Jain Dharm evam Sahitya ka Sankshipta Itihas

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith Shajapur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004421/1

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA- 51 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa SINE hisA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka: prAcya vidyApITha zAjApara (mapra)

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samarpaNa pa. pU. mAlava siMhanI zrI vallabhakuMvarajI ma.sA. pa. pU. sevAmUrti zrI pAnakuMvarajI ma.sA. pa. pU. suprasidva vyAkhyAtrI zrI hemaprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. pa.pU.adhyAtma rasikA zrI maNiprabhAzrIjI ma.sA.

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ISBN-No.978-81-910801-8-6(1) prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka - 51 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa - lekhaka - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina jApura LikyA sA viNa prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka -51 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa lekhaka : DaoN. pro. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha, dupADA roDa zAjApura (ma.pra.) phona na. 07364-222218 email - sagarmal.jain@gmail.com prakAzana varSa 2014-15 kApIrAiTa mUlya - lekhaka - rUpaye 200/ mudraka AkRti oNphaseTa 5, naI peTha, chatrI cauka ke pAsa ujjaina (ma.pra.) phonaH 0734-2561720

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prakAzakIya - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina vidyA ke adhikRta vidvAna haiN| unhoMne hamAre Agraha para "jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa" para atyAdhika parizrama pUrvaka yaha grantha taiyAra kiyA hai| aba ve apane jIvana ke 8 3 veM varSa meM cala rahe haiM, phira bhI jana sAmAnya ke upayoga ke lie unake dvArA racita yaha grantha prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| grantha kI bhASA pravAha yukta, sarala evaM subodha hai / hameM AzA hai ki jaina jagata isa kRti kA adhyayana kara jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM apane jJAna kI abhivRddhi kregaa| narendra jaina . saciva prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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svakathya jaina dharma evaM sAhitya ke itihAsa para vaise to Aja taka aneka kRtiyA~ prakAzita huI hai| phira bhI yugIna paristhitiyoM evaM tulanAtmaka aitihAsika gaveSaNA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara isa kRti kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai| ___ isa sampUrNa prayAsa meM merA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai| sabhI kucha paM. dalasukhabhaI Adi gurujanoM kA diyA huA hai| isameM maiM apanI maulikatA kA kyA karU~? phira isa grantha meM maiMne vibhinna avadhAraNAoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jainadarzana ke anya granthoM meM prAyaH isa dRSTi kA utanI gambhIratA se nirvAha nahIM huA hai yahI isa kRti kI vizeSatA hai| yadatra sauSThavaM kizcid gurudeva me nhi| .. yadatrAsoSThadaM kiJcit tanmamaiva te nahi // - sAgaramala jaina

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-5 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-1 vibhAga 1 (a) jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa jainadaSTime dharma manuSya kI duvidhA-adhyAtmavAda / bhautikavAda Aja manuSya azAMta, vikSubdha evaM tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hai| bauddhika vikAsa se prApta vizAla jJAna-rAzi aura vaijJAnika takanIka se prApta bhautika sukha-suvidhA evaM Arthika samRddhi manuSya kI AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM sAmAjika vipannatA ko dUra nahIM kara pAI hai| jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA dene vAle sahastrAdhika vizvavidyAlayoM evaM mahAvidyAlayoM ke hote hue bhI Aja kA zikSita mAnava apanI svArthaparatA aura bhoga-lolupatA para viveka evaM saMyama kA aMkuza nahIM lagA pAyA hai| bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kA yaha ambAra Aja bhI usake mana kI mAMga ko saMtuSTa nahIM kara sakA hai| AvAgamana ke sulabha sAdhanoM ne vizva kI dUrI ko kama kara diyA hai, kiMtu manuSya-manuSya ke bIca hRdaya kI dUrI Aja jyAdA ho gaI hai| yaha kahIM dharma ke nAma para to kahIM jAti evaM varNa ke nAma eka-dUsare se kaTate cale jA rahe haiN| surakSA ke sAdhanoM kI yaha bahulatA Aja bhI usake mana meM abhaya kA vikAsa nahIM kara pAI hai, Aja bhI vaha utanA hI AzaMkita, AtaMkita aura AkrAmaka hai, jitanA Adima yuga meM rahA hogaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, Aja vidhvaMsakArI zastroM ke nirmANa ke sAtha usakI yaha AkrAmaka vRtti adhika vinAzakArI bana gaI hai aura vaha zastra-nirmANa kI isa daur3a meM sampUrNa mAnava jAti kI antyeSTi kI sAmagrI taiyAra kara rahA hai| Arthika sampannatA kI isa avasthA meM bhI manuSya utanA hI adhika arthalolupa hai, jitanA ki vaha pahale kabhI rahA hogaa| Aja manuSya kI isa arthalolupatA ne mAnava jAti ko zoSaka aura zoSita aise do vargoM meM bAMTa diyA hai, jo eka dUsare ko pUrI taraha nigala jAne kI taiyArI kara rahe haiN| eka bhogAkAMkSA aura tRSNA kI daur3a meM pAgala hai to dUsarA peTa kI jvAlA ko zAMta karane ke lie vyagra aura vikSubdhA Aja vizva meM vaijJAnika takanIka aura Arthika samRddhi kI dRSTi se sabase adhika

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-6 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-2 vikasita rASTra yU.esa.e, mAnasika tanAvoM evaM AparAdhika pavRttiyoM ke kAraNa sabase adhika parezAna hai, isase sambaMdhita AMkar3e cauMkAne vAle haiN| kisI urdU zAyara ne ThIka hI kahA hai - tAlIma kA zora itanA, tahajIba kA gula itnaa| barakata jo nahIM hotI, nIyata kI kharAbI hai| Aja manuSya kA sabase bar3A durbhAgya to yaha hai ki isa tathAkathita sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha usakI Adima yuga kI eka sahaja, sarala evaM svAbhAvika jIvana-zailI bhI usase china gaI hai, Aja jIvana ke hara kSetra meM kRtrimatA aura chadmoM kA bAhulya hai| manuSya Aja na to apanI mUlavRttiyoM evaM vAsanAoM kA zodhanayA udAttIkaraNa kara pAyA hai aura na isa tathAkathita sabhyatA ke AvaraNa ko banAe rakhane ke lie unheM sahaja rUpa meM prakaTa hI kara pA rahA hai| usake bhItara usakA 'pazutva' kulAMceM bhara rahA hai, kiMtu bAhara vaha apane ko 'sabhya' dikhAnA cAhatA hai| aMdara vAsanA kI uddAma jvAlAeM aura bAhara saccaritratA aura sadAzayatA kA chadma jIvana, yahI Aja ke mAnasa kI trAsadI hai, pIr3A hai| Asakti, bhogalipsA, bhaya, krodha, svArtha aura kapaTa kI damita mUlapravRttiyAM aura unase janya doSoM ke kAraNa mAnavatA Aja bhI abhizipta hai, Aja vaha dohare saMgharSa se gujara rahI hai - eka AMtarika aura dasarAbAhyA AMtarika saMgharSoM ke kAraNa Aja usakA mAnasa tanAvayukta hai, vikSubdha hai, to bAhya saMgharSoM ke kAraNa mAnava-jIvana azAMta aura astvyst| Aja manuSya kA jIvana mAnasika tanAvoM, sAMvegika asaMtulanoM aura mUlya saMgharSoM se yukta hai| Aja kA manuSya paramANu takanIka kI bArIkiyoM ko adhika jAnatA hai kiMtu eka sArthaka sAmaMjasyapUrNa jIvana ke Avazyaka mUlyoM ke prati usakA upekSAbhAva hai| vaijJAnika pragati se samAja ke purAne mUlya Dhaha cuke haiM aura nae mUlyoM kA sRjana abhI ho nahIM pAyA hai| Aja hama mUlyariktatA kI sthiti meM jI rahe haiM aura mAnavatA nae mUlyoM kI prasavapIr3A se gujara rahI hai| Aja vaha eka nirNAyaka mor3a para khar3I huI hai, usake sAmane do hI vikalpa hai - yA to punaH apane prakRta Adima jIvana kI ora

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-7 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-3 lauTa jAe yA phira eka nae mAnava kA sRjana kare, kiMtu pahalA vikalpa aba na to sambhava hai aura na vrenny| ataH Aja eka hI vikalpa zeSa hai - eka nae AdhyAtmika mAnava kA nirmANa, anyathA Aja hama usa kagAra para khar3e haiM, jahAM mAnava jAti kA sarvanAza hameM pukAra rahA hai| yahAM joza kA yaha kathana kitanA maujUM hai - saphAiyAM ho rahI haiM jitanI, dila utane hI ho rahe haiM maile| aMdherA chA jAegA jahAM meM, agara yahI rozanI rhegii| isa nirNAyaka sthiti meM mAnava ko sarvaprathama yaha taya karanA hai ki AdhyAtmavAdI aura bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTiyoM meM se kauna use vartamAna saMkaTa se ubAra sakatA hai ? jaina dharma kahatA hai ki bhautikavAdI dRSTi manuSya kI usa bhoga-lipsA tathA tadjanita svArtha evaM zoSaNa kI pAzavika pravRttiyoM kA nirasana karane meM sarvathA asamartha hai, kyoMki bhautikavAdI dRSTi meM manuSya mUlataH pazu hI hai| vaha manuSya ko eka AdhyAtmika (Spiritual being) na mAnakara eka vikasita sAmAjika pazu (Developed social animal) hI mAnatI hai| jabaki jaina dharma mAnava ko viveka aura saMyama kI zakti se yukta mAnatA hai| bhautikavAda ke anusAra manuSya kA niHzreyam usakI zArIrika evaM manovaijJAnika mAMgoM kI saMtuSTi meM hI hai| vaha mAnava kI bhoga-lipsA kI saMtuSTi ko hI usakA carama lakSya ghoSita kara detA hai| yadyapi vaha eka Aropita sAmAjikatA ke dvArA manuSya kI svArtha evaM zoSaNa kI pAzavika vRttiyoM kA niyamana karanA avazya cAhatA hai, kiMtu isa Aropita sAmAjikatA kA pariNAma mAtra itanA hI hotA hai ki manuSya pratyakSa meM zAMta aura sabhya hokara bhI parokSa meM azAMta evaM uddIpta banA rahatA hai aura una avasaroM kI khoja karatA hai jaba samAja kI AMkha bacAkara athavA sAmAjika AdarzoM ke nAma para usakI pAzavika vRttiyoM ko chadma rUpa meM khulakara khelane kA avasara mile| bhautikavAda mAnava kI pAzavika vRttiyoM ke niyaMtraNa kA prayAsa to karatA hai, kiMtu vaha usa dRSTi kA unmUlana nahIM karatA hai, jo ki isa pAzavika vRttiyoM kA mUla udgama hai| usakA prayAsa jar3oM ko sIMcakara zAkhAoM ke kATane kA prayAsa hai| vaha roga ke kAraNoM ko khojakara unheM samApta nahIM karatA hai, apitu mAtra roga ke lakSaNoM ko dabAne kA prayAsa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-8 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-4 karatA hai| yadi jIvana kI mUla dRSTi bhautika upalabdhi aura daihika vAsanAoM kI saMtuSTi ho to svArtha aura zoSaNa kA cakra bhI samApta nahIM hogaa| usake lie hameM jIvana ke ucca mUlyoM yA AdarzoM ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| jaba taka eka AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke AdhAra para sAmAjikatA ko vikasita nahIM kiyA jAtA hai, taba taka Aropita sAmAjikatA se mAnava kI svArtha evaM zoSaNa kI vRttiyoM kA vAstavika rUpa meM nirAkaraNa asambhava hai| duHkha kA mUla mamatA bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa tathya ko gaharAI se samajhA thA ki bhautikavAda mAnavIya duHkhoM kI mukti kA samyak-mArga nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha usa kAraNa kA uccheda nahIM kara sakatA jisase duHkha-paramparA kI yaha dhArA prasphuTita hotI hai| ve uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahate haiM ki 'kAmANugiddhippabhavaM khu dukkhaM jaM kAiyaM mANasiyaM ca kiMci' arthAt samasta bhautika evaM mAnasika duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa kAmAsakti hai| bhautikavAda ke pAsa isa kAmAsakti yA mamatvabuddhi ko samApta karane kA koI upAya nahIM hai| na kevala jaina dharma ne apitu lagabhaga sabhI dharmoM ne isa bAta ko ekamata se svIkAra kiyA hai ki samasta duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa Asakti, tRSNA yA mamatvabuddhi hai| yadi hama mAnava jAti ko svArtha, hiMsA, zoSaNa, bhraSTAcAra evaM tadjanita duHkhoM se mukta karanA cAhate haiM to hameM hogA jisake anusAra bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi hI jIvana kA aMtima lakSya nahIM hai| hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki daihika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi hI jIvana kA aMtima lakSya nahIM hai| daihika evaM Arthika mUlyoM se pare anya ucca mUlya bhI haiN| AdhyAtma-dRSTi anya kucha nahIM, apitu ina ucca mUlyoM kI svIkRti hai| jaina-dharma ke anusAra adhyAtma kA artha hai - parArtha ko parama mUlya na mAnakara Atma ko parama mUlya maannaa| padArthavAdI dRSTi mAnavIya duHkhoM aura sukhoM kA AdhAra 'vastu' yA bAhya paristhiti ko mAnatI hai, usake anusAra sukha-duHkha vastugata lakSya haiN| ataH bhautikavAdI mAnava sukha kI lAlasA meM vastuoM ke pIche daur3atA hai aura unake saMgraha hetu steya, zoSaNa evaM saMgharSa jaisI sAmAjika burAiyoM ko janma detA hai| isake viparIta jaina dharma yA adhyAtma hameM yaha sikhAtA hai ki sukha-duHkha AtmakRta haiN| bAhara na koI zatru hai

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-9 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-5 aura na koI mitr| AtmA hI apanA mitra aura zatru hai| suprasthita AtmA mitra hai aura duHprasthita AtmA zatru hai| ataH sukha-duHkha kI khoja padArthoM meM na kara AtmA meM karanA hai| jaina AcArya kahate haiM ki yaha jJAna-darzana svarUpa zAzvata Atma tatva hI apanA hai, zeSa sabhI saMyogajanya padArtha AtmA se bhinna haiM, apane nahIM haiN| ina sAMyogika upalabdhiyoM meM mamatvabuddhi duHkha paramparA kA kAraNa hai, ataH AnaMda kI prApti hetuinake prati mamatvabuddhi kA sarvathA tyAga karanA apekSita hai| saMkSepa meM dehAdi Atmetara padArthoM ke prati mamatvabuddhi kA tyAga aura bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke sthAna para Atmopalabdhi arthAt vItarAga dazA kI upalabdhi ko jIvana kA niHzreyasa svIkAra karanA adhyAtmavidyA aura jainadharma kA mUlatatva hai aura yahI mAnava jAti ke maMgala kA mArga hai, kyoMki isI ke dvArA Adhunika mAnava ko AMtarika evaM bAhya tanAvoM se mukta kara nirAkula banAyA jA sakatA mamatA kA visarjana/duHkha kA nirAkaraNa ... AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI svIkRti kA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki zArIrika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI pUrNatayA upekSA kI jaae| jainadharma ke anusAra zArIrika mUlya adhyAtma ke bAdhaka nahIM, sAdhaka haiN| nizIthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki mokSa kA sAdhana jJAna hai, jJAna kA sAdhana zarIra hai, zarIra kA AdhAra AhAra hai| zarIra zAzvata AnaMda ke kUla para le jAne vAlI naukA hai| isa dRSTi se usakA mUlya bhI hai, mahatva bhI hai aura usakA sAra-sambhAla bhI karanA hai| kiMtu dhyAna rahe, dRSTi naukA para nahIM, kUla para honA hai, naukA sAdhana hai, sAdhya nhiiN| bhautika evaM zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM svIkRti jainadharma aura sampUrNa adhyAtmavidyA kA hArda hai| yaha vaha vibhAjaka rekhA hai, jo adhyAtma aura bhautikavAda meM aMtara spaSTa karatI hai| bhautikavAda meM bhautika upalabdhiyAM yA jaivika mUlya svayameva sAdhya haiM, aMtima haiM, jabaki adhyAtma meM ve kinhIM ucca mUlyoM kA sAdhana haiN| jaina dharma kI bhASA meM kaheM to sAdhaka kA vastuoM kA tyAga aura vastuoM kA grahaNa donoM hI saMyama (samatva) kI sAdhanA ke lie haiN| jaina dharma kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kA mUla lakSya to eka aise nirAkula, nirvikAra, niSkAma aura vItarAga

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-10 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-6 mAnasa kI abhivyakti hai, jo ki vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke samasta tanAvoM evaM saMgharSoM ko samApta kara ske| usake sAmane mUla prazna daihika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI svIkRti yA asvIkRti kA nahIM hai, apitu vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM samatva ke saMsthApana kA hai| ataH jahAM taka aura jisa rUpa meM daihika aura bhautika upalabdhiyAM usameM sAdhaka ho sakatI haiM, vahAM taka ve svIkArya haiM aura jahAM taka ve usameM bAdhaka haiM vahAM taka tyAjya haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne AcArAMgasUtra evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM isa bAta ko bahuta spaSTatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jaba iMdriyoM kA apane viSayoM se samparka hotA hai, taba usa samparka ke pariNAmasvarUpa sukhada-duHkhada anubhUti bhI hotI hai aura jIvana meM yaha zakya nahIM hai ki iMdriyoM kA apane viSayoM se samparka na ho aura usake kAraNa sukhada yA / duHkhada na ho, ataH tyAga iMdriyAnubhUti kA nahIM apitu usake prati citta meM utpanna hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA karanA hai, kyoMki iMdriyoM ke manojJa yA amanojJa viSaya Asaktacitta ke lie hI rAga-dveSa (mAnasika vikSobhoM) kA kAraNa banate haiM, anAsaktayA vItarAga ke lie nhiiN| ataH jaina dharma kI mUla zikSA mamatva ke visarjana kI hai, jIvana ke niSedha kI nahIM, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM mamatva yA Asakti hI vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana kI samasta viSamatAoM kA mUla hai aura isake nirAkaraNa ke dvArA hI manuSya ke samasta duHkhoM kA nirAkaraNa sambhava hai| dharma sAdhanA kA uddezya hai - vyakti ko zAMti pradAna karanA, kiMtu durbhAgya se Aja dharma ke nAma para pArasparika saMgharSa panapa rahe haiM - eka dharma ke logoM ko dUsare dharma ke logoM se lar3AyA jA rahA hai| zAMtipradAtA dharma hI Aja azAMti kA kAraNa bana gayA hai| vastutaH isakA kAraNa dharma nahIM, apitu dharma kA labAdA or3he adharma hI hai| hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hamane 'dharma ke marma' ko samajhA nahIM hai| thothe kriyAkANDa aura bAhya ADambara hI dharma ke paricAyaka bana gae haiN| Ae dekheM dharma kA sacA svarUpa kyA hai?

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-11 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-7 dharma kA svarUpa dharma ke svarUpa ko jAnane kI jijJAsA pratyeka mAnava meM pAI jAtI hai| dharma kyA hai ? isa prazna ke Ajataka aneka uttara die gae haiM, kiMtu jaina AcAryoM ne jo uttara diyA hai vaha vilakSaNa hai tathA gambhIra vivecanA kI apekSA karatA hai| ve kahate haiM - dhammo vatthusahAvo, khamAdibhAvo ya dasaviho dhmmo| rayaNattayaM ca dhammo, jIvANaM rakkhaNaM dhmmo|| vastu kA svabhAva dharma hai| kSamA Adi bhAvoM kI apekSA se vaha dasa prakAra kA hai| ratnatraya (samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra) bhI dharma hai tathA jIvoM kI rakSA karanA bhI dharma hai| sarvaprathama vastu svabhAva ko dharma kahA gayA hai, AeM jarA isa para gambhIratA se vicAra kreN| sAmAnyatayA dharma zabda aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai| hindI bhASA meM jaba hama kahate haiM ki Aga kA dharma jalAnA hai, pAnI kA dharma zItalatA hai to yahAM dharma se hamArA tAtparya vastu ke svAbhAvika guNoM se hotA hai| kiMtu jaba yaha kahA jAtA hai ki duHkhI evaM pIr3itajanoM kI sevA karanA manuSya kA dharma hai athavA guru kI AjJA kA pAlana ziSya kA dharma hai to yahAM dharma kA artha hotA hai kartavya yA daayitv| isI prakAra jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki merA dharma jaina hai yA usakA dharma IsAI hai, to hama eka tIsarI hI bAta kahate haiN| yahAM dharma kA matalaba hai kisI divya-sattA, siddhAMta yA sAdhanA-paddhati ke prati hamArI zraddhA, AsthA yA vizvAsA aksara hama dharma se yahI tIsarA artha lete haiN| jabaki yaha tIsarA artha dharma kA abhirur3ha artha hai, vAstavika artha nahIM hai| saccA dharma sirpha dharma hai, vaha na hindU hotA hai, na jaina, na bauddha, na IsAI, na islAmA ye saba nAma Aropita haiN| hamArA saccA dharma tovahI hai jo hamArA nija-svabhAva hai| isIlie jaina AcAryoM ne 'vatthu sahAvo dhammo' ke rUpa meM dharma ko pAribhASita kiyA hai| pratyeka ke lie jo usakA nija-guNa hai, sva-svabhAva hai, vahI dharma hai, sva-svabhAva se bhinna jo bhI hogA, vaha usake lie dharma nahIM, adharma hI hogaa| isIlie gItA meM kahA gayA hai 'svadharme nidhanaM zreyaH parAdharmo bhayAvahaH'

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-12 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-8 (gItA, 3/35) / paradharma arthAt dUsare ke svabhAva ko isalie bhayAvaha kahA gayA, kyoMki vaha hamAre lie svabhAva na hokara vibhAva hogA aura jo vibhAva hai, vaha dharma na hokara adharma hI hogaa| ataH ApakA dharma vahI hai jo ApakA nija-svabhAva hai| kiMtu Apa socate hoMge ki bAta adhika spaSTa nahIM huii| isase hama kaise jAna leM ki hamArA dharma kyA hai? vastutaH hameM apane dharma ko samajhane ke lie apane svabhAva yA apanI prakRti ko jAnanA hogaa| kiMtu yahAM yaha bAta bhI samajha lenI hogI ki aneka bAra hama Aropita yA parAzrita guNoM ko bhI apanA svabhAva yA prakRti mAna lete haiN| ataH hameM svabhAva aura vibhAva meM aMtara ko samajha lenA hai| svabhAva vaha hai, jo svataH (apane Apa) hotA hai aura vibhAva vaha hai, jo dUsare ke kAraNa hotA hai, jaise pAnI meM zItalatA svAbhAvika hai, kiMtu uSNatA vaibhAvika hai, kyoMki usake lie use Aga ke saMyoga kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jise hone ke lie kisI bAharI tatva kI apekSA hai vaha saba vibhAva hai, para-dharma hai| zItalatA pAnI kA dharma hai aura jalAnA Aga kA dharma hai| punaH jisa guNa ko chor3A jA sakatA hai vaha usa vastu kA dharma nahIM ho sakatA hai| kiMtu jo guNa pUrI taraha chor3A nahIM jA sakatA hai vahI usa vastu kA sva-dharma hotA hai| Aga cAhe kisI bhI rUpa meM ho vaha jalAegI hI, pAnI cAhe Aga ke saMyoga se kitanA hI garama kyoM na ho yadi use Aga para DAleMge to vaha Aga ko zItala hI kregaa| Apa socate hoMge ki Aga aura pAnI kI dharma kI isa carcA se manuSya ke dharma ko hama kaise jAna pAeMge? yahAM isa carcA kI upayogitA yahI hai ki hama svabhAva aura vibhAva kA aMtara samajha leM, kyoMki aneka bAra hama Aropita guNoM ko hI svabhAva mAnane kI bhUla kara baiThate haiM, aksara hama kahate haiM usakA svabhAva krodhI hai| prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA krodha svabhAva hai yA ho bhI sakatA hai ? bAta aisI nahIM hai| isa kasauTI para krodha aura zAMti ke do guNoM ko kasie aura dekhie, inameM se manuSya kA svadharma kyA hai? pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki krodha kabhI svataH nahIM hotA, binA kisI bAharI kAraNa ke hama krodha nahIM karate haiN| gusse yA krodha kA koI na koI bAhya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-13 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-9 kAraNa avazya hotA hai, gussA kabhI akAraNa nahIM hotA hai| sAtha hI gusse ke lie kisI dUsare kA honA jarurI hai, gussA yAkrodha binA kisI pratipakSI ke svataH nahIM hotA hai, akele meM nahIM hotA hai| kisI gusse se bhare AdamI ko akele meM le jAie, Apa dekheMge usakA gussA dhIre-dhIre zAMta ho rahA hai - gusse ke bAhya kAraNoM evaM pratipakSI ke dUra ho jAne para gussA Thahara nahIM sakatA hai| punaH gussA Aropita hai, vaha chor3A jA sakA hai, koI bhI vyakti caubIsoM ghaMTe krodha kI sthiti meM nahIM raha sakatA, kiMtu zAMta raha sakatA hai| ataH manuSya ke lie krodha vidharma hai, adharma hai aura zAMtisvadharma hai, nijaguNa hai| kyA dharma hai aura kyA adharma hai, isakA nirNaya isI paddhati se sambhava hai| hamAre sAmane mUla prazna to yaha hai ki manuSya kA dharma kyA hai? isa prazna ke uttara ke lie hameM mAnava-prakRti yA mAnava-svabhAva ko jAnanA hogaa| jo manuSya kA svabhAva hogA vahI manuSya ke lie dharma hogaa| hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki eka manuSya ke rUpa meM hama kyA haiM ? mAnava astitva dviAyamI (Two Dimensional) hai| manuSya vivekAtmaka cetanA se yukta eka zarIra hai| zarIra aura cetanA yaha hamAre astitva ke do prazna haiM, kiMtu isameM bhI hamAre astitva kA mUla AdhAra jIvana evaM cetanA hI hai, cetanajIvana ke abhAva meM zarIra kA koI mUlya nahIM hai| zarIra kA mahatva to hai, kiMtu vaha usakI cetana-jIvana se yuti para nirbhara hai| cetana-jIvana svataH mUlyavAn hai aura zarIra parataH mUlyAvAn hai| jisa prakAra kAgajI mudrA kA svayaM meM koI mUlya nahIM hotA usakA mUlya sarakAra kI sAkha para nirbhara karatA hai, usI prakAra zarIra kA mUlya cetana-jIvana kI zakti para nirbhara karatA hai| hamAre astitva kA sAra hamArI cetanA hai| cetana-jIvana hI vAstavika jIvana hai| cetanA ke abhAva ko 'zava' kahA jAtA hai| cetanA hI eka aisA tatva hai jo 'zava' ko ziva banA detA hai| ataHjo cetanA kA svabhAva hogA vahI hamArA vAstavika dharma hogaa| hameM apane 'dharma' ko samajhane ke lie "cetanA' ke svalakSaNa ko jAnanA hogaa| cetanA kyA hai? isa prazna kA uttara hameM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca hue eka samvAda meM milatA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-14 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-10 gautama pUchate haiM- bhagavan ! AtmA kyA hai? aura AtmA kA artha yA sAdhya kyA hai? mahAvIra uttara dete haiM- gautama ! AtmA kA svarUpa 'samatva' hai aura 'samatva' ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai (bhgvtiisuutr)| yaha bAta na kevala dArzanika dRSTi se satya hai apitu jIvanazAstrIya aura manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI satya hai| jIvazAstra (Biology) ke anusAracetanajIva kA lakSaNa AMtarika aura bAhya saMtulana ko banAe rakhanA hai| phrAyar3anAmaka suprasiddha manovaijJAnika kA kathana hai - caitta jIvana aura snAyujIvana kA svabhAva yaha hai ki vaha vikSobha aura tanAva ko miTAkara samatva kI sthApanA karatA hai| vikSobha, tanAva aura mAnasika dvaMdvoM se Upara uThakara zAMta, nirdvadva manaH sthiti ko prApta karanA yaha hamArI svAbhAvika apekSA hai aura yahI dharma hai| vizva ke lagabhaga sabhI dharmoM ne samAdhi, samabhAva yA samatA ko dhArmika jIvana kA mUlabhUta lakSaNa mAnA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM samiyAe dhamme AriyehiM paveie' (1/8/3) kahakara dharma ko 'samatA' ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| samatA dharma hai, viSamatA adharma hai| vastutaH ve sabhI tatva jo hamArI cetanA meM vikSobha, tanAva yA vicalana utpanna karate haiM arthAt cetanA ke saMtulana ko bhaMga karate haiM, vibhAva ke sUcaka haiM, isIlie adharma haiN| aksara hama rAga-dveSa, ghRNA, Asakti, mamatvaM, tRSNA, kAma, krodha, ahaMkAra Adi ko adharma (pApa) kahate haiM aura kSamA, zAMti, anAsakti, nirvairatA, vItarAgatA, virAgatA, nirAkulatA Adi ko dharma kahate haiM, aisA kyoM hai? bAta spaSTa hai| prathama varga ke tathya jahAM hamArI AkulatA ko bar3hAte haiM, hamAre mana meM vikSobha aura cetanA meM tanAva (Tension) utpanna karate haiM vahIM dUsare varga ke tathya usa AkulatA, vikSebhi yA tanAva ko kama karate haiM, miTAte haiN| pUrvokta gAthA meM kSamAdi bhAvoM ko jo dharma kahA gayA hai, usakA AdhAra yahI mAnasika vikSobha yA tanAva hamArA svabhAva yA svalakSaNa isalie nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki hama use miTAnA cAhate haiM, usakA nirAkaraNa karanA cAhate haiM aura jise Apa chor3anA cAhate haiM, miTAnA cAhate haiM, vaha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-15 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-11 ApakA svabhAva nahIM ho sktaa| punaH rAga, Asakti, mamatva, ahaMkAra, krodha Adi sabhI 'para' kI apekSA karate haiM, unake viSaya 'para' haiN| unakI abhivyakti anya ke lie hotI hai| rAga, AsaktiyA mamatva kisI para hogaa| isI prakAra krodha yA ahaMkAra kI abhivyakti bhI dUsare ke lie hai| ina sabake kAraNa sadaiva hI bAhya jagat meM hote haiM, ye svataH nahIM hote, parataH hote haiN| isIlie ye AtmA ke vibhAva kahe jAte haiM aura jo bhI vibhAva haiM, ve saba adharma haiN| jabaki jo svabhAva hai yA vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora lauTane ke prayAsa haiM ve saba dharma haiN| bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se dharma zabda 'dhR' dhAtu se banA hai jisakA artha hotA hai - dhAraNa krnaa| sAmAnyatayA jo prajA ko dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha dharma hai, 'dharmo dhArayate prjaa'| isa rUpa meM dharma ko paribhASita kiyA jAtA hai, kiMtu merI dRSTi meM jo hamAre astitva yA sattA ke dvArA dhArita hai athavA jisake AdhAra, astitva yA sattA rahI huI hai vahI 'dharma' hai| kisI bhI vastu kA dharmavahI hai jisake kAraNa vaha vastu usa vastu ke rUpa meM apanA astitva rakhatI hai aura jisake abhAva meM usakI sattAhI samApta ho jAtI hai| udAharaNa ke lie viveka aura saMyama ke guNoM ke abhAva meM manuSya aura pazu meM koI aMtara nahIM rahegA, yadi viveka aura saMyama ke guNa haiM to hI manuSya, manuSya hai| yadi hama manuSya ko eka sAmAjika prANI mAnate haiM aura dharma ko 'dharmo dhArayate prajA' ke artha meM lete haiM to usa sthiti meM dharma kA artha hogA - jo hamArI samAja-vyavasthA ko banAe rakhatA hai, vahI dharma hai| ve saba bAteM jo sAmAjika jIvana meM bAdhA upasthita karatI haiM aura hamAre svArthoM ko poSaNa dekara hamArI sAmAjikatA ko khaNDita karatI haiM, sAmAjika jIvana meM avyavasthA aura azAMti meM kAraNabhUta hotI haiM, adharma haiN| isIlie tRSNA, vidveSa, hiMsA, zoSaNa, svArthaparatA Adiko adharma aura paropakAra, karuNA, dayA, sevA Adi ko dharma kahA gayA hai, kyoMki jo mUlya hamArI sAmAjikatA kI svAbhAvikavRtti kA rakSaNa karate haiM, vedharma haiM aura use jo khaNDita karate haiM, ve adharma haiN| yadyapi dharma kI yaha vyAkhyA dUsaroM ke saMdarbha meM haiM, ise

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-16 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-12 samAja-dharma kaha sakate haiN| svabhAva yA Atmadharma aisA tatva hai jo bAhara se lAyA nahIM jAtA hai, vaha to vibhAva ke haTate hI svataH prakaTa ho jAtA hai jaise Aga ke saMyoga ke haTate hI pAnI svataH zItala ho jAtA hai, vaise hI dharma ke lie kucha karanA nahIM hotA, kevala adharma ko chor3anA hotA hai, vibhAvadazA ko dUra karanA hotA hai, kyoMki use hI chor3A yA tyAgA jA sakatA hai jo Aropita hotA hai aura vibhAva hogA, svabhAva nhiiN| dharma sAdhanA ke nAma para jo bhI prayAsa haiM, ve saba adharma ko tyAgane ke lie hai, vibhAga-dazA ko miTAne ke lie haiM dharma to AtmA kI zuddhatA hai, use lAnA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha bAharI nahIM hai, kevala viSaya kaSAya rUpI mala ko haTAnA hai| jaise bAdala ke haTate prakAza svataH prakaTa ho jAtA hai vaise hI adharma yA vibhAva ke haTate dharma yA svabhAva prakaTa ho jAtA hai| isIlie dharma or3hA nahIM jAtA hai, dharma jiyA jAtA hai| adharma Aropita hotA hai, vaha eka doharA jIvana prastuta karatA hai, kyoMki usake pApakhaNDa bhI dohe hote haiN| adhArmikajana dUsaroM se apane prati jisa vyavahAra kI apekSA karatA hai, dUsaroM ke prati usake ThIka viparIta karanA cAhatA hai| isIliedharma kI kasauTI AtmavatvyavahAra mAnA gyaa| 'AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSAMmA samAcaret' ke pIche bhI yahI dhvani rahI hai| dharma kA sAra hai - nizchalatA, saralatA, spaSTatA, jahAM bhI inakA abhAva hogA, vahAM dharma ko jiyA nahIM jAegA apitu or3hA jaaegaa| vahAM dharma nahIM, dharma kA dambha panapegA aura hameM yAda rakhanA hogA ki vaha dharma kA dambha adhArmikatA se adhika khataranAka hai| kyoMki isameM adharma, dharma kI poSAka ko or3ha letA hai, vaha dikhatA dharma hai, kiMtu hotA hai adhrm| mAnava jAti kA durbhAgya yahI hai ki Aja dharma ke nAma para jo kucha cala rahA hai vaha saba Aropita hai, or3hA gayA hai aura isIlie dharma ke nAma para adharma panapa rahA hai| Aja dharma ko kitane hI thothe aura niSprANa karmakANDoM se jor3a diyA gayA hai, kyA pahaneM aura kyA nahIM pahaneM, kyA khAeM aura kyA nahIM khAeM, prArthanA ke lie muMha kisa dizA meM kareM aura kisa dizA meM nahIM kareM, prArthanA kI bhASA kyA ho,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-17 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-13 pUjA ke dravya kyA hoM? aadiaadi| ye saba bAteM dharma kA zarIra ho sakatI haiM, kyoMki ye zarIra se gahare nahIM jAtI haiM, kiMtu nizcaya hI ye dharma kI AtmA nahIM hai| dharma kI AtmA to hai-samAdhi, zAMti, niraakultaa| dharma to sahaja aura svAbhAvika hai| durbhAgya yahI hai ki Aja loga dharma ke nAma para bahuta kucha kara rahe haiM paraMtu adharma yA vibhAvadazA ko chor3a nahIM rahe haiN| Aja dharma ko or3hA jA rahA hai, isIlie Aja kA dharma nirarthaka bana gayA hai| yaha kArya to ThIka vaisA hI hai jaise kisI durgaMdha ko svaccha sugaMdhita AvaraNa se Dhaka diyA gayA ho| yaha bAhya pratIti se suMdara hotI hai kiMtu vAstavikatA kucha aura hI hotI hai| yaha tathAkathita dharma hI dharma ke lie sabase bar3A khatarA hai, isameM adharma ko chipAne ke lie dharma kiyA jAtA hai| Aja dharma ke nAma para jo kucha kiyA jA rahA hai usakA koI lAbha nahIM mila rahA hai| Aja hamArI dazA ThIka vaisI hI hai jaise koI rogI davA to le kiMtu kupatya ko chor3e nhiiN| dharma ke nAma para Atma-pravaMcanA evaM chalachadma panapa rahA hai, isakA mUla kAraNa hai dharma ke sAratatva ke bAre meM hamArA gaharA ajJAnA hama dharma ke bAre meM jAnate haiM kiMtu dharma ko nahIM jAnate haiN| Aja hamane Atma-dharma kyA hai, hamArA nijaguNa yA svabhAva kyA hai, ise samajhA hI nahIM hai aura niSprANa karmakANDoM aura rItirivAjoM ko hI dharma mAna baiThe haiN| Aja hamAre dharma cauke-cUlhe meM , maMdiroM-masjidoM aura upAsanA gRhoM meM sImita ho gae haiM, jIvana se unakA koI samparka nahIM hai| isIlie vaha jIvita dharma nahIM, murdA dharma hai| kisI zAyara ne ThIka hI kahA ... masjida to banA dI para bhara meM imAM kI harArata vAloM ne| mana vahI purAnA pApI rahA, barasoM meM namAjI na ho skaa|| Aja dharma ke nAma para jo bhI kiyA jAtA hai usakA sambaMdhaparaloka se jor3A jAtA hai| Aja dharma udhAra saudA bana gayA hai aura isIlie Aja dharma se AsthA uThatI jA rahI hai| kiMtu yAda rakhie vAstavika dharma udhAra saudA nahIM, nakada saudA hai| usakA phala tatkAla hai| bhagavAn buddha se kisI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-18 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-14 ne pUchA ki dharma kA phala isa loka meM milatA hai yA paraloka meM? unhoMne kahA thA - dharma kA phala to usI samaya milatA hai| jaise hI moha TUTatA hai, tRSNA chUTatI hai, cAha aura ciMtA kama ho jAtI hai, mana zAMti aura AnaMda se bhara jAtA hai, yahI to dharma kA phala hai| hama yadi apanI aMtarAtmA se pUche ki hama kyA cAhate haiM? uttara spaSTa hai hameM sukha cAhie, zAMti cAhie, samAdhi yA nirAkulatA cAhie aura jo kucha ApakI aMtarAtmA Apase mAMgatI hai vahI to ApakA svabhAva hai, ApakA dharma hai| jahAM moha hogA, rAga hogA, tRSNA hogI, Asakti hogI, vahAM cAha bar3hegI, jahAM cAha bar3hegI, vahAM ciMtA bar3hegI aura jahAM ciMtA hogI vahAM mAnasika asamAdhi yA tanAva hogA aura jahAM mAnasika tanAva yA vikSobha hai vahIM to duHkha hai, pIr3A hai| jisa duHkha ko miTAne kI hamArI lalaka hai usakI jar3eM hamAre aMdara haiM, kiMtu durbhAgya yahI hai ki hama use bAhara ke bhautika sAdhanoM se miTAne kA prayAsa karate rahe haiN| yaha to ThIka vaisA hI huA jaise ghAva kahIM aura ho aura malahama kahIM aura lgaaeN| aparigrahavRtta yA anAsakti ko jo dharma kahA gayA, ra kA AdhAra yahI hai ki vaha ThIka usa jar3a para prahAra karatA hai, jahAM se duHkha kI viSavela phUTatI hai, AkulatA paidA hotI hai| vahadharma isIlie hai ki vaha hameM AkulatA se nirAkulatA kI dizA meM, vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM le jAtI hai| kisI kavi ne kahA hai - cAha gaI, ciMtA miTI manuA bhayA beprvaah| jisako kucha na cAhie, vaha zahaMzAhoM kA shhNshaahaa| nirAkulatA evaM AkulatA hI dharma aura adharma kI sIdhI aura sApha kasauTI hai| jahAM AkulatA hai, tanAva hai, asamAdhi hai, vahAM adharma hai aura jahAM nirAkulatA hai, zAMti hai, samAdhi hai, vahAM dharma hai| jina bAtoM se vyakti meM athavA unake sAmAjika pariveza meM AkulatA bar3hatI hai, tanAva paidA hotA hai, azAMti bar3hatI hai, viSamatA bar3hatI hai, ve saba bAteM adharma haiM, pApa haiN| isake viparIta jina bAtoM se vyakti meM aura usake sAmAjika pariveza meM nirAkulatA Ae, zAMti Ae, tanAva ghaTe, viSamatA samApta ho, ve saba dharma

Page #21
jaina dharma evaM darzana-19 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-15 haiN| dhArmikatA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisa vItarAga, vItatRSNA aura anAsakta jIvana kI kalpanA kI gaI hai, usakA artha yahI hai ki jIvana meM nirAkulatA, zAMti aura samAdhi aae| dharma kA sAra yahI hai, phira cAhe hama ise kucha bhI nAma kyoM na deN| zrI satyanArAyaNajI goyanakA kahate haiM - dharma na hindU bauddha hai, dharma na muslima jain| dharma citta kI zuddhatA, dharma zAMti sukha cain|| kudarata kA kAnUna hai, saba para lAgU hoy| vikRta mana vyAkula rahe, nirmala sukhiyA hoy|| yahI dharma kI parakha hai, yahI dharma kA maap| jana-mana kA maMgala kare, dUra kare sNtaapaa| jisa prakAra maleriyA, maleriyA hai, vaha na jaina hai, na bauddha hai na hindU aura na musalamAna, usI prakAra krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi AdhyAtmika vikRtiyAM haiM, ve bhI hindU, bauddha yA jaina nahIM haiM, hama aisA nahIM kahate haiM ki yaha hiMndUkrodha hai yaha jaina yA bauddha krodha hai| yadikrodha hindU,bauddha yA jaina nahIM hai to phira usakA upazamana bhI hindU, bauddha yA jaina nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| vikAra, vikAra hai aura svAsthya, svAsthya hai, ve hindU, bauddha yA jaina nahIM haiN| jinheM hama hindU, jaina, bauddha yA anya kisI dharma ke nAma se pukArate haiM, vaha vikAroM ke upacAra kI zailI vizeSa hai jaise elopaithI, Ayurvedika, yUnAnI, homyopaithI AdizArIrika rogoM ke upacAra kI paddhati samatA dharma/mamatA adharma - dharma kyA hai? isa prazna kA sabase saMkSipta aura sarala uttara yahI hai ki vaha saba dharma hai, jisameM mana kI AkulatA samApta ho, cAha aura ciMtA miTe tathA mana nirmalatA, zAMti, samabhAva aura AnaMda se bhara jaae| isIlie mahAvIra ne dharma ko samatA yA samabhAva ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA thaa| samatA hI dharma hai aura mamatA adharma hai| vItarAga, anAsakta aura vItatRSNA hone meM jo dhArmika Adarza kI paripUrNatA dekhI gaI, usakA kAraNa bhI yahI hai ki

Page #22
jaina dharma evaM darzana-20 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-16 yaha AtmA kI nirAkulatA yA zAMti kI avasthA hai| AtmA kI isI nirAkula dazA ko hindU aura bauddha paramparA meM samAdhi tathA jaina paramparA meM sAmAyika yA samatA kahA gayA hai| hamAre jIvana meM dharma hai, yA nahIM hai isako jAnane kI ekamAtra kasauTI yaha hai ki sukha-duHkha, mAna-apamAna, lAbha-hAni, jayaparAjaya Adi kI anukUla evaM pratikUla avasthAoM meM hamArA mana kitanA anudvigna aura zAMta banA rahatA hai| yadi anukUla paristhitiyoM meM mana meM saMtoSa na ho cAha aura ciMtA banI rahe tathA pratikUla sthitiyoM meM mana duHkha aura pIr3A se bhara jAve to hameM samajha lenA cAhie ki jIvana meM abhI dharma nahIM AyA hai| dharma kA sIdhA sambaMdha hamArI jIvanadRSTi aura jIvanazailI se hai| bAhya paristhitiyoM se hamArI cetanA jitanI adhika aprabhAvita aura alipta rahegI utanA hI jIvana meM dharma kA prakaTana hogaa| kyoMki manuSya ke lie yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki usake jIvana meM utAra aura car3hAva nahIM aae| sukha-duHkha, lAbha-alAbha, mAna-apamAna Adiye jIvana-cakra ke durnivAra pahalU haiM, koI bhI inase baca nahIM sktaa| jIvana-yAtrA kA rAstA sIdhA aura sapATa nahIM hai, usameM utAra-car3hAva Ate hI rahate haiN| bAhya paristhitiyoM para ApakA adhikAra nahIM hai, Apake adhikAra meM kevala eka hI bAta hai, vaha yaha ki Apa ina anukUla aura pratikUla sthitiyoM meM apane mana ko, apanI cetanA ko nirAkula aura anudvigna banAe rakheM, mAnasika samatA aura zAMti ko bhaMga nahIM hone deN| yahI dharma hai| zrI goyanakA jI ke zabdoM meM - sukha duHkha Ate hI raheM, jyoM Ave dina rain| tU kyoM khove bAvalA, apane mana kI cain|| ataH mana kI caina nahIM khonA hI dharma aura dhArmikatA hai| jo vyakti jIvana kI anukUla aura pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM bhI apanI citta kI zAMti nahIM khotA hai, vahI dhArmika hai usI ke jIvana meM dharma kA avataraNa huA hai| kauna dhArmika hai aura kauna adhArmika hai, isakI pahacAna yahI hai ki kisakA citta zAMta hai aura kisakA ashaaNt| jisakA citta yA mana aMzAMta hai vaha adharma meM jI rahA hai, vibhAva meM jI rahA hai aura jisakA mana yA citta zAMta

Page #23
jaina dharma evaM darzana-21 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-17 hai vaha dharma meM jI rahA hai, svabhAva meM jI rahA hai| eka sacce dhArmika puruSa kI jIvanadRSTi anukUla evaM pratikUla saMyogoM meM kaisI hogI isakA eka suMdara citraNa urdU zAyara ne kiyA hai, vaha kahatA hai - lAyI hayAta A gaye, kajA le calI cale cle| na apanI khuzI Aye, na apanI khuzI gye|| jiMdagI aura mauta donoM hI sthitiyoM meM jo nirAkulatA aura zAMta banA rahatA hai vahI dhArmika hai, dharma kA prakaTana usI ke jIvana meM huA hai| dhArmikatA kI kasauTI para nahIM hai ki tumane kitanA pUjA-pATha kiyA hai, kitane upavAsa aura roje rakhe haiM, apitu yahI hai ki tumhArA mana kitanA anudvigna aura nirAkula banA hai| jIvana meM jaba taka cAha aura ciMtA banI huI hai dhArmikatA kA AnA sambhava nahIM hai| phira vaha cAha aura ciMtA parivAra kI ho yA ziSya-ziSyAoM kI, ghara aura dukAna kI ho, maTha aura maMdira kI, dhana-sampatti kI ho yA pUjA-pratiSThA kI, isase koI aMtara nahIM par3atA hai| jaba taka jIvana meM tRSNA aura spRhA hai, dUsaroM ke prati jalana kI bhaTTI sulaga rahI hai, dhArmikatA sambhava nahIM hai| dhArmika hone kA matalaba hai mana kI udvignatA yA AkulatA samApta ho, mana se ghRNA, vidveSa aura tRSNA kI Aga zAMta ho| isIlie gItA kahatI hai duHkheSvanudvignamanAH sukheSu vigtspRhH| vItarAgabhayakrodhaH sthitdhiirmunirucyte|| gItA 2/56/ jisakA mana duHkhoM kI prApti meM bhI duHkhI nahIM hotA aura sukha kI prApti meM jisakI lAlasA tIvra nahIM hotI hai, jisake mana meM mamatA, bhaya aura krodha samApta ho cuke haiM vahI vyaktidhArmika hai, sthita buddhi hai, muni hai| vastutaH cetanA jitanI nirAkula banegI utanA hI jIvana meM dharma kA prakaTana hogaa| kyoMki yaha nirAkulatA yA samatA hI hamArA nija-dharma hai, sva-svabhAva hai| AkulatA kA matalaba hai AtmA kI 'para' (padArthoM) meM unmukhatA aura nirAkulatA kA matalaba 'para' se vimukha hokara sva meM sthiti| isIlie jaina paramparA meM para-pariNati ko adharma aura Atma-pariNati ko dharma kahA gayA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-22 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-18 cetanA aura mana kI nirAkulatA hamArA nija-dharma yA sva-svabhAva isIlie hai ki yaha hamArI svAbhAvika mAMga hai, svAzrita hai arthAt anya kisI para nirbhara nahIM hai| ApakI cAha, ApakI ciMtA, Apake mana kI AkulatA sadaiva hI anya para AdhArita hai, parAzrita hai, ye para vastu ke saMyoga se utpanna hotI hai aura unhIM ke AdhAra para bar3hatI hai evaM jIvita rahatI hai| samatA (nirAkulatA) svAzrita hai isIlie svadharma hai, jabaki samatA aura tajjanita AkulatA parAzrita hai, isIlie vidharma, adharma hai| jo svAzrita yA svAdhIna hai vahI AnaMda ko prApta kara sakatA hai, jo parAzrita yA parAdhIna hai use AnaMda aura zAMti kahAM? yahAM hameM yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki padArthoM ke prati mamatvabhAva aura unake upabhoga meM aMtara hai| dharma unake upabhoga kA virodha nahIM karatA hai apitu unake prati mamatvaM-buddhiyA mamatA ke bhAva kA virodha karatA hai| jo parAyA hai use apanA samajha lenA, mAna lenA adharma hai, pApa hai, kyoMki isI se mAnasika zAMti aura cetanA kA samatva bhaMga hotA hai, AkulatA aura tanAva utpanna hote haiN| ise bhI zAstroM meM anAtma meM Atma-buddhi yA parapariNati kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra saMsAra meM vaha premI duHkhI hotA hai jo kisI aisI strI se prema kara baiThatA hai jo usakI apanI hokara rahane vAlI nahIM hai, usI prakAra una padArthoM ke prati jinakA viyoga anivArya hai, mamatA rakhanA hI duHkhaM kA kAraNa hai aura jo duHkha kA kAraNa hai vahI adharma hai, pApa hai| AdaraNIya goyanakAjI ne bahuta hI suMdara bAta kahI hai - sukha-duHkha donoM eka se, mAna aura apmaan| citta vicalita hoe nahIM, to saccA kalyANa // jIvana meM Ate raheM, patajhar3a aura bsNt| mana kI samatA na chUTe, to sukha-zAMti ananta // viSama jagat meM citta kI, samatA rahe attuutt| to uttama maMgala jage, hoya duHkhoM meM chUTa / /

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-23 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-19 samatA svabhAva hai aura mamatA vibhAva hai| mamatA chUTegI to samatA apane Apa A jaaegii| svabhAva bAharI nahIM hai, ataH use lAnA bhI nahIM hai, mAtra vibhAva ko chor3anA hai| roga yA bImArI haTegI to svasthatA to AegI hii| isalie prayatna bImArI ko haTAne ke lie karanA hai| jisa prakAra bImArI banI rahe aura Apa puSTikAraka pathya lete rahe to vaha lAbhakArI nahIM hotA hai, usI prakAra jaba taka moha aura mamatA banI rahegI, samatA jIvana meM prakaTa nahIM hogii| jaba moha aura mamatA ke bAdala chaTeMge to samatA kA sUrya svataH hI prakaTa ho jaaegaa| jaba moha aura mamatA kI caTTAneM TUTeMgI to samatA ke zItala jala kA jharanA svataH hI prakaTa hogaa| jisameM snAna karake yuga-yuga kA tApa zItala ho jaaegaa| mAnava dharma dharma kyA hai? isa prazna para abhI taka hamane isa dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA thA ki eka cetana sattA ke rUpa meM hamArA dharma kyA hai? aba hama isa dRSTi se vicAra kareMge ki manuSya ke rUpa meM hamArA dharma kyA hai? dUsare prANiyoM se manuSya ko jina manovaijJAnika AdhAroM se alaga kara sakate haiM, ve haiMAtmacetanatA, vivekazIlatA aura AtmasaMyamA manuSya ke alAvA dUsare prANiyoM meM ina guNoM kA abhAva dekhA jAtA hai| manuSya na kevala cetana hai, apitu Atmacetana hai| usakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki use apane jJAna kI, apanI anubhUti kI athavA apane bhAvAvezoM kI bhI cetanA hotI hai| manuSya jaba krodha yA kAma kI bhAva-dazA meM hotA hai taba bhI yaha jAnatA hai ki mujhe krodha ho rahA hai yA kAma satA rahA hai| pazu ko krodha hotA hai kiMtu vaha yaha nahIM jAnatA ki maiM krodha meM huuN| usakA vyavahAra kAma se prerita hotA hai kiMtu vaha yaha nahIM jAnatA hai ki kAma mere vyavahAra kI prerita kara rahA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi se pazu kA vyavahAra mAtra mUlapravRtyAtmaka (Instinctive) hai, jo aMdhapreraNA mAtra hai, kiMtu manuSya kA jIvana preraNA se cAlita na hokara vicAra yA viveka se prerita hotA hai| usameM AtmacetanatA hai| ... manuSya aura pazu meM sabase mahatvapUrNa aMtara AtmacetanatA ke sambaMdha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-24 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-20 meM hai| jahAM bhI vyavahAra aura AcaraNa mAtra mUla-pravRtti yA aMdhapreraNA se cAlita hotA hai vahAM manuSyatva nahIM, pazutva hI pradhAna hotA hai, aisA mAnanA caahie| manuSya kI manuSyatA isI meM hai ki apane vyavahAra aura AcaraNa ke prati usameM AtmacetanatA yA sajagatA ho| yahI sajagatA use pazutva se pRthak karatI hai| manuSya kI hI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha apane vicAroM, apanI bhAvanAoM aura apane vyavahAra kA draSTA yA sAkSI hai| usameM hI yaha kSamatA hai ki kartA aura draSTA donoM kI bhUmikAoM meM apane ko rakha sakatA hai| vaha abhinetA aura darzaka donoM hI hai| usakA hita isI meM hai ki vaha abhinaya karake bhI apane darzaka hone kI bhUmikA ko nahIM bhuule| yadi usameM yaha AtmacetanatA athavA draSTA-bhAva yA sAkSI-bhAva nahIM rahatA hai to hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki usameM manuSyatA kI apekSA pazutA hI adhika hai| manuSya meM paramAtmA aura pazu donoM hI upasthita haiN| vaha jitanA Atmacetana yA apane prati sajaga banatA hai, usameM utanA hI paramAtmA kA prakaTana hotA hai aura jitanA asAvadhAna rahatA hai, bhAvanA aura vAsanAoM ke aMdha pravAha meM bahatA hai, utanA hI pazutA ke nikaTa hotA hai| jo hameM paramAtmA ke nikaTa le jAtA hai vahI dharma hai aura jo pazutA ke nikaTa le jAtA hai vahI adharma hai| isa AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki eka manuSya ke rUpa meM AtmacetanatA manuSya kA vAstavika dharma hai| isI AtmacetanatA ko hI zAstroM meM apramAda kahA gayA hai| manuSya jisa sImA taka Atmacetana hai, apane hI vicAroM, bhAvanAoM aura vyavahAroM kA darzaka hai usI sImA taka vaha manuSya hai, dhArmika hai, kyoMki vaha Atmacetana honA yA AtmadraSTA honA aisA AdhAra hai jisase mAnavIya viveka aura sadAcaraNa kA vikAsa sambhava hai| bImArI se chuTakArA pAne ke lie pahale usI bImArI ke rUpa meM dekhanA aura jAnanA jarUrI hai| yahI AtmacetanatA athavA sAkSI-bhAva yA draSTA-bhAva hI eka aisA tatva hai jisa para dharma kI AdhArazilA khar3I huI hai| jaina AgamoM meM apramAda ko dharma (akarma) aura pramAda ko adharma (karma) kahA gayA hai| pramAda kA sIdhA aura sApha artha hai AtmacetanatA yA AtmajAgRti kA abhaav| apramatta vahI hai jo

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-25 . jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-21 manobhAvoM aura pravRttiyoM kA draSTA hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA aura dhArmikatA isI bAta meM hai ki vaha sadaiva apane AcAra aura vicAra ke prati sajaga rhe| pratyeka kriyA ke prati hamArI cetanA sajaga honI caahie| khAte samaya khAne kI cetanA aura calate samaya calane kI cetanA, krodha meM krodha kI cetanA aura kAma meM kAma kI cetanA banI rahanA Avazyaka hai| Apa jo bhI kara rahe haiM usake prati yadi Apa pUrI taraha Atmacetana haiM to hI Apa sahI artha meM dhArmika haiN| jise hama samyak - darzana kahate haiM merI dhAraNA meM usakA artha yahI Atmadarzana yA AtmajAgRti athavA draSTA evaM sAkSI-bhAva kI sthiti hai| Atmacetana yA apramatta yA AtmadraSTAM hone kA matalaba hai khuda ke aMdara jhAMkanA, apanI vRttiyoM, apane vicAroM evaM apanI bhAvanAoM ko dekhnaa| sarala zabdoM meM kaheM to jo apane mana ke nATaka ko dekhatA hai vahI AtmadraSTA yA Atmacetana hai| jo apane karmoM ke prati, apane vicAroM ke prati sAkSI yA draSTA nahIM bana sakatA vaha dhArmika bhI nahIM bana sakatA hai| bhagavAn buddha ne isI AtmacetanatA ko smRti ke rUpa meM pAribhASita kiyA hai| samyak - smRti bauddha dharma ke sAdhanAmArga kA eka mahatvapUrNa caraNa hai| bhagavAn buddha ne sAdhakoM ko bAra-bAra yaha nirdeza diyA hai ki apanI smRti ko sadaiva jAgRta banAe rkho| dhammapada meM ve kahate haiM- apamAdo amata padaMpamAdo macuno padaM' arthAt apramAda hI amRta pada hai, amaratA kA mArga hai aura pramAda mRtyu kaa| smRtivAna honA, sajaga, apramatta honA yahadharma aura dhArmikatA kI Avazyaka kasauTI hai| AcArAMga meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne eka bahuta hI suMdara bAra kahI hai - 'suttA amuNI, muNiNo sayA jAgaranti' arthAt jo soyA huA hai, sajaga yA Atmacetana nahIM hai vaha amuni hai aura jo sajaga hai, jAgRta hai, Atmacetana hai vaha muni hai| manuSya kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha apane prati sajaga yA Atmacetana raha sakatA hai, apane aMdara jhAMka sakatA hai, cetanA meM sthita viSaya vAsanA rUpI gaMdagI ko dekha sakatA hai| AtmadraSTA yA Atmacetana hone kA matalaba yahI hai ki hama apane meM nihita yA utpanna hone vAlI vAsanAoM, bhAvAvezoM, viSaya-vikAroM, rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM evaM krodha, mAna, mAyA,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-26 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-22 lobhAdi kaSAyoM ke prati sajaga raheM, sAvadhAna raheM, unheM dekhate rheN| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM meM vAranara phiTe aise vicAraka haiM, jo yaha mAnate haiM ki AtmacetanatA (Selfawareness) hI eka aisI sthiti hai jise kisI karma kI naitikatA aura anaitikatA kI kasauTI mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi yahAM koI yaha prazna uThA sakatA hai ki kyA AtmacetanA ke sAtha yA pUrI sajagatA ke sAtha kiyA jAne vAlA hiMsAdikarmadhArmika yA naitika hogA? vastutaH isa sambaMdha meM hameM eka bhrAMti ko dUra kara lenA caahie| vyakti jitanA Atma-cetana banatA hai, apane prati sajaga banatA hai, vahabhAvAvezoM se Upara uThatA jAtA hai| pUrNa AtmacetanA kI sthiti meM Aveza yA Avega nahIM raha pAeMge aura Aveza ke abhAva meM hiMsA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH AtmacetanatA ke sAtha hiMsA kA karma sambhava hI nahIM hogaa| anubhava aura Adhunika manovijJAna donoM hI isa bAta kA samarthana karate haiM ki duSkarma jitanA bar3A hogA, use karate samaya vyakti utane hI bhAvAveza meM hogaa| hatyAeM, balAtkAra Adi sabhI duSkarma bhAvAvezoM meM hI sambhava hote haiN| vAsanA kA Avega jitanA tIvra hai, AtmacetanA utanI hI dhUmila hotI hai, kuNThita hotI hai aura usI sthiti meM pApa kA yA burAiyoM kA udbhava hotA hai| rAgAbhAva, mamatva, Asakti, tRSNA Adi ko isIlie pApa aura adharma ke mUla mAne gae haiM, kyoMki ye AvegoM ko utpanna kara hamArI sajagatA ko kama karate haiN| jaba bhI vyakti kAma meM hotA hai, krodha meM hotA hai lobha meM hotA hai apane Apa ko bhUla jAtA hai, usake Avega itane tIvra banate jAte haiM ki vaha AtmavismRta hotA jAtA hai, apanA ApA kho baiThatA hai, ataH ve saba bAteM jo AtmavismRti lAtI haiM pApa mAnI gaI haiM, adharma mAnI gaI haiN| vastutaH dharma aura adharma kI eka kasauTI yaha hai ki jahAM Atma-vismRti hai vahAM adharma hai aura jahAM Atma-smRti hai, Atma cetanA hai, sajagatA hai, vahAM dharma hai| dUsarI bAta, jisa AdhAra para hama manuSya aura pazu meM koI aMtara kara sakate haiM aura jise mAnava kI vizeSatA yA svabhAva kahA jA sakatA hai vaha hai vivekshiiltaa| aksara manuSya kI paribhASA hama eka bauddhika prANI ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-27 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-23 rUpa meM karate haiM aura manuSya eka vivekazIla prANI hai to yaha vivekayA jJAna kA tatva hI eka aisA tatva hai jo ise pazu se pRthak kara sakatA hai| kahA bhI gayA haiM - AhAranidrAbhayamaithunaMca sAmAnyametadpazubhiH naaraannaam| jJAno hI teSAM adhiko vizeSo, jJAnena hInA naraH pazubhiH smaanaa|| - hamase yaha pUchA jA sakatA hai ki yaha vivekazIlatA kyA hai? vastutaH yadi hama sarala bhASA meM kaheM to kisI bhI kriyA ke karane ke pUrva usake sambhAvita acche aura bure pariNAmoM para vicAra kara lenA hI viveka hai| hama jo kucha karane jA rahe haiM yA kara rahe haiM usakA pariNAma hamAre lie yA samAja ke lie hitakara hai yA ahitakara isa bAta kA vicAra kara lenA hI viveka hai| yadi Apa apane pratyeka AcaraNa ko sampAdita karane ke pahale usake pariNAmoM para pUrI sAvadhAnI ke sAtha vicAra karate haiM to Apa vivekazIla mAneM jA sakate haiN| jisameM apane hitAhita yA dUsaroM ke hitAhita ko samajhane kI zakti hai vahIM vivekazIla yA dhArmika ho sakatA hai| jo vyakti apane aura dUsaroM ke hitAhitoM paraM pUrva meM vicAra nahIM karatA hai vaha kabhI bhI dhArmika nahIM kahalA sktaa| yaha bAta bahuta spaSTa hai ki jo vyakti apane pratyeka AcaraNa ko karane ke pahale taulegA, usake hitAhita kA vicAra karegA vaha kabhI bhI durAcaraNa, adharma aura anaitikatA kI ora agrasara nahIM ho skegaa| isalie hama kaha sakate haiM ki vivekazIla honA manuSya kA eka mahatvapUrNa guNa hai aura jisa sImA taka usameM isa guNa kA vikAsa huA hai usI sImA taka usameM dhArmikatA hai| vastutaH jahAM jIvana meM vivekazIlatA hogI vahAM dharma ke nAma para panapane vAle chalachadma aMdhazraddhA tathA DhoMga aura ADambara apane Apa hI samApta ho jaaeNge| yadi hameM dhArmika honA hai to hameM sabase pahale vivekI bananA hogaa| jo vyakti sajaga nahIM hai, jo apane AcaraNa aura vyavahAra ke hitAhita kA vicAra nahIM karatA hai vaha kadApidhArmika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jahAM bhI vyakti meM sajagatA aura vicArazIlatA kA abhAva hai, vahIM adharma kI sambhAvanAeM haiN| yadi hama AtmacetanatA ko samyak - darzana

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jainadharma evaM darzana-28 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-24 kaheM to vivekazIlatA ko samyak - jJAna kahA jA sakatA hai| jaba hamAre AcaraNa ke sAtha AtmacetanatA aura vivekazIlatA jur3egI tabhI hamArA AcaraNa dhArmika bnegaa| viveka eka aisA tatva hai jo pratyeka AcAra aura vyavahAra kA deza, kAla aura paristhiti ke saMdarbha meM samyak mUlyAMkana karatA hai| viveka zakti ke mUlyAMkana kI kSamatA kA paricAyaka hai| viveka eka aisI kSamatA hai jo sampUrNa paristhiti ko dRSTi meM rakhakara AcaraNa ke pariNAmoM kA niSpakSa mUlyAMkana karatI hai jIvana meM jaba viveka kA vikAsa hotA hai, to dUsaroM ke duHkha aura pIr3A kA Atmavat dRSTi se mUlyAMkana hotA hai svArthavRtti kSINa hone lagatI hai, samatA kA vikAsa hotA hai aura jIvana meM dharma kA prakaTana hotA hai| isa prakAra viveka dharma aura dhArmikatA kA Avazyaka lakSaNa hai| dharma aura dhArmikatA kA vikAsa viveka kI bhUmi para hI sambhava hai, ataH viveka dharma hai| . ApadhArmika haiM yA nahIM? isakI sIdhI aura sApha pahacAna yahI hai ki Apa kisI kriyA ko karane ke pUrva usake pariNAmoM para samyak rUpa se vicAra karate haiN| kyA Apa apane hitoM aura dUsaroM ke hitoM kA samAna rUpa se mUlyAMkana karate haiM? yadi ina praznoM kA uttara sakArAtmaka hai to nizcaya hI ApadhArmika haiN| viveka ke Aloka meM vikasita Atmavat - dRSTi hI dharma aura dhArmikatA kA AdhAra hai| . manuSya aura pazu meM tIsarA aura sabase mahatvapUrNa aMtara isa bAta ko lekara hai ki manuSya meM saMyama kI zakti hai, vaha apane AcAra aura vyavahAra ko niyaMtrita kara sakatA hai| yadi hama pazu kA jIvana dekheM to hameM lagegA ki ve eka prAkRtika jIvana jIte haiN| pazutabhI khAtA hai jaba bhUkhA hotA hai| pazu ke lie yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki bhUkhA hone para khAdya-sAmagrI kI upasthiti meM vaha use na khaae| kiMtu manuSya ke AcaraNa kI eka vizeSatA hai, vaha bhUkhA hote hue bhI aura khAdya-sAmagrI ke upalabdha hote hue bhI bhojana karane se iMkAra kara degA, dUsarI ora manuSya ke lie yaha bhI sambhava hai ki bharapeTa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-29 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-25 bhojana ke bAda bhI vaha susvAdu padArtha upalabdha hone para unheM khA letA hai| isa prakAra manuSya meM eka ora AtmasaMyama kI sambhAvanAeM haiM to dUsarI ora vAsanAoM se prerita ho kara vaha eka aprAkRtika jIvana bhI jI sakatA hai| isIlie hama kaha sakate haiM ki yadi koI manuSya kI vizeSatA ho sakatI hai to vaha usameM nihita Atma-niyaMtraNa yA saMyama kA sAmarthya hai| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki manuSya meM jaivika Avega to bahuta haiM, AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki usake AvegoM ko kaise niyaMtrita kiyA jAe? jaivika AvegoM ke aniyaMtraNa kA jIvana adharma kA jIvana hai| manuSya kA dharma aura dhArmikatA isI meM hai ki vaha Atmacetana hokara vivekazIlatA ke sAtha apanI vAsanAoM ko saMyamita kre| yadi vaha itanA kara pAtA hai to hI use hama dhArmika kaha sakate haiN| manuSya ke dhArmika hone kA matalaba hai usakI cetanA sajaga rahe aura usakA viveka vAsanAoM ko niyaMtrita karatA rhe| manuSya kA sAmAjika dharma ___dharma ko jaba hama vastu svabhAva ke rUpa meM grahaNa karate haiM to hamAre sAmane prazna upasthita hotA hai ki eka manuSya ke rUpa meM hamArA dharma kyA hai? manuSya kA mUla svabhAva manuSyatA hI ho sakatA hai, lekina prazna hai ki manuSyatA se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai? vaha kauna sA tatva hai jo manuSya ko pazu se bhinna karatA hai| isa sambaMdha meM carcA karate hue hamane dekhA thA ki AtmacetanA (SelfAwarencess), viveka aura saMyama ye tIna aise tatva haiM jo manuSya ko apanI upasthiti ke kAraNa pazu se Upara uThA dete haiN| ... ina sabake sAtha hI eka aura viziSTa guNa manuSya kA hai jo use mahanIyatA pradAna karatA hai, vaha hai usakI sAmAjika cetnaa| pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne manuSya kI paribhASA eka sAmAjika prANI ke rUpa meM kI hai| sAmAjikatA manuSya kA eka viziSTa guNa hai| manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai (caraLiI rIliLarazraraLiArazra) vaise to sAmUhika jIvana pazuoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, kiMtu manuSya kI yaha sAmUhika jIvana-zailI unase kucha bhinna hai| pazuoM meM pArasparika sambaMdha to hote haiM kiMtu unheM una sambaMdhoM kI cetanA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-30 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-26 nahIM hotI hai| manuSya jIvana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki use una pArasparika sambaMdhoM kI cetanA hotI hai aura usI cetanA ke kAraNa usameM eka-dUsare ke prati dAyitva-bodha aura kartavya-bodha hotA hai| pazuoM meM bhI pArasparika hita sAdhana kI pravRtti to hotI hai, kiMtu vaha eka aMdha mUlapravRtti hai| usa aMdha-pravRtti ke anusAra hI AcaraNa karane meM pazu vivaza hotA hai| usake sAmane yaha vikalpa nahIM hotA ki vaha vaisA AcaraNa.kare yA nahIM kre| kiMtu isa sambaMdha meM mAnavIya-cetanA svataMtra hotI hai| usameM apane dAyitvabodha kI cetanA hotI hai| kisI urdU zAyara ne kahA bhI hai - vaha AdamI hI kyA hai, jo darda AzanA na ho! . patthara se kama hai, dila zarara gara nihA nahIM ! jainAcArya umAsvAti ne bhI na kevala manuSya kA, apitu samasta jIvana kA lakSaNa pArasparika hita sAdhana ko mAnA hai| tatvArthasUtra meM kahA hai - 'prspropgrhojiivaanaam|' eka dUsare ke kalyANa meM sahayogI bananA yahI jIvana kI viziSTatA hai| isI artha meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai aura dUsare manuSyoM evaM prANiyoM kA hita sAdhana usakA dharma hai| dhArmika hone kA eka artha yaha hai ki hama eka-dUsare ke sahayogI bneN| dUsare ke duHkha aura pIr3A ko apanI pIr3A samajheM tathA usake nirAkaraNa kA prayatna kreN| jaina Agama AcArAMgasUtra meM dharma kI paribhASA karate hue bahuta spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai - .. 'save sattA Na haMtavvA, esa dhamme Niie, sAsae samica loyaM kheyaNNehiM paveie' 'arthAt bhUtakAla meM jo arhat hue haiM, vartamAnakAla meM jo arhat haiM aura bhaviSyakAla meM jo arhata hoMge, ve sabhI eka hI saMdeza dete haiM ki kisI prANI kI, kisI satva kI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie, usakA ghAta nahIM karanA cAhie, use pIr3A nahIM pahuMcAnI cAhie, yahI ekamAtra zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai|' isa dharma kI loka-kalyANakArI cetanA kA prasphuTana loka kI pIr3A ke nivAraNa ke lie hI huA hai aura yahI dharma kA sAratatva hai| kahA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-31 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-27 hai - . . yahI hai ibAdata, yahI hai dInoM imaaN| ki kAma Ae duniyA meM, iMsA ke iNsaa|| dUsaroM kI pIr3A ko samajhakara usake nivAraNa kA prayatna karanA, yahI dharma kI mUla AtmA ho sakatI hai| saMta tulasIdAsa jI ne bhI kahA hai - parahita sarisa dharama nahiM bhAI, parapIr3A sama nahIM adhmaaii| ahiMsA kI cetanA kA vikAsa tabhI sambhava hai, jaba manuSya meM 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa hogaa| jaba hama dUsaroM ke darda ko apanA darda samajheMge tabhI hama lokamaMgala kI dizA meM athavA parapIr3A ke nivAraNa kI dizA meM Age bar3ha skeNge| parapIr3A kI yaha AtmAnubhUti bhI vastuniSTha na hokara AtmaniSTha honI caahie| hama dUsaroM kI pIr3A ke mUka darzaka na rheN| aisA dharma aura aisI ahiMsA, jo dUsaroM kI pIr3A kI mUka darzaka banI rahatI hai, vastataH vaha na dharma hai aura na ahiNsaa| ahiMsA kevala dUsaroM ko pIr3A na dene taka sImita nahIM hai, usameM lokamaMgala aura lokakalyANa kA ajastra-strota bhI pravAhita hai| jaba loka-pIr3A apanI pIr3A bana jAtI hai, tabhI dhArmikatA kA strota aMdara se pravAhita hotA hai| tIrthaMkaroM, arhatoM aura buddhoM ne jaba loka-pIr3A kI yaha anubhUti AtmaniSTha rUpa meM kI, to ve lokakalyANa ke lie sakriya bana ge| jaba dUsaroM kI pIr3A aura vedanA hameM apanI lagatI hai taba lokakalyANa bhI dUsaroM ke lie na hokara apane hI lie ho jAtA hai| urdU zAyara amIra ne kahA hai * khaMjara cale kisI pe, tar3apate haiM hama miir| sAre jahAM kA darda, hamAre z2igara meM hai| jaba sAre jahAM kA darda kisI ke hRdaya meM samA jAtA hai to vaha lokakalyANa ke maMgalamayamArga para cala par3atA hai| usakA yaha calanA bAharI nahIM hotA hai| usake sAre vyavahAra meM aMtazcetanA kAma karatI hai aura yahI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-32 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-28 aMtazcetanA dhArmikatA kA mUla utsa (Essence) hai, ise hI dAyitvabodhakI sAmAjika cetanA kahA jAtA hai| jaba yaha dAyitva-bodha kI sAmAjika cetanA jAgrata hotI hai, to manuSya meM dhArmikatA prakaTa hotI hai| dUsaroM ke prati AtmIyatA ke bhAva kA jAgrata honA hI dhArmika banane kA sabase pahalA upakrama hai| . yadi hamAre jIvana meM dUsaroM kI pIr3A, dUsaroM kA darda apanA nahIM banA hai to hameM yaha nizcita hI samajha lenA cAhie ki hamameM dharma kA avataraNa nahIM huA hai| dUsaroM kI pIr3A kI AtmaniSTha anubhUti se jAgRta dAyitvabodha kI aMtazcetanA ke binA sAre dhArmika kriyA-kANDa, pAkhaNDa yA DhoMga haiN| unakA dhArmikatA se dUra kA riztA nahIM hai| jaina dharma ke samyak - darzana, jo ki dhArmikatA kI AdhArabhUmi hai- ke jo pAMca aMga mAne gae haiM, unameM samabhAva aura anukampA sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa haiN| sAmAjika dRSTi se samabhAva kA artha hai- dUsaroM ko apane samAna smjhnaa| kyoMki ahiMsA evaM lokakalyANa kI aMtazcetanA kA udbhava isI AdhAra para hotA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki 'jisa prakAra maiM jInA cAhatA hUM, maranA nahIM cAhatA hUM usI prakAra saMsAra ke sabhI prANI jIvana ke icchuka haiM aura mRtyu se bhayabhIta haiM, jisa prakAra maiM sukha kI prApti cAhatA hUM aura duHkha se bacanA cAhatA hUM usI prakAra vizva ke sabhI prANI sukha ke icchuka haiM aura duHkha se dUra rahanA cAhate haiN| yahI vaha dRSTi hai jisa para ahiMsA kA, dharma kA aura naitikatA kA vikAsa hotA hai| jaba taka dUsaroM ke prati hamAre mana meM samabhAva arthAt samAnatA kA bhAva, jAgRta nahIM hotA, anukampA nahIM AtI arthAt unakI pIr3A hamArI pIr3A nahIM banatI taba taka samyak - darzana kA udaya bhI nahIM hotA, jIvana meM dharma kA avataraNa nahIM hotaa| asara lakhanavI kA yaha nimna zera isa sambaMdha meM kitanA maujUM hai - ImAM galata usUla galata, iDuA glt| iMsAM kI diladihI, agara iMsAM na kara skeN||

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-33 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-29 jaina dharma kA saMkSipta itihAsa AdikAla se lekara Aja taka ___ jainadharma eka jIvita dharma hai aura koI bhI jIvita dharma deza aura kAlagata parivartanoM se achUtA nahIM rahatA hai| jaba bhI kisI dharma ke itihAsa kI bAta karate haiM, to hameM yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki hama kisI sthira dharma kI bAta nahIM karateM, kyoMki kisI sthira dharma kA itihAsa hI nahIM hotA hai| itihAsa to usI kA hotA hai jo gatizIla hai, parivartanazIla hai| jo loga yaha mAnate haiM ki jainadharma apane AdikAla se Aja taka yathAsthiti meM rahA hai, ve bahuta hI bhrAnti meM haiN| jainadharma ke itihAsa kI isa carcA ke prasaMga meM maiM una paramparAoM kI aura una paristhitiyoM kI carcA bhI karanA cAhU~gA, jisameM apane sudUra atIta se lekara vartamAna taka jainadharma ne apanI karavaTeM badalI haiM aura jinameM usakA udbhava aura vikAsa huA hai / - yadyapi janasaMkhyA kI dRSTi se Aja vizva meM prati eka hajAra vyaktiyoM meM mAtra chaha vyakti jaina haiM, phira bhI vizva ke dharmoM ke itihAsa meM jainadharma kA apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai, kyoMki vaicArika udAratA, dArzanika gambhIratA, lokamaMgala kI utkRSTa bhAvanA, vipula sAhitya aura utkRSTa zilpa kI dRSTi se vizva ke dharmoM ke itihAsa meM isakA avadAna mahatvapUrNa hai| yahA~ hama isa paramparA ko itihAsa ke Aine meM dekhane kA prayAsa kreNge| . . prAcIna zramaNa yA Arhat-paramparA vizva ke dharmoM kI mukhyataH semeTika dharma, aura Aryadharma aisI do zAkhAe~ haiN| semeTika dharmoM meM yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma Ate haiM, jabaki Arya dharmoM meM pArasI, hindU (vaidika), bauddha aura jainadharma kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| inake atirikta sudUra pUrva ke dezoM jApAna aura cIna meM vikasita kucha dharma kanphUziyasa evaM zinto ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| - Arya dharmoM ke isa varga meM jahA~ hindUdharma ke vaidika-svarUpa ko pravRttimArgI mAnA jAtA hai, vahA~ jainadharma aura bauddhadharma ko saMnyAsamArgI yA nivRttiparaka kahA jAtA hai| yaha nivRttiparaka saMnyAsamArgI paramparA prAcIna

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-34 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-30 kAla meM zramaNa paramparA, Arhat-paramparA yA vrAtya paramparA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI thii| jaina aura bauddha- donoM hI dharma isI Arhat, vrAtya yA zramaNa paramparA ke dharma haiN| zramaNa paramparA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha sAMsArika evaM aihika-jIva kI duHkhamayatA ko ujAgara kara saMnyAsa evaM vairAgya ke mAdhyama se nirvANa yA mokSa kI prApti ko jIvana kA carama lakSya nirdhArita karatI hai| isa nivRttimArgI zramaNa-paramparA ne tapa evaM yoga kI apanI AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA evaM zIloM yA vratoM ke rUpa meM naitika mUlyoM kI saMsthApanA kI dRSTi se bhAratIya-dharmoM ke itihAsa meM apanA viziSTa avadAna pradAna kiyA hai| isa prAcIna zramaNa paramparA meM na kevala jaina aura bauddha dhArAyeM hI sammilita haiM, apitu aupaniSadika aura sAMkhya-yoga kI dhArAyeM bhI sammilita haiM, jo Aja bRhad hindUdharma kA hI eka aMga bana cukI haiN| inake atirikta, AjIvaka Adi anya kucha dhArAe~ bhI thIM, jo Aja vilupta ho cukI haiN| Aja zramaNa paramparA ke jIvanta dharmoM meM bauddhadharma aura jainadharma apanA astitva banAye hue haiN| yadyapi bauddhadharma bhArata meM janmA aura vikasita huA aura yahIM se usane sudUrapUrva meM apane paira ja ye, phira bhI bhArata meM vaha eka hajAra varSa taka vilupta hI rahA, kintu yaha zubha saMketa hai, zramaNadhArA kA yaha dharma bhArata meM punaH sthApita ho rahA hai| jahA~ taka Arhat yA zramaNadhArA ke jainadharma kA prazna hai, yaha bhAratabhUmi meM atiprAcIna kAla se Aja taka apanA astitva banAye hue hai| agrima pRSThoM meM hama isI ke itihAsa kI carcA kreNge| . __ bhAratIya itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hameM zramaNadhArA ke astitva ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiM, phira cAhe vaha mohanajodar3oM aura har3appA se prApta purAtAttvika sAmagrI ho yA Rgveda jaisA prAcInatama sAhityika grantha ho| eka ora mohanajodar3o aura har3appA se prApta aneka sIloM para hameM dhyAnastha yogiyoM ke aMkana prApta hote haiM, to dUsarI ora Rgveda meM arhat, vrAtya yA Arhat paramparA ke astitva ke pramANa haiN| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki Aja pracalita jainadharma 'zabda' kA itihAsa adhika purAnA nahIM hai| yaha zabda IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatI se pracalana meM hai| isake pUrva jainadharma ke liye 'nirgrantha dharma' yA At-dharma aise do

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-35 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-31 zabda pracalita rahe haiN| inameM bhI 'nirgrantha' zabda mukhyataH bhagavAn pArzva aura bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paramparA kA vAcaka rahA hai, kintu jahAM taka Arhat zabda kA sambandha hai, yaha mUla meM eka vyApaka artha meM prayukta hotA thaa| Arhat zabda arhat yA arahanta ke upAsakoM kA vAcaka thA aura sabhI zramaNa paramparAeM, cAhe ve jaina ho, bauddha hoM yA AjIvaka hoM, arahanta kI upAsaka rahI haiM, ataH ve sabhI paramparAeM Arhat-varga meM hI antarbhUta thiiN| Rgvaidika kAla meM Arhat (zramaNa) aura bArhat (vaidika)- donoM kA astitva thA aura Arhat yA vrAtya-zramaNadhArA ke paricAyaka the, kintu kAlAntara meM jaba kucha zramaNa-paramparAeM lupta ho gaI tathA bauddha paramparA videzoM meM apanA astitva rakhate huye bhI isa bhAratabhUmi se nAmazeSa ho gaI to Arhat zabda bhI simaTakara mAtra jaina-paramparA kA vAcaka ho gyaa| isa prakAra, Arhat, vrAtya, zramaNa Adi zabda ati prAcIna kAla se jainadharma ke bhI vAcaka rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina dharma ko Arhat dharma, zramaNa dharma yA nivRttimArgI-dharma bhI kahA jAtA hai| kintu yahA~ hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hai ki Arhat, vrAtya, zramaNa Adi zabda ati prAcIna kAla se jainadharma ke sAtha anya nivRttimArgI dharmoM ke bhI vAcaka rahe haiM, jabaki nirgrantha yA jJAtaputrIya zramaNa jainoM ke paricAyaka haiN| Age hama zramaNadhArA yA nivRttimArgI dharma, jisakA eka aMga jainadharma bhI hai, ke udabhava, vikAsa aura usakI vizeSatAoM kI carcA karanA caaheNge| zramaNadhArA kA udbhava mAnava-astitva dvi-AyAmI evaM virodhAbhAsapUrNa hai| yaha svabhAvataH paraspara virodhI do bhinna kendroM para sthita hai| vaha na kevala zarIra hai, aura na kevala cetanA, apitu donoM kI eka vilakSaNa ekatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki use do bhinma staroM para jIvana jInA hotA hai| zArIrika-stara para vaha vAsanAoM se cAlita hai aura yahA~ usa para yAntrika-niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai, kintu caitasika-stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai, yahA~ usameM saMkalpa-svAtantrya hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM, jahA~ eka ora vaha vAsanAtmaka ahaM se anuzAsita hai, to dUsarI ora AdarzAtmA se prabhAvita bhI hai| vAsanAtmaka ahaM usakI zArIrika-mA~goM kI abhivyakti kA prayAsa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-36 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-32 hai, to AdarzAtmA usakA AdhyAtmika-svabhAva hai, usakA nija svarUpa hai, jo nirdvandva evaM nirAkula caitasika samatva kI apekSA karatA hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrNa upekSA sambhava nahIM hai| usake jIvana kI saphalatA inake bIca santulana banAne meM nihita hai| usake vartamAna astitva ke ye chora haiN| usakI jIvanadhArA ina donoM kA sparza karate hue inake bIca bahatI hai| mAnava astitva ke ina donoM pakSoM ke kAraNa dharma ke kSetra meM bhI do dhArAoM kA udbhava huA- 1. vaidikadhArA aura 2. zramaNadhArA zramaNadhArA ke udbhava ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika-vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika-vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai| pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke liye 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai, to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke liye 'saMyama' yA . 'virAga' kI apekSA karatA hai, kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai| vastutaH, vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvana dRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra vAsanA yA bhoga hotA hai, to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura viraag| zramaNa-paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA-dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyaka-dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM inheM kramazaH preya aura zreya ke mArga kahe gaye haiN| 'kaThopaniSada' meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya ora zreya-donoM hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiM, usameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga-kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI puruSa zreya ko cunatA hai| vAsanA kI tuSTi ke liye bhoga aura bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke liye karma apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvana-dRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi yA tyAga-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivarttaka dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA, ataH usane apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ aihika

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-37 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-33 jIvana meM usane dhana-dhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, vahIM pAralaukika-jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko mAnava-jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| punaH, AnubhavikajIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM prAkRtika-zaktiyA~ usakI sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM, ataH usane yaha mAnA ki usakI sukha-suvidhAe~ usake apane puruSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara haiM, to vaha inheM prasanna karane ke liye eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA, to dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se bhI santuSTa karane lgaa| isa prakAra, pravartaka-dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA - 1. zraddhApradhAna bhakti-mArga aura 2. yajJa-yAga-pradhAna krm-maarg| dUsarI ora, niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM nirvattaka dharma meM nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt vAsanAoM evaM laukika-eSaNAoM se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika evaM pArivArika-vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhAva nahIM thA, ataH nivarttaka-dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri-kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika-mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke niSedha para bala diyA gayA, jisase vairAgyamUlaka tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huA, vahIM dUsarI ora, usa nivRttimUlaka jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke dvAra khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAna-mArga kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra, nivartaka-dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA- 1. * jJAna-mArga evaM 2. tp-maarg| ___ mAnava-prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivarttaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAriNI ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-38 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-34 manuSya (pravartaka) (nivartaka) deha cetanA vAsanA viveka bhoga virAga (tyAga) abhyudaya (preya) niHzreyas svarga mokSa (nirvANa) karma saMnyAsa pravRtti .. nivRtti pravartaka dharma . nivarttaka dharma alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA Atmopalabdhi samarpaNamUlaka yajJamUlaka cintana pradhAna dehadaNDanamUlaka bhaktimArgakarmamArga jJAnamArga tapamArga nivarttaka (zramaNa) evaM pravartaka (vaidika) dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika-pradeya pravartaka aura nirvattaka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivarttaka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko nimna sAraNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-39 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-35 pravartaka dharma . nivarttaka dharma 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 1. AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 2. vidhAyaka jIvana-dRSTi 2. niSedhaka jIvana-dRSTi 3. samaSTivAdI 3. vyaSTivAdI 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala / 4. vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyatA kA phira bhI daivika zaktiyoM kI samarthana phira AtmakalyANa kRpA para vizvAsa hetu vaiyaktika puruSArtha para bala 5. IzvaravAdI 5. anIzvaravAdI 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa . | 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, .. karma-siddhAMta kA samarthana 7. sAdhanA ke bAhya-sAdhanoM para bala | . 7. Antarika-vizuddhatA para bala 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga/Izvara- | 8. jIvana kA lakSya mokSa ___ sAnnidhya kI prApti evaM nirvANa kI prApti 9. varNa-vyavasthA aura jAtivAda - 9. jAtivAda kA virodha, kA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana varNa-vyavasthA kA kevala karmaNAAdhAra para samarthana 10. gRhastha-jIvana kI pradhAnatA 10. saMnyAsa-jIvana kI pradhAnatA 11. sAmAjika jIvana-zailI 11. ekAkI jIvana-zailI 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 12. janatantra kA samarthana 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 13. sadAcArI kI pUjA 14. vidhi-vidhAnoM evaM karmakANDoM 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI pradhAnatA __kI prdhaantaa| 15. brAhmaNa-saMsthA (purohita-varga) 15. zramaNa-saMsthA kA vikAsa kA vikAsa 16. upAsanAmUlaka 16. samAdhimUlaka pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-40 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-36 . jaivika-AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, udAharaNArtha-hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha hoMve, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM ho aadi| isake viparIta, nivartaka dharma ne jaivika-mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rukha apanAyA, usane sAMsArika-jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alaapaa| unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara / unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra-donoM se hI mukti ko jIvana-lakSya maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atma-santoSa hI sarvocca jIvana-mUlya haiN| eka ora, jaivika-mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki pravartaka-dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka-dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI aura jaivika-malyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA, jisameM zArIrika-mA~goM ko ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmikatA ke pratIka bana gae, yadyapi daihika-mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the| jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika-AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi ke liye usake vaiyaktika-prayAsoM ke bAvajUda unakI pUrti yA apUrti kinhIM anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha daivavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gyaa| vizva-vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ko niyantraka tattvoM ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta, nivarttaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyata kA samarthaka hote hue bhI karma-siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lagA ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai, ataH nivartaka-dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM para AsthA rakhane lgaa| anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karmasiddhAnta usake pramukha tattva bana gae / sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharma meM alaukika daivIya zaktiyoM kI prasannatA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhya-vidhAnoM (yajJa-yoga) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta-zuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-41 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-37 daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karmakANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| nivarttaka zramaNa-dharmoM kI vikAsa yAtrA __ bhAratIya-saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| isakI saMracanA meM vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA mahatvapUrNa avadAna hai| vaidikadhArA mUlataH pravRttipradhAna aura zramaNadhArA nivRttipradhAna rahI hai| vaidikadhArA kA pratinidhitva vartamAna meM hindUdharma karatA hai, jabaki zramaNadhArA kA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiM, kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki vartamAna hindU dharma apane zuddha rUpa meM mAtra vaidika parampA kA anuyAyI hai / Aja usane zramaNadhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai| ataH vartamAna hindUdharma vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA eka samanvita rUpa hai aura usameM ina donoM paramparAoM ke tattva sannihita haiN| isI prakAra, yaha kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hogA ki jainadharma aura bauddhadharma mUlataH zramaNa-paramparA ke dharma hote hue bhI vaidikadhArA yA hindUdharma se pUrNataH prabhAvita rahe haiN| ina donoM dharmoM ne bhI vaidikadhArA ke vikasita dharma se kAlakrama meM bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| . . yaha satya hai ki hindUdharma pravRttipradhAna rahA hai| usameM yajJa-yAga aura karmakANDa kI pradhAnatA hai, phira bhI usameM saMnyAsa, mokSa aura vairAgya kA abhAva nahIM hai| adhyAtma, saMnyAsa aura vairAgya ke tattvoM ko usane zramaNa-paramparA se na kevala grahaNa kiyA hai, apitu unheM AtmasAt bhI kara liyA hai| yadyapi vedakAla ke prAraMbha meM ye tattva usameM pUrNataH anupasthita the, kintu aupaniSadika-kAla meM usameM zramaNa-paramparA ke ina tattvoM ko mAnyatA prApta ho cukI thii| 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvaya kA prayAsa hai| Aja hindUdharma meM saMnyAsa, vairAgya, tapa-tyAga, dhyAna aura mokSa kI jo avadhAraNAe~ vikasita huI haiM, ve sabhI isa bAta ko pramANita karatI haiM ki vartamAna hindUdharma ne bhArata kI zramaNadhArA se bahuta-kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| upaniSad vaidika aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvayasthala haiM, unameM vaidika-hindUdharma eka nayA svarUpa letA pratIta hotA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-42 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-38 . isI prakAra, kAlAntara meM zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe-anacAhe vaidikadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| zramaNadhArA meM karmakANDa aura pUjA-paddhati to vaidikadhArA se AyI hI haiM, apitu aneka hindU devI-devatA bhI zramaNa-paramparA meM mAnya kara liye gae haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI ye vibhinna dhArAe~ kisa rUpa meM eka-dUsare se samanvita huI hai, isakI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svatantra vikAsa kina manauvaijJAnika aura pAristhitika-kAraNoM se huA hai tathA kAlakrama meM kyoM aura kaise inakA paraspara saMmanvaya Avazyaka huaa| zramaNa evaM vaidika saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kI yAtrA yadyapi pUrva meM hamane pravartaka dharma arthAt vaidika paramparA aura nivartaka-dharma arthAt zramaNa-paramparA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unake sAMskRtika evaM : dArzanika-pradeyoM ko samajhA hai, kintu yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hI hogA ki Aja vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ne apane isa mUla svarUpa ko banAe rakhA hai| eka hI deza aura pariveza meM rahakara donoM hI dhArAoM ke liye asambhava thA ki ve eka-dUsare ke prabhAva se achUtI raheM, ataH jahA~ vaidikadhArA meM zramaNadhArA (nivarttaka dharma-paramparA) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai, vahA~ zramaNadhArA meM pravartaka dharma paramparA ke tattvoM kA praveza bhI huA hai, ataH Aja ke yuga meM koI dharma-paramparA na to aikAntika nivRttimArga kI poSaka hai aura na aikAntika-pravRttimArga kii| . ___ vastutaH, nivRtti aura pravRtti ke sambandha meM aikAntika-dRSTikoNa na to vyAvahArika hai aura na manovaijJAnika / manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, mAnavIyaAtmA jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha yojita hokara sAmAjika-jIvana jItI hai, taba taka aikAntika-pravRtti aura aikAntika nivRtti kI bAta karanA eka mRga-marIcikA meM jInA hogaa| vastutaH, AvazyakatA isa bAta kI rahI hai ki hama vAstavikatA ko samajheM aura pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke tattvoM meM samucita samanvaya se eka aisI jIvana zailI khojeM, jo vyakti aura samAja-donoM ke liye kalyANakArI ho aura mAnava ko tRSNAjanika mAnasika evaM sAmAjika-santrAsa se mukti dilA ske| isa prakAra, ina do bhinna

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-43 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-39 saMskRtiyoM meM pArasparika samanvaya Avazyaka thaa| jainadharma meM isI prayAsa meM munidharma ke sAtha-sAtha gRhasthadharma kA bhI pratipAdana huA aura use viratAvirata arthAt AMzika rUpa se nivRtta aura AMzika rUpa se pravRtta kahA gyaa| bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI aise prayatna hote rahe haiN| pravartakadhArA ke pratinidhi hindUdharma meM samanvaya ke sabase acche udAharaNa 'IzAvAsyopaniSad aura bhagavadgItA' haiN| ina donoM graMthoM meM pravRtti aura nivRttimArga ke samanvaya kA stutya prayAsa huA hai| zramaNa-paramparA kI eka anya dhArA ke rUpa meM vikasita bauddhadharma meM to pravartaka-dhArA ke tattvoM kA itanA adhika praveza huA ki mahAyAna se tantrayAna kI yAtrA taka vaha apane mUla svarUpa se kAphI dUra ho gyaa| bhAratIya-dharmoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa-krama meM hama kAlakrama meM hue AdAna-pradAna kI upekSA nahIM kara sakate haiN| isI AdAna-pradAna ke kAraNa ye paramparAe~ eka-dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa A gii| vastutaH, bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| use hama vibhinna cAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa samajha sakate haiM, jaba taka ki usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU-dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara leN| binA usake saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna ke usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke liye na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM kA arthAt kala-purjI kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai, ataH hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhiye ki bhAratIya-saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-44 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-40 sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane deza, kAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya-saMskRti-dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatApUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina-vidyA ke zodha evaM adhyayana kA prazna hoM yA anya kisI bhAratIya-vidyA ke, hameM usakI dUsarI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika-prabhAva ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai| ___ yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya-saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika-saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiM, kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba unheM eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika-kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAe~ paraspara eka-dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika-stara para unheM eka-dUsare se pRthaka nahIM kara skte| bhAratIya-vAr3amaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika-kriyAkANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtya, zramaNoM evaM ArhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi, jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthakara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika-yuga ke prAraMbha se bhI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rhiiN| hindUdharma kI thaivadhArA aura sAMkhya-yoga paramparA mUlataH nivartaka yA zramaNa rahI hai, jo kAlakrama meM bRhad hindUdharma meM AtmasAt kara lI gaI hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-45 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-41 mohanajodar3oM aura har3appA ke utkhanana meM jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki vaidika-saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thI, jisameM tapa, dhyAna Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA prAcIna stara para yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna-pradhAna vrAtya yA zramaNa-saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| yaha nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prAraMbha hue vaidika-yuga se ye donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka-dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra-bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara-bhAva meM badala jAtA hai, jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya-zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidikadhArA meM praviSTi huI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika-karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara nae rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye graMtha vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM haiN| vaha nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidikadhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM yahA~ eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRttipradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika-karmakANDoM kI zramaNa-paramparA ke samAna AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI hai| usameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA Aja kA hindUdharma vaidika aura zramaNadhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika-karmakANDa ke virodha meM jo AvAja aupaniSidikayuga ke RSi-muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-46 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-42 mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika-karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI, to ve aupaniSidika-RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAe~ adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM hai| yajJa Adi vaidika- karmakANDoM kI navIna AdhyAtmika-dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane kA kArya aupaniSidika-RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| mahAvIra evaM buddhakAlIna jaina aura bauddha-paramparAe~ to aupaniSidika-RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gae patha para gatizIla huI haiN| ve vaidika-karmakANDa, janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hae aupaniSidika-RSiyoM ke svara ke hI mukharita rUpa haiM / jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSidika-RSiyoM kI arhat-RSiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNa-vyavasthA aura vedoM ke prAmANya se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye, kintu hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM AI ina vikRtiyoM ke parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM-na-kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gae haiN| vaidika karmakANDa aba pUjA-vidhAnoM evaM tantra-sAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNa-paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA hai aura unakI sAdhanA-paddhati kA eka aMga bana gayA hai| AdhyAtmika-vizuddhi ke liye kiye jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika-siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lagA hai| jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa-paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAe~ pradAna kI, vahIM dUsarI ora tIsarI-cauthI zatI se vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se pUjA-vidhAna aura tAntrika-sAdhanAe~ jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM praviSTi ho gii| aneka hindU deva-deviyA~ prakArAntara meM jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lie ge| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSaNiyoM evaM zAsana-devatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU-devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra haiN| aneka hindU-deviyoM, jaise- kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-47 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-43 siddhAyika, tIrthaMkaroM kI zAsana-rakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma kA aMga bana giiN| isI prakAra, zruta-devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti-pradAra ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA bhI jainadharma meM hI hone lagI aura hindU-paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika-paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina maMdiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA-vidhAna meM hindU-devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaMkaroM kA AhvAna evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjA-vidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika-parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| ina sabakI vistRta carcA Age kI gaI hai| isa prakAra, jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara pUjA-vidhi-vidhAna pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika-prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahA~ hindU paramparA meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina-paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkApuruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra, donoM dhArAe~ eka-dUsare se samanvita huii| Aja hameM unakI isa pArasparika-prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha-dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhiye, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyA~ paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko bhI myak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvA I kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca hI nahIM, apitu jaina, bauddha, hinda . sikkhoM, jo ki bRhada bhArata -paramparA ke hI aMga haiM, ke bIca bhI khAiyA~ khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA ra | hai ki jaina aura bauddhadharma na kevala svataMtra dharma hai, apitu ve vaidika-hindU-paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA, jaina aura bauddhadharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati vidroha ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa paramparAoM meM kucha mUla-bhUta praznoM ko lekara spaSTa matabheda hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina-bauddha-paramparA ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM kA, jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-48 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-44 varga ke dvArA nimna vargoM ke zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khulakara virodha | kiyA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA hai, kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM hotA, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya-cintakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina aura bauddha-cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jainadharma aura vaidika (hindU) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiM, kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai| cAhe apane mUla meM vaidika evaM zramaNa-saMskRti pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma-paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI ho, kintu Aja na to hindU-paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNataH vaidika hai aura na hI jaina-bauddha paramparA pUrNataH zramaNa / Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa-saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka pakSa abhI bhI pramukha hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ jainadharma Aja bhI nivRttipradhAna hai, vahA~ hindU-dharma pravRttipradhAna, phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita hogA ki ye donoM dharma pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya se hI nirmita hue haiN| jainadharma ke anusAra bhI bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne dIkSita hone ke pUrva pravRttimAna arthAt parivAra dharma, samAja dharma, rAjya- garma Adi kA upadeza diyA thaa| pUrva meM yaha spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai ki isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA haiM, ataH Aja jahA~ upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa-paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSidika-paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, preya aura zreya paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM, isI prakAra, nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttipradhAna vaidikadhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastutaH, koI bhI saMskRti aikAntika

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-49 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-45 nivRtti yA aikAntika-pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga hai, jaise hinduu-prmpraa| yadi aupaniSidika-dhArA ko vaidikadhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU-paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai, to phira jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA? yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI Aja hindUdharma-darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha-dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai? vastutaH, hindU koI eka dharma aura darzana na hokara, eka vyApaka paramparA kA nAma hai yA kaheM ki vaha vibhinna vaicArika evaM sAdhanAtmaka paramparAoM kA samUha hai, usameM IzvaravAda- anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, pravRtti-nivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita haiN| usameM prakRti-pUjA jaise dharma ke prAraMbhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha to usameM sanniviSTa haiN| ataH, hindU usa artha meM koI eka dharma nahIM hai, jaise yahUdI, IsAI yA musalamAna / hindU eka saMzliSTa paramparA hai, eka sAMskRtika-dhArA hai, jisameM aneka dhArAe~ samAhita haiN| ___ ataH, jaina aura bauddha-dharma ko hindU-paramparA se nitAnta bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina aura bauddha bhI usI AdhyAtmika pakSa ke anuyAyI haiM, jisake aupaniSidika-RSi the| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita-varga ke utthAna tathA janmanA jAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA, jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika-sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| unhoMne bhAratIyasamAja ko purAhita-varga ke dhArmika-zoSaNa se mukta kiyaa| ve videzI nahIM hai, isI mATI kI santAna haiM, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSidika-dhArA kisI eka hI mUla srota ke vikAsa haiM, aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| ___ bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSidika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI. jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-50 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-46 use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina-Agama, yathA- 'AcArAMga', 'sUtrakRtAMga, 'RSibhASita' aura 'uttarAdhyayana' Adi hamAre dizA-nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAegA ki jainadharma, bauddhadharma aura hindUdharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM, jo apane bhAva, zabda-yojanA aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSidika-sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| 'AcArAMga' meM Atma ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha 'mANDUkyopaniSad' se yathAvat milatA hai| AcArAMga' meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| cAhe 'AcArAMga' 'uttarAdhyayana' Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate hoM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika-patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM, jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai, jo sadAcAra kA jIvaMta pratIka hai| unameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM (. .NA-mAhaNA) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| __ isI prakAra, 'sUtrakRtAMga' meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika-mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai, kintu unake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSidika-yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA-videhanami, bAhuka ayitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdarapUrvaka ullekha bhI huA hai| sUtrakRtAMga' spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki ina RSiyoM ke AcAra niyama usakI AcAra-paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai| vaha unakA mahApuruSa aura tapodhana ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga' kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| sUtrakRtAMga meM ina RSiyoM ko mahApuruSa, tapodhana evaM siddhi prApta kahanA tathA 'uttarAdhyayana' meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina-paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura vaha mAnatI thI

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jainadharma evaM darzana-51 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-47 ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra-niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai, zarta kevala eka hI hai, usakA citta viSaya-vAsanAoM evaM rAga-dveSa se rahita aura samatA-bhAva se vAsita ho| isI sandarbha meM yahA~ 'RSibhASita' (isibhAsiyAI) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama-sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha (I.pU. cauthI zatI) hai| jaina-paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA, jaba jainadharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa, pArAzara, aruNa, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa maMkhaligozAlA, saMjaya (veliThThiputta) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko arhat-RSi, buddha-RSi yA brAhmaNa-RSi kahA gayA hai| 'RSibhASita' meM inake AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina-paramparA meM isa graMtha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSidika- RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina-paramparA kA udgama-srota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jainadharma kI dhArmika-udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya-AdhyAtmika-paramparAoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai| aupaniSidika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAe~ haiN| jisa prakAra jainadharma ke 'RSibhASita' meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha-paramparA kI 'theragAthA' meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| usameM bhI aneka aupaniSidika evaM anya zramaNaparamparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiM, jinameM eka vardhamAna (mahAvIra) bhI haiN| ye sabhI ullekha isa tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki bhAratIya-cintanadhArA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyikaabhinivezoM meM jakar3akara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM, ina dhArAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya-sAMskRtika-cintana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka-dUsare se alaga

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-52 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-48 kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyagA, to hama unheM samyaka rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho skeNge| jisa prakAra 'uttarAdhyayana', 'sUtrakRtAMga', 'RSibhASita' aura 'AcArAMga' ko samajhane ke lie aupaniSidika-sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha-sAhitya ko bhI jaina-paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA. jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika-abhinivezoM se Upara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai, jo sAmpradAyika-abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai aura bhAratIya-dharmoM kI pArasparika-prabhAvazIlatA ko spaSTa kara sakatA hai| jainadharma kA vaidikadharma ko avadAna . aupaniSidika-kAla yA mahAvIra-yuga kI sabase pramukha samasyA yaha thI ki usa yuga meM aneka paramparAe~ apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko hI pUrNa satya samajhakara paraspara eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I thiiN| usa yuga meM cAra pramukha, varga the- 1. kriyAvAdI, 2. akriyAvAdI, 3. vina' vAdI aura 4. ajnyaanvaadii| mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| prathama kriyAvAdI-dRSTikoNa AcAra ke bAhya-pakSoM para adhika bala detA thaa| vaha karmakANDaparaka thaa| bauddha-paramparA meM isa dhAraNA ko zIlavrataparAmarza kahA gayA hai| dUsarA akriyAvAda thaa| akriyAvAda ke tAttvika AdhAra yA to vibhinna niyativAdI-dRSTikoNa the yA AtmA ko kUTastha evaM akartA mAnane kI dArzanika avadhAraNA ke poSaka the| ye paramparAe~ jJAnamArga kI pratipAdaka thiiN| jahA~ kriyAvAda ke anusAra karma yA AcaraNa hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thA, vahA~ akriyAvAda ke anusAra jJAna hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thaa| kriyAvAda karmamArga kA pratipAdaka thA aura akriyAvAda jJAnamArga kA pratipAdaka / karmamArga aura jJAnamArga ke atirikta tIsarI paramparA ajJAnavAdiyoM kI thI, jo atIndriya evaM pAralaukika-mAnyatAoM ko 'ajJeya' svIkAra karatI thii| isakA darzana rahasyavAda aura sandehavAda- ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina tInoM paramparAoM ke atirikta cauthI paramparA vinayavAda kI thI, jise bhaktimArga kA prArambhika rUpa mAnA jAtA hai| vinayavAda

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-53 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-49 bhaktimArga kA hI aparanAma thaa| isa prakAra, usa yuga meM jJAnamArga, karmamArga, bhaktimArga aura aneyavAda (sandehavAda) kI paramparAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pratiSThita thiiN| mahAvIra ne apane anekAntavAdI-dRSTikoNa ke dvArA inameM samanvaya khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| sarvaprathama unhoMne samyagdarzana, samyaka-jJAna aura samyak-cAritra ke rUpa meM trividha mokSamArga kA eka aisA siddhAMta pratipAdita kiyA, jisameM jJAnavAdI, karmavAdI aura bhaktimArgI-paramparAoM kA samucita samanvaya thaa| isa prakAra, mahAvIra evaM jaina-darzana kA prathama prayAsa jJAnamArgIya, karmamArgIya, vibhinna bhaktimArgI, tApasa Adi. dRSTikoNoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karanA thaa| yadyapi 'gItA' meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga kI carcA huI hai, kintu vahA~ inameM se pratyeka ko mokSamArga mAna liyA gayA hai, jabaki jainadharma meM inake samanvita rUpa ko.mokSamArga kahA gyaa| ... jainadharma ne kevala vaidika RSiyoM dvArA pratipAdita yajJa-yAga kI paramparA kA virodha kiyA, varana zramaNa-paramparA ke deha-daNDana kI tapasyAtmaka-praNAlI kA bhI virodha kiyaa| sambhavataH, mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzva ke kAla taka dharma kA sambandha bAhya-tathyoM se hI jor3A gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki brAhmaNa varga yajJa-yAga ke kriyAkANDoM meM hI dharma kI itizrI mAna letA thaa| sambhavataH, jaina-paramparA meM mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI tIrthakara pArzvanAtha ne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM bAhya-pahalU ke sthAna para usake Antarika-pahalU para bala diyA thA aura pariNAmasvarUpa zramaNa-paramparAoM meM bhI bauddha Adi kucha dharma paramparAoM ne isa Antarika pahalU para adhika bala denA prArambha kara diyA thaa| lekina mahAvIra ke yuga taka dharma evaM sAdhanA kA yaha bAhyamukhI dRSTikoNa pUrI taraha samApta nahIM ho pAyA thA, varan brAhmaNa-paramparA meM to yajJa, zrAddhAdi ke rUpa meM vaha adhika prasAra pA gayA thaa| dUsarI ora, jina vicArakoM ne sAdhanA ke Antarika pakSa para bala denA prAraMbha kiyA thA, unhoMne usake bAhya-pakSa kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karanA prArambha kara diyA thA, pariNAmasvarUpa ve bhI eka ati kI ora jAkara ekAMgI bana ge| ataH, mahAvIra ne donoM hI pakSoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura yaha batAyA ki dharmasAdhanA kA sambandha sampUrNa jIvana

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-54 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-50 se hai| usameM AcaraNa ke bAhya-pakSa ke rUpa meM kriyA kA jo sthAna Antarika preraka kA hai| isa prakAra, unhoMne dhArmika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke preraka aura AcaraNa ke pariNAma-donoM para hI bala diyaa| unhoMne jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca samanvaya sthApita kiyaa| 'narasiMhapurANa' (61/9/11) meM bhI 'Avazyakaniyukti' (pRSTa, 15-17) ke samAna hI jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya ko aneka rUpakoM se varNita kiyA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina paramparA ke isa cintana ne hindU-paramparA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| mAnava-mAtra kI samAnatA kA udghoSa . usa yuga kI sAmAjika samasyAoM meM varNa - vyavasthA eka mahatvapUrNa samasyA thii| varNa kA AdhAra karma aura svabhAva ko chor3a janma mAna liyA gayA thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa, varNa-vyavasthA vikRta ho gayI thI aura U~ca-nIca kA bheda ho gayA thA, jisake kAraNa sAmAjika-svAsthya viSamatA ke jvara se AkrAnta thaa| jaina-vicArAdhArA ne janmanA jAtivAda kA virodha kiyA aura samasta mAnavoM kI samAnatA kA udghoSa kiyaa| eka ora usane harikezIbala jaise nimnakulotpanna ko, to dUsarI ora gautama jaise brAhmaNakulotpanna sAdhaka ko apane sAdhanA-mArga meM samAna rUpa se dIkSita kiyaa| kevala jAtigata vibheda hI nahIM, varan Arthika-vibheda bhI samAnatA kI dRSTi se jaina-vicAradhArA ke sAmane koI mUlya nahIM rakhatA, jahA~ eka ora magadha-samrATa, to dUsarI ora puNiyA jaise nirdhana zrAvaka bhI usakI dRSTi se samAna the| isa prakAra usane jAtigata yA Arthika AdhAra para U~ca-nIca kA bheda asvIkAra kara mAnava-mAtra kI samAnatA para bala diyaa| isakA prabhAva hindUdharma para bhI par3A aura usameM bhI guptakAla ke pazcAt bhaktiyuga meM varNa-vyavasthA aura brAhmaNa-varga kI zreSThatA kA virodha huaa| vaise to mahAbhArata ke racanAkAla (lagabhaga cauthI zatI) se hI yaha prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| IzvarIya-dAsatA se mukti aura mAnava kI svatantratA kA udghoSa usa yuga kI dUsarI samasyA yaha thI ki mAnavIya svatantratA kA mUlya logoM kI dRSTi se kama A~kA jAne lagA thaa| eka ora IzvaravAdI-dhArAe~,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-55 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-51 to dUsarI ora kAlavAdI evaM niyativAdI-dhAraNAe~ mAnavIya-svatantratA ko asvIkAra karane lagI thiiN| jaina-darzana ne isa kaThinAI ko samajhA aura mAnavIya-svatantratA kI punaH prANa-pratiSThA kii| usane yaha udghoSa kiyA ki na to Izvara aura na anya zaktiyA~ mAnava kI nirdhAraka haiM, varan manuSya svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA hai| isa prakAra, usane manuSya ko IzvaravAda kI usa dhAraNA se mukti dilAI, jo mAnavIya svatantratA kA apaharaNa kara rahI thI.aura yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki mAnavIya-svatantratA meM niSThA hI dharma-darzana kA saccA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| jainoM kI isa avadhAraNA kA prabhAva hindudharma para utanA adhika nahIM par3A, jitanA apekSita thA, phira bhI IzvaravAda kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava kI zreSThatA ke svara to mukharita hue hI the| rur3hivAda se mukti . - jainadharma ne rur3hivAda se bhI mAnava-jAti ko mukta kiyaa| usane usa yuga kI aneka rur3hiyoM, jaise- pazu-yajJa, zrAddha, purohita Adi se mAnava samAja ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA aura isIliye ina sabakA khulA virodha bhI kiyaa| brAhmaNa-varga ne apane ko Izvara kA pratinidhi batAkara sAmAjika-zoSaNa kA jo silasilA prArambha kiyA thA, use samApta karane ke liye jaina evaM bauddha-paramparAoM ne prayAsa kiyaa| jaina aura bauddha-AcAryoM ne sabase mahattvapUrNa kAma yaha kiyA ki unhoMne yajJAdi pratyayoM ko naI paribhASAe~ pradAna kii| yahaoN jainadharma ke dvArA prastuta brAhmaNa, yajJa Adi kI kucha naI paribhASAe~ dI jA rahI haiN| brAhmaNa kA nayA artha jaina paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA aura use hI brAhmaNatva kA AdhAra btaayaa| 'uttarAdhyayana' ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM 'dhammapada' ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai? isakA savistAra vivecana upalabdha hai| vistArabhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala eka-do padyoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma leNge| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM batAyA gayA hai ki 'jo jala

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-56 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-52 meM utpanna hue kamala ke samAna bhogoM meM utpanna hote hue bhI bhogoM meM lipta nahIM rahatA, vahIM saccA brAhmaNa hai / jo rAga, dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hokara antara meM vizuddha hai, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| 'dhammapada' meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jaise kamalapatra pAnI se alipta hotA hai, jaise Are kI noka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke bhaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta hai, jo medhAvI hai; sthitaprajJa hai, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala hai aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ca cukA hai, use hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha-donoM paramparAoM ne hI brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastutaM kI, jo zramaNa-paramparA ke anukUla thii| phalataH na kevala jaina-paramparA evaM bauddha-paramparA meM, varan hindU-paramparA, ke mahAn grantha 'mahAbhArata' meM bhI brAhmaNa kI sahI paribhASA dI gaI hai| jaina paramparA ke 'uttarAdhyayana', bauddha-paramparA ke 'dhammapada-aura 'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika-sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika-sAmyatA bhI bahuta adhika hai, jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai aura ina paramparAoM ke pArasparika-prabhAva ko spaSTa karatA hai| yajJa kA AdhyAtmika-artha jisa prakAra brAhmaNa kI naI paribhASA prastuta kI gaI, usI prakAra yajJa ko bhI eka nae artha meM paribhASita kiyA gyaa| mahAvIra ne na kevala hiMsaka yajJoM ke virodha meM apanA mantavya prastuta kiyA, varan unhoMne yajJa kI AdhyAtmika evaM tapasyAparaka naI paribhASA bhI prastuta kii| uttarAdhyayana' meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA savistAra vivecana hai| batAyA gayA hai ki "tapa agni hai, jIvAtmA agnikuNDa hai, mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI (cammaca) haiM aura karmoM (pApoM) kA naSTa karanA hI Ahuti hai, yahI yajJa saMyama se yukta hone se zAntidAyaka aura sukhakAraka hai| RSiyoM ne

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-57 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-53 aise hI yajJa kI prazaMsA kii|" phalataH, na kevala jaina-paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAoM meM bhI yajJa-yAga ke bAhya-pakSa kA khaNDana aura usake AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| buddha ne bhI AdhyAtmika-yajJa ke svarUpa kA citraNa lagabhaga usI rUpa meM kiyA hai, jisa rUpa meM usakA vivecana uttarAdhyayana meM kiyA gayA hai| 'aMguttaranikAya' meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kA varNana karate hue buddha kahate haiM ki he brAhmaNa! ye tIna agniyaoN tyAga karane aura parivartana karane ke yogya haiM, unakA sevana nahIM karanA caahiye| he brAhmaNa! ina tInoM agniyoM kA satkAra kareM, inheM sammAna pradAna kareM, inakI pUjA aura paricaryA bhalIbhA~ti sukha se kre| ye agniyA~ kauna-sI hai, AhvAnIyAgni (AhaneyAgni), gArhatyAgni (gAhavattagni) aura dakSiNAgni (dvikhtthaayyaagni)| mAM-bApa ko AhvAnIyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkAra se unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkArapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| he brAhmaNa! yaha lakar3iyoM kI agni to kabhI jalAnI par3atI hai, kabhI upekSA karanI par3atI hai aura kabhI use bujhAnI par3atI hai, kintu ye agniyA~ to sadaiva aura sarvatra pUjanIya haiN| isI prakAra, buddha ne bhI hiMsaka-yajJoM ke sthAna para yajJa ke AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjikasvarUpa ko prakaTa kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sacce yajJa kA artha sAmAjika-jIvana meM sahayoga karanA btaayaa| zramaNadhArA ke isa dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI upaniSadoM evaM gItA meM bhI yajJa-yAga kI nindA kI gayI hai aura yajJa kI sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vivecanA kI gaI hai| sAmAjika-sandarbha meM yajJa kA artha samAja-sevA mAnA gayA hai| niSkAmabhAva se samAja kI sevA. karanA 'gItA' meM yajJa kA sAmAjika-pahalU thaa| dUsarI ora, gItA meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kA vivacena bhI kiyA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai kI yogIjana saMyamarUpa agni meM zrotrAdi indriyoM kA havana karate haiM athavA indriyoM ke viSayoM kA indriyoM meM havana karate haiM, dUsare kucha sAdhaka indriyoM ke sampUrNa karmoM ko aura zarIra ke bhItara rahane vAlA vAyu jo prANa kahalAtA hai, usake saMkucita hone, 'phailane' Adi karmoM ko jJAna se prakAzita huI Atma-saMyamarUpa yogAgni meM havana karate haiN| ghRtAdi

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-58 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-54 cikanI vastu se prajjvalita huI agni kI bhA~ti viveka-vijJAna se ujjvalatA ko prApta huI (dhAraNa-dhyAna samAdhirUpa) usa Atma-saMyamayogAgni meM (prANa aura indriyoM ke karmoM ko) vilIna kara dete haiN| isa prakAra, jainadharma meM yajJa ke jisa AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usakA anumodana bauddha-paramparA aura vaidika-paramparA meM huA hai| yahI zramaNa-paramparA kA hindU-paramparA ko mukhya avadAna thaa| snAna Adi karmakANDoM ke prati AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa __ jaina vicArakoM ne bAhya-karmakANDa sambandhI vicAroM ko bhI naI dRSTi pradAna kii| bAhya zauca yA snAna, jo ki usa samayaM dharma aura upAsanA kA eka mukhya rUpa mAna liyA gayA thA, ko bhI eka nayA AdhyAtmika-svarUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM kahA gayA hai ki dharma jalAzaya hai aura brahmacarya ghATa (tIrtha) hai, usameM snAna karane se AtmA zAnta, nirmala aura zuddha ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra, bauddhadarzana meM bhI sacce snAna kA artha mana, vANI aura kAyA se sadaguNoM kA sampAdana mAnA gayA hai| na kevala jaina aura bauddha-paramparA meM, varan vaidika-paramparA meM bhI yaha vicAra prabala ho gayA ki yathArtha zuddhi AtmA ke sadguNoM ke vikAsa meM nihita hai| isa prakAra, zramaNoM ke isa cintana kA prabhAva vaidika yA hindU-paramparA para bhI huaa| ___ isI prakAra, brAhmaNoM ko dI jAne vAlI dakSiNA ke prati eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI gaI aura yaha batAyA gayA ki dAna kI apekSA, saMyama hI zreSTha hai| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM kahA gayA hai ki pratimAsa sahastroM gAyoM kA dAna karane kI apekSA bhI jo bAhya-rUpa meM dAna nahIM karatA, varan saMyama kA pAlana karatA hai, usa vyakti kA saMyama hI adhika zreSTha hai| 'dhammapada' meM hI kahA gayA hai ki eka tarapha manuSya yadi varSoM taka hajAroM kI dakSiNA dekara pratimAsa yajJa karatA jAya aura dUsarI tarapha yadi vaha puNyAtmA kI kSaNa bhara bhI sevA kare, to yaha sevA kahIM uttama hai, na ki sau varSoM taka kiyA huA yjny| isa prakAra, jainadharma ne tatkAlIna karmakANDAtmakamAnyatAoM ko eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI aura unheM AdhyAtmika-svarUpa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-59 - jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-55 diyA, sAtha hI dharma-sAdhanA kA jo bahirmukhI dRSTikoNa thA, use AdhyAtmikasaMsparza dvArA antarmukhI bnaayaa| isase usa yuga ke vaidika-cintana meM eka krAntikArI parivartana upasthita huA! isa prakAra, vaidika-saMskRti ko rUpAntarita karane kA zreya sAmAnya rUpa meM zramaNa-paramparA ko aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina-paramparA ko hai| arhat-RSi-paramparA kA sauhArdapUrNa itihAsa prAkRta-sAhitya meM 'RSibhASita' (isibhAsiyAI) aura pAli-sAhitya meM 'theragAthA' aise grantha haiM, jo isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki ati prAcInakAla meM AcAra aura vicAragata vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI arhat RSiyoM kI samRddha paramparA thI, jinameM pArasparika-sauhArda thaa| 'RSibhASita', jo ki prAkRta jaina-AgamoM aura bauddha-pAlipiTakoM meM apekSAkRta rUpa se prAcIna hai aura jo kisI samaya jaina-paramparA kA mahatvapUrNa grantha mAnA jAtA thA, yaha adhyAtmapradhAna-zramaNadhArA ke pArasparikasauhArda aura ekarUpatA ko sUcita karatA hai| yaha grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke pazcAt tathA zeSa sabhI prAkRta aura pAli-sAhitya ke pUrva I. pU. lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isa grantha meM nirgrantha, bauddha, aupaniSidika evaM AjIvaka Adi anya zramaNa-paramparAoM ke 45 arhat RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| isI prakAra, bauddha-paramparA ke grantha theragAthA meM bhI zramaNadhArA ke vibhinna RSiyoM ke upadeza evaM AdhyAtmikaanubhUtiyA~ saMkalita haiN| aitihAsika evaM anAgrahI-dRSTi se adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki na to 'RSibhAsita' (isibhAsiyAI) ke sabhI RSi jaina-paramparA ke haiM aura na theragAthA ke sabhI thera (sthavira) bauddhaparamparA ke haiM, jahA~ RSibhASita meM sAriputra, vAtsIputra (vajjIputra) aura mahAkAzyapa bauddha-paramparA ke haiM, vahIM uddAlaka, yAjJavalkya, aruNa, asitadevala, nArada, dvaipAyana, aMgirasa, bhAradvAja Adi aupaniSidika-dhArA se sambandhita haiM, to saMjaya (saMjaya velaTThiputta), maMkhalI gozAlaka, rAmaputta Adi anya svatantra zramaNa-paramparAoM se sambandhita haiN| isI prakAra, 'theragAthA' meM varddhamAna Adi jainadhArA ke, to nArada Adi aupaniSidika-dhArA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-60 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-56 ke RSiyoM kI svAnubhUti saMkalita hai| sAmAnyatayA, yaha mAnA jAtA hai . ki zramaNadhArA kA janma vaidikadhArA kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM huA, kintu isameM mAtra AMzika satyatA hai| yaha sahI hai ki vaidika-dhArA pravRttimArgI thI aura zramaNadhArA nivRttimaargii| inake bIca vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhoga aura tyAga ke jIvana mUlyoM kA saMgharSa thA, kintu aitihAsika-dRSTi se to zramaNa-dhArA kA udbhava, mAnava-vyaktitva ke parizodhana evaM naitika tathA adhyAtmika-mUlyoM ke pratisthApana kA hI prayatna the, jisameM zramaNa-brAhmaNa sabhI sahabhAgI bane the| 'RSibhASita' meM ina 'RSiyoM ko arhat kahanA aura 'sUtrakRtAMga' meM inheM apanI paramparA se sammata mAnanA, prAcInakAla meM ina RSiyoM kI paramparA ke bIca pArasparika-sauhArda kA hI sUcaka hai| nirgrantha-paramparA kA itihAsa . ___ lagabhaga I.pU. sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI kA yuga eka aisA yuga thA, jaba janamAnasa ina sabhI zramaNoM, tapasviyoM, yoga-sAdhakoM evaM cintakoM ke upadezoM ko AdarapUrvaka sunatA thA aura apane jIvana ko AdhyAtmika evaM naitika-sAdhanA se jor3atA thA, phira bhI vaha kisI varga-vizeSa se baMdhA huA nahIM thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, usa yuga meM dharma-paramparAoM yA dhArmika-sampradAyoM kA udbhava nahIM huA thaa| kramazaH ina zramaNoM, sAdhakoM evaM cintakoM ke AsapAsa ziSyoM, upAsakoM evaM zraddhAluoM kA eka vartula khar3A huaa| ziSyoM evaM praziSyoM kI paramparA calI aura unakI alaga-alaga pahacAna banane lgii| isI krama meM nirgrantha-paramparA kA udbhava huaa| jahA~ pArzva kI paramparA ke zramaNa apane ko pApitya-nirgrantha kahane lage, vahIM varddhamAna mahAvIra ke zramaNa apane ko jJAtraputrIya-nirgrantha kahane lge| siddhArtha gautama buddha kA bhikSusaMgha zAkyaputrIya-zramaNa ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lgaa| pArzva aura mahAvIra kI ekIkRta paramparA nirgrantha dhArA ke nAma se jAnI jAne lagI / niggaMTTha' zabda hameM jainadharma ke pUrva nAma ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| jaina zabda to mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa bAda

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-61 . jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-57 astitva meM AyA hai| azoka (I.pU. tRtIya zatAbdI), khAravela (I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI) Adi ke zilAlekhoM meM jainadharma kA ullekha nirgrantha-saMgha ke rUpa meM hI huA hai| pArzva evaM mahAvIra kI paramparA 'RSibhASita', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'sUtrakRtAMga' Adi se jJAta hotA hai ki pahale nirgrantha dharma meM nami, bAhuka, kapila, nArAyaNa (tArAyaNa), aMgirasa, bhAradvAja, nArada Adi RSiyoM ko bhI, jo ki vastutaH usakI paramparA ke nahIM the, atyanta sammAnapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| pArzva aura mahAvIra ke samAna inheM bhI arhat kahA gayA thA, kintu jaba nirgrantha-sampradAya pArzva aura mahAvIra ke prati kendrita hone lagA, to inheM pratyeka-buddha ke rUpa meM sammAnajanaka sthAna to diyA gayA, kintu aparokSa rUpa se apanI paramparA se pRthak mAna liyA gyaa| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki I.pU. pA~cavIM zatI meM nirgrantha saMgha pArzva aura mahAvIra kI paramparA taka sImita ho gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki prAraMbha meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ bhI pRthak-pRthak hI thiiN| yadyapi uttarAdhyayana evaM bhagavatI kI sUcanAnusAra mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI. pArzva kI paramparA ke kucha zramaNa unake vyaktitva se prabhAvita ho. unake saMgha meM sammilita hue the, kintu mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ pUrNataH ekIkRta nahIM ho skiiN| 'uttarAdhyana' meM prApta ullekha se aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt hI zrAvastI meM mahAvIra ke pradhAna ziSya gautama aura pArzvapatya-paramparA ke tatkAlIna AcArya kezI ne paraspara milakara donoM saMghoM ke ekIkaraNa kI bhUmikA taiyAra kI thii| yadyapi Aja hamAre pAsa aisA koI bhI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki pArzva kI paramparA pUrNataH mahAvIra kI paramparA meM vilIna ho gayI thI, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki pArzvapatyoM kA eka bar3A bhAga mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho gayA thA aura mahAvIra kI paramparA ne pArzva ko apanI hI paramparA ke pUrva-puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnya kara liyA thaa| pArzva ke lie 'puruSAdAnIya' zabda kA prayoga isakA pramANa hai| kAlAntara meM RSabha,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-62 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-58 nami aura ariSTanemi jaise prAgaitihAsika-kAla ke mahAn tIrthakaroM ko svIkAra karake nirgrantha-paramparA ne apane astitva ko ati prAcInakAlIna siddha kiyA hai| __vedoM evaM vaidika-paramparA ke prAcIna granthoM se itanA to nirvivAda rUpa se siddha ho jAtA hai ki vAtarasanA muniyoM evaM vrAtyoM ke rUpa meM zramaNadhArA usa yuga meM bhI jIvita thI, jisake pUrva-puruSa RSabha the, phira bhI Aja aitihAsika-AdhAra para yaha bAta kaThina hai ki RSabha kI dArzanika evaM AcAra sambandhI vistRta mAnyatAe~ kyA thIM aura ve vartamAna jaina-paramparA ke kitanI nikaTa thIM, to bhI itanA nizcita hai ki RSabha saMnyAsa mArga ke Adya-pravartaka ke rUpa meM dhyAna aura tapa para adhika bala dete the| prAcIna jaina-granthoM meM yaha to nirvivAda rUpa se mAna liyA gayA hai ki RSabha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samAna paMca mahAvrata rUpa dharma ke prastotA the aura unakI AcAra-vyavasthA mahAvIra ke anurupa hI thii| RSabha ke ullekha Rgveda se lekara purANoM taka meM upalabdha haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ne, 'yajurveda' meM RSabha ke atirikta ajita aura ariSTanemi ke nAmoM kI upalabdhi kI bAta kahI hai| hindU 'purANoM' aura 'bhAgavata' meM RSabha kA jo jIvana-caritra varNita hai, vaha jaina-paramparA ke anurUpa hai| bauddha-grantha 'aMguttaranikAya' meM pUrvakAla ke sAta tIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, usameM araka' (ara) kA bhI ullekha hai| isI prakAra, 'theragAthA' meM ajita thera kA ullekha hai, unheM pratyekabuddha kahA gayA hai, phira bhI madhyavartI 22 tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM aitihAsika-sAkSya adhika nahIM haiM, unake prati hamArI AsthA kA AdhAra jaina-Agama aura jaina-kathA-grantha hI haiN| mahAvIra aura AjIvaka paramparA ___ jainadharma ke pUrva-itihAsa kI isa saMkSipta rUparekhA dene ke pazcAt jaba hama punaH mahAvIra ke kAla kI ora Ate haiM, to 'kalpasUtra' evaM 'bhagavatI' meM kucha aise sUcanA-sUtra milate haiM, jinake AdhAra para jJAtaputra zramaNa mahAvIra ke pArzvapatyoM ke atirikta AjIvakoM ke sAtha bhI sambandhoM kI puSTi hotI hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-63 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-59 jainAgamoM aura.Agamika-vyAkhyAoM meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki mahAvIra ke dIkSita hone ke dUsare varSa meM hI maMkhalIputra gozAlaka unake nikaTa samparka meM AyA thA, kucha varSa donoM sAtha bhI rahe, kintu niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda-sambandhI matabhedoM ke kAraNa donoM alaga-alaga ho gye| haramana jekobI ne to yaha kalpanA bhI kI hai ki mahAvIra kI nirgranthaparamparA meM nagnatA Adi jo AcAra-mArga kI kaThoratA hai, vaha gozAlaka kI AjIvaka-paramparA kA prabhAva hai| yaha satya hai ki gozAlaka ke pUrva bhI AjIvakoM kI eka paramparA thI, jisameM arjuna Adi AcArya the, phira bhI aitihAsika-sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki kaThora sAdhanA kI yaha paramparA mahAvIra se AjIvaka paramparA meM kI gaI yA AjIvaka gozAlaka ke dvArA mahAvIra lI paramparA meM aaii| kyoMki isa tathya kA koI pramANa nahIM hai ki mahAvIra se alaga hone ke pazcAt gozAlaka AjIvaka-paramparA se jur3A thA yA vaha prAraMbha meM hI AjIvaka-paramparA meM dIkSita hokara mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA thA, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI ke bAda taka bhI isa AjIvaka-paramparA kA astitva rahA hai| yaha nirgranthoM evaM bauddhoM kI eka pratispardhI zramaNa-paramparA thI, jisake zramaNa bhI jainoM kI digambara-zAkhA ke samAna nagna rahate the| jaina aura AjIvaka-donoM paramparAe~ pratispardhI hokara bhI eka-dUsare ko anya paramparAoM kI apekSA adhika sammAna detI thIM, isa tathya kI puSTi hameM bauddhapiTaka-sAhitya meM upalabdha vyaktiyoM ke SaTvidha vargIkaraNa se hotI hai| vahA~ nirgranthoM ko anya paramparA ke zramaNoM se Upara aura AjIvaka-paramparA se nIce sthAna diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, AjIvakoM ke nirgrantha-saMgha se jur3ane evaM alaga hone kI yaha ghaTanA nirgrantha-paramparA kI eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA hai, sAtha hI nirgranthoM ke prati apekSAkRta udAra bhAva donoM saMghoM kI AMzika nikaTatA kA bhI sUcaka hai| nirgantha paramparA meM mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hue saMgha bheda mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM nirgrantha-saMgha kI anya mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA mahAvIra ke jAmAta kahe jAne vAle jAmAli se unakA vaicArika matabheda

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-64 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-60 honA aura jAmAli kA apane pA~ca sau ziSyoM sahita unake saMgha se alaga honA hai| 'bhagavatI', 'Avazyakaniyukti aura paravartI granthoM meM isa sambandha. meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hai| nirgrantha saMgha-bheda kI isa ghaTanA ke atirikta hameM bauddhapiTaka-sAhitya meM eka anya ghaTanA kA ullekha bhI milatA hai, jisake anusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa hote hI unake bhikSuoM evaM zveta vastradhArI zrAvakoM meM tIvra vivAda utpanna ho gyaa| nirgrantha-saMgha ke isa vivAda kI sUcanA buddha taka bhI pahu~catI hai, kintu piTaka-sAhitya meM isa vivAda ke kAraNa kyA the, usakI koI carcA nahIM hai| eka sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki yaha vivAda mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI ke prazna ko lekara huA hogaa| zvetAmbara aura digambara-paramparAoM meM mahAvIra ke prathama uttarAdhikArI ko lekara matabheda haiN| digambara-paramparA mahAvIra ke pazcAt gautama ko paTTadhara mAnatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbara-paramparA sudharmA ko| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya gautama ko nikaTa ke dUsare grAma meM kisI devazarmA brAhmaNa ko pratibodha dene hetu bhejane kI jo ghaTanA varNita hai, vaha bhI isa prasaMga meM vicAraNIya ho sakatI hai, kintu dUsarI sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki bauddhoM ne jainoM ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara sambandhI paravartI vivAda ko piTakoM ke sampAdana ke samaya mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI ghaTanA ke sAtha jor3a diyA ho / merI dRSTi meM yadi aisA koI vivAda ghaTita huA hogA, to vaha mahAvIra ke acela evaM sacela-zramaNoM ke bIca huA hogA, kyoMki pArkhApatyoM ke mahAvIra ke nirgrantha-saMgha meM praveza ke sAtha hI unake saMgha meM nagna aura savastra- aise do varga avazya hI bana gaye hoMge aura mahAvIra ne zramaNoM ke ina do vargoM ko sAmAyika-cAritra aura chedopasthApanIya-caritradhArI ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA hogaa| vivAda kA kAraNa ye donoM varga hI rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM bauddha-paramparA meM jinheM zveta vastradhArI zrAvaka kahA gayA, ve vastutaH savastra zramaNa hI hoMge, kyoMki bauddha-paramparA meM zramaNa (bhikSu) ko bhI zrAvaka kahA jAtA hai, phira bhI isa sambandha meM gambhIra cintana kI AvazyakatA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-65 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-61 mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha kI dharma prasAra-yAtrA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM unake nirgrantha-saMgha kA prabhAva kSetra bihAra evaM pUrvI uttarapradeza tathA unake AsapAsa kA pradeza hI thA, kintu mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAta ina sImAoM meM vistAra hotA gayA, phira bhI AgamoM aura niryaktiyoM kI racanA tathA jainadharma ke prArambhika-vikAsa-kAla taka uttarapradeza, hariyANA, paMjAba evaM pazcimI-rAjasthAna ke kucha bhAga taka hI nirgranthoM ke. vihAra kI anumati thii| tIrthakaroM ke kalyANa kSetra bhI yahIM taka sImita the| mAtra ariSTanemi hI aise tIrthakara haiM, jinakA sambandha zUrasena (mathurA ke AsapAsa ke pradeza) ke atirikta saurASTra se bhI dikhAyA gayA hai aura unakA nirvANa sthala giranAra parvata mAnA gayA hai, kintu AgamoM meM dvArikA aura giranAra kI jo nikaTatA varNita hai, vaha yathArtha sthiti se bhinna hai| sambhavataH, ariSTanemi aura kRSNa ke nikaTa sambandha hone ke kAraNa hI kRSNa ke sAtha-sAtha ariSTanemi kA sambandha bhI dvArikA se rahA hogaa| abhI taka isa sambandha meM aitihAsika-sAkSyoM kA abhAva hai| vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki isa dizA meM khoja kreN| ___ jo kucha aitihAsika-sAkSya mile haiM, usase aisA lagatA hai ki nirgrantha-saMgha apane janma sthala bihAra se do dizAoM meM apane pracAra abhiyAna ke lie Age bddh'aa| eka varga dakSiNa-bihAra evaM baMgAla se ur3IsA ke rAste tamilanADu gayA aura vahIM se usane zrIlaMkA aura svarNadeza (jAvA-sumAtrA Adi) kI yAtrAe~ kii| lagabhaga I.pU. dUsarI zatI meM bauddhoM ke bar3hate prabhAva ke kAraNa nirgranthoM ko zrIlaMkA se nikAla diyA gayA, phalataH ve punaH tamilanADu meM A gye| tamilanADu meM lagabhaga I.pU. prathama-dvitIya zatI se brAhmI lipi meM aneka jaina abhilekha milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke sAkSI haiM ki nirgrantha-saMgha mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga do-tIna sau varSa pazcAt hI tamila-pradezoM meM pahuMca cukA thaa| mAnyatA to yaha bhI hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu candragupta maurya ko dIkSita karake dakSiNa gaye the| yadyapi isakI aitihAsika prAmANikatA nirvivAda rUpa se siddha nahIM ho sakatI hai, kyoMki jo abhilekha ghaTanA kA ullekha karatA hai, vaha lagabhaga chaThavIM-sAtavIM zatI kA hai| Aja bhI tamila-jainoM kI vipula saMkhyA hai aura ve bhArata meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-66 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-62 jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM kI prAcInatama paramparA ke pratinidhi haiN| ye nayanAra evaM paMcamavarNI ke rUpa meM mAne jAte haiN| yadyapi bihAra, baMgAla aura ur3IsA kI prAcIna jaina-paramparA kAlakrama meM vilupta ho gayI hai, kintu sarAka jAti ke rUpa meM usa paramparA ke avazeSa Aja bhI zeSa haiN| 'sarAka' zabda zrAvaka kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai aura Aja bhI isa jAti meM rAtri bhojana aura hiMsaka-zabdoM jaise kATo, mAro Adi ke niSedha jaise kucha saMskAra zeSa haiN| upAdhyAya jJAnasAgarajI evaM kucha zvetAmbara-muniyoM ke prayatnoM se sarAka punaH jainadharma kI ora lauTe haiN| uttara aura dakSiNa ke nirgantha zramaNoM meM AcAra-bheda ___ dakSiNa meM gayA nirgrantha saMgha apane sAtha vipula prAkRta jaina-sAhitya to nahIM le jA sakatA, kyoMki usa kAla. taka jaina-sAhitya ke aneka granthoM kI racanA hI nahIM ho pAyI thii| vaha apane sAtha zruta-paramparA ke kucha dArzanika vicAroM evaM mahAvIra ke kaThora AcAra-mArga ko hI lekara calA thA, jise usane bahuta kAla taka saMrakSita rkhaa| Aja kI digambara-paramparA kA pUrvaja yahI dakSiNI acela nirgrantha saMgha hai| isa sambandha meM anya kucha mudade bhI aitihAsika-dRSTi se vicAraNIya haiN| mahAvIra ke apane yuga meM bhI unakA prabhAva kSetra mukhyatayA dakSiNa bihAra hI thA jisakA kendra rAjagRha thA, jabaki bauddhoM evaM pArkhApatyoM kA prabhAva kSetra uttarI bihAra evaM pUrvottara uttarapradeza thA, jisakA kendra zrAvastI thaa| mahAvIra ke acela nirgrantha-saMgha aura pArzvanAtha santarottara (sacela) nirgrantha-saMgha ke sammilana kI bhUmikA bhI zrAvastI meM gautama aura kezI ke netRtva meM taiyAra huI thii| mahAvIra ke sarvAdhika cAturmAsa rAjagRha nAlandA meM honA aura buddha ke zrAvastI meM honA bhI isI tathya kA pramANa hai| dakSiNa kA jalavAyu uttara kI apekSA garma thA, ataH acalatA ke paripAlana meM dakSiNa meM gaye nirgrantha-saMgha ko koI kaThinAI nahIM huI jabaki uttara ke nirgrantha-saMgha meM kucha pArzvapatyoM ke prabhAva se aura kucha ati zItala jalavAyu ke kAraNa yaha acelatA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura eka vastra rakhA jAne lgaa| svabhAva se bhI dakSiNa kI apekSA uttara ke nivAsI adhika

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-67 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-63 suvidhAvAdI hote haiN| bauddhadharma meM bhI buddha ke nirvANa ke pazcAt suvidhAoM kI mA~ga vAtsIputrIya bhikSuoM ne hI kI thI, jo uttarI tarAI-kSetra ke the| bauddhapiTaka-sAhitya meM nirgranthoM ko eka-zATaka aura AjIvakoM ko nagna kahA gayA hai| yaha bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai ki lajjA aura zIta-nivAraNa hetu uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha kama-se-kama eka vastra to rakhane laga gayA thaa| mathurA meM IsvI san prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kI jaina-zramaNoM kI jo mUrtiyA~ upalabdha huI hai, unameM sabhI meM zramaNoM ko kambala jaise eka vastra se yukta dikhAyA gayA hai| ve sAmAnyatayA nagna rahate the, kintu bhikSA yA janasamAja meM jAte samaya vaha vastra yA kambala hAtha para DAlakara apanI nagnatA chipA lete the aura ati zIta Adi kI sthiti meM use oDha bhI lete the| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha ke AThaveM adhyayana meM acela-zramaNoM ke sAtha-sAtha eka, do aura tIna vastra rakhane vAle zramaNoM kA ullekha hai| .. yaha sunizcita hai ki mahAvIra binA kisI pAtra ke dIkSita hue the| 'AcArAMga' se upalabdha sUcanA ke anusAra pahale to ve gRhI-pAtra kA upayoga kara lete the, kintu bAda meM unhoMne isakA bhI tyAga kara diyA aura pANipAtra ho gaye arthAt hAtha meM hI bhikSA grahaNa karane lge| sacitta jala kA prayoga niSiddha hone se sambhavataH sarvaprathama nirgrantha-saMgha meM zauca ke lie jalapAtra kA grahaNa kiyA gayA hogA, kintu bhikSuoM kI bar3hatI huI saMkhyA aura eka hI ghara se pratyeka bhikSu ko peTa bhara bhojana na mila pAne ke kAraNa Age calakara bhikSA hetu bhI pAtra kA upayoga prArambha ho gayA hogaa| isake atirikta, bImAra aura ativRddha bhikSuoM kI paricaryA ke lie bhI pAtra meM AhAra lAne aura grahaNa karane kI paramparA pracalita ho gaI hogii| mathurA meM IsA. kI prathama-dvitIya zatI kI eka jaina-zramaNa kI pratimA milI hai, jo apane hAtha meM eka pAtrayukta jholI aura dUsare meM pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) lie hue hai| isa jholI kA svarUpa Aja zvetAmbara-paramparA meM vizeSa rUpa se sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparA meM pracalita jholI ke samAna hai| yadyapi mathurA ke aMkanoM meM hAtha meM khulA pAtra bhI pradarzita hai| isake atirikta, mathurA ke aMkana meM muniyoM evaM sAdhviyoM ke hAtha meM mukhavastrikA (mu~ha-patti) aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) ke aMkana upalabdha hote haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-68 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-64 pratilekhana ke aMkana digambara-paramparA meM pracalita mayUrapicchi aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita rajoharaNa donoM hI AkAroM meM milate haiN| yadyapi spaSTa sAhityika aura purAtAttvika sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ve pratilekhana mayUrapicchi ke bane hote the yA anya kisI vastu ke| digambara-paramparA meM mAnya yApanIya-grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM pratilekhana (paDilehaNa) aura usake guNoM kA to varNana hai, kintu yaha spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki ve kisa vastu ke bane hote the| isa prakAra, IsA kI prathama zatI ke pUrva uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra, pAtra, jholI, mukhavastrikA aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) kA pracalana thaa| sAmAnyatayA, muni nagna hI rahate the aura sAdhviyA~ sAr3I pahanatI thiiN| muni vastra kA upayoga vizeSa paristhiti meM mAtra zIta evaM lajjA-nivAraNa hetu karate the| muniyoM ke dvArA sadaiva vastra dhAraNa kiye rahane kI paramparA nahIM thii| isI prakAra, aMkanoM meM mukhavastrikA bhI hAtha meM hI pradarzita hai, na ki vartamAna sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI-paramparAoM ke anurUpa mukha para baMdhI huI dikhAI gaI hai| prAcIna stara ke zvetAmbara-Agama-grantha bhI unhIM tathyoM kI puSTi karate haiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM muni ke jina 14 upakaraNoM kA ullekha milA hai, ve sambhavataH IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI taka nizcita ho gaye the| mahAvIra ke pazcAt nirgantha saMgha meM hue saMghabheda mahAvIra ke nirvANa aura mathurA ke aMkana ke bIca lagabhaga pA~ca sau varSoM ke itihAsa se hameM jo mahatvapUrNa sUcanAe~ milatI haiM, ve nivoM ke dArzanika evaM vaicArika matabhedoM evaM saMgha ke vibhinna gaNoM, zAkhAoM, kuloM evaM sambhogoM meM vibhakta hone se sambandhita haiN| 'Avazyakaniyukti sAta nivoM kA ullekha karatI hai, inameM se jAmAli aura tiSyagupta to mahAvIra ke samaya meM hue the, zeSa paoNca ASAr3habhUti, azvAmitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSTamahila mahAvIra-nirvANa ke pazcAt 214 varSa se 584 varSa ke bIca hue| ve niva kinhIM dArzanika-praznoM para nirgrantha-saMgha kI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM se matabheda rakhate the, kintu inake dvArA nirgrantha-saMgha meM kisI navIna

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-69 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-65 sampradAya kI utpatti huI ho, aisI koI bhI sUcanA upalabdha nahIM hotii| isa kAla meM nirgrantha-saMgha meM gaNa aura zAkhA-bheda bhI hue, kintu ve kina dArzanika evaM AcAra-sambandhI matabheda ko lekara hue the, yaha jJAta nahIM hotA hai| merI dRSTi meM vyavasthAgata suvidhAoM evaM ziSya-praziSyoM kI paramparAoM ko lekara hI ye gaNa yA zAkhA-bheda hue hoNge| yadyapi 'kalpasUtra' sthaviraktI meM SaDaluka rohagupta se trairAzika zAkhA nikalane kA ullekha huA hai| rohagupta trairAzika-mata ke pravaktA eka nisava mAne gaye haiN| ataH, yaha spaSTa hai ki ina gaNoM evaM zAkhAoM meM kucha mAnyatA-bheda bhI rahe hoMge, kintu Aja hamAre pAsa yaha jAnane kA koI sAdhana nahIM hai| ___'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI tuMgIyayana-gotrIya Arya yazobhadra ke do ziSyoM mADhara gotrIya sambhUtivijaya aura prAcI (paurvAtya)-gotrIya bhadrabAhu kA ullekha karatI haiN| 'kalpasUtra meM gaNoM aura zAkhAoM kI utpatti batAI gaI hai, jo eka ora Arya bhadrabAhu ke ziSya kAzyapa-gotrIya godAsa se evaM dUsarI ora sthUlibhadra ke ziSya-praziSyoM se prArambha hotI hai| godAsa se godAsagaNa kI utpatti huI aura usakI cAra zAkhAe~ tAmraliptikA, koTivarSIyA, pauNDravarddhanikA aura dasakaTikA nikalI haiN| isake pazcAt, bhadrabAha kI paramparA kaise Age bar3hI, isa sambandha meM "kalpasUtra kI sthAvirAvalI meM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| ina zAkhAoM ke nAmoM se bhI aisA lagatA hai ki bhadrabAhu kI ziSya-paramparA baMgAla aura ur3IsA se dakSiNa kI ora calI gaI hogii| dakSiNa meM godAsagaNa kA eka abhilekha bhI milA hai| ataH, yaha mAnyatA samucita hI hai ki bhadrabAha kI paramparA se hI Age calakara dakSiNa kI acelaka-nirgrantha-paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| zvetAmbara-paramparA pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya bhadrabAhu ke nepAla meM hone kA ullekha karatI hai, jabaki digambara-paramparA candragupta maurya ko dIkSita karake unake dakSiNa jAne kA ullekha karatI hai| sambhava hai ki ve apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM uttara se dakSiNa cale gaye hoN| uttarabhArata ke nirgrantha-saMgha kI paramparA sambhUtivijaya ke praziSya sthUlibhadra ke ziSyoM se Age bddh'ii| 'kalpasUtra' meM varNita godAsagaNa aura usakI uparyukta cAra zAkhAoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-70 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-66 kA sambandha sthUlibhadra kI ziSya-praziSya paramparA se hI hai| isI prakAra, dakSiNa kA acela nirgrantha-saMgha bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se aura uttara kA sacela-nirgrantha saMgha sthUlibhadra kI paramparA se vikasita huaa| isa saMgha meM balissahagaNa, uddhehagaNa, koTikagaNa, cAraNagaNa, mAnavagaNa, vesavADiyaMgaNa, uDDavADiyagaNa Adi pramukha gaNa the| ina gaNoM kI aneka zAkhAe~ evaM kula the| 'kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI ina sabakA ullekha to karatI hai, kintu isake antima bhAga meM mAtra koTikagaNa kI vajI zAkhA kI AcArya-paramparA dI gaI hai, jo devarddhikSamAzramaNa (vIra nirvANa saM. 180) taka jAtI hai| sthUlabhadra ke ziSya-praziSyoM kI paramparA meM udbhUta jina vibhinna gaNoM, zAkhAoM evaM kuloM kI sUcanA hameM 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI se milatI hai, usakI puSTi mathurA ke abhilekhoM se ho jAtI hai, jo 'kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI kI prAmANikatA ko siddha karatI hai| digambara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa se lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa pazcAt taka kI jo paTTAvalI upalabdha hai, eka to vaha paryApta paravartI hai, dUsarI bhadrabAhu ke nAma ke atirikta usakI puSTi kA prAcIna sAhityika aura abhilekhIya koI sAkSya nahIM hai| bhadrabAhu ke sambandha meM bhI jo sAkSya haiM, ve paryApta paravartI haiN| ataH, aitihAsika-dRSTi se unakI prAmANikatA para praznacihna lagAye jA sakate haiN| mahAvIra ke nirvANa se IsA kI prathama evaM dvitIya zatAbdI taka ke jo mahatvapUrNa parivartana uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha-saMgha meM hue, unheM samajhane ke lie arddhamAgadhI-AgamoM ke atirikta mathurA kA zilpa evaM abhilekha hamArI bahuta-adhika madada karate haiN| mathurA-zilpa kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki tIrthakara-pratimAe~ nagna haiM, muni nagna hokara bhI vastra (kambala) se apanI nagnatA chipAye hue haiN| vastra ke atirikta pAtra, jholI, mukhavastrikA aura pratilekhana bhI muni ke upakaraNoM meM samAhita haiN| muniyoM ke nAma, gaNa, zAkhA, kula Adi zvetAmbara paramparA ke 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI se milate haiN| isa prakAra, ye zvetAmbara paramparA kI pUrva sthiti ke sUcaka haiN| jainadharma meM tIrthakara-pratimAoM ke atirikta stUpa ke nirmANa kI paramparA bhI thI, yaha bhI mathurA ke zilpa se siddha ho jAtA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-71 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-67 yApanIya yA boTika-saMgha kA udbhava IsA kI dvitIya zatI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke cha: sau nau varSa pazcAt uttara bhArata nirgrantha-saMgha meM vibhAjana kI eka anya ghaTanA ghaTita huI, phalataH uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha-saMgha sacela evaM acela aise do bhAgoM meM ba~Ta gyaa| pApityoM ke prabhAva se ApavAdika rUpa meM evaM zItAdi ke nivAraNArtha gRhIta hue vastra, pAtra Adi jaba muni kI aparihArya upadhi banane lage, to parigraha kI isa bar3hatI huI pravRtti ko rokane ke prazna para Arya kRSNa aura Arya zivabhUti meM matabheda ho gyaa| Arya kRSNa jinakalpa kA uccheda batAkara gRhIta vastra-pAtra ko municaryA kA aparihArya aMga mAnane lage, jabaki Arya zivabhUti ne isake tyAga aura jinakalpa ke AcaraNa para bala diyaa| unakA kahanA thA ki samartha ke liye jinakalpa kA niSedha nahIM mAnanA caahie| vastra, pAtra kA grahaNa apavAda-mArga hai, utsarga-mArga to acelatA hI hai| Arya zivabhUti kI uttara bhArata kI isa acela paramparA. ko zvetAmbaroM ne boTika (bhraSTa) kahA, kintu Age calakara yaha paramparA yApUnIya ke nAma se hI adhika prasiddha hii| gopAMcala meM vikasita hone ke kAraNa yaha . gopyasaMgha nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI thii| : 'SaTdarzanasamuccaya' kI TIkA meM guNaratna ne gopyasaMgha evaM yApanIya-saMgha ko paryAyavAcI batAyA hai| yApanIya-saMgha kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki eka ora yaha zvetAmbara-paramparA ke samAna 'AcArAMga', 'sUtrakRtAMga', uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika' Adi arddhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ko mAnya karatA thA, jo ki use uttarAdhikAra meM hI prApta huA thA, sAtha hI vaha sacela, strI aura anyatairthikoM kI mukti ko svIkAra karatA thaa| Agama sAhitya ke vastra-pAtra sambandhI ullekhoM ko vaha sAdhviyoM evaM ApavAdika sthiti meM muniyoM se sambandhita mAnatA thA, kintu dUsarI ora vaha digambara-paramparA ke samAna vastra aura pAtra kA niSedha kara muni kI nagnatA para bala detA thaa| yApanIya muni nagna rahate the aura pANitalabhojI (hAtha meM bhojana karane vAle) hote the| inake AcAryoM ne uttarAdhikAra meM prApta AgamoM se gAthAyeM lekara zaurasenI-prAkRta meM aneka grantha bnaaye| inameM 'kaSAyaprAbhRta', 'SaTkhaNDAgama', - 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', 'mUlAcAra' Adi prasiddha haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-72 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-68 . dakSiNa bhArata meM acela-nirgrantha-paramparA kA itihAsa IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka andhakAra meM hI hai| isa sambandha meM hameM na to vizeSa sAhityika-sAkSya hI milate haiM aura na abhilekhIya hii| yadyapi isa kAla ke kucha pUrva ke brAhmI lipi ke aneka guphA-abhilekha tamilanADu meM pAye jAte haiM, kintu ve zramaNoM yA nirmAtA ke nAma ke atirikta koI jAnakArI nahIM dete| tamilanADu meM abhilekhayukta jo guphAyeM haiM, ve sambhavataH nirgrantha ke samAdhimaraNa karane ke sthala rahe hoNge| saMgam-yuga ke tamila-sAhitya se itanA avazya jJAta hotA hai ki jaina-zramaNoM ne bhI tamila-bhASA ke vikAsa aura samRddhi meM apanA yogadAna diyA thaa| tirUkurala ke jainAcAryakRta hone kI bhI eka mAnyatA hai| IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM tamila deza kA yaha nirgrantha-saMgha karNATaka ke rAste uttara kI ora bar3hA, udhara uttara kA nirgrantha-saMgha sacela (zvetAmbara) aura acelaka (yApanIya) ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hokara dakSiNa meM gyaa| sacela-zvetAmbaraparamparA rAjasthAna, gujarAta evaM pazcimI-mahArASTra hotI huI uttara-karnATaka pahu~cI to acela yApanIya paramparA bundelakhaNDa evaM vidizA hokara viMdhya aura satapur3A ko pAra karatI huI pUrvI-mahArASTra se hokara uttarI-karnATaka phuNcii| IsA kI pA~cavI zatI meM uttarI-karnATaka meM mRgezavarmA ke jo abhilekha mile haiM, unase usa kAla meM jainoM ke paoNca saMghoM ke astitva kI sUcanA milatI hai- 1. nirgrantha-saMgha, 2. mUla-saMgha, 3. yApanIya-saMgha, 4. kucarka-saMgha aura, 5. zvetapaTa mhaashrmnn-sNgh| isI kAla meM pUrvottara bhArata meM vaTagohalI se prApta tAmrapatra meM paMcastUpAnvaya ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| isa yuga kA zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa-saMgha aneka kuloM evaM zAkhAoM meM vibhakta thA, jisakA sampUrNa vivaraNa kalpasUtra evaM mathurA ke abhilekhoM se prApta hotA hai| __ mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI taka eka hajAra varSa kI isa sudIrgha avadhi meM arddhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya kA nirmANa evaM saMkalana hotA rahA hai| ataH, Aja hameM jo Agama upalabdha haiM, ve na to eka vyakti kI racanA haiM aura na eka kAla kii| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, eka hI Agama meM vividha kAloM kI sAmagrI saMkalita hai| isa avadhi

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-73 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-69 meM sarvaprathama-I.pU. tIsarI zatI meM pATalIputra meM prathama vAcanA huI, sambhavataH isa vAcanA meM aMgasUtroM evaM pArzvapatya-paramparA ke pUrva-sAhitya ke graMthoM kA saMkalana huaa| pUrva-sAhitya ke saMkalana kA prazna isalie mahatvapUrNa bana gayA thA ki pArzvapatya-paramparA lupta hone lagI thii| isake pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM samAnAntara vAcanAe~ huIM, jinameM aMga, upAMga Adi Agama saMkalita hue| isake pazcAt vIra nirvANa 980 arthAta I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI meM vallabhI meM devarddhikSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM antima vAcanA huii| vartamAna Agama isI vAcanA kA pariNAma hai, phira bhI devarddhi ina AgamoM ke sampAdaka hI haiM, racanAkAra nhiiN| unhoMne mAtra graMthoM ko suvyavasthita kiyaa| ina granthoM kI sAmagrI to unake pahale kI hai| arddhamAgadhI-AgamoM meM jahA~ 'AcArAMga' evaM 'sUtrakRtAMga' ke prathama zrutaskaMdha, 'RSibhASita', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika' Adi prAcIna stara ke, arthAt I.pU. ke grantha haiM, vahIM samavAyAMga, vartamAna 'prazna vyApakaraNa' Adi paryApta paravartI arthAt lagabhaga I.sa. kI pA~cavIM zatI ke haiN| 'sthAnAMga', 'aMtakRtadazA', 'jJAtAdharmakathA aura bhagavatI kA kucha aMza prAcIna I.pU. kA hai, to kucha paryApta paravartI hai| upAMga sAhitya meM apekSAkRta rUpa meM sUryaprajJapi' rAjapraznIya' 'prajJApanA' prAcIna hai| upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI cheda-sUtroM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| isI prakAra prakIrNa sAhitya meM aneka graMtha aise haiM, jo kucha aMgoM aura upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hai| phira bhI sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ko antima rUpa lagabhaga I.san kI chaThI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM milA, yadyapi isake bAda bhI isameM kucha prakSepa aura parivartana hue haiN| IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt se dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka mukhyataH Agamika-vyAkhyA sAhitya ke rUpa meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI aura TIkAe~ likhI gaI, yadyapi kucha niyuktiyA~ prAcIna bhI haiN| isa kAla meM ina Agamika-vyAkhyAoM ke atirikta svataMtra grantha bhI likhe gye| isa kAla ke prasiddha AcAryoM meM siddhasena, jinabhadragaNi, zivArya, vaTTakera, kundakunda, akalaMka, samantabhadra, vidyAnanda, jinasena, svayambhU, haribhadra, siddharSi, zIlAMka, abhayadeva Adi pramukha haiN| digambaroM meM tattvArtha kI vividha TIkAoM aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-74 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-70 purANoM ke racanAkAla kA bhI yahI yuga hai| nirgrantha-paramparA meM vikRtiyoM kA praveza (a) hindU varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA jainadharma para prabhAva / __ mUlataH zramaNa-paramparA aura jainadharma hindU-varNa-vyavasthA ke viruddha khar3e hue the, kintu kAlakrama meM bRhad hindU samAja ke prabhAva se usameM bhI varNa evaM jAti-sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ praviSTa ho gii| jaina-paramparA meM jAti aura varNa-vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika-vikAsa. kA vivaraNa sarvaprathama 'AcArAMganiyukti' (lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI) meM prApta hotA hai| isake anusAra, prArambha meM manuSya-jAti eka hI thii| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho huye- 1. zAsaka (svAmI) 2. zAsita (sevaka), usake pazcAt zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hae- 1. kSatriya (zAsaka), 2. vaizya (kRSaka aura vyavasAyI) aura 3. zUdra (sevk)| usake pazyAt zrAvaka-dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) kahA gyaa| isa prakAra, kramazaH cAra varNa astitva meM aae| ina cAra varNoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma-saMyoga se solaha varNa baneM, jinameM sAta varNa aura nau antara varNa khlaae| sAta varNa meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga ke utpanna, kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, aise anuloma saMyoga se utpanna tIna varNa / 'AcArAMgacUrNi' (IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki 'brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se jo santAna utpanna hotI hai, vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA~ varNa hai| isI prakAra, kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThavA~ varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra-strI ke saMyoga se utpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkara zUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai| punaH, anuloma aura pratiloma-sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita nau antara-varNa bne|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-75 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-71 brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya puruSa aura zudra strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa huA, brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdra strI se niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna huA, zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA, zUdra puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' (khannA) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vedeha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa huA aura zudra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'cANDAla' nAmaka solahavAM varNa huaa| isake pazcAta ina solaha vargoM meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloma-saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM aaii| . uparyukta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jainadharma ke AcAryoM ne bhI kAla-krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU-paramparA kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika-sammAna banAye rakhane ke lie hindU-varNa evaM jAti-vyavasthA ko isa prakAra AtmasAta kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha prAyaH samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki Adi brahmA RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM (kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra) kI sRSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo kSatriya aura vaizya-varNa kI sevA karate haiM, ve zUdra haiN| inake do bheda haiM- kAru aura akAru / punaH, kAru ke bhI do bheda haiM- spRzya aura aspRzya / dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zUdra hai aura cANDAla Adi, jo nagara ke bAhara rahate haiM, ve aspRzya zUdra hai| (AdipurANa', 16/184/186) zUdroM ke kAru aura akAru tathA spRzya aura aspRzya- ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala purANakAla meM jinasena ne kiye haiN| unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina-AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai, kintu hindU-samAja-vyavasthA se prabhAvita hone ke bAda ke jaina-AcAryoM ne ise prAyaH mAnya kiyaa| 'SaTprAbhRta' ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA kI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-76 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-72 hai| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAt kSullakadIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dI aura zUdra kI muni-dIkSA eka jinamandira meM praveza kA bhI niSedha kara diyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga' (3/202) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napusaMka kI muni-dIkSA kA niSedha thA, kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM ne cANDAlAdi jAti-juMgita aura vyAghAdi karmajuMgita logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara diyA / yadyapi yaha saba jainadharma kI mUla paramparA ke to viruddha hI thA, phira bhI hindU-paramparA ke prabhAva se ise mAnya kara liyA gyaa| sthiti yahA~ taka pahuMcI ki eka hI jaina dharma ke anuyAyI jAtIya-bheda ke AdhAra para dUsarI jAti kA chuA huA khAne meM, unheM sAtha biThAkara bhojana karane meM Apatti karane lge| zUdra-jala kA tyAga eka Avazyaka kartavya ho gayA aura zUdroM kA jina-maMdira meM praveza niSiddha kara diyA gyaa| zvetAmbara zAkhA kI eka paramparA meM kevala osavAla ko AcAryapada dene kI avadhAraNA vikasita ho gii| __isI prakAra, jahA~ prAcIna stara kI jaina-paramparA kI cAroM hI varNoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina pUjA karane, zrAvakadharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the, vahIM sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni dIkSA aura mokSa prApti hetuM ayogya maanaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, 'sthAnAMga' meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai, kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti-jaMgita jaise- cANDAla Adi aura karma-juMgita jaise-kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gayA, kintu yaha bRhatara hindU-paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA, jo ki jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thaa| jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika-pratiSThA ko banAe rakhane hetu mAnya kiyA, kyoMki AgamoM meM harikezabala, metArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-77 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-73 (ba) jainadharma meM mUrtipUjA tathA ADambarayukta karmakANDa kA praveza yadyapi jaina dharma meM mUrti aura maMdira nirmANa kI paramparA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga sau varSa pazcAt nandoM ke kAla se prArambha ho gaI thii| har3appA se prApta eka nagna kabandha jaina hai yA nahIM, yaha nirNaya kara pAnA kaThina hai, kintu lohAnIpura paTanA se prApta mauryakAlIna jina-pratimA isa tathya kA saMketa hai ki jaina dharma meM mUrti-upAsanA kI paramparA rahI hai| tathApi usameM yaha saba apanI sahavartI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se AyA hai| karmakANDa aura AdhyAtmika-sAdhanAe~ pratyeka dharma ke anivArya aMga haiN| karmakANDa usakA zarIra hai aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanA usakA prANa / bhAratIya-dharmoM meM prAcInakAla se hI hameM ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI haiN| jahA~ pAramparika vaidika paramparA karma-kANDAtmaka adhika rahI hai, vahA~ prAcIna zramaNa-paramparAe~ sAdhanAtmaka adhika rahI hai| phira bhI ina donoM pravRttiyoM ko eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA pRthak rakha pAnA kaThina hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika-sAdhanA ke jo vidhi-vidhAna bane the, ve bhI dhIre-dhIre karmakANDa ke rUpa meM hI vikasita hote gye| aneka Antarika evaM bAhya-sAkSyoM se yaha sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki inameM adhikAMza karmakANDa vaidika yA brAhmaNa-paramparA athavA dUsarI * anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se Aye haiN| jaina-paramparA mUlataH zramaNa-paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai aura isalie yaha apane prArambhika rUpa meM karmakANDa kI virodhI evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA pradhAna rahI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, 'uttarAdhyayana' jaise prAcIna jaina-granthoM meM snAna, havana, yajJa Adi karmakANDoM ke virodha se bhI yahI parilakSita hotA hai| jaisA hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM ki uttarAdhyayana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usane dharma ke nAma para kiye jAne vAle ina karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ko eka AdhyAtmika rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| tatkAlIna brAhmaNa-varga ne yajJa, zrAddha aura tarpaNa ke nAma para karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika-zoSaNa kI jo prakriyA prArambha kI thI, jaina-paramparA ne usakA khulA virodha kiyA thaa| vastutaH, vaidika karmakANDa kI virodhI janajAtiyoM evaM bhaktimArgI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-78 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-74 paramparAoM meM dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM pUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa huA aura zramaNa paramparA meM tapasyA aura dhyAna kaa| samAja meM yakSa-pUjA ke prAcInatama ullekha jainAgamoM meM upalabdha haiN| janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita bhaktimArgI-dhArA kA prabhAva jaina aura bauddha-dharmoM para bhI par3A aura unameM tapa, saMyama evaM dhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha jina evaM buddha kI pUjA kI bhAvanA vikasita huii| pariNAmataH, prathama stUpa, caitya Adi ke rUpa meM pratIka-pUjA prArambha huI, phira siddhAyatana (jina-mandira) Adi bane aura buddha evaM jinapratimA kI pUjA hone lagI, pariNAmasvarUpa, jina-pUjA, dAna Adi ko gRhastha kA mukhya karttavya mAnA gyaa| digambara-paramparA meM to gRhastha ke lie prAcIna SaDAvazyakoM ke sthAna para SaT dainika kRtyoM jina-pUjA, guru-sevA, svAdhyAya, tapa, saMyama evaM dAna kI kalpanA kI gii| hameM 'AcArAMga', 'sUtrakRtAMga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'bhagavatI' Adi prAcIna AgamoM meM jina-pUjA kI vidhi kA inakI apekSA paravartI AgamoM 'sthAnAMga' Adi meM jina-pratimA evaM jina-maMdira (siddhAyatana) ke ullekha haiM, kintu unameM pUjA-sambandhI kisI anuSThAna kI carcA nahIM hai, jabaki 'rAjapraznIya' meM sUryAbhadeva aura 'jJAtAdharmakathA' meM draupadI ke dvArA jina-pratimAoM ke pUjana ke ullekha haiN| yaha saba bRhad hindU-paramparA kA jaina dharma para prabhAva hai| ___ 'harivaMzapurANa' meM jinasena ne jala, candana, akSata, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa aura naivaidya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa ullekha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA krama yathAvat nahIM hai aura na jala kA pRthak nirdeza hI hai| smaraNa rahe ki pratimA-prakSAlana kI prakriyA kA agrima vikAsa abhiSeka hai, jo apekSAkRta aura bhI paravartI 'padmapurANa', 'paMcaviMzati' (padmanandikRta), 'AdipurANa', 'harivaMzapurANa', 'vasunandi zrAvakAcAra' Adi granthoM se aSTadravyoM kA phalAdeza bhI jJAta hotA hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane se aihika aura pAralaukika-abhyudayoM kI prApti hotI hai| 'bhAvasaMgrahaTa meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA pRthak-pRthak phalAdeza batAyA gayA hai| ___DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI dvArA prastuta vivaraNa hindU-paramparA ke prabhAva se digambara-paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM ke kramika vikAsa ko spaSTa kara detA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-79 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-75 zvetAmbara-paramparA meM hinduoM kI paMcopacArI-pUjA se aSTaprakArI-pUjA aura usI se satraha-bhedI pUjA vikasita huii| yaha sarvopacArI yA satrahabhedI pUjI vaiSNavoM kI SoDazopacArI-pUjA kA hI rUpa hai aura bahuta-kucha rUpa meM isakA ullekha 'rAjapraznIya' meM upalabdha hai| isa samagra carcA meM hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM sarvaprathama dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM SaDAvazyakoM kA vikAsa huaa| unhIM SaDAvazyakoM meM stavana yA guNa-stuti kA sthAna thA, usI se Age calakara bhAvapUjA pracalita huI aura phira dravyapUjA kI kalpanA sAmane AI, kintu dravyapUjA kA vidhAna kevala zrAvakoM ke lie huaa| tatpazcAt, zvetAmbara aura digambara-donoM paramparAoM meM jina-pUjA-sambandhI jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kA jo vistAra huA, vaha saba brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva thaa| Age calakara, jina-mandira ke nirmANa evaM jinabimboM kI pratiSThA ke sambandha meM hinduoM kA anusaraNa karake aneka prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAna bneN| paM. phUlacaMdajI siddhAntazAstrI ne 'jJAnapITha pUjAMjali' kI bhUmikA meM aura DaoN. nemicandajI zAstrI ne apane eka lekha 'puSpakarma-devapUjAH vikAsa evaM vidhi', jo unakI pustakaM 'bhAratIya-saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina vAGmaya kA avadAna' (prathama khaNDa), pR. 371 para prakAzita hai, meM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM kA kramazaH vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi puSpa-pUjA prAcInakAla se hI pracalita hai, phira bhI yaha jaina-paramparA ke Atyantika-ahiMsA-siddhAnta se mela nahIM khAtI hai| eka ora to pUjA-vidhAna kA pATha, jisameM hone vAlI ekendriya-jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta ho aura dUsarI ora puSpa, jo svayaM ekendriya-jIva hai, unheM jina-pratimA ko samarpita karanA kahA~ taka saMgatipUrNa ho sakatA hai| vaha prAyazcitta pATha nimnalikhita hai IyApathe pracalatAm mayA pramAdAt, ekendriyprmukhjiivnikaaybaadhaa| nivartitA yadi bhaveva yugAntarekSA, mithyA tadastu duritaM gurubhaktito me|| smaraNIya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavandana meM bhI 'iriyAvihiM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-80 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-76 virAhanAye' nAmaka pATha bolA jAtA hai, jisakA tAtparya hai- 'maiM caityavandana ke lie jAne meM huI ekendriya-jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta karatA huuN| dUsarI ora, pUjA-vidhAnoM meM evaM homoM meM pRthvI, vAyu, apa, agni aura vanaspatikAyika ekendriya-jIvoM kI hiMsA kA vidhAna, eka AntarikaasaMgati to hai hii| sambhavataH, hindU dharma ke prabhAva se IsA kI chaThavIM-sAtavIM zatAbdI taka jaina dharma meM pUjA-pratiSThA-sambandhI aneka karmakANDoM kA praveza ho gayA thA, yahI kAraNa hai ki AThavIM zatI meM haribhadra ko. inameM se aneka kA muniyoM ke lie niSedha karanA pdd'aa| haribhadra ne 'sambodhanaprakaraNa' meM caityoM meM nivAsa, jina-pratimA kI dravya-pUjA, jina-pratimA ke samakSa nRtya, gAna, nATaka Adi kA jainamuni ke lie niSedha kiyA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne usI grantha meM dravya-pUjA ko azuddha pUjA bhI kahA hai|' sAmAnyataH jaina-paramparA meM tapapradhAna anuSThAnoM kA sambandha karmamala ko dUra kara manuSya ke AdhyAtmika-guNoM kA vikAsa aura pAzavika-AvegoM kA niyantraNa rahA hai| jina-bhakti aura jina-pUjA-sambandhI anuSThAnoM kA uddezya bhI laukika-upalabdhiyoM evaM vighna-bAdhAoM kA upazamana na hokara vyakti kA apanA AdhyAtmika-vikAsa hI hai| jaina-sAdhaka spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai ki prabhu kI pUjA aura stuti kevala bhakta ke sva-svarUpa yA nija guNoM kI upalabdhi ke lie hai| jaina-paramparA kA udghoSa hai- 'vande tadguNa labdhaye', arthAt vandana kA uddezya paramparA ke guNoM kI upalabdhi hai| jinadeva kI evaM hamArI AtmA tatvataH samAna hai, ataH vItarAga ke guNoM kI upalabdhi kA artha haisvarUpa kI upalabdhi / isa prakAra, jaina-anuSThAna mUlataH Atmavizuddhi aura svarUpa kI upalabdhi ke lie haiN| jaina-anuSThAnoM meM jina gAthAoM yA mantroM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, unameM bhI adhikAMzataH to pUjanIya ke svarUpa kA hI bodha karAte haiM athavA Atma ke lie patanakArI-pravRttiyoM kA anusmaraNa karAkara unase mukta hone kI preraNA dete haiN| __ yadyapi jaina-anuSThAnoM kI mUla prakRti adhyAtmaparaka hai, kintu manuSya kI yaha eka svAbhAvika kamajorI hai ki vaha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhautikasukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai, sAtha hI unakI upalabdhi meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-81 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-77 bAdhaka zaktiyoM ke nivartana ke lie bhI dharma se hI apekSA rakhatA hai| vaha dharma ko iSTa kI prApti ora aniSTa ke zamana kA sAdhana mAnatA hai| manuSya kI isa svAbhAvika-pravRtti kA yaha pariNAma huA ki hindU dharma ke prabhAva. se jaina-paramparA meM bhI anuSThAnoM kA AdhyAtmika-svarUpa pUrNatayA sthira na raha sakA, usameM vikRti aaii| vastutaH, inhIM vikRtiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie sthAnakavAsI amUrtipUjaka paramparA astitva meM aaii| satya to yaha hai ki jaina dharma kA anuyAyI Akhira vahI manuSya hai, jo bhautika-jIvana meM sukha-samRddhi kI kAmanA se mukta nahIM hai, ataH jaina-AcAryoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki ve apane upAsakoM kI jaina dharma meM zraddhA banAye rakhane ke lie jainadharma ke sAtha kucha aise anuSThAnoM ko bhI jor3eM, jo apane upAsakoM ke bhautika kalyANa meM sahAyaka hoN| nivRttipradhAna, adhyAtmavAdI evaM karmasiddhAnta meM aTala vizvAsa rakhane vAle jainadharma ke lie yaha nyAyasa gata to nahIM thA, phira bhI eka aitihAsikasatya hai ki usameM yaha pravRtti vi sita huI, jisakA nirAkaraNa Avazyaka thaa| jainadharma kA tIrthakara vyakti ke bhautika kalyANa meM sAdhaka yA bAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai, ataH jaina-anuSThAnoM meM jina-pUjA ke sAtha-sAtha yakSa-pakSiyoM ke rUpa meM zAsana-devatA tathA devI kI pUjA kI kalpanA vikasita huI aura yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki tIrthakara athavA apanI upAsanA se zAsana devatA (yakSa-yakSI) prasanna hokara upAsaka kA kalyANa karate haiN| zAsanarakSaka devI-devatAoM ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, ambikA, padmAvatI, cakezvarI, kAlI Adi aneka deviyoM tathA maNibhadra, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, pArzvayakSa Adi yakSoM, dikpAloM evaM aneka kSetrapAloM (bhairavoM) ko jaina-paramparA meM sthAna milaa| ina sabakI pUjA ke lie jainoM ne vibhinna anuSThAnoM ko kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha hindU paramparA se grahaNa kara liyaa| 'bhairava padmAvatIkalpa' Adi granthoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai| jina-pUjA aura pratiSThA kI vidhi meM vaidika-paramparA ke aneka aise tatva bhI jur3a gaye jo jaina paramparA ke mUlabhUta mantavyoM se bhinna haiN| Aja hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, ambikA, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, nAkor3A-bhairava, bhaumiyAjI, dikpAla, kSetraphala Adi kI upAsanA pramukha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-82 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-78 hotI jA rahI hai| jaina dharma meM pUjA aura upAsanA kA yaha dUsarA pakSa, jo hamAre sAmane AyA, vaha mUlataH hindU yA brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| jina-pUjA evaM anuSThAna-vidhiyoM meM aneka aise mantra milate haiM, jinheM brAhmaNa paramparA ke tatsambandhI mantroM kA mAtra jainIkaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa paramparA meM iSTa devatA kI pUjA ke samaya usakA AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI pUjA ke samaya jina ke AhvAna aura visarjana ke mantra bole jAte haiM, yathA OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra avatara avatara saMvoSaT / U~ hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra tiSTha tiSTha ThaH ThaH / U~ hI Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra mama sannihato bhavabhava vaSaT / OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin svasthAnaM gaccha gaccha jaH jaH jH| ye mantra jaina darzana kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ke pratikUla haiM, kyoMki jahA~ brAhmaNa-paramparA kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki AhvAna karane para devatA Ate haiM aura visarjana karane para cale jAte haiM, vahA~ jaina-paramparA meM li. dvAvasthA ko prApta tIrthakara na to AhavAna karane para upasthita ho sakate haiM aura na visarjana karane para jA sakate haiN| paM. phUlacandajI ne 'jJAnapITha pUjAMjali kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se isakI carcA kI hai tathA AhvAna evaM visarjana-sambandhI jaina-mantroM kI brAhmaNa mantroM se samAnatA bhI dikhalAI hai| tulanA kIjiye AvAhanaM naiva jAnAmi naiva jAnAmi pUjanam / visarjanaM na jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM dravyahInaM tathaiva c| tatsarva kSamyatAM deva rakSa rakSa jinezvara ||2|| - visarjanapATha isake sthAna para brAhmaNadharma meM ye zloka upalabdha hote haiM AvAhanaM na jAnAmi na jAnAmi visarjanam / . pUjanaM naiva jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM bhaktihInaM janArdana /

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-83 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-79 yatpUjitaM mayA deva paripUrNa tadastu me / / 2 || isI prakAra, paMcopacArapUjA, aSTadravyapUjA, yakSa kA vidhAna, vinAyaka-mantra sthApanA, yajJopavItadhAraNa Adi bhI jaina-paramparA ke anukUla nahIM hai| kintu jaba paurANika dharma kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA, to paMcopacArapUjA Adi vidhiyoM kA praveza huaa| dasavIM zatI ke anantara ina vidhiyoM ko itanA mahatva prApta huA ki pUrva-pracalita vidhi gauNa ho gii| pratimA ke samakSa rahane para bhI AhvAna sannivikaraNa, pUjana aura visarjana kramazaH paMcakalyANakoM kI smRti ke lie vyavahRta hone lge| pUjA ko vaiyAvRtta kA aMga mAnA jAne lagA tathA eka prakAra se ise 'AhAradAna' ke tulya mahatva prApta huaa| isa prakAra, pUjA ke samaya sAmAyika yA dhyAna kI mUla bhAvanA meM parivartana huA aura pUjA ko atithisaMvibhAga-vrata kA aMga mAna liyA gayA yaha sabhI brAhmaNa paramparA kI anukRti hI haiM, yadyapi isa sambandha meM bole jAne vAle mantroM ko nizcita hI jaina rUpa de diyA gayA hai| jisa paramparA meM eka varga aisA ho jo tIrthakara ke kavalAhAra kA bhI niSedha karatA ho, vahI tIrthakara kI sevA meM naivedya arpita kare, kyA yaha siddhAnta kI viDambanA nahIM kahIM jAyegI? jaina-paramparA ne pUjA-vidhAna ke atirikta saMskAra-vidhi meM bhI hindU-paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| . sarvaprathama, AcArya jinasena ne 'AdipurANa' meM hindU-saMskAroM ko jaina-dRSTi se saMzodhita karake jainoM ke lie bhI eka pUrI saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI hai| sAmAnyatayA, hinduoM meM jo solaha saMskAroM kI paramparA hai, usameM nivRttimUlaka-paramparA kI dRSTi se dIkSA (saMnyAsagrahaNa) Adi kucha saMskAroM kI vRddhi karake yaha saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI gaI hai| inameM garbhAnvaya kriyA, dIkSAnvaya kriyA aura kriyAnvaya-kriyA-aise tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| inameM garbha se lekara nirvANa paryanta taka kI kriyAe~ batAI gaI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara paramparA meM jo saMskAra-vidhi pracalita huI, vaha bRhad hindU-paramparA se prabhAvita hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM kisI saMskAra-vidhi kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, kintu vyavahAra meM ve bhI hindU paramparA meM pracalita saMskAroM ko yathAvat rUpa meM apanAte haiN| unameM Aja bhI vivAhAdi-saMskAra hindU paramparAnusAra hI brAhmaNa-paNDita ke dvArA sampanna

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-84 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-80 karAe jAte haiM, ataH spaSTa hai ki vivAhAdi-saMskAroM ke sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA para hindU-paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| vastutaH, mandira evaM jinabimba-pratiSThA Adi se sambandhita adhikAMza anuSThAna brAhmaNa-paramparA kI dena haiM aura usakI mUlabhUta prakRti kahe jA sakate haiN| kisI bhI paramparA ke lie apanI sahavartI paramparA se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita raha pAnA kaThina hai aura isalie yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki jaina paramparA kI anuSThAna-vidhiyoM meM brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva AyA, kintu zramaNa paramparA ke lie yaha vikRti-rUpa hI thA vastutaH, mandira aura mUrti nirmANa ke sAtha caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka-paramparA kA vikAsa huA, jisake virodha meM saMvigna-paramparA aura amUrtipUjaka-paramparAeM astitva meM aaii| . caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka-paramparA kA udaya mUrti aura mandira nirmANa ke sAtha unake saMrakSaNa aura vyavasthA kA prazna AyA, phalataH digambara paramparA meM bhaTTAraka-sampradAya aura zvetAmbara meM caityavAsa kA vikAsa lagabhaga IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI meM huaa| yadyapi jina-mandira aura jina-pratimA ke nirmANa ke purAtAttvika pramANa mauryakAla se to spaSTa rUpa meM milane lagate haiN| zakaM aura kuSANa yuga meM isameM paryApta vikAsa huA, phira bhI IsA kI 5vIM zatI se 12vIM zatI ke bIca jaina zilpa apane sarvottama rUpa ko prApta hotA hai| yaha vastutaH caityavAsa kI dena hai| donoM paramparAoM meM isa yuga meM muni vanavAsa ko chor3akara caityoM, jinamandiroM meM rahane lage the| kevala itanA hI nahIM, ve ina caityoM kI vyavasthA bhI karane lage the| abhilekhoM se to yahA~ taka sUcanA milatI hai ki na kevala caityoM kI vyavasthA ke lie, apitu muniyoM ke AhAra ora telamardana Adi ke lie bhI saMbhrAnta-varga se dAna prApta kiye jAte the| isa prakAra, isa kAla meM jaina-sAdhu maThAdhIza bana gaye the, phira bhI isa suvidhAbhogI varga ke dvArA jaina darzana, sAhitya evaM zilpa kA jo vikAsa isa yuga meM huA, usakI sarvotkRSTatA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadyapi isa caityavAsa meM suvidhAvAda ke nAma para jo zithilAcAra vikasita ho rahA thA, usakA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-85 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-81 virodha zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM huaa| digambara-paramparA meM caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka-paramparA kA virodha sarvaprathama AcArya kundakunda ke aSTapAhuDaTa' (liMgapAhuDa 1-22) meM prApta hotA hai| unake pazcAta AzAdhara, banArasIdAsa Adi ne bhI isakA virodha kiyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama AcArya haribhadra ne isake virodha meM lekhanI claaii| 'sambodhaprakaraNa meM unhoMne ina caityavAsiyoM ke Agama virUddha AcAra kI khulakara AlocanA kI, yahAM taka ki unheM nara-pizAca bhI kahadiyA / caityavAsa kIisI prakAra kI AlocanA Age calakara jinezvarasUrI, jinacandrasUri Adi kharataragaccha ke anya AcAryoM ne bhI kii| IsvI sana kI dasavIM zatAbdI meM kharataragaccha kA AvirbhAva bhI caityavAsa ke virodha meM huA thA, jisakA prArambhika-nAma suvihita-mArga yA saMvigra-pakSa thaa| digambara-paramparA meM isa yuga meM dravir3a-saMgha, mAthura saMgha, kASTA-saMgha Adi kA udabhava bhI isI kAla meM huA, jinheM darzanasAra nAmaka grantha meM jainAbhAsa kahA gyaa| isa sambandha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI 'premI' ne apane grantha 'jaina sAhitya aura. itihAsa' meM 'caityavAsa aura vanavAsa' nAmaka zIrSaka ke antargata carcA kI hai, phira bhI upalabdha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ina virodhoM ke bAvajUda jaina-saMgha isa bar3hate hue zithilatAcAra se mukti pA sakA, phira bhI yaha virodha jainasaMgha meM amUrtipUjaka-sampradAyoM ke udabhava kA preraka avazya bnaa| tantra aura bhakti-mArga kA jaina dharma para prabhAva vastutaH, guptakAla se lekara dasavIM aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka kA yuga pUre bhAratIya samAja ke lie caritrabala ke hAsa aura lalita kalAoM ke vikAsa kA yuga hai| yahI kAla hai, jaba khajurAho aura koNArka ke mandiroM meM kAmuka aMkana kiye gye| jina-mandira bhI isa prabhAva se achUte nahIM raha ske| yahI vaha yuga hai, jaba kRSNa ke sAtha rAdhA aura gopiyoM kI kathA ko gar3hakara dharma ke nAma para kAmukatA kA pradarzana kiyA gyaa| isI kAla meM tantra aura vAma-mArga kA pracAra huA, jisakI agni meM bauddha bhikSu-saMgha to pUrI taraha jala marA, kintu jaina-bhikSu-saMgha bhI usakI lapaToM kI jhulasa.

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-86 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-82 se baca na skaa| adhyAtmavAdI jainadharma meM bhI tantra kA prabhAva aayaa| hindU-paramparA ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko prakArAntara se yakSa, yakSI athavA zAsana-deviyoM ke rUpa meM jaina-devamaNDala kA sadasya svIkAra kara liyA gayA, unakI kRpA yA unase laukika-sukha-samRddhi prApta karane ke lie aneka tAntrika vidhi-vidhAna bne| jaina-tIrthakara to vItarAga thA, ataH vaha na to bhaktoM kA kalyANa kara sakatA thA, na duSToM kA vinAza, phalataH jainoM ne yakSa-yakSiyoM yA zAsana-devatA ko bhaktoM ke kalyANa kI javAbadArI dekara apane ko yuga-paramparA ke sAtha samAyojita kara liyaa| isI prakAra, bhakti-mArga kA prabhAva bhI isa yuga meM jaina-saMgha para pdd'aa| tantra evaM bhakti-mArga ke saMyukta prabhAva se jina-mandiroM meM pUjA-yajJa Adi ke rUpa meM vividha prakAra ke karmakANDa astitva meM aaye| vItarAga jina-pratimA kI hindU-paramparA kI SoDazopacAra-pUjA kI taraha satrahabhedI pUjA kI jAne lgii| na kevala vItarAga jina-pratimA ko vastrAbhUSaNAdi se susajjita kiyA gayA, apitu use phala-naivedya Adi bhI arpita kiye jAne lge| yaha viDambanA hI thI ki hindU devI-devatAoM kI pUjA-paddhati ke vivekazUnya anukaraNa ke dvArA navagraha Adi ke sAtha-sAtha tIrthaMkara yA siddha paramAtmA kA bhI AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| yadyapi yaha prabhAva zvetAmbara-paramparA meM adhika AyA thA, kintu digambara-paramparA bhI isase baca na skii| vividha prakAra ke karmakANDa aura mantra-tantra kA praveza unameM bhI ho gayA thA, jina-mandira meM yajJa hone lage the| zramaNa-paramparA kI varNa-mukta sarvodayI dharma-vyavasthA kA parityAga karake usameM zUdra kI mukti ke niSedha aura zUdra-jala-tyAga para bala diyA gyaa| yadyapi bArahavIM evaM terahavIM zatI meM hemacandra Adi aneka samartha jaina-dArzanika aura sAhityakAra hue, phira bhI jaina-paramparA meM sahabhAgI anya dharma-paramparAoM se jo prabhAva A gaye the, unase use mukta karane kA koI sazakta aura sArthaka prayAsa huA ho, aisA jJAna nahIM hotaa| yadyapi sudhAra ke kucha prayatnoM evaM matabhedoM ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara-paramparA meM tapAgaccha, aMcalagaccha Adi astitva meM Aye aura unakI zAkhA-prazAkhAe~ bhI banI, phira bhI lagabhaga 15vIM zatI taka jaina saMgha isI sthiti kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-87 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-83 zikAra rhaa| madhyayuga meM kalA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainoM kA avadAna yadyapi madhyakAla jainAcAra kI dRSTi se zithilAcAra evaM suvidhAvAda kA yuga thA, phira bhI kalA aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainoM ne mahanIya avadAna pradAna kiyaa| khajurAho, zravaNabelagola, AbU (delavAr3A), tAraMgA, raNakapura, devagar3ha Adi kA bhavya zilpa aura sthApatya-kalA, jo 9vIM zatI se 14 vIM zatI ke bIca meM nirmita huI, Aja bhI jaina samAja kA mastaka gaurava se U~cA kara detI hai| aneka praur3ha dArzanika evaM sAhityika-granthoM kI racanAe~ bhI inhIM zatAbdiyoM meM huii| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM haribhadra, abhayadeva, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra, maNibhadra, mallisena, jinaprabha Adi AcArya evaM digambara-paramparA meM vidyAnandI zAkATAyana, prabhAcandra jaise samartha vicAraka bhI isI kAla ke haiN| mantra-tantra ke sAtha cikitsA ke kSetra meM bhI jaina-AcArya Age aaye| isa yuga ke bhaTTArakoM aura jaina-yatiyoM ne sAhitya evaM kalAtmaka mandiroM kA nirmANa to kiyA hI, sAtha hI cikitsA ke mAdhyama se janasevA ke kSetra meM bhI ve pIche nahIM rhe| lokAzAha ke pUrva kI dharmakrAntiyA~ bhAratIya-zramaNa-paramparA eka krAntidharmI paramparA rahI hai| usane sadaiva hI sthApita rur3hi aura andhavizvAsoM ke prati krAnti kA svara mukhara kiyA hai| isake anusAra, ve paramparAgata dhArmika-rUr3hiyA~, jinake pIche koI sArthaka prayojana nihita nahIM hai, dharma ke zava ke samAna hai| zava pUjA yA pratiSThA kA viSaya nahIM hotA, balki visarjana kA viSaya hotA hai, ataH andha aura rur3hivAdI paramparAoM ke prati krAnti Avazyaka aura aparihArya hotI hai| zramaNa dharmoM athavA jaina dharma kA prAdurbhAva isI krAnti-dRSTi ke pariNAmasvarUpa huA hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne apane yuga ke anurUpa laukika aura AdhyAtmika kSetroM meM apanI vyavasthAyeM dI thii| paravartI, tIrthakaroM ne apane yuga aura paristhiti ke anurUpa usameM bhI parivartana kiyeN| parivartana aura saMzodhana kA yaha krama mahAvIra ke yuga taka claa|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-88 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-84 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhagavAn 'pArzvanAtha ke dharma-mArga aura AcAra-vyavasthA meM apane yuga ke anurUpa vividha parivartana kiye| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jo AcAra-vyavasthA dI thI, usameM bhI deza, kAla aura vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlAntara meM parivartana Avazyaka hue| phalataH, jainAcAryoM ne mahAvIra ke sAdhanA-mArga aura AcAra-vyavasthA ko utsarga mArga mAnate hue apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para navIna mAnyatAoM ko sthAna diyaa| apavAda mArga kI sRjanA ke sAtha jo suvidhAvAda jaina-saMgha meM praviSTa huA, vaha kAlAntara meM AcAra-zaithilya kA pratIka bana gyaa| usa AcAra-zaithilya ke prati bhI yuga-yuga meM suvihita mArga ke samarthaka AcAryoM ne dharmakrAntiyA~ yA kriyoddhAra kiye| ___ jaina dharma eka gatyAtmaka-dharma hai| apane mUla tattvoM ko saMrakSita rakhate hue usane deza, kAla aura paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha apanI vyavasthAoM meM bhI parivartana kiyA, ataH vibhinna paramparAoM ke jaina AcAryoM ke dvArA kI gaI dharmakrAntiyA~ jaina dharma ke lie koI naI bAta nahIM thI, apitu isakI krAntadharmI vicAra-dRSTi kA hI pariNAma thaa| lokAzAha ke pUrva bhI dharmakrAntiyA~ huI thii| una dharmakrAntiyoM yA kriyoddhAra kI ghaTanAoM kA hama saMkSipta vivaraNa yahA~ prastuta kara rahe haiM jaisA ki pUrva meM saMketa kiyA gayA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI AcAra-vyavasthA ko yathAvat rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA thaa| yaha ThIka hai ki bhagavAn pArzvanAtha aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM meM maulika antara na ho, kintu unakI AcAra-vyavasthAyeM to bhinna-bhinna rahI hI haiM, jinakA jainAgamoM meM aneka sthAnoM para nirdeza prApta hotA hai| mahAvIra kI paramparA meM ina donoM mahApuruSoM kI AcAra-vyavasthAoM kA samanvaya prathamataH sAmAyika-cAritra aura chedopasthApanIya-cAritra (paDcamahAvratAropaNa) ke rUpa meM huA, phalataH, muni-AcAra meM eka dvistarIya vyavasthA kI gii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dvArA sthApita yaha AcAra-vyavasthA binA kisI maulika parivartana ke bhadrabAhu ke yuga taka calatI rahI, kintu usameM bhI dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha AMzika-parivartana to avazya hI aaye| una paristhitijanya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-89 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-85 parivartanoM ko mAnyatA pradAna karane hetu AcArya bhadrabAhu ko jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa tathA utsarga-mArga aura apavAda-mArga ke rUpa meM punaH eka dvi-starIya AcAra-vyavasthA ko svIkRti denI pdd'ii| AcArya bhadrabAhu ke praziSya aura sthUlibhadra ke ziSya Arya mahAgiri evaM Arya suhastI ke kAla meM jaina dharma meM jinakalpa aura sthAvirakalpa-aisI do vyavasthAyeM svIkRta ho cukI thii| vastutaH, yaha dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA isalie bhI Avazyaka ho gaI thI ki jinakalpa kA pAlana karate hue Atma-sAdhanA to sambhava thI, kintu saMghIya vyavasthAoM se aura vizeSa rUpa se samAja se jur3akara jaina dharma ke prasAra aura pracAra kA kArya jinakalpa jaisI kaThora AcAracaryA dvArA sambhava nahIM thA, ataH munijana apanI suvidhA ke anurUpa sthavirakalpa aura jinakalpa meM se kisI eka kA pAlana karate the, phira bhI isa dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA ke pariNAmasvarUpa saMgha meM vaimanasya kI sthiti kA nirmANa nahIM ho pAyA thaa| Arya mahAgiri aura Arya suhasti ke kAla taka saMgha meM dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA hote hue bhI sauhArda banA rahA, kintu kAlAntara meM yaha sthiti sambhava nahIM raha paaii| jahA~ jinakalpI apanI kaThora AcAra vyavasthA ke kAraNa zraddhA ke kendra the, vahIM dUsarI ora, sthAvirakalpI saMgha yA samAja se jur3e hone ke kAraNa usa para apanA varcasva rakha rahe the| Age calakara, varcasva kI isa hor3a meM jaina dharma bhI do vargoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA, jo zvetAmbara aura digambara nAma se kAlAntara meM prasiddha hue| bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA AcArAMga meM deza zrAmaNya aura sarva zrAmaNya ke rUpa meM evaM AcArya bhadrabAhu ke dvArA racita 'nizItha', 'dazAzrutaskandha', 'bRhatkalpa' evaM 'vyavahArasUtra meM utsarga aura apavAda ke rUpa meM athavA jinakalpa aura sthavikalpa ke rUpa meM isa dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA ko spaSTa rUpa se mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai| jahA~ mUla Agama granthoM meM apavAda ke kvacit hI nirdeza upalabdha hote haiM, vahA~ ina chedagranthoM meM hameM apavAdamArga kI vistRta vyAkhyA bhI prApta hotI hai| Age calakara, Aryabhadra dvArA racita niyuktiyoM meM jinabhadragaNi dvArA racita 'vizeSAvazyaka' Adi bhASyoM meM aura jinadAsamahattara-racita cUrNiyoM meM isa apavAda-mArga kA khulA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-90 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-88 samarthana dekhA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai ki koI bhI AcAra-vyavasthA yA sAdhanA-paddhati apavAda mArga ko pUrI taraha asvIkRta karake nahIM cltii| deza, kAlagata paristhitiyAM kucha aisI hotI haiM, jisameM apavAda ko mAnyatA denI par3atI hai, kintu Age calakara apavAda-mArga kI yaha vyavasthA suvidhAvAda aura AcAra-zaithilyatA kA kAraNa banatI hai, jo suvidhA-mArga se hotI huI AcAra-zaithilyatA kI parAkASThA taka pahuMca jAtI hai| jaina-saMgha meM aisI paristhitiyA~ aneka bAra utpanna huI aura usake lie samaya-samaya para jainAcAryoM ko dharmakrAnti yA kriyoddhAra karanA pdd'aa| ___ AcAra-vyavasthA ko lekara vizeSa rUpa se sacela aura acela-sAdhanA ke sandarbha meM prathama vivAda vI.ni.saM. 606 yA 609 tadanusAra vikrama kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI meM huaa| yaha. vivAda mukhyataH Arya zivabhUti aura Arya kRSNa ke madhya huA thaa| jahA~ Arya zivabhUti ne acela-pakSa ko pramukhatA dI, vahIM Arya kRSNa sacela pakSa ke samarthaka rhe| Arya zivabhUti kI AcAra-krAnti ke pariNAmasvarUpa uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha-saMgha meM boTika yA yApanIya-paramparA kA vikAsa huA, jisane AgamoM aura strImukti ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnA ki sAdhanA kA utkRSTa mArga to acela-dharma hI hai|| ___ logoM ke bhAvanAtmaka aura AsthAparaka-pakSa ko lekara mahAvIra ke pazcAt kAlAntara meM jaina dharma meM mUrtipUjA kA vikAsa huaa| yadyapi mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 150 varSa ke pazcAt se hI jaina dharma meM mUrtipUjA ke pramANa milane prArambha ho jAte haiN| lohAnIpura paTanA se milI jina-pratimAe~ aura kaMkAlI TIlA mathurA se milI jina-pratimAeM isa tathya ke prabala pramANa haiM ki IsA pUrva hI jainoM meM mUrtipUjA kI paramparA astitva meM A gaI thii| yahA~ hama mUrtipUjA sambandhI pakSa-vipakSa kI isa carcA meM na par3akara taTastha-dRSTi se yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki kAlakrama se jaina dharma kI mUrti pUjA meM anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se kaise-kaise parivartana hue aura usakA muni-varga ke jIvana para kyA aura kaisA prabhAva par3A? mandira aura mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa ke sAtha hI jaina-sAdhuoM kI AcAra-zaithilya ko tejI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-91 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-87 se bar3hAvA milA tathA zvetAmbara aura digambara- donoM hI paramparAoM meM maTha yA caityavAsI aura vanavAsI-aisI do paramparAoM kA vikAsa huaa| mandira aura mUrti ke nirmANa tathA usakI vyavasthA hetu bhUmidAna Adi bhI prApta hone lage aura unake svAmitva kA prazna bhI khar3A hone lgaa| prArambha meM jo dAna-sambandhI abhilekha yA tAmrapatra milate haiM, unameM dAna mandira, pratimA yA saMgha ko diyA jAtA thA- aise ullekha haiM, lekina kAlAntara meM AcAryoM ke nAma para dAnapatra likhe jAne lage, pariNAmasvarUpa munigaNa na kevala caityavAsI bana baiThe, apitu ve maTha, mandira Adi kI vyavasthA se jur3a gye| sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hai ki dAna Adi unake nAma se prApta hone lge| isa prakAra, muni-jIvana meM suvidhAvAda aura AcAra-zaithilya kA vikAsa huaa| AcAra-zaithilya ne zvetAmabara aura digambara donoM kI paramparAoM meM apanA Adhipatya kara liyaa| zvetAmbara meM yaha caityavAsI yati-paramparA ke rUpa meM aura digambara meM SaThavAsI bhaTTAraka paramparA ke rUpa meM vikasita huI, yadyapi isa paramparA ne jaina dharma evaM saMskRti ko bacAye rakhane meM tathA jaina-vidyA ke saMrakSaNa aura samAja sevA ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| cikitsA ke kSetra meM bhI jaina-yatiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA, kintu dUsarI ora suvidhAoM ke upayoga, parigraha ke saMcayana ne unheM apane zramaNa-jIvana se cyuta bhI kara diyaa| isa paramparA ke virodha meM digambaraAcArya kundakunda ne lagabhaga 6ThIM zatI meM aura zvetAmbara AcArya haribhadra ne 8vIM zatI meM krAnti ke svara mukhara liye| AcArya kundakunda ke dvArA jo krAnti kI gaI, vaha mukhya rUpa se paramparAgata dharma ke sthAna para AdhyAtmikadharma ke sandarbha meM thii| yadyapi unhoMne 'aSTapAhuDa' meM vizeSa rUpa se 'cAritrapAhuDa', 'liMgapAhuDa' Adi meM AcAra-zaithilya ke sandarbha meM bhI apane svara mukharita kiye the, kintu ye svara anasune hI rahe, kyoMki paravartI kAla meM bhI yaha bhaTTAraka-paramparA puSTa hI hotI rhii| AcArya kundakunda ke pazcAt unake granthoM ke prathama TIkAkAra AcArya amRtacanda ne jaina-saMgha ko eka AdhyAtmika-dRSTi dene kA prayatna kiyA jisakA samAja para kucha prabhAva par3A, kintu bhaTTAraka-paramparA kI yathAvata rUpa meM mahimA maNDita hotI rahI / isI prakAra, zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhI suvihitamArga, saMvignapakSa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-92 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-88 Adi ke rUpa meM yadi paramparA ke virodha meM svara mukharita hue aura kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha Adi astitva meM bhI Aye, kintu ye sabhI yati paramparA ke prabhAva se apane ko alipta nahIM rakha ske| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM 8vIM zatI se caitanyavAsa kA virodha prArambha huA thaa| AcArya haribhadra ne apane grantha 'sambodhaprakaraNa' ke dvitIya adhyAya meM ina caityavAsI yatiyoM ke kriyAkalApoM evaM AcAra zaithilya para tIkhe vyaMgya kiye aura unake virUddha krAnti kA zaMkhanAda kiyA, kintu yugIna paristhitiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa haribhadra kI krAnti ke ye svara bhI anasune hI rhe| yati-varga suvidhAvAda, parigraha-saMcaya Adi kI pravRttiyoM meM yathAvat jur3A rhaa| hameM aisA koI bhI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hotA, jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki AcArya haribhadra kI isa krAntidharmitA ke pariNAmasvarUpa caityavAsI yatiyoM para koI vyApaka prabhAva par3A ho| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM caityavAsa kA prabala virodha candrakula ke AcArya varddhamAna suri ne kiyaa| unhoMne caityavAsa ke viruddha sarvaprathama suvihita-muni-paramparA kI punaH sthApanA kii| yaha paramparA Age calakara kharataragaccha ke nAma se vikhyAta huii| i kA kAla lagabhaga 11vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi suvihita mArga kI sthApanA se Agama para AdhArita muni-AcAra-vyavasthA ko nayA jIvana to prApta huA, ki tu pUrva paramparA nAmazeSa nahIM ho paaii| aneka sthaloM para zvetAmba -yatiyoM kA itanA prabhAva thA ki unake apane kSetroM meM kisI anya suvihita-ma ni kA praveza bhI sambhava nahIM ho pAtA thaa| caityavAsI yati-paramparA to nAmaza Sa nahIM ho pAI, apitu huA yaha ki usa yati-paraMmparA ke prabhAva se saMvigna-muni-paramparA punaH-punaH AkrAnta hotI rahI aura samaya-samaya para punaH kriyoddhAra kI AvazyakatA banI rhii| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM pratyeka sau-Der3ha sau varSa ke pazcAt punaH punaH AcAra-zaithilya ke viruddha aura saMvigna mArga kI sthApanA ke nimitta dharma krAntiyA~ hotI rhii| kharataragaccha kI dharmakrAnti ke pazcAta aMcalagaccha evaM tapAgaccha ke AcAryoM dvArA punaH kriyoddhAra kiyA gayA aura Agama-anukUla muni-AcAra kI sthApanA ke prayatna vi.saM. 1969 meM AcArya AryarakSita (aMcalagaccha) tathA vi.saM. 1285 meM AcArya jagaccandra (tapAgaccha) ke dvArA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-93 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-89 kiyA gyaa| __ isI taraha, eka anya prayatna vi.saM. 1214 yA 1250 meM Agamikagaccha evaM tapAgaccha kI sthApanA ke rUpa meM huaa| Agamikagaccha ne na kevala caityavAsa evaM yakSa-yakSI kI pUjA kA virodha kiyA, apitu sacit dravyoM se jina-pratimA kI pUjA kA bhI virodha kiyaa| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki digambara-paramparA meM jahA~ banArasIdAsa Adi ke prabhAva se lagabhaga 16vIM zatI meM sacita-dravya se pUjana kA virodha huA, vahIM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM do zatI pUrva hI isa prakAra kA virodha janma le cukA thaa| yadyapi Agamikagaccha adhika jIvaMta nahIM raha pAyA aura kAlakrama se usakA anta bhI ho gayA, phira bhI kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha aura aMcalagaccha apane prabhAva ke kAraNa astitva meM bane rahe, kintu ye tInoM paramparAyeM bhI caityavAsI-yativAsI-paramparA se. aprabhAvita nahIM raha skiiN| jisa saMvigna-muni-paramparA ko punajIrvita karane ke lie jo ye paramparAyeM astitva meM AI thIM, ve apane usa kArya meM saphala nahIM ho skiiN| kharataragaccha, aMcalagaccha aura yahA~ taka ki tapAgaccha meM bhI yatiyoM kA varcasva sthApita ho gyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, mandira aura mUrti-sambandhI ADambara bar3hatA hI gayA aura zramaNa-varga, jisakA lakSya Atma-sAdhanA thA, vaha ina karmakANDoM kA purohita hokara raha gyaa| tapa aura tyAga ke dvArA Atmavizuddhi kA mArga mAtra AgamoM meM hI sImita raha gyaa| yathArtha jIvana se unakA koI sambandha nahIM raha paayaa| aisI sthiti meM punaH eka samaya krAnti kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI jAne lgii| caityavAsa kA virodha aura saMvigna-sampradAyoM kA AvirbhAva . jaina-paramparA meM parivartana kI lahara punaH solahavIM zatAbdI meM aaii| jaba adhyAtmapradhAna jaina-dharma kA zuddha svarUpa karmakANDa ke ghora ADambara ke AvaraNa meM dhUmila ho rahA thA aura muslima zAsakoM ke mUrtibhaMjaka svarUpa se mUrtipUjA ke prati AsthAe~ vicalita ho rahI thIM, tabhI musalamAnoM kI ADambara-rahita sahaja dharma-sAdhanA ne hinduoM kI bhaoNti jainoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| hindU dharma meM aneka nirguNa bhaktimArgI santoM ke AvirbhAva

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-94 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-90 ke samAna hI jainadharma meM bhI aise santoM kA AvirbhAva huA, jinhoMne dharma ke nAma para karmakANDa aura ADambarayukta pUjA-paddhati kA virodha kiyaa| phalataH, jainadharma kI zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI zAkhAoM meM sudhAravAdI Andolana kA prAdurbhAva huaa| inameM zvetAmbara paramparA meM lokAzAha aura digambara-paramparA meM santa tAraNasvAmI tathA pramukha the| yadyapi banArasIdAsa janmanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke the, kintu unakA sudhAravAdI Andolana digambara paramparA se sambandhita thaa| lokAzAha ne zvetAmbara-paramparA meM mUrtipUjA tathA dhArmika karmakANDa aura ADambaroM kA virodha kiyaa| inakI paramparA Age calakara lokAgaccha ke nAma se prasiddha huii| isI se Age calakara satrahavIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara-sthAnakavAsI-paramparA vikasita huI, jisakA punaH eka vibhAjana 18vIM zatI meM zuddha nivRttimArgI-jIvanadRSTi evaM ahiMsA kI niSedhAtmaka-vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara-terApaMtha ke rUpa meM huaa| digambara paramparA meM banArasIdAsa ne bhaTTAraka-paramparA ke viruddha apanI AvAja bulanda kI aura sacita dravyoM se jina-pratimA ke pUjana kA niSedha kiyA, kintu tAraNasvAmI to banArasIdAsa se bhI eka kadama Age the| unhoMne digambara paramparA meM mUrtipUjA kA niSedha kara diyA / mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne dharma ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kI punaH pratiSThA kii| banArasIdAsa kI paramparA jahA~ digambara-terApaMtha ke nAma se vikasita huI, vahI tAraNasvAmI kA vaha Andolana tAraNapaMtha yA samaiyA ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lgaa| tAraNataMtha ke caityAlayoM meM mUrti ke sthApana para zAstra kI pratiSThA kI gii| isa prakAra, solahavIM zatAbdI meM jaina paramparA meM islAma dharma ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa eka nayA parivartana AyA aura amUrtipUjakasampradAyoM kA janma huA, phira bhI purAnI paramparAe~ yathAvat calatI rhii| eka ora adhyAtma-sAdhanA, jo zramaNa-saMskRti kI prANa thI, vaha tatkAlIna yatiyoM ke jIvana meM kahIM bhI dikhAI nahIM par3a rahI thii| dharma karmakANDa se itanA bojhila bana gayA thA ki usakI antarAtmA daba-sI gaI thii| dharma kA sahaja, svAbhAvika svarUpa vilupta ho rahA thA aura usake sthAna para dhArmika-karmakANDoM ke rUpa meM dharma para sampattizAlI logoM kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-95 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-91 varcasva bar3ha rahA thaa| dharma ke nAma para kevala aihika hitoM kI siddhi ke hI prayatna ho rahe the| dUsarI ora islAma ke deza meM susthApita hone ke pariNAmasvarUpa eka ADambara vihIna sarala aura sahaja dharma kA paricaya janasAdhAraNa ko prApta huaa| tIsarI ora mandira aura mUrti jisa para usa samaya kA dharma adhiSThita thA, muslima AkrAntAoM dvArA dhvasta kiye jA rahe the| aisI sthiti meM janasAdhAraNa ko eka adhyAtmapUrNa, tapa ora tyAgamaya, sarala, svAbhAvika, ADambara aura karmakANDa vihIna dharma kI apekSA thI, jo muslima AkrAntAoM ke dvArA dhvasta usake zraddhA-kendroM se udvelita usakI AtmA ko samyaka AdhAra de ske| amUrtipUjaka paramparAoM kA udbha vikrama kI prathama sahasrAbdI pUrNa hote-hote isa deza para muslimaAkramaNa prArambha ho cukA thaa| usa samaya muslima AkrAntAoM kA lakSya mAtra bhArata se dhana-sampadA ko lUTakara le jAnA thA, kintu dhIre-dhIre bhArata kI sampadA aura usakI urvara bhUmi unake AkarSaNa kA kendra banI aura unhoMne apanI sattA ko yahA~ sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| sattA kI sthApanA ke sAtha hI islAma ne bhI isa deza kI miTTI para apane paira jamAne prArambha kara diye the, yadyapi muslima zAsaka bhI eka-dUsare ko ukhAr3ane meM lage hue the| eka ora, humAyU~ aura zerazAha sUri kA saMgharSa cala rahA thA, to dUsarI ora, dillI meM muslima zAsakoM ke varcasva ke kAraNa islAma apane paira isa dharatI para jamA rahA thaa| muslima zAsakoM kA lakSya bhI sattA ora sampatti ke sAtha-sAtha apane dharma kI sthApanA bana gayA thA, kyoMki ve jAnate the ki unakI saltanata tabhI kAyama raha sakatI hai, jaba isa deza meM islAma kI sattA sthApita ho, ataH muslima-zAsakoM ne isa deza meM islAma ko phailAne aura apane paira jamAne ke lie paryApta suvidhAe~ pradAna kii| islAma kI sthApanA aura usake paira jamane ke sAtha hI usakA samparka anya bhAratIya-paramparAoM se huA / bhAratIya cintakoM ne islAma ke sAMskRtika aura dhArmika-pakSa para dhyAna denA prArambha kiyaa| phalataH, bhAratIya janamAnasa ne yaha pAyA ki islAma karmakANDa se mukta eka sarala

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-96 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-92 aura sahaja upAsanA-vidhi hai| isa pAramparika samparka ke pariNAmasvarUpa deza meM santa paramparA kA vikAsa huA, jisane hindU-dharma ko karmakANDoM se mukta kara eka sahaja upAsanA-paddhati pradAna kii| hama dekhate haiM ki 14vIM, 15vIM aura 16vIM zatAbdI meM isa deza meM nirguNa-upAsanA-paddhati kA na kevala vikAsa huA, apitu vaha upAsanA kI eka pramukha paddhati bana gii| ___usa yuga meM bhAratIya-janamAnasa kaThora jAtivAda aura varNavAda se to grasita thA hI, sAtha hI dharma ke kSetra meM karmakANDa kA prabhAva itanA ho gayA thA ki dharma meM se AdhyAtmika-pakSa gauNa ho gayA thA aura mAtra karmakANDoM kI pradhAnatA raha gaI thii| eka ora, dharma kA sahaja AdhyAtmika svarUpa vilupta ho rahA thA, to dUsarI ora, dhArmika-matAndhatA aura sattA-bala ko pAkara muslima-zAsaka deza bhara meM mandiroM, mUrtiyoM ko tor3a rahe the aura mandiroM kI sAmagrI se masjidoM kA nirmANa kara raha the| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM para se logoM kI AsthA ghaTane lgii| mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM jo mahattvapUrNa kiMvadaMtiyA~ pracalita thIM, ve oNkhoM ke sAmane hI dhUladhUsarita ho rahI thii| muslima dharma kI sahaja aura sarala upAsanA-paddhati bhAratIya-janamAnasa ko AkarSita kara rahI thii| isa sabake pariNAmasvarUpa bhAratIya dharmoM meM mUrtipUjA aura karmakANDa ke prati eka vidroha kI bhAvanA jAgrata ho rahI thii| aneka santa, yathA- kabIra, dAdU, nAnaka, raidAsa Adi hindU dharma meM krAnti kA zaMkhanAda kara rahe the| dharma ke nAma para pracalita karmakANDa ke prati logoM ke mana meM samarthana kA bhAva kama ho rahA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa kAla meM bhAratIya saMskRti meM aneka aise mahApuruSoM ne janma liyA, jinhoMne dharma ko karmakANDa se mukta karAkara logoM ko eka sarala, sahaja aura ADambaravihIna sAdhanA-paddhati dii| __ jaina-dharma bhI isa prabhAva se achUtA nahIM raha skaa| guptakAla meM jaina dharma meM caityavAsa ke prArambha ke sAtha-sAtha karmakANDa kI pramukhatA bar3hatI gaI thii| karmakANDoM ke zikaMje meM dharma kI mUla AtmA mara cukI thii| dharma paMDoM aura purohitoM dvArA zoSaNa kA mAdhyama bana gayA thaa| sAmAnya janamAnasa kharcIle, ADambarapUrNa AdhyAtmikatA se zUnya karmakANDa ko

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-97 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-93 asvIkAra kara rahA thaa| aisI sthiti meM jaina dharma ke donoM hI pramukha sampradAyoM meM tIna viziSTa puruSoM ne janma liyaa| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM lokAzAha aura digambara-paramparA meM banArasIdAsa tathA taarnnsvaamii| eka ora, mandira aura mUrtiyoM ko tor3A jAnA aura deza para muslima-zAsakoM kA prabhAva bar3hanA, dUsarI ora, karmakANDa se mukta sahaja aura sarala islAma dharma se hindU aura jaina mAnasa kA prabhAvita honA, jaina dharma meM ina amUrtipUjaka dharma-sampradAyoM kI utpatti kA kisI sImA taka kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| lokAzAha kA janma vi.saM. 1475 ke AsapAsa huaa| yadyapi usa kAla taka muslimoM kA sAmrAjya to sthApita nahIM ho sakA thA, kintu deza ke aneka bhAgoM meM dhIre-dhIre muslima zAsakoM ne apanA varcasva sthApita kara liyA thaa| gujarAta bhI isase achUtA nahIM thaa| isa yuga kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha thI ki aba taka isa deza meM sthApita muslima zAsaka sAmrAjya kA svapna dekhane lage the, kintu usake lie Avazyaka thA bhArata kI hindU-prajA ko apane vizvAsa meM lenA, ataH . . mohammada tugalaka, bAbara, humAyU~ Adi ne islAma ke pracAra aura prasAra ko apanA lakSya rakhakara bhI hinduoM ko prazAsana meM sthAna denA prArambha kiyA, phalataH hindU sAmanta aura rAjya karmacArI rAjA ke samparka meM aaye| phalataH, karmakANDamukta jAti-pAti ke bheda se rahita aura bhAtR-bhAva se pUrita islAma kA acchA pakSa bhI unake sAmane AyA, jisane yaha cintana karane para bAdhya kara diyA ki yadi hindU dharma yA jaina dharma ko bacAye rakhanA hai, to usako karmakANDa se mukta karanA Avazyaka hai| isI ke pariNAmasvarUpa, jaina paramparA meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA na kevala udvava huA, apitu anukUla avasara ko pAkara vaha tejI se vikasita bhI huii| zvetAmbara-sampradAya meM sthAnakavAsI paramparA kA aura digambara sampradAya meM tAraNapaMtha ke udaya ke nepathya meM islAma kI karmakANDa mukta upAsanA-paddhati kA prabhAva dikhatA hai, yadyapi jaina dharma kI pRSThabhUmi bhI karmakANDamukta hI rahI hai, ataH yaha spaSTa rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina do sampradAyoM kI utpatti kI pIche mAtra islAma kA hI pUrNa prabhAva thaa| paramparA ke anusAra yaha mAnyatA hai ki lokAzAha ko muslima-zAsana

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-98 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-94 ne na kevala apane khajAMcI ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI thI, apitu unake dhArmika Andolana ko eka mUka svIkRti to pradAna kI thii| lokAzAha kA kAla mohammada tugalaka kI samApti ke bAda zerazAha sUri aura bAMbara kA sattAkAla thaa| muslima bAdazAha se apanI AjIvikA pAne ke sAtha-sAtha hindU-adhikArI muslima dharma aura saMskRti se prabhAvita ho rahe the| aisA lagatA hai ki ahamadAbAda ke muslima-zAsaka ke sAtha kAma karate hue unake dharma kI acchAiyoM kA prabhAva bhI lokAzAha para pdd'aa| dUsarI ora, usa yuga meM hindU-dharma ke samAna jaina dharma bhI mukhyataH karmakANDI ho gayA thaa| dhIre-dhIre usameM se dharma kA AdhyAtmika-pakSa vilupta hotA jA rahA thaa| caityavAsI yati karmakANDa ke nAma para apanI AjIvikA ko saMbala banAne ke lie janamAnasa kA zoSaNa kara rahe the| apanI akSaroM kI sundaratA ke kAraNa lokAzAha ko jaba pratilipi karate samaya Agama-granthoM ke adhyayana kA maukA milA, to unhoMne dekhA ki Aja jaina-muniyoM ke AcAra meM bhI siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM bahuta bar3I khAI A gaI hai| sAdhakoM ke jIvana meM AI siddhAnta aura vyavahAra kI yaha khAI jara mAnya kI cetanA meM aneka prazna khar3e kara rahI thii| lokAzAha ke lie yaha eka acchA maukA thA ki ve karmakANDa se mukta aura AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA se yukta kisI dharma-paramparA kA vikAsa kara skeN| lokAzAha ke pUrva jaina-saMgha kI kyA sthiti thI? isa sambandha meM thor3A vicAra pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| lokAzAha ke pUrva 14vIM, 15vIM zatI meM jaina saMgha mukhya rUpa se tIna sampradAyoM meM vibhakta thA- zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya / isameM bhI lagabhaga 5vIM zatI meM astitva meM AI yApanIya-paramparA aba vilupti ke kagAra para thii| eka-do bhaTTAraka-gaddiyoM ke atirikta svatantra rUpa se usakA koI astitva nahIM raha gayA, ataH mUlataH zvetAmbara aura digambara-ye do paramparAyeM hI astitva meM thiiN| jahA~ taka digambara-paramparA kA prazna hai, to usa kAla meM muni aura AryA-saMgha kA koI astitva nahIM raha gayA thaa| mAtra bhaTTArakoM kI hI pramukhatA thI, kintu bhaTTAraka tyAgI-varga ke pratinidhi hokara bhI mukhyataH maThavAsI bane baiThe the| maTha kI sampatti kI vRddhi aura usakA saMrakSaNa unakA pramukha kArya raha gayA thaa|

Page #101
jaina dharma evaM darzana-99 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-95 uttara bhArata aura dakSiNa-bhArata-donoM meM hI sthAna-sthAna para bhaTTArakoM kI gadiyA~ thI aura dhIre-dhIre sAmantoM kI taraha ye bhI apane kSetroM aura anuyAthiyoM para apanA zAsana calA rahe the| bhaTTArakoM meM bhI aneka saMgha yathA- kASThA, mAthura, mUla, lAr3avAgar3ha, dravir3a Adi the, jo ki kucha gaNa yA gacchoM meM vibhAjita the| jahA~ taka zvetAmbara-paramparA kA prazna hai, usameM saMvigna aura suvihita-muniyoM kA pUrNa abhAva to nahIM huA thA, phira bhI caityavAsI yatiyoM kI hI pramukhatA thii| samAja para varcasva yati-varga kA hI thA aura unakI sthiti bhI maThavAsI bhaTTArakoM ke samAna hI thii| dhArmika kriyAkANDoM ke sAtha yati-varga mantra-tantra aura cikitsA Adi se jur3A huA thaa| yaha mAtra kahane kI dRSTi se hI tyAgI-varga kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH, AcAra kI apekSA se unake pAsa usa yuga ke anurUpa bhoga kI sArI suvidhAyeM upalabdha hotI thiiN| yati-varga itanA prabhAvazAlI thA ki apane prabhAva se saMvigna evaM suvihita-muniyoM ko apane varcasva-kSetra se praveza karane meM bhI roka dete the| islAma ke prabhAva ke sAtha-sAtha bhaTTArakoM evaM yatiyoM ke AcArazaithilya evaM dharmAcaraNa ke kSetra meM karmakANDoM kA varcasva aisI sthitiyA~ thIM ki jisane lokAzAha ko dharmakrAnti hetu preraNA dii| lokAzAha ne mUrtipUjA, karmakANDa aura AcAra-zaithilya kA virodha kara jaina dharma ko eka navIna dizA dii| unakI isa sAhasapUrNa dharmakrAnti kA prabhAva yaha huA ki prAyaH sampUrNa uttara-pazcima bhArata meM lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM unake anuyAyI bana gye| kAlAntara meM unake anuyAyiyoM kA yaha varga gujarAtI lokAgaccha, nAgaurI lokAgaccha aura lAhorI-lokAgaccha ke rUpa meM tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA, kintu zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka yati-paramparA ke prabhAva se zanai:-zanaiH AcAra-zaithilya kI ora bar3hate hue isane punaH yati paramparA kA rUpa le liyA, phalataH lokAzAha kI dharmakrAnti ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt punaH eka navIna dharmakrAnti kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI jAne lgii| isI lokAgaccha yati-paramparA meM se nikalakara jIvarAjajI, lavajIRSijI, dharmasiMhajI, dharmadAsajI, manoharadAsajI, harajIsvAmIjI Adi ne punaH eka dharmakrAnti kA udghoSa kiyA aura

Page #102
jaina dharma evaM darzana-100 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-96 Agamasammata muni-AcAra para vizeSa bala diyA, phalataH sthAnakavAsIsampradAya kA udaya huaa| sthAnakavAsI-paramparA kA udvava evaM vikAsa kisI eka vyakti se eka hI kAla meM nahIM huA, apitu vibhinna vyaktiyoM dvArA alaga-alaga samaya meM huA, ataH vicAra aura AcAra ke kSetra meM matabheda bane rahe, jisakA pariNAma yaha huA ki yaha sampradAya apane udaya-kAla meM hI aneka upasampradAyoM meM vibhAjita rhaa| * 17 vIM zatAbdI meM isI sthAnakavAsI sampradAya se nikalakara raghunAthajI ke ziSya bhIkhaNaDajI svAmI ne zvetAmbara-terApaMtha kI sthApanA kii| inake sthAnakavAsI-paramparA se pRthak hone ke mUlataH do kAraNa rahe- eka ora, sthAnakavAsI-paramparA ke sAdhuoM ne bhI yati-paramparA ke samAna hI apanI-apanI paramparA ke sthAnakoM ko nirmANa karavAkara unameM nivAsa karanA prArambha kara diyA, to dUsarI ora, bhIkhaNajI svAmI kA Agraha yaha rahA ki dayA va dAna kI ye sabhI pravRttiyaoN, jo sAvadha haiM aura jinake sAtha kisI bhI rUpa meM hiMsA jur3I huI hai, cAhe vaha hiMsA ekendriya-jIvoM kI ho, dharma nahIM mAnI jA sktii| kAlAntara meM, AcArya bhI, gajI kA yaha sampradAya paryApta rUpa se vikasita huA ora Aja jaina dharma ke eka prabuddha sampradAya ke rUpa meM jAnA-pahacAnA jAtA hai| ise terApaMtha ke nauveM AcArya tulasIjI aura dasaveM AcArya mahAprajJajI ne naI U~cAiyA~ dI haiN| ___sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMtha ke udaya ke pazcAt kamazaH bIsavIM zatI ke pUrvArddha, madhya aura uttarArddha meM vikasita jaina dharma ke sAMskRtika-itihAsa kI dRSTi se jo tIna paramparAe~ ati mahatvapUrNa haiM, unameM zrImad rAjacandra kI adhyAtmapradhAna-paramparA meM vikasita kavipaMtha', sthAnakavAsI-paramparA se nikalakara banArasIdAsa ke digambara terApaMtha ko navajIvana dene vAle kAnajIsvAmI kA nizcayanaya-pradhAna 'kAnajI paMtha tathA gujarAta ke e. ema. paTela ke dvArA sthApita dAdA bhagavAn sampradAya mukhya haiM, yadyapi ye tInoM sampradAya mUlataH jaina dharma kI AdhyAtmapradhAna-dRSTi ko lekara hI vikasita hue| zrImad rAjacandrajI, jinheM mahAtmA gA~dhI ne guru kA sthAna diyA thA, jaina dharma meM kisI sampradAya kI sthApanA kI dRSTi se nahIM, mAtra

Page #103
jaina dharma evaM darzana-101 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa-97 vyakti ke AdhyAtmika-jAgaraNa kI apekSA se janasAdhAraNa ko jaina dharma ke AdhyAtmika-pradhAna sArabhUta tattvoM kA bodha diyaa| zrImad rAjacandra AdhyAtmika-prajJAsampanna Azu-kavi the, ataH unakA anuyAyI kavipaMtha ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| kAnajIsvAmI ne kundakunda ke 'samayasAra' Adi granthoM kA adhyayana kara banArasIdAsa aura zrImad rAjacandra kI adhyAtma-pradhAna-dRSTi ko hI jana-jana meM prasArita karane kA prayatna kiyA, kintu jahA~ zrImada rAjacandra ne nizcaya aura vyavahAra-donoM para samAna bala diyA, vahA~ kAnajI svAmI kA dRSTikoNa mUlataH nizcayapradhAna rhaa| donoM kI vicAradhArAoM meM yahI mAtra maulika antara mAnA jA sakatA ha , vyakti kI Antarika-vizuddhi aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa donoM kA hI mUla la ya hai| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki zrI ema.ke. paTela ko san 1957 meM jJAna kA pra za milA aura unhoMne bhI apane upadezoM ke mAdhyama se vyakti ke a ntarika-vikAroM kI vizuddhi para hI vizeSa bala diyA, phira bhI jahA~ kAnajIsvAmI ne kramabaddha paryAya kI bAta kahI vahA~ zrI ema.ke. paTela, jo Age calakara dA bhagavAn ke nAma se prasiddha hue, ne akama-vijJAna kI bAta kahI, akama vijJAna kA mUla artha kevala itanA hI hai ki AdhyAtmika-prakAza kI yaha TinA kabhI ghaTita ho sakatI hai| AdhyAtmika bodha koI yAMtrika ghaTanA na hai| vaha prAkRtika niyamoM se bhI upara hai| dAdA bhagavAna kI paramparA kA vaiziSTya yaha hai ki unhoMne AdhyAtma ke kSetra meM jaina evaM hindU-paramparA kI samarUpatA kA anubhava kiyA aura isI AdhAra para jahA~ tIrthakara paramAtmA kI ArAdhanA ko lakSya banAyA vahIM vAsudeva aura ziva ko bhI apane ArAdhya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra, unakI paramparA hindU aura jaina-adhyAtma kA eka mizraNa hai| 20 vIM zatI meM vikasita ina tInoM paramparAoM kA vaiziSTya yaha hai ki ve vikAsa para sarvAdhika bala detI hai| unakI dRSTi meM AcAra zuddhi meM pUrva vicAra-zuddhi yA dRSTi zuddhi Avazyaka hai| ina navIna pRthak-bhUta paramparAoM ke atirikta pUrva-pracalita paramparAoM meM bhI aitihAsika mahatva kI aneka ghaTanAe~ ghaTita huii| unameM eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA yaha hai ki digambara paramparA me jo nagna-muni-paramparA zatAbdiyoM se nAmazeSa yA vilupta ho cukI thI, vaha AcArya zAntisAgarajI

Page #104
jaina dharma evaM darzana-102 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa-98 se punajIvita huii| Aja deza meM paryApta saMkhyA meM digambara-muni haiN| zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka-paramparA meM isa zatI meM vibhinna gacchoM aura samudAyoM ke madhya ekIkaraNa ke prayAsa to hue, kintu ve adhika saphala nahIM ho paaye| dUsare, isa zatI meM caityavAsI yati paramparA prAyaH kSINa ho gii| kucha yatiyoM ko chor3a yaha paramparA nAmazeSa ho rahI hai, vahIM saMvigna-muni-saMsthA meM 6 re-dhIre AcAra-zaithilya meM vRddhi ho rahI hai ora kucha saMvigna-pakSIya muni dhIre-dhIre yatiyoM ke samarUpa AcAra karane lage haiN| yaha eka vicAraNIya pakSa hai| sthAnakavAsI samAja kI dRSTi se yaha zatI isalie mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai ki isa zatI meM isa vikIrNa samAja ko jor3ane ke mahattvapUrNa prayatna hue| ajamera aura sAdar3I ghANerAva meM do mahattvapUrNa sAdhu sammelana hue, jinakI phalazruti ke rUpa meM vibhinna sampradAya eka-dUsare ke nikaTa aae| sAdar3I sammelana meM gujarAta aura mAravAr3a ke kucha sampradAyoM ko chor3a kara samasta sthAnakavAsI muni saMgha varddhamAna-sthAnakavAsI-zravaNa-saMgha ke rUpa meM ekajuTa huA, kintu kAlAntara meM kucha sampradAya punaH pRthaka bhI hue| isa zatI meM terApaMtha -sampradAya ne jaina-dharma-darzana se sambandhita sAhitya kA prakAzana kara mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se yaha zatI AdhyAtmika-cetanA kI jAgrati ke sAtha jaina-sAhitya ke lekhana, sampAdana, prakAzana aura prasAra kI dRSTi se ati mahatvapUrNa rahI hai, sAtha hI, jaina dharmAnuyAyI ke videza gamana se ise eka antarrASTrIya-dharma hone kA gaurava prApta huA hai| ___ isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma kI sAMskRtika cetanA bhAratIya -saMskRti ke AdikAla se lekara Aja taka navonmeSa ko prApta hotI rahI hai| vaha eka gatizIla jIvanta paramparA ke rUpa meM deza-kAlagata. paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samanvaya karate hue, usane apanI gatizIlatA kA paricaya diyA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-103 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-99 sandarbha 1. uttarAdhyayana' 25/27, 21 2. 'dhammapada' 401-403 3. uttarAdhyayana' 12/44 4. 'aMguttaranikAya', 'suttanipAta', 'uddhRtta-bhagavAn buddha (dharmAnanda kausAmbI) pR.- 26 5. bhagavAn buddha' (dharmAnanda kausAmbI) pR.-236-239 6. 'gItA', 4/33, 26-28 7. 'uttarAdhyayana 12/46 8. 'uttarAdhyayana' 9/40, dekhiye- 'gItA' (zA.) 4/26-28 9. 'dhammapada' 106 10. 'sambodhaprakaraNa', gurvAdhikAra ..

Page #106
jaina dharma evaM darzana-104 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-100 vibhAga 1 (ba) jainasAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa jaina prAkRta sAhitya bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| ati prAcInakAla se hI isameM do dhArAe~ pravAhita hotI rahI haiM- vaidika aura zramaNa, yadyapi ye do svataMtra dhArAe~ mUlataH mAnava-jIvana ke do pakSoM para AdhArita rahI haiN| mAnava jIvana svayaM virodhAbhAsapUrNa hai? vAsanA (jaivika-pakSa/zarIra) aura viveka (adhyAtma)- ye dono tattva usameM prArambha se hI samanvita haiN| paramparAgata dRSTi se inheM zarIra aura AtmA bhI kaha sakate hai| jaise ye dono pakSa hamAre vyaktitva ko prabhAvita karate rahate haiM, vaise hI ye dono saMskRtiyA~ bhI eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karatI rahI haiN| bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI ye dono saMskRtiyA~ do bhinna bhASAoM ke sAhitya,se puSTa hotI rahI hai| jahA~ vaidika saMskRti meM saMskRta kI pradhAnatA rahI hai, vahI zramaNa-saMskRti meM lokabhASA yA prAkRta kI pradhAnatA rahI hai| AdikAla se hI vaidika-dhArA kI sAhityika-gatividhiyA~ saMskRta-kendrita rahI haiM, yadyapi usameM saMskRta ke tIna rUpa pAye jAte hai-1. chAndas, 2. chAndas prabhAvita pANiNIya-saMskRta aura 3. sAhityika vyAkaraNa-parizuddha sNskRt| chAndas, jo mUlataH vedoM kI bhASA hai| brAhmaNagraMthoM para to chAndas kA hI adhika prabhAva rahA hai, kintu AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kI bhASA chAndas-prabhAvita pANiNIyavyAkaraNa se parimArjita sAhityika-saMskRta rahI hai| purANa Adi paravartI vaidika-paramparA kA sAhitya- vyAkaraNa parizuddha sAhityika saMskRta meM hI dekhA jAtA hai, jabaki zramaNadhArA ne prArambha se hI lokabhASA ko apnaayaa| deza aura kAla kI apekSA se isake bhI aneka rUpa pAye jAte haiM, yathAmAgadhI, pAlI, paizAcI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI aura apbhrNsh| bauddhoM kA paramparAgata tripiTaka-sAhitya pAlI-bhASA meM hai, jo mUlataH mAgadhI aura arddhamAgadhI ke nikaTa hai, vahIM jaina-paramparA kA sAhitya mUlataH ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI aura apabhraMza meM pAyA jAtA hai| yahA

Page #107
jaina dharma evaM darzana-105 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-101 yaha jJAtavya hai, ki jahA~ jainadharma kI zvetAmbara-zAkhA kA sAhitya arddhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI-prAkRta meM hai, vahIM digambara evaM yApanIya-zAkhA kA sAhitya, zaurasenI-prAkRta meM pAyA jAtA hai, yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai, ki chAndas, abhilekhIyaprAkRta, pAlI aura prAcIna arddhamAgadhI eka-dUsare se adhika dUra bhI nahI haiN| vastutaH, sudUra kSetra kI bhAyUropIya-varga kI sabhI bhASAeM eka-dUsare ke nikaTa hI dekhI jAtI haiM, Aja bhI AcArAMgasUtra kI prAcIna prAkRta meM aMgrejI ke aneka zabda-rUpa dekhe jAte haiM, jaise-boMdi (Body), esa (As), AuTTe (Out), cillar3a (Childern) aadi| Aja prAkRta kI pratyeka saMgoSThI meM yaha prazna bhI uThAyA jAtA hai ki prAkRta se saMskRta banI yA saMskRta se prAkRta banI tathA iname kauna kitanI prAcIna hai| jaina-paramparA meM hI jahA~ namisAdhu prAkRta se saMskRta ke nirmANa kI bAta kahate haiM, vahIM hemacandra 'prakRti saMskRtam' kahakara saMskRta se prAkRta ke vikAsa ko samajhAte haiN| yadyapi yaha bhrAnti bhASAoM ke vikAsa ke itihAsa ke ajJAna ke kAraNa hai| sarvaprathama hameM bolI aura bhASA ke aMtara ko samajha lenA hogaa| prAkRta apane Apa meM eka bolI bhI rahI hai aura bhASA bhI / bhASA kA nirmANa bolI ko vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM jakar3akara kiyA jAtA hai, ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki saMskRta kA vikAsa prAkRta-boliyoM se huA hai| prAkRta mUla meM bhASA nahIM, aneka boliyoM ke rUpa rahI hai| isa dRSTi se prAkRta bolI ke rUpa meM pahale hai aura saMskRta bhASA usakA saMskArita rUpa. hai| dUsarI ora, yadi prAkRtabhASA kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to prAkRta-bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa saMskRta vyAkaraNa se prabhAvita haiM, ataH saMskRta pahale aura prAkRta (lokabhASAe~) paravartI haiN| mUla meM prAkRta-bhASAe~ aneka boliyoM se vikasita huI hai, ataH ve aneka haiN| saMskRta-bhASA vyAkaraNaniSTha hone se paravartI kAla meM eka rUpa hI rahI hai| jaina-graMtho meM bhI prAkRtoM ke aneka rUpa jAte haiM, yathA-mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI-mahArASTrI aura unase vikasita vibhinna apabhraMzeM / Aja jo bhI prAcIna stara kA jaina-sAhitya hai, vaha sabhI ina vividha prAkRtoM meM likhita hai| yadyapi jainAcAryoM ne IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI se saMskRta bhASA ko bhI apanAyA aura usameM bhI vipula mAtrA meM graMthoM kI racanA kI, phira bhI unakA mUla AgamasAhitya, Agamatulya aura anya vividha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-106 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-102 vidhAoM kA vipula sAhitya bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hI hai| prAkRta bhASA meM racita jaina-sAhitya meM prAcInatA kI apekSA mukhyataH unakA Agama-sAhitya AtA hai| AgamoM ke atirikta digambara-paramparA ke aneka Agamatulya graMtha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hI racita haiN| isake atirikta, jaina karmasAhitya ke vividha graMtha bhI prAkRta-bhASA meM hI milate haiN| inake atirikta, jaina-sAhitya kI eka mahattvapUrNa vidhA kathA-sAhitya bhI prAkRta bhASA meM vipula rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| inake AcAr vyavahAra khagola-bhUgola aura jyotiSa sambaMdhI kucha graMtha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hI pAye. jAte haiN| jahA~ taka jainadarzana sambaMdhI graMthoM kA prazna hai, sanmatitarka (sammaisutta), navatattvapayaraNa, paMcAstikAya jaise kucha hI graMtha prAkRta meM milate haiM, yadyapi prAkRta Agama-sAhitya meM bhI jainoM kA dArzanika-cintana pAyA jAtA hai| isI krama meM jainadharma ke dhyAna aura yoga-sambaMdhI aneka graMtha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiN| prAkRta-sAhitya bahuAyAmI hai| yadi kAlakrama kI dRSTi se isa para vicAra kiyA jAye, to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki jainoM kA prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha sAhitya I0pU0 pAMcavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI 20vIM zatI taka likhA jAtA rahA hai| isa prakAra, prAkRta ke jainasAhitya kA itihAsa lagabhaga DhAI sahasrAbdI kA itihAsa hai| ataH, yahA~ hameM isa saba para kramika-dRSTi se vicAra karanA hogaa| jaina prAkRta Agama sAhitya prAkRta-jaina-sAhitya ke isa sarvekSaNa meM prAcInatA kI dRSTi se hameM sarvaprathama jaina-Agama-sAhitya para vicAra karanA hogaa| hamArI digambara paramparA Agama-sAhitya ko vilupta mAnatI hai| yaha bhI satya aura tathya hai ki Agama sAhitya kA vipula aMza aura usake aneka graMtha Aja anupalabdha haiM, kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki Agama-sAhitya pUrNataH vilupta ho gayA, ucita nahIM hogaa| jainadharma kI yApanIya evaM zvetAmbara-zAkhAe~ AgamoM kA pUrNa vilopa nahIM mAnatI haiN| Aja bhI AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita Adi graMthoM meM prAcIna sAmagrI aMzataH hI sahI, kintu upalabdha hai| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aneka sUtra aura RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki prAkRta-jaina-sAhitya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-107 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-103 aupaniSadika-kAla meM bhI jIvanta thaa| yahA~ taka ki AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha ke aneka sUtra aupaniSadika-sUtroM se yathAvat samAnatA rakhate haiM, vahI isibhAsiyAiM yAjJavalkya Adi 22 aupaniSadika-RSiyoM, aneka bauddha bhikSuoM, jaise- sAriputta, vajjIyaputta aura mahAkAzyapa, AjIvakamaMkhaligozAla evaM anya viluptaprAya zramaNadhArAoM ke RSiyoM ke upadezoM ko prAcInatama prAkRta bhASA meM yathArtha rUpa se prastuta karatA hai| isibhAsiyAI meM 45 RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| inameM mAtra pArzva aura varddhamAna (mahAvIra) ko choDakara zeSa sabhI aupaniSadika, bauddha, AjIvaka Adi anya zramaNadhArAoM se sambaMdhita haiN| Azcarya yaha hai ki inameM se adhikAMza ko arhat-RSi kahakara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai, jo jaina-cintakoM kI udAradRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| jJAtavya hai ki yaha graMtha jainadharma ke sAmpradAyika ghere meM Abaddha hone ke pUrva kI sthiti kA paricAyaka hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaba jainadharma sAmpradAyika ghere meM Abaddha hone lagA, taba yaha prAcInatama prAkRta kA eka mahatvapUrNa graMtha bhI upekSA kA zikAra huA, isakI viSaya-vastu ko dasaveM aMgaAgama se haTAkara prakIrNaka ke rUpa meM DAlA gyaa| sadbhAgya yahI hai ki yaha graMtha Aja bhI apane vAstavika svarUpa meM surakSita hai| prAkRta aura saMskRta ke vidvAnoM se merI yahI apekSA hai ki isa graMtha ke mAdhyama se bhAratIya saMskRti kI udAra aura udAttadRSTi ko punarsthApita karane kA prayatna kreN| jJAtavya hai ki anya jaina AgamoM meM RSibhASita ke aneka sandarbha Aja bhI dekhe jAte haiN| jaina Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa aura saMkhyA kA prazna . . jaina Agama-sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa do rUpo meM pAyA jAtA haiaMga-praviSTa aura aMga-bAhya / prAcIna kAla se zvetAmbara aura digambaraparamparA meM AgamoM ko aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya- aise do vibhAgoM meM bATA jAtA rahA hai| aMgapraviSTa graMthoM kI saMkhyA bAraha mAnI gayI hai aura inake nAmoM ko lekara bhI donoM paramparAoM meM koI matabheda nahIM hai| una dono meM bAraha aMgoM ke nimna nAma bhI samAna rUpa se mAne gaye haiM- 1. AcArAMga, 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 3. sthAnAMga, 4 samavAyAMga, 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra),

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-108 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-104 6. jJAtAdharmakathA, 7. upAsakadazA, 8. antakRtdazA, 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazA, 10. praznavyAkaraNa, 11. vipAkasUtra aura 12. dRSTivAda / dono paramparAe~ isa saMbaMdha meM bhI ekamata haiM ki vartamAna meM dRSTivAda anupalabdha hai, yadyapi digambara-paramparA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki usake jo Agamatulya graMtha haiM, ve isI AdhAra para nirmita hue haiN| aMgabAhyoM ke sambaMdha meM donoM paramparAoM meM AMzika ekarUpatA aura AMzika-matabheda dekhA jAtA hai| digambaraparamparA aMgabAhya kI saMkhyA 14 mAnatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbara-paramparA aisA koI spaSTa nirdeza nahIM karatI hai| tatvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara mAnya svopajJa-bhASya meM aMgabAhya ko aneka prakAra kA kahA gayA hai| digambara-paramparA kI tatvArtha kI TIkAoM aura dhavalA meM 14 aMgabAhyoM ke nAmoM ke jo nirdeza upalabdha hai, unameM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra, kalpikAkalpika, mahAkalpika, puNDarIka, mahApuMDarIka, nizItha Adi haiN| jJAtavya hai ki dhavalA meM aMgabAyoM ke jo 14 nAma ginAye haiM, unameM kalpa aura vyavahAra bhI hai| dhavalA meM kappAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarika - ye cAra nAma tatvArthabhASya kI apekSA adhika haiM aura usameM bhASya meM ullekhita dazA aura RSibhASita ko chor3a diyA gayA hai, sAtha hI, ina nAmoM meM se puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI graMtha zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhI mAnya haiN| kalpAkalpiqa kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai, kintu aba yaha graMtha upalabdha nahIM hai| zeSa sabhI graMtha zvetAmbara-paramparA meM Aja bhI upalabdha mAne jAte haiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM sUtrakRtAMga meM puNDarIka nAmaka eka adhyayana bhI hai| jahA~ taka Agama-sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara-paramparA meM do prakAra ke vargIkaraNa upalabdha hote haiM- 1. nandIsUtra kA prAcIna vargIkaraNa aura 2. jinaprabha kI 'vidhimArga prapA' kA Adhunika vargIkaraNa / nandIsUtra kA prAcIna vargIkaraNa lagabhaga IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI kA hai, jabaki Adhunika vargIkaraNa prAyaH IsA kI 13vIM-14vIM zatI se pracalana meM hai| nandIsUtra ke prAcIna vargIkaraNa meM AgamoM ko sarvaprathama aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya- aise pUrva meM pracalita do vibhAgoM meM hI bA~TA gayA hai, kintu isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha aMgabAhya-granthoM ke prathamataH do vibhAga

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-109 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-105 karatA hai- 1 Avazyaka aura 2 aavshyk-vytirikt| panaH, Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi chaha vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ko punaH, kAlika aura utkAlika- aise do vibhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| isameM kAlika ke aMtargata 31 graMtha aura utkAlika ke aMtargata 29 graMtha haiN| isa prakAra, nandIsUtra meM 12 aMgapraviSTa, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika aura 29 utkAlika, kula 78 graMtha ullekhita haiM, inameM se kucha vartamAna meM anupalabdha bhI haiN| pUrNa sUcI isa prakAra hai zruta (Agama)-sAhitya ' (ka) aMgapraviSTa (kha) aMgabAhya 1. AcArAMga . (ka) Avazyaka (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 2. sUtrakRtAMga - 1. sAmAyika 3. sthAnAMga .. 2. caturviMzatistava 4. samavAyAMga 3. vandanA 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatI) 4. pratikramaNa 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 5. kAyotsarga 7. upAsakadazAMga 6. pratyAkhyAna 8. antakRddazAMga 9. anuttaraupatikadazAga 10.. praznavyAkaraNa (kha) utkAlika 12. dRSTivAda 1. uttarAdhyayana 1. dazAvaikAlika 2. dazAzrutskandha 2. kalpikAkalpika 3. kalpa 3. cullakakalpazruta 4. vyavahAra 4. mahAkalpazruta . (ka) kAlika (ka) 11. vipAkasatra

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-110 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-106 5. nizItha 5. mahAnizItha 6. mahAnizItha 6. rAjapraznIya 7. RSibhASita 7. jIvAbhigama 8. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 8. prajJApanA 9. dvIpasAgara prajJapti 9. mahAprajJApanA 10. candraprajJapti 10. pramAdApramAda 11. kSullikAvimAnapravibhakti 11. nandI 12. mahallikAvimAnapravibhakti 12. anuyogadvAra 13. aMgacUlikA 13. devendrastava 14. vaggacUlikA 14. tandulavaicArika 15. vivAhacUlikA 15. candravaidhyaka 16. arUNAopapAta .16. sUryaprajJapti 17. varUNopapAta . 17. pauruSImaNDala 18. garUr3opapAta 18. maNDalapraveza 19. dharaNopapAta 19. vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya 20. vaizramaNopapAta 20. gaNividhA 21. velandharopapAta . 21. dhyAnavibhakti 22. devendopapAta . 22. maraNavibhakti 23. utthAnazruta 23. Atmavizodhi 24. samutthAnazruta . 24. vItarAgazruta 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 25. saMlekhanAzruta 26. nirayAvalikA 26. vihArakalpa 27. kalpikA 27. caraNavidhi / 28.kalpAvaMtasikA 28 AturapratyAkhyAna 29. puSpitA 29. mahApratyAkhyAna 30. puSpacUlikA 31. vRSNidazA jahA~ taka zvetAmbara meM pracalita Adhunika vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, usakI carcA ke pUrva yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai- usakI sthAnakavAsI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-111 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-107 aura terApaMtha kI paramparAe~ mAtra 32 hI Agama mAnya karatI haiN| zvetAmbaramUrtipUjaka-paramparA meM bhI do mAnyatAe~ haiM- (1) 45 AgamoM kI aura (2) 84 AgamoM kii| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki 84 AgamoM kI sUcI ke aMtargata 32 aura 45 AgamagraMtha bhI sammilita ho jAte haiN| sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMthI-paramparA 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 cheda, 4 mUla aura 1 Avazyaka-aise 32 Agama mAnya karatI hai| zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka-paramparA meM bhI 11 aMga, 12 upAMga ke nAma samAna haiN| sthAnakavAsI-paramparA dvArA mAnya 4 mUla meM (1) uttarAdhyayana aura (2) dazavaikAsika-donoM nAma samAna haiN| nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra ko zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka-paramparA culikAsUtra meM rakha detI haiN| 6 chedasUtroM meM mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa- ye do nAma adhika haiM, cAra nAma samAna haiM mUla meM nandI aura anuyogadvAra ke sthAna para Avazyaka aura piNDaniyukti- ye do nAma Ate haiN| 10 prakIrNa sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI-paramparA ko mAnya nahIM hai| zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka-paramparA dvArA mAnya 84 AgamoM kI sUcI nimna hai, isameM battIsa aura paiMtAlIsa bhI samAhita haiN| ____84 Agama (zvetAmbara sammata) 1-11 gyAraha aMga - AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazAMga, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika, praznavyAkaraNa aura vipaak|| 12-23 bAraha upAMga - aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya, jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, kalpikA, kalpAvaMtasikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlikA aura vRssnnidshaa| antima pAMcoM kA saMyukta nAma nirayAvalikA hai| . 24-27 cAra mUlasUtra - AvazyakasUtra, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayanAni, piMDaniyukti (athavA odhnirykti)| 28-29 do cUlikAsUtra - nandIsUtra, anuyogadvAra | 30-35 cha: chedasUtra - nizItha, mahAnizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, dazAzrutaskaMdha, paMcakalpa (vicchinn)| 36-45 dasa prakIrNaka - catuHzaraNa, AturapratyAkhyAna, bhaktaparijJA,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-112 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-108 tandulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, devendrastava, gaNividyA, mahApratyAkhyAna, vIrastava sNstaark| (kisI ke mata se 'vIrastava' aura 'devendrastava'- donoM kA samAveza eka meM hai aura 'saMstAraka ke sthAna para 'maraNasamAdhi' aura 'gacchAcArapayannA" hai|) ___46 kalpasUtra (paryuSaNa kalpa jinacarita, sthavirAvali, sAmAcArI sahita) 47 yatijItakalpa (somaprabhasUri) 48 zrAddhajItakalpa (dharmaghoSasUri) 49 pAkSikasUtra (AvazyakasUtra kA aMga hai) . 50 kSamApanAsUtra (AvazyakasUtra kA aMga hai) 51 vaMdittu (AvazyakasUtra kA aMga hai) 52 RSibhASita 53-62 bIsa anya payannA - ajIvakalpa, gacchAcAra, maraNasamAdhi, siddhaprAbhRta, tIrthodgArika, ArAdhanApatAkA, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, jyotiSakraNDaka, aMgavidyA, tithiprakIrNaka, piNDavizuddhi, sArAvalI, paryantArAdhanA, jIvavibhakti, kavaca prakaraNa, yoniprAbhUta, aMgacUliyA, vaggacUliyA, vRddhacatuHzaraNa, jmbuupynnaa| 63-83 gyAraha niyukti-(bhadrAbAhukRta) Avazyakaniyukti, dazavaikAlikaniyukti, uttarAdhyayananiyukti, AcArAMga-niyukti, sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, sUryaprajJaptiniyukti (anupalabdha), bRhatkalpaniyukti, vyavahAraniyukti, dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti, RSibhASitaniyukti, (anupalabdha), sNsktniyukti| 84 vizeSAvazyakabhASya / ye 84 Agama-grantha Aja bhI upalabdha haiN| AgamoM kA racanA kAla sAmAnyatayA, Agama-sAhitya meM aMga-AgamoM ko gaNadharakRta aura aMgabAhya graMthoM ko AcAryakRta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu bauddhika ImAnadArI se vicAra karane para upalabdha sabhI aMga-Agama bhI kinhIM eka gaNadhara kI yA gaNadharo ke samUha kI racanA ho- aisA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-113 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-109 kyoMki aMga AgamoM kI viSayavastu unake hI aMtaHsAkSyoM ke AdhAra para paryApta rUpa se badala gaI hai| prathamataH, AcArAMga kA dvitIya zrutaskandha bhI kucha paravartIkAlIna hai| usake prathama zrutaskaMdha kI mukhya-mukhya bAtoM ko chor3akara unameM bhI kAlakrama meM kucha bAteM DAla dI gaI haiN| yadyapi bhagavatIsUtra ko bhagavAn mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca saMvAda rUpa mAnA jAtA hai, kintu isameM nandIsUtra, prajJApanAsUtra Adi ke jo nirdeza upalabdha haiM, ve yaha to avazya batAte haiM ki vallabhI kI vAcanA ke samaya ise na kevala lipibaddha kiyA gayA, apitu isakI sAmagrI ko vyavasthita aura sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA mahAvIra dvArA kathita dRSTAntoM evaM kathAoM ke saMkalana rUpa hai| bhASika-parivartana ke bAvajUda bhI yaha graMtha apane mUla svarUpa meM bahuta-kucha surakSita rahA hai| upAsakadazA kI bhI yahI sthiti hai, kintu antakRtdazA kI viSayavastu paryApta rUpa se parivartita aura parivarddhita huI hai| usameM sthAnAMga ke ullekhAnusAra 10 adhyayana the, jabaki Aja 8 varga aura 10 adhyayana haiM, yahI sthiti anuttaropapAtika aura vipAkasUtra kI bhI mAnI jA sakatI hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu to pUrNataH do bAra badala cukI hai| vipAkasUtra meM Aja sukhavipAka aura dukhaHvipAka aise do varga haiM aura bIsa adhyayana haiM, jabaki pahale isameM dasa hI adhyayana the| isI prakAra, kucha AgamoM kI viSayavastu pUrNataH badala gaI hai aura kucha kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama meM parivartana, parivarddhana evaM saMzodhana huA hai, kintu AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI, jJAtA Adi meM bahuta-kucha prAcIna aMza Aja bhI surakSita haiN| ___ aMgabAhya sAhitya meM upAMgasUtro meM prajJApanA Adi ke kucha ke kartA aura kAla sunizcita haiN| prajJApanA IsApUrva yA IsA kI prathama zatI kI racanA hai| uvavAI yA aupapAtikasUtra kI viSayavastu meM bhI, jo sUcanAe upalabdha hai aura jo sUryAbhadeva kI kathA varNita hai, ye saba use IsA kI prathama zatI ke Asa-pAsa kA graMtha sUcita karatI haiN| rAjapraznIya kA kucha aMza to pAlItripiTaka ke samarUpa hai| usameM AtmA yA cittasattA ke pramANarUpa jo tarka diye gaye haiM, ve tripiTaka ke samAna hI haiM, jo usakI prAcInatA ke pramANa bhI haiN| sUryaprajJapti evaM candraprajJapti kA jyotiSa bhI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-114 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-110 vedAMga jyotiSa ke samarUpa hone se ina graMthoM kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatA hai| upAMga-sAhitya ke anya graMtha bhI kama-se-kama valbhIvAcanA arthAt IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI ke pUrva ke hI hai| chedasUtro meM se kalpa, vyavahAra, dazA aura nizItha ke ullekha tattvArtha meM hai| tattvArtha ke prAcIna hone meM vizeSa saMdeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| inameM sAdhu ke vastra, pAtra Adi ke jo ullekha haiM, ve bhI mathurA kI upalabdha purAtattvIya prAcIna sAmagrI se mela khAte haiM, ataH ve bhI kama-se-kama IsA pUrva yA IsA kI prathama zatI kI kRtiyA~ haiN| aMta meM, dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana kI prAcInatA bhI nirvivAda hai| yadyapi vidvAnoM ne uttarAdhyayana ke kucha adhyAyoM ko prakSipta mAnA hai, phira bhI I.pU. meM usakI upasthiti se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dazavaikAlika kA kucha saMkSipta rUpa to Arya zyambhava kI racanA hai- isase iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| nandI aura aNuyoga adhika prAcIna nahIM haiN| prakIrNakoM meM 9 kA ullekha svayaM nandIsUtra kI AgamoM kI sUcI meM hai, ataH unakI prAcInatA bhI asaMdigdha hai, yadyapi sArAvalI Adi kucha prakIrNaka vIrabhadra kI racanA hone se 10vIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| digambara paramparA meM mAnya Agamatulya graMtha yadyapi digambara-paramparA AgamoM ke viccheda kI pakSadhara hai, phira bhI usakI yaha mAnyatA hai ki dRSTivAda ke aMtargata rahe hue pUrvajJAna ke AdhAra para kucha AcAryoM ne Agamatulya graMthoM kI racanA kI thI, jinheM digambara paramparA Agama sthAnIya grantha mAnakara hI svIkAra karatI hai| inameM guNadhara kRta kasAyapAhur3a prAcInatama hai| isake bAda puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali kRta chakkhaNDAgama (SaTkhaNDAgama) kA krama AtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki ye donoM graMtha prAkRtabhASA meM nibaddha haiM aura jaina-karmasiddhAMta se sambaMdhita haiN| ina para lagabhaga nauvIM yA dasavIM zatI meM dhavala, jayadhavala aura mahAdhavala nAma se vistRta TIkAe~ likhI giiN| ye TIkAe~ saMskRta mizrita prAkRta bhASA meM milatI hai| kintu isake pUrva ina para cUrNisUtroM kI racanA prAkRta bhASA meM huI thii| ina donoM graMthoM ke atirikta digambara-paramparA me vaTTakera-racita mUlAcAra aura Arya zivabhUti-racita bhagavatI ArAdhanA-ye donoM prAkRta-graMtha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-115 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-111 bhI Agama-sthAnIya mAne jAte haiN| maiM ina cAroM granthoM ko digambara-paramparA kI hI yApanIya-zAkhA ke AcAryoM kI kRti mAnatA huuN| inake atirikta, AcArya kundakunda ke graMtha samayasAra, niyamasAra, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, aSTapAhuDa dasabhakti Adi graMthoM ko bhI Agamatulya hI mAnA jAtA hai| inake sAtha hI, yativRSabhakRta tiloyapannati, prabhAcandrakRta dravyasaMgraha, kundakunda-kRta vArassa aNuvekkhA, kArtikayAnuprekSA Adi bhI digambaraparamparA meM racita prAkRta ke mahatvapUrNa Agama-sthAnIya graMtha haiN| digambaroM meM prAkRtabhASA meM maulika-graMtha likhane kI yaha paramparA pUrva madhyakAla aura madhyakAla meM bhI yathAvat jIvita rahI hai| lagabhaga 10 vIM zatI meM cAmuNDarAya ne gommaTTasAra nAmaka graMtha ke do khaNDa jIvakANDa aura karmakANDa, jo mUlataH-karmasiddhAMta se sambaMdhita hai, prAkRtabhASA meM hI likhe haiN| isI prakAra, 12vIM zatI meM vasunandI ne zrAvakAcAra aura 14vIM zatI meM bhaTTAraka padmanandI ne 'dhammarasAyaNa' nAmaka graMtha bhI prAkRtabhASA meM likhe| isake pUrva bhI, aMgapaNtti Adi kucha prAkRta-graMtha digambara-AcAryoM dvArA . likhe gaye the| yadyapi digambara-paramparA meM prAkRta graMtho kI bhASA mukhyataH zaurasenI-prAkRta hI rahI hai, phira bhI vasunandI ke zrAvakAcAra aura bhaTTAraka padmanandI ke dharmarasAyaNa kI bhASA mahArASTrI-prAkRta dekhI jAtI hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara-AcAryoM ne arddhamAgadhI aura mukhyataH mahArASTrI-prAkRta ko apanI lekhanI kA viSaya bnaayaa| uparokta graMthoM ke sAtha hI jaina karmasAhitya kA paMcasaMgraha nAmaka graMtha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM upalabdha hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM prAkRta-bhASA-nibaddha paMcasaMgraha upalabdha hai, yadyapi digambara-paramparA meM saMskRta bhASA meM bhI paMcasaMgraha nAmaka graMtha milate haiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM prAcIna kammapayar3I Adi aura devendrasUri-racita navIna pAMca karmagrantha bhI prAkRta meM hI racita haiN| Agamika-vyAkhyA-sAhitya AgamoM ke pazcAt prAkRta-sAhitya kI racanA ke krama kI dRSTi se Agamika-vyAkhyAoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM niyuktiyA~ prAcInatama haiN| racanA-kAla kI apekSA se niyuktiyA~ Aryabhadra kI racanAe~ haiM aura unakA .

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-116 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-112 racanAkAla IsvI san kI prathama yA dvitIya zatI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA hai| yadyapi sabhI mahattvapUrNa Agama-graMthoM para niyuktiyA~ nahIM likhI gaI haiM, Agama-sAhitya ke kucha mahattvapUrNa graMthoM para hI niyuktiyA~ likhI gaI thIM, jo Aja bhI upalabdha haiN| inameM pramukha haiM- 1. Avazyaka-niyukti, 2. AcArAMga-niyukti, 3. dazavaikAlika-niyukti, 4. uttarAdhyayana-niyukti, 5. sUtrakRtAMga-niyukti, 6. dazAzrutaskaMdha-niyukti, 7. vRhadakalpaniyukti aadi| nizIthasUtra para bhI niyukti likhI gaI thI, kintu yaha nizIthabhASya meM itanI ghula mila gaI hai ki use usase alaga kara pAnA kaThina hai| inake atirikta, sUryaprajJapti aura RSibhASita para bhI niyukti likhe jAne kI pratijJA to upalabdha hai, kintu ye niyuktiyA~ likhI bhI gaI thIM yA nahIM, yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai| prAcIna stara kI niyuktiyA~ usa Agama kA saMkSipta ullekha kara kucha mahatvapUrNa zabdoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta karatI haiN| inake atirikta, niyukti-sAhitya ke do anya graMtha aura bhI upalabdha haiM- 1. piNDaniyukti ora 2. audhaniyukti, yadyapi ye donoM graMtha dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke hI eka vibhAga ke rUpa meM bhI mAne jAte haiM, sAtha hI zvetAmbaramUrtipUjaka-paramparA ina donoM ko Agama-sthAnIya bhI mAnatI hai| goviMdAcArya-kRta dazavaikAlika-niyukti kI sUcanA to upalabdha haiM, kintu vartamAna meM yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| ___ Agamika-vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM niyuktiyoM ke bAda bhASya likhe gye| bhASyoM meM vizeSAvazyakabhASya vizeSa prasiddha hai| isake tIna vibhAga haiM, prathama vibhAga meM paMca jJAnoM kI carcA hai, dUsarA vibhAga gaNadharavAda ke nAma se prasiddha hai, isameM gyAraha gaNadharo kI pramukha zaMkAoM kA nirdeza kara unake mahAvIra dvArA diye gaye samAdhAnoM kI carcA hai| tRtIya vibhAga nihnavoM kI carcA karatA hai| isake atirikta, vartamAna meM vRhatkalpabhASya vyavahArabhASya, jItakalpabhASya, paMcakalpabhASya bhI upalabdha haiN| bRhadakalpa para vRhadabhASya aura laghubhASya aise do bhASya milate haiN| vyavahArabhASya, jItakalpabhASya- aise do anya bhASya bhI milate hai| piNDaniyuktibhASya ke bhI do saMskaraNa milate haiN| isI prakAra, piNDaniyukti para bhI eka anya bhASya likhA gayA hai, kintu ye tIno bhASya maiMne nahIM dekhe haiN| bhASyoM meM vyavahArabhASya, jItakalpabhASya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-117 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-113 aura vRhatkalpabhASya Aja mUla-prAkRta aura usake hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita bhI haiM- isa sambaMdha meM samaNI kusumaprajJAjI kA zrama stutya hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki bhASya bhI mUlataH prAkRta bhASA meM racita haiM, sAtha hI yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki niyukti aura bhASya- donoM padyAtmaka haiM, jabaki kAlAMtara meM ina para likhI gaI cUrNiyA~ prAkRta-saMskRta mizrita bhASA meM gadya meM likhI gaI haiM, phira bhI cUrNiyoM kI bhASA para prAkRta kA bAhulya hai| bhASyoM kA racanAkAla 6-7 zatI ke lagabhaga hai, yadyapi kucha bhASya paravartI bhI haiN| cUrNiyAM 7 vIM - 8 vIM zatI ke madhya likhI giiN| cUrNiyoM meM nizIthacarNi sabase mahattvapUrNa aura vizAla hai, yaha apane mUla svarUpa meM cAra khaNDoM meM prakAzita hai| isake sAtha hI, AvazyakacUrNi bhI ati mahattvapUrNa hai, yaha bhI apane vizAla AkAra meM mUla mAtra hI do khaNDoM meM pUrva meM mudrita huI thI, kintu vartamAna meM prAyaH anupalabdha hai| inake atirikta, anya cUrNiyA~ nimna haiM- AcArAMgacUrNi, uttarAdhyabanacUrNi, dazavaikAlikacUrNi, sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, jItakalpacUrNi, nandIcUrNi aadi| inameM se nandIcUrNi bhI prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI se prakAzita hai| Aja ina cUrNiyoM ke hindI-anuvAda kI mahatI AvazyakatA haiN| - cUrNiyoM ke pazcAt prAkRta-AMgama-sAhitya para TIkAe~ bhI likhI gaI haiN| TIkAe~ prAyaH saMskRta meM haiN| TIkAkAroM meM haribhadra, zIlAMka, abhayadeva, malayagiri Adi prasiddha haiM, kintu ina TIkAoM meM zAMtisUri kI uttarAdhyayana kI pAia TIkA (prAyaH nauvIM zatI) ati prAcIna evaM prasiddha hai aura jo mUlataH prAkRta bhASA meM hI nibaddha hai / yaha lagabhaga sau varSa pUrva do khaNDoM meM prakAzita hai| TIkAoM meM yahI eka aisI TIkA hai, jo prAkRta-bhASA meM likhita. hai| prAkRta ke svataMtragraMtha niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke sAtha hI pUrva-madhyakAla meM prAkRta-bhASA meM aneka Agamika viSayoM para svataMtra graMtha bhI likhe gye| inameM bhI jIvasamAsa, lokavibhAga, pakkhIsUtra, saMgrahaNIsUtra, kSetrasamAsa, aMgapaNNatti, aMgavijjA Adi pramukha haiN| isI krama meM dhyAna-sAdhanA se sambandhita jinabhadragaNi kA jhANAdhyayana aparanAma dhyAnazataka (IsA kI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-118 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-114 6ThI zatI) bhI prakAza meM aayaa| haribhadra ke prAkRta-yoga-graMthoM meM yogaviMzikA, yogazataka, sambodhaprakaraNa prasiddha hI haiN| isI prakAra, haribhadra kA dhUrtAkhyAna bhI bahuta hI prasiddha grantha hai, kintu hama isakI carcA prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM kreNge| - isI krama meM, upadezaparaka prAkRta-graMthoM meM haribhadra ke sAvayapaNNati, paMcAzakaprakaraNa, paMcasutta, paMcavatthu, saMbodhaprakaraNa Adi bhI bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa haiN| isI krama meM anya upadezAtmaka-granthoM meM dhammasaMgahiNI, saMbodhasattarI, dharmadAsagaNi kI upadezamAlA, kharataragacchIya-AcArya somaprabha kI upadezapuSpamAlA Adi bhI prasiddha haiN| isI krama meM, digambara-paramparA meM devasena (10vIM zatI) ke bhAvasaMgraha, darzanasAra, ArAdhanAsAra, jJAnasAra, sAvayadhammadohA Adi bhI prAkRta kI mahattvapUrNa kRtiyA~ haiN| prAkRta kathA sAhitya yadyapi AgamoM meM aneka graMtha to pUrNataH kathA rUpa hI haiM, jaisejJAtAdharmakathA upAsakadazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA, antarakRtdazA, vipAkasUtra aupapAtikasUtra, payUrSaNAkalpa Adi / jambUdIpaprajJApti kA kucha aMza, jo RSabhadeva, bharata Adi ke caritra kA varNana karatA hai, bhI kathA-rUpa hI hai, kintu inake atirikta bhI Agamika-vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM, vizeSa rUpa se niyuktiyoM bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM meM bhI aneka kathAe~ hai| piNDaniyukti, saMvegaraMgazAlA, ArAdhanApatAkA Adi meM bhI aneka kathAoM ke nirdeza yA saMketa upalabdha hai| viSayoM kA spaSTIkaraNa karane meM ye kathAeM bahuta hI sArthaka siddha hotI haiN| ina upadezAtmaka-kathAoM ke atirikta jainaAcAryoM ne aneka Adarza puruSoM ke jIvana-caritroM para svataMtra graMtha bhI likhe haiN| inameM tIrthaMkaroM aura zalAkA-puruSoM ke caritra pramukha haiN| AgamoM meM bhagavAn mahAvIra Adi ke jIvana ke kucha prasaMga hI citrita haiN| tIrthakaroM evaM anyazalAkA puruSoM ke caritra ko lekara jo prAkRta bhASA meM svataMtra graMtha likhe gaye, unameM sarvaprathama vimalasUri ke 'paMumacariyaM' kI racanA huI hai| rAmakathA ke saMdarbha meM vAlmikI kI saMskRta-bhASA meM nibaddha 'rAmAyaNa' ke pazcAt prAkRta bhASA meM racita yahI eka prathama graMtha hai, yaha mahArASTrI-prAkRta meM nibaddha hai| isakA racanAkAla IsA kI dUsarI zatI se pAMcavIM zatI ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-119 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-115 madhya mAnA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt prAkRta bhASA ke kathA-graMtho meM saMghadAsagaNikRta vasudebaddhahiNDI (chaThavIMzatI) kA krama AtA hai| isameM vasudeva kI dezabhramaNa kI kathAe~ varNita haiN| ina donoM graMthoM meM aneka AvAntara-kathAe~ bhI varNita haiN| isake pazcAt AcArya haribhadra ke kathAgraMthoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM dhUrtAkhyAna aura samarAiccakahA prasiddha haiN| isI prakAra, bhadrezvarasUri kI kahAvalI bhI prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ vimalasUri kA 'paumacariyaM' padya meM hai, vahA~ saMghadAsagaNikRta vasudevahiNDI aura haribhadra kA dhUrtAkhyAna gadya meM hai| nauvIM-dasamIM zatI meM racita zIlAMka ne 'cauppaNamahApurisacariyaM bhI prAkRtabhASA kI eka mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| isI krama meM, varddhamAnasUri ke ziSya jinezvarasUri kI lIlAvaIkahA bhI prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha eka zreSTha racanA hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha anya carita-kAvyoM meM 10vIM zatI kA surasuMdarIcariyaM, garUDavahoM, setubaMdha, kaMsavaho, candraprabhamahattarakRta sirivijayacaMdakevalIcariyaM (saM. 1027), devendragaNIkRta sudaMsaNacariyaM, kummASuttacariyaM, jaMbUsAmIcariyaM, mahAvIracariyaM (12vIM zatI pUvArddha) guNapAlamunikRta gadyapadya yukta jaMbucariya, nemIcandrasUri kRta rayaNacUDacariyaM, siripAsanAhacariyaM, lakSmaNagaNikRta supAsanAhacariyaM (sabhI lagabhaga 12vIM zatI), isI kAlakhaNDa meM rAmakathA- sambandhI do mahattvapUrNa kRtiyA~ bhI sRjita huI thIM, yathA- siyAcariyaM, raamlkhncriyN| isase kucha paravartIkAlakhaNDa kI mahendrasUri (san 1130) kRta nammayAsudaMrI bhI eka mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| isI krama meM 17 vIM zatI meM bhuvanatuMgasUri ne kumArapAlacariyaM kI racanA kii| isase jJAta hotA hai ki prAkRta meM kAvya likhane kI yaha paramparA cauthI-pAMcavIM zatI se lekara 17vIM zatI taka jIvita rahI hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya haiM ki zvetAmbara-paramparA meM kAlakama meM mahArASTrIprAkRta meM tIrthakara-caritroM para aneka graMtha likhe gaye yathAAdinAhacariyaM, sumaInAhacariyaM, vasupujjacariyaM, anantanAhacariyaM, saMtinAhacariya, munisuNvayasAmIcariyaM, neminAhacariyaM, pAsanAhacariyaM, mahAvIracariyaM Adi / zaurasenI-prAkRta bhASA meM caritragraMthoM ke likhane kI yaha dhArA digambara-paramparA meM niraMtara nahIM clii| digambara-paramparA meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-120 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-116 caritragraMtha to likhe jAte rahe haiM, kintu digaMmbara-AcAryoM ne yA to saMskRta ko apanI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama banAyA yA phira apabhraMza bhASA ko apnaayaa| yadyapi zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne paravartIkAla meM bhI apabhraMza bhASA meM kucha caritragraMtha likhe, kintu saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ve digambara-paramparA kI apekSA atinyUna hI haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki vaidika evaM jaina-dhArA ke saMskRta-nATakoM meM bhI bahula aMza prAkRta bhASA meM hI hotA hai, ve bhI prAkRta-sAhitya kI eka mahattvapUrNa vidhA haiN| isakI carcA svataMtra zIrSaka ke dvArA Age kreNge| yadyapi apabhraMza bhI prAkRta bhASA se hI vikasita huI hai, aura prAkRtoM tathA Adhunika uttarabhAratIya pramukha bhASAoM ke madhya yojaka kar3I bhI rahI hai| isa apabhraMza meM zvetAmbara, digambara AcAryoM ne nimna caritaMkAvya likheyathA- riTThanemicariu, sirivAlacariu, vaDDamANacariu, paumacariu, sudaMsaNacariu, jambUsAmIcariu, NAyakumAracariu, padanayarAjayacariu aadi| jJAtavya haiM, ki ye sUcanAe~ merI jAnakArI taka hI sImita haiM, sambhava hai ki jainakathA-sAhitya ke prAkRta bhASA meM racita aneka grantha merI jAnakArI meM nahIM hone se chUTa gaye hoM, isa hetu maiM kSamA-prArthI huuN| prAkRta meM Agama-granthoM, Agamika-vyAkhyAoM, Agamika-viSayoM evaM upadezaparaka-granthoM ke atirikta bhI sAhitya kI anya vidhAoM para bhI grantha likhe gaye haiN| prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa se sambandhita grantha prAkRta bhASA meM nahIM likhe gaye haiM, ve mUlataH saMskRta meM racita haiM aura saMskRta-bhASA ke AdhAra para prAkRta ke zabda-rUpoM ko vyAkhyAyita karane kA prayatna karate hai, inake racayitA bhI jaina aura ajaina-donoM hI vargoM se haiN| inake granthoM meM vararucikRta prAkRtaprakAza, mArkaNDeyaracita prAkRtasarvasva, hemacandrakRta siddhahema- vyAkaraNa kA AThavA~ adhyAya pramukha haiN| prAkRta-koza-granthoM meM dhanapAlakRta pAiyalacchInAmamAlA, hemacandrakRta rayaNAvalI arthAt dezInAmamAlA prasiddha haiN| isake atirikta bhI abhimAnasiMha, gopAla, devarAja Adi ne bhI dezyazabdoM ke koza-grantha race the, kintu ve Aja anupalabdha hai| isI prakAra, droNa, pAdaliptasUri, zIlAMka-racita prAkRta-zabdakozoM ke sambandha meM Aja vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| prAkRta ke kozoM meM vijayarAjendrasUrikRta

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-121 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-117 -'abhidhAnarAjendrakoza', zeThaharagovindadAsakRta, 'pAiyasadadamahaNNava', muniratnacandrakRta 'ardhamAgadhIkoza', pAiyasaddamahaNNava para AdhArita ke. Ara. candrA kA prAkRta-hindI-koza The student's English-paiya Dictionary Adi hI pramukha hai| isake atirikta, prAkRta zabda-rUpoM ko lekara jaina-vizvabhAratI saMsthAna se AcArya tulasI evaM AcArya mahAprajJajI ke nirdezana meM taiyAra nimna koza-grantha bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM- 1. Agamazabdakoza, 2. dezIzabdakoza, 3. nirUktakoza, 4. ekArthakakoza, 5. jaina-Agamavanaspatikoza 6. jaina Agama prANIkoza 7. zrI bhikSu-Agamakoza, bhAga-1 evaM bhAga-2 aadi| prAkRta nATaka___ yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki prAcIna nATaka aura saTTaka prAyaH saMskRta bhASA kI racanAe~ mAne jAte haiM, kintu saMskRta-nATakoM meM prAyaH bahula aMza prAkRta kA hI hotA hai, ataH mukhyatA prAkRtoM kI hone se unheM prAkRta bhASA kA bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| ye nATaka bhI jaina evaM ajaina-donoM paramparAoM meM likhe gaye haiN| kucha nATaka aise bhI haiM, jo mAtra prAkRta bhASA meM racita haiM, aura saTTaka ke rUpa meM jAne jAte hai| yathA-kappUramaMjarI, vilAsavai, caMdalehA, AnandasuMdarI, siMgAramaMjarI aadi| jaina-nATakakAroM meM digambara hastimala prasiddha haiN| inake nimna nATaka upalabdha haiM- aMjanA pavanaMjaya, maithilIkalyANa, vikrAntakaurava, sulocanA aura subhdraahrnn| zvetAmbaroM meM AcArya hemacandra ke ziSya rAmacandra ne jahA~ eka aura saMskRta meM nATya -darpaNa nAmaka grantha likhA, vahI prAkRta saMskRta mizrita bhASA meM aneka-nATakoM kI bhI racanA kI yathA- kaumudImitrAnanda, natavilAsa, yAdavAbhyudaya, radhuvilAsa, rAdhaSAbhyudaya, vanamAlA (nATikA), styhrishcndr| isake atirikta, ajaina-lekhakoM dvArA racita nATakoM, saTTako Adi meM bhI prAkRta ke aMza maujUda hai| jyotiSa - yadyapi candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti prAkRta bhASA meM racita jyotiSa-sambandhI . pramukha Agama-grantha haiM, kintu inake atirikta bhI jaina-paramparA meM aneka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-122 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-118 jyotiSa sambandhI grantha prAkRta bhASA meM bhI racita haiM, yathA- gaNivijjA, aMgavijjA, joisakaraMDaka (jyotiSakaraNDaka-prakIrNaka), jotissAra vivAhamaNDala, laggasRddhi, diNasRddhi, gaNaharahosa, joisadAra, joisacakkaviyAra, joissahIra Adi / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM vipula granthoM kA sarjana kiyA thaa| saMskRta bhASA meM to unake anekoM jyotiSa-sambandhI grantha haiM hii| 'AyanANatilaya' nAmaka phalita-jyotiSa kA jaina-AcArya vosari kA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa granthaM prApta hotA hai| nimitta zAstra nimitta-zAstra bhI jainAcAryoM kA priya viSaya rahA hai| jayapAyaDa isa viSaya kI prAkRta bhASA kI eka prasiddha racanA hai| isake atirikta, nimittapAhuDa, joNIpAhuDa, riThThasammuccaya, sANakaya (zvAnakRta), chAyAdAra, nADIdAra, uvassuidAra, nimittadAra, riThThadAra, pipIliyAnANa, karalakSaNa chIMkaviyAra Adi isa viSaya kI prAkRta-kRtiyA~ haiN| isa prakAra, zilpazAstra meM ThakkarapherUkRta vatthusArapayaraNa Adi grantha bhI prAkRta meM upalabdha haiN| prAkRta-Agama-sAhitya meM bhI jaina-khagola, bhUgola, gaNita, cikitsAzAstra, prANIvijJAna Adi se sambandhita viSayavastu prAkRta bhASA meM upalabdha hai| Aja jainAcAryoM dvArA prAkRtabhASA meM racita aneka grantha anupalabdha haiM evaM zodha kI apekSA rakhate haiN| vistArabhaya se maiM adhika gaharAI meM na jAkara isa carcA ko yahI virAma de rahA huuN| maine isa Alekha meM prAkRta bhASA meM racita jaina-kRtiyoM ke nAmamAtra diye haiN| jahA~ taka sambhava hosakA lekhaka aura racanAkAla kA bhI saMketa mAtra kiyA hai| grantha kI viSaya vastu evaM anya vizeSatAoM kI koI carcA nahIM kI hai| anyathA yaha Alekha svayaM eka pustakAkAra ho jAtA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki merI jAnakArI ke abhAva meM kucha prAkRta-grantha chUTa bhI gaye hoM, etadartha maiM kSamA-prArthI huuN| vidvAnoM se prApta sUcanA para unheM sammilita kiyA jA skegaa| jainoM kA saMskRta sAhitya bhAratIya-saMskRti kI do zAkhAeM haiM - 1. zramaNa aura 2. vaidik|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-123 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-119 zramaNadhArA kI bhI aneka paramparAe~ rahI haiM, unameM jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya, AjIvaka evaM cArvAka pramukha dhArAe~ haiN| jahA~ taka ina zramaNa-dhArAoM ke bhAratIya saMskRta sAhitya ko avadAna kA prazna hai, usameM AjIvaka dhArA kA koI bhI sAhitya Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| isI prakAra, cArvAka-paramparA kA bhI eka mAtra grantha 'tattvoplavasiMha prApta mAnA jAtA hai, jo saMskRta bhASA meM likhita hai aura mUlataH nyAyazAstra kA grantha hai, isameM bhI vividha pramANoM aura una para AdhArita mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana hI milatA hai| zramaNa-dhArA ke aneka vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA rahI hai ki sAMkhya aura yoga-paramparA bhI avaidika haiM aura zramaNa-dhArA kI hI nikaTavartI haiN| inakA sabhI prAcIna sAhitya saMskRta bhASA meM hI upalabdha hai, yathA-sAMkhyasUtra, yogasUtra, sAMkhyakArikA Adi aura una para likhita aneka vRttiyA~ evaM ttiikaaeN| sAMkhya aura yoga paramparA zramaNa dhArA kA aMga hai yA nahIM hai- yaha eka vivAdAspada prazna hai maiM yahA~ isa para koI carcA na karate hue mUlataH zramaNa-dhArA ke do aMgo- jaina aura bauddha dhArA ke sandarbha meM hI carcA kruuNgaa| bauddhadharma kI hInayAna-zAkhA ke mUla grantha, jo tripiTaka-sAhitya ke rUpa me jAne jAte haiM, ve mUlataH pAlI bhASA meM upalabdha haiN| prAkRta bhASA ke vibhinna rUpoM meM pAlI eka aisI bhASA hai, jisakA anya prAkRta bhASAoM kI apekSA saMskRta se adhika naikaTya hai| kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA yaha bhI hai ki 'pAlI' mUlataH mAgadhI hai, phira bhI isakI azoka ke pAlI-abhilekhoM kI apekSA bhI saMskRta se adhika nikaTatA dekhI jAtI hai| bauddha-paramparA meM lagabhaga 5 vIM zatI se saMskRta bhASA kA prayoga prArambha huaa| usake pUrva kA samagra bauddha-sAhitya mAgadhI meM hI thA aura mAgadhI kA saMskAra karake hI pAlI bhASA banI hai| usakA yaha saMskAra laukika-saMskRta ke sahAre huA, ataH pAlI anya prAkRtoM kI apekSA saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai| na kevala bauddha-paramparA kI hInayAna-zAkhA ke mUla grantha pAlI bhASA meM pAe jAte haiM, apitu una para likhI gaI aTTakathAe~ arthAta TIkAe~ bhI pAlI meM hI milatI haiN| na kevala itanA, apitu pAlI bhASA kA vyAkaraNa bhI pAlI meM hI hai, kintu yahA~ yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki bauddha-paramparA meM hInayAna-zAkhA yA theravAdI-zAkhA kA bala prArambha meM pAlI-bhASA para hI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-124 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-120 rahA thA, kintu paravartIkAla meM isa paramparA meM nyAya-saMbaMdhI jo grantha likhe gae, ve saMskRta bhASA meM rhe| isake viparIta, jahA~ jaina-paramparA ke mUla-Agama prAkRta bhASA meM milate haiM, vahIM unakI 8 vIM zatI yA usase paravartI TIkAe~ aura vRttiyA~ saMskRta meM haiN| isI prakAra, prAkRta ke sabhI vyAkaraNa bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe gaye haiM aura unakA mUla uddezya bhI saMskRta ke vidvAnoM ko prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa ko samajhAkara prAkRta-granthoM kA arthabodha karanA hI rahA hai| isa sAmAnya carcA ko yahA~ samApta karate hue maiM jaina-paramparA ke AcAryoM ke dvArA saMskRta-sAhitya ko jo avadAna diyA gayA hai, usakI hI carcA karanA cAhatA huuN| jahA~ taka jaina-paramparA kA prazna hai, usakI zvetAmbara aura digambaradonoM zAkhAoM meM Agama-tulya grantha mUlataH prAkRta meM likhe gae aura unakI niyukti aura una para likhe gae bhASya bhI prAkRta meM hI rahe, kintu Agama-sAhitya para jo cUrNiyA~ aura cUrNi-sUtra likhe gae, ve prAkRta aura saMskRta kI mizrita bhASA meM hI likhe ge| cUrNiyoM ke pazcAt Agama aura Agama-tulya granthoM para jo bhI TIkAe~ yA vRttiyA~ likhI gaIM, athavA durgama padoM kI vyAkhyAe~ likhI gaIM, ve sabhI saMskRta meM hI rhiiN| Agama-granthoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ aura vRttiyA~ likhane vAle AcAryoM meM sarvaprathama AcArya haribhadra kA krama AtA hai, jo 8vIM zatAbdI meM hue| haribhadra ke pazcAt zIlAMka (10vIM zatAbdI), abhayadeva (12vIM zatAbdI), maladhArI hemacandra (12vIM zatAbdI), malayagiri (13vIM zatAbdI), yazovijaya (18vIM zatAbdI) Adi AcAryoM ne prAyaH saMskRta bhASA meM TIkAe~ likhane kA kArya kiyA, jisakA prArambha 8vIM zatAbdI se mAnA jAtA hai kintu jaina AcAryoM ne saMskRta meM grantha likhane kA kArya usase 500 varSa pUrva hI prArambha kara diyA thaa| jaina-paramparA meM lagabhaga IsA kI 3rI zatAbdI meM AcArya umAsvAti ne sarvaprathama saMskRta bhASA meM tattvArthasUtra aura usake svopajJabhASya kI racanA kI thii| isake atirikta, umAsvAti kI prazamarati Adi kucha anya kRtiyA~ bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhI giiN| isameM prazamarati-prakaraNa aura pUjA-prakaraNa pramukha haiN| yadyapi pUjA-prakaraNa kA lekhana umAsvAti ne hI kiyA thA yA kisI anya ne, isa saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-125 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-121 jaina-AcAryoM ke dvArA saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha granthoM meM tattvArthasUtra aura usakI TIkAe~ pramukha mAnI jA sakatI haiN| tattvArthasUtra para digambara-paramparA meM pUjyapAda devanandi (lagabhaga 6 chaThavIM zatAbdI) ne sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kii| inakI anya kRtiyoM meM iSTopadeza, samAdhitantra Adi bhI haiM, jo saMskRta bhASA meM likhI gaI hai| zvetAmbara-dhArA meM jaina-nyAya aura anekAMtavAda para AdhArita sarvaprathama saMskRta-kRti mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa kA dvAdazAranayacakra hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki usa para siddhasena kI jo TIkA hai, vaha bhI saMskRta meM hai, kintu siddhasena kI mukhya kRti sanmatitarka mUlataH prAkRta bhASA meM hai| siddhasena kI kucha dvAtriMzikAe~ milatI hai, jo saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiN| tattvArthasUtra para zvetAmbara-paramparA meM saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhane vAle siddhasena gaNi haiM, jo sanmatitarka ke kartA siddhasena divAkara se bhinna haiM aura 7 vIM zatI ke hai| jaina-nyAya para sarvaprathama saMskRta bhASA meM grantha likhane vAle siddhasena divAkara haiM, jinhoMne nyAyAvatAra nAmaka eka dvAtriMzikA saMskRta bhASA meM likhI hai| digambara-paramparA meM pUjyapAda ke pazcAt akalaMka ne tattvArthasUtra para saMskRta meM rAjavArtika nAmaka TIkA likhI, sAtha hI, jainanyAya ke kucha granthoM kA bhI saMskRta meM praNayana kiyaa| unake pazcAt vidyAnanda ne zlokavArtika nAma se tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA likhii| isake atirikta, 8vIM aura 9vIM zatAbdI meM jainanyAya para jo bhI grantha likhe gaye, ve prAyaH saba saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhe gye| jainoM ke nyAya-saMbaMdhI sabhI pramukha grantha saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhe gye| jainaAcAryoM ne nimna viSayoM paraM saMskRta bhASA meM apane granthoM kI racanA kIAgamika-TIkAe~, vRtiyA~ evaM vyAkhyAe~, Agamika prakaraNa (isa vidhA ke kucha hI grantha saMskRta bhASA meM haiN)| saMskRta bhASA meM jainoM ke aneka stuti-stotra Adi bhI milate haiM, jaina-karmasiddhAnta ke kucha granthoM kI saMskRta-TIkAe~ bhI milatI haiM, jainayoga evaM dhyAna ke kucha grantha bhI saMskRta meM haiM, yathA zubhacandra kA jJAnArNava, hemacandra kA yogazAstra Adi yoga sambandhI nirvANakalikA, rUpamaNDana evaM samarAMgaNasUtradhAra Adi jainakalA ke aneka grantha saMskRta meM hI haiN| jaina-rAjanIti ke grantha, yathAnItivAkyAmRta, arhatIti Adi bhI saMskRta meM haiM jaina tIrthamAlAe~, jaina-vijJAna

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-126 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-122 evaM jaina- karmakANDa kA pracura sAhitya saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhita hai| jaina-itihAsa ke kSetra meM bhI prabandhakoza, prabandha-cintAmaNi Adi saMskRta bhASA ke aneka grantha haiM isake atirikta, kAvyazAstra, chandazAstra, jyotiSazAstra jainapurANa evaM jIvanacaritra, jainakathAsAhitya (ArAdhanAkathAkoza Adi) dvayAzrayamahAkAvya, kucha jaina nATaka, kucha jaina dUtakAvya, anekArthaka granya jaise- samayasuMdarakRta aSTakakSI Adi aneka grantha saMskRta-sAhitya ke vikAsa me jaina-kaviyoM ke avadAna ke paricAyaka haiN| ..... saMskRta kA jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya Agamika-vyAkhyA sAhitya meM vizeSAvazyakabhASya nAmaka prAkRta kRti jinabhadragaNi dvArA lagabhaga vikrama kI chaThavIM zatAbdI meM prAkRta meM likhI gaI thI, kintu usa para jinabhadragaNizramAzramaNa ne svayaM hI svopajJa-vyAkhyA saMskRta meM likhI thii| cUrNiyoM ke pazcAt AgamoM para jo saMskRta meM TIkAe~ evaM vRttiyA~ likhI gaIM, unameM sarvaprathama 8vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya haribhadra ne, anuyogadvAravRtti, prajJApanA-vyAkhyA, Avazyaka-laghuTIkA, AvazyakavRhadaTIkA, oghaniyuktivRtti, jambUdvIpaprajJaptiTIkA, jIvAbhigamalaghuvRtti, dazavaikAlikalaghuvRtti, dazavaikAlikavRhadavRtti, piNDaniyuktivRtti, nandilaghyayanaTIkA, prajJApanA-pradeza-vyAkhyA Adi TIkAe~ aura vyAkhyA-grantha saMskRta bhASA meM likhe the| ina sabhI kA lekhanakAla prAyaH 8vIM zatAbdI hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| usake pazcAt, 10vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya zIlAMka ne AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga- ina do aMga-AgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhiiN| isI krama meM, unhoMne jIvasamAsa nAmaka Agamika-prakaraNa-grantha para saMskRta meM vRtti bhI likhI thii| Age isI krama meM, dhanezvarasUri ke ziSya kharataragaccha ke AcArya abhayadevasUri ne AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ko choDakara 9 aMga-AgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhiiN| unake nAma isa prakAra haiM- sthAnAMgaTIkA, samavAyAMgaTIkA, bhagavatITIkA, jJAtAdharmakathATIkA, upAsakadazATIkA, antakRtadazATIkA, anuttaropapAtikaTIkA, praznavyAkaraNaTIkA aura vipaaksuutrttiikaa| isI AdhAra para unheM navAMgI TIkAkAra bhI kahA jAtA hai, kintu ina nava aMga-AgamoM ke atirikta unhoMne kucha upAMgoM para evaM Agamika-prakaraNoM para saMskRta meM kucha TIkAe~

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-127 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-123 likhI haiN| isake atirikta, unhoMne haribhadra ke paMcAzaka nAmaka grantha para eka vRtti bhI likhI hai| abhayadeva kI ina racanAoM kA kAla vikrama saMvat 1120 se 1135 ke madhya hai| Agamika-vyAkhyAkAroM meM isake pazcAt AmradevasUri ke ziSya nemIcaMdasUri hue, unhoMne bhI 12vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra para sukhabodhA nAmaka saMskRta-TIkA likhI thii| yadyapi isameM pUrva vikrama saMvat 1096 meM vAdivetAla zAMtisUri ne uttarAdhyayanasUtra para prAkRta meM eka TIkA likhI thI, kintu prAkRta meM hone ke kAraNa hama usakI parigaNanA prastuta saMskRta-TIkAoM meM nahIM kara rahe haiN| isake pazcAta, Agamika-TIkAkAroM meM malayagiri kA nAma AtA hai, inhoMne AvazyakabRhavRtti, oghaniyuktivRtti, candraprajJaptivRtti, jIvAbhigamavRtti, nandisUtraTIkA, piNDaniyuktivRtti, prajJApanAvRtti, vRhadakalpabhASya -pIThikAvRtti, bhagavatI dvitIyazatakavRtti, rAjapraznIyavRtti, vizeSAvazyakavRtti, vyavahArasUtraTIkA Adi TIkA-grantha saMskRta-bhASA meM likhe| isake atirikta, unhoMne aneka Agamika-prakaraNoM evaM karmagranthoM para bhI saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhIM, yathA- karmaprakRtiTIkA, paMcasagrahaTIkA, kSetrasamAsavRtti, SaDazItivRtti, saptatikATIkA aadi| isake pazcAt AgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhane vAloM meM tilakAcArya kA nAma AtA hai, unhoMne jItakalpavRtti, AvazyakaniyuktilaghuvRtti, dazavaikAlikaTIkA, zrAvakapratikramaNalaghuvRtti, pAkSikasUtraavacUri Adi likhiiN| inakA kAla 13vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha mAnA jAtA hai| isake cAra zatAbdI pazcAt Agamika-vyAkhyAkAroM meM upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kA krama AtA hai, inhoMne aneka AgamoM para TIkAe~ likhI thIM, kintu inake kAla ke bAda meM AgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkA yA vRtti likhane ke sthAna para prAyaH lokabhASA (marU gurjara) meM Tabbe likhe jAne lage the, ataH saMskRta-lekhana kA pracalana kama ho gayA, phira bhI, vartamAna yuga meM pUjya ghAsIlAlajI ma.sA. ne sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM mAnya 32 AgamoM para saskRta meM TIkAe~ likhI haiN| AcArya mahAprajJajI ne bhI AcArAMgabhASya Adi kucha bhASya saMskRta meM likhe haiN| AcArya hastImalajI ne dazavaikAlikasUtra evaM nandIsUtra para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhI hai| ataH, AgamoM para saMskRta meM vyAkhyA-sAhitya likhane kI yaha paramparA vartamAna

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-128 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-124 yuga. taka bhI jIvita rahI hai| jahA~ taka digambara-paramparA ke Agama-tulya granthoM kA prazna hai, ve bhI mUlataH prAkRta bhASA meM racita haiM- SaTkhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNatti, samayasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, aSTapAhuDa Adi sabhI mUlataH prAkRta meM nibaddha haiM, kintu lagabhaga 9vIM zatAbdI se ina para jo TIkAe~ hai, ve yA to saMskRta-prAkRta mizrita bhASA yA phira vizuddha saMskRta meM hI milatI haiN| inameM dhavalA, jayadhavalA, mahAdhavala Adi prasiddha haiM, kintu mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, samayasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra Adi kI TIkAe~ to saMskRta meM hI haiN| ye sabhI 9vIM zatI se lekara 15vIM zatI ke madhya kI haiN| saMskRta bhASA kA jaina dArzanika sAhitya . __ yadyapi jaina-tatvajJAna se saMbadhita viSayoM kA pratipAdana AgamoM meM milatA hai, kintu sabhI Agama prAkRta meM hI nibaddha hai| tatvajJAna se saMbadhita prathama sUtra-grantha kI racanA umAsvAti ne saMskRta bhASA meM hI kI thii| umAsvAti ke kAla taka vividha dArzanika-nikAyoM ke sUtra-grantha astitva meM A cuke the, jaise- vaizeSika-sUtra, sAMkhyasUtra, yogasUtra nyAyasUtra Adi, ataH umAsvAti ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve jaina dharma-darzana se saMbadhita viSayoM ko samAhita karate hue sUtra-zailI meM saMskRta bhASA meM kisI grantha kI racanA kreN| umAsvAti ke pazcAt siddhasena, samantabhadra Adi ne bhI jaina-darzana para saMskRta bhASA meM grantha likhe| siddhasena divAkara ne bhAratIya-dArzanika-dhArAoM kI avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA ko lekara kucha dvAtriziMkAoM kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kI thI, jinameM nyAyavatAra pramukha hai| isI prakAra, AcArya samantabhadra ne bhI Apta-mImAMsA yuktyAnuzAsana evaM svayambhUstotra nAmaka granthoM kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kii| isa prakAra, IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI meM jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya saMskRta meM likhA jAne lgaa| umAsvAti ne svayaM hI tatvArthasUtra ke sAtha-sAtha usakA svopajJabhASya bhI saMskRta meM likhA thaa| lagabhaga 5 vIM zatAbdI ke anta aura 6vI zatAbdI meM prArambha meM digambarAcArya pUjyapAda devanandi ne tatvArthasUtra para 'sarvArtha siddhi' nAmaka TIkA saMskRta meM likhii| isake atirikta, unhoMne jaina-sAdhanA ke sandarbha meM 'samAdhi-taMtra' aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-129 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-125 'iSTopadeza' nAmaka grantha bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe| isI kAlakhaNDa meM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM mallavAdI ne dvAdazAranayacakra kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kI, jisameM pramukha rUpa se sabhI bhAratIya-dArzanika-paramparAe~ pUrva-pakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaIM aura unhIM meM se unakI virodhI dhArA ko uttarapakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kara unakI samIkSA bhI kI gii| isake pazcAt, 6vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya to prAkRta meM likhA, kintu usakI svopajJa-TIkA saMskRta meM likhI thii| unake pazcAt 7 vIM zatI ke prArambha meM koTTAcArya ne bhI vizeSAvazyakabhASya para saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhI thI, jo prAcIna bhAratIya-dArzanika-mAnyatAoM kA gambhIra vivecana prastuta karatI hai, sAtha hI unakI samIkSA bhI karatI haiN| lagabhaga 7vIM zatAbdI meM hI siddhasena gaNi ne zvetAmbara-paramparA meM tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA likhI thI, dvAdazAranayacakra kI saMskRta bhASA meM siMhazUragaNi ne TIkA bhI likhI thii| 8vIM zatAbdI meM prasiddha jainAcArya haribhadrasUri hue, jinhoMne prAkRta aura saMskRta-donoM hI bhASAoM meM apanI. kalama claaii| haribhadrasUri ne jahA~ eka ora aneka jainAgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhIM, vahIM unhoMne aneka dArzanika-granthoM kA bhI saMskRta bhASA meM praNayana kiyaa| unake dvArA racita ye dArzanika-grantha adhika prasiddha haiMSaDdarzanasamuccaya, zAstravArtAsamuccaya, anekAntajayapatAkA, anekAntavAdapraveza, anekAntapraghaTTa, sAtha hI bauddha-dArzanika diD.nAga ke nyAyapraveza kI saMskRta-TIkA bhI likhii| isake atirikta, unhoMne 'yogadRSTisamuccaya' Adi grantha bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe| haribhadra ke samakAla meM yA unake kucha pazcAt digambara-paramparA meM AcArya akalaMka aura vidyAnandasUri hue, jinhoMne aneka dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kI / jahA~ akalaMka ne tattvArthasUtra para 'rAjavartika' TIkA ke sAtha-sAtha nyAya-vinizcaya, siddhi-vinizcaya, pramANa-saMgraha, ladhIyastrI-aSTazatI evaM pramANa saMgraha Adi dArzanika granthoM kI saMskRta meM racanA kii| vahI vidyAnanda ne bhI tatvArthasUtra para zlokavArtikaTIkA ke sAtha-sAtha Apta-parIkSA, pramANa-parIkSA, satyazAsana-parIkSA, aSTasahasrI Adi gambhIra dArzanika-granthoM kI saMskRta bhASA meM racanA kii| 10vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM siddhasena ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-130 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-126 nyAyAvatAra para zvetAmbarAcArya siddhaRSi ne vistRta TIkA kI racanA kii| isI kAla meM prabhAcanda, kumudacandra evaM vAdirAjasUri nAmaka digambara AcAryoM ne kramazaH prameyakamalamArtaNDa nyAyakumudacandra, nyAya-vinizcaya TIkA Adi mahatvapUrNa dArzanika-granthoM kI racanA kii| isake pazcAt 11vIM zatAbdI meM devasena ne laghunayacakra, bRhadanayacakra, AlApapaddhati, mANikyanandI ke parIkSAmukha tathA anantavIrya ne siddhi-vinizcaya TIkA Adi dArzanika-kRtiyoM kA sRjana kiyaa| isI kAlakhaNDa meM zvetAmbara-paramparA ke abhayadevasUri ne siddhasena ke sanmati-tarka para vAda-mahArNava nAmaka TIkA grantha kI racanA kii| isI krama meM digambara AcArya anantakIrti ne laghusarvajJasiddhi, bRhadsarvajJasiddhi, pramANanirNaya Adi dArzanika-granthoM kI racanA kI thii| isI kAlakhaNDa meM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM AcArya vAdidevasUri hue, unhoMne pramANa-nayatattvAloka tathA usI para svopajJa-TIkA ke rUpa meM syAdavAda-ratnAkara jaise jaina-nyAya ke granthoM kA nirmANa kiyA aura unake hI ziSya ratnaprabhasUri ne ratnAkarAvatArikA kI racanA kI thii| ina sabhI meM bhAratIya darzana evaM nyAya kI aneka mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI hai| 12vIM zatAbdI meM hue zvetAmbara AcArya hemacandra ne mukhya rUpa se jaina-nyAya para pramANa-mImAMsA (apUrNa) aura dArzanika-samIkSA ke rUpa meM anyayogavyavacchedikA-do mahatvapUrNa dArzanika-granthoM kI racanA kii| yadyapi saMskRta-vyAkaraNa evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM unakA avadAna pracura hai, tathApi hamane yahA~ unake dArzanika-granthoM kI hI carcA kI hai| yadyapi 13vIM, 14vIM, 15vIM aura 16vIM zatAbdI meM bhI jaina AcAryoM ne saMskRta-bhASA meM kucha dArzanika-granthoM kI racanA kI thI, kintu ve grantha adhika mahatvapUrNa na hone se hama yahA~ unakI carcA nahI kara rahe haiM, yadyapi isa kAlakhaNDa meM kucha dArzanika-granthoM kI TIkAe~, jaise anyayogavyavachedikA kI syAdavAda-manjarI nAmaka TIkA, SaDadarzanasamuccaya kI TIkA Adi bhI likhI gaI thIM, kintu vistArabhaya se una sabameM jAnA ucita nahIM haiN| 17 vIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM upAdhyAya yazovijaya nAmaka eka prasiddha jaina lekhaka hue, jinake adhyAtmasAra, jJAnasAra Adi darzana ke kSetra meM aneka mahattvapUrNa grantha haiN| adhyAtma ke kSetra meM adhyAtmamatasamIkSA, adhyAtmasAra, jJAnasAra

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-131 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-127 Adi tathA darzana ke kSetra meM jaina tarkabhASA, nayopadeza, nayasahasra, nyAyAloka, syAdavAda-kalpalaMtA Adi unake aneka grantha prasiddha haiN| unake pazcAt, 18vIM, 19vIM aura 20vIM zatAbdI meM jaina-darzana para saMskRta bhASA meM koI mahattvapUrNa grantha likhA gayA ho, yaha hamArI jAnakArI meM nahI hai, yadyapi tattvArthasUtra kI zailI para AcArya tulasI ke jaina-siddhAnta-dIpikA aura manAnuzAsanam nAmaka granthoM kI saMskRta bhASA meM racanA kI hai, phira bhI isa kAlakhaNDa meM saMskRta-bhASA meM dArzanika-granthoM ke lekhana kI pravRtti nahIvat hI rahI hai| saMskRta ke jaina-carita-kAvya evaM mahAkAvya mahApuruSoM kI jIvana-gAthAoM ke AdhAra para jaina dharma kI zvetAmbara evaM digambara-paramparAoM meM aneka saMskRta-granthoM kI racanA huI hai| mahApurANa (AdipurANa aura uttarapurANa) tathA hemacandra kA trizaSTi-zalAkA mahApurANa caritra to prasiddha hai hii| isake atirikta bhI, mahApuruSoM para aneka purANa aura caritakAvya bhI race gaye, jaise- padyAnanda-mahAkAvya, ajitanAthapurANa, candraprabhacarita, zreyAMsanAthacarita, vAsupUjyacarita, vimalanAthacarita, zAntinAthapurANa, zAntinAthacarita, mallinAthacarita, munisuvratacarita, neminAthamahAkAvya, neminAthacarita, pArzvanAthacarita, mahAvIracarita, varddhamAnacarita, amamasvAmicarita, pratyekabuddhacarita, kevalicarita, zreNikacaritra, mahAvIrakAlIna zreNika ke parivAra ke sadasyoM evaM anya pAtroM ke carita, prabhAvaka AcAryoM ke carita, kharataragacchIya-AcAryoM ke jIvanacaritra, kumArapAlacaritra, vastupAla-tejapAlacarita, vimalamaMtricarita, jagaDUcarita, sukRtasAgara, pRthvIdharaprabaMdha, cAvaDaprabaMdha, karmavaMzotkIrtanakAvya, kSemasaubhAgyakAvya aadi| inake atirikta, prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva, bAraha cakravartiyoM evaM anya zalAkA-puruSoM para bhI saMskRta meM aneka racanAe~ jainAcAryoM ne likhI haiN| isake atirikta, nimna kAvya aura mahAkAvya bhI jainAcAryoM dvArA racita haiM jaise- pradyumnacaritakAvya, neminirvANamahAkAvya, candraprabhacaritamahAkAvya, varddhamAnacarita, dharmazarmAbhyudaya, sanatkumAracarita, jayantavijaya, naranArAyaNAnanda, munisuvratakAvya, zreNikacarita, zAntinAthacarita, jayodaya mahAkAvya, bAlabhArata laghukAvya, zrIdharacaritamahAkAvya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-132 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-1280 jainakumArasaMbhava, kAdambarImaNDana, candravijayaprabaMdha, kAvyamaNDana aadi|. saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha jaina kathA sAhitya ke grantha... jaina-AcAryoM ne dhArmika evaM naitika-AcAra-niyamoM evaM upadezoM ko lekara aneka kathAoM evaM kathA-granthoM kI racanA kI hai| pUrvAcAyA~ dvArA racita granthoM kI TIkA, vRtti Adi meM una kathAoM ko samAhita kiyA hai| inameM dharmakathAnuyoga kI svataMtra racanAe~, puruSapAtra pradhAna bRhada-kathAe~, puruSapAtrapradhAna laghu kathAe~, strIpAtrapradhAna racanAe~, tIrthamAhAtmya-viSayaka kathAe~, tithi-parva-pUjA evaM stotraviSayaka kathAe~, vrata-parva evaM pUjA viSayaka kathAe~, parIkathAe~, mugdhakathAe~, nItikathAe~, AcAra-niyamoM ke pAlana evaM spaSTIkaraNa-sambandhI kathAe~ Adi, ina kathAoM evaM kathA-granthoM kI saMkhyA itanI hai ki yadi inake nAma mAtra kA ullekha kiyA jAye, to bhI eka svataMtra grantha bana jaayegaa| aitihAsika mahAkAvya evaM anya kathAe~ ___ paurANika-kAvyoM evaM kathA-sAhitya ke atirikta jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta meM aitihAsika-kathA-granthoM kI racanA bhI kI hai, jo nimnAMkita hai- guNavacanadvAtriMzikA, dvayAzrayamahAkAvya, vastupAla-tejapAla kI kIrttikathA- sambandhI sAhitya, sukRtasaMkIrtana, vasantavilAsa, kumArapAlabhUpAlacarita, vastupAlacarita, jagaDUcarita, sukRtasAgara, pethaDacarita aadi| isake sAtha hI, aitihAsika-saMskRta-granthoM ke arntagata jainAcAryoM ne nimna prabandha sAhitya kI bhI racanA kI hai- prabaMdhAvali, prabhAvakacarita, prabaMdhacintAmaNi, vividhatIrthakalpa, prabaMdhakoza, purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha Adi ina prabaMndhoM ke sAtha hI kucha prazastiyA~ bhI saMskRta bhASA meM milatI haiM, ve nimna haiM- vastupAla aura tejapAla ke sukRtoM kI smAraka-prazastiyA~, sukRtakIrtikallolinI, vastupAla-tejapAlaprazasti, vastupAla-prazasti, amamasvAmIcarita kI prazasti aadi| ina prazastiyoM ke atirikta kucha paTTAvalI aura gurvAvali bhI saMskRta meM milatI haiM, yathA- vicArazreNI yA sthavirAvalI, gaNadharasArddhazataka,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-133 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-129 kharataragaccha bRhadgurvAvali, vRddhAcArya prabaMdhAvali, kharataragaccha paTTAvalIsaMgraha, gurvAvali, gurvAvali yA tapAgaccha paTTAvalIsUtra, senapaTTAvalI, balAtkAragaNa kI paTTAvaliyA~, kASThAsaMgha mAthuragaccha kI paTTAvalI, kASThAsaMgha lADabAgaDagaccha punnATagaccha kI paTTAvalI aadi| inake atirikta, kucha tIrthamAlAe~ aura vijJaptipatra bhI saMskRta meM likhita haiM, jinameM aneka aitihAsika tathya samAhita haiM, sAtha hI aneka pratimA yA mUrti lekha bhI saMskRta meM milate haiN| anekArthakasaMdhAnakAvya bhI jainAcAryo ke dvArA saMskRta meM likhita haiM, yathA- dvisandhAnamahAkAvya, saptasaMdhAnakAvya aadi| inake atirikta, samayasundaragaNi (17 vIM zatI) ne eka hI pada 'rAjAnodadate saukhyam' ke ATha lAkha artha karate hue aSTalakSI nAmaka grantha saMskRta bhASA meM likhA thaa| saMskRta kI gadyakAvya-zailI evaM campUkAvya-zailI meM jainAcAryoM ke nimna grantha milate haiM- tilakamaMjarI, tilakamaMjarIkathAsAra, gadyacintAmaNi aadi| campUkAvyoM meM kuvalayamAlA, yazastilakacampU, jIvanadharacampU, purUdevacampU, campUmaNDana Adi grantha jainAcAryoM dvArA racita haiM, gItikAvya, rasamuktaka gItikAvya, dUtakAvya yA sandezakAvya (khaNDakAvya) jainAcAryoM ne likhe haiM, yathA pAzrvAbhyudaya nemidUta, jainameghadUta, zIladUta, pavanadUta Adi aneka duutkaavy| isake atirikta, jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta meM pAdapUrti sAhitya bhI likhA hai| isameM aneka grantha meghadUta kI pAdapUrti ke rUpa meM likhe gaye, sAtha hI, jainAcAryoM ne kucha subhASitoM aura aneka stotra bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe haiN| unake stotra-sAhitya ko aneka saMgraha granthoM meM samAhita kiyA gayA hai| ye stuti-stotra sahasroM kI saMkhyA meM haiN| sAtha hI, dRzyakAvya ke rUpa meM aneka nATakoM kI racanA bhI rAmacandra Adi .jainAcAryoM ne kI hai, jaise- satyaharizacandra, nalavilAsa, mallikAmakaranda, kaumudImitrANanda, raghuvilAsa, nirbhayabhImavyAyoga, sehiNImRgAMka, rAghavAbhyudaya, yAdavAbhyudaya, vanamAlA, candralekhAvijayaprakaraNa, prabaddharauhiNeya, draupadIsvayaMvara, moharAjaparAjaya, mudritakumudacandra, dharmAbhyudaya, kSamAmRta, hammIramadamardana, karUNAvajAyudha, aMjanApavanaMjaya, subhadrAnATikA, vikrAntakaurava, maithilIkalyANa, jyotiSprabhAnATaka, rambhAmaMjarI, jJAnacandrodaya, jJAnasUryodaya aadi| Agamika-vyAkhyAoM darzana, kAvya, nATaka, dUtakAvya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-134 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-130 evaM kathA-sAhitya ke atirikta bhI vividha viSayoM para bhI jainAcAryoM evaM jaina-lekhakoM ne saMskRta meM grantha likhe haiN| jaina-sAhitya ke bRhad itihAsa bhAga pA~ca meM unakI sUcI upalabdha hai| usa AdhAra para hama yahA~ mAtra unakA nAma-nirdeza kara rahe haiN| saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa sambandhI jainAcAryoM ke saMskRta grantha bhASA kA prANa vyAkaraNa hai, ataH jaina-AcAryoM ne prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa-sambandhI granthoM kI racanA kii| unake ina vyAkaraNa-sambandhI granthoM kA mAdhyama saMskRta bhASA rhii| unake vyAkaraNasambandhI-granthoM kI sUcI ati vistRta hai, jo nimnAnusAra hai- aindravyAkaraNa, zabdaprAbhRta, kSapaNaka-vyAkaraNa, jainendra-vyAkaraNa, jainendranyAsa, jainendrabhASya aura zabdAvatAranyAsa, mahAvRtti, zabdAMbhojabhAskaranyAsa, pacaMvastu, laghujainendra, zabdArNava, zabdArNavacaMdrikA, zabdArNavaprakriyA, bhagavadvAgvAdinI, jainendravyAkaraNa vRtti, aniTkArikAvacUri, zAkaTAyana-vyAkaraNa, pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ke vyAkaraNa-sambandhI anya grantha, amoghavRtti Adi ciMtAmaNizAkaTAyanavyAkaraNavRtti, maNiprakAzikA, prakriyAsaMgraha, zAkaTAyanaTIkA, rUpasiddhi, gaNaratnamahodadhi, liMgAnuzAsana, dhAtupATha, paMcagraMthI yA buddhisAgara vyAkaraNa, dIpakavyAkaraNa, zabdAnuzAsana, zabdArNavyAkaraNa, zabdArNava vRtti, vidyAnaMdavyAkaraNa, nUtanavyAkaraNa, premalAbhavyAkaraNa, zabdabhUSaNavyAkaraNa, prayogamukhavyAkaraNa, siddhahemacaMdrazabdAnuzAsana, usakI svopajJalaghuvRtti, svopajJamadhyamavRtti, rahasyavRtti, bRhadavRtti, bRhanyAsa, nyAsArasamuddhAra, laghunyAsa, nyAsasAroddhAra-TippaNa, hai maTuMDhikA, aSTAdhyAyatRtIyapadavRtti, haimalaghuvRtti-avacUri, catuSkavRtti-avacUri, laghuvRtti-avacUri, haimalaghuvRttiDhuMDhikA, laghuvyAkhyAnaDhuMDhikA, DhuMDhikA dIpikA, bRhadavRtti sAroddhAra, bRhadavRtti-avacUrNikA, bRhadavRttiDhuMDhikA, bRhavRttidIpikA, kakSApaTavRtti, bRhadavRttiTippaNa, haimodAharaNavRtti, haimadazapAdavizeSa aura haimadazapAdavizeSArtha, balAbalasUtravRtti, kriyAratnasamuccaya, nyAyasaMgraha, syAdizabdasamuccaya, syAdivyAkaraNa, syAdizabdadIpikA, hemavibhramaTIkA, kavikalpadrumaTIkA, tiDanvayoMkti, haimadhAtupArAyaNa, haimadhAtupArAyaNavRtti, hemaliMgAnuzAsanavRtti,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-135 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-131 durgamapadaprabodhavRtti, hemaliMgAnuzAsana-avacUri, gaNapATha, gaNaviveka, gaNadarpaNa, prakriyAgrantha, haiMmalaghuprakriyA, haimabRhatprakriyA, haimaprakAza, caMdraprabhA, hemazabda-prakriyA, hemazabdacaMndrikA, haimaprakriyA, haimaprakriyAzabdasamuccaya, hemazabdasamuccaya, hemazabdasacaMya, haimakArakasamuccaya, siddhasArasvata vyAkaraNa, upasargamaDaMna, dhAtumaMjjarI, mizraliMgakoza, mizraliMganirNaya, liMgAnuzAsana, uNAdipratyaya, vibhaktivicAra, dhAturatnAkara, dhAturatnAkaravRtti kriyAkalApa, aniTkArikA, aniTkArikATIkA, aniTkArikA vivaraNa, uNAdinAmamAlA, samAsaprakaraNa, SaTkArakavivaraNa, zabdArthacaMdrikoddhAra, rUcAdigaNavivaraNa, uNAdigaNasUtra, uNAdigaNasUtravRtti, vizrAMta vidyAdharanyAsa, padavyavasthAkArikATIkA, kAtaMtravyAkaraNa, durgamapadaprabodhaTIkA, daurgasihIvRtti, kAtaMtrottaravyAkaraNa, kAtaMtravistara, bAlabodhavyAkaraNa, kAtaMtradIpakavRtti, kAtaMtrabhUSaNa, vRttitrayanibaMdha, kAtaMtravRtti-paMjikA, kAtaMtrarUpamAlA, laghuvRtti, kAtaMtravibhramaTIkA, sArasvatavyAkaraNa, sArasvatamaMDana, yazonaMdinI, vidvaciMtAmaNi, dIpikA, sArasvatarUpamAlA, kriyAcaMdrikA, rUparatnamAlA, dhAtupATha, dhAtutaraMgiNIvRtti, subodhikA, prakriyAvRttiTIkA, caMdrikA, paMcasaMdhi-bAlAvabodha, bhASATIkA, nyAyaratnAvalI, paMcasaMdhiTIkA, zabdaprakriyAsAdhanI, saralAbhASATIkA, siddhAMtacaMdrikA-vyAkaraNa, siddhAMtacaMdri kATIkA, subodhinIvRtti, aniTkArikA-avacUri, aniTkArikA evaM usakI svopajJavRtti, bhUdhAtuvRtti, mugdhAvabodhavauktika, bAlazikSA, vAkyaprakAza, uktiratnAkara, uktipratyaya, uktivyAkaraNa, prAkRta vyAkaraNa, prAkRtalakSaNa, prAkRtalakSaNavRtti, svayaMbhUvyAkaraNa, siddhahemacandrazabdAnuzAsana prAkRtavyAkaraNa, siddhahemacandrazabdAnuzAsana (prAkRtavyAkaraNa)vRtti, haimadIpikA, dIpikA, prAkRtadIpikA, haimaprAkRtaDhuMDhikA, prAkRtaprabodha, prAkRtavyAkRti, dodhakavRtti, haimadodhakArtha, prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana, prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana vRtti, prAkRta padyavyAkaraNa, audAryaciMtAmaNi, arddhamAgadhI vyAkaraNa aadi| saMskRta-koza-sAhitya-sambandhI jainAcAryoM kI kRtiyA~___vyAkaraNa ke pazcAt koza-sAhitya kA krama AtA hai, jainAcAryoM kI koza sambandhI kRtiyA~ nimna haiM- dhanaMjayanAmamAlA, dhanaMjayanAmamAlAbhASya, nighaMTasamaya, anekArthanAmamAlA, anekArthanAmamAlATIkA, abhidhAnaciMtA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-136 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-132 maNinAmamAlA, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNivRtti, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNiTIkA, abhidhAnaciMtA maNisAroddhAra, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi vyutpattiratnAkara, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNiavacUri, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi ratnaprabhA, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi-bIjaka, abhidhAnaciMtA maNinAmamAlA-pratIkAvalI, anekArthasaMgraha, anekArthasaMgrahaTIkA, nighaMTuzeSa, nighaTuzeSaTIkA, dezIzabdasaMgraha, zilocchakoza, zilocchakozaTIkA, nAmakoza, zabdacaMdrikA, suMdaraprakAza zabdArNava, zabdabhedanAmamAlA, zabdabhedanAmamAlAvRtti, nAmasaMgraha, zAradIyanAmamAlA, zabdaratnAkara, avyayaikAkSaranAmamAlA, zeSanAmamAlA, zabdasaMdohasaMgraha, zabdaratnapradIpa, vizravalocanakoza, nAnArthakoza, paMcavargasaMgrahanAmamAlA, apavarganAmamAlA, ekAkSarI nAnArthakAMDa, ekAkSarInAmamAlikA, ekAkSarakoza, ekAkSaranAmamAlA aadi| isa prakAra, jainAcAryoM ne aneka koza granthoM kI bhI racanA kI hai| jainAcAryoM kI jyotiSa-sambandhI saMskRta-kRtiyA~ jaina-saMskRta-sAhitya meM jyotiSa-sambandhI sAhitya kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA huA hai, prAcIna jaina-AgamoM meM sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura gaNivijjA meM prArambhika-jaina-jyotiSa kI carcA rahI huI hai| isake atirikta, aMgavijjA bhI phalita-jyotiSa kI kucha carcA karatI hai, kintu ye sabhI grantha prAkRta meM haiN| saMskRta meM racita paravartIkAlIna jyotiSa-sambandhI grantha nimna haiMlagnavicAra praznasundarI jyotiSaprakAza varSaprabodha caturvizikoddhAra ustaralAvayaMtra caturvizikoddhAra avacUri ustaralAvayaMtra TIkA jyotiSasArasaMgraha doSaratnAvalI janmapatrIpaddhati jAtakadIpikApaddhati (harSakIrtisUri) janmapradIpazAstra janmapatrIpaddhati (muni mahamodaya) kevalajJAnahorA mAnasAgarIpaddhati phalAphalaviSayaka-praznapatra yantrarAja TIkA udayadIpikA jyotiSaratnAkara yantrarAja

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-137 paMcAGagnayanavidhi tithisAraNI yazorAjIpaddhati trailokyaprakAza jeisahIra jyotassAra paMcAr3a.tatva paMcAD.tatva TIkA paMcAMgatithivivaraNa paMcAD.dIpikA paMcAMgapatravicAra balirAmAnandasArasaMgraha . gaNasAraNI lAlacandrIpaddhati TippanakAvidhi horAmakaranda vivAhapaTala karArAja dIkSA-pratiSThAzuddhi vivAharatna jyotiprakAza kheTacUlA jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-133 SaSTisaMvatsaraphala laghujAtaka-TIkA jAtakapaddhati-TIkA tAjikasAra-TIkA karaNakutUhala-TIkA jyotividAbharaNa-TIkA mahAdevIsAriNI-TIkA vivAhapaTala-bAlAvabodha grahalAghava-TIkA candrArkI-TIkA SaTpaccAzikA-TIkA bhuvanadIpa-TIkA camatkAracintAmaNi-TIkA horAmakaranda-TIkA vasantarAjazAkuna-TIkA zakunarahasya zakunazAstra zakunaratnAvalI-kathAkoza zakunAvali zakunadvAra zakunavicAra prakAza jaina dArzanika sAhitya jahA~ taka jaina dharma ke dArzanika-sAhitya kA prazna hai, use mukhya rUpa se tIna bhAgoM meM bATA gayA hai - (1) prAkRta bhASA kA jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya (2) saMskRta bhASA kA jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya aura (3) Adhunika yuga kA jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya /

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-138 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-134 prAkRta-bhASA kA jaina dArzanika sAhitya jaina dharma kA AdhAra Agama-grantha haiN| Agama-sAhitya ke sabhI grantha to dArzanika sAhitya se sabaMdhita nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu AgamoM meM kucha grantha avazya hI aise haiM, jinheM hama dArzanika-sAhitya ke antargata le sakate haiN| dArzanika-sAhitya ke tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA aura AcAramImAMsA- ye tIna pramukha aMga hote haiN| tattvamImAMsA ke antargata sRSTi-vijJAna evaM khagola-bhUgola-saMbaMdhI kucha carcA bhI A jAtI hai| isa dRSTi se yadi hama prAkRta-jaina-sAhitya aura usameM bhI vizeSa rUpa se Agamika sAhitya kI carcA kareM, to usameM nimna Agamika-granthoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| hama unheM tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA kI dRSTi se hI vargIkRta karane kA prayatna krege| jahA~ taka tattvamImAMsIyaAgama-sAhitya kA prazna hai, usake antargata prathama grantha sUtrakRtAMga hI AtA hai| yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga meM jaina-AcAra-saMbaMdhI kucha dArzanika-viSayoM kI carcA hai, kintu phira bhI prAthamika-dRSTi se usakA pratipAdya viSaya usa yuga kI vibhinna dArzanika-mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA rahA hai| isa AdhAra para hama use prAkRta evaM jaina Agama-sAhitya kA eka mahatvapUrNa dArzanika-grantha kaha sakate haiN| jahA~ taka prathama aMga-Agama AcArAMga kA prazna hai, vaha mukhyataH dArzanika-mAnyatAoM ke sAtha-sAtha jaina-sAdhanA ke mUlabhUta dArzanika-sUtroM ko prastuta karatA hai| isameM AtmA ke astitva evaM SaTjIvanikAya ke sAtha kina-kina tattvoM kA astitva mAnanA cAhie - isakI carcA hai, kintu isake sAtha hI usameM jaina AcAra aura vizeSa rUpa se muni-AcAra kI vistRta vivecanA hai| AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke atirikta aMgaAgamoM meM tIsare aura cauthe aMgaAgama sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kA krama AtA hai| ye donoM grantha saMkhyA ke AdhAra para nirmita jaina-vidyA ke koSagrantha kahe jA sakate haiN| inameM vividha viSayoM kA sakaMlana hai| yaha satya hai ki inameM kucha dArzanika viSaya bhI samAhita kiye gaye haiM, kintu ye donoM grantha dArzanika-viSayoM ke atirikta jaina sRSTividyA, nakSatravidyA evaM khagola-bhUgola Adi se bhI sambandhita haiN| pAMcaveM aMga-Agama ke rUpa meM bhagavatIsUtra kA krama AtA hai| nizciya hI, yaha grantha jaina-dArzanika

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-139 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-135 mAnyatAoM aura vizeSa rUpa se tattvamImAMsIya-avadhAraNAoM kA AdhArabhUta grantha hai| aMgaAgamoM meM bhagavatIsUtra ke pazcAt jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazA, antakRtdazA, praznavyAkaraNasUtra aura vipAkadazA kA krama AtA hai| sAmAnyatayA dekhane para ye sabhI grantha jaina-sAdhakoM ke jIvanavRtta aura unakI sAdhanAoM ko hI prastuta karate haiM, phira bhI upAsakadazA meM zrAvaka ke AcAra-niyamoM kA vistRta vivecana upalabdha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra, praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI vartamAna viSaya-vastu pAMca AzravadvAroM aura saMvaradvAroM kI carcA karatI hai, jo jaina AcArazAstra kI mUlabhUta saiddhAMtika-avadhAraNA se sambandhita hai| anya dRSTi se Azrava aura saMvara jaina-tattva-yojanA ke pramukha aMga haiN| isI dRSTi se isa aMga kA saMbaMdha bhI jaina-tattvamImAMsA se jor3A jA sakatA hai| vipAkasUtra ke antargata do vibhAga haiM - sukha-vipAka aura duHkha-vipAka / yaha grantha yadyapi kathArUpa hI hai, phira bhI isameM vyakti ke karma ke pariNAmoM kA cintana hone se ise eka dRSTi se jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya se sabaMdhita mAnA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka upAMga-sAhitya kA prazna hai, usake antargata 12 grantha Ate haiM, inameM aupapAtikasUtra aura rAjapraznIyasUtra- ye do grantha aise haiM, jinameM kramazaH sanyAsiyoM kI sAdhanA ke vibhinna rUpoM kA evaM AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, ataH ye donoM grantha AMzika rUpa se jaina-dArzanika paramparA se sabaMdhita mAne jA sakate haiN| sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti-ye tIna grantha mukhya rUpa se jaina-khagola aura bhUgola se saMbaMdhita haiM, upAMga-sAhitya ke zeSa pAMcoM grantha mUlataH kathAtmaka hI haiN| inake pazcAt chedasUtroM kA krama AtA hai| mUrtipUjaka paramparA chaH cheda-granthoM ko mAnatI hai, jabaki sthAnakavAsI aura . terApaMthI paramparA meM chedasUtroM kI saMkhyA cAra mAnI gayI hai| sthAnakavAsI-paramparA ke anusAra, dazAzrutaskaMdha, bRhadkalpa, vyavahAra aura niSItha ye cAra cheda grantha haiM, jo mUrtipUjaka paramparA ko bhI mAnya haiN| ina cAroM kA saMbaMdha vizeSa rUpa se prAyazcitya aura daNDa-vyavasthA se hai| zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka paramparA ko mAnya jItakalpa aura mahAniSItha- ye donoM grantha bhI mUlataH to prAyazcitya aura daNDavyavasthA se saMbadhita hI rahe

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-140 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-136 haiM, ataH inheM kisI sImA taka jaina AcAramImAMsA ke sAtha jor3A jA .. sakatA hai| mUlasUtra aura cUlikAsUtroM meM bhI kula milAkara chaha yA sAta granthoM kA samAveza hotA hai| inameM uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka pramukha grantha hai, jo mukhya rUpa se jaina sAdhanA aura AcAra-vyavasthA se sambandhita hai, kintu isake 28 veM aura 36 veM adhyAya meM jaina-tattvamImAMsA kI carcA dekhI jA sakatI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra mukhyataH jaina-muni-jIvana kI AcAra vyavasthA se saMbaMdhita hai| isake atirikta, zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka-paramparA ke anusAra mUla-granthoM meM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM Avazyaka ke atirikta, oghaniyukti aura piNDaniyukti ko bhI samAhita mAnA jAtA hai| ye donoM grantha jaina-muni ke sAmAnya AcAra aura bhikSAvidhi se sambandhita haiM, ataH kisI sImA taka inako bhI jaina-AcAra-mImAMsA ke aMga mAnA jA sakatA hai| sthAnakavAsI-paramparA meM mUla evaM mUrtipUjaka-paramparA meM cUlikAsUtra ke nAma se prasiddha nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra mAne jAte haiN| inameM nandIsUtra mUlataH pAMca jJAnoM kI vivecanA karatA hai, ataH ise jaina-jJAnamImAMsA ke dArzanika-granthoM ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi nandIsUtra meM jaina-itihAsa ke bhI kucha arddha khule tathya bhI samAhita haiN| anuyogadvArasUtra ko jaina-dArzanika mAnyatAoM ko samajhane kI vizleSaNAtmaka-vidhi kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina-dArzanika praznoM ko samajhane ke lie anekAMta-naya aura nikSepa kI avadhAraNAe~ to pramukha haiM hI, isake atirikta anuyogadvAroM kI vyavasthA bhI mahatvapUrNa rahI hai| jainadarzana kA nikSepa kA siddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki kisI zabda ke artha kA ghaTana kisa prakAra, se kiyA jA sakatA hai| usI prakAra naya kA siddhAnta vAkya yA kathana ke artha-ghaTana kI prakriyA ko samajhAtA hai| anuyogadvAra, kisa viSaya kI kisa-kisa dRSTi se vivecanA kI jA sakatI hai, ise spaSTa karatA hai, ataH yaha jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya kA eka pramukha grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka AvazyakasUtra kA prazna hai, vaha mUlataH jaina-sAdhanA kA grantha hai| isa prakAra jaina Agamika sAhitya meM mukhya rUpa se dArzanika-viSayoM ko isa taraha se prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki ve jaina dharma kI sAdhanA-vidhi ke sAtha bhI jur3a skeN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka-paramparA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-141 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-137 AgamoM ke antargata prakIrNaka-sAhitya ko bhI mAnatI hai| prakIrNakoM kA mukhya viSaya dArzanika-vivecanA na hokara sAdhanA-saMbaMdhI vivecanA hai, phira bhI ve sabhI prAyaH jaina-sAdhanA evaM AcAra se saMbaMdhita mAne jA sakate haiM, kyoMki lagabhaga 6-7 prakIrNakoM kA viSaya to samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA hai| ___ jaina-prAkRta-sAhitya ke antargata zvetAmbara-paramparA dvArA mAnya AgamoM ke atirikta digambara-paramparA ke Agama-tulya aneka grantha bhI Ate haiN| ina granthoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye sabhI grantha mUlataH jaina-dArzanikasAhitya kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga haiN| inameM, sarvaprathama kasAyapAhuDa aura SaTkhaNDAgama kA krama AtA hai| jahA~ kasAyapAhuDa jaina-karmasiddhAnta ke karmabandha ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karatA hai, to vahI SaTkhaNDAgama jainakarmasiddhAnta kI mArgaNAsthAna, guNasthAna evaM jIvasthAna-sambandhI avadhAraNAoM kI vistRta vivecanA prastuta karatA hai| inake atirikta, mUlAcAra nAmaka jo prAcIna grantha hai, vaha bhI mukhya rUpa se jaina-AcAra aura vizeSa rUpa se muni AcAra kI vivecanA karatA hai| bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI mukhya rUpa se jaina sAdhanA aura vizeSa rUpa se samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA kA vivecana hai| isake atirikta, jaina-darzana-sAhitya ke rUpa meM kundakunda ke samayasAra, pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra aura aSTaprAbhRta, dazabhakti Adi grantha pramukha haiN| inameM samayasAra meM mukhya rUpa se to Atmatattva ke svarUpa kI vivecanA hai, kintu prAsaMgika rUpa se AtmA ke kama-Azrava-bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa kI carcA bhI isameM mila jAtI hai| isa dRSTi se ise jaina-tattvamImAMsA kA mukhya grantha mAnA jAtA hai| isI prakAra, unakA paMcAstikAya nAmaka grantha bhI pA~ca astikAyoM kI carcA karane ke kAraNa jaina-tattvamImAMsA kA eka pramukha grantha mAnA gayA hai| pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, rayanasAra, aSTaprAbhUta Adi kA saMbaMdha jaina-sAdhanA se rahA huA hai, ataH ye grantha bhI kisI sImA taka jaina-tattvamImAMsA aura AcAramImAMsA se sabaMdhita rahe hai| digambara-paramparA ke prAkRta ke anya pramukha granthoM meM gomaTTasAra vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| isa grantha kA mukhya sabandha to jaina karma siddhAnta se hai| isake atirikta, digambara-paramparA meM kucha apabhraMza bhASA ke grantha bhI jaina dArzanika-granthoM meM samAhita kiye jA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-142 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-138 sakate haiM, jaise- paramAtmaprakAza aadi| digambara-paramparA meM kucha purANa bhI apabhraMza bhASA meM milate haiM, inameM bhI jaina-tattvamImAMsA aura jaina AcAramImAMsA se sambandhita viSaya vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha haiN| yadyapi yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jainoM kA jJAnamImAMsA sambandhI vipula sAhitya saMskRta bhASA meM hI upalabdha hai| ____ prAkRta Agamika-vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM mukhya rUpa se sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM bhI tatkAlIna dArzanika-mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hI parilakSita hotI hai| niyukti-sAhitya kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa grantha uttarAdhyayana niyukti hai, jisameM jaina-tattvamImAMsA aura AcAramImAMsA kI kucha carcA hI parilakSita hotI hai| isake pazcAt, zeSa niyuktiyAM mukhyatayA jaina-AcAra kI hI carcA karatI haiN| niyuktiyoM meM Avazyaka niyukti avazya hI eka bRhadkAya grantha hai, isameM jaina-darzana evaM jaina-AcAra-paddhati kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| zeSa niyuktiyA~ bhI prAyazcit evaM jaina-sAdhanA-vidhi kI carcA karatI haiN| niyukti sAhitya ke pazcAt bhASya sAhitya kA krama AtA hai| isameM mukhya rUpa se vizeSAvazyakabhASya hI aisA grantha hai, jo dArzanika carcAoM se yukta hai| isake prathama khaNDa meM jaina jJAnamImAMsA aura vizeSa rUpa se pA~ca jJAnoM unake upaprakAroM aura pArasparika sahasaMbaMdhoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| isake atirikta, isake gaNadharavAda vAle khaNDa meM AtmA ke astitva ke sAtha-sAtha jainakarmasiddhAnta kI. gambhIra carcA hai| prathamatayA, yaha khaNDa gaNadharoM ke saMdehoM aura unake uttaroM kI vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai, usameM svarga, naraka, punarjanma, karma aura karmaphala Adi kI gambhIra carcA hai| bhASyasAhitya ke zeSa granthoM meM mukhya rUpa se jaina-AcAra, prAyazcit-vyavasthA aura sAdhanA-paddhati kI carcA kI gaI hai| bhASyoM ke pazcAtcUrNi sAhitya kA krama AtA hai, cUrNi-sAhitya kI bhASA prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA kA mizrita rUpa hai| inameM bhI AgamoM kI cUrNiyo kI apekSA mukhya rUpa se chedasUtroM kI cUrNiyAM hI adhika pramukha haiN| unameM eka AvazyakacUrNi hI aisI hai, jo kucha dArzanika-carcAoM ko prastuta karatI haiN| zeSa cUrNiyoM kA saMbaMdha AcAra-zAstra se aura unameM bhI vizeSa rUpa se upasarga aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-143 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-139 apavAda-mArga kI sAdhanA se hai| usake pazcAt, lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI ke AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM saMskRta TIkAoM kA pracalana huA, inameM dArzanika-praznoM kI gambhIra carcA hai, kintu isakI vizeSa carcA hama jaina-dArzanika-saMskRta-sAhitya ke antargata hI kreNge| yadyapi, prAcInakAla meM kucha dArzanika grantha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gaye haiN| inameM mukhya rUpa se sanmatitarka kA sthAna sarvopari hai| sanmatitarka mUlataH to jainoM ke anekAntavAda kI sthApanA karane vAlA grantha hai, phira bhI isameM aneka dArzanika-praznoM kI carcA karake anekAMta ke mAdhyama se usameM samanvaya kA prayatna hai| yaha grantha jahA~ eka ora dArzanika ekAntavAdoM kI samIkSA karatA hai, vahI prasagopeta anekAMtavAda kI sthApanA kA prayatna bhI karatA hai| dArzanika-dRSTi se isameM sAmAnya aura vizeSa kI carcA hI pramukha rUpa se huI hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki vastu-tattva sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka hotA hai aura isI AdhAra para vaha ekAnta-rUpa se sAmAnya yA vizeSa para bala dene vAlI dArzanika-mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI karatA hai| isake atirikta, isameM jaina-paramparA ke pracalita jJAna aura darzana ke pArasparika sambandha ko sulajhAne kA bhI prayatna kiyA gayA hai| .. yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki digambara-paramparA meM jahA~ prAkRta bhASA meM aneka dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kI, vahA~ zvetAmbara-paramparA meM dArzanika praznoM kI carcA hetu saMskRta bhASA ko hI pramukhatA dI hai aura isakA pariNAma yaha huA kI zvetAmbara aura digambara-paramparAoM meM dArzanika-carcAoM ko lekara mukhya rUpa se saMskRta bhASA meM hI grantha likhe gye| Age, hama jainoM ke dArzanika-saMskRta-sAhitya kI carcA kreNge| saMskRta bhASA kA jaina dArzanika sAhitya yadyapi jaina-tattvajJAna se saMbadhita viSayoM kA pratipAdana AgamoM meM milatA hai, kintu sabhI Agama prAkRta bhASA meM hI nibaddha hai| jaina-tattvajJAna se saMbadhi ta prathama sUtragrantha kI racanA umAsvAti (lagabhaga 2 rI zatI) ne saMskRta bhASA meM hI kI thii| umAsvAti ke kAla taka vividha dArzanika nikAyoM ke sUtragrantha astitva meM A cuke the, jaise-vaizeSikasUtra, sAMkhyasUtra, yogasUtra, nyAyasUtra Adi, ataH umAsvAti ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve jainadharmadarzana se

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jainadharma evaM darzana-144 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-140 saMbadhita viSayoM ko samAhita karate hue sUtra-zailI meM saMskRta bhASA meM kisI grantha kI racanA kre| umAsvAti ke pazcAt siddhasena, samantabhadra Adi ne bhI jaina-darzana para saMskRta bhASA meM grantha likhe| siddhasena divAkara ne bhAratIya-dArzanika-dhArAoM kI avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA ko lekara kucha dvAtriziMkAo kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kI thI, jinameM nyAyavatAra jaina pramANa mImAMsA kA pramukha grantha hai| isI prakAra, AcArya samantabhadra ne bhI Apta-mImAMsA, yuktyAnuzAsana evaM svayambhUstotra nAmaka granthoM kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kii| ina sabhI kI viSaya-vastu darzana se sambandhita rahI hai| isa prakAra, IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya saMskRta meM likhA jAne lagA thaa| umAsvAti ne svayaM hI tatvArthasUtra ke sAtha-sAtha usakA svopajJa bhASya bhI saMskRta meM likhA thaa| lagabhaga 5 vIM zatAbdI ke anta aura chaThavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM digambarAcArya pUjyapAda devanandi ne tatvArthasUtra para 'sarvArthasiddhi' 'nAmaka TIkA saMskRta meM likhii| isake atirikta, unhone jainasAdhanA ke sandarbha meM samAdhitaMtra aura 'iSTopadeza nAmaka grantha bhI saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhe| isI kAlakhaNDa meM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM mallavAdI ne dvAdazAranayacakra kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kI, jisameM pramukha rUpa se sabhI bhAratIya-dArzanika-paramparAe~ pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI aura unhIM meM se unakI virodhI dhArA ko uttarapakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kara unakI samIkSA bhI kI gii| isake pazcAt, 5 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya to prAkRta meM likhA, kintu usakI svopajJaTIkA saMskRta meM likhI thii| unake pazcAt, 7 vIM zatI ke prArambha meM koTTAcArya ne bhI vizeSAvazyakabhASya para saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhI thI, jo prAcIna bhAratIya-dArzanika-mAnyatAoM kA gambhIra vivecana prastuta karatI hai, sAtha hI unakI samIkSA bhI karatI haiN| lagabhaga 7vIM zatAbdI meM hI siddhasena gaNi ne zvetAmbara-paramparA meM tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA likhI thI, isI krama meM siMhazUragaNi ne dvAdazAranayacakra para saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhI thii| 8vIM zatAbdI meM prasiddha jainAcArya haribhadrasUri hue, jinhoMne prAkRta aura saMskRta- donoM hI bhASAoM meM apanI kalama claaii| haribhadrasUri ne jahA~ eka ora aneka jainAgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhIM, vahIM unhoMne aneka

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'jaina dharma evaM darzana-145 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-141 dArzanika-granthoM kA bhI saMskRta bhASA meM praNayana kiyaa| unake dvArA racita nimna dArzanika-grantha adhika prasiddha hai- SaDdarzanasamuccaya, zAstravArtAsamuccaya, anekAntajayapatAkA, anekAntavAdapraveza, anekAntapraghaTTa Adi, sAtha hI, inhoMne bauddha-dArzanika diD.nAga ke nyAyapraveza kI saMskRta-TIkA bhI likhii| isake atirikta, unhoMne 'yogadRSTisamuccaya' Adi grantha bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe| haribhadra ke samakAla meM yA unake kucha pazcAt digambara-paramparA meM AcArya akalaMka aura vidyAnandasUri hue, jinhoMne aneka dArzanika-granthoM kI racanA kii| jahA~ akalaMka ne tatvArthasUtra para rAjavartika' TIkA ke sAtha-sAtha nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya, pramANasaMgraha, ladhIyastrI, aSTazatI evaM pramANasaMgraha Adi dArzanika granthoM kI saMskRta meM racanA kii| vahI vidyAnanda ne bhI tatvArthasUtra para zlokavArtikaTIkA ke sAtha sAtha AptaparIkSA, pramANaparIkSA, satyazAsanaparIkSA, aSTasahasrI Adi gambhIra dArzanika-granthoM kI saMskRta bhASA meM racanA kii| 10vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra para zvetAmbarAcArya siddhaRSi ne vistRta TIkA kI racanA kii| isI kAla meM prabhAcanda, kumudacandra evaM vAdirAjasUri nAmaka digambara-AcAryoM ne kramazaH prameyakamalamArtaNDa nyAyakumudacandra, nyAyavinizcaya-TIkA Adi mahatvapUrNa dArzanika-granthoM kI racanA kii| isake pazcAt 11vIM zatAbdI meM devasena ne laghunayacakra, bRhadanayacakra, AlApapaddhati, mANikyanandI ke parIkSAmukha tathA anantavIrya ne siddhivinizcaya TIkA Adi dArzanika kRtiyoM kA sRjana kiyaa| isI kAlakhaNDa maiM, zvetAmbara paramparA ke abhayadeva sUri ne siddhasena ke sanmatitarka para vAdamahArNava nAmaka vizAla TIkA grantha kI racanA kii| isI krama meM digambara AcArya anantakIrti ne laghusarvajJasiddhi, bRhadsarvajJasiddhi, pramANanirNaya Adi dArzanika-granthoM kI racanA kI thii| isI kAlakhaNDa meM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM AcArya vAdidevasari hae. unhoMne pramANanayatatvAloka tathA usI para svopajJa-TIkA ke rUpa meM syAdavAdaratnAkara jaise jaina-nyAya ke granthoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| unake ziSya ratnaprabhasUri ne pramANanayatattvAloka para TIkA ke rUpa meM ratnAkarAvatArikA kI racanA kI thii| ina sabhI meM bhAratIya-darzanoM evaM unake nyAyazAstra kI aneka mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI hai| 12vIM zatAbdI meM hue zvetAmbara AcArya hemacandra ne mukhya rUpa se

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-146 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-142 jainanyAya para pramANamImAMsA (apUrNa) aura dArzanika samIkSA ke rUpa meM anyayogavyavacchedikA aise do mahatvapUrNa dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kii| yadyapi saMskRta vyAkaraNa evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM unakA avadAna pracura mAtrA meM hai, tathApi hamane yahA~ unake dArzanika-granthoM kI hI carcA kI hai| yadyapi 13vIM, 14vIM, 15vIM aura 16vIM zatAbdI meM bhI jaina-AcAryoM ne saMskRta bhASA meM kucha dArzanika-TIkA-granthoM kI racanA kI thI, inameM syAdvAdamaMjarI evaM zAstravArtAsamuccaya evaM SaTdarzanasamuccaya kI TIkAe~ mukhya haiM, kintu kucha grantha bhI likhe gaye, phira bhI ve adhika mahatvapUrNa na hone se hama yahA~ unakI carcA nahIM kara rahe haiM, yadyapi isa kAla khaNDa meM kucha dArzanika-granthoM kI TIkAe~ jaise anyayogavyavachedikA kI syAdavAda-manjarI nAmaka TIkA, SaDadarzanasamuccaya kI TIkA Adi bhI likhI gaI thI, kintu vistArabhaya se una sabameM jAnA ucita nahI haiN| 17vIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM upAdhyAya yazovijaya nAmaka eka prasiddha jaina lekhaka hue, jinake adhyAtmasAra, jJAnasAra Adi darzana ke kSetra meM aneka mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| adhyAtma ke kSetra meM adhyAtmamatasamIkSA, adhyAtmasAra, jJAnasAra Adi tathA darzana ke kSetra meM jaina tarkabhASA, nayopadeza, nayasahasra, nyAyAloka, syAdavAdakalpalatA Adi unake aneka grantha prasiddha haiN| unake pazcAta, 18vIM, 19vIM aura 20vIM zatAbdI meM jaina-darzana para saMskRta bhASA meM koI mahatvapUrNa grantha likhA gayA ho- yaha hamArI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai, yadyapi tattvArthasUtra kI zailI para AcArya tulasI ke jainasiddhAntadIpikA aura manAnuzAsanam nAmaka granthoM kI saMskRta bhASA meM racanA kI hai, phira bhI isa kAlakhaNDa meM saMskRta bhASA meM dArzanika-granthoM ke lekhana kI pravRtti nahIvat hI rahI hai| ___ jahA~ taka apabhraMza bhASA meM jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya kA nirdeza upalabdha hotA hai, usameM do grantha mahatvapUrNa mAne jAte haiM - 1. paramAtmaprakAza aura 2. prAbhRtadohA ( pAuDa dohaa)| yadyapi ye donoM grantha darzana kI apekSA jainasAdhanA para adhika bala dete haiM, phira bhI inheM apabhraMza ke dArzanika-jainasAhitya kA mahatvapUrNa grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu inakI carcA hama prAkRta ke jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya ke sAtha kara cuke haiN| isake atirikta digambara-jaina-paramparA meM svayaMbhU se lekara madhyakAla taka aneka purANoM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-147 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-143 aura kAvyagranthoM kI saMskRta meM racanAeM huI haiN| unameM bhI jainadarzana kI tattvamImAMsA aura AcAramImAMsA kA vivaraNa hameM mila jAtA hai| anya bhASAoM meM jaina dArzanika sAhitya anya bhAratIya bhASAoM meM jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya kA nirmANa huA hai, usameM AgamoM ke Tabbe pramukha haiN| inameM bhI AgamoM meM varNIta dArzanika-mAnyatAoM kA marUgurjara-bhASA meM nirdeza huA hai| marUgurjara-bhASA meM jaina-darzana kA koI viziSTa grantha likhA gayA hai, yaha hamArI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai, kintu hama sambhAvanAoM se inakAra nahI karate haiN| marUgurjara meM jo dArzanika-carcAe~ huI haiM, ve prAyaH khaNDana-maNDanAtmaka huI haiN| inameM bhI anya matoM kI apekSA jaina-dharma-darzana kI vividha zAkhAoM va prazAkhAoM ke pArasparika vivAdoM kA hI adhika ullekha hai| jahA~ taka purAnI hindI aura Adhunika hindI kA prazna hai, unameM bhI paryApta rUpa se jaina-dArzanika-sAhitya kA nirmANa huA ho, kintu unameM se adhikAMza viSaya pArasparika dArzanika avadhAraNAoM se saMbadhita haiN| inameM merI jAnakArI ke anusAra eka pramukha grantha amolakaRSijI kRta jainatattvaprakAza hai| yaha sarvAMgINa rUpa se jaina-darzana ke vividha pakSoM kI carcA karatA hai| yaha sambhAvanA hai ki unake dvArA isa prakAra ke anya grantha bhI likhe gayehoMge, kintu unakI mujhe jAnakArI upalaGa | na hone ke kAraNa una para adhika kucha kaha pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, yadyapi guNasthAna-siddhAnta para aDhIzatadvArI bhI inhIM kA eka prasiddha grantha hai| jahA~ taka Adhunika hindI meM likhe gaye jaina darzana sambandhI granthoM kA prazna hai, unameM paM. phUlacandajI dvArA likhita jainatattvamImAMsA eka pramukha grantha hai| isake atirikta, paM. (DaoN.) darabArIlAlajI koThiyA dvArA racita jainatattva, jJAnamImAMsA, paM. sumeracanda divAkara dvArA racita jaina-zAsana, paM. dalasukhabhAI dvArA racita Agamayuga kA jainadarzana, vijayamunijI racita jaina darzana ke mUlatattva, AcArya mahAprajJajI dvArA jainadarzana manana aura mImAMsA, paM. devendramunijI dvArA racita jainadarzana svarUpa va vizaleSaNa evaM jainadarzana manana aura mUlyAkaMna, paM. mahendrakumArajI jaina dvArA racita jainadarzana, muni mahendrakumAra dvArA racita jaina darzana evaM vidyAm, jinendravarNI dvArA racita jaina darzana meM padArtha vijJAna, DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA dvArA racita jainadarzana, muni nyAyavijayajI dvArA racita

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-148 jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa-144 jainadarzana Adi pramukha grantha hai| isake atirikta, jainadharmadarzana ke vividha pakSoM ke lekara hindI meM paryApta sAhitya kI racanA kI haiN| inameM DaoN. ratanacanda jaina kA zodha prabandha- jaina darzana meM nizcaya aura vyavahAranaya, eka parizIlana, paM. kailAzacandrazAstrI kA jainanyAya evaM pramANa-naya-nikSepa prakAza, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke jainabhASAdarzana, jainadarzana meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya, jainadarzana kA guNasthAna-siddhAnta pramukha grantha haiN| yahA~ hamane hindI ke kucha granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaise to hindI bhASA meM jainadharma evaM darzana se sambandhita saikar3oM grantha haiM, jinake nAmollekha se yaha nibandha nibandha na rahakara eka grantha hI bana jaayegaa| isI krama meM sAdhvI dharmazilAjI kA navatattva, munipramANasAgarajI kA jainadharma aura darzana, sAdhvI vidyutaprabhAjI kA dravyavijJAna, samaNI maMgalaprajJAjI kI ArhatIdRSTi bhI jainadharmadarzana ke pramukha grantha mAne jAte haiN| hindI bhASA ke atirikta baMgAlI, paMjAbI, marAThI aura kannar3a bhASAoM meM bhI Adhunika yuga meM jainadharmadarzana se sabaMdhita kucha grantha prakAza meM Ae haiN| vistArabhaya se una sabakI carcA karanA yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| dArzanika samasyAoM ko lekara paM. sukhalAlajI ke darzana aura cintana meM prakAzita cha mahatvapUrNa Alekha bhI isa dRSTi se vicAraNIya hai| isI krama me paM. kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA ne bhI navatatvoM para alaga-alaga rUpa se svataMtra grantha likhe haiN| vaise, gujarAtI bhASA meM bhI paryApta rUpa se jaina-dharma-darzana-saMbadhI sAhitya ke grantha likhe gaye haiM, kintu isa sambandha meM merI jAnakArI kI alpatA ke kAraNa una para vizeSa kucha likha pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| yadyapi aMgrejI bhAratIya bhASAoM kA eka aMga nahIM hai, phira bhI vizva kI eka pramukha bhASA hone ke kAraNa usameM bhI jaina-darzana-sambandhI aneka grantha upalabdha hote haiN| usameM pro. naTamalajI TATIyA kA jaina sTaDIja, DaoN. indrazAstrI kA jaina epIsTomolAjI, je.sI. sikandara kA jaina thyorI Apha riyaliTI, pro. bI. Ara. jaina kA kAsamolAjI olDa eNDa nyU Adi kucha pramukha grantha mAne jA sakate haiN| yadyapi Aja kucha mUla granthoM ke aMgrejI anuvAda sahita lagabhaga pAMca sau se adhika grantha aMgrejI bhASA meM bhI upalabdha haiM, phreMca, UrdU, paMjAbI, baMgAlI Adi meM kvacit jainadharmadarzana sambandhI grantha upalabdha haiN|

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prAcya vidyApITha : eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNa nyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyA pITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI mArga para sthita isa saMsthAna kA mukhya udezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaHpratiSThita karanA hai| isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI hai| yahA~ 40 patrapatrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttama vyavasthA hai| zodhakArya ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA satat sAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai|

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma di. 22.02.1932 janma sthAna zAjApura (ma.pra.) zikSA sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA (darzanazAstra) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevAH 1964-67 sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1968-85 prAdhyApaka (prophesara) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1985-89 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI : 1979-1987 evaM 1989-1997 lekhana :49 pustakeM sampAdana : 160 pustakeM pradhAna sampAdaka : jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) puraskAra : pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra : 1986 evaM 1998 svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra : 1987 DipTImala puraskAra ': 1992 AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna : 1994 vidyAvAradhi sammAna 2003 presIDensIyala avArDa oNpha jainA yU.esa.e : 2007 vAgArtha sammAna (ma.pra. zAsana) : 2007 gautama gaNadhara sammAna (prAkRta bhAratI) : 2008 ArcAya tulasI prAkRta sammAna : 2009 vidyAcandrasUrI sammAna : 2011 samatA manISI sammAna 2012 sadasya : akAdamika saMsthAe~ pUrva saMdasya - vidvata pariSada, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla sadasya - jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM pUrva sadasya - mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udypur| samprati saMsthApaka - prabaMdha nyAsI evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra) pUrvasacivaHpArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI videza bhramaNa ya.esa.e. zikAgoM rAle hyaTana nyUjarsI, uttarIkarolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa luIsa, piTasabarga ToraNToM (kanADA) nyUyArka, landana (yU.ke.) aura kATamA nipAla) Printed at Akrati Offset, UJJAIN Ph. 0734-2561720 20