Jain Dharm ka Pran

Author(s): Sukhlal Sanghavi, Dalsukh Malvania, Ratilal D Desai
Publisher: Sasta Sahitya Mandal Delhi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010350/1

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satsAhitya prakAzana jainadharma kA prANa - dharma, darzana tathA saMskRti kA vivecana - paNDita sukhalAla saMpAdaka dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ratilAla dopacanda desAI 1965 sastA sAhitya maNDala, naI dillI

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prakAzaka mArtaNDa upAdhyAya matrI, sastA sAhitya maDala, naI dillI vallabha-smRtigraMthamAlA:3 pahalI bAra : 1965 __ mUlya do rupaye - mudraka zrI jainendra pre dillI

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prakAzakIya prastuta pustaka mUla gujarAtI me prakAzita huI thii| do varSa ke bhItara usakA pahalA saskaraNa samApta ho gayA aura pAThako kI mAga ko dekhakara dUsarA saskaraNa karanA paDA / hame harSa hai ki isa lokopayogI pustaka kA hindI saskaraNa 'maMDala se prakAzita ho rahA hai| paDita sukhalAlajI jaina dharma tathA darzana ke prakANDa vidvAna hai, lekina unakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki unakI dRSTi atyanta vyApaka aura vicAra atyanta spaSTa hai| samaya-samaya para unake likhe lekho ke do sagraha gujarAtI me 'darzana ane cintana' aura hindI meM 'darzana aura cintana' ke nAma se prakAzita hue hai| prastuta pustaka kI sAmagrI, 'brahma aura sama' lekha ko chor3akara, inhI do pustako se lI gaI hai / pratyeka lekha ke sAtha pustaka kA saketa 'da. a. ci.' athavA 'da. au. ci., ke rUpa me kara diyA gayA hai| gujarAtI lekho kA hindI rUpAntara pro0 zAntilAla jaina zAstrAcArya ne kiyA hai| hama unake AbhArI hai| hameM harSa hai ki isa pustaka ke prakAzana ke sAtha divagata jainAcArya zrI vijayavallabha sUrI kI smRti jur3I huI hai| AcAryajI zuSka kriyAkAMDa eva hRdayahIna nivRtti ke samarthaka nahI the aura na aisI pravRtti ke, jisame mAnava kI antarAtmA lupta ho jAya / unake jIvana me dono kA mundara samanvaya thaa| ___apane viSaya kI yaha bar3I hI sAragarbhita pustaka hai| hame vizvAsa hai ki isa mAlA kI anya pustako kI bhAti yaha pustaka bhI sabhI kSetroM aura vargo me rucipUrvaka paDhI jaaygii| -matrI

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dhammo maMgalamukkiTheM ahiMsA sajamo tavo / devAvita namasati jassa dhamma sayA mnno|| "ahiMsA, sayama, tapa, rUpa jo dharma hai vaha utkRSTa maMgala hai jisakA dharma me sadA mana hai usako devatA bhI namaskAra karate haiN|" -(dazavakAlika sUtra)

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vijaya jinhone sAdhu ke kaThora vratoM kA pAlana karate hue bhI loka sevA ke bahuta se kAma kiye aura dharma ke mUla tattvoM ko mAnavajIvana me pratiSThita karane ke lie satata prayAsa kiyA, una sva0 jainAcArya zrI vijayavallabha sUrI kI pAvana smRti me

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bhUmikA prastuta pustaka kA nAma isame isI nAma se mudrita eka lekha ke AdhAra para rakhA gayA hai aura vaha sArthaka hai| paNDita sukhalAlajI ke lekhana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki ve kisI bhI viSaya kA Upara-Upara se nirUpaNa nahI karate, parantu pratipAdya viSaya ke hArda ko pakaDakara hI usakA nirUpaNa karate hai| isIse isa pustaka me kiyA gayA saskRti, dharma, darzana, jainadharma, jainadarzana jainaAcAra jaise viSayoM kA pratipAdana usa-usa viSaya ke hArda kA hI vizeSata sparza karatA hai| dharma Adi ke bAhya svarUpa ko to sAmAnyataH saba jAnate hai, kyoki vaha carmacakSuo se dekhA jA sakatA hai, parantu usake pIche tattva kyA hai, isakI jAnakArI kama logoM ko hotI hai| isa pustaka me jainadharma ke tattva kI, paramArtha kau athavA usake hArda kI hI vizeSa rUpa se jAnakArI prastuta kI gaI hai| isase isa pustaka me jainadharma ke bAre me usake anuyAyiyo ko bhI bahuta kucha nayA jAnane ko milegA aura unake bahuta-se bhrama dUra hoge| jainetaro ke lie to yaha pustaka jainadharma-paricaya ke lie dIpaka jaisI hai, isameM sandeha nhii| paNDitajI ke lekhana kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve itihAsa eva tulanA ko mahattva kA sthAna dete hai| dhArmika samajhe jAnevAle loga apane dharma kI binA gaharI jAnakArI ke hI kahate hai ki hamArA hI dharma sabase prAcIna aura zreSTha hai, parantu paNDitajI itihAsa aura tulanA dvArA dhArmika samajhe jAnevAle logo kI aisI samajha ko sazodhita kara nirmala banAne kA prayatna karate hai| isase dharma-niSThA me kSati Ane ke badale vaha jAgarUka banatI hai aura satya tattva kI upalabdhi ke pariNAmasvarUpa usakI niSThA adhika sudRr3ha banatI hai| paNDitajI kI nirUpaNa-paddhati se pAThaka me vivekabuddhi jAgRta hotI hai aura rUr3ha mAnyatAoM kA parIkSaNa karake heyopAdeya kA viveka karane me vaha svaya samartha banatA hai| isa prakAra pAThaka kI zraddhA ko ve jhakajhora kara eka bAra to usakI buniyAda ko hilA dete

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hai, parantu vaisA karane ke pIche unakA uddezya pAThaka ko zraddhAhIna banAne kA nahI, balki usakI zraddhA ke mUla ko dRDha karane kA hai| pAThaka sahI artha me zraddhAlu banatA hai aura usakA kadAgraha dUra hotA hai| paNDitajI ke lekhana kI ina do vizeSatAoM ke mUla me unakA vizAla paThana-pAThana to hai hI, parantu usake atirikta svatantra cintana-manana karake unhone jo eka viziSTa vRtti sAdhI hai, vaha bhI hai| vaha vRtti yAnI dharmoM eva darzano me cAhe bheda dikhAI detA ho, parantu usa bheda meM rahe hue abheda ko DhUDhakara una sabakA samanvaya karane kI vRtti / isa samanvaya-bhAvanA ke kAraNa, ve bhale hI jaina ho aura jainadharma ke abhyAsI ke taura para unhone khyAti bhI prApta kI ho, parantu unake lekho me sarvatra samabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| dharma jaise nAjuka viSaya me samabhAvapUrvaka likhanA atyanta kaThina kArya hai, phira bhI unhone jainadharma ke hArda kA jo nirUpaNa isa pustaka me kiyA hai vaha eka taTastha vidvAna ko zobhA dene vAlA hai| isame jainadharma ke kisI bhakta ke dvArA kI gaI atiraMjanA nahI hai, to usake virodhI ke dvArA kiyA gayA dopadarzana bhI nahI hai, parantu eka vivecaka dvArA kiyA gayA jainadharma ke prANa kA nirUpaNa hai| jainadharma kA pravartana kisI eka puruSa ke nAma se, zaiva, vaiSNava Adi kI bhAti, nahI huA, parantu vaha jina arthAta rAga-dveSa ke vijetAoM dvArA Acarita aura upadiSTa dharma kA nAma hai| ataH jainadharma kA prArambha kisI eka vyakti ne kiyA hai athavA kisI eka vyakti hI ko usame deva ke rUpa me sthAna hai, aisI bAta nahI; parantu jo koI rAga-dveSa kA vijetA ho vaha jina hai aura usakA dharma jainadharma hai| aise jainadharma ke anuyAyI jaina kahalAte hai / unhone kAlakrama se jiname rAga-dveSa kI vijaya dekhI, unheM apane iSTadeva ke rUpa me svIkAra kiyA aura vaise viziSTa devo ko 'tIrthakara' kA nAma diyaa| vaise tIrthakaro kI saMkhyA unake mata se bahuta bar3I hai, parantu isa kAlame-isa yuga me-vizeSataH RSabhadeva se lekara vardhamAna taka ke 24 tIrthakara prasiddha hai / dUsare dharmoM kI taraha ve Izvara ke avatAra nahI hai athavA anAdisiddha Izvara bhI nahI hai, parantu sAmAnya manuSya ke

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:8: rUpa meM janma lekara pUrva saskAra ke kAraNa aura usa janma me vizeSa prakAra kI sAdhanA karake tIrthakara pada prApta karate hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki tIrthakara hama manuSyo meM se hI eka hai aura unakA sandeza hai ki yadi koI unakI taraha prayatna kare to vaha tIrthakara pada prApta kara sakatA hai / mAnavajAti me aise AtmavizvAsa kI preraNA karane vAle tIrthakara hai| anya dharmo me manuSya se bhinna jAti ke deva pUjyatA prApta karate hai, para jainadharma meM manuSya aisI zakti prApta karate hai, jisase deva bhI unakI pUjA karate hai dhammo maMgalamukkiTheM ahiMsA saMjamo tvo| devA vi taM namasaMti jassa dhammo sayA maNo // manuSya-jAti ke pada kI utkRSTatA kA kathana mahAbhArata meM AtA hai : 'na mAnuSAt zreSThataraM hi kiJcit' (zAntiparva 299-20) --manuSya kI apekSA koI zreSTha nahI hai| manuSya kI aisI pratiSThA karane me jaina tIrthakaro kA hissA alpa nahI hai| jabataka tIrthakaro kA prabhAva na thA tabataka indra Adi devo kI pUjApratiSThA Arya karate rahe aura aneka hisaka-yajJo ke anuSThAna dvArA unheM prasanna kara badale me sampatti mAgate rahe / tIrthakaro ne mAnava kI isa dInatA ko haTAkara manuSya kA bhAgya manuSya ke hAtho me saupaa| phalataH dhArmika mAnyatA me nava-jAgaraNa AyA, manuSya apanI sAmarthya pahacAnane lagA aura usane indra Adi devo kI upAsanA kA parityAga kiyaa| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki vaidika AryoM meM bhI rAma aura kRSNa jaise manuSyo kI pUjA hone lagI, phira bhale hI kAlakrama ne unako avatArI puruSa banA diyA ho / parantu mUla bAta itanI to saca hai ki devo kI apekSA bhI manuSya mahAna hai, yaha sandeza tIrthakaro ne hI AryoM ko diyA hai| tIrthakaro dvArA pravartita dharma kA svarUpa kyA hai ? usakA hArda kyA hai ? --yaha eka zabda me kahanA ho to kahege ki vaha 'ahiMsA' hai| AcAra meM ahisA ke do rUpa hai : sayama aura tp| sayama me savara arthAya sakoca AtA hai-zarIra kA, mana kA aura vANI kaa| saMyama ke kAraNa vaha naye bandhano me phasatA nahI aura tapa ke dvArA vaha purAne upArjita bandhana kATa

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DAlatA hai| isa prakAra ekamAtra ahisA ke pAlana se manuSya mukti prApta kara sakatA hai / jIvana meM ahisA kA paripUrNa pAlana karanA ho to vicAra meM anekAnta ko binA apanAye cala nahI sktaa| isI se ahisA me se hI jainadharma kA dArzanika siddhAnta 'anekAnta' phalita huA hai| vicAra ke dvAra khule rakho, tumako sabake vicAro me se satya kI prApti hogI yaha hai anekAnta kA artha / satya ke AgrahI ko sarvaprathama 'merA so saccA, dUsarA saba khoTA' aisA kadAgraha chor3anA hI caahie| jabataka vaha aisA kadAgraha na choDe tabataka usase dUsare ke prati anyAya ho hI jAyagA, aura yahI to hisA hai| isase ahisaka ke lie anekAntavAdI honA anivArya hai / phalata jainadharma me jisa darzana kA vikAsa huA, vaha ekAntavAdI nahI, kintu anekAntavAdI hai / ___ahisA kA jIvana-vyavahAra ke lie jo AcAra hai, vahI jainadharma hai aura ahisA me se phalita hone vAlA darzana hI jainadarzana hai| isase jainadharma ke anuyAyI zramaNa ke jIvana-vyavahAra me sthUla jIva kI rakSA se Age baDhakara jo sUkSma jIva hai aura jo carmacakSuoM se nahI dIkhate, unakI rakSA kI bhI bhAvanA nihita hai, aura isI bhAvanA ke AdhAra para hI AcAra ke vidhi-niSedho ke sopAno kI racanA huI hai| isake sampUrNa anusaraNa kA prayatna zramaNa tathA Azika anusaraNa kA prayatna zrAvaka karate hai / AcAra ke pIche darzana na ho to AcAra kI sAdhanA meM niSThA nahIM aatii| isI kAraNa pratyeka dharma ko jIva ke bandha-mokSa tathA jIva ke jagata ke sAtha ke sambandha eva jagata ke svarUpa ke bAre me vicAra karanA par3atA hai| isa anivAryatA me se samagra jaina darzana kA udbhava huA hai| pahale kahA hai ki jainadarzana ke vicAra kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha satya kI zodha ke lie tatpara hai aura isIlie 'sampUrNa darzano kA samUha rUpa jainadarzana haiM-aisA udghoSa AcArya jinabhadra jaise AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| ___jainadarzana me mUla do tattva hai : jIva aura ajIva / ina dono kA vistAra pAca astikAya, cha dravya athavA sAta yA nava tattva ke rUpa me

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pAyA jAtA hai| cArvAka kevala ajIva ko pAca bhUtarUpa mAnate the aura upaniSada ke RSi kevala jIva arthAta AtmA-puruSa-brahma ko mAnate the| ina dono mato kA samanvaya jIva eva ajIva ye do tattva mAnakara jainadarzana me huA hai| sasAra aura siddhi arthAta nirvANa athavA bandhana aura mokSa sabhI ghaTa sakate hai, jaba jIva aura jIva se bhinna koI ho / isIlie jIva aura ajIva dono ke astitva kI tArkika sagati jaino ne siddha kI aura puruSa eva prakRti kA astitva mAnakara prAcIna sAkhyoM ne bhI vaisI sagati saadhii| isake atirikta AtmA ko yA puruSa ko kevala kUTastha mAnane se bhI bandha-mokSa jaisI virodhI avasthAe jIva meM nahIM ghaTa sktii| isase saba darzano se alaga paDakara, bauddhasammata citta kI bhAti, AtmA ko bhI eka apekSA se jaino ne anitya mAnA aura sabakI taraha nitya mAnane me bhI jaino ko kucha Apatti to hai hI nahIM, kyoki bandha aura mokSa tathA punarjanma kA cakra eka hI AtmA me hai / isa prakAra AtmA ko jaina mata me pariNAmI-nitya mAnA gyaa| sAkhyoM ne prakRti-jar3a tattva ko to pariNAmI-nitya mAnA thA aura puruSa ko kUTastha, parantu jaino ne jaDa aura jIva dono ko pariNAmI-nitya maanaa| isame bhI unakI anekAnta dRSTi spaSTa hotI hai| ____jIva ke caitanya kA anubhava mAtra deha me hI hotA hai, ata. jaina mata ke anusAra jIva-AtmA deha parimANa hai| naye-naye janma jIva dhAraNa karatA hai, isalie usake lie gamanAgamana anivArya hai| isI kAraNa jIva ko gamana meM sahAyaka dravya dharmAstikAya ke nAma se aura sthiti me sahAyaka dravya adharmAstikAya ke nAma se--isa prakAra do ajIva dravyo kA mAnanA anivArya ho gyaa| isI prakAra yadi jIva kA sasAra ho to bandhana bhI honA hI caahie| vaha bandhana pudgala arthAta jar3a dravya kA hai / ataeva pudgalAstikAya ke rUpa me eka dUsarA bhI ajIva dravya mAnA gyaa| ina sabako avakAza dene vAlA dravya AkAza hai, use bhI jar3arUpa ajIva dravyamAnanA Avazyaka thaa| isa prakAra jainadarzana me jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala-ye pAca astikAya mAne gae hai| parantu jIvAdi dravyoM kI vividha avasthAoM kI kalpanA kAla ke binA nahI ho sktii|

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815 2 00/A-62 phalata eka svataMtra kAladravya bhI anivArya thaa| isa prakAra pAca astikAyo ke sthAna para chaha dravya bhI hue| jaba kAla ko svatatra dravya nahI mAnA jAtA taba use jIva aura ajIva dravyoM ke paryAyarUpa mAnakara kAma calAyA jAtA hai / __ aba sAta tattva aura nau tattva ke bAre me thoDA spaSTIkaraNa kara le / jainadarzana me tattvavicAra do prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai| eka prakAra ke bAre me hamane Upara dekhaa| dUsarA prakAra mokSamArga meM upayogI ho, usa taraha padArthoM kI ginatI karane kA hai| isameM jIva, ajIva, Asrava, savara, bandha, nirjarA aura mokSa-ina sAta tattvo kI ginatI kA eka prakAra aura usame puNya eva pApa kA samAveza karake kula nau tattva ginane kA dUsarA prakAra hai| vastuta jIva aura ajIva kA vistAra karake hI sAta aura nau tattva ginAye hai, kyoki mokSamArga ke varNana me vaisA pRthakkaraNa upayogI hotA hai| jIva aura ajIva kA spaSTIkaraNa to Upara kiyA hI hai| azataH ajIva-karmasaMskAra-bandhana kA jIva se pRthaka honA nirjarA hai aura sarvAMzata pRthaka honA mokSa hai| karma jina kAraNo se jIva ke sAtha bandha me Ate hai ve kAraNa Asrava hai aura usakA nirodha savara hai| jIva aura ajIva-karma kA ekAkAra jaisA sambandha bandha hai| sArAza yaha ki jIva me rAga-dveSa, pramAda Adi jahAtaka rahate hai, vahAtaka bandha ke kAraNo kA astitva hone se sasAravRddhi huA karatI hai| una kAraNo kA nirodha kiyA jAya to sasAra bhAva dUra hokara jIva siddhi athavA nirvANa avasthA prApta karatA hai| nirAdha kI prakriyA... ko savara kahate hai, arthAta jIva kI mukta hone kI sAdhanA-virati Adi-savara hai, aura kevala virati Adi se santuSTa na hokara jIva karma se chUTane ke lie tapazcaryA Adi kaThora anuSThAna Adi bhI karatA hai, usase nirjarA-Azika chuTakArA hotA hai aura anta meM vaha mokSa prApta karatA hai| sakSepa me, isa pustaka ke saMkalana ke pIche hamArI do dRSTiyAM rahI hai| eka to yaha ki jainadarzana eva jainadharma ke bAre meM kucha viziSTa jAnakArI

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: 12 : jijJAsuo ke samakSa upasthita karanA / yaha jAnakArI milane para jainadharma tathA jainadarzana kI dUsare bhAratIya darzano kI apekSA kyA vizeSatA hai tathA usake sAtha ve kahA taka milate-julate hai; isakA bhI kucha anumAna jijJAsuo ko sahaja bhAva se ho skegaa| dUsarI dRSTi hai, pUjya paNDitajI kI satya zodhaka, tulanAtmaka, taTastha, samanvayagAmI aura maulika vidvattA kA thor3A-sA paricaya jijJAsuo ko karAnA / samatva eva satya ko kendra me rakhakara samasta bhAratIya darzanoM aura dharmo kA abhyAsa karane vAle eka vidvAna ke rUpa me paNDitajI kA sthAna advitIya hai, yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahI hai / jainadharma evaM jainadarzana ke prAthamika jijJAsuo kI dRSTi se yaha pustaka taiyAra nahI kI gaI, parantu jinhe prArambhika jJAna hai, aise jijJAsu yadi eka abhyAsI kI taraha cintana-mananapUrvaka isa pustaka ko paDheMge to aneka viSayo ke Upara naye prakAza kI upalabdhi ke sAtha unheM paNDita - jI kA aura bhI adhika sAhitya paDhane kI preraNA prApta hue binA nahI rahegI / isa pustaka kI eka pUraka pustaka ke rUpa meM paNDitajI kI 'cAra tIrthakara' nAma kI pustaka paDhane kA hama saba jijJAsuo se Agraha karate hai / isa pustaka me sagRhIta viSayo ke atirikta jainadharmadarzana viSayaka dUsare bhI aneka viSaya jJAtavya haiM, parantu pustaka kI pRSTha saMkhyA ko maryAdA meM rahakara jo kucha bhI yogya sAmagrI dI jA sakatI thI, vaha -cunakara dene kA prayatna hamane kiyA hai / AzA hai, jijJAsuoM tathA abhyAsiyo ko yaha upayogI siddha hogI / yaha pustaka sAmAnya pAThako ko bhI sulabha ho, isa dRSTi se ajamera ke zrI madanacanda, zivacanda ghAr3IvAla TrasTa ne isake prakAzana me eka hajAra rupaye kI sahAyatA dI hai| pustaka kA mUlya isI se kama rakhanA - saMbhava ho sakA hai / - dalasukha mAlavaNiyA

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anukramaNikA 1 : pUrva bhUmikA 1. dharma, tattvajJAna aura saskRti-3; 2. tattvajJAna aura dharma kA sambandha-4, 3. dharma kA bIja-4; 4. dharma kA dhyeya-6; 5. dharma : vizva kI sampatti-6; 6. dharma ke do rUpa : bAhya aura Abhyantara-7; 7. dharmadRSTi aura usakA UrvIkaraNa-9; 8. do dharmasasthAe : gRhasthAzramakendrita aura sanyAsa-kendrita-13; 9. dharma aura buddhi -14; 10. dharma aura vicAra--15; 11. dharma aura saskRti ke bIca antara-15, 12. dharma aura nIti ke bIca antara-16; 13 dharma aura patha-17; 14. darzana aura sampradAya-20; 15. samyagdRSTi aura mithyA-dRSTi -23 / 2 : jainadharma kA prANa 25-43 brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paramparA : vaiSamya aura sAmya dRSTi -25; paraspara prabhAva aura samanvaya-29; zramaNa paramparA ke pravartaka-29; vItarAgatA kA Agraha-30; zramaNa dharma kI sAmya-dRSTi-30; saccI vIratA ke viSaya me jainadharma, gItA aura gAdhIjI-31; sAmyadRSTi aura anekAntavAda-32; ahiMsA--33; AtmavidyA aura utkrAntivAda-34; karmavidyA aura bandha-mokSa-36; ekatvarUpa cAritravidyA-38; lokavidyA-40; jaina mata aura Izvara-41; zrutavidyA aura pramANavidyA 42 / 3 : nirgrantha-sampradAya kI prAcInatA 44-52 zramaNa nirgrantha dharma kA paricaya-44; nirgrantha sampradAya hI

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jaina sampradAya * kucha pramANa 45; buddha aura mahAvIra 46; nirgrantha paramparA kA buddha para prabhAva-48; cAra yAma aura vauddha sampradAya-49 / 4 : jaina-saMskRti kA hRdaya saskRti kA srota-53; jaina saskRti ke do rUpa 53; jaina saskRti kA bAhya svarUpa-54; jaina saskRti kA hRdaya nivartaka dharma-55, dharmo kA vargIkaraNa-55, anAtmavAda -55; pravartaka dharma-56, nivartaka dharma-57; samAjagAmI pravartaka dharma 58; vyaktigAmI nivartaka dharma 59, nivartakadharma kA prabhAva va vikAsa 59; samanvaya aura sagharSaNa-60; nivartaka-dharma ke mantavya aura AcAra-61; nirgrantha sampradAya -62; anya sampradAyo kA jaina-saMskRti para prabhAva-62; jaina saskRti kA dUsaro para prabhAva-64; jaina-paramparA ke Adarza-65; saskRti kA uddezya-67; nivRtti aura pravRtti-68; nivRttilakSI pravRtti-68; / 5 : jaina tattvajJAna tattvajJAna kI utpatti kA mUla-70; tAttvika prazna-71, uttaro kA sakSipta vargIkaraNa~72; jaina vicArapravAha kA svarUpa-73; paurastya aura pAzcAtya tattvajJAna kI prakRti kI tulanA-75; jIvanazodhana ke maulika prazno kI ekatA -76; jIvanazodha kI jaina prakriyA-77:; kucha vizeSa tulanA-79 / 6 : AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama AtmA kI tIna avasthAe-85; caudaha guNasthAna aura unakA vivaraNa-87; guNastha-87; zrI haribhadrasUri dvArA dUsare prakAra se varNita vikAsakrama-91; ATha dRSTi kA pahalA prakAra-91; yoga ke pAca bhAgarUpa dUsarA prakAra 92;

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: 15 : 7: ahiMsA 95 - 114 -- Agama me ahiMsA kA nirUpaNa - 95, vaidika hiMsA kA virodha - 97; jaino aura bauddho ke bIca virodha kA kAraNa - 97; ahisA kI koTikI hisA -- 98; jaina UhApohakI kramika bhUkie - 100, jaina aura mImAsaka Adi ke bIca sAmya - 100; ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa - 101; neminAtha kI karuNA - 101 ; pArzvanAthakA hisA - virodha - 102, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA kI gaI ahiMsA kI pratiSThA -- 102; ahisA ke anya pracAraka - 103; ahisA aura amAri105, azoka, samprati aura khAravela - 105; kumArapAla aura akabara - 106; ahisA ke pracAra kA eka pramANa : piMjarApola - 107, mAnavajAti kI sevA karane kI pravRtti - 108; amArikA niSedhAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka rUpa ahisA aura dayA 109; sathArA aura ahiMsA -- 110; deha kA nAza AtmahatyA kaba ? TIkAkAro ko uttara--112; hiMsA nahI apitu AdhyAtmika vIratA -- 113, bauddha dharma me Atmavadha ; katipaya sUkta - 114 / 8 : tapa 115 - 124 tapazcaryApradhAna nirgrantha-paramparA - 115; mahAvIra ke pahale bhI tapazcaryA kI pradhAnatA - 116; buddha ke dvArA kiye gae khaNDana kA spaSTIkaraNa - 118; bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA lAI gaI vizeSatA -- 120, tapa kA vikAsa -- 122; pariSaha -- 123, jaina tapa me kriyAyoga aura jJAnayoga kA sAmajasya - 124; - 9 : jaina dRSTi se brahmacaryavicAra 125-- 137 jaina dRSTi kA spaSTIkaraNa - 125; kucha mudde - 127; 1. vyAkhyA -- 127; 2. adhikArI tathA viziSTa strI-puruSa128; 3. brahmacarya ke alaga nirdeza kA itihAsa - 130 ;

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4. brahmacarya kA dhyeya aura usake upAya-131; 5 brahmacarya ke svarUpa kI vividhatA aura usakI vyApti-133; 6. brahmacarya ke aticAra-136, 7. brahmacarya kI nirapavAdatA 136 / 10 : Avazyaka kriyA 138-147 'Avazyaka kriyA' kI prAcIna vidhi kahIM surakSita hai-139; 'Avazyaka' kise kahate hai-139; Avazyaka kA svarUpa140; sAmAyika-140; caturvizatistava-141; vaMdana -~141; pratikramaNa pramAdavaza-142; kAyotsarga-144, pratyAkhyAna-144; krama kI svabhAvikatA tathA upapatti-145; 'Avazyaka-kriyA' kI AdhyAtmikatA 145; pratikramaNa zabda kI rUDhi-147 / 11 : jIva aura paMcaparameSThI kA svarUpa 148-156 jIva ke sambandha meM kucha vicAraNA-148, jIva kA sAmAnya lakSaNa-148; jIva ke svarUpa kI anirvacanIyatA-150; jIva svayasiddha hai yA bhautika mizraNo kA pariNAma ?-150; paMca parameSThI-151; paca parameSThI ke prakAra-151, arihanta aura siddha kA Apasa meM antara-152; AcArya Adi kA Apasa meM antara-152; arihanta kI alaukikatA-153; vyavahAra eva nizcaya-dRSTi se pAco kA svarUpa-154; namaskAra ke hetu va usake prakAra-154; deva, guru aura dharma tattva -156 / 12 : karmatattva 157-175 karmavAda kI dIrghadRSTi-157; zAstroM ke anAditva kI mAnyatA-157; karmatattva kI AvazyakatA kyo-158; dharma, artha aura kAma ko hI mAnane vAle pravartaka-dharmavAdI pakSa-159; mokSapuruSArthI nirvataka-dharmavAdI pakSa160; karmatattva sambandhI vicAra aura usakA jJAtA-varga--

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161; karmatattva ke vicAra kI prAcInatA aura samAnatA162; jaina tathA anya darzanoM kI Izvara ke sRSTikarta tvasambandhI mAnyatA-163; Izvara sRSTikartA aura karmaphaladAtA kyo nahI ?-164; Izvara aura jIva ke bIca bhedAbheda-165; apane vighna kA kAraNa svaya jIva hI -166; karma-siddhAnta ke viSaya me DA0 meksamUlara kA abhiprAya-166, karmazAstra adhyAtmazAstra kA aza hai-167; karma zabda kA artha aura usake kucha paryAya--168; karma kA svarUpa-169, puNya-pApa kI kasauTI-169; saccI nirlepatA; karma kA bandhana kaba na ho-170; karma kA anAditva-171; karmabandha kA kAraNa-171, karma se chUTane ke upAya--172, AtmA kA svatantra astitva aura punarjanma-172; karmatattva ke viSaya me jainadarzana kI vizeSatA-173 / 13 : anekAntavAda anekAnta kA sAmAnya vivecana-176, anya darzano me anekAnta dRSTi-177; anekAntadRSTi kA AdhAra : satya, --178, bha0 mahAvIra ke dvArA sazodhita anekAntadRSTi aura usakI zarte-179; anekAntadRSTi kA khaNDana aura usakA vyApaka prabhAva-180 / : nayavAda 182-189 'nagama' zabda kA mUla aura artha-182, avaziSTa cha. naya, unakA AdhAra aura spaSTIkaraNa -182; apekSAeM aura anekAnta-183; sAta nayoM kA kAryakSetra-184, dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika naya-185; nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya kA anya darzanoM me svIkAra -186; tattvajJAna aura AcAra me unakI bhinnatA -187, tattvalakSI nizcaya aura vyavahAradRSTi-187; AcAralakSI nizcaya aura vyavahAradRSTi-188; tattvalakSI aura AcAralakSI nizcaya evaM 176-181

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: 18 : vyAvahArika dRSTi ke bIca eka anya mahattva kA antara- 188, jaina eva upaniSada ke tattva jJAna kI nizcaya dRSTi ke bIca bheda - 189 / 15 : saptabhaMga saptabhagI aura usakA AdhAra 190 ; mUla - 190 ; saptabhagIkA kArya : 191, mahattva ke cAra agoM kA anyatra 193; 'avaktavya' ke artha ke viSaya me 193, saptabhagI sazayAtmaka jJAna nahI hai--194 / 16 : brahma aura sama 196-201 samatA kA preraka tattva 'sama' - 196; brahma aura usake vividha artha -- 996, zramaNa aura brAhmaNa vicAra dhArA kI eka bhUmikA - 197, zAzvata virodha hone para bhI ekatA kI preraka paramArtha dRSTi - 198; 190 - 195 sAta bhaMga aura unakA virodhakA parihAra - upalabdha nirdezakucha vicAraNA; 17 : cAra saMsthAeM 202 - 210 1. sagha sasthA : caturvidha sagha - 202; 2. sAdhusasthA-202; buddhimattApUrNa savidhAna - 203; bhikSuNIsagha aura usakA bauddha sagha para prabhAva - 203; sAdhu kA dhyeya jIvanazuddhi - 204; sthAnAntara aura lokopakAra -- 205; 3. tIrthasasthA - 206; devadravya ke rakSaNa kI sundara vyavasthA207; jAnane yogya bAteM - 207; 4. jJAna-saMsthA -- jJAnabhaNDAra - 208; jJAna aura usake sAdhano kI mahimA - 208; jJAnabhaNDAroM kI sthApanA aura unakA vikAsa - 208; brAhmaNa aura jaina bhaNDAroM ke bIca antara - 209, jaina jJAna bhaNDAro kI asAmpradAyika dRSTi - 210 / * 18 paryuSaNa aura saMtvasarI 211-214 jaina parvo kA uddezya -- 211; paryuSaNa parva zreSTha aSTAkA - 211 ; savatsarI : mahAparva - 212 /

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jainadharma kA prArA

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: 1 : pUrva bhUmikA [ dharma, tattvajJAna, saskRti ityAdi kA sAmAnya vivecana ] 1. dharma, tattvajJAna aura saMskRti jJAna evaM vidyA kevala adhika vAcana se hI prApta hotI hai, aisA nahI hai / kama yA adhika paDhanA ruci, zakti aura suvidhA kA prazna hai / parantu kama paDhane para bhI adhika siddhi eva lAbha prApta karanA ho to usake lie anivArya zarta yaha hai ki mana ko unmukta rakhanA aura satyajijJAsA kI siddhi me kisI bhI prakAra ke pUrvagraha athavA rUr3ha saskAro ko bIca me Ane na denA / merA anubhava kahatA hai ki isake lie sabase pahale nirbhayatA kI AvazyakatA hai / dharma kA koI bhI sahI aura upayogI artha hotA ho to vaha hai nirbhayatA ke sAtha satya kI khoja / tattvajJAna satyazodha kA eka mArga hai / hama cAhe jisa viSaya kA adhyayana kare, parantu usake sAtha satya aura tattvajJAna kA sambandha hotA hai / ye dono cIje kisI bhI sImA me baddha nahI hotI / mana ke sabhI dvAra satya ke lie unmukta ho aura nirbhayatA usakI pArzvabhUmi me ho, to jo kucha bhI soce yA kare vaha saba tattvajJAna athavA dharma me A jAtA hai / jIvana me se maila aura nirbalatA ko dUra karanA tathA unake sthAna para sarvAgINa svacchatA eva sAmajasyapUrNa bala paidA karanA hI jIvana kI saccI saskRti hai / yahI bAta prAcInakAla se pratyeka deza aura jAti me dharma ke nAma se prasiddha hai / hamAre deza me saMskRti kI sAdhanA hajAro varSa pahale se zurU huI thI aura vaha Aja bhI cala rahI hai / isa sAdhanA ke lie bhArata kA nAma suvikhyAta hai | saccI saskRti ke binA mAnavatA athavA rASTrIyatA paidA nahI hotI aura vaha panapatI bhI nahI / vyakti kI sabhI zaktiyAM aura pravRttiyA ekamAtra sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM yojita hoM tabhI dharma

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jainadharma kA prANa athavA saMskRti caritArtha hotI hai / dharma, saskRti eva tattvajJAna kI vikRta samajha dUra karane aura sadiyo - purAne vahamo kA unmUlana karane ke lie bhI saMskRti kI sahI aura gaharI samajha Avazyaka hai / (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 7 ) 4 2. tattvajJAna aura dharma kA sambandha tattvajJAna arthAt satyazodhana ke prayatna me se phalita hue aura phalita honevAle siddhAnta, dharma arthAta vaise siddhAnto ke anusAra nirmita vaiyaktika aura sAmUhika jIvanavyavahAra / yaha saca hai ki eka hI vyakti athavA samUha kI yogyatA tathA zakti sadA eka-sI nahI hotI / usakI bhUmikA aura adhikArabheda ke anusAra dharma me antara AyegA, itanA hI nahI, dharmAcaraNa me adhika puruSArtha kI apekSA rahane se vaha gati me tattvajJAna ke pIche hI rahegA / phira bhI ina dono kI dizA hI mUlata bhinna ho to tattvajJAna cAhe jitanA gaharA aura cAhe jitanA satya ho tathApi dharma usake prakAza se vacita rahegA / isake pariNAmasvarUpa mAnavatA kA vikAsa avaruddha ho jAyegA / tattvajJAna kI zuddhi, vRddhi aura paripAka jIvana me dharma ko utAre binA sambhava nahI hai / isI prakAra tattvajJAna ke avalambana se rahita dharma jaDatA aura vahama se mukta nahI ho sakatA / ataeva dono ke bIca yadi dizAbheda ho to vaha ghAtaka hai / (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 202 ) 3. dharma kA bIja dharma kA bIja kyA hai aura usakA prAraMbhika svarUpa kyA hai ? hama sabhI anubhava karate hai ki hamame jijIviSA hai / jijIviSA kevala manuSya, pazupakSI taka hI sImita nahI hai, vaha to sUkSmAtisUkSma kITa, pataga aura bekTeriyA jaise jatuo me bhI hai / jijIviSA ke garbha me hI sukha kI jJAta, ajJAta abhilASA anivArya rUpa se nihita hai / jahA~ sukha kI abhilASA hai, vahA~ pratikUla vedanA yA dukha se bacane kI vRtti bhI avazya rahatI hai / isa jijIviSA, sukhAbhilASA aura dukha ke pratikAra kI icchA me hI dharma kA bIja nihita hai /

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jainadharma kA prANa koI choTA yA bar3A prANadhArI akele apane-Apame jInA cAhe to jI nahI sakatA aura vaisA jIvana bitA bhI nahI sakatA / vaha apane choTe-baDe sajAtIya dala kA Azraya liye binA caina nahI pAtA / jaise vaha apane dala me rahakara usake Azraya se sukhAnubhava karatA hai vaise hI yathAvasara apane dala ke anya vyaktiyo ko yathAsaMbhava madada dekara bhI sukhAnubhava karatA hai / yaha vastusthiti cITI, bhaure aura dImaka jaise kSudra jantuo ke vaijJAnika anveSako ne vistAra se darasAI hai / itane dUra na jAnevAle sAmAnya nirIkSaka bhI pakSiyoM aura bandara jaise prANiyo me dekha sakate hai ki totA, mainA, kauA Adi pakSI kevala apanI satati ke hI nahI, balki apane sajAtIya dala ke sakaTa ke samaya bhI usake nivAraNArtha maraNAta prayatna karate hai aura apane dala kA Azraya kisa taraha pasada karate hai / Apa kisI bandara ke bacce ko pakar3ie, phira dekhie ki kevala usakI mA~ hI nahI, usa dala ke choTe-baDe sabhI bandara use bacAne kA prayatna karate hai / isI taraha pakar3A jAnevAlA baccA kevala apanI mA~ kI hI nahI anya bandaro kI ora bhI bacAva ke lie dekhatA hai / pazu-pakSiyo kI yaha rojamarrA kI ghaTanA hai to atiparicita aura bahuta mAmUlI-sI, para isame eka satya sUkSmarUpa se nihita hai / vaha satya yaha hai ki kisI prANadhArI kI jijIviSA usake jIvana se alaga nahI ho sakatI aura jijIviSA kI tRpti tabhI ho sakatI hai, jaba prANadhArI apane choTe-baDe dala me rahakara usakI madada le aura madada kare / jijIviSA ke sAtha anivArya rUpa se sakalita isa sajAtIya dala se madada lene ke bhAva me hI dharma kA bIja nihita hai / agara samudAya me rahe binA aura usase madada lie binA jIvanadhArI prANI kI jIvanecchA tRpta hotI, to dharma kA prAdurbhAva saMbhava hI na thA / isa dRSTi se dekhane para koI sandeha nahI rahatA ki dharma kA bIja hamArI jijIviSA me hai aura vaha jIvana - vikAsa kI prAthamika-se-prAthamika sthiti me bhI maujUda hai, cAhe vaha ajJAna yA avyakta avasthA hI kyo na ho / 5 hariNa jaise komala svabhAva ke hI nahI, balki jagalI bhaiso tathA gaiNDoM jaise kaThora svabhAva ke pazuo me bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki ve saba apanA-apanA dala bA~dhakara rahate aura jIte hai / ise hama cAhe AnuvaMzika saskAra mAneM

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jainadharma kA prANa cAhe pUrvajanmopArjita, para vikasita manuSya-jAti meM bhI yaha sAmudAyika vRtti anivArya rUpase dekhI jAtI hai| jaba purAtana manuSya jagalI avasthA me thA taba aura jaba Aja kA manuSya sabhya ginA jAtA hai taba bhI, yaha sAmudAyika vRtti eka-sI akhaNDa dekhI jAtI hai| haoN, itanA atara avazya hai ki jIvana-vikAsa kI amuka bhUmikA taka sAmudAyika vRtti utanI samAna nahI hotI, jitanI ki vikasita buddhizIla gine jAnevAle manuSya meM hai| hama abhAna yA aspaSTa bhAnavAlI sAmudAyika vRtti ko prAvAhika yA audhika vRtti kaha sakate hai / para yahI vRtti dharma-bIja kA Azraya hai, isa me koI sandeha nahI / isa dharma-bIja kA sAmAnya aura sakSipta svarUpa yahI hai ki vaiyaktika aura sAmudAyika jIvana ke lie jo anukUla ho use karanA aura jo pratikUla ho use TAlanA yA usase bacanA / (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 1, pR0 3-5) 4. dharma kA dhyeya dharma kA dhyeya kyA honA cAhie ? kisa bAta ko dharma ke dhyeya ke taura para siddhAnta me, vicAra me aura AcaraNa me sthAna dene se dharma kI saphalatA aura jIvana kI vizeSa pragati sAdhI jA sakatI hai ? ___isakA javAba yaha hai ki pratyeka vyakti me apane vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika kartavya kA ThIka-ThIka bhAva, kartavya ke prati uttaradAyitva me rasa aura usa rasa ko mUrta karake dikhalAne jitane puruSArtha kI jAgati-isI ko dharma kA dhyeya mAnanA caahie| yadi ukta tattvo ko dharma ke dhyeya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake una para bhAra diyA jAya to prajAjIvana samagrabhAva se palaTa sakatA hai| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 64) . 5. dharma: vizva kI sampatti AdhyAtmika dharma kisI eka vyakti ke jIvana me se choTe-baDe srota ke rUpa me prakaTa hotA hai, aura vaha AsapAsake mAnava-samAja kI bhUmikA ko plAvita karatA hai| usa srota kA bala aura parimANa cAhe jitanA ho, vaha

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jainadharma kA prANa sAmAjika jIvana kI bhUmikA ko amuka aza me hI Ardra karatA hai| bhUmikA kI isa apUrNa ArdratA se hI aneka kITANu paidA hote hai aura ve apanI AdhArabhUta bhUmikA ko hI khA DAlate haiN| itane meM kisI dUsare vyakti me dharma kA srota phUTa paDatA hai aura vaha pahale kI kITANujanya durgandha ko sApha karane ke lie prayatnazIla hotA hai| yaha dUsarA srota pUrvasrota para jamI huI kAI ko sApha karake jIvana kI bhUmikA meM adhika phaladAyI kaoNpa chor3a jAtA hai| isake bAda kApa ke isa dUsare stara para jaba kAI jamatI hai, taba kabhI kAlakrama se tIsare vyakti me se paidA dharma-srota usakA mArjana kara DAlatA hai| isa prakAra mAnavajIvana kI bhUmikA para dharma-srota ke aneka pravAha bahate rahate hai| isake phalasvarUpa bhUmikA vizeSa eva vizeSa yogya tathA upajAU banatI jAtI hai| .dharma-srota kA prakaTIkaraNa kisI eka deza yA kisI eka jAti kI paitRka sampatti nahI hai, vaha to mAnavajAtirUpI eka vRkSa kI bhinna-bhinna zAkhAo para AnevAle su-phala hai / isakA prabhAva cAhe virala vyakti me ho, parantu usake dvArA samudAya kA amuka aza me vikAsa avazya hotA hai| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 28) 6. dharma ke do rUpa : bAhya aura Abhyantara dharma ke do rUpa hai / eka to vaha jo naz2ara me AtA hai aura dUsarA baha jo A~kho se nahI dekhA jAtA, parantu kevala mana se hI samajhA jA sakatA hai| pahale rUpa ko dharma kI deha aura dUsare rUpa ko usakI AtmA kaha sakate hai| duniyA ke sabhI dharmoM kA itihAsa kahatA hai ki sabhI dharmoM kI deha jarUra hotI hai| ataH prathama yaha dekhe ki yaha deha kisakI banatI hai| sabhI choTe-baDe dharmapantho kA avalokana karane para itanI bAte to sarvasAdhAraNasI hai : zAstra, usakA racayitA tathA use samajhAnevAlA paNDita athavA guru, tIrtha, mandira Adi pavitra samajhe jAnevAle sthAna, amuka prakAra kI upAsanA athavA viziSTa prakAra ke kriyAkANDa, vaise kriyAkANDoM aura upAsanAo ko posane aura una para nibhanevAlA eka varga / sabhI dharmapantho me, eka athavA dUsare rUpa me, uparyukta bAte pAI jAtI haiM aura ve hI

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jainadharma kA prANa usa-usa dharmapantha kI deha hai| aba yaha dekhanA hai ki dharma kI AtmA kyA haiM? AtmA arthAt cetanA yA jIvana / satya, prema, niHsvArthatA, udAratA aura vinaya-viveka Adi sadguNa dharma kI AtmA hai| deha cAhe aneka aura bhinnabhinna ho, parantu AtmA sarvatra eka hI hotI hai| eka hI AtmA aneka deho dvArA vyakta hotI hai; athavA yo kahe ki eka hI AtmA aneka deho me jIvana dhAraNa karatI hai, jIvana bahAtI hai / ___(da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 122) dharma yAnI satya kI prApti ke lie becainI-utkaTa abhIpsA-aura vivekI samabhAva tatha ina do tattvo ke AdhAra para nirmita honevAlA jIvanavyavahAra / yahI dharma pAramArthika hai / dUsare dharma kI koTi me gine jAnevAle vidhi-niSedha, kriyAkANDa, upAsanA ke prakAra Adi saba vyAvahArika dharma haiM / ye taba taka aura utane hI aza me yathArtha dharma ke nAma ke pAtra hai, jaba taka aura jitane aza me ye ukta pAramArthika dharma ke sAtha abhedya sambandha rakhate hai / pAramArthika dharma jIvana kI mUlabhUta eva adRzya vastu hai / usakA anubhava yA sAkSAtkAra to dhArmika vyaktiyo ko hI hotA hai, jaba ki vyAvahArika dharma dRzya hone se paragamya hai / pAramArthika dharma kA sambandha na ho to cAhe jitane prAcIna aura bahusammata sabhI dharma vastuta. dharmAbhAsa (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 28) dharma ke do svarUpa hai / pahalA tAttvika-sadguNAtmaka hai, jisame sAmAnyataH kisI kA matabheda nahI; dUsarA vyAvahArika bAhyapravRttirUpa hai, jisame vibhinna prakAra ke matabheda anivArya hai| jo tAttvika eva vyAvahArika dharma ke bIca rahA huA bheda samajhate hai, jo tAttvika aura vyAvahArika dharma ke pArasparika sambandha ke bAre me vicAra-vimarza kara sakate hai| sakSepa meM, tAttvika aura vyAvahArika dharma ke samucita pRthakkaraNa kI tathA

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jainadharma kA prANa unake balAbala kI kuMjI jinako prApta huI hai, unako vyAvahArika dharma ke matabheda klezavardhaka ho nahIM skte| isakA sAra yahI nikalA ki yadi dharma kI sahI aura spaSTa samajha ho to koI bhI matabheda kleza paidA nahIM kara sakatA; ekamAtra sahI samajha hI klezavardhaka matabheda ke nivAraNa kA upAya hai| yaha samajha kA tattva prayatna se mAnavajAti me phailAyA jA sakatA hai / ataH aisI samajha kI prApti athavA usakA vyavasthita vikAsa iSTa hai| zuddha vRtti aura zuddha niSThA nirvivAda rUpa se dharma hai, jabaki bAhya vyavahAro kI dharma-adharmatA ke bAre me matabheda hai / isalie bAhya AcAra yA vyavahAra, niyama yA rItirivAjo kI dharmyatA athavA adharmyatA kI kasauTI tAttvika dharma hI ho sakatA hai| __ (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR052-53) 7. dharmadRSTi aura usakA UrvIkaraNa UrvIkaraNa kA artha hai zaddhIkaraNa tathA vistaraNa / dharmadRSTi jaise-jaise zuddha hotI jAtI hai athavA zuddha kI jAtI hai tathA usakA vistAra phailatA jAtA hai, arthAt sirpha vyaktigata na rahakara usake sAmudAyika rUpa kA jaise-jaise nirmANa hotA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise usakA UrvIkaraNa bhI hotA jAtA hai, aisA samajhanA cAhie / isI ko Sublimation kahate hai| jijIviSA athavA jIvanavRtti tathA dharmadRSTi ye dono prANImAtra me sahabhU eva sahacArI hai / dharmadRSTi ke abhAva me jIvanavRtti santuSTa nahI hotI aura jIvanavRtti ke hone para hI dharmadRSTi kA astitva sambhava hai| aisA hone para bhI manuSya eva itara jIvajagat ke bIca sthiti bhinna-bhinna hai / pazu-pakSI aura kITa-pataga jaise aneka prANIjAtiyo ke jIva-jantuo me hama dekhate hai ki ve kevala apane daihika jIvana ke lie hI pravRtti nahI karate, parantu ve apane-apane choTe-baDe yUtha, dala athavA varga ke lie bhI kucha-na-kucha karate hI hai / yaha unakI eka prakAra kI dharmavRtti huI / parantu isa dharmavRtti ke mUla me jAtigata paramparA se calA AtA eka rUDha saskAra hotA hai, usake sAtha samajhadArI athavA viveka kA tattva khilA nahI hotA

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10 jainadharma kA prANa aura usakI zakyatA bhI nahI hotI / ata isa dharmavRtti ko dharmadRSTi kI koTi meM nahI rakhA jA sakatA / eka mAnava prANI hI aisA hai jisake bhItara dharmadRSTi ke bIja svayambhU rUpa se paDe hai / vaise bIjoM me usakI jJAna aura jijJAsAvRtti, sakalpazakti aura acche-bure kA viveka karane kI zakti tathA dhyeya ko siddha karane kA puruSArtha -ye mukhya hai | manuSya ke jitanA bhUtakAla kA smaraNa anya kisI prANI me nahI hai / usake jitanI bhUtakAla kI virAsata samhAlane kI aura bhAvI pIDhiyo ko usa virAsata me kucha abhivRddhi karake dene kI kalA bhI aura kisI me nahI hai / vaha eka bAra kucha bhI karane kA sakalpa karatA hai to use sAdhakara hI rahatA hai aura apane nirNayo ko bhI, bhUla jJAta hone para, badalatA aura sudhAratA hai / usake puruSArtha kI koI sImA nahI hai / vaha aneka naye-naye kSetra khojatA hai aura uname pravRtti karatA hai / mAnavajAti kI yaha zakti hI usakI dharmadRSTi hai / parantu mAnavajAti meM isa samaya dharmadRSTi ke vikAsa kI jo bhUmikA dikhAI detI hai, vaha sahasA siddha nahI huii| isakA sAkSI itihAsa hai| eDavarDa kerDa nAma ke vidvAna ne dharmavikAsa kI bhUmikAo kA nirdeza sakSepa meM isa prakAra kiyA hai We look out before we look in, and we look in before we look up. DaoN. Anandazakara dhruva ne ise samajhAte hue kahA hai ki " prathama bahirdRSTi, phira antardRSTi aura anta me UrdhvadRSTi / prathama Izvara kA darzana bAhya sRSTi me hotA hai, pazcAt antarAtmA me ( kartavya kA bhAna ityAdi me ) hotA hai aura anta me ubhaya kI ekatA me hotA hai / " jaina paribhASA ke anusAra inako bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA kI avasthA kaha sakate hai / manuSya cAhe jaisA zaktizAlI kyoM na ho, parantu vaha sthUla me se arthAt dravya me se sUkSma me arthAt bhAva meM pragati karatA hai| yUnAna me zilpa, sthApatya, kAvya, nATaka, tattvajJAna, gaNita Adi kalAo aura vidyAoM kA eka kAla meM adbhuta vikAsa huA thA / vaise samaya meM hI eka vyakti me agamya rUpa se dharmadRSTi, mAnavajAti ko cakAcaudha kara de utane parimANa me, vikasita huI / usa sukarAta ne kalAo aura vidyAo kA mUlya hI dharma

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jainadharma kA prANa 11 dRSTi ke gaja se badala DAlA aura usakI isa dharma - dRSTi kA Aja to cAroM ora se satkAra ho rahA hai / yahovA ne mUsA ko jo Adeza diyA vaha kevala yahUdI logo ke sthUla uddhAra taka hI maryAdita thA aura itara samakAlIna jAtiyo kA usame vinAza bhI sUcita hotA thA, parantu usI jAti me IsA masIha ke paidA hone para dharmadRSTi ne dUsarA hI rUpa liyA / IsA masIha ne dharma kI sabhI AjJAo kA bAhara-bhItara se sazodhana kiyA tathA deza-kAla kA bheda kiye binA sarvatra lAgU ho sake usa prakAra unako udAtta banAyA / ina sabake pahale IrAna mejarathostra ne navIna darzana pradAna kiyA thA, jo avestA meM jIvita hai / Apasa me laDate-jhagaDate aura aneka prakAra ke vahamo se jakar3e hue araba ke kabIlo ko eka-dUsare ke sAtha joDane kI aura kucha azo me vahamoM se mukta karane kI dharma - dRSTi muhammada paigambara me vikasita huI / parantu dharmadRSTi ke vikAsa evaM UrdhvakaraNa kI mukhya kathA to mai bhAratIya paramparAo ke AdhAra para kahanA cAhatA hU~ / vedo ke uSa, varuNa indra Adi sUkto me kaviyo kI saundarya- dRSTi, parAkrama ke prati ahobhAva tathA kisI divyazakti ke prati bhakti jaise magala tattva dekhe jAte hai, parantu una kaviyo kI dharma-dRSTi mukhya rUpa se sakAma hai / isIlie ve divyazakti ke pAsa apanI apane kuTumba kI aura pazu Adi parivAra kI samRddhi kI yAcanA karate hai aura bahuta huA to dIrghAyuSya ke lie prArthanA karate hai / sakAmatA kI yaha bhUmikA brAhmaNakAla me vikAsa pAtI hai / usameM aihika ke alAvA AmuSmika bhogo ko sAdhane ke naye-naye mArga nikAle jAte hai | parantu, yaha sakAma dharma-dRSTi samAja me vyApta thI usI samaya sahasA dharma-dRSTi kA pravAha badalatA dikhatA hai / kisI tapasvI athavA RSi ko sUjhA ki dUsare loka ke sukhabhoga cAhanA aura vaha bhI apane lie athavA bahuta huA to parivAra yA janapada ke lie tathA dUsaroM kI apekSA khUba adhika, to yaha kucha dharma-dRSTi nahI kahI jA sakatI / dharma-dRSTi me kAmanA kA tattva ho to vaha eka prakAra kI nyUnatA hI hai / isa vicAra me se nayA prasthAna zurU huA aura usakA jAdU vyApaka rUpa se phaila gayA / IsApUrva

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jainadharma kA prANa ATha-sau athavA hajAra varSa jitane prAcIna yuga me akAma dRSTi ke aneka prayoga hote dekhe jAte haiM / upaniSad isI dharma-dRSTi kA vivaraNa karate hai / jaina, bauddha Adi sagho kI nIva hI isa dRSTi para AdhArita hai| yaha akAma dharma-dRSTi, antarAtma-dRSTi yA dharma-vikAsa kI dUsarI bhUmikA hai| isame manuSya pahale apane-Apako zuddha karane kA aura sAtha hI samagra vizva ke sAtha tAdAtmya sAdhane kA prayatna karatA hai / isame aihika aura pAralaukika kisI sthUla bhoga kI icchA ke lie Adara hai hI nhii| kuTumba aura samAja me rahakara niSkAmatA sAdhI nahI jA sakatIisa vicAra me se ekAntavAsa aura anagArabhAva kI vRtti bala pakaDatI hai, aura aisI vRtti hI mAno niSkAmatA yA vAsanA-nivRtti ho, isa prakAra kI usakI pratiSThA jamatI hai| kAma-tRSNA kI nivRtti yA zuddhIkaraNa kA sthAna mukhya rUpa se pravRtti-tyAga hI letA hai, aura jIvana jInA mAno eka pApa yA zApa ho aisI manovRtti samAja me praveza pAtI hai| aise samaya puna akAma dharma-dRSTi kA sazodhana hotA hai| IzAvAsya ghoSaNA karatA hai ki samagra jagata hamAre jaise caitanya se bharApUrA hai, ataeva jahA~ jAoge vahA dUsare bhI bhogI to hai hii| vastubhoga koI mUlagata doSa nahI hai, vaha jIvana ke lie anivArya hai| isalie dUsare kI suvidhA kA dhyAna rakhakara jIvana jIo aura kisIke dhana kI ora lalacAo nahI / prAptakartavya karate jAo aura jitanA jI sako utanA jIo / aisA karane se na to kAma-tRSNA kA bandhana bAdhaka hogA aura na kisI dUsare lepa se lipta ho skoge| sacamuca, IzAvAsya ne niSkAma dharmadRSTi kA antima artha batalAkara mAnava-jAti ko dharma-dRSTi ke UrvIkaraNa kI ora prayANa karane me khUba madada kI hai| gItA ke bhavya prAsAda kI nIva IzAvAsya kI yaha sUjha hI hai| mahAvIra ne tRSNAdoSa aura usame se paidA honevAle dUsare doSo ko nirmUla karane kI dRSTi se mahatI sAdhanA kI / buddha ne bhI apane DhaMga se vaisI hI sAdhanA kI / parantu sAmAnya samAja ne usame se itanA hI artha liyA ki tRSNA, hisA, bhaya Adi doSa dUra karane caahie| logo kI doSo ko dUra karane kI vRtti ne 'yaha mata karo, vaha mata karo' aise anekavidha nivartaka

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jainadharma kA prANa yA nakArAtmaka dharmoM ko posA, vikasita kiyA, aura vidhAyaka-bhAvAtmaka dharma kA vikAsa sAdhane kA pakSa prAya samagra deza me gauNa bana gayA / aisI dazA me mahAyAna bhAvanA kA udaya huaa| azoka kI dharmalipiyo me isakA darzana hotA hai / isake pazcAt to aneka bhikSuka apane-apane Dhaga se isa bhAvanA ke dvArA pravartakadharma kA vikAsa sAdhane lge| chaThI zatI ke gujarAta me honevAle zAntideva ne yahA taka kaha diyA ki duniyA duHkhI ho aura hama mokSa kI icchA rakhe, aisA arasika mokSa kisa kAma kA? madhyakAla tathA usake bAda ke bhArata me aneka santa, vicAraka aura dharmadRSTi ke zodhaka mahAtmA hue hai, parantu hamane apane hI jIvana me dharma-dRSTi kA jo UrvIkaraNa dekhA hai aura aba bhI dekhate hai, vaha Aja taka vizva me dharma-dRSTi ke honevAle vikAsa kA sarvopari sopAna hai aisA jJAta hue binA nahI rahatA / (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 72-75) 8. do dharma-saMsthAe~ : gRhasthAzrama-kendrita aura saMnyAsa kendrita hamAre deza me mukhyatayA do prakAra kI dharma-sasthAe~ rahI haiM, jinakI jar3e tathAgata buddha aura nirgrathanAtha mahAvIra se bhI purAnI hai| iname se eka gRhasthAzrama-kedrita hai aura dUsarI hai sanyAsa va parivrajyA-kedrita / pahalI sasthA kA poSaNa aura savardhana mukhyatayA vaidika brAhmaNo ke dvArA huA hai, jinakA dharma-vyavasAya gRhya tathA zrauta yajJayAgAdi eva tadanukUla saskAro ko lakSya karake calatA rahA hai| dUsarI sasthA zurU me aura mukhyatayA brAhmaNetara yAnI vaidiketara, khAsakara karmakADI brAhmaNetara varga ke dvArA AvirbhUta huI hai| Aja to hama cAra Azrama ke nAma se itane adhika suparicita hai ki hara koI yaha samajhatA hai ki bhAratIya prajA pahale hI se caturAzrama sasthA kI upAsaka rahI hai| para vAstava me aisA nahI hai| gRhasthAzrama-kedrita aura sanyAsAzrama-kedrita dono sasthAo ke pArasparika sagharSa tathA AcAra-vicAra ke AdAna-pradAna me se yaha caturAzrama sasthA kA vicAra va AcAra sthira huA hai| jo gahasthAzrama-kedrita sasthA ko jIvana kA pradhAna aGga samajhate the ve sanyAsa kA virodha hI nahI, anAdara taka karate the| isa viSaya me gobhila

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jainadharma kA prANa gRhyasUtra dekhanA cAhiye tathA zakara-digvijaya / hama isa sasthA ke samarthana kA itihAsa zatapatha brAhmaNa, mahAbhArata tathA pUrvapakSa rUpa se nyAyabhASya taka me pAte hai| dUsarI ora se sanyAsa-kendrita sasthA ke pakSapAtI sanyAsa para itanA adhika bhAra dete the ki mAno samAja kA jIvana-sarvasva hI vaha ho / brAhmaNa loga veda aura vedAzrita karmakADo ke Azraya se jIvana vyatIta karate rahe, jo gRhastho ke dvArA gRhasthAzrama me hI sambhava hai / isaliye ve gRhasthAzrama kI pradhAnatA, guNavattA tathA sarvopayogitA para bhAra dete aae| jinake liye vedAzrita karmakANDo kA jIvana-patha sIdhe taura se khulA na thA aura jo vidyA-ruci tathA dharma-rucivAle bhI the, unhone dharma-jIvana ke anya dvAra khole, jiname se kramaza. AraNyaka dharma, tApasa-dharma, yA Taigora kI bhASA me 'tapovana' kI saskRti kA vikAsa huA hai, jo santasaskRti kA mUla hai| aise bhI vaidika brAhmaNa hote gae jo santasaskRti ke mukhya stambha bhI mAne jAte hai / dUsarI tarapha se veda tathA vedAzrita karmakANDo me sIdhA bhAga le sakane kA adhikAra na rakhanevAle aneka aise brAhmaNetara bhI hue hai jinhone gRhasthAzrama-kendrita dharma-sasthA ko hI pradhAnatA dI hai| para itanA nizcita hai ki anta me dono sasthAoM kA samanvaya caturAzrama ke rUpa me hI huA hai| Aja kaTTara karmakANDI mImAsaka brAhmaNa bhI sanyAsa kI avagaNanA kara nahI sktaa| isI taraha sanyAsa kA atyanta pakSapAtI bhI gRhasthAzrama kI upayogitA se inkAra nahI kara sktaa| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 1, pR0 38-39) 9. dharma aura buddhi Aja taka kisI vicAraka ne yaha nahI kahA ki dharma kA utpAda aura vikAsa buddhi ke sivAya aura bhI kisI tattva se ho sakatA hai / pratyeka dharma-sapradAya kA itihAsa yahI kahatA hai ki amuka buddhimAn puruSo ke dvArA hI usa dharma kI utpatti yA zuddhi huI hai| dharma ke itihAsa aura usake sacAlaka ke vyAvahArika jIvana ko dekhakara hama kevala eka hI natIjA nikAla sakate hai ki buddhitattva hI dharma kA utpAdaka, usakA saMzodhaka, poSaka aura pracAraka rahA hai aura raha sakatA hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa kyA dharma aura buddhi meM virodha hai ? isake uttara meM sakSepa meM itanA kahA jA sakatA hai unake bIca koI virodha nahI hai aura na ho sakatA hai| yadi sacamuca hI kisI dharma me inakA virodha mAnA jAe to hama yahI kahege ki usa buddhi-virodhI dharma se hameM koI matalaba nahI / aise dharma ko agIkAra karane kI apekSA usako agIkAra na karane me hI jIvana sukhI aura vikasita raha sakatA hai| (da0 au0 ciM0 kha0 1, pR0 13) 10. dharma aura vicAra vicAra hI dharma kA pitA, usakA mitra aura usakI prajA hai / jisa meM vicAra na ho usame dharma kI utpatti sambhava nhii| dharma ke jIvana aura prasaraNa ke sAtha vicAra hotA hI hai / jo dharma vicAro ko ubuddha na kare aura unakA poSaNa na kare vaha apanI AtmA kho detA hai| ataeva dharma viSayaka vicAraNA yA parIkSA kI bhI parIkSA hotI rahe to pariNAma meM vaha lAbhadAyI hI hai| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 49) 11. dharma aura saMskRti ke bIca antara dharma kA saccA artha hai AdhyAtmika utkarSa, jisake dvArA vyakti bahirmukhatA ko choDakara-vAsanAo ke pAza se haTakara--zuddha cidrUpa yA Atma-svarUpa kI ora agrasara hotA hai / yahI hai yathArtha dharma / agara aisA dharma sacamuca jIvana me prakaTa ho rahA ho to usake bAhya sAdhana bhIcAhe ve eka yA dUsare rUpa me aneka prakAra ke kyo na ho-dharma kahe jA sakate hai| para yadi vAsanAo ke pAza se mukti na ho yA mukti kA prayatna bhI na ho, to bAhya sAdhana kaise bhI kyo na ho, ve dharma-koTi me kabhI A nahI sakate / balki ve sabhI sAdhana adharma hI bana jAte hai / sArAza yaha ki dharma kA mukhya matalaba satya, ahiMsA, aparigraha-jaise AdhyAtmika sadguNo se hai / sacce artha me dharma koI bAhya vastu nahI hai / to bhI vaha bAhya jIvana aura vyavahAra ke dvArA hI prakaTa hotA hai / dharma ko yadi AtmA

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jainadharma kA prANa kaheM, to bAhya jIvana aura sAmAjika saba vyavahAroM ko deha kahanA caahie| dharma aura saskRti me vAstavika rUpa me koI antara honA nahIM caahie| jo vyakti yA jo samAja saskRta mAnA jAtA ho, vaha yadi dharma-parAGamukha hai, to phira jagalIpana se saskRti me vizeSatA kyA ? isa taraha vAstava meM mAnava-saskRti kA artha to dhArmika yA nyAya sampanna jIvana-vyavahAra hI hai / parantu sAmAnya jagat me saskRti kA yaha artha nahI liyA jAtA / loga saskRti se mAnavakRta vividha kalAe~, vividha AviSkAra aura vividha vidyAe~ grahaNa karate hai| para ye kalAe~, ye AviSkAra, ye vidyAe~ hamezA mAnava-kalyANa kI dRSTi yA vRtti se hI prakaTa hotI hai, aisA koI niyama nahI hai / hama itihAsa se jAnate hai ki aneka kalAo, aneka AviSkAro aura aneka vidyAo ke pIche hamezA mAnava-kalyANa kA koI zuddha uddezya nahI hotA hai| phira bhI ye cIje samAja me AtI hai aura samAja bhI inakA svAgata pUre hRdaya se karatA hai / isa taraha hama dekhate hai aura vyavahAra me pAte hai ki jo vastu mAnavIya buddhi aura ekAgra prayatna ke dvArA nirmita hotI hai aura mAnava-samAja ko purAne stara se nae stara para lAtI hai, vaha saskRti kI koTi me AtI hai| isake sAtha zuddha dharma kA koI anivArya sabandha ho, aisA niyama nahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki saskRta kahI aura mAnI jAnevAlI jAtiyA~ bhI anekadhA dharma-parADamukha pAI jAtI hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 1, pR0 9) 12. dharma aura nIti ke bIca antara jo bandhana yA kartavya bhaya athavA svArthamUlaka hotA hai vaha nIti, aura jo kartavya bhaya yA svArthamUlaka nahI, parantu zuddha kartavya ke lie hI hotA hai aura jo kartavya mAtra yogyatA para avalambita hotA hai vaha dharma / nIti aura dharmake bIca kA yaha antara kucha nagaNya nahI hai| yadi hama tanika gaharAI se soce to spaSTa dikhAI degA ki nIti samAja ke dhAraNa-poSaNa ke lie Avazyaka hone para bhI usase samAja kA saMzodhana nahI hotA / sazodhana arthAt zuddhi aura zuddhi yAnI saccA vikAsa--yaha samajha yadi vAstavika ho to aisA kahanA cAhie ki vaisA vikAsa dharma para hI AdhArita

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jainadharma kA prANa hai| jisa samAja me isa dharma kA jitane adhika azo me anusaraNa hotA ho vaha samAja utane aza me adhika acchA yA saskRta hogaa| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 144) 13. dharma aura paMtha pahale me arthAt dharma me antadarzana hotA hai, ataH vaha AtmA ke bhItara se AtA hai aura usIkA darzana karAtA hai athavA usa ora manuSya ko moDatA hai| jabaki dUsare me arthAt patha me bahirdarzana hotA hai, vaha bAharI vAtAvaraNa aura dekhAdekhI meM se hI paidA hotA hai / phalataH usakI dRSTi bAhara kI tarapha lagI rahatI hai aura vaha manuSya ko bAhara kI ora hI dekhane meM pravRtta rahatA hai| dharma guNajIvI aura guNAvalambI hone se AtmA ke guNo para hI usakA AdhAra hotA hai, jabaki pantha rUpajIvI aura rUpAvalambI hone se usakA sArA AdhAra bAharI rUparaga aura ThATabATa para hotA hai| __ pahale me se ekatA aura abheda ke bhAva uThate hai aura samAnatA kI UrmiyA uchalatI hai, jabaki dUsare me bheda aura viSamatA kI darAre par3atI haiM aura ve baDhatI jAtI hai / phalata pahale me manuSya dUsare ke aura apane bIca rahe hue bheda ko bhUlakara abheda kI ora jhukatA hai aura dUsare ke du.kha meM apanA sukha bhUla jAtA hai / dharma me brahma arthAt sacce jIvana kI jhAkI hotI hai, ata usakI vyApakatA ke Age manuSya ko apanA ekAkI rUpa alpa-sA pratIta hotA hai| jabaki pantha me isase ulaTA hai| usame guNa yA vaibhava na ho to bhI manuSya apane-Apako dUsaroM se bar3A mAnatA hai aura vaisA manavAne kA yatna bhI vaha karatA hai| usame yadi namratA ho to vaha banAvaTI hotI hai, aura isIlie vaha manuSya me bar3appana kA hI khyAla paidA karatI hai| usakI namratA pratiSThA aura mahattA ke lie hI hotI hai| sacce jIvana kI jhAkI na hone se aura guNoM kI anantatA kA tathA apanI pAmaratA kA bhAna na hone se pantha me paDA manuSya apanI laghutA kA anubhava kara hI nahI sakatA, kevala vaha laghutA kA dikhAvA karatA hai| dharma me satyagAminI dRSTi hone se usame sabhI dizAoM se dekhane

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18 jainadharma kA prANa samajhane kA dhIraja aura sabhI pakSo ko saha lene kI udAratA hotI hai| pantha me aisA nahI hotaa| usame dRSTi satyAbhAsI hone se vaha eka hIaura vaha bhI apane hI-pakSa ko sarvAzata. satya mAnakara dUsarI ora dekhanesamajhane kI vRtti hI nahI rakhatI aura virodhI pakSo ko saha lene kI athavA unako samajhane kI udAratA bhI usame nahI hotii| dharma me apanA doSa-darzana aura dUsaro ke guNoM kA darzana mukhya hotA hai, jabaki pantha me isase viparIta bAta hotI hai| panthavAlA manuSya dUsaro ke guNo kI apekSA unake doSo ko hI khAsataura para dekhA karatA hai aura unhIkA bakhAna kiyA karatA hai| usakI dRSTi me apane doSo kI apekSA guNa hI adhika basate hai aura unhIkI DugaDugI vaha bajAyA karatA hai, athavA to usakI naz2ara me apane doSa caDhate hI nhii| 6 : dharmagAmI athavA dharmaniSTha manuSya bhagavAn ko apane bhItara aura apane AsapAsa dekhatA hai, jisase bhUla yA pApa karane para 'bhagavAn dekha lege' aisA bhaya use rahA karatA hai, vaha mana-hI-mana lajjita hotA hai; jabaki panthagAmI manuSya me 'prabhu vaikuNTha me yA muktisthAna me rahate hai' aisI zraddhA hotI hai, jisase bhUla karane para bhagavAn se apane-Apako judA mAnakara, mAno koI jAnatA hI na ho usa prakAra, na to vaha kisIse DaratA hai aura na lajjita hI hotA hai| use bhUla kA duHkha mahasUsa nahIM hotA aura anAra hotA bhI hai to puna bhUla na karane ke lie nhii| 11' / dharma me AdhArastambha cAritrya hone se jAti, liga, Ayu, veza, cihna, bhASA tathA dUsarI vaisI bAharI bAto ko sthAna hI nahIM hai; jabaki pantha meM inhI bAhya vastuo kA sthAna hotA hai aura inakI mukhyatA me cAritrya daba jAtA hai / bahuta bAra to aisA bhI hotA hai ki logo me jisakI pratiSThA na ho vaisI jAti, vaise liga, vaisI umra aura vaise veza athavA cihnavAle meM yadi khAsA cAritrya ho to bhI paMtha me par3A huA manuSya use lakSa meM 'letA hI nahI aura bahuta bAra to usakA tiraskAra bhI karatA hai| * . dharma me vizva hI ekamAtra caukA yA vizAla kuTumba hai| usame dUsarA koI choTA-baDA caukA na hone se chUtachAta jaisI cIja hI nahI hotI, aura hotI hai to vaha itanI hI ki usame apanA hI pApa kevala aspRzya lagatA

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jainadharma kA prANa hai| isake viparIta pantha meM caukAvRtti itanI prabala hotI hai ki jahA~ dekho vahA~ chuAchUta kI gandha AtI hai aura phira bhI caukA-vRtti kI nAka apane pApa kI durgandha sUgha hI nahI sakatI ! use to jo usane mAna liyA hai vahI khuzabUdAra aura svaya jisa para calatA ho vahI mArga zreSTha lagatA hai / isake pariNAmasvarUpa use anyatra sarvatra badabU aura dUsare me apane patha kI apekSA ochApana mAlUma hotA hai| sakSepa me kahe to dharma manuSya ko rAta-dina poSita honevAle bhedasaskAro me se abheda kI ora le jAtA hai, to pantha ina bhedoM me adhikAdhika vRddhi karatA hai aura kabhI daivayoga se abheda kA avasara koI upasthita kare to usase usako dukha hotA hai| dharma me sAsArika choTe-moTe jhagar3e (jara, jorU, jamIna ke tathA mAna-apamAna ke jhagaDe) bhI zAnta ho jAte hai, jabaki pantha meM dharma ke nAma para aura dhArmika bhAvanA ke bala para hI jhagaDe paidA hote haiN| jhagar3e ke binA dharma kI rakSA hI nahI dikhatI ! pantha the, hai aura rahege, parantu uname sudhArane jaisA athavA karane jaisA kucha ho to vaha itanA hI hai ki usamese bichur3I huI dharma kI AtmA ko usame puna. sthApita kiyA jAya / isalie hama cAhe jisa pantha ke ho, parantu dharma ke tattvo ko AtmasAt karake hI hama usa pantha kA anugamana kare, ahiMsA ke lie hiMsA na kare aura satya ke lie asatya na bole| pantha me dharma ke prANa phUkane kI khAsa zarta yaha hai ki dRSTi satyAgrahI ho / satyAgrahI hone ke lakSaNa sakSepa me isa prakAra hai - (1) hama svaya jo mAnate yA karate ho usakI pUrI samajha hameM honI cAhie aura apanI samajha para hame itanA adhika vizvAsa honA cAhie ki dUsaro ko samajhAne kI AvazyakatA upasthita ho to vaha barAbara samajhAI jA ske| (2) apanI mAnyatA kI sahI samajha aura yathArtha vizvAsa kI kasauTI yaha hai ki dUsaro ko samajhAte samaya tanika bhI Aveza athavA kroSa na Ane pAye aura usakI (apanI mAnyatA aura vizvAsa kI) vizeSatA ke sAtha hI yadi usame koI kamI dikhAI de to usakA ni.saMkoca svIkAra karanA caahie|

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jainadharma kA prANa (3) jisa prakAra apanI dRSTi samajhAne kI dhIraja honI cAhie usI prakAra dUsare kI dRSTi samajhane kI bhI utanI hI udAratA aura tatparatA honI caahie| dono athavA jitane pahalU jAna sake una sabakI tulanA tathA balAbala ko jAcane kI vRtti bhI honI caahie| itanA hI nahI, apanA pakSa nirbala athavA bhrAnta pratIta hone para usakA tyAga pahale ke svIkAra kI apekSA adhika sukhada mAnA jAnA caahie| (4) koI bhI samagra satya deza, kAla athavA saskAra se parimita nahI hotA / ata sabhI pahaluo ko dekhane kI tathA pratyeka pahala me yadi khaNDa-satya jJAta ho to una sabakA samanvaya karane kI vRtti honI caahie| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 36-39), 14. darzana aura sampradAya yaha vicAra karanA ucita hogA ki darzana kA matalaba kyA samajhA jAtA hai aura vastutaH usakA matalaba kyA honA caahie| isI taraha yaha bhI vicAranA samucita hogA ki sampradAya kyA vastu hai aura usake sAtha darzana kA sambandha kaisA rahA hai tathA usa sAmpradAyika sambandha ke phalasvarUpa darzana meM kyA guNa-doSa Ae hai ityAdi / saba koI sAmAnya rUpa se yahI samajhate aura mAnate Ae hai ki darzana kA matalaba hai tattva-sAkSAtkAra / sabhI dArzanika apane-apane sAmpradAyika darzana ko sAkSAtkAra rUpa hI mAnate Ae hai / yahA savAla yaha hai ki sAkSAtkAra kise kahate hai-? isakA javAba eka hI ho sakatA hai ki sAkSAtkAra vaha hai jisame bhrama yA sandeha ko avakAza na ho aura sAkSAtkAra kiye gaye tattva me phira matabheda yA virodha na ho| agara darzana kI ukta sAkSAtkArAtmaka vyAkhyA sabako mAnya hai to dUsarA prazna yaha hotA ki aneka sampradAyAzrita vividha darzano me eka hI tattva ke viSaya me itane nAnA matabheda kaise aura uname asamAdheya samajhA jAnevAlA paraspara virodha kaisA ? isa zakA kA javAba dene ke lie hamAre pAsa eka hI rAstA hai ki hama darzana zabda kA kucha aura artha samajhe / usakA jo sAkSAtkAra artha samajhA jAtA hai aura jo cirakAla se zAstro me bhI likhA milatA hai, vaha artha

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jainadharma kA prANa agara yathArtha hai, to merI rAya me vaha samagra darzano dvArA nirvivAda aura asadigdha rUpa se sammata nimnalikhita AdhyAtmika prameyoM me hI ghaTa sakatA hai 1 punarjanma, 2. usakA kAraNa, 3. punarjanmagrAhI koI tattva, 4 sAdhanavizeSa dvArA punarjanma ke kAraNo kA ucched| ye prameya sAkSAtkAra ke viSaya mAne jA sakate hai / kabhI-na-kabhI kisI tapasvI draSTA yA draSTAo ko ukta tattvo kA sAkSAtkAra huA hogA aisA kahA jA sakatA hai; kyoki Aja taka kisI AdhyAtmika darzana me ina tathA aise tattvo ke bAre me na to matabheda prakaTa huA hai aura na uname kisIkA virodha hI rahA hai| para ukta mUla AdhyAtmika prameyo ke vizeSa-vizeSa svarUpa ke viSaya me tathA unake byaurevAra vicAra me sabhI pradhAna-pradhAna darzano kA aura kabhI-kabhI to eka hI darzana kI aneka zAkhAo kA itanA adhika matabheda aura virodha zAstro me dekhA jAtA hai ki jise dekhakara taTastha samAlocaka yaha kabhI nahI mAna sakatA ki kisI eka yA sabhI sampradAya ke byaurevAra mantavya sAkSAtkAra ke viSaya hue ho| agara ye mantavya sAkSAtkRta ho to kisa sampradAya ke ? kisI eka sampradAya ke pravartaka ko byaure ke bAre me sAkSAtkartA-draSTA sAbita karanA TeDhI khIra hai / ataeva bahuta huA to ukta mUla prameyo me darzana kA sAkSAtkAra artha mAna lene ke bAda byaure ke bAre me darzana kA kucha aura hI artha karanA pddegaa| vicAra karane se jAna paDatA hai ki darzana kA dUsarA artha 'sabala pratIti' hI karanA ThIka hai / zabda ke artho ke bhI jude-jude stara hote hai / darzana ke artha kA yaha dUsarA stara hai / hama vAcaka umAsvAti ke "tattvArthazraddhAna samyagdarzanam" isa sUtra me tathA isakI vyAkhyAo me yaha dUsarA stara spaSTa pAte hai / vAcaka ne sApha kahA hai ki prameyo kI zraddhA hI darzana hai| yahAM yaha kabhI na bhUlanA cAhie ki zraddhA ke mAne hai balavatI pratIti yA vizvAsa, na ki sAkSAtkAra / zraddhA yA vizvAsa, sAkSAtkAra ko sampradAya meM jIvita rakhane kI eka bhUmikA-vizeSa hai, jise maine darzana kA dUsarA stara kahA hai| yo to sampradAya haraeka deza ke cintako me dekhA jAtA hai| yUropa

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jainadharma kA prANa ke tattva-cintana kI Adya bhUmi grIsa ke cintako me bhI paraspara virodhI aneka sampradAya rahe hai, para bhAratIya tattva-cintako ke sampradAya kI kathA kucha nirAlI hI hai| isa deza ke sampradAya mUla me dharmaprANa aura dharmajIbI rahe hai / sabhI sampradAyo ne tattva-cintana ko Azraya hI nahI diyA, balki usake vikAsa aura vistAra me bhI bahuta kucha kiyA hai| eka taraha se bhAratIya tattva-cintana kA camatkArapUrNa bauddhika pradeza jude-jude sampradAyo ke prayatna kA hI pariNAma hai| para hame jo socanA hai vaha to yaha hai ki haraeka sampradAya apana jina mantavyo para sabala vizvAsa rakhatA hai aura jina mantavyo ko dUsarA virodhI sampradAya kataI mAnane ko taiyAra nahI hai ve mantavya sAmpradAyika vizvAsa yA sAmpradAyika bhAvanA ke hI viSaya mAne jA sakate hai, sAkSAtkAra ke viSaya nahI / isa taraha sAkSAtkAra kA sAmAnya srota sampradAyo kI bhUmi para byaure ke vizeSa pravAho me vibhAjita hote hI vizvAsa aura pratIti kA rUpa dhAraNa karane lagatA hai| jaba sAkSAtkAra vizvAsa rUpa meM pariNata huA taba usa vizvAsa ko sthApita rakhane aura usakA samarthana karane ke lie sabhI sampradAyo ko kalpanAo kA, dalIlo kA tathA tarkoM kA sahArA lenA par3A / / sabhI sAmpradAyika tattva-cintaka apane-apane vizvAsa kI puSTi ke lie kalpanAoM kA sahArA pUre taura se lete rahe, phira bhI yaha mAnate rahe ki hama aura hamArA sampradAya jo kucha mAnate hai vaha saba kalpanA nahI, apitu sAkSAtkAra hai| isa taraha kalpanAo kA tathA satya-asatya aura ardhasatya tarko kA samAveza bhI darzana ke artha me ho gyaa| eka tarapha se jahA sampradAya ne mUla darzana arthAt sAkSAtkAra kI rakSA kI aura use spaSTa karane ke liye aneka prakAra ke cintana ko cAlU rakhA tathA use vyakta karane kI aneka manorama kalpanAe~ kI, vahA dUsarI tarapha se sampradAya kI bADa para baDhane tathA phUlane-phalanevAlI tattva-cintana kI bela itanI parAzrita ho gaI ki use sampradAya ke sivAya koI dUsarA sahArA hI na rahA / phalata. pardebanda padhiniyo kI taraha tattva-cintana kI bela bhI komala aura sakucita dRSTibAlI bana gii| (da0 au0 ciM0 kha0 1, pR0 67-69)

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jainadharma kA prANa samyagdRSTi aura mithyAdRSTi dRSTi arthAt darzana / darzana kA sAmAnya artha dekhanA hotA hai / A~kha se jo-jo bodha hotA hai use dekhanA' yA 'darzana' kahate hai| parantu isa sthAna para dRSTi yA darzana kA artha mAtra 'netrajanya bodha' hI nahI hai; yahA to usakA artha atyanta vizAla hai / kisI bhI indriya se honevAlA jJAna yahA dRSTi athavA darzana se abhipreta hai / itanA hI nahI, mana kI sahAyatA ke binA yadi AtmA ko jJAna zakya ho to vaisA jJAna bhI yahA dRSTi athavA darzana rUpa se abhipreta hai| sArAza yaha ki samyagdRSTi arthAt kisI bhI prakAra kA samyak bodha aura mithyAdRSTi arthAt pratyeka prakAra kA mithyA bodha / deha dhAraNa karanA, zvAsocchvAsa lenA, jJAnendriyo se jAnanA aura karmendriyo se kAma karanA-itanA hI mAtra jIvana nahI hai, parantu mana aura cetana kI bhinna-bhinna bhUmikAo me sUkSma aura sUkSmatara aneka prakAra ke savedano kA anubhava karanA bhI jIvana hai| aise vyApaka jIvana ke pahalU bhI aneka haiM / ina saba pahaluo ko mArgadarzana karAnevAlI aura jIvana ko calAnevAlI 'dRSTi' hai| yadi dRSTi sahI ho to usake mArgadarzana me jIvita jIvana kalakarahita hogA, aura yadi dRSTi bhrAnta athavA ulTI ho to usake anusAra jIvana bhI kalakayukta hI hogA / ataH yaha vicAranA cAhie ki sahI dRSTi kyA hai aura galata dRSTi kise kahate hai| kaI zabda indriyagamya vastu ke dyotaka hote haiM, to kaI zabda manogamya padArtha ke hI bodhaka hote haiM / jahA zabda kA artha indriyagamya ho vahA usake artha kI bodhakatA me sazodhana-parivartana karane kA kArya sarala hotA hai, parantu jahA zabda kA artha atIndriya yA manogamya mAtra ho vahA artha meM kamI-bezI kA kAma bahuta kaThina hotA hai| samyagdRSTi aura mithyAdRSTi zabda cir3iyA yA ghor3A Adi zabdo kI bhA~ti indriyagamya vastu ke dyotaka na hokara manogamya athavA atIndriya bhAvo ke sUcaka hai / isalie ina zabdo ke yathArtha artha kI tarapha jAne kA athavA paramparA se prathama avagata artha meM sazodhana, parivartana yA parivarghana 'karane kA kAma bahuta kaThina hone se viveka aura prayatnasAdhya hai| jIvanamAtra me cetanatattva ke astitva me zraddhA rakhanA aura vaisI zraddhA

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jainadharma kA prANa ke pariNAmasvarUpa cetana para chAye hue ajJAna eva rAga-dveSAdi ke AvaraNo ko cAritra ke samyak puruSArtha se haTAne kI zakyatA ke cAritralakSI tattva me zraddhA rakhanA samyagdRSTi athavA AstikatA hai / isase viparIta arthAt cetanatattva me athavA cAritralakSI tattva me zraddhA na rakhanA mithyAdRSTi athavA nAstikatA hai| samyagdRSTi aura mithyAdRSTi kA artha, vikAsakrama ko dekhate hue, anukrama se tattva-viSayaka zraddhA aura azraddhA aisA hI phalita hotA hai / vAcaka umAsvAti nAmaka jaina AcArya ne samyagdRSTi kA artha spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki AdhyAtmika aura cAritralakSI tattvo me zraddhA rakhanA hI samyagdarzana hai / hama dekhate hai ki isa paribhASA me kisI eka paramparA ke bAhya AcAra-vicAra kI praNAlikAo kA sparza taka nahI hai| kevala tattva ke vAstavika svarUpa me zraddhA rakhane kA hI nirdeza hai| tattvazraddhA hI samyagdRSTi ho to bhI vaha artha antima nahI hai / antima artha to tattvasAkSAtkAra hai, tattvazraddhA to tattvasAkSAtkAra kA eka sopAna mAtra hai| vaha sopAna dRDha ho tabhI yathocita puruSArtha se tattva kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai; taba sAdhaka jIvanamAtra me cetanatattva kA samAna bhAva se anubhava karatA hai aura cAritralakSI tattva kevala zraddhA ke viSaya na rahakara jIvana me tAne-bAne kI taraha ota-prota ho jAte hai, ekarasa ho jAte hai| isI kA nAma hai tattvasAkSAtkAra aura yahI samyagdRSTi zabda kA antima tathA ekamAtra artha hai| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pa0 98-106)

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:R: jainadharma kA prANa brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paramparA : vaiSamya aura sAmya dRSTi abhI jainadharma nAma se jo AcAra-vicAra pahacAnA jAtA hai vaha bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke samaya me, khAsakara mahAvIra ke samaya me, niggaTha dhammanirgrantha dharma ke nAma se bhI pahacAnA jAtA thA, parantu vaha zramaNadharma bhI kahalAtA hai / atara hai to itanA hI hai ki ekamAtra jainadharma hI zramaNadharma nahI hai, zramaNadharma kI aura bhI aneka zAkhAe~ bhUtakAla me thI aura aba bhI bauddha Adi kucha zAkhAe~ jIvita hai / nirgrantha dharma yA jainadharma me zramaNadharma ke sAmAnya lakSaNo ke hote hue bhI AcAra-vicAra kI kucha aisI vizeSatAe~ hai jo usako zramaNadharma kI anya zAkhAo se pRthak karatI hai / jainadharma ke AcAra-vicAra kI aisI vizeSatAo ko jAnane ke pUrva acchA yaha hogA ki hama prArabha me hI zramaNadharma kI vizeSatAo ko bhalIbhA~ti jAna le, jo use brAhmaNadharma se alaga karatI hai / prAcIna bhAratIya saskRti kA paTa aneka va vividharagI hai, jisame aneka dharma-paraparAo ke raGga mizrita hai / isame mukhyatayA dhyAna me AnevAlI do dharma-paramparAe~ hai - ( 1 ) brAhmaNa, (2) zramaNa / ina do paramparAo ke paurvAparya tathA sthAna Adi vivAdAspada prazno ko na uThAkara kevala aise muddo para thoDI-sI carcA kI jAtI hai, jo sarvasamata jaise hai tathA jinase zramadharma kI mUla bhitti ko pahacAnanA aura usake dvArA nirgrantha yA jainadharma ko samajhanA sarala ho jAtA hai / brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paramparAo ke bIca choTe-bar3e aneka viSayo meM maulika atara hai, para usa aMtara ko saMkSepa meM kahanA ho to itanA hI kahanA paryApta hai ki brAhmaNa - vaidika paramparA vaiSamya para pratiSThita hai, jabaki zramaNa paramparA

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jainadharma kA prANa sAmya para pratiSThita hai| yaha vaiSamya aura sAmya mukhyatayA tIna bAtoM meM dekhA jAtA hai-(1) samAjaviSayaka, (2) sAdhyaviSayaka aura (3) prANijagat ke prati dRSTiviSayaka / samAjaviSayaka vaiSamya kA artha hai ki samAjaracanA me tathA dharmAdhikAra me brAhmaNa varNa kA janmasiddha zreSThatva va mukhyatva tathA itara varNoM kA brAhmaNa kI apekSA kaniSThatva va gauNatva / brAhmaNadharma kA vAstavika sAdhya hai abhyudaya, jo aihika samRddhi, rAjya aura putra, pazu Adi ke nAnAvidha lAbho me tathA indrapada, svargIya sukha Adi nAnAvidha pAralaukika phalo ke lAbho me samAtA hai / abhyudaya kA sAdhana mukhyatayA yajJadharma arthAt nAnAvidha yajJa hai| isa dharma meM pazu-pakSI Adi kI bali anivArya mAnI gaI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki vedavihita hisA dharma kA hI hetu hai / isa vidhAna me bali kiye jAnevAle niraparAdha pazu-pakSI Adi ke prati spaSTatayA AtmasAmya ke abhAva kI arthAt AtmavaiSamya kI dRSTi hai| isake viparIta ukta tIno bAto me zramaNadharma kA sAmya isa prakAra hai : zramaNadharma samAja meM kisI bhI varNa kA janmasiddha zreSThatva na mAnakara guNakarmakRta hI zreSThatva va kaniSThatva mAnatA hai, isalie vaha samAjaracanA tathA dharmAdhikAra meM janmasiddha varNabheda kA Adara na karake guNakarma ke AdhAra para hI sAmAjika vyavasthA karatA hai / ataeva usakI dRSTi me sadguNI zUdra bhI durguNI brAhmaNa Adi se zreSTha hai, aura dhArmika kSetra meM yogyatA ke AdhAra para haraeka varNa kA puruSa yA strI samAnarUpa se ucca pada kA adhikArI hai| zramaNadharma kA atima sAdhya brAhmaNadharma kI taraha abhyudaya na hokara niHzreyasa hai / niHzreyasa kA artha hai ki aihika-pAralaukika nAnAvidha saba lAbho kA tyAga siddha karanevAlI aisI sthiti, jisame pUrNa sAmya 1. "karmaphalabAhulyAcca putrasvargabrahmavarcasAdilakSaNasya karmaphalasyAsakhyeyatvAt tatprati ca puruSANA kAmabAhulyAt tadarthaH zruterapi ko yatnaH karmasUpapadyate |"-taitti0 1-11 / zAkarabhASya (pUnA ApTekara ka0) pR0 353 / yahI bAta "pariNAmatApasaskAraiH guNavRttivirodhAt" ityAdi yogasUtra tathA usake bhASya meM kahI hai| sAMkhyatattvakaumudI meM bhI hai, jo mUla kArikA kA spaSTIkaraNa mAtra hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa 27 prakaTa hotA hai aura koI kisIse kama yogya yA adhika yogya rahane nahIM pAtA / jIva jagat ke prati zramaNadharma kI dRSTi pUrNa AtmasAmya kI hai, jisame na kevala pazu-pakSI Adi yA kITa-pataMga Adi jantu kA hI samAveza hotA hai, apitu vanaspati jaise ati kSudra jIvavarga kA bhI samAveza hotA hai / isameM kisI bhI dehadhArI kA kisI bhI nimitta se kiyA jAnevAlA vagha Atmavadha jaisA hI mAnA gayA hai aura vaghamAtra ko adharma kA hetu mAnA hai / brAhmaNa paramparA mUla meM 'brahman' ke AsapAsa zurU aura vikasita huI hai, jabaki zramaNa paramparA 'sama' - sAmya, rAma aura zrama ke AsapAsa zurU eva vikasita huI hai / brahman ke aneka arthoM me se prAcIna do artha isa jagaha dhyAna dene yogya hai - (1) stuti, prArthanA, (2) yajJayAgAdi karma / vaidika maMtro eva sUkto ke dvArA jo nAnAvidha stutiyA aura prArthanAe~ kI jAtI hai ve brahman kahalAtI haiM / isI taraha vaidika maMtroM ke viniyogavAlA yajJayAgAdi karma bhI brahman kahalAtA hai / vaidika maMtro aura sUkto kA pATha karanevAlA purohitavarga aura yajJayAgAdi karma karAnevAlA purohitavarga hI brAhmaNa hai / vaidika maMtro ke dvArA kI jAnevAlI stuti - prArthanA eva yajJayAgAdi karma kI atipratiSThA ke sAtha-hI-sAtha purohitavarga kA samAja meM eva tatkAlIna dharma me aisA prAdhAnya sthira huA ki jisase vaha brAhmaNa varga apane-Apako janma se hI zreSTha mAnane lagA aura samAja me bhI bahudhA vahI mAnyatA sthira huI, jisake AdhAra para vargabheda kI mAnyatA rUDha huI aura kahA gayA ki samAja-puruSa kA mukha brAhmaNa hai aura itara varNa anya aga hai / isake viparIta zramaNadharma yaha mAnatA - manavAtA thA ki sabhI strI-puruSa satkarma eva dharmapada ke samAnarUpa se adhikArI hai / jo prayatnapUrvaka yogyatA lAbha karatA hai vaha varga eva liMgabheda ke binA hI gurupada kA adhikArI bana sakatA hai / yaha sAmAjika eva dhArmika samatA kI mAnyatA jisa taraha brAhmaNadharma kI mAnyatA se bilakula viruddha thI, usI taraha sAdhyaviSayaka dono kI mAnyatA bhI paraspara viruddha rahI / zramaNadharma aihika yA pAralaukika abhyudaya ko sarvathA heya mAnakara niHzreyasa ko hI ekamAtra upAdeya mAnane kI ora agrasara thA aura isIlie vaha sAdhya kI taraha

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jainadharma kA prANa sAdhanagata sAmya para bhI utanA hI bhAra dene lagA / niHzreyasa ke sAdhano me mukhya hai ahiMsA | kisI bhI prANI kI kisI bhI prakAra se hisA na karanA zreyasa kA mukhya sAdhana hai, jisame anya saba sAdhano kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| yaha sAdhanagata sAmyadRSTi hisApradhAna yajJayAgAdi karma kI dRSTi se bilakula viruddha hai / isa taraha brAhmaNa aura zramaNadharma kA vaiSamya aura sAmyamUlaka itanA virodha hai ki jisase dono dharmoM ke bIca pada-pada para saMgharSa kI sabhAvanA hai, jo sahasroM varSoM ke itihAsa me lipibaddha hai / yaha purAnA virodha brAhmaNakAla me bhI thA aura buddha eva mahAvIra ke samaya me tathA isake bAda bhI / isI ciratana virodha ke pravAha ko mahAbhASyakAra patajali ne apanI vANI me vyakta kiyA hai / vaiyAkaraNa pANini ne sUtra me zAzvata virodha kA nirdeza kiyA hai / patajali 'zAzvata' - janmasiddha virodhavAle ahi-nakula, govyAghra jaise dvandvo ke udAharaNa dete hue sAtha-sAtha brAhmaNa zramaNa kA bhI udAharaNa dete hai / ' yaha ThIka hai ki haz2Ara prayatna karane para bhI ahi-nakula yA go-yA kA virodha nirmUla nahI ho sakatA, jabaki prayatna karane para brAhmaNa aura zramaNa kA virodha nirmUla ho jAnA sabhava hai aura itihAsa me kucha udAharaNa aise upalabdha bhI hai, jiname brAhmaNa aura zramaNa ke bIca kisI bhI prakAra kA vaimanasya yA virodha dekhA nahI jAtA / parantu patajali kA brAhmaNazramaNa kA zAzvata virodha viSayaka kathana vyaktiparaka na hokara vargaparaka hai / kucha vyakti aise sabhava hai jo aise virodha se para hue ho yA ho sakate ho, parantu sArA brAhmaNavarga yA sArA zramaNavarga maulika virodha se para nahI hai, yahI patajali kA tAtparya hai / 'zAzvata' zabda kA artha avicala na hokara prAvAhika itanA hI abhipreta hai / patajali se aneka zatAbdiyo ke bAda honevAle jaina AcArya hemacaMdra ne bhI brAhmaNa-zramaNa kA udAharaNa dekara patajali ke anubhava kI yathArthatA para muhara lagAI hai|' Aja isa samAjavAdI yuga meM bhI hama yaha nahI kaha sakate ki brAhmaNa aura zramaNavarga ke bIca virodha kA bIja nirmUla huA hai / isa sAre virodha kI jaDa Upara sUcita vaiSamya aura sAmya kI dRSTi kA pUrva-pazcima jaisA antara hI hai / 28 1. mahAbhASya 2.4.9 / 2. siddha haima 0 3 1. 141 /

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jainadharma kA prANa paraspara prabhAva aura samanvaya brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paramparA paraspara eka-dUsare ke prabhAva se bilakula achUtI nahI hai / choTI-moTI bAto me eka kA prabhAva dUsare para nyUnAdhika mAtrA me paDA huA dekhA jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha zramaNadharma kI sAmyadRSTimUlaka ahiMsA-bhAvanA kA brAhmaNa paramparA para kramaza. itanA prabhAva paDA hai ki jisase yajJIya hisA kA samarthana kevala purAnI zAstrIya carcAo kA viSayamAtra raha gayA hai, vyavahAra me yajJIya hisA lupta-sI ho gaI hai| ahiMsA va "sarvabhUtahite ratA" siddhAta kA pUrA Agraha rakhanevAlI sAMkhya, yoga, aupaniSada, avadhUta, sAtvata Adi jina paramparAoM ne brAhmaNa paramparA ke prANabhUta vedaviSayaka prAmANya aura brAhmaNa varNa ke purohita va gurupada kA Atyatika virodha nahI kiyA, ve paramparAe~ kramaza. brAhmaNadharma ke sarvasagrAhaka kSetra meM eka yA dUsare rUpa me mila gaI hai| isake viparIta jaina, bauddha Adi jina paramparAo ne vaidika prAmANya aura brAhmaNa varNa ke gurupada ke viruddha Atyatika Agraha rakhA ve paramparAe~ yadyapi sadA ke lie brAhmaNadharma se alaga hI rahI hai, phira bhI unake zAstra eva nivRtti dharma para brAhmaNa paramparA kI lokasagrAhaka vRtti kA eka yA dUsare rUpa me prabhAva avazya par3A hai| zramaNa paramparA ke prarvataka zramaNadharma ke mUla pravartaka kauna-kauna the, ve kahA~-kahA~ aura kaba hue isakA yathArtha aura pUrA itihAsa adyAvadhi ajJAta hai, para hama upalabdha sAhitya ke AdhAra se itanA to ni zaka kaha sakate hai ki nAbhiputra RSabha tathA AdividvAn kapila ye sAmyadharma ke purAne aura prabala samarthaka the| yahI kAraNa hai ki unakA pUrA itihAsa adhakAragrasta hone para bhI paurANika paramparA me se unakA nAma lupta nahI huA hai| brAhmaNa purANa-grantho me RSabha kA ullekha ugra tapasvI ke rUpa me hai sahI, para unakI pUrI pratiSThA to kevala jaina paramparA me hI hai| jabaki kapila kA RSirUpa se nirdeza jaina-kathA sAhitya me hai, phira bhI unakI pUrNa pratiSThA to sAkhya paramparA me tathA sAMkhyamUlaka purANa gratho me hI hai / RSabha aura kapila Adi dvArA jisa Atmaupamya bhAvanA kI aura tanmUlaka ahiMsA dharma kI pratiSThA jamI thI usa bhAvanA

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jainadharma kA prANa 30 aura dharma kI poSaka aneka zAkhA prazAkhAe~ thI, jiname se koI bAhya tapa para, koI dhyAna para, to koI mAtra citta-zuddhi yA asagatA para adhika bala detI thI / para sAmya yA samatA sabakA samAna dhyeya thA / jisa zAkhA ne sAmyasiddhimUlaka ahiMsA ko siddha karane ke lie aparigraha para adhika bhAra diyA aura usImese agAra-gRha-grantha yA parigraha badhana ke tyAga para adhika bhAra diyA aura kahA ki jabataka parivAra eva parigraha kA badhana ho tabataka kabhI pUrNa ahisA yA pUrNa sAmya siddha nahI ho sakatA, zramaNadharma kI vahI zAkhA nirgrantha nAma se prasiddha huI / isake pradhAna pravartaka neminAtha tathA pArzvanAtha hI jAna par3ate hai / vItarAgatA kA Agraha ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke sAtha-sAtha tapa aura tyAga kI bhAvanA anivArya rUpa se nirgrantha dharma meM grathita to ho hI gaI thI, parantu sAdhako ke mana me yaha prazna utpanna huA ki bAhya tyAga para adhika bhAra dene se kyA Atmazuddhi yA sAmya pUrNatayA siddha honA sabhava hai ? isIke uttara me se yaha vicAra phalita huA ki rAga-dveSa Adi malina vRttiyoM para vijaya pAnA hI mukhya sAdhya hai / isa sAdhya kI siddhi jisa ahiMsA, jisa tapa yA jisa tyAga se na ho sake vaha ahiMsA, tapa yA tyAga kaisA hI kyo na ho, para AdhyAtmika dRSTi se anupayogI hai / isI vicAra ke pravartaka 'jina' kahalAne lage / aise 'jina' aneka hue hai / saccaka, buddha, gozAlaka aura mahAvIra ye saba apanIapanI paramparA meM 'jina' rUpa se prasiddha rahe hai, parantu Aja jinakathita jaina - 'dharma kahane se mukhyatayA mahAvIra ke dharma kA hI bodha hotA hai jo rAga-dveSa ke vijaya para hI mukhyatayA bhAra detA hai / dharma-vikAsa kA itihAsa kahatA hai ki uttarottara udaya me AnevAlI naI-naI dharma kI avasthAoM meM usa-usa dharma kI purAnI avirodhI avasthAoM kA samAveza avazya rahatA hai / yahI kAraNa 'hai ki jainadharma nirgrantha dharma bhI hai aura zramaNa dharma bhI hai / zramaNadharma kI sAmyadRSTi aba hameM dekhanA yaha hai ki zramaNadharma kI prANabhUta sAmyabhAvanA kA

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jainadharma kA prANa jaina paramparA meM kyA sthAna hai ? jaina zruta rUpa se prasiddha dvAdazAMgI yA caturdaza pUrva me 'sAmAiya'--'sAmAyika' kA sthAna prathama hai, jo AcArAgasUtra kahalAtA hai| jainadharma ke atima tIrthakara mahAvIra ke AcAra-vicAra kA sIdhA aura spaSTa pratibimba mukhyatayA usI sUtra me dekhane ko milatA hai| usameM jo kucha kahA gayA hai usa sabame sAmya, samatA yA sama para hI pUrNatayA bhAra diyA gayA hai| 'sAmAiya' isa prAkRta yA mAgadhI zabda kA sambandha sAmya, samatA yA sama se hai| sAmyadRSTimUlaka aura sAmyadRSTipoSaka jo-jo AcAravicAra ho ve saba sAmAiya-sAmAyika rUpa se jaina paramparA me sthAna pAte hai| jaise brAhmaNa paramparA me sadhyA eka Avazyaka karma hai vaise hI jaina paramparA me bhI gRhastha aura tyAgI sabake lie cha Avazyaka karma batalAe hai, jiname mukhya sAmAiya hai| agara sAmAiya na ho to aura koI Avazyaka sArthaka nahIM hai / gRhastha yA tyAgI apane-apane adhikArAnusAra jaba-jaba dhArmika jIvana ko svIkAra karatA hai taba-taba vaha 'karemi bhate ! sAmAiya' aisI pratijJA karatA hai| isakA artha hai ki he bhagavan ! mai samatA yA samabhAva ko svIkAra karatA huuN| isa samatA kA vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa Age ke dUsare pada me kiyA gayA hai| usame kahA hai ki mai sAvadha yoga arthAt pApavyApAra kA yathAzakti tyAga karatA huuN| 'sAmAiya' kI aisI pratiSThA hone ke kAraNa sAtavI sadI ke suprasiddha vidvAn jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ne usa para vizeSAvazyakabhASya nAmaka ativistRta grantha likhakara batalAyA hai ki dharma ke agabhUta zraddhA, jJAna aura cAritra ye tIno hI sAmAiya hai| saccI vIratA ke viSaya meM jainadharma, gItA aura gAMdhIjI __ sAkhya, yoga aura bhAgavata jaisI anya paramparAoM meM pUrvakAla se sAmyadRSTi kI jo pratiSThA thI usIkA AdhAra lekara bhagavadgItAkAra ne gItA kI racanA kI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hama gItA meM sthAna-sthAna para samadarzI, sAmya, samatA jaise zabdoM ke dvArA sAmyadRSTi kA hI samarthana pAte hai| gItA aura AcArAga kI sAmyabhAvanA mUla meM eka hI hai, phira bhI vaha paramparAbheda se anyAnya bhAvanAoM ke sAtha milakara bhinna ho gaI hai| arjuna ko sAmyabhAvanA ke prabala Avega ke samaya bhI bhakSya jIvana svIkAra karane se

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jainadharma kA prANa 32 gItA rokatI hai aura zastrayuddha kA Adeza karatI hai, jabaki AcArAgasUtra arjuna ko aisA Adeza na karake yahI kahegA ki agara tuma sacamuca kSatriya vIra ho to sAmyadRSTi Ane para hisaka zastrayuddha nahI kara sakate, balki bhaikSyajIvanapUrvaka AdhyAtmika zatru ke sAtha yuddha ke dvArA hI saccA kSatriyatva siddha kara sakate ho / ' isa kathana kI dyotaka bharata - bAhubalI kI kathA jaina sAhitya me prasiddha hai, jisame kahA gayA hai ki sahodara bharata ke dvArA ugra prahAra pAne ke bAda bAhubalI ne jaba pratikAra ke lie hAtha uThAyA tabhI samabhAva kI vRtti prakaTa huI / usa vRtti ke Avega me bAhubalI ne bhaikSyajIvana svIkAra kiyA, para pratiprahAra karake na to bharata kA badalA cukAyA aura na usase apanA nyAyocita rAjyabhAga lene kI socI / gAdhIjI ne gItA aura AcArAga Adi me pratipAdita sAmyabhAva ko apane jIvana meM yathArtha rUpa se vikasita kiyA aura usake bala para kahA ki mAnavasahAraka yuddha to choDo, para sAmya yA citta-zuddhi ke bala para hI anyAya ke pratikAra kA mArga bhI grahaNa karo / purAne sanyAsa yA tyAgI jIvana kA aisA arthavikAsa gAdhIjI ne samAja me pratiSThita kiyA hai / sAmyadRSTi aura anekAntavAda jaina paramparA kA sAmyadRSTi para itanA adhika bhAra hai ki usane sAmyadRSTi ko hI brAhmaNa paramparA me labdhapratiSTha brahma kahakara sAmyadRSTi - poSaka sAre AcAra-vicAra ko 'brahmacarya' - 'bambhacerAi' kahA hai, jaisAki bauddha paramparA ne maitrI Adi bhAvanAo ko brahmavihAra kahA hai / itanA hI nahI, para dhammapada' aura zAtiparva kI taraha jaina grantha me bhI samatva dhAraNa karanevAle zramaNa ko hI brAhmaNa kahakara zramaNa aura brAhmaNa ke bIca kA aMtara miTAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / sAmyadRSTi jaina paramparA me mukhyatayA do prakAra se vyakta huI hai - ( 1 ) AcAra me aura (2) vicAra me / jainadharma kA bAhya Abhyantara, sthUla 2. brAhmaNavarga 26 / 1. AcArAga 1.5.3 / 3. uttarAdhyayana 25 /

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jainadharma kA prANa sUkSma sava AcAra sAmyadRSTi mUlaka ahiMsA ke kendra ke AsapAsa hI nirmita huA hai| jisa AcAra ke dvArA ahisA kI rakSA aura puSTi na hotI ho aise kisI bhI AcAra ko jaina-paramparA mAnya nahI rakhatI / yadyapi saba dhArmika paramparAo ne ahisA tattva para nyUnAdhika bhAra diyA hai, para jaina-paramparA , ne usa tattva para jitanA bala diyA hai aura use jitanA vyApaka banAyA hai utanA bala aura utanI vyApakatA anya dharma-paramparA dekhI me nahI jaatii| manuSya, pazu-pakSI, kITa-pataga, aura vanaspati hI nahIM, balki pArthiva jalIya Adi sUkSmAtisUkSma jantuo taka kI hisA se Atmaupamya kI bhAvanA dvArA nivRtta hone ke lie kahA gayA hai| vicAra me sAmya dRSTi kI bhAvanA para jo bhAra diyA gayA hai usI me se anekAnta dRSTi yA vibhajyavAda kA janma huA hai| kevala apanI dRSTi yA vicAra-saraNI ko hI pUrNa antima satya mAnakara usapara Agraha rakhanA yaha sAmya dRSTi ke lie ghAtaka hai| isalie kahA gayA hai ki dUsaroM kI dRSTi kA bhI utanA hI Adara karanA jitanA apanI dRSTi kA / yahI sAmya dRSTi anekAntavAda kI bhUmikA hai| isa bhUmikA me se hI bhApApradhAna syAdvAda aura vicArapradhAna nayavAda kA kramaza. vikAsa huA hai / yaha nahIM hai ki anyAnya paramparAoM meM anekAntadRSTi kA sthAna hI na ho| mImAsaka aura kapila darzana ke uparAta nyAyadarzana meM bhI anekAntavAda kA sthAna hai| buddha bhagavAn kA vibhajyavAda aura madhyamamArga bhI anekAntadRSTi ke hI phala hai, phira bhI jaina-paramparA ne jaise ahiMsA para atyadhika bhAra diyA hai vaise hI usane anekAntadRSTi para bhI atyadhika bhAra diyA hai| isalie jainnaparamparA me AcAra yA vicAra kA koI bhI viSaya aisA nahI hai jisapara anekAntadRSTi lAgU na kI gaI ho yA anekAntadRSTi kI maryAdA se bAhara ho / yahI kAraNa hai ki anyAnya paramparAo ke vidvAno ne anekAntadRSTi ko mAnate hue bhI usapara svatatra sAhitya racA nahI hai, jabaki jaina-paramparA ke vidvAno ne usake agabhUta syAdvAda, nayavAda Adi ke bodhaka aura samarthaka vipula svatatra sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA hai| ahiMsA hisA se nivRtta honA hI ahisA hai| yaha vicAra tabataka pUrA samajha me

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34 jainadharma kA prANa A nahI sakatA jabataka yaha na batalAyA jAe ki hisA kisa kI hotI hai tathA hisA kauna va kisa kAraNa se karatA hai aura usakA pariNAma kyA hai / isI prazna ko spaSTa samajhAne kI dRSTi se mukhyatayA cAra vidyAe~ jaina-paramparA me phalita huI hai - ( 1 ) AtmavidyA, (2) karmavidyA, (3) caritravidyA aura (4) lokavidyA / isI taraha anekAtadRSTi ke dvArA mukhyatayA zrutavidyA aura pramANa-vidyA kA nirmANa va poSaNa huA hai / isa prakAra ahiMsA, anekAta aura tanmUlaka vidyAeN hI jainadharma ke prANa hai, jisapara Age sakSepa me vicAra kiyA jAtA hai / AtmavidyA aura utkAntivAda pratyeka AtmA cAhe vaha pRthvIgata, jalagata yA vanaspatigata ho yA kITa-pataMga pazu-pakSI rUpa me ho yA mAnava rUpa me ho - saba tAttvika dRSTi se samAna hai / yahI jaina - AtmavidyA kA sAra hai / samAnatA ke isa saiddhAntika vicAra ko amala meM lAnA - use yathAsaMbhava jIvana-vyavahAra ke pratyeka kSetra me utArane kA apramatta bhAva se prayatna karanA yahI ahisA hai / Atma-vidyA kahatI hai yadi jIvana vyavahAra me sAmya kA anubhava na ho to Atma-sAmya kA siddhAnta korA vAda mAtra hai / samAnatA ke siddhAnta ko amalI banAne ke lie hI AcArAgasUtra me kahA gayA hai ki jaise 'tuma apane duHkha kA anubhava karate ho vaisA hI paradukha kA anubhava karo / arthAt anya ke dukha kA AtmIya du kha rUpa se savedana na ho to ahis| siddha honA saMbhava nahI / jaise Atma-samAnatA ke tAttvika vicAra me se ahisA ke AcAra kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai vaise hI usI vicAra meM se jaina - paramparA me yaha bhI AdhyAtmika matavya phalita huA hai ki jIvagata zArIrika, mAnasika Adi vaiSamya kitanA hI kyo na ho, para vaha Agatuka hai - karmamUlaka hai, vAstavika nahIM hai / ataeva kSudra se kSudra avasthA me paDA huA jIva bhI kabhI mAnavakoTi me A sakatA hai aura mAnavakoTigata jIva bhI kSudratama vanaspati avasthA jA sakatA hai, itanA hI nahI balki vanaspati jIva vikAsa ke dvArA manuSya kI taraha kabhI sarvathA badhanamukta ho sakatA hai / U~ca-nIca gati yA yoni

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jainadharma kA prANa 35 eva sarvathA mukti kA AdhAra eka mAtra karma hai| jaisA karma, jaisA saMskAra yA jaisI vAsanA vaisI hI AtmA kI avasthA, para tAttvika rUpa se saba AtmAo kA svarUpa sarvathA eka-sA hai, jo naiSkarmya avasthA me pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa hotA hai / yahI AtmasAmyamUlaka utkrAntivAda hai / sAkhya, yoga, bauddha Adi dvaitavAdI ahisA samarthaka paramparAoM kA aura aura bAto me jaina-paramparA ke sAtha jo kucha matabheda ho, para ahiMsApradhAna AcAra tathA utkrAntivAda ke viSaya me saba kA pUrNa aikamatya hai / AtmAdvaitavAdI aupaniSada paramparA ahisA kA samarthana samAnatA ke siddhAnta para nahI para advaita ke siddhAnta para karatI hai / vaha kahatI hai ki tattva rUpa se jaise tuma vaise hI anya sabhI jIva zuddha brahma - eka brahmarUpa hai / jo jIvo kA pArasparika bheda dekhA jAtA hai vaha vAstavika na hokara avidyAmUlaka hai / isalie anya jIvo ko apane se abhinna hI samajhanA cAhie aura anya ke dukha ko apanA dukha samajhakara hisA se nivRtta honA cAhie / dvaitavAdI jaina Adi paramparAoM ke aura advaitavAdI paramparA ke bIca atara kevala itanA hI hai ki pahalI paraparAeN pratyeka jIvAtmA kA vAstavika bhada mAnakara bhI una sabame tAttvika rUpa se samAnatA svIkAra karake ahisA kA udbodhana karatI hai, jaba ki advaita paramparA jIvAtmAo ke pArasparika bheda ko hI mithyA mAnakara uname tAttvika rUpa se pUrNa abheda mAnakara usake AvAra para ahisA kA udbodhana karatI hai / advaita paramparA ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna yoni aura bhinna-bhinna gativAle jIvo me dikhAI denevAle bheda kA mUla adhiSThAna eka zuddha akhaDa brahma hai, jabaki jaina-jaisI dvaitavAdI paramparAo ke anusAra pratyeka jIvAtmA tattva rUpa se svataMtra aura zuddha brahma hai / eka paramparA ke anusAra akhaDa eka brahma meM se nAnA jIva kI sRSTi huI hai jabaki dUsarI paramparAo ke anusAra jude-jude svataMtra aura samAna aneka zuddha brahma hI aneka jIva hai / dvaitamUlaka samAnatA ke siddhAnta me se hI advaitamUlaka aikya kA siddhAnta kramaza. vikasita huA jAna par3atA hai, parantu ahiMsA kA AcAra aura AdhyAtmika utkrAntivAda advaitavAda meM bhI dvaitavAda ke vicAra ke anusAra hI ghaTAyA gayA hai / vAda koI bhI ho, para ahisA kI dRSTi se mahattva kI bAta eka hI hai ki anya jIvo ke sAtha samAnatA yA

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jainadharma kA prANa abheda kA vAstavika savedana honA hI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA udgama hai / karmavidyA aura baMdha-mokSa jaba tattvata saba jIvAtmA samAna hai to phira uname paraspara vaiSamya kyoM, tathA eka hI jIvAtmA me kAla-bheda se vaiSamya kyo ? isa prazna ke uttara meM se hI karmavidyA kA janma huA hai| jaisA karma vaisI avasthA yaha mAnyatA vaiSamya kA spaSTIkaraNa to kara detI hai, para sAtha-hI-sAtha yaha bhI kahatI hai ki acchA yA burA karma karane eva na karane me jIva hI svatatra hai, jaisA vaha cAhe vaisA sat yA asat puruSArtha kara sakatA hai aura vahI apane vartamAna aura bhAvI kA nirmAtA hai| karmavAda kahatA hai ki vartamAna kA nirmANa bhUta ke AdhAra para aura bhaviSya kA nirmANa vartamAna ke AdhAra para hotA hai| tInoM kAla kI pArasparika sagati karmavAda para hI avalaMbita hai| yahI punarjanma ke vicAra kA AdhAra hai| vastuta. ajJAna aura rAga-dveSa hI karma hai| apane parAye kI vAstavika pratIti na honA ajJAna yA jaina-paramparA ke anusAra darzana moha hai| isIko sAkhya, bauddha Adi anya paramparAo me avidyA kahA hai / ajJAna-janita iSTAniSTa kI kalpanAo ke kAraNa jo-jo vRttiyA~ yA jo-jo vikAra paidA hote hai ve hI sakSepa me rAga-dveSa kahe gae hai / yadyapi rAga-dveSa hI hisA ke preraka hai, para vastutaH sabakI jar3a ajJAna-darzana moha yA avidyA hI hai, isalie hiMsA kI asalI jar3a ajJAna hI hai / isa viSaya me AtmavAdI saba paraparAeM ekamata hai| Upara jo karma kA svarUpa batalAyA hai vaha jaina-paribhASA me bhAvakarma hai aura vaha Atmagata saskAravizeSa hai| yaha bhAvakarma AtmA ke irdagirda sadA vartamAna aise sUkSmAtisUkSma bhautika paramANuo ko AkRSTa karatA hai aura use viziSTarUpa arpita karatA hai| viziSTarUpa se prApta yaha bhautika paramANupuMja hI dravyakarma yA kArmaNa zarIra kahalAtA hai, jo janmAntara me jIva ke sAtha jAtA hai aura sthUla zarIra ke nirmANa kI bhUmikA banatA hai| Upara-Upara se dekhane para mAlUma hotA hai ki dravyakarmakA vicAra jaina-paramparA kI karmavidyA me hai, aura anya paramparA kI karmavidyA me vaha nahI hai, parantu

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jainadharma kA prANa 37 mUla kalpanA sUkSmatA se dekhanevAlA jAna sakatA hai ki vastuta. aisA nahI hai / sAMkhya yoga, vedAnta Adi paraparAo me janmajanmAntaragAmI sUkSma yA liMga zarIra kA varNana hai / yaha zarIra anta karaNa, abhimAna, mana Adi prAkRta yA mAyika tattvo kA banA huA mAnA gayA hai, jo vAstava me jaina - paramparAsamata bhautika kArmaNa zarIra ke hI sthAna meM hai / sUkSma yA kArmaNa zarIra kI eka hI hai / antara hai to usake varNana prakAra me aura nyUnAdhika vistAra meM evaM vargIkaraNa me, jo hajAro varSa se judA-judA vicAra - citana karanevAlI paramparAo me honA svAbhAvika hai / isa taraha hama dekhate hai ki AtmavAdI saba paraparAo me punarjanma ke kAraNarUpa se karmatattva kA svIkAra hai aura janmajanmAntaragAmI bhautika zarIrarUpa dravyakarma kA bhI svIkAra hai / nyAyavaizaiSika paramparA, jisame aise sUkSma zarIra kA koI khAsa svIkAra nahI hai, usane bhI janmajanmAntaragAmI aNurUpa mana ko svIkAra karake dravyakarma ke vicAra ko apanAyA hai / punarjanma aura karma kI mAnyatA ke bAda jaba mokSa kI kalpanA bhI tattvaciMtana me sthira huI tabase abhItaka kI bandha-mokSavAdI bhAratIya tattvacitako kI AtmasvarUpa-viSayaka mAnyatAe~ kaisI-kaisI hai aura unameM vikAsakrama kI dRSTi se jaina mantavya ke svarUpa kA kyA sthAna hai, ise samajhane ke lie sakSepa me vandhamokSavAdI mukhya-mukhya sabhI paramparAo ke mantavyo ko nIce diyA jAtA hai / (1) jaina- paramparA ke anusAra AtmA pratyeka zarIra me judA-judA hai / vaha svaya zubhAzubha karma kA kartA aura karma ke phala- -sukhadukha Adi kA bhoktA hai / vaha janmAntara ke samaya sthAnAntara ko jAtA hai aura sthUla deha ke anusAra sakoca - vistAra dhAraNa karatA hai / yahI mukti pAtA hai aura muktikAla me sAsArika sukha-dukha, jJAna-ajJAna Adi zubhAzubha karma Adi bhAvo se sarvathA chUTa jAtA hai / (2) sAkhya-yoga paramparA ke anusAra AtmA bhinna bhinna hai, para vaha kUTastha eva vyApaka hone se na karma kA kartA, bhoktA, janmAntaragAmI, gatizIla hai aura na to muktigAmI hI hai / usa paramparA ke anusAra to prAkRta buddhi yA anta karaNa hI karma kA kartA, bhoktA, janmAntaragAmI, sakocavistArazIla, jJAna-ajJAna Adi bhAvoM kA Azraya aura mukti-kAla meM una bhAvoM se rahita hai / sAkhya-yoga paraparA

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38 jainadharma kA prANa anta karaNa ke badhamokSa ko hI upacAra se puruSa ke mAna letI hai / (3) nyAyavaizeSika paraparA ke anusAra AtmA aneka hai, vaha sAkhya-yoga kI taraha kUTastha aura vyApaka mAnA gayA hai, phira bhI vaha jaina- parabhparA kI taraha vAstavika rUpa se karttA, bhoktA, baddha aura mukta bhI mAnA gayA hai / ( 4 ) advaitavA vedAnta ke anusAra AtmA vAstava me nAnA nahI para eka hI hai / vaha sAkhya-yoga kI taraha kUTastha aura vyApaka hai, ataeva na to vAstava me baddha hai aura na mukta | usame anta karaNa kA badhamokSa hI upacAra se mAnA gayA hai / (5) bauddhamata ke anusAra AtmA yA citta nAnA vahI karttA, bhoktA, TE aura nirvANa kA Azraya hai / vaha na to kUTastha hai, na vyApaka, vaha kevala jJAnakSaNaparamparA rUpa hai, jo hRdaya, indriya jaise aneka kendro kramaza. nimittAnusAra utpanna va naSTa hotA rahatA hai / , eka sAtha yA Upara se sakSipta varNana se yaha spaSTatayA sUcita hotA hai ki jaina-paramparAsamata AtmasvarUpa bandhamokSa ke tattvaciMtako kI kalpanA kA anubhavamUlaka purAnA rUpa hai / sAkhya-yogasamata AtmasvarUpa una tattvacitako kI kalpanA kI dUsarI bhUmikA hai | advaitavAdasammata AtmasvarUpa sAkhya-yoga kI jIvabahuviSayaka kalpanA kA eka svarUpa me parimArjanamAtra hai, jaba ki nyAya - vaizeSikasammata AtmasvarUpa jaina aura sAkhyayoga kI kalpanA kA mizraNamAtra hai / bauddhasammata AtmasvarUpa jaina kalpanA kA hI tarkazodhita rUpa hai / ekatvarUpa cAritravidyA AtmA aura karma ke svarUpa ko jAnane ke bAda hI yaha jAnA jA sakatA hai ki AdhyAtmika utkrAnti me cAritra kA kyA sthAna hai / mokSatattvacitakoM ke anusAra cAritra kA uddezya AtmA ko karma se mukta karanA hI hai / cAritra ke dvArA karma se mukti mAna lene para bhI yaha prazna rahatA hI hai ki svabhAva zuddha aise AtmA ke sAtha pahale-pahala karma kA sambandha kaba aura kyo huA yA aisA sambandha kisane kiyA ? isI taraha yaha bhI prazna upasthita hotA hai ki svabhAva se zuddha aise Atmatattva ke sAtha yadi kisI-na-kisI taraha se karma kA saMbadha huA mAnA jAe to cAritra ke dvArA mukti siddha hone ke bAda bhI phira karmasabadha kyo nahI hogA ? ina do praznoM kA uttara AdhyAtmika sabhI

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jainadharma kA prANa citako ne lagabhaga eka-sA hI diyA hai / sAkhya-yoga ho yA vedAnta, nyAyavaizeSika ho yA bauddha ina sabhI darzano kI taraha jaina-darzana kA bhI yahI mantavya hai ki karma aura AtmAkA sambadha anAdi hai kyoki usa sabadha kA AdikSaNa sarvathA jJAnasImA ke bAhara hai| sabhIne yaha mAnA hai ki AtmA ke sAtha karma, avidyA yA mAyA kA sambandha pravAha rUpa se anAdi hai, phira bhI vyakti rUpa se vaha sabadha sAdi hai, kyoki hama sabakA aisA anubhava hai ki ajJAna aura rAga-dveSa se hI karmavAsanA kI utpatti jIvana me hotI rahatI hai / sarvathA karma chUTa jAne para jo AtmA kA pUrNa zuddharUpa prakaTa hotA hai usame puna karma yA vAsanA utpanna kyo nahI hotI isakA khulAsA tarkavAdI AdhyAtmika citako ne yo kiyA hai ki AtmA svabhAvata zuddhi-pakSapAtI hai / zuddhi ke dvArA cetanA Adi svAbhAvika guNo kA pUrNa vikAsa hone ke bAda ajJAna yA rAga-dveSa jaise doSa jar3a se hI ucchinna ho jAte hai, arthAt ve prayatnapUrvaka zuddhi ko prApta aise Atmatattva me apanA sthAna pAne ke lie sarvathA nirbala ho jAte hai| ___cAritra kA kArya jIvanagata vaiSamya ke kAraNo ko dUra karanA hai, jo jaina-paribhASA me 'savara' kahalAtA hai / vaipamya ke mUla kAraNa ajJAna kA nivAraNa AtmA kI samyak pratIti se hotA hai aura rAga-dveSa jaise klego kA nivAraNa mAdhyasthya kI siddhi se| isalie Antara cAritra me do hI bAte AtI hai : (1) Atma-jJAna-viveka-khyAti, (2) mAdhyasthya yA rAga-dveSa Adi klezo kA jaya / dhyAna, vrata, niyama, tapa Adi jo-jo upAya Antara cAritra ke poSaka hote hai ve hI bAhya cAritra rUpa se sAdhaka ke lie upAdeya mAne gae hai| ___AdhyAtmika jIvana kI utkrAnti Antara cAritra ke vikAsakrama para avalabita hai| isa vikAsakrama kA guNasthAna rUpa se jaina-paramparA me atyata vizada aura vistRta varNana hai| AdhyAtmika utkrAntikrama ke jijJAsuo ke lie yogazAstraprasiddha madhumatI Adi bhUmikAo kA, bauddhazAstraprasiddha sotApanna Adi bhUmikAo kA, yogavAsiSThaprasiddha ajJAna aura jJAnabhUmikAo kA, AjIvaka-paraparAprasiddha mada-bhUmi Adi bhUmikAo kA aura jaina-paraparA prasiddha guNasthAno kA tathA yogadRSTiyoM kA tulanAtmaka

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jainadharma kA prANa adhyayana bahuta rasaprada eva upayogI hai, jisakA varNana yahA~ sabhava nahI / jijJAsu anyatra prasiddha lekho se jAna sakatA hai| ___ mai yahA~ una caudaha guNasthAno kA varNana na karake sakSepa me tIna bhUmikAoM kA hI paricaya diye detA hai, jiname guNasthAno kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| pahalI bhUmikA hai bahirAtma, jisame AtmajJAna yA vivekakhyAti kA udaya hI nahI hotA / dUsarI bhUmikA antarAtma hai, jisame AtmajJAna kA udaya to hotA hai para rAga-dvepa Adi kleza mada hokara bhI apanA prabhAva dikhalAye rahate hai| tIsarI bhUmikA hai paramAtma, isame rAga-dveSa kA pUrNa uccheda hokara vItarAgatva prakaTa hotA hai| lokavidyA lokavidyA me loka ke svarUpa kA varNana hai| jIva-cetana aura ajIvaacetana yA jaDa ina do tattvo kA sahacArahI loka hai| cetana-acetana dono tattva na to kisIke dvArA kabhI paidA hue hai aura na kabhI nAza pAte hai, phira bhI svabhAva se pariNAmAntara pAte rahate hai / sasAra-kAla me cetana ke Upara adhika prabhAva DAlanevAlA dravya ekamAtra jaDa-paramANupuja pudgala hai, jo nAnArUpa se cetana ke sabadha me AtA hai aura usakI zaktiyo ko maryAdita bhI karatA hai / cetana tattva kI sAhajika aura maulika zaktiyA~ aisI hai jo yogya dizA pAkara kabhI-na-kabhI una jaDa dravyo ke prabhAva se use mukta bhI kara detI hai / jar3a aura cetana ke pArasparika prabhAva kA kSetra hI loka hai aura usa prabhAva se chuTakArA pAnA hI lokAnta hai| jaina-paraparA kI lokakSetraviSayaka kalpanA sAkhya-yoga, purANa aura bauddha Adi paraparAo kI kalpanA se aneka azo me milatI-julatI hai| jaina-paraparA nyAyavaizeSika kI taraha paramANuvAdI hai, sAkhyayoga kI taraha prakRtivAdI nahI hai, tathApi jaina-paraparAsammata paramANu kA svarUpa sAMkhya-paraparAsammata prakRti ke svarUpa ke sAtha jaisA milatA hai vaisA nyAya 1. bhAratIya darzanomAM AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama'--purAtattva 1, pR0 149 /

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jainadharma kA prANa - vaizeSikasammata paramANusvarUpa ke sAtha nahI milatA, kyoki jainasammata paramANu sAkhyasammata prakRti kI taraha pariNAmI hai, nyAyavaizeSikasammata paramANu kI taraha kUTastha nahI hai| isIlie jaise eka hI sAkhyasamata prakRti pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu Adi aneka bhautika sRSTiyo kA upAdAna banatI hai vaise hI jainasammata eka hI paramANu pRthvI, jala, teja Adi nAnArUpa meM pariNata hotA hai| jaina-paraparA nyAyavaizepika kI taraha yaha nahI mAnatI ki pArthiva, jalIya Adi bhautika paramANu mUla me hI sadA bhinnajAtIya hai / isake sivAya aura bhI eka antara dhyAna dene yogya hai / vaha yaha ki jainasammata paramANu vaizeSikasammata paramANu kI apekSA itanA adhika sUkSma hai ki anta me vaha sAkhyasammata prakRti jaisA hI avyakta bana jAtA hai / jaina-paraparA kA anata paramANuvAda prAcIna sAkhyasammata puruSabahutvAnurUpa prakRtibahutvavAda se dUra nahIM hai| jainamata aura Izvara jaina-paraMparA sAkhya-yoga-mImAsaka Adi paraparAoM kI taraha loka ko pravAharUpa se anAdi aura anata hI mAnatI hai| yaha paurANika yA vaizeSika mata kI taraha usakA sRSTisahAra nahI maantii| ataeva jaina-paraparA me kartAsahartA rUpa se Izvara jaisI svatatra vyakti kA koI sthAna hI nahI hai / jaina siddhAta kahatA hai ki pratyeka jIva apanI-apanI sRSTi kA Apa hI kartA hai| usake anusAra tAttvika dRSTi se pratyeka jIva me IzvarabhAva hai, jo mukti ke samaya prakaTa hotA hai| jisakA IzvarabhAva prakaTa huA hai vahI sAdhAraNa logo ke lie upAsya banatA hai / yogazAstrasamata Izvara bhI mAtra upAsya hai, kartA-sahartA nahI, para jaina aura yogazAstra kI kalpanA me antara hai| vaha yaha ki yogazAstrasammata Izvara sadA mukta hone ke kAraNa anya puruSoM se bhinna koTi kA hai, jabaki jainazAstrasamata Izvara vaisA nahIM hai| jaina - 1. paDdarzanasamuccaya guNaratnaTIkA (pR099)-"maulikasAkhyA hi AtmAnamAtmAna prati pRthak pradhAna vadanti / uttare tu sAMkhyAH sarvAtmasvapi ekaM nitya pradhAnamiti prpnnaa.|"

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jainadharma kA prANa zAstra kahatA hai ki prayatnasAdhya hone ke kAraNa hara koI yogya sAdhaka Izvaratva lAbha karatA hai aura sabhI mukta samAna bhAva se Izvara rUpa se upAsya hai / 42 vidyA aura pramANavidyA purAne aura apane samaya taka me jJAta aise anya vicArako ke vicAro kA tathA svAnubhavamUlaka apane vicAro kA satyalakSI saMgraha hI zrutavidyA hai / vidyA kA dhyeya yaha hai ki satyasparzI kisI bhI vicAra yA vicArasaraNI kI avagaNanA yA upekSA na ho| isI kAraNa se jaina- paraparA kI vidyA nava-nava vidyAo ke vikAsa ke sAtha vikasita hotI rahI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki zrutavidyA me sagrahanayarUpa se jahA~ prathama sAkhyasammata sadadvaita liyA gayA vahI brahmAdvaita ke vicAravikAsa ke vAda saMgrahanaya rUpa se brahmAdvaita ke vicAra ne bhI sthAna prApta kiyA hai / isI taraha jahA~ RjusUtra nayarUpa se prAcIna bauddha kSaNikavAda sagRhIta huA hai vahI Age ke mahAyAnI vikAsa ke bAda RjusUtra nayarUpa se vaibhASika, sautrAntika, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ina cAro prasiddha bauddha zAkhAo kA saMgraha huA hai / anekAntadRSTi kA kAryapradeza itanA adhika vyApaka hai ki isame mAnavajIvana kI hitAvaha aisI sabhI laukika - lokottara vidyAe~ apanA-apanA yogya sthAna prApta kara letI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina zrutavidyA me lokottara vidyAo ke alAvA laukika vidyAo ne bhI sthAna prApta kiyA hai / pramANavidyA me pratyakSa, anumiti Adi jJAna ke saba prakAro kA, unake sAdhanoM kA tathA unake balAbala kA vistRta vivaraNa AtA hai / isame bhI anekAntadRSTi kA aisA upayoga kiyA gayA hai ki jisase kisI bhI tattvacitaka ke yathArtha vicAra kI avagaNanA yA upekSA nahI hotI, pratyuta jJAna aura usake sAdhana se sabaMdha rakhanevAle sabhI jJAna- vicAro kA yathAvat viniyoga kiyA gayA hai / yahA~taka kA varNana jaina paraparA ke prANabhUta ahisA aura anekAnta saMbaMdha rakhatA hai / jaise zarIra ke binA prANa kI sthiti asabhava hai vaiseM hI

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jainadharma kA prANa 43 dharmazarIra ke sivAya dharmaprANa kI sthiti bhI asabhava hai| jaina-paraparA kA dharmazarIra bhI sagha-racanA, sAhitya, tIrtha, mandira Adi dharmasthAna, gilpasthApatya, upAsanAvidhi, grathasagrAhaka bhADAra Adi aneka rUpa se vidyamAna hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 116-131)

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: 3 : nirgrantha sampradAya kI prAcInatA zramaNa nirgrantha dharma kA paricaya brAhmaNa yA vaidika dharmAnuyAyI sapradAya kA virodhI saMpradAya zramaNa saMpradAya kahalAtA hai, jo bhArata me sambhavata vaidika sapradAya kA praveza hone ke pahale hI kisI-na-kisI rUpa me aura kisI-na-kisI pradeza me avazya maujUda thA / zramaNa sampradAya kI zAkhAe~ aura pratizAkhAe~ aneka thI, jiname sAkhya, jaina, bauddha, AjIvaka Adi nAma suvidita hai / purAnI aneka zramaNa sapradAya kI zAkhAe~ eva pratizAkhAe~, jo pahale to vaidika saMpradAya kI virodhinI rahI, ve eka yA dUsare kAraNa se dhIre-dhIre bilakula vaidika-sapradAya me ghulamila gayI hai / udAharaNa ke taura para hama vaiSNava aura zaiva saMpradAya kA sUcana kara sakate hai / purAne vaiSNava aura zaiva Agama kevala vaidika-sapradAya se bhinna hI na the, apitu usakA virodha bhI karate the / aura isa kAraNa se vaidika sapradAya ke samarthaka AcArya bhI purAne vaiSNava aura zaiva Agamo ko vedavirodhI mAnakara unheM vedabAhya mAnate the / para Aja hama dekha sakate hai ki ve hI vaiSNava aura zaiva- sapradAya tathA unakI aneka zAkhAe~ bilakula vaidika sampradAya me sammilita ho gaI hai / yahI sthiti sAkhya- sapradAya kI hai, jo pahale avaidika mAnA jAtA thA, para Aja vaidika mAnA jAtA hai / aisA hote hue bhI kucha zramaNa sapradAya abhI aise hai jo khuda apane ko a-vaidika hI mAna-manavAte haiM aura vaidika vidvAn bhI una sampradAyo ko avaidika hI mAnate Ae hai / ina sampradAyo me jaina aura bauddha mukhya hai / zramaNa sapradAya kI sAmAnya aura sakSipta pahacAna yaha hai ki vaha na to apauruSeya - anAdirUpa se yA Izvararacita rUpa se vedo kA prAmANya hI mAnatA hai aura na brAhmaNavarga kA jAtIya yA purohita ke nAte gurupada svIkAra karatA

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jainadharma kA prANa hai, jaisAki vaidika-sapradAya vedo aura brAhmaNa purohito ke bAre me mAnatA va svIkAra karatA hai| sabhI zramaNa-sapradAya apane-apane sampradAya ke puraskartArUpa se kisI-na-kisI yogyatama puruSa ko mAnakara usake vacanoM ko hI antima pramANa mAnate hai aura jAti kI apekSA guNa kI pratiSThA karate hue sanyAsI yA gRhatyAgIvarga kA hI gurupada svIkAra karate hai| _ nirgrantha saMpradAya hI jaina saMpradAya : kucha pramANa prAcInakAla se zramaNa-sampradAya kI sabhI zAkhA-pratizAkhAoM me guru yA tyAgIvarga ke lie nimnalikhita zabda sAdhAraNa rUpa se prayukta hote the : zramaNa, bhikSu, anagAra, yati, sAdhu, tapasvI, parivrAjaka, arhat, jina. tIrthakara Adi / bauddha aura AjIvaka Adi sapradAyo kI taraha jaina-saMpradAya bhI apane guruvarga ke lie uparyukta zabdo kA prayoga pahale se hI karatA AyA hai, tathApi eka zabda aisA hai ki jisakA prayoga jaina-sapradAya hI apane sAre itihAsa me pahale se Ajataka apane guruvarga ke lie karatA AyA hai| yaha zabda hai "nirgrantha" (niggantha)-jaina Agamo ke anusAra niggantha aura bauddha piTako ke anusAra niggaTha / jahaoNtaka hama jAnate hai, aitihAsika sAdhanoM ke AdhAra para kaha sakate hai ki jaina-paraparA ko choDakara aura kisI paraparA me guruvarga ke lie nirgrantha zabda supracalita aura rUr3ha huA nahI miltaa| isI kAraNa se jaina zAstra "niggatha pAvayaNa" arthAt 'nirgrantha pravacana' kahA gayA hai| kisI anya-sapradAya kA zAstra nirgrantha pravacana nahI kahA jaataa| Agamakathita nirgrantha sampradAya ke sAtha jitanA aura jaisA sIdhA saMbadha bauddha piTakoM kA hai utanA aura vaisA saMbadha vaidika yA paurANika sAhitya kA nahI hai / isake nimnalikhita kAraNa hai eka to-jaina sapradAya aura bauddha-sampradAya dono hI zramaNa saMpradAya hai| ataeva inakA sabadha bhrAtRbhAva jaisA hai| dUsarA-bauddha sapradAya ke sthApaka gautama buddha tathA nirgrantha sapradAya ke antima puraskartA jJAtaputra mahAvIra donoM samakAlIna the| ve kevala sama 1. AcArAga 1. 3. 1. 108 / 2. bhagavatI 9. 6. 383

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jainadharna kA prANa 46 kAlIna hI nahI, balki samAna yA eka hI kSetra me jIvanayApana karanevAle rahe / dono kI pravRtti kA dhAma eka pradeza hI nahI, balki eka hI zahara, eka hI muhallA aura eka hI kuTumba bhI rhaa| dono ke anuyAyI bhI Apasa me milate aura apane-apane pUjya puruSa ke upadezo tathA AcAro para mitrabhAva se yA pratispaddhabhAva se carcA bhI karate the / itanA hI nahI, balki aneka anuyAyI aise bhI hue jo dono mahApuruSo ko samAna bhAva se mAnate the / kucha aise bhI anuyAyI the jo pahale kisI eka ke anuyAyI rahe para bAda meM dUsare ke anuyAyI hue, mAno mahAvIra aura buddha ke anuyAyI aise paDausI yA aise kuTumbI the jinakA sAmAjika sabaMdha bahuta nikaTa kA thA / kahanA to aisA cAhie ki mAno eka hI kuTumba ke aneka sadasya bhinna-bhinna mAnyatAe~ rakhate the jaise Aja bhI dekhe jAte hai / " tIsarA -- nirgrantha sapradAya kI aneka bAto kA buddha ne tathA unake samakAlIna zipyo ne A~kho dekhA-sA varNana kiyA hai, bhale hI vaha khaNDanadRSTi se kiyA ho yA prAsaMgika rUpa se / ' isalie bauddhapiTakoM meM pAyA jAnevAlA nirgrantha sapradAya ke AcAravicAra kA nirdeza aitihAsika dRSTi se bahuta mUlyavAn hai / phira hama jaba bauddha phirakAgata nirgrantha sapradAya ke nirdezoM ko khuda nirgrantha pravacana rUpa se upalabdha Agamika sAhitya ke nirdezoM ke sAtha zabda aura bhAva kI dRSTi se milAte hai to isame sadeha nahI raha jAtA ki dono nirdeza pramANabhUta hai; bhale hI dono bAjuo me vAdi-prativAdibhAva rahA ho / jaisI bauddha piTakoM kI racanA aura sakalanA kI sthiti hai karIba-karIba vaisI hI sthiti prAcIna nirgrantha Agamo kI hai / buddha aura mahAvIra buddha aura mahAvIra samakAlIna the / donoM zramaNa sapradAya ke samarthaka the, phira bhI dono kA aMtara binA jAne hama kisI natIje para pahu~ca nahI sakate / pahalA atara to yaha hai ki buddha ne mahAbhiniSkramaNa se lekara apanA 1. upAsakadazAga a0 8 ityAdi / 2. majjhimanikAya, sutta 14, 56; dIghanikAya, sutta 29, 33 /

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jainadharma kA prANa 47 nayA mArga-dharmacakrapravartana kiyA, tabataka ke cha varSoM meM usa samaya pracalita bhinna-bhinna tapasvI aura yogI sapradAyo kA eka-eka karake svIkAra parityAga kiyA aura anta me apane anubhava ke bala para nayA hI mAga prasthApita kiyA, jabaki mahAvIra ko kulaparaparA se jo dharmamArga prApta thA usako svIkAra karake ve Age baDhe aura usa kuladharma me apanI sUjha aura zakti ke anusAra sudhAra yA zuddhi kI / eka kA mArga purAne patho ke tyAga ke bAda nayA dharma-sthApana thA to dUsare kA mArga kuladharma kA sazodhana mAtra thaa| isIlie hama dekhate hai ki buddha jagaha-jagaha pUrva svIkRta aura asvIkRta aneka patho kI samAlocanA karate hai aura kahate hai ki amuka patha kA amuka nAyaka amuka mAnatA hai, dUsarA amuka mAnatA hai, para mai isame sammata nahIM; mai to aisA mAnatA hU~ ityAdi / buddha ne piTaka-bhara me aisA kahI nahI kahA ki maiM jo kahatA hU~ vaha mAtra purAnA hai, mai to usakA pracAraka mAtra huuN| buddha ke sAre kathana ke pIche eka hI bhAva hai aura vaha yaha hai ki marA mArga khuda apanI khoja kA phala hai| jaba ki mahAvIra aisA nahI kahate, kyoki eka bAra pAzrvApatyiko ne mahAvIra se kucha prazna kie to unhone pArvApatyikoM ko pArzvanAtha ke hI vacana kI sAkSI dekara apane pakSa me kiyA hai|' yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ne apane mata ke sAtha dUsare kisI samakAlIna yA pUrvakAlIna mata kA samanvaya nahI kiyA hai, unhone kevala apane mata kI vizeSatAo ko dikhAyA hai ; javaki mahAvIra ne aisA nahIM kiyaa| unhone pArzvanAtha ke tatkAlIna sapradAya ke anuyAyiyo ke sAtha apane sudhAra kA yA parivartanoM kA samanvaya kiyA hai| isalie mahAvIra kA mArga pArzvanAtha ke sapradAya ke sAtha unakI samanvayavRtti kA sUcaka hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke bIca lakSya dene yogya dUsarA atara jIvanakAla kA hai| buddha 80 varSa ke hokara nirvANa ko prApta hue, jabaki mahAvIra 72 varSa ke hokr| aba to yaha sAbita-sA ho gayA hai ki buddha kA nirvANa pahale aura 1. majjhima0 56 / aguttara Vol. I, p. 206, Vol. III, p. 383. 2. bhagavatI 5. 9. 225 / 3. uttarAdhyayana a0 23 /

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jainadharma kA prAga mahAvIra kA pIche huA hai| isa taraha mahAvIra kI apekSA buddha kucha vRddha avazya the| itanA hI nahIM, para mahAvIra ne svatatra rUpa se dharmopadeza denA prArambha kiyA isake pahale hI buddha ne apanA mArga sthApita karanA zurU kara diyA thA / buddha ko apane mArga me nae-nae anuyAyiyoM ko juTAkara hI vala baDhAnA thA, jabaki mahAvIra ko nae anuyAyiyo ko banAne ke sivAya pArzva ke purAne anuyAyiyo ko bhI apane prabhAva me aura AsapAsa jamAe rakhanA thaa| tatkAlIna anya saba pantho ke matavyo kI pUrI cikitsA yA binA khaDana kie buddha apanI sagha-racanA me saphala nahIM ho sakate the, jabaki mahAvIra kA prazna kucha nirAlA thA, kyoki apane cAritra va tejobala se pArzvanAtha ke tatkAlIna anuyAyiyo kA mana jIta lene mAtra se hI ve mahAvIra ke anuyAyI bana hI jAte the / isalie nae-nae anuyAyiyoM kI bharatI kA savAla unake sAmane itanA tIvra na thA jitanA buddha ke sAmane thA / isalie hama dekhate hai ki buddha kA sArA upadeza dUsaroM kI AlocanApUrvaka hI dekhA jAtA hai| nirgrantha-paraMparA kA buddha para prabhAva baddha ne apanA mArga zurU karane ke pahale jina panthoM ko eka-eka karake chor3A uname eka nirgrantha patha bhI AtA hai / buddha ne apanI pUvajIvanI kA jo hAla kahA hai usako par3hane aura usakA jaina Agamo me varNita AcAro ke sAtha milAna karane se yaha ni sadeha rUpa se jAna par3atA hai ki buddha ne anya panyo kI taraha nirgrantha pantha meM bhI ThIka-ThIka jIvana bitAyA thA, bhale hI vaha svalpakAlIna hI rahA ho / buddha ke sAdhanAkAlIna prArambhika varSoM me mahAvIra ne to apanA mArga zurU kiyA hI na thA aura usa samaya pUrva pradeza me pArzvanAtha ke sivAya dUsarA koI nirgrantha pantha na thA / ataeva siddha hai ki buddha ne, thoDe hI samaya ke lie kyoM na ho, para pArzvanAtha ke nirgranthasaMpradAya kA jIvana vyatIta kiyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha jaba nirgrantha 1. vIrasaMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, 'bhAratIya vidyA', tRtIya bhAga, pR0 177 / 2. majjhima0 mu0 26 / pro0 kozAMbIkRta buddhacarita /

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jainadharma kA prANa sapradAya ke AcAra-vicAro kI samAlocanA karate hai taba nirgrantha sapradAya me pratiSThita aise tapa ke Upara tIna prahAra karate hai| aura yahI kAraNa hai ki nirgrantha sampradAya ke AcAra aura vicAra kA ThIka-ThIka usI sampradAya kI paribhASA me varNana karake ve usakA prativAda karate hai| mahAvIra aura buddha dono kA upadezakAla amuka samaya taka avazya hI eka paDatA hai / itanA hI nahIM, para ve dono aneka sthAno me binA mile bhI sAtha-sAtha vicarate hai| isalie hama yaha bhI dekhate hai ki piTako me 'nAtaputta niggaTha' rUpa se mahAvIra kA nirdeza AtA hai| cAra yAna aura bauddha saMpradAya bauddhapiTakAntargata 'dIghanikAya' aura 'sayuttanikAya' me nirgranthoM ke mahAvrata kI carcA AtI hai| 'dIghanikAya' ke 'sAmaJaphalasutta' meM zreNika-bibisAra ke putra ajAtazatru-kuNika ne jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke sAtha huI apanI mulAkAta kA varNana buddha ke samakSa kiyA hai, jisame jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke mukha se kahalAyA hai ki nirgrantha caturyAmasaMvara se sayata hotA hai, aisA hI nirgrantha yatAtmA aura sthitAtmA hotA hai| isI taraha sayattanikAya ke 'devadatta sayutta' me nika nAmaka vyakti jJAtaputra mahAvIra ko lakSya meM rakhakara buddha ke sammukha kahatA hai ki vaha jJAtaputra mahAvIra dayAlu, kuzala aura caturyAmayukta hai| ina bauddha ullekho ke AdhAra se hama itanA jAna sakate hai ki khuda buddha ke samaya me aura usake bAda bhI (bauddha piTakoM ne antima svarUpa prApta kiyA taba taka bhI) bauddha paraparA mahAvIra ko aura mahAvIra ke anya nimrantho ko caturyAmayukta samajhatI rhii| pAThaka yaha bAta jAna le ki yAma kA matalaba mahAvrata hai, jo yogazAstra (2 30) ke anusAra yama bhI kahalAtA hai / mahAvIra kI nirgrantha-paraparA Aja taka pA~ca mahAvratadhArI rahI hai aura pA~ca mahAvratI rUpa se hI zAstra meM tathA vyavahAra me prasiddha hai| aisI sthiti meM bauddhagrantho me mahAvIra aura anya nirgrantho kA caturmahAvratadhArI rUpa se jo kathana hai usakA kyA artha hai ?-yaha prazna apane-Apa hI paidA hotA hai| 1. dIgha0 su0 2 / 2. dIgha0 su0 2 / sayuttanikAya Vol. 1, p. 66.

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janadharma kA prANa isakA uttara hame upalabdha jaina Agamo se mila jAtA hai / upalabdha Agamo me bhAgyavaza aneka aise prAcIna stara surakSita raha gae hai jo kevala mahAvIra - samakAlIna nirgrantha- paraparA kI sthiti para hI nahI balki pUrvavartI pAzrvApatyika nirgrantha-paraparA kI sthiti para bhI spaSTa prakAza DAlate hai / 'bhagavatI' aura 'uttarAdhyayana' jaise Agamo meM varNana milatA hai ki pAravapityika nirgrantha-- jo cAra mahAvratayukta the uname se aneko ne mahAvIra kA zAsana svIkAra karake unake dvArA upadiSTa pA~ca mahAvratoM ko dhAraNa kiyA aura purAnI caturmahAvrata kI paraparA ko badala diyA, jabaki kucha aise bhI pArzvopatyika nirgrantha rahe jinhone apanI caturmahAvrata kI paraparA ko hI kAyama rkhaa| cAra ke sthAna me pA~ca mahAvrato kI sthApanA mahAvIra ne kyo kI aura kaba kI yaha bhI aitihAsika savAla hai / kyo kI-- isa prazna kA javAba to jaina grantha dete hai, para kaba kI-- isakA javAba ve nahI dete / ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha ina cAra yAmo -- mahAvrato kI pratiSThA bha0 pArzvanAtha ke dvArA huI thI, para nirgrantha paraparA me kramaza. aisA zaithilya A gayA ki kucha nirgrantha aparigraha kA artha sagraha na karanA itanA hI karake striyo kA saMgraha yA parigraha binA kie bhI unake samparka se aparigraha kA bhaga samajhate nahI the / isa zithilatA ko dUra karane ke lie bha0 mahAvIra ne brahmacarya vrata ko aparigraha se alaga sthApita kiyA aura caturthI vrata zuddhi lAne kA prayatna kiyA / mahAvIra ne brahmacaryavrata kI aparigraha se pRthak sthApanA apane tIsa varSa ke lambe upadeza - kAla me kaba kI yaha to kahA nahI jA sakatA, para unhone yaha sthApanA aisI balapUrvaka kI ki jisake kAraNa agalI sArI nirgrantha- paraparA paca mahAvrata kI hI pratiSThA karane lagI, aura jo ine-gine pAzrvApatyika nirgrantha mahAvIra ke paca mahAvratazAsana se alaga rahe unakA Age koI astitva hI na rahA / agara bauddha piTakoM meM aura jaina Agamo me cAra mahAvrata kA nirdeza va varNana na AtA to Aja yaha patA bhI na calatA ki pAravapityika nirgrantha- paraparA kabhI cAra mahAvratavAlI bhI thI / wh 1. 'utthAna' mahAvIrAka ( sthA0 jaina kAnpharensa, bambaI), pR0 46 | 2 . vahI /

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jainadharma kA prANa Upara kI carcA se yaha to apane-Apa vidita ho jAtA hai ki pAzrvApatyika nirgrantha-paraparA me dIkSA lenevAle jJAtaputra mahAvIra ne khuda bhI zurU me cAra hI mahAvrata dhAraNa kiye the, para sAmpradAyika sthiti dekhakara unhoMne usa viSaya me kabhI-na-kabhI sudhAra kiyA / isa sudhAra ke viruddha purAnI 'nirgrantha-paraparA me kaisI carcA yA tarka-vitarka hote the isakA AbhAsa hameM uttarAdhyayana ke kezi-gautama savAda se mila jAtA hai, jisame kahA gayA hai ki kucha pApityika nirgrantho me aisA vitarka hone lagA ki jaba pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kA dhyeya ekamAtra mokSa hI hai taba dono ke mahAvrata-viSayaka upadezo me antara kyo ?' isa udheDa-buna ko kezI ne gautama ke sAmane rakhA aura gautama ne isakA khulAsA kiyaa| kezI prasanna hue aura mahAvIra ke zAsana ko unhone mAna liyaa| itanI carcA se hama nimnalikhita natIje para saralatA se A sakate hai 1. mahAvIra ke pahale, kama-se-kama pArzvanAtha se lekara nirgrantha-paraparA me cAra mahAvrato kI hI prathA thI, jisako bha0 mahAvIra ne kabhI-na-kabhI badalA aura paoNca mahAvrata rUpa meM vikasita kiyaa| vahI vikasita rUpa Aja taka ke sabhI jaina phirako me nirvivAdarUpa se mAnya hai aura cAra mahAvrata kI purAnI prathA kevala grantho me hI surakSita hai| 2. khuda buddha aura unake samakAlIna yA uttarakAlIna sabhI bauddha bhikSu nirgrantha-paraparA ko ekamAtra caturmahAvratayukta hI samajhate the aura mahAvIra ke pacamahAvratasabadhI Atarika sudhAra se ve paricita na the| jo eka bAra buddha ne kahA aura jo sAmAnya janatA meM prasiddhi thI usIko ve apanI racanAo me doharAte ge| buddha ne apane sagha ke lie paoNca zIla yA vrata mukhya batalAe hai, jo sakhyA kI dRSTi se to nirgrantha paraparA ke yamo ke sAtha milate hai, para donoM me thor3A antara hai / antara yaha hai ki nirgrantha-paraparA me aparigraha pacama vrata hai, jabaki bauddha paraparA me madyAdi kA tyAga pA~cavAM zIla hai| yadyapi bauddhagrantho me bAra-bAra caturyAma kA nirdeza AtA hai, para mUla 1. uttarA0 23. 11-13, 23-27, ityAdi /

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jainadharma kA prANa 52 piTakoM meM tathA unakI aTThakathAo me caturyAma kA jo artha kiyA gayA hai vaha galata tathA aspaSTa hai / ' aisA kyo huA hogA ? -- yaha prazna Ae binA nahI rahatA / nirgrantha-paraparA jaisI apanI par3osI samakAlIna aura ati prasiddha paraparA ke cAra yamo ke bAre me bauddha granthakAra itane anajAna ho yA aspaSTa ho yaha dekhakara zurU-zurU me Azcarya hotA hai, para hama jaba sAmpradAyaka sthiti para vicAra karate hai taba vaha acaraja gAyava ho jAtA hai / haraeka sampradAya ne dUsare ke prati pUrA nyAya nahI kiyA hai / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki mUla me buddha tathA unake samakAlIna ziSya caturyAma kA pUrA aura saccA artha jAnate ho / baha artha sarvatra prasiddha bhI thA, isalie unhone usako batalAne kI AvazyakatA samajhI na ho, para piTako kI jyo- jyo sakalanA hotI gaI tyo tyoM caturyAma kA artha spaSTa karane kI AvazyakatA mAlUma huI / kisI bauddha bhikSu ne kalpanA se usake artha kI pUrti kI, vahI Age jyo-kItyoM piTako me calI AI aura kisIne yaha nahI socA ki caturyAma kA yaha artha nirgrantha- paraparA ko sammata hai yA nahI ? bauddho ke bAre me bhI aisA viparyAsa jaino ke dvArA huA kahI-kahI dekhA jAtA hai / kisI sampradAya ke mantavya kA pUrNa saccA svarUpa to usake grantho aura usakI paraparA se jAnA jA sakatA hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 50 59, 97 - 100 ) 1. dIgha0 su0 2 / dIgha0 sumagalA, pR0 167 // 2. sUtrakRtAga 1. 2. 2. 24-28 /

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:4: jaina saMskRti kA hRdaya saMskRti kA srota saskRti kA srota nadI ke aise pravAha ke samAna hai, jo apane prabhavasthAna se anta taka aneka dUsare choTe-moTe jala-sroto se mizrita, parivardhita aura parivartita hokara aneka dUsare mizraNo se bhI yukta hotA rahatA hai aura udgama-sthAna meM pAe jAnevAle rUpa, sparza, gandha tathA svAda Adi me kuchana-kucha parivartana bhI prApta karatA rahatA hai / jaina kahalAnevAlI saskRti bhI usa saskRti-sAmAnya ke niyama kA apavAda nahI hai / jisa saskRti ko Aja hama jaina saskRti ke nAma se pahacAnate hai, usake sarvaprathama AvirbhAvaka kauna the aura unase vaha pahale-pahala kisa svarUpa meM udgata huI isakA pUrApUrA sahI varNana karanA itihAsa kI sImA ke bAhara hai, phira bhI usa purAtana pravAha kA jo aura jaisA srota hamAre sAmane hai tathA vaha jina AdhAro ke paTa para bahatA calA AyA hai, usa srota tathA una sAdhanoM ke Upara vicAra karate hue hama jaina saskRti kA hRdaya thor3A-bahuta pahacAna yAte hai| jaina saMskRti ke do rUpa jaina saskRti ke bhI, dUsarI saskRtiyo kI taraha, do rUpa hai : eka bAhya aura dUsarA Antara / bAhya rUpa vaha hai jise usa saskRti ke alAvA dUsare loga bhI Akha, kAna Adi bAhya indriyoM se jAna sakate hai / para saskRti kA Antara svarUpa aisA nahI hotA, kyoki kisI bhI saskRti ke Antara svarUpa kA sAkSAt Akalana to sirpha usI ko hotA hai, jo use apane jIvana me tanmaya kara le| dUsare loga use jAnanA cAhe to sAkSAt darzana kara nahI sakate, para usa Antara saMskRtimaya jIvana bitAnevAle puruSa yA

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54 jainadharma kA prANa puruSo ke jIvana-vyavahAro se tathA AsapAsa ke vAtAvaraNa para paDanevAle unake asaro se ve kisI bhI Antara saskRti kA andAjA lagA sakate hai| yahA mujhe mukhyatayA jaina saskRti ke usa Antara rUpa kA yA hRdaya kA hI paricaya denA hai, jo bahudhA abhyAsajanita kalpanA tathA anumAna para hI nirbhara hai| jaina saMskRti kA bAhya svarUpa jaina saskRti ke bAharI svarUpa me, anya saskRtiyo ke bAharI svarUpa kI taraha, aneka vastuo kA samAveza hotA hai| zAstra, usakI bhApA, mandira, usakA sthApatya, mUrti-vidhAna, upAsanA ke prakAra, usame kAma AnevAle upakaraNa tathA dravya, samAja ke khAnapAna ke niyama, utsava, tyauhAra Adi aneka viSayo kA jaina samAja ke sAtha eka nirAlA savandha hai aura pratyeka viSaya apanA khAsa itihAsa bhI rakhatA hai / ye sabhI bAte bAhya saskRti kI aga hai, para yaha koI niyama nahI hai ki jahA~ aura jaba ye tathA aise dUsare aga maujUda ho vahA~ aura taba usakA hRdaya bhI avazya honA hI caahie| bAhya ago ke hote hue bhI kabhI hRdaya nahI rahatA aura bAhya ago ke abhAva me bhI saskRti kA hRdaya sabhava hai| isa dRSTi ko sAmane rakhakara vicAra karanevAlA koI bhI vyakti bhalI bhAti samajha sakegA ki jaina-saskRti kA hRdaya, jisakA varNana mai yahA~ karane jA rahA hU~, vaha kevala jaina samAjajAta aura jaina kahalAnevAle vyaktiyo me hI sabhava hai aisI koI bAta nahI hai| sAmAnya loga jinhe jaina samajhate hai yA jo apaneko jaina kahate hai, uname agara Antarika yogyatA na ho to vaha hRdaya sabhava nahI aura jaina nahIM kahalAnevAle vyaktiyo me bhI agara vAstavika yogyatA ho to vaha hRdaya saMbhava hai| isa taraha jaba saskRti kA bAhya rUpa samAja taka hI sImita hone ke kAraNa anya samAja me sulabha nahI hotA, taba saskRti kA hRdaya usa samAja ke anuyAyiyoM kI taraha itara samAja ke anuyAyiyo me bhI sabhava hotA hai| saca to yaha hai ki saskRti kA hRdaya yA usakI AtmA itanI vyApaka aura svatantra hotI hai ki use deza, kAla, jAta-pAta, bhASA aura rIti-rasma Adi na to sImita kara sakate hai aura na apane sAtha bAdha sakate hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa jaina saMskRti kA hRdaya nivartaka dharma aba prazna yaha hai ki jaina-saskRti kA hRdaya kyA cIz2a hai ? isakA sakSipta javAba yahI hai ki nivartaka dharma jaina saskRti kI AtmA hai / jo dharma nivRtti karAnevAlA arthAt punarjanma ke cakra kA nAza karAnevAlA ho yA usa nivRtti ke sAdhana rUpa se jisa dharma kA AvirbhAva, vikAsa aura pracAra haA ho vaha nivartaka dharma kahalAtA hai| isakA asalI artha samajhane ke lie hame prAcIna kintu samakAlIna itara dharma-svarUpo ke bAre me thor3A-sA vicAra karanA hogaa| dharmoM kA vargIkaraNa isa samaya jitane bhI dharma duniyA me jIvita hai yA jinakA thoDA-bahuta itihAsa milatA hai, una sabake Antarika svarUpa kA agara vargIkaraNa kiyA jAya to vaha mukhyatayA tIna bhAgo me vibhAjita hotA hai| 1. pahalA vaha hai, jo maujUdA janma kA hI vicAra karatA hai| 2 dUsarA vaha hai jo maujUdA janma ke alAvA janmAntara kA bhI vicAra karatA hai| 3. tIsarA vaha hai jo janma-janmAntara ke uparAnta usake nAza kA, yA uccheda kA bhI vicAra karatA hai| anAtmavAda Aja kI taraha bahuta purAne samaya me bhI aise vicAraka loga the jo vartamAna jIvana me prApta honevAle sukha se usa pAra kisI anya sukha ko kalpanA se na to prerita hote the aura na usake sAdhano kI khoja me samaya bitAnA ThIka samajhate the| unakA dhyeya vartamAna jIvana kA sukha-bhoga hI thA aura ve isI dhyeya kI pUrti ke lie saba sAdhana juTAte the| ve samajhate the ki hama jo kucha hai vaha isI janma taka hai aura mRtyu ke bAda hama phira janma le nahI sakate / bahuta huA to hamAre punarjanma kA artha hamArI santati kA cAlU rahanA hai / ataeva hama jo acchA karege usakA phala isa janma ke bAda bhogane ke vAste hame utpanna honA nahIM hai| hamAre kiye kA phala hamArI santAna

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jainadharma kA prANa yA hamArA samAja bhoga sakatA hai| ise punarjanma kahanA ho to hame koI Apatti nahI / aisA vicAra karanevAle varga ko hamAre prAcInatama zAstro me bhI anAtmavAdI yA nAstika kahA gayA hai / vahI varga kabhI Age jAkara cArvAka kahalAne lgaa| isa varga kI dRSTi meM sAdhya-puruSArtha ekamAtra kAma arthAt sukha-bhoga hI hai / usake sAdhana rUpa se vaha varga dharma kI kalpanA nahI karatA yA dharma ke nAma se taraha-taraha ke vidhi-vidhAno para vicAra nahIM krtaa| ataeva isa varga ko ekamAtra kAma-puruSArthI yA bahuta huA to kAma aura artha ubhayapuruSArthI kaha sakate hai / pravartaka dharma dUsarA vicArakavarga zArIrika jIvanagata sukha ko sAdhya to mAnatA hai, para vaha mAnatA hai ki jaisA maujUdA janma me sukha sambhava hai vaise hI prANI marakara phira punarjanma grahaNa karatA hai aura isa taraha janmajanmAntara me zArIrika mAnasika sukho ke prakarpa-apakarSa kI zRkhalA cala rahI hai| jaise isa janma meM vaise hI janmAntara me bhI hame sukhI honA ho yA adhika mukha pAnA ho, to isake lie hame dharmAnuSThAna bhI karanA hogaa| arthopArjana Adi sAdhana vartamAna janma me upakAraka bhale hI ho, para janmAntara ke ucca aura uccatara sukha ke lie hame dharmAnuSThAna avazya karanA hogaa| aisI vicArasaraNIvAle loga taraha taraha ke dharmAnuSThAna karate the aura usake dvArA paraloka tathA lokAntara ke ucca sukha pAne kI zraddhA bhI rakhate the / yaha varga AtmavAdI aura punarjanmavAdI to hai hI, para usakI kalpanA janma-janmAntara me adhikAdhika sukha pAne kI tathA prApta sukha ko adhika se adhika samaya taka sthira rakhane kI hone se usake dharmAnuSThAno ko pravartaka-dharma kahA gayA hai| pravartaka-dharma kA sakSepa me sAra yaha hai ki jo aura jaisI samAjavyavasthA ho use isa taraha niyama aura kartavya-baddha banAnA ki jisase samAja kA pratyeka sabhya apanI-apanI sthiti aura kakSA me sukha-lAbha kare aura sAtha hI aise janmAntara kI taiyArI kare ki jisase dUsare janma me bhI vaha vartamAna janma kI apekSA adhika aura sthAyI sukha pA ske| pravartaka-dharma kA uddezya samAjavyavasthA ke sAtha-sAtha janmAntara kA sudhAra karanA hai, na ki janmA

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jainadharma kA prANa ntara kA uccheda / pravartaka-dharma ke anusAra kAma, artha aura dharma ye tIna puruSArtha haiN| usame mokSa nAmaka cauthe puruSArtha kI koI kalpanA nahI hai| prAcIna IrAnI Arya jo avestA ko dharmagrantha mAnate the, aura prAcIna vaidika Arya, jo mantra aura brAhmaNarUpa vedabhAga ko hI mAnate the, ve saba ukta pravartakadharma ke anuyAyI hai| Age jAkara vaidika darzano me jo mImAMsA-darzana nAma se karmakANDI darzana prasiddha huA vaha pravartaka-dharma kA jIvita rUpa hai| nivartaka dharma nivartaka-dharma Upara sUcita pravartaka-dharma kA bilakula virodhI hai / jo vicAraka isa loka ke uparAnta lokAntara aura janmAntara mAnane ke sAthasAtha usa janmacakra ko dhAraNa karanevAlI AtmA ko pravartaka-dharmavAdiyoM kI taraha to mAnate hI the, para sAtha hI ve janmAntara me prApya ucca, uccatara ora cirasthAyI sukha se santuSTa na the, unakI dRSTi yaha thI ki isa janma yA janmAntara me kitanA hI U~cA sukha kyo na mile, vaha kitane hI dIrghakAla taka kyo na sthira rahe, para agara vaha sukha kabhI-na-kabhI nAza pAnevAlA he to phira vaha ucca aura cirasthAyI sukha bhI ata me nikRSTa sukha kI koTi kA hone se upAdeya ho nahIM sktaa| ve loga aise kisI sukha kI khoja me the jo eka bAra prApta hone ke bAda kabhI naSTa na ho| isa khoja kI sUjha ne unhe mokSa purupArtha mAnane ke lie bAdhita kiyaa| ve mAnane lage ki eka aisI bhI AtmA kI sthiti sabhava hai jise pAne ke bAda phira kabhI janmajanmAntara yA dehavAraNa karanA nahI pddtaa| ve AtmA kI usa sthiti ko mokSa yA janma-nivRtti kahate the| pravartaka-dharmAnuyAyI jina ucca aura uccatara dhArmika anuSThAno se isa loka tathA paraloka ke utkRSTa sukho ke lie prayatna karate the una dhArmika anuSThAnoM ko nivartaka-dharmAnuyAyI apane sAdhya mokSa yA nivRtti ke lie na kevala aparyApta hI samajhate, balki ve unheM mokSa pAne me bAdhaka samajhakara una saba dhArmika anuSThAnoM ko Atyantika heya batalAte the / uddezya aura dRSTi meM pUrva-pazcima jitanA antara hone se pravartaka-dharmAnuyAyiyo ke lie jo upAdeya thA vahI nivartaka-dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke lie heya bana gyaa| yadyapi mokSa ke lie pravartaka-dharma bAdhaka mAnA gayA,

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jainadharma kA prANa para sAtha hI mokSavAdiyo ko apane sAdhya mokSa-puruSArya ke upAya rUpa se kisI sunizcita mArga kI khoja karanA bhI anivArya rUpa se prApta thaa| isa khoja kI sUjha ne unheM eka aisA mArga, eka aisA upAya sujhAyA, jo kisI bAharI sAdhana para nirbhara na thA ; vaha ekamAtra sAdhaka ko apanI vicAra-zuddhi aura vartana-zuddhi para avalabita thaa| yahI vicAra aura vartana ko Atyantika zuddhi kA mArga nivartaka-dharma ke nAma se yA mokSa-mArga ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| hama bhAratIya saskRti ke vicitra aura vividha tAne-bAne kI jAca karate hai taba hameM spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI detA hai ki bhAratIya AtmavAdI darzano me karmakANDI mImAsaka ke alAvA sabhI nivartaka-dharmavAdI hai| avaidika mAne jAnevAle bauddha aura jaina-darzana kI saskRti to mUla me nivartaka-dharma svarUpa hai hI, para vaidika samajhe jAnevAle nyAya-vaize pika, sAkhya-yoga tathA aupaniSada darzana kI AtmA bhI nivartaka-dharma para hI pratiSThita hai| vaidika ho yA avaidika ye sabhI nivartaka-dharma pravartaka-dharma ko yA yajJayAgAdi anuSTAno ko anta me heya hI batalAte hai| aura ve sabhI samyak-jJAna yA AtmajJAna ko tathA AtmajJAnamUlaka anAsakta jIvanavyavahAra ko upAdeya mAnate hai eva usIke dvArA punarjanma ke cakra se chuTTI pAnA sabhatra batalAte hai| samAjagAmI pravartaka dharma Upara sUcita kiyA jA cukA hai ki pravartaka-dharma samAjagAmI thaa| isakA matalaba yaha thA ki pratyeka vyakti samAja me rahakara hI sAmAjika kartavya, jo aihika jIvana se sabandha rakhate hai, aura dhArmika kartavya, jo pAralaukika jIvana se sabandha rakhate hai, unakA pAlana kare / pratyeka vyakti janma se hI RSi-RNa arthAt vidyAdhyayana Adi, pitR-RNa arthAt satati-jananAdi aura deva-RNa arthAt yajJayAgAdi bandhanoM se Abaddha hai / vyakti ko sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM kA pAlana karake apanI kRpaNa icchA kA saMzodhana karanA iSTa hai, para usakA nirmUla nAza karanA na zakya aura na iSTa /

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jainadharma kA prANa 59 pravartaka dharma ke anusAra pratyeka vyakti ke lie gRhasthAzrama jarUrI hai / use lAgha kara koI vikAsa kara nahI sakatA / vyaktigAmI nivartaka dharma nivartaka-dharma vyaktigAmI hai / vaha AtmasAkSAtkAra kI utkRSTa vRtti me se utpanna hone ke kAraNa jijJAsu ko Atmatattva hai yA nahI, hai to vaha kaisA hai, usakA anya ke sAtha kaisA sabadha hai, usakA sAkSAtkAra sabhava hai to kina-kina upAyo se sabhava hai, ityAdi prazno kI ora prerita karatA 1 hai / ye prazna aise nahI hai ki jo ekAnta cintana, dhyAna, tapa aura asagatApUrNa jIvana ke sivAya sulajha sake / aisA saccA jIvana khAsa vyaktiyo ke ke lie hI sabhava ho sakatA hai / usakA samAjagAmI honA saMbhava nahI / isa kAraNa pravartaka-dharma kI apekSA nivartaka-dharma kA kSetra zurU me bahuta parimita rahA / nivartaka dharma ke lie gRhasthAzrama kA baMdhana thA hI nahI / vaha gRhasthAzrama binA kiye bhI vyakti ko sarvatyAga kI anumati detA hai, kyoki usakA AdhAra icchA kA sazodhana nahI para usakA nirodha hai ataeva nivartaka-dharma samasta sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyo se baddha hone kI bAta nahI mAnatA / usake anusAra vyakti ke lie mukhya kartavya eka hI hai aura vaha yaha ki jisa taraha ho AtmasAkSAtkAra kA aura usame rukAvaTa DAlanevAlI icchA ke nAza kA prayatna kare / nivartaka dharma kA prabhAva va vikAsa jAna paDatA hai, isa deza me jaba pravartaka - dharmAnuyAyI vaidika Arya pahale-pahala Aye taba bhI kahI na kahI isa deza me nivartaka-dharma eka yA dUsare rUpa pracalita thA / zurU me ina do dharma-sasthAo ke vicAro meM paryApta sagharSa rahA, para nivartaka-dharma ke ine-gine sacce anugAmiyo kI tapasyA, dhyAnapraNAlI aura asagacaryA kA sAdhAraNa janatA para jo prabhAva dhIre-dhIre baDha rahA thA usane pravartaka-dharma ke kucha anugAmiyo ko bhI apanI ora khIcA aura nivartaka-dharma kI sasthAo kA aneka rUpa me vikAsa honA zurU huA / isakA prabhAvakArI phala anta meM yaha huA ki pravartaka dharma ke AdhAra rUpa

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jainadharma kA prANa jo brahmacarya aura gRhastha do Azrama mAne jAte the unake sthAna meM pravartakadharma ke puraskartAo ne pahale to vAnaprastha sahita tIna aura pIche sanyAsa sahita cAra Azramo ko jIvana me sthAna diyA / nivartaka-dharma kI aneka sasthAo ke baDhate hue janavyApI prabhAva ke kAraNa anta me to yahA~ taka pravartaka-dharmAnuyAyI brAhmaNo ne vidhAna mAna liyA ki gRhasthAzrama ke bAda jaise sanyAsa nyAyaprApta hai vaise hI agara tIvra vairAgya ho to gRhasthAzrama binA kiye bhI sIdhe hI brahmacaryAzrama se pravrajyAmArga nyAyaprApta hai / isa taraha jo pravartaka-dharma kA jIvana me samanvaya sthira huA usakA phala hama dArzanika sAhitya aura prajAjIvana me Aja bhI dekhate hai / ___ samanvaya aura saMgharSaNa jo tattvajJa RSi pravataka-dharma ke anuyAyI brAhmaNo ke vazaja hokara bhI nivartaka-dharma ko pUre tora se apanA cuke the unhone cintana aura jIvana me nivartaka-dharma kA mahattva vyakta kiyaa| phira bhI unhone apanI paitRka sapattirUpa pravartaka-dharma aura usake AdhArabhUta vedo kA prAmANya mAnya rakhA / nyAyavaizeSika darzana ke aura aupaniSada darzana ke Adya draSTA aise hI tattvajJa RSi the| nivartaka-dharma ke koI-koI puraskartA aise bhI hue, jinhone tapa, dhyAna aura AtmasAkSAtkAra ke bAdhaka kriyAkADa kA to Atyatika virodha kiyA, para usa kriyAkANDa kI AdhArabhUta zruti kA sarvathA virodha nahIM kiyaa| aise vyaktiyo me sAkhyadarzana ke AdipuruSa kapila Adi RSi the / yahI kAraNa hai ki mUla me sAkhya-yoga darzana pravartakadharma kA virodhI hone para bhI anta me vaidika darzano me samA gyaa| samanvaya kI aisI prakriyA isa deza me zatAbdiyo taka clii| phira kucha aise AtyantikavAdI dono dharmo me hote rahe jo apane-apane pravartaka yA nivartaka-dharma ke alAvA dUsare pakSa ko na mAnate the aura na yukta batalAte the / bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke pahale bhI aise aneka nivartaka-dharma ke "puraskartA hue hai, phira bhI mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya me to isa deza me nivartaka-dharma kI poSaka aneka sasthAe~ thI aura dUsarI aneka naI 'paidA ho rahI thI, jo pravartaka-dharma kA ugratA se virodha karatI thii|

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jainadharma kA prANa aba taka nIca se U~ca taka ke vargoM me nivartana-dharma kI chAyA me vikAsa pAnevAle vividha taponuSThAna, vividha dhyAna-mArga aura nAnAvidha tyAgamaya AcAro kA itanA adhika prabhAva phailane lagA thA ki phira eka bAra mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya me pravartaka aura nivartaka-dharma ke bIca prabala virodha kI lahara uThI, jisakA sabUta hama jaina-bauddha vAGamaya tathA samakAlIna brAhmaNa vADa maya meM pAte hai| tathAgata buddha aise pakva vicAraka aura dRDha the ki jinhone kisI bhI taraha se apane nivartaka-dharma me pravartaka-dharma ke AdhArabhUta mantavyo aura zAstroM ko Azraya nahI diyaa| dIrgha tapasvI 'mahAvIra bhI aise hI kaTTara nivartaka-dharmI the| ataeva hama dekhate hai ki pahale se Aja taka jaina aura bauddha sampradAya me aneka vedAnuyAyI vidvAn brAhmaNa dIkSita hue, phira bhI unhone jaina aura bauddha vADamaya me veda ke prAmANyasthApana kA na koI prayatna kiyA aura na kisI brAhmaNagranthavihita yajJayAgAdi karmakANDa ko mAnya rakhA / nivartaka-dharma ke mantavya aura AcAra zatAbdiyo hI nahI balki sahasrAbdiyo pahale se lekara dhIre-dhIre nivartaka-dharma ke aGga-pratyaGgarUpa jina aneka mantavyo aura AcAro kA mahAvIra-buddha taka ke samaya me vikAsa ho cukA thA ve sakSepa me ye hai : 1. Atmazuddhi hI jIvana kA mukhya uddezya hai, na ki aihika yA pAralaukika kisI bhI pada kA mahattva / 2. isa uddezya kI pUrti meM bAdhaka AdhyAtmika moha, avidyA aura tajjanya tRSNA kA mUloccheda krnaa| 3. isake lie AdhyAtmika jJAna aura usake dvArA sAre jIvanavyavahAra ko pUrNa nistRSNa bnaanaa| isake liye zArIrika, mAnasika, vAcika vividha tapasyAo kA tathA nAnA prakAra ke dhyAna, yoga-mArga kA anusaraNa aura tIna-cAra yA pA~ca mahAvrato kA yAvajjIvana anuSThAna / 4. kisI bhI AdhyAtmika anubhavavAle manuSya ke dvArA kisI bhI bhASA meM kahe gaye AdhyAtmika varNanavAle vacano ko hI pramANa rUpa se

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62 jainadharma kA prANa mAnanA, na ki IzvarIya yA apauruSeya rUpa se svIkRta kisI khAsa bhASA me racita grantho ko| 5. yogyatA aura gurupada kI kasauTI eka mAtra jIvana kI AdhyAtmika zuddhi, na ki janmasiddha vrnnvishess| isa dRSTi se strI aura zUdra taka kA dharmAdhikAra utanA hI hai, jitanA eka brAhmaNa aura kSatriya puruSa kaa| 6. madya-mAsa Adi kA dhArmika aura sAmAjika jIvana me niSedha / ye tathA inake jaise lakSaNa, jo pravartaka-dharma ke AcAro aura vicAro se judA paDate the, ve deza me jaDa jamA cuke the aura dina-ba-dina vizeSa bala pakaDate jAte the| nirgrantha-sampradAya nyUnAdhika ukta lakSaNo ko dhAraNa karanevAlI aneka sasthAo aura sampradAyoM meM eka aisA purAnA nivartaka-dharmI sampradAya thA, jo mahAvIra ke pahale aneka zatAbdiyo se apane khAsa DhaGga se vikAsa karatA jA rahA thaa| usI sampradAya me pahale nAbhinandana RSabhadeva, yadunandana neminAtha aura kAzIrAjaputra pArzvanAtha ho cuke the yA ve usa sampradAya me mAnya puruSa bana cuke the| usa sampradAya ke samaya-samaya para aneka nAma prasiddha rhe| yati, bhikSu, muni, anagAra, zramaNa Adi jaise nAma to usa sampradAya ke lie vyavahRta hote the, para jaba dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra usa sampradAya ke mukhiyA bane taba sambhavata. vaha sampradAya nirgrantha nAma se vizeSa prasiddha huaa| yadyapi nivartaka-dharmAnuyAyI pantho me U~cI AdhyAtmika bhUmikA para pahuMce hue vyakti ke vAste 'jina' zabda sAdhAraNa rUpa se prayukta hotA thA, phira bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya me aura unake kucha samaya bAda taka bhI mahAvIra kA anuyAyI sAdhu yA gRhasthavarga 'jaina' (jinAnuyAyI) nAma se vyavahRta nahI hotA thaa| Aja jaina zabda se mahAvIrapoSita sampradAya ke 'tyAgI' va 'gRhastha' sabhI anuyAyiyoM kA jo bodha hotA hai isake lie pahale 'niggatha' aura 'samaNovAsaga' Adi jaise zabda vyavahRta hote the| anya sampradAyoM kA jaina-saMskRti para prabhAva ' indra, varuNa Adi svargIya deva-deviyo kI stuti, upAsanA ke sthAna

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jainadharma kA prANa me jaino kA Adarza hai niSkalaka manuSya kI upaasnaa| para jaina AcAra-vicAra me bahiSkRta deva-deviyA~ puna , gauNa rUpa se hI sahI, stuti-prArthanA dvArA ghusa hI gaI, jisakA ki jaina-saskRti ke uddezya ke sAtha koI bhI mela nahIM hai| jaina-paraparA ne upAsanA me pratIka rUpa se manuSya mUrti ko sthAna to diyA, joki usake uddezya ke sAtha sagata hai, para sAtha hI usake AsapAsa zRgAra va ADambara kA itanA sabhAra A gayA, joki nivRtti ke lakSya ke sAtha bilakula asagata hai| strI aura zUdra ko AdhyAtmika samAnatA ke nAte U~cA uThAne kA tathA samAja me sammAna va sthAna dilAne kA jo jainasaskRti kA uddezya rahA vaha yahA~ taka lupta ho gayA ki na kevala usane zUdro ko apanAne kI kriyA hI banda kara dI balki usane brAhmaNa-dharmaprasiddha jAti kI dIvAre bhI khaDI kii| yahaoNtaka ki jahA~ brAhmaNa-paraparA kA prAdhAnya rahA vahA~ to usane apane ghere me se bhI zUdra kahalAnevAle logoM ko ajaina kahakara bAhara kara diyA aura zurU me jaina-saskRti jisa jAtibheda kA virodha karane me gaurava samajhatI thI usane dakSiNa-jaise dezo me nae jAti-bheda kI sRSTi kara dI tathA striyo ko pUrNa AdhyAtmika yogyatA ke liye asamartha karAra diyA, joki spaSTata. kaTTara brAhmaNa-paraparA kA hI asara hai / mantra, jyotiSa Adi vidyAe~, jinakA jaina-saskRti ke dhyeya ke sAtha koI sabandha nahI, ve bhI jaina-saskRti me AI / itanA hI nahIM, balki AdhyAtmika jIvana svIkAra karanevAle anagAro taka ne una vidyAo ko apnaayaa| jina yajJopavIta Adi saskAro kA mUla me saskRti ke sAtha koI sabandha na thA ve hI dakSiNa hindustAna me madhyakAla me jaina-saskRti kA eka aga bana gae aura isake lie brAhmaNa-paraparA kI taraha jaina-paraparA me bhI eka purohitavarga kAyama ho gyaa| yajJayAgAdi kI ThIka taraha nakala karane vAle kriyAkANDa pratiSThA Adi vidhiyoM meM A ge| ye tathA aisI dUsarI aneka choTI-moTI bAte isalie ghaTI ki jaina-saskRti ko una sAdhAraNa anuyAyiyoM kI rakSA karanI thI jo dUsare virodhI sampradAyoM me se Akara usame zarIka hote the yA dUsare sampradAyo ke AcAra-vicAro se apane ko bacA na sakate the|

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64 jainadharma kA prANa aba hama thor3e meM yaha bhI dekheMge ki jaina-saskRti kA dUsaroM para kyA khAsa asara pdd'aa| jaina-saMskRti kA dUsaroM para prabhAva yoM to siddhAntata sarvabhUtadayA ko sabhI mAnate hai, para prANirakSA ke Upara jitanA jora jaina-paraparA ne diyA, jitanI lagana se usane isa viSaya me kAma kiyA usakA natIjA sAre aitihAsika yuga me yaha rahA hai ki jahA~jahA~ aura jaba-jaba jaina logo kA eka yA dUsare kSetra me prabhAva rahA sarvatra Ama janatA para prANirakSA kA prabala saskAra paDA hai| yahA~taka ki bhArata ke aneka bhAgo me apane ko ajaina kahanevAle tathA jaina-virodhI samajhe jAnevAle sAdhAraNa loga bhI jIva-mAtra kI hisA se napharata karane lage hai| ahisA ke isa sAmAnya saskAra ke hI kAraNa aneka vaiSNava Adi jainetara paraparAo ke AcAra-vicAra purAnI vaidika paraparA se bilakula judA ho gae hai| tapasyA ke bAre me bhI aisA hI huA hai / tyAgI ho yA gRhastha sabhI jaina tapasyA ke Upara adhikAdhika bala dete rahe hai / isakA phala par3osI samAjo para itanA par3A hai ki unhone bhI eka yA dUsare rUpa se anekavidha sAttvika tapasyAe~ apanA lI hai| aura sAmAnyarUpa se sAdhAraNa janatA jaino kI tapasyA kI ora AdarazIla rahI hai| yahA~ taka ki aneka bAra musalamAna samrAT tathA dUsare samartha adhikAriyo ne tapasyA se AkRSTa hokara jainasampradAya kA bahumAna hI nahIM kiyA hai, balki use aneka suvidhAe~ bhI dI hai| __ madya-mAsa Adi sAta vyasano ko rokane tathA unhe ghaTAne ke lie jainavarga ne itanA adhika prayatna kiyA hai ki jisase vaha vyasanasevI aneka jAtiyoM meM susaskAra DAlane meM samartha huA hai / yadyapi bauddha Adi dUsare sampradAya pUre bala se isa susaskAra ke lie prayatna karate rahe, para jaino kA prayatna isa dizA me Ajataka jArI hai aura jahA~ jaino kA prabhAva ThIka-ThIka hai vahA~ isa svaravihAra ke svatantra yuga me bhI musalamAna aura dUsare mAMsabhakSI loga bhI khullamakhullA mAsa-madya kA upayoga karane me sakucAte hai / lokamAnya tilaka ne ThIka hI kahA thA ki gujarAta Adi prAnto me jo prANirakSA aura nirmAsa-bhojana kA Agraha hai vaha jaina-paraparA kA hI prabhAva hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa jaina-vicArasaraNI kA eka maulika siddhAnta yaha hai ki pratyeka vastu kA vicAra adhikAdhika pahaluo aura adhikAdhika dRSTikoNo se karanA aura vivAdAspada viSaya me bilakula apane virodhI pakSa ke abhiprAya ko bhI utanI hI sahAnubhUti se samajhane kA prayatna karanA jitanI ki sahAnubhUti apane pakSa kI ora ho, aura anta me samanvaya para hI jIvana-vyavahAra kA phaisalA krnaa| yo to yaha siddhAnta sabhI vicArako ke jIvana meM eka yA dUsare rUpa se kAma karatA hI rahatA hai, isake sivAya prajAjIvana na to vyavasthita bana sakatA hai aura na zAntilAbha kara sakatA hai, para jaina vicArakoM ne isa siddhAnta kI itanI adhika carcA kI hai aura isapara itanA adhika jora diyA hai ki usase kaTTara-se-kaTTara virodhI saMpradAyo ko bhI kucha-na-kucha preraNA milatI hI rahI hai| rAmAnuja kA viziSTAdvaita upaniSad kI bhUmikA ke Upara anekAntavAda hI to hai / jaina-paraMparA ke Adarza jaina-saskRti ke hRdaya ko samajhane ke lie hame thoDe-se una AdarzoM kA paricaya karanA hogA jo pahale se Aja taka jaina-paraparA me ekase mAnya hai aura pUje jAte hai| sabase purAnA Adarza jaina-paraparA ke sAmane RSabhadeva aura unake parivAra kA hai| RSabhadeva ne apane jIvana kA sabase bar3A bhAga una javAbadehiyo ko buddhipUrvaka adA karane me bitAyA jo prajApAlana kI jimmedArI ke sAtha unapara A par3I thii| unhone usa samaya ke bilakula apar3ha logo ko likhanA-par3hanA sikhAyA, kucha kAma-dhandhA na jAnanevAle vanacaroM ko unhone khetI-bADI tathA baDhaI, kumhAra Adi ke jIvanopayogI dhandhe sikhAye, Apasa me kaise baratanA, kaise niyamo kA pAlana karanA yaha bhI sikhaayaa| jaba unako mahasUsa huA ki aba baDA putra bharata prajAzAsana kI saba javAbadehiyo ko nibAha legA taba use rAjya-bhAra saupakara gahare AdhyAtmika prazno kI chAnabIna ke lie utkaTa tapasvI hokara ve ghara se nikala pdd'e| RSabhadeva kI do putriyA~ brAhmI aura sundarI nAma kI thii| usa jamAne meM bhAI-bahana ke bIca zAdI kI prathA pracalita thii| sundarI ne isa prathA kA

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jainadharma kA prANa virodha karake apanI saumya tapasyA se bhAI bharata para aisA prabhAva DAlA ki jisase bharata ne na kevala sundarI ke sAtha vivAha karane kA vicAra hI chor3A, balki vaha usakA bhakta bana gyaa| Rgveda ke yamIsUkta me bhAI yama ne bhaginI yamI kI lagna-mAga ko asvIkAra kiyA, jabaki bhaginI sundarI ne bhAI bharata kI lagnamAga ko tapasyA me pariNata kara diyA aura phalata. bhAI-bahana ke lagna kI pratiSThita prathA nAmazeSa ho gii| ___ RSabha ke bharata aura vAhubalI nAmaka putro me rAjya ke nimitta bhayAnaka yuddha zurU huaa| anta me dvandva yuddha kA phaisalA huaa| bharata kA pracaNDa prahAra niSphala gyaa| jaba bAhubalI kI bArI AI aura samarthatara bAhubalI ko jAna paDA ki mere muSTiprahAra se bharata kI avazya durdazA hogI taba usane usa bhrAtRvijayAbhimukha kSaNa ko Atmavijaya me badala diyA / yaha socakara ki rAjya ke nimitta lar3AI me vijaya pAne aura vaira-prativaira tathA kuTumba-kalaha ke bIja bone kI apekSA saccI vijaya ahakAra aura tRSNAjaya me hI hai, usane apane bAhubala ko krodha aura abhimAna para hI jamAyA aura avaira se vaira ke pratikAra kA jIvanta dRSTAta sthApita kiyA / phala yaha huA ki anta me bharata kA bhI lobha tathA garva kharva huaa| eka samaya thA jabaki kevala kSatriyo me hI nahI para sabhI vargoM me mAsa khAne kI prathA thii| nityaprati ke bhojana, sAmAjika utsava, dhArmika anuSThAna ke avasaro para pazu-pakSiyo kA vadha aisA hI pracalita aura pratiSThita thA jaisA Aja nAriyalo aura phalo kA caDhAnA / usa yuga me yadunandana nemikumAra ne eka ajIba kadama utthaayaa| unhone apanI zAdI para bhojana ke liye katala kiye jAnevAle nirdoSa pazu-pakSiyo kI Arta maka vANI se sahasA pighalakara nizcaya kiyA ki ve aisI zAdI na karege jisame anAvazyaka aura nirdoSa pazu-pakSiyoM kA vadha hotA ho| usa gambhIra nizcaya ke sAtha ve sabakI sunI-anasunI karake bArAta se zIghra vApasa lauTa aae| dvArakA se sIdhe giranAra parvata para jAkara unhone tapasyA kii| kaumAravaya me rAjaputrI kA tyAga aura dhyAna-tapasyA kA mArga apanAkara unhone usa cira-pracalita pazu-pakSIvadha kI prathA para AtmadRSTAta se itanA sakhta prahAra kiyA jisase gujarAta-bhara me aura gujarAta ke prabhAvavAle dUsare prAntoM

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jainadharma kA prANa me bhI vaha prathA nAma-zeSa ho gaI aura jagaha-jagaha Ajataka calI AnevAlI pijarApolo kI lokapriya sasthAo meM parivartita ho gii| __ pArzvanAtha kA jIvana-Adarza kucha aura hI rahA hai| unhone eka bAra durvAsA jaise sahajakopI tApasa tathA unake anuyAyiyo kI nArAjagI kA khatarA uThAkara bhI eka jalate saoNpa ko gIlI lakaDI se bacAne kA prayatna kiyaa| phala yaha huA ki Aja bhI jaina prabhAvavAle kSetro me koI saoNpa taka ko nahIM maartaa| dIrgha tapasvI mahAvIra ne bhI eka bAra apanI ahisA-vRtti kI pUrI sAdhanA kA aisA hI paricaya diyA / jaba jagala me ve dhyAnastha khaDe the, eka pracaNDa viSadhara ne unhe Dasa liyaa| usa samaya ve na kevala dhyAna me acala hI rahe valki unhone maitrI-bhAvanA kA usa viSadhara para prayoga kiyA, jisase vaha "ahisApratiSThAyA tatsanighau vairatyAga" isa yogasUtra kA jIvita udAharaNa bana gyaa| aneka prasago para yajJayAgAdi dhArmika kAryo me honevAlI hiMsA ko to rokane kA bharasaka prayatna ve Ajanma karate hI rahe / aise hI Adarzo se jaina-saskRti utprANita hotI AI hai aura aneka kaThinAiyo ke bIca bhI usane apane AdarzoM ke hRdaya ko kisI-na-kisI taraha sa~bhAlane kA prayatna kiyA hai, jo bhArata ke dhArmika, sAmAjika aura rAjakIya itihAsa me jIvita hai| jaba kabhI suyoga milA tabhI tyAgI tathA rAjA, mantrI aura vyApArI Adi gRhastho ne jaina-saskRti ke ahiMsA, tapa aura sayama ke Adarzo kA apane Dhaga se pracAra kiyaa| saMskRti kA uddezya ___ saskRtimAtra kA uddezya hai mAnavatA kI bhalAI kI ora Age bddh'naa| yaha uddezya vaha tabhI sAdha sakatI hai jaba vaha apane janaka aura poSaka rASTra kI bhalAI me yoga dene kI ora sadA agrasara rhe| kisI bhI saskRti ke bAhya aGga kevala abhyudaya ke samaya hI panapate hai aura aise hI samaya ve AkarSaka lagate hai| para saskRti ke hRdaya kI bAta judI hai / samaya Aphata kA ho yA abhyudaya kA, usakI anivArya AvazyakatA sadA eka-sI banI rahatI hai| koI bhI saskRti kevala apane itihAsa aura purAnI yazogAthAo ke

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jainadharma kA prANa sahAre na jIvita raha sakatI hai aura na pratiSThA pA sakatI hai, jaba taka vaha bhAvI-nirmANa me yoga na de / ___ isa dRSTi se bhI jaina-saskRti para vicAra karanA sagata hai / hama Upara batalA Ae hai ki yaha saskRti mUlata pravRtti arthAt punarjanma se chuTakArA pAne kI dRSTi se AvirbhUta huI thii| isake AcAra-vicAra kA sArA DhAcA usI lakSya ke anukUla banA hai| para hama yaha bhI dekhate hai ki Akhira meM vaha saskRti vyakti taka sImita na rahI , usane eka viziSTa samAja kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| nivRtti aura pravRtti samAja koI bhI ho, vaha ekamAtra nivRtti kI bhUlabhulayoM para na jIvita raha sakatA hai aura na vAstavika nivRtti hI sAdha sakatA hai| yadi kimI taraha nivRtti ko na mAnanevAle aura sirpha pravRtticakra kA hI mahattva mAnanevAle Akhira me usa pravRtti ke taphAna aura AdhI me hI phasakara mara sakate haiM, to yaha bhI utanA hI saca hai ki pravRtti kA Azraya binA lie nivRtti havAI kilA hI bana jAtI hai| aitihAsika aura dArzanika satya yaha hai ki pravRtti aura nivRtti eka hI mAnava-kalyANa ke sikke ke do pahalU hai| doSa, galatI, burAI aura akalyANa se tabataka koI nahI baca sakatA jaba taka vaha doSanivRtti ke sAtha-hI-sAtha sadguNapreraka aura kalyANamaya pravRtti me pravRtta na ho| koI bhI bImAra kevala apathya aura kupathya se nivRtta hokara jIvita nahI raha sakatA, use sAtha-hI-sAtha pathyasevana karanA caahie| zarIra se dUSita rakta ko nikAla DAlanA jIvana ke liye agara jarUrI hai, to utanA hI jarUrI usameM nae rudhira kA sacAra karanA bhI hai| nivRttilakSI pravRtti RSabhadeva se lekara Ajataka nivRttigAmI kahalAnevAlI jaina-saskRti bhI jo kisI-na-kisI prakAra jIvita rahI hai vaha ekamAtra nivRtti ke bala para nahI, kintu kalyANakArI pravRtti ke sahAre hii| yadi pravartaka-dharmI brAhmaNo ne nivRtti-mArga ke sundara tattvoM ko apanAkara eka vyApaka kalyANakArI saMskRti kA nirmANa kiyA hai, jo gItA meM ujjIvita hokara Aja

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69 jainadharma kA prANa nae upayogI svarUpa me gAdhIjI ke dvArA punaH apanA saMskaraNa kara rahI hai, to nivRttilakSI jaina-saskRti ko bhI kalyANAbhimukha Avazyaka pravRttiyoM kA mahArA lekara hI Aja kI badalI huI paristhiti me jInA hogA / jainasaskRti me tattvajJAna aura AcAra ke jo mUla niyama hai aura vaha jina AdarzoM ko Ajataka pUjI mAnatI AI hai unake AdhAra para vaha pravRtti kA aisA magalamaya yoga sAdha sakatI hai jo sabake lie kSemakara ho|| jaina-paraparA me prathama sthAna hai tyAgiyo kA, dUsarA sthAna hai gRhasthoM kaa| tyAgiyo ko jo paoNca mahAvrata dhAraNa karane kI AjJA hai vaha adhikAdhika sadguNo me pravRtti karane kI yA sadguNa-poSaka pravRtti ke lie bala paidA karane kI prAthamika zarta mAtra hai| hiMsA, asatya, corI, parigraha Adi dopo se binA bace sadguNo me pravRtti ho hI nahI sakatI aura sadguNapoSaka pravRtti ko binA jIvana me sthAna diye hisA Adi se bace rahanA bhI sarvathA asambhava hai| jo vyakti sArvabhauma mahAvrato ko dhAraNa karane kI zakti nahI rakhatA usake lie jaina-paraparA me aNuvrato kI sRSTi karake dhIre-dhIre nivRtti kI ora Age bar3hane kA mArga bhI rakhA hai| aise gRhasthoM ke lie hisA Adi dopo se azata bacane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| usakA matalaba yahI hai ki gRhastha pahale doSo se bacane kA abhyAsa kare, para sAtha hI yaha Adeza hai ki jisa-jisa doSa ko ve dUra kare usa-usa doSa ke virodhI sadguNo ko jIvana me sthAna dete jAe~ / hiMsA ko dUra karanA ho to prema aura Atmaupamya ke sadguNa ko jIvana me vyakta karanA hogaa| satya binA bole aura satya bolane kA bala binA pAe asatya se nivRtti kaise hogI? parigraha aura lobha se bacanA ho to santoSa aura tyAga jaisI guNapoSaka pravattiyoM me apane-Apako khapAnA hI hogaa| saskRtimAtra kA saketa lobha aura moha ko ghaTAne va nirmUla karane kA hai, na ki pravRtti ko nirmUla karane kaa| vahI pravRtti tyAjya hai jo Asakti ke vinA kabhI sabhava hI nahI, jaise kAmAcAra va vaiyaktika parigraha aadi| jo pravRttiyA~ samAja kA dhAraNa, poSaNa, vikasana karanevAlI hai ve AsaktipUrvaka aura Asakti ke sivAya bhI sabhava hai| ataeva saskRti Asakti ke tyAgamAtra kA saketa karatI hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 132-142)

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: 5: jaina tattvajJAna vizva ke bAhya eva Antarika svarUpa ke viSaya me tathA sAmAnya eva vyApaka niyamo ke sambandha me tAttvika dRSTi se vicAraNA hI tattvajJAna hai| aisA nahI hai ki aisI vicAraNA kisI eka deza, kisI eka jAti yA kimI eka prajA me hI paidA hotI ho aura kramaza vikAsa pAtI ho, parantu isa prakAra kI vicAraNA manuSyatva kA viziSTa svarUpa hone se usakA jaldI yA dera se pratyeka deza meM basanevAlI pratyeka jAti kI mAnavaprajA me kamobeza aza me udbhava hotA hai| aisI vicAraNA bhinna-bhinna prajAo ke pArasparika sasarga ke kAraNa, aura kabhI-kabhI to sarvathA svatatra rUpa se bhI, vizeSa vikasita hotI hai tathA sAmAnya bhUmikA me se gujarakara vaha aneka rUpo me prasphuTita hotI hai / __ prArambha se lekara Aja taka bhUmaNDala para mAnavajAti ne jo tAttvika vicAraNAe~ kI hai ve sabhI Aja vidyamAna nahI hai tathA una saba vicAraNAo kA Rmika itihAsa bhI pUrNa rUpa se hamAre samakSa nahI hai, phira bhI isa samaya jo kucha sAmagrI hamAre sAmane upasthita hai aura usa viSaya me hama jo kucha thoDA-bahuta jAnate hai, usa para se itanA to nirvivAda rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki tattvacintana kI bhinna-bhinna eva paraspara virodhI pratIta honevAlI cAhe jitanI dhArAe~ kyo na ho, parantu una sabhI vicAradhArAo kA sAmAnya svarUpa eka hai aura vaha hai vizva ke bAhya eva Antarika svarUpa ke sAmAnya tathA vyApaka niyamo ke rahasya kI zodha krnaa| tattvajJAna kI utpatti kA mUla koI eka mAnava-vyakti prArambha se hI pUrNa nahI hotA, vaha bAlya Adi bhinna-bhinna avasthAo me se gujarakara aura isa prakAra apane anubhavo ko

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jainadharma kA prANa baDhAkara kramaza pUrNatA kI dizA meM Age bar3hatA hai| yahI bAta manuSyajAti ke bAre me bhI hai| manuSyajAti me bhI bAlya Adi kramika avasthAe~ apekSAvizeSa se hotI hI hai| usakA jIvana vyakti ke jIvana kI apekSA atyanta lambA aura vizAla hone se usakI bAlya Adi avasthAo kA samaya bhI utanA hI lambA ho yaha svAbhAvika hai| manuSyajAti ne jaba prakRti kI goda me janma liyA aura pahale-pahala bAhya vizva kI ora A~khe kholakara dekhA, taba usake sAmane adbhuta eva camatkArI vastue~ tathA ghaTanAe~ upasthita huii| eka ora sUrya, candra aura agaNita tArAmaNDala tayA dUsarI ora samudra, parvata, vizAla nadIpravAha aura mevagarjanA eva bijalI kI cakAcaudha ne usa kA dhyAna AkarSita kiyaa| mAnava kA mAnasa ina saba sthUla padArtho ke sUkSma cintana me pravRtta huA aura unake bAre me aneka prazna usake mana me paidA hone lge| mAnava-mAnasa me jaise bAhya vizva ke gUDha eva atisUkSma svarUpa ke viSaya me tathA usake sAmAnya niyamo ke viSaya me vividha prazna utpanna hue, vaise Antarika vizva ke gUDha eva atisUkSma svarUpa ke bAre me bhI usake mana me vividha prazna paidA hura / ina prazno kI utpatti hI tattvajJAna kI utpatti kA prathama sopAna hai| ye prazna cAhe jitane ho aura kAlakrama se uname se dUsare mukhya eva upaprazna bhI cAhe jitane paidA hue ho, parantu sAmAnya rUpa se ye saba prazna sakSepa me nimna prakAra se dikhalAye jA sakate hai| tAttvika prazna satata parivartanazIla pratIta honevAlA yaha bAhya vizva kaba utpanna huA hogA ? kisa me se utpanna huA hogA? apane Apa utpanna huA hogA yA phira kisI ne utpanna kiyA hogA? aura utpanna na huA ho to kyA yaha vizva aisA hI thA aura aisA hI rahegA? yadi usake kAraNa ho to ve svaya parivartana-rahita zAzvata hI hone cAhie yA parivartanazIla hone cAhie ? aura ve kAraNa bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke hI hoge yA phira samagra bAhya vizva kA kAraNa kevala ekarUpa hI hogA? isa vizva kI vyavasthita eva niyamabaddha jo sacAlanA aura racanA dikhAI detI hai vaha buddhipUrvaka honI cAhie athavA yatravat anAdisiddha honI cAhie ? yadi buddhipUrvaka vizvavyavasthA ho to vaha

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72 . jainadharma kA prANa kisa kI buddhi kI apekSA rakhanI hai ? kyA vaha buddhimAna tattva svaya taTastha rahakara vizva kA niyamana karatA hai yA vaha svaya vizva ke rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai athavA dikhatA hai ? ____ isI prakAra Antarika vizva ke bAre me bhI prazna hue ki jo isa bAhya vizva kA upabhoga karatA hai yA jo bAhya vizva ke bAre me vicAra karatA hai vaha tattva kyA hai ? kyA vaha aha rUpa se pratibhAsita tattva bAhya vizva ke jaisI hI prakRti kA hai athavA kisI bhinna svabhAva kA hai ? yaha Antarika tattva anAdi hai athavA vaha bhI kabhI kisI anya kAraNa me se utpanna huA hai ? aura, aha rUpa se bhAsita aneka tattva vastuta bhinna hI hai athavA kisI eka mUla tattva kI nirmiti hai ? ye sabhI sajIva tattva vastuta bhinna ho to ve parivartanazIla hai yA mAtra kUTastha hai ? ina tattvo kA kabhI anta hogA yA phira kAla kI dRSTi se ye antarahita hI hai ? isI prakAra ye saba dehamaryAdita tattva vAstava meM deza kI dRSTi se vyApaka hai yA parimita hai ? ye aura inake jaise dUsare aneka prazna tattvacintana ke pradeza me upasthita hue| ina sabakA athavA ina me se katipaya kA uttara hama bhinna-bhinna prajAo ke tAttvika cintana ke itihAsa me aneka prakAra se dekhate haiM / yUnAnI vicArako ne atiprAcIna samaya se ina prazno kI chAnabIna zurU kii| unake cintana kA aneka rUpo meM vikAsa huA, jisakA pAzcAtya tattvajJAna me khAsa mahattva kA sthAna hai / AryAvarta ke vicArako ne to yUnAnI cintako ke hajAro varSa pahale se ina prazno ke uttara pAne ke vividha prayatna kiye, jinakA itihAsa hamAre samakSa spaSTa hai| uttaroM kA saMkSipta vargIkaraNa Arya vicArako dvArA eka-eka prazna ke bAre me diye gaye bhinna-bhinna uttara aura unake bAre meM bhI matabheda kI zAkhAe~ apAra hai, parantu sAmAnya rUpa se sakSepa me una uttaro kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai . eka vicArapravAha aisA zurU huA ki vaha bAhya vizva ko janya mAnatA, parantu vaha vizva kisI kAraNa me se sarvathA navIna-pahale na ho vaisIutpatti kA inkAra karatA aura kahatA ki jaise dUdha me makkhana chipA rahatA

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jainadharma kA prANa 73 hai aura kabhI usakA AvirbhAva mAtra hotA hai, vaise yaha samagra sthUla vizva kisI sUkSma kAraNa me se AvirbhUta mAtra hotA rahatA hai aura vaha mUla kAraNa to svata.siddha anAdi hai| dUsarA vicArapravAha aisA mAnatA ki yaha bAhya vizva kisI eka kAraNa se paidA nahI hotA / svabhAva se hI bhinna-bhinna aise usake aneka kAraNa hai| aura una kAraNo me bhI vizva dUdha me makkhana kI taraha chipA huA nahI thA, parantu jaise lakaDiyo ke alaga-alaga TukaDo se eka nayI hI gAr3I taiyAra hotI hai, vaise bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke mUla kAraNo ke sazleSaNa-vizleSaNo se yaha bAhya vizva sarvathA navIna hI utpanna hotA hai| pahalA pariNAmavAdI aura dUsarA kAryavAdI athavA ArambhavAdI-ye dono vicArapravAha yadyapi bAhya vizva ke AvirbhAva athavA utpatti ke viSaya me matabheda rakhate the, tathApi Antarika vizva ke svarUpa ke bAre me sAmAnyata. ekamata the| ye dono aisA mAnate the ki aha nAmaka Atmatattva anAdi hai| na to vaha kinI kA pariNAma hai aura na vaha kisI kAraNa me se utpanna huA hai / jaise vaha Atmatattva anAdi hai vaine hI deza eva kAla ina dono dRSTiyo se vaha ananta bhI hai, aura vaha Atmatattva dehabheda se bhinna-bhinna hai, vAstava meM vaha 'eka nahIM hai / tIsarA vicAra pravAha aimA bhI thA ki jo bAhya tattva aura Antarika jIva-jagata dono ko kisI eka akhaNDa sat tattva kA pariNAma mAnatA aura bAhya athavA Antarika jagata kI prakRti yA kAraNa me mUlataH kisI bhI prakAra ke bheda mAnane se inkAra karatA thaa| jaina vicArapravAha kA svarUpa uparyukta tIna vicArapravAhI ko hama anukrama se prakRtivAdI, paramANuvAdI aura brahmavAdI kaha sakate hai / iname se prArambha ke do vicArapravAhoM se vizeSa milatA-julatA aura phira bhI unase bhinna eka cauthA vicArapravAha bhI unake sAtha pracalita thaa| vaha vicArapravAha thA to paramANuvAdI, parantu vaha dUsare vicAra-pravAha kI bhAti bAhya vizva ke kAraNabhUta paramANuoM ko mUlataH bhinna-bhinna mAnane ke pakSa me na thA, mUlataH sabhI paramANu

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jainadharma kA prANa eka jaisI prakRti ke hai aisA vaha mAnatA thA / aura paramANuvAda kA svIkAra karane para bhI usame se sirpha vizva utpanna hI hotA hai aisA na mAnakara, prakRtivAdI kI bhA~ti pariNAma aura AvirbhAva mAnaneM ke kAraNa, vaha aisA kahatA ki paramANupuja me se bAhya vizva svata pariNata hotA hai / isa prakAra isa cauthe vicAra pravAha kA jhukAva paramANuvAda kI bhUmikA para prakRtivAda ke pariNAma kI mAnyatA kI ora thA / usakI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI thI ki vaha samasta bAhya vizva ko AvibhavivAlA na mAnakara usame se aneka kAryo ko utpattizIla bhI mAnatA thA / vaha aisA bhI kahatA thA ki bAhya vizva meM kitanI hI vastue~ aisI bhI hai, for fair Satna ke paramANurUpa kAraNoM meM se utpanna hotI hai / vaisI vastue~ tila me se tela kI taraha apane kAraNo me se kevala AvirbhUta hotI hai, parantu sarvathA nayI paidA nahI hotI, jabaki bAhya vizva meM aisI bhI bahuta-sI vastue~ hai, jo apane jaDa kAraNo me se utpanna hotI hai, parantu apanI utpatti me kisI puruSa ke prayatna kI apekSA bhI rakhatI hai / jo padArtha puruSa ke prayatna kI sahAyatA se janma lete hai ve apane jaDa kAraNo metila me tela kI bhA~ti chipe hue nahI hote, parantu ve to sarvathA navIna hI utpanna hote hai | jaba koI bauI lakaDiyo ke alaga-alaga TukaDe ikaDe karake unase eka meja taiyAra karatA hai taba vaha meja lakaDiyo ke TukaDo me, tila me tela kI bhA~ti, chipI nahIM hotI, para meja banAnevAle baDaI kI buddhi me kalpanA ke rUpa me hotI hai aura vaha lakaDI ke TukaDo ke dvArA murtarUpa dhAraNa karatI hai / yadi baDhaI cAhatA to lakaDiyo ke unhI TukaDo se meja na banAkara gAya, gADI yA dUsarI koI cIja banA sakatA thA / tila meM se tela nikAlane kI bAta isase sarvathA bhinna hai / koI cAhe jitanA vicAra kare yA cAhe, to bhI vaha tila me se ghI yA makkhana nahI nikAla sakatA | isa prakAra prastuta cauthA vicAra pravAha paramANuvAdI hone para bhI eka ora pariNAma eva AvirbhAva mAnane ke bAre me prakRtivAdI kI vicAra pravAha ke sAtha mela khAtA hai, to dUsarI ora kArya eva utpatti ke bAre me paramANuvAdI vicAra pravAha ke sAtha mela khAtA hai / yaha to bAhya vizva ke bAre meM cauthe vicArapravAha kI mAnyatA kA nirdeza 74

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janadharma kA prANa 75 kiyA, parantu Atmatattva ke bAre me to usakI mAnyatA uparyukta tInoM vicArapravAho se bhinna hI thI / vaha mAnatA thA ki dehabheda se AtmA bhinna hai, parantu ve sabhI AtmA dezadRSTi se vyApaka nahI hai tathA kevala kUTastha bhI nahI hai / vaha aisA mAnatA thA ki jaise bAhya vizva parivartanazIla hai vaise AtmA bhI pariNAmI hone se satata parivartanazIla hai / Atmatattva sakocavistArazIla bhI hai aura isIlie vaha dehaparimANa hai / yaha cothA vicArapravAha hI jaina tattvajJAna kA prAcIna mUla hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pahale bahuta samaya se yaha vicArapravAha calA A rahA thA aura vaha apane DhaMga se vikAsa sAdhatA tathA sthira hotA jA rahA thaa| Aja isa cauthe vicArapravAha kA jo spaSTa, vikasita aura sthiraM rUpa hame upalabdha prAcIna yA arvAcIna jaina zAstro me dRSTigocara hotA hai vaha adhikAzataH bhagavAna mahAvIra ke cintana kA pariNAma hai| jaina mana kI zvetAmbara aura digambara ye do mukhya zAkhAe hai / dono kA sAhitya alaga-alaga hai, parantu jaina tattvajJAna kA jo svarUpa sthira huA hai vaha binA tanika bhI parivartana ke eka-sA hI rahA hai / yahA~ eka khAsa bAta ullekhanIya hai aura vaha yaha ki vaidika aura bauddha mata me aneka zAkhA prazAkhAe huI hai / uname se kaI to eka-dUsare se bilakula virodhI mantavya bhI rakhatI hai| ina saba bhedo me vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaidika eva bauddha mata kI sabhI zAkhAoM me AcAraviSayaka matabheda ke atirikta tattvacintana ke bAre me kucha-na-kucha matabheda pAyA jAtA hai, jabaki jaina mata ke sabhI bheda-prabheda kevala AcArabheda para AdhArita hai; uname tattvacintana ke bAre me koI maulika matabheda aba taka dekhA-sunA nahI gayA / kevala Arya tattvacintana ke itihAsa me hI nahI, parantu mAnavIya tattva- cintana ke samagra itihAsa me yaha eka hI aisA dRSTAta hai ki itane lambe samaya ke viziSTa itihAsa ke bAvajUda bhI jisake tattvacintana kA pravAha maulika rUpa se akhaNDita hI rahA ho / paurastya aura pAzcAtya tatvajJAna kI prakRti kI tulanA tattvajJAna paurastya ho yA pAzcAtya, sabhI ke itihAsa me hama dekhate hai ki yaha kevala jagata, jIva aura Izvara ke svarUpacintana me hI parisamApta

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76 jainadharma kA prANa nahI hotA, parantu apane vartula me cAritrakA prazna bhI hAtha para letA hai| kamoveza aza me, eka yA dUsare rUpa me, pratyeka tattvajJAna meM jIvana-zodhana kI mImAsA kA samAveza hotA hai / alabattA, pUrvIya aura pazcimIya tattvajJAna ke vikAsa me hama isa bAre me thoDA antara bhI dekhate hai / yUnAnI tattvacitana kA prArambha mAtra vizva ke svarUpa vipayaka prazno me se hotA hai| Age jAkara IsAiyata ke sAtha usakA sambandha juDane para usame jIvanazodhana kA prazna bhI dAkhila hotA hai aura phira bAda me to pazcimIya tattvacintana kI eka zAkhA meM jIvana-zodhana kI mImAsA bhI khAsa mahattva kA bhAga letI hai / TheTha arvAcIna mamaya taka bhI romana ketholika sampradAya me tattvacintana ko jIvana-yodhana ke vicAra ke sAtha sakalita hama dekha sakate hai| parantu Arya tattvajJAna ke itihAsa me hama eka khAsa vizaSetA dekhate hai aura vaha yaha ki Arya tattvajJAna kA prArambha hI mAno jIvana-zovana ke prazna me se huA ho aisA lagatA hai, kyoki Arya tattvajJAna kI vaidika, bauddha eva jaina ina tIno mukhya zAkhAo me eka samAna rUpa se tattvacintana ke sAtha jIvanazodhana kA cintana jur3A huA hai| AryAvarta me koI bhI darzana aisA nahIM hai, jo kevala vizvacintana karake santoSa mAnatA ho, parantu isase ulTA hama dekhate hai ki pratyeka mukhya tathA usakI zAkhArUpa darzana jagata, jIva eva Izvara ke bAre meM apane viziSTa vicAra spaSTa karake anta me jIvana-zodhana ke prazna kI carcA karatA hai aura jIvana-zodhana kI prakriyA dikhalAkara virAma letA hai / imIlie hama pratyeka Arya-darzana ke mUla grantha ke prArambha me mokSa kA uddezya aura anta me usI kA upasahAra dekhate hai| isI kAraNa sAMkhyadarzana me jaise apane viziSTa yoga kA sthAna hai aura vaha yogadarzana se abhinna hai, vaise hI nyAya, vaizeSika aura vedAnta darzana me bhI yoga ke mUla siddhAnta mAnya hai| bauddha darzana me bhI usakI viziSTa yogaprakriyA kA khAsa sthAna hai| isI prakAra jaina darzana ne bhI yogaprakriyA ke bAre meM apane pUrNa vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| jIvanazodhana ke maulika praznoM kI ekatA isa prakAra hamane dekhA ki jaina darzana me mukhya do bhAga hai : eka tattva

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jainadharma kA prANa cintana kA aura dUsarA jIvana-zovana kaa| yahaoN eka bAta khAsa ullekhanIya hai aura vaha yaha ki vaidika yA bauddha darzana kI koI bhI paramparA lo aura usakI jaina darzana ke sAtha tulanA karo to eka bAta spaSTa pratIta hogI ki ina saba paramparAo me jo matabheda hai vaha do bAto ko lekara hai eka to jagata, jIva aura Izvara ke svarUpa ko lekara tathA dUsarA AcAra ke sthUla eva bAhya vidhividhAna eva sthUla rahana-sahana ko lekara / parantu Arya darzana kI pratyeka paramparA meM jIvana-zodhana-viSayaka maulika prazna tathA unake uttaroM me tanika bhI matabheda nahI hai / koI Izvara mAne yA na mAne, koI prakRtivAdI ho yA paramANuvAdI, koI Atmabheda mAnatA ho yA AtmA kA ekatva svIkAra karatA ho, koI AtmA ko vyApaka aura nitya mAne athavA usase ulTA mAne, isI prakAra koI yajJayAga dvArA bhakti para bhAra de yA koI adhika kaThora niyamo kA avalambana lekara tyAga para bhAra de,--parantu pratyeka paramparA me itane prazna eka-se hai dukha hai yA nahIM ? ho to usakA kAraNa kyA hai ? usa kAraNa kA nAza zakya hai ? aura zakya ho to vaha kisa prakAra ? antima sAdhya kyA honA cAhie? ina prazno ke uttara bhI pratyeka paramparA me eka-se hI hai| zabdabheda ho sakatA hai, makSepa yA vistAra ho sakatA hai, parantu pratyeka kA uttara yahI hai ki avidyA aura tRSNA dukha ke kAraNa hai| unakA nAza sambhava hai / vidyA se tathA tRSNAcheda dvArA dukha ke kAraNo kA nAza hote hI dukha svayameva naSTa hotA hai, aura yahI jIvana kA mukhya sAdhya hai / Arya darzano kI paramparAe~ jIvana-zodhana ke maulika vicAra ke bAre me tathA usake niyamo ke bAre me sarvathA ekamata hai / ataH yahA~ jaina darzana ke bAre meM kucha bhI kahanA ho to mukhya rupa se usakI jIvana-zodhana kI mImAsA kA hI sakSepa me kathana karanA adhika prAsagika hai| __jIvanazodha kI jaina prakriyA jaina darzana kA kahanA hai ki AtmA svAbhAvika rUpa se zuddha aura saccidAnandarUpa hai / usame jo azuddhi, vikAra yA dukharUpatA dikhAI detI hai vaha ajJAna aura moha ke anAdi pravAha ke kAraNa hai / ajJAna ko kama karane aura usakA sarvathA nAza karane tathA moha kA vilaya karane ke lie jaina darzana

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jainadharma kA prANa eka ora viveka-zakti kA vikAsa sAdhane kI bAta kahatA hai aura dUsarI ora vaha rAga dveSa ke saskAro ko naSTa karane kI bAta kahatA hai / jaina darzana AtmA ko tIna vibhAgo me baoNTatA hai jaba ajJAna aura moha kA pUrNa prAbalya ho aura usake kAraNa AtmA vAstavika tattva kA vicAra hI na kara sake tathA satya eva sthAyI sukha kI dizA meM eka bhI kadama uThAne kI icchA taka na kara sake, taba vaha bahirAtmA kahalAtI hai / jIva kI yaha prathama bhUmikA huii| yaha bhUmikA rahatI hai taba taka punarjanma ke cakra kA banda honA sambhava hI nahIM hai, aura laukika dRSTi meM cAhe jitanA vikAsa dikhAI de, parantu vAstava me vaha AtmA avikasita hI hotI hai| vivekazakti kA prAdurbhAva hone para tathA rAgadveSa ke saMskAro kA bala ghaTane para dUsarI bhUmikA zurU hotI hai| ise jainadarzana antarAtmA kahatA hai / isa bhUmikA ke samaya yadyapi dehadhAraNa ke lie upayogI sabhI sAsArika pravRttiyA~ kamoveza calatI hai, tathApi vivekazakti ke vikAsa eva rAgadveSa kI mandatA ke anupAta me ve pravRttiyA~ anAsaktiyukta hotI hai| isa dUsarI bhUmikA me pravRtti ke hone para bhI usame Antarika dRSTi se nivRtti kA tattva hotA hai| dUsarI bhUmikA ke aneka sopAna pAra karane para AtmA paramAtmA kI dazA prApta karatI hai| yaha jIvana-zodhana kI antima eva pUrNa bhUmikA hai| jaina darzana kahatA hai ki isa bhUmikA para pahuMcane ke pazcAt punarjanma kA cakra sarvadA ke lie sarvathA ruka jAtA hai| Upara ke sakSipta varNana para se hama dekha sakate hai ki aviveka (mithyAdRSTi) aura moha (tRSNA) ye do hI sasAra hai athavA sasAra ke kAraNa hai| isase ulTA, viveka aura vItarAgatva hI mokSa hai athavA mokSa kA mArga hai| isI jIvana-zodhana kI sakSipta jaina mImAsA kA aneka jaina-granthoM me, aneka rUpa se, sakSepa yA vistArapUrvaka, tathA bhinna-bhinna paribhASAo me varNana pAyA jAtA hai aura yahI jIvanamImAsA akSaraza. vaidika evaM bauddha darzano me bhI pada-pada para dRSTigocara hotI hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa kucha vizeSa tulanA Upara tattvajJAna kI maulika jaina vicArasaraNI tathA AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama kI jaina vicArasaraNI kA bahuta hI sakSepa me nirdeza kiyA / isI vicAra ko adhika spaSTa karane ke lie yahA para itara bhAratIya darzanoM ke vicAro ke sAtha kucha tulanA karanA yogya lagatA hai| (ka) jaina darzana jagata ko mAyAvAdI kI bhaoNti mAtra AbhAsarUpa yA mAtra kAlpanika nahIM mAnatA, parantu vaha jagata ko sat mAnatA hai / aisA hone para bhI jainadarzanasammata sat-tattva cArvAka ke jaisA kevala jaDa arthAt sahaja caitanyarahita nahI hai / isI prakAra jainadarzanasammata sat-tattva zAkara vaidAnta ke jaisA kevala caitanyamAtra bhI nahIM hai, parantu jisa prakAra sAkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika, pUrvamImAsA aura bauddha darzana sat-tattva ko sarvathA svatatra tathA paraspara bhinna jaDa eva cetana ina do vibhAgo me bATate hai, usI prakAra jaina darzana bhI sat-tattva kI anAdisiddha jar3a eva cetana ina do prakRtiryo kA svIkAra karatA hai, jo deza eva kAla ke pravAha me sAtha rahane para bhI mUlata sarvathA svatatra hai| nyAya, vaizeSika aura yoga darzana Adi aisA mAnate hai ki isa jagata kA viziSTa kAryasvarUpa cAhe jaDa aura cetana ina do padArtho para se nirmita hotA ho, parantu usa kArya ke pIche koI anAdisiddha samartha cetanazakti kA hAtha hotA hai, usa IzvarIya hAtha ke sivA aisA adbhuta kArya sambhava nahI, parantu jaina darzana vaisA nahI maantaa| vaha prAcIna sAkhya, pUrvamImAsaka aura bauddha Adi kI bhaoNti mAnatA hai ki jaDa eva cetana ye dono sat-pravAha svayameva, kisI tIsarI viziSTa zakti kI sahAyatA ke binA hI, bahate rahate hai, aura isIlie vaha jagata kI utpatti yA usakI vyavasthA ke lie Izvara jaise kisI svatatra eva anAdisiddha vyakti ko mAnane se inkAra karatA hai / yadyapi jaina darzana nyAya, vaizeSika, bauddha Adi kI taraha jaDa sat-tattva ko anAdisiddha ananta vyaktirUpa mAnatA hai aura sAkhya kI taraha eka vyaktirUpa nahI mAnatA, phira bhI vaha sAMkhya ke prakRtigAmI sahaja pariNAmavAda ko ananta paramANu nAmaka jaDa sat-tattvoM meM sthAna detA hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa isa prakAra jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra jagata kA parivartana-pravAha apane Apa hI pravAhita hotA hai, tathApi jaina darzana itanA to spaSTa kahatA hai ki vizva me jo ghaTanAe kisI kI buddhi eva prayatna para AdhArita dikhatI hai una ghaTanAo ke pIche Izvara kA nahI kintu una ghaTanAo ke pariNAma me bhAga lenevAle sasArI jIva kA hAtha hai, arthAt vaisI ghaTanAe~ jJAta athavA ajJAta rUpa se kisI sasArI jIva ke buddhi eva prayatna para avalambita hotI haiN| isa bAre me prAcIna sAkhya eva bauddha darzana ke vicAra jaina darzana jaise hI hai| vedAnta darzana kI bhaoNti jaina darzana sacetana tattva ko eka yA akhaNDa nahI mAnatA, parantu sAkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika eva bauddha kI bhaoNti vaha sacetana tattva ko aneka vyaktirUpa mAnatA hai| aisA hone para bhI unake sAtha bhI jaina darzana kA thoDA matabheda hai aura vaha yaha ki jaina darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra sacetana tattva bauddha mAnyatA kI taraha kevala parivartana-pravAha nahIM hai tathA sAMkhya-nyAya Adi kI taraha mAtra kUTastha bhI nahIM hai, kintu jaina darzana kahatA hai ki mUla me sacetana tattva dhruva arthAt anAdi-ananta hone para bhI deza-kAla ke prabhAva se vaha vimukta nahIM raha sktaa| isa prakAra jaina mata ke anusAra jIva bhI jar3a kI bhaoNti pariNAminitya hai| jaina darzana Izvara jaise kisI vyakti ko sarvathA svatatrarUpa se nahI mAnatA aura phira bhI Izvara ke samagra guNa vaha jIvamAtra me svIkAra karatA hai| isase jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyeka jIva me Izvara kI zakti hai, phira bhale hI vaha AvaraNa se dabI ho; parantu yadi jIva yogya dizA me prayatna kare to vaha apane me rahI huI IzvarIya zakti ko pUrNa rUpa se vikasita kara svaya hI Izvara bana sakatA hai| isa prakAra jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra Izvara tattva ko alaga sthAna na hone para bhI usame Izvaratattva kI mAnyatA ko sthAna hai aura usakI upAsanA kA bhI vaha svIkAra karatA hai / jo-jo jIvAtmA karmavAsanAoM se pUrNataH mukta hue hai ve sabhI samAnabhAva se Izvara hai / unakA Adarza sammukha rakhakara apane me rahI huI vaisI pUrNa zakti kA prAkaTya hI jaina upAsanA kA dhyeya hai / zAMkara vedAnta jaise mAnatA hai ki jIva svaya hI brahma hai, vaise hI jaina darzana kahatA hai ki jIva svaya hI Izvara yA paramAtmA hai| vedAnta darzana ke anusAra jIva kA brahmabhAva avidyA se AvRtta hai aura avidyA ke

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jainadharma kA prANa dUra hone para vaha anubhava me AtA hai; ThIka vaise hI jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva kA paramAtmabhAva AvRta hai aura usa AvaraNa ke dUra hone para vaha pUrNa rUpa se anubhava me AtA hai| isa bAre me vastuna. vedAnta aura jaina ke bIca vyaktibahutva ke atirikta dUsarA koI bheda nahIM hai / (kha) jaina zAstra me jo sAta tattva kahe hai uname se mUla jIva aura ajIva ina do tattvo ke bAre me Upara tulanA kI / ava avaziSTa paoNca me se vastuta cAra' tattva hI rahate hai| ina cAra tattvo kA sambandha jIvanazodhana athavA AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama ke sAtha hai, ana inhe cAritrIya tattva bhI kaha sakate hai| ve cAra tattva hai . bandha, Asrava, savara aura mokSa / ina cAra tattvo kA bauddha zAstro me anukrama se dukha, du khahetu, nirvANamArga aura nirvANa ina cAra Aryasatyo ke rUpa me varNana milatA hai / sAkhya evaM yogazAstra me inhI kA heya, heyahetu, hAnopAya aura hAna kahakara caturgraha ke nAma se varNana pAyA jAtA hai| nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana me yahI bAta sasAra, mithyAjJAna, samyakjJAna aura apavarga ke nAma se kahI hai| vedAnta darzana me sasAra, avidyA, brahmasAkSAtkAra aura brahmabhAva ke nAma se yahI bAta dikhalAI gaI hai| jaina darzana me bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA kI tIna sakSipta bhUmikAo kA tanika vistAra se caudaha bhUmikAo ke rUpa meM varNana pAyA jAtA hai, jo jaina paramparA me guNasthAna ke nAma se prasiddha hai| yogavAsiSTha, jaise vedAnta ke grantho me bhI sAta ajJAna kI aura sAta jJAna kI isa prakAra kula caudaha Atmika bhUmikAoM kA varNana AtA hai / sAMkhya-yoga darzana kI kSipta, mUDha, vikSipta, ekAgra aura niruddha ye pAca citta-bhUmikAeM bhI inhI caudaha bhUmikAo kA sakSipta vargIkaraNa mAtra hai| bauddha darzana me bhI isI AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama ko pRthagjana, sotApanna Adi cha: bhUmikAoM me vibhakta karake varNana AtA hai| isa prakAra hama sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM meM sasAra se mokSa paryanta kI sthiti, usake krama aura usake kAraNo ke viSaya meM 1. nirjarA tattva kI parigaNanA yahA~ nahI kI hai / Azika karmakSaya nijarA hai aura sarvAMzataH karmakSaya mokSa hai| saMpAdaka

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jainadharma kA prANa sarvathA eka mata aura eka vicAra dekhate hai, taba prazna uThatA hai ki jaba sabhI darzano ke vicAro me maulika ekatA hai taba pantha-pantha ke bIca kabhI na miTa sake itanA adhika bheda kyo dikhatA hai ? ___ isakA uttara spaSTa hai| panyo kI bhinnatA ke mukhya do kAraNa hai : tattvajJAna kI bhinnatA tathA bAhya AcAra-vicAra kI bhinnatA / kaI pantha aise hai, jinake bIca bAhya AcAra-vicAra kI bhinnatA ke atirikta tattvajJAna kI vicArasaraNI me bhI amuka bheda hai, jaise ki vedAnta, bauddha aura jaina Adi pantha / kaI pantha yA unakI zAkhAe aisI bhI hai jinakI tattvajJAna-viSayaka vicArasaraNI me khAsa bheda nahI hotA, unakA bheda mukhya rUpa se bAhya AcAra ke AdhAra para paidA hotA hai aura poSita hotA hai; udAharaNArtha, jaina darzana kI zvetAmbara, digambara aura sthAnakavAsI ina tIna zAkhAo ko isa varga me ginAyA jA sakatA hai| ___ AtmA ko koI eka mAne yA aneka mAne, koI Izvara ko mAne yA na mAne ityAdi tAttvika vicAraNA kA bheda buddhi ke taratamabhAva para AdhArita hai aura vaisA taratamabhAva anivArya hai| isI prakAra bAhya AcAra eva niyamo ke bheda buddhi, ruci tathA paristhiti ke bheda me se paidA hote hai / koI kAzI jAkara gagAsnAna aura vizvanAtha ke darzana me pavitratA mAne, koI buddha-gayA aura sAranAtha me jAkara buddha ke darzana me kRtakRtyatA mAne, koI zatrujaya ke darzana me saphalatA mAne, koI makkA athavA jerUsalama jAkara dhanyatA samajhe; isI prakAra koI ekAdazI ke tapa-upavAsa ko atipavitra mAne, koI aSTamI aura caturdazI ke vrata ko mahattva de; koI tapa Upara adhika bhAra na dekara dAna para bhAra de, to dUsarA koI tapa Upara bhI adhika bhAra de| isa prakAra paramparAgata bhinna-bhinna saskAro kA poSaNa aura rucibheda kA mAnasika vAtAvaraNa anivArya hone se bAhyAcAra aura pravRtti kA bheda kabhI miTegA nahI / bheda kI utpAdaka eva poSaka itanI adhika bAtoM ke hone para bhI satya eka aisA padArtha hai jo vAstava me khaNDita hotA hI nahI hai| isIlie hama uparyukta AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama kI tulanA me dekhate haiM ki nirUpaNapaddhati, bhASA aura rUpa cAhe jo ho, parandu jIvana kA satya eka samAna hI sabhI anubhavI tattvajJo ke anubhava me prakaTa huA hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa prastuta vaktavya pUrNa karane se pUrva jaina darzana kI sarvamAnya do vizeSatAoM kA ullekha karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| anekAnta aura ahisA ina do muddo kI carcA para hI samagra jaina sAhitya kA nirmANa huA hai / jaina AcAra aura sampradAya kI vizeSatA ina do muddo dvArA hI spaSTa kI jA sakatI hai / satya vastuta. eka hI hotA hai, parantu manuSya kI dRSTi use eka rUpa me grahaNa nahI kara sakatI / / ataH satya ke darzana ke lie manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha apanI dRSTi-maryAdA vikasita kare aura usame satyagrahaNa kI yathAsambhava sabhI rItiyo ko sthAna de / isa udAtta aura vizAla bhAvanA me se anekAnta kI vicArasaraNI kA janma huA hai / isa saraNI kA Ayojana vAdavivAda me jaya prApta karane ke lie athavA vitaNDAvAda ke dAvapeca khelane ke lie athavA to zabdacchala kI cAlAkI kA khela khelane ke lie nahI huA hai, parantu isakA Ayojana to jIvana-zodhana ke eka bhAga ke rUpa me vivekazakti ko vikasita karane aura satya kI dizA meM Age bar3hane ke lie huA hai| isase anekAnta-vicArasaraNI kA sahI artha yaha hai ki satyadarzana ko lakSya me rakhakara usake sabhI azo aura bhAgo ko eka vizAla mAnasavartula me yogya sthAna denaa| jaise-jaise manuSya kI vivekazakti bar3hatI jAtI hai vaise vaise usakI daSTimaryAdA bar3hane ke kAraNa use apane bhItara rahI huI sakucitatAoM aura vAsanAo ke dabAva kA sAmanA karanA paDatA hai| jaba taka manuSya sakucitatA aura vAsanAo kA sAmanA na kare taba taka vaha apane jIvana me anekAnta ke vicAroM ko vAstavika rUpa se sthAna de hI nahI sakatA / isIlie anekAnta ke vicAra kI rakSA eva vRddhi ke prazna se hI ahiMsA kA prazna paidA hotA hai / jaina ahisA sirpha cupacApa baiThe rahane me yA dhandhe-roz2agAra kA tyAga karane me yA ThUTha-sI nizceSTa sthiti sAdhane meM parisamApta nahIM hotI, parantu vaha ahisA sacce Atmika bala kI apekSA rakhatI hai| kisI bhI vikAra ke paidA hone para, kisI bhI vAsanA ke jhaoNkane para athavA kisI bhI sakucitatA ke mana me Ane para jaina ahiMsA kahatI hai ki tU ina vikAro, ina vAsanAoM aura ina sakucitatAo se mata Ahata ho, mata hAra, daba nhii| tU unakA sAmanA kara aura una virodhI baloM ko parAjita kara / AdhyA

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jainadharma kA prANa tmika jaya kA yaha prayatna hI mukhya jaina ahiMsA hai| ise saMyama kaho, tapa kaho, dhyAna kaho athavA koI bhI vaisA AdhyAtmika nAma do, parantu vaha vastutaH ahiMsA hI hai / aura, jaina darzana kahatA hai ki ahiMsA kevala sthUla AcAra nahI hai, parantu vaha zuddha vicAra ke paripAkasvarUpa AyA huA jIvanotkarSaka AcAra hai / Upara kahe gaye ahiMsA ke sUkSma aura vAstavika rUpa me se utpanna kisI bhI bAhyAcAra ko athavA usa sUkSma rUpa kI puSTi ke lie nirmita kisI bhI AcAra ko jaina tattvajJAna me ahisA ke rUpa meM sthAna hai / isake viparIta, Upara-Upara se ahisAmaya dikhAI denevAle cAhe jisa AcAra athavA vyavahAra ke mUla me yadi uparyukta ahiMsA kA Antarika tattva vidyamAna na ho to vaha AcAra aura vaha vyavahAra jaina dRSTi se ahiMsA hai athavA ahiMsA kA poSaka hai aisA nahI kahA jA sakatA / 84 yahA jaina tattvajJAna viSayaka vicAra me prameyacarcA kA jAna-bUjhakara vistAra nahI kiyA; sirpha tadviSayaka jaina vicArasaraNI kA izArA hI kiyA hai / AcAra ke bAre me bhI bAhya niyamoM aura unakI vyavasthA ke sambandha meM jAna-bUjhakara carcA nahI kI hai, parantu AcAra ke mUla tattvo kI jIvanazodhana kI dRSTi se tanika carcA kI hai, jinhe jaina paribhASA me Asava, savara Adi tattva kahate hai | (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 2, pR0 1049 - 1061 )

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:: AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama mokSa yAnI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pUrNatA / aisI pUrNatA acAnaka prApta nahI ho sakatI, use prApta karane me amuka samaya vyatIta karanA par3atA hai / isIlie mokSa kI prApti ke lie AdhyAtmika utkrAnti kA krama mAnanA par3atA hai / tattvajijJAsuo ke hRdaya meM svAbhAvika rUpa se aisA prazna uThatA hai ki isa AdhyAtmika utkrAnti kA krama kaisA hai ? AtmA kI tIna avasthAe~ AdhyAtmika utkrAnti ke krama ke vicAra ke sAtha hI usake Arambha kA tathA samApti kA vicAra AtA hai / usakA Arambha usakI pUrvasImA aura usakI samApti usakI uttarasImA hai / pUrvasImA se lekara uttarasImA taka kA vikAsa kA vRddhikrama hI AdhyAtmika utkrAntikrama kI maryAdA hai / usake pUrva kI sthiti AdhyAtmika avikAsa athavA prAthamika sasAradazA hai aura usake bAda kI sthiti mokSa athavA AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama kI pUrNatA hai| isa prakAra kAla kI dRSTi se sakSepa meM AtmA kI avasthA tIna bhAgo me vibhakta ho jAtI hai . ( a) AdhyAtmika avikAsa, ( ba ) AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama, (ka) mokSa | (a) AtmA sthAyI sukha aura pUrNa jJAna prApta karanA cAhatI hai tathA dukha eva ajJAna use tanika bhI pasanda nahI, phira bhI vaha du kha aura ajJAna ke bhavara me par3I huI hai isakA kyA kAraNa ? yaha eka gUDha prazna hai / parantu isakA uttara tattvajJo ko prApta huA hai / vaha yaha ki 'sukha eva jJAna prApta karane kI svAbhAvika vRtti ke kAraNa AtmA kA pUrNAnanda aura pUrNajJAnamaya svarUpa siddha hotA hai, kyoki pUrNAnanda aura pUrNajJAna jaba taka prApta na kare taba taka vaha santoSa prApta nahI kara sakatI, aura phira bhI usa para ajJAna

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jainadharma kA prANa aura rAgadveSa ke aise prabala saskAra jame hue haiM ki unake kAraNa use sacce sukha kA bhAna nahI ho sakatA, aura kucha bhAna hotA hai to bhI vaha sacce sukha kI prApti ke lie pravRtti nahI kara sktii|' ajJAna cetanA ke sphuraNa kA virodhI tattva hai, ata jaba taka ajJAna kI tIvratA hotI hai taba taka cetanA kA sphuraNa atyanta manda hotA hai| usakI vajaha se sacce sukha aura sacce sukha ke sAdhana kA bhAsa hI nahIM hone paataa| isa kAraNa AtmA svaya eka viSaya me sukha pAne kI dhAraNA se pravRtti karatI hai aura usame nirAza hone para dUsare viSaya kI ora jhukatI hai / dUsare viSaya me nirAza hone para vaha tIsare viSaya kI ora dauDatI hai| isa prakAra usakI sthiti bha~vara me par3I lakar3I jaisI athavA oNdhI meM ur3ate tinake jaisI hotI hai / aisI kaSTa-paraparA kA anubhava karate-karate thoDA-sA ajJAna dUra hotA hai, to bhI rAga-dveSa kI tIvratA ke kAraNa sukha kI sahI dizA me prayANa nahIM hotaa| ajJAna kI kucha mandatA se bahuta bAra aisA bhAna hotA hai ki sukha aura dukha ke bIja bAhya jagata me nahI hai, phira bhI rAgadvepa kI tIvratA ke pariNAmasvarUpa pUrvaparicita viSayo ko hI sukha aura dukha ke sAdhana mAnakara unameM harSa eva viSAda kA anubhava huA karatA hai / yaha sthiti nizcita lakSyahIna hone se dizA kA sunizcaya kiye binA jahAja calAnevAle mAMjhI kI sthiti jaisI hotI hai / yaha sthiti AdhyAtmika avikAsa kAla kI hai| (ba) ajJAna eva rAgadveSa ke cakra kA bala bhI sarvadA jaisA kA taisA nahI raha sakatA, kyoki vaha bala cAhe jitanA prabala kyo na ho, to bhI AkhirakAra Atmika bala ke sAmane to agaNya hai| lAkho mana ghAsa aura lakar3I ko jalAne ke lie utanI hI Aga kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| usake lie to Aga kI eka cinagArI bhI kAphI hai| zubha, mAtrA me thoDA ho to bhI, lAkho gunA azubha kI apekSA adhika balavAna hotA hai| jaba AtmA me cetanatA kA sphuraNa kucha baDhatA hai aura rAgadveSa ke sAtha honevAle AtmA ke yuddha me jaba rAgadveSa kI zakti kama hotI hai, taba AtmA kA vIrya, jo aba taka ulTI dizA meM kArya karatA thA, sahI dizA kI ora muDatA hai / usI samaya AtmA apane dhyeya kA nizcaya karake use prApta karane kA dRDha nizcaya karatI hai aura usake lie pravRtti karane lagatI hai| isa samaya

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jainadharma kA prANa 87 AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA prArambha ho jAtA hai / isake pazcAt AtmA apanI jJAna eva vIryazakti kI sahAyatA lekara ajJAna aura rAgadveSa ke sAtha kuztI karane ke lie akhADe me utaratI hai| vaha kabhI hAratI bhI hai, parantu anta me usa hAra ke pariNAmasvarUpa vaDhI huI jJAna eva vIryazakti ko lekara harAnevAle ajJAna aura rAgadveSa ko dabAtI jAtI hai / jaise-jaise vaha dabAtI hai vaisevaise usakA utsAha baDhatA hai| utsAhavRddhi ke sAtha hI eka apUrva Ananda kI lahara bahane lagatI hai| isa Ananda kI lahara me Anakhazikha DUbI AtmA ajJAna eva rAgadveSa ke cakra ko adhikAdhika nirbala karatI huI apanI sahaja sthiti kI ora Age baDhatI jAtI hai| yaha sthiti AdhyAtmika vikAsakrama kI hai| (ka) isa sthiti kI antima maryAdA hI vikAsa kI pUrNatA hai| isa pUrNatA ke prApta hone para sasAra se para sthiti prApta hotI hai| usame kevala svAbhAvika Ananda kA hI sAmrAjya hotA hai / vaha hai mokSakAla / caudaha guNasthAna aura unakA vivaraNa jaina sAhitya ke prAcIna grantha, jo Agama ke nAma se prasiddha hai, uname bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke krama se sambandha rakhanevAle vicAra vyavasthita rUpa se upalabdha hote hai| uname Atmika sthiti ke caudaha vibhAga kiye gaye hai, jo guNasthAna ke nAma se prasiddha hai| guNasthAna ___ guNa yAnI AtmA kI cetanA, samyaktva, cAritra, vIrya Adi shktiyaa| sthAna yAnI una zaktiyoM kI zuddhatA kI taratamabhAvavAlI avsthaaeN| AtmA ke sahaja guNa vividha AvaraNoM se sasAradazA me AvRta hai / AvaraNoM kI viralatA yA kSaya kA parimANa jitanA vizepa utanI guNoM kI vRddhi vizeSa, aura AvaraNo kI viralatA yA kSaya kA parimANa jitanA kama utanI guNo kI vRddhi kama / isa prakAra Atmika guNo kI zuddhi ke prakarSa yA apakarSavAle asakhyAta prakAra sambhava hai, parantu sakSepa me unako caudaha bhArgoM me bA~TA gayA hai| ve guNasthAna kahalAte hai / guNasthAna kI kalpanA mukhya

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jainadharma kA prANa rUpa se mohanIya karma kI viralatA eva kSaya ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| moha nIya karma kI mukhya do zaktiyA~ hai / pahalI zakti kA kArya AtmA ke samyaktva guNa ko AvRta karane kA hai, jisase ki AtmA me tAttvika ruci athavA satyadarzana nahI hone paataa| dUsarI zakti kA kArya AtmA ke cAritra guNa ko AvRta karane kA hai, jisase AtmA tAttvika ruci yA satyadarzana ke hone para bhI tadanusAra pravRtti karake svarUpalAbha prApta nahI kara sktii| samyaktva kI pratibandhaka mohanIya kI prathama zakti darzanamohanIya aura cAritra kI pratibandhaka mohanIya kI dUsarI zakti cAritramohanIya kahalAtI hai| ina dono me darzanamohanIya pravala hai, kyoki jaba taka usakI viralatA yA kSaya na ho taba taka cAritra mohanIya kA bala kama nahIM hotaa| darzanamohanIya kA vala ghaTane para cAritramohanIya kramaga nirbala hokara anta me sarvathA kSINa ho hI jAtA hai| samasta karmAvaraNo me pradhAnatama aura balavattama mohanIya hI hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jaba taka mohanIya kI zakti tIvra hotI hai taba taka anya AvaraNa bhI tIvra hI rahate hai aura usakI zakti kama hote hI anya AvaraNo kA bala manda hotA jAtA hai / isI kAraNa guNasthAno kI kalpanA mohanIya karma ke taratamabhAva ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| ve guNasthAna ye hai--(1) mithyAdRSTi, (2) sAsvAdana, (3) samyak-mithyAdRSTi, (4) aviratasamyagdRSTi, (5) dezavirati (viratAvirata), (6) pramattasayata, (7) apramattasayata, (8) apUrvakaraNa (nivRttibAdara), (9) anivRttibAdara, (10) sUkSmasamyarAya, (11) upazAntamoha, (12) bhINamoha, (13) sayogakevalI, (14) ayogkevlii| (1) jisa avasthA meM darzanamohanIya kI prabalatA ke kAraNa samyaktva guNa AvRta hone se AtmA kI tattvaruci hI prakaTa nahI ho sakatI aura jisase usakI dRSTi mithyA (satya viruddha) hotI hai vaha avasthA mithyAdRSTi hai| (2) gyArahave guNasthAna se patita hokara prathama guNasthAna para pahuMcane taka bIca me bahuta hI thor3e samaya kI jo avasthA prApta hotI hai vaha sAsvAdana 1. dekho samavAyAga, 14 vA~ samavAya /

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jainadharma kA prANa avasthA hai / isakA sAsvAdana nAma isalie par3A hai ki isame patanonmukha AtmA me tattvarucikA svalpa bhI AsvAda hotA hai, jaise ki miSTAnna ke bhojana ke anantara ulTI hone para eka vilakSaNa svAda hotA hai / yaha dUsarA guNasthAna patanonmukha AtmA kI hI sthiti hai / (3) jhUlA jhUlanevAle manuSya kI bhA~ti jisa avasthA me AtmA dolAyamAna hotI hai jisake kAraNa vaha sarvathA satyadarzana bhI nahI kara sakatI athavA sarvathA mithyAdRSTi kI sthiti me bhI nahI raha sakatI arthAt usakI savAla- sI sthiti ho jAtI hai usa avasthA ko samyak - mithyAdRSTi kahate haiM / isa guNasthAna me darzanamohanIya kA viSa pahale jaisA tIvra nahI rahatA, parantu hotA hai to avazya / 89 (4) jisa avasthA meM darzanamohanIya kA bala yA to bilakula daba jAtA hai athavA virala ho jAtA hai, yA phira bilakula kSINa ho jAtA hai, jisake kAraNa AtmA asandigdha rUpa se satyadarzana kara sakatI hai, vaha avasthA aviratasamyagdRSTi hai / isakA avirata nAma isalie hai ki isame cAritra - mohanIya kI sattA savizeSa hone se virati ( tyAgavRtti) kA udaya nahIM ho pAtA / (5) jisa avasthA meM matyadarzana ke alAvA alpAza me bhI tyAgavRtti kA udaya hotA hai vaha dezavirati hai / isame cAritramohanIya kI sattA avavya kama hotI hai aura kamI ke anupAta meM tyAgavRtti hotI hai / (6) jisa avasthA me tyAgavRtti pUrNa rUpa se udita hotI hai, parantu bIca-bIca me pramAda ( skhalana ) kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai vaha pramattasayata avasthA hai / ( 7 ) jisame pramAda kI tanika bhI zakyatA nahI hotI vaha apramattasayata avasthA hai / ( 8 ) jisa avasthA me pahale kabhI anubhava na kiyA ho aisI AtmazuddhikA anubhava hotA hai aura apUrva vIryollAsa -- Atmika sAmarthya -- prakaTa hotA hai vaha avasthA apUrvakaraNa hai / isakA dUsarA nAma nivRttibAdara bhI hai / ( 9 ) jisa avasthA meM cAritramohanIya karma ke zeSa azo kA upa

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jainadharma kA prANa zamana yA kSINa karane kA kArya hotA hai vaha avasthA anivRttibAdara hai| (10) jisa avasthA me mohanIya kA aza lobha ke rUpa me hI udayamAna hotA hai aura vaha bhI atyanta sUkSma mAtrA me, vaha avasthA sUkSmasamparAya hai / (11) jisa avasthA me sUkSma lobha taka upazAnta ho jAtA hai vaha upazAntamohanIya hai / isa guNasthAna me darzanamohanIya kA sarvathA kSaya sambhava hai, parantu cAritramohanIya kA vaisA kSaya nahI hotA, kevala usakI sarvAzataH upazAnti hotI hai| isake kAraNa hI moha kA puna udreka hone para isa guNasthAna se avazya patana hotA hai aura prathama guNasthAna taka jAnA paDatA hai| (12) jisa avasthA me darzanamohanIya aura cAritramohanIya kA sarvathA kSaya ho jAtA hai vaha kSINamohanIya hai / isa sthiti se patana kI sambhAvanA hI nahI rhtii| . (13) jisa avasthA me moha ke Atyantika abhAva ke kAraNa vItarAgadazA ke prAkaTaya ke sAtha sarvajJatva prApta hotA hai vaha avasthA sayogaguNasthAna hai| isa guNasthAna me zArIrika, mAnasika aura vAcika vyApAra hote hai| isase ise jIvanmukti kaha sakate hai| (14) jisa avasthA me zArIrika, mAnasika aura vAcika pravRttiyoM kA bhI abhAva ho jAtA hai vaha ayogaguNasthAna hai| yaha guNasthAna antima hai / ataH zarIrapAta hote hI isakI samApti hotI hai aura usake pazcAt guNasthAnAtIta videhamukti prApta hotI hai| prathama guNasthAna avikAsakAla hai / dUsare aura tIsare ina do guNasthAnoM meM vikAsa kA tanika sphuraNa hotA hai, parantu usameM prabalatA avikAsa kI hI hotI hai| cauthe se vikAsa kramaza baDhatA-baDhatA vaha caudahaveM guNasthAna me pUrNa kalA para pahuMcatA hai aura usake bAda mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / jaina vicArasaraNI kA pRthakkaraNa itanA hI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki pahale ke tIna guNasthAna avikAsakAla ke hai aura cauthe se caudahaveM taka ke guNasthAna vikAsa eva usakI vRddhikAla ke hai ; usake pazcAt mokSakAla hai| 1. dekho dUsare karmagrantha kI merI prastAvanA tathA vyAkhyA /

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jainadharma kA prANa zrI haribhadrasUri dvArA dUsare prakAra se varNita vikAsakrama isa prAcIna jaina vicAra kA varNana haribhadrasUri ne dUsarI rIti se bhI kiyA hai| unake varNana me do prakAra pAye jAte hai| ATha dRSTi kA pahalA prakAra pahale prakAra me unhone avikAsa aura vikAsakrama dono kA samAveza kiyA hai| unhone avikAsakAla ko oghadRSTi aura vikAsakrama ko sadRSTi sajJA dI hai| sadvRSTi ke mitrA, tArA, balA, dIprA, sthirA, kAntA, prabhA aura parA ye ATha vibhAga kiye hai| ina ATha vibhAgoM meM vikAsa kA krama uttarottara baDhatA jAtA hai| dRSTi arthAt darzana athavA bodha / isake do prakAra hai : pahale me satzraddhA (tAttvika ruci kA) abhAva hotA hai, jabaki dUsare me sat-zraddhA hotI hai / pahalA prakAra oghadRSTi aura dUsarA yogadRSTi kahalAtA hai| pahale me AtmA kI vRtti sasArapravAha kI ora tathA dUsare me AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora hotI hai| isIlie yogadRSTi sadRSTi kahI jAtI hai| jaise samegha rAtri, amegha rAtri, samegha divasa aura amegha divasa me anu-- krama se atimandatama, mandatama, mandatara aura manda cAkSuSa jJAna hotA hai aura usame bhI grahAviSTa aura grahamukta purupa ke bheda se, bAla aura taruNa puruSa ke bheda se tathA vikRta netravAle aura avikRta netravAle puruSa ke bheda se cAkSuSa jJAna kI aspaSTatA yA spaSTatA taratabhAva se hotI hai, vaisI hI oghadaSTi kI dazA me sasArapravAha kI ora rujhAna hone para bhI AvaraNa ke taratamabhAva se jJAna tAratamyavAlA hotA hai / yaha oghadRSTi cAhe jaisI ho, parantu AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vaha asadRSTi hI hai| usake pazcAt jaba se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA Arambha hotA hai, phira bhale hI usameM 1. dekho yogadRSTisamuccaya / 2 isakI vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekho 'samadarzI AcArya haribhadra' meM vyAkhyAna 5, pR0 80 tathA vizeSa rUpa se pR0 85 se Age |-smpaadk

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12 jainadharma kA prANa bAhya jJAna kama ho, tabase sadRSTi zurU hotI hai, kyoki usa samaya AtmA kI vRtti sasAronmukha na rahakara mokSonmukha ho jAtI hai / ___ isa sadRSTi (yogadRpTi) ke, vikAsa ke tAratamya ke anusAra, ATha bheda hai / ina ATha bhedo meM uttarottara savizeSa bodha arthAt jAgRti hotI hai| pahalI mitrA nAmaka dRSTi meM vodha aura vIrya kA bala tRNAgni kI prabhA jaisA hotA hai / dUsarI tArA dRSTi me kaNDe kI Aga kI prabhA jaisA, tIsarI valA dRSTi me lakar3I kI Aga kI prabhA jaisA, cauthI dIprA dRSTi me dIpaka kI prabhA jaisA, pAcavI sthira dRSTi me ratna kI prabhA jaisA, chaThI kAntA dRSTi me nakSatra kI prabhA jaisA, sAtavI prabhA dRSTi me sUrya kI prabhA jaisA aura AThavI parA dRSTi meM candra kI prabhA jaisA hotA hai| yadyapi iname se pahalI cAra dRSTiyoM me spaSTa rUpa se jJeya Atmatattva kA savedana nahI hotA, kevala antima cAra dRSTiyoM me hI vaisA savedana hotA hai, tathApi pahalI cAra dRSTiyoM kI sadRSTi meM parigaNanA karane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki usa sthiti meM Ane ke bAda AdhyAtmika utkrAnti kA 'mArga nizcita ho jAtA hai / yoga ke yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi ina ATha ago ke AdhAra para saddRSTi ke ATha vibhAga samajhane cAhie / pahalI dRSTi me yama kI sthiratA, dUsarI me niyama kI isa prakAra anukrama se AThavI me samAdhi kI sthiratA mukhya rUpa se hotI hai| pahalI mitrA Adi cAra dRpTiyo me AdhyAtmika vikAsa hotA to hai, para uname kucha ajJAna aura moha kA prAbalya rahatA hai, jaba ki sthirA Adi bAda kI cAra dRpTiyo me jJAna eva nirmohatA kA prAbalya bar3hatA jAtA hai / yoga ke pA~ca bhAgarUpa dUsarA prakAra dUsare prakAra ke varNana meM una AcArya ne kevala AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke krama kA hI yoga ke rUpa me varNana kiyA hai, usase pUrva kI sthiti kA varNana nahI kiyaa| 1. dekho yogabindu /

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jainadharma kA prANa yoga yAnI jisase mokSa prApta kiyA jA sake vaisA dharmavyApAra / anAdi kAlacakra me jaba taka AtmA kI pravRtti svarUpa-parADamukha hone se lakSyabhraSTa hotI hai, usa samaya taka kI usakI sArI kriyA zubhAzaya se rahita hone se yogakoTi me nahI AtI / java se usakI pravRtti badalakara svarUponmukha hotI hai tabhI se usakI kriyA me zubhAzaya kA tattva dAkhila hotA hai| vaisA zubhAzayavAlA vyApAra dharmavyApAra kahalAtA hai, aura phalata mokSajanaka hone se vaha yoga ke nAma kA pAtra banatA hai / isa prakAra AtmA ke anAdi sasArakAla ke do bhAga ho jAte hai eka adhAmika aura dUsarA dhArmika / adhArmika kAla me dharma kI pravatti ho to bhI vaha dharma ke lie nahI hotI, kevala lokapakti (lokarajana) ke lie hotI hai / ataeva vaisI pravatti dharmakoTi me ginane yogya nahI hai / dharma ke lie dharma kI pravRtti dhArmika kAla me hI zurU hotI hai / isIlie vaisI pravRti yoga kahalAtI hai|' yoga ke unhone adhyAtma, bhAvanA, dhyAna, samatA aura vRttisakSaya ye pA~ca bhAga kiye hai| (1) jaba thor3e yA adhika tyAga ke sAtha zAstrIya tattvacintana hotA hai aura maitrI, karuNA Adi bhAvanAe~ vizepa siddha ho jAtI hai taba vaha sthiti adhyAtma kahalAtI hai| (2) jaba mana samAdhipUrvaka satata abhyAsa karane se adhyAtma dvArA savizeSa puSTa hotA hai taba use bhAvanA kahate hai / bhAvanA se azubha abhyAsa dUra hotA hai, zubha abhyAsa kI anukUlatA baDhatI hai aura sundara citta kI vRddhi hotI hai| (3) jaba citta kevala zubha viSaya kA hI avalambana letA hai aura usase sthira dIpaka ke jaisA prakAzamAna ho vaha sUkSma bodhavAlA bana jAtA hai taba use dhyAna kahate hai| dhyAna se citta pratyeka kArya meM AtmAdhIna ho jAtA hai, bhAva nizcala hotA hai aura bandhano kA viccheda hotA hai / (4) ajJAna ke kAraNa iSTa-aniSTa rUpa se kalpita vastuo me se 1. dekho yogabindu /

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jainadharma kA prANa jaba viveka ke dvArA iSTa-aniSTatva kI bhAvanA naSTa ho jAtI hai taba vaisI sthiti samatA kahalAtI hai| (5) vAsanA ke sambandha se utpanna honevAlI vRttiyoM kA nirmUla nirodha vRttisakSaya hai| ye donoM prakAra ke varNana prAcIna jaina guNasthAnaka ke vicAro kA navIna paddhati se kiyA gayA varNanamAtra hai| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA. 2, pR0 1011-1014, 1017-1021)

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: 7: ahiMsA ahiMsA kA siddhAMta Arya paraparA me bahuta hI prAcIna hai aura usakA Adara sabhI AryazAkhAo me eka-sA rahA hai| phira bhI prajAjIvana ke vistAra ke sAtha-sAtha tathA vibhinna dhArmika paraparAo ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha, usa siddhAta ke vicAra tathA vyavahAra me bhI anekamukhI vikAsa huA dekhA jAtA hai| ahisA-viSayaka vicAra ke mukhya do srota prAcIna kAla se hI Arya paraparA me bahane lage aisA jAna par3atA hai| eka srota to mukhyatayA zramaNa jIvana ke Azraya se vahane lagA, jaba ki dUsarA srota brAhmaNa paraparA-caturvidha Azramake jIvana-vicAra ke sahAre pravAhita huaa| ahisA ke tAttvika vicAra meM ukta dono sroto me koI matabheda dekhA nahIM jaataa| para usake vyAvahArika pahalU yA jIvanagata upayoga ke bAre me ukta do sroto me hI nahIM, balki pratyeka zramaNa evaM brAhmaNa srota kI choTI-baDI avAntara zAkhAo me bhI, nAnA prakAra ke matabheda tathA ApasI virodha dekhe jAte hai / usakA pradhAna kAraNa jIvanadRSTi kA bheda hai / zramaNa paraparA kI jIvanadRSTi pradhAnatayA vaiyaktika aura AdhyAtmika rahI hai, jaba ki brAhmaNa paraparA kI jIvanadRSTi pradhAnatayA sAmAjika yA lokasagrAhaka rahI hai| pahalI meM lokasagraha tabhI taka iSTa hai jaba taka vaha AdhyAtmikatA kA virodhI na ho / jahA~ usakA AdhyAtmikatA se virodha dikhAI diyA vahA~ pahalI dRSTi lokasagraha kI ora udAsIna rahegI yA usakA virodha karegI / jaba ki dUsarI dRSTi meM lokasagraha itane vizAla paimAne para kiyA gayA hai ki jisase usame AdhyAtmikatA aura bhautikatA paraspara TakarAne nahIM paatii| AgamoM meM ahiMsA kA nirUpaNa zramaNa paraparA kI ahiMsA sabadhI vicAradhArA kA eka pravAha apane

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jainadharma kA prANa viziSTa rUpa se bahatA thA, jo kAlakrama se Age jAkara dIrgha tapasvI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana me udAtta rUpa me vyakta huaa| hama usa prakaTIkaraNa ko 'AcArAGga', 'sUtrakRtAGga' Adi prAcIna jaina Agamo me spaSTa dekhate hai| ahiMsA dharma kI pratiSThA to Atmaupamya kI dRSTi me se hI huI thI, para ukta Agamo me usakA nirUpaNa aura vizleSaNa isa prakAra huA hai-- (1) du.kha aura bhaya kA kAraNa hone se hisAmAtra varNya hai, yaha ahisA siddhAnta kI upptti| (2) hiMsA kA artha yadyapi prANanAza karanA yA du.kha denA hai, tathApi hisAjanya doSa kA AdhAra to mAtra pramAda arthAt rAgadveSAdi hI hai / agara pramAda yA Asakti na ho to kevala prANanAza hisA koTi me A nahIM sakatA, yaha ahiMsA kA vizleSaNa / (3) vadhya jIvoM kA kada, unakI saMkhyA tathA unakI indriya Adi saMpatti ke tAratamya ke Upara hisA ke doSa kA tAratamya avalavita nahIM hai; kintu hiMsaka ke pariNAma yA vRtti kI tIvratA-madatA, sajJAnatA-ajJAnatA yA balaprayoga kI nyUnAdhikatA ke Upara avalabita hai, aisA koTikrama / uparyukta tIno bAte bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vicAra tathA AcAra me le phalita hokara Agamo me grathita huI hai / koI eka vyakti yA vyaktisamUha kaisA hI AdhyAtmika kyo na ho, para vaha sayamalakSI jIvanadhAraNa kA bhI prazna socatA hai taba usame se uparyukta vizleSaNa tathA koTikrama apane Apa hI phalita ho jAtA hai / isa dRSTi se dekhA jAe to kahanA par3atA hai ki Age ke jaina vAGamaya me ahisA ke sabadha me jo vizeSa UhApoha huA hai usakA mUla AdhAra to prAcIna Agamo me prathama se hI rahA / samUce jaina vAGamaya meM pAe jAnevAle ahimA ke UhApoha para jaba hama dRSTipAta karate haiM, taba hame spaSTa dikhAI detA hai ki jaina vAGamaya kA ahiMsA sabadhI UhApoha mukhyatayA cAra balo para avalabita hai| pahalA to yaha ki vaha pradhAnatayA sAdhu jIvana kA hI ataeva navakoTika-pUrNa ahisA kA hI vicAra karatA hai| dUsarA yaha ki vaha brAhmaNa paraparA meM vihita mAnI jAnevAlI aura pratiSThita samajhI jAnevAlI yajJIya Adi anekavidha hisAoM kA virodha karatA hai| tIsarA yaha ki vaha anya zramaNa paraparAo ke tyAgI

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jainadharma kA prANa 97 jIvana kI apekSA bhI jaina zramaNa kA tyAgI jIvana vizeSa niyatrita rakhane kA Agraha rakhatA hai| cauthA yaha ki vaha jaina paraMparA ke hI avAntara phirakoM me utpanna honevAle pArasparika virodha ke prazno ke nirAkaraNa kA bhI prayatna karatA hai| ___navakoTika-pUrNa ahisA ke pAlana kA Agraha bhI rakhanA aura sayama yA sadguNavikAsa kI dRSTi se jIvananirvAha kA samarthana bhI karanA-isa virodha me se hiMsA ke dravya, bhAva Adi bhedo kA UhApoha phalita huA aura anta meM eka mAtra nizcaya siddhAnta yahI sthApita huA ki Akhira ko pramAda hI hiMsA hai| apramatta jIvanavyavahAra dekhane me hisAtmaka ho taba bhI vaha vastutaH ahiMsaka hI hai| jahA~ taka isa AkharI natIje kA sabadha hai vahA~ taka zvetAmbaradigambara Adi kisI bhI jaina phirake kA isame thoDA bhI matabheda nahI hai| saba phirako kI vicArasaraNI, paribhASA aura dalIle eka-sI hai|' vaidika hiMsA kA virodha vaidika paraMparA me yajJa, atithi zrAddha Adi aneka nimitto me hone vAlI jo hiMsA dhArmika mAnakara pratiSThita karAra dI jAtI thI usakA virodha sAMkhya, bauddha aura jaina paraparA ne eka-sA kiyA hai, phira bhI Age jAkara isa virodha me mukhya bhAga bauddha aura jaina kA hI rahA hai / jaina vAGamayagata ahiMsA ke UhApoha me ukta virodha kI gaharI chApa aura pratikriyA bhI hai| padapada para jaina sAhitya me vaidika hisA kA khaNDana dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI jaba vaidika loga jaino ke prati yaha AzaMkA karate hai ki agara dhArmika hiMsA bhI akartavya hai, to tuma jaina loga apanI samAja racanA me mandiranirmANa, devapUjA Adi dhArmika kRtyoM kA samAveza ahisaka rUpa se kaise kara sakoge ityaadi| isa prazna kA khulAsA bhI jaina vADamaya ke ahisA sabadhI UhApoha me savistara pAyA jAtA hai| jaina aura bauddhoM ke bIca virodha kA kAraNa pramAda-mAnasika doSa hI mukhyatayA hiMsA hai aura usa doSa meM se 1. dekho 'jJAnabindu' me TippaNa pR0 79 se /

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jainadharma kA prANa janita prANa-nAza hI hiMsA hai-yaha vicAra jaina aura bauddha paraparA me eka-sA mAnya hai, phira bhI hama dekhate hai ki purAkAla se jaina aura bauddha paraparA ke bIca ahisA ke sabadha me pArasparika khaNDana-maNDana bahuta huA hai / 'mUtrakRtAGga' jaise prAcIna Agama me bhI ahiMsA sabadhI bauddha mantavya kA khaDana hai| isI taraha 'majjhimanikAya' jaise piTaka grathoM me bhI jaina ahiMsA kA saparihAsa khaNDana pAyA jAtA hai| uttaravartI niyukti Adi jaina gratho me tathA 'abhidharmakoSa' Adi bauddha gratho me bhI vahI purAnA khaNDana-maNDana nae rUpa me dekhA jAtA hai / jaba jaina-bauddha dono paraparAe~ vaidika hisA kI eka-sI virodhinI hai aura jaba dono kI ahisA sabaMdhI vyAkhyA meM koI tAttvika matabheda nahI, taba pahale se hI dono me pArasparika khaNDana-maNDana kyo zurU huA aura cala par3A-yaha eka prazna hai| isakA javAba jaba hama dono paraparAo ke sAhitya ko dhyAna se paDhate hai, taba mila jAtA hai / khaNDana-maNDana ke aneka kAraNo me se pradhAna kAraNa to yahI hai ki jaina paraparA ne navakoTika ahiMsA kI sUkSma vyAkhyA ko amala meM lAne ke lie jo bAhya pravRtti ko vizeSa niyatrita kiyA vaha bauddha paraparA ne nahIM kiyaa| jIvana-sabadhI bAhya pravRttiyoM ke ati niyatraNa aura madhyamamArgIya zaithilya ke prabala bheda me se hI jaina aura bauddha paraMparAe~ Apasa me khaNDana-maNDana me pravRtta huI / isa khaNDanamaNDana kA bhI jaina vADamaya ke ahisA sabadhI UhApoha me khAsA hissA hai, jisakA kucha namUnA jJAnabindu ke TippaNo meM die hue jaina aura bauddha avataraNo se jAnA jA sakatA hai / jaba hama dono paraparAo ke khaNDana-maNDana ko taTastha bhAva se dekhate hai taba ni sakoca kahanA paDatA hai ki bahudhA donoM ne eka dUsare ko galata rUpa se hI samajhA hai / isakA eka udAharaNa 'majjhimanikAya' kA upAlisutta aura dUsarA namUnA sUtrakRtAGga (1. 1. 2. 24-32; 2. 6. 26-28) kA hai| ahiMsA kI koTikI hiMsA jaise-jaise jaina sAdhusagha kA vistAra hotA gayA aura jude-jude deza tathA kAla me naI-naI paristhiti ke kAraNa nae-nae prazna utpanna hote gae, vaisevaise jaina tattvacintakoM ne ahisA kI vyAkhyA aura vizleSaNa meM se eka spaSTa

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jainadharma kA prANa nayA vicAra prakaTa kiyaa| vaha yaha ki agara apramatta bhAva se koI jIvavirAdhanA-hiMsA ho jAe yA karanI par3e to vaha mAtra ahiMsAkoTi kI ataeva nirdoSa hI nahIM hai, balki vaha guNa (nirjarA) vardhaka bhI hai| isa vicAra ke anusAra, sAdhu pUrNa ahiMsA kA svIkAra kara lene ke bAda bhI agara sayata jIvana kI pupTi ke nimitta, vividha prakAra kI hiMsArUpa samajhI jAnevAlI pravRttiyA~ karatA hai to vaha sayamavikAsa me eka kadama Age bar3hatA hai| yahI jaina paribhASA ke anusAra nizcaya ahisA hai / jo tyAgI bilakula vastra Adi rakhane ke virodhI the ve maryAdita rUpa meM vastra Adi upakaraNa (sAdhana) rakhanevAle sAdhuoM ko jaba hisA ke nAma para kosane lage, taba vastrAdi ke samarthaka tyAgiyo ne usI nizcaya siddhAnta kA Azraya lekara javAba diyA ki kevala sayama ke dhAraNa aura nirvAha ke vAste hI, zarIra kI taraha maryAdita upakaraNa Adi kA rakhanA ahiMsA kA bAdhaka nhii| jaina sAdhusagha kI isa prakAra kI pArasparika AcArabhedamUlaka carcA ke dvArA bhI ahiMsA ke UhApoha me bahuta-kucha vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai, jo oghaniyukti Adi me spaSTa hai| kabhI-kabhI ahiMsA kI carcA zuSka tarka kI-sI huI jAna par3atI hai| eka vyakti prazna karatA hai ki agara vastra rakhanA hI hai to vaha binA phAr3e akhaNDa hI kyo na rakhA jAe, kyoki usake phADane se jo sUkSma aNu uDege ve jIvaghAtaka jarUra hoge| isa prazna kA javAba bhI usI Dhaga se diyA gayA hai| javAba denevAlA kahatA hai ki agara vastra phADane se phailanevAle sUkSma aNuo ke dvArA jIvaghAta hotA hai, to tuma jo hame vastra phADane se rokane ke lie kucha kahate ho usame bhI to jIvaghAta hotA hai na ?-ityAdi / astu / jo kucha ho, para hama jinabhadragaNi kI spaSTa vANI me jainaparaparAsamata ahisA kA pUrNa svarUpa pAte hai| ve kahate hai ki sthAna sajIva ho yA nirjIva, usame koI jIva ghAtaka ho jAtA ho yA koI aghAtaka hI dekhA jAtA ho, para itane mAtra se hiMsA yA ahiMsA kA nirNaya nahI ho sakatA / hiMsA sacamuca pramAda-ayatanA-asayama me hI hai, phira cAhe kisI jIva kA ghAta na bhI hotA ho / isI taraha agara apramAda yA yatanA-sayama surakSita hai, to jIvaghAta dikhAI dene para bhI vastutaH ahiMsA hI hai|

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jainava kA prANa jaina UhApoha kI kramika bhUmikAeM uparyukta vivecana se ahiMsA sabadhI jaina UhApoha kI nIce likhI kramika bhUmikAe~ phalita hotI hai : (1) prANa kA nAza hiMsArUpa hone se usako rokanA hI ahisA hai / (2) jIvana dhAraNa kI samasyA me se phalita huA ki jIvana- khAsakara sayamI jIvana ke lie anivArya samajhI jAnevAlI pravRttiyA~ karate rahane para agara jIvaghAta ho bhI jAe to bhI yadi pramAda nahI hai to vaha jIvaghAta hiMsArUpa na hokara ahiMsA hI hai / 100 (3) agara pUrNarUpeNa ahisaka rahanA ho to vastutaH aura sarvaprathama cittagata kleza (pramAda) kA hI tyAga karanA cAhie / yaha huA to ahasA siddha huI / ahisA kA bAhya pravRttiyoM ke sAtha koI niyata sabaMdha nahI hai / usakA niyata saMbadha mAnasika pravRttiyo ke sAtha hai / (4) vaiyaktika yA sAmUhika jIvana me aise bhI apavAda-sthAna Ate haiM jaba ki hisA mAtra ahisA hI nahI rahatI, pratyuta vaha guNavardhaka bhI bana jAtI hai / aise ApavAdika sthAno me agara kahI jAnevAlI hisA se Darakara use AcaraNa meM na lAyA jAe to ulaTA doSa lagatA hai / jaina evaM mImAMsaka Adi ke bIca sAmya jaina ahiMsA ke utsarga - apavAda kI yaha carcA ThIka akSarazaH mImAsA aura smRti ke ahiMsA sabadhI utsarga apavAda kI vicArasaraNI se milatI hai / antara hai to yahI ki jahA~ jaina vicArasaraNI sAdhu yA pUrNatyAgI ke jIvana ko lakSya me rakhakara pratiSThita huI hai vahA~ mImAsaka aura smAtoM kI vicArasaraNI gRhastha, tyAgI sabhI ke jIvana ko kendrasthAna me rakhakara pracalita huI hai / dono kA sAmya isa prakAra hai 1 jaina 1. savve pANA na hatavvA 2 vaidika 1. mA hiMsyAt sarvabhUtAni

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jainadharma kA prANa 101 1 jaina 2 vaidika 2. mAdhujIvana kI azakyatA 2. cAro Azrama ke sabhI prakAra ke kA prazna / adhikAriyoM ke jIvana kI tathA tatsabadhI kartavyo kI azakyatA kA prshn| 3. zAstravihita pravRttiyo me 3. zAstravihita pravRttiyo me hiMsAhisA kA abhAva, arthAt doSa kA abhAva, arthAt niSiddhAniSiddhAcaraNa hI hiNsaa| cAra hI hiMsA hai| yahA~ yaha dhyAna rahe ki jaina tattvajJa 'zAstra' zabda se jaina zAstra ko-khAsakara sAdhu-jIvana ke vidhi-niSedha pratipAdaka zAstra ko hI letA hai; jarva ke vaidika tattvacintaka zAstra zabda se una sabhI zAstroM ko letA hai, jina me vaiyaktika, kauTumbika, sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjakIya Adi sabhI kartavyo kA vidhAna hai| 4. antatogatvA ahiMsA kA marma 4. antatogatvA ahisA kA tAtparya jinAjJA ke-jaina zAstra ke veda tathA smRtiyo kI AjJA ke yathAvat anusaraNa me hI hai| pAlana me hI hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 412-417) ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa neminAtha ko karuNA bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke pahale nirgrantha-paramparA me yadukumAra neminAtha ho gae hai| unakI argha-aitihAsika jIvanakathAoM meM eka ghaTanA kA jo ullekha milatA hai, usako nirgrantha-paramparA kI ahiMsaka bhAvanA kA eka sImAcihna kahA jA sakatA hai| lagna-vivAhAdi sAmAjika utsava-samAraMbhoM meM jImanejimAne aura Amoda-pramoda karane kA rivAja to Aja bhI cAlU hai, para usa samaya aise samArabho me nAnAvidha pazuo kA vadha karake unake mAMsa se jImana ko AkarSita banAne kI prathA Ama taura se rhii| khAsa kara kSatriyAdi jAtiyo me to yaha prathA aura bhI rUr3ha thI / isa prathA ke anusAra lagna ke nimitta kie jAne vAle utsava meM vadha karane ke lie ekatra kiye gae harina

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2 jainadharma kA prANa de vividha pazuoM kA ArttanAda sunakara nemikumAra ne ThIka lagna ke mauke hI karuNArdra hokara apane aise lagna kA sakalpa hI choDa diyA, jisame okA vadha karake maoNsa kA khAnA khilAnA pratiSThita mAnA jAtA rahA / makumAra ke isa karuNAmUlaka brahmacaryavAsa kA usa samaya samAja para aisA par3A aura kramaza vaha asara baDhatA gayA ki dhIre-dhIre aneka jAtiyoM sAmAjika samArabho me maoNsa khAne khilAne kI prathA ko hI tilAJjali dii| sabhavata yahI aisI pahalI ghaTanA hai jo sAmAjika vyavahAro me hisA kI nIva paDane kI sUcaka hai / nemikumAra yAdava - ziromaNi devakIdana kRSNa ke anuja the / jAna paDatA hai ki isa kAraNa se dvArakA aura thurA ke yAdavo para acchA asara paDA / pArzvanAtha kA hiMsAvirodha itihAsa - kAla me bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kA sthAna hai / unakI jIvanI kaha rahI hai ki unhone ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko vikasita karane ke lie eka dUsarA hI kadama uThAyA / paJcAgni jaisI tAmasa tapasyAo me sUkSma-sthUla yo kA vicAra binA kie hI Aga jalAne kI prathA thI, jisase kabhIkabhI Idhana ke sAtha anya prANI bhI jala jAte the / kAzIrAja azvapati putra pArzvanAtha ne aisI hisAjanaka tapasyA kA ghora virodha kiyA aura dharmakSetra me aviveka se hone vAlI hisA ke tyAga kI ora lokamata taiyAra kiyA / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA kI gaI ahiMsA kI pratiSThA pArzvanAtha ke dvArA puSTa kI gaI ahisA kI bhAvanA nirgranthanAtha jJAtaputra mahAvIra ko virAsata me milI / unhone yajJa-yAgAdi jaise dharma ke jude-jude kSetro me honevAlI hisA kA tathAgata buddha kI taraha Atyantika virodha kiyA aura dharma ke pradeza me ahisA kI itanI adhika pratiSThA kI ki isake bAda to ahiMsA hI bhAratIya dharmo kA prANa bana gii| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI umra ahiMsAparAyaNa jIvana-yAtrA tathA ekAgra tapasyA ne tatkAlIna aneka prabhAvazAlI brAhmaNa va kSatriyo ko ahiMsA - bhAvanA kI

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jainadharma kA prANa 103 ora khIcA / phalata janatA me sAmAjika tathA dhArmika utsavoM me ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ne jar3a jamAI, jisake Upara Age kI nirgrantha-paraparA kI agalI pIr3hiyoM kI kAragujArI kA mahala khar3A huA hai / haMsA ke anya pracAraka azoka ke pautra saprati ne apane pitAmaha ke ahiMsaka saskAra kI virAsata ko Arya suhasti kI chatrachAyA me aura bhI samRddha kiyA / saprati ne kevala apane adhIna rAjya- pradezo me hI nahI, balki apane rAjya kI sImA ke bAhara bhI -- jahA~ ahisAmUlaka jIvana vyavahAra kA nAma bhI na thA - ahisA - bhAvanA kA phailAva kiyA / ahisA bhAvanA ke usa srota kI bAr3ha me aneka kA hAtha avazya hai, para nirgrantha anagArI kA to isake sivAya aura koI dhyeya hI nahI rahA hai / ve bhArata me pUrva - pazcima, uttara-dakSiNa jahA~jahA~ gae vahA unhone ahisA kI bhAvanA kA hI vistAra kiyA aura hiMsAmUlaka aneka vyasano ke tyAga kI janatA ko zikSA dene me hI nirgranthadharma kI kRtakRtyatA kA anubhava kiyaa| jaise zakarAcArya ne bhArata ke cAro kono para maTha sthApita karake brahmAdvaita kA vijaya stambha ropA hai, vaise hI mahAvIra ke anuyAyI anagAra nirgrantho ne bhArata jaise vizAla deza ke cAro kono me ahisAdvaita kI bhAvanA ke vijaya stambha ropa die hai - aisA kahA jAe to atyukti na hogI / lokamAnya tilaka ne isa bAta ko yo kahA thA ki gujarAta kI ahisA - bhAvanA jaino kI hI dena hai, para itihAsa hame kahatA hai ki vaiSNavAdi aneka vaidika paramparAo kI ahisAmUlaka dharmavRtti meM nirgrantha sapradAya kA thoDA bahuta prabhAva avazya kAma kara rahA hai / una vaidika sampradAyo ke pratyeka jIvanavyavahAra kI chAnabIna karane se koI bhI vicAraka yaha saralatA se jAna sakatA hai ki isame nirgranthoM kI ahisA-bhAvanA kA puTa avazya hai / Aja bhArata meM hisAmUlaka yajJa-yAgAdi dharma - vidhi kA samarthaka bhI yaha sAhasa nahI kara sakatA hai ki vaha yajamAnoM ko pazuvadha ke lie prerita kare / AcArya hemacandra ne gurjarapati paramamAhezvara siddharAja taka ko bahuta

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jainadharma kA prANa azoM meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA se prabhAvita kiyaa| isakA phala aneka dizAoM meM acchA AyA / aneka deva-deviyo ke sAmane khAsa-khAsa parvo para honevAlI hiMsA ruka gaI aura aisI hisA ko rokane ke vyApaka Andolana kI eka nIva par3a gii| siddharAja kA uttarAdhikArI gurjarapati kumArapAla to paramArhata hI thaa| vaha sacce artha meM paramAta isalie mAnA gayA ki usane jaisI aura jitanI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA puSTa kI aura jaisA usakA vistAra kiyA vaha itihAsa me bejor3a hai| kumArapAla kI 'amAri-ghoSaNA' itanI lokapriya banI ki Age ke aneka nirgrantha aura unake gRhastha-ziSya 'amAri-ghoSaNA' ko apane jIvana kA dhyeya banAkara hI kAma karane lge| AcArya hemacandra ke pahale kaI nirgrantho ne mAsAgI jAtiyo ko ahiMsA kI dIkSA dI thI aura nirgrantha-saMgha me osavAla-poravAla Adi varga sthApita kie the| zaka Adi videzI jAtiyA~ bhI ahisA ke cepa se vaca na skiiN| hIravijayasUri ne akabara jaise bhArata-samrATa se bhikSA me itanA hI mA~gA ki vaha hamezA ke lie nahI to kucha khAsa-khAsa tithiyo para amAri-ghoSaNA jArI kre| akavara ke usa patha para jahA~gIra Adi unake vazaja bhI cle| jo janma se hI mAsAgI the una mugala samrATo ke dvArA ahisA kA itanA vistAra karAnA yaha Aja bhI sarala nahI hai| Aja bhI hama dekhate hai ki jaina-samAja hI aisA hai, jo jahA~ taka sabhava ho vividha kSetro me honevAlI pazu-pakSI Adi kI hiMsA ko rokane kA satata prayatna karatA hai| isa vigAla deza meM jude-jude saskAravAlI aneka jAtiyA~ paDosa-paDosa meM bamatI haiM / aneka janma se hI mAsAzI bhI hai| phira bhI jahA~ dekho vahA~ ahiMsA ke prati lokaruci to hai hii| madhyakAla me aise aneka santa aura phakIra hue jinhone eka mAtra ahiMsA aura dayA kA hI upadeza diyA hai, jo bhArata kI AtmA me ahiMsA kI gaharI jaDa kI sAkSI hai| mahAtmA gA~dhIjI ne bhArata me nava-jIvana kA prANa praspadita karane kA saMkalpa kiyA, to vaha kevala ahiMsA kI bhUmikA ke Upara hii| yadi unako ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA aisA taiyAra kSetra na milatA, to ve zAyada hI itane saphala hote| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 75-78)

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jainadharma kA prANa ahiMsA aura amAri prakRti me hiMsA aura ahisA ke tattva rahe hue hai / bhArata me usake mUla nivAsiyo kI aura bAda meM unake vijetA ke rUpa me prasiddha AryoM kI samRddhi ke samaya aneka prakAra ke balidAna eva yajJa-yAga kI prathA thI aura usame kevala pazupakSI hI nahI, balki manuSya taka kI bali dI jAtI thI / dhArmika samajhA jAnevAlA hisA kA yaha prakAra itanI hada taka phailA huA thA ki usakI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM dUsarI ora hisA kA virodha zurU huA thA / ahisA kI bhAvanAvAle aise pantha to bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke pahale bhI sthApita ho cuke the| aisA hone para bhI ahiMsAtattva ke ananya poSaka eva ahiMsA kI Aja kI cAlU gagotrI ke rUpa me jo do mahAn aitihAsika puruSa hamAre samakSa hai ve bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha hI hai / unake samaya meM aura unake pIche bhArata me ahiMsA ko jo poSaNa milA hai, usakA jitane prakAra se aura jitanI dizA me pracAra huA hai tathA ahiMsA tattva ke bAre me jo zAstrIya aura sUkSma vicAra huA hai usakI tulanA bhArata ke bAhara kisI bhI deza ke itihAsa me prApta nahI ho sakatI / duniyA ke dUsare dezoM aura dUsarI jAtiyo para asAdhAraNa prabhAva DAlanevAlA, unako jItanevAlA aura sarvadA ke lie unakA mana haranevAlA koI tattva bhArata me utpanna huA ho, to vaha hajAro varSo se Aja taka lagAtAra kamobeza rUpa me pracalita aura vikasita ahiMsAtattva hI hai / 105 azoka, samprati aura khAravela ahiMsA ke pracAraka jaina eva bauddha sagho kI vyavasthita sthApanA ke pazcAt unakA pracArakArya cAro ora joro se calane lagA / isake pramANa Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| mahAn samrAT azoka ke dharmAnuzAsano meM jo Adeza hai usase spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki usane utsavo aura samArambho me hisA na karane kI AjJA dI thI, athavA eka prakAra se logoM ke samakSa vaisA na karane kI apanI icchA usane pradarzita kI thI / svaya hiMsAmukta ho, phakIrI apanAkara rAjadaNDa dhAraNa karanevAle azoka kI dharmAjJAo kA prabhAva

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106 jainadharma kA prANa pratyeka pantha ke logo para kitanA par3A hogA isakI kalpanA karanA muzkila nahI hai| rAjakIya AdezoM dvArA ahiMsA ke pracAra kA yaha mArga azoka ke Age ruka gayA ho aisI bAta nahI hai| usake pautra aura prasiddha jaina rAjA samprati ne usa mArga kA anusaraNa kiyA thA aura apane pitAmaha kI ahisA kI bhAvanA ko usane apane Dhaga se aura apanI rIti se khuba posA thaa| rAjA, rAjakuTumba aura baDe-baDe adhikArI ahisA ke pracAra kI ora unmukha ho isa para se do bAte sahaja bhAva se jJAta hotI hai| eka to yaha ki ahisApracAraka sagho ne kisa hada taka pragati kI thI ki jisakA asara mahAn samrATo para bhI paDA thA, aura dUsarI bAta yaha ki logo ko ahisA-tattva kitanA rucikara huA thA athavA uname dAkhila huA thA ki jisake kAraNa ve ahiMsA kI ghoSaNA karanevAle aise rAjAo kA bahamAna karane lage the / kaligarAja Arhata samrAT khAravela ne bhI isa dizA me khUba prayatna kiye hoge aisA usake kAryo para se lagatA hai| ___ bIca-bIca me balidAnavAle yajJa ke yuga mAnavaprakRti me se udita hote gaye aisA itihAsa spaSTa kahatA hai, phira bhI sAmAnya rUpa se dekhane para bhArata me tathA bhArata ke bAhara uparyukta dono ahiMsApracAraka sagho ke kArya ne adhika saphalatA prApta kI hai| dakSiNa eva uttara bhArata ke madhyakAlIna jaina aura bauddha rAjAo tathA rAjakuTumbo eva adhikAriyo kA sarvaprathama kArya ahisA ke pracAra kA hI rahA hogA aisA mAnane ke aneka kAraNa hai| ___ kumArapAla aura akabara pazcima bhArata ke prabhAvazAlI rAjyakartA parama Arhata kumArapAla kI ahisA to itanI adhika prasiddha hai ki bahuta-se logo ko vaha Aja atizayatApUrNa lagatI hai / mugalasamrATa akabara kA mana jItanevAle tyAgI, jaina bhikSa hIravijayasUri aura unake anugAmI ziSyoM dvArA bAdazAho ke pAsa se ahiMsA ke bAre me prApta kiye gaye pharamAna sadA ke lie itihAsa me amara rahege / inake atirikta rAjAo, jamIdAro, ucca adhikAriyo tathA gaoNva ke aguo kI ora se bhI hisA na karane ke jo vacana diye gaye the ve yadi hama prApta kara sake to isa deza me ahisApracAraka sagha ne

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jainadharma kA prANa 107. ahiMsA kA vAtAvaraNa jamAne me kitanA puruSArtha kiyA thA isakI kucha kalpanA A sakatI hai| ___ ahiMsA ke pracAra kA eka pramANa : piMjarApola ahisA ke pracAra ke eka sabala pramANa ke rUpa meM hamAre yahA~ piMjarApola kI sasthA calI A rahI hai| yaha paramparA kaba se aura kisa ke dvArA astitva me AI yaha nizcita rUpa se kahanA kaThina hai, phira bhI gujarAta me usake pracAra eva usakI pratiSThA ko dekhate hue aisA mAnane kA mana ho AtA hai ki piMjarApola sasthA ko vyApaka rUpa dene me sambhavata kumArapAla aura unake dharmaguru AcArya hemacandra kA mukhya hAtha rahA ho| samagra kaccha, saurASTra eva gujarAta tathA rAjasthAna ke amuka bhAga kA koI aisA prasiddha nagara yA acchI bastIvAlA kasbA zAyada hI mile jahA~ pijarApola na ho / aneka sthAno para to choTe-choTe gAvo taka me bhI prAthamika zAlAo (prAimarI skUla) kI bhaoNti pijarApola kI zAkhAe~ hai| ye saba pijarApola mukhyata pazuo ko aura azata pakSiyo ko bacAne kA aura unakI dekhabhAla rakhane kA kArya karatI hai| hamAre pAsa isa samaya nizcita Akar3e nahIM hai, parantu merA sthUla anumAna hai ki prativarSa ina pijarApolo ke pIche jaina pacAsa lAkha se kama kharca nahI karate hoMge aura ina pijarApolo ke Azraya me adhika nahI to lAkha ke karIba choTe-baDe jIva poSaNa pAte hoge| gujarAta ke bAhara ke bhAgo me jahA~-jahA~ gozAlAeM calatI hai vahA~ sarvatra Ama taura para sirpha gAyo kI hI rakSA kI jAtI hai| gauzAlAe~ bhI deza me bahuta hai aura uname hajAro gAye rakSaNa pAtI hai| pijarApola kI sasthA ho yA gozAlA kI sasthA ho, parantu yaha saba pazurakSaNa kI pravRtti ahiMsApracAraka saMgha ke puruSArtha para hI avalambita hai aisA koI bhI *vicAraka kahe binA zAyada hI rhe| isake alAvA cITiyo ko ATA DAlane kI prathA tathA jalacaro ko ATe kI goliyA~ khilAne kI prathA, zikAra eva devI ke bhogo ko banda karAne kI prathA yaha saba ahisA kI bhAvanA kA hI pariNAma hai|

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108 jainadharma kA prANa mAnavajAti kI sevA karane ko pravRtti aba taka hamane pazu, pakSI tathA dUsare jIvajantuo ke bAre me hI vicAra kiyA / aba hama mAnavajAti kI ora unmukha ho / deza me dAnaprathA itanI pracaNDa rUpa se calatI thI ki usakI vajaha se koI manuSya zAyada hI bhUkhA rahatA / bhayaMkara aura vyApaka lambe AkAlo me jagaDUzA jaise dAnI gRhasthoM ne apane anna-bhaNDAra tathA khajAne khola diye the isake vizvasta pramANa vidyamAna hai / jisa deza me pazupakSI eva dUsare kSudra jIvo ke lie karor3o rupayoM kA kharca kiyA jAtA ho usa deza meM mAnavajAti ke lie dayAvRtti kama ho athavA to usake lie kucha bhI na kiyA gayA ho aisI kalpanA karanA bhI vicAragakti ke bAhara kI bAta hai| hamAre deza kA Atithya prasiddha hai aura yaha Atithya mAnavajAni kA hI upalakSaka hai / deza me lAkho tyAgI aura sAdhusanyAsI ho gaye hai aura Aja bhI hai| ve Atithya athavA mAnava ke prati logoM kI vRtti kA eka nidAna hai| apAhijo, anAthoM aura bImArI ke lie adhika se adhika karane kA vidhAna brAhmaNa, bauddha aura jaina zAstroM me AtA hai, jo tatkAlIna lokaraci kA pratighopa hI hai| mAnavajAti kI sevA kI pratidina baDhatI jAtI AvazyakatA ke kAraNa tathA paDausI-dharma kI mahattA sarvaprathama hone se bahuta bAra kaI loga Avezavaza eva jaldabAjI me ahisApremI logo ko aimA kaha dete hai ki unakI ahisA cITe-caoNTe aura bahuta huA to pazu-pakSI taka gaI hai, mAnavajAti tathA dezabandhuo taka usakA bahuta kama prasAra huA hai / parantu yaha vidhAna yogya nahI hai isake lie nIce kI bAte paryApta samajhI jaayegii| (1) prAcIna aura madhyakAla ko eka ora rakhakara yadi antima sau varSoM me choTe-baDe aura bhayakara akAlo tathA dUsarI prAkRtika Apattiyo ko lekara usa samaya kA itihAsa dekhe, to uname anna-kaSTa se pIr3ita manuSyo ke lie ahisA-poSaka sagha kI ora se kitanA-kitanA kiyA gayA hai ! kitanA anna vaoNTA gayA hai | auSadhopacAra aura kapaDo ke lie bhI kitanA kiyA gayA hai ! udAharaNArtha vi. sa. 1956 kA akAla le, jisakA byorA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| (2) akAla yA vaisI koI dUsarI prAkRtika Apatti na ho usa samaya

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jainadharma kA prANa bhI choTe gA~vo taka me yadi koI bhUkhe mara rahA ho aisA jJAta ho to usake lie mahAjana athavA koI ekAdha gRhastha kyA aura kisa taraha sahAyatA karatA hai isakI jAnakArI prApta kI jaay| (3) Adhe karoDa jitane phakIro, bAvAo aura sAdhusanto kA varga adhikAzata. zrama kiye binA hI dUsare sAdhAraNa zramikavarga jitane hI sukha aura ArAma se hamezA nibhatA AyA hai aura aba bhI nibha rahA hai| amArikA niSedhAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka rUpa : ahiMsA aura dayA ahiMsA athavA amArike do rUpa hai / (1) niSedhAtmaka, (2) usameM se phalita hone vAlA bhAvAtmaka / kisI ko AghAta na pahuMcAnA athavA kisI ko apane dukha kA, usakI anicchA se, sAjhI na banAnA, yaha niSedhAtmaka ahisA hai| dUsare ke dukha me hAtha ba~TAnA athavA to apanI sukha-suvidhA kA lAbha dUsare ko denA, yaha bhAvAtmaka ahiMsA hai| yahI bhAvAtmaka ahisA dayA athavA sevA kahI jAtI hai / suvidhA kI dRSTi se hama ukta dono prakAra kI ahiMsA kA anukrama se ahisA aura dayA ina do nAmo se vyavahAra krege| ahisA eka aisI vastu hai jisa kI dayA kI apekSA kahI adhika mUlyavattA hone para bhI vaha dayA kI bhaoNti ekadama sabakI najara me nahI aatii| dayA ko lokagamya kahe, to ahiMsA ko svagamya kaha sakate haiN| ahisA kA anusaraNa karanevAlA manuSya usakI sugandha kA anubhava karatA hai| usakA lAbha to anivAryata. dUsaro ko milatA hai, parantu bahuta bAra lAbha pAnevAle taka ko usa lAbha ke kAraNarUpa ahisAtattva kA khyAla taka nahI AtA aura usa ahisA kA sundara prabhAva dUsaro ke mana para paDane me bahuta bAra kAphI lambA samaya bIta jAtA hai| dayA ke bAre me isase ulTA hai| dayA eka aisI vastu hai, jisake pAlanevAle kI apekSA usakA lAbha uThAnevAle ko hI vaha adhika sugandha detI hai| dayA kA sundara prabhAva dUsaro ke mana para paDane me samaya nahI lgtaa| isase dayA khulI talavAra kI taraha sabakI dRSTi me A jAya aisI vastu hai| isIlie usake AcaraNa me hI dharma kI prabhAvanA dikhatI hai| samAja ke vyavasthita dhAraNa eva poSaNa ke lie ahiMsA evaM dayA donoM kI anivArya AvazyakatA hai / jisa samAja aura jisa rASTra meM jitane aMza meM

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110 jainadharma kA prANa dUsaro kA utpIDana adhika hotA ho, nirbaloM ke adhikAra adhika kucale jAte ho, vaha samAja athavA vaha rASTra utanA hI adhika dukhI aura gulAma hogaa| isase viparIta, jisa samAja aura jisa rASTra me eka varga kA dUsare varga para athavA eka vyakti kA dUsare vyakti para jitanA trAsa kama athavA dUsare nirbalo ke adhikAro kI jitanI adhika rakSA, utanA hI vaha samAja aura vaha rASTra adhika sukhI aura svatatra hogA / isI prakAra jisa samAja aura jisa rASTra me sabala vyaktiyo kI ora se nirbalo ke lie apanI sukhasuvidhA kA jitanA bhoga diyA jAyagA, jitanI unakI adhika sevA kI jAyagI, utanA vaha samAja aura vaha rASTra adhika svastha aura sampanna hogaa| isase ulTA, jitanI adhika svArthavRtti hogI utanA hI adhika vaha samAja pAmara aura chinna-bhinna hogaa| isa prakAra hama samAjo aura rASTro ke itihAsa para se jo eka nizcita pariNAma nikAla sakate hai vaha yaha ki ahiMsA aura dayA ye dono jitane AdhyAtmika hita karanevAle tattva hai utane hI ve samAja aura rASTra ke dhAraka eva poSaka tattva bhI hai| ina dono tattvo kI jagata ke kalyANa ke lie samAna AvazyakatA hone para bhI ahisA kI apekSA dayAvRtti ko jIvana meM utAranA kucha sarala hai| antardarzana ke binA ahisA ko jIvana me utAranA zakya nahIM hai, parantu dayA to jinhe antardarzana nahIM huA hai aise hamAre-jaise sAdhAraNa logo ke jIvana me bhI utara sakatI hai| ahisA nakArAtmaka hone se dUsare kisI ko trAsa dene ke kArya se mukta rahane meM vaha A jAtI hai aura usame bahuta bArIkI se vicAra na kiyA ho to bhI usakA anusaraNa vidhipUrvaka zakya hai, jabaki dayA ke bAre me aisA nahI hai| bhAvAtmaka hone se aura usake AcaraNa kA AdhAra sayoga aura paristhiti para rahane se dayA ke pAlana me vicAra karanA par3atA hai, bahuta sAvadhAna rahanA par3atA hai aura deza-kAla kI sthiti kA khUba dhyAna rakhanA par3atA hai| ___(da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 451-456) saMthArA aura ahiMsA hisA kA matalaba hai-pramAda yA rAgadveSa yA aaskti| usakA tyAga hI

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jainadharma kA prANa 111 ahiMsA hai| jaina granthoM me prAcIna kAla se calI AnevAlI AtmaghAta kI prathAo kA niSedha kiyA hai| pahADa se girakara, pAnI me DUbakara, jahara khAkara Adi prathAe~ marane kI thI aura hai-dharma ke nAma para bhI aura dunayAvI kAraNoM se bhii| jaise pazu Adi kI bali dharma rUpa me pracalita hai vaise hI Atmabali bhI pracalita rahI, aura kahI-kahI aba bhI hai, khAsakara ziva yA zakti ke saamne| eka tarapha se aisI prathAoM kA niSedha aura dUsarI tarapha se prANAnta anazana yA sathAre kA vidhAna / yaha virodha jarUra ulajhana me DAlanevAlA hai, para bhAva samajhane para koI bhI virodha nahI hotaa| jainadharma ne jisa prANanAza kA niSedha kiyA hai vaha pramAda yA AsaktipUrvaka kiye jAnevAle prANanAza kA hii| kisI aihika yA pAralaukika sapatti kI icchA se, kAminI kI kAmanA se aura anya abhyudaya kI vAcchA se dharmabudhyA taraha-taraha ke Atmavadha hote rahe hai / jainadharma kahatA hai vaha Atmavadha hisA hai, kyoki usakA preraka tattva koI-na-koI AsakttibhAva hai / prANAnta anazana aura sathArA bhI yadi usI bhAva se yA Dara se yA lobha se kiyA jAya to vaha hisA ho hai| use jainadharma karane kI AjJA nahI detaa| jisa prANAnta anazana kA vidhAna hai, vaha hai smaadhimrnn|| jaba deha aura AdhyAtmika sadguNa-sayama-iname se eka hI kI pasadagI karane kA viSama samaya A gayA taba yadi sacamuca sayamaprANa vyakti ho to vaha deharakSA kI paravAha nahIM karegA / mAtra deha kI bali dekara bhI apanI vizuddha AdhyAtmika sthiti ko bacA legA; jaise koI saccI satI dUsarA rAstA na dekhakara deha-nAza ke dvArA bhI satItva bacA letI hai| para usa avasthA me bhI vaha vyakti na kisI para ruSTa hogA, na kisI taraha bhayabhIta aura na kisI suvidhA para tupTa / usakA dhyAna ekamAtra sayata jIvana ko bacA lene aura samabhAva kI rakSA me hI rhegaa| jaba taka deha aura sayama donoM kI samAna bhAva se rakSA ho, taba taka dono kI rakSA kartavya hai, para eka kI hI pasadagI karane kA savAla Ave taba hamAre jaise deharakSA pasada karege aura AdhyAtmika saMyama kI upekSA karege, jabaki samAdhimaraNa kA adhikArI ulTA kregaa| jIvana to donoM hI hai-daihika aura AdhyAtmika / jo jisakA

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112 jainadharma kA prANa adhikArI hotA hai, vaha kasauTI ke samaya para usI ko pasada karatA hai / aura aise hI AdhyAtmika jIvanavAle vyakti ke lie prANAnta anazana kI ijAjata hai; pAmaro, bhayabhIto yA lAlaciyo ke lie nhii| aba Apa dekheMge ki prANAnta anazana deharUpa ghara kA nAza karake bhI divya jIvanarUpa apanI AtmA ko girane se bacA letA hai| isalie vaha khare artha me tAttvika dRSTi se ahisaka hI hai| deha kA nAza AtmahatyA kaba? TIkAkAroM ko uttara jo lekhaka AtmaghAta rUpa me aise sathAre kA varNana karate hai ve marma taka nahI socate; parantu yadi kisI ati ucca uddezya se kisI para rAgadveSa binA kie sapUrNa maitrIbhAvapUrvaka nirbhaya aura prasanna hRdaya se bApU jaisA prANAnta anazana kareM, to phira ve hI lekhaka usa maraNa ko sarAhege, kabhI AtmaghAta na kahege, kyoki aise vyakti kA uddezya aura jIvanakrama una lekhako kI A~kho ke sAmane hai, jabaki jaina paraparA meM sathArA karanevAle cAhe zubhAzayI hI kyo na ho, para unakA uddezya aura jIvanakrama isa taraha suvidita nahI / parantu zAstra kA vidhAna to usI dRSTi meM hai aura usakA ahisA ke sAtha pUrA mela bhI hai / isa artha me eka upamA hai| yadi koI vyakti apanA sArA ghara jalatA dekhakara koziza karane para bhI use jalane se bacA na sake to vaha kyA karegA? Akhira meM sabako jalatA choDakara apane ko bacA legA / yahI sthiti AdhyAtmika jIvanecchu kI rahatI hai| vaha khAmakhvAha deha kA nAza kabhI na kregaa| zAstra meM usakA niSedha hai| pratyuta deharakSA kartavya mAnI gaI hai, para vaha saMyama ke nimitta / AkhirI lAcArI me hI nirdiSTa zartoM ke sAtha dehanAza samAdhimaraNa hai aura ahisA bhI ; anyathA bAlamaraNa auM bhayakara duSkAla Adi tagI me deharakSA ke nimitta saMyama se patana hone kA avasara Ave yA anivArya rUpa se maraNa lAnevAlI bImAriyoM ke kAraNa khuda ko aura dUsaroM ko nirarthaka parezAnI hotI ho aura phira bhI saMyama yA sadguNa kI rakSA sambhava na ho, taba mAtra sayama aura samabhAva kI dRSTi se saMthAre kA vidhAna hai, jisame ekamAtra. sUkSma AdhyAtmika jIvana ko hI

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113 jainadharma kA prANa bacAne kA lakSya hai| jaba bApUjI Adi prANAnta anazana kI bAta karate haiM aura mazarUvAlA Adi samarthana karate hai, taba usake pIche yahI dRSTibindu mukhya hai| hisA nahIM, apitu AdhyAtmika vIratA ___ isame hisA kI koI bU taka nahI hai| yaha to usa vyakti ke lie vidhAna hai, jo ekamAtra AdhyAtmika jIvana kA ummedavAra aura tadartha kI huI satpratijJAo ke pAlana me rata ho| isa jIvana ke adhikArI bhI aneka prakAra ke hote rahe hai| eka to vaha jisane jinakalpa svIkAra kiyA ho, jo Aja vicchinna hai| jinakalpI akelA rahatA hai aura kisI taraha kisI kI sevA nahIM letaa| usake vAste antima jIvana kI ghaDiyo me kisI kI sevA lene kA prasaga na Ave, isaliye anivArya hotA hai ki vaha sAvadha aura zakta avasthA me hI dhyAna aura tapasyA Adi dvArA aisI taiyArI kare ki na maraNa se DaranA par3e aura na kisI hI sevA lenI paDe / vahI saba javAbadehiyoM ko adA karane ke bAda bAraha varSa taka akelA dhyAna-tapa karake apane jIvana kA utsarga karanA hai / para yaha kalpa mAtra jinakalpI ke liye hI hai| bAkI ke vidhAna jude-jude adhikAriyo ke lie hai / una sabakA sAra yaha hai ki yadi kI huI satpratijJAo ke bhaGga kA avasara Ave aura vaha bhaGga jo sahana kara nahI sakatA usake lie pratijJAbhaMga kI apekSA pratijJApAlanapUrvaka maraNa lenA hI zreyaskara hai / Apa dekheMge ki isameM AdhyAtmika vIratA hai| sthala jIvana ke lobha se, AdhyAtmika guNo se cyuta hokara mRtyu se bhAgane kI kAyaratA nahI hai / aura na to sthUla jIvana kI nirAzA se Ubakara mRtyu ke mukha me paDane kI Atmavadha kahalAnevAlI bAlizatA hai| aisA vyakti mRtyu se jitanA hI nirbhaya, utanA hI usake lie taiyAra bhI rahatA hai / vaha jIvanapriya hotA hai, jIvana-mohI nhiiN| salekhanA maraNa ko Amatrita karane kI vidhi nahIM hai, para apane-Apa AnevAlI mRtyu ke lie nirbhaya taiyArI mAtra hai| usI ke bAda sathAre kA bhI avasara A sakatA hai / isa taraha yaha sArA vicAra ahiMsA aura tanmUlaka sadguNo kI tanmayatA me se hI AyA hai, jo Aja bhI aneka rUpa se ziSTasamata hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa dharma meM Atmavadha rAdhAkRSNana ne jo likhA hai ki bauddha dharma ' syusAiDa' ko nahI mAnatA, ThIka nahI hai| khuda buddha ke samaya bhikSu channa aura bhikSu valkalI ne aise hI asAdhya roga ke kAraNa Atmavadha kiyA thA, jise tathAgata ne mAnya rakhA / bhikSu apramatta the / unake Atmabadha me pharka yaha hai ki ve upavAsa Adi ke dvArA dhIre-dhIre mRtyu kI taiyArI nahI karate, kintu ekabAragI zastravatra se svanAza karate hai, jise 'harIkarI' kahanA cAhie / yadyapi aise zastravadha kI saMgati jaina graMthoM me nahI hai, para usake samAna dUsare prakAra ke vadhoM kI saMmati hai / dono paramparAo me mUla bhUmikA sampUrNa rUpa se eka hI hai aura vaha mAtra samAdhijIvana kI rakSA / 'syusAiDa' zabda kucha nidya-sA hai / zAstra kA zabda samAdhikaraNa aura paDitamaraNa hai, jo upayukta hai / ukta channa aura valkalI kI kathA anukrama se majjhimanikAya aura sayuktanikAya me hai / 114 katipaya sUkta namUne ke lie kucha prAkRta padya aura unakA anuvAda detA hUMmaraNapaDiyArabhUyA esA evaM ca Na maraNaNimittA / jaha gaMDaccheakiriyA No AyavirAhaNArUvA // samAdhimaraNa kI kriyA maraNa ke nimitta nahIM, kintu usake pratikAra ke lie hai / jaise phor3e ko naztara lagAnA AtmavirAdhanA ke lie nahI hotA / 'jIviyaM nAbhikakhejjA maraNaM nAvi patthae / ' use na to jIvana kI abhilASA hai aura na maraNa ke lie vaha prArthanA hI karatA hai / 'appA khalu saMthAro havaI visuddhacaritambhi / ' caritra meM sthita vizuddha AtmA hI saMthArA hai / (da0 au0 ci0 khaM0 2, pR0 533-536 )

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:8: tapa bauddha-piTakoM me aneka jagaha 'nigaTha' ke sAtha 'tapassI', 'dIgha tapassI' aise vizeSaNa Ate hai| isa taraha kaI bauddha sutto me rAjagRhI Adi jaise sthAnoM me tapasyA karate hue nirgrantho kA varNana hai, aura khuda tathAgata buddha ke dvArA kI gaI nirgrantho kI tapasyA kI samAlocanA bhI AtI hai| isI taraha jahA~ buddha ne apanI pUrva-jIvanI ziSyo se kahI vahA~ bhI unhone apane sAdhanAkAla me kI gaI kucha aisI tapasyAo kA varNana kiyA hai, jo ekamAtra nirgranthaparaMparA kI hI kahI jA sakatI hai aura isa samaya upalabdha jaina AgamoM meM varNana kI gaI nirgrantha-tapasyAo ke sAtha akSaraza. milatI haiM / aba hameM dekhanA yaha hai ki bauddha piTakoM me AnevAlA nirgrantha-tapasyA kA varNana kahA~ taka aitihAsika hai| tapazcaryApradhAna nirgrantha-paramparA khuda jJAtaputra mahAvIra kA jIvana hI kevala ugra tapasyA kA mUrta svarUpa hai, jo AcArAga ke prathama zrutaskadha me milatA hai / isake sivAya AgamoM ke sabhI purAne staro me jahA~ kahI kisI ke pravrajyA lene kA varNana AtA hai vahA~ zurU me hI hama dekhate hai ki vaha dIkSita nirgrantha tapa.karma kA AcaraNa karatA hai| eka taraha se mahAvIra ke sAdhusagha kI sArI caryA hI tapomaya milatI hai / anuttarovavAI Adi Agamo me aneka aise muniyo kA varNana 1. majjhima0 su0 56 aura 14 / 2. dekho majjhima0 su0 26 / pro0 kozAMbIkRta 'buddhcrit'| 3. bhagavatI 9.33 / 2 1. / 9.6 /

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jainadharma kA prANa hai, jinhoMne utkaTa tapa se apane deha ko kevala pajara banA diyA hai| isake sivAya Aja taka kI jaina-paraparA kA zAstra tathA sAdhu-gRhasthoM kA AcAra dekhane se bhI hama yahI kaha sakate hai ki mahAvIra ke zAsana me tapa kI mahimA adhika rahI hai aura unake utkaTa tapa kA asara saba para aisA paDA hai ki jainatva tapa kA dUsarA paryAya hI bana gayA hai| mahAvIra ke vihAra ke sthAnoM me aga-magadha, kAgI-kozala sthAna mukhya hai / jisa rAjaguhI Adi sthAna meM tapasyA karanevAle nirjantho kA nirdeza bauddha grantho me AtA hai vaha rAjagRhI Adi sthAna to mahAvIra ke sAdhanA aura upadeza-samaya ke mukhya dhAma rahe hai aura una sthAno ne mahAvIra kA nirgrantha-sagha pradhAna rUpa se rahA hai| isa taraha hama bauddha piTako aura jaina Agamo ke milAna se nIce likhe pariNAma para pahuMcate he 1. khuda mahAvIra aura unakA nirgrantha-sagha tapomaya jIvana ke Upara adhika bhAra dete the| 2. aGga-magadha ke rAjagRhI Adi aura kAzI-kozala ke zrAvastI Adi gaharo me tapasyA karanevAle nimrantha bahutAyata se vicarate aura pAe jAte the| mahAvIra ke pahale bhI tapazcaryA kI pradhAnatA Upara ke kathana se mahAvIra ke samakAlIna aura uttarakAlIna nirgranthaparaparA kI tapasyA-pradhAna vRtti me to koI sadeha rahatA hI nahIM, para aba vicAranA yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke pahale bhI nirgrantha-paraMparA tapasyA-pradhAna thI yA nahIM? isakA uttara hame 'hA~' me hI mila jAtA hai, kyoki bha0 mahAvIra ne pAvapityika nirgrantha-paraparA me hI dIkSA lI thI aura dIkSA ke prArambha se hI ve tapa kI ora jhuke the| isase pAzrvApatyika-paraparA kA tapa kI ora kaisA jhukAva thA isakA hame patA cala jAtA hai| bha0 pArzvanAtha kA jo jIvana jaina grantho me varNita hai usako dekhane se bhI hama yahI kaha sakate hai ki 1. bhagavatI 2.1 /

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jainadharma kA prANa pArzvanAtha kI nirgrantha-paraparA tapazcaryA-pradhAna rhii| usa paraparA me bha0 mahAvIra ne zuddhi yA vikAsa kA tattva apane jIvana ke dvArA bhale hI dAkhila kiyA ho, para unhoMne pahale se calI AnevAlI pApityika nirgrantha-paraparA me tapomArga kA nayA praveza to nahI kiyaa| isakA sabUta hame dUsarI taraha se bhI mila jAtA hai| jahA~ buddha ne apanI pUrva-jIvanI kA varNana karate hae anekavidha tapasyAoM kI ni.sAratA apane ziSyo ke sAmane kahI hai vahA~ nirgrantha tapasyA kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| buddha ne jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke pahale hI janma liyA thA aura gRhatyAga karake tapasvI-mArga svIkAra kiyA thA / usa samaya meM pracalita anyAnya patho kI taraha buddha ne nirgrantha patha ko bhI thoDe samaya ke lie svIkAra kiyA thA aura apane samaya me pracalita nirgrantha-tapasyA kA AcaraNa bhI kiyA thaa| isIlie jaba buddha apanI pUrvAcarita tapasyAo kA varNana karate haiM, taba usame hUbahU nirgrantha-tapasyAo kA svarUpa bhI AtA hai, jo abhI jaina granthoM aura jaina-paraparA ke sivAya anyatra kahI dekhane ko nahIM miltaa| mahAvIra ke pahale jima nirgrantha-tapasyA kA buddha ne anuSThAna kiyA vaha tapasyA pAzrvApatyika nirgrantha-paraparA ke sivAya anya kisI nirgrantha-paraMparA kI sambhava nahI hai, kyoki mahAvIra to abhI maujUda hI nahI the aura buddha ke janmasthAna kapilavastu se lekara unake sAdhanAsthala rAjagRhI, gayA, kAzI Adi me pAzvapityika nirgrantha-paraparA kA nirvivAda astitva aura prAdhAnya thaa| jahA~ buddha ne sarva prathama dharmacakra pravartana kiyA vaha sAranAtha bhI kAzI kA hI eka bhAga hai, aura vaha kAzI pArzvanAtha kI janmabhUmi tathA tapasyAbhUmi rahI hai / apanI sAdhanA ke samaya jo buddha ke sAtha pA~ca dUsare bhikSu the ve buddha ko choDakara sAranAtha-isipattana me hI Akara apanA tapa karate the| Azcarya nahIM ki ve paoNca bhikSu nirgrantha-paramparA ke hI anugAmI ho / kucha bhI ho, para buddha ne nirgrantha tapasyA kA, bhale hI thor3e samaya ke lie, AcaraNa kiyA thA isame koI sadeha nahI hai| aura vaha tapasyA pAzrvApatyika nirgrantha-paraparA kI hI ho sakatI hai| isase hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke pahale hI nirgrantha-paraparA kA svarUpa tapasyA-pradhAna hI thaa|

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118 jainadharma kA prANa Upara kI carcA se nirgrantha-paraMparA kI tapasyA saMbadhI aitihAsika sthiti yaha phalita hotI hai ki kama-se-kama pArzvanAtha se lekara nirgrantha-paraparA tapaHpradhAna rahI hai aura usake tapa ke jhukAva ko mahAvIra ne aura bhI vega diyA hai / yahA~ hamAre sAmane aitihAsika dRSTi se do prazna hai| eka to yaha ki buddha ne bAra-bAra nirgrantha-tapasyAo kA jo prativAda yA khaDana kiyA hai vaha kahA~ taka sahI hai aura usake khaDana kA AdhAra kyA hai ? aura dUsarA yaha hai ki mahAvIra ne pUrvapracalita nirgrantha-tapasyA meM koI vizeSatA lAne kA prayatna kiyA hai yA nahI aura kiyA hai to kyA ? buddha ke dvArA kiye gaye khaNDana kA spaSTIkaraNa nirgrantha tapasyA ke khaDana karane ke pIche buddha kI dRSTi mukhya yahI rahI hai ki tapa yaha kAyakleza hai, dehadamana mAtra hai| usake dvArA duHkhasahana kA to abhyAsa baDhatA hai, lekina usase koI AdhyAtmika sukha yA cittazuddhi prApta nahIM hotii| buddha kI usa dRSTi kA hama nirgrantha dRSTi ke sAtha milAna kareM to kahanA hogA ki nirgrantha-paraparA kI dRSTi aura buddha kI dRSTi me tAttvika atara koI nahIM hai, kyoki khuda mahAvIra aura unake upadeza ko mAnanevAlI sArI nirgrantha-paraparA kA vADamaya donoM eka svara se yahI kahate hai ki kitanA hI dehadamana kA kAyakleza ugra kyo na ho, para yadi usakA upayoga AdhyAtmika zuddhi aura cittakleza ke nivAraNa me nahIM hotA to vaha dehadamana yA kAyakleza mithyA hai| isakA matalaba to yahI huA ki nirgrantha-paraparA bhI dehadamana yA kAyakleza ko tabhI taka sArthaka mAnatI hai jaba taka usakA saMbandha AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke sAtha ho| taba buddha ne prativAda kyo kiyA?yaha prazna sahaja hI hotA hai| isakA khulAsA buddha ke jIvana ke jhukAva se tathA unake upadezo se milatA hai| buddha kI prakRti vizeSa parivartanazIla aura vizeSa tarkazIla rahI hai| unakI prakRti ko jaba ugra dehadamana se saMtoSa nahIM huA taba unhone use eka anta kaha kara chor3a diyA aura dhyAnamArga, 1. dazavai0 9. 4-4; bhaga0 3-1 /

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jainadharma kA prANa 119 naitika jIvana tathA prajJA para hI mukhya bhAra diyA / unako isI ke dvArA AdhyAtmika sukha prApta huA aura usI tattva para apanA nayA saMgha sthApita kiyA / na saghako sthApita karanevAle ke lie yaha anivArya rUpa se jarUrI ho jAtA hai ki vaha apane AcAra-vicAra sabandhI nae jhukAva ko adhika se adhika lokagrAhya banAne ke lie prayatna kare aura pUrvakAlIna tathA samakAlIna anya sampradAya ke mantavyoM kI ugra AlocanA kre| aisA kiye binA koI apane naye saca meM anuyAyiyo ko na to ekatra kara sakatA hai aura na ekatra hue anuyAyiyoM ko sthira rakha sakatA hai / buddha ke naye saMgha kI pratisparddhA aneka paraparAe~ maujUda thI, jiname nirgrantha-paraparA kA prAdhAnya jaisA taisA na thaa| sAmAnya janatA sthUladarzI hone ke kAraNa bAhya ugra tapa aura dehadamana se saralatA se tapasviyoM kI ora AkRSTa hotI hai, yaha anubhava sanAtana hai / eka to pApityika nirgrantha paraparA ke anuyAyiyo ko tapasyA-saskAra janmasiddha thA aura dUsare, mahAvIra ke tathA unake nirgrantha-saMgha ke umra tapazcaraNa ke dvArA sAdhAraNa janatA anAyAsa hI nirgrantho ke prati jhukatI hI thI aura taponuSThAna ke prati buddha kA zithila rukha dekhakara unake sAmane prazna kara baiThatI thI ki Apa tapa ko kyoM nahI mAnate ' jabaki saba zramaNa tapa para bhAra dete hai ? taba buddha ko apane pakSa kI saphAI bhI karanI thI aura sAdhAraNa janatA tathA adhikArI eva rAjA-mahArAjAoM ko apane maMtavyoM kI ora khIcanA bhI thA / isalie unake lie yaha anivArya ho jAtA thA ki ve tapa kI ugra samAlocanA kre| unhoMne kiyA bhI aisA hI / ve tapa kI samAlocanA me saphala tabhI ho sakate the, jaba ve yaha batalAe~ ki tapa kevala kaSTamAtra hai / usa samaya aneka tapasvI mArga aise bhI the, jo kevala bAhya vividha klezo me hI tapa kI itizrI samajhate the / ni. sAratA kA jahA~ taka sabandha hai vahA~ taka to una bAhya tapomArgoM kI buddha kA tapasyA kA khaMDana 1. aguttara, bhA0 1, pR0 220

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120 jainadharma kA prANa yathArtha hai, para jaba AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke sAtha sabandha rakhanevAlI tapasyAoM ke prativAda kA savAla AtA hai taba vaha prativAda nyAyapUta nahI mAlUma hotaa| phira bhI buddha ne nirgrantha-tapasyAo kA khullamakhullA aneka bAra virodha kiyA hai, to isakA artha itanA hI samajhanA cAhie ki buddha ne nirgrantha-paramparA ko pUrNatayA lakSya me na lekara kevala usake bAhya tapa kI ora dhyAna diyA aura dUsarI paraparAo ke khaDana ke sAtha nirgrantha-paramparA ke tapa ko bhI ghsiittaa| nirgrantha-paramparA kA tAttvika dRSTikoNa kucha bhI kyo na rahA ho, para manuSya-svabhAva ko dekhate hue tathA jaina grantho me AnevAle' katipaya varNano ke AdhAra para hama yaha bhI kaha sakate hai ki sabhI nirgrantha-tapasvI aise nahI the jo apane tapa yA dehadamana ko kevala AdhyAtmika zuddhi me hI caritArtha karate ho| aisI sthiti meM yadi buddha ne tathA unake ziSyo ne nirgrantha-tapasyA kA prativAda kiyA, to vaha azata. satya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA lAI gaI vizeSatA dUsare prazna kA javAba hame jaina Agamo se hI mila jAtA hai / buddha kI taraha mahAvIra bhI kevala dehadamana ko jIvana kA lakSya na samajhate the, kyoki aise anekavidha ghora dehadamana karanevAlo ko bha0 mahAvIra ne tApasa yA mithyA tapa karanevAlA kahA hai| tapasyA ke vipaya me bhI pArzvanAtha kI dRSTi mAtra dehadamana yA kAyaklezapradhAna na hokara AdhyAtmika zuddhilakSI thii| para isame to sadeha hI nahI hai ki nirgrantha-paramparA bhI kAla ke pravAha meM par3akara aura mAnava-svabhAva kI nirbalatA ke adhIna hokara Aja kI mahAvIra kI paramparA kI taraha mukhyatayA dehadamana kI ora hI jhuka gaI thI aura AdhyAtmika lakSya eka ora raha gayA thaa| bha0 mahAvIra ne kiyA so to itanA hI hai ki usa paraMparAgata sthUla tapa kA saMbaMdha AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke sAtha anivArya rUpa se jor3a diyA aura kaha diyA ki saba prakAra ke kAyakleza, upavAsa Adi zarIrendriyadamana tapa hai, para ve bAhya tapa hai, Atarika tapa 1. uttarA0 a0 17 / 2. bhagavatI 3.1 / 11.9 /

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jainadharma kA prANa 121 nhii|' Antarika va AdhyAtmika tapa to anya hI hai, jo Atmazuddhi se anivArya sabandha rakhate hai aura dhyAna-jJAna Adi rUpa hai| mahAvIra ne pArvApatyika nirgrantha-paraparA me cale AnevAle bAhya tapa ko svIkAra to kiyA, para use jyo kA tyo svIkAra nahI kiyA, balki kucha aza me apane jIvana ke dvArA usame ugratA lA karake bhI usa dehadamana kA sabandha Abhyantara tapa ke sAtha jor3A aura spaSTa rUpa se kaha diyA ki tapa kI pUrNatA to AdhyAtmika zaddhi kI prApti se hI ho sakatI hai| khada AcaraNa se apane kathana ko siddha karake jahA~ eka ora mahAvIra ne nirgrantha paraparA ke pUrvapracalita zuSka dehadamana meM sudhAra kiyA, vahA~ dUsarI ora anya zramaNa-paraparAo me pracalita vividha dehadamano ko bhI apUrNa tapa aura mithyA tapa btlaayaa| isalie yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tapomArga me mahAvIra kI dena khAsa hai aura vaha yaha ki kevala zarIra aura indriyadamana me samA jAnevAle tapa zabda ke artha ko AdhyAtmika zuddhi me upayogI aise sabhI upAyo taka vistRta kiyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina Agamo me pada-pada para Abhyatara aura bAhya dono prakAra ke tapo kA sAtha-sAtha nirdeza AtA hai| buddha ko tapa kI pUrva paraparA choDakara dhyAna-samAdhi kI paraparA para hI adhika bhAra denA thA, jaba ki mahAvIra ko tapa kI pUrva paraparA vinA choDe bhI usake sAtha AdhyAtmika zuddhi kA sabandha joDakara hI dhyAna-samAdhi ke mArga para bhAra denA thaa| yahI dono kI pravRtti aura prarUpaNA kA mukhya antara thaa| mahAvIra ke aura unake ziSyo ke tapasvI jIvana kA jo samakAlIna janatA ke Upara asara paDatA thA usase bAdhita hokara ke buddha ko apane bhikSusagha me aneka kaDe niyama dAkhila karane paDe, jo bauddha vinaya-piTaka ko dekhane se mAlUma ho jAtA hai| to bhI buddha ne kabhI bAhya tapa kA pakSapAta nahIM kiyA, balki jahA~ prasaga AyA vahA~ usakA parihAsa hI kiyaa| khuda buddha kI isa zailI ko uttarakAlIna sabhI bauddha lekhako ne apanAyA hai| phalata. Aja 1. uttarA0 3 / 2. udAharaNArtha-vanaspati Adi ke jantuo kI hisA se bacane ke lie cAturmAsa kA niyama-bauddha saghano paricaya (gujarAtI) pR0 22 /

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122 jainadharma kA prANa hama yaha dekhate haiM ki buddha kA dehadamana-virodha bauddha sagha meM sukumAratA meM pariNata ho gayA hai, jabaki mahAvIra kA bAhya tapojIvana jaina-paraparA meM kevala dehadamana me pariNata ho gayA hai, jo ki dono sAmudAyika prakRti ke svAbhAvika doSa haiM, na ki mUlapuruSo ke Adarza ke doSa / (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 533-536) bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tapa kI zodha kucha nayI nahI kI thI; tapa to unheM kula aura samAja kI virAsata me se hI milA thaa| unakI zodha yadi ho to yaha itanI hI ki unhone tapa kA-kaThora se kaThora tapa kA, dehadamana kA aura kAyakleza kA AcaraNa karane para bhI usameM antardRSTi kA samAveza kiyA, arthAt bAhya tapa ko antarmukha bnaayaa| prasiddha digambara tArkika samantabhadra kI bhApA meM kahe to bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kaThoratama tapa kiyA, parantu isa uddezya se ki usake dvArA jIvana me adhikAdhika jhAkA jA sake, adhikAdhika gaharAI me utarA jA sake aura jIvana kA Antarika maila dUra kiyA jA sake / isIlie jaina tapa do bhAgo me vibhakta hotA hai : eka bAhya aura dUsarA aabhytr| bAhya tapa me zarIra se sambaddha aura A~kho se dekhe jA sake vaise sabhI niyamana A jAte hai, jabaki Abhyantara tapa me jIvanazuddhi ke -sabhI Avazyaka niyama A jAte hai / bhagavAna dIrghatapasvI kahalAye vaha mAtra bAhya tapa ke kAraNa nahI, parantu usa tapa kA antarjIvana meM pUrNa upayoga karane ke kAraNa hI yaha bAta bhUlanI nahI caahie| tapa kA vikAsa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-krama me se aneka paripakva phala ke rUpa meM jo hameM virAsata milI hai usameM tapa bhI eka vastu hai / bhagavAna ke pazcAt Aja taka ke 2500 varSo me jaina sagha ne jitanA tapa kA aura usake prakAroM kA sakriya vikAsa kiyA hai utanA dUsare kisI sampradAya ne zAyada hI kiyA ho| 2500 varSoM ke isa sAhitya me se kevala tapa aura usake vidhAnoM se sambaddha sAhitya ko alaga chaoNTA jAya, to eka khAsA abhyAsayogya bhAga taiyAra -ho sakatA hai| jaina tapa kevala grantho me hI nahI rahA, balki vaha to caturvidha

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jainadharma kA prANa sagha meM sajIva aura pracalita vividha tapoM ke prakAroM kA eka pratighoSamAtra hai / Aja bhI tapa karane me jaina eka aura advitIya samajhe jAte haiM / dUsarI kisI bhI bAta meM jaina zAyada dUsaro kI apekSA pIche raha jAyeM, parantu yadi tapa kI parIkSA -- khAsa karake upavAsa - Ayabila kI parIkSA lI jAya to samagra deza me aura sambhavata samagra duniyA meM pahale nambara para AnevAle logo me jaina puruSa nahI to striyA~ to hogI hI, aisA merA vizvAsa hai / tapa se sambandha rakhanevAle utsava, udyApana aura vaise hI dUsare uttejaka prakAra Aja bhI itane adhika pracalita haiM ki jisa kuTumba ne khAsa karake jisa strI ne tapa karake choTA-baDA udyApana na kiyA ho use eka taraha apanI kamI mahasUsa hotI hai| mugala samrAT akabara kA AkarSaNa karanevAlI eka kaThora tapasvinI jaina strI hI thI / 123 pariSaha tapa ko to jaina na ho vaha bhI jAnatA hai, parantu pariSaho ke bAre me vaisA nahI hai / ajaina ke lie pariSaha zabda kucha nayA-sA lagegA, parantu usakA artha nayA nahI hai| ghara kA tyAga karake bhikSu bananevAle ko apane dhyeya kI siddhi ke lie jo-jo sahana karanA paDatA hai vaha pariSaha hai / jaina AgamoM me aise jo pariSaha ginAye gaye hai ve kevala sAdhu-jIvana ko lakSya me rakhakara hI ginAye haiM / bAraha prakAra kA napa to gRhastha aura tyAgI donoM ko uddiSTa karake batalAyA hai, parantu bAIsa pariSaha to tyAgI jIvana ko uddiSTa karake hI batalAye hai / tapa aura pariSaha ye do alaga-alaga se dIkhate haiM, inake bheda bhI alaga-alaga hai, phira bhI ye donoM eka-dUsare se alaga kiye na jA sake aise do akura hai / vrata-niyama aura cAritra ye donoM eka hI vastu nahI hai / isI prakAra jJAna bhI dono se bhinna vastu hai / aisA hone para bhI vrata-niyama, cAritra aura jJAna ina tIno kA yoga eka vyakti me zakya hai aura vaisA yoga ho tabhI bauddha piTako me 'parisaha' ke sthAna meM 'parisaya' zabda milatA hai / isa artha meM 'upasarga' zabda to sarvasAdhAraNa hai / -sampAdaka

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222 jainadharma kA prANa hama yaha dekhate haiM ki buddha kA dehadamana-virodha bauddha saMgha me sukumAratA meM pariNata ho gayA hai, jabaki mahAvIra kA bAhya tapojIvana jaina-paraparA meM kevala dehadamana meM pariNata ho gayA hai, jo ki donoM sAmudAyika prakRti ke svAbhAvika doSa hai, na ki mUlapuruSo ke Adarza ke doSa / (da0 au0 ciM0 kha0 2, pR0 533-536) bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tapa kI zodha kucha nayI nahI kI thI; tapa to unheM "kula aura samAja kI virAsata me se hI milA thaa| unakI zodha yadi ho to yaha itanI hI ki unhone tapa kA-kaThora se kaThora tapa kA, dehadamana kA aura kAyakleza kA AcaraNa karane para bhI usame antardRSTi kA samAveza kiyA, arthAt bAhya tapa ko antarmukha bnaayaa| prasiddha digambara tArkika samantabhadra kI bhASA me kaheM to bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kaThoratama tapa kiyA, parantu isa uddezya se ki usake dvArA jIvana me adhikAdhika jhAkA jA sake, adhikAdhika gaharAI me utarA jA sake aura jIvana kA Antarika maila dUra kiyA jA ske| isIlie jaina tapa do bhAgo meM vibhakta hotA hai : eka bAhya aura dUsarA aabhytr| bAhya tapa me zarIra se sambaddha aura A~kho se dekhe jA sake vaise sabhI niyamana A jAte hai, jabaki Abhyantara tapa me jIvanazuddhi ke -sabhI Avazyaka niyama A jAte hai| bhagavAna dIrghatapasvI kahalAye vaha mAtra bAhya tapa ke kAraNa nahI, parantu usa tapa kA antarjIvana me pUrNa upayoga karane ke kAraNa hI--yaha bAta bhUlanI nahI caahie| tapa kA vikAsa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-krama me se aneka paripakva phala ke rUpa meM jo hame virAsata milI hai usame tapa bhI eka vastu hai / bhagavAna ke pazcAt Aja taka ke 2500 varSo me jaina sagha ne jitanA tapa kA aura usake prakAroM kA sakriya vikAsa kiyA hai utanA dUsare kisI sampradAya ne zAyada hI kiyA ho| 2500 varSoM ke isa sAhitya me se kevala tapa aura usake vidhAnoM se sambaddha sAhitya ko alaga chaoNTA jAya, to eka khAsA abhyAsayogya bhAga taiyAra ho sakatA hai / jaina tapa kevala grantho me hI nahI rahA, balki vaha to caturvidha

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jainadharma kA prANa 123 saMgha me sajIva aura pracalita vividha tapo ke prakAroM kA eka pratighoSamAtra hai / Aja bhI tapa karane meM jaina eka aura advitIya samajhe jAte hai / dUsarI kisI bhI bAta me jaina zAyada dUsaro kI apekSA pIche raha jAyeM, parantu yadi tapa kI parIkSA -- khAsa karake upavAsa - Ayabila kI parIkSA lI jAya to samagra deza me aura sambhavataH samagra duniyA me pahale nambara para AnevAle logo me jaina puruSa nahI to striyA~ to hogI hI, aisA merA vizvAsa hai / tapa se sambandha rakhanevAle utsava, udyApana aura vaise hI dUsare uttejaka prakAra Aja bhI itane adhika pracalita hai ki jisa kuTumba ne khAsa karake jisa strI ne tapa karake choTA-baDA udyApana na kiyA ho use eka taraha apanI kamI mahasUsa hotI hai / mugala samrAT akabara kA AkarSaNa karanevAlI eka kaThora tapasvinI jaina strI hI thI / pariSaha tapa ko to jaina na ho vaha bhI jAnatA hai, parantu pariSaho ke bAre me vaisA nahI hai / ajaina ke lie pariSad zabda kucha nayA-sA lagegA, parantu usakA artha nayA nahI hai / ghara kA tyAga karake bhikSu bananevAle ko apane dhyeya kI siddhi ke lie jo-jo sahana karanA paDatA hai vaha pariSaha hai / jaina AgamoM me aise jo pariSaha ginAye gaye hai ve kevala sAdhu-jIvana ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI ginAye hai / bAraha prakAra kA tapa to gRhastha aura tyAgI dono ko uddiSTa karake batalAyA hai, parantu bAIsa pariSaha to tyAgI jIvana ko uddiSTa karake hI batalAye hai / tapa aura pariSaha ye do alaga-alaga se dIkhate hai, inake bheda bhI alaga-alaga hai, phira bhI ye dono eka-dUsare se alaga kiye na jA sake aise do akura haiM / vrata- niyama aura cAritra ye dono eka hI vastu nahI hai / isI prakAra jJAna bhI dono se bhinna vastu hai / aisA hone para bhI vrata - niyama, cAritra aura jJAna ina tIno kA yoga eka vyakti meM zakya hai aura vaisA yoga ho tabhI 1. bauddha piTako me 'parisaha' ke sthAna me 'parisaya' zabda milatA hai / isa artha meM 'upasarga' zabda to sarvasAdhAraNa hai / --sampAdaka

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124 jainadharma kA prANa jIvana kA adhika se adhika vikAsa zakya hai| itanA hI nahI, vaise yogavAlI AtmA kA hI adhika vyApaka prabhAva dUsare para par3atA hai, athavA yoM kaho ki vaisA hI manuSya dUsaro kA netRtva kara sakatA hai| isI kAraNa bhagavAna ne tapa aura pariSaho me ina tIna tattvo kA samAveza kiyA hai / unhone dekhA ki mAnava kA jIvanapatha lambA hai, usakA dhyeya atyanta dUra hai, yaha dhyeya jitanA dUra hai utanA hI sUkSma hai aura usa dhyeya taka pahu~catepahu~cate baDI-baDI masIbate jhelanI par3atI hai; usa mArga me bhItarI aura bAharI dono zatru AkramaNa karate hai| una para pUrNa vijaya akele vrataniyama se, akele cAritra se athavA akele tapa se zakya nahI / isa tattva kA apane jIvana me anubhava karane ke bAda hI bhagavAna ne tapa aura pariSaho kI aisI vyavasthA kI ki uname vrata-niyama, cAritra aura jJAna ina tIno kA samAveza ho jAya / yaha samAveza unhone apane jIvana me zakya karake dikhlaayaa| jaina tapa me kriyAyoga aura jJAnayoga kA sAmaMjasya asala me to tapa aura pariSaha kI utpatti tyAgI eva bhikSujIvana me se hI huI hai yadyapi inakA pracAra aura prabhAva to eka sAmAnya gRhastha taka bhI pahuMcA hai| AryAvarta ke tyAgajIvana kA uddezya AdhyAtmika zAnti hI rahA hai| adhyAtmika zAnti arthAt klezo aura vikAro kI zAnti / Arya RSiyo ke mana klezoM para vijaya hI saccI vijaya hai| isIlie maharSi patajali tapa kA prayojana batAte hue kahate hai ki 'tapa klezo ko nirbala karane tathA samAdhi ke saskAro ko puSTa karane ke lie hai / ' tapa ko patajali kriyAyoga kahate hai, kyoki ve tapa me vrata-niyamo kI hI parigaNanA karate hai| isIlie unako kriyAyoga se bhinna jJAnayoga mAnanA par3A hai| parantu jaina tapa me kriyAyoga aura jJAnayoga dono A jAte hai| aura yaha bhI smaraNa me rakhanA cAhie ki bAhya tapa, jo kriyAyoga hI hai, Abhyantara tapa yAnI jJAnayoga kI puSTi ke lie hI hai, aura vaha jJAnayoga kI puSTi ke dvArA hI jIvana ke antima sAdhya me upayogI hai, svatatra rUpa se nhii| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 441-444)

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: 9 : jaina dRSTi se brahmacaryavicAra jaina dRSTi kA spaSTIkaraNa mAtra tattvajJAna yA mAtra AcAra me jaina dRSTi parisamApta nahIM hotI / vaha tattvajJAna aura AcAra umaya kI maryAdA svIkAra karatI hai| kisI bhI vastu ke ( phira vaha jaDa ho yA cetana) sabhI pakSo kA vAstavika samanvaya karanA ---- anekAntavAda - - - jaina tattvajJAna kI mUla nIva haiM, aura rAgadveSa ke choTe-bar3e pratyeka prasaMga se alipta rahanA -- nivRtti - - samagra AcAra kA mUla AdhAra hai / anekAntavAda kA kendra madhyasthatA meM hai aura nivRtti bhI madhyasthatA me se hI paidA hotI hai, ataeva anekAntavAda aura nivRtti dono eka dUsare ke pUraka eva poSaka hai| ye dono tattva jitane aza me samajhe jAya~ aura jIvana meM utare utane aza me jainadharma kA jJAna aura pAlana huA aisA kahA jA sakatA hai / jainadharma kA jhukAva nivRtti kI ora hai / nivRtti yAnI pravRtti kA virodhI dUsarA pahalU / pravRtti kA artha hai rAgadveSa ke prasago me rata honA / jIvana me gRhasthAzrama rAgadveSa ke prasaMgoM ke vidhAna kA kendra hai / ataH jisa dharma me gRhasthAzrama kA vidhAna kiyA gayA ho vaha pravRttidharma aura jisa dharma me 'gRhasthAzrama nahI parantu kevala tyAga kA vidhAna kiyA gayA ho vaha nivRttidharma | jainadharma nivRttidharma hone para bhI usakA pAlana karanevAlo me jo gRhasthAzrama kA vibhAga hai vaha nivRtti kI apUrNatA ke kAraNa hai / sarvAza me nivRtti prApta karane meM asamartha vyakti jitane azoM me nivRtti kA sevana karate hai utane azo me ve jaina hai / jina azo me nivRtti kA sevana na kara sake una azo me apanI paristhiti ke anusAra vivekadRSTi se ve pravRtti kI maryAdA kara sakate hai; parantu usa pravRtti kA vidhAna jainazAstra

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126 jainadharma kA prANa nahI karatA, usakA vidhAna to mAtra nivRtti kA hai| isalie jainadharma ko vidhAna kI dRSTi se ekAzramI kaha sakate hai / vaha ekAzrama yAnI brahmacarya aura saMnyAsa Azrama kA ekIkaraNarUpa tyAga kA Azrama / isI kAraNa jainAcAra ke prANabhUta samajhe jAnevAle ahisA Adi pAca mahAvrata bhI viramaNa (nivRtti) rUpa hai / gRhastha ke aNuvrata bhI viramaNarUpa haiM / pharka itanA hI hai ki eka meM sarvAMza me nivRtti hai aura dUsare meM alpAza me / isa nivRtti kA mukhya kendra ahiMsA hai| hisA se sarvAzataH nivRtta hone me dUsare sabhI mahAvrata A jAte hai| hiMsA ke 'prANaghAta' rUpa artha kI apekSA jaina zAstra me usakA bahuta sUkSma aura vyApaka artha hai| dUsarA koI jIva dukhI ho yA nahI, parantu malina vRttimAtra se apanI AtmA kI zuddhatA naSTa ho to bhI vaha hiMsA hai| aisI hisA me pratyeka prakAra kI sUkSma yA sthUla pApavRtti A jAtI hai / asatyabhASaNa, adattAdAna (caurya), abrahma (maithuna athavA kAmAcAra) aura parigraha-ina sabake pIche yA to ajJAna yA phira lobha, krodha, kutUhala athavA bhaya Adi malina vRttiyA~ preraka hotI hI hai / ata. asatya Adi sabhI pravRttiyA~ hisAtmaka hI haiN| aisI hisA se nivRtta honA hI ahiMsA kA pAlana hai, aura vaise pAlana meM svAbhAvika rUpa se dUsare saba nivRttigAmI dharma A jAte hai| jainadharma ke anusAra bAkI ke sabhI vidhi-niSedha ukta ahiMsA ke mAtra poSaka aMga cetanA aura puruSArtha AtmA ke mukhya bala haiM / ina balo kA durupayoga rokA jAya tabhI sadupayoga kI dizA me unako mor3A jA sakatA hai| isIlie jainadharma prathama to doSaviramaNa (niSiddhatyAga) rUpa zIla kA vidhAna karatA hai| parantu cetanA aura puruSArtha aise nahI hai ki ve mAtra amuka dizA me na jAne kI nivRttimAtra se niSkriya hokara par3e rhe| ve to apane vikAsa kI bhUkha dUra karane ke lie gati kI dizA DhUDhate hI rahate hai| isIlie jainadharma ne nivRtti ke sAtha hI zuddha pravRtti (vihita AcaraNarUpa cAritra) ke vidhAna bhI kiye haiN| usane kahA hai ki malina vRtti se AtmA kA ghAta na hone denA aura usake rakSaNa meM hI (svadayA me hI) buddhi aura puruSArtha kA upayoga karanA caahie| pravRtti ke isa vidhAna me se hI satyabhASaNa, brahmacarya,

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jainadharma kA prANa 125 santoSa Adi vidhimArga niSpanna hote hai / itane vivecana para se yaha jJAta hogA ki jaina dRSTi ke anusAra kAmAcAra se nivRtti to ahiMsA kA mAtra eka aza hai aura usa aza kA pAlana hote hI usame se brahmacarya kA vidhimArga prakaTa hotA hai / kAmAcAra se nivRtti vIja hai aura brahmacarya usakA pariNAma hai| ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra kA uddezya uparyukta nivRtti dharma kA pracAra hai| isase unake uddezya meM jAtinirmANa, samAjasagaThana, AzramavyavasthA Adi ko sthAna nahI hai / lokavyavahAra kI cAlU bhUmikA me se cAhe jo adhikArI apanI zakti ke anusAra nivatti le aura usakA vikAsa sAdhe tathA usake dvArA mokSa prApta kare-isa ekamAtra uddezya se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vidhi-niSedha hai| isalie usame gRhasthAzrama yA vivAhasasthA kA vidhividhAna na ho yaha svAbhAvika hai / vivAhasasthA kA vidhAna na hone se usase sambandha rakhanevAlI bAte bhI jaina Agamo me nahI aatii| kucha mudde jaina sasthA mukhya rUpa se tyAgiyo kI sasthA hone se aura usame kamobeza mAtrA me tyAga kA svIkAra karanevAle vyaktiyo kA pramukha sthAna hone se brahmacarya se sambandha rakhanevAlI puSkala jAnakArI prApta hotI hai / yahA~ brahmacarya se sambandha rakhanevAle katipaya mudde lekara jaina zAstroM ke AdhAra para kucha likhane kA vicAra hai / ve mudde isa prakAra hai : (1) brahmacarya kI vyAkhyA, (2) brahmacarya ke adhikArI strI-puruSa, (3) brahmacarya ke alaga nirdeza kA itihAsa, (4) brahmacarya kA dhyeya aura usake upAya, (5) brahmacarya ke svarUpa kI vividhatA aura usakI vyApti, (6) brahmacarya ke aticAra, (7) brahmacarya kI nirapavAdatA / 1. vyAkhyA jaina zAstro me brahmacarya kI do vyAkhyAe~ upalabdha hotI hai| pahalI vyAkhyA bahuta vizAla aura sampUrNa hai| usa vyAkhyAke anusAra brahmacarya yAnI 1. sUtrakRtAgasUtra zru0 2, a0 5, gaa01|

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128 jainadharma kA prANa jIvanasparzI sampUrNa sayama / isa sayama me mAtra pApavRttiyoM para aMkuza rakhane kA -- jaina paribhASA me kahe to Asravanirodha kA hI samAveza nahI hotA, parantu vaise sampUrNa sayama me zraddhA, jJAna, kSamA Adi svAbhAvika sadvRttiyoM ke vikAsa kA bhI samAvega ho jAtA hai / ata pahalI vyAkhyA 'anusAra brahmacarya yAnI kAma-krodhAdi pratyeka asadvRtti ko jIvana me utpanna hone se rokakara, zraddhA, cetanA, nirbhayatA Adi sadvRttiyo ko -- UrdhvagAmI dharmo ko -- jIvana me prakaTa karake uname tanmaya honA / sAmAnya logo me brahmacarya zabda kA jo artha prasiddha hai aura jo Upara kahe gaye sampUrNa sayama kA mAtra eka aza hI hai vaha artha brahmacarya zabda kI dUsarI vyAkhyA me jaina zAstro ne bhI mAnya rakhA hai|' usa vyAkhyA ke anusAra brahmacarya yAnI maithunaviramaNa arthAt kAmasaga kA - kAmAcAra kA - abrahma kA tyAga / isa dUsare artha me brahmacarya kA zabda itanA adhika prasiddha ho gayA hai ki brahmacarya aura brahmacArI kahane se pratyeka vyakti usakA artha sAmAnyataH itanA hI samajhatA hai ki maithunasevana se dUra rahanA brahmacarya hai aura jIvana ke dUsare azo me cAhe jitanA asayama hone para bhI mAtra kAmasaMga se dUra rahatA ho to vaha brahmacArI hai / yaha dUsarA artha hI vrata niyama svIkAra karate samaya liyA jAtA hai aura isIlie jaba koI gRhatyAga karake bhikSu hotA hai athavA ghara me rahakara maryAdita tyAga kA svIkAra karatA hai, taba brahmacarya kA niyama ahiMsA ke niyama se alaga karake hI liyA jAtA hai / " 2. adhikArI tathA viziSTa strI-puruSa (a) strI athavA puruSa jAti kA tanika bhI bheda rakhe binA donoM ko samAna rUpa se brahmacarya ke adhikArI mAnA hai / isake lie Ayu, deza, kAla ityAdi kisI kA pratibandha nahI hai / isake lie smRtiyo me bhinna mata haiM / unameM isa prakAra ke samAna adhikAro ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai / brahmacarya 1. tattvArthabhASya a0 9, sU0 6 / 2. ahiMsA aura brahmacarya ke pAlana kI pratijJA ke lie dekho pAkSikasUtra pR0 8 tathA 23 /

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jainadharma kA prANa 129 ke lie Avazyaka Atmabala strI aura puruSa dono samAna bhAva se prakaTa kara sakate haiM, isa bAre me jaina eva bauddha zAstroM kA mata eka-sA hai / isI kAraNa vizuddha brahmacarya kA pAlana karanevAlI aneka striyo me se solaha striyA~ mahAsatI ke rUpa meM pratyeka jaina ghara meM prasiddha hai aura prAta kAla AbAlavRddha pratyeka jaina katipaya viziSTa satpurupo ke nAmo ke sAtha una mahAsatiyoM ke nAmo kA bhI pATha karatA hai aura unake smaraNa ko parama magala mAnatA hai| (A) kaI brahmacArI aura brahmacAriNiyo ke brahmacaryajIvana me zithila hone ke udAharaNa milate hai, to unase bhI adhika AkarSaka udAharaNa brahmacarya me adbhuta sthiratA batAnevAle strI-puruSo ke hai / vaise strI-puruSoM me kevala tyAgI vyakti hI nahI, parantu gRhasthAzrama me rahe hue vyakti bhI Ate hai| bimbisAra zreNika rAjA kA putra bhikSu nandiSeNa mAtra kAmarAga ke vazIbhUta ho, brahmacarya se cyuta hokara puna. bAraha varSa taka bhogajIvana agIkAra karatA hai| ApAr3habhUti nAmaka muni ne bhI vaisA hI kiyA thaa| ArdrakumAra nAma kA rAjaputra brahmacarya-jIvana se zithila ho caubIsa varSa taka punaH gRhasthAzrama svIkAra karatA hai; aura anta me eka bAra calita honevAle ye tIno muni puna. dugune bala se brahmacarya me sthira hote hai / isase ulTA, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke paTTadhara ziSya zrI sudharmA guru ke pAsa se vartamAna jaina Agamo ke dhAraka ke rUpa me prasiddha zrI jambU nAmaka vaizyakumAra ne vivAha ke dina se hI apanI ATha striyo ko, unakA atyanta AkarSaNa hone para bhI, chor3akara tAruNya me hI sarvathA brahmacarya kA svIkAra kiyA aura usa adbhuta. evaM akhaNDa pratijJA ke dvArA ATho navapariNIta kanyAo ko apane mArga paraH Ane ke lie prerita kiyaa| kozA nAmaka vezyA ke hAvabhAvoM aura rasapUrNa bhojana ke bAvajUda tathA usI ke ghara para ekAntavAsa karane para bhI nandamaMtrI zakaTAla ke putra sthUlabhadra ne apane brahmacarya me tanika bhI A~ca Ane nahIM. dI thI aura usake prabhAva se usa kozA ko pakkI brahmacAriNI banAyA thaa| ____ jaino ke paramapUjya tIrthakaro me sthAna prApta malli jAti se strI thii| unhone kaumAra avasthA me apane Upara Asakta ho vivAha ke lie Aye hue chaH rAjakumAro ko mArmika upadeza dekara virakta banAyA aura anta meM brahmacarya livAkara tathA apane anuyAyI banAkara gurupada ke lie strIjAti

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130 jainadharma kA prANa kI yogyatA siddha karane kI bAta jaino me atyanta prasiddha hai / bAIsave tIrthaMkara neminAtha dvArA vivAha se pUrva hI parityakta aura bAda me sAdhvI banI rAjakumArI rAjImatI ne giranAra kI guphA ke ekAnta meM usake saundarya ko dekhakara brahmacarya se calita honevAle sAdhu aura pUrvAzrama ke apane devara rathanemi ko brahmacarya me sthira hone ke lie jo mArmika upadeza diyA hai aura rathanemi ko puna sthira karake strIjAti para hamezA se kiye jAte cacalatA aura abalAtva ke Aropa ko haTAkara dhIra sAdhako meM jo viziSTa prakhyAti prApta kI hai use sunane se aura par3hane se Aja bhI brahmacarya ke sAdhako ko apUrva dhairya prApta hotA hai / brahmacAriNI zrAvikA banane ke bAda kozA vezyA ne apane yahA~ Aye hue aura cacala manavAle zrI sthUlabhadra ke gurubhAI ko upadeza dekara sthira karane kI jo bAta AtI hai vaha patanazIla puruSa ke lie atyanta upayogI tathA strIjAti kA gaurava baDhAnevAlI hai / parantu ina sabase adhika udAtta dRSTAnta vijaya seTha aura vijayA seThAnI kA hai| ye donoM dampatI vivAha ke pazcAt ekazayanazAyI hone para bhI apanIapanI zukla aura kRSNa pakSa me brahmacaryapAlana kI pahale lI gaI bhinna-bhinna pratijJA ke anusAra usameM prasannatApUrvaka samagra jIvanaparyanta aDiga rahe aura sarvadA ke lie smaraNIya bana gaye / isa dampatI kI dRDhatA, prathama dampatI aura pIche se bhikSuka jIvana agIkAra karanevAle bauddha bhikSu mahAkAzyapa tathA bhikSuNI bhadrA kapilAnI kI alaukika dRDhatA kA smaraNa karAtI hai| aise aneka AkhyAna jaina sAhitya me Ate hai / uname brahmacarya se calita honevAle puruSa ko strI dvArA sthira karAne ke jaise ojasvI dRSTAnta hai vaise ojasvI dRSTAta calita honevAlI strI ko puruSa ke dvArA sthira karAne ke nahI hai athavA ekadama virala hai / 3. brahmacarya ke alaga nirdeza kA itihAsa jaina paramparA me cAra aura paoNca yAmo ke ( mahAvrato ke ) aneka ullekha 1. dekho 'bauddha saghano paricaya' (gu0 ) pR0 190 tathA 274 //

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jainadharma kA prANa 131 Ate haiN| sUtro me AnevAle varNano' para se jJAta hotA hai ki bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI paramparA me cAra yAma ( mahAvrata ) kA pracAra thA aura zrI mahAvIra bhagavAna ne uname eka yAma ( mahAvrata ) baDhAkara pacayAmika dharma kA upadeza diyA / AcArAgasUtra me dharma ke tIna yAma' bhI kahe gaye hai / usakI vyAkhyA dekhane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki tIna yAma kI paramparA bhI jainasammata hogI / isakA artha yaha huA ki kisI jamAne me jaina paramparA meM ( 1 ) hisA kA tyAga, (2) asatya kA tyAga, aura ( 3 ) parigraha kA tyAga --ye tIna hI yAma the| pIche se usame caurya ke tyAga kA samAveza karake tIna ke cAra yAma hue aura anta meM kAmAcAra ke tyAga ko jor3akara bhagavAna mahAvIra ne cAra ke pA~ca yAma kiye / isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya se aura unhI ke zrImukha se upadiSTa brahmacarya kA pRthaktva jaina paramparA me prasiddha hai / jisa samaya tIna yA cAra yAma the usa samaya bhI pAlana to pA~ca kA hotA thA, usa samaya ke vicakSaNa aura sarala mumukSu caurya aura kAmAcAra ko parigraharUpa samajha lete aura parigraha ke tyAga ke sAtha hI una donoM kA tyAga bhI apane Apa ho jAtA / pArzvanAtha kI paramparA taka to kAmAcAra kA tyAga parigraha ke tyAga me hI A jAtA, phalata usakA alaga vidhAna nahI huA thA; parantu isa prakAra ke kAmAcAra ke tyAga ke alaga vidhAna ke abhAva me zramaNa sampradAya me brahmacarya me zaithilya AyA aura kaI to vaise aniSTa vAtAvaraNa me pha~sane bhI lage / isIse bhagavAna mahAvIra ne parigrahatyAga me samAviSTa honevAle kAmAcAra tyAga kA bhI eka khAsa mahAvrata ke rUpa me alaga upadeza kiyA / 4. brahmacarya kA dhyeya aura usake upAya jainadharma me anya sabhI vrata niyamoM kI bhA~ti brahmacarya kA sAdhya bhI mahattva kI mAnI jAnevAlI cAhe jo to bhI yadi usase mokSa kI sAdhanA kevala mokSa hai / jagata kI dRSTi se bAta brahmacarya se siddha ho sakatI ho, 1. sthAnAgasUtra pR0 201 / 2. AcArAgasUtra zru0 1, a0 8, u0 1 /

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132 jainadharma kA prANa nakI jAya to, jaina dRSTi ke anusAra, vaha brahmacarya lokottara (AdhyAtmika) nahI hai| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra mokSa meM upayogI honevAlI vastu kA hI saccA mahattva hai| zarIrasvAsthya, samAjabala Adi uddezya to sacce mokSasAdhaka Adarza brahmacarya me se svata. siddha hote hai|| brahmacarya ko sampUrNa rUpa se siddha karane ke lie do mArga nizcita kiye gaye hai : pahalA kriyAmArga aura dUsarA jJAnamArga / kriyAmArga virodhI kAma-saskAro ko uttejita hone se rokakara usake sthUla vikAra-viSa ko brahmacarya-jIvana me praveza nahI karane detA, arthAt vaha usakA niSedhapakSa siddha karatA hai, parantu usase kAma-saskAra nirmUla nahIM hotaa| jJAnamArga usa kAma-saMskAra ko nirmUla karake brahmacarya ko sarvathA aura sarvadA ke lie svAbhAvika-jaisA banAtA hai, arthAt vaha usake vidhipakSa ko siddha karatA hai| jaina paribhASA me kahe to kriyAmArga dvArA brahmacarya aupazamika bhAva se siddha hotA hai, jabaki jJAnamArga dvArA kSAyika bhAva se siddha hotA hai| kriyAmArga kA kArya jJAnamArga kI mahattva kI bhUmikA taiyAra karanA hai, ataeva vaha mArga vastutaH apUrNa hone para bhI bahuta upayogI mAnA gayA hai, aura pratyeka sAdhaka ke lie prathama Avazyaka hone se usa para jaina zAstro me bahuta hI bhAra diyA jAtA hai| isa kriyAmArga me bAhya niyamoM kA samAveza hotA hai| una niyamoM kA nAma gupti hai / gupti yAnI rakSA kA sAdhana arthAt baadd'| vaisI guptiyA~ nau mAnI gaI hai| eka adhika niyama una guptiyoM me jor3akara unhI kA brahmacarya ke dasa samAdhisthAna ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| kriyAmArga meM AnevAle dasa samAdhisthAno kA varNana uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke solahaveM adhyayana me bahuta mArmika DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| usakA sAra isa prakAra hai: (1) divya athavA mAnuSI strI ke, bakarI, bher3a Adi pazu ke tathA napuMsaka ke sasargavAle zayana, Asana aura nivAsasthAna Adi kA upayoga nahI krnaa| (2) akele ekAkI striyoM ke sAtha sambhASaNa nahI karanA / kevala striyoM se kathAvArtA Adi nahI kahanA aura strIkathA bhI nahI kahanA, arthAt

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jainadharma kA prANa 133 strI kI jAti, kula, rUpa aura veza Adi kA varNana yA vivecana nahIM karanA / (3) striyo ke sAtha eka Asana para nahIM baiThanA / jisa Asana para strI baiThI ho usa para bhI usake uThane ke bAda do ghar3I taka nahI baitthnaa| (4) striyoM ke manohara nayana, nAsikA Adi indriyoM kA athavA unake aMgopAgoM kA avalokana nahI karanA aura unake bAre me cintanasmaraNa bhI nahI krnaa| (5) striyo ke ratiprasaga ke avyakta zabda, ratikalaha ke zabda, gItadhvani, hAsya kI kilakAriyA~, krIr3A ke zabda aura virahakAlIna rudana ke zabda parde ke pIche chipakara athavA dIvAra kI Ar3a me rahakara bhI nahI sunnaa| (6) pUrva me anubhUta, Acarita yA sunI gaI ratikrIr3A, kAmakrIr3A Adi ko yAda nahI krnaa| (7) dhAtuvardhaka pauSTika bhojanapAna nahI lenaa| (8) sAdA bhojanapAna bhI mAtrA se adhika nahI lenaa| (9) zRgAra nahIM karanA arthAt kAmarAga ke uddezya se snAna, vilepana, dhUpa, mAlya, vibhUSaNa athavA veza ityAdi kI racanA nahI krnaa| (10) jo zabda, rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza kAmaguNa ke hI poSaka hoM unakA tyAga krnaa| inake atirikta kAmoddIpaka hAsya na karanA, striyoM ke citra na rakhanA aura na dekhanA, abrahmacArI kA sasarga na karanA ityAdi brahmacArI ke lie akaraNIya dUsarI aneka prakAra kI kriyAo kA ina dasa sthAnoM me samAveza kiyA gayA hai| sUtrakAra kahate hai ki pUrvokta niSiddha pravRttiyoM meM se koI bhI pravRtti karanevAlA brahmacArI apanA brahmacarya to gavAyegA hI, sAtha hI use kAmajanya mAnasika aura zArIrika rogo ke hone kI bhI sabhAvanA rahatI hai| 5. brahmacarya ke svarUpa ko vividhatA aura usakI vyApti Upara dI gaI dUsarI vyAkhyA ke anusAra 'kAmasaMga kA tyAga' rUpa brahmacarya kA jo bhAva sAmAnya loga samajhate hai usakI apekSA bahuta sUkSma aura vyApaka bhAva jaina zAstro me liyA gayA hai| jaba koI vyakti jainadharma kI munidIkSA letA hai taba usa vyakti ke dvArA lI jAnevAlI pA~ca pratijJAoM meM se

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134 jainadharma kA prANa cauthI pratijJA ke rUpa me aise bhAva ke brahmacarya kA svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| vaha pratijJA isa prakAra hai he pUjya guro | mai sarva maithuna kA parityAga karatA hU~, arthAt daivI, mAnuSI yA tiryaca (pazu-pakSI sambandhI) kisI prakAra ke maithuna kA mai mana se, vANI se aura zarIra se jIvanaparyanta sevana nahI karU~gA, tathA mana se, vacana se aura zarIra tIno prakAra se dUsaro se jIvanaparyanta sevana nahI karAU~gA aura dUsarA koI maithuna kA sevana karatA hogA to usame maiM inhI tIno prakAra se jIvanaparyanta anumati bhI nahI duugaa| __ yadyapi munidIkSA me sthAnaprApta uparyukta nau prakAra kA brahmacarya hI dUsarI vyAkhyA dvArA nirdiSTa brahmacarya kA antima aura sampUrNa svarUpa hai, tathApi vaise eka hI prakAra ke brahmacarya kA haraeka se pAlana karAne kA durAgraha athavA mithyA AzA jaina AcAryoM ne kabhI nahI rkhii| pUrNa zaktisampanna vyakti ho to brahmacarya kA sampUrNa Adarza kAyama raha sakatA hai, parantu alpazakti athavA azaktivAlA vyakti ho to pUrNa Adarza ke nAma para dambha kA pracalana na ho isa spaSTa uddezya se, zakti evaM bhAvanA kI nyUnAdhika yogyatA dhyAna meM rakhakara, jaina AcAryoM ne asampUrNa brahmacarya kA bhI upadeza diyA hai| jaise sampUrNatA me bheda ke lie avakAza ko sthAna nahI hai vaise asampUrNatA me abheda kI zakyatA hI nahI hai / isase apUrNa brahmacarya ke aneka prakAra ho aura unake kAraNa usake vrata-niyamo kI pratijJAe~ bhI bhinna-bhinna ho yaha svAbhAvika hai| aise asampUrNa brahmacarya se unacAsa prakAro kI jaina zAstro me kalpanA kI gaI hai, adhikArI apanI zakti ke anusAra uname se niyama grahaNa karatA hai| munidIkSA ke sampUrNa brahmacarya kI pratijJA lene meM asamartha aura phira bhI vaisI pratijJA ke Adarza ko pasanda karake usa dizA me pragati karane kI icchAvAle gRhastha sAdhaka apanI-apanI zakti eva ruci ke anusAra una unacAsa prakAro me se kisI-na-kisI prakAra ke brahmacarya kA niyama le sake vaisI vividha pratijJAe~ jaina zAstro me AtI hai| isa prakAra vAstavika aura Adarza brahmacarya me bheda na hone para bhI vyAvahArika jIvana kI dRSTi se usake svarUpa kI vividhatA kA jainazAstroM me ativistArapUrvaka varNana AtA hai| sarvabrahmacarya nau prakAra kA brahmacarya hai aura dezabrahmacarya Azika brahmacarya

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jainadharma kA prANa 135 hai| usakA adhika spaSTa svarUpa isa prakAra hai : mana, vacana aura zarIra inameM se pratyeka ke dvArA sevana na karanA, sevana na karAnA aura sevana karanevAle ko anumati na denA-isa nau koTi se sarvabrahmacArI kAmAcAra kA tyAga karatA hai| sAdhu athavA sAdhvI to sasAra kA tyAga karate hI ina nau koTiyoM se pUrNa brahmacarya kA niyama lete hai aura gRhastha bhI isakA adhikArI ho sakatA hai / pUrNa brahmacarya kI ina nau koTiyo ke atirikta inameM se pratyeka koTi ko dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI bhI maryAdA hotI hai / vaha pratyeka maryAdA kramazaH isa prakAra hai / kisI bhI sajIva athavA nirjIva AkRti ke sAtha nau koTi se kAmAcAra kA niSedha dravyamaryAdA hai| Uloka, adholoka tathA tiryagloka ina tIno me nau koTi se kAmAcAra kA tyAga kSetramaryAdA hai / dina me, rAtri me athavA isa samaya ke kisI bhI bhAga me inhI nau koTi se kAmacAra kA niSedha kAlamaryAdA hai aura rAga athavA dvepa se arthAt mAyA, lobha, dveSa athavA ahakAra ke bhAva se kAmAcAra kA nau koTi se tyAga bhAvamaryAdA hai| Azika brahmacarya kA adhikArI gRhasya hI hotA hai| use apane kuTumba ke atirikta sAmAjika uttaradAyitva bhI hotA hai aura pazupakSI ke pAlana kI bhI cintA hotI hai| use vivAha karane-karAne ke tathA pazu-pakSI ko garbhAdhAna karAne ke prasaga Ate hI rahate hai| isIlie gRhastha ina nau koTiyo ke sAtha brahmacarya kA pAlana bahuta virala rUpa se hI kara sakatA hai| Age jo nau koTiyA~ kahI hai uname se mana, vacana aura zarIra se anumati dene kI tIna koTi usake lie nahI hotI, arthAt usakA uttama brahmacarya avaziSTa cha. koTi se liyA huA hotA hai / Azika brahmacarya lene kI chaH paddhatiyA~ ye hai (1) dvividha vividha se, (2) dvividha dvividha se, (3) dvividha ekavidha se, (4) ekavidha trividha se, (5) ekavidha dvividha se, (6) ekavidha ekavidha se| iname se koI eka prakAra gRhastha apanI zakti ke anusAra brahmacarya ke lie svIkAra karatA hai / dvividha se arthAt karanA aura karAnA isa apekSA se aura trividha yAnI mana, vacana aura zarIra se; arthAt mana se karane-karAne kA tyAga, vacana se karane karAne kA tyAga

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136 jainadharma kA prANa aura zarIra se karane-karAne kA tyAga / yaha prathama paddhati hai / isI prakAra itara saba paddhatiyoM ke bAre me samajha lenA / 6. brahmacarya ke aticAra kisI bhI pratijJA ke cAra dUSaNa hote hai / unameM laukika dRSTi se dUSitatA kA tAratamya mAnA gayA hai / ve cAro pratijJA ke ghAtaka to hai hI, parantu vyavahAra to pratijJA ke dRzya ghAta ko hI ghAta mAnatA hai / ina cAra ke nAma tathA svarUpa isa prakAra hai (1) pratijJA kA atikrama karanA arthAt pratijJA ke bhaga kA mAnasika saMkalpa karanA / (2) pratijJA kA vyatikrama karanA arthAt vaise sakalpa kI sahAyaka sAmagrI ko juTAne kI yojanA karanA / ye dono dUSaNarUpa hone para bhI vyavahAra ina dono ko kSamya ginatA hai, arthAt manuSya kI apUrNa bhUmikA tathA usake AsapAsa ke vAtAvaraNa ko dekhate hue ye dono doSa calA lie jA sakate hai / ( 3 ) parantu jisa pravRtti ke kAraNa vyavahAra me bhI lI huI pratijJA kA Azika bhaga mAnA jAya, arthAt jisa pravRtti ke dvArA manuSya kA bartAva vyavahAra meM dUSita mAnA jAya vaisI pravRtti tyAjya mAnI gaI hai / vaisI pravRtti hI nAma aticAra athavA doSa hai / yaha tIsarA doSa mAnA jAtA hai / (4) anAcAra arthAt pratijJA kA sarvathA nAza / yaha mahAdoSa hai / zAstrakAra kahate hai ki gRhastha ke zIla ke pA~ca aticAra hai : (1) itvaraparigRhItAgamana, (2) aparigRhItAgamana, (3) anagakrIDA, (4) paravivAhakaraNa, (5) kAmabhogo me tIvra abhilASA / ye pA~ca prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ svadArasantoSI gRhastha ke zIla ke lie dUSaNarUpa hai / koI bhI gRhastha svadArasantoSa vrata ke prati pUrNa rUpa se vaphA - dAra rahe, to ina pA~co me se eka bhI pravRtti kA vaha kabhI AcaraNa nahI kara sakatA / 7. brahmacarya kI nirapavAdatA ahiMsA, satya, asteya Adi mahAvrata sApavAda hai, parantu mAtra eka brahmacarya hI nirapavAda hai / ahiMsA vrata sApavAda hai, arthAt sarva prakAra se

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jainadharma kA prANa 137 ahiMsA kA pAlaka kisI khAsa viziSTa lAbha ke uddezya se hiMsA kI pravRtti kare to bhI usake vrata kA bhaga nahIM mAnA jaataa| kaI prasaMga hI aise hai, jinake kAraNa vaha ahisaka hisA na kare yA hiMsA me pravRtta na ho to use virAdhaka mAnA hai| virAdhaka yAnI jaina AjJA kA lopaka / aisI hI sthiti satyavrata aura asteya Adi vratoM meM bhI ghaTAI jAtI hai / parantu brahmacarya me to aisA eka bhI apavAda nahI hai / jisane jisa prakAra kA brahmacarya svIkAra kiyA ho vaha usakA nirapavAda rUpa se vaisA hI AcaraNa kre| dUsare ke AdhyAtmika hita kI dRSTi lakSya meM rakhakara ahiMsAdi kA apavAda karanevAlA taTastha yA vItarAga raha sakatA hai, brahmacarya ke apavAda meM esA sambhava hI nahI hai| vaisA prasaga to rAga, dveSa eva moha ke hI adhIna hai| isake atirikta vaisA kAmAcAra kA prasaga kisI ke AdhyAtmika hita ke lie bhI sambhava nahI ho sakatA / isI vajaha se brahmacarya ke pAlana kA nirapavAda vidhAna kiyA gayA hai aura usake lie pratyeka prakAra ke upAya bhI batalAye gaye hai| brahmacarya kA bhaga karanevAle ke lie prAyazcitta to kaThora hai hI, parantu usame bhI jo jitane U~ce pada para rahakara brahmacarya kI virAdhanA karatA hai usake lie usake pada ke anusAra tIvra, tIvratara aura tIvratama prAyazcitta kahA hai| jaise ki koI sAdhAraNa kSullaka sAdhu ajJAna aura mohavaza brahmacarya kI virAdhanA kare to usakA prAyazcitta usake kSullaka adhikAra ke anusAra nizcita kiyA hai, parantu koI gItArtha (siddhAnta kA pAragAmI aura sarvamAnya) AcArya vaisI bhUla kare to usakA prAyazcitta usa kSullaka sAdhu kI apekSA anekagunA adhika kahA gayA hai| logoM me bhI yahI nyAya pracalita hai / koI ekadama sAmAnya manuSya aisI bhUla kare to samAja usa tarapha lagabhaga udAsIna-sA rahatA hai, parantu koI kulIna aura Adarza koTi kA manuSya aise prasaga para sAdhAraNa-sI bhUla bhI kare to samAja use kabhI sahana nahI krtaa|2 / (da0a0ci0bhA01,pR0507-515, 517-521, 524-527,533-534) 1. tilakAcAryakRta jItakalpavRtti pR0 35-36 / 2. isa lekha ke sahalekhaka pa.zrI becaradAsa dozI bhI hai|

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: 10 : prAvazyaka kriyA vaidikasamAja me 'sandhyA' kA, pArasI logo me 'khoradeha avastA' kA, yahUdI tathA IsAiyo me 'prArthanA' kA aura musalamAno me 'namAja' kA jaisA mahattva hai, jaina samAja me vaisA hI mahattva Avazyaka' kA hai| ___ sAdhuo ko to subaha-zAma anivArya rUpa se 'Avazyaka' karanA hI paDatA hai, kyoki zAstra me aisI AjJA hai ki prathama aura carama tIrthakara ke sAdhu 'Avazyaka' niyama se kare / ataeva yadi ve usa AjJA kA pAlana na kare to sAdhu-pada ke adhikArI hI nahI samajhe jA skte| zrAvako me 'Avazyaka' kA pracAra vaikalpika hai| arthAt jo bhAvuka aura niyamavAle hote hai, ve avazya karate hai aura anya zrAvakoM kI pravRtti isa viSaya me aicchika hai| phira bhI yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki jo nitya 'Avazyaka' nahI karatA, vaha bhI pakSa ke bAda, caturmAsa ke bAda yA AkhirakA savatsara ke bAda usako yathAsambhava avazya karatA hai| zvetAmbara-sampradAya me 'Avazyaka-kriyA' kA itanA Adara hai ki jo vyakti anya kisI samaya dharmasthAna me na jAtA ho vaha tathA choTe-bar3e bAlakabAlikAe~ bhI bahudhA sAMvatsarika parva ke dina dharmasthAna me 'Avazyaka-kriyA' karane ke lie ekatra ho hI jAte haiM aura usa kriyA ko karake sabhI apanA ahobhAgya samajhate hai / isa pravRtti se yaha spaSTa hai ki 'Avazyaka-kriyA' kA mahattva zvetAmbara-sampradAya meM kitanA adhika hai| isI sababa se sabhI loga apanI santati ko dhArmika zikSA dete samaya sabase pahile 'AvazyakakriyA' sikhAte hai / _ 'Avazyaka-kriyA' kise kahate hai ? sAmAyika Adi pratyeka 'Avazyaka' kA kyA svarUpa hai ? unake bheda-krama kI upapatti kyA hai ? 'Avazyaka-kriyA"

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jainadharma kA prANa 139 AdhyAtmika kyoM hai ? ityAdi kucha prazno ke Upara vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| 'Avazyaka kriyA' kI prAcIna vidhi kahIM surakSita hai ? parantu isake pahile yahA~ eka bAta batalA denA jarUrI hai aura vaha yaha hai ki 'Avazyaka-kriyA karane kI jo vidhi cUrNi ke jamAne se bhI bahuta prAcIna thI aura jisakA ullekha zrIharibhadramUri jaise pratiSThita AcArya ne apanI Avazyaka-vRtti pR0 790 me kiyA hai, vaha vidhi bahuta azo me aparivartita rUpa se jyo kI tyo jaisI zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ma calI AtI hai, vaisI sthAnakavAsI-sampradAya me nahI hai / yaha bAta tapAgaccha, kharataragaccha Adi gaccho kI sAmAcArI dekhane se spaSTa mAlUma ho jAtI hai| sthAnakavAsI-sampradAya kI sAmAcArI me jisa prakAra 'Avazyaka-kriyA' me bole jAnevAle kaI prAcIna sUtroM kI, jaise--pukkharavaradIvaDDa, siddhANa buddhANa, arihataceiyANa, AyariyauvajjhAe, abbhuTThiyoha ityAdi kI kATa-chATa kara dI gaI hai, isI prakAra usame prAcIna vidhi kI bhI kATachATa najara AtI hai| isake viparIta tapAgaccha, kharataragaccha Adi kI sAmAcArI me 'Avazyaka' ke prAcIna sUtra tathA prAcIna vidhi meM koI parivartana kiyA huA najara nahI aataa| arthAt usame 'sAmAjika-Avazyaka' se lekara yAnI pratikramaNa kI sthApanA se lekara 'pratyAkhyAna' paryanta ke chahoM 'Avazyaka' ke sUtro kA tathA bIca me vidhi karane kA silasilA bahudhA vahI hai, jisakA ullekha zrIharibhadrasUri ne kiyA hai| ___ 'Avazyaka' kise kahate hai ? jo kriyA avazya karane yogya hai usI ko 'Avazyaka' kahate hai / 'Avazyaka-kriyA' saba ke lie eka nahI, vaha adhikArI-bheda se judI-judI hai| isalie 'Avazyaka-kriyA' kA svarUpa likhane ke pahale yaha batalA denA jarUrI hai ki isa jagaha kisa prakAra ke adhikAriyo kA Avazyaka-karma vicArA jAtA hai| ___sAmAnyarUpa se zarIra-dhArI prANiyo ke do vibhAga hai (1) bahidRSTi, aura (2) antardRSTi / jo antardRSTi hai-jinakI dRSTi AtmA

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140 jainadharma kA prANa kI ora jhukI hai arthAt jo sahaja sukha ko vyakta karane ke vicAra me tathA prayatna me lage hue hai, unhI ke 'Avazyaka-karma' kA vicAra isa jagaha karanA hai| isa kathana se yaha spaSTa siddha hai ki jo jar3a me apane ko nahIM bhUle haijinakI dRSTi ko kisI bhI jar3a vastu kA saundarya lubhA nahI sakatAunakA 'Avazyaka-karma' vahI ho sakatA hai, jisake dvArA unakI AtmA sahaja sukha kA anubhava kara sake / antadR STivAlI AtmA sahaja sukha kA anubhava tabhI kara sakatI hai, jabaki usake samyaktva, cetanA, cAritra Adi guNa vyakta hoN| isalie vaha usa kriyA ko apanA 'Avazyaka-karma' samajhatI hai, jo samyaktva Adi guNo kA vikAsa karane meM sahAyaka ho| ataeva isa jagaha sakSepa me 'Avazyaka' kI vyAkhyA itanI hI hai ki jJAnAdi guNoM ko prakaTa karane ke lie jo kriyA avazya karane ke yogya hai, vahI 'Avazyaka hai| aisA 'Avazyaka' jJAna aura kriyA---ubhaya pariNAmarUpa arthAt upayogapUrvaka kI jAnevAlI kriyA hai| yahI karma AtmA ko guNoM se vAsita karAnevAlA hone ke kAraNa 'Avazyaka' bhI kahalAtA hai| vaidikadarzana meM 'Avazyaka' samajhe jAnevAle karmoM ke lie 'nityakarma' zabda prasiddha hai| jainadarzana meM 'avazya-kartavya' 'dhruva', nigraha, vizodhi, adhyayanaSaTka, varga, nyAya, ArAdhanA, mArga Adi aneka zabda aise hai, jo ki Avazyaka' zabda ke samAnArthaka-paryAya hai| Avazyaka kA svarUpa sthUla dRSTi se 'Avazyaka-kriyA' ke chaH vibhAga arthAt bheda kiye gae hai:(1) sAmAyika, (2) caturvizatistava, (3) vandana, (4) pratikramaNa, (5) kAyotsarga, aura (6) pratyAkhyAna / (1) sAmAvika-rAga aura dveSa ke vaza na hokara samabhAva-madhyasthabhAva me rahanA arthAt sabake sAtha Atmatulya vyavahAra karanA 'sAmAyika' hai| isake (1) samyaktvasAmAyika, (2) zrutasAmAyika, aura (3) cAritrasAmAyika, ye tIna bheda hai, kyoki samyaktva dvArA, zruta 1. AvazyakavRtti pR0 53 // 2. Avazyakaniyukti gAthA 1032 /

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jainadharma kA prANa 141 dvArA yA cAritra dvArA hI samabhAva me sthira rahA jA sakatA hai / cAritrasAmAyika bhI adhikArI kI apekSA se (1) deza aura (2) sarva, yoM do prakAra kA hai| deza sAmAyika-cAritra gRhastho ko aura sarvasAmAyikacAritra sAdhuo ko hotA he / ' samatA, samyaktva, zAnti, suvihita Adi zabda sAmAyika ke paryAya hai| (2) caviMzatistava-caubIsa tIrthakara, jo ki sarvaguNasampanna Adarza haiM, unakI stuti karane rUpa hai| isake (1) dravya aura (2) bhAva, ye do bheda hai / puSpa Adi sAttvika vastuo ke dvArA tIrthakaroM kI pUjA karanA 'dravyastava' aura unake vAstavika guNo kA kIrtana karanA 'bhAvastava, hai| adhikArI-vizeSa gRhastha ke lie dravyastava kitanA lAbhadAyaka hai, isa bAta ko vistArapUrvaka Avazyakaniyukti, pR0 (492-493) me dikhAyA hai| (3) vaMdana-mana, vacana zarIra kA vaha vyApAra vadana hai, jisase pUjyo ke prati bahumAna pragaTa kiyA jAtA hai| zAstra me vadana ke citi-karma, kRti-karma, pUjA-karma yadi paryAya prasiddha hai| vadana ke yathArtha svarUpa jAnane ke lie vadya kaise hone cAhie? ve kitane prakAra ke hai ? kauna-kauna avaMdya haiM ? avadya-vadana se kyA doSa hai ? vadana karate samaya kina-kina doSoM kA parihAra karanA cAhie, ityAdi bAteM jAnane yogya hai| dravya aura bhAva, ubhaya cAritrasampanna muni hI vandya hai| vandya muni (1) AcArya, (2) upAdhyAya, (3) pravartaka, (4) sthavira aura (5) ratnAdhika rUpa se paoNca prakAra ke hai| jo dravyaliGga aura bhAvaliGga eka-eka se yA dono se rahita hai, vaha avandya hai| avandanIya tathA vandanIya ke sabandha me sikke kI caturbhaGgI prasiddha hai| jaise caoNdI zuddha ho 1. vahI gAthA 796 / 2. vahI gAthA 1033 / 3. AvazyakavRtti pR0 492 / 4. Avazyaka niyukti gAthA 1103 / 5. vahI gAthA 1106 / 6. vahI gAthA 1195 / / 7. Avazyakaniyukti gAthA 1138 /

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jainadharma kA prANa 142 para mohara ThIka na lagI ho to vaha sikkA grAhya nahI hotA, vaise hI jo bhAvaliMgayukta hai, para dravyaligavihIna hai, una pratyekabuddha Adi ko vandana nahI kiyA jAtA / jisa sikke para mohara to ThIka lagI hai, para cA~dI azuddha hai, vaha sikkA grAhya nahI hotA / vaise hI dravyaliMgadhArI hokara jo bhAgavihIna hai ve pArzvastha Adi pA~ca prakAra ke kusAdhu avandanIya hai / jisa mikke kI cA~dI aura mohara, ye dono ThIka nahI hai, vaha bhI agrAhya hai / isI taraha jo dravya aura bhAva ubhayaliMgarahita hai ve vandanIya nahI / vandanIya sirpha ve hI hai, jo zuddha cA~dI tathA zuddha moharavAle sikke ke samAna dravya aura bhAva -- ubhayaliMga sampanna hai / ' avandya ko vandana karane se vandana karanevAle ko na to karma kI nirjarA hotI hai aura na kIrti hI, balki asayama Adi doSo ke anumodana dvArA karmabadha hotA hai / avandya ko vandana karane se vandana karanevAle ko hI doSa hotA hai, yahI bAta nahIM, kiMtu avandanIya kI AtmA kA bhI guNI puruSo ke dvArA apane ko vandana karAne rUpa asayama kI vRddhi dvArA adha. pAta hotA hai / vandana battIsa doSoM se rahita honA cAhie / anAdRta Adi ve battIsa doSa Avazyaka niryukti, gA0 1207-1211 me batalAe hai / (4) pratikramaNa - pramAdavaza zubha yoga se girakara azubha yoga ko prApta karane ke bAda phira se zubha yoga ko prApta karanA, yaha 'pratikramaNa" hai / tathA azubha yoga ko chor3akara uttarottara zubha yoga me bartanA, yaha bhI 'pratikramaNa hai / " prativaraNa, pariharaNa, karaNa, nivRtti, nindA, garhA aura zodhi, ye saba 1. Avazyaka niyukti gAthA 1138 / 2. vahI gAthA 1108 / 3. vahI gAthA 1110 / 4. svasthAnAdyatparasthAna pramAdasya vazAdgata / tatraiva kramaNaM bhUyaH pratikramaNamucyate // 1 // - AvazyakasUtra pR0 553 5. prativartana vA zubheSu yogeSu mokSaphaladeSu / ni.zalyasya yaterthat tadvA jJeya pratikramaNam // 1 // - AvazyakasUtra, pR0 553 /

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jainadharma kA prANa pratikramaNa ke samAnArthaka zabda hai / ina zabdo kA bhAva samajhAne ke lie pratyeka zabda kI vyAkhyA para eka-eka dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai, jo bahuta manorajaka hai| pratikramaNa kA matalaba pIche lauTanA hai-eka sthiti meM jAkara phira mUla sthiti ko prApta karanA pratikramaNa hai / (1) daivasika, (2) rAtrika, (3) pAkSika, (4) cAturmAsika aura (5)-sAvatsarika, ye pratikramaNa ke paoNca bheda bahuta prAcIna tathA zAstrasamata hai, kyoki inakA ullekha zrI bhadrabAhusvAmI bhI karate hai / kAlabheda se tIna prakAra kA pratikramaNa bhI batalAyA hai.-(1) bhUtakAla meM lage hue doSoM kI AlocanA karanA, (2) savara karake vartamAna kAla ke doSo se bacanA, aura (3) pratyAkhyAna dvArA bhaviSyake doSo ko rokanA pratikramaNa hai / uttarottara AtmA ke vizeSa zuddha svarUpa me sthita hone kI icchA karanevAle adhikAriyo ko yaha bhI jAnanA cAhiye ki pratikramaNa kisa-kisa kA karanA caahie| (1) mithyAtva, (2) avirati, (3) kaSAya' aura (4) aprazasta yoga-ina cAra kA pratikramaNa karanA cAhie / arthAt mithyAtva choDakara samyaktva ko pAnA cAhie, avirati kA tyAga kara virati ko svIkAra karanA cAhiye, kaSAya kA parihAra karake kSamA Adi guNaprApta karane cAhiye aura samAra baDhAnevAle vyApArI ko chor3akara AtmasvarUpa kI prApti karanI caahie| __ sAmAnya rIti se pratikramaNa (1) dravya aura (2) bhAva, yo do prakAra kA hai| bhAvapratikramaNa hI upAdeya hai, dravyapratikramaNa nahI / dravyapratikramaNa vaha hai, jo dikhAve ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| doSa kA pratikramaNa karane ke bAda bhI phira se usa doSa ko bAra-bAra sevana karanA, yaha dravya pratikramaNa hai| isase AtmA zuddha hone ke badale DhiThAI dvArA aura bhI 1. Avazyakaniyukti gAthA 1233 / 2. vahI, gAthA 1242 / 3. vahI, gAthA 1247 / / 4. AvazyakavRtti pR0 551 /

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144 jainadharma kA prANa doSoM kI puSTi hotI hai| isa para kumhAra ke bartanoM ko kaMkara dvArA bArabAra phor3akara bAra-bAra mAphI mAMganevAle eka kSullaka-sAdhu kA dRSTAnta prasiddha hai| (5) kAyotsarga-dharma yA zukla-dhyAna ke lie ekAgra hokara zarIra para se mamatA kA tyAga karanA 'kAyotsarga' hai| kAyotsarga ko yathArtha rUpa me karane ke lie isake doSo kA parihAra karanA caahie| ve ghoTaka Adi doSa' sakSepa me unnIsa hai / / kAyotsarga se deha kI aura buddhi kI jar3atA dUra hotI hai, arthAt vAta Adi dhAtuo kI viSamatA dUra hotI hai aura buddhi kI mandatA dUra hokara vicArazakti kA vikAsa hotA hai / sukha-dukha kI titikSA arthAt anUkUla aura pratikUla dono prakAra ke sayogo me samabhAva se rahane kI zakti kAyotsarga se prakaTa hotI hai| bhAvanA aura dhyAna kA abhyAsa bhI kAyotsarga se hI puSTa hotA hai / aticAra kA cintana bhI kAyotsarga me ThIka-ThIka ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra dekhA jAya to kAyotsarga bahuta mahattva kI kriyA hai| kAyotsarga ke andara liye jAnevAle eka zvAsocchvAsa kA kAla-parimANa zloka ke eka pAda ke uccAraNa ke kAla-parimANa jitanA kahA gayA hai| (6) pratyAkhyAna-tyAga karane ko 'pratyAkhyAna' kahate hai / tyAgane yogya vastue~ (1) dravya aura (2) bhAvarUpa se do prakAra kI hai| anna, vastra Adi bAhya vastue~ dravyarUpa hai aura ajJAna, asaMyama Adi vaibhAvika pariNAma bhAvarUpa hai| anna, vastra Adi bAhya vastuoM kA tyAga ajJAna, asaMyama Adi ke tyAga dvArA bhAvatyAgapUrvaka aura bhAvatyAga ke uddezya se hI honA cAhie / jo dravyatyAga bhAvatyAgapUrvaka tathA bhAvatyAga ke lie nahI kiyA jAtA, usa se AtmA ko guNa-prApti nahIM hotii| (1) zraddhAna, (2) jJAna, (3) vaMdana, (4) anupAlana, (5) anubhASaNa aura (6) bhAva, ina chaH zuddhiyo ke sahita kiyA jAnevAlA pratyAkhyAna zuddha pratyAkhyAna hai|' 1. Avazyakaniyukti gAthA 1546, 1547 / 2. Avazyaka vRtti pR0 847 /

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jainadharma kA prANa 145 pratyAkhyAna kA dUsarA nAma guNa-dhAraNa hai, so isalie ki usase aneka guNa prApta hote haiN| pratyAkhyAna karane se Asrava kA nirodha arthAt savara hotA hai| savara se tRSNA kA nAga, tRSNA ke nAma se nirupama samabhAva aura aise samabhAva se kramaza mokSa kA lAbha hotA hai| krama kI svabhAvikatA tathA upapatti jo antardRSTivAle hai, unake jIvana kA pradhAna uddezya samabhAvasAmAyika prApta karanA hai| isalie unake pratyeka vyavahAra me samabhAva kA darzana hotA hai| antardRSTivAle jaba kisI ko samabhAva kI pUrNatA ke zikhara para pahu~ce hue jAnate hai, taba ve unake vAstavika guNo kI stuti karane lagate haiN| isa taraha ve samabhAva-sthita sAdhu puruSo ko vandana-namaskAra karanA bhI nahI bhUlate / antardRSTivAlo ke jIvana me aimI sphUrti-apramattatA hotI hai ki kadAcit ve pUrvavAsanAvaza yA kusasargavaza samabhAva se gira jAe~, taba bhI usa apramattatA ke kAraNa pratikramaNa karake ve apanI pUrva-prApta sthiti ko phira pA lete hai aura kabhI-kabhI to pUrva-sthiti se Age bhI baDha / jAte hai| dhyAna hI AdhyAtmika jIvana ke vikAsa kI kujI hai| isake lie antardaSTivAle bAra-bAra dhyAna-kAyotsarga kiyA karate hai| dhyAna dvArA cittazuddhi karate hue ve AtmasvarUpa me vizeSatayA lIna ho jAte hai| ataeva jaDa vastuo ke bhoga kA parityAga-pratyAkhyAna bhI unake lie sAhajika kriyA hai| ___ isa prakAra yaha spaSTa siddha hai ki AdhyAtmika puruSo ke ucca tathA svAbhAvika jIvana kA pRthakkaraNa hI 'Avazyaka-kriyA' ke krama kA AdhAra hai| 'Avazyaka-kriyA' ko AdhyAtmikatA jo kriyA AtmA ke vikAsa ko lakSya me rakhakara kI jAtI hai, vahI AdhyAtmika kriyA hai| AtmA ke vikAsa kA matalaba usake samyaktva, cetana, cAritra Adi guNo kI kramaza zuddhi karane se hai| isa kasauTI para kasane se yaha abhrAnta rIti se siddha hotA hai ki 'sAmAyika' Adi chaho 'Ava

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146 jainadharma kA prANa zyaka' AdhyAtmika hai, kyoki sAmAyika kA phala pApajanaka vyApAra kI nivRtti hai, jo ki karma- nirjarA dvArA AtmA ke vikAsa kA kAraNa hai / caturviMzatistava kA uddezya guNAnurAga kI vRddhi dvArA guNa prApta karanA hai, jo ki karma-nirjarA dvArA AtmA ke vikAsa kA sAdhana hai / vandana-kriyA ke dvArA vinaya kI prApti hotI hai, mAna khaNDita hotA hai, gurujana kI pUjA hotI hai, tIrthakaro kI AjJA kA pAlana hotA hai aura zrutadharma kI ArAdhanA hotI hai, jo ki anta me AtmA ke kramika vikAsa dvArA mokSa ke kAraNa hote hai / vandana karanevAlo ko namratA ke kAraNa zAstra munane kA avasara milatA hai / zAstra zravaNa dvArA kramaza jJAna, vijJAna, pratyAkhyAna, sayama, anAsrava, tapa, karmanAza, akriyA aura siddhi ye phala batalAe gae hai|' isalie vandana - kriyA AtmA ke vikAsa kA asadigdha kAraNa hai / AtmA vastu pUrNa zuddha aura pUrNa balavAna hai, para vaha vividha vAsanAoM anAdi pravAha me paDane ke kAraNa doSo kI aneka taho se daba-sA gayA hai; isalie jaba vaha Upara uThane kA prayatna karatA hai, taba usase anAdi abhyAsa bhUle ho jAnA sahaja hai| vaha jaba-taba una bhUloM kA sazodhana na kare, taba taka ipTa siddhi ho hI nahI sktii| isalie pada-pada para kI huI bhUlo ko yAda karake pratikramaNa dvArA phira se unheM na karane ke lie vaha nizcaya kara letA hai / isa taraha se pratikramaNa kriyA kA uddezya pUrva doSo ko dUra karanA aura phira se vaise doSo ko na karane ke lie sAvadhAna kara denA hai, jisase ki AtmA doSamukta hokara dhIre-dhIre apane zuddha svarUpa me sthita ho jAya / isIse pratikramaNakriyA AdhyAtmika hai / kAyotsargacitta kI ekAgratA paidA karatA hai aura AtmA ko apanA svarUpa vicArane kA avasara detA hai, jisase AtmA nirbhaya banakara apane kaThinatama uddezya ko siddha kara sakatI hai| isI kAraNa kAyotsarga-kriyA bhI AdhyAtmika hai / duniyA me jo kucha hai, vaha saba na to bhogA hI jA sakatA hai aura na 1. Avazyakanirmukti gAthA 1215 tathA vRtti /

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jainadharma kA prANa 147 bhogane ke yogya hI hai tathA vAstavika zAnti aparimita bhoga se bhI sambhava nahIM hai| isalie pratyAkhyAna-kriyA ke dvArA mumukSugaNa apane ko vyartha ke bhogo se bacAte hai aura usake dvArA cirakAlIna AtmazAnti pAte hai| ataeva pratyAkhyAna kriyA bhI AdhyAtmika hI hai| pratikramaNa zabda kI rUr3hi pratikramaNa zabda kI vyutpatti 'prati+kramaNa pratikramaNa' aisI hai / isa vyutpatti ke anusAra usakA artha 'pIche phiranA', itanA hI hotA hai, parantu rUDhi ke bala se 'pratikramaNa' zabda sirpha cauthe 'Avazyaka' kA tathA chaha Avazyaka ke samudAya kA bhI bodha karAtA hai| antima artha me usa zabda kI prasiddhi itanI adhika ho gaI hai ki Ajakala 'Avazyaka' zabda kA prayoga na karake saba koI chaho Avazyako ke lie 'pratikramaNa' zabda kAma meM lAte haiN| isa taraha vyavahAra me aura arvAcIna grantho me 'pratikramaNa' zabda se 'Avazyaka' zabda kA paryAya ho gayA hai| prAcIna grantho me sAmAnya 'Avazyaka' artha me 'pratikramaNa' zabda kA prayoga kahI dekhane me nahI aayaa| 'pratikramaNahetugarbha, 'pratikramaNavidhi', 'dharmasagraha' Adi arvAcIna prantho me 'pratikramaNa' zabda sAmAnya Avazyaka' ke artha meM prayukta hai aura sarvasAdhAraNa bhI sAmAnya 'Avazyaka' ke artha me pratikramaNa zabda kA prayoga askhalita rUpa se karate hue dekhe jAte hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2 pR0 174-185)

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11 : jIva aura paMca parameSThI kA svarUpa pra0 --- parameSThI kauna kahalAte hai ? u0- jo jIva parama me arthAt utkRSTa svarUpa me samabhAva me Thin arthAt sthita hai, ve hI parameSThI kahalAte hai / ? pra0 -- parameSThI aura unase bhinna jIvo me kyA antara hai u0--antara AdhyAtmika vikAsa hone na hone kA hai / arthAt jo AdhyAtmika vikAsavAle va nirmala AtmazaktivAle hai ve parameSThI, aura jo malina Atmazakti vAle hai ve unase bhinna hai / pra0 - jo isa samaya parameSThI nahI hai, kyA ve bhI sAdhano dvArA AtmA ko nirmala banAkara vaise bana sakate hai ? u0- avazya / praotaba to jo parameSThI nahI hai aura jo hai uname zakti kI apekSA se bheda kyA huA ? u0 - kucha bhI nahI / antara sirpha zaktiyo ke prakaTa hone na hone kA hai / eka me Atmazaktiyo kA vizuddha rUpa prakaTa ho gayA hai, dUsaro me nahI / jIva ke sambandha meM kucha vicAraNA jIva kA sAmAnya lakSaNa pra0 - jaba asaliyata me saba jIva samAna hI hai, taba una sabakA sAmAnya svarUpa (lakSaNa) kyA hai| ? u0--rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza Adi paudgalika guNo kA na honA aura cetanA kA honA yaha saba jIvo kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai / pra0-- ukta lakSaNa to atIndriya -- indriyo se jAnA nahI jA sakane - bAlA -- hai; phira usake dvArA jIvoM kI pahicAna kaise ho sakatI hai ?

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jainadharma kA prANa 149 u0--nizcaya-dRSTi se jIva atIndriya haiM, isalie unakA lakSaNa atIndriya honA hI caahie| pra0-jIva to oNkha Adi indriyo se jAne jA sakate haiM, phira jIva atIndriya kaise? u0-zuddha rUpa arthAt svabhAva kI apekSA se jIva atIndriya hai| azuddha rUpa arthAt vibhAva kI apekSA se vaha indriyagocara bhI hai| amUrtatva-rUpa, rasa Adi kA abhAva yA cetanAzakti, yaha jIva kA svabhAva hai, aura bhASA, AkRti, mukha, duHkha, rAga, dvepa Adi jIva ke vibhAva arthAt karmajanya paryAya hai| svabhAva pudgala-nirapekSa hone ke kAraNa atIndriya hai aura vibhAva pudgalasApekSa hone ke kAraNa idriyagrAhya hai| isaliye svAbhAvika lakSaNa kI apekSA se jIva ko atIndriya samajhanA caahie| pra0-agara vibhAva kA sabandha jIva se hai, to usako lekara bhI jIva kA lakSaNa kiyA jAnA caahie| u0--kiyA hI hai, para vaha lakSaNa saba jIvo kA nahIM hogA, sirpha sasArI jIvo kA hogA / jaise jiname mukha-duHkha, rAga-dveSa Adi bhAva ho yA jo karma ke kartA aura karma-phala ke bhoktA aura zarIradhArI ho ve jIva hai| pra0-ukta dono lakSaNo ko spaSTatApUrvaka samajhAiye / u0-prathama lakSaNa svabhAvasparzI hai, isalie usako nizcaya naya kI apekSA se tathA pUrNa va sthAyI samajhanA cAhiye / dUsarA lakSaNa vibhAvasparzI hai, isalie usako vyavahAra naya kI apekSA se tathA apUrNa va asthAyI samajhanA cAhie / sArAza yaha hai ki pahalA lakSaNa nizcaya-dRSTi ke anusAra hai, ataeva tIno kAla me ghaTanevAlA hai aura dUsarA lakSaNa vyavahAra-dRSTi ke anusAra hai, ataeva tIno kAla me nahI ghaTanevAlA hai| arthAt sasAradazA me pAyA jAnevAlA aura mokSadazA me nahI pAyA jAnevAlA hai| pra0--ukta do dRSTi se do lakSaNa jaise jainadarzana me kiye gae hai, kyA vaise jainetara darzano me bhI haiM ? / u0--haoN, sADakhya, yoga, vedAnta Adi darzano meM AtmA ko cetanarUpa yA saccidAnandarUpa kahA hai, so nizcaya naya kI apekSA se, aura nyAya,

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150 jainadharma kA prANa vaizeSika Adi darzano me sukha, duHkha, icchA, dveSa Adi AtmA ke lakSaNa batalAye hai so vyavahAranaya kI apekSA se| pra0-kyA jIva aura AtmA ina dono zabdo kA matalaba eka hai ? u0-haoN, jainazAstra me to sasArI-asasArI sabhI cetanoM ke viSaya me 'jIva aura AtmA', ina donoM zabdo kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, para vedAnta Adi darzano me jIva kA matalaba sasAra-avasthAvAle hI cetana se hai, muktacetana se nahI, aura AtmA zabda to sAdhAraNa hai| jIva ke svarUpa kI anirvacanIyatA pra0-Apane to jIva kA svarUpa kahA, para kucha vidvAno ko yaha kahate sunA hai ki AtmA kA svarUpa anirvacanIya arthAt vacano se nahI kahe jA sakane yogya hai, so isame satya kyA hai ? u0-unakA bhI kathana yukta hai, kyoMki zabdo ke dvArA parimita bhAva pragaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi jIva kA vAstavika svarUpa pUrNatayA jAnanA ho to vaha aparimita hone ke kAraNa zabdo ke dvArA kisI taraha nahI batAyA jA sktaa| isalie isa apekSA se jIva kA svarUpa anirvacanIya hai| isa bAta ko jaise anya darzano me 'nirvikalpa' zabda se yA 'neti' zabdase kahA hai vaise hI jainadarzana me 'sarA tattha nivattate takkA tattha na vijjaI' (AcArAga 5-6) ityAdi zabda se kahA hai| yaha anirvacanIyatva kA kathana parama nizcaya naya se yA parama zuddha dravyAthika naya se samajhanA caahie| aura hamane jo jIva kA cetanA yA amUrtatva lakSaNa kahA hai so nizcaya dRSTi se yA zuddha paryAyArthika naya se| jIva svayaMsiddha hai yA bhautika mizraNoM kA pariNAma ? pra0-sunane va paDhane me AtA hai ki jIva eka rAsAyanika vastu hai, arthAt bhautika mizraNo kA pariNAma hai, vaha koI svayasiddha vastu nahI hai. vaha utpanna hotA hai aura naSTa bhii| isame kyA satya hai ? u0--aisA kathana bhrAntimUlaka hai, kyoki jJAna, sukha, duHkha, harSa-zoka Adi vRttiyA~, jo mana se sabandha rakhatI hai, ve sthUla yA sUkSma

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jainadharma kA prAga 151 bhautika vastuo ke Alambana se hotI hai| bhautika vastue~ una vRttiyoM ke hone me sAdhanamAtra arthAt nimittakAraNa hai, upAdAnakAraNa nahIM / unakA upAdAnakAraNa Atmatattva alaga hI hai| isalie bhautika vastuo ko ukta vRttiyo kA upAdAnakAraNa mAnanA bhrAnti hai / aimA na mAnane me aneka doSa Ate hai| jaise sukha, dukha, rAjA-rakabhAva, choTI-baDI Ayu, satkAratiraskAra, jJAna-ajJAna Adi aneka viruddha bhAva eka hI mAtA-pitA kI do santAno me pAe jAte hai, so jIva ko svatantra tattva binA mAne kisI taraha asandigdha rIti se ghaTa nahI sktaa| pra0--jIva ke astitva ke viSaya me apane ko kisa sabUta para bharosA karanA cAhie? ___u0-atyanta ekAgratApUrvaka cirakAla taka AtmA kA hI manana karanevAle ni svArtha RSiyo ke vacana para, tathA svAnubhava para / aura citta ko zuddha karake ekAgratApUrvaka vicAra va manana karane se aisA anubhava prApta ho sakatA hai| paMca parameSThI paMca parameSThI ke prakAra pra0-kyA saba parameSThI eka hI prakAra ke hai yA uname kucha antara bhI hai ? u-saba eka prakAra ke nahIM hote| sthUla dRSTi se unake arihanta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu ye pA~ca prakAra hai| sthUlarUpa se inakA antara jAnane ke lie inake do vibhAga karane caahie| pahale vibhAga me prathama do aura dUsare vibhAga me pichale tIna parameSThI sammilita hai, kyoki arihanta aura siddha ye dono to jJAna-darzana-cAritra-vIryAdi zaktiyoM ko zuddha rUpa me pUre taura se vikasita kiye hue hote hai, para AcAryAdi tIna ukta zaktiyo ko pUrNatayA prakaTa kie hue nahI hote, kintu unako prakaTa karane ke lie prayatnazIla hote hai| arihanta aura siddha ye do hI kevala pUjya avasthA ko prApta hai, pUjaka avasthA ko nahI / isIse ye devatattva mAne jAte haiM / isake viparIta AcArya Adi tIna pUjya, pUjaka, ina dono ava

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152 jainadharma kA prANa sthAoM ko prApta hai / ve apane se nIce kI zreNivAlo ke pUjya aura Upara kI zreNivAlo ke pUjaka hai / isI se 'guru' tattva mAne jAte hai / arihanta aura siddha kA Apasa me antara prao - arihanta tathA siddha kA Apasa me kyA antara hai ? u0--siddha zarIrarahita ataeva paudgalika saba paryAyo se pare hote hai, para arihanta aise nahI hote / unake zarIra hotA hai, isalie moha, ajJAna Adi naSTa ho jAne para bhI ye calane phirane, bolane Adi zArIrika, vAcika tathA mAnasika kriyAe~ karate rahate hai / mArAza yaha hai ki jJAna cAritra Adi zaktiyo ke vikAsa kI pUrNatA arihanta-siddha dono me barAbara hotI hai / para siddha yoga ( zArIrika Adi kriyA) rahita aura arihanta yogasahita hote hai / jo pahile arihanta hote hai ve hI zarIra tyAgane ke bAda siddha kahalAte hai / AcArya Adi kA Apasa me antara pra0 -- AcArya Adi tIno kA Apasa me kyA antara hai ? u0- - isI taraha (arihanta aura siddha kI bhA~ti ) AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhuo me sAdhu ke guNa sAmAnya rIti se samAna hone para bhI sAdhu kI apekSA upAdhyAya aura AcArya me vizeSatA hotI hai / vaha yaha ki upAdhyAyapada ke lie sUtra tathA artha kA vAstavika jJAna, paDhAne kI zakti, vacana - madhuratA aura carcA karane kA sAmarthya Adi kucha khAsa guNa prApta karanA jarUrI hai, para sAdhupada ke lie ina guNo kI koI khAsa jarUrata nahI hai / isI taraha AcAryapada ke lie zAsana calAne kI zakti gaccha ke hitAhita kI javAbadehI, ati gambhIratA aura deza-kAla kA vizeSa jJAna Adi guNa caahie| sAdhupada ke lie ina guNoM ko prApta karanA koI khAsa jarUrI nahI hai / sAdhupada ke lie jo sattAIsa guNa jarUrI hai ve to AcArya aura upAdhyAya me bhI hote hai, para inake alAvA upAdhyAya me paccIsa aura AcArya me chattIsa guNa hone cAhie arthAt sAdhupada kI apekSA upAdhyAyapada kA mahattva adhika aura upAdhyAyapada kI apekSA AcAryapada kA mahatva afer hai /

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jainadharma kA prANa 153 arihanta kI alaukikatA jaise arihanta kI jJAna Adi Antarika zaktiyA~ alaukika hotI haiM vaise hI unakI bAhya avasthA me bhI kyA hama se kucha vizeSatA ho jAtI hai ? u.---avazya | bhItarI zaktiyaoN paripUrNa ho jAne ke kAraNa arihanta kA prabhAva itanA alaukika bana jAtA hai ki sAdhAraNa loga isa para vizvAsa bhI nahIM kara sakate / arihanta kA sArA vyavahAra lokottara hotA hai| manuSya, pazu, pakSI Adi bhinna-bhinna jAti ke jIva arihanta ke upadeza ko apanI-apanI bhASA me samajha lete hai| saoNpa, nyaulA, cUhA, billI, gAya, bAgha Adi janma-zatruprANI bhI samavasaraNa me vaira-dveSa-vRtti choDakara bhrAtRbhAva dhAraNa karate hai| arihanta ke vacana me jo paitIsa guNa hote haiM ve auroM ke vacana me nahI hote / jahA~ arihanta virAjamAna hote hai vahA~ manuSya AdikI kauna kahe, karoDo deva hAjira hote, hAtha jor3e khaDe rahate, bhakti karate aura azokavRkSa Adi ATha prAtihAryoM kI racanA karate hai / yaha saba arihanta ke parama yoga kI vibhati hai| pra0-aisA mAnane me kyA yukti hai ? u0---apane ko jo bAte asambhava-sI mAlUma hotI hai ve paramayogiyoM ke lie sAdhAraNa hai / eka jagalI bhIla ko cakravartI kI sampatti kA thoDA bhI khyAla nahI A sktaa| hamArI aura yogiyo kI yogyatA me hI bar3A pharka hai / hama viSaya ke dAsa, lAlaca ke putale aura asthiratA ke kendra haiN| isake viparIta yogiyo ke sAmane vipayo kA AkarSaNa koI cIja nahI; lAlaca unako chUtA taka nahI, ve sthiratA me sumeru ke samAna hote hai / hama thor3I dera ke lie bhI mana ko sarvathA sthira nahI rakha sakate, kisI ke kaThora-vAkya ko sunakara marane-mArane ko taiyAra ho jAte hai, mAmUlI cIja guma ho jAne para hamAre prANa nikalane laga jAte hai, svArthAndhatA se auroM kI kauna kahe, bhAI aura pitA taka bhI hamAre liye zatru bana jAte haiN| paramayogI ina sava doSo se sarvathA alaga hote hai / jaba unakI Antarika dazA itanI ucca ho taba ukta prakAra kI lokottara sthiti hone meM koI acaraja nhii| sAdhAraNa yogasamAdhi karanevAle mahAtmAo kI aura ucca caritravAle sAdhAraNa logo kI bhI mahimA jitanI dekhI jAtI hai usa para

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154 jainadharma kA prANa vicAra karane se arihanta jaise parama yogI kI lokottara vibhUti me saMdeha nahIM rhtaa| vyavahAra evaM nizcaya-dRSTi se pA~coM kA svarUpa pra0-vyavahAra (bAhya) tathA nizcaya (Abhyantara) dono dRSTi se arihanta aura siddha kA svarUpa kisa-kisa prakAra kA hai ? u.-ukta dono dRSTi se siddha ke svarUpa me koI antara nahI hai / unake liye jo nizcaya hai vahI vyavahAra hai, kyoki siddha avasthA me nizcayavyavahAra kI ekatA ho jAtI hai / para arihanta ke sabandha me yaha bAta nahI hai| arihanta sazarIra hote hai, isalie unakA vyAvahArika svarUpa to bAhya vibhUtiyo se sabandha rakhatA hai aura naizcayika svarUpa Antarika zaktiyo ke vikAsa se| isalie nizcayadRSTi se arihanta aura siddha kA svarUpa samAna samajhanA caahie| pra0-ukta donoM dRSTi se AcArya, upAdhyAya tathA sAdhu kA svarUpa . kisa-kisa prakAra kA hai ? ___u0-nizcayadRSTi se tIno kA svarUpa eka-sA hotA hai| tInoM me mokSamArga ke ArAdhana kI tatparatA aura bAhya-Abhyantara-nirgranthatA Adi naizcayika aura pAramArthika svarUpa samAna hotA hai| para vyAvahArika svarUpa tIno kA thoDA-bahuta bhinna hotA hai / AcArya kI vyAvahArika yogyatA sabase adhika hotI hai, kyoki unhe gaccha para zAsana karane tathA jaina zAsana kI mahimA ko samhAlane kI javAbadehI lenI paDatI hai| upAdhyAya ko AcAryapada ke yogya banane ke liye kucha vizeSa guNa prApta karane paDate hai, jo sAmAnya sAdhuo me nahI bhI hote / . namaskAra kA hetu va usake prakAra pra-parameSThiyo ko namaskAra kisalie kiyA jAtA hai ? namaskAra ke kitane prakAra hai ? u0-guNaprApti ke lie| ve guNavAn hai, guNavAnoM ko namaskAra karane se guNa kI prApti avazya hotI hai, kyoki jaisA dhyeya ho, dhyAtA vaisA hI

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jainadharma kA prANa 155 bana jAtA hai / dina-rAta cora aura corI kI bhAvanA karanevAlA manuSya kabhI prAmANika ( sAhUkAra ) nahI bana sakatA / isI taraha vidyA aura vidvAn kI bhAvanA karanevAlA avazya kucha-na-kucha vidyA prApta kara letA hai / ast ke prati aisA bartAva karanA ka jisase unake prati apanI laghutA tathA unakA bahumAna prakaTa ho, vahI namaskAra hai / isake dvaita aura advaita, aise do bheda hai / viziSTa sthiratA prApta na hone se jisa namaskAra me aisA bhAva ho ki maiM upAsanA karanevAlA hU~ aura amuka merI upAsanA kA pAtra hai, vaha dvaita-namaskAra hai / rAgadveSa ke vikalpa naSTa ho jAne para citta kI itanI adhika sthiratA ho jAtI hai, jisame AtmA apane ko hI apanA upAsya samajhatA hai aura kevala svarUpa kA hI dhyAna karatA hai, vaha advaita- namaskAra hai / ina dono meM advaita - namaskAra zreSTha hai, kyoki dvaita-namaskAra to advaita kA sAdhanamAtra hai / ? prao - manuSya kI antaraga bhAvabhakti ke kitane bheda hai u0- do : eka siddha-bhakti aura dUsarI yoga-bhakti / siddho ke ananta guNo kI bhAvanA bhAnA siddha-bhakti hai aura yogiyoM ( muniyoM) ke guNoM kI bhAvanA bhAnA yogi bhakti / , pra0 - pahile arihanto ko aura pIche siddhAdiko ko namaskAra karane kA kyA sababa hai ? u0- vastu ko pratipAdana karane ke krama do hote hai / eka pUrvAnupUrvI aura dUsarA pazcAnupUrvI / pradhAna ke bAda apradhAna kA kathana karanA pUrvAnupUrvI hai aura apradhAna ke bAda pradhAna kA kathana karanA pazcAnupUrvI hai / pA~coM parameSThiyo me 'siddha' sabase pradhAna hai aura 'sAdhu' sabase apradhAna, kyoki siddha-avasthA caitanya - zakti ke vikAsa kI AkhirI hada hai aura sAdhuavasthA usake sAdhana karane kI prathama bhUmikA hai / isalie yahA~ pUrvAnupUrvI krama se namaskAra kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi karma - vinAza kI apekSA se 'arihanto' se 'siddha' zreSTha hai, to bhI kRtakRtyatA kI apekSA se donoM samAna hI hai aura vyavAhara kI apekSA se to 'siddha' se 'arihanta' hI zreSTha haiM kyoki 'siddhoM' ke parokSa svarUpa ko batalAnevAle 'arihanta' hI to

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156 jainadharma kA prANa hai| isalie vyavahAra-apekSayA arihanto' ko zreSTha ginakara pahile unako namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 522-532) deva, guru aura dharma tattva jaina paramparA meM tAttvika dharma tIna tattvo me samAviSTa mAnA jAtA hai : deva, guru aura dharma / AtmA kI sampUrNa nirdoSa avasthA devatattva hai, vaisI nirdopatA prApta karane kI saccI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA gurutattva hai aura saba prakAra kA vivekI yathArtha sayama dharmatattva hai| ina tIna tattvo ko jainatva kI AtmA aura ina tattvo kI sarakSaka eva poSaka bhAvanA ko usakA zarIra kahanA caahie| devatattva ko sthUla rUpa denevAlA mandira, usame rahI huI mUrti, usakI pUjA-AratI, usa sasthA ko nibhAnevAle sAdhana, usakI vyavasthA karanevAlA tatra, tIrthasthAna--ye saba devatattva kI poSaka bhAvanArUpI zarIra ke vastra aura alakAra jaise hai| isI prakAra makAna, khAne-pIne aura rahane Adi ke niyama tathA dUsare vidhividhAna gurutattva ke zarIra ke vastra yA alakAra hai / amuka cIja nahI khAnA, amuka hI khAnA, amuka parimANa me khAnA, amuka samaya para nahI khAnA, amuka sthAna para amuka hI ho sakatA hai, amuka ke prati amuka DhaMga se hI baratanA cAhie ityAdi vidhi-niSedha ke niyama sayamatattva ke vastra athavA gahane hai| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 56)

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: 12 : karmatattva karmavAdiyo kA aisA siddhAnta hai ki jIvana kevala vartamAna janma me hI pUrA nahI hotA, vaha to pahale bhI thA aura Age bhI calatA rhegaa| koI bhI acchA yA burA, sthUla yA sUkSma, zArIrika yA mAnasika pariNAma jIvana me aisA utpanna nahIM hotA, jisakA bIja usa vyakti ne vartamAna athavA pUrvajanma me boyA na ho| karmavAda ko dIrgha dRSTi aisA eka bhI sthUla yA sUkSma, mAnasika, vAcika yA kAyika karma nahI hai, jo isa yA dUsare janma me pariNAma utpanna kiye binA vilIna ho jAya / karmavAdI kI dRSTi dIrgha isalie hai ki vaha tIno kAlo kA sparza karatI hai, jabaki cArvAka kI dRSTi dIrgha nahI hai, kyoki vaha mAtra vartamAna kA sparza karatI hai| karmavAda kI isa dIrgha dRSTi ke sAtha usake vaiyaktika, kauTumvika, sAmAjika aura vizvIya uttaradAyitva tathA naitika bandhano me, cArvAka kI alpa dRSTi me se phalita honevAle uttaradAyitva aura naitika bandhano kI apekSA, bahuta baDA antara paDa jAtA hai| yadi yaha antara barAbara samajha liyA jAya aura usakA aza bhI jIvana me utare, taba to karmavAdiyo kA cArvAka para kiyA jAtA AkSepa saccA samajhA jAyagA aura cArvAka ke dharmadhyeya kI apekSA karmavAdI kA dharmadhyeya unnata aura grAhya hai aisA jIvanavyavahAra se batAyA jA sakatA hai| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR059) zAstroM ke anAditva kI mAnyatA jaina vADamaya me isa samaya jo zvetAmbarIya tathA digambarIya karmazAstra maujUda haiM uname se prAcIna mAne jAnevAle karmaviSayaka grantho kA sAkSAta

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158 jainadharma kA prANa sabandha dono paramparAe AgrAyaNIya pUrva ke sAtha batalAtI hai| donoM paramparAe~ AgrAyaNIya pUrva ko dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahave aGgAntargata caudaha pUrvo me se dUsarA pUrva kahatI hai aura dono zvetAmbara-digambara paramparAe~ samAna rUpa se mAnatI hai ki sAre aGga tathA caudaha pUrva yaha saba bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sarvajJa vANI kA sAkSAt phala hai / isa sAmpradAyika cirakAlIna mAnyatA ke anusAra maujUdA sArA karmaviSayaka jaina vAGamaya zabdarUpa se nahI to antataH bhAvarUpa se bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAkSAt upadeza kA hI paramparAprApta sAramAtra hai| isI taraha yaha bhI sAmpradAyika mAnyatA hai ki vastutaH sArI aGgavidyAe~ bhAvarUpa se kevala bhagavAn mahAvIra kI hI pUrvakAlIna nahIM, balki pUrva-pUrva me hue anyAnya tIrthaGkaro se bhI pUrvakAla kI ataeva eka taraha se anAdi hai| pravAharUpa se anAdi hone para bhI samaya-samaya para honevAle nava-nava tIrtharo ke dvArA ve pUrva-pUrva aGgavidyAe~ navIna navInatva dhAraNa karatI hai| isI mAnyatA ko prakaTa karate hue kalikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandra ne pramANamImAsA me, naiyAyika jayanta bhaTTa kA anukaraNa karake, baDI khUbI se kahA hai ki-"anAdaya evaitA vidyA sakSepavistaravivakSayA navanavIbhavanti, tattatkartR kAzcocyante / kinnAauSI na kadAcidanIdRza jagat / " anAdikAlIna ye vidyAe~ sakSepa athavA vistArapUrvaka vivaraNa karane kI icchA se nayA-nayA svarUpa dhAraNa karatI hai aura vivaraNa karanevAle kI kRti rUpa se pahicAnI jAtI haiM / kyA aisA nahI sunA ki duniyA to sadA se aisI hI calI AtI hai ? ____ ukta sAmpradAyika mAnyatA aisI hai ki jisako sAmpradAyika loga Aja taka akSarazaH mAnate Ae hai aura usakA samarthana bhI vaise hI karate Ae haiM jaise mImAsaka loga vedo ke anAditva kI mAnyatA kA / sAmpradAyika logo me pUrvokta zAstrIya mAnyatA kA AdaraNIya sthAna hone para bhI isa jagaha karmazAstra aura usake mukhya viSaya karmatattva ke sabandha me eka dUsarI dRSTi se bhI vicAra karanA prApta hai| vaha dRSTi hai aitihaasik| karmatattva kI AvazyakatA kyoM ? pahilA prazna karmatattva mAnanA yA nahI aura mAnanA to kisa AdhAra

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jainadharma kA prANa 159 para, yaha thA / eka pakSa aisA thA jo kAma aura usake sAdhanarUpa artha ke sivAya anya koI puruSArtha mAnatA na thA / usakI dRSTi meM ihaloka hI puruSArtha thA / ataeva vaha aisA koI karmatattva mAnane ke lie bAdhita na thA, jo acche-bure janmAntara yA paraloka kI prApti karAnevAlA ho / yahI pakSa cArvAka paramparA ke nAma se vikhyAta huA / para sAtha hI usa ati purAne yuga me bhI aise citaka the, jo batalAte the ki mRtyu ke bAda janmAntara bhI hai| itanA hI nahIM, balki isa dRzyamAna loka ke alAvA aura bhI zreSTha-kaniSTha loka haiM / ve punarjanma aura paralokavAdI kahalAte the aura ve hI punarjanma aura paraloka ke kAraNarUpa se karmatattva ko svIkAra karate the / unakI dRSTi yaha rahI ki agara karma na ho to janma-janmAntara eva ihaloka - paraloka kA sabandha ghaTa hI nahI sakatA / ataeva punarjanma kI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para karmatattva kA svIkAra Avazyaka hai / ye hI karmavAdI apane ko paralokavAdI tathA Astika kahate the / dharma, artha aura kAma ko hI mAnanevAle pravartaka dharmavAdI pakSa karmavAdiyo ke mukhya do dala rahe / eka to yaha pratipAdita karatA thA ki karma kA phala janmAntara aura paraloka avazya hai, para zreSTha janma tathA zreSTha paraloka ke vAste karma bhI zreSTha hI caahie| yaha dala paralokavAdI hone se tathA zreSThaloka, jo svarga kahalAtA hai, usake sAdhanarUpa se dharma kA pratipAdana karanevAlA hone se, dharma-artha-kAma aise tIna hI puruSArthoM ko mAnatA thA / usakI dRSTi me mokSa kA alaga puruSArtha rUpa se sthAna na thA / jahA~ kahI pravartakadharma kA ullekha AtA hai, vaha saba isI tripuruSArthavAdI dala ke mantavya kA sUcaka hai / isakA mantavya sakSepa me yaha hai ki dharma - zubha karma kA phala svarga aura adharma - azubha karma kA phala naraka Adi hai / dharmAdharma hI puNya-pApa tathA adRSTa kahalAte hai aura unhI ke dvArA janma-janmAntara kI cakrapravRtti calA karatI hai, jisakA uccheda zakya nahI hai / zakya itanA hI hai ki agara acchA loka aura adhika sukha pAnA ho, to dharma hI kartavya hai / isa mata ke anusAra adharma yA pApa to heya hai, para dharma yA puNya hema nahI / yaha dala sAmAjika vyavasthA kA samarthaka thA, ataeva vaha samAjamAnya ziSTa evaM

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160 jainadharma kA prANa vihita AcaraNo se dharma kI utpatti batalAkara tathA nindha AcaraNo se adharma kI utpatti batalAkara saba taraha kI sAmAjika suvyavasthA kA hI saketa karatA thA / vahI dala brAhmaNamArga, mImAsaka aura karmakANDI nAma se prasiddha huaa| mokSapuruSArthI nivartaka-dharmavAdI pakSa karmavAdiyoM kA dUsarA dala uparyukta dala se bilakula viruddha dRSTi rakhane vAlA thaa| yaha mAnatA thA ki punarjanma kA kAraNa karma avazya hai, ziSTasammata eva vihita karmo ke AcaraNa se dharma utpanna hokara svarga bhI detA hai, para vaha dharma bhI adharma kI taraha hI sarvathA heya hai / isake matAnusAra eka cauthA svatantra puruSArtha bhI hai jo mokSa kahalAtA hai| isakA kathana hai ki ekamAtra mokSa hI jIvana kA lakSya hai aura mokSa ke vAste karmamAtra, cAhe vaha puNyarUpa ho yA pAparUpa, heya hai| yaha nahI ki karma kA uccheda zakya na ho| prayatna se vaha bhI zakya hai| jahA~ kahI nivartaka-dharma kA ullekha AtA hai vahA~ sarvatra isI mata kA sUcaka hai / isake matAnusAra jaba Atyantika karmanivRtti zakya aura iSTa hai taba ise prathama dala kI dRSTi ke viruddha hI karma kI utpatti kA asalI kAraNa batalAnA pdd'aa| isane kahA ki dharma aura adharma kA mUla kAraNa pracalita sAmAjika vidhi-niSedha nahI, kintu ajJAna aura rAga-dveSa hai| kaisA hI ziSTasammata aura vihita sAmAjika AcaraNa kyo na ho, para agara vaha ajJAna eva rAgadveSamUlaka hai to usase adharma kI hI utpatti hotI hai| isake matAnusAra puNya aura pApa kA bheda sthUla dRSTivAlo ke lie hai| tattvata. puNya aura pApa ajJAna eva rAga-dveSamUlaka hone me adharma eva heya hI haiN| yaha nivartaka-dharmavAdI dala sAmAjika na hokara vyaktivikAsavAdI rhaa| ____ jaba isane karma kA uccheda aura mokSa puruSArtha mAna liyA taba ise karma ke ucchedaka eva mokSa ke janaka kAraNo para bhI vicAra karanA pdd'aa| isI vicAra ke phalasvarUpa isane jo karmanivartaka kAraNa sthira kiye vahI isa dala kA nivartakadharma hai / pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma kI dizA bilakula paraspara viruddha hai| eka kA dhyeya sAmAjika vyavasthA kI rakSA aura

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jainadharma kA prANa 161 suvyavasthA kA nirmANa hai, jabaki dUsare kA dhyeya nijI Atyantika sukha kI prApti hai, ataeva yaha mAtra AtmagAmI hai / nivartakadharma hI zramaNa, parivrAjaka, tapasvI aura yogamArga Adi nAmo se prasiddha hai / karmapravRtti ajJAna evaM rAga-dveSa janita hone se usakI Atyantika nivRtti kA upAya ajJAnavirodhI samyag - jJAna aura rAga-dveSavirodhI rAgadveSanAzarUpa sayama hI sthira huA / bAkI ke tapa, dhyAna, bhakti Adi sabhI upAya ukta jJAna aura sayama ke hI sAdhanarUpa se mAne gae / aara sambandhI vicAra aura usakA jJAtA varga nivartaka dharmavAdiyo ko mokSa ke svarUpa tathA usake sAdhanoM ke viSaya to UhApoha karanA hI par3atA thA, para isake sAtha unako karmatattvo ke viSaya me bhI bahuta vicAra karanA paDA / unhone karma tathA usake bhedoM kI paribhASAe~ eva vyAkhyAe~ sthira kI, kArya aura kAraNa kI dRSTi se karmatattva kA vividha vargIkaraNa kiyA, karma kI phaladAna - zaktiyo kA vivecana kiyA, jude-jude vipAko kI kAla - maryAdAeN socI, karmo ke pArasparika saba para bhI vicAra kiyA / isa taraha nivartaka dharmavAdiyo kA khAsA karmatattvaviSayaka zAstra vyavasthita ho gayA aura usame dina pratidina nae-nae praznoM aura unake uttaro ke dvArA adhikAdhika vikAsa bhI hotA rahA / ye nivartakadharmavAdI jude jude pakSa apane subhIte ke anusAra judA-judA vicAra karate rahe, para jaba taka ina saba kA samilita dhyeya pravartaka - dharmavAda kA khaNDana rahA taba taka uname vicAra-vinimaya bhI hotA rahA aura unameM ekavAkyatA bhI rahI / yahI sababa hai ki nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya- yoga, jaina aura bauddha darzana ke karmaviSayaka sAhitya me paribhASA, bhAva, vargIkaraNa Adi kAM zabdaza. aura arthaza. sAmya bahuta kucha dekhane me AtA hai / mokSavAdiyo ke sAmane eka jaTila samasyA pahale se yaha thI ki eka to purAne baddhakarma hI ananta hai, dUsare unakA kramaza phala bhogane ke samaya pratyeka kSaNa me nae-nae bhI karma baghate haiM, phira ina saba karmo kA sarvathA uccheda kaise saMbhava hai? isa samasyA kA hala bhI mokSavAdiyo ne baDI khUbo se kiyA thA / Aja hama ukta nivRttivAdI darzano ke sAhitya me usa hala kA varNana sakSepa

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jainadharma kA prANa yA vistAra se eka-sA pAte hai / yaha vastusthiti itanA sUcita karane ke lie paryApta hai ki kabhI nivartakavAdiyo ke bhinna-bhinna pakSoM meM khUba vicAravinimaya hotA thaa| yaha saba kucha hote hue bhI dhIre-dhIre aisA samaya A gayA jaba ki ye nivartakavAdI pakSa Apasa meM prathama jitane najadIka na rhe| phira bhI haraeka pakSa karmatattva ke viSaya me UhApoha to karatA hI rhaa| isa bIca me aisA bhI huA ki kisI nivartakavAdI pakSa me eka khAsA karmacintaka varga hI sthira ho gayA, jo mokSasabadhI prazno kI apekSA karma ke viSaya me hI gaharA vicAra karatA thA aura pradhAnatayA usI kA adhyayana-adhyApana karatA thA, jaisA ki anya-anya viSaya ke khAsa cintakavarga apane-apane viSaya me kiyA karate the aura Aja bhI karate hai / vahI mukhyatayA karmazAstra kA cintakavarga jaina darzana kA karmazAstrAnuyogadhara varga yA karmasiddhAntajJa varga hai| karmatattva ke vicAra ko prAcInatA aura samAnatA karma ke badhaka kAraNo tathA usake ucchedaka upAyo ke bAre me to saba mokSavAdI gauNamukhyabhAva se ekamata hI hai, para karmatattva ke svarUpa ke bAre me Upara nirdiSTa khAsa karmacintaka varga kA jo mantavya hai use jAnanA jarUrI hai| paramANuvAdI mokSamArgI vaizeSika Adi karma ko cetananiSTha mAnakara use cetana-dharma batalAte the, jaba ki pradhAnavAdI sAkhya-yoga use anta karaNasthita mAnakara jaDadharma batalAte the| parantu AtmA aura paramANu ko pariNAmI mAnanevAle jaina cintaka apanI judI prakriyA ke anusAra karma ko cetana aura jaDa ubhaya ke pariNAma rUpa se ubhayarUpa mAnate the| inake matAnusAra AtmA cetana hokara bhI sAkhya ke prAkRta anta karaNa kI taraha sakocavikAsazIla thA, jisame karmarUpa vikAra bhI sabhava hai aura jo jar3a paramANuoM ke sAtha ekarasa bhI ho sakatA hai / vaizeSika Adi ke matAnusAra karma cetanadharma hone se vastuta cetana se judA nahI aura sAkhya ke anusAra karma prakRti dharma hone se vastuta. jar3a se judA nahI, jaba ki jaina cintako ke matAnusAra karmatattva cetana aura jar3a ubhaya rUpa hI phalita hotA hai, jise ve bhAva aura dravyakarma bhI kahate hai| yaha sArI karmatattva sabadhI prakriyA itanI purAnI to avazya hai jaba ki

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jainadharma kA prANa karmatattva ke cintako me paraspara vicAravinimaya adhikAdhika hotA thaa| vaha samaya kitanA purAnA hai vaha nizcaya rUpa se to kahA hI nahI jA sakatA, para jainadarzana me karmazAstra kA jo cirakAla se sthAna hai, usa zAstra meM jo vicAro kI gaharAI, zRkhalAbaddhatA tathA sUkSmAtisUkSma bhAvoM kA asAdhAraNa nirUpaNa hai ise dhyAna meM rakhane se yaha binA mAne kAma nahI calatA ki jainadarzana kI viziSTa karmavidyA bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke pahale avazya sthira ho cukI thii| isI vidyA ke dhAraka karmazAstrajJa kahalAe aura yahI vidyA AgrAyaNIya pUrva tathA karmapravAda pUrva ke nAma se vizruta huii| aitihAsika dRSTi se pUrvazabda kA matalaba bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pahale se calA AnevAlA zAstravizeSa hai| ni sadeha ye pUrva vastuta bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke pahale se hI eka yA dUsare rUpa me pracalita rhe| eka ora jainacintako ne karmatattva ke cintana kI ora bahuta dhyAna diyA, jaba ki dUsarI ora sAkhyayoga ne dhyAnamArga kI ora savizeSa dhyAna diyaa| Age jAkara jaba tathAgata buddha hue taba unhone bhI dhyAna para hI adhika bhAra diyaa| para saboM ne virAsata me mile karmacintana ko apanA rakhA / yahI sababa hai ki sUkSmatA aura vistAra me jaina karmazAstra apanA asAdhAraNa sthAna rakhatA hai, phira bhI sAkhya, yoga, bauddha Adi darzano ke karmacintanoM ke sAtha usakA bahutakucha sAmya hai aura mUla me ekatA bhI hai, jo karmazAstra ke abhyAsiyoM ke lie jJAtavya hai| jaina tathA anya darzanoM kI Izvara ke sRSTikartRtva sambandhI mAnyatA karmavAda kA mAnanA yaha hai ki sukha-duHkha, sampatti-vipatti, U~ca-nIca Adi jo aneka avasthAe~ dRSTigocara hotI hai, unake hone meM kAla, svabhAva, puruSArtha Adi anya-anya kAraNo kI taraha karma bhI eka kAraNa hai / parantu anya darzano kI taraha karmavAda-pradhAna jaina-darzana Izvara ko ukta avasthAo kA yA sRSTi kI utpatti kA kAraNa nahIM maantaa| dUsare darzano me kisI samaya sRSTi kA utpanna honA mAnA gayA hai, ataeva unameM sRSTi kI utpatti ke sAtha kisI-na-kisI taraha kA Izvara kA sabandha jor3a diyA gayA hai| nyAyadarzana me kahA hai ki acche-bure karma ke phala Izvara kI preraNA se milate

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jainadharma kA prANa hai|' vaizeSikadarzana me Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartA mAnakara, usake svarUpa kA varNana kiyA hai| yogadarzana me Izvara ke adhiSThAna se prakRti kA pariNAma-jaDa jagata kA phailAva mAnA hai| zrI zaGkarAcArya ne bhI apane brahma sUtra ke bhASya me, upaniSad ke AdhAra para jagaha-jagaha brahma ko sRSTi kA upAdAnakAraNa siddha kiyA hai / parantu jIvoM se phala bhogavAne ke lie jaina darzana Izvara ko karma kA preraka nahI mAnatA, kyoMki karmavAda kA mantavya hai ki jaise jIva karma karane me svatantra hai vaise hI usake phala ko bhogane meM bhii| kahA hai ki -- 'ya. kartA karmabhedAnAM, bhoktA karmaphalasya ca / __ sasartA parinirvAtA sa hyAtmA nAnyalakSaNa // 1 // isI prakAra jaina darzana Izvara ko sRSTi kA adhiSThAtA bhI nahI mAnatA, kyoki usake mata se sRSTi anAdi-ananta hone se vaha kabhI apUrva utpanna nahI huI tathA vaha svaya hI pariNamanazIla hai, isalie Izvara ke adhiSThAna kI apekSA nahI rkhtii| Izvara saSTikartA aura karmaphaladAtA kyoM nahIM ? yaha jagat kisI samaya nayA nahI banA, vaha sadA hI se hai| haoN, isame parivartana huA karate hai| aneka parivartana aise hote hai ki jinake hone meM manuSya Adi prANIvarga ke prayatna kI apekSA dekhI jAtI hai, tathA aise parivartana bhI hote hai ki jiname kisI ke prayatna kI apekSA nahI rahatI / ve jar3a tattvo ke taraha-taraha ke sayogo se-uSNatA, vega, kriyA Adi zaktiyoM se banate rahate hai| udAharaNArtha miTTI, patthara Adi cIjo ke ikaTThA hone se choTe-moTe TIle yA pahADa kA bana jAnA, idhara-udhara se pAnI kA pravAha mila jAne se unakA nadI ke rUpa meM bahanA, bhApa kA pAnI ke rUpa meM barasanA 1. gautamasUtra a0 4, A0 1, sU0 1 / 2. prazastapAdabhASya pR0 48 / 3. samAdhipAda sU0 24 ke bhASya va ttiikaa| 4. brahmasUtra 2-1-26 kA bhASya'; brahmasUtra a0 2-3-6 /

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jainadharma kA prANa 165 aura phira se pAnI kA bhAparUpa bana jAnA ityaadi| isalie Izvara ko sRSTi kA karttA mAnane kI koI jarUrata nahI hai| prANI jaisA karma karate hai vaisA phala unako karma dvArA hI mila jAtA hai| karma jar3a hai aura prANI apane kiye bare karma kA phala nahI cAhate yaha ThIka hai, para yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki jIva ke -cetana ke saga se karma me aisI zakti paidA ho jAtI hai ki jisase vaha apane acche-bure vipAko ko niyata samaya para jIva para prakaTa karatA hai / karmavAda yaha nahI mAnatA ki cetana ke sabandha ke sivAya hI jar3a karma bhoga dene meM samartha hai| vaha itanA hI kahatA hai ki phala dene ke lie IzvararUpa cetana kI preraNA mAnane kI koI jarUrata nahI, kyoki sabhI jIva cetana hai ve jaisA karma karate haiM usake anusAra unakI buddhi vaisI hI bana jAtI hai, jisase bure karma ke phala kI icchA na rahane para bhI ve aisA kRtya kara baiThane hai ki jisase unako apane karmAnusAra phala mila jAtA hai| karma karanA eka bAta hai aura phala ko na cAhanA dUsarI bAta, kevala cAhanA na hone hI se kie karma kA phala milane se ruka nahIM sktaa| sAmagrI ikaTThI ho gaI phira kArya Apa hI Apa hone lagatA hai / udAharaNArtha-eka manuSya dhUpa me khaDA hai, garma cIja khAtA hai aura cAhatA hai ki pyAsa na lage, so kyA kisI taraha pyAsa ruka sakatI hai? IzvarakartRtvavAdI kahate hai ki Izvara kI icchA se prerita hokara karma apanA-apanA phala prANiyo para prakaTa karate hai| isa para karmavAdI kahate hai ki karma karane ke samaya pariNAmAnusAra jIva me aise saskAra par3a jAte hai ki jinase prerita hokara kartA jIva karma ke phala ko Apa hI bhogate hai aura karma una para apane phala ko Apa hI prakaTa karate hai| Izvara aura jIva ke bIca bhedAbheda Izvara cetana hai aura jIva bhI cetana, phira unameM antara hI kyA hai ? haoN, antara itanA ho sakatA hai ki jIva kI sabhI zaktiyA~ AvaraNoM se ghirI huI hai aura Izvara kI nahI / para jisa samaya jIva apane AvaraNo ko haTA detA hai, usa samaya to usakI sabhI zaktiyA~ pUrNa rUpa meM prakAzita ho jAtI hai| phira jIva aura Izvara me viSamatA kisa bAta kI ? viSamatA kA

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jainadharma kA prANa kAraNa jo aupAdhika karma hai| usake haTa jAne para bhI yadi viSamatA banI rahI to phira mukti hI kyA hai ? viSamatA kA rAjya sasAra taka hI parimita hai, Age nhii| isalie karmavAda ke anusAra yaha mAnane me koI Apatti nahI ki sabhI mukta jIva Izvara hI hai, kevala vizvAsa ke bala para yaha kahanA ki Izvara eka hI honA cAhie ucita nhii| ___apane vighna kA kAraNa svayaM jIva hI isa loka se yA paraloka se sabandha rakhanevAle kisI kAma me jaba manuSya pravRtti karatA hai taba yaha to asambhava hI hai ki use kisI-na-kisI vighna kA sAmanA karanA na pdde| manuSya ko yaha vizvAsa karanA cAhie ki cAhe maiM jAna sakU yA nahI, lekina mere vighna kA bhItarI va asalI kAraNa mujha meM hI honA caahie| jisa hRdaya-bhUmikA para vighna-viSavRkSa ugatA hai usakA bIja bhI usI bhUmikA me boyA huA honA cAhie / pavana, pAnI Adi bAharI nimitto ke samAna usa vighna-vRkSa ko akurita hone me kadAcit anya koI vyakti nimitta ho sakatA hai, para vaha vighna kA bIja nahIaisA vizvAsa manuSya ke buddhinetra ko sthira kara detA hai, jisase vaha aDacana ke asalI kAraNa ko apane meM dekhakara na to usake lie dUsare ko kosatA hai aura na ghabar3AtA hai| karma-siddhAnta ke viSaya meM DA0 meksamUlara kA abhiprAya karma ke siddhAnta kI zreSThatA ke saMbandha me DA0 meksamUlara kA jo vicAra hai vaha jAnane yogya hai| ve kahate hai - ___ "yaha to nizcita hai ki karmamata kA asara manuSya-jIvana para behada huA hai| yadi kisI manuSya ko yaha mAlUma paDe ki vartamAna aparAdha ke sivAya bhI mujha ko jo kucha bhoganA par3atA hai vaha mere pUrva janma ke karma kA hI phala hai to vaha purAne karja ko cukAnevAle manuSya kI taraha zAnta bhAva se usa kaSTa ko sahana kara legA aura vaha manuSya itanA bhI jAnatA ho ki sahanazIlatA se purAnA karja cukAyA jA sakatA hai tathA usI se bhaviSyat ke lie nIti kI samRddhi ikaTThI kI jA sakatI hai, to usako bhalAI ke rAste para

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jainadharma kA prANa 167 calane kI preraNA Apa hI Apa hogii| acchA yA burA koI bhI karma naSTa nahI hotA, yaha nItizAstra kA mata aura padArthazAstra kA bala-parakSaNa sabandhI mata samAna hI hai| donoM mato kA Azaya itanA hI hai ki kisI kA nAza nahI hotaa| kisI bhI nItizikSA ke astitva ke saMbandha meM kitanI hI zaGkA kyo na ho, para yaha nirvivAda siddha hai ki karmamata sabase adhika jagaha mAnA gayA hai, usase lAkho manuSyo ke kaSTa kama hue hai aura usI mata se manupyo ko vartamAna sakaTa jhelane kI zakti paidA karane tathA bhaviSyajIvana ko sudhArane me uttejana milA hai|" karmazAstra adhyAtmazAstra kA aMza hai| adhyAtmazAstra kA uddezya AtmA-sambandhI viSayo para vicAra karanA hai| ataeva usako AtmA ke pAramArthika svarUpa kA nirUpaNa karane ke pahale usake vyAvahArika svarUpa kA bhI kayana karanA par3atA hai| prazna hotA hai ki dRzyamAna vartamAna avasthAe~ hI AtmA kA svabhAva kyo nahI hai ? isalie adhyAtmazAstra ko Avazyaka hai ki vaha pahale AtmA ke dRzyamAna svarUpa hI upapatti dikhAkara Age baDhe / yahI kAma karmazAstra ne kiyA hai| vaha dRzyamAna saba avasthAo ko karma-janya vatalAkara unase AtmA ke svabhAva kI judAI kI sUcanA karatA hai| isa dRSTi se karmazAstra adhyAtmazAstra kA hI eka aza hai| jaba yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki Upara ke saba rUpa mAyika yA vaibhAvika hai taba svayameva jijJAsA hotI hai ki AtmA kA saccA svarUpa kyA hai ? karmazAstra kahatA hai ki AtmA hI paramAtmA--jIva hI Izvara hai| AtmA kA paramAtmA me mila jAnA, isakA matalaba yaha hai ki AtmA kA apane karmAvRta paramAtmabhAva ko vyakta karake paramAtmarUpa ho jaanaa| jIva paramAtmA kA aza hai, isakA matalaba karmazAstra kI dRSTi se yaha hai ki jIva meM jitanI jJAna-kalA vyakta hai, vaha paripUrNa parantu avyakta (AvRta) cetanAcandrikA kA eka aza mAtra hai| karma kA AvaraNa haTa jAne se cetanA paripUrNa rUpa me prakaTa hotI hai| usI ko IzvarabhAva yA Izvaratva kI prApti samajhanA caahie| dhana, zarIra Adi bAhya vibhUtiyoM me Atmabuddhi karanA, arthAt jar3a meM

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168 jainadharma kA prANa ahatva karanA bAhya dRSTi hai| isa abheda-bhrama ko bahirAtmabhAva siddha karake use choDane kI zikSA karma-zAstra detA hai| jinake saskAra kevala bahirAtmabhAvamaya ho gae hai unhe karma-zAstra kA upadeza bhale hI rucikara na ho, parantu isase usakI saccAI me kucha bhI antara nahI paDa sktaa| zarIra aura AtmA ke abheda-bhrama ko dUra karA kara, usa ke bheda-jJAna ko (vivekakhyAti ko) karmazAstra prakaTAtA hai| isI samaya se antardRSTi khulatI hai| antardRSTi ke dvArA apane me vartamAna paramAtmabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| paramAtmabhAva ko dekhakara use pUrNatayA anubhava me lAnA, yaha jIva kA ziva (brahma) honA hai| isI brahma-bhAva ko vyakta karAne kA kAma kucha aura Dhaga se hI karmazAstra ne apane para le rakhA hai, kyoki vaha abheda-bhrama se bhedajJAna kI tarapha jhukAkara, phira svAbhAvika abhedadhyAna kI ucca bhUmikA kI ora AtmA ko khIcatA hai / basa usakA kartavya-kSetra utanA hI hai| sAtha hI yogazAstra ke mukhya pratipAdya aza kA varNana bhI usame mila jAtA hai| isalie yaha spaSTa hai ki karmazAstra aneka prakAra ke AdhyAtmika zAstrIya vicAro kI khAna hai| yahI usakA mahattva hai| bahuta logo ko prakRtiyo ko ginatI, sakhyA kI bahulatA Adi se usa para ruci nahI hotI, parantu isameM karmazAstra kA kyA doSa ? gaNita, padArthavijJAna Adi gUDha va rasapUrNa viSayo para sthUladarzI logo kI dRSTi nahI jamatI aura unhe rasa nahI AtA, isame una viSayo kA kyA dopa ? doSa hai samajhanevAlo kI buddhi kaa| kisI bhI vipaya ke abhyAsI ko usa viSaya me rasa tabhI AtA hai jaba ki vaha usame tala taka utara jaae| karma zabda kA artha aura usake kucha paryAya jaina zAstra meM karma zabda se do artha liye jAte hai / pahalA rAga-dveSAtmaka pariNAma, jise kaSAya (bhAva-karma) kahate hai, aura dUsarA kArmaNa jAti ke pudgala vizeSa, jo kaSAya ke nimitta se AtmA ke sAtha cipake hue hote haiM aura dravya-karma kahalAte hai| __ jaina darzana me jisa artha ke lie karma zabda prayukta hotA hai usa artha ke athavA usase kucha milate-julate artha ke lie jainetara darzanoM me ye zabda

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jainadharma kA prANa 169 milate hai-mAyA, avidyA, prakRti, apUrva, vAsanA, Azaya, dharmAdharma, adRSTa, saskAra, daiva, bhAgya Adi / __mAyA, avidyA, prakRti ye tIna zabda vedAnta darzana meM pAe jAte hai| inakA mUla artha karIba-karIba vahI hai, jise jaina-darzana meM bhAva-karma kahate hai| 'apUrva' zabda mImAsAdarzana me milatA hai| 'vAsanA' zabda bauddhadarzana me prasiddha hai, parantu yogadarzana me bhI usakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 'Azaya' zabda vizeSa kara yoga tathA sAkhya darzana me milatA hai| dharmAdharma, adRSTa aura saskAra, ina zabdo kA prayoga aura darzano meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, parantu vizeSakara nyAya tathA vaizeSika darzana me / daiva, bhAgya, puNya-pApa Adi kaI aise zabda hai jo saba darzano ke lie sAdhAraNa-se haiN| jitane darzana AtmavAdI hai aura punarjanma mAnate hai unako punarjanma kI siddhi-upapatti ke lie karma mAnanA hI par3atA hai| karma kA svarUpa mithyAtva, kaSAya Adi kAraNo se jIva ke dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai vahI 'karma' kahalAtA hai| karma kA yaha lakSaNa uparyakta bhAvakarma va dravyakarma dono meM ghaTita hotA hai, kyoki bhAvakarma AtmA kA yA jIva kA--vaibhAvika pariNAma hai, isase usakA upAdAna rUpa kA jIva hI hai aura dravyakarma, jo ki kArmaNa-jAti ke sUkSma pudgalo kA vikAra hai, usakA bhI kartA, nimittarUpa se, jIva hI hai| bhAvakarma ke hone me dravyakarma nimitta hai aura dravyakarma meM bhAvakarma nimitta / isa prakAra una dono kA Apasa me bIjAGakura kI taraha kAryakAraNa bhAva sabandha hai| puNya-pApa kI kasauTI sAdhAraNa loga kahA karate hai ki 'dAna, pUjana, sevA Adi kriyAoM ke karane se zubha karma kA (puNya kA) bandha hotA hai aura kisI ko kaSTa pahu~cAne, icchA-viruddha kAma karane Adi se azubha karma kA (pApa kA) bandha hotA hai, parantu puNya-pApa kA nirNaya karane kI mukhya kasauTI yaha nahI hai / eka paropakArI cikitsaka jaba kisI para zastrakriyA karatA hai taba

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jainadharma kA prANa 170 usa marIja ko kaSTa avazya hotA hai, hitaiSI mAtA-pitA nAsamajha laDake ko jaba usakI icchA ke viruddha paDhAne ke lie yatna karane hai taba usa bAlaka ko dukha-sA mAlUma paDatA hai| para itane hI se na to vaha cikitsaka anucita kAma karanevAlA mAnA jAtA hai aura na hitaiSI mAtA-pitA hI doSI samajhe jAte haiN| isake viparIta jaba koI, bhole logoM ko Thagane ke irAde se yA aura kisI tuccha Azaya se dAna, pUjana Adi kriyAoM ko karatA hai taba vaha puNya ke badale pApa bA~dhatA hai / ataeva puNya-bandha yA pApa-bandha kI saccI kasauTI kevala Upara kI kriyA nahI hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI karttA kA Agaya hI hai / yaha puNya pApa kI kasauTI saba ko eka-sI sammata hai, kyoki yaha siddhAMta sarvamAnya hai ki - 'yAdRzI bhAvanA yasya siddhirbhavati tAdRzI / ' saccI nirlepatA, karma kA bandhana kaba na ho ? sAdhAraNa loga yaha samajha baiThate hai ki amuka kAma na karane se apane ko puNya-pApa kA lepa na lgegaa| isase ve usa kAma ko to choDa dete hai, para bahudhA unakI mAnasika kriyA nahI chUTatI / isase ve icchA rahane para bhI puNya-pApa ke lepa se apane ko mukta nahI kara sakate / ataeva vicAranA cAhie ki saccI nirlepatA kyA ? lepa (bandha ) mAnasika kSobha ko arthAt kaSAya ko kahate hai / yadi kaSAya nahI hai to Upara kI koI bhI kriyA AtmA ko bandhana me rakhane ke lie samartha nahI hai / isase ulaTA yadi kaSAya kA vega bhItara vartamAna hai, to Upara se hajAra yatna karane para bhI koI apane ko bandhana se chuDA nahI sakatA / kaSAya-rahita vItarAga saba jagaha jala me kamala kI taraha nirlepa rahate hai, para kaSAyavAn AtmA yoga kA svaoNga racakara bhI tilabhara zuddhi nahI kara sakatA / isIse yaha kahA jAtA hai ki Asakti chor3akara jo kAma kiyA jAtA hai vaha bandhaka nahI hotA / matalaba saccI nirlepatA mAnasika kSobha ke tyAga meM hai / yahI zikSA karmazAstra se milatI hai aura yahI bAta anyatra bhI kahI huI hai : mana eva manuSyANA kAraNa bandhamokSayoH / bandhAya viSayasagi mokSe' nirviSaya smRtam // ' - maitryupaniSad

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jainadharma kA prANa 171 karma kA anAditva vicAravAn manuSya ke dila me prazna hotA hai ki karma sAdi hai yA anAdi ? isake uttara me jainadarzana kA kahanA hai ki karma vyakti kI apekSA se sAdi aura pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi hai| kintu karma kA pravAha kaba se calA, ise koI batalA nahI sktaa| bhaviSya ke samAna bhUtakAla kI gaharAI ananta hai| ananta kA varNana anAdi yA ananta zabda ke sivAya aura kisI taraha se honA asambhava hai isalie karma ke pravAha ko anAdi kahe binA dUsarI gati hI nahI hai| karma-pravAha ke anAditva ko aura mukta jIva ke phira se sasAra me na lauTane ko saba pratiSThita darzana mAnate haiN| karmabandha kA kAraNa jainadarzana me karmabandha ke mithyAtva, avirati, kaSAya aura yoga se cAra kAraNa batalAye gae hai| inakA sakSepa pichale do (kaSAya aura yoga) kAraNo me kiyA huA bhI milatA hai| adhika sakSepa karake kahA jAya to yaha kaha sakate hai ki kaSAya hI karmabandha kA kAraNa hai / yo to kaSAya ke vikAra ke aneka prakAra hai, para una sabakA sakSepa me vargIkaraNa karake AdhyAtmika vidvAnoM ne usa ke rAga, dveSa do hI prakAra kiye hai| ajJAna, mithyAjJAna Adi jo karma ke kAraNa kahe jAte hai so bhI rAga-dveSa ke sabandha hI se| rAga kI yA dveSa kI mAtrA baDhI ki jJAna viparIta rUpa me badalane lgaa| isase zabdabheda hone para bhI karmabandha ke kAraNa ke sabandha me anya Astika darzanoM ke sAtha jaina darzana kA koI matabheda nahI / naiyAyika tathA vaizeSika darzana me mithyAjJAna ko, yogadarzana me prakRti-puruSa ke abheda jJAna ko aura vedAnta Adi me avidyA ko tathA jainadarzana me mithyAtva ko karma kA kAraNa batalAyA hai. parantu yaha bAta dhyAna me rakhanI cAhie ki kisI ko bhI karma kA kAraNa kyo na kahA jAya, para yadi usame karma kI bandhakatA (karmalepa paidA karane kI zakti) hai to vaha rAga-dveSa ke sabandha hI se / rAga-dveSa kI nyUnatA yA abhAva hote hI ajJAnapana (mithyAtva) kama hotA yA naSTa ho jAtA hai| mahAbhArata zAntiparva ke 'karmaNA badhyate jantu' isa kathana meM bhI karma zabda kA matalaba rAga-dveSa hI se hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa karma se chUTane ke upAya jaina zAstra me parama puruSArtha-mokSa-pAne ke tIna sAdhana batalAye hue hai : (1) samyagdarzana, (2) samyagjJAna aura (3) samyaka caaritr| kahI-kahI jJAna aura kriyA do ko hI mokSa kA sAdhana kahA hai| aise sthala me darzana ko jJAnasvarUpa---jJAna kA vizeSa-samajhakara usase judA nahI ginate / parantu yaha prazna hotA hai ki vaidika darzano me karma, jJAna, yoga aura bhakti ina cAro ko mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA hai, phira jainadarzana me tIna yA do hI sAdhana kyo kahe gae hai ? isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra hai ki jainadarzana me jisa samyakcAritra ko samyak kriyA kahA hai usame karma aura yoga dono mArgoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, kyoki samyakcAritra me manonigraha, indriya-jaya, cittazuddhi, samabhAva aura unake lie kiye jAnevAle upAyo kA samAveza hotA hai / manonigraha, indriya-jaya Adi sAttvika yajJa hI karmamArga hai aura citta-zuddhi tathA usake lie kI jAnevAlI satpravRtti hI yogamArga hai| isa taraha karmamArga aura yogamArga kA mizraNa hI samyakcAritra hai| samyagdarzana hI bhaktimArga hai, kyoki bhakti me zraddhA kA aza pradhAna hai aura samyagdarzana bhI zraddhArUpa hI hai| samyagjJAna hI jJAnamArga hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana me batalAye hue mokSa ke tIna sAdhana anya darzanoM ke saba sAdhano kA samuccaya hai / AtmA kA svataMtra astitva aura punarjanma karma ke sabandha meM Upara jo kucha kahA gayA hai| usakI ThIka-ThIka saMgati tabhI ho sakatI hai jaba ki AtmA ko jar3a se alaga tattva mAnA jAya / AtmA kA svatantra astitva jina pramANo se jAnA jA sakatA hai uname eka punarjanma bhI hai, itanA hI nahIM, balki vartamAna zarIra ke bAda AtmA kA astitva mAne binA aneka prazna hala hI nahI ho skte| ___ bahuta loga aise dekhe jAte hai ki ve isa janma me to prAmANika jIvana bitAte hai, parantu rahate hai daridrI; aura aise bhI dekhe jAte hai ki jo nyAya, nIti aura dharma kA nAma sunakara ciDhate hai, parantu hote hai ve saba taraha se sukhI / -aise aneka vyakti mila sakate haiM jo hai to svaya doSI aura unake doSo

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jainadharma kA prANa 173 kA-aparAdho kA-phala bhoga rahe hai dUsare / eka hatyA karatA hai aura dUsarA pakar3A jAkara phAsI para laTakAyA jAtA hai| eka karatA hai corI aura pakaDA jAtA hai duusraa| aba isa para vicAra karanA cAhie ki jinako apanI acchI yA burI kRti kA badalA isa janma me nahI milA, unakI kRti kyA yoM hI viphala ho jAegI? ina saba bAto para dhyAna dene se yaha mAne binA satoSa nahI hotA ki cetana eka svatatra tattva hai| vaha jAnate yA anajAnate jo acchA-burA karma karatA hai usakA phala use bhoganA hI paDatA hai aura isalie use punarjanma ke cakkara me ghUmanA paDatA hai / buddha bhagavAna ne bhI punarjanma mAnA hai| pakkA nirIzvaravAdI jarmana paNDita nize karmacakrakRta punarjanma ko mAnatA hai| yaha punarjanma kA svIkAra AtmA ke svatantra astitva ko mAnane ke lie prabala pramANa hai| karma-tava ke viSaya meM jainadarzana kI vizeSatA jainadarzana meM pratyeka karma kI badhyamAna, sat aura udayamAna ye tIna avasthAe~ mAnI huI hai| unhe kramaza. bandha, sattA aura udaya kahate hai| jainetara darzano me bhI karma kI una avasthAo kA varNana hai| unameM badhyamAna karma ko 'kriyamANa', satkarma ko 'sacita' aura udayamAna karma ko 'prArabdha', kahA hai| kintu jainazAstra me jJAnAvaraNIya AdirUpa se karma kA 8 tathA 148 bhedo me vargIkaraNa kiyA hai aura inake dvArA sasArI AtmA kI anubhavasiddha bhinna-bhinna avasthAo kA jaisA khulAsA kiyA gayA hai vaisA kisI bhI jainetara darzana me nahI hai| pAtaJjaladarzana me karma ke jAti, Ayu aura bhoga tIna taraha ke vipAka batalAe hai, parantu jainadarzana me karma ke saMbandha me kiye gaye vicAra ke sAmane vaha varNana nAmamAtra kA hai| AtmA ke sAtha karma kA bandha kaise hotA hai? kina-kina kAraNo se hotA hai ? kisa kAraNa se karma me kaisI zakti paidA hotI hai ? karma adhika se adhika aura kama-se-kama kitane samaya taka AtmA ke sAtha lagA raha sakatA hai ? AtmA ke sAtha lagA huA bhI karma, kitane samaya taka vipAka dene meM asamartha hai ? vipAka kA niyata samaya bhI badalA jA sakatA hai yA nahI ? yadi badalA jA sakatA hai to usake lie kaise AtmapariNAma Avazyaka hai ? eka karma

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174 jainadharma kA prANa anya karmarUpa kaba bana sakatA hai ? usakI bandhakAlIna tIvra-manda zaktiyA~ kisa prakAra badalI jA sakatI hai ? pIche se vipAka denevAlA karma pahale hI kaba aura kisa taraha bhogA jA sakatA hai ? kitanA bhI balavAna karma kyo na ho, para usakA vipAka zuddha Atmika pariNAmo se kaise roka diyA jAtA hai ? kabhI-kabhI AtmA ke zataza. prayatna karane para bhI karma apanA vipAka binA bhogavAe kyo nahI chUTatA ? AtmA kisa taraha karma kA kartA aura kisa taraha bhoktA he ? itanA hone para bhI vastuta AtmA me karma kA kartavya aura bhoktRtva kisa prakAra nahI hai ? saklezarUpa pariNAma apanI AkarSaNazakti se AtmA para eka prakAra kI sUkSma raja kA paTala kisa taraha DAla dete hai ? AtmA vIrya-zakti ke AvirbhAva ke dvArA isa sUkSma raja ke paTala ko kisa taraha uThA pheka detI hai| svabhAvata zuddha AtmA bhI karma ke prabhAva se kisakisa prakAra malIna-sI dIkhatI hai ? aura bAhya hajAroM AvaraNo ke hone para bhI AtmA apane zuddha svarUpa se cyuta kisa taraha nahI hotI hai ? vaha apanI utkrAnti ke samaya pUrvabaddha tIvra karmoM ko bhI kisa taraha haTA detI hai? vaha apane me vartamAna paramAtmabhAva ko dekhane ke lie jisa samaya utsuka hotI hai usa samaya usake, aura atarAyabhUta karma ke bIca kaisA dvandva (yaddha) hotA hai ? anta me vIryavAna AtmA kisa prakAra ke pariNAmo se balavAna karmoM ko kamajora karake apane pragati-mArga ko niSkaNTaka karatI hai ? Atma-mandira me vartamAna paramAtmadeva kA sAkSAtkAra karAne me sahAyaka pariNAma, jinhe 'apUrvakaraNa' tathA 'anivRttikaraNa' kahate hai, unakA kyA svarUpa hai ? jIva apanI zuddha pariNAma-taragamAlA ke vaidyutika yantra se karma ke pahAr3oM ko kisa kadara cUra-cUra kara DAlatA hai ? kabhI-kabhI gulATa khAkara karma hI, jo-kucha dera ke lie dabe hote haiM, ve hI pragatizIla AtmA ko kisa taraha nIce paTaka dete hai ? kauna-kauna karma, bandha kI va udaya kI apekSA Apasa me virodhI hai ? kisa karma kA bandha kisa avasthA me avazyaMbhAvI aura kisa avasthA me aniyata hai ? kisa karma kA vipAka kisa hAlata taka niyata aura kisa hAlata me aniyata hai ? Atmasabaddha atIndriya karmarAja kisa prakAra kI AkarSaNazakti se sthUla pudgalo ko khIcA karatA hai aura unake dvArA zarIra, mana, sUkSma zarIra Adi kA nirmANa kiyA karatA

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jainadharma kA prANa 175 hai ? ityAdi sakhyAtIta prazna, jo karma se sabandha rakhate hai, unakA sayuktika, vistRta va vizada khulAsA jaina karmasAhitya ke sivAya anya kisI bhI darzana sAhitya se nahI kiyA jA sktaa| yahI karmatattva ke viSaya me jainadarzana kI vizeSatA hai / (da0 au0 ci0 kha02 pR0 205-216, 223-229, 235-238)

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: 13 : anekAntavAda anekAnta jaina sampradAya kA mukhya siddhAnta hai, jo tattvajJAna aura dharma dono viSayo me samAna rUpa se mAnya huA hai| anekAnta aura syAdvAda ye donoM zabda isa samaya sAmAnyataH eka hI artha me prayukta hote hai / kevala jaina hI nahI, parantu samajhadAra jainetara loga bhI jainadarzana aura jaina sampradAya ko anekAntadarzana athavA anekAntasampradAya ke rUpa me jAnate hai| sarvadA se jaina apanI anekAnta-viSayaka mAnyatA ko eka abhimAna kI vastu mAnate Aye hai aura usakI bhavyatA, udAratA tathA sundaratA kA sthApana karate Aye hai| yahA~ hame dekhanA hai ki yaha anekAnta kyA hai| anekAnta kA sAmAnya vivecana anekAnta eka prakAra kI vicArapaddhati hai| vaha sarva dizAoM me aura saba bAjuo meM vicaraNa karanevAlA eka bandhanamukta mAnasacakSu hai / jJAna ke, vicAra ke aura AcaraNa ke kisI bhI viSaya ko vaha mAtra eka TUTe yA apUrNa pahalU se dekhane se inkAra karatA hai aura zakya ho utane adhikAdhika pahaluo se, adhikAdhika byoro se aura adhikAdhika mArmikatApUrvaka sabakucha socane-samajhane aura AcaraNa karane kA usakA pakSapAta hai| usakA yaha pakSapAta bhI satya kI nIva para AdhArita hai / anekAnta kI sajIvatA athavA jIvana yAnI usake Age, pIche yA bhItara sarvatra satya kA-yathArthatA kA pravAha / anekAnta mAtra kalpanA nahIM hai, parantu satyasiddha kalpanA hone se vaha tattvajJAna hai aura vivekI AcaraNa kA viSaya hone se dharma bhI hai| anekAnta kI sajIvatA isI me hai ki vaha jisa prakAra dUsare viSayoM ko taTastha bhAva se dekhane, vicArane aura apanAne ke lie prerita karatA hai, usI

Page #199
jainadharma kA prANa 177 prakAra vaha apane svarUpa tathA sajIvatA ke bAre me bhI mukna mana se vicAra karane ko kahatA hai| jitanI vicAra kI unmuktatA, spaSTatA aura taTasthatA, utanA hI anekAnta kA bala yA jIva / ___ (da0 au0 ci0 bhA0 2, pR0 873) koI bhI viziSTa darzana ho yA dharma-pantha, usakI AdhArabhUna--usake mUla pravartaka puruSa kI-eka khAsa dRSTi hotI hai, jaise ki--zakarAcArya kI apane matanirUpaNa me 'advaitadRSTi' aura bhagavAn buddha kI apane dharma-pantha pravartana me 'madhyamapratipadAdRSTi' khAsa dRSTi hai / jaina darzana bhAratIya darzano me eka viziSTa darzana hai aura sAtha hI eka viziSTa dharma-pantha bhI hai, isalie usake pravartaka aura pracAraka mukhya purupo kI eka khAsa dRSTi unake mUla me honI hI cAhie aura vaha hai bhii| yahI dRSTi anekAntavAda hai / tAttvika jaina-vicAraNA athavA AcAra-vyavahAra jo kucha bhI ho, vaha saba anekAntadRSTi ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| athavA yo kahie ki aneka prakAra ke vicAro tathA AcAro me se jaina vicAra aura jainAcAra kyA hai ? kaise ho sakate hai ? inhe nizcita karane va kasane kI ekamAtra kasauTI bhI anekAntadRSTi hI hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 149) anya darzanoM meM anekAntadRSTi hama sabhI jAnate hai ki buddha apane ko vibhajyavAdI' kahate hai / jaina Agamo me mahAvIra ko bhI vibhajyavAdI kahA hai| vibhajyavAda kA matalaba pRthakkaraNapUrvaka satya-asatya kA nirUpaNa va satyo kA yathAvat samanvaya karanA hai| vibhajyavAda kA hI dUsarA matalaba anekAnta hai, kyoki vibhajyavAda me ekAntadRSTikoNa kA tyAga hai| bauddha paramparA meM vibhajyavAda ke sthAna me madhyamamArga zabda vizeSa rUr3ha hai| hamane Upara dekhA ki 1. majjhimanikAya sutta 99 / 2. sUtrakRtAga 1. 14. 22 /

Page #200
178 jainadharma kA prANa anto kA parityAga karane para bhI anekAnta ke avalambana meM bhinna-bhinna vicArako kA bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa sambhava hai| ataeva hama nyAya, sAkhyayoga aura mImAsaka jaise darzano me bhI vibhajyavAda tathA anekAnta zabda ke vyavahAra se nirUpaNa pAte hai / akSapAda kRta 'nyAyasUtra' ke prasiddha bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana ne 2--1-15, 16 ke bhASya me jo nirUpaNa kiyA hai vaha anekAnta kA spaSTa dyotaka hai aura 'yathAdarzana vibhAgavacanam' kahakara to unhone vibhajyavAda ke bhAva ko hI dhvanita kiyA hai / hama sAkhyadarzana kI sArI tattvacintana-prakriyA ko dhyAna se dekheMge, to mAlUma paDegA ki vaha anekAnta dRSTi se nirUpita hai| 'yogadarzana' ke 3-13 sUtra ke bhASya tathA tattvavaizAradI vivaraNa ko dhyAna se paDhane vAlA sAkhya-yoga darzana kI anekAntadRSTi ko yathAvat samajha sakatA hai| kumArila ne bhI 'zlokavArtika' aura anyatra apanI tattva-vyavasthA me anekAntadRSTi kA upayoga kiyA hai / ' upaniSado ke samAna AdhAra para kevalAdvaita, viziSTAdvaita, dvaitAdvaita, zuddhAdvaita Adi jo aneka vAda sthApita hue hai ve vastuta anekAnta-vicArasaraNI ke bhinnabhinna prakAra hai| tattvacintana kI bAta choDakara hama mAnavayUtho ke jude-jude AcAra-vyavahAro para dhyAna dege, to bhI uname anekAntadRSTi pAyege / vastuta. jIvana kA svarUpa hI aisA hai ki jo ekAntadRSTi me pUrA prakaTa ho hI nahIM sktaa| mAnavIya vyavahAra bhI aisA hai ki jo anekAnta dRSTi kA antima avalambana binA liye nibha nahI sktaa| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 500-501) anekAntadRSTi kA AdhAra : satya __ jaba sAre jaina vicAra aura AcAra kI nIva anekAntadRSTi hI hai taba pahale yaha dekhanA cAhie ki anekAntadRSTi kina tattvo ke AdhAra para khar3I kI gaI hai ? vicAra karane aura anekAntadRSTi ke sAhitya kA avalokana karane se mAlUma hotA hai ki anekAntadRSTi satya para khar3I hai| yadyapi sabhI mahAn puruSa satya ko pasanda karate hai aura satya kI hI khoja tathA satya ke 1. zlokavArtika, AtmavAda 29-30 Adi /

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jainadharma kA prANa 179 hI nirUpaNa me apanA jIvana vyatIta karate hai, tathApi satya nirUpaNa kI paddhati aura satya kI khoja saba kI eka-sI nahI hotii| buddhadeva jisa zailI me satya kA nirUpaNa karate hai yA zaGkarAcArya upaniSado ke AdhAra para jisa Dhaga se satya kA prakAzana karate hai usase bha0 mahAvIra kI satyaprakAzana kI zailI judA hai| bha0 mahAvIra kI satyaprakAzanazailI kA dUsarA nAma 'anekAntavAda' hai| usake mUla me do tattva hai-pUrNatA aura yathArthatA / jo pUrNa hai aura pUrNa hokara bhI yathArtha rUpa se pratIta hotA hai vahI satya kahalAtA hai| __ vastu kA pUrNa rUpa meM trikAlAbAdhita yathArtha darzana honA kaThina hai, kisI ko vaha ho bhI jAya tathApi usakA usI rUpa me zabdo ke dvArA ThIkaThIka kathana karanA usa satyadraSTA aura satyavAdI ke lie bhI baDA kaThina hai| koI usa kaThina kAma ko kisI aza me karanevAle nikala bhI Ae~ to bhI dega, kAla, paristhiti, bhASA aura zailI Adi ke anivArya bheda ke kAraNa una sabake kathana me kucha-na-kucha virodha yA bheda kA dikhAI denA anivArya hai yaha to huI una pUrNadarzI aura satyavAdI ine-gine manuSyo kI bAta, jinhe hama sirpha kalpanA yA anumAna se samajha yA mAna sakate hai| hamArA anubhava to sAdhAraNa manuSyo taka parimita hai aura vaha kahatA hai ki sAdhAraNa manuSyoM me bhI bahuta-se yathArthavAdI hokara bhI apUrNadarzI hote hai| aisI sthiti me yathArthavAditA hone para bhI apUrNa darzana ke kAraNa aura use prakAzita karane kI apUrNa sAmagrI ke kAraNa satyapriya manuSyoM kI bhI samajha me kabhI-kabhI bheda A jAtA hai aura saskArabheda uname aura bhI pArasparika Takkara paidA kara detA hai / isa taraha pUrNadarzI aura apUrNadarzI sabhI satyavAdiyo ke dvArA anta me bheda aura virodha kI sAmagrI Apa hI Apa prastuta ho jAtI hai yA dUsare loga unase aisI sAmagrI paidA kara lete hai| bha0 mahAvIra ke dvArA sazodhita anekAntadRSTi aura usakI zarte aisI vastusthiti dekhakara bha0 mahAvIra ne socA ki aisA kona-sA rAstA nikAlA jAe jisase vastu kA pUrNa yA apUrNa satya darzana karanevAle ke sAtha anyAya na ho| apUrNa aura apane se virodhI hokara bhI yadi dUsare kA darzana satya hai, isI taraha apUrNa aura dUsare se virodhI hokara bhI yadi apanA

Page #202
180 jainadharma kA prANa darzana satya hai to dono ko hI nyAya mile isakA bhI kyA upAya hai ? isI ciMtanapradhAna tapasyA ne bhagavAn ko anekAntadRSTi sujhAI, unakA satyasazodhana kA sakalpa siddha huaa| unhone usa milI huI anekAntadRSTi kI cAbI se vaiyaktika aura sAmaSTika jIvana kI vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika samasyAo ke tAle khola diye aura samAdhAna prApta kiyaa| taba unhoMne jIvanopayogI vicAra aura AcAra kA nirmANa karate samaya usa anekAnta dRSTi ko nimnalikhita mukhya zarto para prakAzita kiyA aura usake anusaraNa kA apane jIvana dvArA unhI zartoM para upadeza diyaa| ve zarte isa prakAra hai 1 rAga aura dveSajanya saskAro ke vazIbhUta na honA arthAt tejasvI madhyasthabhAva rakhanA 2. jaba taka madhyasthabhAva kA pUrNa vikAsa na ho taba taka usa lakSya kI ora dhyAna rakhakara kevala satya kI jijJAsA rkhnaa| 3. kaise bhI virodhI bhAsamAna pakSa se na ghabarAnA aura apane pakSa kI taraha usa pakSa para bhI AdarapUrvaka vicAra karanA tathA apane pakSa para bhI virodhI pakSa kI taraha tIna samAlocaka dRSTi rkhnaa| 4. apane tathA dUsaro ke anubhavo me se jo-jo aza ThIka a~ceM, cAhe ve virodhI hI pratIta kyo na ho, una sabakA viveka-prajJA se samanvaya karane kI udAratA kA abhyAsa karanA aura anubhava baDhane para pUrva ke samanvaya me jahA galatI mAlUma ho vahA~ mithyAbhimAna chor3akara sudhAra karanA aura isI krama se Age bddhnaa| anekAntadRSTi kA khaNDana aura usakA vyApaka prabhAva jaba dUsare vidvAno ne anekAntadRSTi ko tattvarUpa me grahaNa karane kI jagaha sApradAyikavAda rUpa me grahaNa kiyA taba usake Upara cAro ora te AkSepo ke prahAra hone lge| bAdarAyaNa jaise sUtrakAro ne usake khaNDana ke lie sUtra raca DAle aura una sUtro ke bhASyakAro ne usI viSaya me apane bhASyo kI racanAe~ kii| vasubandhu, diDanAga, dharmakIrti aura zAtarakSita jaise bar3e-bar3e prabhAvazAlI bauddha vidvAnoM ne bhI anekAntavAda kI pUrI khabara

Page #203
jainadharma kA prANa 181 lii| idhara se jaina vicAraka vidvAnoM ne bhI unakA sAmanA kiyaa| isa pracaNDa sagharSa kA anivArya pariNAma yaha AyA ki eka ora se anekAntadRSTi kA tarkabaddha vikAsa huA aura dUsarI ora se usakA prabhAva dUsare virodhI sApradAyika vidvAno para bhI paDA / dakSiNa hindustAna me pracaNDa digambarAcAryoM aura prakANDa mImAsaka tathA vedAnta ke vidvAno ke bIca zAstrArtha kI kuztI huI usase anta me anekAntadRSTi kA hI asara adhika phailaa| yahA~ taka ki rAmAnuja jaise bilakula jainatva virodhI prakhara AcArya ne zaGkarAcArya ke mAyAvAda ke viruddha apanA mata sthApita karate samaya Azraya to sAmAnyata upaniSado kA liyA, para uname se viziSTAdvaita kA nirUpaNa karate samaya anekAntadRSTi kA upayoga kiyA, athavA yo kahie ki rAmAnuja ne apane Dhaga se anekAntadRSTi ko viziSTAdvaita kI ghaTanA me pariNata kiyA aura aupanipada tattva kA jAmA pahanAkara anekAntadRSTi me se viziSTAdvaitavAda khaDA karake anekAntadRSTi kI ora AkarSita janatA ko vedAntamArga para sthita rkhaa| puSTimArga ke puraskartA vallabha, jo dakSiNa hindustAna me hue, unake zuddhAdvaita-viSayaka saba tattva hai to aupaniSadika, para unakI sArI vicArasaraNI anekAntadRSTi kA nayA vedAntIya svaoNga hai| idhara uttara aura pazcima hindustAna meM jo dUsare vidvAno ke sAtha zvetAmbarIya mahAn vidvAno kA khaNDanamaNDana-viSayaka dvandva huA, usake phalasvarUpa anekAntavAda kA asara janatA me phailA aura sApradAyika Dhaga se anekAtavAda kA virodha karanevAle bhI jAnate-anajAnate anekAntadRSTi ko apanAne lge| isa taraha vAda rUpa me anekAtadRSTi Aja taka jaino kI hI banI huI hai, tathApi usakA asara kisI na kisI rUpa meM ahisA kI taraha vikRta yA ardhavikRta rUpa me hindustAna ke haraeka bhAga me phailA huA hai| isakA sabUta saba bhAgo ke sAhitya me se mila sakatA hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 151-152, 155-156)

Page #204
: 14 : nayavAda jaina tatvajJAna kI paribhASAo me nayavAda kI paribhASA kA bhI sthAna hai / naya pUrNa satya kI eka bAjU ko jAnanevAlI dRSTi kA nAma hai| aise naya ke sAta prakAra jaina zAstro me purAne samaya se milate hai, jina me prathama naya kA nAma hai 'ngm'| 'nagama' zabda kA mUla aura artha kahanA na hogA ki naigama zabda 'nigama' se banA hai, jo nigama vaizAlI me the aura jinake ullekha sikko meM bhI mile hai| 'nigama' samAna kArobAra karanevAlo kI zreNIvizeSa hai| usame eka prakAra kI ekatA rahatI hai aura saba sthUla vyavahAra eka-sA calatA hai| usI 'nigama' kA bhAva lekara usake Upara se naigama zabda ke dvArA jaina paramparA ne eka aisI dRSTi kA sUcana kiyA hai jo samAja me sthUla hotI hai aura jisake AdhAra para jIvanavyavahAra calatA hai| avaziSTa chaH naya, unakA AdhAra aura spaSTIkaraNa naigama ke bAda sagraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUDha aura evabhUta aise cha zabdo ke dvArA Azika vicArasaraNiyo kA sUcana AtA hai| merI rAya me ukta chahoM dRSTiyaoN yadyapi tattvajJAna se savandha rakhatI hai, para ve mUlata: usa samaya ke rAjya-vyavahAra aura sAmAjika-vyAvahArika AdhAra para phalita kI gaI hai| itanA hI nahIM, balki sagraha, vyavahArAdi Upara sUcita zabda bhI tatkAlIna bhASAprayogo se lie hai| aneka gaNa milakara rAjyavyavasthA yA samAjavyavasthA karate the, jo eka prakAra kA samudAya

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jainadharma kA prANa 183 yA sagraha hotA thA aura jisameM bheda me abheda daSTi kA prAdhAnya rahatA thaa| tattvajJAna ke sagraha naya ke artha me bhI vahI bhAva hai| vyavahAra cAhe rAjakIya ho yA sAmAjika, vaha jude-jude vyakti yA dala ke dvArA hI siddha hotA hai| tattvajJAna ke vyavahAra naya me bhI bheda arthAt vibhAjana kA hI bhAva mukhya hai| hama vaizAlI me pAe gae sikko se jAnate hai ki 'vyAvahArika' aura 'vinizcaya mahAmAtya' kI taraha 'sUtradhAra' bhI eka pada thaa| mere khyAla se sUtradhAra kA kAma vahI honA cAhie, jo jaina tattvajJAna ke RjusUtra naya zabda se lakSita hotA hai| RjusUtranaya kA artha hai-Age pIche kI galI kUce me na jAkara kevala vartamAna kA hI vicAra karanA / sabhava hai, sUtradhAra kA kAma bhI vaisA hI kucha rahA ho, jo upasthita samasyAo ko turanta nibttaae| hareka samAja me, sampradAya me aura rAjya me bhI prasagavizepa para zabda arthAt AjJA ko hI prAdhAnya denA par3atA hai| jaba anya prakAra se mAmalA sulajhatA na ho taba kisI eka kA zabda hI antima pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| zabda ke isa prAdhAnya kA bhAva anya rUpa me zabdanaya me garbhita hai| buddha ne khuda hI kahA hai ki licchavIgaNa purAne rItirivAjo arthAt rUDhiyo kA Adara karate hai| koI bhI samAja pracalita rUDhiyo kA sarvathA unmUlana karake nahI jI sktaa| samabhirUDhanaya me rUDhi ke anusaraNa kA bhAva tAttvika dRSTi se ghaTAyA hai| samAja, rAjya aura dharma kI vyavahAragata aura sthUla vicArasaraNI yA vyavasthA kucha bhI kyo na ho, para usame satya ko pAramArthika dRSTi na ho to vaha na jI sakatI hai, na pragati kara sakatI hai| evambhUtanaya usI pAramArthika dRSTi kA sUcaka hai jo tathAgata ke 'tathA' zabda me yA pichale mahAyAna ke 'tathatA' meM nihita hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI 'tahatti' zabda usI yuga se Aja taka pracalita hai, jo itanA hI mUcita karatA hai ki satya jaisA hai vaisA hama svIkAra karate hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 1, pR0 58-60) 1 apekSAe~ aura anekAnta makAna kisI eka kone me pUrA nahI hotaa| usake aneka kone bhI kisI eka hI dizA me nahI hote| pUrva, pazcima, uttara, dakSiNa Adi paraspara viruddha

Page #206
184 jainadharma kA prANa dizAvAle eka-eka kone para khaDe rahakara kiyA jAnevAlA usa makAna kA avalokana pUrNa to nahI hotA, para vaha ayathArtha bhI nhii| jude-jude sambhavita sabhI kono para khaDe rahakara kiye jAnevAle sabhI sambhavita avalokano kA sArasamuccaya hI usa makAna kA pUrA avalokana hai / pratyeka koNasambhavI pratyeka avalokana usa pUrNa avalokana kA anivArya aGga hai / vaise hI kisI eka vastu yA samagra vizva kA tAttvika cintana-darzana bhI aneka apekSAoM se nippanna hotA hai| mana kI sahaja racanA, usa para paDanevAle Agantuka saskAra aura cintya vastu kA svarUpa ityAdi ke sammelana se hI apekSA banatI hai| aisI apekSAe~ aneka hotI hai, jinakA Azraya lekara vastu kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| vicAra ko sahArA dene ke kAraNa yA vicAra-srota ke udgama kA AdhAra banane ke kAraNa ve hI apekSAe~ dRSTi-koNa yA dRSTi-bindu bhI kahI jAtI hai| sambhavita sabhI apekSAo se--cAhe ve viruddha hI kyo na dikhAI detI ho--kiye jAnevAle cintana va darzano kA sArasamuccaya hI usa viSaya kA pUrNa anekAnta darzana hai| pratyeka apekSAsambhavI darzana usa pUrNa darzana kA eka-eka aGga hai, jo paraspara viruddha hokara bhI pUrNa darzana me samanvaya pAne ke kAraNa vastuta aviruddha hI hai| sAta nayoM kA kAryakSetra jaba kisI kI manovRtti vizva ke antargata sabhI bhedo ko-cAhe ve guNa, dharma yA svarUpakRta ho yA vyaktitvakRta ho-bhulAkara arthAt unakI ora jhake binA hI eka mAtra akhaNDatA kA vicAra karatI hai, taba use akhaNDa yA eka hI vizva kA darzana hotA hai / abheda kI usa bhUmikA para se niSpanna honevAlA 'sat' zabda ke ekamAtra akhaNDa artha kA darzana hI sagraha naya hai| guNa-dharmakRta yA vyaktitvakRta bhedo kI ora jhukanevAlI manovRtti se kiyA jAnevAlA usI vizva kA darzana vyavahAra naya kahalAtA hai, kyoki usame lokasiddha vyavahAro kI bhUmikA rUpa se bhedo kA khAsa sthAna hai| isa darzana ke 'sat' zabda kI arthamaryAdA akhaNDita na raha kara aneka khaNDo me vibhAjita ho jAtI hai| vahI bhedagAminI manovRtti yA apekSA kAlakRta bhedoM kI ora jhukakara sirpha vartamAna ko hI kAryakSama hone ke kAraNa jaba sat

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jainadharma kA prANa 185 rUpa se dekhatI hai aura atIta-anAgata ko 'sat' zabda kI arthamaryAdA me se haTA detI hai taba usake dvArA phalita honevAlA vizva kA darzana RjusUtra naya hai, kyoki vaha atIta-anAgata ke cakravyUha ko chor3akara sirpha vartamAna kI sIdhI rekhA para calatA hai| uparyukta tIno manovRttiyA~ aisI hai, jo zabda yA zabda ke guNa-dharmo kA Azraya liye binA hI kisI bhI vastu kA cintana karatI hai| ataeva ve tIno prakAra ke cintana arthanaya hai| para aisI bhI manovRtti hotI hai, jo zabda ke guNa-dharmo kA Azraya lekara hI artha kA vicAra karatI hai| ataeva aisI manovRtti se phalita arthacintana zabdanaya kahe jAte hai| zAbdika loga hI mukhyatayA zabda naya ke adhikArI hai, kyoki unhI ke vividha dRSTibinduo se zabdanaya meM vividhatA AI hai| jo zAbdika sabhI zabdo ko akhaNDa arthAt avyutpanna mAnate hai ve vyutpattibheda se arthabheda na mAnane para bhI liGga, puruSa, kAla Adi anya prakAra ke zabdadharmo ke bheda ke AdhAra para artha kA vaividhya batalAte hai / unakA vaha artha-bheda kA darzana zabdanaya yA sAmprata naya hai / pratyeka zabda ko vyutpatti siddha hI mAnanevAlI manovRtti se vicAra karanevAle zAbdika paryAya arthAt ekArthaka samajhe jAnevAle zabdo ke artha me bhI vyutpattibheda se bheda batalAte hai| unakA vaha zakra, indra Adi jaise paryAya zabdo ke arthabheda kA darzana samabhirUDha naya kahalAtA hai| vyutpatti ke bheda se hI nahIM, balki eka hI vyutpatti se phalita honevAle artha kI maujUdagI aura gaira-maujUdagI ke bheda ke kAraNa se bhI jo darzana arthabheda mAnatA hai vaha evabhUta naya kahalAtA hai| ina tArkika cha nayo ke alAvA eka naigama nAma kA naya bhI hai, jisame nigama arthAt dezarUDhi ke anusAra abhedagAmI aura bhedagAmI saba prakAra ke vicAro kA samAveza mAnA gayA hai / pradhAnatayA ye hI sAta naya hai, para kisI eka aza ko arthAt dRSTikoNa ko avalambita karake pravRtta honevAle saba prakAra ke vicAra usa-usa apekSA ke sUcaka naya hI hai| dravyAthika ora paryAyAthika naya zAstra me dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika aise do naya bhI prasiddha hai, para ve

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186 jainadharma kA prANa naya uparyukta sAta nayo se alaga nahIM hai, kintu unhI kA sakSipta vargIkaraNa yA bhUmikA mAtra hai| dravya arthAt sAmAnya, anvaya, abheda yA ekatva ko viSaya karanevAlA vicAramArga dravyArthika naya hai| naigama, sagraha aura vyavahAra-ye tIno dravyArthika hI hai| iname se sagraha to zuddha abheda kA vicAraka hone se zuddha yA mUla hI dravyArthika hai, jaba ki vyavahAra aura naigama kI pravRtti bhedagAmI hokara bhI kisI na kisI prakAra ke abheda ko bhI avalambita karake hI calatI hai| isalie ve bhI dravyAthika hI mAne gaye hai / alabattA, ve saMgraha kI taraha zuddha na hokara azuddha-mizrita hI dravyArthika hai| paryAya arthAt vizepa, vyAvRtti yA bheda ko hI lakSya karake pravRtta honevAlA vicArapatha paryAyAthika naya hai| RjusUtra Adi bAkI ke cAro naya paryAyArthika hI mAne gaye hai| abheda ko chor3akara ekamAtra bheda kA vicAra RjusUtra se zurU hotA hai; isalie usI ko zAstra me paryAyAthika naya kI prakRti yA mUlAdhAra kahA hai| pichale tIna naya usI mUlabhUta paryAyArthika ke eka prakAra se vistAramAtra hai| kevala jJAna ko upayogI mAnakara usake Azraya se pravRtta honevAlI vicAradhArA jJAnanaya hai, to kevala kriyA ke Azraya se pravRtta honevAlI vicAradhArA kriyAnaya hai| nayarUpa AdhAra-stambho ke aparimita hone ke kAraNa vizva kA pUrNa darzana-anekAnta bhI nissIma hai| (da0 au0 ciM0 kha0 2, pR0 170-172) nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya kA anya darzanoM meM svIkAra nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya jaina paramparA me prasiddha hai| vidvAn loga jAnate hai ki isI naya-vibhAga kI AdhArabhUta dRSTi kA svIkAra itara darzano me bhI hai / bauddha darzana bahuta purAne samaya se paramArtha aura savRti ina do dRSTiyo se nirUpaNa karatA AyA hai| zAkara vedAnta kI pAramArthika tathA vyAvahArika yA mAyika dRSTi prasiddha hai| isa taraha jaina-jainetara darzanoM me paramArtha yA nizcaya aura savRti yA vyavahAra dRSTi kA svIkAra to hai, para una darzano me ukta dono dRSTiyo se kiyA jAnevAlA tattvanirUpaNa bilakula judA-judA hai| yadyapi jainetara sabhI darzano me nizcayadRSTisammata tattva

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jainadharma kA prANa 187 nirUpaNa eka nahI hai, tathApi sabhI mokSalakSI darzano me nizcayadRSTisammata AcAra va cAritra eka hI hai, bhale hI paribhASA, vargIkaraNa Adi bhinna hoN| yahA~ to yaha dikhAnA hai ki jaina paramparA me jo nizcaya aura vyavahArarUpa do dRSTiyA~ mAnI gaI hai ve tattvajJAna aura AcAra dono kSetro me lAgU kI gaI hai| itara sabhI bhAratIya darzano kI taraha jaina darzana me bhI tattvajJAna aura AcAra dono kA samAveza hai| tattvajJAna aura AcAra meM unako bhinnatA jaba nizcaya-vyavahAra naya kA prayoga tattvajJAna aura AcAra dono meM hotA hai taba sAmAnya rUpa se zAstracintana karanevAlA yaha antara jAna nahIM pAtA ki tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM kiyA jAnevAlA nizcaya aura vyavahAra kA prayoga AcAra ke kSetra me kiye jAnevAle vaise prayoga se bhinna hai aura bhinna pariNAma kA sUcaka bhI hai| tattvajJAna kI nizcayadRSTi aura AcAra viSayaka nizcayadRSTi ye dono eka nhii| isI taraha ubhaya viSayaka vyavahAradRSTi ke bAre me bhI samajhanA caahie| isakA spaSTIkaraNa yo hai tattvalakSI nizcaya aura vyavahAra dRSTi jaba nizcayadRSTi se tattva kA svarUpa pratipAdana karanA ho, to usakI sImA me kevala yahI bAta AnI cAhiye ki jagata ke mUla tattva kyA hai, kitane hai aura unakA kSetra-kAla Adi se nirapekSa svarUpa kyA hai ? aura jaba vyavahAradRSTi se tattvanirUpaNa iSTa ho, taba unhI mUla tattvo kA dravyakSetra-kAla Adi se sApekSa svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai| isa taraha hama nizcayadRSTi kA upayoga karake jainadarzanasammata tattvo kA svarUpa kahanA cAhe to sakSepa me yaha kaha sakate hai ki cetana-acetana aise paraspara atyanta vijAtIya do tattva hai| dono eka-dUsare para asara DAlane kI zakti bhI dhAraNa karate hai| cetana kA sakoca-vistAra dravya-kSetra-kAla Adi sApekSa hone se vyavahAradRSTi se siddha hotA hai / acetana pudgala kA paramANurUpatva yA ekapradezAvagAhyatva nizcayadRSTi kA viSaya hai, jaba ki usakA skandhapariNamana yA apane kSetra me anya ananta paramANu aura skandhoM ko avakAza denA yaha vyavahAradRSTi kA nirUpaNa hai|

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188 jainadharma kA prANa AcAralakSI nizcaya evaM vyavahAra dRSTi parantu AcAralakSI nizcaya aura vyavahAra dRSTi kA nirUpaNa judde prakAra se hotA hai| jaina darzana mokSa ko parama puruSArtha mAnakara usI kI dRSTi se AcAra kI vyavasthA karatA hai| ataeva jo AcAra sIdhe taura se mokSalakSI hai vahI naizcayika AcAra hai| isa AcAra me dRSTibhrama aura kASAyika vRttiyoM ke nirmUlIkaraNa mAtra kA samAveza hotA hai| para vyAvahArika AcAra aisA ekarUpa nhiiN| naizcayika AcAra kI bhUmikA se niSpanna bhinna-bhinna deza-kAla-jAti-svabhAva-ruci Adi ke anusAra kabhI-kabhI paraspara viruddha dikhAI denevAle bhI AcAra vyAvahArika AcAra kI koTi meM gine jAte hai| naizcayika AcAra kI bhUmikA para vartamAna eka hI vyakti anekavidha vyAvahArika AcAro me se gujaratA hai| isa taraha hama dekhate hai ki AcAragAmI naizcayika dRSTi yA vyAvahArika dRSTi mukhyatayA mokSa puruSArtha kI dRSTi se hI vicAra karatI hai, jaba ki tattvanirUpaka nizcaya yA vyavahAra dRSTi kevala jagata ke svarUpa ko lakSya me rakhakara hI pravRtta hotI hai| tattvalakSI aura AcAralakSI nizcaya evaM vyavahArika dRSTi ke bIca eka anya mahattva kA antara tattvajJAna aura AcAralakSI ukta dono nayo me eka dUsarA bhI mahattva kA antara hai, jo dhyAna dene yogya hai| naizcayika-dRSTisammata tattvo kA svarUpa sAdhAraNa jijJAsu kabhI pratyakSa kara nahI paate| hama aise kisI vyakti ke kathana para zraddhA rakhakara hI vaisA svarUpa mAnate hai ki jisa vyakti ne tattvasvarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA ho / para AcAra ke bAre meM aisA nahIM hai| koI bhI jAgarUka sAdhaka apanI Antarika sat-asat vRttiyoM ko va unakI tIvratA-mandatA ke tAratamya ko pratyakSa jAna sakatA hai, jaba ki anya vyakti ke lie pahale vyakti kI vattiyA~ sarvathA parokSa hai| naizcayika ho yA vyAvahArika, tattvajJAna kA svarUpa usa-usa darzana ke sabhI anuyAyiyo ke lie eka-sA hai tathA samAna paribhASAbaddha hai, para naizcayika va vyAvahArika AcAra kA svarUpa aisA nahI / haraeka vyakti kA naizcayika AcAra usake lie pratyakSa hai / isa alpa vivecana se mai kevala

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jainadharma kA prANa 189 itanA hI sUcita karanA cAhatA hU~ ki nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya ye do zabda bhale hI samAna ho, para tattvajJAna aura AcAra ke kSetra me bhinna-bhinna abhiprAya se lAga hote hai aura hame vibhinna pariNAmo para pahuMcAte hai / jaina evaM upaniSada ke tattvajJAna kI nizcayadRSTi ke bIca bheda nizcayadRSTi se jaina tattvajJAna kI bhUmikA aupaniSada tattvajJAna se bilakula bhinna hai| prAcIna mAne jAnevAle sabhI upaniSad sat, asan, AtmA, brahma, avyakta, AkAza Adi bhinna-bhinna nAmo se jagata ke mUla kA nirUpaNa karate hue kevala eka hI niSkarSa para pahuMcate hai ki jagat jaDacetana Adi rUpa me kaisA hI nAnArUpa kyo na ho, para usake mUla me asalI tattva to kevala eka hI hai, jaba ki jainadarzana jagata ke mUla me kisI eka hI tattva kA svIkAra nahIM karatA, pratyuta paraspara vijAtIya aise svatantra do tattvo kA svIkAra karake usake AdhAra para vizva ke vaizvarUpa kI vyavasthA karatA hai| caubIsa tattva mAnanevAle sAkhya darzana ko aura zAkara Adi vedAnta zAkhAo ko choDakara bhAratIya darzano me aisA koI darzana nahI jo jagata ke mUlarUpa se kevala eka tattva svIkAra karatA ho / nyAyavaizeSika ho, sAkhya-yoga ho yA pUrvamImAsA ho, saba apane-apane Dhaga se jagata ke mUla me aneka tattvo kA svIkAra karate hai| isase spaSTa hai ki jaina tattvacintana kI prakRti aupaniSada tattvacintana kI prakRti se sarvathA bhinna hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 498-500)

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: 15 : saptabhaMgI saptabhaMgI aura usakA AdhAra bhinna-bhinna apekSAo, dRSTikoNo yA manovRttiyo se jo eka hI tattva ke nAnA darzana phalita hote hai unhI ke AdhAra para bhagavAda kI sRSTi khaDI hotI hai / jina do darzano ke vipaya ThIka eka-dUsare se bilkula virodhI jAna paDate ho aise darzano kA samanvaya batalAne kI dRSTi se unake viSayabhUta bhAva abhAvAtmaka dono azo ko lekara una para jo sambhavita vAkya bhaga banAe jAte haiM vahI saptabhagI hai / saptabhagI kA AdhAra nayavAda hai, aura usakA dhyeya samanvaya hai arthAt anekAnta koTi kA vyApaka darzana karAnA hai; jaise kisI bhI pramANa se jAne hue padArtha kA dUsare ko bodha karAne ke lie parArtha-anumAna arthAt anumAnavAkya kI racanA kI jAtI hai, vaise hI viruddha azokA samanvaya zrotA ko samajhAne kI dRSTi se bhaga- vAkya kI racanA bhI kI jAtI hai / isa taraha nayavAda aura bhagavAda anekAntadRSTi ke kSetra me apane Apa hI phalita ho jAte hai / (da0 au0 ci0 khaM0 2, pR0 172 ) sAta bhaMga aura unakA mUla ( 1 ) bhaga arthAt vastu kA svarUpa batalAnevAle vacana kA prakAra arthAt vAkyaracanA / (2) ve sAta kahe jAte hai, phira bhI mUla to tIna [ ( 1 ) syAd asti, (2) syAd nAsti, aura (3) syAd avaktavya hI hai / avaziSTa cAra [ (1) syAd asti nAsti, (2) syAd asti - avaktavya, (3) syAd nAsti - avaktavya, aura (4) syAd asti nAsti - avaktavya ] to mUla bhago ke pArasparika vividha sayojana se hote haiM /

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jainadharma kA prANa 191 (3) kisI bhI eka vastu ke bAre me yA eka hI dharma ke bAre me bhinnabhinna vicArako kI mAnyatA me bheda dikhAI detA hai| yaha bheda virodharUpa hai yA nahI aura yadi na ho to dRzyamAna virodha meM avirodha kisa prakAra ghaTAnA ? athavA yo kaho ki amuka vivakSita vastu ke bAre me jaba dharmaviSayaka dRSTi-bheda dikhAI dete ho taba vaise bhedo kA pramANapUrvaka samanvaya karanA aura vaisA karake sabhI sahI dRSTiyo ko unake yogya sthAna me rakhakara nyAya karanA-isa bhAvanA me saptabhagI kA mUla hai| saptabhaMgI kA kArya : virodha kA parihAra udAharaNArtha eka Atmadravya ko lekara usake nityatva ke bAre me dRSTibheda hai / koI AtmA ko nitya mAnatA hai, to koI nitya mAnane se inkAra karatA hai, aura koI aisA kahatA hai ki vaha tattva hI vacana-agocara hai / isa prakAra Atmatattva ke bAre me tIna pakSa prasiddha hai / isalie yaha vicAraNIya hai ki kyA vaha nitya hI hai aura anityatva usame pramANabAdhita hai ? athavA kyA vaha anitya hI hai aura nityatva usame pramANabAdhita hai ? athavA use nitya yA anitya na kahakara avaktavya hI kahanA yogya hai ? ina tIno vikalpo kI parIkSA karane para tIno yadi sacce ho to unakA virodha dUra karanA caahie| jaba taka virodha khaDA rahegA taba taka paraspara viruddha aneka dharma eka vastu meM haiM aisA kahA nahI jA sktaa| phalata virodhaparihAra kI ora hI saptabhagI kI dRSTi sarvaprathama jAtI hai| vaha nizcita karatI hai ki AtmA nitya hI hai, parantu saba dRSTiyoM se nahI, mAtra mUla tattva kI dRSTi se vaha nitya hai, kyoki vaha tattva pahale kabhI nahIM thA aura pIche se utpanna huA aisA nahI hai tathA vaha tattva mUla me hI se naSTa hogA aisA bhI nahIM hai| ata tattvarUpa se vaha anAdinidhana hai aura yahI usakA nityatva hai / aisA hone para bhI vaha anitya bhI hai, parantu usakA anityatva dravya dRSTi se nahI kintu mAtra avasthA kI dRSTi se hai / avasthAe~ to pratisamaya nimittAnusAra badalatI rahatI hI hai / jisame kuchana-kucha rUpAntara na hotA ho, jisame Antarika yA bAhya nimitta ke anusAra sUkSma yA sthUla avasthAbheda satata cAlU na rahatA ho vaise tattva kI kalpanA

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192 jainadharma kA prANa hI nahIM ho sktii| ata avasthAbheda mAnanA par3atA hai, aura vahI anityatva hai| isa prakAra AtmA dravya rUpa se (sAmAnya rUpa se) nitya hone para bhI avasthA rUpa se (vizeSa rUpa se) anitya bhI hai| nityatva aura anityatva dono eka hI svarUpa se eka vastu me mAnane para virodha AtA hai, jaise ki dravyarUpa se hI AtmA nitya hai aisA mAnane vAlA usI rUpa se anitya mAne to| isI prakAra AtmA nitya, anitya Adi zabda dvArA usa-usa rUpa se pratipAdya hone para bhI samagra rUpa se kisI eka zabda se nahI kahI jA sakatI, ata vaha asamagra rUpa se zabda kA viSaya hotI hai| phira bhI samagra rUpa se vaise kisI zabda kA viSaya nahI ho sakatI, ataH avaktavya bhI hai| isa prakAra eka nityatvadharma ke AdhAra para AtmA ke bAre me nitya, anitya aura avaktavya aise tIna pakSa-bhaga ucita Thaharate hai| ____ isI prakAra ekatva, sattva, bhinnatva, abhilApyatya Adi sarvasAdhAraNa dharmoM ko lekara kisI bhI vastu ke bAre me ye tIna bhaga bana sakate haiM aura una para se sAta bhI bana sakate hai| cetanatva, ghaTatva Adi asAdhAraNa dharmoM ko lekara bhI saptabhagI ghaTAI jA sakatI hai| eka vastu me vyApaka yA avyApaka jitane dharma ho uname se pratyeka ko lekara aura usakA dUsarA pakSa socakara sAta bhaga ghaTAye jA sakate hai| prAcIna kAla me AtmA, zabda Adi padArthome nityatva-anityatva, sattva-asattva, ekatva-bahutva, vyApakatva-avyApakatva Adi ko lekara paraspara virodhI vAda calate the| ina vAdo kA samanvaya karane kI vRtti me se bhaMgakalpanA paidA huii| isa bhagakalpanA ne bhI Age jAkara sAmpradAyika vAda kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA aura usakA saptabhaMgI meM pariNamana huaa| ___ sAta se adhika bhaga sambhava nahI hai, isIlie sAta kI sakhyA kahI hai| mUla tIna kI vividha sayojanA karo aura sAta me antarbhUta na ho aisA koI bhaga banAo to jaina darzana saptabhaMgitva kA Agraha kara hI nahI sktaa| __isakA sakSipta sAra adholikhita hai : (1) tatkAlIna pracalita vAdo kA samIkaraNa karanA-yaha bhAvanA saptabhagI kI preraka hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa (2) vaisA karake vastu ke svarUpa kA vinizcaya karanA aura yathArtha jJAna prApta karanA yaha usakA sAdhya hai| (3) buddhi me bhAsita honevAle kisI bhI dharma ke bAre meM mukhya tIna hI vikalpa sabhava hai aura cAhe jitane zAbdika parivartana se sakhyA baDhAI jAya to bhI ve sAta hI ho sakate hai| (4) jitane dharma utanI hI saptabhagI hai| yaha vAda anekAntadRSTi kA vicAra-viSayaka eka sabUta hai| isake dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM jo zabda, AtmA Adi diye hai usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki prAcIna Arya vicAraka AtmA kA vicAra karate the aura bahuta huA to Agama prAmANya kI carcA me zabda ko lete the| (5) vaidika Adi darzano me bhI anekAntadRSTi kA svarUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai| (6) pramANa se bAdhita na ho unasaba dRSTiyo kA saMgraha karane kA isake pIche uddezya hai, phira bhale hI ve viruddha mAnI jAtI ho / (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 2, pR0 1062-1064) mahattva ke cAra bhaMgoM kA anyatra upalabdha nirdeza saptabhagIgata sAta bhagoM meM zurU ke cAra hI mahattva ke hai kyoki veda, upaniSad Adi grantho me tathA 'dIghanikAya' ke brahmajAlasUtra me aise cAra vikalpa chUTe-chUTe rUpa me yA eka sAtha nirdiSTa pAye jAte haiN| sAta bhaMgoM meM jo pichale tIna bhaga haiM unakA nirdeza kisI ke pakSarUpa meM kahI dekhane meM nahI aayaa| isase zurU ke cAra bhaga hI apanI aitihAsika bhUmikA rakhate haiM aisA phalita hotA hai| 1. ye sAta bhaga isa prakAra hai / (1) syAd asti; (2) syAd nAsti, (3) syAd asti-nAsti, (4) syAd avaktavya, (5) syAd asti-avaktavya, (6) syAd nAsti-avaktavya, (7) syAd asti-naastiavktvy|

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194 jainadharma kA prANa 'avaktavya' ke artha ke viSaya meM kucha vicAraNA zurU ke cAra bhago me eka 'avaktavya' nAma kA bhaga bhI hai| usake artha ke bAre me kucha vicAraNIya bAta hai| Agamayuga ke prArambha me abaktavya bhaMga kA artha aisA kiyA jAtA hai ki sat-asat yA nitya-anitya Adi do ago ko eka sAtha pratipAdana karanevAlA koI zabda hI nahI, ataeva aise pratipAdana kI vivakSA hone para vastu avaktavya hai| parantu avaktavya zabda ke itihAsa ko dekhate hue kahanA par3atA hai ki usakI dUsarI va aitihAsika vyAkhyA purAne zAstro me hai| upaniSado me 'yato vAco nivartante, aprApya manasA saha" isa ukti ke dvArA brahma ke svarUpa ko anirvacanIya athavA vacanAgocara sUcita kiyA hai| isI taraha 'AcArAga' me bhI 'savve sarA niaTTati, tattha jhuNI na vijjaI Adi dvArA AtmA ke svarUpa ko vacanAgocara kahA hai| buddha ne bhI aneka vastuo ko avyAkRta' zabda ke dvArA vacanAgocara hI sUcita kiyA hai| jaina paramparA me to anabhilApya bhAva prasiddha hai, jo kabhI vacanagocara nahIM hote| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki saptabhagI me avaktavya kA jo artha liyA jAtA hai vaha purAnI vyAkhyA kA vAdAzrita va tarkagamya dUsarA rUpa hai| saptabhaMgI saMzayAtmaka jJAna nahIM hai saptabhagI ke vicAraprasaga me eka bAta kA nirdeza karanA jarUrI hai| zrIzakarAcArya ke 'brahmasUtra' 2-2-33 ke bhASya me saptabhagI ko saMzayAtmaka jJAna rUpa se nirdiSTa kiyA hai / zrIrAmAnujAcArya ne bhI unhI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| yaha huI purAne khaNDana-maNDanapradhAna sAmpradAyika yuga kI bAta / para tulanAtmaka aura vyApaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para pravRtta hue nae yuga ke vidvAno kA vicAra isa viSaya meM jAnanA caahie| DaoN0 e0 bI0 dhruva, jo 1. taittirIya upaniSad 2-4 / 2. AcArAga sU0 170 / 3. majjhimanikAya sutta 63 / 4. vizeSAvazyakabhASya 141, 488 /

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jainadharma kA prANa 195 bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya tattvajJAna kI saba zAkhAo ke pAradarzI vidvAn aura khAsa kara zAkara vedAnta ke vizeSa pakSapAtI rahe-unhone apane 'jaina ane brAhmaNa'' bhASaNa me spaSTa kahA hai ki saptabhagI yaha koI sazayajJAna nahI hai; vaha to satya ke nAnAvidha svarUpo kI nidarzaka eka vicArasaraNI hai| zrI narmadAzakara mehatA, jo bhAratIya samagra tattvajJAna kI paramparAoM aura khAsakara veda-vedAnta kI paramparA ke asAdhAraNa maulika vidvAn the ora jinhone 'hinda tattvajJAna no itihAsa Adi aneka abhyAsapUrNa pustakeM likhI hai, unhone bhI saptabhagI kA nirUpaNa bilkula asAmpradAyika dRSTi se kiyA hai, jo paThanIya hai / sara rAdhAkRSNan, DaoN0 dAsaguptA Adi tattvacintako ne bhI saptabhagI kA nirUpaNa jaina dRSTikoNa ko barAbara samajha kara hI kiyA hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 503-504 1. ApaNo dharma, pR0 673 / 2. pR0 213-219 / 3. rAdhAkRSNan : iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI, vaoNlyUma 1, pR0 302 / 4. dAsaguptA : e hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI vaoNlyUma 1, pR0 179 /

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brahma aura sama jahA~ taka bhAratIya tattvavicAra kA sambandha hai, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa tattvavicAra ke do bhinna-bhinna udgamasthAna hai eka hai svAtmA aura dUsarA hai prakRti, arthAt pahalA Antarika hai aura dUsarA bAhya hai| samatA kA preraka tattva 'sama' kisI ajJAta kAla me manuSya apane Apake bAre me vicAra karane ke lie prerita huA : mai svaya kyA hai? kaisA hU~ ? dUsare jIvo ke sAtha merA kyA sambandha hai ?-aise prazna usake mana me paidA hue / inakA uttara pAne ke lie vaha antarmukha huA aura apane sazodhana ke pariNAmasvarUpa use jJAta huA ki 'maiM eka sacetana tattva hU~ aura dUsare prANIvarga me bhI vaisI hI cetanA hai|' isa vicAra ne use apane aura dUsare prANIvarga ke bIca samatA kA darzana kraayaa| isa darzana me se samabhAva ke vividha artha aura usakI bhUmikAe~ tattvavicAra me upasthita huii| buddhi kA yaha pravAha 'sama' ke rUpa me prasiddha hai| 'brahma' aura usake vividha artha buddhi kA dUsarA prabhavasthAna bAhya prakRti hai| jo vizvaprakRti ke vividha pahaluo, ghaTanAo aura unake preraka baloM kI ora AkarSita hue the unako usame se kavitva kI athavA yoM kahe ki kavitvamaya cintana kI bhUmikA prApta huii| udAharaNArtha Rgveda ke jisa kavi ne uSa. ke ullAsapreraka evaM romAcaka darzana kA savedana kiyA usane raktavastrA taruNI ke rUpa me usakA uSaHsUkta me gAna kiyaa| samudra kI uchalatI tarago aura tUphAno ke bIca naukAyAtrA karanevAle jisa kavi ko samudra ke adhiSThAyaka varuNa kA rakSaka

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jainadharma kA prANa 197 ke rUpa me smaraNa ho AyA usane varuNasUkta me usa varuNadeva kI apane sarvazaktimAna rakSaka ke rUpa me stuti kii| jise agni kI jvAlAo aura prakAzaka zaktiyo kA romAcaka savedana huA usane agni ke sUktoM kI racanA kii| jise gADha andhakAravAlI rAtri kA lomaharSaka saMvedana huA usane rAtrisUkta rcaa| yahI bAta vAk, skambha, kAla Adi sUkto ke bAre me kahI jA sakatI hai| prakRti ke alaga-alaga rUpa ho, athavA una meM koI divya sattva ho, athavA una sabake pIche koI eka parama gUDha tattva ho, parantu bhinna-bhinna kaviyo dvArA kI gaI ye prArthanAe~ dRzyamAna prakRti ke kisI-na-kisI pratIka ke AdhAra para racI gaI hai| bhinna-bhinna pratIkoM kA avalambana lenevAlI ye prArthanAe~ 'brahma' ke nAma se prasiddha thii| brahma ke isa prAthamika artha me se phira to kramazaH aneka artha phalita hue| jina yajJo me ina sUkto kA viniyoga hotA ve bhI 'brahma' khlaaye| unake nirUpaka grantha aura vidhividhAna karanevAle purohito kA bhI brahmA, brahmA yA brAhmaNa ke rUpa me vyavahAra hone lgaa| prAcIna kAla meM hI prakRti ke vividha pahalU yA divya sattva eka hI tattvarUpa mAne jAne lage the aura Rgveda ke prathama maNDala me hI spaSTa kahA hai ki indra, mitra, varuNa, agni Adi bhinnabhinna nAmo se jinakI stuti kI jAtI hai ve Akhira meM to eka hI tattvarUpa hai aura vaha tattva yAnI sat / isa prakAra prakRti ke aneka pratIka antatogatvA eka satrUpa parama tattva me ekAkAra hue aura yaha vicAra aneka rUmo me Age vikasita aura vistRta hotA gyaa| zramaNa aura brAhmaNa vicAradhArA kI eka bhUmikA samabhAvanA ke upAsaka 'samana' yA 'samaNa' kahalAye aura saskRta meM usakA rUpAntara 'zamana' yA 'zramaNa' huA, parantu 'sama' zabda saMskRta hI hone se usakA saskRta meM 'samana' rUpa banatA hai| 'brahman' ke upAsaka aura cintaka brAhmaNa khlaaye| pahalA varga mukhyatayA AtmalakSI rahA; dUsare varga ne vizvaprakRti me se preraNA prApta kI thI aura usI ke pratIkoM ke dvArA vaha sUkSmatama tattva paryanta pahuMcA thA, isalie vaha mukhya rUpa se prakRtilakSI rahA / isa prakAra dono vargoM kI buddhi kA Adya prerakasthAna bhinna-bhinna thA,

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jainadharma kA prANa parantu donoM vargo kI buddhi ke pravAha to kisI antima satya kI ora hI baha rahe the| bIca ke aneka yugo me ina dono pravAho kI dizA alaga yA alaga-sI lagatI, kabhI kabhI ina dono me sagharSa bhI hote; parantu sama kA AtmalakSI pravAha anta me samagra vizva me cetanatattva hai aura vaisA tattva sabhI dehavAriyo me samAna hI hai aisI sthApanA me parisamApta huaa| isI se usane pRthvI, pAnI aura vanaspati taka me cetanatattva dekhA aura usakA anubhava kiyaa| dUsarI ora prakRtilakSI dUsarA vicArapravAha vizva ke aneka bAhya pahaluo ko chUtA huA antara kI ora unmukha huA aura usane upaniSatkAla me spaSTa rUpa se sthApita kiyA ki nikhila vizva ke mUla me jo eka sat yA brahma tattva hai vahI dehadhArI jIvavyakti me bhI hai| isa prakAra pahale pravAha me vyaktigata cintana samagra vizva ke samabhAva me pariNata huA aura usake AdhAra para jIvana kA AcAramArga bhI sthApita kiyA gyaa| dUsarI ora vizva ke mUla me dikhAI denevAlA parama tattva hI vyaktigata jIva hai-jIvavyakti usa parama tattva se bhinna nahIM hai aisA advaita bhI sthApita huA aura isa advaita ke AdhAra para aneka AcAro kI yojanA bhI huii| gagA aura brahmaputrA ke prabhava sthAna bhinna-bhinna hone para bhI anta me ve dono pravAha jisa taraha eka hI mahAsamudra me milate hai, usI taraha AtmalakSI aura prakRtilakSI donoM vicAradhArAe~ anta me eka hI bhUmikA para A milatI hai| iname bheda pratIta hotA ho to vaha kevala zAbdika hai aura bahuta huA to bIca ke samaya meM sagharSa ke pariNAmasvarUpa utpanna hue saskAro ke kAraNa hai| zAzvata virodha hone para bhI ekatA kI preraka paramArtha dRSTi yaha sahI hai ki samAja me, zAstro me aura zilAlekha Adi me bhI brahma aura sama ke AsapAsa phaile hue vicAra aura AcAro ke bheda aura virodho kA ullekha AtA hai| hama bauddha piTako, jaina AgamoM aura azoka ke zilAlekho tathA dUsare aneka granthoM me brAhmaNa aura zramaNa ina do vargoM kA ullekha dekhate hai| mahAbhASyakAra patajali ne ina dono vargoM me zAzvata virodha hai aisA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| aisA hone para bhI, Upara kahA usa prakAra, ye dono pravAha

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jainadharma kA prANa 199 apane-apane DhaMga se eka hI parama tattva kA sparza karate hai aisA pratipAdana kiyA jAya to vaha kisa dRSTi se ? isa prazna kA spaSTIkaraNa kiye binA tattvajijJAsA santuSTa nahI ho sakatI / vaha dRSTi hai paramArtha kii| paramArthadRSTi kula, jAti, vaMza, bhASA, kriyAkADa aura veza Adi ke bhedo kA atikramaNa kara vastu ke mUlagata svarUpa ko dekhatI hai, arthAt vaha svAbhAvika rUpa se abheda athavA samatA kI ora hI unmukha hotI hai / vyavahAra me paidA honevAle bheda aura virodha kA pravartana sampradAyo aura unake anuyAyiyoM meM hI hotA hai aura kabhI-kabhI usameM se sagharSa bhI paidA hotA hai| aise sagharSa ke sUcaka brAhmaNa-zramaNa vargo ke bhedo kA ullekha prAcIna grantho me AtA hai, parantu usake sAtha hI paramArthadRSTisampanna prAjJa puruSo ne jo aikya dekhA thA yA anubhava kiyA thA usakA nirdeza bhI aneka paramparAo ke aneka zAstro me AtA hai| jaina Agama, jinameM brAhmaNa aura zramaNa varga ke bheda kA nirdeza hai, unhI meM sacce brAhmaNa aura sacce zramaNa kA samIkaraNa upalabdha hotA hai / vauddha piTako me bhI vaisA hI samIkaraNa AtA hai| vanaparva me ajagara ke rUpa me avatIrNa nahupa ne saccA brAhmaNa kona aisA prazna yudhiSThira se pUchA hai / isake uttara me yudhiSThira ke mukha se maharSi vyAsa ne kahA hai ki pratyeka janma lenevAlA vyakti sakara prajA hai| manu ke zabdoM kA uddharaNa dekara vyAsa ne samarthana kiyA hai ki prajAmAtra sakarajanmA hai, ora sadvRttavAlA zUdra janmajAta brAhmaNa se bhI uttama hai / vyakti me saccaritra evaM prajJA ho tabhI vaha saccA brAhmaNa banatA hai / yaha huI paramArthadRSTi / gItA meM brahma pada kA anekavA ullekha AtA hai; sAtha hI sama zabda bhI ucca artha me milatA hai / paNDitA samadarzinaH -- yaha vAkya to bahuta prasiddha hai / suttanipAta nAma ke bauddha grantha me eka paramaTThasutta hai / usame bhArapUrvaka kahA hai ki dUsare hIna yA jhUThe aura mai zreSTha - yaha paramArthadRSTi nahI hai / gaMgA eva brahmaputrA ke prabhavasthAnabhinna, parantu unakA milanasthAna eka / aisA hone para bhI dono mahAnadiyoM ke pravAha bhinna, kinAre para kI bastiyA~ bhinna, bhASA aura AcAra bhI bhinna / aisI judAI me lIna rahanevAle milanasthAna kI ekatA dekha nahI sakate / phira bhI vaha ekatA to satya hI hai / isI prakAra bhinna-bhinna prabhavasthAnoM se utpanna honevAle vicAra -

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200 jainadharma kA prANa pravAha bhinna-bhinna rUpa se poSita hone ke kAraNa unake sthUla rUpo me magna rahanevAle anuyAyI donoM pravAho kA samIkaraNa dekha nahI sakate, parantu vaha tathya to abAdhita hai| use dekhanavAle pratibhAvAna puruSa samaya-samaya para avatIrNa hote rahe hai aura vaha bhI sabhI paramparAo me| ___ samatva kA mudrAlekha hone para bhI jaina aura bauddha jaisI zramaNa paramparAoM meM brahmacarya aura brahmavihAra zabda itane adhika pracalita hai ki unako ina paramparAo se alaga kiyA hI nahI jA sktaa| isI prakAra brahmatattva kA mudrAlekha dhAraNa karanevAle varga me bhI 'sama' pada aisA to ekarasa ho gayA hai ki usako brahmabhAva yA brAhmI sthiti se alaga kiyA hI nahI jA sktaa| __ prAcIna kAla se calI AnevAlI isa paramArthadRSTi kA uttara kAla me bhI satata poSaNa hotA rahA hai| isIlie janma se brAhmaNa parantu sampradAya se bauddha vasubandhu ne abhidharmakoSa me spaSTa kahA hai ki 'zrAmaNyamamalo mArgaH brAhmaNyameva tat / ' usake jyeSTha bandhu asaga ne bhI vaise hI abhiprAya kI sUcanA anyatra kahI kI hai| paramArthadRSTi kI yaha paramparA sAmpradAyika mAne jAnevAle narasiha mahetA meM bhI vyakta huI hai| samagra vizva me vyApta eka tattva ke rUpa me hari kA kIrtana karane ke pazcAt unhone usa hari ke bhakta vaiSNavajana kA eka lakSaNa 'samadRSTi ne taSNAtyAgI' (samadaSTi aura tRSNAtyAgI) bhI kahA hai / isI prakAra sAmpradAyika samajhe jAnevAle upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne bhI kahA hai ki samatva prApta karanA hI brahmapada kI prApti hai| ____isa paramArtha aura vyavahAradRSTi kA bheda tathA paramArthadRSTi kI yathArthatA DaoN0 Anandazakara bI0 dhruva ne bhI batAI hai| eka brAhmaNI ke hAtha ke bhojana kA unhone svIkAra nahIM kiyA, taba unhone kahA ki yaha to merA eka kuTumbagata nAgara-saskAra hai / usakI vAstavikatA mai tarkasiddha nahI mAnatA; mAtra saskAra kA anusaraNa karatA hU~ itanA hii| sahI dRSTi kA nirdeza unhone anyatra kiyA hai| jaina Agama sUtrakRtAga kI prastAvanA me unhone kahA hai ki, "jaina (zramaNa) hue binA 'brAhmaNa' nahI huA jAtA, aura 'brAhmaNa' hue binA 'jaina' nahI huA jAtA / tAtparya yaha ki jainadharma

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201 jainadharma kA prANa kA tattva indriyo aura manovRttiyo ko jItane me hai, aura brAhmaNadharma kA tattva vizva kI vizAlatA ko AtmA me utArane me hai|" __ itane sakSepa para se hama yaha jAna sakate hai ki buddhi anta me eka hI satya me virAma letI hai aura sAtha hI yaha bhI samajha sakate haiM ki vyavahAra ke cAhe jitane bhedo aura virodho kA astitva kyo na ho, parantu paramArthadRSTi kabhI lupta nahI hotii| [gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada ke ahamadAbAda me sampanna 1656 ke aktUbara ke adhivezana me tatvazAna vibhAga ka adhyakSapada se diye gaye bhASaNa me se ]

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: 17 : cAra saMsthAe~ (1) saMgha saMsthA catuvidha saMgha bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jaba varNabandhana ko toDa DAlA taba tyAga ke dRSTibindu para apanI sasthA ke vibhAga kiye / usame mukhya do vibhAga the eka ghara-bAra aura kuTumba - kabIle kA tyAga karake viharaNa karanevAlA anagAra varga, aura dUsarA kuTumba-kabIle me Asakta sthAnabaddha agArI varga / pahalA varga pUrNa tyAgI thA / usame strI-puruSa dono Ate the aura ve sAdhu-sAdh kahalAte the / dUsarA varga pUrNa tyAga kA abhilASI thA / isa prakAra caturviva saghavyavasthA athavA brAhmaNa - pantha ke prAcIna zabda kA naye rUpa meM upayoga kare to caturvidha varNavyavasthA -- zurU huI / sAghusagha kI vyavasthA sAdhu krte| usake niyama isa sagha me aba bhI hai aura zAstra me bhI bahuta sundara aura vyavasthita rUpa se diye gaye hai / sAdhusaMgha ke Upara zrAvaka saMgha kA akuza nahI hai aisA koI na samajhe / pratyeka nirvivAda rUpa se acchA kArya karane ke lie sAdhusaMgha svatantra hai, parantu kahI bhUla mAlUma ho athavA to matabheda ho athavA to acche kAma meM bhI madada kI apekSA ho vahA~ sAghumagha ne svaya hI zrAvakasagha kA akurA apanI icchA se svIkAra kiyA hai| isI prakAra zrAvaka saMgha kA saMvidhAna aneka prakAra se bhinna hone para bhI sAghusagha kA akuza vaha mAnatA hI AyA hai / isa prakAra pArasparika sahayoga se ye dono sagha sAmAnyataH hitakArya hI karate Aye hai / (da0 au0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 377 - 378 ) * (2) sAdhu saMsthA Aja kI sAdhusaMsthA bhagavAna mahAvIra kI to dena hI hai, parantu yaha saMsthA usase bhI prAcIna hai / bhagavatI jaise Agamo me tathA dUsare prAcIna

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jainadharma kA prANa 203 grantho me pAvApatya arthAt pArzvanAtha ke ziSyo kI bAta AtI hai| unameM se kaI bhagavAna ke pAsa jAne me sakoca anubhava karate hai, kaI unhe dharmavirodhI samajhakara hairAna karate hai, kaI bhagavAna ko harAne ke lie athavA unakI parIkSA karane kI dRSTi se aneka prakAra ke prazna pUchate hai; parantu anta me pApitya kI vaha paramparA bhagavAna mahAvIra kI ziSyaparamparAme yA to samA jAtI hai yA phira usakA kucha sar3A huA bhAga apane Apa jhaDa jAtA hai / isa prakAra bhagavAna kA sAdhusagha puna naye rUpa me hI udita hotA hai, vaha eka sasthA ke rUpa me navanirmANa pAtA hai| buddhimattApUrNa saMvidhAna usakI rahana-sahana ke, pArasparika vyavahAra ke tathA kartavyo ke niyama banate hai / ina niyamo ke pAlana ke lie aura yadi koI inakA bhaga kare to use yogya daNDa dene ke lie, suvyavasthita rAjyatatra kI bhaoNti, isa sAdhusasthA ke tatra me bhI niyama banAye jAte hai, choTe-bar3e adhikArI niyukta kiye jAte hai aura ina sabake kAryoM kI maryAdA oNkI jAtI hai / saMghasthavira, gacchasthavira, AcArya, upAcArya, pravartaka, gaNI Adi kI maryAdAe~, ApasI vyavahAra, kArya ke vibhAga, eka-dUsare ke jhagaDo kA nirNaya, ekadUsare ke gaccha me athavA eka-dUsare ke guru ke pAsa jAne-Ane ke, sIkhane ke, AhAra ityAdi ke niyamo kA jo varNana chedasUtro me milatA hai use dekhane se sAdhusasthA kI saghaTanA ke bAre me AcAryoM kI dIrghadarzitA ke prati mAna utpanna hue binA nahI rahatA / itanA hI nahI, Aja bhI kisI bar3I sasthA ko apanI niyamAvalI taiyAra karanI ho athavA use vizAla banAnA ho to use sAdhusasthA kI isa niyamAvalI kA abhyAsa atyanta sahAyaka hogA, aisA mujhe spaSTa pratIta hotA hai| bhikSuNIsaMgha aura usakA bauddha saMgha para prabhAva isa deza ke cAro kono me sAdhusasthA phaila cukI thii| bhagavAna ke astitva kAla me caudaha hajAra bhikSu aura chattIsa hajAra bhikSuNiyo ke hone kA ullekha AtA hai| unake nirvANa ke pazcAt isa sAdhusasthA meM kitanI

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204 jainadharma kA prANa vRddhi yA kamI huI isakA koI nizcita vivaraNa hamAre pAsa nahIM hai, phira bhI aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki bhagavAn ke bAda amuka zatAbdiyo taka to isa sasthA me kamI nahI huI thI, sambhavata abhivRddhi hI huI hogii| sAdhusasthA me striyo ko sthAna bhagavAna mahAvIra ne hI sarvaprathama nahI diyA thA, unake pahale bhI bhikSuNiyA~ jaina sAdhusagha me thI aura dUsare parivrAjaka patho me bhI thI, phira bhI itanA to saca hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane sAdhusagha me striyo ko khUba avakAza diyA aura usakI vyavasthA adhika majabUta kii| isakA prabhAva bauddha sAdhusagha para bhI paDA / buddha bhagavAna sAdhusagha me striyoM ko sthAna nahIM denA cAhate the, parantu unako sAdhusasthA me striyo ko sthAna anta me denA pdd'aa| unake isa parivartana me jaina sAdhusagha kA kucha-na-kucha prabhAva avazya hai aisA vicAra karane para lagatA hai| ___ sAdhu kA dhyeya : jIvanazuddhi sAdhu yAnI sAdhaka / sAdhaka kA artha hai : amuka dhyeya kI siddhi ke lie sAdhanA karanevAlA, usa dhyeya ko pAne kI icchaavaalaa| jaina sAdhuo kA dhyeya mukhya rUpa se to jIvanazuddhi hI nizcita kiyA gayA hai| jIvana ko zuddha karane kA matalaba hai usake bandhana, usake mala, usake vikSepa eva usakI saMkucitatAo ko dUra karanA / bhagavAna ne apane jIvana dvArA samajhadAra ko aisA padArthapATha sikhAyA hai ki jaba taka vaha svaya apanA jIvana antarmukha hokara nahI jaoNcatA, usakA zodhana nahIM karatA, svaya vicAra eva vyavahAra me sthira nahIM hotA aura apane dhyeya ke viSaya me use spaSTa pratIti nahI hotI, taba taka vaha kaise dUsare ko usa ora le jA sakatA hai ? khAsa karake AdhyAtmika jIvana jaise mahattva ke viSaya me yadi kisI kA netRtva karanA ho to pahale-arthAt dUsare ke upadezaka athavA guru vanane se pahaleapane-Apako usa viSaya me barAbara taiyAra karanA caahie| isa taiyArI kA samaya hI sAdhanA kA samaya hai| aisI sAdhanA ke lie ekAnta sthAna, snehI tathA anya logo se alagAva, kisI bhI sAmAjika athavA anya prapaco me sirapaccI na karanA, amuka prakAra ke khAne-pIne ke tathA rahana-sahana ke niyama--ina sabakI AyojanA kI gaI hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa 205 sthAnAntara aura lokopakAra isa sasthA me aise asAdhAraNa puruSa paidA hue hai, jiname antardRSTi aura sUkSma vicAraNA sadA-sarvadA vidyamAna rahI thii| kaI aise bhI hue hai, jiname bahirda pTi to thI hI, aura antardaSTi se bhI rahita nahI the| kucha aise bhI hue hai, jiname antardRSTi to nagaNya athavA sarvathA gauNa thI aura bahirdU pTi hI mukhya ho gaI thii| cAhe jo ho, parantu eka ora samAja aura kuladharma ke rUpa me jainatva kA vistAra hotA gayA aura usa samAja me se hI sAdhu banakara isa sasthA me dAkhila hote gaye aura dUsarI ora sAdhuo kA vasatisthAna bhI dhIre-dhIre badalatA gyaa| jagalo, pahADo aura nagara ke bAharI bhAgo me se sAdhugaNa lokabastI me Ane lage / sAdhusasthA ne janasamudAya me sthAna lekara anicchA se bhI lokasasargajanita kucha doSa apanA lie ho, to usake sAtha hI usa sasthA ne logo ko apane kucha khAsa guNa bhI diye hai, athavA vaisA karane kA bhagIratha prayatna kiyA hai| jo tyAgI antardRSTivAle the aura jinhone jIvana me AdhyAtmika zAnti prApta kI thI unake zubha aura zuddha kRtya kA lekhA to unake sAtha hI gayA, kyoki unako apane jIvana kI sasmRti dUsaro ko dene kI tanika bhI paravAha nahI thI, parantu jinhone, antardRSTi hone, na hone athavA kamobeza hone para bhI lokakArya me apane prayatna dvArA kucha arpaNa kiyA thA unakI smRti hamAre samakSa vajralipi me hai-eka samaya ke mAsabhojI aura madyapAyI janasamAja meM mAsa aura madya kI ora jo aruci athavA usake sevana meM adharmabuddhi utpanna huI hai usakA zreya sAdhusasthA ko kucha kama nahI hai| sAdhusaMsthA kA rAta-dina eka kAma to calatA hI rahatA ki ve jahA~ kahI jAte vahA~ sAta vyasana ke tyAga kA zabda se aura jIvana se padArthapATha sikhAte / mAsa ke prati tiraskAra, zarAba ke prati ghRNA aura vyabhicAra kI apratiSThA tathA brahmacarya kA bahumAna-itanA vAtAvaraNa lokamAnasa meM taiyAra karane me sAdhusasthA kA asAdhAraNa pradAna hai isakA koI inkAra nahIM kara sktaa| (da0 au0 ci0 bhA0 1, pa0 412-416)

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206 jainadharma kA prANa (3) tIrtha saMsthA jisa sthAna ke sAtha dhArmika AtmAo kA kucha bhI sambandha rahA ho, athavA jahA prAkRtika saundarya ho, athavA ina dono me se eka bhI na ho, phira bhI jahA kisI sampanna vyakti ne puSkala dravya vyaya karake imArata kI, sthApatya kI, mUrti kI yA vaisI koI vizeSatA lAne kA prayatna kiyA ho vahA~ prAya tIrtha khaDe ho jAte hai| grAma eva nagaro ke atirikta samudrataTa, nadIkinAre, dUsare jalAzaya tathA choTe-baDe pahADa prAya. tIrtha ke rUpa me prasiddha hai| __jaina tIrtha jalAzayo ke pAsa nahI Aye aisA to nahI hai; gagA jaisI baDI nadI ke kinAre para tathA dUsare jalAzayo ke pAsa sundara tIrtha Aye hai, phira bhI sthAna ke viSaya me jaina tIrthoM kI vizeSatA pahADo kI pasandagI me hai| pUrva, pazcima, dakSiNa yA uttara kahI bhI bhArata me jAo, to vahA~ jaino ke pradhAna tIrtha TIlo aura pahAr3oM para Aye hai| kevala zvetAmbara sampradAya kI hI nahI, digambara sampradAya kI bhI sthAna-viSayaka khAsa pasandagI pahAr3o hI kI hai / jahA~ zvetAmbaro kA tanika bhI sambandha nahI hai aura unakA AnA-jAnA bhI nahI hai vaise kaI digambaro ke khAsa tIrtha dakSiNa bhArata me hai aura ve bhI pahAr3I pradeza me Aye hai| isa para se itanA hI phalita hotA hai ki tIrtha ke prANabhUta santa puruSo kA mana kaise-kaise sthAno me adhika ramatA thA aura ve kisa prakAra ke sthAna pasanda karate the| bhaktavarga ho yA manuSyamAtra ho, unako ekAnta aura naisargika sundaratA kaisI acchI lagatI hai yaha bhI ina tIrthasthAno ke vikAsa para se jAnA jA sakatA hai| bhogamaya aura kAryarata jIvana bitAne ke bAda, athavA bIca-bIca me kabhI-kabhI ArAma eva Ananda ke lie manuSya kina aura kaise sthAno kI ora dRSTi DAlatA hai yaha hama tIrthasthAno kI pasandagI para se jAna sakate hai| tIrthoM ke vikAsa me mUrtipracAra kA vikAsa hai aura mUrtipracAra ke sAtha hI mUrtinirmANa-kalA tathA sthApatyakalA sambaddha hai| hamAre deza ke sthApatya me jo vaiziSTaya evaM mohakatA hai usakA mukhya kAraNa tIrthasthAna aura mUrtipUjA hai| bhogasthAno me sthApatya AyA hai sahI, para usakA mUla dharmasthAnoM me aura tIrthasthAno me hI hai|

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jainadharma kA prANa 207 devadravya ke rakSaNa kI sundara vyavasthA jaino ke tIrtha do-paoNca yA dasa nahI, aura ve bhI deza ke kisI eka bhAga me nahI, kintu jahA~ jAya~ vahA~ cAro ora phaile hue hai| yahI kisI samaya jaina samAja kA vistAra kitanA thA isakA sabUta hai| jaina tIrthoM kI eka khAsa sasthA hI hai / gRha-mandira tathA sarvathA vyaktigata svAmitva ke mandiroM ko eka ora rakhe, to bhI jina para choTe-baDe sagha kA Adhipatya eva unakI dekhabhAla ho aise sagha ke svAmitva vAle mandiro me choTe-baDe bhaNDAra hote hai| ina bhaNDAro me khAse paise jamA hote hai, jise devadravya kahate hai| isame sandeha nahIM hai ki yaha devadravya ikaTThA karane meM, usakI sArasabhAla rakhane me aura koI use caoNU na kara jAya isake lie yogya vyavasthA karane me jaina samAja ne atyanta caturatA aura ImAnadArI baratI hai| bhArata ke dUsare kisI sampradAya ke devadravya me jaina sampradAya ke jitanI svacchatA zAyada hI kahI dikhAI de / isI prakAra devadravya usake nirdiSTa uddezya ke atirikta anyatra kahI vyaya na ho, usakA durupayoga na ho aura koI hajama na kara jAya usake lie jaina sagha ne eka naitika aura sundara vyAvahArika vAtAvaraNa khaDA kiyA hai| jAnane yogya bAteM tIrthasasthA ke sAtha mUrti kA, mandira kA, bhaNDAra kA aura yAtrAsagha nikAlane kA-ina cAra kA atyanta manorajaka aura mahattvapUrNa itihAsa juDA huA hai / lakar3I, dhAtu aura patthara ne mUrti aura mandiroM me kisa-kisa prakAra, kisa-kisa yuga me kaisA kaisA bhAga liyA, eka ke bAda dUsarI vyavasthA kisa prakAra AtI gaI, bhaNDAro me avyavasthA aura golamAla kaise paidA hue aura unakI jagaha puna vyavasthA aura niyatraNa kisa taraha Aye, samIpa eva dUrastha tIrtho me hajAro aura lAkho manuSyo ke sagha yAtrA ke lie kisa prakAra jAte aura sAtha hI ve kyA-kyA kAma karate--yaha sArA itihAsa khUba jAnane jaisA hai| tyAga, zAnti aura vivekabhAva prApta karane kI preraNA me se hI hamane

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208 jainadharma kA prANa tIrtha khar3e kiye hai aura vahA~ jAne kA tathA usake pIche zakti, sampatti aura samaya kA vyaya karane kA hamArA uddezya bhI yahI hai / (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 405 - 408 ) (4) jJAnasaMsthA - jJAna bhaNDAra jahA~ mAnavajAti hai vahA~ jJAna kA Adara sahaja rUpa se hotA hI hai aura bhArata me to jJAna kI pratiSThA hajAroM varSo se calI AtI hai / brAhmaNa aura zramaNa sampradAya kI gaMgA-yamunA kI dhArAe~ mAtra jJAna ke vizAla paTa para tI AI hai aura bahatI jAtI hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA tapa aura kucha nahI, kevala jJAna kI gaharI zodha hai / jisa zodha ke lie unhone zarIra kI paravAha na kI, dina-rAta na dekhe aura unakI jisa gaharI zodha ko jAnanesunane ke lie hajAroM manuSyoM kA mAnavasamUha unake pAsa umaDatA thA vaha zodha yAnI jJAna; aura usa para bhagavAna ke patha kA nirmANa huA hai / jJAna aura usake sAdhanoM kI mahimA usa jJAna ne zruta aura Agama kA abhidhAna dhAraNa kiyA / usameM abhivRddhi bhI huI aura spaSTatAe~ bhI hotI rhii| jaise-jaise isa zruta aura Agama ke mAnasasarovara ke kinAre para jijJAsu hasa adhikAdhika sakhyA me A ye vaise-vaise jJAna kI mahimA bar3hatI gaI / isa mahimA ke sAtha hI jJAna ko mUrta karanevAle sthUla sAdhano kI mahimA bhI baDhatI gaI / jJAna kI surakSA meM sIdhe taura para madada karanevAle pustaka - pane hI nahI, parantu usame upayogI honevAle tAr3apatra, lekhanI, syAhI kA bhI jJAna ke jitanA hI Adara hone lagA / itanA hI nahI, ina pothI - pannoM ke veSTano tathA unako bA~dhane aura rakhane ke upakaraNo kA bhI baDA hI satkAra hone lagA / jJAna dene-lene me jitanA puNyakArya, utanA hI jJAna ke sthUla upakaraNoM ke dene-lene me bhI puNyakArya samajhA jAne lagA / jJAnabhaNDAroM kI sthApanA aura unakA vikAsa eka aura zAstrasagraha aura unako likhAne kI bar3hatI jAtI mahimA

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jainadharma kA prANa 209 aura dUsarI ora sampradAyo kI jJAna-viSayaka spardhA-ina do kAraNo se mukhapATha ke rUpa me calI AnevAlI samasta pUrvakAlIna jJAnasasthA me parivartana ho gayA aura vaha baDe-baDe bhaNDAro ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara hone lagI / pratyeka gAva aura nagara ke sagha ko aisA lagatA ki hamAre yahA~ jJAnabhaMDAra honA hI caahie| pratyeka tyAgI sAdhu bhI jJAnabhaNDAra kI rakSA aura vRddhi me hI dharma kI rakSA mAnane lgaa| isake pariNAmasvarUpa samagra deza meM eka kone se dUsare kone taka jana jJAnasasthA bhaNDAro ke rUpa me vyavasthita ho gaI / bhaNDAra pustakoM se umar3ane lge| pustako meM bhI vividha viSayoM ke tathA vividha sampradAyo ke jJAna kA sagraha hone lgaa| saMgha ke bhaNDAra, sAdhuo ke bhaNDAra aura vyaktigata mAlikI ke bhI bhaNDAra-isa prakAra bhagavAna ke zAsana me bhaNDAra, bhaNDAra aura bhaNDAra hI ho gye| isake sAtha hI bar3A lekhakavarga khaDA huA, lekhanakalA vikasita huI aura abhyAsIvarga bhI khUba bddh'aa| mudraNakalA yahA nahI AI thI usa samaya bhI kisI eka naye grantha kI racanA hote hI usakI saikaDo nakale taiyAra ho jAtI aura deza ke saba kono me vidvAno ke pAsa pahu~ca jaatii| isa prakAra jaina sampradAya me jJAnasasthA kI gagA avicchinna rUpa se pravAhita hotI AI hai| jJAna ke prati sajIva bhakti ke pariNAmasvarUpa isa samaya bhI ye bhaNDAra itane adhika hai aura uname itanA adhika vividha eva prAcIna sAhitya hai ki usakA abhyAsa karane ke lie vidvAno kI kamI mahasUsa hotI hai| videza ke aura isa deza ke aneka zodhako aura vidvAnoM ne isa bhaNDAro ke pIche baraso bitAye haiM aura iname sagRhIta vastu tathA inake prAcIna rakSAprabandha ko dekhakara ve cakita hote haiN| brAhmaNa aura jaina bhaNDAroM ke bIca antara brAhmaNa sampradAya ke aura jaina sampradAya ke bhaNDAro ke bIca eka antara hai aura vaha yaha ki brAhmaNa bhaNDAra vyakti kI mAlikI ke hote hai, jaba ki jaina bhaNDAra bahudhA sagha kI mAlikI ke hote hai; aura kahI vyakti kI mAlikI ke hote hai to bhI unakA sadupayoga karane ke lie vyakti svatatra hotA hai, parantu durupayoga hotA ho to prAya. sagha ko sattA Akara khar3I hotI

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210 jainadharma kA prANa hai| brAhmaNa Azvina mAsa meM hI pustakoM me se varSAkAla kI namI dUra karane aura pustako kI dekhabhAla ke lie tIna dina kA sarasvatIzayana nAmaka parva manAte haiM, jabaki jaina kArtika zuklA pacamI ko jJAnapacamI kahakara usa dina pustako aura bhaNDArI kI pUjA karate hai, aura usa nimitta dvArA caumAse se honevAle bigADa ko bhaDAro me se dUra karate hai / isa prakAra jaina jJAnasasthA, jo eka samaya maukhika thI, usame aneka parivartana hote-hote aura ghaTa-baDha tathA aneka vaividhya kA anubhava karatI-karatI vaha Aja mUrtarUpa me hamAre samakSa isa rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 373-375) jaina jJAna-bhaNDAroM ko asAmpradAyika dRSTi saikaDo varSoM se jagaha-jagaha sthApita bar3e-baDe jJAna-bhaNDAro me kevala jaina zAstra kA yA adhyAtmazAstra kA hI sagraha-rakSaNa nahI huA hai, balki usake dvArA anekavidha laukika zAstro kA asAmpradAyika dRSTi se sagraha-sarakSaNa huA hai| kyA vaidyaka, kyA jyotiSa, kyA mantra-tantra, kyA sagIta, kyA sAmudrika, kyA bhASAzAstra, kAvya, nATaka, purANa, alakAra va kathAgrantha aura kyA sarvadarzana sabandhI mahattva ke zAstra-ina sabo kA jJAnabhaNDAro me sagrahasaMrakSaNa hI nahI huA hai, balki inake adhyayana va adhyApana ke dvArA kucha viziSTa vidvAno ne aisI pratibhAmUlaka nava kRtiyA~ bhI racI hai jo anyatra durlabha hai aura maulika ginI jAne lAyaka hai tathA jo vizvasAhitya ke sagraha meM sthAna pAne yogya haiM / jJAnabhaNDAro meM se aise graMtha mile hai, jo bauddha Adi anya paraMparA ke hai aura Aja duniyA ke kisI bhAga meM mUlasvarUpa me abhI taka upalabdha bhI nahI hai| (da0 au0 ci0 kha0 2, pR0 518-519)

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: 18 : paryuSaNa aura saMvatsarI jaina parvo kA uddezya jaina parva sabase alaga paDate haiN| jainoM kA eka bhI choTA yA bar3A parva aisA nahI hai jo artha yA kAma kI bhAvanA me se athavA to bhaya, lAlaca aura vismaya kI bhAvanA me se utpanna huA ho, athavA usame pIche se praviSTa vaisI bhAvanA kA zAstra se samarthana kiyA jAtA ho| nimitta tIrthakaro ke kisI kalyANaka kA athavA koI dUsarA ho, parantu usa nimitta se pracalita parva yA tyohAroM kA uddezya sirpha jJAna aura cAritra kI zuddhi eva puSTi karane kA hI rakhA gayA hai| eka dina ke athavA eka se adhika dinoM taka calanevAle tyohAro ke pIche jaina paramparA me mAtra yahI eka uddezya rahA hai| paryuSaNa parva : zreSTha aSTAhnikA lambe tyohAroM meM khAsa cha: aSTAhnikAe~ (aTThAiyA~) AtI haiM / uname bhI paryuSaNa kI aTThAI sabase zreSTha samajhI jAtI hai| isakA mukhya kAraNa to usame AnevAlA sAvatsarika parva hai| ina ATho dina loga yathAzakya dhadhA-rojagAra kama karane kA, jJAna-tapa baDhAne kA, jJAna, udAratA, Adi guNoM ko posane kA aura aihika evaM pAralaukika kalyANa kA prayatna karate hai| jahA~ dekho vahA~ jaina paramparA me eka dhArmika vAtAvaraNa, ASAr3ha mAsa ke bAdaloM kI bhA~ti, ghira AtA hai| aise vAtAvaraNa ke kAraNa isa samaya bhI isa parva ke dinoM me nIce kI bAte sarvatra dRSTigocara hotI hai : (1) daur3adhUpa kama karake yathAzakya nivRtti aura avakAza prApta karane kA prayatna, (2) khAne-pIne aura dUsare kaI bhogo para kamobeza akuza, (3) zAstrazravaNa aura Atmacintana kI vRtti, (4) tapasvI, tyAgiyoM

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212 ___ jainadharma kA prANa tathA sArmika bandhuoM kI yogya pratipatti-bhakti, (5) jIvo ko abhayadAna dene kA prayatna, (6) manamuTAva bhUlakara sabake sAtha saccI maitrI sAdhane kI bhaavnaa| zvetAmbara ke dono phirko me yaha aSTAhnikA 'pajUsana' (paryaSaNa) ke nAma se hI prasiddha hai aura sAmAnyata. donoM me yaha aSTAhnikA eka sAtha hI zurU hotI hai tathA pUrNa bhI hotI hai, parantu digambara paramparA me ATha ke sthAna para dasa dina mAne jAte hai aura pajUsana ke sthAna para use 'dazalakSaNI' kahate hai| usakA samaya bhI zvetAmbara paramparA kI apekSA bhinna hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke pajUsana pUrNa hote hI dUsare dina se digambaroM kA dazalakSaNI parva zurU hotA hai| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 335-337) isa aThavAr3e meM hama bhagavAna mahAvIra kI puNyakathA sunane aura usake marma para vicAra karane ke lie pUrNa avakAza prApta kara sakate hai| bhagavAna ne apanI kaThora sAdhanA ke dvArA jina satyo kA anubhava kiyA thA, unhone svaya hI jina satyoM ko samakAlIna sAmAjika paristhiti ko sudhArane kI dRSTi se vyavahAra me rakhA thA aura loga tadanusAra jIvana jIe~ isa hetu se jina satyo kA samartha rUpa se pracAra kiyA thA ve satya sakSepa me tIna hai : (1) dUsare ke du kha ko apanA du.kha samajhakara jIvanavyavahAra calAnA, jisase jIvana me sukhazIlatA aura viSamatA ke hiMsaka tattvo kA praveza na ho| (2) apanI sukhasuvidhA kA, samAja ke hita ke lie, pUrNa balidAna denA, jisase parigraha bandhanarUpa na hokara lokopakAra me pariNata ho| (3) satata jAgRti aura jIvana kA antanirIkSaNa karate rahanA, jisase ajJAna athavA nirbalatA ke kAraNa praveza pAnevAle doSo para nigarAnI rakhI jA sake aura Atma-puruSArtha me nyUnatA na Ane, pAve / (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 483-484) saMvatsarI : mahAparva sAMvatsarika parva eka mahAparva hai| dUsare kisI bhI parva kI apekSA vaha mahat hai| isakI mahattA kisa me hai yaha hameM samajhanA caahie|

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jainadharma kA prANa 213 kisI bhI vyakti ko saccI zAnti kA anubhava karanA ho, suvidhA yA asuvidhA, Apatti yA sampatti me svasthatA banAye rakhanI ho aura vyaktitva ko khaNDita na karake usakI Antarika akhaNDitatA surakSita rakhanI ho to usakA ekamAtra aura mukhya upAya yahI hai ki vaha vyakti apanI jIvanapravRtti ke pratyeka kSetra kA sUkSmatA se avalokana kare / isa Antarika avalokana kA uddezya yahI ho ki kahA~-kahA~, kisa-kisa prakAra se, kisa-kisa ke sAtha choTI yA baDI bhUla huI hai yaha vaha dekhe / jaba koI manuSya sacce hRdaya se aura namratApUrvaka apanI bhUla dekha letA hai taba use vaha bhUla, cAhe jitanI choTI ho to bhI, pahAr3a jaisI bar3I lagatI hai aura use vaha saha nahI sakatA / apanI bhUla aura kamI kA bhAna manuSya ko jAgRta aura vivekI banAtA hai / jAgRti aura viveka se manuSya ko dUsaro ke sAtha sambandha kaise rakhanA cAhie aura unako kisa taraha baDhAnA - ghaTAnA cAhie isakI sUjha paidA hotI hai / isa prakAra Antarika avalokana manuSya kI cetanA ko khaNDita hone se rokatA hai| aisA nahI hai ki aisA avalokana kevala tyAgI aura sAdhu-santo to hI Avazyaka ho, vaha to choTI-bar3I umra ke aura kisI bhI rojagAra aura sasthA ke manuSya ke lie saphalatA kI dRSTi se Avazyaka hai, kyoki vaisA karane se vaha manuSya apanI kamiyoM ko dUra karate-karate U~ce uThatA hai aura sabake mano ko jIta letA hai / yaha sAvatsarika parva ke mahattva kA eka mukhya kintu vyaktigata pakSa huA, parantu isa mahattva kA sAmudAyika dRSTi se bhI vicAra karanA caahie| maiM jAnatA hU~ vahA~ taka, sAmudAyika dRSTi se Antarika avalokana kA mahattva jitanA isa parva ko diyA gayA hai utanA kisI dUsare parva ko dUsare kisI varga ne nahI diyA / isa para se samajhA jA sakatA hai ki sAmudAyika dRSTi se Antarika avalokanapUrvaka apanI-apanI bhUla kA svIkAra karanA tathA jisake prati bhUla huI ho usakI sacce dila se kSamAyAcanA karanA aura use bhI kSamA denA sAmAjika svAsthya ke lie bhI kitanA mahattva kA hai / isIse jaina-paramparA me aisI prathA pracalita hai ki pratyeka gA~va, nagara aura zahara kA saMgha Apasa - Apasa me kSamAyAcanA karate hai aura eka-dUsare ko kSamA pradAna karate hai, itanA hI nahI, dUsare sthAnoM ke saMgha ke sAtha bhI ve

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214 jainadharma kA prANa vaisA hI vyavahAra karate haiN| saghoM meM kevala gRhastha hI nahIM Ate, tyAgI bhI Ate hai; puruSa hI nahI, striyA~ bhI AtI haiN| sagha yAnI kevala eka phirke, eka gaccha, eka AcArya yA eka upAzraya ke hI anuyAyI nahI, parantu jaina paramparA ke anusAra pratyeka jaina / aura, jainoM ko kevala jaina paramparAvAlo ke sAtha hI jIvana bitAnA par3atA hai aisA nahI hai; unako dUsaro ke sAtha bhI utanA hI kAma par3atA hai aura yadi bhUla ho to vaha jaise Apasa-Apasa me hotI hai vaise dUsaroM ke sAtha bhI hotI hai| ataeva bhUla-svIkAra aura kSamA karane-karAne kI prathA kA rahasya kevala jaina paramparA me hI parisamApta nahI hotA, parantu vAstava meM to vaha rahasya samAjavyApI kSamApanA me sannihita hai| vaha yahA~ taka ki aisI prathA kA anusaraNa karanevAlA jaina sUkSmAtisUkSma aura agamya jIvavarga se bhI kSamAyAcanA karatA hai-sajJAna athavA ajJAnabhAva se usakI koI bhUla huI ho to vaha kSamA mAMgatA hai| ___ vastutaH isa prathA ke pIche dRSTi to dUsarI hai aura vaha yaha ki jo manuSya sUkSmAtisUkSma jIva ke prati bhI komala banane ke lie taiyAra ho use to sarvaprathama jisake sAtha manamuTAva huA ho, jisake prati kaTutA paidA huI ho, ekadUsare kI bhAvanA ko coTa pahu~cI ho usake sAtha kSamA le-dekara mana svaccha karanA caahie| (da0 a0 ci0 bhA0 1, pR0 354-356)