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AXXXIV,
FOB WORD established by reason.. Again, it removes all doubts ooncerning the major term and the middle term, which are not done by the other members.
Uddyotakara. .. 6. Again, the other parts of reasoning supply their own reasons without any connection with each other, while conclusion connects all reasons supplied by them. So conclusion is necessary.
Aviddhakarna. .. 7. Inference should be divided as commonly seen and specially seen. The sun being seen in two different places in the morning and evening makes us infer its movements just as the movements · of a man. It is of the first kind. When one, after seeing the smoke and fire together, infers the presence of fire when he sees the smoke again: this belongs to the second kind.
Sabara and Vindhyavdsin. 8. Inference cannot be a proof, because it is dependent on a middle term which is endowed with three qualities. Such reasons can also cause wrong knowledge. · In every inference the reason is not only able to prove the major term, but it can very well prove its complete absence also.
Carvokas. 9. It is impossible to infer a thing by the invariable concomitance of the middle term with the major term, because the power of the things are changed often according to time and place.
Bhartphari. 10. Inference for others cannot be a proof either to the speaker because he understands it first and then speaks to others; or for his antagonist who hears, because in his case the inference is for his own self as he understands the things through his ear which is one of his sense-organs.
Refutation. 1. The middle term which is anyathanupaypanna (invariably concomitant with the major term) alone without the three qualities mentioned cannot be a correct reason. If so the transitoriness,can be inferred in the sound by the reason of its being seen. This reason has the invariable concomitanoe ( anyathanupapanna )
