Apbhramsa Bharti 1995 07

Author(s): Kamalchand Sogani, Gyanchandra Khinduka, Gopichand Patni
Publisher: Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/521855/1

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apabhraMza bhAratI akTUbara, 1995 zodha-patrikA mANa ujozI jIvo leviyA sarAnIjAnI apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI rAjasthAna

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apabhraMza bhAratI vArSika zodha-patrikA akTUbara, 1995 sampAdaka maNDala zrI navInakumAra baja zrI ratanalAla chAbar3A zrI mahendrakumAra pATanI DaoN. kailAzacanda jaina zrI jJAnacanda bilTIvAlA sampAdaka DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI zrI jJAnacandra khindUkA DaoN. gopIcanda pATanI prabandha sampAdaka zrI kapUracanda pATanI maMtrI, prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI sahAyaka sampAdaka suzrI prIti jaina prakAzaka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI . jainavidyA saMsthAna prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra, zrImahAvIrajI (rAjasthAna)

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vArSika mUlya : 30.00 ru. sAmAnyataH 60.00 ru. pustakAlaya hetu phoToTAipa saiTiMga: kaoNmprinTa, jayapura mudraka : jayapura prinTarsa prA. li. ema. AI. roDa, jayapura-1

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viSaya-sUcI lekhaka kra.saM. viSaya prakAzakIya sampAdakIya apabhraMza sAhitya kA punaravalokana DaoN. sakaladeva zarmA 2. paumacariu ke kucha viziSTa utprekSA alaMkAra DaoN. rAmabarana pAThaka DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva 3. 'NAyakumAracariu' meM mahAkavi puSpadanta kI saundarya-cetanA DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI' 4. karakaMDacariu : kathA-rUpa aura zilpa 5. saMdeza-rAsaka meM prakRti-citraNa DaoN. mahAvIraprasAda zarmA 6. jahiM suravarataruNaMdaNavaNAi~ mahAkavi puSpadanta DaoN. zaMbhUnAtha pANDeya __ apabhraMza meM saMvedanA ke naye staroM kA anta:saMdhAna aura unakI prAsaMgikatA tahi~ puravaru NAmeM kaNayauru mahAkavi puSpadanta suzrI maMju zukla rAso sAhitya ke Adhunika adhyetA DaoN. vipinabihArI trivedI joyai va kamalasaraloyaNehi~ mahAkavi puSpadanta 11. joindu kI kRtiyoM meM bahirAtmA kA svarUpa aura sandeza DaoN. (ku.) ArAdhanA jaina 'svataMtra' 12. On Early Apabhramsa Harivallabh C. Bhayani 91

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apabhraMza bhAratI (zodha-patrikA) sUcanAeM 1. patrikA sAmAnyata: varSa meM eka bAra prakAzita hogii| (isa aMka se patrikA vArSika kara dI gaI hai|) 2. patrikA meM zodha-khoja, adhyayana-anusaMdhAna sambandhI maulika aprakAzita racanAoM ko hI sthAna milegaa| 3. racanAeM jisa rUpa meM prApta hoMgI unheM prAyaH usI rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA jaaegaa| svabhAvataH tathyoM kI prAmANikatA Adi kA uttaradAyitva racanAkAra kA hogaa| 4. yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki prakAzaka, sampAdaka lekhakoM ke abhimata se sahamata hoN| 5. racanAeM kAgaja ke eka ora kama se kama 3 seM. mI. kA hAziyA chor3akara suvAcya akSaroM meM likhI athavA TAipa kI huI honI caahie| 6. racanAeM bhejane evaM anya saba prakAra ke patra-vyavahAra ke lie patA - sampAdaka apabhraMza bhAratI apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI digambara jaina nasiyAM bhaTTArakajI savAI rAmasiMha roDa jayapura-302004

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prakAzakIya apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyetAoM ke samakSa apabhraMza bhAratI kA sAtavAM aMka saharSa prastuta hai| yaha nirvivAda rUpa se satya hai ki bhAvapakSa aura kalApakSa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se hindI sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya se prabhAvita hai| adhikAMza Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA janma bhI apabhraMza se hI huA hai| bhArata ke eka chora se dUsare chora taka apabhraMza meM kAvya-nirmANa hotA rhaa| chaThI zatAbdI se lekara pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza aura uttaravartI apabhraMza sAhitya-paTala para ekachatra rAjya karatI rhii| inhIM kAraNoM se apabhraMza ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI prAsaMgikatA Aja bhI banI huI hai| - apabhraMza sAhitya ke sAMskRtika mahatva ko samajhate hue hI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI dvArA apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI kI sthApanA kI gii| apabhraMza bhASA ke adhyayanaadhyApana ko dizA pradAna karane ke lie apabhraMza racanA saurabha, prAkRta racanA saurabha, apabhraMza kAvya saurabha, pAhuDa dohA cayanikA Adi pustakeM prakAzita kI gaI haiN| patrAcAra ke mAdhyama se akhila bhAratIya stara para apabhraMza sarTiphikeTa pAThyakrama va apabhraMza DiplomA pAThyakrama vidhivat calAye jA rahe haiN| apabhraMza meM maulika lekhana ke protsAhana ke lie 'svayaMbhU puraskAra' bhI pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| prastuta aMka meM vidvAnoM dvArA apabhraMza sAhitya para vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vicAra prastuta kiye gaye haiN| jina vidvAnoM ne apanI racanAeM bhejakara isa aMka kA kalevara banAyA hama unake AbhArI haiN| patrikA ke sampAdaka, sahayogI sampAdaka evaM sampAdaka maNDala dhanyavAdAha haiN| isa aMka ke mudraNa ke lie jayapura prinTarsa prAiveTa limiTeDa, jayapura bhI dhanyavAdAha hai| kapUracanda pATanI maMtrI narezakumAra seThI adhyakSa prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI

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sampAdakIya "apabhraMza ko adhikAMza Adhunika bhAratIya Arya-bhASAoM kI jananI hone kA zreya prApta hai| apabhraMza kI kukSi se utpanna hone ke kAraNa hindI kA usase atyanta Antarika aura gaharA sambandha hai| ataH rASTra bhASA hindI kI mUla prakRti aura pravRtti se paricita hone ke lie apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI anivAryatA sudhI adhyetAoM aura anusaMdhitsuoM ke lie hamezA banI rhegii| DaoN. hajArI prasAda dvivedI ke anusAra - "hindI sAhitya meM apabhraMza kI prAya: pUrI paramparAeM jyoM kI tyoM surakSita haiN|" kahanA nahIM hogA ki apabhraMza ke kAlajayI kaviyoM ne apanI mahatvapUrNa racanAoM ke dvArA apabhraMza ke yazasvI sAhitya aura usake mahatva ko zatAbdiyoM ke bAda bhI akSuNNa rakhane meM pUrNa saphalatA arjita kI hai|" . "bhASA vizeSa ke artha meM 'apabhraMza' zabda kA prayoga prAya: chaThI zatI I. ke AsapAsa milatA hai| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM meM caNDa aura saMskRta ke AlaMkArikoM meM bhAmaha ko apabhraMza ke prathama nAmollekha kA zreya prApta hai - zabdArtho sahitau kAvya gadyapadyaM ca tdvidhaa| saMskRtaM prAkRtaM cAnyadapabhraMza iti tridhaa|| apabhraMza bhASA ke viSaya meM valabhI (saurASTra) ke rAjA dharasena dvitIya kA zilAlekha atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai jisameM usane apane pitA guhasena (vi. saM. 650 se pahale) ko saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza tInoM meM prabandha-racanA meM nipuNa batAyA hai|" "apabhraMza ke sampUrNa vikAsakrama ko DaoN. zivasahAya pAThaka tIna kAla-khaNDoM meM vibhAjita karate haiM - (a) AdikAla (I. san ke AsapAsa se 550 I. taka), (ba) madhyakAla (550 I. se 1200 I. taka) aura (sa) madhyottarakAla (1200 I. se 1700 I. tk)| AThavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza sampUrNa uttara bhArata kI sAhityika bhASA thii| apabhraMza ke vaiyAkaraNoM meM caNDa, puruSottamadeva, kramadIzvara, hemacandra, siMharAja, lakSmIdhara, rAmazarmA tarkavAgIza aura mArkaNDeya ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / jarmana vidvAn ricarDa pizela ko Adara ke sAtha apabhraMza kA pANinI kahA jAtA hai|" "apabhraMza sAhitya meM mahAkAvya kA prathama racayitA mahAkavi svayaMbhU kI vilakSaNatA se koI bhI sAhityavid aparicita nahIM hogaa| kavi kI tIvra evaM tIkSNa buddhirUpI lekhanI ne prastuta mahAkAvya meM mUrta-amUrta, prastuta-aprastuta, rasa, guNa, rIti, zabda-zakti, chanda, zeSa anya alaMkAra Adi ko utprekSA alaMkAra kA vAhaka banAkara kAvya ke zilpa-vidhAna meM eka nayA mor3a de diyA hai|""is kRti meM kavi ne varNa alaMkAra, chanda, rasa, divA-rAtri, saMdhyA-prabhAta,

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nagara, Rtu, jyotiSa, parAkrama evaM zaurya-yuddha se sambandhita vibhinna prakAra ke kAraka tathA jIvanopayogI samagra vastuoM ke kArakoM kI mahattA utprekSA alaMkAra ke dvArA dikhAte hue kAvyakalevara evaM sundaratA meM abhivRddhi kara dI hai| vaha kisI eka upamAna se saMtuSTi nahIM pAtA hai kyoMki usake jJAna kI pipAsA ananta hai / isalie vaha upamAnoM kI lar3I para lar3I pirotA calatA hai| kabhI bhI thakatA huA pratIta nahIM hotA hai|" __ "jaina apabhraMza sAhitya kI dhArA hameM vikrama kI AThavIM sadI se solahavIM sadI taka prApta hotI hai|""jain apabhraMza sAhitya sabhI dRSTiyoM se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| dharmapradhAna kAvya hote hue bhI inameM cAritroM ko atimAnavIya rUpa nahIM diyA gayA hai| jagata aura jIvana ke prati ina kaviyoM kA dRSTikoNa atyanta svastha aura santulita rahA hai|" "apabhraMza ke caritakAvyoM meM 'NAyakumAracariu' kA zreNya sthAna hai| isa caritakAvya ke praNetA mahAkavi puSpadanta (IsA kI dasavIM zatI) apabhraMza ke mahAkAvyoM meM dhurikIrtanIya haiN| inakI prakhyAta kAvyatrayI (tisaTThimahApurisaguNAlaMkAra, jasaharacariu aura NAyakumAracariu) meM kAvyaguNa-bhUyiSThatA kI dRSTi se NAyakumAracariu zikharastha hai|" "vikasita kalA-caitanya se samanvita yaha caritakAvya na kevala sAhityazAstra apitu saundarya-zAstra ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI prabhUta sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai / sAhityika saundarya ke vidhAyaka mUla tattvoM meM padazayyA kI cArutA, abhivyakti kI vakratA, vacobhaMgI kA camatkAra, bhAvoM kI vicchitti yA zRMgArika bhaMgimA, alaMkAroM kI zobhA, rasa-paripAka, ramaNIya kalpanA, hRdayAvarjaka bimba, ramya-rucira pratIka, Adi pramukha haiN| kahanA na hogA ki 'NAyakumAracariu' meM ina samasta kalAtattvoM kA yathAyatha viniyoga upalabdha hotA hai| saMkSepa meM kaheM to, yaha caritakAvya rUpa, zailI aura abhivyakti, kalA-cetanA kI ina tInoM vyAvartaka vizeSatAoM se vimaNDita hai|" "karakaMDacariu meM kathA-kAvyoM kI jitanI kathA-rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga huA hai, utanI anya kisI meM nhiiN| phira, isake kathA-vinyAsa evaM saMghaTana meM, mUlakathA ke sAtha avAntara kathAoM ke saMyojana meM, loka-bhASA apabhraMza ke sahaja grAhya, sarala evaM lAkSaNika prayoga meM, rasa aura paristhiti ke anurUpa chanda-vidhAna meM evaM abhivyaMjanA kI vividha nUtana-purAtana zailiyoM ke zilpa kI dRSTi se ina prabandha kAvyoM meM khaNDakAvya aura mahAkAvya donoM milate haiM / kaDavakabaddha zailI kA prayoga lagabhaga sabhI racanAoM meM kiyA gayA hai| alaMkAra-paramparA ke pAlana ke sAtha hI inhoMne tatkAlIna jIvana se naye upamAna bhI liye haiM / tatkAlIna itihAsa ke adhyayana aura anusaMdhAna kI dRSTi se bhI jaina apabhraMza sAhitya atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai|" "apabhraMza ke prabhAva se hindI sAhitya ke vibhinna aMga - kathAsAhitya, kAvya, chanda aura kAvyarUpa sabhI prabhAvita aura pallavita hue to isameM kisI ko koI Azcarya nahIM honA caahiye| hindI ke Adi mahAkAvya 'pRthvIrAja rAso' para apabhraMza kA spaSTa prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| "tulasIdAsa ke 'rAmacaritamAnasa' para svayaMbhUracita 'paumacariu' kA pratyakSa, apratyakSa prabhAva avazya par3A hai|" "kezavadAsa kI 'rAmacandrikA' apabhraMza kAvya 'jinadattacarita' se

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prabhAvita hai aura sUradAsa ke geya padoM meM 'gAthA saptazatI' kI jhalaka milatI hai| mIrA kI vANI apabhraMza lokagIta paramparA ke atyanta nikaTa hai| madhyakAlIna hindI kavitA aura rItikAlIna zRMgArI kAvya bhI apabhraMza ke zRMgAra kAvya se atyadhika prabhAvita haiN|" "hindI kAvya kA viSaya hI nahIM usakI racanAzailI aura chandoM para bhI apabhraMza sAhitya kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| alaMkAroM ke lie bhI hindI apabhraMza kI RNI hai| dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI hindI meM apabhraMza se aayaa| apabhraMza kI aneka lokoktiyoM, muhAvaroM aura kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM ko bhI hindI ne saharSa apanA liyA hai|" "isa taraha, bhAvapakSa aura kalApakSa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se hindI sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya se prabhAvita hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki apabhraMza kI prAsaMgikatA Aja bhI banI haI hai aura adhyetA Aja bhI apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyayana kI anivAryatA ko ziddata ke sAtha mahasUsa karate "mahAkavi svayaMbhU ke paramparAbaddha prakRti-citraNa meM alaMkAroM kA khulakara prayoga huA hai| mahAkavi puSpadanta ne bhI apane 'mahApurANa' meM prAkRtika dRzyoM kI jhar3I lagA dI hai| prAkRtika dRzya citraNa meM prakRti kA AlaMbanarUpa meM manomugdhakArI citra prastuta karanA 'mahApurANa' kI vizeSatA hai| isa paramparA meM bhavisayattakahA, harivaMzapurANa, jasaharacariu, jambUsAmicariu, karakaNDacariu, paumasiricariu Adi aneka apabhraMza kAvyoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai|" "apabhraMza kAvyoM kI paramparA meM laukika khaNDa kAvya 'saMdeza-rAsaka' kA prakRti-citraNa kI dRSTi se kaI arthoM meM vizeSa mahatva hai| yaha racanA eka prakAra se prakRtiparaka janabhAvanA kI sahaja abhivyakti hai| prAkRtika saundarya ne bhaugolika sImAoM ko bhI sajIva kara diyA hai| 'saMdezarAsaka' kA pAThaka pathika aura ramaNi ke dRzya-citraNa meM kho jAtA hai / vaha tAdAtmya sthApita kara aisA anubhava karatA hai jaise vaha svayaM khulI prakRti ke A~gana meM A khar3A huA ho| yahI 'saMdeza rAsaka' ke prakRti-citraNa kI vizeSatA hai|" "adhyAtmavettA kavi manIpI joindu apabhraMza sAhitya ke kundakunda mAne jAte haiN| ve eka AtmasAdhaka yogI the| unhoMne jIvanabhara AtmArAdhanA kI aura AtmA ko hI apanI racanAoM kA kendra-bindu banAkara adhyAtma-kSetra ko nayA AyAma diyaa|" "mokSa puruSArtha se anuprANita joindu kI kRtiyoM kA kathya AtmoddhAraka hai| inameM AtmA ke vibhinna rUpoM kI vivecanA hai| bahirAtmA ko antarAtmA/AtmajJAnI banane kA sandeza diyA gayA hai|" __ "DaoN. trivedI kA rAso sambandhI adhyayana maulika, vaijJAnika, tarkapUrNa tathA vicArottejaka hai| unhoMne eka naye sire se rAso ke vividha pakSoM ko udghATita kiyaa|" .. "apabhraMza laukika dharAtala para utarakara antarghAntIya bhASA banatI calI jA rahI thii| bhArata ke eka chora se lekara dUsare chora taka apabhraMza ke kaviyoM kA kAvya-nirmANa isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai / chaThI zatAbdI se lekara 14vIM-15vIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza aura uttaravartI apabhraMza yA (iv)

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avahaTTa athavA purAnI hindI sAhitya - paTala para ekachatra rAja karatI rahI / yaha apabhraMza bhASA aura usakI saMvedanA ke pArasparika sAmaMjasya ke kAraNa hI saMbhava ho skaa|" "apabhraMza ke kaviyoM kI saMvedanAeM samAja ke vyApakatara chora ko chUtI haiN| ye ve kavi nahIM haiM 'jinheM na vyApe jagata gati' / apabhraMza kI kavitA kI jar3eM apane sAmAjika pariveza meM gahare stara taka utaratI haiN| marma ko chUtI haiN| sAmAjika cetanA kI abhivyakti detI haiM / sampUrNa sAmAjika-rAjanItikaArthika tathA sAMskRtika pariveza kA jAyajA detI haiN| jahA~ bhadrajanoM ke bhAvoM kI U~cAI mApatI haiM vahIM Ama janatA ke vibhinna rUpoM kI pahacAna kA prayAsa bhI karatI haiM / " jina vidvAna lekhakoM ne apanI racanAeM bhejakara aMka prakAzana meM hameM sahayoga kiyA hama unake AbhArI haiN| saMsthAna samiti, sampAdaka maNDala evaM sahayogI kAryakartAoM ke bhI AbhArI haiM / mudraNa hetu jayapura prinTarsa prA. li., jayapura dhanyavAdArha hai / DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI

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apabhraMza sAhitya kA punaravalokana DaoN. sakaladeva zarmA - apabhraMza ko adhikAMza Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kI jananI hone kA zreya prApta hai / apabhraMza kI kukSi se utpanna hone ke kAraNa hindI kA usase atyanta Antarika aura gaharA sambandha hai / ata: rASTrabhASA hindI kI mUla prakRti aura pravRtti se paricita hone ke lie apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI anivAryatA sudhI adhyetAoM aura anusaMdhitsuoM ke lie hamezA banI rhegii| DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke anusAra - "hindI sAhitya meM apabhraMza kI prAya: pUrI paramparAe~ jyoM kI tyoM surakSita haiN|" kahanA nahIM hogA ki apabhraMza ke kAlajayI kaviyoM ne apanI mahattvapUrNa racanAoM ke dvArA apabhraMza ke yazasvI sAhitya aura usake mahattva ko zatAbdiyoM ke bAda bhI akSuNNa rakhane meM pUrNa saphalatA arjita kI hai| prastuta Alekha dvArA apabhraMza ke udbhava vikAsa, usake amara racanAkAroM, unakI mahattvapUrNa racanAoM, sAhityika avadAnoM aura hindI sAhitya para par3e prabhAvoM Adi se pAThakoM ko paricita karAnA hameM abhISTa hai| 'apabhraMza' zabda 'bhraMza' dhAtu meM 'apa' upasarga aura 'ghaJ' pratyaya ke yoga se niSpanna huA hai| 'vAcaspatya' meM apabhraMza ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai - " apa + bhraMza+ghaJ, apa kSaraNe, adhHptne| apabhraMzati svabhAvAtpracyavate / apabhraMza kartari ac / sAdhu zabdasya zaktivaiphalyaprayuktAnyathoccAraNayukte apazabde ta eva zaktivaiphalya pramAdAlasatAdibhiH anyatho'ccaritAH zabdA apazabdA itIritAH / apa zabda apavaiparItye / "

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 'zabdakalpadruma' ke anusAra' - "apa+bhraMza+ghaJ graamy-bhaassaa|apbhaassaa tatparyAya:apazabda itymrH| ptnm| adh:ptnm| dhvNsH| adhogtiH|"'ap' upasarga aura 'bhraMza' dhAtu donoM kA prayoga adha:patana, giranA, patita yA vikRta honA Adi ke artha meM hotA hai| ataH apabhraMza kA zAbdika artha hai - cyuta, bhraSTa, skhalita, patita, azuddha, vikRt| DaoN. nAmavara siMha ke zabdoM meM - "bhASA ke sAmAnya mAnadaNDa se jo zabda-rUpa cyuta hoM, ve apabhraMza haiN|" prAcIna saMskRta granthoM meM 'apabhraMza' aura 'apabhraSTa' donoM nAma milate haiN| prAkRta aura apabhraMza kI racanAoM meM apabhraMza ke lie avahaMsa, avabbhaMsa, avahattha, avahaTa, avahaTTa, avahaTha, avahaTTa kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| maithila kokila mahAkavi vidyApati ne apabhraMza ko avahaTThA kI saMjJA dI hai - desila baanA saba jana mitttthaa| teM taisana jaMpaoM avhtttthaa| 'paumacariu' meM mahAkavi svayambhU atyanta garvIle, svAbhimAna dIpta, svara meM apanI dezI bhASA apabhraMza ko 'sAmaNNabhAsA' (sAmAnyajana kI bhASA) aura 'gAmillabhAsA' (grAmya bhASA) kahate haiM - sAmaNNa bhAsa chuDu saavddu| chuDu Agama-jutti kA vi ghddu| chuDu hontu suhaasiy-vynnaaii| gAmillabhAsa pariharaNAI // 1.3.10-11 ina sabhI apabhraMzamUlaka zabdoM ke artha samAna haiM para bhASA ke lie 'apabhraMza' saMjJA hI sarvasvIkRta hai| tiraskArasUcaka yaha nAma saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne isa bhASA ko diyA hai| saMskRta zabda ke 'sAdhu' rUpoM ke atirikta loka tathA sAhitya meM pracalita bhinna zabda-rUpoM ko mahAbhASya ke racayitA pataJjali ne 'apazabda' yA 'apabhraMza' saMjJA dI aura maharSi pradatta isa saMjJA ko binA Apatti ke saboM ne anicchApUrvaka svIkAra kara liyaa| zrI rAmacandra zukla ke anusAra - "prAkRta se bigar3akara jo rUpa bolacAla kI bhASA ne grahaNa kiyA vaha bhI Age calakara kucha purAnA par3a gayA aura kAvya racanA ke lie rUr3ha ho gyaa| apabhraMza nAma usI samaya se claa| jabataka bhASA bolacAla meM thI tabataka vaha bhASA yA dezabhASA kahalAtI rahI, jaba vaha bhI sAhitya kI bhASA ho gayI taba usake lie apabhraMza zabda kA vyavahAra hone lgaa|" saMgrahakAra vyADi 'apabhraMza' zabda se bhalIbhA~ti paricita the| pataJjali (dUsarI zatAbdI I.pU.) aura bhartRhari (pA~cavIM zatAbdI) donoM ne AcArya vyADi kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| maharSi pataJjali ne mahAbhASya meM apabhraMza kA spaSTa ullekha karate hue likhA hai - "bhUyAMso'pazabdAH, alpIyAMsaH zabdA iti| ekaikasya hi zabdasya bahavo'pabhraMzAH, tadyathAM gaurityasya zabdasya gAvI, goNI, gotA, gopotalikA ityevmaadyo'pbhrNshaaH|" arthAt apazabda bahuta haiM aura zabda thor3e haiN| eka-eka zabda ke bahuta se apabhraMza milate haiM, jaise - 'gauH' zabda ke gAvI, goNI, gotA, gopotalikA aura isI prakAra ke anya zabda apabhraMza haiM / spaSTa hai ki pataJjali ne apabhraMza kA prayoga kisI bhASA ke lie nahIM kiyA hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne bharata ke nATyasUtra ke isa aMza para vicAra karate hue apabhraMza kA sambandha AbhIroM kI bhASA se jor3A hai - himavatsindhu sauvIrAnye ca dezAH samAzritAH / ukArabahulAM tajjJasteSu bhASAM prayojayet // daNDI ne bhI apabhraMza kA sambandha AbhIroM se batalAyA hai| AcArya bharata ne binA apabhraMza kA nAma liye usakI vizeSatA, ukArabahalatA ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai| bhASA vizeSa ke artha meM apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga prAyaH chaThI zatI I. ke AsapAsa milatA hai| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM meM caNDa aura saMskRta ke AlaMkArikoM meM bhAmaha ko apabhraMza ke prathama nAmollekha kA zreya prApta hai zabdArthI sahitau kAvyaM gadyapadyaM ca tadvidhA / saMskRtaM prAkRtaM cAnyadapabhraMza iti tridhA // - kAvyAlaMkAra, 1.16 apabhraMza bhASA ke viSaya meM valabhI (saurASTra) ke rAjA dharasena dvitIya kA zilAlekha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai jisameM usane apane pitA guhasena (vi.saM. 650 ke pahale) ko saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza tInoM meM prabandha-racanA meM nipuNa batalAyA hai - __ "saMskRta prAkRtApabhraMzabhASAtrayapratibaddha prbndhrcnaanipunn-traantHkrnnH|" spaSTa hai ki gahasena ke samaya meM apabhraMza' bhASA ke rUpa meM paryApta samAdata ho cakI thii| mahAkavi rAjazekhara (880-920) ke samaya taka apabhraMza ko rAjadarabAroM meM pratiSThA prApta ho cukI thii| samrATa harSavarddhana kA darabAra saMskRta kaviyoM aura paNDitoM se bharA rahatA thaa| apabhraMza aura janabhASA ke kaviyoM ko usa samaya koI protsAhana nahIM milatA thaa| harSavarddhana kI mRtyu ke uparAnta rAjapUta rAjAoM kI rAjadhAniyA~ sthApita hone lagI aura lokabhASA kA Adara kramazaH bar3hane lgaa| AbhIroM aura gurjaroM ne apabhraMza meM sRjanAtmaka sAhitya racakara ise sAhityika mahimA se maNDita karane kA mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| pAla aura rASTrakUTa rAjAoM ne dezabhASA ko saMrakSaNa dene meM vizeSa ruci dikhlaayii| caurAsI siddha kavi pAloM ke zAsana kAla meM hI hue| svayambhU aura puSpadanta jaise mahAkaviyoM kI pratibhA kA prasphuTana bhI rASTrakUToM kI chatrachAyA meM hI huaa| rASTrakUTa rAjA jaina the aura unakI prajA kA adhikAMza sampanna samAja jaina vaizya thaa| ata: unhoMne jainoM dvArA bolI aura likhI jAnevAlI bhASA apabhraMza ko saMrakSaNa diyA to hameM koI Azcarya nahIM honA caahie| mAnyakheTa ke rASTrakUToM ke pazcAt pATaNa ke solaMkI rAjAoM ne apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke utthAna meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhaayii| ___ 'viSNudharmottara' meM dezabheda se apabhraMza ke ananta bheda mAne gaye haiN| rudraTa ne - 'bhUribhedo dezavizeSAdapabhraMzaH' ke dvArA apabhraMza ke aneka bhedoM kI bAta kahI thii| namisAdhu (upanAgara, AbhIra, grAmya) aura mArkaNDeya (nAgara, upanAgara, brAcaDa) ne apabhraMza ke tIna bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vibhinna vidvAn apabhraMza ke tIna se lekara sattAisa bhedoM kA nAmollekha karate haiN| DaoN. jI. vI. tagAre pUrvI apabhraMza, dakSiNI apabhraMza aura pazcimI apabhraMza ke rUpa meM apabhraMza kA vargIkaraNa karate haiN|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 apabhraMza ke sampUrNa vikAsakrama ko DaoN. zivasahAya pAThaka tIna kAla-khaNDoM meM vibhAjita karate haiM - 1. AdikAla (I. san ke AsapAsa se 550 I. taka), 2. madhyakAla (550 I. se 1200 I. taka) aura 3. madhyottara kAla (1200 I. se 1700 I. tk)| AThavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza sampUrNa uttara bhArata kI sAhityika bhASA thii| apabhraMza ke vaiyAkaraNoM meM caNDa, puruSottamadeva, kramadIzvara, hemacandra, siMharAja, lakSmIdhara, rAmazarmA tarkavAgIza aura mArkaNDeya ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / jarmana vidvAn ricarDa pizela ko Adara ke sAtha apabhraMza kA pANinI kahA jAtA hai| __ apabhraMza ke kaviyoM meM svayambhU, puSpadanta, dhanapAla, kanakAmara, abdula rahamAna, dhAhila, jinadatta sUri, joindu, rAmasiMha, lakSmIcanda yA devasena, luIpA, siddhakavi bhusuka, dIpaMkara, zrIjJAna, kilapAda, kRSNAcArya, dharmapAda, TeMTayA, mahIdhara, AcArya hemacandra sUri aura kambalAMvarapAda Adi ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / inake atirikta bauddha tAMtrikoM, vajrayAniyoM, caurAsI siddhoM, nAthapaMthiyoM-AdinAtha, matsyendranAtha, gorakSanAtha, gainInAtha, nivRttinAtha bhImanAtha, satyanAtha, harizacandra aura jJAnezvaranAtha Adi ne bhI apabhraMza meM apanI racanAe~ janasAmAnya ke sammukha rkhiiN| rAmacandra zukla ke anusAra ina siddhoM ne - "usI sarvamAnya vyApaka kAvyabhASA meM likhA hai jo usa samaya gujarAta, rAjapUtAne aura brajamaNDala se lekara bihAra taka likhane-par3hane kI ziSTa bhASA thii| para magadha meM rahane ke kAraNa siddhoM kI bhASA meM kucha pUrabI prayoga bhI (jaise - bhaile, bUDili) mile hue haiN| purAnI hindI kI vyApaka kAvyabhASA kA DhAMcA zaurasenI prasUta apabhraMza arthAt braja aura khaDI bolI (pazcimI hindI) kA thaa|". sampUrNa apabhraMza sAhitya ko cAra pramukha dhArAoM meM vibhAjita, vizleSita kiyA jA sakatA 1. jaina apabhraMza sAhitya, 2. bauddha siddha apabhraMza sAhitya, 3. zaiva apabhraMza sAhitya, 4. aihikatAparaka apabhraMza saahity| jaina apabhraMza sAhitya kI dhArA hameM vikrama kI AThavIM sadI se solahavIM sadI taka prApta hotI hai| prAkRta kI taraha isameM bhI muktaka aura prabandha do taraha kI racanAe~ milatI haiN| muktaka zAkhA kI eka upazAkhA 'rahasyavAdI dhArA' kahI jA sakatI hai| mahAkavi joindu (yogIndu), rAmasiMha aura saprabhAcArya isa dhArA ke mahattvapUrNa kavi haiN| mahAkavi joindu apabhraMza ke atyadhika mahattvapUrNa AdhyAtmika kavi haiM / apabhraMza sAhitya ke rahasyamaya nirUpaNa meM inakA nAma sarvopari hai| inake mAtA-pitA, sthAna aura kAla Adi ke viSaya meM abataka prAmANika rUpa se kucha jJAta nahIM ho sakA hai| adhikatara itihAsakAroM ke

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 anusAra vikrama kI sAtavIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa inakA janma huA thaa| ye jainadharma ke digambara AmnAya ke AcArya aura uccakoTi ke rahasyavAdI sAdhaka the / " 'paramAtmaprakAza' aura 'yogasAra' inakI do viziSTa ullekhanIya kRtiyA~ haiM / inameM AtmA, paramAtmA aura mokSa sambandhI praznottara tathA naitika upadeza haiM / joindu ne 'paramAtmaprakAza' kI racanA apane ziSya prabhAkara bhaTTa kucha praznoM kA uttara dene ke lie kI thii| isameM AtmA kA trividha rUpa - bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA varNita hai| jainadarzana para AdhArita isa AdhyAtmika graMtha kA apabhraMza ke muktaka kAvyoM meM sarvocca sthAna hai 1 5 - mahAkavi joindu kI dUsarI racanA 'yogasAra' meM AdhyAtmika gUr3hatAoM ko atyanta saralatA vivecita kiyA gayA hai| isameM yoga dvArA mukti ke upAyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| apabhraMza ke viziSTa chanda 'dohA' meM ina donoM granthoM kI racanA kI gayI hai| sAmpradAyikatA se alipta hone ke kAraNa ye donoM racanAe~ kAphI lokapriya huiiN| lokoktiyoM aura muhAvaroM ke prayoga se AdhyAtmika tattvoM ko bodhagamya banAne meM joindu kAphI saphala hue haiN| paravartI apabhraMza kaviyoM ke sAtha hI hindI ke santa kaviyoM para bhI ina donoM racanAoM kA pracura prabhAva par3A 1 'pAhuDa dohA ' rAmasiMha kA ekamAtra grantha hai| inake viSaya meM bhI hameM koI vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM hai / inakA samaya dasavIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hai| rAhulajI ke anusAra muni rAmasiMha rAjasthAna ke nivAsI the / Apa sAmpradAyikatA aura saMkIrNatAoM ke virodhI udAramanA cintaka the| apane samaya meM inhoMne nirakSara janasAmAnya ke lie jJAna kA sahaja dvAra kholakara apanI krAntikArI pragatizIlatA kA paricaya diyA thA / 'pAhuDa dohA' meM guru, Atmasukha, zarIra, AtmA, samarasI bhAva aura mokSa Adi kA varNana hai| nArI niMdA tathA nIti sambandhI bAteM bhI isameM dekhane ko milatI haiN| 'pAhuDa' yahA~ 'upahAra' ke artha meM prayukta hai| isameM AtmAnubhUtiyoM kA saMgraha hai, jise upahAra ke rUpa meM kavi ne pAThakoM ke samakSa rakhA hai| isakI bhASA zaurasenI apabhraMza hai jo atyanta sarala, sahaja aura painI hai| apanI saMkSipta, saTIka aura bhAvapUrNa AkarSaka abhivyaMjanA ke lie kavi rAmasiMha sampUrNa apabhraMza sAhitya meM sadA avismaraNIya bane raheMge / suprabhAcArya kI racanA kA nAma 'vairAgyasAra' hai| isameM mAyA-mamatA aura sAMsArika sukhoM se dUra rahakara vairAgya bhAva apanAne para bala diyA gayA hai| mahANaMdi (1000 I. se 1400 I. ke madhya ) kA 'ANandA' aura mahacanda (1600 I.) kA 'dohA pAhuDa' bhI isa dhArA kI ullekhanIya kRtiyA~ haiN| dUsare sampradAyoM ke prati udAratA, vicAroM meM pragatizIlatA aura cAritrika zuddhatA Adi isa dhArA kI racanAoM kI mukhya vizeSatAe~ haiM / muktaka zAkhA kI dUsarI upazAkhA 'upadezAtmaka dhArA' hai| devasena, jinadatta sUri aura mahezvara sUri isa dhArA ke mukhya kavi haiN| devasena (saMvat 990) racita 'sAvayadhamma dohA' isa dhArA kI sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| 'carcarI', 'upadeza rasAyana' aura 'kAlasvarUpa kulaka'

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 jinadatta sUri (saMvat 1132 se 1210) kI ullekhanIya kRtiyA~ haiN| inameM mAnava jIvana, AtmoddhAra, laukika-pAralaukika zikSAoM, guru-prazaMsA aura kuTumba saMgaThana Adi para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| saMyama maMjarI' mahezvara sUri kI racanA hai, jisameM saMyama ko jIvana ke sarvottama sAdhana ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| isameM sAhityikatA kA abhAva parilakSita hotA hai| isa dhArA ke kavi paraloka kI apekSA 'loka' para vizeSa bala dete haiM / naitikatA, nirliptatA, loka aura parivAra kalyANa Adi inakI cintA ke pradhAna viSaya haiN| jayadeva muni (saMvat 1054) kI bhAvanA saMdhi prakaraNa' aura vinayacandra muni kI 'kalyANakarAsu' evaM 'cUnar3I' Adi isI dhArA ke antargata parigaNanIya haiN| jaina apabhraMza sAhitya meM prabandha kAvya paryApta mAtrA meM likhe gye| mahAkavi svayambhU, puSpadanta, padmakIrti, dhavala, dhanapAla, hariSeNa, vIrakavi, nayanandi, kanakAmara, rayadhU, AcArya hemacandra, zrIcanda, devasenagaNi, haribhadra, lakkhaNa, lakkhamadeva, jayamitrahala aura harideva Adi isa dhArA ke mahattvapUrNa jyotirmaya nakSatra haiN| ___ mahAkavi svayambhU apabhraMza kI anAmikA para adhiSThita kAlidAsa haiM / apabhraMza meM rAmakAvya ke prathama praNetA hone ke kAraNa hama inheM apabhraMza kA vAlmIki bhI kaha sakate haiM / saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke prakANDa paNDita hone ke sAtha hI ve kAvya, vyAkaraNa alaMkAra aura chandazAstra ke niSNAta vidvAn the| vikrama kI sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI meM inakA janma karnATaka meM huA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma mArutadeva aura mAtA kA nAma padminI thaa| 'paumacariu', 'riTThaNemicariu' aura 'svayambhUchanda' svayambhU kI sukhyAta kRtiyA~ haiN| 'paumacariu' rAmakathA para AdhArita hai aura isameM pA~ca kANDa haiM / guru-vandanA se kathA Arambha hotI hai, isake sabhI pAtra jinabhakta haiM / kathA ke anta meM rAma nirvANa prApta karate haiM aura munIndra upadeza dete hue kahate haiM ki rAga se dUra rahakara hI mokSa prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| _ 'riTThaNemicariu' kA sambandha harivaMza tathA mahAbhArata kI kathA se hai| isameM jainoM ke bAisaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha, zrIkRSNa evaM pANDavoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| svayambhUchanda' chandazAstra kA grantha hai| ise agara hama apabhraMza kA 'aSTAdhyAyI' kaheM to koI atizayokti nahIM hogii| isake prathama tIna adhyAyoM meM prAkRta ke varNavRttoM kA tathA zeSa pA~ca adhyAyoM meM apabhraMza ke chandoM kA vizada vivecana-vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| lokabhASA meM kAvya racanAkara svayambhU ne apabhraMza ko sAhityika garimA pradAna karane kA mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika kArya kiyA aura sadA ke lie amara ho gye| mahAkavi tulasIdAsa se zatAbdiyoM parva unhoMne lokabhASA meM kAvya-sajana ko prAthamikatA dI thii| mahAkavi bANabhaTTa kI taraha inakI adhUrI kRtiyoM ko bhI pUrA karane kA zreya inake putra tribhuvana ko prApta hai| vastutaH mahAkavi svayambhU apabhraMza ke prathama AcArya aura kAlajayI racanAkAra haiN| 'paumacariu' meM unakI maulika udbhAvanAe~ atyanta AkarSaka aura manohArI haiN| isa dRSTi se 'paumacariu' ke prArambha

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 meM kaMcukI dvArA vRddhAvasthA kA yathAtathya varNana aura usapara rAjA dazaratha kI pratikriyA Adi darzanIya hai / apabhraMza sAhitya meM mahAkavi svayambhU ke bAda mahAkavi puSpadanta kA nAma AtA hai| karnATaka pradezAntargata barAra nivAsI puSpadanta kazyapagotrIya brAhmaNa the| inake pitA kA nAma kezavabhaTTa aura mAtA kA nAma mugdhAdevI thA / puSpadanta pahale zaiva matAvalambI the| bAda meM apane AzrayadAtA ke anurodha para jaina dharmAvalambI hokara kavikarma meM pravRtta ho gaye the / 7 'tisaTThi mahApurisaguNAlaMkAra' athavA 'mahApurANa' 'NAyakumAracariu' aura 'jasaharacariu ' puSpadanta kI tIna mahattvapUrNa racanAe~ haiN| 'mahApurANa' AdipurANa aura uttarapurANa nAmaka do khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM caubIsa tIrthaMkara, bAraha cakravartI, nau baladeva, nau vAsudeva aura nau prativAsudevoM kI kathAe~ varNita haiN| bhASA aura sAhitya donoM hI dRSTiyoM se yaha eka prazaMsanIya racanA hai| 'NAyakumAracariu' khaNDakAvya hai jisameM zrutapaMcamI kA mAhAtmya-varNana aura nAgakumAra kA caritrAMkana kiyA gayA hai| 'jasaharacariu' bhI caritrapradhAna kAvya hai| isameM yazodhara kI jIvanakathA varNita hai| apabhraMza bhASA kI mahattvapUrNa racanA hone ke sAtha hI ise mahAkavi puSpadanta kI sarvAdhika prazaMsita kRti hone kA saubhAgya prApta hai| prakRti aura usake saundarya se atyanta nikaTatara paricaya hone ke kAraNa puSpadanta ke varNana atyanta jIvanta aura kalAtmaka / ve Atma-sammAnI aura svAbhimAnI puruSa the / 'mahApurANa' ke anusAra vyakti ke svAbhimAna kA khaNDana unheM kataI svIkAra nahIM thA "Nau purisahuahimANavihaMDaNu / " 1 mahAkavi puSpadanta ne vizuddha dhArmika bhAva se sAhitya-sRjana kA kArya kiyA hai| 'mahApurANa' ke prathama adhyAya meM unhoMne spaSTa likhA hai - "bhairava rAjA kI stuti meM kAvya banAne se jisa 'mithyAtva' ne janma liyA thA, use dUra karane ke lie hI maiMne 'mahApurANa' kI racanA kI hai|" zuddha dhArmika bhAva se sAhitya-sRjana kI yaha pravRtti apabhraMza se hindI meM bhI AyI / phalasvarUpa AdikAla meM dhArmika sAhitya kI eka svataMtra dhArA pravAhita hotI rahI, jisakA vikAsa madhyakAlIna bhaktikAvya ke rUpa meM huA / isa bhaktidhArA ke AvirbhAva meM mahAkavi svayambhU kA ullekhanIya yogadAna thA aura ise pallavita puSpita karane meM mahAkavi puSpadanta ne apanI samasta kAvyAtmaka pratibhA arpita kara dI thii| inakA janma vikrama kI dasavIM zatAbdI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM huA thA / - padmakIrti kI prasiddha racanA 'pAsacariu' hai jisameM pArzvanAtha kA sampUrNa caritra varNita hai / inakA samaya saMvat 992 ke AsapAsa hai / dhavala ne 'riTThaNemicariu' nAmaka vizAla graMtha kI racanA kI thii| inakA samaya vikrama kI dasavIM - gyArahavIM sadI hai| apabhraMza ke pramukha kavi dhanapAla ne dasavIM sadI meM 'bhavisayattakahA' kI racanA kI thii| isameM sajjana - durjana- -smaraNa tathA zrutapaMcamIphala kI vyAkhyA karate hue kathA kA zrIgaNeza kiyA gayA hai| dharma bhAvanA isa kathA kA bhI merudaNDa hai tathApi lokahRdaya kI vibhinna sthitiyoM se isakA nikaTatara sambandha hai / isameM svAbhAvika

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apabhraMza bhAratI ghaTanAoM ke saMyojana dvArA eka vaNika kI kathA varNita hai / dhanapAla kI yaha kAvyakRti caritakAvyoM kI eka nayI kar3I hai, jisakA prabhAva AdikAlIna hindI racanAoM para bhI spaSTata: parilakSita hotA hai / hariSeNa kI racanA 'dharmaparIkSA' karmakANDa para karArA vyaMgya karatI hai| purANakathAoM para bhI isameM kaTu prahAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM vibhinna chandoM kA prayoga kavi ke vistRta chandajJAna kA paricAyaka hai| inakA samaya vikrama saMvat 1040 ke AsapAsa hai| mahAkavi vIra kI gaNanA apabhraMza ke yazasvI kaviyoM meM hotI hai| inake pitA devadatta bhI mahAkavi the| inakA janma mAlavA ke gulakher3a nAmaka gA~va meM eka jaina dharmAvalambI parivAra meM gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM huA thaa| inakA jIvanakAla vikrama saMvat 1010-1085 taka mAnA gayA hai| inakI mA~ kA nAma zrI saMtuvA thaa| mahAkavi vIra prArambha meM saMskRta meM kAvya-racanA karate the parantu bAda meM ve apabhraMza meM racanA karane lge| apanI ekamAtra kRti 'jaMbUsAMmicariu' ke kAraNa inheM apabhraMza sAhitya meM atyadhika pratiSThA prApta huii| isameM jainadharma ke antima kevali 'jaMbUsvAmI' kA jIvana-carita gyAraha sandhiyoM meM varNita hai| jaMbUsvAmI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke gaNadhara sudharmA svAmI ke ziSya the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke causaTha varSa bAda inheM nirvANa prApta huA thaa| jaMbUsvAmI ke kathAnaka ko mahAkAvyocita mahimA se maNDita kara mahAkavi vIra ne apabhraMza sAhitya ko alaMkRta karane kA mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| jaMbUsvAmI meM manuSya janma ko ratna ke samAna - "iya maNuyajamma mANikkasamu" - batAyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo mUr3ha vyakti rati-sukha aura viSayavAsanAoM meM andhA banA rahatA hai, vaha nAza ko prApta hotA hai - "iya visayaMdhu mUdu jo acchi| kavaNabhaMti so palayaho gcchi|" kavi nayanandi muni jaina AcArya zrI kundakunda kI paramparA meM Ate haiN| Apa saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke uccakoTi ke vidvAn tathA chandazAstra aura kAvyazAstra ke niSNAta AcArya the| 'sudaMsaNacariu' aura 'sayala vihivihANakavva' nayanandi muni racita do mahattvapUrNa kRtiyA~ haiM / 'sudaMsaNacariu' meM sudarzana kevali kA caritrAMkana kiyA gayA hai - 'he putrI ! tumhAre dvArA svapna meM zreSTha, U~cA aura sundara parvata dekhA gayA ataH isakA nAma sudarzana rakhA jaae|" isakI racanA avantI deza kI dhArAnagarI ke jinamandira meM rAjA bhoja ke zAsanakAla meM huI thii| chandoM kI vividhatA aura vicitratA kI dRSTi se isa racanA kA vizeSa mahattva hai| isameM lagabhaga 85 chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| nayanandi muni kI dUsarI racanA 'sayalavihivihANakavva' samprati aprakAzita hai| nayanandi kA samaya vikrama kI gyArahavIM zatAbdI hai| kaI bhASAoM ke jJAtA kavi kanakAmara kA janma brAhmaNa vaMza meM huA thaa| jainadharma se prabhAvita hokara Apane jainadharma aMgIkAra kiyA aura phira bAda meM digambara muni dIkSA dhAraNa kii| muni dIkSA ke uparAnta hI Apa muni kanakAmara' ke nAma se loka vikhyAta hue| gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha ko ApakA samaya mAnA jAtA hai| Apake guru kA nAma paMDita maMgaladeva thaa|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 'karakaNDacariu' ApakI ekamAtra racanA hai jisakA apabhraMza kAvya-paramparA meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| karakaNDu' isa caritrapradhAna kAvya kA nAyaka hai| sampUrNa racanA meM vistAra se usakA caritrAMkana kiyA gayA hai - "he putra ! yaha ucca puruSa kI kahAnI jo guNoM kI paramparA vAlI hai, tere lie kahI gayI hai, isako tU hRdaya meM samajha" - ___ eha uccakahANI kahiya tujhu, guNasAraNi puttaya hiyai~ bujhu| 2.18 __ jaina sAhitya ke atirikta bauddha sAhitya meM bhI karakaNDu ko vizeSa pratiSThA prApta hai aura donoM hI sAhityoM meM use 'pratyeka buddha" mAnA gayA hai| dasa sandhiyoM ke isa kAvya meM vIra, zrRMgAra aura zAnta rasa kI adbhuta triveNI hameM dekhane ko milatI hai| isameM zrutapaMcamI phala aura paMcakalyANaka vidhi kA savistara varNana kiyA gayA hai| dharma aura saMskRti ke tatkAlIna svarUpa-citraNa ke sAtha hI isameM mandiroM kI sthApatya kalA aura zilpAMkana kA citraNa kara ise kavi ne atirikta vaiziSTya pradAna kiyA hai| ' mahAkavi rayadhU ko apabhraMza sAhitya meM sarvAdhika sAhitya-sRjana kA zreya prApta hai| inake pitA kA nAma sAhU harisiMha tathA mAtA kA nAma vijayazrI thaa| sAhitya-sRjana kI preraNA aura pratibhA inheM apane pitA se uttarAdhikAra meM milI thii| mUrtinirmANa meM bhI inakI vizeSa abhiruci thii| apanI racanAoM meM gopAcalanagara-gvAliyara kA jaisA vizvasanIya varNana inhoMne kiyA hai usase lagatA hai ki inakA janma saMbhavataH gvAliyara yA usake AsapAsa huA hogaa| vikrama saMvat 1439 se 1530 taka inakA samaya mAnA jAtA hai| mahAkavi rayadhU ne kula kitane graMthoM kA praNayana kiyA thA, yaha abhItaka prAmANika rUpa se jJAta nahIM ho sakA hai| samprati unake nimnalikhita 28 graMtha batAye jAte haiM - 1. balahaddacariu, 2. mehesaracariu, 3. komuikahapavaMdhu, 4. jasaharacariu, 5. puNNAsavakahA, 6. appasaMbohakavva, 7. sAvayacariu, 8. sukosalacariu, 9. pAsaNAhacariu, 10. sammaijiNacariu, 11. siddhacakkamAhappa, 12. vittasAra, 13. siddhantatthasAra, 14. dhaNNakumAracariu 15. ariTThaNemicariu, 16. jamiMdharacariu, 17.solahakAraNajayamAla, 18. dahalakkhaNajayamAla, 19. sammataguNaNihANakavva, 20. saMtiNAhacariu, 21. bAraha bhAvanA, 22. uvaesamAla, 23. mahApurANa, 24. pajjuNNacariu, 25. karakaMDacariu, 26. sudaMsaNacariu, 27. ratnatrayI aura 28. bhvisyttkhaa| 'dhaNNakumAracariu' meM eka zreSThiputra dhanyakumAra kA jIvanacarita varNita hai| yaha eka paurANika caritakAvya hai / anagina ApadAoM ke bAda bhI vaha apanA dhairya aura sAhasa banAye rakhatA hai| antataH apane sAle zAlibhadra ke vairAgya se prabhAvita hokara vaha bhI vairAgI bana jAtA hai / apanI du:kha-dagdhA mAtA se vaha kahatA hai - "tU mana meM saMsAra ko anitya jaan| vyakti moha se jakar3A huA merA-merA karatA hai, Ayu ke samApta hone para koI bhI kisI ko pakar3a nahIM sktaa| ataH he mAtA ! aba aura vilamba mata kro| tuma jinadharma ko grahaNa karo ...' (3-21) /

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10 apabhraMza bhAratI7 ___ AcArya hemacandra sUri apabhraMza ke pANinI haiN| saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi kaI bhASAoM ke ve prakANDa paNDita the| pANinI vyAkaraNa kI vyAkhyA aura TIkA taka hI inhoMne apane ko sImita nahIM rakhA balki apane samaya taka kI bhASAoM ke vyAkaraNa bnaaye| isa dRSTi se inake 'zabdAnuzAsana' ko Aja bhI vizeSa pratiSThA prApta hai| unhoMne isa graMtha ko apane AzrayadAtA, gujarAta ke solaMkI rAjA siddharAja jayasiMha ko samarpita kiyA thaa| isalie ise 'siddha hema zabdAnuzAsana' ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| AcArya sUri kA janma I. san 1088 meM gujarAta ke dhakkalapura, dhandhUkA nAmaka gA~va meM huA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma cAciMga tathA mAtA kA nAma pAhiNI thaa| bacapana meM inheM caMgadeva ke nAma se pukArA jAtA thaa| san 1109 I. meM anhilavADa jaina maTha kI guru gaddI para AsIna hone ke pazcAt ye 'AcArya sUri' pada se vibhUSita hue aura AcArya hemacandra sUri kahalAne lge| inakA adhikAMza sAhitya-sajana isI maTha meM haA thaa| ___ AcArya sUri ko rAjyAzraya denevAloM meM gujarAta ke solaMkI rAjA siddharAja jayasiMha (saMvat 1150-1199) aura unake bhatIje kumArapAla (saM. 1199-1230) pramukha the| AcArya sUri kI preraNA aura prabhAva se hI kumArapAla ne annataH jainadharma svIkAra kara liyA thaa| AcArya kI racanAoM meM 'abhidhAna-cintAmaNi', yogazAstra', 'chando'nuzAsana', 'dezI nAmamAlA', 'dvayAzraya kAvya', triSaSThizalAkA puruSa' aura 'zabdAnuzAsana' ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| __ AcArya sUri bahumukhI pratibhAsampanna sAhitkAra the| apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ko sthAyitva pradAna karane kA mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika kArya inhoMne kiyaa| ye apane samaya ke sarvAdhika pratiSThita aura prazaMsita jaina AcArya the| apane zabdAnuzAsana aura chando'nuzAsana meM inhoMne apabhraMza ke aneka dohe uddhRta kiye haiM jo saMyoga, viyoga, vIra, utsAha, hAsya, nIti, anyokti Adi se sambaddha haiN| ina dohoM kA sAhityika saundarya sampUrNa apabhraMza sAhitya meM sabase alaga hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'zabdAnuzAsana' meM uddhRta kucha dohe draSTavya haiM - __ bhallA huA ju mAriyA bahiNi mahArA kaMtu / / lajjejaM tu vayaMsiahu jai bhaggA gharu eMtu // arthAt bhalA huA, he bahina ! jo hamArA kAMta mArA gyaa| yadi vaha bhAgA huA ghara AtA to maiM apanI samavayaskAoM se lajjita hotii| hemacandra ke dohe maNiyoM kI maMjUSA ke samAna haiN| diahA janti jhaDappaDahiM paDahiM maNoraha pacchi / jaM acchai taM mANia iM hosai karatu ma acchi // - dina jhaTapaTa vyatIta ho jAte haiM, icchAe~ pIche raha jAtI haiM, jo honA hai vaha hogA hI aisA mAnakara socatA huA hI mata baitth| sarihiM na sarehiM na saravarehiM na vi ujjANa-vaNehiM / desa ravaNNA honti vaDha ! nivasantehiM su-aNehiM //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 11 - he mUrkha ! na nadiyoM se, na jhIloM se, na tAlAboM se, na hI udyAnoM aura vanoM se deza sundara hote haiN| ve to sajjanoM dvArA base hue hone ke kAraNa hI sundara hote haiN| apanI talasparzI pratibhA aura apabhraMza ke saMcayana-saMrakSaNa ke lie AcArya sUri apabhraMza sAhitya meM sadA sammAna ke sAtha smaraNa kiye jAte rheNge| isa dhArA ke anya prasiddha kaviyoM meM zrIcanda, haribhadra, devasenagaNi, lakkhaNa, lakkhamadeva, somaprabha sUri, zArGgadhara, jayamitrahala aura harideva Adi ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ___ isa taraha jaina apabhraMza sAhitya sabhI dRSTiyoM se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| dharmapradhAna kAvya hote hue bhI inameM caritroM ko atimAnavIya rUpa nahIM diyA gayA hai| jagat aura jIvana ke prati ina kaviyoM kA dRSTikoNa atyanta svastha aura santulita rahA hai| paraloka ke sammukha loka ko tiraskaraNIya yA upekSaNIya inhoMne kabhI nahIM smjhaa| acche karma karanevAloM ko hamezA acchA phala milatA hai, yahI inakA sabase bar3A sandeza hai| jainadharma meM satya, ahiMsA, tapa evaM saMyama ko mAnavIya zaktiyoM ke samucita vikAsa ke lie anivArya batAyA gayA hai| ataH jaina apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI satya, ahiMsA, sadAcaraNa aura AtmasAdhanA Adi para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| . zilpa kI dRSTi se ina prabandha kAvyoM meM khaNDakAvya aura mahAkAvya donoM milate haiN| kaDavakabaddha zailI kA prayoga lagabhaga sabhI racanAoM meM kiyA gayA hai| alaMkAra paramparA ke pAlana ke sAtha hI inhoMne tatkAlIna jIvana se naye upamAna bhI liye haiM / tatkAlIna itihAsa ke adhyayana aura anusaMdhAna kI dRSTi se bhI jaina apabhraMza sAhitya atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| bauddha siddhoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ - bauddha dharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA kI pariNati vajrayAna, maMtrayAna, kAlacakrayAna, sahajayAna tathA taMtrayAna Adi ke rUpa meM sAmane aayii| AcAryoM ne inake siddhAnta-vivecana ke lie apabhraMza bhASA ko hI mAdhyama bnaayaa| vidvAnoM ne ina granthoM kA hArdika abhinandana kara AlocanA aura anusaMdhAna kA patha prazasta kiyaa| zrI haraprasAda zAstrI ne 'bauddha gAna o dohA' nAma se siddhoM kI racanAoM ko prakAzita kraayaa| DaoN. caTarjI, DaoN. zahIdullA, DaoN. bAgacI aura sukumAra sena prabhRti vidvAnoM ne praNayana-prakAzana kI isa paramparA ko Age bddh'aayaa| siddhoM kI ina racanAoM meM do prakAra kI bhAvadhArA milatI hai - pahalI siddhAnta-vivecana kI aura dUsarI upadeza tathA khaNDana-maNDana kii| vajrayAna kI pahalI vizeSatA zUnyavAda aura dUsarI sarvavAda kI bhAvanA hai| bAda meM inameM aura bhI kaI AcAroM kA samAveza huA, jinameM paMcamakAra-matsya, mAMsa, madya, mudrA aura maithuna pradhAna haiN| caurAsI siddhoM kI racanAoM meM prAyaH milatI-julatI bAteM kahI gayI haiN| avidyA se mukta hokara apane hI antasa meM rahanevAle sahajAnanda kI upalabdhi inakA parama lakSya hai| anya mArgoM ko Ter3hA batAkara sahaja mArga ko sIdhA kahA gayA hai aura guru kI AvazyakatA ko anivArya batAyA gayA hai| ina siddhoM kI racanAoM meM chandoM kI vividhatA nahIM ke barAbara hai| 'caryAgIta' meM geya

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12 apabhraMza bhAratI7 pada haiM aura 'dohA koza' kA pradhAna chanda dohA hai| kucha soraThe tathA anya chanda bhI haiN| siddhoM kI bhASA ke do rUpa haiM - pUrvI apabhraMza aura zaurasenI apabhraMza / inakA samaya san 800 se 1000 taka hai| inhIM caurAsI siddhoM meM sabase variSTha sarahapA yA sarahapAda ko katipaya vidvAn hindI kA prathama kavi mAnate haiN| taMtrazAstra se sambaddha eka mahattvapUrNa apabhraMza racanA 'DAkArNava taMtra' hai| isameM vajrayAna ke siddhAntoM kA vivecana hai| guru ko isameM atizaya mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai / bhASA zaurasenI apabhraMza para AdhArita pUrvI se prabhAvita apabhraMza hai| isameM caupAI Adi pramukha chanda haiM / inakA racanA kAla gyAharavIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hai| zaivoM kI apabhraMza racanAe~ - kazmIrI zaiva sampradAya kI bhI katipaya racanAe~ aMzataH apabhraMza meM upalabdha hotI haiN| abhinava gupta kA 'taMtrasAra' isa dRSTi se sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai| vyakti ko parama ziva mAnakara isameM zaiva mata kA vivecana-vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| yaha graMtha saMskRta meM likhA gayA hai para isake pratyeka adhyAya ke anta meM prAkRta, apabhraMza meM sampUrNa adhyAya kA sAra diyA gayA hai| isakA racanAkAla 1014 I. ke AsapAsa hai| ___bhaTTa vAmadeva mahezvarAcArya kI racanA 'janma-maraNa vicAra' meM parama ziva kI zakti aura usake prasAra kA vivecana hai / isameM eka dohA apabhraMza meM hai| isakA racanAkAla gyArahavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha jJAta hotA hai| gorakhanAtha ke 'amarodhazAsana' meM bhI apabhraMza kA eka padya milatA hai| kazmIrI bhASA kA prAcInatama udAharaNa lallA ke 'lallA vAkpAni' meM dekhane ko milatA hai| ziti kaNThAcArya kI racanA 'mahAnayaprakAza' meM apabhraMza ke caurAnave padya haiM / isakA racanAkAla pandrahavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha hai| zaiva sampradAya kI ina racanAoM meM sAhityikatA kA abhAva hai, para bhASA aura bhAvadhArA kI dRSTi se inakA vizeSa mahattva hai| madhyayugIna sAdhakoM kI bhAvadhArA kI pRSThabhUmi inakI sahAyatA se spaSTatara hotI hai| aihikatAparaka apabhraMza sAhitya ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| prathama varga meM ve padya Ate haiM jo alaMkAra, chanda aura vyAkaraNa kI pustakoM meM uddhRta haiM aura dUsare varga meM prabandhAtmaka kRtiyA~ AtI haiN| prathama varga meM mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke 'vikramorvazIya' ke caturtha aMka ke apabhraMza padya Ate haiM jo prakRti varNana Adi kI dRSTi se atyanta sundara aura sajIva haiN| caNDa ke 'prAkRta lakSaNa' ke do dohe, Anandavarddhana ke 'dhvanyAloka' meM prApta eka dohA, bhoja ke 'sarasvatI kaMThAbharaNa' ke aThAraha apabhraMza padya, hemacandra ke 'apabhraMza vyAkaraNa' meM uddhRta nIti, zrRMgAra, prema tathA nAyaka-nAyikAoM ke rUpa-varNana Adi aneka viSayoM ke chanda, prAkRta paiMgala ke kucha padya tathA 'purAtana prabandha saMgraha' meM prApta chanda bhI isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiN| ye muktaka chanda saMkhyA meM adhika nahIM haiM aura zrRMgAra, prema, vairAgya, nIti evaM sUkti Adi kI vividhatA evaM AlaMkArika

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 13 bAbUrAma chaTA se pUrNa haiM / yahI muktaka dhArA rItikAla taka calI AtI hai aura AdhyAtmika svara ke manda ho jAne ke kAraNa kevala zRMgArapUrNa raha jAtI hai| - prabandhAtmaka kRtiyoM ke dUsare varga meM upalabdha graMthoM kI saMkhyA bhI apekSAkRta kama hai| 'sandezarAsaka' 223 padyoM meM samApta eka sandezakAvya hai| isameM vijayapura kI eka viyoginI nAyikA eka pathika dvArA apane priyatama taka apanA sandeza bhejatI hai| isameM Rtu-varNana aura nAyikA ke bhAvoM kA atyanta AkarSaka citraNa dekhane ko milatA hai| saMvat 1465 ke pUrva racita abdula rahamAna kI isa racanA kI bhASA sAhityika apabhraMza hai| vidyApati kI 'kIrtilatA' eka aitihAsika caritakAvya hai jisameM kIrtisiMha ke vaMza, vijaya, vIratA aura abhiSeka Adi kA citraNa hai| isameM kAvya vaibhava kA abhAva hai aura bhASA maithilI se prabhAvita hai| vidyApati kA samaya caudahavIM-pandrahavIM zatAbdI hai| inakI dUsarI racanA 'kIrti patAkA' meM bhI apabhraMza ke katipaya padya haiN| hindI sAhitya para apabhraMza kA prabhAva - hindI para apabhraMza ke prabhAva ko rekhAMkita karanevAloM meM paNDita candradhara zarmA gulerI, DaoN. pItAmbaradatta bar3athvAla, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, DaoN. harivaMza kochar3a, lAlacanda gA~dhI, harivallabha cunnIlAla bhAyANI, candramohana ghoSa, haraprasAda zAstrI, jagadIzacandra jaina, DaoN. prabodhacandra bAgacI, saksenA, DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, DaoN. nAmavara siMha, DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina, sukumAra sena, rAmasiMha tomara, pI.DI. guNe, DaoN. zahIdullA, sI.DI. dalAla, jI.vI. tagAre, DaoN. vIrendra zrIvAstava, kastUracaMda kAsalIvAla evaM DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI Adi ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| sabase pahale nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA ke bhAga-2 meM likhate hue gulerIjI ne kahA ki apabhraMza ko purAnI hindI hI kahanA cAhie - "vikrama kI sAtavIM se gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza kI pradhAnatA rahI aura phira vaha purAnI hindI meM pariNata ho gyii|" isI taraha svayambhU tathA puSpadanta kI racanAoM ko apane graMtha 'hindI kAvyadhArA' meM saMkalita karate hue mahApaMDita rAhulajI ne kahA ki yaha apabhraMza purAnI hindI hI hai aura svayambhU isa hindI kA sarvottama kvi| zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI apabhraMza se vikasita hone ke kAraNa hindI sAhitya kA apabhraMza se prabhAvita honA atyanta svAbhAvika hai| vikAsonmukha apabhraMza ke prabhAva se hindI sAhitya ke vibhinna aMga-kathA sAhitya, kAvya, chanda aura kAvyarUpa sabhI prabhAvita aura pallavita hue to isameM kisI ko koI Azcarya nahIM honA caahie| hindI ke Adi mahAkAvya 'pRthvIrAja rAso' para apabhraMza kA spaSTa prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| carita kAvya hone ke sAtha vaha rAsaka kAvya bhI hai, ataH usa para apabhraMza ke carita kAvyoM evaM rAsaka kAvyoM kA prabhAva par3A hai| nijandharI kathAoM kA prayoga, kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM, saMyogaviyoga ke mArmika citra, Rtu varNana evaM unakA uddIpanakArI prabhAva ye sabhI bAteM apabhraMza kAvyoM kI taraha hameM 'pRthvIrAja rAso' meM bhI milatI haiN| 'saMdezarAsaka' aura 'pRthvIrAja rAso' donoM kA prArambha eka jaisA hai aura donoM kI prArambhika AryAe~ milatI-julatI haiN| apabhraMza kAvyoM kI

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14 apabhraMza bhAratI 7 prema sambandhI lagabhaga sabhI kAvyarUr3hiyoM kA yojanApUrvaka samAveza hameM rAsoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| RtuvarNana aura virahAnubhUti kA citraNa bhI 'saMdezarAsaka' yA 'DholA-mArU rA dohA' se hU-ba-hU milatA hai| hindI premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM para apabhraMza ke prabandha kAvyoM kA prabhAva - jaina apabhraMza sAhitya meM rAsa nAmaka aneka racanAe~ likhI gayIM, jaise - 'upadeza rasAyana rAsa' (jinadatta sUri, saMvat 1295); 'paMcakalyANaka rAsa' (vinayacanda), paMcapaMDavacarita rAsa, bharatezvara bAhubali rAsau aura buddhirAsa (zAlibhadra sUri), revantagiri rAsa (vijayasena sUri), gaya sukumAra rAsa (devendra sUri), jaMbUsAmi rAsu (dharmasUri), yogI rAsu (joindu), samAdhi rAsa (muni caritasena), sandeza rAsaka (abdula rahamAna) aadi| apabhraMza ke ye prabandha kAvya hindI kAvyoM ke merudaNDa haiM hindI ke premAkhyAnaka kaviyoM ne apane premAkhyAnoM ko apabhraMza ke inhIM caritakAvyoM ke AdhAra para likhA hai| ata: apabhraMza ke ina kAvyoM aura premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM meM adbhuta samAnatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie apabhraMza ke 'bhavisayattakahA', 'jasaharacariu', 'karakaMDacariu' tathA hindI ke sUphI premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM yathA padmAvata, madhumAlatI, mRgAvatI Adi meM aneka samAnatAe~ dekhI jA sakatI haiN| siddhoM aura nAthapaMthiyoM ke apabhraMza bhASA meM likhita kAvya kA hindI santa kAvya para spaSTa prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| hindI ke santa kaviyoM ne lagabhaga unhIM rUr3hiyoM, mAnyatAoM evaM chandoM ko apane kAvyoM meM prayukta kiyA hai jo siddhoM aura nAthoM ke kAvyoM meM pAyI jAtI haiN| sadguru kI jo mahimA santa kAvya meM milatI hai use hama sahajayAniyoM.vajrayAniyoM aura nAthapaMthiyoM ke apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI pAte haiN| isI taraha bauddha caryAgItoM meM jaisI pada racanA haiM vaha kAlAntara meM kabIra Adi santoM kI racanAoM meM bhI dekhane ko milatI hai| DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke zabdoM meM - "ve hI pada, ve hI rAga-rAganiyA~, ve hI dohe, ve hI caupAiyA~ kabIra Adi ne vyavahAra kI haiM, jo ukta mata ke mAnanevAle unake pUrvavartI santoM ne kI thii|" DiMgala kAvya-paramparA ke mAdhyama se bhI kabIra Adi santoM para apabhraMza sAhitya kA prabhAva par3A hai| kabIra kI sAkhiyoM meM viraha kI jo mArmika abhivyaMjanA dekhane ko milatI hai use apabhraMza sAhitya ke adhyetA DiMgala kAvya, vizeSakara 'DholA-mArU rA dohA' se atyadhika prabhAvita mAnate haiM / DA. nAmavara siMha kahate haiM - "kabIra ke aneka dohe jo bhAvapravaNa aura mArmika hote haiM, ve 'DholA-mArU rA dohA' meM bhI milate haiM aura aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ina lokapracalita dohoM ko kabIra ne bhaktiparaka pAnI dekara apanA liyaa|" tulasIdAsa ke 'rAmacaritamAnasa' para svayambhUracita 'paumacariu' kA pratyakSa, apratyakSa prabhAva avazya par3A hai| mahAkavi svayambhU kI taraha tulasIdAsa ne bhI prArambha meM guru-vandanA ke bAda durjanoM aura sajjanoM ke sambandha meM likhakara rAmakathA kI tulanA sarovara se kI hai| kathAntara rUpa meM pUrvakathA kI yojanA tathA zrotA vaktA ke kaI-kaI jor3e upasthita karanA bhI apabhraMza kAvyoM jaisA hI hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 kezavadAsa kI 'rAmacandrikA' apabhraMza kAvya 'jinadattacarita' se prabhAvita hai aura sUradAsa ke geya padoM meM 'gAthA saptazatI' kI jhalaka milatI hai| unakA ekAdha dohA hemacandra ke dohoM se hU-ba-hU milatA hai, jaise - bA~ha bichoDavi jAhi tuhu~, hauM tevaiM ko dosu / hiaaTThia jai nIsarahi, jANauM muMja sarosu // - hemacandra bA~ha chur3Ae jAta ho, nibala jAni ke mohi / hiradaya se jaba jAhu toM, sabala badauMgo tohi // - sUra mIrA kI vANI apabhraMza lokagIta paramparA ke atyanta nikaTa hai| mahAkavi vidyApati ke alaMkAra hI nahIM, nAyaka-nAyikA bheda tathA anya zailIgata vizeSatAe~ bhI apabhraMza kAvya se prabhAvita haiN| unakI 'kIrtilatA' meM apabhraMza caritakAvyoM ke aneka lakSaNa sahaja hI dekhe jA sakate haiN| isataraha, mahAkavi candavaradAI se lekara mIrA taka adhikAMza hindI kavi apabhraMza kAvya se bhalIbhA~ti paricita aura prabhAvita haiN| ' madhyakAlIna hindI kavitA aura rItikAlIna zrRMgArI kAvya bhI apabhraMza ke zrRMgAra kAvya se atyadhika prabhAvita haiN| bihArI, deva, matirAma Adi aneka rItikAlIna kaviyoM kI zRMgArika bhAvanAoM tathA tatkAlIna lakSaNa graMthoM para 'gAthA saptazatI' kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| bihArI satasaI meM 'gAthA saptazatI' se aneka sthaloM para bhAvasAmya hai| bihArI kA suprasiddha nimna dohA gAthA saptazatI ke mUla bhAva para hI racita hai - nahiM parAga, nahiM madhura madhu nahiM vikAsa yahi kAla / __ alI kalI hI sauM biMdhyau Age kauna havAla // saMkSepa meM, hindI kAvya kA viSaya hI nahIM usakI racanAzailI aura chandoM para bhI apabhraMza sAhitya kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| alaMkAroM ke lie bhI hindI apabhraMza kI RNI hai / dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI hindI meM apabhraMza se aayaa| apabhraMza kI aneka lokoktiyoM, muhAvaroM aura kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM ko bhI hindI ne saharSa apanA liyA hai| isataraha, bhAvapakSa aura kalApakSa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se hindI sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya se prabhAvita hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki apabhraMza kI prAsaMgikatA Aja bhI banI huI hai aura adhyetA Aja bhI apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyayana kI anivAryatA ko ziddata ke sAtha mahasUsa karate haiN| apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya aura hindI anusandhAna - apabhraMza ke vizAla aura vilupta sAhitya ko prakAza meM lAne kA prathama zreya jarmanI ke suprasiddha bhASAzAstrI ricarDa pizela aura DaoN. harmana yAkobI ko prApta hai| ina donoM vidvAnoM ke apabhraMza sAhitya sambandhI adhyayana, anusaMdhAna aura prakAzana kA pariNAma itanA utsAhavarddhaka aura vismayakArI siddha huA ki hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI aura baMgalA meM apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya sambandhI adhyayana, anusaMdhAna, sampAdana aura prakAzana kA patha anAyAsa, rAtorAta, prazasta ho uThA aura apabhraMza kI zatAdhika racanAe~ vinaSTa aura vilupta hone se bacA lI gyiiN| inake atirikta jArja griyarsana, bhANDArakara, muni jinavijaya,

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16 apabhraMza bhAratI 7 pro. harivallabha cunnIlAla bhAyANI, pro. hari dAmodara velaNakara, candradhara zarmA gulerI, mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, DaoN, hajArIprasAda dvivedI, DaoN. zivaprasAda siMha, DaoN. nAmavara siMha, DaoN. vIrendra zrIvAstava aura DaoN. rAmasiMha tomara Adi vidvAnoM ke apabhraMza sambandhI adhyayana aura anusaMdhAna ne pAThakoM aura anusaMdhitsuoM ke mana meM apabhraMza ke prati durnivAra AkarSaNa utpanna kara diyaa| bhAratIya vizvavidyAlayoM meM abataka apabhraMza sambandhI jo adhyayana aura anusaMdhAna kArya sampanna ho cuke haiM, unakA saMkSipta vivaraNa nimnalikhita hai - 1. harivaMza kochar3a apabhraMza sAhitya dillI, 1952 2. devendrakumAra jaina apabhraMza sAhitya AgarA, 1957 3. paramamizra hemacandra ke apabhraMza sUtroM kI pRSThabhUmi aura unakA bhASA vaijJAnika adhyayana bihAra, 1960 4. devendrakumAra jaina hindI bhASA aura sAhitya para jaina apabhraMza sAhitya kA prabhAva alIgar3ha, 1961 5. nAmavara siMha hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga ilAhAbAda, 1961 6. rAjanArAyaNa pANDeya mahAkavi puSpadaMta : dazavIM zatAbdI ke apabhraMza kavi AgarA, 1963 7. devendrakumAra jaina bhavisayatta kahA aura apabhraMza kathAkAvya AgarA, 1964 . 8. vIrendra zrIvAstava apabhraMza bhASA kA adhyayana dhvanyAtmaka, rUpAtmaka, arthAtmaka paTanA, 1965 9. caMcalakumArI apabhraMza kathA sAhitya kA adhyayana vizvabhAratI, 1965 10. vAsudeva siMha apabhraMza aura hindI meM jaina rahasyavAda vArANasI, 1966 11. indrapAla siMha apabhraMza sAhitya meM zRMgAra (DI. liT.) lakhanaU, 1967 12. ena. pI. varmA apabhraMza ke asphuTa sAhityika muktaka pada bihAra, 1967 13. paramamitra zAstrI sUtra zailI aura apabhraMza vyAkaraNa vArANasI, 1967 14. siddhanAtha pANDeya apabhraMza ke AkhyAnaka kAvyoM (1700 I. taka) kA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva ilAhAbAda, 1969

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 17 15. saMkaTA pra. upAdhyAya AgarA, 1969 16. premacanda jaina 17. kailAzanAtha TaMDana 18. ambAdatta santa vArANasI, 1969 lakhanaU, 1969 AgarA, 1969 19. rAjavaMza sahAya 'hIrA' vArANasI, 1970 20. nathunIsiMha magadha, 1971 21. pramodakumAra siMha bihAra, 1971 22. madana pANDeya vArANasI, 1972 23. omaprakAza zarmA mahAkavi svayambhU apabhraMza bhASA ke mahAn kavi ke jIvanavRtta aura unake kAvyaguNoM kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana apabhraMza kathAkAvya kA hindI premakAvyoM ke zilpa para prabhAva puSpadanta kI bhASA apabhraMza kAvya paramparA aura vidyApati apabhraMza sAhitya : paramparA aura pravRttiyA~ apabhraMza aura hindI kAvya rUpoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apabhraMza ke hema muktakoM kI arthayoniyA~ (DaoN. liTa.) apabhraMza ke kAvyarUpa aura hindI para unakA prabhAva apabhraMza ke carita kAvya eka anuzIlana caudahavIM zatAbdI ke apabhraMza hindI sAhitya meM varNita bhArata apabhraMza muktaka kAvya kA hiMdI muktaka kAvya para prabhAva siddha hema zabdAnuzAsanagata apabhraMza kA samagra anuzIlana aura usakA hindI para prabhAva puSpadanta kA rAmakAvya aura kRSNakAvya : eka vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana apabhraMza : bhASA aura vyAkaraNa apabhraMza ke kavi (DI. liT.) apabhraMza muktaka kAvya paramparA kA hindI muktaka kAvya para prabhAva vikrama vi.vi., 1972 24. sUrya nA. pANDeya ilAhAbAda, 1974 25. rAmakizora ilAhAbAda, 1974 26. sukumArI caturvedI vikrama vi.vi., 1975 27. zrImatI mahiSI malika 28. zivasahAya pAThaka indaura, 1976 mahi. graM. a. bhopAla, 1976 lakhanaU, 1983 29. kailAzanAtha TaMDana 30. surendra bahAdura siMha lakhanaU, 1984

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18 apabhraMza bhAratI 71 31. prabhAkara pAThaka hindI vIra kAvya ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza sAhitya kA yogadAna mithilA, 1984 32. yogendranAtha mizrA saMdeza rAsaka kA bhASAvaijJAnika adhyana vArANasI, 1986 33. godAvarI nAgavAnI saMdezarAsaka meM prayukta zabdoM kA vyutpattiparaka adhyayana ravizaMkara, 1990 apabhraMza sAhitya ke isa punaravalokana se usakI aitihAsika mahattA aura sAhityika zreSThatA kA hameM paricaya aura pramANa milatA hai| apanI jIvanta paramparAoM aura samRddhazAlI sRjanAtmaka sAhitya ke kAraNa yaha Aja bhI adhyetAoM aura anusaMdhAtAoM ke AkarSaNa kA kendra banI huI hai| mahAn vaiyAkaraNoM aura mahAkaviyoM ne loka jIvana ke isa bhavyatama darpaNa ko alaMkRta karane meM apanI pratibhA kA naivedya saharSa arpita kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyayana aura anusaMdhAna kA silasilA Aja bhI jArI hai| apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura kI sthApanA kA isa dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva hai|| 1. svazakti paropadezanimittajJAnabhedAt pratyeka buddha bodhita viklpaaH|| - apanI zaktirUpa nimitta se honevAle jJAna ke bheda se pratyeka buddha hote haiN| - sarvArthasiddhi, AcArya pUjyapAda, 10.9.937; bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana / 1. hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, rAmacandra zukla, vi. saM. 2018 / 2. hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, hajArI pra. dvivedI, 1961 ii.| 3. hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga - 1. jJAnamaNDala li., saM. 2020 / 4. hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, nagendra, 1973 ii.| 5. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, nAmavara siMha, 1971 ii.| 6. apabhraMza : bhASA aura vyAkaraNa, zivasahAya pAThaka, 1976 ii.| 7. apabhraMza kAvya saurabha, DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, 1992 / 8. AlocanA, varSa 2, aMka 4, julAI 1953 / 9. zodha saMdarbha - 1, 2, 3, girirAja zaraNa agrvaal| belavAgaMja laheriyAsarAya darabhaMgA-846001 (bihAra)

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 akTUbara 1995 19 paumacariu ke kucha viziSTa utprekSA alaMkAra - DaoN. rAmabarana pAThaka apabhraMza sAhitya meM mahAkAvya kA prathama racayitA mahAkavi svayaMbhU kI vilakSaNatA se koI bhI sAhityavid aparicita nahIM hogaa| jIvana ke samasta kSetroM meM gahana anubhava rakhanevAlA vaha vyakti kyoM na sAhitya kSetra meM apanA advitIya sthAna banA pAtA! usakI sabhI anamola racanAe~ sAhitya saMsRti kI koSa-maMjUSA haiN| ataH sabhI paravartI kavi jAne-anajAne usa kavi ke RNI haiN| paumacariu kI kalAtmaka saundarya para dRSTi par3ate hI kauna aisA adhyetA hogA jisakA hRdaya bAga-bAga hokara mana-mayUra ko nRtya karane ke lie bAdhya nahIM kregaa| pramANa-svarUpa isa kAvya meM katipaya sulabha utprekSA alaMkAroM para dRSTi DAlanA Avazyaka hai| kavi kI tIvra evaM tIkSNa buddhirUpI lekhanI ne prastuta mahAkAvya meM mUrta-amUrta, prastuta-aprastuta, rasa, guNa, rIti, zabdazakti, chanda, zeSa anya alaMkAra Adi ko utprekSA alaMkAra kA vAhaka banAkara kAvya ke zilpavidhAna meM eka nayA mor3a de diyA hai| svara aura vyaMjana kA samAveza karate hue varNa, pada, zabda, vAkyAdi kA avalamba lekara kavi kI lekhanI calatI rahI hai| Alocya kAvya meM paramparAgata evaM navIna zilpa saMsAdhanoM kA upayoga sulabha hai| * lekhaka se yaha lekha prApta hone ke pazcAt eka durghaTanA meM unakA Akasmika nidhana ho gyaa|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 isa kRti meM kavi ne varNa, alaMkAra, chanda, rasa, divA-rAtri, saMdhyA-prabhAta, nagara, Rtu, jyotiSa, parAkrama evaM zaurya - yuddha se saMbaMdhita vibhinna prakAra ke kAraka tathA jIvanopayogI samagra vastuoM ke kArakoM kI mahattA utprekSA alaMkAra ke dvArA dikhAte hue kAvya- kalevara evaM sundaratA meM abhivRddhi kara dI hai| vaha kisI eka upamAna se saMtuSTi nahIM pAtA hai kyoMki usake jJAna kI pipAsA ananta hai / isaliye vaha upamAnoM kI lar3I para lar3I pirotA calatA hai| kabhI bhI thakatA huA pratIta nahIM hotA hai / prastuta kAvya meM Alocya, alaMkAra kA vAcaka NAvaI, NAI evaM NaM hai 1 paumacariukAra ne grISma aura pAvasa Rtu kA mAnavIkaraNa nimna prakAra se kiyA hai dhaNu apphAliu pAuseNa taDi TaMkAra-phAra darisanteM / coeNvi jalahara-hatthi-haDa NIra-sarAsaNi mukka turanteM // ' 28.2 20 - pAvasa rAjA ne bijalI kA TaMkAra karate hue dhanuSa car3hA liyA sAtha hI megha-ghaTA ko prerita karate hue avilamba jalarUpI bANa chodd'aa| grISma Rtu ke antima dinoM meM AkAza meM megha - jAla phailane lagatA hai| aisA lagatA hai mAno pAvasarAja hAtha indradhanuSa lekara megharUpI gaja para baiThakara grISmarUpI narAdhipa para AkramaNa karane ke lie taiyAra ho rahe hoN| phira jala ke bANoM se Ahata hokara grISmarAja yuddha meM dharAzAyI huA jisake paThana se sajjanoM kI taraha meMDhaka Tarra-Tarra (rone) karane lage aura durjana kI bhAMti mayUra nAcane lage dAdura raDevi lagga NaM sajjaNa / NaM Naccanti mora khala dujjaNa // NaM pUranti sariu akkandeM / NaM kai kilakilanti ANandeM // NaM parahuya vimukka ugghoseM / NaM varahiNa lavanti parioseM // NaM saravara vahu-aMsu - jalolliya / NaM girivara hariseM gaJjolliya // NaM uNhavia davaggi vioeN| NaM Nacciya mahi viviha - viNoeM // NaM atthamiu divAyaru dukkheM / NaM paisarai rayaNi sai~ sukkheM // rattapatta taru pavaNAkampiya / keNa vi vahiu gimbhu NaM jampiya // 28.3 meMDhaka mAno sajjanoM kI taraha Tarra-Tarra (rone) karane lge| mAno mora duSTa durjana kI bhA~ti nRtya karane lge| mAno AnaMda se saritA bhara gii| mAno kavi Ananda se kilakilAne lge| mAno koyala udghoSa se mukta ho gii| mAno mayUra paritoSa se bolane lge| mAno tAlAba vipula azruoM se jalamagna ho gyaa| mAno viyoga se dAvAgni zAMta huaa| mAno parvata prasannatA se pulakita ho gyaa| mAno pRthvI vividha vinoda se nRtya kara utthii| mAno divAkara duHkha se asta ho gayA / mAno rAtri sukha se phaila gayI / vRkSa ke patte rakta- yukta ho gaye evaM havA se kA~pa uThe / kaha rahe the ki mAno kisI ne grISma kA vadha kara diyA hai| rAvaNa aura sItA ke kaTu vArtAlApa - pazcAt sUrya asta ho gyaa| rAtri kI bhayaMkaratA samApti kI sthiti meM hai| maMtroM se pIr3ita darpa ko cUra-cUra evaM sammAna ko coTa pahu~cAnevAlI nizAcarIrUpI rAtri naSTa huI, mAno zUravIra ke coTa se gajaghaTA -

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 21 sUra-bhaeNa NAI raNu mellevi| paisai Nayaru kavADaI pellevi / dIvA pajjalanti je synnehiN| NaM Nisi valevi NihAlai NayaNehi~ // uTThiu ravi arvindaannndu| NaM mahi kAmiNi-kerau-andau // NaM saJjhAe tilau drisaaviu| NaM sukaihe jasa-puju pahAviu // NaM mambhIsa dentu vl-pttihe| pacchaleM NAI padhAiu rattihe // NaM jaga-bhavaNahA~ vohiu diivu| NA. puNu vi puNu so jje paDIvau // ghattA - tihuaNa-rakkhasaho dArevi disi-vahu-muha-kandaru / uvare paIsarevi NaM sIya gavesai diNayaru // 41.17 - sUrya ke bhaya se mAno rAtri raNa ko chor3akara kivAr3oM ko dhakkA detI huI nagara meM praveza karatI hai| zayana-sthAna para dIpa jalate haiM mAno rAtri usake misa apane netroM ko ghumAkara dekhatI hai| kamaloM ko AnaMdita karanevAlA sUrya udaya huA mAno pRthvIrUpI kAminI kA darpaNa ho athavA saMdhyA kA tilaka ho athavA kavi kA yazapunja camakatA ho athavA rAma kI patnI sItA ko zakti dekara rAtri ke pIche daur3atA ho athavA saMsArarUpI mahala kA dIpaka jalA ho athavA bAra-bAra vahI lauTatA ho| .. udvigna sthiti meM baiThe hue rAma se unake sAmanta kala ke honevAle yuddha kI bAta karate haiN| tabhI sUryodaya huaa| isa prabhAta kAla meM sUrya kI sthiti kI navIna udbhAvanAe~ vastUtprekSA alaMkAra ke dvArA prastuta karake kavi ne kAvya kI utkRSTatA evaM rocakatA meM yoga diyA hai - tAmva vihANu bhANu Nahe uggau / rayaNihe taNau gabbhu NaM piggau / ghattA - AhiNDeMvi jagu sayarAyaru siggh-gi| sampAiu NAi~ sa iM bhu va NAhivai // 63.12 - (isI bIca) prAta:kAla kA sUrya AkAza meM udita huA to aisA lagA mAno nizAcariyoM kA garbha nikala par3A ho| mAno drutagAmI sUrya ne saMsAra kI parikramA karate hue apane hAthoM se apanA adhikAra parNa kiyA ho| saMdhyA evaM rAtri kA sundara tathA asundara rUpa denA kavi kI kUcIrUpI lekhanI tathA rasa, chanda, alaMkAra Adi rozanAI kI guNavattA para nirbhara hai| kuzala citerArUpI svayaMbhU ne vIbhatsa alaMkAra ke mAdhyama se usakI bhayaMkaratA prakaTa kI hai - jAya saMjha Aratta pdiisiy| NaM gaya-ghaDa sindUra-vihUsiya // . suur-mNs-ruhiraali-ccciy| Nisiyari vva ANandu paNacciya // galiya saMjha puNu rayaNi praaiy| jagu gilei NaM suttu mahAiya // 23.9 - sUrya ke asta hone para lAlimA se yukta saMdhyA aisI lagI mAno sindUra se susajjita gajaghaTA ho|athvaa vIra ke rakta meM lipaTI huI nizAcarI prasannatA se nRtya kara rahI ho| saMdhyA kI samApti evaM rAtri ke Agamana para aisA lagA mAno sote hue mahAvizva ko nigala liyA ho|

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22 apabhraMza bhAratI7 prakRti varNana ke prasaMgAntargata vaTavRkSa kA navInIkaraNa karatA huA kavi navIna cetanA ke rUpa meM vividha kalpanAoM kI saMbhAvanAe~ sundara evaM rocaka zailI meM prakaTa karatA hai - kaDDhiu vara-pAyavu tharaharantu / NaM vairi rasAyale paisarantu // NaM NadaNa-vaNaho rasantu jIu / NaM dhaNihe vAhA-daNDu vIu // NaM dahavayaNaho ahimANa-khambhu / NaM puhai-pasUyaNe pavara-gabbhu // ghattA - so sohai Naggoha-taru mAruya-suya-bhuyalaTThihiM liyu|| NAvai gaMgahe jauNahe vi majjhe payAgu pariTThiu taiyau // 51.3 - tharrAte hue vaTavRkSa ko hanumAna ne aisA khIMcA mAno pAtAla meM koI zatru hI jA rahA ho| mAno vaha naMdana vana kI mukharajihva ho| athavA mAno dharatI kA dUsarA baahudnndd| athavA mAno rAvaNa kA abhimaan-stmbh|athvaa mAno prasUtavatI dharatI kA vizAla garbha ho| hanumAna dvArA pakar3e jAne para vaha vaTavRkSa aisA lagatA thA mAno gaMgA aura yamunA nadI ke bIca meM tIsarA prayAga ho| isa mahAkAvya meM vastUtprekSA alaMkAra kA anupama evaM anUThA udAharaNa dazAnana ke pauruSa meM taba dikhAI par3atA hai jaba kailAza parvata ko uThA letA hai - katthai gaya Niggaya uddha - suNDa / NaM dharae~ pasAriya vAhu-daNDa / katthai sua - pantiu uThThiyAu / NaM tuTTau maragaya - kaNThiyAu / katthai bhamaroliu dhAvaDAu / uDDanti va kailAsaho jaDAu / katthai vaNayara Niggaya guhehiM / NaM vamai mahAgiri vahu-muhehi~ / uccchaliu kahi mi jalu dhvl-dhaaru| NaM tuTTevi gau girivaraho hAru / / katthai uThThiyai~ valAya-sayai~ / NaM tuTTevi giri-aTThiyai~ gyii| katthai uccchaliyai~ vidumAi~ / NaM ruhira-phuliGgai~ ahinnvaaiN| 13.5 - rAvaNa dvArA kailAza parvata uThAte hI bhagna viSadharoM kI viSa-jvAlAe~ nikalane lagI, caTTAneM cUra-cUra hone lagIM, khalabalI maca gii| kahIM para gaja saiMDa uThAe hue nikala rahe the mAno dharatI ne apanA hAtha phailA diyA ho| kahIM ur3ate hue totoM kI paMkti sadRza marakata ke kanThe TUTe hoN| bhramaroM kI paMktiyAM aisI ur3atI thIM mAno kailAza parvata kI jaTAeM ur3atI hoN| kahIM para guphAoM se bandara nikale mAno mahAgiri bahuta mukhoM se vamana karatA ho| kahIM jala kI dhavala dhArAeM aisI uchalatI mAno girivara ke hAra TUTe hoN| saikar3oM bagule ur3e mAno parvata kI haDDiyAM caramarAI hoN| kahIM mUMge uchala rahe the mAno navIna rudhirakaNa hoN| zaurya evaM parAkrama kA digdarzana karAne kI anUThI kalA to svayaMbhU meM thI hI, dUsare usake dvArA uddhRta utprekSAoM meM nihita hai - ekkahi~ NiviThTha haNuvanta-rAma / maNa-mohaNa NAi~ vasanta-kAma // jamvava-suggIva sahanti te vi / NaM inda-paDinda vaiTTha ve vi // somitti-virAhiya prmmitt| Nami-viNami NAI thira-thora-citta // aGgaGgaya suhaDa sahanti ve vi / NaM canda sUra-thiya avayarevi // Nala-NIla-Narinda NiviTTha kema / ekkAsaNe jama - vaisavaNa jema // gaya-gavaya-gavakkha vi raNa-samattha / NaM vara-paJcANaNa girivarastha // 45.13

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 23 - eka ora rAma aura hanumAna baiThe the mAno manamohana basanta aura kAma ho| jAmavanta aura sugrIva donoM bhI suzobhita the mAno indra aura pratIndra donoM hI baiThe hoN| paramamitra lakSmaNa aura virAdhita mAno sthUla sthiracittavAle nami aura vinami hoN| yoddhA aMga aura aMgada suzobhita the mAno canda aura sUrya avatarita hoN| nRpa nala aura nIla baiThe the mAno eka Asana para yama aura vaizravaNa baiThe hoN| yuddha meM samartha, gaya, gavaya aura gavAkSa bhI aise lagate the mAno girivara meM rahanevAle siMha hoN| ___hasta aura prahasta kI prabala zakti kA pradarzana karane ke lie kavi navIna se navIna upamAnoM kI kalpanA karatA huA nahIM thktaa| kavi kA vicAra sadaiva yahI rahatA hai ki vaha zaktizAlI jIva yA nirjIva kauna hai jisase hasta aura prahasta kI samatA kI jAya - __NaM palae~ samuTThiya canda-sUra / NaM rAhu-keu accanta-kUra / NaM palae-haAsaNa pvnn-cnndd| NaM matta mahaggaya gilla-gaNDa / NaM sIha samudbhUsiya-sarIra / NaM khaya-jalaNihi gambhIra dhIra / 61.9 . - zakti kA sahArA dekara hasta aura prahasta isa taraha khar3e hue mAno pralaya meM candra aura sUrya udIyamAna hoN| athavA krUra rAhu aura ketu athavA pavana se Ahata pralaya kI Aga athavA mada se Ardra mahAgaja athavA prasannacitta zarIravAlA siMha athavA gaMbhIra evaM vizAla pralayakAlIna samudra ho| __ lekhanI se lipibaddha karate hue zakti evaM parAkrama kA udAharaNa nirantara banAye rakhane kI kavi kI abhilASA nirantara balavatI hotI dikhAI par3atI hai| hasta aura prahasta ke maraNoparAnta sira para hAtha rakhakara baiThe rAvaNa kI sthiti kA citraNa avalokanIya hai - NaM matta-mahAgau gaya - visANu / NaM vAsare teya-vihINu bhANu / NaM NI-sasi-sUrau gayaNa - maggu / NaM inda-paDinda-vimukku saggu // NaM muNivaru ih-pr-loy-cukku| NaM kukai-kavvu lakkhaNa-vimukku // 61.14 - vaha (rAvaNa) aisA lagatA thA mAno dA~tahIna matavAlA gaja ho, mAno dina meM tejahIna sUrya ho, mAno sUrya aura candrarahita AkAza ho athavA mAno indra aura pratIndrarahita svarga ho| mAno muni isa loka aura paraloka se cUka gaye hoM, mAno kukavi kA kAvya lakSaNarahita ho| rAvaNa ne jaba apanA dhanuSa uThAyA to usa dhanuSa se aisA TaMkAra huA mAno pralaya mahAmegha garaja uThA ho| dhanuSa kA ghora TaMkAra apratyakSarUpa se rAvaNa kI zakti kA paricaya detA hai - NaM gajjiu palaya-mahAghaNeNa / NaM ghoriu ghoru jamANaNeNa // appANu ghittu NaM NahayaleNa / NaM virasiu virasu rasAyaleNa // NaM mahiyaleM NivaDiu vajja-ghAu / valeM rAmaho kampu mahantu jAu // 75.8 - (rAvaNa ke dhanuSa car3hAne para) aisA lagA mAno pralaya mahAmegha garajA ho, mAno yamamukha ne ghora garjana kiyA ho, mAno AkAzatala svayaM girA ho, mAno rasAtala ne binA rasa ke zabda kiyA ho, mAno pRthvItala para vajra girA ho jisase rAma kI senA prakampita ho gii|

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24 apabhraMza bhAratI 7 sAtha hI usake viziSTa karmoM se usakI zakti kA paricaya milatA hai - tama-puMja-deheNa / NaM palaya-meheNa // 75.10 - zyAma zarIra rAvaNa mAno pralayamegha ho| lakSmaNa aura atulanIya zakti evaM vizAla AkAravAle rAvaNa kA Aropa kabhI vibhinna prabala parAkramavAle jIva va nirjIva upamAnoM se karatA huA (kavi) kahatA hai - gaya-gAruDa-sandaNa kasaNa deha / uNNaiya NAI NaheM palaya-meha // NaM sIha mahIhara - matthayattha / NaM viMjha-saMjha uayAcalattha // NaM aMjaNa-mahihara viNNihUa / NaM Nara-NiheNa thiya kAla-dUya // 75.13 - donoM (lakSmaNa aura rAvaNa) zyAma zarIravAle aise the mAno AkAza meM pralaya megha ho athavA mAno pahAr3a kI coTI para siMha, athavA viMdhyAcala aura udayAcala hoM yA aMjanAgiri ke do Tukar3e yA manuSyarUpI kAladUta athavA mAno pRthvI ne sUryarUpI aruNa-kamala tor3ane ke lie apane donoM hAtha phailAye hoN| ___ kavi kI nagara-varNana kI paddhati nirAlI hai| usakI vRtti eka tIra se aneka zikAra karane jaisI hai| usake upamAna vividha evaM vibhinna hote haiM / kathya AkarSaka evaM rocaka banatA jAtA hai| diThu Nayaru jaM jakkha-samAriu / NAi~ NahaGgaNu sUra-vihUsiu // puNu vi paDIvau Nayaru NihAliu / NAi~ mahAvaNu kusumomAliu // NAi~ sukaihe kavvu payaittiu / NAI Narinda-cittu vahu - cittau // NAi~ seNNu rahavara ha~ amukkau / NAi~ vivAha-gehu sa-caukkau // 28.6 - yakSa dvArA sa~vArA huA vaha nagara dikhAI par3A mAno AkAzarUpI A~gana meM sUrya suzobhita ho| (usane) punaH lauTakara nagara ko dekhA mAno kusumoM se yukta mahAvana ho| mAno kukavi kA pada se yukta kAvya (athavA) mAno aneka citroMvAlA rAjA kA citta ho| mAno zreSTha rathoM se amukta senA ho, mAno cauka se pUrita vivAhita ghara ho| viyaDa-ppaya-chohehi~ puNu py1| NaM kesari mayagala-maiya-vaTu // katthai kappaduma diTTha teNa / NaM panthiya thiya NayarAsaeNa // katthai gorasu savvaha~ rasAhu~ / NaM Niggau mANu hareMvi tAhu~ // NaM dhau hakkArai 'ehi ehi / bho lakkhaNa lahu jiyapauma lehi // ghattA - vArubbhaDa - vayaNeM dIhiya-NayaNe deula - dADhA-bhAsureNa / NaM giliu jaNadaNu asura-vimaddaNu entau Nayara-NisAyareNa // 31.6 - (lakSmaNa ne)vikaTa pada aura kSobhoM se yukta punaH nagara meM praveza kiyA mAno siMhasvarUpa mayagala mahAgaja kA nAza karanevAlA ho| kahIM para kalpavRkSa dikhAI par3A mAno pathika nagara kI AzA meM sthita hoN| kahIM para sabhI rasoM se yukta gorasa thA mAno vaha mAnaharaNa hetu hI nikalA

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 ho / mAno nagara kI dhvajA kaha rahI ho ki he lakSmaNa ! Ao aura zIghra jitapadmA ko lo ( grahaNa karo ) / - hanumAna ne nagara meM praveza kiyaa| usa nagara kI vidyamAna vastuoM kA varNana svayaMbhU ne sthUla evaM sUkSma athavA mUrta evaM amUrta upameya tathA upamAna ke mAdhyama se isa prakAra kiyA hai katthai kallUriyahu~ kaNikkau / NaM sijjhanti tiyau piya-mukkau // ai-vaNNujjalAu Nau miTThau / NaM vara-vesau vAhira-miTThau // katthai puNu tamvoliya- santhau / NaM muNivara-maIu majjhatthau || ahavai sura- mahilau vahulatthau / jaNa muhamujjAlevi samatthau // katthai paDiyai~ pAsA - jUai~ / NaTTaharai~ pekkhaNai~ va hUai~ | katthai vara - mAlAhara santhauM / NaM vAyaraNa kahau suttatthau // katthai ummavanti Nara-mANai~ / Na jama- dUA Au-pemANai~ // katthai kAmiNIu maya-mattau / NaM riha vahulau adhiya-kaDattau // ghattA - - rAmaho harihe kaiddhayaho haNuvantu kayaMjali - hatthau // kAhI~ jahA~ saNiccharoM NaM miliu kayantu cautthau // 45.12 25 kahIM para bhojana pakAnevAlI striyoM ke 'kanakana' zabda aise lagate the mAno priya se chUTI huI strI kunakunA rahI ho| kahIM para navIna zveta miThAI thI mAno vezyA ke samAna bAhara se mIThI ho / kahIM para pAnavAloM kI galI aisI lagatI thI mAno zreSTha muniyoM ke bIca kI mati ho / athavA aneka arthoMvAlI deva mahilA jisameM logoM ke mukha ko ujvala karane kI sAmarthya thii| kahIM ju-pAse pheMke jA rahe the to kahIM kUTadyUta aura nRtya / kahIM mAlAkaroM kI galI thI jo vyAkaraNa aura kathA kI taraha susajjita thii| kahIM manuSyoM ke mAna aise lagate mAno Ayu nirdhArita (pramANita) karanevAle yamadUta hoN| kahIM madayukta kAminiyA~ aisI lagatI thIM mAno rekhabahula (jhurriyAM ) kSINatA ho / hAtha jor3e hanumAna rAma, lakSmaNa aura sugrIva ke bIca meM aise lagate the mAno kAla, yama aura zani meM cauthA kRtAnta ho / paumacariu meM prayukta upamAna jJAna-vRddhi meM upayogI haiM jisase zabda bhaMDAra meM abhivRddhi hotI hai| aise navIna upamAna se prayukta zabdoM kA jJAna karAnevAle ke prati nata honA svAbhAvika hai / svayaMbhU ne dharma evaM nIti meM dRr3ha vizvAsI vibhISaNa ke mukha se upameya aura upamAna ko amUrta banAkara use punaH ukti-doSa se vaMcita karA diyA hai aura kathya kI rocakatA ko banAye rakhA hai| ahihu valiu dasANaNa rAyaho / NaM guNa- Nivahu dosa-saMGghAyaho // 57.2 (vibhISaNa) dazAnana ke sammukha aise mur3e mAno doSa-samUha ke sAmane guNa-samUha ho / yuddha-varNana meM kavi kI zilpakalA nikharatI calatI hai| raNaprAMgaNa meM par3e hue zavoM kI sthiti kA citra avalokanIya hai -

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26 apabhraMza bhAratI7 kattha i sa-visANai~ kumbhayalai~ / NaM raNavahu-ukkhalai~ sa-musalai~ // kattha i chattai~ hayai~ visAlaI / NaM jamma-bhoyaNe diNNaI thAlai~ // kattha i suhaDa - sirAI paloTTaI / NAi~ a-NAlaI Nava-kandoTTaI // kattha vi giddha kavandhe pritttthi| NaM ahiNava-siru suhaDu samuTThiu // ghattA - kattha i Nara-ruNDeMhi~ kara-kama-tuNDehi~ samara-vasundhara bhIsaNiya / vahu khaNDa-payArehiM NaM sUAraeNhi~ raiya rasoi jamaho taNiya // 17.13 __ - kahIM para sUMDa ke sAtha kumbhasthala par3e the mAno yuddharUpI strI ke Ukhala evaM mUsala hoN| kahIM kaTe vizAla chatra par3e the mAno yamarAja ke bhojana ke lie thAla hoN| kahIM yoddhAoM ke sira loTa-poTa ho rahe the mAno navIna kunda puSpa hoN| kahIM dhar3oM para baiThe giddha aise lagate mAno unake naye sira hI nikale hoN| kahIM nara-muNDa aura par3e hue hAtha-paira ke samUha se pRthvI aisI bhayaMkara lagatI thI mAno yamarAja hetu rasoiyoM ne vibhinna prakAra ke vyaMjana banAye hoN| kaTe hue sira jo rakta se lipaTe hue par3e haiM kavi usake lie isa prakAra utprekSA ke mAdhyama se vyakta karatA hai - bhaDu ko vi paDicchiru NivvaTTiya-siru soNiya-dhArucchaliya-taNu / lakkhijjai dAruNu sindUrAruNu phagguNe NAi~ sahasakiraNu // 17.12 - rakta se lipaTAhuA dhar3a aura sira aisA mAlUma hotA thA mAno sindUra kI bhA~ti lAla phAlguna kA dAruNa taruNa sUrya ho| apAra senAe~ yuddha-prAMgaNa meM prayANa karatI haiN| rAma kI asaMkhya senA, rAma aura rAvaNa kI senAoM ke bhir3ane para ur3atIhuI dhUla kI utprekSA dekhate hI banatI hai - rAma-seNNu raNa-rahasiu kahi mi Na mAiu / jagu gilevi NaM para-valu gilahuM padhAiu // 74.11 - rAma kI senA kI prasannatA nahIM samA pA rahI thI, vaha aisI pratIta hotI thI mAno vizva ko nigalakara zatru-senA ko nigalane daur3I ho| gaya-paya-bhara-bhAriyae dharae NAi~ NIsAsu melliu / ahava vi mucchAviyahe andhayAru jIu vva melliu // ucchaliu mandu mayarandu nnaaiN| raya-NiheNa va Nahaho dharitti jAi // ghattA - pasarantuTThantu mahantu rau lakkhijjai kavilau kavvurau / mahi - maDau gilantaho sa-rahasaho NaM kesa-bhAru raNa-rakkhasaho // 74.12 - azvoM ke khuroM se dhUla aisI ur3I mAno gajoM ke paira ke bhAra se pRthvI niHzvAsa chor3atI ho athavA mUchita pRthvI A~ca-sadRza aMdhakAra chor3atI ho| athavA dhUla ke bahAne pRthvI AkAza kI ora jAtI ho| pIlI aura citakabarI dhUla phailatI aura uThatI huI aisI lagatI thI mAno pRthvI ke zava ko nigalate hue raNarUpI rAkSasa kA keza-bhAra ho|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 27 yuddha kSetra ke isI krama meM utprekSA alaMkAra kA adbhuta evaM bhayaMkara citraNa draSTavya hai - kehi mi kari-kumbha. prmtttthiN| NaM saGgAma-sirihe thaNavaTTai~ // kehi mi laiyai~ nnr-sir-pvr.| NaM jayalacchi-varaGgaNa-camarai~ // kehi mi hiyai~ valA riu-chattai~ / NaM jayasiri-lIlA-sayavattai~ // keNa vi khagga-laTThi pariyaDDhiya / raNa rakkhasaho jIha NaM kaDDhiya // keNa vi kari-kumbhatthalu phADiu / NaM raNa-bhavaNa-vAru ugdhADiu // katthai ruhira-pavAhiNi dhAvai / jAu mahAhau pAusu NAvai // ghattA - soNiya-jala-paharaNaggiehi~ vasuhantarAla-Nahayala-gaehi~ / pajjalai valai dhUmAi raNu NaM juga-khaya-kAle kAla-vayaNu // 74.13 - kisI (yoddhA) ne gajoM ke kumbhasthala naSTa kara diye mAno unhoMne saMgrAmarUpI lakSmI hI naSTa kI ho| kisI ne vizAla nara-jhuNDa utAre mAno vijayalakSmI rUpI sundarI ke ca~vara hoN| kisI ne balapUrvaka zatruoM ke chatra chIna liye mAno vijayalakSmI kA lIlA-kamala ho| kisI ne talavArarUpI lAThI nikAla lI mAno yuddharUpI rAkSasa kI jihvA hI nikAla lI ho| kisI ne gaja kA kumbhasthala phAr3a DAlA mAno raNarUpI bhavana kA dvAra ukhAr3a diyA ho| kahIM rakta-dhArAeM baha rahI thIM mAno mahApAvasa (Rta) ho| vasandharA ke vistAra aura nabha meM vyApta zoNita jala tathA astroM kI Aga se yuddha kabhI jala uThatA aura kabhI uThatA-sA dhuA~ aisA jAna par3atA thA mAno yugAnta kA kAla mukha ho| yuddha-prAMgaNa kI dhUla kI isa vyApakatA se kavi ko jaba saMtoSa nahIM hotA hai aura apanI kalA-zilpa meM kamI kA anubhava karatA hai to punaH likhatA hai ki isane (dhUla ne) samasta saMsAra ko mailA kara diyA aura sUrya-maNDala taka phaila gii| taba vaha ravi kiraNoM se tapta ho jAtI hai - tAva raNa-rau bhuvaNu mailantu / ravi-maNDalu paisarai tahi~ mi sUra-kara-Niyara-tattau / paDikhalevi disAmuhehi~ suDhiya-gattu NAvai Niyattau // sura-muhAi~ a-lahantau thiu heTThAmuhu / palaya-dhUmakeu va dhUmanta disAmuhu / lakkhijjai pallaTTantu rennu| raNa-vasahaho ] romantha-pheNu // somittihe rAmaho rAvaNAsu / NaM surehi~ visajjiu kusuma-vAsu // raNaeviheM NaM suravahu - jaNeNa |dhuumohu diNNu Naha-bhAyaNeNa // sara-Niyara-Nirantara-jajjaraGga / NaM dhUlihovi Nahu paDahu~ laggu // ghattA - muau va paharaNa-saya-salliyau daDDhu va kovaggiheM ghalliyau / sahasatti samujjalu jAu raNu khala-virahiu NaM sajjaNa-vayaNu // 74.14 -- usa yuddha kI dhUla ne tribhuvana ko mailA kara diyA jo sUrya-maNDala taka pahu~cakara tapta ho gyii| vahA~ se palaTakara dizArUpI mukhoM meM phailane lgii| devatAoM kA mukha na dekha pAne ke kAraNa

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28 apabhraMza bhAratI7 usakA mukha nIcA thaa| pralaya dhUma aura ketu sadRza saba dizAoM meM dhUla bhara gyii| lauTatI huI reNu mAno raNarUpI baila kA jhAga ho| mAno devatAoM ne lakSmaNa, rAma aura rAvaNa para kusuma-raja kI vRSTi kI hii| mAno sura-vadhuoM ne AkAzarUpI pAtra meM yuddharUpI devI hetu dhUmasamUha diyA ho| tIra-samUha se lagAtAra kSINa hotA huA nabha hI dhUla ke rUpa meM gira rahA thaa| raNa sahaja hI prakAzita ho utthaa| mAno khalavihIna sajjana kA mukha ho| rAma-rAvaNa meM tumula yuddha prAraMbha hotA hai| ghora yuddha hone kA paricaya kavi-lekhanI se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / isa tumula yuddha ke upamAna dekhate hI banate haiM / kavi-kalpanA kI ur3AneM kahA~ taka pahu~catI haiM ? kalpanA bhI isakI kalpanA nahIM kara sakatI hai - rae~ paNaTThae~ jAu raNu ghoru / rAhava-rAvaNa-valahu~ karaNa-vandha-sara-pahara-NiuNahu~ / andhAra-vivajjiyau surau NAi~ annurtt-mihunnhuN|| raha rahAha~ Nara Narahu~ turaGga turaGgahu~ / bhiDiya matta mAyaGga matta-mAyaGgahu~ // ko vi sarAUriya-karu dhAvai / raNa-vahu-avaruNDantau NAvai // kAsu i vAhu-daNDu vANaggeM / Niu bhuaGguNaM garuDa-vihaGge // 74.15 - karaNabandha aura bANoM ke prahAra meM nipuNa rAma aura rAvaNa kI senAoM meM bhayaMkara yuddha huA mAno prabala anurakta premI yugala kI aMdhakArarahita surati krIr3A ho| koI apane hAthoM meM bANa lekara aise daur3atA thA mAno vaha raNalakSmI kA AliMgana karanA cAhatA ho| dvandva yuddha ke citraNa meM kavi ke upamAna atyAdhika rocaka bana par3e haiM - veNNi vi jujjhanti silImuhehi~ / NaM giri avaropparu sura-muha~hiM // 63.4. - donoM tIroM se yuddha karate aise lagate the mAno nadI-mukha se parvata Apasa meM prahAra kara rahe hoN| __ yuddha kSetrAntargata vyUha-racanA kA prasaMga honA svAbhAvika hai| kavi svayaMbhU kI vyUha-racanA pUrNataH bhinna hai| isa saMdarbha meM bhI isakI upamAe~ amUrta evaM vyAkaraNika haiM - haya-gaya-raha-pAikka-bhayaMkaru / NaM jamakaraNu suThu ai-duddharu // satta pavara-pAyArAhiTThiu / NaM ahiNava-samasaraNu pariTThiu // viraiu ema vUhu Nicchiddau / NaM su-kainda-kavvu ghaNa-saddau // ghattA - NaM hiyavau sIyahe kerau acalu abheu dasANaNaho // 67.13 - (sugrIva ne mAyAvI racanA kara ddaalii)| azva, gaja, ratha, paidala sainikoM se bhayaMkara lagatI thI mAno atIva durdhara bhayaMkara jamakaraNa ho| sAta vizAla parakoTe the mAno nayA samavazaraNa ho| aisA vyUha banA jisameM surAkha na ho| (vaha) mAno saghana zabdoMsahita kisI sukavi kA kAvya ho| vaha sabhI ke lie bhISaNa, durgama evaM du-darzanIya thA (vaha) mAno sItA kA hRdaya ho (sAtha hI) rAvaNa dvArA aDiga aura abhedya bhii|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 hanumAna aura kumbhakaraNa meM dvandva-yuddha prAraMbha huaa| donoM ke yuddha meM avalokanIya haiM. ghattA - hanumata ko nizAcara ne pakar3a liyA mAno jinavara ne sumeru parvata ko uThA liyA ho| vaha paira se dabakara aisA nikalA mAno parvata zikhara para car3hA ho / ghattA lakSmaNa aura rAvaNa ke dvandva-yuddha kA utkRSTa namUnA prastuta paMktiyoM meM draSTavya hai - haMseM toDiu aarnnaalu| cala-jIhu viyaDa-dADhA - karAlu // NaM meru-siGgu sahu~ NivaDiyau / canda - divAyara - maNDaleMhi~ // 75.17 X X x tAi~ vi toDiyai~ sa-kalayalAi~ / NaM dahavayaNaho duNNaya - phalAi~ // to vari cayAri samuTThiyAi~ / NaM thala - kamaliNi-kamalai~ thiyAi~ | puNu aNNai~ aTTha samuggayAi~ / NaM phaNasaho phaNasai~ NiggayAi~ // 75.18 - haNuvantu laiu rayaNIyareMNa / NaM meru-mahAgiri jiNavareMNa // caraNehi~ dharevi uccAiyau / NaM giri- sihareMNa caDAviyau // 65.10 - prayukta utprekSAe~ X X X jiha sIsai~ tiha haya vAhu-daNDa / NaM garuDeM visahara kaya du-khaNDa // saya sahasa lakkha a-parippamANa / ekkekkaeN tahi mi aNeya vANa // goha NaM pAroha chiNNa / NaM sura-kari-kara keNa vi paiNNa // savvaGguli savva-hujjalaGga / NaM paMca-phaNAvali thiya bhuaGga // ko vikarayalu sahai sa-maNDalaggu / NaM taruvara - pallau layaho laggu // kavi sahai sillimmuha saGgameNa / NaM laiDa bhuaGga bhuaGgameNa // mahi-maNDalu maNDi kara- sirehi~ chuDu khuDiehi~ sa-komalehi~ // raNa- devaya acciya lakkhaNeNa NAi~ sa NAlehi~ uppalehi~ // 75.19 X 29 X X sa-kusuma-candaNa-caccikkiyaGga / NiyaNAsu NAi~ darisiu rahaGgu // he teNa bhamADijjantaeNa jagu je savvu NaM bhAmiyau // 75.20 X X X bhaMjantu asesAuha - sayAi~ / NaM tuhiNu dahantu saroruhAi~ // paribhamiu ti-vArau tarala- tuGgu / NaM meruhe pAsehi~ bhANu-vimbu // 75.21 X - (lakSmaNa ne khurape se rAvaNa kA sira tor3a diyA / ) mAno haMsa ne kamalanAla tor3A ho| isakA (rAvappa kA) sira mukuTa ke sAtha paTTa se alaMkRta thA, vaha camakate hue kuNDaloM ke sAtha aisA lagatA thA mAno candra aura sUrya maNDaloM sahita meruparvata-zikhara ke sAtha girA ho / X X

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30 apabhraMza bhAratI 7 - (lakSmaNa ne rAvaNa kA sira) isa taraha tor3a DAlA mAno rAvaNa kA anItaphala ho| punaH cAra sira nikala Aye mAno pRthvI para kamala ke phUla khile hoN| phira anya ATha (usake kaTane para) sira nikale mAno phaNasa meM phaNasa nikale hoN| - sira-sadRza hI usake bAhu-daNDa aise kATa diye mAno garur3a ne sarpa ke do Tukar3e kie hoN| agaNita sau lAkha hAtha, hAthoM meM agaNita tIra mAno vaTa vRkSa ke tane hI TUTa par3e hoM athavA mAno kisI ne gaja-sUMDa hI kATa dI hoN| pAMca u~galiyA~ jinameM sundara nakha camakate the mAno pA~ca phaNoMvAlA bhujaMga ho| talavArasahita koI hAtha aisA lagatA thA mAno vRkSa kA pattA kisI latA meM lagA ho| bhramaroM ke sAtha koI aisA suzobhita thA mAno sarpa ne sarpa ko pakar3a rakhA ho| kumAra lakSmaNa ne hAtha evaM ziroM se pRthvI-maNDala ko pATa diyA ho mAno usane (lakSmaNa ne) komala nAla aura kamala cuna-cuna kara raNarUpI devatA kI arcanA kI ho| - kusuma evaM candana se carcita cakra ko rAvaNa ne dikhAyA mAno apane nAza kA hI pradarzana kiyA ho| lakSmaNa ke durvacanoM se uttejita hokara rAvaNa ne cakra uThA liyA aura use nabha meM aisA ghumAyA mAno samasta vizva ghUma gayA ho| - saikar3oM astra aise naSTa hue mAno hima ne saikar3oM kamaloM ko jalAyA hai / U~cAI para ghUmatA huA caMcala cakra tIna bAra ghUmA mAno sumeru parvata ke cAroM tarapha sUrya kA bimba cakra lagAtA ho| kavi zrImAlA kI zArIrika sundaratA kA citraNa karane meM prAkRtika evaM amUrta upamAnoM kA upayoga karatA hai - sirimAla tAma kariNihe valagga / NaM vijju mahA-ghaNa-koDi-lagga // sayalAharaNAlaGkariya-deha / NaM Nahe ummilliya canda-leha // aggima-gaNiyAriheM caDiya dhAi / Nisi-purau pariTThiya saJjha NAi / darisAviu Nara - Niurumvu tIe~ / NaM vaNa-siri taruvara mahuyarIe~ // sayala vi Naravara vaJcanti jAi / avarAgama sammAdiTThi NAi~ // NaM siddhi ku-muNivara pariharanti / duggandha rukkha NaM bhamara-panti // 7.3 - zrImAlA usa hathinI para baiThI aisI lagatI thI mAno mahAmegha kI goda meM vidyut| samasta alaMkAroM se yukta usakI deha aisI jAna par3atI thI mAno nabha meM udita candralekhA ho| Age kI hathinI para baiThI usakI dUtI mAno rAta ke pahale saMdhyA baiThI ho| dUtI zrImAlA ko rAja-samUha ke lie aisI dikhAtI thI mAno madhukarI tarucaroM ko vana kI shobhaa| vaha unako (nRpa samUha ko) aise chor3atI jAtI thI mAno siddhi kumuniyoM ko chor3a detI hai athavA bhramaroM kI katAra durgandha se yukta vRkSoM ko|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 31 anta meM zrImAlA ne kiSkindha kumAra ke gale meM hAra DAlakara varaNa kara liyA aura usake samIpa baiTha gii| usa svayaMvara meM huI zrIvRddhi kA varNana kavi navIna upamAnoM dvArA karatA huA upasthita nRpa-samUha kI kSINatA kA bhI digdarzana karAtA hai jisase vara-vadhU kI chavi aura nikhara uThatI hai - kikkindhaho ghalliya mAla tAe~ / NaM mehesarahoM suloyaNAe~ // AsaNNa pariTThiya vimala-deha / NaM kaNayagiriheM Nava-candaleha // vicchAya jAya sayala vi Narinda / sasi-joNhae~ viNu NaM mahiharinda // NaM ku-tavasi parama-gaIheM cukk| NaM paGkaya-sara ravi-kanti-mukka // 7.4 - usake (kumAra kiSkiMdha ke ) gale meM mAlA DAlatI mAno sulocanA ne meghezvara ke gale meM mAlA DAla dI ho| vimala zarIra vaha usake pAsa baiThI aisI suzobhita thI mAno kanakagiri para navIna candra udaya huA ho| sabhI nRpa use dekhakara aise kSINa hue mAno jyotsnArahita parvata ho athavA sugati se cyuta kutapasvI athavA ravikAMti-rahita kamaloM kI shobhaa| __ kavi dvArA 'nakha-zikha' varNana meM prayukta navIna udbhAvanAeM dekhane yogya bana gayI haiN| rAvaNa kI dRSTi bAlA maMdodarI para par3atI hai - dIsai teNa vi sahasatti vAla / NaM bhasaleM ahiNava-kusuma-mAla // dIsanti calaNa-Neura rasanta / NaM mahura-rAva vandiNa paDhanta // dIsai Niyamvu mehala-samaggu / NaM kAmaeva-atthANa-maggu // dIsai romAvali chuDu caDanti / NaM kasaNa-vAla-sappiNi lalanti / dIsanti sihiNa uvasoha denta / NaM urayalu bhindaMvi hatthi-danta // dIsai papphulliya-vayaNa-kamalu / NIsAsAmoyAsatta-bhasalu // dIsai suNAsu aNuhua - suandhu / NaM NayaNa-jalaho kiu seu-vandhu // dIsai NiDAlu sira-cihura-chaNNu / sasi-vimbu va Nava-jalahara-NimaNNu // 10.3 - sahasA (rAvaNa ne) usa bAlA (maMdodarI) ko dekhA mAno madhukara ne naye kusuma-mAlA ko dekhA ho| usake bajate hue nUpura aise lagate the mAno bandIjana zabdoM kA pATha karate hoN| mekhalAsahita nitamba mAno kAma kA AsthAna mArga thaa| car3hatI huI romAvali mAno kAlI bAla nAgina ho| ubharA huA uroja aisA dikhAI par3atA thA mAno urusthala para hAthI kA dA~ta ho| usakA khilA huA mukha-kamala aisA dikhAI par3atA thA mAno ni:zvAsa ke lie usa para madhukara Asakta ho| sugandha kA anubhava karanevAlI usakI sundara nAka mAno netrajala hetu setu-bandha hI ho| sira ke kezoM se chipA Achanna lalATa aisA lagatA thA mAno naye bAdala meM candra-bimba hI DUbA ho| candra aura sUrya kA sAmaMjasya svayaMbhU dvArA isa prakAra hotA hai - viNi vi dussIla-sahAvai~ surau sa i~ bhuJjantAi~ / 'mA diNayaru kahi mi Niesau' NAi~ sa-saGkai~ suttA' / / 13.12 - (candra aura nizA) donoM duSTa svabhAva ke the| cUMki sUrya na dekha sake, isaliye donoM surati kA Ananda lekara so rahe the|

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32 sUrya kA udaya honA kavi kI dRSTi meM rAtri ko khojanA hai vimale vihANae kiyaNa payANae uyayairi - sihare ravi dIsai / 'mai~ melleppiNu Nisiyaru leppiNu karhi gaya Nisi' NAi~ gavesai // 14.0.1 - * vimala prAtaH hone para usane (rAvaNa ne) prayANa kiyaa| udayagiri kI coTI para sUrya dikhAI par3A mAno khojate hue ki mujhe chor3akara tathA candra ko lekara rAtri kahA~ gayI hai ? Agamana para saba kitane mada se bhara jAte haiM, kavi kI kalpanA dekhane yahI nahIM basanta yogya hai - apabhraMza bhAratI 7 pekkhevi entahI~ riddhi vasaMtahoM mahu - ikkhu - surAsava-mantI / mmaya - vAlI bhumbhala - bholI NaM bhamai saloNoM rattI // 14.2 * riddhi se yukta vasaMta ko Ate dekha madhura Ikha aura surA se matta bholI-bhAlI narmadA nadIrUpI bAlA mAno kAmadeva kI rati kI bhA~ti macala uThI ho / ghattA narmadA-rUpI bAlA apane priya (samudra) ke pAsa jA rahI hai| kavi abhisArikArUpI nadI ke paridhAna evaM usake zRMgAra-prasAdhana kA varNana bar3e manorama DhaMga se karatA hai - - NammayAe~ mayaraharahI~ jantie~ / NAi~ pasAhaNu laiu turantieN // ghavaghavanti je jala - pabbhArA / te ji NAi~ Neura jhaGkArA // pulii~ jAi~ ve vi sacchAyai~ / tAi~ je uDDhaNAi~ NaM jAyai~ // jaM jalu khalai valai ullolai / rasaNA- dAmu taM jiNaM gholai // je Avatta samuTThiya caGgA / te ji NAi~ taNu-tivali-taraGgA // je jala-hatthi - kumbha sohillA / te ji NAi~ thaNa adhummillA // jo DiNDIra-Niyaru andolai / NAvai so jeM hAru kholai // jaM jalayara-raNa-raMgiu pANiu / taM ji NAi~ tambolu samANiu // matta-hatthi-maya-mailiu jaM jalu / taM ji NAi~ kiu akkhihi~ kajjalu // jAu taraMgiNiu avara ohau / tAu ji bhaMgu rAu NaM bhauhau // jAu ma panti allINau / kesAvaliu tAu NaM diNNau // - majheM jantieN muhu darasantieN mAhesara-laMka-paIvahu~ / mohuppAiu NaM jaru lAiu tahu~ sahasakiraNa - dahagIvahu~ // 14.3 - (vaha) narmadArUpI bAlA samudra ko jAtI huI apanI sAja-sajjA dhAraNa kara letI hai| kalakala karatI huI jaladhArAeM mAno usake nUpura kI dhvani ho aura camakIle kinAre usakI or3hanI / uchalatA evaM khalabala karatA huA usakA jala mAno usake karadhanI kI dhvani ho| usameM uThate hue Avarta usake zarIra kI trivalI taraMga jaisI thii| jo usameM jala gajoM ke kumbhasthala zobhAyamAna ho rahe the vahI mAno usake adhakhule stana suzobhita the / jalacaroM ke yuddha se raMgA huA jala mAno tAmbUla thA / mada se yukta gaja ke madajala se maTamailA jala hI mAno netroM kA jala thA /

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apabhraMza bhAratI7 33 nIce-Upara uThanevAlI taraMgeM bAhuoM kI citrarAga thiiN| bhramara mAlA hI kesh-klaap| isa taraha bIca meM mukha dikhAkara jAtI huI usa rekhA ko dekhakara mAhezvara aura laMkAdhipati donoM ko moha aura jvara utpanna ho gyaa| jala-krIr3A-citraNa meM zrRMgAra rasa dvArA utprekSA alaMkAra ke prayoga ne rasAsikta hokara hRdaya ko praphullita banA diyA hai| koI (nArI) komala kamala se rAjA para prahAra karatI huI krIr3A karatI thI to koI aura kisI se| kaheM vi gajjha jale adadhammillau / NaM mayarahara-siharu-sohillau // kaheM vi kasaNa romAvali diTThI / kAma-veNi NaM galeMvi paiTThI // kahe vi thaNovari lalai ahoraNu / NAi~ aNaMgahoM kerau toraNu // 14.7 - kisI kA jala se AdhA nikalA huA AbhUSaNa mAno kAmadeva ke mukuTa-sadRza thaa| kisI ke kAlI romAvali aisI thI mAno kAmaveNI hI galakara nikalI ho| kisI ke stana para dupaTTA aisA lagatA thA mAno kAmadeva kA dhvaja ho| . rehai sundari sahu~ sundareNa / vara-kariNi NAi~ sahu~ kuJjareNa // NaM sIhiNi sahu~ paJcANaNeNa / jiyapauma NAI sahu~ lakkhaNeNa // aha khaNe khaNe vaNijjanti kaaiN| NaM puNu vi puNu vi tAi~ jeM tAI // 48.14 ___- (hanumAna aura laMkAsundarI ke vivAhoparAnta) sundara ke sAtha sundarI aisI suzobhita thI mAno sundara gaja ke sAtha hathinI ho| mAno siMha ke sAtha siMhanI, mAno lakSmaNa ke sAtha jitpdmaa| athavA bAra-bAra kyA carcA kI jAya usake samAna vahI thaa| rAvaNa anta:pura meM praviSTa huaa| maMdodarI ko abhI-abhI aMgada ne mukta kiyA thaa| usa samaya vaha rAvaNa ko kaisI lagatI hai ? paumacariukAra ke zabdoM meM - chuDu-chuDu Amelliya anggenn| NaM kamaliNi matta-mahAgaeNa // NaM kutavasi-vANi jiNAgameNa / NaM NAiNi garuDa-vihaMgameNa 'NaM diNayara-soha varAhaveNa / NaM pavara-mahADai huavaheNa // NaM sasahara-paDima mahaggaheNa / mambhIsiya vijjA-saGgaheNa // 72.14 - aMgada dvArA zIghra hI mukta huI vaha (maMdodarI) aisI dIkha par3I mAno mada se jharate hue gaja ne kamalinI ko chor3A ho athavA jinAgama ne kisI ku-tapasvI kI vANI kA vicAra kiyA ho| mAno pakSirAja garur3a nAgina para TUTa par3A ho athavA dinakara kI zobhA megha hI TUTa par3A ho athavA mahAgraha ne candra-pratimA ko nigala liyA ho| - jahA~ kavi ne saMyoga zRMgAra rasa ke antargata utprekSA alaMkAra ko camatkRta kiyA hai vahIM para vipralambha zRMgAra rasa ke dvArA utprekSA alaMkAra kI navInatA meM kamI nahIM hai / hanumAna ke pitA pavanaJjaya vivAhoparAnta apanI patnI aMjanA kA parityAga kara detA hai| vaha becArI (pati ke) viraha meM dagdha ho rahI hai -

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34 apabhraMza bhAratI 7 Dajhantau uru virahANaleNa / NaM vujjhAvai aMsua-jaleNa // parivAra-bhitti-cittAi~ jaaiN| NIsAsa-dhUma-maliyAI tAI // Dhillai~ AharaNai~ pariyalanti / NaM Neha-khaNDa-khaNDai~ paDanti // 18.9 - viraha-jvAlA se dagdha vaha (aMjanA) aisI lagatI thI mAno usake hRdaya ko azrudhArA zAMta nahIM kara pA rahI hai| usake DhIle paridhAna aise lagate mAno usake sneha khaNDa-khaNDa hokara gira rahe hoN| ___karuNa rasa ke citraNa meM siddhahasta kavi khara-dUSaNa ke dvArA rAvaNa ko patra bhijavAtA hai jo rAvaNa ke sammukha isa prakAra par3A hai - paDiu NAI vahu-dukkhaha~ bhaaru| NAi~ NisAyara-kula-saMghAru // NAi~ bhayaMkaru kalahaho mUlu / NAi~ dasANaNa-matthA-sUlu // 38.1 - mAno atIva du:kha kA bhAra par3A ho| mAno nizAcara kula kA saMhAra ho (athavA) mAno bhayaMkara kalaha kA mUla ho (athavA) mAno dazAnana ke mastaka kA darda ho| yaha satya hai ki dukhI jIvana meM sabhI dRzyamAna vastue~ aisI lagatI haiM mAno ve duHkha de rahI haiM / mahAkavi sUra ke zabdoM meM - "joi-joi sukhada-dukhada aba tei-tei" ke sadRza sItA-vihIna rAma du:khI haiM ata: rAma ko aba vana kaSTakArI hai - NIsIyau vaNu avayajjiyau / NaM sararuhu lacchi - visajjiyau // NaM meha-vindu Nivvijjulau / NaM muNivara-vayaNu a-vacchalau / NaM bhoyaNu lavaNa-jutti-rahiu / arahanta-vimvu NaM a-vasahiu // NaM datti-vivajjiu kivinn-dhnnu| tiha sIya-vihUNau diTTha vnnu|| 39.1 - sItA-rahita vana rAma ko aisA lagA mAno zobhAhIna kamala ho (yA) megha-samUha vidyutavihIna ho| (yA) mAno vAtsalyarahita munivacana ho| (athavA) namakarahita bhojana ho| (athavA) Asana se hIna jina-pratibimba ho mAno dAna se rahita kRpaNa ho / saMkaTa kI sthiti meM karuNa-krandana karatI huI apane mAmA ko pAkara (aMjanA) phUTa-phUTakara rone lagI - jaM laiu Asi puNNehi~ vinnu| taM diNNu vihiheM NaM soya-riNu // ghattA - sarahasu sAiu dentaeNhi~ jaM ekkamevaka AvIliyau / aMsu paNAleM NIsarai NaM kaluNu mahArasu pIliyau // 19.10 - (ajaMnA) jo puNyarahita huI usI se yaha zoka-RNa prApta huA thaa| ve eka-dUsare ke AliMgana meM jakar3a uThe, mAno pIr3ita hokara mahAkaruNa rasa azrudhArA ke misa bAhara nikalA ho| NIsariu vAlu ai-dullaliu / NaM Nahayala-siriheM gabbhugaliu // mArui davatti NivaDiu ilaheM / NaM vijju-puMju uppari silaheM // uccAeNvi Niu vijjAhareMhi~ / NaM jammaNe jiNavaru suravareMhi~ // aJjaNaheM samappiu jAya dihi / NaM NaThTha paDIvau ladhu Nihi // 19.11

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 35 - vimAna se jAtI huI (aMjanA) ke hAtha se chUTakara hanumAna aisA girA mAno AkAzarUpI lakSmI kA garbha ho| hanumAna dharatI para gire mAno zilA-tala para vidyuta-samUha / vidyAdharoM ne use aise uThAyA mAno jina ko devagaNa ne janma ke samaya uThAyA ho| kisI ne usa bacce ko aJjanA ko sauMpa diyA, vaha itanI prasanna huI mAno use khoI huI vastu mila gaI ho| rAma aura lakSmaNa ne vana jAne ke lie ghara chor3a diyA, unake na rahane para unake rAjabhavana kI sthiti kA karuNAmayI citra nimna prakAra se prastuta hai - soha Na dei Na cittahA~ bhAvai / Nahu NiccandAiccau NAvai // NaM kiya-uddha-hattha dhaahaavdd'| valahA~ kalatta-hANi NaM daavdd'|| bharaha NarindahA~ NaM jaannaavi| 'hari-vala janta NivArahi Naravai' // puNu pAAra-bhuyau pasareppiNu / NAi~ NivArai AliGgeppiNu // ghattA - cAva-silImuha-hattha ve vi samuNNaya - mANA / tahA~ mandirahoM ruyantahA~ NAi~ viNiggaya pANA // 23.5 - - (rAma ke na hone se) na rAjamahala suzobhita hai na citta acchA hai, bhavana hAtha uThAkara cillAtA hai vaha aisA lagatA hai mAno sUrya aura candrarahita AkAza ho| mAno rAma kI patnI kA haraNa dikhAtA ho (athavA) mAno bharata ko yaha batA rahA ho ki rAma aura lakSmaNa ko roko, phira bhujAoM ko pasArakara evaM AliMgana karake mAno roka rahA thaa| hAtha meM dhanuSa-bANa liye hue unnatamAna ve donoM krandana karate hue rAjabhavana se aise nikala gaye the jaise prANa hI nikala gayA ho| zambUkakumAra aura kharadUSaNa ke yamapura pahu~cane kA samAcAra candranakhA se pAkara dazAnana atyanta du:khI huA - NaM mayalaMchaNu Nippahu jAyau / giri va davaggi-daDdu vicchAyau // NaM muNivaru cAritta-vibhaTThau / bhaviu va bhava-saMsArahI taTThau // 'vAha bharanta-NayaNu muha-kAyaru / gaheMNa gahiu NaM hUu divAyaru // 41.2 - (candranakhA ke dIna vacanoM ko sunakara rAvaNa mukha nIcA kara letA hai|) mAno candra kAMtihIna ho gyaa| dAvAnala meM dagdha parvata prabhAhIna huA ho athavA muni hI caritrabhraSTa huA ho| bhavarUpI saMsAra se trasita jisakI A~kheM Aha se bharI haiM, aisA kAtara mukha huA mAno rAhu graha se grasta sUrya ho| lakSmaNa ke Ahata hone para rAma kI mArmika evaM zokAkula karuNa sthiti kA citraNa nimna prakAra hai - bhAi-vioeM kaluNa-saru raNeM rAhavu rovai jAhi~ / NaM usAsu jaNaddaNahA~ paDicandu parAiu tAhi~ // 68.0.1 - apane bhAI (lakSmaNa) ke viyoga meM (rAma) ro hI rahe the ki praticandra pAsa meM AyA mAno vaha lakSmaNa ke lgiA ucchvAsa ho|

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36 apabhraMza bhAratI7 (Ahata-lakSmaNa kA samAcAra pAkara) dazaratha-putra bharata ke rone para samasta parijana rone lge| isa sthiti kA avalokana kIjie - dukkhAuru rovai sayalu lou / NaM cappevi bhariu sou // rovai bhiccayaNu samuda-hatthu / NaM kamala-saNDu hima-pavaNa-ghatthu // rovai anteuru soya-puNNu / NaM chijjamANu saMkha-ulu vuNNu // 69.13 - sabhI duHkhI loga rone lage mAno kaNa-kaNa zoka se bhara uThA ho| samudra hasta aura bhRtyasamUha aise roye mAno himapavana se Ahata kamala-samUha ho| zokayukta sabhI anta:pura rone lagA mAno nAza hotA huA du:khI zaMkha-samUha ho| ___ zambUkakumAra ke vadha hone para khara-dUSaNa ko krodhita karane ke lie apane hI nakhoM se apane Apako vidIrNa karake candranakhA usake pAsa (khara-dUSaNa ke pAsa) phuNcii| usakA bhayaMkara svarUpa utsAhavardhita thA - lamvanti lamva-kaDiyala-samagga / NaM candaNa-layaheM bhuaMga lagga // vIyA-mayalaJchaNa-saNNihehi~ / appANu viyAriu Niya-Nahi~ // ruhirolliya thaNa-ghippanta-ratta / NaM kaNaya-kalasa kuMkuma vilitta // NaM dAvai lakkhaNa-rAma-kitti / NaM khara-dUsaNa-rAvaNa-bhavitti // NaM Nisiyara-loyahA~ dukkha-khANi / NaM mandoyariheM supurisa-hANi // NaM laMkahe paisAranti saGka / NiviseNa patta pAyAlalaGka // Niya-mandire dhAhAvanti NAri / NaM kharadUsaNaho paiTTha mAri // ghattA - kuvAru suNeppiNu dhaNa pekkheppiNu rAe~ valevi paloiyau // tihuyaNu saMghAreMvi palau samAvi NAI kiyanteM joiyau // 37.3 - lambe keza jo kaTitala taka laTake the aisA lagatA thA mAno candanalatA se sarpa laTake hoN| dvitIyA ke candramA-sadRza usane apane Apako vidIrNa kara liyaa| rakta kI dhArA se usake stana lAla ho gaye, mAno kesara se raMjita svarNakalaza ho, mAno vaha rAma-lakSmaNa kI kIrti dikhAtI ho (athavA) mAno khara-dUSaNa aura rAvaNa kI bhvitvytaa| mAno nizAcara loka hetu duHkha kI khAna, mAno maMdodarI ke puruSa kI haani| (athavA) mAno laMkA meM praveza karanevAlI zaMkA ho jo kSaNabhara meM pAtAla laMkA meM phuNcii| vaha nArI apane ghara meM dhAr3a mArakara isaprakAra rone lagI mAno khara-dUSaNa ke lie 'mArI' ne praveza kiyA hai| vilApa karatI huI usa strI ko dekhane hetu mur3akara rAjA ne aise dekhA mAno tribhuvana ko saMhAra aura pralaya hetu kRtAnta ne dekhA ho| candranakhA ke raudra rUpa kA pradarzana kavi ne utprekSA alaMkAra ke mAdhyama se karAyA hai - candaNahi alajjiya ema pagajjiya 'maru-maru bhUyahu~ demi vali' // Niya-rUveM vaDDhiya raNa-raseM aDDhiya rAvaNa-rAmahu~ NAi~ kali // 37.0 - raNa-rasa se AplAvita apane AkAra ko bar3hAtI huI rAma-lakSmaNa ke lie vaha (candranakhA) sAkSAt kalaha-sadRza mAlUma par3atI thii|

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apabhraMza bhAratI7 bhaya-bhIsaNa kovANala-saNAha / NaM dharae~ samubbhiya pavara vAha // Naha sari-ravi-kamalahoM kAraNatthi / ahavai NaM abbhuddhAraNatthi // NaM ghusalai abbha-ciriDDihillu / tArA-vuvvuva-saya-viDDirillu // sasi-loNiya-piNDau levi dhAi / gaha-DimbhahoM pIhau dei NAI // ahavaDa kiM vahaNA vitthareNa / NaM Nahayala-sila geNhaDa sireNa // NaM hari-vala-mottiya-kAraNeNa / mahi-gayaNa-sippi phoDai khaNeNa // 37.1 - kopAnala se dagdha bhaya-bhISaNa aisI lagatI thI mAno vasundharA ne pravara bA~ha uThA lI ho| athavA mAno ravi aura kamala ke lie AkAza-gaMgA utpanna ho athavA bAdalarUpI dahI mathatI ho (athavA) tArArUpI saikar3oM budbuda hoM / (athavA) candrarUpI navanIta kA piNDa liye hue graharUpI baccoM hetu pIr3hA lagAne ke lie daur3I ho / athavA bahuta vistAra se kyA ? mAno usane vaha AkAzarUpI zilA uThA lI ho| mAno kSaNabhara meM rAma-balarAma motiyoM ke lie pRthvI aura nabharUpI sIpI ko tor3anA cAhate hoN| ghattA - ee Naravai gaya-sandaNehi~ pritttthiy| samuha dasAsaho NaM uvasagga samuTThiya // 60.5 " - ye nara zreSTha (rAjA) gajaratha para pratiSThita hue mAno rAvaNa ke sammukha saMkaTa pratiSThita ho| ee Naravai sayala vi turaya-mahAraha / NAi~ NisindahA~ kuddhA kUra mahAgaha // 60.6 - ye rAjA sabhI mahAazva rathoMvAle aise lagate the mAno krUra mahAgraha nizAcaroM para kruddha ho gaye hoN| kumAra kiSkiMdha nareza aura nirAzrita nRpoM kI senAeM Apasa meM utsAhapUrvaka bhir3atI haiM to kavi anagar3ha zabdoM ke mAdhyama se utprekSita karatA hai - sAhaNai mi avaropparu bhiDanti / NaM sukai-kavva-vayaNa' ghaDanti // bhaJjanti khambha vihaDanti maJca / dukkavi-kavvAlAva va ku-saJca // haya gaya suNNAsaNa saMcaranti / NaM paMsuli-loyaNa paribhamanti // .7.5 - senAe~ eka-dUsare para bhir3IM mAno sundara kaviyoM ke vacana Apasa meM mila gaye hoN| bhAgate hue maMca ke khambhe TUTa par3e mAno duSTa kaviyoM ke agaThita kAvya-vacana hoN| Asana se zUnya azva aura gaja aise ghUma rahe the mAno vezyAoM ke netra ghUma rahe hoN| vIra hanumAna yuddha-prAMgaNa meM utsAha-pUrvaka yuddha karatA hai| usake prati svayaMbhU kA kathana kitanA rocaka bana jAtA hai - haNuvantu raNe pariveDhijjai Nisiyahi~ / NaM gayaNayale vAla divAyaru jalahare hi~ // para-valu aNantu haNuvantu ekku / gaya-jUhahA~ NAi~ maindu thakku // Arokkai kokkai samuhu thAi / jahi~ jahi~ je thaTu tahi~ tahi~ je dhAi // gaya-ghaDa bhaDa-thaDa bhajantu jAi / vaMsatthale laggu davaggi NAI // ekku rahu mahAhave rasa-visa? / paribhamai NAI vale maiyavaTu // 65.1

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 yuddha meM hanumAna nizAcaroM se aisA ghirA mAno nabha-tala meM bAdaloM ne bAlasUrya ko ghera rakhA ho| hanumAna akelA aura zatru senA ananta thI / vaha mAno gajaghaTA ke bIca siMha ho / vaha sainya-jhuNDa aura gajaghaTA ko aisA naSTa karatA hai mAno bAMsoM ke jhuramuTa meM agni lagI ho / usa mahAyuddha meM utsAha se pUrNa eka rathavAlA thA tathA kAla - sadRza senA meM bhramaNa karatA rahA / 38 kavi svayaMbhU ne adbhuta rasa ke mAdhyama se utprekSA alaMkAra kA bhI varNana kiyA hai ghattA - tAva kiyantavatta bhaDeNa riu Ahau sattie / paDaNatthavaNai~ dAviyai~ NaM sUraho rattie // 80.8 kRtAntapatra senApati ne raNa meM zatru ko zakti se ghAyala kiyA mAno rAtri ne sUrya ko astakAlIna patana dikhAyA ho / eka dina rAvaNa nityAloka nagara se A rahA thA ki usakA yAna binA kisI ke roke hue ruka gayA - vAlu // maharisi-tava-teeM thiu vimANu / NaM dukkiya-kamma-vaseNa dANu // NaM sukkeM khIliu meha-jAlu / NaM pAuseNa koila NaM dUsAmieNNa kuDumba - vittu / NaM maccheM dhariu mahAyavattu // NaM kaJcaNa-seleM pavaNa-gamaNu / NaM dANa- pahAveM NIya-bhavaNu // NIsau hUyau kiGkiNIu / NaM suraeN samattaeN kAmiNIu // ghaggharaihi mi ghavaghava-ghosu cattu / NaM gimbhayAlu dadurahu~ pattu // Naravarahu~ paropparu hUu cappu / aha dharaNi ejeviNu dharaNi-kampu // paDipelliyau vi Na vahai vimANu / NaM mahArisi bhaiyae muai pANu // 13.1 - - AkAza meM (rAvaNa kA ) vimAna acAnaka rukA mAno pApakarma se dAna (athavA ) mAno zukra nakSatra se meghajAla skhalita ho, mAno varSA se koyala kI dhvani, mAno duSTa svAmI se parivAra kA dhana (athavA) mAno maccha ne mahA kamala ko pakar3A ho, mAno sumeru pahAr3a ne pavana kI gati se, mAno dAna ke prabhAva se nIca, bhavana kiMkiNiyA dhvanizUnya huI mAno surati kI samApti para kAminI cupa hoN| ghanTiyoM ne ghanaghana zabda karanA aisA chor3a diyA mAno meMr3hakoM ke lie grISmakAla A gayA ho aneka bAra preraNA dene para vimAna nahIM cala pA rahA hai mAno mahAmuni ke AtaMka se prANa nahIM chor3atA hai / mAro mAro karate hue lakSmaNa ne rAvaNa ke siroM ko tor3a diyA mAno rAvaNa kA anIta-phala ho / usake punaH cAra sira nikala Aye mAno pRthvI para kamala ke phUla khile hoN| unake kaTane para punaH ATha sira uga Aye mAno nAga-phaNa meM nAga-phaNa hoN| isI krama se ve bar3hate rahe / dazAnana bhayaMkara yuddha karatA huA pRthvI para giraa| usa bhISaNa yuddha kI dazA dekhane hetu antaHpura svayaM pahu~cA / usane dekhA

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 kahi mi Ayavattai~ sasi-dhavalai~ / NaM raNa- devaya-accaNa-kamalai~ / kahi mi turaGga vANa - viNibhiNNA / raNa- devayaheM NAi~ vali diNNA // kahi misarehiM dhariya NaheM kuJjara / NaM jala dhArA- Uriya jalahara // kahi mi rahaGga- bhagga thiya rahavara / NaM vajjAsaNi-sUDiya mahihara // teNa cakka sejjahiM carDevi raNa-vahuaeN samANu NaM suttau // 76.6 kahIM para candra - sadRza zveta chatra aise par3a the mAno raNarUpI deva kI arcanA hetu kamala / kahIM bANoM se kSata-vikSata azva par3e the mAno raNarUpI deva ke lie bali dI gaI hai| kahIM bANoM dvArA hAthI AkAza meM chedA jA cukA thA jo aisA mAlUma hotA thA mAno jaladhArA se yukta bAdala ho / kahIM TUTe pahiyoM ke ratha to kahIM, vajrAzani dvArA cUra-cUra parvata the| (rAvaNa) mAno Aja raNarUpI vadhU ke samAna cakra kI zayyA para car3hakara sAnanda so rahA 1 yuddha-varNana prasaMga meM vIbhatsa rasa kA citra utprekSA alaMkAra ke mAdhyama se prastuta hai| raNakSetra meM kaTe hue dIrgha chatra mAno yamarAja ke lie vizAla thAla hoM / khaNDita ratha-cakra mAno kalikAla kA Asana ho / kaTe hue hAtha-paira evaM nara-muNDa samUha mAno rasoiyoM ne yamarAja hetu vibhinna prakAra ke vyaMjana taiyAra kiye hoN| isI prakAra lAla-lAla saMdhyA mAno siMdUra se yukta sajI huI gajaghaTA athavA vIra ke raktamAMsa se lipaTI aura Ananda letI huI nizAcarI ho / isake atirikta svayaMbhU ne utprekSA ke lie aneka kalpanAe~ kI haiN| 'paumacariu' mahAkAvya kA koI viralA hI kaDavaka DhU~Dhane se milegA jisameM kavi ne utprekSA alaMkAra ke moha kA parityAga kiyA ho| katipaya anya udAharaNa bhI draSTavya haiM ghattA Apasa - ghattA - purau pariTThiya seNNoM bhaya - pariharaNahI~ / NaM dhura-dhoriya chavi samAsa vAyaraNahoM // 60.4 X X x sa payAvaI kaDDhiya - cAvai~ sara-sandhanta-muantAi~ / NaM ghaDiyaiM viNNi vi bhiDiyai~ payai~ suvanta - tiGantAi~ | X X X ko vi dharijjai vANehi~ entau / NaM guruhi~ Naru NaraeN paDantau // X X - X X 59.5 NiggaDa kumbhayaNNu maNe kuiyau Nahayale dhUmakeu NaM uiyau // bhayarahita senA ke sammukha vibhISaNa aise khar3A huA mAno chaH samAsa khar3e hoM / X X X 61.1 x jisa prakAra zabdarUpa tathA kriyArUpa Apasa meM milane ke lie niSpanna hote haiM mAno ve donoM meM yuddha ke lie banI thI / 39 61.2 X

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40 apabhraMza bhAratI7 - koI bANoM ke mAra se aise avaruddha ho jAtA mAno naraka meM jAte hue kisI ko kisI AcArya ne roka liyA ho| x - kumbhakaraNa aisA nikalA mAno nabha meM 'dhUmaketu' ugA ho| kavi svayaMbhU ke upamAna bAra-bAra navInatA lie hue Ate haiN| isIlie pAThaka kI rocakatA nirantara vRddhi pAtI rahatI hai| adhika kahane se kyA ? usake samasta kathya upamAnoM para hI AdhArita haiN| kAvyakAra dvArA prayukta utprekSAeM sabhI kSetroM meM praveza kara cukI haiN| ratnAkararUpI paumacariu kAvya meM utprekSA alaMkArarUpI abhinava naukAe~ taira rahI haiN| 4/49, kUcA bhavAnIdAsa pharrukhAbAda, uttara pradeza - 209 625

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 akTUbara 1995 41 'NAyakumAracariu' meM mahAkavi puSpadanta kI saundarya-cetanA - DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva apabhraMza ke caritakAvyoM meM 'NAyakumAracariu' kA zreNya sthAna hai| isa caritakAvya ke praNetA mahAkavi puSpadanta (IsA kI dasavIM zatI) apabhraMza ke mahAkAvyoM meM dhurikIrtanIya haiN| inakI prakhyAta kAvyatrayI (tisaTThi - mahApurisa- guNAlaMkAra, jasaharacariu aura NAyakumAracariu ) meM kAvyaguNa - bhUyiSThatA kI dRSTi se NAyakumAracariu zikharastha hai / isa caritakAvya kA nAyaka nAgakumAra (NAyakumAra) eka rAjaputra hai jo kAmadeva kA avatAra hai / vaha magadhanareza jayandhara kI dvitIya mahiSI pRthvIdevI kA putra thaa| vaha apane vaimAtra bhrAtA zrIdhara (magadharAja jayandhara kI prathama mahAdevI vizAlanetrA kA putra) kI vidveSanItivaza apane pitA dvArA nirvAsita kara diyA gyaa| deza-dezAntaroM meM bhramaNa karate hue nAgakumAra ne apane rUpa, zIla, zaurya, naipuNya, kalA - cAturya Adi guNoM se aneka rAjAoM aura rAjapuruSoM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| aneka vIra yoddhA usakI sevA meM samarpita hue| nAgakumAra ke pitA ne usakI kIrti-dIpti aura guNa-vaibhava se prabhAvita hokara use rAjadhAnI lauTa Ane ko Amantrita kiyA / nAgakumAra magadha- janapada meM avasthita pitA kI rAjadhAnI kanakapura lauTa aayaa| pitA ne usakA rAjyAbhiSeka kara diyaa| lagAtAra ATha sau varSoM taka rAjyaprazAsana karane ke bAda nAgakumAra ne apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM vairAgyabhAvApanna hokara munivRtti svIkAra kara lI aura tapasyA dvArA vaha sarvocca mokSapada kA adhikArI huA / 1

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42 apabhraMza bhAratI7 ___ mahAkavi puSpadanta ne isI vilakSaNa rAjaputra nAgakumAra ke adbhuta carita kA vistAra isa caritakAvya meM atizaya kalA-rucira aura saundarya-maNDita kAvyabhASA meM kiyA hai| kAvyabhASA sAmAnyabhASA ke anta:sthita viziSTa bhASA hotI hai jisameM grathana-kauzala se lAlitya aura saundarya kA AdhAna hotA hai / 'NAyakumAracariu' kAvya kI antarvastu meM mahAkavi puSpadanta kI, bhASika gumphana kI nipuNatA se utpanna kalA-tattva kI vareNyatA ke kAraNa sAhityika saundarya kA manomugdhakArI viniyoga huA hai| mahAkavi ne saundarya-sRSTi ke krama meM apanI kalpanA aura sahajAnubhUti ko bhASika abhivyakti dvArA mUrta rUpa dekara aneka mohaka bimboM kI bhI sRSTi kI hai| parantu isa nibandha meM 'NAyakumAracariu' meM mahAkavi puSpadanta kI saundarya-cetanA para dRkpAta karanA hI merA abhISTa hai| 'NAyakumAracariu' ke bimbavidhAna kI carcA to svatantra prabandha kA viSaya hai| __ vikasita kalA-caitanya se samanvita yaha caritakAvya na kevala sAhityazAstra, apitu saundaryazAstra ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI prabhUta sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai| sAhityika saundarya ke vidhAyaka mUla tattvoM meM padazayyA kI cArutA, abhivyakti kI vakratA, vacobhaMgI kA camatkAra, bhAvoM kI vicchitti yA zrRMgArika bhaMgimA, alaMkAroM kI zobhA, rasa-paripAka, ramaNIya kalpanA, hRdayAvarjaka bimba, ramya-rucira pratIka Adi pramukha haiN| kahanA na hogA ki 'NAyakumAracariu' meM ina samasta kalAtattvoM kA yathAyatha viniyoga upalabdha hotA hai| saMkSepa meM kaheM to, yaha caritakAvya rUpa, zailI aura abhivyakti, kalA-cetanA kI ina tInoM vyAvarttaka vizeSatAoM se vimaNDita hai| isa caritakAvya meM yathAvarNita pAtra-pAtriyoM aura unake kAryavyApAroM ko citrAtmaka rUpa dene kA zlAghya prayatna kiyA gayA hai| kalAcetA mahAkavi puSpadanta ne loka-maryAdA, veza-bhUSA, AbhUSaNa-paricchada, saMgIta-vAdya, nRtya-nATya, astra-zastra, pAna-bhojana Adi kalAtmaka upakaraNoM tathA zabdazakti, rasa, rIti, guNa, alaMkAra Adi sAhityika sAdhanoM kA isa caritakAvya meM yathAprasaMga samyak viniveza kiyA hai, jisakA mukhya uddezya hai - sAhityika aura kalAtmaka saundarya kA tato'dhika sNvrddhn| saundarya vivecana meM mukhyata: nakha-zikha ke saundaryodbhAvana ko adhika mahattva prApta hai| mahAkavi puSpadanta ne saundaryodbhAvana ke krama meM udAttatA yA bhavyatA (sablAimezana) kA vizada viniyojana kiyA hai| isa sandarbha meM vadhU ke veza meM upasthita kanakapura nagara kI rAnI pRthvIdevI ke saundarya kI udAttatA aura bhavyatA darzanIya hai - Niya vaNiNA kaNayauraho mayacchi, diTThA vareNa NaM mayaNalacchi / jo kaMtahe Nahayali diThTha rAu, mahu bhAvai so NahayaraNihAu / cArattu Nahaha~ ee kahaMti, aMguTThaya paramuNNaya vahati / gupphai~ gUDhattaNu jaM dharaMti, NaM bhuaNu jiNahu~ maMtu va karaMti // jaMghAjuyalau NeuradueNa, vaNijjai NaM ghoMseM hueNa / vaggai vambhahu vahuviggaheNa, jaNhuyasaMdhAe pariggaheNa /

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 UrUthaMbhahi~ raigharu aNeNa, rehai maNirasaNAtoraNeNa / kaDiyalagaruyattaNu taM pahANu, jaM dhariyau mayaNaNihANaThANu / maNi ciMtavaMtu sayakhaMDu jAhi, tucchoyari kiha gaMbhIraNAhi / sohiya sasivayaNahe tivalibhaMga, lAyaNNajalaho NAvai taraMga / thaNathaDDhattaNu paramANaNAsu, bhujajuyalau kAmuyakaMThapAsu / gIvahe gaiveyau hiyayahAri, baddhau coru va rUvAvahAri / aharullau vambhaharasaNivAsu, daMtahi Nijjiu mottiyavilAsu / jai bhauhAMkuDilattaNeNa Nara saradhaNuruheNa pahaya maya / to puNu vi kAi~ kuDilattaNaho suMdarisiri dhammilla gaya // 1.17 arthAt, kanakapura meM upasthita vaha mRgAkSI vadhU sAkSAt madanalakSmI ke samAna thii| usake nakhatala apanI kAnti se nakSatrapuMja kI taraha pratIta hote the aura U~ce aMgUThe nakhoM ke saundarya kA bakhAna kara rahe the| usake mAMsala TakhanoM kA saundarya loka-vijaya kI mantraNA karatA-sA pratIta hotA thaa| usake pairoM ke nupUra apanI AvAja se usakI jaMghAoM kA rUpa-varNana kara rahe the| usake ghuTanoM kI sandhi ke saundarya para to kAmadeva kA gumAna paravAna car3ha rahA thaa| Uru ke stambhoM para avasthita usakA ratigRha maNinirmita karadhanI ke toraNa se suzobhita ho rahA thaa| usakA vizAla kaTibhAga kAmadeva kA koSAgAra hone ke kAraNa apanA viziSTa mUlya rakhatA thaa| usake choTe AkAra ke udara meM gaharI nAbhi kA vinyAsa dekhanevAloM ke mana ko zatadhA vibhakta kara detA thaa| usa candramukhI vadhU kI trivalI kI bhaMgimA lAvaNya ke jala meM uThate taraMga ke samAna thii| usake stanoM kI kaThoratA meM dUsare ke mAna ko naSTa kara dene kI zakti nihita thii| usakI bhujAe~ kAmiyoM ke lie kaNThapAza the| gale meM sazobhita graiveyaka (hArAvalI) usake rUpa ko carAnevAloM ke lie bandhanarajju ke samAna thaa| usake adharoM para kAmarasa chalaka rahA thA aura dA~ta motiyoM kI camaka ko parAjita kara rahe the| usa vadhU kI bhauMhoM kA kuTila kAmazara hI kisI ko Ahatakara mAra DAlane meM samartha thA, usapara usa sundarI ke ghugharAle bAla aura bhI adhika prANahAraka the| mahAkavi puSpadanta ne usa rUpavatI vadhU ko vizeSa AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta nahIM kiyA hai; kyoMki prasiddha saundaryavAdI mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI saundarya-viSayaka yaha ukti avazya hI unake dhyAna meM hogI - 'kimiva hi madhurANAM maNDanaM naakRtiinaam'| arthAt, jo vastu nisarga-sundara hai, vaha sarvadA aura sarvatra alaMkRta na kiye jAne para bhI sundara hI hai| usa madhura AkRtivAlI svayaM alaMkArasvarUpA vadhU ke lie vizeSa alaMkaraNa kI AvazyakatA hI kyA thI? usakI AkRti to naisargika rUpa se sundara thii| ___ mahAkavi dvArA citrita nAgakumAra kI jalakrIr3A ke dRzya meM bhI atizaya udAtta AMgika saundarya kA bimbAtmaka udbhAvana huA hai| mahAkavi puSpadanta ke paravartI (vikrama kI pandrahavIM zatI) aura avahaTTa ke kAlajayI kAvyakAra mahAkavi vidyApati ne sadyaHsnAtI kA jo citra aMkita kiyA hai, 'NAyakumAracariu' ke isa jalakrIr3A prasaMga se usakA samAnAntara adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| puSpadanta dvArA citrita snAna-dRzya isa prakAra hai -

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apabhraMza bhAratI7 aNNahi~ diNi varu seviu ghariNihi~, sare paiTTha kari viva sahu~ kariNihi~ / paNaiNiparimieNa vitthAreM, salilakIla pAraddha kumAreM / gayaNivasaNa taNu jale lhikkAvai, adbhummillu kA vi thaNu dAvai / paumiNidalajalabiMdu vi joyai, kA vi tahi~ jihArA vali Dhoyai / kA vi taraMgahi~ tivaliu lakkhai, sAricchau taho suhayaho akkhai / kAhe vi mahuyaru parimalabahalaho, kamalu muevi jAi muhakamalaho / suhumu jalollu diTThaNahamaggau, kAhe vi aMbaru aMgi vilaggau / kAhe vi uppariyaNu jale gholai, pANiyachalli va lou NihAlai / 3.8 // arthAt, eka dina nAgakumAra apanI donoM patniyoM ke sAtha padmasarovara meM vaise hI praviSTa huA, jaise do hathiniyoM ke sAtha hAthI sarovara meM A baiThA ho| jalakrIr3A prArambha hote hI donoM yuvatI patniyoM meM se eka ne jala meM apane aMgoM ko chipA liyA aura eka ne ardhAvRta stana kA pradarzana kiyaa| kamala ke patte para phisalate jalabindu, una yuvatiyoM kI TUTakara bikharI hArAvalI ke dAne ke samAna dikhAI par3ate the| eka ne jala ke taraMga meM apanI trivalI kA pradarzana karate hue apane pati se kahA - 'dekho, jala aura trivalI, donoM kI taraMgoM meM kitanI samAnatA hai|' eka padminI patnI ke sugandhita yA kamalagandhI mukhapara bhramara kamala kI surabhi ko chor3akara A baitthaa| kisI yuvatI kA jhInA aura bhIgAvastra aMga se aisA cipaka gayA ki nAbhi-vivara spaSTa dikhAI par3ane lagA, kisI yuvatI kI or3hanI zarIra se khisaka kara jala meM tairane lagI, jise loga jala kI chAla samajhakara nihArane lge| isa snAna-dRzya meM zrRMgAra kI bhASA meM nirUpita udAtta saundarya kA yaha citra mahAkavi ke anya aneka bhavya citroM meM nidarzanIya hai| isameM mahAkavi ne apanI ramaNIya vacobhaMgI dvArA saundarya ke jisa Avega ko rUpAyita kiyA hai vaha udAtta kI sRSTi karatA hai| mahAkavi kI yaha saundaryAnubhUti unakI kalAnubhUti kA hI paryAya hai| nizcaya hI, mahAkavi puSpadanta zrRMgArika udAtta ke zilpana meM asAdhAraNa prAtibha cetanA se sampanna kalAkAra the| __ mahAkavi ne nArI-saundarya ke samAnAntara puruSa-saundarya ke bhI udAtta citra A~kane meM vismayakArI racanAtmaka pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| yahA~ nAgakumAra ke yauvana kA saundarya-citra darzanIya hai - purisasIhu NavajovvaNe caDiyau, NAi~ puraMdaru saggaho paDiyahu / avasaNu sacchu arUsaNu sUrau, pavarabalAlau juttAyArau / dUrAloi yadIharasuttau, buddhivaMtu gurudevaha~ bhattau / somu ajiMbhacittu kayadANau, thUlalakkhu purisottamu jANau / aipasatthu NijjiyapaMciMdiu, thiru saMbharaNasIlu buhavaMdiu / sohai vaTTala pANipavaTThahi~, uNNayapAyapuTThiaMguhahi~ / uNNayavitthipaNe bhAlayaleM, uNNayabhuyasiharahi~ balapavaleM /

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 taMbatAlu taMbirajIhAdalu, taMbaNayaNu taMbirakarakamayalu / taMbAharu sutaMbaNahamaMDalu, NiddhadaMtapaMtI siyaNahayalu / ikkekkaroma hemavaNNullau, liMgakaMThajaMghahi~ maDahullau / NAhisottughoseM gaMbhIrau, urayali kaDiyali paviuladhIrau / pattalapeTTu majhe saMkiNNau, dIhabAhu samasaMgayakaNNau / NA NijjiyacaMpayahullau, NIlaNiddhamauliyadhammillau / pekkhar3a jahi~ jahi~ jaNu tahi~ taha~ ji sulakkhaNabhariyau / vaNNai kAi~ kaI jage vammahu sai~ avayariyau // 3.4 // 45 arthAt, jaba vaha puruSasiMha navayauvana ko prApta huA taba aisA pratIta huA jaise svarga se indra utara AyA ho| vaha vyasanahIna, svaccha, krodharahita, zUravIra, mahAparAkramI, ucita kArya ke prati satata saceSTa, dUradarzI, dIrghasUtratA ke doSa se rahita, buddhimAna, guru aura deva kA bhakta, saumya, saralahRdaya, dAnI, udAra aura jJAnI puruSottama ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thaa| vaha apanI paMcendriya para niyantraNa rakhanevAlA atiprazasta yuvA thA / sthiramativAlA vaha vidvadvandanIya thA / usake prakoSTha (kohanI ke nIce kI bhujA) vartulAkAra the aura ubhare hue caraNapRSTha unnata agUMThoM se suzobhi the| usakA lalATapaTTa unnata aura vistIrNa thA ? usake kandhoM meM atula bala samAhita thA / usake tAlu, jIbha, netra, hatheliyA~ aura adhara tAmra varNa ke the| usakI dantapaMkti aura nakhatala zveta varNa ke the| usake roma svarNAbha the| usakI nAbhi gaharI aura kAna ke cheda bar3e the| usakA vakSaHsthala vizAla aura kaTibhAga tathA peTa patalA thA / madhyabhAga saMkIrNa, bhujAe~ dIrgha tathA kAna santulita AkAra ke the / usakI nAka kI banAvaTa campA ke phUla ko mAta karatI thii| usake bAla nIle, cikane aura ghuMgharAle the| vaha apane aMga-saundarya se sAkSAt kAmadeva kA avatAra pratIta hotA thA / mahAkavi puSpadanta dvArA aMkita nAgakumAra kA yaha rUpa-saundarya kevala nAgakumAra kA hI nahIM hai, apitu yaha rASTrIya stara para pratyeka bhAratIya yuvA ke rUpa-saundarya kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| mahAkavi ne nAgakumAra ke caritra ko avazya hI eka rASTrIya caritra ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA / mahAkavi kI isa rASTrIya cetanA meM kaThopaniSad kI yaha vANI anunAdita hai 'rUpaM rUpaM pratirUpo babhUva / ' avazya hI mahAkavi kA yaha saundarya cintana vyaSTimUlaka nahIM, samaSTiparaka hai / kavirmanISI puSpadanta paribhU aura svayambhU haiM isalie unakA uddezya saundarya ke kisI aMza ko kevala aindriya pratyakSa karA denA nahIM hai, na hI saundarya ko unhoMne nArI yA puruSa kI zArIrika sImAoM meM Abaddha kiyA hai, apitu isase Upara nissIma saundarya kI vyApaka avatAraNA kI hai| unake saundarya-ciMtana ne laghu se virAT, aNimA se tanimA kI ora prasthAna kiyA hai| -- prastuta lekha meM mahAkavi puSpadanta dvArA nirUpita udAtta saundarya ke do-tIna pratinidhi citroM kA digdarzana karAyA gayA hai| udAtta premI mahAkavi ke isa caritakAvya meM prakRti-saundarya ke bhI aneka mahArgha citra aMkita hue haiN| isa kAvya meM hamAre deza kI vipula dharatI para phailI huI prakRti ke saundarya kI sabhI sarala-kuTila rekhAe~ aura unake halke gahare raMga samekita rUpa meM prApta hote -

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 haiM / prakRti ke isa asIma saundarya ko mahAkavi ne gaharAI se anubhava kiyA hai aura use apanI kalAtmaka kalpanA ke sahayoga se mohaka vAgvaikharI pradAna kI hai aura unake dvArA prastuta prakRtisaundarya ke citroM meM yathArtha ke sAtha Adarza kA bhI svalpAdhika samAveza dRSTigata hotA hai| 46 mahAkavi kA saundaryabodha yadi aindriya pratyakSa se sambaddha hai, to saundarya ke grahaNa meM unake anta:karaNa kA yoga bhI ApekSika mahattva rakhatA hai| kahanA na hogA ki mahAkavi ne apane saundaryacitraNa meM AdhyAtmika vRtti, gahana AntarikatA aura vibhinna indriyoM dvArA grAhya prakRti-prema ko pracura mUlya pradAna kiyA hai| isalie samaSTi sarjanA kI ora unmukha mahAkavi kI saundaryAnubhUti sahaja hI kalAnubhUti meM pariNata ho gaI hai| pI. ena. sinhA kaoNlonI bhikhanA pahAr3I paTanA-800006

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apabhraMza bhAratI7 akTUbara 1995 karakaMDacariu : kathA-rUpa aura zilpa - DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI' saMskRta-sAhitya kI paramparA meM paravartI prAkRta-apabhraMza ke racayitAoM ne bhI kathAtmakavidhA ko bahuta adhika samRddha kiyaa| kiMtu, apabhraMza ke jaina muniyoM aura AcAryoM ne to rUpa aura zilpa kI dRSTi se isa vidhA ko jisa prakAra sajAyA, sa~bhAlA tathA navyatama sA~ce meM DhAlA vaha sacamuca apabhraMza-sAhitya kI garimA bana gayA hai| unake dvArA racita cariu tathA rAsa Adi kAvya-rUpoM meM bhI koI-na-koI kathA hI anusyUta rahatI hai| ye sabhI kathAe~ prAyaH padyabaddha hotI haiN| dhanapAla-kRta apabhraMza kI bhavisayattakahA" aisI hI padyabaddha racanA hai| AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne prAkRta meM likhI guNADhya kI 'vRhatkathA' se hI aisI padyabaddha kathAoM kI loka-bhASA meM likhI jAne kI paraMparA kA saMketa kiyA hai| jisa prakAra 'dUhA' apabhraMza kA lAr3alA chanda rahA hai usI prakAra kathA-kAvyoM kI maulika tathA sarasa-saMpanna saMracanA isake sAhitya kI apanI vizeSatA rahI hai| phira, isa vidhA kA to jaina-sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| kAraNa, jainoM ke sAhitya-praNayana kA mukhya uddezya jana-sAdhAraNa ke hRdaya taka pahu~canA thA aura kathA-sAhitya se bar3hakara aisA sugrAhya mAdhyama dUsarA nahIM ho sktaa| etadartha, unhoMne apane sabhI graMthoM ko aneka prakAra kI kathAoM se sarasa aura manoraMjaka banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| apabhraMza ke ina kathA-kAvyoM kI viSayavastu loka-jIvana se gRhIta hone ke sAtha-sAtha jaina-muniyoM kI urvara kalpanA-zakti kI bhI paricAyikA hai| tatkAlIna pracalita vividha loka

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48 apabhraMza bhAratI7 kathAoM athavA unake AdhAra para svayaM navya kathAe~ gar3hakara, unheM nIti-sadAcAra evaM dhArmikatattva se saMpuSTa kara eka nUtana kAvya-rUpa hI inhoMne raca ddaalaa| vastuta: ye jaina kavi jana-jIvana ke cAritrika tathA naitika-stara ko unnata karane ke AkAMkSI the| isI se apabhraMza sAhitya kA yaha aMga sAmAnya loka-jIvana ke gahare saMparka meM rhaa| unheM bahuta dinoM bAda apanI desI-bhASA meM hRdaya kI bAta kahane kA avasara milA thaa| saMskRta ke mAdhyama se usa samaya usa loka-jIvana kI abhivyakti nahIM ho sakatI thii| pRthvI-putroM kI vaha sArI bhAva-saMpadA sIdhe apabhraMza ko hI pahalI bAra prApta huii| ina kaviyoM ne cariu tathA kathA-kAvya meM koI aMtara nirdiSTa nahIM kiyA hai| ve jise kathA kahate haiM use cariu bhii| apabhraMza ke ye carita-pradhAna kathA-kAvya prAya: prabandhakoTi ke haiM jinameM loka-jIvana aura saMskRti kI sahaja-sarasa abhivyakti huI hai| muni kanakAmara dvArA praNIta 'karakaMDacariu' bhI aisA hI kathA-kAvya hai jisameM karakaMDa ke caritra ko yathArtha se Adarza kI ora gatizIla dikhAkara pAramArthika pravRtti kI ora unmukha kiyA gayA hai| yahI mUlataH bhAratIya jIvana kA aMtima prAptavya evaM puruSArtha hai| karakaMDa kI kathA loka-jIvana meM pUrva kAla se prakhyAta rahI hai / bauddha-sAhitya ke kuMbhakAra-jAtaka meM karaMDu rAjA kI kathA isakA pramANa hai / jAtaka meM inheM pratyekabuddha mAnA gayA hai| pratyekabuddha unheM kahate haiM jo svayaM kevalajJAna prApta kara leM, kintu binA dharmopadeza kiye hI zarIrAnta kara mokSa cale jaaveN| kintu, unakI karakaMDa-saMbaMdhI kathA ke sAtha prastuta kathA kA koI vizeSa sAmya nahIM hai| isake kavi ne bhI sampUrNa kathA meM karakaMDa ko kahIM pratyekabuddha kI saMjJA nahIM dI hai| astu, nizcaya hI yaha kathA loka-jIvana meM karakaMDa nAmaka kisI vikhyAta lokanAyaka kI hai| isI se loka-jIvana aura saMskRti kA pUrA puTa isameM dekhA jAtA hai| prastuta prabandha meM karakaMDa kI yaha kathA dasa saMdhiyoM meM nibaddha hai| jisa prakAra saMskRtasAhitya meM kathA kA niyojana tathA saMghaTana sargoM meM tathA prAkRta meM AzvAsakoM meM hotA thA, usI prakAra apabhraMza meM saMdhiyoM kA prayoga milatA hai aura pratyeka saMdhi aneka kar3avakoM se milakara banatI hai, jinakI saMkhyA sarvatra samAna nahIM hotii| pratyeka kar3avaka punaH aneka ardhAliyoM yA pajjhaTikA Adi chandoM se milakara banatA hai, jisakI samApti ghattA meM hotI hai| kintu, ina ardhAliyoM kA vidhAna bhI saba jagaha samAna nahIM rhtaa| Alocya prabandha meM adhikAMza ATha ardhAliyoM ke pazcAt ghattA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / isa zailI kA prabhAva paravartI hindI-sAhitya kI 'rAmacaritamAnasa', kabIra kI 'ramainI' tathA sUphiyoM ke 'premAkhyAnoM' meM spaSTataH dekhA jAtA hai| ise hI kar3avaka zailI kahA jAtA hai aura yaha apabhraMza ke ina prabandha-kAvyoM kI pradhAna zailI rahI hai| karakaMDa kI mUla kathA isaprakAra hai - ekabAra aMgadeza kI campApurI ke rAjA dhAr3IvAhana kusumapura jAne para, mAlI ke dvArA saMrakSitA aura saMpoSitA kauzAmbI ke rAjA vasupAla kI padmAvatI nAmaka yuvatI kanyA para mohita ho gaye, jise usake pitA ne kisI apazakuna ke kAraNa nadI meM bahA diyA thaa| kintu, rAjA ko isase kyA ? mana rIjha gayA to rIjha gyaa| turaMta pANigrahaNa

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 49 karake use caMpApurI le aaye| tatyugIna sAmaMtI manovRtti kA yaha yathArtha rUpa hai| kucha dinoM bAda vaha garbhavatI huI aura usakI icchA huI ki manda-manda barasAta meM, pati ke sAtha puruSa-rUpa meM, hAthI para savAra hokara nagara-bhramaNa kruuN| aisA huA bhii| paraMtu, duSTa hAthI rAjA-rAnI ko lekara jaMgala kI ora bhAga niklaa| rAnI ne isa sthiti meM rAjA ko kisI per3a kI DAla pakar3akara prANa-rakSA ke lie taiyAra kara liyA aura svayaM usa para baiThI rhii| hAthI jaMgala meM pahu~cakara eka jalAzaya meM praviSTa huA ki rAnI ne jala meM tairakara kinArA pakar3a liyA aura usa vana meM praveza kiyaa| rAnI ke caraNa par3ate hI vaha sUkhA huA vana harA-bharA ho gyaa| yaha dekhakara vanamAlI bar3A prasanna huA tathA rAnI ko bahana mAnakara ghara le aayaa| kintu, usake rUpa-saundarya ke kAraNa mAlI kI patnI use sahana nahIM kara sakI aura use bAhara nikAla diyaa| rAnI bhaTakatI huI zmazAna meM AI, jahA~ usane eka putra ko janma diyaa| ___putra-janma kI prasannatA meM rAnI apane duHkha ko bhulAne lagatI hai ki eka cAMDAla sAmane dIkha par3atA hai tathA haThAt bAlaka ko uThA letA hai| rAnI ke virodha karane tathA duHkhI hone para vaha kahatA hai ki yathArtha meM maiM eka vidyAdhara thA aura muni ke zApa se mAtaMga ho gyaa| isa zApa kA pratikAra bhI muni ne yaha kahakara kiyA ki daMtipura ke zmazAna meM karakaMDa kA janma hogaa| usakA pAlana-poSaNa karane tathA bar3A hone para jaba use vahA~ kA rAjya mila jAyegA, to vaha mAtaMga punaH vidyAdhara ho jaayegaa| rAnI isase saMtuSTa ho gii| mAtaMga ne bAlaka ko pAlA aura pddh'aayaalikhaayaa| usake hAtha meM kaMDu (sUkhI khujalI) hone se vaha karakaMDa kahakara pukArA jAne lgaa| unhIM dinoM daMtipura ke rAjA kA svargavAsa ho jAtA hai| usake koI putra na hone se maMtrIgaNa yaha vyavasthA karate haiM ki hAthI kI saiMDa meM eka ghar3A jala bharakara diyA jaay| vaha jisakA abhiSeka kare vahI rAjA ho| isameM karakaMDa kA bhAgyodaya huA; kintu mAtaMga-putra hone se usakA virodha bhii| tabhI mAtaMga ko apanI vidyAdhara-Rddhi prApta ho jAtI hai aura vaha sabakA samAdhAna karake karakaMDa ko rAjA banavA detA hai| aba karakaMDa kA vivAha girinagara kI rAjakumArI madanAvalI se ho jAtA hai| unhIM dinoM campA-nareza kA dUta Akara Adhipatya svIkAra karane ko kahatA hai| aisA na hone para donoM meM yuddha hotA hai| tabhI padmAvatI Akara pitA-putra kA paricaya karAtI hai| dhAr3IvAhana prasanna hokara, caMpApurI kA rAjya karakaMDa ko sauMpakara, vairAgya dhAraNa karate haiN| __isake bAda karakaMDa dravir3a deza ke cola, cera tathA pAMDya narezoM para car3hAI karatA hai| mArga meM terApura nagara ke rAjA ziva ne vahA~ kI guphAoM kA paricaya diyA aura batalAyA ki eka hAthI nityaprati jhuMDa meM jala tathA kamala lekara yahA~ bhagavAn pArzvanAtha para car3hAne AtA hai| eka vidyAdhara Akara yahA~ ke mahattva ko batalAtA hai| do anya vidyAdharoM kI kathA se prabhAvita hokara karakaMDa vahA~ do guphAe~ banavAtA hai| usI samaya eka vidyAdhara hAthI kA rUpa dhAraNakara madanAvalI ko hara le jAtA hai / zokAkula hone para pUrvajanma ke sAthI eka vidyAdhara ke samajhAne tathA punaH saMyoga ke AzvAsana para vaha zAMta hotA hai|

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50 apabhraMza bhAratI7 punaH karakaMDa siMhala dvIpa pahu~catA hai aura rAjaputrI rativegA se vivAha karatA hai| lauTane para jala-mArga meM usakI naukA para eka maccha dhAvA karatA hai / karakaMDa samudra meM kUdakara maccha ko to mAra detA hai, para lauTakara nahIM aataa| samudra meM hI eka vidyAdhara kI putrI usakA apaharaNa kara letI hai| udhara rativegA duHkhI hokara pUjA-pATha meM juTa jAtI hai| kiMtu, kucha dinoM bAda navavadhU-sahita karakaMDa rativegA se A milate haiN| isake bAda vaha dravir3a rAjAoM para vijaya prApta karake, unake mastakoM para paira rakhate haiM ki jina-pratimA ke darzana hote haiM isase ve bar3e du:khI hote haiM tathA unakA rAjya lauTAnA cAhate haiN| lekina ve svIkAra nahIM krte| karakaMDa punaH terApura lauTate haiM; tabhI kuTila vidyAdhara madanAvalI ko lAkara unheM sauMpa detA hai| tadupari, rAniyoM ke sAtha caMpApurI lauTakara rAja-sukha bhogane lagate haiN| eka dina vanamAlI upavana meM zIlagupta nAmaka muni ke Agamana kI sUcanA detA hai| karakaMDa parivAra tathA parijanoM ke sAtha bhakti-bhAva se unake darzanArtha prasthAna karatA hai| rAste meM putra-zoka meM vyAkula eka abalA ko dekhakara usake hRdaya meM vairAgya utpanna hotA hai / muni ke pAsa pahu~cane aura dharmopadeza se vairAgya prabala ho jAtA hai| karakaMDa unase tIna prazna karatA hai| muni usake pUrvajanma kI kathA kahakara unakA samAdhAna karate haiN| rAniyoM ko bhI vrata evaM tapa kA mahattva batalAte haiN| tatpazcAt karakaMDa apane putra ko rAjya dekara muni ho jAte haiM aura padmAvatI tathA anya rAniyA~ bhI arjikA banakara dharmAnusaraNa karatI haiN| isa prakAra kathA kI itizrI ho jAtI hai| karakaMDa kI isa mUla kathA meM anya avAMtara kathAoM kA bhI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| aisI prathama cAra kathAe~ dvitIya saMdhi meM varNita haiM / pA~cavIM kathA pA~cavIM saMdhi meM nibaddha hai tathA chaThI kathA bhI isI ke aMtargata eka anya kathA hai| inheM vidyAdhara zokAkula karakaMDa ko zAMti evaM punaH saMyoga-hetu sunAtA hai / sAtavIM kathA sAtavIM saMdhi meM tathA sAtavIM-AThavIM saMdhi kI AThavIM kathA ko padmAvatI ne zoka-saMvalita rativegA ko sunAyA hai| nauvIM kathA eka tote kI kathA ke rUpa meM AThavIM kathA kA hI aMga hai / ise munirAja ne padmAvatI ko yaha samajhAne ke lie sunAyA ki nArI bhI apane nArItva kA tyAga kara sakatI hai| inameM se kucheka kathAe~ to nizcaya hI tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita rahI hoMgI aura kucheka racayitA kI kalpanA kI upaja haiN| zuka kI kathA saMskRta-sAhitya meM bhI milatI hai| jisa prakAra prabaMdha-kAvyoM meM mUla yA AdhikArikakathA ko vikasita karane athavA gaMtavya taka pahu~cAne ke lie aneka prAsAMgika kathAoM kA vidhAna kiyA jAtA hai ; vaisA yahA~ ina avAntara kathAoM kA koI yogadAna nahIM hai| kisI ghaTanA athavA usase jur3e kisI mahattvapUrNa bindu ko samajhAne yA spaSTa karane ke prayojana-mAtra se inakA saMghaTana kiyA gayA hai| ___ isa prakAra prastuta prabandha kI mUla kathA choTI-choTI kaI kathAoM ke mela se zRMkhalAbaddha hai| phira bhI, kathA-saMghaTana meM jaTilatA na hokara saralatA hI milatI hai| ghaTanAe~ dhIre-dhIre Age bar3hatI haiM aura saMgharSoM kI kriyA-pratikriyA meM ugra banakara carama sImA para pahu~ca jAtI haiN| aMta meM, punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko sthApita karane evaM janma-janmAntaroM ke kathA-sUtroM se jor3ane meM kathA

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 kA aMta hotA hai / choTI-choTI avAMtara - kathAoM ke samAveza ke kAraNa yahA~ atilaukika bAtoM kA sahaja praveza ho gayA hai| paurANika prabhAva bhI ina para dekhA jAtA hai| phira bhI, rocaka sthaloM ke atirikta varNanAtmakatA meM bhI sarasatA evaM madhuratA kA nirvAha huA hai / rAjyAbhiSeka ke bAda karakaMDa ke daMtipura meM praveza ke samaya, nagara kI nAriyoM ke hRdaya kI vyagratA kA bimba sacamuca muni kanakAmara ke rasika hRdaya kA sahaja paricaya detA hai - kavi rahasai~ taralaya caliya NAri / vihaDaphphaDa saMThiya kA vi vAri // kavi dhAvai NavaNivaNehaluddha / parihANu Na galiyau gaNai muddha // kavi kajjalu vahalau ahare dei / NayaNullae~ lakkhArasu karei // NiggaMthavitti kavi aNusarei / vivarIu DiMbhu kavi kaDihiM lei // kavi uru karayali karai bAla / siru chaMDivi kaDiyale dharai mAla // 51 apabhraMza ke kathA- kAvya sAmAnyataH tIna rUpoM meM milate haiN| premAkhyAnaka, vrata- mAhAtmyapradarzaka aura upadezAtmaka / prathama do kA kathA-saMghaTana prAya: samAna hotA hai| apabhraMza ke cariu - kAvyoM meM bhI inhIM kA anusaraNa hotA hai / premAkhyAnoM kI pravRtti loka kahAniyoM se prabhAvita hotI hai, to dUsarA rUpa paurANika paraMparA ke sAhacaryya meM pallavita hotA hai / prastuta 'karakaMDacariu' kA kathA-rUpa ina donoM se prabhAvita hai| tabhI kavi kI kalpanA kA mela tathA dhArmikatA kA AvaraNa paurANika rUr3hiyoM ke sAtha dekhA jAtA hai| zrotA-vaktA kI kathA rUr3hi kA prayoga prAraMbha meM na hokara, kathA ke aMta meM karakaMDa tathA muni aura padmAvatI evaM muni ke paraspara saMvAdoM meM darzanIya hai / yahIM upadezAtmaka pravRtti kA bhI sAkSAtkAra hotA hai / astu, jainAcAryoM dvArA likhita prAkRta kI 'samarAiccakahA' tathA 'vasudevahiNDi' jaisI dharma-kathAoM kI paraMparA ina cariu - kAvyoM meM calatI pratIta hotI hai / 'ye cariu - kAvya tathA kathAtmaka-graMtha prAyaH dharma ke AvaraNa se AvRtta haiN| adhikAMza cariu-kAvya premAkhyAnaka yA prema-kathAparaka kAvya haiN| ina sundara aura sarasa prema-kathAoM ko upadeza, nIti aura dharma-tattvoM se mizritakara ina kaviyoM ne dharma-kathA banA DAlA / " dhArmika uddezya ke anusAra loka-kathAoM ko mor3ane aura kucha nayA gar3ha dene kI yaha pravRtti hindI ke paravartI sUphI premAkhyAnoM meM bhI dIkha par3atI hai / aneka kAvya - rUr3hiyoM tathA kathAnaka - rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga bhI kathA-saMghaTana ke lie unameM inhIM ke prabhAva-svarUpa kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| hindI ke AdikAlIna aneka rAsa - kAvya tathA madhyakAlIna prabaMdha-kAvya isa dRSTi se apabhraMza - sAhitya ke sadaiva RNI rheNge| 'karakaMDacariu' meM isa prakAra kI aneka kAvya- rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga huA hai| prathama saMdhi thama kar3avaka meM hI zrI jinendradeva kI caraNa-vandanA kI gaI hai (1.1.1-10) / tadupari, isI saMdhi ke dvitIya kar3avaka meM pratipAdya viSaya kA saMketa kiyA hai jaNasavaNasuhAvau mahuru laliu / kallANayavihira yaNeNa kaliu // puNu kahami payaDu guNaNiyarabhariu / karakaMDaNarariMdaho taNau cariu //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 maiM usa karakaMDa narendra ke caritra kA varNana karatA hU~, jo logoM ke kAnoM ko suhAvanA, madhura aura lalita laganevAlA hai, paMca kalyANaka vidhirUpI ratna se jaTita hai aura jo guNoM ke samUha se bharA huA evaM prasiddha hai| 52 sAtha hI apanI alpajJatA prakaTa karate hue, pUrvavartI kavi evaM AcAryoM ko namana kiyA hai| aMtima dasavIM saMdhi ke 28veM kar3avaka meM apanA paricaya dete hue Atma-nivedana kiyA hai - mai~ satthavihINai~ bhaNiu kiM pi / soheviNu payaDau vibuhu taM pi // parakajjakaraNaujjuyamaNAha~ / appANau payaDiu sajjaNAha~ // kara joDivi maggiu iu karaMtu / maho dINaho te sayalu vi khamaMtu // mujha zAstra - vihIna ne jo kucha kahA hai, use vidvAn zodhakara prakaTa kreN| maiMne to paropakAra meM udyata-mana sajjanoM ko Atma-bhAva prakaTa kiyA hai aura hAtha jor3akara yaha mA~gA hai ki ve mujha dIna ke samasta doSoM ko kSamA kreN| - dhanapAla bhI 'bhavisayattakahA' meM apane kAvya kI patavAra vidvAnoM ko yaha kahakara sauMpate haiM ki maiM mandabuddhivAlA, guNoM se hIna tathA vyartha kA vyakti hU~ / he budhajana ! tuma merI kAvyakathA ko saMbhAla lenA - buhayaNa saMbhAlami tumha tetthu, hauM mandabuddhi NigguNa viratthu / sajjana-prazaMsA tathA durjana-nindA aisI hI uktiyoM kA dhvanyartha hai / puSpadaMta to durjanoM kI Ter3hI bhRkuTiyA~ dekhane se giri-kaMdarAoM meM ghAsa khAkara rahajAne ko acchA kahate haiM / " paravartI hindI kI AdikAlIna rAsa tathA rAsaka-kRtiyoM ke sAtha, madhyakAlIna prabandhoM meM inheM yathAvat dekhA jA sakatA hai| 'pRthvIrAja rAso' kA kavi to apane kRtitva ko pUrva-kaviyoM kA ucchiSTa - 'tinaiMkI uciSTI kavIcaMda bhakhkhI' kahakara vinamratA prakaTa karatA hai| jAyasI svayaM ko pUrva-kaviyoM kA 'pichalaggU' - ' 'hauM kavita kera pichalaggU' kahatA hai aura tulasIdAsajI 'kavita-viveka eka nahiM more' kahakara apanI alpajJatA kA hI nivedana karate haiN| punaH 'jo koI isa caritra ko par3hegA, sunegA, mana meM ciMtana karegA athavA janapada meM prakaTa karegA, vaha nara saMsAra meM pratiSThita hokara, guNoM se yukta suMdara kIrti ko prApta karegA 12 kahakara jisa prakAra karakaMDacariu ke dhArmika prayojana ko iMgita kiyA gayA hai, vaisA apabhraMza kI paravartI kRtiyoM tathA hindI kI aneka racanAoM meM avalokanIya hai / 3 - isIprakAra kathA - saMghaTana meM rocakatA evaM sarasatA kA samAveza karane ke lie vividha kathAnaka-rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga muni kanakAmara ne yahA~ kiyA hai| loka- kahAniyoM kI yaha apanI vizeSatA rahI hai / yahA~ prayukta kathA - rUr3hiyoM ko nimna rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai -- 1. apazakuna ke kAraNa putrI ko nadI meM bahAnA, 2. yuvatI ke rUpa para mohita honA athavA rUpa-guNa-zravaNa se premodaya aura vivAha, 3. dohadakAmanA, 4. hAthI dvAra rAjA-rAnI ko lekara jaMgala meM bhAganA, 5. rAnI ke sUkhe vana meM praveza se usakA harA-bharA honA, 6. strI kI strI ke

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 53 rUpa para IrSyA, 7. zmazAna meM putra paidA honA, 8. mAtaMga (cAMDAla) dvArA putra kA liyA jAnA aura pAlana-poSaNa karanA, 9. hAthI dvArA rAjyAbhiSeka, 10. mAtaMga ko pUrva vidyAdhara Rddhi prApta honA, 11. pitA-putra ke madhya yuddha honA aura mAtA dvArA donoM kA paricaya karAnA, 12. digvijaya ke lie rAjAoM ke mastaka para paira rakhane kA saMkalpa lenA, 13. parvata kI guphA kI bAmI meM sthita jina-pratimA para hAthI-dvArA jala tathA kamala car3hAyA jAnA, 14. pratimA kI gA~Tha meM jalavAhinI kA nikalanA, 15. jina-pratimA kA acala honA, 16. vidyAdharoM dvArA veza-parivartana, 17. mAnavetara jIvoM dvArA sahAyatA, 18. siMhaladvIpa kI rAjaputrI se vivAha, 19. jala-mArga meM maccha dvArA naukA para AkramaNa, 20. jala meM vidyAdhara-putrI dvArA rAjA kA apaharaNa aura usake sAtha vivAha, 21. rAnI ko vairAgya honA, 22. padmAvatI-devI kA prakaTa honA, 23. parAjita rAjAoM ke mastaka para paira rakhate samaya jina-pratimA kA darzana honA, 24. apaharaNa kI huI rAnI ko punaH vidyAdhara dvArA rAjA ko sauMpanA, 25. pUrva-janma kI kathAoM meM vizvAsa, 26. muni ke upadeza se vairAgya aura phira dIkSA, 27. tapa-dvArA nArItva kA aMta tathA rAniyoM kA vairAgya, aadi| ___ ye sabhI kathArUr3hiyA~ loka-jIvana meM vividha srotoM se saMbaddha haiN| kucha dhArmika haiM, to kucha loka-kahAniyoM se gRhIta; kucheka premAkhyAnaka haiM, to kucha nijadharI-kathAoM se sNbNdhit| ina kathArUr3hiyoM yA abhiprAyoM (Motif) ke prayoga se jahA~ kathAnaka meM rocakatA AtI hai vahA~ kathA ko gati bhI milatI hai| phalataH pAThaka yA zrotA usase svayaM ko dUra nahIM kara paataa| DaoN. satyendra inheM hI kalA-tantu kahate haiM aura kisI bhI asAdhAraNa tattva ko aisA mAnate haiN| isaprakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 'karakaMDacariuM' kI yaha kathA loka-jIvana se uddhRta hai jise kavi-kalpanA evaM vividha kathAnaka-rUDhiyoM ne sajAyA-sa~vArA hai| tabhI to loka-mAnasa.lokamanovijJAna tathA loka-saMskRti kA bhavya citra yahA~ darzanIya hai| apabhraMza ke anya kathA-kAvyoM kI bhA~ti isameM bhI yathArtha se Adarza kI ora bar3hane tathA jIvana ke carama-lakSya kI prApti kA saMdeza nihita hai to jana-sAmAnya kI mAMgalika bhAvanAoM kI madhura abhivyaMjanA bhI huI hai| sAmAnyata: isameM jIvana ke ghora duHkhoM ke bIca unnati kA mArga pradarzita hai jisa para calakara koI bhI vyakti sukha evaM mukti prApta kara sakatA hai| isakI mUla kathA choTI hai, para vastu-varNana tathA vibhinna abhiprAyamUlaka ghaTanAoM ke yoga se samUce jIvana kA citra citrita karanevAle prabaMdhakAvya kA rUpa grahaNa kara letI hai| isake kathAnaka kA vikAsa mAnava-jIvana kI pUrNatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kramazaH hotA hai, jise nAyaka-nAyikA saMyoga-viyoga ke AvartoM meM jhUlakara, aMta meM saMsAra se nivRtta hokara pAramArthika pravRtti kI ora unmukha hokara prApta karate haiN| ___ karakaMDa ke carita-saMbaMdhI isa kathAnaka ko tIna bhAgoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai - janma se lekara daMtIpura ke rAjA banane kI kathA, pitA se yuddha aura digvijaya tathA zeSa jIvana aura dhrmaanusstthaan| prathama do ke aMtargata kavi mAnava-jIvana ke ghAta-pratighAta, bhoga-upabhoga, vaibhava tathA aizvarya evaM utAra-car3hAva ko loka-kahAnI kI rocaka-zailI meM Akalita karatA hai aura phira aMtima bhAga meM usake pAramArthika satya ko ujAgara karatA hai / isaprakAra kathAnaka kA pUrvArddha zRMgAra ke saMyoga-viyoga se raMjita hai, to uttarArddha meM usakA paryavasAna zAMta rasa se saMpRkta hai| apanI isa

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54 apabhraMza bhAratI: rasAbhivyaMjanA meM usane aucitya kA sarvatra dhyAna rakhA hai| zrRMgAra-varNana meM na to kahIM saMyogakAla kI kriyAoM kA athavA nakha-zikha kA nidhAna hai aura na viyoga meM AMtarika bhAvoM kA vistRta vishlessnn| yoM madanAvalI ke apaharaNa ke samaya karakaMDa ke aura karakaMDa ke apaharaNa ke samaya rativegA ke viyoga kA katipaya arddhAliyoM meM saMketabhara kiyA hai| lagatA hai, lokajIvana kI isa vidhA ko kavi vairAgya ke jAgaraNa ke nimitta hI citrita karatA hai, isameM usakA mana ramA nhiiN| madanAvalI ke apaharaNa ke samaya karakaMDa ko udAsa huA dekhakara, vidyAdhara apane saMbodhana meM nArI ko naraka-vAsa utpanna karanevAlI kahakara usakI nindA karatA hai| yoM vIrarasa kA Akalana bhI yahA~ huA hai para usakI pariNati bhI rasasikta kara denevAlI nahIM hai| karakaMDa campA-nareza se to kSamA mA~gatA hI hai, dakSiNa ke cela-cola rAjAoM se bhI vijayI hokara, unake mastaka para jina-pratimA ko dekhakara pazcAttApa karatA huA, kSamA-yAcanA karatA hai tathA unakA rAjya lauTAnA cAhatA hai| astu, laukika-sukha kI prApti isakA koI prayojana nahIM hai, balki aisI ghaTanAoM ke sAtha hI kathA nirveda kI ora sahaja gati se bar3hatI hai, jo isakA prAptavya hai isI se karakaMDa ke cariu kI mahattA kA yahA~ pratipAdana huA hai aura isake mAdhyama se pAralaukika-sukha ke lie pUrva-janma ke siddhAnta meM vizvAsa evaM dhArmika vrata-kathAoM ke phala kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa kathA kA nAyaka karakaMDa hI hai jo premI rAjakumAra hai| apabhraMza kI aisI anya racanAoM ke nAyaka bhI saudAgara yA vyavasAyI vaNik-putra evaM rAjakumAra hI haiN| ina sabhI meM dhIratA ke to darzana hote haiM para udAtta-anudAtta hone ke kaThora baMdhana kA pratipAlana nahIM huA hai| karakaMDa bhI isa rUpa meM apavAda nahIM hai| isameM audArya, zaurya, kSamA, dhairya sAhasa aura viveka Adi guNoM kA sahaja samAveza tathA vikAsa dikhAI detA hai| isa prakAra ye pramukha pAtra manuSyatva se devatva kI ora agrasara hue haiN| astu apabhraMza ke ina carita-pradhAna kathA-kAvyoM meM spaSTa rUpa se nara se nArAyaNa banane kI gAthA garbhita hai| inameM jisa paurANikatA kA nirUpaNa huA hai vaha na to hinduoM ke paurANika rAma-kRSNa Adi avatAroM kI kathA se samatA rakhatI hai aura na apabhraMza meM likhita jainoM ke purANa-sAhitya ke saath| balki, yahA~ loka-purANa kI AdhAra-bhUmi para kathA tathA pAtroM ke sahaja vikAsa ko citrita karake Adarza kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai| isa dRSTi se apabhraMza kA yaha sAhitya apanA alaga hI akSuNNa mahattva rakhatA hai| isameM sAhitya kA rasa bhI hai aura jIvana kA rasa bhI; isameM loka-paraloka donoM kA sAmaMjasya hai, mAnavIya prakRti kA sahaja vikAsa hai| ataH, kAvya-rUpa ke vicAra se isa kathA-kRti ko na to carita-kAvya kahane se hI saMtoSa hotA hai aura na loka-kahAniyoM ke AdhAra para racA huA kthaa-kaavy| paurANika-romAMTikakAvya" kahane para to isakI mAnavocita naitika evaM dhArmika mUlyavattA hI khatare meM par3a jAtI hai| astu, kathA-rUpa kI dRSTi se ise loka-paraMparA kA paurANika evaM dhArmika carita-pradhAna kathA-kAvya kahA jA sakatA hai| isakA nAmakaraNa bhI isI ghaTanA para AdhArita na hokara, pradhAna pAtra ke nAma para hI huA hai| nara se nArAyaNa banane kA satya bhI isI se sahaja anukaraNIya ho gayA hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 55 astu, niSkarSata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha prabandha jaina-dharma kI sAdhanA kI dRSTi se jitanA mahattvapUrNa hai, kAvya-rUpa aura zilpa kI dRSTi se bhI paravartI sAhitya kA upajIvya bana gayA hai / jasaharacariu, NAyakumAracariu, neminAthacariu Adi apabhraMza kI aisI hI kRtiyA~ haiN| paraMtu, karakaMDacariu meM kathA-kAvyoM kI jitanI kathA-rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga huA hai, utanI anya kisI meM nhiiN| phira, isake kathA-vinyAsa evaM saMghaTana meM, mUla-kathA ke sAtha avAntara-kathAoM ke saMyojana meM, loka-bhASA apabhraMza ke sahaja-grAhya, sarala evaM lAkSaNika prayoga meM, rasa aura paristhiti ke anurUpa chanda-vidhAna meM evaM abhivyaMjanA kI vividha nUtana-purAtana zailiyoM ke upayoga meM sarvatra maulikatA hI dIkha par3atI hai| sacamuca, jaina-kavi kI kArayitri evaM bhAvayitri pratibhA kA aisA sundara sAmaMjasya anyatra nhiiN| 1. There are also religious novels written entirely in verse, Aromantic epic of this kind is the 'Bhavisatta-kaha' in Apabhrans by Dhanpal. The explicit aim of the narrative is the glorification of the Panchmivrata. - A History of Indian literature - By M. Winternitz p. 532. 2. hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pR. 61 / 3. hindI ke AdikAlIna rAsa aura rAsaka kAvya-rUpa, DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI', pRSTha 78 / 4. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, DaoN. nAmavarasiMha, pR. 235 / 5. karakaMDacariu, sampAdaka - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, prastAvanA, pR. 28 / 6. karakaMDacariu, saMpAdaka - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, 3.2.2-6, pR. 32 / 7. apabhraMza-sAhitya, DaoN. harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 41 / 8. karakaMDacariu, saMpAdaka - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, 1.2.2-3, pR. 2 / 9. vAyaraNu Na jANAmi jai vi chaMdu / sugprajalahi tarevvai~ jai vi maMdu // jai kaha va Na parasai laliyavANi / jai buhayaNaloyaho taNiya kANi // jai kaviyaNaseva hu mai~ Na kIya / jai taDayaNasaMga mAliNa kIya // to siddhaseNa susamaMtabhadda / akalaMkadeva suajalasamudda // jayaeva sayaMbhu visAlacittu / vAesarigharu siripuphphayaMtu // ___ - karakaMDacariu, saMpA. hIrAlAla jaina, 1.2.5-9, pR. 2 10. vahI, 10.28.6-7 / 11. mahApurANa, puSpadaMta, hiMdI-kAvyadhArA, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana pR. 178 / 12. karakaMDacariu, saMpAdaka - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, 10.28, ghattA, pR. 160 / 13. (i) jo paDhai-e vasaha vadIta, so naro nitu nava nihi lhie| - bharatezvara bAhubalirAsa, rAsa aura rAsAnvayI kAvya - nA. pracA. sabhA, chaMda 203, pR. 82 (ii) paDhai guNai je saMbhalahi, tAhai vighna ttlesi| buddhirAsa, vahI, 63, pR. 90 (iii) gaMgA sanAna dina prati lhy| je nariMda rAso sunaya // - pRthvI. rAso, vahI,pR. 2506

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56 apabhraMza bhAratI7 (iv) kahahiM sunahiM anumodana krhiiN| te gopada ina bhavanidhi tarahIM // - rAmacarita mAnasa, uttarakAMDa 14. loka sAhitya-vijJAna, DaoN. satyendra, pR. 217 / 15. karakaMDacariu, saMpAdaka - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, 7.11.9-16, pR. 98 / 16. vahI, 5.16, 2-6, pR. 74 / 17. apabhraMza-bhASA aura sAhitya, DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina, pR. 85 / 49-bI, Aloka nagara AgarA-282010

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 ___ akTUbara 1995 akTUbara 1995 saMdeza-rAsaka meM prakRti-citraNa - DaoN. mahAvIraprasAda zarmA 'saMdeza-rAsaka' pradhAna muslima kavi abdula rahamAna kI mahattvapUrNa evaM atyadhika sundara kAvya-kRti hai| apabhraMza-sAhitya meM laukika khaNDa-kAvyoM meM saMdeza-rAsaka kA prathama sthAna hai| vastutaH zuddha laukika jana-bhAvanAoM ko prakRti ke sAtha jisa manovaijJAnika dharAtala para addahamANa (abdula rahamAna) kI yaha kAvyakRti prastuta karatI hai vaha atyanta durlabha hai| sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki apabhraMza ke prApta kAvyoM meM se yahI eka kAvya hai jo ki eka musalamAna kavi dvArA praNIta hai|' saMdeza-rAsaka eka laukika rAsaka kAvya hai| laukika rAsaka kAvyoM kA kAlAntara meM (jaina-sAhityettara) do dizAoM meM vikAsa huaa| prathamata: vIratAparaka rAsa, rAso ke rUpa meM jaise - pRthvIrAja-rAsau, paramAla-rAso Adi tathA dUsare laukika prema-gAthAtmaka rAsa, rAsaka ke rUpa meM, jaise - saMdeza-rAsaka, vikasita hue| ___ bArahavIM zatI meM likhita saMdeza-rAsaka kA racanAkAra abdula rahamAna saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza bhASA, unakI kAvya-rUr3hiyoM evaM kAvya-paripATiyoM se pUrNataH paricita thaa| isake sAtha hI vaha dezI bhASA kA mAhira prayoktA bhI rahA hai| unake isa kAvya para sarvatra bhAratIya AdarzoM kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| DaoN. rAmakumAra varmA kA yaha kathana vastutaH kitanA saTIka hai jaba vaha kahate hai ki "yadyapi ye musalamAna the tathApi inakI kavitA meM hindU-saMskAroM kI AtmA nivAsa kara rahI hai|14

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58 apabhraMza bhAratI7 ___223 chandoM kI isa racanA kA viSaya vipralaMbha zrRMgAra hai jisakA anta saMyoga (milana) meM hotA hai| anta meM nAyikA kA nAyaka se milana kavi kI svataMtra maulika udbhAvanA hai| prAyaH viraha kAvyoM meM nAyikA kA nAyaka se milana itanA zIghra nahIM hotaa| isa khaNDa kAvya kI kathA bahuta saMkSipta athavA atyalpa hai| "kavi ne loka-jIvana se udbhUta svacchaMda aura akRtrima kathA ke AdhAra para apane kAvya kI racanA kI hai|"5 jaisalamera ke vijayanagara nAmaka nagara kI eka virahiNI sAmora (multAna) se Ate hue eka pathika ko apanA viraha nivedana kara rahI hai, jo khambhAta jA rahA hai, jahA~ usakA pati rahatA hai| vaha pathika ke dvArA apane pati ko eka saMdeza bhejanA cAhatI hai, lekina saMdeza samApta hI nahIM ho pAtA hai| jaba-jaba pathika jAne ko udyata hotA hai, nAyikA use navIna prasaMga meM ulajhAkara roka letI hai| isI prakAra kaI bAra hotA hai| anta meM pathika usa viraha-vidagdhA ko sAntvanA detA huA pUchatA hai ki tumhArA pati kisa Rtu meM gayA thA? isake uttara meM vaha kahatI hai ki vaha grISma Rtu meM gayA thaa| basa aba kyA thA? isake bAda vaha chahoM RtuoM meM utpanna viraha kI pIr3AoM kA lekhA-jokhA prastuta karane laga jAtI hai| eka ke bAda dUsarI RtueM badalane lagatI haiN| kavi kI sahaja bhAvadhArA kAvyamayI bhASA meM aneka chandoM meM prakRti kI chaTA ko vikIraNa karane lagatI hai| saMdeza-rAsaka kI sampUrNa kathA 223 chandoM evaM 3 prakramoM meM vibhAjita hai| apabhraMza yA dezI bhASA meM likhita prathama musalamAna kavi kI isa racanA meM hI prathama bAra prakramoM meM kathA-vibhAjana prApta hotA hai| prathama prakrama meM prastAvanA, dvitIya meM kathA prAraMbha tathA tRtIya prakrama meM SaTRtu varNana hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki prakRti citraNa kI dRSTi se tRtIya prakrama hI sarvAdhika mahatva kA hai| manuSya kA prakRti se sahajAta saMbaMdha hai| apane caturdika vaha prakRti se AvRtta hai| yUM kahA jAye ki manuSya kI sRSTi hI paMca prAkRtika tatvoM se huI hai, to vaha usase alaga kaise raha sakatA hai ? dArzanikatA kI dRSTi se bhI prakRti, jIva aura Ananda-saccidAnanda svarUpa hI hai| DaoN. indra bahAdura siMha kA yaha kathana ucita hI hai ki "dRzya prakRti mAnava-jIvana ko atha se iti taka cakravAta kI taraha ghere rahatI hai| mAnava aura prakRti ke isa aTUTa sambandha kI abhivyakti dharma, darzana, sAhitya aura kalA meM cirakAla se hotI rahI hai| sAhitya mAnava jIvana kA pratibimba hai, ata: usa pratibimba meM usakI sahacArI prakRti kA pratibimba honA svAbhAvika hai| isIlie abdula rahamAna ne graMthAraMbha meM hI maMgalAcaraNa meM samudra, pRthvI, pahAr3a, per3a tathA AkAza ke sraSTA ko smaraNa kara prakRti aura mAnava ke sambandha kI dRr3hatA ko hI dikhAyA hai| ___ bhAratIya sAhitya meM vaidikakAla se lekara Adhunika sabhyatA taka mAnava kitane hI utAracar3hAva dekhatA A rahA hai, kintu kabhI bhI vaha prakRti se vilaga nahIM raha sakA / prakRti ke viparIta AcaraNa usake du:kha kA kAraNa rahA hai| sampUrNa saMskRta sAhitya ke pUrvArddha meM prakRti aura mAnava-jIvana ko vilaga karanA AsAna nahIM hai| kAlidAsa aura bhavabhUti ke kAvya meM prakRti ko kevala jar3a kahakara nahIM chor3A jA sktaa| prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI prakRti ko vibhinna rUpoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI7 59 sAhitya meM prakRti kA aneka rUpoM meM citraNa huA hai| kintu kAvya meM usake do rUpa adhika prasiddha rahe haiM - Alambana aura uddiipn| isa saMdarbha meM AcArya zukla kA mAnanA hai ki kAlidAsa yA isase pUrva se hI dRzya-citraNa ke do mArga the| sthala-varNana meM to vastu-varNana kI sUkSmatA bahuta dinoM taka banI rahI para Rtu-varNana meM citraNa utanA Avazyaka nahIM samajhA gayA jitanA kucha inIginI vastuoM kA kathanamAtra karake bhAvoM ke uddIpana kA vrnnn| isa dRSTi se mahAkavi kAlidAsakRta RtusaMhAra evaM meghadUta ke prakRti-citraNa meM yaha uddezya-bhinnatA spaSTa parilakSita hotI hai| kintu; kabhI-kabhI kaviyoM ne eka sAtha hI sabhI RtuoM kA varNana viziSTa paddhati meM na karake yathAvasara pAtroM ke mu~ha se RtusauMdarya kA udghATana karavAyA hai| kahIM-kahIM isa prakAra ke varNana itane sundara aura svAbhAvika haiM ki ve svataMtraprakRti-varNana se kama acche nahIM haiN| rAjazekhara kI karpUramaMjarI meM isa prakAra ke kaI sundara prAkRta zloka milate haiN|" - 'paumacariu' apabhraMza kA prasiddha mahAkAvya hai| isameM mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva ne grISma aura varSA kA jo svataMtra rUpa se sahaja evaM prAkRta varNana kiyA hai vaha kisake mana ko nahIM moha legA! pAvasa aura grISma ke yuddha kA varNana utprekSA ke dvArA kitanA AkarSaka bana par3A hai - jala-vANAsaNi-ghAyahiM ghAiu, gimbha-NarAhiu raNe viNivAiu / dadura raDevi lagga NaM sajjaNa, NaM Naccanti mora khala dujjaNa / NaM pUranti sariu akkandeM, NaM kaI kilikilanti ANandeM / NaM parihuya vimukka ugghose, NaM varahiNa lavanti parioseM / NaM saravara vahu-aMsu-jalolliya, NaM girivara hariseM gajolliya / NaM uNhavia davAggi vioeM, NaM Nacciya mahi viviha-viNoeM / NaM atthamiu divAyaru dukkheM, NaM paisarai rayaNi sai~ sukkheM / ratta-patta taru pavaNAkampiya, 'keNa vi vahiu gimbhu' NaM jampiya // 2 arthAt pAnI kI tIvra bUndoMrUpI bANoM ke tIkSNa prahAra se grISmarUpI rAjA yuddha meM mArA gyaa| jisake kAraNa meMDhaka sajjanoM kI taraha rone lage aura mora duSToM kI taraha nAcane lge| nadiyA~ azruplAbita ho bahane lagI aura kavi prasanna ho ge| aisA lagatA thA mAno koyaleM bolane ko svataMtra ho gaI hoM aura mora saMtoSa vyakta kara rahe hoN| tAlAba mAno du:kha ke AMsuoM se labAlaba bhara gaye hoM aura parvata pulakAyamAna ho rahe hoN| pRthvI tapana ke viyoga meM nAcane lagI ho| dukhitamana sUrya astaMgata ho rahA ho aura rajanI meM sarvatra sukha vyApta ho gayA ho| vRkSa nava koMpala jaise sahajabhAva se pUcha rahI ho ki 'grISma kisake dvArA mArA gayA ?' isa prakAra mahAkavi svayaMbhU ke paramparAbaddha prakRti-citraNa meM alaMkAroM kA khulakara prayoga huA hai| mahAkavi puSpadanta ne bhI apane 'mahApurANa' meM prAkRtika dRzyoM kI jhar3I lagA dI hai| prAkRtika dRzya citraNa meM prakRti kA AlaMbanarUpa meM manomugdhakArI citra prastuta karanA 'mahApurANa' kI vizeSatA hai / isa paramparA meM 'bhavisayattakahA', 'harivaMzapurANa', 'jasaharacariu', 'jambUsAmicariu', 'karakaNDacariu', 'paumasirIcariu' Adi aneka apabhraMza kAvyoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai|

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60 apabhraMza bhAratI7 apabhraMza kAvyoM kI paramparA meM laukika khaNDa kAvya 'saMdeza-rAsaka' kA prakRti-citraNa kI dRSTi se kaI arthoM meM vizeSa mahatva hai| yaha racanA eka prakAra se prakRtiparaka janabhAvanA kI sahaja abhivyakti hai| prAkRtika saundarya ne bhaugolika sImAoM ko bhI sajIva kara diyA hai| 'saMdeza rAsaka' kA pAThaka pathika aura ramaNi ke dRzya-citraNa meM kho jAtA hai| vaha tAdAtmya sthApita kara aisA anubhava karatA hai jaise vaha svayaM khulI prakRti ke AMgana meM A khar3A huA ho| yahI 'saMdeza-rAsaka' ke prakRti-citraNa kI vizeSatA hai| nissaMdeha 'saMdeza-rAsaka' meM prakRti kA uddIpana rUpa meM citraNa huA hai| uddIpana kA prayoga saMyoga yA viyoga kI tIvratA ko prakaTa karane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / 'saMdeza-rAsaka' meM citrita 'SaDaRtu-varNana' isI lakSya kI pUrti karatA hai| pathika dvArA sahAnubhUti prakaTa karate hue jaba viraha-vidhurA nAyikA se yaha pUchA gayA ki tumhArA priya tumheM kaba chor3akara gayA thA to vaha tapAka se javAba detI hai ki jisa grISma Rtu meM vaha apane priyatama dvArA chor3I gaI vaha grISma bhI Aga meM jala jaaye| kitanA svAbhAvika evaM manovaijJAnika uttara hai| isa prakAra 'saMdezarAsaka' meM grISma Rtu se SaTRtu varNana prArambha hotA hai| 'grISma' kA Agamana kyA huA usa saMyuktA para viraha kA pahAr3a TUTa pdd'aa| 'virodhAbhAsa' alaMkAra ke dvArA vaha apanI virahAvasthA ke bhukta satya kA udghATana karane lgii| viraha meM malaya samIra bhI asahya ho gyaa| tIvra evaM jalA denevAlI sUrya kI kiraNoM se prakRti bhI jalane lagI (131) / tIkhI ravi kiraNoM ke prahAra se dharatI kA kalejA 'tar3a-tar3a' zabda kara tar3akane lagatA hai aura tUphAnI aMdhar3a calane lagate haiM (132) / papIhe 'piu piu' kI raTa lagAne lagate haiM tathA nadiyoM kA jala sUkhane lagatA hai (133) / aura to aura grISma Rtu meM usa kAmapIr3itA virahiNI ko zItalatA pradAna karanevAle sabhI upAdAna bhI dAhaka lagane lagate haiN| vaha kahatI hai - hariyaMdaNu sisiratthu uvari jaM leviyau, taM sihaNaha paritavai ahiu ahiseviyau / Thaviya viviha vilavaMtiya aha taha hAralaya, kusumamAla tivi muvai jhAla tau hui sabhaya / / 135 // Nisi sahaNiha jaM khittu sarIraha suha jaNaNu, viuNau karai uveu kamaladalasattharaNu / ima sijjaha uTuMta paDaMta salajjirihi, paDhiu vatthu taTa dohau pahiya sagaggirihiM // 136 // - priya-viraha meM jalatI huI nAyikA ko caMdana-lepa sarpadaMza kI taraha dAhaka lagane lagatA hai, kusumamAlA jvAlA-sI tapAtI hai aura zayyA para bikhare kamala-dala bhI viraha duHkha ko dviguNita karate haiN| yahI nahIM ravikaroM se araviMda tapane lagate haiM, candramA bhI dAhaka lagatA hai aura kusuma bhI jale para namaka chiDakate haiM -

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 61 viyasAviya raviyarahi tavihi araviyatavaNi, amiyamao vihu jaNai dAha visajammaguNi / daMsiu dusahu bhuaMgi aMgi caMdaNu tavai, khivai hAru hArubbhavu kusuma saricchayai // 137 // jaise-taise grISma ko to virahiNI bitA detI hai kintu varSAkAla to prANalevA hI lagatA hai| varSAkAla meM kavi abdula rahamAna kA mana grISma se adhika/dviguNita ramA hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa kA yakSa to 'AsADhasya prathama divase' hI priyA-viraha meM utkSipta hone lagA thaa| aise meM eka mAnavI kI kyA sthiti hogI, isakI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| viraha-vidagdhA preyasI nAyikA ne dekhA ki AkAza meM kAle-kAle bAdala umar3ane-ghumar3ane lage haiM to vaha samajha gaI ki varSAkAla A gayA hai / bAdaloM kI gar3agar3AhaTa ke sAtha vidyuta kauMdhane lagI, jisakI camaka meM jamIna para pagaDaNDI dikhAI dene lagatI hai, AkAza meM ur3atI huI bakapaMkti suzobhita hotI hai tathA papIhe tRpti vyakta karate hue sarasa zabda karane lagate haiN| pokharoM kA pAnI uphanakara rAstoM meM bahane lagA hai, jisase pathikoM ne apane jUte hAthoM meM le liye haiM, nadiyAM kala-kala nAda kara pravAhita hone lagI haiM aura AvAgamana sahasA ruka gayA hai| grAmINa pariveza meM varSA kA itanA jIvanta citraNa rAjasthAnI ke loka mahAkAvya 'DholA mArurA dUhA' ke samAna hI pAThaka ke mana ko moha letA hai| kavi kI kalpanA kA citra nimna paMktiyoM meM draSTavya hai, jaba use pRthvIrUpI nAyikA ko apane priyatama megha kI pratIkSA karanI par3atI hai - kaddamalula dhavalaMga vihAviha sajjharihi taDinaevi paya bhariNa alakkha salajjarihi / huu tArAyaNu alakhu viyaMmiu tama pasaru, . chanau indoehi niraMtara dhara sihara // 143 // varSA ke Agamana para prakRti-naTi Ananda-vibhora ho nRtya karane lagatI hai| bagule vRkSoM para, mora zikharoM para, meMDhaka jalAzayoM meM aura koyala Amrazikhara para car3hakara apanI-apanI vANI meM Ananda kI abhivyakti kara rahe haiN| kintu ye prAkRtika upAdAna virahiNI ke hRdaya meM priyaviraha kI jvAlA ko sulagA dete haiN| varSAkAlIna saMdhyA kA eka sahaja sundara citra dekhie - maccharabhaya saMcaDiu rani goyaMgaNihi, maNahara ramiyai nAhu raMgi goyaMgANihi / hariyAulu dharavalau kayaMbiNa mahamahiu, kiyau bhaMgu aMgaMgi aNaMgiNa maha ahiu // 146 //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 * maccharoM ke bhaya se gAyeM UMce sthala para calI gayI haiN| gopAMganAeM apane priyatamoM se manohara krIr3AeM kara rahI haiN| yaha saba dekhakara viraha-vidagdhA nAyikA ko kAmadeva ne bebasa kara diyA hai / isa prakAra priya - viraha meM rAtri vyatIta karanA kitanA kaThina hai ? grISma Rtu kI tapana to zAnta ho gaI, kintu priya virahotpanna tapana kA kyA kareM ? saca hI kahA hai 62 puNa vi pieNa va ulhavai piyavirahaggi niti // 138 // priya kI virahAgni priya dvArA hI bujhatI hai, isameM koI bhrAMti nahIM / - 'varSA vigata zarad Rtu AI' / jaise-taise varSAkAla to vyatIta kara diyA kintu aba zarad Rtu A gaI hai| yaha samaya kisa prakAra vyatIta hogA ? mahAkavi abdula rahamAna ne 'saMdeza - rAsaka' meM zarad kA varNana karane meM atyadhika ruci dikhAI hai| grISma kA varNana 16 chandoM meM, varSA kA 18 chandoM meM tathA zarad kA varNana 27 chandoM meM kara zarad-citraNa ke prati apanI abhiruci kA pradarzana kiyA hai| vastuta: 'saMdeza rAsaka' ke kavi ne 'SaTRtu varNana' ke bahAne virahiNI kI mArmika bhAvanAoM kA udghATana hI kiyA hai| AkAza meM udita agastya nakSatra se zaradAgama kI sUcanA mila jAtI hai aura sarvatra zarada kI candrikA jyotita ho uThatI hai gaya viddaravi balAhaya gayaNihi, maNahara rikkha paloiya rayaNihi / huyai vAsu chambhayali puNiMdaha, puriya junha nisi nimmala caMdaha // zaradAgamana para AkAza meM bAdala phaTa gaye haiN| rAta tAroM se chA jAtI hai| sarpa biloM meM ghusa jAte haiM aura sarvatra cAMdanI chiTakane lagatI hai| tAlAboM kA jala kamala-dala se punaH zobhita hone lagatA hai| haMsa kala-kala dhvani karane lagate haiM / sarovara-taToM para zveta kAza khila uThatA hai| jala svaccha hokara darpaNavata pratibimbita hone lagatA hai| haMsoM kA AvAgamana bar3ha jAtA hai| lekina sAtha hI zaradakAla meM jala chIjane ke sAtha virahiNI nAyikA bhI chIjane lagatI hai| juganuoM kI camaka aura sArasoM kI sarasa dhvani hRdaya vidIrNa karane lagatI hai| isake viparIta saMyuktAoM kA hRdaya AnandollAsa se ota-prota hone lagatA hai| isa prakAra kavi ne atyadhika sarasa, manohArI evaM manovaijJAnika citra ukerane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| eka citra draSTavya hai| - acchahi jiha sannihi ghara kaMtaya / racchihi ramahi ti rAsu ramaMtaya / karivi siMgAru viviha AharaNihiM, cittavicittarhi taNu paMguraNihiM // 167 // tilu bhAlayAli turakki tilakkiva, kuMkuma caMdaNi taNu caccakiva soraMDahiM kari liyahi phiraMtihi, divva maNoharu geu giraMtihi // 168 //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 yaha saba dekhakara eka virahiNI apane hRdaya ko kaise vaza meM rakha sakatI hai ? jala meM bolate hue haMsa aura cakravAkoM kI dhvani meM mAno zarada RturUpI nAyikA ke nUpura dhvanita hone lagate haiN| aisI sundara, sukhada rAtri virahiNI nAyikA ko yamadUtI-sI lagane lagatI hai / sampUrNa vAtAvaraNa meM AbAla-vRddha zarad - sukha se ota-prota hai / dekhate-dekhate dIpAvalI A jAtI hai| gRhalakSmayA~ gharoM meM dIpaka jalAtI haiM aura AMkhoM meM kAjala A~jatI haiN| raMga-biraMge vastroM meM susajjita tathA apane priyatamoM ke sAtha raMgareliyA~ karatI huI una ramaNiyoM ko dekhakara nAyikA kA hRdaya vidIrNa hone lagatA hai| Akhira madanAkrAntA virahiNI pathika se apane priyatama ke pauruSa ko cunautI detI huI kahatI hai - ki aha tahi desi Nahu phurai junha Nisi Nimmala caMdaha, kalarau Na kuNaMti haMsa phala sevi raviMdaha / aha pAyau Nahu paDhai koi sulaliya puNa rAiNa, aha paMcamu Nahu kuNai koi kAvAliya bhAiNa / mahamahai ahava paccUsi Nahu osasittu ghaNa kusumabharu aha muNiu pahiya ! aNarasiu piu sarai samai ju na sarai gharu // 183 // zarada ke bAda hemanta Rtu AtI hai| hemanta jaise-taise bIta jAtI hai, kyoMki itastaH tuSArApAta hone lagatA hai aura ThaNDa ke kAraNa premI yugaloM ke zayana kakSa nIce kI maMjila meM A gaye haiM / dina choTe hone lage haiN| aise meM virahiNI kI khIja dekhate hI banatI hai / 63 'zizira Rtu' A jAtI hai| ThaNDI havAoM ke jhauMkoM ke calane se vRkSoM ke patte jhar3ane lagate haiN| lagatA hai - 'Rtu basanta jAcaka bhayA, chor3a diye druma paat'| loga agni kI zaraNa meM cale jAte haiM / Ikha kA rasa pIyA jAtA hai| saMyuktAe~ prasanna rahatI haiN| dekhate-dekhate zizira Rtu bhI calI jAtI hai| vastuta: "hemanta aura zizira - varNana meM kavi ko prakRti kA bahuta kama dhyAna rahatA hai / ina RtuoM kA varNana karate samaya usakA dhyAna mAnava-vyApAroM para hI adhika kendrita rahatA hai|''14 'basanta Rtu-varNana meM kavi abdula rahamAna kA mana adhika ramA hai / vaha ' saMdeza - rAsaka' Rtu - varNana meM sarvAdhika lambA varNana (28 chandoM meM) basanta kA hI karatA hai, kintu " basanta kA varNana karate samaya bhI addahamANa kA dhyAna prakRti meM utanA nahIM ramatA jitanA ki sukhI premiyoM kI vilAsa - keli aura nAyikA ke viraha-duHkha kA varNana karane meN| 15 basantAgamana kA prAraMbha hotA hai trividha zItala, maMda, sugaMdha pavana se / malayAnila ne vAtAvaraNa meM sarvatra mAdakatA bhara dI hai| aise meM priya- viraha meM vyAkula virahiNI ke hRdaya kI kyA avasthA hogI, yaha nimna chanda meM draSTavya hai - gayau gimhu ai dusahu varisu ubbinniyai, sarau gayau aikaTThi himaMtu pavanniyai / sisira pharasu vullINu kahava rovaMtiyai, dukkaru gamiyai ehu NAhu sumaraMtiyai // 204 //

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64 apabhraMza bhAratI7 vRkSoM para sarvatra nava koMpaleM A gaI haiM, ketakI puSpAyita ho rahI hai, bhauMre gUMjane lage haiM, kiMzuka aura palAza phUla rahe haiN| jhar3atA huA puSpa-parAga, lahalahAtA azoka kA vRkSa aura sahakAra vRkSa vyartha hI apane guNoM ko dhAraNa karate se najara Ane lagate haiM / yadA-kadA AkAza meM vicaranevAle meghoM ko dekhakara kekI-kaNTha kallolita ho uThatA hai| eka kSaNa ke lie prakRti kA ullAsa nAyikA ke lie 'yama kA pAza' bana jAtA hai - khaNu muNiu dusahu jamakAlapAsu, NAva kusamihi sohiu dasa disAsu / gaya NivaDa NiraMtara gayaNi cUya, Nava maMjari tattha vasaMta hUya // 215 // isa prakAra 'saMdeza-rAsaka' ke prakRti-varNana ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki vaha meghadUta kI apekSA RtusaMhAra ke nikaTa hai| yadyapi meghadUta aura saMdezarAsaka donoM viraha kAvya haiM; jabaki RtusaMhAra saMyogakAlIna Rtu-varNana, phira bhI saMdeza-rAsaka kA prakRti-citraNa meghadUta kI bhA~ti svacchanda nahIM hai| inameM prakRti kI jhAMkI Rtu-varNana ke antargata dikhAI gaI hai| yahA~ parivartita RtuoM meM prakRti virahajanya duHkha kI vividha chAyAoM kA anubhava karAtI hai| 'saMdeza-rAsaka' meM vizeSarUpa se prakRti kA uddIpanarUpa hI adhika-ujAgara huA hai / vastuparigaNana zailI kA bhI kavi ne prayoga kiyA hai, kintu vaha prabhAvahIna rahA hai| dvitIya prakrama meM 'sAmoru' nagara kA varNana karate samaya kavi ne nagara kI vanaspatiyoM kI lambI sUcI prastuta kI hai| usameM kevala vanaspatiyoM kI nIrasa nAmAvalI-bhara milatI hai|" lekina 'saMdeza-rAsaka' kA Rtu-varNana uddIpanaparaka hote hue bhI svAbhAvika aura AkarSaka hai| kavi ne prakRti-varNana meM apanI manovaijJAnika sUjha-bUjha evaM marma ko chUne kI kalA meM pravINatA kA pUrNarUpeNa nirvAha kiyA hai| isIlie 'hindI kAvyadhArA' meM DaoN. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ko kahanA par3A thA ki bhAratIya sAhitya meM meghadUta ke bAda saMdeza kAvyoM meM 'saMdeza-rAsaka' kA anUThA sthAna hai| 1. apabhraMza sAhitya, harivaMza kochar3a, vi. saM. 2013, pR. 247 / 2. saMdeza-rAsaka, DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI evaM tripAThI, 1960 I., pR. 9 / 3. apabhraMza bhAratI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura, jana.-julAI '93, pR. 25 / 4. hindI sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, san 1964, pR. 123 / 5. saMdeza-rAsaka, bhUmikA, pR. 123 / 6. hindI sAhitya, dvitIya khaNDa, dhIrendra varmA, san 1959, pR. 114 / 7. hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA, hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pR. 16 / / 8. apabhraMza bhAratI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura; julAI '92, pR. 11-12 /

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 9. saMdeza-rAsaka, prathama prakrama, chanda - 1 / 10. cintAmaNi, prathama bhAga, AcArya rAmacandra zukla, pR. 21 / 11. apabhraMza bhAratI, jayapura; julAI 1992, pR. 13 / 12. paumacariu, 28.3 / 13. saMdeza-rAsaka, DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI evaM tripAThI, pR. 32, chanda saM. 129 / 14. saMdeza-rAsaka, bhUmikA, pR. 66 / 15. saMdeza-rAsaka, bhUmikA, pR. 66-67 / 16. saMdeza-rAsaka, bhUmikA, pR. 67 / 17. vahI, bhUmikA, pR., 69 / adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga, rAjakIya snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya koTapUtalI (jayapura)

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66 apabhraMza bhAratI7 jahiM suravarataruNaMdaNavaNAi~ tahi~ saMThiu sasahararavipaIu pahilArau paviulu jaMbudIu / viyaraMtakolakhaMDiyakaseru tahA~ majjhi sudaMsaNu NAma meru / kheDAmagAmapuravaravicittu tahA~ dAhiNadisi thiu bharahakhettu / tahi~ magahadesu supasiddha atthi jahi~ kamalareNupiMjariya hatthi / jahi~ kaNaMdaNavaNAIM jahi~ pikka sAli dhaNNai~ taNAI / vayasayahaMsAvalimANiyAi~ jahi~ khIrasamANai~ pANiyAi~ / jahi~ kAmadheNusama gohaNAI ghaDaduddhai~ NehArohaNAi~ / jahi~ sayalajIvakayaposaNAI ghaNakaNakaNisAlaI karisaNAi~ / jahi~ dakkhAmaMDavi duhu muyaMti thalapomovari paMthiya suyaMti / jahi~ hAliNikalaravamohiyAi~ pahi pahiyai~ hariNA iva thiyAi~ / puMDucchuvaNai~ caudisu calaMti jahi~ mahisasiMgahaya rasu galaMti / jahi~ maNaharamaragayahariyapiMcha mAyaMdagoMchi goMdaliya riMcha / ghattA - tahi~ puravaru NAmeM rAyagihu kaNayarayaNakoDihi~ ghaDiu / balivaMDa dharaMtahA~ suravaihi~ NaM suraNayaru gayaNapaDiu // 6 // NAyakumAracariu 1.6 - usa madhyama loka meM sabase vizAla jambUdvIpa hai, jahA~ sUrya aura candra kA prakAza hotA hai| usa jambUdvIpa ke madhya meM sudarzana nAmaka meru hai, jahA~ kA~sa ko khodate hue sUkara vicaraNa karate haiN| use meru kI dAhinI dizA meM bharatakSetra sthita hai| jo kher3e, grAma aura uttama nagaroM se vicitra dikhAI detA hai| isI bharatakSetra meM suprasiddha magadha deza hai. jahA~ kamaloM ke parAga se raMjita hAthI dikhAI dete haiN| jahA~ kalpavRkSoM ke sadRza nandana vana haiN| jahA~ pake hue dhAna ke kheta phaile hue haiN| jahA~ saikar3oM baguloM tathA haMsoM kI paMktiyoM dvArA sammAnita kSIra ke samAna pAnI se bhare sarovara haiM / jahA~ kI gAyeM kAmadhenu ke samAna ghar3oM dUdha denevAlI aura khUba ghIvAlI haiN| jahA~ ke kRSikSetra samasta jIvoM kA poSaNa karanevAle saghana dAnoM se yukta bAloMsahita haiN| jahA~ pathika dAkha ke maNDapa meM apanA duHkha dUra karake sthala-padmoM ke Upara sukha se sote haiN| jahA~ kisAnoM kI striyoM ke kalarava se mohita hokara pathika mArga meM hI hariNoM ke sadRza Thahara jAte haiN| jahA~ pauMDe evaM ikSu ke kheta cAroM dizAoM meM hilate-Dulate tathA mahiSoM ke sIMgoM se Ahata hokara rasa girAte dikhAI dete haiN| aura jahA~ marakata maNi ke samAna manohara hare paMkhoM se yukta zuka AmoM ke gucchoM para ekatra dikhAI dete haiN| - aise usa magadha deza meM rAjagRha nAma kA uttama nagara hai| jo svarNa aura ratnoM kI rAzi se gar3hA gayA hai| mAno balavAn devendroM dvArA dhAraNa kiye jAne para bhI devanagara AkAza se A girA ho // 6 // anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina

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apabhraMza bhAratI7 akTUbara 1995 67 apabhraMza meM saMvedanA ke naye staroM kA antaHsaMdhAna aura unakI prAsaMgikatA - DaoN. zaMbhUnAtha pANDeya jJAna yA jJAnendriyoM kA anubhava saMvedanA hai| yaha vaha prAraMbhika prakriyA yA anubhava hai jisakI utpatti kisI uttejanA se grAhaka ke uttejita hone para hotI hai| manovaijJAnika uNTa tathA Ticenara ne hara cetana anubhUti meM AvazyakarUpa se saMvedanA kA saMdhAna pAyA hai| manuSya anya jIva-jantuoM se isIlie viziSTa prANI hai kyoMki vaha saMvedanazIla hai| mAnava apanI viziSTa deha-saMracanA ke kAraNa ghrANa, rasa, tvacA, dRSTi tathA zrotR saMvedanAoM se yukta viziSTa saMvedanA, antarAvayava saMvedanA tathA snAyavika saMvedanAoM kA adhikArI hotA hai| yaha saMvedana sattA manuSya ke bhItara satata vidyamAna rahatI hai| para pAyA gayA hai ki jana ke bhItara yaha stabdha rUpa se par3I rahatI hai| upayukta uddIpaka yA uttejaka ke abhAva meM vaha spandita nahIM ho paatii| yaha sphoTa, thirakana yA antaHspandana samAja yA janatA kI jIvantatA kA pratIka banatA hai| yaha saMvedanA sAmAjika hokara sahAnubhUti kA samAnArthI bana jAtI hai| jIva-jagata ke prati isI saMvedanA yA sahAnubhUti athavA sahita kI ucca bhAvanA kA dhanI hone ke kAraNa racanAkAra sAhityakAra kahalAtA hai| sAhityakAra apanI rAgAtmikA aura vaicArika vRtti se jIvana aura jagata meM una uddIpaka upAdAnoM ko sajaga aura saceta hokara kalAtmaka rUpAtmaka anubhUti kA tAnA-bAnA dekara bhASA ke mAdhyama se samAja meM pratiSThita karanA vAMchanIya samajhatA hai, jisase janatA ke bhItara saundarya cetanA jAgRta ho| vaha zreyaskara aura sundara ko pahacAne, jAne-sIkhe-rahe aura usakA sammAna kre| jana ko surucisaMpanna

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68 apabhraMza bhAratI7 aura saMskArita banAnA AsAna kAma nahIM hotaa| yaha samayabaddha bhI nahIM hotaa| yaha satata calanevAlI saMgharSazIla gatimAna prakriyA hai| yaha saMgharSa hI sAhitya kI zakti hai aura isakA zaktizAlI upAdAna hai bhaassaa| isIlie hara saMvedanazIla sarjaka bhASA se saMgharSa aura asantoSa kA anubhava gahare staroM para barAbara karatA rahatA hai kyoMki bhASA usake sampRkta vyaktitva kA anivArya aura abhinna aMga hai| aspaSTa saMvedanoM ke rUpa meM pratibhAsita anubhava ko hama vAstavika artha meM 'svakIya' bhASA ke mAdhyama se hI banA pAte haiM, arthAt bhASA ke svarUpa meM Dhalane para saMvedana hamAre viziSTa anubhava-kSetra kA aMga bana jAtA hai| phalataH sAhityakAra ke navInatama vikAsa kI dizAe~ pramukharUpa se usakI bhASA-prayoga-vidhi meM pratiphalita hotI haiN| vicArazIla prANI hone ke nAte manuSya meM saMvedanazIlatA kI apAra sambhAvanAeM hotI haiN| vicArazIlatA ke calate hI manuSya kI saMvedanA meM vyApakatA aura gaharAI AtI hai| usakI AtmacetanA yA Atmabodha pragatizIla banakara lokajIvana aura lokacetanA ke sAtha saMpRkta ho jAtA hai / sacce racanAkAra meM 'jJAnAtmaka saMvedanA' aura 'saMvedanAtmaka jJAna' kA suSTha samanvaya hotA hai| isI se vaha bhAvukatA ke atireka se bacatA hai| ayathArtha aura nakalI anubhUtiyoM se apanA nAtA tor3atA hai aura bauddhikatA tathA bhAvukatA meM saMtulana sthApita kara samAja ko zakti tathA gati pradAna karatA hai| sarjanA mAnavIya saMvedanA kI kriyA hai, vaha vyakti-cetanA kI saMvedanazIlatA kA ucca avadAna hai, mAnava kI mAnavIyatA ko parisphurita aura pariSkRta karane kI kriyA kA pariNAma hai| saMvedanazIla lekhaka sAmAjika gatividhiyoM kA darzaka hI nahIM, sahabhoktA bhI hotA hai / darzaka kA jJAna aura bhoktA kI saMvedanA ke saMtulita saMyoga se sarjaka kI cetanA kA nirmANa hotA hai jisase kalA sphurita hotI hai, jisake mAdhyama se sAhityakAra mAnava meM jIne kI kAmanA aura jIvana meM vizvAsa paidA karatA hai| usakI jijIviSA-zakti ko bar3hAtA hai aura gahare stara para mAnavIya rAgAtmaka vRtti kA prasAra kara vizva ke sAtha jIvana kA prakRta sAmaJjasya sthApita karatA hai| saccI pravRtti aura nivRtti kI bhAvanA jAgarita karatA hai| yaha kArya vaha saMpreSaNa ke mAdhyama se hI karatA hai jisakI paridhi meM samasta mAnavIya saMsAra' aura 'mAnavIya sambandha' tathA 'mAnavIya pariveza' samAhita ho jAte haiM / yAnI mAnavIya anubhUti, samasAmayika, sAmAjika yathArtha, samucita dArzanika pRSThabhUmi tathA abhivyakti kauzala evaM saMvedanazIla bodha se jo sarjanA saMpRkta hogI vahI sArthaka hogii| yaha saMvedanAtmaka bodha hI jIvana aura samAja ke UbAU, ghuTanabhare, rUDhibaddha, patanonmukha aura mAraka viSama sthitiyoM se saMgharSa karatA hai, unheM dhvasta evaM naSTaprAya banAtA hai aura nirmANonmukha sAmAjika jIvana kI vikAsAtmaka prakriyA meM AsthA jAgRta karatA hai| __ aisI hI jakar3I aura stabdha manovRtti ko tor3ane aura samAja meM nayI antazcetanA phailAne kA kAma apabhraMza bhASA ke kaviyoM ne apanI vyApaka mAnavIya saMvedanA ke mAdhyama se kiyaa| janajIvana se kaTate jA rahe bhASA ke DhA~ce ko, ayathArtha ghaTATopa ko, saMvedanA se rU~dhI para vyAkaraNika evaM AlaMkArika jakar3abandiyoM meM baMdhI bhASA ke moha ko dhvaMsakara tathA nIce se

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 Upara taka kI rItibaddhatA ko bhraMza kara apabhraMza bhASA ubhar3akara sAmane AyI aura krAntikAritA kA paricaya diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paM. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana saMskRta se pAli aura prAkRta, usase apabhraMza aura apabhraMza se navya bhAratIya bhASAoM ke udaya kA aitihAsika krama svIkAra karate hue bhI apabhraMza ko eka naye prakAra kI bhASA svIkAra karate haiN|' usakI vizeSa lokasaMpRkti ke kAraNa hI unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se likhA hai ki subanta - tiGnta yA zabda-rUpa aura dhAtu rUpa kI zailI meM donoM (pAli aura prAkRta) ne saMskRta kA anusaraNa nahIM chodd'aa| aura apabhraMza ? yahA~ Akara bhASA meM asAdhAraNa parivartana ho gyaa| usane naye subantoM, tiGntoM kI sRSTi kii| unhoMne ise aura spaSTatA ke sAtha kahA ki prAkRta taka bhASA-vikAsa kramika yA avicchinna pravAhayukta huA, magara Age vaha kramika vikAsa nahIM balki vicchinna- pravAhayukta vikAsa jAti parivartana ho gyaa| usameM dhanAtmaka nahIM guNAtmaka parivartana huaa| vaha bhUSaNa bhASA ghoSita huii| vaha saralatA kI ora agrasara huI / loka kI saralatAgAmI pravRtti kA samAhAra usameM pUrNa rUpa se parilakSita huA / 'apabhraMza ne saMskRta-vyAkaraNa ke vistAra ko atyanta saMkSipta karake bhASA ke DhA~ce ko bahuta sarala banA diyaa| saMskRta aura prAkRta kI taraha zabda-rUpa aura dhAturUpaM ko raTane se jAna bcii| vibhakti-cihnoM kI saMkhyA bahuta ghaTa gaI, vibhaktiyoM ke vikArIrUpa kAraka-nirmANa meM samartha samajhe jAne lage; kArakoM ke lie parasarga-prayoga kI bahulatA AI / kriyApadoM meM tiGnta rUpoM kI jagaha kRdanta rUpoM kA prayoga bar3ha gayA / vAkya vinyAsa meM zabdoM kA sthAna aura krama bhI mahatvapUrNa ho utthaa| isase yaha sahaja anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki apabhraMza laukika dharAtala para utara kara apanI sAmAnya vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa logoM ko AkarSita kara rahI thI, pratiSThA pA rahI thI aura lokadharmI hokara mAtra 'AbhIrAdi giraH' hI nahIM sabakI antaraprAntIya bhASA banatI calI jA rahI thii| bhArata ke eka chora se lekara dUsare chora taka apabhraMza ke kaviyoM kA kAvya-nirmANa isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai| chaThI zatAbdI se lekara 14vIM - 15vIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza aura uttaravartI apabhraMza yA avahaTTa athavA purAnI hindI sAhitya paTala para ekachatra rAja karatI rahI / yaha apabhraMza bhASA aura usakI saMvedanA ke pArasparika sAmaMjasya ke kAraNa hI saMbhava ho sakA / 69 - sAhitya meM saMvedanA ke prAyaH do svarUpoM kA saMdhAna milatA hai rAgAtmaka aura bauddhika / jahA~ racanAkAra jana-jIvana ke duHkha-sukha ke sAtha sIdhe samparka meM Akara apanApana yA AtmIyatA kA vizeSa lagAva mahasUsa karatA hai vahA~ vaha rAgAtmaka saMvedanA kA paricaya detA hai para jaba racanAkAra mAtra pratibaddhatA yA saprayojanatA kA AdhAra grahaNakara racanA karatA hai vahA~ mAtra bauddhika saMvedanA dikhAI par3atI hai| apabhraMza ke pUrvavartI bhASAoM ke kaviyoM meM bauddhika saMvedanA kAhI jauhara dikhAI par3atA hai| jina AlocakoM ne prAcIna bhASAoM kA vidhivata avagAhana kiyA hai unhoMne apabhraMza kI vyApaka saMvedanA kI zakti kA bhalIbhA~ti udghATana kiyA hai| unhoMne apabhraMza ke kaviyoM ke navIna jIvanAnubhava, bodha tathA racanA-prakriyA kI kSamatA tathA abhivyakti ke navIna sAdhanoM evaM kAvyarUpoM ko bhalIbhA~ti pahacAnA aura unheM rekhAMkita kiyaa| saMskRta aura apabhraMza bhASA ke prakANDa paMDita AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne likhA " 'zAyada hI bhAratavarSa -

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70 apabhraMza bhAratI 7 ke sAhitya ke itihAsa meM itane virodhoM aura svatovyAghAtoM kA yuga kabhI AyA hogaa| isa kAla meM eka tarapha to saMskRta ke aise bar3e-bar3e kavi utpanna hue jinakI racanAe~ alaMkRta kAvyaparamparA kI carama sImA para pahu~ca gaI thIM aura dUsarI ora apabhraMza ke kavi hue jo atyanta sahajasarala bhASA meM, atyanta saMkSipta zabdoM meM apane mArmika manobhAva pragaTa karate the| zrI harSa ke naiSadhacarita ke alaMkRta zlokoM ke sAtha hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa meM Aye hue apabhraMza dohoM kI tulanA karane se yaha bAta atyanta spaSTa ho jaayegii| phira dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM bhI mahAna pratibhAzAlI AcAryoM kA udbhava isI kAla meM huA thA aura dUsarI tarapha nirakSara saMtoM ke jJAnapracAra kA bIja bhI isI kAla meM boyA gyaa| paM. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne to sarahapAda ko nayI bhASA aura naye chaMdoM ke yuga ke Adi kavi ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai aura gorakhanAtha, jJAnadeva, kabIra tathA anya saMtoM ko inhIM kI paramparA meM mAnA hai kyoMki saraha kI kitanI paMktiyA~ kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha pUrvavartI saMtoM meM mila jAtI haiN| apabhraMza kI saMvedanAtmaka cetanA kA vistAra apanI aitihAsika pariNiti ke sAtha mAtra madhyakAlIna sAhitya ko hI nahIM apitu paravartI sAhitya ko bhI prabhAvita karane meM sakSama rahA hai| yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki apabhraMza meM rUr3hipoSakatA evaM kAvya yA kathA-rUr3hiyoM athavA alaMkAroM kA Agraha nahIM hai para usakI navonmeSazAlinI sAhityika pravRttiyA~ atyadhika jIvanta rahI haiN| apabhraMza sAhitya kI saMvedanA kI vyApti kA aMdAjA isI se lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki jaina muniyoM ke bhAva-vicAra-darzana aura ciMtana kI ciMtAmaNi jahA~ yahA~ udbhASita hai vahIM sahaja sAdhanA kI dUsarI paramparA kI khoja karanevAle siddhoM-nAthoM kI siddhavANI bhI isI meM samAhita hai| isameM eka ora jahA~ dhArmikanaitika AdarzoM, dArzanika vicAradhArAoM se AdhyAtmikatA kI ora saMcaraNa karAne kA saMdeza hai to dUsarI ora rAgapriya tathA lokaraMjita sAhitya kA jIvanta pravAha hai| apabhraMza meM jahA~ zIla kI zAlInatA hai, udAtta, caritravAna tIrthaMkara, tyAgI, tapasvI, siddha, zlAkA puruSoM kI jIvanagAthA hai, vahIM sAmAnya garIba kisAna, duHkha aura garIbI kI mArI virahiNI aura dhanapAla jaise sAmAnya vaNika tathA kozA vezyA kI dardabharI kahAniyoM kI jhA~kiyA~ bhI haiN| isameM jahA~ bhAvapUrita stutiyA~, jIvanAnubhava se bharI sUktiyA~ AdhyAtmika rahasyamayI anubhUtiyA~, vaibhava vilAsa kI jhA~kiyA~ tathA inheM bhI dhUla-dhUsarita karatI huI saMyamazrI kI avicala chaviyA~ citrita haiM vahIM AbhIra, gurjara tathA garIba gharoM kI vIra-ramaNiyoM kI vIratA-zaurya, sAhasayukta snehasikta utpreraka vANiyoM kI chaTA dekhate hI banatI hai| apabhraMza ke racanAkAroM meM eka vicitra prakAra kA AtmavizvAsa thaa| ve apanI saMvedanAoM ko kisI bhI kImata para binA roka-Toka ke vistAra denA cAhate the| cAhe ve svayaMbhU hoM, puSpadaMta yA dhanapAla athavA joindu, rAmasiMha, devasena, kanakAmara, hemacandra, saraha, kaNha yA abdula rhmaan| isa saMdarbha meM abdula rahamAna kA yaha kathana kitanA mahatvapUrNa aura sArthakatA liye hue hai ki yadi merI anubhUti athavA saMvedanA vAstavika, yathArtha aura mArmika hai to use mujhe saMpreSita karanA hI hai cAhe use koI kukavitA hI kyoM na kahe, kyoMki yadi rAta meM candramA udita hotA hai to kyA ghara meM rAta ko dIpaka nahIM jalAe jAte? yadi pallava jaise komala karoM dvArA bajAI jAnevAlI ati madhura vINA ko loga sunate haiM to kyA

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 71 sAdhAraNa striyoM ke krIr3A-vinoda meM bajanevAle Dhola-rava ko na sunA jAye ? yadi vicitra aura vividha prakAra ke, pracura gaMdha se yukta puSpoMvAlA pArijAta vRkSa jo nandanakAnana meM hai, phUlatA hai to kyA zeSa vRkSa na phUleM ? tInoM lokoM meM jisakA prabhAva nitya prakaTita hai, aisI gaMgA yadi sAgara kI ora bahatI hai to kyA dUsarI nadiyA~ na baheM?' ahavA Na ittha doso jai uiyaM sasahareNa Nisisamaye / tA kiM Na hu joijjai bhuaNe rayaNIsu joikkhaM / ' taMtIvAyaM NisuyaM jai kiri karapallavehi aimahuraM / tA maddalakaraDiravaM mA summau rAmaramaNesu // jai asthi pArijAo bahuvihagaMdhaDDhakusuma aamoo| phullai suriMdabhuvaNe tA sesataru ma phullaMtu // " ai asthi NaI gaMgA tiyaloe NiccapayaDiyapahAvA / vaccai sAyarasamuhA tA sesasarI ma vaccaMtu // 0 abhivyakti kI isa saMkalpanA se prerita hokara apabhraMza ke kaviyoM ne aneka chaMdoM aura vividha kAvya-rUpoM meM apanI saMvedanAoM kA artha-vistAra diyaa| purANa, mahApurANa, kathA, saMdhi, kulaka, caupai, ArAdhanA, rAsa, cA~cara, phAgu, stuti, stotra, carita, dohA, kar3avaka Adi jisameM vizeSa pracalita haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kI tulanA meM mAtrika chaMda evaM kAvyarUpa 'dohA' kA prAdurbhAva apabhraMza kI apanI khAsa vizeSatA hai| yaha naye pariveza, nayI manobhAvanA aura nUtana saMvedanAoM kA sUcaka hai| paM. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke anusAra zloka, gAthA ke bAda eka tIsare jhukAva kI sUcanA lekara eka dUsarA chaMda bhAratIya sAhitya ke prAMgaNa meM praveza karatA hai, yaha dohA hai| saca bAta to yaha hai ki jahA~ dohA hai vahA~ saMskRta nahIM, prAkRta nahIM, apabhraMza hai / apabhraMza ko 'dahA vidyA' bhI kahA gayA aura yaha apabhraMza kA pratIka bana gyaa| isakI navInatA kI ora saMketa karate hue unhoMne kahA ki saMskRta, prAkRta meM tuka milAne kI prathA nahIM thii| dohA, vaha pahalA chanda hai jisameM tuka milAne kA prayatna huA aura Age calakara eka bhI aisI apabhraMzakavitA nahIM likhI gaI jisameM tuka milAne kI prathA na ho| isa prakAra apabhraMza bhASA kevala navIna chaMda lekara hI nahIM AI, bilakula navIna sAhityika kArIgarI lekara bhI AvirbhUta huii| para jisa bAta kI ora unhoMne vizeSarUpa se saMketa kiyA vaha yaha hai ki yaha apabhraMza yA dUhA vidyA athavA 'dohA' navIna svara meM bolatA hai| aura yaha navIna svara apabhraMza kI vyApaka saMvedanA aura anubhUti kA hI svara hai| aura jaba yaha svara mukhara hotA hai to sAhitya ke svarUpa, stara, saMdarbha-pariprekSya, kendra aura dizA meM bhI parivartana ho jAtA hai| parivartana ke isa dAyare meM ghusakara ImAnadArI se apabhraMza bhASA ko TaTolane kI koziza kI jAya to saMvedanA ke aise AyAma mileMge jo tAtkAlika saMcetanA ko to vahana karate hI haiM sAtha hI Adhunika saMvedanA ke saMvAhaka jaise lagate haiN| navIna aura TaTake se jAna par3ate haiM / katipaya saMdarbho ke tulanAtmaka vivecana se isakA kucha aMdAjA lagAyA jA sakatA hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 Adhunika sAhitya aura 'nayI kavitA' kI carcA kA svara 'laghu mAnava' aura 'sahaja mAnava' ke prati saMvedanAtmaka sajJAnatA evaM sAmAnyajana kI saMjJA kI pahacAna kI ora vizeSa rahA hai| mahAnatA kI mUrti bhaMjita huI hai aura sAmAnyatA kI pratiSThApita / kathA sAhitya meM premacanda ne kisAnoM-majadUroM, kAmakaroM aura sAmAnyajanoM kI saMvedanAoM kI prAmANika manovaijJAnika bhAvabhUmi kI abhivyakti dekara sAhitya meM eka naye yuga kI zurUAta kI thii| unameM yathArtha - jIvana kA pratibimbana hai sAtha hI sAmAjika jIvana ke saMgharSoM kA sammUrttana bhI / hama premacaMda kI prasiddha kahAnI 'pUsa kI rAta' aura mahAkAvyAtmaka upanyAsa 'godAna' kA hI saMdarbha lete haiN| kisAnI kI trAsadI donoM meM vyApta hai| eka kisAna gAya ke lie tarase aura dUsarA do jUna kI roTI tathA sardI se bacane ke lie eka kambala ke lie tar3ape isase bar3hakara kisAna ke jIvana kI viDambanA aura kyA ho sakatI hai ? inakI prApti ke saMgharSa meM pUrI jindagI hI vyathA - gAthA bana jAya yahI to ina donoM kA jIvana hai| saba zoSaka tatva joMka kI taraha cUsakara inheM kisAna se majadUra banane ko bAdhya karate haiN| kisAna aura majadUra jIvana kI viDambanA kI vAstavikatA kA rezA-rezA premacaMda ne udghATitakara rakha diyA hai| isIlie hindI ke sarvazreSTha upanyAsoM meM godAna kI parigaNanA kI jAtI hai| premacaMda ke kathA sAhitya meM madhyavargIya parivAra aura usameM bhI kisAnoM kI kathA pramukha hai| yaha samasAmayikatA kA pariveza liye hue bhI hai, to phira vaha kauna-sA tatva hai jo use samasAmayikatA ke ghere ko tor3akara sArvakAlika aura sArvajanIna marma ko chUtI hai / nirvivAda rUpa se vaha hai premacaMda kI mAnavIya saMvedanA kI tIkhI anubhUti aura pArivArika aura gArhasthika sahAnubhUti; talkhI, tevara aura vidrohAtmaka svara ke saath| maiM apabhraMza ke kucha aise hI saMdarbhoM kI ora saMketa karanA cAhatA jo kisAna - sAmAnyajana se jur3e haiM para jinakI saMvedanAe~ pAragAmI prabhAva rakhatI haiN| Aja bhI mana aura mastiSka ko jhakajhora dene kI marmasparzitA unameM vyApta hai / katipaya udAharaNoM se ise spaSTatA ke sAtha dekhA jA sakatA hai| . 1222 72 abhI bhI kisAnI garIbI aura phaTehAlI kA eka dUsarA nAma hai| apabhraMza ke kaviyoM ne bhI isa bebasI ko bhalIbhA~ti dekhA thA / apabhraMza kavi jahA~ zalAkA puruSoM kI jIvana-gAthA, saMyamazrI ko dekhate haiM, vahIM garIboM kI Aha-mAra ko bhI / yahA~ eka aisA hI kisAna hai| usakI garIbI kA Alama yaha hai ki usake pAsa khetI ke lie eka jor3I baila taka nahIM haiN| eka hI dhaulA (dhavala-sapheda raMga kA) baila hai| hala khIMcane ke lie eka jor3I baila kI AvazyakatA hai| kisAna vivaza aura ciMtita hai / use ciMtA kA bhAra satAye jA rahA hai| parivAra parezAna hai| avasara kA takAjA hai ki hala calAyA hI jaay| isa asahAyatA ko dhavalA baila dekha rahA hai, para yaha dRzya dekhakara to vaha visUra uThatA hai, ro hI par3atA hai jaba usakA mAlika jue kA dUsarA chora apane kaMdhe para rakha apanI patnI se hala kI muThiyA thAma lene ko kahatA hai 'apane svAmI kI ciMtA tathA jue ke bhAra ko dekhakara dhavalA (baila) visUra uThatA hai, ro par3atA hai, mUka bhASA meM yaha kahate hue ki maiM hI kyoM na donoM dizAoM meM jota diyA jAU~, bhale hI mere do khaMDa kyoM na kara die jAyeM: ghanIbhUta saMvedanA ke taha ko sameTe nimna dohA -

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apabhraMza bhAratI7 dhavalu visUrai sAmiaho guruA bharu pikkhevi / hau~ ki na juttau duhu~ disihi khaNDai~ doNNi karevi // " kisAna kI jindagI, mAna-pratiSThA, saba-kucha hai usakI do bIghA jamIna / vaha usakI rakSA ke lie jindagIbhara saMgharSa karatA hai / karja ke lie zoSaka tatvoM se jur3atA hai| ve use joMka kI taraha cUsate rahate haiN| karja se ladA-phadA, sUda-dara-sUda letA-detA vaha apanI jamIna ko rehana rakhatA hai, yaha jAnate hue ki vaha aba lauTanevAlI nahIM hai| yaha bhAra pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI calatA hai| godAna ke horI ke putra gobara kI taraha aise hI eka kisAna kA lar3akA vidroha ke svara meM cItkAra karatA huA AtmAlocana kara uThatA hai; bahuAyAmI artha ko liye hue dohA - usa putra ke rahane se kauna lAbha aura na rahane se kyA hAni jisake bApa kI bhUmi dUsare ke dvArA cA~pa lI jAya, har3apa lI jAya - putte jAe~ kavaNu guNu avaguNu kavaNu muenn| jA bappI kI bhuMhaDI campijjai avareNa // 5 garIbI kA Alama hote hue bhI kisAna prakRti se dharmaparAyaNa, paropakArI, hitarakSaka aura zaraNadAtA hotA hai| godAna kA horI to isI meM apane kA mAratA jAtA hai para hAratA nhiiN| ina choTe tabake ke logoM kI tulanA meM tathAkathita 'U~ca nivAsa nIca krtuutii| dekhi na sakahiM parAya vibhatI' kI saMvedanAeM kaMThita hotI haiN| eka sAhasI kisAna athavA choTe jana kI patnI kI yaha ukti ki - yadi tuma kisI bar3e ghara ke bAre meM pUcha rahe ho to U~cI haveliyoMvAle ghara ve rhe| parantu kaSTa meM par3e logoM ke uddhAra karanevAle ke bAre meM pUcha rahe ho to mere kAnta ke isa kuTIra ko dekho - jai pucchaha ghara baDDAiM to baDDA ghara oi / vihalia-jaNa-abbhuddharaNu kantu kuDIrai joi // " viSama paristhitiyoM se ghire choTe janoM meM jhaMjhalAhaTa, khIjha aura gussA kA honA svAbhAvika hI hotA hai| gussA aura pAnI hamezA nIce kI ora hI utaratA hai| patnI kI pratAr3anA aura kabhIkabhI dUsarI strI kI ora jAne kI svacchandatA kA sahArA bhI isI krama meM hotA hai| para nArI kI sahanazIlatA kA guNa apane Apa meM eka udAharaNa hai| eka strI kI yaha abhivyakti ki - sakhi! priya nAkhuza ho gayA hai, apriyakAraka ho gayA hai phira bhI tU use manAkara ghara le aa| agni ghara ko jalA detI hai to bhI kyA use apane pAsa nahIM rakhA jAtA - vippia-Arau jai vi piu to vi taM ANahi ajju / aggiNa daDDhA jaivi gharu to teM aggiM kajju // " garIbI kI mAra bar3I gaharI hotI hai| mahAkavi tulasIdAsa ne ucita hI kahA hai ki 'nahiM dAridrya sama duHkha jaga maahiiN|' dravya jIvana meM vividha mor3a lA detA hai| garIba dUra se dekhatA hai ki jinake pAsa buddhi hai, zuddhi hai, dAna hai, mAna hai, garva hai to yaha dravya ke kAraNa hI hai| daivayoga

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74 apabhraMza bhAratI7 yA apane doSa se yadi dravya nahIM rahatA to uparokta sabhI tatva luptaprAya ho jAte haiM / garIba dravyavihInatA ke kAraNa hI binA mAna-sammAna ke jI rahA hai - tAva buddhi tAva suddhi, tAva dANa tAva mANa tAva gavva / jAva jAva hattha Nacca, vijju-reha-raMga NAi, eka dabba // ettha aMta appa-doSa, deva rosa hoi NaTTha, soi sabba / koi buddhi koi suddhi, koi dANa koi mANa, koI gabba // __ apabhraMza kA kavi sAmAnyajana ke jIvana ke prati kahIM bhI kama spandanazIla nahIM hai| garIbajanoM ke prati usakI saMvedanAe~ sahaja, svAbhAvika aura marmasparzI haiM / garIba AdamI ke lie sabhI Rtue~, mausama, havAe~ kaiMpAnevAlI hotI haiM / zIta kI vRSTi, pachuvA~ havA, jAr3A kA rUThanA agni ko peTa se lagAne ko bAdhya kara detI haiN| hAtha-paira-pITha simaTa jAte haiN| premacaMda kI prasiddha kahAnI 'pUsa kI rAta' kA halakU pUsa kI phUsa kI Aga meM apane kutte jabarA ko peTa se saTAkara trAsadIya saMvAda kI vaha sthiti banAtA hai jahA~ se mAtra garIbI kI hI hAya nikalatI hai| isa tulanAtmaka sthiti meM apabhraMza ke kavi kI mArmika abhivyakti - sia viTThI kijjai, jIA lijjai, bAlA buDDhA kaMpaMtA / baha pacchA vAaha, lagge kAaha, savvA dIsA jhaMpaMtA // jar3a jaDDA rUsai, cittA hAsai, peTe aggI thappIA / kara pAA saMbhari, kijje bhittari, appA-appI lukkIA // " isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki apabhraMza ke kaviyoM kI saMvedanAe~ samAja ke vyApakatara chora ko chUtI haiN| ye ve kavi nahIM haiM jinheM na vyApai jagata gti'| apabhraMza kI kavitA kI jar3eM apane sAmAjika pariveza meM gahare stara taka utaratI haiN| marma ko chUtI haiN| sAmAjika cetanA kI abhivyakti detI haiN| sampUrNa sAmAjika-rAjanItika-Arthika tathA sAMskRtika pariveza kA jAyajA detI haiM / jahA~ bhadrajanoM ke bhAvoM kI U~cAI mApatI haiM vahIM Ama janatA ke vibhinna rUpoM kI pahacAna kA prayAsa bhI karatI haiM / apabhraMza kA sampUrNa sAhitya abhI milA nahIM hai para jo bhI sAhitya prApta hai vaha kama mUlyavAna nahIM hai| usakI apanI mahattA hai| usakI isa mahattA ko dekhate hue apabhraMza ke bAre meM kisI kavi kA kahanA samIcIna hI hai ki - apabhraMza kA saundarya usa sahaja, svAbhAvika, alaMkaraNa-vihIna sundarI kA hai jisake sira para jarA-jIrNa lugarI aura gale meM bIsa maNiyA~ taka nahIM haiM para phira bhI aneka magadha rasagrAhiyoM ko uThaka-baiThaka karA detI hai - siri jara-khaMDI loaDI gali maNiyaDA na bIsa / to vi goThThaDA karAbiA muddhae uTTha-baIsa // aMta meM, maiM itanA hI kahU~gA ki apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kI ina saMvedanAoM ko, jo Aja ke jIvana ko bhI bahuta gaharAI taka chUtI haiM, chor3akara koI bhI samAja Age bar3hane kA dAvA

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 nahIM kara sakatA / prAsaMgikatA kI kasauTI samAja kI pragatizIlatA se ghaniSThatA ke sAtha jur3I huI hai, isameM apabhraMza kI bhUmikA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai| 1. dohAkoza, sarahapAda, saMpA. - paM. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, bhUmikA, pRSTha 7 / 2. hindI kAvyadhArA, avataraNikA, pRSTha 1 / 3. vahI, pRSTha 3 / 4. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, DaoN. nAmavara siMha, pRSTha 16 / 5. hindI - sAhitya kA AdikAla, AcArya DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pRSTha 1 / 75 6. draSTavya - dohAkoza; pR. 20, kabIra graMthAvalI, pRSTha 130 1 7. saMdeza - rAsaka, abdula rahamAna, prathama prakrama, chaMda saM. 8, pRSTha 148 / 8. uparivat, chaMda saM. 10, pRSTha 148 / 9. uparivat, chaMda saM. 12, pRSTha 148 / 10. uparivat, chaMda saM. 13, pRSTha 148 / 11. hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, paM. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pRSTha 98 / 12. uparokta / 13. uparokta / 14. siddhahema zabdAnuzAsana, AcArya hemacandra, 340.2 / 15. uparivat, 395.6 / 16. uparivat, 364.1 17. uparivat, 343.2 / 18. hindI kAvyadhArA, sampA. paM. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, babbara, chaMda saM. 196, pRSTha 314 / 19. uparivat, chaMda saM. 195, pRSTha 314 1 - prophesara evaM adhyakSa hindI vibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 221005

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76 apabhraMza bhAratI7 tahi~ puravaru NAmeM kaNayauru lavaNaNNavahimagirimerametti etthu ji vikkhAyai bharahakhetti / magahA NAmeM jaNavau variTTha maNaharu kaikavvasaehi~ dicha / . pakkehi~ kalamakaNisahi~ ghaNehi~ suyamuhahayajhaNajhaNaravakaNehi~ / jahi~ khettaha~ payasaMcAru Natthi uvavaNahi~ Nirujjhai ravigabhatthi / NaggoharohapArohaehi~ hiMdolaMtI kayasohaehi~ / jahi~ suMdararUvAvekkhiNIeN hAliNi va NihAliya jakkhiNIe~ ghattA - tahi~ puravaru NAmeM kaNayauru bhUrikaNayakoDihi~ ghaDiu / ali kasaNahi~ pIyahi~ paMDurahi~ uppari mANikkahi~ jaDiu // 13 // NAyakumAracariu, 1.13 lavaNa samudra aura himavAn parvata se ghire hue isI vikhyAta bharata kSetra meM magadha nAma kA manohara va zreSTha janapada hai jisakA varNana kaviyoM dvArA saikar3oM kAvyoM meM kiyA gayA hai| isa pradeza meM zukoM ke mukhoM se Ahata hone para jhana-jhana dhvani karanevAle pake dhAna kI saghana bAloM ke kAraNa khetoM meM paira rakhane ko sthAna nahIM rahatA, aura upavana aise ghane haiM ki unameM sUrya kI razmiyA~ bhI praveza nahIM paatiiN| yahA~ vaTavRkSoM ke prArohoM se jhUlatI huI zobhAyamAna kisAna striyoM ke sundara rUpa se AkRSTa hokara mAno yakSiNI bhI ekaTaka dekhatI rahatI hai| aise magadha janapada meM kanakapura nAmaka nagara hai jo pracura suvarNa ke puMjoM se ghaTita hai aura usapara Upara se bhauMroM ke samAna nIle-pIle aura zveta mANikya jar3e gaye haiM // 13 // anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 akTUbara 1995 77 rAso sAhitya ke Adhunika adhyetA DaoN. vipinabihArI trivedI - suzrI maMju zukla DaoN. vipinabihArI trivedI AdikAlIna sAhitya, apabhraMza tathA prAkRta bhASA ke nadISNa vidvAna the| unhoMne mahAkavi caMdavaradAyI-kRta apabhraMza bhASA meM nibaddha 'pRthvIrAja rAso' jaise vivAdAspada evaM cunautIpUrNa graMtha para mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| ukta viSaya para unhoMne apanI mAnyatAoM ko atyanta vicArottejaka evaM tarkapUrNa DhaMga se prastuta kiyaa| unake adhyayana kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa pakSa yaha hai ki unhoMne 'pRthvIrAja rAso' kI aitihAsikatA ke sthAna para usake sAhityika saundarya ko udghATita kiyA / DaoN. trivedI kI kRtiyoM meM 'caMdavaradAyI aura unakA kAvya', 'revAtaTa samaya', 'kAvyavivecana', 'asanI ke hindI kavi', 'vicAra aura vivecana', 'apabhraMza praveza', 'pRthvIrAja rAso : eka samIkSA', 'veli krisana rukmiNI rI', 'prithIrAja rI kahI eka vizleSaNa', 'hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla', 'sAhitya aura samIkSA', 'Adhunika hindI kAvya', 'caMdavaradAyI kA bhArata', 'rAso zabdakoSa', 'apabhraMza ke do mahAkAvya', 'hindI sAhitya meM saMgIta', 'hindI sAhitya kA - * lekhikA DaoN. trivedI ke sAhitya para zodhakArya kara rahI haiN| unhoMne apane snAtakottara starIya laghuzodha prabandha ke dvArA DaoN. trivedI ke sAhitya ko udghATita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| prastuta lekha meM trivedIjI ke rAso sambandhI adhyayana ko prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai|

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78 apabhraMza bhAratI 7 chaMdavidhAna', 'rasa, chaMda, alaMkAra', 'pRthvIrAja rAso : mahAkAvya', 'History of Hindi literature, Discriptive Catalogue of Rajasthani Manuscripts : (Part I)' haiN| 'pRthvIrAja rAso' hindI sAhitya ke vivAdAspada graMthoM meM sarvapramukha hai| isakI prAmANikatA tathA svarUpa ke viSaya meM vidvAna Aja bhI ekamata nahIM ho pAye haiM / isa graMtha kA anuzIlana paurastya tathA pAzcAtya donoM hI vidvAnoM ne apane dRSTikoNoM se kiyaa| isa graMtha ke pramukha adhyetAoM meM kavirAja zyAmaladAsa, viSNulAla mohanalAla paMDyA, rAdhAkRSNadAsa, zyAmasuMdaradAsa, paM. haraprasAda zAstrI, gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA, munirAja jinavijaya, DaoN. dazaratha zarmA, dhIrendra varmA, mAtAprasAda gupta, hajArIprasAda dvivedI, jemsa TaoNDa, grAuja, jaoNna bImsa, DaoN. hornale, bUlara, morisana, ela.pI. TesITarI, vUlanara, gAsA da tAsI tathA griyarsana prabhRti haiN| isI paramparA ko Age vikasita kiyA DaoN. trivedI ne| unhoMne rAso kA vaijJAnika evam maulika adhyayana prastuta kiyaa| unhoMne 'pRthvIrAja rAso' ke vividha pakSoM, yathA - pRthvIrAja rAso kI bhASA, usakI lokapriyatA, dharma, rAmakathA, dazAvatAra caritra, gaMgA kI mahimA kA gAna, vrata, parva, tyauMhAra, utsava, zakuna-apazakuna, svapna, satI prathA, zaurya varNana, hAsya-vyaMgya, bahuvivAha prathA, pramukha pAtra, balabhadra vilAsa, jyonAra, chaMda vidhAna prabhRti ko gahanatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| isake atirikta kavivara caMdavaradAyI ke kAvyakauzala kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| DaoN. trivedI ke 'pRthvIrAja rAso' sambandhI adhyayana kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa pakSa yaha thA ki unhoMne usakI aitihAsikatA, prAmANikatA-aprAmANikatA, prakSepoM tathA pAThAMtaroM para bala na dekara usake sAhityika saundarya ko udghATita kiyaa| isa saMbaMdha meM unakA mata hai ki - aitihAsika vAdavivAdoM ke kolAhala se dUra 'pRthvIrAja rAso' hindI sAhityakAroM kI amUlya virAsata hai| kAvya-saundarya kI dRSTi se yaha eka anUThI racanA hai|' kAvya-sRjana ke donoM prayojanoM - Ananda tathA kIrti kI prApti kI daSTi se bhI yaha graMtha saphala hai| alaMkAroM kA ucita prayoga, chaMdoM kA saphala niyojana, kathAsUtroM tathA kAvyarUr3hiyoM kA sanniveza, kathAnaka tathA aMta:kathAnakoM kA prabhAvI saMyojana, sulalita bhAvAbhivyakti prabhRti kAvyAtmaka guNoM se samanvita graMtha hai 'pRthvIrAja raaso'| 'pRthvIrAja rAso' ke kAvyAtmaka saundarya kA zreya trivedIjI rAsokAra kavi caMda ko dete haiM - 'pRthvIrAja rAso' kI bhAvAbhivyaMjanA sAdhAraNa pAThaka tathA zrotA ko isa prakAra agrasara karatI hai ki vaha maMtramugdha usa dhArA meM bahatA calA jAtA hai| use yaha vicArane kA avasara hI nahIM AtA ki isa kathA meM paurANika tathA arebiyana nAiTsa ke tattva to samAviSTa nahIM ho gaye haiN| vAstava meM yahI rAsokAra kA kAvyakauzala hai jo hameM unakI prazaMsA karane hetu prerita karatA hai| 'pRthvIrAja rAso' kI bhASA para trivedIjI ne apane vicAroM ko maulikatA ke sAtha upasthita kiyA hai| 'pRthvIrAja rAso' kI bhASA atyaMta vilakSaNa hai / yadyapi isameM niyama haiM tathApi kisI kA akSaraza: pAlana nahIM milatA hai| adhikAMza zabdoM tathA vyaMjanoM ke svarUpa meM svachaMdatA hai parantu tAtkAlika AvazyakatAoM ke anusAra isameM parivartana ho jAtA hai tathA unake saMskRta, pAli,

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apabhraMza bhAratI7 79 prAkRta, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, apabhraMza aura hindI rUpa dRSTigocara hote haiN| yaha anUThI zailI isa graMtha meM AdyopAMta dRSTigata hotI hai| svaroM tathA vyaMjanoM ke parivartana se saMbaMdhita katipaya udAharaNa draSTavya haiM - svara - nAri, nArI, naariy| akAsa, AkAsa, aayaas| riSa, riSi, riSI, riSya, Rssi| saila, sayala, saila, selaha, shel| vyaMjana - pahukara, pokhr| agnI, agani, Agi, aag| siva, ziva, sibh| adambhuta, adbbud| 'pRthvIrAjarAso' kI bhASA kA adhyayana karane meM aneka samasyAyeM AtI haiM kyoMki isameM vaidika, saMskRta, pAli, paizAcI, ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI Adi dvitIya stara kI prAkRtoM, apabhraMza, dezya, prAcIna rAjasthAnI, prAcIna gujarAtI, paMjAbI, braja prabhRti bhAratIya bhASAoM ke atirikta arabI, phArasI tathA turkI ke aneka zabdoM kA saMyoga milatA hai| trivedIjI ke anusAra ukta mahAkAvya meM paMjAbI bhASA ke zabdoM kA sImita prayoga milatA hai tathA arabI, phArasI tathA turkI bhASA ke zabdoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 500 hai| trivedIjI ke mata meM ina zabdoM kA prayoga tatsam rUpa meM kama tathA apanI AvazyakatAnusAra yathArUpa dekara adhika kiyA gayA hai| isa graMtha kI bhASA kI durUhatA ko bar3hAne meM sarvAdhika sahAyaka dezya zabda haiM jo isameM prayukta hue haiM / trivedIjI ne pRthvIrAja rAso meM prayukta vibhinna bhASAoM ke zabdoM ke saMkSepa meM udAharaNa bhI prastuta kiye haiM - dezya zabda - jUkA, bAgura, kuTavAra, pogara, bilahAna, bAlara, ramUna, pola, ThoTha, DhImara, bajUA, icanA prbhRti| paMjAbI bhASA ke zabda - rahaMdI, hanaMde, suhaMdI, parachI, kUkaTA, AvaMdA, kanavajAM, upannA, jannA, dhannA, haMsAiyA, pAiyAM ityaadi| ____ arabI, phArasI tathA turkI ke zabda - inameM adhikAMzata: arabI, phArasI ke haiM,- kucha turkI ke haiM, yathA - hamIra ( amIra), hajjAra, sahara, AbAdi, akali, mahala, Atassa, sikAra, vajjIra, gasta, massAla, mukAma, kudarati ityaadi| ___ 'pRthvIrAja rAso' ke bhASA saMbaMdhI adhyayana meM DaoN. trivedI ne aneka anya tathyoM ko bhI navInatA ke sAtha udghATita kiyA hai| yathA - repha kA pUrNa varNa meM saMyukta honA tathA rephavAle varNa kA dUnA honA, repha kA lopa tathA rephavAle varNa kA dvitva honA, Adhe ra kA pUrNa varNa honA, ya ke sthAna para ja, kSa ke sthAna para kha, Na ke sthAna para na, jJa ke sthAna para gya yA ga, ga ke

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80 apabhraMza bhAratI 7 sthAna para ya, sa ke sthAna para cha,za ke sthAna para sa kA honA, prbhRti| DaoN. trivedI ne 'pRthvIrAja rAso' kI bhASA ko eka durbhedya dIvAra mAnA hai jo Aja bhI usake vAstavika artha kI taha taka pahu~cane meM bAdhaka hai| parantu ina sabhI anaitihAsikatAoM, prakSepoM tathA pAThAMtaroM ke uparAMta bhI 'pRthvIrAja rAso' itanA lokapriya kyoM hai? isakA uttara trivedIjI atyanta saTIka udAharaNa dekara vyAkhyAyita karate haiM - anaitihAsika kUr3e-karakaTa ke Dhera se AvRtta 'pRthvIrAjarAso' sAhitya-manISiyoM ko usI prakAra apanI ora AkRSTa karatA hai jisa prakAra sira para jarjarita loma-puTI DAle aura gale meM bIsa manakoM kI mAlA se rahita mugdhA (ke saundarya) ne goSTha-sthita (rasikoM) meM uThA-baiThI karavA dI thI - sira jara-khaNDI loar3I gali maNiyar3A na bIsa / to vi goTThaDA karAviA muddhaeM uTTha baIsa // - hemazabdAnuzAsanam, 424-4 aura jisa prakAra (pati ke hRdaya meM) navavadhU ke darzanoM kI lAlasA lagAye aneka manoratha huA karate haiM - nava-vahu-daMsaNa-lAlasau bahai maNoraha soi / - hemazabdAnuzAnam, 401-1 lagabhaga usI prakAra sAhityakAra bhI rAso ke rahasya ke prati utsuka aura jijJAsu haiN| DaoN. trivedI ne isakI lokapriyatA ke anya mahattvapUrNa kAraNoM ko bhI spaSTa kiyA hai| pRthvIrAja kA caritra atyanta spaSTatA ke sAtha ujAgara kiyA gayA hai| nAyaka ke utkarSa hetuoM ke sAtha hI usake apakarSa hetuoM ko bhI ullikhita kiyA hai jisase kAvyagraMtha kI prabhaviSNutA. meM vRddhi hotI hai sAtha hI svAbhAvikatA bhI AtI hai| caMdavaradAyI kI adbhuta varNanA zakti bhI isakI lokapriyatA kA sazakta kAraNa hai| tadyugIna mAMga ke anurUpa eka darabArI kavi ke sAre guNa kavi caMda meM the tathA isI zakti ke phalasvarUpa hI usane janamAnasa ke samakSa eka aisA mahAkAvya prastuta kiyA jisake prati AdikAla se lekara Adhunika yuga taka lokottara AkarSaNa akSuNNa banA huA hai| niSkarSata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki DaoN. trivedI kA rAso saMbaMdhI adhyayana maulika, vaijJAnika, tarkapUrNa tathA vicArottejaka hai| unhoMne eka naye sire se rAso ke vividha pakSoM ko udghATita kiyA jo vAstava meM eka stutya prayAsa hai| 'pRthvIrAja rAso' sambandhI unake adhyayana kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa pakSa yaha hai ki unhoMne usakI aitihAsikatA ke sthAna para usake sAhityika saundarya ko udghATita kiyA hai| isakI aitihAsikatA ke saMbaMdha meM bhI unake vicAra mahattvapUrNa haiM, unakA mata hai ki 'pRthvIrAjarAso' meM aitihAsika tathyoM kI tulanA meM anaitihAsika tattva nAmamAtra ke haiN| 'pRthvIrAjarAso' kI aitihAsikatA ke saMbaMdha meM unakA dRSTikoNa AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI se samAnatA rakhatA hai| 'pRthvIrAjarAso' kA vaijJAnika pAThAnusaMdhAna karake usake sahI svarUpa ko nirdhArita karane hetu unhoMne eka mahattvapUrNa yojanA

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 81 banAI thI jisake lie unheM bir3alA parivAra se anudAna bhI milA thA parantu unake asAmayika evaM du:khada nidhana se yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya apUrNa raha gyaa| vAstava meM isI prakAra ke yojanAbaddha vaijJAnika kArya kI atIva AvazyakatA hai jisase hindI sAhitya ke tathAkathita vivAdAspada graMthoM kA niSpakSa mUlyAMkana ho ske| DaoN. trivedI kI abhI samasta kRtiyAM prakAzita nahIM huI haiM parantu unakA jitanA bhI prakAzita tathA aprakAzita sAhitya hai vaha mahattvaparNa tathA maulika hai| AdikAlIna hindI sAhitya meM apanI vaijJAnika mAnyatAoM tathA gaMbhIra evama vidvattAparNa siddhAntoM ke pratiSThApana hetu DaoN. trivedI sadaiva smaraNIya rheNge| 1. vicAra aura vivecana, DaoN. vipinabihArI trivedI, pR. 56, pArula prakAzana, lakhanaU / 2. caMdrabhAnu gupta abhinandana graMtha, pradhAna saMpAdaka - DaoN. dInadayAlu gupta, pR. 272 / zodhArthI hindI vibhAga, lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya, lakhanaU

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apabhraMza bhAratI7 joyai va kamalasaraloyaNehi~ joyai va kamalasaraloyaNehi~ Naccai va pavaNahalliyavaNehi~ / lhikkai va laliyavallIhareha~ ullasai va bahujiNavarahareha~ / vaNiyau va visamavammahasarehi~ kaNai va rayapArAvayasareha~ / parihai va saparihAdhariyaNIru paMgurai va siyapAyAracIru / NaM gharasiharaggahi~ saggu chivai NaM caMdaamiyadhArAMu piyai / kuMkumachaDaeM NaM raihi raMgu NAvai dakkhAliya-suhapasaMgu / viraiyamottiyaraMgAvalIhi~ jaM bhUsiu NaM hArAvalIhi~ / ciMdhehiM dhariya NaM paMcavaNNu cauvaNNajaNeNa vi airavaNNu / NAyakumAracariu, 1.7 - vaha nagara mAno kamala-sarovararUpI netroM se dekhatA thA, pavana dvArA hilAye hue vanoM ke rUpa meM nAca rahA thA tathA lalita latAgRhoM ke dvArA mAno lukA-chipI khelatA thaa| aneka jina-mandiroM dvArA mAno ullasita ho rahA thaa| kAmadeva ke viSama bANoM se ghAyala hokara mAno anurakta parevoM ke svara se cIkha rahA thaa| apanI parikhA meM bhare hue jala ke dvArA mAno paridhAna / dhAraNa kiye thaa| tathA apane zveta prAkArarUpI cIra ko or3he thaa| vaha apane gRhazikharoM kI coTiyoM dvArA svarga ko chU rahA thA aura mAno candra kI amRtadhArAoM ko pI rahA thaa| kuMkuma kI chaTAoM se jAna par3atA thA jaise vaha rati kI raMgabhUmi ho, aura mAno vahA~ ke sukha prasaMgoM ko dikhalA rahA ho| vahA~ jo motiyoM kI raMgAvaliyA~ racI gayI thIM unase pratIta hotA thA jaise mAno vaha hAra-paMktiyoM se vibhUSita ho| vaha apanI uThI huI dhvajAoM se pacaraMgA aura cAroM vargoM ke logoM se atyanta ramaNIka ho rahA thaa| anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina

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apabhraMza bhAratI7 akTUbara 1995 joindu kI kRtiyoM meM bahirAtmA kA svarUpa aura sandeza - DaoN. (ku.) ArAdhanA jaina 'svataMtra' adhyAtmavettA kavi manISI joindu apabhraMza sAhitya ke kundakunda mAne jAte haiN| ve eka AtmasAdhaka yogI the| unhoMne jIvanabhara AtmArAdhanA kI aura AtmA ko hI apanI racanAoM kA kendra-bindu banAkara adhyAtma-kSetra ko nayA AyAma diyaa| nirvivAda rUpa se unakI do racanAeM mAnI jAtI haiM - paramappayAsu (paramAtma-prakAza) aura jogasAru (yogsaar)| donoM kRtiyoM meM kavi ne AtmA ke vAstavika rahasya ko samajhAkara paramAtmA banane kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| ___ joindu ne apanI kRtiyoM meM vividha dRSTikoNoM se AtmA ke svarUpa ko samajhAne kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| nizcayanaya se AtmA zuddha-buddha, jJAnadarzana-svabhAvI, sacetana, raMgahIna, gaMdhahIna, zabdahIna, indriyoM ke agocara, krodha-mAna-moha Adi se rahita nirAkAra Adi vizeSatAoM se samanvita hai|' ise hI ziva, zaMkara, buddha, rudra, jina, Izvara, brahmA, siddha Adi saMjJAoM se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| vyavahAranaya kI apekSA AtmA kartA, bhoktA, zarIrapramANa hai| yogasAra meM avasthA kI dRSTi se AtmA ke tIna bheda batAye gaye haiM - tipayAro appA muNahi paru ataru bahirappu / para jAyahi aMtara-sahiu vAhiru cayahi NibhaMtu // 6 // - AtmA ke tIna prakAra haiM - paramAtmA, aMtarAtmA aura bhiraatmaa| (tU) niHsandeha hokara bahirAtmA ko chor3a aura aMtarAtmA ke sAtha-sAtha paramAtmA ko prApta kr|

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84 apabhraMza bhAratI 7 paramAtma-prakAza meM bhI AtmA ke tIna bhedoM kA ullekha milatA hai - mUda viyakkhaNu vaMbhu paru appA tivihu havei / / 1.13 / / AtmA tIna prakAra kI hotI hai - 1. mUDha-mUrcchita AtmA, 2. viyakkhaNa-jAgRta AtmA aura 3. prmaatmaa| yahA~ mUDha-mUrcchita aura bahirAtmA ekArthavAcI haiM tathA viyakkhaNa-jAgRta aura aMtarAtmA ekArthavAcI haiM, mAtra nAma-bheda hai| ye nAma jIva kI mAnyatA para AdhArita haiN| jo zarIra Adi para-padArthoM ko apanA mAnatA hai vaha bahirAtmA hai| zarIra aura AtmA ko pRthaka mAnanevAlA aMtarAtmA hai| paramAtmA AtmA kI parama vizuddha avasthA hai| bahirAtmA hI bhedavijJAna karake aMtarAtmA banatA hai phira nirantara Atma-sAdhanA dvArA paramAtmapada prApta kara letA hai| AtmA se paramAtmA banane kI prakriyA va sAdhanA ke nirUpaNa hetu hI granthakAra ne bahirAtmA Adi bheda kara usakI vistRta vivecanA kI hai tathA jana-sAmAnya ke lie sarala aura udAra DhaMga se jIvanamukti kA sandeza diyA hai| saMsArI prANI janma se hI zarIra, indriya aura mana se tAdAtmya (ekIkaraNa) sthApita kara letA hai| zarIra se saMbaMdhita cetana-acetana padArthoM meM bhI usakI ahaM buddhi, mamatva buddhi hotI hai| manuSya dvArA ekIkaraNa sthApita karane kA uddezya hotA hai - vibhinna prakAra kI icchAoM ko tRpta krnaa| sAmAnyatayA vaha naI-naI icchAoM kI tRpti karatA rahatA hai aura isIprakAra jIvana kA abhyasta ho jAtA hai| vaha mAnasika tanAva meM jItA hai aura kaSToM ko jhelatA calatA hai| mAnasika tanAva svayaM kaSTapUrNa hotA hai aura dUsare prakAra ke kaSToM kA pratiphala bhI hotA hai| sAre duHkhoM kI pariNati mAnasika hI hotI hai| mAnasika tanAva vyakti kI jIvanacaryA ke aMga bana jAte haiN| mAnasika tanAva kA mUla kAraNa zarIra Adi para-padArthoM se tAdAtmya karanA hI hai| para-padArthoM se tAdAtmya karanevAlA Atmahita bhUlakara mUrcchita banA rahatA hai isIlie vaha bahirAtmA yA mUrcchita AtmA kahalAtA hai| paramAtmaprakAza meM kahA hai - dehu ji appA jo muNai so jaNu mUDha havei // 1.13 // - deha ko AtmA mAnanevAlA vyakti mUr3ha/mUrcchita yA bahirAtmA hotA hai| yogasAra meM kahA hai - micchAdasaNa-mohiyau paru appA Na muNei / so bahirappA jiNa-bhaNiu puNa saMsAra bhamei // 7 // - mUrchA ke dvArA mUr3ha banA huA vyakti parama AtmA ko nahIM jAnatA hai| vaha jitendriyoM dvArA bahirAtmA kahA gayA hai vaha nizcaya hI saMsAra meM cakkara kATatA hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 bahirAtmA kI dhAraNA deha Adi parapadArthoM se ekIkaraNa karanevAlA bahirAtmA zarIra ke varNa, AkRti ko hI apanI mAnatA hai| vaha socatA hai - maiM gorA hU~, maiM kAlA hU~, maiM vibhinna/citakabarA raMgavAlA hU~, maiM kRza zarIravAlA hU~, maiM sthUla zarIravAlA huuN| maiM zreSTha brAhmaNa hU~, maiM vaizya (vaNika) hU~, maiM kSatriya hU~, maiM zUdra hU~, maiM puruSa hU~, napuMsaka hU~, strI huuN| maiM javAna hU~, vRddha hU~, rUpavAna hU~, zUravIra hU~, paMDita hU~, zreSTha hU~, ityAdi zarIra-bhedoM ko mUr3ha apane mAnatA hai| mUrcchita vyakti jananI, janaka, strI, ghara, putra, mitra, kuTumbIjana anya cetana-acetana dravyoM jo mAyAjAla haiN|asty haiM, ko apanA mAnatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, du:kha ke kAraNa paMcendriya viSayoM ko sukha kA kAraNa jAnakara ramaNa karatA hai, isake lie paramAtmaprakAza meM kavi ne kahA hai - hau~ gorau hau~ sAmalau hau~ ji vibhiNNau vnnnnu| hau~ taNu a~gau~ thUlu hau~ ehau mUDhau maNNu / / 80 // hau~ varu baMbhaNu vaisu hau~ hau~ khattiu hau~ sesu / purisu Nau~sau itthi hau~ maNNai mUdu visesu / / 81 // taruNau bUDhau rUyaDau sUrau paMDiu divyu / khavaNau vaMdau sevaDau mUDhau maNNai savvu // 82 // jaNaNI jaNaNu vi kaMta gharu pattu vi mittu vi davvu / mAyA-jAlu vi appaNau mUDhau maNNai savvu // 83 // dukkhaha~ kAraNi je visaya te suha-heu ramei / micchAiTThiu jIvaDau itthu Na kAI karei // 84 // bahirAtmA kI dhAraNA kA pariNAma bahirAtmA apanI viparIta mAnyatA ke kAraNa AtmAdhIna sukha ko to nahIM samajhatA hai aura jahA~ sukha nahIM hai aise para-padArthoM se sukha-prApti hetu prayatnazIla rahatA hai| ataH vaha sukha se vaMcita rahakara saMsAra meM/mAnasika tanAva meM cakkara kATatA hai / AtmajJAna na hone se use sukhazAMti usI prakAra nahIM milatI jaise bahuta viloDana kiye hue pAnI ke dvArA bhI hAtha cikanA nahIM hotA - NANa-vihINaha~ mokkha pau jIva ma kAsu vi joi / bahue~ salila-viroliyai~ karu coppaDau Na hoi // pa. pra. 2.74 kavivara joindu ne bahirAtmA ko saMsAra kI bhaTakana/mAnasika tanAva se mukta hone kA upadeza diyA hai| isameM unhoMne bheda-vijJAna, para-padArthoM meM Asakti ke parihAra, saMsAra kI asAratA, indriya, mana ke niyaMtraNa, citta zuddhi, paramAtmA ke dhyAna Adi para vizeSa bala diyA hai aura apane kathya ko vibhinna dRSTAnta, muhAvare, lokokti, sUktiyoM ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA hai| unheM hI yahA~ saMkSepa meM diyA jA rahA hai|

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86 bheda - vijJAna bahirAtmA zarIra aura usameM sthita AtmA ko pRthak-pRthak na jAnakara eka mAnatA hai, pariNAmasvarUpa vaha pratisamaya parivartita kSaNabhaMgura zarIra ke hI saMvardhana-poSaNa meM itanA vyasta ho jAtA hai ki AtmA kI sudha hI nahIM rahatI / zarIra ke naSTa hone ko vaha apanA nAza mAnakara du:khI hotA hai / granthakAra kA kahanA hai ki zarIra aura AtmA bhinna-bhinna padArtha haiN| jIva-AtmA tathA ajIva anAtmA-zarIra hai| inameM lakSaNa-bheda se pUrNa bheda hai / he manuSya! tU abhedarUpa AtmA ko jAna', jo isase anya hai, vaha anya hI hai, aisA maiM kahatA hU~ / AtmA manarahita, indriya-samUha se rahita, mUrtirahita, jJAnamaya aura cetanA svarUpa hai, yaha indriyoM kA viSaya nahIM hai| AtmA AtmA hI hotA hai, para para hI hotA hai| AtmA kabhI para nahIM hotA aura para kabhI AtmA nahIM hotaa| dehoM ke janma, buDhApA aura maraNa hote haiM / dehoM ke hI nAnA prakAra ke raMga hote haiM / dehoM ke roga hote haiM aura dehoM ke hI kaI liMga bhI hote haiN| isaprakAra kavi ne deha aura AtmA kI bhinnatA kA vizleSaNa karake manuSya ko nirbhaya aura niHzaMka banAne kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai dehaha~ pekkhivi jara maraNu mA bhau jIva karehi / - jo ajarAmaru vaMbhu paru so appANu muNehi // 17 // apabhraMza bhAratI 7 - he jIva ! dehoM ke bur3hApe aura mRtyu ko dekhakara (tU mana meM) Dara mata rkh| (deha meM rahanevAlA) AtmA bur3hAperahita aura mRtyurahita parama brahma hai, aisA tU jAna / AtmA aura anAtma padArthoM meM bhinnatA kA bodha hone para prANI para kI hAni ko apanI hAni nahIM mAnatA jisase iSTa-viyoga viSayaka kaSTa nahIM hotaa| vaha nirbhaya bana jAtA 1 saMsAra kI asAratA saMsAra anitya, asthira aura kSaNabhaMgura hai / saMkalpa (mamatva) aura vikalpa (harSa-viSAda) rUpa pariNAma (pa. pra. 1.16 TIkA) aura rAga-dveSa karmabaMdha kA kAraNa hai ( pa. pra. 2.79), yaha jAnatA huA bhI jIva avidyA ke kAraNa para-padArthoM meM svatva kI bhAvanA kara letA hai / AtmAnubhUti kI icchA se vimukha hokara ATha mada, ATha mala, chaha anAyatana va tIna mUr3hatA ina paccIsa doSoM meM magna ho jAtA hai| isase parama tatva kI upalabdhi dhUmila ho jAtI hai| ataH mumukSu sAdhaka kA karttavya hai ki vaha saMsAra kI kSaNabhaMguratA ko samajhe/svIkAra kre|' paramAtmaprakAza meM joindu ne sAdhaka ko atyanta prabhAvotpAdaka rIti se saMsAra kI asAratA, indriya-viSaya-sukhoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA kA bodha karAyA hai - joiya sayalu vi kArimau NikkArimau Na koi / jIvi jaMti kuDi NaM gaya ihu paDichaMdA joi // 2.129 // visaya suhaiM ve divahaDA puNu dukkhaha~ parivADi / bhullau jIva ma vAhi tuhu~ appaNa khaMdhi kuhADi // vahI 2.138 // je diTThA suruggamaNi te atthavaNi Na diTTha / teM kAraNa vaDha dhammu kari dhaNi jovvaNi kau tiTTha // 2.132 //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 e paMcidiya-karahaDA jiya mokkalA ma cAri / carivi asesu vi visaya vaNu puNu pADahi~ saMsAri // 2.136 // 87 - he sAdhaka yahA~ pratyeka hI vastu kRtrima ( nAzavAna hai| yahA~ koI bhI vastu akRtrima ( avinAzI) nahIM hai| dekho, isa loka ko chor3akara jAte hue (avinAzI) jIva ke sAtha (vinAzI) zarIra kabhI nahIM gyaa| isa udAharaNa ko (tU) samajha / indriya viSayoM ke sukha do dina taka hI rahate haiN| phira duHkhoM kA krama (prArambha ho jAtA hai)| he bhole jIva ! tU (indriya viSayoM meM hI ramakara) nija ke kaMdhe para kulhAr3I mata calA / he ajJAnI! jo (avasthAeM ) sUrya ke udaya hone para dekhI gaI haiM ve sUrya ke asta hone para nahIM dekhI gii| isa kAraNa se (tU) dharma (AdhyAtmika sAdhanA) kara, dhana aura yauvana se kyoM saMtuSTa huA hai ? jIva ! ina svacchanda paMcendriyarUpI U~ToM ko mata craa| kyoMki (ye) sampUrNa viSayarUpI vana ko carakara (vyakti ko ) phira saMsAra meM paTaka dete haiM / - isaprakAra kavi ne saMsAra kI asAratA aura viSaya sukhoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA kA digdarzana karAyA hai / para padArthoM kI kSaNikatA kA bhAna hone para vyakti ko inake viyoga kA kaSTa nahIM hotaa| Asakti kA parihAra para-padArthoM ke prati AkarSaNa honA hI Asakti/rAgabhAva hai| rAgabhAva se hI karma-bandha hotA hai / karma-bandha hI sAMsArika sukha-duHkha utpanna karate haiN| sAMsArika duHkhoM kI nivRtti ke lie karma ke baMdha ko tor3anA Avazyaka hai| yaha karma-bandha Asakti kA parihAra karane para hI TUTa sakatA hai ata: joindu ne (paramAtma prakAza meM) vyakti ko Asakti ke duSpariNAmoM se avagata karAyA hai phira Asakti chor3ane kI preraNA dI hai - rUvi payaMgA saddi maya gaya phAsahi~ NAsaMti / aliula gaMdhaI maccha rasi kima aNurAu karaMti // 2.112 // rUpa ke kAraNa pataMge, zabda ke kAraNa hariNa, sparza ke kAraNa hAthI, gaMdha ke kAraNa bhauMre tathA rasa ke kAraNa machaliyA~, ye saba vibhinna indriyoM meM Asakti ke kAraNa naSTa ho jAte haiN| ( phira bhI samajha meM nahIM AtA ki vyakti pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM meM) Asakti kyoM karate haiM? Asakti meM lIna manuSya duHkhoM ko sahatA huA jItA hai Asakti acchI nahIM hotii| isa bAta ko samajhakara Asakti chodd'| jahA~ Asakti (rUpI aMdhakAra) bar3hatI hai vahA~ svabodha (rUpI sUrya kI kiraNeM ) bilkula hI nahIM hotA hai| isI prakAra kavi ne Asakti kA prabhAva dikhalAte hue spaSTa kiyA hai ki jaise maile darpaNa meM pratibiMba dikhAI nahIM detA usI prakAra Asakti meM raMge hue hRdaya meM samatAvAna huA divya AtmA dekhA nahIM jaataa| yaha bAta saMdeharahita hai rAeM raMgie hiyavaDae deu Na dIsai saMtu / dappaNi mailae biMbu jima ehau jANi NibhaMtu // pa. pra. 1.120 // isa jagata meM jaba taka jIva mana meM sthita aNumAtra bhI Asakti ko nahIM chor3atA hai taba taka vaha paramArtha (parama prayojana/ AtmA) ko samajhatA huA bhI ( mAnasika tanAva se chuTakArA nahIM

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88 apabhraMza bhAratI7 pAtA hai| apane karmaphala ko bhogate hue bhI jo usameM Asakti nahIM karatA hai vaha karma-baMdha nahIM karatA jisase pUrvasaMcita karma-samUha naSTa ho jAtA hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki duHkhoM se mukti ke lie Asakti kA parihAra Avazyaka hai| citta zuddhi joindu ne apane granthoM meM citta-zuddhi ko pramukhatA dI hai| unakA kathana hai - svabodha ke abhAva meM bAhya kriyAeM jaise - vrata, tapa, saMyama tIrtha-bhramaNa Adi sabhI nirarthaka haiM12 arthAt mokSa kA kAraNa nahIM bana paatii| yadi mana zuddha nahIM hai to par3hane se dharma nahIM hotA, pustaka-picchI se bhI dharma nahIM hotA, kisI maTha meM rahane se bhI dharma nahIM hotA aura na hI keza-luMcana se dharma hotA hai - dhammu Na paDhiyaiM hoi dhammu Na potthA picchiyaI / dhammu Na maDhiya-paesi dhammu Na matthA-luMciyaiM // yo. sA. 47 // yahA~ dhArmika kriyAoM kA niSedha karanA kavi kA lakSya nahIM hai| unakA uddezya to mAtra cittazuddhi kA hai| ye kriyAe~ citta-zuddhi meM sahAyaka haiM para yadi inase mana nirmala nahIM hotA to nirarthaka mAnI jAtI haiN| ata: citta-zuddhi para bala diyA hai| (paramAtmaprakAza meM) unakA kathana hai - jahiM bhAvai tahiM jAhi jiya jaM bhAvai kari taM ji / kemvai mokkhu Na atthi para cittaha~ suddhi Na jaM ji // 2.70 // - he jIva, (tU) jahA~ cAhe vahA~ jA, jo (tujhe) acchA lage usako hI kara kintu jaba citta kI hI zuddhi nahIM hai (to) kisI taraha bhI parama zAnti saMbhava nahIM hai| citta-zuddhi ke lie krodhAdi kaSAyoM kA tyAga karanA, rAga-dveSa kA parihAra kara samadRSTi bananA, indriya aura mana ko niyaMtrita/saMyamita rakhanA evaM paramAtmA kA dhyAna Avazyaka hai| kaSAyoM kA parityAga krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ye cAra kaSAyeM haiM jo nirantara AtmA ko kasatI rahatI haiM, jisase prANI du:khI hotA hai| kaSAyoM ke pariNAma-svarUpa usakA citta nirmala nahIM ho paataa| etadartha joindu ne kaSAyoM ko chor3ane kA nirdeza diyaa| ve kahate haiM - jisa moha se kaSAyeM utpanna hotI haiM usa moha ko tU chor3a kyoMki moha aura kaSAyoM se rahita jIva hI samabhAva pAtA hai - jeNa kasAya havaMti maNi so jiya millahi mohu / moha-kasAya-vivajjiu para pAvahi sama bohu // pa. pra. 2.42 // saMyama ___paMcendriya ke viSayoM meM rata mana viSayoM ko sukha kA kAraNa samajhakara unameM ramaNa karatA hai aura Akulita hI banA rahatA hai / AkulatA ko dUra karane kA ekamAtra upAya hai - sNym| paMcendriya ke nAyaka mana ko vaza meM karane para sabhI indriyA~ isa prakAra vaza meM ho jAtI haiM jaise mUla ke samApta hone para vRkSa ke patte nizcitarUpa se sUkha jAte haiM -

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 paMcahaM NAyaku vasi karahu jeNa hoMti vasi aNNa / mUla viNaTThai taruvarahaM avasaI sukkahiM paNNa // pa. pra. 2.140 // mana aura paMcendriyoM ko niyaMtrita karane se Artta-raudra dhyAna nahIM hotA aura prANI ke AkulavyAkula pariNAma nahIM hote / saMtuSTa bhAvoM se zAMti milatI hai| samyagdRSTi baneM anukUlatA aura pratikUlatA meM samatA bhAva honA hI samadRSTi hai| ise dUsare zabdoM meM kaha sakate haiM - jo rAgabhAva meM rIjhatA nahIM hai tathA dveSabhAva meM khIjatA nahIM hai vaha samatAvAna / samadRSTi hai| ise hI samyagdRSTi kahate haiN| jo rAga aura dveSa ko chor3akara jIvoM ko samAna dekhate haiM ve rAgadveSa-rahita bhAva meM sthita hue haiN| isalie ve zIghra hI parama zAnti prApta karate haiM rAya - dosa be pariharivi je sama jIva NiyaMti / te samabhAvi pariTThayA lahu NivvANu lahaMti // pa. pra. 2.100 rAga-dveSa- pariNAmoM ko chor3akara nija AtmA meM vAsa karanA hI dharma hai| yaha dharma hI paMcama gati arthAt mokSa le jAtA hai - 89 - - rAya-rosa be pariharivi jo appANi basei / so dhammu vi jiNa - uttiyau jo paMcamagai poi // yo. sA. 48 // samatA bhAva AtmajJAnI ke hI hotA hai| AtmajJAnI hI samatvabhAva se parama zAnti / sukha ko prApta karatA hai / paramAtmA kA dhyAna duHkha nivRtti ke lie Asakti parihAra, citta-zuddhi, indriya aura mana ko saMyama ke sAtha dhyAna Avazyaka hai| dhyAna se hI sAdhanA pUrNa hotI hai / paramAtmaprakAzakAra ne apane kathana kI puSTi dRSTAntoM dvArA kI hai bhava-taNu-bhoya - virattamaNu jo appA jhAe / tAsu gurukkI vellaDI saMsAriNi tuTTei // 1.32 // jo vyakti saMsAra, zarIra aura bhogoM se virakta hokara (parama) AtmA kA dhyAna karatA hai usakI saMsArarUpI/mAnasika tanAvarUpI ghanI bela naSTa ho jAtI hai / isalie kavivara joindu kA kathana hai| paramAtmA kA dhyAna karate samaya aisI UrjA nikalatI hai jisase karmoM kA kSaya usI prakAra ho jAtA hai jaise agni kI UrjA lakar3I ke Dhera ko jalAkara naSTa kara detI hai| 14 appA jhAyahi Nimmalau kiM bahueM aNNeNa / jo jhAyaMtaha~ parama-pau labbhai ekka khaNeNa // pa. pra. 1.97 // gihi-vAvAra - pariTThiyA aNudiNu jhAhi~ deu jiNu lahu NivvANu lahaMti // yo. sA. 18 // yAu

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90 apabhraMza bhAratI7 - nirmala AtmA kA dhyAna kro| dUsarI bahuta bAta se kyA lAbha? dhyAna karate hue vyaktiyoM ke dvArA parama pada eka kSaNa meM hI prApta kara liyA jAtA hai| jo gRhastha ke kAryoM meM lage hue bhI heya aura upAdeya samajhate haiM tathA pratidina jitendriya divya AtmA kA dhyAna karate haiM ve zIghra hI parama zAMti prApta karate haiN| ___mokSa puruSArtha se anuprANita joindu kI kRtiyoM kA kathya AtmoddhAraka hai| inameM AtmA ke vibhinna rUpoM kI vivecanA hai| bahirAtmA ko antarAtmA/AtmajJAnI banane kA sandeza diyA gayA hai| antarAtmA hI sAdhanA ke yogya hotA hai| vahI sAdhanA ke dvArA rAga-dveSa kA parihAra kara samadRSTi bana jAtA hai arthAt vaha na to rAga meM rIjhatA hai aura na hI dveSa meM khIjatA hai varan samabhAva meM sIjhatA hai| yahI aMtarAtmA apane puruSArtha/sAdhanA se paramAtma-pada/ananta sukha ko prApta kara letA hai| 1. paramAtmaprakAza, joindu, 1.17-20, parama zruta prabhAvaka maMDala, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, 1973 / 2. yogasAra, joindu, 26, 57, 105 / 3. paramAtmaprakAza, 1.40, 50-55 / 4. paramAtmaprakAza va yogasAra cayanikA, DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, navambara 88, prastAvanA, pRSTha 111 5. paramAtmaprakAza, 1.30 / 6. vahI, 1.311 7. vahI, 1.67 / 8. vahI, 1.701 9. jainavidyA, aMka-9, navambara-88, jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI, pRSTa - 511 10. paramAtmaprakAza, 2.761 11. vahI, 2.811 12. vahI, 2.82-841 13. vahI, 2.1131 14. vahI, 1.1141 15. vahI, 1.12; yogasAra, 8 / mIla roDa gaMjabAsaudA-464221

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 3TROR 1995 On Early Apabhramsa - Harivallabh C. Bhayani 1. By the Seventh century A.D., Apabhramsa was established as a language of literature besides Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Paisaci (Bhamaha, Dandin). The grammatical tradition as represented by Hemacandra's treatment of Apabhramsa takes it to be one language like Sanskrit and Prakrit (Prakrit in the sense of Maharastri). The occasional observations of grammarians such as Namisadhu and Bhoja about the varieties of Apabhramsa relate to its use, with a touch of some regional dialects and occurring in some minor compositions, as a piece of novelty. This is illustrated in Namisadhu's commentary on Rudrata's Kavyalamkara (II 11-12) and in Bhoja's Srngaraprakasa (pp. 102-103). From the linguistic point of view, however, the language of the earlier period of Apabhramsa (6th to 12th centuries A.D.) was standardized but not yet uniform, open as it was to the continuous impact of regional spoken dialects, besides the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit. Grammarians have also taken note of some varying features of Apabhramsa. As the Apabhramsa works of the first two centuries are all lost and since the manuscripts of the earliest

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92 apabhraMza bhAratI 7 preserved works are much later than the works themselves (and, consequently, modernized considerably in orthography and grammar), we have to rely on a few scattered remnants as clues to get a glimpse of the form of the language as used in the earliest stratum of Apabhramsa literature. 2. In his treatment of Apabhramsa, Hemacandra has provided for the following - 1. change of intervocalic k, kh, t, th, p, and ph respectively to g, gh, d, dh, v, and bh which were otherwise as a rule elided (non-aspirates) or changed to h (aspirates), rafer to Siddhahemacandra (8-4-396); 2. optional preservation of r in clusters with r as the latter member (8-4-398); 3. change of Skt. bru to bruv or bro - (8-4-391). Besides, in a general way, Hemacandra has said many a time that the changes are the same (or generally the same) as in Sauraseni, which evidently relates to the features noted under 8-4-396 (refer to 8-4-260, 267, 274, 275, 422, 446). These rules have been appropriately illustrated in the commentary. 3. We now find near-total absence of the first and the third of the above-mentioned features in the vast majority of the illustrations cited by Hemacandra, and in the whole of Apabhramsa literature known to us. The second feature is also found but rarely. It is nevertheless somewhat more common than the other two which seem to be quite exceptional'. In this connection we may note a few remarkable facts. In order to illustrate 8-4-446, Hemacandra has cited the following verse2 sisi seharu khanu vinimmavidu khanu kamthi palambu kidu, radie vihidu khanu mumda-malie 1 jam panaena tam namahu, kusuma-dama-koyamtu kamaho Il Herein we find forms with -d- derived from original -t-. The metre is 'Matra' (SC. IV 8 ff. and CH. V 17 f which has 15+12+15 +12+15 Matras in its consecutive five Caranas. 1. R. PISCHEL has noted cases of preservation of r in Hemacandra's illustrations (under $$ 28 and 268), as well as cases of -t->-d-etc. (under the relevant section). This verse also occurs in SP. (p. 309). See 'Prakrit Verses in Works on Sanskrit Poetics'. Pt. I. Appendix. p. 13, no. 24. - Refer for the two Matras << sisi seharu >> and << ekkain ekkau >> as discussed in (3) and (4) to L. ALSDORF Apabhrams'aStudien, Leipzig 1937. pp. 106-07 and pp. 55-56. ALSDORFS discussion does not affect the points mentioned by DR. BHAYANI. THE EDITORS.

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 93 4. The verse cited under 8-4-422 to illustrate substitution in Apabhramsa of drehi for Skt. drsti is as follows - ekkam ekkau jai-vi joedi hari sutthu savvayarena, to-vi drehi jahim kahim vi rahii ko sakkai samvarevi, daddha-nayana nehem palutta 11 The verse is also cited by Svayambhu (S.C. IV 10.2) under the name of a poet Govinda. Svayambhu differs in more than one reading from Hemachandra, and the original features do not seem to be preserved, as we have joei for joedi and ditthi for the characteristic drehi. Here also the metre is Matra. We have a present third person singular form with the-edi ending and another form (drehi) that preserves -r- in a cluster. 5. Noting briefly this characteristic of Apabhramsa, Namisadhu has cited in his commentary on Rudrata's Kavalamkara (II 11-12) the following verse-line to illustrate the preservation of -r- in a cluster - gotru gamjidu malidu carittu 1 This seems to be the first Carana of a Matra stanza, and it also exhibits the characteristic of the change of -t- to-d. 6. The Apabhramsa illustration cited in SP. on p. 121 (jaivio ga dahi xx etc.), although considerably corrupt, is most probably in the Matra metre and contains present third person singular forms in -adi (see 'Prakrit Verses in Works on Sanskrit Poetics', I, Appendix, p. 6, no. 9). 7. The illustration of the Radda metre given under CH. V 23 is as follows - lumdhidu camdana-valli-pallamki sammilidu lavamga-vani, khalidu vatthu-ramaniya-kayalihim i ucchalidu phani-layahim, ghulidu tarala-kallola-lavalihim II cumbidu mahavi-vallarihim, pulaida-kami-sariru ! bhamara-saricchau samcaradi, raddau malaya-samiru || Herein we have numerous forms showing the change-t->-d-. It should be noted that in the numerous illustrations given by Hemacandra to illustrate varieties of the Matra metre (under CH. V

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94 apabhraMza bhAratI7 17-22) the present third person singular forms have the usual Maharastri ending -ai. The above-cited illustration is the only exception. 8. In Virahanka's Vsttajatisamuccaya (IV 31) the following Duvahaa (dvipathaka, doha) occurs in the definition of the Radda metre - eahu mattahu amtimahu, jamvihi duva hau bhrodi (? brodi) 1 to tahu namem radda phudu, chamdai kai-janu bhrodi (? bhodi) 11 The form bhodi in the first line is given by Hemacandra (8-4-273, 274) as a characteristically Sauraseni form. bhrodi (most probably corrupt for brodi) in the second line is an r-preserving form. 9. Hemacandra has given bruu- (Skt. bru-) as characteristic of Apabhramsa (8-4-391), and he has cited bruvaha, broppi, and broppinu as illustrations. 10. In a passage in Uddyotana's Kuvalayamala that gives the reactions and the advice of the village elders to the hero who has prepared to burn himself on a pyre to atone for his sins the language is full of rustic colloquialisms (Part I, p. 63, lines 18-26). All the four relevant statements are given in the Matra inetre (lines 18, 20, 22-23, and 25-26). The notable forms are - (18:) praraddhaum, prai (for praim), protu, bhrati, samprati; (20:) viraidu, samprati, brollitaum, praraddhu; (22-23:) pravu, vrata; (25-26:) bhramiti, pravesi, mitra-droijhu. The abundance of r-preserving forms and one form with the change-t->-d--besides those that preserve the original intervocalic -t -are noteworthyo. The Kuvalayamala was completed in 779 A.D. 11. In the following Prakrit verse, occuring in the Vasudevahindi of Sanghadasagani (about 6th century), we find an admixture of Apabhramsa forms - 3. sa by Namn). This trait Wsrapa, s A. N. Upadhye has noted these traits. See Kuvalayamala II. Introduction, pp. 80 and 82. Forms like pravu (< Skt. papam) with intrusiver r have been noted as a peculiarity of Apabhramsa by Namisadhu (see '5' and '13') and Hemacandra (8-4-399, illustration vrasu < vyasah). This trait was inherited by Gujarati as can be seen from numerous instances like karod, srapa, saran, kalindri karolio, truthvu, trabu, mathravatc etc. See Anusilano, pp. 149-53, and Vyutpattivicar, p. 156. - In Puspadanta's Mahapurana (972 A.D.) we find three such instances: uruhu < budhah (16. 11.7). vrasu < vyasah (98, 8.6), urahiu > vadhitah (99, 3.5).

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 95 pasim kappim cauramsiya reva-paya-punniyam sediyam ca genheppi sasi-ppabha-vanniyam maim suyam pi ekkalliyam sayani nivanniyam savva-rattim ghosei samana-savanpiyam (p. 28) Here the absolutive forms kappim and genheppi are specially noteworthy. We are reminded of similar forms such as broppinu, broppi, jeppi, gampi, gameppi, jineppi occuring in the illustrations cited by Hemacandra (8-4-391, 440, 441, 442). The second illustration given by Hemacandra in 442 contains also the 'Sauraseni' forms kiladi. 12. Form the above-noted instances it is quite clear that in the case of the Apabhramsa verses in the Matra and Radda metres there was a consistent tradition of using -r- preserving forms and forms with voiced stops. Matra, along with its extension Radda, seems to be among the earliest Apabhramsa metres. Svayambhu (ninth century) was familiar with a narrative poem of Govinda possibly composed wholly in the Radda metre. He has cited six Matras of Govinda, one each of Chailla and Suddhasila, one anonymously; one Radda of Jinadasa, and one anonymously. But due to the late date of the manuscripts these verses have not preserved their original phonological features. Bhamaha's remark that selfstanding verses, i.e. Muktakas, were composed in such metres as Gatha (Prakrit), Sloka (Sanskrit), and Matra (Apabhramsa)5 also supports our observations. 13. It appears that such poems in the Matra and Radda metres represent an early stratum of Apabhramsa poetry as compared to the bulk which consists of the later "Sandhibandha" and other types of Mahakavya in standardized Apabhramsa that developed under the impact of literary Maharastri. The illustrations under Siddhahemacandra 8-4-396 with voiced intervocalic stops, and several forms which preserve -r- in clusters (PISCHEL $ 268) can be assigned to that early stratum. Phonologically, these latter traits had come to be known as distinguishing marks of Apabhramsa as can be seen from 4. But due to the late date of the manuscripts, these verses have not preserved all the original phonological features. 5. Kavyalamkara 1.30 : anibaddham punar gatha-sloka-matradi tat-punah! Here the word matra has so far invariably been misinterpreted.

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 the following two illustrations of the Bhasa-slesa of Sanskrit and Apabhramsa given by Rudrata: 96 dhiragacchadume hatamududdharavarisadassu abhramadaprasaraharanu ravikirana tejassu II (Kavyalamkara, IV 15) kridanti prasaranti madhu, kamala-pranayi lihanti | bhramara mitra suvibhrama, matta bhuri rasanti (ibid. IV 21) Namisadhu, in his brief summary of Apabhramsa grammar (which most probably has been reproduced from an earlier source) has given four phonological characteristics of Apabhramsa and has illustrated them appropriately- (1) Preservation of the postconsonantal rin source-cluster as in bhrayaru. (2) Interpolation of an unorganic -r- as in vracalau. (3) Change of intervocalic -t->-d- as in 'gotru gamjidu...' (already cited under '5' above). (4) Preservation of ras in 'trna-samu ganijjai'. The absolutives in ppi also seem to be an archaic feature. In the passages discussed above we find together forms with voiced consonants, absolutives in -ppi, and r-preserving clusters. We can also note in this connections the form prassadi, for which Hemacandra has provided a separate rule (8-4-393). Now it is well-known that, in the transmission of Apabhramsa texts, original forms with r-clusters (as also those with r in the Sanskrit source-form) were changed to r-less forms under the influence of Prakrit. See ALSDORF'S discussion in his Introduction to the Harivamsapurana (pp. 137 ff.). ALSDORF has observed that the manuscript 'C' used by him for editing the text has seventy-five instances of such forms". Even in later works we occasionally find instances of r and r preserved. The Kavidarpana (ca. 12th century), for example, has 'trasai mrga-ganu' in the verse given to define and illustrate the Apabhramsa metre Pancananalalita (p. 23, verse 14.1). 14. Quite obviously, we do not know for certain whether the special Apabhramsa features noted above characterized early Apabhramsa in general, or were regional, i.e. 'dialectical', traits. Scholars have suggested that the preservation of r was possibly a 6. This traits is also inherited by Gujarati which has numerous words, derived from Sanskrit, which have preserved r from the cluster in the source-word. 7. When I undertook to analyse the Apabhramsa of the Sandesarasaka in 1945. I was apparently guided by the views of H. JACOBI and L. ALSDORF regarding the dialectal variation in Apabhramsa (Samdesarasaka. Introduction. pp. 4 and 25).

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apabhraMza bhAratI 7 97 distinctive characteristic of the Vracala variety of Apabhramba. But there is little actual evidence to support this speculation. Since long it has become clear that modern efforts to interprete and account for variations in literary Apabhramsa as sectarian (e.g. H. JACOBI, L. ALSDORF) or regional varieties (e.g. G.V. TAGARE) were based on wrong assumptions and on misunderstanding of the available evidence, which itself was partial.? 15. The language of the Vasudevahindi-Madhyamakhanda (ca. 700 A.D.) provides good evidence for the use of Sauraseni in narrative prose, bsides its long-established employment in the prose of Sanskrit drama under specific conditions. In the language of the Madhyamakhanda we quite frequently find the intervocalic -t- unchanged, and perhaps equally frequently we find it changed to -d-. Voicing of unvoiced aspirates and preservation of voiced intervocalic stops are also frequently met with. See pp. 37 and 41 of the Introduction to the Madhyamakhanda. Originally, the number of cases might have been greater still in view of the fact that the language of our rather late manuscripts is modernized. On p. 42 of the Introduction to the Madhyamakhanda the editors wrote."... here we have in the Vasudevahindi-Madhyamakhanda a Svetambara work whose Prakrit has Sauraseni phonological elements comparable to what we find in the Prakrit of Digambara works". It seems probable that, during the middle centuries of the first millennium, literary Apabhramba was marked by Sauraseni phonological features while later Apabhramsa was characterized by Maharastri features. There were a few other peculiar features in Apabhramsa which also changed in the course of time. The source-work of Namisadhu's extract on Apabhramsa (see '13' above) and the concluding rule in Hemacandra's treatment of Apabhramsa, i.e. 8-4-446 (sauraseniat: this obviously overlaps on 8-4-396) - along with a few other rules - account for peculiar traits of the language of a specific body of texts which represent early Apabhramsa literature. 8. This archaic Apabhramsa (i.e. archaic from the perspective of the later standardized Apabhramsa) has a parallel in 'archaic' Prakrit, from the language of Bharata's Dhruvas onwards. - In the Macchakatika, the language of the gambler Mathura is Dhakki according to the commentator. In this dialect, nominative singular forms of masculine a-stems have the ending-u, which is also characteristic of Apabhramsa. It is noteworthy that Dhakki also has some forms that demonstrate the change t > d. - Similarly, the fact that, in manuscript 'C' of Canda's prakstalaksana, Apabhramsa is treated along with Sauraseni is quite significant.

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98 * Anusilano (in Gujarati). H.C. BHAYANI. 1965 * Chandonusasana of Hemacandra. ed. H.D. VELANKAR 1961 (abbreviated as CH.). Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages. R. PISCHEL (Transl. SUBHADRA JHA) 1965. Refer also to the Apabhramsa supplement; R. PISCHEL Materialien zur Kenntnis des Apabhramsa Berlin 1902. Harivamsapurapa [from the Mahapurana of Puspadanta). ed. L. ALSDORF 1936. * Kavidarpana (anonymous). ed. H.D. VELANKAR 1962. Kavyalamkara of Bhamaha * Kavyalamkara of Rudrata with Namisadhu's commentary. Kavyamala Series. 3rd edition 1928. Namisadhu's commentary on II 11-12 is reproduced in L. NITTI-DOLCI's "The Prakrit Grammarians' (Transl. PRABHAKARA JHA) 1972. pp. 166-169. * Kuvalayamala of Uddyotanasuri. ed. A.N. UPADHYE I (1959), II (1970). Mrechakatika of Sudraka Prakrit Grammar of Hemacandra, ed. P.L. VAIDYA 1958. * Prakrit Verses in Works on Sanskrit Poetics.. ed. V.M. KULKARNI, I (1988). II (1990). * Prakrtalaksana of Canda. ed. A.F.R. HOERNLE 1880. apabhraMza bhAratI 7 Samdesarasaka of Abdula Rahamana. ed. Muni Jinavijaya 1945. With an introduction by H.C. BHAYANI. Srngaraprakasa of Bhoja. ed. G.R. JOSYER. Part I 1955 (ABBREVIATED as SP.) JOSYER has published the complete SP in four parts (1955, 1963, 1969, no year). * Svayambhuchandas of Svayambhu. ed. H.D. VELANKAR 1962 (abbreviated as SC.). * Vasudevahindt of Sanghadasagani. ed. MUNI CATURAVIJAYA AND MUNI PUNYAVIJAYA 1989 (reprint). * Vasudevahindi-Madhyamakhanda of Dharmasenagani. ed H.C. BHAYANI, R.M. SHAH 1987. * Vrttajatisamuccaya of Virahanka. ed. H.D. VELANKAR 1962. * Vyutpattivicar (in Gujarati) H.C. BHAYANI 1975. 2512, vimA nagara, seTelAiTa roDa ahamadAbAda

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