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lii
A SKELETON GRAMMAR
30. Generally Vs is added to the root to form the past tense; e.g. V smras, ‘said' from smra 'to sayo : 57950 gsungs, ‘said' from A795 gsun 'to say.
31. Sometimes the prefix ḥ of the root is dropped ; e. g. gyur 'is become' from J5 hgyur. 'to become'. Some roots drop their 9 h. and at the end assume Ws; e. 8. ŜV bris 'wrote' from RÀ hbri, 'to write'.
32. Frequently the past or the perfect tense is formed by adding to the root one of the following auxiliaries: འདུག hdug. ཟིན zin. གྱུར་ gyur, ཡིན yin, ཚར tahar, བྱང byui, and སོངོ•on: .. . ཤེས་ཟིན ses.zin, 'knew
For irregular forms see Rule 36.
33. The future is generally formed from the infinitive by adding 395 hgyur ; e, g. 39278Ru5 byed.par.ḥgyur, Skt. karisyati 'he will do. As in Sanskrit, a future participle in 5 bye, or 515 9' par.bya.ba, or 459'9 bar.bya.ba, as the case may be according to the preceding letter of the root, is also used to express the future tense ; e. g. RBS Ķgro.bya, or 1959'a hgro.bar.bya.ba, Skt. gantavyam, but strictly gamanam kartavyam, ‘about to go'.
For irregular forms see Rule 36. 34. The imperative is formed variously : (a) Sometimes the present
