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अध्याय-१
by which is seen', or just 'seeing'. The word 'jñāna'- knowledge - is 'that which knows', or that by which is known', or just knowing'. The word 'caritra' - conduct - is 'the doer of activity', or that by which activity is performed', or just 'activity'. One may argue that the above definitions treat the agent (kartā) and the instrument (karana) as one; this is not true. It is a valid argument when, from a certain point of view, distinction is made between the transformer (pariņāmī) and the transformation (parināma). From another point of view, however, there is no distinction between the transformer (parināmī) and the transformation (pariņāma). For example, the statement, 'the fire burns the fuel by its quality of burning', stands scrutiny only when a distinction is made between the fire and its quality of burning. From another point of view, there is no difference between the fire and its quality of burning. Thus, employing the many-sided point of view – anekantavāda - it is proper to speak of the substance (dravya) and its quality (guņa) as same, as well as different. Again, one may argue that knowledge (jñāna) must precede faith (darśana) on two counts: a) faith (darśana) is attained after acquisition of knowledge (ñāna), and b) (in Sanskrit) jñāna has less number of letters than darśana. To say that faith (darśana) is attained after acquisition of knowledge (jñāna) is not correct as the two - faith (darśana) and knowledge (jñāna) - are attained by the soul simultaneously. When the clouds disappear the heat and the light of the sun are manifested simultaneously. Similarly, when right faith is attained by the soul owing to the subsidence (upasama), destruction (kşaya) or destruction-cum-subsidence (kşayopaśama) of the faithdeluding (darśanamohanīya) karmas, right sensory-knowledge (matijñāna) and right scriptural-knowledge (śrutajñāna) are attained at the same time due to the removal of wrong sensory- and scripturalknowledge. Further, as a rule, what is venerable is placed before that of fewer letters. How is right faith venerable? It is venerable as only when right faith is there, knowledge acquires the attribute 'right'. Knowledge is mentioned before conduct, for conduct issues from knowledge.
