze jAte haiM, ve kahIM adhika prAmANika hote haiM, kavi kI kalpanAzIlatA ke baavjuud| saMvat solaha sau ikatIsa (1574 I.) rAmacaritamAnasa kA racanAkAla hai, jo akabara ke zAsana kA samaya thA ( 1556-1605 ) / vidvAnoM kA bahumata tulasI ke janmasthAna ke lie rAjApura ke pakSa meM dikhAI detA hai| janma ke lie 'mUla gosAIMcarita' ko AdhAra mAnA jAya to samaya hogA 1554 vi., 1497 I., paMdrahavIM zatAbdI kA aMta aura nidhana tithi hogI zrAvaNa tIja zanivAra, 1680 vi., 1623 I. : savA sau varSoM kA sArthaka jiivn| paMdrahavIM-solahavIM ke saMdhisthala para janme tulasI ne solahavIM zatAbdI pAra kI aura satrahavIM kA AraMbha bhI dekhA, jo itihAsa kI dRSTi se mug2alakAla kA sarvottama samaya - bAbara se jahA~gIra taka kA lagabhaga zAsana kAla / racanA ko rUpAyita karane meM sAmAjika paridRzya hai aura svayaM tulasI kI saMgharSagAthA bhii| 1526 meM pAnIpata kA yuddha jItakara bAbara ne mug2ala zAsana ke keMdrIya sAmaMtavAda kI sthApanA kI aura vicAra-vinimaya kI prakriyA meM gati AI / bAbara, svayaM lekhaka thA, para jaldI calA gayA aura humAyU~ ke sUphiyAnA aMdAz2a ne jisa udAra paMtha kA svapna dekhA, use akabara ne pUrNatA para phuNcaayaa| tulasI isI samaya kI upaja haiM, para usase pUrI taraha saMtuSTa nahIM / nirAlA ne mahAkavi kA sahI Akalana kiyA hai ki tulasI ke samakSa sAmAnyajana kA saMsAra hai : calate-phirate, para nissahAya/ ve dIna, kSINa, kaMkAlakAya / AzA kevala jIvanopAya, ura- ura meN| tulasI kI apanI saMgharSa - kathA bhI isameM sammilita hai : bAreM teM lalAta - bilalAta dvAra-dvAra dIna / jAnata ho cAri phala cAra hI canaka ko ( kavitAvalI, uttara. 73 ) / AtmakathA kI jo rekhAe~ tulasI kI racanAoM meM upalabdha haiM ki sarvocca dvija varNa-brAhmaNa kula meM janma lekara bhI, jIvana saMgharSa - bharA thA / mAtA - pitA kI AzISa - chAyA bhI nahIM milI : mAtu-pitA~ jaga jAi tajyo, bidhihU~ na likhI kachu bhAla bhalAI ( kavitAvalI, uttara. 57 ) / dvAra-dvAra bhaTakate tulasI ne samaya-samAja ko dekhA - samajhA aura usI ke bIca se apane racanA-patha kA saMdhAna kiyA / vaiyaktikatA ko pAra kara jAnA sAmAjikatA hai aura tulasI isake pramANa haiM / 1 tulasI ke samAjadarzana kI carcA Age hogI, para yahA~ itanA kahanA paryApta hai ki jo loga mahAkavi ko bhakti taka sImita karake dekhate rahe haiM, ve bhI isa virATa pratibhA se sAkSAtkAra ke lie vivaza haiM / tulasI ke vizleSaNa se AlocanA svayaM ko sArthaka mAnatI hai aura isa mahAn vyaktitva ke prati ve bhI AkRSTa hue, jo kavi 86 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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vicAroM se kucha sthaloM para apanI asahamati vyakta karate haiN| AcArya rAmacandra ne talasI ke lokadharma ko rekhAMkita kiyA : 'Aja jo hama phira jhoMpar3oM meM kisAnoM ko bhArata ke bhAyapa bhAva para, lakSmaNa ke tyAga para, rAma kI pitRbhakti parapalakita hote hue pAte haiM, vaha gosvAmIjI ke hI prasAda se' (gosvAmI tulasIdAsa, 1.34) / buddhivAdI AcArya ke isa vaktavya meM kiMcit bhAvukatA kI jhalaka ho sakatI hai. para yaha hai eka samartha Alocaka dvArA virATa vyaktitva kI sAmAjika cetanA kI mahaja svIkRti / AcArya zukla ne tulasI ke vivecana ko sahI prasthAna diyA, jo paraMparA pragativAdiyoM taka calI AI hai-DaoN. rAmavilAsa zarmA, rameza kuntala megha aura vizvanAtha tripAThI tk| videziyoM ne bhI tulasI kA adhyayana kiyA hai, jisameM barAnnikova jaise mArksavAdI haiN| tulasI ke navamUlyAMkana ke prayatna bhI hue haiM, jaise mahAkavi tulasI aura yaga-saMdarbha (bhagIratha mizra), tulasI-navamUlyAMkana (rAmaratana bhaTanAgara) aadi| naI pIr3hI kA dhyAna bhI isa ora gayA hai : vIrendra mohana, aruNa mizra Adi kaa| DaoN. rAmavilAsa zarmA ke zabdoM meM : 'tulasI kI bhakti samAja ke lie afIma nahIM thii| vaha janajAgaraNa kA eka sAdhana thii| bhakta tulasIdAsa mUlataH mAnavavAdI haiM' (paraMparA kA mUlyAMkana, pR. 88) / bhaktikAvya meM tulasIdAsa ko samanvaya kA kavi kahA gayA hai, ise samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| samanvaya aisA catura samajhautAvAda bhI ho sakatA hai jahA~ lekhaka kI pratibaddhatAe~ hI patA na cleN| para sArthaka racanA aisI cAlAkI se dUra rahatI hai aura vaha apanA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika dAyitva jAnatI hai| tulasI ne rAmacaritamAnasa ke AraMbha meM, 'nAnApurANa nigamAgamasammataM' kahakara paraMparA ko svIkRti dI, para use apane samaya-saMdarbha meM dekhaa| yahA~ rAma punaHsarjita hae, apane lokadharmI mAnavavAdI guNoM ke sAtha, jise AcArya zukla 'rAma kA zIla' kahate haiM aura jo jJAna-karma se saMyojita hokara arthavAna banatA hai| isa zIla kI vyApaka dhvani hai, jisase virATa vyaktitva kA bodha hotA hai| tulasI ke rAma phalaprada haiM : nAma rAma ko kalapataru, kali kalyAna nivAsu (bAla. dohA 26) / tulasI kA samaya vicitra aMtarvirodhoM kA thA, eka jaTila samaya : eka ora sAmaMtI vilAsa, dUsarI ora vipannatA meM DUbe saamaanyjn| jAtiyA~-upajAtiyA~ TakarA rahI thIM, darzana durbala thA, karmakAMDa bar3ha rahA thA, zaiva-vaiSNava-zAkta Apasa meM TakarA rahe the, saumanasya kA abhAva thaa| nAriyoM kI sthiti ciMtya thI, bAhyADaMbara prabhAvI thA aura samAja aMdhavizvAsoM se ghira gayA thaa| ina DheroM aMtarvirodhoM ke bIca se sahI mArga kI khoja tulasI kA samanvaya paMtha ho sakatA hai, yadi isa zabda ke upayoga kI anivAryatA hI ho, to| anyathA madhyakAlIna 'kalikAla' se TakarAte hue tulasIdAsa apanI sajaga cetanA se naI lokavAdI-mAnavavAdI avadhAraNA niSpAdita karate haiM, jisakA mAdhyama hai, raamkthaa| ve saguNa-nirguNa, jJAna-bhakti meM saMpradAyagata bheda svIkAra nahIM karate aura jJAna-samanvita bhakti ko bhaktikAvya kA svarUpa / 87

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sarvopari mAnate haiN| uttarakAMDa ke jJAna-bhakti vivecana meM ise dekhA jA sakatA hai| tulasI kI kSamatA unake saMkalpavAna vyaktitva meM hai, jahA~ ve rAma ko karmavAna guNa-samuccaya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karate hue, mUlya-maryAdAhIna samaya meM eka sArthaka mUlyaparaka saMhitA kI khoja karate haiN| AbhijAtya tor3ate hue, ve apanA maMtavya avadhI janabhASA meM pratipAdita karate haiM aura unakA pUrA muhAvarA vRhattara samAja se prApta kiyA gayA hai| isI se ve vyApaka svIkRti ke bhAratIya lokajIvana ke pravaktA-kavi haiN| bhaktikAvya ne laMbI yAtrA kI, lagabhaga cAra zatAbdiyoM kI aura sAmaMtavAdI samAja ke kaI dRzya aae-ge| prazna yaha ki ina sthitiyoM meM bhaktikAvya kA kauna-sA samAjazAstra AyA aura samAjadarzana kI kyA rUparekhAe~ ubhriiN| kaviyoM kI apanI banAvaTa hai jo unakI racanAzIlatA ko rUpAyita karatI hai, para yaha kahanA bhUla hai ki nirAkArI-nirguNa kI tulanA meM sAkArI-saguNa kama pragatizIla hai| athavA kRSNakAvya, rAmakAvya kI tulanA meM adhika sekluyara, paMtha-nirapekSa hai| dRSTi kA aMtara ho sakatA hai aura kathana-bhaMgimA kA bhI, para bhaktikAvya kI laMbI yAtrA kA kAraNa devatva nahIM hai, isake viparIta usakI mAnavIya ciMtA hai, jo use Aja bhI kisI biMdu para prAsaMgikatA detI hai, aura use khArija kara pAnA unake lie bhI kaThina, jo svayaM ko bhaktimArgI kahane se bacanA cAhate haiN| bhaktikAvya kA samAjazAstra hai, samaya-samAja se usakI TakarAhaTa, jo kabhI kabIra kI taraha jujhArU dikhAI detI hai, aura anyatra saMyata, para asaMtoSa sabameM hai| samAjadarzana hai-nae vikalpa kI khoja, nae mUlya-saMsAra kI tlaash| rAma-kRSNa to mAdhyama haiM, vAstavika lakSya hai, racanA-stara para uccatara bhAvaloka kI praapti| samAjazAstra aura samAjadarzana ke lie bhaktikAvya ne jisa abhivyakti-kauzala kA Azraya liyA, vaha svataMtra carcA kA viSaya hai| para racanA kI prAmANikatA ke lie ina sajaga kaviyoM ne pUrA muhAvarA lokajIvana se hI prApta kiyA-bhASA, chaMda aadi| bhaktikAvya meM madhyakAlIna lokajIvana kI upasthiti aura eka vaikalpika mUlya-saMsAra kI talAza usakI sAmarthya kA pramANa hai| bhaktikAvya meM samAjadarzana aura bhaktidarzana milakara apane racanA-saMsAra ko aisI dIpti dete haiM ki use kAlajayI kAvya kahA jAtA hai| usakA vaiziSTya yaha ki vaha apane samaya se saMgharSa karatA huA, use pAra karane kI kSamatA kA pramANa detA hai aura loka ko sIdhe hI saMbodhita karatA hai, pUre AtmavizvAsa ke saath| usakA vaikalpika bhAva-vicAra-loka usakA 'kAvya-satya' hai, jise vyApaka svIkRti milii| 88 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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kabIra : jo ghara phUMkai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha kabIra bhaktikAvya meM eka vyApaka prabhAva ke saMta kavi haiM, jinakI vyApti sudUra aMcaloM taka hai-mahArASTra se lekara paMjAba tk| paravartI marAThI saMta kaviyoM para unakI chAyA hai aura guru nAnaka ne unheM sammAnapUrNa sthAna diyA hai| kabIra ke nAma para paMtha-maTha nirmita hue, jinameM choTI kahI jAne vAlI jAtiyA~ sammilita huiiN| prakhara pravaktA ke sAtha kaI kaThinAiyA~ haiM aura unakI sahI pahacAna kA kArya sarala nhiiN| janma se lekara avasAna taka kI unakI jIvanagAthA kaI prakAra kI kiMvadaMtiyoM se bharI huI hai, camatkAra kA saMketa krtii| unake cAroM ora aisA vicitra tAnA-bAnA bunA gayA ki vAstavikatA kI par3atAla kA kArya bhI sarala nahIM raha gyaa| sabase bar3A saMkaTa yaha ki jise bhaktikAvya kA sabase vidrohI-krAMtikArI svara kahA jAtA hai, usI ko keMdra meM rakhakara maTha bane, jo prAyaH ciMtana kI jar3atA ke pratIka ho jAte haiN| eka prakhara krAMtikArI ke vicAroM kI aisI karmakAMDI pariNati svayaM meM duHkhada virodhAbhAsa hai| para isa sabake bIca kabIra Aja bhI hamAre sabase prAsaMgika kaviyoM meM haiM kyoMki unhoMne madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samAja ko lalakArA thA, jo dveSa, aMdhavizvAsa, rUr3hivAditA, purohitavAda, mithyAcAra para TikA thaa| isa prakharatA ne bhaktikAvya ko to prerita kiyA hI, Adhunika samaya meM ravIndranAtha unase prabhAvita hue aura unhoMne kabIra kI sau kavitAoM kA anuvAda kiyaa| AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne kabIra aura ravIndra meM samAnAMtara bhAvanAoM kI khoja kI hai, vizeSatayA premalIlA ke saMdarbha meM, yadyapi donoM ma pArthakya-rekhAe~ bhI haiN| vijayadevanArAyaNa sAhI ke kavitAsaMkalana kA zIrSaka 'sAkhI' kabIra kI preraNA hai aura isakI aMtima kavitAoM meM saMta kavi kA prabhAva hai| sAhI sata, sAdho ko saMbodhita karate haiM, bAjAra meM lukAThI liye logoM kI carcA hai aura jAtama kavitA hai : 'prArthanA guru kabIradAsa ke lie' : parama guru, do to aisI vinamratA kabIra : jo ghara pU~kai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha / 8.

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do ki aMtahIna sahAnubhUti kI vANI bola sakU~ aura yaha aMtahIna sahAnubhUti, pAkhaMDa na lge| kabIra harizaMkara parasAI ke preraNApuruSa haiM aura unhoMne 'suno bhAI sAdho', 'kabirA khar3A bAjAra meM' staMbha likhe haiN| unakI AtmasvIkRti hai : 'kabIradAsa kA vidroha, akkhar3apana, phakkar3apana, sadhukkar3I bhASA, sAphagoI, TheTha muhAvarA-ina sabase eka taraha se maiMne apane ko kabIra kI paraMparA se hI jor3a liyA' (tulasIdAsa caMdana ghisaiN)| saMtoM kI jIvana-rekhAe~ cAmatkArika ghaTanAoM se jor3a dI jAtI haiM aura vAstavikatA kA patA lagAne meM kaThinAI hotI hai| kabIra kA janma prAyaH 1398 I. svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai aura nidhana 1518 meN| isa prakAra unheM eka sau bIsa varSa kI laMbI Ayu milI thii| unake guru rAmAnanda the, jinakA samaya 1365-1468 hai| itihAsa kI dRSTi se saiyada sulatAna (1414-1451) tathA lodI vaMza (1451-1526) kA zAsana thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki nIrU-nImA julAhA-daMpati zizu kabIra ko kAzI janapada ke laharatArA tAlAba ke pAsa se uThA lAe the aura unhoMne unakA pAlana-poSaNa kiyaa| avasAna ke viSaya meM pracalita kathA bhI AzcaryakArI hai ki kabIra ne nirNaya liyA ki kAzI chor3akara, pAsa ke magahara meM aMtima samaya vyatIta kreNge| jIvana-bhara satya ke mArga para cale, to yadi mukti milanI hai to kahIM bhI milegI : jo kabirA kAsI marai, to rAmahi kauna nihorA athavA sakala janama sivapurI ga~vAiyA, maratI bAra magahara ko dhAiyA~ / julAhA jAti ke kabIra ne bunakaroM kI zabdAvalI kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai, usase rUpaka-vidhAna kI sRSTi kI hai : jolAhA bInahu ho harinAmA athavA jhInI-jhInI re bInI cdriyaa| kabIra julAhA jAti ke the, para aise udArapaMthI ki unhoMne apane viSaya meM kahA : 'nA hiMdU, nA muslmaan|' bhakta kI koI jAti nahIM hotI : saMtana jAta na pUcho nirguniyaa| kabIra kA avasAna bhI aisA ki unake aMtima saMskAra ko lekara hiMdU-musalamAna donoM jhagar3ane lage-eka zavadAha karanA cAhatA thA, dUsarA kabra meM dphnaanaa| zava para par3I huI cAdara uThAI gaI to dekhA, vahA~ kevala kucha phUla haiM, jinheM donoM ne bA~Ta liyA aura apane-apane DhaMga se aMtima saMskAra kiyaa| kabIra kA jIvana kaI vicitra ghaTanAoM meM ghirA hai, jisase camatkAra kA mAyAjAla bunane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| paMtha-maThoM ne isa vidrohI cetanA kA prayoga apane-apane DhaMga se kiyaa| svayaM kabIra kA racanA-karma kucha sUtra detA hai, jinase unakI racanAzIlatA ke preraka upakaraNa samajhe jA sakate haiN| janma-kathA kucha bhI ho, para julAhA-daMpati dvArA unakA pAlana-poSaNa kaI dRSTiyoM se vicAraNIya hai| bunakaroM kI aisI jAti hai jisameM hiMdU-musalamAna donoM haiM-korI hiMdU kahalAe, julAhA musalamAna / para mUlataH karma-AdhArita isa vyavasAya meM aisA jAtIya vibhAjana nahIM ki TakarAhaTa ho| karma manuSya ko jor3atA-bA~dhatA hai aura dharmaparivartana hokara bhI saMskAra bane rahate haiM, jisase samIpatA banI rahatI hai| kabIra ne adhikAMzatayA julAhA zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, 90 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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mI zabda bhI AyA hai| kAzI madhyakAla meM bhI paMDita-nagarI thI, apane atIta gauravazAlI aura kisI artha meM ahaMkAra-paricAlita bhii| jaba atIta adhika prAsaMgika nahIM raha jAtA aura vartamAna kI vAstavikatA sAmane hotI hai, to pustakIya jJAna jAA-dharma jaisA palAyana kara jAtA hai| madhyakAla kI kAzI meM, jJAna ke sAtha eka mA karmakAMDa panapa rahA thA, jahA~ aMdhavizvAsa, pAkhaMDa, chadma, jar3atA kA pariveza nirmita ho calA thaa| zaMkara kI nagarI kAzI ke lie apane vidyA-gaurava kI rakSA karanA bhI kaThina thA (motIcandra : kAzI kA itihAsa, pR. 202) / tulasI ne 'kavitAvalI' ke aMta meM mahAmArI ke mAdhyama se isakA ullekha kiyA hai| kabIra ne kAzI ke isa vikata vAtAvaraNa ko dekhA-samajhA aura usake prati gaharA kSobha vyakta kiyaa| yaha asaMtoSa unakI kavitA kA samAjazAstra samajhane ke lie Avazyaka hai| kabIra nizcaya hI prakhara medhA ke pratibhA-saMpanna vyakti rahe hoMge, kyoMki racanA meM vaicArikatA aura saMvedana kA prabhAvI saMyojana huA hai| vastuoM-dRzyoM ke Ara-pAra dekha sakane kI kSamatA jisa dhAradAra painI dRSTi kI mA~ga karatI hai, vaha kabIra ke pAsa bharapUra hai| kabIra vinaya bhAva se svIkArate haiM ki : 'masi kAgada chUyo nahIM, kalama gahyau nahiM hAtha' / jisa sAdhAraNa parivAra meM ve vikasita hue, vahA~ kisI bhI prakAra ke zAstra-pAMDitya-jJAna ke lie avasara hI kahA~ thA ? para guru ke cayana meM unhoMne bhUla nahIM kI, jise lekara bhI kaI prakAra kI carcAe~ haiM, jinameM eka yaha ki ve rAmAnanda ke 'haThAt ziSya' bane the aura ziSyatva-grahaNa ke lie gaMgA kI sIr3hiyoM para leTa gae the| rAmAnanda yadyapi rAmAnujAcArya kI paraMparA meM svIkAra kie jAte haiM, para sabhI vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya madhyakAla meM unakI aitihAsika bhUmikA kA ullekha kiyA hai jinake bAraha ziSyoM kI sUcI bhaktamAla meM dI gaI hai| rAmAnanda kI udAra dRSTi kA vivecana karate hue AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne likhA hai : "upAsanA ke kSetra meM hI ve jAti-pA~ti ke baMdhana ko asvIkAra karate the|...unke mata se guru ko AkAzadharmI honA cAhie jo paudhe ko bar3hane ke lie unmuktatA de, na ki zilAdharmI jo ki paudhe ko apane gurutva se dabAkara usakA vikAsa hI roka de' (hiMdI sAhitya kI bhUmikA, pR. 48) / prakhara kabIra ne apane tejasvI guru se udAra paMtha kI preraNA pAI, aura zAstra ke sthAna para anubhava-jJAna ke sahAre racanA-mArga meM agrasara hue| kabIra kI kavitA kaI dRSTiyoM se kaThinAI upasthita karatI rahI hai| jIvanI ke atirikta unakI racanAoM kI prAmANikatA ko lekara bhI vidvAn ekamata nahIM hai| 'kabIra bIjaka' ko mUla graMtha rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, para vastusthiti yaha hAka kabIra apane do Traka vyaktitva se itane janapriya hae, ki maukhika paraMparA bar3hatI rahA aura bhaktajana usameM apanI ora se bhI jor3ate-ghaTAte ge| guru nAnaka ke zrI gurunAtha sAhiba meM bhI kabIra ke dohe-pada saMkalita haiN| zyAmasuMdaradAsa, hajArIprasAda vivadA, rAmakumAra varmA, pArasanAtha tivArI, zakadeva siMha se lekara jayadeva siMha-vAsudeva kabIra : jo ghara phUMkai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha / 91

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siMha taka pATha-nirdhAraNa ke prayatna hue haiN| isa AdhAra para kabIra kA jo vyaktitva ubharatA hai, usakI kaI dizAe~ haiM, para do pramukha pakSoM ko lekara to jaise vidvAna unheM apanI-apanI ora le jAnA cAhate haiN| eka unakI vyaMgya-vANI para bala detA hai, dUsarA unakI AdhyAtmika cetanA pr| kiMtu kisI sateja vyaktitva ko parakhane kI yaha adhUrI dRSTi hai| kabIra ke aMdha bhaktoM ne unheM arase taka kevala dhArmika-saMpradAyagata dRSTi se dekhaa| dUsarA dRzya yaha ki unheM samAja-sudhAraka vyaMgyakAra ke rUpa meM dekhate hue, unakI unhIM kavitAoM kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai, jahA~ kavi adhika AkrAmaka hai| kabIra apane samaya kI visaMgatiyoM para tIkhe AkramaNa karate haiM : donoM pramukha jAtiyA~ adhUrI haiM-'are ina douna rAha na paaii| satya ke sAkSAtkAra meM donoM cUka giiN| ve satya ko jAnate hI nahIM : 'saMtoM, rAha duno hama dIThA, hiMdU-turuka haTA nahiM mAneM, svAda sabanhi ko miitthaa|' samAja meM jo visaMgatiyA~ haiM, unheM lekara kabIra bahuta AkrAmaka haiM, aura ve prazna para prazna karate haiM : 'hiMdU-turuka kahA~ te Ae ? kina yaha rAha calAI ? U~ca-nIca kA varga-bheda mithyA hai : 'kAhe ko kIjai pAMDe choti vicArA, chotihi te upajA sNsaaraa|' sAmaMtI samAja ke usa dehavAda para unakA AkramaNa hai, jahA~ zarIra hI satya mAnA gayA, pAMDitya jJAna kA paryAya samajha liyA gayA aura saMpUrNa samAja karItiyoM meM ulajha gyaa| jaba kabIra kA Akroza tIvra hotA hai to unakA vyaMgya aura bhI prakhara ho jAtA hai : calI hai kulaboranI gaMgA nhaay| kabIra ke jAtIya saumanasya ko bAra-bAra rekhAMkita kiyA jAtA hai, aneka rUpoM meN| madhyakAlIna itihAsa batAtA hai ki AraMbha meM donoM jAtiyoM meM TakarAhaTa thI aura unameM lagabhaga saMvAdahIna sthiti thii| sAmaMtI zAsaka aura parohita varga ne milakara ise banAe rakhA, jisameM donoM ke nihita svArtha the| para sAmaMtI samAja eka vyavasthA hai, jisameM muslima zAsakoM ne apane rAjya ko sudRr3ha karane ke lie sthAnIya logoM ko bhI sAmaMtavAda meM sammilita kiyA-manasabadAra, jAgIradAra, amIra-umarA kA abhijAtavarga pnpaa| jahA~ taka vijetA kA prazna hai, usameM ahaMkAra svAbhAvika hai, para parAjita jAti apane meM simaTa-sikur3a gaI aura bahusaMkhyaka hiMdU samAja para karmakAMDI purohita varga kA prabhutva sthApita huaa| isa dRSTi se eka aisI purogAmI sthiti AI, jaise viveka kuMThita ho gayA ho, logoM ne socanA hI baMda kara diyA ho| saltanata kAla ke aMtima daura meM eka ora anudAra pravRttiyA~ thIM, jo jAtIya saumanasya meM bAdhA thIM, dUsarI ora sAMskRtika saMvAda kA svara thA, maddhima hI shii|| bahudevavAda ke sthAna para advaitI bhAvanA kA Agraha isI dizA meM eka prayatna thaa| yaha dArzanika advaitavAda para pUrNa Azrita na hokara, apane samaya kI AvazyakatAoM kI upaja hai| dvaita-advaita-dvaitAdvaita kA dArzanika vivecana paMDitajana ke lie hai, jise / vaiSNavAcAryoM ne bhASya-vyAkhyA ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyaa| para kabIra kI dRSTi sAmAjika-sAMskRtika hai, kisI sImA taka vyAvahArika bhI aura ve donoM jAtiyoM ke ani 92 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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karNadhAroM para barAbara kI coTa karate haiM, jo Apasa meM lar3ate-jhagar3ate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki ve satya se bahuta dUra haiM kyoMki mithyADaMbara-grasta haiM, kathanI-karanI meM phA~ka hai : dina ko rojA rahatu hau, rAti hanati hau gAya athavA jo toharA ko brAhmana kahie, to kAko kahie kasAI / kabIra hara prakAra ke kaThamullepana para AkramaNa karate haiM kyoMki mithyAcAra satya-prApti ke mArga meM bar3I bAdhA hai| kabIra ne mullA - kAz2I, bA~bhana-purohita varga ke prati apanA Akroza vyakta kiyA hai kyoMki ve samAja ko sahI dizA meM nahIM le jaate| unakI aisI vicitra karmakAMDI vyavasthA hai, jahA~ AcAra-vicAra ke lie avasara hI nahIM hai, jaise| yaha AkramaNa yadi korA bhAvavAdI Akroza hotA to apane samaya meM hI cIkha - cillAkara samApta ho jAtA / para kabIra ne ise vyApaka vaicArika AdhAra para dekhA-parakhA, taba kisI tAttvika niSkarSa para pahu~ce / unake mana meM bhI prazna hai ki Akhira saMgharSa kyoM ? ve jAnate haiM ki isake mUla meM dharma kI vikRti hai, jo 'jJAna' ke sthAna para karmakAMDa meM ulajhA hai| aise avasaroM para sarvAdhika Ahata vaha jAgrata viveka hotA hai, jo mAnavatA kA mUlAdhAra hai / mAnava sabhyatA-saMskRti kI itanI laMbI yAtrA isI viveka ke sahAre taya kI hai| kabIra donoM jAtiyoM ke bahurupiyA dharmaguruoM para AkramaNa karate hue, unheM benakAba karate haiM, isa artha meM ki unakA mithyADaMbara batAte haiM / kabIra kahate haiM ki IMTa-patthara kA makAna vAstavika masjida hai hI nahIM / mAnava zarIra hI saccI masjida hai : kahu mullA bAMga nivAjA, eka masIti daso drvaaj'aa| prazna ke sAtha uttara bhI yahA~ hai re usI prakAra ve paMDitoM se kahate haiM : paMDita dekhahu mana meM jAnI, kahu dhauM chUti kahA~ se upajI tabahiM chUti tuma mAnI / Azcarya yaha hai ki saba vyartha ke karmakAMDa meM ulajhe haiM : paMDiA kavana kumati tuma lAge, bUr3ahuge parivAra sakala siu~ rAma na japahu abhAge / isake viparIta ve AlokadAtA sacce guru ko pratiSThita karate haiM, jo sacce jJAna kI ora le jAtA hai / I jahA~ taka jAtIya saumanasya kA prazna hai, kabIra ke samAjadarzana meM koI rAjanItika samAdhAna nahIM hai ki paMtha nirapekSatA kA 'sekyulara' nArA lagAyA jaay| eka sajaga samAjazAstrI kI taraha ve prazna kI gaharAI meM utarate haiM aura sthiti kA vivecana karate hai| dhyAna denA hogA ki kabIra kA Akroza una karmakAMDI purohita - zaktiyoM para hai, jo dharma kA niyamana karanA cAhatI haiN| mullA - paMDita donoM samAna doSI haiM aura jaba taka samAja para inakA niyaMtraNa hai, sthiti meM badalAva kaThina hai kyoMki ve sAMskRtika saumanasya meM bAdhA haiN| jAtiyoM ke bahujana samAja meM saMvedanazIla kabIra kI AsthA hai, isalie ve use sahAnubhUti dete haiM aura unake lie jJAna - prema samanvita mArga kI khoja karate haiN| prazna nihita svArtha vAle ADaMbarI varga se hai aura samAdhAna bahusaMkhyaka sAmAnyajana ke lie hai| isalie ve samAja meM vyApta kurItiyoM para AkramaNa karate haiM kyoMki varga-bheda ke sAtha varNa-bheda bhI hai| ve prazna karate haiM ki paMDitajana, batAo kabIra : jo ghara phU~kai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha / 93

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bhojana kahA~ karU~ ? kahu paMDita sUcA kavana ThAMuM, jahA~ baisi hA~u bhojana khAu~ / aspRzyatA ko lekara vidrohI kabIra ne tIkhe prahAra kie haiM ki jaba saba Izvara kI saMtAna haiM, to phira aMtara kaisA ? unakA vicAra hai ki yaha vyavasthA - nirmita hai, ise miTanA cAhie : chUtihi jevana, chUtihi a~cavana, chUtihi jaga upajAyA / kahaiM kabIra te chUti vivarajita, jAke saMga na mAyA / aisA purohita dharma kA niyAmaka nahIM ho sakatA, jo sadAcAra - saMpanna nahIM hai : bA~bhana guru jagata kA, sAdhu kA guru nAhIM / sAdhu-saMta purohita se zreSThatara haiM kyoMki ve AcaraNa para jIte haiM, kevala kathana - karmakAMDa para nahIM / jo dUsaroM ko saMcAlita karane kA daMbha pAlatA hai, vaha svayaM mithyAcAra meM ulajhA hai, phira vaha patha-pradarzana kaise karegA ? kabIra ne mullA-purohita varga ke lie vyaMgya-bhare saMbodhanoM ke jo prayoga kie haiM, usake unake Akroza kA patA calatA hai / para isameM nihita hai, prakhara sateja saMta kavi kI sadAzayatApUrNa mAnavIya ciMtA aura yahIM kabIra kI sAmAjika cetanA anya bhakta kaviyoM se kiMcit pRthak ho jAtI hai / kabIra ke lie dharma meM sadAcAra kI sthApanA anivAryatA hai, tabhI samAja sahI dizA meM agrasara ho sakatA hai| unake lie dharma hai - mAnavIya AcaraNa, satya kA saMdhAna, uccatara mAnavIya mUlya / mullA - kAz2I jisa zarIyata ( dharmazAstra), hadIsa (paig2ambara kI bAta) kA bAra-bAra ullekha karate haiM, kyA unhoMne svayaM bhI use Acarita kiyA hai ? namAz2a roz2A kA koI artha nahIM, yadi AcaraNa kI pavitratA nahIM hai : kAz2I mullA bharamiyA~ calA dunI ke saath| kabIra samAja meM jo visaMgatiyA~ dekhate haiM, unake vivaraNavistAra meM adhika nahIM jAte, unheM Tukar3oM meM vyakta karate haiM, para pUrI talkhI ke sAtha | saMpradAyavAda, jAti-upajAtivAda para unake AkramaNa sabase tIkhe haiM kyoMki isase zreNI-varga-vibhAjana hotA hai, manuSya khaMDa-khaMDa ho jAtA hai| kabIra ke samaya meM jisa sAmaMtI varga-bheda, bhoga-vilAsa, asahiSNutA kA vAtAvaraNa thA, usase ve vikSubdha the / para unheM kathA ke mAdhyama se use kahane kI suvidhA na thI, isalie ve anubhUti kA sahArA lete hue, Tukar3oM meM apanI bAta kahate haiM / dohA unakA priya mAdhyama hai para pUre citra ke lie ve padazailI apanAte haiM / jise 'sAfagoI' kahA jAtA hai, nirbhayatA ke sAtha kaha sakane kI kSamatA, belAga DhaMga se, vaha kabIra ke pAsa hai, aura jo sAmAnyajana taka pahu~catI hai : hiMdU kaha mohi rAma piyArA, turuka kahe rahimAnA, kabirA lar3i - lar3i doU mue, marama kAhU na jaanaa| kabIra nirAkAra-nirguNa kI bhakti kA pratipAdana soddezya karate haiM, jisake mUla meM sAmAjika-sAMskRtika kAraka haiM aura karmakAMDa, tIrthATana Adi kA virodha bhI isI Azaya se hai| isase dhArmika zoSaNa se mukti milatI hai : deva pUji - pUji hiMdU muye, turaka muye haja jAI, jaTA bA~dhi - bA~dhi yogI muye, inameM kinahU~ na paaii| kabIra jAtIya saumanasya ke sabase prabala pravaktA haiM - madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samAja kI visaMgatiyoM para coTa karate hue, ve jisa vyaMgya kA astra apanAte haiM, vaha Aja bhI prAsaMgika hai| 94 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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madhyakAlIna bhArata eka vibhAjita samAja hai, isakA ehasAsa sajaga kabIra ko hai| yAyAvarI vRtti se unhoMne jo vyApaka anubhava saMcita kiyA thA, vaha pU~jI, vahI unakI sNptti| zAstra-jJAna meM unakI na ruci thI, na AsthA aura unakI mAnyatA hai ki pustakIya jJAna adhUrA hai, kaI bAra jIvana kI pravAhita dhAra se hama kaTa jAte haiN| kevala pustakIya honA, jIvana-saMvedana kI dRSTi se durbala honA hai, aura isase jo ahaMkAra upajatA hai, vaha aura bhI ghAtaka kyoMki isake sAtha kaI anya vikAra Ate haiN| kabIra kA Agraha 'anubhava-jJAna' para hai aura isa dRSTi se ve jIvana-saMsakti ke kavi haiN| yadi paMktiyoM ke bIca se guz2arA jAya to milegA ki unakI racanAoM meM madhyakAla kA sAmAnya janajIvana saMketoM-Tukar3oM meM vidyamAna hai : mana baniyA~ bA~ni na chor3e, bahubidhi bAsana kAr3he kuMbhArA aadi| lakSmIcanda ne apanI pustaka 'kabIra aura jAyasI : grAma-saMskRti' meM kabIra kI grAma-jIvana-saMbaMdhI dRSTi kA vivecana kiyA hai| kabIra vivaraNoM meM kama jAte haiM, para isake muhAvare kA upayoga ve apane manovAMchita Azaya taka pahu~cane ke lie kuzalatA se karate haiN| rUpaka-vinyAsa meM vizeSa rUpa se unhoMne ise apanAyA hai, jisase sAmAnyajana kI sthiti kA bodha hotA hai| eka pada hai : 'aba na basU ihi gAu~ gusAIM, jisakI eka sAtha kaI artha-dhvaniyA~ haiN| kavi apane samaya se kSubdha hai, jo mUlya-maryAdAhIna madhyakAla hai jisase usakI saMvedanA Ahata hotI hai| para prazna hai ki eka vikRta samaya meM manuSya jAe bhI to kahA~ ? palAyana bhI koI sahI mArga nahIM aura jIvana-saMgrAma to pAra karanA hI hogA, pUre saMkalpa ke saath| kabIra samaya ke prati asaMtoSa ke sAtha, AdhyAtmika saMketa karate haiM ki yaha zarIra hI grAma hai, jo vikAragrasta hai-iMdriyoM vAsanAoM meM lipta / mukhiyA, paTavArI, balAhI (lagAna vasUlanevAlA), dIvAna saba yahA~ Ate haiM (kabIra vAGmaya, khaMDa 2, pada 10) : aba na batUM ihi gAu~ gusAIM, tere nevagI khare saMyAne ho rAma nagara eka taha~ nIva dharama hata, basai ju paMca kisAnA nainUM nikalUM zravanU~, rasaneM, indrI kahA na mAneM ho rAma gAu~ ku ThAkura kheta ku nepai, kAitha kharaca na pArai jori jevarI kheta pasArai, saba mili mokauM mArai ho rAma sthiti kI jAnakArI kabIra ko hai aura ve Upara-Upara na tairakara, samasyAoM kI gaharAI meM jAte haiN| isIlie unakI spaSTavAditA, vyaMgya-bANa eka ora haiM, aura saMketa kI bhASA dUsarI ora / yahIM kabIra kA samAjadarzana banatA hai ki ve mUla kAraNoM kI talAza karate haiN| unake pAsa tAtkAlika samAdhAna na ho, para ve racanA kI laMbI yAtrA karate haiM, vicAra-saMvedana ke dharAtala pr| prAyaH kabIra kI khaMDana dRSTi kA Agraha karane kI bhUla kI jAtI hai, para racanA meM yaha saMzliSTa prakriyA se saMbaddha prazna hai| kabIra samaya kA citraNa nahIM karate, ve usase TakarAte haiM aura ve nirapekSa athavA taTastha kabIra : jo ghara phUMkai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha / 95

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nahIM haiM, vyApaka artha meM pratibaddha haiM, zreSThatara mAnavamUlyoM ke lie| madhyakAla meM samAja para rAjataMtra tathA use poSita karate hue paMDita - purohita varga kA prAdhAnya hai aura sabane sAmAnyajana ko gumarAha kiyA hai| kabIra ke vyaMgya Akroza kI upaja haiM, para isake mUla meM jo karuNA - sahAnubhUti ke tattva vidyamAna haiM, unakI ora hamArA dhyAna jAnA caahie| kabIra ko apanA guru svIkArane vAle prakhara vyaMgyakAra harizaMkara parasAI ne svayaM ko 'becaina mana kA AdamI' kahA hai| yaha becainI hara aise ImAnadAra racanAkAra meM hotI hai, jo sAmAjika-sAMskRtika parivartana meM zabda kI bhUmikA kA nirvAha karanA cAhatA hai| kabIra kI vicAradhArA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai kyoMki Ahata saMvedana vicArabhUmi para Akara sarjanarata hotA hai / kSaNika bhAvukatA, bhAvAveza akAratha cale jAte haiM para vicAra-saMvedana kI saghana maitrI racanA ko sArthakatA detI hai, jise pahale bhAva-vicAra kahA jAtA thA / kabIra ne nirguNa-nirAkAra kA varaNa saprayojana kiyA / devatva kI oTa meM jo karmakAMDa madhyakAla meM vikasita huA, usase hara prakAra ke purohitavAda ko prazraya milA, sAmaMtI saMrakSaNa to use thA hI / nirAkAra - sAkAra, nirguNa-saguNa ko Amane-sAmane rakhakara dekhanA bhI eka sImA taka hI ucita hai, para kabIra nirguNa ko jJAnapaMtha mAnate haiM aura unake anusAra viveka sarvopari hai aura jJAna ke udaya hone para bhrama TUTa jAte haiN| yaha eka prakAra kA sUryodaya hai, jisake viSaya meM nirAlA ne bhI kahA : uge aruNAcala meM ravi, AI bhAratI-rati kavi - kaMTha meM (jAgo phira eka bAra), athavA jIvana- prasUna meM vaha vRttahIna, khula gayA uSAnabha meM navIna (prabhAtI ) / kabIra jAnate haiM ki saguNa karmakAMDa ke lie adhika avasara rahatA hai, isalie ve nirguNa jJAna mArga apanAte haiN| yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki kabIra jaise jJAnamArgI nirguniyA~ ko bhI keMdra meM rakhakara maTha bne| kabIra kA Agraha nirmala AcaraNa para hai, pUrNa jJAna para hai jise buddhadeva ke saMdarbha meM bodha - prApti athavA 'bodhatva' kahA gyaa| isase vAstavikatA kA bodha hotA hai aura satya ke sAkSAtkAra kI prakriyA AraMbha hotI hai| kabIra ne kahA, 'saMtoM bhAI AI gyAMna kI A~dhI re, bhrama kI TATI sabhai ur3AMnI, mAyA rahe na bA~dhI re / ' saMpUrNa rUpaka (sAMga) ke mAdhyama se unhoMne jJAnodaya kA citra prastuta kiyA ki bhrama, Asakti, bAhyAcAra, tRSNA, kumati-mAyA ke upakaraNa naSTa ho ge| jisa mAyAjanya chAjana ko Azrayasthala samajhA thA, vaha jJAnAgamana para samApta ho gayA-bhrama-bhaMga kI sthiti hai, yaha / pada ke aMta meM jJAnAzrita bhakti kI varSA kA citraNa hai : 'A~dhI pAchai jo jala barasai, tihiM terA jana bhInAM / kahai kabIra mani bhayA pragAsA, udai bhAnu jaba cInAM / ' yaha cetanA kI sAttvikatA kA aruNodaya hai, jaba vikAra mara jAte haiM, cetanA uccatama mUlya-dharAtala para pahu~catI hai, jise kabIra bhagavadbhakti kahate haiM / jJAna nirguNa paMtha kA mUlAdhAra hai jahA~ Agraha AcaraNa kI zucitA para hai aura Atma-sAkSAtkAra parama virATa kI prApti kA upAya hai| jJAna jAgrata viveka kA nAma hai jo kabIra meM 96 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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bAra-bAra kaI rUpoM meM AtA hai, aura ise unake samAjadarzana kA mUlAdhAra kahA jA sakatA hai, jise gar3hane meM unhoMne zrama kiyA / jJAna-prApti ke lie saMpUrNa bhaktikAvya meM AlokadAtA guru kA mahattva hai, para kabIra meM vaha viziSTa sthAna para hai| yaha karmakAMDI chadmadhArI purohitavAda ko lalakAratA vivekasaMpanna varga hai, saccA jJAnI / kabIra ne ise madhyakAlIna vikalpa ke rUpa meM dekhA kyoMki pothiyA~ jAnakArI detI haiM, para prakAza ke lie sahI guru cAhie, jo 'vivekI dRSTi' detA hai / phira to Age kI rAha taya kI jA sakatI hai| yaha akAraNa nahIM ki kabIra ne guru ko goviMda ( vidhAtA ) se zreSThatara sthAna diyA / 'sAkhI' 'gurudeva kau aMga' se AraMbha hotI hai aura yahA~ guru paribhASita hai - vaha 'sataguru' hai, jisakI paraMparA sikha dharma taka phailI huI hai| sataguru sagA, zubhecchu hai : sataguru savAMna ko sagA, sodhI saIM na dAti, harijI savAna ko hitU, harijana saIM na jAti / guru manuSya ko devatA banAtA hai - mUlya - samuccaya kA pratIka / vaha dRSTi detA hai - hama aMdhakAra se prakAza meM Ate haiN| eka dohe meM kabIra ne 'kaliyuga' kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisase jAhira hai ki madhyakAla meM guru kI maryAdA meM kamI AI thI kyoMki vaha ADaMbara yuga thA / unhoMne sataguru ko zUravIra kahA jo cetanA ko jJAna- bANa se uddIpta karatA hai / cetanA bhaTaka rahI thI, guru ne cetanA kA rUpAMtaraNa kara diyA : pIche lAgA jAi thA, loka veda ke sAthi, Age thaiM sataguru milyA, dIpaka - dIyA hAthi / guru jAti-pA~ti saba miTA detA hai, samabhUmi detA hai| kabIra ne sataguru ke mAdhyama se jJAna - prema kI sammilita bhUmi kA ullekha kiyA hai : sataguru hama sU~ rIjhi kari kayA eka prasaMga, barasyA bAdala prema kA bhIji gayA saba aMga / madhyakAla meM guru-ziSya saMbaMdha lar3akhar3Ae kyoMki vidyA kA vyavasAya hone lagA thA, vaha apane jJAna-mArga se bhaTaka gaI thI / sAttvika, mUlya - Acarita jJAna kA sthAna vAcAla vyAvasAyika paMDitAI ne le liyA thA / guru-ziSya ke lar3akhar3Ate saMbaMdhoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara, kabIra ne unheM paribhASita kiyA : dAtA-grahItA donoM yogya hone cAhie, nahIM to durghaTanA hogii| guru ajJAnI to celA mahAajJAnI : jAkA guru bhI aMdhalA, celA kharA niraMdha, aMdhahi aMdhA TheliyA donoM kUpa paDaMta / athavA nA gura milyA na siSa bhayA, lAlaca khelyA DAva, donoM bUr3e dhAra meM, car3hi pAthara kI nAva / kabIra jisa Aloka se uccatara mUlyoM kA niSpAdana karanA cAhate haiM, usakA prasthAna jyoti-rUpa guru hai, jisakI virATa paraMparA bhAratIya vAGmaya meM rahI hai| madhyakAla meM, kabIra ke lie, vaha chadma kA varaNIya vikalpa hai, viveka kA pratinidhi, saccA jJAnI, preraNA puruSa / jJAna-mArga kI bAdhAoM kA saMketa karate hue, kabIra ne jo adhyAtma - loka racanA cAhA haiM, usakI samajha bhI Avazyaka hai| samaya jaisA hai, vaisA hai, usase palAyana bhI ucita nahIM aura mArga isI ke bhItara se khojanA hogaa| kabIra ne eka vyApaka zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, jise 'mAyA' kahA gayA aura jisake aneka rUpa haiN| eka zarIra-keMdrita kabIra : jo ghara phU~kai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha / 97

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bhoga-vilAsa kA aiMdrika jagata hai, sAmaMtI samAja dvArA paricAlita, jo dikhAI detA hai| para AMtarika-bAhya mUlyoM kA samAna vikRta-saMsAra hai| mUlya-maryAdAe~ TUTI haiM, eka vikAragrasta samaya hai, jahA~ hiMsA, tRSNA, vaimanasya, mithyAcAra Adi kA prAdhAnya hai| kabIra ke lie zAMkara vedAMtI mAyA-vyAkhyA bahuta upayogI nahIM pratIta hotI, jahA~ jagat ko mithyA kahA gyaa| eka sajaga kavi ke rUpa meM kabIra sarvaprathama vicAra-bhUmi banAte haiM, jise ve 'sahI dRSTi' kahate haiM aura phira AcAra-saMhitA para Ate haiN| kabIra ne jIvana ko saMgrAma rUpa mAnA hai aura guru ko zUraziromaNi rUpa meM dekhA hai| yahA~ karmahIna vairAgya, paramapalAyana, ekAMtavAsa, vaiyaktika mokSa ke lie sthAna nahIM hai| jJAna ke lie jisa mArga para calanA hai, vaha 'asidhAvana' hai| AtmasaMgharSa se guz2aratA pratibaddha vyakti zUravIra hai-vahI saccA bhakta hai : sUrA tabahI paraSiye, laDai dhaNI ke heta, purijA-purijA huvai par3e, taU na chADai khet| isa prakAra madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI yuddha ko kabIra uccatara mUlyoM kI pariNati dete haiN| jJAna-bhakti mArga sarala nahIM hai, yaha balipaMthI kA mArga hai-vikAroM se niraMtara jUjhanA : kAma, krodha sUM jhUjhaNAM, caur3e mAMDyA khet| kabIra ke lie vAstavika yuddha iMdriyoM se hai, jinakA rAjA mana hai| vikAroM ke svAmI mana ko niyaMtraNa meM karane ke lie tapa-sAdhanA mArga kA Agraha kiyA jAtA hai| ahaMkAra aura mana kA nikaTa saMbaMdha hai, isalie donoM para niyaMtraNa Avazyaka hai| gItA meM iMdriyA~, mana, buddhi, AtmA aura sarvopari kA jo krama hai, vaha eka prakAra se unnayana kA prayatna hai| mAyA vikAroM kA rUpa hai, mana jisake niyaMtraNa meM hai aura kabIra ke lie mAyA pApinI-mohinI hai jo kisI ko nahIM chor3atI : ramaiyA kI dulahini lUTA bajAra, surapura lUTi, nAgapura lUTA, tihUM loka macyA hAhAkAra / kabIra mahAThaginI ko pahacAnate haiM aura isase mukti kA upAya khojate haiM-mana, iMdriya, vAsanA para niyaMtraNa isakA prathama caraNa hai| vikAra ahaMkAra se upajate haiM, ise kabIra jaisA AtmavizvAsI svAbhimAnI kavi-saMta jAnatA hai| ve kahate haiM ki ahaMkAra ke vilayana (sUfiyoM meM hastI kA phanA honA) ke binA satya se sAkSAtkAra saMbhava nahIM: maimaMtA mana mAri re, nAnhAM kari kari pIsi, taba sukha pAvai suMdarI, brahma jhalakai siisi| jisa ahaMkAra ko vikAroM ke kAraka rUpa meM kabIra dekhate haiM, usake vilayana kI vyApti loka se lokottara taka hai| ahaMkAra sAmaMtI samAja kA avaguNa hai-jise rAjamada, sattAmada Adi kahA gyaa| maraNazIla zarIra hai, phira ahaMkAra kaisA ? bAra-bAra aneka rUpoM meM kabIra ne nazvaratA kA ullekha kiyA hai, cetAvanI ke lie : keza jalate haiM, ghAsa kI taraha, asthiyA~ lakar3I kI trh| para kSaNika saMcArI zmazAna jJAna se kucha nahIM hogA, sthAyI samAdhAna pAnA hogaa| ahaMkAra ke viSaya meM kabIra kI tIkhI TippaNI : phirata kata phUlyau phUlyau, jaba dasa mAsa uradha mukhi hote, so dina kAhe bhUlyau / ahaMkAra se mukti, uccatara mUlya dharAtala para jAne kA prathama sopAna hai aura yaha sAmAjika artha meM loka 98 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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ke sAtha saMvAda kI sthiti meM honA hai, dUsaroM ke duHkha-sukha meM shbhaagii| AdhyAtmika artha meM vyaMjanA lokottara hai-uccatama mUlya-dharAtala kI prApti, jise jIva kA brahma meM samA jAnA kahA gayA, agnikaNa kA mahApiMDa meM vilyn| ___madhyakAlIna vyavasthA meM paMDitAI, zAstra, karmakAMDa kA jo varcasva thA, use cunautI dene kA kArya sarala na thA, para kabIra ne ise apanI vinayI prakharatA se svIkAra kiyaa| yoM to bhaktikavi apane sAttvika vinaya-bhAva ke bAvajUda AtmavizvAsI haiM, para kabIra meM eka durlabha prahArAtmakatA hai, jo unheM dUsaroM se alaga vyaktitva detI hai| anubhava ko unhoMne jJAna kA darjA diyA aura pUre sAhasa se kahA ki dUsare loga pothI-paMDita haiM, pustakIya bAteM karate haiM, maiM 'oNkhina dekhI' kahatA huuN| jAhira hai ki unameM adbhuta nirIkSaNa-kSamatA rahI hogI aura apanI yAyAvarI meM unhoMne bahuta kucha jAnA-samajhA hogaa| ve tathAkathita pothI-paMDitoM ko lalakAra kara kahate haiM ki hamAre-tumhAre mana-mata eka kaise ho sakate haiM : merA-terA manuAM kaise ika hoI re, maiM kahatA hauM A~khina dekhI tU kahatA kAgada kI lekhii| yahA~ kabIra virodhI dRSTiyoM kA ullekha karate haiM, jaise dizAe~ alaga-alaga hoN| jJAnI sulajhAnA cAhatA hai, para paMDita ulajhAkara rakhatA hai| kabIra cetAvanI ke kavi haiM, sabako jagAe rakhanA cAhate haiM; ve svayaM ko saMbodhita karate haiM, aura dUsaroM ko bhI-alakha jagAte hue| paMDita sahI nahIM kahate, jhUTha bolate haiM : paMDita bAda badai so jhUThA, rAma kahaiM duniyA mati pAvai, khAMr3a kahaiM mukha miitthaa| kore zAstra ke AdhAra para anubhUtivihIna paMDitAI kA kyA artha hai ? kabIra dukhI haiM ki kaisA kalikAla hai ki mithyADaMbara ko Adara hai : kabIra kali khoTI bhaI, muniyara milai na koya, lAlaca lobhI masakarA, tinakU~ Adara hoy| aise meM anubhava-jJAna kA mAhAtmya sthApita karate hue kabIra loka se lokottara kA saMketa karate haiM, jahA~ mukhya ciMtA uccatara mAnava-mUlyoM kI hai| kabIra vikalpa ke svapnadraSTA haiM aura yahIM unakA samAjadarzana mahattvapUrNa hai| samaya kA vikalpa hai-jAgaraNa aura niraMtara jAgaraNa, jisakI kaI dhvaniyA~ haiM-saceta, sajaga, tAki vikAra na ghera leM aura niraMtara UrdhvamukhI yAtrA kA prayatna / kabIra jAnate haiM ki yaha mArga sarala na hokara, atyaMta kaThina hai, kyoMki sAdhanA-paMtha hai| kathanI-karanI ke dvaita ko pATanA hogA aura domuMhepana ke lie yahA~ koI sthAna nahIM hai| mukhauTe ughAr3ane hoMge, taba sahI dizA mila sakegI : mana re jAgata rahiyo bhAI, gAphila hoi basata mati khovai, cora musai ghara jaaii| yaha AtmajAgaraNa to hai hI, dUsaroM ke lie udbodhana bhI hai kyoMki jAgaraNa sabake sAtha hI zreyaskara hai| kabIra ko ehasAsa hai ki uccatara mAnavamUlyoM ke jisa mArga kA saMdhAna ve kara rahe haiM, usakI sAdhanA kaThina hai| unakA bahuuddhRta dohA hai : kabirA khar3A baz2Ara meM liye lukAThI hAtha, jo ghara phUMkai ApanA, calai hamAre saath| kabIra kI sAdhanA guhya sAdhanA nahIM hai, vaha sareAma hai, jahA~ lukAThI (jalatI lakar3I) hAtha meM lekara kabIra cala par3A hai| jo kabIra : jo ghara phUMkai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha / 99

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ahaM ko miTA sakatA hai, vahI isa rAha para cala sakatA hai| kabIra ke zabdoM meM : kabAra mAraga agama hai, saba munijana baiThe thAki, tahA~ kabIrA cali gayA, gahi satagura kI sASi | yaha hai kabIra kA gaharA AtmavizvAsa, AraMbhika prasthAna ke rUpa meM jisakA zreya ve vivekI guru ko dete haiM, phira to svayaM hI agrasara honA hai / / kabIra ke kAvya kI viparIta pratIta hone vAlI dizAe~ mUlyAMkana kI kaThinAI utpanna karatI haiN| eka ora sajaga sAmAjika cetanA hai, dUsarI ora AdhyAtmika svara, jise adhUre sAkSAtkAra ke kAraNa kaI bAra rahasyavAda bhI kahA gayA / kabIra nirguniyA~ haiM, para 'rAma' kA prayoga bAra-bAra karate haiM, yadyapi unake rAma kA svarUpa 'dazarathasuta' se bhinna hai| jJAna kA unameM prabala Agraha hai para prema bhAva, bhakti se saMyojita huA hai aura ina donoM meM saMgati kI kaThinAI ho sakatI hai kyoMki kabIra meM prema uccatama dharAtala para vivecita hai / ve kahate haiM, prema hI satya hai : pothI par3hi-par3hi jaga muA paMDita bhayA na koya, DhAI Akhara prema kA par3he so paMDita hoya / sabase adhika bAdhA upasthita karatI hai, vaha yoga kI zabdAvalI, jo paraMparA meM pracalita thI - aise nizcita artha ke vAhaka zabda jo pratIka haiM- surati nirati, ir3A-piMgalA, brahmaraMdhra kamala, anahadanAda, alakha niraMjana Adi aura isa AdhAra para kabIra ko rahasyavAdI ghoSita kiyA jAtA hai| ina virodhI pratIta hone vAlI dizAoM athavA dhArAoM ko madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samAja ke aMtarvirodha ke rUpa meM dekhanA bhI saralIkaraNa hogA, kyoMki kabIra ulajhAva ke kavi nahIM haiM / unameM korA bhAvavAda bhI nahIM hai ki unakI bhaktibhAvanA ko Aveza-kSaNa kaha diyA jAya / merA vicAra hai ki kabIra kisI zAstrIya pratipAdana ke lie yatnazIla nahIM haiM, para unakI racanAoM se samAjadarzana kA jo samagra saMsAra ubharatA hai, usameM virodhI dizAe~ saMyojita hotI haiM / gantavya eka hai, uccatara mAnavamUlyoM kI AcaraNa-pratiSThA, usakI bhaMgimAe~ alaga haiN| do mArga eka hI gaMtavya para pahu~canA cAhate haiM, eka sAmAnyajana se saMvAda kI sahaja sthiti meM hai, dUsare ke lie kiMcit zrama kI AvazyakatA hai| sajaga sAmAjika cetanA meM kabIra kA krAMtikArI rUpa mukhara hai, jo sAmAjika vidroha kA pratibaddha rUpa hai / vaiyaktika vidroha kI racanA meM sImA hai, kaI bAra vaha nirvIrya phUtkAra banakara samApta ho jAtA hai, para isakI prayojanavatI bhUmikA meM vRhattara samAja sammilita hotA hai| kabIra ke prakhara vyaMgyakAra ko rekhAMkita kiyA jAtA hai, para usake mUla meM nihita mAnavIya karuNA bhAva kI samajha honI caahie| kabIra 'ciMtAkula kavi' haiM, unheM samAja kI visaMgatiyA~ udvelita karatI haiN| samAja ke do dRzya haiM, eka saMpanna - nizcita aura dUsarA viSAda- dduubaa| bahupracalita dohe kI arthadhvani dUra taka jAtI hai: sukhiyA saba saMsAra hai, khAvai au sovai, dukhiyA dAsa kabIra hai jAgai au rovai / sAmaMtI samAja meM abhijana samAja hai, vaibhavasaMpanna, para bahujana varga unakA jo abhAvagrasta hai, yaha sAmAjika sthiti hai / para AdhyAtmika saMketa bhI ki ve sakhI - nizcita haiM, 100 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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jo Atmabaddha haiM, bar3I ciMtAe~ nahIM pAlIM / kabIra jAgrata cetanA ke kavi haiM, ve samAja kI bebasI se dukhI haiM, alakha jagAnA cAhate haiM aura AdhyAtmika artha meM loka se uccatara mUlya-saMsAra kI ora prayANa saMta kavi kA vAMchita kavi-svapna hai / ku~varanArAyaNa ke zabdoM meM: hAya, para mere kalapate prANa tumako milA kaisI cetanA kA viSama jIvana-mAna / jisakI iMdriyoM se pare jAgrata haiM anekoM bhUkha (cakravyUha : Azaya ) / yogaparaka zabdAvalI kaThinAI upasthita karatI hai aura saMpradAyagata dRSTi ko, unheM rahasyavAdI pramANita karane kI suvidhA ho jAtI hai| para kabIra kI sAmAjika cetanA aura adhyAtma loka donoM uccatama Azaya se paricAlita haiM, jahA~ kavi aise vikalpa kA saMketa karatA hai, jisameM madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samAja ko lalakArA gayA hai| vyaMgya hamArI samajha meM A jAtA hai, kyoMki prAyaH vaha mukhara hai, para uccatara mUlya-saMsAra ke AdhyAtmika loka taka pahu~cane meM kiMcit kaThinAI hotI hai / para yaha uccatara loka mAnavIya ciMtA kA hI sarvottama sopAna hai, jise saMta kavi kI abhIpsA ke rUpa meM dekhanA cAhie / kavi kA svapna usake 'viz2ana' se saMbaddha hotA hai, jisameM sarjanAtmaka kalpanA kI bhUmikA hotI hai| jJAna - prema ke rasAyana se bhakti kA nirmANa karate hue kabIra dehavAda kA virodha karate haiM, jo sAmaMtI samAja kI mukhara pravRtti hai aura jisake kaI rUpa haiN| jaba ve mAyAjanya nissAratA aura maraNazIla jIvana kA varNana vistAra se karate haiM, taba unakA yaha bhI prayojana hai ki Akhira mRtyu para vijaya kaise pAI jAya / unake kaI prazna haiM ki jaba jIvana kAla ke vaza meM hai to moha kyoM ? mRtyu-bhaya ke dvArA kabIra manuSya ko vAstavikatA kA bodha karAkara, aiMdrika saMsAra se usakI rakSA karanA cAhate haiN| bar3e bhAgya se manuSya-tana milatA hai, use yoM hI ga~vA denA ucita nahIM : mAnukha tana pAyau bar3e bhAga, aba bicAri kai khelau bhAga / kabIra kA prazna hai, mAyAjanya saMsAra yadi maraNazIla hai, to phira mukti-mArga kyA hai ? aura yahA~ ve vaikalpika rAha sujhAte haiM ki jJAna ke sahAre bhaktimArga kA anusaraNa / yahA~ jJAna- prema meM koI aMtara nahIM hai, donoM ke saMyojana se bhakti pratiSThita hotI hai / prema - rasa, harirasa kI carcA bAra-bAra AtI hai : hari rasa pIyA jAMNiye, je kabahu~ na jAi khumAra, maiMmaMtA ghUmata rahai, nAMhI tana kI sAra / yaha anirvacanIya sukha hai, gUMge ke gur3a kI taraha / AdhyAtmika zabdAvalI meM jIva ke brahma athavA carama satya se sAkSAtkAra kA jo prayatna hai, vaha uccatama mUlya-saMsAra hai / ise kisI aise aparibhASita guhya saMsAra meM le jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM, jahA~ taka pahu~cA hI na jA ske| kabIra ke anusAra, yoM hai yaha mArga kaThina, para sAdhanA se ise pAyA jA sakatA hai| I jJAna ke sAtha prema kabIra ke bhaktibhAva, samAjadarzana kA avibhAjya aMga hai / ise vyakta karane ke lie unhoMne uktiyoM ke sthAna para pratIkoM - rUpakoM kA sahArA liyA tAki apanA maMtavya saMpUrNatA meM prakAzita kara sakeM / AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI, jinhoMne kabIra ke phakkar3apana ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai, unakA bhI vicAra hai ki 'kabIradAsa kabIra : jo ghara phU~kai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha / 101

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kI bhaktisAdhanA kA keMdrabiMdu premalIlA hai, jo vyApaka aura vizAla hai' (kabIra, pR. 187) / 'DhAI Akhara prema kA par3he so paMDita hoi' unakA parama vAkya hai| kabIra ne AdhyAtmika ratibhAva kI parikalpanA kI aura svayaM ko 'rAma kI bahuriyA' ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| eka meM ve svayaM ko 'rAma kA kUtA' kahate haiM, jisakA nAma mutiyA hai aura jo dAsya bhAva kA, prapatti-samarpaNa kA pratIka hai| dUsarI ora svayaM ko bahariyA rUpa meM citrita karate haiM, pragAr3ha prItibhAva, jo rAgAtmakatA se saMpanna hai| kabIra meM yaha AdhyAtmika premabhAva vistAra se AyA hai aura unhoMne AdhyAtmikatA ke vRtta ko pUrNa karane ke lie AMtarika viyoga kI kalpanA kI hai, jaba AtmA brahma athavA parama satya kI prApti ke lie vikala hotI hai : cakavI bichurI raiNi kI, Ai milI parabhAti, je jana bichure rAma sUM, te dina mile na rAti / svayaM ko AdhyAtmika virahiNI kI sthiti meM rakhakara kabIra satya ke sAkSAtkAra kA Agraha karate haiN| vedanA kA yaha svarUpa uccatara dharAtala kA bodha karAtA hai, jise sUphiyoM ne 'izka hakIkI' khaa| isa mUlyagata pIr3A se cetanA zuddha hokara nikharatI hai aura kabIra ne isake lie cAtaka kA upayoga kiyA hai : nainAM nIjhara lAiyA, rahaTa bahai nisa jAma, papIhA jyU~ piva-piva karauM, kabaru milahuge raam| jAyasI, sUra, mIrA meM bhI isa AdhyAtmika viyoga kI sthiti vyakta huI hai, jahA~ Azaya uccatama mUlya-saMsAra kI ora prayANa hai| yaha sAdhanA kI prakriyA hai, jisase guz2arakara hI parama satya ko pAyA jA sakatA hai| kabIra AdhyAtmika ratibhAva ko eka mArmika pada meM vyakta karate haiM ki sAdhanA kI upalabdhi aisI ki paramAtman pati svayaM varaNa ke lie Ae haiM : dulahinIM gAvahu maMgalacAra hama ghari Ae rAjA rAma bharatAra tana rata kari maiM mana rati karihauM pA~cau tatta barAtI rAma deva morai pAhune Ae maiM jobana #mAtI kabIra ke advaitavAda-ekezvaravAda meM vibheda kI sImAe~ TUTatI haiM, isalie unhoMne isakA varaNa kiyaa| eka sAtha kaI praznoM ke uttara yahA~ mila jAte haiM : rAma-rahIma meM koI aMtara nahIM, hiMdU turuka kA karatA ekai| eka pada meM kabIra isa advaita bhAva ko vyakta karate hue abheda saMsAra kA saMketa karate haiM : hama to eka eka kari jAnAM doi kahaiM tinahIM kauM dojaga, jina nAhiMna phicaanaaN| ekai pavana eka hI pAnI, eka joti saMsArA eka hI khAka gar3he saba bhAr3e, eka hI sirjnhaaraa| yaha advaitabhAva dArzanika zabdAvalI kA hai aura isakI vyAkhyAe~ bhI alaga-viziSTAdvaita, zuddhAdvaita aadi| para kabIra meM yaha vyApaka Azaya kA zabda hai-sAmAjika cetanA se lekara AdhyAtmika loka tk| yaha samadarzI kI samAna bhUmi 102 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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1 hai, jisameM pArthakya samApta hote haiM : kahai kabIra maiM hara guna gAU~, hiMdU turuka doU smjhaauuN| kabIra samanvaya paMtha kI sImAe~ jAnate haiM ki yaha asthAyI bhI ho sakatA hai, isalie eka prabuddha saMta kI taraha ve aisI samabhUmi kI talAza karate haiM, jahA~ vibheda kA avasara hI na ho : kabIra sImAoM ke atikramaNa kA Agraha karate haiM - svayaM se bAhara AnA sAmAjIkRta honA bhI hai aura uccatara mUlya-stara para AdhyAtmika bhI : hadai chAr3i behadi gayA, huvA niraMtara vAsa, kavala ju phUlyA phUla bina, ko nirakhai nija dAsa / kabIra ise sahaja paMtha kahate haiM, sahajatA kA darzana kAvya ke mAdhyama se pratipAdita karate hue| sahajatA durlabha guNa hai jo bhaktimArga meM anivArya hai aura jise zAstrIya rUpa dene kA prayatna bhI kiyA gayA / yaugika zabdAvalI se prApta zabda kabIra ke kAvya meM prayukta hue haiM, jo kaI bAra artha taka pahu~cane meM kaThinAI bhI upasthita karate haiM, para kabIra sarvatra zAstrIya artha meM hI unakA upayoga karate hoM, aisA nahIM hai / yahA~ kavi kI sarjanAtmaka kalpanA sakriya hai / devIzaMkara avasthI ne kabIra kI asaMgatiyoM kA saMketa kiyA hai ( bhakti kA saMdarbha, pR. 117 ) / pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga kabIra kI sAmAjika cetanA aura AdhyAtmikatA meM saMyojana kI kaThinAI bhI upasthita karatA hai / para jahA~ vaha vRhattara saMvedana - saMsAra meM vilayita hai aura uccatara mUlya-saMsAra kA niSpAdana huA hai, vahA~ kavi ke mAnavIya prayojana taka pahu~cA jA sakatA hai| kabIra ne sahaja-sAdhanA kA Agraha kiyA hai : sAdho, sahaja samAdhi bhalI athavA so jogI jAke sahaja bhAi, akala prIti kI bhIkha khAi / kabIra ke lie sahaja sAdhanA AtmasAkSAtkAra hai, jahA~ iMdriyoM para vijaya prApta kara yogI AtmasvarUpa meM sthita hai / sahajatA vikArarahita jIvana para Azrita hai, jahA~ cetanA sarvocca mUlya-dharAtala para pahu~catI hai| sahaja honA brahma jJAna, carama satya meM sahAyaka hai, para yaha jiteMdriya dvArA hI saMbhava hai aura sahajatA kA yaha loka 'carama sukha' se saMpanna hai, jise kabIra ne kaI prakAra se kahA hai / yaha anirvacanIya sukha hai : sukha-dukha ke ika pare parama sukha, tehi meM rahA samAI | sahaja - sAdhanA kA yaha mArga atyaMta kaThina hai : sahaja sahaja saba koi kahai, sahaja na cInheM koi, jiMhi sahajai viSayA tajI, sahaja kahIjai soi / yaha sahaja mArga mahArasa kA nirmAtA hai : rasa gagana guphA meM ajara jharai, uccatam mUlya-saMsAra / kabIra kI yaugika zabdAvalI svataMtra adhyayana kA viSaya hai aura vicAraNIya yaha ki pracalita pAribhASika zabdoM ko unhoMne kisa artha meM prayukta kiyA hai| isase unake samAjadarzana ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milatI hai| unakA yaugika zabda - bhAMDAra bar3A hai, jisameM pAribhASika zabda haiM- kuMDalinI, mUlAdhAra padma, brahmaraMdhra, ir3A, piMgalA, suSumnA Adi jo siddha-nAtha sAhitya meM bhI prayukta hue haiN| kabIra ne apane mUlya- Azaya ke lie zUnya, niraMjana, anahada nAda, avadhUta, brahmajyoti, surati-nirati, brahmAMDa Adi kaI zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| inheM sArthaka abhivyakti dene ke lie ve pUrA pratIka-saMsAra gar3hate haiM-dharatI, AkAza, nadI, amRta, samudra, sUrya, caMdramA Adi kA / kavi dvArA zabdoM kabIra : jo ghara phU~kai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha / 103

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ko kAvyocita banAne kA yaha prayatna hai, yadyapi sarvatra unheM saphalatA nahIM milI hai aura jahA~ pAribhASika zabdoM kI pracuratA hai, vahA~ kAvya-marma taka pahu~cane meM kaThinAI hotI hai| isa dRSTi se kabIra ke samAjadarzana ke saMdarbha meM yaha prazna barAbara banA rahegA ki unake vyaktitva kI kaI dizAoM meM ekasUtratA ke biMduoM kI khoja karate hue, unameM saMyojana kaise sthApita kiyA jAya, vizeSatayA sAmAjika cetanA aura AdhyAtmika cetanA meN| ___ jahA~ saMbhava hai, kabIra apanI sarjanAtmaka kalpanA kA upayoga karate hue, zabdoM ko nayA artha dete haiM, apane abhIpsita Azaya taka pahu~cane ke lie| unhoMne 'sabada', zabda kA prayoga karate hue, use artha-vyApti dI hai : zabda brahma kI zakti hai, akSara-nirmita hai aura sAdhanA meM 'sabada' kA mahattva hai| sikha dharma meM bhI isakI mAnyatA hai-sabada, kIrtana Adi ke rUpa meN| kabIra ke lie zabda isa artha meM pramANa bhI hai ki vaha pustakIya nahIM hai, anubhava-prasUta hai aura isalie RSi-muni dvArA pratipAdita maMtra bhI isake aMtargata Ate haiN| isa dRSTi se 'sabada' pramANita zabda hai-AcaraNa yogy| guru se prApta 'sabada' kabIra ke lie mUlyavAna haiM kyoMki unase bhrama kA nAza hotA hai, Aloka milatA hai| sAdhanAparaka zabdAvalI kA prayoga karate hue kabIra aMtima lakSya ke prati sajaga haiM : jaba thai Atama tatta bicArA, taba nirabaira bhayA sabahina theM kAma, krodha gahi ddaaraa| kabIra sAvadhAna haiM ki artha saMpreSita honA cAhie, isalie ve TheTha zabdAvalI meM apanI bAta kahate haiM : bAlama, khasama, bahuriyA-dulahini, nadI-nIra, dharatI-AkAza, gaMgA-yamunA, mAtA-pUta, sUrya-candra Adi ke sAtha julAhA vyavasAya meM pracalita pUrI shbdaavlii| isa dRSTi se unake pada ullekhanIya haiM, jahA~ loka se uccatara mUlya-Azaya kI vyaMjanA kI gaI hai| kabIra kahate haiM : jolAhA bInahu ho harinAmA, jAke sura-nara-muni dhare dhyaanaa| kabIra ke nAma para bhI pada pracalita hue aura vAstavikatA kI pahacAna meM kaThinAI huii| 'jhInI-jhInI re bInI cadariyA' meM julAhA-vyavasAya kA upayoga karate hue kabIra paMcatattva nirmita zarIra kA citra banAte haiN| mAyA meM lipaTA kara sabane ise malina kara diyA, para kabIra Atma-vizvAsa se kahate haiM : dAsa kabIra jatana taiM or3hI, jasa kI tasa dhara dInhIM cdriyaa| isa prakAra ke padoM meM kavi kA samAjadarzana bahuta spaSTa hai ki loka se uccatara mUlyoM kI ora prayANa karanA hogaa| gRhastha bhI apane satkarmoM se uccatama mAnavIya dharAtala para pahuMca sakatA hai| kabIra apane samaya se TakarAne vAle pramukha kaviyoM meM haiM aura unhoMne nirbhaya bhASA meM apane vicAroM ko vyakta kiyA, jisase sAmAnyajana se saMvAda sthApita ho skaa| vicAra unakA prasthAna hai, jisase calakara ve AdhyAtmika bhAvabhUmi taka Ae aura donoM meM uccatara mAnavamUlyoM ke samAnasUtra haiN| sAmAjikatA meM Azaya saMpreSita hotA hai, para AdhyAtma ke paraMparita rUpa ko chor3a deM, to jahA~ vaha sahaja bhUmi para hai, usake Azaya taka thor3A prayatna karake pahu~canA kaThina nhiiN| apane prayojana ke 104 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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lie unhoMne ulaTavAsiyoM taka kA sahArA liyA, tAki vicalana utpanna ho kyoMki ve jhakajhoranA cAhate haiN| kabIra kA 'viz2ana' unake samAjadarzana kA sabase sabala pakSa hai, jahA~ niSedha hai sAmaMtI samAja kA, jisase ve vikSubdha haiN| para ve korI nakArAtmakatA ke kavi nahIM haiM, sajaga saMta kavi haiM aura vikalpa-svapna prastuta karane kI kSamatA rakhate haiN| unake Akroza meM karuNA, asaMtoSa, sAhasa, vikSobha hai, to jo pratisaMsAra ve sarjita kara rahe haiM, usameM uccatama mUlya saMsAra hai, jise AdhyAtmikatA kahA gayA, para rahasyavAda ke aMtargata parigaNita karane se eka krAMtikArI kavi kI sateja chavi dhUmila hotI hai| kAvya meM adhyAtma, loka ke bhItara se hI upajatA hai aura jise lokottara, brahmAnanda, mahAsukha athavA kisI bhI aise uccatama Azaya ke zabda se vyaMjita kiyA jAtA hai, vaha loka ke atikramaNa se nirmita sarvottama sopAna hai| Akhira manuSya hI guNasamuccaya hokara devatva kI kavi-kalpita bhUmi para pahuMcate haiN| kabIra ne apanI AdhyAtmikatA ko 'RturAja' kahA hai, jisameM sabhI devatAoM kA ullekha hai aura jo mAnava-mUlyoM kA uccatama dharAtala hai : jahA~ khelati vasaMta RturAja, jahA~ anahada bAjA bajai bAja cahu~ disi joti kI bahai dhAra, biralA jana koi utarai pAra koTi kRSNa jaha~ jorai hAtha, koTi viSNu jaha~ nAvai mAtha koTina brahmA pardai purAna, koTi maheza dharai jaha~ dhyAna / kabIra meM saMta-kavi kI sammilita bhUmi hai, jise dhyAna meM rakhakara hI unake samAjadarzana ko samajhA jA sakatA hai aura donoM ke saMyojana se ve sAmAjika-sAMskRtika bhUmikA kA nirvAha karate haiN| saMta unakA krAMtidraSTA rUpa hai, para ve jAnate haiM ki pravacana paryApta nahIM hote, unheM AcaraNa kA AdhAra denA hotA hai| kavitA meM vicAroM ko, saMvedana-saMpatti banAte hue, ve apane sAMskRtika dAyitva ke prati sajaga haiM aura isalie ve apanA muhAvarA jIvana se sIdhe hI prApta karate haiN| yahA~ taka ki AdhyAtmika Azaya ko bhI dainaMdina biMboM-pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se vyakta karanA cAhate haiM, tAki yathAsaMbhava kavi kA abhiprAya saMpreSita ho ske| samAja, rAjanIti, parivAra, vyavasAya meM prayukta muhAvaroM kA ve manovAMchita prayoga karate haiM aura isase apane mantavya ko preSaNIya banAte haiN| phAga, kabirA hiMdI samAja meM dUra-dUra taka pracalita haiM, jinameM sAmAnyajana kI ruci hai aura ve maukhika paraMparA kI mUlyavAna dharohara haiN| kabIra kI bhASA svataMtra adhyayana kA viSaya hai, para jisa TheTha zabdAvalI kA prayoga unhoMne kiyA hai, vaha AbhijAtya ko cunautI detI huI, apanA viziSTa sthAna banAtI hai aura aise anubhava-arjita muhAvare meM likhane vAle phira nahIM aae| AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne kabIra ko 'vANI kA DikTeTara' kahate hue, unakI virodhI pratIta hone vAlI dizAoM kA ullekha karate hue likhA hai : 'sira se paira taka masta-maulA, svabhAva se phakkar3a, Adata se akkhar3a, bhakta ke sAmane nirIha, bheSadhArI ke Age pracaMDa, dila ke sApha, kabIra : jo ghara phUMkai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha / 10:

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dimAga ke durusta; bhItara se komala, bAhara se kaThora, janma se aspRzya, karma se vandanIya' (kabIra, pR. 167) / inameM saMyojana kI kSamatA unake prakhara vyaktitva meM thI, jise unhoMne pratibaddha kAvya se saMbhava kiyaa| ___ kabIra ne madhyakAlIna bhAratIya samAja ko cunautI ke rUpa meM dekhA aura usakA samAdhAna apane DhaMga se pAnA caahaa| virodhI pratIta hone vAlI dizAe~ eka hI uccatara gaMtavya taka pahu~catI haiM aura ise kabIra ke vyaktitva kI samAhAra-sAmarthya ke rUpa meM dekhanA hogaa| samaya ke aMtarvirodha ho sakate haiM, para unameM ulajhAva ke avasara nahIM haiN| Azcarya hotA hai ki eka AkrozI vyaMgyakAra do Traka bhASA meM samAja kI visaMgatiyoM para AkramaNa karatA hai, vahI jJAna ko sarvopari sthAna detA hai, sAtha hI prema-bhakti meM pUre rAga-bhAva se utaratA hai| aise kaI dizAoM vAle saMzliSTa vyaktitva ke samAjadarzana kI pahacAna kA kArya sarala nahIM hotaa| kabIra ke prema meM bhI sAhasa kI apekSA hai : prema na khetauM nIpajai, prema na hATa bikAya, rAjA-parajA jisa rucai, sira de so lai jaai| unake lie prema kA sarvocca rAga bhAva, bhakti meM pariNata hotA hai aura isa biMdu para pahu~cakara saba anirvacanIya ho jAtA hai : hamana haiM izka mastAnA, hamana ko hoziyArI kyA, raheM Az2Ada yA jaga se, hamana duniyA se yArI kyaa| eka prasiddha pada meM kabIra rUpaka ke mAdhyama se mAnava-jIvana ke mUlyaparaka gaMtavya kA citraNa karate haiM, jisameM saMta-kavi kA gaharA AtmavizvAsa bhI sammilita hai : jhInI jhInI bInI cadariyA kAhe kA tAnA kAhe kI bharanI, kauna tAra se bInI cadariyA iMgalA-piMgalA tAnA-bharanI, sukhamana tAra se bInI cadariyA ATha ka~vala dala carakhA Dolai, pA~ca tattva guna tInI cadariyA sAIM ko siyata mAsa dasa lAge, Thoka-Thoka ke bInI cadariyA so cAdara sura-nara-muni or3hina, or3hi ke mailI kInI cadariyA dAsa kabIra jatana se or3hina, jyauM ke tyauM dhara dInI cdriyaa| isa prakAra ke padoM meM kabIra kA vyaktitva saMyojita huA hai, jahA~ ve jIvana ke uccatama Azaya kA saMketa karate haiM, sahaja bhASA meN| sahajatA-saralatA meM aMtara hotA hai aura kabIra isa artha meM sarala kavi nahIM haiM ki artha Upara-Upara taira rahA ho| ve gahana Azaya ke kavi haiM, arthagarbhI aura prbhaavii| vyaMgya jahA~ unake nirbhaya sAhasa kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, vahIM rAga-rAginiyoM meM nibaddha unake pada pragAr3ha bhaktibhAva kA, jahA~ prema pradhAna hai| unake lie mAyAjanya saMsAra mAyakA athavA naihara hai, jahA~ do-cAra dina khela lenA hai, phira to sthiti yaha hai ki 'le DoliyA jAi bana meM utArina, koi nahIM saMgI hmaar|' jisa uccatama dharAtala para pahu~canA hai, vaha : 'jaha~vA se AyI amara vaha desavA, pAnI na pauna na dharatI akasavA, cA~da na sUra na raina divsvaa| isa AdhyAtmika loka kI prApti kI AkAMkSA manuSyatA ko kSudratAoM 106 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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se mukti dilAtI hai| para kabIra apane samaya ke sAmaMtI samAja ko bhI jAnate haiM ki atyaMta kaThina mArga hai yaha, aura isa para birale hI cala sakate haiN| saMta-kavi ko bAra-bAra ehasAsa hai ki vaha kaha to sahI hI rahA hai, para use samajhegA kauna, kyoMki samaya ne sabako bhaTakA diyA hai| dehavAda caturdika vyApta hai aura uccatara mAnava-mUlyoM ke AcaraNa kI ciMtA kisI ko nahIM hai| eka laMbe pada meM kabIra isa sthiti kA aMkana karate haiM, jahA~ chadma hI chadma hai : nema-vrata, dharma-snAna, thothA jJAna, pASANa-pUjana Adi : sAdho, dekho jaga baurAnA sA~cI kahau tauM mArana dhAvai, jhaMThe jaga patiyAnA hiMdU kahata hai rAma hamArA, musalamAna rahamAnA Apasa meM dou lar3e maratu haiM, marama koi nahiM jAnA guruvA sahita ziSya saba bUr3e aMtakAla pachitAnA bahataka dekhe pIra-auliyA, par3heM kitAba kurAnA kareM murIda kabara batalAvai, una hU~ khudA na jAnA kabIra ko kaI bAra vizeSa prakAra ke mUrtibhaMjaka ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai, jinakA mUla svara vyavasthA-virodhI hai, para yaha racanA kA prasthAna hai, samApana nhiiN| kabIra tarka kI bhASA se kavitA ko painApana dete haiM, unakA prema-bhAva bhI jJAna-samanvita hai, isalie pragatizIla isa artha meM ki yahA~ kisI karmakAMDa kI apekSA nahIM hai| guru ke Aloka se bhakti-mArga para agrasara huA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhakti aisI jahA~ karmakAMDarahita, jAti-vihIna vyavasthA hai| marAThI saMta kaviyoM ne ise rekhAMkita kiyA hai ki bhakti meM saba eka haiM : nAme soI seviyA, jaha~ dehurA na msiit| kabIra jaba tallIna hote haiM, taba bhI viveka jAgrata rahatA hai aura unakA mUlyaparaka gaMtavya samakSa rahatA hai| kaI bAra Azcarya ki vyaMgyakAra itanA vinayazIla kaise ho gayA ? para donoM ke mUla meM manuSya kI ciMtA hai aura uccatara mUlyoM se hI manuSyatA banatI hai-viveka, karuNA aadi| kabIra meM siddha-nAtha saMtakAvya kI paraMparA apanA sarvottama prApta karatI hai| ve sAmAnjayana, dalita varga ke sabase prakhara pravaktA haiN| apanI bAta bahujana samAja taka pahu~cAne ke lie unhoMne bhASA kI sImAe~ tor3I aura avadhI, braja, khar3I bolI, bhojapurI, arabI, phArasI kaI boliyoM ke zabda unameM Ae haiN| bhASA kI anagar3hatA se hI ve kAvya ko mArmikatA dete haiM, prabhAvI banAte haiN| kabIra ne apane samaya ko gahare stara para pahacAnA aura praznoM ke uttara talAzane kA sArthaka prayatna bhI kiyaa| ve kisI dArzanika dhArA ke mAdhyama se kAvya meM nahIM Ae the aura unheM kathA kahane kI suvidhA bhI na thI, para unhoMne do bhinna pratIta hone vAlI dizAoM ke nirvAha kA sAhasa kiyA, isalie samAjadarzana kA koI samagra rUpa prastuta karane kA prayatna kabIra : jo ghara phUMkai ApanA calai hamAre sAtha / 107

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unhoMne nahIM kiyA aura apane mUla prayojana-sAmAjika-sAMskRtika parivartana tathA uccatara mAnava mUlya kA niSpAdana ImAnadArI se karate hue, zeSa ko pAThaka-zrotA para chor3a diyaa| para unakI racanAoM se jo samAjadarzana ubhara kara AyA, vaha parivartanakAmI hai, gahare stara pr| vaha tAtkAlikatA se Upara uThA huA hai aura mAnava-mUlyoM ke adhyAtma loka taka jAtA hai, jisameM keMdrIyatA mAnava-hita kI hai| isa dRSTi se kabIra sabase prAsaMgika kaviyoM meM haiM, madhyakAlIna samAja meM jAgrata pratirodha kA svara banakara, sAtha hI vikalpa kA saMketa karate hue| 108 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu malika muhammada jAyasI (1464-1542) kabIra kI taraha bhaktikAvya ke viziSTa svara haiM, isa dRSTi se ki ve 'sAMskRtika-saumanasya' kA dRSTAMta prastuta karate haiN| paraMparA niz2AmuddIna auliyA (1238-1325) ke ziSya amIra khusaro (1253-1325) se jAyasI ke pUrvavartI sUphI kaviyoM mullA dAUda (caMdAyana, 1379), kutubana (mRgAvatI, 1503) Adi se hotI huI jAyasI (padmAvata, 1540) taka AtI hai| samAjadarzana kI dRSTi se yaha mahattvapUrNa tathya hai ki udAra sUfiyoM kI jisa paraMparA ko fArasa meM vikAsa milA, vaha bhArata AI aura racanA meM isakI bhUmikA hai| phArasI meM muhammada ibne pharIduddIna attAra (1120-1230), jalAluddIna rUmI, zekha sAdI, hAfiz2a Adi bar3e nAma haiM aura inameM kavayitrI rAbiyA bhI hai, jisakA samaya AThavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| bhArata meM jaba sUphI saMpradAya AyA to usake sAtha udAra paMtha aura samRddha racanAzIlatA kI paraMparA thii| muInuddIna ciztI 1192 meM dillI Ae aura unhoMne sabhI jAtiyoM ko apanI AdhyAtmikatA se prabhAvita kiyaa| niz2AmuddIna auliyA bhI mahattvapUrNa saMta haiM aura saMyoga ki unakI tathA amIra khusaro kI mRtyu eka hI varSa 1325 meM huii| vidvAnoM ne bhArata ke cAra pramukha sUphI saMpradAyoM kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA hai : ciztI, suharAvardI, kAdarI aura nkshbNdii| bhArata meM sUphI saMpradAya ke Agamana se sAMskRtika saMvAda kA nayA vAtAvaraNa banA aura vidvAna islAmI ekezvaravAda tathA bhAratIya advaitavAda kI carcA vizeSa rUpa se isa saMdarbha meM karate haiN| isa nae sAMskRtika saumanasya sa racanAzIlatA ko gati milI, isameM saMdeha nhiiN| bhAratIya bhaktikAvya ko udAra dizAe~ milIM aura sUfiyAnA aMdAz2a guru nAnaka (1469-1538), gAliba (1797-1869), ikabAla (1875-1938), yahA~ taka ki phirAka (1896-1982) taka meM dekhA jA sakatA malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 109

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1 sUfI siddhAMtoM ko lekara vidvAnoM ne paryApta vicAra-vimarza kiyA hai / islAma ke udAra paMtha ko sUphI saMpradAya kahA gayA aura yaha vivAda bhI calA ki yaha bArA hai athavA bezarA arthAt kurAnazarIfa ke anusAra hai, athavA nhiiN| sUphiyoM ke phakIrI sAde jIvana se unheM samAja meM vyApaka svIkRti milI aura sUfI zabda se hI sarala jIvanacaryA kA bodha hotA hai, jahA~ sadAcAra kA Agraha hai / vidvAnoM ne sUphI saMpradAya kA saMbaMdha zAmI vicAradhArA se sthApita kiyA hai jo paig2ambara ke nidhana ke anaMtara makkA meM sAdhanArata pujAriyoM ( azAvI saphA) dvArA pravartita huI / saphA se zucitA, pavitratA kA bodha hotA hai aura sUphiyoM ne kurAnazarIfa kI udAra vyAkhyA se apane paMtha kA nirmANa kiyA / AcaraNa para bala dete hue unhoMne sAMsArika vastuoM ke tyAga kA Agraha kiyA, jo sAmaMtI samAja ke bhoga-vilAsa kI asvIkRti hai / pramukha siddhAMtoM ke rUpa meM sUphI saMpradAya ekezvaravAda para AdhArita hai, jahA~ paramAtmA 'AkAza aura pRthvI kA prakAza' mAnA gyaa| yaha dRzyamAna jagat paramAtmA kI chavi hai, jise biMba - pratibiMba bhAva bhI kahA gyaa| Izvara alahakka hai- parama satya aura usase ekatva manuSya kI abhIpsA hai| Izvara parama sattA hai, parama sauMdarya aura parama kalyANa bhI, isalie usakI ora unmukha athavA mukhAtiba honA cAhie / insAnula kAmila athavA pUrNa mAnava isI prakAra banA jA sakatA hai aura yaha varga Izvara athavA khudA aura sAdhAraNa mAnava ke bIca setu kA kArya karatA hai| sUphiyoM meM guru kA mahattva hai kyoMki vaha cinagArI janmAtA hai, parama satya kI prApti ke lie - vaha pathapradarzaka hai, viveka upajAne vAlA / parama lakSya hai- alahakka athavA parama sattA se ekameva honA / yaha sAdhanA kA mArga hai, jisake kucha caraNa haiM - kramika prayatna ke rUpa meM / Izvara-prApti lie ahaM kA vinAza ( hastI kA fanA honA) z2arUrI hai kyoMki isI ke bAda 'bakA' athavA uccatara guNoM kA praveza rUha ( ucca AtmA) meM hotA hai| sUphiyoM kA Agraha prema para hai, jisase khudA milate haiM aura unameM hRdaya pakSa kI pradhAnatA hai, jise kalba kahA gayA, jo pavitra honA cAhie / mArifa athavA saccA jJAna prema-paMtha se milatA hai, jisameM svayaM ko tirohita karanA par3atA hai| sUfiyoM meM loka se lokottara taka jAne kA jo prema mArga hai, usane racanAzIlatA ko bahuta preraNA dI aura sUfiyoM ke prema paMtha para vidvAnoM ne vistAra se vicAra karate hue kahA hai ki yaha AdhyAtmika prakriyA hai (Ara. e. nikalsana : da misTiksa oNfa islAma, pR. 73 ) / jAyasI ko prAyaH sUphI kAvya-paraMparA meM rakhakara dekhA gayA hai| jIvana - rekhAe~ batAtI haiM ki malika muhammada jAyasI kA janma 1464 I. meM avadha janapada ke jAyasa sthAna para huA : 'jAyasanag2ara mora asthAnU' ( AkhirI kalAma) / ameThI meM jAyasI kI kabra hiMdU-musalamAna donoM kI zraddhA pAtI AI hai, jo kavi ke udAra paMtha kI svIkRti hai / padmAvata meM kucha jIvanI - sUtra haiM : jAyasanagara dharama asthAnU; eka nayana kavi muhammada gunI; guru mohadI khevaka meM sevA; serasAhi dehalI-sultAnU; san navasai 110 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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sattAisa ahA aadi| 'AkhirI kalAma' kI caupAI bhI uddhRta kI jAtI hai, jisake bhinna-bhinna artha lagAe gae haiM : bhA autAra mora nau sadI, tIsa barikha Upara kavi bdii| jAyasI kI racanAe~-padmAvata, citrarekhA, akharAvaTa, AkhirI kalAma, kaharAnAmA haiM aura kanhAvata kI prAmANikatA saMdigdha hai| para padmAvata unakI pratinidhi kRti hai, kavi kI kIrti kA AdhAra / jAyasI sUphI saMpradAya se saMbaddha the, yaha nirvivAda hai kyoMki racanAoM ke bhItara usake vaicArika tattva maujUda haiN| isI ke sAtha yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki ve khetI-kisAnI ke vyakti the, jisa anubhava kA prayoga unhoMne apane kAvya meM kiyA hai| jAyasI ko kevala saphI kavi ke rUpa meM vivecita karane se unakI pratibhA ke sAtha pUrNa nyAya nahIM ho paataa| AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne mata-siddhAMta ko svIkArate hue bhI mahAkavi ko sahI AlocanAtmaka prasthAna diyA aura unake prema paMtha ko rekhAMkita kiyA : 'jAyasI ekAMtika prema kI gUr3hatA aura gaMbhIratA ke bIca-bIca meM jIvana ke aura-aura aMgoM ke sAtha bhI usa prema ke saMparka kA svarUpa kucha dikhAte gae haiM, isase unakI prema-gAthA pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana se vicchinna hone se baca gaI hai' (jAyasI graMthAvalI : bhUmikA, pR. 29) / AcArya zukla ne jAyasI ko sUphI kavi ke rUpa meM dekhA, isalie lokottara meM loka kA praveza dekhA, para sthiti yaha bhI hai ki kavi loka se lokottara kA saMketa bhI detA hai| jAyasI ke samAjadarzana kI pahacAna ke lie yaha eka prAsaMgika prazna hai ki darzana athavA vicAradhArA tathA racanA ke aMtassaMbaMdhoM kA svarUpa kyA hotA hai ? jAyasI ke saMdarbha meM isa carcA ke pUrva, vijayadeva nArAyaNa sAhI vicAra aura racanA kA prazna vyApaka stara para uThA cuke the (mArksavAdI samIkSA aura usakI kamyunisTa pariNati : 'AlocanA' akTUbara 1953) / sAhI apanI pustaka 'jAyasI' (vyAkhyAna 1982, prakAzana 1983) meM unheM 'hiMdI kA pahalA vidhivat' kavi mAnate haiM, yaha svIkArate hue bhI ki kabIra kI kSamatA ne jAyasI ko saMbhava kiyaa| para ve saMta adhika the, jabaki jAyasI kavi adhika haiM, unake zabdoM meM 'mUlataH kvi|' madhyakAla meM saMta aura kavi kI samanviti sthiti ko dekhate hue yaha vaktavya vivAdAspada kahA jA sakatA hai, para jAyasI sAhI ke priya kavi haiM, aura unhoMne aMtaraMga vivecana se unake kAvya-marma ko udghATita kiyA hai, Adhunika dRSTi se| unakA vicAra hai ki 'sUphImata, sUphI saMpradAya aura sUphI saMtapana kA gherA jAyasI aura unake vyaktitva ke cAroM ora isa taraha DAla diyA gayA hai ki unakA kavi-vyaktitva dhuMdhalA par3a gayA hai' (jAyasI, pR. 4) / isIlie ve darzana aura racanA kA saiddhAMtika prazna uThAte hue kahate haiM ki 'padmAvata apanI mUla pravRtti meM eka trAsadI hai, virATa TrejiDI, vizAla mAnavIya karuNA se sNpnn|' bauddhika saghanatA aura vaicArika pratibaddhatA meM aMtara karate hue sAhI kahate haiM ki 'sAre vAda aura mata-matAMtara jAyasI ke cAroM ora vAtAvaraNa meM phaile hue the|...jaaysii inake prati khule hue haiN| lekina pracalita mAnyatAoM ke isa puMja kA upayoga aba malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 111

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bhI jAyasI karate haiM. to unakA uddezya kevala kathA ke viziSTa saMdarbha meM adhika jAgarUka, adhika saMvedya, adhika ghanIbhUta banAnA hI hotA hai| padmAvata kI kathA apanI samarasa tanmayatA ke sAtha Age bar3hatI jAtI hai| vicAroM yA vAdoM ke Tukar3e usase jur3akara kevala saMpUrNa bhAvAtmaka saMzleSaNa ko adhika tIvra banAte rahate haiN| (vahI, pR. 67) / jAyasI ke pUrva premAkhyAna-paraMparA thI, sUphI kavitA bhI, aura unhoMne isase preraNA paaii| padmAvata ke kathAnaka ko lekara itihAsa-kalpanA kI duharI bhUmikA kA ullekha bhI kiyA jAtA hai ki pUrvArddha kalpita hai aura uttarArdha meM itihAsa kI sAmagrI kA upyog| para isa prakAra kA dvaita racanA ko durbala karatA hai, yadi kavi-pratibhA meM saMyojana kI kSamatA na ho| samAhAra, saMyojana to pratibhA kA kauzala hai hI jo racanA ko kalA-kRti kA rUpa detA hai, nahIM to saba kucha bikharA-bikharA hogaa| kalA meM ise anviti kA kauzala kahA jAtA hai aura racanA ko usakI samagratA meM dekhane kA Agraha kiyA jAtA hai| alAuddIna khaljI itihAsa meM hai aura mevAr3a ke rAjA ratanasiMha tathA unakI rUpavatI rAnI padminI kA ullekha bhI kiyA jAtA hai| para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki lokagAthA rUpa meM yaha kathA pracalita thI ki alAuddIna ne padminI ko pAne kA prayAsa kiyA, jisakA upayoga jAyasI ne kiyA hai| jAyasI saltanata kAla aura mugalakAla ke saMdhisthala para maujUda the aura padminI kI kathA usa samaya pracalita rahI hogii| padmAvatI ke lie padaminI nAma kA prayoga jAyasI ne kiyA hai : siMghaladIpa padaminI rAnI/ratanasena citaura gar3ha AnI (stuti khaMDa) 'mAnasarodaka khaMDa' ke AraMbha meM padmAvatI hai : padmAvati saba sakhI bulAI, para isI krama meM use padaminI kahA gayA hai : saravara rUpa padaminI aaii| padmAvata nAmakaraNa hai, isalie Adi se aMta taka padmAvatI hI pramukha hai| aMta meM padmAvatI-nAgamatI satI khaMDa hai, phira upasaMhAra : kaha~ surUpa padmAvati raanii| jAyasI sarjanAtmaka kalpanA se, itihAsa tathA lokagAthA kA saMyojana karate haiM, aura kathA ko mArmika saMpannatA tathA caritroM ko vyaktitva dete haiN| bhArata meM sUphI premAkhyAnoM kI samRddha paraMparA hai jisase madhyakAlIna sAMskRtika-saMvAda kA bodha hotA hai| caMdAyana (1379 : mullA dAUda), mRgAvatI (kutubana), padmAvata (jAyasI), madhumAlatI (maMjhana), citrAvalI (usamAna), jJAnadIpa (zekhanabI), haMsajavAhara (kAsima zAha), iMdrAvatI, anurAga bA~surI, yUsuphajulekhA (zekha nisAra) se lekara nUrajahA~ (1905 : khvAz2A ahamada) taka kI laMbI sUcI hai| zyAmamanohara pANDeya, rAmapUjana tivArI, saralA zukla, zivasahAya pAThaka Adi vidvAnoM ne isa dizA meM anusaMdhAna kArya kiyA hai| jAyasI sUfI kAvya paraMparA meM isa dRSTi se viziSTa haiM ki ve saMzliSTa vyaktitva kA paricaya dete haiN| unake pAsa samRddha lokAnubhava hai, jisakA upayoga ve rAgAtmaka dRSTi se karate haiN| kathA kahanA, vivaraNa-vistAra meM jAnA prabaMdhakAvya ke Agraha haiM, para yaha unakA mUla uddezya nahIM hai| isake mAdhyama se ve 112 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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saphI darzana kA pratipAdana karake bhI saMtuSTa nahIM ho jAte aura na kevala prema-kathA kahanA unakA prayojana hai| ve prema ko vyApaka mAnavIya saMdarbha meM prastuta karate haiM aura use uccatama dharAtala para pahu~cAte haiN| jAyasI apanI sImAoM se paricita haiM ki avadha ke sAdhAraNa kisAnI parivAra se jur3e haiN| saltanata kAla ke aMtima aura mug2alakAla ke AraMbhika daura meM (pAnIpata yuddha, 1526) ve upasthita haiN| zerazAha (zAsana : 1539-1545) kA ullekha padmAvata ke stuti khaMDa meM hai : serasAhi dillI sultaan| lodI rAjavaMza (1451-1526) se bAbara, humAyU~, zerazAha taka kA samaya jAyasI ne pAra kiyaa| nizcaya hI yaha saMgharSa kA samaya thA, jisakI chAyA kAvya meM ho sakatI hai| padmAvata meM prema ke sAtha saMgharSa kI jo bhUmikA hai, vaha isI pariprekSya meM dekhI jAnI caahie| jAyasI kA kAvya-lakSya kyA hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai kyoMki isase kavi kI sAmAjika-sAMskRtika dRSTi aura samAjadarzana ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| jAyasI apanI sImAoM ke bAvajUda AtmavizvAsa ke kavi haiM, jinheM Atmasajaga bhI kahA gyaa| racanAkAra ke AtmavizvAsa ke apane AdhAra hote haiM, jAyasI ko apane rAga-bhAva, saMvedana para vizvAsa hai, jisameM unakI lokadRSTi kI bhI bhUmikA hai| yahA~ darzana-vicAra bhI haiM aura kavi kA prayatna yaha ki vaha kathA se saMyojita ho jAya, para kaI bAra aisA nahIM ho pAtA, jaise yoga-zabdAvalI kA prayoga karate hue| aisA to nahIM hai ki jAyasI apanI jAnakArI kA upayoga karanA hI cAhate haiM, jaise siMhala dvIpa kA varNana karate hue yoga-zabdAvalI kA pryog| isakA Azaya siMhalagar3ha kI durjeyatA kA bodha karAnA hai, jahA~ viziSTa sauMdarya-saMpanna padmAvatI rahatI hai| use pAne ke lie vikaTa saMgharSa karanA hogA, jise 'tapa' kahA gyaa| para yoga-sUfI kI isa sammilita vicArabhUmi ke bIca kAvya-paMktiyA~ haiM, vRhattara jIvana-darzana kA saMketa karatI-muhammada-jIvana-jala bharana, rahaMTa-gharI kai rIti, gharI jo AI jyoM bharI DharI, janama gA biiti| jIvana kA yahI krama hai; jIvana-jala kA ghariyA meM bharanA aura Dhala jaanaa| jAyasI ne siMhala dvIpa ko sarvottama mAnA hai, kyoMki padmAvatI vahA~ vAsa karatI hai : ekau dIpa na uttima, siMghaladIpa smiip| aisI sthiti meM varNanAtmakatA kA sahArA lete hue kaha diyA ki vahA~ sabhI kucha hai-vanaspati, pakSI, sarovara, hATa aadi| yaha vivaraNa-moha ho sakatA hai, para jAyasI kA gaMtavya jIvana kI uccatama mUlya-bhUmi hai, jisakA AdhAra mAnavIya prema hai, jo apanI udAttatA meM aisI uThAna prApta karatA hai ki AdhyAtmikatA ke saMketa bhI prApta hoN| padmAvata meM prema kA rAgabhAva pUrI kathA meM anusyUta hai, jise kavi ne paribhASita bhI kiyA hai, aura racanA meM pramANita bhI : prema-phAMda jo parA na chUTA, jIu dInha pai phAMda na TTA (rAjA-suA saMvAda khaMDa); prema-ghAva dukha jAna na koI, jahi lAgai jAnai tai soI (prema-khaMDa); jehi tana prema, kahA~ tehi mAMsU, kayA na rakata, nana nahiM AMsU (jogI khaMDa); prema-samudra jo ati avagAhA, jahA~ na bAra na pAra na malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 113

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thAhA (rAjA-gajapati-saMvAda khaMDa) se lekara prema-kathA ehi bhA~ti bicAraha (upasaMhAra) tk| jAyasI kA gaharA AtmavizvAsa mAnavIya prema para Azrita hai, jisake keMdra meM loka-saMvedana haiM aura jisakI uccatama bhUmikA mAnavamUlya-saMpanna AdhyAtmikatA taka jAtI hai aura jise kavi padmAvata meM mArmika pratipAdana de sakA : kei na jagata asa beMcA, kei na lInha jasa mola / jo yaha parai kahAnI, hamha sa~varai dui bola / / jAyasI kA vyaktitva kucha kaThinAiyA~ upasthita karatA hai, jinakA samAdhAna khojanA hogaa| jIvana-rekhAoM ke vivAda ko chor3a deM, kyoMki ve prAyaH sabhI bhakta kaviyoM ke sAtha kisI na kisI rUpa meM jur3e haiM, jina para zodhakartA apane DhaMga se vicAra karate rahe haiM, para kucha prazna sAmane haiN| jAyasI meM sUfI darzana kisa sImA taka tathA kisa rUpa meM AyA hai aura aisA to nahIM ki darzana athavA vicAra ne kAvya ko bojhila athavA virasa kiyA hai| kavi ne apanI pratibhA se inakA saMyojana kisa prakAra kiyA hai| yaha prazna isalie bhI vicAraNIya ki hara mahattvapUrNa racanA se isakA saMbaMdha hai| racanA na korI bhAvukatA hai, na kevala bauddhika vyApAra, varan inake saMtulita saMyojana se usakA nirmANa hotA hai| jahA~ bhAva kI pramukha upasthiti hotI hai, jaise rUmAnI kaviyoM meM, vahA~ bhI kucha vicAra-biMdu aMtaHsalilA kI bhA~ti pravAhita hote haiN| saba kucha milakara kAvya-saMvedana banatA hai, jisase kavi-kSamatA kA pramANa milatA hai aura jAyasI ke saMdarbha meM yaha prazna sarvAdhika prAsaMgika hai| padmAvata prabaMdhakAvya hai, jahA~ eka aisI ghaTanA kA saMketa hai, jisake lie itihAsa kA havAlA diyA jAtA hai| isalie itihAsa-kalpanA ke saMyojana kA nirvAha jAyasI ne kisa prakAra kiyA, yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| yoM itihAsa, racanA meM vivaraNoM meM nahIM AtA aura racanAkAra apanI sarjanAtmaka kalpanA kI kSamatA se caritroM ko, samaya ke anurUpa nayA vinyAsa dete haiN| zeksapiyara kA jUliyasa sIz2ara atirikta AtmavizvAsa kA zikAra hai aura prasAda kA cANakya buddhi-vaibhava-saMpanna to hai hI, vaha virala premI bhI hai : 'samajhadArI Ane para yauvana calA jAtA hai| jAyasI ne pAtroM ko kisa rUpa meM gar3hA, yaha bhI jAnane yogya hai| rAjA ratnasena ke mAdhyama se kavi kahanA kyA cAhatA hai aura do-do nAriyoM ko kathA-dhAra meM sammilita karane kA Azaya kyA hai ? yoga se saMbaddha zabdAvalI, pratIka, rUpakakAvya meM aMtarbhukta karane kA prayatna, kauna-sI vivazatA hai ? isase kathA-pravAha meM kucha bAdhAe~ bhI upasthita huI haiN| padmAvata ke upasaMhAra kI caupAiyoM ne naI samasyAe~ utpanna kI : tana citaura, mana rAjA kInhA, hiya siMghala, budhi padamini ciinhaa| pUrA anyokti krama hai : tana cittaur3a, mana rAjA ratnasena, hRdaya siMhala dvIpa, buddhi padminI-padmAvatI, guru hIrAmana suggA, nAgamatI duniyA-dhaMdhA, rAghava zaitAna, alAuddIna maayaa| AcArya zukla kI graMthAvalI meM yaha aMza hai, para DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne apane saMpAdana meM ise chor3a 114 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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diyA hai aura upasaMhAra kA AraMbha dUsare dohe se karate haiM : muhamada yahi kavi jori sunAvA, sunA jo pema pIra gA pAvA / yaha aMza kSepaka ho, to koI kaThinAI nahIM para yadi jAyasI ne hI isase anyokti - saMketa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, taba bhI yaha kavi kA mUla Azaya nahIM hai, prakArAMtara hai / kavitA meM Azaya usake mUla meM nihita rahatA hai aura niSkarSAtmaka TippaNI gauNa hI kahI jaaegii| kaI bAra dArzanika-vaicArika dabAvoM kI bhI vivazatA hotI hai| prasAda ne 'kAmAyanI' ke Amukha meM likhA ki 'yaha AkhyAna itanA prAcIna hai ki itihAsa meM rUpaka kA bhI adbhuta mizraNa ho gayA hai / isalie manu, zraddhA aura ir3A ityAdi apanA aitihAsika astitva rakhate hue, sAMketika artha kI bhI abhivyakti kareM, to mujhe koI Apatti nhiiN|' basa phira kyA thA hiMdI AlocanA meM rUpaka tattva ko lekara kaI prayatna hue| aisI durghaTanAe~ atirikta utsAha se bhI hotI haiM, jaba kavitA kA mUla Azaya pRSThabhUmi meM calA jAtA hai tathA avAMtara prazna sAmane A jAte haiM / padmAvata kI kathA ke keMdra meM manuSya hai, apanI kSamatAoM, durbalatAoM ke sAtha, jisake nirmANa meM eka ora sAmaMtI pariveza hai, dUsarI ora usake atikramaNa meM sajagatA ke sAtha saMlagna kavi kI pratibhA, jo rAga-bhAva se paricAlita hai, viveka-saMpanna rAgAtmakatA / hIrAmana suggA padminI ke rUpa kA sAdara smaraNa karate hue kahatA hai : au pAeuM mAnuSa kai bhASA, nAhiM ta paMkhi mUTha bhara pAMkhA ( rAjAsuA - khNdd)| manuSya kI bhASA hI pakSI kI pU~jI hai, nahIM to usake pAsa kevala muTThI bhara paMkha haiM / kaI praznoM ke bIca jAyasI ke samAjadarzana ke saMdarbha meM yaha prazna prAsaMgika ki unheM kathAkAvya kI suvidhA thI, para unameM samaya - samAja kisa rUpa meM Ae haiN| koI yathArtha ubharA hai kyA aura yadi hA~ to kisa rUpa meM ? unameM kabIra jaisI pratirodha - pravRtti na thI, para apane samaya ko kahe binA to ve parama kAlpanika ho jAte / jAyasI ne aisI kathA lI jisake do pramukha keMdra haiM - siMhala dvIpa aura cittaur3a / nizcaya hI jisa rUpa meM siMhala dvIpa ko gar3hA gayA hai, vaha viziSTa hai, lagabhaga kavi - kalpita, kyoMki vahA~ padmAvatI vAsa karatI hai jise jAyasI apanI pUrI rAgAtmakatA se gar3hate haiM : dhani so dIpa jaha~ dIpaka bArI, au padamini jo daI sa~vArI ( siMhaladvIpa-varNana, khaMDa) / vidhAtA ne use apane hAthoM sajAyA-sa~vArA hai, vaha sauMdarya kI sImA hai : kA siMgAra ohi baranauM rAjA, ohika siMgAra ohI pai chAjA (nakhazikha khaMDa ) / siMhala dvIpa kavi-kalpita hai, eka prakAra se kavi kA 'yuTopiyA' aura isa dhuna meM ve usameM saba kucha samo dete haiN| para isI ke bhItara sAmaMtI - samAja kI chaviyA~ bhI haiM, jo madhyakAla kA saMketa karatI haiM : abhedya gar3ha, chappana koTi kaTaka dala, solaha sahasa ghur3asavAra, sAta saha hastI aadi| hATa ke varNana se sAmaMtI saMpannatA kA bodha hotA hai : ratana padAratha mAnika motI, gar3ha kI surakSA ke pUre prayatna haiM, jisake bhItara mahala hai : sAjA rAjamaMdira kailAsU, sone kA saba dharati akAsU / yahIM ranivAsa hai, madhyakAlIna harama : malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 115

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baranoM rAjamaMdira ranivAsU, janu acharInha bharA kavilAsU / soraha sahasa padaminI rAnI, eka eka taiM rUpa bakhAnI / mAnasarodaka khaMDa ke AraMbha meM sauMdarya - vATikA ( phulavAri) ke rUpa meM padmAvatI kI sakhiyoM kA bakhAna karate hue jAyasI caMpA, kuMda, suketa, rasabeli, maulazrI, juhI, sevaMtI, kesara, camelI, kadamba Adi phUloM kI upamA kA upayoga karate haiM / yaha sAmaMtI pariveza cittaur3agar3ha varNana khaMDa meM bhI hai, jahA~ rAjA ratnasena kI solaha sau dAsiyoM kI bAta kahI gaI hai, jinameM se caurAsI cayanita huI haiM, alAuddIna kI paricaryA ke lie / yahA~ bhI jAyasI ne 'phulavAri' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai - jinake varNana meM svacchaMda bhUmi hai : yauvanArambha, netra - bANa, kaTAkSa-saMpanna : kAma kaTAcha inahiM cita haranI, eka eka teM Agari baranI / bhoja - varNana meM bhI sAmaMtI vilAsa kI chAyA hai / jAyasI meM madhyakAla usa prakAra se apane yathArtha rUpa meM nahIM A sakA, jisake lie kabIra kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai aura tulasI ke kalikAla - varNana kA bhI / jAyasI ne dUsarA rAstA cunA, unhoMne svayaM ko lokajIvana se jor3A, vizeSatayA grAma-samAja se| usameM bhI unakI ruci usa lokasaMskRti meM adhika hai, jisake viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki madhyakAlIna grAma-samAja svayaMsaMpUrNa ikAI thA aura rAjasattA kI mukhya dhArA se pRthak thA, jisakA pratinidhitva nagara- samAja karatA thA / hara kavi kI apanI pravRtti hotI hai aura usI ke anusAra kavitA vikasita hotI hai / jAyasI kA saMvedana apane Asa-pAsa ke loka jIvana meM ramatA hai aura yahA~ ve varNanAtmakatA se Age nikalakara rAgAtmaka hote haiM / ve avadha janapada ke kavi haiM, grAma - jIvana meM race-base aura padmAvata meM isakA upayoga unhoMne prAmANikatA se kiyA hai / uddharaNoM ke sahAre avadha ke lokajIvana ke dRSTAMta prastuta karane kA kArya zodhArthiyoM ne kiyA hai : jAti, vyavasAya, kRSi, udyoga, saMskAra, loka-pracalita vizvAsa, AcAra-vicAra, utsava Adi / inake vivaraNa meM jAnA anivArya nahIM, para yahA~ jAyasI kaI bAra asaMga bhI dikhAI dete haiM, paraMparA kA nirvAha karate hue, para jahA~ ve saMlagna hote haiM, vahA~ dRzya prabhAvI banate haiM / kavitA meM sUcanAe~ adhika artha nahIM rakhatIM, unheM saMvedana se jor3akara kisI dRzya athavA artha meM badalane kA kauzala kAvya-kalA hai / jAyasI grAma - jIvana ko jAnate haiM aura usake mAdhyama se apane abhIpsita Azaya kA saMketa bhI karate haiM / prakRti kA grAma - pariveza to hai hI, apane sukha-dukha ke sAtha : caita-vasaMtA hoi dhamArI; phAgu karahiM saba cAMcari corI; phara-phUlana saba DAra or3hAI Adi / SaT Rtu-varNana khaMDa kevala kAvya-paraMparA kA nirvAha nahIM hai, yahA~ jAyasI grAma - jIvana - dRzya ubhArate haiM, jisakA AraMbha AcArya zukla dvArA saMpAdita padmAvata meM mAMgalika pUjana se hotA hai : kalasa mAni hauM tehi dina AI, pUjA calahu car3hAvahiM jAI / pArvatI - maheza- khaMDa ko lokapracalita vizvAsa ke rUpa meM dekhanA ucita hogaa| hanumAna se yaha sunakara ki ratnasena ne padmAvatI ke viyoga meM apane lie citA banAI hai, zaMkara usake tapa se prasanna hote haiM : kahainhi 1 116 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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na rova bahuta teM rovA, aba Isara bhA dArida khovaa| spaSTa hai ki loka upAdAnoM kA sakSama upayoga jAyasI kI rAgAtmaka lokacetanA se jur3A hai jo unake kAvya ko mArmikatA detA hai| vivaraNoM ke aMza chor3a bhI deM to jahA~ kavi ko avasara milA hai. usane lokaupAdAnoM kA prayoga kAvya-samRddhi ke lie kiyA hai| eka dharAtala hai bhAva-saMsAra kA, dUsarA hai abhivyakti kA, jahA~ lokajIvana se pAyA gayA muhAvarA baDI mAtrA meM praveza pAtA hai : kuhuki-kuhuki jasa koyala roii| isake lie nAgamatI kA viraha-varNana apanI mArmikatA meM sarvAdhika ullekhanIya hai| __ parivAra bhAratIya samAja kA AdhAra rahA hai aura padmAvata kI kathA meM isakI bhI bhUmikA hai| madhyakAla meM isake rUpa badale, bahupatnI prathA kA pracalana huA, para jAyasI nArI kA pakSa lete haiM, kaI prakAra se aura isa para vicAra karane se kavi ke samAjadarzana ke kucha biMdu udghATita hote haiN| nAriyA~ kaI rUpoM meM AtI haiM-padmAvatI kI sakhiyoM se lekara rAjA kI dAsiyoM taka / padmAvatI-nAgamatI donoM kI upasthiti ke bAvajUda, jAyasI dAmpatya-jIvana para bala dete haiN| para isake pUrva kI sthiti kA varNana karate hue, ve nArI kI vivazatA kA saMketa bhI karate haiM aura kavi kI sahAnubhUti nArI ke sAtha hai| 'mAnasarodaka khaMDa' meM vivAha ke pUrva padmAvatI mAnasarovara meM snAna karane jAtI hai aura jala-krIr3A karate hue sakhiyA~ kahatI haiM : pitA ke ghara cAra dina hI to rahanA hai| jaba taka pitA kA rAja hai, jitanA cAho, mana-bhara khela lo| sasurAla cale jAne para yaha svataMtratA kahA~ : sAsa-nanada-sasura sabako sahanA-jhelanA hogaa| mArmikatA se isa prasaMga ko vyakta karate hue, jAyasI bhAratIya samAja meM nArI kI paravaza sthiti kA bodha karAte haiM-vivAha ke pUrva kA ciMtArahita Az2Ada jIvana aura usake bAda kI paravazatA : jhUli leha naihara jaba tAIM, phiri nahiM jhUlana deihi saaiiN| sthiti yaha hogI ki jaise baMdI pakSI hote haiM : kita naihara puni Auba, kita sasure yaha khela Apa Apa kahaM hoihi, paraba paMkhi jasa ddel| __ jAyasI kI sahAnubhUti nArI ke sAtha hai| kyoM ? isalie bhI ki sAmaMtI samAjoM meM sarvAdhika pIr3ita-zoSita nArI hI hotI hai| zAstra ko uddhRta kareM to vaha ciraMtana Azrita hai : vivAha ke pUrva mAtA-pitA, dAmpatya jIvana meM pati aura bAda ke ekAkIpana meM putr| merA vicAra hai ki saMvedanazIla jAyasI kI nArI-dRSTi unake samAjadarzana kA mahattvapUrNa pakSa hai, yahA~ ve apanI pUrI sahAnubhUti nArI-varga ko dete haiN| bhArata meM beTI kI vidAI bar3A karuNa prasaMga hai aura mahAkavi kAlidAsa abhijJAna-zAkuntalam meM zakuntalA kI vidAI ke samaya RSi kaNva se kahalAte haiM : jaba mujha jaise vanavAsI ko itanI vyathA ho rahI hai, taba una gRhasthoM kI kyA sthiti hotI hogI, jo pahalI bAra apanI beTI ko vidA karate hoMge (catartha aMka, 6) / ratnasena-vidAI khaMDa meM jAyasI na isa vistAra se kahA hai, prasaMga ko karuNa, mArmika banAte hue| vidAI-kSaNa kA. malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 117

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AraMbha hai : gavana-cAra padmAvati sunA, uThA dhasaki jiu au sira dhunA / A~khoM meM A~sU bhara Ae, naihara chUTa rahA hai : naihara Ai kAha sukha dekhA ? janu hoigA sapane kA lekhA / jAyasI yahA~ phira sakhiyoM ko sammilita kara karuNa dRzya ko mArmikatA dete haiM, jisakA saMketa ve mAnasarodaka khaMDa meM kara cuke haiN| vidAI ke samaya sakhiyA~ bilakhatI haiM aura padmAvatI kahatI hai : milahu sakhI, hama tahaMvA jAhIM / jahA~ jAi puni Auba nAhIM sAta samudra pAra vaha desA / kita re milana, kita Aba saMdesA agama paMtha paradesa sidhArI / na janauM kusala ki bithA hamArI pitai na choha kInha hiya mAhAM / tahaM ko hamahiM rAkha gahi bAhAM hama tuma mili ekai saMga khelaa| aMta bichoha Ani giu melA tumha asahita saMghatI piyArI / jiyata jIu nahiM karauM ninArI kaMta calAI kA karauM, Ayasu jAi na meTi puna hama milahiM ki nA milahiM, lehu sahelI bheMTa | bhAratIya jIvana ke jina pArivArika dRzyoM ko jAyasI ne saMlagnatA se citrita kiyA hai, jahA~ vRhattara samAja sammilita hai aura jahA~ kevala varNana hai, use paraMparA -nirvAha ke rUpa meM dekhanA hogaa| grAma jIvana se prApta kucha sAmagrI kA upayoga ve kAvya-samRddhi ke lie karate haiM aura manovAMchita Azaya kI vyaMjanA ke lie bhI / jahA~ unakA mana ramatA hai, vahA~ ve rukate Thaharate haiM, nahIM to varNana karake Age bar3ha jAte haiM / grAma-jIvana apanI vipannatA meM prakRti ko sahacarI rUpa meM dekhatA hai; lokAcAra kA nirvAha vaha karatA hai, rasma-rivAja kA bhI aura lokotsava, parva usake jIvana ko rasamayatA dete haiN| saMyoga-viyoga donoM meM inakA varNana huA hai, eka meM ullAsa kA bodha karAtA aura dUsare meM parivartita dRzya kI pIr3A batAtA / priya kI upasthiti meM SaT Rtu-varNana-khaMDa meM saba Rtue~ prItikara haiM : Rtu grISama kai tapana na tahA~, jeTha asAr3ha kaMta ghara jahA~ athavA ritu pAvasa barasai piu pAvA, sAvana bhAdauM adhika suhAvA / para padmAvata meM ThIka isI ke bAda nAgamatI - viyoga - khaMDa hai, jahA~ dRzya karuNa hai : caita basaMtA hoi dhamArI, mohiM lekhe saMsAra ujArI / jAyasI mAnava - bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti ke lie prakRti kA bharapUra upayoga karate haiM aura prasaMgoM ko mArmikatA dete haiM 1 jise jAyasI kA prema paMtha kahA jAtA hai aura jisameM viyoga-viSAda kA apanA mahattva hai, usI ke sAtha unakI sauMdarya dRSTi bhI saMyojita hai / prema kA paripAka viyoga hotA hai, eka prakAra se usakI parIkSA hotI hai, vaha aura bhI pragAr3ha hotA hai / jAyasI ke dhyAna meM 'bichoha' kA mahattva hai, para ise ve dehavAda se Upara uThAne kA prayatna karate haiM aura isameM ve nArI-puruSa donoM ko sammilita karate haiM / rAjA ratnasena padmAvatI kI rUpa-carcA sunakara hI use pAnA cAhatA hai, jogI ho jAtA hai| padmAvata meM krama hai : nakhazikha khaMDa, prema khaMDa aura jogI khaMDa / yaha yoga ratnasena ko tapa ke nikaTa 118 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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lAtA hai aura padmAvatI ko pAne kA yaha AraMbhika ImAnadAra prasthAna hai, jabaki alAuddIna use kisI bhI prakAra pAnA cAhatA hai-chala-bala se hI shii| donoM do pathaka jIvana-dRSTiyoM ke pratIka haiM-saccA prema aura sAmaMtI dehavAda / jogI khaMDa meM saba rAjA ko samajhAte haiM, para ratnasena prema-mArga para aDiga hai| maMDapagamana khaMDa kI caupAI hai : 'mAnuSa pema bhaeu baikuMThI, nAhiM ta kAha chAra bhara muutthii|' ratnasena tapa-tyAga se apane abhIpsita lakSya taka pahu~catA hai-padmAvatI kI praapti| sauMdarya-dRSTi ke lie jAyasI ko do sImAMtoM se jUjhanA hai-eka ora sAmaMtI samAja hai jahA~ deha hI saba kucha hai aura vilAsa hI kAmya hai| udArapaMthI saMvedana-saMpanna kavi ko isakA ehasAsa hai ki yaha nArI jAti kA anAdara hai, isalie vaha isakA dUsarA pakSa prastuta karatA hai-divya aura zobhana, jahA~ laukika se AdhyAtmikatA ke saMketa bhI milate haiN| jAyasI kI udAtta prema-sauMdarya-dRSTi sAmaMtI samAja ke dehavAda ko lalakAratI hai| prema zraddhA se hotA huA bhakti, upAsanA taka kI uttarottara utkarSayAtrA pAra karatA hai| 'ratnasena-sUlI-khaMDa' meM jAyasI kI udAra dRSTi kA pratinidhitva hai| saba pUchahiM kahu jogI, jAti janama au naaNv| ratnasena uttara detA hai : kA pUchahu aba jAti hmaarii| hama jogI au tapA bhikhArI jogihi kauna jAti ho raajaa| gAri na koha, mAri nahiM lAjA jAyasI ke lie prema-sauMdarya kA udAtta rUpa hI maMgalakArI hai aura apane isa vAMchita Azaya kI abhivyakti ke lie unhoMne pAtroM ko mAdhyama bnaayaa| kavitA kevala vaktavya nahIM hai, kathA-kAvya meM use caritroM ke karma se pramANita bhI karanA hotA hai| padmAvatI sarvopari caritra hai, guNa-saMpanna, vaisI jyoti aura kahA~ : puni ohi joti aura ko duujii| para nAgamatI, jise sAdhAraNa mAnA gayA, vaha bhI apanI viyoga-sthiti meM hamArI sahAnubhUti kI pAtra hai aura usameM bhI isa dRSTi se eka cAritrika sauMdarya ubharatA hai ki vaha pati kI pratIkSA karatI hai| kAgA se kahatI hai ki sArA tana, saba mAMsa khA jAnA para : do nainA mata khAiyo, piyA milana kI Asa / jAyasI sauMdarya-varNana meM pracalita upamAoM kA prayoga karate hue, paraMparA nibhAte haiM, para unakI dRSTi niraMtara guNa-dharma para hai| isalie padmAvatI ke lie ve barAbara 'rUpa' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM aura guNasaMpanna sauMdarya hI rUpa prApta kara sakatA hai| jAyasI ke lie prema aura sauMdarya guNamUlaka haiM-mAnavIya udAttatA kA bodha karAte : pAvA rUpa rUpa jasa cahA, sasi mukha janu darapana hoi rahA : muhamada kavi jo prema kA, nA tana rakata na mAMsa jeI mukha dekhA, tehi haMsA, sunA to Ae AMsu tIni loka caudaha khaMDa sabai parai mohiM sUjhi pema chA~r3i nahi lona kichu jo dekhA mana bUjhi malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 119

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nayana jo dekhA kaMvala bhA, niramala nIra sarIra ha~sata jo dekhA haMsa bhA, dasana joti naga hIra padamAvatI jAyasI kI advitIya sRSTi hai, kavi kI kalpita samanvita ruup-chvi| lagatA hai jaise jAyasI apane saMpUrNa rAga bhAva ko padmAvatI meM saMyojita karate haiN| koI bAdhyatA nahIM hai ki padmAvatI ko alaukika hI mAnA jAya, vaha apanI chavi meM hI lokottaratA kA bodha karAtI hai aura ise jAyasI kI sarjanAtmaka kalpanA kI mahAn siddhi kahanA hogaa| hama svIkArate haiM ki rUpa-varNana ke prasaMga meM pAraMparika upamAnoM kA upayoga huA hai, para jAyasI ise pAra bhI karate haiN| ve bAra-bAra isake lie 'rUpa' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM-guNa-saMpanna viziSTa sauMdarya : binu seMdura asa jAnau dIyA, ujiyara paMtha, raini mahaM kiiaa| yaha sauMdarya Aloka detA hai, prakAzamAna hai| padmAvatI sAmaMtI samAja ke ranivAsa kA lagabhaga viloma hai aura use prApta karane ke lie ratnasena ko tapa karanA par3atA hai| padmAvatI kA rUpa-varNana eka se adhika bAra AyA hai, yadyapi isameM punarAvRtti bhI hai, jaise nakhazikha khaMDa aura padmAvatI rUpa carcA khaMDa meN| pahale kA kathAvAcaka hai jJAnI hIrAmana suggA, dUsare kA lobhI rAghava cetana aura donoM kI 'dRSTi' meM aMtara hai| hIrAmana kI dRSTi guNa para hai, rAghava cetana kI zarIra para adhika / padmAvatI kA sauMdarya janma khaMDa meM hI saMketita hai jahA~ janma ke sthAna para avataraNa zabda kA prayoga hai : padmAvatI autarI : ite rUpa bhai kanyA, jehiM sara pUja na koI dhani so desa, rUpavaMtA, jahA~ janma asa hoi| jaga koI dIThi na Ave, AchahiM naina akAsa jogI jatI saMnyAsI, tapa sAdhahiM tehi aas| siMhala dvIpa varNana ke AraMbha meM hI jAyasI padmAvata ko 'niramala darapana bhA~ti bisekhA' kahate haiN| padmAvatI ke divya sauMdarya ke bAvajUda ve use mAnuSa-bhUmi para rakhate haiN| usameM sahaja icchA-saMsAra hai aura hIrAmana se bAta karate hue vaha kAmadeva ke paryAyavAdI zabdoM taka kA upayoga karatI hai : deha-deha hamha lAga anNgaa| saMyoga ke kSaNoM meM bhI usakA yaha nArI-bhAva sajaga hai, pAtivrata dharma ke sAtha : nevachAvari aba sArauM tana mana jobana jIu (padmAvatI-ratnasena bheMTa khNdd)| hIrAmana isa viziSTa sauMdarya ke lie yogya vara kI talAza meM nikala par3atA hai, para yaha kArya sarala nhiiN| kaI hAthoM hokara jaba vaha ratnasena ke pAsa pahu~catA hai, to padmAvatI ke rUpa-bakhAna (nakhazikha khaMDa) ke pUrva, jAyasI ne nAgamatI-suA saMvAda khaMDa kI niyojanA kI hai| nAgamatI rUpagarvitA hai, darpaNa meM apanA mukha dekhakara hIrAmana se prazna karatI hai : bolahu suA piyAre nAhA~, more rUpa koi jaga mAhA~ / itanA hI nahIM, vaha apanA prazna dohe meM duharAtI hai : hai koI ehi jagata maha~ more rUpa smaan| buddhimAna hIrA sarvaprathama padmAvatI 120 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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ke 'rUpa' kA smaraNa karatA hai, phira rAnI nAgamatI kI ora dekhatA hai| jAyasI ne yahA~ sauMdarya kI do ikAiyoM kA saMketa kiyA hai-mAtra zarIra aura dUsarI rUpa-guNa-samanvita : sumiri rUpa padamAvati keraa| haMsA suA, rAnI mukha herA jehi saravara maha~ haMsa na aavaa| bagulA tehi sara haMsa kahAvA daI kInha asa jagata anuupaa| eka eka teM Agari rUpA kai mana garaba na chAjA kaahuu| cA~da ghaTA au lAgeu rAhU loni biloni tahA~ ko khai| lonI soi kaMta jehi cahai kA pUchaha siMghala kai naarii| dinahiM na pUjai nisi aMdhiyArI puhupa suvAsa so tinha kai kaayaa| jahA~ mAtha kA baranauM pAyA yahA~ kucha tathya jAyasI kI sauMdarya-dRSTi kI samajha ke lie vicAraNIya haiN| pahale padmAvatI ke rUpa kA sAdara smaraNa hai, para nAgamatI kA mukha dekhakara vyaMgya-bharI ha~sI ki donoM meM tulanA hI kyA ? aura tIkhA vyaMgya ki jisa sarovara meM haMsa nahIM Ate vahA~ kamabakhta bagule hI haMsa kahe jAte haiN| eka nIra-kSIra vivekI, muktA grahaNa karane vAlA haMsa, dUsarA pAkhaMDa kA pratIka bgulaa| saMsAra meM sauMdarya aneka haiM, eka se eka bddh'kr| yoM bhI ahaMkAra na karanA cAhie, vaha patana kI ora le jAtA hai| padamAvatI avivAhitA hai aura nAgamatI pariNItA : pariNItA ke sauMdarya kA pramANapatra usake pati kA prema hai| jahA~ taka siMhala dvIpa kI nAriyoM kA prazna hai, to divasa aura a~dhiyArI rAtri kI kyA tulnaa| ve prasUnagaMdhA nAriyA~ haiM, apane vyaktitva meM suvaasit| dUsaroM se tulanA kyA ? kahA~ mastaka kahA~ crnn| sauMdarya ke prati yaha tulanAtmaka dRSTi sAmaMtI dehavAda aura usake viloma rUpa meM vyaMjita hai, kavi ke ukti-kauzala ke saath| hIrAmana suggA 'rAjA-suA-saMvAda khaMDa' meM padmAvatI kA AraMbhika rUpa-saMketa detA hai ki 'paduma-gaMdha sasi vidhi autArI'-sauMdarya kI avatAra : sasi-mukha aMga malayagiri rAnI, kanaka sugaMdha duAdasa bAnI-parama zuddha svarNa ? isakA vistAra nakha-zikha-varNana meM hai, jahA~ paraMparA kA nirvAha hai aura upamAe~ bhI paricita haiN| para isake mAdhyama se kavi jisa aparUpa rUpa kA bodha karAnA cAhatA hai, vaha viziSTa hai| padmAvatI advitIya hai aura AraMbha hI hIrAmana isa prakAra karatA hai : kA siMgAra ohi baranauM rAjA, ohika siMgAra, ohI pai chaajaa| zIza ke kastUrI keza se lekara ka~vala-carana taka / kaI sthaloM para zRMgAra kA khulA varNana bhI hai, para kavi apane mahat Azaya ke viSaya meM sajaga hai ki padmAvatI meM nArI-sauMdarya hai, para hai vaha viziSTa ruup| isalie saMketa-dhvani sAmAnya nahIM hai : benI chori jhAra jauM bArA, saraga patAra hoi a~dhiyArA (beNI); binu seMdura asa jAnau dIA, ujiyara paMtha raini maha kIyA athavA suraja-kirina janu gagana bisekhI, jamunA mAMha surasatI dekhI (mAMga); kahai lilAra duija malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 12.1

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kai jotI. daijahi joti kahA~ jaga otI (lalATa); naina bA~ka sari pUja na koU, mAnasarodaka ulachahiM doU (netra); nAsikA dekhakara svayaM zuka (suggA) lajjita ho jAtA hai aura puhupa sugaMdha karahiM ehi AsA, maku hirakAi lei hamha paasaa| padmAvatI bAta kahatI hai to phUla jharate haiM aura viha~sata jagata hoi ujiyaaraa| dazana-paMkti aisI ki jehi dina dasanajoti niramaI, bahutai joti joti ohi bhii| padmAvatI kA vaiziSTya hai, usakA ciraMtana prasannavadanA rUpa, vaha sahaja svabhAva hai : jaha~ jaha~ viha~si subhAvahi ha~sI, taha~ taha~ chiTaki joti prgsii| rasanA (vANI) 'amRta-baina' saMpanna hai jo prema rasa bolatI hai| nakhazikha ke kucha prasaMgoM meM atiraMjanA bhI hai aura atirikta khulApana bhii| para jAyasI sajaga haiM ki padmAvatI viziSTa sauMdarya hai, isalie ve usake vyApaka prabhAva kA saMketa bhI karate haiM : dekhi amiya-rasa adharanha, bhaeu nAsikA kIra pauna bAsa pahu~cAvai, asa rama chA~r3a na tiir| ha~sata dasana asa camake, pAhana uThe jharakki dAriu~ sari jo na kai sakA, phATeu hiyA drkki| prAyaH prema netra se AraMbha hotA hai, para jAyasI ne ise zravaNa se saMbaddha karake dekhaa| hIrAmana suggA padmAvatI kA jo rUpa-varNana karatA hai, usI se ratnasena meM rAga-bhAva kA udaya hotA hai| vaha yogI ho jAtA hai aura samasta bAdhA-vighnoM ko pArakara padmAvatI ke pAsa paha~catA hai| jAyasI kyA saMketa karanA cAhate haiM ? yahI ki viziSTa sauMdarya loka kA hokara bhI, apanI guNavattA meM viziSTa hai, use prApta karane ke lie sAdhanA karanI hogI-izka miz2Az2I se izka hakIkI kI ora AnA hogaa| padmAvatI kA rUpa varNana rAghava cetana bhI karatA hai (padmAvatI-rUpa-carcA-khaMDa), aura isameM pUrvavartI sauMdarya-varNana kI punarAvRtti bhI paryApta mAtrA meM huI hai, kiMtu 'dRSTi' kA aMtara hai| hIrAmana pavitra bhAva se usa aparUpa rUpa ko bakhAnatA hai, ratnasena meM pUrvarAga janmAne ke lie, para rAghava cetana meM pratikAra bhAva hai aura vaha alAuddIna ko uttejita karatA hai| vaha svayaM bhI marmAhata hai aura isI zreNI meM devapAla bhI AtA hai| jAyasI ne sauMdarya ke prati nirmala dRSTi kI pratiSThA kI hai, use prema kA AlaMbana-Azraya mAnakara, jise sAmaMtI vAsanA kA prativAda kahanA ucita hogaa| padmAvatI loka-bhUmi para pratiSThita hai, para apane guNa-dharma meM lokottara kA saMketa bhI karatI hai| usakA apanA sahaja icchA-saMsAra hai, jise kaI khaMDoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| padmAvatI-ratnasena bheMTa khaMDa meM dAmpatya jIvana se saMbaddha prema-vArtAlApa vistAra se Ae haiN| para padmAvatI ke rUpa ke viSaya meM jAyasI 'mAnasarodaka khaMDa' meM jisa vyApaka prabhAva kI carcA karate haiM, vaha sarvAdhika ullekhanIya hai| mAnasarodaka vismaya-vimugdha hai, aura yaha hai, sauMdarya kI sAmAjika svIkRti : 122 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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saravara rUpa vimohA, hiye hilorahi lei pA~va chuvai maku pAvauM, ehi misa laharahi dei| samApana karate hue jAyasI kahate haiM : mAnasara svayaM ko bhAgyazAlI mAnatA hai ki 'pArasa rUpa' yahA~ taka AyA hai aura usakA rUpAMtaraNa ho jAtA hai| isake mUla meM kavi kA yaha Azaya abhipreta hai ki saccA sauMdarya uddIpana nahIM, AlaMbana hai, vahA~ hama natazira hote haiM : pUrA prasaMga prabhAvI hai aura jise biMba pratibiMba bhAva kahA jAtA hai, vaha vyaktitva kA nayA rUpAMtaraNa hai : kahA mAnasara cAha so paaii| pArasa rUpa ihA~ lagi AI bhA niramala tinha pAyanha prse| pAvA rUpa rUpa ke darase malaya samIra bAsa tana aaii| bhA sItala gai tapani bujhAI na janauM kauna pauna lei aavaa| punya-dasA bhai pApa ga~vAvA tatakhana hAra begi utraanaa| pAvA sakhinha caMda biha~sAnA / bigasA kumuda dekhi ssi-rekhaa| bhai taha~ opa jahA~ joi dekhA pAvA rUpa rUpa jasa chaa| sasi-mukha janu darapana hoi rahA nayana jo dekhA ka~vala bhA, niramala nIra sarIra ha~sata jo dekhA haMsa bhA, dasana-joti naga hiir| padmAvatI kA vyaktitva kucha sthaloM para khulatA hai, jaise vaha ratnasena ke tapa ko sarAhatI hai aura usameM premI pati ke prati gaharA rAga-bhAva hai| kathA meM eka mor3a taba AtA hai jaba rAghava cetana meM vAsanA jAgatI hai aura vaha pratikAra-bhAva se alAuddIna kA durupayoga karatA hai, para vaha bhI 'padamini-mAnasara' kahakara usake rUpa ko sarAhatA hai (padmAvatI rUpa-carcA khNdd)| alAuddIna darpaNa meM padmAvatI kA pratibiMba dekhatA hai : hotahi darasa parasa bhA lonA, dharatI saraga bhaeu saba sonA (cittauragar3ha varNana khNdd)| ratnasena ke baMdI banA lie jAne para padmAvatI vilApa karatI hai, jisameM nAgamatI bhI sammilita hai| viSayI devapAla ke lie padmAvatI kI tIkhI TippaNI hai : rAvana pApa jo jiu dharA, duvau jagata mu~ha kAra, rAma satta jo mana dharA, tAhi charai ko pAra / bAdazAha kI dUtI se bhI vaha kahatI hai : sUna jagata saba lAge, ohi binu kichu nahiM Ahi / gorA-bAdala se priya kI mukti meM sahAyaka hone kA nivedana karate hue vaha kahatI hai : mahU~ paMtha tehi gavanaba kaMta gae jehi bATa / ratnasena ko pAkara prasanna hai : 'jIva kAr3hi nevachAvari dhruuN|' samApana aMza ke satI khaMDa meM vaha priya ko saMbodhita karatI hai| isa prakAra jAyasI padmAvatI ke vyaktitva ko dIpti dete haiM, bAra-bAra use 'pArasamaNi' kahate haiM, jisake saMparka se rUpAMtaraNa hotA hai| vaha viyoga kI sthitiyoM se bhI gujaratI hai, mAnoM azoka vana-baMdinI sItA ho : padmAvati kaha~ dukha tasa bItA, jasa azoka-bIrau tara sItA (lakSmI-samudra khNdd)| jAyasI ne padmAvatI ko apanI rAgAtmakatA se nirmita kiyA hai aura vaha kavi kI advitIya sRSTi hai, loka se lokottara malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 123

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kA saMketa karatI, uccatara mUlya-saMsAra aura sauMdarya se sNpnn| nAgamatI ko duniyA-dhaMdhA se saMbaddha kara dene se, isa vyathA-DUbI nArI ke sAtha nyAya nahIM ho sktaa| mAnA padmAvatI pArasamaNi hai, apane aniMdya rUpa-guNa meM apratima, para nAgamatI kA apanA pakSa hai, pIr3A kA pkss| vaha pariNItA hai, priya use chor3akara calA jAtA hai, usakA kyA doss| priya kI pratIkSA meM vaha bAraha mAsa vyatIta karatI hai aura padmAvatI ko sAtha lAne para bhI use saMtoSa ki pati ghara AyA hai| usakA sahapatnI se vivAda bhI hotA hai, para ratnasena ke baMdI banA lie jAne para donoM sAtha-sAtha vilApa karatI haiN| aMtima kSaNoM meM nAgamatI padmAvatI ke sAtha hai, rAga-virAga saba duur| citA meM : lAgI kaMTha Agi dei horI, chAra bhaI jari, aMga na morii| jAyasI ne nAgamatI ke pAtivrata dharma ke lie hI jaise 'nAgamatI-viyoga khaMDa' kI yojanA kii| bArahamAsA to nimitta mAtra hai, para kavi kA Azaya hai, nAgamatI kA pakSa ImAnadArI se prastuta krnaa| yahA~ nAgamatI aisI ekaniSTha samarpitA hai, jisake viSaya meM AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne likhA hai : 'nAgamatI kA viraha-varNana hiMdI sAhitya meM eka advitIya vastu hai|' AcArya zukla ne bArahamAsA kA vistAra se vivecana karate hue kahA hai ki isameM 'vedanA kA atyaMta nirmala aura komala svarUpa, hiMdU dAMpatya jIvana kA atyaMta marmasparzI mAdhurya hai, apane cAroM ora kI prAkRtika vastuoM aura vyApAroM ke sAtha vizuddha bhAratIya hRdaya kI sAhacarya bhAvanA, tathA viSaya ke anurUpa bhASA kA atyaMta snigdha, sarala, mRdula aura akRtrima pravAha dekhane yogya hai' (jAyasI graMthAvalI : bhUmikA, pR. 43) / nAgamatI yahA~ bhAratIya nArI kI sahaja bhUmi para hai, apane dAmpatya bhAva se ghaniSTha rUpa meM saMbaddha aura madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samaya kI bahupatnI prathA para TippaNI karate hue, jAyasI isakA AMrabha karate haiM : nAgara kAhu nAri basa parA, para pAtivrata dharma meM vaha aDiga hai : piu nahiM jAta, jAta baru jiiuu| nArI kA pakSa 'bArahamAsA' ke mAdhyama se prastuta karanA jAyasI kA abhipreta hai, jisase unake samAjadarzana kA paricaya milatA hai, vizeSatayA nArI-dRSTi kA, jahA~ ve sahAnubhUti-paricAlita haiN| nAgamatI viyoga-khaMDa meM nAgamatI apanI vyathA vyakta karatI huI apane svAmI ratnasena ko sIdhe hI saMbodhita karatI hai : tuma binu kA~pai dhani hiyA, tana tinaura bhA Dola; abahU mayA-disTi kari; nAha niThura ghara Au; tuma binu kaMta na chAjani chAjA aadi| vasaMta meM priya kA smaraNa karate hue kahatI hai : baure Ama pharai aba lAge, abahu~ Au ghara, kaMta sbhaage| nAgamatI kA viyoga bhAratIya nArI kI sahaja vedanA hai, jahA~ rAnI isa dRSTi se apanA rAja-varga bhUla jAtI hai ki usake vilApa meM sAdhAraNa nArI kA svara hai| pUrA prasaMga yadi ekAlApa hotA to nArI pakSa adhUrA raha jAtA, para jAyasI ne nAgamatI ko madhyakAlIna nArI ke pratinidhi svara-rUpa meM cunA, jise bahupatnI prathA kI pIr3A se gujaranA thaa| isa dRSTi se yaha viyoga-prasaMga sAmAjIkRta hotA hai, jisameM pazu-pakSI bhI sammilita haiM jo nArI-pIr3A ko bahuta karuNa banAte 124 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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haiN| rAjamahala kI nArI kA sAmAnyIkRta honA darzAtA hai ki kavi madhyakAlIna nArI kI sthiti ke viSaya meM sajaga hai aura apanI sahAnubhUti use detA hai| jahA~ taka nArI-vedanA kA prazna hai, nAgamatI-prasaMga atyaMta karuNa aura avasAdapUrNa hai| atiraMjita aMzoM ko chor3a deM, jo kaI bAra rUr3higata haiM to vaha padmAvatI se kahIM adhika pIr3A kA bhAra jhelatI hai| usake nirmANa meM jAyasI ne karuNa rasa kA saMcAra kiyA hai, nAgamatI apanI vivazatA meM Ahata hai : parabata samuda agama bica, bIhar3a ghana bana DhA~kha kimi kai bheTauM kaMta tumha, nA mohi pA~va na paaNkh| nAgamatI viyoga-varNana varSA se AraMbha hotA hai, kAlidAsa ke meghadUta kA smaraNa karAtA-ASADhasya prathama divse| AraMbha ke tIna kar3avaka nArI-vyathA darzAte haiM jahA~ nAgamatI apane priya ke lauTa Ane kI pratIkSA meM hai| vaha socatI hai, usakA tapa akAratha nahIM jAegA : tapani mRgasirA je sahaiM, te adrA pluhNt| RtuoM se gujarate hae nAgamatI prakRti-dRzya dekhatI hai : varSA kA jala, kArtika kI candrikA, vasaMta kI AmramaMjarI aadi| para isI ke bhItara se ubharatI hai, nAgamatI kI viyoga pIr3A, jahA~ vaha apanI vyathA vyakta karate hue, apane priya ratnasena ko saMbodhita karatI hai| Rtu varNana kI paraMparA prAcIna hai, jisameM vAlmIki jaisA prabhAvI prakRti-varNana hai| kAlidAsa ne grISma se AraMbha kara vasaMta taka usakA nirvAha 'RtusaMhAra' meM kiyA hai, hara Rtu ko eka sarga meM varNita karate hue| prakRti ke mAdhyama se yahA~ unmukta zrRMgAra hai, pUre vistAra meM : tapasvI bhI vicalita ho jAte haiM : Asava se suvAsita striyoM kA kamala-mukha, lodhra jaise aruNanetra, nava kurabaka prasUna se sajjita kezapAza, vakSa-nitaMba Adi (vsNt)| jIvana-dRSTi kA aMtara RtuoM ke prati kavi-saMvedana ko nirdhArita karatA hai, jaise tulasI kI caupAI kI AraMbhika ardhAlI prakRti se saMbaddha hai, para dUsare hI aMza meM ve naitikatA kA pravacana karate haiM, jisase dRzya khaMDita hotA hai| AraMbha kI pahalI caupAI meM rAma sItA kA smaraNa karate haiM : ghana ghamaMDa nabha garajata ghorA, priyAhIna Darapata mana moraa| para Age ke pUre prasaMga meM prakRti-dRzya se naitika niSkarSa prApta kie gae haiM, utprekSA (jini, jAsu, janu) ke sahAre : kSudra nadI bhari calIM torAI, jasa thorehu~ dhana khala itarAI athavA kRSI nirAvahiM catura sujAnA, jimi budha tajahiM moha mada mAnA (kisskiNdhaakaaNdd)| para jAyasI saMvedana-saMpannatA se nAgamatI-prasaMga ko mArmikatA dete haiM, jahA~ nArI-pIr3A pradhAna hai| sahacarI hai, grAma-prakRti jise lokajIvana se saMbaddha kara prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prakRti-dRzya nAgamatI kI vyathA ko uddIpta karate haiM, vaha usameM sammilita hai, isa dRSTi se ki bAra-bAra priya kA smaraNa karatI hai : bhA bhAdauM ati dUbhara bhArI, kaise bharauM raina a~dhiyArI; bhA paragAsa, kAMsa bana phUle, kaMta na phire bidesahi bhUle; abahU~ niThura Au ehi bArA, paraba devArI hoi saMsArA; biharata hiyA karahu piya TekA, dIThi-davaMgarA meravahu ekA, aadi| pUrA pariveza khulI grAma-prakRti kA hai, jAyasI jisake malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 125

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sahabhoktA haiN| saMyoga meM Rtu kA sukha hai, para nAgamatI kI dazA hai : jinha ghara kaMtA te sukhI, tinha gArau au garba kaMta piyArA bAhirai, hama sukha bhUlA sarba / sakhi mAneM tiuhAra saba gAi devArI kheli hauM kA gAva kaMta binu, rahI chAra sira meli / bArahamAsA nimitta hai, paraMparA - pAlana kA, jisake mAdhyama se jAyasI nArI ke karuNa pakSa ko prastuta karanA cAhate haiM, para yahA~ ullekhanIya hai lokatattvoM kI upasthiti / vAlmIki kA sUkSma prakRti- nirIkSaNa, kAlidAsa kA zRMgAra bhAva, tulasI ke naitika niSkarSa se jAyasI adhika mAnavIya bhUmi para haiM, sAmAnya nArI kA pakSa lete hue, aura ise unhoMne pUrI mArmikatA se vyakta kiyA hai / bArahamAsA ke ThIka pahale SaTRtu varNana meM jAyasI ne padmAvatI ke mAdhyama se RtuoM kA upayoga saMyoga zRMgAra ke lie kiyA hai, para vaha nAgamatI ke bArahamAsA kI tulanA meM yAMtrika haiM : prathama vasaMta navala Rtu AI, suRtu caita baisAkha sohAI Adi / isakI tulanA meM nAgamatI - prasaMga karuNa evaM mArmika hai, jise pragAr3ha banAne ke lie kavi ne lokasaMskRti kA sakSama upayoga kiyA hai| pUrA dRzya kavi kI lokonmukhatA ko ujAgara karatA hai : barasai maghA jhakori jhakorI, mora dui naina cuvaiM jasa orI; cahU~ khaMDa lAgai a~dhiyArA, jauM ghara nAhIM kaMta piyArA; barasai meha cuvahiM nainAhA, chapara - chapara hoi rahi binu nAhA / bArahamAsA ke samApana aMza meM jAyasI kahate haiM : roi ga~vAe bArahamAsA, sahasa sahasa dukha eka-eka sA~sA / nAgamatI jIvita hai, isa AzA meM ki priya AegA aura vaha bAra-bAra prArthanA karatI hai ki priya lauTa Ao, dukha sukha meM badala jAegA : kala jo bigasA mAnasara, binu jala gaeu sukhAi abahu~ beli phira paluhai, jo piu sIMcai Ai / 1 jAyasI kA prayojana bArahamAsA viyoga-varNana ke mAdhyama se jisa nArI- pakSa ko prastuta karanA hai, usameM kavi sammilita hai / jaise padmAvatI kA rUpa citra banAte hue, jAyasI nirapekSa nahIM haiM, unakI sauMdarya-dRSTi pUrI kSamatA meM upasthita hai / yahA~ ve madhyakAlIna nArI ko sAdhAraNa dehavAda se haTAkara, use jyotirUpa prastuta karate haiM, 'pArasamaNi' kahate hue, jisake prabhAva meM prakRti bhI hai / vaha sAdhAraNa sauMdarya rAzi nahIM, advitIya hai, apane samagra vaibhava meM, isalie vaha sarUpA rUpa hai, parama aparUpa : sahaja kirana jo suruja dipAI, dekhi lilAra sou chapi jAI / isI prakAra nAgamatI meM jAyasI apanI saMlagnatA se upasthita haiM kyoMki jise 'prema kI pIra' kahA jAtA hai, use vyakta karane ke lie kavi ke pAsa eka avasara hai, aura vaha usakA upayoga karanA cAhatA hai / vaiyaktika pIr3A meM prakRti ko sammilita kara jAyasI use vyApakatva dete haiM, saghanatA to usameM hai hI / gaharAI aura vistAra kA jo prazna uThAyA jAtA 126 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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hai. usakI pUrti bArahamAsA karatA hai, cAhe use AMzika hI kahA jaay| padmAvatI kA eka pakSa hai-aniMdya sauMdarya kA, to nAgamatI nArI kA dUsarA pakSa prastuta karatI hai, pativratA kI pIr3A kaa| sAmAnya loka kI upasthiti use mArmikatA detI hai, jise jAyasI kI saMvedana-sAmarthya to mAnA hI gayA hai, para samAjadarzana kI dRSTi se nArI ke prati kavi kI yaha udAra dRSTi hai| madhyakAlIna saMdarbha meM yaha rekhAMkita karane yogya hai aura lagatA hai jaise jAyasI dehavAda ko nakArate hue do pratinidhi nArI-caritra raca rahe haiM, jina donoM meM prema kI bhUmikAe~ haiM, para pRthak rIti se| isIlie padmAvata ke aMta meM satI khaMDa meM jAyasI padmAvatI-nAgamatI kA pArthakya hI miTA dete haiM : davau savati car3hi khATa biitthii| nAgamatI-viyoga ke saMdarbha meM jAyasI ke bahuuddhRta dohe kavi kI kSamatA ke pramANa haiN| pahalA nAgamatI ke nivedana se saMbaMdhita hai aura dUsarA usake saMpUrNa rAga-bhAva se, jisameM aMtima AkAMkSA bhI priya-milana kI hai : piu sauM kahehu saMdesar3A, he bhauMrA, he kaag| so dhani birahai jari muI, tehi ka dhuvA~ hamha laag| yaha tana jArauM chAra kai, kahauM ki pavana ur3Ava maku tehi mAraga ur3i parai, kaMta dharai jaha~ paav| kavi mAkhanalAla caturvedI kI 'eka puSpa kI abhilASA' kI samApana-paMktiyoM kA smaraNa ho AtA hai, jahA~ sAre lobha nakArate hue, kavi balipaMthI bhAva kA varaNa cAhatA hai : mujhe tor3a lenA vanamAlI, usa patha para tuma denA pheMka, mAtRbhUmi para zIza car3hAne jisa patha jAveM vIra aneka / 'nAgamatI saMdeza khaMDa' meM sthiti hai : 'nAgamatI dukha biraha apArA, dharatI saraga jarai tehi jhaaraa|' nAgamatI kA tyAga-bhAva madhyakAlIna nArI ke prati jAyasI kI sAttvika mUlya-dRSTi se saMbaddha hai| use kevala gorakhadhaMdhA se jor3akara dekhA jAnA, nArI ke sAtha nyAya nahIM hogaa| rAjA ratnasena ko suvidhA ho sakatI hai do nAriyoM ke sAtha prema nibAhane kI, para nAgamatI sarvAMga bhAva se samarpita hai, eka prakAra se unheM kSamA karatI huii| yaha hai bhAratIya nArI kA vaiziSTya jise sAmaMtI samAja ke saMdarbha meM dekhA jAya to nArI-vyaktiva kI garimA aura bhI ujAgara hogii| islAma meM satI kI avadhAraNA nahIM, para jAyasI nAgamatI kI vyathA ko sammAna dete hue usake prema kI sarAhanA karate haiN| apanA nAma bhI isa dohe meM sammilita karate haiM aura use pUrA mAna dete haiN| padmAvatI kA rUpa prakRti ko prabhAvita karatA hai, rUpAMtaraNa hotA hai, para nAgamatI kI pIr3A meM bhI prakRti sahabhAginI hai : tehi dukha bhae parAsa nipAte, lohU bUr3i uThe hoi raate| jAyasI kI sarAhanA hai : giri, samudra, sasi, megha, ravi sahi na sakahiM vaha aagi| muhamada satI sarAhie, jarai jo asa piu laagi| rAjA ratnasena sAmaMtI samAja kI upaja hai, para kavi ne usake unnayana kA malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 127

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prayatna bhI kiyA hai, jabaki isakI tulanA meM alAuddIna, devapAla, rAghava cetana saba dehAsakti ke sAmaMtI pAtra haiN| ratnasena prema ke lie tyAga-tapa karanA jAnatA hai, jisase usake vyaktitva ko dIpti milatI hai| hIrAmana sugge se padmAvatI kA rUpa-varNana sunakara use pAnA cAhatA hai, yaha svayaM meM kama camatkArI nhiiN| para padmAvatI ke nakhazikha varNana ke pUrva kavi ne 'rAjA-suA-saMvAda khaMDa' kI niyojanA kI hai, jahA~ hIrAmana use 'paduma-gaMdha sasi bidhi autArI' kahatA hai| vaha suvAsita, prakAzita hai, apane samagra vyaktitva meM eka prakAra se avataraNa hai aura hIrAmana bAra-bAra sugaMdha aura jyoti kA prayoga isa prasaMga meM karatA hai| kavi isa viziSTa sauMdarya ko prema-bhAva se jor3atA hai : 'pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu, jo dekhA mana buujhi|' isa dohe ke ThIka bAda kI caupAI meM ratnasena kA anurAga-bhAva hai : 'kaThina prema, sira dei tau chAjA' / vaha kisI bhI tyAga ke lie tatpara hai aura padmAvatI ko 'anUpa' mAnate hue, prema-paMtha para cala par3atA hai| isa pUrvAnurAga aura saMkalpa ke bAda jAyasI ne nakhazikha varNana kI niyojanA kI hai, jisakA vivecana padmAvatI ke prasaMga meM ho cukA hai| ratnasena ke saMdarbha meM . yaha vicAraNIya ki isa rUpa-varNana ke bAda vaha 'jogI-rUpa' grahaNa karatA hai| jAyasI ke lie prema eka yoga-sAdhanA hai aura padmAvata ke pramukha pAtra ise Acarita karate haiN| isa dRSTi se ratnasena kA saMpUrNa paMtha prema aura saMgharSa kI sammilita bhUmi para pratiSThita hai, vaha sthitiyoM se TakarAtA hai| jogI khaMDa se lekara aMtima dRzya taka ise dekhA jA sakatA hai| bAra-bAra vaha prema kA smaraNa karatA hai, jaise yahI usakA pAtheya hai aura isake lie vaha kisI bhI saMgharSa ke lie tatpara hai| isa rUpa meM padmAvata kevala 'prema-kahAnI' nahIM, vaha prema kI saMgharSa gAthA bhI hai-mAnasika dharAtala se lekara bAhya saMgharSa taka / sAta samudra pAra kara, ratnasena siMhaladvIpa pahu~catA hai aura usakA vizvAsa hai : puruSahi cAhia U~ca hiaauu| yahA~ vaha una sAdhAraNa sAmaMtoM se bhinna hai, jo saba kucha yuddha athavA chala se pAnA cAhate haiN| padmAvatI kI prApti ke lie usakA tapa hai aura usake ucca bhAva haiN| nAriyoM ke jIvana meM aMtaHsaMgharSa pramukha hai, para ratnasena ko bAharI saMgharSa bhI jhelanA hai| atiraMjita pratIta hotA hai, para ratnasena satI hone ke lie bhI tatpara hai| 'ratnasena-sUlI-khaMDa' meM jAyasI apanI udAra dharmanirapekSa dRSTi rekhAMkita karate haiN| ratnasena kahatA hai : 'kA pUchahu aba jAti hamArI, hama jogI au tapA bhikhaarii|' ratnasena padmAvatI ko pAkara kahatA hai : maiM tumha kArana, prema-piyArI, rAja chA~r3i kai bhaeu~ bhikhaarii| prema tyAga se milatA hai, yoM hI nahIM aura padmAvatI usake 'sata bhAva' ko svIkAratI hai| ratnasena padmAvatI ko pAne ke bAda bhI anya saMgharSoM se gujaratA hai, jaise lakSmI-samudra khaMDa meN| aMtima saMgharSa rAghava cetana aura alAuddIna ke chala se hai, jisakA kAraNa yaha ki ratnasena sahaja vizvAsI hai, chalA jAtA hai| usakA eka aMtaHsaMgharSa bhI hai-padmAvatI-nAgamatI ko lekara, jisakA saMketa jAyasI ne cittaura-Agamana khaMDa meM 128 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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kiyA hai| yuddha-kauzala bhI ratnasena jAnatA hai aura 'ATha barasa gar3ha chekA rahA' ke bAda bhI alAuddIna vijayI nahIM ho pAtA (rAjA-bAdazAha yuddha khNdd)| para vaha sahaja vizvAsa meM chalA jAtA hai, baMdI banA liyA jAtA hai| gorA-bAdala kI caturAI se jaba vaha mukta hotA hai, to : car3hA turaMga siMgha asa gAjA (gorA-bAdala-yuddha khNdd)| padmAvatI ke prati usakA sneha amiTa hai : jiyata jIva nahi karau ninArA (bNdhn-mokss)| ratnasena devapAla ko yuddha meM parAjita karatA hai, para baikuMThavAsa prApta karatA hai| ratnasena ke pariveza meM sAmaMtI vaibhava hai-durga, dAsI, senA, saMgIta, bhojana Adi, jinakA vivaraNa bhI AyA hai| para ratnasena ko jAyasI sAmaMtI sImAoM se bAhara lAne kA prayatna karate haiM aura use pragAr3ha premI banAkara adhika mAnavIya bhUmi denA cAhate haiN| ___alAuddIna, rAghava cetana, devapAla Adi vAsanA-saMcAlita haiM aura unakI bhUmikA ratnasena ke viloma rUpa meM hai| gorA-bAdala zaurya, niSThA ke pratIka haiM, para padmAvata meM kaI dRSTiyoM se hIrAmana sugge kI pramukha bhUmikA hai| pakSI ke rUpa meM pAtra kA cayana nala-damayaMtI-prasaMga meM haMsa kA bhI hai (zrIharSa : naiSadhIya carita), para padmAvata meM hIrAmana suggA kathA ke vinyAsa meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha karatA hai| vaha viveka-saMpanna hai : rUpagarvitA nAgamatI ke yaha pUchane para ki more rUpa koi jaga mAhA~, usakA catura uttara hai ki : jehi saravara maha~ haMsa na AvA, bagulA tehi sara haMsa kahAvA tathA loni viloni tahA~ ko kahai, lonI soi kaMta jehi chai| yaha pUrA prasaMga usake buddhi-kauzala para prakAza DAlatA hai-pahale padmAvatI kA rUpa-smaraNa Adara-bhAva hai, phira nAgamatI kA mukha dekhakara ha~sanA vyaMgya hai, vizeSatayA yaha TippaNI ki jisa jalAzaya meM haMsa (nIra-kSIra-vivekI) nahIM Ate, vahA~ bagule (chadma rUpa) hI haMsa kahalAte haiN| vaha kahatA hai saMsAra meM eka-se-eka bar3hakara sauMdarya hai, ahaMkAra na karanA cAhie, isase patana hotA hai| phira usakA kathana buddhimattApUrNa hai ki rAnI tuma pariNItA ho, tumhAre sauMdarya kI yahI sArthakatA hai ki pati kA prema mile| jahA~ taka padmAvatI kA prazna hai, vaha prasUna-sugaMdha se saMpanna hai| divasa-rAtri meM kyA samAnatA ? padmAvatI ke rUpa-varNana meM hIrAmana kI prajJA kalpanA ke sAtha saMyojita hokara apanA kauzala dikhAtI hai, jahA~ loka se lokottara ke saMketa bhI vicAraNIya haiN| pUre kathAcakra meM hIrAmana sugge kI bhUmikA ratnasena-padmAvatI-milana kI hai, jisakA nirvAha vaha sAttvika kartavya-bhAva se karatA hai| vaha ImAnadAra, viveka-saMpanna patha-pradarzaka hai aura jAyasI ne pakSI ko 'manuSya kI bhASA' dI tathA isa mAdhyama se ve jIva-maitrI kA saMketa karate haiN| apane dAyitva kI pUrti ke bAda vaha dRzya se haTa jAtA hai aura padmAvatI kI sevA meM sukha mAnatA hai : hIrAmana hau tehika prevaa| kaMThA phUTa karati tehi sevA au pAeu~ mAnuSa kai bhaassaa| nAhiM ta paMkhi mUThi bhari paaNkhaa| jau lauM jiauM rAta dina, sava~rau ohi kara nAvaM malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 129

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mukha rAtA tana hariyara, kInheM ohUM jagata lei jAvaM / eka dRSTi se hIrAmana suggA prema ke bIjAropaNa kA kartAdhartA hai aura ratnasena-padmAvatI donoM ke hRdaya meM vaha prema kA bIja - vapana karatA hai, usake aMkuraNa meM sahAyaka hai / jaba bhI AvazyakatA ho, vaha chAyA kI taraha pUrvArddha meM upasthita hai, sakriya dAyitva nibhAte hue / phArasI kAvya meM pakSI premI-premikA ke madhya saMdeza vAhaka hote the, para jAyasI kA hIrAmana madhyastha nahIM, vaha prema-bhAva kA viveka saMpanna vyAkhyAtA aura saMcAlaka hai / padmAvatI ke rUpa-varNana meM vaha kuzala hai, nAsikA kA varNana karate hue svayaM ko lajjita mAnatA hai: nAsika dekhi lajAneu sUA, sUka Ai besari hoi UA / suA jo piara hirAmana lAjA, aura bhAva kA baranauM lAjA / hIrAmana kI artha-dhvaniyA~ gaharI haiM : puhupa sugaMdha karahiM ehi AsA, maku hirakAi lei hamha pAsA / sugaMdhita puSpa bhI AzA karate haiM ki padmAvatI kI 'tila puhupa saMvArI' nAsikA kisI dina hameM pAsa lAkara thor3A sparza degii| hIrAmana pakSI hokara bhI, jAyasI ke samAjadarzana ko vyAkhyAyita karatA hai - prema - sauMdarya ke prabhAvI citra banAte hue / kathA ke mAdhyama se kAvya-racanA meM Azaya kI abhivyakti kI suvidhA hotI hai / varNanAtmaka prasaMgoM meM, pAtroM ko gar3hate hue, kavi apane vicAra vyakta karatA calatA hai / jAyasI meM kabIra - tulasI kI taraha madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja apane pUre yathArtha meM nahIM A pAtA aura unhoMne dUsarI rAha kA cunAva kiyaa| jisa udAra sUphI mata se ve saMbaddha the, usameM Akroza ke lie guMjAyaza bhI kama thI aura unhoMne apanI rAgAtmakatA meM lokajIvana kI chaviyoM kA praveza karAyA, jisameM ve svayaM bhI race-base the| yadi kahA jAtA hai ki sUra meM brajamaMDala apanI pUrI janasaMskRti meM ujAgara huA hai vizeSatayA gvAla- jIvaina, to jAyasI meM avadha kI janapadIya lokasaMskRti apanI raMgamayatA meM AI hai| jAyasI meM kaI vivaraNa jAnakArI ke AdhAra para haiM, jaise rAja-bhoja sAmagrI, rAja-dala Adi, jinakA saMbaMdha ucca sAmaMtI samAja se hai / para unakI cetanA saMlagna hotI hai, lokajIvana ke dRzya banAne meM, jahA~ ve apanI rAgAtmakatA ke sAtha haiN| gA~va ke Atmanirbhara samAja meM kRSi ke sAtha kaI choTe-moTe kAma haiM, para jAyasI bIca-bIca meM jo saMketa karate haiM, ve bhI vicAraNIya haiM / kumbhakAra meM ve Adi-nirmAtA kI chavi dekhate haiM, suMdariyA~ prasUna-vATikA pratIta hotI haiM; naihara bhAratIya nArI ko bahuta priya hai (mAnasarodaka khaMDa, ratnasena bidAI khaMDa Adi) para usake chUTane kI pIr3A bhI hai / prazna hai ki isakI sAMketika vyaMjanA ko kisa rUpa meM liyA jAya, jaise kabIra kA pada : 'bAbula moro naihara chUTo jAya' jisameM isa prakAra ke saMketa haiN| jAyasI meM lokasaMskRti unake abhIpsita saMsAra ke anurUpa hai, jahA~ lokotsava rAga-raMga ke pratIka hote haiM : grAma-jIvana meM vasaMta, holI, dIpAvalI Adi / jAyasI ne 'vasaMta khaMDa' meM prakRti - zobhA kA varNana kiyA hai aura usa pIThikA para padmAvatI ke sAtha sakhiyA~ upasthita haiM : vai vasaMta sauM bhUlIM, gA vasaMta unha bhUli / vasaMtotsava hai : jhuMDa bA~dha 130 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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kai paMcama gAI aura pUrA dRzya rAgamaya hai-lokotsava rUpa meM, jahA~ anurAga kI lAlimA seMdura khaMDa ur3A asa, gagana bhaeu saba rAta rAtI sagariu dharatI, rAte birichanha paat| jAyasI ke samAjadarzana meM vikalpa kI prastuti ko, kavi ke mUlyavAna pradeya ke rUpa meM dekhanA cAhie aura yahA~ madhyakAla, yathArtha kI apekSA apanI lokasaMskRti meM adhika vyakta huA hai| aneka lokavizvAsa yahA~ haiM-TonA-TaTakA, jAdU, zakuna-apazakuna, dharma-vrata, jyotiSa-nakSatra aadi| para jAyasI kA mana ramatA hai-lokotsava meM, kyoMki vaha unakI saMvedanazIlatA ke samIpa hai, jahA~ ve rUmAnI haiM, gItAtmaka, yadyapi ve prabaMdhakAvya kI racanA kara rahe haiN| pratibhAoM kA yaha kauzala hotA hai ki ve apane lie upayukta mAdhyama khojatI haiM aura kaI bAra usake rUr3higata DhA~ce ko tor3ate hue, usakA nayA vinyAsa karatI haiN| nAgamatI ratnasena ko saMbodhita karate hue kahatI hai ki mere priya lauTa Ao to dukha sukha meM badala jAegA : abahU~ niThura Au ehi bArA, paraba devArI hoi sNsaaraa| usakI vyathA hai : caita basaMtA hoi dhamArI, mohi lekhe saMsAra ujaarii| jAyasI vyApaka artha meM lokakavi haiM, lokakathA, loka upAdAna, lokabhASA kA sakSama upayoga karate hue, jisase ve apanI racanA ko samRddha karate haiN| jAyasI ke samAjadarzana kI sahI samajha meM kucha kaThinAiyA~ haiM, jaise kyA saba kucha sUphI mata ke mAdhyama se hI jAnanA hogA ? racanA tathA darzana athavA vicAra ke saMdarbha meM kahA jA cukA hai ki vilayana se kalAkRti banatI hai aura vicAra ko saMvedana-saMpatti bananA hI hogA, jaise bhI ho| padmAvata meM yoga-zabdAvalI paryApta mAtrA meM AI hai, jo kAvya ke svAbhAvika pravAha meM bAdhA banatI hai jaise siMhala dvIpa varNana khaMDa, jogI khaMDa, ratnasena sUlI khaMDa Adi meM pAribhASika zabdAvalI kA prayoga huA hai : nava khaMDa, nava paurI, bajra kevAra, cAra basere, dazama dvAra Adi (siMhala dviip)| para isake nihitArtha para vicAra kareM to jAyasI prema ko sarvottama mUlya ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karate hue use yoga-sAdhanA se adhika vyApaka bhUmi para pratiSThita karate haiN| eka saMvedanazIla kavi kA yaha aisA 'mAnuSa dharma' hai, jise madhyakAlIna sAMskRtika saumanasya ke zreSThatama rUpa meM dekhanA caahie| ratnasena yogI hai, kisI vaiyaktika mokSa-kAmanA ke lie nahIM, varana usa padmAvatI taka pahu~cane ke lie, jise kavi carama sauMdarya ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karatA hai| jogI khaMDa ke AraMbha meM hI jAyasI kahate haiM : tana visaMbhara, mana bAura laTA, arujhA pema, parI sira jttaa| ratnasena kA saMkalpa hai : siddha hoi padmAvati, jehi kara hiye viyog| jyotiSI kahate haiM Aja prasthAna kA sahI samaya nahIM hai, to vaha uttara detA hai : pema paMtha dina gharI na dekhaa| taba dekheM jaba hoi sarekhA tehi tana pema kahA~ tehi mAMsU / kayA na rakata, naina nahiM AMsU malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 131

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paMDita bhUla na jAnai caaluu| jIu leta dina pUcha na kAlU satI ki baurI, pUchahi paaNdd'e| au ghari paiThi ki saiMteM bhAr3e marai jo calai gaMga-gati leii| tehi dina kahA~ gharI ko deI maiM ghara-bAra kahA~ kara paavaa| gharI ke Apana aMta parAvA __ hauM re pathika pakherU, jehi bana mora nibAhu kheli calA jehi bana kaha~, tuma apane ghara jaahu| jAyasI ke svapnaloka meM vikalpa ke jo saMketa haiM, unhIM se unakA samAjadarzana nirmita hai| udAra sUphI paMtha ne unheM vaha vyApaka dRSTi dI, jahA~ sAre bheda miTa jAte haiM : kA pUchahU aba jAti hamArI, rAji chA~r3i kai bhaeu bhikhArI (ratnasena sUlI khNdd)| jisa bahulatA se ve bhAratIya devatva kA smaraNa karate haiM, vaha unakA udAra paMtha hai, unhoMne vizeSa rUpa se pArvatI-maheza khaMDa kI niyojanA kI jahA~ avaDhara dAnI zaMkara ratnasena para kRpAlu hote haiM : kahenhi na rova, bahuta teM rovA, aba Isara bhA dArida khovA / lakSmI-samudra khaMDa meM lakSmI padmAvatI ko AzISatI hai : 'nA maru bahina, milihi tora piiuu|' parva, dhArmika vizvAsa, vrata-upavAsa Adi jAyasI kI udAra dRSTi kA paricaya dete haiN| 'maMDapa gamana khaMDa' ke AraMbha meM hI ratnasena devamUrti ko praNAma karatA hai : namo namo nArAyana devA, kA maiM joga, karauM tohi sevA aura bAra-bAra stuti-vinaya kara dayAmaya se, kRpA kI yAcanA karatA hai| jAyasI ke lie isa prakAra ke prasaMga kevala paraMparA-pAlana nahIM haiM, varan unakI usa udAra dRSTi kA 'bodha karAte haiM, jahA~ pArthakya ke lie sthAna nahIM hai| jAyasI kI vANI kabIra kI taraha AkrAmaka nahIM hai, para ve sarasa bhAva se jisa sAMskRtika saumanasya kA saMgIta racate haiM, vaha madhyakAla meM virala hai| lokottaratA ke saMketa ke mUla meM bhI uccatara mUlya-ciMtAe~ haiM, bhakti ko prazasta mAnavIya AdhAra detI huii| vivaraNoM ko chor3a deM, to jahA~ kavi-mana ramatA hai, vahA~ kavitA apanI pUrI uThAna aura rasamayatA meM hotI hai| manuSya ke sAtha prakRti aura pakSI bhI isameM sammilita haiM : basahi paMkhi bolahiM bahu bhAkhA, karahiM hulAsa dekhi kai saakhaa| jisa premabhAva kA pratipAdana jAyasI ne kiyA, vaha madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samAja kA vikalpa hai, kaI staroM para jisameM jAtIya saumanasya se lekara dehavAda se Upara uThane taka kA abhiprAya pratipAdita hai| jIvana-prasaMgoM ke bhItara se jAyasI ne ise saMbhava kiyA, yaha ullekhanIya hai aura isase unakI lokacetanA pramANita hotI hai| jAyasI ke kAvya meM jo saMsAra ubharatA hai, usameM kavi-abhIpsA kA bar3A hissA ! hai, jise adhyAtma-rahasyavAda taka sImita kara dene se pUrNa nyAya nahIM ho paataa| ullekhanIya yaha ki yahA~ jo kucha bhI hai, vaha lokajIvana ke bhItara se hokara AyA hai| kaI bAra avAMtara prasaMga, vivaraNa-vRttAMta isameM bAdhA banate haiM, para kavi-kauzala yaha ki vaha barAbara sajaga hai aura bAra-bAra prema kI apanI mUlabhUmi para lauTatA hai| 132 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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varNana ke kAraNa jaba kathA ruka-Thahara jAtI hai, taba kavi bIca-bIca meM apane udArapaMthI maMtavya ko prakAzita karane kA avasara nikAla letA hai| aise prasaMgoM meM kavi ke dohe vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya haiM, jaise vaha apane maMtavya ko rekhAMkita karanA cAhatA hai| paramAnaMda zrIvAstava ne jAyasI ke lie 'lokabhASA meM saMbhava hone vAlI kavitA' kA prayoga kiyA hai : 'dhArmika vizvAsoM ke kavi ko jaba hama TheTha lokAnubhava meM vizvAsoM ke UparI bheda ko vicalita karate hue dekhate haiM, taba hameM usakI kAvya-saMbhAvanAoM kA patA lagatA hai| anagar3hapana meM mAdhurya kI pratiSThA karake jAyasI ne apanI lokadRSTi ke sAtha kavi-dRSTi kA pramANa bhI diyA hai' (jAyasI, pR. 44) / jAyasI svayaM ko atikrAMta kara eka sArthaka kavi banate haiM, isa artha meM ki ve islAma ko pAra karate haiM, vRhattara sAMskRtika mela-jola kI dhArA meM svayaM ko pravAhita karate haiN| isake lie ve bhAratIya prema kahAnI kA cayana hI nahIM karate, apanI pUrI saMlagnatA se usakA saphala nirvAha bhI karate haiN| apanI lokasaMvedanA kI abhivyakti ke lie ve janapadIya lokasaMskRti kA sakSama upayoga karate haiM aura lokabhASA ke mAdhyama se bahujana samAja ko saMbodhita karate haiN| unakA udAra sUphI mata kAvyadhArA meM samarasa hokara aura bhI vizvasanIya banatA hai, use kucha uktiyoM meM khojanA koI anivAryatA nahIM, vaha samagra saMvedana-saMpatti meM upasthita hai| 'pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu, jo dekhA mana bajhi' jAyasI ke samAjadarzana kA mUla svara hai, jisakI vyApaka artha-dhvani hai-vyakti se lekara samAja tk| isameM mUlyaciMtA bhI sannihita hai, jise kavi kA mAnava-keMdrita adhyAtma bhI kahA gayA, para mUlataH vaha vyApaka prema kA uccatara mAnavIya saMsAra hai| malika muhammada jAyasI : pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu / 133

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sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra sUradAsa hiMdI bhaktikAvya ke sabase rAgAtmaka svara kahe jA sakate haiN| unhoMne kRSNa ke jIvana kI pUrva-gAthA ko apane kAvya kA viSaya banAyA-vAtsalya, zrRMgAra ko pramukhatA dii| mahAbhArata ke sudarzanacakradhArI kRSNa unake saMvedana kA viSaya nahIM bana ske| bhAgavata saMpUrNa bhakti sAhitya kA prasthAnagraMtha hai aura use prasthAnatrayI ke krama meM caturtha prasthAna kahA gyaa| para sUra bhAgavata kA kathAnaka-Azraya lekara bhI usameM naI udbhAvanAe~ jagAte haiM, yaha unakI maulika sarjana kSamatA kA pramANa hai| unhoMne pAraMparika rIti se kathA-vAcana nahIM kiyA aura varNanAtmakatA ke sthAna para bhAva-saMvedana kA AdhAra grahaNa kiyaa| gItikAvya, padazailI ke mAdhyama se kRSNa ke vyaktitva ko ujAgara kiyA gayA, yaha svayaM meM eka abhinava prayatna hai| sUra ke kAvya ke sAtha saMpUrNa nyAya nahIM ho sakA, yadyapi AcArya rAmacandra ne sUrasAgara ko rasasAgara kahA, para unakA vaiziSTya sImita kara diyA ki 'vAtsalya aura zRMgAra ke kSetroM kA jitanA adhika udghATana sUra ne apanI baMda A~khoM se kiyA, utanA kisI aura kavi ne nahIM' (sUradAsa, pR. 123) / AcArya zukla ne prabaMdhAtmakatA ko kAvya-nikaSa mAnA, isalie tulasI unake lie sarvopari haiN| sUra ke bhaktajana ne unheM bhAgavata, vallabha-saMpradAya ke bhASyakAra ke rUpa meM dekhA aura unake kAvya-marma ko udghATita karane kA prayatna kama huaa| pragativAdiyoM kI samasyA paryApta samaya taka yaha thI ki usameM samaya-samAja ko khojane kI kaThinAI thii| AcArya rAmacandra zukla se lekara, zodhaprabaMdhoM se hotI huI, mainejara pANDeya taka, sUra-samIkSA kI yAtrA hai| para sUra ke nae vivecana kI saMbhAvanA aba bhI banI huI hai ki madhyakAla meM racanA karate hue, kyA unake lie yaha saMbhava hai ki ve usase pUrNatayA palAyana kara jAyeM ? aura isI se jur3A prazna yaha bhI ki apane samakAlIna samAnadharmA bhakta kaviyoM kI taraha kAvya-mUlya ke rUpa meM koI samAjadarzana 134 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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unake pAsa hai kyA ? hai, to kaisA ? sUra kI jIvana-rekhAoM ke lie prAyaH vallabhAcArya ke pautra gokulanAtha ke jIvanI sAhitya 'caurAsI vaiSNavoM kI vArtA' kA AdhAra liyA jAtA hai, jisameM kucha camatkArI ghaTanAoM kA bhI praveza hai| sUra ( 1478 - 1581 ) apane samakAlIna vallabhAcArya (1478-1530) dvArA dIkSita hue the, yaha sarvavidita hai / sarvAdhika vivAda sUra kI janmAndhatA ko lekara hai, jisakA eka kAraNa svayaM unakA nAmakaraNa sUradAsa bhI hai, jise netrahInoM ke lie bhI prayukta kiyA jAtA hai / ina zodhI vivAdoM ko chor3akara hama isa mUla biMdu para Ate haiM ki vallabhAcArya ke siddhAMtoM ne unheM kisa rUpa meM prabhAvita kiyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki yoM to rAmAnujAcArya kI paraMparA ke rAmAnanda ne saMpUrNa hiMdI bhaktikAvya ko prabhAvita kiyA, para rAmabhakti unase vizeSa preraNA prApta karatI hai| rAmakAvya ke prasthAna meM jo bhUmikA rAmAnanda kI hai, kRSNakAvya meM vahI vallabhAcArya kii| vallabhAcArya ke siddhAMta pakSa ko 'zuddhAdvaita' kahA gayA aura sAdhanA pakSa ko puSTi mArga | advaita ke sAtha zuddha kA prayoga kara vallabhAcArya ne sthApanA kI ki parabrahma saccidAnaMda rUpa hai aura mAyA usake vaza meM hai, isalie vaha zuddha hai / kRSNa parabrahma haiM, jo baikuMThavAsI haiM aura jIva ke sukha-kalyANa ke lie avatarita hote haiM, jise unakI 'lIlA' kahA gyaa| puSTi kA saMbaMdha 'anugraha' se hai, jise bhagavatkRpA kahA jAtA hai| Iza ke anugraha se bhakti puSTi hotI hai, jo rAmAnuja ke prapatti-darzana kA eka nayA AyAma hai| isase prema lakSaNA bhakti kA vikAsa hotA hai kyoMki yahA~ IzakRpA, Izaprema hI kAmya hai, mokSa nahIM / puSTi sabake lie hai, hara varNa, jAti, varga ke lie, jisase bhakti ko nayA sAmAjika prasthAna milaa| sUra ne prema-lIlA ko apane kAvya kA AdhAra banAyA, jo bhaktikAvya meM viziSTa pradeya hai aura jisameM Age calakara mIrAbAI kA nAma AtA hai| prema kA paryavasAna niSkAma bhakti meM hotA hai jisake AdhAra AnaMdarUpa kRSNa haiM / gopikAe~ kahatI haiM : 'Udho mana nAhIM dasa bIsa, eka to so gayo hari ke saMga, ko arAdha tuva Isa ? (bhramaragIta, pada 210 ) / bhAgavata bhakti kA prasthAnagraMtha hai, para sUradAsa kA vivecana karate hue, isa tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki vahA~ rAdhA anupasthita haiM, jabaki sUra meM vaha samarpita kRSNapriyA hai, jisake lie 'parama gopI bhAva' vizeSaNa prayukta kiyA jAtA hai| AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke zabdoM meM : 'bhAratavarSa ke kisI kavi ne rAdhA kA varNana isa pUrNatA ke sAtha nahIM kiyA / bAla - prema kI caMcala lIlAoM kI isa prakAra kI pariNati sacamuca Azcaryajanaka hai| saMyoga kI rasa-varSA ke samaya jisa tarala prema kI nadI baha rahI thI, viyoga kI A~ca meM vahI prema sAMdra - gAr3ha ho utthaa| sUradAsa kI yaha sRSTi advitIya hai| vizva-sAhitya meM aisI premikA nahIM hai - nahIM hai ' ( sUra - sAhitya, pR. 111 ) / sUradAsa ne rAdhA ko premalakSaNA bhakti ke sarvottama mAdhyama ke rUpa meM cunA, gopikAoM se kiMcit pRthak bhUmi para rakhate hue / bhAgavatakAra sajaga haiM ki lIlA ke AdhyAtmika sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 135

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saMketa bhI pratipAdita hote rahane cAhie aura ekAdaza skaMdha meM bhaktajana-lakSaNa, satsaMga-mahimA, bhakti-yoga, varNAzrama vyavasthA, bhakti-jJAna-karma Adi kA vivecana hai| bhAgavata meM mahArAsa ke AraMbha meM kRSNa ko yogezvara kRSNa kahakara saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai (10-33-3) / unheM 'bhagavAMstAbhirAtmArAmo'pi lIlayA' kahA gayA hai-AtmArAma bhagavAna (vahI 20) / para sUra ke lie aisI koI bAdhyatA nahIM ki AdhyAtmika saMketa Aropita kareM; ve prema ko uccatama bhUmi para sthApita kara, use bhakti meM paryavasita karate haiN| isa prakAra sUra ko bhAgavata-prasthAna aura vallabhAcArya ke matavAda se kiMcit pRthak bhUmi para le jAkara dekhanA ucita hogaa| jo kucha hai, vaha kavi ke saMvedana-jagata meM vilayita hai| vallabha-darzana se sUra ne jo vaicArika AdhAra prApta kiyA, use unhoMne apanI bhakti-cetanA meM saMyojita kiyA, isalie usakI pRthak upasthiti kI khoja aprAsaMgika ho jAtI hai| kRSNakAvya ko udAra mAnavIyatA kI ora le jAte hue, sUra use aisI rAgAtmakatA se saMpanna karate haiM ki vahA~ pUrA paridRzya sahaja aura vizvasanIya pratIta hotA hai, cetanA kA smiipii| jAyasI ko 'prema kI pIra' kA kavi kahA jAtA hai, para vAstavikatA yaha hai ki sUra kA prema-bhAva khulI bhUmi para saMcarita hokara adhika vyApaka banatA hai : kRSNa ke bAlajIvana se lekara rAsa-tIlA aura mathurA-gamana tk| vArtA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki vallabhAcArya ne sUradAsa ko zrInAtha maMdira meM aSTayAma ke lie pada-gAyana kA Adeza diyA thaa| aSTayAma haiM : maMgala, zRMgAra, gvAla, rAjabhoga, utthAna, bhoga, AratI aura shyn| sUrasAgara ke pUrva kRSNagAthA kI paraMparA hai, jisake prasthAna rUpa meM bhAgavata ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, jisakA vartamAna rUpa kabhI chaThI-nauvIM zatAbdI ke bIca sthira huaa| isI samaya dakSiNa ke AlavAra saMta sakriya the jinhoMne kRSNa kI tallIna bhakti se lokapriyatA prApta kii| kRSNa-kathA kahanA unakA uddezya nahIM hai, mUlataH ve bhAva-tanmayatA ke kavi haiN| saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza se hotI huI kRSNakAvya paraMparA hiMdI meM praveza karatI hai aura hAla kI 'gAhA satasaI' (gAthA saptazatI) kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA jAtA hai, jisameM zrRMgAra kI pramukhatA hai| jayadeva kA gItagovinda rAdhA-kRSNa-saMbaMdhoM ko laukika bhUmi para pratiSThita karatA hai, jisase kRSNakAvya meM naI saMbhAvanAoM ke dvAra khulate haiN| isa dRSTi se ki unheM devatva se alagAkara adhika khulI mAnavIya bhUmi para lAyA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi isase rItikAlIna durghaTanA bhI huI ki rAdhA-kRSNa smaraNa kA bahAnA banakara raha gae, unheM nAyaka-nAyikA rUpa diyA gyaa| sUrasAgara kA kauzala yaha ki yahA~ kathA kahanA sUra kA mukhya prayojana nahIM aura adhikAMza avasaroM para ve avarNanAtmaka haiN| prema-lIlA kA rAgAtmaka citraNa unakI abhIpsA hai, jisa mAdhyama se ve bhakti-bhAvanA kI niyojanA karate haiN| kRSNa kI lIlAe~ yahA~ pramukhatA prApta karatI haiM aura unheM gItAtmakatA ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA gayA hai| kathA-sUtra ke krama-sthApana meM varNanAtmakatA kA sahArA liyA gayA hai, jo kavi 136 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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cetanA ke bahuta samIpa nahIM hai| sUra kA mana sarvAdhika ramatA hai, kRSNa kI bAla lIlAoM meM, jisameM yazodA, gvAla-bAla, gopI, mAkhana-corI Adi ke prasaMga haiN| gocAraNa ko madhyakAla kI kRSi-carAgAhI saMskRti ke saMdarbha meM rakhakara dekhane para sUra kI rAgAtmaka loka-dRSTi kA paricaya milatA hai| kRSNa-gopI-rAdhA ke ghaniSTha milana-prasaMga rAsalIlA aura mahArAsa ke aMtargata Ate haiM, jahA~ sUra loka-saMbaMdhoM kI tanmayatA ke dvArA hI udAtta kA bodha karAte haiM, kisI AdhyAtmika AropaNa kI anivAryatA unheM nahIM pratIta hotii| bhramaragIta isI prema kA paripAka hai, jahA~ gopiyoM kA prema parIkSita hotA hai| gopikAe~ kahatI haiM : Udho bhalI karI tuma Ae, bidhi kulAla kInheM kAMce ghaTa, te tumha Ani pkaae| kRSNa meM bahuraMgI vyaktitva hai, aneka chaviyoM se saMpanna-solaha kalA avatAra; unameM rUpa ke sAtha guNa bhI haiM ki ve vaMzIvAdaka haiM, tathA usa janasamAja ke rakSaka haiM, jo unheM prema karatA hai| sAmAjika sAmarthya se sauMdarya prAmANita hotA hai, jise karma kA sauMdarya kahA jAtA hai| sUra ne kRSNa kA pUrNa mAnuSIkaraNa kiyA aura sUrasAgara kI vibhinna lIlAoM meM ise prAmANikatA dii| vinaya bhakti kA avibhAjya aMza hai aura sUrasAgara kA AraMbha vinaya padoM se hotA hai : caraNa-kamala baMdauM hari raai| agale pada meM sUra kA tarka vicAraNIya hai ki saguNa kyoM ? isalie ki nirguNa avyakta hai, usake rUpa kA grahaNa sarala nahIM-usakA AsvAda to liyA jA sakatA hai, 'gUMge ke lie mIThe phala ke rasa' kI taraha, para vyakta kara pAnA ktthin| tarka hai : rUpa-rekha-guna-jAti-jugati binu, nirAlaMba kita dhAvai, saba bidhi agama bicArahiM tAteM sUra saguna-pada gaavai| sUra ke prArthanA-bhAva meM jAti-vargahIna bhakti kA svarUpa hai : jAti, gota, kula, nAma, ganata nahiM, raMka hoi kai rAnauM (pada 11), jise kavi ke udAra bhakti-prasthAna ke rUpa meM dekhanA hogaa| gvAla-bAla gopI kRSNa ke jIvana meM sukha lete haiM, yahI unakA prApya hai aura kRSNa bhaktoM ko jAtivihIna saMjJA ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| sUra ne isa jAtihInatA ko kaI prasaMgoM meM duharAyA hai, jisa ora hamArA dhyAna jAnA cAhie : jAti-pAMti-kula-kAni na mAnata, veda-purAnani sAkhai (pada 15) / syAma garIbama hU~ ke gAhaka, nAtha anAthani hI ke saMgI, hamAre nirdhana ke dhana rAma Adi padoM meM kavi ke prArthanA-bhAva kA mUla svara yahI hai ki bhakti jAti-vargavihIna rAga-vyavasthA hai aura Izvara samadarzI haiN| prArthanA-padoM ke mAdhyama se sUra kA jo samarpaNa bhAva vyakta hotA hai, usakI dhvani yahI pratIta hotI hai ki jIvana kI sArthakatA hari-bhajana meM hai : jA dina mana paMchI ur3i jaihai (86), nahiM asa janama bAraMbAra (88), kIjai prabhu apane virada kI lAja (108) aadi| kahIM-kahIM sUra-tulasI meM aisA bhAva-sAmya milatA hai ki Azcarya hotA hai, jaise : prabhu mere guna-avaguna na vicAro (111), prabhu hoM saba patitana kau TIkau (138) Adi meN| Asakti ke saMsAra se mukti kI kAmanA aura bhakti meM saMlagnatA isa prArthanA-bhAva ke mukhya svara haiN| yadi vArtA-sAhitya ke AdhAra para svIkAra kara liyA jAya ki vallabhAcArya kI preraNA sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 137

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se sUra dainyabhAva se kRSNalIlA kI ora Ae, to yaha tathya ullekhanIya hai ki lIlA-gAna meM upAsya aura upAsaka kI barAbara kI sAjhedArI hai| dAna-pratidAna bhAva unake saMbaMdhoM ko aisI pragAr3hatA detA hai, jo anyatra virala hai| kRSNa svIkArate haiM ki Udhau mohi braja bisarata naahiiN| sUra ke prArthanA-bhAva meM tulasI kI vinayapatrikA jaisA pariSkArakAmI vinaya-bhAva nahI hai, jise prapatti, samarpaNa se saMbaddha kiyA jAtA hai| isake lie ve rAdhA-gopI-gvAla-bAla-yazodA ko mAdhyama banAte haiM, jinakI bhAvanAoM meM bhakti ke upAdAna saMyojita haiM, vAtsalya se lekara zrRMgAra tk| kahA jAtA hai ki kRSNa ke vAtsalya, zrRMgAra ne sUra kI sAmAjika cetanA ko sImita kara diyA aura unameM jIvana-yathArtha ke praveza ke avasara nahIM haiN| gopiyoM kA premabhAva itanA pragAr3ha ho gayA hai ki vAstavikatA ke lie guMjAyaza kama raha jAtI hai| sUra kI gItAtmakatA ne bhI yathArtha jIvana kI mukhara abhivyakti ko bAdhita kiyaa| isa prakAra sUra kI racanAzIlatA ko lagabhaga yathArtha-virahita kahane kI bhUla kI jAtI hai| prazna hai ki kaisA-kauna-sA yathArtha ? hama isa para samagratA se vicAra kareMge, para saiddhAMtika prazna yaha ki madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samAja ko kaviyoM ne eka hI koNa se dekhA-parakhA nahIM hai| use vyakta karane kI paddhatiyA~ to alaga-alaga haiM hI, usake prati kaviyoM kI dRSTi bhI eka-sI nahIM hai| yaha saMbhava nahIM ki eka hI samaya meM upasthita sArthaka bhakta kaviyoM meM kisI kI banAvaTa yathArthavAdI ho, aura anya kI pUrNatayA aythaarthvaadii| sUra kA mArga dUsarA hai aura loka-jIvana kI dRSTi se ve jAyasI ke samIpI haiN| jAyasI meM avadha janapada apanI lokachavi meM upasthita hai aura sUra meM brajamaMDala apane rAga-raMga meM samAyA hai, jisakI carcA yathA-sthAna kI jaaegii| isI prakAra yaha prazna bhI ki jisa kRSNagAthA aura usase saMbaddha caritroM ko sUra ne liyA hai, unheM apanI sarjanAtmaka kalpanA se kyA rUpa denA cAhA hai| __ kRSNa sUra ke kAvya-nAyaka haiM, jinakI paraMparA prAcIna hai, para madhyakAla taka Ate-Ate unake svarUpa meM kaI parivartana ho cuke the| vaidika yuga ke sarvopari deva indra, (jinheM devendra bhI kahA gayA) kA sthAna viSNu ko milA, jinake do pramukha avatAra rAma aura kRSNa haiN| kRSNa ko keMdra meM rakhakara sUra jo lIlA-cakra racate haiM, usakA sarvAdhika ullekhanIya pakSa hai, kRSNa kA pUrNa maanussiikrnn| devatva kI mAnava rUpa meM kalpanA purANa yuga meM bhI sakriya thI, para sUra ke kRSNa adhika khulI bhUmi para haiM aura kavi koI aisI bAdhyatA nahIM dekhatA ki bAra-bAra unake devatva kA saMketa bhI karatA cale, athavA bAhyAropaNa kA adhyAtmavAdI prayAsa kiyA jaay| kRSNa kA mAnava-rUpa meM avataraNa svayaM meM prItikara hai aura unake mAdhyama se kRSNa-lIlA aahlaadkaarii| bhaktizAstra racane kA prayatna karane vAle manISiyoM ne bhAgavata kA AdhAra lete hue kahA hai ki Izvara kI lIlA manuSya ke kalyANa ke lie hai aura ve svayaM usameM lipta nahIM hote| Izvara kA jIva ke prati yaha jo prema-bhAva hai, vahI lIlA kA 138 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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pramakha prasthAna hai aura sUra ke kRSNa ke prati sabakA AkarSaNa bhI isI prema-bhAva ke anyonyAzrita saMbaMdha para Azrita hai| sUra ne kRSNa ke lie aneka paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, para ve samAnArthI mAtra nahIM haiM, unase kRSNa ke viziSTa guNoM kA bodha hotA hai-mAkhanacora, muralImanohara, giridhara aadi| navam skaMdha taka varNanAtmaka aMza haiM, jahA~ mahAbhArata ke kucha prasaMga, avatAra-carcA, bhakti-vivecana hai aura sAta kAMDoM kI saMkSipta rAmakathA bhii| para varNanAtmakatA ke bIca kRSNa ke prati bhaktibhAva kA nivedana hai : jo sukha hota gupAlahiM gAe~/so sukha hota na japa-tapa kInheM, koTika tIratha nhAe~ (349) / sara bAlakRSNa se sauMdarya kA AraMbha karate haiM jisase mAnava rUpa ke udghATana meM suvidhA hotI hai| kRSNa-janma svayaM meM AnaMda-ullAsa kA kSaNa hai, jisameM saba sammilita haiM, kavi svayaM bhii| jisa tallInatA se ye dRzya urehe gae haiM, usase pramANita hotA hai ki kavi apanI pUrI rAgAtmakatA ke sAtha yahA~ upasthita hai| yahI premabhAva bhaktibhAva kA prasthAna hai : uThI sakhI saba maMgala gAi/...sUradAsa, brajabAsI haraNe, ganata na rAjA raai| kRSNa ke janma meM hI sUra sAmAjika cetanA kA bIja-vapana karate haiN| kRSNa-janma meM aisA sukha ki vargagata dUriyA~ miTa jAtI haiN| sAmAjika sukha kA yaha dRzya sUra ne gokula ke nara-nArI-samAja kI ullAsapUrNa pratikriyAoM dvArA vyakta kiyA hai : 'Aja naMda ke dvArai bhIra' (643) aura Apasa meM hI sAmUhika nirNaya ki (638) : Aju bana koU vai jani jAi saba gAini bacharana sameta, lai Anaha citra banAi DhoTA hai re bhayau mahara kaiM, kahata sunAi-sunAi / sabahi ghoSa maiM bhayau kulAhala, AnaMda ura na samAi gokula kI svataHsphUrta sahaja prasannatA ke mUla meM kRSi-caravAhA samAja kI kabIlAI saMskRti bhI hai, jahA~ saba sukha-dukha ke samabhAgI hote haiN| eka saMpUrNa akhaMDita samAja hotA hai, jise vyApaka artha meM Adima sAmyavAda bhI kahA gyaa| nanda-yazodA ke ghara putra-janma kisI sAmaMta ke prati vivaza pradarzana nahIM hai, sUra ise sahaja bhUmi para pratiSThita kara, pUre prasaMga ko sAmAjikatA dete haiM aura isalie 'ganata na rAjA rAi' paMkti eka se adhika bAra AtI hai| bhAva-prasAra hotA hai, kRSNa ke sauMdarya-varNana se, jisameM sUra nizcita hI sabase kuzala kaviyoM meM haiN| ve kRSNa ko 'zobhA-siMdhu' kahakara saMbodhita karate haiM : 'sobhA-siMdhu na aMta rahI rI, naMda-bhavana bhari pUri umaMga cali, braja kI bIthini phirati bahI rI,...sUradAsa prabhu indra-nIlamani, braja-banitA ura lAi gahI rI' (pada 647) / prathama darzana meM prema kI yaha parikalpanA sUra ke usa rAgabhAva kI dyotaka hai, jo apanI udAttatA meM sarvottama dharAtala para jAtA hai, saba kucha ko atikramita karatA huaa| aise nirmala sauMdarya ke prati arpita hokara, sarvaprathama hama usa sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 139

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ahaM se mukta hote haiM, jise vikAra kA AdhAra kahA jAtA hai| mAnA gayA hai ki bAla-varNana meM sUra advitIya haiM, apratima / bAlaka kRSNa kA gatimaya citraNa, unakI nAnA chaviyA~ ubhAratA hai aura usa rAga-bhAva ko vikAsa milatA hai, jo sUra kA pratipAdya hai| isI ke bIca kRSNa kI camatkArI lIlAe~ haiM- pUtanA vadha Adi para sUra kI ekAgratA bAla-sauMdarya meM banI huI hai / mA~ yazodA ke sAtha, gokula isameM sammilita hai aura isa dRSTi se bAlaka kRSNa kA rUpa sAmAjIkRta hai| unake vikAsa ke sAtha jana-samAja kA rAga bhAva vikasita hotA hai : jo sukha braja meM eka gharI, so sukha tIni loka meM nAhIM, dhani yaha ghoSa purI ( pada 687 ) / nAmakaraNa, annaprAzana, varSagAMTha Adi kA varNana karate hue sUra gokula ko sammilita karate haiM : Aju bhora tamacura ke rola, gokula meM AnaMda hota hai, maMgala dhuni maharAne Tola ( pada 712 ) / prema kA vikAsa sUradAsa meM sahaja prakriyA se hotA hai, jisameM mAkhana- prasaMga, go- dohana, go- cAraNa Adi Ate haiM aura Age calakara muralI-vAdana, rAsa-prasaMga haiN| sUradAsa meM ina lIlAoM ko kRSaka caravAhA saMskRti se saMbaddha karake dekhanA ucita hogA / yahA~ brajamaMDala apanI prAkRtika suSamA aura saMskAroM meM upasthita hai jisase isa Aropa kA khaMDana hotA hai ki sUra meM jIvana - yathArtha ke saMparka nahIM haiM / yathArtha ke kaI paridRzya hote haiM, jinameM eka ko kabIra ne grahaNa kiyA aura dUsare ko jAyasI-sUra Adi kaviyoM ne / lokajIvana ke dRzya yahA~ pramukhatA pAte haiM aura samaya kI vAstavikatA kA eka vRtta pUrNa hotA hai / kavi se hara prakAra kI mA~ga karanA bhI bahuta ucita nahIM hai kyoMki vaha apanI cetanA kI banAvaTa ke anusAra cayana karatA hai aura usI ke sahAre apane kAvya- Azaya taka pahu~canA cAhatA hai / isa dRSTi se sUra ke saMvedana- saMsAra eka sammilita bhUmi hai, jisa ora hamArA dhyAna jAnA caahie| kRSNa kA mAnuSikaraNa racanAzIlatA kA pramukha AdhAra hai, jise keMdra meM rakhakara saMpUrNa carita - saMsAra kI sRSTi kI gaI hai| kRSNa kI sahaja lIlA svayaM meM brajamaMDala ke AkarSaNa kA keMdra hai, jisake lie manohArI jaise vizeSaNoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| bIca-bIca meM unake devatva ke saMketa haiM, para yadi na bhI hoM to kRSNa kA rUpa guNa se saMbaddha hokara jisa samagra sauMdarya kI sRSTi karatA hai, vaha abhibhUta karane ke lie paryApta hai / phira braja kI saMskRti bhI unhIM ke mAdhyama se abhivyakti pAtI hai, isa artha meM ki ve kevala kAvya-nAyaka nahIM haiM, lIlAoM ke mAdhyama se usameM sammilita haiM / sUra ne rAgAtmakatA se kRSNa ke bAla-vikAsa ke citra banAe haiM aura brajamaMDala ko isameM sammilita kiyA hai, jisase pUre lIlA- dRzya ko eka sAmAjika svIkRti milatI hai / yazodA ke lie yaha svAbhAvika hai ki vaha bAlaka kA vikAsa dekhakara prasanna hai : calata dekhi jasumati sukha pAvai / para isa vAtsalya ko sUra gvAla - samAja, gopIjana ke rAgabhAva meM badalate haiM : jaba taiM A~gana khelata dekhyau, maiM jasudA kau pUta rI, taba taiM gRha sauM nAtauM TUTyau, jaise kA~co sUta rI ( pada 754 ) / 1 140 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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sUra kRSNa ke bAla - varNana meM gatimayatA lAne meM sajaga pratIta hote haiM tAki vaha sthira citra banakara na raha jAe / isIlie ve bAla-lIlA kA varNana to karate hI haiM, gvAla-samAja ko bhI usameM sammilita karate haiM / sUra ne kRSNa ke rUpa-varNana meM bAra-bAra chavi, zobhA, rUpa Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai jisase sauMdarya ke adhika vyApaka svarUpa kA bodha hotA hai| isa zobhA- chavi kA saMbaMdha kRSNa kI lIlAoM se jur3a jAtA hai, jo haiM to mAnuSa jaisI hI, para apane prabhAva meM vazIkaraNa upajAtI haiM aura isa dRSTi se mAkhana- lIlA kA vizeSa mahattva hai / gvAla-bAla jIvana, jo kRSi - carAgAhI saMskRti se saMbaddha hai aura jisakA AdhAra pazudhana hai, usake lie dadhi-mAkhana eka prakAra se pU~jI hI nahIM, saMskRti bhI hai aura go- cAraNa Adi ko bhI isI saMdarbha meM dekhanA caahie| kRSNa kA rUpa - citra hai : zobhita kara navanIta lie, ghuTurani calata renu - tana-maMDita mukha dadhi lepa kie| para yaha dRzya gatizIla hotA hai, jaba mAkhana - lIlA ke mAdhyama se gopikAoM kA rAga-bhAva vikasita hotA hai| sUra ne bAla-kRSNa ke manohArI rUpa-citra banAe haiM : kahA~ lauM baranauM suMdaratAI (726), hari jU kI bAla - chavi kahauM barani (727) Adi / para isa sauMdarya meM vRddhi hotI hai, vibhinna lAoM dvArA kyoMki kRSNa aura gvAla-bAla, gopiyoM meM samIpatA bar3hatI hai / gopikAe~ aneka prakAra se kRSNa ke prati apane rAga-bhAva kI abhivyakti karatI haiM : adbhuta ika citau hauM sajanI, naMda mahara ke A~gana rI, so maiM nirakhi apanapau khoyau, gaI mathAnI mA~gana rI - kaha~ lagi kahauM banAi barani chavi, nirakhata mati - gati hArI rI, sUra syAma ke eka roma para deu~ prAna balihArI rI ( 755 ) / mAkhana- lIlA, go- cAraNa brajamaMDala kI kRSi - carAgAhI saMskRti se saMbaddha prasaMga haiM, jinakA upayoga sUra ne kRSNa aura gvAla samAja, gopiyoM se nikaTa saMbaMdha sthApita karane meM kiyA hai / para isI ke mAdhyama se braja kI kRSaka caravAhA saMskRti apanI loka-cetanA ke sAtha ujAgara hotI hai, jahA~ sUradAsa kI kavitA kA samAjazAstra hai aura samAjadarzana bhii| sUradAsa ne kaTu jIvana - yathArtha ke sthAna para, usa lokotsava kA rAga-raMga cunA jo abhAvoM meM bhI jIvita rahatA hai aura jahA~ amizrita saMvedana vyakta hote haiM / mAkhana-lIlA ke sAtha kRSNa ke prati jisa rAga-bhAva kA vikAsa hotA hai use sUradAsa rekhAMkita karate haiN| Age calakara rAsa-prasaMga Adi se jur3akara vaha aura bhI pragAr3ha hotA hai, jise sAhacaryajanya prema kahA gayA : larikAI kauM prema, aha ali chUTaiM kaise ? sUra gopikAoM kI isa icchA ko kaI rUpoM meM vyakta karate haiM ki kRSNa kI mAkhana corI, unake rUpa-darzana kA eka nAyAba avasara hai / yahA~ bhI kRSNa kA rUpa sAmAjIkRta hai kyoMki gvAla-bAla sAtha haiM : sakhA-sahita gae mAkhana corI (888) | kaI padoM meM yaha AkAMkSA vyakta huI hai ki kRSNa ke Agamana kA svAgata hai : braja-banitA yaha suni mana haraSita, sadana hamAre AvaiM (890), gopAlahiM mAkhana khAna dai, (891) / gopikAe~ bAra-bAra usa rUpa - rAzi ko nihAratI haiM, sukha mAnatI haiM : I sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 141

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sUra syAma mukha nirakhi thakita bhaIM, kahata na banai, rahI mana dai hari (900) / sUra ne kaI prakAra se gopikAoM ke isa prema-bhAva ko abhivyakti dI hai aura mAkhana-corI prakaraNa ko vistAra se varNita karane ke mUla meM Azaya yaha ki kRSNa-lIlA ke mAdhyama se rAga-bhAva kA vikAsa ho rahA hai| upAlaMbha Adi ke prasaMga bhI isI ke aMtargata Ate haiM, jaba gopiyA~ yazodA ke pAsa ulAhanA ke lie jAtI haiM : kAnhahi barajata kina nNdraanii| para yazodA bhI jAnatI haiM : Avati sUra urahane maiM misa, dekhi ku~vara musukaanii| mAkhana-prasaMga meM sUra ne eka-sAtha kaI saMketa kie haiM, jisase kavi kI sAmAjika cetanA kA AbhAsa milatA hai| rAga-bhAva meM vRddhi hotI hai, jisameM sabhI sammilita haiM-yazodA, gvAla-bAla, gopI aadi| kRSNa kI bAla-vinoda vRtti ke saMketa bhI yahA~ milate haiM : khyAla pareM ye sakhA sabai mili, meroM mukha lapaTAyau (952) / sUra 'gorasa' Adi zabdoM ke prayoga se gokula kI kRSi-sabhyatA kA bodha karAnA cAhate haiM (pada 944), pUre prasaMga ko khulepana se vyakta karate haiM, jahA~ dRzya sAmAjIkRta hotA hai aura prema ko vistAra milatA hai : braja-juvatI syAmahiM ura lAvati, bAraMbAra nirakhi komala tanu, kara jorati, vidhi kauM ju manAvata (pada 1008) / go-cAraNa prasaMga isa dRSTi se rAga-bhAva kA nayA vistAra hai ki yahA~ kRSNa gokula kI sImA se Age bar3hakara vRMdAvana meM praveza karate haiM aura prakRti kI khulI bhUmi meM saMcarita hote haiN| vRMdAvana ko tIrtha ke samAna mAnA gayA hai kyoMki isakA saMbaMdha kRSNa kI usa sakriyatA se hai, jahA~ unakA pauruSa rUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai : bakAsura vadha se lekara kAlIdaha prasaMga tk| go-cAraNa prasaMga kRSNa ke vyaktitva ko eka nayA vistAra detA hai, sAmAjIkaraNa kI prakriyA meM vRddhi hotI hai| unakA vyaktitva naI dIpti pAtA hai, ve bAla-lIlAoM se Age nikalakara caravAhA samAja meM sammilita hote haiN| nanda sAmaMta rUpa haiM, para kRSNa ise atikramita karate haiN| unameM utsAha hai : Aju maiM gAi carAvana jaihauM, vRMdAvana ke bhA~ti-bhA~ti phala, apane kara maiM khaihauM (1029), maiM apanI saba gAi caraihauM (1038) / sUra ne go-cAraNa prasaMga meM kRSNa ke mArmika citra banAe haiM : bana taiM Avata dhenu carAe, saMdhyA samaya sA~vare mukha para, go-pada-raja lapaTAe (1035) / vRMdAvana kRSNa kI gocAraNa lIlA-bhUmi hai, isalie pavitra : dhani yaha vRMdAvana kI renu, naMda-kizora carAvata gaiyA~, mukhahiM bajAvata benu (1109) / kRSNa ko vRMdAvana priya hai (pada 1067) : vRMdAvana maukauM ati bhAvata sunahu sakhA tuma subala, zrIdAmA, braja taiM bana gau-cArana Avata kAmadhenu, surataru sukha jitane, ramA sahita baikuMTha bhulAvata ihi vRMdAvana, ihi jumanA-taTa, ye surabhI ati sukhada carAvata puni-puni kahata syAma zrImukha soM, tuma mere mana atihiM suhAvata sUradAsa suni gvAla cakita bhae, yaha lIlA hari pragaTa dikhAvata 142 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana SARALERA...

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vRMdAvana kI, sUra- kAvya meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai aura sAmAjIkRta hote kRSNa ke vyaktitva ke mAdhyama se sUra gvAlajana ke caravAhA jIvana ke vividha citra banAte haiM, jisase loka saMskRti ke dRzya ubharate haiN| kaI prakAra kI gAyeM - dhaurI, dhUmari, rAtI, rauMchI, piyarI, bhaurI, gaurI, gainI, khairI, kajarI, dulahI, phulahI, bhauMrI, bhUrI ( 1063), jamunA jala, vRkSa kI chAyA meM kaleU, kAlI kamalI / isa dRzya meM do naI AkRtiyA~ jur3atI haiM - morara-mukuTa aura vaMzI-vAdana, jo kRSNa ke vazIkaraNa rUpa se saMbaddha ho jAte haiM: vai muralI kI Tera sunAvata, vRMdAvana saba bAsara basi nisi Agama, jAni cale braja Avata (1124 ) / vRMdAvana kRSNa kI lIlA ko jo naI dIpti detA hai, usake viSaya meM sUra kA pada hai : mAdhau mohi karau vRMdAvana-renu, jihiM caranani Dolata naMda-naMdana, dina prati bana bana cAra dhenu ( 1107 ) / isa prakAra ke bhAva kRSNa-bhakta kaviyoM meM prApta hote haiM / go- cAraNa ke prasaMga meM kRSNa ke rUpacitra banAte hue, sUra kA dhyAna unake sahaja sauMdarya para hai : mora mukuTa banamAla birAjata, pItAMbara phaharAe, saMdhyA samaya sA~vare mukha para, go-pada-raja lapaTAe / muralI kRSNa ke vyaktitva ko guNa saMpanna karatI hai, rUpavAna to ve haiM hii| muralI kA AkarSaNa aisA ki saba isake svara meM baddha ho jAte haiM jise sUra ne kaI prakAra se vyakta kiyA hai / vallabhAcArya ke 'veNugIta' meM veNu ke chaH aizvarya haiM / bhAratendu ne apanI racanA kA nAmakaraNa kiyA - veNu - gIti / muralI kI AdhyAtmika vyAkhyAe~ bhI huI haiM, aura sUra ne bhI isake alaukika prabhAva kA saMketa kiyA hai : muralI dhuni baikuMTha gaI (1682 ) / sUra meM vaha rAga-bhAva ke sthAyIkaraNa kA sArthaka upAdAna hai aura rUpa ke sAtha guNa kA saMyojana kRSNa ke prati jo premabhAva upajAtA hai, vaha ciraMtana hai - sthAyI bhAva hai; rAgAtmakatA niraMtara gaharAtI hai| kRSNa ke muralI-vAdana kI sUcanA go- cAraNa prasaMga meM mila jAtI hai, yahA~ taka ki gauoM ko bulAne ke lie bhI ve isakA upayoga karate haiM / muralI ko sUra ne kRSNa ke vyaktitva ke guNa-vistAra rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, jisakA vyApaka prabhAva hai / yaha kevala manuSyamAtra taka sImita nahIM hai, isake prabhAva meM saba Ate haiM, jaise vazIkaraNa maMtra ho aura gopikAe~ maryAdAoM kA atikramaNa karate hue, muralI dhvani sunakara daur3a par3atI haiN| bhAgavata ( 10-29-5) meM rAsalIlA ke AraMbha meM vaMzI ke AkarSaNa kA vistRta varNana hai; yahA~ taka ki zizuoM ko stana pAna karAnA chor3akara ve bhAgIM ( 6 ) / isa mAdhyama se bhAgavatakAra kRSNa kI vaMzI ke vyApaka prabhAva kA varNana karanA cAhate haiN| sUra ne muralI ko kRSNa ke vyaktitva kI guNamayatA ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, jisake AkarSaNa meM saba baddha haiM, yahA~ taka ki prakRti bhI mugdha hai aura devatva bhI - yamunA kA jala sthira ho gayA hai; khaga-mRga saba stabdha haiM; pazu-surabhI pAgura karanA bhUla gae haiM; zuka- sanaka Adi bhI mohagrasta ( pada 1238 ) / sUra ne gopikAoM ko muralI - vazavandinI batAte hue usake vyApaka prabhAva kA varNana kiyA hai ( 1277 ) : sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 143

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jaba hari muralI adhara dharI gRha-byauhAra taje Araja-patha, calata na saMka karI pada-ripu-paTa aMTakyo na samhArati, ulaTa na palaTa kharI milihaiM syAmahiM haMsa-sutA taTa, AnaMda umaMga bharI sUra syAma kauM milIM paraspara, prema-prabAha ddhrii| sUra ne aneka prakAra se muralI-vAdana ke prabhAva ko vyakta kiyA hai, jisameM cara-acara saba sammilita haiN| yahA~ taka ki gopikAoM ko usase IrSyA hotI hai ki kRSNa ko aneka prakAra se nacAte hue bhI, vaha una para asAdhAraNa adhikAra rakhatI hai| kRSNa aura muralI sUra meM itane saMyojita haiM ki 'kahiyata bhinna na bhinna' kI sthiti hai| rAsa-lIlA kA prasaMga muralI se naI chavi pA jAtA hai, aura sUra ne use lagabhaga pAtra kA rUpa dete hue, gopikAoM se usakA vArtAlApa karAyA hai, jo paryApta vistAra se hai (pada 1834-1985) / gopikAoM kI IrSyA kA uttara dete hue, sUra muralI ke 'tapa' kI sarAhanA karate haiM : 'muralI kI sari jani karau, vaha tapa adhikArini' (1961) / yaha tapa kaI padoM meM duharAyA gayA hai, jisase sUra prema meM tyAga-tattva kA Agraha karate pratIta hote haiM (1960, 1964, 1966, 1982) / isake mAdhyama se gopikAoM kA nayA rUpAMtaraNa hotA hai, ve sAmAjIkRta hotI haiM (1980) : muralI dina-dina bhalI bhaI bana kI rahani nahIM aba yAmaiM, madhu hI pAgi gaI amiya samAna kahata hai bAnI, nIkai jAni laI jaisI saMgati budhi taisIya, hvai gaI sudhAmaI jaba AI taba aurai lAgI, so niTharaI haI sUra-syAma adharani ke parasaiM, sobhA bhaI nii| rAsa-lIlA sUrasAgara kA sabase cunautI-bharA prasaMga kahA jA sakatA hai, isa dRSTi se ki usakI vyAkhyA ko lekara paryApta vivAda haiN| rAsa kRSNa kI sarvopari lIlAoM meM parigaNita hai, jahA~ zrRMgAra apane carama para pahu~catA hai| isakA madhura bhAva meM paryavasAna bhakta-kaviyoM meM vicAraNIya hai| vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki rAdhA-kRSNa kI laukika ceSTAe~ alaukika saMketa detI haiM aura kRSNa-lIlA kA AdhyAtmika pakSa mahattvapUrNa hai| rUpagosvAmI ne zrRMgAramUlaka bhaktirasa ko ujjvala rasa kahakara nirUpita kiyA hai (ujjvlniilmnni)| madhusUdana sarasvatI ne zrIbhagavadbhakti rasAyana' meM laukika-alaukika kA prazna uThAte hue likhA hai : 'kAvya-artha ke rati Adi bhAva laukika haiM aura rasAnubhavitA sAmAjika meM yahI sthAyI bhAva alaukika haiN| (3-4) / kRSNabhakti-kAvya se saMbaddha kaviyoM aura vidvAnoM ko anumAna hai ki lIlA kI sahI vyAkhyA ke lie, dArzanika pIThikA ke sAtha, usake AdhyAtmika saMketa kA nirUpaNa Avazyaka hai| 144 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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bhAgavata ke dazam skaMdha meM untIsa se taiMtIsa adhyAya taka 'rAsapaMcAdhyAyI' hai, jisakA anugamana kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| AraMbha meM hI zukadeva ne kRSNa kI 'yogamAyA' kA ullekha karate hue, unakI alaukikatA kA saMketa kiyA hai (29:1) / prakRti ke khule maMca para rAsa racAte hue, bhAgavatakAra ne sthAna-sthAna para adhyAtma-bodhaka zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai : bhagavAna, divya, kAnta, yogezvara, bhAgavata aadi| kRSNa svayaM gopiyoM ko braja lauTa jAne kA parAmarza dete haiM (29:22) aura pAtivrata dharma kI zikSA dete haiM (29:26), para gopikAoM kA nivedana hai ki hameM bhakta rUpa svIkAro (29:31) / kAvya-bhASA meM bhAgavatakAra ne gopikAoM ke prema-bhAva kA varNana kiyA hai| rAsa-lIlA kA citraNa vistAra se hai aura garvitA gopiyoM kI ahaMkAra-mukti ke lie kRSNa aMtardhAna ho jAte haiM : gopiyA~ viraha meM DUba jAtI haiM (adhyAya 30-31), phira kRSNa prakaTa hote haiM, acyuta bhAva meM (32:10) / taiMtIsavA~ adhyAya mahArAsa kA hai, jahA~ lIlA ke AdhyAtmika saMketa haiM (33:37) / samApana aMza meM rAsa ko kRSNa kI divyalIlA kahA gayA hai, jahA~ kRSNa apanI yogamAyA se jIvAtmA gopikAoM ko sukha dete haiN| rAsalIlA ke ina AdhyAtmika saMketoM ke mUla meM yaha prayojana hai ki isa prasaMga ko zarIravAda se jor3akara na dekhA jaay| cIra-haraNa Adi aise hI prakaraNa haiM, jisakA abhipreta hai, Acchada kI samApti aura jIva tathA cinmaya kRSNa kA bhAvAtmaka milana, jisameM kRSNa sthitaprajJa kI sthiti meM haiN| prasaMgoM kI udAtta vyAkhyA pratibhA kI mA~ga karatI hai, jisase lIlA ko sahI saMdarbha meM dekhA jA ske| samAjadarzana kI dRSTi se kRSNa kI lIlAe~-mAkhana-corI, vRMdAvana go-cAraNa, rAsalIlA Adi kA sAmAjika pakSa adhika vicAraNIya hai, jisameM atirikta AdhyAtmika AropaNa kI anivAryatA nahIM hai| prema aura zRMgAra bhAva kRSNa ke mAnuSIkaraNa se saMbhava hue haiM aura sUra apanI pUrI rAgAtmakatA se inameM ruci lete haiN| ve isake mAdhyama se kRSNa aura gopiyoM ke rAga-bhAva ko caramotkarSa para pahu~cAte haiM aura bhAgavata kI rAsapaMcAdhyAyI ko apane DhaMga se vyAkhyAyita karate haiN| AraMbha meM prakRti kA ramaNIya pariveza hai-zarada-nizA, yamunA-taTa, parama ujjvala rAtri, kusumita prasUna, suMdara bayAra aadi| isa pIThikA meM kRSNa kA muralI-vAdana, gopikAoM ke lie vazIkaraNa hai : sunahu hari muralI madhura bajAI, mohe sura-nara-nAga niraMtara, braja banitA uThi dhAI (1608) / muralI ke lie kaI pada race gae haiM, kyoMki vaha kRSNa ke vyaktitva meM guNa-bodhaka hai| muralI kA nimaMtraNa aisA ki gopikAe~ vivaza-nirupAya ho jAtI hai aura sUra ne vistAra se usa manAdezA ke gatimAna citra banAe haiM, jisameM braja-banitAe~ muralI-dhvani sunakara, daur3a par3atI haiM (1611) / yahA~ kavi kA Azaya loka-saMbaMdhoM kA atikramaNa hai, jisake lie bhaktikAvya meM mIrA kA viziSTa sthAna hai : mero tau giradhara gopAla dUsaro na koI re, jAke sira mora mukuTa mero pati soI re| sUra kI gopikAe~ kula-kAni maryAdA kA atikramaNa karatI haiM (1614) : sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 145

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muralI madhura bajAI syAma mana hari liyau bhavana nahiM bhAvai, vyAkula braja kI bAma bhojana, bhUSana kI sudhi nAhI, tanu kI nahIM samhAra gRha guru-lAja sUta sauM torayau, DarI nahIM vyavahAra karata siMgAra bibasa bhaI suMdari, aMgani gaI bhulAi sUra-syAma bana benu bajAyata, cita hita-rAsa samAi sUra ne rAsa ke prasaMga kA upayoga gopikAoM ke sAmAjIkRta vyaktitva kA citraNa karane meM isa artha meM kiyA hai ki prema sImAoM ko atikramita karane kA sAhasa rakhatA hai| parivAra-kula kA niSedha kara gopikAe~ kRSNa ke pAsa pahu~catI haiM aura kRSNa unheM ghara lauTa jAne kA parAmarza bhI dete haiM, para gopikAe~ apane sneha meM aDiga haiN| ve kRSNa ko 'braja kA parama hitaiSI' kahatI haiM (1639), unheM kRpAnidhAna mAnatI haiM (1644) / rAsa ke prasaMga meM ghaniSTha milana-citra Ae haiM, 'kAma' zabda kA prayoga bhI huA hai, para sUra isa dizA meM sAvadhAna pratIta hote haiM ki pUrA prakaraNa sAdhAraNa zRMgAra mAtra banakara na raha jaay| isalie ve premabhAva aura bhaktibhAva meM saMyojana kA sajaga prayatna karate haiM aura devatA bhI AkAza se ise dekhate haiM-adbhuta rAcyau rAsa (1662) / yahA~ taka ki muralI-dhuni baikuMTha gaI, nArAyana-kamalA-suni daMpati, ati ruci hRdaya bhaI (1682) / sUra ne rAdhA kA praveza bhI karAyA hai : rAsamaMDala-madhya syAma rAdhA (1670), jo parama gopI bhAva hai| rAsa kA saMpUrNa prasaMga rAgAtmakatA kI carama pariNati hai, jisameM muralI-dhvani kI upasthiti ullekhanIya hai, jisakA vyApaka bhAva hai (pada 1686) : muralI sunata acala cale thake cara, jala jharata pAhana, viphala bRccha phale paya savata godhanani thana teM, prema pulakita gAta jhure chama aMkurita pallava, viTapa caMcala pAta sunata khaga-mRga mauna sAdhyau, citra kI anuhAri dharani umaMgi na mAti ura maiM, jatI, joga bisAri gvAla gRha-gRha sabai sovata, uhaiM sahaja subhAi sUra-prabhu, rasa-rAsa ke hita, sukhada raini bddh'aai| rAsalIlA ke prasaMga meM rAdhAkRSNa kA gaMdharva-vivAha varNanAtmaka rIti se AyA hai| para 'aMtardhAna' prasaMga meM rAdhA viyoga-DUbI priyA hai : kanaka beli sI kyoM murajhAnI, kyoM bana mAMjha akelI hai (1726), athavA rudana karati vRSabhAnu-kumArI (1730) / rAsa kI pariNati mahArAsa meM hotI hai jo rAga-bhAva kA caramotkarSa hai, jahA~ gopikAoM kA ahaMkAra vilayita hotA hai, ve saMpUrNa kRSNArpitA hotI haiM-pravRtti, zaraNAgati bhAva se| ise sUra ne viziSTa rAsa kahA hai : mohana racyau adbhuta rAsa (1751), jisase 146 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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vyaktitva kA nayA rUpAntaraNa hotA hai : Aju hari aisau rAsa racyau, savana sunyau na, kahU~ avalokyau, yaha sukha aba lauM kahA~ sNcyau| isameM sUra ne ahaMkAra ke naSTa hone kA saMketa kiyA hai, jisase bhakti kA mArga prazasta hotA hai (1757) / rAsa ke mAdhyama se sUra kRSNa ko aisI lokabhUmi para pratiSThita karate haiM ki unakA mAnuSa rUpa akuMThita bhAva se abhivyakti pAtA hai| rasikatA ke dRzya banAte hue ve ghaniSThatama milana-citroM kA upayoga karate haiM, para sAvadhAnI se isa tathya kA saMketa karate calate haiM ki kRSNa kA prabhAva prakRti meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| prasaMgoM ke bIca eka udAtta bhAva kI ora bAra-bAra lauTanA sUra kI sajagatA kA bodha karAtA hai aura yahA~ kavi tathA bhakta kA saMyojana vicAraNIya hai| zRMgAra ke sthaloM meM kavitA khulI bhUmi para hai, para sUra ko kRSNa ke viziSTa, nirlipta vyaktitva kA dhyAna bhI hai, isalie ve panaghaTa-lIlA aura dAna-lIlA meM bhI kRSNa ke vaiziSTya kA saMketa karate haiM : hari trilokapati pUranakAmI, ghaTa-ghaTa vyApaka aMtarajAmI (2017) athavA bhaktani ke sukhadAyaka syAma (2078) / rAdhA sUra kI viziSTa sRSTi hai, kavi kI sarjanAtmaka kalpanA kI sarvottama nirmiti| bhAgavata meM rAdhA kI anupasthiti ne vikAsa-krama kI khoja meM kaThinAI upasthita kI, para jayadeva, vidyApati, caMDIdAsa, sUra meM rAdhA keMdrIya caritra ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| paravartI padmapurANa, devI bhAgavata, brahmavaivarta purANa meM rAdhA ko sthAna milA aura brahmavaivarta meM vistAra bhii| sUra kI rAdhA kA pramukha prasthAna yaha ki vaha kRSNapriyA hai, nityapriyA, prmsvkiiyaa| vRSabhAnu kI beTI, vaha saundarya kA akSaya koSa hai-rUparAzi : caMpaka kanaka kalavera kI duti (1815) / sUra ne rAdhA kA citra banAte hue apanI jisa jAgrata sauMdarya dRSTi kA paricaya diyA hai, usameM Agraha hRdaya kI zucitA para hai-'parama nirmala nAri' (2461) / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki rAdhA ko sarjita karane meM sUra apanI sauMdarya cetanA ke sAtha to upasthita haiM hI, ve usameM jisa pragAr3ha premabhAva kA praveza karAte haiM, vaha itanI udAtta bhUmi para saMcarita hai ki bhakti meM paryavasita hotA hai| isalie yaha prazna hI vyartha hai ki rAdhA svakIyA hai athavA prkiiyaa| AcArya nandadulAre vAjapeyI rAdhA-kRSNa-saMbaMdha ko uccatama premI-premikA saMbaMdha ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM jo sAmAjIkRta hokara bhakti taka paha~catA hai-premI kRSNa kI ArAdhya rUpa meM bhI svIkRti (mahAkavi sUradAsa : pR. 152) / sUra kI rAdhA aniMdya sauMdarya kI svAminI hai aura apratima prem-prtimaa| isalie gopikAoM ke lie gopI-bhAva kA prayoga kiyA gayA, para rAdhA ke lie parama gopii-bhaav| vaha nityapriyA hai, ciraMtana kRSNapriyA aura sUra ne usake vyaktitva ko isa sImA taka vikasita kiyA ki vaha vyakti-saMjJA se Age jAkara, vizeSaNa-pratIka-biMba bana gii| prema se bhakti kA yaha UrdhvamukhI prayANa bhaktikAvya meM ullekhanIya hai aura yahA~ sUra pUrvavartI kaviyoM se kahIM adhika udAtta bhUmi para sthita haiN| rAdhA ke AraMbhika sauMdarya-citroM se lekara aMta taka usake rUpa varNana meM jo sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 147

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pakSa sarvAdhika mukhara hokara AyA hai, vaha hai usakA nizchala samarpaNa bhaav| usake mAdhyama se jaise sUra braja-yuvatI kI sahaja-sarala advitIya pratimA aMkita karanA cAhate haiN| usakI tulanA meM premI kRSNa catura sujAna haiM : 'sUradAsa prabhu rasika-siromani, bAtani bhurai rAdhikA bhorI' (1291) / prAyaH rAdhikA ke sauMdarya para dhyAna itanA keMdrita ho jAtA hai ki yaha tathya bhulA diyA jAtA hai ki zarIra AkarSaNa kA prasthAna ho sakatA hai, para vikAsa aura saMvardhana ke lie rAgAtmaka bhAva kI apekSA hotI hai| rAdhA kA rUpacitra nirmita karate hue sUra paraMparita upamAnoM kA bhI Azraya lete haiM, para aMta meM kahate haiM : 'bhuvana caturdasa kI suMdaratA, rAdhe mukhahiM racAI' / isI vistRta sauMdarya-varNana meM rAdhA uccatara Azaya se saMbaddha kI gaI hai : rUpa-rAsi, sukha-rAsi rAdhike, sIla mahA gunarAsI (pada 1673) athavA rAdhA nirmala caMdrikA hai, vaha kRSNa ko priya hai, yahI usake sauMdarya kI svIkRti hai : tuma sI tumahIM rAdhA, syAmahiM mana-bhAi (1694) / rAdhA ke rUpa-nirmANa meM sUra kI sauMdarya-dRSTi isa dizA meM sajaga ki vaha sAdhAraNa suMdarI nahIM, kRSNapriyA hai, una jaise rasikezvara-rasika-ziromaNi ko AkRSTa karA sakane kI kSamatA usa vyaktitva meM hai : pada 'rAdhe terau badana birAjata nIko' se AraMbha hotA hai, aura samApana-paMkti hai : sUradAsa, prabhu bibidhi bhA~ti kari, mana rijhyo hari pI kau (2320) / sUra ne rAdhA-kRSNa ke ghaniSTha milana-citra banAe haiM, uddAma zRMgAra ke, para prema-bhAva kI pragAr3hatA ke lie nATyakauzala kA upayoga bhI kiyA hai, jisameM yazodA, gopikAe~ saba sammilita haiM, yahA~ taka ki rAdhA kI mA~ bhii| sUra isa advitIya prema ko aikAntika bhUmi se nikAlakara, pArivArika-sAmAjika bhUmi para pratiSThita karate haiM, jo unakI sAMskRtika-sAmAjika cetanA kA pramANa hai| yazodA rAdhA se pUchatI hai : beTI kauna mahara kI hai tU, ko terI mahatArI/dhanya kokha jihiM tokoM rAkhyau, dhani ghari jihiM avatArI (1321) / yazodA svayaM use sa~vAratI hai (1322) aura yaha hai sauMdarya kI sAmAjika sviikRti| rAdhA-kRSNa kA prema kizora-vaya kA prema hai-nirmala, pavitra / prathama darzana meM hI prema ho jAtA hai : sUra syAma dekhata hI rIjhe, naina-naina mili parI ThagorI (1290) / prema meM netroM kI pramukha bhUmikA ko bAra-bAra rekhAMkita kiyA gayA hai : naina-naina kInhIM saba bAteM (1292) aura rAdhA ke netroM kI vizAlatA hai : ati bisAla caMcala aniyAre, hari-hAthani na samAe (1293) / zabdoM se kama kahA gayA hai, netroM se adhika / vicAraNIya yaha ki sUradAsa kI rAdhA kama bolatI hai, usakA samarpita mauna-bhAva hai, yahA~ taka ki viyogakSaNoM meM bhI : tumhAre biraha brajanAtha rAdhikA nainani nadI bar3hI (pada 4731) / sUra kA kauzala yaha ki unhoMne rAdhA-kRSNa ke prema ko khulI bhUmi para pratiSThita karate hue, brajajIvana, gvAla-saMskRti se use saMbaddha kiyA hai| vaiyaktika sImAoM ko atikrAMta karanA kavi ke samAjadarzana kA ullekhanIya pakSa hai, jahA~ saMbaMdhoM ko sAmAjika svIkRti milatI hai| prema kA vikAsa bAla-krIr3A, go-dohana ke sAtha hotA hai, jisakI jAnakArI 148 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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ko hai aura saMgI-sAthiyoM ko bhI / yazodA prasanna hai ki rAdhA mugdha bhAva se kRSNa ko nihAratI hai : rItau mATha bilovaI, cita jahA~ kanhAI ( 1333 ) / go - dohana ke mAdhyama 1 se rAdhA-kRSNa ke prema kA pallavana sUra kI sAmAjika cetanA kI upaja hai : hari sauM dhenuduhAvati pyArI (1351), duhi dInhIM rAdhA kI gAi ( 1355 ) / isa prasaMga ke anaMtara rAdhA kI sthiti yaha hai ki calana cahati paga calai na ghara kauM ( 1356 ) / sUra ne vyaMjita kiyA hai ( 1354) : dhenu duhata atihIM rati bAr3hI eka dhAra dohani pahu~cAvata, eka dhAra jaha~ pyArI ThAr3hI mohana kara taiM dhAra calati, pari mohani-mukha atihIM chavi gAr3hI manu jaladhara jaladhAra vRSTi - laghu, puni puni prema caMda para bAr3hI sakhI saMga kI nirakhatiM yaha chavi, bhaIM vyAkula manmatha kI DAr3hI sUradAsa prabhu ke rasa - basa saba, bhavana kAja taiM bhaI ucAr3hI rAdhA-kRSNa prema ke mAdhyama se sUra rAga-bhAva ko usakI carama udAttatA meM vyakta karate haiM, para pUrI loka chavi ke saath| yahA~ koI Aropita AdhyAtmikatA nahIM hai, jisase lokasaMpRkti durbala hotI hai; prema-vyApAra prakRti ke khule maMca para hai, pUrA gokula jisakA sAkSI hai / rAdhA - kRSNa kA anyonyAzrita prema jisa bhakti bhAvanA kA saMketa karatA hai, usakA nihitArtha yaha bhI hai ki Izvara prema kA pratidAna karanA jAnate haiM / rAdhA hari-anurAga-bharI hai aura 'loka-sakuca - saMkA nahiM mAnati, syAmahiM raMga DharI / ' sakhiyA~ use bAvalI kahatI haiM, para ise usakI ciMtA nahIM hai ( 2518 ) | kRSNa ke prati rAdhA ke rAga-bhAva ko ve mAna detI haiM : dhanya-dhanya bar3a bhAgini rAdhA (2477 ) / gopikAe~ muralI se IrSyA karatI haiM ki vaha kRSNa ko vaza meM rakhatI hai, para rAdhA ke bhAgya ko sarAhatI haiN| yahA~ sUradAsa svIkRti aura niSedha se samAjadarzana kA saMketa karate haiN| eka meM hai, bahupatnIprathA ke sAmaMtI samAja para parokSa TippaNI aura dUsare meM mUlya-stara para usase ubarane kA sAhasa, jisake lie usane kRSNapriyA rAdhA kA cayana kiyA hai jo rasikezvara kI svakIyA priyA hI nahIM, apane guNa-dharma meM itanI udAtta ki sabakI preraNA banatI hai - rAdhA - bhAva ke rUpa meM / lIlA - prasaMga meM rAdhA-kRSNa madhya meM haiM aura vRtta banAtI gopikAe~ cAroM ora / rAdhA kI mAna - lIlA bhI kSamya hai, jisase prema aura pragAr3ha hotA hai / isa prasaMga ko sUra ne vistAra diyA hai, saMbhava hai jisa para madhyakAlIna dabAva hoM / para kRSNa svIkArate haiM ki : loka caturdasa nIrasa lAgata, tU rasa-rAsi-racI (3066) / rAsa prasaMga meM rAdhikA kI viziSTa sthiti hai : dulahini dUlaha syAmA syAma ( 1762) - dAmpatya kI yugala chavi / sUra rAdhA ke mAdhyama se prema ko jisa sarvocca dharAtala para pratiSThita karanA cAhate haiM, usase bhaktibhAva kA niSpAdana hotA hai / ise purAtana, nitya prema kahA gayA hai aura isake paripAka ke lie kRSNapriyA ke prema kI parIkSA anivArya thI / aMtardhAna, sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 149

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mAna Adi prasaMgoM meM AkulatA ke saMketa milate haiM, para prema kI pUrNa parIkSA hotI hai, kRSNa ke mathurA cale jAne pr| bhramaragIta prasaMga meM rAdhA kA prema parIkSita hokara apanI pUrNatA para pahu~catA hai aura isa mAdhyama se sUra madhyakAlIna dehavAda kA sajaga atikramaNa karate haiN| AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke zabdoM meM : 'saMyoga kI rasa-varSA ke samaya jisa tarala prema kI nadI baha rahI thI, viyoga kI A~ca se vahI prema sAMdra-gAr3ha ho utthaa|' kRSNa ke mathurA cale jAne para yazodA aura gopikAoM kI pIr3A AraMbha meM hI varNita hai : nAtha anAthani kI sudhi lIjai, gopI, gvAla, mAi, gosuta saba, dIna malIna dinahiM dina chIjai, nainani jaladhArA bAr3hI ati, bUr3ata braja kina kara gahi lIjai (pada 3808) / dazama skaMdha meM uddhava-braja-Agamana prasaMga ke AraMbha meM hI eka pada hai, jisameM rAdhA kA ullekha hai : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra, kahA~ sukhada baMsI baTa jamunA, yaha mana sadA bicAra, kahA~ bana dhAma kahA~ rAdhA saMga, kahA~ saMga braja bAma (4034) / uddhava ke Agamana kI prathama sUcanA gopI rAdhA ko detI hai (4076) / gopikAe~ apanI vyathA-kathA kaha detI haiM, nirguNa ke prati AkrAmaka bhI haiN| gokula meM bAta phaila jAtI hai : kou mAI madhubana taiM Ayo (4130) / AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne gopikAoM kI vacana-vakratA kA ullekha kiyA hai (bhramaragIta-sAra, pR. 71) / mukhara gopikAoM kI tulanA meM rAdhA mauna hai, jaise ve hI usakI pIr3A kA bhI pratinidhitva kara rahI haiM : sunahu syAma sujAna, tiya gaja gAminI kI pIra (4727), uma~gi cale dou naina bisAla (4729), nAhIM kachu sudhi rahI hie (4736) aadi| gopikAe~ bahiyA kA dRzya prastuta karate hue kahatI haiM : tumhAre biraha brajanAtha rAdhikA nainana nadI bar3hI, lIne jAta nimeSa kUla dou, ete mAna car3hI (4731) / viyoga-DUbI rAdhA kA viSAda-citra (4691) : ati malIna vRSabhAnu-kumArI hari sama-jala bhIMjyau ura-aMcala tihiM lAlaca na dhuvAvati sArI adha mukha rahati anata nahiM citavati, jyauM gatha hAre thakita juvArI chUDhe cikura badana kumhilAne, jyauM nalinI himakara kI mArI hari saMdesa suni sahaja mRtaka bhai, ika birahini dUje ali jArI sUradAsa kaisaiM kari jIveM, braja banitA bina syAma dukhaarii| gopikAe~ Udho se kRSNa ko saMdeza bhejate hue prazna karatI haiM : jasumati-jananI, priyA rAdhikA dekhe aurahu~ desa ? rAdhA apratima premikA hai, sarvAMga samarpita / isI pada meM (4696) rAdhA kI bhAva-vihvalatA kA citra hai, smRti ke mAdhyama se : mukha mRdu chabi muralI rava pUrata, goraja karabura kesa naTa-nAyaka gati bikaTa laTaka taba, bana teM kiyo praveza ati Atura akulAya dhAi piya, poMchata nayana kusesa kumhilAnau mukha padma parasa kari dekhata chabihiM bises| 150 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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Udhau kaI padoM meM rAdhA kI viyoga-vyathA kRSNa se kahate haiM (4722-4736), jinameM vaha mArmika pada bhI : tumhAre biraha brajanAtha rAdhikA nainani nadI bar3hI (4731) / kurukSetra meM rukmiNI kI jijJAsA hai : hari sauM bUjhati rukmini inameM ko vRSabhAnu kisorI, bAraka hameM dikhAvahu apane bAlApana kI jorI (4903) / rAdhA-rukmiNI kA milana sUra kI advitIya sRSTi hai, jahA~ ve madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samAja kI bahapatnI prathA se janme asUyA bhAva ko tilAMjali dete haiM : rukmini rAdhA aiseM bheMTI, jaise bahuta dinana kI bichurI, eka bApa kI beTI (pada 4909) / rAdhA apane mauna meM hI mahAn hai aura kRSNa ke prati usakA samarpita rAga bhAva prapatti kA sarvocca dharAtala nirmita karatA hai| bhAgavata meM rAdhA kI anupasthiti ke bAvajUda, mahAkavi sUradAsa aisI apratima kRSNapriyA raca sake, yaha unakI sarjana-kSamatA kA asaMdigdha pramANa hai| apane rUpa-guNa meM vaha advitIya hai, aura nizchala samarpaNa bhAva meM paravartI bhakti-darzana aura racanAzIlatA ke lie preraNA banatI hai| kRSNa ke sAtha hI rAdhA kA smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai aura vaha madhyakAlIna kalA-saMsAra meM abhivyakti pAtI hai : lokagIta, saMgIta, citra, sthApatya, mUrti, nRtya Adi meN| rAdhA ke mAdhyama se sUra kA samAjadarzana eka aisI nArI-pratimA gar3hatA hai jo loka meM saMcarita hokara bhI, apane samagra vyaktitva meM itanI udAtta hai ki devI rUpa prApta karatI hai| sUra kI rAdhA madhyakAlIna dehavAda kA niSedha hai, jahA~ nArI kevala zarIra athavA zrRMgAra banakara raha gaI thii| vaha kavi sUra kA sarAhanIya vikalpa hai, racanA-stara para jise sudhArasa, amRta kahA gyaa| vaha hai : jaganAyaka, jagadIsa-piyArI, jagata-janani jagarAnI, nita vihAra gopAla lAla saMga, vRndAvana rajadhAnI (1673) / kRSNakAvya meM kRSNa ke vyaktitva ko keMdrIyatA hai aura rAdhA ciraMtana priyA hai| para kRSNalIlA kI pUrNatA ke lie gopikAe~ bhI anivArya haiM, jinheM jIva-rUpa kahA gayA aura AdhyAtmika saMketa kI pratiSThA kI gii| bhAgavatakAra bhI isa dizA meM sAvadhAna hai ki gopikAe~ lokasaMpRkti ke bAvajUda samarpaNa kI udAtta bhUmi kA saMketa karatI raheM aura sthAna-sthAna para yaha prayatna hai| dazam skandha meM rAsa-prasaMga meM bhI kRSNa ke lie yogezvara zabda kA prayoga huA hai| adhyAya battIsa meM prema kA jo vivecana hai, usake samApana meM kRSNa svayaM gopikAoM ke prema kI sarAhanA karate haiN| sUrasAgara kI kRSNakathA meM gopikAe~ rAgabhAva kA mukhya AdhAra haiM jisameM saradAsa eka ora lokasaMvedana kI nirbaMdha abhivyakti karate haiM, dUsarI ora usI ke mAdhyama se uccatara udAtta bhAva kA pratipAdana karanA cAhate haiM, jise bhakti kahA gyaa| yaha kArya yadi kisI atirikta bAhyAropaNa se hotA to kAvya ke sahaja pravAha meM bAdhA upasthita hotI, para sUra bhAvAvega ke bAvajUda jisa bhAva-saMtulana kA nirvAha, kalA ke stara para karate haiM, vaha unakI pratibhA kA pramANa hai| kaI bAra gopiyoM kA prema vyApAra aura unake udgAra unmukta pratIta hote haiM, isa sImA taka ki maryAdA TUTatI dikhAI detI sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 151

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hai| para gopikAe~ kRSNa ke prema ke lie laukika saMbaMdhoM kA niSedha kara cukI haiM, isakA ullekha sUra kaI prakAra se karate haiM : meTi kulakAni marajAda bidhi veda kI, tyAga gRha-neha, suni benu dhAIM (1753) / rAsa-prasaMga meM 'kAma' zabda kaI bAra AtA hai, para isake atikramaNa kA prayatna bhI hai, vizeSatayA viyoga-sthiti meM rUpa-darzana kI laalsaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki gopikAoM ke mAdhyama se sara jisa prema-darzana kI niyojanA karate haiM, vaha bhaktidarzana kA pramukha AdhAra hai| para yaha kisI rahasya-saMsAra kI ora agrasara nahIM hotA, isameM lokajIvana ke mAdhyama se hI .udAttatama dharAtala para jAne kA prayatna hai| gopikAoM ke lie kRSNa pratyeka kSaNa priya rUpa meM cetanA meM vidyamAna haiM : hamAre hari hArila kI lakarI, manakrama bacana naMda-naMdana-ura, yaha dRr3ha kari pakarI, jAgata, sovata svapna divasa-nisi, kAnha-kAnha jakarI (pada 4606) / ____ gopikAoM ke prema kA vikAsa isa dRSTi se vicAraNIya hai ki vaha 'larikAI kauM prema' hai| kRSNa-janma se lekara mathurA-gamana aura kurukSetra-dvArakA pravAsa taka isa rAga-bhAva kA prasAra hai, jo niraMtara pragAr3ha hotA huA, bhakti kI carama pariNati taka pahu~catA hai| sUra ne ise prema-purAtana, janma-janmAntara kA prema kahA hai (4902) / gopikAoM kA prema kRSNa ke vyaktitva ke sAtha vikAsa pAtA hai, unake hara kriyA-kalApa meM; ve rAga-bhAva se sammilita nAriyA~ haiM / kRSNa kA janma hotA hai to gopikAe~ pArasparika vArtAlApa meM usa saundarya ko sarAhatI haiM : sobhA-siMdhu na aMta rahI rI, naMda-bhavana bhari pUri umaMga cali, braja kI bIthini phirati bahI rI (647) / bAlakRSNa ke sauMdarya ke asaMkhya citra sUra ne banAe haiM, aura isa kSetra meM vizvakAvya meM ve viziSTa sthAna ke adhikArI haiN| ye sApekSa citra haiM, jahA~ yazodA ke sAtha gvAla-bAla aura gopikAe~ vizeSa rUpa se sammilita haiN| sUra ise advitIya sukha kahate haiM : jo sukha braja maiM eka gharI, so sukha tIna loka maiM nAhIM, dhani yaha ghoSa purI (687) / kRSNa ke nAmakaraNa, annaprAzana, varSagA~Tha, kanachedana hara utsava meM gopikAe~ rAgAtmakatA se sammilita haiM aura sauMdarya kI yaha carcA pUre gokula meM vyApa jAtI hai| kavi sUra kRSNa-sauMdarya, kRSNa-lIlA ko sAmAjIkRta karate haiM, yaha kRSNakAvya meM unakA maulika pradeya hai aura unake samAjadarzana kA vaiziSTya pramANita karatA hai| kRSNa ke hara lIlA-dRzya meM gopikAe~ sahabhAginI haiM, jaise yaha saMlagna yAtrA hai : gopI-gvAla karata kautUhala ghara-ghara bajata badhaiyA (773) / mAtA yazodA kA vAtsalya to svAbhAvika hai, para gopikAe~ aura gvAla-bAloM kI, usa sukha meM sahabhAgitA kRSNa ke vyaktitva ko jo sAmAjikatA detI hai, vaha ullekhanIya hai| go-cAraNa, vRMdAvana-prasaMga meM pramukhatA gvAla-bAla samAja kI hai aura mAkhana-corI prasaMga meM gopikAoM kii| kRSNa braja ko apanA mAnate haiM : sUradAsa prabhu kahata prema sauM, ye mere braja-loga (886) / yaha apanApA athavA apanApana sAmaMtI sImAoM ko miTAtA calatA hai, yahA~ varga-bheda miTa jAte haiM, sahayoga kI samanvita bhUmi nirmita hotI hai| mAkhana-corI ke AraMbhika caraNa meM saba sAtha haiM : sakhA sahita 152 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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gae mAkhana corI (888) / sUra ne isa prasaMga ke mAdhyama se gopikAoM ke prema-bhAva ko vikAsa diyA hai; yahA~ taka ki unake upAlaMbha meM bhI sneha hai-kRSNa-darzana kA bhaanaa| gokula-vRMdAvana meM madhyakAla meM jo kRSaka-caravAhA saMskRti thI, use vyakta karane kA prayAsa bhI sUra ne isa mAdhyama se kiyA hai| yahA~ gopikAe~ akuMThita bhUmi para haiM aura unake khulepana ko carAgAhI sabhyatA ke saMdarbha meM rakhakara dekhanA adhika prAsaMgika hogaa| sUra kahate haiM : gvAlini urahana maiM misa AIM, naMda-naMdana tana-mana hari lInhau, binu dekheM china rahyau na jAI (921) / sUra ne gopikAoM kI rUpAsakti kA varNana kaI prakAra se kiyA hai, para kRSNa kI 'mukha-chabi' vahA~ AkarSaNa-kendra hai : mukha-chabi kahA kahauM banAi, nirakhi nisa-pati-badana-sobhA, gayau gagana durAi (970) / netra se prema kA Arambha hotA hai, vaha cetanA meM vyApa jAtA hai| muralI gopikAoM ke rAga-bhAva ko uddIpta karatI hai, use sthAyitva detI hai-rUpa aura guNa milakara 'samagra chabi banAte haiN| prema ke paripAka maiM vaMzI/muralI kI bhUmikA mahattvapUrNa hai aura kRSNa vRMdAvana se lauTate haiM, to gokula unakI pratIkSA karatA hai : bana taiM Avata dhenu carAe, saMdhyA samaya sA~vare mukha para, go-pada-raja lapaTAe (1035) / merA vicAra hai ki muralI ke mAdhyama se sUra kRSNa ke vyaktitva ko jo guNa-dIpti denA cAhate haiM, vaha prema-bhAva ko aisI udAttatA detI hai ki usakA bhakti meM paryavasAna sahajatA se ho jAtA hai, kisI atirikta AropaNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| gopikAe~ apane nirbaMdha prema meM sabase pahale kula-kAni, gRha-vyavahAra kA niSedha kara apanI bhAvanA ko svataMtra, khulI bhUmi para pratiSThita karatI hai : chuTi saba lAja gaI kula-kAnI, suta-pati-Araja paMtha bhulAnI (1607) / isakA vikAsa mAkhana-lIlA se hote hue, rAsa-prasaMga meM apanI pUrNatA para pahuMcatA hai| sUra ne gopikAoM kA jo nAmollekha kiyA hai (pada 2626) usakA AdhAra paurANika hai, para kRSNa kI lIlAoM kI sahabhAginI rUpa meM ve samAna bhAva se sammilita haiN| sUra ne unake sauMdarya kA varNana akuMThita bhAva se kiyA hai, jisa para kRSNa bhI rIjhate haiM : chavi kI upamA kahi na parati hai, yA chavi kI ju chabIlI (917) / rAsa zrRMgAra kI pUrNatA kA pratIka hai, jo kisI bhI kavi ke lie parIkSA kA kSaNa hai| kAlidAsa, ravIMdra jaise sauMdaryasraSTA kaviyoM ne sauMdarya-zrRMgAra ke citra nirmita kie haiM, para prAyaH unake pAsa kathA-prasaMga bhI haiN| ravIMdra ne deva-kacayAnI, urvazI, abhisAra jaisI kavitAe~ racI haiM, jahA~ kavi ke samakSa cunautI hai ki pracalita prasaMga meM sauMdarya-prema ko saMyojita kaise kareM ? 'urvazI' ko ve akuMThita, vRMtahIna puSpa, anaMta yauvanA, apUrva zobhanA, bhuvanamohinI Adi kahate haiN| para 'abhisAra' meM saMnyAsI kA manojagat badalatA hai : itane dinoM bAda kyA Aja unakI abhisAra-rAtri AI hai ? sUra rAsalIlA-prasaMga ko vistAra dete hue prakRti ke khule maMca kA upayoga karate haiM, madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI sImAe~ tor3ate haiM aura yamunA usakA sAkSya hai| ullekhanIya yaha ki rAsa meM yamunA-taTa sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 153

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para prakRti kI ramaNIya bhUmikA hai aura nimaMtraNa detA hai vaMzI-vAdana : hari-mukhaM sunata benu rasAla, biraha vyAkula bhaI bAlA, calI jaha~ gopAla (1613) / muralI-dhvani ke kaI pada sUra ne isa praMsaga meM race haiN| kula-kAni veda-maryAdA ke. atikrAMta kI carcA kaI bAra AI hai, jisake mAdhyama se sUra vaiyaktikatA kA niSedha kara, sAmAjika cetanA kA saMketa bhI karanA cAhate haiM (1621) : calI bana benu sunata jaba dhAi mAtu-pitA bAMdhava ati trAsata, jAti kahA~ akulAi sakuca nahIM, saMkA kucha nAhIM, raini kahA~ tuma jAti jananI kahati daI kI ghAlI. kAhe kauM itarAti mAnati nAhiM aura risa pAvati, nikasI nAtau tori jaise jala-pravAha bhAdauM kau, so ko sakai bahori jyauM keMcurI bhuaMgama tyAgata, mAta-pitA yauM tyAge sUra syAma ke hAtha bikAnI, ali aMbuja anurAge zRMgAra, prema kA nirvAha jisa pratibhA kI mA~ga karatA hai, usameM yaha Avazyaka hai ki dehavAda racanA para hAvI na ho jAya aura kavi udAtta saMketa kI sthApanA kara ske| bhaktikAvya meM to yaha aura bhI anivArya hai| gopikAe~ jaba laukika baMdhanoM kA niSedha karatI haiM, taba nizcaya hI unakI svacchaMdatA eka ora carAgAhI saMskRti kI upaja hai, dUsarI ora yaha saMketa bhI ki kRSNa ke lie unakA rAga-bhAva adhika udAtta bhUmi para hai| ve guNa-rUpa ke prati samarpita haiM, apanI saMpUrNa niSThA meM; jise bhakti meM prapatti, zaraNAgati bhAva kahA gayA, vaha yahA~ rAgAtmaka bhAva hai| bhAgavata meM bhakti kI jo koTiyA~ haiM, unameM gopikAe~ pUrNatayA niHsvArtha bhAva se kRSNa ko samarpita haiM, yadi koI svArtha kahA jA sakatA hai, to vaha hai, kRSNa-darzana kI lAlasA / isake lie bhramaragIta-prasaMga ko samajhanA hogA jise kaI bAra saguNa kA maMDana aura nirguNa kA khaMDana kaha diyA jAtA hai| isake mUla meM gopikAoM kI darzana-lAlasA hai, kRSNa nirguNa-rUpa hoMge, to phira darzana kisakA ? bhramaragIta meM sarvAdhika carcA netroM kI hai-unhIM se prema kA AraMbha huA aura pIr3A kA bhAra sarvAdhika ve hI vahana karate haiN| inheM sura ne pAtra kI taraha jIvaMta kiyA hai : aura sakala aMgani taiM Udhau, a~khiyA~ adhika dukhArI, atihiM pirAtiM sirAtiM na kabahU~, bahuta jatana kari hArI (4188), a~khiyA~ hari darasana kI bhUkhI (4175), a~khiyA~ hari darasana kI pyAsI (4176), pUranatA ina nainaniM pUre (4194), hari mukha nirakhi nimeSa bisAre, tA dina taiM ye bhae digaMbara, ina nainani ke tAre (4184) / eka pada meM sUra ne netroM kI vyathA kA mArmika citra khIMcA hai (4196) : madhukara sunau locana bAta roki rAkhe aMga aMgani, taU ur3i-ur3i jAta 154 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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jyauM kapota viyoga Akula, jAta hai taji dhAma jAta yauM dRga phiri na Avata, binA darasana syAma sravana sani jasa rahata hari ko mana rahata dhari dhyAna rahati rasanA nAma raTi-raTi, kaMTha kara guni-gAna kachuka diyau suhAga inakauM, tau sabai ye leta sUra syAma binA bilokaiM, naina caina na det| sUra ne bhramaragIta ko gopikAoM kI prema-parIkSA ke lie bhI prayukta kiyA hai| isase prema parIkSita hokara, pragAr3ha hotA hai aura sAmaMtI dehavAda se mukti kI yaha mArmika parikalpanA hai| sUra ne gopikAoM ke netroM meM ciraMtana varSA Rtu kI kalpanA kI hai : sakhI ina nainani taiM ghana hAre athavA nisi dina barasata naina hamAre/sadA rahata barasA-Rtu hama para jaba taiM syAma sidhAre (3854) / bhramaragIta-prasaMga meM netroM kI vyathA ke itane mArmika prasaMga pramANita karate haiM ki gopikAoM kI darzana-lAlasA hI unakI abhIpsA hai| eka pada meM ve kahatI haiM : brajalocana binu locana kaise ? netroM kI sArthakatA kRSNa-rUpa-mAdhurI ke darzana meM hai| jaba kRSNa gokula se mathurA cale jAte haiM, athavA kurukSetra-dvArakA taba unakA eka bhAvuka tarka hai ki hameM samrATa ke nahIM, usa muralIdhArI ke darzana cAhie jise hamane apanI cetanA meM basA rakhA hai| samrATatva kA niSedha gopikAoM kI sahaja premamayatA para Azrita hai, jisameM gokula-pariveza kI bhUmikA hai, jahA~ unake saMskAra nirmita hue| isIlie ve bAra-bAra kRSNa ke usI rUpa kA dhyAna karatI haiM, jo unakA sahaja mAnavIya rUpa hai : merau mana vaisIyai surati karai (3899) / gopikAoM kA bhAvAvega premAzrita hai aura unake tarka bhAvaparicAlita, para isake pIche unakA nizchala prema hai, aDiga-aTUTa / ve kahatI haiM, saba sukha kRSNa ke sAtha cale gae : sabai sukha lai ju gae brajanAtha (4026) / para bhramaragIta-prasaMga meM gopikAoM kA eka pakSa sarvAdhika vicAraNIya hai ki ve kRSNa ko usI rUpa meM dekhanA-pAnA cAhatI haiM, jise unhoMne gokula-vRMdAvana meM jAnA thaa| ve nirguNa ko bhAvAzrita tarka se kATane kA yatna karatI haiM jo kaI bAra tarkahIna pratIta hotA hai : niraguna kauna desa kau bAsI/ madhukara kahi samujhAi sauMha dai, bUjhati sA~ca na hA~sI (4249) / bhramaragIta isa prakAra ke kutarkoM se bharA hai, jisake mUla meM gopikAoM kI vyathA-kathA hai| unheM to yaha bhI vizvAsa nahIM ki kRSNa ne uddhava ko bhejA hogA : syAma tumahiM hayA~ kauM nahiM paThayau, tuma hau bIca bhulaane| ve catura kRSNa ko jAnatI haiM, uddhava se pUchatI haiM : sUra syAma jaba tumahiM paThAyau, taba naiMkahuM musakAne (4139) / gopikAe~ sUra ke udAtta premabhAva kA AdhAra haiM, jisa mAdhyama se ve bhaktidarzana kA pratipAdana karate haiN| yahA~ ve apanI bhAvanAmayatA meM upasthita haiM, gopiyoM ke sAtha haiN| darzana-vicAra kI caritArthatA caritroM ke AcaraNa meM hotI hai kyoMki vaktavya kaI sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 155

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bAra beasara hote haiM / gopikAe~ kathanI-karanI ke dvaita ko pATatI haiM- samarpaNa kI niHsvArtha bhUmi apanAtI haiN| akAraNa nahIM ki sUrasAgara meM varSA Rtu ke kaI pada haiM, jahA~ gopikAoM kA viyoga carama para hai ( pada 3915 - 3959 ) / gopikAoM kA kathana hai : suni sakhi vA brajarAja binA, saba phIkau lAgata cAhi (3963 ) / sUra kA eka pakSa yaha bhI vicAraNIya ki jaba gopikAe~ kubjA ke prati Akroza vyakta karatI haiM, to vaha sAdhAraNa sahapatnItva bhAva nahIM hai| isa mAdhyama se sUra grAma-nagara kI mAnasikatA ke aMtara kA saMketa bhI karanA cAhate haiM / gopikAe~ mathurA ko 'kAjara kI obarI' athavA koTharI kahatI haiM : vaha mathurA kAjara kI obarI, jai AvaiM te kAre ( 4380 ) / mathurA kI nAgarikAoM ko ve catura sujAna kahatI haiM, jinakI tulanA meM gopikAe~ bholI-bhAlI haiM, isIlie chalI giiN| unakA tarka hai ki nirguNa sAmAnyajana ke lie agrAhya hai, yaha to nAgarikAoM ke upayukta hai / aura ve kahatI haiM ki hamAre lie to yoga kA Arambha usI kSaNa ho gayA, jaba kRSNa gokula se cale gae : tA dina taiM saba choha moha gayo, suta - pati hetu bhulAnyau ( 4314 ) / kubjA aura mathurA - nAgarikAoM para vyaMgya grAma - nagara dvandva kA saMketa karatA hai, AMzika hI sahI, jise madhyakAlIna varga-bheda meM dekhA jA sakatA hai / gopikAe~ apanI nizchalatA ke viSaya meM kahatI haiM : hama ajAna, mati bhorI ( 4171 ), hama ahIra abalA brajabAsI / kRSNa mathurA jAkara bhramaravRtti meM ulajha gae, gokula ko bhulA diyaa| ve tIkhe vyaMgya karatI haiM : lauMDI ke ghara DauMDI bAjI, syAma rAga anurAga (4270 ), madhukara tuma rasa- laMpaTa loga (4599 ) / gopikAoM kA AtmavizvAsa hai ki madhukara hama na hohiM ve belI ( 4126 ) / eka pada meM cunautI hai : jasumati-jananI, priyA rAdhikA, dekhe aurahu~ desa (4696 ) / sUra ne pUrI saMlagnatA se gopikAoM kA prema-bhAva citrita kiyA hai, jisakA saMzliSTa rUpa hai-rAga, smRti, viSAda, AkSepa, asahamati, vyaMgya, kaTAkSa, aura ina sabase milakara prema - vRtta pUrNa hotA hai| kRSNa prema kA pratidAna karate haiM, yaha gopikAoM ke sneha kI asaMdigdha svIkRti hai ( 4775) : Udhau mohiM braja bisarata nAhIM haMsa - sutA kI suMdara kagarI, aru kuMjana kI chAhIM vai surabhI vai baccha dohanI, kharika duhAvana jAhIM gvAla-bAla mili karata kulAhala nAcata gahi gahi bA~hI yaha mathurA kaMcana kI nagarI, mani muktAhala jAhIM jabahiM surata Avati vA sukha kI, jiya umagata tana nAhIM anagana bhA~ti karI bahu lIlA, jasudA naMda nibAhIM sUradAsa prabhu rahe mauna hvai, yaha kahi kahi pachatAhIM / kRSNa ko lekara saguNa-nirguNa ke atirikta kucha anya prazna bhI uThate rahe haiM, jaise unameM lokaraMjaka kI pradhAnatA hai aura lokarakSaka pakSa rAma meM adhika ubharA hai| 156 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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isakA eka kAraNa yaha ki sUra meM mahAbhArata-prasaMga gauNa hai, lIlAe~ pramukhatA pAtI haiN| para inhIM ke bIca pUtanA, kagAsura, bakAsura Adi kA vadha tathA kucha camatkArI kArya haiN| govardhana-prasaMga para vizeSa rUpa se vicAra karanA hogA jahA~ lokaraMjaka-lokarakSaka kA dvaita hI samApta ho jAtA hai| yoM bhI kAvya-nAyaka meM sauMdarya kI sArthakatA tabhI hai, jaba vaha guNa-saMpanna ho aura muralI-vAdana isakA sAkSya hai, jisake AkarSaNa meM saba ba~dha jAte haiN| govardhana-praMsaga ko sUra ne vistAra se kahA hai-pada 1429 se pada 1605 tk| AcArya naMdadulAre vAjapeyI dvArA saMpAdita sUrasAgara ke kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA saMskaraNa meM rAsapaMcAdhyAyI govardhana lIlA ke bAda AtI hai| sUra kRSNa ke lokarakSaka kI sthApanA pahale karate haiM, rAsa-prasaMga bAda meN| bhAgavata meM adhyAya teIsa se aTThAIsa taka yaha prasaMga hai aura unatIsa se rAsalIlA kA Arambha / sUrasAgara meM prasaMga hai : naMda mahara sauM kahati jasodA, surapati kI pUjA bisarAI (1429) / iMdra gokula meM kuladevatA ke rUpa meM pUjita haiM aura svAbhAvika hai ki kRSaka samAja meM jaladevatA kI ArAdhanA ho| para sAta varSa ke bAlaka kRSNa ko yaha svIkAra nahIM ki adRzya deva kA pUjana-arcana kiyA jAya aura sAmane jo govardhana parvata hai, usakA nirAdara kiyA jaay| bAta phaila jAtI hai ki kRSNa : surapati kI pUjA kauM maiTata, govardhana kI karata bar3AI (1438) / kRSNa kA tarka hai : jo cAhI braja kI kusalAI to govardhana maanau| Akhira surapati se kyA milatA hai (1439) / govardhana-lIlA ke mAdhyama se sUradAsa kRSNa ke vyaktitva ko eka naI dIpti denA cAhate haiM ki ve kevala lokaraMjaka nahIM, lokarakSaka bhI haiN| kRSNa gokula kA AvAhana karate haiM : chA~r3i deha surapati kI pUjA, kAnha kayau giri govardhana taiM aura deva nahiM dUjA (1440) / sUradAsa ne kRSNa kI isa lalakAra ko gokula ke utsAha meM badala diyA hai aura varNanAtmaka prasaMga ko kAvya kA rUpa diyA hai| kaI pada isakA bakhAna karate haiM : ati Ananda brajavAsI loga Adi / govardhana parvata isa ArAdhana ko svIkAratA hai, para devAdhideva iMdra kA ahaMkAra Ahata hotA hai aura ve gokula ko varSA kI rAzi meM jalamagna kara denA cAhate haiM-laghu pralaya jaisA dRzya : kahA hota jala mahA pralai kau (1498) / sUra ne isa ghanaghora varSA kA varNana kaI padoM meM kiyA hai, jo iMdra ke kupita hone kA pratIka hai| gvAla-bAla saba pArasparika vArtAlApa karate haiM ki kRSNa ne iMdra se vyartha hI saMgharSa kiyA, para kRSNa apane saMkalpa ko ucita mAnate haiN| meghoM kI parAjaya aura svayaM iMdra ke krodha kA ullekha kiMcit vistAra se karate hue, sUra kRSNa ko lokarakSaka kI bhUmi para pratiSThita karate haiN| varSA se rakSA ke lie kRSNa govardhana parvata ko aMgulI para uThA lete haiM (1557) / isa prasaMga kA varNana sUra ne kRSNa-iMdra ke saMgharSa rUpa meM kiyA hai| kRSNa brajamaMDala ke rakSaka banate haiM aura iMdra kI parAjaya hotI hai| kRSNa govardhana kA pUjana dUsarI bAra karAte haiM : syAma kahyau bahurau giri pUjahu, brajajana lie ubAri (1574) / iMdra zaraNAgata hote haiM : surapati carana paryo sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 157

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gahi dhAi (1595), pUre gokula meM utsava kA vAtAvaraNa hai (1579) : gharani-gharani braja hoti badhAI sAta barasa kau ku~vara kanhaiyA, giridhara dhari jItyau surarAI garva sahita Ayau braja borana, yaha kahi merI bhakti ghaTAI sAta divasa jala baraSi sirAnyau, taba Ayau pAini tara ghAI kahA~ kahA~ nahiM saMkaTa meTata, nara-nArI saba karata bar3AI sUra syAma aba maiM braja rAkhyau, gvAla karata saba naMda dohaaii| govardhana-pUjA kevala kRSNa-lIlA kA camatkAra nahIM hai, para isake mAdhyama se sUra kaI saMketa karanA cAhate haiM, jisase unakI sajaga sAmAjika cetanA kA bodha hotA hai (premazaMkara : kRSNakAvya aura sUra, pR. 91) / mUla prazna hai ki agocara devatA kA pUjana kyoM ? aura phira ArAdhana kA AdhAra zraddhA ho, bhaya nhiiN| isIlie kRSNa iMdra ko cunautI dete haiM, jisakA vaicArika AdhAra hai| iMdra kabhI deveMdra the, devAdhideva, para kAlAntara meM unakA sthAna viSNu ne prApta kiyA (suvIrA jAyasavAla : orijana eMDa DevalapameMTa oNfa vaiSNaviz2ma, pR. 21) / Age calakara jaladevatA ke rUpa meM varuNa ko svIkRti milii| kRSNa eka aisI mUrti ko apane puruSArtha se khaMDita karanA cAhate haiM, jo agocara hai aura trAsa dikhAkara zAsana karatI hai| isake sthAna para ve sAmane upasthita gocara govardhana kI pUjana-paraMparA kA zubhAraMbha karate haiN| isase kRSNa ke rakSaka vyaktitva kI pratiSThA hotI hai, unakI jaya-jayakAra hotI hai aura gopikAe~ : dadhi acchata rocana dhari thArani, haraSi syAma-sira tilaka banAvati (1576) / mere vicAra se kisI mahAna kAvya-nAyaka ke saMbaMdha meM lokaraMjaka-lokarakSaka kA prazna uThAnA hI bahuta prAsaMgika nahIM hai| prazna anupAta kA ho sakatA hai, jisake mUla meM kavi kI apanI sAmAjika dRSTi sakriya rahatI hai, para vyaktitva meM sauMdarya kI AbhA lokakarma kI mahAnatA ke binA pratiSThita hI kaise hogI ? uccatara mAnavamUlyoM se paricAlita, loka-kalyANa ke lie kie gae karma hI to sauMdarya banate haiN| sUra ke kRSNa kI kaI bhUmiyA~ haiM aura yaha sarAhanIya hai ki kavi ne sauMdarya-citraNa, rUpAMkana, prema-bhAva, lIlA Adi ke sAtha samartha sAmAjikatA kA niSpAdana kiyA hai, jise lokadharma athavA lokamaMgala kahA gyaa| bhaktikAvya mUlataH lokajIvana kI pIThikA para upajA kAvya hai aura madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samAja se TakarAte hue, agrasara hotA hai| kaviyoM ne apanI dRSTi aura cetanA kI banAvaTa ke anusAra use racanA meM prakSepita kiyA hai| mArga alaga-alaga ho sakate haiM, para gantavya meM adhika aMtara nahIM pratIta hotA kyoMki loka se lokottara athavA uccatara mUlya-saMsAra kI kAmanA saba kaviyoM meM samAna hai; jise AdhyAtmikatA kahakara saMbodhita kiyA gayA, para yaha loka-sApekSya hai, ise rekhAMkita karanA hogaa| AcArya zukla ne tulasI ko kAvya-pratimAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA, isalie unhoMne zRMgAra 158 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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vAtsalya ke kSetra meM sUra kA asaMdigdha mahattva svIkArate hue bhI TippaNI kI ki bhagavAna kI tIna vibhUtiyoM-zakti, zIla aura sauMdarya meM se unhoMne svayaM ko sauMdarya taka sImita rkhaa| sUra ko apane bhAva meM magna rahane vAle kavi ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM, jinhoMne loka kI ora adhika dhyAna nahIM diyA (sUradAsa, pR. 157) / AcAryazrI kI sauMdarya kI apanI vyAkhyA hai, para ve svayaM svIkAra karate haiM ki lokakarma meM, lokadharma meM sauMdarya hotA hai| sUra kA mAdhyama gIta hai aura kRSNa kI saMpUrNa kathA kahanA unakA mukhya prayojana bhI nahIM hai| pramukha lIlAe~ unakI dRSTi meM haiM, jisako AdhAra bhAgavata hai| gItAtmakatA ne sUra ke saMvedana-saMsAra kI sImAe~ nizcita kara dI, ise hama svIkArate haiM aura yaha bhI ki ve zrRMgAra meM adhika ramate haiM, yaha unakI cetanA ke adhika samIpa hai| para kyA yaha saMbhava hai ki kRSNa jaise kAvya-nAyaka ko lokasaMpRkti se gujAre binA usake vyaktitva ko koI vRhattara dIpti dI jA sakatI hai ? sUra meM lokajIvana kI saMpRkti kA dharAtala anya kaviyoM se kiMcit bhinna hai| kRSNa-lIlAe~ haiM, jinameM camatkAra aMza bhI haiM, jisake lie prAyaH mahAkAvyoM kA smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| para bhAgavata tathA kRSNagAthA se saMbaddha anya purANoM meM jo kRSNalIlA varNita hai, usakA upayoga sUra ne apanI kalpanA-kSamatA se kiyA hai| yadi zRMgAra kA atireka hai, to usakA eka prayojana yaha bhI ki mahAkavi pUre prasaMga ko mAnuSIkRta karanA cAhate haiM, akuMThita bhAva se| isa mAnuSa gAthA ke bIca se hI kRSNa ke virATa vyaktitva kA bodha karAnA kavi ke samakSa cunautI hai aura cunautI bhI sahI zabda nahIM hai, kavi ke lie agni-parIkSA jaisI hai| sUra atikrAMta karake ina avarodhoM ko pAra kara sake, yaha unakI vijaya hai, sarjanAtmaka dharAtala para / rAgAtmakatA, gahanatama rAgAtmakatA ko uccatama mAnavIya dharAtala para le jAnA aura usameM udAtta bhaktibhAvanA kA praveza karAnA sUra kI asAdhAraNa pratibhA kA asaMdigdha pramANa hai| ise sahI pariprekSya meM dekhanA cAhie, binA kisI pUrvAgraha ke aura kisI kavi ke cAroM ora zartoM kI bAr3a lagAnA athavA kisI bhI maMzA se, manamAnI mA~ga karanA, eka prakAra se sarjanAtmaka pratibhA kI avamAnanA bhI hai| sUra lokaraMjaka-lokarakSaka kA dvaita pATate calate haiM, yaha unakI udAtta mAnavIya dRSTi se hI saMbhava ho skaa| sUra ke kRSNa, rAdhA, gvAla-bAla, gopikAe~, naMda yazodA saba mAnuSa-bhUmi para saMcarita haiM, yahI mahAkavi kA lokadharma hai| yazodA jAnatI haiM ki kAnhA devakI kI kokha se janmA hai, para unakA vAtsalya apratima hai, vizvakAvya meM bejodd'| kRSNa kI bAla-lIlA kI ve sAttvika sAkSya haiM, mamatAlu maaN| hara lIlA meM sUra ise duharAte calate haiM ki mA~ yazodA parama sukha mAnatI haiM : calata dekhi jasumati sukha pAvai (744) / ve bAlaka kRSNa ko rAma-kathA sunAtI haiM, jo svayaM meM eka prayoga hai-rAma-kRSNa ke dvaita ko samApta karatA, kyoMki donoM viSNu avatAra haiN| apane vAtsalya meM vaha naMda ko bhI kSamA nahIM karatIM, kahatI haiM : daraki na gaI bajra kI chAtI, kata yaha sUla sahyau (3752) / yazodA saMdeza bhijavAtI sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 159

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haiM : saMdeso devakI sauM kahiyau, hauM tau dhAi tihAre suta kI, mayA karata hI rahiyau (3793) / yazodA kA vAtsalya aura rAdhA-gopikAoM kA prema-bhAva vAtsalya aura zRMgAra se hokara eka hI biMdu para pahu~cate haiM, jahA~ inakA pArthakya samApta ho jAtA hai| sUra jaise mahAkavi ko kisI surakSA kI apekSA nahIM aura unhoMne ghaniSTha milana-citra aura kucha atiraMjita dRzya bhI banAe haiM, vizeSatayA viyoga ke, para vicAraNIya yaha ki kavi kA prayojana udAtta bhUmi para pahu~catA hai, jise premalakSaNA bhakti kahA gyaa| mainejara pAMDeya ke zabdoM meM : 'sUradAsa ne apane kAvya meM sauMdarya-bodha ke mAdhyama se naitika mUlyoM ke vikAsa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| sUradAsa kI sauMdarya cetanA aura naitika cetanA meM koI aMtarAla nahIM hai' (bhakti AMdolana aura sUradAsa kA kAvya, pR. 250) / sUra ke kAvya kA vaiziSTya yaha ki usameM sauMdarya ke vyApaka AyAma haiM jahA~ prema kA pUrNa paripAka hotA hai, sAmaMtI dehavAda kA niSedha krtaa| jisa sahaja mAnuSa bhUmi para sUra kI gItAtmakatA saMcarita hotI hai, vaha saMpUrNa brajamaMDala ko apane bhItara samoe hue hai, aura yaha unake kAvya kA ullekhanIya loka pakSa hai| kahA jA sakatA hai ki sUra ke kAvya meM kRSi-carAgAhI sabhyatA kA rAgAtmaka sanniveza huA hai, jisakA pratinidhitva brajamaMDala karatA hai| yaha vizvasanIya dRzyAMkana sUra ke kAvya kA lokapakSa hai, jisa ora dhyAna diyA jAnA caahie| jIvana-yathArtha ke dayanIya dRzya yahA~ kama haiM, jo bAta jAyasI ke lie bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| para eka janapadIya lokajIvana apane saMskAra, utsava, vyavahAra, paraMparA, rAga-raMga ke sAtha yahA~ upasthita hai, ise hI sUra ke loka-citraNa ke rUpa meM svIkAranA hogaa| saMketoM meM yathArtha kI sthitiyA~ bhI haiM, para una para bala na dekara, yadi sUra ke kAvya meM brajamaMDala kI upasthiti ko usakI rAgAtmakatA meM dekhA jAya to adhika ucita hogaa| pazu-pAlana, go-cAraNa, vRMdAvana, mAkhana-lIlA, vaMzI, yamunA-taTa vihAra saba brajamaMDala kI kisAnI-carAgAhI saMskRti kA dRzya upasthita karate haiN| itane vistAra se ye dRzya vahA~ bhI kaThinAI se mileMge, jise 'paisTorala kAvya' kahA jAtA hai aura jahA~ varNanAtmakatA kI suvidhA bhI hai| ramezakuntala megha ne mata vyakta kiyA hai ki go-cAraNa vAlI isa yUTopiyA ke lie yathArtha-saMdarbha milane kA kArya sarala nahIM thaa| unakA vicAra hai ki 'sUra ne aneka prasaMgoM meM sAmaMtoM kA vilAsI saMsAra bhI kRSNamaya karake citrita kiyA hai| tathApi mathurA ke pavitra sekTara meM kIrtana-sevA karane vAle sUradAsa kA asalI saMsAra grAmINoM kA sahaja dainika saMsAra thA' (mana khaMjana kinake, pR. 124) / sUra lokaupAdAnoM se apanI sauMdarya-dRSTi racate haiM, isalie unakA kAvya nAgarika sauMdarya ke AbhijAtya kA niSedha karatA hai| alaMkaraNa ke sthAna para yahA~ sahajamayatA hai, aura jIvana kI nirbadha bhUmi dekhI jA sakatI hai| gopikAe~ mathurA kI catura nagara naveliyoM para vyaMgya karatI huI, vahA~ ke logoM ko rasa-laMpaTa kahatI haiM, bhramara se unakI tulanA karate hue svayaM ko sahaja-sarala kahatI haiN| ve apane prema mArga ke viSaya meM 160 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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Azvasta haiM, use sIdhA mArga kahatI haiM : kAhe kauM rokata mAraga sUdhau (4508) / bhramaragIta bhAgavata kI paraMparA ke krama meM hai, para ise grAma-nagara ke vaicArika dvaMdva ke rUpa meM bhI dekhA jAnA cAhie, jise gopikAoM kI uktiyoM se samajhA jA sakatA hai| isa . dRSTi se sUra kA bhramaragIta svataMtra vivecana kI mA~ga karatA hai jahA~ bhramara kI laMpaTatA, sAmaMtI samAja, nagara-dehavAda para TippaNiyA~ bhI haiN| gopikAoM kA vyaMgya hai : madhubana saba kRtajJa dharamIle, ati udAra parahita Dolata haiM, bolata bacana surIle (4212), mukha aurai aMtaragati aurai (4209), vaha mathurA kAjara kI obarI hai, jisase yamunA bhI kAlI ho gaI (4380) : bilagi jani mAnau Udhau kAre vaha mathurA kAjara kI obarI, je A3 te kAre tuma kAre suphalaka suta kAre, kAre kuTila sa~vAre kamalanaina kI kauna calAvai, sabahini maiM maniyAre mAnau nIla mATa teM kAr3he, jamunA Ai pakhAre tAteM syAma bhaI kAliMdI, sUra syAma guna nyaare| loka racanA ko samRddhi detA hai aura kavi apanI abhIpsA ke anusAra isakA upayoga karate haiN| sUra meM lokajIvana prAyaH brajamaNDala ko lekara prakSepita huA hai, yadyapi usakI vyApaka arthadhvaniyA~ bhI haiM, isa dRSTi se ki jahA~ kahIM jIvana kI khulI kRSi-carAgAhI sabhyatA hogI, vahA~ bhaugaulika parivartanoM ke sAtha isa prakAra ke kucha dRzya dekhe jA sakate haiN| kaThinAI yaha ki kaI bAra loka ko usa yathArtha taka sImita karane kI bhUla kI gaI, jise jIvana kA dainya kahA jAtA hai| sUra kA saMsAra rAgAtmakatA tathA sauMdarya kA hai aura usI pariprekSya meM ve lokajIvana ko apane kAvya meM ubhArate haiN| usameM sarvAdhika aMza brajamaMDala kI mohaka prakRti kA hai, jisakA sAkSya yamunA nadI hai| phira braja ke asaMkhya saMskAroM tathA kisAna-caravAhA jIvana ko prakRti kI isI manorama pIThikA para darzAyA gayA hai| isameM kahIM-kahIM parama unmuktatA bhI A gii| para ise eka svacchaMda pravRtti kI carAgAhI saMskRti ke saMdarbha meM dekhanA adhika prAsaMgika hogaa| jise 'pesTorala' kavitA kahA jAtA hai, vaha 'zefarDa' (caravAhA, gar3ariyA) ke lie laiTina zabda hai jisakA AraMbha vidvAna tIsarI I.pU. se mAnate hue sisalI ke kavi thiyA~kriTIja kA ullekha karate haiN| varjila se Age bar3hatI isa caravAhA-pravRtti ne zeksapiyara jaise kavi-nATakakAra taka ko prabhAvita kiyA (e haiMDabuka Tu liTarecara, pR. 342-43) / sUra meM gocAraNa prasaMga ko lekara vidvAnoM ke vicAroM meM matabheda hai, para prAyaH adhikAMza ne svIkArA hai ki sUra meM brajamaMDala apane khulepana meM upasthita hai| godhana yahA~ pramukha hai aura usase jur3e hue adhikAMza prasaMga abhivyakti pAte haiN| para saba prasaMgoM ko sUra kRSNa ke prati anurAga bhAva se saMbaddha kara prastuta karate haiM aura isa sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 161

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dRSTi se dRzya-sApekSa haiM, nirapekSa prakRti-varNana kama / go-dohana, go-cAraNa, vRMdAvana-vihAra, mAkhanalIlA, govardhana-prasaMga se lekara rAsalIlA taka ke dRzyoM meM kRSNa kI keMdrIya upasthiti hai| para prAyaH ve akele nahIM haiM, unake sAtha gvAla-bAla haiM athavA gopikaaeN| isase unake vyaktitva ko sAmAjika dIpti milatI hai, jisameM mA~ yazodA taka sammilita haiM, vAtsalya kI pratinidhi bnkr| jisa prakAra ke gatimAna citra sUra ne banAe haiM, ve varNana kI aupacArika sImAoM kA atikramaNa karate haiM aura gvAla-jIvana ko ujAgara karate haiM : cale saba gAi carAvana gvAla, herI Tera sunata larakani ke, dauri gae naMdalAla (1031), carAvata baMdAbana hari dhenu, gvAla-sakhA, saba saMga lagAe, khelata haiM, kari cainu (1066) / bIca-bIca meM kRSNa ke rUThane ke bhI prasaMga haiM : maiyA hauM na caraihauM gAi, sigare gvAla ghirAvata mosauM mere pAi pirAiM (1128) / yazodA kA vAtsalya-bharA tarka hai : tuma kata gAi carAvana jAta, pitA tumhArau naMda mahara sau aru jasumati sI jAkI mAta, khelata rahau Apane ghara maiM, mAkhana dadhi bhAvai sau khAta (1127) / para phira kRSNa kA vyaktitva loka meM prasarita kaise hogA ? braja kI khulI bhUmi meM kRSNa lIlAe~ unheM loka se saMbaddha karatI haiM, unake caritra ko vyApakatva milatA hai| rAsa jo ki zRMgAra kA carama kSaNa hai, vaha yamunA ke kUla-kachAra meM racAyA jAtA hai : jamunA-nIra-pravAha thakita bhayau, pavana rahyau murajhAI (1608) / sUra ne ise 'jamunA kA subhaga pulina' kahA hai (1656) / yamunA kRSNa-lIlA kA sAkSya hai, jahA~ zrRMgAra ke sAtha vIratA bhI hai, jaise kAlIdaha-prasaMga meN| janapadIya saMskRti kI apanI vizeSatAe~ hotI haiM, jisake nirmANa meM bhaugolika sthitiyoM kI bhUmikA hotI hai| braja kA itihAsa likhate hue zrI kRSNadatta vAjapeyI ne braja ke lokajIvana kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA hai, jo vahA~ ke lokasAhitya kI pRSThabhUmi meM hai aura jisane kRSNakAvya ko gahare stara para prabhAvita kiyaa| isameM gvAla-jIvana tathA usase saMbaddha utsavoM kI vizeSa bhUmikA hai aura saMgIta, nRtya, citra, mUrti, sAhitya para isakA vyApaka prabhAva rahA hai| sUradAsa ne isa lokapracalita sAmagrI kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai : janma, nAmakaraNa, annaprAzana se lekara vivAha taka ke sNskaar| kRSNa janma kA samaya hai : jasudA nAra na chedana daihauM, manimaya jaTita hAra grIvA kau, vahai Aju hauM laiMhauM (633) / jhUlana, basaMta Adi ke dRzya yahA~ Ae haiM jinake mAdhyama se sUra braja kI saMskRti kA prakAzana karanA cAhate haiN| para yaha AbhijAtya se bhinna bhUmi para sthiti loka-saMskRti hai| rAsa, cIra-haraNa, panaghaTa, dAna, jala Adi kI krIr3Ae~ isI lokadRSTi se upajI haiN| isa akuMThita svacchaMdatA ko lekara TippaNiyA~ kI jA sakatI haiM, para jo lokajIvana meM vyApta hai, use sUra jaisA gItamaSTA barA bhI kaise sakatA hai ? loka meM jo vyakta hai, usake grahaNa ke mUla meM racanAkAra kI apanI jIvana-dRSTi sarvAdhika sakriya hotI hai, jise vaha sarjanAtmaka kalpanA kI kSamatA se nayA vinyAsa detA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki loka paraMparA meM jo kucha pracalita 162 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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thA, usase sUra suparicita the aura apane bhAvoM kI abhivyakti ke lie unhoMne usakA sakSama upayoga kiyaa| lokotsava ke dRzya, lokagItoM kI laya ke sAtha yahA~ upasthita haiM / zAstrIya saMgIta aura lokagItoM kI samanvita bhUmi para nirmita sUra ke pada vAcika paraMparA kA avibhAjya aMga bana gae, aura bhajana - gAyana, kIrtana se jur3akara loka meM vyApa ge| lokaupAdAnoM ke upayoga se sUra ne apane kAvya ko vastu varNana ke stara para sAMskRtika prAmANikatA se saMpanna karane kA prayatna kiyA hai para vahA~ vaisI varNanAtmakatA nahIM hai, jaisI jAyasI meM prApta hotI hai| unameM dRSTi-bheda bhI hai aura kAvya- mAdhyama kA aMtara bhI / jAyasI ke yahA~ to khAna-pAna, bhojana, vanaspati Adi kI pUrNa sUciyA~ hI mila jAtI haiM para sUra ne lokaupAdAnoM kA upayoga apanI abhivyakti kI samRddhi ke lie kiyA hai / yahA~ vRkSa, latA, puSpa, utsava, lokavizvAsa, saMgIta, pazu-pakSI, vastra AbhUSaNa Adi kA ullekha paryApta mAtrA meM AyA hai / para kisI kavi kA kauzala yaha ki vaha vastuoM ko saMvedana meM antarbhukta kaise kare ki vaha kAvya-saMpatti meM vilayita ho jaay| zodhakartAoM ne sUciyA~ banAI haiM jisase pramANita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki sUra ke kAvya meM braja upasthita hai / para kavi rUpa meM unakA kauzala yaha ki lokajIvana unakI rAgAtmakatA kA eka aMga hai, AMzika rUpa meM hI sahI / bhAva-parivartana ke sAtha dRzya badalate haiM kyoMki manojagat dUsarA ho jAtA hai / jo vRMdAvana gopikAoM ke lie kRSNa-lIlA kA pramukha sthala rahA hai, usI ke prati viyoga meM eka dUsarI manaHsthiti hai : madhubana tuma kyoM rahata hare, biraha biyoga syAmasuMdara ke, ThAr3he kyauM na jare (3828) / sUra kA lokasaMsAra prAyaH vahA~ adhika ramatA hai, jise 'gopa - saMskRti' bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, jahA~ tathAkathita naitikatA kI jar3a avadhAraNA nahIM hai / brajamaMDala meM mathurA-kalA kA ullekha vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai aura unakA vicAra hai ki 'guptoM' ke samaya kalA meM eka nayA mor3a AyA aura bhAva - sauMdarya kI ora adhika dhyAna diyA jAne lgaa| sauMdarya ke mAnadaMDa badale aura mUrti, citra, sAhitya Adi meM ise dekhA jA sakatA hai (nIlakaNTha puruSottama jozI : mathurA kI mUrtikalA, pR. 27 ) / madhyakAla taka Ate-Ate sauMdarya dRSTi meM jo parivartana hue, unheM bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA, jisase sUra kI lokadRSTi prabhAvita huii| esa.TI. narasiMhAcArI ne isakA vivecana kiyA hai : 'sUrasAgara meM sauMdarya ke vastUnmukha nirUpaNa kI apekSA anubhUti aura prabhAvamUlaka abhivyakti ko adhika vistAra milatA hai / isa taraha zravya bhASA meM dRzya rUpa ko mUrta karane kI kaThinAI dUra ho jAtI hai' ( sUra kI sauMdarya cetanA, pR. 261 ) / sUra jisa janasaMskRti ko abhivyakti dete haiM, usameM kRSNa ke mAdhyama se pUrA gokula sammilita hai / isa dRSTi se ve sAmUhika cetanA ke gAyaka - kavi haiM aura hara dRzya meM samAja ko lekara calanA cAhate haiM, jisakA eka pramANa kRSNa kI bAla lIlA hai| DaoN. vIreMdra mohana ise kabIlAI saMskRti se jor3akara dekhate haiM (tulasI aura sUra : mAnava- mUlya, pR. 85 ) / sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 163

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go-cAraNa prasaMga meM bhI saba sammilita haiM aura lokajIvana kA jo dRzya ubharatA hai, vaha sAmUhika hai, vaiyaktika sImAoM ko nakAratA huA / I sUra mUlataH rAgAtmakatA ke kavi haiM aura unake samAjadarzana kA mUla svara yahI hai ki prema apane uccatama dharAtala para pahu~cakara bhakti kA rUpa grahaNa karatA hai rAdhA-gopikAe~ jisa prema meM magna haiM, use ve jIvana - satya kI bhA~ti sa~jotI haiM aura isalie use ekAMgI kahanA sUra ke bhaktidarzana kI anadekhI karanA hai / vastu-varNana kI sImAe~ haiM, yaha hama svIkArate haiM, para samaya-samAja pUrNatayA anupasthita ho jAe, yaha saMbhava nahIM / sUra ne apanI lokadRSTi kI saMpannatA ke lie bhASA aura muhAvare ko lokajIvana se prApta kiyA hai, jisase unake kAvya ko kalAtmaka samRddhi milI hai / yaha svataMtra carcA kA viSaya hai, para sUrasAgara kI zabdAvalI batAtI hai ki lokabhASA ko kAvyabhASA ke rUpa meM prayukta kiyA jA sakatA hai / kahane kI bhaMgimA, jisakA nirvAha karane meM sUra ne lokapracalita muhAvaroM kA upayoga kiyA hai, vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya hai / gopikAe~ bhramaragIta prasaMga meM isakA mArmika upayoga karatI haiM : jiya upajata soi kahata na lAjata sUdhe bola na bolata; AlApahu, gAvahu kai nAcahu dA~va pare lai mAri; suna saTha rIti, surabhi payadAyaka, kyoM na leta hala phAre; tAko kahA parekho kIjai, jAnata chAcha na dUdhau, bUcihi khubhI A~dharI kAjara, nakadI pahirai baisa Adi / sUra meM lokajIvana kI vyApti unake bhASA - saMsAra meM bhI dekhI jAnI cAhie / kucha sthaloM para to pracalita lokagItoM ko hI racanA meM aMtarbhukta kara diyA gayA hai, jaise kRSNa-janma ke prasaMga meM, athavA lorI gAtI yazodA ke vAtsalya meM; jasudA madana gupAla sovAvai; jasodA hari pAlanaiM jhulAvai Adi / kRSNa ke mathurA cale jAne para yazodA apane vAtsalya meM mArmika vyathA vyakta karatI haiM : mathurA kyoM na rahe jadunaMdana, jo pai kAnha devakI jAe (4702 ) / sUra meM yazodA vAtsalya kI apratima mUrti hai / lokasAhitya ke prati sahI dRSTi se, racanA meM loka-jIvana ko vizvasanIyatA milatI hai aura bhakta kaviyoM ne isakA upayoga apane DhaMga se kiyA hai| sUradAsa kI rAgAtmaka dRSTi lokaupAdAnoM ke rAga-raMga bhare prasaMgoM meM adhika ramatI hai, para vahA~ jIvana yathArtha bhI hai, isI mAdhyama se / yadi sUra kI kAvya-bhASA aura usameM prayukta muhAvare para vicAra kareM to jJAta hogA ki usameM jIvana - yathArtha ke saMketa bhI haiM, AMzika athavA parokSa hI shii| go-pAlana, go-cAraNa prasaMga meM isakI carcA huI hai / para eka prAsaMgika prazna yaha ki sUra ke vinaya - prArthanA - bhAva ko kyA kevala vaiyaktika nivedana ke rUpa meM hI svIkAranA alam hogA ? kucha sthaloM para sAmaMtI samAja kI viSamatA ke dRzyoM ke saMketa milate haiM aura kRSNa udAtta vikalpa banate haiM / vAsudeva bhakta-vatsala haiM: binu badale upakAra karata haiM, svAratha binA mitAI ( pada 3), jAti, gota, kula, nAma ganata nahi, raMka hoi kai rAnau ( 11 ), rAja - mAna - mada TArata ( 12 ) / kRSNa ko ve 'bisaMbhara sAhaba' kahakara saMbodhita karate haiM, kahate haiM : mahArAja, riSirAja, rAjamuni 164 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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dekhata rahe lajAI (40); dhana-mada, kula-mada, tarunI ke mada, bhava-mada hari bisarAyau (58) / / mAyA se madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI vilAsa kA saMketa bhI hai : mAyA-lobha-moha haiM cAMr3e kAla nadI kI dhAra (84) / jisa patana kA ullekha kaI bAra AyA hai, usameM bhI samaya kI vedanA sammilita hai : abakI bAra manuSya-deha dhari, kiyau na kachU upAi (155) / Agraha jJAna-viveka-samanvita rAgAnugA bhakti para hai (176) / sUra eka vaikalpika saMsAra kI kalpanA karate hue bhakti-darzana kA pratipAdana karate hai (337) : cakaI rI cali carana-sarobara, jahA~ na prema-biyoga jaha~ bhrama-nisA hoti nahiM kabahU~, soi sAyara sukha joga jahA~ sanaka-siva ha~sa, mIna muni, nakha ravi-prabhA prakAsa praphulita kamala, nimiSa nahIM sasi-Dara, guMjata nigama subAsa jihiM sara subhaga mukti-muktAphala, sukRta-amRta-rasa pIjai so sara chA~r3i kubuddhi vihaMgama, ihA~ kahA rahi kIjai lachamI-sahita hoti nita krIr3A, sobhita sUrajadAsa aba na suhAta viSaya-rasa-chIlara, vA samudra kI aas| isI krama meM ve rAma kA smaraNa bhI karate haiM : suvA cali tA bana ko rasa pIjai, jA bana rAma-nAma amrita rasa, savana pAtra bhari lIjai (340) / sUra kalpanAjIvI yathArtha-virahita kavi nahIM haiM, yadyapi rAgAtmakatA kA bhAva unameM pragAr3ha hai| sUrasAgara meM yathArtha ke saMketa batAte haiM ki ve apane samaya se beqhabara nahIM haiM, para unakI rAga-vRtti meM usakA AMzika praveza hI ho pAtA hai aura ve lokajIvana kI rAgAtmakatA meM adhika ramate haiM, jAyasI kI taraha / gopiyA~ jaba uddhava ke prati AkrAmaka vAkyoM kA prayoga karatI haiM, to ve kaI bAra TheTha grAma-bAlA rUpa meM AtI haiM : sahAyaka, sakhA rAjapadavI mili, dina dasa kachuka kamAvate; Apuna ko upacAra karau kachu taba aurani ko sikha dehu; kata taTa para gotA mArata ho, nire bhuMDa ke kheta aadi| vArtAlApa zailI meM jIvana-yathArtha kA jo muhAvarA sUra ne prayukta kiyA hai, usa para dhyAna denA hogaa| pratIka-biMba saMsAra bhI lokajIvana se liyA gayA hai, jisase sUra kI kavitA vistAra pAtI hai, sAmAnyajana kI smRti kA aMza banatI hai| 'prabhujU yoM kInhIM hama khetI' eka bahuuddhRta pada hai, jisameM kRSi zabdAvalI prayukta huI hai (185) / vidvAnoM ne rAjanIti ke kucha Tukar3e bhI talAze haiM aura jIvana dainya ke dRzya bhI, para merA vinamra nivedana yaha ki sUra ne apanI cetanA kI banAvaTa ke anurUpa viSaya kA nirvAha kiyA hai| unheM samagratA meM dekhanA-samajhanA adhika upAdeya hogA aura rUmAnI dRSTi se bhakta kavi ke rUpa meM dekhanA, bhAgavata athavA vallabha-darzana ke bhASya rUpa meM samajhanA eka aise kavi ke sAtha nyAya nahIM hogA jo apanI rAgAtmakatA meM lokajIvana ko sameTatA huA, uccatara mUlya-Azaya kA niSpAdana karatA hai, jise bhakti kahA gyaa| sUradAsa ke samAjadarzana aura bhaktidarzana ko saMyojita rUpa meM dekhanA adhika sUradAsa : kahA~ sukha braja kausau saMsAra / 165

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N ucita hogaa| sUra meM yathArtha ke vivaraNa-vRttAMta nahIM haiM, unakA dhyAna braja ke rAga-raMgI lokajIvana para keMdrita hai aura kRSNa-rAdhA, gopikAe~, gvAla-bAla isa vRtta ko pUrA karate haiN| para sUra ne sAmaMtI dehavAdI, rAjasI vyavasthA ko tiraskRta karate hue eka vaikalpika kAvya-svapna kI parikalpanA kI, jo unake samAjadarzana kA pradeya hai aura jo uccatama dharAtala kA bhaktidarzana hai| vallabha saMpradAya meM dIkSita hokara unhoMne rAgAnurAgI bhakti kA varaNa kiyA, para zAstra kI sImAe~ pAra karate hue use kAvyasaMvedana kA rUpa diyA aura caritroM ke mAdhyama se pramANita kiyaa| sUra meM bhAgavata kI preraNA ko bhI svIkAranA hogA, para unhoMne rAdhA kI premamayI pratimA gar3hI jo hara dRSTi se apratima hai : rUpa, AkarSaNa, nirmala mana, samarpaNa aura tyaag| vaha kRSNa kI nitya priyA hai, ciraMtana priyA, jise kRSNa kI AhlAdinI zakti kahA gyaa| viyoga meM usakA vyaktitva apanI pUrNa dIpti para pahu~catA hai| Udhau kahate haiM : umaeNgi cale dou naina bisAla, suni-suni yaha saMdesa syAma-ghana, sumiri tumhAre guna gopAla (4730) / rAdhA prema kA sarvopari pratimAna hai, madhyakAlIna dehavAda kA niSedha krtii| isalie rAdhA-kRSNa eka sAtha svIkRta hue-rAdhAvallabha saMpradAya bnaa| rAdhA-gopikAoM kI parikalpanA sUra ne udAtta prema rUpa meM kI aura yazodA ko vAtsalya mUrti bnaayaa| ye saba unake abhIpsita vikalpa haiM aura paraMparA se grahaNa karate hue, unhoMne inheM nayA svarUpa diyaa| kRSNa rasikezvara haiM, para apanI lIlAoM meM ve rakSaNa kI sAmarthya kA pramANa dete haiN| ullekhanIya yaha ki prema ekapakSIya nahIM hai, kRSNa pratidAna karate haiM, jisase sUra kI kRSNa-kathA kA pUrA vRtta sArthakatA prApta karatA hai| gopikAoM kA nivedana hai : nAtha anAthana kI sudhi lIjai (3808), phira braja Aiyai gopAla, naMda-nRpati kumAra kahihaiM, aba na kahihaiM gvAla (3845) / kRSNa ke sahaja pratidAna-bhAva se bhakti kA pUrNa paripAka hotA hai, eka samagra rasa-darzana kI niSpatti hotI hai : jo jana Udhau mohiM na bisArata, tihiM na bisArauM eka gharI (4777) / sUra ne gokula, vRMdAvana ko 'baikuNTha' kI saMjJA dI hai, bhakta kavi kA aadrsh-lok| govardhana pUjana se pramANita hai ki baikuNTha yahIM hai jahA~ kRSNa mAnuSa rUpa meM vihAra karate haiM, aura samasta brajamaMDala unake nAyakatva meM abhaya hai, surakSita hai| jisa sahajatA aura akuMThita bhAva se sUra apane kAvya-maMtavya ko, udAtta prema-bhAva ke mAdhyama se pratipAdita karane meM sakSama hote haiM, use vyApaka svIkRti milI aura ve loka-kaMTha meM praveza pA ge| 166 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI tulasI hindI ke sabase janapriya kaviyoM meM jinakI vyApti aisI ki rAmakathA ko, unameM eka nayA vistAra milA aura vaha lokasAhitya meM bhI rAgAtmakatA se svIkArI gii| citra, saMgIta, mUrti, nATya Adi meM rAmakathA vyakta huI aura isa prakAra vaha pothiyoM se bAhara nikalakara virATa lokasaMvedana kA avibhAjya aMza banI, lagabhaga tadAkAra ho gii| para yaha kahanA tulasI ke sAtha nyAya nahIM hogA ki mahAkavi ko rAmagAthA kA pUrA lAbha milA aura vyApaka saMvAda meM suvidhA huii| yaha eka aMza taka hI sahI ho sakatA hai, para vAstavikatA yaha hai ki klAsikI bhASA saMskRta ke varcasva ko tor3ate hue unhoMne lokabhASA meM racanA kI aura isa prakAra vRhattara janasamudAya ko saMbodhita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| ve paMDitAI aura zAstra kI sImAe~ samajhate the, isalie unhoMne janabhASA kA cunAva kiyaa| vAlmIki, kAlidAsa, bhavabhUti se calI AtI rAmakAvya paraMparA ko unhoMne nayI artha-vyaMjanAe~ dIM, kAvya-nAyaka rAma ko madhyakAla kI usa bhUmi para prastuta kiyA, jisameM ve racanA kara rahe the aura yahA~ tulasI ke rAma vAlmIki se pRthak ho jAte haiM / vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kA AraMbha hI mahAkavi kI isa jijJAsA se hai ki isa samaya saMsAra meM guNavAna, vIryavAna, dharmajJa, kRtajJa, satyavAdI, dRr3havratI, sadAcArI, sarvakalyANakArI, vidvAn, priyadarzana, AtmavAna, jitakrodha, kAntimAna kauna hai ? nArada vistAra se rAma ke guNoM kA bakhAna karate haiN| vAtmIki aura tulasI meM samaya tathA dRSTi kA jo aMtara hai, vaha unake kAvya meM parilakSita hai, ise dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| rAmacaritamAnasa meM tulasI sAvadhAna haiM aura ve sItAniSkAsana kA prasaMga chor3a dete haiM kyoMki usase rAma kI maryAdA para A~ca AtI thii| gItAvalI ke aMta meM isase saMbaddha kucha aMza avazya Ae haiM, vAlmIki kA smaraNa karate hue| tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 167

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tulasI kI sahI pahacAna aura vastuparaka mUlyAMkana meM kaI bAdhAe~ arase taka rahI haiN| unheM dhArmika, yahA~ taka ki saMpradAyagata karmakAMDI dRSTi se dekhA gayA jisase mahAkavi kI virATa pratibhA ko ucita pariprekSya meM dekhane meM kaThinAI huI / eka pUrvAgraha - bharI dRSTi vaha bhI thI ki unake vicAra pratigAmI haiM aura unakA janavAdI caritra durbala hai| inase alaga haTakara akAdamika zodhI prayatna haiM jahA~ tulasI ne kahA~ se kyA grahaNa kiyA hai, isI meM pUrI zakti lagAI gii| zubha yaha ki udAra tulasI ke nae mUlyAMkana ke prayatna hue aura pragatipaMthiyoM ne hI kaI bhrAMtiyoM ko tor3ane kA prayatna kiyaa| AcArya rAmacaMdra zukla ne tulasI ke vivecana ko sahI bauddhika AdhAra dete hue, jisa gaharI saMlagnatA se unake saMvedana- saMsAra ko parakhA thA, use nayI dizAe~ dene kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| tulasI AcArya zukla ke kAvya - vyaktitva ke pratimAna haiM, jinake lie ve hamAre gosvAmIjI, bAbAjI Adi saMbodhanoM kA prayoga karate hue unheM apanA atyaMta samIpI pAte haiN| lagatA hai jaise ve mahAkavi ke samartha pairavIkAra haiM, para tarka aura pramANa ke sAtha / zuklajI tulasI ke sAtha aMtaraMga yAtrA karate haiM, gaharAI meM utarate haiM aura phira unakA vivecana AlocanA - sAmarthya ke sAtha karate haiM / tulasI kI samAja sApekSa sthiti svIkArate hue AcArya zukla ne 'loka-dharma' kA vivecana kiyA, jise DaoN. rAmavilAsa zarmA, vizvanAtha tripAThI Adi pragativAdI samIkSakoM ne lokavAda, mAnavavAda Adi kahakara vivecita kiyA / AcArya zukla ne likhA hai ki 'bhagavAna kA jo pratIka tulasIdAsajI ne loka ke sammukha rakhA hai, bhakti kA jo prakRta AlaMbana unhoMne khar3A kiyA hai, usameM sauMdarya, zakti aura zIla tInoM vibhUtiyoM kI parAkASThA hai' (gosvAmI tulasIdAsa, pR. 53 ) / tulasI kI gaharI bhAvukatA kA vivecana karate hue ve kahate haiM : 'kavi kI pUrNa bhAvukatA isameM hai ki vaha pratyeka mAnava sthii meM apane ko DAlakara usake anurUpa bhAva kA anubhava kare / isa zakti kI parIkSA kA rAmacarita se bar3hakara vistRta kSetra aura kahA~ mila sakatA hai / jIvana sthiti ke itane bheda aura kahA~ dikhAI par3ate haiM' (vahI, pR. 84 ) / vistAra tathA gaharAI ke saMyojana ke utkRSTa udAharaNa rUpa meM rAmacaritamAnasa ko prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| tulasI ke viSaya meM vyApta katipaya bhrAMtiyA~ aura una para lagAe gae AkSepoM kA uttara dete hue DaoN. rAmavilAsa zarmA ne unheM sarvopari janakavi ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA : 'tulasI hamAre janajAtIya jana-jAgaraNa ke sarvazreSTha kavi haiM / unakI kavitA kI AdhArazilA janatA kI ekatA hai / ... tulasI kA sAhitya kalA kI zikSA dene ke lie akSaya nidhi hai / unase hameM bAra-bAra sIkhanA cAhie, kaise unakI vANI janatA ko itanI gaharAI se AMdolita kara skii| unase hameM gaMbhIra mAnava - sahAnubhUti aura ucca vicAroM kI zikSA lenI cAhie jinase sAhitya mahAn hotA hai' (paraMparA kA mUlyAMkana, pR. 88 ) / tulasI sAmAnyajana ko saMbodhita karate calate haiM, nikaTa saMvAda sthApita karate haiM aura bauddhika varga ko lalakArate haiM, yaha kahate hue ki rAmacarita je sunata aghAhIM, rasa 168 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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bisesa jAnA tinha naahiiN| aisA bahuAyAmI racanA-vyaktitva virala pratibhAoM meM hotA hai jahA~ dharma-adhyAtma, nIti-darzana, vicAra-bhAva eka sAtha hoM, para saba kucha kAvya ke vRhattara saMvedana-saMsAra meM vilayita hokara, sauMdarya racAte hue| rAmakathA kI laMbI paraMparA kA saMketa karate hue tulasI rAmacaritamAnasa ke bAla kANDa ke AraMbhika aMza meM kahate haiM : rAmakathA kai miti jaga nAhIM, asi pratIta tinha ke mana mAhIM/nAnA bhA~ti rAma avatArA, rAmAyana sata koTi apaaraa| aisI sthiti meM bhAratIya madhyakAla meM rAmacaritamAnasa kI racanA karane ke mUla meM tulasI kA prayojana kyA hai ? anya racanAe~ bhI rAmakathA kA bakhAna karatI haiM : kavitAvalI, gItAvalI, rAmalalA nahachU, rAmAjJA prazna, jAnakImaMmala Adi / vinayapatrikA rAma kI sevA meM prastuta hai : zrIrAmacaMdra kRpAlu bhaju mana haraNa bhavabhaya dAruNaM, navakaMja locana kaMjamukha, karakaMja pdkNjaarunnN| tulasI kathAvAcaka nahIM haiM, ve sajaga-saceta kavi haiM aura rAmakathA ke mAdhyama se, apane samaya-madhyakAla se TakarAte hue, kathA ko nae Azaya se saMpanna karanA cAhate haiN| tulasI ne solahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha se lekara satrahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha kA laMbA samaya pAra kiyaa| itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha mugalakAla ke vistAra kA samaya hai jise akabara ke zAsanakAla meM pUrNatA milii| sAmaMtI dabAvoM kI carcA saMpUrNa bhaktikAla ke prasaMga meM kI jAtI hai, jisake vistAra meM jAne kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| para tulasI ne kaI rUpoM meM isa viSama varga-vyavasthA, ghanaghora jAtivAda, pAkhaMDa, TUTatI maryAdA, mUlyahInatA, anAcAra Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai| madhyakAla ko sAMskRtika dRSTi se eka AMdolita samaya athavA uthala-puthala kA kAla kahA gayA hai| jAtiyA~ bhArata meM AtI rahI haiM, para ve kramazaH mUla sAmAjika dhArA meM sammilita ho giiN| para jaba islAma AyA to usakA svarUpa bhinna thA aura vaha vijetA rUpa meM aayaa| ekadevavAda, mUrtipUjA kA virodha, eka birAdarI, AkrAmakatA, dharma-parivartana Adi use bhAratIya ciMtana se alagAte haiN| para AraMbhika TakarAhaTa ke bAda jaba sAmAjika-sAMskRtika saMvAda kI prakriyA AraMbha huI to vicAra-vinimaya kA aisA vAtAvaraNa nirmita huA ki bhAratIya racanAzIlatA ko usakI svAbhAvika prakriyA meM vikasita hone kA nayA avasara milaa| sUbedAroM ke saMrakSaNa meM desI bhASAoM ko jo sakriyatA milI, yaha bhaktikAvya ke utkarSa meM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| tulasI saMskRta ke paMDita the, jisakA sAkSya unakI racanAe~ haiM, para unhoMne eka bar3e samAja ko saMbodhita karane kA saMkalpa liyaa| rAmacaritamAnasa ke AraMbha meM kahA : bhASA bhaniti bhori mati morii| desI bhASA meM racanA ke mUla meM unake sAmAjika-sAMskRtika Azaya haiM, jise unhoMne spaSTa kiyA hai| rAmakathA ke AraMbha meM hI tulasI apane kAvya-Azaya kA saMketa karate haiN| hara samaya meM yaha prazna prAsaMgika hai ki Akhira racanA kI abhIpsA kyA hai ? usakA gaMtavya kyA hai ? kavi kise saMbodhita kara rahA hai aura kisa prayojana se ? yahIM kavi kI tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 169

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racanA-dRSTi kA paricaya milatA hai, jisase usake samAjadarzana kA nirmANa hotA hai| tulasI kA prasthAna vaicArika hai, uccatara Azaya kI ora agrasara hotA huA, jahA~ ve rAmakathA ke mAdhyama se zreSThatama mAnava-mUlyoM kA niSpAdana karate haiN| AraMbha meM hI ve riktha, paraMparA kA RNa svIkAra karate haiM : nAnA purANa nigamAgama sammataM yad / para isameM anyatra se bhI kucha prApta kiyA gayA hai aura ise desI bhASA avadhI meM vyakta kiyA jA rahA hai, jo svayaM meM sAhasa hai-kavi ke sAMskRtika Azaya ko spaSTa krtaa| tulasI vinaya bhAva se svIkArate haiM ki kavita bibeka eka nahiM more, satya kahau~ likhi kAgada kore| merA vinamra vicAra hai ki racanA ke vRhattara sAMskRtika Azaya se paricAlita AtmavizvAsI kavi hI aise sacce vinaya-bhAva kI paMktiyA~ raca sakatA hai| tulasI sabase pahale apane ahaMkAra se lar3ate haiM kyoMki ve jAnate haiM ki svayaM ko pAra kie binA vRhattara saMsAra meM saMcarita ho pAnA saMbhava nhiiN| mAnasa 'svAntaH sukhAya' hai, para isameM saba sammilita haiM, kyoMki tulasI racanA ke AtmasaMgharSa ko pAra kara sakane kI sAmarthya rakhate haiM, jise vyaktitva ko atikrAMta karanA kahA gayA hai| tulasI kI saMgharSagAthA hai, jisakA ullekha vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai : bArai taiM lalAta-bilalAta dvAra-dvAra dIna, jAnata hau cAri phala cAra hI canaka kau; mAtu-pitA jaga jAi tajyo, bidhihU~ na likhI kachu bhAla bhalAI (kavitAvalI uttara.) aadi| vaiyaktika prasaMga tulasI ko tor3akara nahIM cale jAte, kavi ko inase jIvanadhAra meM pravAhita hone kI naI preraNA milatI hai| jisa sAmantI samaya se mahAkavi guz2ara rahe the, usakI carcA aneka prakAra se hai, jise eka sajaga pratibhA kA AtmavistAra kahA jaaegaa| tulasI ne svayaM ko pAra kiyA aura samaya ko bhI, isa artha meM ki unhoMne eka udAtta sAmAjika-sAMskRtika dRSTi vikasita kI aura racanA kI UrjA se use vyApaka samAja taka pahu~cAne meM saphalatA paaii| yaha nizcaya hI cunautI-bharA kaThina racanA-karma hai aura tulasI ne ise saMbhava kiyaa| mUlya-stara para ve apane samaya ke sAmaMtI pariveza se TakarAte haiM, aura vikalpa kA saMketa bhI karate haiM, jisake lie kalikAla aura rAmarAjya zabdoM kA prayoga unhoMne kiyA hai| eka hai madhyakAla kA bhayAvaha yathArtha aura dUsarA hai kavi kA vaikalpika svpn-lok| kavitA ke Azaya ko tulasI ne AraMbha meM hI spaSTa kara diyA hai tAki koI bhrAMti na rahe ki ve basa kathA kahane kA upakrama kara rahe haiN| unhoMne kahA ki unakI sAttvika AkAMkSA hai ki sAdhu-samAja meM unakI kavitA ko svIkRti mile aura buddhimAnoM kA Adara : sAdhu samAja bhaniti sanamAnU aura jo prabaMdha budha nahiM AdarahIM, so zrama bAdi bAlakavi krhiiN| unake lie kIrti, kavitA aura saMpatti tInoM tabhI sArthaka haiM jaba gaMgA ke samAna sabake hita meM niyojita hoM : kIrati, bhaniti, bhUti bhala soI, surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / isa prakAra tulasI kavitA ke mahat sAMskRtika gaMtavya ko vivecita karate haiM aura taba Age bar3hate haiN| para ve yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki 170 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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kavi-karma kaThina hai, vizeSatayA eka aise jaTila samaya meM jaba dRzya spaSTa na hoM, kaI mata-matAMtara hoM aura racanA para taraha-taraha ke dbaav| para tulasI saMkalpI kavi haiM aura jAnate haiM ki sAMskRtika gaMtavya taka pahu~canA hI hogA, jise nirAlA ne ina zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai : karanA hogA yaha timira pAra, dekhanA satya kA mihira dvAra (tulsiidaas)| racanA meM kathya, viSaya-vastu kI bhUmikA mahattvapUrNa hotI hai aura tulasI ne rAmakathA kA cayana kiyA tathA caritanAyaka rAma ko keMdra meM rakhakara kathA kA tAnA-bAnA rcaa| kavi rUpa meM unakA kauzala yaha ki ve kathAnAyaka rAma ko, apanI kAvya-kSamatA se kAvya-nAyaka pada para pratiSThita karane meM saphala hote haiN| vinaya-bhAva se tulasI ne kahA ki mujhameM koI guNa nahIM, para mujhe rAma kA Azraya hai : bhaniti mora saba guna rahita, bisva bidita guna ek| para yaha kavi kI bhakti-bhAvanA mAtra nahIM hai, yahA~ rAma ke virATa vyaktitva ko rekhAMkita kiyA gayA hai, jise keMdra meM rakhakara kAvya ko sArthakatA dI jA sakatI hai| kAvya meM rAma kA caritrAMkana usakI mUla saMpatti hai, sahI prasthAna : ehi maha~ raghupati nAma udArA, ati pAvana purAna zruti saaraa| ise unhoMne guNoM se samanvita kiyA, parama kalyANakArI rUpa meM : maMgala bhavana amaMgala hArI, umA sahita jehi japata puraarii| zaMkara-pArvatI ko rAma-upAsaka rUpa meM citrita kara tulasI madhyakAla ke zaiva-vaiSNava vaicArika dvaMdva kA bhI samAdhAna pAnA cAhate haiM, aura yaha prayatna pUre rAmacaritamAnasa meM anasyUta hai| zaMkara kathA kahate haiM, pArvatI sunatI haiM aura rAma setubaMdha rAmezvaram meM zivaliMga kI sthApanA karate haiM : liMga thApi bidhivat kari pUjA, siva samAna priya mohi na dUjA (laMkAkAMDa kA aarNbh)| rAma-ziva meM anyonyAzrita saMbaMdha hai, vaicArika saMgharSa ko pATate hue| ___ tulasI ne apane samaya ko dekhA-samajhA-jAnA ki rAjAzraya kI abhyarthanA vidyA kI devI kA hI anAdara hai| pratibhA kI sArthakatA usake vyApaka sAMskRtika prayojana meM hai| Aine akabarI kI sUcI meM yadi bhaktikAvya ke pramukha svara sammilita nahIM haiM to isase yaha bhI pramANita hotA hai ki apane samaya kI sArthaka pratibhAe~ kaI bAra rAjakIya stara para anapujI hI raha jAtI haiM, jabaki sAmAnyajana meM unheM vyApaka svIkRti milatI hai| Adhunika samaya meM nirAlA aise hI haiN| tulasI ne kahA ki 'kInheM prAkRta jana guna gAnA, sira dhuni girA lagata pachitAnA' / isalie rAma kA kAvya-viSaya rUpa meM cayana kiyA, unheM paribhASita karate hue| yaha korA bhAvavAda nahIM hai aura na vaiyaktika mukti kAmanA se paricAlita aMdha bhakti athavA karmakAMDa kA vyavasAya; isake mUla meM kavi kI gaharI sAMskRtika dRSTi hai| ve bauddhikatA kA ullekha karate haiM jisase racanA ko puSTa vaicArika AdhAra milatA hai; buddhimAna ke lie hRdaya samudra, buddhi sIpa aura sarasvatI svAti nakSatra hai| isameM zreSTha vicAroM kI jalavRSTi ho to muktAmaNi sadRza suMdara kavitA hogI : jauM baraSai vara bAri bicArU, hohiM kabita muktAmani cArU / tulasI ne darzana ke saMpradAyagata vibhAjana ko asvIkAra karate hue, aisI bhakti kA tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 171

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mArga talAzA jisakA AdhAra vaicArika hai, para mAtra tarkAzrita nahIM, usameM 'vimala viveka' kI pradhAnatA hai / viveka, jJAna bAra-bAra tulasI meM aneka rUpoM meM Ate haiM aura inheM mahAkavi kI racanAzIlatA kA mUlAdhAra kahA jA sakatA hai| korA bhAvavAda niSprayojana hotA hai, purohitavAda-karmakAMDa ko vyavasAya kI bhI suvidhA detA hai, isalie tulasI ne racanA kA puSTa vaicArika AdhAra nirmita kiyA, use vyApaka jIvana se saMbaddha kiyA aura rAmakathA meM use caritArtha kiyA, caritroM ke karma-bhare vyaktitva se / tulasI kahate haiM ki unheM rAma kA bala hai : tehi bala maiM raghupati guna gAthA, kahihau~ nAi rAma pada mAthA / rAmakathA ke sabhI rAmabhakta pAtra karmavAna haiM, para sArA zreya ve rAma ko samarpita karate haiM / isakA yaha artha nahIM ki rAma kA upayoga kisI camatkAra ke rUpa meM hai, yadyapi rAma kA vaiziSTya apane sthAna para surakSita hai, para pAtroM ke ahaMkAra kA vilayana vyaktitva ke sAmAjIkaraNa ke lie Avazyaka hai| parazurAma kA bhI ahaMkAra TUTatA hai : anucita bahuta kaheu~ agyAtA, chamahu chamA maMdira dou bhrAtA / rAvaNa mUrtimAna daMbha hai, use samajhAyA-bujhAyA jAtA hai, cetAvanI dI jAtI hai, para vaha nahIM mAnatA aura rAma dvArA mArA jAtA hai| pArvatI kA prazna svAbhAvika hai ki eka ora rAma haiM jo zaMkara ke upAsya haiM, dUsarI ora rAvaNa hai jo svayaM ko zaMkara - upAsaka kahatA hai / hogA kyA ? zaMkara kA uttara hai : jAni garala je saMgraha karahIM, kahahu umA taiM kAha na mrhiiN| jAnabUjhakara viSa kA saMgrahI maregA kyoM nahIM ? avazya maregA / 1 tulasI ne eka kaThina samaya meM kavi-karma kA nirvAha kiyA, aura ise unake vyApaka sAMskRtika dAyitva ke saMdarbha meM dekhanA caahie| isa dRSTi se unake kaI rUpa ubharate haiM : saMta, samAja-sudhAraka se lekara unake kAvya- kauzala taka / racanAoM meM aneka dArzanika-vaicArika prasaMga haiM : navadhA bhakti, saguNa-nirguNa, jJAna- bhakti, saMta - asaMta, karma-vairAgya, varNa-jAti Adi / jIvana ko vaividhya meM svIkArate hue, eka sajaga vicAraka ke rUpa meM ve TippaNiyA~ karate haiM, jinameM kucha ko lekara vivAda bhI upaje haiM, jaise brAhmaNa, zUdra, nArI, varNa Adi ke viSaya meM unakI kucha paMktiyA~ / sImAe~ sabakI hotI haiM, jisameM samaya kI bhI bhUmikA hotI hai / aura isa dRSTi se mahAkavi kI hara TippaNI kA aucitya batAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai / para samagratA meM dekheM to unakI samAjadRSTi udAtta dikhAI detI hai, khaMDa-khaMDa dekhanA aura manacAhI vyAkhyA karanA eka prakAra kA kutarka hai / tulasI ke mAnavavAda ko vivecita karate hue DaoN. rAmavilAsa zarmA kahate haiM : 'varNa aura jAti ko cunautI detA huA tulasI kA vyaMgya svara : kauna dhauM somayAgI ajAmila adhama kauna gajarAja dhauM bAjapeyI / isase spaSTa hai ki tulasI bhakti sabhI jAtiyoM aura varNoM ke logoM ko milAne vAlI thI' (paraMparA kA mUlyAMkana, pR. 77 ) / tulasI kI prANavAna racanAzIlatA svayaM samartha hai, jo kaI zatAbdiyA~ pAra kara hama taka calI AI hai, aura sAmAnyajana meM vyApaka dharAtala para svIkRta hai, use kisI pairavIkAra kI apekSA nhiiN| para unakI nArI - dRSTi ko lekara jo TippaNiyA~ kI 172 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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jAtI haiM, usakA eka kAraNa unheM saMdarbha se kATakara dekhane kI bhUla hai| mAyArUpa meM nArI bhakti, jJAna, viveka ke mArga meM ekamAtra bAdhA nahIM haiM, paMcamakAra haiM aura mAyA-moha ke aneka vikAra haiM, jinameM madhyakAlIna zarIravAda se upajA bhoga-vilAsa bhI hai| aisI sthiti meM tulasI ko nArI-niMdaka kahanA apane pUrvagraha ko kutarka se pramANita karane kA prayatna hai| tulasI ne sItA, pArvatI jaisI nAriyA~ racI aura pArvatI kA tapa aisA ki virAgI zaMkara unakA varaNa karane ke lie svayaM priyA ke pAsa pahu~cate haiN| pArvatI ke mAdhyama se tulasI ne tapa (sAdhanA) kA vistRta bakhAna kiyA hai : riSinha gauri dekhI taha~ kaisI, mUratimaMta tapasyA jaisii| sItA jagadjananI haiM, unakA svarUpa aisA ki varNanAtIta : suMdaratA kaha~ suMdara karaIM, chabigRha dIpasikhA janu briiN| tulasI ne vaktavyoM meM kahA, pAtroM ke saMvAdoM kA upayoga karate hue, nATakIya kauzala ke saath| para ve jAnate haiM ki vaktavya aura zabda kI sImA hotI hai, isalie unhoMne rAmakathA meM pravAhita pAtroM ke mAdhyama se guNoM ko caritArthatA pradAna kii| una mAnava-mUlyoM ko AcaraNa kI bhUmi para pratiSThita kiyA, jinheM ve sAmaMtI samaya ke vikalpa rUpa meM prastuta karate haiN| isa artha meM tulasI ke pAtra pratIkatva grahaNa karate haiM : rAma kA guNa-samuccaya, bharata kI bhAyapa bhakti, sItA kA pAtivrata dharma, lakSmaNa kA sevA-bhAva, hanumAna kA viveka-saMpanna samarpaNa aadi| ye sAre caritra svayaM ko caritArtha karate haiM, sAmAjika svIkRti pAte haiN| rAma hanumAna ko 'suta' kahakara saMbodhita karate haiM : suna suta tohi urina maiM nAhIM, dekhau~ kari vicAri mana maahiiN| tulasI bhAratIya madhyakAla ko gahare stara para jAnate haiM aura unake kAvya ke samAjadarzana kI pahacAna ke lie, isakI samajha Avazyaka hai| jise bhAratIya itihAsa kA svarNakAla taka kahA jAtA hai, usameM sAMskRtika saMvAda kI prakriyA ko gati milI, kalA-sAhitya ke zikhara nirmita hue, yaha nirvivAda hai| para isa sabake bIca sAmAnyajana kA samAja hai jo hara asamatAvAdI samaya meM abhAvoM se jUjhatA hai aura jisake lie svarNamRga eka chalAvA hI rahatA hai| tulasI kI dRSTi isa sAmAnya varga kI ora hai jo prAyaH grAmavAsI thA aura zaharoM se alaga-thalaga thaa| tulasI ne apane samaya ko abhivyakti dene ke lie varNanAtmakatA kA sahArA, vivaraNa vRttAMta ke rUpa meM adhika nahIM liyA, isalie usakI pahacAna kA kArya sarala nahIM raha jaataa| kaI bAra mahAkavi ke bhaktidarzana kI carcA karate hue unakI sAmAjika yathArtha dRSTi kI anadekhI kara dI jAtI hai| tulasI ne 'kalikAla' kA pratIka cunA jisakI paraMparA purANa, vizeSatayA bhakti ke prasthAnagraMtha bhAgavata meM milatI hai, bhaviSya-varNana ke rUpa meN| vivecana ke pUrva yaha jAnanA upAdeya hai ki tulasI madhyakAla ke lie jisa 'kalikAla' biMba kA upayoga karate haiM, use ve eka se adhika staroM meM dekhate haiM aura ve Upara-Upara taira kara nahIM raha jAte, yathArtha kI gaharAI meM praveza karate haiN| kavi rUpa meM ve apane gahare saMvedana ke sAtha upasthita haiM aura vyApaka ciMtAoM se paricAlita haiN| yaha sAmaMtI tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 173

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samAja hai, jahA~ zAsaka varga kartavyacyuta hai, apane sAmAjika dAyitva kA pAlana nahIM krtaa| tulasI rAjakAja ko 'kupathya' ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM aura kahate haiM ki saba bhoga-vilAsa meM DUbe hue haiM : rAjakAja kupathu, kusAju bhoga roga hI ke (kavitAvalI, uttr.)| ve nirmama duSTa svAmiyoM para TippaNI karate haiM : byoma, rasAtala bhUmi bhare nRpa kUra, kusAheba seMtihu~ khaare| aise narezoM se mA~gA bhI kyA jAya : jAcai ko nareza, desa-desa ko kalesu karai, dehaiM to prasanna hvai bar3I bar3AI bauMr3ie (vhii)| vinayapatrikA (pada 177) ke aMta meM ve rAjAoM ko cora kahakara tIkhI TippaNI karate haiM : bhUmi caura bhae nRp| rAjatva sAmaMtI samAja kA pratinidhi hai, jo apane dAyitva kA nirvAha nahIM krtaa| rAvaNa aura usakI laMkA ko paurANika saMdarbho se thor3A alagAkara dekheM to usameM madhyakAlIna sAmaMtavAda kI chAyA maujUda hai : zarIravAdI, ahaMkArI, chalI-kapaTI, vilaasii| jo loga rAvaNa ko mleccha rUpa meM dekhate hue, sAMpradAyika saMketa karanA cAhate haiM, ve tulasI kI gaharI sAMskRtika dRSTi ko nahIM smjhte| tulasI ne sAmaMtI samAja ke zAsaka ko dAyitvavihIna kahA hai aura unakA vicAra hai ki : jAsu rAju priya prajA dukhArI, so nRpa avasa naraka adhikaarii| itihAsa dAyitvahIna zAsakoM ko kSamA nahIM krtaa| tulasI kI rAjanItika ciMtAoM se kahIM adhika bar3I hai, unakI sAmAjikasAMskRtika ciNtaa| rAjanIti kA eka tAtkAlika pakSa hotA hai, athavA sattA pakSa, para samAja ke prazna kahIM adhika jaTila hote haiM aura unake choTe uttara khojanA bhUla hogii| sajaga saMvedanazIla kavi ke rUpa meM tulasI ise jAnate haiM ki racanA kI bhUmikA kahIM adhika dAyitvapUrNa hai| isalie madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja ke saMdarbha meM unakI sarvAdhika ciMtA TUTatI mUlya-maryAdA ko lekara hai| varNAzrama-vyavasthA ke TUTane ke viSaya meM unakI ciMtA ko lekara kucha vidvAn unase apanI asahamati bhI vyakta karate haiN| para udAra dRSTi se dekheM to pAe~ge ki zrama-vibhAjana para AdhArita varNa vyavasthA karma kA Agraha karatI hai| Age calakara suvidhAbhogI samAja ne use janma se saMbaddha kara diyA aura varNa sthAyI ho ge| durghaTanA yaha huI ki varNa ne jAti kA rUpa grahaNa kiyA aura jAtiyA~ asaMkhya upajAtiyoM meM vibhAjita ho giiN| jisa vipra, brAhmaNa varga ke samarthana ke lie tulasI para AkSepa kie jAte haiM, vahA~ yaha bhulA diyA jAtA hai ki tulasI ke lie dAyitva-pAlana sarvopari hai| gItA (adhyAya tIna) meM kahA gayA ki apane dharma meM maraNa bhI kalyANakArI hai| yahA~ dharma dAyitvabodha ke artha meM prayukta huA hai : zreyAnsvadharmo viguNaH paradharmAtsvanuSThitAt / svadharme nidhanaM zreyaH paradharmo bhyaavhH| tulasI kI ciMtA yaha ki samAja kI vibhinna ikAiyA~ apanA kartavya-pAlana nahIM kara rahI haiM, eka arAjaka sthiti hai| zAsaka prajApAlaka nahIM hai aura buddhijIvI brAhmaNa varga vivekasaMpanna nhiiN| rAmacaritamAnasa ke uttarakAMDa meM kAkabhuzuNDi garur3a ko kathA sunAte hue kahate haiM : 'kaliyuga mala mUla'-pApoM kA mUla kaliyuga / brAhmaNa varga vyApArI 174 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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hai : dvija zruti becaka aura vinayapatrikA (139) ke laMbe pada meM tathAkathita ucca varga kI patanazIla sthiti hai : prabhu ke bacana, beda-budha-sammata, 'mama mUrati mahidevamaI hai ' tinakI mati risa rAga - moha-mada, lobha lAlacI lIli laI hai / rAja- samAja kusAja koTi kaTu kalapita kaluSa kucAla naI hai nIti, pratIti prIti paramita pati hetubAda haThi heri haI hai| tulasI savarNoM, vizeSatayA brAhmaNavarga ke samarthana meM aMdha-bhAva se usI prakAra prastuta nahIM haiM, jaise ve dAyitvavihIna rAjAzraya ko svIkRti nahIM dete| pramANa yaha ki unhoMne jAti-saMpradAyavihIna vyavasthA ke rUpa meM jJAnasamanvita bhaktimArga kA saMdhAna kiyA aura rAjAzraya ko ThukarAte hue, racanA ke sAMskRtika dAyitva meM agrasara hue / madhyakAlIna samaya ko lekara mahAkavi kI mUla ciMtA mUlya-maryAdA saMsAra ko lekara hai / yadi uccatara mAnava- mUlya nahIM hoMge, to manuSyatA kA kyA hogA ? aura yadi sAmAjika naitika maryAdAoM kA pAlana nahIM kiyA jAyagA to sthiti arAjaka hogI / merA vicAra hai ki hara samaya meM sajaga pratibhA apane vartamAna se vikSubdha aura asaMtuSTa bhI hotI hai, isalie apanA pratikAra / prativAda bhAva vyakta karatI hai / isa dRSTi se sArthaka racanA eka ImAnadAra pratipakSa bhI hai, sAMskRtika stara para / vinayapatrikA ke isI pada meM mUlya-maryAdAoM ke vinaSTa hone ke prati kavi kI ciMtA hai : vizvAsa, prema, maryAdA, lokAcAra, satya, zAnti, upakAra, jJAna- bhakti saba bilA gae haiN| ciMtA hai ki pRthvI Ananda-maMgala se zUnya ho jAegI : mahI moda maMgala ritaI hai / isI meM eka paMkti AtI hai ki aisA anyAyI samaya ki sajjana kaSTa meM, duSTa magana : zAMti satya, subha rIti gaI ghaTi bar3hI kurIti, kapaTa-kalaI hai| sIdati sAdhu, sAdhutA socati, khala bilasata, hulasati khalaI hai / yaha vastusthiti hai, eka mUlyahIna samaya-samAja kI aura madhyakAlIna yathArtha ke saMketa, samaya ke prati tulasI kI sajaga dRSTi ke pramANa haiN| kabIra kI tulanA meM unakA Akroza adhika saMyata hai, para unakI sajagatA aura kavi-pratibaddhatA nirvivAda hai / jahA~ kahIM tulasI ko avasara milA hai, unhoMne samAja kI visaMgatiyoM para TippaNI kI hai, para unakI vicAraNA aura samAjadarzana meM usake sudhAra kI ciMtA bhI hai, yaha ullekhanIya hai / samAja meM maryAdAoM kI sthApanA ko tulasI Avazyaka mAnate haiM, para isakA yaha artha nahIM ki ve kisI aisI rUr3hi kA samarthana karate haiM, jisase nihita svArthoM kI pUrti hotI ho / buddhijIvI brAhmaNa varga kI prajJA zithila hotI hai, to vaha karmakANDI purohitavAda kI ora mur3a jAtA hai aura eka avAMchita vyavasAya kA AraMbha hotA hai : purohitihiM karama ati maMdA / karmakAMDa meM bauddhika tattva nikala jAtA hai aura usakA sthAna aMdhavizvAsa, pAkhaMDa ko mila jAtA hai| dharma-dAyitvabodha hai, vivekapUrNa zraddhA kA pratIka, para yadi usakA sthAna AtaMka aura bhaya le leM to durghaTanA hogI / tulasI tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 175

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kalikAla ko 'avaguNa AgAra' kahate haiM to unakI ciMtA mUlya-saMsAra ko lekara hai| rAjanItika vyavasthA UparI DhA~cA hai, jo dikhAI detA hai, para isase kahIM adhika mahattvapUrNa haiM sAmAjika-sAMskRtika mUlyaciMtAe~, jinase manuSya manuSya kahalAtA hai| tulasI ne ADaMbara, pAkhaMDa, mithyAcAra para TippaNiyA~ kI haiM aura saMbhava hai unakA svara siddha-nAtha, kabIra jaisA tIkhA na ho, para ve apane asaMtoSa ko nirbhaya vANI dete haiM : paMDita soi jo gAla bajAvA; nara aru nAri adharmarata; dhana mada matta parama bAcAlA, ugrabuddhi ura daMbha bisAlA, moha-lobha basa, jhUTha-masakharI, apakArI, kAmavaza aadi| samAja kI aisI mUlyahIna sthiti meM sarvAdhika durdazA sAmAnyajana kI hotI hai, ise tulasI jAnate haiN| kalikAla ke prasaMga meM unhoMne kahA hai : kali bArahiM bAra dukAla parai, binnu anna dukhI saba loga mare (mAnasa : utr.)| kavitAvalI meM bhI yaha dukAla hai, dAridrya ke sAtha : dina-dina dUnau dekhi dAridu, dukAlu dukha, durita, durAju, sukha-sukRta sakoca hai/mA paiMta pAvata pacAri pAtakI pracaMDa, kAla kI karAlatA, bhale ko hota poca hai| yahA~ tulasI 'dukAla' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM, jisase vyApaka dAridrya, abhAva, asamaya kI dhvani AtI hai| jahA~ taka akAla athavA durbhikSa kA prazna hai, itihAsakAra abulafaz2ala ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai ki jisa varSa akabara siMhAsana para baiThA (1556) usI varSa bhISaNa akAla pdd'aa| anya itihAsakAra bhI anAvRSTi se upaje kaI akAloM kA ullekha karate haiM (Ara.sI. majUmadAra saM. : da mug2ala impAyara, pR. 735) / tulasI dukAla zabda kA cunAva karate haiM, kusamaya kA bodha karAne ke lie| kAkabhuzuNDi ko isa dukAla meM ayodhyA chor3anI par3I thI : tehi kalikAla baraSa bahu baseu~ avadha vihagesa, pareu dukAla vipati basa taba maiM gayau~ bidesa (mAnasa : uttr.)| isa dukAla meM sAmAnyajana kI jo durgati hotI hai, vaha use bhItara se tor3a detI hai : Agi bar3avAgi teM bar3I hai Agi peTa kI (kvitaavlii)| bhUkha kI jvAlA meM jalatA huA sarvahArA hI ise jAnatA hai ki prAkRtika vipadAoM ko to kisI prakAra sahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki kaI bAra ve Akasmika bhI hotI haiM aura unase bacAva bhI sarala nahIM para do jana kI roTI to cAhie hii| yoM bhI nirdhana kI rakSA rAma ke binA karegA kauna ? para tulasI ciraMtana dukAla ko dekhate haiM, jo madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI vyavasthA meM vyApA hai| grAma-bahula samAja-vyavasthA kRSi-AdhArita hai, vahA~ nirdhanatA hai : kRsagAta lalAta jo roTina ko, gharabAta dharo khurapA-khariyA (kavitAvalI : uttara.) : zarIra ke nAma para asthipaMjara, roTI ke lie bilabilAte nara-kaMkAla aura pUMjI ke nAma para khurpaa-khriyaa| yaha hai madhyakAla kA bhayAvaha yathArtha, jise tulasI ne kalikAla, dukAla kahakara saMbodhita kiyaa| mahAkavi ne saMvedana ke gahare stara para isakA anubhava kiyA aura kucha sthaloM para use zAsaka rUpa meM dekhA : sunie karAla kalikAla bhUmipAla tumha, jAhi ghAlo cAhie, kahau dhauM rAkhai tAhi ko (kavitAvalI : utr.)| 176 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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madhyakAla kI jo sAmAjika-Arthika sthitiyA~ thIM, ve sAmAnyajana ke lie viSama thIM, aura tulasI ne eka sajaga sraSTA ke rUpa meM unheM nikaTa se jAnA hI nahIM thA, bhogA bhI thaa| tulasI kI jina paMktiyoM se unakI jIvana-rekhAe~ banAne kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha apane sthAna para sahI hai| kintu isameM vyApaka vipanna samAja bhI sammilita hai, tulasI jisake pravaktA haiN| muktibodha jise vyakti-saMvedana aura samAja-saMvedana kA saMyojana kahate haiM, use tulasI ke sAmAjika yathArtha meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| kavitAvalI meM tulasI kahate haiM : peTa kI Aga ke kAraNa maiMne jAti, sujAti, kujAti ke Tukar3e mA~gakara khAe haiM : jAti ke, sujAti ke, kujAti ke peTAgi basa, khAe TUka sbke| bAre taiM lalAta-bilalAta dvAra-dvAra dIna (kavitAvalI); asana basana hIna, viSama viSAda lIna (hanumAnabAhuka) Adi meM sAmAjika pIr3A bhI sannihita hai, ise dhyAna meM rakhane para hI tulasI ke sajaga sAmAjika bodha ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| vyApaka artha meM vyakti kA anubhava racanA kA AraMbhika prasthAna hai, para sajaga pratibhA yahIM ruka-Thahara nahIM jAtI, vaha ise vRhattara jIvanAnubhava se jor3atI hai, svayaM ko pAra karatI hai aura adhika bar3e samAja ko sammilita karane meM saphala hotI hai| isa dRSTi se 'vinayapatrikA' kA bhAva-saMsAra vicAraNIya hai ki kyA ise saMtakavi kA vaiyaktika nivedana kahakara saMtoSa kara liyA jAya ? mere vinamra vicAra se yaha adhUrA sAkSAtkAra hogA aura mahAkavi kI sAmAjika cetanA ke sAtha nyAya nahIM ho skegaa| kavitAvalI (uttarakAMDa) ke aMta meM kAzI kI mahAmArI yathArtha hai : bikala bilokiyata, nagarI bihAla kI (169) / vinayapatrikA ke AraMbha meM gaNeza-stuti hai aura aneka stutiyoM (jinameM gaMgA, kAzI, citrakUTa kI stuti bhI hai) se hote hue tulasI apane priya ArAdhya rAma taka Ate haiN| sabhI deva rAma-kathA se saMbaddha haiM aura kavi unheM isI rUpa meM dekhatA hai| yahA~ kavi ke jIvanI-saMdarbha bhI haiM : rAma ko gulAma, nAma rAmabolA rAkhyau raam| para vinaya-bhakti ke bIca meM kalikAla ke saMketa haiM : kali karAla dukAla dAruna, saba bhA~ti kusAju (pada 219) / vinayapatrikA ke eka laMbe varNanAtmaka prasaMga meM kaliyuga kA ullekha kiMcit vistAra se hai, jisameM vikRta samaya-samAja kI carcA hai : tihu~ tApa taI, saba sukha hAni, risa-rAga-moha-mada, rAja-samAja kusAja, kaluSa kucAla, loka-beda-marajAda gaI, patita prajA, pAkhaMDa pAparata aadi| vinayapatrikA meM kaI sthaloM para kalikAla zabda (pada 169, 170, 173, 184, 265 Adi) saMketa karatA hai ki saMta kavi vRhattara sAmAjika-sAMskRtika bhAvanA se paricAlita haiN| vaiyaktika mokSa mahAkavi kI abhIpsA nahIM hai, ve sabakI mukti kI kAmanA karate haiN| isa Azaya ko bhI unhoMne spaSTa kiyA ki kSudratA, pApa, mUlyahInatA Adi vikAroM se mukti hI saccI mukti hai| kalikAla ke laMbe pada meM tulasI rAma ko mahAn muktidAtA ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM, jisase cetanA kA nayA rUpAMtaraNa hotA hai (139) : tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 177

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dIjai dAdi dekhi nA tau bali, mahI moda-maMgala ritaI hai bhare bhAga anurAga loga kahaiM, rAma-kRpA-citavani citaI hai| binatI suni sAnanda heri ha~si, karuNA-bAri bhUmi bhijaI hai rAma-rAja bhayo kAja, saguna subha, rAjArAma jagata bijaI hai| samaratha bar3o, sujAna susAhaba, sukRta-saina hArata jitaI hai sujana subhAva, sarAhata sAdara, anAyAsa sA~sati bitaI hai| uthape thapana, ujAri basAvana, gaI bahori birada sadaI hai tulasI prabhu Arata-Aratihara, abhaya bA~ha kehi kehi na daI hai| tulasI meM dainya-samarpaNa kaI rUpoM meM hai jise prapatti, zaraNAgati bhAva kA saMvedana-saMskaraNa kahanA hogA, sUra kA smiipii| para isake mUla meM kavi kA sAmAjika prayojana hai, jisase bhaktibhAva ko mAnavavAdI avadhAraNA se saMbaddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| tulasI ke vinaya-prArthanA bhAva meM vRhattara samAja sammilita hai, jo samaya-samAja se vikSubdha hai : dIna dayAlu, durita dArida dukha dunI dusaha tihu~ tApa taI hai, deva duvAra pukArata Arata sabakI saba sukha hAni bhaI hai| isa dRSTi se kahA jA sakatA hai ki rAma kI prArthanA kavi kA sAmAjika bhAva hai, jaise gopikAoM kI rAgAtmakatA meM sUra bhI sammilita haiN| tulasI ne bhakti ko samaya ke vikalpa rUpa meM dekhA, mUlya-stara para aura rAma ko vaikalpika kAvya-nAyaka ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyaa| eka ora hai madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samAja, jo zarIra para jItA hai, dUsarI ora sAmAnyajana haiM, jinakI sthiti dayanIya hai| vanavAsI samAja-kola kirAta bhilla Adi kI dIna dazA svayaM unake mukha se kahalAI gaI hai : tumha priya pAhune bana pagu dhaare| sevA joga na bhAga hamAre deba kAha hama tumhahi gosaaNiiN| IMdhana pAta kirAta mitAI yaha hamAri ati bar3i sevkaaii| lehiM na bAsana basana corAI hama jar3a jIva jIva gana ghaatii| kuTila kucAlI kumati kujAtI pApa karata nisi bAsara jaahiiN| nahiM paTa kaTi nahiM peTa aghAhIM sapanehuM dharamabuddhi kasa kaauu| yaha raghunaMdana darasa prabhAU kAvyanAyaka rAma ko tulasI apane samaya ke vikalpa rUpa meM gar3hate haiM aura paraMparA se jo kucha prApta kiyA hai, use nayA vinyAsa dete haiN| Adikavi ke zaMbUka, sItA-niSkAsana Adi ke prasaMga rAma kI maryAdA khaMDita karate haiM, isalie inheM barAyA jA sakatA hai| saMbhava hai maharSi vAlmIki ke avacetana meM abhIpsA rahI ho ki ve rAmakathA ke samApana aMza meM upasthita raheM : vAlmIki Azrama kI yojanA, maharSi dvArA rAma-putroM kA lava-kuza nAmakaraNa aura rAma ke yajJa meM unheM rAmAyaNa-gAna kA Adeza / gAyana kI vAcika paraMparA se jor3akara vAlmIki kAvya ko jana-jana taka pahu~cAnA cAhate haiN| rAmAyaNa-gAna kA prabhAva hai : tataH pravRtaM madhuraM gaaNdhrvmtimaanussm| na ca 178 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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tRptiM yayuH sarva zrotAro geyasaMpadA : madhura saMgIta kA krama ba~dha gayA, alaukika gAna thaa| geya-saMpatti se zrotA mugdha ho gae, tRpti hI na hotI thii| tulasI vAlmIki, bhavabhUti kI karuNA se prabhAvita haiM, jo rAmacaritamAnasa meM aMtarbhukta hai, para ve apane kAvyanAyaka rAma kI sAmAjikatA kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhate haiN| jise rAma kA lokapakSa, maryAdAvAda, zIla Adi kahA gayA, vaha tulasI kI racanAzIlatA kA ullekhanIya vidhAna hai| bAlakANDa meM rAma-mahimA kA bakhAna karate hue tulasI kahate haiM ki kaliyuga meM na karma, na bhakti, na jJAna, kevala rAma nAma hI AdhAra hai : nahi kali karama na bhagati bibekU, rAma nAma avalaMbana ekuu| yahI rAma apane karmavAna vyaktitva se svayaM ko pramANita karate haiM : kahA gayA ki rAma nAma nRsiMha avatAra hai, kaliyuga hiraNyakazipu aura rAma nAma japane vAle bhaktajana prhlaad| para tulasI sajaga haiM ki rAma kevala maMtra-jApa banakara na raha jAya~, isalie ve unakA saMpUrNa vyaktitva vikasita karate haiM aura unheM vizvasanIyatA dete haiN| aisA tabhI saMbhava hai jaba unameM mUlya-samanvita sukarmoM ko niSpAdita kiyA jaay| unhoMne rAma se apanA saMbaMdha sthApita kiyA-susvAmI aura kusevaka kaa| rAma kI zreSThatA pratipAdita kI, unheM mAtra svAmI nahIM, susvAmI, susAhiba kahA-dayAnidhAna, karuNAsAgara, garIbanevAja aura svayaM ko sAdhAraNajana mAnA, durbalatAoM se yukt| rAma nAma kI mahimA kA vistAra se varNana karate hue tulasI sahI pRSThabhUmi nirmita karate haiM, jisa para rAma kA vyaktitva lIlA-karma ke mAdhyama se agrasara hotA hai| rAma apane vyaktitva ko caritArtha karate haiM, taba unakA nAma pratIkatva prApta karatA hai, isalie jApa mAtra se jIvana-saMgharSa pAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, use AcaraNa ke pariprekSya meM dekhanA-samajhanA hogaa| apane guru kA sAdara smaraNa karate hue unhoMne kahA ki rAma kI kathA gahana hai, zrotA-vaktA donoM jJAnI cAhie : zrotA bakatA gyAna nidhi, kathA rAma ke gUr3ha, kimi samujhau maiM jIva jar3a kali mala grasita bimuuddh'| madhyakAlIna kalikAla meM pariveza hI lar3akhar3A gayA, aise meM vyakti ke viveka kI rakSA bhI sarala nahIM, para tulasI ne ise pAra karane kA svapna dekhA, rAma-caritra ke mAdhyama se| tulasI ne rAma kA kAvyanAyaka rUpa gar3hate hue, unakA jo mAnuSIkaraNa kiyA, vaha isa dRSTi se vicAraNIya ki ve unakI pratiSThA samAnAMtara vaikalpika caritanAyaka ke rUpa meM karanA cAhate haiN| tulasI apane samaya kI sAmaMtI vyavasthA se paricita haiM aura vinaya-patrikA, kavitAvalI Adi meM unake jIvanasaMgharSa ke jo saMketa milate haiM. unheM kevala vaiyaktika pIr3A ke rUpa meM nahIM dekhanA cAhie, usameM vRhattara samAja bhI sammilita hai| yahA~ bAra-bAra kalikAla zabda kA prayoga huA hai, samaya kI bhayAvahatA ko vyaMjita krte| tulasI kahate haiM : kahA na kiyo, kahA~ na gayo, sIsa kAhi na nAyo (vinaya. 276) athavA tohi mA~gi mA~gano na mA~gano kahAyo aadi| eka ora sAmaMtI samAja hai, jo kalikAla kA pratinidhitva karatA, dAnava varga ke rUpa meM, jo tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 179

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/ anyAya atyAcAra para TikA hai| tulasI apane samaya kI vibhISikA kA saMketa karake raha jAte to unakA sAMskRtika vyaktitva adhUrA raha jaataa| ise lekara bahasa ho sakatI hai ki kyA kavitA kA prayojana samAdhAna talAzanA bhI hai ? para tulasI ke saMdarbha meM yaha vicAraNIya ki ve mAtra kavi nahIM haiM, sAmAjika cetanA se saMpanna pratibhA-puruSa haiN| unhoMne apane jIvanakAla meM hI rAmalIlA, rAmakathA-gAyana Adi ke mAdhyama se apanI kavitA ko vAcika paraMparA se jor3a liyA thaa| rAmacaritamAnasa kA vinyAsa pramANita karatA hai ki vaha zravyakAvya se Age bar3hakara dRzyakAvya hai, isa artha meM ki tulasI dRzya-vidhAna racate haiM aura saMbodhita karate calate haiN| yaha saba hotA hai-rAma ko kAvya ke keMdra meM rakhakara aura vinayapatrikA unhIM ke prati nivedana-bhAva hai| tulasI Azvasta haiM ki karmavAna rAma uddhAra kareMge, unhIM se sabakI mukti saMbhava hai| lagatA hai jaise kavi ke mAdhyama se eka vRhattara samAja jo dIna-dukhI hai, rAma se prArthanA kara rahA hai| vinaya-patrikA ke eka pada meM tulasI rAma ko kalpataru kahakara saMbodhita karate haiM : kali nAma kAmataru rAma ko, dalanihAra dArida dukAla dukha, doSa ghora ghana ghAma ko (pada 156) / unheM ve 'susAhiba' kahate haiM-sarvottama svaamii| rAma ke samAna hai hI kauna : dIna ko dayAlu dAni, dUsaro na koU (pada 78); kevala rAma kA Azraya hai (263); rAma mAtA-pitA, sujana-sanehI, guru-sAhiba, sakhA-suhRda saba kucha haiM (254) / jaise sAre saMbaMdha rAma se paribhASita hote haiM : ve samaratha svAmI haiM (253), choTe kI choTAI dUra karate haiM (183), garIba para adhika kRpAlu (165), ati komala karunAnidhAna binu kArana para upakArI (166) aadi| rAma ke lie tulasI ne jina virudoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, unase kAvya-nAyaka kA mAnavIya pakSa ujAgara hotA hai| kucha atilaukika prasaMgoM ko chor3a deM, jinameM camatkArI aMza bhI haiM, para rAma maryAdA puruSottama ke rUpa meM Acarita hokara sarvapriya banate haiN| isa dRSTi se rAmacaritamAnasa aura vinayapatrikA meM saMgati hai ki bhAva karma se pramANita hote haiN| tulasI rAma se cAhate kyA haiM, yaha vicAraNIya hai, kyoMki isase kavi kA samAjadarzana udghATita hotA hai| tulasI pUre samAja ke lie kalikAla se mukti kI kAmanA karate haiM, vaha kalikAla jo 'avaguna-AgAra' hai, jahA~ mUlya-maryAdAe~ bilA gaI haiN| tulasI apane samaya-samAja ko uccatara mUlya-saMsAra meM le calane ke AkAMkSI haiM, jise udAtta bhaktibhAva kahA gyaa| yaha bhaktibhAva karma aura AcaraNa para Azrita hai aura rAmakathA meM ise dekhA jA sakatA hai, vizeSatayA mAnasika rUpAMtaraNa meN| bAli se rAma kahate haiM : acala karauM tanu rAkhahu praanaa| para bAli kevala rAma meM anurAga kI kAmanA karatA hai : jehi joni janmauM karma basa taha~ rAma pada anuraaghuuN| rAmabhakti kA artha karmakAMDa nahIM hai, rAma ko preraNA-puruSa mAnakara unake AcaraNa kA anugamana hai| rAma meM karma, mUlyabhare karma kI jo sAmAjika cetanA hai, vaha unheM sauMdarya detI hai aura sauMdarya sAmAjika karma meM hotA hai, zArIrika ikAiyoM meM nhiiN| rAma sAmAjika 180 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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krodha ke pratIka haiM, gItA ke 'paritrANAya sAdhUnAM vinAzAya ca duSkRtAm, abhyutthAnaM dharmasya' ko caritArtha krte| rAmacaritamAnasa meM rAma avataraNa kA sAmAjika Azaya spaSTa hai ( bAlakAMDa, dohA 121 ) : jaba jaba hoi dharama kai haanii| bAr3hahiM asura adhama abhimAnI karahiM anIti jAi nahiM baranI / sIdahiM bipra dhenu sura dharanI taba taba prabhu dhari bibidha sarIrA / harahiM kRpAnidhi sajjana pIrA asura mAri thApahiM suranha, rAkhahiM nija zruti setu jaga bistArahiM bisada jasa rAma janma kara hetu / I rAma ko madhyakAla ke samAnAMtara caritanAyaka ke rUpa meM parikalpita karate hue, tulasI unheM vicAra aura karma kI samanvita bhUmi dete haiM / yaha saca hai ki rAma vaktavyoM meM kama kahate haiM, karma se adhika pramANita karate haiM, para tulasI anya prasaMgoM meM pAtroM ke dvArA athavA svayaM bhI rAma ke rAmatva kA saMketa karate calate haiM / isameM kahIM-kahIM alaukika rekhAe~ bhI haiM, para mahAkavi sAvadhAna haiM ki rAma kA maryAdA puruSottama rUpa surakSita rahe kyoMki vaha samAja ko prerita - prabhAvita karatA hai| rAma kA avataraNa huA hai: bipra dhenu sura saMta hita lInha manuja avatAra / manuSya rUpa meM rAma kA Agamana sAmAjika maryAdAoM kI pratiSThA ke lie hai, jisake lie sura-saMta Adi vargoM kA cayana tulasI ne kiyA hai| rAma kA eka mUlya-saMsAra hai, jo unake vyaktitva ko paricAlita karatA hai aura jise vyApaka sAmAjika svIkRti milatI hai / bAli rAma ke 'samadarasI' rUpa para TippaNI karatA hai : dharma hetu avatarehu gosAIM, mArehu mohi byAdha kI nAI / maiM bairI sugrIva piyArA, avaguna kavana nAtha mohi mArA / rAma kA mUlya - Azrita tarka hai : anuja- badhU, bhaginI, suta-nArI, sunu saTha kanyA sama e cArI/inhahi kudRSTi bilokai joI, tAhi badheM kachu pApa na hoI / vicAravAna rAma kA viveka-AdhArita mUlya-saMsAra hai jisase unake sAmAjika karma niSpAdita hote haiM / rAma-rAvaNa saMgharSa isIlie vaiyaktika nahIM kahalAtA aura sItA haraNa to eka nimitta banatA hai / vicAraNIya yaha ki rAma ekAdhika bAra rAvaNa ko cetAvanI dete haiM - hanumAna, aMgada dvaaraa| eka ke bAda eka usake priya samApta hote jAte haiM, para vaha nahIM maantaa| yahA~ taka ki mAlyavAna, maMdodarI Adi bhI samajhAte haiM, para usakA aniyaMtrita ahaMkAra use aMdhA kara detA hai / uttarakAMDa ke kalikAla varNana meM ahaMkAra ko bar3A vikAra mAnA gayA hai : abhimAna, birodha, akAranahIM aura rAvaNa isakA mUrtimAna rUpa / vaha vyaktivAcaka saMjJA nahIM hai, mUlyahIna AsurI vRttiyoM kA pratIka hai - vikAroM kA Dhera / aMtima kSaNoM meM rAvaNa kA sArathI use samajhAtA hai : tehiM pada gahi bahu bidhi samajhAvA, para rAvaNa mAnatA hI nahIM / patnI ke rUpa meM maMdodarI rAvaNa ke lie vilApa karatI huI, usake parAkrama kA smaraNa karatI hai : taba bala nAtha Dola nita dharanI, teja hIna pAvaka sasi trnii| para vinAza kA kAraNa hai : rAma vimukha asa hAla tumhArA, rahA tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 181

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na kou kula robnihaaraa| rAma-sItA kA vyaktitva nirmita karate hue, tulasI ke samakSa kucha cunautiyA~ bhI haiN| ve inheM apane samaya-saMdarbha meM sAmAjika dRSTi se sArthaka banAnA cAhate haiM, para yaha abhIpsA bhI ki samaya ko pAra karate hue, unameM eka niraMtaratA banI rhe| samaya badalegA, avadhAraNAoM meM parivartana hogA, para kAvyanAyaka ke vyaktitva kI kucha ikAiyA~ aisI honI hI cAhie, jo laMbe kAla taka vidyamAna rheN| rAma kA devatva manuSya rUpa meM sAmAjIkRta hotA hai, jisase sAdhAraNIkaraNa meM kaThinAI nahIM upasthita hotii| sItA haraNa, lakSmaNa-mUrchA Adi prasaMgoM meM tulasI rAma ko sahaja mAnuSa bhUmi para saMcarita karate haiM jisase unakA vyaktitva sAmAnyajana kA samIpI banatA hai| ve apanI karuNA ko samAja ke lie arpita karate haiM, sarAhanIya hote haiM aura saMgharSa meM vijaya prApta kara sabake vaMdanIya banate haiN| isa prakAra eka hI rAma meM vyaktitva kI kaI ikAiyA~ saMyojita hokara unheM pUrNatA detI haiN| unameM kRSNa kI khulI raMgAraMga bhUmi nahIM hai kyoMki tulasI rAma ko mUlya-maryAdA kI bhUmi para racate haiM, para unakI sAmAjika vizvasanIyatA aura svIkRti vyApaka hai| sItA ke lie vilApa karate hue rAma viSAda-DUbe manuSya haiM : Azrama dekhi jAnakI hInA, bhae bikala jasa prAkRta diinaa| 'guna khAni' kahakara ve sItA ke guNoM kA smaraNa karate haiM : rUpa sIla brata nema puniitaa| phira priyA kA rUpa yAda AtA hai aura manaHsthiti aisI avasAdagrasta ki pazu-pakSI bhI usameM sammilita haiM : he khaga-mRga he madhukara zrenI, tumha dekhI sItA mRganainI / tulasI rAma ko manuSya kI nitAMta sahajabhUmi para lAte haiM : ehi vidhi khojata bilapata svAmI, manahu~ mahA birahI ati kaamii| rAma kA avatArI devatva mAnuSa rUpa meM prabhAvI banatA hai, vizvasanIya aura usameM saba sammilita hote haiN| lakSmaNa-mUrchA ke samaya karuNa prasaMga hai : uhA~ rAma lachimanahi nihArI, bole bacana manuja anusaarii| phira rAma kI pIr3A hai : bahu vidhi socata soca bimocana, sravata salila rAjiva dala locana / tulasI jAnate haiM ki rAma ko mAnuSa rUpa meM sahaja bhAva se saMcarita kara hI unakI vizvasanIyatA pramANita kI jA sakatI hai| para unakA rUpa kRSNa se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki yahA~ maryAdA kI rekhAe~ nizcita haiM aura inheM pAra karate hue bhI, ve sajaga-sAvadhAna haiN| maryAdAoM kA yaha nirvAha rAma ke vyaktitva ko praNamya banAtA hai, isalie svAmidAsa bhAva tulasI kA pratipAdya hai, para sUra ko sakhA-bhAva kI suvidhA hai| jIvana-dRSTi se kavitA kI dizA nirdhArita hotI hai aura aisA pratIta hotA hai ki tulasI samaya ke vikalpa rUpa meM tulasI kA caritrAMkana karate hue, maryAdA-mUlya se paricAlita haiM jise naitikatA kahA gyaa| rAma ko vicAra aura karma se saMyojita kara tulasI unake vyaktitva ko pUrNatA dete haiN| vicAra hI karma niSpAdita karate haiM, jisase dIpta AtI hai| mUlyahIna karma niSprayojana haiM, jise deva-dAnava saMgharSa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| saMbhavataH isIlie tulasI 182 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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ne saMta-asaMta, sura-asura kI pravRtti-carcA vistAra se kI hai| rAmacaritamAnasa ke AraMbha meM saMtoM kI sarAhanA karate hue kahA gayA hai : muda maMgalamaya saMta samAjU, jo jaga jaMgama tIratha raajuu| saMta-samAja Anandamaya, kalyANamaya hai, gatimaya tIrtharAja jisameM gaMgA kI bhakti hai aura brahma kA vicAra pakSa / tIrtharAja zabda kA prayoga eka se adhika bAra huA, saMtoM ke nirmala viveka, pavitra AcaraNa kA bodha karAte hue| kahA gayA ki : binu satasaMta bibeka na hoI aura viveka ke abhAva meM jIvana vyrth| eka hI sthAna para saMta-asaMta kI tulanA kI gaI : bichurata eka prAna hari lehIM, milata eka dukha dAruna dehiiN| jala meM kamala aura joMka donoM kA janma hotA hai, para pravRttiyA~ kitanI pRthaka haiM : upajahiM eka saMga jala mA~hI, jalaja joMka jimi guna bilgaahiiN| araNyakAMDa ke aMta meM rAma nArada se saMtoM kA varNana karate haiM ki ve vikArarahita haiM : SaTa vikAra jita anagha akAmA, acala akiMcana suci sukhadhAmA/amitabodha anIha mitabhogI, satyasAra kavi kobid-jogii| unake guNa haiM : japa-tapa, vrata-dama, saMyama-niyama, zraddhA-kSamA, maitrI-dayA, muditA-bhakti, viveka-vinaya, vijJAna-saMpanna tathA daMbha-mAna-mada rhit| tulasI ne saMta kI jo avadhAraNA kI hai, vaha yUTopiyAI kahI jA sakatI hai, para yaha kavi kI ucca kalpanA se nirmita hai, eka saMtakavi kI abhIpsA bhii| ayodhyAkAMDa meM rAma maharSi vAlmIki se prazna karate haiM ki vanavAsa ke lie upayukta sthAna kyA hogA aura vAlmIki kA dArzanika uttara hai : jaha~ na hou taha~ dehu kahi, tumhahi dekhAvauM ThAu~ (dohA 127) sarvavyApI rAma ko kauna-sA sthAna batAyA jAya ? para isa avasara kA upayoga karate hue tulasI maharSi vAlmIki se una bhaktajana kI carcA karate haiM, jinakI cetanA meM rAma vAsa karate haiN| yaha pravRttigata, mUlyagata varNana hai jisameM prapatti athavA zaraNAgati bhAva ke sAtha mUlya-niSpAdita karmoM kI vivecanA hai, jahA~ jAti-pA~ta-dhana-dharama-bar3AI niSprayojana haiM : kAma koha mada mAna na mohaa| lobha na chobha na rAga na drohA jinha ke kapaTa daMbha nahiM maayaa| tinha ke hRdaya basahu raghurAyA saba ke priya saba ke hitkaarii| dukha sukha sarisa prasaMsA gArI tumhahi chAr3i gati dUsara naahiiN| rAma basahu tinha ke mana mAhIM jananI sama jAnahiM prnaarii| dhana parAva viSa teM viSa bhArI je haraSahiM para saMpati dekhii| dukhita hohiM para vipati biseSI jinhahiM rAma tuma praanpiyaare| tinha ke mana subha sadana tumhAre rAma ko sAmAjIkRta karate hue tulasI bhaktoM kA jo saMsAra racate haiM, vahA~ purohita-paricAlita karmakAMDa ko svIkRti nahIM hai| lokapracalita vizvAsoM ke rUpa meM usake kucha varNanAtmaka prasaMga bhara Ae haiM, jisase bhAratIya lokajIvana kA vRtta pUrA hotA hai| jaTAyu, zabarI, ajAmila, ahilyA ke prati rAma kA karuNA-bhAva unake vyaktitva ko parama udAratA se saMpanna karAtA hai| kaI bAra lagatA hai jaise rAma 'vajra tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 183

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se kaThora aura kusuma se komala' eka sAtha haiM-sAmAjika stara para anyAya-atyAcAra kA virodha karate aura mAnavIya dharAtala para parama kRpAlu / 'vinayapatrikA' meM tulasI ne rAma ke lie jina virudoM kA sarvAdhika upayoga kiyA hai, ve kRpAnidhAna ke samAnArthI haiM aura rAma kI zakti-sAmarthya ke sAtha unakI karuNA meM AsthA unheM prabhAvI banAtI hai| isa dRSTi se unakA janatAMtrika rUpa hai aura ve sahayogiyoM kI sarAhanA karate haiN| tulasI ne ayodhyAkAMDa meM rAma-bharata-saMvAda ke prasaMga meM donoM para tulanAtmaka dRSTi DAlate hue eka caupAI meM kahA hai ki bharata prema-mamatA kI sImA haiM aura rAma samatA kI : bharatu avadhi saneha samatA kI, jadyapi rAmu sIma samatA kii| bharata bhAva kI jisa gaharAI se rAma ko saMbodhita karate haiM, usakA uttara de pAnA sarala nhiiN| tulasI svayaM abhivyakti kI sImA svIkArate hue kahate haiM : Apa choTi mahimA bar3i jAnI, kabikula kAni mAni skucaanii| bharata kI mahimA kA varNana lagabhaga asaMbhava hai aura rAma sarAhanA karate hue unheM dharma kI dhurI dhAraNa karane vAlA kahate haiM jinameM karma, vacana, mana kI nirmalatA apratima hai : tAta bharata tumha dharama dhurInA, loka beda bida prema prviinaa| yaha hai bhAI ke prema kI svIkRti, para rAma ke samakSa kartavyabodha niraMtara upasthita hai| kahate haiM ki prajA kA pAlana niSThA se karo : karahu prajA parivAru sukhaarii| saMbaMdhoM kA nirvAha rAma sAmAjika dRSTi ke sAtha karate haiM, sahaja kRtajJatA bhAva se dUsaroM kA RNa svIkArate haiM, pratidAna bhAva ke saath| niSAda jaise sAmAnya varga ke pAtra se kahate haiM : tumha mama sakhA bharata sama bhraataa| hanumAna ke viveka meM unakI AsthA hai aura kaThina se kaThina kArya ke lie, ve unakA cunAva karate haiN| citroM meM hanumAna niraMtara rAma ke sAtha haiM, ve unheM putra kahakara saMbodhita karate haiM : suna suta tohi urana maiM nAhIM, dekhau~ kari bicAri mana mA~hIM aura tulasI niSAda ko 'rAmasakhA' kahakara gaurava dete haiN| rAma jAnate haiM ki unhoMne yuddha kevala apane camatkAra se nahIM jItA thA, isameM vAnarI senA kA yogadAna hai| ayodhyA lauTane para guru vaziSTha se unakI sarAhanA karate haiM ki ye mujhe bharata se bhI adhika priya haiM : e saba sakhA sunahu muni mere, bhae samara sAgara kahaM bere/mama hita lAgi janama inha hAre, bharatahu~ taiM mohi adhika piyAre / yaha hai mahApuruSa kA pratidAna-bhAva aura dUsaroM ke mahattva kA sviikaar| tulasI ne rAma kI rAmamayatA gar3hane meM svayaM ko bhAvavAda se mukta rakhane kA prayatna kiyA hai| ve jAnate haiM ki kAvya-nAyaka ko pramANita karanA hai, karma-AcaraNa ke sauMdarya se| 'vinayapatrikA' meM to jaise tulasI kI parIkSA hI hai ki vinaya-bhakti bhAva se sIdhe hI rAma ko saMbodhita kiyA jA rahA hai, phira isameM rAma kI chavi kaise ubhArI jaay| para isa kArya ko tulasI ne niSpAdita karane ke lie sarvaprathama bhAva, vicAra ko saMyojita kiyaa| svayaM ko samaya ke pratinidhi rUpa meM rakhA, jo kalikAla se dukhI hai, kaSTa meM hai| saMkalpa kavi kA sAthI hai : aba lauM nasAnI, aba na nsaihauN| rAma ko kalikAla ke uddhAraka rUpa meM prastuta karate hue, tulasI unameM karma-bhare guNoM 184 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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kA pratipAdana karate haiM, jinameM pramukha haiM - karuNAnidhAna bhaktavatsala / eka pada hai, mAnava jIvana kI sArthakatA ko lekara, jisameM vikAroM kI carcA hai, aura rAma ke mAdhyama se mukti kA upAya (vinayapatrikA, pada 201 ) : lAbha kahA mAnuSa-tanu pAe kAya bacana-mana sapanehu~ kabahu~ka ghaTata na kAja parAe jo sukha surapura-naraka geha bana Avata binahiM bulAe tehi sukha kaha~ bahujatana karata mana, samujhata nahiM samujhAe para dArA, para droha, mohabasa kie mUr3ha mana bhAe garabhabAsa dukharAsi jAtanA tIvra bipati bisarAe bhaya-nidrA, maithuna - ahAra, sabake samAna jaga jAe sura-duralabha tanu dhari na bhaje, hari mada abhimAna gavAe gaI na nija-para- buddhi zuddha havai rahe na rAma-laya lAe tulasidAsa yaha avasara bIte, kA puni ke pachitAe / tulasI kI rAmamayatA svataMtra vivecana kI mA~ga karatI hai kyoMki ve 'guNasamuccaya' ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haiM, zubha karma kI bhUmi para saMcarita aura unheM pAkara saba Azvasta haiN| manuSya rUpa meM jIvana-dhAra meM pravAhita rAma ke sAtha pUrA samAja hai jo unase rAgAtmakatA kA anubhava karatA hai| ayodhyA unake janma meM utsavanimagna hai aura kavitAvalI kA AraMbha rAma ke bAla-varNana se hotA hai : avalauki hauM soca vimocana ko Thagi-sI rahI, je na Thage dhika se / vaha zokahArI bAlaka hai aura usake rUpa para jo mohita na ho, usakA jIvana hI vyartha hai jaise / sahI vivekI samarpaNa kA eka sukha hai, ise vahI jAnatA hai jo samarpita hotA hai| rAma ke hara kriyA-kalApa meM samAja sammilita hai, jisase unake vyaktitva ko sAmAjikatA milatI hai, jo sabakI sahaja svIkRti se nirmita hotI hai| ayodhyA to unakA apanA sthAna hai, yahA~ kI prasannatA svAbhAvika hai, para janakapura ke nara-nArI kAma-dhAma chor3akara dekhane nikala par3ate haiM / sakhiyA~ pArasparika bAtacIta se apane bhAva prakaTa karatI haiM aura dhanuSayajJa ke pUrva hI sItA ke pati rUpa meM unakA cayana karatI haiN| isa prasaMga ko tulasI ne rAmacaritamAnasa meM vistAra diyA hai jahA~ sarAhanA, asamaMjasa, rAgabhAva saba eka sAtha haiM : baranata chavi jaha~ taha~ saba logU, avasi dekhiahiM dekhana joguu| isI krama meM rAma-sItA kA pUrvAnurAga hai, jise tulasI ne mArmika saMvedanazIlatA se racA hai : citavati cakita cahU~ disi sItA / kaha~ gae nRpa kisora manu ciMtA jaha~ biloka mRga sAvaka nainI / janu taha~ barisa kamala sita nI latA oTa taba sakhinha lakhAe / syAmala gaura kisora suhAe dekhi rUpa locana lalacAne / haraSe janu nija nidhi pahicAne thake nayana raghupati chavi dekheM / palakanhihU~ pariharIM nimeSeM tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 185

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adhika sanehaM deha bhai bhorii| sarada sasihi jana citava cakorI locana maga rAmahi ura aanii| dInhe palaka kapATa sayAnI jaba siya sakhinha premabasa jaanii| kahi na sakahiM kachu mana sakucAnI dhanuSabhaMga ke pUrva hI sItA mana hI mana rAma kA varaNa kara letI haiM, pArvatI se prArthanA karatI haiM : mora manoratha jAnahu~ nIke aura unheM vara bhI mila jAtA hai| sAdhAraNa prasaMga hotA to rAma-sItA donoM kI maryAdA khaMDita hotI, para tulasI jAnate haiM ki jinheM unhoMne pitA-mAtA rUpa meM dekhA hai, unake mAnuSIkaraNa ke binA, vyApaka svIkRti kA adhyAya adhUrA raha jaaegaa| isa prasaMga ko thor3A Age calakara dekheM, dhanuSayajJa ke samaya : rAmahi citava bhAyaM jehi sIyA, so sanehu sukhu nahiM kmniiyaa| sItA jisa rAga-bhAva se rAma ko dekha rahI haiM, vaha sukha varNanAtIta hai| sItA bhI sAdhAraNa nahIM, advitIya haiM : siya sobhA nahiM jAi bakhAnI, jagadaMbikA rUpa guna khaanii| rAma ke prati sItA kA rAga-bhAva aisA ki ve gaNanAyaka se prArthanA karatI haiM ki 'karahu cApa gurutA ati thorii|' isa prakAra rAma ke samIpI pAtra unase ba~dha jAte haiM, unheM cetanA se svIkArate haiM aura isa svIkRti ko tulasI ne prema bhAva se AraMbha kara zraddhA-bhakti meM paryavasita kiyaa| uttarakAMDa meM rAma svayaM saMta-pravRtti kA varNana karate haiM aura unheM asaMtoM se alagAte haiN| asaMta hara samaya meM hoMge hI, para kaliyuga ke patita samAja meM unakI saMkhyA bar3ha jAtI hai : kAma, krodha, mada, lobha-parAyana, nirdaya kapaTI kuTila malAyana / ve mUrtimAna asatya haiM : jhUThai lenA jhUThai denA, jhUThai bhojana jhUTha cbenaa| rAma mAnavadharma kI sthApanA karate haiM, kahate haiM dUsare ke upakAra se bar3hakara koI dharma nahIM hai : parahita sarisa dharma nahiM bhAI, para pIr3A sama nahiM adhmaaii| narasI mehatA ne vaiSNavatA ko paribhASita karate hue kahA : 'vaiSNavajana teM tene kahie, je pIra parAI jAnai re| jo dUsaroM kI pIr3A meM sahabhAgI hai, vaha saccA vaiSNava hai| tulasI ne apane lokavAdI-mAnavavAdI samAjadarzana ke keMdra meM kAvya-nAyaka rAma ko rakhA aura unameM buddhi-viveka, satkarma, maryAdita AcaraNa, ayAcita sneha, udAra karuNA Adi mAnavIya guNoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| para unase saMbaddha pAtroM ko pratIkana diyA aura sabako rAmakathA meM sArthakatA dii| lakSmaNa kA tyAga sarAhanIya hai aura ve rAma ke sAtha vana ko prasthAna karate haiM, jaise hariNa kI mukti : bAgura viSama torAi, manuha~ bhAga mRgu bhAga bs| unakA svAbhimAna dekhane yogya hai, aura ve dhunaSayajJa ke prasaMga meM do bAra raghukula kI yazasvI paraMparA kA ullekha karate haiM, dazaratha se aura phira parazurAma se| sevA kI isI zreNI meM kaI aura haiM, aMgada Adi, para sarvopari haiM vivekasaMpanna hanumAna, jinake abhAva meM rAmakathA hI ruka-Thahara jaatii| isIlie ve sadaiva rAma ke sAtha haiM aura upAsya rAma tathA bhakta ke madhya sahI setu bhI haiN| bharata tulasI ke samAjadarzana kA mahattvapUrNa AdhAra haiM, isa artha meM ki kavi ne unheM pratIkatva diyA hai| unake saMdarbha meM 'bhAyapa bhagati' kI bAta kI jAtI hai-bhakti ke 186 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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stara taka pahu~catA bhrAtRtva bhAva / glAni - DUbe bharata jaba citrakUTa pahu~cate haiM, to vaha pUrA prasaMga hI atyaMta mArmika hai : bharata carita kIrati karatUtI, dharama sIla guna vimala vibhUtI / rAma ko saMbodhita karate hue bharata kahate haiM : prAna prAna ke jIva ke jiva sukha ke sukha rAma / glAni aura viSAda meM DUbe bharata jaba rAma se ayodhyA lauTa calane ke lie anunaya-vinaya karate haiM, to tulasI kI saMvedanazIlatA apane carama zikhara para hai, jaise ve bhI isa bhAvanA meM sammilita haiN| jisa madhyakAla meM sAmantoM kI raktapAtI TakarAhaTa ho, aise meM bharata kA tyAga eka sAmAjika maryAdA kI sthApanA karatA hai kyA hogA siMhAsana aura ratnajar3ita rAjamukuTa lekara ? sarvopari hai, vaha mUlya saMsAra jisake AcaraNa se manuSya manuSya hai, anyathA zeSa hai hI kyA ? tulasI ne bharata ke bhAvoM ko citrita karate hue jisa upamA kA upayoga kiyA hai, vaha vicAraNIya hai : bharata bacana suni dekhi subhAU / sahita samAja sarAhata rAU sugama agama mRdu maMju kaThore / arathu amita ati Akhara thore I jyoM mukhu mukura mukura nija pAnI / gahi na jAi asa adbhuta bAnI / bharata, rAma ke anaMtara tulasI kI sarvotama nirmiti haiM, jahA~ mahAkavi bhakti ko pUrNatA para pahu~cAte haiN| sItA ke prati kavi kA Adara bhAva, eka dUrI-sI banAe rakhatA hai / ve mA~ ko pUjya mAnakara saMketa se hI kahate haiM, para bharata ko ve pratIka kI saMpUrNatA taka pahu~cAnA cAhate haiM / eka ora ve sAmaMtI mUlyoM kA niSedha karate haiM, dUsarI ora bhakti kA anyatama pratimAna banate haiN| rAma ko bharata sarvasva mAnakara unake lie eka sAtha aneka sammAnasUcaka saMbodhanoM kA upayoga karate haiM : prabhu pitu mAtu suhRda guru svAmI, pUjya parama hita aMtarajAmI/ sarala susAhiba sIla nidhAnU, pranatapAla sarbagya sujAnU / samaratha saranAgata hitakArI, gunagAhaku avaguna agha hArI / rAma sarvopari haiM : so gosAiM nahiM dUsara kopI, bhujA uThAi kahau~ pana ropI / tulasI ne isa prasaMga ko vistAra diyA, apane bhaktidarzana kI vyAkhyA ke lie, jisameM kavi kA samAjadarzana bhI sannihita hai / 'vinayapatrikA' kA kavi isa prasaMga meM apanI pUrI saMlagnatA se upasthita hai, bharata ke sAtha / rAma kI caraNapAdukAoM ke sahAre nandigrAma kI parNakuTI se bharata ayodhyA kI vyavasthA dekhate haiM aura unake isa tapasvI rUpa kA varNana tulasI ne vistAra se kiyA hai : kInha nivAsa dharama dhuri dhIrA; tehiM pura basata bharata binu rAgA, caMcarIka jimi caMpaka bAgA / aisA tyAga samAja meM eka anukaraNIya pratimAna hai aura uttarakAMDa meM bharata kA citra hai : rAma rAma raghupati japata, sravata nayana jljaat| rAma-bharata kA milana hai : pare bhUmi nahiM uThata uThAe, bara kari kRpAsiMdhu ura lAe / tulasI ne bharata meM prema - vinaya - tyAga, bhakti kA saMyojana kiyA hai, unheM tyAga tapa ke uccatara vaikalpika mUlya ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA hai| ayodhyAkAMDa kA samApana aMza ullekhanIya hai jisameM tulasI bharata jaise udAttatama caritra ko prazna ke uttara rUpa meM dekhate haiM : tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 18,

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siya rAma prema piyUSa pUrana hota janamu na bharata ko muni mana agama jama niyama sama dama viSama brata Acarata ko dukha dAha dArida daMbha dUSana sujasa misa apaharata ko kalikAla tulasI se saThinha haThi rAma sanamukha karata ko| prAyaH tulasI kI nArI-dRSTi ko lekara TippaNiyA~ kI jAtI haiM aura unheM pratigAmI saMskAroM kA vyakti ghoSita kiyA jAtA hai| jisa sAmaMtI samAja meM tulasI jI rahe the, usameM striyoM kI sthiti cintya thI, isameM saMdeha nhiiN| itihAsakAra isakA ullekha karate haiM ki bhoga-vilAsa ke sAtha sAmaMtI samAja meM bahupatnI prathA kA pracalana thA, yahA~ taka ki bar3e harama bhI the (e. razIda : sosAyaTI eMDa kalcara oNfa iMDiyA, pR. 141) / tulasI sthitiyoM se aparicita nahIM the| mainA pArvatI ko vidA karate hue kahatI hai : kata bidhi sRjI nAri jaga mAhIM, parAdhIna sapanehu~ sukha naahiiN| kucha anya uktiyoM ko saMdarbha se kATakara prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, jisakA samAdhAna kiyA jA cukA hai ki isameM kucha aMza mAyAvAda kA ho sakatA hai athavA lokoktiyoM kA aura kucha sAmaMtI samAja ke viSaya meM TippaNI ke rUpa meN| para tulasI nArI vaiziSTya ke rUpa meM rAmacaritamAnasa ke AraMbha meM pArvatI kA tapa bakhAnate haiM aura sItA kI parikalpanA sarvopari nArI ke rUpa meM karate haiN-jgjjnnii| sItA kA rUpa-varNana saMbhava nahIM, kaviyoM ne vyartha prayAsa kiyA : vidhAtA ne mAnoM apane saMpUrNa kauzala se isa rUpa kA nirmANa kiyA : chabigRha dIpasikhA janu brii| sItA-rAma ke pUrvAnurAga kI carcA ho cukI hai, para yahA~ vicAraNIya hai sItA kA maryAdA bhAva, jisakA ullekha isalie kyoMki madhyakAla meM maryAdAe~ TUTI thiiN| tulasI sItA ko nArI-pavitratA ke pratimAna rUpa meM gar3hate haiM, unheM 'chabi sudhA payonidhi' athavA 'suMdaratA sukha mUla' ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| sItA mana hI mana rAma kA varaNa kara cukI haiM, para udvigna haiM, jisa gaurI ko pUjakara AI haiM, usase prArthanA karatI haiM ki dhanuSa kA bhAra kucha kama kara do, jisase rAma dhanubhaMga bhI kara sakeMge aura rAma kA rAmatva bhI banA rhegaa| sneha aura maryAdA kA eka sAtha nirvAha kaThina hotA hai| prasAda kI kahAnI 'puraskAra' kI madhUlikA ne kahAnI ke aMta meM yaha kahakara ise saMbhava kiyA ki 'to mujhe bhI prANadaMDa mile|' sItA pitA ke praNa kA smaraNa kara ciMtA meM haiM : nIkeM nirakhi nayani bhari sobhA, pitu pana sumiri bahuri mana chobhaa| kahA~ bajra se bhI kaThora dhanuSa aura kahA~ rAma kA syAmala kizora mRdugAta aura udvignatA kA bhAva hai : bidhi kehi bhA~ti dharauM ura dhIrA, sirasa sumana kana bedhia hIrA : zirISa ke komala prasUna se ratna bedhane kA pryaas| aura taba sItA zivadhanuSa se hI prArthanA karatI haiM : aba mohi saMbhu cApa gati torii| isa prasaMga meM tulasI sItA kI udvignatAM ko saMyamita karate haiM, unheM maryAdita karate haiM : girA alini mukha paMkaja rokI, pragaTa na lAja nisA avalokI/ locana jala rahu locana konA, jaise parama kRpana kara sonaa| sItA ko vizvAsa hai ki jehi ke jeha 188 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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para satya sanehU, so tehi milai na kachu sNdehuu| rAma-sItA eka-dUsare ko nihArate haiM : prabhu tana citai prema tana ThAnA, kRpAnidhAna rAma sabu jAnA/siyahi biloki takeu dhanu kaise, citava garuru laghu byAlahi jaise| prema preraNA bhI hai, zakti bhii| dhanubhaMga ke ThIka pahale yahI dRzya hai, jahA~ rAma sItA ko dekhate haiM, saMkalpI anurAga ke sAtha : dekhI bipula bikala vaidehI, nimiSa bihAta kalapa sama tehI tRSita bAri binu jo tana tyAgA, mue~ karai kA sudhA tar3AgA kA baraSA saba kRSI sukhAneM, samaya cukeM puni kA pachitAneM asa jiyaM jAni jAnakI dekhI, prabhu pulake lakhi prIti biseSI rAma, sItA, bharata, hanumAna, lakSmaNa Adi kisI na kisI rUpa meM samaya ke vikalpa rUpa meM prastuta haiM aura mUlya-saMcAlita hone ke kAraNa ve pratiSThita hote haiN| samaya kA atikramaNa jo mUlya-saMsAra racatA hai, vaha kavi kI sajaga sAmAjika cetanA ko biMbita karatA hai, samAjadarzana kA aMza hai, caritroM ke mAdhyama se| anasUyA ke mAdhyama se tulasI ne pAtivrata dharma kI carcA kI hai, jisake kucha aMza avAMchanIya ho sakate haiM, jaise dIna-hIna pati ke apamAna se yamapura jaanaa| nArI kA apanA pakSa hotA hai, vaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| para nArI dhairya, dharma, mitra kI koTi meM hai, jisakI parIkSA vipatti meM hotI hai, arthAt vaha saccI sahadharmiNI hai : dhIraja dharma mitra aru nArI, Apada kAla parikhiahiM caarii| anasUyA sItA ko pAtivrata kA pratimAna mAnatI haiM, pArvatI ke samAna : sunu sItA taba nAma sumiri nAri patibrata krhiN| sItA kI agni-parIkSA to tulasI eka bAra karAte haiM, isa saMdarbha ke sAtha ki jaba ve svarNamRga ke pIche bhAge the, to surakSA kI dRSTi se sItA ko agni meM rakhA thA : sItA prathama anala mahu~ rAkhI, pragaTa kInha yaha aMtara saakhii| sItA kA bhI pAtivrata vizvAsa ki agni candana ke samAna zItala : zrIkhaMDa sama pAvaka prabesa kiyo samiri prabhu maithilI, jaba kosalesa mahesa baMdita carana rati ati nirmlii| agni-parIkSA saMkSepa meM eka bAra, para niSkalaMka sItA ke vyaktitva kI parIkSA to bAra-bAra hotI hai| dhanuSayajJa kI carcA kI jA cukI hai, jahA~ vivAha ke uparAnta sItA ke rAga-bhAva ke viSaya meM kavitAvalI (bAla. 17) kA chaMda hai : rAma ko rUpa nihArati jAnakI kaMkana ke naga kI parachAhIM, yAteM sabai sudhi bhUli gaI kara Teki rahI, pala TArata naahiiN| sItA kaMgana ke naga meM rAma kA pratibimba dekhane meM magna haiM, saba kucha bhUla gaI haiN| sItA ke isa pragAr3ha bhAva kI nirantaratA nArI-vyaktitva ko garimA detI hai aura tulasI ise madhyakAlIna dehavAda ke vikalpa rUpa meM dekhate haiN| sItA kA vyaktitva khulatA hai, vanavAsa ke samAcAra se| rAma ke lie to yaha svAbhAvika hai kyoMki ve harSa-viSAda ke pare haiM-aura kaikeyI ko mA~ kahakara saMbodhita karate haiM : sunu jananI soi sutu bar3abhAgI, jo pitu mAtu bacana anurAgI/tanaya mAtu pitu toSani hArA, durlabha janani sakala sNsaaraa| tarka bhI hai : munigana milanu biseSi tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 189

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bana, sabahi bhA~ti hita mor| isIlie kavitAvalI meM rAma ke viSaya meM kahA gayA : rAjivalocana rAma cale, taji bApa ko rAja baTAu kI naaiiN| para sItA kI sthiti bhinna hai ki unheM vanavAsa kI AjJA nahIM dI gaI hai| dazaratha sumaMtra se kahate haiM ki sItA ko samajhAnA : sAsu sasura asa kaheu saMdesU, putri phiria bana bahuta klesuu| kauzalyA sItA ko 'rUpa rAsi guna sIla suhAI' putravadhU ke rUpa meM dekhatI haiM, sabhI unheM ayodhyA meM rokanA cAhate haiN| rAma mAtA se vanagamana kI AjJA lene gae haiM, isalie sItA se kucha kahane meM saMkoca karate haiM : Apana mora nIka jauM cahahU, bacanu hamAra mAni gRha rhhuuN| ve aneka prakAra se samajhAte-bujhAte haiM-sAsa-sasura kI sevA se lekara vana kI kaThinAiyoM taka, para sItA aDiga haiN| rAma kahate haiM : vana kI bhayaMkaratA ke smaraNa se dhIra puruSa bhI kA~pa jAte haiM aura : mRgalocani tuma bhIru subhaaeN| unake sneha-bhare zabda haiM : haMsagavani tumha nahiM bana jogU, suni apajasu mohi deihi logU/mAnasa salila sudhA pratipAlI, jiyahi ki lavana payodhi mraalii| mAnasarovara ke amRta jala kI haMsinI lavaNa samudra meM kaise rahegI ? nava Amravana kI vihAriNI kokilA karIla vana meM nahIM suzobhita hotI : nava rasAla bana biharana sIlA, soha ki kokila bipina karIlA aura aMta meM kahate haiM : rahahu bhavana asa hRdaya~ bicArI, caMdabadani dukhu kAnana bhaarii| isake pUrva tulasI sItA kI udvignatA kA saMketa kara cuke haiM : baiThi namitamukha socati sItA, rUparAsi pati prema punItA / tulasI ne manorama upamA ke mAdhyama se ise vyakta kiyA hai, jaise dhanubhaMga ke pUrva kI sthiti lauTI ho; cAru carana nakha lekhati dharanI, nUpura mukhara madhura kavi baranI/manahu~ prema basa binatI karahIM, hamahiM sIya pada jani prihrhiiN| pahale kauzalyA samajhAtI haiM ki devasarovara ke kamalavana kI haMsinI kyA talaiyA ke yogya hai aura phira rAma kA upadeza hai, sItA ko| para sItA kA tarka kevala bhAvukatAvaza nahIM hai, vaha isa dRSTi se akATya hai ki saba saMbaMdha rAma se paribhASita haiM : tanu, dhanu dhAma dharani pura rAjU, pativihIna saba soka smaajuu| binA puruSa ke jIvana aisA hI jaise prANavihIna zarIra aura jala ke binA ndii| bAteM nArI samAja kI ora se kahI gaI haiM, isalie madhyakAla ke saMdarbha meM adhika prAsaMgika haiN| jisa vana kI bhayAnakatA kI carcA rAma ne kI thI, use sItA nayI dizA dete hue kahatI haiM ki pazu-pakSI kuTumbI hoMge, vanadevatA-vanadevI sAsa-sasura aura kanda-mUla-phala amRta jaise AhAra hoNge| tulasI ne sItA kA pakSa vistAra se prastuta kiyA hai, jisakI dhvani hai ki rAma kI vanavAsa yAtrA meM unakA sAtha sahadharmiNI kA sabase bar3A sukha hai| ise sItA bAra-bAra duharAtI haiM : caraNa saroja nihArate hue patha kI thakAvaTa nahIM aaegii| mArga meM zrama-parihAra karU~gI : bAra-bAra mRdu mUrati johI, lAgihi tAta bayAri na mohii| sahadharmiNI kA tarka hai : maiM sukumAri nAtha bana jogU, tumhahi ucita tapa mo kahu~ bhogU ? isa rUpa meM sItA kA vyaktitva uThAna letA hai aura kavitAvalI meM rAma-sItA-sneha kA dRzya hai : tiya kI lakhi AturatA piya kI a~khiyA~ ati cAru calI jala cvai| 190 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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adhama / sItA-pakSa kI carcA isalie ki tulasI ko nArI-niMdaka kahane kI bhUla na kI jAya, vaha mahAkavi kI mUla dhAraNA ke prati anyAya hogA / vanavAsa meM sItA kA vyaktitva naI dIpti pAtA hai, mAtA sunayanA se bheMTa ke samaya sItA kA citra hai : saba siya rAma prIti kisi mUrati, janu karunA bahu beSa bisUrati / azoka vanavandinI sItA kI pIr3A ko trijaTA jAnatI hai : rAma carana rati nipuna bibekA / sItA rAvaNa ko khadyota kahatI haiM aura unakA nirbhaya svara hai : saTha sUneM hari Anehi mohI, nilajja lAja nahiM tohI / sItA vilApa karatI haiM ki mA~ trijaTA kATha lAkara citA banA do aura usameM Aga lagA do, kahatI haiM na Aga milegI, na pIr3A mittegii| azoka se prArthanA karatI haiM, sunahi vinaya mama biTapa azokA, satya nAma karu haru mama sokA / azoka ke nae pAta agni ke samAna haiM, sahAyaka ho sakate haiM: nUtana kisalaya anala samAnA, dehi agini jani karahi nidAnA / isa saMdarbha meM bhavabhUti kA smaraNa ho AtA hai, jahA~ saptama aMka meM sItA pRthivI mAtA se prArthanA karatI haiM ki mujhe apane aMgoM meM vilIna kara lo| sItA kI isa yAtanA ke samaya tulasI hanumAna kA praveza karAte haiM aura mudrikA dekhakara sItA kI sthiti hai : haraSa viSAda hRdaya akulAnI / hanumAna se unakA vArtAlApa sItA kI vyathA-kathA hai jisase hanumAna bhI dravita hote haiM / sItA viSAdamagna haiM : vacanu na Ava nayana bhare bArI, ahaha nAtha hauM nipaTa bisArI / rAma ke saMgharSa para dhyAna keMdrita hone ke kAraNa azoka-vanavaMdinI sItA kI vyathA kA marma pUrI taraha nahIM samajhA jAtA, para vAstavikatA yaha ki nArI- pakSa vicAraNIya hai / sItA ko tulasI ne sarvottama nArI pratimA ke rUpa meM gar3hA hai aura unheM saba mA~, jananI, aMba Adi kahakara saMbodhita karate haiM, jo bhAratIya nArItva kA sarvopari rUpa hai| kaikeyI sItA, kauzalyA kA viloma jaisI pratIta hotI haiM yadyapi kisI sImA taka nirdoSa hai kyoMki devoM ne apane svArtha ke lie maMtharA kA upayoga kiyA / rAma ayodhyA meM raha jAe~ge to rAkSasoM kA vinAza kaise hogA ? para cakravartI dazaratha kA jo aMtima samaya hai, zApa (zravaNakumAra kathA) usakA eka pakSa hai, para kaikeyI ke prati unakI Asakti bhI kAraNa hai aura yaha prasaMga dazaratha kI durbalatA darzAtA hai / ve kaikeyI ko sumukhi, sulocana, pikabacani, gajagAminI kahakara saMbodhita karate haiM, yathArtha se bekhabara haiM / tulasI kahate haiM : asa kahi kuTili bhaI uThi ThAr3hI, mAnahu roSa taraMgini bAr3hI, jaisA krodha kI nadI umar3a par3I ho| rAma kaikeyI ko mA~ kahakara saMbodhita karate haiM para vaha sIdhA uttara nahIM detI : sunahu rAma sabu kArana ehU, rAjahi tuma para bahuta sanehU / tulasI ne usake AtmaghAtI niSThura vyavahAra kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai, kauzalyA- sItA Adi ke viloma jaisA: calai joMka jala bakragati jadyapi salila samAna / para rAma mahAna haiM aura ayodhyAkAMDa ke bharata -milana prasaMga meM ve pahale kaikeyI se milate haiN| paga para kInha prabodhu bahorI, kAla karama bidhi sira dhari khorI / : tulasI mUlataH grAma-samAja aura sAmAnyajana ke pravaktA haiM jinheM unhoMne nikaTa tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 191

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se jAnA hai / eka prakAra se vaha AbhijAtya se mukti kA kAvya hai, isa dRSTi se ki ve svayaM ko vyApaka loka se saMbaddha karake racanA karate haiM / isalie unakA samAjadarzana vaicArikatA meM sAmAnyajana ko sammilita karake agrasara hotA hai, vaha dekhA gayA yathArtha hai, madhyakAlIna samAja meN| eka prakAra se yahA~ bhI sUra jaisA grAma - nagara samAja kA dvaMdva dekhA jA sakatA hai / rAmavanagamana rAma ke vyaktitva ko naI dIpti detA hai, para usake mUla meM kevala zApa athavA devatAoM ke nihita svArtha nahIM haiM, varan aMtaHpura ke kalaha kA bhI saMketa hai| svarNa kI laMkA to jaise bhoga-vilAsa-AdhArita anaitikatA kA mUrtimAna rUpa hI hai| jisa dAnava nagarI meM vibhISaNa-trijaTA Adi apavAda haiM, zeSa rAvaNa ke AtaMka meM jIte haiN| grAma jIvana ko urehate hue, tulasI usa lokasaMskRti kA sakSama upayoga karate haiM, jo unameM racI-pagI hai / jaise sUra meM brajamaMDala upasthita hai, vaise hI jAyasI meM avadha janapada aura tulasI meM uttarabhArata / isake vistAra meM jA pAnA saMbhava nahIM, para tulasI kI 'lokadRSTi' kI samajha ke lie usakI pahacAna Avazyaka hai| grAma citra, prakRti, lokavizvAsa, uktiyA~, rIti-rivAz2a saba vahA~ upasthita haiM, para jarUrI nahIM ki sarvatra kavi kI AsthA bhI inameM ho / zakuna-apazakuna Adi to lokavizvAsa ke rUpa meM Ae haiM, mahAkavi ke mUlya to rAma ko keMdra meM rakhakara saMcarita hote haiM / unakA prabhAva aisA ki prakRti bhI sauMdarya pA jAtI hai : jaba teM Ai rahe raghunAyaka, taba teM bhayau bana maMgaladAyaka (citrakUTa ) / tulasI kA kauzala yaha ki rAma ko sAmAjIkRta karate hue, ve vRhattara samudAya ko rAmagAthA se jor3ate haiM aura kathA kahate hue nATakIya dRzya-vidhAna kA sahArA lete haiM, kahIM vArtAlApa kA aura kahIM sthiti parivartana kA / sAmAnyajana kI pratikriyAe~ tulasI kI lokadharmitA se upajI haiM ki kisI ghaTanA ke viSaya meM vRhattara jana-mAnasa kyA socatA hai, ise vyakta kiyA jAnA cAhie / tulasI ne vaktA zrotA yugma kI parikalpanA kI aura unheM jJAnanidhi kahA / AraMbha meM hI isakA ullekha hai ki zivajI ne ise racA aura sahI samaya para pArvatI ko sunAyA, isIlie isakA nAma rAmacaritamAnasa hai : raci mahesa nija mAnasa rAkhA, pAi susamau sivA sana bhASA / tAteM rAmacaritamAnasa bara, dhareu nAma hiya~ heri haraSi hari / ziva ne yaha suhAvanA caritra racA aura pArvatI zrotA bniiN| ziva ne ise kAkabhuzuMDa ko diyA jinhoMne yAjJavalkya ko yaha kathA sunAI, phira yAjJavalkya ne bharadvAja ko / vaktA zrotA ke yugma haiM : ziva-pArvatI, kAkabhuzuMDi-garur3a, yAjJavalkya-bharadvAja, tulasI aura saMtajana / svayaM tulasI ne yaha kathA apane guru se sunI thI : maiM puni nija guru sunI kathA so sUkarakheta, samujhI nahiM tasa bAlapana, taba ati raheu~ aceta / kathA kI isa zrotA - vaktA paddhati se tulasI ko kaI prasaMgoM kA vinyAsa karane, unheM vistAra dene meM sahAyatA milatI hai; jaise ve bAra-bAra saMbodhita karate calate haiM, zravya ko dRzya nAte / zrotA zrotA hI nahIM rahate, ve darzaka bhI banate haiM aura isa prakAra kAvya kI 192 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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sAmAjikatA meM vRddhi hotI hai| kucha hI dRzyoM kA saMketa kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo vibhinna sthitiyoM se saMbaddha haiN| ayodhyA ke nagaravAsI rAma ke rAjyAbhiSeka se prasanna haiM, para vanavAsa kA samAcAra sunakara dRzya, harSa se viSAda meM badala jAtA hai : nagara byApi gaI bAta sutIchI, chuata car3hI janu saba tana biichii| sArA samAja vyAkula hai, vanakhaMDI meM jaise Aga lagI ho : suni bhae bikala sakala nara-nArI, beli biTapa jimi dekhi dvaarii| tulasI janasamAja kI vibhinna pratikriyAoM ko vyakta karate haiM, loga kaikeyI ke lie apazabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM, jaise : nija kara nayani kAr3hi, caha dIkhA, DAri sudhA biSu cAhata ciikhaa| ve kahate haiM ki rAjA dazaratha ne bhI ThIka nahIM kiyA ki kuTila kaikeyI ko vara diyaa| bharata ke viSaya meM bahumata kA vicAra hai ki candramA cAhe agni-varSA kare, kiMtu bharata nirmala haiM : sapanehu~ kabahu~ na karahiM kichu bharatu rAma prtikuul| aMta meM vidhAtA para saba kucha chor3a diyA jAtA hai : kharabharu nagara socu saba kAhU, dusaha dAhu ura miTA uchaahuu| yaha praMsaga vistAra se hai jisameM kaikeyI, sItA, rAma sabake viSaya meM pratikriyAe~ vyakta kI gaI haiN| yaha ayodhyA kA samAja hai, jo tamasA tIra taka unake sAtha hai : biSaya biyoga na jAi bakhAnA, avadhi Asa saba rAkhahiM praanaa| sAmAnyajana kI upasthiti tulasI kI jisa lokacetanA kA prakAzana karatI hai, usakA sarvottama udAharaNa vanavAsa ke samaya dikhAI detA hai| vidvAnoM ne rAmavanagamana ke samaya grAma-jana, AdivAsI samAja kI pratikriyAoM kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA hai| AcArya rAmacaMdra zukla ne tulasI kI gaharI bhAvukatA ke vyApaka saMdarbha meM isakA vivecana karate hue likhA hai : 'eka suMdara rAjakumAra ke choTe bhAI aura strI ko lekara-ghara se nikalane aura vana-vana phirane se adhika marmasparzI dRzya kyA ho sakatA hai ? isa dRzya kA gosvAmIjI ne mAnasa, kavitAvalI aura gItAvalI tInoM meM atyaMta sahRdayatA ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai| gItAvalI meM to isa prasaMga ke sabase adhika pada haiN| aisA dRzya striyoM ke hRdaya ko sabase adhika sparza karane vAlA, unakI prIti, dayA aura AtmatyAga ko ubhArane vAlA hotA hai, yaha bAta samajhakara mArga meM unhoMne grAma-vadhuoM. kA sanniveza kiyA hai' (talasIdAsa, pra. 79) / vana-mArga meM sAmAnyajana kI pratikriyAe~ sahaja-akRtrima haiM aura yahA~ taka kahA gayA ki yadi rAma-sItA lakSmaNa paidala cala rahe haiM, to jyotiSazAstra jhUThA hai : mAraga calahu payAdehi pAe~, jyotiSa jhUTha hamAre bhaaeN| tulasI ne isa prasaMga ko vistAra dekara kaI abhIpsAoM kI pUrti kI hai| vanavAsa rAma ke vyaktitva ko pUrNa vikAsa detA hai, vaha unakI saMgharSa-gAthA hai, jisase unheM dIpti milatI hai| vanamArga meM sAmAnyajana ke lie yaha saubhAgya kA kSaNa hai : jaha~ jaha~ rAma carana cali jAhIM, tinha samAna amarAvati naahiiN| saba rAma ke zIla-saujanya ko sarAhate haiM aura sItA-lakSmaNa ke tyAga kI prazaMsA karate haiN| prakRti bhI isameM sammilita hai-nadI, tAla, vRkSa saba saubhAgyazAlI haiM : je sara sarita rAma avagAhahiM, tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 193

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tinhahiM deva sara sarita sraahhiN| rAma-sItA-lakSmaNa ke Agamana kA samAcAra sunakara, saba unake darzana ke lie daur3a par3ate haiM : rAma lakhana siya rUpa nihArI, pAi nayana phalu hohiM sukhaarii| ve hara prakAra se unakI sevA karate haiM aura unakA zIla-svabhAva grAmajana ko bA~dha letA hai| tulasI kahate haiM isa premabhAva kA varNana asaMbhava hai, loga kahate haiM ki netroM ko sArthaka kara lo, jaisA ki gopiyoM ne kahA thA-brajalocana binu locana kaise, kucha isI prakAra kaa| aura ye sAmAnyajana haiM : barani na jAi dasA tinha kerI, lahi janu raMkanha sura mani DherI/ekanha eka boli sikha dehIM, locana lAhu lehu chana ehiiN| gAMdhI kI dezavyApI yAtrAoM kA smaraNa kareM to jahA~-jahA~ vaha bhAratIya kisAna kA pratIka 'adhanaMgA phakIra' jAtA thA, vahA~ bhIr3a umar3a par3atI thii| grAmajana unheM avatAra rUpa meM dekhate the aura kahA to yahA~ taka jAtA hai ki unake caraNoM kI dhUli taka baTorakara rakha lete the, smRti-cihna ke rUpa meN| vanamArga meM grAmajana kI sahaja pratikriyAe~ tulasI kI usa sAmAjika cetanA se upajI haiM, jahA~ devatva kI svIkRti bhI usake mAnuSIkaraNa meM hai| sAmAjika mAnyatA hI sahI mAnyatA hai, darabAra kI nhiiN| sAmAnyajana svIkAreM taba vaha devatA hai, nahIM to zAsakoM ke cATukAroM kI kisI bhI samaya meM koI kamI nhiiN| isI dRzya ke bIca rAma kA sItA ke prati pragAr3ha anurAga-bhAva kA saMketa hai : jAnI zramita sIya mana mAhIM, gharika biTuMba kInha baTa chaahiiN| kavitAvalI kI paMkti hai : tiya kI lakhi AturatA piya kI aMkhiyA~ ati cAru calIM jala ccai| vana-mArga meM grAma-nAriyoM kI pratikriyAe~ tulasI ne bhAvanA kI saMpUrNa kSamatA se vyakta kI haiM aura yahA~ kavitA kA saMvedana-dharAtala pUrNatA para hai : thake nAri-nara prema piyAse, manahu~ mRgI mRga dekhi diyAse, jaise mRga-mRgI rUpa kI mazAla dekhakara stabdha raha gae hoN| grAmanAriyA~ sneha bhare saMkoca meM haiM ki sItA se pUche bhI to kaise ? svayaM ko ga~vAra taka kahatI haiM, para saMbaMdha jAnane kI sahaja jijJAsA hai : svAmini abinaya chamabi hamArI, bilagu na mAnaba jAni gavA~rI aura phira prazna : koTi manoja lajAvani hAre, sumukhi kahahu ko AhiM tumhAre / grAmanAriyoM ke prazna kI sahajatA unakI nizchalatA kA bodha karAtI hai, para sItA ke uttara meM zIla, maryAdA kI utkRSTa vyaMjanA hai, jisake lie rAma kA smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| sItA kA snehI zIla-svabhAva vareNya hai aura mahAkavi ne ise mArmikatA dI hai : tinhahiM biloki bilokati dhrnii| duhu~ sakoca sakucati bara baranI sakuci saprema bAla mRga nynii| bolI madhura bacana pikabayanI sahaja subhAya subhaga tana gore| nAmu lakhanu laghu devara more bahuri badanu bidhu aMcala ddhaaNkii| piya tana citai bhauMha kari bAMkI khaMjana maMju tirIche nynni| nija pati kaheu tinhahi siyaM sayanani bhaIM mudita saba graambdhuuttiiN| raMkanha rAya rAsi janu luuttii| 194 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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tulasI ko rAma vanagamana kA yaha prasaMga priya hai, jaise aMtaHpreraNA se janmA ho aura vaha unheM bhItara se udvelita karatA hai, jaise ve svayaM sAmAnyajana kI pratikriyAoM meM sammilita haiM / kavitAvalI, gItAvalI meM gItAtmakatA ke lie avasara hai aura tulasI isa snehapUrNa prasaMga kA pUrA upayoga karate haiM / kavitAvalI meM grAma samAja Apasa meM bAtacIta karatA hai ki aisA sauMdarya jaise inheM nihAra kara netra sArthaka hote haiM / grAma-vadhue~ eka-dUsare se batiyAte hue apanI bhAvanA vyakta karatI haiM : magajogu na komala kyoM calihai, sakucAti mahI padapaMkaja chvai / komala banitA sItA, jinake caraNa-kamala ke sparza se pRthvI bhI saMkucita hai / eka kAraNa saMbhavataH yaha bhI ki sItA 'pRthvI - tanayA' (nirAlA) haiM, apanI beTI ko isa rUpa meM dekhakara udAsa hai| grAma vadhuoM ko taba taka rAma vanavAsa kA kAraNa bhI jJAta ho gayA hai| ve kaikeyI ko kosatI haiM : pabi pAnahU teM kaThora hiyo hai aura kahatI haiM rAjA (dazaratha) ne yaha ThIka nahIM kiyA A~khina meM sakhi rAkhibai jogu, inheM kimi kai banabAsu diyo hai / sItA se unakA sahaja prazna : pUMchati grAmabadhU siya soM, kahau, sA~vare - se sakhi rAvare ko haiM / sItA kA uttara saMketa meM hai : 'tirache kari naina dai saina tinheM samujhAi kachU musukAi calIM / ' gItAvalI meM vana-mArga kA prasaMga vistAra se AyA hai, lagabhaga tIsa padoM meM / sakhiyA~ pArasparika vArtAlApa meM apane bhAva vyakta karatI haiM aura darzana se netroM ko sArthaka karanA cAhatI haiN| netra se AraMbha hokara prema, cetanA meM praveza karatA hai aura sthAyI hokara zraddhA-bhakti kA rUpa grahaNa karatA hai, zarta yaha ki rUpa ke sAtha guNa bhI hoN| gItAvalI meM grAmajana kA yaha samarpaNa-bhAva devatAoM ko bhI Azcarya meM DAla detA hai ki jo kaur3iyoM ke lie tarasa rahe the, unheM rAma kI pArasamaNi mila gaI, rUpAntaraNa ho gayA ( ayo. 32) : jehi jehi maga siya- rAma-lakhana gae taha~ taha~ nara-nAri binu chara charige / nirakhi nikAI - adhikAI bithakita bhae baca, biya-naina-sara sobhA - sudhA bharige / jo binu, bae binu, niphana nirAe binu sukRta - sukheta sukha - sAli phUli pharige / munihuM manoratha ko agama alabhya lAbha sugama so rAma laghu logana ko karige / nirAlA ne likhA hai ki bAdala - rAga se : ha~sate haiM choTe paudhe laghubhAra tathA viplava - rava se choTe hI haiM zobhA pAte / dhanuSayajJa prasaMga meM rAma jaba dhanurbhaga karate haiM to saba prasanna hote haiM, para duSTa udAsa hote haiM / parAjita sAmaMtI kI sthiti yaha ki dhanuSa tor3ane se kyA hogA : toreM dhanuSa cAMr3a nahiM saraI, jIvata hamahi ku~ari ko baraI / para sajjanoM ke mAdhyama se tulasI kI TippaNI hai : balu, pratApa bIratA tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 195

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bar3AI, nAka pinAkahi saMga sidhAI / sArI vIratA dhanuSa ke sAtha bilA gaI, aba to eka hI mArga hai ki yathArtha ko svIkAro aura : dekhahu rAmahi nayana bhari taji iriSA mada moha / tulasI ke samakSa vRhattara udAra samAja aura alpamata ke duSTa Amane-sAmane prastuta haiM / tulasI hara aise avasara kA upayoga karanA cAhate haiM, jahA~ sAmAnyajana kI pratikriyAoM se dRzya aura spaSTa hotA hai / hanumAna dvArA laMkA dahana eka aisA hI prasaMga hai, jisameM pahale manoraMjana hai : kautuka kaha~ Ae puravAsI, mArahiM carana karahiM bahu hA~sI / para jaba laMkA bhasma hone lagatI hai to dRzya badala jAtA hai : tAta mAtu hA~ sunia pukArA, ehiM avasara ko hamahi ubArA / kavitAvalI meM laMkAvAsiyoM kI isa vikalatA kA varNana vistAra se AyA hai aura janatA kI pratikriyA hai ki yaha to rAma dUta kA kamAla hai, svAmI ko to abhI AnA hai : 'tulasI sayAne jAtudhAna pachitAne kahaiM, jAko aiso dUta so to sAhebu abai Abano' (suNdrkaaNdd)| tulasI janasamUha kI upasthiti se rAma - kathA ko jo sAmAjikatA dete haiM, vaha unake samAjadarzana kA mahattvapUrNa aMga hai / isI ke sAtha lokapracalita aneka upAdAna haiM, jinheM prAyaH varNana ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai- bArAta, jevanAra Adi jisake lie jAyasI kA bhI smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai | loka tulasI kI cetanA meM aisA vyApta hai ki ve vicAra-saMvedana, dRzya-vidhAna se lekara kalA - saMsAra taka meM use abhivyakti dete haiM / ullekhanIya yaha ki isa loka meM prakRti sahabhAginI hai aura isake jitane citra tulasI ne urehe haiM, utane anyatra kaThinAI se mileNge| citrakUTa kI chavi saghana dRzya ke rUpa meM gItAvalI meM kaI padoM meM AI hai, jisase kavi kA, prakRti ke prati rAga-bhAva kA pramANa milatA hai : saba dina citrakUTa nIko lAgata, baraSA Rtu prabesa biseSa giri, dekhata mana anurAgata (ayodhyAkAMDa) | tulasI ne apane samaya ke kucha mahattvapUrNa praznoM para bauddhika DhaMga se vicAra kA prayatna bhI kiyA hai aura unheM saMvedana- dhArA meM saMyojita kara kAvya-saMpatti banAyA hai| samaya-samAja ke atirikta saguNa-nirguNa, jJAna- bhakti, saMta- asaMta, dharma-nIti, jIva-brahma Adi aise kaI prazna haiM jina para tulasI ne socA- vicArA hai aura jisase samAjadarzana kA unakA vRtta pUrA hotA hai| unheM darzana - vicAra kI zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA gayA hai, para vicAraNIya pakSa yaha ki tulasI mUlataH kavi haiM, jinheM saMta bhakta koI bhI vizeSaNa de diyA jAya, kiMtu ve pravacanakarttA upadezaka nahIM haiM / kAvya kI saMpannatA yahI ki saba kucha vRhatara saMvedana- jagat meM vilayita ho jAya, pRthaka se Aropita na ho| isI saMdarbha meM kavitA ke saMdarbha meM darzana- vicAradhArA Adi ke prazna uThAe jAte haiM / jise kAvya-satya kahA jAtA hai, vaha korA bhAvavAda nahIM hai, usameM vicAra sannihita haiM, para saMvedana kA aMza banakara / rAmacaritamAnasa meM tulasI ne zaMkA-samAdhAna ke lie pAtroM kA upayoga kiyA hai aura aise bhI avasara haiM jaba tAttvika vivecana varNanAtmaka DhaMga se huA hai, darzana ko nirUpita karatA / para 196 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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tulasI kA kauzala yaha ki ve use mukhya kathAdhArA se jor3ate haiM aura isalie prasaMgAnukUla usakI vyavasthA karate haiM aura saba kucha rAma se saMbaddha ho, isakA bhI unheM dhyAna hai| unakA prayatna yaha bhI ki prakaraNa itanA nIrasa na ho jAya ki tArkika kI bhASA pratIta ho, isalie ve use kAvya-rIti se kahate haiN| mAnasa ke AraMbha meM saMta-asaMta kA varNana hai, jisakI carcA ho cukI hai aura isake mUla meM sAmayika saMdarbha bhI haiM, ise svIkAranA hogaa| navadhA bhakti (araNya.) kA AdhAra bhAgavata hai, para anyatra bhakti kA vivecana karate hue tulasI bhakticiMtana kI laMbI paraMparA se paricita pratIta hote haiN| tulasI ne bhakti ke lie kucha samAnArthI zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, jinameM prIti, prema, anurAga sarvopari haiN| vAstava meM bhakti ko zAstrIya vivecana kI sImAoM se nikAla kara, mahAkavi use jIvana-ciMtana se saMbaddha karate haiN| saMskRta ke paMDita the, darzana ke jJAtA the, unheM suvidhA thI ki prasthAnatrayI tathA bhAgavata para bhASya likhakara nae vaiSNavAcArya bana sakate the, para ve kavi haiM aura saMvedana-saMsAra unake lie pramukha hai| tulasI kA jisa prema para Agraha hai, vaha zarIravAda-dehavAda ke atikramaNa se upajA hai, uccatama dharAtala para phuNctaa| prema sahaja honA cAhie, niHsvArtha, tabhI usakI sArthakatA hai| niSAda kA prasaMga hai : suni kevaTa ke baina, prema lapeTe aTapaTe, bihameM karuNA aina citai jAnakI-lakhana tn| saMtoM ke prasaMga meM kahA jA cukA hai ki rAma niSkAma, vikArarahita mana meM vAsa karate haiN| nAradIya bhaktisUtra bhakti-vivecana ke lie prasiddha hai aura nArada zreSTha bhaktoM meM parigaNita haiN| rAmacaritamAnasa meM tulasI ne araNyakAMDa meM unheM mohamukta jijJAsu ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| rAma kahate haiM : maiM sajjana meM vAsa karatA hU~, jo sarala svabhAva ke hote haiM : sama sItala nahiM tyAgahiM nItI, sarala subhAva sabahiM sana priitii| bhakti ke lie vikAramukti anivArya hai| prAyaH jJAna-bhakti meM bhinnatA dekhI jAtI hai, para vAstava meM ve eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiM, isa dRSTi se ki binA jJAna ke bhakti aMdhI hai aura binA bhakti ke jJAna pNgu| uttarakAMDa meM pakSirAja garur3a kAkabhuzuMDi se apanI jijJAsA isa viSaya meM prastuta karate haiM : gyAnahi bhagatihi aMtara ketA, sakala kahahu prabhu kRpA niketaa| yaha prasaMga vistAra se hai, jisameM jIva-brahma saMbaMdhoM kI carcA bhI hai| mAyA-moha-vikAra se mukti bhaktimArga kI anivAryatA hai aura isameM jJAna-viveka sahAyaka haiN| jJAna paMtha ko tulasI kRpANa kI dhAra kahate haiM, jisa para virale hI cala sakate haiN| para bhakti kA mArga isI se prazasta hotA hai aura bhakti ko tulasI 'ciMtAmaNi' kahate haiM jisase mana kA aMdhakAra miTa jAtA hai| tulasI yahA~ 'mAnasa roga' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM jo AMtarika vikAroM kI upaja hai| vicAraNIya yaha ki tulasI ke samakSa virATa jIvana upasthita hai, isalie ve darzana-vicAra-siddhAMta ke viSaya meM pustakIya athavA kore tarkavAdI DhaMga se vicAra nahIM krte| ve kahate haiM ki daridratA sabase bar3A dukha hai : nahiM daridra sama dukha jaga tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 197

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mAhIM, saMta milana sama sukha jaga nAhIM / jJAna - bhakti prasaMga vistAra se hai jise vivecita karane ke lie tulasI ne upamAoM-bimboM kA bhI Azraya liyA hai / ve donoM meM saMgati pAte haiM : bhagatihi gyAnahi nahiM kachu bhedA, ubhaya harahiM bhava saMbhava khedaa| rAmakathA ke pAtra ise caritArtha karate haiM ki vivekapUrNa jJAna saMpanna sAttvika bhakti hI saccI bhakti hai| hanumAna viveka ke pratIka haiM aura bharata jinase bhakti paribhASita hotI hai, ve tapa-tyAga ko bhakti kA mUla svara mAnate haiM I tulasI kI bhakti meM prema, prIti aura usake samAnArthI zabda bAra-bAra Ate haiM, kaI rUpoM meM, para ve paribhASita haiM, vaicArika stara para aura phira pAtroM ke AcaraNa meM, jisase jaTAyu pakSI bhI mukti pA jAtA hai / sAdhAraNa pAtroM kI bar3I saMkhyA to rAma - kathA meM hai hI, jisameM vAnarI senA bhI sammilita hai| jise prapatti athavA zaraNAgati bhAva kahA gayA aura jise rAmAnujAcArya, rAmAnaMda jaise vaiSNavAcAryoM ne vivecita kiyA, usameM niSkAma bhAva kI anivAryatA hai / kaI sAdhana haiM, jinakI carcA tulasI ne kI hai, jinameM Agraha satsaMgati kA hai, jo saMta meM hI sulabha hai| isa prakAra saMta kA sAhacarya bhakti kA prasthAna banatA hai, jisameM guru bhI eka hai / tulasI kA sarvAdhika bala 'vimala viveka' para hai, jo nirmala jJAna kA pratIka hai| yaha milegA kaise : binu satasaMga bibeka na hoI aura guru jJAnI hai : ugharahiM bimala bilocana hI ke / tulasI ne sAttvika jJAna, sAttvika zraddhA Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo vivekI bhakti ke samIpI haiM / mAnasa ke maMgalAcaraNa meM hI kahA gayA : bhavAnIzaMkarau bande zraddhAvizvAsa rUpiNau / zaMkara ko bodhamaya-jJAnamaya kahA gayA aura vAlmIki, hanumAna ke saMdarbha meM 'vizuddha vijJAnau' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| tulasI ke bhaktidarzana ko kevala zAstrIya mApadaMDa se dekhanA ucita nahIM hogA / ve zAstra - pAMDitya - paricAlita bhakticiMtana ko sAmAnyajana taka pahu~cAnA cAhate haiM, para bhAvavAda ke saMkaTa ko bhI jAnate haiM, jisase karmakAMDa - purohitavAda Adi phalate-phUlate haiM, samAja meM mithyAcAra bar3hate haiM aura satya gAyaba ho jAtA hai| isalie ve bhakti - jJAna kA saMyojana karate haiM, Agraha 'viveka' para hai, jo vimala honA cAhie / kiMcit bhAvukatA se kahate haiM ki vimala viveka se hI rAmakathA kA praNayana saMbhava hai: guru pada raja mRdu maMjula aMjana, nayana amiya dRga doSa vibhaMjana/ tehiM kara bimala bibeka bilocana, baranauM rAmacarita bhava-mocana / anyatra ve kahate haiM : ugharahiM bimala bilocana hiya ke / jaba viveka khaMDita hotA hai, to durghaTanA hotI hai ki rAvaNa jaisA zaMkarabhakta bhI vinAza kI ora agrasara hotA hai / mAnasa ke prAraMbha meM pArvatI kI jo kathA kiMcit vistAra se hai, usameM bhI viveka kI lar3akhar3AhaTa hai ki unameM saMzaya janma letA hai| nArada moha meM bhI isI prakAra kI sthiti hai, yadyapi eka meM jijJAsA hai, dUsare meM Asakti / viveka, nirmala jJAna tulasI kI bhakti ke mUlAdhAra haiM jinheM ve niSkAma prema bhAvanA se saMyojita karate haiM aura vinayapatrikA svayaM ise pratipAdita karatI calatI hai / madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja kI sthitiyA~ bhI 198 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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yahA~ maujUda haiM, para tulasI kI udAtta vivekI bhakti ise pAra karatI hai / pazcAttApa to hai, para saba kucha ko pArakara bhakti ke uccatama mUlyasaMsAra ko pAne kA saMkalpa bhI ( pada 115 ) : tulasidAsa hari-guru- karunA binu bimala bibeka na hoI binu bibeka saMsAra ghora nidhi pAra na pAvai koI / bhakti kA gaMtavya bhakti hai - niSkAma bhakti, phira koI anya kAmanA zeSa nahIM raha jAtI / tulasI kahate haiM ki mAnuSa-tana pAne se kyA lAbha ? sura-durlabha tana milA aura mada- abhimAna meM vyartha ga~vA diyA gayA / bheda-buddhi naSTa ho, zuddha mana se rAma meM prema ho, tabhI jIvana kI sArthakatA hai (pada 201 ) / tulasI bhakti ko apane samaya ke vaikalpika mUlya-saMsAra ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karanA cAhate haiM, isalie ve zAstrapAMDitya ko atikrAMta karate haiM / jAnate haiM ki sAmAnyajana ko isase koI lAbha nahIM hogA aura vAda-vivAda, khaMDana-maMDana kA vitaMDAvAda calatA rahegA / 'vinayapatrikA' ke hI prasiddha pada (kezava kahi na jAi kA kahiye) meM ve dArzanika vyAkhyA aura bhASya ko apUrNa mAnate haiM, kahate haiM : kou kaha satya, jhUTha kaha koU, jugala prabala kari mAnai, tulasidAsa pariharai tIna bhrama so Apana pahicAnai / bhakti ke prati tulasI kI yaha udAra dRSTi unakI sajaga sAmAjika cetanA kI upaja hai, ise dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA / kavi kA bhakticiMtana unake samAjadarzana kA hI eka aMga hai jisakA upayoga ve vyApaka hita meM karanA cAhate haiM aura isake lie pAtroM kI caritArthatA meM gaharI ruci lete haiM / vinayapatrikA ke laMbe pada (139) meM kalikAla kA varNana saprayojana hai, jisameM tulasI TUTate-bikharate mUlyoM para gaharI ciMtA vyakta karate haiM : kAmadhenu dharanI kali-gomara- bibasa bikala jAmati na baI hai| bhakti ko ve vaikalpika mUlya-rUpa meM pratiSThita karate haiM aura jisa rAma ko unhoMne upAsya kahA, jahA~ saMpUrNa bhakti samarpita hotI hai, use 'guNasamuccaya' banAyA, usameM zubha karma kA sauMdarya basAyA tAki unakI vizvasanIyatA pramANita ho / ve rAma ke prati jisa virudAvalI kA prayoga karate haiM, vaha ullekhanIya hai : aise ko udAra jaga mA~hIM, ekai dAni - siromani sA~coM; kRpAsiMdhu jana dIna duvAre aadi| tulasI meM bhakti kevala darzana nahIM hai, vaha saMpUrNa jIvana-dRSTi se saMbaddha hai jise mahAkavi ne vaikalpika mUlya-saMsAra ke rUpa meM racA hai aura jo AcaraNa se hI pramANita hotI hai / cAtaka ke mAdhyama se bhI ve bhakti kA pratipAdana karate haiM jo sarvopari bhaktoM meM hai : eka rAma ghanasyAma hita, cAtaka tulasIdAsa / bhakti ke saMbaMdha meM dvaita-advaita, saguNa-nirguNa ke prazna prAyaH uThAe jAte haiM aura kahA jAtA hai ki tulasI rAmAnuja - rAmAnaMda kI paraMparA meM dArzanika stara para 'viziSTAdvaitavAda' ko svIkArate haiM / yahA~ isa vivAda meM jAne kA na avasara hai na aucitya para racanA meM darzana - vicAra ke praveza kI prakriyA saMzliSTa hotI hai, jisakI carcA ho cukI hai| rAmAnuja ne prapatti athavA zaraNAgati darzana ko pradhAnatA dI tathA tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 199

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bhakti ke dvAra sabhI jAtiyoM ke lie unmukta kie| unakI prapatti dAsya bhAva ko agrasara karatI hai jise ve bhakti kA sAra mAnate haiN| rAmAnaMda madhyakAla meM udAra bhakticiMtana kI parikalpanA karate haiM aura unheM svataMtracetA AcArya kahakara saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai| unakI ziSya paraMparA meM nimnatama varga hai-julAhA, carmakAra, nApita, strI sbhii| unakI dRSTi sudhAravAdI hai aura ve apane samaya ke sAmAjika cetanA-saMpanna vicAraka haiM : 'rAmAnaMda ne bhakti kI dhArA ko naI sarjanAtmaka dizA dene meM aitihAsika bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyaa| nizcita hI ve rAmAnujAcArya-rAghavAnaMda kI paraMparA se jur3e haiM, para apanI sAmAjika bhUmikA ke prati ve madhyakAla ke sabase saceta saMta haiM' (premazaMkara : bhaktikAvya kI bhUmikA, pR. 125) / tulasI kI racanAzIlatA ke keMdra-puruSa rAma haiM jo brahma rUpa haiM, para viSNu avatAra-eka unakA rUpa hai, dUsarA unakA avataraNa / rAma vizvarUpa haiM aura unameM saba kucha samAyA huA hai : koTi-koTi brhmaaNdd| isalie yaha sAmAjika zaMkA ki ve saguNa haiM athavA nirguNa / para tulasI inameM TakarAhaTa nahIM dekhate aura bAlakAMDa ke AraMbhika aMza meM hI kahate haiM ki ye donoM brahma ke svarUpa haiM : aguna-saguna dui brahma sarUpA, akatha agAdha anAdi anUpA / para unake lie rAma nAma ina donoM se bar3hakara hai : moreM mata bar3a nAma duhU teM, kie jehiM juga nija basa nija buuteN| isa prakaraNa ko Age bar3hAte hue ve kahate haiM ki nirguNa-saguNa brahma kA jJAna agni ke samAna hai-aprakaTa aura pratyakSa / tulasI saguNa avatArI rAma ko keMdra meM rakhakara saMpUrNa lIlA-karma kA vinyAsa karate haiM, para ve kahate haiM : sagunahiM-nigunahiM nahiM kachu bhedA, gAvahiM muni purAna budhi vedaa| jo nirguNa arUpa, alakha, ajanmA hai, vaha bhakta ke premavaza saguNa ho jAtA hai| jaise jala aura hima upala meM koI bheda nahIM hotA, vahI sthiti ina rUpoM kI hai| 'kAmAyanI' meM jalaplAvana ke lie kahA gayA : eka tattva kI hI pradhAnatA, kaho use jar3a yA cetana / tulasI rAma ko 'saccidAnanda' rUpa dekhate haiM, unheM sarvaguNasaMpanna vibhUSita karate haiM aura zaMkara-pArvatI kI kathA isa saMzaya para Azrita hai jisameM pArvatI sItA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara rAma ke samakSa prastuta hotI haiN| Age calakara zaMkara TippaNI karate haiM ki viveka na hone se kaThinAI hotI hai : jinhake aguna na saguna bibekA, jalpahiM kalpita bacana anekaa| bAlakAMDa ke AraMbha meM hI tulasI ne apane samaya ke isa jaTila dArzanika prazna ko sulajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura unake rAma saguNa-nirguNa se saMyojita haiM, para donoM kA atikramaNa karate, zreSThatara / rAma ke lie prayukta aneka viruda unakI uccatama mAnavIyatA pramANita karate haiN| tulasI ke bhakticiMtana kA vyApaka svarUpa hai aura usameM kaI virodhI pratIta hone vAlI avadhAraNAe~ vilayita hotI haiN| isakA yaha artha nahIM ki ve kisI bhI prakAra ke samanvayavAda ke lie tatpara the, athavA kisI madhyamArga kI talAza meM the| tulasI kA saMvedanazIla kavi rUpa, unakI sajaga sAmAjika cetanA, darzana-vicAra ko 200 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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sarjanAtmaka dharAtala para racanA meM aMtarbhukta karate haiN| isalie khaMDa-khaMDa paMktiyoM ke AdhAra para unheM kisI saMpradAya se bA~dhA nahIM jA sktaa| ve svayaM ekAdhika bAra isakA niSedha kara cuke haiM, ise kutarka kahA hai, haTha bhii| unakA Agraha 'vimala viveka' para hai, jisase prema upajatA hai aura bhakti kI ora agrasara hotA hai| bhakti-vivecana kI sudIrgha paraMparA hai, jisake lie vidvAnoM ne zrama kiyA hai, nAradIya bhaktisUtra, bhAgavata se lekara vaiSNavAcAryoM taka / rUpagosvAmI ne 'haribhaktirasAmRtasiMdhu' tathA 'ujjvalanIlamaNi' meM bhaktirasa ke pratipAdana kA prayatna kiyaa| para mUlataH vaha zAMta rasa ke aMtargata hI parigaNita hotA rahA hai, jisakA sthAyI bhAva nirveda hai (abhinvgupt)| tulasI kA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika prayojana bhI hai, ise dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| ve apane samaya ke vikAroM se khinna haiM aura nayI vicArabhUmi khojate haiN| para sajaga vicAraka ke rUpa meM ve yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki kevala dArzanika carcA se praznoM ke saMpUrNa uttara nahIM milate, samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM hotaa| bar3A prazna sthitiyoM ke badalAva aura sAmAjika rUpAMtaraNa kA hai, jisake lie ve rAma kA cayana karate haiN| DaoN. udayabhAnusiMha kA kathana hai ki ''vinayapatrikA' bhaktirasa kA utsa hai aura rAmacaritamAnasa kA mukhya pratipAdya rasa bhaktirasa hI hai' (tulasI-darzana mImAMsA, pR. 385) / zAstrIya vAda-vivAda hamArA viSaya nahIM hai, para tulasI ke bhakticiMtana ke mUla meM jo sAmAjika-sAMskRtika Azaya haiM, usa ora bhI dRSTi jAnI caahie| samAja meM jo mata-matAMtara vyApta the, unake bIca se tulasI ne udAra bhakti kA mArga talAzA aura ise uccatara mAnava-mUlya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyaa| bhakti unake lie vairAgya se pRthak, eka aisA karmavAna mArga hai, jise koI bhI niSThAvAna apanA sakatA hai, sAmAjika AcaraNa se caritArtha krtaa| tulasI vaicArika stara para vikalpa kI khoja karate haiM, yaha unakA ullekhanIya pakSa hai, yadyapi prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki samasyA kA samAdhAna kisI kavi se apekSita hai kyA ? racanA apane samaya se TakarAtI hai, jise tulasI ne kalikAla kahA-madhyakAla kA yathArtha, para unake sAmane bhI samasyA hai ki Akhira ise pAra kaise kiyA jaay| isake lie unhoMne udAtta pAtroM kI sRSTi kI aura zarIra keMdrita rAkSasI sabhyatA se unake saMgharSa kA bhI citraNa kiyaa| isa prakAra kA deva-dAnava, puNya-pApa vibhAjana kaThina hai, para tulasI jisa samaya-samAja se jUjha rahe the, usameM kisI aMza taka yaha saMbhava thaa| tulasI dUradRSTi ke kavi haiM, kaI bAra bhaviSyadraSTA, bhaviSyavaktA bhI, isalie unakI kavi kalpanA meM eka virATa 'viz2ana' hai, jisake lie mahAn kaviyoM kA smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| rAmacaritamAnasa ke samApana dohoM para dhyAna deM, jahA~ madhyakAla ke vigalita mUlyoM para TippaNI hai : zarIra para jIte hue kAma-vAsanA ke vyakti haiM jinake lie nArI kevala deha hai athavA lobhIjana haiM jinakI icchAe~ artha-keMdrita haiN| tulasI donoM kA niSedha karate hue kahate haiM ki merI abhIpsA rAma kI hai, jo guNasamanvita uccatama Adarza haiN| sAdhAraNa prasaMga meM kAmI, lobhI tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 201

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kI carcA ucita na hotI, para tulasI bhogavAdI sAmaMtI samaya ke vikalpa rUpa meM rAma aura unakI prIti ko sthApita karanA cAhate haiN| svayaM ko dIna kahate hue ve prArthanA karate haiM : asa bicAri raghubaMsamani, harahu biSama bhava piir| yaha vyaktigata nivedana nahIM hai, yahA~ mahAkavi samaya-samAja kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, jisameM 'bhava' sammilita hai| isake pUrva hI rAmakathA ko 'kali mala samani manomala haranI' kahA gayA jo saMjIvanI ke samAna hai| kalikAla meM ekamAtra sAdhana rAma haiM, jo 'guNagrAma' haiM jinake saMparka se gaNikA, ajAmila, vyAdha, gIdha, gaja, AbhIra, yavana, kirAta, khasa, zvapaca sabhI pavitra ho jAte haiN| rAma ko kalikAla-vinAzaka rUpa meM citrita karate hue tulasI unheM karmakAMDa kA sAdhana nahIM banane dete, unheM 'guNanidhAna' ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM, jinheM puruSa meM sarvazreSTha maryAdA puruSottama kahA gayA aura jo nIti-maryAdA ke pratipAlaka tulasI kI racanAoM meM sAMskRtika vikalpa ke saMketa sthAna-sthAna para milate haiM, kahIM carcA meM aura kahIM vaktavyoM meN| para sarvAdhika caritArtha karate haiM, rAmakathA ke caritra, jinheM kAvya meM punaHsarjita karate hue tulasI ko dhyAna hai ki inheM apane samaya meM saMcarita hokara bhI, use atikrAMta karanA hai| samaya barAyA nahIM jA sakatA, vaha kachuA dharma hogA athavA kAyara palAyana, para isase TakarAte hue, isakA vikalpa bhI bananA hogaa| tulasI ne apane samaya se vaicArika stara para saMgharSa kiyA, isameM saMdeha nahIM aura Aja isakI sImAoM kI ora saMketa karanA sarala hai, para jisa jaTila samaya meM ve sarjanarata the, use dekhate hue, unake mahattva ko svIkAranA hogaa| jJAna-viveka, saMta-bhakta Adi ke vivecana meM tulasI ne vaikalpika mUlya saMsAra kI kalpanA kI aura AsurI vRttiyoM ke viloma rUpa meM use prastuta kiyaa| rAkSasa eka vRtti hai, jisakA ullekha bAlakAMDa meM rAvaNa ke prasaMga meM kiyA gayA hai, jisakA vistAra AgAmI kAMDoM meM huA hai| ahaMkAra-paricAlita rAvaNa ko devatAoM ke zatru rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai : hamare bairI bibidha bruuthaa| tulasI kahate haiM ki bAr3he khala bahu cora juArA, je laMpaTa paradhana paradArA aura dohA hai : barani na jAi anIti ghora nisAcara je karahiM, hiMsA para ati prIti tinha ke pApahiM kavani miti| mUlyahIna saMskRti kA nAma rAkSasa hai aura 'kavitAvalI' meM jisa kalikAla kA varNana hai, use madhyakAlIna yathArtha aura AsurI sabhyatA se jor3akara dekhane para vRtta pUrA hotA hai| vahIM lagabhaga hara chaMda meM rAma ko vikalpa rUpa prastuta kiyA gayA hai : kalikAla karAla meM 'rAma kRpAlu' yahai avalaMba bar3o mana ko (87) / svAratha ko paramAratha ko kali rAma ko nAma pratApu balI hai (85) / 'dohAvalI' meM kahA gayA ki kaliyuga ke vikAroM ko rAma kI agni hI bhasma kara sakatI hai : kupatha kutaraka kucAli kali kapaTa daMbha pAkhaMDa, dahana rAma guna grAma jimi iMdhana anala pracaMDa (dohA 565) / tulasI ne mUlyoM ke vaikalpika saMsAra kI parikalpanA kaI dharAtaloM para kI aura 202 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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racanA meM bAra-bAra unakI AvRtti badala-badala kara hotI hai| eka vaicArika jagat hai, jahA~ kavi dArzanika-vicAraka kI bhA~ti ciMtA vyakta karatA hai aura sAmAjika cetanA se saMpanna vaktavya detA hai| para ve vaktayoM kI sImA se bhI paricita haiM, isalie unhoMne vaikalpika mUlyasaMsAra ko caritroM ke mAdhyama se AcaraNa stara para pramANita karane kA kArya kiyaa| sAmAnyajana caritroM ko pratIka rUpa svIkArate haiM aura unheM mUlya-pratinidhi ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| aisI sthiti meM pAtra vyaktigata saMjJAe~ nahIM raha jAte, kinhIM pravRttiyoM ke saMvAhaka banate haiN| tulasI ne yaha kArya kauzala se kiyA, jaise ayodhyAkAMDa ke aMta meM kahA gayA ki bharata kA janma na hotA to suyaza ke bahAne dukha-santApa-dAridrya kA haraNa kauna karatA : dukha dAha dArida daMbha dUSana sujasa misa apaharata ko| sItA sIla vrata prema punItA haiM, jinake rUpa kA varNana bhI saMbhava nahIM, unheM 'mahAchavi' kahA gayA, jaise rAdhA meM 'parama gopIbhAva' kI parikalpanA kI gii| tulasI ne vaikalpika, mUlya saMsAra ko kavi ke kalpita svapna athavA viz2ana ke rUpa meM prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyaa| rAmacaritamAnasa ke bAlakAMDa (dohA 121) meM rAma-janma ke hetu kI carcA hai : asuri mAri thApahiM suranha rAkhahiM nija zrutisetu, jaga bistArahiM bisada jasa rAma janma kara hetu| samAja meM mUlya-maryAdAoM kI sthApanA ke lie rAma manuSya rUpa meM avatarita hote haiN| yahA~ yaha saMketa karanA bhI Avazyaka hai ki devatA to chalI-kapaTI kahe gae haiM jo rAma kI vijaya ke avasaroM para AkAza se kevala prasUna-varSA karanA jAnate haiM, jaise karmahIna jAti ho| 'kAmAyanI' ke ir3A sarga meM devatA jAti ko 'apUrNa ahaMtA' kahA gayA hai jo svayaM ko pravINa samajhatI hai| tulasI ne devatAoM ko acchA pramANapatra nahIM diyA aura sacAI to yaha hai ki apane svArtha ke lie unhoMne rAma ko saMgharSa meM utArA, svayaM taTastha hokara Ananda lete rhe| isakI carcA kI jAegI, philahAla itanA hI kahanA paryApta ki rAma una mUlyoM ke pramukha vAhaka haiM jinheM tulasI madhyakAlIna kalikAla ke vikalpa rUpa meM prastuta karate haiN| rAma ke lie jina virudoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, unakI saMkhyA vipula hai para pradhAnatA hai unake 'karuNAbhAva' kI, dIna-dayAlu se lekara garIbanevAja tk| ziva, gaNeza, dineza, dhaneza, sureza, sura, gauri, girApati sabako chor3akara tulasI kevala rAma kA Azraya cAhate haiM, kyoMki rAma para unheM bharosA hai (kavitA. uttara. 78) / isI meM eka paMkti meM garIbanevAja kI punarAvRtti huI hai, jo zabda madhyakAlIna zAsakoM ke lie prayukta hotA thaa| tulasI ke garIbanevAja guNasamanvita rAma haiM, jinake darabAra meM sabakA praveza hai, yahA~ khAsa-Ama kA vibhAjana nahIM hai : rAma garIbanevAja, bhae hau garIbanevAja garIbanevAjI (pada 95) / isalie tulasI ne kahA : ekai dAni siromani saaNco| tulasI kI rAmarAjya parikalpanA kA ullekha prAyaH kiyA jAtA hai, jisakI AdarzavAdI rekhAe~ ho sakatI haiM 'yUTopiyA' tk| para vicAraNIya yaha ki mahAkavi ne vaikalpika mUlya saMsAra parikalpita kiyA, sAhasa kA paricaya diyA, samaya kI cunautI tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 203

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racanA - stara para svIkAra kI aura use vANI dI / bAlakAMDa meM hI usa rAmarAjya kI bhUmikA banA dI jAtI hai, jise rAma kI saMgharSagAthA se guz2Arakara laMkAkAMDa meM rAma-vijaya dvArA sthApita kiyA gayA aura ayodhyA lauTane para usakA varNana vistAra se kiyA gyaa| para rAmarAjya kI sthApanA saralatA se nahIM hotI, aisA hotA to ghoSaNAe~, vaktavya, divAsvapna hI paryApta hote| pUre saMgharSa se gujarakara hI vaha rAmarAjya lAyA jA sakatA hai, jisakI parikalpanA tulasI ne kI aura jise Adhunika samaya meM mahAtmA gAMdhI kA adhUrA svapna kahA jA sakatA hai / jahA~-jahA~ rAma jAte haiM, apane vyaktitva se pariveza ko badala dete haiM, yaha koI camatkAra nahIM hai, vaha unake zIla-svabhAva kI pariNati bhI hai / yadyapi tulasI kI cetanA meM upAsya rAma bhI vidyamAna haiM jisakA svAbhAvika prabhAva racanAzIlatA meM dekhA jA sakatA hai jaise citrakUTa kA dRzya hai : jaba teM chAi rahe raghunAyaka, taba teM bhayau banu maMgaladAyuka / prakRti aura manuSya meM rAma ke saMsarga se yaha rUpAMtaraNa kavi kI mUlya- kalpanA kA hI eka aMza hai| eka virATa rUpaka ke dvArA tulasI ne rAmakathA kI parikalpanA kI : nirmala mAnasarovara hai jisake sAta kAMDa, sAta sopAna haiM / isakA pUrA rUpaka mahAkavi ne bA~dhA hai - lahara, kamala se lekara kAga-balAka taka / eka prakAra se pUrI rAma kathA kA saMketa yahA~ hai aura kahA gayA ki yaha mUlya-niSpAdita hai : kAma koha mada moha nasAvana, bimala bibeka birAga bar3hAvana / bharata ke caritra ko sarAhate hue tulasI ne sukIrti kI saritA ke lie kahA ki chahoM RtuoM meM usakI zobhA hai / rAmarAjya kA saMketa karate hue kahA ki vaha sarvopari hai : rAma rAja sukha binaya bar3AI, bisada sukhada soi sarada suhAI / rAmarAjya ko tulasI ne zarada Rtu kahA, jo nirabhra AkAza kI pratIka hai / kiSkiMdhAkAMDa meM rAma lakSmaNa se zarada Rtu kA varNana karate hue kahate haiM : saritA sara nirmala jasa sohA, saMta hRdaya jasa gata mada mohaa| vikAroM para vijaya se uccatara mUlya-saMsAra sthApita hotA hai aura rAmarAjya isakA pratIka hai / I rAma kathA meM rAmarAjya ke saMketa kaI sthaloM para haiM, jahA~ vikAroM se saMgharSa karate hue uccatara dharAtala para pahu~cane kA prayatna hai aura yaha saMgharSa bAharI bhI hai, bhItarI bhI / dAnavoM se saMgharSa ko do pRthaka mUlya-dRSTiyoM ke rUpa meM dekhanA adhika prAsaMgika hogA / isa dRSTi se rAma-rAvaNa saMgharSa do virodhI mUlyaciMtAoM kA saMgharSa hai aura kAvyasatya kI pratiSThA ke lie rAma kI vijaya Avazyaka hai, jisase mUlya-saMsAra kI sthApanA bhI hotI hai / rAma-rAvaNa ke niNAyaka yuddha meM vibhISaNa kI ciMtA dekhakara, rAma ne kahA ki jisa ratha se yuddha jItA jAtA hai, vaha mUlyanirmita hotA hai jisakA nirmANa zaurya, dhairya, satya, zIla, bala, viveka, dama Adi se hotA hai : mahAajaya saMsAra ripu jIti sakai so bIra, jAkeM asa ratha hoi dRr3ha sunahu sakhA mati dhIra / saMbhava hai isake kucha mUlya vyAvahArika na pratIta hoM aura badalate hue samaya ke itihAsa-ca meM inakI prAsaMgikatA meM saMdeha kiyA jAya, para uccatama mUlyasaMsAra kI sthApanA ke -cakra 204 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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lie inakI upAdeyatA to hai hI / rAma yuddhabhUmi meM apane sAmAjika karma sauMdarya meM suzobhita haiM : zrama biMdu mukha rAjIva locana aruna tana sobhita kanI / vIratA kA sauMdarya-citra hai, saMgharSa kI sArthakatA pramANita karatA : sira jaTA mukuTa prasUna bica bica ati manohara rAjahIM janu nIlagiri para tar3ita paTala sameta uDugana bhrAjahIM bhujadaMDa sara kodaMDa pherata rudhira kana tana ati bane janu rAyamunIM tamAla para baiThIM vipula sukha Apane / rAma kA ayodhyA lauTanA eka sAtha kaI dhvaniyoM se saMpanna hai / bharata kI bhAyapa bhakti, sItA kI pavitratA, lakSmaNa kI niSThA, hanumAna kA viveka, vAnarI senA kI sevA saba pramANita hue| sabase Upara pramANita huA rAma kA saMgharSazIla vyaktitva jo anyAya-atyAcAra se TakarAyA aura vijayI huA, sAmAjika kalyANa ke lie / isI ko rAma kA rAmatva kahA gayA : dharma ke setu, jagamaMgala ke hetu bhUmi bhAra haribe ko abatAru lie nara ko (vinaya uttara. pada 122 ) / mAnasa ke uttarakAMDa meM rAmarAjya kA varNana eka prakAra se rAma ke vyaktitva kA sAra - aMza bhI hai, jaise gItA meM kRSNa kA vizvarUpa, eka meM karma pradhAna hai, dUsare meM vicAra / tulasI kA kauzala yaha ki ve rAmarAjya ke mAdhyama se rAma ke vyaktitva ko sAmAjika vyApti dete haiN| rAma ke ayodhyA Agamana ko tulasI ne pUrI sAMskRtika utsavadharmitA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai : dadhi durvA rocana phala phUlA, nava tulasI dala maMgala mUlA / yaha viziSTa mAMgalika kSaNa hai : rAkA sasi raghupati pura siMdhu dekhi haraSAna, jaise pUrNimA ke caMdramA ko dekhakara samudra kA ullAsa | saMlagnatA se tulasI ne isakA varNana kiyA hai, lokotsava ke rUpa meM : jaha~ taha~ nAri nichAvari karahIM, dehiM asIsa haraSa ura bharahIM / mAtAoM kI sthiti hai : janu dhenu bAlaka baccha taji gRha carana bana paravasa giiN| sAthiyoM kI vidA ke prasaMga meM sabase aMta meM niSAda hai, jisase rAma kahate haiM : tumha mama sakhA bharata sama bhrAtA, sadA rahehu pura Avata jAtA / rAma kI isa samadarzitA ke krama meM rAmarAjya kA varNana AraMbha hotA hai : rAma rAja baiThe trailokA, harSita bhae gae saba sokA / rAmarAjya kA yaha varNana dAnava sabhyatA ke vikalpa rUpa meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai, jaise rAma vaikalpika yuganAyaka / saMbhava hai isakI kucha dhAraNAoM se asahamati ho, jaise varNAzrama vyavasthA kA pAlana, athavA kucha prasaMgoM kI upAdeyatA meM saMdeha ho, para tulasI ne ise apanI avadhAraNAoM se rcaa| ullekhanIya hai ki kama racanAe~ hotI haiM, jo aisA racanA - svapna nirmita kara sakeM, vaha bhI eka kaThina samaya meM / tulasI ne apane saMkalpI sAhasa se ise saMbhava kiyA, isakI sImAe~ samaya kI sImAe~ bhI ho sakatI haiM, para isake sAMskRtika Azaya ko sarAhanA hogaa| rAmarAjya ke dRzya meM sAmAjika-sAMskRtika samatA kA jo udAtta mUlya-saMsAra hai, vaha vareNya hai : daihika daivika bhautika tApa kA vinAza, vyaktiyoM meM pArasparika prema-bhAva : nahiM daridra kou tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 205

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dukhI na dInA, nahiM kou abudha na lacchanahInA aura saba udAra, paropakArI / yahA~ taka ki prakRti meM bhI nayA vinyAsa : phUlahi phalahiM sadA taru kAnana, rahahiM eka saMga gaja paMcAnana / khaga-mRga sahaja bayaru bisarAI, sabanhi paraspara prIti bddh'aaii| jaisA ki kahA gayA yaha to rAmarAjya kA samApana aMza jaisA hai, kyoMki rAma kA vyaktitva to pUrI kathA ko saMcAlita karatA hai, saba para unakI udAra chAyA hai| rAmarAjya ke isa krama meM svayaM rAma kI carcA hai : rAma karahiM bhrAtanha para prItI, nAnA bhA~ti sikhAvahiM nItI / vistAra se isakA varNana hai aura isa avasara para sanakAdi jo stuti karate haiM, unameM rAma ke guNoM kA bakhAna hai : gyAna nidhAna amAna mAnaprada, pAvana sujasa purAna beda bada / tagya kRtagya agyatA bhaMjana, nAma aneka anAma niraMjana / rAmarAjya vaicArika kSamatA se nirmita hai, para kavi kA saMvedana saMlagnatA se sammilita hai, eka vaikalpika mUlya-saMsAra kA saMketa karatA / tulasI ke samAjadarzana, jIvana-dRSTi ke lie mAnavavAda zabda kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai, para apane samaya - saMdarbha ke sAtha / eka dharma - sApekSa Astika sthiti hai, jise prAyaH mAnavatAvAdI kahakara saMbodhita kiyA gayA, jisakA eka naitika saMsAra hai, jise AdhyAtmika mAnA gayA / bhaktikAvya isI dhAraNA se saMbaddha kara dekhA jAtA rahA hai| para Adhunika samaya meM paMtha nirapekSa mAnavavAda kI parikalpanA kI gaI, jisake keMdra meM Izvara ke sthAna para manuSya aayaa| isa mAnavavAda para paryApta vicAra-vinimaya huA hai, jisakI kaI zAkhAe~ - prazAkhAe~ vikasita huIM aura bhArata meM hI ema. ena. rAya kA raiDikala hyUmaniz2ma athavA parivartanavAdI mAnavavAda hai| mArksavAda ko to mAnavavAda kA ekamAtra darzana taka nirUpita kie jAne kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| binA saiddhAntika carcA ke, yadi tulasI ko madhyakAlIna sthitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAya to mahAkavi kI mAnavIya dRSTi ke kucha pakSa samajhe jA sakate haiN| mAnA ki rAmakathA ke mUla meM Izvara hai - sarvaguNasaMpanna, para tulasI ne rAma ko manuSya rUpa meM avatarita kiyA, unheM keMdra meM rakhakara pUrA lIlA - saMsAra racA, karma-bhare vyaktitva se caritArthatA dI aura yaha sarjanAtmaka kSamatA tathA udAra mAnavIya dRSTi se hI saMbhava ho sakA / tulasI ke lie rAma sarvopari haiM, jinakA prasthAna karuNA hai, ve dayAnidhAna haiM aura sAmAjika-sAMskRtika mUlyoM kI sthApanA ke lie saMgharSarata haiM / tulasI ne gaNeza vandanA kI hai aura zaMkara to rAma kathA meM sarvatra upasthita haiM- Adi se aMta taka / isake mUla meM kavi kA sAMskRtika prayojana hai, apane samaya ke zaiva-vaiSNava saMgharSa kA samAdhAna / tulasI ne anya devatAoM ko sAdhAraNa mAnA aura una para TippaNiyA~ kI haiM, jaise vaha karmahIna birAdarI hai, AkAza meM baiThI SaDyaMtra racatI aura rAma kI vijaya meM prasUna - varSA karatI hai, basa / vinayapatrikA ke eka pada (145) meM tulasI kahate haiM ki maiM tumhArA nAma lekara apane hRdaya meM eka grAma basAnA cAhatA hU~ kyoMki : sura svArathI anIsa alAyaka niThura dayA cita nAhIM / devatA svArtharata haiM, isake kaI pramANa, I 206 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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para sabase dAruNa prasaMga bharata ke citrakUTa-prasaMga meM AtA hai| bharata rAma se anunaya-vinaya karate haiM, para devatA svArtha-paricAlita haiM aura devagaNa ke sAtha iMdra bhI viparIta dizA meM socate haiM, niSkaruNa bhAva se : sura gana sahita samaya surarAjU, socahiM cAhata hona akaajuu| banata upAya karata kachu nAhIM, rAma sarana saba ge mana mAhI (ayodhyaakaaNdd)| devatAoM ko yaha bhI jJAna nahIM ki rAma vacana-nirvAha kie binA ghara nahIM lautteNge| rAma ne kaI prasaMgoM meM 'deva kucAlI' Adi kahakara usa devaloka ko khArija kiyA hai, jo eka prakAra se parajIvI hai| tulasI ko ahasAsa hai ki agocara devatva ke sahAre karmakAMDa-purohitavAda phalate-phUlate haiM, aura isase mukti ke lie rAma kA mAnava rUpa meM avataraNa samaya kI anivAryatA bhI hai| isa prakAra ve Astika mAnavavAda ko sthApita karate haiM : jaga maMgala guna grAma rAma ke, dAni mukuti dhana dharama dhAma ke| tulasI kI mAnavavAdI avadhAraNA samaya-paricAlita hai, para kisI sImA taka hI aura unheM kisI bhI AdhunikatAvAdI dRSTi se dekhanA, unake sAtha nyAya nahIM hogaa| zrI viSNukAMta zAstrI ne isa prazna para tulasIdAsa-saMbaMdhI apanI pustaka meM vicAra kiyA hai| jahA~ taka sImAoM kA prazna hai to kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha kisakI nahIM hotIM, para unheM pAra karane meM hI racanA-kSamatA kI UrjA pahacAnI jAtI hai| tulasI ne svayaM kahA ki manuSya kA jIvana bar3e bhAgya se milatA hai : bar3e bhAga mAnuSa tana pAvA aura rAma ke vyaktitva se pramANita kiyA ki aisI hotI hai, mAnava kI critaarthtaa| manuSyoM meM sarvopari rAma ke kucha alaukika prasaMgoM ko chor3a deM, to zeSa ko mUlyoM ke sahAre, saMkalpa-bhare karma se pAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| zarta yaha hai ki apane se bAhara nikalane kI sAmarthya ho, vyaktitva sahI arthoM meM sAmAjIkRta ho, mAnava-kalyANa se pricaalit| tulasI ne svayaM kahA ki kyA aMtara par3atA hai : dhUta kahau avadhUta kahau, rajapUta kahau jolahA kahau koU aura unakA nirbhaya svara hai : mA~gi kai khaibo masIta ko soibo, laibe ko eka na daibe ko doU (kavitAvalI. uttr.)| isI krama meM ve svayaM ko jAtimukta ghoSita karate haiM : mere jAti-pA~ta na cahauM kAhU kI jAti-pA~ti / unhoMne apane samaya kI vibhISikA ko samAja, dharma, varNa, artha kaI staroM para dekhA thA : khetI na kisAna ko bhikhArI na bhIkha bali, banika ko banija na cAkara ko cAkarI (vhii)| ve jAnate the ki peTa kI jvAlA bar3avAgni se adhika kaSTakara hai : Agi bar3avAgi teM, bar3I hai Agi peTa kii| kalikAla mahAkavi kA dekhA-bhogA yathArtha hai aura isake samAdhAna ke lie ve rAma aura unake rAmarAjya ko ubhArate haiN| kavi ke mAnava-darzana, bhakticiMtana, samAjadarzana ko isI pariprekSya meM dekhakara tulasI ke lokavAdI mAnavavAda ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| mAtra sAmaMtI sImAoM ke saMdarbha meM TippaNI karanA adhUrA sAkSAtkAra hogA, kyoMki taba to racanAzIlatA kA samasta vizva hI sImA-keMdrita hokara raha jAne ke saMkaTa meM hogaa| racanA ke saMdarbha meM mUla prazna yaha bhI ki vaha apane samaya se TakarAtI huI kisa vaicArika-saMvedana kSamatA se Age tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 207

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bar3hI hai aura usane kauna se sArthaka cihna chor3e haiM / tulasI kI mAnavavAdI dRSTi ko yadi kevala Aja kI kisI Adhunika pravRtti se vivecita karane kI ceSTA kI jAegI to kamaz2ora pakSoM ke udAharaNa saMdarbha se kATakara die jAe~ge aura unheM kisI bhI galata vizeSaNa se paribhASita kiyA jaaegaa| saMbhavataH isIlie AcArya rAmacaMdra zukla ne tulasI ke saMdarbha meM lokadharma, lokavAda, lokapakSa zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA aura sarvaprathama ise vivecita kiyA : 'jo dharma upadeza dvArA na sudharane vAle duSToM aura atyAcAriyoM ko duSTatA ke lie chor3a de, unake lie koI vyavasthA na kare, vaha lokadharma nahIM, vyaktigata sAdhanA hai / ' tulasI ke saMdarbha meM likhA ki 'rAmacarita ke sauMdarya dvArA tulasIdAsa ne janatA ko lokadharma kI ora jo phira se AkarSita kiyA, vaha niSphala nahIM huA' (go. tulasIdAsa, pR. 33 ) / ullekhanIya hai ki mArksavAdI vidvAnoM ne AcArya zukla ke lokavAda ko apane DhaMga se apanAyA aura tulasI ke deza-bhAva ko lekara vizvanAtha tripAThI kA kathana vicAraNIya hai : 'tulasI ko bahuta adhika pIr3A hotI thI dezavAsiyoM kI daridratA dekhakara / unhoMne svayaM bhI daridratA bhogI thI - ' bAre taiM lalAta bilalAta dvAra dvAra dIna' / unake rAma ' garIbane vAja' aura 'dInabaMdhu' haiM, isa daridratA ko unake rAma dUra karate haiM, rAmarAjya kI sthApanA se' (lokavAdI tulasIdAsa, pR. 81 ) / tulasI meM loka itanA racA-basA hai ki rAmacaritamAnasa to jaise uttarI bhArata kA dastAvez2a hI bana jAtA hai| yahA~ kI prakRti ke sAtha pUrA pariveza jaise upasthita hai - lokavyavahAra se lekara jIvana-yathArtha taka / ve sAmAnyajana kI pIr3A samajhate haiM, isalie likha sakate haiM : jAke paira na parai bivAI, so kA jAnai pIra parAI / tulasI kA lokajIvana unake anubhava meM samAyA hai, usakA eka avibhAjya aMga hai aura jIvana-dRzya banAne meM to ve usakA upayoga karate hI haiM, vaicArika stara para yaha yatna bhI karate haiM ki madhyakAlIna asamAnatA, dainya, zarIravAda Adi kA aMta kaise ho / unake lokavAda kA eka pakSa hai, samaya kA dRzyAlekha, pravRttiyoM para TippaNI, para ve eka sajaga kavi haiM aura isase Age nikalakara mukti kA upAya bhI khojate haiN| jise kavi kA lokadharma, lokavAda athavA Adhunika zabdAvalI meM mAnavavAda kahA jAtA hai, usakI paridhi vyApaka hai aura svataMtra vivecana kI mA~ga karatI hai 1 tulasI kA lokadharma eka naitika AdhAra banAne kA prayatna karatA hai, jisakI katipaya maryAdAe~ aura mUlya nizcita haiM, jo kuTumba - parivAra, rAjA prajA, samAja-vyakti, strI-puruSa Adi ke saMbaMdhoM ko lekara haiM / ye maryAdAe~ jaba TUTatI haiM to mahAkavi ko pIr3A hotI hai aura ve jisa punaHsthApanA kA Agraha karate haiM, use punarutthAnavAda bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / para ise madhyakAla ke pariveza meM samajhanA hogA, jisakI apanI sImAe~ haiM / tulasI dvArA vibhinna sthaloM para prayukta paMktiyoM ko lekara aMtarvirodhoM kI talAza bhI kI jAtI hai, para kaI bAra eka prazna ke rUpa meM hai, dUsarA uttara ke 208 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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rUpa meN| varNa vyavasthA ke TUTane para kavi kI ciMtA kA kAraNa yaha nahIM ki janmanA jAti-vyavasthA banI rahe, unakA Azaya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki loga apane dAyitva ke prati saceta hoM / tulasI ke lokadharma meM loka sarvopari hai, jisake lie AcArya hajArIprasAda ne kahA ki manuSya hI sAhitya kA lakSya hai| tulasI kA vivecana karate hue unhoMne loka zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai : 'tulasIdAsa ko jo abhUtapUrva saphalatA milI, usakA kAraNa yaha thA ki ve samanvaya kI vizAla buddhi lekara utpanna hue the / bhAratavarSa kA lokanAyaka vahI ho sakatA hai, jo samanvaya karane kA apAra dhairya lekara AyA ho' (hindI sAhitya : udbhava aura vikAsa, pR. 141 ) / para yaha samanvaya koI samajhautAvAda nahIM, udAra dRSTi kA bodhaka hai / isa samanvaya ko kalpakavi kI sAragrAhiNI dRSTi ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai, para sabake bIca se gujarate hue, tulasI : lokadRSTi kA nirmANa kiyA / rAma dharmadhurINa kAvyanAyaka haiM, para mAnasa ke uttarakAMDa meM ve kahate haiM ki jo ucita samajhate ho karo aura jo anIti kachu bhAkhauM bhAI, to mohi barahu bhaya bisarAI / rAma ke vyaktitva kA janatAMtrIkaraNa madhyakAlIna niraMkuzatA kA vikalpa hai, jahA~ ve bhaya kA nahIM, zraddhA kA saMcAra karate haiM, apane sukarmavAna vyaktitva se / tulasI sadAzayatA ke kavi haiM, para ve aise sudhAravAda taka sImita nahIM haiM, jahA~ saba kucha hRdaya parivartana ke sahAre chor3a diyA jaay| rAma bAra-bAra cetAvanI dete haiM, para ve aMtima saMgharSa ke lie bhI prastuta haiM / mAnavavAda, lokavAda, lokadharma kore zabda nahIM haiM, jinheM uccarita kara diyA jAya, inheM AcaraNa se pramANita karanA hotA hai| isa artha meM tulasI kI lokavAditA kA kSetra vyApaka hai jo unheM kAlajayI kaviyoM meM sthAna dilAtA hai / jisa deza meM tulasI janme usake prati unakA rAga-bhAva aba bhI anukaraNIya hai, pUrA jIvana jaise unakI racanAoM meM samAyA huA / pAblo nerUdA ne z2ora dekara kahA hai ki mahAn kavitA apane vinyAsa meM dezaja hotI hai, usakI arthadhvaniyA~ vyApaka | tulasI ne jisa lokadharmitA kA Agraha kiyA, usameM samatA kA bhAva bhI hai aura isake lie ve bhakti kA eka nayA vinyAsa karate haiM / tulasI ke lie bhakti - ciMtana, samAjardazana Adi unake vyApaka lokadharma ke hI aMga haiM, jise Adhunika bhASA meM mAnavavAda kahA jAtA hai / para saba kucha ghaTita hotA hai, rAma ko keMdra meM rakhakara, jo puruSottama haiM, karma kA sauMdarya racAte / prAyaH lokadharma ko jIvana - yathArtha athavA kavi kI lokaciMtA taka sImita kara diyA jAtA hai, para tulasI kI apanI sauMdarya-dRSTi hai / ve sauMdarya ke nae loka ke sraSTA haiM, jo dehavAda ko akramita karatA huA, guNa-keMdrita hai| sauMdarya ke lie chabi - mahAchabi, rUpa- aparUpa, bimala-nirmala, jyoti - prakAza, mRdu-maMjula, maMgala- kalyANa, zobhA - suSumA Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| unake lie sauMdarya vahI hai, jo maMgalakArI hai, zeSa vyartha / rAma ke lie bAra-bAra maMgala zabda kA prayoga huA hai : maMgala bhavana amaMgala hArI, umA sahita jehi tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 209

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japata purArI / rAma-sItA kI yugala mUrti hai : dUlaha rAma, siya dulahI rI / inheM dekhane meM hI netroM kI sArthakatA hai / apratima sauMdarya hai, vidhAtA ke hAthoM sarjita (gItAvalI : bAla. 106) : dUlaha rAma, sIya dulahI rI ghana - dAmini bara barana harana-mana, suMdaratA nakhasikha nibahI rI byAha-bibhUSana - basana- bibhUSita, sakhi avalI lakhi Thagi sI rahI rI jIvana - janama-lAhu, locana - phala hai itanoi, lahyau Aju sahI sukhamA- surabhi siMgAra chIra duhi mayana amiyamaya kiyo hai dahI rI mathi mAkhana siya rAma sa~vAre, sakala bhuvana chabi manahu~ mahI rI tulasidAsa jorI dekhata sukha - sobhA atula na jAti kahI rUpa- rAsi biracI biraMci mano, silA lavani rati kAma lahI rI / rAma ne janakavATikA meM sItA ko dekhA to unake rUpa ke lie 'zobhA' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, hRdaya jise sarAhatA hai, jaise brahmA ne apanI saMpUrNa nipuNatA sItA ko nirmita kiyA / 'chabigRha dIpasikhA janu baraI', meM sauMdarya Aloka kA hai aura yahA~ sauMdarya AlaMbana hai, uddIpana nahIM / sauMdarya kI vyApaka sAmAjika svIkRti hI tulasI ke lie vAstavika sauMdarya hai jise unhoMne chavi, zobhA Adi kahA aura yaha sukarma, zIla se hI saMbhava hai| tulasI mahAkavi haiM, itane rUkhe nahIM ho sakate ki sauMdarya kA sparza hI karane meM saMkoca ho, para unakI maryAdA-dRSTi isakI sImAe~ jAnatI hai / unhoMne sauMdarya kI naI avadhAraNA vikasita kI aura kahA ki sauMdarya karma-bhare samagra vyaktitva meM hotA hai, mAtra zArIrika ikAiyoM meM nahIM / isalie nakhazikha varNana kA prayatna yahA~ nahIM kiyA gayA, sArA dhyAna zubha, maMgala, kalyANa, pavitratA Adi guNoM para keMdrita hai| Akhira jJAnI (vivekavAna ) bhakta kA sauMdarya kyA hai ? udAtta guNa bhAva jisase vaha rAma ke prati niSkAma bhAva se samarpita hotA hai / tulasI ke lie mAnava mUlyoM kA uccatama saMsAra kevala vicAraNA kA viSaya nahIM, usake AcaraNa se vyaktitva ko jo dIpti aura AbhA milatI hai, vaha apratima hai, durlabha / rAma sundara haiM, kyoMki unake pAsa sAmAjika karmoM kI akSaya nidhi hai aura ve udAtta mahAmAnava haiN| tulasI kA samAjadarzana bhakticiMtana meM aMtarbhukta hai aura usakA vyApaka loka dharAtala hai / madhyakAla meM sthita tulasI apane samaya kI cunautI svIkAra karate haiM, sajaga sraSTA ke rUpa meM aura ve jAnate haiM ki jisa ArAdhya rAma ke prati unakI prIti hai, use sAmAnyajana ke bIca pratiSThita karanA hai| isI se rAma kI vizvasanIyatA pramANita ho sakegI aura isIlie sarvAdhika UrjA mahAkavi ne dI, ayodhyAkAMDa ko, jahA~ se kAvyanAyaka kA saMgharSazIla vyaktitva ubharatA hai aura bharata ke bhrAtRtva kI pratiSThA hotI hai| jIvana ke jitane dRzya tulasI ubhArate haiM, utane anyatra milanA kaThina 210 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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hai aura unakA vaiziSTya yaha ki unhoMne vicAra - saMvedana kI maitrI sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA, pravacanakarttA pIche chUTa gayA / ve jAnate haiM ki kore upadeza anasune kara die jAte haiM, isalie unhoMne apanA dhyAna caritrAMkana meM lagAyA, unheM samAja meM saMtarita kiyaa| sabase mahattvapUrNa tathya yaha ki unhoMne saba kucha lokajIvana se prApta kiyA - dRzya se lekara bhASA taka / sArA muhAvarA unhoMne lokajIvana se prApta kiyA aura zabda - saMyojana tathA dhvani-yojanA se aise kAvya- saMgIta kA nirvAha kiyA ki ve hiMdI ke sarvAdhika kaMThastha aura uddharaNIya kaviyoM meM haiN| bhAva ke anusAra bhASA kI bhaMgimA parivartita hotI hai, vaha bhI aise sahaja DhaMga se ki dRzya-parivartana, bhAgya- saMketoM ke bAvajUda nitAMta Akasmika nahIM pratIta hotA / dhanuSayajJa kA samaya hai aura sahasA lakSmaNa ke krodha se dRzya badala jAtA hai / rAma-bharata kA citrakUTa meM milana hai, aura bIca meM tulasI svArthI devatAoM para TippaNI karate haiM : suragana sabhaya dhakadhakI dharakI / tulasI ke pAsa upamAoM kA akSaya koza hai jo unhoMne vyApaka nirIkSaNa aura vRhattara jIvanAnubhava se prApta kiyA thA / zilpa- saMsAra isa vivecana kA viSaya nahIM hai, para nirvivAda hai ki tulasI kA kAvyakauzala unake sAmAjika-sAMskRtika abhiprAya ko pUrI kSamatA se vyakta karatA hai aura yahIM tulasI tulasI haiN| bAlakAMDa ke AraMbha meM rAma-sItA kI vaMdanA karate hue unhoMne vANI aura artha kI abhinnatA kA smaraNa kiyA : girA aratha jala bIci sama kahiyata bhinna na bhinna aura isake nirvAha meM saphalatA prApta kI / bhASA ke itane stara anyatra milanA kaThina haiM, jo sabhI rasoM kI niSpatti meM sakSama hoM / avadhI ke to ve kaviziromaNi haiM hI, vinayapatrikA, kavitAvalI, gItAvalI unake brajabhASA adhikAra kA sAkSya haiM / chaMda ke kaI pracalita rUpoM kA, unhoMne upayoga kiyA aura dohA - caupAI ko aisI layAtmakatA dI ki unakI kavitA lokakaMTha meM samA gaI / pArvatI magaMla, jAnakI maMgala, nahachU Adi kRtiyA~ to loka ke sAmAnyajana ke lie hI racI gaI haiM / badale samaya kI kaI cunautiyoM ke bAvajUda, tulasI kI sarjanazIlatA kI sAkha kAyama hai aura pAThaka mahAkavi se saMvAda kara svayaM ko saMvedana - saMpanna pAtA hai / jaise tulasI ne apane samaya kI cunautI svIkAra kI, vaise hI ve hara samaya meM nayI pahacAna ke lie cunautI dete raheMge, sAmAnyajana ke priya kaviyoM meM ve zIrSa para haiM hii| tulasIdAsa : surasari sama saba kaha~ hita hoI / 211

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bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana bhaktikAvya ne laMbA samaya pAra kiyA aura usake mukhya vRtta ko yadi caudahavIM zatI se AraMbha kareM to satrahavIM zatI ke madhyabhAga taka usakA prasAra hai| pIThikA meM siddha-nAtha sAhitya maujUda hai, jisake guNAtmaka vikAsa rUpa meM saMta-bhakti kAvya ko prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| vyApaka bhakti AMdolana ne jo vaicArika-dArzanika prayatna kie, usakI chAyA bhI yahA~ dekhI jA sakatI hai, vizeSatayA bhakti-darzana kI niyojanA meN| bhaktikAvya ke vyApaka prasAra se jJAta hotA hai ki madhyakAlIna pariveza ne pUre deza ko prabhAvita kiyA aura bhASA kI kaThinAI se, yadyapi nikaTa pArasparika saMvAda sarala nahIM thA, para kSetrIya vaiziSTya ke bAvajUda unameM samAna rekhAe~ bhI khojI jA sakatI haiN| jinakA saMparka zAstra se hai, ve kAvya meM usakI vyAkhyAe~ apane DhaMga se kara sakate haiM, para eka hI srota hone se kucha samAnatAe~ bhI haiN| yAyAvarI pravRtti se jo anubhava-jJAna prApta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha loka ke prati eka aisI udAra vyApaka dRSTi detA hai ki kaI jar3atAe~ TUTatI haiN| madhyakAla meM devasthaloM ke mAdhyama se bhI eka saMparka thA aura ina sabake Upara eka samIpI sAMskRtika saMvAda thA jisane bhaktikAvya ko naI sarjanAtmaka UrjA se saMpanna kiyaa| eka kaThina samaya meM sArthaka racanA kaise saMbhava ho sakatI hai, ise bhaktikAvya ne pramANita kiyA aura sAhitya ke itihAsa meM itanI laMbI Ayu ke racanA-AMdolana saralatA se nahIM milte| pArthakya ke bAvajUda bhAratIya bhaktikAvya kA eka samaveta svara bhI hai jisa ora samAjazAstriyoM kA dhyAna gyaa| DI.pI. mukarjI ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki 'madhyakAlIna saMtoM kA bhAratIya saMskRti ke kSetra meM sarvAdhika avadAna sAhitya ke kSetra meM hai| unhoMne prAdezika bhASAoM meM sAmAnyajana ko saMbodhita karane kA mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA' (soziyAlaoNjI oNfa iMDiyana kalcara, pR. 19) / sImAoM kA ullekha karate hue bhI ke. dAmodarana bhakti AMdolana aura bhaktikAvya kI aitihAsika bhUmikA svIkArate haiM : 'isa prakAra madhyayuga ke isa mahAn AMdolana ne na kevala vibhinna bhASAoM aura vibhinna dharmoM vAle janasamudAyoM 212 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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kI eka susaMbaddha bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM madada kI balki sAmaMtI damana aura utpIr3ana ke viruddha saMyukta saMgharSa calAne kA mArga bhI prazasta kiyA' (bhAratIya ciMtana paraMparA, pR. 327) / bhakti AMdolana eka prakAra se aitihAsika anivAryatA kI upaja thA, jisakI vaicArika-saMvedanAtmaka abhivyakti bhAratIya bhaktikAvya meM hotI hai aura jisakA vyApaka svara pramANita karatA hai ki sahI racanA apane samaya se TakarAne-agrasara hone kA saMkalpa bhI hai| bhaktikAvya ke saMdarbha meM jisa samAjazAstra aura samAjadarzana kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai, usakI prakriyA saMzliSTa hai, isa artha meM ki usakI pahacAna ke lie kisI saralIkaraNa kA sahArA lenA ucita nahIM hogaa| zAstra-pAMDitya pahale bhI maujUda the aura bhASya-vyAkhyA kA TIkA daura bhI cala hI rahA thA, para bhaktakaviyoM ne isa ghere ko todd'aa| unheM avasara thA ki ve paMDitAI baghAra sakate the, eka bauddhika AtaMka jaisA, para unakA saMvedana kahIM adhika jAgarUka thaa| isa dRSTi se bhaktikAvya sAmAjika-sAMskRtika cetanA se paricAlita hai aura use 'saMbodhana kA kAvya' kahA jA sakatA hai| zAstra-pAMDitya kI jakar3abaMdI tor3akara hI, racanA vRhattara saMvedana-jagat meM pahu~catI hai, isIlie bala 'anubhava-jJAna' para hai| jise A~kheM dekhatI haiM, use jhuThalAnA sarala nahIM, para bhaktikAvya kA Agraha vyApaka jIvanAnubhava para hai, jisase madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja usameM biMbita hote haiN| sAmaMtI pariveza ke dabAva jhelatI racanAzIlatA, use gahare stara para mahasUsa karatI hai aura vivaraNa-vRttAMta ke saMketoM se Age jAkara naitika ciMtAoM se ulajhatI hai| racanA kI dvaMdvAtmaka prakriyA use sArthakatA detI hai, ise samajhanA hogaa| samaya-samAja se vicAra-saMvedana stara para TakarAnA racanA kA prasthAna hai, para sahI jIvana-dRSTi ke sahAre eka vaikalpika jagat kA saMketa kara sakane kI kSamatA usakI abhIpsA hai| saba kucha adamya UrjA tathA sarjanAtmaka kalpanA ke sahAre kalAkRti ke rUpa meM prastuta kara sakane kI anivAryatA to hai hii| bhaktikAvya ke saMdarbha meM jaba lokadharma, lokavAda, mAnavavAda Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, taba vicAraNIya prazna yaha ki purAgAthA ke rUpa meM pracalita sAmagrI ko kaviyoM ne racanA meM aMtarbhukta kaise kiyaa| devatva agocara hai aura kAlAMtara meM avadhAraNAe~ itanI lar3akhar3A jAtI haiM ki nihita svArthoM ko durupayoga kI suvidhA mila jAtI hai| isa sthiti se sajaga kavi paricita the kyoMki ve sAmAjika-sAMskRtika sadAzayatA se paricAlita the, mAtra kavi nahIM the| isI artha meM bhaktikAvya ke sAMskRtika pakSa, samAjazAstra-samAjadarzana kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| pariveza ko dekhate hue, kyA yaha kama sAhasa nahIM ki bhaktikAvya ne nirAkAra-nirguNa kA Agraha kiyA, jahA~ bala 'jJAna' para hai| agocara hai, to phira dharma-saMpradAya-jAti kI TakarAhaTa kaisI ? saba use pUja sakate haiM, zuddha AcaraNa dvArA / nirAkArI parikalpanA bhaktikAvya meM kevala vaicArika prayatna nahIM hai, vaha usa svArthI vyUha ko chinna-bhinna karane kA uprakama bhI hai, jisameM bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 213

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purohitavAda - karmakAMDa-paricAlita dharma-vyavasthA thI, jahA~ aMdhavizvAsa phala-phUla rahe the / nirAkAra-nirguNa parikalpanA se bhaktikAvya viveka, jJAna, zuddha AcaraNa, sAttvika prema mUlya-bhare karma kA Agraha karatA hai, jo paraMparA marAThI saMta nAmadeva, vidrohI kabIra se hotI huI guru nAnaka taka calI AtI hai| nAnaka ne jAtivAda ko nakArate hue sAmAnyajana ko apanAyA : nIcA andari nIca jAti nIcI hU~ ati nIca, nAnaku tina kaisaMga sAthi bar3hiyA siU kiyA rIsa / nAnaka ko to vyApaka artha meM samAjavAdI taka kahA gayA (guru nAnaka, pR. 135 ) / sAkAra-nirAkAra, saguNa-nirguNa ke dArzanika - vaicArika vivAda haiM, para jahA~ taka bhaktikAvya meM unake praveza kA prazna hai, donoM kA aisA vibhAjana ucita nahIM, jahA~ unameM saMparka hI na ho ske| nirAkArI kalpanA karmakAMDa kA vikalpa jJAna ke stara para khojatI huI, kabIra jaise kaviyoM kI vANI meM adhika AkrAmaka hai aura vyaMgya ko mAdhyama rUpa meM apanAtI hai, para yaha bhI satya hai ki nakAra kI yaha bhaMgimA bhI prema-bhakti mArga kI ora agrasara hotI hai| kabIra - tulasI ke rAma meM aMtara hai aura sUra tathA tukArAma ke biThovA kRSNa bhI eka nahIM haiM, para gaMtavya meM yaha dUrI paTatI dikhAI detI hai | marAThI saMtakAvya meM saguNa-nirguNa kA vaha dvaita nahIM, jisake lie hindI bhaktikAvya meM kaI vivAda upaje haiM / yahA~ taka TippaNI kI gaI ki nirguNa adhika pragatizIla hai aura usane sAmAnya varga ko apanI ora AkRSTa kiyA : kabIra, nAmadeva, raidAsa, dharmadAsa, senA, dAdU aadi| yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki kRSNakAvya adhika udArapaMthI 'sekyulara' hai aura rAmakAvya ucca varNa kA saMrakSaka / rahIma-rasakhAna Adi ke udAharaNa bhI isa saMdarbha meM die jAte haiM / muktibodha ne madhyayugIna bhakti AMdolana para saMkSipta TippaNI karate hue prazna uThAyA ki kabIra aura nirguNa paMtha ke 'anya kavi tathA kucha mahArASTrIya tulasIdAsa kI apekSA adhika Adhunika kyoM lagate haiM ( naI kavitA kA AtmasaMgharSa, pR. 86 ) / isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ki nirguNa meM yathArtha adhika mukhara hai aura usakI do TUka vANI tIvratA se udvelita karatI hai / saguNa kAvya saMbhavataH paraMparA se pUrI taraha mukta na ho sakA, isalie usake kucha vAkyAMzoM ko lekara anudAra TippaNiyA~ kI jAtI rahI haiM, jaise varNa-vyavasthA kA pAlana / para ina kaviyoM ko yaha ehasAsa bhI hai ki jJAnamArga sAmAnyajana ke lie nahIM hai, vaha paMDitavarga ke lie hai| sUra ne kahA : rUpa-rekha - guna-jAti- jugati binu nirAlaMba kita dhAvai, saba bidhi agama bicArahiM tAtaiM sUra saguna pada gAvai / isalie rAma-kRSNa kA Azraya liyA gayA tAki citta sthira - keMdrita ho sake, ekAgra ho sake / bhaktikAvya kI sAmAjika cetanA aura samAjadarzana kI sahI samajha ke lie. jAtigata vibhAjana se thor3A haTakara dekhanA hogA / itihAsa kI isa sacAI kI ora dhyAna deM ki nihita svArthoM ke varga kisI janAMdolana aura vaicArika krAMti ke Ane para pUrI taraha dhvasta nahIM ho jaate| ve kucha samaya ke lie DubakI mAra lete haiM, cuppI 214 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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sAdhate haiM athavA pArzva meM jAkara behatara avasara kI pratIkSA karate haiN| asaMgaThita samAjoM meM prAyaH aisA hotA hai ki krAMti kA jvAra utarate hI pratikrAMti hotI hai aura svArthI varga punaH apanA prabhutva sthApita kara lete haiN| vizva dharmoM ke itihAsa meM isake pramANa milate haiM jaba purohitavAda-karmakAMDa kA virodha karate-karate nayA karmakAMDa vikasita ho jAtA hai aura nae paMDe udita hote haiN| se. tokAreva ne likhA hai ki bhArata meM avatAra-pUjA ne aneka saMpradAyoM ko janma diyA (dharma kA itihAsa, pR. 227) / bhaktikAvya ke kavi sthitiyoM se avagata haiM aura unakI kAvya-racanA ko isI pIThikA meM dekhanA adhika upayogI hogaa| madhyakAla kA kaThina sAmaMtI samaya unake sAmane hai, jahA~ ciMtana ke dharAtala para kucha bauddhika-tArkika prayatna to dikhAI dete haiM, para vaha paMDitavarga taka sImita hai aura samAja kA mUla pravAha sthira-jar3a hai| sthiti kA lAbha uThAte hue dharma meM zraddhA ke sthAna para bhaya kA saMcAra kiyA jAtA hai jisase aMdhavizvAsa ko prazraya milatA hai| mUlya-maryAdAoM kI TUTana ko lekara saba ciMtita haiM kyoMki vahI samAja kA mUlAdhAra hai| aizvarya hai to sAmaMta varga ke lie, zeSa kI sthiti to tulasI ne kavitAvalI meM spaSTa kI hai : jIvikAvihIna loga sIdyamAna socabasa, kahaiM eka ekana soM 'kahA~ jAI kA krii|' bhaktikAvya kA asaMtoSa samAjadarzana kI samajha ke lie sabase vicAraNIya pakSa hai aura isa dRSTi se vaha apane samaya kA vaicArika pratipakSa hai, racanA-dharAtala pr| kathana-bhaMgimA kA aMtara ho sakatA hai, para bhaktikAvya kA vinyAsa asamajhautAvAdI hai, rAjAzraya kA niSedha karatA, samaya se saMgharSa aura mUlya-stara para vikalpa kI khoja karatA huaa| tulasI ko kama pragatizIla kaha diyA jAtA hai, para unakA sAhasa hai (kavitAvalI, uttara. 106) : dhUta kahau, avadhUta kahau, rajapUta kahau, jolahA kahau koU kAhU kI beTI soM beTA na byAhaba, kAhU kI jAti bigAra na soU tulasI saranAma gulAmu hai rAma ko, jAko rucai so kahai kachu oU mA~gi kai khaibo masIta ko soibo, laibe ko eku na debe ko douu| samaya se asaMtoSa kA yaha bhAva hara sArthaka racanA kA prasthAna hai, kyoMki isI artha meM vaha pratisaMskRti racatI hai| vaktavyoM kI sImA jAnate hue, kaviyoM ne sahI AdhAra kI khoja kI, aura rAma-kRSNa ke nae rUpAMtaraNa kA prayAsa kiyaa| sAmaMtI samAja kA vikalpa bhaktikAvya kI ciMtA hai aura vahA~ gahare AtmavizvAsa ke binA Age nahIM bar3hA jA sktaa| jujhArUpana meM aMtara ho sakatA hai, para bhaktikAvya meM racanA aura mUlyoM ke prati yaha AsthA unheM jIvana-pravAha meM saMtarita karatI hai| jaba racanA kA AtmavizvAsa durbala hotA hai, taba vaha chadma talAzatI hai, athavA alaMkaraNa aura kalAvAda kI ora jAtI hai| kabIra vizvAsa se kahate haiM ki jisa cAdara ko sura-muni ne bhI or3hakara mailA kara diyA, use maiMne bar3e yatna se or3hA aura 'jasa kI tasa dhara dInhIM cdriyaa| saMbhava hai garvokti pratIta ho para kabIra kA vizvAsa hai : bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 215

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: hama na maraiM, marihai saMsArA / jAyasI kI, apane prema-paMtha meM AsthA hai aura ve svayaM ko 'muhamada kabi jo prema kA' kavi kahate haiM : jei~ mukha dekhA tei~ ha~sA, sunA to Ae A~su / sUra kI AsthA gopiyoM ke mAdhyama se bhI vyakta hotI hai, jise uddhava taka sarAhate haiM : hRdaya teM nahiM Tarata unake, syAma rAma sameta / mIrA madhyakAla meM nArI mukti kA kAvya racatI haiM : mero to giradhara gopAla, dUsaro na koI / tulasI vinayabhAva ke sAtha hindI ke sabase vizvAsI kaviyoM meM haiM, jo paraMparA nirAlA taka dekhI jA sakatI hai jo svayaM ko 'vasaMta kA agradUta' kahate haiM : brAhmaNa samAja meM jyoM achUta / racanA kA AtmavizvAsa abhivyakti - kauzala se nahIM, mUlya - jagat se nirmita hotA hai aura racanA kI avadhAraNAe~ vyApaka jIvana kI upaja hotI haiM / isalie bhakta kaviyoM ne devatva ke sthAna para manuSya ko keMdrIyatA dI / caMDIdAsa ne ghoSaNA kI : sunahu mAnuSa bhAi, zabAra upare mAnuSa satya, tAhAra Upara nAI / manuSya sarvopari hai, tulasI ke zabdoM meM 'bar3e bhAga mAnuSa tana pAvA / ' Adhunika samaya meM kabIra se prabhAvita hokara ravIndra ne sau kavitAoM kA anuvAda kiyA, 'mAnuSera dharma' pustaka likhI aura 'gItAMjali' meM mAnava-dharma kI pratiSThA kI : maMdira meM tU kisakI pUjA-arcanA kara rahA hai ? Izvara vahA~ hai jahA~ zrama hai - kaThora, z2amIna meM hala calAtA kisAna, patthara tor3ate maz2adUra / bhaktikAvya meM devatva kA mAnuSa rUpa meM avataraNa prAcIna paraMparA se preraNA letA hai, para eka aMtara hai| yahA~ devatva apane samaya kI bhUmi para khojA - pAyA gayA hai, eka sArthaka vikalpa banatA / yaha saprayojana hai kyoMki bhaktikAvya jAnatA hai ki deva ke pRthvI para avataraNa se ve vizvasanIya banate haiM aura agocara kI oTa meM pracalita karmakAMDI vyavasAya TUTatA hai / kucha atilaukika prasaMgoM ko chor3a deM, jo lokavizvAsa ke aMtargata Ate haiM, to zeSa kriyAkalApoM meM lIlA - saMsAra ke bAvajUda devatva mAnuSIkRta hai, sAmAnyajana se saMvAda sthApita karatA huA / dazAvatAroM kI paraMparA thI, para isa saMkhyA meM niraMtara vRddhi hotI gaI, isase bhaktikAvya apanI asahamati vyakta karatA hai / zaiva-vaiSNava kI TakarAhaTa se bhI vaha bacanA cAhatA hai, jisameM tarka-kutarka kI bhUmikA adhika hai, sadAzayatA kI kama / isalie bhaktikAvya kI advaitavAdI - ekezvaravAdI dRSTi devatva ko manuSya rUpa meM saMcarita karatI hai aura isa prakriyA meM vaha usa sajaga sAmAjika cetanA se saMpanna hai jise lokadharma- mAnavadharma kahA gayA / devatva ke sthAna para manuSya kI keMdrIyatA bhaktikAvya kA sabase mahattvapUrNa vikalpa hai, jise kaviyoM ne apanI dRSTi se rUpAyita kiyA / kabIra ko kathA kI suvidhA nahIM thI aura na sAkArI devatva kI, para unhoMne svayaM ko samarpaNa ke prema bhAva se bhI saMbaddha kiyA, 'rAma kI bahuriyA ' kahA, yahA~ taka ki mutiyA~ kUMtAM bhii| jAyasI ne pArasamaNi padmAvatI kI parikalpanA kI : bhA pAvana tina pAyana parase, jisake sparza se cetanA kA rUpAntaraNa hotA hai| kRSNa kA solaha kalAvatAra rUpa rAga-raMga se aisA saMpanna ki usase madhyakAla kA 1 216 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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samagra racanA-saMsAra preraNA pAtA hai - citra, saMgIta, mUrti, sthApatya / rAmakAvya kI maryAdAoM kA ullekha prAyaH kiyA jAtA hai, para sacAI yaha hai ki tulasI ne jo mUlya-saMsAra talAzA, usakI katipaya paraMparita AdarzavAdI rekhAoM ko chor3a deM, to ve Aja bhI hamAre sabase janapriya kaviyoM meM haiM / jo anudAra TippaNiyA~ kI jAtI haiM, usake viSaya meM DaoN. rAmavilAsa zarmA ko uddhRta karanA prAsaMgika hogA : 'tulasI kI bhakti samAja ke lie afIma nahIM thI / vaha jana-jAgaraNa kA eka sAdhana thI / bhakta tulasIdAsa mUlataH mAnavavAdI haiM aura unake sAhitya kI mahattA vAstavika sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM kA varNana karane meM hai, janasAdhAraNa kI vedanA aura usase mukti kI kAmanA kA, janatA ke naitika guNoM kA citraNa karane meM hai, na ki sevaka-bhAva se kRpA kI bhikSA mA~gane meM' (paraMparA kA mUlyAMkana, pR. 88 ) / vinayapatrikA kA dainya, kabIra kA vidroha, sUra ke vinaya - pada tathA gopI-bhAva, jAyasI kI prema kalpanA, mIrA kA samarpaNa ko isI pRSThabhUmi meM dekhA jAnA cAhie - apane samaya kA sAMskRtika vikalpa khojane kA saMkalpa / bhaktikAvya meM bhakti eka Acarita mUlya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai : bhagatihi gyAnahi nahiM kachu bhedA, ubhaya harahiM bhava saMbhava khedA / bhaktikAvya meM bhakti kA jo svarUpa vikasita hotA dikhAI detA hai, use madhyakAla kA lokadharma athavA mAnavadharma kahanA ucita hogA / sAmaMtI samAja ko dekhate hue isakI sImAe~ haiM, kaI bAra inheM aMtarvirodha ke rUpa meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| para eka saiddhAMtika prazna ki aMtarvirodha to unameM bhI haiM jo aMtarvirodhoM ke adhyayana meM apanI samasta zakti lagAte haiM / kaI bAra zabdoM kA rUr3ha prayoga, kutarka jaisA pratIta hotA hai aura racanA ke saMdarbha meM aisA karate hue samajhadArI se kAma lenA cAhie / devatA aura manuSya kI taraha bhaktikAvya ke saMdarbha meM zAstra aura loka kA prazna bhI uThAyA gayA hai| nAmavarasiMha ne AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI kA vivecana karate hue likhA hai : 'madhyayuga ke bhAratIya itihAsa kA mukhya aMtarvirodha zAstra aura loka ke bIca kA dvaMdva hai, na ki islAma aura hiMdU dharma kA saMgharSa / isa sthApanA ko agrasara karate hue ve likhate haiM : 'zAsakavarga kI vicAradhArA ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha mukta rahane ke kAraNa lokadharma zAstra se hIna pratIta hote hue bhI usakA vikalpa banakara upasthita hotA hai aura yahI usakI zakti hai / lokadharma kA prANa usakA vidroha hai' ( dUsarI paraMparA kI khoja, pR. 80 ) / bhaktikAvya zAstra kI sImAoM se paricita hai, isakA saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai, isalie vaha gahare saMvedana ke stara para lokajIvana ko svIkAratA hai aura use lokabhASA meM abhivyakti detA hai / para yahA~ yaha tathya ullekhanIya hai ki saMta, bhaktakavi isa viSaya meM sajaga haiM ki korA bhAvavAda hameM kahIM nahIM le jAtA, kaI bAra digbhramita bhI kara sakatA hai| jaise ve isa bAta ko bhI jAnate haiM ki korA tarka bhASya kA paMDitAU prayatna ho sakatA hai, para sAmAnyajana kA isa bauddhika zIrSAsana se adhika saMbaMdha nahIM hotA / bhaktikAvya kA prazasta bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 217

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1 vaicArika- dArzanika AdhAra hai jo samaya se jUjhane aura vikalpa kI khoja meM usakI sahAyatA karatA hai / para ise Tukar3oM meM bA~Takara dekhanA, khaMDa-khaMDa vivecana aura bahuta vargIkRta karane kA prayatna ucita nahIM hogA, yadyapi kaviyoM kI apanI jIvana-dRSTi hai| para ve vicAra ko saMvedana kA avibhAjya aMga banAte haiM aura bAhyAropaNa kI masIhAI mudrA se bacane kA prayatna karate haiM / yahA~ loka tathA zAstra kA dvaita miTatA dikhAI detA hai aura madhyakAlIna pariveza ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue yaha upalabdhi sAdhAraNa nahIM | bhaktikAvya jAnatA hai ki pothiyoM se bAhara nikalakara kavitA jaba lokajIvana se gahare rUpa meM saMpRkta hotI hai, tabhI vaha sArthakatA pAtI hai, zarta yaha hai ki kisI saralIkaraNa kA sahArA na liyA jAya / bhaktikAvya kA vaicArika AdhAra, isa dRSTi se vicAraNIya hai ki vikalpa kI khoja kA kArya usake abhAva meM saMbhava nahIM hai| korI bhAvukatA bilA jAtI hai, isalie use gahare saMvedana se saMbaddha karanA par3atA hai, jisameM racanAkAra kI 'jIvana - dRSTi' kI bhUmikA hotI hai / prasthAna, gaMtavya aura nirvAha tInoM ke saMyojana ke AdhAra para racanA kI sahI pahacAna hotI hai / kavitA ke saMdarbha meM 'karuNA' kA ullekha prAyaH kiyA jAtA hai, para bhaktikAvya meM vaha lokajIvana se saMbaddha hokara vyApakatva prApta karatI hai / yahA~ taka ki Izvara - prakRti - manuSya tInoM isa prakriyA meM sammilita haiM / AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne kahA hai ki sAmAjika jIvana kI sthiti aura puSTi ke lie karuNA kA prasAra Avazyaka hai| ise ve manuSya kI prakRti meM zIla aura sAttvikatA kA Adi saMsthApaka manovikAra mAnate haiM (ciMtAmaNi, pR. 46 ) / bhaktikAvya ke prasaMga meM isa karuNA-bhAva kI carcA isalie Avazyaka kyoMki prAyaH isa ora dhyAna nahIM diyA jAtA, jabaki vaha aMtardhArA kI taraha pUrI racanAzIlatA meM vyApta hai, jisase lokadharmI mAnavavAda kA vRtta pUrA hotA hai / jise bhaktikAvya kA asaMtoSa kahA jAtA hai, usake mUla meM kahIM na kahIM karuNA kA bhAva vidyamAna hai, anyathA vaktavyoM aura upadezoM kI paMktiyA~ to saralatA se likhI jA sakatI haiN| dRSTi cAroM ora jAtI hai aura kavi dekhatA hai ki kahIM kucha gar3abar3a hai, ise badalanA cAhie / racanA meM yaha ciMtA karuNA kI mAnavIya saMlagnatA se saMbaddha hokara saMvedana - saMpanna banatI hai, jisakA prasAra jitanA vyApaka aura gahana hogA, kRti utanI hI mArmika hogI, prabhaviSNu / nAgamatI kA viraha varNana vaiyaktika pIr3A se bAhara nikalakara prakRti se jur3a jAtA hai aura pUre prasaMga ko jAyasI karuNA se bhara dete haiM : giri, samudra, sasi, megha, rabi sahi na sakahiM vaha Agi / / muhamada satI sarAhie jarai jo asa piu lAgi / padmAvata kA aMta bhI karuNa hai : chAra uThAi lInha eka mUThI, dInha ur3Ai pirathimI jhUThI / vijayadevanArAyaNa sAhI padmAvata ke upasaMhAra ke mAdhyama se prema kI pIra, rakta kI leI aura naina-jala se bhIgI huI gAr3hI prIti kA ullekha karate haiM / tulanAtmaka dRSTi DAlate hue unheM ve karuNA ke kavi rUpa meM rekhAMkita karate haiM aura padmAvata ko eka virATa 'TraijiDI' ke rUpa 1 218 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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meM dekhate haiM jise ve kavi kA 'viz2ana' kahate haiN| unake zabda haiM : 'eka jabardasta karuNA unheM AplAvita karatI hai / isa karuNA kI vyathA jAyasI ke lie itanI bhArI hai ki unake pAsa cunautI aura pratirodha kI phursata nahIM hai' ( jAyasI, pR. 63) / kavitA sahI saMvedana dharAtala nirmita karane kA mAnavIya prayatna hai tAki manuSyatA banI rahe / bhaktikAvya avarodhoM ko pAra karatA hai aura kaI baMdhana asvIkAra kara detA hai / kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyApaka artha meM bhakti eka jAti-varNahIna vyavasthA hai, apane samaya kA vikalpa, jo Age ke lie bhI rAha dikhAtI hai| kahA gayA ki jAti-pA~ta pUchai nahiM koI, hari ko bhajai so hari kA hoI / pramukha jAtiyoM kA tanAva kama karane ke lie kabIra - jAyasI bhinna mArgoM se hote hue, sAMskRtika saumanasya ke eka hI gaMtavya para pahu~cate haiN| kabIra meM Akroza hai, jo unake prakhara ImAna kI upaja hai aura jisake mUla meM gaharI mUlya - ciMtAe~ haiM / unhoMne mUlabhUta praznoM para vicAra kiyA ki yadi saba eka hI vidhAtA kI nirmiti haiM, to phira saMgharSa kaisA ? donoM sahI mArga para nahIM haiM : are ina dohuna rAha na pAI; hiMdU-turuka haTA nahiM mAnaiM, svAda sabanhi ko mIThA; jAti na pUcho sAdha kI, pUchi lIjie jJAna / kabIra kI gahana anubhUtiyA~ lokasaMpRkti ke sAtha jo kAvyasaMsAra racAtI haiM, una taka sAmAnyajana kI pahu~ca hai, isalie ve unake priya kavi haiN| eka ora kabIra kA Akroza hai, dUsarI ora unakA jAti-varNahIna vaikalpika saMsAra, jina donoM se milakara samagra racanA - vRtta pUrA hotA hai| unhoMne jisa mUlya - jagat ko parikalpita kiyA, usameM nihita karuNAbhAva kI ora prAyaH hamArA dhyAna nahIM jAtA, para kavi kI AkulatA kA yahI mUla prasthAna, vikasita hokara mUlya - jagat meM paryavasita hotA hai| jise 'biraha kau aMga' athavA AdhyAtmika viyoga kahA gayA, use prazna ke sthAyI samAdhAna rUpa meM bhI dekhA jAnA cAhie / cakavA - cakavI ke mAdhyama se ise vyakta kiyA gayA hai : 'rajanI Avata dekhi kai cakaI dInhIM roi, cala cakave vA desa meM raina kade nA hoi / ' aisA mUlya-saMsAra jahA~ kSudratAe~ nahIM hotIM, parama jAgaraNa loka hotA hai| jina tulasI ko varNAzrama vyavasthA aura ucca jAtiyoM ke samarthaka rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai, ve masjida meM sone kI bAta karate haiM aura kahate haiM : jAti-pA~ti, dhana-dharama bar3AI, saba taji tumhahiM rahahu lauM lAI / jAti-varNa ke vikalpa rUpa meM niSkAma bhakti kI pratiSThA bhaktikAvya kI krAMtikArI parikalpanA hai| kama racanA-AMdolana aise hote haiM, jo apane samaya se muThabher3a karate hue, vikalpa kI khoja kA sAhasa kara sakeM aura apanI sadAzayatA se bhaktakaviyoM ne ise pUrNa kiyA / jAyasI ne jise prema-bhAva ke rUpa meM dekhA kabIra kA vahI jJAna mArga hai, para donoM samabhAvI lakSya kI ora agrasara hote haiM / kaviyoM ne racanA kA vaicArika AdhAra nirmita kiyA, aura use kAvya ke saMvedana-jagat meM aMtarbhukta kiyaa| marAThI saMtoM ne, guru nAnaka ne bAra-bAra kahA ki bhakti kI jAtihIna vyavasthA meM sabakA praveza hai| tarka vahI hai ki sabakA sraSTA vidhAtA hai, isalie pArthakya kI rekhAe~ samApta honI bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 219

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cAhie / madhyakAlIna kaTTarapaMthiyoM se TakarAte hue bhaktikAvya ne sAMskRtika saumanasya kA jo bhAva pratipAdita kiyA, usakI prAsaMgikatA laMbe samaya taka banI rhegii| jisa ekezvaravAda kA Agraha bhaktikAvya meM kiyA gayA, usakI vyApti vyApaka hai, aura vaha kevala dArzanika vivAda kA prazna nahIM hai / gopikAe~ uddhava se kahatI haiM ki eka hI mana thA, vaha kRSNa le gae, aba kisakI ArAdhanA kI jAya ? dvaita-advaita kA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika pakSa bhaktikAvya meM jAtIya saumanasya kA Agraha bhI karatA hai, jahA~ saba samAna haiN| rAma-rahIma eka haiM aura bhakti meM jAti-birAdarI ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai, saba paramajyoti se prakAza pAte haiM / devatA bhItara vAsa karate haiM, bAhara nahIM, aura zuddha AcaraNa se svayaM ko Alokita kiyA jA sakatA hai| kabIra 'premanagara' kI bAta karate haiM, jJAna - samanvita premabhAva aura unakA Agraha 'satta dharma' (satya) para hai : ' avadhU begama desa hamArA, rAjA - raMka - phakIra - bAdasA, sabase kahauM pukArA/ jo tuma cAho parama pada ko, basihau desa hamArA' aura yaha 'desa' uccatara mUlya-loka hai| 1 bhakti kI prAcIna paraMparA meM siddha- nAtha saMpradAya kI carcA prAyaH kI jAtI hai, para kucha bAteM vicAraNIya haiM / krAMtikArI bauddhadarzana kI nigatikAlIna pratikriyAvAdI pariNati meM jo taMtravAda prabhAvI huA, usane kAvya kI sAmAjika cetanA kI dhArA avaruddha kara dii| AraMbhika vikSobha ne sAmAnya varga ko udvelita kiyA, para yaha sarjana yAtrA eka biMdu para Akara ruka-Thahara gaI, aura bhaktikAvya ne use nae sakArAtmaka' DhaMga se agrasara kiyaa| pIThikA meM vaha upasthita hai aura usakI aitihAsika bhUmikA, svIkArI jAtI hai, saMkSipta hI sahI, para bhaktikAvya adhika dAyitvapUrNa sRjana kA dAvA kara sakatA hai| bhakti ne nivRtti, vairAgya, saMnyAsa ke palAyana paMtha ke sthAna para pravRtti kA karma-bharA mArga cunA aura use paribhASita kiyA / sarvatra vidhAtA hai to phira jAoge bhI kahA~ ? yahI tarka pratyabhijJA darzana meM hai| mukti vaiyaktika nahIM hotI, vaha sabake sAtha hai aura jIvana se palAyana apane dAyitva se bacane kA prapaMca hai / bhakti ke lie ekAkI vairAgya koI anivAryatA nahIM, jIvana-saMgrAma ke bIca bhI, mUlya-saMsAra pAyA jA sakatA hai| gRhastha bhI bhakti kA adhikArI hai aura vaha apane dAyitvoM kA pAlana karate hue, uccatara mUlya-saMsAra se apanA saMbaMdha sthApita kara sakatA hai / isa pravRttimArgI darzana se bhaktikAvya kI sAmAjika vizvasanIyatA meM vRddhi huI / prAyaH mAyA kA ullekha bhaktikAvya ke saMdarbha meM kiyA jAtA hai aura nirguNiyA~ kaviyoM ke uddharaNa die jAte haiM / padmAvata ke upasaMhAra ke sahAre nAgamatI ko 'duniyA-dhaMdhA' mAna liyA jAtA hai aura yaha tarka bhI diyA jAtA hai ki ratnasena padmAvatI kA varaNa uccatara AlaMbana ke rUpa meM karatA hai / jAyasI ke prasaMga meM isakI carcA ho cukI hai ki padmAvata kI pUrI saMgharSa - kathA hai, jisameM prema - vIratA eka sAtha upasthita haiM / mAyA kI sarvAdhika carcA kabIra ke prasaMga meM hotI hai, para ekAMgI DhaMga se / dArzanika vAda-vivAda ko philahAla chor3a deM, jahA~ brahma- jIva-mAyA ke saMbaMdhoM kI vyAkhyAe~ vistAra 220 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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se huI haiM / Izvara, jise nirguNa-nirAkAra paMtha meM 'niraMjana' kahA gayA- kabIra se lekara guru nAnaka taka, usakI sattA sarvopari hai / para jise mAyA kahA gayA, usakI bhI kaI artha dhvaniyA~ haiM aura vaha anekarUpA hai| eka biMdu para vaha vidhAtA kI zakti bhI hai, jisake mAdhyama se vaha svayaM ko vyakta karatA hai - nAnA rUpoM meM, para Iza svayaM nirlipta hai, asaMga, isalie parama zuddha, vizuddha, viziSTa hai| rAma kRSNa karmabharI lIlAoM ke bIca apanI zuddhatA meM surakSita haiM, para kAvya meM jaba unakA avataraNa hotA hai, to yaha dArzanika maMtavya TUTatA hai, kyoMki racanA saMvedana- prayatna hai / kAvya kA samApana nirveda bhAva zAMta rasa meM ho sakatA hai, para jo karma - saMsAra devatva ko keMdra meM rakhakara racAyA gayA hai, usameM kAvyanAyaka kI bhUmikA taTastha kaise ho sakatI hai ? isake lie pratIkAtmaka-AdhyAtmika samAdhAna koI anivAryatA bhI nahIM hai, jaise kRSNa - carita ke saMdarbha meN| kabIra mAyA kA prayoga bAra-bAra karate haiM, para mere vicAra se vaha vedAMtI artha taka sImita nahIM hai / ve eka sajaga kavi haiM, sAmAjika cetanA se saMpanna prakhara pratibhA - puruSa, isalie samaya-samAja se AMdolita haiN| balki yaha kaheM ki yathArtha unake sAmane pahale AtA hai, jisase ve jUjhate haiM, phira dArzanika zabdAvalI AtI hai jo unhoMne pracalita paraMparA se prApta kI, pothiyoM se nahIM / isa anekarUpA mAyA kA aisA saMkrAmaka - duSprabhAva ki koI isase nahIM baca sakA: ramaiyA kI dulahina lUTA bajAra aura tInoM loka meM hAhAkAra maca gyaa| mAyA kA vaha rUpa kabIra ke sAmane hai, jise ve dekha rahe the : bhoga-vilAsa, dehavAda, chadma, ADaMbara, mithyA karmakAMDa, vaimanasya Adi / isalie unhoMne Agraha kiyA ki 'satya' ko pahacAnane kA prayatna karo, jo bhItara vAsa karatA hai / indriyoM ke atikramaNa para unakA Agraha hai : maimaMtA mana mAri re, nAnhAM kari kari pIsa / ahaMkAra mAnava vyaktitva kA zatru hai, use miTAnA hI hogA, jisakA Agraha sUphiyoM ne bhI kiyA / mAyA meM madhyakAlIna samaya-samAja kI vikRtiyA~ sammilita haiM, jinheM pArakara kabIra ne eka vaikalpika mUlya-saMsAra kA saMketa kiyA : cuvata amIrasa bharata tAla jaha~, zabda uThe asamAnI ho athavA gagana garajai tahA~ sadA pAvasa jharai, hota jhanakAra nita bajata tUrA / yaha hai mAnava mUlyoM kA uccatama dharAtala / bhaktikAvya ke pravRtti - darzana kA saMzliSTa rUpa hai, jisameM karma pradhAna haimUlya - samanvita karma : karmapradhAna bisva raci rAkhA / Agraha mUlya-bhare sAmAjika karma para hai, jisase jIvana ko sArthakatA milatI hai aura samAja-saMskRti kA itihAsa bhI isI se agrasara hotA hai para bhaktikAvya ne ise kevala kahakara nahIM chor3a diyA, kyoMki vaha upadeza vRtti hotI, unhoMne ise pramANita kiyA, caritArthatA dI / kabIra julAhA kA kAma karate haiM : jolahA bInahu ho harinAmA, jAke sura nara muni dhare dhyAnA / jAyasI ne jisa muhAvare kA upayoga kiyA, usase patA calatA hai ki khetI-kisAnI meM lage rahe hoNge| sUra bhI kIrtana-bhajana - gAyana se nayA pariveza banAne kA prayatna karate haiM / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 221

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tulasI ne to apane jIvanakAla meM hI zabda ko vAcika paraMparA se jor3A, rAmalIlA Adi kI vyavasthA kii| apane vinaya bhAva meM ve rAmabhakti ke atirikta aura kucha isalie nahIM cAhate kyoMki rAma karmavAna mUlya-guNa-samuccaya haiM, unakI preraNA se sahI karma-patha para agrasara huA jA sakatA hai : 'vinayapatrikA dIna kI, bApu Apa hI bA~co, hie heri tulasI likhI, so subhAya sahI kari, bahuri pU~chie paaNco|' mIrA ne rAjakula kA parityAga kiyA, jo sAmaMtI samaya kA parajIvI samAja hai aura unheM ciMtA nahIM ki TippaNI kI jAtI hai : saMtana Dhiga baiThi-baiThi loka lAja khoii| jise kaI bAra loka-lAja kahA jAtA hai, vaha isa dRSTi se sahI mArga para calane meM bAdhaka bhI ki vahA~ prativAda ke lie avasara hI nahIM hai, jabaki bhaktikAvya vivekI pratipakSa hai-vicAra-saMvedana kI maitrI para AdhArita / bhaktikAvya kA pravRtti-darzana samAjadarzana kA pramukha upAdAna hai, jo karmabhare jIvana kA Agraha karatA hai aura jise aneka prakAra se paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| svayaM kaviyoM ne bhI ise jiyA hai, apane karma niSpAdita karate hue, uccatara mUlyoM kI parikalpanA se| raidAsa carmakAra kA kArya karate hue bhakti-bhAva kA pratipAdana kara sakate haiM : tuma caMdana hama iMraDa bApure saMgi tumAre bAsA, nIca rUpa te U~ca bhae haiM, gaMdha sugaMdha nivaasaa| rAjA ratnasena ke vyaktitva meM dIpti taba AtI hai, jaba vaha prema aura yuddha donoM meM sAhasa kA paricaya detA hai; premapaMtha para calane kA nirNaya letA hai, to sabake samajhAne-bujhAne ke bAda bhI aDiga hai| prema ke lie vaha rAja-pATa ko tilAMjali de detA hai, to isakA yaha artha nahIM ki vaha dAyitva se palAyana kara rahA hai, isakI vyaMjanA yaha bhI ki bhoga-vilAsa jIvana kA lakSya nahIM ho sktaa| yaha rUmAnI prema nahIM hai, isa niSThA kI pariNati udAtta bhakti-bhAva meM hotI hai : marana jiyana ura rahai na hie (padmAvatI-ratnasena bheMTa khNdd)| isakI carcA vistAra se ho cukI hai ki rAma-kRSNa aura unase saMbaddha caritroM kA sauMdarya unake sAmAjika mUlya karma meM hai| yadi AcArya zukla gopiyoM se pUrNa saMtuSTa nahIM haiM to saMbhavataH isalie bhI ki unakI bhAvanAmayatA meM karma-saMsAra chipa gayA hai| muktibodha ise 'bhAvAveza vyaktivAda' kahate haiN| para rAgAtmaka samarpaNa se ve isakI kSati-pUrti karatI haiM, gopI-bhAva banatI haiM, unheM sAmAjika svIkRti bhI milatI hai : gopI, gvAla, gAya, gosuta saba malinabadana kRsgaat| svayaM pragativAdI ciMtana svIkAratA hai ki kRSNakAvya adhika 'sekyulara' hai, use hara varga kI mAnyatA milii| jahA~ dharma kI upasthiti hotI hai, vahA~ AdhyAtmikatA, rahasyavAda Adi ke prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThate haiN| kabIra jaise krAMtikArI ko bhI rahasyavAdI sImAoM meM bAMdhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA aura jAyasI kI lokasaMpRkti ke sAtha bhI yahI huaa| dharma kI rasAtmaka anubhUti yadi bhakti hai to racanA meM bhakti kA nirUpaNa, usakA mAnavIya pakSa hai| yaha mAnavIyatA gahare asaMtoSa se upajatI hai aura karma-patha se hotI huI, uccatara mUlyoM taka jAtI hai| jaba udAtta udAra mAnavIyatA hI uccatama dharAtala 222 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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anyathA 1 prApta kara sakatI hai, to phira kisI rahasyavAdI atirikta AropaNa kI bAdhyatA hI kahA~ raha jAtI hai / yaha to usI karmakANDI paddhati kI ora pratyAvartana hai, jisake vikalpa rUpa meM bhaktikAvya mUlya-saMsAra ko pratipAdita karatA hai / kAvya ke saMdarbha meM adhyAtma aura rahasyavAda zabdoM ke prayoga meM kiMcit sAvadhAnI kI apekSA hai, saMvedana- jagat kA vAstavika Azaya hI saMkaTa meM par3a jAegA / bhAva - unnayana hI aisI arthadIpti detA hai ki anya saMketa aura vyaMjanAe~ bhI prApta hoM, to bhI unheM sahI saMdarbha meM dekhA jAnA caahie| kabIra - jAyasI ke rahasyavAda kI carcA kabhI hotI thI, isalie usa para vicAra jarUrI hai| donoM ko nirguNamArgI kavi kahA gayA, jahA~ sAkAra devatva anupasthita, para yaha bhI saca hai ki ve jJAna - prema mArga se hokara eka hI lakSya para pahu~canA cAhate haiM - uccatara mUlya-saMsAra, jahA~ vikAra kama hoMge tathA bhAI-cArA, audArya, karuNA, sahAnubhUti, saumanasya adhika / alAuddIna ne chala-bala se padma ko pAnA cAhA, para pariNAma kyA huA ? jauhara bhai saba istirI, puruSa bhae saMgrAma | jAyasI kI niSkarSAtmaka TippaNI vicAraNIya hai ki tRSNA kaSTa detI hai : jau lahi Upara chAra na parai, tau lahi yaha tisnA nahiM mare / rAghavacetana, devapAla kI bhI yahI durgati hai jo dehavAda meM ulajhe haiM / padmAvata ke aMta meM jAyasI padmAvatI ke mArmika prasaMga ke mAdhyama se prema kI pratiSThA karate haiM : sArasa paMkhi na jiyai ninAre, hauM tumha binu kA jiauM piyAre / kabIra - jAyasI meM haThayoga zabdAvalI A gaI hai, isase bhI bhrAMti utpanna hotI hai aura isakA bacAva karanA bhI koI anivAryatA nahIM hai / para vAstavikatA yaha hai ki aise agocara rahasya- loka kA nirmANa lokasaMpRkti ke ina saMvedana-saMpanna kaviyoM kI abhIpsA hI nahIM hai, jahA~ manuSya pRSThabhUmi meM calA jAya aura purohitavAda kA karmakAMDI vyavasAya sakriya ho / kaviyoM kA mUla Azaya uccatara mUlya-saMsAra kA niSpAdana hai aura jise jIva - brahma athavA AtmA-paramAtmA-saMbaMdha ke rUpa meM vivecita kiyA jAtA hai| usakI bhI dhvani yahI hai ki jIvana-saMgharSa ke bIca se manuSya manuSyatA kA uccatama dharAtala kaise prApta kre| udAtta mAnavIya prema se hI yaha saMbhava hai ! pema chA~r3i nahiM lona kichu ( jAyasI) / adhyAtma zabda bhI kaI bAra yaha suvidhA detA hai ki use rahasyavAda se saMbaddha kara dekhA jAya / para jaba kAvya ke saMdarbha meM isakA prayoga hotA hai to usakI mAnavIya paMtha nirapekSa sthiti adhika upayogI pratIta hotI hai / bhaktikAvya kI vizvasanIyatA kA pramukha kAraNa usakI yahI mAnavIya dRSTi hai, jisakA vivecana ho cukA hai| kRSNa "maiM kucha camatkAra haiM para unakA raMgAraMga lIlA - saMsAra hai, pUrI taraha mAnavIya, phira bhI unheM aisI AdhyAtmikatA se maMDita kiyA jAtA hai ki ve usa devatva kI ora lauTa jAya jahA~ se sUradAsa Adi unheM pRthvI para avatarita karake lAe the, manuSya kI preraNA ke lie / gopikAoM kA prema bhAva apanI rAgAtmakatA meM hI sarAhanIya hai, use kisI atirikta AdhyAtmika AvaraNa kI apekSA nahIM / para yahA~ yaha bhI ullekhanIya ki bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 223

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AkarSaNa kevala rUpa ke prati nahIM hai, usameM guNa bhI sammilita haiM, jisameM muralI-vAdana, katipaya camatkArI lIlAe~, vizeSa rUpa se govardhana-dhAraNa Adi haiM / tulasI kI bhakti cetanA ko bhI kisI aise AdhyAtmika loka meM le jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, jahA~ usakA mAnavIya lokapakSa hI dhUmila par3a jAya, jo pUrI kathA ke keMdra meM hai / Akhira saMta, satsaMgati para mahAkavi kA itanA Agraha kyoM, ki ve kaI rUpoM meM unakA smaraNa karate haiN| rAmacaritamAnasa kA AraMbha hI unhIM se hotA hai : sAdhu carita subha carita kapAsU, nirasa bisada gunamaya phala jAsU / jo sahi dukha para chidra durAvA, baMdanIya jehiM jaga jasa pAvA aura uttarakANDa meM bhI saMta carcA hai / tulasI ne saMsAra kI vividhatA ko dekhA-samajhA, para saMta ko apanI mUlya - abhIpsA ke pratinidhi rUpa meM cunaa| yaha akAraNa nahIM ki sabhI bhaktakavi guru, saMta, satsaMgati ko jJAna kA praveza-dvAra mAnate haiM / yaha guru paribhASita hai- AlokadAtA, aMdhakAra se prakAza kI ora le jAne vAlA hai, vidyAvyApArI nahIM / kabIra meM guru sarvopari sthAna para haiM, goviMda se bhI Upara aura jAyasI kI kathA kA sUtradhAra hIrAmana suggA hai| sUra meM guru nepathya meM cale gae haiN| aura jo jJAna-garva vAle uddhava Ae, ve adhUre haiN| vahA~ kRSNa hI guru, sakhA haiM, saba kucha vahI haiM : brajajana sakala syAma bratadhArI / tulasI ne mAnasa ke AraMbha meM hI svIkAra kiyA ki guru ke smaraNa mAtra se divyadRSTi prApta hotI hai, viveka-netra nirmala hote haiN| mIrA ne raidAsa ko guru rUpa svIkArA, saMtoM kA sAtha kiyA / bhaktikAvya jaTAjUTadhArI guruDama se apanI rakSA karatA hai aura yaha sthApanA bhI ki AraMbhika kartavya pAlana ke bAda guru ko dRzya se haTa jAnA cAhie tAki saba apane-apane mArga kA saMdhAna kara skeN| saMskRti kA itihAsa isI prakAra agrasara hotA hai, prativAda se nayA mArga banAte hue, nayI saMskRti racate hue / jise bhaktikAvya kI AdhyAtmikatA kahA jAtA hai, vaha uccatara mAnavIya saMkalpanA kI avadhAraNA hai, jahA~ manuSya uccatama dharAtala prApta kara sakatA hai| bhaktikAvya ko dhArmika AMdolana kahakara saMbodhita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura isa dRSTi se vizva ke dhArmika prayatnoM se usakI prakRti bhinna hai, gaMtavya bhI pRthak . hai / dhArmika sudhAra ke jo prayatna hote rahe haiM, unameM punarutthAnavAdI bhAva yaha ki karmakAMDa - purohitavAda ke sAtha dharma-saMpradAya bane raheM, AMzika parivartana ke sAtha / para yaha samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM hai, isalie isakI upAdeyatA bhI saMdehAspada / bhaktikAvya ke madhyakAlIna rAjanItika-sAmAjika paridRzya ko dekheM, to paMDita varga meM bauddhika sakriyatA to thor3I-bahuta hai, para samAja meM parivartana kI koI saMgaThita icchA-zakti dikhAI nahIM detI, chuTa-puTa svara bhara sunAI dete haiN| aise meM bhaktikAvya ko eka 'sAMskRtika hastakSepa' ke rUpa meM adhika dekhA jAnA cAhie jisakA eka pratirodhI svara hai| sacAI to yaha hai ki sArthaka racanAe~ apane DhaMga se pratipakSa kI bhUmikA kA nirvAha karatI haiM, kahIM svara bahuta mukhara hotA hai, kahIM saMyata - zAlIna / bhaktikAvya 224 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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ko nIce se Upara kI ora agrasara hone vAle AMdolana ke rUpa meM dekhA jAnA cAhie, jisameM sAmAnya varga aura sAdhAraNa yahA~ taka ki nimna kahI jAne vAle birAdariyoM kI sAjhedArI hai| isake pUrva vaiSNavAcAryoM kI jo bauddhika sakriyatA thI, usameM prayatna yaha ki dArzanika vyAkhyA aMtaHsravita hokara racanA meM praveza kare / bhaktikAvya ne zAstrIyatA ke isa avarodha ko pAra kiyA aura lokajIvana se saMpRkti kA mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| isa saMdarbha meM adhyAtma - rahasyavAda ke sAtha laukika-alaukika kA prazna bhI uThAyA jAtA hai / racanA meM alaukikatA kA svarUpa kyA hogA, bhaktikAvya meM yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai / parama sattA kI upasthiti hai, cAhe nirguNa ho athavA saguNa aura vaha anubhUti kA kSetra hai, kaI bAra varNanAtIta / yaha prazna kA dArzanika pakSa hai, para kavitA darzana athavA vicAra kA avikala anuvAda nahIM hai / aisI sthiti meM bhaktikAvya ke samakSa yaha cunautI bhI ki gAthA - saMsAra kA kavitA meM upayoga karate hue, isa dvaMdva ko pAra kaise kiyA jAya ? yadi usakA camatkArI pakSa hai, to bhI lokajIvana meM pravAhita hokara, vaha eka biMdu para apanI asAdhAraNatA kho de, sAmAnyIkRta ho jAya - caritra ke dharAtala para / isI ke sAtha yaha bhI ki vaha apane samagra vyaktitva sAdhAraNatA ke bIca asAdhAraNatA kA bodha karA ske| kahIM yaha kArya mAnavIya kriyAkalApa ke mAdhyama se hotA hai aura kahIM pratIkAtmakatA se / jAyasI ke saMdarbha prAyaH kahA jAtA hai ki unameM laukikatA se alaukikatA ke saMketa haiN| para kavitA meM alaukikatA mAnavIya mUlya saMsAra ke bhItara se niHsRta hokara hI vizvasanIya banatI hai / dhArmika racanA aura bhaktikAvya meM yahI mUla aMtara hai kyoMki donoM ke mArga bhinna haiM / dhArmikatA kI dRSTi asAdhAraNatA para rahatI hai, para kavitA sahaja - sAdhAraNa ke mAdhyama se virATa kA bodha karAtI hai| padmAvatI ko yadi pArasamaNi ke rUpa meM na bhI dekhA jAya, to bhI vaha aniMdya sauMdarya kI rUpavatI nArI hai, sahaja subhAva se haMsatI hai to : taha~ taha~ chiTaki joti paragasI / udAtta caritra nirmita karate hue, bhaktakavi unheM apane samaya ke nae pratimAna kA rUpa bhI denA cAhate haiM, ise bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA / laukika se alaukika, sAdhAraNa se asAdhAraNa ke saMketa meM kavi kI sarjanAtmaka kalpanA ke sAtha, unakI yaha abhIpsA bhI ki samaya kA behatara vikalpa khojA jAya / bhaktikAvya meM virodhAbhAsa tathA aMtarvirodhoM kI carcA bhI kI gaI hai, para ise samaya kI sImAoM ke rUpa meM dekhanA hogA / bhaktakaviyoM ne eka kaThina samaya meM racanA-dharma kA nirvAha kiyA, kyA yaha sarAhanIya nahIM hai ? yaha bhI ullekhanIya ki unhoMne kaI sImAe~ pAra kIM aura svayaM ko janAMdolana se saMbaddha kiyA tathA racanA - stara para use gati dene kA prayAsa bhI kiyaa| isa dRSTi se usakI sAmAjika-sAMskRtika bhUmikA nizcita hI ullekhanIya hai / 'bhakti AMdolana aura sUradAsa kA kAvya' meM mainejara pAMDeya isa avadAna ko svIkArate haiM : 'bhakti AMdolana janasaMskRti ke apUrva utkarSa kA akhila bhAratIya AMdolana hai / aise AMdolana meM aneka svaroM kA samAveza bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 225

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koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai| jo AMdolana samAja ke vibhinna vargoM, upavargoM aura samudAyoM ke jIvana kI vAstavikatAoM tathA AkAMkSAoM se jur3A ho usameM aneka saMvAdI aura visaMvAdI svaroM kA sahaastitva svAbhAvika hI hai| yaha sthiti hindI hI nahIM, dUsarI bhAratIya bhASAoM ke bhaktikAvya meM bhI dikhAI detI hai' (pR. 45) / Azcaryajanaka yaha ki jisa bhaktikAvya ko prapatti-samarpaNa kI pRSThabhUmi meM dekhA jAtA hai, usameM lalakAra kA svara bhI unake samAjadarzana ko tejasvitA detA hai| yaha cunautI kaI staroM para hai aura alaga-alaga rIti-nIti se| kabIra bAjAra meM khar3e haiM, hAtha meM lukAThI lie aura sabako phaTakArate calate haiN| apane samaya se itane asaMtuSTa ki Akroza vyaMgya kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai aura bhASA aisI doTraka ki sunanevAlA tilamilA jaay| para kabIra isI nakArAtmakatA meM ruka jAte, to unake saMvedana kI udAratA kA citra eka prakAra se apUrNa raha jaataa| unakA Akroza parivartanakAmI hai, aura vikSobha ko sakArAtmaka dizA dete hue, vikalpa kA saMketa karatA hai| madhyakAlIna kRSi zabdAvalI kA prayoga karate hue, laMbe pada meM ve kahate haiM : aba na batUM ihiM gAMu gusaaiiN| yahA~ zarIra hI gA~va hai, jo indriya-niyaMtrita hai| kaThora karmacArI, khoTA mukhiyA, bhayaMkara lagAna vasUlane vAlA aadi| isakI eka dhvani vikRta vyavasthA ko lekara hai, dUsarI kA saMbaMdha mUlyaciMtA se hai aura donoM aMtarbhukta haiN| khaMDa-khaMDa dekhane kI prakriyA sahI nahIM hotI, isakA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| virodhAbhAsoM para TippaNI kahIM bhI kI jA sakatI hai, para yaha sarvavidita tathya hai ki samaya kI sImAe~ hotI hai| bhaktikaviyoM kA AtmasaMgharSa to vicAraNIya hai hI kyoMki ve rAjAzraya ke mukhApekSI nahIM the, kisI artha meM dhArA se viparIta dizA meM calane kA sAhasa kara rahe the, para unake AtmAlocana kI ora bhI dhyAna jAnA caahie| yaha AlocanA-dRSTi svayaM se AraMbha hotI hai, vinaya-dainya ke mAdhyama se aura svayaM ko dIna-hIna kahane kA prayojana Aropita vivaza vinaya nahIM hai, usameM saba sammilita to haiM hI, para isa vivazatA ko lA~ghakara hI vRhattara loka meM pahuMcA jA sakatA hai| nAma koI bhI deM, atikrAMta bhAva se lekara AtmavistAra, sAmAjIkaraNa taka, para bhaktikAvya ne avarodha pAra kie, ise svIkAranA hogaa| devatva, zAstrIyatA, paMDitAI, devabhASA AbhijAtya Adi ke pracalita mArga ke sthAna para unhoMne nae patha kA saMdhAna kiyaa| sUra ko kRSNa taka sImita kara diyA jAtA hai, para unake prArthanA pada isa dRSTi se vicAraNIya haiM ki samaya se unakI sahamati nahIM dikhAI detI, jo sthiti kabIra, tulasI meM bahuta spaSTa hai| sUra ke eka pada meM aneka vikAra-bodhaka zabda eka sAtha Ae haiM, samaya kI durdazA darzAte (186) / usake pahale eka laMbA pada hai, jisameM grAma-jIvana kI zabdAvalI ke mAdhyama se madhyakAla kI mUlyahInatA bimbita hai (185) : prabhu jU yauM kInhIM hama khetI baMjara bhUmi, gAu~ hara jote, aru jetI kI tetI 226 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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kAma krodha dou baila balI mili, raja-tAmasa saba kInhau ati kubuddha mana hA~kanahAre, mAyA jUA dInhI iMdriya mUla-kisAna, mahAtRna-agraja-bIja baI janma-janma kI viSaya-vAsanA, upajata latA naI paMca prajA ati prabala balI mili, mana-bidhAna jau kInau adhikArI jama lekhA mA~gai, tA" hau aadhiinau| ahaMkAra paTavArI kapaTI, jhUThI likhata bahI lAgai dharama batAvai adharama, bAkI sabai rahI bhaktikAvya ke saMdarbha meM jisa lokajIvana kI abhivyakti kaI prakAra se kI jAtI hai, kaI nAma dekara, usakA kalA-zilpa pakSa vicAraNIya hai, para vaha svataMtra vivecana kA viSaya hai| ullekhanIya yaha ki bhaktikAvya ne zAstrIyatA-paMDitAI ke sthAna para jJAna-saMvedana-patha kA cayana kiyA, jise vyApaka samudAya kI svIkRti milii| para yaha prayatna apUrNa hI raha jAtA, yadi kaviyoM ne devabhASA ke sthAna para 'desI bhASA' kA cayana na kiyA hotaa| marAThI meM abhaMga race gae, asama meM zaMkaradeva ne, baMgAla meM caitanya-caMDIdAsa ne apanI bhASA ko apanAyA, jisase pUrvAMcala prabhAvita huaa| hiMdI meM braja-avadhI meM bhaktikAvya kI pramukha sakriyatA hai para maithilI meM vidyApati, rAjasthAnI meM mIrAbAI bhI haiN| bhaktikAvya ne apanA muhAvarA lokajIvana se prApta kiyA, isalie jo Azaya samAjadarzana ke rUpa meM vaha logoM taka pahu~cAnA cAhatA thA, usameM saphalatA milii| yahA~ na abhivyakti kA saMkaTa hai, na preSaNIyatA kA, vizeSatayA usa artha meM, jisa rUpa meM Aja prayukta kiyA jAtA hai| AbhijAtya ko tor3atI, sahaja bhASA ko pAne kA prayatna to yahA~ hai, para use sarala-sapATa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kavitA sapATe meM saMbhava bhI nahIM hai, vaha rukakara socane ko bAdhya bhI karatI hai, kyoMki bhAvAveza ke sahAre nahIM cltii| jIvana-jagata ko jisa rUpa meM dekhA-samajhA gayA hai, usI rUpa meM pAThaka taka use pahu~cA sakane kA kArya svayaM meM cunautI-bharA hai, jokhima kA bhI, jisake lie muktibodha ne gar3ha-maTha tor3ane kI bAta taka kI hai| isa dizA meM sabase adhika khatarA uThAyA kabIra ne, jisake pAsa anubhava kI pUMjI thI aura vyaMgya ke mUla meM bhI eka sadAzayI mAnavIya dRSTi, jisake abhAva meM racanAe~ cItkAra-phUtkAra banakara raha jAtI haiN| AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI jaba kabIra ko 'vANI kA DikTeTara' kahate haiM taba unakA Azaya yahI hai ki ve apanA maMtavya samAja taka pahu~cAnA cAhate haiM aura isake lie pUrA muhAvarA bhI vahIM se prApta kara lete haiM, parama dezaja tadbhava rUpa meN| bolacAla kI bhaMgimA unake yahA~ sahajatA se praveza kara gaI hai| jaba ve vyaMgya karate haiM to bhASA prahArAtmaka hotI hai, lokoktiyoM kA sahArA letI, jaise eka hI pada meM donoM jAtiyoM ke pAkhaMDa para AkramaNa : besyA ke pAyana-tara sovai yaha dekho bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 227

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hiMduAI, musalamAna ke pIra-auliyA murgI-murgA khaaii| uccatara mUlya-saMsAra racAte hue ve adhika saMyata haiM, para bhASA yogaparaka zabdAvalI ko chor3akara, sAmAnyatayA sahaja hai, lokagItoM kA smaraNa karAtI : morI cunarI meM pari gayo dAga piyA athavA bahuri nahiM AvanA yA des| TheTha dezaja bhASA, jise kabhI anagar3ha taka kahA gayA, samAja ke pichar3e vargoM se sahaja tAdAtmya sthApita karatI hai| kabIra paMjAba se chattIsagar3ha taka phaile hue haiM aura unakI bhASA ke kaI tevara haiN| kabIra kI tulanA meM jAyasI anAkrozI kavi haiM, apekSAkRta zAMta-saMyata, premabhAva ko abhivyakti dete hue| ve bhI avadhI ke TheTha dezaja rUpa ko apanAte haiM jo unhoMne lokajIvana se prApta kI, para usameM vividha bhAvoM ke prakAzana ke lie avasara kama hai| use nirAyAsa bhASA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, isa artha meM ki usameM tatsama zabdAvalI sImita hai para lokasaMvedanA ke jo sthala unakI cetanA ke samIpI haiM, vahA~ ve mArmika haiM, jaise mAnasarodaka, nAgamatI viyoga Adi khaMDa meN| kabIra-jAyasI meM yoga kI zabdAvalI kAvya-bhASA meM sahaja nahIM ho pAI hai| kAvyabhASA, zilpa kI saMkSipta carcA isalie kyoMki jisa samAjadarzana ko bhaktikAvya prakSepita karanA cAhatA hai aura jisa lokajIvana para vaha AdhArita hai, usakI vizvasanIyatA kA AdhAra jIvana-saMpakti se prApta bhASA hI hai| kabIra meM yadi bhASA kI anagar3ha maulikatA hai, isa biMdu para ki zabda kahIM se bhI pAe jA sakate haiM, prazna unake saMyojana aura artha-niSpatti kA hai| jAyasI kI TheTha pUrabI avadhI kI sarasatA mArmika prasaMgoM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai : kuhuki kuhuki jasa koila roii| sUra meM brajabhASA kA sarvottama sarakSita hai aura gItAtmakatA ke lie jisa mAdhurya guNa tathA laya kI apekSA hotI hai, usameM ve apratima haiN| sUradAsa kI racanAzIlatA kA AdhAra vaha padazailI hai, jise lokakaMTha meM sthAna prApta thA, lokagItoM ke rUpa meN| inake anAma racanAkAroM ne sUra ko isalie bhI prabhAvita kiyA kyoMki ve unake saMvedana ke samIpI the aura sUrasAgara ke mahattvapUrNa prasaMga-bAla-varNana, mAkhanalIlA, go-cAraNa se lekara bhramaragIta taka sUra kI cetanA ke samIpI haiN| inakI abhivyakti meM ve jisa saMlagnatA tathA rAgAtmakatA ke sAtha, svayaM ko niyojita karate haiM, usake lie lokagItoM kI madhurA bhASA prAsaMgika hai| kIrtana-gAyana se jur3akara sUra ke pada janatA kI smRti kA aMza banate haiM aura jisa bhAvaloka kA nirmANa hotA hai, use gItakAvya ke saMdarbha meM spRhaNIya kahA jA sakatA hai| nizchala, nirmala saMvedana jisa tanmayatA se vyakta hue haiM, use gItasRSTi kA eka pratimAna kahanA adhika ucita hogaa| isameM lokajIvana se prApta kavi kA vaha bimba-saMsAra bhI, jisase dRzyAMkana hotA hai : dekhiyata kAliMdI ati kArI; ati malIna vRSabhAnukumArI; nisidina barasata naina hamAre aadi| padoM kI layAtmakatA unheM jo saMgItamayatA detI hai, usase ve lokagItoM kI paraMparA kA aMga bane aura rAga-rAginiyoM meM ba~dhakara zAstrIya gAyana se bhI saMbaddha ho ge| 228 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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tulasI kI bhASA kA vaividhya vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya hai| brajabhASA meM bhI unakI racanAe~ haiM-vinayapatrikA, kavitAvalI, gItAvalI, dohAvalI Adi para unakA kIrti-kAvya avadhI meM racA gyaa| tulasI meM tadbhava-tatsama kA saMyojana unakI bhASA ko aisI samRddhi detA hai jo bhaktikAvya meM virala hai| yadyapi sabhI bhaktikavi lokabhASA se apanI abhivyakti-sAmarthya prApta karate haiM, para tulasI use nayA vinyAsa bhI dete haiN| jIvana kI jitanI chaviyA~ rAmacaritamAnasa meM ubharI haiM, unake sAtha nyAya kara sakane ke lie bhASA kI yaha vividhatA anivArya thii| binA kisI avizvasanIya AkasmikatA ke dRzyoM ko badalane meM bhASA tulasI kI sahAyatA karatI hai| jJAna-bhakti Adi ke vivecana meM bhASA kA dArzanika AdhAra dikhAI detA hai, para use kAvya-viSaya banAne ke lie ve upamAoM kA upayoga karate haiN| mA~ kaikeyI ke prati kSobha vyakta karate hue, bharata kI bhASA meM Akroza hai : vara mA~gata mana bhai nahiM pIrA, gari na jIha, mu~ha pareu na kiiraa| para bharata kI bhASA bhakti kA pratimAna banatI hai aura unake eka hI vaktavya meM kaI bhUmiyoM kA saMsparza karatI hai-vinaya, karuNA, pazcAttApa, anunaya, samarpaNa Adi : mahI sakala anaratha kara mUlA, so suni samujhi sahiu~ saba sUlA aadi| prasaMgAnukUla bhASA tulasI kA kauzala hai, jisake mAdhyama se ve hara dRzya ko aMkita karane meM sakSama haiM aura yahA~ ve apane samakAlInoM meM viziSTa haiN| janaka-vATikA prasaMga meM bhASA-lAlitya kA vivecana ho cukA hai, para vana mArga kA dRzya bhI hai jahA~ sneha-saMkoca kA nirvAha eka sAtha huA hai : khaMjana maMju tirIche nayanani, nija pati kaheu tinhahiM siyaM synni| vIratA ke prasaMga meM bhASA ke tevara bilakula badala jAte haiM, yadyapi vahA~ varNanAtmakatA adhika hai| jahA~ tulasI kI cetanA ramatI hai, vahA~ bhASA kA pravAha abAdha gati se agrasara hotA hai, sahaja bhAva se| zabda aura artha kI abhinnatA ko rAma-sItA-yugma ke rUpa meM 'mAnasa' meM dekhA gayA hai, kavitA ise caritArtha karatI hai| niSAda meM roSa janma letA hai : Aju rAmasebaka jasa leU~, bharatahiM samara sikhAvana deuuN| dazaratha-kaikeyI saMvAda ke prasaMga meM bhASA ayodhyA-nareza kI vyathA aura unake aMtaHsaMgharSa ko vyakta karane meM kaI staroM para calatI hai-sumukhi, sulocani, pikabacani ke zrRMgArI saMbodhanoM se lekara, anunaya-vinaya se gujaratI yaha bhASA yathArtha ke sAmane hai : phiri pachitaihasi aMta abhAgI, mArasi gAi nahArU (tAMta) laagii| sUra meM braja ko aura jAyasI-tulasI meM avadhI ko jo layAtmakatA prApta huI, vaha lokabhASA kI dena hai aura usane ina kaviyoM ko janatA ke kaMTha taka pahu~cA diyaa| kabIra kI TheThabhASA sAmAnyajana kI samIpI hai| mIrA jinakA saMvedana-saMsAra sImita hai, ve bhI apanI gItAtmakatA meM kIrtana se jur3akara, janamAnasa kI samIpI huiiN| bhaktikAvya ne pracalita chaMdoM ko lokagAyana kI paraMparA meM nayA vinyAsa dekara, kavitA ko sugrAhya bnaayaa| bhaktikAvya kI saMpannatA kA AdhAra, bhAva ke sAtha abhivyakti meM bhI lokajIvana kI saMpRkti hai| jIvana meM pracalita lokakathA, lokagIta, lokoktiyA~ Adi bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 229

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kA sakSama upayoga ise kisI bhI prakAra ke alagAvavAda se bacAtA hai / eka prakAra se yaha saMbodhana kA kAvya hai aura kaviyoM ke samakSa jaise zrotA samAja niraMtara upasthita hai| rAmacaritamAnasa ke vaktA - zrotA yugma kI carcA ho cukI hai, para sabhI kavi saMbodhanavAcaka zabdAvalI kA prayoga karate haiM / kabIra meM barAbara isakA upayoga hai : suno bhAI sAdho, saMto bhAI AI jJAna kI A~dhI, sAdho dekho jaga baurAnA, merA-terA manuvA~ kaise eka hoya re Adi / tulasI kI vinayapatrikA saMbodhana kAvya kA anyatama udAharaNa hai| sUra kI gopikAoM ke upAlaMbha ke lie madhukara bhramara hai / vicAraNIya yaha ki jaba bhaktakavi svayaM ko saMbodhita karatA hai, taba bhI vaha AtmAlApa nahIM hai, isa prakriyA meM zrotA upasthita haiM / kathAvAcana kI laMbI maukhika paraMparA bhArata meM rahI hai, para racanA meM bhI vaktA - zrotA kI niyojanA kI gii| rAmAyaNa ke AraMbha meM nArada vAlmIki ko rAmakathA sunAte haiM aura samApana aMza meM lava-kuza isa kAvya ko gAyana rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM / Adiparva ke AraMbha meM sUtanandana ugrazravA naimiSAraNya kSetra meM RSiyoM ko mahAbhArata kI kathA sunAte haiN| gItA kRSNa-arjuna ke vArtAlApa rUpa meM racI gaI aura bhAgavata - mAhAtmya meM zaunaka, sUta, nArada, uddhava aura svayaM bhakti upasthita haiN| adhyAyoM meM prazna-uttara ke rUpa meM pAtra badalate rahate haiM aura pUrI kathA isI rUpa meM nirmita huI hai, jisameM vaktA zukadeva tathA zrotA parIkSita pramukha haiM / kathA - vAcana kI isa pracalita zailI ko bhaktikAvya ne nayA vinyAsa diyA kyoMki kaviyoM kA uddezya mAtra kathA kahanA nahIM thA / isa mAdhyama se ve lokajIvana kA upayoga karate hue, kisI kAvya-satya ko pratiSThita bhI karanA cAhate haiN| samAja kI pIThikA para nirmita, yaha bhakti kA kAvya-saMskaraNa hai, jise samAjadarzana kahA jA sakatA hai| pApa-puNya, sat-asat ke saMgharSa meM uccatara mUlyoM kI vijaya ghoSita karane kI suvidhA kathAzrita kAvya meM hai / para jAyasI kA padmAvata aise kAvya-nyAya kA pAlana nahIM karatA, vahA~ to ratnasena yuddha meM mArA jAtA hai aura padmAvatI satI ho jAtI hai| phira bhI kAvya se mUlya niSpAdita karane kA saMkalpa pUrA hotA hai ki vyartha ke saMgharSa kA aMta kyA hai ? chAra uThAi lInha eka mUThI, dInha ur3Ai pirathimI jhUThI / isI krama meM kahA gayA ki : jau lahi Upara chAra na parai, tau lahi yaha tisnA nahiM marai / bhaktikAvya prAcIna zaMkA-samAdhAna zailI ko nae rUpa meM prastuta karate hue, vicAra - saMvedana kI maitrI sthApita karatA hai aura sabako sIdhe hI saMbodhita karane kA saMkalpa letA hai| isase Izvara manuSya ke bIca kisI madhyastha kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jAtI aura donoM meM udAtta rAgAtmaka mAnavIya saMbaMdha sthApita hote haiM / karmakAMDa-purohitavAda kA jAla TUTatA hai aura vRhattara janasamudAya bhaktikAvya meM sAjhedArI karatA hai / zravya-dRzya kA dvaita bhI yahA~ TUTatA hai kyoMki kavi ke sAmane zrotA darzaka rUpa meM upasthita hai 1 saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai ki arase taka bhaktikAvya meM pratipAdita jIvana - dRSTi, 230 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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samAjadarzana ke prati pUrNa nyAya nahIM ho skaa| devatva se saMbaddha hone ke kAraNa kucha maThAdhIzoM ko isake mAdhyama se vyavasAya kI suvidhA thii| kyA yaha trAsada nahIM ki lokavAdI dRSTi kA AgrahI bhaktikAvya, jo madhyakAla kI sAmaMtI sImAoM meM vaikalpika mUlya-saMsAra kA svapna dekhatA hai, jisameM kabIra kA vidroha, jAyasI kA prema, sUra kI rAgamayatA, tulasI kA lokadharma, mIrA kA samarpaNa eka sAtha upasthita haiM, use kaI prakAra kI pratikrAMtiyoM kA zikAra honA pdd'aa| aMdhabhakti jaba vyavasAyIkaraNa kI ora saprayojana DhaMga se mur3atI hai, taba isa prakAra kI durghaTanAe~ honA svAbhAvika hai| kAvya deva-paricAlita hai, isalie kucha samaya taka vaha tathAkathita AdhunikatAvAdiyoM ke adhyayana kA viSaya nahIM bana sakA, jabaki AcArya rAmacaMdra zukla jaise vicAravAna Alocaka use bauddhika prasthAna de cuke the| para Aja sthiti yaha hai ki samakAlIna bhI kisI biMdu para usase sAkSAtkAra ke lie vivaza haiN| paraMparA eka anavarata prakriyA hai, vizeSatayA bhArata jaise prAcIna deza meM aura usakA jo sarvottama jIvaMta aMza hai, use nae saMdarbha meM jAnane-samajhane se naI racanAzIlatA bhI prakArAMtara se saMvedana-samRddha hotI hai| racanA kA itihAsa isa artha meM pratyAvartita nahIM hotA ki use duharAyA jA sake, kyoMki vaha apane samaya-samAja se TakarAkara agrasara hotA hai| para gahare artha meM jIvaMta paraMparA ko samajhe binA racanA kaI bAra eka aisI apadastha sthiti meM hotI hai ki 'pAnI kerA budabudA asa racanA kI jaati'| svIkRti-niSedha, saMcayana-vidroha kI dvaMdvAtmaka prakriyA se hokara hI mahAn racanAe~ uccatara dharAtala para pahu~catI haiN| bhaktikAvya kA yaha pakSa vicAraNIya ki kaise vaha samaya kI itanI laMbI yAtrA pArakara hamAre bIca upasthita hai aura isakA saMbaMdha kevala devatva kI abhivyakti se nahIM, varana usakI 'mAnuSa-dRSTi' se hai, jise kaI nAmoM se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| ise pUrNatA dene ke lie bhaktikAvya ne pUre vinyAsa meM vicAra-saMvedana se lekara zilpa taka-loka ko apane dhyAna meM rakhA hai| Adhunika saMdarbha meM vicAra kareM to vaijJAnika pragati kA vyavasAyIkaraNa ciMtA kA viSaya bhI honA cAhie, kyoMki vijJAna mUlataH satyAnveSaNa hai, yathArtha kI pahacAna kA prytn| amAnuSIkaraNa se kaI staroM para jUjhatA samaya Akhira preraNA ke lie kahA~ jAegA ? vizva kI sarvottama racanAzIlatA, badale samaya-saMdarbha meM kiMcit sahAyaka ho sakatI hai| bhaktikAvya, jo janAMdolana kI pIThikA para AyA, jise madhyakAlIna jAgaraNa kahanA adhika ucita hogA, apane samaya se vaicArika stara para TakarAne kA sAhasa karatA hai, aura eka nae mUlya-jagat kA saMketa karatA hai| kyA yaha sIkha nahIM detA ki racanA saMpUrNa aMdha samarpaNa se bacakara hI, apanI rakSA, to kara hI sakatI hai, vaha aisA mAnava-viveka bhI upajAtI hai ki mAtra zabda na rahe, vaha saMskRti kI samAnadharmA bhI bne| bhaktikAvya ne isa dRSTi se apanI vizvasanIyatA pramANita kI, saMvedana-stara para aura kaviyoM ko svIkRti milii| 'kavitAvalI' meM samaya kA yathArtha aura uccatara vikalpa Amane-sAmane haiM (uttara. 25) : bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 231

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rIti mahArAja kI, nevAjie jo mA~ganoM, so doSa- dukha-dArida daridra kai kai chor3ie nAmu jAko kAmataru deta phala cAri, tAhi tulasI bihAi kai babUra reMDa gor3ie jA ko naresa, desa - desa ko kalesu karai haiM prasanna vai bar3I bar3AI bauMr3ie kRpA-pAthanAtha lokanAtha - nAtha sItAnAtha taji raghunAtha hAtha aura kAhi or3ie bhaktikAvya ke prasaMga meM yaha prazna bhI uThAyA gayA hai ki sAmAjika-sAMskRtika rUpAMtaraNa meM usakI bhUmikA kyA thI ? usakI sImAoM kA ullekha bhI kiyA jAtA hai aura Tukar3oM meM bA~Takara dekhane kI caturAI bhI / racanA ko khaMDa-khaMDa dekhane kI prakriyA sahI nahIM hotI, isakI carcA ho cukI hai aura yaha to sarvamAnya tathya hai ki sacce saMdeha se to AlocanA - yAtrA kA AraMbha ho sakatA hai, para haThabhare pUrvAgraha se nahIM / z2ida koI bhI ho, racanA meM usakI sakArAtmaka bhUmikA tabhI hotI hai, jaba vaha sarjana kA saMkalpa ho, jise prasAda ne 'saMkalpAtmaka anubhUti' kahA hai| yaha to eka vaicArika prazna hai ki kalA, vizeSatayA sAhitya kI sAmAjika rUpAMtaraNa meM kyA bhUmikA hotI hai ? zabda kisa sImA taka aura kisa rUpa meM kAragara hastakSepa karane meM sakSama hote haiM ? krAMtiyoM ke mUla meM zabda - avadhAraNAe~ haiM, para pariveza banAne meM hI unakI pramukha bhUmikA hai, astra-zastra ke rUpa meM unakA upayoga haThI bAlapana kahA jaaegaa| unakI preraNA to hai, bhItarI - udvelana kI kSamatA bhI, para kAryavidhi, raNanIti, vyUha racanA Adi ke lie sAmAjika saMgaThana kI jarUrata hotI hai, rAjanIti jisakA eka pakSa hai / sAhitya sAmAjika-sAMskRtika parivartana kA pravaktA hai aura yahIM usakI bhUmikA mahattvapUrNa hai| isa saMdarbha meM do samAjazAstriyoM ko uddhRta karanA caahuuNgaa| zyAmAcaraNa dube sAhitya aura samAja ke aMtassaMbaMdhoM para vicAra karate hue kahate haiM : 'lekhaka aura usake pariveza ke sAvayavI saMbaMdha hote haiM, vaha sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika vAtAvaraNa se bahuta kucha grahaNa karatA hai, aura sAtha hI thor3e-bahuta aMzoM meM unheM prabhAvita aura parivartita bhI karatA hai / yadi lekhaka apane-Apako vyApaka sAmAjika saMdarbha se kATa letA hai to usakI racanA meM kalA bhale hI rahe, jIvana kA spaMdana nahIM hotaa| varga yA samudAya kA saMkucita gherA use samAja ke sArvabhauma satyoM se sAkSAtkAra nahIM karane detA / sAhitya meM paraMparA kI abhivyakti aura vyAkhyA hotI hai, aura isake mAdhyama se ina paraMparAoM ko sthAyitva bhI milatA hai / sAtha hI sAhitya ina paraMparAoM kA mUlyAMkana karatA hai aura satata nae arthoM aura prayojanoM kI khoja bhI / ye prayatna sthitiyoM kI naI vyAkhyA ko janma dete haiM / ina vyAkhyAoM meM hone vAle parivartana mAnava kI vicAra-prakriyAoM ko eka nayA AdhAra dete haiM / isa taraha sAhitya meM yadi eka ora 232 / bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana

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paraMparAgata jIvana-praNAlI kI anukRti dekhane ko milatI hai to dUsarI ora usameM mAnava ke vicAra-jagat ke nae AyAmoM kA paricaya milatA hai aura ubharatI huI naI jIvana-dRSTi bhI usameM citrita hotI hai| mAnava kI parikalpanA saMbaMdhI sthAyI aura parivartanazIla tattva, donoM sAhitya meM abhivyakti pAte haiN| (paraMparA, itihAsa-bodha aura saMskRti, pra. 155) / bhaktikAvya ne apane samaya meM isa lakSya taka pahu~cAne kA prayatna kiyA aura samakAlIna lekhana bhI usake vivecana meM ruci letA hai, aisI sthiti meM use sahI pariprekSya meM dekhanA prAsaMgika hogaa| pUranacaMdra jozI kA vicAra hai ki bhArata kI mahAn sAMskRtika virAsata ke sthAyI mUlya bhAratIya samAja meM parivartana lAne ke icchuka buddhijIvI varga ko preraNA dete rahe haiN| cAhe upaniSadoM ke mUla maMtra 'caraiveti caraiveti' ko leM, yA buddha ke 'bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya' siddhAMta ko leM, yA nAnaka, kabIra Adi saMtoM kI karuNA aura ekatAmUlaka, janavAdI, mAnavavAdI, krAMtikArI vANI ko leM, yA 'vaiSNavajana to teNeM kahie je pIra parAyI jANe re' ke udbodhana ko leM, yA nikaTa itihAsa se gAMdhI ke isa vicAra ko leM ki 'pratyeka dukhI prANI ke A~sU poMchanA hI hamAre jIvana kI sArthakatA hai, to isa samasta sadiyoM purAnI paraMparA se janasAdhAraNa ke adhika se adhika nikaTa Ane kI hI preraNA milatI hai' (parivartana aura vikAsa ke sAMskRtika AyAma, pR.71)| zabda kI AMdolanakArI bhUmikA kI sImAe~ haiM, para bhaktikAvya kA aitihAsika rola yaha ki eka kaThina samaya meM usane apane sAmAjikasAMskRtika dAyitva kA nirvAha sAhasa-bhare ImAna se kiyA, racanA ko sarvottama U~cAI para pahu~cAte hue, anyathA vaha cIkha-cillAhaTa banakara samApta ho jaataa| bhakti AMdolana aura bhaktikAvya sAmAjika parivartana meM apanI bhUmikA kA pUrNa nirvAha nahIM kara pAe, isake kaI tarka die jAte haiM, jisameM prAyaH yaha ki samAja kI niyaMtraka zaktiyA~ sAhitya se kahIM adhika prabhAvI sAbita huiiN| thor3A mAkyUja kI isa TippaNI para dhyAna deM ki pU~jIvAda ke samAjavAda para hAvI hone kA khatarA rahatA hai| para kAraNa aura haiM, jinameM asaMgaThita samAjoM kI trAsadI bhI nihita hai ki sattAoM kI ulaTa-palaTa hotI hai, para vyavasthA nahIM bdltii| kahA jA cukA hai ki paripArzva meM vidyamAna nihita svArthoM ke varga kucha samaya ke lie hI cuppI sAdhate haiM aura avasara pAte hI phira maMca para upasthita ho jAte haiN| itihAsakAra batAte haiM ki jaba madhyakAla meM udAratA kA daura AyA aura sAMskRtika saMvAda kI prakriyA meM gati AI to kaTTarapaMthiyoM ne isakA virodha kiyaa| sulahakula ko pUrA samarthana nahIM milA aura vaha akAlakavalita ho gyaa| sUfiyoM ko sabase adhika AkramaNa apanI hI jAti-birAdarI ke jhelane pdd'e| kabIra-jAyasI, sUra-tulasI-mIrA kI svIkRti meM bhI samaya lagA aura jaba ve apanI hI sarjanAtmakatA ke bala-bUte para loka meM pahacAne gae, taba unakI ora thor3A dhyAna diyA gyaa| para rAjakIya-zAsakIya stara para bhaktikAvya anapujA hI raha gayA, jo usake lokadharmI samAjadarzana kA asaMdigdha pramANa hai| yadi bhaktikAvya kA samAjadarzana / 233

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vaha kabhI zAhI-vRttAMtoM meM AtA to eka durghaTanA hI hotI kyoMki phira jisa sAMskRtika saMkalpa ko lekara bhaktikAvya sakriya huA, usameM bAdhA aatii| bAdhAe~ kaI thIM, samaya-pariveza kI, kaviyoM ke apane aMtaHsaMgharSa kI bhI, para bhaktikAvya ne ise lA~ghA aura nae sAMskRtika pariveza kI parikalpanA kI, apane samaya kI sImAoM meM hI shii| kaI prakAra ke virodhI yugma banAkara bhaktikAvya ko dekhane kA prayatna sahI nahIM hai kyoMki kaI bAra vaha hamAre pUrvAgrahoM kI bhI upaja hai, jaise kabIra meM vidroha aura tulasI meM paraMparA / bhaktikAvya vaividhya-bharA kAvya hai aura kavi madhyakAlIna sAmaMtI samaya se apane-apane DhaMga se nipaTate haiN| para bhaktikAvya kA jo samagra samaveta svara ubharatA hai, vaha apane ImAna meM saccA-kharA hai aura loka se preraNA letA huA, vaha apanI sarjanazIlatA usI ko sahaja pratidAna bhAva se samarpita kara detA hai| Izvara-manuSya kI maitrI ko vaha rekhAMkita karatA hai aura svayaM apanI sArthaka vANI se lekhaka-pAThaka kA aMtarAla pATatA calatA hai| yaha kama upalabdhi nahIM hai ki usane Adhunika racanAzIlatA ko kisI biMdu para udvelita kiyA-nirAlA, nAgArjuna, trilocana, nareza mehatA, bhAratabhUSaNa, vijayadevanArAyaNa sAhI, dharmavIra bhAratI se lekara ku~varanArAyaNa aura kedAranAtha siMha taka / ku~varanArAyaNa kI kavitA : 'ayodhyA, 1992' meM rAjanIti para TippaNI hai : isase bar3A kyA ho sakatA hai, hamArA durbhAgya/ eka vivAdita sthala meM simaTakara, raha gayA tumhArA sAmrAjya aura amAnuSIkaraNa kI vyathA bhI : he rAma, kahA~ yaha samaya, kahA~ tumhArA tretA yuga/kahA~ tuma maryAdA puruSottama aura kahA~ yaha netA yug|