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FOREWORD
different from other Vijñânas such as of horse, etc; secondly, because it reflects an object which is by nature different from the others; and thirdly, because it depends on an object, which is different from others. The positive negation which is external, is the external object itself, because it is by nature different from others. The negative negation is that when we know an object as different from others.
We hold that the negation of the opposite is the meaning of the word. The Vijñâna of a cow is said to be the negation which is caused in the mind by the word 'cow'. So it is said that the negation is the meaning of the word, and they are connected by the law of causation: the word is the cause and the negation is the result. Similarly, the other two kinds of negation also represent the meaning of the word. When we see a cow which is by nature a negation and when we designate it by the name 'cow' then the word itself means the negation of the opposite. The second kind of negation is also the meaning of the word. When we say it is not a horse, etc., while explaining the meaning of the word 'cow' it clearly shows that the negation is the meaning of the word.
Now as the negation of the opposite is explained there is no room for the objections raised by Bhamaha, because we only hold that both the Vijñâna and the reflection of the Vijñâna are the meaning of the word. These are negations by nature and represent the meaning of the word.
10. Kumârila should not also blame us because the negation we accept as the meaning of the word cannot be the same as his generality (e. g., Gotva), as our negation is a form of knowledge while the generality of his is a thing common to all members of a group. We also admit the non-existence of all external objects except the Vijñana, but as people believe in the existence of external objects corresponding to the Vijñâna, it is necessary for us to point out that the Vijñana, which reflects the outward object feels only the negation of the opposite.
11. The word 'all' (Sarva) is used always with reference to a group of objects, such as all cow, etc. The negation in that
