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158
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[APRIL, 1903.
St. Thomas, he was almost certain tint that work nlso was a Syriac version of Greek Aext. But scholars seom subsequently to have come to the opinion that the Syrime is the original. It may be that further examination may show that the work we are now considering was also Syrimc in origin, in which case the reading the nephew of Lūdānu, (or Laudin] king of India " might be of importance. It soems to be bell that apocryphal literature of this sort was generally of Semitic origin.
8.- M. Sylvain Lévi on St. Thomas, Gondophares, and Masdai. My paper was unfortunately written without knowledge of M. Lévi's suggestivo article entitled Nules sur les Indo-Scythes, III., Saint Thomas, Gondupharis et Mazdeo, in the Journal Asiatique, Jan-Feb. 1897.
Allusion has been made on page 154 above to the unsatisfactory manner in which the subject of this paper was treated by Gutschmid, whose views were adopted by Lipsius. It was not very willingly that a mere compiler Ike myself won presume to criticise scholars of such eminence; but when, under the authority of these great names, uncertainties had been given as positive facts in such a standard work as Smith and Waco's Dictionary of Christian Biography, etc., it seemed necessary to say something. It is, therefore, satisfactory to observe that M. Lévi also found the time had come for shewing that Gutschmid's theories about St. Thomas were obsolete or rested on false data. It is unnecessary to detail them here. Bat something may be said about the route followed by the apostle.
Gatschmid considerod thnt Andrapolis, the Sandarūk or Sanndruk of the Syrine, the port at which St. Thomas disembarkod, indicated. a town of the Andhras in the Konkan coast where the Andhra-Satakarņi dynasty ruled in the first century of our era; and on this he assumed that the account of the apostle's subsequent mission to Gondopbares and Mazdai was only the stolen story of
Buddhist miesionary, perhaps Nagarjuna, who went from the Dekkap to propagate bis religion among the Yavanas aud Pahlavas. M. Lévi shews that Gutschmid bad to do violence to the texta of the Acts in order to develop his theory. But in doing so, he himself seems to fall into an error of some importance. He states that the various rersions of the Acts are unanimous in making St. Thomas travel to the East after leaving Gondophares. That is not the case, as bas been shewn on page 6 above. The Greek and the Syriac say simply be preached throughout all India. The first Latin version says nothing; and the second, the Passion from which M. Lévi says "il prend le chemin de l'Inde Ultéricure," - states "profectus est ad Indiam superiorem,” which is not the same thing. It is necessary to point this out, as the error affects the force of M. Lévi's suggested identification of Mazdai with Visudêra. It is, however, true that the Ethiopic account (soe above) says the apostle went to "a city in the East which is called Kantorya ;" and in this name, Quantaria in Malan's now obsoleto translation, the only one available in 1897, M. Léri thinks Gandhara may be recognisel, which place, he states, was oceapíed by the Sakas, Kushans, and Parthians at different times,
As regards Andra polis, M. Lévi shews it may really be the same word as Sandarük, the initial sibilant being dropped in the Greek, as in Andracottas, a form employed as well as Sandracottus.
M. Lévi considers that the Acts clearly indicate that St. Thomas and Habban followed the ordinary trade route between the Syrian coast and the Panjab, as detailed by Pliny (Hist. natur. Fi, 26, 103) and in the Periplas (38, 39), that is to say, down the Red Ben, and on past Cape Syagros in Arabia to Patala or Barbarikon at the mouth of the Indus. There the ships used to anchor; and the merchandise went up the river to Minnagar, deecribed in the Periplus as the metropolis of Scythia, governed by Parthians, always fighting among themselves. If the country was not safe, the ships would go on to Barygaza (Broach), whence there was a trade route vid Ozēnā (Ujjain) to Proklais (Puşkalavati) on the borders of Bactrians.
M. Lévi says a tradition, constant among the Greek Fathers from the 5th century, designates the town at which St. Thomas was martyred as "Kalamine." This appears to be as erroneous statement, though often made, as has been shewn above.
