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424
THE INDIAN ANTIQUART.
[Nova
, 1909.
Yue-tohi for that of the Takbiras; ho onomerates among the parlers inférieurs" the sounds of the kingdom To-pi-lo (Drávida), the sounds of Siw-to, Yvo-tehi, Ta-tr'in, Ngan-si and Tohor-las (chap. 2 ; Japan. ed., XV. 1, 33).
The Maha-Bharata frequently names the Takhirns, almost always associated with the Yavanas and Sakas, and even also with the Pahlavus and Chinas, as in the preceding passage of the Samyuktāgama (M. Bh., 2, 1850; 3, 1990, 12950; 6, 8297; 8, 3652; 12, 2429).
Lassen (Ind. Alt., 11., 881) identified the Ta-Yue-tohi with the Tochari of the classich, that is to say with the Takharas. So did von Richthofen, quite apart from chronological speculetion (China, I., 489, n. 5).
If the name of the Tokhāra dynasty has not yet been found in documonts, we need not be surprised. “All the countries, in speaking of the sovereign, call him king of the Koei-choang (Kouchans). The Han (Chinese), according to their ancient denomination, call them Tx-Yue-tehi" (Heou-Han-chou, ap. Specht, loo. ait.).
Later, the name of the Torashkas (Tokiue) was substitated for that of the Takhāras (Tou-ho-lo). The formation of this new race-name has a striking analogy with the formation of the royal names Kanishka, Hashka and Văsushka; an identical parallelism seoms to be precisely established between the Greek transcriptions of these words : Kanērki, Hoērki, for Kanishka. Huvishka, Tourkoi for Turushka. The more delicate Sanskrit notation seems to have differentiated two atterances confused into one in Greek and Chinese ; Toorkoi and Toa-kine on one side, Turashka on the other, imply an original such as Tour + + + ka, and the unknown quantity is no doubt the very strong gattaral aspirant which Greek has tried to represent by a rho (of. below, in Part III.). Kanishka is thus expressly designated as a Tarushka (Rajatar., I., 170); the Turki kings, who occupied Gandhāra in the 8th centary, claimed him as the Anoestor of their race (Itinéraire d'Ou-Kong, J. A., July-Dec., 1895, 856).
An indication in Hēmachandra, which seems hitherto to have escaped notice, well confirms the nationality of these kings." Turushkos tu säkhayah sywļ" (v. 959). The sakhi of this text. are certainly the sahi of the Rājatarangiņi, kings of Gandbars.
King-lou and the supposed I-tsun-keou.
(See page 419 above, and note 4;
original page 15, note 1.) Specht takes the original of I-tsan-keou to be Hushka, while he declines to examine if this Hashka was the first of the three Tarashka kings named in the history of Kashmir." The ordinary rules of transcription and the usage of the language are radically opposed to this interpretation. Specht admits that the character i representa bere, as an exception, the sound ou; but in fact this character is constantly appropriated for transcribing the Sanskțit i. The character to'un is not found in transcription; en homophonous letter is indicated by Julien as the equivalent of the Sanskrit ohhan in Krakachchhands. But Hoshka is written in Sanskrit with the cerebral sibilant, which has no connexion with the low aspirated palatal employed in Krakuchchhanda; finally, it kcou representa ka in Julien's method, it is, by characteristio exception, in the sole name Kanaka-muni. Bat the initial syllable of this name is actually uncertain; in Páli, confirmed by Abāka's inscription in Nepal, the form Kongamana is employed, thus explaining the use of the sound t'eod = kw, lo Sanskrit, in the Chinese transcription. This parallelism of two forms, Kanakamori and Konigamans, seems to appear again between the classical form Bakyamuni (Buddha) and the form CAKAMANO (BOYAO. on Kanishka's coins. The normal transcription of I-taun-keou would give l-chhan-ko, which is very wide of Hushka.
