Englandno Itihas

Author(s): Mahashankar Popatbhai Acharya
Publisher: Gujarat Oriental Book Depo
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032693/1

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zALopayogI IMglenDano itihAsa AcArya G. O. B. D.

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IMeDano itihAsa lekhaka mahAzaMkara popaTabhAI AcArya. bI. e., bI. TI. (onarsa) sudhArAvadhAre karanAra aMbAlAla dalasukharAma zAha. bI. e., esa. TI. sI. zikSaka, dhI nyu hAIskUla, amadAvAda. dhI gujarAta erienTala bUkaDI, gAdhIreDa, amadAvAda kiMmata : rU. 110

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First Edition : 1926. Second Edition : 1927. Reprint 1929. Third Edition : 1930. Reprint 1932. Fourth Edition : Revised 1938. All rights reserved by the Publisher. Printed by Manilal Purushottam Mistry,"B. A. at the Aditya Muc'rapalaya, Raikhad, Ahmedabad, and published by Popatlal Maganlal, Manager, the Gujarat Oriental Book-Depot, Gandhi Road, Ahmedabad.

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nivedana ApaNuM dezanI mAnyatA pramANe itihAsa eTale purANa athavA pAMcamo veda ! Ama che to ApaNA dezamAM ItihAsa-zikSaNanA lAbhanI gharcA karavAnI AvazyaktA zAnI hoya? itihAsanA vAstavika svarUpa viSe dAca matabheda haze, paraMtu lekazikSaNamAM tenI upayogitA te sarva kAI ekamate svIkAre che. nityanA jIvanamAM jema vyakti potAnA pUrva anubhava saMbhArI tene vyavahAramAM yoje che, ane potAnA AcAramAM zANapaNa lAve che, tema kaI paNa suzikSita samAja potAnA prAcIna kALanA temaja saMskAra ane paristhitithI bhinna evA anya koI samAjanA anubhavone bodhaprada ane mArgadarzaka karI zake che. ApaNuM vartamAna saMgomAM IMglenDa jevA susaMskRta ane samRddha dezano ItihAsa ApaNane aneka rIte upayogI che; AthIja ApaNI mAdhyamika zALAonA abhyAsakramamAM vicArapUrvaka tene yogya sthAna ApavAmAM AvyuM che. ApaNI zALAomAM ItihAsanuM zikSaNa aMgrejIdvArA ApavAthI ApaNA vidyArthIo AvA rasika viSayanI hakIktonA kevaLa bhAravAhaka bane che, ema svAbhAvika rIte anubhavasiddha gaNAvA lAgyuM. parabhASAnI aTapaTI guMcavaNamAM paDelAM ApaNAM bALake e bhASAkArA maLatA jJAnane marma grahaNa karI zakatAM nathI, e vAta to ApaNe keLavaNIkAree paNa svIkArI hatI. vaLI yunivarsiTi riphorsa kamiTI samakSa ghaNA vidvAnoe mAtRbhASAdhArA zikSaNa ApavAnI himAyata karI hatI. pariNAme muMbaI yunivarsiTie paNa yugabaLane vaza thaI itihAsanA uttare ApavAmAM dezI bhASAno upayoga karavAnI vaikalpika chUTa ApI che. sAthe sAthe yogya pAThya pustakonA abhAvane AgaLa dharI dezI bhASAmAM zikSaNa ApavAno prativAda karanArAo paNa zikSaNamAM mAtRbhASAnA Agrahano pakSa svIkAra to kare ja che. AvA saMyogomAM ApaNI alpadhana bhASAmAM IglenDanA itihAsa viSenAM gaNyAgAMThayAM pustakamAM ekAdanI vRddhi

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karavA mATe kSamA mAgavAnI ke prayeAjana darzAvavAnI jarUra rahetI nathI. AzA mAtra eTalIja che, ke ApaNA zikSaNarasika varga aMgrejI bhASAnuM jJAna nabaLuM paDI javAnA bhramane vaza na thatAM A navI maLelI chUTane saMpUrNa upayeAga karaze. prastuta graMthanI yAjanAmAM je navInatA jaNAya, tenI ceAgyatAnA nirNaya vAcakavargane karI levAnI bhalAmaNa che. khAsa karIne kahevAnuM mAtra eTaluMja che, ke A ceAjanA itihAzikSaNanI arvAcIna paddhatine anusarIne karavAmAM AvI che. vaLI viSayanuM sphATana karatAM kAryakAraNanI paraMparA jaLavAI rahe, tenI anatI saMbhALa rAkhavAmAM AvI che. A graMthane keTalAka bhAga te vizeSe karIne vargazikSaNa mATe kADhelI neoMdha parathI lakhavAmAM AvyA che, eTale abhyAsakeAne mATe te vizeSa mArgadarzaka ane upayAgI thaI paDe ema che. itihAsa ane sAhitya e te ekaja prajAjIvananAM be paDa che; ubhaya parasparanAM upakAraka che. prajAnuM khAdya ane AMtara jIvana chUTuM zI rIte paDI zake? AthI zALApayeAgI graMthanI maryAdAnA vicAra karIne sthaLe sthaLe aitihAsika prasaMgAne sAhitya joDe paNa cega sAdhavAmAM AvyA che. sAthe sAthe prajAjIvana dhaDanArAM khInna upayeAgI aMgAne paNa A graMthamAM yathAzakti vicAra karavAmAM AvyA che. je je mitrAe A graMtha lakhavAmAM salAha, sahAya, sUcanA, ane prAtsAhana ApyAM che, te sarvane A sthaLe kRtajJatApUrvaka AbhAra mAnuM chuM. je yAdhana prabhunI preraNAthI A graMtha lakhAye| ane samApta thaye, tenI kRpAthI vidyArthIo ane bhASAnurAgI sAhityarasikA lekhakanI uNapa pratye udAra bhAve durlakSa karI kaMIka paNa upayAgI tattva meLavI zakaze, te lekhaka potAne kRtakRtya thaye| mAnaze; vAcakavargane saMtASa teja lekhakanA parizramane yAgya badale che. astu ! } kamalA ekAdazI, adhika caitra, saMvata 1983. amadAvAda esa. pI. AcArya.

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caturtha AvRttinI prastAvanA A graMthanI caturtha AvRtti prakaTa thAya che, eja tenI lokapriyatA sUcave che. paraMtu tenA lekhaka rA. rA. mahAzaMkara pipaTabhAI AcAryanuM avasAna thaeluM hovAthI A pustakamAM sudhAre vadhAre karavAnuM saddabhAgya mane prApta thayuM che. emAM vidvAna graMthakartAnI naisargika pejanA banI zake teTalI kAyama rAkhIne mAtra Adhunika jarUriAne samAveza karela che. A pustakamAM je kaI sudhAravadhAro karyo che, te khAsa karIne muMbaI yunivarsiTie sUcavelA navIna abhyAsakramane anulakSIne karela che. agara je meTrikyulezananA vidyArthIo mATe navIna abhyAsakramamAM TuarTa samaya ane henevara samayane saMpUrNa abhyAsa karavAnuM nakkI kareluM che e kharuM, tema chatAM temanA abhyAsamAM yogya saMkalana jALavavAnI jarUriAta paNa teTalI ja anivArya che. ethI karIne prAcIna samaya ane TayuDara samayane rUparekhAtmaka abhyAsa Avazyaka che; teTalA mATe te saMbaMdhI yogya ullekha karIne abhyAsanA anusaMdhAnanI jogavAI karI ApavAmAM AvI che. te uparAMta ke vidyArthIo mATe vikaTeriana yuga" sudhInA abhyAsanI maryAdA AMkavAmAM AvI che, paNa te abhyAsanI kharI khubIne tAdaza citAra ANavA mATe vartamAna itihAsa tarapha daSTipAta karavAnI jarUra paNa lezamAtra ochI thatI nathI; ane tethI ja IMglenDanuM Ajadina sudhInuM rAjakAraNa ane vartamAna jagatanA sudharelA dezanI paristhitine TUMka ullekha karavAmAM AvyA che, je vidyArthIone ghaNeja lAbhadAyI thaI paDe ema che. navIna abhyAsakrama saMbaMdhI yunivarsiTie raju kareluM dRSTibindu dhyAnamAM rAkhIne, temaja zikSaka tarIke mane je je anubhava maLelA che te lakSamAM rAkhIne prastuta graMthamAM sudhArA vadhAro karyo che. aitihAsika prasaMganuM mahAbhya ane pAtronI yegyatA vicArIne ucita bhASAmAM bodhaprada zailIthI viSayanuM nirUpaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che. vizeSa karIne aMgreja prajAe rAjyataMtranA

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viSayamAM krame krame karelI pragati, ane tethI "niyamita rAjAsattAka rAjyataMtra"pArlamenTanuM astitva ane tenI sattAnI vRddhi, lokajIvana ane lekazAsana, dezanA kArabhAranI AMtaranIti ane dezAvara sAthenI pararAjyanIti, rAjadvArI puruSo ane vIra naronAM jIvanacaritra ane temanI rAjyanIti tathA bRharacanAnAM dhyeya, saMsthAnI sthApanA ane sAmrAjyanA vikAsa arthe yojAelA prayAso, vyApAravRddhi ane vyApAranAM kSetro, audyogika pravRtti, vyApAra-vyavahAranA mArgonuM svAmitva, yuropanAM anya rASTromAM upasthita thaelA prasaMgamAM iMglenDano hise, sAmrAjyanuM hita jALavavAnA prayatna, sAmrAjyanI prajAone lekazAsanane mArge laI javAnA akhatarA, Adi anekavidha prasaMgono ullekha suspaSTa rIte karavAmAM Avyo che. ethI karIne Akhoe viSaya rasika thaI paDyA vagara raheze nahi. rAjyabaMdhAraNano bhAga navesarathI lakhIne raju karavAmAM Avyo che. 17 nakazA, 48 citro, tavArIkha, sImAstaMbhe, samayarekhA, 14 jIvanacaritre, namunArUpa 156 prazno, AdithI graMthane AkarSaka ane mArgadarzaka karavAmAM AvyuM che. A graMtha prakaTa karavAnA kAryamAM rA. dalasukharAma cunIlAla trivedIe parizrama uThAvI je salAha, sUcanA ane sahAya ApI che, te mATe temane AbhAra mAnavAmAM Ave che. - AzA che ke prastuta graMtha asala graMtha karatAM AjanA vidyArthIone vadhu upayogI thaI paDaze. tArIkha 3-3-38 amadAvAda e. DI. zAha amadAvAda

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prakaraNa ! 1 aMgreja prajA 2. DaeNna leAkAnuM AkramaNa 3 nAma~na vaMza 4 plenTejIneTa vaMza 5 leAkasattAnA udaya 6 eDavarDa 3jo ane tene pautra 7. laMkesTara ane ceArka vaMza raH 8 prajAjIvananeA vikAsa Y anukrama khaMDa 1 lAH pUrvaraMga prAcIna samayathI i. sa. 1485 sudhI 1. rAjakAraNa 2. udyoga ane vANijya 3. samAja sAhitya ja pU. dharma 1 henarI 7me 2 henarI 8mA ... : 3 eDavarDa TTo ane merI 4 lijhAbeth 5. yurApamAM dharmAMddhAra.... :: khaMDa 2 joH navayuga cuDara vaMzaH i. sa. 1485-1603 A ::: ... pRSTha 7 zrI 4 6 40 46 54 54 57 59 61 63 71 76 ra e 97

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102 111 118 6 TayuDara samayamAM dharmoddhAra .. che navI duniyAnI zodha 8 prajAjIvanano vikAsa 1. pArlAmenTa .. 2. udyoga ane vANijya... 3. samAja .. ****** 4. sAhitya ... 118 -. ... 11da 121 121 khaMDa 3 je lokazAsananuM maMDANa TuarTa vaMzaH I.sa. 1603-1714 127 134 146 160 172 190 41 jemsa 1le * * * -2 cArja 1le ... '3 cArlsa 1le rAjAprajA vacce yuddha ... ja sainyasattAka rAjya ... ... 1 rAjAnuM punarAgamanaH cArlsa bIje . 6 rAjyakrAti - jemsa bIje * viliyama che ane merI racha. 8 ena ... 9 sAmrAjyano udaya .. ... sattaramA zatakanuM IlenDa 1. rAjakAraNa . . 2. dharma * * 3. udyoga ane vANijya... - 4. samAja 5. sAhitya - 197 208 220 224 je ra7 je 230 ? )

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ha 253 262 ha 297 303 309 328 khaMDa 4 thA madhyAhana henevara vaMzaH I. sa. 1714-1914 viMDasara vaMzaH i. sa. 1914-cAlu 1 jyorja 1le 2 je bIje ... 3 pratApI piTTa 4 caeNrja 3je 5 phAnsane rAjyaviplava 6 gaeNrja 4 7 viliyama kathA ' mahArANI vikaToriA 9 audyogika ane sAmAjika parivartana 10 lekazAsanane vikAsa 11 IMglenDanI pararAjya nIti .. 12 IglenDanI pararAjya nIti [cAlu) 13 mahAvigraha ane vartamAna ItihAsa 14 sAmrAjyano vikAsa... ... 15 sAmrAjyamAM svarAjya ... 16 AyarlenDane ItihAsa ... pUravaNI 1 vartamAna jagata ... - pUravaNI 2 jIvanacaritro ... briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNa 1 pArlamenTane vikAsa ... *** ' ... 2 briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNanI viziSTatA ane tAja ... 3 pArlamanTa... *** 4 pradhAnamaMDaLa ... pariziSTa 1luM .. ... sImAstaMbha ... samayarekhA ... >> 3ju ... prazno 335 343 357. 366 389 401 411 421 433 japara 455 460 467 2 481 2

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nAma. 6Armana vA 2.plenTajIneTa vaMza 3. yArDa vaMza 4. bheMsTara vaMza.... 5. 6. 7. heneAvara vaMza .. viDasara vaMza yuDara vaMza sTuarTa vaza ... ... ... nAma haeNnarI rAnuM phrAnsanuM rAjya. eDavarDa 3jAnuM phrAnsanuM rAjya trIsa varSanA vigraha. DenI musApharI. AMtaravigraha aljhagamanAM yuddho. amerikAmAM aMgreja saMsthAno. saMvArSika vigraha: yuropa. savArSika vigrahaH uttara amerikA. nepoliyana joDenA vigrahA. dvIpakalpIya vigraha. beljIyamaH I.. sa. 1831 yuropamAM turka sAmrAjya: 1667 yuropamAM turka sAmrAjya: 1964 yuropanAM bAlkana rAjya: 1914 khrisara ane rAte samUkuM. dakSiNa mAphrikA. ... ... maMrAvatA ... 0.00 ... takarA BOD ... : ..t : : : : :: OM OM OM H ... : ... ... ... ... pRSTha 11 45 45 45 70 124 234 234 pRSTha 48 48 para 115 142 13 232 256 258 21 290 349 359 360 370 396 410

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198 199 210. 236 261 263. 270: raja: 283, 286 citro nAma pRSTha | nAma juliyasa sIjhara ... viliyama 3je .* remana dhvajavAhaka .. merI bIjI... .. viliyama 1lo. ... DayUka A mArlaba.. laMDana TAvara. ..... ncArja 1le dharmayuddhane sainika. . viliyama piTTa rAjA jahaeNna megnAkArTa upara ndhArja 3jo ... sahI karI Ape che... ncArja vozigTana .. vIra bALA jena oNva Arka.. nAno piTTa... . henarI me horeziyo nelsana .... henarI 8me ... nepoliyana bonApArTa. merI * * ... 84 cUka AvuM veliMgTana... ilijhAbetha. viliyama 4tho ... speniza vahANa mahArANI vikaTeriA aMgreja vahANuM prinsa AlbarTa kekasTananuM chApakhAnuM ... lADa pAmarsTana. ... mArTina lyuthara viliyama yuvarTa gleDasTana thAmasa kensara 107 DijharAyelI... prinsisa pheka. *** 114 eDavarDa 7me . zekaspicara.. - 122 paMcama jarjyorja jemsa 1lo. eDavarDa 8me ... cArlsa 1le. jancArja chaThThA . jahona hempaDana rAse mekaDonAlDa ... olivara krovela 150 mi. bAlDavina cArlsa bIje mi. nevila cembaraleIne jemsa bIje 292 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : J 0 304 309 310. 315 323. 324 335 341 389 387 . * 135 140 - 176 * 45

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khaMDa 1 lo pUrvaraMga prAcIna samayathI I. sa. 145 sudhI

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iMglenDano itihAsa prakaraNa 17 aMgreja prajA bhegelika paristhitiH yurepanA nakazAmAM greTa briTana ane AyarlenDanA TApuo juo. AyarlenDa greTabriTanathI nirALe TApu che, ane tyAMnA lokonI saMskRti judI che. Ayariza ke aMgrejo karatAM jAtimAM judA che, ane teo judI bhASA bole che. greTabriTana ekaja TApu hovA chatAM eka deza nathI. uttara taraphane deza rkoTalenDa kahevAya che, ane Azare traNa varSa pahelAM e dezamAM svataMtra rAjya hatuM. pazcima taraphano pahADI mulaka velsa kahevAya che, ane tyAMnI prajA Ayariza bhASAne maLatI bhASA bole che. A be deze bAda karatAM greTabriTanane bAkIno bhAga te IMglenDa che. A deza eTale nAno che, ke AgagADInI aDhAra kalAkanI musApharImAM cheka dakSiNethI nIkaLI cheka uttaramAM eDinabare pahoMcI javAya, ane mAtra ATha kalAkanI musApharImAM pUrvathI pazcima cheDA sudhI saphara karI zakAya. AvA nAnA dezanA vatanIoe pitAnuM sAmrAjya Aje pAMce khaMDamAM zI rIte sthApyuM, tene ItihAsa kharekhara rasika thaI paDe te che. briTana leke I. sa. pUrve 85mAM A dezamAM briTana leko rahetA hatA. teo kelTa jAtinA hatA. te samaye AyarlenDa ane DaeNTalenDamAM paNa kelTa leke vasatA hatA. teo vanacara dazAnA jaMgalI hatA. teo jamIna khetA, ane pAkane parvatanI guphAmAM saMgharI rAkhatA. samudrakinArA para rahenArA

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leke hoDIo athavA tarApA vAparatA. temane vaNatAM AvaDatuM nahotuM, tethI teo cAmaDI para eka jAtane raMga lagADatA, ane TADha bahu paDe tyAre cAmaDAM oDhatA. teo aneka devadevIone mAnatA. A devene teo pazuonAM ane kavacita manuSyanAM balidAna detA. temanA gora IDa kahevAtA. briTana leke chuTAMchavAyAM gAmaDAMmAM potAnA saradAranA rakSaNa nIce rahetA. temanI TeLIo vacce paraspara aNabanAva cAlate, eTale paradezI zatruone caDhI AvavAmAM kaMI harakata paDatI nahi. I. sa. pUrve 60mAM romana leke briTana para savArI karI, ane te jItI lIdhe. ke ka - romana lekeH e samayamAM remana lekanI caDatI kaLA hatI, ane bhUmadhya samudranA kinArA para AvelA mulake temane tAbe hatA; chatAM temanA prasiddha ane zUravIra senApati juliyasa sIjhare gaula (phrAnsa) jItavAnuM bIDuM jhaDapyuM. A yuddhamAM briTanee potAnA ekahiyA bhAI gela lekane sahAya ApI, tenuM vera vALavA sIjhara briTanamAM utarI Avyo. sIjharanI savArIH briTana bahAdurIthI sIjharanI sAmA thayA, paraMtu zaurya ane sAhasamAM te samaye rAmanA lazkaranI jagatamAM jeDa na hatI. bhalabhalA leke paNa tenI AgaLa namI gayA hatA, tyAM bicArA briTanA zA bhAra ? kaTekedIne prasaMge juliyesa sIjhara eka remana dhvajevAke raMga rAkhyo. te bolyo, "mitra, dezanI kAti = ri) ane che tenA ka.

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khAtara mArI pAchaLa jhaMpalAve. deza ane saradAra pratye pharaja bajAva, pachI bhale temAM prANanI AhUti ApavI paDe." sIjhare be savArIo karIH teNe briTana pAsethI khaMDaNI bharavAnuM, ane gAla lekene madada na ApavAnuM vacana lIdhuM. pachInAM so varSa sudhI koIe briTananuM nAma lIdhuM nahi. bIjI remana savArIe i. sa. 43mAM mana zahenazAhane briTanane vaza karavAnI IcchA thaI, eTale pharIthI romana lazkara briTana para caDhI AvyuM. briTanoe A humalAthI pitAnuM rakSaNa karavAnI tanatoDa mahenata karI; teo potAnI svataMtratA jALavavA mAthuM mUkIne remane joDe laDyA, paNa tAlIma pAmelI senA sAme jaMgalI briTananuM kazuM vaLyuM nahi. remana rAjyanA lAbhAlAbhaH briTanamAM lagabhaga 350 varSa romana amala rahyo. te daramiAna briTanane rimana davajavAhaka ghaNA lAbha thayA. zarUAtamAM to sudharelA romanoe jaMgala kApI nAkhI suMdara nagara vasAvyAM. temaNe bhejavALI jamIna sUkavI nAkhI evI phaLadrupa banAvI, ke remana sainyane joIto ghauMne ja ahIMthI maLavA lAgyo. - romanoe dezamAM vidyA, kaLA, zilpa, hunnara, kAyadA ane suvyavasthA dAkhala karyo. briTane upara romana saMskRti ane vaibhavanI chApa paDI. kAyadAthI dezamAM zAMti sthapAI, eTale vidyAkaLAnI paNa vRddhi thaI. romanoe pattharanAM suMdara makAna bAMdhyAM, ane dezabharamAM meTA, saLaMga, ane pAkA rastA banAvyA. paraMtu romana amalathI briTanane eka moTo geralAbha paNa thayo. romana rAjyanI zAnti ane zILI chAyAmAM briTane parAvalaMbI thaI gayA, ane zurAtana I beThA. temanAmAM pitAnuM rakSaNa karavAnI icchA ke zakti rahI nahi, ane temane svAtaMtryaprema paNa visAre paDyo. evAmAM madhya ane pUrva yuropanAM jaMgalI ToLAM ITalInI phaLadrupa bhUmi para tUTI paDyAM, eTale mane e briTanamAMthI pitAnuM lazkara pAchuM bolAvI lIdhuM. (I. sa. 410) pariNAme zurAtana gumAvI beThelA briTananI burI dazA thaI.

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rAmanAnI vidAyaH rAmana lazkara vidAya thatAM uttaramAMthI pikaTa ane skATa luTArA utarI paDyA. teo gAme lUTavA ane bALavA lAgyA. briTanAmAM potAnA jAnamAla bacAvavAnI zakti na hatI. Azare cAlIsa varSa sudhI temaNe madada mATe arajIe meAkalAvI, paNa sahAya maLI nahi. chevaTe temaNe henjIsTa ane hAsyuM nAmanA jarmana saradArAne pAtAnuM rakSaNa karavA mATe elAvyA, paNa A mitrA te zatru karatAMe bhayaMkara nIvaDyA. temaNe briTaneAnA zatruone harAvI hAMkI kADhavA e kharuM, paNa te briTanAnI sAme thayA, ane temane harAvI tyAM temaNe peAtAnAM mANase vasAvyAM. temanI pAchaLa bIjI jarmana TALIo paNa AvI pahoMcI. briTaneAnA AmaMtraNathI AvelA lAkA byuTa jAtinA hatA. temaNe kenTamAM potAnuM rAjya sthApyuM. temanI pachI IMglenDanA dakSiNa ane pUrva kinArA upara sekasanA dhasI AvyA. briTane A navA zatruenI sAme thayA kharA, paraMtu saghaLuM pheAkaTa gayuM. seksane kadAvara ane gaura varNanA hatA. prathama temane jyuTa leAkeA joDe yuddho karavAM paDyAM. te nadImArge dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM dAkhala thayA, paNa tyAM vasavATa karavAnuM kArya vikaTa hatuM. briTane seksanAnI sAme te thayA, paNa seksaneAe temane pazcimamAM haThAvI kADhIne potAnAM saMsthAne sthApyAM.1 A loka kAI paNa navA pradeza jItI le, ke tarataja tyAM vasavATa karI khetI zarU karI detA; pachI vastI vadhI jAya, tyAre juvAnIma potAnI eka TALI banAvI khIje sthaLe jaIne vase, ane briTana leAkeAne tyAMthI hAMkI kADhe ema cAlyuM. A seksana zatruonI sAme laDAImAM jhUjhanAra Arthara nAmanA rAjA hatA. Tenisane tene pAtAnAM kAvyAmAM amara karyo che. sesana leAkeA dakSiNamAM vasatA hatA, tyAre eMgala leAkAra pUrvamAM 1. je zaheranA nAmane cheDe Sex hAya, te sekasana saMsthAna jANavuM. udAharaNaSussex, Essex, Wessex. 2. agala lekAnI TALIe Folk kahevAtI. uttara ane dakSiNanI be TALIoe je sthaLe vasavATa karyA, te anukrame Norfolk, Suffolk kahevAya che.

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rAjya jamAvatA hatA. teo briTane joDe yuddha karatA, ane temane haThAvIne pitAnA rAjyane vistAra karatA. teo Temsa nadInI uttaranA pradezanA mAlika thaI paDyA. pariNAme aneka nAnAM rAjya sthapAyAM. I. sa. 827mAM IgabarTa nAme baLavAna ane catura rAjAe sarva rAjyane pitAnI chatra nIce ApyAM, ane yuropanA anya rAjAo sAthe mitrAcArI bAMdhI dezamAM zAnti sthApI.. A samaye uttara taraphanA nirdaya ane nIDara cAMcIA dezamAM luTaphATa karI khUnarejI calAvatA hatA, temAMthI bacavAne mATe judI judI prajAne ekatra thayA vinA upAya na hato. Akhare eMgala ane sekasana prajA ekatra thaI, ane temAMthI je eka prajA banI teja aMgreja prajA che. prakaraNa raju Dena lekenuM AkramaNa Dena lekeH uttaranA cAMcI leke svIDana, DenamArka ane nervenA rahevAsI hatA. teo aMgrejo jevA lAgatA, ane aMgrejIne maLatI bhASA bolatA. teo zarA, sAhasika, nirdaya ane nIDara hatA. teo meTAM vahANamAM besI, sAMkaLIvALAM bakhatara paherI, hAthamAM pharasI rAkhI aneka veLA IglenDanA pUrva kinArA para AvatA, ane lAga maLe te kaI nadI vATe dezanI aMdara ghUsI jaI lUTaphATa calAvatA. aMgrejo IMglenDamAM AvI khristI dharma pALavA lAgyA. paraMtu A leke te junA mUrtipUjaka dharmane vaLagI rahyA; eTale lAga Ave tyAre dharmaSane lIdhe maMdira ane maThe lUTatA ne bALatA, dharmaguruonI katala karatA, ane aDhaLaka dravya laI jatA. Azare 200 varSa dezamAM azAnti cAlu rahI. paraMtu aMgrejo koI vakhate bahAdurIthI laDIne temane harAvatA, tyAre A cAMcIA leko cheka bhUmadhya samudra sudhI nAsI jatA. I. sa. 850 pachI AvI nAsabhAga baMdha paDI. temane dezanI phaLadrupa jamIna pasaMda paDI hatI, ane dezanA lokomAM temanI sAme thavAnI zakti nahotI, eTale temaNe 1. A lokone viking (Creekman) kahe che. The Seaking's Grave nAmanAM renela reDanAM kAvyomAM temanA jIvanane tAdaza citAra Apela che.

Page #21
IglenDamAM ja vasavAno nizcaya karyo. e Dena leke kyAM vasyA haze, te keTalAMka sAmenAM nAma parathI jANI zakAya che.* - A Dena lekene aTakAvanAra kAIja nahotuM. I. sa. 866mAM temanI eka TALIe IglenDamAM AvI ke jItI lIdhuM, ane nardhabriAne lekane harAvyA. tyAMthI AgaLa vadhIne temaNe marsiAnuM rAjya paNuM tAbe karyuM. AdheDaH je ke pUrva, pazcima ane uttaramAM Dena lekee vijaya meLavyo, paNa temanI sAme thanAra eka mahAna puruSa dakSiNamAM hatA. tyAMnA AphreDa nAmanA rAjAe prANune paNa A paradezIone namatuM nahi ApavAno nizcaya karyo hato. te Dena lokenI joDe aneka vAra laDyo; paNa temAM keTalIka vAra hArato ane koI koI vAra jItato. Dena leke AphreDa joDe saMdhi kare ane toDe; teo dezamAM upadrava karavA mAMDe, eTale vaLI pAchuM yuddha thAya. ema keTalAMka varSo sudhI cAlyuM. aMte aneka saMkaTa sahana karIne AlapheDe Dena leke- sAthe eka bhayaMkara yuddha AryuM, ane temAM te jItyo. I. sa. 878mAM Dena lokoe AphreDa joDe saMdhi karI. temaNe uttara ane pUrvanA mulakamAM zAntithI vasavAnI kabulAta ApI, ane dakSiNamAM AphreDe rAjya karyuM. te itihAsamAM AdheDane "mahAna "nuM upanAma ApeluM che, kAraNa ke te prajAvatsala hato. te zUravIra, vidyArasika, svAzrayI ane udyogI hato. vaLI lokakalyANa mATe kaI paNa prakArane bhoga ApavAmAM pAcho na haThe te hato. sekasana rAjAoe racelA kAyadA paraspara virodhI hatA. Aje e sarvamAMthI sArA kAyadA tAravI kADhayA, ane temano artha spaSTa samajAya tevI rIte * je gAmanAM nAmane cheDe by ane wick ke wich Ave che, te Dena lokonAM saMsthAna che. (jemake-Derby, Berwick, Norwich Byno arthe nagara thAya che, ane wick ke wichno artha zahera thAya che.) 1. i. sa. 878mAM Dena lekee laMDana jItI lIdhuM, ane AdheDane ethelanInA bhejavALA pradezamAM bhikhArInI dazAmAM rakhaDavuM paDayuM. chelluM yuddha thatA pahelAM AnDane svapnamAM DenA loko joDe laDavAnI preraNuM thaI hatI evI eka daMtakyA che. te eDavarDa salInA A legend of Athelney nAmanA kAvyamAM varNavelI che. 2. A mulakane Denarle (Danelaugh, Panelaw) kahetA hatA. _ _

Page #22
rIthI lakhAvyA. teNe dezamAM vidyAne pracAra karavAne mATe zALAo sthApI, aneka dharmamaMdire ughADayAM, ane paMDitone uttejana ApyuM. teNe aneka graMthonAM bhASAMtara aMgrejI bhASAmAM karAvyAM, ane keTalAka graMthe navA racAvI sAhityane mA nAkhe. yuddhakaLAmAM prApta karelI nipuNatAthI tene lAgyuM, ke iMglenDanuM rakSaNa karavAne naukAsainyanI vadhAre jarUra che, ane tethI vahANa bAMdhavAnI kaLA zIkhavA teNe aMgreja kArIgarone paradeza malyA. e jamAnAmAM vyavasthita senA jevuM kazuM na hatuM. jarUra paDe tyAre kheDutone yuddhamAM sainike tarIke laI javAmAM AvatA. A kheDuto laDavA karatAM pitAnAM khetaronI saMbhALa levA vadhAre Atura rahetA. vaLI yuddha cAlatuM hoya tyAre dezamAM pAka thato nahi, eTale prajAne bhUkhamarAnAM duHkha veThavAM paDatAM. ADe A sthitino reDa kADhe. teNe kheDutanI TukaDIo pADI, ane eka TukaDI raNakSetramAM hoya, tyAre bIjI ghera rahe ema TharAvyuM. - AphreDanA mRtyu pachInAM keTalAMka varSano ItihAsa jANavA jevo nathI. Ane pagale nahi cAlanArA rAjAonA samayamAM iMglenDa para Dena rAjya sthapAyuM. Dena rAjAomAM kenyuTa suprasiddha che. kenyuTa ane tenA khuzAmatakhora hajurIAonI vAta parathI e DAhyA rAjAnA svabhAvano kaMIka paricaya thAya che. teNe DahApaNathI rAjya calAvIne dezanI sthitimAM ghaNo sudhAro karyo. teNe aneka lokapriya kAme karI prajAnI prIti meLavI. tenA be putronA maraNa pachI lokonI evI IcchA thaI ke junA rAjAnA vaMzajane gAdI ApavI, ane tethI ithalareDanA putra eDarvane gAdI maLI. e rAjA sAdhucarita ane IzvaraparAyaNavRttivALe hato, tethI te "eDavarDa bhagatanA nAmathI oLakhAya che. : eDavarDaH A bhalA rAjAnA samayamAM geDavina nAmane amIra sarvazAttAdhIza thaI paDayo. thoDA samaya sudhI to enA pitAnA tathA enA kuTuMbanA hAthamAM ja rAjasattA hatI. geDavinane maraNa pachI tenA putra rAlDane tenI jagA maLI, ane eDavarDa vatI te rAjya calAvavA lAgyo. te cAlAka ane rAjya taruNane rAjA thavAnI IcchA hatI. teNe dezanA judA judA vibhAga pADI pitAnAja kuTuMbamAM vaheMcI dIdhA. teNe pitAnA , che

Page #23
eka bhAI TesTIgane eka paragaNuM ApyuM, paNa tyAMnA lekee baLavo karI tene hAMkI kADhyo. ethI TosTIga herAlDane zatru bane, ane teno nAza karavAnI peravI karavA lAge. ' herolDaH eDavarDa bhagatane saMtAna na hatuM, eTale mANasamaye teNe pitAnA uttarAdhikArI tarIke heralDanuM nAma sUcavyuM, ane mahAjane (witan) paNa herAlDane gAdIvArasa TharAvyuM. paraMtu AvI rIte meLavelI rAjasattAne vaibhava te bhegavI zakayo nahi; kAraNa ke tenA rAjyAbhiSekanA samAcAra sAMbhaLI narmaDInA ThAkara (Duke) viliyame gAdIne dAvo karyo. gAdI para koNa Ave, tene nirNaya karavAnuM kAma mahAjananuM hatuM. paraMtu viliyame te heralDa para vizvAsaghAtano Aropa mUko, ane dharmayuddha mATe pipane AzIrvAda meLavI teNe moTA sainya sAthe IMglenDa para caDhAI karI. IralenDanA amIronI madada laIne herAlDa paNa taiyAra thayo. paraMtu eTalAmAM eka aNadhArI Aphata AvI paDI. heralDane bhAI ToTIga nervenA rAjAnI madada laI IMglenDa para caDhI Avyo. herolDa tenI joDe laDe, ane yuddhamAM TesTIMga ane tene rAjA baMne marAyA. paraMtu A yuddha cAlatuM hatuM, te daramiAna IMglenDanA dakSiNa kinArA para normana lazkara utaryuM, tene heralDa aTakAvI zake nahi. | hesTiMgsanuM yuddhaH I. sa. 1066. herAlDa eka yuddhamAMthI chuTo thayo ke tarataja narmanonI joDe laDavA dakSiNamAM gayo. tenuM lazkara nAnuM ane thAkeluM hatuM. tenA aneka ddhAo marI khUTayA hatA, ane normana tIraMdAjonA dhasArA sAme aMgrejothI TakI zakAya ema na hatuM. . sa. 1066nA 1. A yuddha DervenTa nadI para AvelA sTemphabrija para thayuM. baMne sainya sAmasAmAM goThavAyAM, eTale heralDa vIsa cunaMdA haiddhAone sAthe laI potAnA lazkaramAMthI bahAra nIkaLI madhyamAM Avyo. teNe bUma mArI kahyuM, "geDavinano putra TesTIga A sainyamAM che?" TesTIga tarataja bahAra AvIne bolyo, "e ahIM nathI, ema kahI zakAya ja nahi." pachI heDe kahyuM, "bhAI TesTIga, bhAI bhAI joDe laDe, te karatAM huM tane mArA rAjyano trIjo bhAga ApuM chuM. tuM salAha kara." TesTIge pUchayuM; "ane mArA mitrane zuM ApIza?" "IMglenDanI sAta phITa jamIna; e bIjA karatAM uMco che, te kadAca ekAda phuTa vadhAre ApuM." -

Page #24
oNkaTobaranI 14mI tArIkhe hesTiMgsathI sAta mAIla dUra AvelI eka TekarI para narmane ane aMgrejo vacce jIva saTosaTanI laDAI thaI. aMgrejone te jIvanamaraNane savAla hato. maravuM ke mAravuM evo nizcaya karIne teo laDatA hatA, eTale temane temane harAvI zakyA nahi. Akho divasa baMne pakSa maraNaA thaIne laDayA. aMte saMdhyAkALanA jhAMkhA ajavALAmAM helDa paDaye, te sAthe aneka pharasIvALA ddhA pitAnA rAjAnA mRta deha pAse dezanI khAtara prANa soMghA karatA TapoTapa paDyA. viliyama ja tenI sAme thanAra keI rahyuM nahi. pitAnA vijayanA smAraka tarIke e yuddhakSetranI pAse teNe eka maTha baMdhAvyuM, ane tenuM nAma "Battle Abbey" pADyuM. te maThanAM khaMDere Aje paNa e yuddhanI yAda Ape che. - pachI viliyama laMDana tarapha gaye. herolDanA maraNanA samAcAra sAMbhaLI lekee eka sekasana rAjakumArane gAdI ApavAnuM TharAvyuM. paraMtu viliyama laMDana AvyuM, tyAre sau koI tenAthI dabAI gayA, ane mahAjane tene gAdI ApI. Ama viliyama rAjA te thayo, te paNa leke kaMI tene ekadama tAbe thayA nahi. teNe cha varSanA akhaMDa parizramathI iMglenDamAM narmana vaMzanI avicala sthApanA karI. mana vaza. i. sa. 1066-154 - viliyama 1le [ 1066-1087 ]. viliyama raje [1087-1100] henarI 1le rAjakuMvarI eDelA | [1100-1135] sTIphana rAjakuMvarI maTilDA [1135-1154] [ AMjUnA amIra joDe lagna karyuM.] henarI raje [pleTejIneTa vaMzane pahele rAjA

Page #25
prakaraNya kazuM nAmata vaMza normana lekeH Dena lekanI TeLIo iMglenDamAM lUTaphATa calAvatI hatI, tyAre uttaravAsIonI keTalIka ToLIo phrAnsanA uttara bhAgamAM pesavAnA prayatna karatI hatI. jaLamArge dezanI aMdara dAkhala thaI teo khetare lUTatA ane gAmaDAM bALatA. temaNe lokone eTale badho trAsa ApavA mAMDyo, ke phrAnsanA rAjAne A leke joDe saMdhi karavI paDI, ane temane vasavA mATe teNe uttarano thoDo mulaka kADhI Apyo. A mulaka northamensalenDa kahevAyo; pAchaLathI apabhraMza thaIne enuM nAma nomaMDI paDayuM. uttaravAsIoe potAno prAcIna dharma tajIne khristI dharma svIkAryo. temaNe vidyA, kaLA, zilpa, ane dhanurvidyAmAM nipuNatA meLavI, ane phrAnsanA lekenI rItabhAta ne bhASA zIkhIne temanI joDe teo lasuvyavahArathI joDAyA. teo vidyArasika banyA, ane strIonuM sanmAna karavA lAgyA. Dena lekanI sAhasiktA ane zUravIratAmAM phrAnsanI rasikatA, sughaDatA, ane buddhimattAnAM tanuM mizraNa thayuM. e jamAnAmAM temanI barobarI karI zake tevI koI paNa prajA yuropamAM na hatI. temanI rAjyavyavasthA ane temanA kAyadA paNa uttama gaNAtA. 1. aMgrejI bhASAmAM vaparAtA keTalAka zabda uparathI normana lokonI raheNIkaraNI viSe kaMIka jANI zakAya che. jIvatAM prANIonAM nAma jevAM ke Cow, Sheep, Deer aMgrejI che; paraMtu te prANIo marI gayA pachI rAMdhavA joga thAya, tene mATenA zabdo jevA ke Beef, Mutton, Venison phreMca che. aMgrejo jIvatA prANIo pALe, uchere; ane te marI jAya, tyAre maeNca rasoIo normana zeThane vAste te rAMdhe. A uparAMta Armour, Banner, Herald, Lance Adi yuddhane lagatA zabdo, Judge, Prisoner Adi kAyadAne lagatA zabda, Sermon, Sacrifice, Friar Adi dharmane lagatA zabda, Baron, Duke, Prince Adi padavI batAvanArA zabda: A sarva kaeNca zabda normana loke IMglenDamAM lAvyA. A zabda batAvI Ape che, ke normana loke iMglenDamAM jamInadAra, senAnAyaka, nyAyAdhikArI, dharmAdhikArI ane amIra hatA.

Page #26
na hesTiMgsanA yuddhamAM iMglenDe pitAnI svataMtratA gumAvI. A narmana vijaya kaMIka judA prakArane hato, paNa narmana rAjAoe aMgrejone dezamAMthI hAMkI kADhayA nahi, ulaTuM temanuM rakSaNa karyuM. temanA junA kAyadA svIkAryA, ane temanI joDe saMbaMdha bAMge. viliyama 1lAe to aMgreja mahAjana pAsethI ja gAdI maLI hoya, e dekhAva suddhAM karyo. viliyamaH 10 66-1087. narmaDIne ThAkara (Duke) viliyama hesTiMgsanA yuddhamAM herolDane harAvI iMglenDane rAjA thayo. gAdIe AvatAnI sAthe ja teNe evo nizcaya karyo ke dezamAM akhaMDa sattA tenI ekalAnIja hovI joIe, ane badhI praja tene ja svAmI mAne tema thavuM joIe. te catura, dIrdhadazI ane nipuNa rAjataMtrI hatA. tema chatAM tenI rAjyanItithI prajAnA svataMtra jIvanane nAza thaze. phayUDala dhAre (Feudal System) viliyamanI rAjyaviliyama ule vyavasthA samajavA mATe yUDala dhArA viSe kaMIka jANavuM joIe. ene "lazkarI jAgIradArane dhAre" kahIe to paNa cAle. koI rAjA no deza che, tyAre temAMthI amuka bhAga pate rAkhe, ane bAkInI jamIna amIrone vaheMcI ApeH sarata mAtra eTalIja hoya ke jarUrane prasaMge amuka mANaso laIne amIre varSamAM cAlIsa divasa rAjAnI madade AvavuM, ane kaI kaI prasaMge rAjAne nANAM ApavAM. A amIre pitAne maLelI jAgIre eja sarate nAnA jAgIradArene vaheMcI ApatA; ane nAnA jAgIra nAnA vatanadArone vaheMcatA; Ama badhI jamIna vaheMcAI jatI, eTale rAjA ane kheDuto vacce nAnA moTA aneka 6, dI

Page #27
14 vatanadAra ane jAgIradAranI sAMkaLa AvI rahetI. dareka vatanadAra ke jAgIradAra pitAnA uparI saradArane vaphAdAra rahevAnI pratijJA karate, paNa te loko para rAjAne adhikAra cAlato nahi. jarUrane prasaMge rAjAne lazkara maLe, e sivAya tenI pAse bIjI sattA thoDI hatI. dareka amIra potAnA prAMtamAM nyAyAdhIza, senApati, rakSaka, ane jamIna mAlika hato. te divAnI ane phejadArI sattA bhogavate. te khAnagI sikkA pADI zakata. te rAjAne pUchyA vinA bIjA amIra joDe laDAI paNa karI zakato. Ama dareka amIra kharI rIte eka mAMDalika rAjA hato. AthI rAjAnI sattAno AdhAra AvA jorAvara amIrenI vaphAdArI para raheto. rAjA baLavAna hoya ane amIre para dAba rAkhe, te dezamAM saMpa rahe. tema na hoya te aMdara aMdara jhagaDo thatuM, ane te aTakAvavAnuM kaMI paNa sAdhana rAjA pAse nahotuM; kemake lazkara to pitApitAnA uparI amIranI AjJAmAM rahetuM. je amIra pitAnA jAgIradArone vaza rAkhI zake, toja paragaNAMmAM suvyavasthA jaLavAtI. yUDala dhArAnA mULabhUta siddhAnto be hatAH (1) jamIna levI ane tenA badalAmAM jamIna ApanAra uparI pratye vaphAdAra rahevuM. (2) jarUra paDe tyAre uparInI lazkarI nokarI bajAvavI, ane prasaMgopAta nANAM ApavAM. yurepanAM ghaNAM rAjyamAM A dhArA prAcIna kALathI cAlyo Avato hato. je jamAnAmAM dezano mukhya udyoga khetIno hato, ane dezamAM suvyavasthA jALavI zake evI prabaLa rAjasattA nahotI. te vakhate AvA jAgIradAre lekAnA jAnamAlanuM rakSaNa karI zake e kharuM; paNa Akhare cUDala paddhatinuM eka aniSTa pariNAma AvyuM: dezamAM amIre eTalA te baLavAna thaI paDayA, ke rAjA paNa temanAthI dabAI jato, ane tenI sattA nAmanI ja gaNAtI. phyuDala paddhatithI phrAnsanI je durdazA thaI hatI, tene anubhava viliyamane purepura hatuM. AthI teNe phyuDala paddhatimAM thoDA pheraphAra karyo. je saradAre helDanA pakSamAM rahI tenI viruddha laDayA hatA, temanI jAgIro teNe khAlasA karI, ane te pitAnA amIrone vaheMcI ApI. kaI paNa amIranI sattA vadhI na paDe, teTalA mATe teNe badhI jAgIre ekaja sthaLe na soMpatAM chUTaka chUTaka ApI. atyAra sudhI dareka jamInadAra pitAnA uparIne

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15 vaphAdAra rahevAnI pratijJA lete, tene badale viliyame meTA saradArathI mAMDIne nAnAmAM nAnA vatanadAra pAse rAjAne vaphAdAra rahevAnA sogana levaDAvyA. dezamAM kula jamInadAra keTalA che, temanI jAgIra vistAra keTale che, ane temanI pAsethI keTale kara laI zakAya, e badhAnI noMdha teNe taiyAra karAvI. A tapAsa eTalI te kaDakAI ane ekasAIthI karavAmAM AvI, ke eka vAra (Yard) jamInane TukaDo paNa daphatare caDhayA vinA rahI gaye nahi. te daphatarane 'citraguptane paDe" (Domesday Book) kahe che. A |||||NL | | | | = G S . paka TIMLI will / NT/-//y ke zi che vAta === laMDana TAvara daphatara i. sa. 1985-87nI vacce taiyAra karavAmAM AvyuM. viliyame amI pAsethI dhIme dhIme sattA kheMcI lIdhI, ane vahIvaTa calAvavAne pitAnA amaladAro nImyA. teNe keTalAka moTA gunAno nyAya ApavAnuM pitAnA hAthamAM rAkhyuM. prajAmAM pitAnI sattA majabuta besADavA mATe teNe narmana amIne killA bAMdhavAnuM uttejana ApyuM. A killAmAM amIre pitAnA lazkara sAthe rahetA ane AsapAsanA lekene khUba trAsa ApatA. viliyame pite paNa I. sa. 1078mAM "laMDana TAvara' bAMdhe.

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dharma sabaMdhI nItiH mulkI rAjyavahIvaTamAM sarvopari sattA rAjAnI hovI joIe, e viliyamanI dharma saMbaMdhI nItimAM pratyakSa thatuM hatuM. teNe dharmasthAnanA vahIvaTamAM sudhArA dAkhala karyA ane dharmAcAryo pavitra ane nItimaya jIvana gALe evA niyame racyA. teNe dharmaguruone mATe judI adAlata sthApI, chatAM tenA upara pitAnuM Adhipatya rahe evI vyavasthA karI. rAjAnI saMmati vinA dharmAcAryo sabhA meLavI zake nehi ke koI paNa dhAre ghaDI zake nahi, e pratibaMdha viliyame dAkhala karyo. chellAM varSo viliyamanAM chellAM varSo duHkhamAM gayAM. tenA saradAree baMDa karyuM, tene putra sAmo thaI gayo, ane tenI viruddha aneka kAvatarAM thayAM. A sarvanI sAme thavAne tenAmAM utsAha ke zakti rahI na hatI. I. sa. 1087mAM phrAnsa joDe yuddha thayuM, temAM viliyamanA lazkare menTIjha nagara bALyuM. e jevA te pite tyAM gayo hato, tyAM tenA gheDAnA paga nIce dhagadhagatA aMgAro AvavAthI gheDo camakyo. ethI viliyamane IjA thaI ane te maraNa pAme. aMgreja leke mAthuM uMcuM na karI zake tevI rIte narmana sattAne majabuta pAye nAkhI "vijetA viliyama maraNa pAmyo. tenAmAM aneka deSo hovA chatAM te sAre rAjA hatA. teNe aMgreja kAyadAne mAna ApyuM, junuM rAjyabaMdhAraNuM bane teTaluM kAyama rAkhyuM, ane aMgreja rAjakartA tarIkeja dezamAM ekatA ane vyavasthA ApyAM. narmanA amalathI iMglenDane bIjA aneka lAbha thayA. normanee zarUAtamAM to garIba ke dhanika sarvane ekasarakhI rIte raMjADavA mAMDyA e kharuM, paNa tethI aMgreja prajAmAMthI aMdara aMdarano bhedabhAva TaLI gaye, ane eka prajAtattvanI bhAvanA utpanna thaI. vaLI iMglenDa yuropanA bIjA dezonA saMsargamAM AvyuM. paradezI vepArIo, kArIgare, . 1. svataMtratAnA zokhIna aMgrejone zarUAtamAM khUce te eka bIje dhAre viliyame karyo. atre ATha vAge ghaMTa vAge ke tarata ja badhA lokee agni bujhAvI rAkha. te samaye iMglenDamAM lAkaDAnAM ghara ghaNAM hatAM, tethI avacetI mATe A dho hato. A gheTane The Curfew Bell kahevAmAM AvatuM. sarakhaDivoH - The Curfew tolls the knell of parting day. Gray)

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zilpIo, sAdhuo ityAdi IglenDamAM navI saMskRtinAM bIja lAvyA ekaMdare narmanA AgamanathI iMglenDane lAbha ja thayA che. - viliyama bIjo 1087-1100. viliyama bIjAne "raktakezI'nuM upanAma maLeluM che. te tenA pitAnA je parAkramI hatuM, paNa paisAne lebhI hato. tenA vakhatamAM rkoTalenDane rAjA iMglenDa para caDhI Avyo, tene teNe mArI haThAvyuM. teNe velsane dakSiNa bhAga jItI lIdhe, ane uttara bhAga jItavAna ghaNuM prayatna karyA. paraMtu jyAre te phAvyo nahi tyAre teNe lekane evI chUTa ApI, ke velsanA leka pAsethI keI je kaMI le te poteja rAkhe. jheDa (dharmayuddha)mAM javA mATe robarTane paisA joItA hatA, te teNe normaDI kabaje rAkhIne ApyA. jo ke teNe rAjyanI vRddhi karI, paNa teNe prajAne bahu trAsa Ape. kaMcUDala dhArAno lAbha laI teNe hara bahAne loka pAsethI paisA kaDhAvyA. tenAmAM dravyalobha hatA, tenuM cAritrya bhraSTa hatuM, ane tenuM jIvana viSayI hatuM; tethI te "Izvarane apriya ane manuSyanA tiraskArane pAtramAM thaI paDe hato. henarI 1H 1100-1135. "raktakezInA maraNa pachI robarTanI gerahAjarIne lAbha laI tene dharmaddhane sainika nAno bhAI henarI gAdIe beThe. pAchaLathI robarTa 1. pelesTAIna bhagavAna IsunI mRtyubhUmi hovAthI khristI lokenuM pavitra dhAma che. junA vakhatamAM jyAre te Araba lokenA tAbAmAM hatuM, tyAre khristI yAtrALuo sukhethI AvajA karI zakatA. paraMtu turka lokoe e prAnta jItI lIdhuM. te pachI yAtrALuone bahu duHkha paDavA lAgyuM, eTale eka dharmAcAryo sarva zraddhALu khristIoe dharmanI rakSA mATe prANAnta sudhI laDavuM e Adeza karyo, ane tene pariNAme musalamAno ane khristIo vacce je dharmayuddho thayAM, te "kuMDa'ne nAme oLakhAyAM dujheDa zA mATe kahevAtuM haze, te tame khALI zakaze?

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18 caDhI AvyA, eTale keTalAka amIrAe tenA pakSa laI henarI sAme baMDa karyuM paNa temanuM kaMI vaLyuM nahi. rebarTa keda pakaDAyA, ane teAmeDI henarInA hAthamAM AvyuM. henarIe eDavarDa bhagatanA kAyadA pramANe cAlavAnuM vacana ApI prajAnI prIti saMpAdana karI. teNe junA sekasana vaMzanI eka rAjakuMvarI sAthe lagna karyuM, ane aMgrejone potAnA mitrA banAvyA. teNe dezamAM sudhArA dAkhala karI surAjya sthApyuM, eTale raMka ke rAya sarvane sarakhA nyAya maLavA lAgyA. pariNAme rAjyanI Avaka paNa vadhI. henarI 1lAnA amalamAM prajAjIvanamAM jANavA jevA pheraphAra thayA. nAmaDInA yuddha vakhate phrenca sipAIo joDe laDavAne aMgrejoneA bhaya dUra thaI gayA eTaluMja nahi, paNa peAte temane jItI zake tevA baLavAna che, evA AtmavizvAsa temanAmAM AvyuM. A yuddhamAM bhAga lenAra baMDakhAra amIrAnI jAgIre japta karI henarIe khIjA saradArAne vaheMcI ApI. A navA amIrA IMglenDane svadeza mAnavA lAgyA, ane temaNe aMgrejo joDe lagnasaMbaMdha paNa bAMdhyA. Ama temane ane aMgrejonA bhedabhAva lupta thavA lAgyA. sAmAnya prajA aMgrejI bhASA kheAlatI, paNa rAjadarabAramAM phrenca bhASA vaparAtI. nermana leAkAe dhIredhIre aMgrejI bhASA svIkArI. aMgreja prajA nArmana leAhInA mizraNathI saMskRta, sAhasika ane catura banI, tema phrenca bhASAnA madhura saMmizraNathI aMgrejI bhASA samRddha ane saMskArI banI. sTIphanaH 1135-1154. pAchyA vakhatamAM henarI 1lA jenI ciMtA ryA karatA hatA, te vAta tenA mRtyu pachI banI. henarInA maraNa pachI tenI putrI maTilDAne gAdI upara haka hatA, paNa eka strI rAjya calAve e vAta lAkAne ane amIrAne gamI nahi. evAmAM henarIneA bhANeja sTIphana phrAnsathI utarI AvyA, eTale leAkAe tene saharSa satkAra karI tene rAjagAdI ApI. pariNAme gAdI mATenI takarAra zarU thaI. keTalAka amIrIe sTIphananA pakSa lIdhA; paNa keTalAka maTilDAnA pakSamAM rahyA. skATa lekA rANIneA pakSa laI lavA AvyA, paNa teo hAryAM (i. sa. 1178), ane dezamAM laDAI zarU thaI. ogaNIsa varSa sudhI dezamAM arAjakatA rahI. paraMtu chevaTe laDAIthI

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19 kaiTALI nirAza thaelI maTi,A duHkhanI mArI iMglenDa iMDI peAtAnA bALaputrane laI phrAnsa jatI rahI. (i. sa. 1147) haju dezamAM zAnti sthapAI naheAtI. A aMdhAdhuMdhInA samayamAM anIsa aLavAna thaI paDyA hatA, ane te sTIphana jevA narama mANasane tAme thaI jAya tema nahetuM. A prasaMgane lAbha laI amIrAe TheraThera killA AMdhyA. te killAmAM rahIne aneka julama gujArI zakatA. te leAkAne lUTatA, mAratA, ane kedamAM nAkhatAH te leAkeAne akathya ane asahya trAsa ApatA. teo gAmaDAM ane zaherA lUTIne bALI mUkatA. dezamAM kAI khetI karI zakatuM nahi; kAraNa ke pAka taiyAra thAya eTale A uddhRta amIrAnA phATelA nAkarA kheDutane mArIne sadhaLA pAka paDAvI letA. dezamAM dukALa ane bhUkhamarA vartAI rahyo; leAkeA pAse khAvAnuM kazuM rahyuM nahi. julama ane trAsathI kaMTALelA lAkA kahetA, ke " Isu ane satA sUI rahyA che. '' AvI aMdhAdhuMdhI ane arAjakatAthI leke kaMTALI gayA. prabaLa rAjasattAnI keTalI jarUraAta che, e have temane samajAvA lAgyuM. evAmAM maTilDAne parAkramI putra henarI i. sa. 1153mAM lazkara laIne IMglenDamAM AvyA, tyAre prajAe tene vadhAvI lIdhA. sTIphane joyuM ke have sAmuM thavuM vyartha che, tethI tenI joDe samAdhAna karyuM. emAM evA TharAva thayA ke sTIphana jIve tyAM sudhI rAjya kare, paNa tenI pachI henarI gAdIe Ave, ane sTIphana jIve tyAM sudhI henarI joDe rahIne kAma kare. A pachI sTIphana zrIjeja varSe maraNa pAmyA, ane temana vaMzanA aMta AvyA. prakaraNa 4thuM plenkejIneTa vaMza henarI bIjo ane tenA putrA : i. sa. 1154-1216 henarI rajoH 1154-1189. sTIphananA mRtyu pachI maTilDAnA putra arI gAdIe Abbe.. henarInA bApa AMjUtA ThAkAra hAvAthI itihAsamAM vaMzanA rAjAo AvIna rAjA paNa kahevAya che.

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4 iMglenDanI gAdI maLavAthI henarI ghaNuM mulakane svAmI thaye tene pitAnA bApa pAsethI AMjU ane Turena prAMta maLyA ane mAM taraphathI memaMDI. iMglenDa, ane meIne maLyAM; vaLI phrAnsanA rAjAe chuTAcheDA ApelI rANI joDe lagna karIne te piTuM vagere keTalAka prAMtane mAlika banyo, ane pitAnA eka putranA lagnasaMbaMdhathI tene briTanI prAMta maLyo. - AvA moTA rAjyanI mAlikI uparAMta henarIne bIjA kudaratI lAbha paNa maLyA hatA. te udhogI ne utsAhI hatA, ane tenI capaLatAthI tene 'Unresting" evuM upanAma maLyuM hatuM. tene svabhAva ugra hato, chatAM pitAnA svabhAva para te kAbu dharAvI zakato. te pramANika, ekavacanI, ane kSamAzIla hato. teNe sArI vidyA saMpAdana karI hatI. rAjakIya upAdhiomAMthI. je samaya phAjala paDate, te samaye te vAMcavAmAM ke gaMbhIra tattvaciMtana karavAmAM gALato. vidyAne lIdhe tenAmAM je saMskAra AvyA hatA, tethI tenI rAjanItimAM DahApaNuM ne daDhatA dekhAtAM. je tIkSNa buddhi ane asAdhAraNa zaktithI te vidvattA meLavI zakyo, te tenI yuddhakaLAmAM paNa khIlI nIkaLatI. aneka laDAIomAM mokhare rahIne teNe potAnA lazkarane vijaya apAvyo hato. vaLI manuSyasvabhAvanI uDI parakhane lIdhe te amaladArenI yogya pasaMdagI karI zakato. rAjyavyavasthAH AvA vilakSaNa guNa ane svabhAvavALA rAjAe cAdIe AvatAM ja potAnI zakti ane sattAne paricaya karAvyuM. aneka varSothI amIre sattAnA madamAM unmatta banI gayA hatA, temane ThekANe lAvavAnuM kAma teNe prathama hAthamAM lIdhuM. chellI aMdhAdhuMdhInA vakhatamAM aneka amIe rAjAnI raja vinA killA bAMdhyA hatA, te sarvane toDI pADavAne teNe hukama karyo. pite yuddhamAM hoya, tyAre paNa rAjyavyavasthA niyamita rIte cAlyA kare, te mATe teNe cAra heziyAra maMtrIone saghaLo rAjyakArabhAra soMpI dIdhe. teNe nyAya ApavAnI paddhatimAM keTalAka agatyanA pheraphAra karyA teNe nyAyAdhIzone paragaNumAM melavA mAMDayA, ane hAlanI paMca (Jury) nI bIjabhUta paddhati dAkhala karI. teNe ghaNuM asI. pAsethI nyAya ApavAno adhikAra chInavI lIdho, ane yogya adhikArIe nImIne rAjasattAne majabuta karI.

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henarInI pararAjyanItiH henarI- AvA moTA rAjyane dhaNu hato, chatAM tenI rAjyatRSNA tRpta thaI nahi. tene phrAnsanA rAjAnI joDe ghaNe vAra takarAranA prasaMge ubhA thatA. Akhare khullA vigraha thaze ema paNa lAgyuM. paraMtu tenI IchA phrAnsanA rAjAnI sAme medAnamAM paDavAnI nahotI eTale tenI joDe teNe lAbhakAraka saMdhi karI, ane kaMca rAjaputrI joDe potAnA putrane vivAha karyo. vaLI teNe velsane keTaleka bhAga kabaje karyo; paNa e pahADI dezamAM lazkara utAravAnuM kAma muzkela hovAthI tyAM sthAyI jIta maLI nahi. teNe rkoTalenDa para keTalAka humalo karyo, temAM paNa te jhAjhuM phAvyo nahi jo ke eka laDAImAM skoTalenDano rAjA keda pakaDAyo, ane tenI pAse teNe pitAnuM Adhipatya svIkArAvyuM, paNa te pachI teNe tene choDI dIdho. chevaTe teNe AyarlenDa jItavAno nizcaya karyo. AyarlenDamAM prAcIna kALathI gAla ityAdi jAtinA leke rahetA hatA. IglenDanI peThe tyAM paNa uttaravAsIo humalA karatA, paNa aneka saMkAM sudhI e leke achata rahyA hatA. paraMtu dezamAM saMpa na hatuM, ane saradAre sattAne mATe laDI maratA hatA. henarIe kusaMpano lAbha levAno nizcaya karyo. pipe paNa tene AyarlenDa jItavAnI rajA ApI; kemake AyarlenDanA loke khristI dharma pALatA hatA e kharuM, paNa teo pipane dharmAcArya tarIke mAnatA na hatA. daramiAna henarIne thoDA vakhatamAM AyarlenDamAM vacce paDavAne lAga maLyo. tyAMnA saradAremAM je be pakSa hatA, temAMnA eke henarInI madada mAgI, ane tenA badalAmAM tenuM svAmitva svIkAravAnuM vacana ApyuM. henarIe potAnA je saradArane tyAM mokalyo. teNe dezano kabaje meLavyo. paraMtu henarIne bhaya peThe, ke tyAMnA saradAre svataMtra thaI AyarlenDa pacAvI pADaze; eTale i. sa. 1172mAM teNe AyalenDa jaI badhA saradAronI pAse pitAnuM Adhipatya svIkArAvyuM. sAthe sAthe teNe dharmaguonI sabhA meLavI ane temane pipane vaDA dharmAcArya svIkAravAnuM samajAvyuM. Ama je ke henarI AyarlenDane adhipati banyuM, paNa te tyAre khare sattAdhIza thaI zako nahi; kemake majabuta rAjya sthApavA tenAthI tyAM jhAjho vakhata rahI zakAya tema na hatuM.

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ra haeNnarI ane ekaTa: A pratApI rAjAe mulkI rAjyavahIvaTamAM sudhArA karyAM, te pachI dharmakhAtAmAM peThelA saDe| dUra karavA dhAryuM. pAdarIonI sattA ghaNI vadhI paDI hatI, ane dharmakhAtAmAM ghaNI avyavasthA hatI. viliyama 1lAe dharmakhAtAnI judI adAlatA sthApI hatI, paNa tenuM pariNAma jate divase ulaTuM AvyuM. pAdarIe pApateja adhipati mAnatA, ane tenI AjJA hAya teA rAjAnI marajI viruddha vartatA. teo dezanI jAgIrA bhAgavatA, chatAM dezanA sAmAnya kAyadAnA bhaMga karatA. kAI pAdarI gune kare, te tene InsApha dharmakhAtAnI adAlata mAraphate thatA. A adAlatamAM zikSA najIvI thatI. eka sAmAnya khUnIne dezanA kAyadA pramANe meAtanI sajA thatI; paNa kAI pAdarIe khUna karyuM hoya, to tene dharma bahAra mUkavAmAM Ave, halakI pAyarIe utAravAmAM Ave, kaMIka halakuM prAyazcitta * karavAnI sajA thAya. henarIne A udhADe anyAya khUMcavA lAgyA, ane teNe te mATe upAye zeAdhavA mAMDavA. teNe ceAgya sudhArA dAkhala karavAnI hAMsamAM thAmasa-e-ekeTa nAmanA paMDitane kenTarabarIne dharmAcArya banAvyeA.1 evAmAM eka pAdarIe khUna karI phAMsInI sajAmAMthI bacI javA mATe dharmakhAtAnI adAlatanuM zaraNa lIdhuM. henarIe saradArAnI sabhAne dezanA junA 1. ekeTa eka paisAdAra vepArIno putra hatA. teNe iMglenDamAM abhyAsa karI keTalIka paradezI vidyApITheAmAM ucca abhyAsa karyA hatA. tenI buddhimattAthI AkarSAine rAnae tene maMtrIpada ApyuM hatuM. te vakhate te ghaNA khadabAthI rahetA. tenA upara rAjAnI maherabAnI paNa ghaNI hatI. ghaNI vAra bekeTanA dhara AgaLathI nIkaLatAM rAjA roDA parathI utarI aMdara jatA, ane prasaMgeApAta tyAM jamavA paNa besI jatA. rAjyane mazkarI karavAnI Teva hatI. eka vakhata ziALAmAM rAjA ane bekeTa dhaeNADA upara mesIne pharavA jatA hatA, tyAM TADhe tharatharatA eka bhikhArIne joi rAjAe bekeTano z2ImatI jhakhmA ApI devA sArU tenA para hAtha nAkhyo; bekeTa te tANI rAkhyo eTale kheMcAkheMca cAlI; paNa Akhare bhikhArIne svapnAmAMe nahi evuM eDhavAnuM maLyuM. ATalI mitrAcArInelIdhe rAjA ema mAnatA hatA, ke dharma khAtAno vahIvaTa sudhAravAmAM ekeTa mane madada karaze. bekeTa tA tarataja kahyuM hatuM, ke " atyAre Apa mArA para jeTalo prema rAkhe che, teTaloja pachI mane dhikkAraze; kemake Apa dharmanA vahIvaTamAM eTalA badhA vacce paDe| cho, ke huM te cAlavA daIza nahi. '

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23 dhArA zeAdhavAnuM kahyuM. ethI temaNe eka lekha taiyAra karIne jaNAvyuM ke kAI gunegAra pAdarI che ke nahi, tene nirNaya sAmAnya adAlate karavA; je pAdarI hAya te dharmakhAtAnI adAlate tenI tapAsa karavI, paNa pachI dezanA kAyadA pramANe sajA karavAne mATe tene nyAyanI adAlatamAM mekalavA. A dhArAne lenDananA dhArA' kahevAmAM Ave che. henarI ekreTane peAtAnA mitra gaNatA hatA, tethI teNe dhAryuM ke A nikAlamAM ekeTa saMmata thaze. paraMtu divAnapade birAjatA ekeTa dharmAdhyakSa thayA pachI badalAI gayA hatA. dharmAdhyakSa thayA pachI teNe duniyAnuM vaibhavI jIvana tajI dIdhuM, saghaLeA ThAThamATha mUkI dIdhA, ane atyaMta dhArmika jIvana gALavA mAMDayuM. dharmanI bAbatamAM pApanuMja Adhipatya hAI zake ema mAnIneja teNe divAnapada cheDayuM hatuM, ane dharmagurunI jagA svIkArI hatI. henarIe ekeTanI madadathI dharmamAM sudhArA karavAnI AzA cheADI dIdhI. ekeTe kaleranDananA dhArAmAM na chUTake sahI karavAnI kabulAta ApI hatI, paNa vakhata Ave te pharI gayA. rAjA ane dharmAdhyakSa vaccenI takarAra vadhI paDI. ekeTane paNa IMglenDamAM rahevuM salAmata lAgyuM nahi, eTale te rAteArAta phrAnsa nAsI gayA, ane cha varSa (1164-1170) sudhI tyAM rahyo. pachI samAdhAna thavAthI ekeTa IMglenDamAM pAche AvyA, paNa AvatAM veMta teNe rAjAnA pakSamAM bhaLelA dharmaguruone dharma bahAra karyo, eTale henarIneA krodha jhAlyA rahyo naha. gussAnA AvezamAM te khelI UThayA, "mArA roTalA khAnAra yeAdAemAM kAI eveA nathI, ke je AjakAlanA e utkRkhala pAdarIne uDAvI de ?" rAjAnAM avicArI veNu sAMbhaLI cAra cehvA upaDayA, ane kenTarabarI jaI paheAMcyA. tyAM devAlayamAMja dhALe dahADe khekeTanuM khUna thayuM: i. sa. 1170, ekanA durAgraha ne AMdhaLA pakSapAta, ane bIjAnA avicArIpaNAnuM AvuM mAThuM pariNAma AvyuM. ekeTanI hatyAnI khabara sAMbhaLatAMja henerIne bahu pazcAttApa thayeA. traNa divasa sudhI khAvuM pIvuM mUkI daI teNe vilApa karyAM, ane pAMca aThavADIAM sudhI keAInI mulAkAta paNa lIdhI nahi. pachI teNe pApanI mAphI mAgI, ane prAyazcitta karyuM. ekeTanI kabara pAse jaI teNe potAnI pITha para cAmuka marAvyA. pApe ekeTane ' saMta '(Saint)nI padavI

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4 ApI, ane AyarlaeNnDanI jIna pachI henarIne mArI ApI, leAkeA ekeTane zahIda mAnI dUra dUrathI paNa tenI kabaranI jAtrAe AvavA lAgyA. kavi cAsare ' kenTarabarI TeIlsa' mAM A yAtrALuonuM varNana ApyuM che. aMtaH AvA mahAna rAjAnAM chellAM varSe duHkhamAM vItyAM. pAtAnA vistIrNa rAjyane amala calAvavA mATe teNe potAnA uMmaralAyaka putrAne judA judA prAMtAnA hAkema banAvyA, ane sauthI meTAne potAnI pAse rAkhyA. paraMtu temanAmAM rAjyalAbha peTheH tee aMdara aMdara temaja henarInI sAme laDavA lAgyA, ane henarInA zatrue joDe mitrAcArI karavA lAgyA. tenA traNa putrae potAnI mAtAnI zIkhavaNIthI baLavA karyAM. tenA be putrA tA maraNa pAmyA, paNa bIjA bee tenI viruddha baLavA karyAM. henarInI bevaphA rANInI temAM uzkeraNI hatI, ane phrAnsane rAjA te madada ApavA taiyAra hatA. aMgreja lazkara baLavAkhArAne paheAMcI vaLyuM, chatAM henarIe temane mAr3I ApI. have tene jIvanamAM rasa rahyo na hatA, ane tenI tabIyata lathaDatI jatI hatI. AvI sthitimAM teNe baLavAkheArAnI TIpa jovA mAgI; temAM peAtAnA priya ane kaniSTha putra jhAnanuM nAma sauthI paheluM joI te tene bahu lAgI AvyuM. te khelyo, " have thavAnuM heAya tema thAya; mane mArI ke jagatanI kaMI paNa paravA nathI. " mAtra be divasa pachI te maraNa pAmyA. henarIe peAtAnA amalamAM iMglenDamAM kareluM kAma bhUlI zakAya tevuM nathI. tenI nyAya ApavAnI paddhati vizALa svarUpamAM adyApi paryaMta cAlu che. tenI rAjyanItine hetu rAjasattAne pratApI te baLavAna banAvavAne hatA, ane tethIja phrAnsa para caDhAI karatI vakhate phayUDala dhArA pramANe amIrA pAsethI cAlIsa divasanI nekarI na letAM teNe paisA lIdhA hatA, ane temAMthI peAtAne vaphAdAra rahe tevuM lazkara ubhuM karyuM hatuM. teNe rAjasabhAnI navIna racanA karIne amIrAne nabaLA pADayA hatA. AATalenDa ane velsa upara svAmitvane dAvA karI briTiza TApuonI ekatA sAdhavAne tene prayatna purepurA saphaLa na thaye, chatAM te stutya teA hateAja. kharekhara, henarI IMglenDanA pratApI, parAkramI, ane mahAn rAjA hatA. teNe dezanI mahattA vadhArIne zAnti sthApI, ane rAjyavahIvaTa mATe uttama dhArA ghaDI kADhayA, '

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sa ricarDaH 1189-1199. henarInA maraNa pachI tene putra ricarDe gAdIe beThe. bahAdurI sivAMya bApane eka guNa tenAmAM na hateA. itihAsamAM tene 'siMhahRdayane kahevAmAM Ave che. te udAra, bheALe, parAkramI ane avicArI hatA. rAjya calAvavA karatAM yuddha karavAmAM te vadhAre pravINa hatA. teNe dasa varSa nAmanuM rAjya karyuM, paNa temAMnA ghaNA bhAga te teNe laDAImAMja gALyo. teNe pelesTAInanI raNabhUmi para adbhuta parAkrame dAkhavyAM hatAM, ane tenI vAta sAMbhaLI leAkeAnI chAtI uMcI AvatI hatI; paNa te IMglenDamAM mAtra khe vakhata AvyA hatA, ane tethI dezanI rAjyavyavasthA para dhyAna ApI zakhyeA na hatA. tenI gerahAjarImAM dezamAM akheDA thayA, ane avyavasthA cAlI. ricarcAnA bhAI jyAMne tene padabhraSTa karI gAdI pacAvI pADavAnA prayatna karyo, ane pararAjyA joDe masalata karI ricarDa viruddha aneka khaTapaTA ubhI karI. krujheDa purI thayA pachI ricarDa IMglenDa AvatA hatA, tyAre rastAmAM AsTriAnA ThAkAre tene keda pakaDayo, ane jarmana zahenazAhane soMpI dIdhA. teNe tene eka varSa kedamAM rAkhyuM, ane Akhare bhAre daMDa laIne choDI mUkayeA. iMglenDamAM AvIne ricarDe vyavasthA ANNa ane jahAnane kSamA ApI. phrAnsanI eka laDAImAM tIra vAgavAthI ricarDa maraNa pAmyA. ricarDanI gerahAjarIthI dezane eka lAbha thayeH evI lAAne vahIvaTa calAvavAnI tAlIma maLavA lAgI. laDAInA bhAre kharcanA paisA meLavavA pradhAnane leAkasabhA khelAvavI paDatI, ane temane khulAsA ApavA paDatA. rAjyataMtramAM prajAne avAja hovA joi e, e sUtranAM mULa A samayamAM naMkhAyuM. jhAnaH 1199-1216. ricarDanA maraNa pachI haeNAna gAdIe AvyA. te kapaTI, khaTapaTI ane durAcArI hatA. kharUM jotAM gAdI upara tenA bhatrIjAM ArtharanA haka thatA hatA, paNa te bAra varSanA kuMvarano haka jALavavAnI darakAra kAne hAya ? tema chatAM Arthare phrAnsanA rAjAnI madadathI khaMDa uThAvyuM; paNa temAM te phAvyA nahi, ane ulaTA keda pakaDAyA. bhatrIjo jIve che tyAM sudhI potAnI sthiti salAmata nathI, ema jANI rAjalAbhI kAkAe tenuM khUna karAvyuM. zaikaspiyare A prasaMganuM hRdaya halAvI nAkhanArUM varNana ApyuM che. te vAMcanArane jhAnane mATe hADAhADa tiraskAra vyApe che.

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| maiDI khoyuM. atyAra sudhI iMglenDanA rAjAo narmaDInA ThAkora hatA, ane e rIte jotAM phrAnsano rAjA temane adhipati hatA. A adhikAranI rUe phrAnsanA rAjAe jaena para ArtharanA khUnanuM tahemata mUkayuM, ane tene javAba ApavA pitAnI pAse hAjara thavA pharamAvyuM, paNa jaena gaye nahi. ethI phAnsanA rAjAne bahAnuM maLyuM. teNe phrAnsamAM AvelI jaenanI ghaNIkharI jAgIre japta karI; Ama je ke bhatrIjAnuM khUna karI hene IglenDanI gAdI meLavI, paNa bApadAdAe meLaveluM normaDInuM rAjya gumAvyuM. iMglenDane te AthI lAbha ja thayo; kAraNa ke rAjA ane amIranI daSTi normaDI uparathI jatI rahI, ane teo iMglenDane svadeza mAnI tyAM sthira thayA. IglenDano paiso normaDI jato aTaka, ane prajAnA haka sArU narmana amIra ane aMgreja leke sarakho rasa levA lAgyA. - papa je takarAra thaDA vakhatamAM janane remanA popa joDe takarAra thaI. kenTarabarIne dharmAcArya maraNa pAme, eTale tyAMnA sAdhuoe tene sthAne potAnAmAMnA ekanI cuMTaNI karI. sAdhAraNa rIte rAjA ane pipanI anumatithI A pasaMdagI thatI, paraMtu sAdhuo DaeNnane barAbara oLakhatA hatA, tethI rAjAne pUchayA vinA temaNe A nImaNuka karI dIdhI. jaenane A vAtanI khabara paDatAM teNe te sthAne pitAnA eka mANasanI nImaNuka karI. jyAre pipa pAse takarAra gaI, tyAre teNe A baMne nImaNuke rada karI sTIphana leMgTana nAmanA eka pavitra aMgreja paDitanI te jagAe nImaNuka karI. vhena popanI sAme thaye, ane teNe AkhA rAjyane dharmabhraSTa gaNavAno hukama kADho. cAra varSa sudhI maMdiramAM prArthanA thaI nahi, kaI dharmakriyA caI nahi, kabarastAnamAM maDadAM daTAyAM nahi, ane lokone bhAre duHkha veThavuM paDayuM. kharuM jotAM pipanuM A pagaluM geravAjabI hatuM, ane jaena lekapriya rAjA hatA, to pipanAM AvAM ayogya dabANanI sAmo thaI zakata. paraMtu tenAM adhama kAma, tenI viSayalaMpaTatA, teno lebha ane tenI nirdayatAne lIdhe e prajAne akAro thaI paDyo hato. teNe pipanA pharamAnanI darakAra karI nahi, ane marajImAM Ave tema vartavA mAMDayuM. vaLI popanI AjJA mAnanArA

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pAdarIone lUTavA ane mAravA mAMDayA. pape tene dharma bahAra mUko, ane tenI prajAne tenA pratye vaphAdAra rahevAnA baMdhanamAMthI mukta karI. chevaTe I. sa. 121ramAM pipe tene patita ane padabhraSTa thaele jAhera karyo, ane phrAnsanA rAjAne iMglenDa jItI levAnI AjJA karI. have nhanane ciMtA peThI. amIre ane prajA tene mATe kevI lAgaNuM dharAve che, e te sArI peThe jANatA hatA; eTale A prasaMge te pApane namI paDyuM. teNe sTIphana leMgTanane dharmAdhyakSa tarIke kabula rAkhyo. ane pipanA pratinidhine page paDI rAjamukuTa tene caraNe dharyo. pipe tene kheDIA rAjA tarIke svIkArI rAjya pAchuM ApyuM. A vAta sAMbhaLI iMglenDanA lokone zaramanA mAryA nIcuM jovAnuM thayuM. have rAjyataMtramAM sudhArA thavA joIe, e jAhera asaMtoSa lekee dekhADe. haeNnane zaraNe Avela jeI pipe phrAnsanA rAjAne pAchA javAnI AjJA karI. philipe pAchA javAnI nA pADI, paNa naukAsainya hArI javAthI te pAchA gaye. jaenane te philipanI pAchaLa paDI tene mAra hatuM, paNa amIe tenI joDe dariyApAra javAnI nA pADI. prajAne saMpa ane megnAkATa pipa joDenI takarAranI patAvaTa thaI paNa tethI nhenane bahu lAbha thayo nahi. tene julame vadhI paDayA, eTale prajA trAhe trAhe pokArI gaI. phrAnsathI pAchA AvatAM teNe pitAnI madade AvavAnI nA pADanAra amIrenAM khetare ane gAmaDAM lUTavA tathA bALavA mAMDayAM. have dezane amIre, pAdarIo ane sAmAnya leke saMpI gayA, ane sTIphana leMgTane temanI AgevAnI lIdhI. ekAda vakhate jhIne pAdarIo ane amIne thoDA ghaNA haka ApIne phoDavA prayatna karyo, paNa temAM te bahu phAvyuM nahi. vaLI uttara ane dakSiNanA amIree jarUra paDe hathiyAra upADavAnA sogana lIdhA. A amIranI sabhA maLI hatI, temAM leTane henarI 1lAno paTa kADhIne 1. pAdarIo upara haeNnano roSa eTalo badho vadhI paDayo, ke velsanA eka vatIne pAdarInI hatyAnA Aropasara tenI pAse tapAsa mATe ANavAmAM Avyo, tyAre teNe kahyuM ke "tene javA de, teNe mArA zatrune maryo che." .. .

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G ES it/TnGull PC TY : i rAjA jahona megnAkA upara sahI karI Ape che. dezanA junA kAyadA kevA hatA te samajAvyuM. ethI lokoe potAnI mAgaNIo rAjA pAse raju karavAno vicAra karyo. temaNe eka senA taiyAra karI ane tene "dharmasenA" evuM nAma ApyuM. ne have joyuM ke badhI prajA saMpI gaI che, ane sAmA thavAthI kazuM vaLe ema nathI; tethI teNe

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Huan lAkA kahe tema karavAnI tatparatA batAvI. i. sa. 1215nA jAnyuArinI 12mI tArIkhe tenI pAse prajAnI mAgaNIo raju karavAmAM AvI. teNe vicAra karavA mATe mudata mAgI, paNa te daramiAna teNe lazkara taiyAra karyuM; paNa saMpIlI prajA pAse bhADutI lazkaranuM zuM cAle ? chevaTe nImIDanA medAnamAM amIra ane prajAnA AgevAnone jhAna maLyo, ane aNugamate mane i. sa. 1215nA jUna mAsanI 15mI tArIkhe teNe paTTA (Magna Carta ) upara sahI karI. adyApi paryaMta aMgrejonI svataMtratA e paTTA vaDe rakSAtI Ave che. temAM navuM te thADuMja hatuM; ghaNIkharI kalame te jInIja hatI: temAMnI e kalamA mukhya hatI. (1) kAI paNa svataMtra mANasane rAjA peAtAnI icchAmAM Ave tevI sajA karI zake nahi, ke keda pakaDI zake nahi; darekanI tapAsa tenA sameAvaDIA kare. (2) pAdarIo temaja nAnA meATA amIrAnI anumati vinA rAjA krAI paNa prakArano kara ugharAvI zake nahi. " pahelA ane khIjA henarInA paTTA karatAM AmAM navuM thApuMja che, chatAMe A sanaMdane 'mATA TTo' nAma ApavAnuM kAraNa e che, ke atyAra sudhInA paTTAe rAjAoe svecchAthI ApelAM vacaneA hatAM, tyAre A sanaMda te eka anyAyI rAjA pAsethI prajAe saMpa karIne baLAtkAre lIdhI hatI. A sanaMdathI mAtra thADAka amIrAnuM nahi, paraMtu samagra prajAnuM hita sacavAtuM hatuM. jo ke A paTTAmAM amIrA ane pAdarIonA haka viSe ghaNI kalame hatI, chatAM leAkeAne cheka bhUlI javAmAM AvyA nahAtA. aMgreja leke A paTTAnuM abhimAna dharAve che te vAjabI che. A saratA rAjA barAbara pALe te mATe 25 amIrAnI nImaNuka karavAmAM AvI, ane rAjA pratijJAbhaMga kare te rAjAnI jAgIra, killA vagere japta karavAnI temane sattA ApavAmAM AvI. phrAnsa joDe yuddhaH paraMtu ApeluM vacana pALavAnI. jahAnanI dAnata na hatI. teNe pApane sarva hakIkata jaNAvI baLAtkAre karI ApelI sahI pAM kheMcI levAnI rajA mAgI. pApe tene rajA ApI, ane tenI sAme thanArane dharma bahAra mUkavAnI dhamakI ApI. have DaeNAnanAM duSkRtyenI sImA .... rahI I

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30 nahiM. teNe bhADutI mANase rAkhI gAmaDAM lUTavA ane bALavA mAMDyAM. AthI kaMTALI gaelA amIrAe phrAnsanA rAjA luIne IMglenDamAM AvIne rAjya karavAnuM AmaMtraNa ApyuM. luI meATuM sainya laIne AvyeA; jvAna sAmeA thayA, ane lazkara laI tene aTakAvavA dADyo, paraMtu vAza nadI utaravA jatAM tene sAmAna, jhaverAta, ane prajA karatAMe vadhAre priya rAjacihno DUbI gayAM. jhAnanA hAtha heThA paDyA; te badhI hiMmata hArI gayA. phIkara, ciMtA, tAva ane nirAzAthI nabaLA paDelA rAjA i. sa. 1216mAM maraNa pAmyA. tenA mRtyuthI prajAne nirAMta thaI. potAnA pratApI pitAnI zakti dharAvavA chAM tenAmAM eTalA badhA durguNA hatA, ke itihAsamAM tenuM nAma eka adhama rAjA tarIke gaNAya che. te svArthI, leAbhI, luccA, durAcArI ane laMpaTa hatA. " te evA te apavitra hatA, ke naraka paNa tenA vAsathI abhaDAI jAya." prakaraNa pasuM lAkasattAnA uya : i. sa. 1616-1327 henarI kajoH 1216-1272. jhAnanA maraNathI dezanI paristhiti pheravAI gaI; tene bALaputra henarI nava varSanI uMmare gAdIe beThA. luI paradezIonuM lazkara laI dezamAM AvyA hatA, ane keTalAka amIrAe tene sahAya ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM hatuM. paraMtu keTalAka rAjyanItijJa puruSAe joI lIdhuM, ke ethI teA dezamAM paradezIonA pagapesArA thaze, ane temanA julamanI sAme thavuM bhAre paDI jaze. temaNe dhIre dhIre luIno pakSa tajI ALaka henarIno rAjyAbhiSeka karyAM, ane rAjyakArabhAra calAvavA mATe pembrokanA sANA ane dIrdhadarzI ThAkAranI nImaNuka karI. ethI karIne luI te mAThuM lAgyuM, ane teNe gAdI meLavavA mATe tajavIja teA karI, paNa temAM te phAvyA nahi; eTale chevaTe i. sa. 1217mAM amuka rakama levAnuM kabula karIne te svadeza gAya yeA. 66 He was a Knight without truth, a King without justice, and a Christian without faith. 25

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henarInA 56 varSanA amalanA cAra vibhAga paDe che. (1) rAjAnI -bAlyAvasthA, (2) svataMtra rAjya ane geravahIvaTa, (3) svachaMdI rAjasattAne dAbavA amIranA prayatno, ane (4) akhaMDa zAnti. henarInI bAlyAvasthAmAM pembrokano ThAkara be varSa sAro kArabhAra calAvI maraNa pAme, ane hyubarTa DI bardha nAmanA catura puruSanA hAthamAM kArabhAra Avyo. teNe dezamAMthI popanI sattA ochI karavAnuM kAma hAthamAM lIdhuM, ane dezamAM zAMti sthApavAnA prayatno karyA. meTa thayA pachI paNa henarI bIjAonI salAha pramANe cAlato. pariNAme rAjyamAM aneka jAtanI geravyavasthA dAkhala thaI. rAjAnI jokhamadAra padavIne chAjatA guNo tenAmAM na hatA. potAnA khAnagI jIvanamAM te pavitra hato, ane tenA Azayo sArA hatA; paNa rAjA tarIke te taraMgI, uDAu, haThIle ane namAla nIvaDyo. tenAmAM rAjanItinA kaThaNa praznono nikAla ANavAnI zakti nahotIH vaibhava ane vilAsamAM rapa rahIne te bIjAnI buddhie cAlato. ethI dezamAM aneka paradezIo bharAyA, ane potAnAM gajavA bharavA lAgyA. vaLI pitAnA paradezI saMbaMdhIo ane mitronA piSaNa mATe rAjA paNa prajA pAse paisAnI mAgaNI karato, eTale prajAmAM uMDe asaMtoSa phelAyo. A paisA meLavavA mATe rAjAne ghaNI vAra amIre, ThAkare, ane dharmAdhyakSenI sabhAo bolAvavI paDatI, ane surAjyanAM vacano ApavA paDatAM. paraMtu nANuM maLyA pachI e vacana pALavAmAM AvatAM nahi. vaLI, rAjA pipane na hato, eTale pipa paNa vAraMvAra iMglenDathI nANu maMgAvata. pipanA svArthI hetuo sAdhavA mATe paisA ApatAM prajAne akaLAmaNa thatI. 1. herI meTa thayo te pachI tene hyubarTa joDe takarAra thaI, eTale tene rajA ApavAmAM AvI. tenA para aneka Aropa mUkavAmAM AvyA, eTale tene kedamAM pUravAmAM AvyaE rAjAe hyubarTane pakaDavAno hukama karyo, eTale hyubarTa kaI dharmAlayamAM bharAI gayo. paraMtu tyAMthI tene bahAra kheMcI kADhavAmAM Avyo, ane tene page beDI paherAvavAnI eka luhArane AjJA thaI. luhAre javAba Apyo, ke "A mANase IMglenDane paradezIothI bacAvyuM che, tethI tene beDI paherAvatAM pahelAM kaI paNa prakAre mAruM mana thAya te he. vadhAre pasaMda karuM chuM."

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phira - prativarSa aDhaLaka nANuM kheMcAI jatuM, ethI prajAne ghaNuM sAlatuM. Akhare asaMtoSano dhuMdhavAyelo agni bhabhUkI UThaDyo, ane amIree A svachaMdI rAjasattAne kaMIka kAbumAM ANavAno nizcaya karyo. - amIrenuM baMDaH 1258-12 64. amIree joyuM ke rAja to pipanA hAthamAM ramakaDuM che, ane pipane paradezI laDAImAM joItA paisA IglenDamAMthI maLe che. chevaTe teo sapharDamAM maLelI pArlamenTamAM hathiyAra sajIne gayA, ane temaNe dezano rAjyavahIvaTa cevIsa amIranA hAthamAM soMpI devAnI rAjAne pharaja pADI. rAjapakSanA lokoe A pArlamenTane "ghelI " upanAma AvyuM. paNa teNe rAjyavyavasthAnA niyama ghaDI e pramANe cAlavAnA rAjAne segana levaDAvyA. paraMtu eNkasapharDanA dhArAthI rAjyavahIvaTa sivAya bIjA kazA sudhArA thayA nahi. Akhare temanAmAM paNa pakSa paDI gayA, jemAMno eka pakSa sAImana DI menTapharDano hato. - te vakhate amIramAM sAImana DI merapha agresara hatuM. te ke paradezI hatA, paNa lIsesTarane jAgIradAra thavAthI aMgreja banyuM hatuM, ane IlenDanuM kalyANa karavA Atura hato. te nyAyapriya, pramANika, dezaprema, ane yuddhavidyAmAM nipuNa hato. dezAvaramAM pharI teNe ghaNe anubhava meLavyo hato. teNe rAjAne mUrkhatA vAparavAne badale dezamAM sudhArA karavA aneka vAra zikhAmaNa ApI hatI, paraMtu saghaLuM vyartha gayuM. aMte teNe dezamAM suvyavasthA ANavA mATe game te bhega ApavAnI pratijJA lIdhI. rAjAne moTo putra eDavarDa paNa zarUAtamAM sAImana jeDe maLI gayo. henarIe amarenI aMdara aMdaranI takarArano lAbha levA dhAryuM. teNe sapharDanA dhArA pALavAnI pratijJAno bhaMga karavAnI pipa pAsethI rajA meLavI, eTale amAre laDAI karavA taiyAra thayA. paraMtu Akhare nyAyI ane pavitra gaNAtA phrAnsanA rAjA laIne paMca nImavAmAM Avyo. luI pari sthitithI vAkepha nahe; eTale teNe e nirNaya Age ke dezamAM rAjasatta. sarvopari hevI joIe. A nirNaya amIrone rUe nahi, eTale laDAI * 12 rAjAe pasaMda karelA 12 amIe pasaMda karelA.

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saLagI. amarenI saradArI sAImane lIdhI; paNa eDavarDa potAnA pitAne maLI gaye, eTale amIrano pakSa nabaLo paDyoH chatAM sAImanane yuddhakauzalyathI amIne ja maLe, ane eDavarDa zaraNe AvyA. sAImane rAjyavahIvaTa pitAne hastaka lIdhe. tenA vahIvaTa daramiAna pArlamenTa vizALa pratinidhitvavALI thaI. atyAra sudhI amIre, garAsIAo ane pAdarIonI sabhAo maLatI, paNa prajAnA pratinidhione kaI paNa netaratuM nahi. sAImane dareka paragaNuM ane kassAmAMthI pratinidhio lAvyA; ane dareka zaherane be pratinidhio mokalavAnI AjJA karI, i. sa. 1265H jo ke A pratinidhio sAImananAja pakSanA hatA, ane teNe potAno pakSa majabuta karavA mATe ja temane bolAvyA hatA, chatAM hAlanI AmanI sabhAno pAyo nAkhavAno jaza A mahApuruSane ghaTe che. thoDA mahInA pachI eDavarDa kedakhAnAmAMthI nAsI chUTaye, ane teNe sAImananA pakSanA keTalAka amIne potAnA pakSamAM lIdhA. e pachI teNe sAImana upara aNadhAryo hae karI tene vazAmanA yuddhamAM harAvyo. yuddhamAM sAImana marAye, paraMtu tenuM jIvanakArya pUruM thayuM hatuM. zAntiH yuddha pUruM thayuM, dezamAM zAnti sthapAI, ane rAjAe amIne temanI jAgIre pAchI ApI. henarInA amalanAM bAkInAM varSomAM evI zAnti rahI, ke I. sa. 1270mAM teno putra eDavarDa kuMDamAM gayo. eDavanI gerahAjarImAM henarI maraNa pAme, chatAM kaI jAtanI avyavasthA thaI nahi, - eDavarDa 19. 127ra-1307. henarInA maraNa vakhate eDavaM pelesTAInamAM hatA, chatAM tenA nAmanI ANa pheravavAmAM AvI, ane be varSa vyavasthita rIte rAjya cAlyuM. tenA pitA nirbaLa hatuM, ane tenI mAtA abhimAnI hatI, paNa te pratApI hatuM, ane IMglenDanA mahAna rAjAomAM tenI gaNanA thAya che. tenuM cAritrya AphreDa jevuM na hatuM, chatAM tene je 1. A yuddhamAM eDavaDe bahu parAkrama karyuM. tenI patnI elIenera paNa tenI joDe gaI hatI. kahevAya che ke eka vakhate yuddhamAM eDavarDanA hAthamAM jherI khaMjara hovAthI uDe jakhama thayo hato, paNa tenI snehALa patnIe te jakhamanuM lohI cUsTathaI pitAnA patine prANa bacAvyo hate.

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3% te samaye ane dezapremI hatA. tenAmAM henarI khIjAnA jevA utsAha hatA, ane te uparAMta kAyadA ane suvyavasthA mATe tene uDe| prema hato. sAImana DI meAnTa tene yuddhavidyAmAM nipuNa banAvIne tenAmAM rAjanaitika kuneha keLavI hatI. tenAmAM zaurya ane satyaparAyaNatA hatAM, tenI sAthe potAnI ane pArakAnI bhUlAmAMthI anubhava kADhI teno lAbha levAnI zakti hatI. Ane lIdhe teNe jeTalI mahattA meLavI, teTalIja mahattA potAnI bhUla tatkALa svIkArI levAnI TevathI paNa tene maLI che. te vidvAna ane kalApremI hatA. velsanI jItaH 1282. eDavarDanA jIvananuM meTuM dhyeya e hatuM, ke samagra greTabriTanane ekatra karI tene potAnA chatra nIce ANavuM. velsanA pahADI leAkeA IMglenDamAM kAI kAI vAra trAsa vartAvatA hatA. henarI 3jAnA samayamAM temaNe sAImanane madada karI hatI, ane eDavarDane velsanA saradAra hyuvelIne adhipati tarIke svIkAravAnI nA pADI hatI. ATalethI eDavarDane khahAnuM maLyuM: jIvelInane zikSA karavAne miSe teNe velsa para caDhAI karI. velsanA leAkAne tAbe karI luvelInane khaMDIo banAvI eDavarDa pAchA pharyAM. te pachI gheADAM varSa badhuM ThIka cAlyuM; paNa luvelIna ane tenA bhAI DeviDe pAchA baLavA karyAM, eTale eDavarDa velsane IMglenDa joDe joDI devAnA niya karIne yuddha AryuM. yuddhamAM luvelIna marAyA ane DeviDa keda pakaDAyA. DeviDane kedakhAnAmAM rIbAvI rIbAvIne mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. eka varSa velsamAM rahIne eDavarDe rAjyavahIvaTanI uttama vyavasthA karI. teNe velsamAM IMglenDanA dhArA dAkhala karyA, paNa keTalAka prAcIna rItarivAjo jALavavAnI rajA ApI, ane keTalIka vahIvaTI svataMtratA bakSI. A rIte eDavarDe velsanA leAkeAnAM mana navA rAjyane anukULa karI lIdhAM. teNe peAtAnA jyeSTha putrane " velsanA rAjakumAra " e upanAma ApyuM, ane velsanI prajAnA dezAbhimAnane - saMtApyuM. tyArathI iMglenDano pATavI putra " prinsa Av velsa " kahevAya che. skarTalenDanI jIta: vesanI jIta meLavyA pachI eDavarDanI dRSTi skATalenDa tarapha vaLI. i. sa. 1286mAM AATalenDanA rAjA maraNa pAmyA, ane tenI dauhitrI gAdIvArasa thaI. eDavarDe tenA vivAha peAtAnA pATavI

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35 putra joDe karyo, paNa lagna thatA pahelAM skeTalenDanI rAjakuMvarI maraNa pAmI. pariNAme gAdInA traNa vArasadAra ubhA thayA. eDa tene nikAla karavAnuM kAma potAnA hAthamAM lIdhuM. teNe jaena beliyalanI tarapheNamAM cukAdo Ape, ane te skoTalenDanI gAdI upara paNa beThe. beliyalane rAjya te maLyuM, paNa oNTalenDanI prajA eDavarDanI gulAmI svIkAravA mATe beliyalane phikAra devA lAgI. skoTalenDanA adhipati tarIke eDavarDa vAraMvAra beliyalane kaMI kAmane bahAne pitAnI pAse bolAvata, paNa e to beliyalane lezamAtra pasaMda paDatuM nahi. ethI teNe I. sa. 1295mAM baLavo karyo, ane phrAnsanI madada mAgI. paraMtu eDavarDa ekadama TalenDa jaI pahoMcyo. teNe beliyalane DanabAranA yuddhamAM harAvyuM, ane tene padabhraSTa karI tyAM aMgreja subAnI nImaNuka karI. lesane baLaH paraMtu eTalethI skoTalenDanI chata pUrI thaI nahi. tyAMnI svAtaMtryapremI ane pahADI prajA hAtha joDIne besI rahe tevI na hatI. velesa nAmanA dezAbhimAnI vIra nare skoTalenDane svataMtra karavAno jhaMDo upADe, ane aneka mANaso tene AvI maLyA. teNe aMgreja lazkara para dhasAre karI tene kApI nAkhyuM, ane aMgrejone harAvI vaeNlese pitAne dezarakSaka jAhera karyo, I. sa. 1297. eDavarDa A vakhate phrAnsamAM hatA. teNe baLavAnA samAcAra sAMbhaLI phrAnsanI takarAra patAvI dIdhI. te ekadama iMglenDa AvyuM, ane cunaMdA yoddhAo laI vaeNlesanI sAme gayo. phatkarka pAse yuddha thayuM, temAM keMTa lazkare ghaNI bahAdurI batAvI; paNa aMgreja tIraMdAje ane ghoDesavAranA ekatra baLa AgaLa temanuM cAlyuM nahi. eDavarDa udAratAthI baLavAkhorene mAphI ApI, paNa vailesa tene name nahi. Akhare bhAre InAmanI lAlacathI kAI dezadrohIe e vIra narane eDavIne svAdhIna karyo. eDavarDe tene phAMsInI sajA karI, i. sa. 1305. - vailesane mArIne paNa eDavarDa skoTalenDanuM rAjya niSkaTaka bhogave ema na hatuM. e vIra puruSanA maraNanI vAta sAMbhaLI deza khaLabhaLI UThaze, ane susta amaree paNa eDavarDanI sAme thavA kamara kasI. bahAdura saradAra barTa bruse temanI saradArI lIdhI. jo ke brusa eDarvAnA darabAramAM uryo

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hatA, ane tenuM zaurya joI eDavarDa tenA upara bahArathI prIti batAvate; paNa aMtaramAM tenAthI kaMIka bhaya pAmI tene potAnI pAse ja rAkhate. paraMtu eka divasa brusa nAsI gayo, ane TalenDanA amIrone jaI maLyo. DeMTa lokoe tene rAjyAbhiSeka karyo, ane saue saMpa karI aMgrejone hAMkI kADhayA. eDavarDa eka meTuM lazkara skeTalenDa mokalyuM, eTale keMTa lokee nAsabhAga karI; kAraNa ke temanAmAM khullA medAnamAM laDAI karavAnI zakti na hatI. caraMtu lAga Ave tyAre temaNe aMgreja lazkara para chApo mArI tene herAna karavA mAMDayuM. pariNAme basano nAza karavA mATe eDavarDa jAte eNTalenDa "upara caDhAI karI. teNe keTalAka amIrone pakaDIne temanI katala karI, ane eka amIrajAdIne lAkaDAnA pAMjarAmAM pUrI killAnI divAla upara caDhAvI rAkhI. paraMtu eDavarDa vRddha thaI gayo hato. tenAmAMthI zurAtana gaLI gayuM | hatuM, ane tenI kAyA kAyalI thaI gaI hatI. I. sa. 1307mAM teNe kArbAIla pAse deha cho. jo ke eDavarDa maraNa pAmyo, paNa rkoTalenDa jItavAnI tene tIvra AturatA hatIH maraNa samaye teNe evI AjJA karI hatI, ke "Akho deza chatAya tyAM sudhI mAruM zaba sainyane mekhare rAkhIne pheravavuM." " eDavarDanI rAjyanItiH vesa, oNTalenDa ane phrAnsanA jhaghaDAmAM eDavarDane potAnI zakti batAvavAno je prasaMga maLyo, temAM tenI dIrdhadaSTi ane prajAprema jaNAI Ave che. tenI eka murAda greTabriTananA adhipati thavAnI hatI, paNa tenI bIjI murAda dezanA rAjyavahIvaTamAM prajAne vadhu rasa letI banAvavAnI hatI. teno siddhAMta evo hato ke je bAbatamAM sarvanuM hita samAeluM heya, temAM temanI anumati hovI joIe. te eka catura dhArAzAstrI ane pravINa rAjyanItijJa hato. teNe dezanA junA dhArAono kaDaka amala karIne, temaja keTalAka navA dhArA dAkhala karIne amIranI sattA nabaLI pADI, ane rAjasattA baLavAna banAvavAno prayAsa jArI rAkhyo. teNe prajAne sau 1. aMdhAdhuMdhIne lAbha laI keTalAka amIre vagara hakanI jamIna pacAvI beThA hatA, eTale eDavarDa eka evo dhAro karyo hato, ke dareka jamInadAre potAnI jagakaranI sanaMda - raju karavI. sarenA ThAkarane sanaMda batAvavAnuM kahyuM, eTale teNe to eka junI kaTAelI

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37 ane zuddha nyAya satvara maLe tevI vyavasthA karI, ane rAjA ne prajA vacce bhaktinAM baMdhane daDha karyA. A badhA sudhArA teNe prajAnI saMmatithI karyA hatA, paNa dareka vakhate prajAnA pratinidhione bolAvI temanI IcchA jANavAmAM AvatI nahotI. sAImana DI monTaphInuM anukaraNa karIne eDavarDa eka pagaluM AgaLa vage; teNe amIre, pAdarIo, garAsIA ane sAmAnya zaherIonA pratinidhione notaryA, ane pahelI ja vAra saMpUrNa pratinidhitvavALI pArlamenTa bolAvI. jo ke hAlanI pArlamenTa karatAM temAM thoDA ghaNA pheraphAra hatA, chatAM te Adarza pArlAmenTa"nA nAmathI oLakhAya che. | velsa, oNTalenDa, ane phrAnsanI caDhAInA kharca mATe eDavarDane vAraMvAra mANAMnI jarUra paDatI, ane tethI prajAnI saMmati vinA temanA para karano bojo paDato. rAjA koI vAra amare ane garAsIo pAsethI karaje nANAM letA. pariNAme prajAmAM pikAra UThaze, ane tethI rAjAe pArlamenTa belAvI pitAnI bhUla kabula karI nANAMnI mAgaNI karI. prajAe AnA badalAmAM meTA paTTA pramANe cAlavAnI kabulAta uparAMta bIjA keTalAka hake paNa mAgyA, ane te rAjAne kabula rAkhavA paDyA. eDavenA samayamAM rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM paNa agatyanA pheraphAra thayA hatA. e pratApI ane udAra hRdayanA rAjAe lokakalyANa sAdhavA mATe pitAnI sarva zakti vAparI hatI. je paradezI jhagaDAmAM tenuM mana doDayuM na hota, to dezamAM vadhAre sudhArA thAta. alabata, rkoTalenDa ane velsanA loko pratye teNe karatA darzAvI hatI, ane teNe yAhudIone geravAjabI rIte dezapAra karyA hatA; paNa teNe rAjyavahIvaTamAM lokazAsananAM udAra tatte dAkhala karyA hatAM. chatAM tenA manamAM evI khumArI hatI ke rAjasattA sarvopari hevI joIe. eDavarDa mahAna hata; teNe dezanA ItihAsa upara avanavI chApa pADI. - eDavarDa bIjo: 1307-1327. pratApI eDavaMrDanA maraNa pachI tene nirmaLa manano ane vilAsI putra eDavarDa bIje gAdIe Avyo. tenAmAM taravAra raju karIne kahyuM, ke "A mArI sanaMda. A taravArathI mArA pUrvajoe viliyama (lAnA samayamAM jAgIra meLavI hatI, ane e vaDe huM jAgIranuM rakSaNa karanAra chuM"

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38 rAjya calAvavAnI AvaData ke tAkAta nahatI, tema tenAmAM rAjadvArI kuneha ke zaurya paNa na hatuM. tene svabhAva ALasu ane alpasaMtiSI hatA, ane tethI kAma karavA karatAM mojamajhA mANavAmAM tene vadhAre AnaMda paData. je jamAnAmAM cAlAka ane zUravIra rAjAnI jarUra hatI, te vakhate AvA mUrkha ane dama vinAnA rAjAnI kArakIrdi niSphaLa nIvaDe emAM zI navAI? tenI kArakIrdino aMta rAjyahAni, kArAvAsa ane akALa mRtyumAM Avyo. benaMbarnanuM yuddhaH rkoTalenDanI paristhiti dina pratidina bagaDatI hatI. pitAnI aMtima IcchAne anAdara karIne te eNTalenDanuM yuddha adhuruM mUkIne iMglenDa AvyuM, ane sAta varSa sudhI teNe sanI sAmuM paNa joyuM nahi. dhrusa to eka pachI eka zahera ane killA sara karato gayo. I. sa. 1314mAM sTarliMganA lazkarI mathaka sivAya ghaNuMkharuM TalenDa bursanA kabajAmAM AvI gayuM. have namAlA eDavarDamAM sTaliMgane bacAvavAnuM zurAtana AvyuM. amAre alaga rahyA, chatAM teNe jabaruM lazkara laI oNTalenDa para caDhAI karI. brusa pAse AvA meTA lazkara sAme thavA jeTaluM sainya na hatuM: tenI pAse mAtra pAyadaLa hatuM, te paNa teNe benaukabarnanA nALA pAse paDAva nAkhI pitAnA nAnA lazkaranI uttama vyuharacanA karI. teNe lazkarane mekhare khADA khodAvI temAM khUTA khosI dIdhA, ane iMglenDanuM hayadaLa nakAmuM karI nAkhyuM. ATaluM chatAM IglenDanA cAlAka tIraMdAjee hallo to karyo, paNa skoTalenDanA maraNaA bhAloDIAoe namatuM ApyuM nahi. aMgreja lazkaramAM avyavasthA thaI rahI; eTalAmAM pAsenA DuMgara upara thaIne AvatAM mANasone joI temane zatrunuM vadhArAnuM lazkara jANI aMgrejo bhayabhIta thaI nAsabhAga karavA lAgyA. DaeNTa laDavaiyAone to jIvanamaraNano savAla hato, eTale robarTa bruse chevaTane hallo karI bhayaMkara khUnarejI calAvIH pariNAme keTalAka maraNane zaraNa thayA, ane keTalAka jIva laIne nAThA; chevaTe eDavarDa paNa berikanA killAmAM bharAI gayo. skoTalenDa jItavAnA prayatnonuM pariNAma ulaTuM AvyuM. aMgreja dhuMsarI pheMkI daI rhoTalenDa have svataMtra banyuM, ane busano rAjyAbhiSeka karavAmAM AvyuM. pachInAM keTalAMka varSo sudhI teNe IglenDanA rAjAne pajavavA mAMDyuM, ane nirbhayapaNe uttara iMglenDanA lekane

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39 raMjADavA ane lUTavA mAMDayA. vaLI teNe velsamAM baLavo jagADA, ane pitAnA bhAIne AyarlenDa jItavA mokalyA. bernekabarnanA yuddhathI rAjAnI rahIsahI pratiSThA jatI rahI, ane amIre paNa have tene tiraskAra karavA lAgyA. lekesTarane ThAkora dezamAM sattAdhIza thaI paDe, ane rAjAnI sattA para sakhata kApa paDayo. eDavarDa lekesTaranA ThAkarano Avo ajugata kAbu pheMkI devAnuM dhAryuM. teNe DispensaranA nAmathI oLakhAtA pitA putranI prIti meLavavA mAMDI. teo heziyAra ane sujANa hatA. paraMtu adekhA amAre temanA para rAjAnI kRpA thAya e sAMkhI zakyA nahi, tethI temanA para rAjyavahIvaTamAM nirarthaka vacce paDavAnuM tahomata mUkavAmAM AvyuM, ane temanI jAgIra japta karI temane dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA. eDavarDa temano pakSa laI laDa; teNe amIrane harAvyA, ane temane pAchA belAvyA. paraMtu rAjA upara bIjI dizAmAMthI aNadhArI Aphata AvI paDI. tenI rANI IsAbelA phrAnsa gaI hatI, tyAM rejara moTiMmara nAmanA amIra joDe kuchaMdamAM paDI khaTapaTa karavA lAgI. I. sa. 1326mAM te meTimaranI jeDe eka nAnuM lazkara laI IMglenDa AvI. keTalAka amIra ane dharmAdhyakSo temanI joDe bhaLyA, eTale rAjA velsa jato rahyo. Akhare Dispensara pitAputra pakaDAyA, ane temane phAMsIe caDhAvavAmAM AvyA. moTisara DIspensarano zatru hato, ane tene dezapAra karavAmAM Avyo hato. paraMtu teNe rANI sAthe maLIne verano badale lIdho. tyArabAda bALarAjakuMvara eDavarDane rAjyAbhiSeka karavAmAM Avyo. pachInI kathA karaNa che. rAjA para prajAdrohanAM, julamanAM ane evAM bIjA aneka tahomata mUkavAmAM AvyAM. sarva tahomata svIkArIne eka rAjyane tyAga karyo; paNa velsathI AyarlenDa tarapha nAsI jatAM te mArgamAM keda pakaDAye, ane barkalInA killAmAM kamakamATa bharI rIte tenuM khUna karavAmAM AvyuM.

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prakaraNa 6 eDavarDa je ane tene patraH i. sa. 1327-1309 eDavarDa 3H 1327-1376. bALa eDavarDane rAjyAbhiSeka karIne sadhaLe rAjyavahIvaTa tenI durAcaraNI mAtA isAbelA ane moTimare saMbhALyo. paraMtu uMmaralAyaka thatAnI sAthe eDavarDa rAjyanI lagAma potAnA hAthamAM lIdhI. teNe meTiMmara upara pitAnA pitAnA khUnanuM tahomata mUkI tene phAMsI dIdhI, ane potAnI mAtAne maratAM sudhI kedamAM pUrI rAkhI. - skoTalenDa joDe yuddhaH rkoTalenDamAM pharI pAchI takarAra zarU thaI. rabarTa brusa maraNa pAme, paNa teno bALa putra DeviDa cha varSanI vayano hato. A takano lAbha laI rAjAe beliyalanA putrane AgaLa dharyo, ane Ta lakoe tene gAdI upara haka svIkAryo paNa khare. paraMtu jyAre skaTa lekene khabara paDI ke beliyale iMglenDanA rAjAne adhipati tarIke svIkAryo che, tyAre teo cheDAI gayA. temaNe tene padabhraSTa karI hAMkI kADhayo, ane DeviDane rAjyAbhiSeka karyo. eDavarDa beliyalane pakSa laI oNTalenDa para caDhAI karI, ane heliDona hila pAse teNe oMTa lokone sakhata hAra khavaDAvI, i. sa. 1333. paraMtu beliyalane pharIthI nAsavuM paDayuM, ane lagabhaga cha varSanI laDAI pachI DeviDa eNTalenDanI gAdIe Avyo. kAnsa joDe takarAraH have rAjAe pitAnI daSTi phonsa para nAkhI. skaTa lekene phejonI madada maLatI hatI, eTale teNe skoTalenDa paranuM vera phrAnsa para levAnuM dhAryuM. phrAnsanA rAjAnA maraNa pachI khAlI paDelI gAdI upara eDava pitAne haka raju karyo. phrAnsanA kAyadA pramANe philipa jo philipa tho cArlsa IsAbelAH eDavarDa bIjAne paraNI. philipa dro eDavarDa 3 haine bIje

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phara '' eDavarDane kazAja haka naheAte; kAraNa ke ' sAlika lA " mujaba dIkarInA vaMzamAM gAdI jaI zakatI naheAtI. phrAnsanA leAkeAne paradezI rAjA gamatA na hatA, tethI temaNe philipaTTAne gAdI ApI. eDavarDe navA rAjAne namana karI tenuM Adhipatya / svIkAryuM, paNa tene laDhavAnuM miSa joItuM hatuM. eDavarDanI keTalIka jAgIrA phrAnsamAM hatI, te paDAvI levAnI philipa peravI karate hatA. iMglenDanA vepAra phlAnDarsa joDe cAlatA hatA, ane phalAnDarsanA DAkArane madada ApI philipa iMglenDanA vepArane tathA eDavarDanI Avakane dhakko pahAMcADatA hatA, te eDavarDathI khamAtuM nahAtuM. evAmAM phalAnDarsanA leAkAe potAnA ThAkAra sAme thavAmAM eDavarDanI madada mAgI, eTale tenAmAM bamaNuM jora AvyuM. AthI phrAnsa joDe vigraha zarU thayA, ane te kakaDe kakaDe eka saikA (i. sa. 1338-1453)sudhI laMbAye, tethI tene 'seA varSanA vigraha' kahe che. sattAnA lAbhathI ane rAjyatRSNAthI A vigraha maMDAyeA, paNa pariNAme bemAMthI eke prajAne lAbha thayeA nahi; ulaTuM asaMkhya vIra puruSAnAM lohI reDAyAM, ane dezanI paiseTake khuvArI thaI. paraMtu e jamAnA mastIne hatA. amIrAte ane rAjAene raNakhela vahAlA lAgatA. hathiyArAnA khaDakhaDATamAM prajAnAM du:khAnA pAkAra sAMbhaLavAnI kAIne paravA na hatI. kresInuM yuddhaH i. sa. 1346. AraMbhamAM te| aMgrejone bahu chata maLI nahi. i. sa. 1345mAM eDavarDe meTI senA laI pArisa upara caDhAI pharI; paNa phrenca lazkara tenI pAchaLa paDayuM, eTale teNe uttara tarapha javA mAMDayuM. tema chatAM phrenca eDavarDanI puMThe paDayA. eDavarDathI phrencAnA meTA lazkara sAme khullA medAnamAM laDhI zakAya ema na hatuM, tethI teNe kresInI dhAra AgaLa laDhavAno vicAra rAkhyA. teNe aMgreja tIraMdAjone mAkhare rAkhI tenI bAjue yadaLa gAThavI dIdhuM. phrenca gheADesavArAe paNa vAraMvAra hallA karyA, paraMtu temanuM kAMI vaLyuM nahi. phrenca chAvaNImAM gabharATa tathA avyavasthA thaI gaI, ane phrenca jIva laIne nAsI gayA. A yuddhamAM eDavarDanA pATavI kuMvare AgaLa paDatA bhAga laI ghaNuM parAkrama dAkhavyuM. tenA kALA bakhatarane lIdhe te 'zyAma cuvarAja' ne nAme oLakhAya che. 1. kuMvara phresInA yuddhamAM gayA, tyAre seALa varSanA hatA, ane haju sudhI teNe

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kesInA vijaya pachI eDavarDa kelene ghero ghAlyo. ghere amiAra mAsa sudhI cAlyo. Akhare anAja pANI khUTI javAthI bhUkhe maratA leka eDavane zaraNe AvyA ane kele chatAyuM. eDavarDa kelemAM aMgrejo vasAvyA, ane Azare 200 varSa sudhI te aMgrejonA hAthamAM rahyuM. rAjAe kelenA vijayanuM smaraNa rAkhavA mATe senAnA navA sikkAomAM vahANanI chApa mukAvI. piI TIyarsanuM yuddhaH kesInA yuddha pachI daza varSe eTale I. sa. 1355mAM baMne dezo vacce laDAI zarU thaI. kesInA yuddhamAM vijetA zyAma yuvarAja barDomAM rahyo, ane leke upara kera vartAvavA lAgyo. tenA sipAIo AsapAsanAM gAmo lUTatA ane bALatA. phencothI A khamAyuM nahi, ane aMgrejonI joDe yuddha karavA eka moTuM sainya taiyAra thayuM. zyAma yuvarAje saMdhi karavAnI tatparatA batAvI, paNa phencoe te mAgaNI svIkArI nahi, eTale piITIyarsanuM yuddha thayuM. A yuddhamAM paNa aMgrejoe kesInA jevIja vyuharacanA karI hatI, ane bahAdura aMgreja tIraMdAjee phenconA cAra gaNuM sainyane trAhe trAhe pikarAvI harAvyuM. phansane rAja tenA keTalAka amIre sAthe keda pakaDAya. syAma yuvarAje "rAjakedI'nuM uttama sanmAna karyuM, ane tene iMglenDa mokalyo. eDavarDa tene rkoTalenDanA rAjAnI sAthe kArAgRhamAM rAkhe. aMtaH evAmAM spenanA rAjAnA julamathI tyAMnI raiyate baLavo karI tene gAdI uparathI uThADI mUkyo. teNe zyAma yuvarAjanI madada mAgI. emAM paNa yuvarAjane chata maLI, paNa te seTake khuvAra thaI gayo, ane tenI tabIyata lathaDI gaI. have dhIme dhIme aMgrejo meLavela mulaka chevA lAgyA. I. sa. kaMI jANavAjoga parAkrama karyuM na hatuM. pitAne putra kaMIka parAkrama karI batAve evI hoMsathI rAjAe tene senApati banAvyo hato. laDAI thaI rahyA pachI rAjA ane kuMvara raNakSetramAM pharavA nIkaLyA, ane pharatA pharatA eka vRddha aMdha rAjAnA zaba pAse AvI pahoMcyA bAjumAM eka gheDAnA pagathI chuMdAelo ane lohIthI kharaDAelo vAvaTe hatA. tenA upara zAhamRganAM traNa pIMchAM cItarI nIce 'Ich Dien" (huM sevA karUM chuM.) evA zabdo lakhyA hatA. rAjAe e vAvaTe upADI laI yuvarAjane ApI kahyuM, ke "A pIMchAne tame tamAruM cihna banAvo, ane A zabdone tamAro mudrAlekha gaNe." tyArathI iMglenDano pratyeka yuvarAja e cihnI ane mudrAlekha dhAraNa kare che.

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1375mAM aMgrejo pAse mAtra mArDa, becena ane kle sthAM. eDavarDane paNa ghaNA kheda thayA; ATalA parAjya uparAMta spAma yuvarAja paNa maraNa pAmyAH rAjAe peAtAnuM mana meAjamajhAmAM vALavA mAMDayuM. paraMtu hRdayano zAka ema zI rIte zAMta thAya? i. sa. 1377mAM 55 varSano lAMkhe amala bhAgavIne eDavarDa maraNa pAmyA. ricarDa bIjo: 1377-1399. vATa TAilaranuM khaMDa: eDavarDanA maraNa pachI tenA bALa pAtra ricarDane gAdI maLI, ane nava paTAvatAe rAjyavahIvaTa calAvavA mAMDo. phrAnsa joDe laDAI cAlatI hatI, ane lokAne bhAre kara bharavA paDatA hatA. aneka kAraNeAthI kheDuteAmAM uDe asaMtASa vyApI rahyo hatA. vikalInA anuyAyIo "sarva manuSyA samAna che" evA upadeza ApatA hatA, ane saDI gaelA samAjataMtra mATe tiraskAra utpanna karatA hatA.1 evAmAM pArlamenTa seALa varSanI uMmara uparanAM strIpuruSAne mATe mAthAverA nAkhyA. lokAe kara bharavAnI nA pADI, eTale ugharAtadArAe julama gujAryAM. kenTamAM eka udharAtadAre vATa nAmanA mANasanI putrInuM apamAna karyuM, ethI dhuMdhavAelo . agni bhabhUkI UDyo. lokeA uzkerAI gayA, ane udharAtadArane mArI gAmamAMthI hAMkI kADhayA. pachI kuhADA, dAtaraDAM, kAdALI, pAvaDA, kaTAelI taravAra ane bhAMgelAM dhanuSya je kaMI hAthamAM AvyuM, te laIne vATanI saradArI nIce te laMDana tarapha cAlyA, ane rastAmAM paNa aneka loke temane AvI maLyA. laMDana pahoMcatAM lAkheka mANasA ekaThAM thaI gayAM. temaNe rastAmAM dhare, adAlatA ane daphataro bALyAM, ane kenTarabarInA dharmAdhyakSa, apriya thaI paDelA amaladArA, ane vakIlonAM khUna karyA. AvA rAkSasI TALAne caDhI AveluM joI pArlamenTa ane amIrA bhayabhIta thaI gayA. have zuM karavuM te paNa temane sUjhayuM niha. paraMtu paMdara varSanA rAjAe asAdhAraNa dhairya ane samayasUcakatA batAvyAM. te dhADe 1. jahAna bAla nAmato eka pAdarI to kaheto ke: 66 When Adam delved and Eve span, Who was then the gentleman ? ""

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savAra thaI A vipharelA lokone maLavA gayo, ane tamAre zuM joIe chIe ema pUchayuM. lokee pitAnI mAgaNIo raju karI, ane te pUrI pADavAnuM rAjAe vacana paNa ApyuM, paraMtu rAjAnA eka hajurIAe vaiTane nAmIco cera" kahI saMbovyo, eTale laeNTe taravAra ugAmI. rAjAnI samakSa AvI uddhatAI calAvanAra vaiTa para gusse thaIne rAjAnI joDe AvelA laMDananA meyare tene kApI nAkhyo. eTale lokomAM pikAra UTheH "mAro, mAro, mAre, ApaNe saradAra paDayo." ricarDa paNa tyAMthI khasyA vinA bahAdurIthI javAba ApyoH tame zuM tamAre rAjAne mAraze ? cAlo, tamAre saradAra huM." pachI lokone khetara mAM laI jaI zAMta pADayA. ajJAna ane bhoLA kheDuto rAjAnAM vacana para vizvAsa rAkhI vIkharAI gayA, paNa rAjAnuM vacana rAjA pAse rahyuM. A baLavAthI krodhe bharAelA amIree kheDutone sakhata sajA karavAno nizcaya karyo. temanA AgevAnone pakaDI phAMsI devAmAM AvI, ane bIjA hajAre manuSyanI katala karavAmAM AvI. . ricarDane kArobAra je amIrane ricarDa potAnA virodhI mAnato, athavA jeo tenI svataMtratAmAM ADe AvatA hatA, temane teNe sajA karavA mAMDI. pArlamenTane te teNe gaNakArIja nahi, ane loko upara kera vartAvavA mAMDyo. pariNAme rAjAne nAza thavAnAM kAraNe ubhAM thayAM. ricarDanA kAkAno dIkaro henarI ghaNe lokapriya hato. te dezamAM hoya te ADe Ave, ema jANuM rica tene dezapAra karyo. ricarDanA kAke marI gayo, tyAre teNe tenI jAgIre japta karI hatI, chatAM e jAgIre henarIne ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM hatuM. e jAgIre levA mATe henarIne dezamAM AvavAnuM bahAnuM maLyuM. evAmAM rAjA AyarlenDa gayo, teno lAbha laI henarI IMglenDa pAcho Avyo. saradAro ane loko ricarDanA julama ane bInajavAbadAra amalathI kaMTALyA hatA, eTale henarIne madada maLatAM vAra lAgI nahi. rAjAe dezamAM AvIne joI lIdhuM, ke have tenuM kAMI vaLe tema nathI, eTale teNe rAjyano tyAga karyo. tene killAmAM pUravAmAM AvyuM, ane pArlamenTa henarIne gAdI ApI. bIje varSe killAmAM ricarDanuM khUna karavAmAM AvyuM. keTalAka mAne che, ke te bhUkhamarAthI maraNa pAmyo hato.

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. henarI [mRtyuH 1173] plenTejIneTa vaMza. henarI ro (1154-1189) ricarDa 1lo (1189-1199) jyAre [mRtyuH 1186] eDavarDa 1lo (1272-1307) eDavarDa rajo (1307-1327) eDavarDa 3jo (1327-1377) 1 [mRtyuH 1376] zyAma yuvarAja I ricarDa rajo (1377-1399) (1461-1483) eDavarDa 4thA / (483) eDavarDa pramA Arcara [naH 1203] cArka vaMza 3jo putra lAyonala philippA 1 rAjara - Ana ricarDa ricarDa 3jo (1483-1485) / jhAna (1199-1216) henarI 3jo (1216-1272) le kesTara vaMza thA putra jahAna (1399-1413) henarI tathA (1413-1422) henarI pamA (1422-1461) henarI kro pleTejIne-yArDa-le kesTara vaMza 45

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prakaraNa muM laMkesTara ane eka vaMza henarI kaH 1399-1413. lekasattAnI vRddhiH ricarDanuM khUna thayuM, ane eDavaDa 3jAnA cothA putra kesTaranA ThAkorane putra henarI gAdIe Avyo; eTale plenTejIneTa vizane aMta Avyo, ane laMkesTara vaMzanI zarUAta thaI. henarIne gAdI upara dAvo geravAjabI hato; kemake 3jA eDavInA bIjA putranA vaMzamAM cha varSano eka bALaka hayAta hato. paraMtu pArlAmenTa sarvAnumate henarIno haka svIkAryo. Ama pArlamenTanI kRpAthI ja henarI gAdIe Avyo. rajA ane pArlAmenTa pArlamenTa henarIne gAdI apAvI, eTale tene prasanna rAkhavAnA aneka upAya henarIne yojavA paDatA, ane tenI mAgaNIo svIkAravI paDatI. henarInA amalamAM aneka baMDa thayAM; aneka laDAIo thaI tenA kharcanA paisA meLavavA mATe paNa tene pArlamenTanI garaja paDatI. pArlamenTa Ane lAbha lIdhe pArlamenTa henarIne nANAM ApatA pahelAM lokonI phariyAda para dhyAna ApavAnI pharaja pADatI. ethI AmanI sabhAno nANAM uparano kAbu vadhato gayo, ane dravya meLavavA mATe rAjAne pArlamenTanI sattAne namavuM paDayuM. Ama Arthika taMgIne lIdhe rAjasattA upara kApa mukAyo, ane pArlamenTano kAbu rAjA upara vadhato gayo. henarIe lolArDajhane nAstika gaNIne jIvatA bALI mUkavAno kAyado karyo, ane pAdarIone pitAnA pakSamAM lIdhA. - aMtaH paraMtu pAchalAM varSomAM henarIe pitAnI sattA saMsthira karI. skoTalenDane rAjA abhyAsa arthe phrAnsa jato hato, tene mArgamAMthI pakaDI henarIe potAne tyAM kedamAM rAkhyo ane pAchaLathI potAnI kuMvarI joDe tenuM lagna karI rkoTalenDane mitrInA baMdhane bAMdhyuM. phrAnsano rAjA gAMDe thaI jatAM gAdIne mATe evI takarAra UThI, ke phenyone dezanI bahAra najara nAkhavAno vakhata rahyo nahi; ulaTuM A takarAramAM mAthuM mAravAnuM iMglenDane bahAnuM maLyuM. jo ke henarI pite taTastha rahyo, paNa tenA vaMzajoe phrAnsanI gAdI uparane june dAvo raju karyo. have henarInI tabIyata lathaDI. devaLamAM

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47 prArthanA karatAM henarIne tammara AvI ane maraNa pAmyA, (20mI mArca i. sa. 1413). henarIe kuTila ane kapaTabharyAM upAyAthI rAjasattA meLavI, paNa tenA vaMzajone te zAparUpa thaI paDI. mukuTadhArIne zire asvasthatAne asahya bhAra heAya che, te ekalA henarInAja mastaka para na hatAH paMdaramA saikAmAM jyAre jyAre iMglenDanI gAdI khAlI paDatI, tyAre hakadAranI sAme dAvAdArA nIkaLatA, dezamAM jhaghaDA thatA, avyavasthA phelAtI, ane pariNAme aneka junAM kuTuMbe nAza pAmatAM. henarI pamAH 1413-1422. henarIe bAlyAvasthAmAM tenA pitAne bahu duHkha dIdhuM hatuM. durAcArI sAbatIne cheDAvavA jatAM nyAyAdhIzane teNe tamAceA mAryA hatA, ane nIDara nyAyAdhIze kAyadAnuM apamAna karavA mATe tene kedanI sajA pharamAvI hatIH chatAM te catura yAhvo ane kuzaLa rAjyanItijJa puruSa hatA. teNe pitAne pagale cAlI dIrdhadaSTivALI, niSpakSapAta ane nyAyI rAjyanItithI prajAnAM dIla jItI lIdhAM. phrAnsa joDe vigrahaH peAtAnI sattA dRDha karIne henarIe phrAnsa tarapha dhyAna ApyuM. phrAnsa joDe iMglenDane vigraha cAlatA hatAH emAM laDAI cAle, saMdhi thAya, vaLI laDAI cAle, ema thayA karatuMH paraMtu vigraha tA cAluja hatA. phrAnsano rAjA gAMDA thaI jatAM dezamAM pakSa paDI gayA, ane tyAM AMtaravigraha saLagyA. tene lAbha laI henarIe phrAnsanI gAdIno haka jAhera karyo. A haka ayogya hatA, paNa tene te bahAnuM joituM hatuM. teNe phrAnsamAM jaI nAmaiDI jItavAnA prayatna karyA. zarUAtamAM hAraphalyura aMdara hAtha karI aMgrejo kule javA upaDayA, paNa rastAmAM phrenca lazkare temane rAkayA. phrencA ane aMgrejo vacce ejhaMkUra pAse yuddha thayuM, i. sa. 1415. kAdavavALI jamInamAM aMgreja tIraMdAjo AgaLa phrencA lAcAra banI gayA; phrencAnAM lokhaMDI akhatarA A vakhate paNa temane naDayAM, ane pharIthI temaNe sakhata hAra khAdhI.1 henarInA 1. Uneasy lies the head, that wears a crown. [Shakespeare] 1. phrenconuM moTuM lazkara joI henarInA eka saradAra evuM khAlI gayA, ke "ApaNI pAse vadhAre mANasa heAta, teA kevuM sArUM thAta. 'A sAMbhaLIne henarIe je zauryabharyAM uttara Apyo, te zekaspiyaranA henarI pamA' nATakanA 4thA aMkamAM 3jA pravezamAM che.

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sarpampaTana hesTiMgsa DolA oNsmitha 'I' ze jI khA DI noM meM phI briTananI lasa brenTa desI bA aMtara tI rlianse *rIma bhUmadhya samud eDavarDa AnuM phrAnsanuM rAjya sarvasana rmasmara Ijhe jI khADI vasa ge 6nI. vara kaisI. laeNnDarsa AnaM vanTa bhUmadhya samuda henarI rajAnuM phrAnsanuM rAjya 2AE

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49 hAthamAM nAma~DI AvyuM, eTale dezaparadezamAM tenI pratiSThA vadhI. i. sa. 1420mAM phrAnsa joDe A pramANe saMdhi thaI; phrAnsane rAjA jIve tyAM sudhI henarI rAjyarakSaka rahe, ane tenA maraNa pachI phrAnsanA rAjA bane. henarI phrAnsI rAjakuMvarI joDe paraNyA, ane te NuMkharUM phrAnsamAM rahevA lAgyAH have te mAtra kAma prasaMge IMglenDa AvatA. i. sa. 1421mAM te IMglenDa Avyo, paNa tene khabara paDI ke skATa lokAnI madadathI phrencAe laDAI zarU karI che, ane tenA bhAI kapAI mue che. ekAeka henarI phrAnsa pAche gayo, ane tyAM teNe aneka dherA ane laDAiomAM bhAga lIdhA; paNa 35 varSanI vaye apUrva kIrti meLavI te maraNa pAmyo. teNe yuddhavidyA ane saujanya mATe kIrti meLavI hatI, paNa tenA vaMzajone e nAmanA mATe bhAre daMDa ApavA paDayo. henarI chaThThoH 1422-1461. phrAnsa joDe yuddha: henarI pramAnA maraNasamaye teno putra bAra mahInAnoe nahotA. henarIe dIrdhadaSTithI peAtAnA eka bhAI Dayuka Av kherDane phrAnsanA, ane khIjAne iMglenDano 'rAjarakSaka ' nImyo hatA. kheDapharDe phrAnsamAM aMgrejono paga majamruta karyAM. paraMtu phrAnsano rAjA maraNa pAmyo, eTale tenA putre cArlsa 7mA tarIke gAdIno dAvA karyAM, ane lokoe tene hakadAra vArasa tarIke svIkAryuM paNa kharA. kheDapharDe eliansane gherA ghAlyo, paNa pachI bAjIno raMga badalAyo. phrAnsane eka aNucitavI madada AvI maLI, jona Av Arka nAmanI namra, dhArmika, yALu ane kAmaLa hRdayanI eka phrenca kheDuta kanyAno AtmA potAnA dezanuM duHkha joI bahu akaLAI UThayoH te svapno jovA lAgI, ane tene gebI preraNA thavA lAgI ke " UTha, phrAnsano uddhAra kara. " teNe sipAIone kahyuM, ke mane rAjA pAse laI jAo. tyAM teNe potAnAM svapnA ane preraNAnI vAtA kahI. rAjAe dhaNI khuzIthI tene lazkara ApyuM. sapheda bakhtara paherI hAthamAM phrenca jhaMDA pharakAvatI, sAnerI sAjavALA gheADA upara besI, A addabhuta vIra bALA erliansa AvI paheAMcI. tene joI nirAza thaI gaelA phrenca sainikAmAM jema te zurAtana AvyAM. bhaya ne AzcaryathI stabdha thaI gaelA aMgrejoe tene mArga Apyo, ane '' 4

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para eliansane ghere UThayo. pachI rAjAne risa laI jaI teNe parApUrvanI rIta pramANe tene rAjyAbhiSeka karyo, ane kahyuM ke "mahArAja, have mArI preraNuM baMdha thaI gaI che, mane mAre gAma javAnI rajA Apa." paraMtu phenca leke to tene devI mAnatA hatA eTale eliansanI kumArikAne javA kema de? daramiAna be varSamAM e bALA aMgrejonA hAthamAM keda pakaDAI, ane aMgrejoe tene DAkaNa gaNI chavatI bALI mUkI, I. sa. 1431. ATaluM chatAM phrAnsamAM have aMgreja sattAno aMta AvavAnuM nirmANa thayuM hatuM. jo ke jAgRta karelI prajAbhAvanAne pariNAme phenco aMdara aMdara saMpI gayA, ane kharA dIlathI : vIra bALA jena A Arka potAnA rAjAne madada karavA lAgyA. pariNAme aMgrejo eka pachI eka mulaka khAtA gayA. vaLI A vakhate beDapha maraNa pAmyo, ane IMglenDamAM pakSa paDyA. I. sa. 1453mAM aMgrejonA hAthamAM mAtra kele ane bIje cheDe mulaka rahyo phrAnsane bAkIne mulaka aMgrejonA hAthamAMthI jato rahyo. se varSanA vigrahane A rIte aMta Avyo. rAjyakhaTapaTane lIdhe ubhA thaelA pakSonA prapaMcathI henarIe pUrvajoe saMpAdana karele mulaka yo, ane maLelI AbarU gumAvI. paraMtu rAja namAle haya, pArlamenTamAM saDo pesI gayo hoya, ane saradAre khaTapaTI hoya, tyAM A sivAya bIjuM zuM saMbhave? prajA upara karane je vadhI paDayoleke rAjyavyavasthAthI eTalA badhA TALyA, ke temaNe baMDa paNa jagAvyuM.

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- trIsa varSane vigraha: AvI takane lAbha laI yAkanA ThAkora ricarDa pArlamenTamAM sudhAro karavA bAbata pikAra uThAvyo ane lazkara ekaThuM karavA mAMDayuM. aneka asaMtuSTa umarAvo ane lake tenA pakSamAM maLI gayA. ricarDa phrAnsa ane AyarlenDamAM rAjyanI nImakahalAla nokarI karI hatI, ane potAnA zaurya viSe dezamAM nAmanA meLavI hatI. te rAjAne najIkanA sago hatA, eTale rAjyavahIvaTa pitAne hastaka mukAve joIe evI teNe mAgaNI karI. zarUAtamAM te tenuM kahevuM keIe sAMbhaLyuM nahi. paraMtu daivayoge rAjA gAMDa thayo, ane ricane "rAjarakSaka" nImavAmAM Avyo. thoDA vakhatamAM rAjAne roga maTI gayo, eTale ricarDane rajA ApavAmAM AvI. teNe pitAne vatana jaI lazkara ekaThuM karavA mAMDayuM, ane pote eDavarDa 3jAnA vaMzamAM janmela che, ema kahI gAdIno dAvo karyo. ethI dezamAM rAjano ane ricaMno evA be pakSa paDI gayA, ane taravAre kheMcAI. I. sa. 1455mAM senTa AbansanI laDAImAM ricarDa jItyo, ane rAjA pakaDAyo. paraMtu thoDA vakhatamAM rANI mArgareTe moTuM lazkara ekaThuM karI ricarDane harAvyo, ane tene dezamAMthI nasADI mUkyo. - senTa AbansanA yuddhathI zarU thaele vigraha 30 varSa sudhI cAlyo, tethI tene trIsa varSane vigraha' kahe che. A vigrahamAM lejesTa pakSa (rAjapakSa) vALAoe pitAnA vAvaTA upara rAtA gulAbanuM, ane garla pakSa (ricarDa pakSa) vALAoe sapheda gulAbanuM cihna rAkhyuM hatuM, tethI tene 'Wars of Roses" evuM upanAma maLeluM che. le-kesTara vaMzanA rAjAonI nirbaLatA, pArlamenTamAM paDele saDe, vadhI gaelA kare, ityAdi aneka rAjakIya kAraNethI ubhA thaelA asaMtoSane lIdhe A vigraha zarU thayo, paNa Akhare umara ane temanA nokare sAmasAmA pakSamAM laDayA. kheDuto ane vepArIo kaMIja banatuM nathI ema mAnI pitAnuM kArya karyuM jatA, eTale A vigrahamAM bahu uMDA utaravAnI jarUra nathI. 30 varSanA lAMbA gALAmAM yorka ane lekesTara pakSavALAnI vArApharatI hArajIta thatI. jema jema laDAI AgaLa cAlatI saI tema tema baMne pakSano verabhAva vadhato gayo, ane jeo pakaDAyA temanA

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para nAma che : : : deva * bolavI upara julama paNa vadhatA gayA. henarI aneka vAra keda pakaDAtA, ane vaLI pAchI chuTa thato. I. sa. 1460mAM eka vAra rAjA keda hajalI pakaDAyo tyAre rANIe potAnA putrane nAme yuddha jArI rAkhyuM, ane skoTadilDa lenDathI lazkara lAvI ricarDane harAvyo. I.sa.1460mAM veka phIlDanA bhayaMkara yuddha* * TahalI noTana mAM yorka pakSavALAnI sakhata hAra thaI ane ricarDa marA.. yorka pakSavALAoe ricarDanA putra eDavarDana haka AgaLa dharI rANune harAvI, ane trIsa varSano vigraha : "Wars of Roses' eDavarDane laMDanamAM rAjyAbhiSeka karavAmAM Avyo. I. sa. 1461. henarInA namAlA amalathI kaMTALelI prajAe pratApI ane zAMtimaya rAjyanI AzAe eDavarDane rAja tarIke svIkAryo. A pramANe lenkesTara vaMzano aMta Avyo, ane iMglenDanI gAdI yorka vaMzamAM gaI. * yorka vazanA rAjAo. eDavarDa : 1461-1483. eDavarDa gAdIe Avyo, paNa tenAthI jepIne besI zakAya tema na hatuM. taravAranA lera meLaveluM rAjya taravAranA jera vaDeja sAcavI rAkhavAnuM hatuM. henarInI laMDana, bAna

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pa3 bahAdura rANuM pitAnA pati ane putrane gAdI apAvavA mATe haju sabhera laDatI hatI, paNa te vAraMvAra hArye jatI hatI. . Akhare eDavarDano paga majabuta thayo. tene ghaNuMkharA pratipakSIo marI khUTayA hatA, ane bAkInAne nirdayatAthI pUrA karavAmAM AvyA. pitAnI ADe Ave tene uDAvI detAM te jarA paNa bhato na hato. kahe che ke tenA bhAI kaleransane paNa rAjadrohanA vAM ke kedamAM pUrI dArUnA pIpamAM DubAvI mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. sattAnA toramAM pArlamenTanI te kadI paravA karato nahi. tene paisAnI jarUra paDe tyAre pArlamenTane pUchyA vinA leka pAsethI ja te ugharAvI le. tenI viSayAsakti, sakhatAI ane abhimAnane lIdhe loko kAyara thaI gayA hatA, eTale I. sa. 1483mAM te maraNa pAmyo tyAre leke harakhAyA. eDavarDa be putro mUkI gayuM hatuM. temAMthI moTA putranA nAmanI ANa hoMzabhera pheravavAmAM AvI. - eDavarDa pamaH 1483. tera varSane eDavarDa gAdIe Avyo, te maravAne mATeja. tenI mA ane mAmAe rAjyavahIvaTa pitAne hastaka rAkhavA khaTapaTa to ghaNIe karI, paNa pArlamenTa bALarAjAnA kAkA ricarDane "rAjarakSaka TharAvyo. ricarDa rAjAnA mAmAne phAMsI dIdhI, ane rANIne keda karI. pachI teNe gAdI paDAvI levAnI tajavIja karavA mAMDI. pArlamenTa ane zaherIenI saMyukta sabhAe tene gAdI svIkAravAnI vinaMtI karI, je teNe ghaNuM AnAkAnI sAthe svIkArI. ricarDa jeH 1483-1485. eDavarDane keda karI ricarDa ghaNuM ThAThamATha sAthe gAdIe Avyo, ane keTalAka divasa te badhuM ThIka ThIka cAlyuM. paraMtu ricarDa rAjakumArane keda karyA hatA, te lokone gamyuM nahi, ane tene viSe prajAmAM aneka prakAranI vAta cAlavA lAgI. kahevAya che ke teNe nirdoSa rAjakumArane pathArImAM guMgaLAvIne mArI naMkhAvyA, ane temanAM zaba dAdara nIce dATI devAne hukta karyo. eka vAta te cokkasa che, ke kedakhAnAmAM gayA pachI rAjakumAra pharIthI dekhAyA nathI. emanI hatyAnI vAta kharI | hoya ke khoTI hoya, paraMtu lenkesTara pakSavALA je mANasa phrAnsamAM jaI zA hatA, emane te eTaluMja joItuM hatuM. temaNe ricamaMDanA Dayuka henarI

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muDarane peAtAnA pakSanA agresara banAvyeA, ane gAdI meLavavA pharIthI tajavIja karavA mAMDI. vaLI A kuTuMbe vaccenA rAjane vikhavAda baMdha pADavA mATe henarIe eDavarDa jathAnI kuMvarI joDe lagna karavAM evuM paNa lIdhuM. gAdI upara henarInA haka teA nahi jevA hatA; chatAM ricarDanA amalathI kaMTALelA leAkeAe henarInA haka kabula rAkhyo. i. sa. 1485mAM henarI potAnA pakSavALAonI sAthe nAnuM lazkara laI IMglenDamAM utaryAM. hajAra lAkA tene maLI gayA, ane baeNsvartha pAse rirDa joDe tene bheTA thayo. aneka amIrA vizvAsadhAta karI henarIne jaI maLyA. paraMtu ricarDa te| mahAdurIthI laDyo, ane laDatAM laDatAM paDayo. tenA mukuTa thAranI vADamAM paDyo hatA, tyAMthI upADI laI eka amIre henarInA mastaka upara mUkI pokAra karyA, " mahArAjA, ghaNuM jIve." aneka laDAIe, prapaMco, kuTilatA, ane khUnAmarakI bharelA 'trIsa varSanA vigraha 'nA aMta joDeyArka vaMzane paNa aMta AvyA, te sAthe plenTenTaneTa vaMzanA sIdhA vArasAne paNa aMta Avyo. ricarDane rAkSasI svabhAvanA duSTAtmA mAnavAmAM Ave che; chatAM eTaluM yAda rAkhavA jevuM che, ke teNe dezamAM sArI rIte rAjya calAvyuM hatuM, ane vepAraudyogane uttejana ApyuM hatuM. prAthamika svarUpamAM TapAla ephisanI pati tenA vakhatamAM dAkhala thaI hatI. vidyAvRddhi ane pustakapracAranAM Aryane teNe uttejana ApyuM hatuM. prakaraNa 8muM prajAjIvananA vikAsa 1. rAjakAraNa aMgreja prajA svataMtratA mATe uMDe prema dharAve che. sekasana leAke jarmanInAM jaMgalAmAM chuTIchavAyI TALIemAM rahetA, ane jarUra paDaye ekAda saradAra pasaMda karatA. e saradAranA maraNa pachI te navA saradAra pasaMda karatA. DAITaMTA vakhate A saradArane vadhAre akhatyAra ApavAmAM AvatA.

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sa A rIte dhIme dhIme sattAdhIza ane baLavAna amIravarga ubho thayo. le nA rAjyane vistAra thatA gayo, tema tema amIrA vadhatA gayA, ane rAjA upara aMkuza rAkhavA lAgyA. te samayamAM 'viTana' nAmanI lAkasabhAne pUchyA vinA rAjAthI kazuM agatyanuM kArya karI zakAtuM na hatuM. atyAra sudhI e sabhAnA sabhyonI pasaMdagI rAjA karatA, ane temAM rAjakuTuMbI, dharmAdhyakSA, ane jAgIradArA uparAMta jemane rAjA kheAlAve tevA khIjA badhA AvatA, chatAM dezamAM temanuM prAbalya vadhyuM, eTale rAjAne temanI salAha pramANe cAlavuM paDatuM. vaMzaparaMparA gAdI ApavAne dhArA paNa cAlatA naM hatA; gAdIvArasa nImavAnI sattA viTananA hAthamAM hatI. A sabhAe herAlDane gAdI ApI hatI, ane viliyama vijetAne IMglenDane rAjA svIkAryA hatA. viTanane hAlanI umarAvAnI sabhA jevI gaNI zakAya; kemake temAM leAkAe mekalelA pratinidhie besatA na hatA. tArmana vijaya pachI baLavAna amIrA ane rAjAe vacce TaMTA cAlyo. yuropanA bIjA dezonI peThe iMglenDamAM jAgIradArA jorAvara thaI rAjAne haMphAve nahi, te mATe catura viliyame umarAvAne chuTI chuTI jagAe jAgIra ApI hatI, ane temAM vaselA dareka kheDutane sAgana levaDAvyA hatA, ke "huM mArA rAjAne vaphAdAra rahIza.peAtAnA nyAyAdhIze nImIne amIranI sattA teADavAnI nIti henarI 1lAe cAlu rAkhI, paNa te gAdIe Avyo tyAre prajAne teNe eka sanaMda karI ApI, ane dezanA kAyadA pramANe cAlavAnuM teNe vacana ApyuM. Ama aMgrejI rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM " rAjA kAyadAthI para nathI" e sUtranAM khIja pahelavahelAM naMkhAyAM. henarI khIjAe paNa eja nIti cAlu rAkhI. teNe laDAInA samayamAM amIreA pAsethI lazkara meLavavAne badale paisA levA mAMDayA, ane te vaDe peAtAne vaphAdAra rahe evA bhADutI sipAIe rAkhI jAgIradAronA mada utAryeA. pariNAme rAjasattA sarvopara thaI paDI, chatAM haju sudhI sAmAnya prajAnA hakanA vicAra karavAmAM Avyo nahAtA. henarIe ekasarakhA nyAya tALavAnA prayatna karyeA, paNa tethI dharmakhAtA joDe athaDAmaNa thaI, kleranDananA dhArA pasAra thayA, ane bekeTanI

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hatyA thaI. ekaMdare henarI phAvyo nahi; tenAthI dharmakhAtAnI adAlate tUTI nahi. niSphara ane bevacanI jaenanA atyAcArathI trAselA aMgrejo ane narmane bhedabhAva bhUlIne ekatra thayA. catura ane dIrdhadaSTivALA amIre prajAnA AgevAna banyA. temaNe rAjAne kAyadA pramANe vartavAnI pharaja pADavA mAMDI. temaNe pitAnA saMyukta baLathI "moTe paTTo lakhAvI lIdhe, ane samasta prajAnA haka mATenI mAgaNI karI. eka mAgaNI evI hatI, ke rAjA mahAjananI saMmati vinA kara nAkhI zake nahi; jo ke A samaye mahAjanamAM te dharmAdhyakSo ane amIroja besatA, ane prajAnA sAmAnya mANasane besavAne haka na hato chatAM A mAgaNIthI rAjA pArlamenTanI maMjurI vinA koI paNa prakArane kara nAkhI zake nahi ema banyuM. * prajApratinidhisabhAnI kharI sthApanA to henarI 3jAnA samayamAM thaI. paraMtu rAjA paradezI mAnItAone bolAvate, ane dezanuM dravya barabAda karI mahAjana pAse vadhAre nANAMnI mAgaNI karatA. sAImana DI menTapha rAjyavahIvaTamAM sudhArA karavAnI rAjAne pharaja pADI. teNe paragaNAmAMthI temaja dareka nagaramAMthI babbe lekapratinidhio lAvyA, eTale ItihAsamAM pahelI ja vAra dezanA rAjyakArabhAramAM sAmAnya lokone bhAga maLyo. hAlanI aMgreja pArlamenTanI kharekharI racanA te vakhate thaI. garAsIA (Knights) ane zaherIonI sabhA te AmanI sabhA banI, ane umarAvo ane dharmAdhyakSonI sabhA te umarAvonI sabhA banI. zarUAtamAM sabhAnA be bheda na hatA. pahelAM te badhA pratinidhio ekaja makAnamAM besatA. i. sa. 1413mAM be sabhAo judA makAnamAM maLI, tyArathI "hAusa eNvuM lairDajha"--amInI sabhA, ane "hAusa eNva komansa" -AmanI sabhA evA be vibhAga paDayA, ane te adyApi paryata cAlu che. paraMtu A pratinidhisabhAnuM saMpUrNa prajAkIya svarUpa te eDavarDa 1lAe . sa. 1295mAM "Adarza pArlamenTa belAvI tyAre ghaDAyuM hatuM. eDavarDane laDAI mATe nANAM jaIe, paNa pArlamenTanI maMjurI vinA nANuM keNu Ape ? 1. kenca dhAtu "Parler-bolavuM uparathI pArlamenTa' zabda banyo che.

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57 have kara nAkhavAne haka pArlamenTane ja hoI zake, e siddhAMtane barAbara amala thavA lAgyo. dhIme dhIme A sthitine lAbha laI pArlamenTe judA judA ke raju karavA mAMDayA, ane amuka haka prathama maMjura karo te nANAMnI sagavaDa karI ApIe evI haTha pakaDavA mAMDI. haju sudhI kAyadA ghaDavAnI tene sattA na hatI, temaja saMdhivigraha jevI agatyanI rAjadvArI bAbatomAM tene mata levAte nahi, te pachI rAjanA pradhAne upara tene dAba te heyaja kayAMthI? eDavarDa 3jAne phrAnsa joDe mahAna yuddha karavuM paDayuM, tyAre tene nANAMnI garaja paDI; eTale pArlamenTa vAravAra meLavavI paDatI. A pramANe nANune kAbu AvavAthI pArlamenTanI sattA vadhatI gaI. paraMtu keTalAka amIro joDe eDavarDa saMbaMdha bAMdhI temane meLavI lIdhA, eTale prajAhakanI laData karavAnuM kAma dhIme dhIme AmanI sabhA upara AvI paDayuM. chatAMe ema samajavAnuM nathI, ke dezamAM sAmAnya leke AgaLa AvyA. haju madonmatta jamInadAronuM jora ochuM thayuM na hatuM; pArlamenTa paNa temanAthI dabAI jatI. eDavarDa ke ricarDa bIjAne padabhraSTa karAvanAra A khaTapaTI jamInadArAja hatA. henarI ddo nabaLa nIvaDayo, ane amIro gAdI mATe aMdara aMdara laDI muA. trIsa varSanA lAMbA samaya sudhI dezamAM dagophaTaka, niSkaratA, kRtadhratA ane kalaha vadhI paDayAM. be pakSanAM keTalAMe mANasa marAyAM, ane chevaTe henarI TayuDara vijayI thayo. prajAe tene gAdI ApI. amIrenAM mANase marAyAM, temanI milkata japta thaI ane temanI sattA tUTI. 2. udyoga ane vANijya te sekasana leke iMglenDamAM AvyA, tyAre dezamAM jaMgalo ane bhejavALAM medAne hatAM. A jaMgalamAM keTalAMka kuTuMba gAmaDAM vasAvI rahetAM. eka gAmathI bIje gAma javA mATe vAMkIcukI pagavATa hatI. remana lekoe dezamAM je rastA bAMdhelA, temanA avazeSe sivAya dezamAM bIjA rastA na hatA. sekasana ke gAmaDAMnI AsapAsa vADa karI letA, ane kheDuto khetara

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kheDI gujAre calAvatA. badhA kheDuto sAthe maLI sImanI badhI jamIna kheDatA, ane upaja vahecI letA. gheTAM mATe caro rAkhavAmAM AvatA, ane hukkara jaMgalamAM caratAM. Dena leke AvyA pachI gAmaDAMmAM saradAre dhaNI thaI paDayA. teo kheDutone kheDavA mATe jamIna Ape, ane potAnI jamIna temanI pAse kheDAve. koI kheDuta nirvaza maraNa pAme to tenI jamIna saradAra laI lete, eTale tenI jAgIramAM vadhAre thatuM. saradAro potAnI jAgIramAM zAkatarakArI vAvatA; phUlajhADa ucheratA, ane dhAnya pakavatA; temAM dareka kheDutane veTha karavA javuM paDatuM. kheDute pitAnI jamIna kheDe ke saradAranI ? teo babaDatA jAya, ane kAma karatA jAya; vadhArAmAM saradAranA mukAdama kheDutane mAra mAre ane pajave. kheDutothI gAma cheDIne bIje javAya ema nahatuM, AthI temanI sthiti gulAma jevI thaI gaI narmana lokonA AvyA pachI ghaNuM gAmaDAM navA jAgIradAranA hAthamAM AvyAM, chatAM prajAne mukhya udyoga khetIne hatA, ane kheDutonI sthiti zUdra jevI hatI. pariNAme garAsIA ane kheDutonAM mana uMcAM rahetAM. caudamA saikAmAM khetaranA utpannamAMthI bhAga levAnuM ke veTha karAvavAnuM chaDI devAnuM karyuM, ane kheDutoe jamIna badala saradArane bhADuM ApavAnI rIta cAlu thaI. A paddhati AkhA dezamAM amalamAM AvatAM keTalAMka varSa vahI gayAM. eDavarDa 3jAnA rAjyamAM bhayaMkara mahAmArI phATI nIkaLI, je "kALI marakIne nAme oLakhAya che. temAM saMkhyAbaMdha mANasa marI gayAM, gAmaDAM ujaDa thaI gayAM, khetarano pAka saDI gaye, ane deza verAna thaI gaye. je leke jIvatA rahyA teo sastA dare kAma kare nahi, ane jamInadAre vadhAre rejI Ape nahi. pArlamenTa majuronI roja TharAvI ApI; dareka majure mAlikane tyAM rahevuM, ane nAsI janArane DAma devAnuM TharAvyuM, paNa kAyado pALe koNa? keTalAka garajAu jamInadAre meMdhA dare pitAnuM kAma karAvI letA. majuranI achata ane moMghavArIne lIdhe jAgIradAree dhAnya vAvavAnuM baMdha karyuM ane gheTAM ucheravA mAMDayAM. A gheTAMnuM Una lAnDarsa jatuM. ethI Unane vepAra cAlu thayo. eDavarDa 3jAe A vepArane uttejana ApyuM. teNe UnanI nikAsa

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sa upara kara nAkhyA, ane laDAImAM paDatI nANAMnI kheATa pUrI pADI. phalAnDarsanA kArIgarAne dezamAM khelAvIne teNe UnanAM kArakhAnAM sthapAvyAM. have meTAM zaherI vasavA lAgyAM. nAma~na leAkA AvyA eTale phalAnDarsa, normaDI ane phrAnsa joDe vepAranuM khArUM khUlyuM. dhIme dhIme nadItaTe, cAra rastA maLatA hoya tyAM, ma pAse, ke sagavaDavALAM sthaLAe zahera vasyAM. A zaheranI AsapAsa meATA killo ane pharatI meATI khAI hoya. bahAranI avarajavara mATe lAkaDAne kheMcI levAya tevA pUla rAkhavAmAM AvatA. zaheramAM eka bajAra hoya, ane vepArIne tyAMja mAla vecavA paDe. bajAramAM musApharA, vepArIe ane ADatIAe maLe, ane dArU, rezama, kApaDa, tejAnA vagerene vepAra cAle. te samaye sArA rastA naheAtA, eTale aMdaranA bhAganA vepAra khIlyuM| nahAtA; mAtra nadIkAMThe ke dariyAkinAre AvelAM zaherA AbAda thayAM. ricarDa 1lAne dharmayuddhamAM javA paisAnI tANa paDI, tyAre teNe zaheranI svataMtratA vecavA mAMDI. AthI vepArIone lAbha thayA. dareka dhaMdhAdArIe potAnuM mahAjana bAMdhyuM. A mahAjana mAMdA kArIgaranI saMbhALa rAkhe, maranAranI vidhavAne pALe, ane kArIgarAnAM bALakAne dhaMdhAnI tAlIma apAve. kAmanuM ane rAjInuM ekasarakhuM dhAraNa bAMdhavAnuM kAma mahAjananA hAthamAM hatuM. eDavarDa 1lAe A dhaMdhAdArIone sukhasagavaDa karI ApyAM, ane vyAjakhAu yAhudIone dezamAMthI hAMkI kADhayA. prasaMgeApAta dezanA judA judA bhAgamAM meLA bharavAmAM AvatA. meLAmAM vepArIe mAla lAve, ane AsapAsanA loko tyAMthI joIe te laI jAya. kheDuto khetaranuM utpanna, DhAraDhAMkhara, vagere lAvIne tyAM vece, ane joItI vastuo laI jAya. paradezI vepArIe Una laI jAya, ane loDhuM, tAMbuM, rezama, ane javAhIra ApI jAya. A rIte iMglenDanA vepAra cAlavA lAgyA. e jamAnAmAM IMglenDanI mukhya pedAza Una hatI. 3. samAja jaMgalI avasthAnA briTane cAmaDI raMgatA. tee dharA bAMdhI jANatA vaheAtA. sekasanA gAmaDAMmAM rahetA, ane sAduM paNa niyamita jIvana gALatA.

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teo mAMsAhAra karatA, paNa sAmAnya rIte roTalo ne mAkhaNa khAI khetaramAM kAma karatA. teo rAtre vahelA sUI jatA, ane savAre vahelA UThI kAme vaLagatA. teo hAthe kAMtelAM ane vaNelAM UnanAM kapaDAM paheratA. teo jevA tevA joDA paheratA. teo vastune badale vastu ApI vyavahAra calAvatA. temanAM ghara sAdAM ane nAnAM hatAM; zobhA ke kaLAnuM temAM nAma na hatuM. teo lAkaDAnI ke mATInI divAla banAvatA, temAM bArInI jagAe kANAM karatA, ane ghAsanAM chAparAM banAvatA. moTA mANasonAM ghare pattharanAM bAMdhavAmAM AvatAM, ane temAM eka beThakane khaMDa, strIone khaMDa, ane sUvAne eraDo eTalI sagavaDa rahetI. teo ghAsanI ke cAmaDAnI pathArI para sUI jatA. temanAmAM uMcAnIcA bheda na hata; zeTha ane nokara lAMbA meja para joDe besIne khAtA. mejanI vacamAM eka khADAmAM mIThuM rAkhavAmAM AvatuM. halakI padavIne mANase A khADAnI bIjI bAjue besatA. DukkaranuM mAMsa khAvuM ane javane dArU pIvo, e temane vilAsa gaNAte. narmana leke abhimAnI ane julamI hatA. teo bhoLA leka para kera vartAvatA, chatAM teo rasika, sughaDa ane saundaryapremI hatA. teo zikAranA zokhIna hatA. ethI dezamAM TheraThera jaMgale ane zikAranI jagAo banAvavAmAM AvI. paraMtu garIba lokonI hAlata jevI ne tevI ja rahI. temanAM gharemAM ekAda be skUla, ekAdu meja, ane eka be dhAtunAM vAsaNe heya. A sAmAna ghaNe kiMmatI gaNAte. zaheranA rastA nAnA, sAMkaDA, ane asvaccha hatA. rAtre rastA para telanA jhAMkhA dIvA thatA. aMte pizAka para narmana lekenI asara thaI. have loke cakacakatAM ane raMgaberaMgI kapaDAM paheravA lAgyA. dhaMdhAdArI leke khAsa vastro paheratA, eTale hajAma, kaDIo, sutAra, luhAra, sonI vagere sahelAIthI oLakhAtA. normana leke cAMcavALA lAMbA jeDA paheratA. A cAMcane cheDe doro ke rUpAnI sAMkaLI bAMdhI tene ghUMTaNe bAMdhI devAmAM AvatI. ekaMdare prajAnI sAmAjika sthiti duHkhI hatI. lekamAM berojagArI hatI, ane jAgIradAre pratye asaMtoSa hate. madanmatta jAgIradAra rAjAnI sAme paNa hathiyAra upADe, tenI asara thayA vinA kema rahe? kheDutoe

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1 ekabIjAne madada karavAnI pratijJA karI, ane ' kALI marakI ' pachI lakAmAM asaMteSa vadhatAM vATa TAilaranI AgevAnI nIce aMDa thayuM. svataMtra thavAne prathama prayAsa niSphaLa gayeA; paNa jamInadArA samajI gayA ke jamAneA badalAyeA che, ane kheDutAnI joDe sArI rIte vartavAnI jarUra che. marakIno kera, karaverAneA trAsa, ane sAmAnya du:khAmAM paNa prajAtI AnaMda bhAgavavAnI zakti ajaba hatI. caudamI sadImAM nAcaraMga, mIjamAnI, jalasA, ujANI, vagere cAlatAM; leAkeA gheADA upara besIne vAjAM vagADatA vagADatA yAtrAe jatA. A yuga premazauryabhakti ( Chivalry ) teA hateA. nakhazikha bakhtara paherI jAgIradArA zaurya ane parAkramanA prasaMgeA upajAvatA. te ThaMyuddha karatA, ane buThThAM ke dhAravALAM hathiyAra vAparatA. AvA raNakhela sthaLe sthaLe ane prasaMge prasaMge thatA, ane seMkaDA mANase te jovA ekaThAM maLatAM. junA yeddAone kasAvAnA ane navAne bahAra paDavAnA AvA aneka prasaMgo maLatA. muradhAMnI laDAI, rIMchanI kustI, pADAonI sAThamArI vagere viAda cAlatA. lAgaNI uzkere ane rAmAMca ubhAM thAya, evA dekhAve jovAmAM paNa leAkAne majhA paDatI. 4. sAhitya briTana leAkeA jaMgalI hatA. temane lakhatAMvAMcatAM AvaDatuM na hatuM. temanA gAra phuIDa kahevAtA. teo bhaNelAgaNelA hatA. teo vIreAnAM jIvana, ane yuddha ke zurAtananA prasaMgeA upara gItA racIne leAkeAne saMbhaLAvatA.. A gItA ane vArtAo mukhaparaMparAthI cAlI AvatI. rAmana leAkAe A lAkAte saMhAra karyAM, eTale temanuM kaMThastha sAhitya nAza pAmyuM. rAmana leAkeA sudharelA hatA. temane lakhatAMvAMcatAM AvaDatuM hatuM. juliyasa sIjhare itihAsanAM pustakA lakhyAM che. bIjA lekhakAe paNa briTana para thaelA rAmana hallA ane bIjA prasaMgo viSe lakhyuM che. te sarva lakhAN leTina bhASAmAM che.

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kara prAcIna eMglA-seksana leAkAe rAsA racyA che. zauryavIryanI kathA sAMbhaLavI temane bahu gamatI. dareka TALInA saradAra joDe eka bhATa hAyaja satre badhA paravArIne beThA hAya, tyAre A bhATa peAtAnA saradAranA kAI parAkrarmanI, tenA kAI pUrvajanA zurAtananI, ke kAI prAcIna vIranA ekAda jIvanaprasaMganI kathA kahe, ke duhAo racIne lalakAre. AvA eka rAsAnuM nAma Ayovulpha che. temAM ApaNA bhImasenanI peThe AyeAvulpha rAkSasa joDe laDe che, pAtALamAM jAya che, ane chevaTe eka khIjA rAkSasa joDe laDatAM maraNa pAme che, evI kathA che. kharekharUM aMgrejI kAvya keDamana nAmanA kavie racyuM. te kavi maThamAM geAvALa hatA. devAe tene kAvyazaktinI bakSisa karI evI daMtakathA cAle che. teNe bAIbalanA keTalAka prasaMgAnuM varNana karyuM. tenAM kAvyA lAkapriya thaI paDyAM. khIDa nAmanA sAdhue aMgrejI gadyate| AraMbha karyAM. teNe maThamAM besIne kRpa pustakA racyAM, ane AkhA yurepamAM prasiddhi meLavI. Dena leAkAe maThe ane vidyAmaMdirane nAza karyAM, te pachI AlphreDe paMDitAne khelAvyA ane zALAe sthApI. te pote vidvAna hatA. teNe aneka graMthAnAM bhASAMtara karyAM. eMglA-seksana kronikala nAme pustakamAMthI Dena leAkeAnA AkramaNathI sTIphananA amala sudhInA banAvAnI neAMdha maLe che. sTIphananA amalamAM aMdhAdhuMdhI cAlavAthI itihAsa lakhAtA baMdha thaye. normana leAkeAnA Agamana pachI aMgrejI bhASAne maLatuM uttejana baMdha pUyuM; kAraNa ke darabAramAM phrenca bhASA kheAlavAne zAkha thaI paDyo. paradezI paMDita ane dharmAdhyakSA leTina ane phrenca bhASAmAM lakhavA lAgyA. paraMtu prajAnI bhASA te eMglA-seksana rahI. ulaTuM teAmana leAkeA dhIme dhIme e bhASA kheAlatA thayA. haeNAnanA samayamAM rAjAprajA vacce jhagaDo thayA, tyAre temanA lAkA joDe pUrepUrA maLI gayA. temanI bhASA phrenca maTI aMgrejI I. tamanee bhASAmAM samRddhi ane jussA Apyo. . caudamA saikAmAM jyAphrI cAsara nAme suprasiddha kavi thayo. teNe jIvanane vividha ane vizALa anubhava * kenTarabarI TeIlsa ' nAme kAvyamAM utAryAM. lagabhaga 29 yAtrALuo ekreTanI kabaranI yAtrAe nIkaLyA che. rastAmAM eka

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63 dhirmazALAmAM teo utaryA; dharmazALAnA mAlIke kahyuM ke rastAmAM vArtA karatA jaje, ane sarasa vArtA kahenArane vaLatAM ahIM mIjamAnI Apaje. pachI dareka jaNa vArApharatI vArtA kahevA lAgyo. e vArtA te kenTarabarI TeIsa' temAM yoddhAo, vahANavaTIo, vepArIo, kSamApa vecanArA, sAdhuo, pravAsI sAdhuo, vagere aneka yAtrALuonI, zurAtananI, sAmAnya jIvananI, vairanI, ane saMtonI daMtakathAo, AkhyAyikAo ane kathAo kahevAmAM AvI che. ethI te jamAnAnA prajAjIvananuM mArmika citra khaDuM thAya che. cAsaranA samakAlIna kavi leMglenDe bIjo mArga lIdhe. teNe pIyarsa plAumena" nAme kAvyamAM prajAnAM dukhe, dharmaguruonA Dhaga, sAdhuonA prapaMca, sAdhAraNa mUrkhatA, khaTapaTa, TheSa ityAdi kALI bAjunuM citra doryuM. baMne kavionAM kAvyothI te samayanA itihAsanuM bhAna thAya che. vikalIphe bAIbalanuM bhASAMtara karyuM. bAIbalanI kathAone jokapriya karavA uparAMta te bhASAMtarathI aMgrejI gadya ghaDAyuM. 5. dharma ( briTana loke hAlamAM aMgreje khristI dharma pALe che. khristI dharma IglenDamAM kayAre dAkhala thaye te viSe cokkasa mata nathI; paNa romana amalamAM ghaNA briTana leke khristI thayA. te pahelAM briTana leke aneka devone mAnatA, ane temane prasanna karavA kUra vidhio AcaratA. teo pazumedha uparAMta keI vakhate naramedha paNa karatA. temanA gora DUIDa hatA. A leke jaMgalanA uMDANamAM rahIne devanI pUjA karatA. temane viSe juliyasa sIjhare suMdara varNana ApyuM che. romana lokeH asalanA remana leke paNa mUrtipUjaka hatA, ane temanAmAM khristI dharma pALanArA thaDA hatA. pAchaLathI je sipAIo ane vepArIo dezamAM AvyA, teo ghaNe bhAge khristI hatA. A samaye IlenDamAM khristI dharma dAkhala thayo. remane jatA rahyA tyAra pachI paNuM, navA dharmanA saMskAra rahI gayA.

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sekasana ke seksana lekee dezamAMthI khristI dharmanA avazeSa nAbuda karI nAkhyA. temaNe maMdire lUTayAM ane bALyAM, ane dharmaguruone vadha karI nAkhe chatAM AyarlenDa, oNTalenDa, ane velsamAM navo dharma phelAto hato. briTanamAM te prajAne mukhya bhAga sekasana lokonA dharmane mAnate hato, ane Azare so varSa sudhI khristIo upara julama vartAvavAmAM Avyo; chatAM khristI dharmane cheka ucchada thayo na hato. ema kahevAya che ke remana bajAramAM keTalAMka aMgreja bALakone vecAtAM joI tyAMnA gregarI nAmanA saMtane temanA para dayA AvI. teo mUrtipUjaka che ema jANI teNe e bALakonA dezamAM khristI dharmano pracAra karavAne nizcaya karyo. gregarI papa thaye eTale teNe 6ThThA saikAnA uttarArdhamAM keTalAka pAdarIo iMglenDa mokalyA. te samaye IMglenDamAM eka rAjya na hatuM. kenTano ThAkara khristI rANI para hato, ethI tyAM AvakAra maLaze ema dhArI teo tyAM gayA. rAjAe temane satkAra karyo. temanA mukhya dharmopadezakane rAjAe kenTarabarIne dharmAdhyakSa banAvyuM. jo ke iMglenDanI rAjadhAnI laMDana che, chatAM kenTarabarIne dharmAdhyakSa Aje paNa mukhya dharmAdhyakSa gaNAya che. A pachI dezamAM khristI dharmano pracAra thayo. alabata, sAmAnya manuSyo dharmanI bAbatamAM paraMparAthI cAlatA AvelA saMskAre ekadama tajI detA nathI. vaLI leke navo dharma svIkAre tyAre temAM temane kazuM navuM lAgatuM nathI. ulaTuM dhArelA lAbha maLatA nathI tyAre teo juno dharma svIkAre che, ane navA dharmanI niMdA kare che. IglenDamAM paNa Amaja banyuM; baso varSa sudhI dharmanI bAbatamAM aneka uthalapAthala thaI. paraMtu khristI dharmathI dezane bahu lAbha thayo. dharmanI joDe dezamAM sudhAro dAkhala thaye. e jamAnAmAM ekalA dharmaguruo bhaNelA hatA. teo roma ane yuropanA bIjA dezamAM vAraMvAra jatA AvatA, ane tyAMthI navA " 1. A sekasana deva pasthI aMgrejI sAta vAranAM nAma paDyAM che. sUryacaMdra uparathI sunday ane Monday. garjanAnA deva Thor parathI Thursday. aMdhakAranA deva Tew parathI Tuesday. saundaryanI devI parathI Friday saddhanA devaModen parathI Wednesday. TreSanA deva soetere parathI Saturday

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65 navA saMskAra IMglenDamAM lAvatA. A dharmagurue potAnI joDe pustakA lAvyA. temaNe zALAo, maMdira ane maTha sthApyA. temaNe dhyAnAM aneka kAryo karI batAvI aMgrejone zIkhavyuM, ke lUMTaphATa, mArAmArI, ke zikAra karavA uparAMta jIvanamAM khIjAM sArAM kAryo karavAnAM heAya che. A dharmopadezakAe dezamAM vidyA ane saMskAra ANyAM. AlphreDa: AlpheDa gAdIe ALye, tyAre dharma ane vidyA vIsAre paDayAM hatAM. tenA samayamAM Dena leAkeAe bhayaMkara khunarejI calAvI. pariNAme maMdira ane pustakAno nAza thaye, eTale AlphreDe paradezathI vidvAna dharmana guruone khelAvyA, ane maMdira tathA zALAe sthApI. teNe pote paNa aneka graMtheAnAM bhASAMtara karI dharma ane vidyAnI jgyAta jAgatI rAkhI. tyAra pachI nArmana vijaya sudhI khAsa nAMdhavA jevuM banyuM nathI. eDagara ane tenA DAghA maMtrIe dharmopadezake ne banatI sahAya ApI. paraMtu dharmaguruomAMthI dhArmikatA ane vidyAne lApa thatA gayA. vijetA viliyame dharmAlayonI khAlI jagAe normana pAdarIone ApavA mAMDI, ane mukhya dharmAdhyakSa paNa normana pAdarIte banAvyo. normana vijaya pachI traNa pheraphArA thayA: normana leAkeAe asaMkhya maMdirA ane dharmAlayA bAMdhyAM, pAdarIomAM dhArmikatA ane vidyAnI vRddhi thaI, ane dharmaguruonuM prAbalya vadhatuM gayuM. AlphreDathI mAMDIne TayuDara vaMzanA AraMbha sudhI dharmagurue amIraumarAve karatAM paNa prabaLa thaI paDayA. teo rAjakAjamAM AgaLa paDatA bhAga letA, ane rAjAnA mukhya maMtrI paNa thatA. AvA dharmAdhyakSAmAM lAphrAnka, sTIphana leMgTana, ane Temasa vulsI mukhya hatA. A yugamAM pazcima yureApanA dareka dezamAM dharmAlayAne rAjyanA kAyadAthI svataMtra banAvavAnA prayatno thayA. dharmaguruo peAtAnI judI adAlatA sthApatA. teo rAmanA pApane uparI mAnatA, ane rAjAnI paravA karatA nahi. A adAlateAmAM nAmanI sajA thatI, athavA gunegAra chaTakI paNa jatA. Ama dharmAlayonuM rakSaNa zeAdhanArane kAyadAnuM baMdhana naDatuM nahetuM. nyAyapriya rAjAone A vAta khUMcatI, ane dharmaguruo sAthe takarArA thatI. seALamA saikAmAM A praznanuM nirAkaraNa thayuM. p

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- rAkezI viliyamanA samayamAM dharmaguruo ane rAjAo vacce kalahane AraMbha thayo. viliyame maMdiranI milkata lUMTavA mAMDI ane dharma khAtAnI khAlI jagAo pUrI nahi, eTale esema nAmanA dharmAdhyakSe ene Thapako A. viliyame tene dezanikAla karyo, paNa henarI 1lAe tene mAna sahita pAcho bolAvyo. paraMtu henarIe dharma khAtAnA jamInadAre rAjAnA tAbedAra hovA joIe evI takarAra upADI, tyAre eseme virodha karyo; paNa pAchaLathI samAdhAna karavAmAM AvyuM. henarI bIjAnA samayamAM kalenDananA dhArA ghaDavAmAM AvyA. AmAM bekeTa nAmanA kenTarabarInA mukhya dharmAdhyakSe vAMdho lIdho, ane pAdarIone rAjyano kAyado lAgu na paDe ema kahyuM. pariNAme bekeTanuM khUna thayuM. bekeTa bharIne meTa thaI gaye; leke tene pIra "mAnI tenI kabaranI mAnatA mAnavA lAgyA. henarInA zatruoe A taka sAdhI tenI niMdA karavA mAMDI, ane henarIne jAheramAM prAyazcitta karavAM paDayAM. dharmAlayone pitAne tAbe karavAnI tenI AzA apUrNa rahI gaI. haju kALane paripAka thayo na hato. - sattAne madathI ane dhanavaibhavathI dharmAlayamAM saDe paThe. madhya yugamAM yuddho ane kalahathI azAMti pravatI, ethI dharmaparAyaNa jIvana gALavAnI IcchAvALA zraddhALu mANaso sarvasva tajI jaMgalamAM, ke nadIkinArA para Azrama bAMdhI pavitra jIvana gALatA. tyAM teo dharmazAstrone abhyAsa karatA, tapa AcaratA, ane AzramanA bAgabagIcAmAM kAma karatA. leke A sAdhuonA jIvananirvAha mATe dravya ane khetare ApatA. AthI sAdhuo samRddha thatA gayA. dharmavRtti sajIva rahI tyAM sudhI A nANune sadupayoga tha. A sAdhuo khetI karatA, gAmaDAnA lekane madada karatA, pravAsIone Azraya ApatA, garIbone sahAya karatA, mAMdAonI mAvajata karatA, ane lokakalyANanAM bIjAM kAryo karatA. teo nAnAM bALakone lakhatAM vAMcatAM zIkhavatA. te samayane maTha Azrama, dharmazALA, pustakAlaya, ane davAkhAnAnI garaja sArato. paraMtu kALabaLe e papakArI vRtti ghasAI gaI, ane sAdhuo adharmI, durAcaraNa, kuchaMdI, ane svecchAcArI thavA lAgyA. pavitratAnA dhAma jevA maThomAM corI, chAkaTAI, jugAra, ane vyabhicAranI badabe dAkhala thaI.

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67 pAramArthika kalyANane badale ahika kalyANanI vAsanA vadhI, eTale sAdhue sajyanA prapaMcAmAM mAthuM mAryuM. dhaNA dhArmika ane zraddhALu puruSone A sthiti TALavAnA vicArA AvyA, ane sAttvika dharmanA punaruddhAra karavAnA prayatna cAlyA. teramA saikAmAM pravAsI sAdhuone eka navA mArga thayeA. te AzramanA ekAMtamAM paDI na rahetAM ughADe page pravAsa karI leAkeAne dharmopadeza karatA. teo garIba rahevAnuM vrata letA, ane garIkhAnAM jhuMpaDAMmAM paDI rahetA. teo garIba lekAmAM bhaLI jaI temane dareka rIte sahAya ApatA. AnA badalAmAM loke temanA khAvApIvAnA baMdobasta karatA. zarUAtamAM te temanI hAMsI ke pajavaNI thatI, paNa dhIme dhIme temanI sevAbhaktinI asara samAja para thaI. teramA saikAmAM temaNe prajAnuM dhaNuM hita karyuM, Aje muktipheAja kaMIka AvuMja kAma kare che. paraMtu sevAnee mada caDe che. lokapriyatAnA kephamAM A sAdhue bhAna bhUsA. teo pramAdI ane durAcArI jIvana gALavA lAgyA. teo dharmane nAme paddhatiMga calAvI bheALA leAkeAne DagatA. tee khristI dharmanA aMtamaotanA kharAkhoTA avazeSo vecavA lAgyA. A phalANA saMtanuM hADakuM che, A amuka pIstA nakha che, A IsukhristanA krusanuM lAkaDuM che, A jaDIbuTTI haDIlA rAgane nAbuda kare che, evI aneka dhUrtavidyA temaNe calAvI. rAmanA pe paNa 'kSamApatra'1 kADhayAM. leke e kSamApatrA TharAvelI kiMmate letA. AvA prapaMcathI bhAvikAnA bhAva DagyA, ane sAmAnya leAkeA kaMTALyA. cAsara kavie ' kenTarabarI Teilsa 'mAM A sAdhuenA durAcAra ane svacchaMdanI phajetI karI che. caudamA saikAnA aMtamAM jhAna vikalIpha nAmaneA aDaga sudhAraka thayA. teNe bAIbala sivAya khIjuM kazuM pramANa mAnavAnI nA pADI, ane dharmAlayeAnA kuchaMda ane adharma upara prahAra karyAM. dharmagurue AcAravicAramAM * A sAdhuenA e guccha hatA: zvetAMkharI ane kRSNAMkharI. 1. jaDa kakAMDane mAnanArA leAkeAnI buddhi eTalI teA kuMThita thaI gaI hatI, ke kSamApatrAmAM pApe pApanI kiMmata TharAvI hatI, temAM paNa temane kazuM azrugatuM lAgatuM nahi. bApadAdAnAM karelAM pApa dhAvAM heya, te tenAMe kSamApatra maLatAM. bhaviSyamAM thavAnAM pApanI mArI maLe, tenI geADavaNu "IzvaranA ADatIo" kare temAM zI navAi?

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68 zithila banyA hatA, eTale teNe dharmopadeza taiyAra karIne AkhA dezamAM mokalavA mAMDayA. uparAMta pAdarIe viruddha lakhANa lakhI teNe chUTe hAthe vaheMcavA mAMDayuM. teNe bAIbalanuM saraLa aMgrejImAM bhASAntara karI leAkAnI AMkhA udhADI. lAkAne dharmanI vyavasthAmAM sudhArA joI teA hateA; dharmanAM tattvamAM nahi. leke durAcArI dharmaguruone tiraskAra karavA taiyAra hatA, paraMtu dharmanA siddhAMtA pheravavA taiyAra na hatA. ethI vikalIpha ane tenA anuyAyIe 'lAlArDa ' (vyartha lavarI karanArA) nAmathI eLakhAtA. paraMtu sudhArA upara julama thavA mAMDayA, ethI temanI saMkhyA ghaTI gaI ane temanI hIlacAla narama paDI; jo ke temaNe ANelI dharmajAgRti rahI gaI. vikalIphane ' Morning Star of Reformation' kahevAmAM Ave che. , rAmana leAkAe AvIne briTanene kaMika aMze khristI dharma zIkhavyeA. sekasanA mUrtipUjaka hatA. 6ThThA saikAmAM khristI dharmopadezA kenTamAM AvI vasyA. Dena leAkAe AvI khristI maMdira teADI pADayAM. paraMtu AlphreDe e dharmane phelAve karavA bahu mahenata karI. nArmana vijaya pachI dharmaguruee svataMtra thavAnA prayatna karyA. AthI je takarAra ubhI thaI, temAM bekeTanA vadhathI dharmaguruonI sattA vadhI. seALamA saikA sudhI A sthiti cAlI. pAchaLathI dharmabhrama AvyA; temAM vAraMvAra dharma sudhAraNA ravAnA prayatno thayA. A prayatnAmAM traNa mukhya che: (1) 11-13muM saiduM: dharmayuddhe, (2) 13-14muM sekuM: pravAsI sAdhu, (7) caudamA saikAne aMtaH vikalIpha ane tenA anuyAyIonI sevA. * A uparAMta pelesTAInamAM thaelAM dharmayuddhonI paNa noMdha levI joIe; kemake A jamAnAmAM dhArmika utsAha keTaleA hateA te enA parathI mApI zakAya che. agiAramA ane teramA saikAnA vacagALAmAM A yuddho thayAM. sAte yuddhomAM turka lAkA na ja hAryA. paraMtu pUrvanI vidyA, kaLA, saMskAra, dharmapriyatA pazcimanI prajAne thayo. dharmajhanUnI leAkeAne laDavAnuM maLatAM te eTale pAchaLa zAMti thaI, temAM dezanI samRddhi vadhAravAnI taka maLI, ane raca 1lAe laDAI mATe nANAM levA sArU vepAranA keTalAka khAsa hakA vecavA kADhayA, ethI keTalAMka zaherAne te bahu lAbha maLI gayo. AdinA paricaya raNabhUmimAM gayA,

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khaMDa rajo: navayuga yuDara vaMza T i. sa. 1485-1603 ]

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70 TayuDara vaMzavRkSa henarI umA (1485-1509) henarI me (1509-1547) ( - Arcera mAgareTa 1502) lagna jemsa 4tho (skoTalenDano) * | "eDavo jemsa page (154-53) (skoTalenDa) merI ilijhAbetha ! (1553-58) (1558-16 03). merI merI '(jheMTa lekanI rANI) jemsa 1le. (huarTa vaMzane pahele rAjA) kAnsisa lagnaH henarI 2 leDI jene 2

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prakaraNa 1luM henarI ume I. sa. 1485-1509 dezanI sthitiH i. sa. 1485mAM besvarthanA medAna para ricarDa 3jAne harAvI henarIe pitAne mAthe mukuTa dhAraNa karyo, te vakhate IglenDanI sthiti dayAjanaka hatI. eDavarDa 1le eDava jo ke henarI pame e traNenA samayanI jAhejalAlI jatI rahI hatI. phrAnsamAM AveluM IglenDanuM rAjya kamI thatuM gayuM, rkoTalenDa svataMtra banyuM, ane AyarlenDamAM paNa IlenDanI sattA nAmanI hatI. trIsa varSanA AMtaravigrahathI iMglenDa chinnabhinna thaI gayuM, ane yuropanAM rAjyomAM tenI henarI 7mo kazI gaNatarI rahI nahi. AvI nibaLa dazAno lAbha laI phenca, Ta vagere zatruo kinArA pAse AvI lUMTaphATa karI jatA, paNa temane sajA karavAnI zakti rAjAmAM na hatI. dezanI aMdara paNa AvI adhama dazA hatI. madenmatta jAgIradAronI sattA vadhI paDavAthI rAjAnI sattAne sakhata phaTako lAge, eTale rAjyavahIvaTamAM haratA ubhI thavA lAgI. A jAgIradAra hathiyArabaMdha lazkara rAkhatA, ane rAjAne namAvI zakatA. dezanA moTA amaladAre lAMcI banI anyAya karatA. lUMTaphATa, mArAmArI, ane khUnarejI sAdhAraNa thaI gayAM. dharmaguruo patita, bhraSTa, ane durAcArI banI gayA, ane dharmopadezane vIsarI bhogavilAsamAM paDayA, eTale lokomAMthI zraddhA jatI

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72 rahI, ane dharmanAM to karatAM bAhyAcAra upara prIti vadhI. jAdu, maMtra, jaMtra, bhUta, preta, DAkaNa ityAdimAM leke mAnavA lAgyA, te sAthe naitika adhaHpAta thato gayo. trIsa varSanA vigrahamAM dagophaTaka, juThANuM vizvAsaghAta, kRtaghatA, ane durAcArane phelAvo thaI gaye. cAlu yuddhone lIdhe dezamAM dukALa ane marakInA upadrave ghara ghAlyuM. ethI vastI ghaTI gaI, samAjanAM baMdhano zithila thaI gayAM, ane avyavasthA tathA aMdhAdhuMdhI phelAI. gAdI upara henarIne hakaH dezanI naitika, mAnasika, dhArmika, ane sAmAjika adhogatimAM vyavasthA ANI prajAne zAnti Ape, evA rAjAnI jarUre hatI. henarI TayuDara yogya puruSa hato, eTale lekee tene harakhathI AvakAra ApI rAjA tarIke svIkAryo. iMglenDanI gAdI upara henarIno haka keTale hato, te vaMzavRkSa jotAM samajAze. !' : henarIe lenkesTara vazanA vArasa tarIke pitAne haka raju karyo. pArlamene te haka svIkAryo, ane tene ane tenA vaMzajone gAdInA hakadAra TharAvyA. gAdIe beThA pachI henarIe IlijhAbetha joDe lagna karI sapheda ane rAtA gulAbane ekatra karyA, ane pitAnA pratipakSI arla eNvu vairikane kedamAM nAkhyo. baDaH henarInA amalamAM keTalAMka baMDa thayAM. lemba signala nAmane oNkasapharDane vepArI AyarlenDamAM jaI kahevA lAge, ke huM arla eM vairika chuM, ane kedamAMthI nAsI chUTayo chuM. henarIe kharA vairikane kedamAMthI bahAra kADhI' rastAmAM pheravyuM, topaNa AyarlenDanA ghaNA lake lebarTanI vAta sAcI mAnI tenA pakSamAM laDavA taiyAra thayA. paraMtu sToka pAse A baLavAkhAnuM 1. henarIno gAdI upara haka jovA mATe A vaMzavRkSa upayogI che. A yorka vaMza laMkesTara vaMza velsa eDavarDa the jahena bapheTe AvanaTyuDara (henarI pamAnI vidhavA joDe paraNyo.) mArgareTa bApherTaH lagna eDamaMDa TyuDara , ilijhAbetha. lagna: henarI TaTyuDara

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vAnuM lazkara hArI gayuM, ane lembarTa keda pakaDAyo, i. sa. 1487: chatAM rAjAe dayA darzAvI tene rasoDAnA halakA cAkaranI jagAe gaThavI dIdho. paraMtu pakina vaika nAmanA vezadhArI pUrve rAjAne jaMpavA dIdhuM nahi. te mAchImAro chokaro hato, chatAM I. sa. 149ramAM teNe evI vAta phelAvI ke ricarDa 3jAnA samayamAM TAvaragaDhamAM je be rAjakuMvare marI gaelA kahevAya che temane eka huM chuM, eTale gAdIno haka mAre che. henarI AnI sAbItI zI rIte ApI zake ? vaibakane AyarlenDa, TalenDa, ane phalAnDarsa taraphathI madada maLI. TalenDanA rAjAe te rAjakuTuMbanI eka kanyA ApI tenuM darabAramAM svAgata karyuM. be varSa pachI kornavalamAM AvI te ricarDa 4thA tarIke jAhera thaye. ahIM keTalAka le ke tenI joDe bhaLyA, ane temaNe laMDana upara savArI karI. paraMtu rAjAnuM sainya AvatuM jaI vaika nAsI gayo, ane tenA maLatIAo hAryA. vaikane pakaDIne TAvaramAM pUravAmAM AvyuM, paraMtu I. sa. 1498mAM tenA para nAsI javAne Aropa mUkI tene phAMsI devAmAM AvI. henarInI AMtara nIti henarI gAdIe AvyuM tyAre amIra baLavAna hatA. teo hathiyArabaMdha mANaso rAkhatA, ane temane khAsa pizAka ane pitAnuM cihna ApatA. A mANaso mAlIka mATe yuddha karatA, ane garIba mANasa para julama gujAratA. paraMtu temane aTakAvI zake tevI pratApI sattA nahatI. adAlatamAM amIre hathiyArabaMdha mANaso sAthe jaI nyAyAdhIza ke paMcane dhamakAvI marajImAM Ave te nyAya karAvatA. trIsa varSanA vigrahamAM keTalAMka amIra kuTuMbano nAza thayo hato, chatAM bAkI rahelA amIrane ThekANe ANavAne henarIe nizcaya karyo. teNe kAyado karyo ke, koI paNa amIre amuka saMkhyA karatAM vadhAre mANase rAkhavAM nahi, ane temane khAsa pizAka Ape nahi. A dhArAne "pozAka ane puSTine dhAre" kahe che. teNe khAsa adAlata * sthApI temAM pitAnA maMtrIone nyAyAdhIza tarIke nImyA, ane temane moTI sattA ApI. sAmAnya adAlate jemAM mAthuM mArI 3. * A adAlata "Star Chamber Court' ' kahevAI; kemake rAjamahelanA je khaMDamAM adAlata bharAtI, tenI chatamAM tArAnA cItarAmaNa hatAM.

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na zake, tevA meTA gunAnI tapAsa A adAlatamAM thatI. temAM na hatuM patra, ke na hatI apIla; nyAyAdhIza je phesale Ape te khare. A adAlata sthApIne rAjAe amIronI sattA toDavA mAMDI. | madhya yugamAM sattAdhIza banelA amIronA divaso bharAI gayA. temanA majabuta killA ke bhAre bakhtara nakAmAM thaI paDyAM. dArUgoLAnI zodha thaI hatI, ane rAjA vinA bIjA koIthI te rAkhI zakAtuM na hato. AthI prAcIna yuddhavidyA cheka nakAmI thaI gaI. bakhtarIA ghoDesavAre ke dhanurdhArIenI sAme rAjAnI eka tapa ane pAyadaLa basa hatAM. A junA amIrene halakA pADavA henarIe madhyama vargamAMthI keTalAka navA amIra banAvyA. A amIre rAjAnA upakAra nIce hovAthI tenA pakSamAM rahe emAM zI navAI ? henarI potAnA salAhakAra ane pradhAnonI pasaMdagI paNa madhyama vargamAMthI karato. junA amarene A vAta gamatI nahotI, paNa rAjAnA bhayane lIdhe temanAthI kazuM thaI zakatuM nahi. | henarInI icchA sattAdhIza thavAnI hatI. nANAM mATe pArlamenTa upara AdhAra rAkhavo na paDe, teTalA mATe teNe nANuM meLavavAnI aneka yuktio ajamAvI. sTAra cembara" amIrenA bhAre daMDa karyo jatI hatI, ane garIbe tathA dhanike pAsethI mArTana paisA ugharAvato hato. A pramANe dhana maLavAthI 13 varSanA gALAmAM henarIe ekaja vAra pArlamenTa bolAvI. * henarInI datara nIti : te samaye yuropamAM hAlanA jevAM rAjyo na hatAM. briTanI ane bargaDI hAla phrAnsanA prAMte che, paNa te samaye judAM rAjya hatAM. spenamAM pAMca rAjyo hatAM, jemAMnAM keraTAIla ane eregona mukhya hatAM. nedhalenDajha (belajIyama ane holenDa) aisTiAnI dhuMsarI nIce hatuM, paNa tenA tarapha spena ane phrAnsane DoLe hate. AvA pratApI rAjyo pADezamAM heyaeTale henarIne tevuM pratApI rAjya banAvavAnI svAbhAvika icchA thaI. paraMtu yuropanAM rAjyomAM IglenDanI mahattA vadhAravA henarIthI keInI je yuddhamAM utarAya ema na hatuM; chatAM phrAnsanA rAjAe briTanane kabaje karavAno vicAra karyo, tyAre teNe tenI sAme thavAnI taiyArI karI; kemake briTanI phAnsanA tAbAmAM jAya te iMglenDa ane phrAnsa vaccenuM junuM vera

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jAgRta thAya evo bhaya hato. spenanA rAjAne phAnsa baLavAna thAya e gamatuM na hatuM, eTale teNe henarIne pakSa lIdho. paraMtu phrAnsanA rAjAne yuddhamAM utaravAnI khAsa IcchA na hatI, eTale aMgreja lazkara AvatAnI sAthe teNe moTI rakama ApI saMdhi karI. dravyalebI henarIne bhAvatuM maLI gayuM. . henarInI dIrdhadaSTi teNe bAMdhelA lagnasaMbaMdhathI jaNAya che. teNe kasTAIla joDe eregananA phaDanAnDanuM, ane IsAbelAnI putrI kethesAIna joDe pitAnA putra ArtharanuM lagna karI spenanI maitrI sAdhI, ane phrAnsanI prabaLa sattAthI iMglenDanuM rakSaNa karyuM. je ke lagna pachI thoDA samayamAM Arthara maraNa pA, paraMtu iMglenDa ane spena A saMbaMdha jALavI rAkhavA Atura hatAM, eTale pipanI khAsa rajA meLavI ketherAInanuM lagna henarInA bIjA putra joDe karavAmAM AvyuM. teNe phrAnsane bIjI rIte paNa nirbaLa karyuM. teNe pitAnI putrI mArgareTane oNTalenDanA rAjA jemsa 4thA joDe paraNAvI iMglenDanI jAra sarahadane nirbhaya karI, ane phrAnsanA eka mitrane meLavI lIdho. iMglenDanA vepAranA rakSaNa arthe paNa henarIe yurepI rAje cheDe saMdhi karI. AyarlenDa ke vaza tarapha pakSapAta dharAvatuM hovAthI AraMbhamAM tyAM baMDabakheDA thavA lAgyA. henarI iMglenDanI vyavasthAmAM guMthAeluM hatuM, paraMtu tenA pratinidhi sara eDavarDa pAyaniMga AyarlenDamAM zAnti sthApI. teNe iMglenDanA dhArA AyarlenDane lAgu pADayA, ane IMglenDanA rAjAnI maMjurI vinA Ayariza pArlamenTa meLavavI nahi, ke koI paNa kAyado pasAra karavo nahi e dhAre dAkhala karyo. maraNa ane svabhAva: I. sa. 1509hmAM A pravINa, rAjanItijJa ane dIrdhadarzI rAjA maraNa pAmyo. te pAtaLA, ekavaDA bAMdhAne, ane buddhizALI hatA; tenI AMkha ane mukhamudrA tejavI hatAM. te daDha manane ane catura hato, chatAM krUratA, dhanalabha ane zaMkAzIla svabhAvane lIdhe lokapriya thaI zakyo nahi. teNe satvahIna thaI gaelI rAjasattAne pratApI banAvI dezamAM suvyavasthA sthApI, ane yuropamAM IDalenDanI paNa mahArAjyamAM gaNatarI karAvavI. te sAthe naukAsainyane pAyo nakhI daranI bhAvI mahattAnuM

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prathama darzana karyuM. dezanAM kaLAkauzalyane uttejana maLe tevI saMdhi karI teNe dezanI samRddhi vadhArI. teNe dezanI bhAvI mahattA ane samRddhine mArga khulle karyo. henarI moTe rAjA kahevAya ke nahi te vivAdagrasta che, paraMtu tenA zAsana daramiAna jagatanA itihAsamAM asAdhAraNa banAva banyAM. pazcima yurepamAMthI musalamAnone amala utarI gaye, hokAyaMtranI zodhathI dariAI sapharane vega maLe, ane jagatanI bhUgoLa saMbaMdhI lekanA khyAla badalAtA gayA. kolaMbase amerikAnI zodha karI, eTale bhUmadhya samudranA kinArA upara vepAra ATalAMTika mahAsAgara sudhI AgaLa va. paradezanI camatkArika vAte sAMbhaLI yuropI lekanAM mana caMcaLa ane sAhasika banyAM, ane lekamAM jJAna meLavavAnI jijJAsA thavA lAgI. chApavAnI kaLAnI zodha thavAthI samagra yuropamAM navI vidyAne prasAra vAyuvege thavA lAgyo. prajAomAM jagata, dharma, jJAna, adhikAra ItyAdi mATe navA vicAra uchaLI rahyA, ane premazauryabhaktinI bhAvanA AchI thavA lAgI. sArAMza ke madhya yuganAM aMdhArAM osarI jaI navayuganI uSA pragaTI. AmAM iMglenDane hisso cheDe hato, chatAM saravALe vadhAre lAbha tene maLe. - prakaraNa rajU henarI 8me I. sa. 1500-1547 henarI umAne taruNa putra henarI 8me gAdIe Avyo, tyAre bahu lokapriya hato. teNe empasana ane DaDalIne vadha karAvI lekapriyatA meLavI, paNa temaNe anyAyathI meLavelAM nANAM teNe pAchAM ApyAM nahi. zarUAtamAM teNe bApa taraphathI maLele aDhaLaka paise raMgarAga, jalasA, ane mijabAnImAM uDAvavA mAMDayo, paNa thoDA vakhatamAM mojamajhA choDIne te rAjakAraNamAM paDe. ( kAnsa ane spena: te vakhate spenanuM rAjya sauthI baLavAna hatuM. tene rAjA nedharmenDajha upara rAjya karatA hatA, ane speniAryoe amerikAmAMthI -nANuM lAvI dezane samRddha karyo hato. phrAnsa te samaye ITalIne keTalAka pradeza

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kacs jItI levAno prayatna karatuM hatuM. te jamAnAmAM sarva khristI rAjyane adhIzvara pipa gaNAto. tene ITalInI ciMtA peThI, eTale teNe phAnsanI viruddha spenanA rAjA joDe saMdhi karI. yuddhamAM nAmanA kADhavAnA kaDavALA henarIe temanI jeDe maLI jaI phrAnsa sAme laDAI jAhera karI. i. sa. 1513mAM sainya laI henarI phrAnsa gaye, ane teNe kele pAse phencane harAvyA. chesAmAnya rIte phrAnsa joDe yuddha cAle tyAre skoTalenDa iMglenDa joDe laDavA taiyAra hoya, paNa A vakhate tethI ulaTuM banyuM. skoTalenDane rAjA jemsa aMgreja rAjakuMvarIne paraNyo hato, chatAM phrAnsanI junI dastIne vaphAdAra rahI teNe 30,000 mANasanA lazkara sAthe lenDa para halle karyo. paraMtu jemsa pravINa senApati na hato, tethI phaleDananA medAnamAM TalenDanA lazkare sakhata hAra khAdhI. jemsa ane tenA keTalAka saradAra A yuddhamAM marAyA. TalenDamAM eke kuTuMba evuM nahotuM ke jenuM mANasa A medAnamAM marAyuM na hoya. aMgrejo jItyA eTale eNTalenDa taraphane bhaya dUra thaze. - vulasIH tyAra pachI henarIe madhyastha rahIne koI paNa pakSane baLavAna thavA na de evI rAjanIti svIkArI. A rAjanItinuM rahasya samajAvanAra vulsI nAme pravINa rAjadvArI puruSa hato. vulsI sAmAnya varganA dhanikane tyAM janmyo hato. teNe kasapharDamAM vidyA saMpAdana karI 'bAla-snAtaka' (Boy Bachelor)nuM upanAma meLavyuM. pitAnI asAdhAraNa zakti ane kAryadakSatAthI te dhIme dhIme rAjyamAM caDatI pAyarI meLavato gaye. phAnsa joDenA yuddhamAM darzAvelI rAjanItithI rAjAnI tenA para amIdaSTi thaI. tenA para rAjAnI kRpAno varasAda varasavA lAgyo, ane paMdara varSa sudhI (15141529) te rAjAne khAnagI salAhakAra, mukhya pradhAna, ane jamaNe hAtha banI rahyo. rAjAe tene yokano mukhya dharmAdhyakSa banAvyo. I. sa. 1515mAM 1. A laDAIne 'Battle of Spurs' kahe che; kAraNa ke phrenca joDesavAre eTalA te vihuvala thaI gayA, ke ghaDAne eDI mArI raNakSetramAMthI nAsI gayA. 8. 2. "The Flowers of the Forest are wede away"thI zarU thatuM legIta A gamagIna prasaMganI smRti Ape che.

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pape tene kArDinala banAvI apratima mAna ApyuM. dezamAM vulsane adhikAra vadhI gaye. sajyakhAtuM ane dharmakhAtuM. baMnemAM zreSTha adhikAra vulsI pAse Avyo. vulsIne pagAra uparAMta phrAnsa ane spena taraphathI varSAsana maLatAM. tene ThATha rAjavI hate. vulsInA jIvanamAM be mahattvAkAMkSA hatIpotAnA rAjAne yuropamAM sarvopari kara, ane pitAne pipa thavuM. eka tarapha vulsIne udaya thato hato, ane bIjI tarapha yuropamAM agatyanA rAjadvArI banAva banatA hatA. spena ane phrAnsanA rAjAo maraNa pAmyA, ane navA rAjAo vacce takarAra thavAnI taiyArI hatI. vulsIe dhAryuM ke iMglenDa keI yuddhamAM utare, tenA karatAM taTastha rahIne athavA nabaLI bAjunA pakSa laIne bIjA rAjyone baLavAna thavA na de, temAM tenuM zreya che. Aja paryata cAlatI AvelI iMglenDanI A rAjanItinuM prathama darzana karanAra vulsI hatuM. teNe jene vadhAre garaja hoya tene moMdhAsoMghA thaIne madada ApavAno nizcaya karyo. baMne dezane vulsInI garaja hatI ane IMglenDanI sahAyanI jarUra hatI, eTale baMne rAjAoe tene pipa thavAmAM madada karavAnAM vacana ApyAM; jo ke e vacana temaNe kadI pALyAM nahi; teo svArtha sAdhavAne mATe vulsIne sAdhana rUpe gaNatA hatA. I. sa. 15ramAM vulsInA prayatnathI phAnsa ane IMglenDanA rAjAo kele pAse maLyA. ahIM baMne pakSe pitAne atula vaibhava dekhADavAnI spardhA karI. tyAMnA bhapakAthI e sthaLanuM nAma badhI philDa opha karlotha opha golDa-The Field of Cloth of Gold-pADavAmAM AvyuM. be varSa pachI spenanA rAjA joDe saMdhi karI henarIe phAnsa upara caDAI karI, temAM te phAvyuM nahi. theDAM varSa pachI teNe joyuM ke spena vadhAre baLavAna thatuM jAya che, eTale teNe phrAnsa joDe saMdhi karI. AthI yuropamAM sattAnuM samatolapaNuM rahyuM; paraMtu rkoTalenDa taraphathI sarahada uparanA humalA baMdha thayA, ane vulsInuM dhAryuM thayuM. Ama IglenDanI gaNanA meTAM rAjyomAM thavA lAgI, ane darekane tenI sahAyanI garaja paDavA lAgI. : 1. pipa karatAM bIjA darajajAne dharmAdhikArI kArDinala' kahevAya che. e kAramajI raMgane jhabbe ane TopI pahere che.

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79 vukSmInI AMtara nIti; dezAMtara nItimAM vullIneA ghaNA samaya jatA, tAM teNe dezanI bAbatA upara paNa dhyAna ApyuM. te mAnatA hatA ke bahAranI meTAI meLavyAthI ane vepAra vadhAryAthI iMglenDanI unnati thaze. tenA materatha moTA hatA, chatAM dezanI aMdaranI bAbatamAM te theDuM karI zakayA. teNe nyAyakhAtAmAM keTalAka sudhArA karyA. tene dharmAlayeAmAM sudhArA karavAnI jarUra lAgatI. teNe pAdarIone paddhatisara kAma karavAnI pharaja pADI. teNe temanI pAsethI paisA paDAvI lIdhA, ane temanA geravAjakhI hakeA pAchA kheMcI lIdhA. teNe keTalAka mahe| baMdha karI tenA dravyane dezanI vidyA vadhAravAmAM upayAga karyAM. te vidyArasika paMDita hatA ane navI vidyAneA himAyatI hatA, eTale teNe AkasapharDa ane ipsIcamAM vidyAlaye sthApyAM. IMglenDanI bhaugolika sthiti jotAM paradezI duzmaneAthI rakSaNa karavA naukAsainya jarUranuM che, evuM teNe rAjAne samajAvyuM. AthI henarInA amalamAM 46 AramArA baMdhAI; AjanAM laDAyaka vahANA karatAM te vahANA nAnAM chatAM ghaNAM upayAgI hatAM. bulsInuM patanaH henarI peAtAnI bhAbhI thresarjana joDe peAtAnA pitAnI icchAthI paraNyA hatA, ane te vakhate pApanI khAsa rajA meLavavAmAM AvI hatI. ketherAIna sAjImAMdI rahetI, ane merI nAmanI putrI sivAya tenAM bIjAM saMtAna marI gayAM. rAjAne putranI prabaLa icchA hatI, paNa kaeNtherAinane putra thatA na hatA. ethI rAjAe mAnyuM heAya ke A lagna zApita hAvAthI Izvara tenA para rUDayA che. te kaeNtherAnanI sakhI ena elIna nAmanI lAvaNyavatI navayauvanAnA mehamAM sapaDAyA hatA, tethI rAjAe saNInA chUTAcheDA karavAnA nizcaya karyAM, ane tema karavA mATe pApanI rajA mAgI. pApa zuM kare? je lagna karavAnI rajA tenA pUrvAdhikArIe ApelI, te rada karavAnI rajA Ape te tenI pratiSThA keTalI rahe? vaLI spenane rAjA kacerAInanA bhatrIjo thatA hatA, ane tene cheDavAnI pApanI marajI ke zakti na hatI. ethI teNe peAtAnI Aphata dUra karavA vulsI ane eka pratinidhinA paMcane nirNaya karavAnuM soMpyuM. A bannee vilaMba karIne e kAma pApa pAse 1. khristI leAkAmAM sALI ke bheAI joDenuM lagna niSiddha gaNAya che.

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40 tii koI ka mokalI dIdhuM. spenanA rAjAnA dAsa jevo popa zo nirNaya Apaze e spaSTa hatuM. henarIe pitAne zeSa vulsI upara ThAlavyo. have tene ghusInI garaja na hatI, ane umarAvo tene ADakhIlI mAnatA hatA. prajA paNa bhAre kara mATe vulsIne javAbadAra lekhatI hatI, ane pAdarIo dharmAlayamAM karelA sudhArA mATe valsIne dhikkAratA hatA. Ama vulsInA mitra thaDA ane zatruo ghaNuM evI sthiti hatI. je rAjAnI kRpA para mustakIma rahIne koInI paravA karyA vinA vulsIe bInaharIpha rAjya calAvyuM, teja rAjA have vIpharI beTho. pipa joDe saMbaMdha rAkhavAnI rAjAnI manA hatI, chatAM vulsI popane pratinidhi thayo, eTale rAjAnI AjJAno bhaMga karavAno Aropa mUkI tene adhikAra parathI utAravAmAM Avyo. tenAM mAlamilkata japta karavAmAM AvyAM, ane tene eka javAnI rajA ApavAmAM AvI; paNa tenA zatruo eTalethI saMtoSa pAmyA A che e nahi. bIje varSe tene rAjadrohanI henarI mAM Aropasara pakaDavAmAM AvyA; paNa laMDana AvatAM rastAmAM te mAMda paDe. lIsTaranA maThamAM AvIne A bhagnahRdaya ane hatAza puruSe mahaMtane kahyuM, "huM mArAM hADakAM nAkhavA ahIM Avyo chuM." maratI vakhate tenA chellA zabdo evA hatA ke "jevI eka niSThAthI meM mArA rAjAnI sevA karI che, tevI eka niSThAthI je meM IzvaranI sevA karI hata, te A vRddhAvasthAmAM te 1. 0 father abbot, An old man broken dowu with storms of state, Is come to lay his weary bones amongst ye; Give him a little earth for charity: (Shakespeare]

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81 mane taracheData nahi. Ama ajANatAM vulsIe bhISaNa satya uccAryuM hatuM. IMglenDa, tenI saMsthAe, tenuM svAtaMtrya e sarvane vIsarI jaI pArlamenTane ThAkare mArI vulsI rAjyabhakta maTI rAjabhakta banyA hatA, ane TayuDarAthI niraMkuza sattAnA raste meAkaLA karI gayA hatA; chatAM te jamAnAnA e mahApuruSa hatA e nirvivAda che. 22. cha rANIoH ketherAinathI . henarI kevI rIte chuTA thayA, te dharmAMddhAranA prakaraNamAM kahevAmAM Avaze. kaeNtherAinane kADhI mUkyA pachI rAjA ena elInane paraNyA, paNa tenA upara vyabhicAranA ArApa mUkI teNe tene vadha karAvyA. pachI te jena sImurane paraNyA. te eka putrane janma ApI maraNa pAmI. tenA pradhAna TAmasa krombele rAjadvArI kAraNeAsara. jarmana ThAkAranI kuMvarI ena joDe rAjAnAM lagna karAvyAM. bicArI ena rUhIna ane gamAra hatI, eTale rAjAe tene talAka ApI ane krombelane vadha karAvyeA. tyAra pachI teNe ketherAIna hAvarDa joDe lagna karyuM, paNa te durAcAriNI che ema sAkhIta thavAthI tene ziraccheda karAvyA. chevaTe ketherAIna pAra nAmanI vidhavA joDe henarInuM lagna thayuM. rAjAne teNe rIjhavI lIdhA, ane aneka vakhata rAjAnAM rASamAMthI bacI jaine tenA maraNa sudhI teNe rANIpada sAcavI rAkhyuM. henarInAM saMtAnaH henarIne maraNusamaye traNa saMtAneA hata: pahelI rANI kaeNtherAinanI putrI merI, bIjI rANI ena melInathI thaelI ilijhAmetha, ane trIjI rANI jena sImurathI thaelA putra eDavarDa. pahelAM te rAjAe baMne putrIone gerakAyadesara TharAvI pArlamenTa pAse gAdInA hakathI bAtala karAvI hatI, paraMtu pAchaLathI e paNa rada karAvI evuM TharAvyuM ke henarI pachI eDavarDa gAdIe Ave, tene saMtAna na heAya teA merIne gAdI maLe, ane merI nAvArasa hAya tA lijhAbetha gAdIe Ave; vaLI te paNu saMtati vinAnI hoya, teA peAtAnI bena merInA vaMzajone gAdI maLe. henarInI ena pahelAM phrAnsanA rAjAne paraNI hatI, paraMtu vidhavA thavAthI iMglenDanA eka umarAva joDe teNe punarlagna karyuM hatuM; tene leDI jena gre nAmanI eka viduSI putrI hatI.

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bAraNu rAjAnI uMmara 16 varSanI hatI, paNa te kyArane e vRddha banI gayA hatA. chellAM pAMca varSomAM tenuM zarIra aneka rogonuM ghara thaI paDyuM hatuM, ame jAvuM tathA beDoLa thaI gayuM hatuM. mULathI tene svabhAva lada hatuM, temAM vaLI te cIDIo thaI gayo. I. sa. 1547nA jAnyuarinI 28mI tArIkhe henarI maraNa pAmyo. henarImA maraNa samaye dezamAM dhArmika, sAmAjika, rAjadvArI, ke koI bIjI evI sattA na hatI, ke je tenA tAbAmAM na hoya; rAjyataMtramAM tamAma aMge tenI IcchA pramANe cAlatAM. pitAnA pradhAno, mitro, ke bIjuM aI henarInI ADe Ave to tenuM nikaMdana kADhavAmAM tene skata naDatI nahi. tene niraMkuza sattA joItI hatI. tene mATe kahevAya che, ke "He was the king, the whole king, and nothing but the king." chatAM te jAlIma na hatuM. teNe haMmezAM prajAhitanuM rakSaNa karavAnI kALajI zAkhI hatI. lekamatane teNe Thekara mArI haze, paraMtu vakhata AvatAM tene anukuLa thaI jatAM AvaDatuM hatuM, eTale prajAmAM te priya thaI paData. teNe dezamAM dhArmika svAtaMtrya meLavyuM, vepArane uttejana ApyuM, ane prajAnI samRddhine pivI. te unmatta umarA pratye krUra rIte vartate, ane temanI pratiSThA ghaTADato. potAnA amalamAM teNe koI paNa moTI jagA umarAvane ApI nahatI. te haMmezAM madhyama vargamAMthI ja potAnA pradhAne pasaMda karo. prakaraNa 3juM eDavarDa 6oH i. sa. 1547-53 merI. i. sa. 15358 - samaraseTa kArabhAra henarI mAnA maraNasamaye eDavarDanuM vaye zeka lAtuM hovAthI rAjyavahIvaTa calAvavA mATe teNe eka samiti nImI hatI. e yu dhArmika kalahane hovAthI teNe e samitimAM dareka pakSanA mANase nImyA hatA, paraMtu thoDA vakhatamAM bALarAjAne mAme DayUka eNvuM samaraseTa

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jyarakSaka nimAyA. te dhArmika bAbatamAM sudharelA vicAro ane utsAhI hato, ane garIbane belI hatI. paraMtu te utAvaLIo, avicArI, ane rAjyabhI hevAthI pitAnI kArakIrdi saphaLa karI zake nahi. teNe TalenDanI kuMvarI merInuM lagna eDavarDanI joDe karavAnI peravI karavA mAMDI. A goThavaNa sIdhI rIte pAra nahi utare ema lAgavAthI teNe TalenDa para caDAI karI, ane pinkAInI khunakhAra laDAImAM DeMTa lokone sakhata hAra khavaDAvI. paraMtu ethI dhAreluM pariNAma AvyuM nahi; kemake merIne phAnsa mekalIne tenuM lagna phrAnsanA yuvarAja jeDe karavAmAM AvyuM. baMDaH AkhA dezamAMthI maThe baMdha karIne sAdhusaMtone rajA ApavAmAM AvI hatI. have garIbane duHkhamAM madada karanAra koI na hatuM. maMdavADamAM mAvajata uThAvanAra koI na rahyuM, ke bALakone bhaNAvanAra paNa koI na rahyuM. henarI 8mAe halakI dhAtunA sikkA pADavAnuM zarU karyuM hatuM, te samaraseTe cAlu rAkhyuM. ethI bhAvamAM vAraMvAra vadhaghaTa thatAM prajAmAM asaMtoSa phelAya. adhurAmAM pUruM dezamAM bhayaMkara rega phATI nIkaLe, eTale dhArmika, sAmAjika, ane Arthika asaMtoSathI dubhAelA lekee khulle baLavo jagADe. jo ke paradezI bhADutI lazkaranI madadathI baLa besADI devAmAM AvyuM, ane lekenA AgevAnone phAMsIe caDAvavAmAM AvyA, paraMtu samaraseTane sUrya asta pAme. rAjamaMDapamAM saDe peThe hato, ane amIro tene dhikkAratA hatA. teNe skoTalenDa ane phrAnsa joDe vera bAMdhyuM, ane dhArmika sudhArA dAkhala karIne pAdarIonI khaphagI vahorI lIdhI. rAjyamAM devuM thaI gayuM, ane garIbanAM duHkha vadhyAM; eTalAmAM rAjadrohanA kAraNasara teNe potAnA bhAIne vadha karAvyo. pariNAme samaraseTane aNadhAryo keda karavAmAM Avyo, ane phAMsIe caDAvavAmAM Avyo, I. sa. 15para. have sarva sattA rAjyakSaka arla eNvuM vairikanA hAthamAM AvI. teNe Dayuka evuM nardhabelenDa mAma dhAraNa karyuM. te kUra ane svArthI hatA. tene amala samaraseTa karatAM kharAba nIvaDayo. - aMtaH eDavarka buddhizALI, catura, ane bhalo hato. tenI tabIyata mULathI narama rahetI, ane paMdara varSane thatAM kSayanAM cihno jaNAvA lAgyAM.

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84 rAjAnA maraNa pachI potAnI sattAnA aMta na Ave te mATe nodhebarlenDane cUka tajavIja karavA lAgyA. teNe peAtAnA putranuM lagna leDI jena gre joDe karavAnI khaTapaTa zarU karI. teNe eDavarDane samajAvyuM ke merI gAdIe Avaze, te dhArmika sudhAraNAnuM kArya kathaLI jaze. ethI teNe eDavarDa pAse lakhAvI lIdhuM, ke tenA maraNa bAda leDI jena grene gAdI maLe. A lakhatamAM rAjyanAM AgevAna puruSAnI sahI levAmAM AvI. pachI neAdhaibarlenDanA jIvAna ane phAMkaDA putra joDe leDI jena TrenanuM lagna karavAmAM AvyuM. taruNa rAjA I. sa. 1553nA julAInI 6ThThI tArIkhe maraNa pAmyA. eDavaDa vadhu jIvyA hata, te rAjA tarIke kevA nIvaData te kahI zakAya ni; paraMtu bAlyAvasthAmAM dharma ane keLavaNI mATe tene athAga prema hatA. te ragerage kharA TayuDara ane niSThura hRdayanA hatA. merI: 1553-1558. eDavarDanA maraNa pachI leDI jena gre gAdIe merI AvI, paNa te mAtra nava divasa mATe. leDI jaina gre eDavarDanI phAInI pautrI hatI. te rAMka svabhAvatI, vidvAna, suzIla, bhALI, ane sudharelA vicAranI hatI. tene rANI thavAnI icchA na hatI, chatAM nArdhabalenDe svArtha sAdhavA mATe tene gAdIe besADI. teNe eTale vicAra na karyAM leAkeAnI pRcchA henarInI putrI gAdIe Ave evI haze. merIe gAdI mATe dAvA karyAM,

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85 eTale nAdherlenDa : lazkara laI tenI sAme gayeA, paraMtu te lazkara merIne maLI gayuM, ane nAdhebarlenDane AMsubharI AMkhe merInA nAmane yadveSa karavA paDayA. nava divasanuM rAjya bhAgavI leDI jena gre ane tene pati kArAgRhamAM paDyAM. merIe dayA ANI temane jIvatAM rAkhyAM, paNa pAchaLathI khaTapaTA ubhI thaI; A sarva khaTapaTanuM mULa jena gre che evuM anugatuM ALa caDAvIne merIe te patipatnIne vadha karAvyA. merI gAdIe AvatAM loko khuzI thayA. teNe ane tenI mAtAe eTalAM du:kho bhogavyAM hatAM ke leke temanI dayA khAtA, ane merIne gAdI maLavI joIe ema tee mAnatA. pAchalAM varSomAM eTalI badhI jhaDapathI dharmasudhAraNA karavAmAM AvI hatI, ke sAmAnya prajAvarga nArAja thaI gayeA hatA. leke jANatA hatA ke merI evA sudhArAnI viruddha hovAthI tenA rAjyamAM sarva duHkhono aMta Avaze. o dharmasudhAro: paraMtu prajAnI AzA kheATI paDI. merI custa rAmana kaeNthalika hatI, eTale teNe dhArmika sudhArA rada karyAM, IMglenDamAM pepanuM Adhipatya sthApyuM, ane Azare traNase mANasAne jIvatAM bALI mUkyAM. tenA AvA dharmAdha julamathI tene 'hatyArI merI'nuM upanAma maLyuM. lagnaH merIe dhArmika kArya AgaLa dhapAvavA spenanA rAjA philipa joDe lagna karavAnA vicAra karyo. pArlamenTane A vAta gamI nahi; kemake A lagnathI iMglenDa spenanuM uparAjya thaI jAya, ane dezamAM spenanA jevA dhArmika jIlama cAle; paNa merIe peAtAnuM dhAryuM karyuM. dezamAM aneka baMDiphasAda UDyAM, paNa tethI kaMI vaLyuM nahi. ulaTuM keTalAka pratiSThita mANasAte mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA, ane dezamAM julama vadhI gayA. dharmane nAme khUnAmarakI thavA lAgI, dezamAM dAruNa du:kha vartI rahyuM, prajAmAM asaMtASanA aMkura phUTI nIkaLyA, ane merInI dhArmika rAjanIti niSphaLa nIvaDI. paraMtu lagnathI merII sukhI thaI nahi. tenAmAM strInA sukumAra guNA nahAtA, ane philipa svArthI ane abhimAnI hatA. philipane potAthI khAra varSa moTI strI gamI nahi, eTale eka varSa rahIne te potAne deza cAlo gayA. pharIthI ekaja vAra te AvyA, ane te paNa IMglenDane laDAImAM utAravA mATe. daramiAna phrAnsa ane spenane yuddha thayuM. philipe spenane madada

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rAkhavAnuM merIne samajAvyuM. paraMtu pArlamenTa viruddha paDI chatAM merIe lazkara me kahyuM. zarUAtamAM Ilenane phateha maLI, paraMtu aMgrejonA tAbAnuM kele zahera rejoe jItI lIdhuM. ethI leke gusse thayA daramiAna philima maraNa pAme. vaMdhyatvanA duHkhathI piDAelI merIne A AghAta asahya lAgyo; te hadaya bhAMgI gayuM. teNe kahyuM ke "mArA mRtyu pachI mArA hRdayamAM 'philipa" ane "kele" e be zabda kAtarAelA mAlama paDaze." merInA chellA divase dukha ane zAkamAM gayA. gAdIe AvatAM je prajAe tene harakhabhera ane umaLakAthI AvakAra Apyo hato, teja prajA haveM tene zApa vA lAgI. te I. sa. 1558mAM maraNa pAmI. te game teTalI dharmAMdha hatI. chatAM maratA pahelAM teNe potAnI rAjanItinI niSphaLatA joI lIdhI. maratI vakhate tenA manamAM eka DaMkha rahI gayo, ane te e ke je strIe pitAnI mAtAnuM sthAna lIdhuM hatuM, tenI putrI *pitAnI pachI gAdIe AvI pitAnuM kareluM sarva kArya rada karI nAkhaze. prakaraNa 4thuM IlijhAbetha i. sa. 1559-1603 - iMglenDanI sthiti: ilijhAbetha gAdIe AvI tyAre dezanI sthiti kaDI hatI. te TayuDara vaMzanI chellI rANI hatI. iMglenDa ane phrAnsane laDAI cAlatI hatI, ane kele aMgrejonA hAthamAMthI gayuM hatuM. dezamAM dhArmika jhaghaDAoe evuM svarUpa pakaDayuM hatuM, ke baMne pakSa vacce samAdhAnanI AzA na hatI. rAjyanA khajAnAmAM nANAM na hatAM, ane halakI dhAtunA sikkAothI vepAramAM maMdI AvI hatI. dharmadha merIe gujArelA julamathI 2. Women, when I am dead Open imy, heart, and you find written Two names, 'Philip' and 'Calais'. Tenisyson * merI ane ilijhAbetha oramAna bene hatI.

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8es lake trAsI gayA hatA. pipanuM Adhipatya svIkAranAra kethalikA ilijhAbethane hakadAra vArasa mAnavAnI nA pADatA hatA; kemake henarI 8mAnuM ena belIna joDenuM lagna popanI saMmati vinA thayuM hatuM. kethalika paMthIo skeTalenDanI merI ane kharI hakadAra gaNatA hatA. merI TuarTanuM lagna eDavarDa 6dA joDe karavAnI tajavIja cAlI hatI, paNa te phAnsanA yuvarAjane paraNI hatI. A lagnasaMbaMdhathI phrAnsano rAjA IMglenDanI gAdI upara pitAno haka samajavA lAgyuM, eTale iglenDa ane phrAnsane duzmanAvaTa thaI. pipa ane pena IlenDanAM virodhI banyAM; kemake dalijhAbetha kethalika paMthIone pata kare ema na hatuM. lenDa pAse sAruM lazkara ke naukAdaLa na hatuM, ke paradezI humalAthI pitAnuM rakSaNa karI zake. ekaMdare mAmalo gaMbhIra hatA. ilijhAbethane svabhAvaH dalijhAbethane henarInA darabAramAM sAruM zikSaNa maLyuM hatuM. te capaLa, buddhimatI, vidyArasika, ustAda gAyaka, acchI ghoDesavAra, ane acUka nizAnabAja hatI. tenAmAM tenA pitAne jusso, nirbhayatA, ane Aveza hatAM, ane tenI mAtAnI miThAza hatI. game tevA aNInA prasaMge te zAMta manathI vicAra karI muzkelIne toDa kADhI zakatI. tene suMdara vastuone moha hato. ane vaibhava batAvI sAmAne AMjI nAkhavAne zekha hato. keAI veLA suMdara, gaberaMgI, bhapakAdAra amUlya vastro sajI moTA rasAlA sAthe naukAmAM te vihAra karatI, to kaI veLA dezamAM pravAsa karIne pitAnI sattA ane vaibhavanI chApa IlijhAbetha pADatI. keI vaLA kAbela rAja SIII : S KIN NE 00005 S food Sche

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H dArIne ghaDIbhara haMphAve, evA prapaMca paNa khelatI. mithyAbhimAna, bhapakAno zeAkha, ane juThThuM khelavuM e tenA doSa hatA, chatAM paristhitine paheAMcI vaLavA mATe joItA sarva guNA tenAmAM hatA. tene buddhinA camatkAravALA vANInA vilAsa gamatA. lokapriya thavAnI tenI hAMsa chevaTa sudhI TakI rahI. kayAre leAkeAne dhamakAvIne kAma levuM, ane kayAre temanI icchAne vaza thaI namI paDavuM, e te barAbara jANatI. te kahetI ke A jagatamAM mArI priya prajAnA cAhuM sivAya khIjI kazI vastu mane vahAlI nathI." tenAmAM manuSyaparIkSAnI ajaba zakti hatI. teNe sara viliyama sesila ( lArDa balai ) nAmanA dezahitecchu ane pramANika mANasane pradhAna nImyA. vulsInI peThe sesila madhyama varganA hatA, paNa te ghaNA catura, zAMta, dUradarzI, ane vicAraka mANasa hatA. teNe cAlIsa varSa sudhI eka niSThAthI dezanI ane rANInI uttama sevA karI. skiTa leAkeAnI rANI merI: lijhAbethane mATe bhaya skoTalenDanI rANI merIneA hatA. merI ane tene pati phreMca yuvarAja potAne IMglenDanI gAdInAM hakadAra mAnatAM hatAM. phaeNTalenDa ane phrAnsa eka thaI jAya, te IMglenDane bhAre paDe tema hatuM. paraMtu teTalAmAM eka suyeAga ubhA thayeA. merI phrAnsamAM hAvAthI skoTalenDamAM tenI mA rAjya karatI hatI. te custa kaeNtheAlika hatI, ane prajAnA moTA bhAga sudhAraka pakSanA hatA. jhAna nAkasa nAmanA aDIala sudhArakanI AgevAnI nIce leAkA rANInI sAme thayA, ane temaNe ilijhAeMthanI madada mAgI. atyAre phaeNATalenDa ane IMglenDane dostI bAMdhavAne ane phrenca vaga echI karavAne lAga hatA, eTale teNe sudhArakAne madada ApI. pariNAme sudhArakA jItyA, ane merIne padabhraSTa jAhera karI. AthI skoTalenDa ane phrAnsa vaccenI aDhIse varSanI dostI tUTI, ane raNakSetramAM sAmasAmA laDelA skATa ane aMgreja leAkeA pahelIja vAra eka khIjAte paDakhe rahIne laDayA. dharmanA baMdhanathI have ATalenDa ane IMglenDanA saMbaMdha vacceA. teja varSamAM merIno pati maraNa pAmyA, eTale te phaeNATalenDa AvI. te dRlijhAbetha karatAM dekhAvaDI, rUpALI, ane tenA jeTalI zaktivALI hatI.

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tinI ajaba mehinI ane zakti joI lo ke tenA pakSamAM bhaLI gayA. ATalethI merIe IlijhAbetha joDe khullI duzmanAvaTa darzAvI. . paraMtu merInI lekapriyatA jhAjhe vakhata TakI nahi. tenI mUrkhatA ane abhimAna lekene asahya thaI paDyo. teNe lorDa DArnalI nAmanA amara joDe lagna karyuM, paNa A lagna sukhI nIvaDayuM nahi; pati patnI vacce takarAra thayo karatI, ane thoDA samayamAM DAlInA durAcAra tarapha merIne dhikkAra utpanna tha. daramiAna rijhIyA nAmanA merInA maMtrIne keTalAka umarAvoe mArI nAkhyo. DArnalIno A khUnamAM hAtha che evo merIne vahema paDe eTale tenuM vera levA tenI uzkeraNIthI keTalAka amIe DArnalInuM khUna karyuM. traNa mAsa pachI merIe DAlInA khUnI ala eNl bethela nAmanA nirdaya ane naphaTa amara joDe lagna karyuM. AvA banAvothI prajA trAsI gaI, ane amIroe baLavo karyo. temaNe merIne keda karI, ane tenA bALaputrane jemsa udA tarIke rAjyAbhiSeka karIne rAjyavahIvaTa calAvavA mAMDaze. eka varSa kArAvAsa sevyA pachI merI yuktithI chaTakI gaI. teNe nAnuM lazkara ekaThuM karyuM, ane gAdI meLavavA prayatna karyo. paraMtu amIree merIne glAsago pAse sakhata hAra khavaDAvI. tene ghoDA upara besI sarahada oLaMgI IglenDamAM nAsI javuM paDyuM. IlijhAbetha have guMcavaNamAM paDI. tene prazna thaI paDe, ke have karavuM zuM? merIne oTalenDa mekalI gAdI meLavavAmAM madada kare, te aMgrejo ane skoTa leAkonI maitrI tUTe; phrAnsa javA de te tyAM rahIne te IglenDa viruddha khaTapaTa kare ke tarakaTa race. aMte IlijhAbethane ekaja mArga sUjha, ane te e ke merIne keda karIne IglenDamAM rAkhavI. te pachInAM ogaNIsa varSa sudhI merInI khAtara merIne nAme aneka baMDasiAda ane tarakaTo thavA lAgyAM. merI ketholika paMthanI hatI, ane ghaNuM kethalike gAdI upara tene haka mAnatA hatA, eTale IlijhAbethane mArI merIne gAdIe besADavA mATenAM kAvatarAMmAM keTalAka amIra bhaLyA. paNa eka kAvataruM pakaDAyuM, eTale merInuM kAsaLa kADhavAnuM kahyuM. merI upara rAjakohanA Aropasara addAlatamAM kAma cAlyuM, ane tene phAMsInI thaI

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IlijhAbethe kacavAtA mane ane cakSatA hAthe zikSAnA kAgaLa upara sahI karyA pachI paNa kAgaLo pAchA maMgAvyA, paNa phekaTa! I. sa. 1547nA phebruArimAM merIne vadha thaye. e kamanasIba rANInA vALa ciMtA ane duHkhathI dhaLA thaI gayA hatA; tene koI madada karanAra na hatuM, chatAM te zAntithI maraNane zaraNa thaI; paNa gAdIno vArasa, spenanA rAjA philipane TharAvI tene vara levAne saMdezo ApatI gaI. durbhAgI merInA vadhathI loke khuzI thayA, ane ilijhAbetha pratye lokono cAha vadhyo. have ilijhAbetha layamAMthI mukta thaI. merInA putra jemsane proTesTanTa zikSakanA hAtha nIce ucheravAmAM Avyo. ilijhAbetha ane prinsa: oNTalenDa taraphane bhaya jato rahyo, paNa phrAnsamAM dhArmika jhagaDA ubhA thavAthI te paradezanA mAmalAmAM dhyAna ApI zake tema na hatuM. ilijhAbethe phrAnsanA ane nedhalenDajhanA sudhArakane madada karI phrAnsane sajI rAkhyuM, eTale te taraphano bhaya jato rahyo. iMglenDa ane enaH merInA maraNa pachI ilijhAbethane spenane bhaya peThe. spenane rAjA philipa ketholika paMthane aDaga anuyAyI hatA, ane samagra yuropamAM kaLe ke baLe kethalika paMthanI punaH sthApanA karavAne tene manasubo hate. ethI ulaTuM ilijhAbethe philipanI sAme Takkara jhIlavA yurepanA sudhArakene chupI rIte madada karavA mAMDI. nedhalenDajhanA sudhArako para kera vartAvI temane tAbAmAM ANavAne philipa khUba mahenata karatA hatA, paNa tyAMnA svAtaMtryapremI leke dharmadha sajAne tAbe thavA khuzI na hatA, eTale teo spenanI sAme thatA. IlijhAbetha temane mANaso ane nANAMnI madada ApI spenanI dhuMsarI pheMkI devA uzkeratI. Ama iMglenDa spenane ADe AvatuM hatuM. navA zedhAelA amerikA khaMDanAM baMdaramAM vepAra karavAne haka amAro ekalAne ja che, e spena ane porTugala dAva rAkhatAM hatAM kemake pape e dariyA upara emanuM Adhipatya TharAvyuM hatuM; chatAM sudhAraka iMglenDanma sAhasika vahANavaTIo pipanA hukamane avagaNanA karI dariyAnI saphare nIkaLI paDatA, ane amerikA jehi. vepAra karatA. temAM heka jevA

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te spenanAM thANAM bALatA ke lUMTatA. philima aNu pAse caeja khalAsIo bAbata-phariyAda karI temane sajA karavAnuM kahe, tyAre rANI temane inAvyA ane mAna Ape. philipe zarUAtamAM kaMI karyuM nahi, paNa pAchaLathI te samata pagalAM levAnI jarUra lAgI. have aMgreja- khalAsIo speniADenA hAthamAM sapaDAya te temane khUba rIAvavAmAM ApyA. aMgreje, paNa verabalo nerathI vALavA lAgyA. daramiAna spenanA amalathI kaMTALelA dharmenDajhanA sudhArake e baLavo karyo, paNa temanA AgevAnanuM khUna thayuM. ethI ilijhAbethane khullI rIte philipanI sAme thavAnI taka maLI. teNe nedhalenDajhanA lekane mANase ane nANunI madada mekalAvI, i. sa. 1585. aMgrejo sAmenA yuddhamAM speniArgone khUba nukasAna thayuM. vadhArAmAM ke amerikAmAM jaIne spenane ghaNuM nukasAna pahoMcADayuM. ethI philipane lAgyuM ke iMglenDane potAno hAtha batAvavAnI jarUra che, eTale chAnI duzmanAvaTa udhADI thaI, ane baMne pakSa sAvadha rahevA lAgyA. spenanuM naukAsainya philipe moTI moTI manavAre baMdhAvI, ane temAM anubhavI tathA zUrA sipAIe reyA. nipuNa senApati pArmA nedhalenDajhamAM hato, tene lazkara sAthe AvI maLavAne hukama karyo. spenane kAphalA keDijha baMdaramAM taiyAra thato hato, eTalAmAM ke ecita chApe mAryo, ane AtazabAjI bharelAM vahANa cheDI mUkyAM. AthI spenanAM vahANane nukasAna thayuM, ane marAmata pAchaLa keTaleka vakhata gayo. I. sa. 1588nA me mAsanI Akhare 130 moTAM vahANo ane 30,000 mANasonuM spenanuM naukAsainya papane AzIrvAda laI IlenDa tarapha upaDayuM. tene saradAra DayUDa eNvuM meDinA siDeniyA hato. tenAmAM senApati thavAnI yogyatA na hatI; kemake kArlo 1. A vigraha daramiAna guTaphana pAse prasiddha lekhaka ane yuddho sara philipa siDanI ghavAIne paDaze. tene bahu tarasa lAgI hatI. pANInuM cAluM te meM e mAMDavA ja hato, eTalAmAM pAsenA jakhamI sipAIne Atura najare jotA teNe dITho. te mane vRti kaLI jaIne philipe tene pAchuM Apane kahyuM, "mArA karatAM tAre pANI . vadhAre jarUra che.!"

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kema goThavAya tenI tene khabara na hatI, ane pANI uchaLatuM joI tenuM mAthuM caDI AvatuM. A kAphalA sAthe 300 sAdhu hatA. goThavaNa evI hatI ke teo kele pahoMce, tyAre pArmA 17,000 cUMTI kADhelA yoddhAo laIne temane maLe. 20mI julAIe IglenDanA kinArA uparathI dariyAmAM zatruo dekhAyA, eTale jAsue tApaNAM saLagAvI khabara ApI. pahelAM prajA A humalAthI bhayabhIta thaI, paNa thoDA vakhatamAM lokomAM jusso Avyo. dhArmika bheda * SADI // phae * ar s ofhag : :: : saka peniza vahANa bhUlI badhA aMgrejo ekaThA maLI paradezI zatrune hAMkI kADhavA taiyAra thayA. IMglenDanA 34 vahANanA kAphalAmAM vepArIoe pitAnAM khAnagI vahANe sAmela karyA, ane zrImatie meMmAgyAM nANAM ApyAM. aMgreja kAphalAnI saradArI lairDa hAvarDa nAmanA kethelikane ApavAmAM AvI. rANIe ekaThAM thaelAM mANaso samakSa bhASaNa ApIne kahyuM, "huM jANuM chuM ke mArI kAyA strInI che, paNa mArI chAtI rAjAnI, ane te paNa IMglenDanA rAjAnI che."

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. zarUAtamAM speniza kAphale khADImAM ardha caMdrAkAre dAkhala thaI AgaLa vadhavA lAge, paNa aMgreje bane teTaluM nukasAna pahoMcADavA pAchaLa paDayA. speniza vahANa moTAM ane jaladI pharI na zake tevAM hatAM. sAMkaDI khADI, ajANe dariyo, ane vahANonI saMkhyAne lIdhe speniza vahANe paraspara athaDAI paDyAM ane guMcavAI gayAM. aMgrejonAM nAnAM vahANuM jANItA dariyAmAM mAchalAMnI peThe pharI vaLyAM. cha dahADA sudhI Ama cAlyuM, // /// // tha kaka che aMgreja vahANa chatAM spenano kApha kele pahoMcyo. ahIM goThavaNa pramANe pArmA maLI zake nahi; kemake aMgrejonA mitra valaMdAoe tene gherI rAkhyo hate. vaLI pAchAM aMgrejoe AtazabAjI bharelAM vahANe cheDI mUkyAM, eTale keDijhane anubhava yAda lAvI speniADe gabharAyA. temanAM vahANenI nAsabhAga thavA lAgI. sarvatra ghamasANa macI rahyuM, kaMI vyavasthA rahI nahi, vahANa paraspara athaDAI paDyAM, keTalAMka baLI gayAM, keTalAMka bhAMgI gayAM, ane

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CX TalAMka nAThAM. aMgrejane temanI pUMThe paDayA, ane dArUgALo tathA kherAka khUTaye tyAreja baMdaramAM pAchA AvyA. vadhArAmAM aMgrejonA hAthamAMthI chaTakelAM vahANAno nAza mahAna zaktie karyAM. speniza kAphalA briTananI pradakSiNA karI spena javA dhAratA hatA, paNa rastAmAM jamarUM taphAna naDyuM, ane temanAM vahANA norve, AATalenDa, ane AyarlenDanA kinArA upara bhAMgIne bhukA thaI gayAM. 130 vahANAmAMthI 53 vahANeA bhAMgItUTI hAlatamAM spena pahoMcyAM. aMgrejone khAsa nukasAna thayuM nahi, chatAM vijayanA garvathI phulAI na jatAM ilijhAbethe eTaluMja kahyuM, ke "prabhue pavana mAkalyA, ane spenanAM vahANAnA nAza thayA." philipe paNa eja bahAnuM batAvyuM, paNa pazcima yuropamAM philipanI sattAno aMta AvyA, ane IMglenDa spenanA bhayathI mukta thayuM. IMglenDanI jItanAM kAraNeA paraMtu mAtra akasmAtthI aMgrejo jItyA na hatA. vijyanAM bIjAM paNa kAraNA hatAM. A jItane jaza samasta prajAne dhaTe che. svadezapremanI unnata bhAvanAthI prerAI leAkeA dhArmika bheda bhUlI jaI zatruone hAMkI kADhavA ekatra thaI gayA, ane sudhArakAe kaeNtheAlika uparInA hAtha nIce heAMsathI kAma karyuM. jo ke aMgreja naukAsainya saMkhyAmAM utaratuM hatuM, paNa khIjI aneka rIte spenathI caDhiAtuM hatuM. haeNAkinsa, Dreka, hArDa, ane phrebizara jevA bahAdura nAvikA spenanA khajAne lUMTI lAvyA hatA, temanuM baLa mApI zakayA hatA, ane temanAM vahANAnI agavaDAthI mAhItagAra hatA. spenanA kAphalAnuM lazkara daraAI laDAImAM kazA khapanuM nahotuM, ane pAmAM sAmela thaI zakayA nahi tyArathI yuddhanuM pariNAma lagabhaga nakkI thaI cUkayuM hatuM. pariNAma: philipa hAryAM ane spenane bhaya dUra thayA. IMglenDamAM kathAlika saMpradAya dAkhala karavAnA pApanA maneArathane phaTakA paDayA, ane dhArmika bAbatemAM IMglenDa svataMtra banyuM. spenanA leAkAnI dariyA kheDavAnI zreSThatA ane karizmAI yuddhanI pratiSThA IMglenDe teDI, ane teNe samudra paranuM varcasva meLavyuM. AyarlenDa: 1558-1584. henarI 7mAe AyarlaeNnDamAM aMgrejI kAmanA lAdhyu pADayA hatA. 4. henarI 8mAe iMglenDamAM dhAraNa karelI dharmAdhAranI

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za sati AyarlenDamAM dAkhala karavAnA vicAra karyo hatA, paNa tene amala karatA pahelAM te maraNa pAmyA. eDavarDa kaTTAnA samayamAM uddAma sunnArA jora para AvyA, eTale temaNe AyarlenDamAM sudharelI dharmakriyA dAkhala karI. paraMtu jhagaDhA ane bhaMDaphisAdane parigAme IMglenDane AyarlenDamAM Adhipatya jALavavuM hejI thaI paDayuM. lijhAbetha gAdIe AvI tyArathI baLavAkhera amIya aMgreja lazkarane haMphAvatA hatA, temAM vaLI aMgreja sudhArakAne AyarlenDamAM vasAvavAne prathAnAe vicAra karyAM, eTale kethelika Ayariza prazna khaLabhaLI UThI ane baLavA thayA. pApe ane philipe Ayariza praznane uttejita karI, paNa ilijhAbethe sakhata hAthe kAma laI i. sa. 1584mAM baLavAkhArAnI ja ukheDI nAkhI. paraMtu pepa ane kethelika paMthIonAM tarakaTa cAlu rahetAM, ane teo IMglenDa sAme asaMtApa phelAvatA. i. sa. 1596mAM arla Ar Isekasane AyarlenDa mAkalavAmAM AvyA, paNa teNe najIvI laDAIe laDI zarama bharelI saMdhi karI. AthI tenuM sthAna khIjAne ApavAmAM AvyuM. traNa varSanI satata mahenata pachI AyarlaeNnDamAM zAMti sthapAI. chellA divaso: je samaya dhArmika kalaho ane paradezI yuddhoneA hatA, temAM paNa ilijhAkhethe ane tenA maMtrIoe sAmAjika kalyANanAM kAryAM karavAno avakAza meLavyA. vepArarAjagAranA kAyadA kasyAmAM AvyA, ane nirAdhAra tathA rakhaDatA garIbene madada ApI temanA ulhAra karavAne kAyadA DAyA, i. sa. 1601. have rANI vRddha thaI gaI hatI, ane tenA sAtItAe; pradhAna, ane salAhakAro eka pachI eka kharI paDyA, eTale tene pazu kaMTALAbharyuM lAgatuM. UgatA taNe joDe kAma karavAnuM rANIne phAvatuM na hatuM. teNe meAjazekhathI A gamagInI bhUlI javAnA prayatna karyo, paNa vyartha. tene svabhAva badalAyA hatA, ane te azakata thaI hatI. arla Av lIsTaranAM macchu pachI taruNu, svarUpavAna, ane buddhimAna Iseksa para rANInI maherakhAtI thaI. paraMtu teNe AyarlaeNnDathI AvyA pachI khaTapaTa karavA mAMDI, eTale rANIe tene phrAMsInI sajA karI; ne ke ethI tenA hRdayane traNeya mAta maMge. rANInA chellA divaseAmAM nirjIva anelI pArlamenTa dhIme dhIme. svataMtra traNa aMgIkAra karavA lAgI. chellI pArlamenTa IjArA ApavAnI nukasAnakAraka

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paddhati kADhI nAkhavAnuM vacana ApavAnI rANune pharaja pADI. svataMtra vRttinI IlijhAbethane bIjAnI svataMtratA gamatI na hatI. tene lAgatuM ke have tenuM kArya pUruM thaI gayuM che. je leke eka samaye tene mATe prANa pAtharavA taiyAra hatA, teo have tenA pratye bedarakAra thavA lAgyA. yugabaLe pharI gayuM hatuM, paNa tene anukULa thavAne A pratApI rANI lAyaka na hatI. dhIme dhIme rANInI kAyA ghasAI gaI ane mAjazekha parathI tenuM mana UThI gayuM. divasamAM aneka vAra vastra badalanArI rANI aThavADIAM sudhI enAM eja kapaDAM paherI bAjumAM taravAra rAkhIne bhoMya para paDI rahetI. pachI tenI bolavAcAlavAnI zakti nAbuda thaI. i. sa. 16 03nA mArcanI 24mI tArIkhe A pratApI rANI 45 varSanuM lAMbuM, pratApI, ane kalyANakara rAjya bhogavI devaloka pAmI. maraNazayA para vArasa viSe tene pUchavAmAM AvyuM. skoTalenDanA jemsanuM nAma levAmAM AvyuM, tyAre te dhImethI mAthuM halAvI zakI. eka ghoDesavAra mArate ghoDe A samAcAra laI skoTalenDa tarapha ravAnA thayA. IlijhAbethanA mRtyuthI TayuDara vaMzane aMta Avyo. dalijhAbethanA samayanuM iMglenDaH ilijhAbethane amala ghaNa rIte pratApI hato. tenI madhyama mArgavALI rAjanItithI dharma saMbaMdhI jhaghaDA zamI gayA. paradezanI khaTapaTamAMthI navarAza meLavI rANIe dezanAM kaLAkauzalya ane vepArane uttejana ApyuM. have IglenDanuM Una philAnDarsa jatuM baMdha thayuM, ane dezamAMja tenuM vaNATakAma thavA lAgyuM, sutara ane rezamano vaNATa cAlu thaye, ane bIjA udyogonAM kArakhAnAM ughaDyAM. ethI bhUmadhya samudranA kinArAno vepAra, IlenDamAM cAlavA lAgyo, ane laMDana vepAranuM meTuM mathaka thaI paDayuM. kolaMbasa ane vAska-DI-gAmAe karelI zodhano lAbha laI aMgreja vahANa vaTIo saphare nIkaLI paradeza joDe vepAra karavA lAgyA. amerikAnA sonArUpAthI dezanI samRddhi vadhavA lAgI, khetIvADImAM sudhAro thayo, ane roja vinAnA majurone kAma maLyuM. rakhaDela mANasone mATe kAma zodhI ApavAmAM AvatuM, ane temanA gujarAnano baMdobasta karavAmAM AvatuM. samRddhinI sAthe dezamAM vaibhava ane sukhavilAsa dAkhala thayAM, ane dezanI kaLAne pragati maLI,

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: ilijhAbethanI kuzaLa rAjanItine pariNAme paradezI yuddhomAM aMgrejo jIyA, . eTale temanI bhIrutA jatI rahI. IglenDanuM naukAsainya vadhAravAnI henarI 8mAe zarU karelI nItine ilijhAbetha vaLagI rahI. teNe ApelA uttejanathI je sainya taiyAra thayuM te nAnuM hatuM, chatAM spenane harAvI zakyuM. aMgreja khalAsIomAM sAhasikatA ane AtmavizvAsa AvyAM. prajAmAM navuM lehI dhabakavA lAgyuM. vijaya, sAhasikatA, samRddhi, ane zAntithI dezanA sAhityamAM ajaba cetana AvyuM, ane aMgrejI sAhityamAM navo yuga beThe. aneka kavio, nATyakAra, tattvajJAnIo ane lekhakoe dezamAM na ullAsa ANI navI abhilASAo prakaTAvI. A sarvanI sAmaTI asara prajAnA sAmAjika jIvana para thaI ane lekamAM svAzraya, AtmajJAna ane svAtaMtryanI bhAvanA janma pAmI. prakaraNa paNuM yuropamAM dharmoddhAra navI vidyAH madhya yuganA aMtamAM IglenDamAM cAlatA trIsa varSanA vigraha vakhate yuropanA bIjA bhAgamAM bhaviSyanA itihAsa para prabaLa chApa pADanArA keTalAka banAvo banyA. madhya eziAmAM laDAyaka turko eziA mAInora chatI, DArDanalsa oLaMgI DAnyuba nadInA kinArA para rahenArA lakonI joDe yuddhamAM utaryA. sarasvatInA maMdira samuM konsTanTinopala I. sa. 1453mAM tenA hAthamAM gayuM, eTale senTa sakyiAnuM khristI devAlaya masjidanA rUpamAM pheravAI gayuM. pariNAme grIka philasuphe ane paMDite bIjA dezamAM javA lAgyA. temane kaLAsika ane vidyApriya ITalInAM samRddha nagaramAM AvakAra maLyo. aneka mANaso A paMDitane caraNe besI grIka sAhitya ane tattvajJAnano abhyAsa karavA lAgyA. lokomAM jJAnanI pipAsA vadhI gaI. bIjI tarapha koparanIkasanI zodha. sRSTinAM rahasya ukelatI hatI. piorTugIjha nAvika vAke-De-gAmAnAM vahANae ajANyA samudramAM saphara karIne hiMdustAnanA baMdaramAM laMgara nAkhyuM, eTale pRthvInA kada ane AkAra saMbaMdhI rAnamAM

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ra uthalapAthala thaI gaI. Ama navI bhUmi,navA leAka, ane navA dharmanA paricayamAM AvavAthI yuropI prajAnI buddhi caMcaLa, sAhasika ane uttejita khanI; jANe ke samagra yurapamAM navuM jobana AvyuM. TekasTananuM chApakhAnuM mudraNakaLAnI zeAdhane lIdhe i. sa. 1477mAM viliyama kaeNsTane iMglenDamAM pahelavaheluM chApakhAnuM ughADayuM. vidvAne ane pAdarIone vareluM jJAna have

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sarvasulabha thaI paDayuM. leke jAte pustako vAMcI vicArI svataMtra abhiprAya darzAvavA lAgyA. dhArmika granthone abhyAsa karIne aneka vidvAne dharmaenA kAna pakaDAve tevA thayA. amuka mANasa Ama kahe che mATe te kharuM, ema mAnavAne badale mULamAM zuM che tenI tapAsa thavA lAgI. pariNAme jaNAyuM ke dharmaguruo bhraSTa thaI gayA che, ane temanA dharmopadeza sazAstra nathI, eTale dhArmika sudhArA mATe lekanI jhaMkhanA vadhatI gaI. IlenDamAM paNa navI vidyAnI asara thaI. IglenDa, jarmanI, ame nedhalenDajhamAM keTalAka lokoe grIka bhASAmAM lakhAeluM bAIbala svataMtra rIte vAMcI zakAya eTalA mATe grIka bhASAno abhyAsa karyo. okasapharDa navA paMDitanuM dhAma thaI paDayuM. jaDaeNna koleTa, I resmasa, ane Tomasa mera badhA paMDitane agresara hatA. kaoNleTe bAIbalanI AjJA pramANe raheNIkaraNI para bhAra mUko. Iresmase chaTAdAra bhASAmAM dhArmika vahemo upara kaTAkSamaya ane vinodamaya lakhANa karI lokonI buddhine sateja ane sAvadha banAvI. Tomasa mere Adarza samAjanI rUparekhA derI. henarI 8mAe navA paMDitane uttejana ApyuM, paNa te paradeza joDe khaTapaTamAM utaryo, eTale kaMI vadhAre karI zake nahi. vulsIe joyuM ke dharmAlayamAM veLAsara sudhArA nahi thAya, te dharmaguruonuM AvI banaze. te pipane pratinidhi thayo, ane popa thavAnI paNa tene umeda hatI, paNa pitAno IrAdo pAra pADatA pahelAM tene amala utarI gayo. paraMtu popanI ekahaththu sattAnA aMtane ke vAgI cUke; e sattAne virodha karanAra ane popanA sArvabhauma adhikArane Thokara mAranAra jarmanImAM janmI cUkyo hato. tenuM nAma mArTina lyuthara hatuM. mArTina lyutharaH A sAdhu puruSa khANa khodanAra garIba mANasane putra hato. tenA pitAno vicAra tene dhArAzAstrI banAvavAno hato, paNa tenuM valaNa dhArmika hovAthI te maThamAM jaI dharmagraMthone abhyAsa karavA lAgyo. viTenabarganA vizvavidyAlayamAM te dharmazAstrane adhyApaka nimAya. teNe bAIbala para vyAkhyAna ApI zakAya te mATe tene uDe abhyAsa karyo. te evAM to suMdara vyAkhyAna Apo, ke paradezI vidvAne te sAMbhaLavA

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- 100 doDI AvatA. bAIbalanA abhyAsathI teNe joI lIdhuM ke zAstranA Adeza ane papanI AjJAomAM bahu phera che, ane popa te bAIbalamAM na hoya evI ghaNI vAte karyo jAya che. daramiAna jarmanImAM kSamA vecAvA AvyAM, eTale lyutharane pitto ucho. teNe maMdiranA daravAjA para jAheranAmAM caDhIne A kSamApatrone zAstraviruddha jaNAvI temanI niMdA karavA mAMDI. AthI pipe lyutharane dharma bahAra karyo, paNa lyuthare popanA pharamAnane jAheramAM bALI nAkhyuM. pariNAme dezamAM khaLabhaLATa macI rahyo. lyuthara joDe zAstrArtha karavA eka zAstrIne mokalavAmAM Avyo, paraMtu te hAryo eTale lekamAM lyutharanI kIrti vadhI. mArTina lyuthara pope lyutharane javAba devA mATe seksanImAM hAjara thavAnuM pharamAna kADhayuM. pipanA pharamAnane mAna ApI lyuthara tyAM gayo, ane tene virodha kADhI nAkhavAmAM Avyo, paNa tenI jiMdagI salAmata nahotI; mAtra sekasanIno ThAkora lyutharane pakSane hatA, eTale te jIvato rahyo; lyuthara rAtorAta jIva laI nA. tyAra pachI teNe bAIbalanuM jarmana bhASAmAM bhASAMtara karyuM. have dharmoddhAranuM kAma tvarita gatie cAlavA mAMDayuM. aneka mANasa jAte bAIbala vAMcI kharAkheTAne nirNaya karI lyutharanA paMthamAM bhaLavA lAgyA. paraMtu lyuthara ATalethI aTake nahi. teNe epa ane tenI vidhio viruddha tIkhI bhASAmAM jussAdAra lakhANa karavA mAMDyAM. teNe pipane dharmAcArya mAnavAnI nA pADI ane sAdhusAdhvIonAM durAcaraNanI sakhata jhATakaNI kADhI. jarmanInA keTalAka ThAkora tenA pakSamAM bhaLyA. lyuthare saune pikArIne zIkhavyuM ke zA samajavAne sane haka che, IzvaranI bhakti karavAmAM kaI dalAlanI jarUra nathI, ane bAhya karmakAMDa

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karatAM AMtarabhaktithI zvira rIjhe che. sakaDA vaSothI dharmaguruomAM apA rAkhanArA khristIone ATalA badhA sudhArA karavAnuM zI rIte ce? AthI khristIomAM be pakSa paDyA; (1) pApanA anuyAyIoH rAmana kaeNthalika, (2) lyutharanA anuyAyIeH proTesTanTa. jemaNe prAcIna dharma viruddha vAMdhA uThAvyA, teo virAdhI-preTesTanTa ( Protestants ) kahevAyA. temaNe pApanA Adeza viruddha sudhArA rajI karyAM, eTale temane 'sudhAraka' kahI zakAya. A samaye svITajharlaeNnDamAM jhUviMgalI nAmane sudhAraka pApanI viruddha thayA. paraMtu lyuthara karatAM tene mata judA hatA. teNe yuktiprayuktithI kAma laIne saMpUrNa sudhArA thatAM sudhI pApane khabara paDavA dIdhI nahi. khIjai sudhAraka kelvina phrAnsathI svITajharlenDa gayA. teNe jInIvAmAM Adarza paMtha sthApyA. te phrAnsamAM AvIne tyAMnA sudhArakAnA jabarA AgevAna thaI paDyo. jhAna nAkasa nAmane sudhAraka svITajharlenDamAM kelvinanA hAtha nIce abhyAsa karI AvyA. te kaeNTalenDanA sudhArakAne utsAhI AgevAna banyuM. teNe merI sAme jabarA virAdha karyA. Ama yuropamAM cAre tarapha dharmAMddhAranI bharatI AvI, ane panI sattAnA asta thavA kheDe, eTale catura pApa samayane ALakhI dharmamAM sudhArA karavA maMDI paDyo, ane sudhArelA ketheAlika paMthane prasAra karavA lAgyA. aneka taruNeA navA ketholika paMthamAM bhaLyA. lAyeAlA nAmanA amIre A paMthane prasAra karavA eka samAja sthApyA. tenA anuyAyIe jesyuiTa kahevAyA. te dezedeza pharI sudhArelA ketholika paMthane upadeza karavA lAgyA. kaLathI ane samajAvaTathI je leke A dharmamAM na bhaLe, temane baLAtkArathI A dharmamAM lAvavA mATe 'kvijhizana' nAmanI adAlata sthapAi. paraMtu A jamAnAmAM prajAnA dharmane AdhArarAjAnA dharma upara hatA. rAjA sudhAraka hAya, teA prajA proTesTaMTa dharma pALe; ane kethelika hAya, teA kathAlika paMthane mAne. Ama rAjAnA dharma te prajAne dharma ema hatuM. pariNAme aneka varSo sudhI A be paMtha vacce dhArmika dveSa, spardhA, ane kalaha cAlyA ryAM, ane je dharmanA pegaMbare zatruone paNa cAhavAnuM pharamAna karyuM che, tenA anuyAyIomAM aMdara aMdara dharmane nAme lohInI nadIo vahevA lAgI

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TayuDara samayamAM dharmoddhAra IlenDamAM dharNoddhAra mATe taiyArI thaI rahI hatI. lekene dharmamAM sudhAre jravAnI IcchA thaI hatI. tenAM kAraNe nIce pramANe hatAM. 1. dezamAM mAtra pAdarIo bhaNelA hovAthI rAjyamAM ane dharmakhAtAmAM beTA hedA bhogavatA. vulsI dharmopadeza karavAnuM bhUlIne rAjyavahIvaTamAM pacce rahyo. have tene rAjyataMtramAM bhAga joIto hate. 2. dezamAM dharmaguruonuM jera hovAthI teo rAjAnI sAme thatA, ane pipanI IcchA hoya te rAjAnI AjJAnuM apamAna karavA taiyAra thatA. teo paisAdAra thavAthI vilAsI jIvana gALatA. pAdarIo mATe dezanA kAyadAnuM baMdhana na haiya, e anyAya lekethI khamAtuM na hatuM. 3. dara varSe pApane bhAre khaMDaNa bharavI paDatI; tenAM nANuM dezanA khajAnAmAMthI jatAM, te paNa lekene khUMcatuM hatuM. 4. moTA dharmAdhyakSe paradezathI AvatA, ethI aMgrejone mAThuM lAgatuM. - 5. dharmamAM cAlatAM juThANuM ane DhoMgathI prajA kaMTALI gaI lekane A prakAranA dharmamAM zraddhA na rahI. IlenDamAM navI vidyAnI asara thaI, paNa khare dharmoddhAra jarmanImAM zarU thayo. henarI 8me kethalika paMthane hatA. lyutharanA eka pustakane pratyuuttara lakhI teNe popanI taraphadArI karI, tenA badalAmAM pepe tene "dharmarakSaka ne IlkAba Apyo. Aja paNa aMgrejI sikkA para Fid. Def. akSaro kotarelA mAlama paDe che. e akSare Defender of the Faith mATenuM TUMkuM rUpa che. IMglenDanA rAjAo sudhAraka-TesTanTa hovA chatAM hajI sudhI e IlkAba rAkhI rahyA che. . henarIe svArthI manovRttio tRpta karavA mATe popanI sattAne virodha karyo. henarI pitAnI bhAbhI joDe paraNyo hato. rANIne putra na thayo, eTale tene talAka ApavAne vicAra karI potAnA pradhAna vulsIne rasto

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103. kADhavA kahyuM. vulsI kazuM karI zake nahi, eTale tene baratarapha karavAmAM AvyuM. tyAra pachI Temasa kevelanA hAthamAM kArabhAra Avyo. teNe rAjAne salAha ApI, ke dezanuM dharmAdhipatya tame pite rAkhe, ane rema joDene saMbaMdha teDI nAkhe. pachI teNe eka june dhAre zodhI kADhI jAhera karyuM, ke dezanA rAjyavahIvaTamAM kaI paNa mANasa pipanI sattAne AdhAre Dakhala karaze te tene rAjadrohI gaNavAmAM Avaze. AthI krovela tamAma dharmaguruo upara rAjadrohano Aropa mUkI temane sakhata daMDa karyo. pachI teNe pArlamenTa pAse kAyado karAvIne TharAvyuM, ke dharmakhAtAne uparI rAjA che, ane rAjAnI anumati vinA dharmaguruonI pariSaddathI koI paNa kAyado racI zakAze nahi. pariNAme remane bharavAmAM AvatI khaMDaNI baMdha karavAmAM AvI, ane tyAM kAI paNa mukamAnI apIla karavAnuM nIkaLI gayuM. Ama dharmaguruonA khAsa hake eka pachI eka rada karavAmAM AvyA, ane rAjA pitAnI marajI mujaba dharmAdhikArI nImavA lAge. jeo rAjAnuM dharmAdhipatya kabula na kare, temanA para julama thato. daramiAna keTarabarInA navA dharmAdhyakSa kensare ketherAIna joDenuM rAjAnuM lagna gerakAyadesara TharAvyuM, ane tene ena balIna joDe paraNavAnI jAhera rajA ApI; jo ke rAjA to be mAsa pahelAM tene khAnagI rIte paraNI cUkyo hato. AthI pipa ane rAjA vacce takarAra vadhI. A to pipanI sattA para kApa paDe che, ema jANI te mUMge moDhe besI rahyo nahi. teNe henarIne padabhraSTa jAhera karyo, ane spenanA rAjAne IglenDa para caDAI karavAnI AjJA pharamAvI. spenane rAjA cA caDAI karavA taiyAra hatA, paNa tema karavAnI tenAmAM tAkAta na hatI. AthI henarIe pArlamenTa pAse dharmAdhipatyanA kAyadAmAM keTaleka sudhArAvadhAra karAvyo, ane pAdarIone navo kAyado mAnavAnI pharaja pADI, I. sa. 1534. henarI ane kenDele pitAnuM Adhipatya besADavA mATe IglenDanA maThanI sthiti tapAsavA paMca nImyuM; kemake maThamAM sAdhuo paisAdAra banI uDAu jIvana gALatA, ane pipane pitAno uparI mAnatA. maThamAM vyavasthA, nIti ke sadAcArane sthAna na hatuM, eTale temAM sudhArA karavAnI ghaNI

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jarUra hatI. pace tapAsa karI lehI ukaLI Ave e hevAla prakaTa karyo, eTale I. sa. 153 6mAM rojAe pArlAmenTa pAse kAyado karAvIne nAnAnAnA maTha baMdha karyA. traNa varSa pachI moTA maTha baMdha karavAmAM AvyA. Ama maThavAsIone kADhI mUkI temanAM mAlamilakata japta karavAmAM AvyAM. AvA maThonI jamIna rAjAnA keTalAka mitrone ApI devAmAM AvI, ane temAMnAM nANAM rAjyakharcamAM, naukA bAMdhavAmAM, zALAo sthApavAmAM, killA durasta karavAmAM, ane bIjAM dhArmika ke lekahitanAM kAryomAM vAparavAmAM AvyAM.' henarIe bAIbalanA TinDelakRta bhASAMtaramAM sudhArAvadhArA karAvI dareka dharmasthAnamAM lekene vAMcavA mATe rAkhavAnI AjJA karI. paraMtu henarI sudhAraka na hatA. leko bAIbala vAMcI dharmanI carcA karavA lAgyA, junA dharmanI mazkarI karavA lAgyA, ane aneka vidhionI hAMsI karavA lAgyA, eTale teNe te vAMcavAnI manA karI. dezamAM lyutharane paMtha jera para na AvI jAya, eTalA mATe teNe cha kalameno dhAre prasiddha karI darekane te pramANe vartavAnI pharaja pADI, ane te na mAne tene bhAre sajA karavA mAMDI. kethalika paMthIo henarIne dharmAdhipati mAnatA nahotA, ane preTesTanTa leke cha kalame mAnya karatA nahi, tethI bannene sarakho ghANa vaLavA lAge. henarInuM dharmAdhipatya na svIkAravA mATe sara Tomasa mora ane recesTaranA dharmAdhyakSa jevA prasiddha paMDitane vadha karavAmAM Avyo. che paraMtu IglenDamAM dharmoddhAra thaye tenuM kharuM kAraNa dhArmika nahi paNa rAjadvArI hatuM. ketherAInathI chuTA thavAne henarIne mATe ekaja mArga hatA, 1. konTele rAjAnuM kAma eka niSThAthI karyuM. paraMtu prajAmAM te akAre thaI paDayo. rAjAnA jAsuse rAtadivasa pharatA, ane rAjanuM bhuMDuM bolanAranuM AvI banatuM. praja trAsI gaI hatI. maThe baMdha thayA, eTale garIbone Azare tUTayo. dharmanI bAbatamAM ATalA badhA sudhArA thAya e lokene rucyuM nahi. A sarva kAraNethI keTaleka sthaLe baMDa UThayAM, temAMnuM yorka paragaNAnuM baMDa "Pilgrimage of Grace' kahevAya che. A baMDakherene AgevAna juvAna vakIla hatA. rAjAe temanI phariyAdanI tapAsa karI yogya karavA vacana ApyuM, eTale baMDakhere vIkharAi gayA; paraMtu rAjAe vacana pALyuM nahi, ane AgevAnane phAMsI dIdhI..

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105 - ane te e ke papathI svataMtra thavuM. vulsI dhAryuM kAma na karI zako. eTale tene vacamAMthI dUra karI henarI pitAne anukULa pradhAna lAvya. lyutharanA pakSa joDe henarI saMmata na hato. te to jIvana paryata kethalika paMthanAM anuyAyI rahyo. prajAmAM paNa dharmaguruo apriya thaI paDyA ane dharmamAM sudhArA thavAnI jarUra hovA chatAM dharmanA siddhAMtamAM pheraphAra thAya evI keInI IcchA na hatI. dharNoddhAranI bAbatamAM yuropanA bIjA deze ane IlenDa vacce A meTa pharaka che. IMglenDa sivAya yurepanA bIjA dezomAM sAmAnya lekethI mAMDIne rAjA suddhAMe pikAra uThAvI dharNoddhAra karyo, paNa IglenDamAM rAjakIya hetu pAra pADavA mATe rAjAe pipanI sattA toDI, ane dharmoddhArane nAme pitAnI sattA sthApI tene vadhAre daDha karI. - eDavarDa dado bALaka hovAthI DayUka oNsamaraseTa "rAjarakSaka, bane. te sudhAraka hovAthI kensaranA sudhArA dAkhala karIne teNe IglenDane proTesTanTa banAvI dIdhuM. teNe lelA viruddhanA kAyadA ane cha kalamono kAyade rada karyo, ane sarvane rAjAnuM dharmAdhipatya svIkAravAnI pharaja pADI. jeo e vAta kabula na rAkhe temane pakaDIne sajA karavA mAMDI. e sAthe pAdarIone lagna karavAnI chUTa ApI. teNe mRtArtha prArthanA baMdha karI, ane tamAma vahemI rivAje na mAnavAnI AjJA karI. A uparAMta jaDa, bAhya dekhAvavALI, ane karmakAMDathI bharelI upAsanAvidhi kADhI nAkhI tene sthAne saraLa ane sarva leke samajI zake tevI upAsanAvidhi dAkhala karI. maMdiremAMthI mUrtione nAza karavAmAM Avya, satanAM citro ane avazeSo phekI devAmAM AvyA, ane bArIbAraNanA kAca upara bAIbalanA prasaMgo cItaryA hatA, tene bhAMgIne bhUke karavAmAM Avyo. atyAra sudhI maMdiramAM leTina bhASAmAM prArthanA thatI, paraMtu jUja leke leTina bhASA samajatA, tethI prArthanA nIrasa ane ADaMbara bharelI thaI paDatI. have aMgrejImAM prArthanA karavAnuM TharyuMane prArthanAmAlAnI sArvajanika pothI pragaTa karavAmAM AvI. 1. A pathI be vAra prasiddha thaI. I. sa. 154mAM je pothI pragaTa thaI teno AraMbha henarI 8mAnA samayamAM thayo. I. sa. 1552mAM prArthanA pothImAM sudhArAvadhArA karavAmAM AvyA..

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maraseTa pachI DayUka oNv nodhaMbalenDa nAmano amIra rAjarakSaka' tharyo. teNe 5 sudhArAnI nIti cAlu rAkhI. paraMtu te paisAne lebhI hatI, tethI dharma sudhAraNAne bahAne teNe kArIgaronAM mahAjanamaMDaLonAM nANAM paDAvI lIdhAM. A nANamAMthI teNe keTalIka zALAo sthApI, je "King Edward Grammar Schools" e nAme oLakhAvA lAgI. - eDavarDanA amalamAM henarIe lUMTavA mAMDelA maThamAMthI je bAkI rahyA hatA, tene baMdha karI tenAM nANAM zALAonI sthApanAmAM vAparavAmAM AvyAM. ane jamIna, jAgIra vagere lAgatAvaLagatAmAM vaheMcI devAmAM AvyAM. AvA sudhArAnA kAryamAM svAbhAvika rIte matabheda hoya; paNa Avo matabheda batAvanAra upara julama karavAmAM Avato. keTalAka dharmAdhyakSa ane pAdarIo sAmA thayA, paNa temane kedamAM pUravAmAM AvyA. A samaye proTesTanTa dharmasamAjanAM mULatattvonI betAlIsa kalame taiyAra karavAmAM AvI. A sudhArAnA kAmamAM badhI prajA saMmata na hatI. aneka varSothI cAlatI AvelI dhArmika mAnyatAo ane rUDhiomAM ekadama pheraphAra karavAnI IcchA sAmAnya mANasone hotI nathI. upAsanAvidhi ane karmakAMDamAM rahelAM ADaMbara, bhapake, ane vaibhavanI lekanA mana para chApa paDatI hatI. Ane badale sAdI vidhi dAkhala thavAthI sarva zuSka lAgavA mAMDayuM. sudhArA dAkhala karatI vakhate calAvelA julamathI paNa leke trAsI gayA. jo ke sudhArAmAM zaheranA lekene rasa hato, paNa ajJAna gAmaDIAone te rasa na hato. temane to navA vicAra nAstika lAgyA. AthI merI gAdIe AvI, tyAre prajAne ghaNe bhAga khuzI tha. - ketherAInanI putrI merI custa kethalika hatI. gAdIe AvatAM teNe eDavarDa dAnA amalamAM thaelA sudhArAnA kAyadA, ane henarI 8mAe karelA popa viruddhane kAyadA rada karI kethalika dharmanI rAjadharma tarIke sthApanA karI. ethI navI prArthanAmAlA rada karI jAnI upAsanAvidhi dAkhala karavAmAM AvI, ane leTina bhASAmAM prArthanA thavA lAgI. pAdarIoe lagna karavuM e niSiddha gaNavAmAM AvyuM, ane je pAdarIo paraNyA hatA

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temane rajA ApavAmAM AvI. junA amalamAM keda thaelA dharmaguruone mukta karavAmAM AvyA, ane temane badale leTimara, riDalI ane kensara jevA aDaga sudhArakene turaMgamAM pUravAmAM AvyA. I. sa. 1554mAM pipanuM dharmAdhipatya svIkArI tenA pratinidhi kArDinala pilane caraNe IglenDane dharmasamAja dharavAmAM Avyo. pAlamenTanA sabhyo tene namyA, ane dharmadhuraMdhara pipanI sAmA thavAne teoe akSamya aparAdha karyo hato, te mATe kArDinala pile popanI vatI temane kSamA ApI pApamukta karyA. paraMtu henarI ane eDavarDanA samayamAM maThanI je jAgIro temane maLI hatI, te ApavAnI temaNe sApha na pADI. e jAgIra ApIne kensare IglenDamAM evo pakSa ubho karyo, ke je svArtha vicArIne sudhArA sAthI banI rahe. merInuM kArya ATalethI na aTakayuM. sarva sudhArake duSTa che, ane IlenDa nA lekane pApanI bhayaMkara bhramaNAmAMthI bacAvavA e mAruM kAma che, ema te pramANikapaNe mAnatI. saue ketholika thavuM joIe e teno mata hato. teNe dhIme dhIme julama gujAravA mAMDyo. je leke kethalika thavAnI nA pADe, temane jIvatA bALI mUkavAmAM AvatA. kahevAya che ke traNa varSamAM traNa proTesTanTane jIvatA bALI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. pitAnI mAtAnA chuTAcheDA karAvanAra, ane sudhAraka paMtha phelAvavAmAM AgevAnIbharyo bhAga lenAra kensarane jaimasa kensara e jIva zAne choDe ? Ama kensara, 1. matanI vAta sAMbhaLI pahelAM to kensaranA hAMjA gagaDI gayA, ane teNe kethalika lokenA lAbhamAM keTalAka kAgaLa para sahI karI; paNa pAchaLathI tene e khoTuM lAgyuM, eTale te pastAyo ane bahAdurIthI muo. maratI vakhate teNe je hAthe sahI karI hatI, te citAmAM pahelo dharI baLI jatA sudhI te aDaga ubho rahyo.

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leTimara, ane riDalI jevA bIjA prakhyAta sudhArake baLI muA, te chatAM ' leka pAchI na haThayAM. tyAre garIba lekonA nAnA samudAyane ekasAmaTo bALI nAkhavAmAM Avyo; chatAM pariNAma dhAryA karatAM ulaTuM AvyuM. kethelika dharma pratye lekene vadhAre aNagamo Avyo, ane AkhA dezamAM dharmadha julamanI sAme pakAra UThaze. maratI vakhate leTimare riDalIne kahelA zabdo Be of good cheer, Master Ridley! We shall this day light a candle by God's grace in England as I trust; shall never be put out.'-kharA paDatA dekhAyAM. ilijhAbethe gAdIe AvI jeI lIdhuM, ke sarve muzkelIomAMthI chUTavA mATe sauthI pahelAM prajAne pitAnA pakSamAM levI joIe, ane dezamAM dharmane nAme ubhA thaelA pakSo vacce samAdhAna karavuM joIe. tenA dharma saMbaMdhI vicAro tene maMtrIo jANI zaktA na hatA. dharmanI bAbatamAM te bahu - custa na hatI, paNa dharmamAM suvyavasthAnI jarUra che ema te mAnatI. IlijhAbethathI dezamAM bIjAnuM Adhipatya khamAyuM nahi, eTale teNe "dharmAdhipatya" ne kAyado pasAra karyo, ane merInA samayamAM thaelA kAyadA rada karyA. paraMtu kethalika paMthIo nArAja na thAya, temaja pitAnI sattAmAM ghaTADo na thAya e mATe teNe kAyadAmAM keTalAka zabdono pheraphAra karyo. teNe dharmaaikayano kAyado karI sarvane prArthanA pothI vAparavAnI AjJA karI. paraMtu te prArthanAmAM kethalika lekane keTaluMka khUMce tevuM hatuM te kADhI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM. teNe dharmAdhyakSa rAkhyA, ane kethalika mArganI keTalIka vidhio dAkhala karI. teNe proTesTanTa ane kethalika baMne pakSane rAjI rAkhavA prayatna karyo, tethI te "madhyama mArga" kahevAya. je jamAnAmAM matAMtarasahiSNutA bIlakula na hatI, ane kethalika ke proTesTanTa paMthIo lAga Ave tyAre sAmAM dharmavALA upara kera vartAve, te jamAnAmAM rANIe dIrdhadaSTi vAparI DahApaNabharele rasto kADho. prajAjano zAMti jALave, tyAM sudhI temanA para julama thavAno saMbhava na hatuM. ilijhAbethane bahAranA dekhAvanI jarUra hatI. - aMdaranI zraddhA hoya ke nahi, tenI te paravA na karatI. alabata, keTalAka

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18 custa proTesTa mAnatA, ke IlijhAbethe dharmoddhArane mATe nahi jevuM karyuM che, ane keTalAka haDahaDatI kethalike mAnatA, ke teNe vadhAre paDatuM karyuM che, paNa prajAne A mAdhyama mArga gamI gaye. - A pramANe IglenDamAM svataMtra dharmakhAtAnI sthApanA thatAM pipanuM dharmAdhipatya gayuM, eTale IglenDane samAja dhArmika viSayamAM svataMtra bane eDavarDanA samayanI 42 kalamamAMthI 39 kalame svIkArAI Aja paNa IglenDane dharmasamAja A kalame svIkAre che. dhArmika bAbatomAM rANI udAracitta hatI, paNa skaTa lekenI rANI merIne nAme cAlatAM remana kethelikonAM tarakaTa jANuM rANIe vikarALa svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM; ane kethalika para julama vartAvavA mAMDyo. pariNAme. jesyuITane dezanikAla karavAmAM AvyA. pArlAmenTa IMglenDanA dharmavahIvaTane mAna na ApanAra viruddha sakhata kAyadA karyA. keTalAka kahe che ke merInA samayamAM jeTalA dhArmika julame thayA, tenA karatAM ilijhAbethanA amalamAM ochA thayA nathI. riTana lekeH IlijhAbethanA amalamAM eka navo varga ubhe thayo. keTalAka custa dhAmikAne cAlu sudhArA karatAM vadhAre sudhArAnI jarUra lAgI. teo yuriTana-sudhAraka pathIo' kahevAyA. temanI mAgaNIo e hatI ke (1) dharmamaMdirano vahIvaTa dIkSita (Bishops)ne hastaka joIe, (2) IlijhAbethe upAsanAmAM rAkhelI theDI ghaNuM vidhi dUra karavI joIe, ane (3) prArthanAmAlAnI pothImAM vadhAre sudhArA dAkhala karavA joIe. IlijhAbethe A varga upara sakhatAI rAkhI tene dAbI devAne prayatna karyo, paNa temanI saMkhyA vadhatI gaI ane AgaLa jatAM temaNe moTAM parAka. karyo. sArAMza e ke- 1. iMglenDamAM ghaNA vakhatathI dharmasudhAraNA karavAnI mAgaNuM cAlatI hatI; kemake dharmAlayamAM cAlatA durAcAra ane avyavasthAthI lake kaMTALyA hatA. 2. navI vidyA ane mudraNakaLAne lIdhe lokamAM jJAnane pracAra thayo. teo bAIbala. vAMcatA vicAratA thayA, eTale dharmaguruo ane papanAM zAstraviruddha kAryo jANI zakyA.

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3. jarmana sAdhu lyuthara pipa sAme thaye. tenA anuyAyIo peTesTanTa-sadhAra kahevAyA. popanA anuyAyIo remana kethalika gaNAyA. 4. IMglenDamAM rAjakIya hetuthI dharNoddhAra dAkhala thaye. henarI 8mAne rANI ketherAIna jeDe chuTAcheDA karavA hatA, eTale teNe pipanuM Adhipatya kADhI nAkhyuM. chatAM dharmanA siddhAMtamAM pheraphAra thayo nahi. eDavarDa 6ThThAnA samayamAM preTesTanTa dharmane phelAvo thayo, ane popanI viruddha kAyadA thayA. ketholika mArgIone kedamAM pUravAmAM AvyA. have IMglenDa proTesTanTa deza thaye. merIe gAdIe AvI ketholika dharmanI pharI sthApanA karI pApanuM dharmAdhipatya svIkAryuM. teNe dharmane nAme ghaNuM julama ryA. 7. IlijhAbethe madhyama mArga svIkAryo. uddAma ketholika ane proTesTanTa bane upara teNe sakhatAI karI. prArthanApothI ane upAsanAvidhi peTesTanTa paMthanAM rAkhI kethalika lokone khuza karavA mATe temAM thoDA pheraphAra karAvyA. teNe pApanuM - dharmAdhipatya kADhI nAkhI svataMtra dharmakhAnuM sthApyuM. nIcenI tArIkhe yAda rAkho I. sa. 1453-turka lokoe sTenTinepala jItyuM. , 1477-kesTane IMglenDamAM mudraNakaLA dAkhala karI. 1519-lyuthare kSamApatro viruddha pokAra uThAvyo. , 1521-pApe henarIne "dharmarakSaka evo IlakAba Apyo. * , 1534- henarIe dharmAdhipatya jAhera karyuM. , 1536-nAnA maTho baMdha karavAmAM AvyA. 1539henarIe cha kalamene kAyado karyo. 1549-dharmaekyane kAyado thayo.

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prakaraNa 7muM navI duniyAnI zodha tuke lekee kensTanTinopala jItyuM, eTale tyAMnA paMDitane bIjA dezamAM javAnI jarUra paDI. A paMDita je pustaka laI gayA, temAM pazcima yuropa saMbaMdhI je mAhitI hatI, tenI bIjA lokone khabara na hatI. ethI lekene vadhAre jANavAnI ane jovAnI IcchA thaI. madhya yugamAM cIna, arabastAna, ane hiMdustAnathI rezama, javAhIra, ane tejAnA bharelAM vahANo yuropamAM AvatAM, tethI pUrvanA dezanI samRddhi viSe yuropamAM aneka vAte cAlatI, ane sAhasika khalAsIo e ajaba bhUmine najare nihALavAnA manasubA karatA. teramA saikAmAM turka lekenI sattA prabaLa thavAthI emaNe yurepa ane pUrvanA dezo vaccenA vepAramAM harata karavA mAMDI, eTale hiMdustAna ane pUrvanA deza tarapha AvavAne mArga zodhI kADhavAnI yurepanA lokenI IcchA tIvra banI. te samaye porTugIjha lekanI caDatI kaLA hatI. temanI pAse sArAM vahANa ane sAhasika nAvika hovAthI temaNe ajANyA sAgara kheDavAnI pahela karI. paraMtu temanAM vahANa nAnAM hovAthI kinArA najIka cAlatAM, eTale temanAthI lAMbI saphara thaI zakI nahi. ghaNuM varSo sudhI temanA bahAdura khalAsIoe prayatna karyo, chatAM bahu vaLyuM nahi. paraMtu I. sa. 1486mAM bArthelemio-DAyejha nAmane vahANavaTI eka bhUzira (hAlanI kepa eNvu guDa hopa) sudhI AvI tyAMthI pAchA vaLe. DAyejhane ahIM tephAne sahana karavAM paDayAM, ethI teNe tene tophAnI bhUzira" (Stormy Capda) evuM nAma ApyuM; paNa ahIMthI hiMdustAnane jaLamArga jaDavAnI AzA baMdhAI, tethI piArTugalanA rAjAe tene kepa eNvu guDa hepanuM nAma ApyuM. bAra varSa pachI vAske-DI-gAmAe AgaLa vadhIne hiMdustAnane jaLamArga 1. AphrikAne nAtAla prAMta A khalAsIe zeDyo hato. Isu khristanI janmatithine divase tenI zodha thavAthI tenuM nAma "nAtAla pADayuM hatuM. te

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112 rodhI kADhyA, ane te kAlikaTa baMdare jaI pahoMcyA. AthI porTugalane vepAra vadhyA. lagabhaga eka saikA sudhI lisbana baMdarethI saMkhyAbaMdha vahANA hiMdustAna javA upaDatAM, ane khUba nANuM ane mAla laI AvatAM. lisbana yureApanuM mukhya baMdara ane vepAranuM mathaka banyuM. paraMtu A rastA lAMkhA ane bhayabharelA hoI rastAmAM vahANAne tAkAna naDatAM. evAmAM keTalAke evI gaNatarI karI ke pRthvI gALa hoya te ATalAMTika mahAsAgara oLaMgIne hiMdustAna paheAMcI zakAya. e raste amerikA khaMDa haze, evA khyAla kAI ne kayAMthI hoya? yuropI leAkeA ema mAnatA ke ATalAMTika mahAsAgara pUrA thatAM eziA khaMDa AvavA joI e. keTalAka ema mAnatA ke pAisika mahAsAgara eLaMgIne hiMdustAnamAM pahoMcI zakAze. i. sa. 1492mAM kolaMbase ATalAMTikane raste hiMdustAna javAne vicAra karyAM. tenA sAhasa mATe spenanAM rAjArANIe tene madada ApI. traNa nAnAM vahANA, 120 khalAsIe, ane eka varSa cAle eTale khArAka laI ne te upaDayA. tenuM sAhasa addabhuta hatuM. tarehavAra vAtA cAlatI ke ATalAMTikamAM janArAM vahANo pAchAM AvatAM nathI, ane temanuM zuM thAya che te keAI jANatuM nathI; chatAM e sAhasika nAvika ajANyA sAgaranI safe cAyo. ATalAMTikamAM vAtA naiRNa kANunA pavanathI dhakelAI ne kAlaMbasanAM vahANA pazcima dizAmAM AgaLa vadhyAM. kAlaMbase mAnyuM ke A pavana ApaNane hiMdustAna pahoMcADaze, paNa te khATuM hatuM. ethI khalAsIoe baLavA karyAM, paNa kAlaMbase temane zAMta pADayA. aneka saMkaTA sahana karIne pAMca aThavADIAM pachI te keTalAka TApu pAse jaI pahoMcyA. kAlaMbase te TApuone vesTa inDijha' evuM nAma ApyuM. A zeAdhanA samAcArathI yureApanA leAkeAmAM khaLabhaLATa thayA, ane aneka kAphalAe saphara karavA taiyAra thayA. navA kAphalAomAM IMglenDanA eka kAphalA hatA. i. sa. 1497mAM jAna ara nAmano vepArI pAMca vahANa laIne navA dezenI zodha arthe nIkaLI paDaye tene vicAra vAyavjha krANune mArge hiMdustAnamAM paheAMcavAno hatA. e raste jatAM teNe lAkhAra ane nyUphAunDalenDanA TApuo zoSI

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113 kADhayA. A ujajaDa TApuo joI teo hatAza thaI pAchA AvyA. IMglenDa tyAra pachInAM pacAsa varSa sudhI A zemAM kaze bhAga laI zakayuM nahi. navA dezenI zodha karavAmAM mukhyatve karIne spena ane piorTugalanA leke hatA. vIsa varSa pachI megelana nAmanA porTugIjha nAvike moTI saphara karI. e sAhasika puruSa ATalAMTika oLaMgI brAjhila gaye. tyAMthI cheka dakSiNe eka sAmudradhuni pAse AvyuM, ane tene megelananI sAmudradhuni evuM nAma ApyuM. A sAmudradhunithI AgaLa vadhIne pAsiphika mahAsAgaramAM thaI lagabhaga eziAnA kinArA pAse pahoMcI, tyAMthI hiMdI mahAsAgara oLaMgI, kepa AvuM guDa hopa AgaLa thaIne, tene kAle svadeza Avyo. rastAmAM megelana maraNa pAmyo, paraMtu AkhI pRthvInI saphara karanAra e pahele kAle (I. sa. 1519-22) hato. A pradakSiNAthI sAbIta thayuM, ke pRthvI goLa hevI joIe. AvI zodhamAM spena ane porTugalanA lokono mukhya bhAga hatuM, ethI teo navA zedhelA dezo upara temane haka mAnavA lAgyA. temaNe na mulaka vahecI levAne paNa TharAva karyo. paraMtu aMgreje, valaMdA, ane phrenca navA dezamAM vepAra karavA gayA, e vAta spena ane porTugalanA lekane gamI nahi. ethI khalAsIone aMdara aMdara takarAro ane laDAIo thavA lAgI. ' yurepane navI duniyAnI zodhathI bahu lAbha thaze. madhya yuropamAM bhUmadhya samudra agatyane haI tenA kinArA para AvelA dezanuM mahatva ghaNuM aMkAtuM. have ATalAMTika mahAsAgaranI agatya vadhI, ane tenA kinArA para AvelA iMglenDane vizeSa lAbha thayo. A navI duniyAnI zodhane lAbha IglenDe A rIte meLavyuM. IlenDanI prAkRtika racanA tenA dariAI vepAra mATe anukULa gaNAya che. eDavarDa ane merInA dhArmika julamane kArame kALa jatA rahyA pachI dezamAM zAMti sthapAI. te daramiAna aMgrejo dariyA para kAbu meLavavA lAgyA. paraMtu spenane baLavAna rAjA philipa aMgrejone navI duniyA joDe vepAra karavA deto na hato. 1. kolaMbase khaMDastha bhUmi pAsenA TApu zeDyA hatA. pachI amerige vespasI nAmane nAvika khaMDastha bhUmimAM gayo. teNe e bhUminuM nAma amerikA pADayuM. I. sa. 1500mAM porTugIjha vahANavaTI kebrale dakSiNa amerikAnI zedha karI.

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114 IMglenDanA pazcima kinArA para AvelA kaeNAnavAla ane DevananA khalAsIe sudhAraka paMthanA hatA, ane spenanA leAkA kaitheAlika hatA, eTale temanI vacce takarArA thatI. spenanA leAkeA aMgrejone pakaDI temane nAstika gI sajA karatA, athavA teA inkilajhizanane havAle karatA. paraMtu ethI aMgreja khalAsIo bahAdura banyA, ane spenanI paravA rAkhyA vinA temanAM vahANA lUMTavA lAgyA. have speniArDa paNa hAravA lAgyA. A rIte vahANa calAvavAnI ane diraAI yuddha laDavAnI tAlIma meLavI aMgrejo spenanA naukAsainyane harAvI zakayA. A vahANavaTIomAM haeNAkinsa, phreAbizara, ane DrekanAM nAma suprasiddha che. jaDAna hArkinse i. sa. 1562-68 daramiAna amerikAnI traNa sapha karI. te AphrikAnA habasIene upADI jatA, ane speniArDanAM zeraDI ane tamAkunAM khetarAmAM gulAmA tarIke vecI detA. paraMtu chellI sapharamAM speniArkAe mitrabhAva batAvI tene chetaryo. temaNe haeNAkinsanAM vahANo para hallA karI tenAM ghaNAM mANasone mArI nAkhyAM. A vakhate phrAnsisa beMka nAmane kinsanA sagA tyAM hatA. teNe teja sthaLe manamAM nizcaya karyo, mAre speniArDa joDe yuddha karavAmAM jIvana gALavuM. i. sa. 1572mAM traNa vaTANA laI ne ka saphare nIkaLyeA. panAmAnI saMyogibhUmi upara AvelA neSTha DI -DAyejha nAmanA spenanA nagara para teNe humalA karyAM, ane tyAMthI puSkaLa sAnuM, rUpuM, ane dravya meLavyuM. pachI teNe jamInamArga peAtAnI musApharI zarU karI. rastAmAM reDa inDiane tene uMcI TekarI para laI gayA. tyAM eka jhADanI TAca para ' caDhIne teNe ' suvarNAgdhi pAsiphika mahAsAgara pahelI vAra joyA. teNe pratijJA lIdhI, ke mArUM vahANu eka divasa e sAgaranAM pANImAM saphara karaze. e pachI aeka phrAnsisa Dreka

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utta 2 ma hA sA ga 2 e zi che Gro I -biTiNo: paka kAu-rApue 115 tA: AphrikA panAmo * kolukAya pAsikika ma aa sa aa2 'bama tho mahA sAga nAtAla - - Ara-li | sA cle19 9 5 khAna guDa hopa 2. . ga 2 | I mAnanI sAmudradhunI che phara. 11 -8 mArI phobizarano vAyavyakravAsa.189 'jAna sA. 1553 * * * * * * *

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116 IMglenDa gayA, paNa cAra varSa pachI te pAMca vahANu ane seA khalAsIe laI plImatha baMdarethI meATI saphare ravAnA thayA. teNe ATalAMTika mahAsAgara oLaMgyA. pachI megelananI sAmudradhunimAM thaIne te pAphika mahAsAgaramAM dAkhala thayA. A dariyAmAM aMgrejonAM vahANu Aveja kayAMthI ema dhArI speniArTA gaphalatamAM rahetA, eTale ke temanAM vahANA lUTayAM, temAMnuM dravya kabaje karyuM, ane temanAM keTalAMka zaherA jItI lIdhAM. Ama zatru ubhA karIne DrekathI te raste pAchA javAya ema na hatuM, eTale te keliphorniA bhaNI cAlyA. tyAMthI pazcima dizAmAM cAlatAM te mAlukkAsa jaI paheAMcyA, ane tyAMthI krepa Av guDa heApanI pradakSiNA karI svadeza ( i. sa. 1577-88 ) sidhAvyeA. te peAtAnI joDe puSkaLa sAnuM, rUpuM, jhaverAta vagere letA AvyA. speniArTonI phariyAda uparathI philipe ilijhAbethane bhalAmaNa karI, ke phUMkane sakhata zikSA thavI ghaTe che. paraMtu rANIe te tene dhaNuM mAna ApyuM. rANI "dhI geAlDana hAInDa '' nAmanuM DrekanuM vahANa jovA gaI, ane teNe Drekane 'sara'ne IlkAba ApyA. mArTina phaeNbizare uttara amerikAnA uttara kinArethI hiMdustAna javAne mArga zodhavAnA prayatna karyA. A zeAdha mATe teNe traNa vakhata musApharI karI. paraMtu sadhaLuM vyartha gayuM. egaNIsamA saikAmAM A mArga zeAdhAyA, paNa te upayAganA nahAtA; kAraNa ke e mArgamAM varSanA ghaNAkharA bhAga samudramAM baraphanA DuMgarA taratA heAvAthI vahANAnI salAmatI jaLavAya tema na hatuM. A uparAMta nArthenA uttara kinAre thaine uttara mahAsAgaramAMthI hiMdustAna AvavAnA prayatna karavAmAM AvyA. e nAvikA e raste gayA, temAM ekanuM vahANa bhAgyuM ane khalAsIo ThaMDIthI maraNa pAmyA, tepaNu khI zveta samudra sudhI pahoMcyA, ane tyAMthI jamInamArge raziyAmAM thaI pA AvyeA. A mArga paNa nakAmA hatA; kemake varSanA ghaNAkharA bhAga tyAM paNa barapha hoya che. A saphAthI aMgrejone vahANavaTAnI tAlIma maLI. A pramANe keTalAka mANase| navI zodha karavAnI AturatAthI, keTalAka spenanA mAla lUMTI levAnI AzAe, teA keTalAka saMsthAna sthApavAnI .

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117 IcchAthI daraAI saphare nIkaLyA. haMphrI gilbarTe nyUphAunDalenDamAM saMsthAna vasAvavAnA vicAra karyAM, paNa tyAMnI verAna jamIna, bhejavALI havA, ane atizaya ThaMDIthI saMsthAnavAsIe tyAMthI jatA rahyA. pAchA vaLatAM rastAmAM bhayaMkara tAkAta naDyAM, chatAM gilbarTa peAtAnAM mANasAnA utsAha jALavavAnA prayatna karatA. ghUghavATa karatAM me ane teAphAnI pavanamAM saMbhaLAya evA avAje te kahetA, ke "dostA ! dhIraja rAkhA ! svarga te jamInathI jeTaluM najIka che, eTaluMja samudrathI paNu che." vAlTara relIe amerikAmAM saMsthAna sthApI avivAhita ilijhAbethanA smaraNArthe tenuM nAma 'rjiniA ' pADayuM. paraMtu inDiane vAraMvAra hallA karatA, ane saMsthAnavAsIne mArI nAkhatA, eTale thADA samaya pachI bacelA mANase IMglenDa pAchA gayA. ahIMthI relI tamAku ane baTATAnA cheDa IMglenDa laI gayeA. jo ke dariyApAranA mulakAmAM saMsthAne sthApavAmAM niSphaLatA maLI, paNa e vicAra prajAnA hRdayamAM kAyamane mATe vasI gayA, eTale bhaviSyamAM tene amala thayeA. sArAMza ke-- 1. sudhAraka aMgreje ane ketheAlika speniArTA vacce duzmanAvaTa thaI; kemake aMgrejo navI duniyA joDe vepAra kare, e speniArDane gamatuM na hatuM. 2. samudranI sapharo ane daraAI yuddhothI aMgrejone je tAlIma maLI, te spenanA naukAsainyane harAvavAmAM khahu upayogI thaI paDI. 3. hArkinse ane Dreke speniArDA para amerikAmAM humalA karyA. haeNka pRthvInI pradakSiNA karanAra pahelo aMgreja hatA. (I. sa. 1577-80) 4. krokhizare hiMdustAna AvavAno vAyavya mArga zodhavAno ane bIjA eka vahANavaTIe IzAna mArga zeAdhavAno prayatna karyA. 5. sara haMphrI gilbarTa ane vAlTara relIe saMsthAno sthApavA prayatna karyA, paNa saMsthAnavAsIone sakhata kAma karavAnI Teva naheAtI, ane reDa inDiano joDe laDavA jeTalI temanAmAM zakti nahAtI, eTale te saMsthAno sthApI zakyA nahi.

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prakaraNa 8muM prajAjIvanane vikAsa 1. pArlamenTa TayuDara vaMzanA rAjAo svataMtra mijAjanA ane A akhatyAra calAvanArA hatA. teo marajImAM Ave tema vartatA; temane pUchanAra koI na hatuM. sTAra cembara kerTa sthApI henarI 7mAe umarAvo ke pitAnI sAme thanAra hara koIne kacarI nAkhyA. pArlamenTanI garaja na paDe te mATe teNe aneka upAye kAme lagADyA. henarI mAe manamAnyA kAyadA karI loke pAse svIkArAvyA. pAlamenTa tenI marajI pramANe cAlatI. eDavarDanA amalamAM thaelA kAyadAmAM pheraphAra karavAnI merInI icchA thaI, eTale pArlamenTe tenI marajI mujaba kAyadA pheravI ApyA. A pramANe pArlamenTa cheka nirjIva hatI. ple neTasamayamAM pArlAmenTa prApta karelI sattA cAlI gaI ane have tene hA jI hA" karavAnA divaso AvyA. IlijhAbetha sabhyane dhanakAvatI, ane kaDavAM vacane paNa saMbhaLAvatI. TayuDaravaMzI rAjAo pArlAmenTa pAse dhAre te kAyadA karAvI bahArathI tenuM baMdhana svIkAratA. te samayamAM sabhAsadonI varaNanA haka ApavAnuM kAma rAjAnA hAthamAM hatuM, eTale rAjAo lAgavaga vAparI potAnA pakSamAM sabhyo cuMTAya tenI saMbhALa rAkhatA. amuka vakhate kAma mAryuM jaze evo bhaya lAge, tyAre navA sabhAsade cUMTavAne haka ApI rAjAo bahumatI meLavatA. ilijhAbethe eka prasaMge 62 navA sabhAsado meLavyA hatA. pArlamenTa A pramANe niprANa ane niSTa thatI gaI. henarI 1me gAdIe AvyA tyAre dezamAM avyavasthA hatI, eTale manmatta amIrenAM trAsadAyaka yuddhomAMthI prajAne bacAvI dezamAM zAnti sthApe, evA kaDaka amalanI prajAne jarUra lAgI. IMglenDa nabaLuM hatuM, zatruo tenA para TAMpI rahyA hatA, ane lokone potAnA rakSaNanI jarUra hatI. e samaye lokone pitAnA hakanI paravA na hatI. chatAM TayuDara rAjAe catura ane samayane oLakhanAra hatA. teo pitAnuM dhAryuM karatA, paNa pArlamenTa pAse badhuM

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majuMra karAvatA. henarI 8mAnuM dharmAdhipatya pArlAmenTa maMjura rAkhyuM. umarA nabaLA paDavAthI AmavarganA hAthamAM pahelavahelI sattA AvI eTale temane tene barAbara upayoga karatAM AvaDayuM nahi. TayuDara rAjakartAoe madhyama vargane caDhAvavAnI mahenata karI hatI, eTale rAjA tarapha temanuM valaNa rahe e paNa svAbhAvika hatuM. AthI pArlamenTa kaI kaI samaye maLatI, tyAre rAjAnA lAbhanA kAyadA karIne vIkharAtI. paraMtu dezamAM zAMti sthapAI samRddhi AvI, ane spena jevA jabarA zatrune bhaya dUra thayo, eTale IlijhAbethanAM chellAM varSomAM pitAnA hake upara lekonuM dhyAna gayuM. have temaNe pANI batAvavA mAMDayuM. rANI ane pArlamenTa vacce koI koI prasaMge cakamaka jharavA lAgI. dezamAM azAMti na thAya ane dharmanI rakSA thAya, e mATe pArlamenTa vAraMvAra rANIne vArasa nImavAnI darakhAsta karatI. rANIe e vAta karavAnI manA karI, eTale eka sabhya darakhAsta lAvyo, ke A sabhAnA sabhyane vicAra ane vANInI saMpUrNa svataMtratA hovI joIe. vaLI dhArmika kAyadA viruddha eka sabhya be hatuM, tene rANIe pArlamenTamAM besavAnI nA kahI, eTale bIjA sabhya kepyA. rANIe samaya oLakhI jaIne hukama pAcho kheMcI lIdhe. eja pramANe sabhyoe IjArA ApavAnI evI haTha lIdhI, ke chevaTe rANIne namatuM ApavuM paDayuM, ane IjArA baMdha karavAnI pharaja paDI. navI pArlamenTanA svataMtra ane zurA sabhAsado temaja keTalAka yUriTana sabhAsade satyanA AgrahI hatA; teo keInA namAvyA name tevA na hatA. TayuDara rAjakartAo ApamukhatyAra hovA chatAM julamagAra na hatA. teo dezanuM ane prajAnuM hita karavA lakSa ApatA. lekamatane pakSamAM laIne kAma karavAthI teo kapriya rahetA. TuarTa rAjAomAM Avo eka guNa na hatA, eTale svataMtra sattAne dAvo karavA jatAM rAjA ane pArlamenTanI vacce takarAra peThI. 2. udyoga ane vANijya che , asalanA vakhatamAM gAmaDAMnA kheDuta khetI karIne gujarAna calAvatA. pachI gheTAM ucheravAnuM kAma vadhI paDayuM, paNa ethI kheDutone duHkha paDayuM kAcuM

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120 Una phalAnDarsa caDhatuM, ane tyAM baneluM kApaDa iMglenDamAM vecAtuM. jamInadArone Una vecI paisA meLavavAne lebha thaye, eTale khetara uparAMta gocaramAM paNa teo gheTAM ucheravA lAgyA. have Dhora cAro caravA kyAM jAya? khetaro ocho thavAthI lekanI rajI ochI thaI, temAM jamInadAranA julamathI navuM duHkha umerAyuM. nAnAM gAmaDAM ujjaDa thavA lAgyAM, ane kAma maLavAnI AzAe leke meTAM gAmamAM javA lAgyA. teo Una vaNatAM zIkhyA. kAcuM Una lAvIne strIe reTIo kAMte, tAra taiyAra kare, ane puruSo bahAra sALa goThavIne tenAM kapaDAM vaNe. A kapaDuM vepArIne tyAM vecAya, ane vepArI tene bIje gAma mokalI Ape. te vakhate vaNATanAM kArakhAnAM na hatAM. sAmAnya strIo ghara AgaLa kAMtatI, paNa paisAdAra vaNakare kAmadAra rAkhI temanI pAse kAma karAvatA. henarI 8mAe maThanI jAgIre japta karI maTha baMdha karyA, tyAre loko para navI Aphata AvI paDI. maThanI jamIna henarIe amIrone ApI dIdhI, ane amIree temAM gheTAM ucheravA mAMDyAM, eTale khetInA dhaMdhAne nukasAna thayuM. maThanA sAdhuo garIbone madada karatA, te paNa baMdha thayuM. Ama lekeno udyoga paDI bhAgye, ane temanAmAM asaMtoSa ubho thayo. eDavarDa idrAnA samayamAM kArIgaronAM mahAjanonAM nANAM laI levAmAM AvyAM, eTale kheDuto uparAMta vepArIo, kArIgaro ane umedavAromAM khaLabhaLATa macI rahyo. dezamAM kAma vinAnA rakhaDela mANaso ane bhikhArIo vadhI paDayA, eTale cerI ane lUMTaphATa cAlavA lAgyAM. paradezI musApharonI zodhathI IglenDamAM vahANa bAMdhavAno udyoga cAlyo, ane TayuDara rAjakartAoe tene uttejana ApyuM. keka ane haikinsa saphara karI. haikinsa gulAmo vecavAnI zarUAta karI. ilijhAbethanA amalamAM hiMdustAna joDe vepAra karavA mATe IsTa InDiA kaMpani sthapAI. dezamAM baTATA, gAjara, tamAku, vagerenAM vAvetara thavA lAgyAM, ane khetIvADInI paddhatimAM sudhAra thaye.

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121 3. samAja trIsa varSanA vigrahamAM aneka amIra kuTuMkhAne nAza thaI gayA. have zurAtanano jamAnA gayA, ane vyApAraudyoganA yuga kheThA. Ama dhaMdhArAjagAramAM yugapalaTA thayA, eTale leAkeAnI raheNIkaraNImAM pheraphAra thavA lAgyA. junI DhabanAM dharAmAM navI kaLA ane navuM zilpa dAkhala karavAmAM AvyAM. dhunika leAkeA IMTa ane lAkaDAnAM rAnakadAra makAna baMdhAvI aMdara nakasIkAma karAvavA lAgyA. bArIomAM rezamI paDadAneA ane dharamAM cAMdI tathA khIjI dhAtunAM vAsaNAno chUTathI upayega thavA mAMDayA. parALanI pathArI ane lAkaDAnAM AzIkAMne badale bhapakAdAra chatrapalaMga, suMvALAM ezIkAM, ane rUnI narama taLAI e vaparAvA lAgI. makAnanI AsapAsa suMdara bAga banavA lAgyA. garIbonAM dharAmAM paNa lAkaDAM ane cunAne upayoga thavA lAgyA, ane bArI emAM kAca jaDAvA lAgyA. hajI rastA gaMdA ane sAMkaDA hatA. paragAma javAne mATe leAkeA ghoDAno upayAga karatA. rAjA ane darabArIo sivAya kAI gADI vAparatuM nahi. pherIA gAmegAma pharI mAla vecatA, ane vartamAnapatronI garaja sAratA. leAkeA temanI pAsethI navI navI khabara jANI zakatA. AmA henarI ane lijhAbethanA samayamAM lokeAmAM phakkaDa kapaDAM paheravAnA zAkha vadhyA. kahevAya che ke ilijhAbetha pAse traNa hajAra kapaDAMnI joDa hatI. A joi lAkA paNa kiMmatI ane bhAtabhAtanAM vastro paheravA lAgyA, ane khUba dArU vAparavA lAgyA. nAcaraMga, jalasA, ane mahephilane pAra na rahyo. Ama IMglenDamAM lakSmInI cheALa pharI vaLI, ane samRddhinI asarathI sAmAjika jIvanamAM pheraphAra thavA mAMDayA. 4. sAhitya TaTyuDarasamaya navajIvananA hatA. e yugamAM sAhityanI vasaMta kheDI. e jamAnAnA sAhityanA joTA maLavA muzkela che. navAM parAkrame, navAM sAhaseA, navI saphA, navI navI prajAnA saMsarga ane paricayane lIdhe aMgrejonuM jIvana samRddha thayuM, ane temanI kalpanA praphulla thaI. aMgrejI bhASAmAM suMdara

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1ra0 padyagraMtha lakhAyA. grIka ane leTina bhASAmAMthI anukaraNa thayAM, ane bAIbalanuM sarasa bhASAMtara thayuM. rojara eskAma, sara philipa siDanI, ane lIlI jevA pratibhAzALI lekhakee tejasvI ane suMdara gadya lakhANane pAye nAkhyo. hakara nAmanA lekhake prauDha zailImAM dhArmika carcAtmaka graMtha lakhyo. prasiddha philasupha lairDa bekane Adhunika vijJAnanI zodha karavAmAM kAma lAge evA anupama zAstrano graMtha lakhI 'padArthavidyAnA pitAnuM mAnabharyuM upanAma meLavyuM. tenA nibaMdhamAM tenI marmabhedI avalekanazakti, tIkSNa buddhi, ane vicArene yogya bhASAmAM raju karanArI tejasvI zailI mAlama paDI Ave che. A yuga khAsa karIne nATakone mATe prasiddha che. De. mArkoe pheMsTasa nAmanuM nATaka lakhI nAmanA meLavI, paNa 28 varSanI vaye te akALa mRtyu pAme. zekaspiyaranAM nATakonI jagatamAM jeDa nathI. tenA aneka nATakomAMthI konAM nAma gaNAvavAM ane kAnAM nahi e prazna che. manuSyasvabhAvanA khuNekhuNAmAM pharI vaLI teNe kalpanAsRSTinAM je pAtro nirmANa karyA che, te sajIva hoI ApaNI vacce pharatAM hoya ema lAge che. bIjo prasiddha nATakAra bena jensana hato. utaratI paMktinA asaMkhya nATayakAronAM nAma gaNavAno ahIM avazekaspiyara kAza nathI. A uparAMta nAnAM gItathI mAMDIne meTAM rUpake paNa A yugamAM lakhAyAM. kaviomAM pharI kavIna'nA lekhaka eDamaMDa spensaranuM nAma paheluM Ave che. - A uparAMta pravAsanAM varNano ane itihAsanA graMtho racAyA. navA dharmane pracAra karavA mATe racAelAM vyAkhyAnonA graMtha paNa pragaTa thayA. spenane harAvyA pachI aMgrejomAM rASTrIya abhimAna jAgyuM, ane temane pUrvajonAM parAkrame vAMcavAnI hoMsa thaI. zekaspiyare paNa keTalAMka aitihAsika

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17 nATakA racI A utsAhane khIlavavAmAM madadakarI paMdaramA saikAnA aMtamAM chApavAnI kaLAnI zodha thavAthI A graMthone lAkAmAM ghaNA pracAra thayA,, eTale lokajIvana upara sAhityanI prabaLa asara paDI. TaTyuDarAnA yuga IMglenDamAM meTA hatA. e yugamAM dezanI meATAI vadhI. henarI 8mAe velsa bheLavI daI pArlamenTamAM tenA pratinidhione besavAnI rajA ApI. AyarlenDa paNa uparAjya banI gayuM, ane lijhAbethanA maraNu pachI skoTalenDa bhaLyuM, eTale greTabriTananuM saMyukta rAjya thayuM. pratApI rAjakartAoe dezamAMthI avyavasthA ane arAjakatAnI jaDa ukheDI zAMti sthApI. spenanI jIta pachI aMgreja naukAsainyanI pratiSThA vadhI, ane dezamAM vepAra-udyoga vadhyA. A pramANe dezamAM ekatA sthapAyA pachI IMglenDe dhIre dhIre dariyApAranA mulakAmAM rAjya meLavI sAmrAjyavistAra karavA mAMDayA. e kALa saMkrAntinA hatA. madhyayuga gayA, ane arvAcIna yuga kheDA. daramiAna dharmAlayAmAM sudhArA thayA, rAjyavahIvaTamAM pheraphAra thayA, ane samAjanI navIna racanA thaI tejasvI rASTrIya sAhitya utpanna thayuM. sAthe sAthe duniyAbharamAM vepAra kheDAvA lAgyA. Ama jIvananA dareka aMgamAM navajIvana prasarI rahyuM, mATe te 'navayuga' gaNAya che. 1. zekaspicaranA iMglenDa mATenA udgArA tenAM nATakAmAM prasaMge prasaMge Ave che. This England never did, nor never shall Lie at The foot of a Conqueror. + + + This Earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, This Eden demi-paradise. + King John + + + This precious stone set in silver sea, This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. + Rechard II

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124 syuarTa vaMzavRkSa jemsa 1 ( I. sa. 1603-25 ) henarI cArlsa 1le ilijhAbetha [mRtyu 1612] (I. sa. 16rapa-49), lagna pelesTAInane pheDarika \ saoNphiyA. lagnaH cArlsa je jemsa 2 hevarane rANa -*(I. sa. 1660-85) (i. sa. 1685-89) jIje 1le merI ena lagnaH (I. sa. 1702-14) viliyama (I. sa. 1680-1702) \ i. sa. 1649-60 sudhI sinyasattAka rAjya.

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khaMDa 3jo : lokazAsananuM maMDANuM TuarTa vaMza [ I. sa. 1603-1714]

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126 TuarTa vaMza trIsa varSanA vigraha joDe madhyayugane aMta Avyo. khUnAmarakI ane khaTapaTathI prajA trAsI gaI hatI, ane dezamAM zAnti ane vyavasthA jhaMkhatI hatI. henarI ume ane tenA vaMzajoe kaDaka amala calAvyuM, ane temanI sAme thanAra lokone temaNe chUMdI nAkhyA, chatAM teo DAhyA ane catura - hatA; teo prajAnI rUkha jeIne vartatA. ene pariNAme seLamA saikAmAM eka navI bhAvanA janma pAmI. rAjAo prajAnAM vicAra ane vANImAM ektA ANe emAM temane kazI harakata na hatI. rAjAnI ANa mAnavI, ane dharma paNa rAjAnI IcchA pramANe pALavo evI sthiti AvI. kethelika pathIone dezanA zatru gaNavAmAM AvyA, ane myuriTane tarapha prajA tiraskAra darzAvatI. pariNAme ApaNe sarva ekaja prajA chIe, evI rASTrabhAvanA lekamAM janma pAmIH eTale ke prajAmAM AtmabhAna AvyuM. dharmasudhAraNAthI A bhAvanAne poSaNa maLyuM. rAjA karatAM Izvara mATe che, mATe jarUra paDe te rAjAnI sAme thavAmAM kaMI khoTuM nathI, ema mUriTana paMthIo mAnatA hatA. TayuDara vaMzanA aMtamAM dharmoddhAranA svAbhAvika phaLa rUpe dezamAM be bhAvanAo janma pAmI. tene khIlavavAne mATe dezamAM dUradarzI ane catura rAjAnI jarUra hatI. TuarTa rAjAomAM A kAryane mATe jarAe gyatA na hatI. teo dezakALane oLakhatA na hatA, dharmanI bAbatamAM udAra na hatA, temaja lokonI lAgaNI samajavAnI paravA rAkhatA nahotA. rAjAne te rAjya karavAne daivI haka che, ema mAnI teo A akhatyAra ane bInajavAbadAra amalanA himAyatI banyA. TayuDaranI peThe vartanAra TuarTa rAjAomAM TayuDaranI caturAI na hatI. have samaya badalAI gayo hato. pariNAme rAjA-prajA vacce virodha jAo. Akhare moTo prazna ubho thayo ke dezamAM rAjakartA koNa? rAjA ke prajA? TuarTa amalamAM dhArmika ane rAjadvArI svAtaMtryane jhaghaDo cAlyo, jenuM pariNAma tame A khaMDane aMte joze.

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prakaraNa 1luM enuerueten jemsa 1le ? i. sa. 1603-25 IzvarI hakaH dalijhAbethanA maraNa pachI eMTa lekenI nAmacIna rANI merIne putra jemsa gAdIe Avyo. teNe greTa briTana ane AyarlanDanA saMyukta rAjyanA rAjAnuM abhimAnadarzaka pada dhAraNa karyuM. jemsa vidvAna, buddhizALI, ane ramujI hato, paNa ahaMbhAva ane mamatAthI tenA guNo TaMkAI gayA. te prajAmAM hAsyapAtra thaI paDe; ane jyAre teNe pitAnAmAM rAjya calAvavAnI asAdhAraNa zakti che ema kahevA mAMDayuMtyAre te lekanA tiraskAranI sImA na rahI. kayAM TayuDara vaMzanA bhavya, gauravazALI, ane damAmadAra rAjakartAo, ane kayAM anADI, patarAkhora, mithyAbhimAnI, ane kadarUpa rAjA jemsa ? jemsa evo bIkaNa hato, ke ughADI taravAra joIne te tharathara dhrujI jato. jemsa 1. pitAne mUrkha mAnItAothI doravAI jaI teNe nANuno durupayoga karavA mAMDayo. je samaye dezanA loko saceta thaI potAnA hake saMbhALavA maMDI gayA hatA, ane pArlAmenTa potAnI sattA daDha karavA mathatI hatI, te samaye dezakALanA ajJAnI jemsane TayuDaranI peThe Apakhuda amala calAva hatA. te ane tenA vaMzajo ema mAnatA, ke Izvare amane rAjya karavAne haka Ape che, eTale amane koI pUchanAra nathI; arthAta prajAe rAjAnI marajI

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StA pramANe cAlavuM joIe. vaLI rAja te dezanA kAyadAthI paNa para che; matalaba ke dhAre te te kAyado teDI zake yA pheravI zake. jo ke jemsane amala TayuDare karatAM vadhAre Apakhuda na hata; paraMtu TayuDaro catura hoI dezakALane oLakhI prajAnI rUkha jaIne vartatA. ethI ulaTuM TuarTomAM meTI khoDa e hatI, ke teo lekenI paravA karatA nahi, ane sattAnA garvamAM madonmatta banI svachaMde vartatA. * dhArmika kalahaka jemsa gAdIe Avyo, tyAre dezamAM traNa pakSa hatA (1) IlijhAbethe sthApelA svarUpanA preTesTanTa-episkepala, (2) kethalika paMthIo, ane (3) myuriTana leke. ilijhAbethe dhArmika jhagaDAno aMta ANyo hato. paNa tethI kethalika ane yUriTanone saMtoSa thaye na hatuM. jemsa gAdIe Avyo, tyAre traNe pakSanA manamAM ema thayuM, ke rAjA amArA pakSa karaze. yUriTane dhAratA hatA ke preaiTiriyana dharmanA vAtAvaraNamAM ucharele rAjA amArI vahAra karaze. temaNe upAsanAvidhi sAdI karavAnI rAjAne araja karI. A takarAranuM samAdhAna karavA rAjAe hepTana korTanA mahelamAM dharmaguruonI sabhA bolAvI, paraMtu A sabhAnuM kaMI pariNAma AvyuM nahi. ulaTuM rAjAe te episkepala paMtha pratye pitAnuM valaNa batAvyuM, eTale myuriTane nArAja thayA. thoDA vakhatamAM 300 myuriTana pAdarIone rajA ApavAmAM AvI. paraMtu e sabhAnuM eka zubha phaLa AvyuM; dharmanI takarAronuM nirAkaraNa karavA mATe bAIbalanI jarUra paDI, eTale tene anuvAda karavAmAM Avyo. agAunA anuvAdo karatAM A anuvAda ghaNe zuddha hatA. yUriTana pAdarIo bhaktasamAja pAse bAIbalane upadeza vAMcatA, ane leke hoMze hoMse te sAMbhaLatA. A pachI Azare 200 varSa sudhI bAIbalanuM bhASAMtara kapriya pustaka gaNAyuM; kheDutonA gharamAM paNa bIjuM kaMI nahi, to paNa bAIbala te heyaja. gAdIe AvatA pahelAM jemsa kethalikane kaMIka rAhata ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM hatuM. AthI zarUAtamAM jemsa kaMIka naramAza batAvI, paNa pAchaLathI pArlamenTanA dabANathI tene sakhatAI karavI paDI. *

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19 pArlamenTane uDADI mUkavAnuM kAvatarUM keTalAka asaMtoSI kethelikAe evA kheta racce, ke pArlamenTanI nIcenA bhAMtharAmAM dArU bharI saLagAvI mUkavA, ane rAjA ane pArlamenTanA sabhyonA sAmaTA ghANa kADhI nAkhavA. temaNe pArlamenTanI pADAzamAM ghara bhADe rAkhyuM, ane tyAMthI suraMga khodI pArlamenTanA makAna nIcenA bhAMyarAmAM dArU bharyuM. temA saMketa eveA hateA, ke i. sa. 1605nA navembaranI pAMcamI tArIkhe rAjA pArlamenTa khullI mUkavA Ave, tyAre aMdaranA dArU saLagAvI devA. paraMtu 10 divasa bAkI rahyA, tyAre eka kAvatarAkhore peAtAnA mitrane patra lakhI cetavaNI ApI, ke tame pAMcamI navembare pArlamenTamAM hAjara na raheze; kemake pArlamenTa para gebI Aphata AvI paDavAnI che. A mANasa patra laI pradhAna pAse dADayA, pradhAna rAjA pAse gayA, ane rAjAe bhAMyarAM tapAsavAnA hukama karyAM. aMte gAI phIkasa nAme eka tarakaTI pakaDAyA, ane tene phAMsIe laTakAvavAmAM AvyuM. Ane lIdhe dezamAM ketholikA viruddha sakhata lAgaNI phelAI. pariNAme keTalAMka varSa sudhI ketheAlikA para julama gujAravAmAM AvyuM. :: jemsa ane pArlamenTa : rAjAnA IzvarI hakane mAnanArA jemsa pArTImenTathI svataMtra rahevA prayatna kare temAM zI navAI ? jemsane ane pArthamenTane kAyamano virodha rahyo. pahelIja pArlamenTanA nimaMtraNapatramAM jemse jaNAvyuM, ke rAjAnI kRpAthI lokAne rAjyavahIvaTamAM bhAga maLe che, mATe tamAre sarvee amuka matanA pratinidhie mekalavA. paraMtu pArlamenTa peAtAnI sattA TakAvI rAkhavAne nizcaya karyo, ane rAjAne sApha jaNAvI dIdhuM, ke IMglenDamAM pArlamenTanI saMmati vinA rAjA rAjya karI zakatA nathI, ane tamane kAI e khIndre kaMI kahyuM hoya teA mAtra bharamAvyA che. ema chatAM takarAranI zarUAta thai, eTale pArlamenTa rAjAne mAMmAgyAM nANAM zI rIte Ape? paraMtu rAjAe pahelAMnA dAkhalA laIne jakAta vadhAravA mAMDI, ane khuzAmatI nyAyAdhIzAe rAjAnuM kArya kAyadesara TharAvyuM. pariNAme pArlamenTe rAjA joDe bIjI rIte samAdhAna karavAnA prayatna karyAM, paraMtu kazuM vaLyuM nahi. e pachI i. sa. 1610mAM pArlamenTa visarjana thaI. paraMtu uDAu rAjA nANAM vinA zuM kare ? eka bAjue pArlamenTanI maMjurI vinA 9

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130 nAkhelI jakAta ApavA loko khuzI na hatA, ane cha tarapha nANAMbhIDa pAtI hatI, eTale I. sa. 1614mAM bIjI pArlamenTa chellAvavAmAM AvI, ane temAM keTalAka hajurIAoe viSTi karavAnuM mAthe lIdhuM. paraMtu pArlamenTa te peAtAnA hakane mATe mamate caDI hatI, eTale jakAtane saMtaSakAraka nirNaya pta thAya, tyAM sudhI rAjane nANAM ApavAnI cokakhI nA pADI. rAjA ciDAye te chatAM pArlamenTa eka paNa kAyadA pasAra karyAM vinA visarjana thaI. pachI jemse pArlamenTa vinA rAjya calAvavAne nizcaya karyAM. teNe "jAta vadhAre nAkhI, chatAM tenuM pUruM thatuM nahAtuM. amaladArAe leAkA pAsethI uchInAM nANAM mAgavA mAMDayAM, ane je na Ape tenA para baLAtkAra karavA mAMDayA. vaLI nANAM ugharAvavAmAM sTAra cembara kArTano upayoga thavA lAgyA. jemsanA khuzAmatIA nyAyAdhIzeA rAjAnI marajI pramANe nyAya ApavA lAgyA, eTale dezamAM peAkAra bace. jemse khitAkheAnI paNa harAjI karavA gAMDI. je mAMmAgyAM nANAM Ape, te game tevA halakA hAya, tApaNa tene amIra banAvavAmAM AvatA. teNe IzvarA AyIne paNa meTI rakama levA mAMDI. rAjA ane tene darabAra pravAse nIkaLe, tyAre leAkAe temanI khAdhAkhArAkI ane sagavaDa pUrAM pADavAM evA hukama karavAmAM AvyA. uparAMta "je amIrIza bALa vArasa mUkI maMrI jAya temanA vAlI tarIke teNe khAnadAna kanyAonA chaDeceAka vikraya karIne naTa rIte nANAM meLavavA mAMDyAM. pariNAme uAmAnya prajA ane amIravarga sarva dhuMdhavAI gayA. adhurAmAM pUruM jemse nyAyAdhIza para ApakhudI calAvavA mAMDI. teNe nyAyAdhIzeAne dhamakAvI kahyuM, ke mArI marajI pramANe nyAya thavA joIe, tyAre ekAda nyAyAdhIze javAba ApyA, ke ApanA hukama pramANe nahi, paNa kAyadA pramANe kAma thaze. krodhAMdha jemse khelanArane tarataja rajA ApI, ane lArDa bekanane mukhya nyAyAdhIza banAvyA. i. sa. 1614mAM e mAsa gyAlelI pArlamenTa Ada karIe, te dasa varSa (16-11-21 ) sudhI dezamAM pArlamenTanI saMmati vinA julamI amala cAlyA. jemsanAnmAnItAH jemsa peAtAnA nAlAyaka ane svacchaMdI mAnItAnI * salAha pramANe dezamAM rAjya calAvatA hatA. zarUAtanAM nava varSa :

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31 - hai belanA putra sesilanI sahAyathI rAjyavahIvaTa saMtoSakAraka cAlyo. sesila rAjanItimAM nipuNa catura ane dIrdhadarzI hatA, ane te vahIvaTI AvaData dharAvanAra jamInadAra hatA. tenA maraNa pachI robarTa kAra upara - rAjAnI amIdaSTi thaI. te namAla hato ane tenAmAM kAmanI AvaDataja na hatI, chatAM rAjyamAM te kartAhartA thaI paDayo. teNe ane tenI patnIe aMtaramaMtara ane jhera devAnA prayoga karavA mAMDyA, paNa rAjAe tene dehAMtadaMDanI sajAmAMthI ugArI lIdho. te pachI jyorja viliyarsa nAmane phAMkaDa juvAna jemsanA manamAM vasI gaye. rAjAe tene bakiMgahAmane ThAkara banAvyuM. te sarvasattAdhIza thaI paDyo, ane phAve tema vartavA lAgyo. tenAM durAcaraNa ka udhADAM paDI jatAM. tema chatAM tene keI kahI zakatuM nahi. jemsano darabAra mIca, viSayI, uDAu, ane anItimAna banI gaye, ane lakhalUTa dravyano "apavyaya thavA lAge. bakiMgahAmamAM na hatI musaddIgIrI, ke na hatI Avata; te te jeTalI meja uDAvI levAya teTalI kharI, evA vicAra dharAvato hato. - paradezI rAjanItiH jemsane mata e hato ke paradezI laDAIemAM mAthuM mAravuM nahi. laDAI mATe joItAM nANAM ApavAnI vAta pArlamenTanA hAthamAM rahI, ane IzvarI hakane mAnanAre rAjA raiyata pAse lAcArI karavA jAya ema kema bane ? jese prathama spena jeDe salAha karI. pachI ethI AgaLa vadhIne pitAnA putra cArlsanAM lagna spenanI rAjaputrI joDe karavAnI goThavaNa karavA mAMDI. lekone A vAta na gamI. prajAnA manamAM ema - hatuM, ke yuvarAja keAI proTesTanTa kanyA joDe paraNe to sAruM. paraMtu meTI paherAmaNInI AzA uparAMta jemsanA manamAM kaMIka evI khumArI hatI, ke TesTanTa ane kethalika dezo vacce saMdhi karIne yuropamAM huM zAti ANI zakIza. pAlamenTane virodha hovA chatAM bAra varSa sudhI lagnanI khaTapaTa cAlu rahI; ane spenane rAjI rAkhavA sara vaeNlTara relInuM balidAna apAyuM. sara vaiolTara relI eka mahAna zodhaka hatA. tenA para rAjanI viruddha eka kAvatarAmAM sAmela hovAnuM ALa mUkI tene kedamAM pUravAmAM Avyo. teNe tera varSa kArAvAsamAM gALyAM, te chatAM tenA manamAM ema hatuM, ke dakSiNuM amerikAmAM eka senAnI khANa che te zodhI kADhavI. AthI dravyabhI

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13ra jemsa tene javAnI rajA ApI, paraMtu dhamakI ApI ke koI paNa kAraNasara peniorDo joDe virodhamAM AvavuM nahi. relIne mATe AvI AjJA pALavAnuM azakya hatuM, chatAM teno bhaMga kasvAne nizcaya karIne ja te saphare nIkaLe. tene senAnI khANa to na maLI, paNa speniADe joDe laDAI thaI. spenanA rAjAe jemsa pAse phariyAda karI, eTale nirbaLa mananA rAjAe spenanA rAjAne khuzI karavAnI AzAe relI upara rAjadrohano Aropa mUkI teno vadha karAvyo, I. sa. 1618. ja lokasattAnI vRddhi daramiAna jarmanImAM proTesTanTo ane ketholika vacce yuddha thayuM. prajAnA manamAM ema hatuM, ke rAjAe proTesTanTa pakSane madada ApavI joIe. ethI rAjAe nANAMnI madada mATe pArlamenTa bolAvI, I. sa. 1621. pArlamenTa rAjAnI vIra vANI sAMbhaLI nANuM ApavA taiyAra thaI. paraMtu rAjAno utsAha nAmano ja hato. pena joDe sagapaNa thatAM A yuddhano aMta samajAvaTathI lAvI zakAze, evo jemsano aMtargata abhiprAya hatA. leke cetI gayA ke badhI vAte nANAM kaDhAvavAnI che; eTale roSe bharAIne temaNe dasa varSanA geraamalanI jhATakaNI kADhI. temaNe IjArA ApavAnI, jakAta levAnI, ane geravAjabI karo levAnI rUDhi baMdha karavAnI rAjAne pharaja pADI. pachI spena joDe laDAI karavAnI mAgaNI karI ane yuvarAjane koI proTesTanTa kanyA joDe vivAha karavAno Agraha karyo. te sAthe lAMcIA amaladArane TapoTapa zikSA karavA mAMDI. prasiddha philasupha ane vidvAna nyAyamaMtrI sara phrAnsisa bekana jevA rAjadvArI nara upara lAMca levAnuM tahomata AvyuM, ane tene daMDa karI tene kArAgRhamAM pUravAmAM Avyo. eka romana kethalika pelesTAInanA rANanI yuddhamAM hAra thavAnuM sAMbhaLI tene viSe kaMIka bolyo, te uparathI pArlamenTe tene keraDA marAvyA, jIbhamAM sAra paDAvyAM, ane kAnamAM khIlIo khAvI. spena joDe saMdhi karavAthI lAbha - 1. A yuddhane paNa trIsa varSano vigraha kahe che. jesano jamAI pelesTAInane kreDarika peTesTanTa pakSano nAyaka hato. lokamatanuM je joIne jemsa thoDuM sainya - jamAInI vahAre me kahyuM te kharuM, paNa kaMI vaLyuM nahi. e . .

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133 - che evuM sajAe samajAvyuM, te chatAM lekIe te gaNakAryuM nahi. ethI ulaTuM lekee haTha pakaDI tyAre rAjAe kahyuM ke tame rAjyanAM rahasya zI rIte samaje ?. tamAre paradezI mAmalAmAM vacce paDavAnI jarUra nathI. pariNAme loko sAmA thayA ane pArlamenTe TharAva karyo. ke prajAhitanAM kAryo saMbaMdhI vicAra karI nirNaya karavAno haka A sabhAno che. AthI rAjA krodhe bharAye; teNe pArlamenTanuM daphatara maMgAvI A TharAvanAM pAnAM phADI nAkhyAM ane keTalAka AgevAne (keka, pIma, selDana ityAdi)ne baMdIkhAne nAkhyA, I. sa. 1622. - jemsanI pAse koI zANe maMtrI nahote. teNe yuvarAja ane bakiMga hAmane svayaMvara-lagna karavA pena mokalyA. paraMtu penane rAjA ke tenuM maMtrImaMDaLa A lagna icchatA nahotA; mAtra rAjadvArI svArtha sAdhavA temaNe jemsane AzAmAM rAkhyA hatA. kuMvarIne joIne cArlsane meha thayo, paNa kuMvarIne vara pasaMda paDaze nahi. bakiMgahAme pitAnI jAta parakhAvIH teNe bane teTalA speniADene dubhavyA. spenane rAjA game te sarata kare tenI mUrNa cArlsa hA bhaNe, chatAM kaMI vaLyuM nahi. cArlsa ane bakiMgahAma vile e pAchA AvyA. cArlsano moha uDI gayo ane apamAnano badalo levA teNe jAhera karyuM ke spena joDe laDAI karavI joIe. spenanI jaMjIramAMthI choDAvanAra yuvarAjane lokoe jayajayakAra pikAryo. rAjA zuM kare ? jemsanI chellI pArlamenTa maLI, I. sa. 1624. teNe rAjAne moMmAgyAM nANAM ApyAM. laDAInI taiyArIo thaI, ane Azare 12,000 mANasanuM jevuM tevuM lazkara peTesTanTa lokone spenanI viruddha madada karavA mATe mekalavAmAM AvyuM. tAlIma vinAnA sipAIo phAvyA nahi, ane temano ghaNokhare bhAga TADha, bhUkha ane rogathI nAza pAmyo. aMgrejonA apamAnanI parAkASTA AvI gaI. daramiAna dArU ane vilAsathI jarjarita thaele jemsa sATha varSanI vaye nirAzA, zoka, ane niSphaLatAthI khinna thaI maraNa pAme. - samAlocanA: jemsanuM rAjya keTalIka rIte agatyanuM che. tenA samaya mAM keTalAka aMgrajo kAyamane mATe vesTa InDijhamAM jaI vasyA. ane yUriTae uttara amerikAnAM saMsthAne pa nAkhyuM. rAjAe AyalenDanA

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134 asTara paragaNAmAM eMTI saMsthAnIone vasAvyA. i. sa. 1600mAM ApAelI Igliza IsTa InDiA kyunie hiMdaM joDe pitAne vepAra khIlavavA mAMDyo. paraMtu dezanA vikAsamAM jemsanI rAjanItie khAsa bhAga bhajavyo nathI. tenA Apakhuda amalane aMte rAjA prajA vacce aMtara vadhyuM rAjAnA darabAranI anItithI prajAmAM tene vakkara ghaTI gaye. tenA darabAstrI behada badalIthI prajAne aMtarAtmA kakaLI uThe. TayuDaranI peThe rAjya calAvavA icchatA jemsamAM temanI AvaData, kAbeliyata, dIrdhadaSTi, ke manoaLa kaMI na hatuM. jo ke tenI yojanAo caturAI bharelI hatI, paraMtu mamatAnA AvezamAM prajAne zuM priya thaze te jovAnI tenAmAM zakti na hatI; eTale tenuM rAjya niSphaLa gayuM. tenAmAM vidvattA hovA chatAM te anubhavanA bodhapATha zIkhe nahi. ethI karIne ja tenA eka samAlIne tene " The wisest fool in Christendom" kahIne tenA guNadoSanuM yathAyogya. nirapaNa karyuM che. prakaraNa rajU cArlsa 1le I. sa. 16rapa-1649 A cArlsanA guNadoSa taraNa cArlsa 25 varSanI vaye gAdIe Avyo, tyAre prajAe tene harakhabhera AvakAra Apyo. tenuM bhavya ane kadAvara zarIra, pratApI ane gaMbhIra mukhamudrA, zAMta svabhAva, vidyAkaLA para prIti, ane gauravazIla rItabhAtane lIdhe teNe tenAM mana harI lIdhAM tenuM khAnagI jIvana tadana niSkalaMka hatuM. te snehALa pitA hato. paraMtu pitAnI peThe rAjAnA IzvarI hakane mAnatAM zIkhyo hate. rAjAo bhUla kareja nahi, temanI sattA aparimita hovI joIe. ane dezamAM rAjasattAja sarvopari hoI zake, evI daDha saMskAre tenA mana para paDI gayA hatA, ane tene AcAramAM mUkavA mATe te Atura hatA tenAmAM bIje mATe deNa vacana bhagate has

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135 rAjAne vaLI vacana kevAM ? enI icchAmAM Ave tyAM sudhI te pALe, tenA jIvanamAM kuTilatA dhaNI hatI. svArtha khAtara kapaTa karavAmAM tene khATuM lAvuM. nahi. tenAthI viruddha vartanAra - pratye te sakhatAIthI vartatA. te pitAnI peThe custa epikApala-paMthI hatA, ane pyUriTanAne khUba dhikkAratA. tenAmAM manuSyanI parIkSA kavAnI zakti na hatI. jemsanI peThe cArlsa paNa kALanA pravAhane jANI zakaye niha. cArlsanI pahelI pArlemenTa: spenanI joDe yuddha calAvavA mATe rAjAne nANAMnI jarUra paDI, eTale teNe i. sa. 1625mAM pArlamenTa elAvI. paraMtu pyuriTana pakSa oramAM hatA, ane cArlsa 19. rAjAe potAnuM pota prakAzyuM hatuM, eTale virAdhanI zarUAta thaI. yuddha calAvavAne mATe 1,40,000 paunDa maMjura karavAmAM AvyA, paNa prathama ApelAM nANAMne hisAba mAgavAmAM AvyA. atyAra sudhI rAjA gAdIe Ave, eTale tene amuka jakAta udhana rAvavAnA haka jIvana paryaMta ApavAmAM AvatA. paraMtu A pArlamenTe Ave haka eka varSa mATe ApyA, ane rAjAne garajAu banAvavA mAMDayeA. AthI rAjAne kAM te leAkeAnI icchAnusAra rAjya karavuM paDe, ane kAM te dezanA kAyadAnA bhaMga karavA paDe, cArlse pArlamenTa visarjana karI, ane spena joDe 1. A jakAta Tunnage ane Poundage kahevAtI. dareka baMdare AvatA dArUnA dara Tana dITha 1 thI 3 ziliMga sudhI, ane AvatA jatA mAlanA dara pAunDa dITha ardhAthI eka ziliMga sudhI jakAta levAtI, ane te rAntane `maLatI

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136 ekale hAthe yuddha karavAno nizcaya karyo. teNe loko pAsethI baLAtkAre nANAM udharAvavA mAMDyAM. pachI eka kAphalo spena tarapha mokalavAmAM Avyo, paraMtu A badhe bahArano ThATha hata; lazkaramAM I jhA rAma na hatA, ane tene mATe nANane, khAvApIvAna, ke paheravAoDhavAne baMdobasta paNa na hato. jema tema karIne A lazkara keDijha baMdare pahoMcyuM. bakiMgahAmano vicAra keDijha lUMTI levAnuM hatuM, paNa tenI murAda manamAM rahI gaI; A lazkara keDijhanI pADozamAM Ama tema pharIne dezamAM pAchuM AvyuM. - bIjI pArlamenTa I. sa. 16 26. cArlsa pArlamenTa barakhAsta karI, paNa tene nANuMnI jarUra paDI. teNe rAjanuM jhaverAta gharANe mUkyuM, leka pAsethI baLAtkAre nANAM lIdhAM ane lena kADhI; chatAM pUratAM nANAM maLyAM nahi, eTale bIjI pArlamenTa bolAvavI paDI. cArlsa keTalAka junA sabhyone zerIphara banAvyA, chatAM navA sabhAsada tarIke paNa custa yUriTanA AvyA. teo rAjAne joItAM nANAM ApavA taiyAra na hatA, ane bakiMgahAmathI leko kaMTALI gayA hatA, eTale nANAM ApavAne badale bakiMgahAma para kAma calAvavAnI vAto karavA lAgyA. bakiMgahAma para lAMcano ane geraamalane Arepa mUkavAmAM Avyo. AthI rAjA khUba khIjavAya. teNe sara jhona iliyaTa nAmanA zUrA ane nIDara dezabhakta ane bIjA nAyakone baMdIkhAne nAkhyA. pArTamenTe temane choDI mUkavAnI mAgaNI karI; sabhyoe kahyuM ke temanA chuTA thayA vinA ame kazuM kAma karavAnA nathI, eTale temane choDI devAnI rAjAne pharaja paDI. pArlamenTa bakiMgahAma paranI phariyAdano nikAla thatA sudhI nANuM ApavAnI cakakhI nA pADI, eTale rAjAe pArlAmenTa barakhAsta karI. - rAjAnI ApakhudIH cArlsa nANuM meLavavA navA rastA zodhyA. teNe leko pAsethI baLAtkAre uchInAM nANAM levA mAMDayAM, ane nANAM meLa 2. There was a fleet that went to Spain, ... When it got there, it came back again. 2. zarIphathI pArlamenTanA sabhya thavAtuM nahi

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37 vavA amaladArone paragaNAMmAM mekalyA. sau jANatA hatA, ke rAjA A karaja pAchuM vALavAno nathI. uparAMta sAdhAraNa mANasone lazkaramAM joDAvAnI pharaja. pADavAmAM AvI, ane sipAIone khAvApIvAne baMdobasta lekee karI Apa e hukama kADhayo. lokone khuzI karI jaza khATI javAnA hetuthI bakiMgahAme phrAnsa joDe laDAI calAvI, paNa teno dhArele dAva niSphaLa gayo; ulaTuM parAjayanI bhoMThapathI prajAnA krodhAgnimAM ghI reDAyuM. rAjAnI ApakhudIne sumAra na rahyo. teNe zAMtinA samayamAM lazkarI kAyade jAhera karI lekane baMdIkhAne nAkhavA mAMDayA. hA jI hA karanArA nyAyAdhIze rAjAnA kAmane vAjabI TharAvatA, ane Apakhuda amalamAM sahAyarUpa banatA. ethI lekane lAgyuM ke kAyadAnI rUe paNa teo rakSaNa meLavI zake tema nathI. I. sa. 1628mAM trIjI pArlamenTa maLI. paNa temAM cUMTAelA sabhya aDaga ane nirbhaya hatA. sara jana IliyaTa ane pime kharaDo ghaDI kADhyA ane tene rAjA maMjura na kare, tyAM sudhI nANAM ApavAnI cokakhI nA pADI. A kAyadAne "hakanI arajI" (Petition of Right) kahevAmAM Ave che. AmAM rAjA pAse cAra mAgaNIo karavAmAM AvI. 1. pArlamenTanI saMmati vinA rAjAe koInI pAsethI baLAtkAranANAM levAMnahi. 2. kaMI paNa kAraNa batAvyA vinA koIne kedamAM nAkhavo nahi. 3. zAMtinA samayamAM lazkarI kAyado dAkhala kare nahi. 4. sipAIone khavaDAvavA mATe khAnagI AsAmIone pharaja pADavI nahi. A mAgaNIo maMjura karavAthI cArsanuM karyuMkAravyuM dhULamAM jAya ema hatuM, paNa atyAre bIjo upAya na hate. laDAI ane uDAu kharcIne be eTale badhe hatuM, ke rAjAne A arajImAM sahI karavI paDI. jo ke nyAyAdhIzoe rAjAne samajAvyo hato, ke A arajImAM sahI karyAthI kaI paNa prakAranuM baMdhana naDatuM nathI, paraMtu A hakapatrikAmAM rAjAnI sahI thavAthI lekene AnaMda thayo. umarAvonI sabhAmAM rAjAnI sahI karyAnI vAta jAhera thaI, tyAre sabhyoe harSanAda karyo, AkhA dezamAM e khabara phelAtAM lokoe

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13 ujANI karI: paraMtu ceDA samayamAM rAnanIH manevRtti prakaTa thaI. tene te nANAM joItAM hatAM. nANuAM maLyAM eTale vacana pALavAnI darakAra nahotI.1armiMgahAmanuM khUnaH I. sa. 1628. A varSamAM eka aNudhA banAva banyA. bakiMgahAme phrAnsa para bIjI caDAInI taiyArI karavA mAMDI, ane lazkarane ravAnA karavA te pArTasmatha gaye. tyAM phelTana nAmanA lazkarI amaladArane kaMIka anyAya thayA, eTale teNe akiMgahAma para vera levAnA nizcaya karyAM. teNe lAga joI ne armiMgahAmanI chAtImAM khaMjara bhAMkI tene prANu lIdhA. tenA para kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM, tyAre teNe kahyuM ke bakiMgahAmane dezane zatru jANIne meM mAryAM che. bakiMgahAmanA mRtyuthI pArlamenTa ane cArlsa vaccenI takarAranuM moTuM kAraNa dUra thayuM, chatAM cArlsanA mArga jeve ne tevAja hatA. ' hakanI arajI 'mAM sahI karyA chatAM te pramANe vartavAnA tene vicAra nahAtA. teNe pArlamenTe manA karelI jakAtA ugharAvavA mAMDI, ane je nA pADe ke sAmA thAya temane baMdIkhAne meAkalavA mAMDayA.. pArlamenTe rAjAnAM geravAjI kAmeA sAme sakhata virAdha uDAvyeA. te samaye dharmakhAtAmAM thatA keTalAka pheraphArA pArlamenTane pasaMda na hatA, tethI evA TharAva Avyo ke jeo dhArmika vahIvaTamAM sudhArA kare, ane vadhArAnI jakAta udharAve ke Ape, te sarva dezanA zatru che. pramukhe kahyuM ke rAjAtA hukama thayA che ke sabhA barakhAsta karavI." paraMtu keTalAka sabhyoe sabhAgRhanAM bAraNAM vAsI dIdhAM; e sabhyoe pramukhanAM jhabhbho pakaDI tene khurasI para besADI rAkhyA, ane sabhAnuM kAma AgaLa cAlyuM. A sAMbhaLI krodhAMdha rAjAe pArlamenTa visarjana karI, ane iliyaTa vagere AgevAnane kedamAM nAkhyA, i. sa. 1629. sTrerDaH i. sa. 162thI 1640 sudhI rAjAe pArlamenTa vinA Apakhuda amala calAvyA. teneA mukhya salAhakAra TAmasa paeNnTavartha nAmanA eka samartha ane buddhizALI puruSa hatA. te mahecchu, dhIra, zUrA, hiMmatavAna, capaLa, ane acchA vaktA hatA, paNa te krUra ane abhimAnI hatA. zarUAtamAM te lakrenA pakSamAM hatA tyAre rAjAne aLakhAmaNA thaI paDayA << 1. pArlamenTe bakiMgahAma para Aropa mUkyA tyAre rAjAe kahyuM, "huM mArA uMcA adhikAALA ane nikaTanA ne saMbaMdhI sabhyane carcA calAvavA daIza nahi ""

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13 ' hatA, paNa bakiMgahAmanA maraNa pachI rAjAe tene khelAvI lIeN. tema junA mitre tenI AvI vartaNukathI gusse thayA, ane temaNe kahyuM ke "tuM ayane cheDIne jAya che, paNa tArA dhaDa para mAthuM haze tyAM sudhI ame tane cheDanAra nathI." rAjAe tene arla Av sTrepharDa banAvI pahelAM IMglenDanA uttara bhAgane, ane pachI AyarlaeNnDanA uparI nImyA. tenA amala daramaAna vepAra vadhyuM, eTale leAkeAnI AbAdI vadhI; paraMtu teNe kaDaka amala calAvI leAkeAnI svataMtratA chInavI lIdhI, ane peAtAnI icchA mujaba vahIvaTa calAvyeA. tenI icchA dezanI adAlatAnI svataMtratA chInavI laI te, ane lokaiAnI svataMtratA para kApa mUkIne cArlsane svataMtra rAjA banAvavAnI hatI. A icchA pAra pADavA mATe teNe bahAlI lazkara rAkhyuM, ane rAjAnI icchA pramANe vartavAnI lAkAte pharaja pADI. AyarlenDamAM teNe AvuM lazkara ubhuM karIne prajAnI viruddha tene upayoga karavAnI salAha cArlsane ApI. lADa: viliyama lADa laMDananA dharmAdhyakSa hatA. te sattAnA bhUkhyA hatA, ane dharmakhAtAnA vahIvaTa tenA hAthamAM hatA. te paMDita hatA, paNa sAMkaDA vicAratA hatA. te pyUriTanAnA kaTTo vidhI ane rAjAnA Izvaradatta hukane mAnanArA hatA. te AgrahI, utsAhI, ane capaLa hatA, paNa tene khIjAnAM kAmeAmAM DakhalagIrI karavAnA zokha hatA. sTrepharDanI peThe dhArmika viSaye mAM ekatA ANavAne tene manasukheA hateA. tenA dhArmika vicArA ketholika matane vadhAre maLatA hatA. teNe te paMthanI aneka vidhie episkApala paMcamAM dAkhala karI, eTale pyUriTanAe pokAra uThAvyA. teNe sTAra cembara kArTa ane hAI kamizana kAryanI madadathI nAnA meTAnA bheda rAkhyA vinA episkApala paMthanA virodhIone daMDavA mAMDyA. cArlsanA rAjyArAhaNa pahelAM A amaladAreAnI sattA maryAdita hatI, paNa tenA Apakhuda amalamAM amaladArAe leAkeAne mAra mArIne kedamAM mekalavA mAMDyA.ra paraMtu daMDAelA `ke sajA 1. A yojanAne 'Thorough' kahevAmAM Ave che. 2. skrITa DaoNkTara lITanane dIkSite (Bishops) viruddha lakhANa karavA badala kAMna kApI kAraDA mAravAnI sajA karI. prIne nATkA viruddha lakhANa kareluM, tethI sTAra : cembara kADhe tene heDamAM naMkhAvI kAna pAkkI nAkhyA

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140 pAmelA lAkA pratye prajAnI sahAnubhUti vadhatI gaI, ane rAjA pratye virAdha uMDA jatA gayA. jemsa 1lAnA samayathI aneka zradghALu lekA paradeza javA lAgyA hatA, ane lADanA kaDaka amalamAM aneka bhaktizrA pyUriTanA uttara amerikAmAM vasavATa karavA cAlyA gayA. gaoN 1 '' - pArlamenTa vinAnuM rAjyaH I. sa. 1629-1640. rAjAe vaphAdAra sevakaiAnI salAha pramANe cAlIne pArlamenTa kheAlAvI nahiM, paNa nANAMnI garaja e!chI thAya e hetuthI phrAnsa joDe saMdhi karI. daramiAna rAjAe amIrA, vepArIo, madhyama varganA leAkeA, ane garIkhe-sarvane sarakhI rIte raMjADavA mAMDayA. jaMgalanA junA kAyadA kADhI tame sarakArI jamIna pacAvI pADI che" ema kahI leAkeA pAsethI bhAre daMDa vasula karyA. cUDala dhArAne sajIvana karI mANasA pAsethI lazkarI karI ane tema nahi te tenA badalAne daMDa mAgavA mAMDayA. uparAMta keTalAka kALathI baMdha paDelA vahANaverA zarU karyAM. zarUAtamAM leAkeAe jANyuM ke cAMcIAne bhaya TALavA mATe A kara nAkhavAmAM AvyA che. paraMtu i. sa. 1635mAM cArlse baMdarA uparAMta badhAM gAmeA pAsethI e kara levAnA hukama karyAM. i. sa. 1637mAM jajhAna hempaDana nAmanA gRhasthane 20 ziliMgane vahANaverA bharavAnA AvyA, paNa teNe e kara ApavAnI nA pADI. hempaDana AvI nAnI rakama ApI zake ema hatuM, paNa teNe teA hakanI laData upADI. te laMDananI adAlata sudhI laDayA. bAra nyAyAdhIzAmAMthI sAta nyAyAdhIzoe harAvyuM ke rAjAne game te rIte ane game te vakhate kara nAkhavAnI sattA che; paNa bAkInA pAMce heDananA lAbhamAM cukAdo ApyA. jo ke bahumatIe hempaDana hAryAM, paNa leAkAnI khAtarI thaI ke A vere kevaLa anyAyI che. leAkeA asaMtASathI A ve jhAna hempaDana

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bharatA cATarsane pArlamenTa bolAvavAnI jarUra paDI na heta, te Ama ne Ama rAjyanuM gADuM gabaDayuM jAtA chatAM pArlamenTa bolAvavAnI jarUra paDI... ' skeTalenDa ane cArlsa jemsa 1lAe sarkoTalenDamAM episkopala paMtha dAkhala karavAno prayatna karyo, ane phaiTa leke te sAMkhI rahyA. cAlsa pitAnuM adhuruM kArya pUruM karavA dhAryuM. dharmadha laiDe cArlsane samajAvyuM ke dhArmika ekatA mATe skoTalenDamAM paNa IglenDanA jevI prArthanA paddhati dAkhala karavI. eNTa lokone lAgyuM ke rAja skeTalenDamAM romana kethelika dharma dAkhala karavA mAge che. eDibarano dharmAdhyakSa navI prArthanA vAMcavA ubho thaye, ke koIe tenA upara chuTuM bAjaTha pheMkayuM. pariNAme dezamAM baMDa UThayuM. skrITa lokoe pratijJA karI ke maratAM sudhI AvA julamanI ane popanI sAmA thavuM. garIba ane tavaMgara, amIra ane pAdarI, sarvee ekaThA maLI eka pratijJApatra-Covenant" taiyAra ryuM. hajAro lekee temAM sahI karI. keTalAka te evA AvezamAM AvI gayA ke sahI karatI vakhate temanI AMkhomAM AMsu AvI gayAM. keTalAke potAnA zarIramAMthI lehI kADhIne te vaDe sahI karI. e pratijJA evI hatI ke bhIDa paDe tyAre eka bIjAne madada karavI, ane cATarsa tathA haiDa dharmamAM je kaMI pheraphAra kare tenI sAme thavuM. pachI glAsagomAM sabhA maLI, temAM episkopala prArthanA paddhati ane pothIne nAmaMjura karyA. cArlsa DeMTa lekeno virodha dabAvI devAno nizcaya karyo, paNa baMne bAjue laDAInI taiyArI thavA lAgI. keMTa leke e zUravIra, utsAhI. ane kAbela amaladAronA hAtha nIce 20,000 cunaMdA mANasonuM lazkara taiyAra karyuM. rAjA pitAnuM lazkara laI sAme gaye. tenuM lazkara joIe tevuM taiyAra na hatuM, ane temAMnA ghaNu sipAIo DaeNTa lekane pakSa ' karanArA hatA, eTale berika sudhI AvIne rAjA laDayA vinA pAcho gaye. te sAmAnya sabhA ane pArlamenTa TharAve tevI saMdhi karavAnuM vacana Apate gayo; chatAM pAlamenTa evI mAgaNI karI ke rAjAe skoTalenDa joDe pharI yuddha karavAno nizcaya karyo. teNe sTepharDane AyarlenDathI pAchA belAvI lazkaranI taiyArI karavA mAMDI. A yuddha mATe nANAM meLavavA I. sa. 1640mAM rAjAe pArlamenTa bolAvI. pArlAmenTa nANAM ApavAne badale cArlsa karelA julamanI

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dAda mAgavA mAMDI, ane skArlenDa joDenI laDAI te geravAI karAvI. rAjAe traNa aThavADIgmamAM A pArlamenTane paNa visarjana karI. jo ke sTre lazkara ubhuM karyuM, ane leAkA pAsethI nANAM kaDhAvyAM; paNu lazkara tAlIma vagaranuM hatuM, ane temAMnA pyUriTanA skATa lAkA sAme laDavA khuzI na hatA. evAmAM vijayI skATa leAkA nyUkesala sudhI AvI pahoMcyA, eTale rAjAne namatuM ApavuM paDayuM. teNe skATa leAkeAnI sarva mAgaNIo svIkArI, ane moTI rakama ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM, paraMtu e nANAM lAvavAM kyAMthI? i. sa. 1640mAM rAjAe pArlamenTa khelAvI. A prasiddha pArlemenTane lAMkhI pAlamenTa' kahe che; kemake te i.sa. 1660 sudhI cAlu rahI. 8-- lAMkhI pArlamenTaH i.sa. 1640-53. navembaranI 37 tArIkhe pArlamenTanI pahelI sabhA maLI, tyAre cArlsanI sthiti dayAmaNI hatI. te AATa lAkAte nANAM ApavAnuM vacana pALI zake ema na hatuM. tenI pAse lazkara na hatuM, ane sphuTa lAkA potAnuM lazkara pArlamenTane soMpavA taiyAra hatA. tayAkAMDanA ADaMbaravALI lADanI upAsanAvidhine dhikkAranArA pyUriTanA, sArvajanika hitanAM ane rAjadvArI kAmeAthI dUra rAkhavAmAM AvelA gRhasthA, ane karaverAthI trAsI rahelA vepArIe sau cArlsanA amalanI sAme thavAmAM ekamata hatA. temanuM mAnavuM evuM hatuM, ke mAtra kAyadA sArA hAya tethI zuM? e kAyadA rAjA pAse paLAvI zakAya teTaluM prajAmAM zUrAtana joI eH chatAM pArlamenTanA sabhyAne vicAra khaMDa jagADavAneA na hatA. temane te mAtra rAjyanI sthiti sudhAravI hatI, ane rAjAne sArI rIte rAjya karavAnI pharaja pADavI hatI; vadhArAmAM dezamAM kAyadAnA amala besADI pArlamenTanA --haka surakSita rAkhavA hatA. eka AgevAna vaktAe kahyuM, "ApaNe te IzvaranuM kAma karavA ekaThA maLyA chIe; joDe rAjAnuMe kharUM." AthI pArlamenTe vigrahanA kharcanI maMjurI ApI, ane cArlsanA julamane vicAra karavA mAMDayA. pariNAme sTAra cembara ane hAI kamizana kArya jevI julamI adAlatA kADhI nAkhI, vahANaverA rada karyAM, ane kedIone chuTA karavAmAM AvyA. : 1. ne TuMkI pArlamenTa kahe che. temAM dRDha manane, asAdhAraNa hiMmata ane vasaktivALA jandvAna pima, ane chAtIrakhA hespana e be nAyakA hatA.

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have pArTamenTe rAjAnA mAnItA paNa-trajAnA julamagArenI khabara levA mAMDI. sTepharDa ane Dane kedamAM pUravAmAM AvyA. pime sTepharDa upara - sohane Aropa mUkyo ane kahyuM, 'A rAjadroha eTale rAjAne leha ema nahi paNa prajAne droha samajavo. amInI sabhAmAM A ApanI tapAsa cAlI. zarUAtamAM sTepharDe A ArepanI darakAra karI nahi, paraMtu - amInI sabhAmAM zuM cAle che e sAMbhaLavA te gayo hato, tyAMthI tene pakaDIne killAmAM ekalI dIdhe. sajadrohane Arepa puravAra karavAnI muzkelI lAgI, eTale AmanI sabhAe TharAvyuM ke TrepharDa dehAMtadaMDane lAyaka che. A kharaDe pasAra karavAmAM amIrae AnAkAnI karI, paNa tevAmAM evI aphavA - UDI ke uttaramAM rAjA lazkara taiyAra kare che, ane tenI madadathI te sTepharDane - chuTe karanAra che. tasvaja amaree kharaDe pasAra karyo. "tAre vALa paNa vAMke nahi thavA dauM" evuM vacana ApanAra rAjAe vaphAdAra nekaranA zirachedanA hukama para sahI karI. sattAnA jomamAM pArlamenTa eve kharaDo pasAra karyo, ke A pArlaenTane tenI saMmati vinA rAjAe visarjana karavI nahi. vaLI dara traNa varSe pArlamenTa maLavI ja joIe. rAjAne pArlamenTa pAsethI nANuM levAnI lAlaca hatIeTale teNe baMne kharaDA para sahI karI. have pAMumere dhArmika sudhArAnuM kArya hAthamAM lIdhuM. A sabhAmAM keTalAka custa yUriTana, keTalAka preaiTiriyana, ane keTalAka episkAyala 1. A sAMbhaLI sTepharDa belyo, "rAjAone vizvAsa koI karazo nahi." I. sa. (1641nA menI 1ramI tArIkhe te vadhasthabha tarapha cAlyo. rastAmAM haiDe baMdIkhAnAnI - bArImAMthI hAtha laMbAvI tene chello AzirvAda Apyo. sTepharDe zAMti ane zairyathI mRtyunI taiyArI karI. teNe prabhuprArthanA karI, ane AsapAsa ekaThA thaelA mitrone kahyuM, ke "huM mRtyuthI Darate nathI; suvA jatI vakhate huM jeTalA AnaMdathI mArI baMDI utAruM chuM, teTalAja "AnaMdathI atyAre paNa utAruM chuM." pachI jallAdane mAphI ApI teNe DhImacA para mAthuM bhUkaryuM; kuhADI paDI ane ekaja jhaTake te dhaDathI juduM thaI gayuM. julamagArane chellI jiLA eka hajAre loko ekaThA thayA hatA. temaNe harSanA pakAra karyA tenuM mAthuM UDI gayuM." TrepharDanA mastaka jeDe ekahaththu ane bInajavAbadAra rAjyapaddhati UDI gaI.

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44 1: sabhyA hatA. pyUriTanA episkApala paMthane nAbuda karavA mAgatA hatA, eTale temaNe pArlamenTamAM te matalabane kharaDAM ANyo. atyAra sudhI rAjAnI sAme thavAmAM ekatra banelI pArlamenTamAM have e taDa paDayAMH jInA vicArane vaLagI rahenArA leAkAne pyUriTanAnI vAta pasaMda paDI nahi. temaNe rAjAnA pakSamAM bhaLavAnuM pasaMda karyuM. keTalAkanA mata rAjAnI tarapheNamAM vahyuM. rAjAe ApaNuM kahyuM karyuM che, ApaNe tenA salAhakArane sA karI che, te| have zA mATe hada pAra javuM joI e ? ATalethI cArlsane pakSa sabaLa thaye. te AATalenDa jaI lokapriya thavAnA prayatna karavA lAgyA. te daramiAna AyarlenDamAM beDa jAgyuM, ane hajArA proTesTanTAnI katala karavAmAM AvI. lAkAmAM vAta cAlI ke rAArANInA AmAM hAtha che. pArlamenTanA pyUriTana pakSe A vAtane sAcI mAnI, ane pArlamenTa maLI tyAre pima ane tenA mitrae takanA lAbha laI eka lekha taiyAra karyAM. temAM sarva vRttAMtene vigatavAra hevAla ApI cArlsanI rAjanItine vakhADI kADhavAmAM AvI, ane prajAnI phariyAdeA raju karI te dUra karavAnA upAyA sUcavavAmAM AvyA. A lekhane mATe vAMdhA' kahe che. A lekha viSe pArlamenTamAM baMne pakSa vacce jabarI taDAtaDI thaI. savAranA navathI rAtanA agiAra sudhI dalIle| ane takarArA thaI, ane mAtra 11 vadhu mate te pasAra thayeA. temAM mukhya mAgaNI e hatI ke jemanAmAM lAke vizvAsa mUkI zake tevA mANasAne rAjAe pradhAnA nImavA; paNa keTalAkane lAgyuM ke pyUriTana pakSanI mAgaNIo maMjIra thAya, te rAjA mAtra zAbhAnuM putaLuM banI jAya. A lekhanI hajArA nakalA chapAvI gAmegAma vaheMcavAmAM AvI. ethI prajAmAM hAhAkAra thaI gayA. jyAM tyAM rAjAnI ane tenAM kAmeAnI niMdA thavA lAgI, ane prANAMte paNa pArlamenTanI paDakhe ubhA rahevAne lAkAe nizcaya karyo. pima vagere upara dhasAroH meATA vAMdhAne lIdhe eka pakSe cArlsanI taraphadArI karI. te pakSanA sabhyA aMtIma upAye levA taiyAra na hatA. cArlsa DAhyo ane suANu hAta, te A leAkeAnI madadathI kAma laI zakata. paraMtu teNe eka evuM. pagaluM bharyuM, ke prajAprApanA agni bhabhUkI UThayA.

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145 rAjAne kAne UDatI vAta AvI, ke prajApakSanA AgevAne rANI upara kaMIka tahemata mUkavA mAge che. teNe potAnA vakIlane pharamAvyuM ke pima, helisa, hejhariga, hempAna vagere sabhyo para rAjadrohano Aropa ghaDI kADhe. rANIe rAjAne bhabherIne kahyuM, "jA, bAyalA, jA! e maMDiyAne kAna pakaDIne bahAra kheMcI kADha." cAra pAMca sipAIo laIne rAjA AmanI sabhAmAM cAlyo (I. sa. 1642), ane pramukhanI khurasI upara besI pUchyuM ke pima vagere "pAMca sabhAsado kyAM che?" catura pramukhe. uttara Ape, "mahArAja, AmanI sabhA AjJA kare, te vinA bIjuM kaI jovA ke kahevAne mAre AMkha ke jIbha nathI." rAjAe najara pheravI joyuM, te e pAMca sabhyo na maLe. "mArAM paMkhIDAM UDI gayAM che" evuM kahIne bheThe paDele rAjA pAcho gaye. ApakhudInI parisImAM AvI rahI. Aja sudhI koI rAjAe AvuM karyuM na hatuM. Ama karavAthI moTA paTTAnA karArano bhaMga thato hato. rAjAnA, gayA pachI sabhAmAM bUmarANa macI. 'adhikAra adhikAranA pokAre thaI thaI rahyA. game tema thAya te paNa e pAMca sabhyone rAjAne havAle soMpavA nahi, evo nizcaya thayo. vesTa misTaranI pArlAmenTa laMDana gaI, ane tyAM. tenuM kAmakAja cAlavA lAgyuM; kemake laMDanavAsIo pArlamenTanA pakSanA ane dRDha nizcayavALA hatA. pima Adi pAMca sabhyone paNa temaNeja Azraya. Apyo hato, ane temane pakaDavAne mATe rAjAe karalA pratyeka prayatnane temaNe niSphaLa karyo. A sabhya pArlamenTanI samitiomAM kAma karatA, ane anya sabhyone pitAnI buddhi ane zaktine lAbha ApatA. eka aThavADIA bAda teo sabhAmAM chaDecoka AvIne beThA. atyAcArathI uzkerAelA leke. rAjamahelane gherI levA lAgyA, temaja potAno gusse ane dhikkAra pragaTa karavA lAgyA. rAjAe joyuM ke have laMDanamAM rahevAmAM salAmatI nathI; vadhAre vilaMba thaye te game te bahAne paNa pArlamenTa tene najarakeda rAkhaze. teNe pATanagara choDayuM, ane adAlatamAM karelAM kukarmone javAba ApavAneja pAcho AvyuM. rANu jarajhaverAta laI patine mATe hathiyAra, dArUgoLo vagere . meLavavA nedhalenDajha tarapha gaI. '

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prakaraNa 3juM cATarsa 1le rAjAprajA vacce yuddha laDAInI taiyArIH A sthitie mAmale pahoMcyA pachI laDAI karyA vinA chUTake ja nahote, chatAM pArlAmenTa yuddhane AraMbha karavA icchatI na hatI; tene te rAjA dezanA kAyadA pramANe baMdhAraNapUrvaka rAjya kare eTaluM ja joItuM hatuM. rAjAe niyama pramANe cAlavAnuM vacana ApyuM, paNa pArlamenTane tenA upara vizvAsa besato na hato. pArlamenTa dhAryuM ke mulkI ke lazkarI sattA rAjA pAsethI laI levAthI rAjA sudharI jaze. rAjA taraphathI viSTinAM kaheNa AvatAM hatAM. javAbamAM pArlamenTa evI mAgaNI karI ke lazkara ane naukAsainyanA senApatinI pasaMdagI pArlamenTa kare, ane killA, dArUgaLa ane lera paNa pArlamenTane svAdhIna rahe. A mAgaNI sAMbhaLIne rAjA bolI uThayo, "eka kalAka paNa e sattA na ApuM; mArAM strIputrone paNa e huMka na ApuM pUrve koIe IlenDanA rAjA pAse AvI mAgaNI karI nathI." rAjA ekadama halla tarapha tyAMne dArUgoLo kabaje karavA gaye, paNa tyAMnA killedAra sara jahaeNna hetheme daravAjA vAsI daI rAjAne aTakAvyo. have vAta vadhI paDI. temAM vaLI pArlamenTa parApUrvanA khAsa rAjahake chInavI levAnI peravI karavA mAMDI, ane IsekasanA ThAkarane senApati nImyuM. rAjAe dhana ane senA ekaThAM karavA mAMDayAM, ane I. sa. 164ranA ogasTanI 22mI tArIkhe noTiMgahemanA killA upara zAhI vAvaTe pharakAvyo. tophAnI pavana ane varasAdanAM jhApaTAMmAM vAvaTe nIce paDI gaye, eTale rAjapakSanA mANaso udAsa thaI gayA. 6 - be pakSanA baLanI tulanA A AMtaravigrahamAM aMgreja prajA be vibhAgamAM vaheMcAI gaI. baMne pakSanA leke kahetA ke prAcIna zAsanapaddhatine surakSita rAkhavA mATe hathiyAra upAdhyAM che. pArlamenTanA pakSanA loke kahetA ke yuddha karavAnI pharaja paDe che ethI ame lAcAra chIe; ame je karIe chIe te rAjAnA hitane vAste che. kharuM jotAM A yuddha saMrakSaka ane uche

Page #160
147 dRka pakSA vacce hatuM. A baMne pakSanAM mAsAnuM vargIkaNu karatAM ema kahI zakAya, ke amIra ane gRhasthA tathA temanA AzritA rAjapakSamAM bhaLyA hatA; sAmAnya zaherIo, vepArIo, ane kheDutA prajApakSamAM rahyA hatA. dharmaguruo paNa pyUriTana leAkAnI viruddha hAvAthI rAjapakSamAM bhaLyA. vaLI rAjA-rANI kaMki aMze rAmana kethelika valaNa dharAvatAM hatAM, eTale kthAlika lAkA rAjA joDe bhaLyA; chatAM keTalAka amIrA ane gRhasthA je pyUriTana dharmanA aDaga anuyAyIo hatA te prajApakSamAM bhaLyA; ekaMdare dhaNA zaherI ane vepArIe ekaniSThAthI rAjapakSamAM rahyA. A pakSa kAI rAjakIya siddhAMta pramANe paDacA na hatA; kemake te samayanI paristhiti viSe dhaNA mANasAnA vicAre cupacu hatA. A pakSe mAtra dhArmika dRSTie jovA jevA che. prajApakSanA custa anuyAyI, cunaMdA laDavaiyA, ane catura AgevAne-A sarva utsAhI ane aDaga pyUriTane hatA. bhaugolika dRSTie laMDana uparAMta dakSiNa ane pUrvanAM paragaNAM rAjapakSamAM hatAM. rAjapakSanA maLatIA 'dhoDesavAra' (Cavaliers) kahevAyA,ane prApakSanA maLatIA 'sUMDiyA' (Roundheads) kahevAyA. rAjAnA amala daramiAna naukAsainyanI darakAra karavAmAM AvatI nahi, ane khalAsIone ke amaladArone pUrA pagAre maLatA nahi, eTale te prajAnA pakSamAM rahyA. rAjAnA paradezI mitra tene madada karI zake tema na hatuM. A naukAsainye halla ane plImathamAMthI pArlamenTane laDAyaka saraMjAma ANI ApyA. vaLI pArlamenTanA amaladAroe jakAta ane kara udharAvavAnuM kAma upADI lIdhuM, eTale dhananI upaNa rahI nahi. rAjA pAse nANAMnI taMgI hatI; tenI rANI jhaverAta laI te terlenDajha gaI hatI, ane tyAMthI sAmAna kharIdI meAkalatI hatI. tenA anuyAyIe pAsenI eka varSanI upaja thaI rahI, paNa temanI pAse jarajhaverAta ane sAnAcAMdIno mAla hatA. bhaktinA AvezamAM temaNe mUlyavAna vastuo vecIsATIne rAjAne nANAM kADhI ApyAM, chatAM A pramANe maLeluM nANuM keTalA vakhata cAle? pArlamenTanA lazkaramAM laDavAnI AvaData vinAnA, ane astrazastranA upayogathI ajANyA, paNa utsAhanA AvegavALA bhADutI mANasA hatA; tenA saradArAmAM khAsa AvaData, caturAI ke bahAdurI na hatI.

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148 i. sa. 164H rAjasainyanA saradAra ruparTa kAmela ane catura paNa avicArI yeho hatA. rAjAne vicAra evA hatA ke pahelAM laMDana para hallA karavA; ane pArlamenTane IrAdA evA hatA ke rAjAnuM ekAda paragaNuM fy maMtrAla A lAya A nyUbaro kema bIja rAjAnA pakSamAM (baMdarosivAya) lokonA pakSamAM 1. 6. rupanA mitro tene 'Dashing Prince Rupert' kahetA; paNa tenA 6 zatruo tene gAMDA dhADesavAra' kahetA.

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49 hAtha karI levuM. rAjA laMDana javA mATe AgaLa vadhatA hatA. paraMtu IsekasanI caturAIthI AkasapharDa ane vArika paragaNAnI sImA upara AvelA eDila pAse paheluM yuddha thayuM. ruparTanA hayadaLa pAse sUMDiyAnuM zuM cAle? paraMtu ruparTanI yuddhuvyavasthA khAmIbharelI hatI. tenA sipAI e mAtra lUMTaphATa karavA maMDI paDayA, eTale laDAImAM jItavAnI vAta temanA dhyAnamAM na rahIM. pariNAma e AvyuM ke rAta paDI, tApaNu eka paNa pakSanA saMpUrNa vijya thayA nahi. rAjA laMDana pahoMcyA. tyAM tenI sAme thavA meTuM lazkara taiyAra hatuM. vepArIo, kArakunA, umedavArA ane kArIgarA kAmadhaMdhA paDatA mUkIne ahAra nIkaLI paDayA. A joIne rAjA pAchA vaLyo, ane okasapharDamAM AkhA ziALA rokAyA. aMte baMne pakSe yuddhanI jabarI taiyArI karavA mAMDI. i. sa. 1643H zarUAtamAM rAjAno jaya thayeA. laMDana ane AkasapharDa vacce zAlaAAvazIlDa pAse yuddha thayuM, temAM prajApakSane netA hempala ghAyala thayA, ane cha divasa pachI maraNa pAmyA. tenA jevA nIDara, zUravIMra ane sAhasika puruSanA maraNathI prajApakSane meATI khoTa paDI. A varSamAM khIjAM nAnAM meTAM yuddho thayAM. rAjAe halla, plImatha, ane glAsTara jItavAnI yeAjanA karI. pArlamenTanI uparAuparI hAra thavA lAgI, ane sarvane lAgyuM ke rAjapakSanA mANasA jarUra jItaze; kemake A traNa zahera| paDe teA pArlamenTathI laMDanane bacAva thai zake tema na hatuM. have ghaNA sipAI e rAjAnA lazkaramAM joDAyA, ane chellI jIta meLavavAmAM rAjAne kazI DhIla thavAnI nathI ema lAgyuM. sarvanI icchA evI hatI ke salAha thAya te sArUM. paraMtu pima ane tenA bahAdura dAstAe laMDanavAsI enI madadathI prajApakSane majajjIta rAkhyA. gherAelA glAsTaranI vahAra karavA lazkara taiyAra karavAmAM AvyuM. dukAne baMdha karIne ane dhaMdhArAjagAra choDIne lokeA lazkaramAM dAkhala thayA, ane tAlIma laI IsekasanI saradArI nIce glAsTarane bacAvavA cAlyA. rastAmAM nyUbarI AgaLa rAjasainya joDe bheTA thatAM khUnakhAra laDAI macI. A yuddhamAM rAjyapakSanA mahAna netA phokalenDa sarAyA. dezanuM duHkha tenAthI joyuM jatuM na hatuM. haiyAzAkamAM 'salAha 66

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150 . salAha ! ane Aja rAta pahelAM mArA kALa thaze " ema khelatA te raNe caDayA, paNa tyAMthI chAvaNImAM pAche AvyA nahi. A yuddhamAM kAI pakSe jaya meLavyA nahi. ulaTuM baMne pakSa vadhAre ne vadhAre taiyArI karavA lAgyA. itihAsamAM nyUbarInuM yuddha prasiddha gaNAya che; kAraNa ke tyAra pachI prajApakSane vijaya spaSTa thatA gaye eTaluMja nahi, paNa rAjAnA sainyanI zakti nabaLI paDatI gaI. pariNAme prajAnuM jora vadhatuM gayuM. nyUbarInA yuddha pachI baMne pakSe potAnAM lazkara sudhAravA mAMDayAM.pArlamenTe peAtAnA lazkaranI AmI joI lIdhI hatI, eTale tenI kaMIka navI racanA karavAnI jarUra hatI. pUrva pradezamAM pyUriTana leAkeAnuM jora hatuM, eTale tyAMnAM tamAma paragaNAMnuM eka ' pUrvIya saMmelana ' banyuM. tene vAstavika netA olivara krevela hatA. A Alivara krombela lazkare liMkanazAyarane kabajo TakAvI rAkhyA hatA. aMte pakSane bahAranI madadanI jarUra hatI, paNa yuropamAM cAlatA moTA vigrahamAM ghaNAMkharAM rAjyeA joDAyAM hatAM, eTale bahAranI madada maLI zake tema na hatuM. Akhare rAjAnI najara AyarlaeNnDa para TharI. pArlamenTane paNa dhArmika bAbatamAM chUTachATa mUkIne skoTa leAkeAnI madada levI paDI. pime sphuTalenDa joDe viSTi karavA peAtAne pratinidhi meAkalyA. e masalatane aMge evA TharAva thayA, ke IMglenDe presmiTiriyana dharmane rAjadharma gaNavA, ane skoTalenDane nANAMnI madada karavI. AnA badalAmAM skATa lAkAe peAtAnuM kasAeluM lazkara pArlamenTane ApavAnuM kabula karyuM. skATa lokAnI joDe thaelA

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151 A karAra "pavitra saMdhi" ane "pratijJA' (solemn-League and Covenant) kahevAya che. A saMdhi thatAM levananA ThAkaranI saradArI nIce 10,000 mANasanuM lazkara sarahada oLaMgI IglenDamAM utarI AvyuM.) i. sa. 1644: AyarlenDanuM lazkara rAjAne bahu khapa na AvyuM, ethI ulaTuM jheMTa lazkare prajApakSamAM bhaLIne yuddhano raMga badalI nAkhyo. e lazkare ke paragaNAmAM kUca karIne nyukesalane halla para ghere ghAlate aTakAvyo, eTale nyukesala yorkamAM bharAI gayuM. paraMtu skoTalenDanA ane pArlamenTanA saMyukta lazkare yorkane ghere ghAlyo. rAjAe parTane lazkara laI yorka deDAvyo. rastAmAM navA sipAIonI bharatI karatA karatA parTa AvI pahoMce, ane teNe yuddha karyA vinA kane ghere uThAvI levAnI pharaja pADI. raNasIo parTa duzmananI pUMThe paDe. catura kombele kuMvaranI bhUlane lAbha levAno vicAra karyo. i. sa. 1644nA julAInI 9mI tArIkhe rkathI 8 mAIla dUra AvelA mArTanamUra pAse be lazkare sAmasAmAM AvI gayAM. rupanA ghoDesavAre thAkelA, avyavasthita ane hatAza thaIne paDyA hatA. evAmAM kombele cite halle karyo, eTale sparTanA ghoDesavAre ane hayadaLa vIkharAI gayAM. 17,000 sipAIomAMthI rAjapakSanA 6,000 mANase bacyA, ane bAkInA marAyA ke vIkharAI gayA. Ama yorka tAMbe thaI jatAM IMglenDano uttara pradeza rAjAnA hAthamAMthI cAlyo gayo. - AkhA vigrahamAM mAtra A yuddhamAM prajAne nizcita vijaya thayo. tene kharo yaza konvelane ghaTe che. kenDele pArlamenTanA lazkaranI khAmI jeIne pitAnI hayadaLanI TukaDIne tAlIma ApI hatI. temanAmAM sakhata tAlIma, tIvra dharmopadeza, gaMbhIratA, ane Izvarane bhaya enI namunedAra asara hatI. mAthuM mUkIne AvelA sipAIone yuddha-pharatA joI peTe temane "vaLabAhuM" (Ironsides)nuM upanAma ApyuM. ) karnalamAM nAnI jIta meLavI rAja laMDana javA upaDyo, paNa prajApakSanA lazkare tene pUberI AgaLa aTakAvyo. (27mI okaTobara, I. sa. 1644) yuddhanuM khAsa pariNAma na AvyuM; kemake lazkarane saradAra mejosTarane ThAkara narama svabhAvano hato, ane tenAmAM yuddhakaLAnuM sAdhAraNa

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kaMpera jJAna hatuM. vaLI tene rAjA pratye Adara ane bhaktinI lAgaNI paNa hatI, eTale rAjAne mAravAnI tenI icchA na hatI. teNe cArlsane laMDana jatA aTakAvyA, ane hAthamAM AvelI takanA lAbha levAne badale tene rAteArAta nAsI javA dIdhA. rAjA oksapharDe jaI pahoMcyA. paraMtu AATalenDamAM rAjAne pakSa majabuta thayA. tyAMnA keTalAka amIrAe rAjAneA pakSa lIdhA, temAM menTrIjhane amIra jemsa grehAma mukhya hatA. teNe hAI lenDarAnuM lazkara taiyAra karI yuddho karavA mAMDyAM. tene uparAuparI vijaya maLatA gayA, jethI pArlamenTanA netAo gabharAI gayA. navI senA: krombela jANatA hatA ke dhoDesavAreA karatAM phUDiyAe dhaNA utaratA che. rAntanA lazkaramAM amIraumarAve gRhasthA, ane temanAM tAlIma pAmelAM kavAyatI mANase| hatAM. temanI AgaLa gamAra ane rakhaDela, cAkaraDA ane evA bIjA mANaseAnuM zuM gajuM ? nyUmerInA bIjA yuddha pachI krombele evA Aropa mUkayA, ke mencesTaranA ThAkAranuM valaNa rAjA tarapha hAvAthI te barAbara dIla daI ne laDatA nathI. AthI pArlamenTamAM jabarI cakacAra cAlI ane evA TharAva thayA, ke pArlamenTanA sabhyathI lazkarI amaladAra thaI zakAya nahi. A kAyadAne 'AtmabhAganA kAyade' (Self-denying Ordinance) kahe che; kemake temAM pArlamenTanA sabhyAne lazkarI adhikAra choDI devA jeTalA AtmabhAga ApavA paDatA hatA have pArlamenTe lazkaranI navI racanA karavAnA TharAva karyo. ethI saradArAnA hAtha nIcenAM paragaNAMnI lazkarI TukaDIone badale ekaja lazkara rAkhI tenuM uparIpaNuM pArlamenTe rAkhyuM, ane eka senApatinI nImaNuka karI. pariNAme lArDa pheraphaeNkasa senApati banyA, ane krempela hayadaLane uparI thaye. krambele navI senA racavAnuM kArya mAthe lIdhuM. teNe game tevA rakhaDela mANasAne badale dhArmika vRttivALA mANasAne lazkaramAM rAkhavAne TharAva karyAM. teNe nipuNa amaladAro ane bahAdura sipAI ene sakhata kavAyatamAM palATavA mAMDayA. sipAI ene sArA ane niyamita pagAra ApavAmAM AvyeA. AthI navI senAmAM vicArazIla, muddhimAna, AbarUdArI dhaMdhAdArI ane

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joDAyA, vaLI te mAtra pagAranA lebhe nahi, paNa dharmanI lAgaNIthI. teo dharma ane vairAgyanI gaMbhIra vRttivALAM hatA. chAvaNImAM rAtre Izvara stavana, bhajana, ane dhArmika vyAkhyAne thatAM; IzkanI lAvaNuM, khyAla, TappA, jugAra, mArAmArI ke zarAbInuM te nAma na maLe; ane temano utsAha to ajaba tarehane hato ! A senAe kaI zatru pAse namatuM ApyuM nahotuM. dhArmika jhanunathI prerAI A navA sipAIe vijaya meLavatA gayA, ane je koI temanI sAme thAya tene chuMdatA gayA. yuddhano divasa eTale temane mana AnaMda ane vijaya divasa chatAM temanI nIti ane Izvara taraphane Dara ajaba hatAM. laDAI pachI lUMTa calAvI pArakAne mAla temaNe paDAvyo nathI, athavA strIone ke nirdoSane temaNe raMjADayAM nathI. sAda ane vicitra pozAka paherIne A bhaktasenA jyAre bIjA para dhasAre kare, tyAre bAIbalanuM koI subhASitaja belAtuM hoya! dhArmika bhedaH A samaye pArlAmenTamAM be dhArmika pakSa ubhA thayA. I. sa. 1645nA jUnanI 10mI tArIkhe dharmAdhyakSa laDane ziraccheda karavAmAM AvyuM, tyArathI A be pakSone bhedabhAva spaSTa thayuM. myuriTana pakSamAM eka nAne paNa dhIme dhIme vadhato jato navo pakSa ume thaye. e pakSane lAgyuM ke prembiTiriyana paMtha epipala paMthane virodhI che. A pakSane niraMkuzavAdI (Independents) kahe che. teo mAnatA ke rAjAe dharmasahiSNutA rAkhavI joIe, ane dharmanI bAbatamAM rAjyane vacce paDavAnI jarUra nathI. dhIme dhIme AgaLa vadhatAM teo evA mata para AvyA ke jema dharmamAM rAjA vinA cAle, tema samAjamAM paNa zA mATe na cAle? teo mAnatA hatA, ke vigrahane aMta ANavA mATe utsAhapUrvaka ane AnAkAnI kya vinA jesabaMdha yuddha karavAnI jarUra che, ane dezamAM zAMti sthApavAno mAtra eja upAya che. A pakSanA agraNI kenDela hato. A matane anusarIne ja teNe mencesTaranA ThAkara viruddha pArlAmenTamAM carcA upADI hatI. i. sa. 1645. navI senA I. sa. 1645nA madhyamAM rAjAne nestrI pAse maLI. rAjapakSanA sainikone A senAnI khabara ke darakAra nahotI.

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154 temaNe junI rIte laDavA mAMDayuM, paNa kepTele rAjAnA lazkarane sakhata hAra khavaDAvI pAyadaLane kApI nAkhyuM. rAjA velsa tarapha nAThe, ane tene sAmAna, tApakhAnuM vagere zatrunA hAthamAM AvI paDayuM. A badhAmAM sauthI mUlyavAna vastu rAjAnI khAnagI peTI hatI. temAMthI rAjAne aneka khAnagI patro maLI AvyA. te uparathI te paradezIonI madada meLavavA mATe kevA kAvAdAvA karatA hatA te jaNAI AvyuM. have rAjAne eke bArI rahI nahi. tenuM lazkara hArI gayuM, tenA saradAremAM phATaphUTa thaI ane tenAM kAvatarAM pakaDAI gayAM. pArlamenTa A badhA patro chapAvI prajAmAM vaheMcI tenI phajetI karI. vigrahane aMtaH have cArlsane kayAe zaraNa na hatuM. prajApakSanuM lazkara tene jaMpIne besavA de tema na hatuM, tema velsamAM paNa tenAthI rahevAya tema na hatuM; tene mAtra ekaja AzA hatI. tene mitra meTrojha prajApakSanA lazkarane be vAra harAvI cUkyo, paNa teNe rAjAne madada mokalI na hatI. rAjA poteja tene jaI maLe to ? paraMtu vajubAhunI caturAI AgaLa tenuM cAlyuM nahi. tene eka ThekANethI bIje ThekANe bhaTakavuM paDayuM. have DeMTa ke aMgrejo bemAMthI ekane zaraNa thayeja chUTake hato. eTalAmAM mojhe phIlipaho pAse hAra khAdhI, eTale rAjAnI rahIsahI AzA dhULamAM maLI. I. sa. 1646mAM skaoNTa leke nyUAIne ghere ghAlI paDayA hatA tyAM rAjA gaye. ane keTalAMka upalaka vacana ApI temane zaraNe thayo. paraMtu temaNe rAjAne nyUkesala mokalI dIdhe. prajAvigrahanAM pariNAmaH cArlsa DeMTa lekane zaraNe gaye, eTale vigrahane aMta Avyo. have dezamAM navI sthiti utpanna thaI. konvelanA vajubAhuonI madadathI virya pAmelI pArlAmenTa sarva sattA pitAne hastaka levA mAMDI. yuddha pUruM thavAthI lazkarano khapa nahato, tethI pArlamenTe keTalIka TukaDIone AyarlenDa mokalavAne ane keTalIkane caDelA pagArane cho bhAga ApI vikherI nAkhavAno TharAva karyo. paraMtu lazkaranI sattA vadhI gaI hatI, , ane sainikone vijayano mada caDayo hato. A sipAIo nirudyamI, bhaTakatA, ane peTane khAtara nokarI karanArA mANasa nahatA. teo dezakalyANanI

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155 khAtara peAtAno kAmadhaMdhA mUkIne AvelA bhaktizIla ane svadezAbhimAnda nA hatA; eTale temaNe vIkherAI javAnI nA pADI, ane mAgaNIo karI ke amArA caDelA pagAra amane pUrepUrA maLavA joI e, dhArmika bAbate - mAM saMpUrNa chuTApaNuM maLavuM joie, ane amArA mRtyu pachI amArAM strIputrAnA bharaNapoSaNanI pArlamenTe vyavasthA karI ApavI joIe. pArlemenTamAM A pramANe be pakSa paDI gayA; eka pakSamAM krambela jevA niraMkuzavAdI sainyano pakSa lenArA, ane khIjAmAM presmiTiriyana paMthI. A presTiTiriyana paMthIone potAno paMtha phelAvI cArlsanI joDenA yuddhathI utpanna thaelI sthitino tADa ANavAno jaza khATI javAno vicAra hatA, ane tethI custa pyUriTana sainikAne dharmaSTa mAgavI paDI hatI. A samaye trIjo pakSa skATa leAkeAno hatA, ane rAjA tene zaraNe thayeA hateA. cArlsa sTaeNTalenDa ane IMglenDamAM presTiTiriyana paMthane sahAya ApavAnI hA pADI heAta, te tee tene madada Apata; paraMtu cArlse tema karavAnI nA pADI, eTale skATa leAkeAe pArlamenTa joDe viSTi calAvI, ane kharcanA 4,00,000 paunDa laI rAjakedIne pArlamenTane havAle karyAM. cArlsana hAmAkhInA killAmAM kedamAM rAkhavAmAM AvyA, 4. sa. 1646. cArlse kedamAM rahIne paNa pArlamenTamAM paDelI phUTano lAbha levA dhAryuM.. teNe pArlamenTanA presbiTiriyana pakSa joDe viSTi calAvavA mAMDI; paNa lazkarane A viSTinI khabara paDI gaI, eTale TemsanA1 kinArA para AvelA hempaTana kArTa mahelamAM rAjAne pUrI dIdhA. cArlse lazkaranI vartaNuka viSe pArlamenTa pAse phariyAda karI baMne pakSa vacceneA kaleza uttejita karyAM. raju karI, ane jAheranAmuM prasiddha have lazkare keTalIka mAgaNIo 1. rAjAne pakaDavA janAra kArneTa joIsa nAme senApatie killAmAM jaI rAjAne kahyuM, ke "kAle savAre ApaNe cAlavuM che, mATe taiyAra thaI rahejo." cArlse tenI pAse. peAtAne pakaDavAno hukama jovA mAgyo, tyAre "A rahyo hukama" kahI joise peAtAnA lazkara tarapha AMgaLI karI. rAjA hasatA hasatA kheAlyo, "vAha ! tamArA hukamanA akSare cokakhA ane jaladI vaMcAya tevA che."

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| _ karI jaNAvyuM, ke e mAgaNIo pUrI pADavAmAM nahi Ave, te laMDana para caDAI karavAmAM Avaze. A mAgaNIo madhyamasaranI hatI. kadAca pArlamenTa temanI joDe saMdhi karavA taiyAra hoya te paNa laDananA leke cArlsa De saMdhi karavAnA matanA hovAthI temane lazkaranI mAgaNIonI khabara paDI, ke tarata temaNe pArlamenTa para hale karyo. A taka joIne kropTela ane pheraphaeNkasa laMDana para caDI AvyA. have temane lAgyuM ke pArlamenTamAM vizvAsa rAkhavA jevuM nathI, eTale temaNe rAjA joDe samAdhAna karavAnI goThavaNa karI. dara be varSe pArlamenTa belavavAnI, ane romana kethalika vinA sarva pathanA lekane dhArmika svAtaMtrya ApavAnI rAjA kabulAta Ape to tene pharIthI gAdIe besADavAnI yojanA krovele rAjA pAse mekalI. rAjA asalanI rIta pramANe gallAtallA karavA lAgyo; te kaMI cokkasa nirNaya upara Ave, te pahelAM lazkaramAM be pakSa paDI gayA. keTalAka uddAma vicArakane lAgyuM, ke prAcIna dharmapaddhatine samULago nAza karavAnI jarUra che. rAjAnI jarUra hoya te te lekaniyukta hovAnI jarUra che, ane kenDela rAjAnA pakSamAM maLI gayo che, tethI teNe AvI narama sarata mUkI che. pitAnA para AvelA Aropano konTele sarasa javAba ApI bacAva karyo, topaNa pelA khUnI" upara vera levAnI sipAIonI utkaMThA zAMta paDI nahi. cArlsane have bhaya peThe eTale te rAtorAta nAThe, ane vAITadvIpamAM AvelA kerisa bukanA killAmAM bharAI peTho. pArlamenTanI joDe teNe je vAto calAvavA mAMDI, tenuMe kaMI pariNAma AvyuM nahi; kemake e mAgaNI to evI hatI ke pArlamenTanI svataMtratAno rAjAe svIkAra kare, ane lazkara ane naukAkhAtAnA uparIpaNuno dAvo rAjAe tajI de. AvI kaDaka mAgaNIo svIkAravAmAM potAnI AbarU jAya che, ema mAnI cArlsa tene nakAra karyo. have pArlamenTa ane lazkara paraspara bheda bhUlI gayAM. temanI khAtarI thaI gaI, ke rAjAnI dAnata keAI paNa prakAre samAdhAna karavAnI nathI; eTale temaNe TharAva karyo. ke rAjA joDe have koI paNa prakAranI viSTi calAvavI nahi. A daramiAna rAjA ane Ayariza lekane pitAnA pakSamAM AvavA lalacAvatuM hatuM. dharmaghelachAthI gherAelA Ta leke IlenDamAM prembiTiri

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157.. yana paMtha prasaraze, evI AzAe cArlsanI madadde dhAyA. A banAvane je prajAvigraha kahe che. bIjo prajAvigrahaH 1648. hemilTananA namAlA ThAkAranI saradArI nIce skATa lAke ane rAjapakSanA utsAhI mANase sarahada oLaMgI utarI AvyA. IMglenDamAM keTaleka sthaLe aMDabakheDA thayA. krovela ane pherase kenTa ane I sekasamAM UThelAM aMDe| zamAvI dIdhAM. naukAsainyanA keTalAka bhAga pharI beThA, ane yuvarAjanI saradArI nIce eka TukaDIe laMDana para hallo karyo; paraMtu laMDanavAsIoe daravAjA baMdha karI dIdhA, rAjAnA nAmanA harSanA pAkAra na karyAM, ane lazkarane khArAka paNa na ApyA. A tarapha skATa sainya presTana sudhI AvI pahoMcyuM. tene krombele harAvI nasADI mUkayuM, ane temanI pUMTha pakaDI vigana pAse harAvyuM. AthI skATa lAkA zaraNe AvyA, ane vigrahanA aMta AvyA. ~ rAjAnA insAphaH have zuM karavuM? evacanI, khaTapaTI, ane hatyA cArlsa jeNe samAdhAnIne DhAMga karI dezamAM yuddha jagADayuM, tene ze InsApha karavA? dezamAM sattAdhIza thaI paDelA sainye pAkAra uThAvyA, ke e jIvatA raheze tyAM sudhI dezamAM zAMti raheze nahi, mATe ene te barAbara InsApha maLavA joI e. pArlamenTa cheka ATalI hada sudhI javA taiyAra na hatI; eTale AvA uddAma matavALAone bahumatI maLe evuM na hatuM.game tema thAya, game te upAya levA paDe, paNa rAjAne te barAbara zikSA karavIja, evA nizcaya sainye kaye eka divasa karnala prAIDa viruddha matavALA ane lazkaranuM dhAryuM karavAmAM ADA Ave tevA sabhyAnA nAmanI TIpa laI te potAnA sipAI e sahita pArlamenTanA daravAjA pAse ubhA rahyo, ane pelI TIpamAM jenuM nAma lakhyuM hAya, tene aMdara jatAM aTakAvavA lAgyA. A kAryane prAiDanA jIlAma'nA nAmathI eLakhavAmAM Ave che. A pramANe viruddha matanA 140 sabhyAne bahAra rAkhI aMdara gaelA Aza 53 sabhyAe kAma calAvyuM.1 temaNe TharAvyuM ke prajA ane pArlamenTamA aneka rIte droha karanAra cArlsa upara nyAyanI adAlatamAM kAma cAlavuM. 1. aMdara rahelA sabhyAnI banelI pArlamenTane 'ThuMThI' (Ramp) kahevAmAM Ave che.

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158 -joIe. i. sa. 1649nA jAnyuAranI 1lI tArIkhe rAjA upara kAma AvanArI adAlatanI nImaNuka karavAmAM AvI. paraMtu amIrAnI sabhAe temAM saMmati ApavAnI nA pADI; AmanI sabhAe TharAvyuM ke dezamAM kharA rAjakartA tAlekA che, mATe ekalI AmanI sabhA je kAyadA kare, tene amIrAnI sabhA pasAra kare ke na kare, tepaNa te kAyadA raheze. pariNAme adAlatanI nImaNuka nakkI thaI, ane breDazA nAme eka arisTara tene pramukha nimAyA. A adAlatanA 135 sabhyAmAMthI mAtra 69 sabhyA hAjara rahyA. krombela ane tenA jamAI hAjara rahyA, paraMtu pheraphaeNkasa na AvyA. i. sa. 1649 nA jAnyuAranI 20mI tArIkhe A adAlata samakSa rAjAne hathiyArabaMdha sipAI enI vacce lAvavAmAM AvyA. kAI sabhye tene mAna ApyuM nahi, ke peAtAnI TApI utArI nahi. rAjAe paNa TApI utAryA vinA potAnI beThaka lIdhI. taheAmatanAmuM vaMcAyuM, temAM cArlsane "julamagAra, khUnI, ane dezadrohI" TharAvavAmAM AvyA. e sAMbhaLI te bharakacerImAM khaDakhaDa hasI paDayA. pachI teNe adAlatane adhikAra svIkAravAnI nA pADI ane kahyuM, "amIrA kayAM che? amIrAja amIranI tapAsa calAvI zake." adAlata aMdha thaI. bahAra lokAnI medanI ekaThI thaI hatI, rAjabhaktine juvALa caDhI AvyA hatA, temAM rAjAne udAsa caherA ane ciMtA tathA parizramathI dheALA thaI gaelA vALa, ane tenI gaurava bharelI dhIraja ane zAMti jotAM leAkeAnAM aMtaHkaraNa pIgaLI gayAM. ''izvara ! mahArAjAnuM rakSaNa karA," "InsApha," "InsApha," "ziraccheda," evA citravicitra pokAro thavA lAgyA. be divasa adAlata baMdha rahyA pachI sAkSIe levAyA, ane chevaTe rAjAne gunegAra TharAvavAmAM AvyA. nyAyAdhIze AgaLathI nakkI karI rakhAelI zikSAnuM pharamAna vAMcI saMbhaLAvyuM. cArlsa kaMIka khelavA jatA hatA, paraMtu adAlate kaMI paNa sAMbhaLavAnI nA pADI. tene laI jatA hatA, tyAre cAre bAju lekAmAM harSanA ane dhikkAranA pAkAra UThI rahyA. rastAmAM eka 1. tenI patnI kesa sAMbhaLavA AvI hatI. pheraphekasanuM nAma pAkArAyuM tyAre teNe kahyuM: 'e ahIM nathI, ane Avo paNa nahi; tame enuM nAma levAmAM bhUla karI che.'

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15 sipAIe tene kahyuM, "Izvara Apane sukhI rAkhemahArAja" tarata jamAdAre tenA moM para tamAro mAryo, eTale rAjAe kahyuM ke "ena aparAdha karatAM bicArAne zikSA vadhAre thaI." 0 nava divasa pachI rAjAne tenA mahelanI bhejanazALAnI bArI pAse laI javAmAM AvyA. jatA pahelAM teNe pitAnAM bALake joDe chellI vAta karI lIdhI. tyAra bAda Izvarastavana karyA pachI te dhIme dhIme daDha pagale, prabhAvazALI mukhamudrA sahita vadhasthAna pAse gayA. tyAM burakhAvALA be jallAde ubhA hatA, temanI joDe teNe vAta karI. pachI ekaThA thaelA lake samakSa teNe nAnuM bhASaNa karyuM, ane dezamAM vadhatA jatA lazkarI daranI cetavaNI ApI. pachI teNe DhImacA upara mAthuM mUkyuM. ekaja ghAe dhaDathI tenuM mAthuM juduM thaI gayuM. lohI nIkaLatuM te mastaka laI jallAde prekSakone batAvI kahyuM, "A rahyuM julamagAranuM mAthuM !" medanImAMthI karuNanA pikAra ane vedanAnI uMDI cIsa ane nizvAsa nIkaLI paDyA, ane keTalAka te dhAra AMsue raDI paDyA. nyAyanuM nATaka pUruM thayuM. A akhatyAra ane dharmabhramanI sAme thavA mATe pArlamenTa kaMDa upADa, ane tema karatAM eka evI zakti utpanna karI, ke je tenA pitAnA kAbumAM rahI zakI nahi; paraMtu chevaTe e dharmajhanUnI sattAe svataMtratAne chuMdI nAkhI ekahaththu sattA meLavI laI ApaakhatyAra ane julama calAvyA. aMgreja prajAnA moTA bhAgane A kAryapaddhati ane sainyanI vadhI gaelI sattA pasaMda nahotI. temane rAjA vinAnuM rAjya joItuM na hatuM, paraMtu medonmatta lazkarI mANasanI sAme bolavAnI konAmAM hiMmata hoya? pariNAme IMglenDamAM lazkarI dora jAo. 1. mRtyusamaye cArlsanAM gaurava, dhairya, ane zAntinuM rasika khyAna eka samakAlIna kavie ApyuM che; cArlsane Royal Actor kahIne te lakhe che keHo nothing common did or mean, Upon that memorable scenes But with his keener eye, The axe's did try... Nor call'd the Gods with vulgar spite, To vindicate his helpless right; But bowed his comely head, Down as upon a bed. (Andrew Marvell]

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prakaraNa 4thuM sainyasattAka rAjya: i. sa. 164-1660 cArlsa 1lAnA mata mujaba dezamAM lazkarI sattA prabaLa thaI gaI hatI. tenA mRtyu pachInAM dasa varSamAM IMglenDamAM koI paNa ceksa rAjyabaMdhAraNa ne hatuM. sainyanI prabaLa sattAnA jore eka mANasa dezamAM ghaNI thaI paDyo hato. teNe dareka prakAranI muzkelIo veThIne pitAnuM pada jALavI rakhyuM. alabata, teNe dezamAM zAnti sthApI, ane vyApAraudyoga khIlavI dezanI saMpatti vadhAravAnA prayatna karyo, paNa tenuM pariNAma lAMbo vakhata TakayuM nahi. dezamAM be pakSa ubhA thayA, ane temAM aneka prakAranA dhArmika ane rAjadvArI peTAvibhAga paDI gayA. kevele dezamAM vyavasthA ANI rAjya sthira karavAnA prayatna karyo, chatAM te paNa phAvyo nahi; kemake prajAne kaI paNa pakSa tenI tarapha nahe. sinyasattAka rAjya tenI muzkelIoH "prAIDanA julAba" pachI huDI pArlamenTane hastaka dezano kArabhAra AvyuM. teNe prajAsattAka rAjyanAM jAheranAmAM prasiddha karI dIdhAM. rAjapada ane amIranI sabhAne nukasAnakAraka, nakAmAM ane dezanI svataMtratAno nAza karanArAM karAvI rada karavAmAM AvyAM. 41. sabhyonI eka rASTrasabhAne dezano kArabhAra calAvavAnI sattA maLI. tenA ghaNAkharA sabhya pArlamenTanA sabhAsado hatA. breDaze teno pramukha ba, ane prasiddha paMDita ane kavi miTana teno maMtrI thayuM. A sabhA pArlamenTane javAbadAra nahatI, eTale "samacchedake" (Levellers)nA nAmathI oLakhAtA sainyanA eka vibhAgane te pasaMda paDI nahi; jo ke teo phakaLI UThyA, paNa konTele temane dabAvI dIdhA. - A uparAMta lekane bIjI muzkelIo veThavAnI hatI. cArsanA vadhuthI. yuropa khaMDamAM eka prakArane bhaya phelAyo hato. sarva rAjya bhaktasenAnA A kRtyane agya ane rAkSasI gaNatAM hatAM. temaNe AvA nAmanA prajasattAka rAjyano savIkAra karavA nA pADI, ane IMglenDanA elacIne pitAnA

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161 darabAramAM rAkhavAnI nAkhuzI batAvI. hegamAM eka elacInuM khUna thayuM, ane cArsanA putrano hakadAra vArasa tarIke svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo. maeNDimAM paNa bIjo eka pratinidhi mAryo gayo. dezamAM A navA rAjyathI leke khuzI na hatA. cArlsanA mRtyu pachI kaI ajANyA lekhakanuM "rAjapratimA nAme pustaka prasiddha thayuM. temAM rAjAnA guNonuM bhArebhAra yazagAna hatuM, ane tenA para gujArelAM saMkaTanuM marmavedhaka citra hatuM. pArlAmenTa manA karyA chatAM leke cekabaMdha vAMce, vAMcIne raDe, ane nisAsA nAkhe. chevaTe oNTalenDamAM cArlsa bIjAno rAjA tarIke svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo, ane AyalenDamAM rAjAnA pakSanA keTalAka mANasoe ane kethalika paMthIoe maLIne cArlsa bIjAne potAnuM rAjya meLavavA mATe yuddha karavAnuM AmaMtraNa ApyuM. A pramANe bAhya ane AMtara vipattiothI bhaya pAmelI pArlamenTa vIkharAI javAne badale cAlu rahevAnuM TharAvyuM. daramiAna AyarlenDamAM lazkaranI hAra thayAnA ane baLave thavAnA samAcAra AvyA. AyalenDa joDe yuddhaH 1649. A baLavAnAM kAraNa samajavA mATe the pUrva ItihAsa joIe. sTepha cAlsane sarvopari banAvanAnI je yojanA ghaDI hatI, te teNe AyarlenDamAM amalamAM mUkI. AthI tyAMnI prajAmAM asaMtoSa phelAye. paraMtu konA bhAra ke cUM ke cAM kare ? teNe neTa paragaNuM ja karavAnI peravI karI. AyalenDanI prajA mukhyatve remana kethalika hatI, tethI riTana ane preaiTiriyana paMthanA leke para temane aNapatIja hatI. temane lAgyuM ke e paMthanA leke koneTamAM vase ane sarva adhikAra temanA hAthamAM jAya, te te leke dharmane nAme Ayarizane duHkha devAmAM maNa rAkhaze nahi. AthI i. sa. 1641mAM tyAM baLavo thayA. temAM aneka aMgrejo ane eMTa lekane saMhAra thaye, paNa lAMbI pArlamenTe baLavo dabAvI devA lazkara taiyAra karyuM nahi; kemake tene bhaya lAgyo ke kadAca e lazkarane rAjA hAtha karI laI pArlamenTanI sAme dharI de. prajAvigraha daramiAna * Ayariza leke rAjAnA pakSamAM rahyA, ane cArsanA mRtyu pachI sarva pakSee 1. keTalAka mAne che ke pustakane kartA cATarsa pote hato. miTanane tene pratyuttara lakhavAnuM kArya soMpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. 11

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16ra tenA putrane rAjA tarIke svIkAryo. I. sa. 1639nA baLavAne nAyaka ArmaDane ThAkara hato. teNe eka pachI eka killA sara karavA mAMDyA. chevaTe pArlAmenTa pAse ekaluMDablina rahyuM, tyAre konvelane senApati tarIke AyarlenDa mokalavAmAM Avyo. 12,000 cunaMdA sainikone laI krovela AyarlenDamAM utaryo. teNe nizcaya karyo hato, ke dayA to batAvavI nahi. teNe mAnyuM ke prajAsattAka rAjyanA zatruone dabAvI daI temanA para dhAka besADavAne A sAre lAga che. teNe tyAM jaIne gheDA nagarane ghere ghAlyo. divAlamAM gAbaDuM pADI tenuM lazkara killAmAM dAkhala thayuM. krovelanA hukamathI lagabhaga 3,000 mANasonI hathiyAra vinAnI TukaDInI katala karavAmAM AvI. keTalAka bicArA jIva bacAvavA mATe devaLamAM bharAyA, paNa devaLane Aga lagADavAmAM AvI. jeo ema ne ema zaraNe AvyA, temAMthI paNa keTalAkane mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. vekasapharDanA yuddhamAM paNa (kepTelanA hukama vinA) evIja krUratA batAvavAmAM AvI. AthI Akho deza tharatharI gayo, ane killA ane zahere TapoTapa konvelane svAdhIna thavA lAgyAM. paraMtu krovelane evuM karavuM hatuM, ke pharIthI e kamanasIba deza mAthuM uMcakI na zake. AthI baLavAnA ghaNAkharA AgevAnono vadha karavAmAM Avyo. teNe asTara, lIsTara, ane mansTaranA phaLadrupa pradezamAMthI Aya'rizane hAMkI kADhavAnI yojanA ghaDI kADhI. teNe Ayariza jamInadAranI jamIna chInavI laI aMgreja kheDutone ke jamInadArane ApI dIdhI. keTalAka Ayarizane dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA, ane keTalAkane vesTa InDijha mekalI devAmAM AvyA. e sAthe Ayarizane paradezI sainyamAM joDAvAnI rajA ApavAmAM AvI, eTale bhUkhamarAthI ane duHkhathI trAselA keTalAka leke khuzIthI svadeza choDI jatA rahyA. - kethalika dharmane pracAra aTakAvavA mATe paNa jabarA prayatno karavAmAM AvyA, paNa lekamata viruddha ekalI sattA zuM karI zake ? loke kethelika - pAdarIone Azraya ApatA, athavA temane chupAvatA, ke chupA veza paherAvI pheravatA; chatAM e TApu proTesTanTa lekane AdhIna rahe, evI vyavasthA

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163 khele karI. AyarlenDanI A navI vyavasthAne amala konvelanA jamAIe karyo; kemake krovelane tarataja skoTalenDa javuM paDayuM. eNTalenDa joDe yuddhaH 1650. skoTalenDanA loko myuriTana paMthanA loke pratye bhAva dharAvatA na hatA, ane cArlsano vadha paNa temane pasaMda na hato. temaNe cArlsa bIjAne rAjA tarIke svIkAryo, paNa taNuM rAjakumAra pitAne dAva khelato hato. te ekadama prembiTiriyana paMtha svIkAravA taiyAra na hato. teNe AyarlenDamAM rAjAnA pakSanI hAra thaelI jaI, tyAre te rkoTalenDamAM AvyuM. keMTa leka cArlsa bIjAne pakSa laI sAmA thayA. AthI pArlamenTa camakI UThI, ane teNe aMgreja lazkarane skoTalenDa mokalavAno nizcaya karyo. paraMtu pheraphaeNkase hale laI javAnI nA pADI, eTale pArlamenTa AyarlenDamAMthI konvelane bolAvI rkoTalenDa javAnI AjJA karI. DinabAranuM yuddhaH sarahada oLaMgIne krovela oNTalenDamAM utaryo, ke tyAM nAsabhAga thavA lAgI. krovela sIdho eDinabare jaI pahoMcyuM, paNa skeTa le ke hArI jAya tevA na hatA. temane catura senApati leslIe velane gherI laIne IMglenDa javAnA rastAnA baMdha karyA, eTale tene navI madada na maLe, ane kherAkanI taMgI paDe. paraMtu kropele agamacetI vAparIne sAmAna bharelAM vahANa DabAra baMdare belAvyAM hatAM, eTale te eDinabaro choDIne tyAM gayA. ahIM DeMTa sanDe TekarI para paDAva nAkhyo hato, ane konvelathI kazuM thaI zake tema na hatuM. paraMtu skoTa sainyanA keTalAka adhIrA pAdarIonA dabANathI . sa. 1650nA sapaTembaranI 3jI tArIkhe sUryodaya pahelAM senApatie lazkarane nIce utaravAno hukama karyo. "have Izvare temane mArA hAthamAM soMpyA che" ema kahI konTele majabuta dhasAro karyo, ane thoDI vAramAM skeTa hayadaLane vikherI nAkhyuM. AthI keMTa lazkaramAM gabharATa phelAye, ane tarapha nAsabhAga thaI rahI. eka kalAkamAM yuddha pUruM thaI gayuM. kompale ane tenA sainya Izvarastavana karyuM, ane pachI teo zatrunI The paDyA. pariNAme hajAra mANasa muA, keTalAeka keda thayA, ane puSkaLa sAmAna ane te aMgrejone hAtha AvyAM. have konvelane keAI aTakAvanAra na rahyuM. teNe eDinabare jaIne zaherano kabaje lIdhA

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164 yusTaranuM yuddhaH A yuddha ATalethI baMdha na paDyuM. konvelane AkhuM varSa yuddha cAlu rAkhavuM paDayuM. Akhare cArlsa ane tenA maLatIAo ona gayA, ane tyAM cATarsano rAjyAbhiSeka karavAmAM AvyuM. Akho divasa rAjAnI AsapAsa prembiTiriyana pAdarIo rahIne tene dhArmika vyAkhyAne saMbhaLAvavA lAgyA. rAja AthI kaMTALI gayuM. teNe IglenDamAM nasIba ajamAvI jovAno vicAra karyo. leslIne DanabAranA yuddhamAM maLelA parAjaya pachI gumAvelI kIrti meLavavAnI hoMsa hatI. lekezAyara ane velsanA lokonI madadanI AzAe cArlsa sainya laI IglenDa tarapha cAlyo. kronvelane A vAtanI jANa thatAM te temanI pAchaLa dhAye. DanabAranA yuddhanA yAdagAra divase varTara pAse yuddha thayuM, temAM paNa jheMTa lekane sakhata hAra maLI. cArlsane raNakSetramAMthI nAsI javuM paDayuM. tene mAthe aneka vItake vItyAM, ane te vahANamAM besI phAnsane kinAre utarI paDyo. Ama konvelanuM dhAryuM thayuM; eNTalenDa para evo dAba besI gayo, ke krovelane tenA sAmuM jovAnI jarUra paDI nahi. svataMtratA mATe prANa pAthare evA Ta leke pAse nAmanIe svataMtratA na rahI. halenDa joDe vigrahaH ATalethI Ile... prajAsattAka rAjya gaNavA lAgyuM. yuropanAM rAjyamAM krospelanA nAmanI zeha paDavA lAgI. paraMtu sainyanI sattA sarvopari thaI na jAya te mATe pArlAmenTa yukti karI. sabhyoe pArlamenTane AdhIna rahe tevuM naukAsainya taiyAra karavAno vicAra karyo, ane DabAra -vusTaranAM addabhuta parAkramone jhAMkhA pADe evAM dariAI yuddho mATe paravI karavA mAMDI. A hetuthI dariAI babamAM zreSTha gaNutA helenDa joDe takarAra zarU karI. i. sa. 1651mAM "nauyAnano kAyado" (Navigation Act)pasAra karI pArlamenTa evo TharAva karyo, ke IglenDamAM je mAla Ave te aMgrejI vahANamAM, athavA je dezamAM te mAla banyA hoya tenAM vahANamAM Avavo 1. pakaDavA mATe pharatA sipAIonA hAthamAMthI chaTakavA mATe eka vakhata cArlsane A divasa vRkSa upara saMtAI rahevuM paDayuM. nIceja sipAI e "te ATalAmAM che evI vAto karatA. te sAMbhaLIne teno jIva UDI jato. paraMtu nasIbanA baLe te temanA hAthamAM na AvyuM.

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165 joIe. ethI Daca lekAnA vepArane jIvaleNa phaTake vAge; kemake te samaye Daca lekanAM vahANo khUba vepAra kheDatAM ane mAlanI lAvajA karatA. A pramANe Daca vahANene vepAra aMgreja vahANene maLe. uparAMta Daca vahANuM aMgrejI khADImAM Ave tyAre teNe vAvaTo utArI salAmI ApavI evuM pharamAna thayuM. AthI Daca lekene hINapata lAgI. have laDAI vinA bIje upAya rahyo na hato. aMgreja naukAsainyano uparI robarTa bleka nipuNa ane kasAe yoddho hate. Daca naukAsainyane uparI vaeNnaTrampa hatA. A be varSano vigraha zarUAtamAM nAne paNa bhayaMkara hato. eka bIjA upara humalA thayA. eka yuddhamAM aMgrejo hAryA, eTale vijyanA garvamAM Trampa "aMgrejone samudra parathI kacarAnI peThe kADhI nAkhyA che" ema sUcavavA pitAnA vahANa upara sAvaraNI bAMdhI. paraMtu Akhare Daca leke hAryA ane Trampa mA. piorTalenDanA yuddhamAM aMgrejo jItyA, tyAre hAlenDa saMdhi karavA tatpara thayuM. A pramANe paradezo pAse prajAsattAka rAjyanI ANa manAvI krombele apUrva nAmanA meLavI. cAra varSa pachI teNe "dezarakSaka tarIkenuM kArya hAthamAM lIdhuM. - dezarakSaka kolaH aMzI sabhyonI banelI ThuMThI pArlamenTa kharI pArlamenTa na hatI, te pachI prajAnA pratinidhi rUpe kema gaNAya che cArlsanA vadha pachI navI pAlamenTa maLavI joItI hatI, paNa sattA choDavI kene game ? dezanI avyavasthita sthiti joI kropTela ane pArlamenTa vacce evo TharAva thaye, ke traNa varSa sudhI enI e pArlamenTa cAlu rahe, ane te cokkasa rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDI kADhe. paraMtu lazkaranI gerahAjarIno lAbha laI pArlamenTa gerakAyadesara kAma karavA mAMDayAM. oNTalenDathI kombela pAcho Avyo, tyAre teNe A badhuM joyuM, eTale tenI AMkha phATI. pArlamenTa visarjana thavAne badale evI tadabIra racI ke junA sabhya kAyama rahe, paNa je navA sabhyo Ave temanI varaNIne nirNaya paNa te kare. AthI sainya ane pArlamenTano virodha zarU thayuM. I. sa. 1653nA eprilanI 20mI tArIkhe konvelane khabara paDI ke pAlamenTa uparanI matalabano kharaDo pasAra karavAnI taiyArImAM che, eTale te sabhAgRha tarapha deDa. pitAnI jeDe hathiyArabaMdha sipAIo hatA, temane bahAra rAkhI pite aMdara jaI chAne mAne beThe. paraMtu carcA

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166 ,, sAMbhaLyA bAda teNe kahyuM, "tamArI ghaDI bharAI cUkI che, ane Izvare tamane tajI dIdhA che; huM tamArI lavarI baMdha karI devA mAguM chuM. tamAre ahIM vadhAre vakhata mesavuM e yeAgya nathI. tame kaMI pArlamenTa nathI. teNe paga pachADayA, eTale trIsa sainikAe aMdara AvI sabhA vIkherI nAkhI. pramukhe khurasI parathI UThavAnI nA pADI, eTale teneA DhAtha pakaDI uDADI mUkavAmAM AvyA. pachI bAraNAMne tALuM mArI krobvela kuMcI laI gayA. i. sa. 1640 mAM beThelI lAMbI pArlamenTane aMta baLAtkAra ane apamAnamA AvyA, paNa tenI potAnI anumati vinA tene vIkherI zakAya tema na hatuM. have dezamAM krombela ane tenA sainyanI sattA rahI. krombele peAtAnA adhikArathI navI pArlamenTa elAvI. tenA sabhyeA prajAe pasaMda karelA na hatA, paraMtu krombela ane tenA pakSanA mANasoe anukULa mANasa mekalyA hatA. emAM skArTalenDa ane velsanA keTalAka sabhyA hatA. A pArlamenTe keTalAka sArA kAyadA ghaDayA, paNa utsAhanA AvezamAM teNe eTalA badhA sudhArA karavA mAMDayA, ke dezamAM azAnti vyApavAnA bhaya dekhAyA. krombela tenAthI kaMTALI gayA, ane sabhyAmAM takarArA thavA lAgI, eTale pAMca mAsamAM sarva sattA krombelane sAMpI pArlamenTa barakhAsta thaI, i. sa. 1653. have zuM karavuM ? taravArane jore calAveluM rAjya lAMkhe| kALa TakI zakatuM nathI. lAMkhI pArlamenTanA anubhavathI krombela eTaluM teA samajI zakayeA hateA, ke dezamAM kAI paNa sattA prabaLa hAvI joI e, ane rAjyanAM sava aMge te sattAne vaza rahIne cAle, tAja dezamAM zAnti rahe; kAraNa ke bInajavAbadAra ane ekahaththu sattA paNa svataMtratAno nAza karanArI nIvaDe che. lazkarI adhikArIonI sUcanAthI krombele ' dezarakSaka 'nuM gauravabharyuM pada kAryuM. tenI joDe eka maMtrI sabhA ane pArlamenTa paNa hAvAM joIe, evuM herAvavAmAM AvyuM. A uparAMta rAjyataMtranAM sAdhana ( Instrument of Government ) vaDe rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDI kADhI pArlamenTa ane dezarakSakanI svI 1. A pArlamenTane barakhAnsa' pArlamenTa' kahevAmAM Ave che; kemake tenA eka sabhyanuM nAma preIjha gADa bara khAnsa (khullAM hADakA) hatuM. e jamAnAmAM pyUTina . lArkA khAibalanAM nItisUtronA nAma tarIke upayAga karatA.

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sattAnI maryAdA AMkavAmAM AvI. temAM ema karAvavAmAM AvyuM, ke konvela maraNa paryata dezarakSaka rahe, tene bAMge pagAra maLe, ane pArlamenTa dara traNa varSe ochAmAM ochI eka vAra maLe. | dezarakSakanI AMtara nItiH 1653-1658. cArlsanA vadhane pAMca varSa thatA pahelAM ekaja hAthamAM sarvopari sattA jaI paDI. navI pArlamenTa maLI, te pahelAMnA dasa mAsa kombele sArI rIte rAjya calAvyuM. teNe dezamAM vidyAnI vRddhi thAya tevA upAyo kya, kharcamAM karakasara karI, sarvane sarakhA nyAya maLe tevI vyavasthA karI, ane garIba kheDuto ane jamInadAronI. sthiti sudhAravAnI mahenata karI. teNe rkoTalenDane IglenDa sAthe joDI dIdhuM. navI vizALa pratinidhitvavALI pArlamenTa I. sa. 1654mAM maLI. temAM mAtra romana kethalika ane rAjAnA pakSanA mANase na hatA. temAM I. sa. 163ranA sudhArAnA kharaDAnAM ghaNuM tane samAveza thato hato. navI sabhAmAM kolanA ghaNA zatruo AvyA. temaNe mAtra "hA jI hA karavAne badale rAjyabaMdhAraNanI carcA upADI. dezamAM ekaja mANasa sarvopari hoI zake ke nahi, te para jussAdAra vivecana thavA lAgyAM. paraMtu kombele temane kahyuM ke je kAyadA ane baMdhAraNane aMge tame pita pArlamenTamAM besavA pAmyA che, tene tamArAthI hAtha lagADI zakAze nahi. paraMtu navA sabhAsado svataMtra mijAjanA hevAthI DarI jAya tevA nahatA. jo ke pitAnI viruddha thanArA 100 sabhAsadone kombele pArlamenTamAM AvatA baMdha kya, paNa eTalAM badhAM virodhI ta rahI gayAM, ke pAMca mAsanI aMdara tene pArlamenTa barakhAsta karavI paDI. have teNe ekale hAthe rAjya karavA mAMDayuM. tene amala dareka rIte lazkarI hatI. teNe dezane 10 paragaNAMmAM vaheMcI nAkhe, ane dareka upara ekeka daMDanAyaka" (Major General) nI. A nAyakee cArsanA jevI ApakhudI calAvavA mAMDI. dezanA junA dhArAone amala baMdha paDe, gerakAyadesara karaverA ugharAvavAmAM AvyA, ane lokone kaDaka sajA thavA lAgI. beDaze jevAne paNa krejvale turaMgamAM mokalI dIdho. AthI rAjAnA

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168. pakSakAramAM ane sAmAnya prajAmAM asaMtoSa vyA. jyAM tyAM konvelanA nAyaka ane temanA julamanI vAte thavA lAgI. I. sa. 1656mAM bIjI pArlamenTa maLI. tenA sabhya paNa nimalya ane krovaeNlanA pakSanA hatA; kemake tenA lagabhaga 100 vidhIone maMtrIsaMbhAe besavA devAnI nA pADI. have sabhyae vinIta arajI ane sUcanA no kharaDe taiyAra karI rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM je pheraphAra sUcavyA, temAM be mukhya hatA; eka e ke kompale "rAjapadIno svIkAra kare, ane bIjuM e ke amInI sabhAnI pharI sthApanA karavI. rAjapada levAnI krolanI icchA hoya ke na hoya, paNa je sainyanI ethe rahIne te ucca padavIe pahoMcyo hatA, ane teNe gaurava, pratiSThA, ane pratApa meLavyAM hatAM, te sainyane e vAta gamatI na hatI e krospela jANato hato. ethI teNe rAjA thavAnI nA pADI, ane bAkInI sUcanA svIkArI. tene "dezarakSaka" tarIke kAyama karI vidhipUrvaka sattA soMpavAmAM AvI, ane tene vArasa nImavAnI sattA maLI. I. sa. 1658nI pArlAmenTamAM krombele kADhI mUkelA sabhAsane besavAnI rajA maLI, ane ghaNA sabhyone amIra banAvyA tethI temanI jagAe navA sabhyo AvyA. A badhAe rAjyabaMdhAraNanI junI takarAra upADI, eTale kropele pArlamenTa barakhAsta karI Apakhuda amala calAvyo. ) dezarakSakanI paradezanItiH i. sa. 1654-58. krovelanI kharI mahattA tenI paradezanItimAM jaNAya che. dezamAM virodha, ciMtA, ane khaTapaTa hovA chatAM konTele paradezamAM IMglenDanuM gaurava vadhAryuM. IlijhAbethanI peThe yuropanAM proTesTanTa rAjyone ekatra karI tenuM uparIpada IglenDane ApavAnI tenAmAM hoMsa hatI. ethI teNe Daca leke jeDe maLIne oNsTriAnI viruddha svIDana jeDe saMdhi karI vepArI lAbha meLavyA. phrAnsa ane spena vacce cAlatA vigrahano lAbha laI teNe phrAnsano pakSa lIdhe, ane dAvo karyo ke spenanA rAjyamAM aMgrejone pitAno dharma pALavAnI saMpUrNa svataMtratA hevI joIe. spena custa kethelika hovAthI kombele IlijhAbethanI nIti AraMbhI. teNe vesTa InDijhamAM lazkara mokalyuM, ane jemekA jItI lIdhuM, I. sa. 1656. sAyane Thokera phansane sudhArakene bahu duHkha detA hatA. tene phrAnsanA

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169 - rAjAe samajAvI rahema rAkhavAnI jarUra paDI. eTale konTele phAnsanA rAjAne madada ApavAnuM kabUla karyuM. IglenDa ane phrAnsa spena sAme laDyAM. spenanuM lazkara Dayunsa pAse hAryuM, ane tenI pAsethI IglenDe Dankarmano killo paDAvI lIdhe, i. sa. 1658. AthI kropTelanI kIrti vadhI, ane IMglenDanuM gaurava vadhyuM. have yuropanAM rAjyonA elacIo konvelanA darabAramAM AvI mUkI mUkIne salAma karavA lAgyA; kemake sarvane tenI mIThI najara ane dastInI garaja paDavA lAgI. bhUmadhya samudramAM paNa aMgrejonA nAmane ke vAgyo. daramiAna TayunisanA bee aMgreja kedIo soMpavAnI nA pADI, eTale blekane tyAM mokalavAmAM AvyuM. maraNuM ane tulanAH kolanuM vaya 59 varSanuM thayuM, tyAM to ciMtA, zrama, ujAgarA, ane maMdavADathI tenuM zarIra nabaLuM paDavA lAgyuM. dezane mATe zarIrane zrama ApavAmAM teNe maNa rAkhI na hatI, chatAM tenA chellA divaso duHkhamAM gayA. tenA zatruo tene ghATa ghaDavAnI khaTapaTa karatA. "khUna e hatyA nathI" e copAnImAM kolanuM khUna karavAnAM kAraNo darzAvavAmAM AvyAM. Ama aMta kALamAM te bahu dukhI hatA. te vastronI nIce bakhtara paherato, ane sUvAnI jagA reja badalato. vadhArAmAM tenI priya putrInA mRtyuthI tene asahya AghAta lAgyo. tene bhayaMkara maMdavADa lAgu paDe. tene ArAma thAya te mATe lokoe prArthanA karI, paNa saghaLuM vyartha hatuM. konvela I. sa. 16pa0nA sapTembaranI 3jI tArIkhe anaMta zAMtinA dhAmamAM gayo. krovela asAdhAraNa buddhivALo, tIvra samajaNavALo, dayALu, kamaLa, ane snehALa hatA. jo ke tene svabhAva jalada hato, paNa tenAmAM dveSa na hato. raNabhUmi para tene jeTo maLavo muzkela hatuM. tenI addabhuta vyavasthAzakti, prasaMga oLakhIne lAbha levAnI zakti ane yuddhakaLAnI AvaDatane lIdhe te haMmezAM vijaya meLavato. teNe IglenDanI ghaNI sevA karI che. teNe 1. krovelanA jIvanamAM 3jI sapTembaranA banAvo yAna kheMce evI che. te 3jI sapTembare (1949) gheDA pahoMcya; DabbAranuM yuddha 3jI sapTembare (1950) thayuM, varTaranA yuddhamAM 3jI sapTembare (1951) jaya ma; tenI pahelI pArlamenTa 3jI sapTembare (1654) maLI; tenuM mRtyu 30 sapTembare (1958) thayuM.

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10. dezaparadezamAM potAnI pratiSThA vadhArI, to paNa teNe joI lIdhuM ke dhArelA kAryamAM te niSphaLa nIvaDayo hato. rAjAne vadha karI prajAne svataMtratA ApavAnA prayatnomAM prajAne meTo bhAga saMmata na hato. teNe taravArane jere prajA para sattA TakAvI rAkhI, paNa e pratApI zakti dUra thatAM pitAnuM kAma tUTI paDavAnuM che ema te samajI gaye. tenA dhArmika vicAro jamAnA karatAM AgaLa paDatA hatA. teNe lelA jevA apriya thaI paDelA vargane dharmachUTa ApI, ane vepArIone ane dharmaghelAono virodha hovA chatAM dezamAM vAdIone vasavA dIdhA. dhArmika AvezathI prerAele buddhizALI jamInadAra svadezAbhimAnanA pUramAM kheMcAya tyAre kyAM sudhI jaI zake, tenuM udAharaNa kanvela pUruM pADe che. teNe dezamAM samRddhi ANI, paNa prajAne joItI svataMtratA te ApI zake na hato. arAjakatAH I. sa. 1659-60. kropTelanA mRtyu pachI tene putra ricarDa konvela "dezarakSakanA pada para AvyuM. tenAmAM pitAnI buddhi ke zakti na hatI; te zAMtipriya ane ekAMta jIvana gujAravAnI icchAvALo, laDavAnI AvaData vinAno ane sAdhAraNa mANasa hato, eTale junI takarAra ubhI thaI. teNe pArlamenTa belAvI, paNa sainya ane pArlamenTa vacce takarAra jAmI. sainikone yuddhakaLAnA jJAna vinAno A uparI joI to na hato, ane pArlamenTane lazkaranI prabaLa sattA pAlavatI nahotI; teNe lazkarI adhikArIonA dabANane vaza thaI pArlamenTane visarjana karI, ane pitAnuM rAjInAmuM ApI dIdhuM. teNe kahyuM ke "mArI padavI mane bhAra rUpa che, eTale te mATe huM lehInuM eka paNa TIpuM reDAvA denAra nathI." . A pachI dezamAM khAsa mukhya sattA rahI nahi. krovaeNlanA maraNa pachI lazkaranI ekatA tUTI, ane lazkarI adhikArIo uparIpadane mATe laDavA 1. krovelanA jIvananI samIkSA nIcenI cAra lITIomAM ThIka karelI che. He first put arms into Religion's hands, And tim'rous conscience into Courage mann'd; The soldier taught that in ward mail to wear, An fearing God how they should nothing fear.

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lAgyA. A sarvemAM lebarTa baLavAna saradAra hatA. te sainyane AgevAna banIne laMDana gaye, ane teNe pArlamenTane sajIvana karI. paraMtu pArlamenTa ane sainya vacce sarvopari sattAne mATe vikhavAda thaye. pArlamenTe 1659nA kabaramAM laeNmbarTa ane tenA maLatIono adhikAra laI lIdho. amaladAroe pArlamenTa vikherI vera vALyuM, ane rAjya calAvavA lazkarI samiti nImI. A samaye maMka nAme kAryadakSa, catura, ane vyavahArakuzaLa saradAre avyavasthAno aMta ANavAno vicAra karyo. teNe svadezapremane vaza thaI rAjAno. pakSa levAno nizcaya karyo. teNe lazkarI samitinI sattA svIkArI nahi. I. sa. 1660mAM te sarahada oLaMgI laMDana tarapha upaDe. laMDanamAM AvI teNe sainya, pArlamenTa, ane prajAnI IcchAo ane phariyAdo sAMbhaLI. teNe pArlamenTa belAvI, ane I. sa. 1648mAM kADhI mUkavAmAM AvelA preaiTiriyana sabhyane pharIthI notaryA. leke A sAMbhaLI khuzI thayA. A pramANe pharI maLelI lAMbI pAlamenTa DahApaNa vAparIne svecchApUrvaka visarjana thaI navI ane svataMtra pArlamenTa maLI, temAM rAjAnA pakSanA ane madhyama vicAranA ghaNuM puruSo AvyA. AthI sainyasattAnA divase pUrA thayA, ane cAre tarapha rAjabhakitanI bharatI caDavA lAgI. sarvane ema lAgatuM hatuM ke junI rAjya-. vyavasthA pharI dAkhala thavI joIe. A vakhate rAjaputra cArlsa holenDamAM hatuM. teNe maMkanI joDe viSTi calAvI ane tenI sUcanAthI DAthI jAheranAmuM prasiddha karI sarvane kSamA ApavAnuM, sarvane dharmanI chUTa ApavAnuM, ane prajAnI icchAnusAra rAjya calAvavAnuM vacana ApyuM. tyAra bAda navI kAmacalAu pAlamenTa (Convention) cArjane gAdI svIkAravAnuM AmaMtraNa ApyuM. ethI. cArlsa Devara Avyo, ane tyAMthI lokone harSanAda sAMbhaLate laMDana gayo.

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prakaraNa pamuM rAjAnuM punarAgamana cATarsa bIja: i. sa. 1660-1685 * rAjAnuM punarAgamanaH kAmacalAu pArlamenTa cArlsa bIjAne gAdI levAnI vinaMti karI; kAraNa ke te hakadAra hato eTaluM ja nahi paNa tenA vinA cAle ema na hatuM. yUriTanoe rAjAnI sAme hathiyAra uThAvI je akhataro karyo te niSphaLa gaye. jo ke julamagAra rAjAnI sAme laDIne vijaya meLavyo e kharuM, paNa te pachI julamagAranA putrane mAna ApavA bhaktasenAne hathiyAra namAvI ubhA rahevuM paDayuM. krovelanA kaDaka amalathI ane yUriTanonI ugratAthI lekamAM asaMtoSa phelAyo hato, ane rAjyamAM avyavasthA AvI hatI. AthI sarvane rAjAnI jarUra hatI. jo ke AMtara vigrahane pariNAme rAjAnI sattA jatI rahI, paNa tenA karatAM vadhu kharAba sattA sarvopari thaI paDI. dhArmika julame paNa ochA na hatA, ane pakSApakSInAM mULa uDAM hatAM. A badhAnuM zubha pariNAma e AvyuM, ke bhaviSyamAM rAjAthI ugharANuM thaI zake nahi ke kara nAkhI zakAya nahi, ane prajAnI icchA viruddha rAjya karI zakAya nahi; mAtra bahumatIvALo pakSa potAnA kAbumAM rAkhIne rAjA svataMtra rIte rAjya karI zake tema hatuM; kemake senApati maMke calAvelI viSTimAM rAjAprajAnA haka viSe kazI vAta karavAmAM AvI na hatI. A samaye pArlamenTanI mAgaNIo maMjura karavA cArlsa taiyAra hato, paNa durbhAgye kaI pravINa rAjadvArI te samaye na hatA. AthI karIne cArlsa pitAnA amalamAM judA judA pakSone laDAvIne ane AMtaravigrahano bhaya ubhuM rAkhIne manadhAryuM karato gaye. A vyAkarse bIjoH cArjane janma i. sa. 1930mAM thayo hate. nesbInA yuddha pachI te holenDamAM jaI rahyo, ane i. sa. 1651mAM skeTalenDamAM pAcho Avyo. varTaranA bhayaMkara yuddha pachI te phrAnsa nAsI gaye, paNa tyAMthI tene i. sa. 1655mAM rajA maLI. te laMDana Avyo tyAre lokoe tene harakhabhera AvakAra Ape; prajAe rastAmAM kula pAthayAM, devaLamAM ghaMTanAda thaye, ane TheraThera raNadUra, jhAMjhapakhAla, ane ghugharA lAgyA. bArIbAraNuM paNuM

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173 te dhajApatAkAthI zaNagAravAmAM AvyAM, ane leke raMgaberaMgI vastro paherI rAjAne sanmAna ApavA bahAra nIkaLI paDyA. bhuDI ane kALamukhI sainyasattAne aMta Avyo, ane have sukhavAro Avaze ema lokoe mAnyuM. myuriTanoe lekino AnaMdIva, mojamajhAM, nAcaraMga, sAThamArI vagere baMdha karyA hatA, te badhuM pharIthI zarU thaze evI temanI AzA hatI. cAnsa zAnta svabhAvane, uDe, apramANika, svAtha, viSayI, lucce, ezaArAmI, ane ALasu hato. tenI bAlyAvasthA rakhaDapaTTImAM vItI hatI, eTale na. .. 3 ne tene deza mATe prIti nahotI. cArlsa bIje udAratA ane dayA ke dharma sabaMdhI lAgaNI tenAmAM na hatIH mAtra tenI rItabhAta ane bolavAnI chaTA manahara hatI. tene pitAnuM dhAryuM karavAnI Teva hatI, chatAM pArlamenTane chaMcheDIne ke tenI viruddha jaIne kaMI paNa karavAnI tene dachI nahotI. tenAmAM aneka yuktio ane uDI pahoMcI hatI; kayAre sAmuM thavuM, ane kyAre laTI paDavuM e te samajato hato. rAjanA IzvarI haka viSe tenAmAM evA mamata hatA, ke prANAne paNa te choDavA e taiyAra na hato. paraMtu tenI caturAIthI tenA vicAro ekadama jaNAtA nahi, eTale prajA tenI sAme thaI nahi. te kahetA ke "mAre pharIthI yuropanI yAtrA karavAnI icchA nathI." tenA jIvanamAM be murAde hatIH (1) pitAnuM dhAryuM karavuM, ane pArlamenTane hisAba na Apavo paDe te rIte vilAsane mATe dravya meLavavuM (2) kethalika dharmanI pharI sthApanA karavI; kAraNa ke te mAnato hato ke proTesTanTa dharma pALavAthI loko svataMtra mijAjanA thaI jAya che. te pote paNa aMtaramAM kethalika hatA.

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kAmacalAu pArlamenTaH I. sa. 16 60. e pachI breDAnA jAheranAmAne amala karavAnuM kAma hAthamAM levAmAM AvyuM. pAlamenTa I. sa. 1637thI 1660 sudhInA baLavAmAM bhAga lenArAone kSamA ApI; chatAM 13 rAjahatyArAne ane nyAyAdhIzone phAMsIe caDAvyA, ane keTalAkane baMdIkhAne nAkhyA. konTela ane breDazenAM zabane kabaromAMthI khodI kADhI phAMsIe caDAvyAM. konvelanA samayamAM rAjAnA pakSanA mANasanI jamIna laI levAmAM AvI hatI, te temane pAchI ApavAmAM AvI, ane amIranI sabhAnI pharIthI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. rAjAne bAra lAkha panDanuM varSAsana bAMdhI ApI tenI jAgIre soMpavAmAM AvI, paNa kyUDala dhArAne aMge maLatAM najarANuM baMdha karI dArUnI jakAta tene maLe tevI goThavaNa karavAmAM AvI. e sAthe maMkanI senAne pagAra cUkavI vikherI nAkhavAmAM AvI. rAjAe temAMthI eka TukaDI rAkhI lIdhI, ane A pramANe IglenDanI sthAyI senAnuM bIja naMkhAyuM. keTalAka dhArmika praznonuM nirAkaraNa karavA jevuM hatuM, paNa rAjA ane pAlamenTa vacce matabheda hovAthI kazuM karyA vinA A pAlamenTa I. sa. 1660mAM barakhAsta thaI. ) skoTalenDa ane AyalenDamAM rAjasattAnI sthApanA I. sa. '1660-16 65. rAjAnA punarAgamanathI A deze ne hAni thaI. kovelanA samayamAM TalenDanuM IglenDa joDe thaeluM joDANa kAmacalAu pArlamene svIkAryuM nahi, ane ulaTuM DeMTa loko pAsethI vepAranA samAna haka laI lIdhA. DaeNTa lokee cArlsa bIjAne madada karI hatI, paNa teo pitAnA pitAnI sAme thayA hatA, e vAta rAjAne sAlatI hatI. AlinA ThAkore I. sa. 1960mAM cArlsane rAjyAbhiSeka karyo. topaNa tenA para cArlsa 1lAnI hatyAno Aropa mUkI tene phAMsI devAmAM AvI. chevaTe episkeipala paMtha pharI dAkhala karavAmAM Avyo, ane je te svIkAravAnI nA - pADe temanA para bhayaMkara julama gujAravA mAMDyA. - AyarlenDamAM bIjA prakAranuM duHkha hatuM. AMtara vigrahamAM jemaNe rAjAne madada karI hatI, temanI jamIna konTele laI lIdhI hatI. yUriTana jamInadAre pAsethI e jamIna "rAja pakSanA mANasane pAchI ApavAnI cArjane

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utkaMThA hatI, paNa tema karavAnI chAtI cAlatI na hatI. aMte ema TharAvavAmAM AvyuM, ke e jamInadAronI ke jamIna japta karI rAjapakSanA AgevAnone ApavI, ane AyarlenDamAMthI Dhera, mAMsa, ane mAkhaNa IglenDa mokalavAnI manA karavI. darabArI pArlamenTa: 1661-16 69. I. sa. 1661mAM rAjabhaktinA AvezamAM lekee rAjapakSanA sabhyone mokalyA. A pArlamenTa "lAMbI pArlamenTanA kAyadA rada karIne evuM TharAvyuM, ke rAjAnI saMmati vinA pArlamenTathI kAyado thaI zake nahi, rAjA sAme yuddha thaI zake nahi, ane sainyanuM uparIpada rAjAne hastaka rahevuM joIe. chatAM 'trivASike kAyade" karIne evuM TharAvyuM, ke dara traNa varSe pArlAmenTa eka vAra avazya maLavI joIe. cATarsa bIjAnuM mukhya kArya dhArmika sudhArAnuM hatuM, tethI teMDanA samayanI dharma khAtAnI vyavasthA sajIvana karavAmAM AvI. asalanA dIkSitone temanI jagAe dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA, ane khAlI jagAe bIjA dIkSita nImavAmAM AvyA. paraMtu nAnAM maMDaLonA yUriTana pAdarIe prArthanAmALAnI pothIne tiraskArathI jotA hatA eTalI temAM muzkelI hatI. A sthitimAMthI toDa kADhavA rAjAe dharmasabhA bolAvI, ane temAM dIkSita tathA prembiTiriyana AgevAnone notaryA. paraMtu tenuM zubha pariNAma AvavAne badale takarAra vadhI paDI. dharmachUTanuM vacana ApanAra rAjA pArlamenTane yUriTane viruddhanA kaDaka kAyadA karatAM aTakAvI zakyo nahi. vAstavika rIte rAjAne episkepala sivAya bIjA paMtha pratye aNagamo hato. yuriTane, preaiTiriyano ane niraMkuzavAdIoe tenA pitA sAme yuddhamAM bhAga lIdho hato, e te bhUlI gayo nahoto. I. sa. 1661mAM "korporezana eNkaTa' pasAra thayoH ethI korporezananA sabhya IglenDanI dharmavidhine mAna ApavAnuM ane "pavitra saMdhi ane pratijJAne tyAga karavAnuM karyuM. pachI yuniphorsiTI ekaTathI pratyeka dharmagurune prArthanAmALAnuM pustaka vAparavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. vidvAna, zraddhALu, ane buddhimAna dharmaguruoe dharma khAtara rAjInAmAM ApyAM. teo 1. teo "Dissentersne nAme prasiddha che. temane dharmAlayomAMthI, zALAomAMthI, ane vidyApIThamAMthI kADhI mUkavAmAM AvyAM hatA..

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176 gharabAra tajI vizALa jagatanI othe nIkaLI paDayA. emAMne utsAhI lekae svataMtra dharmasamAja sthApI vyAkhyAno ApavA mAMDyAM, eTale pArlamenTa sabhAbaMdhIne kAyade karyo. I. sa. 1655mAM myuriTane upara chelle marmaprahAra karavAmAM Avya; te dhAre evo hato ke je dharmaguruo prArthanAmALAne svIkAratA na hoya, temaNe zALAmAM bhaNAvavA javuM nahi, ke kaI kao ke zaheranI hadamAM vasavuM nahi. AthI aneka pAdarIo gharabAra vinAnA thaI paDayA. teo khAnagImAM dharmopadeza karI peTagujAro karatA hatA te paNa baMdha thayuM. pariNAme kAyadAnA bhaMganA Aropasara keTalA mANasone kedamAM pUravAmAM AvyA. bhaktaprayANa (Pilgrim's Progress) ne prasiddha kartA oMna baniyana vyAkhyAna ApatAM pakaDAye, ane baMdIkhAnAmAM paDe. A kAyadA "kalenDanano dhArAsaMgraha' kahevAya che; kemake rAjAnA mukhya maMtrI kalenDane temAM mukhya bhAga bhajavyo. te myuriTanene kaTTo virodhI hatA. yUriTane dezadrohI ane svataMtra mijAjanA che, eTale temane game te prakAre kacarI nAkhavA joIe, e mata pArlamenTamAM prabaLa hate. laiMDanA dhArmika vicAra amalamAM AvatAM rAjAnA "IzvarI haka" saMbaMdhI upadeza thavA lAge. cArlsa 1le zahIda hato ema manAyuM, ane bIjA saMto joDe tenI chabI rAkhavAmAM AvI. A rIte rAjAnuM mahattva vadhavA lAgyuM. . cArlsanI paradezI rAjanItiH cArlsanI paradezI rAjanItine marma samajavA mATe tenI nANAMbhIDa vicAravI joIe. pArlamenTa tene bhAre varSAsana ApatI, chatAM teno hAtha taMgImAM raheto. nAraMga, jalasA, ane adhama vAsanAonI tRptimAM nANAM UDI jatAM. have yUriTanonA samayanI dhArmikatA, pavitratA, ane zuddhi jatI rahI, ane anAcAranI badabe phelAI. Akhare rAjAnI dRSTi phrAnsa tarapha vaLI. phrAnsanI gaNanA yurepanAM mahArAjyomAM thatI hatI. teno rAjA luI 14 mahattvAkAMkSI ane parAkramI hatA. mAtRpakSathI cArlsa phrAnsanA rAjakuTuMbana saMbaMdhI hatA ane pite kethalika hato, eTale dharmabaMdhu luI tarapha tenuM valaNa thayuM. luIno rAjabhaMDAra bharele hatA, ane te cArlsane bharapade nANuM ApavA taiyAra hate. cArlsa porTugalanI rAjaputrI joDe lagna karyuM, eTale phansa ane IMglenDano saMbaMdha gADha thaye

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19 kemake porTugalane spenathI svataMtra thavAmAM luI e madada karI hatI. A lagnathI cArlsane aDhaLaka nANuM, TeMjIra ane muMbaI maLyAM.1 have rAjAnI duSTa vAsanAe sateja thaI, ane tene dravyanI tANa paDavA lAgI; eTale teNe Dankarkano killo luine pAMca lAkha paunDamAM vecI dIdhA, i. sa. 1665. Ama phrAnsa ane IMglenDanI maitrI dRDha thaI. i. sa. 1665mAM cArlse hAlenDa joDe vigraha mAMDayA, temAM paNa tene hetu evA hatA, ke yuddha mATe pArlamenTa je rakama maMjura kare te khAnagI kharcamAM vAparavA khapa Ave. valaMdAo joDe khIjo vipra : i. sa. 1665-67. valaMdA leAkeA sAhasika vahANavaTI hatA, ane daraAI vepAra puSkaLa kheDatA. IMglenDanI diraAI sattA vadhAravA krombele naukAsainyanA kAyadA karIne valaMdAonA vepArane phaTakA mAryAM, tyArathI valaMdAone aMgrejo para rASa hatA. divase divase aMgrejo ane valaMdA vacce vyApArI saMbaMdha bagaDatA gayA, ane teno cepa amerikA ane AphrikAmAM jaI vaselI baMne prajAne lAgyA. iMglenDanI vyApAravRddhimAM valaMdA ADe AvatA hatA, ane cArlsane nAsabhAga vakhate heAlenDamAM yAgya Adara maLyA na hatA, eTale Akhare vigraha phATI nIkaLyA. 8 aMgrejI nAkAsainyaH AraMbhamAM rAjAnA bhAI DayUka Av yorkanA hAtha nIce aMgrejI naukAsainye jaya meLavyA, paNa valaMdA kaMI utare tevA na hatA. aMgreja lazkarane pUro pagAra ke laDavAnAM sAdhanA maLatAM naheAtAM; kAraNa ke kAphalA mATe ApelA paisA rAjA meAjamajhAmAM uDAvI detA. have custa rAjapakSIo paNa krambelane yAda karI asAsa karavA lAgyA. tevAmAM svArthasAdhu luI e hAlenDano pakSa kheMcyA. luI te hrAIna nadInA kinArA sudhI phrAnsano rAjyavistAra karavA hatA, ane spenanuM rAjya pacAvI pADavuM hatuM. paraMtu A badhuM thAya e valaMdAone pAlave tema na hatuM; chatAM luIe vakhata vicArI IMglenDanA naukAbaLano mada utAravA hAlenDane sahAya ApI. A samaye laMDanamAM jIvaleNa marakIra cAlatI hatI. evAmAM bhayaMkara 1. rAjAe muMbaI IsTa inDi kaMpanine bhADe ApyuM, paNa TeMjIra mUsa lokAne i. sa. 1684mAM pAchuM ApyuM. 2. te jamAnAmAM laMDananA rastA sAMkaDA, asvaccha, ane aMdhArA hatA. sahesukhA 12

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18 Age zaheranA meTA bhAgane khAkha karI nAkhe. AvI dazAmAM IMglenDa yuddha karatAM saMdhine mATe taiyAra hatuM, eTale breDa mukAme saMdhinI viSTi cAlavA lAgI. Daca loko paNa saMdhi karIne laIne jIvaleNa paMjAmAMthI chUTavA taiyAra hatA. cArsane eTaluM ja joItuM hatuM. teNe yuddha nahi thAya ema dhArI khalAsIe kamI karyA ane vahANene baMdaramAM bolAvI lIdhAM. ethI valaMdA jera para AvyA. temano eka kAle Temsa nadImAM AvI pahoMcyo, ane teNe keTalIka manavAre DubADI dIdhI. pachI temaNe Temsane ghere nAkhyo. lekane kolasAnI taMgI paDavA lAgI; paNa valaMdAonI toponA avAja bajAramAM saMbhaLAvA lAgyA, tyAre leke atizaya gabharAyA. have aMgreje saMdhinI utAvaLa karavA lAgyA, eTale I. sa. 1667mAM breDAnI saMdhi thaI. aMgrejone nyU emasTama (nyUyorka) maLyuM, ane valaMdAoe masAlAnA TApuo ane IsTa InDijha rAkhyAM. kalenDananA kArabhArane aMtaH keTalAka samayathI prajAmAM ane pArkamenTamAM mukhya maMtrI kalenDana pratye asaMtoSa vyA hatA. vijayacihna jevA Dakkane rAjAe vecI nAkhyo, tethI prajAnuM abhimAna ghavAyuM hatuM. remsa nadImAM AvIne paradezI kA ghUrakAvI jAya, e paNa aMgrejothI sahyuM jatuM na hatuM. beDAnI saMdhine teo hIcakArI gaNatA hatA. A badhAne mATe leke pradhAnane javAbadAra gaNatA hatA. daramiAna yuddha mATe ApelAM nANAMno hisAba mAgavAmAM Avyo, tyAre kaleranDana bolyo ke rAjAnuM kharca jovAno prajAne adhikAra nathI. A samaye levAyakA cAlI ke rAjA pArlamenTa vagara kArI ke snAnAdi kArya mATe bedarakArI hatI. AthI marakIe ghara ghAlavuM. I. sa. 1665nI mahAmArI bhayaMkara thaI paDI. ekaja divasamAM 1,500 mANase maraNa pAmyAM, ane zaheramAM smazAna jevo sUnakAra thaI gayo. rAtrinI nIrava ane bhayaMkara zAMtimAM "zaba lAvo zaba" e hRdayabhedaka pikAra paDe. Azare eka lAkha mANasanA jAna gayA pachI mahAmArI baMdha paDI. bIje varSe zaheramAM lAgelI Aga pAMca divasa sudhI rahI. ethI lokonA jAnamAlanI hAni thaI, ane zaherano moTo bhAga bhasmIbhUta thaI gayo. paraMtu ethI marakIne raga baLI gayo. navA zaheranAM makAno IMTa, pattharanAM baMdhAyAM, rastA pahoLA thayA, ane zaheranuM Arogya jaLavAya tevA upAyo levAmAM AvyA

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rAjya karavA dhAre che, ane phrAnsa joDe dastI karavAnI khaTapaTa calAve che. caNuime pradhAna upara prajAno roSa vadhI gayo. lokoe pradhAnanAM gharaAra ane bAgabagIcAno nAza karyo. have kalenDananuM AvI banyuM A vakhate tenuM kaI na hatuM. cArlsa paNa kaleranDanane bacAvavA mAgatA na hata; kemake tenA ane kaleranDananA dhArmika vicAre judA hatA. kalenDana mAnatA hatuM ke dezamAM pArlAmenTa sarvopari rahevI joIe, ane cArsane e vAta paravaDatI na hatI. vaLI te yUriTanono kaTTo zatru hato, ane ketholika leke tene dhikkAratA hatA. teNe rAjAnA bhAI joDe pitAnI putrI paraNAvI hatI, eTale lokomAM tenI IrSA thatI hatI. jo ke tenA upara lAMca levAno ane sarakArI paisA khAI javAno Aropa mUkyA hatA. AthI tene rajA ApavAmAM AvI, i. sa. 16 67. daramiAna pArlamenTe tenA para kAma calAvavAnI tajavIja karI, eTale te phrAnsa nAsI gayo, ane tyAM teNe AMtaravigrahano itihAsa lakhavAmAM bAkInA divase gALyA. DevaranuM khAnagI tahanAmuH kalenDanane rajA ApyA pachI cArlsa bAkInAM varSomAM svachaMdI bane, ane pArlamenTane Thagate gayo. pachI teNe pAMca salAhakAranI samiti nImI. temanAM nAma kilapharDa AliMgTana, bakiMgahAma, ezalI ane leDaraDela hatAM. temanAM nAmanA Adya akSarothI kebala (Cabal) zabda nIkaLe che, je tethI te "kebala' maMDaLa kahevAyuM. temanA dharma saMbaMdhI ane rAjaprakaraNI vicAre judA hatA, paNa badhA dharmachUTanI tarapheNamAM hatA, ane rAjAne tevA salAhakArAnI jarUra hatI. 1. tenuM mULa nAma sara eDavarDa hAIDa hatuM. te cAlase 1lAne ekaniSTha rahyo hatuM, ane rAjakuTuMbanA du:khanA divasemAM tenI joDe gayo hato. rAjaputra cArlsanA lAbha mATe teNe ghaNI khaTapaTa karI hatI. cArlsa gAdIe AvI tene "ala vuM kalenDana banAvI pradhAna banAvyo. te catura, dUraMdazI, ane ekaniSTha hato. cArlsa para tene ghaNo prabhAva paDato. te cArlsanA durAcAra ane viSayAsakti mATe tene Thapake Apato, ane cArlsa mUge e sAMbhaLI raheto. cArlse tene hoLInuM nALiera banAvI bacAvavAnI mahenata na karI; ulaTuM cArlsa ane tenA naphaTa dasto khuzI thayA. - 2. "Cabal' zabdano artha "caDALa cokaDI" thAya che. te prApriya na hatuM. hibru bhASAmAM e zabdano artha "yAdIonA guhya grantha" thAya che,

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* A samaye caudamA laIe nedhaleMnDajha para dhasAre karyo, paNa helenDa, svIDana, ane IglenDe trirAjyasaMdhi karI luIne AgaLa vadhato aTakAvavA dhAryuM. ethI aMgrejo cArlsa upara khuzI thayA. paraMtu cATarsane prajAprItinI paravA na hatI. tene te luI pAsethI nANAM kaDhAvavAM hatA, ane lazkara ubhuM karI kethalika paMthane pracAra karavAnI ane pArlamenTathI svataMtra banavAnI umeda hatI. valaMdAo luInI IcchAmAM vigharUpa hatA, mATe temane kyarI nAkhavAmAM IglenDa madada kare nahi te bhale, paNa taTastha rahIne joyA kare tevI luInI IcchA hatI. paraMtu cArlsa nANAM vinA mAne kema ? chevaTe keTalIka viSTi pachI DovaranI khAnagI saMdhi thaI, I. sa. 1670. temAM evuM karyuM ke cArlsa kethelika hovAnuM jAhera karavuM, ane luIne valaMdA viruddha madada karavI; tenA badalAmAM luI cArlsane traNa lAkha pauDanuM varSAsana Ape, ane - baLavo jAge te phenca sainyanI madada paNa Ape. Ama dravyalebhI cArlsa luIno mAMDalika banyo. kilapharDa ane AliMgTana ketholika hatA, eTale temanA sivAya kAIne A saMdhinI khabara na hatI. bIjA traNa pradhAna ema jANatA hatA, ke rAja kaMIka dharmachUTa mUkavA dhAre che, ane thoDA samayamAM holenDa joDe yuddha thanAra che. I. sa. 167ramAM pArlamenTa pAse cAnse laDAI mATe rakama mAgI, ane phAnsa joDe yuddha thavAnuM che ema jANI pArlamenTe te rakama ApI. paraMtu rAjAe holenDa joDe yuddha jAhera karyuM, ane luIe nedhaleMnDajhanA uttara bhAgamAM hale karyo. valaMdA jaDe trIjo vigrahaH I. sa. 1672-74. dvAIna nadI oLaMgI luI valaMdAnA pradezamAM pahoMce. tenI madadamAM eka aMgreja kAphe hatuM. je leke khAnagI tahanAmAthI ajANa hatA, teo A vigrahathI khuzI thayA. paraMtu potAnA catura saradAra viliyamanI saradArI nIce valaMdAoe nizcaya karyo, ke chevaTane upAya ajamAvyA pachI bacAva karavAnuM na bane, te dariyApAranAM saMsthAnomAM jaI rahevuM, athavA akhaMDa svataMtratA jALavavA mATe prANa pAtharI devA. temaNe samudranA pANIthI rakSA mATe bAMdhelA baMdha toDI nAkhyA. ethI dariyAnA pANI pharI vaLatAM phense gabharAyA. holenDanI durdazA joI osTriA ane spena tenI madade AvyAM; chatAM aMgrejo

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181 sAutha velDanA yuddhamAM jItyA. i. sa. 1674mAM IMglenDe heAlenDa joDe saMdhi karI. AmAM valaMdAoe traNa lAkha paunDa daMDa bharavAnI, ane aMgrejI vahANAne valaMdAonAM vahANAe saDha namAvI mAna ApavAnI satA karavAmAM AvI. vigrahothI nAnakaDA hAlenDanA vepAra tUTI gayA, ane IMglenDa joDenI vyApArI spardhAnA aMta AvyuM. phrAnsa joDe i. sa. 1678mAM nimUjananI saMdhi thaI, tyAM sudhI heAlenDe yuddha cAlu rAkhyuM. rahemanuM jAheranAmuM ane kasoTInA kAyadeAH i.sa. 1672mAM rAjAnA bhAI DayUka Av yAke ketheAlika paMthane jAheramAM svIkAra karyo, eTale leAkeA camakayAH kAraNa ke cArka gAdIvArasa hatA, ane kaeNtheAlika rAjA gAdIe Ave e prajAne pasaMda na hatuM. have prajAnI pyUriTana lokA pratyenIM tiraskAra ane bhayanI dRSTi kathAlikA pratye vaLavA lAgI. temAM vAta cA ke rAjA paNa aMtarathI ketheAlika che. eTalAmAM rAjAe luI ne ApelA vacana pramANe 'rahemanuM jAheranAmuM' bahAra pADI episkApala sivAyanA aMtara dharmIone potAnI dharmavidhi pramANe upAsanA karavAnI ratna ApI, ane temanI viruddhanA kAyadAne| amala thatA aTakAvyA, i. sa. 1672sabhAbaMdhInA kAyadAnA bhaMga karavA mATe turaMgamAM gaelA saMkaDA manuSyA mukta thayA. phrAnsa joDe maitrI bAMdhI holenDa joDe cArlse vigraha AryAM, tyArathI pArlamenTane rAjA upara vahema hatA, temAM A jAheranAmAthI vadhAreA thayeA. e sAthe sabhyA samajI gayA ke Itara dharmIne chUTa ApavAne bahAne rAjA kaeNtholika lokone chUTa ApavA mAge che. AthI rAjabhaktinAM pUra utarI gayAM, ane prajA potAnA hakanI rakSA karavA taiyAra thaI. kAyadAnA amala aTakAvavAnI rAjAne zI sattA che, ema sabhyA chaDecoka pUvA lAgyA. rAjA kAyadAne manamAnyA amala karI zakatA hAya, teA kAyadAnI jarUra zI che? have svacchaMda rAjasattAne aTakAvavAnA pAkAra UyA. catura rAjA samaya vartI gayA. tenI icchA 'dezamAM baLavA jagADavAnI ke prajA joDe virAdha karavAnI na hatI, ke pitAnI peThe ziraccheda karAvavAnI na hatI. teNe e jAheranAmuM pAchuM kheMcI lIdhuM, ane pachI dharma saMbaMdhI sudhArA ke pheraphAra karavAnuM haMmezane mATe cheDI dIdhuM.

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153 paraMtu parlamenTane cArlsa parathI vizvAsa UThI gayA hatA, eTale sabhyAne saMteSa na thayA. DAvaranI saMdhigupta hevA chatAM badhAne lAgatuM hatuM, ke kaMIka che te kharUM. AthI i. sa. 1673mAM pArlamenTa 'kasoTIne kAyade' karI TharAvyuM, ke rAjyanA pratyeka adhikArIe episkApala paMthane svIkAra karavA, ane evI pratijJA levI ke huM rAmana ketheAlika siddhAMtAne mAnatA nathI. ethI rAmana kaeNtheAlika tAkarAne rAjInAmAM ApavAM paDayAM; kilapharDa ane ArliMgTananA javAthI ' kebala ' pradhAnamaMDaLanA aMta AvyA, ane DacUka Av yAkane naukAsainyanA adhipatinI padavI cheADavI paDI. , have rAjA ane ezalI vacce takarAra thaI; kAraNa ke DAvaranI gupta saMdhinuM rahasya pAmI jatAM te rAjA upara ciDAyeA hateA. rAjAne lAgyuM ke zekTaskarI pArlamenTane uzkere che, eTale teNe zephaTaskarIne 'rAjamaheAra ' soMpI devAne ociMtA hukama karyAM. pachI te rAjAnA vireAdhI daLamAM bhaLye, ane chevaTa sudhI rAjAne zatru thaI rahyo. DenmI maMtrIpada: e pachI rAjAe DengInA ThAkAra sara Tomasa esmArnane kArabhAra soMpyA. te ketheAlika leAkeAnA pakko virodhI hatA, eTale phrAnsanI joDe mitrAcArI rAkhavAnI tene cchA na hatI. paraMtu cArlsa AgaLa tenuM kazuM cAlatuM na hatuM. A samaye cArlsa ane luI e gupta siMdha karIne TharAvyuM, ke phrAnsa viruddha yuropanA kAI paNa rAjya joDe iMglenDe saMdhi karavI nahi. pariNAme cArlsa ane darabArIenA gharamAM phrAnsanAM nANAMnI rela cAlI, ane temaNe dezahitane vicAra karyA vinA luInI vAMsaLIe DAlavA mAMDayuM. DenmI A sAMkhI na zakayeA. Daca leAkeAnI joDe saMdhi thayA pachI teNe Daca saradAra viliyama joDe DayUka Av yorkanI putrI merInAM lagna karavAnuM TharAvyuM. AthI prajAne UThI gaelA vizvAsa pAchA meLavavAne cArlsane prasaMga maLyA. teNe A lagnane potAnI saMmati ApI, eTale pArlamenTe rAjAnA kharca mATe moTI rakama maMjura karI. rAjAe peAtAnuM lazkara vadhAryuM, ane luI joDe gupta saMdezA calAvyA. i.sa. 1678mAM pArlamenTa rAjAne phrAnsa joDe vigraha karavAnuM atizaya khANu karyuM, tyAre pharIthI khAnagI saMdhi karI cArlse luI pAsethI 24,000 paunDa laI pArlamenTa barakhAsta karI.

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183 DebIe yojelA lasathI nakkI thayuM, ke cArlsa ane yorka pachI gAdIe AvanAra rANIne pati proTesTanTa che, ane te laIne kaTTa viredhI. che. ethI luI paNa cetyo, ane teNe holenDa joDe saMdhi karI. phrAnsamAM rahete IglenDane elacI DebIne viredhI hatI. teNe rAjAnA hastAkSara ane DebInI sahIvALe patra pArlamenTane batAvyo, te joI sabhya diDamUDha thaI gayA. AthI to IglenDanI rAjavaTa paravArI gaI. zuM pArlamenTa paradezI rAjAnI TukaDAkhAu che? ane te paradezI rAjA paNa kethelika ? tene roSa DebI para ulaTa; tenA para rAjadrohane Arepa AvyuM, ane rAjAe i. sa. 1679mAM pArlamenTane visarjana karI. navI pArlamenTamAM virodhIo bharAyA hatA, eTale temaNe DebInI tapAsa zarU karI. DebIe bacAva karyo ke huM mAtra rAjAnI AjJAno amala karanAra chuM, paNa tenuM kahevuM sAMbhaLe keNa? te TAvaragaDhamAM vagara tapAse keTalAMka varSa sudhI saDI rahyo. have rAjAnAM kAryomAM maMtrI javAbadAra che, e niyama pArlamenTanI nItimAM dAkhala thaye. miza kAvataruM: cArlsa phrAnsanI sahAyathI prajAnI svataMtratA harI levAno che, evo tenI pratye avizvAsa pedA thayo. romana kethelikanA nAmathI leke trAsI jatA hatA. TAITasa eTasa nAmanA svArthasAdhu pAdarIe A sthitino lAbha levAno vicAra karyo. teNe kaMIka khAnagI vAtacIta sAMbhaLIne temAMthI jabaruM ghamaMDa macAvyuM. teNe jAhera karyuM ke kethalika koe chUpuM kAvataruM racyuM che; teo rAjAne mArI nAkhI ne gAdI ApavAnuM che, ane phAnsathI lazkara ANI sudhAraka paMthanI jaDa ukheDavAnA che. teNe nyAyAdhIza AgaLa A vAta sogana upara neMdhAvI. thoDA divasamAM te nyAyAdhIzanuM khUna thayuM, eTale lokoe mAnyuM ke e te kethalikenuM kArastAna. laMDanamAM bhaya ane trAsa vyAyAM. rAtadivasa hathiyArabaMdha sipAIo pahero bharavA lAgyA, te pakhAnuM goThavAyuM, ane TheraThera lazkarI cukI besI gaI. koI proTesTanTa bae baMduka vinA nIkaLe nahi. ghaNuM proTesTanTa A vAtane kharI mAnatA, ane zephaTarI tathA tenA mitre tenI ta jAgatI rAkhatA. temane rAjA viruddhanI laDatamAM AvAM pAkhaMDathI madada

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184 maLavA lAgI. eTasane khAsa utAre ApI tenI AsapAsa ekI rAkhavAmAM AvatI. tene 1200 panDanuM varSAsana bAMdhI ApavAmAM AvyuM. te kahe temAM kharAkhoTAnI koIne paravA na hatI. najIvA purAvA upara athavA purAvA vinA hajAre nirdoSa kethelikane pakaDavAmAM AvatA, ane lehInI nirarthaka nadIo vahetI. AmAM keTalAka moTA amIre paNa sapaDAyA. nyAyAdhIze ane paMca paNa kethalika viruddha kalAgaNIne uzkeratA. oTasanuM joIne aneka luccA mANasa tarakaTanI vAta calAve, ane tethI dezamAM khUnAmarakI cAle e sthiti AvI pahoMcI. bAtala bilaH niHsaMtAna cArlsa pachI teno bhAI hakadAra vArasa hato. paraMtu kethalika pratyenA virodhane lAbha laI zephaTaarI ane tenA sAthIo rkano haka DubAvavAnI peravI karavA lAgyA. I. sa. 1679mAM pArlamenTa maLI, ane DebIne TAvaragaDhamAM mokalavAmAM Avyo. tyAra bAda DayUka oNH yorkane ke koI remana kethelikane gAdI na maLe, evI matalabano kharaDo AmanI sabhAmAM Avyo. game te upAye te kharaDo pasAra na thAya - te mATe cArlsa hebIAsa korpasa" dhAro maMjura karI lekanI dRSTi bIjI dizAmAM vALI. rAjAnI ItarAthI aneka varSo sudhI kArAvAsa sevavo paDe ane tapAsa cAleja nahi, ema atyAra sudhI banatuM. jheMTa lokonI rANI merI, vaiolTara relI, leMDa Adi aneka jaNe lAMbI mudata sudhI vagara tapAse baMdIkhAnAM sevyAM hatAM. Ama rAjAne pUchanAra koI na hatuM. A kAyadAthI evuM baMdhana thayuM, ke koI paNa mANasane amuka divasa kedamAM rAkhyA pachI tenI tapAsa calAvavI joIe; evAnI arajI gunegAranAM sagAMvahAlAM nyAyAdhIzane karI zake, ane tapAsa paNa calAvavI paDe. vaLI ekaja aparAdhane mATe koIne be vAra sajA thAya nahi. lokAnuM mana manAvavA mATe rAjAe A kAyadA upara sahI karI pArTamenTa vIkherI nAkhI. - cArlsa pharIthI varaNI karavAnAM pharamAna kADhayAM, paNa pArlamenTa belAvI nahi, eTale dezamAM be pakSa paDyA. je pakSe rAjAne pArlamenTa bolAvavAnI prArthanA karI, te "prAtha" (Petitioner) kahevAya. bIjA pakSe tene uttara

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185 vALI jaNAvyuM, ke uttarAdhikAranA kAI paNa pheraphArane ame dhikkArIe chIe, eTale te ' tiraskartA '( Abhorrer ) kahevAye. i. sa. 1679mAM 'darabArI pArlamenTa 'te vIkheryAM bAda cArlse traNa varSamAM traNa pArlamenTa melAvI. dareka vakhate zephaTaskarI ane tenA nDiMga anuyAyIo DayUka Av yArkane gAdIe na AvavA devAnA tanADa prayatno karatA hatA. i. sa. 1680mAM pArkamenTa maLI. rAjAe bAtala bilane prazna bAjue rAkhyA; kAraNa ke phrAnsano rAjA hAlenDamAM hajI teAphAna macAvI rahyo hatA. teNe dezamAMthI pakSApakSI dUra karI sarvane eka thavAnI saphAIbaMdha vAta karI. paraMtu pArlamenTane rAjA upara vizvAsa na hatA. AmanI sabhAmAM kharaDA pasAra thayA, paNa amIrAtI sabhAe te uDADI mUkayA. rAjAne paNa kAI paNa saMyeAgamAM e kharaDo pasAra thavA devA na hatA. tene lAgyuM ke zeTArI ane tenA pakSane laMDananA leAkeA madada Ape che, eTale temanI madada laI levA mATe teNe i. sa. 1681mAM AkasapharDamAM pArlamenTa melAvI. jANe potAno jAna jokhamamAM hoya, tema gilakA hathiyAra sajIne pArlamenTamAM AvyA. cArlse dAvapeca ramavA mAMDayA. teNe kahyuM ke cArka gAdIe bhale Ave, paNa kharA rAjyavahIvaTa tenI proTesTanTa putrI merI kare evA arthano kharaDA tame lAve, te huM sahI karI ApavA taiyAra chuM. A kuTila nItimAM cArlsa phAvyo. nDiMga pakSamAM matabheda paDayA, ane zeTambarIe cArlsanI vAta maMjura na karI, eTale cArlsa pArlamenTa barakhAsta karI samasta prAne apIla karI, ke jue! AvI yogya ane vyavahArane chAjatI vAtamAM paNa hiMga leAkeA sAmA paDI rAjyavahIvaTamAM virAdha nAkhe che. zeTambarI ane teno pakSa mUrkha gaNAvA lAgyA, ane rAjAnuM jAheranAmuM zALApAThazALAmAM ane pratyeka dharmasthAnamAM vaMcAyuM. riNAme rAjabhaktinAM esarI gaelAM pUra caDayAM. have leAkeA kahevA lAgyA ke vaMzaparaMparAno haka ema te kaMI laI levAya ? 1. A e pakSanAM nAma hiMga ane TerI paDayAM. hiMgane artha 'khATI chAza thAya che. je leAkA remiza kAvatarAM kharAM mAnI yArkanI viruddha paDayA te hiMga kahevAyA, ane je rAntanA IzvarI adhikAra mAnI tenA bhakta rahyA te TArI kahevAyA.

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Ama bAtala bila pasAra na thayuM, ane temAMno eka agatyane muddo nirNaya thayA vagara rahI gayo. prajAne potAne sajA pasaMda karavAne haka khare ke nahi ? prajAne apriya heya, prajA jene svIkAravA mAgatI na hoya, evA eka mANase mAtra rAjakuTuMbamAM janma lIdho hoya, eTalethI te rAjA thaI zake ke nahi ? huarTa rAjAonA prANathIe priya evA IzvarI haka viruddhane A paDakAra hato, ane kharaDo pasAra thayuM hota to je nirNaya pAchaLathI thayo te pahelethI thaI jAta; paNa higa lekoe bhUla karI. rka nahi te bIjuM kaI gAdIe te Aveja ne ? zephaTambarIe cArsanA anaurasa putra DayUka oNva manmathane pakSa lIdhe. tenA anuyAyIoe evI vAta calAvI, ke cArlsa manmathanI mAtA sAthe vidhipura:sara lagna karyA hatAM. manmatha dekhAvaDo, zuravIra, ane lokapriya hatuM, chatAM e kalaMkita kumAra gAdIe Ave e ghaNuM vihaga lokone aNagamatI vAta hatI. AthI temanAmAM pakSa paDyA. eka pakSa ema mAno ke yorka nahi paNa yorkanI preTesTanTa putrI gAdIe Ave e gya che. lairDa holiphAkasa nAmanA prabhAvazALI vaktAe A dalIla lAvIne amIronI sabhAne meLavI laI kharaDo nAmaMjura karAvyuM, ane chellI pArlAmenTamAM rAjA paNa A pAso nAkhI phAvI gayo. TerI pakSanuM prAbalya ane pArlamenTa vinAnuM rAjyaH i. sa. 1681. pachI rAjAe pArlamenTa bolAvI nahi. tenI pAse aDhaLaka nANuM hatuM, eTale tene pArlamenTanI tamA na hatI. dhIme dhIme dezamAM tene pakSa majabuta thavA lAgyo. chellI pArlAmenTamAM higa leka hathiyArabaMdha AvyA, ane rAjA kaLe nahi samaje te baLAtkAre samajAvavA taiyAra hatA. teo 1. eNTalenDanA lokone kethalika rAja gAdIe Ave e vAta jeTalI aNagamatI hatI, teTalI AyarlenDanA lokone gamatI hatI. sabhAbaMdhInA kAyadAthI keMTa loke trAhi trAhi pikArI gayA. keTalAka sakhata kAyadA amalamAM AvatAM loke duHkhanA mAryA gAMDA thaI gayA. teo saMyama khAI beThA, ane dharmAdhyakSa zArpanI hatyA karI beThA. baLa thayA eTale zephaTabarInI preraNuthI manmatha te zamAvavA gayA. tyAM bethalabrijanI laDAImAM vidrohIone teNe harAvyA. pariNAme keTalAkane phAMsI devAmAM AvI, ane keTalAkane dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA

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197 rAjAnI mAgaNI svIMkAryA vinA pAchA pharyAM, tyAthI temane kviMsa utaratA thayeA. lakAne ema lAgyuM ke teo haThIlA ane dharmadveSI hAI kethelika paMthIone nAhaka pajave che. leAkeAne bhaya lAgyA ke pharIthI AMtara vigraha jAgaze ke zuM ? tenA karatAM bhale kethelika rAjA gAdIe Ave. have kethelikane badale temane vhiganA bhaya peThe. nyAyAdhIze e ane paMcAe lAga joI vhigane daMDavA mAMDayA, ane rAjAe paNa pAta prakAzyuM. zephaTaskarInA upara rAdrohane Arepa AvyA. laMDanavAsIe hajI tenA pakSamAM hatA, tethI paMce tenI tapAsa calAvavA dIdhI nahi eTale te chUTI gayeA. pachI te hAlenDamAM jatA rahyo, ane tyAMja maraNa pAmyA. te samayamAM 'paMca'nI nImaNuka zerIphanA hAthamAM hatI, eTale te dhAre tevuM paMca mAkalI zakatA. rAjAne A paddhati khAmIbharelI lAgI. te samayamAM hiMga leAkAnuM bhera zaherAmAM, ane TArInuM jora gAmaDAMmAM hatuM. teNe kAI paNa mitre zaheranI sanaMda khUMcavI laI navI sanaMda ApavA mAMDI, ane temAM TArI pakSanI bahumatI rahe evI vyavasthA karI. jiMga pakSanI paDatI thavA lAgI, chatAM temAM buddhinA aMkuza vinAnA ane utsAhanA AvezamAM taNAI maranArA mANaso rahyA hatA. temaNe cArlsanA mRtyu pachI manmathane gAdI ApavAnI khaTapaTa karavA mAMDI. teja samayamAM keTalAka akkalahINAnDiMga leAkeAe rAjAne ane tenA bhAI ne mArI nAkhavAnuM kAvatarUM racyuM. temanI yojanA evI hatI, ke rAI. hAusa nAmanA rastAnI eka bAjue AvelA khetara pAse eka gADuM UMdhuM vALI rAkhavuM, ane nyUmArkeTanI saratamAMthI rAjA ane tenA bhAI pAchA phare tyAre temanI gADI theADeA vakhata aTakI rahe te daramiAna temane mArI nAkhavA. paraMtu sadbhAgye vAta prasiddha thaI gaI. baMne kAvatarAMne ekaja gaNavAmAM AvyAM, ane AgevAnane pakaDavAmAM AvyA. AmAMnA eka amIre kedamAM ApaghAta karyAM. rasela ane siDanI jevA nDiMga AgevAnA upara kAma calAvI temane phAMsInI zikSA karavAmAM AvI; khIjA aneka lDiMga leAkeAne sakhata sajA pharamAvavAmAM AvI, ane manthamane dezavaTA devAmAM AvyuM.

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rasela jevA AgevAna dezabhaktanA zabane gherIne leke AMsu sAratA vahatA, eTalAmAM eNkasapharDanI vidyApIThe pharamAna kADhayuM, ke koIthI rAjAnI AjJA kadApi uthApI zakAya nahi; have rAjAne joItuM maLyuM. teNe rAjadrohanA kAyadAnA baMdha chuTA mUkI dIdhA. najIvA vAMke dhanavAna vepArIonA bhAre daMDa thavA lAgyA, ane garIbo heDamAM purAvA lAgyA. A pramANe TuarTa rAjAenA IzvarI hakanA siddhAMta viruddha AMgaLI uMcI karanAranA hAlahavAla karI rAjAe virodhI caLavaLane dabAvI dIdhI; tenI ekahaththu ane Apakhuda -sattA upara aMkuza rahyo nahi. chevaTe rAjAe kasoTIno kAyado rada karyo. ane potAno bhAI oMTalenDamAM baLavAkhorone dabAvavAmAM rokAye hato, tene tyAMthI pAchA bolAvI naukAsainyano uparI banAvyuM. Ama teNe pitAnI ApakhudI upara kaLaza caDAvyo. - chellA divase. chevaTa sudhI cArlsa pArlamenTa belAvI nahi. lairDa hAliphAkasa have higa maTI TerI thayo hato. teNe rAjAne pArlamenTa bolAvavAnI salAha ApI. vihaga leke kacarAI gayA hatA, ane rAjapakSanI have bahumatI hatI; paNa pArTamenTa na bolAvavAnuM vAstavika kAraNa e hatuM, ke pArlamenTa kadAca vipharI bese, ane phrAnsa viruddha vigraha jAhera kare; eTale cArlsa pArlamenTa na bolAve, te tene joIe teTalAM nANAM ApavA te kabula thayo. thoDA samayamAM rAjA mAMdo paDaze. tenuM zarIra khavAI gayuM hatuM. tene cakarI AvavI zarU thaI ane te pathArIvaza thaye. aMta samaye teNe kethalika vidhine svIkAra karyo. eka kethalika pAdarIne gupta veze lAvavAmAM Avyo, ane teNe rAjAne chellA saMskAra karyA. pachI je thoDo samaya rahyo, temAM paNa tene hasamukho svabhAva na gayo. duHkhathI zarIranI naso kheMcAI jatI, tyAre paNa teNe AsapAsa ubhelA lokone kahyuM ke "mane maratAM jarA vilaMba thAya che tenI kSamA karaje." pachI pitAnI mAnItI nadInI saMbhALa rAkhavAnI potAnA bhAIne bhalAmaNa karI. i. sa. 16 85nA phebruArinI 6ThThI tArIkhe cArlsa maraNa pAmyo. cArlsa naThora hRdayane, anAcArI, vilAsI, lucce, ane apramANika hato, chatAM buddhizALI, cAlAka, ane catura hato. tenAmAM TayuDara rAjakartAo

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189 jevI theDI zakti hatI. ATale prajAvidroha hovA chatAM teNe potAnA mastakane jallAdanI kuhADIne sparza thavA na dIdho, e tenI hoziyArInuM pariNAma che. teNe dezanI svataMtratA vecI dezanA dravyane durNaya karyo, chatAM azAMtimaya kALamAM paNa samayasUcaktA, luccAI, kuTilatA, sakhatAI ane mIThI mazkarIne upayoga karI pitAnA amalanA aMtamAM te zAMti sthApI zakyo. tenI vinaMdapriyatAe tene "AnaMdI rAjA" evuM upanAma apAvyuM che. cArlsanuM rAjya jeTaluM agatyanuM che, teTaluM ekadama na samajAya tevuM che; tenA amalanA 15 varSanA pAMca vibhAga pADI zakAya. 1. I. sa. 1660-61: kAmacalAu pArlamenTe dharma ane rAjaprakaraNanA praznono nirNaya ANavAno prayatna karyo. pachI darabArI pArlamenTa AvI rAjasattA dRDha karavA mAMDI, ane Itara paMthIone pajavavA mAMDyA. 2. I. sa. 1662-72: pArlamenTano rAjA uparathI vizvAsa UThate gayo. rAjAe luI joDe saMbaMdha bAMdhe, ane potAnI svataMtratA vecI. rAjabhaktine Aveza utaravA lAgyo. dezamAM be pakSa racAvA lAgyA. rAjAthI dharma saMbadhI matabheda dharAvanAra pArlamenTane pakSa, ane rAjAnI paradezI khaTapaTane nApasaMda karanAra lo5kSa. 3. I. sa. 1672-79: uparanA be pakSa ekatra na thaI zakyA, eTale cArlsa vArA pharatI ekane hAthamAM rAkhI bIjanI avagaNanA karavA mAMDI. 4. I. sa. 1679-81: higa pakSano udaya, ane uttarAdhikAranI takarAra. svAtaMtryanI bhAvanA siddha karavA te pakSamAM je adhama mANaso bhaLyA, temaNe khUnAmarakI. karavAnI hade jaI potAnA pakSane asta ANyo. 5. I. sa. 1681-85: pArlamenTathI svataMtra banelo ane zatruonA bhayathI mukta thayelo niraMkuza cArja, zAMtipriya mANase rAjapakSamAM jaI maLyA. 1. tenA mitre tenI kabara paranA mRtyulekha mATe sUcavelI paMktio: "Here lies our sovereign Lord the king, Whose word no man relies on; Who never said a foolish thing, And never did a wise one."

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prakaraNa 6 rAjyakrAnita jemsa bIje i. sa. 1685-1680 cArlsanA mRtyu pachI tene bhAI (Dayuka oNv ye) jemsa bIjo vana varSanI vaye gAdIe AvyA. A rAjA ketholika paMthana hovA chatAM prajAe tene umaLakAbhera AvakAra Ape. jese dezanA kAyadA pramANe vartavAnuM ane IMglenDane dharmasamAjanI rakSA karavAnuM vacana ApI lekane rAjI karyA. dezamAM TorI pakSanuM jora hatuM, ane luI dravyanI sahAya ApavA haMmezAM taiyAra hato. pAlamenTa tene 19,00,000 paMDanuM zAhI varSAsana bAMdhI ApyuM. A prasaMge rAjA dIrdhadarzI hetate DagamagI gaelI rAjasattAne daDha banAvI zakata. paraMtu jemsa niSphara, TUMkI dRSTino, sAMkaDA manano, akkalaha, dhamadha, jakkI, ane mithyAbhimAnI hato. cArlsane mukAbale jemsa muge, daMbhI, kUra, cIDIo, ane kuTila karyo. rAjAnA IzvarI hakane phaka jesanA magajamAMthI khasyo na hato. teNe prajAtrI jemsa bIje IcchA jANavAnI paravA na karI. te kAbela sipAI, kuzaLa adhikArI, ane zuravIra senApati tarIke prakhyAta hato, chatAM teNe pitAnI murAda bara ANavAne kuTila mArgo svIkAryA. teNe romana kethelikone adhikAra ApavA, ane hebIAsa korpasa ekaTa rada karavA

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191 dhAryuM, paNa e te prajAnA hako para ghA tha hato, ane evA ghA sahana karavA have prajA taiyAra na hatI. jemsa gAdIe AvIne pArlamenTa maLatA pahelAM jakAta ugharAvavA mAMDI. teNe eka jAheranAmuM prasiddha karIne "apratijJAgrAhI' (Dissenters) viruddhanA kAyadAne amala baMdha karyo. AthI DebI, DaeNna banI ane ane hajAro kedIo chUTayA. pArlamenTanA sabhyo rAjAnA khuzAmatIA hatA. teo rAjaniSThA khAtara A badhuM joI rahyA. ArmAIla ane manmathanAM baMDa : I. sa. 1685. rAIdharanuM kAvataruM pakaDAyA pachI vihaga pakSanA keTalAka loka helenDa gayA hatA. cArlsane anaurasa putra DayUka oNva manmatha paNa tyAM hato. higa lekee tene IglenDa AvI gAdI levAno Agraha karyo. tene ema thayuM ke proTesTanTa prajA mane Adara Apaze. DayUka oNva ArkAIlano putra manmathane sahAya ApavAne taiyAra thayo. teNe TalenDa jaI baMDa jagADavAnuM vacana ApyuM. paraMtu pratijJAgrAhIoe temAM sAmela thavAnI nA pADI. rAjAnuM lazkara AIlano sAmano karavA taiyAra hatuM. ArthAIlanuM nAnuM lazkara vIkharAI gayuM, ane te keda pakaDAyo. tenA hAtha bAMdhI baMdukavALA sainikonI vacamAM calAvIne tene eDinabare laI javAmAM Avyo, tyAM te tenA pitAnI peThe rAjadrohIne te juo... daramiAna manmatha IglenDamAM Avyo. te rUpALo, manahara, ane bahArathI vinayI hato. proTesTanTa dharmanA punaruddhAranI AzAe saMkhyAbaMdha gAmaDIA tene AvI maLyA. teNe jAheranAmuM prasiddha karIne jemsane bInahakadAra TharAvI pitAne haka AgaLa karyo. TInTana jaIne teNe rAjAne IlkAba dhAraNa karyo, paNa tene mAtra halakA varganA lekanI sahAya hatI. pAdarIo ane AbarUdAra gRhastha proTesTanTa rAjakartA tarIke merIne haka gaNatA hatA. janmera pAse rAjAnA sainya sAthe manmathano bheTo thayo. tenA sainyamAM sAmAnya gAmaDIA, abhaNa kheDuto, kArIgare, majure, ane pattharaDA jevA tAlIma vinAnA mANaso hatAH phakta eka kalAkanI jIvaleNa laDAImAM hAra . 1. A yuddhamAM be prasiddha puruSo jaDeMna carcila ane Deniyala DIphe hatA.

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- 192 khAI manmatha ane tenAM mANase nAsI gayAM. thoDA divasa pachI gaMdI khAI mAMthI maLyama pakaDAye. teNe kAkAne page paDI jIvato rAkhavAnI nAmarda araja karI, paNa dayAhINa daityanuM haiyuM pIgaLyuM nahi. manmathane ziraccheda karavAmAM Avyo. ATalethI jemsanI vairavRtti tRpta thaI nahi. have teNe manmathanA madadagArone sajA karavA mAMDI. tenA hatyArA amaladAre manmathanA madadagArone bhayaMkara sajA karavA lAgyAH keTalAka kedamAM paDyA, keTalAka phAMsIe laTakyA, ane keTalAkane jIvatA bALI mUkavAmAM AvyA. jephrIjha nAmane niSphara nyAyAdhIza baLavAkhoronI tapAsa calAvavA paragaNAMmAM pharavA lAgyo. teNe rAya ke raMka, bALaka ke vRddha, nirdoSa ke aparAdhI, evuM kazuM joyA vinA lakone daMDavA mAMDayA, ane prajA upara kera vartAvyo. teNe lagabhaga 300 / mANasane dehAMtadaMDa dIdho. manmathanA anucarene rAtavAso rAkhanAra eka strIne paNa jIvatI bALI mUkavAnI zikSA thaI, paNa pAchaLathI tene ziraccheda karavAnuM karyuM. A zikSAmAMthI bacanArAne vesTa inDijhamAM gulAma tarIke vecavAne hukama thayo. te nirdaya nyAyAdhIzane rAjAe "lorDa hAI censelara banAvyuM. have rAja parathI lekanAM mana UThI gayAM, eTale higa pakSane prajAne jusso sateja karavAne lAga maLe. dhAmika pheraphAra karavAnA rAjAnA prayatnaH baMDakhorane nAza thavAthI rAjasattA prattApI thaI, eTale jemsa pitAnI abhilASAone amala karavA, mAM. vadhArAnA lazkaramAM rAkhelA kethalika amaladArone zAMti thayA pachI paNa rAkhavAnI rAjAnI IcchA hatI. paraMtu pArlamenTa kethalika amaladAre rAkhavA mATe rAjAno virodha karyo. ane kaseTInA kAyadAno amala na thAya tyAM sudhI nANAM ApavAnI nA pADI. ethI rAjAe pArlamenTa barakhAsta karI, I. sa. 1685. jemsanA samayamAM pharI pArlamenTa maLI nahi. paraMtu, jemsanAM kRtye joI tenA pakSakAre paNa vimukha thatA gayA, eTale e samaya Avyo nahi. - Ama pArlamenTa visarjana thaI, paNa lekanAM meM kaMI baMdha karAya che? jese khAnagI rIte nyAyAdhIzonA mata mAgyA, ke rAjAne kAyadAne amala aTakAvavAnI sattA kharI. ke nahi ? teNe viruddha mata ApanArane sthAne

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193 anukULa mANasa goThavI daI sara eDavarDa helsane pAyadaLane senApati banAvyuM. AthI tenA upara kAma cAlyuM, paNa hase rAjAne paravAne batAvyuM, eTale khuzAmatakhora nyAyAdhIzoe rAjAnI tarapheNamAM cukAdo Ape. rAjAne Avo haka kAyadesara hatuM, paNa pAlamenTa cArlsa bIjAne e haka na vAparavAnI bhalAmaNa karI hatI. paraMtu A nirNayane lAbha laI jemsa lazkaramAM kethalika amaladAre bharavA mAMDayA, ane kethalika lekenI viruddhanA sarva kAyadA rada karyo. teNe kethalika paMthIone pradhAne nImyA, ane eka dharmabaMdhune AyarlenDano vAIsaroya banAvyo. I. sa. 1641mAM baMdha thaelI "hAI kamizanaranI adAlatane sajIvana karIne hatyArA jephIjhane mukhya nyAyAdhIza nI. rAjAnI AjJA viruddha je je dharmaguruo kethalika paMthanuM ghasAtuM bole, temane temAM sakhata daMDa thavA lAgyA. kasoTInA kAyadAnI rUe oNksapharDa ane kembrijanAM vidyApIThamAM ketholika adhyApake kAma karI zakatA nahotA, paNa jemsa temano mArga mokaLo karavAnI peravI karavA lAgyo. teNe eka kethelikane eNkasapharDanA mahAvidyAlayane uparI banAvyo. bIjA mahAvidyAlayanI vyavasthApaka samitinA pramukhanI jagA khAlI paDI, eTale rAjAe kethalikanI pasaMdagI karavA jaNAvyuM; paNa samitinA proTesTaMTa sabhyoe virodha karyo, eTale sarvane kADhI mUkI kelika paMthIone goThavI dIdhA. vaLI eka kethelikane eNkasapharDane dharmAdhyakSa banAvyo. A pramANe dharmAdha rAjAe zikSaNa, senA, dharma, ane rAjadvArI vibhAgamAM sahadhamAM bharI dIdhA, ane prajAkIya svAtaMtryanI avagaNanA karI. jo ke tenA mitroe tene zAMti jALavavAnI, luIe sAvacetIthI kAma levAnI, ane DAhyA kethalikoe dezanA kAyadAone mAna ApavAnI zikhAmaNa ApI, topaNa jemsa paravA karyA vinA vartavA lAgyuM. jemsanA A "tyAcAro laMDananI prajA muMge meM e joI na rahI, eTale rAjAe kethelika masa IonuM sainya taiyAra karI prajAne dabAvI devAno manasube karyo. A pramANe kasoTInA kAyadAne bhaMga karIne rAjA aTakyo nahi. I. sa. 1687mAM teNe dharmachUTanuM jAheranAmuM prasiddha karyuM, ane kethalike tathA apratijJAgrAhIo viruddhanA kAyadAne amala baMdha karyo. pharIthI baMdIkhAnAM 13

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ughaDyAM, ane apratisAgrAhIo chUTyA, paNa rAjAne dhAryo dAva na paDyo. catura apratijJAgrAhIo ane prembiTiriyane samajI gayA ke rAjAnI kharI dAnata kethalika lokone dharmachUTa ApavAnI che. temaNe dharma karatAM prajAkIya svAtaMtryane meMvuM mAnyuM, ane AvI dharmachUTa levAnI nA pADI chatAM rAjAe i. sa. 1688mAM jAheranAmuM prasiddha karI pratyeka dharmAlayamAM vAMcavAnI AjJA karI. rAjAnI avicArI AjJAne khule bhaMga thaye. koIe te jAheranAmuM vAMcyuM nahi. sAta dharmAdhyakSee rAjAne arajI karI, ke amane adhama kArya karavAnI pharaja pADavI na joIe. rAjA arajI vAMcIne krodhe bharAyo; kAraNa ke arajI chapAvIne prajAmAM khulle hAthe vaheMcavAmAM AvI hatI. teNe arajadArane keda karyA, ane temanA upara kAma calAvyuM. prajAe A sAmAnya mukarramAne rASTrIya praznanuM svarUpa ApyuM. dhamAM dhyakSa taraphathI keTalAka pravINa vakIle bahAra AvyA. pachI tapAsa cAlI, sAkSIo levAyA, purAvA raju thayA. ane pace sarvAnumate temane bInagunegAra TharAvyA. ethI prajAe harSanAda karyo. ghoDesavAree mArate ghaDe A vadhAmaNI dUranAM zaheromAM pahoMcADI. devAlayamAM ghaMTA vAgI, ane chAvaNInA sipAIoe paNa harSanAda karyA. jemsanI khAtarI thaI ke mArAM mANaso ane samagra prajA mArI viruddha che. sAta dharmAdhyakSonI tapAsa daramiAna rAjAne tyAM putrajanma thayo, paNa e kamanasIba bALakane koI e AvakAra na Ape; kAraNa ke ethI to kethelika rAjAnI paraMparA cAlavAnI ema lekane lAgyuM. rAjAnA adAvatIAoe evI vAta phelAvI ke e kuMvara kharo nathI, paNa bahArathI ANela che. jemsa -kuMvaranA kharApaNuM viSe purAvA ApyA, paNa vIpharelI prajAe kazuM mAnyuM nahi. have lekanA hRdayamAMthI rAjabhaktinA rahyAsahyA taNakhA halavAI gayA, ane rAjyakrAntino samaya AvI pahoMcyo. * ereMjanA viliyamane AmaMtraNa30mI juna, I. sa. 1608. je divase dharmaguruo mAnabhera chUTI gayA, teja divase ArejanA viliyamane patra lakhIne AmaMtraNa ApavAmAM AvyuM. viliyama jemsane jamAI hatA, ane TesTanTa dharmane staMbharUpa hato. phrAnsanA kaTTA zatru viliyamane A

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19ma sAre prasaMga maLe. teNe AmaMtraNa svIkAryuM, ane lazkara taiyAra karavA mAMDayuM. IglenDanA elacIe jemsane khabara pahoMcADI, paNa buddhihINa rAjAe mAnyuM nahi. luIe viliyamane IglenDa nahi javAnI cetavaNI ApI, tyAre jese kahyuM ke luIe "saMrakSaka thavAne daMbha karavAnI jarUra nathI. ethI laIne cIDa caDI, ane teNe jemsane madada karI nahi. vihaga lekane madadagAra viliyama I. sa. 1688nA navembaranI pamI tArIkhe IglenDane kinAre utaryo. te laMDana tarapha kUca karato cAlyo, eTale rastAmAM aneka mANaso tenA nejA nIce AvavA lAgyAM. rAjAnA hajurIA, lazkarI amaladAro, ane vihaga AgevAno tene jaI maLyA. carcilanI saradArI nIcenuM rAjAnuM lazkara paNa tene maLI gayuM. jemsanI priya putrI ena ane tenA patie teno pakSa cheDI dIdho, tyAre tenAM gAtro gaLI gayAM, tenI AMkhamAM AMsu AvyAM, ane te be, "are ? mArAM saMtAno paNa mane tajI jAya che." pachI jese rANIne ane yuvarAjane phrAnsamelI dIdhAM, ane te pote paNa tyAM javA taiyAra thayo. rastAmAM te mAchImAronA hAthamAM sapaDAyo, eTale teo tene laMDana pAcho lAvyA. paraMtu padabhraSTa rAjA saMgharavAnuM jokhama kheDavA viliyama taiyAra na hato, eTale teNe jemsane kAnsa javAnI saraLatA karI ApI. luIe jemsane AvakAra Apyo, ane varSAsana bAMdhI ApyuM. viliyame rAjyanI lagAma hAthamAM letA pahelAM senApati mankanI peThe haMgAmI pArlamenTa belAvI. temAM amIre ane cArlsa bIjAnA samayanA keTalAka sabhya AvyA. viliyamanA sthAnane nirNaya karavAmAM pArlamenTane mahenata paDI. keTalAka TorI sabhyonI IcchA evI hatI, ke jemsa sArI rIte rAjya calAve che tene pAchA bolAvo, paNa keTalAkanI icchA viliyamane dezarakSaka banAvavAnI hatI, ane keTalAka merIne gAdI ApavA mAgatA hatA. viliyame sasarAnI gAdI sAcavavAnI ke rANInA sevaka thavAnI spaSTa nA pADI. Akhare e TharAva thaye ke viliyama ane merIne saMyukta rAjyAbhiSeka karavo, ane ubhayanA samAna haka svIkAravA.

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96 hapatrikAH A pramANe viliyamane IglenDanuM rAjapada maLyuM. pachI, haMgAmI pArlamenTe rAjyakartAo joDe cokhavaTa karI nAkhavA hakapatrikA taiyAra karI. temAM jemsanAM ayogya kAryonI savistara neMdha levAmAM AvI, ane temAM evo ullekha karavAmAM AvyaH rAjAthI kAyadAno amala mokupha rAkhI zakAya nahi, sthAyI lazkara rAkhI prajAne DArI zakAya nahi, pArlamenTanI saMmati vinA kara nAkhI ke ugharAvI zakAya nahi, tenI IcchAmAM Ave tevI rIte game tyAre nyAyAdhIzane rajA ApI zakAya nahi, pArlamenTane vAraMvAra bolAvavI joIe, pArlamenTamAM vicAra ane vANInuM svAtaMtrya rahevuM joIe, sarvane soM ane niSpakSapAta nyAya maLavAnI vyavasthA thavI joIe, rAjA pote romana ketholika dharma pALI zake nahi ke te dharmavALI strI joDe lagna karI zake nahi, jemsanA vArasone gAdI uparano haka rada karIne viliyama ane merIne gAdI ApavAmAM AvI che, ane temanA mRtyu pachI temane saMtati na &Aya to enane vArasa gaNavI. i. sa. 1689mAM A hakapatrikAne vidhipuraHsara kAyadAnuM svarUpa ApavAmAM AvyuM. rAjyakrAntiH lehInuM eka paNa TIpuM reDAyA vinA julamI rAjAne rAjya choDavuM paDayuM, ane dezanI rAjyapaddhatimAM palaTe thaye. have nirNaya thaI gayo ke dezamAM rAjakartA pAlamenTa che, rAjA prajAno sevaka che, ane tenI sattA Izvaradatta nahi paNa pArlAmenTa pAsethI maLelI che. rAjAne rAjya calAvavAne haka vaMzaparaMparAthI nahi paNa rAjA ane prajA vaccenA karArathI maLe che, ema sAbIta thayuM. dezanA kAyadAthI rAjA para nathI, ane pArlamenTa pasAra karele dhAro svIkArI lIdhA pachI koI paNa miSe tene korANe mUkI zakAya nahi, e vAta hakapatrikAmAM bhAra mUkIne jaNAvI hatI. Apakhuda ane bInajavAbadAra amalanA divase vahI gayA, ane maryAdita rAjasattAno yuga beThe. A rAjyakrAntithI rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM pheraphAra thaye, arthAta rAjAnA hAthamAMthI sattA sarI paDI, ane "lekazAsananuM maMDANa thayuM. 1. i. sa. 1928mAM AmanI sabhAe lokahaka surakSita rAkhavA mATe "hakanI arajI karI hatI. pachInAM sATha varSamAM jamAne palaTAI gaye, ane jese chuMdI nAkheluM svAtaMtrya akhaMDita che ema pArlamenTa jAhera karyuM, tethI tene "halpatrikA' kahe che.

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197 A rAjyakrAntinuM eka bIjuM pariNAma AvyuM. pArlamenTa phlu saMpUNaeN lAkapratinidhitvavALI na hatI; kAraNa ke temAM kulIna kuTuMenA puruSA hatA. henarIe baMdha karelA maDheAnI jAgIre| meLavIne jamInadArA sattAdhIza ane rAjakAraNamAM baLavAna thaI paDayA. pachInA yugamAM leAkamatane nAme temaNe phAvatA rAjyavahIvaTa calAvyA, ane prasaMgeApAta cArlsa ke jemsane vIsarAve evI johukamI calAvI. paraMtu Akhare leAkazAsanane mArga mAkaLA thayeA; kemake e jamInadArAmAM vhiga ane TArI evA be pakSa paDI gayA. je pakSa baLavAna thaI jAya, te khIjAne nIce pADavA potAnI tamAma zakti ajamAvatA. ethI madhyama varganA leAkreA phAvI jatA. vaLI banne pakSe leAkAte rAjI rAkhavA mathatA, eTale je pakSa baLavAna hoya te prajAne pAMkhamAM rAkhavA mATe nAnA meATA hakAnI bheTa karatA. A pramANe kulIneAnA hAthamAMthI sAmAnya prajAnA hAthamAM rAjyataMtra jaI paDayuM, paNa tene AraMbha 'rAjyakrAnti'thI thaye ema gaNI zakAya. prakaraNa 7muM viliyama roH i. sa. 1689-1702 merI rjI i. sa. 1689-1694 viliyama 3jo viliyamanuM Agamana ane rAjA-rANInA saMyukta rAjyAbhiSeka viSe ApaNe joI gayA. naveA rAjA kadarUpA, gheADAyelA, dRDha manano ane AgrahI, tathA svabhAve karela rAjadvArI nara hatA. rAjasabhAmAM ke raNakSetramAM tenI diSTa sarakhuM kAma karatI. bAlyAvasthAmAM teNe phrenca tApAnA dhaDAkA sAMbhaLyA hatA, ane rAjyaprapaMca, khaTapaTa, ane kAvAdAvAthI te kAyela ane dIrdhadaSTivALA banyA hatA. tenuM AreAgya nabaLuM hatuM, tenI rItabhAta sakhata hatI, ane te kaDaka ane kavacat tAsA lAgatA. aMgrejoe tenA upara cAha batAvyA naheAtA, ane te paNa jANatA hatA ke huM mAtra aMgrejonuM upayegI sAdhana chuM. ethI teNe kadI lAkapriyatA prApta karavAnI mAthAkUTa karI nahotI. tenAmAM akhUTa kauvata, aDaga dhairya, rAjadvArI kuneha, ane dIrdha

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navI : " dRSTi hatAM; asthiratA ane azAMtinA samayamAM teNe caturAI, niSpakSapAtapaNuM. ane mutsaddIgIrIthI zAMti ane vyavasthA ApyAM, ane rAjyabaMdhAraNane daDha karyuM. te kuzaLa senApati hato. A sadevavithI parAjayane khyAla karatA nahi. aNIne vakhate dhairya ane samayasUcakatAthI te evA teDa kADhato, ke tenI asAdhAraNa zakti joI ne leke Azcarya pAmatA. yuddhamAM, gaMbhIra prasaMgamAM, ke ApattikALamAM tenA AnaMdI ane utsAhapreraka svabhAvathI aneka nabaLA AtmAene hupha rahetI. viliyamanI abhilASAo have viliyamanI rAjanIti ane tenA Azaye tapAsIe. AMtara kalahathI aMgrejo viliyama jo paradezI mAmalA upara dhyAna ApI zakatA nahi. phrAnsane A bAbata gamatI hatI, ane 14mA luInI rAjyatRSNAne hada na hatI. tenAM sainya parInIjha, ITalI, ke dAInanA pradezo upara pharI vaLI sarvatra kera vartAvatAM hatAM. rAInanA kinArA sudhI phrAnsanI uttara ane pUrva sImA vadhAravAnA hetuthI hara bahAne luI madhya yuropa ane holenDa joDe yuddha karato. paraMtu viliyama kaMI paNa upAye luInI sattA teDavA mathato hato, tethI IglenDanA naukAbaLa ane sAdhanothI laIne haMphAvavAnI AzAe viliyame rAjapada svIkAryuM, eTale tene svadezaprema kAyama hato. viliyamane mana IlenDanuM rAjya holenDanI svataMtratAnA rakSaNanuM sAdhana hatuM. potAnA tera varSanA amalamAM viliyame jemsa ane tenA anuyAyIonuM prAbalya na thavA pAme, ane potAnI sattA hRDha thAya evA upAya lIdhA.

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199 cchA navuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa: aMgrejone viliyamanI nispRhatAnI khAtarI thaI gaI. paraMtu luI ne haMphAvavAmAM iMgleDane svArtha hatA, ane rAjasattA upara kApa mUkavA devA viliyama taiyAra hatA, eTale niyaMtrita rAjasattAnI sthApanAnuM kArya saraLa thaI paDayuM. viliyama ane merIne rAjyAbhiSeka thayA pachI 'haMgAmI pArlamenTa' kharI pArlamenTa thaI, ane teNe rAjyavyavasthAnuM kArya AraMbhyuM. pArlamenTa prathama Arthika vahIvaTamAM pheraphArA karyA. jemsa bIndranA amala sudhI pArlamenTa rAnane nANAM ApatI, ane rAnta peAtAnI pramANe tene upayoga karatA. havethI 'sAdhAraNa' ane 'asAdhAraNa' kharca mATenI rakame judI pADIne ApavAne DarAva thayA. rAnta ane tenA kuTuMbanA kharca mATe nakkI karelI rakama jIvana paryaMta ApavAnuM ; asAdhAraNa kharca mATenI rakama bAMdhI mudatane mATe AvI, ane tene pArlamenTanI dekharekha nIce hetupuraHsara upayeAga thavA joi e ema ryuM. viliyame A vAta ka.la karI, ane hisAba batAvavAnuM paNa vacana ApyuM. thoDAM varSamAM e patie 'haka'nuM svarUpa pakaDayuM. Ama jAhera kAmeAnAM kharca upara pArlamenTane kAbu AvyuM. paraMtu vikaTa prazna lazkarane hatA. bhUtakALamAM Apakhuda sattA TakAvI rAkhavA 'bahAlI lazkara'nA durupayeAga thayeA hateA. pADe zI rAjyeAne mukAbale IMglenDane lazkaranI svAbhAvika jarUra hatI, tethI evuM TharAvyuM ke prativarSe pArlamenTa sainyanA nibhAvanuM kharca maMjura kare. ethI prajAne rAna upara vizvAsa heAya tyAM sudhI lazkaranuM kharca maMjura thAya; ane rAjAne dara varSe pArlamenTa kheAlAvavI merI khIjI

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2003 '' / paDe ema thayuM. Ama rAjasattA upara baMdhana mUkayA pachI pArlamenTe rAjyanA ane dharmakhAtAnA pratyeka adhikArIne viliyamane rAjaniSTha rahevAnI ane tenuM uparIpada svIkAravAnI pratijJA levAnI pharaja pADI. kenTarabarInA mukhya dharmAdhyakSa ane sAta dIkSitAe pratijJA levAnI nA pADI, eTale temane padabhraSTa karI vizvAsu ane rAjaniSTha sevakAne mUkavAmAM AvyA. 'dharmasahiSNutAnA kAyadA' (Toleration Act) thI evuM haryuM ke kAI paNa manuSyane 'episkApala' dharma pALavAnI pharaja pADI zakAya nahi; pratyeka manuSya potAnI icchAmAM Ave te dharma pALI zake. A chUTa mAtra kaeNtheAlikAne mATe na hatI; temanI sAme te| daMDanA navA kAyadA ghaDAyA. viliyame svIkArelA hakapatrikAnA asala kharaDAne kAyadAnuM svarUpa ApavAmAM AvyuM. IMglenDamAM rAjyakrAntinuM kArya saMpUrNa thayuM, pArlamenTe rAjasattA maryAdita karI, ane viliyame hakapatrikAnAM baMdhane svIkAryAM. A rAjyakrAntithI sphuTalenDa ane AyarlenDamAM zI asara thaI te have joI e. koTalenDamAM baLavAH jemsa bIjAnA javAthI skATa leAkeA khuzI thayA, ane temaNe viliyama ane merInA rAjyArAhaNane svIkAra karyoH chatAM tyAM jemsanA keTalAka anuyAyI hatA. temaNe DanDInA dAkAranI saradArI nIce khaMDa uThAvyuM, tethI senApati meke temanI sAme gayA, paNa tenuM kaMI vaLyuM nahi. i. sa. 1989mAM kiliphrenkInA yuddhamAM sTaeNTa sainikAe e ghaDImAM rAjasainyane dhANu vALI lAhInI nadIo vahevarAvI, paNa AATalenDane A vijaya mAMdhA paDI gayA; kemake teno bahAdura saradAra DIno ThAkAra mA gaye, ane sainikA vIkharAI gayA. paraMtu skoTalenDanA ucca pradezamAM leAkAnAM dIla uzkerAyalAM rahetAM. jo ke viliyame zAhI vacana ApyuM, ke AATalenDamAM presmiTiriyana dharma cAlu raheze. pachI teNe amIrene lAMca ApI meLavI lIdhA, ane jAhera karyuM ke jee i. sa. 1992nA jAnyurinI 1lI 1. A leAkAne ' Non-Jurors ' . kahevAmAM Ave che. egaNIsamA saikAnA AraMbha sudhI te peAtAnA svataMtra dharmAdhikArI pasaMda karI letA. A lokA, kethelika paMthIe, ane jemsanA maLatIAne 'jekAkhAITa' kahevAmAM Ave che. temaNe sarakAra sAme kAvatarAM karI dhaNI muzkelIo ubhI karI hatI.

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201 tArIkha pahelAM rAjaniSThAnI pratijJA laI leze, temane mAphI ApavAmAM Avaze. daivayoge pazcima hAilenDanI khINamAM rahenArA pleAnA vRddha saradAra maka AI te sarvathI chellI pratijJA levAneA vicAra karyAM. cheka chellI ghaDIe te je jagAe AvI paheAMcyA, tyAM pratijJA svIkAranAra amaladAra na hatA. tyAMthI athaDAtA kuTAtA AgaLa vadhI teNe zapatha te| lIdhA, paNa nakkI karelA divasa vItI gayA hatA. ethI zatruoe tene nAza karavAnI taka sAdhI. viliyamanA adhikArIe leAkeAnI sAna ThekANe lAvavA kharI hakIkata chupAvI. teNe rAjA pAsethI " te cArAnA daLanA saMhAra karavA "nI AjJA meLavI, ane sainikAnI TukaDI glenkA mAkalI. tyAMnA bheALA leAkeAe sainikAte dilajAna AvakAra ApyA; ane sainikAe paMdara divasa sudhI memAna gIrI bhAgavI. Akhare nirdaya hatyAkAMDane divasa AvI pahoMcyA. ziALAnI rAtrinA aMdhakAramAM A niSThura sipAI ee leAkeAnI katala calAvI, temAM maeNka AIna, tenI patnI, ane khIjA chatrIsa mANasA kapAI muA, ane je jIva lai ne nAThA temane bahAranI ThaMDIe ane bhUkhe pUrA karyAM. glenkAne hatyAkAMDa viliyamanA jIvanamAM kalaMka samAna gaNAya che; kAraNa ke teNe pUrI tapAsa karyA vinA hukama ApyA hatA, ane katala karanArajAlImAne jatA karyA hatA. AyarlenDamAM yuddhaH skaoNTalenDanA bhayaMkara khaLavA tarata zamI gaye, paNa AyarlenDamAM tema thayuM nahi. AyarlenDamAM kethelikA ane greTesTanTo vacce jhagaDA cAlyA karatA, ane game teTalA upAya ajamAvyA chatAM prajAne sukhavArA AvyA na hatA. daramiAna je aMgreja ane syuTa proTesTanTa tyAM vasavATa karavA AvyA, temanA hAthamAM jamInane mATe bhAga AvI paDayA. AthI Aza leAkAne navA proTesTanTa rAjA tarapha aNagame thayA. evAmAM jemsa gAdI maLavAnI AzAe AyarlaeNnDamAM utarI AvyA, eTale nirAzrita proTesTanTo kaeNtheAlikAnA rASa joI ne dariyApAra nADA, athavA tA laMDanaDarI ane enisakilenanA killAmAM bharAI beThA. jemsanA lazkare laMDanaDarIne gherA dhAlyA; tenA killA majabuta na hatA, ane zaheramAM bheAjanasAmagrI ochI hatIH chatAM zUrA lAkA prANAnte paNa namatuM na ApavAnA

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202 nizcaya karIne beThA. jemsa bahArathI AvatI madada aTakAvI, eTale viliyame mekalelAM vahANo paNa nakAmAM thaI paDayAM. A ghere 105 divasa cAlyo. khAvAnuM khUTI javAthI ghaDAnuM mAMsa, marelA udara, ane cAmaDAM karaDavAno avasara AvI pahoMcyo, ane zaheramAM rega phATI nIkaLe, eTale maranAranA aMtya saMskAra karavAnuM azakya thaI paDayuM. chatAM vajahadayanA bahAduranI dhIraja ane himata khUTayAM nahi. daramiAna nadIno baMdha toDI viliyamanAM vahANo AvI pahoMcatAM lokone anAja maLyuM. have jemsanuM lazkara ghere uThAvI cAlatuM thayuM. trIje divase enisakilenamAM bharAI beThelA lokoe majabuta dhasAro karI nyUTana baTalaranA yuddhamAM jemsanI senAne harAvI nasADI mUkI. jemsa hAryo chatAM AyalenDamAM tenuM prAbalya TakI rahyuM. bIje varSa viliyame AyarlenDa para caDAI karI. beIna nadInA kinArA upara jemsanI senAe viliyamane aTakAvavAno prayAsa karyo. A bhayaMkara yuddhamAM jemsanuM sainya jIva laIne nAtuM. have jemsanA manoratha bhAgI paDayA, ane te phrAnsa jato rahyo; paNa Ayariza loko viliyamane zaraNe thayA nahi. lirikanA gaDhamAM bharAIne temaNe Takkara jhIlI. ethI Daca senApati jhinkalane AyalenDa jItavAnuM oNpI viliyama IlenDa gayo. i. sa. 1691mAM limarika paDayuM eTale saMdhi thaI. temAM evI sarata karavAmAM AvI, ke Ayariza sainika vIkharAI jAya, athavA phrAnsamAM ke viliyamanA lazkaramAM nokarI le, ane AyarlenDamAM kethalikone dhArmika svataMtratA ApavI. paraMtu proTesTanTa lekone dharmaSa ocho na hato. I. sa. 1697mAM DablinamAM maLelI pArlamenTamAM proTesTanTo adhika saMkhyAmAM hatA. temaNe lirikanI saMdhino bhaMga karyo. have kethalikAne mATe sakhata kAyadA ghaDavAmAM AvyA, kethalika purohitane dezanikAla karavAmAM AvyA, kethalika adhyApakone zikSaNa ApatA baMdha karavAmAM AvyA, kethalikanAM hathiyAra laI levAmAM AvyAM, proTesTanTa joDe kethelikane lagnasaMbaMdha baMdha karavAmAM AvyuM, ane Ayariza vyApArane sakhata dhoko pahoMcADavAmAM Avyo.

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203 phrAnsa joDe cuddhaH haju viliyamanuM kArya paripUrNa thayuM na hatuM. viliyamanA kaTTo zatru luI yuropanAM rAjya para hallA karatA hatA, paNa viliyame spena, heAlenDa, ane eNsTriAnAM rAjye vacce siMdha karAvI. ethI yurepa khaMDanAM ghaNAMkharAM rAjye phrAnsanI sAme ekatra thaI gayAM. aMgreja janatA paNa luI para krodhe bharAI hatI. viliyama AyarlenDa gayA, tyAre lui e eka kAlA IMglenDa mekalye. AraMbhamAM phrAnsanA jaya thavA lAgyA. naukAsenApati TrekiMgjhananI bedarakArIne lIdhe aMgrejo bIcIheDa pAse hAryAM, ane temanA kAphalA lagabhaga nAza pAmyA. daramiAna luie. AyarlenDanA kaeNthalikAne sahAya mekalI. carcala, rasela, ane keTalAka adhikArIe khAnagI rIte jemsanI tarapheNamAM hatA, ane tene khAnagI yAtamI pahoMcADatA. Ama viliyamanA pradhAne tenI joDe mana mUkIne sahakAra karatA nahi, TorI pakSanA sabhAsade tenI viruddha hatA, ane ghaNA dezanAyakA jemsa bleDe khAnagI patravyavahAra calAvatA. luIe A tarkanA lAbha lIdhA. A vakhate aMgreja kAleA selanA hAtha nIce hatA. teNe kAI ne mAMe kahyuM, ke jemsa pAche! Ave te huM madada karUM. AthI luI ne IMglenDa para caDI AvavAnuM mana thayuM. luie. meTA kAlA taiyAra karI ravAnA karyA, paNa te svadezAbhimAnI aMgrejonA svabhAvathI vadhu na hato. phrenca kAphalo Ave che e sAMbhaLIne jemsaneA pakSakAra rasela khelyuM, ke " ApaNI khADImAM phrenca lokAne ApaNA para vijaya meLavavA dauM e mAnatA nahi; khuda mahArAnta jemsa haze, te tenI joDe paNa huM yuddha karIza." lA heAga pAsenA yuddhamAM phrenca hAryA; temanAM keTalAMka vahANo maLI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM, ane tApAnA nAza karavAmAM AvyA. A samaye aMgreja naukAsainye apUrva parAkrama batAvyuM, ane bIcIheDanA yuddhamAM meLavelI nAme zI TALIne pratiSThA jamAvI. viyimane samudranA yuddhamAM jaya maLyo, paNa jamIna paranA yuddhamAM jANavA jevI phateha maLI nahi. i. sa. 1692mAM te nerlenDajha gayeA. jo ke te catura ane dIrdhadarzI senApati hatA, chatAM phrenca senA AgaLa tenuM vaLyuM nahi; te mensane! bacAva karI zakayA nahi, ane sTenakarka tathA

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204 leDananA yuddhamAM hAryo. paraMtu Akhare teNe phrenca lazkaranA dekhatAM nAsUrane prasiddha kille kabaje karyo. A vijayathI baMne pakSonI zakti sarakhI thaI. yuddha to I. sa. 1697 sudhI cAlyuM, ane baMne pakSa thAkyA. chevaTe laIe IglenDa, oNsTriA, ane holenDa joDe saMdhi karI, pachI viliyamane IglenDane hakadAra rAjA svIkAryo, ane holenDa joDe vyApArI saMbaMdha bAM. A yuddhamAM luInI sAmrAjyatRSNane phaTako paDe, ane viliyame holenDane phrAnsanA tAbAmAM jatuM bacAvyuM. AMtara nItiH yuddhomAM aDhaLaka dhananI jarUra paDavAthI navA kara nAkhavA paDayA, paNa tethI kharcane pahoMcI vaLAyuM nahi. ethI rAjamaMtrI mague navI yukti ajamAvI. pUrve rAjAe jAtajokhamadArI upara karaja karatA, paNa viliyamane mATe saMjoge anukULa na hatA. AthI megue prajAkIya RNanI prathA pADI. have sarakAra je nANAM karaje le, tenuM vyAja bharavAnI jAmInagIrI pArlamenTa taraphathI ApavAmAM AvI, eTale lekoe vinA saMkoce sarakArane nANAM dhIryA. zarUAtamAM keTalAka higa vepArIoe 12 lAkha pauDanI rakama uchInI ApIne keTalAka hakanI sanaMda meLavI. dhIme dhIme e vepArI saMghe IMglenDanI baeNnkanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. tene sarakAranAM nANAMne vahIvaTa soMpavAmAM AvyuM, ane calaNI noTa kADhavAnI paravAnagI maLI. A benkano vahIvaTa sarakArI jAmInagIrIthI cAlato hato, eTale ke nANAM dhIratAM acakAtA nahi. adyApi paryata A baeNnka saddhara che, ane dhamadhokAra kAma calAve che. have viliyamanI sattA daDha thaI. kadAca jemsa pAcho Ave to rAjyakrAnti thAya, ane jemsa A RNa svIkAre nahi, te nANAMnuM zuM thAya tenI lekane ciMtA hatI, eTale jemsa Ave nahi ane viliyamano paga majabuta thAya ema loko IcchavA lAgyA. e pachI rUpAnA sikkAnI banAvaTamAM sudhAro karIne tenI kinArI kAMgarIvALI banAvavAmAM AvI. merInuM mRtyu i. sa. 1694. pArlamenTane rIjhavavA khAtara viliyama sudhArAnA kAryamAM ADe Avate nahi, chatAM aMgreja janatAmAM viliyama mATe snehabhAva na hatuM. game te paNa te paradezI hati. IMglenDanA hita

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205 karatAM yurepI yuddho ane rAjakhaTapaTamAM tene vadhAre rasa paData. te aMgrejI bolI jANato nahi, ane prajAnuM hRdaya pArakhavAnI tasdI leto nahi. na rAjA holenDanA saMrakSaNanI khAtara aMgreja lazkara nibhAvatuM hatuM, e vAta lake bhUlI zakatA na hatA. paraMtu tenI patnI merI saraLa hRdayanI, buddhimatI. mamatALu aMtaHkaraNanI, kAryadakSa ane pativratA strI hatI. te aMgrejI AcAravicAra ane bhAvanAo samajatI, eTale viliyamanA kAryamAM ghaNuM madada ApatI. zarUAtamAM rANI upara leke roSe bharAyA hatA, paNa tenA guNonI suvAsa phelAtAM tenI kapriyatA vadhavA lAgI. svArtha, prapaMca, dveSa, ane pArlamenTane virodha chatAM viliyama merInI sahAyathI IMglenDanuM rAjyataMtra calAvato hate. I. sa. 1694mAM rANI zILInA rogathI maraNa pAmI, eTale viliyamanA hRdayane AghAta pahoMcyo. have rAjA ane pArlamenTa vaccenI saMgI kaDI tUTI gaIdhIme dhIme viliyama upara lekane abhAva vadhe, ane tenI viruddha prapaMca racAyA. have viliyamanI jAta jokhamamAM AvI payA jevuM thayuM. I. sa. 1696mAM luInI preraNAthI evuM kAvataruM racavAmAM AvyuM, ke viliyama zikAre jAya tyAre tenuM khUna karI nAkhavuM. saddabhAgye keTalAMka mANaso phUTayAM ane kAvataruM pakaDAI gayuM. daramiAna viliyame nAmUrane kille sara karyo, e sAMbhaLI aMgrejo harakhAyA ane ghaDIbhara rAjabhaktine Aveza uchaLyo. ethI viliyamanuM rakSaNa karavAne vaphAdAra lekee saMgha sthA. I. sa. 1697 sudhI viliyamane luI joDenAM yuddho mATe pArlamenTa bharapaTTe nANAM ApyAM. paraMtu I. sa. 1697mAM risvikanI saMdhithI yuddhano aMta Avyo, eTale pArlamenTe rAjAne madada ApavAnuM baMdha karyuM. have karakasaranI yejanA thavA mAMDI, ane pArlamenTanI pahelI daSTi sainya upara paDI. pUrve dezarakSAne nAme rAkhelA sainyane kaDavo anubhava prajAne thayuM hatuM, eTale lazkara ane naikAsainyamAM kApakUpa karavAmAM AvI. bIje varSe rAjAnA aMgarakSakenI Daca palaTanane rajA ApavAnI pArlAmenTa haTha pakaDI. saMdhi mAtra temanI che, yuddha thavAno saMbhava che, ane sainyanI jarUra paDaze, evuM rAjAe samarthana karyuM paNa vyartha. tene lekenI mUrkhatA ane durAgrahathI mAThuM lAgyuM, chatAM te lekecchAne AdhIna thaye.

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206 vibhAga-saMdhio I. sa. 1698-1700. have spenanA gAdIvArasane prazna AgaLa AvyuM. spenane rAjA cArja lAMbu jIvaze nahi ema badhAne lAgyuM. tenuM rAjya vistIrNa hatuM, paNa te niHsaMtAna hatAH mAtra tene be beno hatI. moTI bena phrAnsanA rAjA laI 14mA vere, ane nAnI bena oNsTriAnA zahenazAha liyopelDa joDe paraNI hatI. sagapaNadAne laIne spenanuM rAjya maLe te yuropanI sattAtulA nAza pAmavAne saMbhava hato, eTale luInI rANIe spenanI gAdI parathI pitAne haka uThAvI lIdhe. ethI cArsanI nAnI phaIno spenanI gAdI upara adhikAra thato hato. paraMtu esTriA ane spenanAM mahArAje ekatra thAya, e paNa bIjA rAjyone paravaDatuM na hatuM. uparAMta beveriAnA rANA jese mAtRpakSathI spenanI gAdI upara haka thatA hatA. te nAne ThAkara hovAthI tene spenanuM rAjya maLe temAM koIne virodha na hato, eTale viliyame luI pAse evI saMdhi karAvI ke cArlsane mRtyu bAda spenanI gAdI josephane maLe, ane phrAnsa tathA aisTriAnA rAjAone spenanA videzI rAjyamAMthI thoDe thoDo bhAga maLe. A saMdhine prathama vibhAga saMdhi' kahevAmAM Ave che. A saMdhi thayA pachI thaDA samayamAM josepha maraNa pAme, eTale sattAtulA saMbhALavAnI guMcavaNa cAlu rahI. have evI saMdhi karavAmAM AvI, ke osTriAnA Arca DayUka cArlsane spenano rAjA banAvavo, ane laIne nepalsa, sisilI, ane milAna ApI sattAtulA sAcavavI. A saMdhi dvitIya vibhAga saMdhi kahevAya che. A saMdhi spenathI gupta rIte karavAmAM AvI hatI. vAta bahAra AvatAM speniADe khUba roSe bharAyA. temaNe A saMdhi svIkArI nahi, ane i. sa. 1700mAM cArlsa maraNa pAmyo. te luInA pautra AjnA DayUka philipane uttarAdhikArI nImata . dvitIya vibhAga saMdhino bhaMga karI luIe A vAraso svIkAryo. teNe abhimAnathI kahyuM ke have phrAnsa ane spenanI vacce pIrInIjha parvata nathI; matalaba ke AMkhe pazcima yurepa phrAnsane che. ATalethI viliyamanI yojanA paDI bhAgI. luI te samaye pena uparAMta belajIyama, nepalsa, sisilI, milAna ane speniza amerikA e sarva spenanA rAjAnI ANamAM hatAM.

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207 evacanI thayA, ane viliyamanI rAjanIti niSphaLa gaI. yuropanA bhAvInI tene cintA peDI. paraMtu aMgrejone e cintAe nakAmI lAgI. vepArIo bhUmadhya samudramAM phrAnsanI sattA vadhI nahi, tethI khuzI thayA. gAdIvArasAnA kAyadeAH i. sa. 1701. nirAzAnA samayamAM IMglenDanA gAdIvArasane nirNaya karavAne prasaMga ubhA thayA. viliyamanI prakRti lathaDatI hatI, eTale uttarAdhikAranA kAyadAthI evuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM ke viliyama pachI ena gAdIe Ave, ane tenI pachI heneAvaranI rANI sAyiA ane tenAM saMtAneAne gAdI maLe. TArI pakSanI bahumatIvALI pArlamenTane viliyamanI rAjanIti pratye aNugamA hatA. paradezI mitrAne rAjA padavI ane nANAM Ape e TArIone pasaMda na hatuM, tethI rAjAnI sattA maryAdita karavA mATe A kAyadAnI joDe nIcenI kalame joDI dIdhI. 1. IMglenDano rAjA IMglenDanA dharmasamAjamAM hAvA joIe. 2. iMglenDano rAjA yuropamAM peAtAnA rAjyanI rakSAnI khAtara pArlamenTanI AjJA vinA khIjAM rAjyo teDe yuddhamAM utarI zake nahi. 3. pArlamenTanI ranna vinA rAjA anya dezeAmAM pravAse jai zake nahi. 4. aMgreja mAbApane peTe na janmelI kAi vyakti * privi kAunsila 'mAM sabhya manI zake nahi, pArlamenTamAM besI zake nahi, ke nagIn meLavI zake nahi. 5. nyAyAdhIzAne khAMce pagAre rAkhavA; rAjA temane kADhI mUkI zake nahi; baMne sabhAenI saMyukta arajI thAya teAja temane padabhraSTa karI zakAya. 6. adhikArIe ke penzana khAnArA mANase AmanI sabhAmAM besI zake nahi. 7. AmanI sabhA je vyaktinI tapAsa calAve, te rAjakSamAnuM khahAnuM meLavI chUTano dAveA karI zake nahi. TArIoe eka pagaluM AgaLa vadhIne maMtrImaMDaLanA cAra sabhyA upara kAma calAvyuM, paNa temAM te niSphaLa nIvaDayA. rAjasattA upara cAlatA sakhata khANathI leAkalAgaNI rAjA tarapha vaLI. eTalAmAM jemsanuM mRtyu thatAM tenA putrane IMglenDanA rAjA gaNavAnI lui e gaMbhIra ane rAjadvArI 1. tenuM nAma paNa jemsa hatuM. phrenca loko tene (LaPretendant) eTale (hukadAra' kahetA. aMgrejImAM 'Pretender ' (vezadhArI ) zabde ekadama rUDha thaI gayA. jemsa 'meATA vezadhArI' ane teno putra cArlsa 'nAno vezadhArI ' kahevAya che.

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208 bhUla karI. AthI risvikanI saMdhinA bhaMga thayA. have lAke rASe bharAyA, ane temanuM svadezAbhimAna jAgRta thayuM. temane lAgyuM ke phrAnsanA sainyanI madadathI jemsanA kaitheAlika vArasA IMglenDanA greTesTanTone satApaze. pArlamenTa visajaina thaI. navI pArTImenTamAM vhigonuM jora vadhyuM. temaNe luI joDe vigraha karavAnI rajA ApI, ane rAjAne nANAM ApyAM. rAjAne jaya thatA dekhAyA. Ama luI ne namAvavAnI taka hAthamAM AvI. teNe mahAsaMmelana ( Grand Alliance) nI ceAjanA karI phrAnsa viruddha yuropanAM ghaNAMkharAM rAjyane ubhAM karyA; ane mArlabareAnA arlane lazkaranA senAdhyakSa banAvyA. jayanI ghaDI AvI kharI, paNa tene jaza levAnuM rAjAnA bhAgyamAM na hatuM. zikAra karatAM gheADA uparathI te paDayA, ane yuddha zarU thayA pahelAM maraNa pAmyA. jIvatA rahevAnI tIvra utkaMThA vakhate i. sa. 1702nA mArcanI 8mI tArIkhe viliyamanuM avasAna thayuM. tulanAH viliyamanuM rAjya ghaNI rIte agatyanuM che. rAjyakrAntithI rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM karavAnA pheraphArAmAM teNe saMpUrNa sahAya ApI, ane lekamatane mAna ApIne peAtAnI icchAe dabAvI dIdhI. uttarAdhikAranA kAyadAthI rAjAnA zviradatta hakane jIvaleNa prahAra thayA. tenA samayamAM chApakhAnAnI chUTanA kAyadeA pasAra thayA, ane trivArSika kAyadAne maMjurI maLI. AthI dara traNa varSe navI pArlamenTa maLe evuM baMdhana rAjAe svIkAryuM. viliyame 'mahAsaMmelana' racIne luInI sattAnA mULamAM phaTakA mAryAM. tenA samayamAM IsTa inDiA kaMpanie baMgALAmAM jAthukane vasavATa karyAM, ane saMsthAnAne vikAsa thayA. rAjyakrAnti thayA chatAM pArlamenTane samaja paDatI na hatI, ke pradhAne ne zI rIte dAkhamAM rAkhavA; kAraNa ke te rAjAnI ANu mAnatA ane tenA nAkara hAya ema vartatA. AthI khaTapaTA thatI, ane pradhAneAnA kAryamAM virAdha naMkhAte; paNa pakSa paDI javAthI samAdhAnIthI kAma cAle nahi. A kAyaDAnA ukela saMDaralenDa amIre rAjAne batAvyA. teNe pArlamenTanA bahumatI pakSamAMthI maMtrIe pasaMdagI karavAnuM TharAvyuM, eTale rAjyavahIvaTamAM saraLatA AvI. have maMtrIo upara pArlamenTanA vizvAsa hAya tyAM sudhI te adhikAra bhagave, ane lAkavizvAsa gumAve eTale navA maMtrIe Ave. rAjAe A pramANe

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20e karIne TerIone adhikArapadethI khaseDayA. I. sa. 1696mAM sthapAeluM higamaMDaLa "jI" (Junto) nAmathI prasiddha che. spenane gAdIvArasAnI vibhAga-saMdhiomAM niSphaLatA maLavAthI higa pakSanI paDatI thaI, eTale viliyame TerIonuM maMtrImaMDaLa banAvyuM. A maMtrImaMDaLe uttarAdhikAranA kAyadAthI rAjasattA upara baMdhana mUkIne tene gauNa banAvI. chevaTanA bhAgamAM laIe jemsanA putrano haka ravIkAryAthI higa pakSa jora para Avyo. adApi paryata pakSapaddhati pramANe IralenDane rAjyakArabhAra cAle che. A rIte pasaMda thaelA maMtrIo pArlamenTanA AjJAdhAraka ane rAjAnA kare che, ane temanI nItimAM 'ektA ane sahakAra jaLavAya che. prakaraNa 8muM ena I. sa. 1702-2014 enaH viliyama pachI jemsanI bIjI putrI ena gAdIe AvI, te TuarTa vaMzamAM janmelI hatI, IralenDanA dharmasamAjamAM zraddhA rAkhanArI hatI. ane vArasAhakathI gAdIe AvI, eTale higa ane TorI pakSane tathA prajAne khuzAlI thaI. te bhalI, bheLI, zAMta, jhAjhI pahoMca vinAnI, ane mamatI chatAM svabhAve mIThI hatI. tene svataMtra vicAra karavAnI Teva na had. tene amala vArthI rAjadvArIonI deravaNI pramANe cAlato. paraMtu tenAmAM deza ane prajA mATe prema hato. tenAM badhAM saMtAna marI gayAM, chatAM teNe vairya ane zAMti jALavI, tethI te Adarane pAtra thaI. tene "bhalI rANI ena" nuM upanAma maLyuM. prajAmata jANavA chatAM te te mAtra sihAsana zobhAvatI. teNe pradhAnenA hAthamAM rAjyavahIvaTanI lagAma soMpI dIdhI. ' - mArkabare viliyame maratA pahelAM cUka AvuM mArlabarene senAdhyakSa minAvyo hato. e sAhasika senApatie enanA amalamAM jamA kaMkA yAtrA, ane aMgrejonI vijayapatAkA yuropamAM pharakAvI. *: 14

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ra10 To.' So we mArlabanuM nAma jana carcila hatuM. tene janma i. sa. 165mAM thaye hate. te rUpALo, cAlAka, ane AkarSaka rItabhAtane hate. cArlsa bIjAnA samayamAM jemsa bIje (yUka oNv yorka) senAdhyakSa hatuM, tyAre te sainyamAM joDAyA hatA, ane bAhozI ane capaLatAthI uttarottara padavIe caDate gayo. jemsa carcilane umarAva banAvyo hato. manmatha hAryo ane sejamUranA yuddhamAM jemsanA sainyano vijaya thayo, e carcilanI zakti ane kunehanuM pariNAma hatuM. paraMtu te dhanalebhIsvAthI ane matalabI hatA. vizvAsaghAta karavo e tene mana ramata hatI. svArtha DayUka oNv mArlaba khAtara nikaTanA mANasane droha karatAM tenuM hRdaya tene DaMkhatuM nahi. te zAMtithI ane vicArapUrvaka mahAna kArya karate, paNa te haDahaDatuM juThuM bolate. tenAmAM manuSyasvabhAvanAM uttama ane adhama tanI meLavaNI hatI. rAjyakrAnti vakhate jemsane mATe lehI reDavA taiyAra chuM ema kahenAra carcila khAnagI rIte viliyama joDe saMdezA calAvato, ane enane paNa viliyamanA pakSamAM maLI javAnI salAha Apata. viliyame tene "arla evuM mAlabare banAvyuM, ane AyarlenDanA yuddhamAM senApati nI. mArlabanI caDatI tenI pravINa ane buddhimatI strI sArA jeniMgsane lIdhe thaI hatI. mAlabAe I. sa. 1678mAM tenI joDe lagna karyuM hatuM. ! sArA jeniMgsane ane enane bAlyAvasthAthI sahIpaNAM hatAM. temanI vacce eTalI badhI gharavaTa hatI, ke rAjadvArI ziSTAcAra bAjue mUkI ena tenI kahyAgarI thaI gaI. A takane lAbha laI svArthasAdhu mArlaMbare viliyama

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11 viruddha khaTapaTa karatA. te jemsanI joDe patravyavahAra calAvatA, ane chUpI bAtamI paNa pahoMcADatA. viliyamane A vAtanI khabara paDI, tyAre teNe tene darabAramAM AvatA baMdha karyAM, tenA adhikAra laI lIdhA, ane ena jA mahelamAM rahevAnI pharaja pADI. have teNe udhADe chege jemsaneA pakSa laI duzmaneAne bAtamI ApavA mAMDI. niHsaMtAna viliyama pachI ena gAdIvArasa hatI, eTale enanI joDe samAdhAna thayuM, ane A prapaMcI joDuM tenI sAthe AvyuM. sujana viliyama A A badhuM sAMkhI rahyo, ane luI joDe yuddha karavAnuM TharyuM, tyAre teNe mArkabarAte senApati nImyA. maratI vakhate viliyame enate bhalAmaNa karI ke have IMglenDanuM sukAna calAvI zake tevA buddhizALI kArabhArI mAtra mAlebara che, mATe tuM tene pUchIne DagaluM bharaje. kharekhara, kAI killA evA na hatA, ke jene gherA dhAlIne teNe sara karyA na heAya; kAI yuddha evuM na hatuM ke jemAM te hAryo hAya. yuddha tene mana lIlA hatI, ane vijayI tene varI cUkI hatI. vikaTa prasaMgeAmAM tenAmAM akhaMDa dhairya ane adamya utsAha jaNuAtA. rANIe A jaMgabahAdurane lazkaranA saranAyaka banAvyo, ane yuddhanA kArabhAra soMpI dIdhA. pariNAme mArkabarA ane tenI patnI rAjyamAM sarvopari thaI paDayAM. teNe mitrone pradhAnapade sthApyA; jo ke teo yuviAdhI TArI hatA, chatAM mAlabarezanI khAtara madada ApavA taiyAra hatA. nDiMga pakSanA mANasA jANutA hatA, ke ApaNA AdarelA vigraha TArI calAve che, mATe temane madada ApavAmAM harakata nathI. Ama AkhA deze ekamata thaI te I. sa. 1702mAM vigraha jAhera karyAM. Im spenanA gAdIvArasAne vigrahaH i.sa. 1702-1713. A bhayaMkara vigrahanAM kAraNeA prathama joI gayA chIe. IMglenDane kAI sTuarTane gAdIe AvavA devA na hatA, ane amerikAnA vepAramAM bhAga joI tA hatA. AsTriAnA zahenazAhane spenanI gAdI peAtAnA putrane apAvavI hatI, ane hAlenDane phrAnsaneA dhasArA aTakAvavA hatA. eka bAju mahAsamelananAM rAjyAmAM IMglenDa ane hAlenDa agresara hatAM; temanI sahAyamAM AsTri

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212 ane jarmana tAlukadAra hatA. bIjA pakSamAM luI agresara hatA, ane pena. uparAMta kelena ane beveriAnA rANAo tathA iTalI luInA pakSamAM bhaLyAM. - - - - - - A 8 : : , 3 nadI 2jaba dat * prA 2 pheta e SEEDI ' are ! . sa & uttara ze. tene bajI amanA yudhdha aMgrejI khADI

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ra13 - A jaMga bejIyama, jarmanI, ITalI, ane spenamAM ekI sAthe ma. A vakhate mArlabame mitrarAjyanA samasta sainyano sarasenApati nImavAmAM Avyo. te dareka senApati sAthe kaLathI kAma lete, ane yuddhanI maMtraNAmAM mahAmahenate samajAvaTa karataH chatAM teo aneka sAhasika pejanAmAM bhAga levAnI nA pADatA. vigrahanI zarUAtamAM tene khAsa phateha maLI nahi, paNa tenAmAM AvA prasaMgomAM kAma levAnI AvaData pUrepUrI hatI. zarUAtamAM teNe phAnsane helenDa para AkramaNa karatuM aTakAvI dhIme dhIme pAchuM haThAvyuM, ane lIja tathA bana jevA keTalAka killA sara karyA. spena ane ITalI phrAnsanA pakSamAM hatAM, eTale porTugala IglenDa joDe saMdhi karI mahAsaMmelanamAM dAkhala thayuM. A saMdhine meTyUna-saMdhi kahe che. ethI IglenDane Unane mAla pirTugalamAM, ane porTugalane dArU IMglenDamAM halake dare javA lAge. mitrarAjyanuM jora vadhatuM joI laIe nirbaLa aisTiAne zaraNe lAvavA vienA para halle karavA dhAryuM. lazkara Ave che e sAMbhaLI Aine bAdazAha mUDha banI gayo, paNa mArlaMbara luInI yukti kaLI gayA. Daca lokone pitAnA dezanI rakSA sivAya kazAnI paravA na hatI. ethI mArlaMbare jarmanInA DuMgarALa pradezamAM rAtadivasa daDamajala karate AvI pahoMcyo, ane teNe ekadama beveriAnA lazkarane harAvyuM. pachI DAnyuba nadI utarIne te AgaLa vadhyo. parAkramI zAhajAde yujhana ITalImAMthI ATasa oLaMgI nAnA paNa cunaMdA sainya sAthe AvI maLe. phense mArlabarene aNaciMtavyo Avele joIne chaka thaI gayA. blenahIma pAse baMne pakSanAM sainyone bheTa tha.1 phenca sence 1. blenahImanA yuddhamAM mArkabaranAM yazogAna mATe eDisana lakhe che- 'Twas than great Marlbro's mighty soul was proved, That in the shock of clanging hosts unmov'd: Examin'd all the dreadful scenes of war, In peaceful thought the field of death surveyed: Inspird repuls'd battallions to engage, And taught the doubtful battle where to rage. - jagatane bhAgya nirNaya karanArAM yuddho zAMtipriya gAmaDAMone mane kevo lAge che, teno sadhI kavie "After Blenheim nAmanA kAvyamAM khyAla Apyo che.

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114 kaLaNavALI jagAe vaheLAnI pAchaLa khAhIbaMdhI karI hatI. paraMtu bhaDavIra mArkabarAe kAmacalAu rastA banAvI dhasArA karyAM, ane phrAnsa tathA everizmAnA sainyane sakhata hAra khavaDAvI. A yuddhamAM hajArA mANase marAyAM, keTalAMka nadImAM DUbI mucya, keTalAMka zaraNe AvyAM, ane khIjAM nAsI gayAM. vaLI e senApatie ane 100 tApA hAtha AvI, ane 11,000 mANase keda pakaDAyAM, i. sa. 1704. phrAnsane A phaTakA jIvaleNu thaI paDayA. A rIte AsTri baccuM, luInI yeAjanA niSphaLa gaI, ane everiA mitrarAjyAne hAtha paDayuM; uparAMta yureApamAM ajIta gaNAelI phrenca senAnI zAkha TI, ane aMgrejonI rti vadhI. phrAnsamAM 'mAlbuka' nAma raDatAM chekarAM mATe 'hAu' samAna thaI paDayuM. aMgrejoe mArlabarezane 5,00,000 paunDa bheTa ApyA. bheTanI rakamamAMthI teNe je mahela baMdhAvyA, te 'blenahIma pelesa'ne nAme oLakhAya che. tene yUkane IlkAba ApavAmAM AvyA. pachI speniza killedAranI gaphalataneA lAbha laI ne jIbrAlTarane! khaDaka jItI levAmAM AvyeA. AjanA karatAM te jamAnAmAM tenI agatya ochI hatI, tema chatAM A jIta vadhAre mahattvanI lekhAI. khIje varSe mArlabare nAnA killA sara karatA gayA. tene vATaluMnA medAna para jaMga khelavA hatA, paNa valaMdA sAmA paDavAthI teNe . sa. 1705mAM phrencAne remilijha pAse harAvyA. pachI teNe AkhA beljIyama tAme karyAM. zAhajAdA yujIne i. sa. 1706mAM nepalsa ane milAna jItI lIdhAM, ane TurIna pAse luInA lazkarane evI zikasta ApI ke pachI phrencAne ITalImAM paga mUkavAnuM ThekANuM na rahyuM. have luInI sAna ThekANe AvI. teNe saMdhinAM kaheNa mAkalyAM. te AsTrimanA zAhajAdAne gAdI ApavAne taiyAra hatA, paNa mitrarAjyAe saMdhi svIkAravAmAM bhUla karI; kAraNa ke vigraha pAcheA cAlu thayA. vizrahu cAlu: i. sa. 1707mAM AeMjhAnA yuddhamAM mitrarAjyAnI hAra thaI, eTale temane spena khAlI karavuM paDayuM. paraMtu vijaya thatA. teNe ane yujIne maLIne i. sa. 1708mAM phrencane harAvyA, eTale phrAnsa upara sIdhA hallA karI mArlabarene badheja uDenArDanA yuddhamAM zakAya ema banyuM.

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215 vaLI phenca senApationI takarArethI lazkaramAM avyavasthA thaI rahI, eTale mArkabare temanI pUMThe paDaze. lilIne majabuta kille paDe, ane phrenca lazkara hAtha karaDatuM joI rahyuM. pAcho laIne garva gaLI gaye, ane salAhanI viSTi cAlI; paNa vijyathI unmatta banelAM mitrarAjyoe kaDaka sarato dekhADavA mAMDI, eTale luIe te kabula rAkhI nahi. eka sarata evI hatI, ke luIe pitAnA pautra philipane spenamAMthI hAMkI kADhavo. luIe tiraskArathI uttara vALe, ke "je yuddha karavuM paDe ema hoya, te saMtAno karatAM zatruo joDe karavAnuM mane vadhAre pasaMda che." aMgrejo vigrahathI kaMTALyA hatA, ane TorIo viruddha hatA, eTale mArkabarane vihaga pradhAnamaMDaLa lAvavuM paDayuM. luIe pitAnI prajAne mitrarAjyonI sarata viSe pUchayuM, "bole, tamArI zI IcchA che?" AthI phrencamAM dezAbhimAnanuM navuM cetana pragaTayuM. luIe jhaverAta ane rAcaracIluM vecIne lazkara ubhuM karyuM, ane mAryabarene rikavA prayatna karyo. i. sa. 1709mAM mAslAmenA yuddhamAM lehInI nadIo vahI; temAM phrenca hAryA ane mArkabare che. mensa chatAyuM ane phrenca sattAne phaTako paDe. Ama luIe pratiSThA sthira karavA yuddha karyuM, paNa dhAryo dAva pAra paDe nahi. paraMtu lekalAgaNuM mArlabanI viruddha hatI, ane TerIo jeramAM AvyA, eTale temaNe mArlabane pAchA pharavAnI AjJA ApI. A vigraha I. sa. 1713 sudhI cAlyo, paNa pAchalA banAvo sAthe IlenDane saMbaMdha nathI. penamAM mitrarA bIjI vAra hAryo, ane I. sa. 1711mAM sTriAno zAhajAdo spenano rAjA thaye. I. sa. 1713mAM cUkaTanA tahanAmAthI nIcenuM pariNAma AvyuM. 1. philipa spenano rAjA thAya, ane phrAnsanA rAjya parano adhikAra tajI de. 2. brAlTara, mAInorka, novAskoziA, nyU phAunDa lenDa, ane speniza amerikA mAM gulAmo vecavAno haka, ane varSamAM eka vAra vepAraarthe eka vahANa dakSiNa amerikAnA taTa upara mokalavAno haka-ATaluM aMgrejone maLyuM. ITalI ane nedhalenDajhamAMno spenane sarva mulaka cArlsane maLyo. nedharlenDamAM riTraAne maLe, ane valaMdAone dakSiNa dirgonI rakSA karavA mATe sainya rAkhavAnI rajA maLI. Sim

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4 jemsane kAnsamAM rahevAnI manA thaI. ena pachI IMglenDanI gAdIe hevara vaMzanI kaI paNa vyakti Ave, e vAta laIe svIkArI. che pariNAmaH cUkaTanI saMdhithI viliyame AraMbheluM kArya pUrNa thayuM. phrAnsanI zakti nAza pAmI, ane pachInAM trIsa varSa sudhI te ubhuM thavA pAmyuM nahi. praziA ane sisilInAM navAM rAjyo astitvamAM AvyAM. IlenDanI nauzakti zreSTha che ema siddha thayuM, ane tene rAjyavistAra thayo. ja saMgane kAnUnaH I. sa. 1707. yuTekaTanI saMdhi greTabriTane svIkArI hatI; kemake I. sa. 1707mAM IMglenDa ane skoTalenDanuM joDANa thayuM hatuM. pahelAM A be dezo vacce sArA saMbaMdha na hato. rkoTalenDanA rAjAoe IlenDanI muzkelIono lAbha laIne sarahada para humalA kyAM hatA. paraMtu jemsa 1la gAdIe AvyA, tyArathI be dezone joDI devAno prazna ubho tha. je ke DaeNTa ane aMgrejo vacceno saMbaMdha bagaDI gayo hato. skoTalenDanA mAla para jakAta levAtI, ane tene nauyAnano kAyado lAgu pADavAmAM AvatA. vaLI aMgreja vepArIo skoTalenDane saMsthAno joDenA vepAramAM bhAga ApavAnI nA pADatA hatA, ane Ta loke vepAramAM hisso na maLe to IlenDathI judA rahevA taiyAra hatA. vadhArAmAM eMTa lokene bhaya hatA, ke dezamAM episkopala paMtha dAkhala karavAmAM Ave, to dhArmika svataMtratAno lopa thaI jAya. Ama baMne dezo joDAI jAya te rhoTalenDanuM vyaktitva nAza pAme, ane dezanA kAyadA pharI jatAM ghaNI agavaDa paDe, evA vicAra dharAvanArA keTalAe svadezAbhimAnI DeMTa loke hatA. temanI IcchA IMglenDanA karajamAM bhAga ApavAnI na hatI. Deriyana yojanA paDI bhAgatAM garIba lokonI sthiti dayAmaNI thaI paDI, tyAre paNa jheMTa lokoe mAnyuM ke tenuM kAraNa aMgrejonuM ADapaNa ane IrSyA che. e pachI baMne dezo vacceno saMbaMdha bagaDato gayo. phaiTale potAnI anumati vinA IlenDanAM yuddhono saMbaMdha rAkhavAnI nA pADI. i. sa. 1704nA "salAmatInA kAyadA"thI jaNAvyuM, ke vepAramAM aMgrejo jeTalA haka amane nahi ApavAmAM Ave, te I. sa. 170 1ne vArasAne kAyado amane kabula nathI. ame amArI IcchA pramANe

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217 amArA rAjA pasaMda karIzuM. pariNAme pArlamenTe TharAva karyA ke skaoNTalenDanI kAI vastu AyAta karavI nahi, ane sarahada paranA killAnI marAmata karavI nahi. AvI sthitimAM sujJa rAjanItijJAe samAdhAna ANavAnA vicAra karyA. i. sa. 1706mAM A praznane teDa kADhavA mATe eka mizana nImavAmAM AvyuM. teNe nirNaya karyo ke skaoNTalenDanA dharmamAM aDacaNa nAkhavI nahi, tenA kAyadA pheravavA nahi, tenI rASTrIya saMsthAomAM hAtha dhAlaveA nahi, tene vepAramAM saMpUrNa svataMtratA ApavI, ane skATa leAAne saMsthAne joDenA vepAramAM aMgrejo jeTalA haka ApavA. uparAMta skoTalenDanA 45 pratinidhine AmanI sabhAmAM, ane 16 pratinidhione umarAvAnI sabhAmAM besavAnuM, ane IMglenDe AATalenDanuM prajAkIya RNa pheDI ApavuM, ema TharAvyuM. vadhArAmAM DeriyananI yAjanAthI thaeluM nukasAna bharapAI karavAmAM AvyuM, ane bhaviSyamAM skAyalenDe IMglenDanA devAmAM bhAga ApavA ema TharyuM. saMyukta pArlamenTe A nirNayane svIkAra karyA. pachI baMne dezanA jhaMDA ekatra karavAmAM AvyA, ane temanuM saMyukta nAma 'greTabriTana' rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. zarUAtamAM AgrahI AATa leAkeAne A TharAva / nahi, ane te svIkAranArAne harAmakheAr ane dezadrohInuM upanAma maLyuM. paraMtu saMyAgathI baMne dezone lAbha thayA. A saMyoga pachI vidyA, kaLA, vANijya, yuddha, rAjyavahIvaTa ane greTabriTananA prajAjIvananA vikAsamAM sTaMTa lokAe sArA phALA ApyA. pakSavAdanI DasAcaDasIH ena gAdIe AvI tyAre mArlabarAnuM calaNa hatuM. rANInuM valaNa TArIe tarapha hatuM, tethI teNe jiMga maMtrIone rAjA ApI. teNe mArkabarAnA mitra ane vevAI gADeAlphinane pradhAna nImyA. TArIe vigrahanA virodhI hatA, chatAM mArkabarAnI AkAMkSA tRpta karavAnI khAtara vigraha calAvavA saMmata thayA. mArkabare te kayA pakSanA hAthamAM sattA tenI paravA na hatI, eTale je TArI viruddha matanA mAlama paDatA, temane adhikAra uparathI khaseDIne nDiMga leAkAne nImavAmAM AvyA. pachI DaralenDa ane samarsa jevA nipuNa puruSanA hAthamAM adhikAra AvyA, eTale temaNe potAnA pakSanA mANase bharavA mAMDayA. A joI TArIe

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18 jhaMkhavANA paDI gayA, ane temaNe enane mArlabarethI chUTI pADavAnI peravI karavA mAMDI. A samaye misisa mezAma joDe rANIne dAstI thaI, ane teNe rANInA manamAM rjiMga pakSa mATe aNagamA pedA karyAM. bIjI bAjuthI TArIe vigrahano virodha karavA lAgyA. paraMtu mArlabharAe rANIne samajAvI TArI mukhIene rajA apAvI, ane rAbarTa vA`Ala Adi lDiMga pakSanA mANasAne maMtrImaMDaLamAM dAkhala karyAM. haju gADeAlphina mArlabarAnI joDe rahIne kArabhAra calAvatA hatA, chatAM kharI rIte kviMga pakSa prabaLa hatA. i. sa. 1709 sudhI A sthiti TakI rahI, paNa te daramiAna TArIno virodha prabaLa thayA. jo ke lAMbA samaya sudhI jiMga pakSa pradhAnapade rahyo, ane teNe mArlabarenI mahattvAkAMkSA tRpta karI; paNa ethI prajAmAM pAkAra UThayA. spenamAM game te rAnna thAya temAM ApaNe zuM? zA mATe ApaNAM nANAM spenanI khaTapaTa mATe vaparAya ? A te| mArlarAnA parAkramanI paraMparA khAtara vigraha calAvavAmAM Ave che, evuM TArI pakSa khelavA lAgyA. A pramANe leAkeAno abhAva hatA, te uparAMta vhiga maMtrIee mUrkhatA karI. OM sazaeNverela nAmanA pAdarIe rAjyakrAnti viruddha evuM vyAkhyAna karyuM, ke rAjAnI sAme thavAmAM pApa che; kemake teo IzvarI aMzavALA che. tenA bhASaNanA vAMcanAra karatAM vakhANanAra vadhI paDayA. maMtrIee tenA upara kAma calAvI tene najIvI zikSA karI; paNa leAkalAgaNI uzkerAI, prajAmAM khaLabhaLATa thayA, ane vhiga pakSa upara phiTkAra darzAvAyA. i. sa. 1710nI navI pArlamenTamAM TArI pakSa vadhAre pramANamAM AvyA. rAbarTa hAryAM ane senTa jhAna tenA netA hatA. temaNe jANyuM ke leAkeAnI lAgaNI vigrahanI viruddha che. senTanhAne bhASaNA, lekhA, kaTAkSa, ane vakroktithI vigraha viruddha caLavaLa calAvI. hArlIe junuM baira vALavA rAjadarabAramAM paga jamAvyeA, ane misisa mezAma joDe mitrAcArI karI. misisa mezAma zALA svabhAvanI ane madhurabhASiNI hatI. have rANIne kaDaka ane tumAkhI svabhAvanI mArlabarezanI strI upara aNagamA thayA. Akhare bhalI rANIe kaMTALIne tene darabAramAMthI rajA ApI, eTale mArlebarAnI sthiti kaphoDI thaI. I. sa. 1710mAM luInI saratA paDatI mUkavAmAM

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21e AvI ane lekavidha prabaLa thaye, eTale rANIe vhiga pakSane padabhraSTa karIne hAlIne maMtrIpada ApyuM. hAla heziyAra paNa bhIru hatuM, eTale senTa jhana mukhya maMtrI thayA. pachI hAlane "kasapharDane amIra * ane vhanane "vAIkAunTa boliMgoka" banAvavAmAM AvyA. - have mAlabAne pAchA pharavAnI AjJA thaI. tenA upara nANuM ucApata karavAno Aropa Avyo. kharekhara, e mahAna ane kuzaLa senApati hatA, chatAM tene AtmA adhama ane kRpaNa hatA. pramANikapaNe AkSepane uttara ApavAne badale te yurepamAM nAsI gayo. tyAra pachI amIranI sabhAmAM lDiMga pakSanI bahumatI toDavA 12 TerI amIre banAvavAmAM AvyA, ane yuTanI saMdhi karavAmAM AvI, i. sa. 1713. - viliyame TorIonI kevI dazA karI hatI, te teo bhUlyA na hatA. ethI temaNe jemsano pakSa kheMce. beliMgabroke jemsane gAdIe lAvI rAjyanA dhaNI thaI paDavAnI kuTila yojanA ghaDI kADhI. jemsa proTesTanTa dharma svIkAre te tene gAdIe lAvavAnI TekarIonI IcchA hatI, paNa dharma vecIne siMhAsana meLavavAnI zUrA kumAre spaSTa nA pADI. rAjA romana kethalika hoya e vAta aisapharDane sacatI na hatI. eTale TorI pakSamAM taDa paDyAM. rANIe boliMga brokane pakSa kheo, ane eMsapharDane rajA ApavAmAM AvI. A takano lAbha laIne keTalAka hiMga umarAva maMtrI sabhA (Privy Council) mAM dAkhala thayA, ane oNkasapharDanI jagAe henavara vaMzanA himAyatI zrumbarInA ThAkaranI nImaNuka thaI. maraNa ane tulanA be traNa divasamAM rANanI prakRti bagaDI, ane I. sa. 1714nA ogasTanI 1lI tArIkhe rANIe zraArInA hAthamAM rAjamahera mUkI. te samaye hathiyArabaMdha sipAIo zaheramAM dAkhala thayA, ane mAuMbare AvI pahoMcyo. paraMtu saddabhAgye koI paNa prakAranI takarAra vinA jyorjane rAjA tarIke jAhera karavAmAM AvyA. 1. enanA chellA maMdavADanI khabara sAMbhaLI te svadeza javA upaDayo, paNa te tenA mRtyunA divase AvI pahoMcyo. navA rAjAe tene pharIthI senApati nImyo, paNa cheDA samayamAM tenuM zarIra kathaLI gayuM. i. sa. 171pamAM te maraNa pAmyo..

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sa enanuM rAjya ujaLuM che: e rAMka, dezapremI, ane zALA rANInA amalamAM phrAnsanI sattA tADI IMglenDe yuzapamAM vijayaMnA vAvaTA uDAvyA, ane mahArAjyanuM paMda meLavyuM. emanA samayamAM rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM pheraphAra thatAM hatA, ane vizvAsavALA mANasAne maMtrI banAvavAnI jarUra paDatI hatI. i. sa. 1010nA lAka ivarAdhanA vaheNamAM taNAI te rANIe pradhAnA badalyA. ATalethI rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM palaTA thaI ne leAkazAsananA mArga meAkaLA thatA gayA e spaSTa che. sTuarTanA divase bharAI gayA. rAjA ane prajA vaccenA kalaha pUrA ze, ane ApaakhatyAra ane khInajavAbadAra sattAne asta thayA. pahelA e paradezI rAjAene dezanA rAjyavahIvaTanI khabara ke paravA na hatI, eTale dhIre dhIre vahIvaTanI sarva sattA ane javAmaMdArI maMtrImaMDaLa upara AvI paDI. Ama dezanA itihAsamAMthI rAjAnuM prathama snAna khasI gayuM eTaluMja nahi, paNa sAmAnya rIte maMtrImaMDaLanA adhiSThAtAne e sthAna vayuM; matalaba meM rAjA nAmane banI gayai!: prakaraNa 9muM sAmrAjyanA uDDaya navI duniyAnI zodhamAM aMgreja vahANavaTIenAM parAkrameAnI guNugAthA AvI gaI che. seALamA saikAmAM aMgrejoe nyU phAunDa lenDa saMsthAna sthApyuM, paNa tenI AkheAhavA pratikULa hAvAthI saMsthAnIe svadeza pAchA AvyA. paraMtu aMgreja khalAsIe ajANyA samudromAM pravAsa karI naukAzAstramAM pravINa banatA hatA, ane vahANu bAMdhavAnA udyoga khIlatA hatA. spenanA ajIta sainyane harAvyA pachI IMglenDanA pratispardhI adRzya thayA, ane tenI sAmudrika zreSThatAnA gaNeza kheThA. sattaramA saikAmAM nIcenA cAra mahApraznAne nirNaya karavAnA hatAM. 1. rAjA ane pArlamenTa vacce sattAnI vaheMcaNu. 2. ilijhAbethe svIkArelA madhyama mArgathI thaelo dhArmika gucavADA. 3. navI duniyA ane IMglenDano sabaMdha: 4.. - IMglenDa, sveTalenDa ane AyarlenDa vacce samAdhAna.

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2 AmAMnA mAtra trIjA praznane briTiza sAmrAjyanA udaya joDe saMbaMdha che. soLamA saikAmAM dezamAM berejagArI vadhI paDI. maTho baMdha thayA, ne vera zarU thayo, ane yuropamAM sonArUpAnI dhAtuo AvavA lAgI. AvAM kAraNathI IlenDanI Arthika sthiti pharI gaI. A sthitine teDa kADhavA keTalAkane dariyApAranA mulaka joDe vepAra karavAno upAya sUjha. AthI sanada ane paravAnAnI mAgaNI thavA lAgI. I. sa. 1600mAM laMDananA keTalAka gRhasthAe maLI igliza IsTa InDiA kaMpani sthApI. teNe pahelo pravAsa masAlAnA TApuo tarapha karyo. tyAMthI temanAM vahANo laviMga, marI vagere tejAnA bharIne AvyAM. A vepAramAM temanA harIpha valaMdA hatA. valaMdAo aMgrejo karatAM vadhAre prabaLa hovAthI phAvI jatA. daramiAna i. sa. 1623mAM 9 aMgreja vepArIonAM eoyanAmAM khUna thayAM. AthI aMgrejoe pUrvanA pradezamAM ekale hAthe vepAra karavAno nizcaya karyo. aMgrejoe je ke IsTa inDijha TApuo tajI dIdhA, paNa temaNe suratamAM kADhI nAkhI hatI. porTugIjha lekee bane teTalAM vigha nAkhyAM. aneka veLA teo laDayA ane hAryA, paNa chevaTe porTugIjha nabaLA paDayA. kaMpanio madrAsa (I. sa. 1641), muMbaI (I. sa. 1661), ane kalakattA (i. sa. 1691) mAM kAThIo nAkhIne killebaMdhI karI. mArgamAM vahANone khorAka vagere sAdhane pUrAM pADavAne kepa kesTa kesala ane senTa helinAnAM mathake hAtha karavAmAM AvyAM. have amerikAmAM saMsthA sthApavAnI zarUAta thaIvepAravRddhine a sara vaiTara relIne varjiniA vasAvavAnI sanada ApavAmAM AvI; paNa tene prayAsa niSphaLa gayo, eTale I. sa. 1907mAM keTalAka sAhasika puruSoe cesApika akhAtamAM jemsa TAunanI sthApanA karI. A navA saMsthAnIone prAraMbhamAM aneka agavaDa ane saMkaTo sahevAM paDayAM. eTalAmAM jemsa hepTana korTano chabaraDe vALe, ane dArUgoLAnA avatarAe rAjAnI dharmadhatAne Toce caDAvI. have yUriTatAne khUba raMjADavA saMdhyA, eTale temane mATe dezamAM pharI ThAma vasavAnuM na rahyuM. temanI eka TALIe helenDamAM jaI lIDAmAM vasavATa karyo. e zramajIvI, svAbhimAnI,,

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222 ane dharmaparAyaNa ke tyAM 11 varSa rahyA, chatAM temane svadezaprema ghaTa nahi. temanAM bALake aMgrejI bhASA bhUlIne Daca bhASA bele ane holenDane svadeza mAne, e temane rucyuM nahi, tethI teo amerikA javA taiyAra thayA. A utsuka yUriTanoe "me phalAvara jahAjamAM besI bhUkhatarasanAM kaSTa veThI 2 Da sa na nI re 2 amAna c - ke ! kave! menIkhI lo ane Ibarga A CIImatha ja. mahi haju liDelA <Page #236
223 ane AkhA pradezane nyU IglenDa nAma ApyuM. temaNe A saMsthAna AbAda karyuM, ane tyAM pAThazALAo sthApI. cArlsa 1lAe dharmadezI laiMDanI zIkhavaNIthI yUriTane upara julama gujAryo, eTale saMsthAne vasavAne yuga beThe. mesecuseTsa, hoDa, kanekaTITa ane nyU hempa zAyara jevAM saMsthAne dharmanA kAraNe nAsI AvelA bhAvike e vasAvyAM. I. sa. 1629thI 164ra sudhImAM lagabhaga 20,000 aMgrejo svadeza tajI saMsthAnamAM gayA. I. sa. 1633mAM keTalAka kethelikoe "merIlenDa vasAvyuM. A badhAnuM kAraNa cArsane Apakhuda amala hatuM. A saMsthAnavAsIone jaMgala kApavAM paDatAM, jamIna kheDavI paDatI, ekalavAI ane mahenatu jiMdagI gALavI paDatI, ane rAtA InDiane temanAM gharabAra lUMTI na jAya ke temanA hAthamAM sapaDAI na javAya tenI khUba saMbhALa rAkhavI paDatI. paraMtu AthI teo svataMtra svabhAvanA, udyogI, ane samRddha banyA. temanA vaMzajoe - aDhAramA saikAmAM karelAM parAkrame have pachI joIzuM. I. sa. 1650 sudhImAM amerikAnA kinArA upara saMsthAnonI jamAvaTa thaI gaI. A saMsthAnavAsIo kinArAthI 70 mAIla sudhI aMdara gayA hatA; kemake keneDAmAM phenca vasatA hatA, ane be pradezonI vacce temanA sAmAnya zatruo rahetA hatA. uparAMta beDejha, senTa kiTasa, lIvarDa, vinDavarDa, barmuDA ane bahAmA Adi TApuomAM aMgreja saMsthAnIo jaI vasyA. teo tamAku ane zeraDInAM vAvetara karatA, ane gulAma tarIke kharIdelA habasI leke pAse jamIna kheDAvatA. kenDelanA samayamAM jemekAne TApu spena pAsethI laI levAmAM Avyo. bIjA cArlsanA samayamAM saMsthAnonA vikAsanuM kArya paddhatisara cAlyuM. rAjAnA uttejanathI northa kerolinA ane sAutha kerolinA sthapAyAM. braDAnI saMdhithI What sought they thus afar ? Bright jewels of the mine ? The wealth of seas, the spoils of war? The sought a faith's pure Shrine. Ay call it a holy ground, The soil where first they trod ! They have left unstained what there they found, Feeedom to worship God.

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nyU emanuM Daca saMsthAna aMgrejone maLyuM, eTale rAjAnA bhAInA smaraNArthe tenuM nAma "nyU yorka rAkhyuM. i. sa. 1981mAM viliyama pene pensilaveniA vasAvyuM. . spenanA gAdIvArasAnA vigrahathI IlenDane jIbrAlTara ane mAIka jevAM naukAsainyanAM thANAM maLyAM, eTale bhUmadhya samudramAM tenuM uparIpaNuM thayuM. . A saMsthAne eka bIjAthI svataMtra hatAM. teo potAne vahIvaTa svataMtra rIte karatAM pArlamenTa mAtra temanA upara kara nAkhavAne haka rAkhyo hatA. cArlsa 1lA ane krovaeNlanA samayamAM A saMsthAnA vahIvaTamAM khalagIrI karavAmAM AvI, chatAM teo nauyAnane kAyado pALe tyAM sudhI svataMtra rahI zakatAM hatAM. sArAMza e ke IMglenDanuM rAjya nIce pramANe khaMDavAra vadhyuM che. yuropamAM-jIbrAlTara ane mAIno. 2. AphrikAmAM-phATe senTa jesa, gembio) kepa kosTa kesala, senTa helInA.' 3. hindustAnamAM-madrAsa, muMbaI, ane kalakattAnI "kAThIo". 4. amerikAmAM-izAna keNanAM saMsthA, ane nyU phAunDa lenDa. 5. vesTa InDijhamAM-baccuMDA, bahAmA, beDejha, lIvI, vinDavarDa, jemekA TApuo. prakaraNa 10muM . sattaramA zatakanuM iMglenDa 1, rAjakAraNa TuarTasamayano ItihAsa eTale dezamAM sarvopari sattA mATe rAjAprajA vaccenA kalahane itihAsa. TayuDara rAjakartAonA pratApI amalathI dezamAM rASTrabhAvanA uddabhavI hatI, ane IMglenDa pararAjyanA humalAnA bhayathI mukta banyuM hatuM. ilijhAbethanA uttarakALamAM pArlamenTamAM no jusse prakaTa hato, ane rANuM svAbhAvika caturAIthI tene anukULa thaI gaI, eTale pArlamenTa paNa tenAmAM vizvAsa rAkhe. paraMtu TuarTa jemsa gAdIe AvatAM vastusthiti badalAI. pArlamenTa paMdaramA saikAnA dAkhalA joI sattA

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sa < upayoga karavAno nizcaya karyAM, eTale rAjAe yuDarAnA dAkhalA joI virodha karyA. jemsa ane tenA vaMzajonA manamAM rAjAnA IzvarI haka saMbaMdhI mithyA tAra hatA. teo lAkasattAne namavA taiyAra na hatA. 'IzvarI haka 'nA dAvAne pariNAme temaNe kAyadAthI para hAvAnA dAvA karyAM. prajA upara game tevA kara nAkhavAnI, icchAmAM Ave tema nyAya ApavAnI ke prajA janane daMDavAnI, ane khInajavAbadAra vahIvaTa calAvavAnI amane sattA che, evI mAnyatA sTuarTa rAjAe dharAvatA. dareka rAjA vireAdha paDe tyAre pArlamenTane vIkherI nAkhate; paNa tenuM baLa satvara khUTI jatuM, eTale pArlemenTa maLatI, ane pharIthI ugra rUpe virAdha prakaTa thatA. kharekhara, sTuarTa rAjAe khIjAne anubhave DAhyA banyA nahi, ane IzvarI hakanA nIzAmAM cakacUra banyA, jethI ekanuM mAthuM UDayuM ane khIjo gAdI khAI kheDA. sTuarTa rAjAonI dhArmika nIti prajAvirodhanuM kAraNa thaI paDI. dharmasamAja para peAtAnI sattA rahe te mATe rAjA episkAla paMtha pALatA ane pyUriTanone saMtApatA. rAjA kaitheAlikA pratye aMtaramAM rahema rAkhe e dharmadhelA pyUriTanothI khamAtuM nahi, eTale pArlamenTamAM besatA pyUriTano dharmabhayane miSe rAjA viruddha bUmarANa macAvatA. prajAvirAdhanuM trIjuM kAraNa sTuarTa rAnanI dezAMtara nIti che. A rAjAee IMglenDanI mahattA sAdhavA mATe bhAgyeja vigraheA karyAM che. temaNe dharmamAM agresara thavAnuM gaurava prApta karavAne badale kAI veLA spenane madada ApI, teA kAI veLA phrAnsanA luI pAsethI nANAM meLavI IMglenDane rAmana ketholika banAvavAnAM vacana ApI tene phrAnsanuM uparAjya banAvavAnuM pagaluM bharyuM. AvA virodhamAM pArlamenTa pAse rAjAne namAvavAnuM eka hathiyAra hatuM. rAjAne nANAMnI bhIDa paDe tyAre kAI paNa hakanI bakSisa lIdhA vinA pArlamenTa Arthika madada ApatI nahi. AthI sTuarTono amala kurAjyanA paNa sudhArAno samaya thaI paDayA. rAjA ApelAM vacana bIjI paLe tADavA taiyAra thatA, eTale rAjA-prajA vacce virAdha vadhate. cArlse ekale hAthe sanya calAvI joyuM, ane lAMbI pArlamenTe rAjAnI madadathI lAkamatane sarvopari karavA prayAsa karyAM, paNa sadhaLuM vyartha gayuM. Akhare dezamAM rAjakartA kANu, e 15

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prazno nirNaya hathiyAranI sahAyathItha. prajAe rAjapada ane amIranI sabhA uDAvI daIne apUrva prayANa karavA mAMDyA. bane teTadhI dharmachUTa dAkhala karavAmAM AvI, pArlamenTamAM pratinidhitva vadhAravAnI yojanA karavAmAM AvI, ane likhita rAjyabaMdhAraNa taiyAra karI prajA upara kAyadA pALavAnI jokhamadArI nAkhavAmAM AvI. paraMtu e sarva akALe hatuM; prajAmAM A pheraphAra mATe taiyArI na hatI, ane kevelanI bhaktasenAne uparIpade rahevuM hatuM. yuriTana netAonA Adarzo jamAnA karatAM uMcA hatA, ane temanI nIti ugra vairAgyavALI hatI, eTale teo prajAmAM cArlsa karatAM vadhAre apriya thaI paDayA. pariNAme e 11 varSamAM ApakhudI ane bInajavAbadArInAM aneka kAryo thayAM, ane rAjyabaMdhAraNanI viruddha AcaraNa thayAM. cAnsanA Apakhuda amala karatAM vadhAre Apakhuda rAjyathI kaMTALI prajAe rAjAne pAcho lAvyo, lAMbI pArlamenTanA sudhArA kAyama rahyA, ane navA rAjAe visa varSa sudhI pArlamenTa joDe saMbaMdha bagADyuM nahi. paraMtu pAcho IzvarI hakane naze rAjAne caDaze, ane te dezanA kAyadAne amala baMdha karavAno ke kapha rAkhavAno potAne haka mAnavA lAge. remana kethalikAthI leke trAsatA hatA, temAM AMtara vigrahathI, yUriTanathI, ke bahAlI lazkaranA nAmathI loko bhaDakavA lAgyA, ane aneka julame muge e sahevA lAgyA. ATalA trAsadAyaka hetuomAMthI je kALe je accapade hoya, te upara dezanI rAjakIya sthitine AdhAra rahe, paNa Akhare kethalikane bhaya vadhI paDatAM jemsane gAdI cheDavAne samaya Avye. - rAjyakrAnti eTale lepakSane jaya ane rAjasattAne kSaya. have pArlamene pitAne pakSa sabaLa karavA IzvarI hakanA avazeSane lepa karI navA rAjA joDe likhita karAra karyo, maMtrIo pArlamenTane AdhIna rahe evI yojanA karI, ane sainyane potAnI sattA nIce mUkyuM. uparAMta rAjAne ApelAM nANAMnA vahIvaTa upara dekharekha rAkhavAnuM zarU karI tenA upara eka prakArane dAba besADo. yuriTanee rAjAnI Avaka para kAbu lIdho, jyAre proTesTanTee rAjAnA kharca upara sattA besADI. dhIme dhIme rAjAne pArlamenTa vAraMvAra bolAvavI paDe, ane pArlamenTane vizvAsa dharAvanAra mANaso pradhAne hoya evI nIti pArlamenTe dhAraNa karI. Ama remana kethelika dharmanA staMbha

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rUpa phansanI sattAne dAbI proTesTanTa pakSanA vijayane mArga mokaLo karI devAmAM AvyuM. skeTalenDe TuarTa rAjyakrAnti pratye sahAnubhUti darzAvI tenA siddhAMta svIkAryA; mAtra kethalika AyarlenDa jemsane pakSa pakaDI rAkhe, eTale tenI viruddha sakhata kAyadA ghaDAyA. A yugamAM itihAsanuM eka navuM prakaraNa udhaDe che. rAjAonA ekahaththu ane kulamukhatyArIvALA amalane palaTo ApIne rAjasattA kevI maryAdita banAvI devAmAM AvI, ane lehakanuM kevA ane keTalA bhAge jatana karavAmAM AvyuM, tene A ItihAsa che. 2. dharma rAjA ane prajA vacce virodha thavAnuM mukhya kAraNa dharma hatuM. TuarTa rAjAonI rAjakIya ane dhArmika nIti guMthAI gaelI che, eTale virodhanAM ane kAraNa ekamekane avalaMbI rahelAM che; chatAM TuarTa rAjAo johukamI rAjanIti tajI devAnuM DahApaNa darzAvI zakyA hota, te mAtra dhArmika kAraNathI jhagaDA thAta nahi. dharNoddhAra thatAM kethalika ane TesTanTa evA be pakSa thayA. paraMtu sudhAmAM pAchAM be taDa paDayAM (1) bAIbalanA Adezane akSarazaH anusaranArA ati zuddha upAsanAnA himAyatIo myuriTana kahevAyA. temane episkepala dharmane ADaMbara pasaMda na hatuM, eTale jemsa gAdIe Avyo tyAre A virAgapriya paMthavALAoe dhArmika svataMtratAnI mAgaNI karI; paNa rAjAe temanA viruddha kAyadAnI ja khalA taiyAra karI. aneka custa pUriTane janmabhUmi tajI paradezamAM jaI vasyA; cArlsa 1lAnA samayamAM haiDe yuriTane para aneka atyAcAra gujAryA. aneka yUriTane dharmane kAraNe gharabAra ke gujarAnanA sAdhana vinAnA thaI paDayA. temAMnA keTalAe dariyApAranAM saMsthAmAM jaI vasyA, paNa jeo dezamAM rahyA temaNe rAjAnI nIti pratye virodha karyo karyo. Akhare kropTelanI saradArI nIce A dharmaviredhe ugra svarUpa pakaDayuM, ane tenuM viparIta pariNAma AvyuM. cArlsanA ziraccheda pachI mUriTInuM jora vadhI paDyuM. temanI nIti niSkalaMka hatI, temanI dharmabuddhi tIvra hatI, ane temane virAga utkaTa hatuM, paNa temanI

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- 228 dharmadhatA koI rIte ochI na hatI. je dhArmika svataMtratA temane joItI hatI, te bIjAne ApavA teo taiyAra na hatA. AthI temanuM jora vadhatAM pitAnA mata pramANe temaNe Adarza dharmarAjyanI sthApanA karI. temaNe virodhIene daMDa karyo, temaja ramatagamata, nAraMga, AnaMda ane ullAsa preranArI, bAbatone jIvananI gaMbhIratA haNanArI karAvI baMdha karI. temaNe sarvane sAtvika vRttivALA ane dharmaparAyaNa jIvana gALanArA banAvavAnA keDa kya, paNa ethI leke kaMTALyA. yUriTanoe pitAno vinAza Aryo. cArlsa bIje. gAdIe Avyo, eTale prajAmAM yUriTane viruddha dabAI rahelI lAgaNIo bamaNA jorathI uchaLI. temanI viruddha aneka dhArA karI prajAjIvana uparathI temanI asara nAbuda karavAmAM AvI. A dhArAono anAdara karanArAone baMdIkhAne pUrI temanA upara julama gujAravAmAM Avyo. myuriTane upara lekane aNagame hato, paNa yUriTana ane epikepala e bane kethalika thiIo pratye hADavaira rAkhatA. dArUgoLAnA kAvatarA-- nA bhedathI lekene kethalikAnA nAmathI kaMpArI AvatI. teo jAdugara che, maMtrabaLanI sAdhanAvALA che, melI vidyA jANanArA che, evA evA gapATA, - lekamAM cAlatA. cArlsa ane jemsa temanA pratye manamAM thoDo bhAva rAkhe che evo lekene vahema gayo, eTale pUchavuM ja zuM? luccA TAITase nirdoSa ketholikane prANu khavarAvI dezaddhAraka tarIke pokaLa khyAti meLavI. kaMIka bhuMDuM thAya, te vAMka bicArA kethelikone ! laMDanamAM Aga lAgI, to kahe * ke e kethalikAnAM kArastAna. prajAnI AvI manodazAmAM jemsa dharmachUTanuM jAheranAmuM kADhe, tyAre leke rAjA viruddha pokAra pADI UThe temAM zI navAI 1 rAjyakrAMti thaI te paNa AvAja bhayamAM. Aja bhayane lIdhe rAjA preTesTanTa have joIe, evuM vArasAnA kAyadAmAM nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM. viliyamanA amalathI keTaleka aMze dharmasahiSNutA dAkhala thatI gaI. - dharmasahiSNutAnA kAnUnathI apratisAgrAhIo uparanAM baMdhana rada thayAM. AzAvAdI kethalikAe TuarTone pakSa laI lekavirodhane prabaLa thavAnuM kAraNa ApyuM. A virodha cheka I. sa. 1829 sudhI cAlu rahyo.. na . bAtala bila ane kasoTInA kAyadAthI lokaviredhanuM mApa ThIka nIkaLe che.

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229 3. udyoga ane vANijya : TuarTayugamAM lagabhaga 4 bhAganI jamIna khetInA kAmamAM vaparAtI, chatAM khetI karavAnI paddhatimAM khAsa sudhAro thayo nahoto. keTalIka jamIna vaNakheDelI paDI hoya. TheraThera khADAmaiyA ane prAcI hoya. jaMgalI Dukkara, haraNa, sasalAM ane rAnI bilADAM pAkane nukasAna karatAM hoya, ane kheDuto junA cIlAmAM khetI karatA hoya; chatAM ekaMdare temanI sthiti ThIka hatI. haju gAmaDAMmAM thoDI jamIna alaga rAkhI temAM kheDutonAM maraghAM, bataka, Dukkara ane gAyone ucheravAmAM AvatAM. khetI uparAMta kheDuta ane tenAM strIputro vaNavA kAMtavAnuM ane majurInuM kAma karIne Avaka vadhAratAM. ' te samaye laMDana, brisTala, ane rica zaheramAM audyogika pravRtti cAlatI. lokhaMDanA sAmAna mATe prasiddha thaelA zephIlDane haju udaya thayo na hato, ane mencesTara tathA lIDajha mAtra kacchA hatA. eka zaherathI bIje zahera javAnA rastA gadA, sAMkaDA, dhULavALA ane khADAvALA hatA. gADIo kAdavamAM kheMcI jAya, te pAsenA khetaramAMthI 6-8 baLada lAvIne joDavA paDatA. cera, ThagArA, ane dhADapADuono trAsa eTale hatA, ke vaLAvA vinA vepArIo bhAgyeja nIkaLI zakatA. gADIomAM mAla bharIne eka gAmathI bIje gAma laI javAmAM Avato ane musApharo mATe TappA cAlatA. zaheramAM vepArIonI dukAna para dhaMdho sUcavanArI jAtajAtanI nizAnIo rAkhavAmAM AvatI. A samayamAM paradeza joDe vepAra vadhyo. AphrikA, amerikA, ane hiMdustAnamAM vepArIoe thANa nAkhyAM. AthI madhyama varganI unnati sAthe 1. A pramANe mAla laI javAnI rIta evI sarvamAnya thaI paDI, ke hADavALAnI rejI baMdha paDI. teo lAcAra thaIne kahevA lAgyA - ' ' Carroaches, coaches, jades, and flanders wares, Do rob us of our shares, our wares, our fares; Against the ground we stand and knock our heels, Whilst all our profit runs away on wheels.

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ra8. jamInadAra varganI avanaMti thatI gaI. have rAjya taraphathI Arthika prazno upara dhyAna apAvA lAgyuM, vepAranA rakSaNArthe paradeza joDe yuddha karavAmAM AvyAM, ane naukAsainyanI vRddhi karavAmAM AvI. IglenDanI baeNnkanI sthApanAthI thaelA lAbhane vicAra karI bIjI baeNnka kADhavAmAM AvI, ane vepAranI RddhimAM dezanI samRddhi rahelI che e sUtra samajAyuM: | daramiAna IlenDamAM hiMdanAM uttama paDAM AvI pahoMcyAM. luI 14mae dezapAra karelA proTesTanTa kArIgarone IglenDe zaraNa ApI dezano udyoga kholo. holenDanA Ijaneroe AvIne dezanI jamInane kheDavAlAyaka banAvI. haju gAmaDAnA leke mATe khAsa bajAra ke meLA bharAtA, ane leke gheDA ke khaccara upara besIne tyAM jatA. iMglenDanI samRddhi azAMtinA kALamAM vadhI. te sAthe dezamAMthI bhikhArIonI saMkhyA ghaTI. 4. samAja TayuDarasamayathI dhanika leke chuTA makAnamAM rahevA lAgyA. teo ramatagamata, zikAra, ke bIjA vinodamAM samaya vItAvatA. juvAna chokarA kembrija ke aikasapharDanAM vidyApIThamAM abhyAsa karavA jatA, athavA kaI dhaMdhAdArIne tyAM zikhAu tarIke nokarI karatA. jamInadAre gAmaDAmAM nyAyAdhIza ane piolIsa amaladAranuM kAma karate. te nyAya Apo, daMDa karate, gAmanI cekI karAvata, lake barAbara dharma pALe che ke nahi ane ravivAre prArthanA karavA jAya che ke nahi tenI dekharekha rAkhato. zaheramAM pukhta vayanA mANaso cokI karatA, ane gAmaDAMmAM kheDute ceka karatA, eTale polIsane khapa zAne paDe? gAmaDAnA leke ekaMdare zaherI jIvana gALavAno prayatna karatA; kemake laMDanane prabhAva AkhA deza para pate. temanI pAse laMDanamAM jaI rahevAnAM nANuM nahatAM, eTale teo divase zikAra khele, ane sAMje dArU pI masta bane. kheDuto sAduM, udyogI, ane niyamita jIvana gALI gujarAna joyuM raLI letA. strIo gharanuM kAmakAja karatI. reTalI karavAmAM, athANAM ane zAka taiyAra karavAmAM, dArU gALavAmAM, ke masAle banAvavAmAM temanA guNanI parIkSA thatI. cAno upayoga te samaye najIvo thata, ele bapore

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pADozanI strIo ekaThI maLIne vaNatI; kAMtatI, sIvatI, ane vAta karatAM puhitAnuM sthAna samAjamAM cheka nIcuM hatuM. temame peTapUra pagAra maLato nahi. dareka amIranA gharamAM Avo eka halakA pagArano gara raheto, ene tenI padavI nokara jeTalI manAtI. gorANI ghaNI vAra raDuM saMbhALatAM; chatAM keTalIka kharekhA zAstrajJa ane dharmaparAyaNa paDita hatA, jemane lIdhe dharmasthAnanuM gaurava TakI rahyuM. have samAjamAM bhapakAdAra ane raMgaberaMgI kapaDAM paheradhAne zekha dAkhaluM thayo. chuTAM pharapharatAM, ane zaNagAravALAM vastro upara jhUlate jhabbo nAkhIne karatA keveliyara ne damAma ane AkarSakatA joI leka tenuM anukaraNa karatA. vilAsI cArlsa phezanamAM vadhAro karyo. e samayamAM yUriTanano lAMbo sAdo, kALe jhao ane temanA chuTA AchA keza para paherelI uMcI TopInI bhavya sAdAI bhAta pADatI. lekajIvanamAM haju saMskAritA ke sughaDatA na hatAM. zaheramAM svaccha pANI maLI zakatuM nahi, tyAM gaMdA pANIno nikAla karavAnI yejanA kyAMthI hoya? zrImatI kaI kaI divasa snAna kare, to pachI jAhera snAnagRhanI AzA kevI? leMkanI rItabhAte karkaza ane kaThora hatI. moDI rAtanI bahAra pharatA juvAno rastAmAM je maLe temane gALo de, ke game tevuM vartana calAve temAM vadhe levA jevuM kaIne lAgatuM na hatuM. zeThe nokarane mAratA ane zikSaka koI bevakupha ziSyamAM hoziyArI ANavA ke ALasumAM caMcaLatA preravA mATe netaranI soTIne amUluM sAdhana mAna. muraghAMnI laDAI godhA ane hukAnI sAThamArI, taravAranI paTAbAjI, temaja gheDadoDa, vageremAM lokone AnaMda Avato. ghaNuMkharUM AvI ramata ravivArane divase thatI. keI gunegArane heDamAM pUryo hoya, ke tenA upara jerabaMdhI thatI hoya, athavA tene phAMsI devAmAM AvatI hoya te saMkhyAbaMdha leMke e tamArI jevA bhegA thaI jatAM. Tenisa, mepola, phuTabela Adi ramete lokapriya hatI. cArlsa bIje gAdIe AvyA pachI lekajIvanamAM vilAsa ane durAcAra vadhyAM. nIzAbAjI nATakazALA, nRtya, gAna, ane ghoDesavArI e samaya vItAvavAnAM sAdhana thaI paDayAM. kAphIkhAnAMmAM leke sArI peThe ekaThA thatA

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232 tyAM dezaparadezanI khabare, vepArasamAcAra, rAjadvArI prazno, ane meTAM kuTuMbonI kuthalIo viSe carcA thatI. koI sthaLe kaDakaDatAM kapaDAM paherIne rAjapakSanA mANase beThA hoya, te koI sthaLe sAdA vezavALA myuriTane hAthamAM mALA pheravatA, beDuM mAthuM halAvatA, guphateguM karI rahyA hoya, to kaI sthaLe DrAIDananI sAhityacarcA sAMbhaLavA mATe sAhityarasike ekaThA maLyA hoya. A kAphIkhAnAM te samaye kalaba, pustakAlaya, sabhAgRha, ane dharmasthAnanI garaja sAratAM hatAM. 5. sAhitya sattaramA saikAne pUrvArdha e sAhityane zuSka kALa hato. lokenAM vyagra cittamAM bhavya vicAra ke tejasvI kalpanA AvI zakatAM nahi, eTale te samayanuM sAhitya alpajIvI ane madhyama zreNInuM thayuM. paraMtu AMtara vigraha pachI sAhityane pravAha samRddha thavA lAgyo. AMtara vigraha, kenvelano amala, kethalikAno bhaya, phenca joDe vigraha, ane rAjyakrAnti jevA dIla uzkerI mUkanArA banAve viSe chuTaka ke graMthabaddha vicAre, abhiprAya ane TIkAo prakaTa thavA lAgI. A samayamAM vartamAnapatronI zarUAta thaI te samayanAM vartamAnapatra aThavADIAmAM be traNa vAra prasiddha thatAM. temAM mukhya vartamAnapatra laMDana gejheTa " hatuM. A patro ghera ghera pharatAM, ane temAM nAmanA samAcAra AvatA. pArlamenTanA hevAlo ke rAjyaprakaraNI vRttAMta temAM prasiddha thaI zakatAM nahi. I. sa. 1694mAM viliyame chApakhAnA parano aMkuza dUra karI sAhityanI gatine vega Apyo. AthI rAjya taraphathI nimAelA nirIkSakane lekha batAvavAnA rahyA nahi, eTale ke potAnA vicAra nIDarapaNe prakaTa karavA lAgyA. eDisana ane sTIla jevA marmajJa lekhake e "keTalara" ane spekaTeTara" jevAM sAptAhikamAM mArmika ane kaTAkSamaya lekho ApIne prajAnA rAjyadvArI ane dhArmika AMtara kalaha keTalA hAsyapAtra che e samajAvyuM. e lekho higa ane TorI pakSe vacceno virodha zamAvavAnI sevA karanArA che. A yugamAM mahAkavi milTane bAIbalanI kathAne AdhAra laI tene tejomaya kalpanAe rasI. teNe bhavya ane gaMbhIra vANamAM mAnavInA adhaH

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233 pAtanuM varNana ApatuM pereDAIjha lAsTa" nAmanuM mahAkAvya racI pyUriTana dharmanA Adarzo mUrtimaMta karyAM, ane potAnA aMdhApAnA divase mAM 'semsana egAnisTIsa ' lakhI AzvAsana zodhyuM prasiddha darzanazAstrI lAka, ane gaNitazAstrI nyUTane A yugamAM peAtAnA pAMDityanA paricaya ApanArA zAstrIya graMtha racyA. prasiddha kaMsArA jhAna aniyane 'bhaktaprayANa' lakhI pyUriTaneAnA dharmanuM AMtara rahasya udhADuM karyuM. meliMgaprokane vartamAnapatrAmAM kaTAkSamaya AkhyAyikAo ane lekhA lakhI madada ApavA mATe mazahUra thaelA DIna sviphTe gulivaranI musApharInuM hAsyarasika ane mArmika varNana ApI te samayanI rAjyadvArI paristhitinuM rUpaka raju karyuM. aneMTe te samayane itihAsa sAcavI rAkhyA, ane pepise rAjanizImAM rasika noMdha lakhIne itihAsa ane sAhityanI guMthaNI karI. rAbinsana krUjhenI asaMbhavita paNu lokapriya vArtAnA lekhaka Deniyala DIpheA, ane aMgrejI gadyane ghaDanAra ane tene viziSTa jhoka ApanAra DrAiDana paNa A yugamAM thayA. kAlI, herika, jIvananA kSudra viSaye|ne padyamAM goThavI denAra suprasiddha kavi pApa, ane huDIbrAsano lekhaka, temaja pyUriTanono mArmika parihAsa karanAra baTalara e A jamAnAnA kavie hatA. DrAIDane cArlsa ane nDiMga pakSa vacce thayelA kalahanAM rUpa%0A lakhI kavi tarIkenI gaNanA meLavI. . sattaramA ane aDhAramA saikAnA sAhityamAM dhIme dhIme pheraphAra thatA jaNAI Ave che. AraMbhanA graMthA pAMDityapUrNa hAI kaThaNa zailImAM lakhAtA hatA, tethI abhyAsakA ane vidvAno mAtra teno upayoga karI zakatA, jyAre sAmAnya prajAvarga A lAbhathI vaMcita rahetA. dhIme dhIme sAhitya samasta prajAne mahAmUlA vArasA che e bhAvanA pragaTI, eTale graMthakArA saraLa ane sukhAdha bhASAmAM lakhavA lAgyA. pariNAme aMgrejI sa.."mAMthI karkaza zailInA lApa thaI ne saraLa, madhura, ane prasAdayukta zalIne praveza thaye. sAhityanA pracAra vadhatA gayA, tema prajA upara uttama saMskAra paDavA lAgyA, eTale temanI manodaSTi vizALa ane udAra thaI, ane temanAmAM matAMtarasahiSNutA AvavA lAgI.

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(1820-1830) [ mRtyuH 1751] uki evA mAM (1901-1910) nAvara vaM prinsa AlbarTa vikaTara [mastuH 1892] yAja 1lA (1714-1927) jyA2e rajo (1727-170 ) eDavarDa 8mA (1936) [DacUMka AvuM viDasara] jyA 3jo (1780-1820) viliyama 4thA (1830-1837) eDava (1837-1901) vikaToriyA `t (4 putrIo) ( bIjA 3 putrA ) jyA pamA (1910-1936) jyAja ThThA (1937cAlu) noMdha: chellA mahAna vigraha daramiAna heneAvara' zabda paDatA mUkI IMglenDamA rAjAe peAtAne viDasara' vaMzanA kahevaDAvavAnuM zarU karyuM che.

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khaMDa 4thA : madhyAna henAvara vaMza i. sa. 1724thI 1914 3 visara vaMza i. sa. 1914thI cAlu ]

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::: : ka: jaja " R : prakaraNa 1luM je 1le I. sa. 1714-1727 (Arja 1leH A rAjA 54 varSane, sAdo, zAMta, nirdabhI, paNa bhAvazUnya hRdayavALo, sAdhAraNa buddhine, pramAdI ane asthira prakRtino hato. tene rAjyabaMdhAraNanA siddhAMtonI samajaNa paNa na hatI chatAM tenAmAM sAmAnya samaja ane kAmano nirNaya karavAnI zakti ajaba | hatI. teNe evo nizcaya karI lIdhe, ke IMglenDanA rAjyabaMdhA- raNamAM kadI hAtha nAkhavo nahi. (je higa pakSane pratApe te IglenDane rAjA thayA, te pakSane rAjataMtrano bhAra soMpI te jarmana mitronA sahavAsamAM rahevA lAge.) (A yugamAM AvA rAjAnI jarUra hatI. sattaramA saikAnAM dhArmika ane rAjakIya utsAhanAM pUra osarI jatAM hatAM, ane vyApArI je 1le ane sAMsArika kAmanAnI vRtti prabaLa thatI hatI. have aMgrejo sAmudrika zreSThatAnI mahattvAkAMkSA dharAvavA lAgyA. dezanI vadhatI jatI samRddhine lIdhe dhArmika vRtti osarI jaI nAstikatA AvavA lAgI. AthI aDhAramA saikAne "buddhivAdane yuga" kahevAmAM Ave che. AvI paristhitimAM oNrjano amala dezane anukULa hato; paNa rAjA paradezI che, e vAta khuda rAjA ke prajA bemAMthI koI bhUlI zakatuM na hatuM.)

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237 vihaga pakSanuM prAbalya henavara vaMzanA AraMbhathI lagabhaga pacAsa varSa sudhI vihaga pakSa joradAra rahyo. pahelA be rAjAe dezanA rAjakAjamAM pradhAnanAM sogaThAM jevA hatA. aneka veLA maMtrImaMDaLe badalAyAM haze, paraMtu te sarva vihaga pakSanAMja. AnuM kAraNa zuM? enanA mRtyusamaye TerI pakSa prabaLa hovA chatAM temAM phATaphUTa paDI hatI. temAMnA eka pakSe TuarTa jemsane gAdIe lAvavA mATe prapaMca khelyo hatA. paraMtu romana kethalika rAjA gAdIe Ave e vAta prajAne gamatI na hatI, eTale dezamAM TerIo aLakhAmaNuM thaI paDayA) teo TuarTa ane kethalika paMthanA pakSakAre manAvA lAgyA. rAjyakrAntithI thaeluM dezannatinuM kArya sthira karavAne preTesTanTa rAja gAdIe AvA joIe, ane e rAjA jarmana hoya to paNa te svIkAravA prajA taiyAra hatIvihaga pakSa preTesTanTa rAjAno himAyatI hato, eTale AvI sthitimAM rAjyakrAntinA sudhArAnuM rakSaNa karavAno bhAra temanA upara che ema prajA mAnavA lAgI. TerIomAM koI catura netA na hatA, paNa higa pakSamAM catura, dezakAlA, ane buddhizALI puruSe ghaNu hatA. teo aMdara aMdara game teTale dveSa karatA hoya, paNa TorInI vAta Ave tyAM ekatra thaI jatA. TerIonA dhArmika julamothI trAselA apratijJAgrAhIo paNa paeNrja ane tenA sahAyaka higane anamedana ApavA lAgyA. saMsthAnonA vikAsane ane vyApAravRddhine svAbhAvika caturAIthI uttejana ApanAra bihaga pakSa upara vepArIo ane zrImaMtanI kRpA thavA lAgI. AmanI sabhAmAM vihaga pakSanA anuyAyIo ghaNA hatA. te samaye pArlamenTa saMpUrNa lekapratinidhitvavALI na hatI. prAcIna kALamAM je zaherane sabhya mokalavAno adhikAra ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, temAMthI keTalAMka ujajaDa thaI gayAM hatAM, ane keTalAMka kSINa thaI gayAM hatAM. paraMtu keTalAMka navAM zahere vyApAra-udyogane lIdhe vadhAre agatyanAM thayAM hatAM, chatAM temane pratinidhio mokalavAne haka maLyo na hato. AthI jamInadAre ane dhanike lAgavaga vAparI ujjaDa gAmaDAM kharIdI laI tyAMthI manamAnyA pratinidhio mekalavAnI goThavaNa karatA. A bhAtI pratinidhie mAlIkanI rUkha joIne higa pakSamAM rahetA, ane tenuM prAbalya

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238 TakAvI rAkhatA. A uparAMta jarUra paDe lAMca, InAmaakarAma, ane bheTano Te hAthe upayoga thaze. dharma viSe paNa higa pakSe Agraha rAkhe cheDI dIdhe. temaNe apratisAgrAhIo viruddhanA kAyadA kADhI nAkhyA, ane sarvane pitAne anukULa dharma mAnavAnI udAratA batAvI. haju pArlamenTanA kharA sUtradhAra amIre, dhaniko, ane jamInadAro hovAthI A prakAranA taMtrane kulIna rAjyataMga" (Oligarchy) kahevAmAM Ave che.) I. sa. 1715mAM navI maLelI pArlAmenTamAM higa sabhya adhika hatA, eTale jyorja TerI maMtrIone rajA ApI higa pakSane adhikAra Ape. vAIkAunTa TAunalenDa, sTenapa, rabarTa vaeNlpala, saMDaralenDa, ane zruArI Adi vhiga agraNIo maMtrImaMDaLamAM AvyA. temaNe pitAne pakSa majabuta karavAnI khAtara pratispardhI TerIonI khabara levA mAMDI. yukaTanI saMdhi mATenI viSTiomAMthI aneka vAMdhA kADhI TerI maMtrIone te mATe javAbadAra gaNavAmAM AvyA, ane vezadhArI jemsane gAdIe lAvavAnI khaTapaTanA Aropa mUkI junA maMtrIo upara kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM. beliMgabroka ane erimaMDa phrAnsa jaI jemsanI ethe bharAyA, eTale temanI jAgIra janma karavAmAM AvI, ane oNkasapharDane baMdIkhAne mokalavAmAM AvyuM. varSo sudhI TorIone TuarTonA pakSakAra gaNI adhikArathI dUra rAkhavAmAM AvyA. pArlAmenTamAM paNa temanI saMkhyA bhAgye ja sATha-eMzInI rahI. pArlamenTanI varaNI vakhate dezamAM jesanA pakSakAe tophAna macAvyuM. paraMtu bhaviSyamAM tema thavA na pAme te mATe vidrohano kAyade (Riot At) pasAra karI TharAvavAmAM AvyuM ke koI sthaLe bAra mANase ekaThAM thayAM hoya, tyAM nyAyAdhIza kAyade saMbhaLAvI vIkherAI javAnI AjJA kare, chatAM navIkherAI jAya che temanA upara baLAtkAra paNa vAparI zakAya. (9aka DaH vidrohanA kAyadAthI prajAnA svAtaMtrya upara tarApa paDavAthI asaMtoSa utpanna thayA haze, ema mAnI jekabAIe jene gAdIe AvAne chelle prayatna karI joyo. IglenDamAM TerIone jemsa mATe bahu bhAva na hatuM, paraMtu kaI paNa prakAre Thaga pakSanI sattA teDavA teo eka page thaI rahyA. velsa ane kaeNrnivAlanA jeke bAITa paNa emAM

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bhaLe tevo saMbhava hato. skiTalenDamAMthI paNa sahAya maLavAne saMbhava hatA.) ghaNAkharA skaTa leka IMglenDa jeDe skoTalenDanA saMgathI viddha hatA. vaLI skaTa vaMzano rAjA IglenDanI gAdIe Ave, temAM temanuM svadezAbhimAna pizvAtuM hatuM. A uparAMta paraspara vizvanA kAraNathI paNa proTesTanTane AdhArastaMbharUpa ane jyorjanA sahAyaka kempabela kuTuMba joDe yuddha karavAne prasaMga maLato hoya, te game tene pakSa laIne(hAIlenDanA loke hathiyAra kipADavA taiyAra hatA. phrAnsanI madada vinA DagaluM praNa bharI zakAya tema na chuM. durbhAgye TuarTone AzrayadAtA caudame luI baLavA pahelAM maraNa pAmyo, ane phrAnsanA bALarAjAnA rakSaka DayUka oNv eNliyanse jyorja joDe maitrI karI, eTale phrAnsa taraphathI madadanI AzA na rahI. (I. sa. 171khA sapTembara mAsamAM arla va mAra nAme satvahIzuM, saheccha, caMcaLa prakRtinA, ane lazkarI kuneha vinAnA amIre baLavAne jhaMDo upADayo. aneka hAIlenDara ane asaMtuSTa haeNTa amIre tene AvI maLyA. prathama uttara sarahadanAM paragaNumAM badhA jagADaze, eTale thoDuM sainya tyAM ekalavAmAM AvyuM; paNa zeDA je kebAITa vinA A baMDamAM kaI bhavyuM nahi. sesTana pAse baLavAkhoronI khabara levA rAjasainya AvI pahoMcyuM. baLavAbere hAryA ane zaraNe thayA. teja divase sTaeNTalenDamAM mAranA sense vihaga sainya sAthe zeriphacUra pAse yuddha karyuM. kamanasIba jemsa TelenDamAM utaryo) te mAtra potAnA pakSane parAjaya sAMbhaLavAne! te te AvyA te pAcho gaye; dhIme dhIme A jekabAITa baMDa zamI gayuM. sabaLa nAyaka vinAnA, akALe uThAvelA, ane namAlA baMDanuM pariNAma zuM Ave? TheraThera jekabAI Te haDadhUta thavA lAgyA. jene IglenDamAMthI pagadaMDa nIkaLI gayo, ane navA rAjyataMtra pratye lokonI niSThA daDha thaI. 1. nIcenA prAcIna skeTa lokagItamAM A yuddhane ullekha karavAmAM Avyo che. There's some say that we won, And some say that they won, And some say that none won at a', man; But of one thing I'm sure, That at Sheriffmuir, A battle there was that I saw, man; And they ran and we rau, And we ran and they ran awa', man.

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240 khaMDanA AgevAnAne pakaDIne phAMsI devAmAM AvI ke kArAvAsamAM mAkalavAmAM AvyA. keTalAka (hAI lenDarezanAM zastra laI levAmAM AvyAM, navA killA AMdhavAmAM AvyA, ane hAI lenDamAM rastA kADhI e pradezane ughADA karavAmAM AvyA.) (sasavArSika kAyadAH trivArSika kAyadA pramANe navI pArlamenTa i. sa. 1718mAM maLavI joI e. haju dezanI sthiti asthira hatI; khaMDanA paDadhA zamyA na hatA, ane prajAnuM mana azAMta ane vyagra hatuM, teve samaye navI pArlamenTamAM kadAca jiMga pakSa narama paDI jAya eTaluMja nahi, paNa jemsanA pakSa jora para AvI jAya te navA rAjavaMza ukhaDI jAya, evA bhayathI hakapatrikAnA aMzabhUta trivArSika kAyadAnA bhaMga karI maMtrIoe TharAvyuM ke havethI dara traNa varSane badale sAta varSe navI pArlamenTa maLe. peAtAnA pakSa dRDha karavA khAtara jiMga maMtrIee ApakhudI calAvI e te niHzaMka che. A kAyadAthI AmanI sabhAmAM lAMcarUzvatanA saMbhava vadhyA, ane sabhyone leAkA joDe nikaTa paricayamAM rahevAnuM prayAjana echuM thayuM; paNa varaNIne aMge thatAM dhamAla ane kharca ghaTayAM, ane heneAvara vaMzanI sthApanA dRDha thaI. vaLI sabhyAnuM svAtaMtrya vadhatAM temane kAmamAM rasa levAnA prasaMga maLyA, ane rAjanIti ekadhArI rahevAne saMbhava vadhyA.) AMtara nItiH A pramANe TArI pakSane nirbaLa karyAM, ane potAnI sattAnAM mULa dRDha thayAM, eTale vhiga leAkeAmAM be pakSa paDayA. i. sa. 1716mAM jyArja henovara gayA, tyAre sTenaheApane sAthe letA gayA. tyAM jaI teNe phrAnsa ane hAlenDa joDe saMdhi karI. TAunazenDane A yeAjanA nahi cavAthI teNe rAjInAmuM ApyuM, eTale sTenaheApa mukhya maMtrI thayA. sTenaheApe Itara dharmIo viruddhanA kAyadA rada karyAM, paNa te amIrAno kharaDA (Peerage Bill) pasAra karAvI zakayA nahi. jiMga pakSane rAjA ane prajA ubhayanA bhaya hatA; temane teA peAtAnI sattA game te prakAre TakAvI rAkhavI hatI. enanA samayamAM yUTrekaTanI saMdhi vakhate keTalAka TArI amIre banAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. pharIthI ema thavA na pAme evA A - -

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kAyadAne hetu hato; paNa e kAyado pasAra thayo hota to rAjasattA nahi jevI thaI jAta. vaiole tene sakhata virodha karyo hato. - (dakSiNa mahAsAgarane parapeTe aMgrejonuM vepAra pratye AkarSaNa vadhatAM aneka maMDaLIo sthapAvA lAgI. I. sa. 1711mAM dakSiNa mahAsAgara ane speniza amerikAmAM vepAra karavAne nimitte eka maMDaLI sthapAI. AraMbhamAM A maMDaLInuM kArya sArUM cAlavA lAgyuM, paNa speniADaeNnAM vinethI speniza amerikAmAM joIe teTale lAbha maLe nahi. AthI vepAranI anya dizA zodhatA sAhasika vyavasthApakoe dakSiNa mahAsAgaranA TApuomAM ekahaththu vepAra karavAnI rajA maLe, te rAjyane 75,00,000 paunDa ApI prajA-RNa pheDI ApavAnI mAgaNI karI. maMDaLI pAse nANAM na hatAM, paNa bhaviSyanI AzA hatI. Anahope A mAgaNI svIkArI pArlAmenTamAM kharaDo ANya, ane je ke dIrdhadaSTivALo vaeNlpala sAme paDaye, chatAM kharaDe maMjura thaze. sarakArI sahAyanI vAta jANatAM lekae te maMDaLInA zera (Share) kharIdavA deDadhAma karI mUkI. zeranA bhAva dasagaNuM caDayA, te paNa amIra ke phakIra, strI ke bALaka, TapAlI ke hamAla, saue dhanavAna thaI javAnI AzAmAM zera kharIdavA mAMDayA. A joIne tarehavAra nAma ane kAma karavAnA uddezavALI bIjI maMDaLIo ubhI thavA lAgI. keIne khArA pANIne mIThuM karavuM hatuM, keI ne retImAMthI tela kADhavuM hatuM, keIne sadAgati cakranI zadha karI yaMtro calAvavAM hatAM, keIne speniza gadheDA ucheravA hatA, ane ekane "ghaNI lAbhadAyaka--zI te kaI jANavA pAmyuM nathI" yojanA calAvavI hatI. dezabharamAM zera kharIdavAne pavana cAlyo, ane jyAM jAo tyAM enI e vAta. sarakArane lAgyuM ke dezanI Arthika avadazA thavAne vAre AvyuM, eTale teNe keTalIka nAnI pUrti maMDaLInAM bhopALAM bahAra pADayAM. have lekavRttinuM pUra bIjI dizAe vaLyuM. bIjI maMDaLIo AvAM dhatIMga calAve che, tyAre dakSiNa mahAsAgaranI maMDaLImAM zuM cAlatuM haze ? sarva pitAnA zera vecavA maMDI gayA, ane zeranA bhAva gagayA. Ama DhelanI piola khUlI. ethI aneka lokonAM nANuM gayAM, ane pAyamAlIne pAra na rahyo. devALIAothI kedakhAnAM bharacaka thaI gayAM. temAM evI vAta cAlI ke

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ra keTalAka maMtrIoe peAtAnAM khIssAM tara karyAM che. have lAdezanA krodhane sImA na rahI. maMtrIe upara AkSepa AvyA, ane maMDaLInA dhUrta vyavasthApakone sajA karavAnI mAgaNI thaI. daramiAna eka maMtrIe AtmadhAta ryAM, sTenahApanuM mRtyu thayuM, ane aMDaralenDanI tapAsa thaI. pachI vASpAla ane TAunazenDa maMtrImaMDaLamAM AvyA. vA`Ale bhayaMkara pAyamAlImAMthI mArga kADhavAnA prayatna karyo. teNe IsTa inDiA kaMpani ane IMglenDanI baeNnka vacce nukasAnI vaheMcI nAkhI, ane vyavasthApakAnI mAlamatA hararAja karIH chatAM Arthika AdhAtamAMthI kaLa vaLatAM keTalAka kALa gayA. dezAMtara nItiH jiMga pakSamAM phUTa paDavAnAM kAraNAmAM sTenaheApanI AMtara nIti ke Arthika nIti uparAMta dezAMtara nIti paNa AvI jAya che. te mAnatA hatA ke IMglenDanI gAdIe proTesTanTa rAjA rAkhavA hAya, tA yureApanI rAjakhaTapaTamAM IMglenDe josabhera paDavuM joie. vAlpAla ane tenA sAthIe mAnatA hatA, ke vyApAraudyoganA saMrakSaNanI khAtara IMglenDe banatA sudhI avigrahanIti svIkAravI joI e. sTenaheApe phrAnsa joDe karelI siMdhane lIdhe TAunazenDa ane vAOAla maMtrImaMDaLamAMthI chuTA paDI gayA. spenanA rAjAne yUTrekaTanI saMdhine bhaMga karIne nepalsa ane sisilIne mulaka pAcho joItA hatA, eTale teNe heneAvaranA zatru svIDana joDe maitrI karI. phrAnsane bALarAjA luI 15mA aputra maraNa pAme, teA spenanA rAjAne phrAnsanI mAdI upara haka thatA hatA. Aliyansane phrAnsanI gAdI peAtAnA vaMzamAM Ave evI icchA hatI, eTale spenanA rAjAne yUTrekaTanI saMdhinuM akSarazaH pAlana karAvavAnI jarUriAta ubhI thatAM IMglenDa ane phrAnsa jevA zatrue vacce maitrI thai. temAM hAlenDa bhaLyuM, eTale te 'trirAjya saMdhi' kahevAI; pAchaLathI AsTri bhaLyuM, eTale te 'caturAjya saMdhi' thaI. philipe i. sa. 1717mAM sisilI upara hallA karyAM, eTale naukAsenApati bhiMge peserAnI bhUzira pAse spenanA kAphalAne parAbhava karyAM. spene kAbAITa baLavA jagADavAno prayatna karyAM, paNu temAM te phAvyuM nahi. eka speniza kADhyA IMglenDa para caDAI karavA AvyA, tene birskanA akhAtamAM nAza thayA. philipa hatAza thaI yurApamAM ekalA paDI gayA. chevaTe teNe

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243 jemsane pakSa mUkI daI henevara vaMzane svIkAra karyo, ane kAnsanA rAjya uparathI hAtha uThAvI lIdhuM. teNe cUkaTanI saMdhi pALavAnuM vacana ApyuM, .ane te caturAjya saMdhimAM bhaLyo. - Ama enApanI dezAMtara nItine saMpUrNa vijaya thayo. have IglenDanA pratispardhIo tenI maitrI yAcavA lAgyA, ane je kebAITa kAvAdAvA zamI gayA. jyorjano vaMza daDha sthapAye, ane dezamAM vihaga pakSanuM prAbala kAyama rahyuM. paraMtu dakSiNa mahAsAgaranA parapoTAthI sTenopanI Arthika nIti niSphaLa gaI. rAjAe lekamatane mAna ApIne ane vailinI zaktinI kadara karIne tene mukhya maMtrI banAvyo, eTale dezadvAranA kAryane pragati ApavAne bhAra vaeNlane zire AvI paDe. maraNa I. sa. 1727mAM jarja henevaranA pravAse gayo hato, tyAM jUnanI 1ramIe ecita maraNa pAme. te kaThora, hRdayazUnya, svArthI, ane julamI hato. teNe kuTuMbanA sukhane khyAla paNa karyo nahoto. teNe rANIne trIsa varSa sudhI baMdIkhAne rAkhI hatI, ane te ekanA eka putranuM moM sarakhuM paNa jeta nahote. paraMtu tenAmAM cAritryanI RjutA, aDaga dherya, ane kartavyaparAyaNatA jevA guNa hatA. - jarjanA amalamAM rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM agatyanuM tattva dAkhala thayuM, te e ke pradhAne vadhAre svataMtra thatA gayA. jyorjane rAjakAjamAM rasa paDato nahi, tethI te maMtrImaMDaLanI sabhAmAM bhAgyeja jato. AthI "mukhya maMtrI nI javAbadArI vadhI paDI. rAjAnI gerahAjarImAM maMtrImaMDaLa nirNaya karavA lAgyuM. vaLI rAjAne aMgrejI AvaDe nahi, ane mukhya maMtrI valpolo jarmana AvaDe nahi, eTale baMne leTinamAM vAta karatA; ane baMnenuM leTinanuM zAna evuM adhurUM hatuM, ke rAjA keI vAra pUrI rIte vAkepha thaI zakato nahi. pariNAme maMtrImaMDaLa kartAhartA thaI paDayuM. temAM paNa vaidhela keTalIka vAra pite nirNaya karI letA. Ama paradezI rAjanA Akasmika AgamanathI mukhya maMtrInuM pada sthApita thayuM.

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prakaraNa rajU jaryoje bIjeH i. sa. 17ra7-1760 joje bIje A rAjA 44 varSanI pukhta vaye gAdIe beTho. pitAnI peThe te paNa AcAravicAramAM jarmana hato. tene varanI tulanAmAM tene mana briTanano hisAba na hato. te jakkI, lebI, tAmasI, ane sAhitya kuLAne dveSI hatA. tenAmAM kAryano ukela karavAnI zakti hatI, chatAM te daMbhI hatuM. tene bIjAnA kAmamAM hAtha nAkhI zreSThatA batAvavAno zokha hato. tene yuddhakaLAnI AvaData hatI, tethI tene "raNavIra' tarIke nAmanA meLavavAnI AkAMkSA rahetI. tenI rItabhAta aNaghaDa hatI, chatAM tenuM vartana saraLa ane niSkapaTI hatuM. te bhAMgyuM tUTayuM aMgrejI belI jANata, ane aMgreja lekAcAranuM thoDuM jJAna dharAvate. pitA pratye teNe kadI prIti darzAvI na hatI, ane tenI rAjanItithI viruddha vartavAno nizcaya karIne te gAdIe Avyo hato. sarva mAnavA lAgyA ke have vailpalano asta thaze. paraMtu caeNrja para tenI rANIno prabhAva paDato. te buddhimatI ane catura strInI samajAvaTathI rAjAe vaoNlpalane maMtrIpade rAkhe. - sara reMbarTa vaipolaH A mahAna arthazAstrI nokanA sAmAnya jamInadArane ghera ja hatuM. tene lakhatAM vAMcatAM AvaDatuM na hatuM. vidyAkaLA karatAM svAdiSTa bhojana, zarAba ane zikArano te zokhIna hatA. tenI rItabhAta aNaghaDa hatI, ane tenI bhASAmAM kaMI saMskAra na hatA chatAM tenAmAM udyamaparAyaNatA, ekAgratA, vairya, cAturI, vyavahArakuzaLa buddhi ane asAdhAraNa manuSya parIkSAnA guNe hatA. pitAnA maraNa pachI te higa pakSanA anuyAyI tarIke pArlamenTamAM gayo, ane tyAM sAvadhAna, utsAhI, vAkacatura, ane mahattvAkAMkSI yuvaka tarIke prasiddha thaye. enanA samayamAM tene vizvAsaghAtanA Aropasara kedamAM nAkhavAmAM Avyo hato. paraMtu teNe ApabaLe mahattvAkAMkSA pUrNa karI. dakSiNa mahAsAgaranA parapoTAnA Apatti

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245 kALamAM dezaddhAraka tarIke te AgaLa Avyo. amIronA kAyadAno virodha karIne prakAzamAM AvelA vaeNlpalanA hAthamAM rjyorja 1lAe rAjyataMtra sopyuM hatuM. maMtrI tarIke vaeNlpalanI nIti zAMti sthApI samRddhi vadhAravAnI hatI. te kahe ke "dezamAM kaI bhayaMkara sAga te vigraha che; kAraNa ke vigraha cAle tyAM sudhI nukasAna sahana karavuM paDe che, ane pUrNa thAya tyAre moTe lAbha maLI ja nathI." yuropanAM bIjAM rANe vigraha mAMDIne samaya, sAdhana ane zaktino apavyaya karI rahyAM hatAM, tyAre vaile dezanI zaktine sanmArge vALI levAno prayatna karyo. te mAnato hato ke rAjyakrAnti pachI dezamAM virodha UThe evA sudhArA karavAnI jarUra nathI. dezamAM sthiratA ANI samRddhi vadhAravAnuM kArya A samaye atyaMta upayogI hatuM. potAnI vANInI addabhuta chaTAthI te sarva pakSane vaza rAkhI zakato, ane virodha thAya tyAre vAdagrasta praznane keTalI hada sudhI kheMcI ja ane kayAM namI paDavuM e tene AvaDatuM hatuM. I. sa. 1723mAM teNe vuDane AyarlenDa mATe tAMbAnA ardhA pinsanA sikkA pADavAno paravAno Ape, paNa tethI AyalenDanI pAlamenTanuM svamAna jakhamAyuM. temaNe vAMdho uThAvyo ke A paravAno ameja ApI zakIe. ethI dezabharamAM roSa prakaTa, ane sviphaTa nAmanA lekhake keTalAka patro prakaTa karI e reSane prajavalita karyo. catura vaiole sAvadhAnIthI e paravAno khecI laI AyarlenDane chaMcheDavAnI bAbata mUkI dIdhI. teNe pitAne pakSa majabuta karavA kasoTInA kAyadAno bhaMga karI 1. tenI kunehanuM bIjuM udAharaNa A pramANe che. i. sa. 1736mAM vilsanane dANacerI mATe phAMsIe caDAvavAno hukama thayo. paraMtu lokone vilsananA zaurya mATe Adara hato, eTale temaNe jallAda ane sainiko upara patharo pheMkyA. ethI lakSmI amaladAra picyuMase goLIbArano hukama Apyo. tenA para kAma calAvI tene dehAMtadaMDanI sajA pharamAvI, paNa laMDanathI hukama Avyo ke sajA cheDe vakhata mulatavI rAkhavI. lokomAM vAta cAlI ke tene choDI deze, eTale teo vipharyA. turaMganA daravAjA teDI loke gunegArane kheMcI lAvyA, ane tene phAMsIe laTakAvI dIdho. ethI sarakAre eDinakharanI sanada kheMcI levAno ane teno killo toDI nAkhavAno nirNaya karyo. paraMtu loke jussAbhera sAmA thaI gayA, ane Akhare vaeNlpalane prajAnI rUkha joIne namatuM ApavuM paDayuMH mAtra pisyuasanI vidhavAne pArlamenTa pAsethI DAM nANu apAvavAmAM AvyAM.

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dhArmika prajAjanonI sahAnubhUti vAne badale dara varSe temane mArI ApavAno kAyado pasAra karavA mAMDayo. paraMtu tenI Arthika nIti vadhAre yazasvI che. I. sa. 1730mAM teNe saMsthAnone yuropanAM rAjya joDe vepAra karavAnI rajA ApI, ane misara tathA ITalIno vepAra teDI pADI saMsthAnIone khUba lAbha Apyo. teNe aneka vastuo uparanI jakAta rada karI. jo ke tenI vecANaverAnI yejanA virodhIoe rada karI, te paNa pAchaLathI te amalamAM AvI, e tenI agamacetInI sAkSI pUre che. vaeNlpalanI dIrdhadaza Arthika nItine pariNAme dezano ane saMsthAnono vyApAra vadhavAthI samRddhi vadhI. have mencesTara ane barmiMgahemanI varatI vadhI, livarapUlanuM baMdara AbAda thayuM, ane prajANa ochuM thayuM. vaeN la A samartha ane prabhAvazALI hato, chatAM deSarahita na hato. tenAmAM game teTalI dezabhakti hovA chatAM sattAnI bhUkha hatI. ethI teNe kuTila nItino upayoga karI pArlamenTamAM uparIpada TakAvI rAkhyuM. te sAna akarAma, lAMcarUzvata, khitAba, sanaMda, paravAnA ane rokaDa nANuM, e sarvanI sabhyomAM lahANI karI pArlamenTamAM potAnI bahumatI jALavI rAkhato. te bedhaDaka kaheto ke dareka mANasanuM kaMI ne kaMI vazIkaraNa hoya che. te samayamAM pArlamenTanA hevAla prasiddha thatA nahi, tethI sabhyoe kayI tarapha mata Ape te gupta rahetuM; eTale e yugamAM sabhyo mata vecavAmAM AnAkAnI karatA nahi. vaeNla tejaSI hatA, ane pitAnA samavaDIAne sAMkhI zakate nahi. tene sarvanA uparI thaIne rahevuM hatuM, eTale prabhAvazALI manubane te maMtrImaMDaLamAM rAkhate nahi. teNe nirjIva kAraNasara rAjAnA kRpApAtra kArTareTa ane TAunazenDa jevA samartha puruSono sAtha cheDI dIdhuM. tenI A AtmaghAtI nItithI buddhimAna higa agresaro virodhI pakSamAM bhaLyA. temaNe dareka kAryamAM vaeNlane virodha karavA mAMDe. upacaMtA viliyama pide judI pakSa (Patriots) sthApI vaiolanI nIti sAme bAtha bharI, paNa vaiola kazAne gaNakArate nahi. vecANaverAnI yojanA: I. sa. 1733mAM vaiole evI yojanA raju karI, ke tamAku ane dArU upara AyAta vakhata jakAta na letAM vecANa

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27 vakhate vepArIo pAsethI vero vasula kare. dezamAM cAlatI dANacerIthI sarakArI Avakane dhakko lAgatuM hatuM. je e yojanA maMjura thaI heta, te vastuo sodhe dare maLI zakata, dezanA vepAramAM vRddhi thAta, garIba kheDuta upara jamInavere ocho thAta, laMDananuM baMdara yuropanuM bajAra banata, ane rAjyanI Avaka paNa vadhata; paNa e bhejanA pramANe sarakArI amaladAro vepArInI dukAnamAM paDelA mAlanI tapAsa karI zake ema hatuM. e sAMbhaLI vepArIo bhaDakyA, ane virodhIoe rajanuM gaja karI mUkyuM. have vaidhelane adhikArabhraSTa karavAne sarasa avasara AvyA. dezanuM svAtaMtrya harAI javA beThuM che, ane have amaladAre aMgrejonA gharamAM Avaze. evA pikAro UThayA. paraMtu vicakSaNa maMtrIe virodhanuM pramANa kADhIne kejanA paDatI mUkI, ane pitAnuM pada sAcavI rAkhyuM. vaiolanI dezAMtara nItiH vaeNlpalanA virodhIo tenI dezAMtara nIti upara vAraMvAra AkSepa karatA. vaeNlpala yuropanA vigrahothI dUra rahevAnI IcchA rAkhata. paeNrja 1lAnA amalamAM teNe phrAnsanI sahAyathI yuropanI zAMti jALavI hatI, paNa have saMga badalAI gayA. luI 15mAne ghera putra ja, eTale spenanA philipane phrAnsanuM rAjya maLavAne saMbhava ja rahyo. have baMne rAjya vaccenA dveSane aMta Avyo. temaNe eka khAnagI tahanAmuM karyuM, ke spene aMgrejo pAsethI amerikAne vepAra laIne phrAnsane sepa, ane badalAmAM phrAnsa jIbrAlTara pAchuM meLavavAmAM spenane madada karavI. A karArane "kauTuMbika karAra' (Family Compact) kahevAmAM Ave che. have IMglenDa ane phrAnsa vacce saMsthAne ane vepAra mATe kalaha cAle. - spenanA adhikArIo dakSiNa amerikA ane vesTa inDijhanA pratyeka baMdare aMgreja vepArane harakata karavA lAgyA, ane aMgrejone raMjADavA lAgyA. paraMtu briTiza vepArIo pramANika na hatA. cUkaTanI saMdhi pramANe prativarSa aMgrejone dakSiNa mahAsAgaramAM eka vahANa laI javAnI chUTa hatI; paNa AvA vahANanI pAchaLa nAnAM vahANe chUpI rIte jatAM, eTale meTuM vahANa divase khAlI thAya ane rAtre bharAtuM jAya. aMgrejo dANacorI karIne paNa

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248 dakSiNa amerikAnAM baMdarAmAM mAla utArI detA. spena ane IMglenDane saMbaMdha kharAba hatA, temAM AvA banAvAthI speniza adhikArI aMgrejI vahANanI tapAsa calAvavA lAgyA. ethI aMgreja khalAsIone khATuM lAgavA mAMDayuM. kauTuMbika karAra pachI A adhikArIee kera vartAvyA. temaNe jenkinsa nAmanA nAkhudAne kAna kApI nAkhyA, paNa jenkinsa kApelA kAna laI IMglenDa Avyo. teNe speniArTanA jIlameAnI sAcIkhoTI vAte calAvI. A apamAnathI prajA krAdhe bharAI, ane vAlpAlanA virAdhIee spena joDe yuddha karavAnI mAgaNI karI. vA`Ale viSTi calAvIne samAdhAnanI AzAe yuddhano virodha karyAM, paNa vireAdhIo sAme te nirupAya banI gayA, ane teNe icchA viruddha spena sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM, i. sa. 1739. lAkA harSanAda ane ghaMTAnAda karavA lAgyA, tyAre hatAza vAlpAla rASamAM khelyA ke hamaNAM tee ghaMTa vagADe che, paNa pachI tee hAtha ghasaze." "( A yuddhe vApeAlanI sattAno aMta ANyA. vigraha nava varSa cAlyA, paNa te nirarthaka ane anyAyI hatA. aMgrejoe pArTa ele jItyuM, paNa kAceMjInA jItAyuM nahi; mAtra naukAsenApati ensana cAra varSanI pRthvIpradakSiNAmAM spenanAM keTalAMka vahANo ane nagare lUMTI dhananA DhagalA lAvyo. vApeAla yuddhanItimAM pravINa na hatA. yuddhamAM thatuM kharca tene AkarUM paDatuM, ane te yuddha calAvavA tarapha bedarakAra rahetA. tenA viradhIe vA`Alane parAjayanuM mULa gaNatA. i. sa. 1740mAM AsTrinI gAdI mATe yuropamAM vigraha jAgyA, eTale A yuddha vIsAre paDayuM. vAlpAla temAM paDavA mAgatA na hatA, eTale tenA viredhIenI saMkhyA vadhI gaI. yuvarAja phreDarika vADhapAlanI viruddha peAtAnI lagavaga vAparatA hatA. tenI sahAyaka ane hitaSiNI rANI paraleAka sidhAvI hatI. jo ke kheliMgadhroka rAjAnA AgrahathI phrAnsathI pAche| AvI pArlamenTamAM dAkhala thayeA naheAtA, chatAM vApeAlanA virAdhIo upara prabaLa prabhAva pADatA hatA. yUTrekaTanI saMdhi pALIne sattAtulA jALavavAthI paNa prajA kaMTALI hatI. have saMsthAnonA vikAsa mATe jIssAdAra, sAhasika, ane tejasvI nIti joItI hatI. vA\AlanA divaseA bharAI gayA. have te rAjyanI lagAma rAkhI zake tema na hatuM. I. sa. 1742mAM teNe

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249 rAjInAmuM ApyuM. sattAnA lebhe maMtrIpadane vaLagI rahevAnI Adata tenA upara kalaMka samAna gaNAya che. - kAIreTa ane pehAma bhAIe e jamAnAmAM mukhya maMtrI joDe maMtrImaMDaLe rAjInAmuM ApavAnI arvAcIna prathA cAlatI na hatI. vaibhela gayo, paNa tenA sAthIo rahyA. lorDa kArTareTa nAme catura ane vidvAna amIrane mukhya maMtrI banAvavAmAM Avyo. jarmana bhASAnA jJAnathI te rAjAnI prItinuM pAtra banyA. tenA amalamAM cAlelA oNsTriana vigrahamAM khAsa jANavA jevuM banyuM na hatuM. be varSamAM palhAma bhAIoe tenuM sthAna laI lIdhuM. A sAdhAraNa buddhinA baMne bhAIoe vaiolanI nItine anusarIne kAma levA mAMDayuM, paNa tenA jevI bhUle na thAya tevI sAvadhAnI rAkhI. nAno bhAI henarI mukhya maMtrI hatA. teNe pArlamenTamAM je koI sAruM bhASaNa karI jANatA hoya, tene maMtrImaMDaLamAM levA mAMDe. meTA bhAIe pitAnI buddhine yogya kAma hAthamAM rAkhyuM. keIne lAMca ApI, koIne adhikAra ApI, ane keInI kaMI kaMI AkAMkSA ane AzA saMtoSI ke kaDAM nANuM ApI pArlamenTanA agresara sabhAsadone teNe prasanna rAkhavA mAMDyA. temanA maMtrImaMDaLamAM hiMga, TerI, ane jekabAITa ema pratyeka rAjadvArI vicAranA puruSo hatA. temanA samayamAM oNsTriAne gAdIvArasAne vigraha ane jekobAITa baMDa e be mukhya banAve che. ausTina uttarAdhikArane vigrahaH I. sa. 1740-1748. eNkTriAnA aputra zahenazAha cArja chaThThAne meriyA risA nAme putrI hatI. pitAnA mRtyu pachI pitAnI putrIne gAdI maLe e mATe teNe eka mRtyupatra (The Pragmatic Sanction) taiyAra karI yuropanA mukhya rAjAonI 1. zatruoe tenA para kAma calAvavAnI peravI karI, paNa teo phAvyA nahi. tene okasapharDano amIra banAvI 4,000 pauDanuM varSAsana bAMdhI ApI rAjave tenA kAryanI kadara karI. amala utaryA pachI padavI mAnyAno A pahelo dAkhalo che. asala lokadaSTimAM avagaNanA pAmelA maMtrInuM mAthuM uDAvI devAmAM AvatuM, athavA bhAre sana karavAmAM AvatI. have evA mANasane amIra banAvI AmanI sabhAmAMthI vivekabharI vidAya devAnI yukti pArlamenTane hAtha lAgI.

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250 temAM saMmati lIdhI. i. sa. 1740mAM te maraNa pAmyA, eTale merina gAdIe AvI. paraMtu have yurApanA rAjyalAbhI rAjAenI dADha saLakI. temaNe ApelA vacanane bhaMga karyo. beveriAnA rANAe dAvA karyAM kaiM yuropamAM cAlatA eka kAyadA (The Salic Law ) pramANe gAdIe strI AvI zrUke nahi, tethI AsTrinI gAdI upara mArA haka thAya che. phrAnsa ane spene teno pakSa lIdhA. puzinA rANA mahAna phreDarike te| AsTrimanA mahArAjyamAMthI sAIlIziyA prAMta laI lIdhe. A samaye IMglenDamAM yuddhavirAdhI vAlpAla maMtrIpade hatA. tenI icchA A vigrahathI dUra rahevAnI hatI, eTale teNe kAi ne paNa pakSa lIdhA vinA meriyA ane phreDarika vacce samAdhAna ANI ApavAno saMkalpa karyAM. paraMtu tenI nIti dezamAM apriya thaI paDI hatI, eTale te gayA ane tyAra pachI kArTareTa maMtrIpade AvyA. henovaranA saMrakSaNane arthe A vigrahamAM IMglenDe bhAga levA evI rAjAnI icchA have phaLIbhUta thaI. phreDarikanI sattA vistAra pAmatI hatI; te dhIme dhIme rAjyavRddhi karatA hatA, eTale jate divase te heneAvara upara tarApa mAre evA rAjAne bhaya hatA. A uparAMta IMglenDanAM saMsthAnA ane vepAranA vikAsane prANadghAtaka phaTakA mAravAnI spene karelI ceAjanAne tene bhaya lAgyA. iMglenDe meriyAnA rAjyArAhamAM anumati ApI hatI, eTale yeAgAne vicAra karI teNe meriyAnA pakSa lIdhA. A pramANe kAI rAjya baLavAna thaI paDaze, evA bhayathI A nava varSane vigraha sattAtulA jALavavAnA prayatnarUpa thaI paDaye|. IMglenDe AraMbhamAM meriyAne dhananI sahAya ApavA mAMDI, ane IMglenDa ane henovaranAM saMyukta sainya yuropamAM upaDayAM. yudgharasIe jArja raNe caDayA, ane tenI saradArI nIce DeTiMjananA yuddhamAM phrenca hAryAM, 4. sa. 1743. paraMtu i. sa. 1945mAM phrenca sainye phalAnDarsamAM phenTenoya pAse aMgreja sainyane harAvI khAdhelI hAranuM vera lIdhuM. vigraha i. sa. 1748 sudhI cAlyA. phrencAnI sahAyathI IMglenDamAM i. sa. 1745mAM thaelA jekAbAITa khaMDano lAbha laI ne phrenca sainye yure|pamAM vijayaparaMparA meLavavA mAMDI, eTale i. sa. 1748mAM elA-zApelanI saMdhi thaI. meriyAno

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AitI gAdI para haka svIkAravAmAM Avyo, sAIlIziyA pheDarikane ApavAmAM AvyuM, ane badhAM rAjyae IglenDanI gAdI upara hevovara vaMzano adhikAra svIkAryo. IglenDa ane phrAnse paraspara jItele mulaka pAcho, ApI devAnuM TharAvyuM. 1745nuM baMDaH A baMDa eNsTriAne gAdIvArasAnA vigrahanuM AMtara nATaka che. I. sa. 1743mAM DeTijana pAse phenca sainya hAryuM, eTale teNe vera levA je kebAI TenuM baMDa jagADavAne prayatna karyo, ane temanI sahAya mATe i. sa. 1744mAM phrenca kAle mokalyA. paraMtu samudranA tophAnamAM tene nAza thayo. | daramiAna pacIsa varSane naujuvAna, dhIra, vIra, vikI, ane sAhasika rAjakumAra cArlsa pitAne gAdI apAvavAnA AzAbharyA haiye sAta mANaso sAthe skoTalenDamAM utaryo. thoDA saMkoca pachI aneka zUrA hAIlenDare A sehAmaNA kuMvarane jaI maLyA. phenca sahAya AvI nahi, eTale tenI AzA tajI ApabaLe jhUjhavAne nizcaya karI A maraNIA baMDakhoroe dakSiNa tarapha kuca karavA mAMDI. cArlsane kaI rokanAra na hatuM. parthamAM teNe pitAnA pitAne rAjA jAhera karyo, ane tyAMthI te hiMmatabhera eDinabare jaI pahoMcyo. pitAnI suMdara mukhamudrA, AkarSaka rItabhAta ane caturAIthI teNe lekenAM hRdaya jItI lIdhAM. aMgreja senApati zatrunI zodhamAM cheka uttaramAM jaI pahoMce. teNe A samAcAra sAMbhaLI DabAra AvI eDinabare para ociMtA chApo mAravAnI yojanA ghaDI, tyAM te prabhAtanA AchI prakAzamAM cArsanA zrA sainikoe presTanapAnsa pAse aMgreja lazkaranI ociMtI bheTa lIdhI. thoDI vAramAM yuddha samApta thayuM. aMgrejo hAryAtemanuM sainya ane senApati jIva bacAvavA raNakSetramAMthI nAThAM. A jayano lAbha laIne ekadama laMDana javAne badale vijayanA garvamAM unmatta banelA rAjakumAre IlenDa jItavAnI , utAvaLa na hoya, tema eDinabaramAM bhegavilAsa mANavA mAMDyA. have daiva tene anukULa na hatuM, eTale tenI bhAgyadazA badalAI. Akhare 5,000 mANasanuM lazkara ekaThuM karIne e IglenDa javA upaDyo. te lenkesTara ane..

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prisTana sudhI gaye, to paNa koI tene AvI maLyuM nahi. asaMkhya aMgrejo A sainyane raste jatuM jevA ToLe maLyA, paNa keI temAM bhaLyA nahi; kemake navA amalathI je sukha ane zAMti temaNe anubhavyAM hatAM, tenI TuarTInA amalamAM AzAe na hoya. Daba pahoMcatA sudhI phenca ke aMgreja keInI sahAya na maLI; UlaTuM tenuM sainya ghaTavA lAgyuM. tenA mitroe tene pAchA pharavAnuM kahyuM. samaya vicArI bhAre haiye ane dhIme pagale te skoTalenDa tarapha pAcho pharyo. rastAmAM pharka pAse sainyanI eka TukaDIne teNe harAvI, eTale nirAza hRdayamAM AzAno saMcAra thayo. te inavarnesa tarapha javA ravAnA thaye, te daramiAna rAjAne bIjo putra DayUka oNva kabaralenDa sainya sahita rkoTalenDa pahoMcI gaye. baMne se kaleDanasUra pAse sAmasAmAM thaI gayAM. kaMbaralenDa hAIlenDaronI yuddhakaLAno marma samajI gayo hato, eTale A samaye teNe karelI vyuharacanA AgaLa baMDakherenuM kazuM cAlyuM nahi. eka kalAkanA yuddhamAM baMDakho thAkyA, hAryA ane nAThA. dUra hRdayanA kabaralenDa ghAyala thaelA hAIlenDaronI katala karAvI nAkhI. cArlsane dezamAM chupAtAM agaNita saMkaTa sahevAM paDyAM. Akhare aneka addabhuta sAhasa ane parAkramo karIne hAIlenDanI eka amIrajAdInI apratima rAjabhakti ane sAhasa vaDe te phrAnsa jaI pahoMce. IglenDane siMhAsane besavAne TuarTone A chelle prayatna paNa niSphaLa gayo. cArlsa pratye addabhuta rAjaniSThA dAkhavanArA hAIlenDara upara sitama varSAvavAmAM AvyuM. je saradAre maratAM bacyA hatA, temanI pAsethI badhI sattA laI levAmAM AvI. temanI ToLInA mANasone hAIlenDano pozAka paheravAnI manA karavAmAM AvI, temanAM zastro laI levAmAM AvyAM, ane pharIthI baLa na thAya e mATe khUba sAvadhAnI rAkhavAmAM AvI. * 1. e kamanasIba rAjakumAranAM chellAM varSo duHkhamAM gayAM. e-lA-zApelanI saMdhithI te nirAdhAra thaI gayo. spena ke kAnsa keIe tene Azraya Apyo nahi. AvI nirAzAmAM dArU tene ArAma banyo. AvA tejasvI ane buddhimAna jIvanane dayApAtra aMta nIzAbAjImAM Avyo, I. sa. 1788.

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pratApI piTTa pelhAmanI AMtara nItiH e--lA-zApelanI saMdhi thaI, tyAM sudhImAM IMglenDanA AMtara vahIvaTamAM ghaNA sudhArA thayA. henarI pezvAma vidvAna ane catura hatA. jekAbAITa khaMDa zamI gayA pachI teNe pakSabhAva tatha daI TArIne adhikAra ApavA mAMDyo, ane dezahitanAM upayegI kAryo karavA mAMDavyAM. teNe bhinna bhinna praznaRNane ekatra karI tenuM vyAja traNa TakA karI nAkhyuM. i. sa. 19paramAM paMcAMgamAM sudhArA karavAmAM Avye. gaNatarInI bhUlabharelI patithI dara cArasA varSe traNa divasa vadhI jatA hatA. i. sa. 1582mAM gregarI nAmanA pApe paMcAMgamAM sUcavelA sudhArA yureApanAM sarva kaeNthAlika rAjyAe svIkAryAM hatA. paraMtu aMgrejoe te samaye e sudhArA svIkAryAM naheAtA; eTale teo phrAnsa ane jarmanIthI 11 divasa pAchaLa paDyA hatA. A samaye bhUla TALavA mATe evuM TharAvyuM, ke i. sa. 1752nA sapTembaranI 37 tArIkhane 14mI tArIkha gaNavI, ane mArcanI 25mIthI navA varSanA AraMbha gaNavAne badale jAnyuAranI 1lIthI gaNavA. pachI lagnanA kAyadAmAM sudhArA karavAmAM Avyo. A pramANe dezakalyANanAM aneka kAryo karI paradezamAM svadezanuM gaurava vadhArI lokaprIti saMpAdana karI henarI pelhAma maraNa pAmyA, (i. sa. 1754) ane tene bhAI nyUkesala tene sthAne AvyA. have mane zAMti maLanAra nathI, " evI rAjAnI bhaviSya vANI kharI paDI. CC nyUkesalanuM maMtrImaMDaLaH pArlamenTane ghaNA anubhava hovA chatAM nyUkesalamAM mukhya maMtrI thavAnI zakti na hatI. te zubhAzayI ane bhalA hatA, paNa tenAmAM rAjyadvArI kuneha jarAe na hatI. nirbaLa mananA ane anizcita svabhAvanA e mahattvAkAMkSI maMtrIne peAtAnA hAthamAM sattA rAkhavAne ghaNA lAbha hatA, eTale teNe pidma jevA pratApI puruSAne adhikArapadethI aLagA rAkhyA. paraMtu dezamAM cAlelA bhayaMkara vigrahane phatehamaMdIthI pAra utAravAnI tenAmAM zakti rahI na hatI.

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54 aMgrejo ane phrencA vacce saMbaMdhaH sasavArSika vigraha samajatA pahelAM aMgrejo ane phrencA vaccenA saMbaMdha spaSTa rIte tapAsavAnI jarUra che. aMgreja vepArIonI eka maMDaLIe hiMdustAnamAM muMbaI, madrAsa, ane kalakattAmAM cANAM nAkhI vepAra karavA mAMDayA hatA. uparAMta phrenca isTa inDiA kaMpanie malabAra kinAre mAhI, hugalI nadIne kinAre caMdranagara, ane pUrva kinAre poMDIcerImAM peAtAnI kAThIe nAkhI hatI. svAbhAvika rIte baMne vepArI maMDaLIe vacce IrSA cAlavA mAMDI. temAM dhIme dhIme phrencAnI rAjyatRSNA saceta thaI, ane bhAratavarSanA kamaala rAjAonA paraspara tejadveSane lAbha levAnI duplene preraNA thaI. i. sa. 1707mAM auraMgajhebanA maraNu pachI dakSiNanAM nAnAM rAjgyAnA navAkhe| svataMtra thaI gayA, eTale duplenI ADe AvanAra kAI prabaLa sattA na hatI. teNe madrAsa jItI lIdhuM, paNa e-lA--zApelanI saMdhithI aMgrejone te pAchuM maLyuM. A saMdhi eTale mAtra yuddhavirAma hatA. saMdhi thayA chatAM hiMdu ane amerikAmAM aMgrejo ane phrenco vaccenA saMbaMdha bagaDatA gayA. hiMdamAM aMgrejone madrAsa pAchuM maLyuM, paNa duplenI pratiSThA vadhI, ane badhA rAjAe tenI maitrI sAdhavA Atura thayA. daramiAna karNATakanI gAdIne mATe e dAvAdAro ubhA thayA; eka maranAra navAbane putra, ane bIjo tene jamAI. duplee navAbanA jamAIne sahAya ApI, eTale aMgrejoe navAbanA putrane pakSa lIdho. evAmAM rAbarTa kalAI ve 500 sipAIonA nAnA sainya sAthe ArkATa upara chApA mArI te sara karI lIdhuM, i. sa. 1751. pariNAme tricinApallIne gherI beThelA phrenca sainyane khasavuM paDayuM. jo ke duplee tanatADa prayatna karyA, chatAM ArkITa aMgrejo pAse rahyuM. daramiAna duplene phrAnsa khelAvI levAmAM AvyA, eTale hiMdamAM sAmrAjya sthApavAnA tenA manerathAne dayAmaNo aMta AvyeA. uttara amerikAmAM aMgrejoe ATalAMTika mahAsAgaranA kinArA upara 13 saMsthAne vasAvyAM hatAM, ane phrence keneDAmAM vasatA hatA. tyArapachI phrenca pravAsIoe misisipI nadInI zodha karI, eTale tenA mukha pAse luI 14mAnA smaraNa arthe ' luIjhAnA ' saMsthAna sthApavAmAM AvyuM. aMgrejone

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ma TreksanI saMdhithI phrAnsa pAsethI savAUAzi maLyuM, ane i. sa. 1733mAM spena pAsethI theADA mulaka jItIne temaNe ArjiM vasAvyuM. A saMsthAnA mukinArA para hatAM, ane temanI hrada cAkkasa na hatI. aMdaranA pradeza uparanA haka sAkhIta karavA mATe keneDA ane luIjhAnA joDAI jAya, e hetuthI misisipInA kAMThA upara phrencAe killebaMdhI karavA mAMDI. ethI aMgrejo elidhAnI parvata ane ATalAMTika mahAsAgara vacce purAI jAya, ane pazcimanA badhA pradeza ane tene vepAra phrencAnA hAthamAM jaI paDe ema hatuM. have aMgrejoe keneDAnA subAne daSTinAM kaheNa mAkalyAM, paNa sadhaLuM vyartha. i. sa. 1775mAM senApati breDokane Dukena nAmane phrenca killA sara karavA mekalavAmAM AvyA, paNa tene ane tenA sainyane saMhAra thaI gayA. uparAMta aMgrejoe ekAda be phrenca jahAjone kabaje lIdhAM, eTale saMsthAnAnA vepAra nimitte baMne prajA vacce dveSamAM vadhArA thayA. have kayAre yuddha phATI nIkaLaze te kahI zakAya ema na hatuM. savArSika vigrahaH yuropanI e mahAprajA vacce pRthvI para jyAM hoya tyAM IrSA jAmI, ane yuropamAM AsTrima ane pruzi vacce jaMga jAmavAnAM cihno dekhAyAM. e--lA--zApelanI saMdhithI meriyA therisA sTinI mahArANI thaI, paNa potAno sAIlIziyA prAMta pruziAno phreDarika rAkhe, e tenA jevI jAjaramAna rANIthI kema sahyuM jAya? phrAnsa, raziA, ane sekasanI tene sahAya ApavA taiyAra hatAM; kemake temanAthI pheDarikano udaya ane pratApa khamAtA na hatA. chellA vigrahamAM IMglenDe meriyAne sahAya karI hatI, paNa A vigrahamAM tema thaI zake tema na hatuM. phrAnsa sAthe vahelA meADA vigraha thavAnA che, teA pachI yureApanA A mAmalAno lAbha laI temAM phrAnsa joDe yuddha karI levuM e nirNaya IMglenDa karyAM. khIjI bAjue phrAnse AsTrimane sahAya ApI, eTale IMglenDe phreDarikanA pakSa lIdhe. chevaTe vigraha jAhera thayA, ane amerikA, hiMda ane yuropamAM ekI sAthe cAlavA lAgyA.. A bhayaMkara ApattinA AraMbhamAM aMgreja maMtrIomAM utsAha ke zakti kaMI na hatuM. sarvatra IMglenDanA parAjaya thavA lAgyA. i. sa. 1956mAM phrenca

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56 kAphalAe mAi nArkoMne dherA nAkhyA, eTale nausenAnI biMgane tyAM mAlavAmAM AvyA; paNa te teA phrenconuM baLa vicArI kazuM karyA vinA jIbrAlTara jatA rahyo, ane mAi nArko phrencone zaraNa thayuM. amerikAmAM aMgrejo luIbargane kile jItavA gayA temAMe phAvyA nahi, ane i. sa. 1757mAM sapta vArSika vigrahaH yuropa. eksa be kAM sa 3 kara "ama + ~D A bremena ba 2. yUka Av kaMbaralenDane phrenca sainye jarmanImAM harAvyA. ethI kaleAsTarajhevana pAse saMdhi karAvIne tenuM sainya vIkherI nAkhavAnI ane heneAvara cheADI javAnI tene pharaja pADI. aMgrejonI apakIrtinI parAkASTA AvI. dezanA eka zAMta ane vicArazIla mANase kahyuM, 'ApaNe have prajA tarIke kaMIja kAmanA rahyA nathI. " zaktihINu pradhAnA viruddha prajA pAkAra pADI UThI. ethI nyUkesalane rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDayuM, ane DacUka Av DevanazAyara pradhAna yeA. paraMtu tenAmAM taMtra calAvavAnI zaktija na hatI. rAjAe pharI pAche nyUkesalane maMtrI banAvyA. nyUkesale prasaMganuM mAhAtmya vicArI te samayanA mahAsamartha, prauDha, ane pratApI paTTane peAtAnI joDe sAmela karyAM. adamya

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utsAhathI bharelA A juvAna rAjadvArIe aDaga AtmazraddhAthI kahyuM, ke huM ekaja dezane A saMkaTamAMthI tArI zakIza; bIjA keInuM kAma nathI.' prakhara buddhizALI ane pravINa rAjadvArI piSTa adhikAspada AvatAM yuddhane raMga pharI gaye. mANase upara asara karavAnI tenI zakti abhuta hatI. tenA ghaDIbharanA paricayamAM AvanAra tenA utsAhanI jAduI asarathI badalAIne pharI ja. te mAno ke IlenDe saMsthAnomAM yuddha karavAnI jarUra che; yuropamAM yuddha karavAnI mAtra eTalI jarUra che ke kenca sainya ahIM rokAI rahe, ane saMsthAne pUrI sahAya ApI zake nahi, eTale IglenDanuM kArya saraLa thAya. teNe kolesTarajhevananuM tahanAmuM kabula karyuM nahi, ane "jarmanInA raNakSetra para amerikA jItavAnA hetuthI pheDarikane nANAMnI madada ApI. tenA dhuraMdhara senApati pharDinAnDane hastaka aMgrejI lazkara soMpyuM. pheDarika catura senApati hato. tene nANAMnI sahAya maLI, eTale teNe jayanA DaMkA vagADavA mAMDayA. teNe phrenca ane eNkTriAnAM saMyukta sainyone harAvyAM, ane senApati pharDinAnDe miDananA yuddhamAM phenca sainyane pUrI zikasta ApI, I. sa. 1759. te ja varSamAM bhUmadhya samudramAM pharatA phenca kAphalAne legasanI bhUzira pAse, ane ATalAMTika mahAsAgaramAM pharatA phrenca kAphalAne kivananA akhAtamAM aMgrejoe nAza karyo. Ama phrAnsanI naukAzaktine aMta AvyuM, ane vigraha daramiAna phenca kAphale aMgrejo sAthe pharIthI yuddha karavA Avyo nahi. piTTanA jIvanane A kIrtivaMta samaya hatA. tenI dIrdhadaSTine pratApe sarvatra jaya maLyo. tenA juvAna senApatio dUra dezamAM pitAne hAtha batAvI rahyA hatA. AvI rIte uparAuparI maLatA vijayathI eka vicArake lakhyuM, ke "bhUlI na javAya e mATe ApaNe nitya pUchavuM paDe che, ke Aja kaye vijaya maLyo ?" amerikAmAM paNa aMgrejonI vijyahAka vAgI rahI. piTe cUsale 1. nirbaLa nyUkesale pitAnI jAta bacAvavA mATe biga upara pramAdane Apa mUkI tene baMdukathI ThAra karavAnI zikSA karI. pide teno bacAva karyo, paNa mArA roSa AgaLa tenuM kAMI vaLyuM nahi. eka marmajJa deve kahyuM ke "thenDamAM bIjAne thara caDAvavA mATe nausenAnIne kAra karavAmAM Ave che." 17

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258 nimelA zaktihIzuM ane mojIlA amIrajAdAone adhikAra parathI khaseDyA, ane temane sthAne pravINa ane zUrA subhaTTone goThavI dIdhA. piTTanI najare caDhele jemsa vupha ajeDa ddho hato. tene aMgreja sainya sepI amerikA mokalavAmAM Avyo. e pAtaLA, sukkA caherAnA, ane tejasvI AMkhevALA haDasa na no A khAna vebeka/ - phunaDAya, briTananI bhU gIba mAnIta'AUH{ Unle novAkaoNmi mahinAmAM ATalAM rika mahAna philADelphIyA mata sAga2 gaI kA nA dakSiInI emino phaloriDA ! A khAta u amerikA. saradAre keneDAnI rAjadhAnI kavabeka para caDAI karI. phrenca senApati monTakAma paNa gAMjo jAya te na hato. teNe zaheranI AsapAsa majabuta killebaMdhI karI hatI, eTale the samaya gulapha phAvyo nahi. Akhare teNe eka rasto zodhI kADhayo, ane rAtrinA aMdhakAramAM jarA paNa avAja karyA vinA aMgreja sainike killAvALI TekarI upara caDI jaIne yuddha mATe taiyAra

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259 thayA. zatruone aNadhAryA AvelA joI stabdha thaI gaelA phrencomAM laDa vAnuM joma rahyuM nahi. paraMtu e jevA tevA yuddhamAMe baMne pakSanA senApati marAyA, kaveeka zaraNu thayuM, ane traNa divasa bAda aMgreja sainye kavebekamAM praveza karyAM. khIje varSe aMgrejoe meAnTrIala lIdhuM, eTale keneDAnA pradeza aMgreja adhikAra nIce AvyeA. amerikAmAMnI phrenca sattAnA aMta AvyeA. daramiAna dariyApAranA hiMdamAM aMgrejotA jejekAra thaI rahyo. i. sa. 1756mAM baMgALAnA navAba sirAja-ud-daulAe aMgrejo joDe kalaha karIne kalakattAnI kAThI upara caDAI karI; paNa theADA samayamAM tene pAchA pharavuM paDayuM. navAba aMgrejonI viruddha phrencA joDe khaTapaTa kare che ema kahI kalAI ve navAba para caDAI karI, ane i. sa. 1757mAM plAsInA prakhyAta yuddhamAM tene harAvyA. nAmarda navAba jIva bacAvavA raNabhUmimAMthI nAThe, ane hiMdamAM aMgreja satAnI sthApanA thaI. e daramiAna phrenca sukhA lAlIe aMgrejone hAMkI kADhavA phorTa seMTa DeviDa jItI lIdhA, ane madrAsa para hallA karyAM; paNa sara Ayara phUTe vAnDIvAzanA yuddhamAM DagamagatI phrenca sattAne chellA phaTakA mAryAM, i. sa. 1760. pachI i. sa. 1761mAM aMgrejoe kArikala, jIM, ane pAMDIcerI jItyAM, eTale karNATakamAMthI phrencAnI rahIsahI pratiSThA cAlI gaI. 1. vulpha ghavAI nIce paDayA pachI phrenca sainye nAsavA mAMDayuM. e joI ne kAIka bAlyuM "nAThA ! nAThA ! " "kANu ! " vulphe zvAsa thaMbhAvIne pUchyuM . " zatru " ene javAkha sAMbhaLIne te saharSa khelyA, "prabhunA pADa mAne!! have huM sukhe marIza.' meAnTakAmanI paNa kartavyaniSThA evIja. e jyAre paDayA ane sAMbhaLyuM, ke have zarIra TaMke tema nathI, tyAre zAkapUrNa svare kahevA lAgyA ke "eTaluMe ThIka thayuM; vebeka paDe te jovAne huM jIvatA rahIza nahi. " vulphanI prazaMsAmAM 'kAupara' kahe che keH Wolf, wherever he fought, Put so much of his heart into his act, That his example had a magnet's force, And all were swift to follow whom all loved.

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260 vigrahanA aMtaH i.sa. 1760mAM IMglenDanI seALe kaLA khIlI. yuropamAM tenI samevaDa kAI rahyuM nahi, phrenca nauzakti chinnabhinna thaI gaI, ane dezAvaramAM aMgreja sainikAnAM parAkramathI IMglenDanA vijayadhvaja pharapharavA lAgyA. pratApI piTTanI rAjanIti sarvAMze saphaLa thaI, ane dezamAM tenI pratiSThA vadhI. rAjA ke pArlamenTamAMthI bhAra kAnA, ke piTTane prazna pUchI zake? paraMtu zikhare pahoMcyA pachI utaravAnuM hoya, tema paTTanA astano vakhata AvyA. i. sa. 1760nA AkaTAbaranI 25mI tArIkhe rAjA ekAeka mRtyu pAmyA. naveA rAjA ApamatIlA hatA. i. sa. 1761mAM spena vigrahamAM paDayuM. piTTa spenanA uddeza jANatA hatA, eTale tenI chA ekadama tenI joDe yuddha jAhera karI devAnI hatI; paNa durAgrahI rAjA viruddha paDavAthI svAbhimAnI pide rAjInAmuM ApyuM. spena vigrahamAM -utaryuM, paNa briTananA sAmudrika baLa AgaLa tene hisAba na hatA. vesTa inDijhanA bAkInA dvIpa ane hevAnA ane manIlAnAM nagare aMgrejoe jItI lIdhAM. sAta sAta varSa sudhI laDIne sarva thAkI gayA hatA, eTale i. sa. 1763mAM perisamAM saMdhi thaI. AthI IMglenDane ghaNA lAbha thayA; kemake phrAnsa pAsethI tene keneDA, kepa briTana, greneDA, sAI nArko vagere maLyAM, ane IMglenDe phrAnsane pAMDIcerI, caMdranagara vagere pAchAM ApyAM. spenane paNa IMglenDe kayubA ane philipAIna dvIpA pAchA ApyA. perisanI saMdhinAM traNa mahAn pariNAma AvyAMH (1) amerikAmAM IMglenDanuM Adhipatya sthapAyuM; yureApanuM kAI paNa rAjya tenI jADe spardhA karI zake tevuM na rahyuM. (2) phrAnsanA naukAsainyane eve dhANu vaLI gaye, - IMglenDanuM sAmudrika baLa ajoDa thaI rahyuM. (3) plAsInA vijayathI hiMdamAM briTiza sAmrAjyane pAme naMkhAya. viliyama pidmaH A mahApuruSanI pratApI rAjanItithI dezanI pratiSThA ucca zikhare paheAMcI. tenA janma i. sa. 1708mAM eka kulina kuTuMbamAM thayA hatA. 27 varSanI vaye te pArlamenTamAM AvIne vAlapAlanA virAdhIomAM bhavyeA, ane potAnI adbhuta ane apUrva vakatRtvazaktithI sabhAgRha gAvavA

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261 lAge. kaTareTanA samayamAM teNe henevarano pakSapAta darzAvanArI rAjanItinI evI to jhATakaNI kADhI, ke paeNrja bIje tenA para ko. i. sa. 1743mAM. palhAma bhAI e tene maMtrImaMDaLamAM levAno vicAra karyo, tyAre rAjA viruddha paze, ane eTalI haTha pakaDI beThera ke chevaTe temaNe rAjInAmuM ApyuM. Akhare temanA vinA cAlyuM nahi, tyAre rAjA piTTane adhikAra ApavA kabula thayo. saptavArSika vigrahanA AraMbhamAM nyUkesalanI azakti jaNAI AvI, ane pitAnI anicchA chatAM tene piTTane maMtrImaMDaLamAM laI vigraha calAvavAnuM kAma soMpavuM paDayuM. e varSomAM teNe javalaMta viliyama piTTa kArakIrdi batAvI hatI. lAMcarUzvata ane khuzAmatanA jamAnAmAM virala evI pramANikatA ane svataMtratA piTTamAM hatI. tenI asAdhAraNa zakti ane dIrghadRSTine lIdhe teNe rAjanItimAM je saphaLatA meLavI, tethI adhikAra pade AvatAM teNe kahelAM vacana mithyAbhimAnanAM nahi, paNa acala AtmazraddhAnAM hatAM ema lAge che. je jamAnAmAM kulIna jamInadAre prajAnA pratinidhine nAme vahIvaTa calAvatA hatA, te jamAnAmAM teNe niHsvArtha ane niSkalaMka jAherajIvananI pavitra bhAvanA keLavI, ane dezanA rAjadvArI vAtAvaraNa upara amApa asara karI. tenAmAM asaMgati, vadhAre paDatuM AtmAna, ADaMbara Adi hatAM, chatAM te IlenDane mahAna puruSa hato. vigrahanA bhayaMkara samayamAM teNe pakSabheda bhUlI jaI projavala ane nirmaLa dezabhakti, acUka manuSya parIkSA, ane nispRhI vRttine lIdhe haDadhUta thaelA jekabAITa ane hAIlenDarane paNa

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262 sainyamAM dAkhala karI je vilakSaNa rAjadvArI kuneha khAtavI, tethI te leAkeAnA Adarane pAtra thayeA. teNe saMkucita ane svArthI vRtti, paraspara dveSa, ane mithyA ADaMbarane dUra karI potAnI rAjanItimAM tejasvitA, sAhasikatA, niHsvArthatA, ane ucca nItimayatA dAkhala karI prajAnA pavitra utsAhane vadhAryo. saMsthAne nA vikAsa ane naukAbaLanI zreSThatA upara IMglenDanI unnatinA AdhAra rahelA che, evuM kahenAra ane samajanAra e pahelA maMtrI hatA. te pakSabhedathI nyAyAnyAyane vicAra bhUlI janArA pArlamenTanA sabhAsade karatAM vizALa janasamUhanA abhiprAyane lakSamAM rAkhIne kAma karavAne himAyatI hai|vAthI tene dezabaMdhu' evuM spRhaNIya upanAma varyuM che. prakaraNa 4thuM jyA jo; i. sa.1760-1820 svabhAva ane AzayaH jyArja bIjAnA putra phreDarika tenI hayAtImAM maraNa pAmyA hatA, eTale phreDarikanA putra jyArja 3o i. sa. 1760mAM 22 varSanI juvAna vaye gAdIe AvyA. te sehAmaNA ane mInalasAra svabhAvaneA hateA. te jamAnAmAM kulIna kuTuMAnA yuvakeAmAM zarAbamAjI ane durAcAre jovAmAM AvatA hatA. paraMtu A takSNa rAjAmAM temAM eke durguNa naheAtA, eTale prajAne tenA upara atyaMta bhAva hatA. marIone ghera jaI temanI nAnI nAnI sagavaDa sAcavavAnI ane bheTA. ApavAnI TevathI rAjAe prajA upara bhUrakI nAkhI dIdhI. te dayALu, dhArmika ane sadAcArI hAI kartavyaniSThAnuM tIvra bhAna dharAvatA hatA. te iMglenDamAM moTA thayA hatA, eTale aMgrejI bhASA zuddha khelI zakatA hatA, ane peAtAne aMgreja kahevaDAvavAmAM gaurava mAnatA hatA. tene dezanuM kalyANa thAya tevI rIte rAjya karavAnI icchA hatI. paraMtu e sAthe leAkeA rAjyavahIvaTa mAtAnA hAthamAM le, evI tenI icchA na hatI. tenI mAtA nitya kathA

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"" 263 karatI, ke " jyArja, rAjA thaje. " AthI te dRDha manebaLavALA ane udAra AzayavALA banyA hatA, chatAM akhaMDa rAjasattA bhAgavavAnA tanateADa ane satata prayatnamAM prA upara te upakArane badale apakAra karI zakayeA.meliMga breAke lakheluM 'The Idea of a King' nAmanuM pustaka A rAnta dhyAnapUrvaka vAMcI gayeA hatA. te uparathI te evA nizcaya upara AvyA hatA, ke prajAnA pratinidhi banavuM e rAjAne khAsa haka che. rAgnanI khAsa sattA prajAnA kalyANane mATeja che. leAkanI sattA pAchI sthApavAne mATe ekaja rastA e che, ke rAjasattAne dezamAM sarvopari banAvavI. pahelA e rAjAonA samayamAM rAjasattA nAmazeSa thaI gaI hatI. jyAre tene sauri karavAne nizcaya karyo. rAjakAryamAM jene ekaDA nahi te rAnna zA kAmane ? teNe joI lIdhuM ke nDiMga pakSa sattAdhIza thaI paDayA che, eTale dezamAM rAjasattAne sarvopari karavI hAya, te kAI paNa prakAre hiMga pakSane nirbaLa ane khate te nirmULa karI nAkhavA .joI e. vaLI rAnane sarva sattAnuM kendra banAvavA, pakSapaddhatithI rAjya calAvavAnuM dhAraNa rada karI potAnA manamAnyA pradhAne nImavA, ane nDiMga pakSanI dRDha thaelI sattA kAI paNa upAye teADI pADavI, evA tenI rAjanItinA traNa Azaye thaI paDayA. jyArja 3jo AvA mahAbhArata kArya mATe joItI sarva zakti A taruNa rAjAmAM rAjAmAM acaLa AtmazraddhA, dhairya, sAvadhatA, kAryadakSatA, ane hatI.

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4 utsAha joI jiMga pakSamAM vyagratA AvI. jyArja peAtAnI nItinI saphaLa siddhi mATe rAjabhaMDAra khullA mUkaye, ane amIrAtanI lahANI karavA mAMDI. rAjA ane hi~ga pakSa vacce laDataH i. sa. 1760-1770. AraMbhanAM dasa varSa rAjAenDiMga sattAne aMta ANavAmAM gALyAM. peAtAnA siddhAntAne amala karavA jatAM rAjAe baMdhAraNanA bhaMga karyAM. teNe prathama TArI, jekAbAITa ane nDiMga pakSanA sarva vireAdhIene lAMca, inAma, anIrAta, varSAsanA, ane jAgIrAnI bharapaTTe lahANI karI, ane "rAjamitra"nA nAmathI oLakhAtA rAjAnI meAralIe nAce evA majamuta pakSa ubhA karyAM. jiMga pakSamAM phUTa paDI hatI, tethI keTalAka jiMga paNa rAjapakSamAM bhaLyA. daramiAna teNe rAjakAryamAM potAnA zikSAguru lArDa byUTanI zIkhavaNIe cAlavA mAMDayuM. myUTa sAdhAraNa buddhine, sattvahIA, rAjanItine ajANyA, ane pustakapaDita hatA. paraMtu mahecchu rAjAne te AvA sthUlabuddhi pradhAnathI pAlave tema hatuM. i. sa. 1761mAM spene vigraha jAhera karyAM, eTale pide mAnyuM te phrAnsanI joDe bhaLaze, mATe tenI joDe satvara yuddha jAhera karI tane parAsta karI devuM joI e. rAjAe A salAha mAnya karI nahi, eTale AtmamAnI pide rAjInAmuM ApyuM, ane cha mAsa pachI nyUkesala paNa tene pagale paLyA. have khevakupha byUTa maMtrIpade AvyA. rAntanI icchA jANI teNe i. sa. 1763mAM perisanI saMdhi karI samravArSika vigrahanA aMta ANyo. paraMtu dravya ane manuSyane ATalA bhAga ApIne IMglenDe ATalAthI saMtASa mAnyA, e vAta prajAte na rucI. have myUTa upara aneka AkSepo thavA lAgyA. e alahINA che, ane skATa che, eTale AvI apamAnakAraka saMdhi karI lAvyA, ema kahI loko tenA khullA tiraskAra karavA lAgyo. pariNAme rakSakA vinA rastAmAM ekalA javuM paNa tene azakaya thaI paDayuM. prajAprakApathI bhaya pAmI teNe rAjAnI anicchA chatAM utAvaLe rAjInAmuM ApI dIdhuM, i. sa. 1763. tenI pachI jyArja grenavIla nAmanA saMkucita vicAranA ane sAdhAraNa buddhinA mANasane maMtrIpada maLyuM. perisanI saMdhi saMbaMdhI carcA cAlatI hatI, te samaye ndvAna vilkIsa

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nAmanA nArtha briTana patranA adhipatie pitAnA patramAM kaDaka lakhANa karavA mAMDayAM. pArlAmenTamAM rAjAe A saMdhine kalyANakArI ane gauravavALI kahI hatI. tene ullekha karIne eka lekhamAM teNe lakhyuM, ke rAjAnA mukhamAM asatya mUkavAmAM AvyuM che. have dhRSTatAnI hada AvI rahI. eka nAmaThAma bharyA vinAne sAdo hukama kADhIne adhipati, mudraka, ane prakAzaka sarvane pakaDavAmAM AvyA. paraMtu samagra dezamAM AvA gerakAyadesara kAma upara jussAbhera carcA cAlI rahI. higa pakSe ane vilkIsanA mitroe lekane bhabharavA mAMDayA, ke rAjA to lekonA svAtaMtryane harI levA icche che. paraMtu vilkIsa pArlamenTano sabhya che mATe tene pakaDAya nahi, ema kahI nyAyAdhIzoe tene cheDI mUko. have vilTIse hukama kADhanArAo upara dAva noMdhAvI 1,000 pauDanI nukasAnI meLavI; paraMtu vilkIse eka azlIla kAvya racyuM hatuM, tene lAbha laIne rAjAe tene pArlamenTamAMthI kaDhAvI mUkyo, ane tene dezanikAla karyo, I. sa. 1764. dezanA rAjakAraNamAM AvI rIte bhAga lenArA rAjAnI pratiSThA ochI thaI, ane amerikAnA svAtaMtryavigrahe e pratiSThA cheka TALI nAkhI. grevIlanA samayamAM amerikAnAM saMsthAne jaDenA kalahanA kAraNarUpa prasiddha dastAvejano kAyado pasAra karavAmAM Avyo. grenavIlanA vicAro rAjAne anukULa hatA, chatAM te tene AjJAdhArI sevaka banI rahevA taiyAra na hatuM. i. sa. 176pamAM rAjA mAM paDayo, eTale koIne rAjyarakSaka nImavAnI AvazyakatA utpanna thaI. maMtrIoe kAyade Aye, ke rANI ke jaryorja rAjAnA vaMzajo "rAjyarakSaka' thAya. rAja sAje che, tyAre pitAnI mAtAne "rAjyarakSakapadathI bAtala karavAmAM AvelI joI krodhe bharAye, ane enavIle rAjamAtAnuM apamAna karyuM ema mAnavA lAgyuM. teNe grenavIlane rajA ApI viThaga pakSanA oNkiMgahAmane maMtrI nI. - sarkiMgahAme prathamanA maMtrIoe karelI bhUla sudhArI, ane dastAvejo kAyade rada karI saMsthAnane zAMta pADayAM. paraMtu e nabaLA maMtrIo bahu vAra rahyA nahi. rAjAne vihaga upara aNagame te, rokiMgahAmanI nIti pasaMda na

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266 hatI, ane keTalAka maMtrIe upara rASa hatA, eTale te temanI viruddha khaTapaTa ryAM karatA. Akhare temane rajA ApI teNe piTTane kheAlAvyA. paraMtu e siMha vRddha thaI gayA hatA, ane tenA nakhamAMthI zaurya jharI gayuM hatuM. vaLI adhikAra upara AvatAM tene lArDa 'cedhAma ' banAvavAmAM AvyA, eTale tenI lAkapriyatA ochI thavA lAgI. tenuM AreAgya bagaDI javAthI te kAma upara dhyAna ApI zakate nahi. tenI gerahAjarImAM tenA sAthIee saMsthAe upara kara nAkhavAneA dhArA pasAra karyAM hatA. paTTa mULathI AvA karanI viruddha hatA, eTale . sa. 1768mAM greTanane adhikAra soMpI te nivRtta thayA. have zaktizALI agraNI vinAnA lDiMga maMtrIoe dUradarzI rAjanItine tyAga karyAM. temaNe amerikA ane vilkIsa pratye ayeAgya ane anyAyI vartana calAvavA mAMDayuM. i. sa. 1768mAM vilkIsa phrAnsathI pAche| ALye, ane miDalasekasa paragaNA taraphathI pArlamenTa mATe tenI varaNI thai. AmanI salAe tene besavA dIdhA nahi, paNa ulaTuM rAjAnI zIkhavaNIthI tene kudamAM meAkalavAmAM AvyA. rAjAnA viredhI kaMI lAga cUke? temaNe dezamAM hAhA karI mUkI; jAhera sabhA bharAI svAtaMtryanI mAgaNI thavA lAgI, ane vilkIsanAM putaLAM ane khIe chUTathI vecAvA lAgyAM. vilkIsa dezanA netA thaI paDayA. leAkAne peAtAne managamatA pratinidhi meAkalavAnA haka kharA ke nahi, e prazna carcAvA lAgyA. kAI ' yuniyasa ' nAmadhArIe vartamAnapatrAmAM te samayanA maMtrIonI jhATakaNI kADhavA mAMDI, ane eDamaMDa ke " vartamAna asaMtaSa upara vicAro " nAmanA pustakamAM rAjanItinI gaMbhIra samAlAcanA karI. rAjAe pArlamenTane pakSa lIdhe. traNa vakhata vilkasa cuMTAyA, ane traNa vakhata amAnya thayA. Akhare i. sa. 1774mAM tenI pharI varaNI thaI, ane thAkIne pArlamenTe tene mAnya rAkhyA. ,, i. sa. 177mAM greTananA nirbaLa maMtrImaMDaLe rAjInAmuM ApyuM. jiMga pakSanA agraNIomAMthI keTalAka marI gayA hatA, keTalAka jAhera jIvanamAMthI nivRtta thatA hatA, ane bAkInAmAM taDa paDayAM hatAM, eTale pakSane chinnabhinna karavA e have ramata jevuM hatuM. vilkIsanA praznathI dezamAM upajelA

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267 khaLabhaLATane ane AmanI sabhA pratyenA asaMtoSane lAbha laI rAjAe TerI pakSanA lairDa nairyane maMtrI banAvyo, ane rAjasattA sarvopari karavAne mane ratha siddha karyo. nAthanI AMtara nItiH northa parama buddhizALI, kunehabAja, ane anubhavI hatI, chatAM daDha manobaLa vinAne levAthI mahecchu rAjAne AjJAdhArI dAsa banI gayA. rAjAnI kapAthI teNe bAra varSa sudhI adhikAra jALavI rAkhyo. byorja paNa yuktiothI lokapriya thaI paDyuM, ane pArlamenTanA kAryamAM svacchaMdI rIte DakhalagIrI karavA lAgyo. jo ke piTTa ane bIjA keTalAke zera macAvI mUko, chatAM temanuM araNyarudana sAMbhaLanAra koI na rahyuM. teNe vaeNlpale sthApelI saMyukta maMtrImaMDaLanI paddhati nAbuda karI dareka khAtAvAra maMtrI nImI dIdhA, ane badhAne rAjAne AdhIna banAvI dIdhA. Ama dezaparadeza ke saMsthAnonA vahIvaTanI dareka bAbatamAM rAjAnI marajI pramANe thavA lAgyuM. northa rAjAnI AjJAnuM pAlana karavAmAM pitAne adhikAra sArthaka thayAnuM mAnate, eTale tenI AMtara nIti kevI hoya? te adhikAra upara AvyuM, te eka agatyane banAva banyo. pArlamenTamAM cAlatAM kAmakAja ane carcAno hevAla prasiddha karavA mATe AmanI sabhAe keTalAka prakAzakone kArAgRhamAM pUryA, paNa vilkIsa Adi svAtaMtryapriya puruSonA pracaMDa prayAsathI teo chUTyA, ane te sAthe AvA hevAla prasiddha karI. pArlamenTanA kAthI janatAne jANItI rAkhavAno vartamAnapatrono Avazyaka dharma svIkArAyo. durAgrahI rAjA ane nirbaLa maMtrIne amalamAM IMglenDanA zatruo prabaLa thayA, ane amerikA IglenDathI svataMtra banI gayuM. saMsthAne ane kara: I. sa. 1765-1774. i. sa. 1759mAM kahebeka paDayuM, ane saMsthAnIo phrAnsanA bhayathI mukta thayA. phrenca lekee dArU pAIne unmatta banAvI mUkelA vananA vAgha jevA nirdaya InDiane temanAM gharabAra bALI nAkhaze ke lUMTI jaze, athavA temanA prANa leze, evo bhaya have temane rahyo nahi. dharmane kAraNe AvelA svAtaMtryane prANa samAna gaNanArA e saMsthAnIo potAne vahIvaTa svataMtratAthI calAvatA

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268 hatA IglenDathI temanI rAjasabhAnA pramukhapada mATe suo AvatA. e baLavAna, zUrA, ane AtmazraddhAvALA saMsthAnIone have IglenDathI svataMtra thavAnI IcchA thaI. teo paradeza jaI vasyA hatA, to paNa potAne aMgrejI mAnIne svataMtratAnA hakadAra gaNatA hatA; paNa IglenDa temanI paravA karatuM nahi. tene mana te saMsthAne eTale IMglenDamAM banele mAla vecavAnuM bajAra, ane IglenDamAM pedA na thAya tevI vastuo pedA karavAnAM kArakhAnAM. teNe saMsthAnene nauyAnane kAyado lAgu pADe, aMgreja vinA bIjI prajA joDe vepAra karavAnI manA karI, ane keTalIka vastuo utpanna karavAno niSedha karyo. jaryorjanA rAjyArohaNa pahelAM paNa saMsthAnomAM asaMtoSa vyApI rahyo hato. vaLI uparanA kAyadAone kaDaka rIte amala karavAmAM AvyuM hota, to kyAranee baLavo phATI nIkaLyA hatA. paraMtu kAyadA pothImAM rahetA ane saMsthAne vesTa InDijha joDe dhamadhokAra vepAra calAvatAM. - rja grenavila maMtrIpade AvIne satavArSika vigrahanuM kharca joI stabdha thaI gayo. amerikAnAM saMsthAnonA hita mATe A vigraha thaye hatA, keneDAnA phejo taraphathI teo bhayamukta thayA hatA, te pachI temaNe vigrahanA kharcane trIjo bhAga Apavo joIe, ema dhArI teNe sTAMpane kAyado pasAra karI TharAvyuM, ke saMsthAnomAM thatA pratyeka dastAveja ane vartamAnapatra upara amuka kiMmatane TAMpa lagADavuM joIe. AmAM kazuM ayogya na hatuM. IglenDamAM paNa karano beja vadhI paDayuM hatuM, te samaye saMsthAnIoe pitAno hisso Apavo joIe. saMsthAnIonA vepArane bIjA kAyadAothI je AghAta pahoMcato hato, te AghAta A kAyadAthI pahoMcavAno na hata; je rakama Ave te saMsthAnomAM lazkara rAkhavA mATe vAparavAnI hatI. chatAM A kAyade pasAra karavAnI paddhatithI roSe bharAIne saMsthAnIo viruddha paDyA. paraspara kalaza tajI teo ekatra thayA. temAMthI nava saMsthAnonA pratinidhioe ekatra thaI A kAyadAno virodha karyo. amane pUchyA vinA tamArAthI amArI pAsethI kara levAya kema? amArA pratinidhi tamArI pArlamenTamAM nathI, te pachI tamane amArA para kara nAkhavAno che adhikAra pratinidhitva nahi, te - kara paNa nahi; joIe te ame tamane svecchAthI nANuM ApIe. piTa

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ra9 ane bake saMsthAnIone pakSa laIne bhASaNa karavA mAMDayAM. raoNkiMgahAme A AkAre kAyado rada karI saMsthAnIonAM mana raMjita karyo, paNa saMsthAno mATe temanI saMmati vinA kAyadA ghaDavAno briTiza pArlamenTane adhikAra che, evA arcano kAyade karI temanA reSAgnine saceta rAkhe. i. sa. 1767mAM piTTanA amala daramiAna tenI gerahAjarImAM TAunazeDe cA, kAca, ane kAgaLa upara jakAta nAkhavAno kAyado karyo. have saMsthAnIo kaTibaddha thayA. leDa the badhI vastuo paranI jakAta rada karI, paNa briTiza pArlAmenTanuM uparIpaNuM siddha karavA ane saMsthAno upara kara nAkhavAno haka sAbIta karavA mAtra cA uparanI jakAta kAyama rAkhI. AvI jakAtanI Avaka bahu thAya tima na hatuM, paNa have vAta mamate bharAI. saMsthAnamAM te jabaro kolAhala ma; temane pitAnuM apamAna thatuM lAgyuM. keTaleka sthaLe te utsAhI paNa adhIrA mANasoe tophAna macAvyuM, ane temAM keTalAka saMsthAnIo aMgrejI sainikone hAthe mAryA gayA. vAtanuM vatesara thayuM. e tophAnane meTo hatyAkAMDa gaNavAmAM AvyuM. I. sa. 1773mAM keTalAka durAgrahI saMsthAnIoe inDianono veza paherI besTana baMdaramAM paDelAM jahAjo upara caDI jaI aMdaranI tamAma cA samudramAM pheMkI dIdhI. IlenDamAM A samAcAra AvatAM sarakArano gusso mAjhA mUkI gaye. pariNAme mesecuseTsa saMsthAnamAM lazkarI kAyado jAhera karavAmAM Avyo, tenI sanada laI levAmAM AvI, ane besTana baMdara baMdha karavAmAM AvyuM. benjAmina pheMkilana jevA zAMta vicArake samAdhAna karavA prayatna kya. rAjA ane puNyaprakopathI prajaLI UThelI prajA vaccenA kalahano nirNaya zastrathI thavAnuM nirmAyuM hatuM. amerikAne svAtaMtryavigrahaH i. sa. 1775-1783. Aje IlenDane roSa mesecuseTsa upara utaryo te kAle bIjA kiI upara utare. have vadhAre nizcaya ane baLapUrvaka sAme thavAnI jarUra che, ema vicArI jaryojiA vinA bIjAM sasthAnonA pratinidhionI eka sAmAnya pariSa6 philADeAimAM maLI, I. sa. 1774. temaNe anyAyI kara 2da karavAnI ane saMsthAne pitAne kara nAkhavA devAnI mAgaNuM karI. paraMtu temanuM 1. temanA A parAkramane Bosten Tea Party' kahevAmAM Ave che.

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270 sAMbhaLanAra kANu hatuM? yuropanAM badhAM rAjye viruddha paDayAM che, saMsthAnI ApaNA ekalAhiyA bhAI che, temanAM lehI reDAvAthI baMdhutvanAM baMdhano kapAI jaze, ema pidma ane arka gaMbhIra vANImAM samajAvI rahyA, paNa dIrdhadaSTi ane samuddhine avakAza kayAM hatA ? vigraha jAhera thayA. saMsthAnIonI pariSade . jyArja vAziMgTana nAmanA athAga dezapremI, dhIra, zUra, ane sAhasika puruSane senApatipada ApyuM. AraMbhamAM khesTana pAse yuddha thayuM. i. sa. 1775mAM lekisagTana pAse gheADA ghaNA aMgreja sainikA marAyA, paNa pachI aMgreja sainye baMkaranI TekarIne kabajo laI saMsthAnIone harAvyA. saMsthAnIomAM tAlIma na hatI, temanI pAse nahAtAM pUrAM zastro, ke nahotI khapogI yuddha sAmagrI; temanAmAM aDaga dhairya, acaLa nizcaya, ane jvalaMta svadezaprema hatAM. jyArja vAziMgTanaH I. sa. 1771mAM vAziMgTane aMgrejone khesTana khAlI karavAnI pharaja pADI. A vijayanA AnaMdamAM te varSanA julAInI 4thI tArIkhe pariSade svAtaMtryanuM jAheranAmuM' prasiddha karyuM, ane saMsthAnAnuM prajAsattAka rAjya banAvI tene saMyukta saMsthAnA' evuM nAma ApyuM. paraMtu i. sa. 1767mAM brenDIvAIna nadInA yuddhamAM vAzigTana hAryAM, philADelphiA aMgrejone hAtha AvyuM, ane vigrahamAM vijaya meLavavAnI AzA AvI; paraMtu daivecchA judI hatI. barDAIna nAmanA keneDAthI sainya laI AvatA senApatine sArATeAgAnA yuddhamAM parAjaya maLyo. Ama saMsthAnIone jaya maLyo, ane temaNe apratima sAhasa jyArja vAziMgTana mane zArya darzAvyAM kharAM, paNa be varSanA yuddhamAM temanAM alpa sAdhanA

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271 khUTI gayAM. mANasA ane gheADAone bhUkhamarA veThavAneA vAre| AvyA, ane chAvaNImAM pagarakhAMnI eka joDa paNa bhAgye mAlama paDavA lAgI. Akhare temane jayavArA AvyA; kAraNa ke sArATogAnA yuddhe temane divasa pheravI nAkhyA. yurApamAM phrAnsa ane spene temanA pakSa kheMcI IMglenDa viruddha vigraha jAhera karyo. lArDa nAtha have vyAkuLa thaI svAtaMtrya sivAya saMsthAne bIjAM je mAge te ApavA tatpara thaI gayA. vRddha ane azakta cedhAme saMsthAnene pakSa lIdhelA heAvA chatAM phrAnsa vigrahamAM joDAyuM, e vAta sAMbhaLI samartha vANImAM vigraha cAlu rAkhavAnI icchA darzAvI.1 rAAe durAgraha na tanmyA, ane vadhAre sainya amerikAmAM mekalavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu have vijaya te saMsthAnIenA vAvaTA joDe jaDAI gayA hatA, ane phrAnsa taraphathI eka kAphalA ane sainya temanI kumake AvyAM. thoDA samayamAM teA nyUyorka sivAya aMgrejo pAse kaMI mulaka rahyo nahi. i. sa. 1781mAM lArDa kArnavolisane cerkaTAunamAM harAvIne zaraNe AvavAnI pharaja pADI, tyAre vigrahanI samApti thaI gaI ema * manAyuM. saMsthAne IMglenDathI svataMtra thaI gayAM, ane varselsanI saMdhithI temanI svataMtratA vidhipuraHsara svIkAravAmAM AvI. yuropamAM vigrahaH yuropamAM virAdhanAM Abha phATayAM hatAM. phrAnsa ane spena te sasavArSika vigraha pachI IMglenDa para vera levA talasI rahyAM hatAM. phrAnse saMsthAnIone khAnagI sahAya ApavA mAMDI hatI, paNa sArATAgAnA yuddha pachI teNe temane jAhera pakSa lIdheA. bhAratavarSamAM marAThA ane haidaraalIe aMgrejo sAme yuddha Aryu hatuM. i. sa. 1779mAM spene phrAnsane pakSa lIdho, ane jIbrAlTarane gherA dhANyeA. A uparAMta taTastha deze|e dAvA karyAM, ke amArAM jahAjomAM zatrue mATe mAla laI jaI zakAze; paNa IMglenDa Ave dAvA svIkAravA taiyAra na hatuM. teNe taTastha dezAnAM vahANonI jaDatI levA mAMDI, ane hAlenDa joDe yuddha jAhera karyuM, eTale raziA, svIDana, ane 1. eka bhASaNa ApatAM sabhAgRhamAM paDayo. tene putra ane pachI gheADA divasamAM te mastaka para leAhI caDI ane jamAI tene bebhAna maraNa pAmyo. javAthI mAMde, vRddhe cedhAma avasthAmAM ghera laI gayA,

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'mArka vigrahamAM utaravAnI IlenDane dhamakI ApavA mAMDI. bresTa prenDijha dhANAkharA dIpe ane mAIne tenI pAsethI jatAM rahyAM, ane tenuM sAmudri varcasva lagabhaga nAza pAmyuM, tethI kaMTAunanA yuddhamAM kornalisane ame rikAmAM sahAya mekalI zakAI na hatI. paraMtu vara saradAra iliyaTe akhaMDa parizrama veThIne jIbrAlTaranuM traNa varSa sudhI saMrakSaNa karyuM, ane Akhare spenana sainyane I. sa. 178ramAM ghere uThAvIne levAnI jarUra paDI. daramiAnA catura naukAsenApati phUDanIe raMga rAkhe. teNe I. sa. 1780mAM spenane seTa vinsenTa pAse harAvyuM, ane I. sa. 1782mAM phrenca kAphalAne vesTa InDijhamAM harAvyuM. IglenDanI pratiSThA punaH sthapAI. saMsthAnonuM svAtaMtra I. sa. 1782mAM pirisanI khAnagI saMdhimAM svIkAravAmAM AvyuM hatuM eTale yuddha calAvavAnuM nimitta rahyuM na hatuM. have mAnabhera saMdhi karI levAne avasara maLe. I. sa. 1783mAM varsasanI saMdhithI vigrahane aMta Avyo elsanI saMdhiH A saMdhithI spenane mAIka ane phalenDiA tathA phrAnsane Tobega, senigAla, ane gerI maLyAM, hailenDa pAsethI IMglenDa nigApaTTama maLyuM, ane saMsthAnanuM svAtaMtrya svIkAravAmAM AvyuM. vigraha do. miAna asAdhAraNa buddhibaLa, cAturI, ane zaurya dAkhavI parizrama uThAvanAra ane prajAnA prItipAtra banelA jyorja vaiziMgTanane temaNe pramukha banAvyuM. te mahApuruSa viSe kahevAya che ke "te saMdhimAM, vigrahamAM, ane prajAnA hRdayamAM prathama rahe." A vigrahane pariNAme ITalenDane sAmrAjyavikAsa keTaleka samaya baMdha pU. vigrahanA bhAre kharcane pahoMcI vaLavAmAM prajARNa vadhI gayuM. pena ane phrAnsanI vadhAre duHkhada sthiti thaI; kemake vigrahanA chellA varSamAM temanI nausenAno samULage nAza thaye hate. atrImaMDaLamAM pheraphAra amerikA sAthenA vigrahamAM mAI gayuM, tyArathI lorDa nA maMtrIpada choDI dIdhuM hatuM. vigraha pUro thayA pachI IglenDanI pratiSThA ochI thaI tenAM sainya vAraMvAra parAjaya pAmyAM hatAM; mAtra tenA hAza pAmelA sAmudrika uparIpadane tenA naukAsainya TakAvI rAkhyuM. rAjAnI svecchAcArI nItithI dezamAM upayogI kArya na thayuM, paNa ulaTAM saMsthAnA

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hAthamAMthI gayAM. have hatAza thaelA rAjAe hiMga netAonuM zaraNuM lIdhuM, ane cArlsa jemsa pheMkasane maMtrIpada ApyuM. A samartha, catura, ane buddhi zALI rAjadvArIe TerI nairthine maMtrImaMDaLamAM laI "saMmilita maMtrImaMDaLa" (Coalition Ministry) banAvyuM. thoDA samayamAM phekase hiMdustAnane rAjyavahIvaTa IsTa InDiA kaMpanine hAthamAMthI laI pArlamenTane soMpavAno kharaDe ANyo. rAjA kahevA lAge, ke A kharaDe mArA mastaka parathI rAjamukuTa laI phIkasane zira upara mUkavA jevo che. te chatAM AmanI sabhAe te kharaDe maMjura karyo, paNa rAjAnI zehamAM taNunArA amIree te nAmaMjUra karyo. rAjAe maMtrIone rajA ApI cedhAmanA taraNa putra viliyama piTTane maMtrI banAvya, I. sa. 1783. nAne piTTaH mahApuruSa edhAmanA A bhAgyazALI putrane bAlyAvasthAmAM pitA pAsethI uttama saMskAra maLyA hatA. te pAtaLo, nabaLA Arogyano, sukA caherAno, zAMta, ataDA svabhAvane, ane jJAnavRddha hatA. tenAM AtmasaMyama ane dezaprema jeTalAM utkaTa hatAM, teTalI tenI zakti amApa hatI. te mAnacAMdanI beparavA batAvate, chatAM tenI sattA bhogavavAnI tRSNa dekhAI AvatI. te abhimAnI svabhAvano, aDaga nizcayavALo, ane prabaLa AtmavizvAsavALo yuvaka hatA. tenI asAdhAraNa zaktinI pichANa i. sa. 1781mAM te pArlamenTamAM AvyuM tevI thaI tenI AvaData, kuneha, caturAI, ane manuSyanAM mana harI levAnI atula zaktine lIdhe ApattikALamAM khAbe caDelA dezanA nAvanuM sukAna calAvavA mATe te yogya puruSa hatuM. tenA pitAnI peThe tene dezakalyANanI dhagaza hatI, ane pArlamenTamAM cAlI rahelI lAMcarUzvatanI adhama paddhati pratye tene uDe tiraskAra hato. tenA para rAjA ane prajA baMnenI prIti ane vizvAsa hatAM. itihAsamAM te nAnA piSTa ne nAme mazahura che. 1. phokasa kaheto ke piTTa pArlamenTamAM agraNI che. eDamaMDa barka pitAnA mitranAM putranuM bhASaNa sAMbhaLIne AMsubharI AMkhe kahyuM hatuM; "e siMhanuM bacyuM nahi, AkhuM siMha pote ." hi . pote che." - . . . . . . . . 18

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pikanA sumarA A tas maMtrI AgaLa dezanA keTalAka mahAprazno AvI paDyA. saMsthAne joDenA vigrahathI deza thAkI gayo hato, ane aDhaLaka dravya vaparAI gayuM hatuM. vaLI AyarlenDa ane hiMda pratye DahApaNabharI nIti aMgIkAra karI temane paNa sAmrAjyanAM daDha baMdhane bAMdhavAnAM hatAM, temaja ilenDa viruddha thaele yurepI rAjyono deSa TALavAno hato. valpolanI peThe piTTa arthamaMtrI hato. tenA kArabhAranAM prathamanAM dasa varSamAM zastrone camakAra ke vijayagarvanI unmatta hAkala jevAmAM AvatI nathI, paNa akhaMDa zAMti ane samRddhine ekadhAre pravAha vahe che. teNe nAne piTTa dezamAM AyAta mAlanI jakAta ghaTADI dANacorI aTakAvI; eTale rAjyanI Avaka vadhavAnI sAthe lokone vastuo soMghI maLavA lAgI. teNe dANacorI aTakAvavAne vadhu kAryasAdhaka upAye levA mAMDayA. judA judA prakAranI jakAtamAM judAM judAM khAtAM mATe adhikArIo rAkhavA paDatA, paNa temanA pagArane pramANamAM temane nahi jevuM kAma karavAnuM hatuM. pike badhAM khAtAM ekaThAM karI zobhAnA amaladArone rajA ApI rAjyavahIvaTamAM karakasara dAkhala karI. e sAthe ArAma ane vilAsanI vastuo upara teNe halakA karI nAkhavA mAMDyA. Ama teNe prajARNa ghaTADayuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa dara varSe niyamita rakama pAchI bharavA mATe sthAyI bhaMDeLanI yejanA dAkhala karI. uparAMta karaja karavAnI jarUra paDe tyAre amuka vagadAra dhanikonI sAthe khAnagI goThavaNa na karatAM teNe jAhera hariphAIthI ochAmAM ochA vyAje nANuM levA mAMDyAM, eTale rAjya

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275 tatramAMthI anItinuM baLa ghaTayuM, ane lekene rAjyanA Arthika praznomAM rasa paDavA lAge. vaLI te niraMkuza vyApArane pAkko himAyatI hatA, eTale teNe . sa. 1788mAM phAnsa joDe vyApArI saMdhi karI. ethI baMne dezamAM ochI jakAte mAlanI AvajA thAya evI vyavasthA thaI, ane IMglenDanA paradezI vepArane uttejana maLyuM. vadhArAmAM te dIrdhadaSTi yuvakane AyenDa ane amerikA joDe AvI saMdhi karavAnI IcchA hatI, paNa temAM te saphaLa thaI zake nahi. teNe i. sa. 1790mAM keneDAne svarAjyano hapate ApI tyAMnA saMsthAnIone upakAranA baMdhanamAM lAvI mUkayA. A piTTanI niSphaLatAH paraMtu A samartha maMtrInI niSphaLatAe tenI kIrtine kalaza caDAvyo che. te samayanA vAtAvaraNamAM te niSphaLa thayo, paNa teNe karavA dhArelA aneka sudhArA pAchaLathI dezamAM dAkhala thayA. e uparathI te tarUNuM maMtrInI zakti, samaja, ane dIrdhadaSTinI pratIti thAya che. paraMtu piTTa gulAmagIrInA amAnuSI vepArane baMdha karI zake nahi. nirdoSa manuSyonI hAyathI samRddha thaI janArA aneka amIronI naThoratA AgaLa na cAlyA vibarepharsanA AsamAna jamIna eka karanArA prayatno, ke na cAlI piTanI akhalita vAgdhArA. teNe te bhaviSyamAM thanArA I. sa. 1807 ane I. sa. 1833nA kAyadAnAM bIja ropyAM. je kalaMkti yugamAM lAMca ane rUzvata vadhI paDI hoya, temAM pArlamenTanI sudhAraNA kayAMthI thaI zake? pArlamenTa aMgreja prajAnI pratinidhina hatI; kAraNa ke zrImaMta jamInadAre pitAnA manadhAryA mANasone pArlamenTamAM mokalI zakatA. keTalAMka nagara pAchaLathI samRddha thayAM, chatAM temane pratinidhi mokalavAno adhikAra maLyo nahote. ethI ulaTuM keTalAMka kSINa thaelAM zaheramAMthI haju pratinidhio AvatA hatA. A uparAMta keTalAMka zaheramAM samiti (Corpo 1. A saMbaMdhI keTalIka rasika vigate pArlamenTanI sthiti tapAsanArI samitie pitAnA nivedanamAM raju karI che. udAharaNa tarIke elDa seramamAM vastI na hatI, eTale tyAMthI AvanAra mANasa potAnI tUTelI divAlane ane ghAsavALA ukaraDAne.

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ration)ne sabhya mekalavAne haka maLyuM hatuM. teo pratinidhinI jagAenI harAjI karI temAMthI zaherane vahIvaTa calAvatA lAMcarUzvata pagale pagale hatI, ane tenA prakAra aneka hatA. sAmAnya lokone mata Apa hoya, tyAre sabhya thavA icachanArAo temane zarAbakabAbathI saMtuSTa rAkhatA, ane hajAra pauDanA kharcamAM utaratA. hiMdanI amaladArI bhogavI AvelA aneka navAba" upanAma pAmelA aMgrejo Ave samaye lakhalUTa kharca karI bIjane kharcanA khADAmAM utAratA. parAkramI pitAne pagale cAlanArA dezapremI putre A sthiti TALavA mATe matadAronI saMkhyA vadhAravAno ane ghasAI gaelAM gAmaDAne adhikAra laI levAno kAyade karavAno saMkalpa karyo; paNa AvA kAyadAne kharaDo ANavAnI rajA ApavAmAM jabaro virodha utpanna thayo, ane piTTanAM svapna uDI gayAM. paraMtu tyArathI dezanA rAjakIya jIvanamAM navA vicArenAM bIja ropAyAM, ane tenA aMkure I. sa. 1832mAM phUTayA. lekavRttinAM vaheNo hajue romana kethalikAnI viruddha vahetAM hatAM, chatAM I. sa. 1778mAM remana kethelikane thoDI ghaNu chUTa ApavAnI hIlacAla thaI. paraMtu laoNrDa rjyorja geDana nAmanA avicArI, dharmadha, ane maMdamati amIranI saradArI nIce keTalAka saMkucita dRSTinA proTesTanTo AvA pheraphArathI camakI UThayA. temaNe kethalikane chUTa ApavA viruddha arajI karI hatI, paNa keTaleka rathaLe tophAna thayAM. cekIdArenI achatane lIdhe laMDana nagara A taphAnIene hastaka paDayuM. A dArUDIA dhADapADuoe cha divasa zaheramAM utpAta macAvI mUkyuM. rAjAe asAdhAraNa dhairya ane sAhasapUrvaka sainyanI sahAyathI pratinidhi hato. iMglenDamAM AvAM 34 sthaLoethI 70 pratinidhio AvatA. koNa mokale e jamInanA mAlIka. A rIte caeNrja bIjAnA amalanA aMtamAM DayUka eNbnorphoka 11, lonsaDela 9, ane ugaTana 7 sabhAsade melI zaktAM hatA. 16 sthaLe 100 matadAre 37 pratinidhi mekale, ane 46 sthAnomAM mAtra 50 matadAre 90 pratinidhi mokalI zaktA. vaLI matadAra banAvavAnuM dhoraNa paNa kyAM eka hatuM! ane niyama to hoyaja zAnA? je ujjaDa sthAnamAMthI zrImaMta jamInadAre potAno mANasa eklatA, te "Pocket Boroughs kahevAya che. jyAM thoDA matadAre vadhAre lAMca ApanArane pratinidhi tarIke mekale, te Rotten Boroughs kahevAya che.

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baLavAkhorene vaza karyA ane temAMnA keTalAkane ThAra karI zaheramAM dhAka besADI tyAre zAMti thaI. Avo yugamAM piTTanA manamAM kethalikenuM kalyANa karavAnI uMDI IcchA hoya, te zI rIte saphaLa thAya ? chatAM teNe AyarlenDanA kethalika mATe prayatna karyo, paNa temAM te niSphaLa gayo. dezajIvanamAM amApa asara karI janArAM mahAna kAryonAM svama sevavAno adhikAra virala mahApuruSe - ne hoya che. temanA yugamAM teo bhale niSphaLa thAya, paNa tethI temanI mahattAne jarA jhAMkhapa lAgatI nathI. - AvA mahApuruSanA addabhuta kAryanI prazaMzA barka, pheMkasa, ane zerIDana jevA tenA virodhIo muktakaMThe karI gayA che. I. sa. 1788mAM rAjAne pharIthI cittabhrama thayo. rAjarakSakanI nImaNuka karavAno adhikAra pArlamenTane kharo ke nahi, ane yuvarAja rAjarakSaka thAya te tenA adhikAranI maryAdA keTalI, e saMbaMdhI piTTa ane phokasane matabheda paDe. AyarlenDanI pArlAmenTa mata Apyo, ke yuvarAjane sarva rAjasattA soMpI devI joIe, paNa pArlamenTano vicAra te yuvarAjane maryAdita adhikAra ApavAno hate. sabhAge A matabheda tIvra thavA pAme te pahelAM to rAjAne ArAma thayo.1 A samaye samagra yurepanAM rASTranI rAjakIya temaja sAmAjika paristhiti ane prajAjIvana upara gaMbhIra ane dUragAmI pariNAmo nIpajAvanAra te yugane mahAna banAva banyuM, ane te phrAnsane rAjyaviplava hato. : prakaraNa paNuM kAnsano rAjyaviplava kAnsane rAjyaviplavaH I. sa. 178lmAM rAjAne ArAma thayAne thaDe samaya thaye, tyAM te phrAnsamAM rAjyaviplavanI bhayaMkara vALA bhabhUkI nIkaLI. A viplavanAM kAraNe rAjakIya, sAmAjika ane buddhiviSayaka hatAM. 1. dezamAMthI azAMtino bhaya TaLyo, tethI loko khUba khuzI thayA. lokone niHsIma AnaMda joIne rAjAe kahyuM, ke "lokono AnaMda levAnI khAtara mAMdA pADavAmAM majhA che." loko evo utsava mANe, te yuvarAjane gamyuM nahi..

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yurepanA anya dezamAM sajyataMtra dhIme dhIme lekavRttine anukULa karavAnA prayatane thatA hatA. ethI ulaTuM baso varSathI phrAnsane rAjyavahIvaTa saDelA, anyAyI, ane julamI hata. samAjataMtra cheka saDI gayuM hatuM, ane judA judA vargo vacce moTo bheda paDI gayA hatA. amIre, dharmaguruo, ane zrImaMta vepArIo svachaMdI, vilAsI, ane durAcArI jIvana gALatA, ane rAjyane kara bharavAnI pharajamAMthI mukta rahetA, tyAre bicArA garIbone bhUkhamare veThavo paDato, ane karajanA bejAthI kacarAI javuM paDatuM. temanI dAdaphariyAda sAMbhaLanAra koI na hatuM. temanA jAnamAlanI salAmatI paNa na hatI. jamInadAro kheDuto pAse veTha karAvatA, ane kheDutone pitAnuM kAma paDatuM mUkavuM paDatuM. Amavarga pAse rAjakIya sattA jevuM kazuM ja na hatuM. AvA samayamAM oNlTara, rU, ane menTeskayu jevA navIna vicArakoe javalaMta bhASAmAM tejasvI lakhANa lakhI prajAmAM jAgRti ANI. vaibhere vicArasvAtaMtrya para - bhAra mUko, ane rUe samAnatA, baMdhutva, ane svAtaMtryane upadeza ApavA mAMDa. luI 15mA ane 16mAe rAjyanI Arthika sthiti cheka nirbaLa karI nAkhI. luI 16mo bhale ane sadAzayI hatuM, paNa tenAmAM dIrdhadaSTi na hatI. tene darabAra anItimAna ane uDAu hato. dezamAM dravyanI beTa hatI, ane chellA vigrahomAM aDhaLaka kharca thayuM hatuM, eTale teNe nANAM meLavavAnI AzAe lekapratinidhionI sabhA bolAvI. 175 varSa pachI maLelI A sabhAe dezano vahIvaTa pitAne hastaka laI lIdhe, ane dezanA kAyadA ane vyavasthAne tilAMjali ApI. nirAdhAra ane nirbaLa rAjAe temaNe karelA pheraphAro maMjura rAkhyA. paraMtu dhIme dhIme teNe to Avo nabaLo rAjA paNa svIkAre nahi evAM kAryo karavA mAMDyAM, eTale rAjAe mAthuM uMcakyuM. prajAne dabAele jusso uchaLe, ane besTAIla nAmanA bhayaMkara killA para AkramaNa karI temaNe tene kabaje karyo. I. sa. 1792mAM oNsTriA ane muzioe luInI vahAre sainya mekalyA; paNa phenca sainya pAse temanuM - kazuM cAlyuM nahi. phrAnsamAM prajAsattAka rAjya jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM. rAja kuTuMbane keda karavAmAM AvyuM ane perisanAM baMdIkhAnAM teDIne lekee je hI rAjapakSano che ema zaMkA paDe tenA para julama vartAvavA mAMDe. I. sa.

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193mAM ujhAMchaLA ane tephAne caDelA e rAjArANIno ziraccheda karyo. ane DhAlamagArA vagADI utsava je. A pramANe e bicArAM bhalAM ane nirdoSa rAjArANa pUrvajoe karelAM duSkone bhoga thaI paDayAM. have hullaDaberonI sattA jAmI. dezanA badhA kAyadAonuM khaMDana karavAmAM AvyuM, ane dezamAM AsurI sattA jAmI. aneka nirdoSa strIpuruSonAM raktathI phansanI jamIna palaLI gaI. svataMtratA, samAnatA, ane bhrAtRbhAvane nAme temaNe virodhIone bhUMDe hAle mAravA mAMDayA. jamInadAre ane dharmaguruone zodhIne mAravAmAM ke dabAvI devAmAM AvyA. A vakhate jemanAthI banyuM te deza choDIne bIje nAThA; temanI mAlamatA japta karavAmAM AvI. iMglenDa ane phrAnsa: lekasattAne uparIpade sthApanAra svAtaMtryapriya aMgrejo zarUAtamAM phenca prajAne svAtaMtryaprema ane Apakhuda sattAnAM baLAne chUMdI nAkhavAno nizcaya joI temanA pratye saharSa sahAnubhUti darzAvavA lAgyA, ane phrAnsamAM nA yuga prakaTa che ema kahevA lAgyA. IlenDamAM paNa keTalIka sabhAo sthapAI ane lokomAM viplavanA samAcAra prasAravA lAgI. AthI lekamAM Aveza A. keIne pAlamenTamAM sudhAro karavAnI IcchA thaI. to koIne phrAnsanA jevuM svAtaMtrya sthApavAnI IcchA thaI. phakasa ane barka jevAnI maitrI vicArabhedamAM tUTI. zuM aMgrejoe TuarTa rAjAne kADhI mUkyo na hato ? teo zuM julamI kAyadAnI sAme nahotA thayA ? paraMtu phrAnsamAM eka pachI eka karuNa banAva banatA gayA tema tema aMgreja lekamata badalAvA lAgyo. eDamaMDa be pitAnA phenca rAjyaviplava upara "cintana" e nAmanA pustakamAM phrAnsamAM svAtaMtryane nAme cAlelI lUMTa, hatyA, ane anAcAra pratye aNagamo darzAvI bhaviSya bhAkhyuM, ke leke saMyama choDI pitAnI vRttine chUTI mUke che, tenuM pariNAma Akhare sAruM AvavAnuM nathI. svataMtratAne nAme svachaMda cAlaze, ane badhAM niyamana tUTatAM dezamAM avyavasthA phATI nIkaLaze. AvI avyavasthAno lAbha laI prajAne nAme sainyasattA baLavAna banI besaze, 1. te samayane aMgrejono utsAha vajhavarthanA zabdamAM prakaTa thAya che. Bliss it was in that dawn to be alive! But to be young was very heaven.

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290 ane Akhare eka mANasa samagra dezano bhAgyavidhAtA thaI besaze. banA pustakanI gaMbhIra asara thaI iglenDanA rAjadvArIoe krAntikAraka vRttione majabuta hAthe dabAvI devAnI vRtti aMgIkAra karavA mAMDI.1 A daramiAna sarakAre taTasthavRtti jALavI. mukhya maMtrI piTTa mAnato hato, ke phrAnsa sivAyanA bIjA dezone viplava jeDe kaze saMbaMdha nathI. te vipAravRddhi ane Arthika unnatinA praznomAM eTale badhe tallIna rahetA, ke tene yuropane rAjadvArI mAmale tapAsavAno avakAza na hato. teNe ema paNa mAnyuM ke dezamAM AvuM jabaruM parivartana thatuM hovAthI phAnsa pitAnI AMtara vyavasthAmAM eTaluM badhuM guMthAI raheze, ke keTalAMka varSa sudhI IglenDane tenA taraphathI bhaya raheze nahi, ane ethI karIne dezanI sarvAga unnati sAdhavAnA kAryamAM saraLatA maLaze. AthI ja te ArRiA ane praziA joDe bhaLyo nahi. I. sa. 179ramAM phrenca prajAe yuropanI badhI prajAone pitAnA dAkhalAne anusaravAno saMdeza Ape, ane je prajA potAnA rAja viruddha zastra laI UThe, tene sahAya ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM. phenca sainya zatruone harAvI Triana nedharlanDajha (bejIyama) kabaje karI zeTa nadImAM dareka dezane vahANa lAvavAnI rajA ApI pUrve thaelI saMdhine bhaMga karyo, ane aMgrejo ane valaMdAonA vepArane phaTako mAryo. have piTTane pitAnI nIti badalavAno vAro Avyo. IglenDanI pAsenA dezamAM phrAnsa jevo juno zatru AvI bharAya te kema cAle ? haju IglenDa pitAnI kAryadizAno nirNaya 1. A vigraha daramiAna piTTanI AMtara nIti sakhatAI bharelI hatI. sudhArAnA kAyadAo aTakI paDayA eTaluM ja nahi, paraMtu damananIti chaDeceka dAkhala karavAmAM AvI. phrAnsamAM cAlelA AsurI atyAcArothI IMglenDanA rAjadvArIo gabharAI gayA. tevAja tophAne IMglenDamAM thatAM aTakAvavA mATe prajAnA vicAra ane vANInA svA"taMtrya upara dAba mUkavAmAM AvyA. paradezIo upara sakhata dekharekha rAkhavAmAM AvI. hebIAsa korpasa kAyadAno amala mokupha rAkhI adhikArIone zakadAra vyaktionI dharapakaDa karavAnI vizALa sattA ApavAmAM AvI. pachI bIjA kAyadAo karI rAjadArI sabhAo, krAntikAraka bhASaNo, ane vartamAnapatro upara baMdhano nAkhavAmAM AvyAM. piTTanA mRtyu pachI AvanAra maMtrIoe paNa tevI ja rAjanItinAM tattvo svIkAryA.

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: 281 kare te pUrve te phrAnsanAM rAjArANanA vadha thayAnA samAcAra sAMbhaLI yurepanAM aneka siMhAsano dUjI UThyAM; aneka mukhethI hAhAkAra nIkaLI gayo. tyAM te phrAnse eTabriTana sAme vigraha jAhera karyo, I. sa. 1793. ' A vigraha cheka i. sa. 1815 sudhI cAlyuM, paNa tenA traNa bhAga pramANe tene vicAra karavAnI jarUra che. I. sa. 1793thI 1802 sudhInA prathama vibhAgamAM mukhya maMtrI piTTa yurepanAM bIjA rAjyanI be vAra sahAya meLavIne phrAnsanI sAme thayA. pitAnA sthAnamAM sarvazreSTha gaja ane grAha vaccenuM A yuddha hatuM. IlenDanuM jaLasainya apratima hatuM, te phrAnsanuM jaLesainya ananya hatuM. - (1) kAnsa joDe vigrahaH I. sa. 1793-1802. phrAnsa joDe vigraha thaye, tyAre IlenDane ekaluM ja laDavAnuM na hatuM. esTriA ane praziA hA, sAga2 ma u samudra *mo Ti ka A TalAMTika mAunaBusnakezana Ama koTaDaK KbalIna lIla je) ATa2lIjha ti Jii DokanI enA kasa JTArama vAmana 0 kALo samudray. mAmbATTI | me bina menTa : ' hAla - ba, samarI a62% A kri kA nepoliana DenA vigraho. najara alekajhAM-ajI.

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i. sa. 1792thI laDI rahyAM hatAM, jemAM henDa ane spena i. sa. 179thI bhaLyAM, eTale A sarva zone "mitrasaMdha" (Coalition) thayA. lenDa anya dezane sainyanI sahAya karI zake ema na hatuM, paNa joIe teTalI Arthika sahAya karI zake tema hatuM. A sarva rAjya saMpI gayAM hatA, te piTTanI dhAraNA pramANe be yuddhomAM phrAnsanI sAna ThekANe AvI jAta. paraMtu phAnI avyavasthAmAMthI ghaTato lAbha meLavI svArtha sAdhavAne tatpara banelAM mitrarAjyamAM kalaha thavA lAge. khAvApIvAnAM sAdhananI taMgI bhogavIne svadeza pratyenA utkaTa premanA AvezamAM cakacUra banelA phenca sainikoe bhUmadhya samudranA kinArA para Avele Tulenane majabuta kille hAtha karyo, ane zatruone pitAnA mulakamAMthI hAMkI kADhyA eTaluMja nahi, paNa teo helenDamAM jaI pahoMcyA. helenDa ane spena phrAnsa jeDe maLI gayAM eTaluMja nahi, paNa temanA kAphalAe IglenDa upara caDAI karavAnI taDAmAra taiyArI karavA mAMDI. I. sa. 1796mAM TulenanA yuddhamAM prakhyAta thaelA kesikAnA sainikanA putra nepoliyana benApArTa nAme Asare 30 varSanA eka navalohiyA javAna ddhAe kenca sainya laIne uttara ITalI upara hale karI. vienA upara pasAra karI ane guMgaLAvyA, ane saMdhi karI IglenDane pakSa choDI devAnI temane pharaja pADI. have iMglenDane A mahAna yuddha eTale hAthe khelavAnuM AvyuM. sAmudrika yuddhamAM IMglenDane vijaya maLyuM hatuM. I. sa. 1794mAM phrAnsanuM naukAsainya bresTa baMdaranI bahAra nIkaLyuM na nIkaLyuM, tyAM te aMgreja nausenAdhyakSa lorDa hAue tene nAza karI nAkhyuM. I. sa. 1796mAM spena, holenDa ane phrAnsanAM naukAsainya IlenDa para caDI AvavA taiyAra thayAM. saddabhAge traNa kAphalAo jude jude sthaLe hatA. spenane kAle bresTa baMdaramAM phenca kAphalAne sAtha devA upaDe khare, paNa rastAmAM aMgreja kAphalAe senTa vinsenTanI bhUzira pAse tene aTakAvyuM. spenanAM vahANe meTAM, beDeLa, ane agavaDabharelAM hoI temAM mANaso ghaNA ane bahAdura paNa tAlIma vinAnA hatA. baMne sainyae atula parAkrama darzAvyuM, paNa Akhare hereziye nesana nAmanA sAhasika ane catura ddhAe raMga rAkhyo, ane aMgrejo jItyA. spenanAM keTalAMka vahANo keda pakaDAyAM, ane bAkInAM

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283 : S che. ke, sorI 1 , che S: ka * * * keDijha baMdaramAM pesI gayAM, I. sa. 1796. ApattimAM Apatti AvI maLe tema eka bhayathI mukta thatAM bIjA aneka bhaya utpanna thayA. skoTalenDamAM asaMtoSa vyApyo hato. AyarlenDamAM pratikSaNe baLavo jAgI UThe e bhaya raheto, ane aMgrejI sainyanA DhaMgadhaDA na hatA, tyAM svITaheDa ane neramAM rahelAM naukAsainyanA khalAsIoe tephAna macAvI kAma karavAnI nA pADI. temane sAre kherAka ane paTapUra pagAra maLato na hatA, tema maMdavADamAM temane heranI peThe nAkhI rAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA. vaLI e sahelANI jIvone kaDaka harezi nelasana dhArAo kema pAlave? catura pike temanI mAgaNIo upara saMbhALa ane sahAnubhUtibharyo vicAra karI temane meM mAgyuM ApavAnI hA pADI. pachIthI baLavAnA AgevAnone yogya zikSA karavAmAM AvI. DahApaNa ane mutsaddIgIrI jItyA, ane khalAsIo umaMgathI kAme caDhayA. temaNe Dankana nAmanA naukAsenApatinI saradArI nIce Daca kAphalAne kempaDAuna pAse harAvyo, I. sa. 1797. ethI IlenDa upara samudramArga halle karavAnI phrenca yojanAno aMta Avyo. pide saMdhi karavAno eka niSphaLa prayatna karyo. I. sa. 1798mAM AyarlenDamAM prakaTa ane parokSa baMDanI javALA dezane gherI vaLatI hatI, tyAre nepoliyane yuddha karavAno vicAra tajI pUrvanA dezamAM sAmrAjya sthApavAno sAhasika nizcaya karyo. jaLa ane sthaLasainya sahita teNe TulenathI nIkaLI mAlTA lIdhuM, ane bhUmadhya samudramAM cAra cakSu

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nAkhI pharatA briTiza naukAsainyanI najara cukAvI te elekajhAMAimAM utarI paDe. mAmelyuka nAmanA raNazara ddhAo tenI sAme thayA, paNa tAlIma pAmelI phrenca senAnA joradAra dhasArA pAse temanuM kaMI vaLyuM nahi. samagra misara nepaliyanane hastaka paDe, paNa A vijayanuM khAsa pariNAma na AvyuM; kemake dezasevAmAM eka hAtha ane eka AMkha arpaNa karI cUkele, ane senTa vinsenTanA yuddhamAM advitIya parAkrama vaDe apUrva nAmanA pAmele hareziyo nelsana phenca kakSAnI zodhamAM bhUmadhya samudramAM sarvatra bhamI rahyo hato. bhALa meLavate te nAIla nadI sudhI pahoMcyA. lazkara te utarI gayuM hatuM, paNa abukIranA akhAtamAM phrenca jahAjo hArabaMdha paDI rahyAM hatAM. moDI rAta sudhI yuddha cAlyuM, paNa aMte phenca kakSAne lagabhaga nAza thaye. pUrvamAM sAmrAjya sthApavAnAM nepoliyananAM svama uDI gayAM; te misaramAM kedI jevo thaI rahyo, paNa e vIra kesarI ApattikALamAM hiMmata hArI jAya tevuM na hatuM. nirjana paNa oLaMgIne teNe sIriyAmAM utaravAne saMkalpa karyo. paraMtu ekara baMdaranA killA pAse aMgreja nausenAnI siDanI smithanI sahAyathI turka sainya tene aTakAvya. be mAsa sudhI ghero ghAlyA chatAM jyAre e zUrA ddhAo DagyA nahi ke namyA nahi, eTale hatAza thaelA nepoliyane ghere uThAvI misara tarapha pAchAM pagalAM karyo, I. sa. 1799. I. sa. 1801mAM elekajhAMAinA yuddhamAM aMgrejone zaraNe javuM paDayuM, tyAM sudhI nirAza thaeluM kenca sainya misaramAM paDI rahyuM, paNa nepoliyana eka vahANamAM besI chUpI rIte yurepa upaDI gayo, I. sa. 1799. nAIlane yuddhamAM phrenca sainyano parAjaya thatAM tenI pratiSThA hINI paDI, ane anya rAjya phAnsanI sAme paDavA taiyAra thayAM. IglenDa, raziA, Ai , ane turkastAne pharIthI mitrasaMdha ra, i. sa. 1799. A 1. A yuddhamAM nelasanane mAthA upara sakhata ghA vAge. eka zastravaidya bIja daradIne choDI tenI sAravAra karavA mATe deDI Avyo. e joI udAracitta, nirabhimAna, ane vatsalahRdayanA nelsane kahyuM, "ema nahi, mAre vAre Ave tyAre vAta!" 1 misisa hemAse potAnA kAvyamAM amara karelA kesAbiyAnkAvALuM vahANa "la eriyanTa" A yuddhamAM baLI gayuM hatuM.

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285 sAMbhaLI phrAnsanuM rakSaNa karavA nepoliyana misarathI deDI Avyo ane te samayanA rAjataMtrane nirmaLa karAvI pite phrAnsano prathama "saramukhatyArI thaI paDe. teNe pitAnI lAkSaNika nIti satvara dhAraNa karI, ane A saMghane teDavAnA jabarA prayatno AdaryA. oNsTriano merenga ane hohanalInDananAM yuddhomAM zaramabharelI rIte hAryA, eTale temaNe nepoliyana joDe saMdhi karI lIdhI, I. sa. 1801. raziA kayAranuM saMgha tajI gayuM hatuM, eTale I. sa. 1800mAM greTa briTana ati viSama dazAmAM AvI paDyuM. naukAbaLanA jora para aMgrejo paradezI vahANone phrAnsamAM mAla laI jatAM aTakAvatA hatA. temaNe bAlTika samudranA kinArA para AvelAM baMdaromAMthI mAla bharIne AvatAM vahANane paNa aTakAvavA mAMDayAM, eTale raziA, svIDana, ane DenamArka saMpa karI aMgrejo sAme virodha jAhera karyo. aMgreja kAphale bATika jaI pahoMcyuM. kopanahegananA yuddhamAM DenamArkano kAphale hArI gaye, i. sa. 1801. zahenazAhanA maraNa pachI raziAe aMgrejono virodha karavAnuM choDI dIdhuM. elekajhAMAimAM paNa phenca sainyane parAbhava thayA. lAMbA samayathI cAlI rahelA yuddhanI satata cintA ane parizrama vaDe baMne pakSa thAkI gayAH phrAnsanuM sainyabaLa atula hoya, te IMglenDanuM naukAbaLa kyAM ochuM hatuM? saMdhi thAya to sarva prasanna thAya, paNa keAI garva le tema na hatuM. pi AyarlenDamAM upasthita thaelA prazna viSe rAjA joDe matabheda thavAthI rAjInAmuM ApyuM, eTale tenI pachI AvelA eDiMgTana nAmanA sAmAnya buddhi ane zaktivALA mANase I. sa. 1802mAM AmInI saMdhi karI. vAstavika rIte e saMdhi nahi paNa yuddhavirAma hato, ane sau jANatA hatA ke e zAMtine samaya vigrahanI taiyArI mATe che. sAmrAjyabhI nepoliyana 1. A yuddhamAM nelsana tAbAne adhikArI hato. tenA nAma svabhAvanA saMzayazIla uparIne vijayanI AzA ochI hatI. teNe potAnA vahANa para pAchA pharavAnI AjJA darzAvanAro vAvaTe caDAvI dIdho. catura nelsanane mana A ghaDI vijayanI hatI, eTale teNe pitAnI phUTelI AMkhe dUrabIna caDAvI kahyuM ke "huM to kaMI jato nathI, ApaNAM vahANo AgaLa calAvo. vijaya maLyA pachI DenamArkanA yuvarAjane teNe kahyuM, ke "havethI tamane IMglenDanI maitrI maLaze, eja tamAre meTe vijaya samaje."

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haja yurepane vaza karI levAnI javAo ghaDI rahyo hato. hA tene sikaMdaranI peThe pUrvanA vijetA thavAnI hoMsa hatI. haju te aMgrejone mulakA laI levAnI AzAmAM moTuM sainya taiyAra karatA hatA. eka varSamAM teNe saMdhine bhaMga karI sviTajharlenDa ane ITalI laI lIdhAM, eTale IMglenDe mATA khAlI karavAnI nA pADI. aMte pharIthI vigraha cAlyo. (2) nepoliyana De vigrahaH I. sa. 1804-1808. asAdhAraNa zakti, yuddhakaLAmAM addabhuta pravINatA, athAka parizrama, dIrdhadaSTi, ane ajoDa sAhasikatAthI uttarottara vijayane varele nepoliyana i. sa. 1804mAM phAnsane "samrA thaye, ane te samagra yurepane pitAnAM caraNa cuMbata karI devAnI yojanA ghaDavA lAge. IglenDa para tenI daSTi kyAranI cAMTI hatI, eTale te Tulena pAse Azare 1,00,000 sainike ekatra karI aMgrejI khADImAM pagapesAra karavAno lAga zodhato hate. "phakta cha kalAka aMgrejI khADI mArA kabajAmAM Ave, te IglenDa mAre svAdhIna thaI jAya" ema te kahetA. phenca kAphalA te bresTa ane TulenamAM paDyA hatA, ane sAvadha aMgreja nAvike comera daSTi pheravatA - nepoliyana bonApArTa khADIne surakSita rAkhatA hatA. eTale nepoliyane navo dAva nAkhavAnI yojanA karI. spena phAnsa joDe maLI gayuM hatuM. eTale pejanA pramANe Tulanane kAle keDijhamAM spenanA kAphalA joDe maLI vesTa InDijha tarapha javA lAgyo. nelsanane khabara paDatAM teNe temanI pUTha pakaDI, paNa zatruo jaNAyA nahi. teo utAvaLe besTa

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247 '' tA. dhasArA karatA hatA, paNa mArgamAM phinisTaranI bhUzira AgaLa bIjA aMgreja kAlAe temane harAvyA. bhayabhIta thaelA phrenca nAvikA jIva cAvavA kreDijhamAM pAchA gayA. daramiAna nelsana maryuM pAmI pA vaLyA, ane nepoliyananA kaTuvacanathI uttejita thaI DijhathI bresTa AvavA nIka- belA phrenca kAphalAne TraphAlgara pAse maLyo, i. sa. 1805. A sthaLe dAruNu saMgrAma macceA. " pratyeka manuSya peAtAnu kArya karaze, evI IMglenDa AzA zukhe che" eve nelsananA vahANu para mudrAlekha vAMcIne utsAhita thaelA aMgrejoe zatruonAM 19 jahAjo kabaje karyA. paraMtu A yuddhamAM IMglenDano mAn tAraNahAra nelsana ghavAye| ane maraNa pAmyA. vijayanA AnaMda sAthe ze|nI gamagInI phelAI; paNa e amarakIrti saradAre phrAnsanI nauzaktite sabaLa phaTakA lagAvyA hatA. pariNAme nepoliyananA adhaHpAtanA gaNeza evA, ane IMglenDanuM sAmudrika varcasva dRDha banIne tenA bhAvi sAmrAjyane ceokhaMDa vistRta banavAno mArga khullA thayA. chevaTe phrAnse IMglenDa joDe daraAI yuddha karavAnuM mAMDI vALyuM. teno kADhyo tUTI gaye, tenA nAvikAno kaccaraghANa nIkaLI gayA, temaja navAM vahANA taiyAra thAya ane IMglenDanA kuzaLa nAvikAnI bheTa laI zake tevI tAlIma lIdhelA navA nAvidyu utpanna caya, tyAM sudhI IMglenDane phrAnsanA naukAsainyaneA bhaya rahyo nahi, hatAza thaelA nepoliyane IMglenDa parathI dRSTi uThAvI khIrjhA rAjyA para nAkhI. raNakSetramAM teno sameAvaDIe kAI na hatA, paTTe maMtrIpada svIkArI sTri, raziya, muzi, ane greTabriTananA mitrasaMdha racyo hato. paraMtu 1. A yuddhanuM tAdaza varNana pAdhyevanA maneAhara kAvya TraphAlgara 'mAM ApyuM che. nelsananA mRtyuthI prajAne thaelA priyajananA maraNa jeTale zAka varNavatAM te kahe che-- Here ye the heart of a nation, Groan, for her saviour is gone: Gallant and true and tender, Child and chieftain in one? Sigh another day never, England will weep for again: When the triumph darken'd the triumph, And the hero of heroes was slain. 6

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289 : nepoliyane raziA ane aisTriAnAM sainyane osTaliTajha pAse harAvyAM, ane bIje varSe praziA chanAnA yuddhamAM haryuM. AthI nepoliyana yuropamAM sarvazreSTha banI gaye.(teNe greTabriTanano sAmudrika vepAra dhI nAkhI tene zaktihIna karavAnA AzayathI barlinathI pharamAna kADhayuM, ke phrAnsanA mitrarAjyanA mulakamAM koIe greTabriTana athavA tenAM saMsthAnamAM banele mAla athavA tenAM vahANone AvavA devA nahi. IglenDe A pharamAnanA javAbamAM evuM 'zAsana' (Orders in Council) kADhayuM ke jyAM tenAM vahANe jaI zake nahi, tyAM anya rAjyanAM vahANoe paNa javuM nahi. pariNAme naukAsainyanA prAbalyane lIdhe IglenDanA zAsanano kaDaka amala thayo, eTale yuropanAM rAjyamAM jIvananI Avazyaka vastuo durlabha thaI paDI, ane dANacorI cAlavA lAgI. have IralenDane mAla bIjA dezomAM thaI chUpI rIte phrAnsamAM javA lAgyo. te eTale sudhI ke khuda phrenca sainikonA kAmaLA ane pagarakhAM paNa IglenDanI banAvaTamAM AvavA lAgyAM. ) I. sa. 1807mAM raziAe nepoliyana joDe saMdhi karI lIdhI, eTale trIjA saMghane aMta Avyo. , pidanA mRtyu pachI lairDa grenyula, phekasa ane eDiMTana jevA vividha pakSavALAonuM saMyukta maMtrImaMDaLa adhikAramAM AvyuM. temanAmAM vigraha calAvavAnI zakti na hatI, eTale temaNe saMdhi karavAnI viSTi calAvI, paNa vyartha. temaNe gulAmagIrI baMdha karavAne kAyado karyo. vaLI kethalikane dhArmika chUTa ApavAnA praznamAM temane rAjA joDe matabheda thaye, eTale pArTalenDane ThAkara maMtrIpade Avyo. saddabhAgye te maMDaLamAM jyorja keniMga jevo piTTanI rAjanItine anuyAyI adhikAra para Avyo. raziA ane phrAnsa vacce saMdhi thayA pachI keniMgane bhaya peThe, ke nepoliyana DenamArka para caDAI karI tenA naukAsainyane IMglenDa viruddha upayoga karaze. teNe ekadama keIna 1. kahevAya che ke A hAranA samAcAra maLyA, tyAre piTTa yurepano nakazo jatA hatA. teNe zokasamAcAra sAMbhaLIne bhAgelA haiye kahyuM, ke "e nazo vIMTI mUke; have dasa varSa sudhI ene khapa paDavAno nathI." nirAzAnA AghAtamAM te maraNa pAmyo.

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289 jANe tema krApanahegana tarapha kAkSA ravAnA karI dIdhA. nirbhaya Denoe potAne kATle aMgrejone soMpavAnI nA pADI, eTale keApanahegana para aMgreja tApeAno bhayaMkara mArA zarU thaye!. cAra divasamAM Dena kAphalA zaraNe AvyA, ane puSkaLa sAmagrI tathA dArUgALA sahita tene IMglenDa laI javAmAM Avyo. dvIpakalpIya vigrahaH i. sa. 1808-1814. daramiAna nepoliyananA upara bhAgyadevI prasanna hatI. te eka sAmAnya lazkarI amaladAramAMthI bAra varSamAM phrAnsano samrAT ane yure|panA sattAdhIza thaI beThA. yureApanA ghaNAkharA rAjyakartAe tenI kRpAnI yAcanA karatA potAnA rAjamukuTA namAvI tenA paga pAse DhaLI paDatA. tenA barlinanA pharamAnanA prakaTa anAdara karavAnI kAInI tAkAta na hatI. paraMtu porTugalanA nAnA rAjyane A pharamAna mAnya na hatuM, eTale dhe bharAelA nepoliyana sainya sahita te dezamAM gayA, ane tyAMnA rAjAne padabhraSTa karI potAnA bhAI ne gAdIe besADayA. ethI rAjakuTuMba vakhAnuM mAthuM brAjhila cAlyuM gayuM. te daramiAna spenanA rAjAne yuktiprayuktithI samAvI nepAliyane tene paNa rAjyagAdI cheDavAnI pharaja pADI, ane tyAM potAnA khIjA bhAI ne gAdIe besADayeA. spenanI tejasvI prajA AvuM kaSTa sahana karI zakI nahi, ane tyAM baLavA thayA. Ama porTugala ane spenamAM nepoliyananI ANa vartAI, paNa prajAkIya baLavA zarU thayA; eTale IMglenDe prasaMga vicArI A baMne dezane dhana ane sainyanI sahAya ApavA mAMDI. A kAmane mATe sara Arthara veleslIne pasaMda karavAmAM AvyA. te bhAvahIna, Avezarahita, kaDaka, ane zleSma prakRtivALA hatA. paraMtu teNe marAThA sAthenAM yuddhomAM apratima kIrti meLavI hatI. tenI saradArI nIce vimIrAnA yuddhamAM aMgreja sainye phrencone harAvyA, ane temane porTugalamAMthI hAMkI kADhayA. ATalethI spenanA navA rAjAne paNa jIva laI te nAsavuM pUchyuM. A samAcAra sAMbhaLIne nepoliyana mATuM sainya laI ne spenamAM utarI AvyA, ane teNe meDriDa kabaje karyuM. A vakhate veleslInuM sthAna sar jvAna mUre lIdhuM hatuM. te sAlAmAnkA javAnA prayatna karatA hatA, paNa suvIra phrencAnA athAga baLa sAme tenuM kaMI na cAlyuM. aMgreja vahANA 19

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290 Avaze, eTale sainyane ravAnA karI devAze evI AzAmAM pAcho haTIne te kerajJA gaye. ahIM khUnakhAra yuddha thayuM; temAM te pote mRtyu pAmyo, eTale tenuM kSINa thaI gaeluM sainya surakSita rIte IMglenDa javA ravAnA thaI gayuM. I. sa. 1809. Ama A bAjue te phencoe vijaya meLavyuM, paNa A yuddhamAM phrenca sainyane rekAeluM jANuM oNsTriAnA lekee phenca dhuMsarI pheMkI devAnA prayatno karavA mAMDayA, eTale spena cheDIne e yuddhakesarI - bi skeno akhAta dai rInIjha , vihiyA rAjA A parvata Sla ( + mAmAmA aDaligo nAvarA, mAInara) yAtrika MATOLA - - - - sa ma Ta - BDijha Na bha ma kAla jo A MIpakabhIya vigraha |con - osTiA jaI pahoMcyA. traNa mAsamAM teNe potAnI anupama zakti vaDe te durbhAgI dezane caraNa taLe caeNpI dIdhe. " I. sa. 1809nA eprila mAsamAM veleslI pharIthI senApati thaIne dvIpakalpamAM AvyuM. tenuM sainya nAnuM paNa cunaMdu hatuM. porTugala ane spenane lakAmAM svadezaprema ghaNe hatA, ane yuddha karavAnI AturatA tIvra hatI, paNa sejalane lIdhe teo sahAyarUpa thavAne badaleM vinarUpa thaI paDyAM. e sAthe

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291 deza paNa ajANe, ane sAmagrI paNa zeDI ane kharAba hatI, chatAM veleslIe tAlevarAnA yuddhamAM saMpUrNa jaya meLavya, I. sa. 1809. tenA A ujajavaLa parAkramanA badalAmAM tene veliMgTana DayUka banAvavAmAM AvyuM. vijayane aMte pAchA vaLatA veliMgTananI pUThe phenca saradAre nAsatA zikAranI pAchaLa pAradhIonI peThe deDiyA, eTale te liana pAcho gayo. tyAM teNe Teresa grAsane trevaDe abhedya durga racI zatruone haMphAvavAnI peravI karI. A durga levAnI athavA to zatrune yuddha mATe bahAra bolAvavAnI phenca saradAranI aneka yuktio niSphaLa gaI, eTale phenca sinyane porTugala choDavuM paDayuM, I. sa. 1811. have veliMgTane durgamAMthI nIkaLI parAkramanI akhaMDa paraMparA darzAvavA mAMDI. AkhurA pAse phenca sainyane parAbhava karI teNe suDeDa regi ane baDejesa nAmanA sarahada paranA agatyanA be killA kabaje karyA, i. sa. 1812. pachI sAlAmAnkAnA yuddhamAM jaya meLavI meriDa hAthe karyuM, ane i. sa. 1813mAM viTAriyAnA yuddhamAM phenca sainyane chelle prahAra karI spena cheDI javAnI pharaja pADI. parAkramI phense pAchA haThayA paNa ekadama namyA nahi; nava divasa ane nava rAta sudhI pirInIjha parvatanI sAMkaDI, aMdhArI, ane verAna khINomAM baMne pakSo vacce hAthe hAtha jIvaleNa yuddha cAlyuM. aMte A yuddhamAM e maraNaA phenca sainike aMgreja zAne dhIme dhIme namyA. sAthe sAthe TulujhanA yuddhamAM paNa phenca sainya hAravAthI dvIpakalpIya vigrahanI pUrNAhuti thaI. e pachI veliMgTane parAkramI ane jayavaMta sainya sahita phrAnsanI puNya bhUmimAM pagalAM karyo. vigrahanA aMtane AraMbha: raziAne zahenazAhe nepoliyana De pahelethI saMdhi karI hatI. paraMtu barlinanA pharamAna pramANe vartavAnuM tene anukULa AvatuM na hatuM, eTale teNe phrAnsa joDenI saMdhino bhaMga karyo. bevacanI zahenazAhane sakhata zikSA karavA eka bAjue I. sa. 1812mAM veliMgTana sAlAmAnkAnuM yuddha laDI rahyo hato, tyAre bIjI bAjue nepoliyana cha lAkha sainike sAthe mekke pahoMce. paraMtu raziane saMdhi karavAne badale nagara choDI nAThA hatA, ane AsapAsanA pradeza ujjaDa karela hato. Ama phrenyo moDhe sudhI gayA kharA, paNa rAtre nagaramAM temanA sainyanI durdazA beThI.

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292 raziAnA gAtro hArI nAkhe tevA ziALAmAM temane kAI AzrayasthAna rahyuM nahi, ane khAvAnA vakhA paDavA lAgyA. temanI pAse pUratAM sAdhana paNa nahAtAM. AthI ekAda mAsa rahIne bhUkha, TADha, ane tAthI vyAkuLa thaelA zUrA sainikA ravadeza pAchA nIkaLyA, eTale rastAmAM raziana hayadaLe temane khUba raMjADayA. nepoliyananA mahAn sainyano dasamA bhAga mRtyumukhamAMthI bacavA pAmyA nahi. have tenI pAse khInakeLavAyalA navajuvAnonuM sainya rahyuM, eTale raziA, muziA, ane AsTrinAM saMyukta sainyAe tene lIpajhIganA yuddhamAM harAvI phrAnsa para dhasArA karyAM, i. sa. 1817. vaLI pazcima taraphathI spenanAM yuddhomAM vijayI thaelo vIra veliMgTana phrAnsa para nepoliyananI bheTa levA AvatA hatA. have nepoliyanano sitAro AthamavA lAgyA. teNe aneka veLA zatruone haThAvyA hatA, paNa temanA ekatra baLa sAme tenuM kaMI vaLyuM nahi. have zatruoe i. sa. 1814mAM perisamAM vijayapraveza karyo, ane nepoliyanane rAjyatyAga karavA paDayA. prathama phAMsIe caDelA rAjAnA kaniSTha bhAIne phrAnsane siMhAsane besADavAmAM AvyA. teNe nepoliyanane eka lAkha paunDanuM varSAsana bAMdhI ApI elkhAnA TApumAM rAjakedI tarIke mokalI dIdhA. phrAnsane i. sa. 1792 pachI jItelA sarva pradeze! pAchA ApI devA paDayA. (3) tepAliyana joDe viSaduH I. sa. 1815. samasta khaMDamAM ya ane zAparUpa thaI paDelI mahAna laDAyaka zaktine kSaya thayA ke aMta Avye, ema jANI yureApanA rAjA ane mutsaddI rASTrano bhAvyanirNaya karavA vienAmAM ekaThA thayA. paraMtu temanAmAM kleza ane dveSa UThayAM, ane pharIthI vigraha cAle evA saMbhava jaNAya. eTalAmAM samAcAra AvyA, ke elbAno rAjakedI nAsI chUTayA che, tenI hAkalanA aba AkarSaNathI kheMcAI ne tenA yUka Av valiMgTana

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ra93 hajAro junA sainike tenA sadavijayI dhvaja nIce ekaThA thayA che, ane teNe samrApada dhAraNa karyuM che. vienAnI pariSad vIkharAI gaI.nepoliyanane vizvadrohI jAhera karavAmAM Avyo, ane tene jera karavA greTabriTana, praziA, raziA, ane aisTriAne cotho mitrasaMgha racAya. eka bAjue A ane raziA pUrva sarahada parathI phonsa para AkramaNa karavAnI taiyArI karavA lAgyAM. bIjI bAjue veligTananI saradArI nIce aMgreja sainya braselsa ane penTanI AsapAsa, ane trIjI bAjue blazaranI AgevAnI nIce muziana sainya nAmUra ane lIjanI pAse paDayuM hatuM. prathama A be sainya sAvadha thaI gayAM, eTale nepoliyana temanI joDe yuddha karavA upaDe. I. sa. 1815nA junamAM phenca sene A baMne sainya upara AkramaNa karI temane bhayabhIta karI mUkyAM. paraMtu teja mAsanI 18mI tArIkhe yuropanA kurukSetra samA beljayamamAM AvelA vaeNTarlInA yuddhamAM yuropanA ItihAsane bhAvi krama nakkI thaI gayo. AgalI rAtre varasAda paDavAthI jamIna bhInI ane picI thaI gaI hatI. eTale phenconAM bhAre topakhAnAM pharI zaktAM na hatAM; chatAM potAnA vatavarNa azva upara savArI karI nepoliyana potAnA sainyane protsAhana ApI rahyo. savAranA 11thI rAtanA 8 sudhI yuddha cAlyuM. baMne pakSa bahAdurIthI laDayA. veliMgTananI saradArI nIce aMgrejoe addabhuta parAkrama darzAvyuM, paNa phenco gAMjyA jAya tevA na hatA. eTalAmAM blazara vahAra karavA AvI pahoMcyo, ane aneka varSonuM yuddha saMpUrNa thayuM. sAmAna, sainya, siMhAsana, ane svAtaMtrya e sarva nepoliyane khAyAM. parAjayanuM kalaMka ceTayA chatAM prANa vahAla karI te madhyarAtrie raNabhUmimAMthI mArate ghoDe palAyana karI gayo, ane thoDA samaya pachI belerene nAme aMgrejI manavAranA kaptAnane zaraNe thaye. - nepoliyana pitAnI apUrva ane ananya zaktithI sAmAnya sainikamAMthI samrApade caDe. teNe potAnA asAdhAraNa yuddhanaipuNya ane parAkramathI samagra yuropane AMjI nAkhyo. paraMtu aneka pitRhIna bALake, aneka anAtha strIo, temaja aneka niHsaMtAna kuTuMbanAM unAM azruothI siMcAelI ane niHzvAsathI piSAelI e mahattA vidyutanA camakArAnI peThe kSaNabharamAM cAlI gaI. je sAmrAjyatRSNAthI prerAIne teNe himagiri AsanAM durgama zikharemAMthI

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294 mArga karyAM, teja sAmrAjyatRSNAnA omamAM teNe aneka raNakSetromAM raktasaritA A vahevaDAvI, ane aneka raMgaDa, juvAna, temaja batrIsalakSaNA mANasAnA mAMsanuM khetarAne khAtara ApyuM. jiMdagInAM chevaTanAM varSomAM jIvananA viparyaya ane pratiSThAnI kSaNabhaMguratA viSe potAnA ekAMta kArAvAsamAM vicArata yureApane A samaye senApati i. sa. 1821mAM videha thayeA. perisanI saMdhithI mAlTA, meAriziyasa, DelIgeolenDa, ane kaeNpa ApyuM guDa hopa greTabriTanane maLyAM. sekasanI ane hAIna nadI uparano vizALa pradeza muziAne bhAga AvyA. vaLI raziAne polenDamAMthI theADe pradeza ane AsTrine ITalInA thADA mulaka maLyA, temaja beljIyamane holenDa sAthe joDI devAmAM AvyuM. greTabriTane dravya ane manuSyeAnA je bhAga ApyA, tenA pramANamAM tene svapa badaleA maLyA, paNa tenuM sAmudrika varcasva dRDha thayuM, tenA sAmrAjyano satvar vikAsa thayA, ane jagatanAM anya rASTranI AMkhamAM khaTake tevA vepAra kheDavAnI tene sagavaDa maLI. azAMtiH i. sa. 1815-1820. vaoNTarjInA mahAyuddha pachI yuropamAM trIsa varSe akhaMDa zAMti rahI; paraMtu e bAhya zAMtinA vAtAvaraNamAM hRdayanI azAMti dhaDakI rahI. phrAnsanI rAjyakrAnti ane nepeliyana joDe thaelA vigrahAne pariNAme yuropamAM sarvatra sAmAjika ane rAjakIya asaMtoSa ane vyagratA prasarI rahyAM. dezanA rAjyataMtramAM bhAga levAnI vRddhi pAmatI lecchAne lIdhe yuropanAM aneka rAjyAmAM azAMti, asaMtAya, ane krAntinuM vAtAvaraNa prasarI rahyuM, temAM vigrahanA AnuSaMgika, Arthika, ane audyogika mAjAthI vAtAvaraNa malina thaI gayuM. phrAnsanA rAjyaviplavathI bhayabhIta thaI gaelA rAjAo ane mutsaddIe sudhArAne mATe tIvra thatI leAkavRttine dAkhI devAnA prayatno karI rahyA. kesalarIdha jevA catura paradezamaMtrInI rAjanItithI 1. ogaNIsamA saikAnA AraMbhamAM rASTrIyatvanI bhAvanA udaya pAmI. elbAmAMthI nAsI chUTelA nepAliyane peAtAne arvAcIna yuganI svataMtra prAnA pratinidhi tarIke oLakhAvyo. AvAM saMcAlanane pratikArI yAjavA mATe yuropanA rAjakartAe aneka vAra piraSado bharatA, ane krAntine bhaya TALavA maitrIsaMbaMdheA bAMdhatA. i. sa. 1820mAM pavitra saMbaMdha' (Holy Alliance) racAyA. raziAnA jhAra elekajhAMDara

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2Sa biTana AvA prayatnomAM sahakAra ApavA tatpara na hatuM, chatAM dezamAM bIjAM kAraNathI paNa asaMtoSa ocho na hato. ' - vigraha daramiAna dezamAM prajAkIya RNanA DuMgara thayA, karano beje vadhI gayo, dhAnyanA bhAva caDI gayA, ane rojagArIno dara cheka nIce paDI gaye. dezamAM vadhatI jatI prajA mATe pUratuM dhAnya utpanna thatuM na hatuM. I. sa. 1815mAM jamInadAronA hitaciMtaka TorI maMtrIoe dhAnyano kAyado karI evI AjJA pharamAvI, ke 28 ratala ghaune dara 80 ziliMga thAya, tyAM sudhI koI e paradezathI dhAnya maMgAvavuM nahi. paradezI spardhA dUra thavAthI jamInadAre ane kheDutone kamANIne taDAke paze, paNa bicArA nirdhana ane kAma vinAnA kArIgarone bhUkhamare veThavAno vAro Avyo. dezamAM navAM yaMtronI zodha thatAM asaMkhya mANaso kAma vinAnAM thaI paDyAM. ane yaMtrothI utpanna thato mAla khapata karatAM vadhAre hato eTale keTaleka samaya kArakhAnAM baMdha rAkhavAnI jarUra paDI. kArakhAnAmAM kAma karatA majuronuM karaNuM ane kaMpArI upajAve evuM jIvana joIne samAjamAM yaMtro pratye tiraskAra prakaTayo. kAmadhaMdhA vinAnA asaMkhya rakhaDela ane nirudyamI mANase ToLAbaMdha dezamAM svacchede bhamavA lAgyA, saMcAo toDI keDI nAkhavA lAgyA, ane TheraThera tephAno macyAM. bhUkhe maratA kArIgaro karagarIne kahetA ke pArlamenTa mAtra jamInadAra ane temanA hitecchuonI banelI hovAthI temanA hita A yojanA ghaDI hatI, ane muziA ane oNsTrimAM temAM saMmata thayAM hatAM. yuropanA rAjyakartAo lokamatane Adara ApI rAjyataMtramAM sudhArA kare, te A mitrone aNagamatI vAta hatI. temanA dabANathI dhIme dhIme udAra vacano pAcho kheMcI levAyAM, ane damananItino dora cAlu thayo. greTabriTana taTastha rahyuM. I. sa. 1820mAM te dezanI azAMti dAbI devAmAM evuM tallIna hatuM, ke A pariSadamAM bhAga levAno tene avakAza na hate. dhIme dhIme sudhArAne bhaya gaye, ane damananItinAM zastro khyAna thayAM. 1. neDa vaDa nAmanA eka gamAre krodhAvezamAM mo gUMthavAnI be zALo teDI nAkhI, eTale tene 14 varSa dezanikAlanI sajA thaI. A uparathI AvAM rakhaDatA TeLAone loko "laDAITa' kahevA lAgyA.

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pratye dRSTi rAkhe che, ane ama jevA raMkanI dAda kAI letuM nathI; mATe sAmAjika viSamatA TALavI hoya, te pArlamenTa vizALa pratinidhitvavALI karavI joIe. I. sa. 1816mAM 27 ratala ghauMnI kiMmata 103 ziliMga thaI gaI, eTale dezamAM duHkha vadhI paDyuM, ane IMglenDanAM pUrva paragaNAMmAM ane laMDanamAM tophAna macyuM. bhUkhanA duHkhathI asaMtoSa vadhyo, ane e asaMtoSathI rAjakIya sudhArAnI mAgaNI thatAM ramakhANa jAgyAM. - maMtrIoe A tephAna zamAvavA damananIti AdarI, ane rAjadrohI sabhAo aTakAvavAne kAyado karyo. jherIlA lakhANa prasiddha karanArane pakaDavAnI bInajavAbadAra sattA mAjisTreTone ApavAmAM AvI, ane hebIAsa kempasanA dhArAno amala mokupha rAkhavAmAM Avyo. eTalAmAM mAnacesTarathI kAmaLIvALAonuM eka ToLuM dAda meLavavA laMDana AvavA nIkaLyuM, paNa sarakAra taraphathI tene vikherAI javAnI AjJA thaI. temAMnA keTalAka utsAha zamI jatAM ApoApa pAchA pharyA. DabIM paragaNAmAM eka unmAdI mANase baMDa karyuM, paNa te ekadama besADI devAmAM AvyuM chatAM haju damana sivAya lekavRttine saMtoSavAno vicAra musadIonA magajamAM Avato na hato. I. sa. 1818mAM navI pArlamenTamAM AvelA ghaNuM sabhya A nItine virodha karatA hatA. eTale dezamAM asaMtoSanuM viSa vyApyuM. TheraThera sabhAo bharAvA lAgI, rAjyakrAtinI yojanAnA vicAra thavA lAgyA, ane krAntikAroe svayaMsevakene kavAyata zIkhavavA mAMDI. I. sa. 1819mAM mAnacesTaranA mAjisTreTanI AjJAthI hayadaLe senTa pITara philDamAM gerakAyadesara maLelI sabhAne vikherI nAkhI, eTale lokone krodha vadhI gayo. asaMtoSa vadhatA joI sarakAre che dhArA pasAra karI niMdAtmaka lakhANe prasiddha thatAM aTakAvyAM, ane kavAyata karavAnI ke zatrane upayoga karavAnI manA karI. 1. temAM cAra pAMca mANaso marAyAM haze ane ghavAyAM haze; paNa lokee tene pITarlanI (vaiTarlanA anukaraNA) hatyA karI. tenuM vera laI maMtrIone mArI nAkhavA mATe thIsalavuDa ane keTalAka mANasee keTesTrITanuM kAvataruM racyuM; paNa tarakaTara pakaDAyA, ane temAMnA keTalAkane phAMsI devAmAM AvI.

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297 rAjAnuM mRtyuH rAjA vRddha thayA hatA. i. sa. 1810mAM peAtAnI nAnI ane priyatama putrInA maMdavADathI tene cittabhrama thaI AvyA, ane yuvarAja 'rAjyarakSaka 'nimAyA. rAjAne roga maTayA nahi. i. sa. 1920mAM vRddha, aMdha, ane badhira rAA dIrgha kALa rAjya bhogavI 82 varSanI vaye phebruAranI ra9mI tArIkhe paraleAkavAsI thaye. jyArja 3jAnA sAThe varSanA amalamAM aneka mahattvanA pheraphAra thayA. IMglenDe amerikA khAyuM, ane hiMda meLavyuM; pi ANelI Arthika unnatithI samRddha thaelA IMglenDa upara nepoliyanano DALeA lAgyA, tyAre nelsana ane veliMgTana jevA vIra narAe tenuM rakSaNa karyuM. AyarlenDa IMglenDa joDe joDAI gayuM. dezamAM thatAM audyogika parivartanathI samAjamAM asthiratA AvI, paNu IMglenDanA vepArate pASA maLyuM. paNa sAhuna jyArja jayA: i. sa. 1820-1830 jyArja 4the!: vRddha jyArjanA mRtyu pachI tene putra gAdIe AvyA, paNa tethI rAjanItimAM khAsa pheraphAra thaye nahi; kemake te te vAstavika rIte i. sa. 1811thI rAjasattA bhAgavatA hatA. gAdIe beThA pachI tenA rAjyataMtramAM zithilatA AvI. jo ke jyArja 3jo game tevA durAgrahI ane sattAno zekhIna hatA, chatAM tenI kartavyaniSThA aDaga hatI, ane prajAnuM kalyANu pharavAnI tene AkAMkSA hatI. ethI ulaTuM 57 varSanI pAkaTa vaye gAdIe AvelA rAjAmAM pitAno eka paNa sadguNa na hatA. tenuM jIvana vilAsI ane pramAdI hatuM, eTale teNe rAjyavahIvaTanI jokhamadArI pradhAne upara nAkhI dIdhI. tenA aNue aNumAM svArtha hatA, satya te sagavaDa vakhate ekSavAnI tene pratijJA hatI, ane mithyAbhimAnano pAra na hatA. veliMgTananI hAjarImAM te bezarama banI kahetA, ke vATaluMnA yudghamAM eka TukaDInI saradArI meM lIdhI hatI. tenA jIvanamAM teNe upayegI kArya karyuM na hatuM. AvA rAjA

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298 pratye lokone sAmAnya rIte tiraskAra hoya, temAM teNe yuvarAjapade AvIne rANa karelInane dUra karavAnI peravI karI hatI. yuvarAja ane kamanasIba kerelIna vacce aNabanAva thavAthI te durbhAgI strI thoDAM varSathI paradeza jaI vasI. paraMtu patinA rAjyArohaNanA samAcAra sAMbhaLI te IlenDamAM deDI AvI, ane teNe hakano dAvo karyo. rAjAe tenA para anItino Aropa mU, ane rANI tarIke svIkAravAnI nA pADI. rAjalagna rada karavAnA hetuthI lorDa livarapUla nAmanA TerI pradhAne amIranI sabhAmAM kharaDe ApyA. rANI kaMIka acatura ane svacchaMdI svabhAvanI hatI, ane lokone tenA para khAsa prema na hato. paraMtu teo rAjAne dhikkAratA hatA, eTale temaNe rANIno pakSa lIdho. vaLI maMtrIoe AdarelI ugra damananItithI teo prajAmAM eTalA apriya thaI paDayA, ke temano vadha karavAnuM kAvataruM racavAmAM AvyuM, paNa sarva kAvatarAkhore pakaDAI javAthI temanAM zira salAmata rahI gayAM. durAcArI, pramAdI, ane svArthI rAjAnI khAtara teo A kharaDo lAvyA, tyAre lekene jhAMjha caDI. kharaDA sAme lekavirodhanuM jora joI maMtrIoe te pAcho kheMcI lIdhe, paNa lekane rAjA pratyeno dhikkAra ocho thaye nahi. hatabhAgI rANI eka varSamAM bhagna hRdaye maraNa pAmI. - niraMkuza vyApAra ane phejadArI kAyadAmAM sudhArAH jarja 3jAnA aMta samayamAM lekasvAtaMtrya harI lenArA kAyadAo racanAra ane sudhArakane zatru eDigTana I. sa. 1821mAM adhikAra padethI utaryo, ane bIje varSo junA sAMkaDA vicAranA, ane pragatinA aDaga virodhI kesalarIdhe AtmahatyA karI. pariNAme pIla, keniMga, ane haskisana jevA udAra vicAranA TerIo pradhAnamaMDaLamAM AvyA, te sAthe rAjanItimAM udAratA ane vizALatAnAM to dAkhala thayAM. pIle phojadArI kAyadAmAM sudhAro karyo ane haskisane udyoga ane vANijyanA saMbaMdhamAM navI nIti svIkArI. kisiMge dezAMtara nItimAM navA prANa pUryA. A traNe mahApuruSe madhyama varganA hatA, ane kaI dizAmAM dezanI pragati thavAnI AvazyakatA che e sArI peThe jANatA hatA.

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299 pIla eka sAmAnya rU kAMtanArano putra hatA. te TerI paNa samayasUcaka ane pragatipriya hato. teNe te samayanA aMdhera phojadArI kAyadAmAM sahRdayatA ane nyAya dAkhala karavAno prayatna karyo. te jamAnAmAM dehAMtadaMDanI zikSA sAmAnya hatI. keIe dukAnamAMthI ekAda vAra kApaDanI corI karI hoya. ke taLAvamAMthI mAchalI pakaDI hoya, athavA rAjAnA jaMgalamAM zikAra karyo heya, ke vesTa minsTaranA pUlane jarA nukasAna karyuM hoya, te eTaluM ja ke caDAva phAMsIe. phAMsI AgaLa vIsa trIsa aparAdhIonI hAra thaI rahetI. paMcathI A anyAya dekhe khamAto nahi, paNa AvA aparAdha mATe bIjI halakI sajA nahotI, eTale guno karyA chatAM gunegAra dehAMtadaMDa devA gya na hoya, te tene choDI mUkavAmAM Avato. keI bALakane vRkSanI DALI kApavA mATe, athavA koI strIne pAuMno eka kakaDo coravA mATe karyo nirdaya nyAyAdhIza matanI zikSA kare ? paraMtu Ama karavAmAM te vAstavika rIte bevaDe anyAya thato. daramiAna remilI nAmane amIre A dizAmAM AchA adhurA prayatno karyA, ane AmanI sabhAe ghaNI vAra TharAva karyA, ke nAmanA aparAdhIone mATe bhAre daMDa na hoya, paNa amIrenI sabhA baherI thaIne beThI hatI. Akhare pIle kaLe kaLe kAma levA mAMDyuM, ane I. sa. 1824mAM tenA akhaMDa parizramathI soeka nAnA aparAdhane mATe dehAMtadaMDanI sajA rada karavAmAM AvI. have kramekrame kAyadAo vadhAre nyAyI thavA lAgyA. - viliyama haskisana nAmanA vANijyamaMtrIe AthIe vadhAre dUragAmI pariNAmavALA sudhArA karavA mAMDayA. kaeNlanA samayathI cAlatA AvatA nauyAnanA kAyadAthI paradezI vahANamAM bharAI AvatA mAla para bhAre jakAta levAmAM AvatI, paNa te keTale kALa cAle? IglenDa je AvA dhArA ghaDe, te pachI bIjA deze IMglenDa para aMkuza mUkanArA dhArA zA mATe na ghaDe ? AvI saMrakSaNanItine pariNAme kArIgare ane vepArIone paradezI spardhAno bhaya TaLI gaye, eTale teo sAre mAla utpanna karavAnI utkaMThA na rAkhe, ke lokonI ruci saMtoSavAnI paravA na kare e dekhItuM che. A uparAMta madhuM ane sAruM kharIdavAnI svAbhAvika manovRttine vaza thaI aneka mANase dANacorIthI paradezI mAla ANutA, ane AvI dANacorI pakaDavAnI ke

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300 aTakAvavAnI sarakAranI zakti na heAvAthI rAjyane nukasAna jatuM. ethI sTisane i. sa. 1833mAM kAyadeA karI je dezA briTiza vahANA ane mAlane paitAne tyAM niraMkuza AvavAnI chUTa mUkatA hoya, temane tevI chUTa ApI. teNe rezama ane Una paranI jakAta halakI karI vepArIone rAhata ApI, ane majurInA dara TharAvavAnI ke majurezane kAma zeAdhavA khIje sthaLe jatAM aTakAvavAnI mAjisTreTAne maLelI sattA rada karI. alabata, A sarva kArya te apa samayamAM pAra pADI zakayA na hatA. AraMbhamAM vepArIo, majurA, ane kArakhAnAMvALA bUma pADI UThayA, ke amArA kAryamAM nakAmI DakhalagIrI karavAmAM Ave che, ane amane nukasAna thAya che. paraMtu Akhare vepAra vadhyA, ane majurAne lAbha thayA. Ama IMglenDamAM niraMkuza vepArano siddhAnta svIkAravAmAM AvyA. kerniMganI paradezI rAjanItiH kaniMga pidmano parama prazaMsaka ane anuyAyI hatA. te dezamAM zAMti jALavI prajAnuM svAtaMtrya TakAvI rAkhavAnA matano hatA. phrAnsanA rAjyaviplava pachI yuropanA camakelA rAjAoe pariSado bharI lAkasvAtaMtryanI bhAvanAne chUMdI nAkhavAnI ceAjanA karI hatI. rAjAnA IzvarI hakanuM punaH pratipAdana karavAnI A yeAjanAmAM kaniMga samata na hatA; kAraNa ke svecchAcArI rAjAe vyavasthA jALavavAne bahAne asahAya prajAnA svAtaMtryane chUMdI nAkhe, e tene mana asahya hatuM. jo ema thAya to kAI sattA prabaLa thaI bese, eTale sattAtulA sAcavavI paNa kaheNu paDe. AthI khIjAM rAjyA pararAjyamAM mAthuM mAravA jAya, tyAre jarUra paDe te sAvadha thaI jatA. spenanAM dakSiNa amerikAnAM saMsthAnAM ( mekisakA, perU, cIlI ) svAtaMtrya meLavavA mATe prayatna karatAM hatAM, temAM tenI game teTalI sahAnubhUti hatI, chatAM te paradezanA mAmalAmAM hAtha ghAlavA taiyAra na hatA. paraMtu e saMsthAnoe jaya meLavyA, tyAre teNe temane svataMtra rAjya tarIke svIkAryA. daramiAna raziAe temanI joDe pharI vigraha karavAmAM sahAya ApavAnuM spenane vacana ApyuM, eTale sayukta saMsthAnonA pramukha manarAe paDakAra karyAM, ke amerikAmAM yuropI rAjyAe mAthuM mAravAnI jarUra nathI, tyAre kreniMga paNa temAM samata thayA. i. sa. 1826mAM spenanuM lazkara pArTu

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31 gala para caDAI karavA taiyAra thayuM, ane phrenca lazkara spenanI vahAra karavA bahAra paDayuM. pariNAme kaniMge porTugalano pakSa laI tyAM sainya mAkahyuM, eTale vigraha zamI gayeA. i. sa. 1821mAM grIka lAkre turkInA nirdaya rAjyathI trAsI jaI temanI sAme thayA. zarUAtamAM ghaNAne ema lAgyuM, ke grIka prajA A pramANe baLavA karI khIjI prajAne uddhatAInA pATha bhaNAve che. ethI kraniMga paNa taTastha rahyo, paNa grIka prajAne sahAya ApavAne mize raziAe turkastAna pacAvI pADavAnI ceAjanA ghaDI tyAre A catura maMtrI cetI gaye. turka julamagArAnA vajadaMDathI niHsattva banelI grIka prajA pratye sahAnubhUti darzAvavA teNe parAkSasahAya karI. pariNAme suprasiddha kavi Ayarana ane utsAhI svayaMsevakA e svAtaMtryayajJamAM AtmasamarpaNa karavA nIkaLI paDayA. Akhare sulatAna hAryAM, ane teNe misaranA pAzAnI sahAya lIdhI, eTale kreniMge phrAnsa ane raziA joDe saMdhi karI. A traNe rAjyAnA saMyukta naukAsainye neveranonA akhAtanA yuddhamAM turka kAphalAno dhANa vALI nAkhyA, i. sa. 1827. paraMtu e svAtaMtryapremI nara peAtAnI nItinuM pariNAma jovA jIvatA na rahyo. veliMgTananuM maMtrImaMDaLaH paMdara varSa sudhI mukhyamaMtrI pada bhogavanAra sAdhAraNa buddhinA ane ArAmapriya prakRtinA livarapUlane pakSAtrAta thavAthI teNe rAjInAmuM ApyuM. prajAnI dRSTimAM kainiMga vasI gayA hatA; paNa tenI prakRti asvastha hatI, ane thADA samayamAM te maraNa pAmyA. e pachI gADarica pradhAna thayA; paNa rAjAne te kAI samartha kAryavAhaka joI teA hateA, eTale rAjAe vATarjInA vijetA veliMgTanane mukhya maMtrI banAvyA. e vajrabAhu saradAramAM jeTalI yuddhanI AvaData hatI, teTalI rAjya calAvavAnI na hatI. teNe senAe| calAvI hatI, paNa vahIvaTa calAvyeA na hatA. raNakSetramAM anupama vIrya darzAvanAranA hRdyamAM pArlamenTa samakSa TakI rahevAnuM sAmarthya na hatuM. te laDatA, hAratA, pAchA ThekANe AvatA, paNa adhikAra cheDatA nahi. te custa saMrakSaka hatA, chatAM tenA amalamAM rAjjArI jIvana para gaMbhIra asara karanArAM e kAryAM thayAM. i. sa. 1828mAM lArDa jvAna rasela nAme

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32 utsAhI ane udAra amIre darakhAsta mUkI, ke kasoTIna ane korporezananA kAyadAnAM baMdhanamAMthI apratijJAgrAhIone mukta karavA joIe. sarakAre te svIkArI e matalabano kAyado karyo. je ke 150 varSathI cAlatA AvatA A kAyadAthI A loke jAhera nokarImAM joDAI zakatA na hatA, chatAM dara varSe khAsa dhAro karI temane mATe e kAyadAnAM baMdhana narama karavAmAM AvatAM hatAM, eTale A kAyade bahu lAbhakAraka nahato e spaSTa che. I. sa. 1829no romana kethalikane chUTa ApanAre kAyade kharekharI agatyano che. te prazna saMbaMdhI veliMgTane aMgIkAra karelI nIti tenI kAryapaddhati para prakAza pADe che. apratijJAgrAhIone ApelI chUTa kethelikone ApavA veliMgTana taiyAra na hato. te temane eTalo sakhata virodhI hatA, ke keniMga kethelike pratye lAgaNI dharAve che e jANI tenA hAtha nIce adhikAra levAnI teNe nA pADI hatI. ghaNuMkharA kethalike AyalenDanA hatA, ane temane chUTa ApavAnuM pide vacana ApyuM hatuM, paNa te pALI zakI na hatA. udAra keniMge I. sa. 1822mAM Ayariza amIne pArlamenTamAM besavAnI anumati ApavAnI darakhAsta ANI, ane AmanI sabhAe te maMjura karI, paNa haThIlA amIe te uDAvI dIdhI. chatAM daDhAgrahI kethalike ema hArI jAya tevA na hatA. Akhare AyalenDamAM kelAhala thaI rahyo, ane piTTe ApeluM vacana paLAvuM joIe evo Agraha thavA lAgyo. A bAjue higa ane udAra matanA TerIo emaja kahevA lAgyA. ethI A bAbatanI laData upaDI. AyarlenDamAM Deniyala ekenela nAmanA eka catura daDhAgrahI vaktA ane vakIle tenuM netRtva svIkArI kethelika esosiezana"nI sthApanA karI, I. sa. 1823. A maMDaLane baMdha karavAmAM AvyuM, chatAM te punaH sajIvana thaI potAnuM kArya calAvavA lAgyuM. I. sa. 1828mAM lera paragaNAnA matadAroe Deniyala kanelane pratinidhi tarIke pasaMda karyo. jo ke te romana kethalika hatA, eTale kAyadA pramANe tenAthI pArlamenTanA sabhya thavAya tema nahotuM, paNa veliMgTane joyuM ke tene pArlAmenTamAM besavA devAmAM nahi Ave, te loko mamate caDI pharIthI tenIja varaNI karaze, dezamAM asaMtoSa vyApI jaze, ane Ayariza prajA kadAca zastra uMcakaze. yuddho laDIne dhITa thaele

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303 e yoddhAM yuddhanAM aniSTa pariNAmothI ajANa nahatA. teNe I. sa. 1829mAM kethalike viruddha kaDaka kAyadA rada karyA, ane temane proTesTanTe jeTalA haka AyA; chatAM eTale pratibaMdha rAkhavAmAM Avyo ke kethelikathI AyalenDanA subAnuM ke laoNrDa censelaranuM pada laI zakAya nahi. A kAryamAM pIle pitAne virodha tajI veliMgTanane sahAya ApI, ane cheDI haTha pachI rAjAe kethalika baMdhanamuktinA kAyadAne saMmati ApI. ethI ekenela pArlamenTano sabhya thayo, paNa teNe jIvana paryata pitAnI laData cAlu rAkhI. kethelikane AvI chUTa ApavAne kAyado karavAthI matabhedane lIdhe veliMgTana ane pIlanA ghaNA sahAyaka temanAthI judA paDI gayA. vaLI veliMgTananI zithila dezAMtara nItine lIdhe maMtrImaMDaLa akAruM thaI paDayuM. pArlamenTanI sudhAraNAnA praznathI TerI pakSamAM tIvra matabheda utpanna thaye. eka pakSa ema mAnato ke AvI sudhAraNuM hAlanA samayamAM anukULa ke ISTa nathI; paNa bIje pakSa chaDecoka pikArIne kahevA lAge, ke e saDeluM taMtra vaheluM pheMkI devAya tema sAruM. * prakaraNa 7muM viliyama koH i. sa. 1830-1837 - viliyama zeH I. sa. 1830-1837. I. sa. 1830nA juna mAsanI 20 mI tArIkhe durAcArI ane vilAsI paeNrjanA mRtyusamAcAra sAMbhaLI na the keIne zeka, ke na thaye rAjanItimAM kaze pheraphAra. tenA pachI jarja 3jAne trIjo putra viliyama 4the gAdIe Avyo. te khullA dIlane, khUzamijAjI, mIlanasAra svabhAvane, ane kaMIka aptaraMgI hate. te "nAvika rAjA"nA upanAmathI oLakhAtA hatA. tenAmAM eTalI badhI saraLatA hatI ke te hAthamAM chatrI rAkhIne rastA upara cAlyo jAya temaja pitAnA junA dasto joDe jarAe saMkeca vinA hAsyavinoda karavA maMDI jAya. paraMtu tenAmAM sarvathI vadhAre stutya guNa e hatI ke rAjakAjamAM te jaroe vacce paDatA nahi. viliyama game te pakSanA pradhAnone sarva taMtra soMpI deta.

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304 I. sa. 1830nuM varSa yuropamAM krAntinuM varSa che. phenca lokee cArlsa 10mAnA mastaka uparathI rAjamukuTa utArI tenA dUranA sagA ailiansanA ThAkarane Ape. dakSiNa nedhalenDanI prajAe bejIyamanuM svataMtra rAjya racyuM. jarmanImAM svataMtratA meLavavAnA chuTAchavAyA prayatno thavA lAgyA, ane polenDanA leke e raziA viruddha baLavo karyo. rAjyataMtra prajAmatane anukULa karavAnA prayatna rUpa A krAMtinAM AMdolana IglenDamAM paNa AvyAM. paraMtu sabhAe viliyama je rAjA hato, eTale temaNe juduM svarUpa lIdhuM. pArlamenTanI sudhAraNane vaNaukalyo ane juno prazna pharI viliyama kathA upasthita thaye. pAlemenTanI sudhAraNuM: taruNa piTTe A prazna upara prathama dhyAna ApyuM hatuM, paNa virodhane lIdhe te paDato mUkyo hato. tyAra pachI deza samakSa e prazna eka athavA bIje prasaMge upasthita thatuM. paraMtu phAnsanA rAjyaviplavane pariNAme thaelA amAnuSI atyAcArethI aMgrejomAM e bhaya pesI gaye, ke yogya sudhArA karavAmAM temane krAntino hAu dekhAto. temane lAgatuM ke cheDA uDa kambAono matAdhikAra rada karI, audyogika pragatithI vikAsa pAmelAM navAM zaherene te ApavAmAM jANe siMhAsana DelI javAnuM heya, rAjataMtra uthalI paDavAnuM hoya, ke phrAnsanA nirdaya narameghanI IglenDamAM punarAvRtti thavAnI hAya ! !! paraMtu dhIme dhIme Avo bhaya nAza pAmato gayo, eTale AmanI sabhAe udAratA darzAvavA mAMDI. jo ke kethelikone chUTa maLI; paNa pArlamenTanI dhAraNa karIne pitAnI sattA para kApa mUkavA ane rAjyavahIvaTamAM pitAnI lAgavaga ochI karavA kANu tatpara

Page #318
30pa heya ? e sAthe keniMga jevA udAracitta ane nyAyapriya nItijJa ema kahIne viruddha paDatA, ke matAdhikArano vistAra thavAthI amIra ane jamInadAronI lAgavaga ochI thaze, ane tethI pArlamenTamAM buddhizALI ane zaktimAna, manuSyonI saMkhyA ghaTavA lAgaze. A uparAMta veliMgTana jevo custa TerI lazkarI damAmathI kaheto ke mArA amala daramiAna sudhAraNAnA keI paNa. kAyadAno virodha kare e mAre mana dharma samAna che. paraMtu viliyamanA rAjyArohaNa pachI yurepamAM AvelI svAtaMtryapriyatAnI bharatI IglenDamAM. caDI. Akhare navI pArlAmenTamAM sudhArAnI taraphadArI karanArA sabhyonI saMkhyA vadhAre AvI, eTale veligTane maMtrIpadane tyAga karyo. Ama 23 varSanA lAMbA, gALA pachI vihaga pakSa punaH prajAsvAtaMtryano pakSa karIne adhikAramAM Avyo. leMDa gre mukhya maMtrI thaye, ane lairDa memberna ane pAmarsTana jevA pragati priya TorI, ane prasiddha vaktA lairDa buhAma, suvikhyAta itihAsakAra lairDa mekole ane lairDa jaena rasela jevAM dezanAM ratnane teNe maMtrImaMDaLamAM sthAna ApyuM. gre te pikArI pikArIne kahevA lAge, ke yurepanAM anya rAjyamAM macI rahelA utpAta ane AMtara vigrahanI punarAvRtti IlenDamAM thavA devI na hoya, te pAlamenTamAM avazya sudhAraNA thavI joIe. AmanI sabhA jamInadAro ane zrImatinI khAnagI milkata TaLI jaIne kAI paNa yogya manuSyane sthAna ApanArI temaja prajAhitanuM parama lakSya rAkhanArI jAhera saMsthA thavI joIe. rasele A mahAkAryanI siddhine arthe kamara kasI. caeNrja 3jAnA mRtyu pUrve A mahApuruSe cAra kasbAone matAdhikAra kheMcI levAnI darakhAsta A| hatI, paNa bIjAonA durAgrahane lIdhe te hAryo hate. I. sa. 1831mAM teNe sudhAraNAne kharaDo ANyo, ane AmanI sabhAmAM meTI bahumatIthI te maMjura thayo, paNa amIree te phekI dIdho. pariNAme dezamAM kelAhala macI rahyo, prajAprakopane sarvabhakSI agni samasta dezamAM pharI vaLyA, ane ThAmaThAma tephAna macyAM. magahemamAM bharAelI sabhAmAM hAjara rahelAoe ughADe mastake hAtha uMcA rAkhIne pratijJA karI, ke A kharaDo pasAra na thAya to ApaNe kara bharavA nahi, ane game te saMkaTa sahIne paNa ApaNe ane ApaNuM saMtAnoe aDaga niSThApUrvaka dezakalyANanA

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36 kAryamAM AsakA rahevuM. brisTalamAM tophAnI lekie makAna bALyAM, khUna kathI, ane zaherano kabajo lIdhe; noTiMgahemano kille bhasmAvazeSa banI gathI. basa e khara, samagra kharaDe, ane te kharaDA sivAya bIjuM kazuM nahi, e pikAra comera thaI rahyo chatAM AmanI sabhAe svIkArelA kharaDAne amIree bIjI vAra paNa nAmaMjura karyo, I. sa. 1832. lekalAgaNInuM jema te spaSTa hatuM. durAgrahI amIre je A pramANe prajAnI chachAme ThAkare mAre, te kadAca dezamAM AMtara vigraha paNa ubhuM thAya, evA hathiI e rAjane navA amIra banAvavAnI sUcanA karI, paNa te amAnya thaI eTale maMtrIoe rAjInAmuM ApyuM. veliMgTana paNa lokavirodha sahIne navuM pradhAnamaMDaLa racI zake tema na hatuM, eTale prajAnA puNyaprakopathI bacavA sApha tene gharamAM bharAI rahevAno vAro Avyo. tenAM zauryavIrya game teTalA AdaraNIya haze, paNa atyAre te lekamatanI viruddha cAlavA mAMDe, te prajAne sinAM zauryanI kiMmata nahatI. rAjAe grene punaH maMtrIpada ApyuM, ane sudhAraNAno kharaDo pasAra karavA mATe je yogya hoya te karavAnI icchA darzAvI. I. sa. 1832nA junanI 4thI tArIkhe pharIthI eno eja kharaDe e. veliMgTana ane bIjA vidhI amIre te divase gerahAjara rahyA, ane bihaga bahumatIthI kharaDe maMjura thatAM tene kAyadAnuM svarUpa ApavAmAM AvyuM. A kharaDAthI 2,000thI ochI vastIvALA pa6 kaAno matAdhikAra kheMcI levAmAM Avyo, ame 4,000thI ochI vastIvALA 30 kastAne eka pratinidhi e che mokalavAnI AjJA thaI. vaLI A pramANe khAlI paDelI 133 beThakamAMthI audyogika parivartanathI samRddha thaelAM nagarone keTalIka beThake ApavAmAM AvI, ane keTalAMka moTAM paragaNAM ane kabAone vadhAre pratinidhio mokalavAno haka ApavAmAM AvyA. e sAthe varaNInA samaye mata ApavAno samaya TuMka karavAmAM Avyo, temaja vastInA pramANamAM matAdhikAra ApI evuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM, ke zaheramAM vArSika 10 pauDanI upajevALAne mata ApavAno adhikAra raheze. A pramANe atyAra sudhI dezanA rAjyavahIvaTamAMthI dUra rAkhavAmAM AvelA madhyama varga ane ucca varganA kAragare paNa pratinidhitva dharAvatA thayA. A saMcalanamAM hiMga

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3ee ane TorI nAme lepa thaye, ane temane sthAne anukrame libarala ane kinjharveTiva nAmano upayoga thaye. I. sa. 1688mAM AraMbhAeluM kArya Akhare A rIte paripUrNa thayuM, te samaye dezamAM pArlamenTanuM varcasva sthapAyuM hatuM e kharuM, paNa temAM haju sudhI sAmAnya lekane avAja nahi jevo hato. ethI dUradarzI lokoe A deSanuM nivAraNa karavAnI jarUriAta to kyAranIe joI hatI, paNa phrenca "viplavanI pracaMDa yAdavAsthaLImAM A sarva visarAI gayuM hatuM. aMte I. sa. 1832mAM madhyama varganI sahAyathI thaelA kAyadAthI pArlAmenTamAMthI kulInonI sattA kamI thaI lokapratinidhitva vadhyuM. paraMtu hajue kAmadAra varga ane zaheramAM vasatA garIbAne navA matAdhikAramAM bhAga maLyo nahi. sAmAjika sudhAraNaH navA kAyadA pramANe i. sa. 1833mAM maLelI pArlamenTamAM bhADutI ane hA jI hA bhaNanArA khuzAmatIA temaja madhyama zaktinA mANasane badale dezane buddhizALI varga svataMtra rIte pratinidhi rUpe Avyo. temAM vihaga pakSanI bahumatI hatI, paNa keTalAMka kAraNone lIdhe temanAmAM pakSa paDI gayA, chatAM lokakalyANanAM kAryomAM A pakSabheda naDato nahi. I. sa. 1833mAM briTiza rAjyamAMthI gulAmagIrI nAbuda karavAmAM AvI, ane gulAmanA mAlIkane badale ApavA mATe be karoDa paoNnDanI gaMjAvara rakama maMjura karavAmAM AvI. I. sa. 1807mAM AphrikAthI gulAma mokalavAno niSedha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, chatAM haju corIchUpIthI e amAnuSI vepAra cAlato hato. pariNAme asaMkhya nirdoSa manuSya gulAmInAM atUTa baMdhanemAM adyApi pazu jevuM jIvana vyatIta karI rahyAM hatAM, temaja temanA naphaTa mAlIkanI kara pajavaNI nirAza hRdaye sahI rahyAM hatAM. dayAghana ane sAdhuvRtti viliyama vilbaraphersa A prathA rada karAvavA mATe pote karelA jIvanabharanA zramanuM zubha pariNAma jovA mATe 75 varSanI prauDha vaye jIvato rahyo hate. te A kAyade pasAra thayAne harSidAyaka samAcAra sAMbhaLI prabhunI karaNanuM ciMtana karate zAMtithI puNyadhAmamAM gaye. I. sa. 1833mAM nidhanonAM bALakonA zikSaNamAM pArlamenTe madada ApavI, evo upagI dhAro karavAmAM AvyA. vaLI zephaTabarInA ThAkaranA prayatnathI kArakhAnAne kAyado

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karI kAmane samaya nirmIta karavAmAM AvyuM, ane kArakhAnAmAM kAma karatA bALakanuM ochAmAM ochuM vaya paNa karAvavAmAM AvyuM. te sAthe A sarva dhArAne amala yogya rIte thAya te jovA mATe sarakArI nirIkSaka nImavAmAM Avyo. bIje varSe garIbIne navo kAyado thaye, garIbInA junA kAyadA rada karavAmAM AvyA, ane udyogI lokonI zramasiddha kamANI upara vAMdarAnI peThe nirvAha karatA sazakta pramAdIone kAma karavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. paraMtu te sAthe kharekharA vyAdhigrasta ane nirbaLa daridrone yogya sahAya ApavAnI yojanA karavAmAM AvI. A uparAMta zaherasudharAIno kAyade lakhala thaye, eTale lekane potAnA pratinidhio pasaMda karI pitAnAM nagareno vahIvaTa jAteja karI levAnI sattA ApavAmAM AvI. pAmarsTananI dezAMtara nItiH daramiAna maMtrImaMDaLamAM pheraphAra thaI gayA. AyarlenDanA prazna saMbaMdhI matabheda paDavAthI gree maMtrIpada choDayuM, ane tene sthAne laI memberna AvyuM. thoDA samayamAM tene rajA ApI rAjAe pIlane maMtrI banAvyo, paNa lekavidha joI te chu thaI gaye, ane pAcho lADa memberna Avyo, te I. sa. 1841 sudhI maMtrIpade rahyo. paraMtu I. sa. 1837thI laI pAmarsTana paradeza khAtAnA maMtrI tarIke kAyama hato. tenA anya sAthIo rAjadvArI ane sAmAjika sudhAraNAnA vikaTa prazno ukelI rahyA hatA. A pramANe te pazcima yuropanAM rAjyamAM prajAkIya svAtaMtrya ane baMdhAraNapUrvakanA rAjyataMtra pratye sahAnubhUti darzAvI Apakhuda ane bInajavAbadAra amalane jyAM tyAM pratikAra karI rahyo hato, ane yuddhanAM gherAelAM vAdaLa vIkherI zAMtinI zILI snA prasArI rahyo hato. teNe bejIyanone svAtaMtrya prApta karavAmAM sahAya karI, ane phAnsa tathA spenanAM vartamAna rAjyataMtrone virodhI AghAtathI bacAvI susthira karyo. . sa. 1837mAM niHsaMtAna viliyama mRtyu pAmyuM. tenA zAsanamAM 1. henarI jahena vAIkAunTa pAmana eka zrImaMta Ayariza amIrano putra hate. teno janma I. sa. 1784mAM thayo hato. 23 varSanI vaye abhyAsa pUrNa karIne te pArlamenTamAM dAkhala thayo. 80 varSanI vaya thatAM sudhI te pArlamenTane udyoga ane utsAhI sabhya rahyo. nepoliyana DenA vigraha daramiAna I. sa. 181mAM te saddhamaMtrI thayo, te cheka i. sa. 185mAM tenA mRtyu sudhI mAtra thoDA kALa vinA

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39 rAjakIya ane sAmAjika kalyANanAM aneka agatyanAM kAryo thayAM, sasthAnAno vikAsa thayA, ane hiMdustAnanA rAjyataMtramAM duragAmI sudhArA dAkhala thayA. paraMtu A sarvane yaza e bhalA rAjAne ApI zakAtA nathI. teNe mAtra rAjyataMtramAM AtmavilApana karI lAkazAsananI gatine vegavatI banavA dIdhI, eja tenI kIrti che. lADu melmeAnanA mata pramANe te nikhAlasa, niSpakSa pAtI, ane nyAyI hatA. prakaraNa 8muM mahArANI vikaTAriA : i. sa. 1837-1901 vikaTAriAH i.sa. 1837 nA jInanI 20mI tArIkhe savAranA pAMca vAge kenTarnarInA dharmodhyakSa ane lArDa cembalene rAjamahelamAM jaI paheAMcI jyAreM 3jAnA cothA putranI kuMvarI ane viliyamanI bhatrIjI taruNa vikaTAriAne mahArANI tarIke namana karyuM. navI rANInuM vaya 19 varSanuM hatuM; paNa bAlyAvasthAthI tenI mAtAe e gauravavaMtA sthAnane zebhAve tevuM zikSaNa ApI tene svAzrayI, paragajI, guNavatI, ane viduSI banAvavAne prabaMdha mahArANI vikaTAriA badhAM varSA adhikAramAM rahyo. te i. sa. 1830mAM paradezakhAtAno maMtrI thayo, paoNla pradhAnapade AvatAM adhikArapadethI utaryo, ane i. sa. 1836mAM lArDa melkhAna joDe peAtAnA junA adhikAramAM Avyo, te lagabhaga 30 varSa sudhI te pada para rahyo. te 70 varSanI vaye mukhya pradhAna thayo, tyAre tenI AMkhanuM teja ke teno adamya utsAha premAMthI eke ghaTayuM na hatuM.

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310 vika/SE karyo hato. tenI niHsvArthavRtti ane samabhAvazIla svabhAvane lIdhe gAdIe AvatA pahelAM ja te kapriya thaI paDI. temAM vaLI sabhAge lairDa memberna jevA kunehabAja maMtrInI yuktithI rAjyavahIvaTanA prathama bedhapATha tene maLyA. AthIe tenuM vizeSa saddabhAgya to e hatuM, ke i. sa. 1840mAM teNe seksabarganA rAjakumAra AlbarTa joDe lagna karyuM. te vidyArasaka ane prajAvatsala rAjakumAre potAnI ucca rasikatA, dUradarzitA, ImAnadArI ane kAryadakSatAthI prajAnAM hRdaya jItI lIdhAM. teNe rANIne kaI paNa maMtrI upara avalabIne vartavAnI jarUramAMthI mukta karI. suMdara ane jAjaramAna vika prinsa AbarTa riA, temaja saMskArI, catura, uMcA, ane dekhAvaDA rAjakumAranuM joDuM AMkha ThAre tevuM hatuM. baMnene pitAnI padavInI jokhamadArI saMbaMdhI ucca vicAra hatA, ane bane te padavI zobhAvavA athAga zrama letAM. AlbarTa pite rANInA khAnagI kSetrInuM kAmakAja karate. rANInuM ghaNuMkharuM rAjadvArI lakhANa tenuM lakheluM AvatuM. vikaTeriAnA rAjyArohaNathI greTa briTana ane henavara chuTAM paDyAM; kemake henevaranA kAyadA pramANe strI gAdIvArasa thaI zakatI na hatI. rANanA kAkA kaMbalenDanA DayUkane henevaranuM rAjya maLyuM. have yuropanA rAjyaprapaMco ane vigrahamAM utaravAno briTanane kaze svArtha nahato, eTale dezahita ane lokakalyANanAM kAryo pratye rAjadvArIonI daSTi vaLI. . dezanI sthiti: taruNa rANI rAjapade AvI, tyAre dezanI sthiti karaNa hatI. sudhArAne lIdhe sAmAjika asaMtoSa jUna thayo hato, paNa nirmaLa

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311 zake naheta. hajue rejInA dara halakA ane anAja mevuM hatuM, eTale sarIbone pUratuM khAvAnuM te kyAMthI maLe? AthI strIo ane bALakane gajA uparAMta kAma karavuM paDatuM. bicArAM kumaLAM bALakone kolasAnI azuddha havAvALI, aMdhArI, ane uDI khANomAM moTI gADIo kheMcI javAnA badalAmAM thoDAka pensa maLatA. khetInuM to ThekANuM na hatuM; gAmaDAMomAM te nidhana kheDuta ke majuronAM sAMkaDAM gharamAM Arogya sAcavavAnAM sAdhana na hatAM, udyoga ane vANijya paNa aTakI paDyAM hatAM, ane daLavArthInuM nAma kaI letuM na hatuM. AvI dazAmAM prajA ekatrita thaI AtmoddhAra sAdhe evI AzA zAnI rakhAya ? paradezamAM ke saMsthAnomAM sarvatra lagabhaga azAMti hatI. keneDA ane dakSiNa AphrikAmAM vidroha thavAnI taiyArI hatI. turkastAna ane aphaghAnistAnanA vikaTa praznone chevaTane nirNaya ANavAno hato. vihaga pakSane lairDa meborna sukhavAsI svabhAvano ane pramAdI maMtrI hato. eTale tene sudhAro karavAnuM sUcave, tyAre te kahe ke "e ema ne ema rahevA dine." parizrama karyA vinA paristhiti sudharI jaze, ema te kadAca mAnatA haze! haka prArthIoH Chartists. AvI gaMbhIra sthitimAM sAmAnya manuSya mAnatA, ke amArA hAthamAM rAjakIya sattA hoya to AvAM saMkaTonuM nivAraNa thaI jAya. vaLI pArlAmenTamAM kAmadArone avAja na hato, temaja sudhArAthI paNa temane sukha, saMtoSa, ke sagavaDa maLyAM na hatAM. ethI i. sa. 1838mAM eka jabarI sabhAmAM "lokane paTTo" e nAmane lekha taiyAra karI temAM cha mAgaNIo karavAmAM AvI. 1. pratyeka niSkalaMka ane saccarita manuSyane matAdhikAra Apavo joIe. 2. matadAronI saMkhyA samAna rahe, evI rIte dezanA vibhAga karavA joIe. : 3. gupta rIte mata ApavAnI paddhati pracalita karavI joIe. 4. dhanika vA nidhana sarvane pArlamenTanA sabhya thavAne samAna AdhakAra hovo joIe. 5. pAlemenTa prativarSa maLavI joIe. 6. pArlAmenTamAM AvanAra sabhyane mahenatANuM maLavuM joIe. ekaMdare A hIlacAla cheka I. sa. 1848 sudhI cAlu rahI. tenA saMcAlakamAM "zArIrika zaktidala" ane "naitika zaktidala' evAM be taDa paDyAM

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kAra armiMgahema ane zezIlDa jevAM aneka sthaLeAe tAphAne thayAM. i. sa. 1839mAM keTalAka tophAnI AgevAnane sajA karavAmAM AvI, tApaNu aneka manuSya A pravRttimAM joDAyA, ane AmanI sabhAmAM lAMkhI lAMkhI arajI karavAmAM AvI. jiMga ke TArI pradhAne A leAkeAnI mAgaNIe svIkAravA tatpara na hatA. i. sa. 1848mAM phiArgasa ekAnara nAmanA mANase Azare 50,000 mANasAne joDe laI pArlamenTane eka arajI ApavA javAnA nizcaya karyAM. AthI laMDanamAM leAkeAne phALa paDI, eTale prajAnA rakSaNa mATe sarakAre paNa tAtkAlika ane asarakAraka upAyA levA mAMDayA. TheraThera hayadaLa, ane tApakhAnuM gAThavAI gayuM. 10mI eprilano smaraNIya divasa AvyuM. varasAda kahe mArUM kAma. e sthitimAM jhAjhA manuSyA ekaThA thaI zakayA nahi. meALA paDelA utsAhane baLAtkAre TakAvI rAkhanArA gheADA AgrahI mANaseAe ekatra thaI nisteja vadane AmanI sabhAmAM arajI, ApI. Akhare tapAsa thaI, tyAre aMdarathI ardhI sahIo khATI jaNAI. keTalAke te| prinsa AlbarTa ane veliMgTananA nAmanI sahI karI hatI, ane keTalAke ethIe AgaLa vadhIne 'cAMdeA-suraja ' ' mAkhaNa-roTalA ' jevAM vilakSaNa nAme sahI karI hatI. Ane lIdhe leAkeAmAMthI temanA kAMkarA nIkaLI gayA. te yugamAM A hakaprArthIe game tevA ati sudhAraka jaNAvA lAgyA, chatAM te sAthe prativaSa~ navI pArlamenTanI mAgaNI vinA bIjA badhA bIjabhUta siddhAntA svIkArI laI temanI mAgaNIomAM rahelA DahApaNanI pareAkSa kadara karavAmAM AvI hatI. ' niraMkuza vepAraH eka bAjue hakaprArthIe rAjakIya hakA prApta karI sAmAjika anae TALavAnA prayatna karI rahyA, tyAre bIjI bAjue keTalAka vicArazIla ane buddhimAna manuSyA vadhAre dIrdhadaSTi vAparIne kahetA, ke i. sa. 1815mAM pasAra thaelA dhAnyane kAyadA rada karIne anAjanI seAMdhavArI karavAthI A sarva anarthAne aMta AvI jaze. daramiAna catura ane zuddhahRdaya ricarDa kArmDana ane tenA mitra jhAna brAITe agresara thaIne dhAnyanA kAyadAnA virodha karanArA saMdha (Anti Corn Law League) sthApyA, 1. A arjIemAM eka eTalI lAMkhI hatI, ke TipaNAnI peThe vALatAM gADAnA paiDA jeTalo teno gherAvA thayo, ane seALa manuSyone te upADavI paDI!!

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323 I. sa. 1839. pachI brAITanuM jaladhodha jevuM samartha vakatRtva, pAnI, ane bhASaNonI avirata paraMparA cAlI. teNe jAhera karyuM ke greTa briTananI vadhatI jatI vastInA pramANamAM pUratuM kAma nathI; kemake kArakhAnAMvALAo paradezI ghaunA badalAmAM pitAne mAla paradezane ApI zakatA nathI. vaLI dhAnyanA kAyadA rada thavAthI mAtra moMghavArI maTI jaze ema paNa nathI; eTalethI to mAtra kAmadArone kAma maLe, rejI maLe, ane dezanA udyoge pagabhara thAya. evI rIte vepArIoe upADelI A caLavaLane zarUAtamAM jamInadAre tiraskAranI dRSTie jovA lAgyA, ane kAmadAro ema mAnavA lAgyA, ke rAjakIya hakanI laDatamAM vikSepa pADavAne mATe A eka bALa racavAmAM AvI che; chatAM aneka niHsvArthI jamInadAre potAne lAbha jato karavA taiyAra thayA. temaja dhAnyanA kAyadAmAM rahelA anyAya samajAtAM prajAmata badalAvA lAge. rAjakIya hakanI laData cheDI daIne A kArya upADI levA jevuM che, evuM kAmadArone jaNAvA lAgyuM. - ALasu ane prasAdI higa pradhAnathI leke kaMTALI gayA, eTale membernane pakSa nAno thavA lAgyo. I. sa. 183lmAM mena adhikArathI utaryo, ane pIla pradhAna thayo. teNe rANInI zayanagRhanI dAsIone kADhI mUkavAnI jaka pakaDI, eTale menane pAcho bolAvI rANIe tene maMtrIpada ApyuM. tenA be varSanA amalamAM TapAla ane keLavaNImAM keTalAka sudhArA thayA. - pIlanuM pradhAnamaMDaLaH i. sa. 1841mAM TorI agraNuM pIla pradhAnapade AvyA. navA pradhAnane sukhazayAmAM sUvAnuM na hatuM; kAraNa ke Deniyala ekenela AyarlenDane IglenDathI chUTuM pADavAne tanatoDa prayatna karI rahyo hatA. I. sa. 1843mAM kenelane keda karI teNe A prayatnono aMta A. hakaprAthao ThAmaThAma sabhAo bharI sudhArA mANI rahyA hatA. aphaghAnistAnamAM aMgreja sainyano saMhAra karavAmAM Avyo hate. tenuM vera levAnA upAyo zodhavAnA bAkI hatA, ane te sAthe I. sa. 183thI 1842 sudhI cIna jeDe aphINanA prazna saMbaMdhI yuddha cAlatuM hatuM. paraMtu cInamAM to chevaTe aMgrejono jaya thayo, ane cIne nukasAna tathA yuddhanuM kharca bharI ApavA kabula karyuM.

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* pIla vepArI hatA, ane tenI daSTi dezanI samRddhi vadhAravA tarapha hatI. teNe Azare ATha vastuo uparathI jakAta halakI karI niraMkuza vepAranI dizAmAM eka DagaluM AgaLa bharyuM. membernanA samayamAM thaelI Arthika taMgIne lIdhe paDele kheTano khADe pUravA teNe AvakaverAnI yojanA karI. - I. sa. 1845-46mAM AyarlenDamAM baTATAno pAka niSphaLa gayo, eTale bhayaMkara dukALa paDayo. hajAre Ayariza rega ane bhUkhamarAnA jIvaleNa paMjAmAM AvI paDyA. keTalAka to deza tajI saMyukta saMsthAnomAM jaI vasyA; paNa A sarva vipattimAMthI jeo bacA, teo bhUkha, ThaMDI, hADamArI, garIbI, ane maraNabhayathI dInahIna thaI paDayA. Akhare pIlane kenDana ane tenA mitroe sAmAjika anarthonI karelI cikitsA kharI lAgI; paNa kRtrima upAyathI lekene roTale moM karI nAkhavAmAM tene nirdayatA lAgI. teNe I. sa. 1846mAM dhAnyanA kAyadAo rada karavAno kharaDe pArlamenTamAM raju karyo. pariNAme TorI sAthIo pIlanI AvI badalAelI manovRttithI cheDAI viruddha paDyA, chatAM te kharaDo pasAra thaye. Ama brAIDa kenDanane parizrama - phaLIbhUta thayo, paNa pIlano pakSa tUTyo. tenA virodhIoe navo pakSa racyo. te bAdhita vyApArapakSa (Protectionists) kahevAya. AmAM benjAmina DijharAyelI nAme addabhuta zaktivALo mahattvAkAMkSI taNa bhaLyo. thoDA samayamAM pIlane rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDayuM. paraMtu teNe dezahitanuM mahata kArya karI amara kIrti meLavI lIdhI. teNe pitAnA chelA bhASaNamAM kharaDAne ulekha karatAM kahyuM ke A kAryano yaza mane maLe che khare, paNa tenI preraNA ane kendra taraphathI maLI hatI. A pachI cAra varSe pIlara maraNa pAme. 1. A mahAsamartha puruSa I. sa. 1850mAM ghoDA uparathI paDIne maraNa pAmyo. te samaye tenA prazaMsaka ane anuyAyI viliyama yuvaTe gleDasTane tenI zaktine pratApa, buddhine camatkAra, ane guNonI pavitratAno ullekha karyo hato Now is the stately columo broke, The beacon light is quenched in smoke; The trumpet's silv'ry sound is still, The warder silent on the hill.

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: : :.. : kAya pAmarsTananI videzI AjanItiH pIle maMtrIpada choDayuM, eTale tenA vidhIonI sahAyathI higa pakSa jora upara AvyuM. A pakSanA hAthamAM : Azare trIsa varSa sudhI adhikAra rahyo. I. sa. 183ranA kAyadAthI nAmanA pAmele jaena rasela mukhya maMtrI thayo, ane pArTina paradeza khAtAnA pradhAna tarIke cAlu rahyo. duSkALa pachI AyarlenDamAMthI cheka jaDamULamAMthI asaMteSa ga na hato. haju videza jaI vasatA aneka Ayarize manamAM kAyadAno reSa rAkhIne kahetA, ke aMgrejoe amane pUratI sahAya ApI nahatI. Ayariza prajAnAM duHkha nivAravAnA kAmanA upAye kAme lagADavAmAM AvyA na hatA, ane jamInadArano pakSa karI garIbonA jAna levAmAM AvyA hatA. Akhare AvA asaMtoSathI baLa thaye, paNa te tarataja zamAvI devAmAM Avyo. paraMtu A badhA kAnti kAraka Aveza prajAmAM kayAMthI bhAI pAmarsTana pragaTayo ? yuropamAM i. sa. 1848nI sAla eTale krAntinuM varSa. raziA sivAyanA lagabhaga dareka rAjyamAM prajAkIya baLavA thayA hatA, jene pariNAme keTalAka dezomAM pracalita rAjyapaddhatinI jaDa kADhI nAkhavAmAM AvI hatI, ane keTalAkamAM e prakAranI taiyArIo cAlatI hatI. temAM phrAnsa, jarmanI, ane oNsTriA jevA dezomAM prajAprakepa dAvAnaLa pharI vaLyuM hatuM. paradezamaMtrI pArTanane AvI krAnti catI te na hatI, paNa krAntinI pAchaLa rahelA heturUpa siddhAMta tene mAnya hatA. phrAnsamAM nepoliyananA bhatrIjAe *

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pitAnA virodhIone pakaDyA, keda karyA, mArI nAkhyA, ke bIjI rIte vaza vaza karI prajAsattAka rAjyanI sthApanA karI, ane teNe pramukhapada dhAraNa karyuM, temaja ekAda varSamAM samrApada svIkAryuM. I. sa. 1851. daramiAna pAmarsTane pitAnA sahakArIonI anumati vinA phrAnsanA navA pramukhane dhanyavAdane saMdeza mokalya, eTale greTabriTane jALavelI taTasthatAne bhaga ele gaNI rANue pAmarsTanane rajA ApI. AthI maMtrImaMDaLamAM rahelA sarva pradhAnoe sahamata thaIne kAma karavuM joIe, e siddhAMta daDha thaye. paraMtu pAmarsTane vera vALyuM; teNe eka mAsamAM pitAnA anuyAyIo sahita virodhI pakSamAM bhaLI jaI raselanA maMtrIpadane aMta ANya, I. sa. 1851. pitAnA cAra divasanA cAMdaraNa jevA adhikAramAM catura rasela dezepagI kArya karate gayo. tenA vakhatamAM kAmadAra strIpuruSoe kArakhAnAmAM dasa kalAka kAma karavuM evo kAyado thayo, ane kenDelanA samayathI dAkhala thaelA nauyAnanA akArA kAyadA rada thayA. paraMtu te sarvathI mATe bAnAva te I. sa. "1851mAM banyo. prinsa AbarTane greTabriTana, tenAM sasthAne, ane yuropanAM anya rAjyomAM banatI vastunuM mahAna pradarzana bharavAnI utkaMThA thaI. zAMtinA kALamAM hunnaraudyoganI keTalI pragati thAya che, aMgrejone paradeza joDe zA zA anubhavano vinimaya karavAno che, ane kyAM kyAM sAdhanonI kyAM kyAM nyUnAdhikatA che, e jANavAnA lAbhe uparAMta aneka AdarzavAdIo AzA rAkhavA lAgyA, ke prajAne paraspara paricaya vadhavAthI have vigrahano aMta AvI jagatamAM zAMtinuM sAmrAjya sthapAze. jahana pikasTana nAmanA eka mALIe sarva pradazya vastuone surakSita rAkhavA mATe eka kAcagRha banAvyuM, je Aja paNa krisTala pelesannA nAmathI oLakhAya che. e pradarzanamAM deza-dezAMtaranI vastuo AvI. Akhare aneka paradezIo A prathama pradarzana jevA bhegA thayA, ane dhArelA lAbha paNa maLyA. paraMtu e pradarzana zAMtino sImAstaMbha banavAne badale yuddhanA maMgalAcaraNarUpa banyuM. dezamAM 35 varSa paryata rahelI akhaMDa zAMtino chevaTe bhaMga thaye. pUrvane praznaH jarja kathAnA amalathI A prazna Aja paryata yurepanAM rAjya samakSa gaMbhIra svarUpe upasthita thaele jovAmAM Ave che,

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317 eTale tenA arvAcIna svarUpa sudhI ahIM tenA vicAra karavA joIe. A prazna traNa vibhAgamAM vaheMcAI jAya cheH (1) misara, eziyAmAInara, ane yureApa, (2) madhya eziA, ane (3) pAsiphikanAM saMsthAne. yuropamAM eka samayanuM turkastAnanuM mahArAjya kSINa thatuM hatuM, ane tene lAbha yurApanAM rAjyAne levA hatA. raziA teA parApUrvathI kAnsTenTinApalanA kabajo laI DArDenalsa tAbe karI bhUmadhya samudramAM raziana vahANA pheravI misarane bhayamAM rAkhavAnAM tathA iMglenDa ane hiMda vacce cAlatA vepArane rUMdhI nAkhavAnAM svapnA sevatuM hatuM. vepAranuM uttama mathaka keAnsTanTa nepala tene kabaje karavuM hatuM. greTa Tana turkastAna pratye khAsa maitrIbhAva dharAvatuM na heAvA chatAM tene pakSa karatuM hatuM; kemake tene raziAne bhaya lAgatA hatA. vaLI e pramANe jo raziA turkastAnamAM dhaNI thaI bese, te yuropanI sattAtulA DagI jAya tema hatuM. phrAnsane misara ane siriAmAM saMsthAnA sthApavAnA kADa hatA, ane i. sa. 1870 pachI jarmanIe eziAna mAInaramAM vepArI vikAsa sAdhavAne mATe AkAzapAtALa eka karyAM hatAM. madhya eziAmAM raziAnI sattA sAIbiri taraphathI, ane greTabriTananI sattA pUrva hiMdustAnamAMthI dhIme dhIme AgaLa vadhatI hatI. mahArAjyanI saMsthAne ane vepAranA vikAsa zeAdhavAnI pravRttine lIdhe pAsiphika saMsthAmAM paNa A prazna ubhA thayA hatA, temAM 40 karoDanI vastIvALA cInanA prazna ati vikaTa thaI paDayA hatA. phrImiana vigraha: i. sa. 1854-56. A samaye raziAmAM nikAlAsa nAme rAjyalAbhI ane mAthAnA pharelA zahenazAha hatA. tenI niSkri kyAranIe nirbaLa turkastAna para paDI cUkI hatI, eTale tene teA. yuddha karavAnuM miSa joItuM hatuM. i. sa. 1852mAM jerUsalemanAM tIrthasthaLe saMbaMdhI razi ane turkastAna vacce kalaha UThayA, ane sulatAnanA rAjyamAM vasatA sarva khristIonuM saMrakSaNa karavAnA dAvA razie karavA mAMDayA. paraMtu sulatAne tene spaSTa rIte nikAra karyAM. greTabriTana jo raziAne sahAya kare, tA ziA tene misara ane kenDIA meLavavAmAM sahAya Ape evI viSTi mibravAse calAvavA mAMDI. paraMtu jyAre vaLyuM nahi tyAre teNe ekale hAtheja

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318 turkastAna jItavAne nizcaya karyo. teNe saiziana sinyane hAla je rUmAniA kahevAla che te pradezamAM mokalI dIdhuM. tue DAnyukha oLaMga raziana sainyane harAvyuM paNa raziana sainma sinepamAM paDelAM turka vahANone nAza karyo, I. sa1857 ' IglenDamAM A samaye hai bAne sthAne rDa ebaDina nAme sAdhAraNa buddhi ane zaktivALo libarala maMtrI ane tenA pakSakAro tathA pIlanA anuyAyIonuM baneluM saMyukta maitrImAMDI adhikAramAM hatuM. pAmarsTana svadeza khAtAnA pradhAna hato, chatAM tenA AgrahathI maMtrImaMDaLe raziA viruddha vigraha jAhera karyo. vaLI pitAnA nAmadhArI pUrvajanI peThe parAkrama karI prasiddhi meLavavAne utsuka banelA phrAnsanA nepaliyane greTa briTanane pakSa lIdho. pariNAme briTiza kAphalAe bAlTikamAM jaI raziAnAM baMdare ekadama baMdha karyo; saMyukta kAphalAe eDresa para topane mAro calAvyo, ane eka samukta kAle DonalsamAM thaIne kALA samudramAM turkInI kumake AvI pahoMcyo. A pramANe eka pakSamAM phlansa, greTa briTana ane turkI, tathA sAmA pakSamAM raziA ema be pakSa baMdhAyA. . mukhya yuddha ne raziAnI dakSiNe AvelA krImiA nAme dvIpakalpamAM thayuM. cirakALanI zAnti bhogavI cebriTananuM sainya anubhava vinAnuM thaI gayuM hatuM, ane tenI pAse pUratAM sAdhana na hatAM. phrenca sainyanI lagabhaga teja dazA hatI. temane vicAra sebAsTepala nAme raziAne agatyano ajeya ane abhedya kille levAno hato. daramiAna temaNe AtmAnA yuddhamAM vijaya meLavyuM. AthI raziane pAchA haThyA, eTale sebApela javAno mArga khulle thaye. paraMtu dvIpakalpIya vigrahamAM nAmanA meLavanAra aMgreja senApatinI zaktine 40 varSanA pramAdano kATa caDI gayo hato. raziano kaI cUke tevA hatA? temaNe aMgreje ane kejonA vilabano lAbha laIne kille majabuta karI lIdho. tyAra pachI bAlAlAvAnuM prasiddha yuddha thayuM, saMyukta sainya atula parAkrama darzAvyuM, eTale raziane temane e baMdarethI haThAvI zakayA nahi dasa divasa pachI raziana InkamenanA yuddhamAM pharI 1. kavi Tenisane amara karalI "Light Brigade' TukaDIe A yuddhamAM adbhuta pasakrama darzAvyuM. keInI bhUla thaI ane A bahAdura sainikAe pariNAmanI darakAre

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319 pachI hAryA. rAtrinA dhumamAM saMnikee sagumitra joyA vinA zastrAstra, jamIna, pathara, ane chevaTe mukkAothI yuddha karyuM, ane parAkramanI parAkASTra) darzAvI. paraMtu saradAranI kAryadakSatAno abhAve jAnamAlanI jebarI khuvArI thaI. e pachI sebAlina ghese zarU thaze, chatAM senApatie dIrdhadaSTi vAparIne kaMI yojanA ke sagavaDa karI na hatI. raziAnA aMgone ThuMThavI nAkhanArA ziALAmAM e verAna pradezamAM bicArA sainikone cAra mAsa sudhI agaNita saMkaTa veThavAM paDayAM. temanA taMbuo phATelA hatA. oDhavAnuM pUra maLe nahi, paheravAnAM kapaDAMnI paNa taMgI hatI, ane dezamAMthI sAmagrI Ave temAM kazI vyavasthA ke vaga na maLe, eTale temane pArAvAra duHkha paDayuM. vaLI luccA IjAradAroe pagarakhAM mekalyAM, temAM eka vakhate te badhAM pagarakhAM ekaja paganAM nIkaLyAM, ane temAM taLI te kAgaLanAM hatAM. e sAthe ghAsanI gAMsaDIomAM vacce mATI bharelI nIkaLI. A uparAMta eka samaye jarUrI mAla laIne AvatAM vahANane tephAna naDavAthI te pUrbsa gayAM. pariNAme bhUkhamarAne lIdhe sainyamAM rega phATI nIkaLe, chatAM davAkhAnAnI sArI vyavasthA paNa na hatI. yuddhanA khabarapatrIoe A bhayaMkara sthitinAM hadayadrAvaka vargana lakhI mekalyAM. eTale dezamAM te lekene nakhake -zikha jhALa caDI. ethI ebaDinane rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDayuM, ane pAmarsTana maMtrIpade AvyuM. daramiAna dhAtrIkarmanI yogya tAlIma pAmelI phlerensa karyA vinA mRtyumukhamAM paga mUko. baMdukanI goLIonA varasAdamAM doDha mAIla sudhI pasAra karI teoe raziana topakhAnuM hAtha karyuM. 600 mANasamAMthI bhAgye 200 javavA pAmyA. vA -TenisananuM The Charge of the Light Brigade. 1. A dayAdhana sannArI pratye sainikonI kRtajJatA phelo Santa Filomena nAme kAvyamAM varNavatAM lakhe che ke: Lo ! in that house of misery, A Lady with a lamp I see, Pass through the glimmering gloom, And Flit from room to room. And slow as in a dream of bliss, The Speechless' sufferet : turns to kiss, Her shadow as it' falls, Upon the darkening walls.

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327 nAITiMgela nAme sevAvRttinI kulIna yuvatI anya yALu benene laI raNukSetramAM sainikAnI sAravAra karavA upaDI. tenA AvavAthI krImiAmAM anyavasthA jatI rahI tene sthAne vyavasthA dAkhala thaI, ane sarva khAkhAmAM pAmarsTananI buddhizakti ane dIrdhadaSTine paricaya thavA lAgyA. khIje varSa sArDiniAe phrAnsano pakSa lIdho; Akhare potAnA sainyanI avadazA joI hatAza thaelA nikAlAsa bhagna hRdaye mRtyu pAmyA, ane sebAsTApeAla paDayuM. paraMtu te pUrve razianoe tenA killAno nAza karyAM hatA, manavArA dukhAvI dIdhI hatI, dArUgALA saLagAvI mUkayA hatA, ane nagarane Aga lagADI dIdhI hatI, i. sa. 1855. i. sa. 1856mAM perisanI saMdhimAM evA nirNaya thayA, ke turkastAnanuM rAjya akhaMDa rAkhavuM, ane kALA samudramAM kAI e laDAyaka nhAjo lAvavAM nahi. DarmI ane pAmarsTananI rAjanItiH i. sa. 1858-1865. i. sa. 1858mAM hiMdustAnamAM sipAI enA baLavA thayeA. te zamI jatA pahelAM pAmarsTanane rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDayuM. i. sa. 1858mAM taraMgI magajanA eka mANase phrAnsanA rAjAnI gADImAM emba mUkI tenI hatyA karavAne prayatna karyAM. A kAvatarUM laMDanamAM thaeluM hAvAthI ane pararAjyA joDe AvA vikhavAda utpanna kare tevA prasaMgeA TALI devAnA hetuthI pAmarsTane AvAM kAvatarAM aTakAvanArA kAyadAnA kharaDA raju karyo. phrAnsamAM adhikArIo chaMcheDAyA, ane AvA kAvatarAkhArAne Azraya ApavAnA aparAdha mATe IMglenDa joDe yuddha karavAnA pAkAra UThayeA, eTale aMgrejo nirarthaka apamAnathI krodhe bharAyA ane kharaDAnI viruddha paDacA. ethI kAnjharveTiva pakSane agraNI lArDa DarbI thaiDA samaya mATe maMtrIpade AvyA. tenuM maMtrImaMDaLa jo ke nirbaLa hatuM, chatAM tenA samayamAM keTaluMka upayAgI kArya thayuM. hiMdustAnanA rAjyavahIvaTa pArlamenTe saMbhALavAneA kAyadA thayA, sainyamAM svayaMsevakA dAkhala karavAnI prathAnI zarUAta thaI, temaja yAhudIone pArlamenTamAM dAkhala thavA devAmAM, ke pArlamenTanA sabhya thavA icchanAra pAse amuka milkata hAvI joI e evuM baMdhana dUra karavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu i. sa. 1859mAM e maMtrImaMDaLanA aMta AvyA, ane pAmarsTana krIthI maMtrIpade AvyA, te i. sa. 1865 sudhI eTale tenA

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321 mRtyu paryaMta te sthAne rahyo. i. sa. 1861mAM prinsa AlbarTanA videha cuvAthI vaidhavya sthitimAM AvelI rANI jAhera jIvanamAMthI lAMbA samaya sudhI nivRtta thaI. pAmarsTananA bIjI veLAnA adhikAramAM amerikAmAM AMtaravigraha jAgyA. uttara amerikAmAM uttara ane dakSiNa saMsthAnAne lAMbA kALathI virAdha cAlyA AvatA hatA. temanI AkhehavA, paristhiti, Arthika sthiti, ane jarUriAte paNa bhinna bhinna hatI. dakSiNa saMsthAnAmAM gulAmAno vepAra cAlatA hatA, chatAM tyAMnA vepArIe nirdhana rahetA; ane uttara saMsthA nomAM gulAmI baMdha hAvA chatAM vepArIe samRddha hatA. i. sa. 1861mAM abrAhAma liMkana nAmano gulAmI prathAno kaTTo zatru saMyukta saMsthAnono pramukha thayA, eTale gupta rahelA virAdha bahAra AvyA, ane cAra varSe sudhI vigraha cAlye. vigraha daramiAna liMkananuM khUna thayuM, paNa aMte uttara saMsthAnIono jaya thayA, ane saMsthAnonuM aikya ane khaLa akhaMDa rahyuM. A vigraha daramiAna uttaravAsIonA kAphalAe dakSiNanAM baMdarAne gheza ghAlavAthI paradezathI mAlanI AvajA baMdha paDI, ane IMglenDane tyAMthI maLatuM rU baMdha thayuM. pariNAme laMkezAyaranAM asaMkhya kArakhAnAM baMdha paDayAM, eTale maNita kAmadAro rAjI vinAnA thaI paDayA. AvA prajAkIya ApattinA samayamAM paNa pAmarsTane taTasthapaNuM jALavyuM.1 pArlamenTanI sudhAraNAno bIjo kAyadeAH pAmarsTananA mRtyu pachI 1. be vakhata IMglenDane yuddhamAM utaravAnA saMyoge| AvyA hatA. i. sa. 1882 mAM dakSiNa saMsthAnAnA be elacIe aMgrejI vahANamAM besIne yuropa AvatA hatA, tyAre rastAmAM uttara saMsthAnAnI krujhare temane pakaDayA. pAmarsTane temane cheDI devAnI mAgaNI karI, ane catura liMkane vakhata vicArI te khula karI. te samaye ghaNA vepArIe dakSiNa saMsthAnA pratye sahAnubhUti dharAvatA, ane temanI madade hathicArabaMdha vahANA meAkalatA. AvA eka vahANe uttaravAsIenAM vepArI vahANAne humAvIne ke lUMTIne khUba nukasAna karyuM. jInIvAmAM bharAelI AMtararASTrIya addAlate InsApha ApyA, ke e vahANa briTiza baMdaramAM baMdhAyuM che, mATe briTanane zire sarva jokhamadArI heAvI joie; pAchaLathI briTanane te mATe bhAre daMDa ApavA paDayA hatA. 21

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322 rasela maMtrI thayo, paNa tenI sattA nAmanI ja hatI; kemake te samaye kharekhara kartAhartA te samartha rAjanItijJa viliyama yuvarTa gleDasTana hatA. tenI bhavya ane gaMbhIra AkRti, amegha vakatRtva, zabdabhava, temaja prAcIna sAhityanuM jJAna, AdithI te ekadama agresara thaI paDyuM hatuM. atyAra sudhImAM teNe aneka varSo sudhI arthamaMtrInuM kArya karI prajA uparathI karane bojo e che karyo hato, te sAthe rAjyanI Avaka vadhArI hatI, ane dezanI samRddhi paNa pipI hatI. "zAMti, karakasara, ane sudhAre che tene mudrAlekha hate. vaLI madhyama vargo je rAjakIya sattA bhogavI rahyA che, tene vistAra karIne Amavargane te ApavI, e tenI rAjanItinuM tattva hatuM. daramiAna I. sa. 1866mAM teNe pArlamenTanI sudhAraNA mATe kharaDo Aryo, paNa te pasAra na thaye, eTale konjharveTiva lairDa DabI maMtrIpade Avyo. tenI sAthe buddhimAna benjAmina DijharAyelI adhikArapade Avyo. sibila ane kAniMgsabInI navalakathAno e pAMDuvarNa vadanano yAhudI lekhaka te samayane samartha rAjadvArI puruSa hato. glaeNDasTanathI viruddha tene te siddhAMta hatA, ke sAmAjika kalyANanAM kAryonI upekSA karyA vinA jaLa ane sthaLa sinyane baLavAna banAvI rAkhavAM joIe; kemake briTananI kharI pratiSThA to paradezamAM rahI che; chatAM te dezadvAranA kAryane cUkato nahi. i. sa. 1867mAM teNe kAyado pasAra karAvI pArlamenTamAM sudhArA karyA. A kAyadAthI pratyeka gharavALA ane kara bharanAra uparAMta 10 pauDanuM (paragaNAmAM 12 pauDanuM) vArSika bhADuM bharanArane paNa matAdhikAra maLyA. A navA kAyadAthI khetaramAM kAma karanArA majurA 1. A atyaMta tejasvI, buddhimAna, ane zuddha hRdayanA rAjadvArIno janma i. sa. 1809mAM zrImaMta ane kulina kuTuMbamAM thaye hato. I. sa. 1832mAM sudharelI pArlamenTamAM te dAkhala thaye, te 1895 sudhI mAtra be vakhata sivAya kAyama rahyo. zarUAtamAM te TerI hatI, ane pIle tene keSAdhyakSa banAvya; paNa e samartha naranA maraNa pachI gleDasTananA vicAra dhIme dhIme badalAyA, ane Akhare I. sa. 1859mAM hiMga tarIke pAmarsTananA maMtrImaMDaLamAM te Avyo. rAjakAja tene mana ramata ke AjIvikAnuM sAdhana na hatuM. tenuM adbhuta naitika baLa, rAjadvArI kuneha, ane asAdhAraNa zaktine lIdhe vikaToriana yugamAM glaeNDasTananuM nAma amara akSare kAtarAyuM che.

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323 sivAya dareka prakAranA kArIgarenI moTI saMkhyAne dezanA rAjyataMtramAM mata ApavAne haka maLe. AraMbhamAM te ghaNA loko AvA uddAma manAtA sudhArAnI viruddha payA, paraMtu ghaNI vATAghATane aMte DijharAyelI pitAnuM dhAryuM karavAmAM saphaLa thaye. vaLI pAchaLathI majurane paNa glaeNDasTananA I. sa. ' 1884nA kAyadAthI rAjataMtramAM mata ApavAno evoja haka maLyo. Akhare DabIe pitAnI asvastha prakRtine lIdhe rAjInAmuM ApyuM, eTale DijharAyelI mukhya maMtrI thayo. tenA nava mAsanA adhikAramAM AyarlenDanA prazno viSe lesTana joDe tene virodha thayA karyo. teNe sara cArlsa nepiyarane mokalI ebIsiniAnA rAjAe mAgadalAmAM keda karelA yuropI kedIone mukta karAvyA. I. sa. 1868mAM glaeNDasTana mukhya pradhAna thayo. gleDasTananuM maMtrImaMDaLaH A navuM pradhAnamaMDaLa I. sa. 1868thI 1872 sudhI adhikAramAM rahyuM. te daramiAna dezamAM keTalAka jarUrI sudhArA thayA. I. sa. 1870mAM pharsTa keLavaNIne kAyade karyo, tethI dareka bALakane zALAmAM javAnI pharaja paDI. Aja sudhI vyakti svAtaMtryanI kharIdI bhAvanAmAM ucharelA aMgrejo ema mAnatA, ke amArAM bALakonuM zuM karavuM te amArA akhatyAranI vAta che. paraMtu e kAyadAne AdhAre have te pAMcathI bAra varSanA pratyeka bALakane zALAmAM mekalavAnI mAtApitA upara kAyadesara pharaja AvI paDI. vaLI matAdhikAranA vistAra jADe dezamAM lAMcarUzvata, prapaMca, tarakaTa, dhamakI, ane apramANikapaNuM ochAM thAya, evA hetuthI I. sa. 187ramAM kAyadA karI gupta rIte mata ApavAnI prathA dAkhala karavAmAM : viliyama yuvaTa leDasTana

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324 AvI. A uparAMta eka khIjA kAyadAthI sainyamAM adhikAra kharIdavAnI pati baMdha karIne lazkarI tAkarIne samaya paNa TuMkAvavAmAM AvyuM. AyalaeNnDanAM taphAne ane saMkaTA TALavAnA gleDasTane aneka upAye karyAM hatA. i. sa. 1870-71mAM phrAnsa ane jarmanI vacce vigraha thayA, paNa jarmana maMtrI bismArke asAdhAraNa cAturI dAkhavI grebriTana ane raziAne taTastha rAkhI dIdhAM, ane nepoliyana 3jAne padabhraSTa karyAM. pariNAme phrAnsamAM vaLI trIjI vAra prajAsattAka rAjyanI sthApanA thaI, ane jarmana mahArAjyane udaya thayA. DijharAyelI bIjI vAra pradhAnapadeH i. sa. 1874-1880. I. sa. 1874mAM DijharAyelI bIjI vAra pradhAnapade AvyuM. i. sa. 1876mAM tene bIkansaphIlDanA amIra banAvavAmAM Avyo. tenA che varSanA adhikAramAM AyarlaeNnDanA prazna vikaTa banyA. Ayariza prajAnAM dAruNa du:khAnA satvara nirNaya lAvavAnI AzAe cArlsa sTuarTa pArnela nAmanA Ayariza netAe virAdhanIti svIkArIne pArlamenTanA kAryamAM harakata karavA mAMDI. dezAMtara nIti mAM DijharAyelI peAtAnA DijharAyelI sidhdhAMta pramANe vartIne greTabriTananI vaga vadhAratA gayA. i. sa. 1875mAM teNe misaranA uDAu khedIva pAsethI 40 lAkha paunDanI kiMmatanA suejhanI naheranA zerA (Shares) kharIdI laI jagA mahAn jaLamArga hAtha karyAM, hiMda joDenA vepArane TuMkA mArga meLavyA, ane misaranA Arthika vahIvaTamAM kharI sattA meLavI lIdhI. i. sa. 1876mAM rANIne 'kaisare hinda' pada dhAraNa karavAnI sattA ApanA

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325 kAyadA karavAmAM AvyuM. hiMdanA vAyavya koNamAM 'zAstrIya sImA'sedhavAnA prayatnamAM kaMpani sarakArane aphadhAnistAna joDe be vAra dAruNa yuddha thayuM, jenA pariNAme dezane kharcanA khADAmAM utaravuM paDyuM. raziAnA je bhayathI prerAI ne teNe aphaghAne joDe yuddha karyA hatAM, teja bhayane lIdhe tene yurApamAM raziA joDe laDavAneA prasaMga AvyA. jhaMgAviniA ane kheAsnIA prAMtanA khristIee turkAnA jAlIma trAsathI chaMcheDAI te baLavA karyAM, i. sa. 1875-76. turka amaladArAe ane sainye cADI ghaNI katala karI haze, paNa raziAne pharI pAchA turkastAnamAM vacce paDavAnA lAga maLyA. teNe te| sainya meAkalyuM; bahAdura ane javAMmarda turkA A pradezIe joDe mAthuM mUkIne laDayA, paNa temanA durbhAgye jora karyuM; raziana sipAI e te chuTA thaelA jaLadheAdhanI peThe keAnsTanTaneApala tarapha doDayA. AthI turkastAnanA mAmalA pratye dRSTi nAkhI beThelA DijharAyelI camakayA, ane raziAne aTakAvI turkastAnane sahAya ApavA taiyAra thayA. teNe eka kATle DArDenalsamAM mokalI dIdhA. yuddha thayuM nahi, ane senTa sTepheneAnI saMdhi thaI; sAthe sAthe raziA A saMdhine asvIkAra kare, tA DijharAyelIe yuddha karavAnI dhamakI ApI, ane hiMthI sainya kheAlAvI mAlTAmAM lAvI rAkhyuM. AthI raziA bhaya pAmI gayuM. vaLI i. sa. 1878mAM barlinamAM sarva rAjyAnI pariSade navI saMdhi karI. temAM rUmAniA, sarviJa, ane menTInIgreAne svataMtra thavAnI sattA ApI, harjhegAviniA ane behastIA AsTriAnA tAbAmAM mUkavAM, raziAne eziA mAInaramAM eka baMdara ane killo ApavAmAM AvyAM, balgeriAnuM navuM rAjya sthapAyuM, ane greTabriTanane sAIprasa maLyA. A saMdhine ' pratiSThita ' vizeSaNa lagADavAmAM Ave che, chatAM raziAnuM dhAryuM thayuM ane turkastAnanuM rAjya te vaheMcAI ne kSINa thaI gayuM, eTale vizeSaNu mAtra aupacArika gaNAyuM. A uparAMta jhulu lAkA joDe paNa eka yuddha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. Akhare mahAmaMtrInI yuddhapriyatA prajAmAM aNagamatI thaI paDI. gleDasTana mIjI vAra pradhAnapadeH i. sa. 1880mAM gleDasTana khIjI vAra pradhAnapade AvyA. jo ke vigrahathI dUra rahI karakasara karI dezamAM pragati

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326 karavAnA gleDasTananA abhilASa tA adhurA rahyA. tene dakSiNa AphrikAnA merI joDe kalaha thayA. vaLI 'amArUM te amAre mATe ' kahI misarIee briTana sAme samazera uThAvI. A uparAMta AyarlenDamAM asaMteSa vadhI gaye, pArnele svarAjyanI AgrahapUrNa mAgaNI karavA mAMDI, ane AyarlenDamAM ceADI khUnAmarakI paNa thaI; paNa A maMtrImaMDaLanI videzanIti dhaNAne akArI caI paDI, ane eka kSullaka bAbatamAM matabheda thavAthI i. sa. 1885mAM gleDasTane rAjInAmuM ApyuM. te pahelAM teNe pArlamenTanI sudhAraNAne trIjo kAyadA karI zaheramAM ke gAmaDAmAM eka varSa sudhI ekaja gharamAM rahelA mANasAne matAdhikAra ApyA, ane keTalAka kasbAne paragaNAMmAM bheLavI daI meTAvibhAgonA khaMDa pADI daI keTalIka beThakanI punarvyavasthA karI ApI. aMtanAM varSoM: DijharAyelIne parama prazaMsaka ane tenI dezAMtara nItine custa himAyatI kAnjharveTiva lArDa sAlsabarI pradhAnapade Avye, te jANe ekAda varSamAM javAne mATe ! gleDasTana trIjI vAra pradhAnapade AvyuM. AyalenDanI vyAdhine eka upAya mAtra svarAjya che, ema khAtrIpUrvaka mAnI teNe evI matalabane kharaDe ANyA, paNa aneka kAraNeAthI tenA anuyAyIAmAM pakSa paDayA. temaNe navA pakSa ( Liberal Unionists) racI AyarlaeNnDane svarAjya ApavAneA kharaDA uDAvI dIdhA, eTale gleDasTane rAjInAmuM ApyuM. pharI pAchA sAlsabarI pradhAna thayA. tenA cha varSanA amalamAM teNe greTabriTanamAM jillAsamitie ( County Councils )nI sthApanA karI temane sthAnika vahIvaTa karavAnA adhikAra ApyA, ane prAthamika zALAomAM keLavaNI maphata karIne phArsTaranA kAyadAne phalitArtha karyAM. paraMtu sarvathI cirasmaraNIya prasaMga te rANInA rAjyArAhaNunA suvarNamahAtsavane hatA. i. sa. 1887mAM rANInA rAjyArAhaNunAM pacAsa varSa thayAM, eTale prajAe pUrNa utsAhathI 'suvarNamahAtsava' (Golden Jubilee) ujavyA. e pacAsa varSomAM dezamAM zatakA jeTalI pragati thaI hatI. IMglenDa kRSipradhAna deza maTI udyogapradhAna banI asaMkhya manuSyAne poSatA hatA, temaja AgagADI ane AgATa tathA vijaLInA tAra AdinI zodhA vaDe dikAlanAM baMdhane kapAI gayAM hatAM. samudro khaMDanI sImA banavAne badale vepAranA mahAmArga banI

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327 gayA hatA, ane pRthvInA ghaNA deza eka khInnanA saMbaMdhamAM vadhAre AvyA, te sAthe musApharI virata ane sulabha thaI paDI hatI. vaLI pratini vRddhi pAmatI vaijJAnika zeAdhAe dainika jIvanamAM AnaMda, ullAsa, ArAma ane sagavaDa ApyAM hatAM. prAcIna vidyAonA saMzeAdhanathI itihAsanAM vIsarAelAM prakaraNA tAAM thatAM hatAM. e badhuM jotAM A utsava nimitte rANI ane tenAM saMtAneAe pUra khabAthI ATalAM varSanI samRddhi ane zAMti mATe prabhunI prArthanA karI, ane te sAthe asaMkhya prajAjane e paNa prArthanAo karI potAnI lAgaNI pradarzita karI. dasa varSa pachI teA 'hIraka maheAtsava' (Diamond Jubilee) ujavavAno chello prasaMga prApta thayA. sAmrAjyanA pratyeka khuNAmAMthI aneka mANasA A utsava mANavA laMDana AvyAM; utsavanA AvegamAM prajA jANe gAMDIghelI banI gaI! paraMtu i. sa. 1872mAM gleDasTana pharI pAche aDhAra mAsa mATe cothI vAra pradhAnapade AvyeA. AyarlenDanA prazna viSe pArlamenTamAM matabheda hAvA chatAM teNe potAnA svarAjyano priya kharaDA yuktipuraHsara dAkhala karyAM. AmanI sabhAmAM te maMjura thaye, paNa amIrAnI sabhAe tene svIkAra karyAM nahi. A vakhate rAjInAmuM ApavAne badale teNe pAtAnA pakSa majamuta ane tevAM theDAM lokapriya kAryAM karavA mAMDayAM. have te vRddha thaI gayA hatA; te nivRtta thaI gayA, ane tenA lAMbA kALanI rAjadvArI kArakIrdinA aMta AvyeA. te pachI lArDa rAjhabarI pradhAna thayeA. eka varSamAM te lArDa sAlsakharI trIjI vAra pradhAnapade AvyA. sAta varSa pachI asvastha prakRtine lIdhe tene nivRtta thavuM paDayuM, tyAM sudhI te adhikAramAM rahyo. A varSomAM paraspara IrSAthI thaelA kalahe| vinA khIjuM kazuM jANavA jevuM banyuM nathI. A daramiAna grIsa ane turkastAne nirarthaka vigrahanA me|racA mAMDayA, eTale krITane turkInA adhikAramAMthI mukta karI yuropanAM mahArAjyAnI dekharekha nIce mUkavAmAM AvyuM; vaLI saMyukta saMsthAne ane greTabriTanane sarahadanI takarAra UThI, paraMtu catura maMtrIe kunehathI yuddhanA bhaya TALI dIdhA. A uparAMta sudAna ane dakSiNa AphrikAmAM yuddho thayAM.

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328 raNanuM mRtyu I. sa. 1900mAM vRddha rANIe AyarlenDane chelle pravAsa karI tyAMnI prajAne apUrva Adara meLavyuM. have tenI prakRti bagaDatI jatI hatI. I. sa. 1901nA jAnyuArinI 22mIe sAMje vAITakIpamAM AvelA eornamAM teNe zAMtithI paralekaprayANa karyuM. tenI athAga kAryazakti, laMvata dezabhakti, kuneha, ane sahAnubhUtithI teNe kapriyatAnI joDe prajAne bhaktibhAva ane Adara paNa saMpAdana karyo hato. A pavitra, udAra hRdayanI, ane mamatALu svabhAvanI rANInI hAramAM Ave tevo kaI rAjakartA IMglenDanI gAdIe Avyo nathI. paradezanA mAmalAomAM te tenA nipuNa maMtrIone paNa tenI pAsethI bodhapATha bhaNavA paDatA hatA. rANInI prajAvatsalatA ane sahRdayatA te tenA jIvanamAM pade pade jaNAI Ave che. prakaraNa 9muM audyogika ane sAmAjika parivartana aDhAramA saikAnA AraMbhamAM khetI karavAnI paddhatimAM sudhArA thavA lAgyA, eTale pAka paNa vadhAre thavA mAMDe. vaLI kaMda ugADavAnI prathA dAkhala thavAthI kheDutonAM Dhorane mATe ziALAne khorAka maLavA lAge, eTale Dhora ane gheTAMnA ucheramAM ghaNo phera paDe. A uparAMta gAmanI gocara ke paDatara jamIna paNa khetInA upayogamAM levAmAM AvI, ane tenI AsapAsa vADabaMdhI karavAmAM AvI, eTale pratyeka kheDutane uttama kArya karI batAvavAnI hoMsa thavA lAgI. A sarveno lAbha Akhare jamInadArane maLavA lAge; kAraNa ke nAnA ane garIba kheDutone navI sthiti asahya thaI paDe, tyAre te pitAnI jamIna vecI daI UnanAM kArakhAnAmAM ke koI sagavaDavALe sthaLe majurI karavA jatA. Ama garIbonA du:khano pAra na hato. pariNAme keTalAMe gAmaDAM bhAgyAM, ane keTalAMkane baLataNa ane cAra maLatA baMdha thiye, eTale tyAMnA leke akathya duHkha sahevA lAgyA. . audyogika pragatithI paNa majuro karatAM muDIdArene vadhAre lAbha thayo. IglenDamAM UnanuM vaNATakAma asalathI cAlatuM hatuM. rANuM IlijhAbethe

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phlAnsarsanA vaNakarAne AvakAra ApyA hatA. dareka kheDuta peAtAnA makAnamAM reMTIo ane kAI veLA zALa rAkhateA; khetInuM kAma na heAya tyAre te vaNATakAma karatA, temAM tenI strI, putro ane karA ke umedavAre madada karatA. teo khetaramAM kAma karI ArAma, vineda, ane khArAka meLavatAM. AthI kAma niyamita thatuM, ane mAlIka ane nekara vacce pitAputra jevA saMbaMdha jaLavAtA. jo ke majurInA dara sAMdhA hatA, paNa jIvananI jarUrI vastu kyAM meAMdhI hatI ? dhIme dhIme Una karatAM rU vaNavAnA udyoga vadhAre lAbhadAyaka jaNAtA gayA, eTale keTalAka leAkA pAtAnA badhA vakhata ai kAmamAM gALavA lAgyA. i. sa. 1760thI 1820 sudhInAM sATha varSAne audyogika parivartanane yuga kahevAmAM Ave che; kemake te varSomAM IMglenDa kRSipradhAna deza maTI udyogapradhAna thayA. paraMtu udyoganI pracalita paddhatimAM paNa bhAre pheraphAra thayA. ArkerATa, kArTarAiTa, hArkIMgjha, ane krompTana Adi muddhimAna puSAe vaNuvA kAMtavAnAM yaMtronI zodha karI. A sarva yaMtro pANInA pravAhathI cAlatAM hatAM, eTale pANInI chUTavALA leMkezAyara ane yeArkazAyaramAM udyoga vadhavA lAgyA. pariNAme mAlanI nIpaja vadhAre tvarAthI ane moTA pramANamAM thavA lAgI, ane hAthavaNATane te sthAna na rahyuM. temAM vaLI jemsa vATe zodhelA varALayaMtranI sahAyathI A yaMtro calAvavAnI zeAdha thaI, eTale te prAcIna vATapatine jIvaleNa phaTakA paDayA. dhIme dhIme meTAM kArakhAnAM sthapAvA lAgyAM, ane tyAM kArIgarA ekatra thavA lAgyA, eTale kAna phADI nAkhe tevA avAjavALAM A yaMtronAM kArakhAnAMnI AsapAsa dhumADI gharavALAM ane kAlasAnI rajathI kALA thai gaelA rastAovALAM, gaMdAM, ane dhumasachAyAM zahera vasavA lAgyAM. daramigmAna lokhaMDa gALavA mATe khANane kAlasA sArA paDe che ema jaNAtAM uttara ane pazcimanA pradezamAM kArakhAnAM sthapAvA lAgyAM, ane zepIlDa tathA rmiMgahema jevAM nAnAM gAmaDAM jANe meTAM nagarA banI gayAM. have lokhaMDanA udyoga paNa vadhyA; i. sa. 1800nA arasAmAM te dezabharamAM lokhaMDanAM kArakhAnAM dhamadhekAra cAlavA lAgyAM.

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330 * vepAra ane udyogamAM vRddhi thatAM vyavahAranAM sAdhanomAM paNa sudhArA thavA lAgyA. khADAvALA rastA upara gADAmAM bharIne mAla laI javAnI agavaDa lAgatAM nahere khedAvA lAgI. bIjI taraphathI Aja sudhI upekSA pAmelA rastA sudhArI pAkA, majabuta, ane pANI bharAI na rahe tevA svaccha karavAnI yojanAo thavA lAgI. 1 "vijJAnanA yugane nAme oLakhAtA ogaNIsamA saikAmAM javaeNje sTIvansane varALayaMtrathI AgagADI calAvavAnI zodha karI. thoDAM varSo pachI te livarapUla ane maeNcesTara vacce AgagADI cAlI, ane pachI dezabharamAM relave saDake naMkhAI gaI. AraMbhamAM leke A navI zodhanI sAme paDayA, ane keTalAka ajJAna leke rojI javAnI bIke navAM yaMtronI bhAMgaphoDa karavA lAgyA. kheDutone kolasAnA dhumADAthI Dhora marI javAno bhaya lAge, vIzIvALAone pitAnA grAhake ochA thavAnI dahezata piThI, ane gADIvALAone thayuM ke jagatamAM dheDAnI jarUra have koIne paDavAnI nathI. paraMtu eka pradezamAMthI bIjA pradezamAM mAla satvara jaI zake che, kArIgare kAmanI zodhamAM dezabharamAM pharI. zake che, ityAdi sthUla daSTie paNa dekhAtA lAbhano paricaya thatAM virodha ghaTavA lAgyA. AgagADInI pahelAM AgabeTa te kayAranIe cAlavA lAgI hatI. I. sa. 1811mAM varALathI cAlatI hoDI kalAIDa nadI upara prathama cAlI. temAM sudhArA karatAM I. sa. 1838mAM greTa vesTarna nAmanI AgaTe ATalAMTikamAM saphara karI. dhIme dhIme tenI gatimAM vadhAre karavA mATe joItA sudhArAvadhArA karavAmAM AvyA. have krame krame taratA mahela jevI AgaboTamAM mAnavInI buddhie zodhelAM sukha, sagavaDa, ArAma ane vinedanAM sAdhana goThavavAmAM Ave che; temaja TapAla, utArUo, ane mAla Aje sukhacenathI darIApAra jAya che. vaLI bhara dariye saMkaTamAM AvelI AgaboTa deraDAM 1. meka eDama nAmanA eka skITa Ijanere patthara nAkhI rastAo pAkA banAvavAnI yojanA karI, tethI tevI rIte rastA banAvavAnI rItane Macademise' kahe che. bhASAmAM zabdasamRddhi kema vadhe, tenuM A rasika udAharaNa che. "bAyakoTa zabdanI pAchaLa paNa Avo itihAsa rahelo che, te tame kheLI kADhaze?

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330 vagaranA tArano saMdezo mokalI sahAyanI yAcanA paNa karI zake che. Ama samudra pRthvInI maryAdAne badale vepAranA mahAmArga banyA che. amerikA, hiMda, nyUjhIlenDa ane oNsTreliA Adi aneka dezanI vastuo IMglenDanA baMdaro para AgaboTadvArA Ave che, ane jagatanAM aMtare kApe che. vaLI 20mI sadImAM te moTara gADIone upayoga sarvasAdhAraNa thaI paDyo che, ane vimAnavidyAnI zedhane pariNAme vyavahAramAM vimAnane upayoga thavA lAgyo che. AjanA yuvakane bIjI agaNita zenI khabara kayAM nathI ? relenDa hile dAkhala kareluM posTeja, tAra, TelIphena, gaeNsa, vijaLI, sinemA, grAmaphona, TAIparAITiMga, phoTogrAphI, mudrAyaMtro, reDio, broDakAsTa, Adi aneka arvAcIna zodho viSe koI paNa sAruM pustaka jJAna ApI zake tema che. A sarva pragatimAM muDIdAro ane vepArIo te dhanavAna thayA, paNa kAmadAronI sthiti to trAsajanaka rahI. re ja temane aMdhArAM, asvaccha, bheja ane garamIvALAM kArakhAnAMmAM dasabAra kalAka kAma karavuM paDatuM. rUnI raja ke pilAdanAM rajakaNo zvAsadhArA zarIramAM javAthI temane bhayaMkara roga lAgu paDatA. kSaya te temanAmAM sAdhAraNa thaI paDa hato. vaLI kArakhAnAmAM paNa aneka akasmAto thatA. aneka anAtha tathA kumaLAM bALakone Azare soLa kalAkanI sakhata majurI karavI paDatI, pRthvInA garbhamAM bhejavALI khANamAM temane keTalAe kalAka sudhI bhAre bojA khecavA paDatA, ane keTalIka vAra te strIonI joDe gADImAM baLadanI peThe paNa joDAvuM paDatuM. ArAma ane tAjI svaccha havA mATe thoDA vakhata maLe, tyAM ramatanI te vAtaja kevI ? A samaye sarakAre to A praznane khAnagI gaNI tenA pratye taTastha vRtti dhAraNa karI hatI. paraMtu kArakhAnAMmAM cAlI rahelI hadayazUnyatAthI ane niSpharatAthI udAra ane dayALu AtmAone lAgyuM ke navA utpanna thaelA saMgamAM bicArA pazu jevuM jIvana gALatA majuronI vahAre sarakAre dhAvuM 1. AvAM bALakonI karuNa kathA misisa brAuniMganA "The Cry of the Children' nAme hRdayadrAvaka kAvyamAM ApI che.

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332 joI e.1 temaNe prazna uThAvyA, ke amerikAmAM rahelA gulAmAne baMdhanamukta karavAnA akhUTa prayAseA karanAra iMglenDamAMja aneka bALakA gulAme karatAM vadhAre du:khI jIvana gALe, te sarakAra kema joI rahe che? arla Av zephaTambarI nAme sahRdaya amIre khANA ane kArakhAnAMmAM pharI majurAnI dazAnI bArIka tapAsa karI. i. sa. 1833mAM teNe pArlamenTamAM kArakhAnAMne kAyado ANyA, ane kAmanA kalAkA TharAvyA, eTale te sarakAra paNa saceta thaI; kArakhAnAMnA khIjA kAyadA pasAra karI majurAnI sthiti sudhAravAnI mAlikAne teNe pharaja pADavA mAMDI. AvA kAyadAthI (1) kAmanA kalAkA nakkI karavAmAM AvyA, (2) kArakhAnAMmAM kAma karavA mATe bALakAnI vaya TharAvavAmAM AvI, (3) kArakhAnAMnI havA, prakAza, ThaMDI, uSmA Adi ArAgya viSenI sthiti saMbaMdhI nirNaya karavAmAM AvyA, ane (4) akasmAt ke maMdavADanA samayamAM majurAnI avadazA na thaI jAya, tevA agamacetInA upAyeA levAnuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM. A uparAMta majurasaMvene kAyadesara svIkAra karavAmAM Avye; vIsamI sadImAM te kAmagIrI saMbaMdhI carcA karavA mATe mAliko ane kAmadArAnI saMyukta samiti nImavAmAM AvI. A pramANe 19mA saikAmAM baMdhubhAvane vikAsa thayeA che, kAmadArAnI sthiti sudharI che, temanAM bALakA vidyA saMpAdana kare che, dAktarA ane dAI e zALAonI niyamita tapAsa le che, ane gaMbhIra prasaMge temane mATe davAkhAnAM paNa mAjIda che. temanA pUrvajo karatAM aneka rIte te sukhI che. AvI zeAdhA ane sudhArAthI aMgrejI samAjamAM jabarUM parivartana thaI gayuM che. heneAvara vaMzanA AraMbhanAM varSomAM leAkeAnI rItabhAta aNudhaDa ane uddhRta hatI, ane sahakAranuM te temane svapta paNa naheAtuM; vaLI pratiSThita gRhasthA 1. mAtra peTagujArA mATe jIvananuM sattva haNI nAkhe tevA dhaMdhAmAM paDelA kArIgaronI dayApAtra dazAnuM marmavedhaka citra kavi Tomasa hUDe 'The song of the shirt 'nA ati karuNa kAvyamAM ApyuM che. eka darajaNane mukhe te kahevarAve che ke-- Oh men, with sisters dear, Oh men, with mothers and wives! If is not linen you're wearing out, But human creatures' lives ! Sewing at once......... A shroud as well as a shirt.

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(333 paNa bhajana pachI nIzAmAM cakacUra thavuM e te eka haka samAna gaNatA hatA. dezamAM gunA agaNita thatA, garIbane belI keI na hatuM, kedIone bacAva karavA devAmAM AvatuM nahi, sahRdayatA ane samabhAvano agra adhikAra dharAvanAra gAMDAone nirdayatApUrvaka mAravAmAM AvatA, ane temanA pratye amAnuSI vartana calAvavAmAM AvatuM. vaLI kacarAelA, dabAelA, ane nirbaLa manuSyonuM rakSaNa karavAne dayAdhama te kaI jANatuMe nahi; dharmavRtti te prajAmAMthI osarI gaI hatI, eTale ravivAra to nIzAbAjI, zikArakhela, sAThamArI, kustI Adi ramatagamatamAMja vyatIta karavAmAM AvatA. AvI dazAmAM jayorja bIjAnA uttara kALamAM jahana velI nAme parama sAtvika dharmAcAryo dezamAM sarvatra ghoDA upara pravAsa karIne prajAsamUhane rastAmAM ke khetaromAM dhArmikatAnA bodhapATha ApavA mAMDayA hatA. sipAIo, majuro, khANavALAo, ane kheDuto upara tenA upadezanI asara addabhuta paDatI. oNkasapharDamAM vidyArthIdazAmAM ja teNe ane tenA keTalAka mitroe abhyAsa mATe, garIbone sahAya ApavA mATe, ane turaMganA kedIone maLavA javA mATe kaDaka niyamo racyA hatA, tethI teo "meDisTa kahevAtA hatA. Aja paryata veslInuM anuyAyImaMDaLa cAlu che. A badhA dhArmika punaruddhAranuM eka zubha pariNAma e AvyuM, ke duHkhI, anAtha, tathA patitane sahAya ane Azraya ApavAM, temaja pApAcaraNIne AzvAsana ApI unnata jIvanane mArga batAvo, e dharmaguruonuM kartavya lekhAvA lAgyuM. dezamAM nAnA rapuparAdha mATe paNa kevI bhAre sajA thatI te te kahevAI gayuM che. gunegArone phAMsI devAmAM Ave, tyAre hajAro strIpuruSo ane bALake hoMzabhera jevA jatAM; temaja gunegArone heDamAM pUre ke keraDA mAre temAM lekane utsava mANavAnuM maLatuM. kedakhAnAM te gaMdAM, bharacaka, ane bhayaMkara durdazAmAM hatAM. vRddha ke bALaka, nirdoSa ane deSita, dhADapADu ane khUnI sarva bakarAMnI peThe ekatra khaDakAtAM. vaLI jaena hAvarDa nAme kedakhAnuM sevI AvelA eka phenca gRhastha kedakhAnA sudhAravAnuM vrata laI dezamAM pharavA mAMDayuM, ane kedIonI sthitinI pUrNa rIte vAkephagArI meLavavA mAMDI. te te 1760mAM turaMgamAM cAlatA jherI tAvathI maraNa pAme. paraMtu satrayatno to 1. suprasiddha navalakathAkAra cArlsa Dikansa pitAnA "Little DorritmAM mArzalasI kedakhAnAnuM tAdaza varNana Ape che.

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334 amaraja rahe che. e pachI IlijhAbetha kAI nAme eka dayALu sannArIe A kArya upADI lIdhuM. pariNAme kedamAMthI chUTayA pachI pramANika mahenatathI kedIone bhaNatAM ane sIvatAM zIkhavavAnA vargo teNe levA mAMDayA. AjIvikA meLavavAmAM saraLatA maLe, tevA stutya AzayathI dhIme dhIme kedakhAnAMmAM sudhAra thayA, ane sarakAre junAM kArAgRhe teDI arvAcIna dhoraNe navAM kedakhAnAM bAMdhavA mAMDayAM. A samayanuM sAhitya tejasvI che. zrImaMtanA Azrayane beparavA suprasiddha kaSakAra DaoNkaTara jahansana 18mAM saikAnA uttarArdhamAM thaye, ane pitAnA priya mitra golDasmithanA maraNane zeka karavA jIvato rahyo. gibane "rAmana mahArAjyanI avanati ane nAza' e nAmanuM pustaka Aja samayamAM lakhyuM. sahRdaya kAupara, svadezavatsala banyuM, kudaratapremI varDajhavartha, ujajavala kalpanAvALA zelI ane kITasa, temaja jagataSI bAyarana uparAMta kempabela kolarija Adi kavio A samaye prasiddha hatA. Deniyala DIphe pachI eMTa thekere ane Dikansa jevA mAnya thaI paDelA graMthakAree uttama vArtAgraMtha racI samAjajIvananAM vividha aMgone sparza karyo. tyAre helama greTa ane mekole Adi itihAsakAroe gadya zailIne navuM valaNa ApI itihAsanuM navuM svarUpa racyuM. vikariAnA amala daramiAna ucca sAhityane pravAha cAluja rahyo. majUravarganI dayAmaNI sthitithI saMtApa pAmelA RSisamAM kArbAIle pitAno ArtanAda potAnA graMthamAM utAryo, ane raskine madhura bhASAmAM bhUtadayA jAgRta karI. Tenisana ane brAuniMga jevA kavivaree AzAvAdanuM pratipAdana karyuM. merIDItha, mela, velsa, ane barnArDa zonAM nAma te kevAM suparicita che ? A samayamAM mudraNakaLAmAM sudhArA thavAthI aneka viSayo para saMkaDo graMtha prasiddha thavA lAgyA, ane aneka dainika, sAptAhika, pAkSika, trimAsika, ane vArSika patro thakabaMdha ubharAvA lAgyAM. A uparAMta zAstrIya jJAnane paNa vistAra thayo. yaMtranI zedha thayA pachI rasAyana, bhUstara, ane vidyuta zAstronI pragati thavA lAgI. "jAtinI utpatti" nAme cArlsa DArvinanA graMthamAM jIvanamAM vikAsatattva hovAnI kalpanAe bhASAzAstra, nItizAstra, ane rAjakAraNuzAstramAM praveza karyo. pariNAme pratyeka viSenuM itihAsadRSTie avelekane karavAnI paddhati dAkhala thaI.

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prakaraNa 10nuM lokazAsananA vikAsa eDavarDa mAH i. sa. 1901-1910. rANI vikaTAriAnA maraNu pachI tene jyeSTha putra eDavarDa 7meA 60 varSanI vaye rANI elekajhAnDrA joDe gAdIe AvyA. teNe mahArANInA amalamAM 'prinsa Avu velsa' tarIke aneka dezAmAM pravAsa karyA hatA. teNe rAjakAjanI nipuNatA ane prajAnA prema uparAMta aneka rAjye viSe agAdha jJAna meLavyuM hatuM. te dIladAra, mIlanasAra, ane mamatALu svabhAvanA rAjA hatA. gAdIe AvatA pahelAM kAI paNa rAjadvArI pakSa pratye te khAsa valaNa dharAvatA na hatA, eTale tenA amalamAM rAA ane pradhAne vacce gerasamajutI thavAnA prasaMge ubhA thayA nahi. vigrahane tiraskAra ane zAMti mATenI utkaMThAne lIdhe eDavarDane 'zAMtipravataka'nuM upanAma vadhu che. eDavarDa 7mA briTananI dezAMtara nItiH vikaTAriAnA pAchalA amalamAM AraMbhAelA Ara vigraha daramiAna evI vAta cAlatI hatI, ke yuropanAM mahArAjyA ekatra thaI kheara leAkane svarAjya ApavAnI IMglenDane pharaja pADanAra che. ogaNIsamA saikAne aMte pararASTronA saMbaMdhamAM iMglenDe taTastha nIti svIkArI hatI, eTale bhIDa paDe tyAre kAI rAjya tene sahAya Ape tema na hatuM. krImiana vigrahathI mAMDIne turkastAnanA mAmalAmAM paNa IMglenDe razi viruddhanI rAjanIti aMgIkAra karI hatI. raziAnA aghAnistAna ane IrAna joDenA sabaMdha pratye ane eziA khaMDanI hIlacAla pratye IMglenDa zaMkAnI najare jotuM hatuM. misara ane AphrikAnA khIjA pradezamAM 3

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336 iMglenDa ane phrAnsa vacce virodha ubho thayo hato. jarmanI sAthe vepAra, saMsthAno, ane naukAbaLa saMbaMdhI spardhA jAmavAthI be dezo vacceno saMbaMdha naSTa thato hato. AvA saMgemAM cekhaDa prasarelA vizALa sAmrAjyanA rakSaNa mATe naukAsainyanI vRddhi karavAnI jarUra hatI, temaja anya dezo sAthe saMdhi karavAnI greTa briTanane paNa teTalI ja jarUra hatI. ethI lairDa lensaDAuna ane sara eDavarDa gre jevA nipuNa maMtrIoe paradeza joDe salAha, saMdhi ane karAra karavA mAMDayA. I. sa. 1902mAM udaye--kha jApAna jeDe evI saMdhi karavAmAM AvI, ke banne dezamAMthI keIne anya rASTra joDe vigraha thAya te bIjAe taTastha rahevuM; paNa bemAMthI koI dezane eka karatAM vadhAre rASTro joDe yuddha karavuM paDe, te bIjAe yathAzakti madada ApavI. AthI paNa vadhAre mahatvanI saMdhi phrAnsa joDe thaI, I. sa. 1903-4; temAM phrAnse misara para IlenDanuM Adhipatya mAnya karyuM, ane merekko, mADAgAskara ane nyUphAunDalenDanA kalaha ane virodhane nirNaya karI nAkhe. I. sa. 1907mAM raziA cheDe maitrIsaMbaMdha bAMdhI pazcima eziAmAM tene rAjyavistAra karavAnI tRSNane saMtoSavAmAM AvI, ane evuM samAdhAna karavAmAM AvyuM, ke IrAnanA traNa vibhAga gaNuM uttara vibhAgamAM raziA tathA dakSiNa vibhAgamAM aMgrejo pitAnI lAgavaga prasAre, ane vaccene pradeza taTastha gaNuM temAM baMnemAMthI koI praveza kare nahi. pararAjya joDe rAjadvArI saMdhi karavAmAM niyaMtrita sattAvALA rAjAnuM kArya keTaluM, ane paradezI mAmalAne talasparzI abhyAsa karanArA kAryadakSa maMtrIonuM kArya keTaluM, te kahevuM kaThaNa che. eDavarDanI lAgavaga moTI hatI, ema harakeAI svIkAre che. tenI mamatA, sahRdayatA, kuneha, mehaka rItabhAta, ane udAra Atithya e sarve aneka rAjakartAo, rAjavaMzIo, prajAsattAka rAjyonA pramukhe, ane mutsaddIo upara mohanamaMtra nAkhatAM hatAM. phAnsa, ITalI, jarmanI, ane raziAnA pravAse mAtra vinedane artheja jatA na hatA. AvA pravAsane pariNAme junA snehasaMbaMdha tAjA thatA, navA baMdhAtA, ane bIjA aNakapelA rAjadvArI lAbho maLatA. maMtrImaMDaLamAM phUTa I. sa. 1900-1905. eDavarDa gAdIe AvyuM

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237. tyAre sAlsabarI pradhAnapade hatA. paraMtu i. sa. 1902mAM asvastha prakRtine lIdhe teNe rAjInAmuM ApyuM, eTale AmanI sabhAmAM pratiSThA pAmele tene bhatrIjo bAlphara pradhAnapade AvyA. teNe keLavaNItA kAyadA pasAra karI dareka paragaNAnI prAthamika, mAdhyamika ane bIjI zALAe ekaja madhyavartI sattAne seAMpI dIdhI. havethI sAMpradAyika zALAone sarakArI mada maLavA lAgI. . teja varSamAM saMsthAna khAtAnA maMtrI josepha cembaleIna saMsthAnAnI sthiti tapAsavA pravAse nIkaLyA. teNe pAchA AvI evA mata rzAvyA, ke IMglenDe saMrakSita vyApAranI nIti svIkAravI joie. i. sa. 1846thI dhAnyanA kAyadA rada karI IMglenDa niraMkuza vepAranI paddhatithI paradezI mAlane khInajakAte AyAta karatuM hatuM, chatAM bIjAM rAjgyAe N saMrakSaka jakAta (Protective Tariff) dAkhala karI hatI, eTale paradezamAM IMglenDane mAla para jakAta bharavI paDatI. cembalei te kahyuM ke IMglenDe ' saMrakSaka jakAta dAkhala karI svadezI udyogane uttejana ApavuM joi e. paraMtu kheara vigrahane prasaMge saMsthAnAe ApelI sahAyanI kadara paNa thavI joi e, ane IMglenDane mAtRbhUmi mAnanArAM saMsthAnA sAthe saMbaMdha dRDha karI sAmrAjyamAM sthiratA ane khaLa ANavuM hAya, te| saMsthAmAMthI AvatA mAla paranI jakAtane dara pararAjgyA karatAM halakA rAkhavA joI e. A matane pracAra karavA mATe teNe pradhAnamaMDaLamAMthI rAjInAmuM ApyuM. maMtrImaMDaLanA niraMkuza vepAranA himAyatI sabhyAe AvA siddhAMtothI bhayabhIta thaI bAlpharanA sAtha che|DI rAjInAmAM ApyAM. saMrakSaka jakAtanI kalpanA sAmAnya prajAne pasaMda paDI nahi. paradezI mAla para jakAta paDe, teA garIbeAte mAMdhavArI thavAneA bhaya lAgyAM. leMkezAyaramA rUnA dhaMdhAdArIoe ema mAnyuM. ke AvI nIti svIkAravAthI ApaNA dhaMdhAne AdhAta lAgaze. A prazna para dezamAM tIvra matabheda Uco, chatAM bAlpha cembaleIna joDe sahamata thayeA; nANAM khAtAnA pradhAna ane khIjA keTalAka pradhAnAe rAjInAmAM ApyAM. Ama phUTa paDelA pradhAnamaMDaLa vaDe kArabhAra calAvavAnuM bAlpharane kaThaNu lAgyuM, eTale chevaTe teNe paNa rAjInAmuM ApyuM, I. sa. 1905. pArlamenTanI navI varaNImAM mAtra 158 krancyuTiva AvyA; paNa likharala pakSa ame tenA sahAyakAnA 512 sabhyA AvyA, te sAthe 22

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38. itihAsamAM pahelI ja veLA majura pakSanA sabhAsada pArlamenTamAM beThA. temaNe koI paNa pakSa joDe bhaLI ne jatAM svataMtra mata ApavAnI paddhati svIkArI, eTale baMne pakSane temanI garaja paDavA lAgI. 1 libarala maMtrImaMDaLa ane sAmAjika sudhAraNAH A vakhate sara henarI kempabela-benaramena mukhya pradhAna thaye, prasiddha dhArAzAstrI eskivatha arthamaMtrI thaya, velsano utkRSTa vaktA haiIDa paeNrja svadezamaMtrI banyo, ane prasiddha paMDita javaeNna melI bhAratamaMtrI thayuM. I. sa. 1908mAM benaramene rAjInAmuM ApyuM, eTale maMtrImaMDaLamAM pheraphAra thayo. have eskivatha mukhya pradhAna thayo, ane laiIDa paeNrja arthamaMtrI thaye. kanjharveTiva pakSa tajanAra vinsTana carcilane pradhAnamaMDaLamAM dAkhala karavAmAM Avyo. eskivathanA netRtva nIce navA pradhAnamaMDaLe zikSaNa ane mAdaka padArthonA vecANa saMbaMdhI kharaDA raju karyA. te AmanI sabhAmAM pasAra thayA, paNa amIranI sabhAe temane nAmaMjura karyA. ATaluM bAda karatAM A pradhAnamaMDaLanI yazasvI kArakIrdIimAM lekahitanA keTalAka kAyadA karavAmAM AvyA. atyAra sudhI ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM, ke muDIdAra ane majuranI takarAramAM sarakAre vacce paDavuM. e vyaktisvAtaMtryano bhaMga karanAruM che. paraMtu ogaNIsamA saikAnA uttarArdhamAM evo mata baMdhAya, ke majuranI sthiti sudhAravA mATe kAyadA karavA e rAjyane dharma che. glaeNDasTane i. sa. 1871mAM majurasaMghe sthApavAnI rajA ApI temane kAyadesara TharAvyA hatA, chatAM ekasaMpa karI kAma baMdha karavAthI mAlikone je nukasAna pahoMce te badala majurasaMghanuM bhaMDoLa japta karI levAno nirNaya nyAyAdhIza ApatA hatA, eTale e saMghe mAtra bhArUpa hatA. have e kAyade thaye, ke majuranA bhaMDoLane Avo durupayoga kara nahi. uparAMta kArakhAnAmAM kAma karatA majuro ke gharakAma karatA nekarane akasmAta thAya, te temane thaeluM nukasAna mAlikoe bharI ApavuM e kAyade karavAmAM Avyo. keTalAka dhaMdhAomAM majurInA dara TharAvI temane samAna rAkhavA mATe vyApArI maMDaLo sthApavAmAM AvyAM. temanI peDhIoe maMjurene kAma meLavI ApavAmAM sahAya karavA mAMDI, temaja jarUra paDe to temanA kuTuMbane paragAma javAmAM Arthika madada karavA mAMDI. kolasAnI khANamAM

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33 kAma karanArA majurenuM hita vicArI evo kAyado karavAmAM AvyA, ke ATha kalAka karatAM vadhAre samaya koI majure pRthvInA garbhamAM rahevuM nahi. A uparAMta nirdhanane mATe je kAyade karavAmAM Avyo, tethI 31 pauDa 10 ziliMga maDI na hoya, tevAM 70 varSa uparanAM sarva manuSyone kharca mATe dara aThavADIe vadhAremAM vadhAre pAMca ziliMga maLavA lAgyA. rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM mahatvane pheraphAra I. sa. 1909-1911. majuravarganI sthiti sudhAravAmAM ane vRddhone rAjya taraphathI peTagujArAnI rakama ApavAmAM kharca vadhI javA lAgyuM. A sivAya IMglenDanA balAtya pratispadhI jarmanIe sainyanI taDAmAra vRddhi karavA mAMDI. teNe "DanoTa" nAme navIna prakAranI manavAro bAMdhavA mAMDI, eTale AtmasaMrakSaNanI dRSTie IglenDe. A dizAmAM prayatna karavA mAMDyo. paraMtu A sarvane mATe joItAM nANAM lAvavAM kyAMthI ? koSAdhyakSa haiIDa jarja I. sa. 1909nuM vikhyAta aMdAjapitraka raju karyuM, ane temAM vadhArAnAM nANAM meLavavA mATe jamIna para navI AMkaNInA dhoraNe vadhArAnA kara nAkhavAnI, madhyama varga karatAM zrImaMtonI Avaka para vadhAre kara levAnI, ane mAdaka padArtho para bhAre kara nAkhavAnI yojanA raju karI. A pramANe vadhArAnAM nANAM ApavAne sarva bhAra dhaniko para paDato hovAthI te vargamAM kSobha utpanna thaye. konjharveTiva pakSa temanI , joDe bhaLe ane kahevA lAgyo, ke AvA bhAre pheraphAra karatA pahelAM prajAnI saMmati levAnI jarUra che. pariNAme amIronI sabhAe aMdAjapatraka nAmaMjIra karyuM, ane lekamata jANavA mATe pArlamenTa barakhAsta karavAmAM AvI. ' chevaTe baMne pakSe pitAne kAryakrama matadAra samakSa pUrI khaMtathI raju karyo. libarale kahevA lAgyA, ke amIre svAbhAvika rIte saMrakSaka matanA hovAthI konjharveTiva pakSanI taraphadArI karI temane sarva prakAranI saraLatA karI Ape che, ane amArA mArgamAM viddha nAkhe che. vaLI bInajavAbadAra temaja bInagarajAu amIre prajAmatanI viruddha jaIne lekakalyANanA kAyadAo uDAvI de che, ane dareka samaye pragatino mArga rUMdhI rAkhe che, mATe A 1. leDasTana kaheto, ke There are two things, which you can neither end nor. mend. The House of Lords is one, the other is the Pope of Rome. . .. .. . ..

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340 navA karI prajAe mAnya rAkhavA joIe eTaluMja nahi, paNa Arthika viSayAmAM dhanikAnA himAyatI amIrenI sattA para kApa mUkI bIjA kAyadAemAM temanI sabhAne maryAdita karI nAkhavI joI e. kAnjharveTiva pakSe jaNAvyuM ke saMrakSaka jakAta nAkhavAthI vadhArAnAM nANAM maLI jaze, eTale AvA karA nAkhavAnI jarUraja kayAM rahI? i. sa. 1910nA AraMbhamAM navI maLelI pArlamenTamAM baMne pakSa lagabhaga samabaLa thayA, paNa have jomavALA banelA majurapakSa ane AyarlenDanA rASTrIya pakSa libaralA joDe bhaLye, eTale pArlamenTamAM temanI bahumatI thaI. thADA pheraphAra sAthe i. sa. 1909nuM aMdAjapatraka AmanI sabhAmAM pasAra karI amIrA pAse meAkalavAmAM AvyuM. temaNe sayeAgeA vicArI A samaye te maMjura karyuM. eskivathe navIM pArlamenTa maLatAM pragatinA paMthamAM pratyeka samaye vighna nAkhanAra amIrAnI sabhAnA adhikAra e karavAnuM kArya hAthamAM lIdhuM. punAnI sarva darakhAstane prathama TharAva rUpe raju karyA pachI teNe pArlamenTane kharI dAkhala karyAM, ane jaNAvyuM ke amIre A kharaDAne asvIkAra karaze te navA amIrA banAvIne paNa A kharaDo pasAra karavAmAM Avaze. phrAnjharveTivAe A TharAvAne sakhata virodha karyo, paNa temanuM zuM vaLyuM nahiM. pachI amIrAe pratiSThA ane adhikArane chAje tevA sudhArA potAnI sabhAmAM karavAne TharAva karyAM. aneka yojanAo raju thaI, paNa temAMnI kAI svIkAravAmAM AvI nahi. Ama viruddha nItivALI ane paraspara virodhI banelI meM sabhAe adhikAranuM rakSaNa karavA kaTibaddha thaI, eTalAmAM eDavarDanuM mRtyu thayuM. jagatabharamAM zAMti pravartAvanAra rAjA dezanA be virodhI pakSA vacce samAdhAna karAvI zakayA nahi. te ciMtA ane viSAdanA bhArathI bhAre haiye i. sa. 1910mAM maraNa pAmyA. paMcama jyAje i. sa. 1910-1936. eDavarDanA maraNa pachI - khalAsI rAjA" paMcama jyorja gAdIe beTho, ane pArlamenTane AMtara laha thADA vakhata mATe zamyA. zarUAtamAM baMne sabhAnA agraNIonI saMyukta pariSaddha maLI, ane samAdhAnIbharyA toDa mATe prayatna karavAmAM AvyA, paNa saghaLuM vyartha gayuM. daramiAna pArlamenTanI varaNI thaye gheADA samaya thaye

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341 hatA, chatAM te barakhAsta karI leAkahRdaya jANavAne punaH prasaMga bheA thayA. pharI paNa libarale adhikAMze AvyA, ane lokamatanI puSTithI baLavAna anelA pradhAne dhamakI ApI, ke anIrasabhAnI sattA saMbaMdhI kAyadA pasAra paMcama jyA karavAmAM jarUra paDe eTalA navA amIrA banAvavAnI rAjAne sUcanA ApavAmAM Avaze. pariNAme amIrAe kAyadAmAM aneka sudhArA sUcavyA, paNa te mAnya karavAmAM AvyA nahi. i. sa. 1911nI grISmaRtumAM pArlamenTaneA kAyadeA

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342 pasAra thayuM, eTale amIrenI sattA upara jabare kApa paDaze. A vakhate Arthika bAbatonA kharaDAmAM pheraphAphAra karavAnI ke te amAnya karavAnI - amIranI sattA laI levAmAM AvI. bIjA viSayamAM evuM karyuM ke koI paNa kharaDe pheraphAra vinA AmanI sabhAmAM be varSe uttarottara traNa vAra pasAra thAya, te tene amIre saMmati maLe ke nahi, chatAM tene rAjasaMmati maLatAM, kAyado thaI zake. A uparAMta I. sa. 1716nA saptavArSika kAyadAmAM pheraphAra karI pArlamenTano samaya pAMca varSane TharAvavAmAM AvyuM. Aja varSamAM pArlamenTanA sabhyane 400 paoNnDanuM varSAsana ApavAnI kaSAdhikArI haiIDa rjyorja vyavasthA karI, ane eTalethI teNe haka prArthIo (Chartists) nA eka svapane siddha karyuM. 1 pArlamenTane kAyado pasAra karavAmAM Ayariza sabhyonI ekadhArI sahAyathI caDele upakAra vALavAnI mukhya pradhAnanI vRtti prabaLa thaI. AmanI sabhAnI pratiSThA sthApyA pachI libarala pakSanA RNa samAM AyarlanDane 1. libarala pakSe majuronA hitArthe kAyadA karyA, chatAM temane asaMtoSa nirmULa thayo na hato. temane kAmanA kalAka ochA karAvI vadhAre rejI levI hatI, ' ane temanA majurasaMghano svIkAra karAvo hato. teo haDatAla pADatA; dhIme dhIme eka dhaMdhAnA majure pratye sahAnubhUti darzAvavA bIjA dhaMdhAnA majuro paNa temAM bhaLavA lAgyA. I. sa. 1911mAM khalAsIo, gADIvALAo, ane godAmavALAoe saMpa karI dezamAM eTale sudhI saMkaTa utpanna karyuM, ke bALako mATe dUdha maLavuM durlabha thaI paDyuM. te ja varSamAM relavenA majuroe jabarI haDatAla pADI. I. sa. 1912mAM kolasAnI khANavALAoe saMpa karI haDatAla pADI, eTale lokhaMDa-polAdanAM kArakhAnAMne. ane dezanA bIjA udyogane sakhata phaTako lAgyo. Akhare sarakArane madhyastha banI arenI mAgaNI saMtoSavI paDI. eskivathanA amala daramiAna majuranA lAbhArthe be agatyanA kAyadA thayA. i. sa. 1911mAM 'nezanala IsyuransIne kAyado pasAra thavAthI pratyeka strI ke puruSa kAmadArane 3-4 pinsa jevI rakama bharavAnA badalAmAM vaidakIya salAha maphata maLe che, ane madavADanA samayamAM aThavADIe 10 ziliMga jeTalo pagAra maLe che. bIje kAyade bekAra majurane kAme lagADavA bAbatane hatA.

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343 svarAjya ApavAnuM kArya eskivathe AvyuM. I. sa. 1912mAM te mATe AmanI sabhAmAM kAyade pasAra thaye, paNa amIree prajAnI rUkha jANyA vinA navIna pagaluM bharavAnuM azakaya TharAvI te amAnya karyo. i. sa. 1914mAM paNa enuM eja thayuM. trIjI vAranuM vAcana karI kAyado pasAra karavAmAM Abe, paNa eka navo aNaka virodha utpanna thaye. asTaravAsIoe eDavarDa kArsananA netRtva nIce DablinanI pArlamenTamAM besavAnI nA pADI. teNe svayaMsevaka taiyAra karI temane zastravidyAnuM jJAna ApavA mAMDayuM, ane kavAyata zIkhavavA mAMDI. ethI AyarlenDamAM AMtara vigraha ubho thavAne saMbhava jaNAye, paNa te daramiAna yurepanI mahAbhayaMkara yAdavAsthaLIne AraMbha thaye. prakaraNa 11muM iMglenDanI parArAjya nItiH i. sa. 1815-1914 - vaeNTarlanA yuddhamAM jaya meLavyAthI iMglenDanI pratiSThA vadhI. je samaye samagra yurepa khaMDa nepaliyananA trAsathI kaMpI UThe, te samaye IMglenDa tenI sAme mUkI rahyuM. nepoliyanane harAvavAmAM IglenDanI mahenata ghaNI hatI, tethI mitrarA phrAnsanI rAjyakrAti zamAvI devA samartha thayAM, ane tenA jazane meTo bhAga IMglenDane maLyo. trIsa varSanA mahAyuddhane aMte IlenDanuM sAmudrika baLa evuM atula thaI rahyuM, ke so varSa sudhI tenA naukAsainyanI sAme jovAnI ke rAjyanI hAma cAlI nahi. tene navA mulake maLyA, ane oNsTreliA, keneDA, ane dakSiNa AphrikAnAM saMsthAne vikAsa thavA lAgyA. Ama tenuM sAmrAjya vistAra pAmavA lAgyuM, ane tene vepAra vadhavA lAgyo. yuropanAM baMdaromAM - saMkhyAbaMdha aMgrejI vahANa mAla bharIne javA lAgyAM. vaLI hiMdustAna, cIna, vesTa InDijha ane dakSiNa amerikA sudhI mAlanI AvajA thavA lAgI. have jagadravyApI vepAra surakSita rAkhavAnI ciMtA IglenDanA rAjadvArIone zire AvI. temane IMglenDane vepAra TakAvI rAkhavA mATe yurepanAM tamAma agatyanAM

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344 nAkAM jALavavAnI jarUra lAgI. je sAvadhAnIthI teo AyalenDanA kinArAnI tapAsa rAkhatA, teja sAvadhAnIthI uttara samudranA mukharUpa beljayama upara temanI najara maMDAI brAjhila ane kepa javAnA mArga mATe tathA jIbrAlTaranA rakSaNa mATe liana agatyanuM dariAI mathaka hatuM; temaja pena mekko upara Adhipatyano dA dharAvatuM hatuM, eTale bhUmadhya samudramAM tenI vaga hatI, nepalsa sAMkaDA samudramArgonI kuMcI jevuM hatuM, eNkTriA pUrva bhUmadhyanA vepAranuM mathaka hatuM, siriA ane misaranA adhirAja tarIke IrAnI akhAta ane rAtA samudranA jaLamArgo upara turkastAna sattA dharAvatuM hatuM, ane hiMdustAna joDene vepAra rAtA samudramAM thaI bhUmadhya samudrane mArge cAlato hate. audyogika parivartanathI ubhAM thaelAM aneka kArakhAnAne mAla paradezanA bajAramAM pahoMcADI, tyAMthI kA mAla ane anAja lAvavA mATe IglenDane navAM bajAre zodhavAnI jarUra paDavA lAgI, ane paradeza javAne mArga yurepa khaMDanA samudromAM thaIne hatA. AthI AtmasaMrakSaNa ane svahitanI khAtara IglenDe taTastha nIti tajI yurepanA rAjadvArI mAmalAmAM bhAga levAno nizcaya karyo. ogaNIsamA saikAnA AraMbhamAM yuropamAM asAdhAraNa avyavasthA prasarI rahI. rAye chinnabhinna thaI gayAM, junI sImAo lapAI gaI siMhAsane sUnAM paDyAM, ane aneka rAjAo rajhaLatA thaI gayA. daramiAna I. sa. 1815mAM vinAnI pariSade trIsa varSanA vigrahane aMta ANavAno prayatna karyo. teNe rAjyanI sImAo nakkI karI, ghaNAM rAjyone rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDI ApyuM, ane yuropamAM zAti ANavAnI mahenata karI. perisanI bIjI saMdhithI phrAnsa joDe salAha thaI, paNa khare vikaTa prazna te pachI ubho thayo. pariSade je samAdhAna ane je nirNa karyA hatA, tene TakAvI rAkhavA ane tene yogya amala thAya che ke nahi te jevA, ane bhaviSyamAM AvA jabarA vigraha na jAge te mATe zA upAya levA, e mahattvane prazna hato. i. sa. 1815thI 1822 sudhI IlenDano paradeza khAtAne pradhAna kesalarIdha hato. teNe vienAnI pariSadamAM sarva rAjyo vacce samAdhAna karAvI yuropamAM zAti ANavAnA prayatno mATe tanateDa zrama karyo. te mAnate hato ke surepanI zAnti jALavavAnuM kArya ane dharma vijetA rAjyane che. je

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coe ekatra thaI yurepane bhayaMkara nAzamAMthI bacAvyo che, te rAjyo eka dIlathI kAma le te pachI kene bhAra che? AthI teNe greTabrikana, rasiA, eNAi , ane pRziA vacce eka saMdhi karAvI vinAnI pariSa6 mAse tene svIkAra karAvyo. perisanI saMdhinI sarate svIkAravA, tene yogya -amala thate jevA, ane sAmAnya hitanA prazno saMbaMdhI vicAra karavA vAraMvAra maLavAnI temaNe kabulAta ApI. paraMtu kesalarIdhanA manoratha manamAM rahyA. e samaye yuropanA rAjadvArI mAmalAmAM raziAno zahenazAha elekajhAMDara ane Aine pradhAna meTaranIza e be pravINa gaNAtA hatA, ane yuropanAM bIjAM rAjya temane pagale cAlatAM hatAM. daramiAna raziA, muziA, ane aisTiAnA zahenazAhae "pavitra saMdhi (Holy Alliance) karI, ane bhIDa paDe tyAre sahAya ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM. temaNe lokonI rASTrabhAvanA ane svataMtratAnI AturatA yuktithI dabAvI daI ApaakhatyAra, bInajavAbadAra ane ekahaththu rAjasattA sthApavAnI peravI karI. khristI dharmane nAme meTaranIze damananItino dara calAvyuM, ane kenI rASTrabhAvanAo chaMdI nAkhI. AthI spena, porTugala, ane nepalsanI prajAoe potAnA rAjAonI sAme khulluM baMDa karyuM, ane maryAdita rAjasattAvALA baMdhAraNapUrvakane rAjyavahIvaTa calAvavAnI mAgaNI karI. meTaranIze pariSadane vacce paDavAne Agraha karyo, eTale raziA ane praziAnAM rAjya tema karavA taiyAra thaI gayAM. paraMtu kesalarIdhe koI paNa svataMtra rAjayanA AMtara vahIvaTamAM vacce paDavAnI nA pADI. eTalAmAM mekisake, parU, cilI, ane kalaMbiAe penanI dhuMsarI phekI daI svataMtratA jAhera karI, ane grIse paNa turkastAnanA paMjAmAMthI chUTavAno prayAsa Adaryo. bIjAM rAjya pitAnuM dhAryuM gayAM. nepalsanuM baMDa zimAvI devA mATe aisTriana sainya mekalavAmAM AvyuM, ane svataMtratAne pikAra uThThavanAra phenca sainikoe spenanI prajAkIya hIlacAlane jorajulamathI besADI dIdhI. kesalarIdhe ausTiA ane phrAnsanA julamI kRtya pratye vireAdha jAhera karyo.

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346 * keniMgaH i. sa. 1822mAM kesalarIdhe AtmahatyA karI, eTale tene sthAne bAvana varSane, dekhAvaDe, capaLa, buddhizALI, ane hasIla keniMga paradeza khAtAne maMtrI thayo. te svataMtratAne zokhIna hato, paNa IglenDanuM hita jovAnI paradezanItimAM te kesalarIdhane cIle cAlyo. te kaheto ke dareka prajAe potAnuM hita saMbhALavuM, ane Izvara sarvanuM hita saMbhALaze. daramiAna dakSiNa amerikAnAM saMsthAno spenathI svataMtra thavA prayAsa karatA hatAM, temane teNe uttejana ApyuM. spenane AzA hatI ke jema pUrve phrAnsanAM zastronI sahAyathI prajAne baLavo zamAvI zakAyo hato, tema saMsthAnonA baLavAnA kaTokaTInA mAmalAmAM eja sahAya maLaze, ane saMsthAnonI vIpharelI prajane dabAvI zakAze. paraMtu keniMga catura ane sAvadha hato. teNe phrAnsanI vaga penamAM vadhI jAya, to penane zaktihINuM karI nAkhavAne saMkalpa karyo. ethI teNe saMsthAnonI svataMtratA svIkArI. teNe temanI joDe vepArI saMdhi karI, ane jude jude sthaLe greTabriTananA ADatI A nImI dIdhA. paraMtu thoDA samaya pachI amerikAnAM saMyukta saMsthAnA pramukha manaree jAhera karyuM, ke yuropanA keAI paNa rAjyane amerikAnA prakaraNamAM vacce paDavAnI jarUra nathI. amerikA kaMI yurepI rAjyone lUMTa pADavAnuM sthaLa nathI, ane kaI paNa yurepI rAjya e khaMDamAM potAnuM rAjya sthApavA ke vadhAravA prayatna karaze, te saMyukta saMsthAne tene ceka virodha karaze. keniMge paNa manaronA siddhAMtane anamedana ApyuM, eTale IlenDamAM keniMganA virodhIoe khaLabhaLATa macAvI mUkyo. temaNe jaNAvyuM ke saMsthAnI svataMtratA svIkAravI e AyarlenDanA baLavAkhorane uttejana ApavA jevuM che. paraMtu keniMga evA kazA bhayathI DarI jAya evo na hato. - pena nirbaLa thayA pachI porTugalane vAre Avyo. caudamA saikAthI porTugala joDe IlenDane mitrAcArIne saMbaMdha dvIpakalpIya vigrahane lIdhe gADha banyo hato. phrAnsanA vigraha daramiAna porTugalanuM rAjakuTuMba brAjhilanA saMsthAnamAM jaI vasyuM hatuM. I. sa. 1821mAM yeSTha putra Dana pene saMsthAnamAM rAkhI rAjA jhona svadeza pAcho Avyo hato. I. sa. 1826mAM pitAnA mRtyu pachI pee brAjhilanuM rAjya lIdhuM, ane porTugalanuM rAjya

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347 - pitAnI putrI meriAne seMpI dIdhuM, paNa bALarANInA kAkA oNna migele rAjyabhathI gAdIne dAvo karyo. keniMge meriAne haka svIkArI teno pakSa lIdho. Ama porTugalanI rANuM IglenDanA upakAranA baMdhane baMdhAya, phrAnsanI vaga ochI thAya, porTugalanuM amerikAnA saMsthAnanuM rAjya kapAI jAya, ane bhUmadhya samudramAM koI paNa samaye jarUra paDe te liana baMdarane naukAsainyanA. mathaka tarIke upayoga thaI zake, evuM IlenDanuM cevaDuM hita A catura maMtrIe sAdhyuM. chatAM piorTugalamAM gAdI mATe yuddha cAlyuM, ane I. sa. 1833mAM keniMganA uttarAdhikArI pAmarsTananA prayAsathI greTabriTana, spena, phrAnsa, ane. pirTugale saMdhi karI meriAne haka svIkAryo, ane mizelane dezavaTa dIdho. grIsanuM svAtaMtrya mATe yuddhaH i. sa. 146 thI turka amalamAM jakaDAelA grIse svataMtratA meLavavA mATe keniMganA adhikAra daramiAna bhAre prayatno AdaryA, ane baMne pakSa jIva saTosaTa upara AvI gayA. grIsanI prAcIna saMskRti mATe mAna dharAvanArAM yurepanAM rAjyamAM turkastAna pratye krodhanI lAgaNI ubharAI AvI. zelI ane bAyarana jevA kavioe grIsane pakSa laI aMgreja prajAnI sahAnubhUti uttejita karavA mAMDI, eTale aneka aMgrejo grIsane nANAMnI sahAya ApavA tatpara thayA. paraMtu A samaye grIsano pakSa levo ke nahi, te viSe IglenDanI sarakAra nizcita abhiprAya bAMdhI zakI nahi. yuropI rAjyakhaTapaTathI taTastha rahevAnuM pitAnuM dhoraNa badalavAnI keniMganI IcchA na hatI, paNa raziAne zahenazAha turka lekone virodhI. hovAthI grIsano pakSa laI yuddhamAM utare, ane turkastAna hAre te dakSiNa ane pUrva yuropamAM raziA baLavAna thaI bese e mATe savAla hatA. vaLI IglenDa taTastha rahe, to saMdhi thAya tyAre bIjA rAjyo potAnuM hita sAdhI le, ane IMglenDane te joI rahevuM paDe ema hatuM. A vAtane vicAra karI IglenDe grIsano pakSa lIdho. IlenDa, phrAnsa, ane raziAe grIsanI svataMtratAne svIkArI, paNa turkastAne te vAta maMjura rAkhI nahi, eTale I. sa. 1827mAM neverine AgaLa nAnuM yuddha thayuM. mitrarAje chatyAM, ane turka naukAsainyane nAza thayo. daramiAna keniMga maraNa pAme, eTale veliMgTana paradezamaMtrI thaye. pAchaLathI raziA ane phAse turkastAna jeDe yuddha cAlu

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348 rAkhyuM, paNa i. sa. 1829nI saMdhithI grIsane kAyamane mATe turkastAnathI svitaMtra banAvyuM. pArTananI dezAMtara nItiH yuropamAM A pramANe avyavasthA ane rAjyakrAnita pravatI hatI, tyAre IglenDanI dezAMtara nItine sUtradhAra pAmarsTana haste. te mahA catura, dUradarzI, tejasvI ane rAjanItimAM nipuNa hatuM. keniMge svIkArelI taTastha nIti choDI daI yurepanA mAmalAmAM hAtha nAkhave, IiglenDanI pratiSThA vadhAravI, tenuM hita saMbhALavuM ane vadhAravuM, ane IMglenDanI pararAjya pAse mahArAjya tarIke gaNatarI karAvavI, evI tenI mahecchA hatI. 35 varasanA gALAmAM thoDAM varSo sivAya badhe vakhata IMglenDanI parAjya nItinuM taMtra tenI pAse rahyuM. te daramiAna IMglenDa paradezIothI beparavA rahe, ane paradezIo IglenDanA garajAu bane, e tenI nItine marma hate. te kesalarIdha ane keniMganA ziSya same hato. teNe briTiza sAmrAjyanA hita pratye daSTi TheravI rAkhI. phrAnsa ejIriyAmAM AgaLa vadhe, ke pirinIjha nI pelI pAra vaga vadhAre, e vAta tene paravaDatI na hatI. vaLI pena phinsanuM uparAjya banI porTugalane pitAnI joDe kheMcI le, ane Tegasa - nadImAM aMgrejI vepArI vahANonI AvajA thatI aTakAvI na de, te mATe A baMdhe maMtrI haMmezAM khabaradArI rAkhyA karato. porTugalamAM teNe meriAne sakAraNa madada karI hatI. porTugalamAM gAdI mATe yuddha cAlatuM hatuM, tyAre spenamAM paNa evA kAraNasara khUnarejI cAlatI hatI. spenane rAjA traNa varSanI bALa kuMvarIne mUkI maraNa pAmyo, eTale tenA bhAI Dona kolese dAvo karyo, ke spenanI gAdI upara strIne kAyadApUrvaka haka prApta thatuM nathI, ane huMja khare hakadAra chuM. pAmarsTane kuMvarIne pakSa laI aMgrejone spenanA sainyamAM joDAvAnI rajA ApI. Akhare kArlosanA pakSakAre nabaLA paDyA, rANI sAbela gAdIe AvI, ane spenamAM baMdhAraNapUrvakane rAjyavahIvaTa dAkhala thaye. svataMtra belajIyama yurepanA chellA mahAvigrahamAM mazahura thaelA bhejIyamanI svataMtratAne ItihAsa kaMI june nathI. soLamA ane saramA kAmAM e deza enanA adhikADhyAM hatAM, paNa aDhAramA saikAmAM AinA amala nIce AvyA. i. sa. 1815mAM vinAnI pariSade tene halenDa joDe

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348 ekatra karI daI phrAnsa ane jarmanI vacce eka majabuta madhyastha rAjya ubhuM karavAnI yojanA karI. beljayamanI prajA jAti, dharma, bhASA ane AcAravicAramAM valaMdAothI cheka judI hatI, eTale temane A saMyoga 5 cama kaa ka rsa .kala luveIne asesa 0: behajIyama che Iksa 1831 varga F cand jAe rue nahi. I. sa. 183mAM yuropamAM phrAnsa, jarmanI, ITalI, ane pelenDa Adi yuropI rAjyamAM krantanA bhaDakA pharI vaLyA. phrAnsanA lokoe julamI rAjA cArlsa 10mAne padabhraSTa karI luI philipIne gAdI ApI, eTale bejIyanomAM paNa svadezapremane utkaTa Aveza pra . teo baLo karI holenDathI svataMtra banyA. have zuM karavuM? vinAnI pariSaddamAM bhAga lenAra rAjyane pote karelI janAne koI khulle bhaga kare, e vAta catI na hatI. helenDa paNa beljayamanI svataMtratA svIkAravA taiyAra na hatuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa pitAnuM uparIpaNuM TakAvI rAkhavA mATe vigraha jAhera kasbA taiyAra hatuM. pAmarsTanane ciMtA thaI ke nA pitAnuM dRSTAnta vicArI

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350. prasaMgane pUre lAbha uThAvavA mATe belajIyamanI vahAra karaze, eTale te dezamAM tenI vaga vadhI jaze. aneka saikAMthI IlenDanI rAjyanItine eka agatyane muddo e hato ke zelTa nadI uparathI IglenDanI salAmatIne koI mahArAjya bhaMga na kare, e khAsa dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM. vaLI bejIyana pitAno deza holenDa sAthe joDAI na jAya te mATe game te bhega ApavA taiyAra hatA. eTale prasaMga oLakhIne pAmarsTane laMDanamAM mahArAjyonI pariSad bolAvI. AmAM greTabriTana, oNsTriA, raziA, muziA, phrAnsa ane bejIyamanAM rAjyoe saMdhi karI belajIyamanuM svAtaMtrya svIkAryuM, ane sekasa kemabarganA liopolDane tene rAjA TharAvyo. helenDathI A rAjyahAni khamAI nahi. tene navI yojanA kheMcI, eTale teNe yuddha cAlu rAkhyuM. tyAra pachI lagabhaga ATha varSe pAmarsTananA athAka prayatnothI greTabriTana, oNsTriA, praziA, phrAnsa, raziA, ane holenDa vacce saMdhi thaI. pariNAme belajIyama svataMtra rAjya gaNyuM, ane yuddhaveLA pakSakAree te dezane taTastha gaNa evI jAmInagIrI levAI, I. sa. 1839. Ama pAmarsTananI nItine pratApe bejIyama phrAnsanA burbAna kuTuMbanA rAjyavaMzInA hAthamAM jatAM bacyuM, ane IglenDanuM mitra banyuM. mahamadaallIH phrAnsanI vaga bane teTalI ochI karI IMglenDanI mahattA vadhAravAnI pAmarsTananI nItine pratApa anyatra paNa jaNAya che. misara turkastAnane prAMta hatuM, ane tyAM mahamadaallI nAme pratApI Abeniyana sube hatA. teNe kuneha, Atmazakti, ane phrAnsanI mitrAcArIthI pitAnI sattA jamAvI pitAnuM jaLa ane sthaLa sainya evuM te sabaLa banAvyuM, ke grIsa joDenA yuddhamAM sulatAnane tenI sahAya sonAnA bhUlanI thaI paDI. paraMtu tyArapachI mahamadaalI ane sulatAna vacce jhagaDe UTha. ethI mahamadaallIe sainya sAthe konsTanTinepala upara caDhAI karI. paraMtu raziAne jhAra sulatAnanI kumake dhAye, ane tenA badalAmAM sulatAna pAsethI teNe vacana lIdhuM, ke DAnasanI sAmudradhunimAM raziA vinA kaI videzI rAjyanAM laDAyaka jahAjone AvavA devAM nahi. pAmarsTana A chupA kasaranI jANa thatAM lAge tAkI besI rahyo. I. sa. 1839mAM mahamadaalI .

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3pa1 ane sulatAna vacce pharI TaTa jAge, tyAre prathamanA karAra pramANe jhAra sulatAnanI sahAye AvavA tatpara thayo. turka rAjya Ama raziAnuM uparAjya banI jAya, to hiMdustAna javA AvavAnA mArgo surakSita rAkhavA kaThaNa paDe, evA vicArathI pAmarsane A jhagaDAmAM vacce paDavAno nizcaya karI phrAnsano sahakAra mAge. pUrva bhUmadhya, grIsa, misara, ane mesopeTemiAmAM prabaLa vaga dharAvanAra phrAnsanuM dhAravuM evuM hatuM, ke jo mahamadaalI jaya pAme te aMgrejonI vadhatI jatI sattAne tora utare. AthI teNe vacce paDavAnI nA pADI, eTale pAmarsTane ekale hAthe misarIone harAvyA, ekarane killo kabaje karyo, ane mahamadaallIne siriA choDI javAnI pharaja pADI. have pAmarsTana phenca sattAne ko virodhI gaNavA lAgyo, ane tenI viruddha roSanI tIvra lAgaNIo prakaTI nIkaLI. paraMtu turkastAna ane IlenDa maitrInAM daDha baMdhane baMdhAyAM, ane kensTanTinopalathI aphaghAnistAnanI sImA sudhInA pUrvanA madhya pradezonI ciMtA greTabriTanane zirethI TaLI. rAjanItimAM pheraphAraH I. sa. 1841mAM lArDa membernanA libarala pradhAnamaMDaLano aMta Avyo, ane tene sthAne TerI pIlanuM pradhAnamaMDaLa AvyuM. AthI lairDa ebarDina paradezamaMtrI thayo, ane IMglenDanI rAjanItimAM pheraphAra thaze. navA pradhAne rAjyavistAra pratye virodha darzAvyo, ane pararAjyanA samAna hake svIkAryA. teNe pararAjya joDe zAMti ane vivekabharelI nIti AdarI. amerikAnAM saMyukta saMsthAne joDe pArTIne mAMDelA jhagaDAnI patAvaTa karavAmAM AvI. nyU branhIka ane maina saMsthAnanI sarahada saMbaMdhI takarAra ane bIjI gerasamajutIne nikAla ANavAmAM AvyuM. aisTriA ane muziA joDe maitrIsaMbaMdha keLavavAmAM AvyuM, ane phrAnsa joDenI nItimAM paNa parivartana thaI gayuM. phAnsane pradhAna gijha lADa eDinano mitra hovAthI baMne dezo vacceno saMbaMdha sudharyo. pariNAme rANI vikaTeriA nsa jaI AvI, ane luI philipI IglenDamAM rANIne atithi thayo. A uparAMta pAsiphika mahAsAgaramAM AvelA eka ThIpa saMbaMdhI UThelI karAra paNa salukAIthI samAvI devAmAM AvI. . . . . -

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kSara paraMtu I. sa. 1846mAM pIlane amala utaryo, ane raselanA pradhAna maLamAM pAmarsTana paradezamaMtrI banyuM, eTale teNe phAnsa pratye potAnI junI nIti cAlu karI. daramiAna luI philippIe spenanI sajaputrIonAM lagna mATe karelI goThavaNathI IlenDa ane phrAnsa vacce uMcAM mana thaI cUkyAM. luIe nAnI kanyAnuM lagna pitAnA kuMvara joDe, ane meTInuM tena: dUranA sagA joDe goThavyuM. spenane rAjA aputra hovAthI moTI rAjakuMvarIne putra spenane gAdIvArasa thAya te saMyoga hatuM. AthI yurepanA ane rAjakuMvare e gAdI meLavavAnA lebhe mAgAM mekalatA. paraMtu luInI goThavaNa mujaba moTI rAjakanyAne pati anArogya hovAthI tene saMtAna na thAya te laInA putrane spenanI gAdI maLe ema sau mAnatA. ethI to pharansa ane spenanAM rAjyo ekatra karavAnI luI 14mAnI rAjanIti astitvamAM AvavA jevuM lAgyuM. pArTIne laIne prapaMca pAmI jaIne vikaTeriAna kaI sagAne umedavAra tarIke ubho karyo. Akhare luInI dhAraNA mujaba lagna te thayuM, paNa saddabhAgye moTI rAjakanyAne putra avataryo, eTale gAdIvArasAnA prASaceno aMta Avyo. I. sa. 1848nI sAla eTale yuropamAM rAjyakrAntinuM varSa. zansa, palenDa, ITalI, haMgarI jarmanI Adi aneka rAjyamAM prajAprakopane ami prajaLI uThya, ane pracalita rAjyapaddhati dUra karavAnA prayatno zarU thayo phrAnsamAM neliyananA bhatrIjA laI nepaliyane phrAnsane prajAsattAka sI. jAhera karyuM, ane pote teno "pramukha' banyo. I. sa. 1852mAM teNe pitAnA sarva virodhIone game te prakAre dAbI daI pitAne phAnsane "samrATa jAhera karyo. rAjyakrAntinI pAchaLa rahele lokono svataMtratA mATe uche prema pAmarsTana pArakhI zakatA hatA. paraMtu loe svataMtratAne nAme kyAkha anAdara ane nirdaya hatyAkAMDa calAvavA mAMDyA tyAre temanI tarapha tenI sahAnubhUti ghaTI gaI chatAM phrAnsamo aMdhAdhuMdhI ochI thaI vyavasthita taMga cAlaze evI AzAe laI nepaliyananAM ApaakhatyArI kArya pratye rAma ke pradhAnanI anumati vinA pAmarsTane pite saMmati darzAvI. pAmarsTamanI rAjanItithI rANune asaMtoSa te kayArano dhuMdhAvAI rahyo hato, jemAM varNa

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353 A banAve ghI homyuM. AthI pAmarsTanane rajA ApavAmAM AvI. raselanuM pradhAnamaMDaLa paNa tyAra pachI thoDA samaya TakayuM. raselanA uttarAdhikArI DabanuM pradhAnapada gaNyAgAMThayA mahInA TakyuM, eTale chevaTe lairDa ebarDina vaDo pradhAna pAmarsTana svadeza khAtAno pradhAna, ane rasela paradezamaMtrI thaye. kImiana vigrahaH ebaDinanA samayamAM dezamAM cAlIsa varSa sudhI akhaMDa pravartI rahelI zaktine bhaMga karAvanAre eka mahAvigraha jA. turkastAnanuM rAjya kSINa thatuM jatuM hatuM, eTale temAM vaga vadhArI pUrvamAM rAjyavistAra karavAnI raziAnA jhAranI mahattvAkAMkSAne pariNAme teNe krIniana vigraha jagADayA hatA. e maraNazayA para sUtelA musalamAnI mahArAjyanA bhAgalA pADI vaheMcI levAnI lAlaca ApI jhAre greTabriTanane pitAnA pakSamAM bheLavavAnI yukti racI. paraMtu raziAnI vistAra pAmatI vagathI camakelA aMgreja maMtrIoe turkastAnano pakSa laI raziAnI sattA ane pratiSThAne dAbI devAno nizcaya karyo. nepoliyana jevuM nAma kADhavAnA koDIlA luIe greTabriTanano pakSa lIdhe, ane bhayaMkara vigraha cAlyo. ebaDina jevA madhyama buddhizaktivALA pradhAnathI e vigraha jesabhera ane vyavasthA pUrvaka calAvI zakAya nahi. kriImiAmAM raziAnI gAtro ThuMThavI nAkhe tevI TADhamAM aMgrejI sainyanI besumAra khuvArI thaI, eTale prajAmAM pradhAna viruddha jabare kalAhala mace. AthI ebarDine rAjInAmuM ApyuM, ane rANIne kacavAte mane pAmarsTanane pradhAnapada ApavuM paDayuM. paraMtu tyAra pachI yuddhano raMga badalAI gayuM. I. sa. 1856mAM perisanI akArI saMdhithI e vigrahano evo aMta Avyo, ke koNa jItyuM ane koNa hAryuM tene kaze nirNaya thaI zakaze nahi. A vakhate turkastAnane yuropI rAjyanA saMghamAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvyuM, kALA samudra para koI paNa rAjyane yuddhasAmagrI ekaThI karavAnI ke kille bAMdhavAnI manA karavAmAM AvI, ane DArDanalsamAM turkastAna vinA anya koI rAjyanA kAphalAne javAnI baMdhI karavAmAM AvI. saMyukta ITalIH perisanI AvI apUrNa saMdhithI yurepanAM aneka rAjyomAM avyavasthA ane guMcavaNe ubhI thaI. agni keNamAM raziAnI vRddhi thatI aTakI, paNa tenI mahattvAkAMkSA zamI nahi. grIsa ane belajIyamanAM dRSTAMtathI

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354 ane prajAne svataMtra thavAnA keDa thayA. pRziA sAmrAjyatRSNAthI DenamArkanAM slebIga ane hosTena paragaNAM lUMTavA mAMDayAM. A dareka vigrahamAM eTabriTanane kaMI ne kaMI svArtha rahele have, chatAM pAmarsTananI nItithI dezamAM zAMti rahI zakI. A samaye ekatra deza thavAnA prayatno karanAramAM hAlanuM ITalI paNa hatuM. te hINabhAgI dezanA keTalAka prAMte eAinA julamI amalamAM hatA, ane bAkInA burbona rAjavaMzIonA ApaakhatyArI ane hINapata lagADanAra amala nIce vahecAI gayA hatA. mAtra sArDiniyA, piDamonTa, ane seyanA rAjAo ITalInI dezadAjha jANanArA, udAra cittanA, ane kAyadesara rAjyapaddhatinA himAyatI hatA. i. sa. 1859mAM sArDiniyAnA ThAkora vikaTara Imenyuala phansanI sahAyathI eNkTriAnI viruddha yuddha pinakAryuM. paraMtu raziAe kImiane vigrahamAM aisTriAe dhAraNa karelI TasthatA yAda rAkhI e vaphAdArInuM vera levA tene A samaye sahAya ApI nahi. I. sa. 1859mAM ITalIe chuiAnI dhuMsarI pheMkI dIdhI. A phAnamAM aMgreja sarakAre kaI paNa pakSane pratyakSa sahAya karI nahi, paNa ITalInA svAtaMtrya meLavavAnA prayatno pratye sahAnubhUti darzAvI temAM uttejana ApyuM. tyAra pachI aDaga, dezapremI, vIra garibADI nAmanA senApatie sisilI ane nepalsanAM rAjya jItI laI ImenyualanA adhikAramAM -ANyAM. thoDA samayamAM venisa paNa paDyuM, ane saMyukta ITalInA rAjA tarIke vikaTara Imenyuala roma nagaramAM vijayapraveza karyo. ITalI saMpUrNa rIte saMyukta thayuM, ane ITAliyana bhASA bolanAra sarva leke eka chatra nIce AvyA, I. sa. 1870. - ble-jarmana vigrahaH ITalI saMyukta thayA pachI muziAnA nAnakaDA rAjyanA udayathI yurepanA rAjadvArIo cakita thaI gayA. I. sa. 1860thI muziAnuM rAjataMtra kAunTa bismArka nAme ati catura, mahattvAkAMkSI, ane kuTila nItinA rAjadvArI naranA hAthamAM AvyuM hatuM. osTriAne pitAnA pakSamAM meLavI laI I. sa. 1866mAM muziAe DenamArka pAsethI slezvIga ane haiaena paragaNAM paDAvI lIdhAM, ane temAMnuM eka paragaNuM eNkTriAne

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355 badalA tarIke ApI dIdhuM. paraMtu sAta aThavADIAnA yuddhamAM praziAe Aine harAvI hevara vagere pradeze jItI lIdhA, ane praziAnA - chuTA paDI gaelA bhAgane saLaMga banAvI lIdhA. tyAra pachI jarmana rAjyoe saMgha racI praziAnA rAjAnuM uparIpada svIkAryuM. paraMtu eTalethI kaMI jarmana mahArAjya yuropamAM gaNatarImAM Ave tema na hatuM, e vAta bismArka sArI rIte jANatA hatA. teNe lAga joI potAnA pADozI phrAnsa upara coTa mAMDI. teNe yuktiprayuktithI evI sthiti utpanna karI, ke phAse jarmanI sAme yuddha karyuM, I. sa. 1870. cha mAsamAM tAlImabaddha, suvyavasthita, jaMgI jarmana senA samartha ane dIrghadaza senApatinI saradArI nIce phrAnsanI jamIna para pharI vaLI, ane teNe phenca sainyane chinnabhinna karI tene mada utAryo. Akhare 'luI nepoliyana keda pakaDAya, eTale phrAnsanA prajAsattAka rAjyanI sthApanA thaI. A vigraha daramiAna glaeNDasTana pradhAnapade hato. te cheka taTastha raho. teNe eTalI ciMtA rAkhI, ke baMnemAMthI eka paNa pakSa bejIyamanI taTasthatAne bhaMga karI I. sa. 1839nA karArane bhaMga kare nahi. briTiza sarakAre phAnsa ane muziA joDe saMdhi karI e karAra karyo, ke bemAMthI eka paNa pakSa bejIyamanI bhUmi para paga mUkaze, to greTabriTana yuddhamAM utarI aparAdhIne daMDa devAmAM pAchI pAnI karaze nahi, ethI baMne pakSe sAvadhAnI vAparI, eTale greTabriTanane yuddhamAM utaravAnI jarUra paDI nahi. glaeNDasTananA amala daramiAna raziAe perisanI saMdhimAM karelA karAranI uparavaTa thaI kALA samudramAM kArlo rAkhavAne potAno nirNaya jaNAvyuM. Ama chatAM glaeNDasTana taTastha rahyo. - bAlakana vigrahaH glaeNDasTana pachI pradhAnapade AvanAra DijharAyelI jabaro sAmrAjyavAdI hato. briTiza mahArAjyanuM bhAvi mahAna che evI tene acaLa zraddhA hatI, ane te mAnato ke e mahArAjyanI pratiSThA jamAvavI hoya, te teNe jaLasthaLasainya sajaja rAkhI bIjAnI pAse potAno ekaDo kharo karAvavo joIe. AraMbhamAM teNe misaranA uDAu ane vilAsI bediva IsmAIle civA kADhelA suejhanI naheranA zere (Shares) jAtajokhamadArI upara

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356 kharIdI lIdhA, ane tema karIne IMglenDa ane hiMdustAna vaccenA vepAranA ane vyavahAranA jaLamArga upara akhatyAra meLavyo. evAmAM yurepanA agni kANumAM AvelAM bAlkana rAjyAmAM khaLabhaLATa macyuM. A rAjyAnA leAkeA khristI hatA, chatAM temane turkInA amala nIce rahevuM paDatuM, tethI vAraMvAra khaTapaTa ubhI thatI. i. sa. 1875mAM harjhegoviniAnA leAkeAe khaMDa jagADayuM, eTale AsTri, jarmanI, ITalI, vagere rAjyAe ekatra thaI turka sulatAnane yogya sudhArA karI khristIone sArI rIte rAkhavA mATe dabANa karyuM. DijharAyelI A rAjyA joDe bhaLye nahi; kAraNa ke turkastAnane zatru banAvavAmAM greTabriTananuM hita naheAtuM. sulatAne kazI dAda dIdhI niha, eTale slAva nnatinA mukhI raziAnA zahenazAhe dharmabaMdhune pakSa laI kenzansTanTane pala tarapha sainya ravAnA karyuM. raziA kaeNnsTanTinepala kabaje kare e vAta DijharAyelIne paravaDatI na hatI, eTale teNe turkastAnanI make briTiza naukAsainya ravAnA karyuM, ane jarUrane prasaMge kAma Ave te mATe hiMdustAnathI sainya elAvI mAlTAmAM rAkhyuM. AthI raziAne zahenazAha bhaya pAmyA, ane teNe sulatAna joDe mAmerAnA samudrakinArA upara AvelA sAnasTIphene mukAme saMdhi karI. A saMdhi kadI amalamAM AvI nathI, chatAM bAlkana dvIpakalpanA vartamAna tihAsa upara tenI chAyA paDelI che. A saMdhinI mukhya sarata e hatI, ke balgeriAnuM navuM vizALa rAjya banAvI tene svataMtratA ApavI. balgeriana jAtinA sarva leAkeAne samAveza thAya evuM mAnuM rAjya e dvIpakalpamAM sthapAya, te te ghaNuM baLavAna thaI paDe; ane tyAM raziAnI vaga rahe, eTale pariNAma e Ave ke bAlkana dvIpakalpa, kAnsDanTanopala, misara, ane cheka hiMdustAna sudhI raziAnI rAjadvArI vaga pahoMcI jAya. DijharAyelIthI e kema sahyuM jAya? teNe e saMdhi svIkAravAnI nA pADI ane kahyuM, ke krImiana vigrahane aMte thaelI perisanI saMdhimAM turka rAjyAnI akhaMDatA jALavavAneA karAra che, tene bhaga karIne AvI khAnagI saMdhi karI zakAya nahiM. tenA jabarA prayAsane lIdhe i. sa. 1878mAM barlina mukAme raziA, AsTri, jarmanI, ITalI, turkastAna, ane greTabriTananI saMyukta pariSad bismArkanA pramukhapade maLI.

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357 temAM balgeriAnuM rAjya nAnuM karavAnuM karyuM, sarviA, meAnTInIgre, ane mAniAne svarAjya ApavAmAM AvyuM, ane raziAne eziA mAInaramAM eka killA ane thADA pradeza maLyA; greTabriTane sAIprasane dvIpa rAkhI sulatAnanA ezimAM AvelA rAjyanuM rakSaNa karavAnuM vacana ApyuM. kheAgniA ane hajhaMge vini prAMtaneA vahIvaTa sTriAne sAMpavAmAM AvyeA. A pramANe turka mahArAjyanI ekatA jALavI tene sajIvana rAkhavAnA ahAnA nIce yurApanAM khristI rAjgyAe tenA bhAga vaheMcI lIdhA. barlinanI saMdhi pachI i. sa. 1914nA mahAvigraha kheta pratyeka bAlkana rAjya turka mahArAjyamAMthI maLe teTalA bhAga paDAvI laI potAnI sImA vistArI rahyuM hatuM; chatAM lagabhaga trIsa varSa sudhI bAlkana dvIpakalpanA guMcavaNabharelA rAja- dvArI mAmaleA zAMta rahyo, ane pUrvamAM vistAra pAmavAnI raziAnI mahattvAkAMkSAne jIvaleNa phaTakA paDayA. yuropanAM rAjyanA praznoneA AveA samAdhAnakAraka nirNaya thayA, eTale tyAMnA rAjadvArIonI diSTa khIje vaLavA lAgI. greTa briTanane rAjyavistAra, vepAra, vaibhava, saMsthAnA ane sAmudrika baLa joI yureApanAM keTalAMka mahArAjyeAe evuM sAmrAjya ubhuM karavAnAM svama sevavA mAMDayAM. audyogika parivartanathI thaelI yaMtrAnI zeAdhathI theAkabaMdha nIpaja thavA lAgI, tene mATe sarvane jagamAM bAra zeAdhavAnAM hatAM. amerikAmAM javAya tema na hatuM, eTale sarve rAjyAe AphrikA ane eziAmAM mulaka meLavavAnI peravI karavA mAMDI. prakaraNa 12muM IMglenDanI pararAjyanIti [ cAlu ] i. sa. 1878thI 1914 paryaMta yuropanI sthiti kevA prakAranI hatI ? i. sa. 1815 pachI yureApanAM rAjyA joDe zAMtibharco saMbaMdha jALavavAne mATe greTabriTane e mArga lIdhAH dezane aNudhArye samaye aNaciMtavI AphatamAM utAre evI saMdhi ke karArAthI dUra rahI teNe peAtAnI taTasthatA jALavI, ane yurApI rAjyAnA saMdhane bane teTalI sahAya ApI.

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38. - A saMgha AjanA "prajAsaMghanI peThe baMdhAraNapUrvaka sthapAyo na hato mAtra yuropanI zAntimAM vigha nAkhanArI sthiti utpanna thAya, tyAre yuropanAM mahArAjyo eka bIjAnI saMmatithI tene vicAra karI bane te teDa ANavA ekatra thatAM. AvI pariSadamAM bhAga levA icchatAM mahArAje rAjakAjamAM pravINa pratinidhione mokalatAM, ane temanI mAraphate vicAronI Apale karatAM. yuropI rAjyane saMgha (Concert of Europe) eTale AMtara rASTrIya praznonAM samAdhAnIbharyA nirAkaraNa ANavA mATe judAM judAM rAjyanA pratinidhionI ekatra thaelI sabhAo hatI. yuropamAM nepoliyane vartAvelA ke pachI tamAma rAjyonI hada nakkI karI yuropane nakaze pharIthI goThavavA mATe vienAmAM I. sa. 1814-15mAM maLelI mahArAjyanI pariSadathI AvI sabhAo vacce vacce maLatI, paNa A saMghanI chellI sabhA i. sa. 1913mAM maLI. jo ke AvI pariSaddamAM bhAga levAnI kAIne mAthe pharaja na hatI, temaja pariSadranA nirNaya paNa kaIne kAyadesara baMdhanakartA nahotA, eTale koI rAjyane zastra ugAmavAnI IcchA thaI Ave to tene pariSaddamAM bhAga levAnI nA pADavAnI svataMtratA hatI. - i. sa. 1878 pachI A saMghanI traNa saMpUrNa sabhAo thaI hatI. I. sa. 1878mAM raziA ane turkastAna vaccenA vigraha pachI pahelI sabhAe bAlkana rAjyanI sImA nakkI karI, I. sa. 1906mAM ejIsirAsamAM maLelI bIjI sabhAe phrAnsa ane jarmanI vacce morakko saMbaMdhI UThelA jhagaDAnuM nirAkaraNa karI ApyuM, ane I. sa. 1913mAM laMDanamAM maLelI trIjI pariSada bAlkana rAjyonI sarahada navesarathI nakkI karI ApI. A sivAya aneka veLA nAnI moTI pariSadae ekamata thaIne keTalAka AMtara rASTrIya praznone tADa Aye, cIna viSe yuropI rAjyanI sAmAnya nIti nakkI karI, ane bIjAM keTalAMka upayogI rAjadvArI kAryo karyA. turkastAna: balinanI saMdhi pachI lagabhaga cAlIsa varSa sudhI yuropanA rAjadvArIo samakSa turkastAnane prazna eka athavA bIje svarUpe AvyA karate. te hINabhAgI dezanuM karavuM zuM? chellAM trIsa varSamAM turka rAjyanA nAnA moTA bhAge jhUMTavI laI bIjA rAjya samRddha banavA prayatna karatAM hatAM.

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359 balinanI saMdhithI turkastAnanA yuropI rAjyane meTo bhAga khristI rAjya vaheMcI lIdhe, tema chatAM I. sa. 1881nI saMdhithI theselI prAMta grIsane soMpI devAnI sulatAnane pharaja paDI. I. sa. 1885mAM balgariAe pUrva rUmeliA ane keTalAka dakSiNanA prAtA potAnA rAjyamAM joDI dIdhA. haju sulatAna pAse mesiDoniA, AbeniA, keljinTine pala vagere keTaleka yurepI mulaka rahyo hato. te mulakamAM vasatI khristI prajAo musalamAnI amalathI asaMtuSTa thaI jAtabhAI e jaDe ekatra thavAnA hetuthI vAraMvAra baMDa karatI ane laDatI, eTale ghaNI vAra sajA paNa pAmatI. Ama rAjAprajA vacce aNabanAva cAlyA karate. pucepamAM nu sAmAnma 17 thI bipI , ka rUpo saMbA pApaDa karI sAvi A mAiio ba be ri =Aka mAMrInI Y, e ri A mA Ina 2) |||||| R sAsa 6.08 yuropamAM turka sAmrAjya: I. sa. 1617 AvI vastusthitine nikAla ANavAnA prayatna thayA, paNa te bahu saphaLa thayA na hatA. parisa ane balinanI saMdhithI sulatAne rAjyanA AMtara vahIvaTamAM sudhArA karI vidharmIone dharmachUTa ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM. AthI

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'360 greTa briTana ane yurepanAM bIjAM rAjya vacanane amala karavA mATe sulatAna para dabANa karatAM hatAM. I. sa. 1903mAM e TharAva karavAmAM Avyo, ke mesiDeniAmAM AMtara rASTrIya polIsa rAkhavI; ATaluM chatAM tyAM vasanArA grIka ane slAva lekane asaMtoSa cAlu rahyo, ane temaNe te prakaTa rIte vyakta karavA mAMDe. pariNAme turka sainike ane temanI vacce vAraMvAra ramakhANa thatAM, banne pakSanAM thoDAM ghaNAM mANaso maratAM, ane jheramAM vadhAre thatuM. i. sa. 1912nA bAlkana vigrahanA AraMbha sudhI AvI sthiti cAlyA karI. IT oN phri A | yuropamAM nuM sAdhana kvC/2A 3 mA ati , sorAjI ri. ka bhe ba 4 , IIIII e ziA mAI ne 2 MRS GOBD yuropamAM turka sAmrAjaya: I. sa. 1914 i. sa. 1908mAM anavara be nAmanA lazkarI saradAranI AgevAnI nIce keTalAka sAhasika ane dezadAjha dharAvanAra turkoe "taraNa turka nAmane pakSa racI lekaniyaMtrita rAjya sthApavAnA uddezathI dezamAM rAjyakrAnti karI ane sulatAna abdula hamIdane padabhraSTa karyo.

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361 I. sa1878nI saMdhithI osTriAne bosniA ane harjhegoviniAne rAjyavahIvaTa soMpavAmAM Avyo. i. sa. 1908mAM teNe kaIne kahyA vinA e prAMtane potAnA mulakamAM bheLavI dIdhA. cAra varSa pachI ITalIe lAga joI turkastAna sAme yuddha jAhera karI uttara AphrikAmAM Avele TripalI prAMta jItI lIdhe. - bAlakana viheH aisTiAnI mahattvAkAMkSAthI bhaya pAmIne bageriAnA rAjA pharDinAnDa ane grIsanA pradhAna nijhilesanI AgevAnI nIce bAlkana rAjyae svArtha vicArIne "bAkana saMghanI sthApanA karI, i. sa. 1909 i. sa. 1912mAM e saMghe turka sulatAnane mesiDeniA prAMtamAM sudhArA dAkhala karavAne jaNAvyuM, ane yuddhane mATe AgaLathI tatpara thaelAM rAjyoe turkastAna viruddha yuddha jAhera karyuM. sulatAna parAjaya pAme, ane ghaNe mulaka khoI beThe. . AvA saMgamAM greTa briTananA paradezamaMtrI sara eDavarDa gree laMDanamAM bAlkana rAjyanI pariSad bolAvI te sAthe mahArAjyanI pariSad bharI, ane yuropanI sattAtulA samAna rAkhavAne prayatna karyo. e saMdhimAM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM, ke AbeniA sivAya yuropane ghaNokhare pradeza sulatAne choDI deva, ane grIsa, saviA, tathA menTInIgroe te mulaka vaheMcI levo, temaja AbeniAne svataMtra rAjya gaNavuM. paraMtu A pramANe maLelI lUMTanA bhAga pADavAmAM bAlkana rAjya laDI paDayAM, eTale bIje bAlkana raNasaMgrAma maMDAye. AmAM bageriA ekale hAthe grIsa ane sarviA joDe jhUjhayuM; paNa pAchaLathI rUmAnioe grIsano pakSa karyo, eTale bukhAresTanI saMdhi karI vigrahanI samApti karavAmAM AvI, I. sa. 1913. | daramiAna bAlkana rAjyanA lebha ane dezane lAbha laI turkastAne eAinepala ane gresanA mulake pAchA meLavyA. pachI vadhAre mulaka meLavavAnI tenI mahattvAkAMkSA sateja thaI. AthI I. sa. 1914mAM yuropanI bhayaMkara yAdavAsthaLI thaI, tyAre temAM bhAga levA mATe turkastAna sajaja thayuM. greTa briTana ane jarmanI: vikaToriAnA amalamAM mAtra slezvIga ane DAnanA praznane yuropane khaLabhaLAvI mUkyo hato. te sivAya greTa briTana ane

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jarmanI vaccenA saMbaMdha mitrAcArI bharelA kahI zakAya. i. sa. 1879mAM jarmanI ane AsTriA vacce saMdhi thayAnA samAcAra sAMbhaLI lArDa se bharIe AnaMda darzAvI kahyuM, ke madhya yuropanAM mahArAjgyA vacce saMgrAma maMDAvA aMdha thayA. i. sa. 1882mAM ITalIe A e rAjyA joDe bhAna tripuTI racI, tyAre yuropamAM zAnti vadhaze ema mAnI briTiza rAjadvArI saMteSa pAmyA. jarmana mahArAjyanA saMyAga pachI teNe saMsthAne vasAvavA mAMDayAM tyAre paNa gleDasTane kahyuM, ke mAnava jAtinA kalyANane a dizvare dhArelI mahAna yojanA phaLIbhUta karavAmAM e ApaNuM sAthI ane bhAgIdAra bane che prabhu ane e prayatnamAM yaza ApeA." C/C/ paraMtu i. sa. 1890 pachI IMglenDa ane jarmanI vacce mIThA saMbaMdha TakI zakayA nahi; paNa baMne rAjye vacce uMcAM mana thavA lAgyAM. i. sa 1888mAM vilhelma bIjo jarmana samrAT thayA, eTale teNe mahattvAkAMkSA sid karavA mATe AramAra ane naukAsainyanI taDAmAra vRddhi karavA mAMDI. briTiza sarakAranuM anukaraNa karI tenI joDe spardhA karavAnA hetuthI turka rAjyanI hINI dazAne lAbha laI jarmanIe kAnsTanTanApala khAte peAtAnI vaga vadhAravAnA jabarA prayatno karavA mAMDayA. greTabriTanane paNa jarmanInA Azaye ane mahecchAnI zaMkA paDI. teNe mAnyuM ke A prayAseAmAM jarmanIne hetu greTabriTana joDe spardhA karavAnA che. jarmana samrAT vilhelmane IMglenDa pratye aMgata rASa ke dveSa na hato, tema te khAsa yuddhapriya paNa na hatA. tenI mahecchA evI hatI, ke yuropamAM ane jagamAM jarmanI mahAna thAya, ane samudra ke jamIna para kaiAI tenI barAbarI karI zake nahi. teNe gAdIe AvIne bismArka jevA catura, dIrdhadarzI, ane saMbhALathI kAma lenAra mutsaddIne rajA ApI potAnA kahyAgarA pradhAne nImyA, ane potAnA manoratha saphaLa karavA bhagIratha prayatnA AryA. teNe dezamAM vepAravRddhi karI tenI rAjadvArI vaJa vadhArI. i. sa. 1890mAM jarmanI pAse laDAyaka nhAja na hatAM. khaMDanI madhyamAM AvelA jarmanIne samudrakinAre jhAjho na hateA; ane tenAM saMsthAnA paNa thADAM hatAM, eTale naukAsainya rAkhI kharcanA khAe veDavAnI tene jarUra na hatI, chatAM samrATe AramArA baMdhAvI

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363 jabuta naukAsainya taiyAra karavA mAMDayuM. AthI ghaNuoe mAnyuM ke IglenDa para humale karavAnI pUrva taiyArI cAlI rahI che. - yuropanAM rAjya ekatra thaI turkastAnanuM rAjya mRtaprAya karavAnA prayatna karatAM hatAM, eTale AtmarakSAne arthe turka leke jenI sahAya maLe te svIkArI letA hatA. daramiAna jarmana samrATe pitAnI mahecchAnI siddhine artha sulatAna joDe maitrIsaMbaMdha keLavavA mAMDaze. I. sa. 1890 ane I. sa. 1914nAM varSomAM e saMbaMdha yupanI AMkhamAM Ave te jApe. pariNAme jarmana vepArI peDhIone turkastAnamAM khAsa lAbha ane haka ApavAmAM AvyA. eka peDhIne eziA mAInarathI IrAnI akhAta sudhI relave bAMdhavAne haka ApavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu e relave baMdhAya te jarmane taigrIsa nadInA pradezamAM AvI pahoMce, ane briTiza tathA temanI vacce hitavirodha utpanna thAya ema hatuM. i. sa. 1914 sudhI bagadAda relave pUrI baMdhAI na rahI. paNa Azare 1,200 mAIla sudhI baMdhAI gaI. balina-bagadAda relave pUrI karyA pachI jarmanIne zuM hetu hoya, te keNa kahI zake tema hatuM ?. greTabriTana ane jarmanI vacce utpanna thaeluM vaimanasya darzAvanAra keTalAka ItihAsa prasiddha prasaMge anukrame vicAravA jevA che; phugarane tAra, 1896; TesTaranI mulAkAta, 1905; esirAsanI pariSa6, 1906; agAdIrane mAmale, 1912; I. sa. 1914nuM mahAyuddha. I. sa. 1896mAM mUrkha oNkaTara jemsana potAnAM mANase jeDe TrAnsavAla para AkramaNa karIne parAjaya pAmyo, tyAre jarmana samrATe tyAMnA pramukha phugarane tAra karI tenA vijaya mATe abhinaMdana ApyuM. te sAthe bhaviSyamAM prasaMga paDe tyAre saMpUrNa sahAya ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM. A banAvathI greTabriTanane jarmanI pratye roSa upaje. alabata, jesananuM kArya niMdavA yogya ane hINapata lagADanAruM hatuM, paNa tethI jarmanI kugarane abhinaMdana Ape e vAta greTabriTanathI khamAI nahi. sahAya ApavAnuM jarmanInuM vacana mAtra nAmanuM rahyuM; kemake I. sa. 1898-1902mAM phATI nIkaLelA boara vigrahamAM jarmanIe ane jANavA jevI sahAya karI nahotI.

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364 i. sa. 1904mAM phrAnse mArAkomAM pagapesArA karavA mAMDayA, e vAta jarmana samrATna aNagamatI thaI. i. sa. 1905mAM jarmana samrAT aNudhAryA reMjIra jaI paheAMcyA, ane tyAM teNe mArAkonI svataMtratA upara bhASaNa karI paDakAra karyA, ke mArAkomAM jarmanInA hitanuM rakSaNa thavAnI paNa jarUra che. IMglenDe phrAnsa joDe saMdhi karI phrAnse mArAkkomAM kareluM kAma maMjura karyuM hatuM, eTale jarmana samrATnA zabdothI e baMne rAjyAne tenA pratye virAdha utpanna thayA. mArAkonA praznanA nirNaya ANuvA mATe i, sa. 1906mAM greTabriTana, jarmanI, phrAnsa, raziA, ITalI, ane spenanAM rAjyAnI pariSad jIbrAlTara pAse AvelA esirAsa baMdare maLI. temAM nirNaya thayA, ke mAreAkkonA sulatAnane svataMtra rahevA devA, teNe sarva rAjyAnA vyApArI hitane sarakhuM saMrakSaNa ApavuM, ane mAre konA prAMtA akhaMDa rAkhavA. daramiAna dezamAM cAlatI avyavasthA, lUMTaphATa, ane khUnAmarakIthI kaMTALIne i. sa. 1911mAM sulatAne phrAnsanuM rakSaNa mAgyuM. phrAnse sulatAnane sahAya ApavAne nirNaya sarva rAjyAne jaNAvI dIdhA. have phrenca peAlIsathI mArAkonI prajAnuM rakSaNa thavA lAgyuM. ethI jarmanIne potAnA hitamAM nukasAna bhAsyuM, eTale mArAkomAM vasatI jarmana prajAnuM rakSaNa karavAne jarmana sAmrAT samartha che, e AzayathI agAdIra baMdare laDAyaka hAja mekalavAmAM AvyuM. IMglenDe paDakAra karyAM, ke yuddhane prasaMga Avaze teA IMglenDa zAMta besI na rahetAM phrAnsanI paDakhe laDaze. jarmanI thaMbhI gayuM; tene yuddhane jussA zamI gayeA. paraMtu potAnAM jaLasthaLasainyeA vadhAravA mATe teNe aDhaLaka dravya vAparyuM. have spaSTa hatuM ke pratyakSa virAdha nahi hovA chatAM phrAnsa ane jarmanI eka bIjA pratye duzmanAvaTa vadhAratAM hatAM, ane IMglenDanI sahAnubhUti phrAnsa tarapha hatI. jarmana samrATna icchAthI lArDa holDena barlina gayeA, i. sa. 1912. jarmanIe tenI mAraphate IMglenDa joDe viSTi calAvavA mAMDI. jarmanIne jabarUM naukAsainya rAkhavAnI jarUra nathI ema kahI lArDa holDene jaNAvyuM, ke IMglenDane jarmanInA AzayeA pratye zaMkA rahyAM kare che. AnA adalAmAM yureApamAM mahAvigrahanA dAvAnaLa phATI nIkaLe, tyAre IMglenDa taTastha

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365 rahevAnuM vacana Ape, te pitAnuM naukAsainya ghaTADavAnI samrATe tatparatA. darzAvI. paraMtu IglenDe koI paNa prakAranI bAMhedharI ApavAnI nA pADI, ane viSTi eTalethI adhurI rahI. jarmanImAM joI lIdhuM ke IglenDa ane phrAnsa vacceno saMbaMdha toDe tUTe tema nathI. mitrarAjyanI tripuTIH I. sa. 1904thI IglenDe phrAnsa jeDe gADha saMbaMdha bAMdhI lIdho. i. sa. 1904mAM phrAnsa ane greTabriTane be saMdhi karI. eka saMdhimAM phrAnse IMglenDanuM misaramAM, ane IlenDe phAnsanuM merokkomAM Adhipatya svIkAryuM. yuphekaTanI bIjI saMdhithI nyUphAunDalenDanA vAyavya ane IzAna keNamAM mAchImAranAM jhuMpaDAM ane kArakhAnAM bAMdhavAne maLela haka choDI devAnuM phAnse svIkAryuM, ane tenA badalAmAM greTabriTane tene pazcima AphrikAmAM AvelA gembiomAM gheDa pradeza Apyo. traNa varSa pachI IMglenDe raziA sAthe saMdhi karI IrAna, aphaghAnistAna ane TibeTanA praznonuM nirAkaraNa karI nAkhyuM. have baMne mahArAjyoe e dezamAM uparIpada meLavavAnI ke rAjadvArI vaga vadhAravAnI spardhA karavAnuM mUkI devAnuM kabUla karyuM. A pramANe greTabriTane raziA joDe maitrI vadhAravAnI nIti svIkArI. phrAnsa ane raziAne te cheka i. sa. 1896mAM saMdhi thaI hatI, eTale have traNe rAjyo ekabIjAnAM mitra banyAM. jarmanI, oNsTriAane ITalInI madhya yuropanI tripuTI sAme A bIjI tripuTI baMdhAI. tene vicAra yuddha jagADavAne nahi, paNa yuddha TALavAne hato. e traNamAMthI kaI rAjya asahAya nahi paNa eka bIjAnI hUmAM che, ema mahattvAkAMkSI jarmanIne ThasAvI yuropanI sattAtulA jALavI rAkhavAno temano uddeza hato. paraMtu devanI IcchA judI hatI, ane yuddhane daitya jAgI UThayo hatA. I. sa. 1911nI yuddha TALanArI zaktio I. sa. 1914nA dANa jaMgane aTakAvI zakI nahi, ane vigrahanI sarvabhakSI javALAo yuropane gherI vaLI.

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prakaraNa 13muM mahAvigraha ane vartamAna itihAsa yuropanA mahAvigrahanAM pUrva kAraNe jarmanIne udayaH I. sa. 1860thI bismArkanA Adhipatya nIce jarmana mahArAjyane udaya thavA mAMDyo. tyAra bAda muziAnA pheDarike meriA risA pAsethI sAIlIziA paDAvI laI rAjyavistAra karyo. tenI dakSiNe AvelAM nAnAM moTAM svataMtra saMsthAnoe jeDe maLI eka navo saMgha racyo, temAM oNsTriAnuM purAtana sAmrAjya pramukhapade hatuM. 1lmA saikAnA uttarArdhamAM prinsa bismArka nAme dhUrta mutsaddIe muziAnA rAjyane sabaLa banAvI jarmana sAmrAjya sthApavAnuM bhagIratha prayatna Adaryo. teNe esTriA jaDe sneha bAMdhI tenI sahAyathI ledhIga ane hosTena nAmanA DenamArkanA be prAMta jItI lIdhA. temAM muzioe phlezvIga rAkhI bIje prAMta potAnA mitrane A khare, paNa uttara jarmanImAM Ai prabaLa thaI bese, evI tene IcchA na hatI. I. sa. 1866mAM muziA ane aisTiA vacce sAta aThavADInuM yuddha thayuM. temAM muziAe sTriAne parAbhava karI yuropane dimUDha banAvI dIdhuM. teNe tene vara vagere pradeza jItI laI muziAnA rAjyanA chuTA paDI gaelA bhAgone saLaMga karI dIdhA. A vigrahamAM ITalIe suziAne sahAya ApI niziA meLavI lIdhuM. samagra yurepa para A vigrahanI bhAre asara thaI. Akhare sTriA saMghamAMthI khasI gayuM, beveriA ane sekasanI jevAM svataMtra rAjyanA rANuo muziAnI ANa mAnavA taiyAra thayA, ane bismArka muziAnA netRtva nIce uttara jarmana saMsthAnone saMdha sthApo. ethI pratiSThAhIna oNsTriAe jarmanI paranI AgevAnIne lebha tajI daI yuropanA agni koNamAM AvelAM bAlkana rAjya para sattA meLavavAnI peravI zarU karI. - madhya yuropamAM sarvopari banelA muziAne yuropanAM mahArAjyomAM pitAnI gaNatarI karAvavAnA keDa thayA. phAnsano rAjA laI nepoliyana praziAno utkarSa sahI zakato nahoto, tethI kaI divasa tenI joDe yuddha karavuM paDaze, e te prapaMcI bismArka dhAra hato, eTale tene mATe teNe jabarI taiyArI karI

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367 rAkhI. Ama saMkhyA, zikSaNa, zastra, ane kavAyata e sarvamAM jarmana sainya sabhya karatAM caDhiAtuM hatuM, eTale baMne vacce yuddha thatAM jotajotAmAM kejono parAbhava thayo, ane rAjA baMdIvAna thayuM. vijayI jarmana senAe perisa hastagata karyuM. ane phencone apamAnAspada saMdhi sivAya bIje upAya na rahyo. AbheMsa ane lerena prAMta ane vIsa kareDa yuddhadaMDa phAnsa pAsethI levAmAM AvyAM. jarmanImAM AnaMdetsava thaI rahyo, ane rASTrIya bhAvanAnI 'bharatI AvI. have dakSiNa saMsthAne saMghamAM maLyAM, eTale saMyukta jarmana rAjyanI sthApanA thaI, I. sa. 1871.bismArka kRtArtha thayo, ane praziAnA rAjA viliyama 1lAne samrA tarIke rAjyAbhiSeka karavAmAM AvyA. vajadaMDa bismArka tene mukhya maMtrI thayo. praziAnA vijaya sAthe tenI mahattvAkAMkSA vadhI. jagatanI mahAprajAomAM ucuM sthAna meLavavAnI mIThI AzAe jarmanIe dhIme dhIme daDhatApUrvaka baLavAna naukAsainya ane umadA tAlIma pAmeluM zuravIra lazkara taiyAra karavA mAMDyuM. jarmanI, osTiA ane ITalInI tripuTI DAnyuba nadInI pAra chudhI vistAra pAmelA turkastAnanA rAjyamAMthI tAravI kADhelAM bAlkana rAjyonI jA mukhyatve slAva jAtinI hatI. raziA, pilenDa, ane behimiAnA jheka paNa slAva jAtinA hatA. yurepanA amrikeNamAM AvelAM A rAjyoe sTriA ane turkastAnanA AmaNathI bacavA mATe raziAnA netRtva nIce siMgaThana karyuM. raziAne turkastAnane harAvI bhUmadhya samudra sudhI pahoMcavuM hatuM, eTale I. sa. 1878mAM thaelA bAlkana vigrahane lAbha laI turkastAna para ziNe caDAI karI. greTa briTananA prayAsathI barlinanI pariSaddamAM Aine bisniA ane harjhegoviniAne vahIvaTa calAvavAnI sattA maLI. raziA viruddha kAyamanuM rakSaNa prApta karavA oNsTriAe jarmanI joDe pUrvanuM vera vIsArI maitrIsaMbaMdha bAM, I. sa. 1879. jarmanIne madhya yurepanAM kaI paNa be rAje joDe maitrI karavI hatI, eTale tene raziA kastAM AinA snehabhAvanI vadhAre jarUra hatI. i. sa. 1882mAM ITalI june snehasaMbaMdha yAda lAvI A be rAjyo joDe bhaLyuM, eTale medhya yurepamAM thaelI mitratripuTI i. sa. 1914 paryata cAlI. paraMtu mahAvigrahamAM ITalIe jarmanIne sahAya

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368 karI nahi; kemake e tripuTImAMthI kAI paNa rAjya para bIjAnuM AkramaNa thAya, tAja te sahAya ApavA baMdhAyuM hatuM. ethI ulaTuM teNe te AsTri sAme vigraha mAMDayA. ceTabriTananA mitro: A pramANe jarmanI peAtAnI sattA daDha karatuM hatuM, te daramiAna greTabriTana, phrAnsa, ane raziA peAtAnA mArgamAM sAvadha rahetAM hatAM. i. sa. 1882mAM greTabriTane sudAnanI vyavasthA karavA mAMDI, eTale phrAnsane tenA pratye adekhAI thaI. greTabriTana aphadhAnistAna ane bAlkana rAjyAmAM paNa raziana nItine saMzayadRSTie jotuM hatuM, eTale te phrAnsa ane raziAthI taTastha thavA lAgyuM. paraMtu vIsamI sadInA AraMbhamAM A ubhaya rAyA joDe teNe snehabhAva keLavavA mAMDayeA. jarmanInA viliyama 1le mRtyu pAmatAM tene pautra khIjo viliyama gAdIe AvyA. A mahattvAkAMkSI taruNa zahenazAhe AsTriAnI sAthe raziA joDe maitrI rAkhavAnI bismArkanI jInI nIti tajI dIdhI, ane saMsthAnA tathA vepAranI vRddhi karanArI josadAra nIti svIkArI. teNe AsTriAnI bAlkana rAjye pratyenI nItine prAtsAhana ApI raziA joDe vera ubhuM karyu. bismArkanI kuneha dUra thatAM jarmanIe peAtAnA lAkhaMDI po pheravavA mAMDayeA, eTale yureApanAM aneka rAjye AtmarakSaNa mATe vyagratApUrvaka mitronI zeAdha karavA lAgyAM. ' phrAnsa haju jarmanIe ApelA parAbhavanuM vera levAnI vRtti tajI zakayuM na hatuM. teNe jarmanIne jaLasthaLasainyAnI vRddhi karatuM joI asahAya dazAmAMthI acavA mATe raziA joDe destI bAMdhI, i. sa. 1890, IMglenDe i. sa. 1902mAM navA udaya pAmelA jApAna sAthe saMdhi karI. be varSa pachI misara saMbaMdhI junA virAdhanuM samAdhAna karI phrAnsa ane iMglenDa maitrInAM baMdhane baMdhAyAM. phrAnsa joDe vigraha karavA taiyAra thaI raheluM jarmanI IMglenDanA bhayathI pAchuM paDayuM. AvA traNa prasaMgeA smaraNIya che. i. sa. 1904mAM raziA ane jApAna vacce dheAra saMgrAma thayA. temAM mA Arcara nAme raziAnuM lazkarI mathaka jApAnane hAtha paDayuM, ane jaLayuddhamAM raziAnuM naukAsainya cUrNavicUNaeN thaI gayuM. have raziAthI IMglenDane bhIti rAkhavAnuM kAraNa na rahyuM, phrAnsanA tAbAnA mArAkonA praznamAM jarmanIe

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369 virodha uThAvavAthI maLelI AMtara rASTrIya pariSaddamAM IMglenDe phAnsane pakSa kheMcyo, eTale jarmanIe vAta jatI te karI, paNa have raziAnI dastI meLavavAnI tene vadhAre jarUra ubhI thaI aphaghAnistAna, TibeTa, ane IrAnanA prazno viSe saMtoSakAraka samAdhAna ANI i. sa. 1907mAM briTane raziA joDe tahanAmuM karyuM. pariNAme I. sa. 1907thI (1) phrAnsa, raziA, ane IMglenDa, tathA (2) jarmanI, ITalI, ane eNkTriA, ema yuropamAM be tripuTIo banI. sAmudrika sattA, vepAra ane saMsthAne saMbaMdhI prathama pada meLavavAnI kaisaranI abhilASAo saphaLa karavA mATe jarmanInuM naukAsainya taDAmAra vadhavA lAgyuM, eTale briTananI joDe tene spardhA thavA lAgI. chatAM banne dezo vacce prakaTa vairabhAva thayo nahi, tenuM kAraNa e ke zAMtipriya eDavarDa kaisarane mAme thato hato, ane tenAmAM mutsaddIgIrI hatI. I. sa. 1909hmAM jarmanIne yuropamAM uparIpada meLavavAne bIje prasaMga maLyo. turkastAnamAM pAzcAtya zikSaNathI saMskRta thaelA 'taruNa tuka nAmanA pakSe junA julamI sulatAnane padagruta karI niyaMtrita rAjyavyavasthA dAkhala karI. A rAjyakrAntine lAbha laI oNsTriAe potAnA kAbu nIcenA be prAMte khAlasA karI sarviAne roSa vahorI lIdhe; kemake hagaviniA ane bosniA te saviMcana rAjyanA prAMti hatA, ane bhaviSyamAM te pAchA meLavavAnI tene AzA hatI. jApAne karelA marmaprahArathI raziAnI zakti eTalI kSINa thaI gaI, ke pitAnA slAva mitrane thatA anyAya tene jaI rahevAne vAre Avyo. jarmanIe oNsTriA pratye sahAnubhUti darzAvI besI na rahetAM pAzcAtya saMskRti, lekasattA, ane svAtaMtryanAM tattane turkastAnamAM pasAra karavAnI taruNa turkonI abhilASAne anumodana ApI turka sainyane tAlIma ApavA mAMDI, ane rAjyavyavasthAmAM sahAya karavA mAMDI. teNe barlinathI konsTanTinopala paryata saLaMga AgagADI kADhI bagadAda sudhI laI javAne manasube karyo. raziAnA bhayathI pUrve IlenDe turkastAnane sahAya karI hatI, tevI rIte have pitAnI mahatvAkAMkSAnI tRpti artha jarmanIe karavA mAMDI. bAlkana rAjyamAM pitAne hAtha rahe, ane pazcima eziamAM jarmana pratiSThA jAme evA kaisaranA mAratha hatA. .

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jarmana mahArAjyanA udyakALathI vyApAra, udyoga, ane zikSaNanI khUba vRddhi thaI, eTale tene sAmudrika sattA meLavavAnA leAla thayA. i. sa. 1895mAM jhIlanI nahera taiyAra thatAM bAlTika ane uttara samudro joDAI gayA. te pachI jarmanIe laDAyaka manavAre| ane sainyanI saMkhyA vadhAravA mAMDI. AthI pararAjyAmAM tenI dhAka besavA mAMDI, ane IMglenDa joDe spardhA jAmavA lAgI. i. sa. 1912mAM mArAkonA sulatAne phrAnsanA varcasvathI kaMTALI tenI viruddha khaTapaTa karavA mAMDI. A takarArane lAbha laI jarmanIe agAdIra baMdare penthara nAme laDAyaka jahAja mAkalI ApyuM: paNa IMglenDe paDakAra karyAM, ke te phrAnsanA pakSa lenAra che. AthI jarmanI pAchuM yuM, ane phrAnsa tathA IMglenDanI maitrI vadhu dRDha banI. paraMtu jarmanImAM IMglenDa pratye dveSa vadhyA. mahAvidmahanA bhaNakArAH turkastAnanI navI rAjyaghaTanAthI khristI uparanA julama ghaTaye naheAtA. mesiDeAniAnA khristIee geraamalathI vieNnA Adu. A buDApesTa bonI sTri ITAlI *** haMgarI Hua beMga i grIma lUTera balage4 A sara 390 ne 0* 1 72 SITRON bhama yuropanAM bAlkana rAkhyo 194 rastAna premasaninopala Ayova N Frost Nice ALo satru dra zI eza A mAI no ra yuropanAM mAkana rAjyA: I. sa. 1914 45 GO.B.D

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37 trAsIne turko viruddha baMDa uThAvyuM, eTale prasaMgane lAbha laIne ITalIe AphrikAmAM Avela turka adhikAra nIce TripalI prAMta jItI lIdhe, i. sa. 1911. A joI pUrtimAM AvelAM grIsa, babberiA, sarvisa, menTInI Adie bAlkana saMgha" sthApI tuka sattAne phaTake mAravAnI taiyArI karI, I. sa. 1912. temaNe tene ghaNekhare mulaka kabaje karyo, paNa gheDa samayamAM e rAjamAM paraspara dveSa utpanna thayA. evAmAM sarviA ane grIse babberiA viruddha yuddha pikAryuM, eTale bIje bAlkana vigraha zarU thaye. pAchaLathI rUmAniA grIsa joDe bhaLyuM. A avyavasthAne lAbha laI turkoe eDrino pala ane pUrva presa pAchAM meLavyAM. Akhare laMDanamAM mukhya rAjyanI pariSad bharAI eTale bAlkana vigraha pUro thayo. saviAne AriATika paranAM baMdare ane AbeniA joItAM hatAM, paNa te vAta eNkTriAne catI na hatI; kemake e slAva rAjya samRddha thAya, te pitAnA rAjyanA keTalAka prAMtomAM vasatA svAvonI mahattvAkAMkSA jAgRta thAya, ane te sarva saMgaThita thaI navIna svataMtra rAjya nirmANa karI bese, evo tene bhaya hate. AthI saviAne AphriATikamAM baMdara na maLe, evI khaTapaTa karavA mAMDI, ane AbeniAne svataMtra rAjya tarIke svIkAryuM. oNsTriAnuM vartana sarvine zalya samuM khUchyuM, ane raziAne slAva rAjyane thaelA marmaprahArathI oNsTriA pratye roSa upajyo. vIsamI sadInA AraMbhamAM yuropamAM aneka vikaTa prazno ubhA thayA, ane rAjyamAM paraspara dveSa vadhyo. svAbhAvika rIte raziAne turkastAnane nAza karavAmAM jarmanInuM naDatara hatuM, phAnsane AlsAsa, lerena pAchAM prApta karI junuM vera levuM hatuM, ITalIne TriesTa levAmAM oNsTriA vinarUpa hatuM, jarmanIne yurepamAM netRtvapada ane sAmrAjyasattAnAM svamAM AvatAM hatAM, ane IMglenDane sAmudrika varcasva TakAvI rAkhavuM hatuM. turkastAna ane oNsTrinAM rAjyamAM rahetA aneka jAti ane dharmanA leke svataMtra rASTra banAvavAnI IcchA rAkhatA hatA. jarmanInI sAmrAjyatRSNane lIdhe phrAnsa, raziA, ane IMglenDa joDe tene aNabanAva thAya e svAbhAvika hatuM. AthI mukhya rAjyoe prabaLa banavAnI AzAe jaLasthaLasainya pAchaLa kAMkarAnI peThe

Page #385
372 paisA veravA mAMDayA. A rAjyoe potAnA mahattvanA TaMTAne nikAla zastranI sahAyathI ANavAnuM dhAryuM hoya, tyAM heganuM AMtara rASTrIya nyAyamaMdira zuM karI zake? yuropa dArU bharelI suraMga jevI sthitimAM hata; bhaDAko thavA mATe mAtra. agnikaNanI jarUra hatI. | mahAvigrahane prAraMbha I. sa. 1914nA juna mAsanI 28mI tArIkhe oNsTriAne yuvarAjanuM bosniAnA sArAje zaheramAM khUna thayuM. A hatyA jeDe saviAnI sarakArane gupta saMbaMdha che, e eNkTriAne saMzaya AvatAM teNe saviAne patra lakhI cAra divasamAM saMtoSakAraka uttara mAgyo. khUnIone pakaDI temane zikSA ApavAnI oNsTriAnI mAgaNI game teTalI nyAya hoya, paNa e svIkAravAthI sarviAne pitAnuM svAtaMtrya harAI jatuM lAgyuM. pariNAme karAvele samaye uttara na AvyuM, eTale jarmanInI sahAyanI khAtarI karIne osTriAe sarviA viruddha yuddha piokAryuM. paraMtu bAlkana rAjyamAM sTriAnI nIti pratye roSanI dRSTi rAkhanAra raziAe pitAnA svAvabaMdhu sarviAne sahAya ApavAnI tatparatA darzAvI sainyano jamAva karavA mAMDe. AthI jarmanIe raziAnA A kRtya pratye virodha darzAvyo, paNa raziA tene gaNakAre tema kyAM hatuM ? have jarmanIe raziA viruddha yuddha jAhera karyuM. phrAnsa raziAnuM mitra hatuM, eTale bhAIbaMdhanI bhIDamAM teNe raziAnI kumake caDavA zastra sajyAM, 2jI ogasTa. paraMtu phAnsa sajaja thAya te pahelAM tene parAbhava karavo, ane pachI raziAnI khabara laI yuddhane satvara aMta ANI de, e TharAva karI jarmanIe phAnsa upara AkramaNa karyuM. I. sa. 1871nA yuddhamAM jarmanIe pUrva dizAethI caDAI karI hatI, eTale tyAra pachI phAse tyAM killA bAMdhI te dizA surakSita karI hatI. A samaye jarmanIe IzAna koNathI bejIyamamAM thaIne javAne nizcaya karyo. jarmanInA A kRtyane beyame saMmati ApavAnI spaSTa nA pADI, chatAM jarmanIe potAnuM sainya tyAMthI calAvyuM. bejIyamane kinAre IglenDanI nikaTa hovAthI AtmarakSaNanI vRttithI prerAIne I. sa. 1831mAM yuropanAM mukhya rASTro pAse teNe kabulAta levarAvI hatI, ke te deza taTastha rahe tyAM sudhI kaI paNa rAjya temAM yuddhasAmagrI laI javI nahi, ke yuddhaveLA

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3.93 pakSakArAe temAM praveza karavA nahi. jarmanIe A tahanAmAne "kAgaLanuM cItha" kahIne tiraskArI nAkhyuM. jo ke AsTri ane sarviAnA TaMTAnA nirNaya heganI nyAyasabhA pAse karAvavAnI sUcanA IMglenDanA pararAjya khAtAnA pradhAna sara eDavarDa gree karI hatI, paNa te svIkAravAmAM AvI na hatI. temAM vaLI jarmanIe eljIyamanI taTasthatAneA tiraskArapUrvaka bhaMga kayeryAM, eTale teA te nAnA rAjyanA saMrakSaNane arthe IMglenDa jarmanI viruddha yuddha jAhera karyuM, 4thI ogasTa 1914. pArlamenTe yuddhane yazasvI aMta lAvavA mATI rakama maMjura karI. lArDa kicanarane yuddhakhAtAne sekreTarI nImavAmAM AvyA, ane jelikA nAme nausenAnI para naukAsainyanI vyavasthAnA khAjo nAkhavAmAM Avye. A pramANe jarmanI ane AsTrimanAM rAjyone parAbhava karavA mATe sarvi, raziA, phrAnsa, IMglenDa, beljIyama vagere rAjyA udyukta thayAM. pAchaLathI baMne pakSamAM turkastAna, amerikA, ITalI, balgeriA, ane nnapAna bhaLatAM jagatabharamAM A dAruNa raNasaMgrAmane dAvAnaLa prajaLI UThayA. riNAme jyAM jyAM zatrumitrAne bheTA thayA, tyAM tyAM yuddha thavA lAgyAM. phrAnsanI uttara sImA pAse jarmane sAme aMgreja ane phrenca sainye laDatAM hatAM, raziAnI pazcima sarahada upara jarmana viruddha razianeAne jaMga macyA hatA, AsTrinI dakSiNa ane pUrva sImAe sarviA ane ITalInAM sainyeA AsTriana sipAI o joDe jhapAjhapI calAvI rahyAM hatAM, ane mesopoTemiA, misara, tathA DArDenalsamAM aMgreja ane turka sainyane bheTA thayA karate hato. uttara samudramAM aMgreja ane jarmana naukAsainya vacce cakamaka jharI rahI hatI, ane dakSiNa AphrikAmAM AvelAM jarmana saMsthAne kabaje karI levA mATe aMgreja ane hiMdI sainyA prayatna karatAM hatAM. pazcima raNAMgaNa: lIja, nAmUra ane enTaparva ityAdi killA sara karatI jaMgI jarmana senA phrAnsa tarapha jaLadhodhanI peThe dhapavA lAgI. meAnsa pAse aMgreja ane phrenca senAone parAbhava karI teNe samagra eljIyamane hastagata karI lIdhuM. vijayAnaMdamAM masta thaelA jarmane perisathI pacAsa mAIla dUra AvI pahoMcyA, eTale phrenca sarakAra bhaya pAmIne perisa eDI khADaeN baMdaramAM bharAI. paraMtu prasiddhi pAmelA aneka hiMdI vIrAnA parAkramathI

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374 mArga nadInA yuddhamAM jarmana sainya hAryuM, pAchuM haThayuM, ane ena nadInI AsapAsanA pradezamAM khAhIbaMdhI karI tyAM paDAva nAkhI ubhuM rahyuM. aMgrejakerA sainyae paNa tyAMja paDAva nAkhyo, ane uttara samudrathI sviTjharlenDanI sarahada sudhI khAhIonI jALa prasarI rahI. yuddhanA aMta sudhI tyAM AvI sthiti cAlu rahI. zatrunI kamatAkAta ke gaphalatane lAbha laI A jaMgI phoje topakhAnuM calAvatI, hallA karatI, ane lAkho manuSyane saMhAra karatI. AvA keTalAka humalA prasiddha che; ema pAse jarmanee karele aMgrejo para humale, eprila-me, 1915; phenca para karele vana pAsene hale, phebruAri-eprila, 1916, mitrarAe zatru-sainya joDe kareluM sama nadInA kinArAnuM yuddha, me, 1918. AvAM AkramaNomAM thoDe mulaka kabaje thAya, paNa tema karatAM atizaya prANahAni ane kharca thAya, ane yuddhane aMta AvavAno raMga dekhAya nahi, evI paristhiti cAlyA karatI hatI. ziana raNagaNuH A tarapha jabaruM raziana sainya pUrva muziA para ane bIjuM sainya ausTiA tarapha caDI cUkyuM. hAM hAM kahevAmAM balina paDaze ema take UThavA lAgyA, paNa anubhavI ane kAbela jarmana senApati hinDabarga asAdhAraNa cAturIthI TenabarganA yuddhamAM raziana sainyane dAMtamAM taraNa levaDAvyAM, ane tene pAchuM haThAvyuM. tyAra pachI teNe raziAmAM AvelA lithuniA ane bATika prAMta paryata pitAnuM sainya pahoMcADI dIdhuM. oNsTriAe sarviAnAM saMsthAnano kabaje levAnA vyartha prayatna karyA, eTalAmAM raziana sainya haMgarI upara dhasI AvyuM. aisTriAne pAchuM hatuM joI mekensananI saradArI nIce jarmana sainya madade AvI pahoMcyuM, eTale yuddhane raMga palaTAI gayo. raziana sainya hAryuM. pAchuM haThayuM. ane mekensane pilenDa para AkramaNa karyuM. have uttarethI hinDalbarga ane dakSiNethI mekensane jesabhera dhasArA karavA mAMDayA, ane pilenDanI rAjadhAnI vairse kabaje karavAmAM AvI, i. sa. 1915. I. sa. 1916mAM rUmAniA mitrarAjyo joDe bhaLyuM, paNa jarmana dhasArA sAme TakI rahevAnI tenAmAM zakti na hatI. samagra rUmAniA upara jarmana sainya pharI vaLyAM. raziAe paNa zatruonI sAme thavAne prayatna karI jo. sainikanI moTI saMkhyA chatAM yuddhasAmagrInI

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nyUnatAne lIdhe raziAne parAbhava , paNa tene apayaza prAe apriya thaI paDelA zahenazAha (jhAra) nikalAsa bIjAne zire Dho. raziAmAM rAjyakrAnti thaI ane jhArane padabhraSTa karI ThAra karavAmAM Avya, mArga 1917. raziAmAM baMdhAraNa vagaranuM arthAt avyavasthAnuM sAmrAjya vyApyuM. tenA vizALa sAmrAjyanA pAyA DagamagavA lAgyA. aMte belsevika' nAmathI prasiddha ane mAthAnA pharelA krAntikAraka kAmadAronA hAthamAM sattA AvI. AvI AMtara avyavasthAnA samayamAM zatruo joDe yuddha karavAnuM azakaya hevAthI raziAe jarmanI ane aisTriA joDe saMdhi karI, 3jI mArca, 1918. jarmanIe pUrva raNAMgaNamAMthI mukta thaelA sainyane pazcima sarahada upara mokalI dIdhuM. mesopoTemiA ane gelIlI: aneka kAraNathI turkastAna IglenDathI nArAja thayuM hatuM. bAlkana yuddhamAM jarmanIe ApelI sahAyanuM aNu adA karavA teNe jarmanIne pakSa lIdhe, i. sa. 1914. AthI IlenDane suejhanI nahera surakSita rAkhavAnI ciMtA thaI. teNe misara uparathI turka adhirAjyane do uThAvI laI te dezane pitAnuM "saMrakSita rAjyamAM jAhera karyuM. turkastAna pratye valaNa dharAvanArA divane padabhraSTa karI rAjakuTuMbanA bIjA puruSane gAdI ApavAmAM AvI. Ama DArDanalsanI sAmudradhuni kabaje karI turkastAnanuM nAkuM kabaje rAkhavAno mitrarAe TharAva karyo, ane aMgreja naukAsainya pitAnuM varcasva sthApavAne AraMbha karyo, I. sa. 1915. Akhare mitrarAnuM sainya gelIlI dvIpakalpamAM utaryuM. paraMtu balbariA, grIsa ane jarmanIe turkastAnane sahAya pahoMcADI, eTale ATha mAsanA A yuddhamAM mitrarAjyanAM sainyanuM kazuM vaLyuM nahi; ulaTI asaMkhya mANasanI prANahAni thaI. ane e sAmudradhuni levAnA prayatno tajI devA paDyA. pachI A sainya selenikAmAM jaI rahyAM. daramiAna turka sAmrAjyanA mesopoTemiA prAMta upara aMgrejoe AkramaNa karyuM, navembara, 1915. basarA baMdare hiMdanuM sainya utarIne mesepeTemiA javA upaDayuM, ane A bhaDavIre bagadAda hamaNAM laI leze ema lAgyuM; paNa kuta-ala-amArAmAM A sainyane turkoe gherI lIdhuM, ane

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37 senApati TAunazenDane zaraNa thavAnI pharaja paDI, i. sa. 1917, gelIpeolI ane mese peTemiAmAM parAbhava pAmelAM mitrarAjgyAnA lazkarI tAradArane pAreA Ama nIce utaryAM. sAmudrika yuddhaH mahAyuddhanA AraMbhamAM jApAne IMglenDane pakSa laI kiAucAu nAme jarmana thANuM kabaje karyuM. emanA nAme jarmana hAje hiMdanA kinArA para goLIbAra karyAM, paNa AsTreliAnI siDanI AramAre tene nAza karyA. A tarapha aMgreja naukAsainyanI jAgRtine lIdhe jarmana kAle nirupayeAgI thaI paDayA, ane jarmanInA paradeza joDe vepAra baMdha paDayA. jarmanIe paNa IMglenDane haMphAvavA mATe uttara samudra ane aMgrejI khADImAM suraMgo pAtharI, ane jaLaDUkhI naukA (Submarine) vaDe vahANo DubAvavA uparAMta vimAnamAMthI geALA pheMkI zaherAnA nAza karavA mAMDayA. ethI leAkeAmAM trAsa varyAM, puSkaLa prANahAni thaI, ane mAlamatAnuM nukasAna thayuM. paraMtu sAmudrika varcasvanI spardhAnA nirNaya jaTalenDa pAsenA jabarA yuddhamAM thaye. jarmana naukAsainya pAchuM haThayuM, ane kAI pakSane nizrita jaya thayA nahi, chatAM IMglenDa para savArI karavAnI ane sAmudrika zreSThatA meLavavAnI jarmana maha ttvAkAMkSAne aMta AvyA. have jarmanIne saMsthAne joDene saMbaMdha tUTI javAthI tenA zatruone anukULatA maLI. pariNAme kiAucAu jApAnane hAtha paDayuM, pesiphikanAM saMsthAnA AsTreliA ane nyU jhIlenDe lIdhAM, AphrikAnAM saMsthAne mitrarAjyAe hastagata karyA, ane pUrva AphrikAnAM jarmana saMsthAne hiMdI ane dakSiNa AphrikAnAM sainye maLI jItI lIdhAM. iTalI ane grIsa: yuddhanA AraMbhamAM iTalI taTastha rahyuM hatuM, chatAM sTriana hukumatanAM ITAliyana vastIvALAM TrenTa ane TriesTa zaherA levA mATe AsTrinA sainyane rAkI rAkhavA jeTalI sevA karI. i. sa. 1917mAM jarmana sainyanI sahAyathI AsTriAe iTalIne harAvyuM, paNa eMglo-phrenca sainya AvI paheAMcavAthI zatruonAM sainyA pAchAM pharyAM. grIsa prathama taTastha rahyuM, paNa pachI seleAnikAmAM mitrarAjyanuM sainya utaryuM. ethI sarviMAne AsTiAthI cheDAvavAmAM mitrarAjye grIsanI sahAyanI apekSA rAkhavA lAgyAM. rAjA konsTenTAIna jarmanIne sahAya ApavA

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307 utsuka hatA, ane pradhAna venijhelAsa mitrarAjyAnA pakSamAM hatA. Akhare rAjA padabhraSTa thaye, ane grIka sainya selenikamAM paDelA sainyane jaI maLyuM. paraMtu A sainyAnuM AsTriana ane malgeriana sainyo AgaLa kazuM cAlyuM nahi. iMglenDanI AMtara sthitiH mahAyuddhanA AraMbhamAM libarala pakSanA eskivatha pradhAnapade hatA. yuddhane yazasvI aMta ANavAne mATe pakSabheda tajI devAmAM Avyo, ane dezanA sarva muddhidhananA upayAga karavAnA stutya hetuthI pradhAnamaMDaLanI punarracanA karavAmAM AvI. A pradhAnamaMDaLamAM konjharveTiva ane majura pakSanA netAne levAmAM AvyA, i. sa. 1915. A saMyukta pradhAnamaMDaLamAM enaralA saMsthAnakhAtAne ane bAlpha naukAkhAtAne pradhAna thayA. yuddhasAmagrI ane dAgALAnI nyUnatA pUrI pADavA mATe utsAhIM ane kAryadakSa lAIDa jyArjanA uparIpade eka maMDaLa nImavAmAM AvyuM. e pachI IMglenDe utsAhapUrvaka yuddha calAvyuM, saMsthAnAe tene A bhIDamAM sahAya karI, ane hiMdI sainya phrAnsa, mesApeTemiA, ane AphrikAnAM medAneAmAM hAtha batAvI rahyuM. sAmrAjyanAM sarva aMgeAnA sahakAra, sahAya, ane sUcanA meLavavA i. sa. 1917mAM sAmrAjya pariSad bharavAmAM AvI. daramiAna svecchAthI joDAnAra sainikAnI saMkhyA alpa thatI hatI, eTale jiAta lazkarI bharatIne kAyado pasAra karavAmAM AvyA, i. sa. 1916. AyarlaeNnDane A kAyado lAgu pADavAmAM AvyA nahi. tyArapachI sinaphina pakSanI preraNAthI AyarlaeNnDamAM UMDeluM phaMDa zamAvI devAvI AvyuM. jaTalenDanA yuddha bAda lArDa kicanara samudramArge raziA javA nIkaLyA, paNa ArkanI dvIpa pAse jarmaneAe mUkelI suraMga joDe tenuM jhAja athaDAvArthI teNe jalasamAdhi lIdhI, eTale lAIDa dhArjane tene sthAne nImavAmAM Avyo. tenA AzAvAda ane kAryadakSatAne lIdhe pradhAnamaMDaLamAM tenI pratiSThA vadhI. A varSamAM mitrarAjya para saMkaTAnI paraMparA AvI. daramiAna yuddhanI bAbatene satvara nirNaya lAvavA mATe lAIDa jyA" svataMtra yuddhamaMDaLa racI eskivathanuM nAma temAMthI kADhI nAkhyuM, eTale e apamAnathI uttejita thaIte teNe rAjInAmuM ApyuM. AthI lAIDa jyArja mukhya maMtrI banyA. teNe kAnjharveTiva mitrone adhikAre caDAvyA, ane yudghamaMDaLa sthApyuM; paNa kharI

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378 sattA pitAne hastaka rAkhI ekataMtrI rAjya calAvavA mAMDayuM. teNe dezamAM navuM joma ane utsAha prakaTAvyAM. - amerikA jeDAyuM. jarmanIe uttara samudramAM suraMga pAtharI IMglenDanA vepArane dhakko pahoMcADavA mAMDe. I. sa. 1915mAM teNe amerikAnI kunA kaMpaninI lasiTAniA nAme AgaboTa DubADI. temAM asaMkhya utArUo DUbI gayA, ane bIjuM bhAre nukasAna thayuM, eTale saMyukta saMsthAnA pramukha vuDaro vilsane roSe bharAIne jarmanIne kaDaka patra lakhyo. jarmanIe sAvadhAnI rAkhavAnuM AzvAsana ApyuM, paNa tyAra pachI IglenDe DenamArka, holenDa Adi taTastha rAjyanAM vahANone jarmanIne anAja pahoMcADatAM aTakAvavAno nizcaya karyo. have bhUkhamarAnA saMkaTanI zaMkAthI jarmanI vyAkuLa banyuM. teNe briTiza TApuonI AsapAsanA samudrane yuddhakSetramAM Avele jAhera karI jaLaDUbI naukAnuM aniruddha yuddha AdaryuM, TheraThera suraMgo pAtharI, ane vepArI vahANene DubADI mitrarA joDenA taTastha rAjyanA vepArane nirjIva karavA mAMDaze. amerikAe A paddhatine virodha karyo. paNa jarmanIe te para lakSa ApyuM nahi. jyAre amerikana vepArI vahANano nAza thavA lAgyo, ane jarmanInI preraNAthI amerikAmAM kAvatarAM racAvA lAgyAM, tyAre vilsane jarmanI viruddha yuddha piokAryuM. I. sa. 1918. rAjyakrAntimAM gherAelA raziAnI sahAya gumAvI beThelAM mitrarAjyone amerikAnAM tAjAM, tAlIma pAmelAM sainya ane aDhaLaka sAdhanonI sahAya aNamUlI thaI paDI. pracaMDa amerikana sainyanI kumaka AvyA pahelAM mitrarAjyone harAvavAnI AzAe jarmanIe eka vadhu prayatna karyo, paNa temAM tene yaza maLe nahi. jarmanInA IMglenDane bhUkhe mAravAnA manoratha laIDa paeNrjanI kAryadakSatAe teDI pADavA. jarmano AmI levA deDiyA, paNa temAM niSphaLa thayA. pachI dakSiNa taraphathI hallo karavAnI AzAe jarmAe dhasI AvI mAne nadIne taTa kabaje karyo, me, 1918; paNa te pahelAM amerikana sainya phrAnsamAM AvI pahoMcyuM. pUrNAhuti: AvI viSama paristhiti AvI paDe, te tenuM satvara nivAraNa karavAne mATe pazcima raNAMgaNa paranuM sainya eka Adhipatya nIce

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379 rAkhavAnI lAIDa jyA sUcanA karI. ethI phrenca senAnI mArzala phaeNAzane aMgreja ane phrenca sainyane uparI nImI sara Dagalasa hegane tenI joDe rAkhavAmAM Avyo. traNa cAra varSanA bhayaMkara ane apUrva vizvavigrahathI yuddhamAM paDelAM rAjyA thAkI gayAM. prANa ane dravyanI hAninA hisAba rahyo na hatA. temAM amerikA mitrarAjgyA joDe bhaLyuM, eTale have temane jItavAnuM kArya zatrune mana azakya jaNAvA lAgyuM. ethI karIne jarmanInAM sahakArI rAjyAe mitro joDe saMdhi karavAnI doDadhAma karavA mAMDI. A bAju mitronI sthiti AzAspada banatI jatI hatI. mADa ane mArzala senApatie e meseApeTemiA jItI laI aMgreja pratiSThA pAchI sthApI, janarala elansIe hiMdI ane saMsthAneAnAM sainyanI vahArathI pelesTAInamAM utarI jerUsalema Adi nagarA kabaje kI, ane khIjI tarapha seleAnikAmAM rahelAM sainyae balgeriAne parAbhava karyAM. turkastAna ane balgerioe madadanI AzA mUkI mitrarAjyo joDe tahanAmAM kayAM, AkaTAbara, 1918. haMgarImAM josabaMdha cAlelI rASTrIya caLavaLathI behAla banelA sTriAe vilsananI sUcanA svIkArI yuddhamAMthI nivRtti lIdhI, 37 navembara, 1918. mitronA parAbhavathI vikaTa sthitimAM AvI paDelA jarmanImAM khaLabhaLATa thayo, naukAsainye khaMDa uDAvyuM, ane lokamata tathA samayane vicAra karI zahenazAha viliyama khIjAe rAjapadane tyAga karI heAlenDamAM dezavaTA lIdheA. chevaTe kAyamanI saMdhi thatAM sudhI hAInanA DAbA tIra paranA mulakamAM mitrarAjyonAM sainyane rahevA devAnI, ane yuddhasAmagrI havAle karI devAnI phaeNAze karelI saratA svIkArI jarmanIe yuddhavirAmanI yAcanA karI, 11mI navembara, 1918. jherI havA, heAvitjhara teApA, vimAna Adi bhautika zAstrAnI zodhethI upajAvavAmAM AvelAM sAdhaneAnI saMhAraka zaktine prathama paricaya karAvanAra A mahAvigraha baMdha thayA. yuropanAM keTalAMe rAjyo verAna thaI gayAM, keTalAMka rAjyo chinnabhinna thaI gayAM, ane keTalIka prajAmAMthI upaprajAe phUTI nIkaLI. 1,10,00,000 manuSyAnA rudhiramAMsanuM dharatImAtAne khAtara maLyuM.

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380 " valasanI saMdhiH I. sa. 1919nA AraMbhamAM haiIDa je, phenca pradhAna kalemejo, vuDare vilsana Adi mukhya rAjyonA pratinidhio perisamAM ekaThA thayA, ane pAMca mAsa paryata cAlelI masalatane pariNAme varselsanA "AyanA mahelamAM temaNe jarmana pratinidhio joDe saMdhi karI. temAM evuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM, ke jarmana AphrikAnAM saMsthAno aMgrejone soMpI devAM, AlsAsa ane lerena prAMte phrAnsane pAchA ApavA, DenDiga baMdara polenDane ApavuM, ane yuddhadaMDanI bhAre rakama mitrarAjyone ApavI. A rakama TharAvavA mATe eka kamizana nImavAmAM AvyuM. A daMDa bharavAmAM jarmanI zaThatA ke vilaMba na kare, te khAtara tenA udyoganA kendrasthAna samA rUhara prAMtamAM phenya sainya paDI rahe ema TharAvavAmAM AvyuM. keTalAMka saikAthI raziA, oNsTriA, ane jarmanI vacce vibhakta thaelA pilenDane rASTrIya AkAMkSA anusAra svAtaMtrya ApavAmAM AvyuM. oNsTriA ane haMgarInAM rAjyo nirALAM karavAmAM AvyAM. uparAMta osTriAnA keTalAka prAMta alaga karI krikeslAviA ane yugoslAviA nAme navAM rAjyo nirmANa karavAmAM AvyAM, turka sAmrAjyamAMthI mesopoTemiA ane sariA IglenDa ane phrAnsanA varcasva nIce AvyAM, ane mesiDoniA grIsane maLe. Ama jagatane rAjakIya nakaze palaTI gayo. prajAsaMghaH aniSTamAMthIe ISTa nIpaje che. vuDare vilsananA AgrahathI varselsanI saMdhinA eka aMza tarIke prajAsaMgha" (League of Nations) nI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. "AMtara rASTrIya sahakArane uttejana ApavA, avigrahanItine svIkAra karI dezanI zAMti ane salAmatImAM vRddhi karavA, prajAprajAo vacce nyAya ane sanmAnane saMbaMdha jALavavA, AMtara rASTrIya kAyadAne AdhAre rAjyane paraspara vyavahAra calAvavA, nyAya jALavavA, ane saMgaThita prajAo joDenA vyavahAramAM thaelI sarva saMdhine mAna ApavA"nA stutya uddezathI 27 rA A saMdhamAM prathama joDAyAM. pachI temanI -saMkhyA vadhIne 55 jeTalI thaI. A saMghanA sabhya pitAnA kalahane zAMtithI yuddha vinA nirNaya ANavA kabula thayA che, chatAM koI rAjya haThIluM thAya to tenI joDe udyoga ane vyApArano saMbaMdha baMdha karI tenI sAna ThekANe

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381 lAvavAno prayatna karI jue che. hAlamAM jarmanI, ITalI, jApAna, raziA ane yunAITeDa sTeTasa prajAsaMghamAM nathI. prajAsaMghanI beThaka jInivAmAM maLe che. teo arasparasa maLI aMdara aMdaranA jhagaDAone nikAla lAve che. vaLI rAjyanI yuddhasAmagrI ochI karAvavI, e paNa tene eka uddeza che. A saMghanA sabhAsado zatruo pAsethI mitra rAjyoe je pradeza lIdhA, te te pradeza para suvyavasthita rIte rAjya calAvI te pradezanI prajAne svarAjya mATe gya banAvavA yurepanAM rAjyone Adeza (Mandate) Ape che. : - hAlamAM AMtara rASTrIya rAjakAraNamAM prajAsaMgha nirmAlya nIvaDe che; kAraNa ke ITalIe be varSa upara ebisiniA deza jItI lIdhe, ane hamaNAM jApAne cInanA pradezomAM AkramaNa karyuM che, chatAM prajAsaMghe A bAbatamAM daramyAnagIrI karavAnI taka lIdhI nathI. laiIDa jenuM pradhAnamaMDaLa-cAluH i. sa. 1910-19ra3H I. sa. 1918mAM pArlamenaTanI navI cUMTaNI thaI. temAM laiIDa ceMje pharIthI bahumatIthI sattAmAM Avyo. teNe 20-22 sabhAsadanuM mizra maMtrImaMDaLa sthApyuM. A pradhAnamaMDaLanA amala daramiAna nIcenA banAvo banyA. (1) mahAna vigraha daramiAna strIoe bajAvelI sevAnI kadara karI temane paNa matAdhikAra ApavAnA hetuthI I. sa. 1918mAM eka kharaDo pasAra thaye. AthI (1) trIsa varSanI uparanI je strI sthAnika svarAjyanI saMsthAmAM matadAra hoya, athavA je strI koI vidyApIThanI padavI dharAvatI hoya tene pArlamenTanI TaNImAM mata ApavAno haka maLyo. (2) vaLI A kAyadAthI ekavIsa varSathI vadhAre vayanA puruSone matAdhikAra maLe. AthI matadAronI saMkhyA vadhIne 2 karoDanI thaI (2) I. sa. 1919mAM hiMdanA rAjyataMtramAM mahattvanA pheraphAra karavA monTegyu-cemsapharDa sudhArA pasAra thayA. A kAyadAthI hiMdIone dhArA ghaDavAnI sattA maLI. vaDI dhArAsabhAmAM ane prAMtika dhArAsabhAmAM prajAnA cuMTAelA sabhyonI bahumatI thaI. prAMtamAM dvirAjya paddhati (Diarchy) dAkhala thaI. (3) tyArabAda i. sa. 1914thI bAjue mukAe Ayariza prazna A pradhAnamaMDaLe hAtha dharyo. AyarlenDamAM yuddha daramiAna "sInaphIna"

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392 (ApaNe pote ) leAkAe baLavAkhora pravRtti zarU karI. i. sa. 1916mAM temaNe khaMDa karyuM; paNa te samAvI devAmAM AvyuM. temaNe saMpUrNa svataMtratAnI mAgaNI karI, ane TheraThera tAphAne macAvyAM. AthI i. sa. 1921mAM AyalaeNnDanA uttara ane dakSiNa ema be bhAga pADI darekane svataMtra pArlamenTa ApavAmAM AvI. uttara AyarlaeNnDa--alsTara-IMglenDane vaLagI rahyuM. dakSiNa AyarlaeNnDa Ayariza phrI sTeTa"te nAme oLakhAvA lAgyuM. A kAyadAthI dakSiNa AyarlaeNnDane keneDAnA jevuM svarAjya maLyuM, i. sa. 1922. lAIDa jyArjanA mizra pradhAnamaMDaLa pratye prajAne aNagamA utpanna thayeA; kAraNa ke have maMtrImaMDaLa eka pakSanuMja racAvuM joI e evI vRtti jora pakaDavA lAgI hatI. have te prajAne zAMti ane sthiratA bakSI vepAra- udyogane khIlave evI nIti joI tI hatI. AthI virAdhIonuM prAbalya vadhyuM; eTale lAIDa jyArja rAjInAmuM ApyuM, i. sa. 1922. mi. khAnara lAnuM pradhAnamaMDaLaH i. sa. 1922-1923H lAiDa jyAje sajInAmuM ApyuM te pachI kenjharveTiva pakSa sattAmAM AvyA, ane mi. khenara lA mukhya pradhAna thayeA. tenA pradhAnamaMDaLamAM lADaeN karjhana paradeza maMtrI ane mi. AAlDavina arthamaMtrI hatA. paraMtu benara lAnI nAdurasta tabIyatane aMge teNe rAjInAmuM ApyuM, eTale bAlDavina mukhya pradhAna thayeA. mi. baeNAlDavinanuM pradhAnamaMDaLaH i. sa. 1923-24H A pradhAna- maMDaLe dezanA vepAraudyoganA vikAsane mATe, ane bekArI TALavA mATe niraMkuza vyApAranI paddhatine tilAMjali ApI saMrakSita vyApAranI nIti grahaNa karI. svadezI udyogAne uttejana ApI dezanI ekArI ochI karavAnA IrAde A pradhAnamaMDaLe rAkhyA hatA; paNa A nItithI libarala pakSanA ane majura pakSanA AgevAnA ekatra thaI temanI sAme paDayA. AthI mi. bAvine rAjInAmuM ApyuM, ane majura pakSanA netA mi. rAse makaDAnAlDa mukhya pradhAna thayA, i. sa. 1924. mi. rAmse seMkaDAnADanuM paheluM majura pradhAnamaMDaLaH i.sa.19241925H mi. bAlDavine rAjInAmuM ApyuM te pachI pArlamenTanI navI cUMTaNImAM libarala ane majura varganI bahumatI hAvAthI paMcama jyAreM maeNkaDAnAlDane pradhAnamaMDaLa racavAnuM sUcavyuM. AthI IMglenDanA itihAsamAM pahelIja vAra

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383 mannura varganuM pradhAnamaMDaLa sattAmAM AvyuM. A pradhAnamaMDaLate libarala pakSa para AdhAra rAkhavA paDatA hatA. AthI kAI paNa praznamAM A pradhAnamaMDaLa AgaLa paDatI nIti grahaNa karI zakatuM nahi; chatAM teNe phrAnsanI sahAyathI yureApamAM zAMti ANavAnA prayatna karyAM, ate jarmanInuM karaja niyamita ane vyavasthita rIte vasula levAnI catura yeAjanA ghaDI kADhI. vaLI durdazAmAM AvI paDelA raziAne nANAM dhIrI tene ulhAra karavAnI seMkaDAnAlDanI icchA hatI, pa ethI prajAmata uzkerAI gayA, ane navI cUMTaNImAM tenI hAra thaI. AthI pharIthI kAnjharveTiva pakSa sattAmAM AvyA, ane mi. bAlDavina mukhya pradhAna thayeA, me, i. sa. 1925 mi. bAlDavinanuM bIjuM pradhAnamaMDaLaH i.sa. 1925-1929H A cAra varSanA amala daramiAna A pradhAnamaMDaLe damananItine ra ajamAvyeA. raziAnI krAmyunisTa caLavaLane pracAra aTakAvavA sAmrAjyamAM cAMpatA IlAjo levAmAM AvyA. vaLI mIsaranI rAjyanItimAM paNa mAthuM mAravAnI zarUAta thaI cUkI hatI, ane pArlamenTamAM paNa kanjharveTiva ane majura pakSA vacce jhagaDA cAlatA hatA. A pradhAnamaMDaLanA amala daramiAna hiMdanA rAjyavahIvaTamAM sudhArA karavA mATe eka zAhI mizananI nImaNuka karavAmAM AvI. A kamizanane netA sara jahAna sAImana heAvAthI te sAImana kamizanane nAme oLakhAyuM. A mizana i. sa. 1928mAM hiMdamAM AvyuM, ane TheraThera pharI hiMdanI paristhitine teNe bArIka abhyAsa karyAM. tyArapachI e kamizane peAtAno riporTa ane bhalAmaNA pArlamenTa samakSa raju karyA. paraMtu dhyAna kheMce evI bAbata tA e hatI, ke e kamizanamAM eka paNa hiMdInI nImaNuka na heAvAne kAraNe te kamizananA hiMdI prajAe bahiSkAra karyAM hatA. A pradhAnamaMDaLe pharIthI vepAranI bAbatamAM saMrakSita nIti dhAraNa karI. A kRtyathI prajA nirAza thaI. majurAe haDatAla pADI, paNa muDIvAdIonI sAme teo phAvyA nahi. jo ke temaNe bAlDavinane rAjInAmuM ApavAnI pharaja pADI, ane bIjI vakhata majurapakSa sattAmAM AvatAM pharIthI rAmse makaDAnA mukhya pradhAna thayA, i. sa. 1929.

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384 - ' mi. mekaDonAlDanuM bIjuM pradhAnamaMDaLaH i. sa. 1929-1931 A pradhAnamaMDaLe IjiptanI svataMtratA svIkArI. raziAnI sAthe paNa vyavahAra zarU karavA vATAghATa thaI. I. sa. 1930nA jAnyuArimAM pAMca moTAM rAnI maMDaLI lenDamAM bolAvavAmAM AvI. A vakhate jagatanA dareka bhAgamAM Arthika muzkelIo upasthita thaI hatI. I. sa. 1931mAM e muzkelI eTalI te tIvra banI, ke aMdAjapatranA Avaka-jAvakanA AMkaDA meLavavAnuM kArya muzkela banyuM. jarmanInI Arthika sthiti DAmADoLa hatI. yurepanA bIjA dezoe pitAnA paisA IglenDanI beMkamAMthI kheMcavA mAMDyA. AthI IglenDanI benkane paNa phrAnsa ane yunAITeDa sTeTsamAMthI nANAM uchInAM levAM paDayAM. AvI Arthika paristhitimAMthI IlenDane ugArI levAnI yojanAo saMbaMdhI pradhAnamaMDaLamAM matabheda paDayo, tethI rASTrIya Aphata dUra karavA rAjAe rAse maeNkaDonAlDane rASTrIya pradhAnamaMDaLa (National Government) racavA sucanA karI. A pradhAnamaMDaLamAM lairDa sleDana ane mi. themasa jevA tenA mitro, mi. bAlDavina ane mi. nevila cembaraleIna jevA kenjharveTivo, ane sara jahona sAImana ane mi. sImana jevA libarale ekatra thayA, ane navI cUMTaNImAM A pradhAnamaMDaLa vadhumatImAM (500 sabhyo) AvyuM. rASTrIya pradhAnamaMDaLaH i. sa. 1932-1935H A pradhAnamaMDaLanA amala daramiAna ghaNuM agatyanA banAvo banyA. sAImana kamizananI sUcanAnusAra hiMdanA rAjyavahIvaTa saMbaMdhI baMdhAraNa ghaDavA IglenDamAM traNa geLamejI pariSada bharavAmAM AvI. varselsanI saMdhi anusAra badalAnI rakama ane devAnA nikAla mATe mekaDonAlDanI AgevAnI heThaLa "lejha pariSadu" bharavAmAM AvI, paNa phrAnsanA makkamapaNane laIne A praznano nirNaya thaI zo nahi. - zAhI pasaMdagI (Imperial Preference) sAmrAjyamAM dAkhala karavA oTAvA mukAme keneDAnA pramukha mi. beneTanI AgevAnI nIce sAmrAjya pariSada bharavAmAM AvI. pariNAme zAhI pasaMdagInuM dhAraNa akhatyAra karavAmAM AvyuM.

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385 ka Arthika muzkelIo dUra karavA keTalAka navA keza umerAyA; ane IMglenDe prathama vAra sAnAnuM dhAraNa tajI dIdhuM. / AyarlenDamAM mi. kAsagruvanA amala daramiAna nava varSa zAMti rahI, paNa 4. sa. 1932mAM DI. valerA sattAmAM AvyA. teNe briTiza tAjane sANaMda na ApavA saMbaMdhI kAyade pasAra karyAM. vaLI jamIna mahesula ApavAnI paNa teNe IMglenDane nA pADI, ane jamIna mahesulanI cAkkasa rakama TheravavA sAmrAjya bahAranA leAkAnA banelA "niSpakSapAta kamizana'nI mAgaNI karI. pariNAme iMglenDe AyarlenDanI AyAta-nikAsa para se| TakAnI jakAta nAkhI, eTale DI. velerAe briTiza mAla para pratyuttara rUpe jakAta nAkhI. dakSiNa AyarlaeNnDane IMglenDathI taddana svataMtra karavAnA DI. velerAnA prayatne hajI cAlu rahyAM. i. sa. 1935mAM te pradhAnamaMDaLamAM paNa pheraphAra thayeA. mi. rAmse eMkaDAnAlDanI vRddhAvasthAne lIdhe tathA nAdurasta takhIyatane aMge teNe rAjInAmuM ApyuM, ane mi. bAlDavina trIjI vakhata vaDeA pradhAna thayA. mi. AlDavina : i. sa. 1935-36: samrAT paMcama jyArjane gAdI pUra Avye pacIsa varSa pUrAM thavAvI tenI khuzAlImAM samagra briTiza sAmrAjyamAM i. sa. 1935nA me mAsamAM "rASya maheAtsava" ujavavAmAM AvyA. A samaye sAmrAjyanAM judAM judAM aMgoe samrAT pratye hArdika saMdezA pAThavyA. vaLI I. sa. 1935mAM hiMdanA rAjyavahIvaTanA kharA pasAra thayA. AthI hiMdamAM samavAyataMtra (Federation) sthApavAnI yejanA amalamAM AvI. i. sa. 1937nA eprilanI pahelI tarIkhathI hiMdanA agiAra prAMtAmAM prAMtika svarAjya (Provincial Autonomy)nI sthApanA thaI. i. sa. 1919nA kAyadAthI sthapAelI dvimukhI satA (Diarchy)ne have aMta AvyA, ane dareka viSaya prajAnA cuMTAelA pratinidhionA hAthamAM sAMpI devAnI yAjanA amalamAM AvI. paraMtu navA baMdhAraNamAM gavarnAne rAjakIya kSetramAM ane temanI javAbadArInA viSayeAmAM apAelI khAsa sattAe eTalI badhI che, ke jethI hiMdI prajAmAM A navuM baMdhAraNa apriya nIvaDayuM che. haju madhyastha samavAyataMtra (Central Federation) astitvamAM 25

Page #399
386 AvyuM nathI. A pradhAnamaMDaLanA amala daramiAna samrA paMcama jyeArja i. sa. 1935nA jAnyuArinI 21mI tArIkhe avasAna pAmyA. samrA paMcama jyAje chavvIsa varSa sudhI IMglenDanI gAdI dIpAvI. emanA amala daramiAna kaMIka avanavA banAvo banI gayA. I. sa. 1911 ne pAmenTane kAyado pasAra thayo ane tyAra pachI samagra yuropanA rAjakAraNamAM kAti utpanna karanAra mahAna vigraha AraMbhAyo. A vigraha daramiAna rAjAe dezanuM sukAna ghaNIja kuzaLatApUrvaka calAvyuM, ane pitAnA pradhAnane yogya salAha ApI rAjA tarIke potAnI pharaja adA karI. laDAI pachI paNa dezanI aMdara utpanna thatI aneka AMTIghUMTIomAM pitAnA anubhavane lAbha pradhAnone ApI aneka rASTrIya Aphatone dUra karI temaNe IlenDane eka Adarza baMdhAraNavAdI rAjA tarIkenuM suMdara dRSTAMta pUruM pADayuM che. AThamA eDavarDaH I. sa. 1936H samrA paMcama jyejInA mRtyu pachI temanA pATavI kuMvara eDavarDa AThamAnI rAjA tarIke jAherAta thaI. paraMtu temanA lagnano prazna eTale te bArIka nIvaDe, ke tenI asara rAjakAraNa para paNa thaI. junA samayathI eTale I. sa. 1701nA gAdIvArasAnA kAyadAthI nakkI thayuM che, ke IMglenDanI gAdIe AvanAra rAjA aMgreja dharmasamAjamAM mAnate hovo joIe eTaluM ja nahi, paNa teNe teja dharmasamAjanI strI sAthe lagna karavuM joIe. eDavarDanI IcchA leDI sIpsana nAmanI romana kethelika strI sAthe lagna karavAnI hovAthI rAjakIya paristhiti vikaTa banI; paNa bAlDavine A samaye kunehapUrvaka kAma laI A mukulIno aMta ANyo. eDavarDa me hi. hakIkata

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387 AThamA eDavarDa peteija gAdInA tyAga karyAM; ane temanA nAnA bhAI AlbarTane gAdI sAMpavAmAM AvI. gAdI cheADayA pachI eDavarDane Dayuka AvuM visara banAvavAmAM AvyA. i. sa. 1937nA me mAsamAM navA samrA rAjyAbhiSeka thayA, ane jyArja chaThThA tarIke te IMglenDanI gAdIe birAje che. eja arasAmAM mi. bAlDavinanA rAjInAmA pachI nevila cembaraleIna mukhya pradhAna thayeA. k samrAT chA jyAja: i. sa. 1895nA DIsembaranI caudamI tArIkhe 79 1939H chaThThA jyArjanA janma i. sa. thayA hatA. pATavI kuMvara eDavarDathI teo ekaja varSe nAnA hatA. mahA- rANI vikaTAriAnI IcchA mujaba temanuM nAma AlbarTa rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. temane paNa temanA pitAnI mAphaka khalAsInuM kAma zIkhavavA mATe yeAjanA ghaDavAmAM AvI. jo ke nAnapaNamAM temanI tabIyata ghaNIja kharAba rahetI; paNa aneka prayatnene aMte te hAlamAM sudRDha zarIra banAvI zakA che. temanI prakRti mULathIja zaramALa che, chatAM pitAnA maraNa bAda temaNe dareka pravRttimAM bhAga laI peAtAnI pharaja adA karI che. vidyAbhyAsamAM paNa tee atyaMta mahenatu ane kALajIvALA hatA. itihAsa, arthazAstra ane samAjazAstrane temaNe sAre| abhyAsa karyA che. muDIvAda ane majurezanA aneka khArIka praznomAM te rasa letA. AthI temane keTalAka jyAja ThA << audyogika "" rAjakumAra " ( The Industrial Prince ) tarIke oLakhatA. jo ke svabhAve tee zaramALa che, paNa temanI gaMbhIra mukhamudrA pAchaLa kaTAkSapUrNa hAsya chupAeluM mAlama paDe che.

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388 ; I. sa. 1937nA me mAsamAM navA rAjA je chAne rAjyAbhiSeka karavAmAM AvyuM. te samaye paNa sAmrAjyanAM tamAma aMgoe hArdika abhinaMdananA saMdezAo pAThavI pitAnI vaphAdArI batAvI hatI. A navA rAjAne duniyAnI - atyAranI vikaTa banatI paristhitine pahoMcI vaLavAnuM che. prabhu temane te mATe baLa Ape !! AMtararASTrIya paristhiti : paMcama jarjyorja IlenDanI gAdIe AvyA, tyAre sarvatra zAMti prasarelI hatI. koIne zaMkA paNa na hatI ke mahAna vigraha - phATI nIkaLaze. jyeja chaThThInA rAjyArehaNanA samayathI ja AMtararASTrIya paristhiti kaMIka vicitra jaNAya che. Aje yuddhanA bhaNakArA cetarapha vAgI rahyA che. dareka rASTra bacAvane arthe zastronuM navIna sarjana karyuM jAya che. ITalImAM phesIjhamano amala nIce musolinI, ane jarmanImAM nAjhIvAdanA amala nIce hera hITalara yuropanA samagra dezane paDakAra ApI rahyA che. prajAsaMgha AvAM baLavAna rAjyone dabAvavAmAM phaLIbhUta thayo nathI. ITalI ebisiniAne gaLI gayuM e gaI kAlanI vAta che, ane Aje jApAna cInanA pradezamAM AkramaNa karI rahyuM che. vaLI be varSathI spenamAM bhISaNa hatyAkAMDa cAlI rahyo che, ane amAnuSI saMhAra pravartI rahyo che. paraMtu bInadaramyAnagIrInA daMbha nIce prajAsaMgha spenanI lakataMtranA siddhAMta para racAelI kAyadesara sarakArane nAza thato ThaMDe kaleje nIhALI rahyo che. briTana ane phrAnsa te tarapha taTasthatA batAve che. ITalI ane jarmanI bInadaramyAnagIrInA othA nIce janarala phakane gupta madada karatA rahe che. jarmanI pitAnAM gumAvelAM saMsthAne pAchAM mAge che. bejIyama I. sa. 1914 pahelAMnI paristhiti upara pAchuM phare che. nyU hembarga pariSadUmAM jarmanIe potAnAM saMsthAne pAchAM meLavavAne paDakAra karyo che. pelesTAinanI pavitra bhUmi ArabanA lehIthI bhijAI gaI che. vaDA satI ane bIjA AgevAno sAme pratibaMdha mukAyA che. pelesTAinanA bhAgalA pADavAnI vAte kAne paDe che. hiMdamAM navuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa amalamAM lAvavAnI taiyArIo thaI rahI che. lorDa lina lithago dezI rAjyone samavAyataMtramAM dAkhala karavA samajAvI rahyA che. I. sa. 1937nA eprilanI 1lI tArIkhathI prAMtika svarAjya (Provincial Autonomy) sthApavAmAM AvyuM che,

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389 ane hiMdanA agiAramAMthI sAta prAMtamAM mahAsabhA pakSe vadhumatIthI potAnAM pradhAnamaMDaLeA racyAM che. haju sudhI gavarnarAe mahAsabhAnA pradhAnamaMDaLanA kArabhAramAM khAsa mAthuM mAryuM nathI. kengresa pradhAnamaMDaLeA peAtAthI jeTaluM banI zake teTaluM kArya prajAhitArthe bajAvI rahyAM che. paraMtu hiMdamAM kAmIvAdanA jhagaDA hajI cAlyA kare che, ane muslIma lIga kAngresanA virodha karI rahI che. Ama jyA DhDhAnI kArakIrdinI zarUAtamAM AMtararASTrIya mAmale vikaTa banyA che ema kahI zakAya. prakaraNa 14muM sAmrAjyanA varSo 1. hiMdustAna dakSiNamAM aMgrejo ane kengeA vacce cAlelI spardhAnuM pariNAma ApaNe jANIe chIe. te veLA karNATakanA navAba ane nijhAma e be aMgrejonA snehI hatA, ane kaMpani pAse uttara sarakAra, kalakattA, muMbaI, ane madrAsanI AsapAsanA gheADA pradeza hatA. tyAra pachI baMgALA, bihAra, ane orissA prAMtAnI 'divAnI' eTale kara vasula karavAnI sattA kaMpanine maLI, ethI karIne tyAM kaMpanane parAkSa adhikAra thayA. paraMtu baMgALAnA navAba mIrajAphara pachI AvelA mIrakAsame kaMpani joDe saMbaMdha bagADayA, ane ayeAdhyAnA navAba joDe maLI aMgrejo sAme yuddha karyuM; paNa bakasaranA yuddhamAM te hAryAM. ethI baMgALA jevA sadhana prAMta para kaMpanine pUrNa amala jAmyA, ane kalAIva sukhA thayeA. teNe kaMpaninA nekarAnI rUzvatakhorI sakhata hAthe dabAvI I rAjyavahIvaTamAM sudhArA karyAM; paNa tenI sakhatIthI trAselA tenA virAdhIee pAkAra uDAvyA, eTale kalAIvane pAcho khelAvI levAmAM AvyA. tyAM paNa zatruoe tene sukhavArA AvavA dIdhA niha. tenAM kAryo para kaDaka TIkAe thaI, ane i. sa. 1774mAM kaMTALIne teNe AtmahatyA karI, paraMtu te pUrve evA nirNaya karavAmAM Avyo hatA, ke vepArArthe hiMda gaelI kaMpani aMgALA jevA prAMtanI ane khIjA mulakanI hAkramI kare che, te pArlamenTe have

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3 taTasthapaNuM choDIne te mulakanI suvyavasthA jALavavAnI zeThavaNa karavI joIe. thI i. sa. 173mAM laoNrDa northa maMtrIpade hatA, tyAre regyuleTiMga ekaTa pasAra karI vairana hesTiMgsane gavarnara janarala nImavAmAM AvyuM. tene madada karavA mATe cAra sabhyonI eka samiti sthApavAmAM AvI, ane tenI hakumatathI svataMtra nyAyAdhIzanI nImaNuka karavAmAM AvI. hesTimsa rAjyavahIvaTamAM sudhArA karyA. tyAra bAda IMglenDane amerikAnAM saMsthAne joDe cAlatA vigrahane lAbha laI phenTee hiMdamAMthI aMgrejonI jaDa kADhavAnI peravI karI. paraMtu hesTise muMbaI pAse marAThA joDe jabaruM yuddha karyuM, haisuranA haidaraallIne haThAvavAmAM yathAzakti sahAya ApI, ane hiMdamAM AvelA aMgrejI rAjya upara AvI paDeluM saMkaTa TALyuM. A sarva vigrahonAM bhAre kharcane pahoMcI vaLavA mATe teNe lIdhelA ugra upAya mATe te i. sa. 1785mAM IralenDa gaye, tyAre tenA para anyAya ane julamanA Aropa mUkI kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM. eDamaMDa barka jevA samartha vaktAe tenA para gaMbhIra AkSepa karyA. paNa sAta varSanI tapAsa pachI tene deSimukta TharAvavAmAM AvyuM. taruNa pida pradhAnapade AvatAM tene regyuleTiMga ekaTa asaMtoSakAraka gyo, eTale teNe hiMdanI rAjyavyavasthAne vadhAre niyamita karavA mATe Isu. 1783mAM eka kAyado pasAra karyo. teNe kaMpani pAse mAtra vepAranuM kArya rahevA dIdhuM, ane rAjyavahIvaTa mATe gavarnara janaralane adhika sattA ApI. tenA upara dekharekha rAkhavA mATe eka niyAmaka maMDaLa" (Board of Control) sthApyuM, ane hiMdI pradhAnanI nImaNuka karI. lairDa kornalisa jevA kulIna ane kartavyaparAyaNa adhikArIe dezamAM sudhArA cAlu rAkhyA. paraMtu sara jona zeranA anugAmI oNrDa velastIne judI nIti svIkAravI paDI. IlenDa nepoliyana De vigraha calAvatuM hatuM, te samaye aneka dezI rAjAonAM sainyane phrenca amaladAro tAlIma ApatA hatA. haisuranA TIpu sulatAne aMgrejone hAMkI kADhavAnI sonerI AzAe phrenca jeDe sneha bAM hatuM. paraMtu velaslIe "sahAyakArI sainyanI yojanA ghaDI tene asvIkAra karanArA rAjAo joDe yuddha AdaryuM. teNe mahaisura, ayodhyA, ane karNATakamAM aMgrejonI ANa vartAvI. holakara sivAya sarva marAThA rAjAoe aneka

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31 dAruNa yuddho pachI aMgrejonuM varcasva svIkAryuM. jyAre tenI nIti pratye vizva darzAvI tene pAchA khelAvI levAmAM AvyA, tyAre dezamAM aMgrejonI pratiSThA jAmI hatI, dezI rAjA namI gayA hatA, phrenca kAvatarAM nirmULa thayAM hatAM, ane sudhArelI rAjyapaddhatinA AraMbha thaI gayA hatA. egaNIsamA saikAnA AraMbhamAM raziAe madhya eziAmAM hAthapaga prasAravA mAMDayAM, eTale uttara sImA para AvelA adhAnistAnane prazna upasthita thayeA. amIra zAhasunna ane dAvAdAra dAsta mahamada vacce khaTapaTa jAgI, tene lAbha laI lADa AkalenDe zAhasujAneA pakSa kheMcI adhAnistAnamAM sainya mAkalyuM; paNa ajANyA pahADI pradezamAM tenuM bahu cAlyuM nahi. aMgreja elacInuM khUna karavAmAM AvyuM, ane pahADI zatruothI gherAyalA sainyane baraphanAM tAphAnAmAM khaibaraghATane raste pAchA pharavuM paDayuM. e jabarI senAmAMthI mAtra ekaja, thAkelA, bhUkhyA, durbaLa gheADesavAra ravaDatA rajhaLatA jalAlAbAda paheAMcavA pAmyA, i. sa. 1841. tyAra pachI parama sAhasika, yuddhakalAmAM pravINa, ane sAdhanasaMpanna sIkhAnA vArA AvyA. e vigrahAmAM ghera yuddho macyAM, ane i. sa. 1849mAM paMjAbane aMgrejI rAjyamAM bheLavI devAmAM AvyA. siMdha ane dakSiNa brahmadeza Adi sarahada para AvelAM rAjyAnI paNa eja gati thaI. sIkha leAkA sAthene vigraha samApta thaye, e arasAmAM lArDa DelahAusI gavarnara janarala hatA. teNe svIkArelI * khAlasA nIti'thI keTalAka rAjAe asaMtuSTa thayA. teNe naherA, AgagADI, rastA, tAra, TapAla, ane keLavaNInA aneka sudhArA karyA, paNa tethI prajAmAM saMzaya ane bhaya utpanna thayAM, ane A te leAkAne dharmabhraSTa karavAnI yukti che ema manAvA lAgyuM. dezamAM asvasthatA AvavA lAgI, temAM vaLI zaiAryathI unmatta thaelA sipAI omAM vAta cAlI, ke navAM kAratuseAmAM gAya ane DukkaranI carakhI lagADelI che. temane lAgyuM ke sarakAra dharmamAM hAtha ghAle che, ane sarvane phIraMgI banAvI dharmabhraSTa karavAmAM AvanAra che. have sukA dhAsamAM agni paDayA hAya ema banyuM. mIratamAMthI khaMDa zarU thaI uttara ane madhya hiMdamAM prasarI gayuM. baMgALAnuM sainya temAM bhaLyuM. sarve dilhI dADayA, eTale megala sAmrAjya

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392 puna: sthApavAnI AzAe tyAMnA badazAhe temanI joDe bhaLyeA. ayeAdhyAmAM ane gaMgAnI khINanA pradezAmAM bakheDA thayA, ane kAnapuramAM aMgreja sainyano saMhAra karavAmAM AvyA, i. sa. 1857. khArA samudramAMe mIThI vIraDI hAya, tema kaTokaTIne prasaMge heAlakara, siMdhiyA, ane nijhAma jevA rAjakartAo, muMbaI ane madrAsanI prajA, ane sIkha sainya rAjaniSTha rahyAM eTaluMja nahi, paNa temaNe A khaMDa zamAvI devAnA prayatnomAM hArdika sahAya ApI. sIkha ane aMgreja sainyAe dilhI upara AkramaNa karI te jItI lIdhuM. senApati hevalAka lakhanau para caDI gayeA.1 dhIme dhIme aMgrejonuM varcasva pAchuM jAmyuM, ane sarvatra khaMDa zamI guyuM, i. sa. 1858. sipAI one baLaveA zamyA pachI lArDa DarbInA pradhAnamaMDaLe kAyadA pasAra karI hiMdanA rAjyavahIvaTanuM sUtra IsTa InDiA kaMpani pAsethI laI lIdhuM, ane IMglenDanA rAjakartA ( 'tAja' )ne hastaka mUkayuM. have hiMdane pradhAna ane tenA maMDaLanI mAraphata pArlamenTe hiMdanI rAjyavyavasthA karavI evA TharAva thayA, ane rAjakartAnA pratinidhine vAisaroyanuM pada ApavAmAM AvyuM. mahArANI vikaTAriAe prakhyAta jAheranAmuM (DhaMDherA) prasiddha karI prajAne abhaya vacana ApI tenA kalyANane arthe rAjya calAvavAnuM jAhera karyu, 'khAlasA nIti' rada karI hiMdanA rAjakartAe joDe thaelA karArA pALavAnI tatparatA darzAvI, ane dharmamAM hastakSepa na karavAnuM AzvAsana ApyuM. i. sa. 1877mAM dilhImAM bhavya darabAra bharavAmAM Avye, ane mahArANIe 'kaisare hada'nuM 1. baLavAkhoroe 30mI jInathI lakhanau levAnA prayatno karavA mAMDayA, ane hevalAka cheka 25mI sapTembare pahoMcyA. te daramiAna dharAelA aMgrejoe je apratima sAhasa, atula kartavyaniSThA, ane dezapremanI utkaTa bhAvanA darzAvI, tenuM tArdaza varNana Tenisana vIra vANImAM Ape che. te kahe che ke-- O banner of Britain, hast thou Floated in conquering battle or flapt to the battle-cry { }.. Never with mightier glory than when we had reared thee on high Flying at the top of the roofs in the ghastly siege of Lucknow.

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393 gauravabharyuM pada dhAraNa karyuM. have yuddho baMdha thayAM; mAtra uttara brahmadeza ane aphaghAnistAna joDe yuddhane prasaMga Avyo. amIre aMgreja elacI anicchAe svIkAryo, paNa thoDA samayamAM tenuM khUna karavAmAM AvyuM. sara pheDarika robarTasa nAme prasiddha senApati sainya sahita kAbula jaI pahoMcyo. tyAM tene samAcAra maLyA ke aMgrejo saivanda pAse sakhata hAra khAI kaMdahAramAM Azraya levA bharAyA che. te te jaMgalI ane nirdaya lokothI vaselA 300 mAIlanA DuMgarALa pradezamAM khaDakevALA mArga para daDamajala karato kaMdahAra jaI pahoMce. aphaghAna hAryA, ane deza aMgrejonA varcasva nIce Avyo. have aphaghAnistAnanuM svataMtra rAjya grejonuM mitra banyuM. I. sa. 1919 sudhI te briTiza rAjyanuM mitra hatuM, chatAM amuka prasaMgone lIdhe aphaghAnistAna sAthe pharI laDAI karavAno vakhata AvyA. turkIe briTiza pakSa viruddha mahAna vigrahamAM bhAga lIdhe, tethI aphaghAnistAnanI prajAnAM mana uzkerAyAM hatAM. amIra amAnu lAkhAnano vicAra para rAjyo sAthe vyavahAra cAlu karavAne thayA, ane teNe pararAjyanA maMtrIone dezamAM bolAvyA. tyAra bAda svataMtra thavAnI icchAthI teNe aMgrejo sAthe laDAI jAhera karI, paNa thoDA ja vakhatamAM te baMdha thaI ane rAvaLapiDI mukAme salAha karavAmAM AvI. te mujaba hiMdustAnamAM thaI aphaghAnistAnamAM hathiyAra laI javAnuM baMdha karavAmAM AvyuM, ane amIranI svataMtratA kabula karavAmAM AvI. | amIra amAnullAkhAne rAjyanI bahu sArI vyavasthA karI. ane aphaghAnistAnamAM yuropI rAjyo mAphaka sudhArA karavAno vicAra karyo. yuropanA pravAse upaDavA te muMbaI Avyo. tyAre tene apUrva mAna maLyuM. A pravAsano hetu bIjA rAjyanA rAjyataMtrano abhyAsa karavAno hato, ane te uparathI aphaghAnistAnamAM pragati karavAno hato. pravAsethI pAchA pharIne teNe pitAnA rAjayamAM sudhArA dAkhala karavA mAMDayA. paraMtu aphaghAna prajA varSo thayAM junI rUDhimAM ucharelI hovAthI lokone navIna sudhArA pasaMda paDavA nahi, tethI lake uzkerAyA, ane "zInavArI vagere jAtioe baLavA karyA. pariNAme amAkhullAkhAnane gAdI choDavAno vakhata Avyo eTaluM ja nahi, paNa tene svadeza choDIne cAlI javuM paDayuM. have bacA-I-sAku nAmano sipAI ApabaLathI

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nAyaka banyo, ane teNe aphaghAnistAnanA amIranI padavI dhAraNa karanAra paraMtu rAjya calAvavAmAM ekaluM baLa kAma lAgatuM nathI, e niyamane anusarIne nAdirakhAnanI saradArI nIce leke ekatra thayA, ane bacA-I-sAmu tapane gaLe uDAvavAmAM Avyo. ane badhI jAtionI saMmatithI nAdirakhAne aphaghAnistAnanA amIranI padavI lIdhI. paraMtu tyAra pachI aphaghAna rAjya taMtramAM sthiratA dekhAtI nathI, ane aNakayA prasaMgo ubhA thaye jAye che. zAMti ane pragatinA kALamAM prajAnI AkAMkSAo jAgRta thaI, eTale te vyakta karavA mATe I. sa. 1885mAM "rASTrIya mahAsabhA" (Indian National Congress)nI sthApanA thaI. tenA prayatnothI I. sa. 1909mAM vAIsaroya lorDa minTonA amalamAM hiMdI pradhAna leMrDa malae kAunsilamAM sudhArA karyA. I. sa. 1912mAM samrATa paMcama je dilhImAM bhavya darabAra bharI tene hiMdanuM pATanagara jAhera karyuM. yuropanA bhayaMkara mahAvigrahamAM hide bajAvelI aNamUla sevAthI kRtajJatAbhAve prerAI i. sa. 1917mAM pradhAnamaMDaLe hiMdamAM kame krame javAbadAra rAjyapaddhati sthApavAnuM jAhera karyuM, ane hiMda viSe pratyakSa jJAna meLavavA hiMdI pradhAna mi. maiyuM hiMdamAM Avyo. teNe ane vAIsaroya le 212245 21074049281176 4412111 orall (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms) ghaDI kADhI, ane i. sa. 1919mAM pArlamenTe te maMjura karI. I. sa. 1919mAM pArlamenTa maMjura karelA monTegyu-cemsaphaDa sudhArA pramANe hiMdanuM rAjyataMtra i. sa. 1936 sudhI cAlyuM. A yojanAmAM navA sudhArAne dasa varSa thAya tyAre hiMdane javAbadAra rAjyataMtra soMpavAno vicAra calAvavA mATe kamizana mekalavAnuM jAhera karyuM hatuM. te pramANe I. sa. 1928 mAM sara jona sAImananA pramukhapaNA nIce sAta sabhyonuM maMDaLa hiMdustAnamAM AvyuM. te maMDaLanA sabhyoe mukhya zaheramAM pharI zA zA sudhArA karavA, te viSe abhiprAyo ekaThA karyA. svataMtravAdIo A maMDaLanI viruddha hatA, chatAM maMDaLa pitAnuM kArya bajAvI IlenDa pAchuM pharyuM, ane teNe i. sa. 1930 mAM potAno riporTa bahAra pADe. tenA upara pArlamenTa vicAra karyo. te riporTa upara vicAra calAvavA traNa vAra "rAunDaTebala konpharansa" bharAyAM. enI pahelI beThakamAM mahAsabhAe bhAga lIdho nahoto, paNa bIjI beThaknAM mahAsabhA

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3nma rathI ekaja pratinidhi tarIke mahAtmA gAMdhIjIe hAjarI ApI hatI. temAM hiMdustAnanA judA judA netAone AmaMtraNa ApavAmAM AvyAM hatAM, Ama sAImana kamizane I. sa. 1928-30 daramiAna pitAnuM kArya pUre karIne riperTa prasiddha karyo. te pachI I. sa. 1930mAM goLamejI pariSadUnI pahelI beThaka bharAI, I. sa. 1931mAM bIjI beThaka bharAI ane I. sa. 1932mAM trIjI beThaka bharAI. Ane pariNAme "vetapatramAM prasiddha thayuM, ane silekaTa kamiTIe I. sa. 1934mAM pitAne riporTa prasiddha karyo. chevaTanA pariNAma tarIke navA rAjyabaMdhAraNane baraDe pArlamenTamAM pasAra thaye, ane I. sa. 1935nA ogasTanI 1lI tArIkhe samrATa paMcama jyeje tenA upara sahI karI, eTale te I. sa. 1935nA "gavarnamenTa oNva InDiA ekaTa" tarIke prasiddhi pAmyo. A navA baMdhAraNa mujaba I. sa. 1937nA eprilanI, 1lI tArIkhathI "prAMtika svarAjyane amala zarU thaI gayo che, ane have pheDarezana'nI sthApanA mATe prayatno cAle che. 2. cIna jagatanA A prAcIna deza joDe IlenDano saMbaMdha june che. I. sa.. 1840mAM hiMdanuM aphINa cInamAM laI javAnA saMbaMdhamAM baMne dezo vacce je vigraha thayo, tethI aMgrejone hoMgakoMga dvIpa maLyo. tyAra pachI teno ghaNo utkarSa thayo, ane Aje te vepAranuM agatyanuM mathaka ane baMdara gaNAya che. I. sa. 1857-60 daramiAna kenTana baMdaramAM AvelI vepArI AgaboTa paranA aMgreja vAvaTAnuM apamAna karavA mATe je yuddha thayuM, temAM phrAnse IlenDane sahAya ApI, eTale cInanI sarakAra aMgrejone thaeluM nukasAna bharI ApavA, pekinamAM aMgreja elacI rAkhavA, ane keTalAMka baMdaro aMgreja vepArIone mATe khUlAM mUkavA kabula thaI. have IlenDanI peThe bIjo yurepI rAjyanI dRSTi cIna para ceTI, eTale teo tenA saMbaMdhamAM AvavA lAgyAM. phrAnsa pesiphika mahAsAgaramAM vistIrNa pradeza hAtha karyo hato. raziAe pArTa Arthara hastagata karyuM hatuM. i. sa. 1898mAM be dharmapracArakonAM khUna thayAne nimitte jarmanIe kiAucAu kabaje lIdhuM. ane IMglenDe vahAlI nagara laI lIdhuM. tyAra pachI yuropI prajAoe cInamAM AgagADI karavAnA ane khanIja padArthonI zodha

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396 '. karavAnA prayatne " AdaryAM. paraMtu A paradezIonA Agamana ane AMkramaNathI keTalAka cInAonuM dezAbhimAna pradIpta thayuM. keTalAka uddAma matavALAoe A paradezIone hAMkI kADhavA mATe 'bAkasara' nAme maMDaLa sthApyuM, ane geArA pAdarIenI nirdaya hatyA karavA mAMDI. i. sa. 1901mAM A maMDaLe sarva elacIkhAtA upara AkramaNa karyuM, ane yurApIaneAnA jAna jokhamamAM AvI paDayA. sarva yuropI rAjyanuM saMyukta sainya A tophAnIonI kha levA ravAnA karavAmAM AvyuM, ane tethI cInane bhAre yuddhadaMDa bharavA paDayA. A pramANe dezamAM AvelI jAgRtine pariNAme . sa. 1912mAM rAjasattAnuM khaMDana karI tyAMnI prajAe prajAsattAka rAjyanI sthApanA karI. cInanA praznanuM saMtASakAraka samAdhAna thavA mATe bhaviSya pratye daSTi nAkhavI paDe che. hamaNAM tenA keTalAka pradeza para jApAnanuM AkramaNa cAlu che. 3. AphrikA 19mA saikAnA madhya sudhI AphrikA saMbaMdhI yuropa ajJAta hatuM. pachI DaoN. liviMgasTana ane sTenalIe dezanI aMdara pravAsa karI navA mulakA zeAdhyA, eTale peAtAnA mAlanuM bajAra zodhanArAM yuropanAM rAjyAmAM tyAM vasavATa karavAnI AturatA ubhI thaI. phrAnse eriAnA vistIrNe pradeza lIdhe, jarmanIe AphrikAnA pUrva pazcima kinArA para amala jamAvyeA, ITalIe rAtA samudranI pAse thANuM jamAvyuM, beljIyame kAMgA phrI sTeTanuM saMsthAna sthApyuM, ane porTugale pUrva ane pazcima kinArA para thoDA mulaka meLavyo. , AvA saMyeAgeAmAM IMglenDa kaeNma svastha besI rahe? kepa kAlAnI, nAtAla, sIerA-linI, ane gAlDa kAsTa Adi pradeza tenA tAbAmAM AvyA. khucAnAlenDa ane hADaeNzi upara tene adhikAra sthApavAmAM AvyA. pazcima kinArA para sthapAelI ' rAyala nAIjara kaMpani ' pAsethI vistIrNa pradeza laI tene 'nAiriA ' nAma ApyuM, ane i. sa. 1900thI IMglenDe tenA para dekharekha rAkhavA mAMDI. pUrva kinArA para IsTa AphrikA kaMpani sthapAyAthI yugAnDA ane briTiza pUrva AphrikA aMgrejonA varcasva nIce AvyA. i. sa. 1884mAM se|mAlIlenDa ane i. sa. 1891mAM jhAMjhIbAra aMgrejone maLyA hatA. mahAvigrahanI samApti pachI jarmanonuM naiRRtya AphrikA dakSiNu AphrikAnAM saMsthAmAM bhaLyuM. pUrva AphrikA beljIyama ane greTaSiTane vaheMcI

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lIdhuM. kAmarUna ane gAlenDanA briTana ane phAnsa vacce bhAga paDyA. be. varSa upara ITalIe ebisiniAne pradeza jItI lIdho. 4. misara purAtana saMskRti mATe prasiddhi pAmeluM misara turkastAnanA nAmanA adhi EbhU: ::: mi saro :: >> jAna ke che c: sIela uMbara' rAno samuda 1 rivejha yu e ke " - nA T e velo che ; I zi a na dhana" } * AMma dUra . * khama Goa ..

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kAra nIce hatuM. i. sa. 1833mAM mahamadaalI nAme saradAre te dezane kAje karI sulatAnanI paravA karyA vinA svataMtra rAjya karavA mAMDayuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa pachI te khuda konsaTinopala para teNe humalo karyo. misaramAM vagavasIle meLavavAnI AzAe phAse teno pakSa lIdhe, tyAre anya rAjyoe sulatAnane pakSa lIdhe. aMte samAdhAna karI mahamadaalIe sIriA prAMta sulatAnane pAcho ApI devo evo nirNaya thaye, ane mahamadaallIne misarane pAzA svIkAravAmAM AvyA. bediva IsmAIla : I. sa. 1863mAM A parAkramI saradAranA maraNa pachI tene pautra IsmAIla tene sthAne AvyuM. teNe sulatAnane mUlyavAna najarANuM ekalI bedivane IlkAba meLavyuM. teNe dezamAM aneka prakAranA sudhArA karavA mAMDayA. e sarva sudhArAmAM nANAMnI jarUra paDatI, paNa e mAchalA rAjA pAse nANuM na hatuM. tenA ezaArAma ane bhogavilAsamAM paNa aDhaLaka dravyanI jarUra paDatI. tenA jalasAnAM lakhalUTa kharca prajA pAsethI vadhAre kara nAkhIne vasula levAmAM AvatAM. dezanuM karaja besumAra vadhI gayuM to paNa e vilAsI rAjAnI khoTane khADo pUrAye nahi, eTale teNe suejhanI naheranA zera (Shares) vecavA kADhayA. hiMda javAnA TuMkA jaLamArganI agatya IMglenDa kayAranuM pichANI cUkyuM hatuM, eTale pradhAna DijharAyelIe 6 kareDa rUpIAmAM zera kharIdIne suejhanI nahera para vAstavika varcasva meLavI lIdhuM. daramiAna dezamAM Arthika durdazA vadhatI hatI, eTale IMglenDa ane phAjo sulatAna para lAgavaga calAvI IsmAIlane padabhraSTa karI tenA putra tephika pAzAne gAdI apAvI. dezanI Arthika vyavasthA IMglenDa ane phrAnsa pitAne hastaka rAkhI. arabI pAzAnuM baMDa : A pramANe paradezIo dezanI AMtara vyavasthAmAM hAtha ghAle, e vAta misarIone gamatI na hatI. ethI arabI pAzA nAme lazkarI amaladAranI AgevAnI nIce paradezIone haThAvavAnI caLavaLa zarU thaI, I. sa. 1881. apaMtuSTa seniTenI sahAyathI teNe baM jagADayuM, ane Azare 50 yuropIaonI katala karAvI. aMgreja naukAsainya elekajhA iA para halle karI tene jamInadosta karI nAkhyuM. paraMtu aMgreja

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39 sainye Tela ela kabiranA yuddhamAM arakhI pAzAnA garva tene keda karI silena meAkalavAmAM AvyA. pharIthI sthapAI. A vigrahamAM phrAnsa taTastha rahyuM, eTale te 'bhAga ApavAnuM baMdha karavAmAM AvyuM. sudAnamAM yuddha : A prathama vigraha pUrA zamyA nahi, tyAM te khIjo vigraha ubhA thayA. sudAnanA vistIrNa pradezamAM ekAeka khaMDa UThayuM. tyAMnA eka dharmopadezake pAtAne ' mahAdI ' ( mahaMmada pegaMbaranA bhAvI avatAra ) tarIke oLakhAvI sarvatra musalamAnI amala sthApavAnI hAkala pADI. khedivanA julamI amala ane asahya karathI trAselA aneka utsAhI musalamAne tene AvI maLyA. khevei aMgreja senApati hikasane khaMDakhArAne zikSA ApavA dADAvyo. paraMtu i. sa. 1883mAM baMDakhorAe hikasanA sainyane evA dhANu vALye, ke aMgreja sarakAre sudAna khAlI karavAnI khedivane sUcanA ApI, ane misaranA rAjakAraNamAM hAtha dhAlavAnA nizcaya karyA. sudAnamAM bharAI paDelA misarI sainyane vyavasthita rIte pAchA AvavAnuM bhagIratha kArya gArDana nAmanA sAhasika, parAkramI, ane catura senApatine zire AvI paDayuM. gArDananuM mRtyu: i. sa. 1884mAM gArDane khAtuma jaI gheADuM ghaNuM sainya ravAnA karyuM. teNe dezamAM zAMti sthApavA mATe viSTi calAvavAnA prayatna karyo, paNa briTiza sarakAre temAM saMmati darzAvI nahi, eTale mahAdInA anuyAyIoe tene gherI levA mAMDayA. tAranAM deAraDAM teADI tene sarva vyavahAra baMdha karI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. gleDasTananA pradhAnamaMDaLe vicAramAM pAMca mAsa vyartha gALI A hINabhAgI saradArane kaMI sahAya mAkalI nahi. Akhare vulsIne sainya sahita ravAnA karavAmAM Avyo, paNa te veLAsara pahoMcI zakyA nahi; tenA AvatA pahelAM addabhuta dhairya ane sAhasapUrvaka 317 divasa sudhI zatruone haMphAvI Akhare te parAkramI saradAra zUrAne chAjatI rIte zatruone hAthe marAyA, I. sa. 1885. mahAdIne vaza karavAnA prayatne te samaye tajI devAmAM AvyA. kromaranI rAjyavyavasthAH sudAnamAM AvI paristhiti hAvA chatAM misaramAM navI sthiti nirmANa thaI. IMglenDanA sainyanI sahAyathI sattA TakAvI rAkhanAra khedivane tenA vinA cAle tema na hatuM. turka sulatAnane khaMDaNI utAryAM, i. sa. 1882. khevinI sattA dezamAM pachI tene vahIvaTamAM

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-40 bharavAnuM ane tenuM nAmanuM varcasva svIkAravAnuM cAlu rahevA chatAM misarano saMrakSaNane arthe rAkhavAmAM AveluM aMgrejI sainya, misarano Arthika vahIvaTa ane vyavahAra, e sarva aMgreja kensala janarala hai kremaranI IcchA pramANe cAlavA lAgyAM. te bhalA mutsaddIe dezamAMthI avyavasthA dUra karI nyAya, zikSaNa, ane kRSimAM yogya sudhArA karI dezanI samRddhi vadhAravAnA upAya yojI navIna yugane AraMbha karyo. AthI te " arvAcIna misarane vidhAtA" kahevAya che te yogya che. bIje sudAnavigrahara Ama aMgrejonI dekharekha nIce dezane vahIvaTa AvatAM temaNe arvAcIna paddhati pramANe misarI sainyane tAlIma ApavA mAMDI. AvA kasAelA sainyanI sahAyathI mahAdI pachI gAdIe AvelA khaliphA pAsethI sudAna pharIthI jItI levAno nirNaya karavAmAM Avya, I. sa. 1896. lorDa kicanara jevA kunehabAja ddhAne aMgreja ane misarI sainyanI saradArI ApavAmAM AvI. teNe I. sa. 1898mAM emaduramAnanA yuddhamAM khalikAnA sainyane sakhata hAra khavarAvI khArtuma kabaje karyuM. tyAra pachI sudAna aMgreja ane misaranA saMyukta amala nIce AvyuM. arvAcIna misara chellA yurepI mahAvigrahamAM khedi turkastAnane pakSa lIdhe, eTale IlenDa jAhera karyuM, ke misara turkastAnathI cheka svataMtra che, ane te amAruM saMrakSita rAjya che, I. sa. 1914. vigrahanI samApti pachI IglenDe e dezane svarAjya ApavAno nirNaya karyo, I. sa. 1922. have mAtra kepa-kere relave ane suejhanI naheranuM hita sacavAya tevA pradeze aMgrejonA adhikAramAM rAkhavAnuM TharAva karavAmAM Avyo che. mahAyuddhanI samApti pachI misaranuM svAtaMtrya svIkAravAmAM AvyuM; mAtra aMgrejone misara upara nAmano kAbu che. teo misaranI pararAjyo sAthenI nIti upara tathA 1. IMglenDane pUrvanA bIjA pradezo jude jude samaye maLyA che. 19mA saikAnA AraMbhamAM malAkA ane siMgApura maLyAM. I. sa. 1870-1896nA arasAmAM malAyA sTeTsa para aMgreja adhikAra sthapAya. I. sa. 1888mAM nairtha benio ane sevaka aMgrejonI dekharekha nIce AvyAM. I. sa. 1874mAM phijIdvIpa ane pesiphikamAMnA asaMkhya nAnA TApuo maLyA. cA. - - - -

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403 suejhanI naheranI vyavasthA upara dekharekha rAkhe che; chatAM jyAre kAnjharveTiva pakSa amalamAM hatA, tyAre pradhAnamaMDaLe misaranI AMtarika vyavasthAmAM mAthuM mAravA mAMDayuM. Ane pariNAme misaramAM azAMti ane asaMtaSa phelAyA. daramiAna ijipTanA hAI kamizanara lArDa lAIDe tyAM keTalIka DakhalagIrI karI. paraMtu IMglenDamAM majura sarakArane amala thaye, tyAre misara saMbaMdhI rAjanItimAM pheraphAra thayA. have AMtarika bAbatAmAM ijiptanuM svAtaMtrya svIkArAyuM, ane lArDa lAiDane rAjInAmuM ApavAnI pharaja paDI. agatyanI tavArIkha 1881 arakhI pAzAnuM bhaMDa 1885 gArDananuM mRtyu 1898 emaduramAnanuM yuddha 1922 misarane svAtaMtrya maLyuM, prakaraNa 15muM sAmrAjyamAM svarAjya 1. keneDA i. sa. 1783mAM amerikAnAM saMsthAne svataMtra thayAM, tenuM kAraNa IMglenDanI temanA pratyenI rAjanIti hatuM. i. sa. 1783nI varselsanI saMdhi pachI IMglenDanI saMsthAnA pratyenI nIti badalAI. e sAthe saMsthAnA samRddha thayA pachI saheje teo mAtRbhUmithI chuTAM paDI javAnAM evA mata cAlavA lAgyA. vepArI svataMtratA ApyA pachI teo mAtra svArtha jue che, ethI saMsthAne sthApavAmAM lAbha nathI, ane temanA saMrakSaNa mATe naukAsainya rAkhavuM e nANAMne durvyaya karavA jevuM che, evA mata prabaLa thavAthI saMsthAne viSe dezamAM udAsInatA AvI. have saMsthAnAnA maMtrInI jagA kamI karI tenA vahIvaTa yuddha khAtAne sAMpavAmAM Avyo. amerikAnAM amuka saMsthAnA svataMtra thayA pachI kaeNneDA, grupa briTana, nAvAkAziA, nyUmransavika, prinsa eDavarDa eTa Adi IMglenDanA tAbAmAM rahyA, ane svataMtra saMsthAnAmAMthI paNa IMglenDanA adhikAra nIce rahevA icchanArA aneka loko A prAMtAmAM jaI vasyA. vizeSe karIne keneDAmAM aMgreja vastInuM pramANa vadhavA lAgyuM. ..

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- - kejo pAsethI keneDa jItI lIdhA pachI I. sa. 1774mAM sAM nI cAnI phenca prajAne remana kethalika dharmamAM, AcAravicAramAM, ane rAjyanA dhaTanAmAM ke kAyadAmAM pheraphAra nahi karavAnuM vacana ApyuM. te pachI aMgrejo pANInA relAnI peThe AvI kAyamI vasavATa karavA lAgyA, eTale temanI ane cenI vacce dharma, vicAra, Adi aneka viSayamAM matabheda paDyo. AvI sthitimAM samAdhAna ANavA mATe taruNa pide i. sa. 1790mAM kAyade karI keneDAne "uttara" ane "dakSiNa" evA be bhAga pADavA. mukhyatve karIne uttara keneDAmAM aMgrejo ane dakSiNa keneDAmAM phense rahe e nirNaya thayo. A baMne prAMtane pratinidhi-sabhA ApavAmAM AvI. paraMtu gavarnara tene javAbadAra na hovAthI te mAtra zebhAnI rahI, eTale keTalIka veLA che thatA. pachI uttara prAMtamAM aMgrejoe vepAra AdimAM jabarI pragati karI, paNa evI bAbatomAM ajANyA phenca jevA ne tevA rahyA. chevaTe uttara amerikAnAM bIjAM saMsthAnamAM keneDA jevI rAjyapaddhati dAkhala karavAmAM AvI. paraMtu A rAjyapaddhatithI aMgrejo ane phence vacceno saMbaMdha sudharyo nahi. uttara keneDAnA aMgrejo vadhAre rAjakIya hakanI mAgaNI karavA lAgyA, ane I. sa. 1837mAM nAnuM sarakhuM baMDa thayuM. lazkarI kAyadAnI sahAyathI baMDa dabAvI devAmAM AvyuM, paNa saMsthAnIonI sthitine abhyAsa karI temane anukULa thAya evI yojanA taiyAra karavA lairDa DarahAma nAme udAracitta ane pravINa mutsaddIne mokalavAmAM Avyo. teNe pitAnA mazahura nivedanamAM karelI sUcanA anusAra baMne prAMtine ekatra karI be dhArAsabhA sthApavAmAM AvI, ane e adhikArIone tenA javAbadAra banAvavAmAM AvyA. tyAra pachI tyAM AgagADI, tAra ane bIjA sudhArA dAkhala thatAM keneDAnI unnati thaI. tenA udyogI vatanIone dhIme dhIme phelAvo thaye, eTale tenuM rAjya vistAra pAmyuM. A sarva saMsthAne ekatra karI tenuM saMgaThita rAjya banAvavAnI pejanA I. sa. 1867mAM mUrta thaI. ethI kebeka, onTArio, nyabransavi, navA keziA Adi sarva saMsthAnene "keneDAnuM saMgaThita rAjya" banAvyuM, ane tenA para dekharekha rAkhavA mATe IlenDanA pradhAnamaMDaLe gavarnara janaralazrI, nImaNuka karI. pararAjyanuM ane sAmrAjyanA prazno sivAya bIjI bAbatamAM *'..

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temane svAtaMtrya ApavAmAM AvyuM. gavarnara janarala ane tenA maMtrImaMDaLane sahAya karavA mATe tyAM samasta dezanA matadAroe mekalelA "pratinidhionI sabhA" (The House of Commons ) ane pratyeka prAMtanA pratinidhionI banelI "seneTa" evI be prakAranI rAjasabhA hoya che. pratyeka prAMtamAM AvI javAbadAra rAjyapaddhatinI vyavasthA dAkhala karavAmAM AvI che. I. sa. 1870mAM manibA prAMta, I. sa. 1871mAM briTiza kelibiA, ane i. sa. 1872mAM prinsa eDavarDa beTa keneDAmAM bheLavI devAmAM AvyA. Ama saMyukta keneDAnuM svataMtra saMsthAna thatAM lokonI unnati jhapATAbaMdha thavA lAgI. potAnA kinArAnuM rakSaNa karavA ane IMglenDanA naukAsainyane sahAyarUpa thavA mATe I. sa. 1909mAM keneDAnI sarakAre lazkarI jhAjo bAMdhavAno TharAva karyo che. I. sa. 1885mAM "keneDiana pesiphika relave" baMdhAvAthI tyAMnA vepArane ane khetIne sAre vega maLyo che. prerIno ghAsavALo pradeza ghauMnAM khetarothI suzobhita ane samRddha banyo che. - 2. osTreliA : sattaramA saikAnA pUrvArdha pahelAM TAzmana nAmanA valadAe nyUjhIlenDa ane osTreliAnA pUrva kinArAnI zodha karI, tyArathI cheDe samaya A deza nyU helenDa" nAme oLakhAyo. tyAra pachI Dempiyara nAmanA aMgreja nAvike A pradezamAM pravAsa karyo, paNa ATale dUra saMsthAnI sthApavAnI konI pachAtI cAle? aDhAramA saikAmAM kepTana jemsa kuka nAme sAhasika nAvike pisiphika mahAsAgaramAM saphara karavA mAMDI. teNe oNsTreliAnA pUrva kinArA para pravAsa karyo ane bIje vakhate senDavica dvIpa zodhI kADho, paNa havAInA jaMgalI lekee tene vadha karyo. I. sa. 1779. paraMtu tenA maraNa pahelAM - teNe pUrva osTreliAne aMgreja mulaka tarIke gaNAvavA mAMDyo hato, eTale teNe zodhelA bhAgane "nyU sAutha velsa nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM. saMsthAno sthApavA pratye prasarelI sAmAnya bedarakArIne lIdhe te samaye prajAe Adeza pratye lakSa ApyuM nahi. paraMtu amerikAnAM saMsthAno gayA pachI kALA pANInI sajA pAmelA kedIone have kyAM mekalavA, e vikaTa prazra sarakAra samakSa

Page #417
AvatAM tenuM dhyAna A navA mulaka para cUMTayuM. . sa. 1788mAM kepTana philipa sainike ane kedIothI bhareluM vahANa laI "beTanI be'nA jekazana baMdaramAM dAkhala thayo, ane tyAM kedIonuM nAnuM gAma vasyuM. tenuM nAma siDanI pADavAmAM AvyuM. tyArapachI dezanikAlanI sajA pAmelA kedIonAM aneka jUtha A dezamAM utaryA. temAMnA ghaNAkharA pitAnI mudata pUrI thaI jAya, tyAre svadeza pAchA na jatAM ahIM khetI karI gujarAna calAvatA. nepoliyana jenAM yuddhonI samApti pachI dezamAM prasarelI bekArIne lIdhe aneka kuTuMba navAM saMsthAnamAM pitAnuM bhAgya ajamAvI jovA AvyAM. sarakAre vastI vadhAravAnI AzAe mabadalo lIdhA vinA temane jamIna ApavA mAMDI. I. sa. 1829mAM aMgrejoe samagra khaMDa pitAne tAbe karI lIdhuM. temAM vaLI dezanA mULa vatanIonI saMkhyA alpa hatI, eTale navA saMsthAnIone yuddha vinA vasavATa karavAnuM sukha maLyuM. dhIme dhIme kavInsalenDa, vikaToriA, pazcima osTreliA, ane TAsmAniAnAM saMsthAnonI sthApanA thaI. temAM vasavA AvelA svataMtra AgaMtukee tyAM gunegArone mokalavAnuM baMdha karavA mATe sarakArane vinati karavA mAMDI. krame krame sarakAre I. sa. 1868 sudhImAM dIo mokalavAnuM sarvathA baMdha karI dIdhuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa oNsTreliAne vikAsa karavAnI yojanAmAM teNe samabhAva darzAvavA mAMDe. dehAMtadaMDathI utaratI sajA pAmelAone niyamamAM rAkhanArI rAjyavyavasthA kevI hoya che paraMtu jema jema udyogI ane svataMtra saMsthAnIo vadhatA gayA, tema tema lazkarI rAjyapaddhati baMdha karI lokone rAjakArabhAramAM bhAga Apavo joIe, evo prajAmata thavA lAgyo. te samaye saMsthAnA AMtara vahIvaTamAM bane teTale ocho hastakSepa karavAnI nIti IlenDe svIkAravA mAMDI hatI, eTale i. sa. 1850nA arasAmAM dhArAsabhA sthApI tene hastaka dezanI jamIna mUkavAmAM AvI. A samaye nyU sAutha velsa ane vikToriAmAM sonAnI khANo maLI AvI. jagatabharamAM A samAcAra prasarI gayA, ane asaMkhya mANaso dhanavAna thaI javAnI sonerI AzAe oNsTreliAmAM utarI paDayA. kArakunoe kacerIo choDI, khalAsIoe vahANa choDayAM, kheDutee jamIna ane ejAra vecI nAkhyAM, ane e sarva navA dezamAM

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405. vasavA cAlyA. senuM te maLyuM nahi; mAtra ceDA leke mAladAra thayA. paraMtu navA AvelA udyamI le ke tyAM vasI gayA, eTale dezamAM khetI vadhI, ane tethI samRddhi paNa vadhI. e sAthe siDanI, eDeleDa ane mena jevAM samRddha nagara vasyAM. gheTAMnA ucherane udyoga jANe navo avatAra pAmyo, ane pAMca varSamAM vastI bamaNI thaI gaI. tAra ane AgagADI dezamAM thayAM, eTale pratyeka saMsthAna samRddha thavA lAgyuM. pachI pratyekane keneDA jevuM svarAjya ApavAmAM AvyuM. I. sa. 1900mAM A sarva saMsthAnonuM saMyukta saMsthAnA sthApavAno kAyado karavAmAM AvyuM. I. sa. 1901mAM samrA paMcama jyorja (prinsa oNva velsa tarIke) A navA saMsthAnanI navI pArlamenTanI pahelI beThaka khulI mUkI navIna rAjyapaddhatine gati ApI hatI. cIna ane jApAna jevA dezonA lekane eMsTreliAmAM AvI vasavAno meha joI bhaviSyanuM saMkaTa TALavAnI agamacetI vAparI temaNe eziAvAsIne vasavATa karavAnI manA karI che. keneDAnI peThe teNe AramAra taiyAra karI che. dezanA pratyeka yuvakane pharajiAta lazkarI zikSaNa levAnI vyavasthA A dezamAM hoya che. agatyanI tavArIkha I. sa. 1768 kepTana kUka osTreliAmAM gayo. osTreliAmAM suvarNa maLyuM. , , 1900 AraTreliAnuM saMyukta saMsthAna racAyuM. 3. nyUjhIlenDa TAsmana ane kepTana kUka nyUjhIlenDa jaI AvyA hatA, paNa I. sa. 1840 sudhI tyAM saMsthAnA sthApavAno prayatna karavAmAM Avyo na hato. nyUjhIlenDa esosiezana" nAmanA maMDaLanA prayAsathI eka vahANa mokalI kUkanI sAmudradhuni pAse uttara dvIpamAM piorTa nikalsana vasAvavAmAM AvyuM. dhIme dhIme te vasAhata veliMgTana paryata prasarI eTale tyAM mahArANI vikaToriAnI ANa pheravavAmAM AvI. i. sa. 1840mAM tyAMnA asala vatanI merIoe saMdhi karI jamInanI mAlikInA haka vinA bIjI bAbatamAM aMgrejonuM sArvabhaumatva svIkAryuM. pachI eMkalenDa, nelsana, oreMge, ane , , 1850

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406 kenTarabarInI krame krame sthApanA thaI. A sarve saMsthAnomAM AsTrelinI peThe jamIna maphata na ApatAM vecANuthI ApI tenAM upajelAM nANAMnA rastA, pUla, vagere bAMdhavAmAM upayoga karavAmAM AvyeA. i. sa. 1854mAM nyUjhIlenDamAM javAbadAra rAjyapati dAkhala karavAmAM AvI, eTale tenI uttarAttara pragati thavA lAgI. i. sa. 186070 daramiAna saMsthAnIne meerI leAkeA joDe vigraheA karavA paDayA, paNa pAchaLathI samAdhAna karavAmAM AvyuM. e catura, buddhizALI praznane aMgrejo jeTalA haka ApI veliMgTananI pArlamenTamAM pratinidhi meAkalavAnA haka ApavAmAM AvyA. tyArapachI tyAMnAM nAnAM saMsthAnA joDAI gayAM. kaeNneDA ane AsTreliAnI mAphaka i. sa. 1907mAM nyUjhIlenDe saMsthAnika svarAjya meLavyuM. 4. dakSiNa AphrikA AphrikAnI dakSiNe AvelI kepa Av guDa hopanI zeAdha porTugIjha lekAe karI hatI, paNa tenI upayogitA temane mana bahu vasI nahotI. pachI valaMdAoe pUrvanA dezA joDe vepAra karavAmAM anukULatA thAya evI AzAe i. sa. 16paramAM tyAM peAtAnuM thANuM nAkhyuM, eTale dhIme dhIme temanI vastI vadhavA lAgI. aDhAramA saikAnA aMtamAM phrAnsanA rAjyaviplava samaye nepoliyane hAlenDane vaza karI A saMsthAna paDAvI lIdhuM, paNa tenI pAsethI te aMgrejone hastaka AvyuM. zarUAtamAM aMgrejoe tyAM vasavAne vicAra karyAM nahi; temane mana te hiMda jatAM AvatAM anAja, pANI levA mATe e sthaLa anukULa hatuM. te pradezamAM habasI, heTenTeTa, meTAsa, ane kAphara nAme jaMgalI jAtA rahetI hatI. je Daca kheDuta (meare!) tyAM vasatA hatA, teo paNa junA ane sAMkaDA vicAranA hatA. temaNe jaMgalI leAkeAne peAtAnA gulAma banAvyA hatA. Ama navA AvanAra aMgrejo ane temanA AcAravicAramAM bahu bheda hatA, eTale temanI joDe sArA saMbaMdha rahe e saMbhavita na hatuM. kApharAnI saMkhyA adhika hatI; te DhAraDhAMkhara upADI jatA, ane phya kheDutane aneka rIte trAsa ApI kAyara karatA. paraMtu aMgreja sarakAre rajabhuta hAthe kAma laI AvI dhADA baMdha pADI, ane gunegArAne pakaDIne sakhata sajA karavA mAMDI, tyAM sudhI badhuM ThIka cAlyuM. temaNe 'dInabaMdhu'

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407 vilbaraphersanI preraNAthI thaelA gulAmagIrInA kAyadA anusAra I. sa. 1833mAM sAmrAjyamAM sarva gulAmane mukti ApI. paNa e vAta beane gamI nahi. alabata, kAyadA pramANe gulAmane mukta karavAthI temane thatA nukasAnane badale ApavAmAM AvyuM, chatAM temaNe pikAra uThAvya, ke e badale pUre tRtIyAMza paNa nathI, ane A te amArA para anyAya thavA beThe che. I. sa. 1828mAM thaelA kAyadA pramANe tyAMnA paradezIone yurepI leka jeTalA rAjakIya haka ApavAmAM AvyA, tethI kopAyamAna thaI gaelA. ane baLatAmAM ghInI Ahuti ApavA jevuM lAgyuM. are emAM mAnatA ke ame ucca chIe, mATe e luccA, dhADapADu, hatyArA jaMgalIone amArA samAna gaNavAmAM aMgrejo amAruM apamAna kare che. aMgrejone hAthe AvuM apamAna sahI levA karatAM potAnuM svataMtra saMsthAnA sthApavuM, evo nizcaya karI I. sa. 1836mAM aneka beare pitAnAM strIputrAdika, DhoraDhAMkhara, gADAM, bAIbala, ane baMduke laIne sthaLAMtara karavA. lAgyA. A pramANe asala vatana choDI navA dezamAM prayANa karavAno banAva. itihAsamAM mahAna sthaLAMtara"(The Great Trek)nA nAmathI mazahura. che. teo uttaramAM prasaryA. temAMnA keTalAka parvata oLaMgI nAtAlamAM utaryA, ane keTalAka erenja ane vAla nadI vaccenA pradezamAM jaI vasyA. bIjA keTalAka vAlanI pele pAra jaI pahoMcyA. A saMsthAnane "TrAnsavAla" nAma: ApavAmAM AvyuM. I. sa. 1843mAM nAtAla briTiza sAmrAjyamAM jeDI: devAmAM AvyuM, ane bAkInAM benI svataMtratA svIkAravAmAM AvI. aMgrejo temanI rAjyavyavasthAmAM hAtha ghAlaze nahi ema beare dhAratA hatA; kadAca emanI dhAraNA kharI paDI hota, paNa eka navI paristhiti utpanna thatAM. aMgrejone potAnI nIti badalavI paDI. daramiAna aneka navA aMgreja kepa kelenamAM vasavA AvyA, ane cheka erenja nadI sudhI prasarI gayA. bIjI bAjue erenja phI sTeTanI pUrve vasatA kulu nAme sAhasika jAtinA yoddhAo joDe be ane vAraMvAra yuddha karavAnA ane temane trAsa veThavAnA prasaMgo AvatA. sarva saMgane vicAra karI aMgreja sarakAre TrAnsavAla khAlasA karyuM, I. sa. 1877. have

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408 jhulu ane aMgrejo vacce yuddha jAgyuM. temAM keTevA nAme jhulu senApatie IsanadhallAnA pAse aMgrejone parAbhava karyo. paraMtu gheDA samayamAM UlUnDI pAse aMgrejoe jhuluone pUrI hAra khavarAvI, eTale teo aMgrejone zaraNe gayA. " prathama beara vigrahaH jhuluone harAvyA, eTale aMgrejone TrAnsavAla kabaje rAkhavAnuM kAraNa rahyuM nahi. aremAM asaMtoSa thavA lAge, eTale temaNe I. sa. 1881mAM baMDa karyuM. aMgreja sainya laMjhaneka ane mAjubAnI TekarInAM yuddhamAM hAryuM. A samaye IglenDamAM pradhAnapade AvelA glaeNDasTane temane svAtaMtrya ApyuM, I. sa. 1884. svataMtra TrAnsavAlanA prajAsattAka rAjya pramukha pAla phugara aMgrejone kaTTo ThelI thaze. tenI IcchA aMgrejone dakSiNa AphrikAmAMthI hAMkI kADhI pitAnuM rAjya baLavAna ane moTuM banAvavAnI hatI. paraMtu sesila heDajha nAme AphrikAmAM sthAyI thaele rAjadvArI nara AphrikAno bane teTale bhAga aMgrejonI ANa nIce mUkavAnA prayatna karatA hatA. AvI sthitimAM I. sa. 1883mAM TrAnsavAlamAM sonAnI khANa maLI AvatAM tenI AMtara dazA badalAI gaI. jehAne arga nAme nagara samRddha thayuM, ane te prAMtamAM eTalA leke AvyA, ke boare karatAM AvA paradezIonI saMkhyA vadhI gaI. phugare A navIna AgaMtuke (Uitlanders) pratye kaDaka nIti rAkhI temane dezanA rAjyavahIvaTamAMthI dUra rAkhyA; temane matAdhikAra ApavAmAM Avyo nahi. senA para eTalA bhAre kara nAkhavAmAM AvyA, ke rAjyanuM lagabhaga badhuM kharca temAMthI cAle. saMkhyA, AcAra, saMskRti ane saMpattimAM beara karatAM ATalI zreSThatA chatAM pitAne matAdhikAra nahi, e vAtathI yuropI lekane lAMchana lAgavA mAMDayuM. temanI ane bearanI vacce aneka veLA aneka bahAne TaMTA thayA. Akhare baMDa karavAnI khAnagI goThavaNa paNa thaI. paraMtu AvA baMDanI kaI nizcita yojanA ghaDAI nahi. netAomAM matabheda paDyoH mAtra DaoNkaTara jemsane 600 ghoDesavAro sahita TrAnsavAla para chApe mAryo. cAra divasamAM te keda pakaDA, eTale baMDane aMta Avyo. aMgrejo ane boane saMbaMdha vadhAre kaDavo thaye, sesila raheDage kepa kelenInA pradhAnapadanuM rAjInAmuM ApyuM, ane jarmana samrATe phugarane dhanyavAdano

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489 saMdeza mokalyA. AvI vikaTa sthitimAM saMsthAna khAtAnA pradhAna cembarleIne samAdhAna mATe aneka prayatno karyA, paNa kugare durAgraha to nahi. have aMgreje ane be are vacce yuddha thaze, e nizcita thaI gayuM. I. sa. 1899mAM vigraha jAhera thaye, temAM erenja phI sTeTa TrAnsavAla jeDe maLI gayuM. bIje boara vigrahaH boaranI gupta taiyArIo kyAranI cAlatI hatI. teo zUrA, sAhasika, capaLa, ane sarva pradezanA mAhItagAra hatA, eTale AraMbhamAM aMgreje aneka ThekANe hAryA. temanI pAse pUratuM sainya na hatuM, tyAM taiyArI hoyaja kyAMthI ? AthI leDI smitha, kibala ane mekiMgamAM aMgreja sainya satvara gherAI gayAM. paraMtu vijayane garva berothI jIravAyo nahi. temane ghaNAM rAjyoe dhanyavAda Apyo, paNa sainya to kyAMthI AvyuM nahi. AphrikAnA kinArA para pharatAM aMgrejI vahANee bIjAM yuropI rAjyonI sahAya AvavA dIdhI nahi. A uparAMta prathama vigrahamAM aMgrejoe jaladI namatuM ApyuM, e joI boaro temanA zauryanI kiMmata AMkI zakyA nahatA, eTale tiraskAramAM A vakhate paNa pramAdI rahyA. A taraphathI IlenDe svayaMsevakane hAkala pADI eTale mAtRbhUminI bhIDanI vasamI veLAe keneDA, nyUjhIlenDa, ane TreliAnAM sainya vahAra karavA AvI pahoMcyAM. aphaghAnistAnamAM nAmanA pAmele laoNrDa basa senApati nimAyo, ane lorDa kicanara sudAnamAMthI chuTo thatAM sahAyaka tarIke jaI maLyo. aMgrejoe be are para AkramaNa karI temane ghere uThAvI levA pharaja pADI, ane bhUkhe maratAM aMgreja sainyone jIvitadAna ApyuM. te pachI kuDasabarganA yuddhamAM bearane harAvI blamaphenTena ane prITeriA jItI levAmAM AvyAM. Akhare phugara deza choDI helenDanAsI gaye, paNa haju bearee namatuM na ApyuM. have temaNe aMgrejonI yuddhasAmagrI ane bhajanasAmagrI para ocita chApa mArI tene lUMTavA ke bALavA mAMDI. lairDa rabasa I. sa. 1900mAM pAcho pharyo, eTale pachInAM be varSa lairDa kicanarane bethA ane DI veTa jevA sAhasika ddhAo joDe paiyethI vigraha calAvavo paDyo. paraMtu Akhare boaro thAkyA, kaMTALyA, hAryA, ane i. sa. 1902nA juna mAsamAM saMdhi karavA taiyAra thayAM. prITeriAnI saMdhithI baMne svataMtra saMsthAne sAmrAjyamAM joDI devAmAM AvyAM.

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16. yuddha pUrNa thayA pachI dezamAM sthiratA ane vyavasthA ANavA mATe dvAI mirane nImavAmAM Avyo. traNa varSanI dekharekha pachI I. sa. 1906mAM adhikAramAM AvelA libarala pradhAnamaMDaLe A saMsthAnone svarAjya ApyuM. kepa kelenI ane nAtAla te aMgreja adhikAramAM rahyAM hatAM, paNa temanA che. koMgo koliMgAne a Illulil:/// VIII (J) nai. A kri kA - nyA nImabI che te - bila = 9 jAna leDo mIjhululenDa ja IsanadhavavAnA1 ) Jbana kepa o guDa / kepaTAunanA avijhAbetha dakSiNa AphrikA.. - - - vepAra, udyoga, relave, ane samAjanI pragatine mATe e sarva saMsthAnone eka karI devAnI lejanA I. sa. 1908mAM vicAravAmAM AvI. pArlamenTe tene saMmati ApI, eTale I. sa. 1909mAM kepa guDa hopa, nAtAla, TrAnsavAla, ane erenja phI sTeTanuM dakSiNa AphrikAnuM "saMyukta rASTra

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sthApavAmAM AvyuM. e saMsthAnonI saMyukta pArlamenTa khullI mUkavAne samAraMbha DabUka oNva konaTane hAthe thayA hatA. I. sa. 1914nA vigraha daramiAna adhIrA boae greTabriTana viruddha baLavo jagADavAnA prayatno karyA, paNa suvikhyAta boara senApati luI bAthAnI daDha nItine lIdhe sarva prayatna vyartha gayA. . sa. 1927mAM dakSiNa AphrikAe "yuniyana jaika"ne badale rASTradhvaja caDAvavAnI caLavaLa upADI; paNa temAM IlenDe chevaTe samAdhAna karyuM, ane evuM TharAvyuM ke agatyanA prasaMge baMne dhvajA caDAvavA. agatyanI tavArIkha 1486 kepa oNv guDa hopanI zodha ! 1899 bIje boara vigraha 1836 beaonuM sthaLAMtara : 1909 dakSiNa AphrikAnuM saMyukta saMsthAne racAyuM. prakaraNa 16muM AyarlenDano itihAsa ApaNe joI gayA ke lirikanI saMdhine bhaMga karI TuarTa rAjAonA pakSakAra ketholikane raMjADavAmAM AvyA. temane vidyApIThamAMthI dUra karavAmAM AvyA, jamIna kharIdatA aTakAvavAmAM AvyA, ane proTesTanTa joDe lagnavyavahAra karavAnI manA karavAmAM AvI. Ama proTesTanTa sabhyonI banelI pArlamenTa dezanI ! jeTalI kethalika prajA viruddha kaDaka kAyadAo karI teno sakhata amala karyo. dhArmika viSayomAM paNa ketholika upara aNaghaTatuM dabANa thayuM. jarja 1lAnA samayamAM evo kAyado thayo, ke IglenDane mATe thaelA dhArA AyarlenDane paNa lAgu paDe che. AthI Ayariza pArlamenTanI nAmanI sattA paNa jatI rahI. AyarlanDano vahIvaTa karanArA amaladAre dezathI ajANyA hatA, ane teo IglenDanuM hita jotA hatA, amInI sabhAmAM ardha saMkhyA TesTanTa dharmAdhikArIonI hatI, AmanI sabhAmAM navI pArlamenTa kyAre

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412 maLe te mATe koI niyama na hatA, eTale te dezanI rAjyavyavasthA asaMtoSakAraka rIte cAlatI. temAM aMgreja vepArIo IrSyAthI AyarlenDanA vepAraudyogamAM bane teTalI aDacaNa nAkhatA. cArlsa bIjAnA amalamAM gheTAMbakarAM ke Dhera IDalenDamAM AyAta karavAnI manA karavAmAM AvI, ane viliyama bIjAnA samayamAM taiyAra mAla IglenDa vinA bIjA dezomAM na vecavAnuM pharamAna thayuM. AthI AyarlenDane Unano udyoga naSTaprAya thaI gayo. nauyAnanA kAyadAe paNa AyarlenDanA vepArane phaTako mAryo. dhIme dhIme TesTanTane A vAta sAlavA lAgI, ane IMglenDathI AyarlanDane juduM pADavAnI vRtti uddabhavavA mAMDI. ethI 18mAM saikAnA AraMbhamAM aneka duHkhI ane garIba Ayarize svadeza tajI spena ane phrAnsa jaI vasyA. keTalAka te te dezanAM sainyamAM joDAyA, ane phAnsa tathA IglenDa vaccenA vigrahomAM te zUravIre IglenDanI viruddha laDayA. aDhAramuM sekaMH amerikAnA svAtaMtryavigraha daramiAna AyarlenDane nAmanI svataMtratA ApavAmAM AvI. phAnsa amerikAne sahAya karI, eTale koI paNa prasaMge te AyarlenDa para AkramaNa karaze, evo bhaya Ayarizane rahyA karato. AthI dezanuM rakSaNa karavA ane phrAnsano bhaya TALavA sarva paMthanA leke matabheda choDI ekatra thayA, ane apUrva svArthatyAgathI svayaMsevakonI TukaDIo taiyAra karI. je ke sarakAre temAM sahAya na ApI, paNa prasaMganI gaMbhIratA vicArI kazI harakta na karI. pachI saMsthAne svataMtra thayAM, eTale AyarizanA haiyAmAM jora AvyuM. amArI pArlamenTane svataMtra karI amArA udyoga uparanAM baMdhane rada karavAM joIe, ema teo eka mate pikArIne kahevA lAgyA. pachI henarI greTana nAmanA catura AgevAne laData upADI, ane tethI karIne I. sa. 1780mAM AyarlenDanA vepAra uparanAM baMdhane rada thayAM. pachI I. sa. 1492mAM thaelo piyarnijhano kAyade rada karI pArlamenTane svAtaMtrya ApavAmAM AvyuM, I. sa. 1782. A pachI sudhArAvadhArA karavAnI jarUra nathI, ema DablinanA sarakArI adhikArIo kahevA lAgyA, tema chatAM kAryakuzaLa greTane vadhu sudhArA meLavavAnI laData cAlu rAkhI.

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413 phrAnsanA rAjyaviplavamAM samAnatA, svataMtratA, ane baMdhutAnA pAkAre AyarlenDa upara ajaba asara karI. ArizAe e banAvane vadhAvI lIdhA.. ane phrAnsanI rAjyadhaTanAne Adarza gaNI keTalAka adhIrA Ayarizane IMglenDa joDenA saMbaMdha teADavAnI kapanA thaI. ethI temaNe eka uddAma pakSa sthApyA. vulpheTana nAmanA jvalaMta dezabhaktinA AvezavALA gRhasthe romana ketholika ane alsTaranA presTiTiriyanane samajAvI 'saMgaThita Ayariza lAka' (United Irishmen) ne pakSa racyA, i. sa. 1791. tenI lAkapriyatAne lIdhe sabhyAnI saMkhyA taDAmAra vadhavA lAgI. preATesTanTAe 'erenjamena' nAme maMDaLa sthApI A pakSane bane teTalA virodha karavA mAMDaye. Akhare mukhya pradhAna piTTane lAgyuM, have kaMika thavAnI jarUra che. teNe bane teTalA prayatna karIne ketheAlikAne matAdhikAra ApavAne kAyadA Ayariza pArlamenTa pAse karAvyA. pachI tee sabhAsada thavA devAnI mAgaNI kema na kare? phijha viliyama nAme AyarlenDanA udAra vAisarAyane tema karavA devAnA mata hatA, paNa AyarlaeNnDamAM preTesTanTa ane sarakArI amaladArAnA saMyukta virAdhane lIdhe tene namyuM ApIne deza cheADavA paDayA. chevaTe vulphaTAnanA sAthIee AyarlenDamAM khaMDa jagADI phrencAnI sahAya mAgI. AthI 1,40,000 sainikAthI bharelAM 43 phrenca hAjo i. sa. 1795mAM AyarlaeNnDa javA nIkaLyAM. rastAmAM temane teAphAna naDayuM, ane eka paNa phrenca baccA AyarlaeNnDane kinAre utaravA pAmyA nahi. khaMDa khesI gayuM, paNa cIDAelA preTesTanTe e 'erenjamena' nAme navA saMdha racI kethelikA sAme kamara kasI, eTale dezanI sthiti vikaTa thaI gaI. temAM alsTaranA leAkeAne niHzastra karavAnuM sarakArI pharamAna nIkaLyuM. ethI dezamAM khaLabhaLATa thaI rahyo, ane i. sa. 1798mAM je baLavA phATI nIkaLyo, temAM jamInadAro joDAyA. lokeAne potAnI aneka phariyAdane nirNaya karI leveA hateA. temane preTesTanTa dharmAlayeA mATe kara ApavA bhAre paDatA hatA, ane pArlamenTanI sudhAraNA tathA dhArmika chUTa joItI hatI. IMglenDathI chuTA paDavA mATe A saMdhisamaya che ema teo mAnatA. sarakAre kaDaka upAye vaDe khaMDanI jvALAne sarvatra pharI vaLatAM aTakAvI. Ayaraze tAlIma ke sAdhana vinAnA hatA, temanAmAM parasparano

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44 sahakAra joIe tevA na hatA, ane temanI sAmAnya prajA udAsIna rahI hatI, eTale sarakAranuM kArya saraLa thaI paDayuM. alsTaranA leAkAne niHzastra karI tyAM lazkarI kAyadeA jAhera karavAmAM AvyA. chevaTe aMkhArAnA mukhI eDavarDa phiTajharAlDane pakaDavAmAM AvyuM. nyU rAsa ane vinegAra hilanAM yuddhomAM baMDakhArAne yeAgya daMDa devAmAM AvyA. gheADA samayamAM zAMti prasarI.1 piTTane lAgyuM ke AyarlenDa joDe snehabhAva keLavavA mATe temaja kaeNtheAlikA ane proTesTanTA vaccenA dveSane nAza karavA mATe greTabriTana ane AyarlenDa eka thaI javAM joIe. baMnemAMthI kAI dharmavALAne A vAta rucatI na hatI, paNa maMtrIe proTesTanTa sabhyAne umarAvapada ane bheTAnI lAlaca ApIne tathA kathAlikAne dhArmika nimaMtraNa dUra karavAnuM vacana ApIne peAtAnA pakSamAM meLavI lIdhA. daramiAna I. sa. 1800mAM baMne dezAne joDI devAnA kAyade thayeA. e kAyadAthI AyarlaeNnDane 4 dharmAdhikArI ane 28 amIre maLI 32 sabhyAne amIra sabhAmAM, ane 100 sabhyA AmanI sabhAmAM mekalavAnA haka maLyA. vaLI baMne dezeA vacce niraMkuza vepAra karavAnI chUTa mUkavAmAM AvI. ogaNIsamuM sakuM: hajIe ketheliko paranAM baMdhane rada karavAnA ane jamInanA vikaTa praznonA nirNayo bAkI rahyA. 19mA saikAmAM briTiza .pArlamenTa samakSa Ayariza prazna vAraMvAra AvavA lAgyA. i. sa. 1829, 1834, 1846, ane 1886mAM pradhAnamaMDaLeA badalAyAM, te sarva AyarlaeNnDanA prazna para matabheda thavAne lIdhe hatuM. Deniyala AkAnelaH vATaluMnA yuddhamAM nepeliyanane parAjya thayA pachI 30 varSa sudhI AyarlaeNnDanA rAjakAraNamAM Deniyala ekeAnela nAme suprasiddha kathAlika dhArAzAstrI agresara hatA. peAtAnA vakatRtva, vakrokti ane 1. khaMDakhArA hAryA, chatAM temanI dezapremanI bhAvanA utkaTa hatI, e ni:saMzaya che. te bhAvanAnI kadara karatAM eka kavi lakhe che ke-- They rose in dark and evil days, To right their native land: They kindled here a living blaze, That nothing shall withstand. :Alas! that might can conquer right, They fell and passed away; But true men, like you men, Are plenty here to-day, ] . J. K. Ingram

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415 "vine daMmaya chaTAthI janasamAja para te uDI asara karato. teNe pArlamenTamI sabhya thavAnI kethalikAnI kAyadesara apAtratA dUra karAvavA mATe "rAmana kethalika esiezana" nI sthApanA karI, I. sa. 1823. saMkhyAbaMdha Ayarize temAM joDAyA, ane tene TakAvI rAkhavA mATe niyamita nANAM ApavA lAgyA. ThAmaThAma tenI zAkhAo kADhI temaNe samagra dezane khaLabhaLAvI mUko. 'okonele gAmegAma sabhAo bharI bhASaNoddhArA lekene samajAvavA mAMDayuM, ke kethelikone mukti ApavAno mata dharAvatA hoya tevA sabhyone ApaNe mata Apavo. pachI te pote kethalika hovA chatAM kalera paragaNuM taraphathI umedavAra tarIke bahAra paDe, ane jyAM jyAM sabhyanI jagA khAlI paDe, tyAM pote umedavAra thavAnI IcchA darzAvavA lAgyA. lekee paNa tenI varaNI karI. AyarlenDamAM kethelikonA lAbhamAM bhayaMkara caLavaLa cAlI ane koI paNa vakhate prajA tophAna karI besaze, evo sarakArane bhaya lAge. AthI veliMgTananA TorI pradhAnamaMDaLe prajAmatane namatuM ApI I. sa. 1829mAM kethelikonI muktino kAyado pasAra karyo. kethelikone pAlamenTanA sabhya thavAmAM have bAdha 'rahyo nahi. pachI okenele proTesTanTa dharmAlayo viruddha caLavaLa upADI. 'kethelika prajAnI bahumatIvALA dezamAM anya paMthanuM dharmAlaya zA mATe nibhAvavuM joIe? loko te badala kara zA mATe Ape ? AvA AvA prazno upara teNe joradAra vyAkhyAno ApavA mAMDayAM. kaI kaI sthaLe kara bharanAra ane vasula karanAranAM khUna thayAM. higa pradhAnamaMDaLe AvAM tophAno zamAvavA mATe karelA kAyadAthI laDatane vega maLyo. paraMtu I. sa. 1853mAM lairDa meborna pradhAnapade AvatAM teNe okenela joDe viSTi calAvI gya nirNaya ANavAnuM vacana ApyuM, eTale caLavaLa narama paDI. karamAM sudhAre thaye, IlenDanI peThe garIbIno kAyado pasAra karavAmAM Avyo, ane garIbo parano bhAra jamInadAre para paDyuM. I. sa. 1841mAM pIla pradhAnapade AvatAM I. sa. 1800mAM AyalenDano IglenDa joDe thaelo sAga rada karAvavAnI caLavaLa ekenelane netRpade upaDI. Ayarizane svataMtra pArlamenTa sthApI pitAnA adhikArIo tene javAbadAra rahe evuM karavuM hatuM. ekanele svarAjya mATe sthaLe sthaLe pharI vyAkhyAno karavA mAMDayAM. ethI dezapremanI bharatI cakI,

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hajAra mANaso bhASaNa sAMbhaLavA ekatra thavA lAgyAM, ane sarakArane pratikAra zodhavAnI jarUra lAgI, eTale sabhAbaMdhIne hukama kADhI onalanI jaMgI sabhA teNe aTakAvI, I. sa. 1843. pIle tenA para rAjadrohI bhASaNa karavAno Aropa mUkI tene kArAgRhamAM meka, I. sa. 1844. amarenI sabhAe tene nirdoSa TharAvyuM, paNa have okAnelanI utaratI kaLA AvI. pIlanI joDe viSTimAM te name, eTale "taraNu AyarlenDa" nAme navA sthapAelA jahAla pakSe tene mukhI tarIke svIkAravAnI nA pADI. traNa varSa pachI A samartha dezasevaka trIsa varSanI akhaMDa sevA karIne maraNa pAme, I. sa. 1847. pheniana maMDaLaH daramiAna AyarlenDamAM pAka niSphaLa javAthI bhayaMkara dukALa paDe, eTale lekenI sthiti asahya thaI gaI. aneka lokone bhUkhamaro veThavAno vAro Avyo. asaMkhya leke maraNa pAmyA, ane keTalAka deza choDI amerikA jaI vasyA. sarakAre lekane sahAya ApI, paNa tenA niyamene lIdhe te pUratA pramANamAM apAI nahi. Ama bhUkhamaro ane videzavAsane lIdhe eka varSamAM vIsa lAkha manuSyonI vastI ghaTI. sarakAre garIbonA kalyANa arthe jamIna vecANano kAyado karyo, paNa tenuM pariNAma aniSTa AvyuM. navA jamInadAree junA bhADutone hAMkI kADhayA, eTale te lokonA peTagujArAnuM rahyuMsahyuM sAdhana nAza pAmyuM. dezamAM berojagArI vadhatAM daMgAphasAda thavA lAgyAM, eTale sarakArane ugra damananIti AdaravI paDI. AthI smitha ebrAyana nAmanA avicArI gRhasthanA agrapade sazastra rAjadrohI caLavaLa zarU thaI. tene satvara zamAvI devAmAM AvI, paNa dezamAM temaNe peluM vicAra bIja kAyama rahyuM, ane AyalenDamAM prajAsattAka rAjya sthApavAnA hetuthI kAntikAraka baMDakhoree . sa. 1859mAM pheniana maMDaLanI sthApanA karI. leDasTana ane Ayariza praznaH I. sa. 1869mAM glaeNDasTananA pradhAnapade AyarlenDa saMbaMdhI nItie navI dizA lIdhI. teNe i. sa. 1869mAM proTesTanTa dharmAla joDe sarakArI saMbaMdha baMdha karI bacata nANAMno bIje vyaya karavAno kAyado karyo. bIje varSe teNe jamInano kAyado karyo, I. sa. 1870. A kAyado thayA pahelAM khetaranA bhADutane jamInamAM khAtara nAkhavuM

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heya, sudhArA ke marAmata karavAM hoya, te patIkAM nANAM vAparavAM paDatAM; jamInadAra upajano bhAga laIne chuTa thaI jato. vadhAre upaja Ave tyAre te vadhAre bhAga mAgI zakata, paNa kharcamAM te bhAga Apate nahi. A upayaMta game tyAre bhADutane kADhI mUkI teNe karelA kharca badala tene badale Apa nahi havethI evuM kahyuM ke bhADutoe karelA kharca badala temane yogya badala Apa, ane kAraNa vinA temane rajA ApavI nahi. Ama anyAya dUra thayA chatAM Ayarize rIjhayA nahi, eTale vadhatA jatA asaMtoSane dAbI devA leDasTanane sakhatAInA kAyadA karavA paDyA. jhirAyelI nA pradhAnapadamAM amerikane mAtA ane Ayariza pitAne peTe janmelA cArlsa pAnele AgevAnI lIdhI. te IlenDathI AyarlenDane svataMtra karavAnAM svanAM sevato hato, eTale teNe i. sa. 1800no kAyade rada karAvyo. te AyarlenDamAM svataMtra pArlamenTa sthApavAno prayatna karavA lAgyo. AthI teNe pArlamenTamAM virodhanIti dhAraNa karIne AyarlenDa sivAyanA bIjA prakAmAM viddha nAkhavA mAMDayAM. jamInanA kAyadAmAM sudhArA karAvavA mATe jamIna-saMgha" ne pite sabhya banya, ane saMghanI nIti viruddha cAlanArane sAmAjika ane sajakIya bahiSkAra karavAno upadeza karavA lAgyo. daramiAna librala pradhAnamaMDaLa adhikAramAM AvyuM, eTale teNe AyarlenDanA praznane teDa kADhavAno nizcaya karyo. pArvelanA saMcalanane pariNAme I. sa. 1881mAM jamInane bIje kAyado karI jamInadArane bhADuM levAno adhikAra Ao tenA dara TharAvanArI judI adAlata sthApI, ane bhADuM, niyamita maLe tyAM sudhI jamInadAra bhAtane rajA ApI zake nahi tevuM baMdhana nAkhyuM. paraMtu, kemAM asaMtoSa prasarate gayo; koI koI jamInadAranAM khUna thayAM, ghara ane vakhAro bALavAmAM AvyAM ane bIjAone judI judI dhamakIo ApavAmAM AvI. AthI pArnelane keda karavAmAM AvyuM, paNa thoDA divasamAM pAcho choDI devAmAM AvyA. daramiAna lorDa pheDarika kevenDI nAme AyalenDanA maMtrInuM khUna thayuM. have glaeNDasTanane paNa A viSamaya daMge besADI devA mATe kaDaka kAyadA racavA paDayA. paraMtu paristhiti vikaTa thatI gaI. eTale te dezamAM zAMti sthApavAnA samabANa upAya tarIke sTine tene 27.

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218 svarAjya ApavAne kharaDo A, I. sa. 1886. Akhare libaraloka taDa paDayAM, ane cembaleIna ane brAITa glaeNDasTanane sAtha choDe; eTale glaeNDasTanane rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDayuM. pachI yunianisTa nAme na paNa sthapAya. I. sa. 1892mAM glaeNDasTane pharI adhikAramAM AvatAM eja khara raju karyo, paNa amIrae tene uDAvI dIdho. yunianisTa pakSe 1886thI 1892 sudhI ane 1895thI 1905 sudhI AyarlenDamAM kaDaka nIti rAkhI zAMti ANI. daramiAna pArnela eka khAnagI mukarjamAmAM pratiSThA khoI beThA, eTale tenA anuyAyIo ghaTayA, ane sarakArane pitAnA kAryamAM anukULatA maLI. e pachI reDamaMDa netAe caLavaLa AgaLa calAvavA mAMDI. te daramiAna AyalenDamAM keTalAka sudhArA dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA. AgagADInI navI saDako baMdhAI, I. sa. 1898mAM sthAnika svarAjyamAM sudhArA karavAmAM AvyA, ane i. sa. 1903nA kAyadAthI kheDutone jamInanI kharIdInA kAryamAM sugamatA karI ApavAmAM AvI.. 1. vIsamI sadIH svataMtra AyalenDa: gleDasTana I. sa. 1894mAM jAhera jIvanamAMthI vAnaprastha thayo. I. sa. 1906mAM libarale puna: adhikArapade AvyA, eTale temaNe pharIthI junA prazno upADayA. I. sa. 1912mAM eskivaze AyalenDane svarAjya ApavAnA kAyadAno kharaDe pArlamenTamAM raju karyo. paraMtu yunianisTa pakSanA netA sara eDavarDa kArsane e kharaDAne virodha karI zastra upADavAnI dhamakI ApI. te kharaDo i. sa. 1912, 1913, 1914mAM AmanI sabhAmAM pasAra thayo, eTale te kAyado gaNAya; paNa yurepamAM bhayaMkara yAdavAsthaLI jAgavAthI tene amala thayo nahi. I. sa. 1916mAM DableinamAM baMDa thayuM. tene tarata zamAvI devAmAM AvyuM; paNa svarAjya pakSanuM jora ghaTayuM, ane svarAjya levA mATe sazastra caLavaLa karavAnI himAyata karanAra sinaphIna pakSanuM prAbalya thayuM. I. sa. 1917mAM maLelI pArlamenTamAM A pakSanI bahumatI thaI. eTale svarAjyavAdIo nirmAlyavata thaI gayA. I. sa. 1920 mAM AyarlenDanA dakSiNa (26 paragaNa), ' ja A pakSe la era-Dail Eireann) nAme svataMtra sabhA sthApI Ama

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410 ane "uttara" (6 paragaNAM evA be vibhAga pADavAmAM AvyA, ane bannene svataMtra pArlamenTa ApavAmAM AvI. IglenDa joDe saMbaMdha TakI rahevAthI khuzI thaelA uttaravAsIonI navI pArlAmenTa samrATu je svahaste khullI mUkI, i. sa. 1921. paraMtu dakSiNavAsIoe AvA vibhAga svIkAravAnI nA pADI, ane samagra deza mATe svarAjyanI mAgaNI sabhara cAlu rAkhI. dezamAM avyavasthA thaI rahI, ane raktapAta paNa thayuM. I. sa. 1921nA julAI mAsamAM sarakAre A praznane nirNaya karavAnuM kArya baMne vibhAganA ziSTa maMDaLane soMpyuM. DIsembara mAsamAM kolakarAra thayo, ane AyarlenDe briTananI nAvika surakSitatAmAM ADe na AvavAnI, Ayariza phI sTeTamAM bhaLavuM ke nahi te ahasTaranI IcchA para choDI devAnI, ane greTabriTanane rAjanika rahevAnI kabulAta ApI, eTale I. sa. 1922mAM Ayariza phI sTeTano kAyado pasAra thaze. A kAyadAthI briTiza sAmrAjyamAM svayaMsattAka saMsthAno jevo AyarlenDano darajajo TharAvavAmAM AvyuM, ane AyarlenDamAM rAjapratinidhi tarIke keneDAnI peThe gavarnara janarala nImavAnuM TharyuM. cAra pAMca saikAthI svAtaMtrya mATe prANu soMghA karanAra A zrerI prajAno svAtaMtryayajJa pUro thayo. tenA tapanI siddhi thaI. tene sAmrAjyamAM svarAjya maLyuM. I. sa. 1938nA jAnyuArinI 1lI tArIkhathI DI velerAe dezane Ayara' nAma ApI potAnA dezanI svataMtratA jagajAhera karI che. lenDane lokasattAka rAjya jAhera karyuM, ane DI velerAne adhyakSa nImyo. navI sarakArane A sabhAe kAma na leMgyuM, ane DI velerAe sazastra viSedha Adaryo. senApati kolinsa ane apakSa griphithanA maraNathI bAlarAjya upara saMkaTanI paraMparA AvI paDI. paraMtu navIna pramukha keeNve sinaphinare joDe laDavAnuM cAlu rAkhyuM. I. sa. 1923mAM te velerAnA pakSe zastro myAna karyuM, eTale te pachI rAjyavahIvaTa saraLa thayo.

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pUravaNI 1 -- - vartamAna jagata AjanA abhyAsIne vartamAna jagata tarapha dRSTi nAkhavAnI jarUra che. e mATe duniyAnA keTalAka AgaLa paDatA dezonI paristhitine vicAra karIe. na jarmanI: jarmana mahArAjyane pAye nAkhanAra mahAna mutsadI bismArka hato. teNe sTriAne praziAnA rAjya sAthe joDI daI Adhunika jarmana mahArAjyanuM saMgaThana karyuM. tyArabAda I. sa. 1870mAM phrAnsane harAvI bismArka mahAna sattA sthApI. kesaranA samayamAM sAta karoDa jarmana prajAthI bhalabhalI prajAe DaratI. mahAna yuddha pachI jarmana sattA toDI nAkhavAne phee banatuM karyuM. enA pradezamAM lazkara mUkyuM, enA moTA udyoge laI lIdhA, zastrabaMdhI karI enA lazkarane vikherI nAkhyuM, ane laDAInA kharca dabadala lAkho painDa vasula karI tene taddana nabaLuM banAvI dIdhuM. evAmAM hera hITalara nAmanA oNsTriana jarmane AnI sAme jhuDo upADe. eNe nAjhI pakSanI sthApanA karI. enA pakSamAM lAkha jarmane bhaLyA. te eTale te baLavAna banyuM ke teNe virodhI vartamAnapatro baMdha karyA; ane virodha pakSavALAone ane yAhudIone dezapAra karyA. chevaTe pArlamenTane svAdhIna banAvI te "saramukhatyAra' banyuM. teNe nAjhI pakSane muMDa pharakAvya, ane lazkara baLavAna banAvavA tarapha lakSa daryuM. pharIthI A naravIranI hAkathI jarmanI gAjavA lAgyuM. teNe i. sa. 1935nA mArcamAM varselsanA karAre toDI nAkhyA, daMDanA haptA bharavAnI cokakhI nA pADI, rASTrasaMghane phagAvI dIdhe, ane rahAInanA pradezamAM killebaMdhI karI. teNe sisTa ITalI ane porTugala sAthe maitrI karIne jApAna sAthe masalata karavA mAMDI. Ama jarmana prajAne punaruddhAra karI teNe pitAnAM gumAvelAM saMsthAno pAchA meLavavAnI mAgaNI karI che. - nAjhIvAda eTale eka saramukhatyAranuM rAjya. prajAne vikAsa ane rASTranI unnati eja enuM dhyeya. prajAnA vikAsane mATe teo paradezI

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422 nirbaLa prajAonuM joDANa dUra karavA mAge che. yuddhathI manuSya zaktizALI ane che, zAMtithI dezanI zakti nabaLI paDe che, ane ekaja rASTra nIce ekaja prazna hAya, teAja zAMti jaLavAya, ema teo mAne che. raziAnA sAmyavAda tarapha te dhRNAnI najare jue che. jarmanIe mahAna yuddha pachI sAnAnuM dhAraNa cheDayuM nathI. AthI tene vepAra eche. thaI gayA che. AyAta karatAM nikAsa vepAra A hAvAthI tenI Arthika sthitinuM trAjavuM samatela nathI. tene samatAla * anAvavA hera hITalara mathe che. vijJAna ane udyogAnI STie jarmanI meAkhare che, tenuM bhAvI ujjavaLa che, ema anumAna baMdhAya che. eTale hamaNAM rAjyanI samagra sattA hera hITalaranA hAthamAM che. teja kartAhartA manAya che. teNe peAlenDa sAthe saMdhi karI phrAnsane thApa ApI che. A baLavAna banatI prajA tarapha phrAnsa bhayanI najare nihALe che. jarmanI hamaNAM traNa dizAmAM pragati kare che. (1) sarvadezIya zastranI taiyArI, (2) khArAka ane kAcA mAla mATe pagabhara thavAnA prayatnA, (3) te madhya yuropa ke pUrva yureApamAM AgaLa vadhe, tAmeTAM rAjyeA vacce na paDe te viSene nirNaya. briTanane kAI rIte laDAInuM kAraNa nahi ApavAnI nItine jarmanI bahuja saMbhALapUrvaka anusare che. jarmanI tarapha briTananI sahAnubhUti spaSTa jaNAya che, ane tene lIdheja teNe i. sa. 1936mAM hAIna nadIno pradeza baje karI lIdhA che. ITalI: mahAna yuddha pahelAM ITalInuM rAjya kaMI gaNatarImAM nahetuM. tene jarmanI sAthe maitrI hatI; paNa mitrarAjyAnI meTI meTI lAlace ne vaza thaI te jarmana pakSa tajI mitrarAjyeA sAthe bhaLyuM hatuM. yuddha pachI aMgrejo ane phrencAe tene kaMI na ApyuM. jema jarmanIne hera hITalare taiyAra karyuM, tema ITalIne atyAre mahArAjyanI gaNatarImAM lAvanAra vIra nara te museAlInI che. e luhAranA putra che. teNe samAjavAdane tilAMjali ApI kALA khamIsavALA pakSanI sthApanA karI. vartamAnapatrodvArA ane bhASAdrArA teNe dezanA yuvAna vargane hAla

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423 karI. kevelanI vahI TukaDInI mAphaka A pakSa paNa sakhata zista nIce keLavAvA mAMDayo. dina pratidina A pakSa baLavAna banatAM cAlyo. chevaTe musolInIe rAma para kUca karI. rAjAe prajAnI IcchA mujaba pradhAnamaMDaLane baratarapha karI musalInIne kArabhAra soMpyo. have kALA khamIsavALA (Black Shirts) sattAdhIza banyA. musalInI e ITalIne prANa che. teNe pArlamenTane dabAvI dIdhI che, ane rAjAne pazcAta bhUmikAmAM nAkhI dIdho che. teNe phesisTavAdanI zarUAta karI che. "phesisTo" eTale rASTranA sevaka. nabaLI prajAonuM astitva bhUsI nAkhavuM, rASTranA hita khAtara ahiMsAne vegaLI mUkavI, muDIvAdIone na dhikkAratAM temane dezanA hitakAraka banAvavA, ane samAnavAda ke sAmyavAda teDI pADave, e phesisTanuM kartavya che. phesisTa sattA yuvAnanA paga para jhajhUme che. teo nAjhIonI mAphaka mAne che, ke yuddha eja AMtarika zaktione bahAra lAve che. TuMkAmAM teo "pavitratA ane puruSArthamAM mAne che. | musolInIe khetIne uttejana ApI, vahANavaTAne khIlavI. ane udyogone vikAsa karI dezanI sarvadezIya pragati sAdhI che. teNe ITalIne pahelA naMbaranuM rAjya banAvyuM che. teNe pahelAM Taka pAsethI TripalI jItI lIdhuM ane tyArabAda ebisiniA paNa jItI lIdhuM. AthI prajAsaMghe enA vepAra para aMkuza mUkyA, paNa phrAnsanI sahAnubhUtithI musalInIe prajAsaMghanI paNa darakAra karI nahi. hamaNAM te teNe prajAsaMghamAMthI rAjInAmuM ApI dIdhuM che, ane jarmanI sAthe saMdhi karI che. teNe porTugala, oNsTriA, haMgarI vagere rAjya sAthe saMdhi karI pitAne pakSa majabuta banAvyuM che. ' Arthika dRSTie ITalI deza dhanavAna nathI; chatAM musalInI je kaMI pagaluM bhare che, te joI yuropanAM badhAM rAjyo coMkI UThe che. haju bhUmadhya samudra upara briTananuM varcasva jaLavAI rahyuM che. spena ane ITalI jyAM sudhI judAM che, tyAM sudhI briTana sarvopari raheze e niHzaMka che; paNa je ITalI spena sAthe maLI jAya athavA spena para sattA jamAve, te briTana bhayamAM AvI paDe. AthI musalInI janarala phAMkAne tyAMnA rAjya sAme madada ApI rahyo che, eTale hamaNAM te musalInI spenanAM raNakSetre upara briTanane haMphAvavAnI yojanA ramI rahyo che.

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4ra4 phrAnsa: A prajAsattAka rAjya yurezapanAM mahArAjgyAmAM junA samayathI AgaLa paDatuM che. tenI pAse atyAre moTAmAM moTuM sthaLasainya che. briTana sAthe maLI te atyAre prAsaMdhamAM agatyane bhAga bhajave che. prajA taraphathI cuMTAelI e sabhAomAMthI banelA pradhAnamaMDaLanI madadathI presiDanTa phrAnsanuM rAjya calAve che. presiDanTa pAMca varSa mATe cuMTAya che. pradhAnamaMDaLamAM hAla seAziAlisTa pakSa AgaLa paDatA bhAga le che. phrAnsa khetIpradhAna deza haiAvAthI tene briTananI mAphaka kAcA mAla mATe bIjA dezA para AdhAra rAkhavA paDatA nathI. tenA udyogA paNa sArA khIlelA heAvAthI tyAM bekArI ghaNIja ochI che. yuddha pachI teNe eka paunDanA 125 phreMka karIne peAtAno nikAsa vepAra vadhArI puSkaLa seAnuM ekaThuM karyuM che. i. sa. 1931mAM teNe briTanane senAnuM dhAraNa cheADavAnI pharaja pADI. phrAnsa hAlamAM lazkara pAchaLa eTalA badhA kharca kare che, ke tenuM bajeTa samatala thatuM nathI. mahAna yuddha pachI teNe jarmanI pAsethI karADA paiAnDa daMDa tarIke lIdhA, paNa pachIthI jarmanIe daMDa bharavAnI azakti batAvI; hera hITalare phrAnsanI bAjI uMdhI vALI che, ane varselsanA karArA vegaLe mUkI dIdhA che. hamaNAM hera hITalaranI AgevAnI nIce jarmanI baLavAna banyuM che. AthI phrAnse peAtAnA rakSaNa mATe raziA ane ekAslovekIA sAthe saMdhi karI che. jhekeAssAvekIAne lIdhe yugAnslevIA ane rUmAnI paNa phrAnsa tarapha DhaLatAM che; paNa hAlamAM phrAnsa raziAthI dUra thatuM jAya che, ane vaccenA pradezeA upara jarmanI-iTalInuM varcasva vadhatuM jAya che. phakta ekAmleAvekIA ane peAlenDa sivAya badhA dezA jarmanI tarapha DhaLatA thaI gayA che. atyAra sudhI bAlkana rAjyeA upara nANAMnI madadane lIdhe phrAnsanuM je varcasva hatuM te paN have ghaTatuM jAya che, eTale briTananI rAjanItine anusaryAM sivAya phrAnsane chUTA nathI. phrAnsanuM janmapramANa ane maraNapramANa lagabhaga (1964mAM janmapramANa 16 1 ane maraNapramANa 15.1) ekasarakhuM che. AthI vastI vadhAravA mATe prayAseA thAya che. haMmezAM te rakSaNanItimAM mAne che. teNe paNa jarmanInI mAphaka lazkarI keLavaNI pharajiAta karI che.

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sa mIsa: grIsamAM paNa janarala meTAse saramukhatyArIpaNAnI jAherAta rI dIdhI che. tyAMnA prajAkIya pakSAnA cuMTAelA paMdara AgevAnAne dezapAra kavAmAM AvyA che; bAkInAne jelamAM pUravAmAM AvyA che. grIsa khetIpradhAna deza heAvAthI tyAM muDIvAdIe echA che. tyAM pArlamenTa hatI, paNa temAM kheDutAnuM pratinidhitva naheAtuM. AthI lemAM asaMtaSa thayA, ane gaye varSe ramakhANA paNa thayAM hatAM; paNa janarala mekSaTAse e ramakhANA sakhata hAthe zamAvI dIdhAM hatAM. tyArabAda hamaNAM teNe pArTImenTane visarjana karavAnI jAherAta karI dIdhI che. A saramukhatyArImAM phesisTa tattva bahu nathI, paNa te tarapha tenuM valaNa rahevAnuM e nakkI che. jarmanIne AthI phAyadeA thaze; kAraNa ke grIsanI lageAlaga AvelA sTri, haMgarI ane rUmAnIA phesisTa deza che, ane jarmanInI pUrva tarapha vadhavAnI nItine tee apanAve che; eTale jo jarmanI raziA para caDhAI kare, teA grIsa taraphanA mArga tene sugama paDe ema che. spenaH spenamAM pAchalAM be varSathI AMtara vigraha cAlI rahyo che, ane bhayaMkara saMhAra pravartI rahyo che; paraMtu khInadaramiAnagIrInA daMbha nIce prajAsaMdha spenanI kAyadesara sthApita thaelI sarakArane vinAza thatA joI rahI che. ITalI ane jarmanI baMne janarala phrAMkAne aMdarakhAnethI madada karI rahyAM che. jo baLavAkhArAne vijaya thAya, te tyAM paNa kadAca phesisTa sattA sthApana thAya. spena jo ITalInA varcasva nIce Ave, teA briTananuM sAmudrika varcasva bhayamAM AvI paDe, evA saMbhava che. yugoslevIA, jhekAslovekIA ane rUmAnIAe i. sa. 1933nA phebruArimAM evI saMdhi karI che, ke temaNe paradezanItimAM samAnatA jALavI rAkhavI. traNe dezanI Arthika unnati mATe eka kamizana paNa nImyuM che. haMgarImAM eDamirala hArthI rAjarakSaka (Regent) tarIke kArya bajAve che. AlbenIAmAM 'jhoga' nAmanA mANase rAjyasattA peAtAnA hAthamAM laI lIdhI che. A jhoga ane ITalI vacce i. sa. 1926nA navembaramAM saMdhi thaI. AthI AlbenIA iTalInuM khaMDIuM banyuM che. iTalIe tenI Arthika sthiti pagabhara karavA mATe tene nANAMnI puSkaLa madada ApI che,

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426 paNa have ITalI taraphanuM tenuM valaNa bagaDatuM jAya che. ITalI nANAM na Ape tA te ekAleAvekIAne bAraNe ubhuM rahe te tenI nA nahi. balgerIA haMgarInI mAphaka jInI saMdhimAM sudhArA karavA mAge che. tenI paradezanItimAM te yugeslevIA tarapha najara mAMDI rahyuM che. porTugala spenanI sattAmAMthI khasI gayuM che, ane svataMtra banyuM che. tene pariNAme ubhI thaelI rAjakIya pari sthitine aMge spenamAM AMtaravigraha phATI nIkaLyA che. i. sa. 1922thI grIsa sAthenI laDAI pachI TarkI mustaphA kamAlapAzAnI AgevAnI nIce baLavAna banyuM che. kamAle AMtarika vikAsa sAdhavAne bhagIratha prayatna karyA che. teNe vepAravRddhi mATe seksana aMdarathI kALA samudranA masinA baMdara sudhI TrAnsa eneTAlIana relave bAMdhI che. vaLI eka khIjI meATI relave aMgArAthI raziAnA cheDA sudhI bAMdhI che. laDAI pachI ziA sAthe teNe maitrI rAkhI che. hamaNAM teNe jInuM vaira bhUlI jaI grIsa sAthe paNa maitrI AvI che. raziH seviyaTa sattA nIce vikasatuM raziA Aje duniyAnAM mahAna rAjyAmAM eka gaNAya che. laDAI pahelAM raziAnI prajA kheDuta hatI, paNa seviyaTa sarakAre temAM moTA pheraphAro karI dIdhA che. temanI paMcavArSika yeAjanA duniyAnA itihAsamAM ajoDa che. AvA meTA pramANamAM rASTranI unnatine mATe prayatna karatA vizALa dezane kudarate paNa sArI anukULatA ApI che. temAM khanIjo paNa puSkaLa che, eTale udyogA paNa AgaLa patA jAya che. TrAnsa sAIbiriana relave dezanA eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI baMdhAelI hAvAthI AMtarika vepArane vega maLyA che. phrAnsa ane razi vacce maitrI che. tene eka cheDe jarmanI taraphathI bhaya che, ane bIje cheDe jApAna taraphathI bhaya che; paNa temanI sAme AtmarakSaNa mATe raziA pAse lazkaranI bhAre taiyArI che. hiMdustAnaH i. sa. 1935nA kAyadAnuM navuM baMdhAraNa prAMtomAM dAkhala thaI gayuM che. hiMdanA 11 prAMtAmAM prAMtika svarAjya (Provincial Autonomy)ne prAraMbha 1937nA eprilanI 1lI tArIkhathI thaI gayA che. meAnTa-- sudhArAe sAMpelA dvimukhI rAjyataMtra (Diarchy)ne have aMta AvyA che. havethI prAMtika vahIvaTamAM vadhu javAbadArI hiMdIone soMpavAmAM AvI che.

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phaijhapura khAte bharAelI hiMdI mahAsabhAe A baMdhAraNane virodha karyo hato, ane spaSTa jAhera karyuM hatuM ke hiMdanuM baMdhAraNa hiMdI prajAnI lekapratinidhi sabhAeja ghaDavuM joIe. vaLI gavarnarenI khAsa sattAo, khAsa javAbadArIo ane salAmatIothI bharapura baMdhAraNa pratye prajAmAM asaMtoSa utpanna thayA che. navA baMdhAraNa pratye lokalAgaNI viruddha hovA chatAM paNa mahAsabhAnA AgevAnoe palaTAelA saMjogone dhyAnamAM laIne ane dhArAmaMdiranA bahiSkAra karatAM dhArAmaMdiramAM rahIne laData calAvavAnuM prajAkIya dRSTie hitakAraka jaNAyAthI mahAsabhAe dhArAmaMdiranI beThaka mATe umedavAre bahAra pADayA hatA; ane te mujaba muMbaI, madrAsa, yukta prAta, madhya prAMte, bihAra, orissA ane vAyavya sarahadanA prAMtamAM mahAsabhAvAdIe bahumatImAM cuMTAI AvyA hatA. tyArapachI hoddAsvIkArane prazna upasthita thaye. mahAtmAjIe avasara joIne navA baMdhAraNanI kAryapaddhati keTale aMze phaLIbhUta thAya che tene saMpUrNa akhatare karavA, tathA tenI pikaLatA spaSTa karI batAvavA hoddA svIkAravAnI maMjurI ApI, ane e mujaba sAta prAMtamAM kogresa pradhAnamaMDaLo racAyAM che. jyAM jyAM gavarnaree pradhAnamaMDaLonA kAmamAM mAthuM mAryuM nathI, tyAM tyAM kArya saraLapaNe cAlyuM che; paNa hamaNAM yukta prAMtamAM ane bihAramAM matabhedane lIdhe pradhAnamaMDaLe rAjInAmuM ApyuM che. kAmI jhagaDAnuM nirAkaraNa haju sudhI AvyuM nathI. muslIma lIge mahAsabhAne virodha Adaryo che. AvA jhagaDAo rASTranI ekatA mATe hAnikAraka gaNAya che. jApAna: ogaNIsamI sadImAM eka vakhate eka nAnakaDA amerikana naukAsainya jApAnanA kinArA para jApAnIjha sainyane harAvyuM. tyArathI jApAnanA pratyeka nAgarikamAM svadezAbhimAnanI lAgaNI uchaLI AvI, ane jApAne pAzcAtya paddhatie prajAne tAlIma ApavAno nizcaya karyo. jApAnanI sarakAre potAnA ugatA vidyArthIo IglenDa, jarmanI, amerikA vagere sthaLoe mekalI pAzcAtya keLavaNIne pracAra karavA mAMDyo. teNe jarmana sainikone rekI sainya taiyAra karyuM, ane Arthika madada ApI vyApAra khIlavyo

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jApAne pahelavahelAM 1904-5mAM raziAne harAvI yuropanI madamasta sattAone batAvI ApyuM, ke pUrvamAM paNa temanI sAthe spardhA karI zake tevI eka zakti che. A rIte jApAne AMtararASTrIya kIrti paNa prApta karI. jApAnamAM jema keLavaNIne pracAra vadhyo, ane vyApAra khIlyo, tema vastI paNa vadhatI ja gaI. atyAre jApAnane vastIne moTAmAM moTo prazna maMjhave che. jApAnanuM kSetraphaLa ghaNuM thoDuM che, jyAre vastI lagabhaga 7 karoDa jeTalI che. bIjI bAju jApAna pitAne joItuM anna pitAnI ja bhUmimAMthI utpanna karI zakatuM nathI. vaLI vyApAra khIle tyAre tene mATe kAcA padArtho meLavavAnuM sthaLa ane pAke mAla vecavAnuM bajAra paNa joIeja ne? AthI jApAnane sAmrAjya joIe che, ke jyAM jApAnanI vadhatI jatI vastI rahI zake, kAcA mAla utpanna karI zakAya, ane pAke mAla vecI zakAya. Ane mATe sArAmAM sAro mArga e che ke jApAne pitAnuM janma pramANa ghaTADavuM paNa jApAna hajI saMskRtinI eTalI ucca kakSAe pahoMcyuM nathI. AthI ja jApAnane lazkarI sahAyathI sAmrAjya vistAravAnI AvazyaktA jaNAI che. jApAna be bAju sAmrAjya vistArI zake tema che. eka bAju pazcimamAM cIna agara sAIbiriA tarapha; bIjI bAju dakSiNamAM philipAInanA TApuo agara oNsTreliA tarapha. AmAM jApAne cInane pasaMda karyuM che kAraNa ke je sAIbiriA tarapha vadhe te ziA je soviyaTa sattA heThaLa eka prabaLa rAjya banyuM che, tenI sAthe cakamaka jhare. philipAIna tarapha AMgaLI cIMdhe to amerikA, ane eMsTreliA tarapha dRSTi pheke te briTananI sAthe mahAna vigrahamAM utaravuM paDe. A badhA saMjogone buddhipUrvaka vicAra karIne te egya dizAmAM pagalAM mAMDe che. - cIna tarapha vadhavAnAM bIjAM kAraNo paNa che. cIna jApAnane khUba najIka paDe che. tenI AbehavA jApAnane maLatI che. vaLI cInanI vizALatA, aNakheDAyelI samRddhi (Potential richness) ane asthAyI rAjya vagere kAraNe paNa che. AthI cIna taraphaja jApAna mITa mAMDI rahyuM che. - cInane itihAsa dharmazALAnA ItihAsa jevo che. tyAM keTalAMka saikAthI briTiza, raziana, jarmana, kensa, amerikana vagere pAzcAtya sattAo pitAnA aA jamAvI beThI hatI, eTale jyAre jyAre jApAnane cIna sAthe yuddhamAM

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40 3: ', utaravuM paDayuM che, tyAre tyAre A sarva sattA sAme tene jhaMkheza uThAvavA paDI che. Ama chatAM jApAne pAchI pAnI karI nathI, ane chellAM pacAsa varSa daramiAna cInamAM peAtAnI sattA jamAvavAnI eka paNa taka teNe jatI karI nathI.. jApAne i. sa. 182495mAM cIna pAsethI pheArmosAne TApu chatI.. lIdhA; 1904-5mAM maMcurIAnI dakSiNe AveluM pArTa Arthara ane sageliana TApunA dakSiNa vibhAga razi pAsethI jItI lIdhA. vaLI teja arasAmAM dakSiNa maMcurIAmAM dADatI cAInIjha relavenA paNa kabajo lIdhA hatA. teNe 1910mAM cIna pAsethI kArIA jItyuM. jyAre badhI yurepIana sattA mahAvigrahamAM rAkAelI hatI, tyAre jApAne cInanA zAnhenga prAMtamAM AvelAM jhagmAvA vagere jarmana saMsthAne paDAvI lIdhAM. vaLI teja kaTAkaTInA arasAmAM jApAne cIna pAse keTalIka mAgaNI karI, ane cInamAM keTalIka sattA prApta karI. i. sa. 1919nI varselsanI saMdhithI jApAnane pesiphika mahAsAgaramAM AvelA jarmanInA keTalAka TApuo, je yunAiTeDa sTeTsa ane philipAinanA TApue vaccenA rastAmAM AvelA che--tene kabajo manyeA. jo ke jApAnane ATalA vijayeA maLyA, tApaNa tene mukhya prazna tA hajI ubhAja rahyo; kAraNa ke jApAnane je je saMsthAne maLyAM, te jApAnanI sarva jarUriAtA pUrI pADI zake tema nathI. AthI jApAnanI dRSTi maM rIAnA navA zikAra para paDI. maMcurIA tyAM sudhI eka aNakheDAyala pradeza hatA. tyAM ghauM, bAjarI vagere sArA pramANamAM pakavI zakAya tema eka ane tyAM kAlasAnI khANeA paNa che. i. sa. 1931mAM jyAre AkhI duniyA mahAna Arthika maMdImAMthI pasAra thaI rahI hatI, ane raziA peAtAnI paMcavArSika yeAjanAmAM racyuMpacyuM hatuM, tyAre taka sAdhIne maMcurIAne paNa jApAne jItI lIdhuM, jo karuM maMcurIAne pAchaLathI mancuonA nAmathI kAI rAjavaMzanI sattA heThaLa mUkavAmAM AvyuM; paNa te sattA nAmanI hatI. kharI sattA te jApAne potAne hastaka rAkhI che. rASTrasaMghe jApAnanI A jItane mAnya na rAkhI, eTale tyArathI jApAne rAsaMdhane tilAMjali ApI.

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430 pazcimanI sattAo dhAratI hatI ke have jApAna mancukuone khIlavavAmAM rokAze; paNa temanI e dhAraNA niSphaLa nIvaDI. mancukuonI AbehavA ghaNI ThaMDI hAvAthI jApAnIjha prajAne raheThANa mATe yeAgya nathI. vaLI tenA amukaja bhAgamAM joItI vastuo pakavI zakAya tema che. vadhArAmAM tyAMnI prajAnI kharIdazakti cheka AchI che, eTale jApAnane pAkA mAla paNa tyAM bahu khapI zake tema nathI. ethI peAtAnI Arthika jarUriAtA pASavA jApAnane te have AgaLaja vadhavuM rahyuM. i. sa. 1932mAM zAntrAI najIka yuddha thayuM. temAM cInane zAnvAI AgaLathI peAtAnuM sainya khaseDavAnI pharaja paDI, ane jApAnane keTalIka sattA maLI. i. sa. 1933mAM uttara cInamAM mancuonI najIka AvelA heAla ane cahAranA keTalAka bhAga jApAne kabaje karyo; ane cheka pekiMga sudhI te peAtAnuM sainya laI gayuM. A yuddhamAM paNa hAravAthI cInane peAtAnA uttaranA prAMtA jApAnane havAle karavA paDayA, ane yuddhanA aMta AvyA. manyukuonI jIta pachI pote eka mahAna sattA che, ema jApAnane lAgavA mAMDayuM che. jApAne rASTrasaMghane tilAMjali ApI, eMglo-jApAnIjha saMdhine vahetI mUkI, ane briTana, amerikA ane tenI vaccenI laDAI-hAjo bAbatanI saMdhinA paNa aMta AvyA. pharIthI jyAre briTane jApAna pAse vyApArI saMdhi karavAnI mAgaNI karI, tyAre briTananI sIdhI sattA heThaLa na hoya tevA kAI paNa deza viSe carcA karavAnI jApAne nA pADI. A badhI paristhitithI ema jaNAya che, ke jApAna eka mahAvigraha mATe taiyAra thaI gayuM che. daramiAna jApAne duniyAne bhramamAM nAkhI dIdhI hAya, ema lAge che. adhA deza mAnavA lAgyA ke kiMmatanuM dhAraNa ( Price-level ) vadhavAthI jaMpAna sastA bhAve mAla vecavAne azakta banyuM hatuM, ane jyAre khIja adhA deze| Arthika maMdI pachI sudharavA lAgyA hatA, tyAre jApAnanI paristhiti baDagatI hatI. AthI badhA mAnavA lAgyA ke hamaNAM vizvazAMti jaLavAze. bIjI bAju jApAnane amUlya avasara sAMpaDayo. cIna potAne sahIsalAmata mAnavA lAgyuM. briTana, phrAnsa ane raziAne yurApanA khe mutsaddIo

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431 hITalara ane musolInI-no bhaya lAge che, tethI teo zastrasaraMjAma sajavAmAM thayA che. duniyAmAM zAMti jALavavI hoya te yuddhane mATe taiyAra thaI raheluM joIe, e siddhAMta pramANe amerikA paNa zastraparidhAnanI vidhimAM rokAyuM che. ULI briTanane hiMdamAMthI madada maLavAno saMbhava ocho che. A paristhitimAM pAne cInanI kamanasIba avasthAno lAbha lIdhe; kAraNa ke je atyAre jApAna yuddha na kare te bhaviSyamAM A avasara maLaze ke kema e zaMkA che. - 1937nA julAInI eka rAtre pIpiMgathI keTaleka dUra jApAnIjha ane cAInIjha lazkarane bheTe thaye, ane yuddhanAM pagaraNa maMDAyAM. A yuddhamAM jApAne je mArga lIdho che, te mArga levAnAM kAraNo samajavAnI khAsa AvazyakatA che. che. jApAnanI IcchA ApTee cIna sara karavAnI che, paNa tema karatAM tyAM je pAzcAtya sattAo potAnA haka jamAvI beThI che temane tyAMthI dUra karavI paDe tema che; paNa A vastu jApAnane mATe muzkela che. hAlane tabakke je je sattAonuM jora tyAM vadhatuM jAya che, tene aTakAvavAnuM kAma paheluM che. AmAM raziA mukhya che. razinI murAda AkhAe cInane sAmyavAdI banAvavAnI che. vaLI raziAnI hada cheka sIkIAnga ane uttara meMgeliA sudhI te AvI gaI che. eTale cInamAM. raziana vicAranuM jora vadhatuM jAya che. bIjI bAju briTana ane amerikA che. amerikAne mahAsAmrAjya sthApavAnI mahatvAkAMkSA nathI; kAraNake pitAnI Arthika jarUriAta mATe tene bIjA keI deza para AdhAra rAkhavo paDe tema nathI. briTana hAla tenI pAse je che tene ja sAcavavAmAM DahApaNa mAne che. te samaje che ke je hAla japAnane cInamAM vadhatuM aTakAvavAmAM Avaze, to jApAna oNsTreliA tarapha najara pheravaze, ane potAne tenI sAthe sIdhA vigrahamAM utaravuM paDaze. AthI jApAnane briTananI bahu citA nathI. . . . . ! che. bIjI bAju bhaugolika kAraNo tapAsIe. uttara cInano pAMca prAMti- rAkhyuMnga, hAthIAI, cahAra, zAnsI ane suIyana-manyuphao karatAM jApAnane ghaNuM upayogI nIvaDe tema che. cahAra, zAnsI ane dakSiNa hothIAImAM leDhAnI khANo che. vadhArAmAM zansImAM ucca prakArano kolasAnI khANepaNa che. pAMca prAMtamAMthI kalAI, trAMbuM ane tenuM paNa nIkaLe che. keTaleka

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43 sthaLe peTreliama paNa che. vadhArAmAM uttara cInamAM thaIne haAngahenI vahe che. tenI AjubAjuno pradeza rUne mATe ghaNe uttama che. vaLI A pradezanI AbohavA paNa jApAnIjha lekene rahevA mATe joIe tevI che. A rAjakIya ane bhaugolika kAraNathI mutsaddI jApAne cInane uttara vibhAga pitAne kabaje karavAne nizcaya karyo che. manyukuo pitAne hastaka che uttaranA pAMca prAMta Arthika dRSTie upayogI che, ane dakSiNa meMgoliA (Inner Mongolia)raziAnA vadhatA ktA jene aTakAvavA mATe jarUrI che. vaLI uttara cInane mArga levAnAM bIja paNa kAraNa che. cInane ghaNe bhAga pahADI che. cInanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM javA mATe traNa jaLamArgo traNa nadIo che. temAM cheka dakSiNe AvelI sIkIAnga nadInA mukha para briTiza sattA heThaLanuM hengakaoNnga che, eTale tyAMthI briTana aTakAve. madhyamAM AvelI yAnsasekyAMga nadInA mukha para zAntAI zahera che, je AMtararASTrIya zaherI che. eTale tyAMthI. bIjI badhI sattAo aTakAve tema che. ethI uttaramAM sIkIAnga nadIne mArga rahyo. vaLI jamInamArga paNa uttaramAMja che. AthI jApAne laDAInI zarUAta uttaramAMthI karI. hAla jApAne lagabhaga AkhuMe uttara cIna kabaje karyuM che, paNa have jApAna AgaLa vadhI zakatuM nathI; kAraNa ke je je vibhAge jApAna jIte che tyAM paNa sthAyI lazkara rAkhavuM paDe che, ane jApAna pAse eTaluM badhuM lazkara nathI ke badhe pahoMcI vaLe. vaLI A vakhatanA yuddhamAM AkhuMe cIna jAgRta thaI gayuM che. cInanuM sainya paNa vizALa che. jyAre cInanuM badhuM sainya uttaramAM jamA thaI gayuM, tyAre te sainyane tyAMthI khaseDavA jApAne cInanA hRdaya samA zAntAI zahera AgaLa laDAInI Aga saLagAvI, ane tenA chAMTA cheka kenTana sudhI paNa uka jo ke koI koI vAra chamakalAM thAka che, paNa sAmAnya dRSTie hAlanI paristhiti zAMta che. have jApAna AgaLa vadhI zakatuM nathI; kAraNa ke jyAM jApAnIjha sainya eka pradeza choDI bIje jAya che, tyAM pahelA pradeza caka pitAnA kabajAmAM pAcho levA prayatna kare che. AthI hAla to mAtra chatArA praderonI vyavasthA karavAmAM jApAna rokAyeluM che.

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pUravaNI 2 jIvanacaritro eDamaMDa barkaH eDamaMDa barkano janma I. sa. 17ramAM DablinamAM thayo hato. i. sa. 1765mAM te pahelavahele rekiMgahAmano khAnagI maMtrI banyo, tyArathI tenI rAjakIya kArakIrdi zarU thaI. bIje varSe e pArlamenTamAM Avyo. teNe pitAnI vakatRtvazaktine sAro paricaya karAvyuM. teNe caeNrjinI paradezanIti saMbaMdhI TIkA karI. ethI te prakAzamAM AvyuM. amerikana svAtaMtryavigraha vakhate saMrathAnavAsIone manAvI laI-temanA para nakhAelA kare dUra karI-samAdhAna karI levA teNe pAmenTamAM sacoTa bhASaNa karyuM hatuM. amerikane tarapha tenI sahAnubhUti hatI. vaLI phrAnsanI rAjyakrAntinuM satya svarUpa samajI janAra e ekaleja briTiza mutsaddI hatA. jyAre pheMkaze phAnsanI rAjyakrAMtinA banAvane vadhAvI lIdhe, tyAre bake " phrAnsanI rAjyakrAti para ciMtano" bahAra pADI prajAne e rAjyakrAntinuM satya svarUpa samajAvyuM, ane e kAtinA bhayaMkara bhAvI tarapha samagra prajAnuM lakSa daryuM. kharekhara, tenI e AgAhI sAcI paDI ! arthazAstrI barkaH I. sa. 1780mAM barka nANAM saMbaMdhI sudhArAno kharaDo lAvyo, paNa te pasAra thayo nahi. tyAra pachI pharIthI teNe bIje kharaDo raju karyo. AthI "sivila lisTa"mAM rAjAne maLatAM nANAMmAM ghaTADe thaye, ane keTalIka nakAmI e ikADhI nAkhI kharcamAM bacAva karavAmAM Avyo. teNe karelA bIjA sudhArAthI evuM TharyuM, ke rAjAnuM penzana khAnArA ane revanyu amaladAre pArlamenTamAM pitAne mata ApI zake nahi. teNe remana kethalika baMdhanamuktinA praznane Teke Ape. - amIranI sabhAmAM vairana hesTiMgsa sAme mukardame calAvI teNe pArlamenTanA sabhyone hiMdanI te vakhatanI paristhitino saMpUrNa khyAla A.* * " Burke did not, I believe, leave a dry eye in the whole assembly." 28

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434 AthI hiMdane je meTA phAyadA thayA, te e ke tyAra pachI hiMdanA rAjyavahIvaTa sudhAravAne pArlamenTe prayatne karyAM. i. sa. 1794mAM te pArlamenTamAMthI nivRtta thaye, ane i. sa. 1797mAM maraNa pAmyA. barka uttama vaktA, samartha mutsaddI ane tenA jamAnAnA ucca rAjakIya ciMtaka hatA. tenAM lakhANAmAM uttama mutsaddIgIrInA sarve guNA tarI Ave che. vaktA tarIke te sacoTa asara karanArA ane pratibhAzALI hatA eTaluMja nahi, paNa jhINAmAM jhINI bAbatA upara paNa te kaMIka navIna prakAza pheMkI zrotAone tAjuba karI detA. gulAmI rada karavA teNe karelA prayatnA, ane hiMda tathA amerikA tarapha batAvelI sahAnubhUti tenA svAtaMtryapremI hRdayanI sAkSI pUre che. ma~kAlenA zabdomAM--"sarvadezIya samajazaktimAM ane uttama tarkazaktimAM OM prAcIna temaja arvAcIna vaktAomAM ucca sthAna prApta karyuM che." cAsa jemsa phAsaH cArlsa jemsa phrAmsane janma i. sa. 1749mAM lArDa hAlenDane tyAM thayA hatA. te i. sa. 1768mAM pahelavahelA pArlamenTamAM -dAkhala thayA. barkanI madadathI teNe vAzpAla ane pelllAmanA vakhatathI cAlatI AvelI lAMcarUzvatanI gaMdI prathA para prahArA karyAM. teNe potAnI adbhuta vaktRtvazaktithI jiMga pakSane saMgIna pAyA para mUkayA. jyArja trIjo pheMsane dhikkAratA, ethI tenI kArakIrdi vidhamAMja pasAra thaI, ane tenI asAdhAraNa buddhi ane ucca vaktRtvazaktine lAbha dezane maLyo nahi. amerikana svAtaMtryavigraha vakhate phrAmse paNa kharka ane piTTanI mAphaka saMsthAnavAsIo tarapha sahAnubhUti khatAvI hatI, ane temanI sAthe samAdhAnI karI levA sUcavyuM hatuM; paNa jyArja trIjAnA durAgrahane laI ne A samartha mutsaddIonAM bhASaNAnI kaMI asara thaI nahi. teNe i. sa. 1783 (eprila) mAM lArDa nAthanI sAthe maLI saMyukta pradhAnamaMDaLa sthApyuM; paNa e pradhAnamaMDaLa lAMkhe| samaya TakayuM nahi; kAraNa ke phaeNAsa jo ke yALu, saraLa hRdayane ane samartha vaktA hatA, teApaNa te jIgArI heAI teNe pATavI kuMvarane e meMdamAM phasAvyA hatA, e jyArja trIjAnI jANa bahAra nahetuM. AthI phaeNraeNkse rajI karelA hiMdanA rAjyabaMdhAraNanA kharaDAne rAjAe sakhata virAdha karyAM, ane

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435 ryorja trIjAnA prayatnone lIdhe e kharaDe amIronI sabhAe uDAvI dIdhe. AthI northa ane phosanuM saMyukta maMtrImaMDaLa vIkharAI gayuM, ane nAno piTTa mukhya maMtrI banya, I. sa. 1784. phIkasa svataMtratAne cAhato hate. phAsanI rAjyakrAntisamaye teNe uccAryuM hatuM ke-duniyAmAM keTale badhe mahatvano banAva banyo che, ane te paNa keTale badhe uttama! A zabdo kacaDAtI prajA pratye tenI hArdike sahAnubhUtinA namunArUpa che. I. sa. 1797mAM phakasa pArlamenTamAMthI nivRtta thayA. tyArapachI I. sa. 1797thI 1802 sudhIne samaya teNe jemsa bIjAnA rAjyane ItihAsa lakhavAmAM gALyo. emInsanI saMdhi pachI teNe phrAnsamAM musApharI paNa karI hatI, ane jagavikhyAta nepoliyananA samAgamamAM paNa te Avyo hato. nepoliyane paNa A bAhoza ane dUradezI mutsaddInI prazaMsA karI hatI.. A kAbela rAjadvArI puruSa ane uttama vaktA i. sa. 1806nA sapTembaranI 13mI tArIkhe maraNa pAme. barkanA zabdomAM kahIe to"phekasa duniyAmAM thaI gaelA uttama vaktAomAM ghaNaja tejasvI vaktA hate." , jemsa guphaH (I. sa. 1727-1759) jemsa vulpha paMdara varSanI nAnI vaye sainyamAM joDAyA hatA. teNe prathama DeTiMjananI laDAImAM pitAnI zaktine sAro paricaya karAvyo. tyArapachI teNe bIjI laDAIomAM sAhasa ane vIratAbharyo bhAga laI "yuvAna sainika tarIke nAmanA meLavI. sasavArSika vigraha daramiAna amerikAmAM aMgrejonI hAra thayAnA samAcAra maLe jatA hatA, tyAre piTTanI najara A yuvAna senApati para paDI. te ja vakhate pide tene 9,000 mANaso ApI kvibeka sara karavA mokalyo. aneka saMkaTo ane musIbatamAM paNa A vIra senApatie eka rAtre senTa lorensa nadIne kinAre abrAhamanI TekarIo oLaMgI pitAnuM lazkara kivabekanI sAme utAryuM. ke te A sAhasa joI chaka thaI gayA; paNa phrenca senApati monTakAma kaMI gAMjo jAya tevo na hato. teNe aMgreja sainya sAthe laDAI zarU karI. aMgreja sainya ghaNIja bahAdurI batAvI, ane vijaya meLavyuM. paraMtu vijayane bhega kaMI nAnesane na hatoaMgreja senApati vulpha mAryo gayo hato ! ajAyaba

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436 jevuM te e hatuM ke phrenca senApati monTakAme paNa e yuddhamAM prANa choDe. vibeka chatAyAthI amerikAmAMnI phencanI sattA para eka jIvaleNa phaTako paDe, ane tyArapachI phrenca sattAnI avanati thatI cAlI. A ajaba sAhasa ane atula hiMmatane laIne Aje paNa jemsa vulphanuM nAma ItihAsamAM suvarNAkSare ketarAI rahyuM che. eDamirala lairDa nelsana: (I. sa. 1758-1805) nelsanane janma I. sa. 1758mAM thayo hato. nAnapaNathI ja tenA zarIrane bAMdhe nabaLo hatA; paNa tenuM manobaLa atula hatuM. kalAIvanI mAphaka zALAnA jIvanamAM teNe ghaNuM parAkrama karyA hatAM. bAra varSanI vaye teNe khalAsI tarIke keLavaNI levA mAMDI. I. sa. 1777mAM te lephaTananTa bo. TulenanA gherA vakhate ane senTa vinsenTanA yuddhamAM teNe bahAdurI batAvI nAmanA meLavI. I. sa. 1797mAM te naukAsainyane senApati nImAyo. jyAre nepaliyana ijipane raste thaI hiMda javAnAM svamAM sevI rahyo hatA, tyAre nelsane tenI puMTha pakaDI; ane abukara benA akhAtamAM laMgara nAkhIne paDelA nepoliyananA kAphalA para humalo karyo. A yuddha ItihAsamAM nAIlanA yuddhane nAme oLakhAya che. Aja yuddhamAM nelsane phrenca kAphalAno saMpUrNa nAza karyo. nelsananA A parAkramane lIdhe nepoliyana IjiptamAM kedI samAna banya; kAraNa ke tene phAnsathI maLatI madada baMdha thaI. tyArapachI nelsane kopanahegananA yuddhamAM Dena lekenA kAphalAne nAza karyo. I. sa. 1801. nepoliyane IglenDa para caDAI karavA phrAnsanI uttare bresTa baMdara ane dakSiNe Tulana baMdare naukAsainya taiyAra rAkhyuM hatuM. keDijha baMdare rahele speniza kAle paNa phencone madada karavA taiyAra hato. aMgreja naukAsainya bresTa baMdarane ghere ghAlyo hate. e arasAmAM nepoliyane pitAnA naukAsainya sAthe vesTa InDijha tarapha kUca karavAne dekhAva karavAne beta racyo. AthI nelsane temanI puMTha pakaDI; paNa te to nirAza thaI pAcho Avyo. e vakhate TraphAlgara bhUzira AgaLa aMgreja ane phenca naukAsainya vacce khunakhAra yuddha thayuM. temAM nelsane phensa kAphalAne nAza karyo, ane tethI aMgrejone vijaya maLe,

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437 I. sa. 1805. paraMtu jema vuphe jIta meLavI prANa cheDo, tema nelsana paNa goLI vAgavAthI A laDAImAM maraNa pAmyo, I. sa. 1805. teNe A yuddhamAM pitAnA sainikone evo saMdezo Apo hatA, ke "dareka mANasa potAnI pharaja bajAvaze ema IglenDa Icche che." (England expects everyman to do his duty.) nelsane pitAnA parAkramathI IDalenDane kejonA humalAmAMthI ugArI lIdhuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa nepoliyananI vadhatI jatI sattA para sakhata phaTake lagAvyo. teNe kaTokaTIne prasaMge dezanI addabhuta sevA bajAvI IglenDanA 'tAraNahAra tarIke kIrti saMpAdana karI. lairDa Tenisana tene mATe lakhe che ke-"atyAra sudhI utpanna thaelA khalAsIomAM nelsanane prathama pade mUkI zakAya." Dayuka eNva veliMgTana: hiMdanI aMdara "sahAyakArI lazkaranI janAthI briTiza sAmrAjyane sArvabhauma banAvanAra mArthivasa Avu veleslInuM nAma to tame jANo che. Arthara veleslI je pAchaLathI nepoliyanane harAvI Dayuka eNvuM veliMgTana banyo, te mAAivasa eNvuM veleslIno nAno bhAI thAya. teno janma i. sa. 1769mAM thayo hato. lazkara khAtAmAM tAlIma meLavI te I. sa. 1797mAM hiMdamAM AvyuM. A rIte teNe hiMdanI bhUmi upara pitAnI kArakIrdi zarU karI, ane pitAnA bhAIne hiMdamAM kaMpaninI sattA sarvopari banAvavAmAM madada karI. bIjA marAThA vigrahamAM teNe siMdhIA ane bheMsalene asAI ane ArAma AgaLa harAvI nAmanA meLavI. I. sa. 1803. te I. sa. 1805mAM IglenDa pAcho pharyo. e arasAmAM yuropamAM nepoliyananI hAka vAgI rahI hatI, ane IMglenDane paNa e yuddhomAM utaravuM paDayuM * hatuM. spenanA dvIpakalpa para laDAtA vigrahomAM Arthara veleralIe pitAnI kuneha ane yuddhakuzaLatAthI aMgrejone bacAva karyo eTaluM ja nahi, paNa phencone sAlAmAnkA ane TulujhanA yuddhamAM harAvI dvIpakalpIya yuddhanI pUrNAhuti karI. e pachI veliMgTane parAkramI ane jayavaMta sainya sahita phonsanI "puNya bhUmi"mAM pagalAM mAMDayAM. AthI tene "Dayuka eNvu veliMgTanarane IlkAba ApavAmAM Avyo. tyArabAda teNe I. sa. 1815mAM nepoliyanane vaiTanA yuddhamAM harAvI advitIya senApati tarIke AkhA yuropamAM nAmanA meLavI.

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438 e pachI veliMgTane rAjakAraNamAM bhAga levA mAMDaze. i. sa. 1818mAM te mukhya pradhAna banyA. te custa TorI hovAthI pAlamenTanA sudhArAnI viruddha hato. tenuM pArlamenTanA sudhArA viruddhanuM bhASaNa sAMbhaLI leke uzkerAyA, ane I. sa. 1830nI navI cUMTaNImAM tenI hAra thaI. I. sa. 1831no sudhArAne kharaDo pasAra na thavA devA teNe amInI sabhAmAM sakhata virodha karyo hato. paraMtu samarAMgaNamAM vijayanI paraMparAo meLavanAra lekhaMDI Dayuka prajA sAthenA A yuddhamAM kapriyatA gumAvI beThe. tenA amala daramiAna I. sa. 1829mAM "remana kethalika baMdhanamukti"ne kharaDo pasAra thayo. AthI remana ketheliko sAmenAM lagabhaga sarve baMdhane dUra karavAmAM AvyAM. te I. sa. 185ramAM maraNa pAme. samarAMgaNamAM veliMgTananuM nAma sAMbhaLI zatruo dhrujI UThatA; ane IlenDanA leke vaiTarlanA e vijetA tarapha sanmAnanI lAgaNIthI jotA. paraMtu mutsadI tarIke te eTale badhe lokapriya nIvaDaye nahi. viliyama vilbaraphersa (I. sa. 1759-1833) A paropakArI puruSane janma . sa. 1759mAM thayo hato. I. sa. 1772nI sAla sudhI te IglenDamAM gulAmene vepAra dhamadhokAra cAlato. livarapUlanA vepArIo gulAme pakaDI lAvavA mATe potAnA mANasane vahANa ApI mokalatA. A gulAmo upara atyaMta trAsa vartAvavamAM AvatA, ane tyArapachI temane vesTa InDijha TApuomAM vecI devAmAM AvatA. viliyama vilabaraphersanuM karuNa hadaya A gulAmo upara vartAvavAmAM AvatA trAsanuM varNana sAMbhaLI tathA temanI dayAjanaka sthiti joI pIgaLyuM, ane tyArapachI e "dInabaMdhue manuSyajAti uparanA A mahAna kalakane dUra karavA kamara kasI. eka custa khristI tarIke te mAnatA hatA ke gorAone svataMtratA ane samAnatAnA jeTalA hako che, te hakothI e kALI prajA zA mATe vimukha hevI joIe ? AthI teNe gulAmI dUra karavA AjIvana bhagIratha prayatna AdaryA. tenA A kAryamAM klArkasana, zArpa ane bIjA dayALu gRhasthAe sAtha Ape. temaNe copAnI, lekho ane bhASaNa dvArA A amAnuSI kRtya tarapha prajAnuM lakSa devuM. barke tene Teke Ayo, ane taruNa pike te gulAmI rada karavA pArlamenTamAM kharaDo raju

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439 karyAM; paNa saMjoga anukULa niha hAvAthI te pasAra thaI zakayA nahi. vilgaraphAsa pArlamenTamAM dAkhala thaI te saMbaMdhI caLavaLa calAvI, ane i. sa. 1807mAM teNe briTiza TApuomAMthI gulAmI rada karAvI. tyArabAda samagra briTiza sAmrAjyamAMthI gulAmI dUra karavAne teNe prayatna AdaryAM. chevaTe i. sa. 1833mAM tenA jIvananuM svapna phaLyuM; ane samagra briTiza sAmrAjyamAMthI gulAmInI prathA nAbuda karavAmAM AvI. pariNAme gulAmeAne cheDAvavA briTiza pArlamenTe e karADa paunDa maMjura karyA. peAtAnuM dhyeya Ama pAra paDeluM joI te i. sa. 1833mAM zAMtithI maraNa pAmyA. teNe gulAmeAnA eTalA badhA AzIrvAda meLavyA, ke jenI kalpanA karavI paNa muzkela che. sara rA` pIla : sara rAkharTa pIlane janma i. sa. 1788mAM thayA hatA. tenA pitA sAdhanasaMpanna heAvAthI teNe rAjakIya jIvanamAM jhaMpalAvyuM, ane i. sa. 1809mAM te pArlamenTamAM dAkhala thayA. khIjeja varSe te AyarlaeNnDane madadanIza maMtrI banyA, ane i. sa. 1812mAM mukhya maMtrI thaye, i. sa. 1822mAM te svadeza khAtAnA maMtrI banyA; paNa pArlamenTanA AgevAna tarIke te tenI kArakIrdi i. sa. 1828thI zarU thaI gaNAya. te TArI hatA, ane tethI te pArlamenTanA sudhArAnI viruddha hateA. AthI i. sa. 1830mAM te padabhraSTa thayeA. pharIthI i. sa. 1841mAM TerI lAke sattAmAM AvatAM te mukhya pradhAna banyA. tenA pradhAnamaMDaLamAM Dayuka Av veliMgTana ane gleDasTana jevAM pratibhAzALI puruSA bhaLyA hatA, nANAMzAsrI pIla : Arthika bAbatAmAM pIla vAzpAla ane nAnA piTTane anusaranArA hatA. te niraMkuza vyApAranI paddhatimAM mAnatA hovAthI teNe AyAta-nikAsa paranA ghaNA verA rada karyAM. AthI IMglenDanA vyApAraudyogAne uttejana maLyuM, ane garI parathI karatA kheAjo haLavA thayA. A khATa pUravA mATe teNe dezanA itihAsamAM kAI vakhata nahi levAelA eka paunDe sAta pensane AvakaverA dAkhala karI dezanI nANAM saMbaMdhI sthitine saMgIna pAyA para lAvI mUkI. teNe i. sa. 1844mAM benka cArTara ekTa pasAra karI IMglenDanI benkanI calaNI noTA kADhavAnI sattAne maryAdita banAvI.

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AthI benkanI kIrti vadhI, lekene vizvAsa dRDha thatuM gayo, ane calaNapaddhatimAM sthiratA AvI. sudhAraka pIlaH je ke pIla TArI hovAthI tenA taraphathI moTA sudhArAnI AzA na rAkhI zakAya, topaNa Ayariza romana kethalikAnI sthiti sudhAravA teNe AyarlenDamAM eka pAThazALA sthApI, tathA Ayariza kheDutanI sthiti saMbaMdhI tapAsa karavA eka kamizana nImyuM. e arasAmAM I. sa. 1845mAM AyarlenDamAM meTe dukALa paDe. AthI kamizane darzAvelI sUcanAono amala thaI zakyo nahi. dukALe evuM bhayaMkara svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM ke e paristhitimAM anAjane kAyada" cAlu rAkhavo e pIlane ThIka lAgyuM nahi. AthI teNe I. sa. 1846mAM e kAyado rada karAvyo, ane amerikAthI makAI maMgAvI AyarlenDa mokalAvI. teNe kArakhAnAmAM kAma karatA majuronI sthiti sudhAravAne paNa yatna karyA. teNe strIone ane chokarAMne kalasAnI khANomAM kAma karatAM aTakAvyAM. teNe laMDana zaherane baMdobasta rAkhavAne polIsanI vyavasthA karI. A polIsa "pIlAITasa" athavA "bAbIjha'nA nAmathI oLakhAya che. e uparAMta teNe phojadArI kAyadAmAM paNa sudhArA karyA. najIvA gunA mATe te vakhate phAMsInI sajA karavAmAM AvatI hatI, temAM teNe sudhAre karyo. - pIlanI pararAjyanItiH pIlanA pradhAnamaMDaLamAM laoNrDa ebaDina paradezamaMtrI hatA. pararAjyanItimAM pIla zAMtine cAhanAra hato. AthI tenA kArabhAra daramiAna IMglenDane bIjA deze sAthe yuddhamAM utaravAne prasaMga Avyo nathI. tenA vakhatamAM aphaghAnistAna sAthe saMdha thaI, ane hoMgakAMga baMdara aMgrejone maLyuM, I. sa. 1842. ebaDina ane phrAnsanA paradezamaMtrI gIjho vacce sAro saMbaMdha hovAthI phAnsa sAthe maitrI jaLavAI rahI. - I. sa. 1846mAM Ayariza prazna saMbaMdhI matabheda paDatAM pIle rAjInAmuM ApyuM. te I. sa. 1850mAM maraNa pAme. laI pAmarsana: vikToriana yugamAM IMglenDanI pararAjyanItimAM mAthuM mArI IglenDanI kIrti ujajavaLa banAvanAra pradhAnomAM pAmarsTananuM nAma gaNuM zakAya. tene janma I. sa. 1784mAM thaye hato. te I. sa. 1807mAM prathama pArlamenTamAM dAkhala thayA. I. sa. 1808mAM naukA khAtAnA beDane te

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441 sabhya banyA. i. sa. 1809-1828 sudhI te yuddhakhAtAne maMtrI rahyo. . sa. 1831thI 1841 sudhI te paradeza khAtAne pradhAna rahyo. I. sa. 1841thI 1846 sudhI te sattAvimukha rahyA; paNa jyAre I. sa. 1846mAM lorDa rasela mukhya pradhAna banyo, tyAre tene paradeza khAtAnA pradhAnanI padavI maLI. I. sa. 1855mAM te pahelI vAra vaDA pradhAna banyo, ane te hoddA para te traNa varSa rahyo. I. sa. 1858nI rAjyakrAMti vakhate teNe saMgIna kArya karI batAvyuM, paNa eja sAlamAM tene rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDayuM. vaLI pAchA bIje varSe te pharIthI sattAmAM Avyo, ane I. sa. 1865mAM te maraNa pAme tyAM sudhI vaDA pradhA: rahyo. pAmarsTananI pararAjyanItiH pAmarsTana AMtaranItimAM rUDhicusta hato, paNa muktine mATe prayatno karanArAM bIjAM rASTra tarapha sahAnubhUtinI najarathI jete. tenI dezAMtaranItinAM sUtro A pramANe gaNAvI zakAya. (1) briTiza sAmrAjya ane briTiza gauravamAM vRddhi karavI, ane IMglenDanI kIrti pararAjyamAM phelAvavI. (2) raziAne turkastAna tarapha AgaLa vadhatuM aTakAvavuM, ane turkastAnanuM sAmrAjya akhaMDita jALavI rAkhavuM. (3) rASTranI muktine mATe prayatna karanArAM rASTrone madada ApavI, ane temanA tarapha sahAnubhUti batAvavI. AvI pararAjyanIti amalamAM mUkI che ke teNe keTalIka vakhata mahArANuno roSa paNa vaherI lIdhe, paNa te keInI paravA kare tevo na hato. tenI sahAnubhUti ane sUcanAthI bejIyama svataMtra thayuM; ane vikTara imAnyuele ITalIne ekatra karyuM. raziAne turkastAna tarapha AgaLa vadhatuM aTakAvavAne teNe krimina vigrahamAM bhAga lIdhe. pariNAme raziAnI bhUmadhya samudra tarapha AgaLa vadhavAnI mahattvAkAMkSA nAza pAmI. ' jema romana loko "mana" nAmamAM garva letA, tema te "aMgreja" nAmamAM garva leto; ane tenI khAtara game tevuM sAhasa kheDavA te tatpara banato. evAja eka najIvA kAraNasara teNe IglenDane cIna sAthe yuddhamAM utAryuM. e uparAMta teNe spena ane porTugalanA rAjakAraNamAM mAthuM mArI tyAMnA hakadAra vArasone gAdI apAvI. i. sa. 1863mAM pilenDanA pila leke e raziA viruddha baMDa uThAvyuM. A takane lAbha laI praziAnA bismArke

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IlenDane taTastha rAkhI DenamArkanI pAsethI lezviga ane hesTeIna paragaNuM laI lIdhAM, ane tyArabAda bismArka eNsTriAne harAvI jarmana mahArAjyane pAyo nAkhe. pAmarsTananI pararAjyanIti A vakhate dhAryuM kAma ApI zakI nahi. "alAbAmA" vahANanA praznamAM pAmarsTane samAdhAna karAvyuM. A uparathI pAmarsTananI ugra paradezanItino khyAla AvI zake ema che. IglenDanI AMtaranItimAM teNe kAMI khAsa agatyanuM kArya karyuM nathI. te pArlamenTanA baMdhAraNanA sudhArAnI viruddha hatA. AthI ja tene mATe ema kahevAya che ke "te AMtaranItimAM kanjharveTiva ane paradezanItimAM libarala hatuM." glaeNDasTanaH vikaTeriana yuganA aneka tejasvI mutsaddIomAM glaeNDasTananuM nAma Aja paNa eka prakAzita tArAnI mAphaka IMglenDanA rAjakAraNamAM jhaLahaLI rahyuM che. tene janma I. sa. 1809mAM livarapUlamAM thayuM hatuM. te I. sa. 1832mAM pArlAmenTamAM pahelavahele dAkhala thayA. pIla tenI zaktithI aMjAye. AthI teNe tene naukA khAtAmAM jagA ApI. I. sa. 1835mAM pale rAjInAmuM ApyuM, eTale e paNa nivRtta thayA. pharIthI i. sa. 1841mAM pIlanA pradhAnamaMDaLamAM te vepArakhAtAne maMtrI banyA. I.sa 1846mAM te saMsthAnakhAtAne maMtrI thaye. I. sa. 1852-51mAM te ITalI gaye. tyAMnA nepalsa rAjAne julama joI tenuM hRdaya pIgaLI gayuM, ane tyArathI te libarala banyuM. I. sa. 185ramAM pharIthI te ebaDinanA saMyukta pradhAnamaMDaLamAM khajAnacI thaye, ane teNe krimiana vigrahanA kharcane pitAnI saMgIna Arthika nItithI nIbhAvyuM. teNe I. sa. 1855mAM rAjInAmuM ApyuM, tyArapachI pharIthI I. sa. 1859mAM te pAmarsTananA pradhAnamaMDaLanAM khajAnacI thayo, ane I. sa. 1865mAM pAmarsTananA mRtyu bAda te AmanI sabhAmAM AgevAna banyo. . sa. 1868mAM te vaDe pradhAna banyuM, ane cha varSa sudhI e pade kAyama rahyo. tyArapachI pharIthI te I. sa. 1880mAM, tyArapachI I. sa. 1886mAM ane I. sa. 1893mAM ema ekaMdare cAra vakhata te mukhya pradhAna banya. ' arthazAstrI gleDasTanaH eka samartha arthazAstrI tarIke glaeNDasTane ghaNuM sudhArA karyA, ane IglenDanI Arthika sthitine saMgIna pAyA para mUkI. taruNa piTanI mAphaka te paNa prakhyAta arthazAstrI Adama smithane anuyAyI

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443 ' hatA. teNe kharcamAM kApakUpa karI, AyAta-nikAsa paranI ghaNI jakAtA kADhI nAkhI, ane niraMkuza vyApAranI paddhati dAkhala karI. " zAMti, karakasara ane sudhArA " e tenuM mukhya sUtra hatuM. teNe phrAnsa joDe saMdhi karI, eTale briTiza mAla vagara jakAte phrAnsamAM javA lAgyA. teNe kAgaLa uparanI jakAta kADhI nAkhI, ane cA tathA khAMDa parzI jakAta ochI karI aMgreja prajAne nAstA sastA banAvyeA. teNe AvakaverA paNuM ghaTADI nAkhyA. paraMtu kharcAne paheAMcI vaLavA lazkara ane naukAsainyamAM dhaTADe karyAM. e sivAya dareka khAtAmAM karakasara dAkhala karI. gleDasTananI kharI khukhI te e hatI, ke teNe ATalA ATalA verA echA karyA, chatAM paNa tenAM aMdAjapatromAM bacata rahetI. A bacatanI rakama teNe rASTranuM devuM echuM karavAmAM vAparI. Ama gleDasTane niraMkuza vyApAranI paddhati dAkhala karI IMglenDanA vyApArane uttejana ApyuM. tene pariNAme deza samRddha thayeA. " AchA verA ane Ache kharca " e siddhAMta amalamAM mUkI teNe nANAMzAstrI tarIke nAmanA meLavI.. sudhAraka bleDasTanaH gleDasTananA pahelA kArabhAra darzamana ( i. sa. 1868-1874 ) teNe dhaNA sudhArA karyA. (1) keLavaNI viSayaka sudhArAH teNe i. sa. 1870mAM phAsTaranI madadathI pharajiAta keLavaNInA kAyadA pasAra karI bAra varSa sudhInAM bALakAne zALAmAM pharajiAta mekalavAnI geAThavaNu karI. (2) sainyamAM sudhArAH kArDavele i. sa. 1871mAM lazkarI sudhArAnA kharA pasAra karI, lAMcarUzvatanI prathAne dUra karI. (3) teNe i. sa. 1872mAM gupta rIte mata ApavAnI prathA (Voting by ballot) dAkhala karI. (4) vaLI teNe majuramaMDaLAne kAyadesara TharAvanArA kAyade pasAra karAvyA. (5) Ayariza praznamAM teNe udAratAthI bhAga lIdheA, ane AyarlenDane kalaMka samAna tyAMnuM proTesTanTa devaLa kADhI nAkhyuM. e uparAMta Ayariza kheDutAnAM duHkhA dUra karavA teNe i. sa. 1870mAM "Ayariza lenDa eNkaTa" pasAra karyAM. AthI ema TharAvavAmAM AvyuM, ke sabaLa kAraNa sivAya jamInadAra kheDutane kADhI mUke nahi; ane jo te tema kare teA kheDutane jamInamAM sudhArA karavAne karelA kharca badala nukasAnI bharI Ape. vaLI teNe AyarlenDamAM keLavaNIne uttejana ApavA prayatna karyo; paraMtu zrInIana caLavaLa baMdha paDI nahi.

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leDasTane bIjA kArabhAra daramiAna (I. sa. 1880-85), Ayariza prazna hAthamAM lIdhe. I. sa. 1881mAM teNe Ayariza lekane saMtoSavA jamIna saMbaMdhI bIje kharaDo ghaDe. AthI kheDuto ane jamInadAronA jhagaDAne nikAla lAvavA eka "lenDa kerTa" sthApavAmAM AvI; paNa tenuM zubha pariNAma AvyuM nahi. AyarlenDamAM to caLavaLa cAluja rahI. AthI chevaTe tene khAtarI thaI ke AyarlenDane homarUla ApyA sivAya chUTakoja nathI. gleDasTane i. sa. 1884-85mAM pArlamenTanA sudhArAne kharaDe pasAra karAvyuM. AthI sAdhAraNa kheDutane ane majurane paNa matAdhikAra maLe, ane pArlamenTa lagabhaga saMpUrNa pratinidhitvavALI thaI glaeNDasTananA bIjA ane trIjA kArabhAra daramiAna teNe Ayariza praznane chevaTane nikAla lAvavAnA IrAdAthI "homarUla bila raju karyuM, paraMtu A vakhate tenA pitAnA sAthIo viruddha paDyA, ane temaNe libarala-yuniyana nisTa pakSa sthApyo. A pachI e jyAre cothI vakhata vaDA pradhAna thaye, tyAre teNe pharIthI Ayariza hemarUla bila raju karyuM. A vakhate paNa tene prayatna niSphaLa nIvaDaze. tyArapachI te rAjakIya kSetramAMthI nivRtta thayo. - dezAMtaranItiH laeNDasTananI dezAMtaranIti nirmAlya hatI. te zAMtine cAhanAra hato. AthI AphrikAmAM TrAnsavAlanA bera lokoe baLavo karyo, tyAre teNe temane svarAjya ApI saMtoSyA. ijiptamAM arabI pAzAnI AgevAnI heThaLa baLa jAge, tenuM paNa samAdhAna karavAnuM vacana ApI teNe lazkara pAchuM kheMcI lIdhuM. AyarlenDamAM pArnelanI saradArI nIce svarAjyanI caLavaLa pUra jasamAM cAlI. Ama pararAjyanIti saMbaMdhI gleDasTananuM valaNa zAMtibharyuM hatuM. - A uparathI samajI zakAya che ke glaeNDasTanamAM truTio te hatI, paraMtu tenI kAma karavAnI dhagaza ane ucca svadezaprema AgaLa te DhaMkAI jatI. | DijharAyelIH (I. sa. 1804-1881.) benjAmina DijharAyelIne janma I. sa. 1804mAM laMDanamAM thayuM hatuM. te mULa yahudI hata; paNa khristI dharmane upAsaka hatA. vIsa varSanI vaye teNe "viviyana gre" nAmanI navalakathA lakhI aMgreja prajAnuM dhyAna kheMcyuM. I. sa. 1837mAM te pArlamenTamAM dAkhala thaze. pArlamenTamAM ApeluM tenuM paheluM bhASaNa keIe sAMbhaLyuM nahi, tyAre

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445 te belyo hato ke "Aje to tame mane sAMbhaLatA nathI, paNa e vakhata Avaze ke tamAre mane sAMbhaLavo paDaze." I. sa. 1849mAM te kenjharveTiva pakSane AgevAna banyo. i. sa. 185ramAM, I. sa. 1858mAM ane I. sa. 1867mAM-ema traNa vAra te khajAnacI thayuM. teNe I. sa. 1867mAM pArlamenTanI sudhAraNAne kharaDo pasAra karI TerI pakSanA siddhAMtamAM navI bhAta pADI. te I. sa. 1874thI 1880 sudhI vaDo pradhAna rahyo. e daramiAna teNe ghaNuM sudhArA karyA. te I. sa. 1880mAM bIkansaphilDane arla banyo. bIje ja varSe te maraNa pAme, I. sa. 1881. sAmrAjyavAdI DijharAyelI: pararAjyanItimAM te pAmarsTanano ziSya. hato. tenI dezAMtaranIti ghaNI tejasvI nIvaDI hatI. teNe raziAnI vadhatI jatI sattA aTavAvavA hiMdamAMthI lazkara belAvI mAlTAmAM rAkhyuM, ane laDAInI badhI taiyArI karI hatI. ethI raziA DarI gayuM, ane barlinamAM pariSadda maLI. DijharAyelIe A pariSaddamAM AgaLa paDato bhAga laI barlinanI saMdhi karI, ane TakanA sAmrAjyanI hada mukarara karI. A "mAnabharI suleha pachI te IlenDa pAcho pharyo. briTananA hitanI khAtara IglenDe para rAjyamAM paNuM mAthuM mAravuM joIe, ema te mAnatA. vaLI teNe suejhanI naheranA 40 lAkha pauDanI kiMmatanA zera kharIdI laI duniyAne mahAna jaLamArga hastagata karyo. Ama pararAjyanItimAM DijharAyelIe IglenDanI kIrti vadhArI. ja sudhAraka DijharAyelI: jo ke te konjharveTiva hato, paNa sudhArAmAM mAnatA hovAthI teNe jarUranA sudhArA karavAmAM pAchI pAnI karI nathI. teNe . sa. 1867mAM pArlamenTanI sudhAraNAne kharaDo pasAra karI kArIgara vagerene matAdhikAra Ape. I. sa. 1875mAM teNe zaherenI sudharAI mATe. eka kAyado pasAra karI majurone mATe sArAM, havAujAsavALAM ghare bAMdhavAnI yojanA karI. i. sa. 1876mAM majUravarganAM maMDaLo saMbaMdhI kAyade pasAra karI te maMDaLo kAyadesara gaNavAnuM teNe nakkI karyuM. AthI majuronI sthiti sudharI. I. sa. 1877mAM IMglenDanI rANI vikaToriAne hiMdustAnanAM "samrANI-pada ApavAne kharaDo teNe pasAra karyo. I. sa. 1878mAM kArakhAnAne lagate kharaDo pasAra karI teNe dasa varSathI ochI vayanAM

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chokarAMone kArakhAnAmAM kAma karavAnI baMdhI karI. vaLI strIone aThavADIAmAM sATha kalAkathI vadhu kAma nahi ApavuM ema TharAvyuM. te AyarlenDanI bAbatamAM ane dhAnyanA praznamAM tenI nIti keDhicusta hatI. DijharAyelIe pArnelanI caLavaLane sakhatAIthI dAbI dIdhI, ane dhAnyano kAyade rada na karavA teNe pArlAmenTamAM sacoTa bhASaNa ApyAM hatAM. DijharAyelIe pitAnI sAmrAjyavAdI nItithI IlenDanI pratiSThA yuropamAM vadhArI. AthIja vikaTeriana yuganA mahAna mutsaddIomAM leDasTana pachI DijharAyelInA nAmanI gaNatarI thAya che. Deniyala ekenelaH ogaNIsamA saikAmAM Ayariza prane evuM te vikaTa svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM, ke e praznane nikAla lAvavA jatAM aneka maMtrImaMDaLo sattAbhraSTa thayAM. I. sa. 1800mAM taruNa piTe yuktipUrvaka AyarlenDane IglenDanI sAthe joDI denAre kAyado pasAra karyo. paraMtu te samaye mana kethalike sAmenAM baMdhano rada karavAnuM je vacana piTTe ApyuM hatuM, te e pALI zakyo nahi. zAthI? paeNrja trIjAnA virodhane lIdhe. AthI vaikuMnI laDAI pachI Ayariza prajAe eka pratibhAzALI vyaktinI AgevAnI nIce caLavaLa upADI. A pratibhAzALI vyakti eja Deniyala konela. te eka prasiddha dhArAzAstrI hatA, chaTAdAra vaktA hatA, ane kuzaLa netA hatA. teNe vinodamaya ane jvalaMta bhASaNothI Ayariza prajAnAM mana saMpAdana karI lIdhAM. I. sa. 1823mAM teNe remana ketholika esosiezana" nAmanI saMsthA sthApI, ane TheraThera bhASaNa ApI teNe samagra AyalenDane jAgRta karI dIdho. - tyArabAda I. sa. 1828mAM teNe kalera paragaNuM taraphathI pArlamenTanI cUMTaNImAM umedavArI karI, ane te bahumatIthI cuMTAye. pArlamenTe traNa vakhata tenI cUMTaNI rada karI, ane traNa vakhata te asAdhAraNa bahumatIthI cuMTAyo. AthI veliMgTananA pradhAnamaMDaLa samakSa A prazna evo vikaTa banya, ke pIlanI sUcanAthI teNe "remana kethalika baMdhanamukti"ne kharaDo pasAra karyo, ane temane pArlamenTamAM besavAnI temaja bIjI dareka chUTa ApI. Ama taruNa piTTa paNa je karI zake nahote, te A vIra nare karI batAvyuM. - A vijaya maLyA pachI Deniyala ekale "paradezI devaLano prazna

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upADe. Ayariza lekone A devaLanA nibhAva mATe kare (Tithe) bharavA paDatA, eTale A devaLa temane mATe eka apamAna samAna hatuM. ekone jussAdAra bhASaNa ApI lekone e kara na bharavAne uzkeryA. AthI tophAno thayAM. sarakAre te dabAvavAne jema jema prayatna karyo, tema tema AyarlenDamAM azAMti vadhI. AthI lorDa memberna AyalenDa mATe paNa garIbIne kAyade ghaDI, tathA dharmasamAja-ve jamInadAra pAsethI levAno TharAvI, temane zAMta pADavA yatna karyo, I. sa. 1835. - tyArapachI robarTa pIlanA pradhAnamaMDaLa daramiAna AyarlenDa ane IglenDane saMga rada karI "svarAjya meLavavA teNe jesabhera caLavaLa upADI. mAmale gaMbhIra banato dekhI pIle kaDaka pagalAM lIdhAM. sabhAbaMdhIne kAyado pasAra thayo, ane eka jaMgI sabhA aTakAvI. okonela te hukamane tAbe thaye. tene pakaDavAmAM Avyo, ane kedanI sajA karI; paNa pAchaLathI amIrenI sabhAe tene choDI mUko. paraMtu ekone sarakAranA hukamane tAbe thayo, e vAta Ayariza yuvAnane gamI nahi. AthI ATaluM ATaluM AtmabalidAna ApanAra A mahAna puruSane paNa jAhera jIvanamAMthI nivRtta thavuM paDayuM. te I. sa. 1847mAM maraNa pAme. - A mahAna dezasevake aNIne vakhate mAtRbhUminI mukti khAtara bahAra paDI je AtmasamarpaNa karyuM te prazaMsApAtra kema na bane ? pArselaH ogaNIsamA saikAmAM Ayariza prazna eTale badho bArIka banato gaye, ke briTananA dareka mutsaddIne temAM mAthuM mAravuM paDayuM. AyalenDamAM proTesTanTa jamInadAre game tyAre kheDutone potAnI jamInamAMthI hAMkI kADhatA; ane kheDutoe karelI mahenatano badale paNa maLato nahi. eka te kheDutone majurI karI gujarAna calAvavAnuM rahyuM, temAMe jamInadArono trAsa te khareja. A paristhitimAM pArnela nAmanA tyAMnA jamInadAreja glaeNDasTananA bIjA pradhAnamaMDaLa daramiAna kheDutonI sthiti sudhAravA caLavaLa upADI. teNe traNa mAgaNI karI. (1) vAjabI vigheTI, (2) vecANane heka, ane (3) bhogavaTA mATe cokkasa mudata. glaeNDasTane A mAgaNIo pUrI pADavA jamIna saMbaMdhI be kAyadA pasAra karAvyA; paNa pArnela ane

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448 tenA anuyAyIo AthI zAMta paDyA nahi. temaNe eka rASTrasaMgha sthA, ane "svarAjya' e temanuM dhyeya banyuM. je jamInadAroe temanI nIti pramANe vartavAnI nA pADI, temanA tarapha sAmAjika bahiSkAranuM zastra ajamAvavAmAM AvyuM. vakhata jatAM A caLavaLe bhayaMkara svarUpa pakaDayuM, ane TheraThera tephAne paNa thayAM. AthI pArnela ane bIjA AgevAnone pakaDavAmAM AvyA; paraMtu teo chUTI gayA. tyArapachI teNe pAlamenTamAM dAkhala thaI pitAne pakSa saMgadita banAvyo. A vakhate pArlamenTanA baMne AgevAna pakSonuM saMkhyAbaLa lagabhaga ekasarakhuM hatuM. AthI pArnela ane tenA sabhyo jene mata Ape te pakSa sattAmAM Ave evI paristhiti banI. pahelAM to temaNe kanjharveTiva pakSane Teko Ape, paNa teo "hemarUla ApI zakyA nahi; eTale bIjI vakhata glaeNDasTanane Teko Ape. AthI glaeNDasTana trIjI vAra vaDA pradhAna banyo. glaeNDasTane A vakhate "Ayariza homarUla bila raju karyuM, paNa te pasAra thayuM nahi. svarAjyanuM svapna uDI jatAM pArnala nirAzAthI bhagna hRdaye maraNa pAme, I. sa. 1891. jo ke pArnela pitAnA prayatnonuM zubha phaLa joI zakaze nahi, paNa tenA prayatno niSphaLa gayA ema kevI rIte kahevAya ? kAraNa ke teNe vAvelAM svataMtratAnAM bI bhaviSyamAM phaLadAyI nIvaDayAM. ethI AyarlenDanA svAtaMtryanA ItihAsamAM pArvelanuM nAma amara che. rAse maeNkaDonAlDaH mekaDonAlDa vIsamI sadImAM iMglenDamAM pratibhAzALI puruSa thaI gaye. te buddhizALI, kalpanAzALI, vyavahArakuzaLa, lekhaka, vaktA, ane musApharIne zokhIna hatuM. tenuM jJAna sarvadezIya hatuM; vijJAna, arthazAstra, ane tattvajJAnanA viSayane te jANakAra hato. tenuM mitramaMDaLa bahALuM hatuM. potAnI bahezathI te pArlamenTamAM AgaLa Avyo, ane majurapakSa netA banyA. I. sa. 1924mAM pArlamenTanI varaNImAM libarala pakSe majura pakSane Teko Ape, tethI pahelI ja vAra majurapakSa adhikAramAM Avyo, ane rAse maeNkaDonAlDa vaDe pradhAna thayA. nama:

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449 patu libarala pakSane AdhAra tUTI jatAM tene rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDayuM. pharI pAche I. sa. 1929mAM te vaDA pradhAna thayA, paNa Arthika muzkelIono prazna upasthita thatAM rAjAnI sUcanAthI teNe rASTrIya pradhAnamaMDaLa racyuM. ane pitAnA pakSane thApa ApI te vaDA pradhAnanA sthAna upara I. sa. 1935 sudhI cAlu rahyo. paraMtu te daramiAna jagatanI prajAe tene mATe je je AzAo bAMdhI hatI, temAMnuM kaI paNa kArya tene hAthe phaLIbhUta thayuM nahi. te I. sa. 1937mAM 71 varSanI uMmare maraNa pAmyo. sTenlI bAvinaH TellI bAlDavina atyAranA IglenDanA rAjakAraNamAM agatyanI vyakti che. teno janma I. sa. 1867mAM varsasTara zAyaranA vaDalI gAmamAM thayo hato. tene pitA AphreDa bAlDavina "geTa vesTarna relave kaMpanine ceramena hato. tenI mAtA skeca hatI. tenA pitA velza hato. sTenlI bAlDavina 41 varSanI uMmare pArlamenTamAM dAkhala thayo hato. pahelI nava varSanI kArakIrdi daramiAna teNe pAMcaja bhASaNa ApyAM hatAM. jyAre i. sa. 1916mAM benara la khajAnacI banyA, tyAre teNe bAlDavinane pitAne pAmenTarI khAnagI maMtrI banAvyuM. bIje ja varSe te nANAMkIya maMtrI banyo. laDAI pachI teNe pitAnI milkatane pAMca bhAga (I. 1,50,000) rASTrane arpaNa karato patra "TAImsane lakhe. AthI te ekadama khyAtimAM Avyo. i. sa. 1921mAM te borDa eNvu TreDano pramukha banyA. bIje ja varSe haiIDa caeNrjanuM mizra pradhAnamaMDaLa tUTI javAthI benara hai mukhya pradhAna thayo. A navA pradhAnamaMDaLamAM bAlDavina khajAnacI banyuM. I. sa. 1923mAM bonara haie rAjInAmuM ApyuM. AthI rAjAe bAlDavinane vaDA pradhAna banAvyo. I. sa. 1923nuM tenuM pradhAnamaMDaLa jhAjha samaya TakyuM nahi, ane i. sa. 1924mAM rAse maeNkaDonAlDa vaDe pradhAna banya; paNa "jhenabu patra" para tenI hAra thaI, ane pharIthI bolDasina mukhya pradhAna banyuM. A varSo daramiAna (i. sa. 1924-29) tenA 29 by BAPS

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450 paradezamaMtrI AsTina cembaraleIne " leAkarmAM saMdhi "mAM sahI karI, AlbeniA ane ebisini jItavAmAM ITalI tarapha sahAnubhUti batAvI, ane " kalAga paeNkaTa "mAM sahI karI. * pharIthI te i. sa. 1935mAM vaDA pradhAna thayA. A vakhatanI AMtararASTrIya paristhiti vadhu ne vadhu bArIka banatI jatI hAvAthI tenA jevA bujharga mutsaddI upara prajAnI najara paDI. A vakhatanA pradhAnamaMDaLa daramiAna paMcama jyAnuM avasAna thayuM, i. sa. 1936. AthI eDavarDa AThamAne gAdI maLI; paNa e arasAmAM eDavarDanA lagnanA vikaTa praznane teDa teNe evI kuneha ane zAMtithI ANyA, ke eDa pAteja gAdInA tyAga karyo, ane jyArja chaThThAne gAdI maLI. tyArapachI teNe rAjInAmuM ApyuM, ane nevila cembaraleIna vaDA pradhAna thayA, i. sa. 1936. CHANCELLOR, THE EXCHEQUER MR.NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN bAlDavina eka bAheAza arthazAstrI, vyavahArakuzaLa ane Tharela dhaMdhAdArI, ane sArA vaktA che. zrotAone khUza karavAnI tenAmAM kaLA che. jo ke hAlamAM tenA upara rAjakIya TIkAo thaI che; paNa eTaluM te kharUMja ke samakAlIna yura|pIana prajApakSIomAM tenuM sthAna cokkasa ane zreSTha che. saMjogA upara cAritrya zI asara karI zake che, tenuM uttama dRSTAMta te pUruM pADe che. paMdara varSa pUrve ajANu gaNAtI vyakti Aje gleDasTAniana jAheAjalAlI mANe che; kAraNa ke prajAne tenAmAM vizvAsa che. Aje te 68 varSanA che, chatAM te sadA zAMta ane Tharela jaNAya che. je vacana te na pALI zake, tevuM vacana te ApatA nathI. jyAre tenA kheAlavAnI khAsa jarUra hAya, tyAreja te khelavA ubhA thAya che. tenI sacATa dalIlA, ane hRdayanA tenA ugArA aMgreja prajAmAM kaMIka navIna cetana reDe che, ane navA prANa pUre che.

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briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNa

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prakaraNa 1luM pArlamenTane vikAsa pArlamenTane TuMke itihAsaH prAcIna samayamAM leke rAjAne pasaMda karatA, ane rAjA lekanI marajI anusAra temanAmAMthI cUMTelA DAhyA mANasonI salAhathI rAjya calAvato. A DAhyA puruSonI sabhA "viTana e-gemaTa'nA nAmathI prasiddha che. A sabhA rAjAne kAyadA ghaDavAmAM, kara, nAkhavAmAM, ane saMdhi-vigraha karavAmAM salAha ApatI. A sabhAmAM rAjAnA cUMTelA jAgIradAra, rAjakuTuMbIo ane bIjA amIra-umarAva tathA dharmAdhyakSa besatA. Ama "viTanamAM amIranI bhAvI sabhAnuM mULa raheluM jaNAya che. normana rAjAonAM samayamAM sthiti badalAI gaI. viliyame "saraMjAma paddhati dAkhala karIne amIrano baLavAna pakSa ubho karyo, ane rAjasattA ghaNI vadhArI dIdhI. narmana rAjAonA samayamAM junuM sujJa maMDaLa" (viTana) keIka vakhate maLatuM; paNa te astitvamAM hatuM ema kahI zakAya. plenTejIneTa rAjAoe amIra-umarA, dharmAdhyakSa ane jamInadAranI madadathI rAjyataMtra calAvavAnI paddhati dAkhala karI. hetrI bIjAe to pradhAnamaMDaLanI paNa sthApanA karI. svainanA samayamAM A sabhAnuM mahatva ekadama vadhI gayuM. jo ke rAjAe ApakhudI calAvI, paNa amIree ekatra thaI rAjA pAse potAnA hake para sahI levaDAvI. A dastAvejane "megnA:cArTInA nAmathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che. A mahAna paTTAthI lokoe nyAya, kAyadA ane nANAM saMbaMdhI bAbatamAM pitAne adhikAra sthApana karyo, I. sa. 1215. hetrI trIjAnA samayamAM rAjA ane amIre vacce takarAra thatAM sAImane amIranI AgevAnI lIdhI, ane rAjAne harAvI rAjasattA pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhI. sAImane tamAma paragaNumAMthI ane kasbAomAMthI prajAnA pratinidhio bolAvI I. sa. 1265mAM eka sabhA meLavI. A sabhA "pAlamenTane nAme oLakhAvA lAgI. A pramANe AmanI sabhAnI prathama utpatti I. sa. 1265mAM thaI. eDavarDa pahelAe sAImananI nItinuM anukaraNa karI I. sa. 1295mAM pUrNa pratinidhitvavALI pArlamenTa belAvI. te

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453 Adarza pArlamenTa'-Model Parliament ne nAme itihAsamAM prasid -che; kAraNa ke temAM moTAM zaherAmAMthI, kasbAmAMthI ane paragaNAMmAMthI lekhIta AmaMtraNA ( writs) ApIne pratinidhie elAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. emAM dharmakhAtuM, amI| ane sAmAnya prajA-varga ema svarAjyanAM traNe aMgeAnuM yeAgya pratinidhitva pahelIja vAra jaLavAyuM hatuM, ane temaNe verA, nyAya ane nANAM saMbaMdhI cAkkasa hakA meLavyA hatA. i. sa. 1340nI pArlamenTa: eDavarDa trIjAe nANAMnI jarUra paDatAM pArlamenTa melAvI. A pArlamenTe rAjAne 'Taneja' ane 'pAunDeja' udharAvavAnA haka ApyA, paNa tenA badalAmAM pradhAne nImavAnA, avizvAsu pradhAneA upara kAma calAvavAne ( Impeachment) ane rAjAnA kharcane hisAba tapAsavAneA haka meLavyeA. i. sa. 1332thI amIrA ane AmavarganA lAkoe judA judA oraDAomAM esavAnuM zarU karyuM. A samayathI pArlamenTanA AmanI sabhA' ane amIronI sabhA' evA be judA bhAga paDayA. zarUAtamAM amIrAnI sabhAnI sattA vizALa hatI; AmanI sabhA te nAmanIja hatI. caudamA ane paMdaramA saikAmAM kara nAkhavAnI ane kAyadA ghaDavAnI bAbatamAM AmanI sabhAe peAtAnA hAtha upara rAkhyA. eja pramANe rAjyakArabhAra para TIkA karavAnA ane rAjAne kheATI salAha ApavA mATe pradhAnane * javAbadAra gaNI temanA upara kAma calAvavAnA rivAja paNa dAkhala thayA. TayuDara rAjAo ane pArlamenTanA arasparasa saMbaMdha : ' gulAbanA vigraha' pachI hetrI sAtamAe te vakhatanI anukULa paristhitine pUratA lAbha laI umarAvAnI sattA teADI nAkhI, ane leAkasattAne dAkhI daI rAjasattA Apakhuda banAvI. TayuDara amala daramiAna jo ke sarva sattAnuM kendra rAjA hatA, tepaNa TayuDara rAjyakartAoe pArlamenTanuM astitva TakAvI rAkhyuM hatuM, ane pArlamenTane madhyastha rAkhIne rAjyasattA calAvI hatI. kara, vere, ane kAyadA ghaDavAnI bAbatamAM pArlamenTane adhikAra temaNe mAnya rAkhyA hatA. sTuarTa amala daramiAna rAjasattA kevI rIte niyaMti anatI gaI! sTuarTa vaMza eTale rAjA ane prajA vacce sarvoparipaNA mATe ubhI thaelI takarAranA yuga. A vaMzanA rAjyakartAe ' izvarI huka'nA

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454 siddhAMtane anusarI TayuDara rAjAone pagale cAlavA gayA; paNa have e jamAne badalAI gayuM hatuM. AthI kara ugharAvavAnI bAbatamAM rAjA ane prajA vacce vAMdho paDe. jemsa pahelAnA amala daramiAna "beTasa" nAmanA vepArIe AyAta mAla paranI vadhArAnI jakAta ApavAnI nA pADatAM rAjAe tenA para kAma calAvyuM, ane nyAyAdhIzoe tene doSita TharAvyuM. evI ja rIte cArlsa pahelAnA samayamAM "zipamanI" vero na bharavA mATe henDanane sajA thaI. Ama rAjA-prajA vaccenI maryAdA nakkI thaelI na hevAthI tema karavA I. sa. 1628mAM "piTizana oNv rAITsa ane . sa. 1689mAM "bila eNn rAIsa" nAmanA kAyadA ghaDavAmAM AvyA; jene lIdhe dareka bAbatamAM pArlamenTane adhikAra sarvopari che, ane rAjA pArlamenTanI saMmati vinA kaMI karI zake nahi ema nakkI thayuM. viliyama trIjAnA vakhatamAM "kebineTa paddhati" ane "pakSapaddhati'nAM maMDANa maMDAyAM. I. sa. 1701mAM pasAra thaelA "eNkaTa eN seTalamenTa thI rAjA proTesTanTa have joIe ema TharyuM. rAjAthI nyAyAdhIzane svacchede rajA ApI zakAya nahi, ane pArlamenTanI saMmati vinA paradezI jhagaDAomAM paDAya nahi, evuM TharyuM. henavara vaMza : henevara vaMzanA amalamAM pArlamenTanuM prAbalya vadhatuM ja gayuM. have "prAIma minisTara'nI navI padavI nIkaLI. AmanI sabhAnI bahumatIthI ja rAjya cAlavuM joIe, maMtrImaMDaLamAM badhA eka matanA havA. joIe, ane maMtrInI sUcanA anusAra sarva pradhAnoe vartavuM joIe--A ane bIjI aneka mAnyatAo valpolanA vakhatathI ja zarU thaI. rjyorja trIjAe rAjasattA sarvopari banAvavA khUba prayAso kya; paNa temAM te phAvyo. nahi. I. sa. 1832, 1867, 1884, 1911, 1918 ane 1928nA. sudhArAnA kAyadAothI pArlamenTa uttarottara vizALa pratinidhitvavALI thaI ane lekasattAnuM baLa vadhavA lAgyuM. eka samaya evo paNa AvyuM ke rAjyataMtrane kaLazarU5 rAjA mAtra zobhAne hovAthI tenI jarUra nathI evo mata pravarte. paraMtu Aje ema manAvA lAgyuM che ke rAjA jagatabharamAM prasarelA vizALa sAmrAjyanA bhAgene ekatra karI rAkhanAra ekeDArUpa che, ane rAjyataMtra sthira ane majabuta rAkhavA mATe vaMzaparaMparAnA rAjapada jevI bIjI eke saMsthA nathI.

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prakaraNa ratnuM briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNanI viziSTatA ane tAja kAI paNa dezanA rAjyavahIvaTane aMge kAyadA-kAnune ghaDavAmAM Ave che, ane te niyame tathA kAyadA mujaba rAjyavahIvaTa cAle che. dareka rASTranA vahIvaTane mATe ghaDAelA baMdhAraNanA mukhya e prakAra che : (1) lekhIta ane (2) alekhIta. keTalAka dezAmAM samagra rAjyavahIvaTa ekaja kAyadAthI dhaDAelA kAnunA mujaba cAle che. ApaNA dezanuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa AvA prakAranuM che; kAraNa ke tene vahIvaTa pArlamenTe ghaDelA kAyadA mujaba cAle che. briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNa mATe bhAge alekhIta che; kAraNa ke tene ghaNA vahIvaTa prAcIna samayathI cAlatI AvelI praNAlikAo, ( Conventions ) rUDhio, dRSTAMtA, anubhaveA, niyamA, dezanA sAmAnya kAyadAe, sanadA, ane rAjAprajA vaccenA karArA mujaba cAle che. khriTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNanI khIjI viziSTatA e che ke temAM sahelAIthI pheraphArA karI zakAya che, eTale sAdhAraNa kAyadAnI mAphaka baMdhAraNamAM pheraphAra karI zakAya che. briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNanI traNa agatyanI saMsthAe H dareka dezanA rAjyavahIvaTane mATe nIcenI traNa saMsthAe heAya che: (a) kAyadA ghaDanAra saMsthA( Legislatures ) (a) kArobArI saMsthA ( Executive) (4) nyAyasaMsthA (Judiciary ) nIcenI kAThA parathI te barAbara samajAze. rAja kAyadA ghaDanAra saMsthA ' / AmanI amIrAnI sabhA sabhA kArAbArI saMsthA pradhAnamaMDaLa mukhya pradhAna ane khIjA pradhAno nyAya I amIrInI sabhA apIlanI adAlata variSTha adAlata. bIjI adAlate

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56 -briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM tAjanuM sthAna- (1) tAjanI upayogitAH ApaNe vAMcI gayA ke TuarTa amala daramiAna rAjA ane pArlamenTa vacce zreSThatA mATe cAlele jhagaDo i. sa. 168hmAM pUre thaye, ane rAjasattA para kAyamanA aMkuza mUkavAmAM AvyA. tyAra pachI maryAdita rAjasattAne amala zarU thayo. hAla AmanI sabhAmAMthI nImAeluM pradhAnamaMDaLa (Cabinet) samagra dezane rAjyavahIvaTa calAve che, ane vAstavika rIte amala calAvavAmAM rAjAnI sattA nAmanI ja banI rahI che chatAM haju sudhI briTiza prajA rAjA ane rANI tarapha sanmAnanI najarathI nihALe che. temanA taraphanI vaphAdArIthI temanAM hRdaya dhaDakI UThe che. teo paNa rAjasattAnI keTalIka upayogitA svIkAre che. rAjakAraNamAM bAhoza rAjA potAnI naitika asara vAparI zake che. rAjA pakSapaddhatithI para hoya che, eTale pradhAnamaMDaLonA pheraphAranI asara tenA para thatI nathI. AthI videzanIti sabaMdhI UThelA praznomAM rAjAnA vyaktitvanI ghaNI asara thAya che. vaLI te potAnA lAMbA anubhavane lAbha pradhAnamaMDaLane ApI zake che. saMdhi ke vigraha daramiAna tenI salAha sonerI gaNAya che. sAmrAjyanI ekatA sAdhavAmAM rAjA eka upagI ane preraka baLa che. laDAIne samaye rAjA sAmrAjyanA dareka aMganuM kendra bane che, ane prajA tene ja vaphAdAra rahe che. sAmrAjyanA vikAsathI sAmrAjyanA aikyanI lAgaNI mUrtimaMta darzAvanAra rAjAja che. vaLI rAjAnI pratibhA, rAjAne yuropI rAjakuTuMba sAthe saMbaMdha, tene vizALa anubhava ane rAjapadathI jaLavAtI ekatAnI bhAvanAthI rAjAnI saMsthA briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM ghaNuM anivArya che. (2) tAja ane tenA khAsa hakeH (Pierogatives of the Crown) che. dezamAM rAjapada vaMzaparaMparAnuM che; paraMtu rAjyakrAti pachI thaelA kAyadAnI rUe rAjA aMgreja dharmasamAjane hevo joIe, ane teNe teja samAjanI rAjakuMvarI sAthe lagna karavuM joIe. i. sa. 1936mAM eDavarDa AThamAe romana kethalika strI sAthe lagna karavA mATe gAdIne tyAga karyo, e

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457 ApaNuM jANItI vAta che. vaLI rAjagAdIe strI paNa AvI zake che. paraMtu gAdIe AvatAM ja dezanA kAyadAo ane rUDhione mAna ApI de anusAra vartavAnI, sarva prajAne samAna nyAya ApavAnI, ane dharmAlayonI svataMtratA jALavavAnI rAjA ke rANIne pratijJA levI paDe che. khAsa hake keTale aMze vAparI zakAtha? (a) rAjA ane pArlamenTaH rAjAne pArlamenTa belAvavAnI, tene mekapha rAkhavAnI ane tene visarjana karavAnI khAsa sattA che. rAjAnI A sattA keTalI aniyaMtrita hatI, e TayuDara ane TuarTa samayamAM AvI gayuM che. paraMtu have te rAjA e saMbaMdhamAM kebineTanI salAha sivAya kaMI karI zakatA nathI. rAjAnuM sthAna pArlamenTamAM nahi hovAthI pArlamenTa pasAra karelA koI paNa kharaDA upara jyAM sudhI rAjAnI sahI na thAya, tyAM sudhI te kAyadA tarIke lekhAtuM nathI. jo ke A bAbatamAM paNa rAjAnI sattA para aMkuza che; kAraNa ke prajAnI pratinidhirUpa AmanI sabhAe pasAra karelA kharaDA upara sahI karavAnI rAjA nA pADI zakato nathI. (4) rAjA ane rAjyavahIvaTaH prAcIna samayamAM rAjA potAnI marajI mujaba pradhAna nIti; paNa viliyamanA vakhatathI evI nIti svIkAravAmAM AvI che, ke je pakSa AmanI sabhAmAM bahumatI dharAvato hoya te pakSamAMthIja rAjA pitAnA pradhAne nImI zake. ethI karIne AmanI sabhAnI cUMTaNI pachI rAjA vadhumatI pakSanA AgevAnane bolAvI pradhAnamaMDaLa racavAnuM sUcave che; ane te netA pitAnA pakSanA sabhyomAMthI pradhAnamaMDaLa race che. Ama rAjAne mukhya pradhAna (Prime Minister )nI nImaNuka karavAne haka che; chatAM e pradhAnamaMDaLa rAjAne nahi, paNa pArlamenTane ja javAbadAra rahe che. rAjA A pradhAnamaMDaLanI saMmati vinA kaMI paNa karI zakate nathI, eTale rAjAnAM tamAma kAryo mATe pradhAne pArlamenTane javAbadAra rahe che. rAjA kaMI aniSTa kare te tene mATe salAha ApanAra pradhAnaja javAbadAra gaNAya che. AthI ja IglenDanA rAjataMtramAM " rAjA kaMI khATa karI zake nahi" (The King can do no wrong) A sUtra sarvamAnya thaI paDyuM che.

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(6) IlkAba ane mAnacAMda ApavAne rAjAne hakaH briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM rAjAne mAna ane padavInA uddabhava sthAna tarIke gaNavAmAM Ave che, eTale rAjAne rAjyanA sarva mahAna adhikArIonI nimaNuka karavAne, temaja temane baratarapha karavAne haka che. sAmrAjyanAM judAM judAM saMsthAnanA gavarnare ane gavarnara janaralanI nImaNuka paNa rAjA kare che. e uparAMta rAjA IlkAba ApI zake che. navA amIre banAvavAne rAjAne haka Aja paNa tAjeja che. rAjA potAnA hakathI game teTalA navA amIre banAvI temane amInI sabhAmAM besavAnI sattA ApI zake che. vikaToriA rANae lagabhaga 300 navA amIre banAvyA hatA. paMcama jyorja e hakane upayoga karaze, ema dhArI I. sa. 1911ne pArlamenTane kAyade amIranI sabhAe pasAra karyo hato. A uparathI samajI zakAya che, ke rAjAnI A sattAthI amIrenI sabhA upara rAjAne aMkuza rahe che. (3) rAjAH samAjanA netA ane dharmane vaDAH IglenDane rAjA e samAjanA netA gaNAya che, ane dezanI temaja paradezanI sAmAjika ane rAjakIya pravRttio rAjAnI mAraphata cAle che. jema romana kethalika loko pipane pitAnA dharmane vaDe mAne che, ane meTA dharmAdhikArIonI nimaNuka karavAne haka paNa pipane ja gaNAya che; tema IglenDane rAjA aMgreja dharmasamAjano vaDo gaNAya che, ane dharmAdhyakSa ane vaDA dharmAdhyakSanI nImaNuka rAjA pote kare che. () rAjA ane nyAyavahIvaTaH jema rAjA sanmAnanuM mULa (Fountain of Honour) gaNAya che, ane paradezamAM briTiza prajAnA pratinidhirUpe sanmAna meLave che; tema te nyAyanuM uddabhavasthAna (Fountain of Justice) lekhAya che. sAmrAjyanA badhA moTA nyAyAdhIzenI nImaNuka rAjA kare che; paNa temane kADhI mUkavAnI rAjAne sattA nathI. kaI paNa gunegArane kSamA ApavAne haka rAjA dharAve che. jo ke e saMbaMdhamAM rAjAnI sattA maryAdita che; kAraNa ke AmanI sabhAe amIranI sabhA samakSa jenA upara mukardame calAvI deSita TharAvyuM hoya, tene rAjA samA bakSI zakato nathI.

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459 (4) rAjA ane paradezane saMbaMdhaH paradeza sAthe saMdhi-vigraha karavAne haka paNa rAjAne che. rAjAne A haka paNa bIjA hakanI mAphaka maryAdita che; kAraNa ke tene mATe pradhAne AmanI sabhAne tathA prajAne javAbadAra hevAthI javAbadAra pradhAnanI saMmati vagara rAjA e bAbatamAM pitAnI marajI anusAra vatI zakato nathI. rAjA ane tenA pradhAnamaMDaLe karelI saMdhi ane karAre pArlamenTanI maMjurI vinA paNa kAyadesara gaNAya che. pradhAnamaMDaLanI paradezanIti AmanI sabhAne pasaMda na paDe, te tenI sAme ThapakAnI darakhAsta lAvI zake che; paNa pradhAnamaMDaLe karelA kelakarAre pheravI zakAtA nathI. | () rAjAnA bIjA khAsa hake upara jaNAvelA rAjAnA khAsa hake uparAMta nANAM pADavAne, mahattvanI kaMpanione sanada agara paTTo ApavAne, ane naukAsainya, sthaLasainya ane havAIsainyanA adhikArIonI nimaNuka karavAne haka rAjAne che. te dhAre te lazkarane game tyAre vikherI amaladArane rajA ApI zake che. rAjAnI A sattA paNa maryAdita che; kemake rAjA je A hakano upayoga kare, te rAjyataMtra aTakI paDe; paNa A hakano te kadI upayoga karatA nathI. rAjAne pradhAnamaMDaLane cetavaNI ApavAne, uttejana ApavAne ane salAha ApavAno khAsa haka che; chatAM teno mATe AdhAra rAjAnA vyaktitva para rahe che. mahArANI vikaTeriAe tAjanA A hakano bahu chUTathI upayoga karyo hato. teNe A hakanI avagaNanA karavA mATe pAmarsTanane rAjInAmuM ApavAnI pharaja pADI hatI; ane I. sa. 1858mAM lorDa Dabane potAnA khAsa hakanuM saMsmaraNa karAvyuM hatuM. Ama siddhAMtanI dRSTie joIe. te briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM rAjAne apUrva haka che; paraMtu A hake amalamAM mUkI zakAtA nathI. AthI ja ema kahevAya che ke briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM rAjAnuM sthAna rAjA tarIkenuM che, paNa zAsanakartA tarIkenuM nathI. (The King reigns, but does not rule.)

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prakaraNa 3juM pArlamenTa rAjAne rAjyavahIvaTamAM madada karavAne je prajAkIya to che, tenA traNa vibhAgone "Three Estates of the Realm" kahevAmAM Ave che. A traNa prajAkIya tara A pramANe che; (1) dharmAdhikArIoH (Lords Spiritual) (2) amIre : (Lords Temporal) (3) lekapratinidhio. pArlamenTanI saMsthA rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM ghaNI ja agatyanI che. rAjA ane pArlamenTanAM baMne gRha maLI game te kAyade pasAra karI zake che, athavA rada karI zake che. pArlamenTanI saMmati sivAya rAjA kaMI karI zakato nathI. pArlamenTa AmanI sabhA amIranI sabhA (prajAnA pratinidhio 65sa) (kAyamanA sabhya saMkhyA mukarara nathI) AmanI sabhA: caudamA saikAnA madhyamAM svataMtra rIte astitvamAM AvanAra A mahAna maMDaLane ItihAsa, te IMglenDanA prajAjIvananA vikAsano itihAsa che. jema jema prajAnI svarAjya bhegavavAnI zakti ghaDAtI gaI, ane dezanA taMtramAM pitAno avAja raju karavAnI AkAMkSA tIvra banatI gaI, tema tema A maMDaLano vikAsa thayo, ane temAM lokapratinidhitva vadhatuM gayuM. AraMbhamAM te A sabhAmAM garAsIAo ane zrImaMta zaherIo besatA; paNa temane rAjakAraNamAM khAsa rasa nahi hovAthI rAjAne joItAM nANunI maMjurI ApavA sivAya teo bIjuM kArya thoDuM ja karatA. TayuDara rAjAonA amala daramiAna madhyama varganI unnati thaI; ane rAjakAraNamAM teo AgaLa AvyA. vaLI gulAbanA vigrahomAM aneka amIrane nAza - thavAthI, pitAnI Apakhuda sattA TakAvI rAkhavA TayuDara rAjAoe navA

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ka amIro na banAvavAthI, ane maThanA nAzathI aneka dharmAdhyakSe bhraSTa thavAthI amInI sabhA dabAtI gaI. hetrI mAnA samayamAM amIranI sabhAmAM mAtra 72 sabhyo rahyA hatA. A saMdhisamaya daramiAna AmanI sabhAnAM saMkhyA, jera ane vaga vadhatAM jatAM hatAM. navI vidyAnA pracArathI dezanA aneka navajuvAne ucca vidyA meLavatA, videzamAM pravAsa karI AvatA, ane sevA karavAnI ucca bhAvanAthI pArlamenTamAM besatA. AvA saMskArI, dezapremI ane buddhimAna sabhyonI saMkhyA vadhI, eTale AmanI sabhAnI pratiSThA paNa vadhI. AvAja sabhyoe TuarTa rAjAonA IzvarI hakane sAmane karyo. chevaTe rAjyakrAti pachI AmanI sabhAnI sarvopari sattA sthApita thaI, ane rAjasattA maryAdita banI; paNa dhIme dhIme lAMcarUzvata ane anItie pagapesAro karyo. pariNAme AmanI sabhA higa AgevAnonA eka durga samI banI. jo ke sabhyo pitAnA matAdhikAra vecavA lAgyA; ane jamInadAre pitAnI lAgavaga ane lakSmI vAparI pitAnA mANasone AmanI. sabhAmAM mekalavAnI bAjIo khelavA lAgyA. daramiAna dezamAM thaelA audyogika parivartanane lIdhe lIDajha, mencesTara ane barmiMgahAma jevAM moTAM ane samRddha zahera ubhAM thayAM. paraMtu cUMTaNInI junI prathAne laIne temane pitAnA pratinidhio mekalavAne haka na hato, eTale tyAMnA lokee caLavaLa calAvI. pariNAme I. sa. 1832mAM junI prathAmAM sudhAro thayo, ane evAM moTAM zaherene pratinidhio mekalavAne haka maLe. Ama prajAno matAdhikAra vistRta thaye. tyAra pachI te I. sa. 1867, 1884, 1918. ane 1928nA pAlamenTanA kAyadAethI kramazaH pukhta uMmaranAM dareka strIpuruSane matAdhikAra ApavAmAM Avyo che. AmanI sabhAnuM baMdhAraNaH hAla A sabhAmAM besatA kula 615 sabhyomAMthI 492 IglenDanA, 36 velsanA, skeTalenDanA, ane 13 uttara AyarlenDanA che. A sabhya pAMca varSa mATe cUMTavAmAM Ave che. nAnAM moTAM zahere, paragaNAM, kaccha ane vizvavidyAlayane AvA pratinidhio mokalavAno haka hoya che. strIone paNa matAdhikAranI temaja pArlamenTanA

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46ra sabhya thavAnI chUTa ApavAmAM AvI che. I. sa. 1911nA pArlamenTanA kAyadAthI dareka sabhyane vArSika 400 pauDa varSAsana ApavAmAM Ave che. 21 varSanI ochAmAM ochI vayavALA niSkalaMka cAritryavALA sarva puruSone, temaja 30 varSathI vadhAre uMmaranI strIone mata ApavAno adhikAra hoya che. lUMTArA, paradezI, gAMDA ane amIre mata ApI zakatA nathI. spIkaraH pArlamenTanI cUMTaNI thaI gayA pachI tarataja eka catura, pratiSThita ane vizvAsapAtra mANasane pramukha tarIke pasaMda karavAmAM Ave che. tene "spIkara' kahevAmAM Ave che. te sarva pakSothI para gaNAya che. amuka kArya kAyadesara che ke nahi, evA vivAdagrasta praznomAM tene nirNaya chevaTane gaNAya che. carcA daramiAna te AmanI sabhAnA kAnuna ane niyama jALave che. keI sabhAsada ziSTAcAra viruddha varte, te tene sabhAmAMthI kADhI mUkavAne tene haka che. baMne pakSanA sarakhA mata thAya, te nirNayAtmaka mata ApavAne tene adhikAra che. koI paNa kharaDe nANAM saMbaMdhI che ke nahi, te jAhera karavAnI sattA tene ekalAne ja che. tene 5,000 paunDine vArSika pagAra ApavAmAM Ave che. - AmanI sabhAnuM kAryakSetraH AmanI sabhAnuM kAryakSetra vizALa che. tenA cAra bhAga pADI zakAyaH (1) kAyadA ghaDI zake che. (2) nANAMkIya kharaDA ane aMdAjapatra maMjura kare che. (3) lekahitanAM kAryo saMbaMdhI carcA kare che. (4) kArobArI khAtAnA vahIvaTa para dekharekha rAkhe che. (1) AmanI sabhAne kAyadA ghaDavAne adhikAra che. enI saMmati vagara kaI paNa kharaDo pasAra thaI zakato nathI. koI paNa sabhAsadane kharaDe raju karavAnI chUTa hoya che; paNa meTe bhAge pradhAnamaMDaLa taraphathI raju thatA kharaDA tarapha vadhu dhyAna apAya che. AvA kharaDAonI tyAM carcA thAya che, ane carcAne aMte te pasAra thAya che athavA UDI jAya che. sAmAnya kharaDA game te gRhamAM raju thaI zake che, ane baMne gRhonI saMmati pachI rAjAnI sahIthI tene kAyadAnuM svarUpa apAya che. I. sa. 1911nA pArlamenTanA kAyadAthI nakkI thayuM che, ke koI paNa kharaDa (Bill) be

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463 varasanI beThakamAM ekI sAthe traNa vakhata pasAra thAya, te amIranI saMmati vagara paNa te kAyado thaI zake che. - (2) nANAMkIya bAbatamAM AmanI sabhAnI sattA sarvopari che. karaverA saMbaMdhI ane nANAMkIya kharaDA pahelAM AmanI sabhAmAMja raju karI zakAya che. tijorI khAtAne pradhAna vArSika Avaka-jAvakanuM aMdAjapatra taiyAra kare che, ane carcAne aMte temAM sudhAre-vadhAre thayA pachI te kharaDe amIranI saMbhAmAM jAya che. i. sa. 1913nA kAyadA pachI nANAM saMbaMdhI kharaDAomAM amInI sattA nahi jevI rahI che; kAraNa ke AmanI sabhAmAM pasAra karelA nANAMkIya kharaDAne amIranI sabhA eka mAsamAM maMjurI na Ape to te rAjAnI sahIthI pasAra thAya che. (3) amarenI sabhAnI mAphaka AmanI sabhAne prajAhitAryanI bAbatamAM carcA karavAno pUrNa adhikAra hoya che. te saMbaMdhI pradhAnone prazno pUchavA (Interpellation) haka hoya che, ane te prazno upara vadhu prazno paNa pUchI zake che. (4) A sabhA pradhAnamaMDaLa upara paNa dekharekha rAkhe che, eTale AmanI sabhAe ghaDelA kAyadA kArobArI sabhA amalamAM mUke che ke nahi, te jovAnuM kAma paNa tenuM ja che. pradhAnamaMDaLanA koI paNa kArya upara TIkA karavAne ane prazno pUchavAno AmanI sabhAne adhikAra che. pradhAnamaMDaLanI nIti AmanI sabhAne pasaMda na paDe, te tenA agatyanA kharaDAne pheMkI de che, athavA koI paNa pradhAna para avizvAsano TharAva lAve che. eTale pradhAnamaMDaLane rAjInAmuM ApavAnI pharaja paDe che. AthI samajI zakAya che ke je AmanI sabhA "kebineTane janma Ape che, te teno nAza paNa karI zake che. A pramANe AmanI sabhA rAjyanAM tamAma aMge upara pitAnI vizALa sattA ajamAvI zake che. DI. lema nAmanA lekhake tenI vizALa ane aparimita sattAnA saMbaMdhamAM lakhyuM che, ke * "AmanI sabhA strIno * * "It can do everything, but make a woman a man and a man a woman " * * De. Lolme.

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464 puruSa ane puruSanI strI sivAya badhuM karI zake che. AthI ja sara jhana sIlI tene "sarakAra ghaDanAra saMsthA (Government-making Organ) kahe che, amIranI sabhA: tenuM baMdhAraNa A sabhA junAmAM junI saMsthA che. ApaNe zarUAtamAM joI gayA ke tenI sattA AgaLa rAjAone paNa namatuM ApavuM paDyuM hatuM. paraMtu hAlamAM e sabhAnI sattA ane adhikAro AmanI sabhAe chInavI lIdhA che. rAjAne navA amIra banAvavAnI sattA hovAne lIdhe A sabhAnA sabhAsadanI saMkhyAmAM pheraphAra thayAja kare che hAlamAM amIranI sabhAmAM kula 735 sabhAsade che. dharmAdhyakSo sivAyanA amIronI sabhAmAM besatA umarA cAra prakAranA hoya cheH (1) vaMza paraMparAnA umarA, (2) cuMTAelA AjIvana umarAva, (3) pArlamenTanI mudata sudhInA umarA, (4) AjIvana umarAve eTale potAnA hoddAnI e umarAvapada bhagavatA amIre. . hAlamAM amIranI sabhAmAM 735 umarAve che, ane temanI saMkhyA A pramANe che: 4 rAjakuTuMbanA mANasa, 657 vaMzaparaMparAnA umarA, 16 skeTa lenDanA cuMTAelA umarAva (pArlamenTanI mudata sudhIja bese che.), 28 AyarlenDanA AjIvana umarA, 26 dharmAdhyakSa, 4 AjIvana besatA nyAyAdhIze. - A umarAvanA pAMca darajajAomAM DayUka sarvazreSTha gaNAya che, ane te pachI anukrame mAkisa, arla, vAIkAunTa, ane baeNrana gaNAya che. cAnselara jevI rIte AmanI sabhAmAM "spIkara pramukha tarIke bese che ane sabhAnuM kAmakAja calAve che, tema amInI sabhAmAM le anselara pramukha tarIke bese che. tenI nImaNuka vaDA pradhAna kare che, ane te pradhAnamaMDaLamAMne eka hoya che. amIranI sabhAnA sabhAsadone mAnamasta sAcavavAnI temanI pharaja hoya che. te amIranI sabhAnA kAyadA ane kAnane sAcavI kAmakAja calAve che. amarenI sabhA chevaTanI apIlanI adAkta tarIke nyAya saMbaMdhI kArya bajAve, tyAre lairDa cAnselara te adAlatanA mukhya nyAyAdhIza tarIke kAma kare che. tene vArSika 10,000 pauDa maLe che.

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24ail zoril Hellat aya tica: (Functions and Powers) (1) dhArAviSayaka sattAH AmanI sabhAnI mAphaka amIranI sabhAne paNa sAmAnya kharaDA raju karavAnI sattA che, ane temAM pratyeka kharaDo * traNa vAcanamAMthI pasAra thAya tyAre te AmanI sabhAmAM jAya che. kAyadA ghaDavAnI bAbatamAM I. sa. 1911 pachI amIronI sabhAnA samAna haka upara kA5 mUkavAmAM Avyo che; kAraNa ke AmanI sabhAe be varasanI beThakamAM traNa vakhata pasAra karelA kharaDAne amIronI sabhA saMmati na Ape te paNa te rAjAnI sahIthI kAyado bane che. ' (2) nANuM saMbaMdhI: kharaDA ane aMdAjapatra pahelAM te AmanI sabhAmAM raju thavAM joIe evI prathA che, paNa temAM amIranI sabhAnI saMmati levAya che. amInI sabhA evA nANAMkIya kharaDAne eka mAsamAM pasAra na kare, te rAjAnI sahIthI e pasAra thaeluM gaNAya che. Ama jotAM nANAMkIya bAbatomAM amIrAnI sabhAnI sattA nAmanI ja rahI che. * kharaDo kevI rIte kAyado bane che? prathama to kaI paNa kharaDo raju karavA devA mATe sabhAnI rajA mAgavI paDe che. rajA maLatAM te kharaDo vAMcavAne divasa nakkI karavAmAM Ave che. TharAvele divase kharaDo sabhAmAM dAkhala thAya che, ane te zA viSaya upara che te jaNAvavAmAM Ave che. te divase tenA upara carcA thatI nathI. A pramANe pahelA vAcana (Reading)mAMthI pasAra thayA pachI kharaDe chapAvI dareka sabhyane mokalavAmAM Ave che. A pramANe kharaDAnA svarUpa, muddAo ane projana viSe abhyAsa karavAnI taka ApyA pachI tenuM bIjuM vAcana thAya che. te prasaMge tenA hetu, muddAo vagere carcAya che. mahatvanA kAyadAonA kharaDAnuM A vAcana keTalIka vakhata to aThavADIAM sudhI cAle che. je kharaDo pasAra thAya te tene jhINavaTathI tapAsavA ane pheraphAra sUcavavA tene eka khAsa samiti (Select Committee) ne soMpavAmAM Ave che. e khastAnI saMpUrNa carcA pachI samiti e kharaDe pitAnA havAla sAthe raju kare che, eTale tenuM trIjuM vAcana thAya che. A veLA sabhyoe mAtra sAmAnya carcA karavAnI hoya che. Akhare te upara mata levAya che; ane bahu matI maLe to evAja saMskAra pAmavA kharaDe bIjI sabhAmAM jAya che. ane sabhAmAM pasAra thaelo kharaDe rojanI sahIthI kAyade bane che.

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466 (3) rAjyavahIvaTane lagatI sattAH AmanI sabhAnI mAphaka amIrAnI sabhAne paNa prazno pUchavAnA ane TharAvA raju karavAne haka che. sarakAranI svadezanIti agara paradezanIti saMbaMdhI peAtAne abhiprAya vyakta pharatA TharAva carcA mATe rajI karavAnA haka amIrAnI sabhAnA kAI paNa sabhAsadane che. jAhera hitanI bAbatamAM A sabhA carcA karI zake che, ane TharAvA pasAra kare che; paraMtu te bAbatamAM pradhAnamaMDaLane temanI nIti grahaNa karavAnI pharaja pADI zake nahi. A uparathI nakkI thAya che ke kebineTa AmanI sabhAne javAbadAra che, amIrAnI sabhAne nahi. 1 (4) nyAya saMbaMdhIH amIrAnI sabhA nyAyanI bAbatamAM sarvopari sattA bhAgave che. sAmrAjyamAM apIlanI te chevaTanI adAlata gaNAya che. junA samayathI A sattA amIrAnI sabhA bhAgave che. kAI paNa moTA amaladAra sAme AmanI sabhAne mukarramA (Impeachment ) calAvave hAya, teA te amIrAnI sabhA samakSa calAvavAmAM Ave che. vArana hesTiMgsana mukarrame AmanI sabhAe amIrAnI sabhA samakSa calAvelA, te te tame jANA che.. amIrAnI sabhA apIlo sAMbhaLe che; paNa kAryanI sagavaDa khAtara cha nyAyAdhIzAnuM eka 'svataMtra maMDaLa' nImavAmAM Ave che. temAM cAra nyAyAdhIzo jiMdagI paryaMta khese che, ane temAM lArDa cAnselara ane mAjI cAnselara temane madada kare che. ' A uparathI AmanI sabhA ane amIrAnI sabhAnI pharajo ane kAryakSetra viSe TuMkA nAMdha nIce mujaba taiyAra karI zakAya. --AmanI sabhA = (1) kharaDA raju karI zake. tene pasAra karI upalI sabhAnI saMmati mATe mAkalI zake. upalI sabhA saMmati na Ape, teA lAgalAgaTa e varasanI kheThakamAM traNa vakhata pasAra karI te kharaDAne rAjAnI sahIthI pasAra karAvI zake. (2) nANAMkIya kharaDA ane aMdAjapatrA AmanI sabhAmAMja pahelAM raju thaI zake. kharaDA nANAMkIya che ke niha, te saMbaMdhI 'spIkara'ne nirNaya chevaTanA gaNAya. AmanI sabhAe pasAra karelA nANAMkIya kharaDAne amIrAnI sabhA eka mAsamAM pasAra na kare, te rAjAnI sahIthI te pasAra thAya.

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467 (3) jAhera hitanI bAbatamAM carcA kare; TharAva pasAra karI zake. kebineTanA sabhyane prazna pUchI zake. kebineTane avizvAsane TharAva lAvI rAjInAmuM ApavAnI pharaja paNa pADI zake. (4) nyAya saMbaMdhI sattA nathI. -amIrenI sabhA(1) kharaDA raju karI zake. carcA karI zake. kharaDA para sudhArA sUcavI zake. AmanI sabhAmAM pasAra karelA kharaDAne saMmati ApI pasAra karAvI zake; athavA be varSa mATe mokupha rAkhI zake. (2) nANAMkIya kharaDA athavA bajeTa para carcA karI zake. vadhumAM vadhu eka mAsa mulatavI rAkhI zake. (3) jAhera hitanI bAbatamAM carcA karI zake; TharAva raju karI zake, paNa kebineTa para dabANa lAvI zake nahi. (4) nyAyanI bAbatamAM te chevaTanI apIlanI adAlata tarIke kAryo karI zake; mukardamA paNa calAvI zake. prakaraNa 4thuM pradhAnamaMDaLa (Cabinet) kebineTanI utpatti ane vikAsaH rAjyavahIvaTanI salAmatI khAtara salAhakAra maMDaLa nImavAno rivAja to parApUrvathI hato. pitAnA salAhakArone pasaMda karavAnI sattA rAjAne ja hatI. paraMtu krame krame A sattA pArlamenTa pitAne hastaka levA mAMDI, ane paMdaramA saikAnA AraMbhamAM pArlamenTane vizvAsa meLavyuM hoya tevAja gRhastho A maMDaLamAM besI zake ema TharyuM. ene privi kAunsilanuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM. dhIme dhIme tenA sabhyanI saMkhyA vadhavA lAgI. temAM keTalAkane to rAjakAraNanI gaMdha sarakhI paNa na hatI, eTale temanAmAM rAjAne salAha ApavAnI yogyatA kyAMthI hoya ? AthI dhIme dhIme evI prathA paDavA lAgI ke rAjAnI IcchAmAM Ave

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418 tenI salAha te le. cArlsa bIje gAdIe Avyo, tyAre vahIvaTanI saraLatA khAtara teNe pAMca mANasonuM eka maMDaLa nImyuM. te "kebala pradhAnamaMDaLanA nAmathI oLakhAyuM. A maMDaLanA sabhyo rAjAnA vizvAsu mANasa hovAthI teo pArlamenTane javAbadAra na hatA. i. sa. 1688nI rAjyakrAnti pachI rAjyasattA maryAdita banI, ane pArlamenTanI sattA sarvopari banI. viliyame zarUAtamAM te higa ane TorI baMne pakSamAMthI pradhAnamaMDaLa nImyuM hatuM, paraMtu pArlamenTamAM pakSapAta prabaLa thatuM cAlyuM, ane pradhAnanA kAmamAM harakata ubhI thavA mAMDI. AthI viliyame saMDaralenDanI sUcanAthI bahumatI dharAvanAra pakSamAMthI pradhAnamaMDaLa nImavAnI zarUAta karI. A paddhatimAM ekadhArI nIti AvavAthI sAmudAyika baLa vadhyuM, ane rAjakArabhAra saraLa bane. ena rANue e paddhati cAlu rAkhI; paNa kebineTa paddhatinAM bIjAM sUtro vaeNlanA kArabhAramAM amalamAM AvyAM; kAraNa ke paradezI rAjAonA aMgrejI bhASAnA ajJAnapaNAne laIne pradhAnamaMDaLamAM rAjAe besavAnuM baMdha karyuM. AthI vaDA pradhAna (Prime Minister)nuM pada astitvamAM AvyuM. vaLI vaidhelanA sattAbhane lIdhe ekaja rAjakIya pakSanA ane vaDA pradhAnanI AgevAnI svIkAre tevA sabhyo pradhAnamaMDaLamAM AvavA lAgyA. rjyorja trIjAe pradhAnamaMDaLanI sattA teDI nAkhavAno prayatna karyo, paraMtu tethI te pakSapaddhati prabaLa thaI, ane pradhAnamaMDaLadvArA rAjyA calAvavAnI prathAne bamaNo vega maLe. kebineTa ane minisTrI: pradhAnamaMDaLanA sabhyonI saMkhyA mukarara nathI; temAM Azare 20 sabhyo hoya che, paNa badhA pradhAnanI kula saMkhyA to 70 jeTalI thAya. ene "minisTrI" kahe che. pArlamenTane sekreTarI, AsisTeTa sekreTarI ane amInI sabhAmAM besatA bIjA javAbadAra amaladAre minisTrImAM gaNAya che. minisTrIne kebineTanI rAjanItine dhoraNeja cAlavuM paDe che. kebineTa: te kevI rIte racAya che? AmanI sabhAnI cuMTaNI thaI gayA pachI rAja vadhumatI pakSanA AgevAnane bolAvI pradhAnamaMDaLa

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0 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 s. 0 0 racavAnI vinaMtI kare che. tyArapachI te pitAnA sAthIonI pasaMdagI karI te nAmonI yAdI rAjAne sAdara peza kare che, ane rAjA te yAdImAMnA sabhyane pitAnA pradhAna nIme che. A pramANe racAtA pradhAnamaMDaLa dvArA rAjA samagra dezanuM rAjyataMtra calAve che. pradhAnamaMDaLamAM sAmAnya rIte darekane rAjyanuM ekeka khAtuM soMpavAmAM Ave che. nIce jaNAvelA pradhAnonI yAdI uparathI rAjyanAM vividha khAtAM ane kAryanI vaheMcaNIne tamane khyAla Avaze. pagAra 1. tijorI khAtAne prathama laI-mukhya pradhAna. 5,000 pauna 2. cAnselara eNvuM dhI ekasacekara--khajAnacI. 5,000 , 3. laoNrDa hAI cAnselara-umarAvanI sabhAne pramukha. 1 4. lairDa privi sIla-amInI sabhAne AgevAna. 2, 5. lairDa presiDanTa eNl dhI kAunsila- privi kAunsilane pramukha. 6. svadeza khAtAne pradhAna-AMtaranIti. 7. paradeza khAtAne pradhAna-paradeza khAtuM. 8. saMsthAna khAtAnA pradhAna. 9. hiMdustAnanA pradhAne. 10. vimAna khAtAno pradhAna. 11. skoTalenDa khAtAnA pradhAna. 2,500 12. naukA khAtA pahele lorDa. 13. vepAra khAtAnA beDane pramukha. 14. Arogya khAtAne pradhAna. 15. keLavaNI khAtAne pradhAna. 16. khetIvADI ane mAchImAranA dhaMdhAnA khAtAne sekreTarI 17. yuddhamAtAne pradhAna. 5,000 , 18. majura-viSayaka khAtAne pradhAna. 19. pharsTa kamizanara eNvuM varkasa. 2,000 20. cAnselara eNvuM dhI DacI eNvu lenkesTara. 2,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :

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470 21. eTarnI janarala 7,000 , 22. pesTa-mAstara-janarala 23. penzana khAtAne pradhAna. hAlanuM pradhAnamaMDaLa nIce jaNAvelA pradhAnanuM baneluM che. (1) tijorI khAtAne prathama hai--vaDe pradhAna nevila cembaraleIna) (2) laoNrDa privi sIla. (3) privi kAunsilane pramukha. (4) laoNrDa cAnselara. (5) cAnselara eNl dhI ekasacekara. (6) paradezamaMtrI. (7) saMsthAnika maMtrI. (8) yuddhamaMtrI. (9) gRhamaMtrI. (10) hiMdI vajIra. (jheTalenDa) (11) naukA khAtAne prathama hai pradhAnamaMDaLane lagatA agatyanA siddhAMte (Main features of the Cabinet). (1) ekaja rAjakIya pakSaH pradhAnamaMDaLanA sabhya AmanI sabhAmAM bahumatI dharAvanAra pakSamAMthI ja cUMTavAmAM Ave che. kaI paNa kAraNasara pradhAnamaMDaLa AmanI sabhAne vizvAsa gumAve te temane rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDe che, ane navuM pradhAnamaMDaLa cuMTAya che. (2) saMyukta javAbadArIH cArlsa bIjAnA samayamAM pArlamenTa kaleranDana ane DebI upara rAjAne bheTI salAha ApavA badala kAma calAvyuM hatuM. e batAve che ke te vakhatamAM dareka pradhAna potAnA kArya mATe pArlamenTane javAbadAra gaNAtuM. paraMtu hAlamAM e sthiti badalAI gaI che. pratyeka pradhAnanA kArya ane dhAraNa karelI rAjyanIti mATe samagra pradhAnamaMDaLa pArlamenTane javAbadAra gaNAya che; eTale koI paNa pradhAna para AmanI sabhA avizvAsane TharAva lAve, athavA teNe raju karele kharaDo phekI de, to badhA pradhAne ekI sAthe rAjInAmuM Ape che. (3) vaDA pradhAnanI AgevAnI: pradhAnamaMDaLanA badhA sabhyo vaDA pradhAnanI AgevAnI svIkAre che. agatyanI dareka bAbatamAM pradhAno tenI salAha anusAra varte che. vaDA pradhAna sAthe matabheda dharAvanAra sabhyane rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDe che.

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471 (4) ekadhArI rAjyanItiH jo ke judAM judAM khAtAMone vahIvaTa judA judA pradhAne nA hAthamAM heAya che; paraMtu paradezanIti ke tevA agatyanA praznAmAM te ekamata thaI kArya bajAve che, eTale pradhAnamaMDaLanA dareka sabhyane pradhAnamaMDaLanA bahumatIthI thaelA nirNaya sAthe saMmata thavuM paDe che. ITalI ane ebisiniAnA prazna upara paradezamaMtrI sara semyuala hArane pradhAnamaMDaLanA anya sabhya sAthe matabheda paDayeA hateA. pariNAme sara semyuala hAre rAjInAmuM ApyuM hatuM. (5) pradhAnamaMDaLanI dareka carcA chUpI rAkhavI joI e. pradhAnamaMDaLanI pharajo ane javAbadArI : (1) dezanI zAMti, jAhera vyavasthA, sArA rAjyakArabhAra, pararAjyanIti, nANAMnI vyavasthA, vepAraudyoganI khIlavaNI, naukA khAtuM, havAI kAlA vagerenI dekharekha tathA saMsthAne temaja sAmrAjyanA khIjA bhAgeAnI dekharekha tathA vyavasthA jALavavAnuM kAma pradhAnamaMDaLanuM che. (2) svadezanA ane sAmrAjyanA khIjA bhAgeAnA mukhya hAddedArAnI nImaNuka rAjA pradhAnamaMDaLanI salAhathIja kare che. (3) dezanA hitane mATe jarUrI kharaDA pradhAnamaMDaLa dhaDe che; ane tene AmanI sabhA Teke Ape che. peAtAnA khAtAnA vahIvaTa viSe dareka pradhAnane pArlamenTanA sabhyAnA praznone saMtASakAraka javAba ApavA paDe che. te dhAraNa karelI nItinA bacAvane arthe dareka pradhAne taiyAra rahevuM joI e. (4) nANAMkIya kharaDA pradhAne raju kare che. aMdAjapatra (Budget) te tijorI khAtAnA pradhAna dhaDe che, ane AmanI sabhAmAM raju kare che. pArlamenTe maMjura karelA kareA vasula karavAnuM kAma, ane tenI maMjurI pramANe kharca thAya che ke nahi te jovAnuM kAma paNa pradhAnamaMDaLanuM che. (5) vaDA pradhAna pratyeka rAjakIya bAbatamAM rAjAne salAha Ape che, ane tene pradhAnamaMDaLanA kAmakAjathI vAkepha rAkhe che. (6) pArlamenTanI baMne sabhAneA kAryakrama pradhAnamaMDaLaja nakkI kare che. A uparathI tame samajI zakazeA, ke iMglenDamAM rAjAne nAme cAlatA samagra rAjyataMtranI derInA saMcAlaka hAvAnuM mAna pradhAnamaMDaLane ghaTe che.

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hara vaDA pradhAna pradhAnamaMDaLamAM tenuM sthAna : hoddAnI rUe vaDA pradhAna briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM anerUM sthAna bhAgave che. te peAtAnA sAthIenI pasaMdagI karatA heAvAthI pradhAnamaMDaLamAM te netA gaNAya che. tenI sAthe matabheda dharAvanAra sabhyane rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDe che. dezaparadezanI nIti tenI salAha mujaba ghaDAya che. vaLI tene rAjAne maLavAnI sattA heAvAthI pradhAnamaMDaLanI carcA ane dhAraNa karelI nIti saMbaMdhI badhI hakIkatathI te rAjAne vAkepha rAkhe che, temaja rAjAneA mata paNa pradhAnamaMDaLa samakSa teja raju kare che. AthIja tene rAjA ane pradhAnamaMDaLa vacce saMceAgI kaDI samAna gaNavAmAM Ave che. sAmrAjyanA meATA meTA amaladArAnI nImaNuka paNa rAjA tenI salAhathIja kare che. samagra dezanA rAjyavahIvaTa mATe te javAbadAra gaNAtA hAvAthI pradhAne agatyanI nIti tenI jANa bahAra rajI karI zakatA nathI, ane tene abhiprAya jANyA vinA pradhAne chevaTanA nirNaya karI zakatA nathI. *te kebineTa rUpI kamAnaneA madhyavartI bhAga gaNAya che. IMglenDanA rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM vaDA pradhAnane haddo na heAvAthI te " pharsTa lArDa Av dhI TrejharI " nA hoddo dhAraNe kare che. tene vArSika 5,000 paunDanA pagAra maLe che. vaDA pradhAna jyAM sudhI AmanI sabhAne ane prajAne saMpUrNa vizvAsa dharAvatA hAya, tyAM sudhI briTiza rAjyataMtramAM tenuM sthAna advitIya che. << vaDA pradhAna ane AmanI sabhAH vaDA pradhAna AmanI sabhAmAM bahumatI dharAvatA pakSanA AgevAna heAya che. jyAM sudhI te AmanI sabhAne vizvAsa jALavI rAkhe, tyAM sudhI te adhikAra upara rahe che. vaDe pradhAna rAjyataMtranI badhI mAhitI AmanI sabhAne Ape che; ane kArAbArI maMDaLanA abhiprAyA jaNAve che. viruddha pakSanI TIkAonA javAba ApI te potAnI nItine bacAva kare che. AmanI sabhA kAI paNa sabhya upara avizvAsane TharAva lAve, te saMyukta pradhAnamaMDaLa rAjInAmuM Ape che. Ama vaDA pradhAna AmasabhA, pradhAnamaMDaLa ane rAjA-e traNene joDanAra suvarNakaDI ( Golden link ) samAna che. * "Keystone of the Cabinet Arch.' (Marriot).

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X3 rAjakIya pakSaH hAlamAM IMglenDamAM traNa rAjakIya pakSa astitvamAM che: (1) kAnjharveTiva, (2) libarala, (3) majurapakSa. kanjharveTivapakSa : A pakSanA leAkeA sAmrAjyane vistAra ane saMgaThThana, temaja rAjapada ane amIrAnI sabhA TakAvI rAkhavAnA matanA che. tee zAMtipriya hAI vastusthiti jema hoya tema rAkhavA icche che. te vadhAre paDatA sudhArAnI viruddha che. majuravarga ane temanA pratinidhie tarapha tee aNagamAnI dRSTithI jue che. hAlamAM A pakSanA netA sTenlI bAlDavina che. lilapakSa: A pakSanA leA pragati ane sudhArAmAM mAnanArA che. te niraMkuza vyApArapaddhati, sudhAraNA, temaja prajAkIya svAtaMtryanA himAyatI che. A pakSanA netA mi. DeviDa lAIDa jyArja che. majurapakSa: A pakSa khAsa karIne vIsamI sadImAM prabaLa banyA che. I. sa. 1906mAM A pakSanA sabhAsadA pArlamenTamAM AvyA. i. sa. 1910mAM mi. je. kera hArDie A pakSanI sthApanA karI. A pakSa Arthika bAbate mAM sarakAranI madada icche che. te muDIvAdIone dhikkAranArA che. rAjapada ane amIrAnI sabhAnI temane jarUra jaNAtI nathI. teo Arthika bhedabhAve maTADI samAnatA dAkhala karavAnAM svama seve che. A traNe pakSAnI saMsthAe jude jude sthaLe heAya che. tee vartamAnapatrA dvArA potAnA siddhAMtAnA pracAra kare che. dareka pakSanuM sArUM bhaMDALa hAya che. cUMTaNIne samaye teo potapotAnA umedavArA ubhA kare che. je pakSa cUMTaNImAM AmanI sabhAmAM bahumatI meLave, te pakSa sattAmAM Ave che. nyAyapaddhatiH IMglenDamAM nyAyane mATe traNa jAtanI adAlatA hAya che. (1) phAjadArI adAlatAH nAnA nAnA phojadArI gunAone nyAya nAnI adAlatA kare che. meTA gunA zaheranI ane paragaNAMnI meTI adAlatAmAM cAle che. gaMbhIra gunA laMDananI vaDI adAlatamAM athavA "sa" varganI vaDI adAlatamAM cAle che. tenA nyAyAdhIzenI nImaNuka lArDa cAnselara kare che. keTalIka adAlateAmAM paMca (Jury) nyAyAdhIzone madada kare che.

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74 (2) divAnI adAlateH nAnA divAnI dAvAone nirNaya paragaNAnI kAryomAM thAya che. tevI keTenA nirNaya viruddha vaDI adAlatamAM apIla thaI zake che. | (3) vaDI adAlataH AmAM traNa prakAranI adAlato che. A adAlatonI viruddha "apIlanI adAlatamAM apIla thaI zake che, ane te "apIlanI adAlata" nA nirNaya viruddha amInI sabhAmAM apIla karI zakAya che. amarenI sabhA e rAjyamAM chevaTanI apIlanI adAlata gaNAya che. sinya: sainyanA be vibhAga che. (1) khAsa, ane (2) svayasainika (Regular and Territorial). khAsa sainyamAM bAra varSa nokarI karavI paDe che. temAM sAta varSa pratyakSa ane pAMca varSa mulakI phejamAM karavAnI che. A sainyane briTananI bahAra paNa nekarI karavA javuM paDe che. svayaMsainikone cAra varSa nokarI karavAnuM baMdhana che. te uparAMta prativarSa paMdara divasa lazkarI mathakemAM tAlIma laI yuddhavidyAnuM jJAna tAjuM rAkhavA javuM paDe che. A sainya paradeza javA baMdhAeluM nathI, eTale yuddha samaye dezanI rakSAno bhAra tenA zira para rahe che. sainyamAM tapakhAnAM ane enjiniyaranI tAlIma mATe vulIcanI rIyala miliTarI ekeDemI che; senDaharTanI raoNyala miliTarI kolejamAM hayadaLa ane pAyadaLanA amaladAra thavAnuM zikSaNa apAya che. naukAsanyaH IglenDanA vizALa sAmrAjyanI rakSA mATe tenuM sainya pUratuM nathI. IglenDanAM sAmartha ane vaibhava te tenA AvA prabaLa naukAsainya upara TakI rahyAM chee vAta rANI ilijhAbethanA samayathI jANItI che. e naukAsainyane jereja teNe spena, holenDa, ane phrAnsa jevA pratispardhIenI joDe Takkara laI temane harAvyA hatA. Aje paNa iMglenDanuM naukAdaLa koI paNa dezanA naukAbaLa karatAM zreSTha che. i. sa. 170 8thI tenI vyavasthA sAta sabhyanI eka samiti (Board of Admiralty) dvArA cAle che; tene mukhya sabhAsada pradhAnamaMDaLanA sabhya hoya che, ane te naukA khAtAne mATe pArlamenTane javAbadAra hoya che. nyUjhIlenDa, oNsTreliA, ane keneDAe patAnAM laDAyaka jahAja bAMdhI te para kAma karanArA mANasonuM kharca pote bhogavavAno TharAva karyo che, eTale sAmrAjyanA sarva bhAgane surakSita rAkhavAne IMglenDanA naukAkhAtAno bhAra haLavo thayo che.

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475 A uparAMta chellA mahAvigrahamAM vimAne paNa upayogamAM AvyAM hatAM, ane bhaviSyamAM vadhAre pramANamAM Avaze, ema mAnI IMglenDe vimAnI daLa (Air Force) sthApI tenI vyavasthA vimAna-samiti (Air Council ne soMpI che. A khAtAne pradhAna paNa pradhAnamaMDaLamAM bese che. sAmrAjyavyavasthA : chellAM sADAcAraso varSamAM IralenDe pitAnI utkrAnti sAdhI jagatabharamAM pitAnuM vizALa sAmrAjya zI rIte sthApyuM, tenI kathA A graMthamAM AvI gaI che. e sAmrAjyanI vyavasthA kevI che, ane judA jAdA deze greTabriTana sAthe kevA saMbaMdhathI joDAelA che, e have joIe. - pAMce khaMDamAM prasarelA A sAmrAjyanuM kSetraphaLa 1 karoDa 40 lAkha co. mAIla che. tenI 43 karoDanI ekaMdara lokasaMkhyAmAMthI mAtra 5 karoDa 30 lAkha gerAo che, ane bAkInA kALI, pILI, ane tapakhIriA cAmaDIvALA leke che; A badhA AcAravicAra ane saMskRtimAM ekamekathI bhinna che. sAmrAjyamAM AvelA dezanA greTabriTana joDenA saMbaMdhamAM paNa vividhatA che; keTalAka dezane saghaLI AMtara vyavasthA karI levAne saMpUrNa haka ApI devAmAM Avyo che, tyAre keTalAkamAM pratinidhi saMsthAo sthApI amuka viSayomAM javAbadAra rAjyapaddhati dAkhala karavAmAM AvI che; bIjA keTalAka dezamAM IMglenDanoja saMpUrNa adhikAra pravarte che. sAmrAjyamAM zreSTha sattA te greTa briTananI pArlamenTanI ja che. sAmrAjyanA kaI paNa bhAga saMbaMdhI te kAyadA karI zake che. svarAjya bhogavatAM saMsthAnonA AMtara vahIvaTamAM te niyama tarIke vacce paDatI nathI, chatAM tevI koI paNa bAbatane kAyade karavAne tene saMpUrNa haka che; kemake emane svarAjya ApavAno kAyade briTiza pArlamenTeja pasAra karelo che, eTale tene rada karavAnI paNa te sattA dharAve che. pArlamenTane javAbadAra pradhAnamaMDaLane hAthe sAmrAjyano rAjyakArabhAra cAle che. sAmrAjyanA rakSaNanA jokhamadAra kArya mATe pradhAnamaMDaLamAMthI mukhya pradhAnanA pramukhapade "ImpIriala Diphensa kamiTI nImelI hoya che. temAM yuddha, paradeza, jaLasthaLa sainya, ane hiMdanA maMtrIo uparAMta AkAza, jaLa, ane sthaLa sainyanA jANakAra sabhAsado hoya che. bhinna bhinna rAjyapaddhativALA A sarva dezo upara briTiza pArlamenTa,

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pradhAnamaMDaLa, ane nyAyakhAtAne ochevatte aMze aMkuza hoya che. vaLI pArlamenTa karelA kAyadAthIja AvI rAjyapaddhati astitvamAM AvI che. e deze mATe gavarnara janarala, gavarnara, kamizanara, ityAdi adhikArIo pradhAnamaMDaLa nIme che; te dezanA variSTha nyAyamaMdiranA cukAdA upara privi kAunsilamAM apIla karI zakAya che. keneDA, oNsTreliA, nyUjhIlenDa, dakSiNa AphrikA, nyUphAunDalenDa, ane uttara temaja dakSiNa AyarlenDane svarAjya maLyuM che, eTale te dezamAM IMglenDanA jevI paddhatithI pradhAnamaMDaLadhArA vahIvaTa cAle che. keneDAH sarva saMsthAmAM A saMsthAna junuM che, temAM 9 prAMta che. tenI pArlamenTamAM seneTa" ane "komansa' evI be sabhA che. seneTamAM eka vakhata dAkhala thaele sabhya maraNa paryata temAM rahe che. seneTamAM 96 ane kaoNmansamAM 255 sabhya che. pradhAne komansane javAbadAra che. IglenDa taraphathI nImAela gavarnara janarala AmanI sabhAne javAbadAra pradhAnamaMDaLanI madadathI rAjyakArabhAra calAve che. - nyUjhIlenDaH i. sa. 185ramAM tene svarAjya maLyuM che. temAM huM prAMti che. janarala esemphI' nAmathI oLakhAtA dezanA kAyadA ghaDanAra maMDaLamAM lejisleTiva kAunsila" ane "hAusa eNvuM reprijhenTeTiva evI be sabhA che. pahelImAM 40 ane bIjImAM 80 sabhAsada che. pradhAnamaMDaLa bIjI sabhAne javAbadAra che. IglenDa taraphathrI nImAela gavarnara janarala pradhAnamaMDaLanI madadathI rAjya calAve che. osTreliH A pradezanAM saMyukta saMsthAne mATe kAyadA karanArA maMDaLane "pheDarala pArlamenTa" kahe che temAM seneTa" ane "hAusa oNva reprijhenTaTijha evI be sabhA che. pahelImAM 36 ane bIjImAM 75 sabhyo bese che. A saMsthAnonI saMyukta rAjyavyavasthAne kAyeda I. sa. 1900mAM pasAra karavAmAM Avyo hato. saMyukta pArlamenTanuM kendrasthAna kenaberA nagaramAM rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. . sa. 1927nA me mAsamAM rAjaputra DayUka oNvuM thAke zahenazAhanA pratinidhi tarIke pitAnAM patnI sAthe jaI A nagaramAM pArlamenTanA navA makAnane khulluM mUkayuM hatuM.

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47 dakSiNa AphrikAH enAM saMsthAnA i. sa. 1910mAM ekatra thayAM che. tyAM paNa 'seneTa' ane 'hAusa Av esemblI' evI e sabhAvALI pArlamenTa che. pahelImAM 48 ane bIjImAM 135 sabhyA che. : dakSiNa AyarlenDaH A bhAgane te i. sa. 1922mAMja 'Ayariza phrI sTeTa' nAma ApI svarAjya ApavAmAM AvyuM che. tenI seneTamAM 61 ane cembara Av DepyuTIjhamAM 153 sabhyo bese che. uttaramAM AveluM alsTara hajI IMglenDanI madhyavartI sarakAranAja tAbAmAM che; kemake te dakSiNa AyarlenDa joDe bhaLavA mAgatuM nathI. tenA 13 pratinidhie AmanI sabhAmAM mese che. 'Ayariza phrI sTeTa' have saMpUrNa svataMtra banyuM che, ane tenuM nAma 'Ayara' pADavAmAM AvyuM che. AvAM svarAjya bhAgavatAM saMsthAnAne pararAjgyA joDe saMbaMdha bAMdhavAne adhikAra saMpUrNapaNe maryAdita karavAmAM AvyA che. tee peAtAnI javAbadArIthI pararAjye joDe rAjakIya vyavahAra karI zakatAM nathI. A sarva saMsthAnAmAM rAjAnA pratinidhi tarIke je gavarnara janarala heAya che, tene rAjAnA pratinidhi ane saMsthAnanA uparI adhikArI evI khevaDI dRSTithI rAjya karavuM paDe che. jo ke pratyeka kAyadAmAM tenI maMjurI meLavavI paDe che, paraMtu mahattvanA kAyadAmAM zAhI sarakAranI maMjurInI apekSA rahe che. saMsthAnAne vahIvaTa tyAMnI dhArAsabhAne javAbadAra evA pradhAnamaMDaLanI sahAyathI A sume calAve che; mAtra amukaja viSayAmAM tene greTabriTananI sarakAra para AdhAra rAkhavA paDe che: bAkI e pradhAnA peAtAnA kAyadAmAM pheraphAra karI zake che, peAtAnA adhikArIe nImI zake che, ane peAtAnuM svataMtra jaLasthaLa sainya nibhAvI zake che. prajAsaMdhamAM temanI beThaka paNa judI heAya che. A sivAya silAna, jamaikA, phiphtha, merizyasa, Adi krAuna kAlenIjhanA vahIvaTa ghaNe aMze IMglenDe nImelA gavarnaranA hAthamAM hoya che. navA maLelA nAijIri, briTiza IsTa AphrikA, di' saMrakSita pradezane nAme oLakhAtA dezezanA kArabhAra kamizanare athavA resiDenTa kare che. te saMsthAna khAtAnA maMtrInA hAtha nIce gaNAya che.

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478 briTiza hiM: hiMdanA kArabhAra mATe hiMdI vajIranI sattA sarvopari che. te hiMdanA amala mATe pArlamenTane javAbadAra hAvAthI hiMdanAM dareka amaladArane hukama mAkalI zake che. i. sa. 1935nA kAyadAthI tenI sattAmAM kApa mukAyeA che; kAraNa ke havethI je viSaye prajAnA cuTAelA sabhyAne soMpavAmAM AvyA che, te viSayeAmAM te mAthuM mArI zake ema nathI. paraMtu haju paNa gavarnarAnI khAsa javAbadArInA viSayeAmAM te peAtAnuM dhAryu karAvI zake ema che. i. sa. 1919nA sudhArAthI prAMtika vahIvaTamAM dvimukhI sattA (Diarchy) dAkhala karavAmAM AvI hatI, paNa e yeAjanA saphaLa nahi thavAthI temAM yeAgya pheraphAra karavA i. sa. 1928mAM sAimana kamizana nImavAmAM AvyuM. A kamizananI bhalAmaNeAthI ane rAunDaTebala kAnpharansanI beThakAne aMte hiMdanA rAjyaaMdhAraNane navA khasA pasAra karavAmAM AvyuM. AthI prAMtika vahIvaTamAM badhAM khAtAM prajAnA pratinidhionA hAthamAM soMpAyAM che; jo ke temAM gavarnarAnI khAsa javAbadArIvALA viSayeAmAM gavarnara dhAre tyAre peAtAnI khAsa sattAone upayAga karI zake ema che. madhyastha samavAyataMtra hajI astittvamAM AvyuM nathI, eTale hAlamAM vAisarAya dhArAsabhAne javAbadAra na hAya tevI kArAbArI sabhAnI saMmatithI vahIvaTa calAve che. samavAyataMtramAM e kArobArI sabhA dhArAsabhAne javAbadAra banaze; paNa 80 TakA jeTalA kharcamAM dhArAsabhA mAthuM mArI zakaze nahi; phakta 20 TakA jeTalA kharcamAM dhArAsabhAne aMkuza raheze. gavarnarAne have temanI khAsa javAbadArInA viSaye sivAya gavarnarajanaralane javAbadAra rahevAnuM nathI. A kAyadAthI gavarnarAte eTalI badhI sattA ApavAmAM AvI che, ke prAMtika svarAjya' ane navA 'samavAya taMtra'thI hiMdI prajAne saMtASa thayA nathI. iMglenDanI jAmInagIrIthI cAlatA rAjyavahIvaTavALA pradeza ( Mandatory States ) mahAn vigraha pachI prajAsaMdhe meseApATemi, pelesTAIna, jarmana IsTa AphrikA ane vesTa AphrikA-vagere pradeze IMglenDanA varcasva nIce mUkayA che. temanA vahIvaTane mATe briTana prajAsaMdhane javAbadAra che.

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1401 pariziSTa 1luM briTiza rAjyabaMdhAraNanA sImAstaMbha I. sa. banAva pariNAma 1215 meTo paTTo. rAjasattA para baMdhana mukAyAM. 1265 sAImana DI monTaphaDe prajAnA Amavargane avAja rAjya lokapratinidhi teDyA. vahIvaTamAM dAkhala thayo. 1295 Adarza pArlAmenTa. arvAcIna pArlamenTanuM bIja nakhAyuM. 1341 AmanI sabhA ane umarA- hAlanuM AmagRha ane amIragRha ema nI sabhA judI paDI. be sabhAo banI. 1374 bhalI pArlamenTa. rAjAnA adhikArIonI tapAsa calAva vAnA hakane dAvo pArlamenTa karyo. pArlamenTa maLI. pArlamenTe rAjAne ApavAnAM nANuM maMjura karatAM pahelAM prajAnAM duHkha dUra karavAnI mAgaNI karI. 1603 * jemsa 1lAnuM rAjyArohaNa. IMglenDa ane skoTalenDa eka rAjAnI ANa nIce AvyAM. 1628 hakanI arajI. rAjAnI ApaakhatyArI sattA para aMkuza mukAyo. 1940-60 lAMbI pArlamenTa. cArlsa 1lAnAM ApaakhatyArI kAryo rada karI tenA salAhakArene vadha karavAmAM Avyo. sainyasattAnuM rAjya sthapAyuM. 1660 cArlsa bIje gAdIe Avyo. sainyasattAno aMta. yUriTanee karelI rAjyakrAnti niSphaLa gaI. hebiAsa korpasa kAyada. rAjasattA para kApa mukAyo. nyAyapaddhati nirmaLa karavAmAM AvI. 1688 rAjyakrAnti. lokasattAne jaya. IzvarI hakanA siddhAntane phaTako. hakapatrikA. sainyano kAyade. rAjA prajA vacce karAra thayA. - dharmasahiSNutAne kAyado. pArlamenTanuM uparIpada sthapAyuM. : - 1194 - trivArSika kAyade.. 1978

Page #493
480. 1701 1707 1715 1829 1832 1872 uttarAdhikArane kAyade. rAjahaka para dabANa. vaMzaparaMparAthI nahi, paraMtu lokanI icchAthI rAjagAdI maLe, e siddhAMta sthapAyo. IMglenDa ane UTalenDanI IMglenDa-TalenDa vaccenI nityanI pArlamenTano saMyoga. IrSA dUra thaI. baMne dezanuM hita eka thayuM, vidrohane kAyade. dezamAM vihaga pakSane paga majabuta thayo. greTabriTana ane AyarlenDanuM kethelikone asaMtoSa tIvra thayo. joDANa. kethalika dharmavALAne 2. pArlamenTamAM AvavA mATe kethelika dharmavALAne chUTa thaI sudhArAne kAyade. pArlamenTamAM peThelo saDe dUra karI tene prajAnI kharekharI pratinidhi banAvavA no prathama prayatna karavAmAM Avyo. sudhArAne bIje kAyado. matAdhikArano vistAra. gupta mata ApavAne kAyade. pratinidhi pasaMda karavAmAM bahAranuM dabANa TALI daI matadAranuM svAtaMtrya sAcavavAmAM AvyuM. sudhArAne trIje kAyade. matAdhikArane vadhAre vistAra. - pArlamenTane kAyade. amIronI sabhAnI sattA para kApa paDyo. AmanI sabhA sarvopari banI prajApratinidhitvane kAyade. 30 varSa uparanI strIne matAdhikAra mAnyo. hiMdanA rAjyavahIvaTanokAyade. menTa-pharDa sudhArA dAkhala thayA. AyarlenDane svarAjya Ayariza prajAnA svAtaMtryayaNanI ApavAno kAyado. samApti. majurapakSanuM pradhAnamaMDaLa. majurapakSa adhikArapade AvavAne banAva pahelavahela banyo. pArlamenTane sudhAre. 21 varSanI uMmaranAM strIpuruSane matAdhikAra apAyo. rASTrIya pradhAnamaMDaLa sthapAyuM. hiMdanA rAjyavahIvaTano khara. hiMdamAM samavAyataMtranA ghAraNe rAjya calAvavA ne sudA pasAra thayA. 1884. 1912 keTa28 1919 1922. 1924 1928 1931 1935

Page #494
pariziSTa rajU samayarekhA banAvo (briTana) sAla bIjA dezanA banAve 1600 rAjAnuM nAma arTa viza. | 163-174 jemsa 19 163-1625 jemsa 1le gAdIe AvyA. hepTana kerTa konpharansa che. dArUgoLAnuM kAvataruM : che? semyuala DI ceplene vibekamAM 2 saMsthAnA sthApyuM. alTaranI sthApanA IsTa InDiA kaMpanie suratamAM kAThI alasTara paragaNuM sthapAyuM. ' 'nAkhI. . . !

Page #495
rAjAnuM nAma banAve (briTana) bIjA dezanA banAve 30 varSanI laDAI zarU thaI.. yu enDa sthAnanI sthApanA. - valaMdAoe embeyanAmAM aMgrejonI katala karI bekana para kAma calAvyuM. cArlsa 1le gAdIe AvyA. cArlsa 1le. je ke che prajAnA hikAnI arajI. kerolIna sthapAyuM. merIlenDanI sthApanA. naukAve naMkhA.

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dezarakSaka vela. 1649-1662 kATa leAkAe karelA karAra leAMga pArlamenTa maLI. 10 grAnDa rImAndvansa AMtaravigraha dharmAdhyakSa hoyane kAM aAphrijha pUrNa cArlsane phrAMsI prajAsattAka rAjyanI sthApanA nevigezana ekaTa InsTrumendra Av gavarnamekreTa karka jItAyuM. cArlsa bIjAnuM punarAgamana 1650 1160 kanekTIkaTa sthapAyuM. nyu IMglenDa phIDarezana aMgoe jamaikA meLavyuM. 43

Page #497
banAve (briTana) sAla bIjA dezanA banAve sajAnuM nAma cArlsa bIje. 1660-1685 porTugalanA rAjA pAsethI cArlsa bIjAne muMbaI beTa paherAmaNImAM maLyuM. te IsTa InDio kaMpanine vArSika 10 pauDe bhADe Ape, bIje Daca vigraha. trirAjya saMdhi DovaranI gupta saMdhi dhArmika chUTanuM jAheranAmuM kasoTIne kAyade hebiAsa korpasa ekaTa | cArlsa bIjAnuM atya. jemsa bIje gAdIe.

Page #498
jemsa bIjo. 1685-1682 viliyama trIjo ane merI. 1689-1702 ena rANI 1702-1014 rAjyakrAnti prajAnA hakanuM jAheranAmuM bhAInanI laDAI 1690 glukAnI katala IMglenDanI beMka sthapAI. gAdIvArasAnA kAyadA ena rANI gAdIe AvI. blenahImanI laDAI IMglenDa ane skArTalenDanuM joDANa aMgrejoe kalakattAmAM kAThI nAkho. AyarlaeNnDa mATe sajAnA kAyadA. DeriananI ceAjanA. 1700 vibhAga saMdhie. (spenanA gAdIvArasA mATe) aMgrejoe jIbrAlTara jItyuM. auraMgajhebanuM mRtyu. 485.

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rAjAnuM nAma mukhya pradhAna' banAvo (briTana) | sAla bIjA dezenA banAve 171 cArlsa cho AAinI gAdIe, helevara vaMkA. 1714-1914 je 1le. 1714-177 yuTanI saMdhi, enanuM mRtyu jemsa eDavane baLave saptavArSika kAyade - luI paMdarame phrAnsanI gAdIe Avyo. 39 sAutha sI babala vaibhaila pradhAnapade vaeNlpala | 1721-1742 cArlsa chaThThAnuM vasIyatanAmuM, paeNrja bIje gAdIe 172-1760 |

Page #500
vimigTana ane peTThAma. lDiMga. 1742-1754 vAkSpAlanuM ekasAIjha bila jensInanA kAnanA vigraha AsTrinA gAdIvArasAne vigraha cArlsa ekano baLavA 1730 1740 1750 maeNriyA theresA sTriAnI gAdIe. phreDarike sAI liziA jItI lIdhuM. rejalar va gry na phrenTanAyamAM aMgrejonA parAjaya. elA--zApelanI saMdhi. klAvinI ArTa he

Page #501
rAjAnuM nAma | mukhya pradhAna jyArja trIjo. 1060-1820 nyUkesala. 1714-1763 byuTa. grenlIla. rArkiMgahAma. cedhAma. grena. lArDa nAtha 1770-1782 manAvA (briTana) viliyama piTTayuddhamaMtrI sasavArSika vigraha * vulphe kivaeka jItyuM. jyArja trIjo gAdIe perisanI saMdhi sTempa ekaTa esTana TI pArTI sAla 1760 1770 bIjA deroAnA banAve vAndIvAzanA yuddhamAM phreMceAnI hAra. 4

Page #502
saMsthAnI pahelI kesa maLI, baMkarahilanI laDAImAM IglenDane vijaya. saMsthAne svataMtratAnuM jAheranAmuM bahAra pADayuM. 1080 saMsthAne svataMtra thayAM. northa-phokasa nAnapiTTapradhAnapade varselsanI saMdhi piDhanuM hindI bila 1783-1801 phrAnsa sAthe vepArI karAra R ''' : 1790 besTIlanA killA para hallo. phrAnsanI rAjyakrAnti. prajAsattAka rAjyanI sthApanA. phrAnsanAM rAjA-rANIne vadha. 175

Page #503
rAjAnuM nAma mukhya pradhAna banAvo (briTana) | sAla bIjA dezanA banAve piTTa 1783-1801 nAIlanuM yuddha nepoliyana saramukhatyAra banyA. 10 IMglenDanI pArlamenTa ane Ayariza kopanahegananuM yuddha pArlamenTanuM joDANa eDiTana . . - nepoliyana zahenazAha bane. balinanAM pharamAna. -TraphAlgaranuM yuddha ane nelsananuM maraNa grevIla. porTalenDa nAnA piMTranuM mRtyu pasavala. 40 * * , * dIpakalpIya vigraha. me tarapha nepoliyananI kUca. 1 livarapUla 1812-1827) kaeNTarlInuM yuddha pAlikhaH seTa helInAmAM kedI tarIy.

Page #504
jaryoje cothe. 1820-1830 AyarlenDamAM kethalika esosiezananI sthApanA. vali ':' . 183mAM Ayari romana kethalika baMdhanamukti. grIsanI svataMtratA. IglenDamAM relave keniMga. geDIka, sTIvansananuM rekeTa viliyama ze. 1830-1837. pahelo sudhArAne kAyado pahele phekaTarI ekaTa gulAmI no aMta - mebena. pIlA garIbanA kAyadAmAM sudhAre merna hakajhAthIonI caLavaLa sAutha AlisamAM saMsthAjasthapAyuM. ' "dhI cheTe Treka" '

Page #505
rAjAnuM nAma | mukhya pradhAna mahArANI vikaTAriA. pIla 1837-1901 | 1841-1846 lArDa jhAna rasela 1846-1852 DarbI eDina pAmarsTana * pAmarsTana 185-1865 anAvA (briTana) sAla TapAlanI ceAjanA 1840 anAjanA kAyadA rada thayA. mahAna pradarzana 1850 1960 bIjA derAnA banAvI cIna taraphathI hoMgakrAMga maLyuM. AyarlenDamAM dukALa. spenanA lagnaprazna. baLavAnuM varSa. hiMdamAM maLavA. 492

Page #506
pAmarsTana 1865 sudhI prinsa AlbarTanuM maraNa rasela. DA~. DijharAyelI pArlamenTanA sudhArAnA khIja kAyadA gleDasTana 18681874 prajAkIya keLavaNInA kAyA gleDasTana 1880-1885 elaTa ekaTa DijharAyelI majurapakSa pahelavahelA pArlamenTamAM 1874-1220 AvyA. vikaTAriA hiMdanAM mahArANI banyAM. 1870 1080 bismArka praziAnA mukhya pradhAna banyA. AsTriA--praziAnI laDAI jarmana mahArAjyanA pAyA okhAyA. razio--TInI laDAI barlinanI saMdhi khAra leAkAnI mejIbAhila AgaLa jIta, ane ziAmAM trIjo alek jhAnDara rAjA anyA, va

Page #507
banAve, rAjAnuM nAma mukhya pradhAna banAve (briTana) sAla bIjo 8 : ' | pArlamenTanI sudhAraNane trIjemahArANI kAyada. vikaTeriA. | sAlsabarI | AyarlenDanuM prathama hemarUla bila - - 183-1901 glaeNDasTana sAlsabarI 1886-1892, bismArkanI paDatI. 1990 glaeNDasTana 1892-1894 AyarlenDanuM bIjuM hemarUla bila * jhabarI sAlsabarI ' 1895-902 nikolasa rezione jhara banyA. 1908 eDavarDa sAtame. --- - 1901-191 bAphara | 1902-1905 osTreliAnAM briTiza saMsthAnanuM ekIkaraNa. bera leke tAbe thayA, , , :

Page #508
kempabela benaramena 1905-1908 TrAnsavAlane svarAjya maLyuM. 1910 eskivatha 1908-1816 ceMje pAMcame. 1910-1936 viMDasara vaMza sAutha AphrikAnuM saMyukta rAjya banyuM. pArlamenTane kAyade 1914-cAlu | = : || - mahAna vigrahanI zarUAta | laiIDa ja a fe: 1926-1922 [f' ' ene matAdhikAra prajAsaMdhanI sthApanA-raziana krAnti. AyarlenDa phI sTeTa banyuM. benara hai bAlDavina :: || mekaDonAlDa majura pradhAnamaMDaLa haes jarmanI prajAdhimAM bhaLyuM.

Page #509
rAjAnuM nAma mukhya pradhAna banAve (briTana) | pukhta umaranI strI-puruSone matAdhikAra maeNkaDonAlDa nezanala pradhAnamaMDaLa sAla bIjA dezanA banAve - keloga kiTa na rahAInalenDamAM jarmanIne praveza. pena prajAsattAka banyuM. duniyAnI Arthika paristhitimAM hiMda mATe baMdhAraNane kAyade. bAlDavina | jarja pAMcamAne rIpyamahotsava ndhArtha cho. pAMcamA veMrjanuM maraNa 193thI cAlu. eDavarDa gAdIe-gAdItyAga paeNrja chaThThAnuM rAjyArohaNa cembaraleIna | nevila . 1940

Page #510
pariziSTa 3jIM praznA 1. Write briefly about the political, social, and religious conditions of the people in England before the Normans came. 2. How was kingship established by the Tutons? How was the power of the king limited? 3. What do you know about Witan-a-Gamot ? Describe its constitution and functions. 4. What do you know about William the Conqueror? Write a short note on his Feudal System. 5. Write short notes on Doomsday Book. 6. How was the throne of England transferred from the Norman family to the Anju family? -Plantagenates 7. Why was there a quarrel between Henry II and Backet? What was the result? II 1 8. What do you know about the Crusades ? Name the kings that took part in the Crusades. 9. What is Magna-Charta? Under what circumstances was it signed by king John? Show that it is an important milestone on the way to liberty. 10. Under what circumstances did Wales become a part of England? phara

Page #511
498 11. Write what you know about the main features of the Plantagenate period ? 12. Write short notes on : (a) Black Prince, (b) Good Parliament, (c) Lolards. 13. What do you know about the Hundred Years' War? What was the condition of England at the end of it? 14. Whom do you consider greater of the two Edward I or Edward III ? Give reasons. 15. What were the effects of the Wars of Roses upon the political condition of England ? -Tudors1. What was the condition of England when Henry VII came to the throne ? What measures did he take to pacify the country ? ( B. U. 1930). 2. What were the measures employed by Henry VII to secure the throne to himself and his family and to strengthen the power of the crown ? 3. Briefly discuss the domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII. 4. Why is the accession of Henry VII regarded as marking the beginning of the New Era in the History of England ? 5. What is Reformation? Why was it received so well in England ? How did Henry VIII break the papal power? How was the reformed church finally established in England ? ( B. U. 1919).

Page #512
rece 6. Discuss the home and foreign policy of Henry VIII. 7. Sketch the careers of Thomas Wolsey, and Martin Luther. 8. Write what you know of Marry Tudor, Marry Queen of Scots, and Lady Jane Grey. 9. What led Philip of Spain to send the Armada to England ? How do you account for its defeat ? What was the effect of this defeat upon the naval power of England ? (B. U. 1927, 1928, 1932.) 10 "Elizabeth found England divided and weak; and left it united and strong." Explain this remark with reference'to Elizabeth's difficulties and achievements. (B. U. 1921) 11. "Elizabeth's reign is said to be the Golden Age of the Tudor period." Justify the remark. 12. Describe the literary, commercial, and seafaring activities of the English people in the reign of Elizabeth. (B. U. 1925). 13. How will you show that Elizabeth's reign forms one of the most brilliant periods in English History ? (B. U. 1928 ) 14. Estimate Elizabeth as a woman and as a sovereign. (B. U. 1933) 15. How do you account for the rivalry between England and Spain in tne reign of Elizabeth ? How did this rivalry end ! ( B. U. 1934)

Page #513
400 16. Why does the Tudor period indicate the dawn of a new era? (B. U. 1934) 17. Give a brief sketch of the attitude of different Tudor Kings towards Reformation. (B. U. 1926) 18. Discuss the attitude of Henry VIII and Elizabeth towards Reformation. (B. U. 1931) 19. How do you account for the despotic power which the Tudor sovereigns were allowed to exercise? Why were they popular? (B. U. 1926) : 20. What traits marked the character of most of the Tudor sovereigns? How do you explain the servility of the parliaments of the Tudor period? (B. U. 1932) 1. 21. What were the characteristics common to the Tudor sovereigns? How do you account for the fact that in the Tudor period the House of Commons. increased very much in power and importance! (B. U. 1928) 22. Write short notes on: Star Chamber Court, Statutes of Livery and Maintenance, Pilgrimage of Grace. 23. Write one characteristic sentence on each of the following persons : 1. Lambert Simnel 2. Perkin Warbeck 3, Poyning. 4. Catherine. 5. Duke of Summerset. 6. Lady Jane Grey.

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7. Marry-Queen of Scots. 8. Bloody Marry. 9. Walter Raleigh. 24. Arrange the following events in the chronolo gical order : 10. Admiral Drake. 11. John Hawkins. 12. Cardinal Wolsey. 1. The Establishment of the E. I. Co. 2. Loss of Calais 3. Translation of Bible 4. Battle of Bosworth 5. The Act of Supremacy 6. Ruin of the Papal power in England. 7. Poyning's law. 8. Defeat of Spain. 9. Luther's protest against Pope. -Stuart Period 1. What do you know of the character of James I? What made him quarrel with his parliaments? (B. U. 1925) 2. "Never had a sovereign a higher notion of his dignity, never was any less qualified to sustain it." Justify the remark about James I. (B. U. 1925) 3. What are the main points of dispute between James I and his parliaments? 4. "No man so good was ever so bad a king! No man so fallible believed so honestly in his infallibility." Explain the remark abont the character of Charles I. 5. Describe the main points of dispute between Charles I and the House of Commons.

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6. Describe the absolute government of Charles I without parliaments from 1629 to 1640. 7. When and under what circumstances did the Long Parliament meet ? Why was it so called? What was the general policy of this parliament in the beginning, and what were the measures passed by it; during the first year of its sitting ? 8. What were the main points of dispute between Charles I and his parliaments? What is the importance of the Petition of Rights? 9. Who were the chief advisers of Charles I ? What influence did they excercise over his policy and with what result ? (B. U. 1923) 10. Sketch the career of Oliver Cromwell, describing the part played by him in the Civil War. 11. Show how Oliver Cromwell rose into power. Analyse his system of Government. 12. How did Cromwell come to power after the execution of Charles I ? Give a brief sketch of his, home and foreign policy. (B. U. 1925) 13. What do you know of Oliver Cromwell as a. man, a soldier and a ruler ? ( B. U. 1931 ) 14. Explain what is meant by the Convention Parliament. Describe the measures passed by it after the Restoration. 15. What do you know about the Cavalier Parlament? What are the acts passed by the said. Parliament?

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503 16. State the causes of Charles Il's popularity in the beginning of his reign. Why did he grow unpopular after a few years ? (B. U. 1924 ) 17. Describe the home and foreign policy of Charles II. 18. How did Cromwell raise the honour of England abroad? What can be said of Charles II in this respect ? (B. U. 1933) 19. What were the relations of Charles II with his parliaments? Compare them with those of Charles I with his parliaments. 20. What was the position of England in the reign of Charles II ? How far was the king responsible for it? (B. U. 1926 ) Citarungnarriniai c 21. Mention some of the unconstitutional means of James II, and show how they led to the revolution of 1688. (B. U. 1922-1934) .22. How did James II forfeit the good will of his subjects ? (B. U. 1931) 23. What were the results of the revolution of 1688 ? Why is it called the glorious Revolution ? 24. What were the effects of Revolution on (a) The Standing Army (b) Appointment of ministers (c) Position of the judges. (B. U. 1921) 25. How did the Revolution of 1688 affect (a). The relative position of the sovereign and the parliament, (b) Administration of Justice and (c) The grant of supplies of money. (B. U. 1928, 1932.)

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504 26. Why did William accept the crown of England? How far was he supported by the English people in his foreign policy? (B. U. 1924) 27. Give a brief account of the domestic and foreign policy of William III, and account for his unpopularity. What was the position of the parliament in his time? (B. U. 1933) 28. How will you show that William III was a great statesman? Account for his unpopularity and also for the increase in the strength and power of the Parliament in his time. (B. U. 1927) 29. Why was it necessary to bring about the Union of England and Scotland? (1707). How did it ~4fffect 'edeh` of them (B. U. 1929, 1936.) 30. Write short notes on: 1. Divine Right of Kings. 2. Petition of Rights. 3. Instrument of Government. 4. Habeas Corpus Act. 5. Declaration of Rights. 6. Civil List. 7. Act of Settlement. 8. Duke of Marlborough. 31. Arrange the following events in the order in which they occurred : 1. The act of settlement. 2. The Glorious Revolution. 3. The Bill of Rights. 4. Habeas Corpus Act. 5. Secret treaty of Dover. 6. Union of England and Scotland. 7. Test Act. 8. Shipmoney Tax. 9. Death of Charles I. 10. Instrument of Government

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505 32. Write one characteristic sentence on any one of the following 1. Buckingham. 2. Strafford. 3. Laud. 4. Hampdon. 5. Clarendon. -: 46 6. Denby. 7. Lord Shaftsbury. 8. Monmouth. 9. Marlborough. 10. Sunderland. -Hanoverian Period 1. The act of settlement gave us a foreign king, and the foreign king gave us a prime minister". Justify the statement of an English Historian. 2. Review the circumstances which enabled the Whigs to maintain their assendency under the first two Georges. (B. U. 1935) 3. Sketch the career of Walpole with particular reference to his services in regard to constitutional, colonial, and financial matters. (B. U. 1923) 4. What, in your opinion, were the strong and weak points of Walpole's administration? (B. U. 1928) 5. Estimate Walpole as an administrator and as a financier. 6. What was the nature of the rivalry between England and France during the 18th century? What part did Elder Pitt play in this struggle? (B. U. 1922) 7. What is the importance of the treaty of Paris? 8. Show how the Seven Years' War paved the way for the war of Amercian Independence.

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- 9. Explain clearly the meaning of "Patriot King" as used by George III. To what extent did he succeed in his ambition and how ? (B. U. 1926) 10. What new principles of Government did George III try to introduce and with what results ? (B. U. 1930) 11. Sketch the career of Elder Pitt with special: reference to his work as a war minister. (B. U. 1925) 12. Discuss the claims of William Pitt the Earl of Chadham to greatness as a patriot and as a statesman. (B. U. 1933) 13. Briefly describe the causes and effects of the American war of Independence. What was the attitude of the leading English statesmen of the time towards the question ? (B. U. 1928) 14. How did England's quarrel with the American Colonies begin? How far were the Americans justified in their resistance ? (B. U. 1924) 15. "The blunder of Grenville's ministry cost England her richest colonies in America." What was the blunder ? What was its result? 16. What was the main cause of quarrel between England and the American colonists? Summarise the views of different English statesmen of the time. 17. Review the policy of Pitt-the Younger before the outbreak of the French Revolution. How did this event affect his domestic policy? (B. U. 1934).

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you 18. Describe the foreign policy of Younger Pitt: and say how far he was succeessful as a war minister. 19. Compare two Pitts as peace and war ministers. Point out the common features of their character. (B. U. 1927) 20. Briefly describe the causes of the French Revolution. 21. Describe in brief the opinions of the English statesmen on the French Revolution. 22. What was the part played by sea-power in the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte ? (B. U. 1930) 23. Write short notes on Berlin Decrees versus Orders in Council. Describe their effects. (B. U. 1921). 24. How did Napoleonic wars affect the commerce of England ? To what, do you attribute, the unrest of people after those wars ? What were the results ? 25. What reforms were introduced in the reign of George IV by Huskisson and Peel ? 26. Mention the events under which the disabilities of the Roman Catholics were finally removed. Who were the greatmen whose names are associated with this relief ? (B. U. 1929-1933) 27. What was the state of Franchise in England before the reform Act of 1832 ? Give an account of the struggle that preceded the passing of Reform Bill. of 1832. State its provisions and general effects.

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MOC : :28. Give an account of the important political and social reforms introduced in England during the reign of William IV. (B. U. 1925). 29. What were the political and economic grievances of the people of England from the end of the Napoleonic wars to the middle of the 19th century ? How were they remedied ? (B. U. 1923) 30. What do you know of the Corn-Laws ? How did the Anti-Corn-Law League agitate against them ? How and when were its efforts rewarded ? (B. U. 1636) 31. Explain the reasons which led to the Chartist Movement. What were the demands of the Chartists ? How far have those demands been granted ? (B. U. 1935) 32. How was England affected by the industrial revolution during the latter half of the 18th century ? (B. U. 1921) 33. Give a brief sketch of the career of Lord Palmerston. Why is he called a conservative at home and revolutionist abroad? 34. Give a brief sketch of Gladston's career, and your estimate of him as a statesman. (B. U. 1929) .. 35. Give a brief estimate of Gladstone as a finarcier and as a statesman. 36. Sketch the carrer, principles and policy of Disraeli. 37. What were the views of Disraeli on the (a) Abolition of Corn-Laws, (b) The Irish Question, (c) The Eastern Question. (B. U. 1925)

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pa9 38. Compare and contrast the domestic and foreign policies of Gladstone and Disraeli. (B. U. 1934) 39. Describe briefly the parliamentary and other reforms in the reign of Victoria. 40. Trace briefly the history of Ireland from the aceession of Henry VII (1485) to the Union of Ireland in 1800. 41. Give a short summary of the relations between England and Ireland from 1800 to 1893. (B. U. 1930) 42. What were the various attempts made to grant Home Rule to Ireland? What has been the attitude of Ireland towards them? (B. U. 1921) 43. Trace the foreign policy of England from 1815 A. D. to 1900 A. D. 44. How was England affected by the Industrial Revolution during the 19th century? 45. Describe, in brief, the social and scientific progress in the 19th century and after. 46. What was the state of Franchise in England before the reform act of 1832? By what stages has this right been extended since then? (B. U. 1922) 47. What were the chief measures of political and social reforms which were passed between 1832 and 1837 (B. U. 1930). 48. Write a note on the growth of the British Empire.

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49. Which are the five great self-governing colonies in the British common wealth? What important features are common to them all ? 50. How did the Union of South Africa come about? 51. How did Walpole and Newcastle maintain their power as Prime Ministers ? State in brief how Pitt the Elder changed the policy and advanced the national interests of England. (B. U. 1936. Nov.) 52. Rearrange the events in Group I in a chronological order and place them opposite the names in Group II with which they are associated:Group I Group II Repeal of Corn-Laws Peel Invention of the "Mule" Feargus O'connor Excise Bill Walpole Battle of the Nile Napoleon Berlin Decrees William Pitt Chartist Movement Lord North Heights of Abraham Grenville Regulating Act Crompton Stamp Act Nelson Union between England & Treland Wolfe . 53. Rewrite the following in order in which they took place. (1) Bank Charter Act (4) Abolition of Slavery. (2) First Reform bill. (5) Chartist Movement (3) Battle of Trafalgar (6) South sea Bubble :

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pa1 (7) Capture of (9) Manchester Massacre Sebastopole (10) Rebellion of Young (8) Capture of Quibec Pretender 54. What is the Eastern Question ? How far England succeed in solving it ? 55. What important constitutional measures were passed by the British Parliament in the 19th century? 56. What were the circumstances that led to the Union of England and Ireland ? 57. Explain the following: - (a) " Durham made an empire but marreda career ". (b) "Palmerston was a conservative at home but a liberal abroad". 58. Answer the following: (a) What were the constitutional effects of the Hanoverain Succession ? (b) How did Gladstone complete his master's work ? (c) Mention the law governing to the successioh to the British throne ? 59. Write short notes on:(i) Walpole's Excise Scheme. (ii) Stamp Act. (iii) Importance of the battle of Nile. (iv) The Union of England and Ireland. (v) Roman Catholic Emancipation. -

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pAra (vi) The Home Rule Bill for Ireland. (vii) The Berlin Decree. (viii) Septennial Act. 60. Write a short character sketch of each of the following: (a) James Wolfe (b) John Wilkes (c) Edmond Burke (d) James Fox (e) William Wilberforce (f) Daniel O'connel. 61. Mention in one sentence each the outstanding work or event with which the following persons are associated: (6) Captain Cook (7) John Wilkes (8) Grenville (9) George Washington (10) Florence Nightingale 62. Write briefly what you know of the following (1) Bolingbroke (2) Stanhope (3) Townshend (4) John Wesley (5) General Wolfe persons: (1) Duke of Wellington (2) Sir Robert Peel (3) Palmerston (4) Gladstone (5) Disraeli (6) Parnell characteristic sentences about the 63. Write two following:(1) John Cabot (2) Benjamin Franklin (3) William Wilberforce (4) Adam Smith (5) Rousseau (6) Lord Nelson (7) James Watt (8) Parnell

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(9) Thistlewood (10) George Stephenson (11) James Macadam (12) Rowland Hill mA3 (13) Huskisson (14) David Livingstone (15) Lord Durham (16) Richard Cobden -British Constitution 1. Discuss briefly how limited monarchy has been gradually established in England. 2. What are the prerogatives of the British Sovereign? How will you show that they cannot be exercised against the wishes of the House of Commons? (B. U. 1927) 3. Mention the prerogatives of the British Sovereign, How far does he exercise them? (B. U. 1935) 4. What is the position of the Sovereign in the British Constitution? How does he stand in relation to the House of Commons so far as the exercise of his powers is concerned? (B. U. 1931) 5. Write what yon know about the position of the Sovereign and the supremacy of the House of Commons in British Constitution. (B. U. 1923) 6. Write what you know of the composition, constitution, and powers of the House of Commons. 7. Describe the functions and powers of the House of Commons. (B. U. 1935) 8. Describe the present position and functions of the House of Lords. (B. U. 1934) 9. What are the privileges of the House of Lords? ; AT OFTEN 33

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pa14 : 10. State briefly the special functions of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. How far is the upper house useful as a revising chamber ? (B. U. 1936) 11. Write what you know of the constitutional functions and the powers of the House of Commons. What are the relations between the two houses of the parliament in matter of money Bills and ordinary Bills ? * 12. How is the Cabinet formed ? Describe the composition of the Cabinet and the position of the Prime Minister as its leader. (B. U. 1936) 13. What do you understand by the Cabinet Government ? What are its principal features ? How does it secure harmony between the rulers and the ruled? 14. Carefully explain the functions and the cons titutional position of the cabinet ? How far do you agree with the view that the parliament bas vested its powers to the Cabinet ?. 2.5" 15. What are the principles observed in the appointment of cabinet ministers ? Write what you know of the responsibility of ministers - before and after the revolution. (B. U. 1927) . H 16. What are the relations between the Prime Minister and (a) The Cabinet, (b) The House of Commons," (c) and the King. (B. U. 1930)

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424 17. What causes led to the Parliament Act of 1911, and what charges did it introduce? (B. U. 1930) 18. Explain: (a) "In England the king reigns but does not govern. (b) "The cabinet has no existence in the law of the constitution. " "" 19. Write short notes on: (a) Payment of members to the parliament. (b) Royal prerogatives. (c) Importance of the House of Lords in the British Constitution. 20. Mention the powers and functions of the House of Lords, and show that it is not an effective check upon the House of Commons. 21. Describe the process by which a bill becomes a law in the British Constitution. 22. What provision is made in the Constitution to overcome a dead lock? (B. U. 1936 Nov.) samAta

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