________________
FOREWORD
30XX
'white', 'going', 'existent', or sentences like cloth is in the thread eto., which are really caused in our opinion by the categories, viz., sabstance, quality, action, generality, inherence, etc?
2. Words are capable of designating three things, manifesta. tion, form and genus, as, for example, the body, the connection of the parts to the whole body and the genus which exists in all things of that group:
Gautama. :.3. Some hold that words such as 'cow' eto. really mean the existence of entities, in the same way as the words 'heaven' or 'God' mean something. It is not certain as to whether the things meant by the words are in existence or not. Bat people of their own accord are used to designate one particular thing by one particular word.
Bhartyhari. 4. Others hold that the words mean nothing but a combination of certa.n special characteristics, such as the word 'Brahmin' means the combination of qualities, austerity, purity, birth etc. just as the word 'forest' means an accumulation of trees. Or the words may mean a new thing, which may be caused by the combination of qualities.
5. Others say that the words mean only the real substance which though it passes through many unreal changes yet continues to remain the same in every change; just as gold remains the same even though it undergoes changes in the forms of different ornaments, such as bangles, earrings, etc.
6. Others think that the words and the objects represented .by them are one and the same. Only the words are meant by the : external objects. People by constant practice think that the words, 'cow', etc. have a form corresponding to the external objects, .cow, etc.
7. Others hold that the mind possesses many impressions such as cows, horses, etc. which are produced by paintings, letters etc. When the word 'cow' is pronounced when referring to a cow the mental impression of a cow reflects the external thing. So the ideas of the mind previously preserved there when reflecting worldly objects are called the meanings of the word (vartof).
